bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns are related to pre-diabetes: a case–control study
Authors: Bagheri Fariba , Siassi Fereydoun , Koohdani Fariba , Mahaki Behzad , Qorbani Mostafa , Yavari Parvaneh , Shaibu Osman Mohammed , Sotoudeh Gity 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPre-diabetes increases the risk of diabetes and CVD. Several studies have investigated the relationship between food intake and pre-diabetes morbidity, but the dietary patterns of pre-diabetes subjects were not taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and pre-diabetes. In this regard, 150 pre-diabetic subjects and 150 healthy controls, who attended the diabetes screening centre in Shahreza, Iran, were matched for age group and sex. The weight, height, waist circumference, physical activity, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and blood glucose levels of all participants were measured. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative FFQ. Using factor analysis, two dietary patterns were identified: the vegetables, fruits and legumes (VFL) dietary pattern and the sweet, solid fat, meat and mayonnaise (SSMM) dietary pattern. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between pre-diabetes and dietary patterns. After adjusting for age, education, physical activity, BMI and energy intake, the VFL dietary pattern was found to be negatively associated with lower pre-diabetes (OR 0·16; 95 % CI 0·10, 0·26). Furthermore, the SSMM dietary pattern was positively associated with pre-diabetes (OR 5·45; 95 % CI 3·22, 9·23). In conclusion, the VFL dietary pattern is inversely related to pre-diabetes, whereas the SSMM dietary pattern is associated with increased risk of pre-diabetes.
Low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake in young children in the south of Brazil: a new perspective
Authors: Sangalli Caroline Nicola , Rauber Fernanda , Vitolo Márcia Regina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn Brazil, children’s eating patterns have been characterised by an increased consumption of ultra-processed foods that are fortified. Our aims were to (1) estimate the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake among children from low-income families and (2) to assess micronutrient intake from fortified foods. We carried out a cross-sectional study from a randomised field trial conducted at healthcare centres in Porto Alegre, Brazil, with 446 mother–child pairs, with the children aged 2–3 years. Dietary data were assessed using two 24-h recalls. The prevalence of inadequacy for six micronutrients was estimated using the proportion of individuals with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Micronutrient intakes from fortified foods were evaluated using EAR and upper tolerable level (UL). Healthy foods consumption was below the recommendations, except for beans, and 88·1 % of the children consumed ultra-processed foods. A low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was observed for Fe (1·2 %), vitamin C (4·7 %), vitamin A (5·2 %), Ca (11·4 %) and folate (15·2 %). None of the children had intakes less than the EAR for Zn. Fortified foods contributed between 11·3 and 38·3 % to micronutrient intakes, and 43·0 % of the children met the EAR for Fe, 13·9 % for vitamin C and 12·3 % for Zn using fortified foods only. In addition, 4·0 % of the children exceeded the UL for vitamin A, 3·1 % for Zn, 1·1 % for folic acid and 0·2 % for Fe. These results highlight a low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes among children and suggest that such a group could be at risk of excessive micronutrient intakes provided by ultra-processed foods.
Influence of ruminal methane on digesta retention and digestive physiology in non-lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Dittmann Marie T. , Hammond Kirsty J. , Kirton Paul , Humphries David J. , Crompton Les A. , Ortmann Sylvia , Misselbrook Tom H. , Südekum Karl-Heinz , Schwarm Angela , Kreuzer Michael , Reynolds Christopher K. , Clauss Marcus 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEnteric methane (CH4) production is a side-effect of herbivore digestion, but it is unknown whether CH4 itself influences digestive physiology. We investigated the effect of adding CH4 to, or reducing it in, the reticulorumen (RR) in a 4×4 Latin square experiment with rumen-fistulated, non-lactating cows, with four treatments: (i) control, (ii) insufflation of CH4 (iCH4), (iii) N via rumen fistula, (iv) reduction of CH4 via administration of bromochloromethane (BCM). DM intake (DMI), apparent total tract digestibility, digesta mean retention times (MRT), rumen motility and chewing activity, spot breath CH4 emission (CH4exhal, litre/kg DMI) as well as CH4 dissolved in rumen fluid (CH4RRf, µg/ml) were measured. Data were analysed using mixed models, including treatment (or, alternatively, CH4exhal or CH4RRf) and DMI relative to body mass0·85 (rDMI) as covariates. rDMI was the lowest on the BCM treatment. CH4exhal was highest for iCH4 and lowest for BCM treatments, whereas only BCM affected (reduced) CH4RRf. After adjusting for rDMI, CH4RRf had a negative association with MRT in the gastrointestinal tract but not in the RR, and negative associations with fibre digestibility and measures of rumination activity. Adjusting for rDMI, CH4exhal had additionally a negative association with particle MRT in the RR and a positive association with rumen motility. Thus, higher rumen levels of CH4 (CH4exhal or CH4RRf) were associated with shorter MRT and increased motility. These findings are tentatively interpreted as a feedback mechanism in the ruminant digestive tract that aims at mitigating CH4 losses by shortening MRT at higher CH4.
A national FFQ for the Netherlands (the FFQ-NL 1.0): validation of a comprehensive FFQ for adults
Authors: Sluik Diewertje , Geelen Anouk , de Vries Jeanne H. M. , Eussen Simone J. P. M. , Brants Henny A. M. , Meijboom Saskia , van Dongen Martien C. J. M. , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Wijckmans-Duysens Nicole E. G. , van ’t Veer Pieter , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Ocké Marga C. , Feskens Edith J. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA standardised, national, 160-item FFQ, the FFQ-NL 1.0, was recently developed for Dutch epidemiological studies. The objective was to validate the FFQ-NL 1.0 against multiple 24-h recalls (24hR) and recovery and concentration biomarkers. The FFQ-NL 1.0 was filled out by 383 participants (25–69 years) from the Nutrition Questionnaires plus study. For each participant, one to two urinary and blood samples and one to five (mean 2·7) telephone-based 24hR were available. Group-level bias, correlation coefficients, attenuation factors, de-attenuated correlation coefficients and ranking agreement were assessed. Compared with the 24hR, the FFQ-NL 1.0 estimated the intake of energy and macronutrients well. However, it underestimated intakes of SFA andtrans-fatty acids and alcohol and overestimated intakes of most vitamins by >5 %. The median correlation coefficient was 0·39 for energy and macronutrients, 0·30 for micronutrients and 0·30 for food groups. The FFQ underestimated protein intake by an average of 16 % and K by 5 %, relative to their urinary recovery biomarkers. Attenuation factors were 0·44 and 0·46 for protein and K, respectively. Correlation coefficients were 0·43–0·47 between (fatty) fish intake and plasma EPA and DHA and 0·24–0·43 between fruit and vegetable intakes and plasma carotenoids. In conclusion, the overall validity of the newly developed FFQ-NL 1.0 was acceptable to good. The FFQ-NL 1.0 is well suited for future use within Dutch cohort studies among adults.
Basement-involved deformation overprinting thin-skinned deformation in the Pampean flat-slab segment of the southern Central Andes, Argentina
Authors: JAPAS MARIA SILVIA , RÉ GUILLERMO HÉCTOR , ORIOLO SEBASTIÁN , VILAS JUAN FRANCISCO 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the southern Central Andes, the Andean foreland was deformed due to Neogene shallowing of the Nazca slab beneath the South America plate. In this 27–33ºS Pampean flat-slab segment, the N-trending Argentine Precordillera transpressional fold-and-thrust belt and the Sierras Pampeanas broken foreland developed as a consequence of inward migration of the orogenic front. At 28ºS, a NNE-trending westward-dipping, thick Neogene synorogenic sequence is exposed in the Sierra de los Colorados, which shares deformation features of the Precordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas. Integration of new structural and kinematic data and available structural, kinematic, geophysical and palaeomagnetic information allows consideration of the Sierra de los Colorados area as part of the northern sector of the Precordillera during the middle Neogene. Atc. 9 Ma, basement block exhumation started with the uplift of the Sierra de Umango-Espinal that was triggered by deformation along the NE-trending Tucumán oblique belt. This stage marked the beginning of compartmentalization of the incipiently deformed Vinchina foreland. Sincec. 6.8–6.1 Ma, basement block uplift linked to the Miranda–Chepes and Valle Fértil NNW-trending sinistral transpressional belts, as well as kinking of the Neogene sequence by localized WNW-striking cross-strike structures, resulted in multiple segmentation that produced a complex mosaic of basement-block pieces. The overprint of these regional, basement-involved, oblique, brittle–ductile transpressional and cross-strike megazones could be related to high interplate coupling. Localized mechanical and rheological changes introduced by magmatism favoured this thick-skinned deformation overprint.
Soil carbon and nitrogen and barley yield responses to repeated additions of compost and slurry
Authors: HOPKINS D. W. , WHEATLEY R. E. , COAKLEY C. M. , DANIELL T. J. , MITCHELL S. M. , NEWTON A. C. , NEILSON R. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe yields of spring barley during a medium-term (7 years) compost and slurry addition experiment and the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents, bacterial community structure, soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates have been determined to assess the effects of repeated, and in some cases very large, organic amendments on soil and crop parameters. For compost, total additions were equivalent to up to 119 t C/ha and 1·7 t N/ha and for slurry they were 25 t C/ha and 0·35 t N/ha over 7 years, which represented very large additions compared to control soil C and N contents (69 t C/ha and 0·3 t N/ha in the 0–30 cm soil depth). There was an initial positive response to compost and slurry addition on barley yield, but over the experiment the yield differential between the amounts of compost addition declined, indicating that repeated addition of compost at a lower rate over several years had the same cumulative effect as a large single compost application. By the end of the experiment it was clear that the addition of compost and slurry increased soil C and N contents, especially towards the top of the soil profile, as well as soil respiration rates. However, the increases in soil C and N contents were not proportional to the amount of C and N added, suggesting either that: (i) a portion of the added C and N was more vulnerable to loss; (ii) that its addition rendered another C or N pool in the soil more susceptible to loss; or (iii) that the C inputs from additional crop productivity did not increase in line with the organic amendments. Soil microbial biomass was depressed at the highest rate of organic amendment, and whilst this may have been due to genuine toxic or inhibitory effects of large amounts of compost, it could also be due to the inaccuracy of the substrate-induced respiration approach used for determining soil biomass when there is a large supply of organic matter. At the highest compost addition, the bacterial community structure was significantly altered, suggesting that the amendments significantly altered soil community dynamics.
Expression of CD44 variant isoforms, CD44v3 and CD44v6, are associated with prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Sagawa K , Uwa N , Daimon T , Sakagami M , Tsujimura T 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjective:The clinical and prognostic significance of CD44 variant isoform expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is not well known. This study aimed to clarify whether CD44 variant isoform expression serves as a prognostic factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods:Forty-two nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy as the initial treatment, were the subjects of investigation. Expression of CD44 variant isoforms, CD44v3, CD44v4, CD44v5, CD44v6 and CD44v7, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma was assessed in relation to concurrent chemoradiotherapy resistance and disease-specific survival of the patients.Results and conclusion:The patients with CD44v6 high expression showed a clinically incomplete response to concurrent chemoradiotherapy at the primary site. The disease-specific survival rate was lower in patients with high expression of CD44v3 than in those with low expression. These results suggest that analysis of CD44v6 and CD44v3 expression is useful in estimating prognosis and determining effective treatment strategies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
On Policy Values Deduced from the Mortality Experience (1863-1893) of British Life Offices
Authors: Chatham James 
Published: July 2016

In the Paper which I had the honour of submitting to you at the close of last session, “On Premiums deduced from the Mortality Experience of British Life Offices”, I expressed the hope that at a future time I might have an opportunity of inviting your consideration to the other branch of the subject, namely, policy values. This hope I am now able to realise.I have based my calculations upon the “Grouped Select and Ultimate” rates of mortality obtained from the unadjusted observations in the manner explained in the paper referred to. The period during which selection was assumed to exist was, it will be remembered, ten years; and the observations at five consecutive ages at entry were grouped together, and the results assumed to relate to the central age of the group. A correction to first differences was made, as the average age of the group differed in most cases from the central age at entry, owing to the number of entrants varying at each age. The net premiums are given in that paper, and the annuity values from which they were deduced have been used in the calculation of the policy values. Any additional annuity values required were calculated in the same way as before, a correction to first differences being made for the age, when necessary.Notwithstanding that the unadjusted observations have been used, the results will be found to be very regular.
Notes on Mortality in India and some other Tropical Countries
Authors: Thomson Spencer Campbell 
Published: July 2016

Before bringing to your notice the short memorandum which I have prepared on the subject of mortality in the tropics, I feel that I owe the Faculty an apology for submitting to them so fragmentary a paper as the present.I had hoped, by recapitulating the history of mortality statistics in India and some other tropical countries from the earliest date at which these became available, to have traced down to the present day the progress that has been made and the lives which have been saved in consequence of improved manner of living and enlarged knowledge and better treatment of disease; but other duties intervened which prevented my fulfilling my purpose, and my intended paper has contracted into these few notes exhibiting the experience of my own company.
Some Aspects of a Fall in the Rate of Mortality as Affecting the Liabilities of a Friendly Society
Authors: Brodie Robert Raynal 
Published: July 2016

Synopsis of PaperThe Paper draws attention to the loss arising on the sickness funds of Friendly Societies as a result of the steady fall in the rate of mortality amongst the general population in recent years. To set against this loss there are possible sources of profit such as a gain from favourable rates of sickness actually experienced or from excess rates of interest earned ; and if a Society grants a funeral benefit in addition to sickness benefit (as is commonly the case) the gain from light mortality under the former will help to offset the loss from light mortality under the latter. The relative periods of full and reduced benefits and the limiting age up to which sickness benefit is payable (whether granted throughout life or restricted to members below a certain age) are also of importance when the question of mortality loss is under consideration.Notwithstanding the period that has elapsed and the improvement in mortality that has taken place since the date of publication of the tables based upon the experience of the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows during the years 1893-97, these tables are still employed as the standard tables for much Friendly Society work. The object of the Paper is to consider how the loss arising from certain assumed reductions in the rate of mortality may be set against gains from other sources, so that standard reserves may be set up without profit or loss accruing.
Notes on Certain Tropical Diseases
Authors: Mascall A. J. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThe subject of tropical mortality has in the past received a moderate share of attention, and actuaries have at their command various mortality experiences for climates other than temperate. These without exception show higher, in some cases much higher, mortality than that to be expected in this country. These notes have been made with the object of giving some short account of various tropical diseases to which this higher mortality is no doubt to be attributed.The very marked improvement during recent years in tropical vitality among assured lives can be dated from the closing years of last century, when the true cause of such diseases as malaria, filaria, and yellow fever was discovered to be their propagation by certain mosquitoes. Correct methods of prevention or at any rate mitigation of the spread of these diseases were then able to be taken.Although mosquito-borne fevers account for most of the increased mortality in the tropics, certain diseases of the intestinal tract, such as cholera, dysentery and sprue, have their part in bringing about this undesirable state of affairs.Other diseases which cannot be held to have much effect on assured lives, however disastrous they may prove to the native populations, are leprosy, hook-worm disease, beriberi, and pellagra ; and of these some shorter notes are given.
On Graduation by the General Formulae of Oscillatory Interpolation
Authors: Reid A. R. , Dow J. B. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThe paper is an attempt to bring out the exact relationship between what has been called the ‘modified osculatory process’ and the older formulae of osculatory interpolation. The conditions upon which the modified process is stated to be based are shown to be insufficient in themselves to produce a determinate formula even after the degree has been made as low as possible, and a general formula is derived which satisfies these conditions and of which the formulae hitherto employed are particular cases. The general formula contains, as might be expected, certain arbitrary constants which reflect the relaxation of certain of the conditions insisted on by the older formulae.Illustrative graduations are performed by means of the general formulIllustrative graduations are performed by means of the general formulaand the results are compared with previous graduations of the same data by Jenkins's fifth difference formula (which may be obtained by putting b=0 in the general formula), viz.:—This is the particular case of the general formula which has hitherto been used in practice.
Approximations to the Values of Certain Actuarial Functions leading to Suggested Check Methods of Valuation of Endowment Assurances
Authors: Stoodley Charles L. 
Published: July 2016

It is demonstrated, with particular reference to the OM, OM(5) and A1924–29 Tables, that over the range age 20 to age 65 of a normal mortality table, μx can, with a close degree of approximation to the tabular values, be expressed in the formleading to the following analogous expressions:—Generally, all functions involving mortality within the stipulated range can be expressed in a similar form as purely mathematical and easily evaluated functions of the initial age and interest in combination.It is claimed that the evaluation of such temporary functions at any rate of interest is thereby greatly facilitated.The retrospective and prospective values of an endowment assurance policy in terms of the formula are investigated, and check methods of valuation, continuous in process and independent of the working principles and practice of the principal method, are put forward.Numerical results and examples of the procedure are given in the paper.
Elementary Notes on Simple Summations and Summations of Products
Authors: Fraser Duncan C. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThe paper is intended as an elementary introduction and companion to the paper on “Orthogonal Polynomials,” by G. J. Lidstone, J.I.A., vol. briv., p. 128, and the paper on the “Sum and Integral of the Product of Two Functions,” by A. W. Joseph, J.I.A., vol. lxiv., p. 329; and also to Dr. Aitken's paper on the “Graduation of Data by the Orthogonal Polynomials of Least Squares,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. liii., p. 54.Following Dr. Aitken Σux is defined for the immediate purpose to be u0+…+ux−1.The scheme of successive summations is set out in the form of a difference diagram and is extended to negative arguments. The special point to which attention is drawn is the existence of a wedge of zeros between the sums for positive arguments and those for negative arguments.The rest of the paper is for the greater part a study of the table of binomial coefficients for positive and for negative arguments. The Tchebychef polynomials are simple functions of the binomial coefficients, and after a description of a particular example and of its properties general methods are given of forming the polynomials by means of tables of differences. These tables furnish examples of simple, differences, of divided differences, of adjusted differences, and of a system of special adjusted differences which gives a very easy scheme for the formation of the Tchebychef polynomials.
Bonus Maintenance on a Valuation by the A1924–29 Tables
Authors: Granger Charles Keith 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisAssuming that the A1924–29 mortality will in the future be generally used in life office valuations, investigation is made as to the margin necessary between the rates of interest realised and anticipated in the valuation in order to maintain a simple or compound bonus at the rate of 30s. per cent.It is found that the margin necessary is greater than that deemed sufficient under the OM tables.In the case of a simple bonus, however, it has of course been the practice to value the bonus also at the lower rate, thus making a greater reserve for future bonus than is necessary, while in a compound bonus office the existing bonus has not always been valued at a rate of interest 1½ per cent, lower than that anticipated which would be necessary in order to maintain a future bonus in respect of that existing at the rate of 30s. per cent.It is shown that under the new tables a margin of ¾ per cent, in the case of a simple and ¼ per cent, in the case of a compound bonus is still sufficient to maintain a bonus of 30s. per cent, subject to certain limitations as regards expenses.The necessity of making annual valuations is stressed and approximate methods of computing the fluctuations in the Mortality and Loading profits are outlined.