bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zygomaticomaxillary Morphology and Maxillary Sinus Form and Function: How Spatial Constraints Influence Pneumatization Patterns among Modern Humans
Authors: Maddux Scott D. , Butaric Lauren N. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTPrevious research has suggested that the maxillary sinuses may act as “zones of accommodation” for the nasal region, minimizing the impact of climatic‐related changes in nasal cavity breadth on surrounding skeletal structures. However, a recent study among modern human crania has identified that, in addition to nasal cavity breadth, sinus morphology also tracks lateral facial form, especially anterior‐posterior positioning of the zygomatics. Here, we expand upon this previous study to further investigate these covariation patterns by employing three samples with distinct combinations of nasal and zygomatic morphologies: Northern Asians (n = 28); sub‐Saharan Africans (n = 30); and Europeans (n = 29). For each cranium, 30 landmarks were digitized from CT‐rendered models and subsequently assigned to either a midfacial or maxillary sinus “block.” Two block partial least squares (2B‐PLS) analyses indicate that sinus morphology primarily reflects superior‐inferior dimensions of the midface, rather than either nasal cavity breadth or zygomatic position. Specifically, individuals with relatively tall midfacial skeletons exhibit more inferiorly and laterally expanded sinuses compared to those with shorter midfaces. Further, separate across‐group and within‐group 2B‐PLS analyses indicate that regional differences between samples primarily build upon a common pattern of midfacial and sinus covariation already present within each regional group. Allometry, while present, only explains a small portion of the midface‐sinus covariation pattern. We conclude that previous findings of larger maxillary sinuses among cold‐adapted individuals are not predominantly due to possession of relatively narrow nasal cavities, but to greater maxillary and zygomatic heights. Implications for sinus function and midfacial ontogeny are discussed. Anat Rec, 300:209–225, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Biomechanics of Bony Facial “Buttresses” in South African Australopiths: An Experimental Study Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Ledogar Justin A. , Benazzi Stefano , Smith Amanda L. , Weber Gerhard W. , Carlson Keely B. , Dechow Paul C. , Grosse Ian R. , Ross Callum F. , Richmond Brian G. , Wright Barth W. , Wang Qian , Byron Craig , Carlson Kristian J. , De Ruiter Darryl J. , Pryor Mcintosh Leslie C. , Strait David S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTAustralopiths exhibit a number of derived facial features that are thought to strengthen the face against high and/or repetitive loads associated with a diet that included mechanically challenging foods. Here, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to test hypotheses related to the purported strengthening role of the zygomatic root and “anterior pillar” in australopiths. We modified our previously constructed models of Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus) and MH1 (A. sediba) to differ in the morphology of the zygomatic root, including changes to both the shape and positioning of the zygomatic root complex, in addition to creating variants of Sts 5 lacking anterior pillars. We found that both an expanded zygomatic root and the presence of “anterior pillars” reinforce the face against feeding loads. We also found that strain orientations are most compatible with the hypothesis that the pillar evolved to resist loads associated with premolar loading, and that this morphology has an ancillary effect of strengthening the face during all loading regimes. These results provide support for the functional hypotheses. However, we found that an anteriorly positioned zygomatic root increases strain magnitudes even in models with an inflated/reinforced root complex. These results suggest that an anteriorly placed zygomatic root complex evolved to enhance the efficiency of bite force production while facial reinforcement features, such as the anterior pillar and the expanded zygomatic root, may have been selected for in part to compensate for the weakening effect of this facial configuration. Anat Rec, 300:171–195, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonmotor symptoms in primary adult‐onset cervical dystonia and blepharospasm
Authors: Yang Jing , Shao Na , Song Wei , Wei Qianqian , Ou Ruwei , Wu Ying , Shang Hui‐Fang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe nature and frequency of nonmotor symptoms in primary adult‐onset cervical dystonia (CD) and blepharospasm (BSP) patients in Chinese populations remain unknown.MethodsHamilton's Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton's Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE‐R), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to evaluate NMS in 120 patients with primary focal adult‐onset dystonia (60 with BSP and 60 with CD) and 60 age‐, sex‐, and education level‐ matched healthy controls (HCs). Motor symptoms of BSP and CD patients were evaluated by Jankovic rating scale and Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale‐severity scale separately.ResultsTwenty patients had depression, and 29 patients had anxiety. The mean HAMD and HAMA scores were significantly higher in patient groups. Thirty‐six patients had cognitive decline based on the cut‐off score of 75. The total score and scores of each domain of ACE‐R were significantly lower in patient groups than that in HCs. Quality of sleep was impaired in patient groups, and patients with CD had worse quality of sleep than patients with BSP. Thirty‐three BSP patients and 43 CD patients suffered from sleep disorder separately. The frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness did not differ between patients and HCs. No significant correlation was found between NMS and motor severity in the two forms of dystonia.ConclusionsCurrent study suggests that NMS are prevalent in Chinese CD and BSP patients, and the motor severity of dystonia did not contribute to the severity of nonmotor symptoms. Assessment of nonmotor symptoms should be considered in clinical management of focal dystonia
microRNA from brush biopsy to characterize oral squamous cell carcinoma epithelium
Authors: Zhou Yalu , Kolokythas Antonia , Schwartz Joel L. , Epstein Joel B. , Adami Guy R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFew cancers are diagnosed based on RNA expression signatures. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is no exception; it is currently diagnosed by scalpel biopsy followed by histopathology. This study sought to identify oral tumor epithelial microRNA (miRNA) expression changes to determine if these changes could be used to diagnose the disease noninvasively. Analysis of miRNA profiles from surgically obtained OSCC tissue, collected under highly standardized conditions for The Cancer Genome Atlas, was done to determine the potential accuracy in differentiating tumor from normal mucosal tissue. Even when using small 20 subject datasets, classification based on miRNA was 90 to 100% accurate. To develop a noninvasive classifier for OSSC, analysis of brush biopsy miRNA was done and showed 87% accuracy in differentiating tumor from normal epithelium when using RT‐qPCR or miRNAseq to measure miRNAs. An extensive overlap was seen in differentially expressed miRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma epithelium obtained using brush biopsy and those reported in saliva and serum of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in several studies. This suggested that nonselective release of these miRNAs into body fluids from tumor epithelium was largely responsible for the changes in levels in these fluids seen with this disease. Using a variation in mirRPath we identified the KEGG pathway of neurotrophin signaling as a target of these miRNAs disregulated in tumor epithelium. This highlights the utility of brush biopsy of oral mucosa to allow simple acquisition of cancer relevant miRNA information from tumor epithelium.
Tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts long‐term survival outcomes in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A secondary analysis of a randomized phase 3 clinical trial
Authors: Peng Hao , Chen Lei , Li Wen‐Fei , Guo Rui , Mao Yan‐Ping , Zhang Yuan , Guo Ying , Sun Ying , Ma Jun 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDTumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using the regimen of cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil could define high‐risk patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the regimen of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5‐fluorouracil (TPF) appears to be more effective than the regimen of cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil. Therefore, one needs to redefine the high‐risk subpopulation of patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy with TPF.METHODSA total of 231 patients from a randomized phase 3 trial with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer stage III to stage IVB NPC (except T3‐T4N0 disease) who were receiving treatment with the TPF regimen were enrolled. Patient survival rates between different groups were compared.RESULTSOf the 231 patients, the overall response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was a complete response (CR) for 26 (11.3%), a partial response (PR) for 184 patients (79.6%), and stable disease (SD) for 21 patients (9.1%). Univariate analysis revealed the 3‐year failure‐free survival (FFS) rates in the CR (88.5% vs 61.9%; P =.017) and PR (81.2% vs 61.9%; P = .01) groups, and the 3‐year overall survival rates for the CR (96.2% vs 76.2%; P =.048) and PR (93.4% vs 76.2%; P =.025) groups were obviously higher compared with that of the SD group. In multivariate analysis, CR was established as a favorable prognostic factor for FFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.210; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.057‐0.779 [P =.02]), and PR for FFS (HR, 0.447; 95% CI, 0.213‐0.936 [P =.033]) and OS (HR, 0.361; 95% CI, 0.132‐0.986 [P =.047]) when compared with SD. No survival difference was observed between the CR and PR groups.CONCLUSIONSTumor response to TPF may be a properly powerful prognosis predictor and help to develop individualized treatment strategies for patients with locoregionally advanced NPC. Cancer 2017;123:1643–1652. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
The contribution of nitrogen deposition to the eutrophication signal in understorey plant communities of European forests
Authors: van Dobben Han F. , de Vries Wim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe evaluated effects of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on the composition of forest understorey vegetation both in space and time, using repeated data from the European wide monitoring program ICP‐Forests, which focuses on normally managed forest. Our aim was to assess whether both spatial and temporal effects of deposition can be detected by a multiple regression approach using data from managed forests over a relatively short time interval, in which changes in the tree layer are limited. To characterize the vegetation, we used indicators derived from cover percentages per species using multivariate statistics and indicators derived from the presence/absence, that is, species numbers and Ellenberg's indicator values. As explanatory variables, we used climate, altitude, tree species, stand age, and soil chemistry, besides deposition of nitrate, ammonia and sulfate. We analyzed the effects of abiotic conditions at a single point in time by canonical correspondence analysis and multiple regression. The relation between the change in vegetation and abiotic conditions was analyzed using redundancy analysis and multiple regression, for a subset of the plots that had both abiotic data and enough species to compute a mean Ellenberg N value per plot using a minimum of three species. Results showed that the spatial variation in the vegetation is mainly due to “traditional” factors such as soil type and climate, but a statistically significant part of the variation could be ascribed to atmospheric deposition of nitrate. The change in the vegetation over the past c. 10 years was also significantly correlated to nitrate deposition. Although the effect of deposition on the individual species could not be clearly defined, the effect on the vegetation as a whole was a shift toward nitrophytic species as witnessed by an increase in mean Ellenberg's indicator value.
Influence of hydrological pathways on dissolved organic carbon fluxes in tropical streams
Authors: da Costa Eline Nayara Dantas , de Souza Jéssica Carneiro , Pereira Marilane Andrade , de Souza Marcelo Friederichs Landim , de Souza Weber Friederichs Landim , da Silva Daniela Mariano Lopes 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWater flow pathways and water balance are fundamental components for understanding the dynamics of C in the soil/water interface of small basins. The objective of this study was to describe the seasonal variations and estimate the annual balance of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by comparing two tropical microbasins (preserved forest—PF and cacao plantation—CP). Twenty‐one weekly collections were conducted from September to December 2012 and from April to June 2013. The calculation of the partial balance considered precipitation (P) as inflow and the stream as outflow. The samples were filtered and analyzed using a TOC analyzer. Overall, the DOC was higher CP compared with FP. The behavior of both venues showed that rainy season caused an increase in concentrations in the overland flow (OF) and in the stream, and a decrease in the precipitation (P) and in the throughfall (T). In the CP, the outflow and the soil were chiefly responsible for the high DOC concentrations in the stream, when compared to the PF, which is the result of constant OM decomposition. Soil composition contributes to the control of DOC consumption in each type of soil. The balances were negative in both microbasins, although losses were higher in the AFS (agroforestry systems) when compared to the PF, especially during rainy seasons (−8.98 and −3.05 kg ha−1 year−1, CP and FP, respectively). Thus, the high annual loss of DOC in the CP of the microbasins during the rainy season indicates changes in ecosystem metabolism due to the vegetation cover and to the interactions with the soil.
Mountains too high and valleys too deep drive population structuring and demographics in a Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau frog Nanorana pleskei (Dicroglossidae)
Authors: Zhou Weiwei , Jin Jieqiong , Wu Jun , Chen Hongman , Yang Junxiao , Murphy Robert W. , Che Jing 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPleistocene glacial–interglacial climatic oscillations greatly shaped the current genetic structure of many species. However, geographic features may influence the impact of climatic cycling. Distinct geographic and environmental characters between northern and southern parts of the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (EQTP) facilitate explorations into the impacts of geographic features on species. The northern parts of EQTP contain large areas of marsh, and the environment is rather homogeneous. In contrast, the southern EQTP harbors complex alpine valleys and a much more heterogeneous setting. We evaluate DNA sequence variation from both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Nanorana pleskei, a species endemic to the EQTP. Hypothesis testing on the evolutionary history of N. pleskei indicates that northern populations can disperse freely, but alpine valleys isolate southern populations. Demographic histories between northern and southern populations also differ. Northern populations appear to have experienced population expansions, while southern frogs exhibit a far more stable demographic history. By combining climatic analyses and species' distribution models, our study suggests that geographic and environmental features drive the differences between the northern and southern EQTP.
Fluvial biotopes influence macroinvertebrate biodiversity in South‐East Asian tropical streams
Authors: Baker Kate , Chadwick Michael A. , Kahar Rafhiah , Sulaiman Zohrah Haji , Wahab Rodzay A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGiven the widespread degradation of aquatic systems caused by land‐use changes associated with palm oil production in South‐East Asia, it is imperative to identify and study the remaining undisturbed rivers and streams. Stream macroinvertebrates are reliable indicators of environmental health. Linking the community structure of these organisms to natural hydraulic and geomorphic conditions (categorized as biotopes) is vital for the conservation and restoration of streams. This study characterizes the effects of biotopes on macroinvertebrate community structure in three streams within Ulu Temburong National Park in northern Borneo. Biotopes within these streams were categorized as either bedrock (waterfalls and cascades) or mixed substrate (riffles and pools). In total, 119 taxa were collected from all sampled biotopes, but not all taxa were collected from each stream. Biotopes were statistically distinct in terms of taxonomic richness, but not mean individual density or average community biomass. There were differences in community structure between waterfalls, cascades, pools, and riffles. The survey suggests that pool and riffle biotopes were more vulnerable to scouring flows and had similar community structure, while waterfalls and cascades likely experienced lower sheer stress during floods and had similar macroinvertebrate communities. This study has found that classification and mapping of macroinvertebrates with biotope theory in pristine, tropical streams is a useful framework for simplifying the many linkages between ecology, geomorphology, and hydrology. These natural patterns increase our understanding of tropical streams and can be used to assess the impacts of forest degradation.
Embracing variability in amino acid δ15N fractionation: mechanisms, implications, and applications for trophic ecology
Authors: McMahon Kelton W. , McCarthy Matthew D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCompound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of individual amino acids (AAs) has become a powerful analytical tool in trophic ecology. Heavily fractionating “trophic” AAs (e.g., glutamic acid: Glu) provide a robust indicator of trophic transfer, while minimally fractionating “source” AAs (e.g., phenylalanine: Phe) closely reflect the δ15N value at the base of the food web (δ15Nbaseline). Together, the CSIA‐AA approach provides an unprecedented ability to disentangle the influences of δ15Nbaseline values and trophic fractionation on consumer nitrogen isotope values. Perhaps the most important assumption underlying CSIA‐AA applications to trophic ecology is that trophic fractionation of Glu and Phe, and thus the trophic discrimination factor TDFGlu‐ Phe (Δ15NGlu − Δ15NPhe), is effectively constant across diverse consumer–resource relationships. To test this assumption, we conducted a comprehensive meta‐analysis of controlled feeding experiments that examined individual AA trophic fractionation (Δ15NC‐D) and resulting TDFGlu‐ Phe values. We found tremendous variability in TDFGlu‐ Phe values from 0‰ to >10‰ across 70 species (317 individuals) and 88 distinct consumer–diet combinations. However, this variability appears to follow predictable patterns driven by two dominant variables: diet quality and mode of nitrogen excretion. Consumers feeding on high‐quality diets (small diet–consumer AA imbalances) tend to have significantly lower TDFGlu‐ Phe values than consumers feeding on low‐quality diets. Similarly, urea/uric acid‐producing consumers also exhibit significantly lower TDFGlu‐ Phe values than their ammonia‐producing counterparts. While these patterns are certainly not universal, together these factors likely explain many of the observed patterns of TDFGlu‐ Phe variability. We provide an overview of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning AA Δ15NC‐D to explain these patterns. There are several seemingly unique systems, including the remarkably consistent TDFGlu‐ Phe values across insect food webs and the isotopically “invisible” trophic transfers in microbial food webs, that may provide additional insight into the influence of diet quality and nitrogen cycling on AA fractionation. In this review, we argue that to realize the full potential of CSIA‐AA approaches in trophic ecology, we must embrace the variability in TDFGlu‐ Phe values. This likely requires developing new models of trophic transfer dynamics for some applications, including multi‐TDFGlu‐ Phe equations that directly incorporate variability in TDFGlu‐ Phe value.
The Water–Energy Nexus: Solutions towards Energy‐Efficient Desalination
Authors: Goh Pei S. , Matsuura Takeshi , Ismail Ahmad F. , Ng Be Cheer 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGlobal water shortages across all continents have led to the explosive practice of desalination. However, desalination is undeniably recognized as one of the most energy‐intensive techniques for creating a clean and safe water supply. Cost reduction in different aspects is necessary to make desalination processes affordable and accessible. In fact, the cost of water from desalination facilities is momentously impacted by the energy requirements for water production. As the water production cost cannot be separated from the issue of energy, the desalination community is continuously seeking ways to reduce energy consumption further. Current research focuses on assessing and alleviating the major energy issues by finding ways to improve the energy efficiency of desalination facilities, which would pave the way for overall cost reduction. Improving the process and the efficiencies of materials implies improved water quality and an increase in the quantity produced per unit of energy consumed. This review highlights recent emerging approaches that aim to reduce the energy consumption and, hence, the water production cost of desalination technology. In brief, the advances made in membrane science and technology, the development of emerging desalination processes and their integrated systems, as well as the use of renewable energy and energy‐recovery systems are recognized as effective and feasible solutions towards energy‐efficient desalination to address the water crisis.
A coupled continuous and discontinuous finite element method for the incompressible flows
Authors: Gao Puyang , Ouyang Jie , Dai Pengfei , Zhou Wen 
Published: December 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we develop a coupled continuous Galerkin and discontinuous Galerkin finite element method based on a split scheme to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. In order to use the equal order interpolation functions for velocity and pressure, we decouple the original Navier–Stokes equations and obtain three distinct equations through the split method, which are nonlinear hyperbolic, elliptic, and Helmholtz equations, respectively. The hybrid method combines the merits of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and finite element method (FEM). Therefore, DG is concerned to accomplish the spatial discretization of the nonlinear hyperbolic equation to avoid using the stabilization approaches that appeared in FEM. Moreover, FEM is utilized to deal with the Poisson and Helmholtz equations to reduce the computational cost compared with DG. As for the temporal discretization, a second‐order stiffly stable approach is employed. Several typical benchmarks, namely, the Poiseuille flow, the backward‐facing step flow, and the flow around the cylinder with a wide range of Reynolds numbers, are considered to demonstrate and validate the feasibility, accuracy, and efficiency of this coupled method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.