bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real‐world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of HCV treatment‐naive patients in China: an interim analysis from the CCgenos study
Authors: Rao Hui‐ying , Li Hong , Chen Hong , Shang Jia , Xie Qing , Gao Zhi‐Liang , Li Jun , Sun Yongtao , Jiang Jianning , Wang Lei , Zhao Longfeng , Zhang Lunli , Yang Weibo , Niu Junqi , Gong Zuojiong , Gong Guozhong , Yang Ruifeng , Lee Mei‐Hsuan , Wei Lai 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and AimIn China, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a considerable healthcare burden. Although interferon‐based therapy has been the standard‐of‐care for many years, few long‐term, real‐life studies have assessed interferon‐based treatment in China. The objective of CCgenos follow‐up study was to analyze long‐term treatment patterns and outcomes in a cohort of treatment‐naïve, Han ethnic, patients with chronic HCV infection.MethodsPatients who had participated in the CCgenos cross‐sectional study were invited to enter this 5‐year follow up. Clinical information and centralized HCV‐RNA measures were collected at scheduled study visits every 6 months for untreated patients and every 3 months for treated patients.ResultsAmong 512 patients enrolled, 334 (65.2%) received interferon‐based treatment and 178 (34.8%) remained untreated over a median of 4.1 (1.2–4.3) years. A total of 82.8% (424/512) of patients had an IL28B CC genotype (GT); 60.7% (311/512) had HCV GT1b infection, including 121 (38.9%) untreated. Most patients with baseline cirrhosis were untreated (26/46, 56.5%). Among patients who completed treatment and 24 weeks of post‐treatment follow up, the duration of interferon‐based therapy was frequently longer than recommended (52.9% [92/174] of GT1b‐infected were treated for > 1 year). Rates of sustained virologic response (SVR24) were 71.1% (226/318) overall; 62.4% (111/178) among patients with HCV GT1b infection; and 42.9% (15/35) among patients with cirrhosis.ConclusionsThere remains a high unmet need for effective HCV treatment in China, evidenced by a high proportion of patients remaining untreated by the current standard‐of‐care and relatively low SVR24 rates for patients with both GT1b infection and cirrhosis.
The Journal of Anatomy: origin and evolution
Authors: Morriss‐Kay Gillian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Journal of Anatomy was launched 150 years ago as the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, in an age when anatomy and physiology were not regarded as separate disciplines. European science in general was advancing rapidly at the time (it was 7 years after publication of Darwin's Origin of Species), and the recent demise of the Natural History Review meant that there was no English language publication covering these subjects. The founding editors were George Murray Humphry of Cambridge and William Turner of Edinburgh, together with Alfred Newton of Cambridge and Edward Perceval Wright of Dublin (the last two served only for a year). The pivotal event leading to the Journal's foundation was the 1866 meeting of the British Association, at which Humphry delivered the ‘Address in Physiology’ (printed in the first issue). Turner, who was also present at the 1866 British Association meeting, remained as a member of the editorial team for 50 years and was a major contributor of Journal articles. The title was changed to Journal of Anatomy in October 1916, when it was taken under the wing, in terms of both management and ownership, by the Anatomical Society. This article reviews the early years of the Journal’s publication in more detail than later years because of the historical interest of this less familiar material. The subject matter, which has remained surprisingly consistent over the years, is illustrated by examples from some notable contributions. The evolution of illustration techniques is surveyed from 1866 to the present day; the final section provides brief summaries of all of the chief editors.
THE IMPACT OF REMITTANCES ON REGIONAL CONSUMPTION AND INVESTMENT
Authors: Manic Marian 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effects of international remittances on regional economic development using spatial data from an original household survey carried out in the Republic of Moldova. I analyze remittance flows with a model that estimates regional (urban and rural) budget shares of consumption and investment expenditure categories for rural and urban households. An important contribution of the paper is that it analyzes the effect of remittances in the regions where spending takes place, which is not necessarily the same as the region where the households originating this spending reside. Using the multinomial logit approach, I control for potential selectivity and endogeneity biases of remittances. The results show that remittances lead to significantly increasing marginal productive investments in urban regions at the expense of rural regions. The fundamental finding of the study is that remittances influence the flight of productive capital out of rural areas into urban regions (a pattern similar to the crowding‐out effect of the Dutch Disease). The analysis carried out in this paper can be applied to other temporary income transfers and exogenous spending injected in the region that affect households' regional expenditure patterns.
Medical clowns reduce pre‐operative anxiety, post‐operative pain and medical costs in children undergoing outpatient penile surgery: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kocherov Stanislav , Hen Yaniv , Jaworowski Sol , Ostrovsky Israel , Eidelman Arthur I , Gozal Yakov , Chertin Boris 
Published: June 2016

AimThe aim of this paper is to investigate prospectively the potential benefits of the participation of the medical clowns in the outpatient paediatric penile surgery programme.MethodsEighty children undergoing meatotomy, age 2 to 16 years, were randomised into two groups (40 each). In the first group, the medical clown was an integral part of the medical team, and in the second group, the treatment was given without participation of the medical clown. The following parameters were measured: the level of pre‐operative anxiety, the level of the post‐operative pain, the amount of pain medication use in the first 24 h after surgery and the time needed to return to normal activities. The operating room time and hospital costs were calculated.ResultsThe patients from the first group demonstrated a lower pre‐operative anxiety index upon (P = 0.0319) and after surgery (P = 0.0042), required less induction time for anaesthesia (P < 0.001), spent overall less time in the operating room (P < 0.0001) and required less time to recover from the surgery and to be discharged (P = 0.0172). The overall OR time and post‐operative unit care savings of 20 and 155 min, respectively, led to the cost savings of $467.ConclusionOur data demonstrated that the use of the medical clown functioning as an integral part of the operating team reduces children pre‐operative anxiety and leads to a shortening of the overall time in the hospital thereby reducing the overall medical cost justifying the participation of medical clown as an integral part of the health team in a paediatric urology outpatient surgical unit.
Impact of macronutrient composition and palatability in wet diets on food selection in cats
Authors: Salaun F. , Blanchard G. , Le Paih L. , Roberti F. , Niceron C. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryCats are obligate carnivores adapted to high‐protein diets, but are commonly fed diets rich in carbohydrate. The aim of this study was to examine the food intake choices of cats when diets with different protein and carbohydrate contents were offered. Thirty‐nine cats participated in voluntary dietary intake studies. Four foods were formulated to provide between 24% and 53% of metabolizable energy as protein, between 43% and 11% as carbohydrate and holding dietary fat constant with a contribution of approximately 36%. Foods were offered either singly to evaluate voluntary food intake or in pairs to compare food intake between pairs of diets. Cats regulated their macronutrient intake to attain an overall diet composition that provided 53% of metabolizable energy as protein, 11% as carbohydrate and 36% as fat. The protein contribution corresponded to approximately 6 g of protein/kg body weight/day. High‐protein/low‐carbohydrate diets were always eaten preferentially over low‐protein/high‐carbohydrate foods. When low‐protein/high‐carbohydrate diets were offered, cats limited their food intake to limit daily carbohydrate intake to less than 3 g of carbohydrate/kg body weight. This carbohydrate ceiling may limit protein and even energy intake when only low‐protein/high‐carbohydrate diets were offered. The inclusion of palatability enhancer in the diets increased food intake but did not change protein or carbohydrate intake patterns, indicating that macronutrient intake can be regulated regardless of the use of palatability enhancers in cats. We conclude that cats can discriminate between diets based on macronutrient composition and regulate their intake to maintain maximal protein intake but limit carbohydrate intake.
Insulin resistance increases loss of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in nondiabetic healthy adults
Authors: Joo E.‐J. , Yeom J.‐S. , Kwon M.‐J. , Chang Y. , Ryu S. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of insulin resistance on the persistence of a protective level of anti‐HBs (hepatitis B surface antigen) in a nondiabetic general population. A cohort study was designed comprising of 38 473 Korean men and women with anti‐HBs at concentrations ≥10 mIU/mL, who underwent a health examination. Insulin resistance was assessed with a homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). A decline in anti‐HBs to <10 mIU/L during the follow‐up was considered to be a loss of protective anti‐HBs. Cox‐proportional hazard models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for anti‐HBs loss across quintiles of HOMA‐IR and insulin. We identified 20 826 incidents of loss of anti‐HBs antibody during 180 522 person‐years of follow‐up (incident rate 11.5 per 100 person‐years). Increasing HOMA‐IR was positively associated with incident loss of anti‐HBs. The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident loss of anti‐HBs comparing quintiles 2–5 vs quintile 1 of HOMA‐IR were 1.09 (1.04–1.14), 1.14 (1.09–1.19), 1.14 (1.09–1.19) and 1.21 (1.16–1.27), respectively. These associations were stronger in younger individuals under the age of 35 than in people 35 years of age or older (P for interaction = 0.004). The association was also more evident in subjects with higher titres (≥100 mIU/mL) of anti‐HBs than in those with low titres (P for interaction < 0.001). Insulin resistance was associated with an increased risk for loss of vaccine‐acquired anti‐HBs in a large sample of a nondiabetic, general population, indicating a possible role of insulin resistance in vaccine‐induced immunity.
Clinicopathological Phenotype of Autosomal Recessive Cholesterol Deficiency in Holstein Cattle
Authors: Mock T. , Mehinagic K. , Menzi F. , Studer E. , Oevermann A. , Stoffel M.H. , Drögemüller C. , Meylan M. , Regenscheit N. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundCholesterol deficiency (CD), a newly identified autosomal recessive genetic defect in Holstein cattle, is associated with clinical signs of diarrhea, failure to thrive, and hypocholesterolemia.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe objective is to describe the clinicopathological phenotype of affected Holstein cattle homozygous for the causative apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) mutation.AnimalsSix Holstein cattle, 5 calves with a clinical history of chronic diarrhea, and 1 heifer with erosions in the buccal cavity and neurologic symptoms were admitted to the Clinic for Ruminants.MethodsThis case review included a full clinical examination, a complete blood count, blood chemistry, and measurements of cholesterol and triglycerides. The animals were euthanized and necropsied. A PCR‐based direct gene test was applied to determine the APOB genotype.ResultsAll 6 animals were inbred, could be traced back to the sire Maughlin Storm, and were confirmed homozygous for the APOB mutation. The clinical phenotype included poor development, underweight, and intermittent diarrhea in the calves, and neurologic signs in the heifer included hypermetria and pacing. Hypocholesterolemia and low triglycerides concentrations were present in all animals. The pathological phenotype of all animals was steatorrhea with enterocytes of the small intestine containing intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles. The peripheral nervous system of the heifer displayed degenerative changes.Conclusions and clinical importanceSuspicion of CD in Holstein cattle is based on the presence of chronic diarrhea with no evidence of primary infections. Confirmation of the associated APOB gene mutation is needed. Additionally, the heifer demonstrated primarily signs of neurologic disease providing an unexpected phenotype of CD.
Enhanced cytotoxicity of bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on equine sarcoid cells following electroporation‐mediated delivery in vitro
Authors: Souza C. , Villarino N. F. , Farnsworth K. , Black M. E. 
Published: June 2016

Electroporation is a method used to deliver poorly permeant chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells, potentiating the cytotoxic effects of drugs and overall clinical response. Despite existing evidence of the potential benefits of electroporation to enhance the antitumoral effects of drugs, there is a lack of understanding about the effects of electroporation on equine tumor cells. This study investigated the combined effects of electroporation and bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on an equine sarcoid cell line (EqS04b). The use of electroporation increases the cytotoxic effects of bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on the equine sarcoid cell line by 5‐fold, 4‐fold, and 3‐fold, respectively. These very promising findings demonstrate proof of principle for future preclinical studies on different tumor cells to investigate the in vivo effects of electroporation in sarcoid tumors.
Growth rates and ecology of coralline rhodoliths from the Ras Ghamila back reef lagoon, Red Sea
Authors: Caragnano Annalisa , Basso Daniela , Rodondi Graziella 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRhodoliths are important marine carbonate producers that provide habitat for several marine organisms, and are threatened by ongoing global climate change. Meter‐sized sedimentary patches rich in living rhodoliths, interspersed among corals, were discovered in the back reef of Ras Ghamila lagoon, Southern Sinai, at less than 1 m water depth. In this shallow and relatively sheltered subtropical environment, rhodoliths were found to be monospecific or oligospecific, spheroidal, 3.5 to 9.4 cm in maximum diameter, with warty/lumpy or fruticose (protuberance degree IV) growth forms, and corresponded to the unattached branches or praline type. They grew in bright light under seasonal, moderate, wind‐driven water motion. The dominant rhodolith‐forming species recorded were: Lithophyllum kotschyanum, Porolithon onkodes, Hydrolithon sp. and three species of Neogoniolithon: Neogoniolithon fosliei, Neogoniolithon brassica‐florida, and an undescribed species noted in the text as Neogoniolithon sp. A total of 38 Alizarin‐stained rhodoliths was released in the field and collected after 1 year. They showed different banding patterns (alternating long and short cells) that revealed seasonal growth, with the lowest rates occurring in winter for all species, and an additional summer growth slackening in Neogoniolithon fosliei. Lithophyllum kotschyanum presented evidence of occasional growth cessation, possibly due to temporary burial. The observed annual growth rate of rhodoliths was unrelated to their size. The mean accretion rates were 1.08 mm · year−1 in L. kotschyanum, 0.75 mm · year−1 in P. onkodes, 0.49 mm · year−1 in Hydrolithon sp., 0.85 mm mm · year−1 in N. fosliei, 0.63 mm · year−1 in N. brassica‐florida and 0.57 mm · year−1 in Neogoniolithon sp. The annual mean marginal elongation rate for these taxa was respectively 8.74, 13.92, 3.59, 9.40 and 9.25 mm · year−1, with the exception of Neogoniolithon sp., for which this parameter was not recorded. Maximum marginal elongation occurred in P. onkodes pointing out its greater ability as a space competitor in comparison with the other rhodolith species. The highest accretion rate and common presence of L. kotschyanum indicate its importance as carbonate producer in tropical reef.
Northern glacial refugia and altitudinal niche divergence shape genome‐wide differentiation in the emerging plant model Arabidopsis arenosa
Authors: Kolář Filip , Fuxová Gabriela , Záveská Eliška , Nagano Atsushi J. , Hyklová Lucie , Lučanová Magdalena , Kudoh Hiroshi , Marhold Karol 
Published: June 2016

AbstractQuaternary climatic oscillations profoundly impacted temperate biodiversity. For many diverse yet undersampled areas, however, the consequences of this impact are still poorly known. In Europe, particular uncertainty surrounds the role of Balkans, a major hotspot of European diversity, in postglacial recolonization of more northerly areas, and the Carpathians, a debatable candidate for a northern ‘cryptic’ glacial refugium. Using genome‐wide SNPs and microsatellites, we examined how the interplay of historical processes and niche shifts structured genetic diversity of diploid Arabidopsis arenosa, a little‐known member of the plant model genus that occupies a wide niche range from sea level to alpine peaks across eastern temperate Europe. While the northern Balkans hosted one isolated endemic lineage, most of the genetic diversity was concentrated further north in the Pannonian Basin and the Carpathians, where it likely survived the last glaciation in northern refugia. Finally, a distinct postglacial environment in northern Europe was colonized by populations of admixed origin from the two Carpathian lineages. Niche differentiation along altitude‐related bioclimatic gradients was the main trend in the phylogeny of A. arenosa. The most prominent niche shifts, however, characterized genetically only slightly divergent populations that expanded into narrowly defined alpine and northern coastal postglacial environments. Our study highlights the role of eastern central European mountains not only as refugia for unique temperate diversity but also sources for postglacial expansion into novel high‐altitude and high‐latitude niches. Knowledge of distinct genetic substructure of diploid A. arenosa also opens new opportunities for follow‐up studies of this emerging model of evolutionary biology.
Genomewide scan for adaptive differentiation along altitudinal gradient in the Andrew's toadBufo andrewsi
Authors: Guo Baocheng , Lu Di , Liao Wen Bo , Merilä Juha 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecent studies of humans, dogs and rodents have started to discover the genetic underpinnings of high altitude adaptations, yet amphibians have received little attention in this respect. To identify possible signatures of adaptation to altitude, we performed a genome scan of 15 557 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained with restriction site‐associatedDNAsequencing of pooled samples from 11 populations of Andrew's toad (Bufo andrewsi) from the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, spanning an altitudinal gradient from 1690 to 2768 m.a.s.l. We discovered significant geographic differentiation among all sites, with an averageFST = 0.023 across allSNPs. Apart from clear patterns of isolation by distance, we discovered numerous outlierSNPs showing strong associations with variation in altitude (1394SNPs), average annual temperature (1859SNPs) or both (1051SNPs). Levels and patterns of genetic differentiation in theseSNPs were consistent with the hypothesis that they have been subject to directional selection and reflect adaptation to altitudinal variation among the study sites. Genes with footprints of selection were significantly enriched in binding and metabolic processes. Several genes potentially related to high altitude adaptation were identified, although the identity and functional significance of most genomic targets of selection remain unknown. In general, the results provide genomic support for results of earlier common garden and low coverage genetic studies that have uncovered substantial adaptive differentiation along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in amphibians.
Human‐mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations
Authors: Rawlence Nicolas J. , Collins Catherine J. , Anderson Christian N. K. , Maxwell Justin J. , Smith Ian W. G. , Robertson Bruce C. , Knapp Michael , Horsburgh Katherine Ann , Stanton Jo‐Ann L. , Scofield R. Paul , Tennyson Alan J. D. , Matisoo‐Smith Elizabeth A. , Waters Jonathan M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhile terrestrial megafaunal extinctions have been well characterized worldwide, our understanding of declines in marine megafauna remains limited. Here, we use ancient DNA analyses of prehistoric (<1450–1650 AD) sea lion specimens from New Zealand's isolated Chatham Islands to assess the demographic impacts of human settlement. These data suggest there was a large population of sea lions, unique to the Chatham Islands, at the time of Polynesian settlement. This distinct mitochondrial lineage became rapidly extinct within 200 years due to overhunting, paralleling the extirpation of a similarly large endemic mainland population. Whole mitogenomic analyses confirm substantial intraspecific diversity among prehistoric lineages. Demographic models suggest that even low harvest rates would likely have driven rapid extinction of these lineages. This study indicates that surviving Phocarctos populations are remnants of a once diverse and widespread sea lion assemblage, highlighting dramatic human impacts on endemic marine biodiversity. Our findings also suggest that Phocarctos bycatch in commercial fisheries may contribute to the ongoing population decline.
Biased Technical Change in Agriculture and Industrial Growth
Authors: de Souza Joao Paulo A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a two‐sector growth model in which industrial accumulation is sensitive to the factor‐saving bias of technical change in agriculture. Agriculture features low factor substitutability and hidden unemployment and, in the baseline scenario, industrial growth is constrained by aggregate demand. Land‐saving innovations are then shown to raise rural employment, enlarge the domestic market for manufactures, and bolster industrial accumulation, in contrast to labor‐saving innovations. The baseline model and its extensions illuminate recent empirical studies which established that higher land yields boost industrial growth in developing countries, as well as accounts of the role of agricultural innovations in the industrialization of Japan, East Asia, and Latin America.