bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Number of traps and trap depth position on statistical distribution of random telegraph noise in scaled NAND flash memory
Authors: Tomita Toshihiro , Miyaji Kousuke 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The dependence of random telegraph noise (RTN) amplitude distribution on the number of traps and trap depth position is investigated using three-dimensional Monte Carlo device simulation including random dopant fluctuation (RDF) in a 30 nm NAND multi level flash memory. The ΔV
th tail distribution becomes broad at fixed double traps, indicating that the number of traps greatly affects the worst RTN characteristics. It is also found that for both fixed single and fixed double traps, the ΔV
th distribution in the lowest cell threshold voltage (V
th) state shows the broadest distribution among all cell V
th states. This is because the drain current flows at the channel surface in the lowest cell V
th state, while at a high cell V
th, it flows at the deeper position owing to the fringing coupling between the control gate (CG) and the channel. In this work, the ΔV
th distribution with the number of traps following the Poisson distribution is also considered to cope with the variations in trap number. As a result, it is found that the number of traps is an important factor for understanding RTN characteristics. In addition, considering trap position in the tunnel oxide thickness direction is also an important factor.
39% access time improvement, 11% energy reduction, 32 kbit 1-read/1-write 2-port static random-access memory using two-stage read boost and write-boost after read sensing scheme
Authors: Yamamoto Yasue , Moriwaki Shinichi , Kawasumi Atsushi , Miyano Shinji , Shinohara Hirofumi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We propose novel circuit techniques for 1 clock (1CLK) 1 read/1 write (1R/1W) 2-port static random-access memories (SRAMs) to improve read access time (tAC) and write margins at low voltages. Two-stage read boost (TSR-BST) and write word line boost (WWL-BST) after the read sensing schemes have been proposed. TSR-BST reduces the worst read bit line (RBL) delay by 61% and RBL amplitude by 10% at V
DD = 0.5 V, which improves tAC by 39% and reduces energy dissipation by 11% at V
DD = 0.55 V. WWL-BST after read sensing scheme improves minimum operating voltage (V
min) by 140 mV. A 32 kbit 1CLK 1R/1W 2-port SRAM with TSR-BST and WWL-BST has been developed using a 40 nm CMOS.
Ge/graded-SiGe multiplication layers for low-voltage and low-noise Ge avalanche photodiodes on Si
Authors: Miyasaka Yuji , Hiraki Tatsurou , Okazaki Kota , Takeda Kotaro , Tsuchizawa Tai , Yamada Koji , Wada Kazumi , Ishikawa Yasuhiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A new structure is examined for low-voltage and low-noise Ge-based avalanche photodiodes (APDs) on Si, where a Ge/graded-SiGe heterostructure is used as the multiplication layer of a separate-absorption-carrier-multiplication structure. The Ge/SiGe heterojunction multiplication layer is theoretically shown to be useful for preferentially enhancing impact ionization for photogenerated holes injected from the Ge optical-absorption layer via the graded SiGe, reflecting the valence band discontinuity at the Ge/SiGe interface. This property is effective not only for the reduction of operation voltage/electric field strength in Ge-based APDs but also for the reduction of excess noise resulting from the ratio of the ionization coefficients between electrons and holes being far from unity. Such Ge/graded-SiGe heterostructures are successfully fabricated by ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition. Preliminary pin diodes having a Ge/graded-SiGe multiplication layer act reasonably as photodetectors, showing a multiplication gain larger than those for diodes without the Ge/SiGe heterojunction.
Photoconductivity of Er-doped InAs quantum dots embedded in strain-relaxed InGaAs layers with 1.5 µm cw and pulse excitation
Authors: Murakumo Keisuke , Yamaoka Yuya , Kumagai Naoto , Kitada Takahiro , Isu Toshiro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We fabricated a photoconductive antenna structure utilizing Er-doped InAs quantum dot layers embedded in strain-relaxed In0.35Ga0.65As layers on a GaAs substrate. Mesa-shaped electrodes for the antenna structure were formed by photolithography and wet etching in order to suppress its dark current. We measured the photocurrent with the excitation of ∼1.5 µm cw and femtosecond pulse lasers. Compared with the dark current, the photocurrent was clearly observed under both cw and pulse excitation conditions and almost linearly increased with increasing excitation power in a wide range of magnitudes from 10 W/cm2 to 10 MW/cm2 order.
Filter-less fluorescence sensor with high separation ability achieved by the suppression of forward-scattered light in silicon
Authors: Choi Yong Joon , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Matsuda Motoharu , Hizawa Takeshi , Moriwaki Yu , Dasai Fumihiro , Kimura Yasuyuki , Akita Ippei , Iwata Tatsuya , Ishida Makoto , Sawada Kazuaki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The improvement of a filter-less fluorescence sensor, by suppressing forward scattering in silicon by surface planarization is presented. A fluorescence microscope has been widely used in biochemical fields. However, it is difficult to miniaturize because optical filters and other parts are necessary. We previously developed a filter-less fluorescence sensor. The separation ability of excitation light and fluorescence in the previous device was 550:1. It is necessary to improve the separation ability. This study focuses on the suppression of forward-scattered incident light in silicon, through the enhanced surface planarization of polysilicon, which is the gate electrode material. The separation ability of the filter-less fluorescence sensor was increased from 550:1 to 1250:1 by the suppression of forward-scattered light.
Assessing waveform predictions of recent three‐dimensional velocity models of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Bao Xueyang , Shen Yang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAccurate velocity models are essential for both the determination of earthquake locations and source moments and the interpretation of Earth structures. With the increasing number of three‐dimensional velocity models, it has become necessary to assess the models for accuracy in predicting seismic observations. Six models of the crustal and uppermost mantle structures in Tibet and surrounding regions are investigated in this study. Regional Rayleigh and Pn (or Pnl) waveforms from two ground truth events, including one nuclear explosion and one natural earthquake located in the study area, are simulated by using a three‐dimensional finite‐difference method. Synthetics are compared to observed waveforms in multiple period bands of 20–75 s for Rayleigh waves and 1–20 s for Pn/Pnl waves. The models are evaluated based on the phase delays and cross‐correlation coefficients between synthetic and observed waveforms. A model generated from full‐wave ambient noise tomography best predicts Rayleigh waves throughout the data set, as well as Pn/Pnl waves traveling from the Tarim Basin to the stations located in central Tibet. In general, the models constructed from P wave tomography are not well suited to predict Rayleigh waves, and vice versa. Possible causes of the differences between observed and synthetic waveforms, and frequency‐dependent variations of the “best matching” models with the smallest prediction errors are discussed. This study suggests that simultaneous prediction for body and surface waves requires an integrated velocity model constructed with multiple seismic waveforms and consideration of other important properties, such as anisotropy.
An oceanic heat transport pathway to the Amundsen Sea Embayment
Authors: Rodriguez Angelica R. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Gille Sarah T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) on the West Antarctic coastline has been identified as a region of accelerated glacial melting. A Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) is analyzed over the 2005–2010 time period in the Amundsen Sea region. The SOSE oceanic heat budget reveals that the contribution of parameterized small‐scale mixing to the heat content of the ASE waters is small compared to advection and local air‐sea heat flux, both of which contribute significantly to the heat content of the ASE waters. Above the permanent pycnocline, the local air‐sea flux dominates the heat budget and is controlled by seasonal changes in sea ice coverage. Overall, between 2005 and 2010, the model shows a net heating in the surface above the pycnocline within the ASE. Sea water below the permanent pycnocline is isolated from the influence of air‐sea heat fluxes, and thus, the divergence of heat advection is the major contributor to increased oceanic heat content of these waters. Oceanic transport of mass and heat into the ASE is dominated by the cross‐shelf input and is primarily geostrophic below the permanent pycnocline. Diagnosis of the time‐mean SOSE vorticity budget along the continental shelf slope indicates that the cross‐shelf transport is sustained by vorticity input from the localized wind‐stress curl over the shelf break.
The role of U.S. states in facilitating effective water governance under stress and change
Authors: Kirchhoff Christine J. , Dilling Lisa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWorldwide water governance failures undermine effective water management under uncertainty and change. Overcoming these failures requires employing more adaptive, resilient water management approaches; yet, while scholars have advance theory of what adaptive, resilient approaches should be, there is little empirical evidence to support those normative propositions. To fill this gap, we reviewed the literature to derive theorized characteristics of adaptive, resilient water governance including knowledge generation and use, participation, clear rules for water use, and incorporating nonstationarity. Then, using interviews and documentary analysis focused on five U.S. states' allocation and planning approaches, we examined empirically if embodying these characteristics made states more (or less) adaptive and resilient in practice. We found that adaptive, resilient water governance requires not just possessing these characteristics but combining and building on them. That is, adaptive, resilient water governance requires well‐funded, transparent knowledge systems combined with broad, multilevel participatory processes that support learning, strong institutional arrangements that establish authorities and rules and that allow flexibility as conditions change, and resources for integrated planning and allocation. We also found that difficulty incorporating climate change or altering existing water governance paradigms and inadequate funding of water programs undermine adaptive, resilient governance.
O+ ion beams reflected below the Martian bow shock: MAVEN observations
Authors: Masunaga K. , Seki K. , Brain D. A. , Fang X. , Dong Y. , Jakosky B. M. , McFadden J. P. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe investigate a generation mechanism of O+ ion beams observed above the Martian bow shock by analyzing ion velocity distribution functions (VDFs) measured by the Suprathermal and Thermal Ion Composition instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft. In the solar wind near Mars, MAVEN often observes energetic O+ ion beams (~10 keV or higher). Accompanied with the O+ ion beam events, we sometimes observe characteristic ion VDFs in the magnetosheath: a partial ring distribution. The partial ring distribution corresponds to pickup ions with a finite initial velocity (i.e., not newborn pickup ions), and its phase space density is much smaller than that of local pickup O+ ions of the magnetosheath. Thus, the partial ring distribution is most likely produced by the reflection of pickup O+ ions precipitating from the upstream solar wind below the bow shock. After being injected into the magnetosheath from the solar wind, the precipitating O+ ions are subject to the significantly enhanced magnetic field in this region and start to gyrate around the guiding center of the plasma frame in the magnetosheath. Consequently, a part of precipitating O+ ions are reflected back to the solar wind, generating O+ beams in the solar wind. The beams direct quasi‐sunward near the subsolar region but have large angle with respect to the sunward direction at high solar zenith angles (>50°). The reflected O+ beams are accelerated by the convection electric field of the solar wind and may escape Mars.
σ–π Continuum in Indole–Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Yamamoto Koji , Kimura Seita , Murahashi Tetsuro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe intrinsic features of (hetero‐arene)–metal interactions have been elusive mainly because the systematic structure analysis of non‐anchored hetero‐arene–metal complexes has been hampered by their labile nature. We report successful isolation and systematic structure analysis of a series of non‐anchored indole–palladium(II) complexes. It was revealed that there is a σ–π continuum for the indole–metal interaction, while it has been thought that the dominant coordination mode of indole to a metal center is the Wheland‐intermediate‐type σ‐mode in light of the seemingly strong electron‐donating ability of indole. Several factors which affect the σ‐ or π‐character of indole–metal interactions are discussed.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation and One‐Pot Twofold Unsymmetrical C−H Functionalization of Arenes
Authors: Ghosh Koushik , Rit Raja K. , Ramesh E. , Sahoo Akhila K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA methyl phenyl sulfoximine (MPS) is used as a directing group in the ruthenium‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of alkene‐tethered benzoic acid derivatives to afford dihydrobenzofurans and indolines in good to excellent yields. A one‐pot, unsymmetrical, twofold C−H functionalization involving intramolecular C−C and intermolecular C−C/C−N bond formations is successfully demonstrated by using a single set of catalytic reaction conditions, which is unprecedented thus far. A novel isoquinolone‐bearing dihydrobenzofuran is constructed through an unsymmetrical twofold C−H functionalization.
Effect of anhydride curing agents, imidazoles, and silver particle sizes on the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity in the silver adhesives of LED devices
Authors: Chiang Tzu Hsuan , Lin Ya‐Chun , Chen Yi‐Fu , Chen Emi‐Yun 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the preparation of silver adhesives applied to a light‐emitting diode (LED) device as die‐attach materials consisting of silver particles, on epoxy resin, curing agents, and accelerants for complete curing at 150 °C for 30 min. For the epoxy resin, this study used 3,4‐epoxycyclohexyl‐methyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate mixed with different types of anhydride curing agents such as 4‐methylcyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic anhydride and hexahydrophthalic anhydride as well as imidazole accelerants such as 2‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole‐1‐propanenitrile, 2‐phenylimidazole, 2‐methylimidazole, 2‐phenyl‐2‐imidazoline, and 1,2‐dimethylimidazole. In addition, different size of silver particles and hybrid silver particles were used for the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of silver adhesives. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measured conversion of silver adhesives based on different types and contents of the curing agents and accelerants under heating. The silver particles' distribution of silver adhesive also affected electrical resistance, as proved by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and four‐point probe. The obtained results showed that the silver adhesive containing an 100 wt % of epoxy resin mixed with 85 wt % of hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 1.0 wt % (weight of epoxy resin) of 2‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole‐1‐propanenitrile, and 80 wt % (weight of epoxy resin) of hybrid silver particles (40 wt % 15 μm and 40 wt % 1.25 μm) was perfect, having the lowest electrical resistivity at 1.11 × 10−4 Ω·cm and good thermal conductivity at 3.2 W/m·K. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43587.
Autophagy regulates the apoptosis of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxic condition via AMP‐activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Yang Ming , Wang Yabin , Wang Le , Jin Zhitao , Ding Liping , Zhang Lijuan , Zhang Lina , Jiang Wei , Gao Guojie , Yang Junke , Lu Bingwei , Cao Feng , Hu Taohong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) have been demonstrated as an ideal autologous stem cells source for cell‐based therapy for myocardial infarction (MI). However, poor viability of donor stem cells after transplantation limits their therapeutic efficiency, whereas the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. Autophagy, a highly conserved process of cellular degradation, is required for maintaining homeostasis and normal function. Here, we investigated the potential role of autophagy on apoptosis in BM‐MSCs induced by hypoxic injury. BM‐MSCs, isolated from male C57BL/6 mice, were subjected to hypoxia and serum deprivation (H/SD) injury for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The autophagy state was regulated by 3‐methyladenine (3MA) and rapamycin administration. Furthermore, compound C was administrated to inhibit AMPK. The apoptosis induced by H/SD was determined by TUNEL assays. Meanwhile, autophagy was measured by GFP‐LC3 plasmids transfection and transmission electron microscope. Moreover, protein expressions were evaluated by Western blot assay. In the present study, we found that hypoxic stress increased autophagy and apoptosis in BM‐MSCs time dependently. Meanwhile, hypoxia increased the activity of AMPK/mTOR signal pathway. Moreover, increased apoptosis in BM‐MSCs under hypoxia was abolished by 3‐MA, whereas was aggravated by rapamycin. Furthermore, the increased autophagy and apoptosis in BM‐MSCs induced by hypoxia were abolished by AMPK inhibitor compound C. These data provide evidence that hypoxia induced AMPK/mTOR signal pathway activation which regulated the apoptosis and autophagy in BM‐MSCs. Furthermore, the apoptosis of BM‐MSCs under hypoxic condition was regulated by autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway.
Anemia in a neonate with placental mesenchymal dysplasia
Authors: Ishikawa Satoshi , Morikawa Mamoru , Umazume Takeshi , Yamada Takahiro , Kanno Hiromi , Takakuwa Emi , Minakami Hisanori 
Published: March 2016

Key Clinical MessageCauses of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) are uncertain in most placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) cases. Our case showed high α‐fetoprotein levels in the maternal circulation, markedly dilated subchorionic vessels, and neonatal hemoglobin concentration of 8.4 g/dL, suggesting that fetal anemia may explain some adverse outcomes in PMD pregnancies.
Reversible Photoresponsive Molecular Alignment of Liquid Crystals at Fluid Interfaces with Persistent Stability
Authors: Tian Tongtong , Hu Qiongzheng , Wang Yi , Gao Yanan , Yu Li 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis work demonstrates a noninvasive approach to control alignment of liquid crystals persistently and reversibly at fluid interfaces by using a photoresponsive azobenzene‐based surfactant dissolved in an ionic liquid (IL), ethylammonium nitrate (EAN). As the first report on the orientational behavior of LCs at the IL/LC interface, our study also expands current understanding of alignment control of LCs at the aqueous/LC interface by adding electrolytes into aqueous solutions. The threshold concentration for switching the optical responses of LCs can be changed just by simply manipulating the ratio of EAN to H2O. This work will inspire fundamental studies and novel applications of using the LC‐based imaging technique to investigate various chemical and biological events in ILs.
Development of Photoactivated Fluorescent N‐Hydroxyoxindoles and Their Application for Cell‐Selective Imaging
Authors: Lai Jinping , Yu An , Yang Letao , Zhang Yixiao , Shah Birju P. , Lee Ki Bum 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPhotoactivatable fluorophores are essential tools for studying the dynamic molecular interactions within important biological systems with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, currently developed photoactivatable fluorophores based on conventional dyes have several limitations including reduced photoactivation efficiency, cytotoxicity, large molecular size, and complicated organic synthesis. To overcome these challenges, we herein report a class of photoactivatable fluorescent N‐hydroxyoxindoles formed through the intramolecular photocyclization of substituted o‐nitrophenyl ethanol (ONPE). These oxindole fluorophores afford excellent photoactivation efficiency with ultra‐high fluorescence enhancement (up to 800‐fold) and are small in size. Furthermore, the oxindole derivatives show exceptional biocompatibility by generating water as the only photolytic side product. Moreover, structure–activity relationship analysis clearly revealed the strong correlation between the fluorescent properties and the substituent groups, which can serve as a guideline for the further development of ONPE‐based fluorescent probes with desired photophysical and biological properties. As a proof‐of‐concept, we demonstrated the capability of a new substituted ONPE that has an uncaging wavelength of 365–405 nm and an excitation/emission at 515 and 620 nm, for the selective imaging of a cancer cell line (Hela cells) and a human neural stem cell line (hNSCs).
Enantioselective Degradation and Chiral Stability of Metalaxyl‐M in Tomato Fruits
Authors: Jing Xu , Yao Guojun , Wang Peng , Liu Donghui , Qi Yanli , Zhou Zhiqiang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMetalaxyl is an important chiral acetanilide fungicide, and the activity almost entirely originates from the R‐enantiomer. Racemic metalaxyl has been gradually replaced by the enantiopure R‐enantiomer (metalaxyl‐M). In this study a chiral residue analysis method for metalaxyl and the metabolite metalaxyl acid was set up based on high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC‐MS/MS). The enantioselective degradation and chiral stability of metalaxyl‐M in tomato fruits in two geographically distinct regions of China (Heilongjiang and Hunan Province) were evaluated and the enantioselectivity of metalaxyl acid was also investigated. Tomato plants grew under field conditions with a one‐time spray application of metalaxyl‐M wettable powder. It was found that R‐metalaxyl was not chirally stable and the inactive S‐metalaxyl was detected in tomato fruits. At day 40, S‐metalaxyl derived from R‐metalaxyl accounted for 32% and 26% of the total amount of metalaxyl, respectively. The metabolites R‐metalaxyl acid and S‐metalaxyl acid were both observed in tomato, and the ratio of S‐metalaxyl acid to the sum of S‐ and R‐metalaxyl acid was 36% and 28% at day 40, respectively. For both metalaxyl and metalaxyl acid, the half‐life of the S‐enantiomer was longer than the R‐enantiomer. The results indicated that the enantiomeric conversion should be considered in the bioactivity evaluation and environmental pollution assessment. Chirality 28:382–386, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ressourceneffiziente Trenntechnologien für eine Green Economy
Authors: Woidasky Jörg , Iden Jan‐Moritz , Karos Alexander , Hirth Thomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNachhaltigkeit entwickelt sich zu einem Leitmotiv nationalen und internationalen Handelns. Im Leitbild einer umwelt‐, technologie‐ und innovationsorientierten Green Economy wird die Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie operationalisiert. Ein Element einer solchen Wirtschaftsform sind Ressourceneffizienz‐Technologien. Ein wichtiger Teilbereich solcher Technologien sind Trennverfahren. Das Forschungsvorhaben Molecular Sorting der Fraunhofer‐Gesellschaft, in dessen Rahmen zahlreiche Trennverfahren anwendungsorientiert untersucht wurden, wird vorgestellt und das Umfeld für den Einsatz dieser Ressourceneffizienz‐Ansätze wird beschrieben.