bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibrations and laminations
Authors: BANGERT VICTOR , CUI XIAOJUN 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA calibration of degree k ∈ ℕ on a Riemannian manifold M is a closed differential k-form θ such that the integral of θ over every k-dimensional, oriented submanifold N is smaller or equal to the Riemannian volume of N. A calibration θ is said to calibrate N if θ restricts to the oriented volume form of N. We investigate conditions on a calibration θ that ensure the existence of submanifolds calibrated by θ. The cases k = 1 and k > 1 turn out to be essentially different. Our main result says that, on a compact manifold M, a calibration θ calibrates a lamination if θ is simple, of class C1, and if θ has minimal comass norm in its cohomology class.
Recent advances in machine translation using comparable corpora
Authors: RAPP REINHARD , SHAROFF SERGE , ZWEIGENBAUM PIERRE 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper highlights some of the recent developments in the field of machine translation using comparable corpora. We start by updating previous definitions of comparable corpora and then look at bilingual versions of continuous vector space models. Recently, neural networks have been used to obtain latent context representations with only few dimensions which are often called word embeddings. These promising new techniques cannot only be applied to parallel but also to comparable corpora. Subsequent sections of the paper discuss work specifically targeting at machine translation using comparable corpora, as well as work dealing with the extraction of parallel segments from comparable corpora. Finally, we give an overview on the design and the results of a recent shared task on measuring document comparability across languages.
End-to-end statistical machine translation with zero or small parallel texts
Authors: IRVINE ANN , CALLISON-BURCH CHRIS 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe use bilingual lexicon induction techniques, which learn translations from monolingual texts in two languages, to build an end-to-end statistical machine translation (SMT) system without the use of any bilingual sentence-aligned parallel corpora. We present detailed analysis of the accuracy of bilingual lexicon induction, and show how a discriminative model can be used to combine various signals of translation equivalence (like contextual similarity, temporal similarity, orthographic similarity and topic similarity). Our discriminative model produces higher accuracy translations than previous bilingual lexicon induction techniques. We reuse these signals of translation equivalence as features on a phrase-based SMT system. These monolingually estimated features enhance low resource SMT systems in addition to allowing end-to-end machine translation without parallel corpora.
Building a multi-domain comparable corpus using a learning to rank method
Authors: RAHIMI RAZIEH , SHAKERY AZADEH , DADASHKARIMI JAVID , ARIANNEZHAD MOZHDEH , DEHGHANI MOSTAFA , ESFAHANI HOSSEIN NASR 
Published: June 2016

AbstractComparable corpora are key translation resources for both languages and domains with limited linguistic resources. The existing approaches for building comparable corpora are mostly based on ranking candidate documents in the target language for each source document using a cross-lingual retrieval model. These approaches also exploit other evidence of document similarity, such as proper names and publication dates, to build more reliable alignments. However, the importance of each evidence in the scores of candidate target documents is determined heuristically. In this paper, we employ a learning to rank method for ranking candidate target documents with respect to each source document. The ranking model is constructed by defining each evidence for similarity of bilingual documents as a feature whose weight is learned automatically. Learning feature weights can significantly improve the quality of alignments, because the reliability of features depends on the characteristics of both source and target languages of a comparable corpus. We also propose a method to generate appropriate training data for the task of building comparable corpora. We employed the proposed learning-based approach to build a multi-domain English–Persian comparable corpus which covers twelve different domains obtained from Open Directory Project. Experimental results show that the created alignments have high degrees of comparability. Comparison with existing approaches for building comparable corpora shows that our learning-based approach improves both quality and coverage of alignments.
The neural correlates of semantic and phonological transfer effects: language distance matters
Authors: GHAZI-SAIDI LADAN , ANSALDO ANA INÉS 
Published: June 2016

Behavioral and neural correlates of cross-linguistic transfer (CLT) effects were studied at the word level, in a pair of linguistically distant languages. Twelve adult Persian speakers were tested on an overt picture-naming task in L2, during event-related fMRI scanning after an intensive computerized French lexical-learning program including cognates, clangs and non-cognate-non-clangs.In distant language pairs, naming in L2 is effortful and demanding. Thus, it is less automatic, and must recruit more neural resources for lexical retrieval, and articulatory processing; it also requires more attention and cognitive control, even in cases where there is phonological overlap. Activation observed with different word types reflects the interaction of language and other cognitive systems including executive control and working memory circuits, even with phonologically similar and highly consolidated words. Moreover, phonologically similar words (cognates and clangs) seem to involve the implicit memory processing, whereas phonologically distant words (non-cognate-non-clangs) seem to require explicit memory.
Choosing and Using Statistical Sources in Criminology: What Can the Crime Survey for England and Wales Tell Us?
Authors: Tilley Nick , Tseloni Andromachi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThere is a wide range of sources that might fruitfully be used in criminological research. This article, by Andromachi Tseloni* and Nick Tilley**, overviews the type of evidence used in research that has recently appeared in the British Journal of Criminology, gives examples of unobtrusive administrative data that have been used in recent projects, and focuses on a single data set, the Crime Survey for England and Wales, which covers a wide range of criminological topics. Finally, it will be suggested that criminologists may be missing opportunities to draw on valuable data sets that, though imperfect, could be useful to them in their research.
Law Belongs to the People: Access to Law and Justice
Authors: Peruginelli Ginevra 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper written by Ginevra Peruginelli is devoted to a discussion of the issues concerning the provision of free access to law in our global society and investigates the effects and benefits of freely available information to the legal profession, citizens and governments. The knowledge of rights, responsibilities and policies allows people and institutions to know what is expected of them and which protections they enjoy. In particular, the paper focuses on the main actors, namely the Legal Information Institutes, involved in the free access to law all around the world. These institutions publish legal information from more than one source for free, and mutually collaborate both politically and technically through membership.
Impact of living mulch on arthropod fauna: analysis of pest and beneficial dynamics on organic cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in different European scenarios
Authors: Depalo L. , Burgio G. , von Fragstein P. , Kristensen H.L. , Bavec M. , Robačer M. , Campanelli G. , Canali S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe effect of a ‘cover crop–vegetable cash crop’ intercropping system on arthropod dynamics and biodiversity, was investigated in four different European countries (Italy, Denmark, Germany, and Slovenia), by means of two-seasonal experiments. The soil arthropod fauna was used to compare the ecosystem services of living mulched systems with sole crop ones. The living mulch (LM) technique did not affect the infestation of cabbage caterpillar Pieris spp., showing no detrimental effect of this technique on this key pest of cabbage. In Denmark, aphid populations were higher in the sole crop system than in the LM system. In Italy, a very high level of larval parasitization was detected and in 1 year the percentage of parasitization was higher in LM (88%) than in sole crop (63%). Overall, the LM positively affected the activity density of Carabid beetles, also increasing diversity and evenness of species (Italy and Slovenia) or activity density of some taxa (Slovenia and Denmark). Our results indicate a general positive influence of LM techniques on arthropods in plant/soil systems, as shown by a high level of soil biodiversity and a general lack of negative effects on the density of canopy pests.
Learning through Communication: How Arguing about Scientific Information Contributes to Learning
Authors: Jucks Regina , Mayweg-Paus Elisabeth 
Published: June 2016

Lernen im Diskurs: Wie das Argumentieren über wissenschaftsbezogene Informationen zum Lernerfolg beiträgt Zusammenfassung. Lernen, ob innerhalb oder ausserhalb von formalen Bildungssettings, ist oft eine soziale Aktivität. Wissenschaftsbezogene Informationen, d. h. solche die auf wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis basieren, werden mit dem Ziel verarbeitet Wissen für eine konkrete Problemlösung oder die Beantwortung einer anwendungsbezogenen Fragen zu liefern. Was trägt das Argumentieren mit anderen zu diesen Lernzielen bei? Die fünf Originalarbeiten und die zwei Kommentare dieses Themenhefts behandeln 1. die individuellen Voraussetzungen für das Lernen im Diskurs und 2. die Analyse von Diskursen und die Identifikation von lernförderlichem Kommunikationsverhalten und 3. die Unterstützung von lernförderlichen Diskursaktivitäten. Die behandelten theoretischen Rahmungen und empirischen Befunde ermöglichen detaillierte Einblicke aus verschiedenen Perspektiven und Ansätze für zukünftige Forschung.
Developing Epistemological Understanding in Scientific and Social Domains through Argumentation
Authors: Iordanou Kalypso 
Published: June 2016

Wie das Argumentieren die Entwicklung eines epistemologischen Verständnisses in wissenschaftlichen und sozialen Bereichen fördern kann Zusammenfassung. Diese Arbeit untersucht, ob eine Intervention zur Veränderung des Argumentationsverhaltens die Entwicklung eines evaluativen epistemologischen Verständnisses fördern kann. Studierende wurden randomisiert einer von zwei Interventionsbedingungen zugewiesen, die sich entweder mit einem sozialen oder ein wissenschaftlichen Thema beschäftigten. Die epistemologischen Überzeugungen wurden vor und nach der Intervention anhand eines sozialen und eines wissenschaftlichen Themas ermittelt. Zusätzlich wurden die Ansichten der Studierenden über ihre eigenen Wissensprozesse sowie über die von Wissenschaftlern erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dialogische Argumentationsaktivitäten die Entwicklung eines evaluativen domänenspezifischen epistemologischen Verständnisses unterstützte. Weitere qualitative Analysen zeigten, dass die Teilnehmer je nach Interventionsbedingung die Evidenz im Prozess des Wissenserwerbs unterschiedlich bewerten. Dies unterstützt die Ansicht, dass es verschiedene Herausforderungen bei der Entwicklung eines epistemologischen Verständnisses in den Domänen gibt. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Studie haben wichtige pädagogische Implikationen und weisen darauf hin, dass argumentative Aktivitäten ein vielversprechender Weg sind, um die Entwicklung eines angemessenen epistemologischen Verständnisses zu unterstützen.
Who knows? Explaining Impacts on the Assessment of our own Knowledge and of the Knowledge of Experts
Authors: Bromme Rainer , Thomm Eva , Ratermann Katharina 
Published: June 2016

Wer könnte es wissen? Erklären beeinflusst die Einschätzung unseres eigenen Wissens sowie unsere Einschätzung des Wissens von ExpertenZusammenfassung. Kinder und Erwachsene überschätzen oftmals ihr eigenes Verständnis komplexer, kausaler Sachverhalte. Werden sie jedoch aufgefordert, die Mechanismen zu erklären, die den Sachverhalten zugrunde liegen, schätzen sie ihr Wissen danach angemessener ein. Diese Illusion der Erklärtiefe (Illusion of Explanatory Depth, Rozenblit & Keil, 2002 ) verdeutlicht, welchen Einfluss die explizite Erklärung auf die metakognitive Einschätzung des eigenen Wissens haben kann. In dieser Studie überprüfen wir diesen Effekt. Erwachsene beurteilten den Umfang ihres eigenen Wissens zu Themen rund um Gesundheitsvorsorge und Klimaschutz, bevor und nachdem sie die zugrundeliegenden Kausalmechanismen erklärten. Zudem bewerteten sie vor und nach der Erkläraufgabe, inwieweit Experten aus unterschiedlichen Fachgebieten für die Themen zuständig sind. Unsere Ergebnisse belegen, dass das Elaborieren komplexer kausaler Mechanismen die Beurteilung des eigenen Wissens sowie die Einschätzung darüber, wie Wissen unter Experten verteilt ist, beeinflusst. Wir diskutieren die Befunde vor dem Hintergrund der Argumentative Theory of Reasoning und beleuchten ihre praktische Bedeutung für den Bildungsbereich.
Making Science Education More Natural – Some Ideas from the Argumentative Theory of Reasoning
Authors: Mercier Hugo 
Published: June 2016

Science education praxisnah – Ideen aus der Argumentative Theory of Reasoning Zusammenfassung. Dass der Austausch von Argumenten sehr nützlich für die Vermittlung wissenschaftlicher Denkweisen ist, konnte bereits nachgewiesen werden. Die Argumentative Theory of Reasoning kann diesen Nutzen gut erklären. Sie besagt, dass die Hauptfunktion des schlussfolgernden Denkens das Argumentieren ist: Argumente zu produzieren, um andere zu überzeugen, und die Bewertung von Argumenten anderer, um überzeugt zu werden. Diese Theorie erklärt, warum individuelles Argumentieren häufig nur zu einer schlechten Argumentationsleistung führt, während der soziale Austausch von Argumenten zu einer besseren Argumentationsleistung führt. Zusätzlich weist sie darauf hin, dass die beste Art zu lernen wie man gut argumentiert, darin besteht, mit anderen zu diskutieren. In diesem Artikel versuche ich, die Erkenntnisse der anderen Artikel dieses Themenhefts in diesen Rahmen zu integrieren.
Subjective Memory Complaints and Conversion to Dementia in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Decline and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Lehrner Johann , Bodendorfer Bettina , Lamm Claus , Moser Doris , Dal-Bianco Peter , Auff Eduard , Pusswald Gisela 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Background: Subjective cognitive complaints and their clinical significance are discussed controversially. Objectives: To determine the clinical validity of subjective cognitive complaints among subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Design: Longitudinal study with one follow up examination at a University based out-patient memory clinic. Participants: A clinical sample of patietns with SCD and MCI (n = 141), aged 50 and older, who came to the memory outpatient clinic. Results: No significant differences between converters and non converters regarding subjective cognitive complaints were detected. MCI patients had a higher risk than the patients with SCD developing AD (OR = 7.3 [CI 0.9 to 61.2]. Verbal memory testing using the Verbal Selektive Reminding Test (VSRT) showed better diagnostic validity than subjective cognitive complaints using the Forgetfulness Assessment Inventory (FAI) in predicting conversion to dementia. Conclusion: Verbal memory testing was superior in predicting conversion to dementia compared to subjective cognitive complaints.
Bio-based polycarbonate as synthetic toolbox
Authors: Hauenstein O. , Agarwal S. , Greiner A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCompletely bio-based poly(limonene carbonate) is a thermoplastic polymer, which can be synthesized by copolymerization of limonene oxide (derived from limonene, which is found in orange peel) and CO2. Poly(limonene carbonate) has one double bond per repeating unit that can be exploited for further chemical modifications. These chemical modifications allow the tuning of the properties of the aliphatic polycarbonate in nearly any direction. Here we show synthetic routes to demonstrate that poly(limonene carbonate) is the perfect green platform polymer, from which many functional materials can be derived. The relevant examples presented in this study are the transformation from an engineering thermoplastic into a rubber, addition of permanent antibacterial activity, hydrophilization and even pH-dependent water solubility of the polycarbonate. Finally, we show a synthetic route to yield the completely saturated counterpart that exhibits improved heat processability due to lower reactivity.
Strain-relief by single dislocation loops in calcite crystals grown on self-assembled monolayers
Authors: Ihli Johannes , Clark Jesse N. , Côté Alexander S. , Kim Yi-Yeoun , Schenk Anna S. , Kulak Alexander N. , Comyn Timothy P. , Chammas Oliver , Harder Ross J. , Duffy Dorothy M. , Robinson Ian K. , Meldrum Fiona C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMost of our knowledge of dislocation-mediated stress relaxation during epitaxial crystal growth comes from the study of inorganic heterostructures. Here we use Bragg coherent diffraction imaging to investigate a contrasting system, the epitaxial growth of calcite (CaCO3) crystals on organic self-assembled monolayers, where these are widely used as a model for biomineralization processes. The calcite crystals are imaged to simultaneously visualize the crystal morphology and internal strain fields. Our data reveal that each crystal possesses a single dislocation loop that occupies a common position in every crystal. The loops exhibit entirely different geometries to misfit dislocations generated in conventional epitaxial thin films and are suggested to form in response to the stress field, arising from interfacial defects and the nanoscale roughness of the substrate. This work provides unique insight into how self-assembled monolayers control the growth of inorganic crystals and demonstrates important differences as compared with inorganic substrates.
A broad analysis of resistance development in the malaria parasite
Authors: Corey Victoria C. , Lukens Amanda K. , Istvan Eva S. , Lee Marcus C. S. , Franco Virginia , Magistrado Pamela , Coburn-Flynn Olivia , Sakata-Kato Tomoyo , Fuchs Olivia , Gnädig Nina F. , Goldgof Greg , Linares Maria , Gomez-Lorenzo Maria G. , De Cózar Cristina , Lafuente-Monasterio Maria Jose , Prats Sara , Meister Stephan , Tanaseichuk Olga , Wree Melanie , Zhou Yingyao , Willis Paul A. , Gamo Francisco-Javier , Goldberg Daniel E. , Fidock David A. , Wirth Dyann F. , Winzeler Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMicrobial resistance to chemotherapy has caused countless deaths where malaria is endemic. Chemotherapy may fail either due to pre-existing resistance or evolution of drug-resistant parasites. Here we use a diverse set of antimalarial compounds to investigate the acquisition of drug resistance and the degree of cross-resistance against common resistance alleles. We assess cross-resistance using a set of 15 parasite lines carrying resistance-conferring alleles in pfatp4, cytochrome bc1, pfcarl, pfdhod, pfcrt, pfmdr, pfdhfr, cytoplasmic prolyl t-RNA synthetase or hsp90. Subsequently, we assess whether resistant parasites can be obtained after several rounds of drug selection. Twenty-three of the 48 in vitro selections result in resistant parasites, with time to resistance onset ranging from 15 to 300 days. Our data indicate that pre-existing resistance may not be a major hurdle for novel-target antimalarial candidates, and focusing our attention on fast-killing compounds may result in a slower onset of clinical resistance.
Microvesicles provide a mechanism for intercellular communication by embryonic stem cells during embryo implantation
Authors: Desrochers Laura M. , Bordeleau François , Reinhart-King Cynthia A. , Cerione Richard A. , Antonyak Marc A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCommunication between the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst is known to occur, but its functional consequences on early developmental events is unclear. Here we demonstrate that embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the ICM generate and shed microvesicles (MVs), a major class of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which influence trophoblast behaviour during the implantation process. The MV cargo proteins laminin and fibronectin interact with integrins along the surfaces of the trophoblasts, triggering the activation of two signalling kinases, JNK and FAK, and stimulating trophoblast migration. We further show that injecting MVs isolated from ES cells into blastocysts results in an increase in their implantation efficiency. Thus, these findings highlight a unique mechanism by which ES cells communicate with trophoblasts within the blastocyst to increase their ability to migrate into the uterus, thereby promoting one of the earliest and most important steps during pregnancy.
Dual mechanisms regulate ecosystem stability under decade-long warming and hay harvest
Authors: Shi Zheng , Xu Xia , Souza Lara , Wilcox Kevin , Jiang Lifen , Liang Junyi , Xia Jianyang , García-Palacios Pablo , Luo Yiqi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPast global change studies have identified changes in species diversity as a major mechanism regulating temporal stability of production, measured as the ratio of the mean to the standard deviation of community biomass. However, the dominant plant functional group can also strongly determine the temporal stability. Here, in a grassland ecosystem subject to 15 years of experimental warming and hay harvest, we reveal that warming increases while hay harvest decreases temporal stability. This corresponds with the biomass of the dominant C4 functional group being higher under warming and lower under hay harvest. As a secondary mechanism, biodiversity also explains part of the variation in temporal stability of production. Structural equation modelling further shows that warming and hay harvest regulate temporal stability through influencing both temporal mean and variation of production. Our findings demonstrate the joint roles that dominant plant functional group and biodiversity play in regulating the temporal stability of an ecosystem under global change.
β-arrestin-1 contributes to brown fat function and directly interacts with PPARα and PPARγ
Authors: Wang Congcong , Zeng Xianglu , Zhou Zhaocai , Zhao Jian , Pei Gang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family plays central roles in brown adipose tissue (BAT) adipogenesis and contributes to body temperature maintenance. The transcriptional activity of PPAR family has been shown to be tightly controlled by cellular signal networks. β-arrestins function as major secondary messengers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) signaling by functional interactions with diverse proteins. Here, we report that β-arrestin-1 knock-out mice show enhanced cold tolerance. We found that β-arrestin-1 directly interacts with PPARα and PPARγ through a LXXXLXXXL motif, while D371 in PPARα and L311/N312/D380 in PPARγ are required for their interactions with β-arrestin-1. Further mechanistic studies showed that β-arrestin-1 promotes PPARα- but represses PPARγ-mediated transcriptional activities, providing potential regulatory pathway for BAT function.