bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANÁLISIS DE LA RESOLUCIÓN 60/251 MEDIANTE LA CUAL SE CREÓ EL CONSEJO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LA ONU
Authors: PACHECO BAQUERO JANNETH MILENA , GARCÍA VARGAS IVO 
Published: October 2016

<p>Las graves violaciones al derecho internacional humanitario ocurridas durante la segunda guerra mun- dial, motivaron a una parte importante de la sociedad internacional a crear la Comisión de Derechos Humanos como órgano subsidiario del Ecosoc, en el seno de las Naciones Unidas. A pesar de los importantes logros que alcanzó esta Comisión en el ejercicio de la función promotora y de protección de los derechos humanos, su fuerte politización, los nuevos retos en la materia y la necesidad de fortalecer institucionalmente el tema, hicieron que ésta Comisión fuera reemplazada a través de la Resolución 60/251 de 2006 de la Asamblea General de la ONU por un Consejo de Derechos Humanos, órgano más represen- tativo, permanente, imparcial , y con mayores responsabilidades en el proceso de atención, evaluación y cumplimiento de las obligaciones en derechos humanos por parte de los Estados miembros.</p><p> </p><p>Para el caso colombiano, la extinta Comisión de Derechos Humanos hacía un seguimiento permanente del conflic- to armado, tarea que será ahora asumida por el nuevo Consejo de Derechos Humanos a quien le corresponderá particularmente hacer el seguimiento a las recomendaciones hechas por la antigua Comisión.</p><p> </p><p>Un elemento innovador que introduce la resolución en comento, es la aplicación del mecanismo de examen periódico universal con el que se pretende evaluar a todos los países miembros sin excepción en el cumplimiento de sus compromisos con los derechos humanos. Sin embargo, y aunque este órgano sin duda se visualiza como una institución más sólida y eficaz, sigue requiriendo para alcanzar sus objetivos y más allá de meros intereses políticos, del compromiso y la buena voluntad de los Estados miembros del Consejo, los gobiernos y demás participantes.</p>
Sistema Penal Acusatorio. Aspectos problemáticos
Authors: SCHÜNEMANN BERND 
Published: October 2016

<p>El presente artículo analiza, desde una perspectiva crítica, las caracteristicas del modelo acusatorio, tanto en la implementación en América Latina como en algunos países de Europa. Sin embargo, más allá de la caracterización y las fortalezas de este sistema, se explora y propone que la imposición del modelo repre- senta en realidad un déficit de Estado de Derecho del modelo norteamericano, cuyos efectos pueden ser contraproducentes para nuestras sociedades en el futuro.</p><p> </p>
La producción jus filosófica de Norberto Bobbio y la enseñanza del Derecho para sociedades auténticamente democráticas
Authors: MEZA AYALA WILLIAM 
Published: October 2016

<p>La comprensión acerca de las relaciones comunicativas de la tríada: persona, sociedad, Derecho, propia del Módulo Introductorio, encuentra una adecuada interpretación en la Teoría General del Derecho aludida. La Teoría del Ordenamiento Jurídico, es concluyente acerca de las explicaciones obtenidas del comportamiento de la pluralidad de normas jurídicas derivadas de la Teoría de la Norma Jurídica. Se aclara el funcionamiento sistémico en la producción de justicia, en la que intervienen de manera ordenada varios de sus operadores. Finalmente, la explicación del Derecho, como sistema, permite aclarar de manera metódica y pedagógica la relación entre poderes y deberes del Estado Social de Derecho y Derechos Humanos.</p><p> </p>
El control sobre las cláusulas abusivas un régimen en evolución
Authors: Gual Acosta José Manuel 
Published: October 2016

<p>Las cláusulas restrictivas de responsabilidad se han planteado como una de las principales problemáticas de derecho moderno de contratos. No obstante, en cuanto a su uso habitual, algunos países poseen frente a tales cláusulas un sistema fragmentario y disperso como es el caso colombiano frente a otros que, en cambio, presentan un régimen sistemático.</p><p> </p><p>Frente a ellas resulta interesante observar los antecedentes de un intervencionismo de Estado, que sin poner en crisis el dogma de la autonomía de la voluntad propenda a un negocio jurídico equilibrado, desde el punto de vista de las obligaciones y deberes que surgen en el contrato para las partes. Se obser- va con preocupación cómo los clásicos controles sobre la formación del contrato, al día de hoy resultan insuficientes para proteger al contratante débil frente a la posibilidad que algunas cláusulas del contrato por adhesión le resulten abusivas.</p><p> </p><p>De ahí la inquietud por analizar las principales problemáticas que se plantean en el derecho foráneo frente a las cláusulas abusivas para ejercer un control eficaz sobre ellas. Y como el derecho interno las afronta ante la inexistencia de un régimen específico de control sobre ellas.</p>
La integración andina en el marco constitucional de los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina (CAN)
Authors: BLANCO ALVARADO CAROLINA 
Published: October 2016

<p>Mediante las presentes líneas se pretende una aproximación al marco constitucional de la integración andina. Para lo anterior, se contextualizará lo previsto sobre el particular, en la Constitución Colombiana, en concordancia con lo dispuesto en las demás cartas políticas de los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina (CAN).</p><p> </p><p>En este sentido, se analizará la crisis que a la fecha evidencian las fuentes clásicas del derecho, las relacio- nes entre el derecho constitucional y el derecho andino de la integración y la perspectiva constitucional del proceso de integración andino en los Estados que conforman la Comunidad Andina (CAN).</p>
La paz: de la Séptima Papeleta al Estado constitucional y al reconocimiento como derecho fundamental
Authors: Reyes Blanco Sergio 
Published: October 2016

En este artículo se presenta una aproximación teórica al derecho fundamental a la paz consagrado en la Constitución Política de 1991 en el artículo 22. Se parte de una mirada histórica al principal antecedente en el proceso de configuración del nuevo modelo constitucional: la contribución del movimiento estudiantil como promotor de la Séptima Papeleta; luego se pasa a exponer el modelo de Estado que se adopta y las diferentes expresiones que se pueden dar de este; finalmente se revisa cómo el Estado y la Constitución tienen como fin el reconocimiento de la paz como derecho y deber, el alcance que la norma jurídica puede tener como política de Estado.
Robust Transgene Expression from Bicistronic mRNA in the Green AlgaChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Onishi Masayuki , Pringle John R 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism that provides an opportunity to understand the evolution and functional biology of the lineage that includes the land plants, as well as aspects of the fundamental core biology conserved throughout the eukaryotic phylogeny. Although many tools are available to facilitate genetic, molecular biological, biochemical, and cell biological studies in Chlamydomonas, expression of unselected transgenes of interest (GOIs) has been challenging. In most methods used previously, the GOI and a selectable marker are expressed from two separate mRNAs, so that their concomitant expression is not guaranteed. In this study, we developed constructs that allow expression of an upstream GOI and downstream selectable marker from a single bicistronic mRNA. Although this approach in other systems has typically required a translation-enhancing element such as an internal ribosome entry site for the downstream marker, we found that a short stretch of unstructured junction sequence was sufficient to obtain adequate expression of the downstream gene, presumably through post-termination reinitiation. With this system, we obtained robust expression of both endogenous and heterologous GOIs, including fluorescent proteins and tagged fusion proteins, in the vast majority of transformants, thus eliminating the need for tedious secondary screening for GOI-expressing transformants. This improved efficiency should greatly facilitate a variety of genetic and cell-biological studies in Chlamydomonas and also enable new applications such as expression-based screens and large-scale production of foreign proteins.
The Interaction of Genotype and Environment Determines Variation in the Maize Kernel Ionome
Authors: Asaro Alexandra , Ziegler Gregory , Ziyomo Cathrine , Hoekenga Owen A , Dilkes Brian P , Baxter Ivan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPlants obtain soil-resident elements that support growth and metabolism from the water-flow facilitated by transpiration and active transport processes. The availability of elements in the environment interacts with the genetic capacity of organisms to modulate element uptake through plastic adaptive responses, such as homeostasis. These interactions should cause the elemental contents of plants to vary such that the effects of genetic polymorphisms will be dramatically dependent on the environment in which the plant is grown. To investigate genotype by environment interactions underlying elemental accumulation, we analyzed levels of elements in maize kernels of the Intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) recombinant inbred population grown in 10 different environments, spanning a total of six locations and five different years. In analyses conducted separately for each environment, we identified a total of 79 quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling seed elemental accumulation. While a set of these QTL was found in multiple environments, the majority were specific to a single environment, suggesting the presence of genetic by environment interactions. To specifically identify and quantify QTL by environment interactions (QEIs), we implemented two methods: linear modeling with environmental covariates, and QTL analysis on trait differences between growouts. With these approaches, we found several instances of QEI, indicating that elemental profiles are highly heritable, interrelated, and responsive to the environment.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Meiotic Recombination Phenotypes
Authors: Begum Ferdouse , Chowdhury Reshmi , Cheung Vivian G , Sherman Stephanie L , Feingold Eleanor 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMeiotic recombination is an essential step in gametogenesis, and is one that also generates genetic diversity. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and molecular studies have identified genes that influence of human meiotic recombination. RNF212 is associated with total or average number of recombination events, and PRDM9 is associated with the locations of hotspots, or sequences where crossing over appears to cluster. In addition, a common inversion on chromosome 17 is strongly associated with recombination. Other genes have been identified by GWAS, but those results have not been replicated. In this study, using new datasets, we characterized additional recombination phenotypes to uncover novel candidates and further dissect the role of already known loci. We used three datasets totaling 1562 two-generation families, including 3108 parents with 4304 children. We estimated five different recombination phenotypes including two novel phenotypes (average recombination counts within recombination hotspots and outside of hotspots) using dense SNP array genotype data. We then performed gender-specific and combined-sex genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses. We replicated associations for several previously reported recombination genes, including RNF212 and PRDM9. By looking specifically at recombination events outside of hotspots, we showed for the first time that PRDM9 has different effects in males and females. We identified several new candidate loci, particularly for recombination events outside of hotspots. These include regions near the genes SPINK6, EVC2, ARHGAP25, and DLGAP2. This study expands our understanding of human meiotic recombination by characterizing additional features that vary across individuals, and identifying regulatory variants influencing the numbers and locations of recombination events.
Little White Lies: Pericarp Color Provides Insights into the Origins and Evolution of Southeast Asian Weedy Rice
Authors: Cui Yongxia , Song Beng Kah , Li Lin-Feng , Li Ya-Ling , Huang Zhongyun , Caicedo Ana L , Jia Yulin , Olsen Kenneth M 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Weedy rice is a conspecific form of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) that infests rice fields and results in severe crop losses. Weed strains in different world regions appear to have originated multiple times from different domesticated and/or wild rice progenitors. In the case of Malaysian weedy rice, a multiple-origin model has been proposed based on neutral markers and analyses of domestication genes for hull color and seed shattering. Here, we examined variation in pericarp (bran) color and its molecular basis to address how this trait evolved in Malaysian weeds and its possible role in weed adaptation. Functional alleles of the Rc gene confer proanthocyanidin pigmentation of the pericarp, a trait found in most wild and weedy Oryzas and associated with seed dormancy; nonfunctional rc alleles were strongly favored during rice domestication, and most cultivated varieties have nonpigmented pericarps. Phenotypic characterizations of 52 Malaysian weeds revealed that most strains are characterized by the pigmented pericarp; however, some weeds have white pericarps, suggesting close relationships to cultivated rice. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Rc haplotypes present in Malaysian weeds likely have at least three distinct origins: wild O. rufipogon, white-pericarp cultivated rice, and red-pericarp cultivated rice. These diverse origins contribute to high Rc nucleotide diversity in the Malaysian weeds. Comparison of Rc allelic distributions with other rice domestication genes suggests that functional Rc alleles may confer particular fitness benefits in weedy rice populations, for example, by conferring seed dormancy. This may promote functional Rc introgression from local wild Oryza populations.
Controlling the Rate of GWAS False Discoveries
Authors: Brzyski Damian , Peterson Christine B , Sobczyk Piotr , Candès Emmanuel J , Bogdan Malgorzata , Sabatti Chiara 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWith the rise of both the number and the complexity of traits of interest, control of the false discovery rate (FDR) in genetic association studies has become an increasingly appealing and accepted target for multiple comparison adjustment. While a number of robust FDR-controlling strategies exist, the nature of this error rate is intimately tied to the precise way in which discoveries are counted, and the performance of FDR-controlling procedures is satisfactory only if there is a one-to-one correspondence between what scientists describe as unique discoveries and the number of rejected hypotheses. The presence of linkage disequilibrium between markers in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) often leads researchers to consider the signal associated to multiple neighboring SNPs as indicating the existence of a single genomic locus with possible influence on the phenotype. This a posteriori aggregation of rejected hypotheses results in inflation of the relevant FDR. We propose a novel approach to FDR control that is based on prescreening to identify the level of resolution of distinct hypotheses. We show how FDR-controlling strategies can be adapted to account for this initial selection both with theoretical results and simulations that mimic the dependence structure to be expected in GWAS. We demonstrate that our approach is versatile and useful when the data are analyzed using both tests based on single markers and multiple regression. We provide an R package that allows practitioners to apply our procedure on standard GWAS format data, and illustrate its performance on lipid traits in the North Finland Birth Cohort 66 cohort study.
Neonatal Morbidity After Maternal Use of Antidepressant Drugs During Pregnancy
Authors: Nörby Ulrika , Forsberg Lisa , Wide Katarina , Sjörs Gunnar , Winbladh Birger , Källén Karin 
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVES:
To estimate the rate of admissions to NICUs, as well as infants’ morbidity and neonatal interventions, after exposure to antidepressant drugs in utero.

METHODS:
Data on pregnancies, deliveries, prescription drug use, and health status of the newborn infants were obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, the Prescribed Drug Register, and the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register. We included 741 040 singletons, born between July 1, 2006, and December 31, 2012. Of the infants, 17 736 (2.4%) had mothers who used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy. Infants exposed to an SSRI were compared with nonexposed infants, and infants exposed during late pregnancy were compared with those exposed during early pregnancy only. The results were analyzed with logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS:
After maternal use of an SSRI, 13.7% of the infants were admitted to the NICU compared with 8.2% in the population (adjusted odds ratio: 1.5 [95% confidence interval: 1.4–1.5]). The admission rate to the NICU after treatment during late pregnancy was 16.5% compared with 10.8% after treatment during early pregnancy only (adjusted odds ratio: 1.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.5–1.8]). Respiratory and central nervous system disorders and hypoglycemia were more common after maternal use of an SSRI. Infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy compared with early pregnancy had a higher risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension (number needed to harm: 285).

CONCLUSIONS:
Maternal use of antidepressants during pregnancy was associated with increased neonatal morbidity and a higher rate of admissions to the NICU. The absolute risk for severe disease was low, however.
Barriers to female sex addiction treatment in the UK
Authors: Dhuffar Manpreet K. , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: October 2016

Background
Over the last 20 years, behavioral addictions (e.g., addictions to gambling, playing video games, work, etc.) have become more accepted among both public and scientific communities. Addiction to sex is arguably a more controversial issue, but this does not take away from the fact that some individuals seek professional help for problematic excessive sex, irrespective of how the behavior is conceptualized. Empirical evidence suggests that among treatment seekers, men are more likely than women to seek help for sex addiction (SA).

Methods
Using the behavioral addiction literature and the authors’ own expertise in researching female SA, this paper examines potential barriers to the treatment for female sex addicts.

Results
Four main types of barriers for female sex addicts not seeking treatment were identified. These comprised (a) individual barriers, (b) social barriers, (c) research barriers, and (d) treatment barriers.

Conclusions
Further research is needed to either confirm or disconfirm the identified barriers that female sex addicts face when seeking treatment, and if conformation is found, interested stakeholders should provide better awareness and/or see ways in which such barriers can be overcome to aid better uptake of SA services.
The effects of sexually explicit material use on romantic relationship dynamics
Authors: Minarcik Jenny , Wetterneck Chad T. , Short MARY B. 
Published: October 2016

Background and aims
Pornography use has become increasingly common. Studies have shown that individuals who use sexually explicit materials (SEMs) report negative effects (Schneider, 2000b). However, Bridges (2008b) found that couples who use SEM together have higher relationship satisfaction than those who use SEM independently. A further investigation into various types of SEM use in relationships may highlight how SEM is related to various areas of couple satisfaction. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of SEM use related to different relationship dynamics.

Methods
The current study included a college and Internet sample of 296 participants divided into groups based upon the SEM use in relationships (i.e., SEM alone, SEM use with partner, and no SEM use).

Results
There were significant differences between groups in relationship satisfaction [F(2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026], intimacy [F(2, 252) = 7.95, p = <.001], and commitment [F(2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006]. Post-hoc analyses revealed additional differences in relationship satisfaction [t(174) = 2.13, p = .035] and intimacy [t(174) = 2.76, p = .006] based on the frequency of SEM use.

Discussion
Further exploration of the SEM use function in couples will provide greater understanding of its role in romantic relationships.
Klein-Gordon-Fock equation from Einstein general relativity
Authors: Thuan Vo Van 
Published: October 2016

A time-space symmetry based cylindrical model of geometrical dynamics was proposed. Accordingly, the solution of Einstein gravitational equation in vacuum has a duality: an exponential solution and a wave-like one. The former leads to a "microscopic" cosmological model with Hubble expansion. Due to interaction of a Higgs-like cosmological potential, the original time-space symmetry is spontaneously broken, inducing a strong time-like curvature and a weak space-like deviation curve. In the result, the wave-like solution leads to Klein-Gordon-Fock equation which would serve an explicit approach to the problem of consistency between quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Influence of Disulfide Bridge on the Structural Stability of Human Neuroglobin: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Using Latest Data Entry
Authors: Quyen Bui Thi Le , Hoai Nguyen Thi Lam , Thanh Ngo Van 
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we investigated the role of the disulfide bridge in the structural stability of wild-type human neuroglobin. The classical simulation of the neuroglobin without the disulfide bridge was performed for a long simulation run of 240~ns using a new parameter set of Gromos96 force field and the latest data entry as the initial topologies. We used the analyzed data of original neuroglobin with the remained disulfide bridge to compare to the ones from this simulation. Our results showed that, the structure of neuroglobin was still very stable although the disulfide bridge was absent. There was only a few residues in B and C helices having a higher mobility. The most interesting result we obtained was that the increasing distance between the distal histidine and heme group could allow oxygen to bind more easily.
Dwa oblicza emancypacji podmiotu
Authors: Augustyniak Piotr 
Published: October 2016

The article discusses the duality of the phenomenon of emancipation of the human subject; this duality is one of the dimensions of the contingency of man. By duality I understand two discrepant and contradictory modes of being, which the emancipation of the subject can evoke. The first mode is being that consists in rising above the self through creativity, while the second is solidifying oneself, which lacks a creative element. The starting point for this analysis is a review of two approaches to this duality: 1) the dissonance between the romantic idea of authenticity and the contemporary self-actualisation, outlined by Taylor; and 2) the difference between the superman and the last man in Nietzsche’s thought. The second part of the article presents the reasons for this duality from an existential and ontological perspective (Heidegger) and from a psychoanalytical perspective (Freud). Both the drive-based structure and the existential-ontological structure of the human subject determine the not fully predictable (i.e. contingent) direction of self-development, which – regardless of the subject’s will – can take two fundamentally different routes.