bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in a geriatric patient: A case report
Authors: Sri Kumaran Shalini , Law Annie Hui Nee 
Published: January 2017

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem connective tissue disorder with varied clinical presentations with late onset SLE occurring after the age of 50. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in SLE may range from non-focal symptoms of cognitive dysfunction, an acute confusional state, to focal symptoms of transient ischaemic attacks and strokes. We report a case of an elderly male who presented with confusion, functional decline and fevers. On admission, he was febrile with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 11 with no other focal neurological or systemic examination findings. Initial investigations pointed towards a diagnosis of possible tuberculous meningitis with a differential diagnosis of unidentified sepsis and malignancy still being entertained. However, a newly developed purpuric skin rash helped clinch the diagnosis of SLE and he was finally diagnosed as a case of late-onset neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). He was started on intravenous (IV) hydrocortisone which was later switched to a tapering dose of oral prednisolone and made a significant improvement.
Determination of Organophosphorous Pesticides in Environmental Water Samples Using Surface-Engineered C18 Functionalized Silica-Coated Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles–Based Extraction Coupled with GC-MS/MS Analysis
Authors: Srivastava Neha , Kumari Supriya , Nair Kishore , Alam Samsul , Raza Syed K 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The present paper depicts a novel method based on magneticSPE (MSPE) for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) such as phorate, malathion, and chlorpyrifos in environmental water samples. In this study, C18 functionalized silica-coated core-shell iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used as a surface-engineered magnetic sorbent for theselective extraction of pesticides from aqueous samples, followed by GC-MS and GC–tandem MS analysis for confirmative determination of the analytes. Various important method parameters, including quantity of MNP adsorbent, volume of sample, effective time for extraction, nature of the desorbing solvent, and pH of the aqueous sample, were investigated and optimized to obtain maximum method performance. Under the optimized instrumental analysis conditions, good linearity (r2 value ≥0.994) was achieved at the concentration range of 0.5–500 μg/L. Recoveries were in therange of 79.2–96.3 and 80.4–97.5% in selective-ion monitoring and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, respectively, at the spiking concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 μg/L. MRM mode showed better sensitivity, selectivity, and low-level detection (0.5 μg/L) of analytes. The novel MSPE method is a simple, cheap, rapid, and eco-friendly method for the determination of OPs in environmental water samples.
Evaluation of Method-Specific Extraction Variability for the Measurement of Fatty Acids in a Candidate Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula Reference Material
Authors: Place Benjamin J 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
To address community needs, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed a candidate Standard Reference Material (SRM) for infant/adult nutritional formula based on milk and whey protein concentrates with isolated soy protein called SRM 1869 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula. One major component of this candidate SRM is the fatty acid content. In this study, multiple extraction techniques were evaluated to quantify the fatty acids in this new material. Extraction methods that were based on lipid extraction followed by transesterification resulted in lower mass fraction values for all fatty acids than the values measured by methods utilizing in situ transesterification followed by fatty acid methyl ester extraction (ISTE). An ISTE method, based on the identifiedoptimal parameters, was used to determine the fatty acid content of the new infant/adult nutritional formula reference material.
Lung Sliding Identification Is Less Accurate in the Left Hemithorax
Authors: Piette Eric , Daoust Raoul , Lambert Jean , Denault André 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to compare the accuracy of lung sliding identification for the left and right hemithoraxes, using prerecorded short US sequences, in a group of physicians with mixed clinical and US training.MethodsA total of 140 US sequences of a complete respiratory cycle were recorded in the operating room. Each sequence was divided in two, yielding 140 sequences of present lung sliding and 140 sequences of absent lung sliding. Of these 280 sequences, 40 were randomly repeated to assess intraobserver variability, for a total of 320 sequences. Descriptive data, the mean accuracy of each participant, as well as the rate of correct answers for each of the original 280 sequences were tabulated and compared for different subgroups of clinical and US training. A video with examples of present and absent lung sliding and a lung pulse was shown before testing.ResultsTwo sessions were planned to facilitate the participation of 75 clinicians. In the first group, the rate of accurate lung sliding identification was lower in the left hemithorax than in the right (67.0% [interquartile range (IQR), 43.0–83.0] versus 80.0% [IQR, 57.0–95.0]; P < .001). In the second group, the rate of accurate lung sliding identification was also lower in the left hemithorax than in the right (76.3% [IQR, 42.9–90.9] versus 88.7% [IQR, 63.1–96.9]; P = .001). Mean accuracy rates were 67.5% (95% confidence interval, 65.7–69.4) in the first group and 73.1% (95% confidence interval, 70.7–75.5) in the second (P < .001).ConclusionsLung sliding identification seems less accurate in the left hemithorax when using a short US examination. This study was done on recorded US sequences and should be repeated in a live clinical situation to confirm our results.
Number of Weeks Rotating in the Emergency Department Has a Greater Effect on Ultrasound Milestone Competency Than a Dedicated Ultrasound Rotation
Authors: Smalley Courtney M. , Thiessen Molly , Byyny Richard , Dorey Alyrene , McNair Bryan , Kendall John L. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesUltrasound (US) is vital to modern emergency medicine (EM). Across residencies, there is marked variability in US training. The “goal‐directed focused US” part of the Milestones Project states that trainees must correctly acquire and interpret images to achieve a level 3 milestone. Standardized methods by which programs teach these skills have not been established. Our goal was to determine whether residents could achieve level 3 with or without a dedicated US rotation.MethodsThirty‐three first‐ and second‐year residents were assigned to control (no rotation) and intervention (US rotation) groups. The intervention group underwent a 2‐week curriculum in vascular access, the aorta, echocardiography, focused assessment with sonography for trauma, and pregnancy. To test acquisition, US‐trained emergency medicine physicians administered an objective structured clinical examination. To test interpretation, residents had to identify normal versus abnormal findings. Mixed‐model logistic regression tested the association of a US rotation while controlling for confounders: weeks in the emergency department (ED) as a resident, medical school US rotation, and postgraduate years.ResultsFor image acquisition, medical school US rotation and weeks in the ED as a resident were significant (P = .03; P = .04) whereas completion of a US rotation and postgraduate years were not significant. For image interpretation, weeks in the ED as a resident was the only significant predictor of performance (P = .002) whereas completion of a US rotation and medical school US rotation were not significant.ConclusionsTo achieve a level 3 milestone, weeks in the ED as a resident were significant for mastering image acquisition and interpretation. A dedicated US rotation did not have a significant effect. A medical school US rotation had a significant effect on image acquisition but not interpretation. Further studies are needed to best assess methods to meet US milestones.
Sonographic Evaluation of Endothelial Function in Brachial Arteries of Adult Stroke Patients
Authors: Omisore Adeleye Dorcas , Ayoola Oluwagbemiga Oluwole , Ibitoye Bolanle Olubunmi , Fawale Michael Bimbola , Adetiloye Victor Adebayo 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesBrachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation on sonography is used to evaluate endothelial dysfunction, which is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis and predates structural atherosclerotic lesions by many years. Atherosclerosis has been implicated in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to determine the association between brachial flow‐mediated dilatation, the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and acute stroke.MethodsWe evaluated right brachial arteries of 150 participants (50 stroke patients, 50 patients with cardiovascular risk factors, and 50 healthy control individuals) with B‐mode sonography before and 5 minutes after sphygmomanometer cuff application to their forearms. Analysis of variance for multiple comparisons was used between each group.ResultsMean ages of the stroke, risk factor, and control groups ± SD were 57.5 ± 14.8, 52.4 ± 16.0, and 56.1 ± 14.9 years, respectively (P = .235). Flow‐mediated dilatation rates were 4.37% ± 1.50%, 5.62% ± 1.23%, and 10.33% ± 1.96% in the stroke, risk factor, and control groups (P ≤ .001). Dilatation was 3.79% ± 0.92% in ischemic stroke compared with 6.02% ± 1.62% in intracerebral hemorrhage (P < .001), but there was no significant difference in dilatation between ischemic stroke subtypes according to the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification (P = .301).ConclusionsBrachial flow‐mediated dilatation was significantly lower in patients with acute stroke compared with controls matched for vascular risk factors and healthy controls. Decreased vascular endothelial function in stroke patients was particularly related to cerebral infarction compared with intracerebral hemorrhage. Brachial flow‐mediated dilatation did not differentiate ischemic stroke subtypes by the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Flow‐mediated dilatation was therefore found to be a marker of cardiovascular risk and a probable reactant in the acute phase of stroke.
Sonographic Differentiation of Complicated From Uncomplicated Appendicitis: Implications for Antibiotics‐First Therapy
Authors: Xu Yingding , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Chang Stephanie T. , DiMaio Michael A. , Olcott Eric W. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate sonographic findings as indicators of complicated versus uncomplicated appendicitis in the setting of known appendicitis, a necessary distinction in deciding whether to proceed with antibiotic therapy or with appendectomy.MethodsWith Institutional Review Board approval and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, appendiceal sonograms of 119 patients with histopathologically proven appendicitis were retrospectively blindly reviewed to determine the presence or absence of the normally echogenic submucosal layer, the presence of mural hyperemia, periappendiceal fluid, appendicoliths, and hyperechoic periappendiceal fat and to determine the maximum outside diameter. Results were compared with the presence of complicated versus uncomplicated appendicitis on histopathologic examination and assessed by both univariate and mulitvariate logistic regression; confidence intervals (CIs) of proportions were assessed by the exact binomial test.ResultsThirty‐two (26.9%) of the 119 patients had complicated appendicitis, including 11 with gangrenous appendicitis without perforation and 21 with gangrenous appendicitis and perforation. Loss of the submucosal layer was the only independent significant indicator of complicated appendicitis in multivariate regression (P < .001) and provided sensitivity and specificity values of 100.0% (95% CI, 89.1%–100.0%) and 92.0% (95% CI, 84.1%–96.7%), respectively.ConclusionsLoss of the normally echogenic submucosal layer was the most useful sonographic finding for discriminating complicated from uncomplicated appendicitis, being the only finding independently and significantly associated with complicated appendicitis and, additionally, providing both high sensitivity and high specificity. This information may help a physician decide whether to proceed with antibiotic therapy or with appendectomy when treating a patient with appendicitis.
The super‐interseismic phase of the megathrust earthquake cycle in Chile
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Moreno Marcos , Quinteros Javier , Baez Juan Carlos , Deng Zhiguo , Li Shaoyang , Oncken Onno 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlong a subduction zone, great megathrust earthquakes recur either after long seismic gaps lasting several decades to centuries or over much shorter periods lasting hours to a few years when cascading successions of earthquakes rupture nearby segments of the fault. We analyze a decade of continuous Global Positioning System observations along the South American continent to estimate changes in deformation rates between the 2010 Maule (M8.8) and 2015 Illapel (M8.3) Chilean earthquakes. We find that surface velocities increased after the 2010 earthquake, in response to continental‐scale viscoelastic mantle relaxation and to regional‐scale increased degree of interplate locking. We propose that increased locking occurs transiently during a super‐interseismic phase in segments adjacent to a megathrust rupture, responding to bending of both plates caused by coseismic slip and subsequent afterslip. Enhanced strain rates during a super‐interseismic phase may therefore bring a megathrust segment closer to failure and possibly triggered the 2015 event.
Boiling and condensation of saline geothermal fluids above magmatic intrusions
Authors: Scott Samuel , Driesner Thomas , Weis Philipp 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNumerical simulation of subaerial, magma‐driven, saline hydrothermal systems reveals that fluid phase separation near the intrusion is a first‐order control on the dynamics and efficiency of heat and mass transfer. Above shallow intrusions emplaced at <2.5 km depth, phase separation through boiling of saline liquid leads to accumulation of low‐mobility hypersaline brines and halite precipitation, thereby reducing the efficiency of heat and mass transfer. Above deeper intrusions (>4 km), where fluid pressure is >30 MPa, phase separation occurs by condensation of hypersaline brine from a saline intermediate‐density fluid. The fraction of brine remains small, and advective, vapor‐dominated mass and heat fluxes are maximized. We thus hypothesize that, in contrast to pure water systems, for which shallow intrusions make better targets for supercritical resource exploitation, the optimal targets in saline systems are located above deeper intrusions.
CO2 emission of Indonesian fires in 2015 estimated from satellite‐derived atmospheric CO2 concentrations
Authors: Heymann J. , Reuter M. , Buchwitz M. , Schneising O. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P. , Massart S. , Kaiser J. W. , Crisp D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIndonesia experienced an exceptional number of fires in 2015 as a result of droughts related to the recent El Niño event and human activities. These fires released large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Emission databases such as the Global Fire Assimilation System version 1.2 and the Global Fire Emission Database version 4s estimated the CO2 emission to be approximately 1100 MtCO2 in the time period from July to November 2015. This emission was indirectly estimated by using parameters like burned area, fire radiative power, and emission factors. In the study presented in this paper, we estimate the Indonesian fire CO2 emission by using the column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2, XCO2, derived from measurements of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 satellite mission. The estimated CO2 emission is 748 ± 209 MtCO2, which is about 30% lower than provided by the emission databases.
Meteoric smoke and H2SO4 aerosols in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere
Authors: Hervig Mark E. , Bardeen Charles G. , Siskind David E. , Mills Michael J. , Stockwell Robert 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMeteoric smoke has traditionally been understood as a passive tracer which follows the global mesospheric circulation. Smoke extinction measured by the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment, however, shows that while this is true in the middle to upper mesosphere (pressure <~0.2 hPa), it is not true near the stratopause. Here the expected winter increase begins 3 months earlier than in models. We suggest that the autumn extinction increase is due to H2SO4 condensing above the nominal stratospheric aerosol layer (~5 hPa). This is possible due to lowering of the H2SO4 saturation vapor pressure when the acid is neutralized through combination with meteoric metals. The appearance of neutralized H2SO4 aerosol in autumn is associated with the seasonal decrease in temperature. The combination of meteoric smoke and neutralized H2SO4 aerosols explains the observations and supports previous suggestions that H2SO4 could condense above the nominal stratospheric sulfate layer.
Unexpected climatological behavior of MLT gravity wave momentum flux in the lee of the Southern Andes hot spot
Authors: de Wit R. J. , Janches D. , Fritts D. C. , Stockwell R. G. , Coy L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Southern Argentina Agile MEteor Radar (SAAMER), located at Tierra del Fuego (53.7°S, 67.7°W), has been providing near‐continuous high‐resolution measurements of winds and high‐frequency gravity wave (GW) momentum fluxes of the mesopause region since May 2008. As SAAMER is located in the lee of the largest seasonal GW hot spot on Earth, this is a key location to study GWs and their interaction with large‐scale motions. GW momentum flux climatologies are shown for the first time for this location and discussed in light of these unique dynamics. Particularly, the large eastward GW momentum fluxes during local winter are surprising, as these observations cannot be explained by the direct upward propagation of expected large‐amplitude mountain waves (MWs) through the eastward stratospheric jet. Instead, these results are interpreted as secondary GWs propagating away from stratospheric sources over the Andes accompanying MW breaking over the Southern Andes.
Probabilistic inversion with graph cuts: Application to the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site
Authors: Pirot Guillaume , Linde Niklas , Mariethoz Grégoire , Bradford John H. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractInversion methods that build on multiple‐point statistics tools offer the possibility to obtain model realizations that are not only in agreement with field data, but also with conceptual geological models that are represented by training images. A recent inversion approach based on patch‐based geostatistical resimulation using graph cuts outperforms state‐of‐the‐art multiple‐point statistics methods when applied to synthetic inversion examples featuring continuous and discontinuous property fields. Applications of multiple‐point statistics tools to field data are challenging due to inevitable discrepancies between actual subsurface structure and the assumptions made in deriving the training image. We introduce several amendments to the original graph cut inversion algorithm and present a first‐ever field application by addressing porosity estimation at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site, Boise, Idaho. We consider both a classical multi‐Gaussian and an outcrop‐based prior model (training image) that are in agreement with available porosity data. When conditioning to available crosshole ground‐penetrating radar data using Markov chain Monte Carlo, we find that the posterior realizations honor overall both the characteristics of the prior models and the geophysical data. The porosity field is inverted jointly with the measurement error and the petrophysical parameters that link dielectric permittivity to porosity. Even though the multi‐Gaussian prior model leads to posterior realizations with higher likelihoods, the outcrop‐based prior model shows better convergence. In addition, it offers geologically more realistic posterior realizations and it better preserves the full porosity range of the prior.
Measurement and simulation of heat exchange in fractured bedrock using inert and thermally degrading tracers
Authors: Hawkins Adam J. , Fox Don B. , Becker Matthew W. , Tester Jefferson W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMulticomponent groundwater tracer tests were conducted in a well‐characterized field site in Altona, NY using inert carbon‐cored nanoparticles and a thermally degrading phenolic compound. Experiments were conducted in a mesoscale reservoir consisting of a single subhorizontal bedding plane fracture located 7.6 m below ground surface contained between two wells separated by 14.1 m. The reservoir rock, initially at 11.7°C, was heated using 74°C water. During the heating process, a series of tracer tests using thermally degrading tracers were used to characterize the progressive in situ heating of the fracture. Fiber‐Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FODTS) was used to measure temperature rise orthogonal to the fracture surface at 10 locations. Recovery of the thermally degrading tracer's product was increased as the reservoir was progressively heated indicating that the advancement of the thermal front was proportional to the mass fraction of the thermally degrading tracer recovered. Both GPR imaging and FODTS measurements reveal that flow was reduced to a narrow channel which directly connected the two wells and led to rapid thermal breakthrough. Computational modeling of inert tracer and heat transport in a two‐dimensional discrete fracture demonstrate that subsurface characterization using inert tracers alone could not uniquely characterize the Altona field site. However, the inclusion of a thermally degrading tracer may permit accurate subsurface temperature monitoring. At the Altona field site, however, fluid‐rock interactions appear to have increased reaction rates relative to laboratory‐based measurements made in the absence of rock surfaces.
Modeling multidecadal surface water inundation dynamics and key drivers on large river basin scale using multiple time series of Earth‐observation and river flow data
Authors: Heimhuber V. , Tulbure M. G. , Broich M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPeriodically inundated floodplain areas are hot spots of biodiversity and provide a broad range of ecosystem services but have suffered alarming declines in recent history. Despite their importance, their long‐term surface water (SW) dynamics and hydroclimatic drivers remain poorly quantified on continental scales. In this study, we used a 26 year time series of Landsat‐derived SW maps in combination with river flow data from 68 gauges and spatial time series of rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture to statistically model SW dynamics as a function of key drivers across Australia's Murray‐Darling Basin (∼1 million km2). We fitted generalized additive models for 18,521 individual modeling units made up of 10 × 10 km grid cells, each split into floodplain, floodplain‐lake, and nonfloodplain area. Average goodness of fit of models was high across floodplains and floodplain‐lakes (r2 > 0.65), which were primarily driven by river flow, and was lower for nonfloodplain areas (r2 > 0.24), which were primarily driven by rainfall. Local climate conditions were more relevant for SW dynamics in the northern compared to the southern basin and had the highest influence in the least regulated and most extended floodplains. We further applied the models of two contrasting floodplain areas to predict SW extents of cloud‐affected time steps in the Landsat series during the large 2010 floods with high validated accuracy (r2 > 0.97). Our framework is applicable to other complex river basins across the world and enables a more detailed quantification of large floods and drivers of SW dynamics compared to existing methods.