bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description and analyses of nominal concord (Pt II)
Authors: Norris Mark 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper discusses the current understanding of what has been callednominal concord, whereby modifiers of a noun match certain features of the noun (e.g., gender, number, or case features). Part I discusses existing understanding of concord, remaining as descriptive as possible. Concord has been argued to involve gender, number, case, and definiteness, and nearly every word class that can be present inside nominal phrases is capable of showing concord. I consider some questions concerning the typology of concord, which is largely uncharted territory. Part II focuses on existing formal analyses of concord. Analyses ofϕ‐feature concord are rather varied, but analyses of case concord more or less converge on the same mechanism. Finally, I consider the insight offered by analyses of cases of mixed concord, where modifiers do not all match each other or the head noun in features or feature values.
Monitoring and surveillance for multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy
Authors: Mei Zuguo , Jefferds Maria Elena , Namaste Sorrel , Suchdev Parminder S. , Flores‐Ayala Rafael C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends iron–folic acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy to improve maternal and infant health outcomes. Multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplementation in pregnancy has been implemented in select countries and emerging evidence suggests that MMN supplementation in pregnancy may provide additional benefits compared to IFA alone. In 2015, WHO, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the Micronutrient Initiative held a “Technical Consultation on MMN supplements in pregnancy: implementation considerations for successful incorporation into existing programmemes,” which included a call for indicators needed for monitoring, evaluation, and surveillance of MMN supplementation programmes. Currently, global surveillance and monitoring data show that overall IFA supplementation programmes suffer from low coverage and intake adherence, despite inclusion in national policies. Common barriers that limit the effectiveness of IFA—which also apply to MMN programmes—include weak supply chains, low access to antenatal care services, low‐quality behaviour change interventions to support and motivate women, and weak or non‐existent monitoring systems used for programme improvement. The causes of these barriers in a given country need careful review to resolve them. As countries heighten their focus on supplementation during pregnancy, or if they decide to initiate or transition into MMN supplementation, a priority is to identify key monitoring indicators to address these issues and support effective programmes. National and global monitoring and surveillance data on IFA supplementation during pregnancy are primarily derived from cross‐sectional surveys and, on a more routine basis, through health and logistics management information systems. Indicators for IFA supplementation exist; however, the new indicators for MMN supplementation need to be incorporated. We reviewed practice‐based evidence, guided by the WHO/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention logic model for vitamin and mineral interventions in public health programmes, and used existing manuals, published literature, country reports, and the opinion of experts, to identify monitoring, evaluation, and surveillance indicators for MMN supplementation programmes. We also considered cross‐cutting indicators that could be used across programme settings, as well as those specific to common delivery models, such as antenatal care services. We then described mechanisms for collecting these data, including integration within existing government monitoring systems, as well as other existing or proposed systems. Monitoring data needs at all stages of the programme lifecycle were considered, as well as the feasibility and cost of data collection. We also propose revisions to global‐, national‐, and subnational‐surveillance indicators based on these reviews.
Multiple‐micronutrient supplementation: Evidence from large‐scale prenatal programmes on coverage, compliance and impact
Authors: Berti Cristiana , Gaffey Michelle F. , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Cetin Irene 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMicronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy pose important challenges for public‐health, given the potential adverse outcomes not only during pregnancy but across the life‐course. Provision of iron‐folic acid (IFA) supplements is the strategy most commonly practiced and recommended globally. How to successfully implement IFA and multiple micronutrient supplementation interventions among pregnant women and to achieve sustainable/permanent solutions to prenatal micronutrient deficiencies remain unresolved issues in many countries. This paper aims to analyse available experiences of prenatal IFA and multiple micronutrient interventions to distil learning for their effective planning and large‐scale implementation. Relevant articles and programme‐documentation were comprehensively identified from electronic databases, websites of major‐agencies and through hand‐searching of relevant documents. Retrieved documents were screened and potentially relevant reports were critically examined by the authors with the aim of identifying a set of case studies reflecting regional variation, a mix of implementation successes and failures, and a mix of programmes and large‐scale experimental studies. Information on implementation, coverage, compliance, and impact was extracted from reports of large‐scale interventions in Central America, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Sub‐Saharan Africa. The WHO/CDC Logic‐Model for Micronutrient Interventions in Public Health was used as an organizing framework for analysing and presenting the evidence. Our findings suggest that to successfully implement supplementation interventions and achieve sustainable‐permanent solutions efforts must focus on factors and processes related to quality, cost‐effectiveness, coverage, utilization, demand, outcomes, impacts, and sustainability of programmes including strategic analysis, management, collaborations to pilot a project, and careful monitoring, midcourse corrections, supervision and logistical‐support to gradually scaling it up.
Experimental Pathogenicity ofAphanoascusspp.
Authors: Cano J. , Mayayo E. , Guarro J. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryImmunodepressed mice were inoculated intraperitonealy with a suspension of conidia and micelia macerate of four species ofAphanoascus (A. keratinophilus, A. fulvescens, A. reticulisporusandA. verrucosus). All produced nodular lesions in the peritoneal cavity, especially in the liver, spleen, diaphragm and peritoneum. The recovery rate of the fungi on phytone‐yeast extract agar after one month varied approximately from 20 to 80% depending on the organs. Sections of these revealed the presence of ascospores and hyphal fragments though only in the centre of the nodules. Fungal elements were not detected in organs which were apparently not affected, nor intravascularly.
Tinea Capitis in The Netherlands (Rotterdam Area)
Authors: van der Willigen A.H. , Oranje A.P. , de Weerdt-van Ameijden S. , Wagenvoort J.H.T. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThis retrospective study reviews the occurrence and treatment of various forms of tinea capitis at the out‐patient clinic for Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology of the University Hospital Sophia/Dijkzigt over the period 1977–1988. Tinea capitis was diagnosed in 64 children.Trichophyton violaceumwas the pathogen most frequently isolated, withMicrosporum canisranking second. The potassium hydroxide preparation was positive in 58 % of the cases. Four cases showed a positive potassium hydroxide preparation with a negative culture. Immigrant children from Morocco were the largest group (61 %). A zoophilic dermatophyte was isolated in 15 cases (27 %). A pet animal was the source of infection in 4 cases. The ratio between boys and girls was equal in the patient population studied. In 43 % of the children suffering from tinea capitis the clinical features were mild flaking without hair loss (so called seborrheic dermatitis‐like infection).
Pathogenicity of Trichosporon capitatum for normal and irradiated mice and the efficacy of miconazole on experimental systemic trichosporosis in mice
Authors: Pospíšil J. , Postupa J. , Otčenášek M. , Vejbora O. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe authors describe the course of experimental trichosporosis in normal and X‐irradiated ICR mice after i.v. inoculation with Trichosporon capitatum. The irradiated animals were considerably more sensitive to infection than normal animals. The LD50 challenge dose used was by approximately two orders lower (1 × 103c.f.u. ml−1) in irradiated mice than in control animals. The histopathological examination of the internal organs of the infected mice demonstrated that the greatest tissue damage was associated with the kidneys, liver and spleen. However, the infectious agent was also found in the heart, lungs and brain. The degree of impairment of the tissues was dependent on the inoculation dose and on the irradiation status. Miconazole (50 mg kg−1) was administered i.p. immediately after inoculation with Ts. capitatum and resulted in an alteration of infection and prolonged survival time. Miconazole was ineffective when challenge dose were used which produced 100% mortality (1 × 106 and 1 × 104 c.f.u. ml−1 for normal and irradiated mice, respectively). With the use of these doses also the course of infection was nearly identical both in the miconazole‐treated and untreated animals.
Compassionate usage program on fluconazole in Germany: survey on clinical experiences
Authors: Krisch H. , Sarnow Elke 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungFluconazol ist ein neues Antimykotikum aus der Gruppe der Triazole zur systemischen Behandlung von Pilzinfektionen, verursacht durch Candida oder Cryptococcus.Von September 1988 his Juni 1990 wurde Fluconazol im Rahmen einer klinischen Prüfung unentgeltlich fur die Behandlung von Patienten zur Verfügung gestellt , die auf die herkömmliche Therapie nicht ansprachen oder bei denen die herkömmliche Therapie durch Nebenwirkungen usw. limitiert war (Compassionate Usage Program).Insgesamt wurden 1 188 Patienten eingeschlossen, davon 79 mit Cryptococcus‐Meningitis, 665 mit lebensbedrohlichen Candidosen und 444 mit nicht lebensbedrohlichen Candidosen.Bei einer Zwischenauswertung von 254 Fallen wurden folgende Ergebnisse gefunden : Der Therapieerfolg (Heilung und Besserung) betrug bei Patienten mit Cryptococcus‐Meningitis 43 %, bei den lebensbedrohlichen Candidosen 54 % und bei den nicht lebensbedrohlichen Candidosen 67 %.
Prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections with fluconazole in bone marrow transplant patients
Authors: Quabeck K. , Müller K.-D. , Beelen D. W. , Dermoumi Heide , Kölbel Margit , Kraft J. , Schaefer U. W. 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungEinunddreißig Patienten , bei denen wegen verschiedener hämatologischer Erkrankungen eine Knochenmarktransplantation durchgelührt wurde, erhielten in einer offenen Studie Fluconazol zur Prophylaxe oder Therapie von Pilzinfektionen. Bei 26 dieser Patienten hatte sich unter einer vorausgegangenen oralen Prophylaxe mit den Polyen‐ Antimykotika Amphotericin B und Nystatin eine Candida‐Infektion entwickelt. Bei 5 der 31 Patienten wurde Fluconazol wegen schlechter Verträglichkeit der Polyen ‐Antimykotika in prophylaktischer Absicht gegeben. Die Substanz wurde oral in einer Dosierung von 100 bzw. 200 mg tfiglich appliziert (n = 29); 2 Patienten erhielten 100 bzw. 400 mg Fluconazol täglich intravenös. Die Medikation wurde für eine mediane Dauer von 52 Tagen (9 bis 546+ Tage) aufrechterhalten. Ein Behandlungserfolg bzw. eine wirksame Prophylaxe von Candida‐Infektionen wurde bei 22/31 Patienten (71 %) erreicht. Bei 3 Patienten (10 %) kam es nach Abklingen der Infektion 14–28 Tage nach Absetzen von Fluconazol zu einer erneuten Besiedlung mit Candida; sechs Patienten hatten persistierende oder welter fortschreitende Candida‐Infektionen. Vier Patienten entwickelten unter Fluconazol Aspergillus‐Infektionen. Ein Anstieg verschiedener Leberenzyme wurde bei 9 Patienten beobachtet and stand bei 3 von ihnen (10 %) vermutlich in einem ursächlichen Zusammenhang mit der Fluconazol‐ Medikation. Ein Patient entwickelte einen Tremor der Hände, der sich nach Absetzen von Fluconazol zurückbildete. Andere unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen traten nicht auf. Nach diesen Ergebnissen scheint Fluconazol eine relativ nebenwirkungsarme und effektive Substanz zur Vorbeugung bzw. Behandlung von oberflächlichen und möglicherweise auch von systemischen Candida‐Infektionen bei schwerstgradig immunsupprimierten Patienten zu sein, während es vermutlich ohne prophylaktischen Wert bei Aspergillus‐Infektionen ist.
Detection of Circulating Galactomannan by Pastorex Aspergillus in Experimental Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Van Cutsem J. , Meulemans L. , Van Gerven F. , Stynen D. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe performance of Pastorex Aspergillus, a new latex agglutination test for the detection of circulating galactomannan in the serum of patients with invasive aspergillosis, was evaluated in a blind trial in standardized guinea‐pig models of invasive aspergillosis and other invasive mycoses. In these animal models, the invasive nature of the fungal infection was confirmed by re‐isolation of the etiologic agent from the organs of every animal.
Ninety‐two plasma samples from 42 animals with invasive aspergillosis were submitted to the test. In 41 of these animals, at least one plasma sample was positive with the latex test (sensitivity 97.6 %), titers ranging from 1/1 to 1/512. In general, antigen titers increased as a function of time, reaching the highest values shortly before death. Guinea‐pigs infected with Penicillium marneffei also yielded positive agglutination reactions but antigen titers were lower (maximal titer 1/8). Plasma samples from animals with invasive candidosis (23), disseminated trichophytosis (11) and cryptococcosis(23) were all negative with the latex test. In 80 guinea‐pigs without fungal infection, 3 false positive results (titers 1/1) were observed, which means a specificity of 96.2 % in this control group.
In Vitro and in Vivo Activity of Antifungal Agents in Combination with Fleroxacin, a New Quinolone
Authors: Polak Annemarie 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe in vitro and in vivo Interaction of fleroxacin with amphotericin B (Amph B), flucytosine (5‐FC) and azoles against Candida albicans strains was tested. In vitro the interaction between fleroxacin and various antifungals was not dependent on the incubation time. Fleroxacin neither enhances nor antagonizes the in vitro activity of Amph B at high concentration (50–100 µg/ml). Fleroxacin has a synergistic effect with ketoconazole (KETO), but this is not observed with itraconazole (ITRA) or fluconazole (FLU). In no instance antagonism was observed. The activity of 5‐FC was antagonized by fleroxacin being generally reduced by 2–4 dilution steps. In murine candidosis the efficacies of all antifungal drugs were not influenced by addition of 100 mg/kg fleroxacin. Therefore, the effects seen in in vitro tests are most probably not relevant for the clinical use of a combination of fleroxacin with antifungal drugs.
Molecular genetics of pathogenic fungi: some recent developments and perspectives
Authors: Ernst J. F. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe diagnosis and the treatment of fungal diseases remains problematic in many cases. Difficulties in diagnosis are due (1) to the ubiquitous presence of fungal pathogens that may lead to false positive test results and (2) to difficulties in the evalution of the aetiological significance of these pathogens. The relatively small number of effective antifungal agents reflects to a large extent on the fact that many aspects of fungal physiology and virulence are not well understood. The methods of molecular genetics provide effective tools for the diagnosis of mycoses and may also contribute to the identification of new targets for antifungals by genetic analyses of fungal virulence. During the last 3 years molecular genetic methods have been developed for the asexual pathogen Candida albicans that may be used for strain identification. This success indicates a general use of molecular genetics for the analysis of fungal pathogenesis.
Growth of Candida albicans on the stratum corneum of diabetic and non‐diabetic patients
Authors: Rurangirwa A. , Piérard-Franchimont C. , Piérard G. E. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWe have used a novel approach to in vitro culture of Candida albicans on cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings. It appears that with this model yeasts and hyphae grew on large surfaces of stratum corneum. The area of extension of the fungal growth was larger on stratum corneum taken from diabetic than from non‐diabetic volunteers.
Prophylaxis of fungal infections with itraconazole in immunocompromised cancer patients
Authors: Mühldorfer S. M. , König H. J. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryDuring a period of 32 months (August 1986 until April 1989) 108 patients (74 women, 34 men; mean age 53 years) with neoplastic diseases (59 patients with solid tumors, 45 patients with lymphomas, two patients with acute leukaemias, one patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia, one patient with aplastic anaemia) were studied in the Department of Internal Medicine of the University Erlangen‐Nuremberg. Most were treated with a cytostatic chemotherapy.In order to prevent a mycotic infection in these immunocompromised patients, itraconazole, a new broad‐spectrum antimycotic drug of the azole group, was given in an oral dosage of 100 mg day−1 (mean duration of prophylactic treatment 24 months).Localized Candida infections involving the oropharynx and the female genital organs were diagnosed in 16 patients (14.8 %). Candida endophthalmitis occurred in one patient (0.9 %). The serum concentration of Candida antibodies was significantly elevated in one patient (0.9 %) without evidence of fungemia.Itraconazole had to be discontinued in four cases (3.7 %) due to minor side effects of the drug (nausea, stomach complaints).Itraconazole appears to be a safe and effective antimycotic drug in long‐term use in neutropenic patients.
The epidemiology of pseudallescheriasis complicating transplantation: Nosocomial and community‐acquired infection
Authors: Patterson T. F. , Andriole V. T. , Zervos M. J. , Therasse D. , Kauffman Carol A. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe epidemiology of two cases of pseudallescheriasis in organ transplant patients are described and the disease in that population is reviewed. Disseminated hospital‐acquired infection occurred in a liver transplant recipient and was fatal despite therapy with miconazole. A heart transplant recipient developed localized disease following soil contamination of soft tissue trauma which was cured with surgical resection and miconazole therapy. Itraconazole showed in vitro activity against Pseudallescheria boydii and should be evaluated in pseudallescheriasis. P. boydii infections are important complications of transplantation and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of community‐acquired as well as nosocomial fungal infections in this population.
Sporotrichosis with bilateral lesions. A case report
Authors: Takase T. , Uyeno K. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWe report on a case of sporotrichosis in which lesions occurred bilaterally on upper limbs at different periods. The patient was an 84‐year‐old farmer living in Tsukuba City, Japan. The first lesion appeared on the left upper arm and remained untreated. The second lesion appeared on the back of the right hand 5 years later. Findings suggesting internal metastasis could not be confirmed in various examinations. We judged that the lesion of the left upper arm was primary and the lesion at the back of the right hand was caused by autoinoculation.
Saperconazole: A selective inhibitor of the cytochrome P‐450‐dependent ergosterol synthesis in Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Authors: Vanden Bossche H. , Marichal P. , Willemsens G. , Bellens D. , Gorrens J. , Roels I. , Coene M.-C. , Le Jeune L. , Janssen P. A. J. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe N‐1‐substituted triazole antifungal, saperconazole, is a potent inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis in Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Fifty % inhibition is already achieved at nanomolar concentrations. The saperconazole‐induced inhibition of ergosterol synthesis coincides with an accumulation of 14‐methylated sterols, such as 24‐methylenedihydrolanosterol, lanosterol, obtusifoliol, 14α‐methylfecosterol, 14α‐methylergosta‐8,24(28)‐dien‐3,β‐6α‐diol and 14α‐methylergosta‐5,7,22,24(28)‐tetraenol. This indicates that saperconazole interferes with the cytochrome P‐450 (P‐450)‐dependent 14α‐demethylation of lanosterol and/or 24‐methylenedihydrolanosterol. Saperconazole forms stable drug‐P‐450‐complexes by binding via its free triazole nitrogen to the heme iron and via its N‐1 substituent to the apoprotein moiety. The triazole derivative is a highly selective inhibitor of the 14α‐demethylase in fungal cells. It is a poor inhibitor of the 14α‐demethylation of lanosterol in rat and human liver cells. Saperconazole is, at concentrations as high as 10 µM, devoid of effects on the P‐450‐dependent cholesterol side‐chain cleavage and 11β‐hydroxylase, 17,20‐lyase, 21‐hydroxylase and aromatase. Saperconazole does not interfere with the 2α, 6α‐, 6β‐ and 7α‐hydroxylations of testosterone in microsomes from male rat liver. At high concentrations (> 5 µM) an inhibition of the 16β‐+hydroxylations is seen.
Antifungal combination therapy in localized candidosis
Authors: Polak Annemarie 
Published: December 2017

SummaryA mouse model of localized candidosis in air‐filled subcutaneous cysts imitating thrush has been developed. We have now tested various antifungal combinations in this animal model. Flucytosine (5‐FC) + amphotericin B (Amph B) showed the highest efficacy, a clear additive or even synergistic effect was seen. The combination of 5‐FC + imidazole or triazole derivative was less efficacious, an additive effect was rare. The combination of 5‐FC + Amph B was also tested against Candida albicans strains showing various degrees of 5‐FC‐resistance. A significant reduction in 5‐FC‐resistant mutants was seen after the treatment with the combination.
Oral candidosis in HIV‐infected patients. Prognostic value and correlation with immunological parameters
Authors: Plettenberg A. , Reisinger E. , Lenzner U. , Listemann H. , Ernst M. , Kern P. , Dietrich M. , Meigel W. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryIn a prospective study, 29 patients were observed over a period of 42 weeks for signs of oral candidosis (OC), immunological parameters and other typical AIDS‐related events. Before the study started, no OC was observed in any of the patients. During the observation period, OC was diagnosed in 12 of the 29 patients (41 %). 5 of these 12 patients (42 %) developed full‐blown AIDS during the 42 weeks. In contrast, a progression to AIDS was observed in only 1 of the 17 patients (5.9 %) without OC. The laboratory findings for patients with and without OC showed statistically significant differences for neopterin (23.6 against 14.4 nmol 1−1), CD4 counts (417 against 763/mm3) and CD4/CD8 ratios (0.45 against 0.85). Based on these results, it seems justifiable to consider prophylactic measures such as pentamidine inhalation and/or treatment with zidovudine in HIV‐infected patients with immunodeficiency and occurrence of OC.
A rapid susceptibility testing method for yeasts to 5‐fluorocytosine
Authors: Scheven M. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryA rapid method of susceptibility testing of yeasts to 5‐fluorocytosine is demonstrated. The method is based on photometric determination of the optical density of yeast suspensions before and after incubation for 4h in the presence of the antifungal. The method was evaluated with 50 Candida strains.