bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication Modes,NativeAmerican
Authors: Pratt Steven B. , Pratt Merry Buchanan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCultural variability exists in all talk. Communication is considered a deeply cultural human activity. In examining Native American communication, cultural variability can be found in many areas. Ways of speaking specific to Native Americans include cultural identity, high context, and collectivism; as well as the use of silence, space, and time. Traditionally, Native American cultures have been oral cultures. This poses a unique problem for researchers of Native American communication modes. Historical, ethnographic research about Native Americans by Native Americans is lacking. Differences in worldview, judgments about who is a Native American, and beliefs about cultural identity and cultural competence are unique to the study of Native American communication modes. Future research should be directed toward communication among, with, and about Native Americans in the areas of historical trauma, health, media representation, and cultural appropriation.
Communication Modes,Russian
Authors: Gladkova Anna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry describes several salient modes of Russian communication: “polar” ways of talking with people one knows well and one does not know, emphasis on being “truthful” and “sincere,” and “opening up” one's soul in close interactions. Data are used from modern Standard Russian as spoken across the Russian Federation and represented in the Russian National Corpus' main written and oral subcorpora. The entry aims to represent an “insider perspective” on communication.
Communication Modes,
T
urkish
Authors: Haydari Nazan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Turkey is a country of various ethnic and religious groups where these multiplicities are reflected in heterogeneous modes of communication, structures, and practices that are historically derived from European, Ottoman, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and Central Asian traditions. Communication in this entry is defined as a situated, sociocultural construction in a dialectical relationship with culture and history. Silence and silencing as modes of communication and the notion of
memleket
(“homeland”) as a communicative space are discussed to reflect on the complex interplay of communication with culture, identity, and history. Interpersonal communication and relations are mediated by but also mediate silence and
memleket
.
Intergroup Communication, Overview
Authors: Abeyta Audrey , Giles Howard 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntergroup communication is marked by the salience of one or more participants' social identities. This entry briefly reviews theoretical frameworks that assist our understanding of intergroup cognitive processes and communicative behavior (namely, social identity, self‐categorization, communication accommodation, and group vitality). Thereafter, five principles of intergroup communication are introduced as a means of integrating extant research. Together, these principles propose that: (1) communication differentiates groups; (2) portrayals of groups' history and demographics create distinctive cultures; (3) communication dynamically redefines intergroup interactions; (4) group members are strategically encouraged to acquire, or not, the communicative practices of other groups; and (5) norm‐related communication determines who leads the group and who is excluded.
Ethnophaulism
Authors: Rice Diana R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAfter defining what is meant byethnophaulisms,this entry describes some of their primary characteristics, particularly the valence and complexity of words used to describe ethnic immigrant groups. This entry also describes the antecedents that lead to negative and simple ethnophaulisms targeting members of ethnic outgroups. It then addresses some of the consequences of being a target of ethnophaulisms, primarily focused on exclusion from full participation in the receiving society. Newer approaches to understanding ethnophaulisms suggest continuing research on current immigrant groups, and on incorporating social identity theory into research regarding ethnophaulisms.
Intergroup Discourse Analysis
Authors: Augoustinos Martha , Potter Jonathan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Intergroup discourse analysis has focused primarily on the text and talk of majority group members and powerful elites. Intergroup discourse is central to how speakers invoke social identities in talk and represent intergroup relations that are defined by status and power differences based on race, gender, ethnicity, age, etc. How speakers attend to and account for such differences in discourse is perceived to be intimately related to the reproduction and legitimation of social inequalities in liberal democratic societies. Intergroup discourse analysis has identified common and pervasive patterns of talk by majority group members that are seen as contributing to the continued marginalization and social exclusion of minorities. These discursive patterns include positive self and negative other presentation, denials of prejudice, discursive deracialization, and using liberal arguments to justify and legitimate inequality.
Self‐Categorization Theory
Authors: Cargile Aaron Castelán 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
For the first half of the 20th century, social psychological explanations for behavior were largely individualistic in nature. With the ascendance of interactionist approaches, however, individual behavior came to be understood in the context of group life. In particular, social identity theory explained that social aspects of our selves grounded the way we treated others, whereas self‐categorization theory outlined how these social selves were managed in the first place. This second theory has come to contend that although we have many different social selves, circumstances of both habit and context shift us along a continuum of identification and these shifts have important behavioral consequences. In addition to helping scholars better appreciate exactly how groups regulate individual behavior, self‐categorization theory has spawned theoretical developments (i.e., referent informational influence theory and uncertainty identity theory) that themselves explain social influence and uncertainty reduction processes in relation to social group identification.
Intercultural Communication Training, Overview
Authors: Bennett Milton J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntercultural communication training (ICT) is the primary application of intercultural communication theory, the study of cross‐cultural interaction at a group level of analysis. The tactical form of ICT uses culture‐general (etic) observational categories to contrast one's own to other worldviews and identify cultural differences that matter for coordinating meaning across cultural boundaries. Tactical ICT is used for sojourn preparation and improving communication in domestic or international multicultural groups. Strategic ICT attempts to derive the value of diversity by fostering a climate of respect for cultural difference. Strategic ICT is used for building creativity in multicultural groups and for fostering social justice, equity, and inclusion among people of diverse heritage. The entry summarizes key concepts, methods, and applications of ICT.
Culture Assimilator
Authors: Bhawuk Dharm P. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Culture assimilators are one of the most researched intercultural training tools. An assimilator consists of 50 to 100 critical incidents that capture intercultural interactions between a sojourner and a host country national that cause some cultural misunderstanding between them. At the end of each of the critical incidents, the reader is asked about the cause of the misunderstanding and is presented with four or five alternatives. Two of these alternatives represent a view from each culture, whereas the rest of the alternatives capture a range of individual differences present in either of the cultures that are usually less appropriate. Culture assimilators are of three types: culture‐specific, culture‐general, and culture theory‐based.
Afrocentricity
Authors: Asante Molefi Kete 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Afrocentricity is a contemporary paradigmatic idea usually associated with the analysis, criticism, and projection of African agency transgenerationally and transcontinentally. It was founded by Molefi Kete Asante who wrote four books on the subject over two decades marking Afrocentricity as an African intellectual idea to extend Negritude which was developing during the l930s. Asante and his compatriots in Afrocentric thinking sought to reposition cultural discourses on African phenomena from marginality to agency. Thus, the idea is to advance the notion that all phenomena, including communication, literature, art, and social and economic relations involving African people must reject the idea of Africans as victims or objects and seek the subject or centered place of Africans in the phenomena.
Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Aydın‐Düzgit Senem 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a theory and method of discourse analysis that focuses on the study of the dialectical relations between discourse and social, cultural, and political developments in different social domains. Its theoretical bases draw from Althusser's theory of ideology, Bakhtin's game theory, and in particular the Western Marxist tradition ranging from Foucauldian poststructuralism to the philosophical traditions of Gramsci and the Frankfurt School. CDA focuses specifically on the struggles for power and control through the study of competing discourses in various public spaces and different genres across time.
Cultural Essentialism and Neo‐Essentialism
Authors: Martinez Jacqueline M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry provides a theoretical and historical account of cultural essentialism and neo‐essentialism as they function in the study of intercultural communication. The development of intercultural communication as an academic discipline within the US American context emerged in the mid‐20th century from a presumptive metaphysics of essence that both sustained the field and led to multiple critiques by the end of that century. These critiques emerged largely from postcolonial scholars and US American scholars of color. The “postmodern turn” and increasing influence of queer theory also played a role in the critique of cultural essentialism. Despite these many critiques, essentialism remains tacitly at work in much contemporary intercultural communication scholarship. This tacit deployment constitutes a neo‐essentialism.
Hybridity, Theories of
Authors: Uryu Michiko 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The postcolonial notion of hybridity as a response to the poststructuralist “politics of knowledge” can be reconceptualized as a source of change, enhancing language, culture, and identity in the study of intercultural communication. Bridging Bhabha's theories of hybridity and the poststructuralist view of speaking subject, language, and agency, this entry elucidates the complexity and dynamic nature of intercultural communication, which takes place in the Third Space.
Intercultural Alliance
Authors: DeTurk Sara 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry defines anintercultural allianceas a partnership of people from different social identities or cultural backgrounds who work together to promote peace, social justice, and/or intercultural understanding. It traces the concept to twentieth‐century social justice movements and links it to interdisciplinary scholarship addressing identity, relationships, social movements, power/oppression, and whiteness. Among the key questions addressed are the ways in which and extent to which people can effectively and ethically speak and work on behalf of other social identity groups, the nature of social identity itself, and how to confront challenges and tensions involving difference, commonality, power, and privilege. The entry concludes with requirements for successful alliances and new directions for alliance‐focused scholarship within the communication discipline.
Kawaida Philosophy
Authors: Karenga Maulana 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Kawaida is one of the most significant and impactful philosophical initiatives to emerge in the Black Freedom Movement of the 1960s, influencing, among others, the Black Arts Movement, the Black Studies Movement, Black Power, the Black Student Movement, Afrocentricity, black theology, the Million Man March, ancient Egyptian studies, and reparations movements. It is defined as an ongoing synthesis of the best of African thought and practice in constant exchange with the world. Developed in the midst of the ideological and practical struggles of the 1960s by activist‐scholar Maulana Karenga, Kawaida understands itself as a philosophy of life and struggle. It is self‐consciously Afrocentric and encourages ongoing dialogue with African culture, asking it questions and seeking from it answers to the fundamental issues confronting African people and humanity as a whole. Moreover, Kawaida is the philosophy out of which the global pan‐African holiday Kwanzaa and its core values, the
Nguzo Saba
(The Seven Principles), were conceived and created.
Muted Group Theory
Authors: Meares Mary 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Muted group theory is the basic idea, articulated by anthropologists Ardener and Ardener, that in every society there are cultural groups who are traditionally muted—given less access than members of the dominant groups to public discourse and to having their individual and community concerns heard. This included four basic ideas: (a) that identity and reality are socially constructed; (b) that communication is the means for that construction; (c) that members of muted groups must adjust to the dominant ways of communication to get their voices heard; and (d) that resistance and change are possible. While originally this was used to explain gender differences, it has been applied to other identity groups, including racial identity.
Cognitive Styles across Cultures
Authors: Grove Cornelius N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCognitive style has an established meaning and an emerging one. The former is associated with research between 1940 and 2000, when most researchers were US‐based individual psychologists, their subjects were usually Americans, their methods were survey and self‐report, their focus was on classifying the ways in which different individuals handle information, and their findings were dozens of “style dimensions.” Only very gradually did psychologists become interested in the role of culture. By 2000, culture was emerging as a principal line of inquiry. Subjects were sought worldwide, and research team membership became multinational and cross‐disciplinary. Significantly, methods changed to controlled experiments that often employed neuroimaging technologies. Benefiting from this capacity to observe brains at work, emerging findings are revealing that culture has a strong, durable impact on brains as well as behavior. No longer is it possible to simply assume that any cognitive process or style is a universal human characteristic.
Negotiation Strategies across Cultures
Authors: Liu Meina , Zhu Lin 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
As the world becomes increasingly globalized, the study of culture and negotiation has proliferated in the past three decades. Compared with the bulk of research examining the relationship between input variables and negotiation outcomes, the process of negotiation has received far less attention. This entry reviews culture's influence on negotiation processes in terms of cultural variations in strategy frequencies, sequences, and phases of negotiation. It begins with a general overview of basic forms of negotiation strategies and basic theoretical frameworks that have been used to explain cultural differences, followed by a discussion of how each of the three frameworks illuminates cultural variations in strategy frequencies, sequences, and negotiation phases.
Online Information Effects across Cultures
Authors: Alcántara‐Pilar Juan Miguel , Barrio‐García Salvador Del 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The continued evolution of the Internet and the global nature of markets call for those businesses wanting to operate in international markets via the Internet to take into account the cultural values of users and the language in which they process the information they receive. Differences in national culture are fundamental to commercial strategy and Web site design. Drawing on the cultural framework of Hofstede, this entry aims to examine the effect of language as a vehicle for cultural values and explore how the different cultural dimensions moderate information processing online.
Organizational Communication in
G
ermany and the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Hinner Michael B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry introduces the preferred communication styles in German and US business organizations. Due to their respective histories, Germany and the United States evolved different cultures. These differences are also reflected in the respective organizational structures, communication styles, and decision‐making processes. Germans prefer experts while Americans prefer generalists. Since Germans are more low‐context than Americans, Germans need more information than Americans do. Germans are also more monochronic than Americans, which is why they spend more time developing detailed plans and are less likely to change them than Americans are. While Americans like to make emotional appeals, Germans consider emotional appeals to be unprofessional. Germans expect team members to complete their assigned tasks with few subsequent meetings, while Americans prefer frequent meetings to discuss the progress. These differences can result in misunderstandings and irritations.
Personhood Beliefs across Cultures
Authors: Becker Maja 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Personhood beliefs—beliefs about what it is to be a person or what it is that defines human beings—can vary both across individuals and across cultural groups. This entry introduces the concepts of lay dispositionism and implicit personality theories, then briefly presents different sets of personhood beliefs that have been studied in the social psychological literature: entity versus incremental beliefs; essentialist beliefs; trait beliefs; and contextualism beliefs. Evidence of cultural variation of these sets of beliefs and their consequences is reviewed.
Messtechnische Überwachung bei Brückenbaumaßnahmen
Authors: Wenner Marc , Käding Max , Marx Steffen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractÜberwachung und Messung spielten im Bauwesen schon immer eine zentrale Rolle, um das reale Verhalten von Strukturen zu verstehen. Durch die Entwicklung der numerischen Berechnungsmethoden wurde in den letzten Jahrzehnten jedoch versucht, die Fragestellungen bei der Planung und Durchführung von Baumaßnahmen nahezu vollständig numerisch zu beantworten, sodass die Nachfrage nach Messungen gesunken ist. Die numerischen Methoden bergen aber die Gefahr, dass man sich wegen des erreichbaren Detaillierungsgrads der Modelle und der verfügbaren Berechnungsmöglichkeiten fast blind auf die Ergebnisse verlässt. In der jüngsten Vergangenheit ist daher eine Rückbesinnung auf messtechnische Methoden zu beobachten, die teilweise auch durch die Infragestellung dieses Trends erklärt werden kann. Insbesondere im Zuge von Baumaßnahmen, entweder am Bauwerk selbst oder in der Nähe dessen, sind die tatsächlichen Randbedingungen wegen der sich ständig ändernden Bauzustände, der sehr streuenden und teilweise unbekannten Einwirkungen sowie durch die zeitliche Entwicklung der Materialeigenschaften sehr schwer abzubilden. In diesen Situationen bieten Messungen hervorragende Möglichkeiten, bestehende Unsicherheiten der numerischen Modelle aufzulösen oder kritische Situationen rechtzeitig zu erkennen. In diesem Beitrag werden die verschiedenen Anwendungsfälle für Messungen kategorisiert und anhand von Beispielen vorgestellt. Damit soll gezeigt werden, in welchen Fällen eine messtechnische Überwachung notwendig oder sinnvoll sein kann und welche Aspekte bei der interdisziplinären Umsetzung der Überwachungsaufgabe von Bedeutung sind.
Role ofsLOX‐1 in intracranial artery stenosis and in predicting long‐term prognosis of acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Li Xian‐Mei , Jin Ping‐Ping , Xue Jie , Chen Jie , Chen Qin‐Fen , Luan Xiao‐Qian , Zhang Zeng‐Rui , Yu Tie‐Er , Cai Zheng‐Yi , Zhao Kai , Shao Bei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe role ofsLOX‐1 in acute ischemic stroke still remains unclear. This study aims to demonstrate the value ofsLOX‐1 in evaluating degrees of intracranial artery stenosis and to predict prognosis in stroke.MethodsTwo hundred and seventy‐two patients were included in this study and basic data were collected within 72 hr on admission. We assessed the association betweensLOX‐1 levels and stroke conditions in one‐year duration. After adjusting for potential confounders, regression analyses were performed.ResultsWe found thatsLOX‐1 levels were increased significantly in severe patients compared to the mild stroke group (p = .011). After adjusting confounders,sLOX‐1 was associated with a poor functional outcome in patients with an adjustedORof 2. 946 (95%CI, 1.788–4.856,p < .001). There was also positive correlation betweensLOX‐1 levels and the degrees of intracranial artery stenosis in the different groups (p = .029).ConclusionsOur study demonstrated thatsLOX‐1 levels could be used to evaluate the severity of stroke and the degrees of intracranial artery stenosis. Furthermore,sLOX‐1 could be exploited to predict the long‐term functional outcome of stroke.
Indirect risk effects reduce feeding efficiency of ducks during spring
Authors: Behney Adam C. , O'Shaughnessy Ryan , Eichholz Michael W. , Stafford Joshua D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIndirect risk effects of predators on prey behavior can have more of an impact on prey populations than direct consumptive effects. Predation risk can elicit more vigilance behavior in prey, reducing the amount of time available for other activities, such as foraging, which could potentially reduce foraging efficiency. Understanding the conditions associated with predation risk and the specific effects predation risk have on prey behavior is important because it has direct influences on the profitability of food items found under various conditions and states of the forager. The goals of this study were to assess how ducks perceived predation risk in various habitat types and how strongly perceived risk versus energetic demand affected foraging behavior. We manipulated food abundance in different wetland types in Illinois, USA to reduce confounding between food abundance and vegetation structure. We conducted focal‐animal behavioral samples on five duck species in treatment and control plots and used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to compare the effects of vegetation structure versus other factors on the intensity with which ducks fed and the duration of feeding stints. Mallards fed more intensively and, along with blue‐winged teal, used longer feeding stints in open habitats, consistent with the hypothesis that limited visibility was perceived to have a greater predation risk than unlimited visibility. The species temporally nearest to nesting, wood ducks, were willing to take more risks for a greater food reward, consistent with an increase in a marginal value of energy as they approached nesting. Our results indicate that some duck species value energy differently based on the surrounding vegetation structure and density. Furthermore, increases in the marginal value of energy can be more influential than perceived risk in shaping foraging behavior patterns. Based on these findings, we conclude that the value of various food items is not solely determined by energy contained in the item but by conditions in which it is found and the state of the forager.