bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Genesis of Sepiolite and Palygorskite in Lacustrine Sediments of the Lower Pliocene Sakarya and Porsuk Formations in the Sivrihisar and Yunusemre-Biçer Regions (Eskişehir), Turkey
Authors: Kadir Selahattin , Eren Muhsin , İkeç Taner , Erkoyun Hülya , Külah Tacit , Önalgil Nergis , Huggett Jennifer 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Lower Pliocene lacustrine sediments of the Sakarya and Porsuk Formations in the Sivrihisar and Yunusemre-Biçer regions consist of claystone, argillaceous carbonate, carbonate, and evaporites. No detailed studies of paleoclimatic conditions have been performed previously. The present study aimed to determine the depositional environment and paleoclimatic conditions for the formation of these economically important sepiolite/palygorskite/carbonate/evaporite deposits based on detailed mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic studies. Samples from various lacustrine sediments were examined using polarized-light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical and isotopic analysis methods. Dolomites are predominantly of micrite, which is partly recrystallized to dolomicrosparite/dolosparite close to desiccation fractures. The presence of ostracods and dacycladecean algae in the carbonates reflects a restricted depositional environment. The formation of sepiolite and palygorskite fibers, either as cement between/enclosing dolomite and/or as calcite crystals, reflects occasional changes in physicochemical conditions provided by fluctuations in the lake-water level and influx of groundwater in relation to climatic changes during and after dolomite precipitation. The positive correlations of ΣREE with Al2O3, Nb, high-field-strength elements, and transition elements are due to alteration of feldspar and hornblende in the volcanic units. The high values of Ba and Sr relative to Cr, Co, Ni, and V also indicate that felsic rather than ophiolitic rocks were the parent material. The crossplot of whole-rock SiO2vs. Al2O3+K2O+Na2O and V/Cr ratio suggests deposition of carbonate-dolomitic sepiolite-sepiolitic dolomite under arid climate and oxic conditions, whereas the Ni/Co and V/(V+Ni) ratios of the sediments indicate deposition of organic-bearing sepiolite/palygorskite under anoxic-dysoxic conditions. An enrichment in δ13C and δ18O values of dolomite with respect to calcite is probably due to differences in mineral fractionations. The δ34S and δ18O values and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios for gypsum suggest an intensely evaporitic lacustrine environment fed by an older marine evaporitic source. The Si, Al, Mg, Ca, and enhanced TOT/C required for periodic precipitation of organic-rich brown sepiolite/palygorskite characterize deposition in a swampy environment, while dolomitic sepiolite and sepiolitic dolomite formed in ponds by partial drying of the main alkaline lake.
“Abd-i memluk” in social perception: The social identity of male slaves according to court records of Trabzon<p>Toplumsal algıda “abd-ı memluk”: Trabzon şer’iyye sicillerine göre erkek kölelerin toplumsal kimliği
Authors: Deliktaş Aslı 
Published: September 2017

Dating back to archaic ages, Trabzon had hosted several societies before it was conquered in 1461 by Ottomans. Having been dominated by Trabzon Empire for a long time, the city harbored continuous human population and became a city of Muslims with the ultimate conquest of Fatih the Conqueror and Christians’, who had comprised the majority of the population, becoming minority in the region in time. Being among the people comprising the population of the city, slaves did not form a different section of the population by nature of their social roles and positions and did not create a class category within the frame of legal sanctions and social rules. The difference was shaped in having capability with the definition of law, but not any differences that would evoke the differentiation of these positions in daily life applications was observed. In this study, to what extent the slaves were valued by owners of slaves in Trabzon of Ottoman Empire within the dilemma of property-human and therefore the position of slaves in social perception were analyzed, and It was read over the data obtained from Court Records of Trabzon of XVII century that the factors determining the attitudes of family and social environment they were involved in towards slaves were determined either according to the principles specified by Islamic law or within the direction of rules formed beyond these principles.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetTarihi geçmişi antikçağlara dayanan Trabzon 1461’ de Osmanlılar tarafından fethedilmeden önce pek çok topluma ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Uzun bir süre Trabzon İmparatorluğu’nun hâkimiyeti altında kalan kent, kesintisiz bir insan nüfusu barındırmış, Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in kenti nihai olarak fethetmesiyle ve zaman içerisinde nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturan Hristiyan kesimin bölgede azınlığa düşmesiyle önemli bir Müslüman kenti haline gelmiştir. Şehrin nüfusunu oluşturan insanlar arasında yer alan köleler, toplumsal konum ve rolleri gereği nüfusun farklı bir kesimini oluşturmamış, hukuki müeyyideler ve toplumsal kurallar çerçevesinde sınıfsal bir kategori yaratmamışlardır. Farklılık hukukun tanımı ile ehliyete sahip olma derecelerinde şekillenmiş ancak gündelik hayatın uygulamaları içerisinde bu konumun ayrımını hissettirecek önemli farklılıklar gözlenmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı Trabzon’unda köle sahibi olan insanların mülk-insan ikilemi arasında köleye ne açıdan değer biçtiği dolayısıyla kölelerin toplumsal algının neresinde yer aldıkları incelenmiş, mensup oldukları aile ve sosyal çevrenin köleye karşı tavrını belirleyen etkenlerin İslam hukukunun belirlediği prensipler dâhilinde mi yoksa bu prensiplerin ötesinde oluşturulan yargılar çerçevesinde mi şekillendiği XVII. yüzyıl Trabzon Şer’iyye sicillerinden elde edilen veriler üzerinden okunmuştur.
Bioinspired approach toward molecular electrets: synthetic proteome for materials
Authors: Espinoza Eli M. , Larsen-Clinton Jillian M. , Krzeszewski Maciej , Darabedian Narek , Gryko Daniel T. , Vullev Valentine I. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Molecular-level control of charge transfer (CT) is essential for both, organic electronics and solar-energy conversion, as well as for a wide range of biological processes. This article provides an overview of the utility of local electric fields originating from molecular dipoles for directing CT processes. Systems with ordered dipoles, i.e. molecular electrets, are the centerpiece of the discussion. The conceptual evolution from biomimicry to biomimesis, and then to biological inspiration, paves the roads leading from testing the understanding of how natural living systems function to implementing these lessons into optimal paradigms for specific applications. This progression of the evolving structure-function relationships allows for the development of bioinspired electrets composed of non-native aromatic amino acids. A set of such non-native residues that are electron-rich can be viewed as a synthetic proteome for hole-transfer electrets. Detailed considerations of the electronic structure of an individual residue prove of key importance for designating the points for optimal injection of holes (i.e. extraction of electrons) in electret oligomers. This multifaceted bioinspired approach for the design of CT molecular systems provides unexplored paradigms for electronic and energy science and engineering.
Evaluation Models for the Peak Shear-Strength and Shear-Resistance Components of Rough Rock Joints
Authors: Zhang X. B. , Yi B. , Jiang Q. H. , Feng X. X. , Chen N. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This study aims to present a new model for evaluating the peak shear strength of rock joints and investigate the contribution from different shear components to the total shear resistance. Direct shear tests under constant normal load (CNL) conditions were performed on artificial rock joints with different morphology. Before the shear test, a 3D optical scanner was used to measure the joint morphology, and then two statistical parameters were suggested to characterize the joint roughness. For establishing an evaluation model of peak shear strength of rock joints, a model of peak dilatancy angle was first developed and then incorporated into the Maksimovic criterion. A new peak shear strength model for rock joints was thus established, and a good evaluating precision of the new criterion was found by comparing predictive results with experimental results. Three shear strength components, i.e., basic friction, dilation, and shear-off of asperities were investigated. Results show that the basic friction represents over 50 % of the total shear resistance, and this proportion grows steadily by increasing the normal stress. As the normal stress increases, the percentage of shear-off rises gradually before approaching a stable level, whereas dilation consistently decreases. At a certain normal stress level, the basic friction of joints with a lower roughness makes up more of the contribution to the total shear strength, whereas the shear-off component tends to be greater on rougher rock joints. However, the dilation of joints with different roughness does not show an obvious difference in terms of proportion. The apparent cohesion of sheared rock joints increases as the normal stress increases. The rock joint with a rougher surface has a larger apparent cohesion at a certain normal stress level.
Assessment of Spatiotemporal Heat Flux during Quenching in TiO2 and AlN Nanofluids
Authors: Nayak U. V. , Ramesh G. , Prabhu K. N. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In the present work, spatiotemporal heat flux transients were estimated during quenching of an Inconel 600 alloy probe in water-based titanium dioxide (TiO2) and aluminum nitride (AlN) nanofluids that have nanoparticle concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.5 vol. %. The results showed reduced peak heat flux and a longer vapor phase stage during quenching with nanofluids compared to quenching with water. The peak heat flux for quenching in nanofluids was lowered with increase in the nanoparticle concentration. Quenching with TiO2 nanofluids resulted in slower heat extraction compared to quenching in AlN nanofluids at higher concentrations. Quenching with nanofluids resulted in a more uniform quench compared to quenching with water because of the reduction in the rewetting period.
Activity-Dependence of Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics
Authors: Forte Luca A. , Gramlich Michael W. , Klyachko Vitaly A. 
Published: September 2017

The proper function of synapses relies on efficient recycling of synaptic vesicles. The small size of synaptic boutons has hampered efforts to define the dynamical states of vesicles during recycling. Moreover, whether vesicle motion during recycling is regulated by neural activity remains largely unknown. We combined nanoscale-resolution tracking of individual synaptic vesicles in cultured hippocampal neurons from rats of both sexes with advanced motion analyses to demonstrate that the majority of recently endocytosed vesicles undergo sequences of transient dynamical states including epochs of directed, diffusional, and stalled motion. We observed that vesicle motion is modulated in an activity-dependent manner, with dynamical changes apparent in ∼20% of observed boutons. Within this subpopulation of boutons, 35% of observed vesicles exhibited acceleration and 65% exhibited deceleration, accompanied by corresponding changes in directed motion. Individual vesicles observed in the remaining ∼80% of boutons did not exhibit apparent dynamical changes in response to stimulation. More quantitative transient motion analyses revealed that the overall reduction of vesicle mobility, and specifically of the directed motion component, is the predominant activity-evoked change across the entire bouton population. Activity-dependent modulation of vesicle mobility may represent an important mechanism controlling vesicle availability and neurotransmitter release.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMechanisms governing synaptic vesicle dynamics during recycling remain poorly understood. Using nanoscale resolution tracking of individual synaptic vesicles in hippocampal synapses and advanced motion analysis tools we demonstrate that synaptic vesicles undergo complex sets of dynamical states that include epochs of directed, diffusive, and stalled motion. Most importantly, our analyses revealed that vesicle motion is modulated in an activity-dependent manner apparent as the reduction in overall vesicle mobility in response to stimulation. These results define the vesicle dynamical states during recycling and reveal their activity-dependent modulation. Our study thus provides fundamental new insights into the principles governing synaptic function.
Sex- and Estrus-Dependent Differences in Rat Basolateral Amygdala
Authors: Blume Shannon R. , Freedberg Mari , Vantrease Jaime E. , Chan Ronny , Padival Mallika , Record Matthew J. , DeJoseph M. Regina , Urban Janice H. , Rosenkranz J. Amiel 
Published: September 2017

Depression and anxiety are diagnosed almost twice as often in women, and the symptomology differs in men and women and is sensitive to sex hormones. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) contributes to emotion-related behaviors that differ between males and females and across the reproductive cycle. This hints at sex- or estrus-dependent features of BLA function, about which very little is known. The purpose of this study was to test whether there are sex differences or estrous cyclicity in rat BLA physiology and to determine their mechanistic correlates. We found substantial sex differences in the activity of neurons in lateral nuclei (LAT) and basal nuclei (BA) of the BLA that were associated with greater excitatory synaptic input in females. We also found strong differences in the activity of LAT and BA neurons across the estrous cycle. These differences were associated with a shift in the inhibition–excitation balance such that LAT had relatively greater inhibition during proestrus which paralleled more rapid cued fear extinction. In contrast, BA had relatively greater inhibition during diestrus that paralleled more rapid contextual fear extinction. These results are the first to demonstrate sex differences in BLA neuronal activity and the impact of estrous cyclicity on these measures. The shift between LAT and BA predominance across the estrous cycle provides a simple construct for understanding the effects of the estrous cycle on BLA-dependent behaviors. These results provide a novel framework to understand the cyclicity of emotional memory and highlight the importance of considering ovarian cycle when studying the BLA of females.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere are differences in emotional responses and many psychiatric symptoms between males and females. This may point to sex differences in limbic brain regions. Here we demonstrate sex differences in neuronal activity in one key limbic region, the basolateral amygdala (BLA), whose activity fluctuates across the estrous cycle due to a shift in the balance of inhibition and excitation across two BLA regions, the lateral and basal nuclei. By uncovering this push–pull shift between lateral and basal nuclei, these results help to explain disparate findings about the effects of biological sex and estrous cyclicity on emotion and provide a framework for understanding fluctuations in emotional memory and psychiatric symptoms.
A Crucial Test of the Population Separation Model of Auditory Stream Segregation in Macaque Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Fishman Yonatan I. , Kim Mimi , Steinschneider Mitchell 
Published: September 2017

An important aspect of auditory scene analysis is auditory stream segregation—the organization of sound sequences into perceptual streams reflecting different sound sources in the environment. Several models have been proposed to account for stream segregation. According to the “population separation” (PS) model, alternating ABAB tone sequences are perceived as a single stream or as two separate streams when “A” and “B” tones activate the same or distinct frequency-tuned neuronal populations in primary auditory cortex (A1), respectively. A crucial test of the PS model is whether it can account for the observation that A and B tones are generally perceived as a single stream when presented synchronously, rather than in an alternating pattern, even if they are widely separated in frequency. Here, we tested the PS model by recording neural responses to alternating (ALT) and synchronous (SYNC) tone sequences in A1 of male macaques. Consistent with predictions of the PS model, a greater effective tonotopic separation of A and B tone responses was observed under ALT than under SYNC conditions, thus paralleling the perceptual organization of the sequences. While other models of stream segregation, such as temporal coherence, are not excluded by the present findings, we conclude that PS is sufficient to account for the perceptual organization of ALT and SYNC sequences and thus remains a viable model of auditory stream segregation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAccording to the population separation (PS) model of auditory stream segregation, sounds that activate the same or separate neural populations in primary auditory cortex (A1) are perceived as one or two streams, respectively. It is unclear, however, whether the PS model can account for the perception of sounds as a single stream when they are presented synchronously. Here, we tested the PS model by recording neural responses to alternating (ALT) and synchronous (SYNC) tone sequences in macaque A1. A greater effective separation of tonotopic activity patterns was observed under ALT than under SYNC conditions, thus paralleling the perceptual organization of the sequences. Based on these findings, we conclude that PS remains a plausible neurophysiological model of auditory stream segregation.
The Long 3′UTR mRNA ofCaMKIIIs Essential for Translation-Dependent Plasticity of Spontaneous Release inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kuklin Elena A. , Alkins Stephen , Bakthavachalu Baskar , Genco Maria C. , Sudhakaran Indulekha , Raghavan K. Vijay , Ramaswami Mani , Griffith Leslie C. 
Published: September 2017

A null mutation of theDrosophila calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIgene (CaMKII) was generated using homologous recombination. Null animals survive to larval and pupal stages due to a large maternal contribution ofCaMKIImRNA, which consists of a short 3′-untranslated region (UTR) form lacking regulatory elements that guide local translation. The selective loss of the long 3′UTR mRNA inCaMKII-null larvae allows us to test its role in plasticity. Development and evoked function of the larval neuromuscular junction are surprisingly normal, but the resting rate of miniature excitatory junctional potentials (mEJPs) is significantly lower inCaMKIImutants. Mutants also lack the ability to increase mEJP rate in response to spaced depolarization, a type of activity-dependent plasticity shown to require both transcription and translation. Consistent with this, overexpression of miR-289 in wild-type animals blocks plasticity of spontaneous release. In addition to the defects in regulation of mEJP rate, CaMKII protein is largely lost from synapses in the mutant. All phenotypes are non–sex-specific and rescued by a fosmid containing the entire wild-typeCaMKIIlocus, but only viability and CaMKII localization are rescued by genomic fosmids lacking the long 3′UTR. This suggests that synaptic CaMKII accumulates by two distinct mechanisms: local synthesis requiring the long 3′UTR form ofCaMKIImRNA and a process that requires zygotic transcription ofCaMKIImRNA. The origin of synaptic CaMKII also dictates its functionality. Locally translated CaMKII has a privileged role in regulation of spontaneous release, which cannot be fulfilled by synaptic CaMKII from the other pool.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAs a regulator of synaptic development and plasticity, CaMKII has important roles in both normal and pathological function of the nervous system.CaMKIIshows high conservation betweenDrosophilaand humans, underscoring the usefulness ofDrosophilain modeling its function.Drosophila CaMKII-null mutants remain viable throughout development, enabling morphological and electrophysiological characterization. Although the structure of the synapse is normal, maternally contributed CaMKII does not localize to synapses. Zygotic production ofCaMKIImRNA with a long 3′-untranslated region is necessary for modulating spontaneous neurotransmission in an activity-dependent manner, but not for viability. These data argue that regulation of CaMKII localization and levels by local transcriptional processes is conserved. This is the first demonstration of distinct functions forDrosophila CaMKIImRNA variants.
A theory that predicts behaviors of disordered cytoskeletal networks
Authors: Belmonte Julio M , Leptin Maria , Nédélec François 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMorphogenesis in animal tissues is largely driven by actomyosin networks, through tensions generated by an active contractile process. Although the network components and their properties are known, and networks can be reconstituted in vitro, the requirements for contractility are still poorly understood. Here, we describe a theory that predicts whether an isotropic network will contract, expand, or conserve its dimensions. This analytical theory correctly predicts the behavior of simulated networks, consisting of filaments with varying combinations of connectors, and reveals conditions under which networks of rigid filaments are either contractile or expansile. Our results suggest that pulsatility is an intrinsic behavior of contractile networks if the filaments are not stable but turn over. The theory offers a unifying framework to think about mechanisms of contractions or expansion. It provides the foundation for studying a broad range of processes involving cytoskeletal networks and a basis for designing synthetic networks.
Ethanol Stimulates Locomotion via a Gαs-Signaling Pathway in IL2 Neurons inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Johnson James R , Edwards Mark R , Davies Huw , Newman Daniel , Holden Whitney , Jenkins Rosalind E , Burgoyne Robert D , Lucas Robert J , Barclay Jeff W 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlcohol abuse is among the top causes of preventable death, generating considerable financial, health, and societal burdens. Paradoxically, alcohol...Alcohol is a potent pharmacological agent when consumed acutely at sufficient quantities and repeated overuse can lead to addiction and deleterious effects on health. Alcohol is thought to modulate neuronal function through low-affinity interactions with proteins, in particular with membrane channels and receptors. Paradoxically, alcohol acts as both a stimulant and a sedative. The exact molecular mechanisms for the acute effects of ethanol on neurons, as either a stimulant or a sedative, however remain unclear. We investigated the role that the heat shock transcription factor HSF-1 played in determining a stimulatory phenotype of Caenorhabditis elegans in response to physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol (17 mM; 0.1% v/v). Using genetic techniques, we demonstrate that either RNA interference of hsf-1 or use of an hsf-1(sy441) mutant lacked the enhancement of locomotion in response to acute ethanol exposure evident in wild-type animals. We identify that the requirement for HSF-1 in this phenotype was IL2 neuron-specific and required the downstream expression of the α-crystallin ortholog HSP-16.48. Using a combination of pharmacology, optogenetics, and phenotypic analyses we determine that ethanol activates a Gαs-cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway in IL2 neurons to stimulate nematode locomotion. We further implicate the phosphorylation of a specific serine residue (Ser322) on the synaptic protein UNC-18 as an end point for the Gαs-dependent signaling pathway. These findings establish and characterize a distinct neurosensory cell signaling pathway that determines the stimulatory action of ethanol and identifies HSP-16.48 and HSF-1 as novel regulators of this pathway.