bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Selective Room Temperature Monoreduction of Dinitro‐arenes by Hydrogen Sulfide under Liquid–Liquid Biphasic Catalysis
Authors: Mondal Ujjal , Sen Sujit 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTSelective reduction of one of the nitro group present in dinitro aromatic compounds by a novel Zinin reagent, H2S‐laden N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solution, has been explored in the presence of tetra‐n‐butyl phosphonium bromide as a phase transfer catalyst under the liquid–liquid mode of reaction. Under the room temperature reaction condition, reduction of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT) with H2S‐laden MDEA leads to the selective reduction of one nitro group present either at the fourth position to obtain 4‐amino‐2‐nitrotoluene (4A2NT) or at the second position to get 2‐amino‐4‐nitrotoluene (2A4NT). The reaction was very fast to achieve 100% conversion, and the selectivity of 4A2NT is much higher than the 2A4NT. A detailed parametric study was performed to analyze the effect of parameters on 2,4‐DNT conversion and selectivity of both the isomers. The apparent activation energy was found to be as high as 46.25 kJ/mol, and the reaction was found to be kinetically controlled. An empirical kinetic model has been developed to correlate with the conversion version time data obtained experimentally. The present system dealt with an industrial problem in dealing with H2S, present in by‐product gaseous streams of many petroleum and natural gas industries. Novelties in the selective monoreduction lie in that fact that the reaction was done at room temperature (303 K), with a novel reagent, H2S‐laden MDEA solution. Therefore waste‐minimization was effected to yield value‐added fine chemicals, that is, amines.
Technical note: Accelerated nonrigid motion‐compensated isotropic 3D coronary MR angiography
Authors: Correia Teresa , Cruz Gastão , Schneider Torben , Botnar René M. , Prieto Claudia 
Published: November 2017

PurposeTo develop an accelerated and nonrigid motion‐compensated technique for efficient isotropic 3D whole‐heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) with Cartesian acquisition.MethodsHighly efficient whole‐heart 3D CMRA was achieved by combining image reconstruction from undersampled data using compressed sensing (CS) with a nonrigid motion compensation framework. Undersampled acquisition was performed using a variable‐density Cartesian trajectory with radial order (VD‐CAPR). Motion correction was performed in two steps: beat‐to‐beat 2D translational correction with motion estimated from interleaved image navigators, and bin‐to‐bin 3D nonrigid correction with motion estimated from respiratory‐resolved images reconstructed from undersampled 3D CMRA data using CS. Nonrigid motion fields were incorporated into an undersampled motion‐compensated reconstruction, which combines CS with the general matrix description formalism. The proposed approach was tested on 10 healthy subjects and compared against a conventional twofold accelerated 5‐mm navigator‐gated and tracked acquisition.ResultsThe proposed method achieves isotropic 1.2‐mm Cartesian whole‐heart CMRA in 5 min ± 1 min (~8× acceleration). The proposed approach provides good‐quality images of the left and right coronary arteries, comparable to those of a twofold accelerated navigator‐gated and tracked acquisition, but scan time was up to about four times faster. For both coronaries, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in vessel sharpness and length were found between the proposed method and reference scan.ConclusionThe feasibility of a highly efficient motion‐compensated reconstruction framework for accelerated 3D CMRA has been demonstrated in healthy subjects. Further investigation is required to assess the clinical value of the method.
Modeling the frequency‐dependent detective quantum efficiency of photon‐counting x‐ray detectors
Authors: Stierstorfer Karl 
Published: November 2017

PurposeTo find a simple model for the frequency‐dependent detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of photon‐counting detectors in the low flux limit.MethodsFormula for the spatial cross‐talk, the noise power spectrum and the DQE of a photon‐counting detector working at a given threshold are derived. Parameters are probabilities for types of events like single counts in the central pixel, double counts in the central pixel and a neighboring pixel or single count in a neighboring pixel only. These probabilities can be derived in a simple model by extensive use of Monte Carlo techniques: The Monte Carlo x‐ray propagation program MOCASSIM is used to simulate the energy deposition from the x‐rays in the detector material. A simple charge cloud model using Gaussian clouds of fixed width is used for the propagation of the electric charge generated by the primary interactions. Both stages are combined in a Monte Carlo simulation randomizing the location of impact which finally produces the required probabilities. The parameters of the charge cloud model are fitted to the spectral response to a polychromatic spectrum measured with our prototype detector.ResultsBased on the Monte Carlo model, the DQE of photon‐counting detectors as a function of spatial frequency is calculated for various pixel sizes, photon energies, and thresholds.ConclusionThe frequency‐dependent DQE of a photon‐counting detector in the low flux limit can be described with an equation containing only a small set of probabilities as input. Estimates for the probabilities can be derived from a simple model of the detector physics.
Ion recombination and polarity correction factors for a plane–parallel ionization chamber in a proton scanning beam
Authors: Liszka Małgorzata , Stolarczyk Liliana , Kłodowska Magdalena , Kozera Anna , Krzempek Dawid , Mojżeszek Natalia , Pędracka Anna , Waligórski Michael Patrick Russell , Olko Paweł 
Published: November 2017

PurposeTo evaluate the effect on charge collection in the ionization chamber (IC) in proton pencil beam scanning (PBS), where the local dose rate may exceed the dose rates encountered in conventional MV therapy by up to three orders of magnitude.MethodsWe measured values of the ion recombination (ks) and polarity (kpol) correction factors in water, for a plane–parallel Markus TM23343 IC, using the cyclotron‐based Proteus‐235 therapy system with an active proton PBS of energies 30–230 MeV. Values of ks were determined from extrapolation of the saturation curve and the Two‐Voltage Method (TVM), for planar fields. We compared our experimental results with those obtained from theoretical calculations. The PBS dose rates were estimated by combining direct IC measurements with results of simulations performed using the FLUKA MC code. Values of ks were also determined by the TVM for uniformly irradiated volumes over different ranges and modulation depths of the proton PBS, with or without range shifter.ResultsBy measuring charge collection efficiency versus applied IC voltage, we confirmed that, with respect to ion recombination, our proton PBS represents a continuous beam. For a given chamber parameter, e.g., nominal voltage, the value of ks depends on the energy and the dose rate of the proton PBS, reaching c. 0.5% for the TVM, at the dose rate of 13.4 Gy/s. For uniformly irradiated regular volumes, the ks value was significantly smaller, within 0.2% or 0.3% for irradiations with or without range shifter, respectively. Within measurement uncertainty, the average value of kpol, for the Markus TM23343 IC, was close to unity over the whole investigated range of clinical proton beam energies.ConclusionWhile no polarity effect was observed for the Markus TM23343 IC in our pencil scanning proton beam system, the effect of volume recombination cannot be ignored.
Aerrow: A probe‐format graphite calorimeter for absolute dosimetry of high‐energy photon beams in the clinical environment
Authors: Renaud James , Sarfehnia Arman , Bancheri Julien , Seuntjens Jan 
Published: November 2017

PurposeIn this work, the design, operation, initial experimental evaluation, and characterization of a small‐scale graphite calorimeter probe — herein referred to as the Aerrow — developed for routine use in the clinical environment, are described. Similar in size and shape to a Farmer type cylindrical ionization chamber, the Aerrow represents the first translation of calorimetry intended for direct use by clinical physicists in the radiotherapy clinic.MethodsBased on a numerically optimized design obtained in previous work, a functioning Aerrow prototype capable of two independent modes of operation (quasi‐adiabatic and isothermal) was constructed in‐house. Reference dose measurements were performed using both Aerrow operation modes in a 6 MV photon beam and were directly compared to results obtained with a calibrated reference‐class ionization chamber. The Aerrow was then used to quantify the absolute output of five clinical linac‐based photon beams (6 MV, 6 MV FFF, 10 MV, 10 MV FFF, and 15 MV; 63.2% < %dd(10)× < 76.3%). Linearity, dose rate, and orientation dependences were also investigated.ResultsCompared to an ion chamber‐derived dose to water of 76.3 ± 0.7 cGy, the average doses measured using the Aerrow were 75.6 ± 0.7 and 74.7 ± 0.7 cGy/MU for the quasi‐adiabatic and isothermal modes, respectively. All photon beam output measurements using the Aerrow in water‐equivalent phantom agreed with chamber‐based clinical reference dosimetry data within combined standard uncertainties. The linearity of the Aerrow's response was characterized by an adjusted R2 value of 0.9998 in the dose range of 80 cGy to 470 cGy. For the dose‐rate dependence, no statistically significant effects were observed in the range of 0.5 Gy/min to 5.4 Gy/min. A relative photon beam quality dependence of 1.7% was calculated in the range of 60Co to 24 MV (58.4% < %dd(10)× < 86.8%) using Monte Carlo. Finally, the angular dependence (gantry stationary and detector rotated) of the Aerrow's response was found to be insignificant to within ±0.5%.ConclusionsThis work demonstrates the feasibility of using an ion chamber‐sized calorimeter as a practical means of measuring absolute dose to water in the radiotherapy clinic. The potential introduction of calorimetry as a mainstream device into the clinical setting is powerful, as this fundamental technique has formed the basis of absorbed dose standards in many countries for decades and could one day form the basis of a new local absorbed dose standard for clinics.
Effects of Astragalus Extract Mixture HT042 on Height Growth in Children with Mild Short Stature: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lee Donghun , Lee Sun Haeng , Song Jungbin , Jee Hee‐Jung , Cha Sung Ho , Chang Gyu Tae 
Published: November 2017

HT042 is a standardized functional food ingredient approved by Korean Food and Drug Administration with a claim ‘HT042 can help height growth of children’. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HT042 on height growth in children with mild short stature. A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel study was performed on children aged 6–8 years with height ranked below the 25th percentile. In 129 children, height gain was significantly higher in HT042 group than placebo group after 24 weeks (mean difference, 0.29 cm; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.57 cm; p = 0.027). The difference was elevated when the efficacy analysis was restricted to children below the 10th percentile (mean difference, 0.45 cm; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.87 cm; p = 0.031). Because bone age advancement was lower in HT042 group, height standard deviation score gain for bone age was higher in HT042 group and the difference was significant in children below the 10th percentile (mean difference, 0.20 score; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.39 points; p = 0.045). Serum IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 levels were significantly increased compared with baseline within HT042 group, but group difference was not significant. HT042 supplementation helped to increase height growth in children without skeletal maturation and was more effective in much shorter children. The effects might be mediated by increases in serum IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 levels. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding mode heading control of an overactuated, hover‐capable autonomous underwater vehicle with experimental verification
Authors: Tanakitkorn Kantapon , Wilson Philip A. , Turnock Stephen R. , Phillips Alexander B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA sliding mode heading control system is developed for overactuated, hover‐capable autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) operating over a range of forward speeds. A simplified switching function is introduced, and simulation studies are proposed accordingly. The results with this novel switching function show a significant improvement in the chattering problem when compared to other conventional switching function candidates. Studies on sensitivities to a range of hydrodynamic parameter uncertainties are presented, and the parameters that have major influences on the sliding mode control performance are highlighted. The proposed control system is also proven in the field trials to enhance vehicle response, yielding consistent, and robust performance over the entire range of vehicle's speeds, even when subjected to external disturbance. It also shows superior heading tracking performance when compared to a proportional‐derivative (PD) based approach implemented on the same vehicle. However, this improved performance requires intense control actions as a trade‐off, causing the AUV to expend more energy than with the P‐D approach. Path following trials, where the AUV is demanded to follow a set of GPS coordinates at the water surface, are presented. These demonstrate the applicability of the proposed heading control system in a practical operation. The presented SMC scheme can be applied to any vehicle straightforwardly, but the control allocation part may need to be modified regarding the actuator configuration of that vehicle.
Swapping Circularly Polarised Luminescence of Eu(III)‐Binaphthyl Hybridized Luminophore with and without Oxymethylene Spacer
Authors: Hara Nobuyuki , Okazaki Mamoru , Shizuma Motohiro , Marumoto Shinsuke , Tajima Nobuo , Fujiki Michiya , Imai Yoshitane 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChiroptical signs in circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) of Eu(III) luminophores coordinated to C2‐symmetric binaphthyl ring carrying carboxylic acids, (R)‐1 (and (S)‐1)) and (R)‐2 (and (S)‐2)) were inverted by inserting two oxymethylene spacers between the ring and the acids. The subtle difference in reorganization between (R)‐1 and (R)‐2 causes the apparent CPL sign‐swapping characteristics. We assume that (R)‐2 is more likely to undergo this reorganization rather than (R)‐1 because of the highly flexible spacer and vice versa. The subtle difference in the rotational freedom of the ligands with and without the two spacers causes the opposite CPL signs although (R)‐1/Eu and (R)‐2/Eu had the same CD sign in the ground state. This was proven by experimental and theoretical data.
Facile Synthesis of Porous Flower‐Like Co3O4‐SiO2 Composite for Catalytic Decoloration of Rhodamine B
Authors: Meng Qingnan , Wang Kai , Tang Yufei , Zhao Kang , Zhang Guojun , Han Zhenhua , Yang Jun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFlower‐like Co3O4‐SiO2 composite (FCSC) is prepared by a facile one‐pot two‐step solution synthesis followed by calcination. In our method, metalic Co nanoparticles are used as the starting material, which are oxidized to the flower‐like Co(OH)2 structure in the early stage of silica coating. The silica shell effectively keeps the 3D flower‐like structure from collapsing and also prevents the Co3O4 becoming large during calcination. The as‐prepared FCSC is investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and N2 adsorption/desorption measurements and a plausible formation mechanism is proposed. The final product has a large sepcific surface area of 347.6 m2⋅g−1 which shows superior catalytic performance in catalytic decoloration of rhodamine B with peroxymonosulfate (PMS), offering great promise for water treatment.
Mn(II), Co(III), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) Complexes of 2‐Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Syntheses, Structures, Photoluminescence, Thermal, Electrochemical and Antitumor Studies on Dalton's Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Nath Paras , Bharty Manoj K. , Dani Rajeev K. , Tomar Munendra S. , Acharya Arbind 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFive complexes [Mn(ttfa)2(py)2] (1), [Co(ttfa)3] (2), [Ni(ttfa)2(en)] (3), [Cd(ttfa)2(bpy)] (4), and [Cu(ttfa)2(py)] (5) {where Httfa=2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone} have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV‐Vis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. Both oxygen atoms of ttfa chelate with the metal ions forming six‐membered C3O2M chelate rings in the complexes. In complexes 1–4 the metal ion adopts a distorted octahedral geometry while the complex 5 is distorted square pyramidal. In the solid state, complexes are stabilized by various types of inter‐intramolecular interactions. Upon excitation at about 29500 cm−1, complexes 1, 2, 3 and 5 exhibit blue emissions while the complex 4 emits violet colour. Electrochemical studies of Httfa and complexes show irreversible redox behavior. Thermal degradation of the complexes as analyzed by TG‐DTA suggests the formation of their respective metal oxides as final thermally stable chemical entities. Httfa, complex 1 and 5 are studied for cytotoxicity on Dalton's lymphoma cells using MTT assay, apoptotic analysis and DNA fragmentation assay which reveals their order of activity as complex 5 > complex 1 > Httfa.
Incorporating Social Media into your Support Tool Box: Points to Consider from Genetics‐Based Communities
Authors: Rocha Heather Mae , Savatt Juliann M. , Riggs Erin Rooney , Wagner Jennifer K. , Faucett W. Andrew , Martin Christa Lese 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPatients with newly‐described or rare genetic findings are turning to social media to find and connect with others. Blogs, Facebook groups, and Twitter have all been reported as tools for patients to connect with one another. However, the preferences for social media use and privacy among patients, their families, and these communities have not been well characterized. To explore preferences about privacy and membership guidelines, an online survey was administered to two web‐based patient registries, Simons Variation in Individuals Project (www.simonsvipconnect.org) and GenomeConnect (www.genomeconnect.org). Over a three‐month period, invitations were sent to 2524 individuals and 103 responses (4%) were received and analyzed. Responses indicate that Facebook is the most popular resource accessed within this sample population (99%). Participants used social media to look for information about their diagnosis or test results (83%), read posts from rare disease groups or organizations (73%), participate in conversations about their diagnosis (67%), and connect with others to find support (58%). Focusing on privacy issues in social media, respondents indicate that membership and access impact the level of comfort in sharing personal or medical information. Nearly 60% of respondents felt uncomfortable sharing photos or medical information within a public Facebook group, whereas only 12% of respondents felt uncomfortable sharing in private group targeted to families alone. Using this preliminary data concerning social media use and privacy, we developed points for genetic counselors to incorporate when discussing available support resources for patients with a new, or rare, genetic diagnosis or genetic test result. Genetic counselors are trained to provide anticipatory guidance to families adapting to new genetic information, and are well‐equipped to help patients consider their preferences about using social media as a source of information and support.
The Infection Rate of Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Replacement is Higher When Compared to Other Bearing Surfaces as Documented by the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry
Authors: Huang Phil , Lyons Matt , O'Sullivan Michael 
Published: November 2017

Background Despite the well-documented decline in the use of metal-on-metal (MoM) implants over the last decade, there are still controversies regarding whether all MoM implants are created equally. Complications such as elevated serum metal ion levels, aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL) and pseudotumours have all been well documented, but recent studies suggest increased risk of infection with MoM bearing surfaces. Most of these studies however have small patient numbers. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to examine the cumulative incidence of revision for infection of MoM bearing surfaces in primary hip arthroplasty at a national and single-surgeon level. Methods Data was collected from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry, which contains over 98% of all arthroplasties performed in Australia since 2001. The cumulative incidence of revision for infection was extracted at a national level and single-surgeon level. Results Two hundred seventy-six thousand eight hundred seventy-eight subjects were documented in the Australian registry. The 10-year cumulative percent revision for infection of MoM bearing surfaces in primary total hip replacement (THR) was 2.5% at a national level, compared to 0.8% for other bearing surfaces. The senior author contributed 1755 subjects with 7-year follow-up and a cumulative percent revision for infection of MoM bearing surfaces in primary THR of 36.9%, compared to 2.0% for other bearing surfaces. The cumulative percent of revision of MoM bearing surfaces is higher compared to other bearing surfaces; this is especially pronounced in cumulative percent of revision for infection. Conclusion There was a higher cumulative percent of revision for infection in MoM bearings surfaces (in particular, large-head MoM) compared to other bearing surfaces at both the national and individual-surgeon level.
Living alone in nineteenth-century rural Italy: was there any way out?
Authors: MANFREDINI MATTEO , BRESCHI MARCO 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFew studies have dealt with the issue of people living alone in pretransitional rural populations. Alone by choice or circumstances, usually poor and sometimes stigmatised, solitaries often had a hard life. This article analyses the characteristics and life-histories of people living alone in two rural villages in nineteenth-century Italy with the aim of understanding whether and how solitaries managed to find a way out from solitude. The results show that solitaries got married, joined another household, and especially emigrated more than the rest of the population, which is a strong indication of their willingness to break out of solitariness. The individuation of the demographic profile associated with such specific behaviours, namely being male, young, and widowed, allowed us also to draw some hypotheses on the role of availability and quality of social connections on the chances to escape from a solitary condition, as well as on the characteristics of migratory flows of solitaries from the countryside to the cities.