bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home Lighting
Authors: Young Arthur H. , Misselbrook C. J. 
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews developments in domestic lighting from 1928 to the present and endeavours to show some possible lines of future progress. The large range of materials used in the manufacture of lighting fittings designed for the domestic market is discussed. The problems of lighting various rooms in the home are considered and the possible reasons for the lack of interest in fluorescent lighting are analysed. Suggestions for the developments necessary before fluorescent lighting can be introduced successfully into the domestic lighting field are made. A plea is made for an approvals system to be applied to lighting fittings designed and sold for domestic use to ensure adequate safety. British, Continental and American practice is compared and the need for better collaboration between lighting engineers and architects is stressed.
Light and Colour in Daily Life
Authors: Strange J. W. , Hewitt H. 
Published: November 2015

The paper makes a general review of lighting conditions to-day and points out the need for a greater diversity in lighting levels and brightness, in direction, and in colour. Much valuable information of an analytical nature has been revealed by academic studies made during recent years, but it is proposed that a parallel approach should be made along practical lines, guided by observation and imagination. It is suggested that useful lessons can be learnt from the lighting techniques used in the theatre to produce visually interesting scenes, as these techniques can make an important contribution to experimental methods, particularly in providing variation of lighting levels and colour. Some observations are made on the economics of artificial light, and it is shown that unduly large costs are involved in providing control over the distribution of light; such control could be simpler and less costly. Finally, an examination is made of the reaction of the general public to the wider choice of light sources now available, and a plea is made for a more adventurous use of coloured light.
A Method of Evaluating Seeing Distances on a Curved Road and its Application to Headlight Beams in Current Use
Authors: Jehu V. J. 
Published: November 2015

A method is described by which direct seeing distances can be evaluated when two vehicles meet on a curved road at night. The method is a development of that already used to determine seeing distances from vehicles when they meet on a straight road. It has been applied to three headlighting systems in current use, the modern British beam, the symmetrical European beam, and the single-lamp meeting beam representing earlier British practice. Considering meetings on both straight and curved roads, it is shown that in some circumstances the modern British system is better than the symmetrical European system, and that in others the order is reversed. The modern British system is almost always better than the European in revealing the important nearside object, and seeing for all object positions is considerably better during the early stages of a meeting on a curved road, when the observer is on the inside of the bend. This result is important, because the conditions closely resemble those of open-road driving with the meeting beam, a frequent occurrence on roads when oncoming vehicles are anticipated. Taking into consideration also the fact that the modern British system is the less susceptible to vertical misaim, it is concluded that it is the better suited to actual road conditions. A comparison of the modern double-lamp British system with its predecessor, the single-lamp system, shows that on narrow roads, both straight and curved, the differences between the systems are generally small for all object positions. During the later stages of the meeting, however, recovery from the minimum seeing condition is consistently more rapid with the single lamps, for objects in the driyer's own traffic lane.
Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Recorded with Cephalic and Noncephalic References in Central and Peripheral Nervous System Lesions
Authors: Ulas Umit Hidir , Özdag Fatih , Eroglu Erdal , Odabasi Zeki , Kutukcu Yasar , Demirkaya Seref , Gökçil Zeki , Hamamcioglu Kemal , Vural Okay 
Published: November 2015

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) to electrical stimulation of the median nerve by using cephalic and noncephalic references were studied to detect the generator sources of short latency evoked potentials in 29 patients with cerebral, brainstem, spinal and peripheral nerve lesions. Patients were divided into six groups according to the localization of their lesions: group 1: cortical and subcortical lesions, group 2: basal ganglion lesions, group 3: pons and mesencephalon lesions, group 4: diffuse cerebral lesions, group 5: cervical cord lesions, group 6: brachial plexus lesions. Potentials were recorded using cephalic and noncephalic references after median nerve stimulation. Evidence obtained from patients suggested the following origins for these short latency SSEPs: P9 may arise in brachial plexus, P11 in dorsal basal ganglions or dorsal column, P13 and P14 in the nucleus cuneatus and lemniscal pathways, N16 in subthalamic structures and most likely mid and lower pons, N18 from the thalamus and thalamocortical tract, and N20 from primary somatosensory cortex.
A Comment on how the Nutritional Impact of Agricultural Innovations can be Enhanced
Authors: Smitasiri Suttilak 
Published: November 2015

The potential of agriculture still is not sufficiently appreciated by the nutrition community. The marriage of agriculture and nutrition in developing countries has been rare and often unsuccessful. There have been compelling reasons to find relatively quick ways to reduce malnutrition without treating the underlying causes. Thus, national and international nutrition leaders have focused their attention on medically oriented approaches. To many nutrition workers, improving nutrition through food-based approaches is a good idea in theory, but it is not feasible in terms of implementation. More emphasis should be placed on programmes and policies that involve non-staple plant foods, especially fruits and vegetables. For the poor, the cost of animal and fish products is simply too high. Micronutrient-rich vegetable sources are well within their purchasing power. Education and promotion are essential elements for successful food and nutrition interventions. Agricultural innovations will be transferred more effectively and will have enhanced nutritional impact if researchers in agriculture, food policy, and nutrition can also be change initiators and catalysts for better implementation, along with governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and intended beneficiaries. Education and promotion do not always reach the more disadvantaged, who are often not well integrated into community power structures, which makes it difficult for them to participate in community activities. A special intensive programme for the poor is often necessary. It is very important that all involved work towards the same goals and use a common set of indicators in achieving change. A “decision-development-dissemination” framework is proposed for enhancing the nutritional impacts of agricultural innovations.
Nutritional Status of Adult Santal Men in Keonjhar District, Orissa, India
Authors: Bose Kaushik , Chakraborty Falguni , Mitra Kapil , Bisai Samiran 
Published: November 2015

Background Although tribal people constitute a sizable proportion of India's population, there is little information on their anthropometric and nutrition status. Objective The present study was undertaken to study the anthropometric characteristics of adult Santal males. It also attempted to evaluate their nutritional status based on body-mass index (BMI) and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted of adult (aged > 18 years) male Santals, a tribal population of Keonjhar District, Orissa, India. A total of 332 Santals from five villages (Gourshinga, Kashibera, Kumunia, Majhisahi, and Sonatangri) in the Anandapur Region of Keonjhar District were included in the study. These villages are located approximately 150 km from Bhubaneswar, the provincial capital of Orissa. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and MUAC, were performed according to a standard protocol. Nutritional status was evaluated on the basis of internationally accepted cutoff points of BMI and MUAC. Results The mean height, weight, MUAC, and BMI of the men were 162.5 cm, 51.7 kg, 23.7 cm, and 19.6 kg/m2, respectively. The prevalence of undernutrition (chronic energy deficiency [CED]) based on BMI was 26.2%; 3.3%, 3.9%, and 19.0% had grades III, II, and I CED, respectively. According to MUAC cutoff points, the prevalence of undernutrition was 33.7%. Conclusions The level of undernutrition among adult Santal males was high. Appropriate nutritional intervention programs should be implemented immediately.
Risk Factors for Moderate to Severe Anemia among Children in Benin and Mali: Insights from a Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Ngnie-Teta Ismael , Receveur Olivier , Kuate-Defo Barthelemy 
Published: November 2015

Background Anemia currently affects 2 billion people throughout the world. Although the immediate causes of anemia among children are known (including malnutrition and infections), the importance of contextual determinants and their relationships with individual effects have rarely been explored. Objective To identify anemia risk factors at the individual, household, and community levels among Beninese and Malian children, using simple and multilevel regression methods. Methods An analysis was undertaken of nationally representative data collected in 2001 in Benin (n = 2,284) and Mali (n = 2,826) by the Demographic and Health Surveys. Sixteen potential risk factors for anemia were considered at the individual, household, and community levels. Comparative analyses were carried out using simple and multilevel logistic regression models. Results Simple and multilevel logistic regression analyses yielded broadly similar results. Risk factors for moderate to severe anemia included incomplete immunization, stunted growth, recent infection, absence of bednet, low household living standard, rural residency (Mali), low maternal education, and low community development index (Benin). In addition, multilevel analysis indicated a clustering level of anemia in communities (intraclass correlation) of 14% and 19% in Benin and Mali, respectively. Conclusions Risk factors for child anemia appeared at all three levels (individual, household and community). Community-level clustering seemed to be low. Therefore, interventions to address anemia need not be village- or region-specific. Identifying a successful and replicable program is now a priority in child survival endeavors. It is likely that such a program would include a focus on improving immunization coverage, increased bednet usage, and reduced protein–energy malnutrition.
A Multicenter Community Study on the Efficacy of Double-Fortified Salt
Authors: Vinodkumar Malavika , Rajagopalan S. , Bhagwat I. P. , Singh Sanjay , Parmar Bipinkumar S. , Mishra Om Prakash , Upadhyay Shyam Sundar , Bhalia N. B. , Deshpande Shailesh R. 
Published: November 2015

Background Iron and iodine deficiencies affect more than 30% of the world's population. Typical Indian diets contain adequate amounts of iron, but the bioavailability is poor. This serious limiting factor is caused by low intake of meat products rich in heme iron and intake of phytates in staple foods in the Indian diet, which inhibits iron absorption. Objective To test the stability of double-fortified salt (DFS) during storage and to assess its efficacy in improving the iron and iodine status of the communities. Methods The stability of both iodized salt and DFS during storage for a 2-year period was determined. The bioefficacy of DFS was assessed in communities covering three states of the country for a period of 1 year. This was a multicenter, single-blind trial covering seven clusters. The experimental group used DFS and the control group used iodized salt. The salts were used in all meals prepared for family members, but determination of hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method was performed in only two or three members per family, and not in children under 10 years of age (n = 393 and 436 in the experimental and control groups, respectively). The family size was usually four or five, with a male: female ratio of 1:1, consisting of two parents with two or three children. Hemoglobin was measured at baseline, 6 months (midpoint), and 12 months (endpoint). Urinary iodine was measured in only one cluster at baseline and endpoint. All the participants were dewormed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Results The iron and iodine in the DFS were stable during storage for 2 years. Over a period of 1 year, there was an increase of 1.98 g/dL of hemoglobin in the experimental group and 0.77 g/dL of hemoglobin in the control group; the latter increase may have been due to deworming. The median urinary iodine changed from 200 μg/dL at baseline to 205 μg/dL at the end of the study in the experimental group and from 225 μg/dL to 220 μg/dL in the control group. There was a statistically significant (p < .05) improvement in the median urinary iodine status of subjects who were iodine deficient (urinary iodine < 100 μg/L) in both the experimental and the control groups, a result showing that DFS was as efficient as iodized salt in increasing urinary iodine from a deficient to sufficient status. There was a statistically significant increase (p < .05) in hemoglobin in all seven clusters in the experimental group compared with the control. Conclusions The iron and iodine in the DFS are stable in storage for 2 years. The DFS has proved beneficial in the delivery of bioavailable iron and iodine.
Stability of Iodine in Salt Fortified with Iodine and Iron
Authors: Ranganathan Srinivasaiyengar , Karmarkar Madhu G. , Krupadanam Muddepaka , Brahmam Ginnela N.V. , Rao Mendhu Vishnuvardhana , Vijayaraghavan Kamasamudram , Sivakumar Bhattriprolu 
Published: November 2015

Background Determining the stability of iodine in fortified salt can be difficult under certain conditions. Current methods are sometimes unreliable in the presence of iron. Objective To test the new method to more accurately estimate iodine content in double-fortified salt (DFS) fortified with iodine and iron by using orthophosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid in the titration procedure. Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out on DFS and iodized salt produced by the dry-mixing method. DFS and iodized salt were packed and sealed in color-coded, 0.5-kg, low-density polyethylene pouches, and 25 of these pouches were further packed and sealed in color-coded, double-lined, high-density polyethylene bags and transported by road in closed, light-protected containers to the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), Delhi; the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad; and the Orissa Unit of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), Bhubaneswar. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under normal room conditions in these places was measured by the modified method every month on the same prescribed dates during the first 6 months and also after 15 months. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under simulated household conditions was also measured in the first 3 months. Results After the color code was broken at the end of the study, it was found that the DFS and iodized salt stored at Bhubaneswar, Delhi, and Hyderabad retained more or less the same initial iodine content (30–40 ppm) during the first 6 months, and the stability was not affected after 15 months. The proportion of salt samples having more than 30 ppm iodine was 100% in DFS and iodized salt throughout the study period. Daily opening and closing of salt pouches under simulated household conditions did not result in any iodine loss. Conclusions The DFS and iodized salt prepared by the dry-mixing method and stored at normal room conditions had excellent iodine stability for more than 1 year.
Feasibility and Use of Vitamin A–Fortified Vegetable Oils among Consumers of Different Socioeconomic Status in Thailand
Authors: Puysuwan Laddawan , Chavasit Visith , Sungpuag Pongtorn , Hediger Daniela , Punvichai Teerasak 
Published: November 2015

Background Vitamin A losses in fortified vegetable oils can differ, depending upon the cooking and distribution conditions of a country. Objective To determine vitamin A losses in different vegetable oils during transportation, cooking, and storage among consumers of different socioeconomic status. Methods Soybean, rice bran, and palm oils were fortified with vitamin A palmitate at 267 μg/15 mL. The oils were packaged in 5-L metal cans and 250-mL polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and then stored under light and dark conditions. Unopened and opened bottles were stored for 13 and 4 weeks, respectively. For- tified palm oil also was bulk transported in trucks and packaged in 1-kg polypropylene bags that were closed with rubber bands. Vitamin losses were measured after cooking at 120° and 170°C for 5 and 10 minutes in iron, aluminum, Teflon, and glass pans. Results Vitamin A losses of oils in PET bottles stored under light conditions were 20% to 25% at the 5th week and became greater than 80% after 13 weeks, whereas losses under dark conditions and in metal containers were less than 15%. Loss during bulk transportation was 25%, with no change in peroxide value. Losses in opened bottles after 4 weeks under light conditions were 50% to 90% based on the degree of oil unsaturation; however, losses under dark conditions were less than 5%. Losses after cooking at 120° and 170°C for 10 minutes were less than 5% and 15%, respectively. The type of pan did not affect the amount of loss. The peroxide values of oils in bottles increased during storage under light conditions. Conclusions Fortification of vegetable oils with vitamin A for consumers of different socioeconomic status is feasible; however, light protection is needed for better stability.
AIDS and Agriculture in Zambia
Authors: Byron Elizabeth , Chapoto Antony , Drinkwater Michael , Gillespie Stuart , Hamazakaza Petan , Jayne Thomas , Kadiyala Suneetha , McEwan Margaret , Samuels Fiona 
Published: November 2015

Background Because agriculture is the livelihood base for the majority of people affected by AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, the interactions between AIDS and agriculture, and their implications for policy and programming, are of fundamental importance. Objective This paper summarizes evidence from three RENEWAL (Regional Network on AIDS, Livelihoods, and Food Security) research studies and one policy review on the interactions between AIDS and agriculture in Zambia and their implications for future policy and programming. Methods The unit of analysis adopted for each study varies, spanning the individual, household, cluster, and community levels, drawing attention to the wider socioeconomic landscape within which households operate. Results This paper identifies the ways in which livelihood activities, within the prevailing norms of gender, sexuality, and perceptions of risk in rural Zambia, can influence susceptibility to HIV, and how the nature and severity of the subsequent impacts of AIDS are modified by the specific characteristics and initial conditions of households, clusters, and communities. Conclusions The findings demonstrate the importance of studying the risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts of the AIDS epidemic in the context of multiple resource flows and relationships between and within households—and in the context of other drivers of vulnerability, some of which interact with HIV and AIDS. The paper addresses several factors that enable or hinder access to formal support programs, and concludes by highlighting the particular importance of engaging communities proactively in the response to HIV and AIDS, to ensure relevance, sustainability, and scale.
Serum Selenium Levels in Healthy Women in Tabriz, Iran
Authors: Rafraf Maryam , Mahdavi Reza , Rashidi Mohamad Reza 
Published: November 2015

Background Selenium is of fundamental importance to human health, and selenium deficiency is associated with disease conditions. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the serum level of selenium in women of childbearing age and postmenopausal women living in Tabriz, Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 60 healthy women of childbearing age and 60 healthy postmenopausal women were studied with the use of biochemical methods (measurement of serum selenium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry), anthropometric measurements (weight and height), and interviews. Results The average serum selenium was 76.67 ± 17.98 μg/L (range, 42.00 to 166.61μg/L). This level was lower than those reported in other provinces of Iran and some other countries. Sixty-nine women (57.5%) had serum selenium concentrations under 80 μg/L. There was no significant difference in selenium level between the two groups of women. Serum selenium level did not vary with age and body mass index. Conclusions Some Iranian women are of borderline selenium status and as a consequence are more susceptible to selenium-deficiency diseases. There is a need for community-based programs to encourage people to increase consumption of selenium-rich sources, such as marine foods.
Burden of Anemia and its Socioeconomic Determinants among Adolescent Girls in India
Authors: Bharati Premananda , Shome Suparna , Chakrabarty Suman , Bharati Susmita , Pal Manoranjan 
Published: November 2015

Background Anemia is still one of India's major public health problems, especially among adolescent girls. Objective To investigate the severity and distribution of anemia among Indian adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 years and its association with socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors. Methods The study used data from the District Level Household Survey, round II, 2002–04, conducted under the Reproductive and Child Health Project. Data were collected on hemoglobin along with socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors of the households. The survey covered rural and urban areas of 35 states or union territories. Data from 177,670 adolescent girls were analyzed. Results The highest prevalence of anemia (99.9%) was observed in Jharkhand in eastern India. The prevalence in the northeastern states was relatively low. The highest prevalence rates were observed among older girls (15 to 19 years), illiterate girls living in rural areas, girls in illiterate households, girls from households with a low standard of living, non-Christian girls, girls from Scheduled Tribes, girls living in west India, and married girls. The highest percentages of girls with normal hemoglobin were reported among Christian Scheduled Tribes (39.4%) and among girls in northeastern India (40.1%). Analysis by binary ordered logistic regression showed that anemia status did not depend on urban or rural residence or on age. Conclusions Enhancement of the economic status of families, especially poor families, is a prerequisite to the amelioration of anemia among adolescent girls. The level of education of the girls is also a major factor.