bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk and Reward: Talent Everywhere
Authors: Judah Janeen 
Published: April 2017

President's column
The theme for my columns this year is Risk and Reward because risk assessment and decision making have fascinated me for my entire career. The most significant risks and rewards in our business are created by the judgments of the people who work here. People and their talent create upstream value. How then do we generate the talent pool to create value in the next upturn?
If you ever doubt the impact that one person can make, let me give two recent examples.
The biggest disaster in our industry—ever—was the Macondo blowout in April 2010. Like the day of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US, I’ll bet that most of you can remember when you first heard about the fire and crowded around a computer or television in horrified silence. I remember asking: Why didn’t someone use Stop Work Authority? Why didn’t someone say something?
In the recent movie depiction, Deepwater Horizon, actor John Malkovich played the evil manager who pushed forward despite signs of disaster. It was a cartoonish portrayal, but it vividly illustrated the impact that a single individual can have on our operations. The result was a disaster on every level, almost destroying one of the largest companies on Earth.
In contrast, on a positive note, there is the story of Steve Keenan, the experienced explorationist who led the team that discovered Alpine High in the Permian Basin, the largest single discovery in the US in many years. Apache’s management gave Keenan and his team the freedom to think differently, and the results were spectacular. It’s ultimately people who create (or destroy) value in our industry.
Talent will never be more important than in the next upturn. Companies have retired or laid off the most experienced technical workforce in all parts of our industry: exploration and production, oilfield services, and engineering, procurement, and construction. Just a few years ago, projects all over the world were delayed because of a lack of people, not capital constraints. It won’t be long before that will happen again, and we will be looking for talenteverywhere.
Technology Focus: Production Monitoring/Surveillance (March 2017)
Authors: Kuck Marc 
Published: April 2017

Technology Focus
Industry trends in production monitoring and surveillance continue to demonstrate significant input from the academic and research fields, practical applications, and new-technology introduction. Market conditions similar to those of the previous year are driving some of the same discussions again this year. With the decline in new drilling, our peers are focusing on optimization of existing fields and examining past performance in preparation for new future developments. In many cases, these efforts are being performed with fewer personnel and limited capital resources.
Optimization of existing fields is inspiring new concepts for statistical and predictive production modeling, along with new views on decline analysis. Virtual flow-measuring systems, while not new technology, are experiencing a broadened application as a more-cost-effective alternative. The focus on existing assets also has increased discussion on well integrity and how this should be monitored and maintained.
As we look toward future improvements, we are also taking advantage of the decline in new drilling activity to review performance from the past several years. Specifically in regard to fracturing, we are investigating the relationships between methods for drilling, fracturing, and completion design, along with their effect on production performance.
The industry is becoming more efficient and knowledgeable in its data gathering, evaluation methods, and operations. We will be better equipped as industry activity begins to increase, because of our ability to operate more efficiently at current market conditions or because of market improvements or both meeting on middle ground, in the near future. The articles selected for review demonstrate some of the achievements of our peers from the last year.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 183463 Well-Productivity Analysis Integrating Ultrahigh-Resolution LWD Images and PLT: A Data-Integration Case Study by H.M. Al Shehhi, ADCO, et al.
SPE 179058 Well-Surveillance Operations and Data Analysis in Thermal Viscous-Crude Project in Kuwait—A Case Study by Shaikha Al-Ballam, Kuwait Oil Company, et al.
SPE 183535 Implementing Fiber-Optics Distributed Sensing as a Key Surveillance Tool by S. Al Shoaibi, Petroleum Development, et al.
Technology Focus: Heavy Oil (March 2017)
Authors: Babadagli Tayfun 
Published: April 2017

Technology Focus
Over a 6-month time frame in 2016, I was able to attend three SPE conferences on heavy oil in different countries spanning three continents (Canada, Peru, and Kuwait). Despite regional differences in the applications, potentials, problems, and technological needs, the common theme in all conferences was “low cost.” Cost optimization in heavy-oil production was discussed from technical and economic perspectives, not only in the technical sessions but also in numerous panel discussions.
Such optimization can be achieved through numerical modeling to suggest general optimal strategies and development plans or by using proper real-time data acquisition (production optimization) for prompt decisions while operations are ongoing. This requires continuous monitoring of the processes as seen in many steam-assisted-gravity-drainage operations or other types of steam-injection applications. I selected two papers about advanced monitoring techniques as suggested reading in this issue.
Moreover, chemical and nanomaterial additives to water and steam have received a great deal of attention. Low-interfacial-tension (microemulsion) and low-salinity injection in heavy oils in sands and carbonates and wettability alteration in carbonates were common topics at conferences held over the past year. I selected one review paper for additional reading and one experimental work as a summary paper on this subject. Apparently, modeling efforts on advanced (but unconventional) technologies such as electromagnetic heating have continued. You will find a detailed mathematical analysis of the process in one of the papers summarized.
Despite the recent economic downturn, we were able to hear the outcome of current field practices at pilot or demonstration scale. Papers detailing small-scale cyclic-steam-injection applications in Kuwait and Oman were worth reading, and one article on this specific subject is included here. Considering these activities in the Middle East, effective transfer of technologies from North America to that part of the world will become highly critical in the near future.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 181160 State-of-the-Art Review of the Steam Foam Process by Eric Delamaide, IFP Technologies Canada, et al.
SPE 180732 An Integrated Probabilistic Work Flow for Primary and Thermal Performance Prediction of a Large Extraheavy-Oil Field by Raushan Kumar, Chevron, et al.
SPE 181431 Horizontal Steam-Injection Flow Profiling Using Fiber Optics by Mahdy Shirdel, Chevron Energy Technology Company, et al.
SPE 180726 SAGD Production Observations Using Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic and Temperature Sensing: SAGD DAS—Listening to Wells To Improve Understanding of Inflow by Warren MacPhail, Devon, et al.
High-Resolution Seismic Stochastic Inversion as a Direct Input for Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: April 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 26404, “High-Resolution Seismic Stochastic Inversion as a Direct Input for Reservoir Modeling,” by Chen Xin, Wei Xiao-Dong, Li Yan-Jing, Cui Yi, Ma Yingzhe, Yan Xiao-Huan, and Xia Yaliang, CNPC, and Wang Guan and Wang Xiaotian, China University of Petroleum, prepared for the 2016 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, Kuala Lumpur, 22–25 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2016 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
Three-dimensional reservoir models are best created with a combination of well logs and 3D-seismic data. However, the effective integration of these results is not easy because of limited seismic resolution. With the increasing quality of seismic data and wide application of new methods, high-resolution seismic-stochastic-inversion volume was used as a direct input to reduce the uncertainty of the reservoir model. Used as a direct input for reservoir modeling, this method reduces the uncertainty of the model greatly.
Introduction
A common method of reservoir modeling is the stochastic modeling method. The deficiency of this method is that it can be difficult to determine the changes between wells. In order to describe the reservoir changes between wells better, sedimentary facies and 2D-seismic attribute tendencies were used as constraints in the process of modeling. However, because every location has only one tendency value, it is difficult to describe the reservoir overlay.
Method
The work flows of this method, described in greater detail in the complete paper, essentially include three steps. The first step is target processing. Wavelet transform is applied to achieve noise elimination and resolution improvement. On the basis of the high-resolution seismic data, the second step is seismic stochastic in-version. After the process of time/depth conversion, the high-resolution 3D data from seismic stochastic inversion and well-log data were used as a direct input.
Target Processing. In the first step, a wavelet-transform method was applied to achieve noise elimination and resolution improvement. The principle of this method includes the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and nonstationary time-series analysis.
Seismic Stochastic Inversion. The algorithm of seismic stochastic inversion used in this study has the following stages:
Initially, a sequential Gaussian simulation is performed on the well data of acoustic impedance, aimed at filling the volume to be inverted.
The vertical and horizontal variograms are generated and modeled.
Each knot of the grid is revisited randomly and resimulated.
For each knot, a synthetic trace is calculated; for this, knowledge of the wavelet is needed.
The synthetic trace is generated and compared with the original trace, where the residuals are calculated on the basis of the squares sum of the difference between the original trace and the synthetic trace.
Streamline-Based Time-Lapse-Seismic-Data Integration Incorporating Pressure and Saturation Effects
Authors: Watanabe Shingo , Han Jichao , Hetz Gill , Datta-Gupta Akhil , King Michael J. , Vasco D. W. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryWe present an efficient history-matching technique that simultaneously integrates 4D repeat seismic surveys with well-production data. This approach is particularly well-suited for the calibration of the reservoir properties of high-resolution geologic models because the seismic data are areally dense but sparse in time, whereas the production data are finely sampled in time but spatially averaged. The joint history matching is performed by use of streamline-based sensitivities derived from either finite-difference or streamline-based flow simulation. For the most part, earlier approaches have focused on the role of saturation changes, but the effects of pressure have largely been ignored. Here, we present a streamline-based semianalytic approach for computing model-parameter sensitivities, accounting for both pressure and saturation effects. The novelty of the method lies in the semianalytic sensitivity computations, making it computationally efficient for high-resolution geologic models. The approach is implemented by use of a finite-difference simulator incorporating the detailed physics. Its efficacy is demonstrated by use of both synthetic and field applications. For both the synthetic and the field cases, the advantages of incorporating the time-lapse variations are clear, seen through the improved estimation of the permeability distribution, the pressure profile, the evolution of the fluid saturation, and the swept volumes.
Bioaccumulations of Heavy Metals in Ipomoea aquatica Grown in Bottom Ash Recycling Wastewater
Authors: Milla Odette Varela , Rivera Eva B. , Huang Wu‐Jang 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT:A plant bioassay using hydroponically grown Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) was applied to assess the phytotoxicity of untreated and treated wastewaters from a municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash recycling facility. The 50%‐diluted, untreated wastewater exhibited acute toxicity (plants died within 24 hours). Highly diluted doses (3 and 6%) of both wastewater types displayed no significant differences when compared with the control. Treating the wastewater through sequential physical filtration and chemical precipitation processes decreased not only the dissolved solids content but also the pH and salt content. In addition, significant accumulations of Sr, Cr, and Sn were observed in the hydroponically grown I. aquatica plant tissues; in particular, the bioaccumulation of Sr in the leaves and roots was unexpectedly high.
Glutathione‐Gated Potassium Efflux as a Mechanism of Active Biofilm Detachment
Authors: Zhang Wen , McLamore Eric S. , Wu Ruoxi , Stensberg Matthew , Porterfield D. Marshall , Banks M. Katherine 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT:Biofilm detachment often has detrimental effects such as pipe obstruction and infection, yet the detachment mechanisms underlying dispersal remain largely unknown. In this study, a stress response mechanism known as glutathione‐gated potassium efflux (GGKE) was evaluated as an active detachment mechanism in the dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) was used to activate potassium efflux proteins (Kef) associated with the GGKE pathway. This stress response mechanism was hypothesized to lead to altered cation concentration, which can potentially affect polymer bridging in biofilms, and ultimately cause biofilm detachment. Results showed the activation of GGKE by NEM exposure caused biofilm detachment without inducing a measurable change in viability, and detached biomass concentration and composition were dependent on NEM concentration. More detached biomass was observed with higher concentrations of NEM, with a trend of increasing polymer detachment. The detachment was likely resulting from a weakened biofilm structural integrity induced by bridge denaturing from GGKE activation. This study is important in understanding biofilm detachment from engineered systems such as membrane aerated bioreactors.
Exploring the perspectives of International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) on the use of program evaluation and impact assessment in their work
Authors: Yu Stan , McLaughlin Darrell 
Published: April 2017

In the twenty-first century, the call for International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs) to demonstrate their effectiveness has become popularized. This has given rise to scholarly attention examining the roles of program evaluation and impact assessment in assisting INGOs in demonstrating their effectiveness. While previous studies suggest that INGOs actively conduct program evaluation and impact assessment, this article explores the perspectives of two Canadian INGOs on how they understand, use, and experience evaluation and assessment as it relates to their work. Our study uncovers three continuing challenges: evaluation and assessment are largely descriptive and lack more sophisticated analyses; efforts to conduct evaluation and assessment are consolidated within organizations’ head offices, while staff members and volunteers are largely excluded; and evaluation and assessment remain rooted in the paradigm of quantifiable results, which do not truly reflect the nature of work being conducted on the ground. Au vingt-et-unième siècle, on veut de plus en plus que les organisations non gouvernementales internationales (ONGI) démontrent leur efficacité. Ce désir a motivé les chercheurs à se pencher sur les évaluations de programme et les études d’impact pour voir dans quelle mesure celles-ci peuvent aider les ONGI à montrer qu’elles sont efficaces. Des études antérieures suggèrent que les ONGI mènent de manière concertée des évaluations de programme et des études d’impact. Cet article explore comment aujourd’hui deux ONGI canadiens comprennent, utilisent et vivent l’évaluation et la mesure de leur travail. Notre étude relève trois défis actuels : l’évaluation et la mesure tendent à être descriptives sans offrir d’analyses plus poussées; ce sont les sièges sociaux des organismes qui gèrent l’évaluation et la mesure en excluant ainsi bon nombre de fonctionnaires et volontaires; l’évaluation et la mesure se limitent au paradigme des résultats mesurables et par conséquent elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement le véritable travail mené sur le terrain.
Third Sector and Social Media
Authors: Deschamps Ryan , McNutt Kathleen 
Published: April 2017

While social media has become a mainstay of communication in the twenty-first century, many organizations still struggle to include it in their operations. This is no less the case for organizations in the third sector. However, evidence-based practices tying social media activity to social media success are still elusive in the field. Examining the Facebook and Twitter presence of 45 Canadian organizations concerned with education, disaster relief, and environmental advocacy, the authors evaluate social media practices used by third sector organizations. Borrowing from Mark Granovetter’s (1973) work on the strength of social ties, the authors found that disaster relief organizations tended toward activities to build emotionally intense, or “strong,” relationships, while educational organizations offered more informational means to build “weak” relationships based on common interests. Environmental organizations used both strategies, but were less likely to broaden their activities beyond Facebook and Twitter. The authors propose identifying organizations’ weak-tie/strong-tie strategies as a tool for evaluating social media activity in the not-for-profit sector. They argue that co-ordinating both types of strategies is necessary for successful social media campaigns. RÉSUMÉ Bien que les médias sociaux soient devenus omniprésents dans la communication au 21ème siècle, plusieurs organisations tardent à les inclure dans leurs opérations. Ceci n’est pas moins le cas des organismes du troisième secteur. En même temps, la recherche établissant un rapport entre le recours aux médias sociaux et le succès d’une organisation demeure peu concluante. Dans cet article, les auteurs évaluent l’utilisation de médias sociaux par des organisations du troisième secteur en examinant la présence sur Facebook et Twitter de quarante-cinq organismes canadiens se spécialisant en éducation, en secours aux sinistrés et en activisme écologique. En recourant à l’œuvre de Mark Granovetter sur la puissance des liens sociaux, les auteurs ont trouvé que les organismes de secours aux sinistrés tendaient à effectuer des activités axées sur des relations intenses d’un point de vue émotionnel, donc « fortes », tandis que les organismes éducationnels avaient une approche plus informationnelle afin de construire des relations « faibles » fondées sur des intérêts communs. Les organisations environnementales quant à elles employaient les deux stratégies, mais elles étaient moins enclines à élargir leurs activités au-delà de Facebook et Twitter. Les auteurs proposent d’identifier les stratégies d’attaches faibles et fortes comme outils pour évaluer le recours aux médias sociaux dans le secteur sans but lucratif. Ils soutiennent que la coordination des deux types de stratégie est nécessaire pour réussir les campagnes de médias sociaux.
Social Enterprises in the Canadian West
Authors: Elson Peter , Hall Peter , Leeson-Klym Sarah , Penner Darcy , Andres Jill 
Published: April 2017

Western Canada has been the source of significant developments in the social enterprise sector over the past fifteen years. Among these developments one must include the formation of Enterprising Non-Profits in British Columbia, the Social Enterprise Fund in Alberta, and the Canadian CED Network in Manitoba. Underlying these more recent developments is a history of co-operative development and earned revenues by nonprofit organizations, reflecting a longstanding blend of entrepreneurship and community solidarity. This article highlights some of the more recent social enterprise developments in three Western provinces, profiling three independent cases that reflect the diversity of social enterprise activity in British Columbia, Alberta, and Manitoba, and providing the results of social enterprise sector surveys that took place in these same provinces in 2014.Depuis quinze ans, l’Ouest canadien a été la source de développements importants dans le secteur de l’entreprise sociale. Parmi ces développements, il faut inclure la formation : d’Enterprising Non-Profits en Colombie-Britannique; du Social Enterprise Fund en Alberta; et du Réseau canadien de DÉC au Manitoba. Sous-tendant ces progrès récents est une longue histoire de développements coopératifs et de revenus gagnés par des organismes sans but lucratif reflétant une combinaison d’entreprenariat et de solidarité communautaire. Cet article souligne certains des développements plus récents en entreprise sociale dans trois provinces de l’Ouest, recensant trois cas distincts qui reflètent la diversité des activités en entreprise sociale en Colombie-Britannique, en Alberta et au Manitoba, et présentant les résultats de sondages sur le secteur de l’entreprise sociale effectués dans ces trois provinces en 2014.
<b>RESTORING “MEANINGFULNESS” IN HINDU THEOLOGY: CASTE, KARMA AND OVER-SANCTIFICATION</b>
Authors: Babu (University of Saint Andrews, Scotland) Kabir 
Published: April 2017

Hinduism is one of the oldest faiths in the world. Its history is one, which to this day remains a matter of debate and deliberation, due to the lack of historical accounts and archaeological evidences. I believe that by focusing on the loss of sacredness and mean-ing in Hinduism due of Jatization of Varna, it is possible to change the discourse on caste within Hindu theology.
<b>DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS AL SISTEMA DE PROTECCIÓN</b>
Authors: Santagati (Universidade Católica Argentina) Claudio Jesús 
Published: April 2017

El presente trabajo se propone analizar las diferentes instancias por las que han atravesado los derechos humanos en su devenir iusfilosófico y doctrinal, desde su primera formu- lación como derechos naturales, hasta su actual construcción jurídico-política como derechos positivos y constitucionalizados, es decir, inscritos en norma expresa, gracias a lo cual adquieren consistencia jurídica y exigibilidad. El objeto de este recorrido procura trazar la trayectoria sinuosa que han descrito los derechos humanos desde su primera declaración hacia finales del siglo XVIII, nacidos por entonces, bajo la estricta dependencia del Estado bajo cuyos dispositivos y mecanismos tenía lugar su ejercicio, hasta nuestro presente donde asistimos a una verdadera autonomía normativa y procesal de los derechos fundamentales, resultante de aquel gradual proceso de positivización que se ha dado en el marco de lo que ya ha comenzado a definirse como “internacionalización de los derechos humanos”. Así, desde los primeros reconocimientos declarativos de derechos hasta la creación de los actuales sistemas de protección por los que éstos han alcanzado una tutela efectiva, y hasta su actual inserción en las constituciones y su promoción desde la jurisdicción internacional, se ha trazado, en el despliegue de todo aquello, una movediza y cambiante cartografía cuyos contornos hemos procurado delimitar.