bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Passivity, Hydrogen Embrittlement and Threshold Stress of Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Gojić Mirko , Metikoš-Huković Mirjana , Babić Ranko 
Published: October 2016

The electrochemical behavior of duplex stainless steel has been studied in various environments. Its passivity state was investigated in borate-buffer using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy techniques. The susceptibility towards sulfide stress cracking and hydrogen embrittlement were tested at a constant load under cathodic polarization in the NACE solution saturated with H2S and 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution containing As203 as a promoter. SEM analysis accompanied these investigations.
It is proposed that the highly protective quality of the passive film formed on the investigated duplex stainless steel may be associated with the presence of multiple oxidation states (Cr3+ and Cr6+) formed in the solid state along with (CrO42- and MoO42-) anions and the great variety of possible bridging ligand states (OH−, H2O, O2−). This leads to a significant degree of bonding flexibility and supports amorphous i.e. glassy structure of the passive film. Therefore, the stresses that would be associated with epitaxy, are easily alleviated without the creation of long-range defect structures. The investigated duplex stainless steel shows high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and sulfide stress cracking. The embrittlement index was determined to be 26%, while the threshold stress amounts to 84% of the yield strength.
Study of Stress-Corrosion Cracks, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Steel After Hydrostatic Re-Testing
Authors: Karpov S. , Korolyov M. , Sergeyeva T. 
Published: October 2016

The hydrostatic re-testing of pipelines is one of the general methods of determination of service reliability of pipes in the zones characterized by high risk of stress corrosion.
The detailed complex metal-physics studies of structural and stress-strain state of steel, as well as topography of stress-corrosion cracks, hydrogenation in fragments of pipes damaged at various stages of loading during re-testing were carried out due to the idea of “damage” of steel caused by harmful effect of increased pipes deformation.
Templates of pipes having fractures and zones with or without stress-corrosion defects were cut out for studies. It has been shown that no deterioration of mechanical and ductility properties occurs in the parts of pipes without stress-corrosion defects. No considerable changes of character and degree of cracking as well as cracks topography have been detected during various stages of re-testing.
Pipeline Integrity Design for Differential Settlement in Discontinuous Permafrost Areas
Authors: Zhou Z. Joe , Boivin Raymond P. , Glover Alan G. , Kormann Phil J. 
Published: October 2016

The NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) gas pipeline system is expanding northwards as the producers search for and find new gas reserves. This growth has taken the system into the discontinuous permafrost zone, and also into new design problems. One such problem is the structural integrity of a pipeline subjected to the settlement differentials that occur between frozen and unfrozen soils. Adequate integrity design for differential settlement is required by design codes, such as CSA Z662, but the procedures and criteria must be established by the pipeline designers.
This paper presents the methodology of pipeline integrity design for differential settlements used on a number of pipeline projects in Northwest Alberta. Outlined in the paper are the procedures, rationales and models used to: (a) locate discontinuous permafrost; (b) quantify the potential differential settlement; (c) predict pipeline stresses and strains; (d) establish strain limits; and (e) determine the pipe wall thickness to withstand those potential differential settlements. Several design options are available and are briefly discussed. For the projects mentioned, the heavy wall pipe option was identified as a cost effective design for medium to large differential settlements.
An Integrated GPS-FID System for Airborne Gas Detection of Pipeline Right-of-Ways
Authors: Gehue Hazen L. , Sommer Peter 
Published: October 2016

Pipeline integrity, safety and environmental concerns are of prime importance in the Canadian natural gas industry. Millions of cubic feet of gas are transported all over the country on a daily basis. Maintenance of this vast pipeline network is an important responsibility of transmission companies. Aging pipes, shifting terrain, difficult river crossings.... all contribute to possible leaks in the system.
Terramatic Technology Inc. (TTI) has developed an integrated GPS/FID gas detection system known as TTI - AirTrac™ (Gehue, 1995) for use in airborne gas detection (AGD) (herein as AGD unit) along pipeline right-of-ways. The Flame Ionization Detector (FID), which has traditionally (and successfully for many years) been used to monitor air quality for gas plants and refineries, has been integrated with the Global Positioning System (GPS) via a 486 DX2-50 computer and specialized open architecture data acquisition software.
The purpose of this technology marriage is to be able to continuously monitor air quality during airborne pipeline inspection. Event tagging from visual surveillance is used to determine an explanation of any delta line deviations (DLD). These deviations are an indication of hydrocarbon gasses present in the plume that the aircraft has passed through. The role of the GPS system is to provide mapping information and coordinate data for ground inspections. When possible, if a DLD is detected, a repeat pass through the area is performed in attempts to confirm the original detection. If a second detection is evident then (if conditions permit) a ground inspection is performed using the Terra Gas™ (Gehue, 1995) multi gas detector (MGD) (herein as MGD unit). The GPS receiver and data acquisition software will time and position tag all information for post mission analysis.
If a DLD is unexplained then the anomaly is logged for post mission analysis to see if it is a candidate for a pipeline leak. Additional information collected onroute (we map all potential sites of DLDs such as gas plants, stock yards, sloughs ....) is compared to the DLD location to determine if further onsite inspection is required. If so, the co-ordinates are uploaded into a handheld GPS receiver (i.e., Magellan DLX-10) and a maintenance crew dispatched to the suspect location.
The ground based inspection using a handheld multi gas detector will confirm whether or not a leak exists. If a leak is detected then the maintenance crew can take action as dictated by NOVA Gas Transmission (herein as NOVA).
The test project performed by TTI and NOVA on Sept. 8, 1995 indicated that the integrated data acquisition AGD unit was capable of detecting DLDs and attaching a DGPS coordinate to this suspect location. Additional information from the flight confirmed that the DLDs detected came from sources such as gas plants and stockyards. Field inspection by TTI staff at two locations did not confirm that the existence of the unexplained DLDs. No indication of a gas leak from a NOVA pipeline was detected.
GIS: State Monitoring Tool for Pipelines
Authors: Pallaghy Barnabás , Bartos András 
Published: October 2016

Analysis of the breakdown-statistics of the Hungarian crude and gas pipeline system dating back more than 20 years shows the main sources of the errors. In order to prevent these, we have started a vast program regarding state monitoring of pipelines by means of the common use of on-line and above-ground methodes. Related expenses are as high as 8% of maintenance costs. Manual handling and analysing of the available and continually increasing data nowadays is already insoluble.
To solve the problem, we have decided to develop an integrated information system that integrates the technical data with the up-to-date GIS applications, thus providing a wide-range application possibility for the operating staff.
Integrity analysis is supported by the system, which shows the various examination results in a comparable way, their change in time can be followed, and there is a possibility to automatically compare them sinchronously with map displaying. The system is able to receive and process the results of outer examination (for example such as of an intelligent pipe scraper), but the sinchronous transmission into outer systems is also possible.
The development of the information system and especially the input of the data into the system is possible only at great costs but the usefulness of the application and the turnover of the investment can be, even if only undirectly, proved.
Numerical Models for Static Denting and Dynamic Puncture of Gas Transmission Linepipe and Their Validation
Authors: Zarea Mures F. , Toumbas Dimitri N. , Philibert Christian E. , Deo Isabelle 
Published: October 2016

Gas transmission pipe resistance to external damage is a subject of great attention at Gaz de France and in Europe. Existing results cover part of the necessary criteria for the residual life of damaged pipelines, but more knowledge is needed on defect creation.
We propose to complement existing experimental work which is limited to the explored range of parameters by validated numerical models.
The first, simple static denting model aims at optimizing the conditions for calculating the residual stress distribution needed to assess the fatigue life of dents and dents and gouges.
The second, more complex dynamic puncture model calculates both the puncture force and the puncture energy for a given pipe, excavator and tooth geometry.
These models can contribute to enhance the external damage prevention policies of transmission pipeline operators.
Reciprocating Compressor Valve Failure: Digital Modelling and Analysis
Authors: Motriuk R. W. 
Published: October 2016

Many problems in reciprocating compressors are caused by valve failures. Usually, valve failures are diagnosed early, and the worn out parts are replaced. This requires, however, unscheduled compressor shutdowns which increase the cost of operation and possibly breach gas delivery contracts. Thus, it is essential to design valves adequate for the particular compressors and flow conditions.
In this paper, it is determined that the cause of an unusually large number of valve failures at one of the NOVA Gas Transmission Limited (NGTL) compressor stations was an inadequate valve design. It is shown that the type of valve presently used is unacceptable and should be replaced. Due to economic restrictions, however, the existing valves are modified rather than replaced.
The method used to re-design the compressor valves includes two steps: field measurements and computer digital modelling. The modelling incorporates: i) acoustic simulation of the system, ii) compressor valve dynamic simulation, and iii) simultaneous simulation of fluid solid interactions between the compressor valves, compressor cylinders and pipework. The results obtained by using models ii) and iii) are compared.
Charting a Course in the 90’s: From Field Measurement to Management Information Systems
Authors: Chudiak Greg J. , Yoon Mike 
Published: October 2016

What’s new in the pipeline industry in terms of field automation and information systems technology? What impact are these technologies having on the business environment and how will they affect the way we do business in the future? How can we leverage these technologies to support the demanding business requirements of today and tomorrow?
The paper takes a quick look back at the origin of the first field control systems and office automation. Through a chronological progression we arrive at what’s on the leading edge of information technology today.
Based upon current architectures we identify how systems are implemented and some of the issues affecting the integration of field and office information systems. From small scale compressor control systems to large scale pipeline information systems we look at the informational requirements and how systems currently implement the required functionality.
Within the business environment we examine the need for corporate-wide information access. Considering both operational and business/economic levels, we identify some of the key informational requirements for the effective operation and management of a pipeline.
Based upon a corporate-wide information access model and current business and technology trends, we present an enterprise application architecture that would meet the operational and business requirements of a pipeline company.
Finally, the paper takes at look at some of the business and management issues associated with implementing new information technology. It offers some basic guidelines on helping managers reduce the risks and ultimately deliver successful projects for their company.
Bridging SCADA Islands: A Solution for the Distribution of Information and Commands Among Geographically Separate Control Centers
Authors: Hessenthaler Bruce , Sloan P. David 
Published: October 2016

This paper describes a gas transmission pipeline company with dissimilar local control and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems that had formed over time, and the solution that was put into place to consolidate those systems. Great Lakes Gas Transmission Company (GLGT) had historically operated the pipeline from four geographically different locations with a combination of various local man-machine interface (MMI) control systems and an aging SCADA system.
As new control systems were installed at compressor and meter stations, local and corporate data acquisition needs changed. It became apparent that the existing SCADA system which telemetered a minimal set of control data could no longer support growth requirements. The decision was made to replace the old SCADA system with a new “open” state of the art architecture. As a result of competitive bidding, the Valmet OASyS (Open Architecture SyStem) was selected and installed at multiple locations along the pipeline.
Each system was connected with a Wide-Area-Network (WAN) and an application which enabled information to be shared among the locations. Operators may view information from any location along the pipeline, and may remotely control devices from authorized locations. In addition, the corporate office in Detroit, Michigan was given the capability to view information from the entire pipeline for administrative and planning purposes. The system installed at Detroit now functions as a gateway for information exchanged between GLGT’s parent companies.
Gas Quality Can Only Be Determined by a Representative Sample
Authors: Welker Thomas F. 
Published: October 2016

The Natural Gas Industry is changing rapidly. Yesterday, the producer sold to the gathering company, the gathering company sold to the pipeline company, the pipeline company sold, processed, stored, and moved the gas to the end user.
Today, the end user buys from the producer, the gatherer, pipeliner, processor, storer. All handle someone else’s gas.
There is only one way to know the quality of your product. Take a representative sample. Since everything that is done to gas changes it, you must know its’ quality as it is produced, compressed, processed, stripped, stored, and sold. This takes an analysis of that collected representative sample.
Your company’s sampling techniques determine that gas quality. The people involved and the equipment used to collect the sample, store, transport, condition, and analyze that sample all make a profound difference.
This paper will cover all of the aspects of gas quality determination and the business impacts of sampling accuracy. The issues discussed include: where on the line should the sample be taken, how should it be taken to protect its’ quality, what about transportation, D.O.T., cylinders, what happens to the gas in that cylinder, conditioning in the lab, heating, cooling, manifolds, and analyzers.
Each step in the sampling operation will be discussed, as well as the ramifications of errors involved.
This paper will also cover recent tests involving spot sampling test to maintain phase control and data from continuing test of composite samplers.
How Bulk Modulus Errors Can Affect Leak Detection
Authors: Rachford Henry H. , Wike Andrew 
Published: October 2016

Liquid pipeline operators look to leak detection systems to provide continuous surveillance of their pipelines across a wide range of operating conditions; this is particularly the case for batch pipelines.
Operators frequently anticipate that on-line transient modeling systems can satisfy this requirement, which they can, but have little exposure to the on-line measurement data requirements of such systems. There can be a mistaken focus on improving the quality of the real-time data normally available to facilitate pipeline operations, without due regard to providing the measurement data that the model needs.
Pipeline operators are normally not concerned with a detailed characterization of fluid properties, other than in the most general sense regarding the susceptibility of adjacent fluids to mix at their interface.
This paper illustrates how the lack of reliable fluid property data (specifically, bulk modulus data) can substantially impede the effectiveness of a transient model charged with the task of leak detection.
Leak Detection and Location for Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Delarue Vincent 
Published: October 2016

For legal, economic or safety reasons, gas transmission companies must look for leaks.
The most widely used leak detection method is a planned survey of the network. It can be a simple visual inspection of the pipe’s environment. It can also be done with hand held gas detectors or aboard vehicles. New methods are being developed to improve productivity. The most promising are those based on the absorption of methane in the infrared which can be airborne. The first one is based on lidars that scan the pipe and measure the backscattered light. New lasers will permit great sensitivity for gas detection. The other is a camera measuring the absorption of the light emitted by the ground.
On-line detection exists, but it is seldom used nowadays. The rare onshore applications use the data collected by SCADA systems that are processed by more or less sophisticated statistical methods. For off-shore applications, many systems are currently used: acoustic gates, echography or hydrophones. Promising new developments by many companies are under way. The first that has shown good results is based on the vibratory waves emitted by a leak. Acoustic waves can also be used.
Pipeline Management Using Networked Clamp-On Transit-Time Flowmeters
Authors: Baumoel Joseph 
Published: October 2016

Traditionally, pipeline management has been accomplished using information derived from a variety of instrumentation, such as turbine meters, pressure and temperature sensors and densitometers and viscometers. This information has been delivered to tire operating staff via a SCADA system, feeding appropriate computation and display systems.
However, there is a new pipeline management system deriving all its information from a single instrument, the clamp-on transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter. This system is capable of obtaining the same information as conventional systems, but in a more coordinated and optimized fashion.
The clamp-on transit-time system has already proven to be remarkably effective in providing more timely data, and in a form extremely useful to the operating staff. Pipeline staff can view actual operating conditions quickly, and with more insight than is available from the traditional methods. This networked system, has now been made available as either an independent system, or one which is combined with its related Pipeline Leak Detection function.
Pipeline Design Software and the Simulation of Liquid Propane/Butane - Light Oils Pipeline Operations
Authors: Peters John 
Published: October 2016

A comprehensive and integrated suite of computer software routines has been developed to simulate the flow of liquids in pipelines. The fluid properties module accommodates Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids or mixtures including corrections for changes in properties with temperature and pressure. The hydraulic model calculates pressure drop in single or looped pipelines based on the diameter, route (length) and profile data provided. For multi-product pipelines the hydraulics module estimates energy loss for any sequence of batches given the size and fluid properties of each batch, and the velocity in the pipeline. When the characteristics of existing or proposed pipeline pumps are included, location and size of pumps can be optimized. The effect of heat loss on pressure drop is predicted by invoking the module which calculates the fluid temperature profile based on operating conditions, fluid properties, pipe and insulation conductivity and soil heat transfer data. Modules, created to simulate heater or cooler operations, can be incorporated to compensate for changes in temperature. Input data and calculated results can be presented in a format customized by the user.
The simulation software has been successfully applied to multi-product, fuel oil, and non-Newtonian emulsion pipelines. The simulation and operation of a refinery products pipeline for the transportation of propane, butane, gasoline, jet and diesel batches will be discussed. The impact of high vapour pressure batches (i.e., propane and butane) on the operation of the pipeline and on the upstream and downstream facilities will be examined in detail.
Identification and Assessment of Trace Contaminants Associated With Oil and Gas Pipeline Abandoned in Place
Authors: Thome Wendy E. R. , Basso Anne C. , Dhol Sukhvinder K. 
Published: October 2016

As more Alberta oil and gas fields become depleted, attention is being given to development of economically and environmentally sound abandonment procedures. The objective of this study was to identify and assess residual internal and external contaminants associated with abandoned pipelines, particularly those to be abandoned in place. Circumstances which might increase the risk of contaminant release, and other issues relating to residual pipeline contaminants, were also identified.
It was found that there are thousands of different substances which could potentially be associated with abandoned pipelines. A wide range in the potential quantities of residual contaminants was also found. Of the issues identified, the effectiveness of pipeline pigging and cleaning procedures prior to abandonment was the most critical determinant of the potential quantities of residual contaminants. However, a number of trace contaminants, such as PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) and NORMs (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) may remain after thorough cleaning.
A brief review of the legislation and regulations from a number of jurisdictions shows that pipeline abandonment has only recently become an issue of concern. Regulations specific to abandonment are lacking, and more genera] regulations and guidelines are being applied on a contaminant-specific basis, or in terms of waste disposal requirements.