bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vocal Range of Alarm Calls in Thirteen‐lined Ground Squirrels
Authors: Brown C. H. , Schwagmeyer P. L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummarySound propagation measurements and background noise measurements were conducted to assess the optimal frequency of sounds for long‐range vocal communication in thirteenlined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). The results show that when the source and receiver are elevated above the ground 18 cm and 6 cm respectively (elevations typically achieved by erect vocalizing and foraging ground squirrels), and the amplitude of the signal matches that produced by ground squirrels, signals 4 kHz to 8 kHz in frequency are optimal for long‐range communication. This frequency region matches that of the ground squirrel alarm call. Sound propagation measurements and estimates of sound perception suggest that the effective communicative range of the alarm call is 80–100 m. Demographic data on marked squirrels indicate that over 80 % of known close genetic relatives would reside within the vocal range of alarm calls (Schwagmeyer 1979).ZusammenfassungLaut‐Reichweite und Hintergrundgeräusche wurden gemessen, um die optimale Frequenz für vokale Kommunikation über größere Entfernung beim Erdhörnchen Spermophilus tridecemlineatus zu bestimmen. Befindet sich die Schallquelle 18 cm über dem Boden (wie typischerweise beim rufenden Hörnchen) und der Empfänger 6 cm über dem Boden (wie typischerweise beim futtersuchenden Hörnchen), dann reicht ein Signal von der Amplitude eines Erdhörnchen‐Warnrufes am weitesten, wenn es zwischen 4 und 8 kHz liegt. In diesem Bereich liegen die Warnrufe, und sie sind, gemessen an der Beantwortung, 80–100 m weit hörbar. Demographische Daten von markierten Hörnchen zeigen, daß über 80 % der genetisch verwandten und einander bekannten Hörnchen innerhalb der Stimmreichweite des Warnrufes wohnen (Schwagmeyer 1979).
Courtship, Spawning and Social Organization of the Pipefish, Corythoichthys intestinalis (Pisces: Syngnathidae) with Notes on two Congeneric Species
Authors: Gronell Ann M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryPipefishes (Syngnathidae) in the coral reef associated genus Corythoichthys were observed to provide field information on social organization that is subsequently compared with previously published observations of confamilials in aquaria. A second goal was to examine the hypothesis that, due to extensive male parental care, males are a resource limiting female reproductive success. Courtship, spawning, and social organization are described for Corythoichthys intestinalis and in lesser detail for C. paxtoni. Notes are also provided on the behavior of C. amplexus. At least the first and probably all three species have a social organization based on permanent pairing and monogamy. The selective factors that may have led to this social system are discussed.Zusammenfassung

Balz und Ablaichen von Corythoichthys intestinalis bestehen aus 9 Verhaltensweisen. Abfolge und Kompliziertheit des Balzverhaltens ändern sich mit dem Heranrücken der Laichablage. Die Übertragung der Eier in den Hautsack des Männchens geschieht frühmorgens über dem Riff. Jede Laichablage endet mit dem Wackeltanz, währenddem die Eier im Hautsack festhaften. Männliche und weibliche Beteiligung an der Balz sind gleich stark.
Balz und Laichablage der Arten C. paxtoni und C. amplexus sind ähnlich.
C. intestinalis, und möglicherweise C. paxtoni, bilden monogame Paare. Obwohl die Laichablage nur alle 9–12 Tage stattfindet, veranstalten die Paare täglich zu Sonnenaufgang eine kurze Balz oder Begrüßung.
Vermännlichung des weiblichen Verhaltens kommt vor, ist aber nicht so extrem wie bei anderen beschriebenen Arten. Ein Vergleich in mehreren Familien von Riff‐Fischen, deren Männchen Brutpflege betreiben, deutet auf einen Zusammenhang hin zwischen männlicher Brutpflege und dem Grad der weiblichen Maskulinisation.
Monogamie bei C. intestinalis ist anscheinend das Resultat mehrerer Besonderheiten der Laichablage: a) Männchen können nur eine Brut Eier auf einmal tragen, b) Weibchen legen alle Eier eines Geleges gleichzeitig, c) die Periode der weiblichen Eiproduktion gleicht der männlichen Brutperiode, und d) verschiedene Paare laichen nicht gleichzeitig, so daß die Partnerauswahl begrenzt ist. Aus diesen Gründen scheint für diese Fische Monogamie das tauglichste System der Fortpflanzung zu sein.
Structural Variation in the Zebra Finch Distance Call
Authors: Zann Richard 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryThe distance calls (DC) of free‐living and recently captured zebra finches (ZF) were investigated in order to establish the extent of variation in the structure within and between individuals, colonies, sexes, geographic localities and subspecies. Most work was carried out on the Australian subspeciesP. g. castanotisin south‐eastern Australia. The calls were analysed sonographically and analysis of two frequency and two temporal parameters were undertaken. The spectral structure of the calls was also assessed subjectively. The main findings are as follows:Each individual has its own uniquely structured DC. The calls of males are more distinct than those of females.The differences between individuals are sufficiently large to expect that they could probably be perceived by individuals.The DCs differ between the sexes. The female call is significantly longer. InP. g. castanotisthe male call has two elements — a tonal element followed by a noise element; it also has fewer harmonics. The differences could be detected by ear. The Timor subspecies is thought to have lost the noise element.Adjacent colonies have DCs that are not significantly different.DCs from different and distant geographic localities are not significantly different except for a few locations where distinct local forms of the DC exist. The changing composition of colonies is thought to erode the development of dialects.The DCs of both subspecies have the same basic complex tone with the same harmonic configuration. The calls of males are of the same duration in both subspecies but those of females are longer inP. g. castanotis. The calls ofP. g. guttatahave a higher fundamental frequency, fewer harmonics and a higher emphasized frequency (FMA).The DC inP. g. castanotisis probably used to keep pairs together in the large flocks. It may also be used to detect relatives.
Reproductive Behaviour inZonocerus elegans(Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) with Special Reference to Nuptial Gift Guarding
Authors: Wickler Wolfgang , Seibt Uta 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEgglaying aggregations, mate fidelity and male and female mate choice and mating behaviour of the African pyrgomorphid grasshopperZonocerus elegansare described from the field. Several hundred males and females were individually marked at oviposition sites. Pairs remained stable over days, during egglaying and presumably also over the weeks prior to egglaying. In addition to long‐term consorting with a female, males may try to obtain inseminations by “footpad”–tactics at oviposition sites.It is suggested that prolonged consorting and repeated copulations increase the female's reproductive output as well as the male's share in it. Our data and the literature indicate that males are involved not only in rival competition but also in a “battle of the sexes” which females are likely to win. The intra– and intersexual “war on two fronts” results behaviourally in elaborate mating tactics and anatomically in highly developed internal female genitalia and male copulatory organs (well known taxonomic characters). This applies not only to grasshoppers but also to other insects and arthropods.
Blue Tails and Autotomy: Enhancement of Predation Avoidance in Juvenile Skinks
Authors: Cooper William E. , Vitt Laurie J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBlue tail coloration in hatchling skinks (Eumeces fasciatus and E. laticeps) appears to be an antipredatory adaptation that distracts attention away from the body to the tail. The tail itself serves as a decoy that may be autotomized as a final defense against capture. The effectiveness of intact tails in deflecting attacks from the body was 50% against scarlet kingsnakes in the experimental conditions used. Brightness rather than hue presumably accounts for the higher attack frequency on blue than black tails in this study, but the blue color may have evolved in response to avian predation.Repeated predation without ill effects by several predators allows rejection of the hypothesis that the blue tail is aposematic for the predators tested. The hypothesis that blue tails provide stimuli inhibiting aggression or predation by adult male conspecifics is untenable for E. laticeps because adult males readily eat intact hatchlings. Although this study provides no statistical evidence that blue tail coloration inhibits attack by female E. laticeps on hatchlings, the trend of predation rates on blue‐ and black‐tailed hatchlings is in the direction predicted for inhibition.
Changes in the Reproductive Condition of Female Gelada Baboons Following the Takeover of One‐Male Units
Authors: Mori Umeyo , Dunbar Robin I. M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryTakeover of a social unit is known to affect the reproductive condition of the females of some primate species as a result of infanticide. Gelada females, however, come into oestrus even though infanticide does not occur. Although females with very young infants do not undergo a change in reproductive state, pregnant females will usually abort their foetuses even though these may be nearly full term.Following the takeover of a one‐male unit, most gelada females show their acceptance of the intruding male quite soon after his initial approach by presenting to him, after which he mounts them. Bond formation between the new male and the females goes through a series of behavioural stages that culminate in copulation. In contrast to other species, infanticide by the new male was not observed. The former harem male remains in the unit as a follower, though without sexual access to the females. The order in which the females come into oestrus is not significantly correlated to their dominance ranks. Females with infants of 6–24 months old come back into oestrus much sooner than expected after a takeover; females with younger infants seldom come back into oestrus. Five abortions were observed following the takeover of 3 units; the females in question subsequently came back into oestrus and mated with the new male. It is suggested that females probably balance the cost of wasting the investment in an offspring against the risks of failing to bond with the new male.
Redesigning Prenatal Care Through CenteringPregnancy
Authors: Rising Sharon Schindler , Kennedy Holly Powell , Klima Carrie S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCenteringPregnancy is a model of group prenatal care that provides more than 20 hours of contact time between the childbearing care provider and a cohort of pregnant women with similar due dates. During this time, each woman has the opportunity to build community with other pregnant women, learn self‐care skills, get assurance about the progression of her pregnancy, and gain knowledge about pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Ten essential elements have been defined, which contribute to the success of this model of prenatal care delivery. These elements correspond with the Institute of Medicine's 2001 challenge to improve the quality of health care in the United States. Foundational perspectives provide potential explanations for the model's growing influence and success. Implications for clinical practice and further research to link it with perinatal health outcomes are suggested.
Inhibition of lnterleukin‐2 Production by Retroplacental Sera: A Possible Mechanism for Human Fetal Allograft Survival
Authors: NICHOLAS N.S. , PANAYI G.S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Fetal tolerance may be a consequence of a local nonspecific serum factor(s) having immunomodulatory activity on maternal cellular effector responses. Paired peripheral and retroplacental sera were collected from 15 healthy patients having elective caesarean section and the sera were studied for their abilities to inhibit the uptake of tritiated thymidine by activated lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). We found that:
Twenty‐eight percent of peripheral blood (PB) and all retroplacental sera (RP) could inhibit the MLR.
Conditioned medium (MLRS) could completely overcome the inhibition by RP sera.
Ultrapure interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) could not reverse the inhibitory effect.
Recombinant interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) (100 units/culture) completely reversed the inhibition.
Inhibition by RP sera occurred between 0 and 24 hours of cell‐cell interactions in the MLR and,
The inhibition was both on stimulator and responder cells.
Thus, factor(s) in RP sera may act to inhibit IL‐2 production at the fetomaternal interface. These findings are discussed in the context of fetal allograft rejection.
Blastogenic Response of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes From Multiparous Pregnant Ewes
Authors: RAI‐EL‐BALHAA G. , ABDULLAH A. , PELLERIN J.L. , THIBAUD D. , BODIN G. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: The immunocompetence of pregnant multiparous ewes was investigated with respect to the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes of (PBL) to three mitogens: PHA, Con A, and PWM. The profile of PBL responses shows 1) progressive suppression at 36 and 66 days of gestation, 2) enhanced response at 97 days of gestation, which approaches the mean values observed at the premating period, and 3) a redecline of the response at 137 days of gestation to depressed values lower than observed at 36 and 66 days of gestation.The results suggest that mitogen‐treated lymphocytes were depressed and that the immunodepressive factor(s), which can influence lymphocytes at the systemic level, may be involved in the maintenance of the ovine fetal semiallograft.
Bootstrap Methods for Time Series
Authors: Härdle Wolfgang , Horowitz Joel , Kreiss Jens‐Peter 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe bootstrap is a method for estimating the distribution of an estimator or test statistic by resampling one's data or a model estimated from the data. The methods that are available for implementing the bootstrap and the accuracy of bootstrap estimates depend on whether the data are an independent random sample or a time series. This paper is concerned with the application of the bootstrap to time‐series data when one does not have a finite‐dimensional parametric model that reduces the data generation process to independent random sampling. We review the methods that have been proposed for implementing the bootstrap in this situation and discuss the accuracy of these methods relative to that of first‐order asymptotic approximations. We argue that methods for implementing the bootstrap with time‐series data are not as well understood as methods for data that are independent random samples. Although promising bootstrap methods for time series are available, there is a considerable need for further research in the application of the bootstrap to time series. We describe some of the important unsolved problems.RésuméLe bootstrap est une méthode pour estimer la distribution d'un estimateur en rééchantillonnant ses données ou un modéle estiméà partir des données. Les méthodes disponibles pour mettre en oeuvre le bootstrap et la précision des estimateurs de bootstrap dépendent de ce que les données proviennent d'un échantillon aléatoire indépendant ou d'une série temporelle. Cet article concerne l'application du bootstrap aux données des séries temporelles quand on ne dispose pas de modéle paramétrique de dimension finie qui réduise le processus de génération des données à l'échantillonnage aléatoire indépendent. Nous examinons les méthodes qui ont été proposées pour mettre en oeuvre le bootstrap dans cette situation et discutons la precision de ces méthodes comparativement à celle des approximations asymptotiques de premier ordre. Nous montrons que les méthodes pour mettre en oeuvre le bootstrap avec les données des séries temporelles ne sont pas aussi bien comprises que les méthodes pour les données des échantillons aléatoires indépendants. Bien que des méthodes de bootstrap prometteuses pour les séries temporelles soient disponibles, il y a un besoin considérable de recherche supplémental re dans leur application. Nous décrivons quelques problémes importants non résolus.
The Future Direction of Statistical Training for the Promotion of Cooperation between Government and Academy
Authors: Ahn Yunkee , Nam Buhn , Kim Chul Eung 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA survey was carried out showing that the knowledge of academic statisticians about the governmental data needs to be improved. We also state the current cooperative activities between government and academy, university education program, and statistical training program by the Korean National Statistical Office. We present some suggestions to promote cooperation between academia and government.RésuméL'enquête a été effectuée et il est découvert que les connaissances des statisticiens de l'académie sur les données gouvernementales ont besoin d'être améliorées. Nous présentons aussi les activités coopératives actuelles entre le gouvernement et l'académie, le programme de l'éducation universitaire, le programme d'apprentissage pour la statistique par le Bureau Statistique National de Corée (Korean National Statistical Office). Nous proposons quelques suggestions pour promouvoir la coopération entre l'académie et le gouvernement.
The National Incidence Of Juvenile Suicide In Adult Jails And Juvenile Detention Centers
Authors: Flaherty Michael G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFederal policy currently permits children to be placed in adult jails if they are kept separate from adult prisoners. However, past research suggests that facility and staff limitations at jails often result in juveniles being held in isolation without supervision. Based upon a national probability sample, the following hypotheses are tested: the suicide rate among children held in adult jails is higher than the suicide rate among children held in secure juvenile detention centers, and the latter rate is higher than the suicide rate among juveniles in the general population of the United States.
Suicide Among Older People: Projections for the Future
Authors: Haas Ann Pollinger , Hendin Herbert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGuided by recent demographic analyses of birth cohort effects, the authors demonstrate the relationship between cohort size and longitudinal suicide rates, with reference to four particular cohorts which have entered adulthood at various periods throughout the present century. Combining this perspective with a look at projected population increases among older age groups, estimates are made of the scope of the problem of suicide among older people which is likely to be encountered during the early decades of the next century.
Suicide Attempts in Preadolescent Child Psychiatry Inpatients
Authors: Asarnow Joan Rosenbaum , Carlson Gabrielle 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a preliminary study examining the relative power of measures of perceived family support, hopelessness, and depression for the classification of suicide attempters and nonattempters in a series of 8‐ to 13‐year‐old psychiatric inpatients. Results of a stepwise discriminant‐function analysis indicated that a measure of a child's perceived family support discriminated between suicide attempters and nonattempters with an 88% accuracy rate. The addition of measures of hopelessness and depression at later steps did not lead to improved classification. The results are interpreted as providing strong support for a link between suicide attempts in children and perceptions of low family support.
What Right to Die?
Authors: Weber Walter M. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThis letter first discusses two meanings of a “right to die.” In the popular sense, the term refers to a right to refuse life‐sustaining treatment. In the strict sense, the term signifies an affirmative right to obtain death—a right to suicide.The letter then explores the legal implications of a suicide right. This right would extend to competent adults, mature minors, and probably also incompetent persons. Counselors would have to inform clients of the suicide option. Intervention to prevent suicide could trigger civil liability. Suicidal intentions would not justify involuntary commitment. Consent would become a defense to homicide.
Clinical characteristics associated with esophageal motility function
Authors: Tanaka Yoshimasa , Ihara Eikichi , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Muta Kazumasa , Fukaura Keita , Mukai Koji , Bai Xiaopeng , Takayanagi Ryoichi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:Esophageal motility disorders (EMDs) affect coordinated esophageal contractility. Recent developments in high‐resolution manometry have improved diagnosis of EMDs; however, the etiology of EMDs remains to be determined. This study aimed to determine which clinical characteristics are associated with esophageal motility.Methods:From May 2013 to July 2014, 97 patients (54 women, 43 men; age, 16–89 years) with suspected EMDs were assessed by high‐resolution manometry in Kyushu University Hospital. Esophageal motility was evaluated by measuring the distal contractile integral (DCI), basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and integrated relaxation pressure (IRP). Data on age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Brinkman Index, and blood tests were retrospectively collected and analyzed.Results:Fifty patients were diagnosed as normal, nine with achalasia, twelve with esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction, four with distal esophageal spasm, one with jackhammer esophagus, six with absent peristalsis, ten with frequent failed peristalsis, and five with weak peristalsis. The median DCI was 1229.0 mmHg‐s‐cm, the median basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure was 25.3 mmHg, and the median IRP was 9.6 mmHg. Patients with major motility disorders were excluded from analysis. By multivariate regression analysis, BMI (P = 0.029) and total cholesterol (P = 0.023) were negatively associated with DCI, while BMI (P = 0.007) was negatively associated with IRP and glucose (P = 0.044) was positively associated with IRP.Conclusions:Both BMI and total cholesterol could be highly predictive factors for esophageal body contractility, while BMI and glucose could be predictive factors for lower esophageal sphincter contractile function.