bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Conferring Protection in Children At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results from a Sibling Case–control Study
Authors: Manohar Harshini , Pravallika Madhavapuri , Kandasamy Preeti , Chandrasekaran Venkatesh , Rajkumar Ravi Philip 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBackground: Gut microflora influences neural development through complex mechanisms. Feeding practices, especially breastfeeding influence gut microbiome and thereby play a pivotal role in immune and neural development. Current understandings of the role of healthy distal gut microflora in the development of immune and neural systems provide insights into immunological mechanisms as one of the possible etiologies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies have shown that optimal breastfeeding is associated with lower odds of being at-risk for ASD and children with ASD are suboptimally breastfed. Methods: The feeding practices of children with ASD (n = 30) was compared to their typically developing siblings as matched controls (n = 30). Information regarding feeding practices was collected from mothers through a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: About 43.3% of children with ASD received exclusive breastfeeding, whereas 76.7% of their typically developing siblings were exclusively breastfed. Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower odds for ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.166; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.025–0.65), while early introduction of top feeds was associated with higher odds (OR = 6; 95% CI = 1.33–55.19). Difficulties in breastfeeding were attributed to child-related factors in 13.2% of the children. Conclusion: Children with ASD are suboptimally breastfed compared to their typically developing siblings. Exclusive breastfeeding may confer protection in vulnerable children. Further studies on larger prospective sample are required to establish the association.
Comparison of Computerized and Standard Cognitive Test in Thai Memory Clinic
Authors: Dharmasaroja Pornpatr A. , Ratanakorn Disya , Nidhinandana Samart , Charernboon Thammanard 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Background: Computer-based Thai Cognitive Test or Computer-based Thai Mental State Examination (cTMSE) was developed aiming to help doctors to easily get the accurate results of TMSE in a routine, busy outpatient clinics. The purpose of this study was to compare the evaluation process in terms of feasibility, duration of the test, participants/administrator preference, and the results of cognitive test between cTMSE and the standard Thai Mental State Examination (sTMSE). Methods: Twenty-two elderly participants (>60 years old) who were not demented and 22 patients with mild-to-moderate dementia were included in the study. All participants would be asked to have TMSE by standard method (sTMSE) and computer-based method (cTMSE), at least 2 weeks and up to 2 months apart. Scores and duration of the test were compared using dependent paired t-test. Agreement of the tests between two methods and Kappa statistics were analyzed. Results: Paired t-test showed no significant difference in scores between the two methods (mean sTMSE vs. cTMSE: 22.84 vs. 22.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [−0.465] to 0.987, P = 0.524). Percent of agreement between the two methods was 92.5%, with the Kappa of 0.85 (P < 0.001). Duration of the test by sTMSE was slightly shorter than the cTMSE (7.31 min vs. 7.97 min, 95% CI: [−1.159] to [−0.175], P = 0.09). Overall, participants liked being tested by cTMSE more than sTMSE. Conclusion: Computer-based TMSE was feasible to use and accurate for screening in aging adults and for cognitive evaluation in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia.
Using of Fresh Cadaveric Cow Brain in the Microsurgical Training Model for Sulcal-Cisternal and Fissural Dissection
Authors: Gökyar Ahmet , Cokluk Cengiz 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the feasibility of using fresh cadaveric cow brain as in a training model for microsurgical dissection of sulcus, cisterns, and fissure. Methods: Experimental microneurosurgical activities in this study were performed under the operating microscope. Bilateral sylvian cisterns, interhemispheric fissure, and hemispheric sulcus of the fresh cadaveric cow brain were used as an interested area for this experimental study. The dissection was continued reaching down to the floor of the cistern and total dissection of the middle cerebral artery inside the cisternal space. The suitability of a cow brain as a training model for sylvian fissure microdissection was evaluated as three groups; bad, good, and perfect. Results: Ten uncovered fresh cadaveric cow brains were used in this experimental feasibility study. The suitability of the experiment for training model was evaluated as bad in (1) 10% of the fresh cadaveric cow brains. The suitability was found as good in (6) 60% of the procedures. In the remaining (3) 30% of the brain dissection, the suitability of the experiment was evaluated as perfect. Conclusion: In conclusion, performing the sulcal, cisternal, and fissural dissection and protecting the neural and vascular tissue from the mechanical bruising effect of metallic microsurgical instruments are feasible as shown in this study. We believe that this training model will contribute to the practical micro-neurosurgery. Additionally, it provides adequate performance for the microsurgical intervention.
Surgically Treated Primary Spinal Cord Neoplasms in Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Chikani Mark Chukwunweike , Okwunodulu Okwuoma , Mesi Mathew , Mezue Wilfred C. , Ohaegbulam Samuel C. , Ndubuisi Chika C. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Background: Primary spinal cord tumors are not as frequently encountered as their cranial counterparts. They could present in such an indolent manner that requires a reasonable index of suspicion for their diagnosis to be considered. Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the incidence and pattern of primary spinal cord and appendage neoplasms in patients surgically treated in our institution over a decade of practice. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of clinical, radiological, and histopathology profiles of patients surgically treated for primary spinal cord tumor from 2006 to 2016 was carried out. Retrieved data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: Out of 472 spine procedures were performed within the study period 17 (3.6%) cases of histologically proven primary spinal cord tumors were identified. The age of patients ranged between 17 and 77 years with a mean age was 45 years. The male: female ratio was 1:1.1. Motor deficit and pain were the most common presenting symptoms seen in 35.3% and 29.4% of patients, respectively. Meningiomas are the most common histological diagnosis (70.6%), distantly followed by Schwannoma (17.6%). The most common location of the tumors was intradural extramedullary (70.6%). All patients had gross total resection of tumor with no perioperative mortality. Conclusion: Meningioma is the most common surgically treated primary spinal cord tumor in our setting. Surgery is associated with good outcome.
Hansen's Neuritis Revisited – A Clinicopathological Study
Authors: Jaiswal Navya , Chakraborti Shrijeet , Nayak Kashinath , Pai Shivananda , Shelley B. P. , Sreeram Saraswathy P. , Rakshith K. C. , Suresh B. V. , Misri Z. K. , Alva Hansraj , Shankar N. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Leprosy affecting the nerve solely or with concomitant skin lesions is not an uncommon condition in clinical practice. It is responsible for extensive morbidity and often poses a diagnostic challenge. This study aims to highlight the clinicopathological features of Hansen's neuritis (HN). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, cases of histologically diagnosed HN, from January 2010 to July 2017, were reviewed in the light of clinical features, treatment history, and outcome. Results: There were 18 cases of HN which accounted for 3.97% of total nerve biopsy samples (n = 453) and 0.02% of total histopathology samples (n = 81,013). The male: female ratio was 5:1 in the cases of HN. Age range was 20–79 years with a mean age of 42.4 years (standard deviation: ±14.03). Among the HN cases, there were 13 cases of pure neuritic leprosy (61.1%). Mononeuritis multiplex was the most common finding in the nerve conduction study. Six (33.3%) cases exhibited histological features of borderline tuberculoid leprosy, followed by five (27.8%) cases of mid-borderline features, three (16.7%) cases each of borderline lepromatous and burnt-out HN, and one (5.6%) case of polar tuberculoid leprosy. Lepra bacilli were detected on Fite-Faraco stain in 44.4% cases. Conclusion: Diagnosis of HN depends on astute search for skin lesions, nerve thickening or tenderness, sensory or motor symptoms, histopathological examination, and demonstration of lepra bacilli.
Het was krankzinnigheid den vuist te ballen tegen het fatum
Authors: Konst Jan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The rise of naturalism in the Netherlands and Flanders was accompanied by a growing interest in a motif that had drawn attention to itself on several occasions in earlier literary epochs: fate or fatum. At least up to the mid-20th century, this motif went on playing an important role in Dutch-language literature. It is striking in this connection that two different notions of fatum are to be found there. On the one hand, an ‘external’ fate is identified – thought of as a supernatural, metaphysical power which determines the course of events in advance. On the other hand, though, an ‘internal’ fate is postulated – a conglomerate of psychological dispositions and hereditary character traits that determine a person’s behaviour. In literary texts, it is not always easy to see whether an ‘external’ or an ‘internal’ idea of fatum is predominant. The present article investigates where the reasons for this ambivalence lie. A thematological procedure was chosen for the purpose, with Deirdre en de zonen van Usnach (1920) by Adriaan Roland Holst serving as a reference point – a novel in which the author made an explicit decision in favour of an ‘external’ idea of fate. Furthermore, two other novels are analysed: Noodlot (1890) by Louis Couperus and De waterman (1933) by Arthur van Schendel.
An overview of mesoscale aerosol processes, comparisons, and validation studies from DRAGON networks
Authors: Holben Brent N. , Kim Jhoon , Sano Itaru , Mukai Sonoyo , Eck Thomas F. , Giles David M. , Schafer Joel S. , Sinyuk Aliaksandr , Slutsker Ilya , Smirnov Alexander , Sorokin Mikhail , Anderson Bruce E. , Che Huizheng , Choi Myungje , Crawford James H. , Ferrare Richard A. , Garay Michael J. , Jeong Ukkyo , Kim Mijin , Kim Woogyung , Knox Nichola , Li Zhengqiang , Lim Hwee S. , Liu Yang , Maring Hal , Nakata Makiko , Pickering Kenneth E. , Piketh Stuart , Redemann Jens , Reid Jeffrey S. , Salinas Santo , Seo Sora , Tan Fuyi , Tripathi Sachchida N. , Toon Owen B. , Xiao Qingyang 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Over the past 24 years, the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) program has provided highly accurate remote-sensing characterization of aerosol optical and physical properties for an increasingly extensive geographic distribution including all continents and many oceanic island and coastal sites. The measurements and retrievals from the AERONET global network have addressed satellite and model validation needs very well, but there have been challenges in making comparisons to similar parameters from in situ surface and airborne measurements. Additionally, with improved spatial and temporal satellite remote sensing of aerosols, there is a need for higher spatial-resolution ground-based remote-sensing networks. An effort to address these needs resulted in a number of field campaign networks called Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Networks (DRAGONs) that were designed to provide a database for in situ and remote-sensing comparison and analysis of local to mesoscale variability in aerosol properties. This paper describes the DRAGON deployments that will continue to contribute to the growing body of research related to meso- and microscale aerosol features and processes. The research presented in this special issue illustrates the diversity of topics that has resulted from the application of data from these networks.
New approach to the retrieval of AOD and its uncertainty from MISR observations over dark water
Authors: Witek Marcin L. , Garay Michael J. , Diner David J. , Bull Michael A. , Seidel Felix C. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. A new method for retrieving aerosol optical depth (AOD) and its uncertainty from Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
observations over dark water is outlined. MISR's aerosol retrieval algorithm calculates cost functions between observed and
pre-simulated radiances for a range of AODs (from 0.0 to 3.0) and a prescribed set of aerosol mixtures. The previous version 22 (V22)
operational algorithm considered only the AOD that minimized the cost function for each aerosol mixture and then used a combination of
these values to compute the final, “best estimate” AOD and associated uncertainty. The new approach considers the entire range of
cost functions associated with each aerosol mixture. The uncertainty of the reported AOD depends on a combination of (a) the absolute
values of the cost functions for each aerosol mixture, (b) the widths of the cost function distributions as a function of AOD, and
(c) the spread of the cost function distributions among the ensemble of mixtures. A key benefit of the new approach is that, unlike
the V22 algorithm, it does not rely on empirical thresholds imposed on the cost function to determine the success or failure of
a particular mixture. Furthermore, a new aerosol retrieval confidence index (ARCI) is established that can be used to screen high-AOD
retrieval blunders caused by cloud contamination or other factors. Requiring ARCI ≥0.15 as a condition for retrieval success is
supported through statistical analysis and outperforms the thresholds used in the V22 algorithm. The described changes to the MISR
dark water algorithm will become operational in the new MISR aerosol product (V23), planned for release in 2017.
Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes over a lake: comparison between eddy covariance, floating chambers and boundary layer method
Authors: Erkkilä Kukka-Maaria , Ojala Anne , Bastviken David , Biermann Tobias , Heiskanen Jouni J. , Lindroth Anders , Peltola Olli , Rantakari Miitta , Vesala Timo , Mammarella Ivan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Freshwaters bring a notable contribution to the global carbon budget by
emitting both carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere.
Global estimates of freshwater emissions traditionally use a wind-speed-based
gas transfer velocity, kCC (introduced by Cole and Caraco, 1998), for
calculating diffusive flux with the boundary layer method (BLM). We compared
CH4 and CO2 fluxes from BLM with kCC and two other gas transfer
velocities (kTE and kHE), which include the effects of water-side
cooling to the gas transfer besides shear-induced turbulence, with
simultaneous eddy covariance (EC) and floating chamber (FC) fluxes during a
16-day measurement campaign in September 2014 at Lake Kuivajärvi in Finland.
The measurements included both lake stratification and water column mixing
periods. Results show that BLM fluxes were mainly lower than EC, with the
more recent model kTE giving the best fit with EC fluxes, whereas FC
measurements resulted in higher fluxes than simultaneous EC measurements. We
highly recommend using up-to-date gas transfer models, instead of kCC,
for better flux estimates. BLM CO2 flux measurements had clear differences between daytime and
night-time fluxes with all gas transfer models during both stratified and
mixing periods, whereas EC measurements did not show a diurnal behaviour in
CO2 flux. CH4 flux had higher values in daytime than night-time during
lake mixing period according to EC measurements, with highest fluxes detected
just before sunset. In addition, we found clear differences in daytime and
night-time concentration difference between the air and surface water for
both CH4 and CO2. This might lead to biased flux estimates, if only
daytime values are used in BLM upscaling and flux measurements in general. FC measurements did not detect spatial variation in either CH4 or CO2
flux over Lake Kuivajärvi. EC measurements, on the other hand, did not show
any spatial variation in CH4 fluxes but did show a clear difference between CO2
fluxes from shallower and deeper areas. We highlight that while all flux
measurement methods have their pros and cons, it is important to carefully
think about the chosen method and measurement interval, as well as their effects on
the resulting flux.
Modelling debris transport within glaciers by advection in a full-Stokes ice flow model
Authors: Wirbel Anna , Jarosch Alexander H. , Nicholson Lindsey 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Glaciers with extensive surface debris cover respond differently to climate forcing than those without supraglacial debris. In order to include debris-covered glaciers in projections of glaciogenic runoff and sea level rise and to understand the paleoclimate proxy recorded by such glaciers, it is necessary to understand the manner and timescales over which a supraglacial debris cover develops. Because debris is delivered to the glacier by processes that are heterogeneous in space and time, and these debris inclusions are altered during englacial transport through the glacier system, correctly determining where, when and how much debris is delivered to the glacier surface requires knowledge of englacial transport pathways and deformation. To achieve this, we present a model of englacial debris transport in which we couple an advection scheme to a full-Stokes ice flow model. The model performs well in numerical benchmark tests, and we present both 2-D and 3-D glacier test cases that, for a set of prescribed debris inputs, reproduce the englacial features, deformation thereof and patterns of surface emergence predicted by theory and observations of structural glaciology. In a future step, coupling this model to (i) a debris-aware surface mass balance scheme and (ii) a supraglacial debris transport scheme will enable the co-evolution of debris cover and glacier geometry to be modelled.
The Integrity of the Tax System after BEPS: A Shared Responsibility
Authors: Gribnau Hans 
Published: January 2018

The Integrity of the Tax System after BEPS: A Shared Responsibility
The international tax system is the result of the interaction of different actors who share the responsibility for its integrity. States and multinational corporations both enjoy to a certain extent freedom of choice with regard to their tax behaviour – which entails moral responsibility. Making, interpreting and using tax rules therefore is inevitably a matter of exercising responsibility. Both should abstain from viewing tax laws as a bunch of technical rules to be used as a tool without any intrinsic moral or legal value. States bear primary responsibility for the integrity of the international tax system. They should become more reticent in their use of tax as regulatory instrument – competing with one another for multinationals’ investment. They should also act more responsibly by cooperating to make better rules to prevent aggressive tax planning, which entails a shift in tax payments from very expert taxpayers to other taxpayers. Here, the distributive justice of the tax system and a level playing field should be guaranteed. Multinationals should abstain from putting pressure on states and lobbying for favourable tax rules that disproportionally affect other taxpayers – SMEs and individual taxpayers alike. Multinationals and their tax advisers should avoid irresponsible conduct by not aiming to pay a minimalist amount of (corporate income) taxes – merely staying within the boundaries of the letter of the law. Especially CSR-corporations should assume the responsibility for the integrity of the tax system.
Post-BEPS Tax Advisory and Tax Structuring from a Tax Practitioner’s View
Authors: Lankhorst Paul , van Dam Harmen 
Published: January 2018

Post-BEPS Tax Advisory and Tax Structuring from a Tax Practitioner’s View
The international tax landscape is changing and it is changing fast. The political perception is that taxation of multinational enterprises is not aligned with the ‘economic activity’ that produces their profits (i.e. not aligned with ‘value creation’). The perception links ‘value creation’ with ‘employees and sales’.In the BEPS Project of the OECD, the OECD attempts to combat base erosion and profit shifting and to align taxation with value creation. In this article, the authors discuss the impact they expect BEPS to have on tax advisory and tax planning. The focus goes to BEPS Actions 7, 8-10 and 13.By maintaining the separate entity approach under BEPS for the taxation of multinationals, has the OECD been forced to ‘stretch’ existing rules beyond their limits? Will the created uncertainty lead to a shift from ‘aggressive tax planning’ by multinationals to ‘aggressive tax collection’ by tax administrations? Will the role of tax advisory change from advising on the lowest possible effective tax rate to a broader advice including risk appetite and public expectations?
Srovnání ekonomiky běhu na základě příjmu kyslíku u vytrvalostních běžců na asfaltu, škváře a tartanu
Authors: Chovancová Jaroslava , Bernaciková Martina , Novotný Jan , Kalina Tomáš , Kalichová Miriam 
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare running economy (by oxygen consumption) in long distance runners on three different surfaces (asphalt, cinder and tartan). Thirty Czech long distance runners (age: 25.1±4.3 years, height: 183.2±7.4 cm, body mass: 72.4±6.0 kg, BMI: 22.5±1.4 and VO2 max: 65.8±5.2 ml∙min∙kg-1) participated in this study. We measured oxygen uptake by wireless, portable cardiopulmonary stress testing system (Oxygen Mobile, Viasys) on each surface during running at speeds: 10, 12, 14 and 16 km∙h-1. Differences of oxygen uptake were assessed statistically using parametric ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test. We found significant differences between asphalt and cinder for 12, 14 and 16 km∙h-1. Differences of average values of oxygen uptake on tartan at 10 km∙h-1:35.2±2.8 ml∙min∙kg-1; 12 km∙h-1: 41.0±3.4 ml∙min∙kg-1; 14 km∙h-1: 47.8±4.2 ml∙min∙kg-1a 16 km∙h-1: 54.2±4.9 ml∙min∙kg-1; on cinder at 10 km∙h-1: 36.2±3.6 ml∙min∙kg-1; 12 km∙h-1: 42.5±3.9 ml∙min∙kg-1; 14 km∙h-1: 49.5±5.4 ml∙min∙kg-1a 16 km∙h-1: 56.1±6.8 ml∙min∙kg-1 and on asphalt at 10 km∙h-1: 35.0±3.7 ml∙min∙- kg-1; 12 km∙h-1: 39.8±4.0 ml∙min∙kg-1; 14 km∙h-1: 46.3±5.1 ml∙min∙kg-1a 16 km∙h-1 : 53.5±4.8 ml∙min∙kg-1. The lowest values of oxygen uptake were found on asphalt surface. The asphalt is probably the most favorable surface according to energetic aspect.
Příčiny zrušení České obce sokolské 8. října 1941
Authors: Kouřil Jiří 
Published: January 2018

Our study deals with second (first radical) cancellation of the Sokol organization. We focus here on the main reasons for the cancellation of our progressive organizations from the perspective of the Nazi occupation and the collaborationist forces. In this contribution we present four main reasons for the cancellation the Sokol, of which we believe is the most fundamental cause of firs and last presented. Therefore a need for a new organization that would be in the spirit of the new system regulate and re-education our citizens (especially young people) and a resistence. Other reasons had largely to do with propaganda and vindicate its own dissolution of that organization. Whoever has the political monopoly easily find or falsifies evidence so that the result will not be what the ruling elites needs. The essential and decisive happened then the Sokol award what the ruling system criticized and fought against what innermost. Our contribution is especially a historical study, which originated the study, analysis and comparison of relevant historical literature and logical conclusions to us after consideration of the given problem emerged.