bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Horses Like Zebras, or Vice Versa? Children's Sensitivity to the Asymmetries of Directional Comparisons
Authors: Chestnut Eleanor K. , Markman Ellen M. 
Published: January 2016

Adults exhibit strong preferences when framing symmetrical relations. Adults prefer, for example, “A zebra is like a horse” to “A horse is like a zebra,” and “The bicycle is near the building” to “The building is near the bicycle.” This is because directional syntax requires more typical or prominent items (i.e., reference points) to be placed in the complement position. Three experiments with children ages 4–8 (N = 181) explored whether children share this sensitivity to directional syntax. Children of this age showed an incipient preference for framing reference points as complements. Stating, “Girls do math as well as boys,” which frames boys as the reference point for girls, may therefore actually teach children that boys set the standard.
The Role of Supply Chain Agility in Achieving Supply Chain Fit
Authors: Gligor David M. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this research was to build on Fisher's (1997) seminal article. First, it expands on the Fisher framework by empirically establishing the link between the firm's environmental characteristics and the firm's level of supply chain fit (SCF). The results indicate a negative relationship between environmental uncertainty and SCF indicating that, as the level of environmental uncertainty increases it becomes increasingly challenging to match a product's supply and demand characteristics with its supply chain design characteristics. Second, the key contribution of this research is the introduction of supply chain agility as a capability that helps mitigate the negative relationship between aspects of environmental uncertainty and SCF. Finally, this research contributes to theory development and managerial practice by exploring the complex relationship between SCF, supply chain agility, and financial performance. Developing high levels of supply chain agility and SCF requires deployment of resources for the focal firm. This manuscript provides a better understanding of how such expenditures can generate financial benefits for organizations.
Factors associated with outcome in 94 hospitalised foals diagnosed with neonatal encephalopathy
Authors: Lyle‐Dugas J. , Giguère S. , Mallicote M. F. , Mackay R. J. , Sanchez L. C. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryReasons for performing studyNeonatal encephalopathy is the most common neurological abnormality identified in neonatal foals, but its clinical course has been rarely characterised.ObjectivesTo describe factors associated with nonsurvival in a population of foals diagnosed with neonatal encephalopathy.Study designRetrospective cross‐sectional clinical study.MethodsCases were selected from equine neonatal (≤14 days of age) admissions between 1996 and 2007. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify clinical parameters, laboratory variables and therapeutic interventions associated with nonsurvival.ResultsA total of 94 foals were included in the study. Median age at admission was 12 h (range 0–96 h). The most frequently identified clinical signs included abnormal udder seeking (59%), abnormal suckle (55%), inability to stand (42%), abnormal gastrointestinal motility (37%), abnormal consciousness (34%) and seizure activity (22%). Overall, 75 (79.8%) foals survived to be discharged from the hospital and 19 foals died or were subjected to euthanasia. Variables significantly associated with nonsurvival in the multivariable model were serum total calcium concentration, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase, recumbency, number of concurrent diseases, and use of vasopressors/inotropes. The model correctly classified 92.0% of cases.ConclusionsOverall survival was good and similar to previous reports. Vasopressors/inotropes were the only therapeutic intervention associated with nonsurvival, suggesting that persistent hypotension is associated with nonsurvival in the current population. Foals with concurrent disease, high total calcium and low alkaline phosphatase at admission, and that were recumbent or required treatment with vasopressors/inotropes during hospitalisation, were significantly less likely to survive.
Echocardiographic measurements of right heart size and function in healthy horses
Authors: Decloedt A. , De Clercq D. , Ven Sofie S. , Van Der Vekens N. , Sys S. , Broux B. , van Loon G. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryReasons for performing studyRight ventricular (RV) function is scarcely described in horses.ObjectivesTo establish reliable echocardiographic measurements of right heart size and function in horses.Study designDescriptive study in healthy horses.MethodsTen healthy untrained adult trotter horses underwent repeated echocardiography performed by 2 sonographers from right and left parasternal standard and nonstandard views. Nonstandard views included a right parasternal view focused on the right atrium, left parasternal long‐axis pulmonary artery view, left parasternal long‐axis view focused on the right ventricle including anatomical M‐mode of tricuspid annular motion and left parasternal pulsed wave Doppler recording of pulmonary flow. During off‐line analysis, 2 observers performed two‐dimensional, M‐mode, pulsed wave Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and two‐dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) measurements of RV size and function. Acquisition and measurement variability were assessed by calculating coefficients of variation (CV) from one‐way repeated measures analyses of variance. The degree of variability was classified as low (CV<15%), moderate (CV 15–25%) or high (CV>25%).ResultsMost two‐dimensional and M‐mode measurements of RV, right atrial and pulmonary artery size showed low variability. The two‐dimensional, M‐mode and pulsed wave Doppler measurements of RV function showed a low to moderate variability. Right ventricular functional measurements by 2DST showed low variability, except for segmental strain rate. Right ventricular functional measurements by TDI showed a low to high variability, with a lower variability for timing than for peak measurements and a lower variability for velocity compared with deformation measurements.ConclusionsRight heart size and function can be assessed with low variability in horses.
Changes in maternal androgens and oestrogens in mares with experimentally‐induced ascending placentitis
Authors: Canisso I. F. , Ball B. A. , Esteller‐Vico A. , Williams N. M. , Squires E. L. , Troedsson M. H. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryReasons for performing studyWhile advanced stages of ascending placentitis can be diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography and clinical signs, early stages can be missed. Thus, additional tools could enhance assessment of placental health.ObjectivesTo characterise peripheral dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA‐S) and testosterone concentrations in mares carrying normal pregnancies (Study 1) and compare plasma concentrations of DHEA‐S, testosterone, oestradiol 17‐β (oestradiol) and oestrone sulphate (OES) in mares with or without placentitis (Study 2).Study designLongitudinal cohort study of healthy mares (Study 1) and controlled experiment (Study 2).MethodsIn Study 1, mares had serum samples collected from 100 days of gestation to term. In Study 2, pregnant mares (260–280 days gestation) were assigned to a control group or a group with placentitis. Placentitis was induced via intracervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus. Blood was collected at inoculation/commencement for control mares (day = 0) and daily for 12 days post inoculation (DPI) or until abortion. Steroid concentrations were determined by immunoassays. Concentrations of steroids in Study 2 were also evaluated relative to days from abortion (DFA ‐8 days to 0).ResultsIn Study 1, DHEA‐S peaked by 180 days gestation, while testosterone concentrations were progressively increased from Days 100 to 180 with a plateau until ~240 days and a progressive decline until 290 days of gestation. In Study 2, concentrations of DHEA‐S and testosterone were not significantly different between groups. There were significant effects of time (oestradiol P = 0.0008, OES P = 0.01) and time‐by‐group interactions (oestradiol P<0.001, OES P<0.0001) for oestrogen concentrations. For mares with experimental placentitis, concentrations of oestradiol were significantly reduced at ‐6, ‐2, ‐1 and 0 DFA, while OES concentrations were significantly reduced on the day before abortion (0 DFA).ConclusionsTestosterone and DHEA‐S were increased and varied through pregnancy. Oestrogens but not androgens decreased significantly in mares with experimentally‐induced ascending placentitis.
Trust and Control in Network Relations: A Study of a Public Sector Setting
Authors: Kastberg Gustaf 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study contributes to the literature by addressing the role of trust and control in public sector settings in which several organizations cooperate; its aim is to advance the understanding of trust and control in relations in which several parties are involved. The empirical study presented is a longitudinal case study of the relationships between organizational units within a municipality and a shared service center (SSC) that provides IT and administrative services. The main finding is that, compared to actors in previous studies of dyadic relationships in the private sector, actors in network relations seem to consider trust a risky option. It is less tempting to rely on a certain party when that party in turn is entangled with other parties. This situation causes a more intensive use of formal control. Another result is that increased trust between two parties might lead to more emphasis on formal control by a third party.
Changes in the Public Accounts Committee of a Less Developed Democratic Country: A Field Study
Authors: Khan Sajjad Hossain , Hoque Zahirul 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper complements prior studies on the public accounts committees (PACs) by considering the notions of ‘agency’ and ‘structure’ of institutional theory in tandem in understanding the changes in structures and activities of the PAC of a less‐developed democratic country – Bangladesh. While prior studies examined ‘external’ institutional pressures on the development and operation of the PAC in various settings, the role of internal and external institutional agents in this context has not been their primary focus. Our empirical evidence from a qualitative field study indicates that over the past two decades, Bangladesh's PAC underwent significant changes to its internal governance structures and administrative processes. While these changes were indirectly driven by pressures from international donor agencies, PAC members and the national audit office played a key role as institutional agents in initiating and institutionalising the changes in PAC governance and operation.
A Modified Soil Moisture Model for Two‐Layer Soil
Authors: Zhu Yonghua , Lü Haishen , Horton Robert , Yu Zhongbo , Ouyang Fen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThere can be marked variations in soil hydraulic properties in a soil vertical profile from the soil surface to the base of the root zone. Many existing two‐layer soil moisture (TLSM) models cannot well describe typical stratified soil profiles. A modified TLSM model is presented in this study. The modified model results and those from two existing models are compared with field observations. The modified TLSM model had the best agreement with the field observations. In both the surface layer and the root zone layer, the root mean square errors of soil moisture estimated by the modified model were smaller than those for the other models. The parameters in the modified TLSM model are relatively easy to determine. The modified TLSM model offers clear advantages over current TLSM models.
Achievements, challenges and unmet needs for haemophilia patients with inhibitors
Authors: Dargaud Y. , Pavlova A. , Lacroix‐Desmazes S. , Fischer K. , Soucie M. , Claeyssens S. , Scott D.w. , d'Oiron R. , Lavigne‐Lissalde G. , Kenet G. , Escuriola Ettingshausen C. , Borel‐Derlon A. , Lambert T. , Pasta G. , Négrier C. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryOver the past 20 years, there have been many advances in haemophilia treatment that have allowed patients to take greater control of their disease. However, the development of factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors is the greatest complication of the disease and a challenge in the treatment of haemophilia making management of bleeding episodes difficult and surgical procedures very challenging. A meeting to discuss the unmet needs of haemophilia patients with inhibitors was held in Paris on 20 November 2014. Topics discussed were genetic and non‐genetic risk factors for the development of inhibitors, immunological aspects of inhibitor development, FVIII products and inhibitor development, generation and functional properties of engineered antigen‐specific T regulatory cells, suppression of immune responses to FVIII, prophylaxis in haemophilia patients with inhibitors, epitope mapping of FVIII inhibitors, current controversies in immune tolerance induction therapy, surgery in haemophilia patients with inhibitors and future perspectives for the treatment of haemophilia patients with inhibitors. A summary of the key points discussed is presented in this paper.
Modelling Clustered Heterogeneity: Fixed Effects, Random Effects and Mixtures
Authors: Tutz Gerhard , Oelker Margret‐Ruth 
Published: January 2016

SummaryAlthough each statistical unit on which measurements are taken is unique, typically there is not enough information available to account totally for its uniqueness. Therefore, heterogeneity among units has to be limited by structural assumptions. One classical approach is to use random effects models, which assume that heterogeneity can be described by distributional assumptions. However, inference may depend on the assumed mixing distribution, and it is assumed that the random effects and the observed covariates are independent. An alternative considered here is fixed effect models, which let each unit has its own parameter. They are quite flexible but suffer from the large number of parameters. The structural assumption made here is that there are clusters of units that share the same effects. It is shown how clusters can be identified by tailored regularised estimators. Moreover, it is shown that the regularised estimates compete well with estimates for the random effects model, even if the latter is the data generating model. They dominate if clusters are present.
Gingivitis and salivary osmolality in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Santos Maria Teresa Botti Rodrigues , Ferreira Maria Cristina Duarte , Guaré Renata Oliveira , Diniz Michele Baffi , Rösing Cassiano Kuchenbecker , Rodrigues Jonas Almeida , Duarte Danilo Antonio 
Published: January 2016

AimTo investigate the influence of salivary osmolality on the occurrence of gingivitis in children with cerebral palsy (CP).DesignA total of 82 children with spastic CP were included in this cross‐sectional study. Oral motor performance and gingival conditions were evaluated. Unstimulated saliva was collected using cotton swabs, and salivary osmolality was measured using a freezing point depression osmometer. Spearman's coefficient, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsStrong correlation (r > 0.7) was determined among salivary osmolality, salivary flow rate, visible plaque, dental calculus, and the occurrence of gingivitis. The area under the ROC to predict the influence of salivary osmolality on the occurrence of gingivitis was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81–0.96; P < 0.001). The cutoff value of 84.5 for salivary osmolality presented good sensitivity and specificity, both higher than 77%. The proportion of children presenting salivary osmolality ≤84.5 mOsm/kgH2O and gingivitis was 22.5%, whereas for the group presenting osmolality >84.5 mOsm/kgH2O, the proportion of children with gingivitis was 77.5%. Salivary osmolality above 84.5 increased the likelihood of gingivitis fivefold, whereas each additional 0.1 mL of salivary flow reduced the likelihood of gingivitis by 97%.ConclusionGingivitis occurs more frequently in children with CP showing increased values of salivary osmolality.
Transmission electron microscope evidence of telocytes in canine dura mater
Authors: Xu Ting , Lu Shanshan , Zhang Hongqi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTelocytes (TCs) are a novel type of interstitial cells present in a wide variety of organs and tissues (www.telocytes.com). Telocytes are identified morphologically by a small cell body and specific long prolongations (telopodes) alternating thin segments (podomers) with dilations (podoms). The presence of TCs in rat meninges has been identified in previous research. We here present further evidence that TCs existed in canine dura mater, closed to capillary and surrounded by a great deal of collagen fibres under transmission electron microscope.
Inhibition of pre‐existing natural periodontitis in non‐human primates by a locally administered peptide inhibitor of complement C3
Authors: Maekawa Tomoki , Briones Ruel A. , Resuello Ranillo R.G. , Tuplano Joel V. , Hajishengallis Evlambia , Kajikawa Tetsuhiro , Koutsogiannaki Sophia , Garcia Cristina A.G. , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D. , Hajishengallis George 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimHuman periodontitis is associated with overactivation of complement, which is triggered by different mechanisms converging on C3, the central hub of the system. We assessed whether the C3 inhibitor Cp40 inhibits naturally occurring periodontitis in non‐human primates (NHPs).Materials and MethodsNon‐human primates with chronic periodontitis were intra‐gingivally injected with Cp40 either once (5 animals) or three times (10 animals) weekly for 6 weeks followed by a 6‐week follow‐up period. Clinical periodontal examinations and collection of gingival crevicular fluid and biopsies of gingiva and bone were performed at baseline and during the study. A one‐way repeated‐measures anova was used for data analysis.ResultsWhether administered once or three times weekly, Cp40 caused a significant reduction in clinical indices that measure periodontal inflammation (gingival index and bleeding on probing), tissue destruction (probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) or tooth mobility. These clinical changes were associated with significantly reduced levels of pro‐inflammatory mediators and decreased numbers of osteoclasts in bone biopsies. The protective effects of Cp40 persisted, albeit at reduced efficacy, for at least 6 weeks following drug discontinuation.ConclusionCp40 inhibits pre‐existing chronic periodontal inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in NHPs, suggesting a novel adjunctive anti‐inflammatory therapy for treating human periodontitis.
Comparative Analysis of Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodegradable Edible Films of Various Compositions
Authors: Dyshlyuk Lyubov , Babich Olga , Belovа Daria , Prosekov Alexander 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChemically synthesized polymeric films are widely used for packaging in the food industry, because they are easily and inexpensively produced from uniform raw materials and are both flexible and durable. A serious disadvantage of these films is that they are not biodegradable. The growth of environmental concerns over nonbiodegradable petrochemical‐based plastics raised interest in the use of biodegradable alternatives, originating from renewable sources. In this regard, the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the biodegradable films of different composition are analyzed: gelatin‐based, cornstarch and carrageenan. The films were synthesized according to the existing technologies and the following characteristics were analyzed: film thickness, mechanical properties, integral light transmission coefficient and degradation of these films in biological mediums, chemical resistance of the films and their thermal properties.Practical ApplicationsThrough the experimental data the dependences for the prediction of physical–chemical, mechanical, optical and thermal properties of biodegradable films made of vegetable polysaccharides were obtained. The new biodegradable edible materials based on specially selected combinations of plant polysaccharides were created, which will be used in the production of edible packaging materials for foodstuffs or capsule shells for targeted delivery of biologically active substances in medicine. The detection of degradation patterns of biodegradable films based on plant polysaccharides was performed in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, which can be used in the development of edible packaging materials for the food industry or capsule shells for targeted drug delivery in medicine. The optical behavior patterns of biodegradable edible films based on plant polysaccharides in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum were established with a view to provide subsequent creation of packaging materials for the food industry for long‐term storage of products.
Antimicrobial Activity of Marjoram (Origanum Majorana) Essential Oil Against the Multidrug‐Resistant Salmonella Enterica Serovar Schwarzengrund Inoculated in Vegetables from Organic Farming
Authors: Walker Jaqueline Fronza , Santos Palloma de Souza , Schmidt Cleber Alberto , Bittencourt Thereza Cristina Calmon de , Guimarães Alaíse Gil 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAntimicrobial efficacy of the marjoram essential oil (MEO) on organic vegetables inoculated with 4 log/cfu Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund was evaluated. Previously inoculated samples of smooth lettuce (Lactuva sativa), kale (Brassica oleracea) and arugula (Eruca sativa) were immersed, separately, in three MEO solutions (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5%) for 1 and 2 min. Control groups with sterile phosphate‐buffered saline and sodium hypochlorite (250 ppm) solution were also used. The enumeration of Salmonella was performed for 3 consecutive days, and the essential oil yielded an average reduction in microbial load, ranging from 2.12–3.31 log/cfu, in all samples, against 1.86 − 2.81 log/cfu obtained by the traditional disinfection method with hypochlorite solution. In lettuce samples, the 0.5% MEO concentration showed similar efficacy to the hypochlorite control. The same concentration of essential oil tested in kale and arugula showed significant antimicrobial activity when compared to the same control. Sensory and affective tests showed good acceptability of the MEO flavor on lettuce leaves. According to this experimental model, this oil has promising antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund and may be used to reduce or replace sodium hypochlorite during the disinfection process of vegetables.Practical ApplicationsThe marjoram essential oil at 0.5% concentration showed potential application in the disinfection process of vegetables for human consumption. Its disinfection capacity against a high concentration of multidrug‐resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund was similar or even better than the sodium hypochlorite solution commonly used to remove or reduce the microbial load of fresh vegetables or similar foods.