bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foot and Ankle Function at Maturity After Ilizarov Treatment for Atrophic-Type Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia
Authors: Seo Sang Gyo , Lee Dong Yeon , Kim Yeon Soo , Yoo Won Joon , Cho Tae-Joon , Choi In Ho 
Published: March 2016

Background:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and the biomechanical function of the foot and ankle at skeletal maturity of patients treated for atrophic-type congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) compared with healthy young adult controls.

Methods:
Twenty-four patients (mean age of 19.1 years) who had undergone Ilizarov treatment for unilateral atrophic-type CPT were compared with twenty-four controls (mean age of 19.6 years). All participants were evaluated using validated outcome questionnaires, radiographs, physical examination, instrumented motion analysis including a multisegmental foot model, and pedobarographic measurement.

Results:
Within the CPT group, the mean score of the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scale was 89.9 (range, 76 to 100), and the mean score of the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire (OAFQ) was 42.8 (range, 15 to 60). Motion analysis and pedobarographic measurement showed differences in biomechanical function of the foot and ankle on the side affected by CPT: a slower walking speed due to the short stride length; decreased dorsiflexion in hallux motion; increased hindfoot pronation in the presence of forefoot supination; diminished ankle push-off power; delayed time to heel-rise; and decreased forefoot pressure relative to hindfoot pressure. However, sagittal motion of the hindfoot and forefoot on the affected side was relatively well preserved. Subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant differences in terms of clinical outcome scores and most biomechanical parameters between the tibiofibular synostosis group and the intact-fibula group.

Conclusions:
Children with atrophic-type CPT can obtain satisfactory foot and ankle function at maturity after successful Ilizarov treatment. Early stabilization of the ankle mortise by fibular stabilization and preservation of ankle mobility during and after treatment is thought to be crucial to maintaining function of the ankle in patients with CPT.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
FORMING CHONDRITES IN A SOLAR NEBULA WITH MAGNETICALLY INDUCED TURBULENCE
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Turner Neal J. , Masiero Joseph , Wakita Shigeru , Matsumoto Yuji , Oshino Shoichi 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Chondritic meteorites provide valuable opportunities to investigate the origins of the solar system. We explore impact jetting as a mechanism of chondrule formation and subsequent pebble accretion as a mechanism of accreting chondrules onto parent bodies of chondrites, and investigate how these two processes can account for the currently available meteoritic data. We find that when the solar nebula is ≤5 times more massive than the minimum-mass solar nebula at a ≃ 2–3 au and parent bodies of chondrites are ≤1024 g (≤500 km in radius) in the solar nebula, impact jetting and subsequent pebble accretion can reproduce a number of properties of the meteoritic data. The properties include the present asteroid belt mass, the formation timescale of chondrules, and the magnetic field strength of the nebula derived from chondrules in Semarkona. Since this scenario requires a first generation of planetesimals that trigger impact jetting and serve as parent bodies to accrete chondrules, the upper limit of parent bodies’ masses leads to the following implications: primordial asteroids that were originally ≥1024 g in mass were unlikely to contain chondrules, while less massive primordial asteroids likely had a chondrule-rich surface layer. The scenario developed from impact jetting and pebble accretion can therefore provide new insights into the origins of the solar system.
MAGNETIC FIELD AND WIND OF KAPPA CETI: TOWARD THE PLANETARY HABITABILITY OF THE YOUNG SUN WHEN LIFE AROSE ON EARTH
Authors: do Nascimento, Jr. J.-D. , Vidotto A. A. , Petit P. , Folsom C. , Castro M. , Marsden S. C. , Morin J. , Mello G. F. Porto de , Meibom S. , Jeffers S. V. , Guinan E. , Ribas I. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We report magnetic field measurements for κ
1 Cet, a proxy of the young Sun when life arose on Earth. We carry out an analysis of the magnetic properties determined from spectropolarimetric observations and reconstruct the large-scale surface magnetic field to derive the magnetic environment, stellar winds, and particle flux permeating the interplanetary medium around

Cet. Our results show a closer magnetosphere and mass-loss rate of

, i.e., a factor of 50 times larger than the current solar wind mass-loss rate, resulting in a larger interaction via space weather disturbances between the stellar wind and a hypothetical young-Earth analogue, potentially affecting the planet’s habitability. Interaction of the wind from the young Sun with the planetary ancient magnetic field may have affected the young Earth and its life conditions.
RADIOASTRON OBSERVATIONS OF THE QUASAR 3C273: A CHALLENGE TO THE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE LIMIT
Authors: Kovalev Y. Y. , Kardashev N. S. , Kellermann K. I. , Lobanov A. P. , Johnson M. D. , Gurvits L. I. , Voitsik P. A. , Zensus J. A. , Anderson J. M. , Bach U. , Jauncey D. L. , Ghigo F. , Ghosh T. , Kraus A. , Kovalev Yu. A. , Lisakov M. M. , Petrov L. Yu. , Romney J. D. , Salter C. J. , Sokolovsky K. V. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Inverse Compton cooling limits the brightness temperature of the radiating plasma to a maximum of 1011.5 K. Relativistic boosting can increase its observed value, but apparent brightness temperatures much in excess of 1013 K are inaccessible using ground-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) at any wavelength. We present observations of the quasar 3C 273, made with the space VLBI mission RadioAstron on baselines up to 171,000 km, which directly reveal the presence of angular structure as small as 26 μas (2.7 light months) and brightness temperature in excess of 1013 K. These measurements challenge our understanding of the non-thermal continuum emission in the vicinity of supermassive black holes and require a much higher Doppler factor than what is determined from jet apparent kinematics.
Gout Prophylaxis Evaluated According to the 2012 American College of Rheumatology Guidelines: Analysis from the CORRONA Gout Registry
Authors: Schlesinger Naomi , Etzel Carol J. , Greenberg Jeff , Kremer Joel , Harrold Leslie R. 
Published: March 2016

Objective.To analyze prophylaxis using the CORRONA (COnsortium of Rheumatology Researchers Of North America) Gout Registry according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines, and to evaluate whether differences in disease characteristics influenced prophylaxis.Methods.All patients with gout in the CORRONA Gout Registry between November 1, 2012, and November 26, 2013, were included. They were divided into 2 groups: “receiving prophylaxis” versus “not receiving prophylaxis” at the time of enrollment. Patients having a flare at time of visit were excluded. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the factors associated with prophylaxis.Results.There were 1049 patients with gout available for analysis. There were 441 patients (42%) receiving prophylaxis and 608 (58%) not receiving prophylaxis. The most common drugs used for prophylaxis were colchicine (78%) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (32%). Prophylaxis drug combination was used by 45 patients (10.2%). Patients in the “receiving prophylaxis” group were more likely to have a gout duration of ≤ 1 year (n = 68, p < 0.001), ≥ 1 flare in the year previous to enrollment (p < 0.001), ≥ 1 healthcare uses in the last year [Emergency Department (p = 0.029); outpatient visit to primary care, rheumatologist, or urgent care clinic (p < 0.001)], have tophi (p < 0.001), report pain > 3 (p = 0.001), and have disease activity > 10 (p < 0.001) compared with patients in the “not receiving prophylaxis” group.Conclusion.Forty-two percent of patients with gout in the CORRONA Gout Registry were receiving prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was significantly more common in patients with a higher disease burden and activity, which is in agreement with the ACR guidelines. Our study highlights disease characteristics influencing prophylaxis and furthers our knowledge on current use of flare prophylaxis.
Inflammatory Cells in Patients with Endstage Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comparison between the Synovium and the Infrapatellar Fat Pad
Authors: Klein-Wieringa Inge R. , de Lange-Brokaar Badelog J.E. , Yusuf Erlangga , Andersen Stefan N. , Kwekkeboom Joanneke C. , Kroon Herman M. , van Osch Gerjo J.V.M. , Zuurmond Anne-Marie , Stojanovic-Susulic Vedrana , Nelissen Rob G.H.H. , Toes René E.M. , Kloppenburg Margreet , Ioan-Facsinay Andreea 
Published: March 2016

Objective.To get a better understanding of inflammatory pathways active in the osteoarthritic (OA) joint, we characterized and compared inflammatory cells in the synovium and the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) of patients with knee OA.Methods.Infiltrating immune cells were characterized by flow cytometry in 76 patients with knee OA (mean age 63.3, 52% women, median body mass index 28.9) from whom synovial tissue (n = 40) and IFP (n = 68) samples were obtained. Pain was assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS; 0–100 mm). Spearman rank correlations and linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and age were performed.Results.Macrophages and T cells, followed by mast cells, were the most predominant immune cells in the synovium and IFP, and were equally abundant in these tissues. Macrophages and T cells secreted mostly proinflammatory cytokines even without additional stimulation, indicating their activated state. Accordingly, most CD4+ T cells had a memory phenotype and contained a significant population of cells expressing activation markers (CD25+, CD69+). Interestingly, the percent of CD69+ T cells was higher in synovial than IFP CD4+ T cells. Preliminary analyses indicated that the number of synovial CD4+ T cells were associated with VAS pain (β 0.51, 95% CI 0.09–1.02, p = 0.02).Conclusion.Our data suggest that the immune cell composition of the synovium and the IFP is similar, and includes activated cells that could contribute to inflammation through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, preliminary analyses indicate that synovial CD4+ T cells might associate with pain in patients with endstage OA of the knee.
Inactive Disease in Enthesitis-related Arthritis: Association of Increased Body Mass Index
Authors: Makay Balahan , Gücenmez Özge Altuğ , Ünsal Erbil 
Published: March 2016

Objective.Patients with enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) were less likely to achieve and sustain inactive disease than children with other subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increased body mass index (BMI) on clinical features of the disease and to investigate whether being overweight or obese limits the possibility of achieving clinically inactive disease in patients with ERA.Methods.The hospital charts of 72 patients with ERA were reviewed. Demographic and clinical findings were recorded. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had “healthy weight” (BMI < 85th percentile) or “increased weight” (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) at baseline. The primary outcome of this study was to achieve inactive disease at 1 year after the initiation of therapy. The inactive disease criterion of Wallace,et alwas used to define inactive disease status.Results.Twenty patients had increased BMI. The frequency of tarsitis and ankle involvement was higher in patients with increased weight. Thirty-seven patients were inactive at the end of 1 year. In univariate analyses, male sex, increased BMI, ankle involvement, and tarsitis were found to be associated with failure to achieve inactive disease. Multivariate backward stepwise regression analyses revealed that failure to achieve clinically inactive disease was associated with increased BMI and ankle involvement.Conclusion.Being overweight or obese was associated with failure to achieve inactive disease in patients with ERA. Because body weight is a modifiable factor, individualized interventions may have clinical implications for better therapeutic outcome.
India in Africa: Trade goods and connections of the late first millennium
Authors: Hawkes Jason D. , Wynne-Jones Stephanie 
Published: March 2016

Archaeological approaches to the study of Indian Ocean connections tend to focus on “foreign” objects that appear in different contexts. In East Africa, these objects are found at settlements on what would become the Swahili coast, and they show that these settlements were linked to Indian Ocean networks from as early as the 7th century AD. The limited quantities of these remains mean that these earliest connections are difficult to see; they become much easier to identify from the 11th century onwards, when the largest numbers of goods are known. Yet our ability to trace these earliest connections is not only affected by the amount of evidence at our disposal. The ways that archaeologists have approached this topic have been dominated by historical paradigms that focus on the Persian Gulf and the agency of Arab merchants and consider Indian Ocean connections primarily in terms of trade. This article reviews the ways that this commercial emphasis creates a particular way of thinking in archaeological scholarship and discusses the fact that within this framework connections between India and Africa are poorly accounted for. It then turns to think about traces of these connections in the archaeology of the 7th to 10th centuries in both of these regions. Drawing on the strengths of archaeology in thinking through the meaning and use of material objects, it explores the ways in which a variety of artefact categories evoke a number of different types of connections between the people of India and Africa across the Indian Ocean.
Records of unsuccessful attack byAnoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on broadleaf trees of questionable suitability in Canada
Authors: Turgeon Jean J. , Jones Chuck , Smith Michael T. , Orr Mary , Scarr Taylor A. , Gasman Ben 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDiscovery of the non-nativeAnoplophora glabripennisMotschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ontario, Canada, in 2003 led to the implementation of an eradication programme. The plan consisted of removing all infested trees and all trees belonging to a genus considered suitable for complete development of this wood-borer that were found within 400 m of an infested tree; however, many of the trees within that 400 m belonged to genera for which suitability for development ofA. glabripenniswas questionable or unknown. We visually inspected over 3000 such trees annually for the three years following removal of infested trees. All but one tree were unattacked: an ash (Fraxinus excelsiorLinnaeus (Oleaceae)) tree had signs of oviposition and early-instar development, but not of adult emergence. Before that survey, we had found only one other species with questionable suitability, a little leaf linden (Tilia cordata Miller (Malvaceae)) that had many signs of oviposition, but no evidence of full development, suggesting resistance toA. glabripennis. Both of these trees were within 200 m of the most heavily infested maple (Acer platanoidesLinnaeus (Sapindaceae)) tree found in that infestation, suggesting that colonisation of trees with questionable or unknown suitability might occur mostly where population pressure is high.
A Semi-Lagrangian Approach for Dilute Non-Collisional Fluid-Particle Flows
Authors: Bernard-Champmartin Aude , Braeunig Jean-Philippe , Fochesato Christophe , Goudon Thierry 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe develop numerical methods for the simulation of laden-flows where particles interact with the carrier fluid through drag forces. Semi-Lagrangian techniques are presented to handle the Vlasov-type equation which governs the evolution of the particles. We discuss several options to treat the coupling with the hydrodynamic system describing the fluid phase, paying attention to strategies based on staggered discretizations of the fluid velocity.
Development of a Combined Compact Difference Scheme to Simulate Soliton Collision in a Shallow Water Equation
Authors: Yu Ching-Hao , Sheu Tony Wen-Hann 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this paper a three-step scheme is applied to solve the Camassa-Holm (CH) shallow water equation. The differential order of the CH equation has been reduced in order to facilitate development of numerical scheme in a comparatively smaller grid stencil. Here a three-point seventh-order spatially accurate upwinding combined compact difference (CCD) scheme is proposed to approximate the firstorder derivative term. We conduct modified equation analysis on the CCD scheme and eliminate the leading discretization error terms for accurately predicting unidirectional wave propagation. The Fourier analysis is carried out as well on the proposed numerical scheme to minimize the dispersive error. For preserving Hamiltonians in Camassa- Holm equation, a symplecticity conserving time integrator has been employed. The other main emphasis of the present study is the use of u–P–α formulation to get nondissipative CH solution for peakon-antipeakon and soliton-anticuspon head-on wave collision problems.
Sull’idronimo Dragonja/Dragogna
Authors: Furlan Metka 
Published: March 2016

Benché il nome per il fiume Dragogna fosse stato attestato come Argaone < indoeuropeo *H2erg’eH2ion- già nel VII secolo da Anonymus di Ravenna, questa forma è solo indirettamente collegabile alla forma contemporanea dell’idronimo sloveno Draginja, croato Dragonja, italiano Dragogna. Dopo che la base fu assunta dal substrato dagli Istriani parlanti il romanzo nella probabile forma iniziale Argaone e fu inclusa, nel X secolo, nello sviluppo fonetico veneto in *Argone (seguendo il tipo taola > tola), l’idronimo fu transonimizzato e fu usato anche per designare il Golfo di Pirano (Largone, Largon, Laron, Largom). A causa dell’omonimia microareale *Argone ‘fiume Dragogna, Golfo di Pirano’, per il fiume, si è iniziato a usare il sintagma *fiume d’Argone, il che ha causato l’agglutinazione in *Dargone. Poiché durante i periodi di forti piogge la Dragogna spesso inondava i dintorni, la forma idronimica soprammenzionata fu associata dagli abitanti della zona del Dragogna a draghi/dragoni quali agenti di devastanti inondazioni. Al livello linguistico, ciò si riflette dapprima con la metatesi *Dargone → *Dragone dovuta all’influsso dell’italiano dragone, quindi con la trasformazione morfologica *Dragone in Dragogna *‘zona (= fiume) di dragoni’ (del tipo vigna ‘vigneto’ < *‘zona di viti’). In sloveno e in croato l’idronimo Dragonja ha quindi un’origine recente nella forma Dragogna, appartenente all’adstrato istroveneto. L’ipotesi di Ramovš che quest’idronimo sloveno-croato originasse dal substrato e che riflettesse la metatesi delle liquide slava era foneticamente errata, poiché tale sostituto, in sloveno o in croato, dovrebbe avere la forma **Dragin ovvero **Draginja.
Multiple sclerosis--Part 2. Treatment strategies
Authors: Olek Michael J 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Because it is a chronic, relapsing or progressive disease, multiple sclerosis has an unpredictable clinical course generally spanning 10 to 20 years. During that time, neurologic disability is cumulative. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of a given mode of treatment in an individual patient. This second part of a two-part series reviews current and emerging modes of therapy for multiple sclerosis. Future treatment directions in multiple sclerosis will require a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Future therapeutic modalities will also rely on more accurate clinical markers, such as improved magnetic resonance imaging techniques or specific immune markers to follow the disease progression. Part 1 of this series appearing in the November 1999 issue of JAOA included several sections on multiple sclerosis, including an overview, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and clinical parameters.
Rule of Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity Balance in Membrane‐Disrupting Antimicrobial Activity of Polyalkylamino Cyclodextrins Synthesized via Click Chemistry
Authors: Yamamura Hatsuo , Miyagawa Atsushi , Sugiyama Hiroki , Murata Kensuke , Mabuti Takahiro , Mitsuhashi Ryogo , Hagiwara Tatsuya , Nonaka Miho , Tanimoto Koichi , Tomita Haruyoshi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEmergence of drug‐resistant bacterial pathogens and the concurrent demand for new antibiotics has led to membrane‐active antimicrobial cyclodextrin (CD) development. CDs contain polyalkylamino groups; molecule polyfunctionalization was achieved via a click reaction. A survey using CDs with systematically varied functionalities clarified the unique correlation of their antimicrobial activity with the molecules’ hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance. The optimum hydrophobicity of the membrane‐active molecule was specific to bacterial strains and animal cells, leading to selective toxicity against bacteria including multidrug‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrate that CDs have a good molecular scaffold to pursue rationally designed structures with a desired activity for new antibiotic development.
Effect of Core Flow Inlet Swirl Angle on Performance of Lobed Mixing Exhaust System
Authors: Xie Y. , Zhong C. , Ruan D.-F. , Liu K. , Zheng B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGeometric model of a lobed mixing exhaust system is created and its flow field is simulated by using the steady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations under the condition of different core flow inlet swirl angles. According to the numerical simulation results, due to the guidance effect of the lobe parallel side wall, the structure and vorticity of streamwise vortices change little near the lobe exit with inlet swirl angle, and it is the same with the thermal mixing efficiency. As the flow develops, although the inlet swirl angle has limited influence on the streamwise vorticity, it greatly affects the structure of streamwise vortices. It causes the thermal mixing efficiency to increase with the swirl angle. As for the total pressure recovery coefficient, it falls slightly when the inlet swirl strengthens. At the nozzle exit, the total pressure recovery coefficient of CFISA = 30° model is 0.5% lower than CFISA = 0° model. Moreover, as the inlet swirl strengthens, the thrust fall of lobed mixing exhaust system gradually accelerates, especially when the inlet swirl angle is over 15°.
A longitudinal qualitative case study of change in nonprofits: Suggesting a new approach to the management of change
Authors: Rosenbaum David , More Elizabeth , Steane Peter 
Published: March 2016

AbstractExisting change management models have been developed from research undertaken largely within the for-profit sector, with little reference to the unique challenges of the nonprofit sector. This article identifies a number of characteristics of change management that may be unique to the nonprofit sector. The research sought to understand change from the perspective of those within the sector who experienced it using Grounded Theory in a rich single case study as the methodology, applying an inductive reasoning approach to the development of theory. Results point to the impact of four key characteristics that require a more substantial focus in planned change models when applied to nonprofits. These include formal reflection for change agents and change recipients, development of trust, and confidence in the organisation before the actual change, focussing on the individual experience of change, and the sequencing of events from a planning perspective.