bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radio-anatomical Study of the Greater Palatine Canal and the Pterygopalatine Fossa in a Lebanese Population: A Consideration for Maxillary Nerve Block
Authors: Aoun Georges , Nasseh Ibrahim , Sokhn Sayde 
Published: September 2016

Aim:The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the component, greater palatine canal-pterygopalatine fossa (GPC-PPF), in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology.Materials and Methods:CBCT images of 79 Lebanese adult patients (38 females and 41 males) were included in this study, and a total of 158 cases were evaluated bilaterally. The length and path of the GPCs-PPFs were determined, and the data obtained analyzed statistically.Results:In the sagittal plane, of all the GPCs-PPFs assessed, the average length was 35.02 mm on the right and 35.01 mm on the left. The most common anatomic path consisted in the presence of a curvature resulting in an internal narrowing whose average diameter was 2.4 mm on the right and 2.45 mm on the left. The mean diameter of the upper opening was 5.85 mm on the right and 5.82 mm on the left. As for the lower opening corresponding to the greater palatine foramen, the right and left average diameters were 6.39 mm and 6.42 mm, respectively.Conclusion:Within the limits of this study, we concluded that throughout the Lebanese population, the GPC-PPF path is variable with a predominance of curved one (77.21% [122/158] in both the right and left sides); however, the GPC-PPF length does not significantly vary according to gender and side.
Two-Level Defect-Correction Method for Steady Navier-Stokes Problem with Friction Boundary Conditions
Authors: Liu An , Li Yuan , An Rong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we present two-level defect-correction finite element method for steady Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds number with the friction boundary conditions, which results in a variational inequality problem of the second kind. Based on Taylor-Hood element, we solve a variational inequality problem of Navier-Stokes type on the coarse mesh and solve a variational inequality problem of Navier-Stokes type corresponding to Newton linearization on the fine mesh. The error estimates for the velocity in the H1 norm and the pressure in the L2 norm are derived. Finally, the numerical results are provided to confirm our theoretical analysis.
Morphometric evaluation of dural venous sinuses: anatomical study with its implications in surgical interventions
Authors: Thamke S. , Kalra S. , Khandelwal A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Knowledge of the normal anatomical variations of venous sinuses is important for clinicians and radiologist for investigations and diagnosing various pathologies of dural venous sinuses like thrombosis, embolism and fistula etc. The detailed morphometric study of dural venous sinuses is missing in academic literature. Although few radiological studies have been done in the past but direct anatomical proof in the form of cadaveric study of dural venous sinuses is not available in the literature. Methods: The present study involved the examination of superior sagittal sinus, sigmoid sinus, transverse sinus, straight sinus and occipital sinus in 12 dura maters of formaldehyde fixed cadavers. The length and width (at midpoint and near confluences) of these sinuses and width of confluences were measured with venire callipers. Results: Some remarkable findings were observed in this study. It was established that the width of torcular herophilus is directly proportional to length of superior sagittal sinus and is also directly proportional to length of right sigmoid sinus. Torcular herophilus is situated away from right sigmoid sinus with intervening right transverse sinus and still its width is directly proportional to length of right sigmoid sinus. Also it was observed that the length of straight sinus was directly proportional to length of right transverse sinus. Right sigmoid sinus is a continuation of right transverse sinus but its width increases with increase in width of left transverse sinus. Length of left sigmoid sinus was directly proportional to length of right but width of left sigmoid sinus and vice a versa. Width of left sigmoid sinus is directly proportional to the length of right and left sigmoid sinus. Conclusion: It is extrapolated that this study will be valuable to neurosurgeons for preoperative planning and clinicians and radiologist to prevent misdiagnosis.
Histo-morphological study of a giant Meckel's diverticulum with gastric type of mucosa
Authors: Nayak B. , Shetty P. , Sirasanagandla S. , Kumar N. , Aithal A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Meckel's diverticulum or ileal diverticulum is one of the common congenital anomalies of the digestive system. It may not cause any problems in many, but may form serious life threatening complications in a few. Materials and Methods: We conducted a histo-morphological study of a giant Meckel's diverticulum found during cadaveric dissections of a South Indian adult male cadaver. The diverticulum was 7.5 cm long and had a circumference of 1.5 cm. Results: Gross anatomical and histological observations revealed healthy nature of the diverticulum without any inflammation. However, the mucosa had gastric type of glands with plenty of parietal cells. This incidence of Meckel's diverticulum was noted in only one cadaver among more than 100 cadavers dissected in the past twenty years. Conclusion: Knowledge of its morphological features may be very useful to surgeons, radiologists and gastroenterologists. We discuss the clinical importance of the diverticulum and review the relevant literature in this manuscript.
Kierkegaard Talking Down Schopenhauer:The Sunset Limitedas a Philosophical Dialogue
Authors: Wyllie Robert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCormac McCarthy's minimalist 2006 “novel in dramatic form,” The Sunset Limited, revives an ancient genre—philosophical dialogue. In the book, a born-again Christian ex-convict, Black, searches for reasons to convince a misanthropic professor, White, not to kill himself. Black's faith, White's despair, and their open-ended Socratic dialogue all reflect the influence of Søren Kierkegaard upon McCarthy. White, the suicidal ascetic, consistently extends what Kierkegaard once called “the most fearful” philosophy of all—Arthur Schopenhauer's pessimism. Can ordinary American Christianity refute this systematic Schopenhauerian despair? Taking cues from Kierkegaard, The Sunset Limited stages a dark and inconclusive philosophical dialogue.
Activation of systemic acquired resistance in citrus to control huanglongbing disease
Authors: Bagio Thiago Zanoni , Canteri Marcelo Giovanetti , Barreto Thales Pereira , Leite Júnior Rui Pereira 
Published: September 2016

<p class="Pa7"><span lang="EN-US">Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive citrus disease and occurs in the major citrus producing areas around the world. In Brazil, HLB is associated with the bacteria ‘<em>Candidatus’ </em>Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and ‘<em>Candidatus</em>’ Liberibacter americanus (CLam). CLas is the most aggressive and widespread species of the HLB bacteria. Currently, there is no curative control measure for this disease, and the eradication of diseased trees and control of the insect vector are the basic management measures for HLB. The search for other measures with higher efficiency and lower economic and environmental impacts for control of HLB has become a research priority. The use of chemicals that activate plant resistance mechanisms is a novel method for disease control. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the use of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers for control of HLB. Nursery trees of Valencia sweet orange (<em>Citrus sinensis </em>(L.) Osbeck) grafted on Rangpur lime (<em>Citrus limonia </em>Osbeck) were inoculated with CLas by bud grafting technique using diseased material from HLB citrus trees, seven days after the first treatment with the SAR inducers, under greenhouse conditions. The SAR inducers imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxan (TMX), or acibenzolar-<em>S</em>-methyl (ASM), as well as the combination of ASM with IMI or TMX, were applied as soil drench. The nursery trees were evaluated according to the presence of HLB symptoms and the bacterium in leaf tissue. The presence of CLas was determined by using the PCR technique, at 120, 180, 240, and 300 days after the HLB bacterium inoculation. The first symptoms of HLB were observed on mature leaves of the check citrus trees 60 days before these symptoms were observed on trees treated with the SAR inducers. Two years after inoculation, 67% fewer citrus trees with HLB symptoms were observed for the ASM + TMX treated trees as compared to the check ones. Citrus trees treated with IMI, TMX, or ASM also provided lower levels of PCR-detected HLB bacterium compared to the untreated trees. </span></p>
Linking Psychological Empowerment to Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Investigating the Mediating Effect of Organizational Trust
Authors: Alajmi Sanad A. 
Published: September 2016

<p>The main purpose of this research is to examine the influence of psychological empowerment and organizational trust on job satisfaction and organizational commitment among Kuwait free trade zone employees. Data were obtained for this research through a set of questionnaire which was divided into four parts and administered to a total of 271 respondents. The results showed that psychological empowerment mainly affects employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results indicated that two dimensions of psychological empowerment, i.e. <em>Meaning</em> and <em>Impact</em>, are significant and positively related to job satisfaction. The existing literature supports the relationships between psychological empowerment dimensions and three dimensions of organizational commitment:<em> normative</em>, <em>continuance,</em> and <em>affective commitment</em>. However, results from this study showed inconsistency. The results showed that only one dimension of Psychological Empowerment, <em>Meaning</em>, is significant and positively Associated to <em>Affective</em> <em>Commitment</em>; two dimensions of Psychological Empowerment, <em>Meaning</em> and <em>Competence,</em> are significant and positively Associated to <em>Normative Commitment</em>; and no dimensions of Psychological Empowerment are statistically contributed to <em>Continuance Commitment</em>. Moreover, analysis has also showed that organizational trust mediates the relationships between psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Some practical implications are also discussed. The research concludes with limitations and future research suggestions to enhance psychological empowerment in public and private organizations in Kuwait.</p>
The Balkan Area Development: Threats and Opportunities for Italian Companies’ Investment Strategies
Authors: Scalera Francesco 
Published: September 2016

<p>The globalisation of markets has called for, among others, two complementary requirements: on the one hand, the need to develop policies that are able to attract FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) by a number of transition economies, in order to boost the economic growth of the countries concerned and reduce the technological and socio-economic gap that separates them from the industrialised economies; on the other, the priority choice for companies to promote internationalisation, that is now considered as a necessary step to safeguard their competitiveness.</p><p>In particular, the analysis carried out starts with the evolution of the Balkan market, by collecting and describing the macroeconomic data concerning the four Western Balkans countries (Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia), representing those economies that are likely to join the EU in the coming years following the process started (official candidacy or accession negotiations).</p><p>Thus, the first part of the present paper aims at describing and analysing the operational and strategic behaviour of Italian companies, as well as their process of internationalisation in the abovementioned economies.</p><p>The analysis was carried out through submitting a questionnaire to managers and employees of companies operating in the Balkans; the results highlighted the main areas of the companies’ international management decision-making process (internationalisation decision, operating methods adopted and the results achieved).</p>Afterwards, the second part of the research sets the focus on the attractiveness degree reached in the area, following the reforms made by local governments that helped in improving the business climate, leading many Italian investors to operate in that area.
Les disparus argentins de deuxième génération : vies paradoxales dans les limbes du social
Authors: Verstraeten Alice 
Published: September 2016

Entre 1976 et 1983, la dictature militaire argentine fait disparaître 30 000 opposants. Ce crime contre l’humanité – reconnu comme tel depuis 2010 – est encore aggravé par les atteintes aux droits des enfants : 500 bébés sont « appropriés » par les militaires et leurs complices. Leurs identités sont effacées, de nouvelles filiations fictives sont créées.
Lorsque tombe la dictature en 1983, il est devenu évident que les adultes disparus qui n’ont pas été libérés des camps ont tous été assassinés. Leur disparition est une mort qui ne dit pas son nom, une mort en suspens. Les enfants, en revanche, restent des disparus vivants. Leur mort n’est pas en suspens. Leur vie, si. Leur vie est en suspens, et reste inextricablement liée, dans le réel comme dans le symbolique, à la mort de leurs parents. Je propose de me pencher sur l’espace-temps paradoxal que sont les « limbes du social » où sont confinés ces disparus. En les comprenant comme autant de « noeuds » de l’intime et du collectif, qui continuent de blesser, au présent, l’ensemble de la culture, nous interrogeons la possibilité de sortir de l’impasse symbolique – qui très vite devient une impasse politique. Nous défendons une éthique des vérités multiples, pour éclairer la nébuleuse de l’impunité.
Delaying precipitation by air pollution over the Pearl River Delta: 2. Model simulations
Authors: Lee Seoung Soo , Guo Jianping , Li Zhanqing 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn Part 1 of two companion studies, analyses of observational data over the Pearl River Delta of China showed that larger aerosol concentrations (polluted conditions) resulted in suppressed precipitation before the midafternoon while resulting in enhanced precipitation after the midafternoon when compared to precipitation with smaller aerosol concentrations (clean conditions). This suggests that there is a tipping point in the transition from suppressing to enhancing precipitation with increases in aerosol concentration. This paper aims to identify mechanisms that control the tipping point by performing simulations. Simulations show that during the first three quarters of the 12 h simulation period, aerosol as a radiation absorber suppresses convection and precipitation by inducing greater radiative heating and stability. Convection weakens and precipitation reduces more under polluted conditions than under clean conditions. Due to the suppressed convection, the depletion of convective energy decreases. The reduced depletion of convective energy during the period of the suppressed convection boosts the level of stored energy after this period. The boosted level of stored energy enables updrafts to be strong enough to transport a greater amount of cloud liquid to the freezing level and to levels above it under polluted conditions than under clean conditions. This in turn induces greater freezing‐related latent heating, buoyancy, and thus stronger convection and results in the transition from lower precipitation rates during the first three quarters of the simulation period to higher precipitation rates during the last quarter of the period under polluted conditions than under clean conditions.
Slow slip hidden in the noise: The intermittence of tectonic release
Authors: Frank William B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReferred to as slow slip events, the transient aseismic slip that occurs along plate boundaries can be indirectly characterized through colocated seismicity, such as tectonic tremor and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs). Using the timing of cataloged LFE and tremor activity in Guerrero, Mexico, and northern Cascadia, I decompose the interaseismic GPS displacement, defined as the surface deformation between previously detected slow slip events, into separate regimes of tectonic loading and release. In such a way, previously undetected slow slip events that produce less than a millimeter of surface deformation are extracted from the geodetic noise. These new observations demonstrate that the interaseismic period is not quiescent and that slow slip occurs much more often than previously thought. This suggests that the plate interface where slow slip and tremor occur is in fact strongly coupled and that slow aseismic release occurs over a wide spectrum of time scales.
Magnetic reconnection with a fast perpendicular sheared flow
Authors: Ma Xuanye , Otto Antonius , Delamere Peter A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMagnetic reconnection at the Earth's low‐latitude magnetopause near the flank region is likely associated with a large sheared flow, being frequently quasi‐perpendicular to the antiparallel magnetic field components. The magnitude of a fast sheared flow can be super‐Alfvénic and even overcome the local fast mode speed. A scaling analysis implies a contradiction between the Walén relation and the balance of the total pressure for magnetic reconnection with a supercritical perpendicular sheared flow. This study uses one‐ and two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to demonstrate that the traditional reconnection layer violates the Walén relation but still maintains the total pressure balance in such a configuration. The results show an expanded outflow region, consistent with the presence of divergent normal flow, and a significant decrease of the plasma density as well as the thermal pressure in the outflow region. In contrast, the magnitude of the magnetic field in the outflow region matches the value in the inflow region due to the total pressure balance, which is fundamentally different from the classical reconnection layer under sub‐Alfvénic perpendicular sheared flow conditions. In three‐dimensional geometry, the fast sheared flow without being stabilized by the magnetic field is expected to be Kelvin‐Helmholtz unstable. However, the three‐dimensional MHD simulation suggests that such structure can be KH stable. Although, the presence of surface waves modulates some two‐dimensional features, the major characteristics of the expanded outflow region are likely to be observed by in situ satellites.
The sustainability of habitability on terrestrial planets: Insights, questions, and needed measurements from Mars for understanding the evolution of Earth‐like worlds
Authors: Ehlmann B. L. , Anderson F. S. , Andrews‐Hanna J. , Catling D. C. , Christensen P. R. , Cohen B. A. , Dressing C. D. , Edwards C. S. , Elkins‐Tanton L. T. , Farley K. A. , Fassett C. I. , Fischer W. W. , Fraeman A. A. , Golombek M. P. , Hamilton V. E. , Hayes A. G. , Herd C. D. K. , Horgan B. , Hu R. , Jakosky B. M. , Johnson J. R. , Kasting J. F. , Kerber L. , Kinch K. M. , Kite E. S. , Knutson H. A. , Lunine J. I. , Mahaffy P. R. , Mangold N. , McCubbin F. M. , Mustard J. F. , Niles P. B. , Quantin‐Nataf C. , Rice M. S. , Stack K. M. , Stevenson D. J. , Stewart S. T. , Toplis M. J. , Usui T. , Weiss B. P. , Werner S. C. , Wordsworth R. D. , Wray J. J. , Yingst R. A. , Yung Y. L. , Zahnle K. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWhat allows a planet to be both within a potentially habitable zone and sustain habitability over long geologic time? With the advent of exoplanetary astronomy and the ongoing discovery of terrestrial‐type planets around other stars, our own solar system becomes a key testing ground for ideas about what factors control planetary evolution. Mars provides the solar system's longest record of the interplay of the physical and chemical processes relevant to habitability on an accessible rocky planet with an atmosphere and hydrosphere. Here we review current understanding and update the timeline of key processes in early Mars history. We then draw on knowledge of exoplanets and the other solar system terrestrial planets to identify six broad questions of high importance to the development and sustaining of habitability (unprioritized): (1) Is small planetary size fatal? (2) How do magnetic fields influence atmospheric evolution? (3) To what extent does starting composition dictate subsequent evolution, including redox processes and the availability of water and organics? (4) Does early impact bombardment have a net deleterious or beneficial influence? (5) How do planetary climates respond to stellar evolution, e.g., sustaining early liquid water in spite of a faint young Sun? (6) How important are the timescales of climate forcing and their dynamical drivers? Finally, we suggest crucial types of Mars measurements (unprioritized) to address these questions: (1) in situ petrology at multiple units/sites; (2) continued quantification of volatile reservoirs and new isotopic measurements of H, C, N, O, S, Cl, and noble gases in rocks that sample multiple stratigraphic sections; (3) radiometric age dating of units in stratigraphic sections and from key volcanic and impact units; (4) higher‐resolution measurements of heat flux, subsurface structure, and magnetic field anomalies coupled with absolute age dating. Understanding the evolution of early Mars will feed forward to understanding the factors driving the divergent evolutionary paths of the Earth, Venus, and thousands of small rocky extrasolar planets yet to be discovered.