bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile of cell proliferation and apoptosis activated by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the prostate of aging rats
Authors: Gonzaga Amanda C.R. , Campolina‐Silva Gabriel H. , Werneck‐Gomes Hipácia , Moura‐Cordeiro Júnia D. , Santos Letícia C. , Mahecha Germán A.B. , Morais‐Santos Mônica , Oliveira Cleida A. 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUNDEstrogens acting through the receptors ERα and ERβ participate in prostate normal growth and cancer. ERβ is highly expressed in the prostate epithelium, playing pro‐apoptotic, anti‐proliferative, and pro‐differentiation roles. Apoptosis is activated by the intrinsic pathway after castration and by the extrinsic pathway after ERβ agonist treatment. This differential activation of apoptotic pathways is important since a major problem in the treatment of prostate cancer is the recurrence of tumors after androgen withdrawal. However, a comprehensive study about the pattern of apoptosis in the aging prostate is lacking, a knowledge gap that we aimed to address herein.METHODSCellular age‐related proliferative and apoptotic profiles of prostate tissue obtained from aging Wistar rats were evaluated. Cell death (caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9, TNFα) was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL. Cell proliferation (MCM7) and cell survival factors (ERK1/2, p‐ERK1/2, p‐Akt, and NF‐κB) were determined by immunohistochemistry.RESULTSAs the rats aged, the number of proliferating cells gradually reduced in the normal epithelium of all prostate lobes, while increasing in focal areas of intraepithelial proliferation. Interestingly, in areas of intraepithelial proliferation, we observed a reduction in the number of cells positive for caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9. Regardless the animal's age, few prostate epithelial cells were positive for caspase‐3, caspase‐9, and TUNEL. In contrast, a progressive increase was seen in the positivity for caspase‐8, especially in the atrophic epithelium of ventral prostate, which coincided with a reduction in TNFα immunoreaction. However, morphology of most caspase‐8 positive cells suggests that they were not apoptotic. We also found reduced ERβ expression in the same areas. Possibly, low levels of the pro‐apoptotic inductors TNFα and ERβ direct caspase‐8 activity to an alternative pro‐survival role in the atrophic epithelium. This hypothesis is supported by the increased expression of the key survival factors (ERK1/2, p‐ERK1/2, p‐Akt, and NF‐κB) in these areas.CONCLUSIONSOur findings reveal that, as the animals age, there is an increase of proliferation in restricted areas of the prostate epithelium, and a concomitant reduction of the apoptosis rate with an increase in cell survival induced by caspase‐8, indicating a focused and spontaneous disruption of tissue homeostasis.
The effect of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Nygård Lotta H. , Talala Kirsi , Taari Kimmo , Tammela Teuvo L.J. , Auvinen Anssi , Murtola Teemu J. 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUNDInflammation may play a role in pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, the role of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as BPH risk factor is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine risk of BPH by NSAID use in a population‐based cohort.METHODSA total of 74 754 Finnish men without previous BPH at baseline in 1996‐1999 were linked to national medication reimbursement database for information on physician‐prescribed NSAID purchases during 1995‐2009. Information on BPH procedures and diagnoses was obtained from national Care Register for Health Care. Cox regression with adjustment for age and use of cholesterol‐lowering, antidiabetic and antihypertensive medication, with NSAID use as time‐dependent variable was used to analyse the risk of BPH surgery, medication use, and recorded diagnosis.RESULTSOf the subjects 57 707 men (77.2%) used prescription NSAIDs. The risk of BPH was elevated among NSAID users compared to non‐users: HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.97‐2.10 for BPH medication use, HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.47‐1.71 for recorded diagnosis and HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.49‐1.74 for surgery. The risk increase correlated with duration of NSAID usage, less with annual dosage. Nevertheless, the risk increase was observed already at short‐term and low‐dosage use.CONCLUSIONSNSAID use is associated with an increased risk of BPH. The association is affected by systematic differences by NSAID use as the risk increase was observed already at short‐term use. Nevertheless, the association correlated with duration of use, suggesting that NSAID usage or the conditions indicating it may increase BPH risk.
Do we excrete what we eat? Analysis of stable nitrogen isotope ratios of human urinary urea
Authors: Hülsemann Frank , Koehler Karsten , Flenker Ulrich , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: May 2017

RationaleNatural stable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) are frequently used for the determination of provenance and dietary assessment of recent and ancient humans. Although individual δ15N values typically correspond to the dietary δ15N composition, they are also affected by metabolic conditions. Preferred matrices for the measurement of human δ15N values have been hair, nail or blood. The goal of this study was to validate a novel approach for the assessment of the δ15N values from urinary urea, the principal end‐product of human N metabolism.MethodsThe method, which involves the precipitation of urea from urine using xanthydrol, was validated using fortified urea solutions. Intra‐ and inter‐individual variance of the δ15N values of urinary urea was determined from samples obtained from multiple human subjects.ResultsPrecipitation with xanthydrol did not alter the δ15N values of urea. The mean δ15N value in urinary urea from human subjects from Germany was +4.4 ± 0.6 ‰, which corresponds to the estimated dietary composition. It falls below previously reported δ15N values for human tissue and blood samples. Longitudinal analyses over 7 days illustrate short‐time changes linked to varying protein intake.ConclusionsOur results indicate that δ15N values can be measured reliably from human urine and that the method is suitable to monitor rapid dietary and metabolic changes of an individual. Our findings further confirm that urinary urea is depleted in 15N compared with human tissue but within the range of the δ15N composition of the diet. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear control for reactive navigation of a nonholonomic robot for environmental nongradient‐based extremum seeking in maze‐like scenes
Authors: Matveev Alexey S. , Ovchinnikov Kirill S. , Savkin Andrey V. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryA single Dubins car‐like mobile robot travels with a constant speed in a planar workspace cluttered with arbitrarily complex obstacles, possibly maze‐like ones. An unknown scalar field is defined on the plane. The sensors supply the robot with the field value at its current location and its distance to the nearest obstacle. We present a new control law that drives the robot to the location where the field attains its maximum, while avoiding collisions with the obstacles. This is justified by a mathematically rigorous global convergence result and is confirmed via computer simulations. The proposed algorithm does not use gradient estimation and is nondemanding with respect to computation and motion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dual‐process theory and understanding of stocks and flows
Authors: Baghaei Lakeh Arash , Ghaffarzadegan Navid 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that using the analytic mode of thinking (System 2) can improve people's performance in stock–flow (SF) tasks. In this paper, we further investigate the effects by implementing several different interventions in two studies. First, we replicate a previous finding that answering analytical questions before the SF task approximately doubles the likelihood of answering the stock questions correctly. We also investigate effects of three other interventions that can potentially prime participants to use their System 2. Specifically, the first group is asked to justify their response to the SF task; the second group is warned about the difficulty of the SF task; and the third group is offered information about cognitive biases and the role of the analytic mode of thinking. We find that the second group showed a statistically significant improvement in their performance. We claim that there are simple interventions that can modestly improve people's response in SF tasks. Copyright © 2017 System Dynamics Society
Sensitivity analysis for models with multiple behavior modes: a method based on behavior pattern measures
Authors: Hekimoğlu Mustafa , Barlas Yaman 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSensitivity analysis of system dynamics models is essentially about sensitivity of patterns of output behaviors to inputs, since system dynamics modeling is behavior pattern oriented. In this study, a regression‐based procedure for pattern sensitivity analysis is developed, by defining behavior pattern measures such as equilibrium level, trend, inflection point, or oscillation amplitude. A unique feature of the procedure is that it takes into account the possibility of a model generating multiple behavior modes. This pattern‐oriented procedure is next applied to the tipping point project management model and a generic supply line model. These test applications yield sensitivity results that are meaningful, and also consistent with previously available sensitivity information about the parameters of these models. Finally, our pattern sensitivity analysis is shown to be a useful and effective method also for oscillatory system dynamics models, an unsolved sensitivity problem previously in the literature. Copyright © 2017 System Dynamics Society
High temperature oxidation of HP40 alloy under H2–H2O and air atmospheres: a surface study
Authors: Bao Binbin , Liu Jinglei , Zhang Kai , Xu Hong 
Published: May 2017

In the present work, high temperature oxidation of HP40 alloy was carried out at 1050 °C under H2–H2O and air atmospheres; the influence of atmosphere on surface morphology and composition was studied. Octahedral crystals with considerable spalled regions are present on the surface of alloy oxidized under air, the oxide scale composes of MnCr2O4, Cr2O3 and (Fe, Ni)Cr2O4 and spalled regions exhibit base alloy and SiO2‐rich regions. The surface of alloy oxidized under H2–H2O is fully covered by small granular crystals and blade‐type structures without spallation, and the oxide scale composes of MnCr2O4 and Cr2O3. Moreover, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows considerable difference in chemical valence states of Mn, Cr and O elements on both alloy surfaces, and hydroxyl compounds exist on the alloy oxidized under H2–H2O atmosphere. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constrained Kaplan–Meier curve and empirical likelihood
Authors: Zhou Mai , Yang Yifan 
Published: May 2017

The Kaplan–Meier curve and the namesake Kaplan–Meier 1958 paper is the most cited statistical paper in the history. We study the error analysis of the popular Kaplan–Meier curve. We describe in detail and recommend a method based on the calculation of constrained Kaplan–Meier curve and the recently developed Empirical Likelihood theory. Examples are given illustrating how such error analysis are carried out, using the software R and package KMC. WIREs Comput Stat 2017, 9:e1400. doi: 10.1002/wics.1400This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > EM Algorithm
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Maximum Likelihood Methods
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Numerical Methods
Contemporary Approaches to Perioperative IV Fluid Therapy
Authors: Myles Paul S. , Andrews Sam , Nicholson Jonathan , Lobo Dileep N. , Mythen Monty 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundIntravenous fluid therapy is required for most surgical patients, but inappropriate regimens are commonly prescribed. The aim of this narrative review was to provide evidence‐based guidance on appropriate perioperative fluid management.MethodWe did a systematic literature search of the literature to identify relevant studies and meta‐analyses to develop recommendations.ResultsOf 275 retrieved articles, we identified 25 articles to inform this review. “Normal” saline (0.9% sodium chloride) is not physiological and can result in sodium overload and hyperchloremic acidosis. Starch colloid solutions are not recommended in surgical patients at‐risk of sepsis or renal failure. Most surgical patients can have clear fluids and/or administration of carbohydrate‐rich drinks up to 2 h before surgery. An intraoperative goal‐directed fluid strategy may reduce postoperative complications and reduce hospital length of stay. Regular postoperative assessment of the patient’s fluid status and requirements should include looking for physical signs of dehydration or hypovolemia, or fluid overload. Both hypovolemia and salt and water overload lead to adverse events, complications and prolonged hospital stay. Urine output can be an unreliable indicator of hydration status in the postoperative surgical patient. Excess fluid administration has been linked to acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and cardiac and pulmonary complications.ConclusionThere is good evidence supporting the avoidance of unnecessary fasting and the value of an individualized perioperative IV fluid regimen, with transition to oral fluids as soon as possible, to help patients recover from major surgery.
Accessing Monomers, Surfactants, and the Queen Bee Substance by Acrylate Cross‐Metathesis of Long‐Chain Alkenones
Authors: O’Neil Gregory W. , Williams John R. , Craig Alexander M. , Nelson Robert K. , Gosselin Kelsey M. , Reddy Christopher M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPolyunsaturated long‐chain alkenones are a unique class of lipids biosynthesized in significant quantities (up to 20% of cell carbon) by several algae including the industrially grown marine microalgae Isochrysis. Alkenone structures are characterized by a long linear carbon chain (35–40 carbons) with one to four trans double bonds and terminating in a methyl or ethyl ketone. Alkenones were extracted and isolated from commercially obtained Isochrysis biomass and then subjected to cross‐metathesis (CM) with methyl acrylate or acrylic acid using the Hoveyda–Grubbs metathesis initiator. Within 1 h at room temperature alkenones were consumed; however, complete fragmentation (i.e., conversion to the smallest subunits by double bond cleavage) required up to 16 h. Analysis of the reaction mixture by gas chromatography and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography revealed a predictable product mixture consisting primarily of long‐chain (mostly C17) acids (or methyl esters from CM with methyl acrylate) and diacids (or diesters), along with smaller amounts (~5%) of the honey bee “queen substance” (E)‐9‐oxo‐decenoic acid. Together, these compounds comprise a diverse mixture of valuable chemicals that includes surfactants, monomers, and an agriculturally relevant bee pheromone.
Imaging therapy response of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) with FDG PET, CT and MRI: a systematic review
Authors: Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss Antonia , Ronellenfitsch Ulrich , Cheng Caixia , Pan Leyun , Sachpekidis Christos , Hohenberger Peter , Henzler Thomas 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Purpose
Improvement of the therapeutic approaches in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) by the introduction of targeted therapies requires appropriate diagnostic tools, which allow sufficient assessment of therapeutic response, including differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression due to myxoid degeneration or intratumoral hemorrhage. In this literature review the impact and limitations of different imaging modalities used in GIST therapy monitoring are discussed.

Methods
PubMed and Cochrane library search were performed using appropriate keywords. Overall, 39 original papers fulfilled the defined criteria and were included in this systematic review.

Results
Morphological imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT) are primarily used for both diagnosis and therapy monitoring. However, therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other targeted therapies in GIST may lead only to a minor tumor volume reduction even in cases of response. Therefore, the use of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) has limitations. To overcome those limitations, modified response criteria have been introduced for the CT-based therapy assessment, like the Choi criteria as well as criteria based on dual energy CT studies. Functional imaging techniques, mostly based on FDG PET-CT are in use, in particular for the assessment of early treatment response.

Conclusions
The impact and the limitations of PET-based therapy monitoring, as well as its comparison with CT, MRI and survival data are discussed in this review. CT is still the standard method for the evaluation of therapy response despite its several limitations. FDG PET-CT is helpful for the assessment of early therapy response; however, more prospective data are needed to define its role as well as the appropriate time intervals for therapy monitoring. A multiparametric evaluation based on changes in both morphological and functional data has to be assessed in further prospective studies.
Adolescent cybervictimization – Who they turn to and their perceived school climate
Authors: Veiga Simão A.M. , Ferreira P. Costa , Freire I. , Caetano A.P. , Martins M.J. , Vieira C. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to understand how adolescent cybervictims perceive their school climate and whether telling school community members, such as teachers, play a significant role in these perceptions. Another objective was to understand whether age and gender played a significant role in the relation between whom cybervictims told and their perceived school climate. The Cybervictims Scale for Adolescents and Children and the Perceived School Climate Scale were applied to 3525 Portuguese students of whom 218 were cybervictims attending 6th, 8th, and 11th grades. Results showed that even though adolescent cybervictims reported cybervictimization more to friends and parents, those who told teachers about their experience, tended to report more positive perceptions of their school climate. Gender and age did not play a significant role in the relationship between cybervictimization and perceived school climate. Implications of the findings are discussed with regards to the role of teachers and in‐service training in preventing cyberbullying.
Syncope and paroxysmal atrioventricular block
Authors: Aste Milena , Brignole Michele 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCurrent literature reveals three types of paroxysmal atrioventricular block (AVB) that can cause syncope:Intrinsic paroxysmal atrioventricular block is due to an intrinsic disease of the AV conduction system; this type of “cardiac syncope” is also called Stokes‐Adams attack;Extrinsic vagal paroxysmal atrioventricular block is linked to the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac conduction and is one of the mechanisms involved in “reflex syncope.”Extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal atrioventricular block is associated with low levels of endogenous adenosine and is supposed to be one of the mechanisms involved in “low‐adenosine syncope.”These three types of paroxysmal AVB present different clinical and electrocardiographic features. Additionally, the efficacy of cardiac pacing and theophylline therapy to prevent syncopal recurrences is also different for these three types of AVB.
Cognitive-Affective Dimensions of Female Orgasm: The Role of Automatic Thoughts and Affect During Sexual Activity
Authors: Tavares Inês M. , Laan Ellen T.M. , Nobre Pedro J. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Background
Cognitive-affective factors contribute to female sexual dysfunctions, defined as clinically significant difficulties in the ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure. Automatic thoughts and affect presented during sexual activity are acknowledged as maintenance factors for these difficulties. However, there is a lack of studies on the influence of these cognitive-affective dimensions regarding female orgasm.

Aim
To assess the role of automatic thoughts and affect during sexual activity in predicting female orgasm occurrence and to investigate the mediator role of these variables in the relation between sexual activity and orgasm occurrence.

Methods
Nine hundred twenty-six sexually active heterosexual premenopausal women reported on frequency of sexual activities and frequency of orgasm occurrence, cognitive factors, and social desirability. Participants completed the Sexual Modes Questionnaire–Automatic Thoughts Subscale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Socially Desirable Response Set. Multiple linear regressions and mediation analyses were performed, controlling for the effect of covariates such as social desirability, sociodemographic and medical characteristics, and relationship factors.

Outcomes
The main outcome measurement was orgasm frequency as predicted and mediated by automatic thoughts and affect experienced during sexual activities.

Results
The presence of failure thoughts and lack of erotic thoughts during sexual activity significantly and negatively predicted female orgasm, whereas positive affect experienced during sexual activity significantly and positively predicted female orgasm. Moreover, negative automatic thoughts and positive affect during sexual activity were found to mediate the relation between sexual activity and female orgasm occurrence.

Clinical Implications
These data suggest that the cognitive aspects of sexual involvement are critical to enhancing female orgasm experience and can aid the development of strategies that contemplate the central role of automatic thoughts and of positive emotions experienced during sexual activity.

Strengths and Limitations
Data were not collected face to face, which constitutes a strength of this study, because it is known that social desirability is lower in self-administered online questionnaires compared with traditional paper-and-pencil questionnaires, particularly for more sensitive sexual issues. The fact that the sample was composed of heterosexual, premenopausal, and relatively young women demands some caution regarding generalization of the present results.

Conclusion
The findings support the contribution of cognitive and affective factors to female orgasmic functioning. It is recommended that future research confirm these findings with other samples, particularly clinical samples of women with orgasmic difficulties.