bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Post‐Translational Enzyme Modifications in the Metabolic Adaptations of Phosphorus‐Deprived Plants
Authors: Plaxton William C. , Shane Michael W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPost‐translational modification (PTM) is the covalent alteration of a functional group of a specific amino acid residue within a particular protein. Diverse proteinPTMsrepresent pivotal regulatory mechanisms that integrate signalling, development, gene expression, metabolism, and stress responses in plant and animal cells. ThesePTMs: (i) are often genetically predetermined, rapid, interconnected, and reversible; and (ii) can not only dramatically alter an enzyme's activity but may also generate specificPTM‐dependent docking sites that influence its interactions with other proteins. The aim of this chapter is to highlight three crucialPTMs(phosphorylation, monoubiquitination, and glycosylation) and to provide examples of their participation in thein‐vivofunction and control of several key enzymes that facilitate plant acclimatisation to soluble phosphate (Pi) ‐deficient soils. Pinpointing the impact of altered Pi supply on the prevalence, mechanisms and functions of enzymePTMswill make an important contribution to the implementation of effective biotechnological strategies for engineering crops having enhanced P‐acquisition and P‐use efficiency.
Acculturation Processes and Communication
Authors: Kim Young Yun 
Published: September 2017

Millions of people cross cultural boundaries each year (→ Migration and Immigration). Immigrants and refugees seek a new life away from their familiar grounds, along with various groups of temporary sojourners – from employees of multinational corporations, missionaries, diplomats, and military personnel, to professors, researchers, high school and college students, musicians and artists, and doctors and nurses. Although individual circumstances may differ widely, all strangers in a new environment embark on the common project ofacculturation.
Femininity and Feminine Values
Authors: Macdonald Myra 
Published: September 2017

Femininity and feminine values refer to the qualities of appearance, behavior and practices conventionally attributed to women. Feminist thinking strongly endorses the view that these qualities are not innate, but exist as ideological constructs, defined in opposition to masculinity and masculine values (→ Masculinity and the Media; News Ideologies). The superiority ascribed to masculinity in patriarchal thinking devalues the “feminine,” despite assigning it some positive characteristics. As ideological constructs, femininity and feminine values are differently inflected in diverse cultures. White Anglo American definitions and perspectives have predominated in western writing but are being increasingly challenged by postcolonial feminist thinking (→ Feminist Media Studies, Transnational).
Illustrated Newspapers
Authors: Martin Michèle , Bacot Jean‐Pierre 
Published: September 2017

The
first illustrated
→ magazine to be published in the world, according to Jackson (1885), was the
Penny Magazine
of Charles Knight, launched in London in 1832. This publication was promoted by the Society for the Development of Useful Knowledge, of which Knight was a founder. Inspired by encyclopedism, its content mainly concerned “useful knowledge,” namely, information that aimed at educating the public (→ Magazine, History of). Each issue of the magazine comprised dozens of wood engravings that contributed to the explosion of the market for papers, which, until then, had not been illustrated. The engravings also immediately boosted the publishing industry and the occupation of wood engravers. Engravers trained by Thomas Bewick were responsible for the prevalence of the English model in other countries. The French
Magasin pittoresque
and the German
Pfennig Magazin
had to hire English engravers for years before they could train their own. Consequently, they often published illustrations with English topics, which intensely annoyed their readers!
International Communication Agencies
Authors: Raboy Marc , Mawani Aysha 
Published: September 2017

Several emerging and existing international communication agencies spearhead the governance of the global media and communications environment. International communication agencies have both specialized and collective responsibilities to advance multilateral and multi‐stakeholder cooperation and collaboration on the broad issues of global media governance, including the development of regulation instruments and guidelines for intellectual property, media concentration and ownership, communication and network infrastructure, as well as promoting communication in the interests of human rights and economic, social and cultural development objectives (→ Copyright; Concentration in Media Systems; Ownership in the Media; Development Communication; Development Support Communication). International communication agencies either fall under the aegis of the United Nations, or emerge as independent, international authorities, entities in and of themselves (→ United Nations, Communication Policies of).
Metal‐Free Carbon Materials for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction
Authors: Duan Xiaochuan , Xu Jiantie , Wei Zengxi , Ma Jianmin , Guo Shaojun , Wang Shuangyin , Liu Huakun , Dou Shixue 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe rapid increase of the CO2 concentration in the Earth's atmosphere has resulted in numerous environmental issues, such as global warming, ocean acidification, melting of the polar ice, rising sea level, and extinction of species. To search for suitable and capable catalytic systems for CO2 conversion, electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) holds great promise. Emerging heterogeneous carbon materials have been considered as promising metal‐free electrocatalysts for the CO2RR, owing to their abundant natural resources, tailorable porous structures, resistance to acids and bases, high‐temperature stability, and environmental friendliness. They exhibit remarkable CO2RR properties, including catalytic activity, long durability, and high selectivity. Here, various carbon materials (e.g., carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, diamond, nanoporous carbon, and graphene dots) with heteroatom doping (e.g., N, S, and B) that can be used as metal‐free catalysts for the CO2RR are highlighted. Recent advances regarding the identification of active sites for the CO2RR and the pathway of reduction of CO2 to the final product are comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, the emerging challenges and some perspectives on the development of heteroatom‐doped carbon materials as metal‐free electrocatalysts for the CO2RR are included.
Topological Design of Ultrastrong and Highly Conductive Graphene Films
Authors: Wen Yeye , Wu Mingmao , Zhang Miao , Li Chun , Shi Gaoquan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNacre‐like graphene films are prepared by evaporation‐induced assembly of graphene oxide dispersions containing small amounts of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), followed by chemical reduction with hydroiodic acid. CNC induces the formation of wrinkles on graphene sheets, greatly enhancing the mechanical properties of the resultant graphene films. The graphene films deliver an ultrahigh tensile strength of 765 ± 43 MPa (up to 800 MPa in some cases), a large failure strain of 6.22 ± 0.19%, and a superior toughness of 15.64 ± 2.20 MJ m−3, as well as a high electrical conductivity of 1105 ± 17 S cm−1. They have a great potential for applications in flexible electronics because of their combined excellent mechanical and electrical properties.
Isolation and Stabilization of LDH 2D Crystals with Ultrahigh Surface Exposure via Polymer Gel Formation
Authors: Liang Dujuan , Peng Xin , Li Yanan , Wang Huiliang , Yang Xiaojing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA large specific surface area is one of the most attractive features of 2D crystals. However, the surfaces/interfaces of the 2D crystals of delaminated layered double hydroxides (LDHs) cannot be efficiently utilized because they are naturally unstable, and their surfaces cannot be highly exposed using current isolation methods. This study proposes a new strategy in this work to isolate LDH 2D crystals with large surface exposure by forming polymer gels. The gels are synthesized by combining ZnAl‐LDH unilamellae with acrylic acid anions (AA−) in delaminating solvent and mixing the solution with acrylamide (AAm) monomers for in situ copolymerization. The results show that the AA− inhibits the dissolution of the unilamellae in formamide and that the polymer chains fix the unilamellae in the gel network. This stabilization effect results from the anchoring bonds of the COO− groups with the LDH layer. It is found that the AA−‐containing gels without LDH have adsorptivity toward phosphate, whereas the poly‐AAm gel possesses hardly any adsorptivity. The nanocomposite hydrogels show phosphate adsorption amounts close to the theoretical values calculated according to the contents of AA− and LDH. This implies that nearly all the unilamellar LDH surfaces are exposed to phosphate.
Deracemization and Stereoinversion of α‐Amino Acids by l‐Amino Acid Deaminase
Authors: Rosini Elena , Melis Roberta , Molla Gianluca , Tessaro Davide , Pollegioni Loredano 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEnantiomerically pure α‐amino acids are compounds of primary interest for the fine chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical sectors. Amino acid oxidases are used for resolving d,l‐amino acids in biocatalysis. We recently demonstrated that l‐amino acid deaminase from Proteus myxofaciens (PmaLAAD) shows peculiar features for biotechnological applications, such as a high production level as soluble protein in Escherichia coli and a stable binding with the flavin cofactor. Since l‐amino acid deaminases are membrane‐bound enzymes, previous applications were mainly based on the use of cell‐based methods. Now, taking advantage of the broad substrate specificity of PmaLAAD, a number of natural and synthetic l‐amino acids were fully converted by the purified enzyme into the corresponding α‐keto acids: the fastest conversion was obtained for 4‐nitrophenylalanine. Analogously, starting from racemic solutions, the full resolution (ee >99%) was also achieved. Notably, d,l‐1‐naphthylalanine was resolved either into the d‐ or the l‐enantiomer by using PmaLAAD or the d‐amino acid oxidase variant having a glycine at position 213, respectively, and was fully deracemized when the two enzymes were used jointly. Moreover, the complete stereoinversion of l‐4‐nitrophenylalanine was achieved using PmaLAAD and a small molar excess of borane tert‐butylamine complex. Taken together, recombinant PmaLAAD represents an l‐specific amino acid deaminase suitable for producing the pure enantiomers of several natural and synthetic amino acids or the corresponding keto acids, compounds of biotechnological or pharmaceutical relevance.magnified image
Accurate Characterization of Triple‐Junction Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Di Carlo Rasi Dario , Hendriks Koen H. , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTriple‐junction device architectures represent a promising strategy to highly efficient organic solar cells. Accurate characterization of such devices is challenging, especially with respect to determining the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the individual subcells. The specific light bias conditions that are commonly used to determine the EQE of a subcell of interest cause an excess of charge generation in the two other subcells. This results in the build‐up of an electric field over the subcell of interest, which enhances current generation and leads to an overestimation of the EQE. A new protocol, involving optical modeling, is developed to correctly measure the EQE of triple‐junction organic solar cells. Apart from correcting for the build‐up electric field, the effect of light intensity is considered with the help of representative single‐junction cells. The short‐circuit current density (JSC) determined from integration of the EQE with the AM1.5G solar spectrum differs by up to 10% between corrected and uncorrected protocols. The results are validated by comparing the EQE experimentally measured to the EQE calculated via optical‐electronic modeling, obtaining an excellent agreement.
Conjugated Polymers Based on Difluorobenzoxadiazole toward Practical Application of Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Junyi , Wang Shiliang , Duan Chunhui , Colberts Fallon J. M. , Mai Jiangquan , Liu Xi , Jia Xiao'e , Lu Xinhui , Janssen René A. J. , Huang Fei , Cao Yong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo advance polymer solar cells (PSCs) toward real‐world applications, it is crucial to develop materials that are compatible with a low‐cost large‐scale manufacturing technology. In this context, a practically useful polymer should fulfill several critical requirements: the capability to provide high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) via low‐cost fabrication using environmentally friendly solvents under mild thermal conditions, resulting in an active layer that is thick enough to minimize defects in large‐area films. Here, the development of new photovoltaic polymers is reported through rational molecular design to meet these requirements. Benzodithiophene (BDT)‐difluorobenzoxadiazole (ffBX)‐2‐decyltetradecyl (DT), a wide‐bandgap polymer based on ffBX and BDT emerges as the first example that fulfills the qualifications. When blended with a low‐cost acceptor (C60‐fullerene derivative), BDT‐ffBX‐DT produces a PCE of 9.4% at active layer thickness over 250 nm. BDT‐ffBX‐DT devices can be fabricated from nonhalogenated solvents at low processing temperature. The success of BDT‐ffBX‐DT originates from its appropriate electronic structure and charge transport characteristics, in combination with a favorable face‐on orientation of the polymer backbone in blends, and the ability to form proper phase separation morphology with a fibrillar bicontinuous interpenetrating network in bulk‐heterojunction films. With these characteristics, BDT‐ffBX‐DT represents a meaningful step toward future everyday applications of polymer solar cells.
Recent advancements in bariatric/metabolic surgery
Authors: Lee Wei‐Jei , Almalki Owaid 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are currently two pan‐endemic health problems worldwide and are associated with considerable increase in morbidity and mortality. Both diseases are closely related and very difficult to control by current medical treatment, including diet, drug therapy and behavioral modification. Bariatric surgery has proven successful in treating not just obesity but also in significantly decreasing overall obesity‐associated morbidities as well as improving quality of life in severely obese patients (body mass index [BMI] >35 kg/m2). A rapid increase in bariatric surgery started in the 2000s when the laparoscopic surgical technique was introduced into this field. Many new procedures had been developed and changed the face of modern bariatric surgery. Recently, bariatric surgery played as gastrointestinal metabolic surgery has been proposed as a new treatment modality for obesity‐related T2DM for patients with BMI >35 kg/m2. Strong evidence has demonstrated that bariatric/metabolic surgery is an effective and durable treatment for obese T2DM patients. Bariatric/metabolic surgery is now becoming an important surgical division. The present article examines and discusses recent advancements in bariatric/metabolic surgery and covers four major fields: (i) the rapid increase in numbers and better safety; (ii) new procedures with better outcomes; (iii) from bariatric to metabolic surgery; and (iv) understanding the mechanisms and personalized treatment.
Visualization of Stereoselective Supramolecular Polymers by Chirality‐Controlled Energy Transfer
Authors: Sarkar Aritra , Dhiman Shikha , Chalishazar Aditya , George Subi J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractChirality‐driven self‐sorting is envisaged to efficiently control functional properties in supramolecular materials. However, the challenge arises because of a lack of analytical methods to directly monitor the enantioselectivity of the resulting supramolecular assemblies. Presented herein are two fluorescent core‐substituted naphthalene‐diimide‐based donor and acceptor molecules with minimal structural mismatch and they comprise strong self‐recognizing chiral motifs to determine the self‐sorting process. As a consequence, stereoselective supramolecular polymerization with an unprecedented chirality control over energy transfer has been achieved. This chirality‐controlled energy transfer has been further exploited as an efficient probe to visualize microscopically the chirality driven self‐sorting.
Matrix of the mind. An investigation into mother–child continuity
Authors: Azzone Paolo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMatrix, Wachowsky sisters' blockbuster, depicts an ominous scenario where sensory reality is illusory and the feigned product of hostile forces. Such general mistrust towards the contents of experience has underlain the whole course of Western philosophy from Plato to Descartes. The paper explores the hypothesis the movie reflects a basic human anxiety about unconscious representation of interpersonal reality. Relying on some basic insights of Freud's and Fairbairn's the author propose a model of human dependence where the passive sharing of the love‐object's unconscious phantasies is a basic dimension. This set of resident object's phantasies is termed matrix. The hypothesis is illustrated through clinical material.
Planungsgrundsätze von Ingenieurbauten
Authors: Gunreben Yvonne‐Christine 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMit der Neuordnung des Regelwerks im Jahr 2003 des Brücken‐ und Ingenieurbaus war es das erklärte Ziel, die Allgemeinen Rundschreiben Straßenbau (ARS) im Entwurfsbereich des Brücken‐, Tunnel‐ und Ingenieurbaus des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur (BMVI) in ein kompaktes Regelwerk zu überführen – die Richtlinien für den Entwurf, die konstruktive Ausbildung und Ausstattung von Ingenieurbauten (kurz: RE‐ING).Die RE‐ING gelten für Planung, Entwurf, konstruktive Ausbildung und Ausstattung von Ingenieurbauwerken in der Baulast des Bundes.Sie bündeln zum einen die Entwurfs‐ und Konstruktionsanforderungen für Ingenieurbauwerke der Bundesfernstraßen, die bisher in verschiedenen Allgemeinen Rundschreiben Straßenbau veröffentlicht wurden, und bilden zum anderen ein umfassendes Werk für die Planung, den Entwurf, die konstruktive Durchbildung sowie die Ausstattung von Ingenieurbauwerken. Hierzu zählen auch Verstärkungsmaßnahmen an bestehenden Bauwerken.In einem ersten Schritt wurden Verwaltungsanweisungen, Gestaltung sowie umfassende konstruktive Grundsätze, die Durchbildung sowie Ausstattungsmerkmale inklusive der Verfahrensweise bei der Planung von integralen Brücken eingeführt.
An open‐source biomass pyrolysis reactor
Authors: Woolf Dominic , Lehmann Johannes , Joseph Stephen , Campbell Christopher , Christo Farid C. , Angenent Largus T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDespite its long history of technological development, much charcoal production still relies on polluting and inefficient technologies utilizing traditional kiln designs. In addition to the need for improved charcoal production systems, the growing interest globally in pyrolysis of biomass to generate biochar as a soil fertility improver and for climate change mitigation may drive an increasing demand for such technologies. Accordingly, there is a clear need in developing countries for access to safe, affordable, and efficient open‐source designs and technology that can be fabricated locally. The design described here includes computational fluid dynamics modeling which demonstrated that the design exhibits a stable flow and combustion pattern. A hazard and operability (HAZOP) study, mass and energy modeling, and costing of all components and fabrication were also conducted for a prototype kiln that will accept up to 250 kg biomass h‐1. Fabrication and installation costs were estimated using actual commercial quotations based on detailed engineering drawings and design, and were found to be $580 000 for a 250 kg h‐1 unit. We therefore find that this pyrolysis system promises to be economical on a small scale. It can utilize waste lignocellulosic materials for feedstock, thus alleviating demand pressure on woodlands to provide feedstocks. It was, therefore, concluded that the pyrolysis unit described here promises to provide an affordable and efficient open‐source design that can be fabricated locally in developing countries without licensing restrictions or royalties. © 2017 The Authors Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis can cause periaortitis and pericarditis
Authors: Miyawaki Mari , Oda Seitaro , Hirata Kenichiro , Yuki Hideaki , Utsunomiya Daisuke , Hayashi Hidetaka , Sakamoto Yasumiko , Okamoto Shinichiro , Fujii Kazuhiko , Yamashita Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical MessageGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation usually involving the upper and lower respiratory tracts and necrotizing vasculitis predominantly affecting small‐sized vessels. Although categorized as a small vessel vasculitis, GPA can cause periaortitis and pericarditis. Physicians should recognize all categories of vasculitis can affect any size arteries.
First Investigations Towards the Feasibility of an Al/Br2 Battery Based on Ionic Liquids
Authors: Hog Michael , Burgenmeister Benedikt , Bromberger Kolja , Schuster Michael , Riedel Sebastian , Krossing Ingo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe present first investigations towards the feasibility of an Al/Br2 battery based on ionic liquids (ILs). The charged battery consisted of an Al anode, a bromoaluminate IL as the anolyte, an ion‐exchange membrane, a polybromide IL as the catholyte, and an inert cathode. The open‐circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery was strongly dependent on the molar ratio of AlBr3 in the anolyte with values of 1.9 V when using a Lewis basic anolyte and 1.1 V when using a Lewis neutral anolyte. NMR studies with different organic cations in both electrolytes revealed the migration of organic cations as major charge‐balancing ions, which leads to a reduced theoretical energy density of 33 Wh L−1 (as opposed to 166 Wh L−1 for an anion mechanism). The battery could be discharged with high discharge resistance values of up to 3 kΩ cm2, and preliminary charging attempts revealed high overpotentials. Hitherto, an Al/Br2 cell with a Lewis basic anolyte could be used as primary battery with an OCV of 1.9 V.
Constrained Ab Initio Thermodynamics: Transferring the Concept of Surface Pourbaix Diagrams in Electrocatalysis to Electrode Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Exner Kai S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDFT‐based ab initio Pourbaix diagrams represent a powerful tool to resolve the stable surface structure of an electrocatalyst under different environmental parameters such as the applied electrode potential and pH. Herein, a general approach for anode and cathode materials in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is presented that enables to transfer the concept of surface Pourbaix diagrams from electrocatalysis to electrode materials employed in LIBs. This novel approach is exemplified at the example of the (111) facet for a single‐crystalline spinel lithium titanate (LTO) model electrode by combining constrained thermodynamics and density functional theory calculations.