bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Disease and Adaptive Models of Addiction: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Miller Norman S. , Gold Mark S. 
Published: November 2015

The search for underlying causes of alcoholism and drug addiction has delayed the growth of their diagnoses and treatment. Often the emphasis and the debate are directed toward the etiology before the criteria for the addictions are established; the question asked is “why?” and then, “what?” rather than “what is it?” and, “why?”. In reality, the reasons are not only unavailable at this time, but are relatively unimportant for the proper diagnosis and treatment of addiction. The disease concept is an advancement toward a framework that can be used to define alcohol and drug addiction and enable scientific research hypotheses to be formed. The adaptive model is a recalcitrant retreat to explanations that have been inadequate for progress for a long time.
Stages in the Response of the Drug Abuse Treatment System to the AIDS Epidemic in New York City
Authors: Des Jarlais Don C. 
Published: November 2015

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has profoundly changed the nature of intravenous drug use and of treatment for intravenous drug abuse. Program staff are finding themselves confronted by the need to provide drug abuse treatment to persons who are likely to die, and challenged by the need to reduce the sharing of drug injection equipment and change the sexual behavior of their clients. In responding to these challenges, drug abuse treatment programs in New York City appear to have gone through four stages; denial, panic, coping and potential burnout. The author also presents other possible stages.
Drug-Related Identity Change: Theoretical Development and Empirical Assessment
Authors: Anderson Tammy L. , Mott Joshua A. 
Published: November 2015

Our study targets an understanding of the drug-related identity change process, which may offer important sociological insights into the etiology of drug abuse. Our work is grounded in symbolic interactionism, cultural studies, and an extant drug-identity model (Anderson 1994). We use a quantitative survey instrument and retrospective accounts to test our model with a representative sample of white and black females and males seeking treatment for drug abuse in mid-Michigan. Our data show that for many drug-related identity change began in childhood and early adolescence with marginalizing experiences that helped create ego identity discomfort and lost control in defining an identitybefore drug use. Identification with a drug subculture offered alternative identities to resolve such predicaments. Additionally, we found that identification with a drug subculture significantly reduced ego identity discomfortduringdrug use, which, thereby, substantiates the claim that subcultures can act as solutions to individual problems and predicaments.
A Study of the Effect of Cotton Fiber Structure on Luster
Authors: Holboke Lawrence E. , Berriman Lester P. 
Published: November 2015

Cotton and synthetic fibers were studied analytically and experimentally to determine the basic cause of luster in fibrous materials. The analytic technique used provided a mathematical description of the interaction of light with a nearly ideal fiber, namely, glass. An instrument was constructed to measure the angle and intensity of light scattered from single fibers. A number of fibers were investigated in this way. The ideal glass fiber gave experimental data which correlated with those from the analysis. By the use of polarized light it was possible to measure the coherency of the scattering process, which was found to be a measure of the luster of the fibers. Under suitable experimental conditions, it was shown that surface reflection from a fiber is the source of the luster quality and that a small degree of surface roughness is very effective in decreasing the luster. It is not known exactly what magnitude of surface discontinuity is most responsible for loss of luster; however, it is quite possible that ways may be found to decrease these discontinuities and so increase the luster of cotton to any degree desired.
The Mechanical Properties of Permanently Set and Cystine Reduced Wool Fibers at Various Relative Humidities and the Structure of Wool
Authors: Feughelman M. 
Published: November 2015

The mechanical properties of disulfide reduced wool fibers and “permanently” set wool fibers have been measured over a range of humidities and times. For the permanently set fibers, it was found that at extensions in the yield region over the humidity range 20% to 100%, a fixed amount of stress, which is independent of relative humidity and time, is removed from the value of the stress corresponding to the same extension and humidity for a normal wool fiber. This fixed stress change is associated with ability of the crystalline β-phase in an extended fiber to reverse to the α-phase on retraction. For disulfide reduced fibers a progressive reduction in stiffness was observed with reduction of disulfide content. At 15% extension if Ft is the stress of an unreduced fiber at any time t and F't is the stress on a reduced fiber, then from previous results [9] Ft = ( a – br) ( t), where a and b are constants independent of t and the relative humidity r. The results presented show that F't may be expressed by F't = ( a' – br) ( t) where a' is a constant independent of t and r. Further ( a – a') is proportional to the difference of the disulfide content of the normal and reduced fibers. On the basis of these results a model that is an extension of the series zone model is proposed. It is suggested that the disulfide density of the matrix varies in a regular manner alongside the microfibrils in the fiber direction. Further, that the disulfide content and temperature, possibly by entanglement or disulfide interchange, control the “viscosity” of the differing sections of the matrix.
Cognitive Style Difference and the Underrepresentation of Mexican Americans in Programs for the Gifted
Authors: Leon Josie De 
Published: November 2015

Culturally related differences in cognitive styles could be incompatible with behavioral expectations, criteria set by school programs, and assessment instruments used in determining giftedness. Consequently, some children are overlooked by identification procedures that do not take into account cognitive style differences, or which are geared toward one particular style. Witkin's research on cultural factors affecting the development of styles and research related to Mexican Americans is discussed first. Next, the learning characteristics of field dependents and field independents are examined to establish differences. Finally, the concept of giftedness, school expectations in identification, and assessment instruments are analyzed for their relationship to cognitive style preference.
Appreciating Children's Aesthetic Ways of Knowing: An Interview with Elliot Eisner
Authors: Buescher Thomas M. 
Published: November 2015

Educating children and adolescents who have exceptional academic and artistic abilities challenges traditional modes of curriculum design and instruction. One reason for this problem is the narrow view educators often take of ‘knowing’, casting it in singular rather than interactive disciplines and ways of representation. Elliot Eisner has urged a more radical point of departure for thinking about the mind by recognizing how aesthetic ways of knowing can expand the richness of every student's intelligence. Elliot Eisner Ph.D. is a distinguished professor of Education and Art at Stanford University. He is widely regarded for his thinking and research in the diverse fields of art education, curriculum development, and educational evaluation. Professor Eisner's current work focuses on aspects of children's artistic development and the use of artistic criticism as a means of evaluating educational practices. He has edited Learning and Teaching: Ways of Knowing, the 1985 Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education.
Delicate Scissors for Neuro‐Otologic Surgery
Authors: Luetje Charles M. 
Published: November 2015

Standard delicate Bellucci scissors are too short for translabyrinthine and middle cranial fossa nerve VIII sections, for separation of acoustic tumors from cranial nerve VII, and for other techniques requiring microscissors in neuro‐otologic surgery. A delicate scissors, 2 cm longer, has been designed allowing appropriate length. Sharp dissection in the plane between cranial nerve VII and acoustic tumors has improved postoperative facial function.
Experimental Induction of Squamous Metaplasia in the Dog Trachea with Cuffed Endotracheal Tubes
Authors: Severson James M. , Ketter Gary W. , Belson Thomas P. , Paegle Roland D. , Toohill Robert J. 
Published: November 2015

Clinical reports cite the development of squamous metaplasia in tracheas following tracheostomy, laryngectomy, and cuffed intubation. The purpose of this study was (1) to develop an experimental model using the dog trachea and study the effects of prolonged cuffed intubation and (2) to determine whether squamous metaplasia is produced by prolonged contact of the endotracheal cuff with the tracheal mucosa. Modifications of widely used high‐volume, low‐pressure 8‐mm endotracheal tubes were made with the distal portion of the tube, its cuff, and the inflating catheter attached. This model formed an implantable cuffed tube approximately 8 cm in length. The dogs remained intubated for 14 days, at which time they were killed; seven animals were available for histologic study. Varying degrees of squamous metaplasia were produced in all animals.
Facial Keratoacanthoma
Authors: Patterson H. Clifton 
Published: November 2015

The keratoacanthoma is a common tumor of hair follicle origin that appears predominantly on sun‐exposed skin of elderly persons. Approximately 80% of the tumors arise on the face. It is characterized by the rapid growth of a painless, dome‐shaped, 10 to 25 mm solitary lesion with a central keratinous plug that undergoes spontaneous involution over 6 to 12 months, leaving behind a puckered scar. Alarming growth and early histologic appearance (pseudocarcinomatous infiltration, cell atypicality, mitoses) are suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma, but biologic behavior and tumor architecture confirm its benign nature. However, evidence that all keratoacanthomas regress is lacking, malignant transformation has been reported, and less than excisional biopsy may render a difficult histologic diagnosis either inconclusive or erroneous, even in expert hands. Excisional biopsy is recommended as expedient and definitive management that offers optimal prognosis. Local flap or full‐thickness graft closure affords cosmetic results that are superior to those provided by other treatment methods.
Split‐Rib Graft for Reconstruction of the Mandible
Authors: Wersäll Jan , Bergstedt Hans , Körlof Bengt , Lind Magnus G. 
Published: November 2015

Defects in the mandible after tumor surgery were reconstructed with split‐rib grafts in 23 patients. Twenty of the patients were preoperatively irradiated with fractioned radiotherapy, ranging from 40 to 85 gray. Partial sequestration appeared in five patients. The ingrowth of the transplant was examined with technetium scintigraphy. Satisfactory cosmetic and functional results were achieved in the great majority of the patients. Split‐rib grafting is recommended for reconstruction of the mandible as a safe procedure with little increased operation time and morbidity for the patient and good functional and cosmetic results.
Management of Facial Angiofibromas in Tuberous Sclerosis: Use of the Carbon Dioxide Laser
Authors: Bellack Gary S. , Shapshay Stanley M. 
Published: November 2015

Facial angiofibromas are estimated to occur in 90% of patients with tuberous sclerosis and can cause considerable cosmetic disfigurement, emotional distress, obstruction of vision, and hemorrhage when abraded. Postoperative wound management associated with skin grafting and dermabrasion is often difficult because patients are mentally retarded and noncooperative. Three patients with extensive facial angiofibromas were treated successfully with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, with follow‐up period ranging from 8 to 48 months. Uncomplicated wound healing occurred in each patient with minimal recurrence of lesions. Ablation with the CO2 laser is our treatment of choice for angiofibromas associated with tuberous sclerosis.
Comparison of speech perception abilities in deaf children with hearing aids or cochlear implants
Authors: Miyamoto Richard T. , Osberger Mary Joe , Robbins Amy M. , Myres Wendy A. , Kessler Kathy , Pope Molly L. 
Published: November 2015

The speech perception abilities of deaf children with a single‐ or multi‐channel cochlear implant are compared with those of deaf children who derive substantial benefit from conventional hearing aids. The children with hearing aids have unaided pure‐tone thresholds ranging from 90‐ to 110‐dB HL through at least 2000 Hz, and aided thresholds of 30‐ to 60‐dB HL. The group data show that the speech perception scores of the subjects with hearing aids were significantly higher than those of the subjects with implants on a range of speech perception measures. Although a few subjects with implants achieved scores as high as those who used hearing aids, the majority did not. Even though the children with implants receive substantial benefit from their devices, they continue to have limited auditory perception abilities relative to their peers who derive benefit from conventional hearing aids. The data highlight the importance of establishing hearing aid benefit in potential candidates for implant.
Contralateral suppression of otoacoustic emissions: An index of the function of the medial olivocochlear system
Authors: Berlin Charles I. , Hood Linda J. , Hurley Annette , Wen Han 
Published: November 2015

We can now distinguish, in part, between nerve deafness and hair cell deafness through the use of otoacoustic emissions. We can also assess the efferent system by carefully quantifying the effects of contralateral stimulation on these same otoacoustic emissions. The suppression of transient evoked emissions by continuous contralateral white noise is an ostensibly small effect of 2 or 3 dB when studied over a 20‐msec window. However, when subjected to microstructural analysis, the effect can exceed 6 to 8 dB in the zones from 10 to 20 msec after the stimulus has subsided. Temporal and spectral analyses reveal robust effects of contralateral lateral stimulation, although in any given normal subject it may be difficult to separate middle ear effects from efferent effects. Evidence is strong that the efferent effect is mediated in part by cholinergic — primarily nicotinic — receptors in the outer hair cell. However, a unique type of patient, who shows nearly normal pure‐tone audiograms and absent ABRs, shows virtually no contralateral suppression of transient evoked emissions. Some other patients, with symptoms of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease, may paradoxically show extremely poor audiograms, but perfectly normal evoked emissions along with absent contralateral suppression. The ABR, along with middle ear muscle reflexes and masking level differences, are all absent in these patients; we therefore think they have a disorder that desynchronizes most of their primary auditory nerve fibers and thereby disconnects them from any efferent activity or masking cancellation. The existence of such an auditory disorder, characterized by severe dysfunction in speech comprehension — especially when listening in noise—suggests that what appears to be a “central auditory imperception” might stem instead from a systemic peripheral primary neuropathy.
Intratympanic gentamicin in bilateral meniere's disease
Authors: Pyykkö Ilmari , Ishizaki Hisayoshi , Kaasinen Susanna , Aalto Heikki 
Published: November 2015

Treatment of bilateral Meniere's disease is a delicate task. Streptomycin has demonstrated its ability to successfully control the vertigo attacks, but in some cases it results in oscillopsia and transforms the periodic attacks to permanent instability. If the site of the active labyrinth can be determined, a more specific treatment can be tried. We have treated 14 patients with intractable bilateral Meniere's disease with intratympanic gentamicin (Garamycin, 40 mg/ml) administered initially in either 1, 2, 3, or 4 injections. The patients were tested at frequent intervals and followed up for 2 years. The work capacity, severity of vertigo, and gait difficulties were scored before treatment and during each test occasion. The postural stability was evaluated on a force platform and sway velocity was analyzed. Before treatment, moderate or severe reduction of work capacity was experienced by all of the subjects, which correlated to severity of vertigo and gait problems. Two years after treatment, the vertigo attacks were eliminated in 11 subjects and controlled in three subjects. The work capacity of three subjects was still moderately or severely reduced. This reduction depended on gait disturbance and Tumarkin attacks. The average postural stability returned to pretreatment level 2 years after the treatment was begun. The outcome of the caloric responses did not correlate with the outcome of the treatment. Hearing was not significantly affected by the treatment. Intratympanic gentamicin treatment is a relatively safe and effective way to treat bilateral Meniere's disease when the symptoms can be localized to one ear.
Evaluation of Distraction Osteogenesis by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ganey Timothy M. , Klotch Douglas W. , Slater‐Haase Alicia Sue , Sasse Joachim 
Published: November 2015

A model of bifocal distraction osteogenesis in the canine model was used to assess and quantitate the mineral content of the newly forming bone within the canine mandible. A 2‐cm defect was created in the body of the mandible, and after a posterior osteotomy, the transport disk was advanced at 0.25 mm per 8 hours for 21 days and then held in rigid fixation for an additional week. As a control for this study, three additional dogs underwent the same procedure with the exception that the transport disk was not advanced. Electron dispersive spectroscopy analysis was performed on the newly formed regenerate bone and compared with areas of existing cortical bone of both the transport disk and the mandible. In the control model, special note was made of the pericortical callus at the osteotomy site as well as of the regenerative bone that filled the 2‐cm defect in the body of the mandible. Calcium/phosphorous ratios were used to assess the composition of the mineralized regions of the mandible. The regenerate bone that filled the defect and the mineralized callus surrounding the site of osteoclasis in the control mandible were significantly different in composition when compared with the regenerate bone that formed during distraction osteogenesis. This suggests that distraction osteogenesis may effect an initial matrix production that is more similar in composition to the mature cortical bone from which it was derived than does periosteal regeneration and filling of an osseous defect.
Motivational interviewing increases physical activity and self-efficacy in people living in the community after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: O’Halloran Paul D , Shields Nora , Blackstock Felicity , Wintle Elizabeth , Taylor Nicholas F 
Published: November 2015

Objective: To investigate if motivational interviewing improved physical activity, self-efficacy, quality of life, mobility and mental health in people living in the community after hip fracture. Design: Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting: Community. Participants: A total of 30 adults after hip fracture who had been discharged from rehabilitation to independent living in the community and allocated to a control group ( n = 14) or an intervention group ( n = 16). Intervention: All participants received usual care. The intervention group also received eight weekly sessions of motivational interviewing as additional input, with the control group having no additional matching input. Main outcomes: The primary outcome was physical activity levels as measured by an accelerometer (steps taken per day, time spent walking per day, and time spent sitting or lying each day). Secondary outcomes included self-efficacy (confidence about walking and not falling), health-related quality of life, mobility and mental health. Results: Relative to usual care, the motivational interviewing group took significantly more steps per day (mean = 1237 steps, 95% confidence interval (CI) 12 to 2463), walked for longer per day (mean = 14.4 minutes, 95% CI 0.6 to 28.8), had improved self-efficacy evidenced by being more confident about walking (mean = 1.6 units out of 10, 95% CI 0.3 to 2.9) and not falling (mean = 1.1 units out of 10, 95% CI 0.3 to 1.9) and improved health-related quality of life and mental health. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that motivational interviewing can result in clinically meaningful improvements in physical activity and psychosocial outcomes for people recovering from hip fracture.
A cost-effectiveness study of person-centered integrated heart failure and palliative home care: Based on a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sahlen Klas-Göran , Boman Kurt , Brännström Margareta 
Published: November 2015

Background: Previous economic studies of person-centered palliative home care have been conducted mainly among patients with cancer. Studies on cost-effectiveness of advanced home care for patients with severe heart failure are lacking when a diagnosis of heart failure is the only main disease as the inclusion criterion. Aim: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a new concept of care called person-centered integrated heart failure and palliative home care. Design: A randomized controlled trial was conducted from January 2011 to 2013 at a center in Sweden. Data collection included cost estimates for health care and the patients’ responses to the EQ-5D quality of life instrument. Setting/participants: Patients with chronic and severe heart failure were randomly assigned to an intervention ( n = 36) or control ( n = 36) group. The intervention group received the Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care intervention over 6 months. The control group received the same care that is usually provided by a primary health care center or heart failure clinic at the hospital. Results: EQ-5D data indicated that the intervention resulted in a gain of 0.25 quality-adjusted life years, and cost analysis showed a significant cost reduction with the Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care intervention. Even if costs for staffing are higher than usual care, this is more than made up for by the reduced need for hospital-based care. This intervention made it possible for the county council to use €50,000 for other needs. Conclusion: The Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care working mode saves financial resources and should be regarded as very cost-effective.