bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ten Years of Reservoir Monitoring with Chemical Inflow Tracers - What Have We Learnt and Applied Over the Past Decade?
Authors: Dyrli A. D. , Leung E.. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The initial development of inflow tracers was initially designed to provide qualitative information about identifying the location of water breakthrough in production wells. The proof of concept and application for water detection, initiated the development of oil tracers for oil inflow monitoring. Different approaches to install them permanently within a completion component were used, to provide risk free, reliable production monitoring without the need for intervention. Installing unique chemical tracers that are embedded in polymer materials in sand screens or pup joints, along select locations in the lower completion was to correlate where the oil and water is flowing along the production interval and how much. Innovation in the chemistry and materials designed to release to a target fluid (oil or water), enabled non electric wireless monitoring capabilities for many years of longevity in harsh well conditions, such as high temperature and highly acidic stimulation fluids. The evolution of inflow tracer signal interpretation, qualitative and quantitative interpretation workflows using models have also provided valuable insight to inflow characterisation. The latter can provide zonal rate information like wireline conveyed production logging tools, by inducing transients through shut in's or rate changes to create tracer signals that are transported by flow to surface and captured in sample bottles for laboratory analysis. A model based approach to match the measured signals with proprietary models through history matching workflow has also been developed. There are hundreds of well installations utilising inflow tracing monitoring technology today, where the majority have been in open hole completions in both sandstone and naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs on land, offshore environments in both platform and deep water sub-sea environments producing through long tie backs to FPSO's. The monitoring sensors are adaptable to most completion types in conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In most cases, inflow tracers can monitor clean-up efficiency, any subsequent restart and steady state production. Practical case studies will discuss the development of robust and reliable inflow tracer and technology and how operators have applied it over the past decade in a chronological order.
Wheat Yield Affected by Soil Temperature and Water under Mulching in Dryland
Authors: He Gang , Wang Zhaohui , Ma Xiaolong , He Hongxia , Cao Hanbing , Wang Sen , Dai Jian , Luo Laichao , Huang Ming , Malhi Sukhdev S. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Plastic mulch increased soil temperature and water, thus increased wheat yield.
High soil temperature by plastic mulch and planting legume reduced wheat yield.
Incorporation of legume increased soil temperature of next wheat growing season.
Planting legume increased soil water use in summer and decreased evapotranspiration in wheat season.
In the Loess Plateau of northwestern China, soil water shortage is the main factor constraining dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Soil mulching is considered an effective practice to improve wheat yield due to increased soil water storage, but the information related to integrated understanding of soil temperature and water is scarce. We conducted a location‐fixed field experiment with two soil mulching (plastic mulch and planting legume) treatments to confirm the effects of soil temperature and water on wheat yield under different precipitation levels. In 2014–2015 with higher than average precipitation, plastic mulch increased soil water storage by 13% at sowing and average soil temperature by 0.4°C, which in turn increased yield by 13%, compared to the control. In 2012–2013 with extremely lower than average precipitation, the high daily maximum soil temperature during wheat reproductive period decreased grain number per spike and grain weight by 16 and 4%, respectively, thus reduced yield by 16%. For planting legume, the lower soil water storage at sowing and high daily maximum soil temperature during the wheat reproductive period decreased the number of spikes per hectare and grain weight by 29 and 4%, respectively, resulting in a 37% decrease in yield in 2012–2013. In other years with relatively higher precipitation, the proper soil temperature and extra N input under planting legume alleviated the negative impact of yield decline. Overall, planting legume did not show any benefit for wheat yield, while plastic mulch provided an opportunity for increasing wheat yield in dryland.
Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Chhattisgarh Vertisol after Use of a Rice–Wheat System for 16 Years
Authors: Joshi S. K. , Bajpai R. K. , Kumar Prahalad , Tiwari Alok , Bachkaiya Vinay , Manna M. C. , Sahu Asha , Bhattacharjya S. , Rahman Mohammad Mahmudur , Wanjari R. H. , Singh Muneshwar , Coumar Vassanda , Patra Ashok K. , Chaudhari S. K. 
Published: October 2017

Long‐term impact of fertilizers and manure on fractions of soil organic C pools.
The critical reasons to find out declined crop productivity.
The remedies for arresting C decline and sustain productivity and soil fertility.
Identification of factors responsible for poor crop yield.
A comprehensive knowledge of total organic carbon (TOC) dynamics in the soil as affected by cropping system and fertilizer application is imperative for maintaining soil health. We investigated the effect of long‐term (16‐yr) use of farmyard manure (FYM), crop residues, green manure (GM) and inorganic fertilizers in rice–wheat rotation on TOC pools, and crop yields with the objective to establish an interrelationship among these parameters under long‐term rice–wheat cropping system. The study was initiated in 1999 under AICRP on a Long‐Term Fertilizer Experiment conducted at Raipur, India, with eight fertilizer treatments, that is, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + ZnSO4, 100% N, 100% NP, 100% NPK + FYM, 50% NPK + GM and control (no fertilizer and manure). Results revealed that the manure addition increased the sensitive fractions of TOC such as water soluble C, acid hydrolyzable carbohydrates, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC). However, the percent increase was relatively lower in chemical fertilizer treatments compared to integrated use of fertilizers and manure. The particulate organic matter carbon (POMC) appeared to be the most affected one. Higher content of POMC was noticed in macro‐aggregates than micro‐aggregates and declined substantially in the aggregates of 100% N‐ and 100% NP‐treated plots leading to lower nutrient supplying capacity of the soils. Humic acid C fractions, that is, a passive pool of TOC was significantly higher in FYM in combination with balanced fertilizer treatments. These results emphasized that the integrated nutrient supply strategy is necessary to sustain the long‐term TOC storage and productivity.
Agro‐Environmental Consequences of Shifting from Nitrogen‐ to Phosphorus‐Based Manure Management of Corn
Authors: Sadeghpour Amir , Ketterings Quirine M. , Godwin Gregory S. , Czymmek Karl J. , Vermeylen Francoise 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Soil nitrate and moisture are primary drivers for N2O emissions.
Where N limits yield, N2O emissions increase linearly with yield.
Phosphorus‐based manure management can lead to deficiencies in N supply.
Supplemental fertilizer N in P‐based systems increases N2O emissions.
The relationships among corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield, N supply, and N2O emissions as influenced by a change from N‐based surface applications of manure (no incorporation) to a P‐based (crop removal) management system with immediate incorporation of manure were studied in 2014 and 2015. Treatments were annual spring applications of separated dairy solids (34 and 90 Mg ha–1), liquid dairy manure (93 and 159 kL ha–1), and two inorganic N fertilizer rates (0 and 112 kg ha–1). In 2015, half of each manure‐amended plot received 168 kg N ha–1 at sidedressing time to assess if yields were N‐limited. Shifting from N‐ to P‐based management resulted in 5 and 3% yield decreases in the manure and solids treatments, respectively. Corn yields and N uptake increased with N sidedressing in 2015, reflecting an N limitation in those treatments. Shifting from N‐ to P‐based manure with tillage incorporation increased soil NO3–N levels at planting and sidedressing in 2014 but not in 2015, consistent with weather differences. Nitrous oxide emissions ranged from 216 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (zero‐N control) to 964 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (112 kg N ha–1) in 2014 and from 249 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (P‐based solids) to 776 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (112 kg N ha–1). In both years, soil N2O emissions increased linearly with N availability and, therefore, corn grain yield. Our results suggest that N2O emissions increase with yield when N is yield‐limiting, independent of N sources.
Soil Carbon Fractions from an Alluvial Soil Texture Gradient in North Carolina
Authors: Deiss Leonardo , Franzluebbers Alan J. , Amoozegar Aziz , Hesterberg Dean , Polizzotto Matthew , Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions varied along a soil texture gradient.
Specific surface area and Fe oxyhydroxides were positively associated with clay concentration.
Soil C fractions were positively associated with surface area and Fe oxides.
Aluminum oxide was not related to clay concentration or specific surface area.
Mineralizable C had the most complex relationship with clay concentration.
Soil texture is known to affect soil organic C (SOC) concentration and microbial activity, but these relationships are not always straightforward. We characterized total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions along a gradient of soil texture within a flood plain field in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. Soil was collected from 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, and 15‐ to 30‐cm depth intervals at 204 locations within a 7‐ha area. Samples were analyzed for soil particle size distribution, specific surface area (SSA), oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe to estimate short‐range‐ordered (i.e., poorly crystalline) oxyhydroxides, and soil C fractions. Overall, relationships among soil C fractions, textural classes, and depths were complex. Both SOC (0.4–13.9 g kg–1 soil) and mineral‐associated organic C (0–12 g kg–1 soil) increased as soil clay concentration increased (73–430 g kg–1 soil), but having two distinct slopes in each relationship with an inflection point of ∼150 g clay kg–1 soil at 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm and an inflection point of ∼250 g clay kg–1 soil at 15 to 30 cm. As clay concentration increased, SSA (12–76 m2 g–1 soil) and oxalate‐extractable Fe (0.45–5.9 g kg–1 soil) also increased. A weaker relationship was observed between oxalate‐extractable Al (0.38–1.5 g kg–1 soil) and either SSA or mineral‐associated organic C. Mineralizable C increased with increasing clay concentration up until 143 ± 3, 152 ± 5, and 161 ± 11 g kg–1 (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm, respectively), but decreased (0–5 and 5–15 cm) or stayed constant (15–30 cm) at higher clay concentrations. On the basis of untested observations, we surmise that binding of C to oxalate‐extractable Fe contributed to the accumulation of SOC and suppression of mineralizable C as the clay concentration increased. These results suggest that complex soil texture–physicochemical interactions underlie the inherent fertility of floodplain soils.
Potassium Fixation by Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Phyllosilicates
Authors: Florence Angela , Ransom Michel , Mengel David 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Understanding how soils fix and release K is crucial for soil fertility.
K fixation and release are controlled by layer silicate collapse and expansion.
K fixation is affected by layer charge, charge distribution, and Fe redox.
The greater the negative layer charge, the greater the amounts of K fixation.
Tetrahedrally derived charge favors more K fixation than octahedrally derived charge.
Potassium fixation traps K+ ions in the interlayer region of phyllosilicates. This study determined if increased negative interlayer charge caused by structural Fe reduction leads to increased K+ fixation. The five reference clays used were illite (IMt‐1), kaolinite (KGa‐1b), montmorillonite (STx‐1b), nontronite (NAu‐2), and vermiculite (VTx‐1). Soil clays were fractionated from the upper 15 cm of a Belvue loam and a Cherokee silt. Potassium fixation capacities were measured on clay samples of unreduced and reduced forms of each clay. Iron (II) and total Fe contents were determined, and K+ fixation was measured by K saturating the clays, followed by five washes of MgCl2 solution. Iron reduction significantly increased the amounts of K+ fixed by NAu‐2 and VTx‐1. An increase in Fe(II) content caused increases in layer charge and K+ fixation. Although NAu‐2 exhibited a greater increase in Fe(II) content on reduction than VTx‐1, the increase in K+ fixation on reduction was greater for VTx‐1 because of the tetrahedral location of Fe in VTx‐1. For IMt‐1, KGa‐1b, and STx‐1b, Fe reduction did not significantly affect the K+ fixation capacities because of their low Fe contents. The Belvue loam released K+ in both unreduced and reduced forms. The Cherokee silt did not appreciably release or fix K+ in either form. Although much K is removed in the first wash, small amounts of K were removed in subsequent washes, especially for reduced samples of NAu‐2 and VTx‐1. The washing procedure caused reduced Fe to reoxidize, which resulted in K that was previously fixed to be released.
Impact of network sectorisation on water quality management
Authors: Armand Hooman , Stoianov Ivan , Graham Nigel 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The sectorisation of water supply networks (WSNs) includes the permanent closure of valves in order to achieve a cost-effective leakage management and simplify pressure control. The impact of networks sectorisation, also known as district metered areas (DMAs), on water quality and discolouration has not been extensively studied and it remains unknown. In addition, hydraulic variables used in the literature for assessing the likelihood of potential discolouration are limited and inconclusive. This paper investigates a methodology to evaluate the impact of networks sectorisation (DMAs) on water quality and the likelihood of discolouration incidents. The methodology utilises a set of surrogate hydraulic variables and an analysis of the hydraulic condition in pipes with historic discolouration complaints. The proposed methodology has been applied to a large-scale WSN, with and without sectors, in order to assess the potential impact of DMAs on water quality. The results demonstrate that the sectorisation of WSN (DMAs) could compromise the overall water quality and increase the likelihood of discolouration incidents. The results of this study and the proposed surrogate hydraulic variables facilitate the formulation of optimisation problems for the re-design and control of WSNs with sectorised topologies.
SCREENING POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES DERIVED FROM GERMINATED LABLAB BEAN, PIGEON PEA AND KIDNEY BEAN
Authors: Ratnayani Ketut , Panjaitan Indriani Wisnu Susanto , Puspawati Ni Made 
Published: October 2017

Abstract Protein hydrolysate contains a mixture of various lengths of short peptides chain and free amino acids that may
excert biological activities. This research aims to screen potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities of protein hydrolysate
produced from three kinds of germinated beans i.e. lablab bean (Lablab purpureus), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) and
kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. The steps of research included germination process of
the beans prior to total protein isolation, enzymatic hydrolysis of total protein isolates using pancreatin enzyme, evaluation of
in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates protein using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) method, and antibaterial
activity testing towards Eschericia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus bacteria. The results revealed that pancreatine enzyme was
able to hydrolyse germinated protein of lablab bean, pigeon pea and kidney bean at the experiment condition applied with
degree of hydrolysis 34.12%, 27.44%, and 30,93% respectively. It was also found that protein hydrolysates of lablab bean,
pigeon pea, and kidney bean demonstrated antioxidant activity which percentage radical DPPH scavenging activity of 84.02%,
68.97% and 67.89 %. On the other hand, all of those protein hydrolysates did not show any antibacterial activity towards
Eschericia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus bacteria.
DEVELOPMENT OF GEL DOSAGE FORM OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF MANGOSTEEN RIND
Authors: Astuti Ketut Widyani , Wijayanti Ni Putu Ayu Dewi , Prasetia I Gusti Ngurah Jemmy Anton 
Published: October 2017

Abstract Alpha-mangostin is a xanthonoid compound contained in mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) and has an
antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, the bacterium that causes acne. In this study, mangosteen rind extract is
formulated in a gel dosage form. This study aimed to determine the optimum formula, the physical and chemical properties as
well as the optimum formula release profile of the gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract.
The mangosteen rind extract gel formula consists of viscolam, propylene glycol, glycerin, microcare®, ethyl acetate extract of
mangosteen rind, and distilled water. The formula was optimized by varying the concentrations of viscolam (2% and 5%),
propylene glycol (5% and 20%) and glycerin (2% and 15%) using a factorial experimental design program called Design Expert
7.0.0. The 8 formulas were developed into gel dosage form and the physical and chemical properties were then evaluated. The
evaluation tests include viscosity, dispersive power, and pH tests. The evaluation results were processed using the Design Expert
7.0.0 program to determine the optimum formula.
The results of the analysis showed the optimum formula of gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract with viscolam percentage
of 4.97%, propylene glycol of 9.91%, glycerin of 12.23%, microcare® of 0.3%, TEA (q.s), ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen
rind of 1%, and distilled water of 45%. The evaluation results of the physical and chemical properties of the gel optimum
formula revealed the viscosity of 2,345 cps, dispersive power of 6.59 cm, and pH of 6.74. Alpha-mangostin release test on the
optimum formula revealed a flux value of 41.327 ?g/cm2/t1/2. From these results, it is concluded that the optimum formula has
met the physical and chemical characteristics of a good gel.
Noise Level Status in Siddharthanagar Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Lakshmi Nath 
Published: October 2017

Undesirable sound for human hearing is called as noise. It was measured at the selected locations of silent, residential and commercial zones of Siddharthanagar Municipality by using Dick Smith Digital Sound Level Meter Q 1362 for ‘A’ weighting in day time at 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM in the month of November and December 2012. The result shows that at each location the Leq noise levels are above than the noise level standard prescribed by Government of Nepal and WHO. Maximum Leq of 81.9 dB(A) was observed at the Bus park of commercial area and minimum 54.5 dB(A) was observed at Medical College area of silent zone. In other places, the Leq lie in the range 56.2 dB(A) to 81.9 dB(A). The study showed that the places lying along highways have high level of noise which is due to bad condition of roads, vehicles and unnecessary use of horns The Himalayan Physics Vol. 5, No. 5, Nov. 2014 Page: 69-74
Development and Usability of a Smartphone Application for Tracking Antiretroviral Medication Refill Data for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Zambo Dikai , Moyo Dumisani , Tanthuma Gobe , Chapman Jennifer , Re Vincent Lo , Graziani Amelia , Lowenthal Elizabeth , Hanrahan Nancy , Littman-Quinn Ryan , Kovarik Carrie , Albarracin Dolores , Holmes John H. , Gross Robert , Coppock Dagan 
Published: October 2017

Summary
Background: Adherence to antiretroviral medication leads to HIV suppression and decreased morbidity and mortality. In resource- limited settings, the dependence on paper medical charts and unstable electronic health records creates a challenge to monitoring medication adherence. A pharmacy-based strategy that utilizes existing cellular phone infrastructure may lead to a more stable system to monitor adherence.
Objectives: To develop and evaluate the usability of a smartphone-based software application (app) for tracking antiretroviral medication refill data in a resource-limited setting.
Methods: A pharmacy-based smartphone app for tracking HIV medication adherence was developed through a multi-step rapid prototyping process. The usability of the app was assessed during the daily activities of pharmacy dispensers at HIV clinics in and around Gaborone, Botswana using a validated computer usability survey.
Results: The study demonstrated the effective development of and favorable end-user responses to a pharmacy-based HIV medication adherence app. End users had suggestions for minor changes to improve the app’s functionality.
Conclusions: In resource-limited settings where electronic health record support is limited, such a system was feasible and appealing. In the future, this system may allow for improved HIV medication adherence tracking and be applied to medications beyond antiretrovirals.
Polarimetric Study of Near-Earth Asteroid (1566) Icarus
Authors: Ishiguro Masateru , Kuroda Daisuke , Watanabe Makoto , Bach Yoonsoo P. , Kim Jooyeon , Lee Mingyeong , Sekiguchi Tomohiko , Naito Hiroyuki , Ohtsuka Katsuhito , Hanayama Hidekazu , Hasegawa Sunao , Usui Fumihiko , Urakawa Seitaro , Imai Masataka , Sato Mitsuteru , Kuramoto Kiyoshi 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We conducted a polarimetric observation of the fast-rotating near-Earth asteroid (1566) Icarus at large phase (Sun–asteroid–observer’s) angles α = 57°–141° around the 2015 summer solstice. We found that the maximum values of the linear polarization degree are P
max = 7.32 ± 0.25% at phase angles of α
max = 124° ± 8° in the V-band and P
max = 7.04 ± 0.21% at α
max = 124° ± 6° in the R
C-band. Applying the polarimetric slope–albedo empirical law, we derived a geometric albedo of p
V = 0.25 ± 0.02, which is in agreement with that of Q-type taxonomic asteroids. α
max is unambiguously larger than that of Mercury, the Moon, and another near-Earth S-type asteroid (4179) Toutatis but consistent with laboratory samples with hundreds of microns in size. The combination of the maximum polarization degree and the geometric albedo is in accordance with terrestrial rocks with a diameter of several hundreds of micrometers. The photometric function indicates a large macroscopic roughness. We hypothesize that the unique environment (i.e., the small perihelion distance q = 0.187 au and a short rotational period of T
rot = 2.27 hr) may be attributed to the paucity of small grains on the surface, as indicated on (3200) Phaethon.