bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitonuclear Epistasis for Development Time and Its Modification by Diet in Drosophila
Authors: Mossman Jim A , Biancani Leann M , Zhu Chen-Tseh , Rand David M 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear genes have to operate in a coordinated manner to maintain organismal function, and the regulation of this homeostasis presents a substantial source of potential epistatic (G × G) interactions. How these interactions shape the fitness landscape is poorly understood. Here we developed a novel mitonuclear epistasis model, using selected strains of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and mitochondrial genomes from within Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans to test the hypothesis that mtDNA × nDNA interactions influence fitness. In total we built 72 genotypes (12 nuclear backgrounds × 6 mtDNA haplotypes, with 3 from each species) to dissect the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Each genotype was assayed on four food environments. We found considerable variation in several phenotypes, including development time and egg-to-adult viability, and this variation was partitioned into genetic (G), environmental (E), and higher-order (G × G, G × E, and G × G × E) components. Food type had a significant impact on development time and also modified mitonuclear epistases, evidencing a broad spectrum of G × G × E across these genotypes. Nuclear background effects were substantial, followed by mtDNA effects and their G × G interaction. The species of mtDNA haplotype had negligible effects on phenotypic variation and there was no evidence that mtDNA variation has different effects on male and female fitness traits. Our results demonstrate that mitonuclear epistases are context dependent, suggesting the selective pressure acting on mitonuclear genotypes may vary with food environment in a genotype-specific manner.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence
Authors: Nelson Caleb P. , Hoberman Alejandro , Shaikh Nader , Keren Ron , Mathews Ranjiv , Greenfield Saul P. , Mattoo Tej K. , Gotman Nathan , Ivanova Anastasia , Moxey-Mims Marva , Carpenter Myra A. , Chesney Russell W. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
The Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) trial found that recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) with resistant organisms were more common in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis (TSP) arm. We describe factors associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance of rUTIs in RIVUR.

METHODS:
Children aged 2 to 71 months with first or second UTI (index UTI) and grade I to IV vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were randomized to TSP or placebo and followed for 2 years. Factors associated with TMP-SMX–resistant rUTI were evaluated.

RESULTS:
Among 571 included children, 48% were &lt;12 months old, 43% had grade II VUR, and 38% had grade III VUR. Recurrent UTI occurred in 34 of 278 children receiving TSP versus 67 of 293 children receiving placebo. Among those with rUTI, 76% (26/34) of subjects receiving TSP had TMP-SMX–resistant organisms versus 28% (19/67) of subjects receiving placebo (P &lt; .001). The proportion of TMP-SMX–resistant rUTI decreased over time: in the TSP arm, 96% were resistant during the initial 6 months versus 38% resistant during the final 6 months; corresponding proportions for the placebo arm were 32% and 11%. Among children receiving TSP, 7 (13%) of 55 with TMP-SMX–resistant index UTI had rUTI, whereas 27 (12%) of 223 with TMP-SMX–susceptible index UTI had rUTI (adjusted hazard ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval 0.54–3.56). Corresponding proportions in placebo arm were 17 (26%) of 65 and 50 (22%) of 228 (adjusted hazard ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 0.74–2.38).

CONCLUSIONS:
Although TMP-SMX resistance is more common among children treated with TSP versus placebo, resistance decreased over time. Among children treated with TSP, there was no significant difference in UTI recurrence between those with TMP-SMX–resistant index UTI versus TMP-SMX–susceptible UTI.
The easternmost tropical Pacific. Part II: Seasonal and intraseasonal modes of atmospheric variability
Authors: Amador Jorge A. , Durán-Quesada A. M. , Rivera E. R. , Mora G. , Sáenz F. , Calderón B. , Mora N. 
Published: March 2016

<p>This is Part II of a two-part review about climate and climate variability focused on the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) and the Caribbean Sea (CS). Both parts are aimed at providing oceanographers, marine biologists, and other ocean scientists, a guiding base for ocean-atmosphere interaction processes affecting the CS, the ETP, and the waters of Isla del Coco. Isla del Coco National Park is a Costa Rican World Heritage site. Part I analyzed the mean fields for both basins and a larger region covering 25º S - 35º N, 20º W - 130º W. Here we focus on a smaller area (65º W - 95º W, 0º - 20º N), as a complement to Part 1. Incoming solar radiation and surface energy fluxes reveal the complex nature of the ETP and CS for convective activity and precipitation on seasonal and intraseasonal time scales. Both regions are relevant as sources of evaporation and the associated moisture transport processes. The American Monsoon System influences the climate and climate variability of the ETP and CS, however, the precise way systems affect regional precipitation and transport of moisture, within the Intra Americas Sea (IAS) are not clear. Although the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ) is known to act as a conveyor belt for moisture transport, intraseasonal and seasonal modes of the CLLJ and their interactions with other IAS systems, have to be further investigated. Trans-isthmic jets, exert a variable seasonal wind stress force over the ocean surface co-generating regions of great marine productivity. Isolated convection, the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the hurricane season, the Mid-Summer Drought, the seasonal and intraseasonal behavior of low-level jets and their interactions with transients, and the southward incursion of cold fronts contribute to regional seasonal precipitation. Many large-scale systems, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO, also influence the variability of precipitation by modulating regional features associated with convection and precipitation. Monthly tropical storm (TS) activity in the CS and ETP basins is restricted to the period May-November, with very few cases in December. The CS presents TS peak activity during August, as well as for the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes, in contrast to the ETP that shows the same features during September.</p><div> </div>
Climate of an oceanic island in the Eastern Pacific: Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, Central America
Authors: Alfaro Eric J. , Hidalgo Hugo G. 
Published: March 2016

<p>Studies of atmosphere-ocean interaction in the Pacific of Costa Rican are scarce. To identify oceanographic systems that may be influencing climate near Cocos Island (Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape) we conducted six scientific expeditions between 2007 and 2012. Two automated weather stations were set near Chatham and Wafer bays during the expeditions. Data included records from National Meteorological Institute, Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST). The climate is typical of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Its seasonality is driven by precipitation variability associated with meridional migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The seasonal cycle has two peaks, in May and July, a relative minimum between them in June, and the absolute minimum in February. Most of the precipitation is recorded from April to November. Most rain events have short duration and low intensity. An SST trend was observed from January 1854 to December 2013, coherent with regional warming temperature observations. From 1998 to 2013 there were changes in distributions of almost all meteorological parameters. The combination of these factors resulted in higher evapotranspiration values through the daily cycle, especially during the night time. Precipitation (P) positive anomalies tended to be associated with positive air surface temperature (AST) and SST anomalies and negative global radiation (GR) anomalies. Negative P anomalies tended to be associated with negative AST, SST and positive GR anomalies. Relative humidity (RH) negative anomalies tend to be associated with positive wind speed (WS) anomalies, and the WS effect is opposite for positive RH anomalies. During the cold Niño 3 condition of October 2007, negative P, AST, SST and RH anomalies were observed in concordance with positive WS and GR anomalies, in agreement with the conceptual model of climate system response at Isla del Coco to cold ENSO conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (Suppl. 1): S59-S74. Epub 2016 February 01.</p><div> </div>
Ultraviolet radiation at Isla del Coco (Cocos Island) National Park, Costa Rica.
Authors: Vargas José L. , Alfaro Eric J. 
Published: March 2016

<p>Incoming solar energy that reaches the land surface is divided mainly in infrared, visible and UV. UV radiation has wave lengths from 100 to 400 nm. The World Health Organization recommends studies and monitoring of UV radiation because of its biological effects in living organisms.<strong> </strong>The use of automatic Davis weather stations, Vantage Pro Plus/Vantage Pro2 Plus type, with a sensor model 6490, allowed UV radiation measurements at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, located in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The stations were set near Chatham Bay (5°32’51” N - 87°02’43” W, 142 m.a.s.l) and Wafer Bay (5°32’24” N - 87°03’26” W, 132 m.a.s.l). Measurements were recorded: Apr. 5-11, 2008, Mar. 1-6, 2009, Apr. 22-27, 2010, Jul. 2-8, 2011 and Mar. 15-21, 2012. Data were described for the cloudiest and sunniest days according to the UV index (UVI) as a standardized value that allows easy data interpretation in terms of the hazard exposure for living beings. This is especially important for coral reefs (the island has the largest Pacific reefs in Costa Rica). The maximum UVI average range in Chatham decrease from 14 for sunny days to 3 for cloudy days, and from 16 to 4 for the sunniest and cloudiest days, respectively. In Wafer, these values were 12 to 4 and 14.2 to 3.0, respectively. The average exposure to UV radiation was considered high for sunny days from 9:30 to 14:30hr in Chatham and from 10:00 to 14:30 in Wafer, but these values for the sunniest days increase from 9:00 to 15:00 in Chatham and from 9:00 to 14:30 in Wafer. The equipment used was able to identify events with extremely high UVI values during the expeditions. The generation and use of this information is useful for understanding and modeling the ecosystem dynamics, and it is also valuable for the rangers’ work and for the tourism sector.</p><div> </div>
Facilitative behavioral interactions between deepwater piscivores at Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica
Authors: Auster Peter J. , Sánchez-Jiménez Astrid , Rodríguez-Arrieta Jesús A. , Quesada Andrés J. , Pérez Cinthya , Naranjo-Elizondo Beatriz , Blum Schmulik , Cortés Jorge 
Published: March 2016

<p>The shallow waters around Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, have the highest density of apex predators within the Eastern Tropical Pacific. This represents a unique opportunity to assess the structure of predatory interactions in a community relatively unimpacted by fishing. Facilitation of predation has commonly been observed in shallow reef systems, limited in depth by observations via scuba divers. Here we present a preliminary catalog of facilitative behavioral interactions between 12 taxa of deepwater piscivores at Isla del Coco and Las Gemelas Seamount in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, collected via video from submersible vehicles to depths of approximately 311 m from 2002-2012. Observations were ad hoc and likely represent only a portion of the web of interactions that occur in this ecological setting. That such interactions can be observed to 300 m during the narrow time frame of submersible dives suggests that direct behavioral facilitation of piscivory may play a significant role in the apex predator guild of deepwater fishes. Investigating the extent and population-community consequences of such interactions will provide valuable insight into patterns and processes that occur in communities protected from direct fisheries as well as focus conservation actions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (Suppl. 1): S187-S196. Epub 2016 February 01.</p><p> </p>
First record of Coronida glasselli (Stomatopoda: Coronididae) for Costa Rica (Isla del Coco National Park, Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Authors: Salas-Moya Carolina , Vargas-Castillo Rita 
Published: March 2016

<p><strong>S</strong>tomatopods are a small group of marine and estuarine crustaceans that inhabit several marine ecosystems including deep, shallow waters, and intertidal zones. Six species from five families have been reported from the Park. We add <em>Coronida glasselli</em> Manning, 1976 from rocky reef environments at Isla del Coco. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific the species was reported only from Isla Gorgona, Colombia. There are species from Isla Uva, Panamá in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC.</p><div> </div>
Observation frequency and seasonality of marine birds off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica
Authors: Young Bruce E. Young , Zook James R. 
Published: March 2016

<p>Although the Eastern Tropical Pacific is well known for its diverse fauna, the seabirds occurring off Costa Rica’s Pacific coast have received little scientific attention. With seabirds now the fastest declining avian group, a better understanding of seabird diversity and abundance in this region is urgently needed. We report on observations of Costa Rica’s Pacific seabirds made during 19 days of observations on 11 offshore trips from 2006-2010. We provide, for the first time, spatially and seasonally explicit information on the distribution of 41 species of seabirds (nine families). Species diversity is higher during the dry-wet season (36 species) and wet-dry season transitions (36 species) than during the dry season (19 species). The fauna included three threatened species (<em>Pterodroma phaeopygia</em>, <em>Procellaria parkinsoni</em>, and <em>Puffinus creatopus</em>) and two near-threatened species (<em>Psueudobulweria rostrata</em> and <em>Thalasseus elegans</em>), highlighting the importance of Costa Rican waters for the conservation of seabirds.</p><div> </div>
Population status of the tree Sacoglottis holdridgei (Humiriaceae) at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica
Authors: Acosta-Vargas Luis Guillermo 
Published: March 2016

<p>Isla del Coco is the only oceanic island in the Eastern Pacific with humid tropical climate. Its forests have a particular structure with a unique array of plant species and high endemism. There are few studies on the flora or forest monitoring on the island. The population structure of <em>Sacoglottis holdridgei</em> was analyzed using data from six years with data points taken in 2006 and 2012, including sampling of regeneration in 2012.<em> Sacoglottis holdridgei </em>was the most important tree species, presenting in 2012 the highest Importance Value Index (190.7±21.8), abundance (158.5±40.3 Nha<sup>-1</sup> or 39.5 % of the forest) and basal area (15.6 m<sup>2</sup>ha<sup>-1 </sup>or 72.9 % of the forest). It was present in all three height strata with dominance in the highest. Annual mortality was reported at 3.3 % and recruitment at 1.2 %. The diameter distribution of forest fits the inverted <em>J</em> model, but not for the reported species of which only <em>S. holdridgei</em> tends to adjust for DBH&gt;40 cm. Regeneration fitted the inverted<em> J</em> model with values below those reported for continental forests. Even though it was the dominant species, <em>S. holdridgei </em>showed low regeneration values. This particular condition, give way hypotheses related to the introduction of species, species biology and climate change which could influence the future development of <em>S. holdridgei</em> and forests of Isla del Coco.</p><div> </div>
Race, APOL1 Risk, and eGFR Decline in the General Population
Authors: Grams Morgan E. , Rebholz Casey M. , Chen Yuan , Rawlings Andreea M. , Estrella Michelle M. , Selvin Elizabeth , Appel Lawrence J. , Tin Adrienne , Coresh Josef 
Published: March 2016

The APOL1 high-risk genotype, present in approximately 13% of blacks in the United States, is a risk factor for kidney function decline in populations with CKD. It is unknown whether genetic screening is indicated in the general population. We evaluated the prognosis of APOL1 high-risk status in participants in the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, including associations with eGFR decline, variability in eGFR decline, and related adverse health events (AKI, ESRD, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pre-ESRD and total hospitalization rate, and mortality). Among 15,140 ARIC participants followed from 1987–1989 (baseline) to 2011–2013, 75.3% were white, 21.5% were black/APOL1 low-risk, and 3.2% were black/APOL1 high-risk. In a demographic-adjusted analysis, blacks had a higher risk for all assessed adverse health events; however, in analyses adjusted for comorbid conditions and socioeconomic status, blacks had a higher risk for hypertension, diabetes, and ESRD only. Among blacks, the APOL1 high-risk genotype associated only with higher risk of ESRD in a fully adjusted analysis. Black race and APOL1 high-risk status were associated with faster eGFR decline (P<0.001 for each). However, we detected substantial overlap among the groups: median (10th–90th percentile) unadjusted eGFR decline was 1.5 (1.0–2.2) ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year for whites, 2.1 (1.4–3.1) ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year for blacks with APOL1 low-risk status, and 2.3 (1.5–3.5) ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year for blacks with APOL1 high-risk status. The high variability in eGFR decline among blacks with and without the APOL1 high-risk genotype suggests that population-based screening is not yet justified.
Evaluation of Two General English Textbooks: New Interchange 2 vs. Four Corners 3
Authors: Hamidi Hadi , Bagheri Mehri , Sarinavaee Maryam , Seyyedpour Akram 
Published: March 2016

Textbooks play a crucial role in language classrooms and educational programs all over the world. Choosing appropriate general English textbooks has always been a mind-boggling issue in Iranian English language institutes. This study aimed at evaluating two popular English textbooks including New Interchange 2 and Four Corners 3 in order to show their similarities and differences in terms of subject matters, vocabulary, structure, exercise, illustration, and physical make up. These English textbooks were compared and contrasted and their weaknesses and strengths were explained in terms of the mentioned criteria based on Daoud and Celce-Murcia’s (1979) checklist. This evaluation was done by four English language teachers. The findings of the research revealed that there was no significant difference between the two mentioned textbooks; however, in some cases Four Corners 3 was found to be better than New Interchange 2.
INFLUÊNCIA DAS VARIÁVEIS CLIMÁTICAS NA INCIDÊNCIA DE INFECÇÃO RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA EM CRIANÇAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE CAMPINA GRANDE, PARAÍBA, BRASIL
Authors: Azevedo Jullianna Vitorio Vieira de , Alves Telma Lucia Bezerra , Azevedo Pedro Vieira de , Santos Carlos Antonio Costa dos 
Published: March 2016

O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos das variáveis climáticas (precipitação pluvial, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar) na incidência de infecções respiratórias agudas (IRA) em crianças menores de dois anos no município de Campina Grande-PB, no período de 1998 a 2012. A correlação linear de Pearson foi utilizada na avaliação do grau de associação entre as variáveis climáticas e o número de casos de IRA. Os resultados evidenciaram que: 1) Para o município de Campina Grande evidenciou-se uma tendência crescente no período anterior e de redução após 2004 nos casos de ocorrência de IRA; 2) As variáveis climáticas evidenciaram estação chuvosa correspondente aos meses de junho e julho; 3) O número médio mensal de registros de IRA mostrou-se fracamente correlacionado com a temperatura do ar e uma forte correlação com a umidade relativa do ar para o município de Campina Grande.
Correlação do COT e porosidade em Latossolo com diferentes usos e manejos na região de Uberaba, MG
Authors: Martins Fernanda Pereira , Almeida Risely Ferraz , Mikhael Joseph Elias Rodrigues , Queiroz Isabel Dayane de Sousa , Teixeira Welldy Gonçalves , Borges Elias Nascentes 
Published: March 2016

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar as modificações impostas sobre a densidade, porosidade e teor de carbono orgânico, em áreas de Cerrado, eucalipto e plantio direto com rotação de milho e pastagem na Fazenda Santa Terezinha, município de Uberaba – MG. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas nas camadas de 0 - 20 cm e 20 - 40 cm para determinação do carbono orgânico dos solos (COS) e análise granulométrica, além de amostras indeformadas para as análises de densidade do solo (Ds), microporosidade (Mi), macroporosidade (Ma) e porosidade total (Pt). Constatou-se maior concentração de COS nas camadas superficiais e maiores teores COS no uso em SPD com milho comparativamente a área do Cerrado. A Ds é maior na camada superficial da PA e PDM. Enquanto, que em subsuperfície esta característica é modificada, sendo o valor para o CE igual ao da PA, e o do EUC igual ao do PDM. A Ma, Mi e Pt mostram uma similaridade de valores entre o CE e EUC, sendo o primeiro considerado ambiente ideal por ser área de vegetação nativa. Enquanto que para PA e PDM os resultados foram semelhantes e se distanciaram das características de um pedoambiente ideal.
El nivel de inglés después de cursar educación superior en Colombia: una comparación de distribuciones
Authors: Alonso Julio César , Martin Juan David , Gallo Beatriz 
Published: March 2016

<pre>El gobierno colombiano impulsa una política nacional para fortalecer las competencias comunicativas en inglés en todos los niveles educativos, en especial en la educación superior, pero poco se ha escrito sobre los logros de esa política. Este artículo describe los cambios en la distribución del nivel de inglés entre el ingreso y la terminación de la educación superior. Los resultados muestran que hay una mejora, dado el paso a niveles más altos de calificación, y un aumento de la polarización.</pre><p><em> </em></p>
New Methods Of Locating Business Partners For Joint Development In Japan
Authors: Takahashi Nobuhiro , Takahashi Mita 
Published: March 2016

This article examines new methods for locating business partners for joint development of manufactured products in Japan.These methods, collectively called the Osaka Model, enable a company with outstanding technology capabilities to partner with a company that needs those capabilities. This paper also discusses what kind of environment should be created for encouraging the use of the model. A large network should be formed where the model is implemented, when successful, the relationship itself is a source of competitiveness of the area.