bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Hydrogenation of Acrolein Over Pd Model Catalysts: Temperature and Particle‐Size Effects
Authors: O'Brien Casey P. , Dostert Karl‐Heinz , Schauermann Swetlana , Freund Hans‐Joachim 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe selectivity in the hydrogenation of acrolein over Fe3O4‐supported Pd nanoparticles has been investigated as a function of nanoparticle size in the 220–270 K temperature range. While Pd(111) shows nearly 100 % selectivity towards the desired hydrogenation of the C=O bond to produce propenol, Pd nanoparticles were found to be much less selective towards this product. In situ detection of surface species by using IR‐reflection absorption spectroscopy shows that the selectivity towards propenol critically depends on the formation of an oxopropyl spectator species. While an overlayer of oxopropyl species is effectively formed on Pd(111) turning the surface highly selective for propenol formation, this process is strongly hindered on Pd nanoparticles by acrolein decomposition resulting in CO formation. We show that the extent of acrolein decomposition can be tuned by varying the particle size and the reaction temperature. As a result, significant production of propenol is observed over 12 nm Pd nanoparticles at 250 K, while smaller (4 and 7 nm) nanoparticles did not produce propenol at any of the temperatures investigated. The possible origin of particle‐size dependence of propenol formation is discussed. This work demonstrates that the selectivity in the hydrogenation of acrolein is controlled by the relative rates of acrolein partial hydrogenation to oxopropyl surface species and of acrolein decomposition, which has significant implications for rational catalyst design.
Multi‐Pathway Consequent Chemoselectivities of CpRuCl(PPh3)2/MeI‐Catalysed Norbornadiene Alkyne Cycloadditions
Authors: Mu Wei‐Hua , Fang De‐Cai , Xia Shu‐Ya , Cheng Rui‐Jiao , Chass Gregory A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractChemoselectivities of five experimentally realised CpRuCl(PPh3)2/MeI‐catalysed couplings of 7‐azabenzo‐norbornadienes with selected alkynes were successfully resolved from multiple reaction pathway models. Density functional theory calculations showed the following mechanistic succession to be energetically plausible: (1) CpRuI catalyst activation; (2) formation of crucial metallacyclopentene intermediate; (3) cyclobutene product (P2) elimination (ΔGRel(RDS)≈11.9–17.6 kcal mol−1). Alternative formation of dihydrobenzoindole products (P1) by isomerisation to azametalla‐cyclohexene followed by subsequent CpRuI release was much less favourable (ΔGRel(RDS)≈26.5–29.8 kcal mol−1). Emergent stereoselectivities were in close agreement with experimental results for reactions a, b, e. Consequent investigations employing dispersion corrections similarly support the empirical findings of P1 dominating in reactions c and d through P2→P1 product transformations as being probable (ΔG≈25.3–30.1 kcal mol−1).
Correlation for the Sauter Mean Diameter of a Prefilmer Airblast Atomizer at Varying Operating Conditions
Authors: Volz Melanie , Habisreuther Peter , Zarzalis Nikolaos 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOne of the key factors that affect the combustion performance in gas turbines and therefore the amount of pollutant emission and the efficiency is the atomization quality of the liquid fuel. Often reliable droplet size distributions for combustion simulations are missing. In this work a correlation for the Sauter mean diameter based on energy equilibrium is derived and compared to results from three‐dimensional numerical simulation of the atomization of a liquid film and to an empirical correlation from the literature. It is shown that the derived correlation agrees better with the results of the simulations than the empirical correlation.
Die Läuterarbeit in Brauereien: Status quo und künftige Entwicklungsziele
Authors: Becher Tobias 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDer Läuterprozess ist die Fest/flüssig‐Trennung einer Suspension. Die internationale Brauindustrie setzt für diese Aufgabe überwiegend Maischefilter oder Läuterbottiche ein. Verfahrenstechnisch handelt es sich dabei um eine Kombination aus Siebfiltration und Tiefenfiltration, wobei insbesondere beim Läuterbottich die Tiefenfiltration überwiegt. Beide Verfahren sind technisch hochentwickelt und brautechnologisch spezialisiert. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Status quo der Läutertechnik hinsichtlich Konstruktion und Leistungsfähigkeit sowie ihrer jeweiligen Einflussnahme auf die Bierbereitung. Abschließend werden zukünftige Forschungs‐ und Entwicklungsziele in der Läuterarbeit aufgezeigt und zur Diskussion gestellt.
Biliary cancer: Utility of next‐generation sequencing for clinical management
Authors: Javle Milind , Bekaii‐Saab Tanios , Jain Apurva , Wang Ying , Kelley Robin Katie , Wang Kai , Kang Hyunseon C. , Catenacci Daniel , Ali Siraj , Krishnan Sunil , Ahn Daniel , Bocobo Andrea Grace , Zuo Mingxin , Kaseb Ahmed , Miller Vincent , Stephens Philip J. , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Shroff Rachna , Ross Jeffrey 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDBiliary tract cancers (BTCs) typically present at an advanced stage, and systemic chemotherapy is often of limited benefit.METHODSHybrid capture–based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) was performed for 412 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCCAs), 57 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (EHCCAs), and 85 gallbladder carcinomas (GBCAs). The mutational profile was correlated with the clinical outcome of standard and experimental therapies for 321 patients. Clinical variables, detected mutations, and administered therapies were correlated with overall survival (OS) in a Cox regression model.RESULTSThe most frequent genetic aberrations (GAs) observed were tumor protein 53 (TP53; 27%), cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B (CDKN2A/B; 27%), KRAS (22%), AT‐rich interactive domain‐containing protein 1A (ARID1A; 18%), and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1; 16%) in IHCCA; KRAS (42%), TP53 (40%), CDKN2A/B (17%), and SMAD4 (21%) in EHCCA; and TP53 (59%), CDKN2A/B (19%), ARID1A (13%), and ERBB2 (16%) in GBCA. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR; 11%) and IDH mutations (20%) were mostly limited to IHCCA but appeared to be mutually exclusive. In the IHCCA group, TP53 and KRAS mutations were associated significantly with poor OS, whereas FGFR2 mutations were associated with improved OS (P = .001), a younger age at onset, and female sex. IDH1/2 mutations were not prognostic. In a multivariate model, the effects of TP53 and FGFR GAs remained significant (P < .05). Patients with FGFR GAs had superior OS with FGFR‐targeted therapy versus standard regimens (P = .006). Targeted therapy in IHCCA was associated with a numerical OS improvement (P = .07).CONCLUSIONSThis is the largest clinically annotated data set of BTC cases with CGP and indicates the potential of CGP for improving outcomes. CGP should be strongly considered in the management of BTC patients. Cancer 2016;122:3838–3847. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Fabrication of 3‐D Reconstituted Organoid Arrays by DNA‐Programmed Assembly of Cells (DPAC)
Authors: Todhunter Michael E. , Weber Robert J. , Farlow Justin , Jee Noel Y. , Cerchiari Alec E. , Gartner Zev J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTissues are the organizational units of function in metazoan organisms. Tissues comprise an assortment of cellular building blocks, soluble factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) composed into specific three‐dimensional (3‐D) structures. The capacity to reconstitute tissues in vitro with the structural complexity observed in vivo is key to understanding processes such as morphogenesis, homeostasis, and disease. In this article, we describe DNA‐programmed assembly of cells (DPAC), a method to fabricate viable, functional arrays of organoid‐like tissues within 3‐D ECM gels. In DPAC, dissociated cells are chemically functionalized with degradable oligonucleotide “Velcro,” allowing rapid, specific, and reversible cell adhesion to a two‐dimensional (2‐D) template patterned with complementary DNA. An iterative assembly process builds up organoids, layer‐by‐layer, from this initial 2‐D template and into the third dimension. Cleavage of the DNA releases the completed array of tissues that are captured and fully embedded in ECM gels for culture and observation. DPAC controls the size, shape, composition, and spatial heterogeneity of organoids and permits positioning of constituent cells with single‐cell resolution even within cultures several centimeters long. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics analysis and optimization design of entities collaboration for cloud manufacturing
Authors: Li Wenxiang , Zhu Chunsheng , Wei Xia , Rodrigues Joel J.P.C. , Wang Kun 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBy applying the cloud manufacturing paradigm in the regional enterprise cluster, the enterprises or facilities may collaborate extensively for efficiently utilizing the manufacturing resources. It is valuable to explore and design the strategies of facilities selection for the autonomic control of the collaboration behaviors in production. In this paper, we model the collaboration relations in the regional enterprise cluster as a generalized social collaboration network and explore the dynamic growth process of the Facilities Collaboration Network for different strategies of facilities selection, including the random selection with and without preference, and the balanced selection with and without preference. With performance indexes such as network size, the distribution of node degree and act degree, clustering coefficient, the average shortest distance, and the number of n‐cliques, we present and analyze the characteristics of these strategies for cloud manufacturing. Next, based on these characteristics, we propose 2 mechanisms for self‐optimization in facilities collaboration, including the dynamic weighing of facilities and the concentrated processing of successive subtasks in the process. We also analyze the mechanisms' effects on the characteristics of Facilities Collaboration Network and the performance in manufacturing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two in one: cryptic species discovered in biological control agent populations using molecular data and crossbreeding experiments
Authors: Paterson Iain D. , Mangan Rosie , Downie Douglas A. , Coetzee Julie A. , Hill Martin P. , Burke Ashley M. , Downey Paul O. , Henry Thomas J. , Compton Stephe G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThere are many examples of cryptic species that have been identified through DNA‐barcoding or other genetic techniques. There are, however, very few confirmations of cryptic species being reproductively isolated. This study presents one of the few cases of cryptic species that has been confirmed to be reproductively isolated and therefore true species according to the biological species concept. The cryptic species are of special interest because they were discovered within biological control agent populations. Two geographically isolated populations of Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Carvalho) [Hemiptera: Miridae], a biological control agent for the invasive aquatic macrophyte, water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms [Pontederiaceae], in South Africa, were sampled from the native range of the species in South America. Morphological characteristics indicated that both populations were the same species according to the current taxonomy, but subsequent DNA analysis and breeding experiments revealed that the two populations are reproductively isolated. Crossbreeding experiments resulted in very few hybrid offspring when individuals were forced to interbreed with individuals of the other population, and no hybrid offspring were recorded when a choice of mate from either population was offered. The data indicate that the two populations are cryptic species that are reproductively incompatible. Subtle but reliable diagnostic characteristics were then identified to distinguish between the two species which would have been considered intraspecific variation without the data from the genetics and interbreeding experiments. These findings suggest that all consignments of biological control agents from allopatric populations should be screened for cryptic species using genetic techniques and that the importation of multiple consignments of the same species for biological control should be conducted with caution.
Spatial modeling of data with excessive zeros applied to reindeer pellet‐group counts
Authors: Lee Youngjo , Alam Md. Moudud , Noh Maengseok , Rönnegård Lars , Skarin Anna 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe analyze a real data set pertaining to reindeer fecal pellet‐group counts obtained from a survey conducted in a forest area in northern Sweden. In the data set, over 70% of counts are zeros, and there is high spatial correlation. We use conditionally autoregressive random effects for modeling of spatial correlation in a Poisson generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), quasi‐Poisson hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM), zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP), and hurdle models. The quasi‐Poisson HGLM allows for both under‐ and overdispersion with excessive zeros, while the ZIP and hurdle models allow only for overdispersion. In analyzing the real data set, we see that the quasi‐Poisson HGLMs can perform better than the other commonly used models, for example, ordinary Poisson HGLMs, spatial ZIP, and spatial hurdle models, and that the underdispersed Poisson HGLMs with spatial correlation fit the reindeer data best. We develop R codes for fitting these models using a unified algorithm for the HGLMs. Spatial count response with an extremely high proportion of zeros, and underdispersion can be successfully modeled using the quasi‐Poisson HGLM with spatial random effects.
Sexual selection impacts brain anatomy in frogs and toads
Authors: Zeng Yu , Lou Shang Ling , Liao Wen Bo , Jehle Robert , Kotrschal Alexander 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNatural selection is a major force in the evolution of vertebrate brain size, but the role of sexual selection in brain size evolution remains enigmatic. At least two opposing schools of thought predict a relationship between sexual selection and brain size. Sexual selection should facilitate the evolution of larger brains because better cognitive abilities may aid the competition for mates. However, it may also restrict brain size evolution due to energetic trade‐offs between brain tissue and sexually selected traits. Here, we examined the patterns of selection on brain size and brain anatomy in male anurans (frogs and toads), a group where the strength of sexual selection differs markedly among species, using a phylogenetically controlled generalized least‐squared (PGLS) regression analyses. The analysis revealed that in 43 Chinese anuran species, neither mating system, nor type of courtship, or testes mass was significantly associated with relative brain size. While none of those factors related to the relative size of olfactory nerves, optic tecta, telencephalon, and cerebellum, the olfactory bulbs were relatively larger in monogamous species and those using calls during courtship. Our findings support the mosaic model of brain evolution and suggest that while the investigated aspects of sexual selection do not seem to play a prominent role in the evolution of brain size of anurans, they do impact their brain anatomy.
A keystone ecologist: Robert Treat Paine, 1933–2016
Authors: Estes James A. , Dayton Paul K. , Kareiva Peter , Levin Simon A. , Lubchenco Jane , Menge Bruce A. , Palumbi Stephen R. , Power Mary E. , Terborgh John 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRobert T. Paine, who passed away on 13 June 2016, is among the most influential people in the history of ecology. Paine was an experimentalist, a theoretician, a practitioner, and proponent of the “ecology of place,” and a deep believer in the importance of natural history to ecological understanding. His scientific legacy grew from the discovery of a link between top‐down forcing and species diversity, a breakthrough that led to the ideas of both keystone species and trophic cascades, and to our early understanding of the mosaic nature of biological communities, causes of zonation across physical gradients, and the intermediate‐disturbance hypothesis of species diversity. Paine's influence as a mentor was equally important to the growth of ecological thinking, natural resource conservation, and policy. He served ecology as an Ecological Society of America president, an editor of the Society's journals, a member of and contributor to the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council, and an in‐demand advisor to various state and federal agencies. Paine's broad interests, enthusiasm, charisma, and humor deeply affected our lives and the lives of so many others.
Unified Calculation Method for Motor Torque in Reluctance Network Analysis
Authors: NAKAMURA KENJI , ICHINOKURA OSAMU 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYA reluctance network analysis (RNA), which is an improved magnetic circuit method, has some advantages: the analytical model is simple, the calculation accuracy is relatively high, and a coupled analysis with an electric circuit, a heat circuit, a motion equation, and so on, is fundamentally easy. The RNA has been applied to the dynamic analysis of several motors such as a surface permanent magnet (SPM) motor, an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor, and a switched reluctance (SR) motor. The dynamic characteristics of these motors including starting and a sudden load change can be calculated by an RNA. However, the torque calculation methods for these motors are different from each other. This paper presents a unified calculation method for the motor torque in an RNA, which does not depend on the types and structures of motors. The validity and availability of the proposed method are demonstrated by a finite element method (FEM) and an experiment.
Physical and sensory properties of chocolate made with lecithin of different origin
Authors: Böhme Birgit , Symmank Claudia , Rohm Harald 
Published: September 2016

The development of genetically modified foods, but also the use of therefrom produced ingredients in food manufacturing raises uncertainties and concerns in both producers and consumers. Lecithin from soy beans, which is most frequently used to modify the flow behavior of chocolate masses, is a prominent example of such an ingredient. In this study, lecithin of different origin, namely from soy bean, sunflower, or canola seeds, was incorporated into lecithin‐free masses of white and milk chocolate. The resulting products were analyzed with respect to flow behavior (molten masses), and hardness and color (solidified products); only negligible effects on these parameters were observed. A series of sensory experiments, aiming at detecting whether differences in taste and acceptance caused by the lecithin source exist, revealed that consumers were not able to distinguish between chocolates made with lecithin from different sources. Analyzing the attitudes of 161 subjects toward genetically modified foods revealed a general scepticism, especially as concerns long‐term environmental and health effects.Practical applications: The results obtained by physical analysis of chocolate and the results from acceptance testing are promising for chocolate producers who intend to replace soy lecithin by sunflower or canola lecithin. The lecithin source exhibited only a minor influence on viscosity, hardness, and color of white and milk chocolate, and consumers were not able to differentiate between chocolate with different lecithin. The results indicate that using sunflower or canola lecithin in chocolate production may be a successful approach for chocolate producers to meet consumers concerns regarding ingredients from genetically modified plants.Soy lecithin is the most commonly used flow enhancer in chocolate manufacture. Physical and sensory analysis shows that lecithin from sunflower or canola seeds may be used in a similar concentration without affecting physical or sensory properties of the resulting chocolates.
Fast‐track development of a lactase production process with Kluyveromyces lactis by a progressive parameter‐control workflow
Authors: Wellenbeck Wenzel , Mampel Jörg , Naumer Christian , Knepper Andreas , Neubauer Peter 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe time‐to‐market challenge is key to success for consumer goods affiliated industries. In recent years, the dairy industry faces a fast and constantly growing demand for enzymatically produced lactose‐free milk products, mainly driven by emerging markets in South America and Asia. In order to take advantage of this opportunity, we developed a fermentation process for lactase (β‐galactosidase) from Kluyveromyces lactis within short time. Here, we describe the process of stepwise increasing the level of control over relevant process parameters during scale‐up that established a highly efficient and stable production system. Process development started with evolutionary engineering to generate catabolite‐derepressed variants of the K. lactis wild‐type strain. A high‐throughput screening mimicking fed‐batch cultivation identified a constitutive lactase overproducer with 260‐fold improved activity of 4.4 U per milligram dry cell weight when cultivated in glucose minimal medium. During scale‐up, process control was progressively increased up to the level of conventional, fully controlled fed‐batch cultivations by simulating glucose feed, applying pH‐ and dissolved oxygen tension (DOT)‐sensor technology to small scale, and by the use of a milliliter stirred tank bioreactor. Additionally, process development was assisted by design‐of‐experiments optimization of the growth medium employing the response surface methodology.
Rates of erosion and landscape change along the Blue Ridge escarpment, southern Appalachian Mountains, estimated from in situ cosmogenic 10Be
Authors: Linari Colleen L. , Bierman Paul R. , Portenga Eric W. , Pavich Milan J. , Finkel Robert C. , Freeman Stewart P.H.T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Blue Ridge escarpment, located within the southern Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina, forms a distinct, steep boundary between the lower‐elevation Piedmont and higher‐elevation Blue Ridge physiographic provinces. To understand better the rate at which this landform and the adjacent landscape are changing, we measured cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (10Be) in quartz separated from sediment samples (n = 50) collected in 32 streams and from three exposed bedrock outcrops along four transects normal to the escarpment, allowing us to calculate erosion rates integrated over 104–105 years. These basin‐averaged erosion rates (5.4–49 m Myr−1) are consistent with those measured elsewhere in the southern Appalachain Mountains and show a positive relationship between erosion rate and average basin slope. Erosion rates show no relationship with basin size or relative position of the Brevard fault zone, a fundamental structural element of the region. The cosmogenic isotopic data, when considered along with the distribution of average basin slopes in each physiographic province, suggest that the escarpment is eroding on average more rapidly than the Blue Ridge uplands, which are eroding more rapidly than the Piedmont lowlands. This difference in erosion rates by geomorphic setting suggests that the elevation difference between the uplands and lowlands adjacent to the escarpment is being reduced but at extremely slow rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.