bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale with undergraduate nursing trainees
Authors: Dong A. , Chen X. , Zhu L. , Shi L. , Cai Y. , Shi B. , Shao L. , Guo W. 
Published: November 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (WEMWBS) which is a measurement of mental health and well‐being, was translated into Chinese to assess the reliability and validity in a sample of undergraduate nursing trainees in Wenzhou.What this paper adds to existing knowledge?Currently, there is no a reliable assessment tool to systematically evaluate mental well‐being in mainland China. Therefore, we undertook the translation and cultural adaptation of the WEMWBS and tested the scale's reliability and validity. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale have been demonstrated in Hong Kong, but the WEMWBS has not been validated in mainland China in either clinical or non‐clinical settings.What are the implications for practice?It might provide a reliable quantitative tool to evaluate mental well‐being in non‐clinical settings, which has important implications for mental health nursing. In future,it might be a reliable quantitative tool for evaluating mental well‐being in other population such as hospitalized patients to improve their life quality.AbstractIntroductionThere is growing interest worldwide in the evaluation of positive mental health and wellbeing.AimThis study was to translate the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (WEMWBS) into Chinese and assess the reliability and validity of this scale in a sample of undergraduate nursing trainees.MethodsA forward and backward translation protocol was used to translate the scale into Chinese. The psychometric properties of the C‐WEMWBS, such as internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability and factorial validity, were analysed.ResultsAll 14 items of the initial C‐WEMWBS were rated as conceptually equivalent to those of the original version. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the emergence of a single factor. The psychometric properties of the C‐WEMWBS were satisfactory, with an internal consistency reliability of .94 and a test–retest reliability of .83. The item–total correlations ranged from .66 to .83. There was a moderate relationship (r = .52) between the C‐WEMWBS and the WHO‐5.Implications for practiceThis was the first Chinese version of the WEMWBS to be developed and psychometrically assessed with a sample of undergraduate nursing trainees. It provides a reliable quantitative tool to evaluate mental well‐being in non‐clinical settings, which has important implications for mental health nursing.
The professional psychiatric/mental health nurse: skills, competencies and supports required to adopt recovery‐orientated policy in practice
Authors: Cusack E. , Killoury F. , Nugent L. E. 
Published: November 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Nationally and internationally there has been a movement away from the traditional medical model towards a more holistic recovery‐oriented approach to mental health care delivery.

At every level of service provision the emphasis is firmly on recovery and on facilitating active partnership working and involvement of service users, their carers and family members.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

This is the first study to identify on a national level specific areas of care that are addressed most or least by psychiatric and mental health nurses in care planning for mental health service users in Ireland.

In addition, this is the first study to identify nationally how the recovery approach is being implemented by psychiatric and mental health nurses in relation to current recovery‐orientated policy.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental healthcare staff require more education on the recovery concept and this needs to be multidisciplinary team wide. Further research is required to establish how best to develop a shared approach to working with service users and their families within the mental healthcare environment.

Further investigation is required to help determine how funding could be allocated appropriately for education and training and service development nationally.

AbstractIntroductionThe restructuring of national mental health policy to an integrated recovery ethos demands a clarification in the psychiatric/mental health nurse's role, skills and competencies.Aim/QuestionTo explore the psychiatric/mental health nurse's role and identify skills, competencies and supports required to adopt recovery‐orientated policy in practice.MethodAn exploratory mixed methods study in multiple health services in Ireland with N = 1249 psychiatric/mental health nurses. Data collection used a survey, focus groups and written submissions. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.ResultsThe medical profession use a symptom‐focused approach to mental healthcare delivery. Nurses viewed this as a primary inhibitor to recovery‐orientated practice. Professional development in prevention and earlier intervention within primary care environments requires development. Nurses require research support to measure the effectiveness of the mental health interventions they provide.Implications and conclusionThe effective implementation of the recovery approach requires a multitude of strategies and narrative threads in an overall medical assessment. Nurses need support from medics in providing consistency of assessments/documentation of required psychosocial interventions. A greater range of specialist services provided by nurses including psychosocial interventions and health promotion is fundamental to quality care and improving service user outcomes in primary care.
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and domestic horse (Equus caballus) hindgut microflora demonstrate similar fermentation responses to grape seed extract supplementation in vitro
Authors: Huntley N. F. , Naumann H. D. , Kenny A. L. , Kerley M. S. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe domestic horse is used as a nutritional model for rhinoceros maintained under human care. The validity of this model for browsing rhinoceros has been questioned due to high prevalence of iron overload disorder (IOD) in captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Iron chelators, such as tannins, are under investigation as dietary supplements to ameliorate or prevent IOD in prone species. Polyphenolic compounds variably affect microbial fermentation, so the first objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE; a concentrated source of condensed tannins; CT) on black rhinoceros hindgut fermentation. Equine nutrition knowledge is used to assess supplements for rhinoceros; therefore, the second objective was to evaluate the domestic horse model for black rhinoceros fermentation and compare fermentation responses to GSE using a continuous single‐flow in vitro culture system. Two replicated continuous culture experiments were conducted using horse and black rhinoceros faeces as inoculum sources comparing four diets with increasing GSE inclusion (0.0%, 1.3%, 2.7% and 4.0% of diet dry matter). Diet and GSE polyphenolic compositions were determined, and sodium sulphite effect on neutral detergent fibre extraction of CT‐containing forages was tested. Increasing GSE inclusion stimulated microbial growth and fermentation, and proportionally increased diet CT concentration and iron‐binding capacity. Horse and black rhinoceros hindgut microflora nutrient digestibility and fermentation responses to GSE did not differ, and results supported equine fermentation as an adequate model for microbial fermentation in the black rhinoceros. Interpretation of these results is limited to hindgut fermentation and further research is needed to compare foregut digestibility and nutrient absorption between these two species. Supplementation of GSE in black rhinoceros diets up to 4% is unlikely to adversely affect hindgut nutrient digestibility or microbial viability and fermentation.
High gene flow in the American badger overrides habitat preferences and limits broadscale genetic structure
Authors: Kierepka E. M. , Latch E. K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHabitat associations are a function of habitat preferences and dispersal capabilities, both of which can influence how species responded to Quaternary climatic changes and contemporary habitat heterogeneity. Predicting resultant genetic structure is not always straightforward, especially in species where high dispersal potential and habitat preferences yield opposing predictions. The American badger has high dispersal capabilities that predict widespread panmixia, but avoids closed‐canopy forests and clay soils, which could restrict gene flow and create ecologically based population genetic structure. We used mitochondrial sequence and microsatellite data sets to characterize how these opposing forces contribute to genetic structure in badgers at a continent‐wide scale. Our data revealed an overall lack of ecologically based population genetic structure, suggesting that high dispersal capabilities were sufficiently realized to overcome most habitat‐based genetic structure. At a broadscale, badger gene flow is limited only by geographic distance (isolation by distance) and large water barriers (Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River). The absence of genetic structure in a species with strong avoidance of unsuitable habitats advances our understanding of when and how genetic structure emerges in widespread, highly mobile species.
Genetic variation of loci potentially under selection confounds species–genetic diversity correlations in a fragmented habitat
Authors: Bertin Angeline , Gouin Nicolas , Baumel Alex , Gianoli Ernesto , Serratosa Juan , Osorio Rodomiro , Manel Stephanie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPositive species–genetic diversity correlations (SGDCs) are often thought to result from the parallel influence of neutral processes on genetic and species diversity. Yet, confounding effects of non‐neutral mechanisms have not been explored. Here, we investigate the impact of non‐neutral genetic diversity on SGDCs in high Andean wetlands. We compare correlations between plant species diversity and genetic diversity (GD) calculated with and without loci potentially under selection (outlier loci). The study system includes 2188 specimens from five species (three common aquatic macroinvertebrate and two dominant plant species) that were genotyped for 396 amplified fragment length polymorphism loci. We also appraise the importance of neutral processes on SGDCs by investigating the influence of habitat fragmentation features. Significant positive SGDCs were detected for all five species (mean SGDC = 0.52 ± 0.05). While only a few outlier loci were detected in each species, they resulted in significant decreases in GD and in SGDCs. This supports the hypothesis that neutral processes drive species–genetic diversity relationships in high Andean wetlands. Unexpectedly, the effects on genetic diversity GD of the habitat fragmentation characteristics in this study increased with the presence of outlier loci in two species. Overall, our results reveal pitfalls in using habitat features to infer processes driving SGDCs and show that a few loci potentially under selection are enough to cause a significant downward bias in SGDC. Investigating confounding effects of outlier loci thus represents a useful approach to evidence the contribution of neutral processes on species–genetic diversity relationships.
Leaf vein xylem conduit diameter influences susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic decline
Authors: Scoffoni Christine , Albuquerque Caetano , Brodersen Craig R. , Townes Shatara V. , John Grace P. , Cochard Hervé , Buckley Thomas N. , McElrone Andrew J. , Sack Lawren 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Ecosystems worldwide are facing increasingly severe and prolonged droughts during which hydraulic failure from drought‐induced embolism can lead to organ or whole plant death. Understanding the determinants of xylem failure across species is especially critical in leaves, the engines of plant growth.

If the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis holds within leaves, higher order veins that are most terminal in the plant hydraulic system should be more susceptible to embolism to protect the rest of the water transport system. Increased vulnerability in the higher order veins would also be consistent with these experiencing the greatest tensions in the plant xylem network.

To test this hypothesis, we combined X‐ray micro‐computed tomography imaging, hydraulic experiments, cross‐sectional anatomy and 3D physiological modelling to investigate how embolisms spread throughout petioles and vein orders during leaf dehydration in relation to conduit dimensions.

Decline of leaf xylem hydraulic conductance (Kx) during dehydration was driven by embolism initiating in petioles and midribs across all species, and Kx vulnerability was strongly correlated with petiole and midrib conduit dimensions. Our simulations showed no significant impact of conduit collapse on Kx decline. We found xylem conduit dimensions play a major role in determining the susceptibility of the leaf water transport system during strong leaf dehydration.
Fungal and plant gene expression in the Tulasnella calospora–Serapias vomeracea symbiosis provides clues about nitrogen pathways in orchid mycorrhizas
Authors: Fochi Valeria , Chitarra Walter , Kohler Annegret , Voyron Samuele , Singan Vasanth R. , Lindquist Erika A. , Barry Kerrie W. , Girlanda Mariangela , Grigoriev Igor V. , Martin Francis , Balestrini Raffaella , Perotto Silvia 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Orchids are highly dependent on their mycorrhizal fungal partners for nutrient supply, especially during early developmental stages. In addition to organic carbon, nitrogen (N) is probably a major nutrient transferred to the plant because orchid tissues are highly N‐enriched. We know almost nothing about the N form preferentially transferred to the plant or about the key molecular determinants required for N uptake and transfer.

We identified, in the genome of the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora, two functional ammonium transporters and several amino acid transporters but found no evidence of a nitrate assimilation system, in agreement with the N preference of the free‐living mycelium grown on different N sources.

Differential expression in symbiosis of a repertoire of fungal and plant genes involved in the transport and metabolism of N compounds suggested that organic N may be the main form transferred to the orchid host and that ammonium is taken up by the intracellular fungus from the apoplatic symbiotic interface.

This is the first study addressing the genetic determinants of N uptake and transport in orchid mycorrhizas, and provides a model for nutrient exchanges at the symbiotic interface, which may guide future experiments.
Fine‐scale spatial distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in the soil of host‐rich grasslands
Authors: Voyron Samuele , Ercole Enrico , Ghignone Stefano , Perotto Silvia , Girlanda Mariangela 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the survival of orchid seedlings under natural conditions. The distribution of these fungi in soil can constrain the establishment and resulting spatial arrangement of orchids at the local scale, but the actual extent of occurrence and spatial patterns of orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) fungi in soil remain largely unknown.

We addressed the fine‐scale spatial distribution of OrM fungi in two orchid‐rich Mediterranean grasslands by means of high‐throughput sequencing of fungal ITS2 amplicons, obtained from soil samples collected either directly beneath or at a distance from adult Anacamptis morio and Ophrys sphegodes plants.

Like ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycobionts, OrM fungi (tulasnelloid, ceratobasidioid, sebacinoid and pezizoid fungi) exhibited significant horizontal spatial autocorrelation in soil. However, OrM fungal read numbers did not correlate with distance from adult orchid plants, and several of these fungi were extremely sporadic or undetected even in the soil samples containing the orchid roots.

Orchid mycorrhizal ‘rhizoctonias’ are commonly regarded as unspecialized saprotrophs. The sporadic occurrence of mycobionts of grassland orchids in host‐rich stands questions the view of these mycorrhizal fungi as capable of sustained growth in soil.
The symbionts made me do it: legumes are not hardwired for high nitrogen concentrations but incorporate more nitrogen when inoculated
Authors: Wolf Amelia A. , Funk Jennifer L. , Menge Duncan N. L. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

High tissue nitrogen (N) concentrations in N‐fixing legumes may be driven by an evolutionary commitment to a high N strategy, by higher N availability from fixation, or by some other cause. To disentangle these hypotheses, we asked two questions: are legumes hardwired to have high N concentrations? Aside from delivering fixed N, how does inoculation affect legume N concentrations?

In order to understand drivers of plant stoichiometry, we subjected four herbaceous legume species to nine levels of N fertilization in a glasshouse. Half of the individuals were inoculated with crushed nodules, whereas the other half remained uninoculated and could not fix N.

Across four legume species, we found that tissue stoichiometry and nutrient content were more plastic than has been described for any other plant species. In addition, inoculated plants had higher tissue N concentrations than N fixation activity alone can explain.

Rather than being hardwired for high N or phosphorus (P) demand, the legumes we examined were highly flexible in their nutrient allocation. Understanding the drivers of legume N concentrations is essential to understanding the role of N fixers in community‐ and ecosystem‐level processes.
OPTIMAL CONTROL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES USING AN N‐PATCH WATERBORNE DISEASE MODEL
Authors: COLLINS O. C. , DUFFY K. J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWaterborne diseases are an important concern in public health, especially in communities with limited access to clean water. Different community subpopulations can require different copping strategies for the same diseases. Modeling is one method to assist understanding and the development of effective strategies. To this end, we investigated the use of meta‐population models with three types of control interventions: vaccination, treatment, and water purification. Important mathematical features of the model are determined and examined. Optimal control, applied to the model, is also formulated to determine the effective strategies to reduce the spread of the disease. For example, using optimal control, a four‐fold reduction in infected individuals is possible. The value of such an improvement to the communities involved would be significant.
Subjective and objective evaluation of frontal smile esthetics in patients with facial asymmetry—a comparative cross‐sectional study
Authors: Singh H. , Maurya R. K. , Kapoor P. , Sharma P. , Srivastava D. 
Published: November 2016

Structured AbstractAim and ObjectivesTo analyze the relationship between subjective and objective evaluations of pre‐treatment posed smiles in patients with facial asymmetry and to assess the influence of dentofacial structures involved in asymmetry on the perception of smile attractiveness.SampleThirty‐five patients (25 males and 10 females) between 18 and 25 years of age with facial asymmetry were selected.Materials and MethodsPre‐treatment clinical photographs of posed smiles were subjectively evaluated by a panel of 20 orthodontists, 20 oral surgeons, and 20 laypersons. A customized Smile Mesh program was used for objective evaluation of the same smiles. Direct comparison among three smile groups (unattractive, slightly attractive, and attractive) for different Smile Mesh measurements was carried out using two‐way anova test. Additionally, linear regression was performed to evaluate whether these measurements could predict the attractiveness of captured smiles.ResultsPatients with ‘slightly attractive’ smiles had a significantly greater distance between the incisal margin of the maxillary central incisor and the lower lip during smiling. The Smile Index was significantly greater in attractive smiles. However, based on the coefficients of linear regression, no objectively gathered measurement could predict smile attractiveness.ConclusionsAttractiveness or unattractiveness of smiles in patients with facial asymmetry could not be predicted by any measurement of Smile Mesh. The presence of facial asymmetry did not significantly influence the perception of smile esthetics.
The wheat NB‐LRR gene TaRCR1 is required for host defence response to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis
Authors: Zhu Xiuliang , Lu Chungui , Du Lipu , Ye Xingguo , Liu Xin , Coules Anne , Zhang Zengyan 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is the major pathogen causing sharp eyespot disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat (NB‐LRR) proteins often mediate plant disease resistance to biotrophic pathogens. Little is known about the role of NB‐LRR genes involved in wheat response to R. cerealis. In this study, a wheat NB‐LRR gene, named TaRCR1, was identified in response to R. cerealis infection using Artificial Neural Network analysis based on comparative transcriptomics and its defence role was characterized. The transcriptional level of TaRCR1 was enhanced after R. cerealis inoculation and associated with the resistance level of wheat. TaRCR1 was located on wheat chromosome 3BS and encoded an NB‐LRR protein that was consisting of a coiled‐coil domain, an NB‐ARC domain and 13 imperfect leucine‐rich repeats. TaRCR1 was localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Silencing of TaRCR1 impaired wheat resistance to R. cerealis, whereas TaRCR1 overexpression significantly increased the resistance in transgenic wheat. TaRCR1 regulated certain reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐scavenging and production, and defence‐related genes, and peroxidase activity. Furthermore, H2O2 pretreatment for 12‐h elevated expression levels of TaRCR1 and the above defence‐related genes, whereas treatment with a peroxidase inhibitor for 12 h reduced the resistance of TaRCR1‐overexpressing transgenic plants and expression levels of these defence‐related genes. Taken together, TaRCR1 positively contributes to defence response to R. cerealis through maintaining ROS homoeostasis and regulating the expression of defence‐related genes.