bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allergic environment enhances airway epithelial pro-inflammatory responses to rhinovirus infection
Authors: Herbert Cristan , Do Kimchi , Chiu Vincent , Garthwaite Linda , Chen Yifan , Young Paul M. , Traini Daniela , Kumar Rakesh K. 
Published: January 2017

Airway epithelial cells (AEC) exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype in patients with allergic asthma. We examined the effect of an allergic cytokine environment on the response of AEC to rhinovirus (RV), the most common trigger of acute exacerbations of asthma. Calu-3 cells, a well-differentiated human AEC line, were cultured with or without the T-helper type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, then stimulated with a toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 agonist (poly I:C, dsRNA) or a TLR7 agonist (imiquimod), or infected with RV 16. Expression of pro-inflammatory and antiviral mediators, and of viral pattern-recognition molecules, was assessed using nCounter assays, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and protein immunoassays. Both dsRNA and imiquimod stimulated expression of mRNA for IL6 and IL8 whereas expression of several chemokines and antiviral response genes was induced only by dsRNA. Conversely, expression of other cytokines and growth factors was induced only by imiquimod. RV infection not only stimulated expression of the inflammation-related genes induced by dsRNA, but also of complement factor B and the novel pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-32. In the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine environment, several mediators exhibited significantly enhanced expression, whereas expression of interferons was either unchanged or enhanced. The allergic environment also increased expression of pattern-recognition receptors and of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, the cell surface receptor for RV. We conclude that Th2 cytokines promote increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators by AEC following infection with RV. Increased viral entry or enhanced signalling via pattern-recognition receptors could also contribute to the exaggerated inflammatory response to RV observed in allergic asthmatics.
Similarities and differences in the transcriptional control of expression of the mouse TSLP gene in skin epidermis and intestinal epithelium
Authors: Ganti Krishna Priya , Mukherji Atish , Surjit Milan , Li Mei , Chambon Pierre 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceThymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a critical immunoregulatory cytokine that plays important physiological functions in epithelial cells in skin and intestinal barriers. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling TSLP expression in vivo are still poorly understood. Using tissue-selective mutagenesis in mice, we have identified the involvement of multiple transcriptional factors, including several nuclear receptors and their cognate agonistic ligands, in the transcriptional regulation of TSLP in epidermal keratinocytes and intestinal epithelial cells. Importantly, this investigation also demonstrates that the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) isotypes are not functionally redundant in vivo. Taking our data together, the present study unveils the topological map and the combinatorial mechanisms involved in tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of TSLP expression in epidermal keratinocytes and intestinal epithelial cells.
Differential control of retrovirus silencing in embryonic cells by proteasomal regulation of the ZFP809 retroviral repressor
Authors: Wang Cheng , Goff Stephen P. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
A key transcriptional silencer responsible for suppression of retroviral gene expression in embryonic stem cells is found to be regulated itself at the level of protein turnover, mediated by ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation. The implication is that the stem cell state is characterized not only by an unusual transcriptional profile but also by unusual posttranscriptional regulation.
Glucagon receptor inhibition normalizes blood glucose in severe insulin-resistant mice
Authors: Okamoto Haruka , Cavino Katie , Na Erqian , Krumm Elizabeth , Kim Sun Y. , Cheng Xiping , Murphy Andrew J. , Yancopoulos George D. , Gromada Jesper 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Insulin and glucagon are key hormones controlling blood glucose levels. Insulin binding to its receptor promotes glucose disposal in peripheral tissues and suppresses hepatic glucose output. Patients with inactivating mutations in their insulin receptors experience severe insulin resistance and uncontrolled diabetes. No effective therapy is available. Here we demonstrate that glucagon receptor (GCGR) blockade with monoclonal antibody normalized blood glucose in a mouse model of extreme insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. A surprising finding was that compensatory expansions of α- and β-cell masses in settings of inhibited glucagon and insulin signaling occurred at normal glucose levels. The data show that GCGR antibody inhibition represents a potential therapeutic option for patients with extreme insulin-resistance syndromes.
Concept structuring in Persian PP-centric complex predicates
Authors: Moezzipour Farhad , Ghandhari Mina 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Prepositions contribute to the schematic meanings in Persian complex predicates. Based on the Concept Structuring System (Talmy 2000), we argue that since the light verb and preverbal noun belong to different subsystems, they fulfill distinctive conceptual dimensions of the semantic representation. The preverbal noun, belonging to the open class system provides the content meaning, while the light verb, belonging to the closed class system, determines the schematic meanings of complex predicates. Analyzing some Persian data, we see (a) how the light verb and preposition are so well connected to each other and to the noun by their configuration (b) how they provide different schematic meanings for different complex predicates and (c) how the same noun can combine with a different light verb and a preposition to elicit a different meaning for the complex predicate.
The diagnostic accuracy of smartphones in the radiographic analysis of ankle fractures
Authors: Curatolo Evan , Reuter Matthew J. , Howard Roland , Willis Alexander R. , Ahmede Jamil M. , Kwak Andrew , Absatz Michael G. 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Orthopaedic surgeons rely on radiographs to assist in the evaluation and treatment of patients. The technological advances of smartphones have allowed data to be transferred quickly and viewed from remote locations. The diagnostic accuracy of viewing radiographs on smartphones remains unproven. As such, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of smartphones to allow surgeons to correctly diagnose and interpret radiographs of ankle fractures on one of the most popular smartphones, an Apple iPhone 4S (Apple Inc, Cupertino, CA, USA).

Methods:
Using the smartphone, individual pictures were taken of anteroposterior, mortise, and lateral radiographs of 20 ankle fractures. These images were then evaluated through 10 questions that included acceptable quality, presence and displacement of fibula, medial malleolus, and posterior malleolar fractures, ankle subluxation, syndesmotic disruption, Lauge-Hansen classification, and the need for open reduction and internal fixation. Results were compared to the same radiographs viewed on a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workstation.

Results:
Ten orthopaedic surgery residents and five orthopaedic surgery attendings evaluated the radiographs and answered a total of 6000 questions. When comparing the responses between those images viewed on the smartphone versus those viewed on the PACS workstation, 826 differences were found. After analysis of both interobserver and intraobserver reliability, a significant difference was found between viewing modalities, with the smartphone found to be not as reliable as the PACS workstation. However, when looking at the single question of whether or not the fracture would require operative fixation, no significant difference was found between the use of a smartphone or PACS workstation.

Conclusions:
The smartphone images demonstrated a reliable prediction of the proper treatment for the 20 ankle fractures despite noted differences between the two viewing modalities.
Arthroscopic management of small osteochondral lesions of the talus: drilling revisited
Authors: Abd-Ella Mohamed Mokhtar , Elshabrawy Waleed , Fayyad Tamer , Elzahlawy Hany , Abdeldayem Sherif Mostafa , Abdel Rahman Amr F. , Fahmy Hesham 
Published: January 2017

Background:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic drilling in the management of small osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT).

Methods:
Thirty-two patients with small OLT (area <150 mm2 and cyst depth <7 mm as measured on CT and MRI) were treated by arthroscopic debridement and drilling. Four patients underwent simultaneous modified Broström procedures. Five patients required retrograde drilling, three because the overlying cartilage was intact and two because the lesion was posterior. Outcomes were measured using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale and subjective patient satisfaction.

Results:
The mean age at surgery was 32±8 yr (range, 18-50 yr). There were 22 men (68.75%) and 10 women (31.25%). Four patients (12.5%) were playing sports regularly, one professionally and three recreationally. After a mean follow-up duration of 26 mo (range 12-48 mo), the mean AOFAS score improved from 71.78±11 (range 51-87) preoperatively to 91±7 (range 80-100). The results were excellent in 15 patients (46.9%), good in 12 (37.5%), fair in five(15.6%). According to the Saxena criteria 16 patients (50%) were very satisfied, nine patients (28.1%) were satisfied, six patients (18.8%) were satisfied with reservations and one patient (3.1%) was unsatisfied.

Conclusions:
Arthroscopic drilling for small OLT is safe and easy with results comparable to microfracture but with the advantages of deeper penetration and the ability to drill retrograde into posterior lesions or lesions with intact cartilage.
Combat-related pelvic ring fractures in survivors
Authors: Purcell Richard L. , McQuade Maximilian G. , Kluk Matthew W. , Gordon Wade T. , Lewandowski Louis R. 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Pelvic fractures have been associated with rates of mortality up to 20%, with open injuries approaching rates up to 50%. This study compares differences in patients with open and closed pelvic ring injuries sustained during combat.

Methods:
Retrospective review of 114 patients who sustained a pelvic ring fracture and were alive upon presentation to the United States. We collected demographics, associated injuries, transfusion requirements, and outcomes to include residual bowel or bladder dysfunction and ambulatory status.

Results:
There were 114 patients, 98% male, with 75 closed and 39 open injuries. Average age was 26.6 yr. An average of 8.1 and 28.1 units of red blood cells were transfused in closed and open injuries, respectively (P<0.0001). Bilateral lower extremity amputations occurred in 11% of closed and 59% of open injuries (P<0.0001). Unstable fracture patterns occurred in 39% of closed fractures compared to 51% in open fractures (P=0.233). The time to weight bearing was 93 and 126 days for closed and open injuries (P=0.039). At latest follow-up, abnormal bladder and bowel function both occurred in 10% of closed and, respectively, 39% and 33% of open injuries (P=0.006). The rate of ambulation was 94% for closed injuries and 89% for open injuries (P=0.439).

Conclusions:
In the largest report of combat-related pelvic fractures in surviving patients, the incidence of open fractures was 34%. Although there are significant differences in associated injuries, transfusion requirements and time to weight bearing, patients with open pelvic fractures are able to return to a similar level of ambulatory function as those with closed fractures.
From mechanism to therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Paley Michael A. , Strand Vibeke , Kim Alfred H.J. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of reviewSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disabling and deadly disease. Development of novel therapies for SLE has historically been limited by incomplete understanding of immune dysregulation. Recent advances in lupus pathogenesis, however, have led to the adoption or development of new therapeutics, including the first Food and Drug Administration–approved drug in 50 years.Recent findingsMultiple cytokines (interferon, B lymphocyte stimulator, IL-6, and IL-17), signaling pathways (Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription), and immune cells are dysregulated in SLE. In this review, we cover seminal discoveries that demonstrate how this dysregulation is integral to SLE pathogenesis and the novel therapeutics currently under development or in clinical trials. In addition, early work suggests metabolic derangements are another target for disease modification. Finally, molecular profiling has led to improved patient stratification in the heterogeneous SLE population, which may improve clinical trial outcomes and therapeutic selection.SummaryRecent advances in the treatment of SLE have directly resulted from improved understanding of this complicated disease. Rheumatologists may have a variety of novel agents and more precise targeting of select lupus populations in the coming years.
Improving menopausal symptoms through promoting physical activity: a pilot Web-based intervention study among Asian Americans
Authors: Im Eun-Ok , Kim Sangmi , Ji Xiaopeng , Park Sooyoung , Chee Eunice , Chee Wonshik , Tsai Hsiu-Min 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Objective:
Based on previous studies, a Web-based physical activity promotion program with educational modules on menopausal symptoms and physical activity has been developed for Asian American midlife women to reduce their menopausal symptoms through increasing their physical activity. The purpose of this pilot randomized intervention study was to determine the efficacy of the Web-based program in improving menopausal symptom experience of Asian American midlife women.

Methods:
This was a randomized repeated measures pretest/posttest (pretest, post 1 month, and post 3 months) control group study among 29 Asian American midlife women. Multiple instruments were used, including the Midlife Women's Symptom Index and the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey. The data were analyzed using a mixed-model growth curve analysis.

Results:
Over time, total severity scores decreased for the control group (−0.53, P < 0.10), whereas they did not exhibit a meaningful change for the intervention group. Both study groups experienced improvement in active living habits over time, but such an improvement was greater for the intervention group (β = 0.29, P < 0.001) than for the control group (β = 0.08, P < 0.10). The time × group interactions for total severity scores were not statistically significant anymore after controlling for physical activity (−0.34 for the control group, P
= 0.10).

Conclusions:
The findings supported the feasibility of a 3-month Web-based intervention for menopausal symptom management among Asian American midlife women and the preliminary efficacy of the program in increasing their physical activity.
Normal-Tension Glaucoma Masqueraders: Detection Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kuo Debbie S. , Asrani Sanjay 
Published: January 2017

Purpose:
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an important tool in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma; however, there can be overlap in the OCT findings between glaucoma and other diseases. We describe the clinical examination finings and interpretation of OCT imaging that led to the diagnosis of glaucoma masqueraders in a clinical case series.

Materials and Methods:
Four adult patients seen in the glaucoma clinic at the Duke Eye Center were included in a retrospective observational case series. Clinical presentation, history, examination, and testing (visual fields, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and spectral-domain OCT imaging) were reviewed.

Results:
We report a case series of 4 patients and their spectral-domain OCT findings with retinal disease or nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy, who presented for evaluation of suspected or previously diagnosed normal-tension glaucoma. The first patient showed marked diffuse retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thinning on OCT due to cancer-associated retinopathy. The second patient, who demonstrated deep focal inferotemporal RNFL loss with a corresponding arc of macular thinning on OCT, had a previous branch retinal artery occlusion. The third patient’s OCT showed global RNFL and macular thinning from optic nerve hypoplasia. The last patient had bilateral, symmetric superior and temporal RNFL thinning on OCT with corresponding inferior arcuate defects, consistent with superior segmental optic nerve hypoplasia.

Conclusions:
In light of the clinical context and examination, optic nerve and macular OCT can be beneficial in distinguishing between glaucoma and glaucoma mimics.
Changes in the Gut Microbiota After Early Administration of Oral Synbiotics to Young Infants in India
Authors: Chandel Dinesh S. , Perez‐Munoz Maria E. , Yu Fang , Boissy Robert , Satpathy Radhanath , Misra Pravas R. , Sharma Nidhi , Chaudhry Rama , Parida Sailajanandan , Peterson Daniel A. , Gewolb Ira H. , Panigrahi Pinaki 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:The authors examined the changes in the developing gut microbiota of Indian infants enrolled in a colonization study of an oral synbiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum and fructo‐oligosaccharides) preparation.Methods:Frozen stool samples were available from a previously published clinical study of the synbiotic preparation administered daily for 7 days to full‐term Indian infants delivered by C‐section. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal bacterial community‐DNA was done in 11 infants sampled on day 7 and day 60 of life.Results:All infants showed changes in bacterial diversity with age. While Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were predominant in all, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were initially low on day 7. In control infants, we observed a significant increase (P = 0.012) in the proportions of Actinobacteria on day 60. In the treated group, during the 60‐day period, there was a 10‐fold increase in Bacteroidetes, a somewhat smaller increase in Firmicutes, and a reduction in Proteobacteria. Compared to controls, treated infants were increasingly colonized by different Gram‐positive genera including Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. Relatively less known taxa and some unassigned sequence reads added to enriched diversity observed in the treated group.Conclusions:There was a high level of bacterial diversity among infants examined in the present study. Synbiotic treatment induced an increase in overall taxa and Gram‐positive diversity, especially in the first week of life. Changes in the microbiota during early infancy should be used as a rationale for selecting probiotics in diverse clinical settings.
Relationship Between Some Single-nucleotide Polymorphism and Response to Hydroxyurea Therapy in Iranian Patients With β-Thalassemia Intermedia
Authors: Karimi Mehran , Zarei Tahereh , Haghpanah Sezaneh , Moghadam Mohamad , Ebrahimi Ahmad , Rezaei Narges , Heidari Ghazaleh , Vazin Afsaneh , Khavari Maryam , Miri Hamid R. 
Published: January 2017

Objective:
To evaluate the possible relationship between hydroxyurea (HU) response and some single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in patients affected by β-thalassemia intermedia.

Materials and Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, 100 β-thalassemia intermedia patients who were taking HU with a dose of 8 to 15 mg/kg body weight per day for a period of at least 6 months were randomly selected between February 2013 and October 2014 in southern Iran. HU response was defined based on decrease or cessation of the blood transfusion need and evaluation of Hb level.

Results:
In univariate analysis, from all evaluated SNPs, only rs10837814 SNP of olfactory receptors (ORs) OR51B2 showed a significant association with HU response (P=0.038) and from laboratory characteristics, only nucleated red blood cells showed significant associations (116%±183%) in good responders versus (264%±286%) in poor responders (P=0.045). In multiple logistic regression, neither laboratory variables nor different SNPs, showed significant association with HU response. Three novel nucleotide variations (−665 [A→C], −1301 [T→G],−1199 delA) in OR51B2 gene were found in good responders.

Conclusions:
None of the evaluated SNPs in our study showed significant association with HU response. Further larger studies and evaluation of other genes are suggested.
Viral meningitis: current issues in diagnosis and treatment
Authors: McGill Fiona , Griffiths Michael J. , Solomon Tom 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to give an overview of viral meningitis and then focus in on some of the areas of uncertainty in diagnostics, treatment and outcome.

Recent findings
Bacterial meningitis has been declining in incidence over recent years. Over a similar time period molecular diagnostics have increasingly been used. Because of both of these developments viral meningitis is becoming relatively more important. However, there are still many unanswered questions. Despite improvements in diagnostics many laboratories do not use molecular methods and even when they are used many cases still remain without a proven viral aetiology identified. There are also no established treatments for viral meningitis and the one potential treatment, aciclovir, which is effective in vitro for herpes simplex virus, has never been subjected to a clinical trial.

Summary
Viruses are in increasingly important cause of meningitis in the era of declining bacterial disease. The exact viral aetiology varies according to age and country. Molecular diagnostics can not only improve the rate of pathogen detection but also reduce unnecessary antibiotics use and length of hospitalization. Further research is required into treatments for viral meningitis and the impact in terms of longer term sequelae.
Decreased Urethral Volume Is Comparable to Funneling as a Predictor of Intrinsic Sphincter Deficiency
Authors: Santiago Andrea Chua , Quiroz Lieschen H. , Shobeiri S. Abbas 
Published: January 2017

Objectives
The aims of this study were to determine the association between x-ray funneling and ultrasound urethral sphincter complex measurements and to compare the reliability of funneling versus urethral volume measurement in the detection of intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD).

Methods
This was a retrospective analysis, which included 54 stress incontinent women dichotomized into those with (1) ISD and (2) no ISD. The presence of bladder neck funneling was diagnosed by fluoroscopic images obtained at the time of video-urodynamics testing. Measurements of the urethral sphincter complex were obtained from ultrasound volumes. Reliability measures were obtained for both funneling and urethral volume measurements.

Results
Rhabdomyosphincter length and area were found to be smaller in patients with funneling compared with those with no funneling (P = 0.0161, P = 0.0359). The urethral volume was significantly smaller in the ISD versus no-ISD group (P = 0.0002). For those who had funneling, the ISD group had smaller urethral volume compared with the no-ISD group (P = 0.0019). For those who did not have funneling, the ISD group still had a smaller urethral volume compared with the no-ISD group (P = 0.0054). An ultrasound urethral volume of less than 3.5 cm3 had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 64% for the presence of ISD, whereas x-ray funneling had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 73%.

Conclusions
Smaller rhabdomyosphincter length and area on ultrasound are associated with x-ray funneling. Ultrasound urethral volume of 3.5 cm3 as a cutoff provides the same reliability as x-ray funneling for the diagnosis of ISD.