bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do‐Not‐Hospitalize Orders in Nursing Homes: “Call the Family Instead of Calling the Ambulance”
Authors: Cohen Andrew B. , Knobf M. Tish , Fried Terri R. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo determine how do‐not‐hospitalize (DNH) orders are interpreted and used in nursing homes (NHs) once they are in place.DesignQualitative study using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews performed from December 2013 to April 2014.SettingEight skilled nursing facilities in Connecticut that ranked in the top 10% or bottom 10% in hospitalization rates from 2008 to 2010.ParticipantsNursing facility staff members (N = 31).MeasurementsA multidisciplinary team performed qualitative content analysis. The constant comparative method was used to develop a coding structure and identify themes.ResultsDNH orders were uncommon at low‐ and high‐hospitalizing facilities. Participants reported that they did not interpret these orders literally. A DNH order was not a prohibition against hospitalization but was understood to have a variety of exceptions. These orders functioned primarily as a signal that hospitalization should be questioned and discussed with the family when an acute event occurred.ConclusionIn‐the‐moment discussions about hospitalization are still necessary even when a DNH order is in place. Work to reduce potentially burdensome NH–hospital transfers needs to focus not just on eliciting preferences in advance, but also on preparing residents and their families to make the best decisions about hospitalization when the time comes.
Final assessment of nursing students in clinical practice: Perspectives of nursing teachers, students and mentors
Authors: Helminen Kristiina , Johnson Martin , Isoaho Hannu , Turunen Hannele , Tossavainen Kerttu 
Published: March 2017

Aims and objectivesTo describe the phenomenon of final assessment of the clinical practice of nursing students and to examine whether there were differences in assessments by the students and their teachers and mentors.BackgroundFinal assessment of students in clinical practice during their education has great importance for ensuring that enough high‐quality nursing students are trained, as assessment tasks affect what the nursing student learns during the clinical practice.DesignThis study used descriptive, cross‐sectional design.MethodsThe population of this study comprised nursing students (n = 276) and their teachers (n = 108) in five universities of applied sciences in Finland as well as mentors (n = 225) who came from five partner hospitals. A questionnaire developed for this study contained questions about background variables as well as structured questions scored on a four‐point scale, which also allowed the respondents to provide additional comments.ResultsWhen comparing the results related to nursing teachers’ presence in the final assessment situation, it was found that teachers and mentors evaluated this as being carried out more often than nursing students suggested. Nursing students noted that fair and consistent assessment is carried out more often than nursing teachers thought. Mentors and teachers said that honest and direct criteria‐based final assessment was carried out more often than nursing students evaluated.ConclusionsNursing students and mentors need support from educational institutions and from nursing teachers in order to ensure the completion of a relevant assessment process.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings of this study highlight an awareness of final assessment process. It is desirable to have a common understanding, for example, of how the assessment should be managed and what the assessment criteria are, as this will ensure a good quality process.
Perceived stigma and depression in initially diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients
Authors: Lee Li‐Yun , Tung Heng‐Hsin , Chen Shu‐Ching , Fu Chiung‐Hui 
Published: March 2017

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the status of tuberculosis stigma and depression among tuberculosis patients, to examine the relationship between demographics and tuberculosis stigma and depression among tuberculosis patients, and to identify the predictors of depression among tuberculosis patients.BackgroundAfter the diagnosis of tuberculosis, patients suffer from disease symptoms and disease‐related stigma. Depression is also a major concern in tuberculosis patients.DesignA cross‐sectional design was used in this study.MethodsA total of 84 subjects, obtained through convenience sampling, enrolled in this study, which was conducted from 1 March 2013–30 December 2014. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with a demographic component, the Tuberculosis‐related Stigma Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II. Data were analysed, using spss Version 20. Independent t tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient tests and analyses of variance were used for analysis of patient demographic characteristics, disease characteristics, and the correlation between stigma and depression. Multiple linear regression was used for determining the predictors of depression.ResultsThe results showed that not disclosing one's illness to others was associated with tuberculosis stigma and depression. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that patient‐perceived tuberculosis stigma and body mass index accounted for 34% of the variation in depression.ConclusionsThese results can serve as a reference for clinical healthcare providers to understand perceived stigma and depression in initially diagnosed tuberculosis patients.Relevance to clinical practiceAn intervention to reduce patient tuberculosis stigma, such as improving community healthcare education or offering mental health outreach, has great potential to lower the level of depression among patients with tuberculosis.
Melatonin administration to wild‐type mice and nontreated NLRP3 mutant mice share similar inhibition of the inflammatory response during sepsis
Authors: Rahim Ibtissem , Djerdjouri Bahia , Sayed Ramy K. , Fernández‐Ortiz Marisol , Fernández‐Gil Beatriz , Hidalgo‐Gutiérrez Agustín , López Luis C. , Escames Germaine , Reiter Russel J. , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response during inflammation. Moreover, melatonin blunts the NF‐κB/NLRP3 connection during sepsis. Thus, we compared the roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome and/or melatonin treatment in the septic response of wild‐type and NLRP3−/− mice. Mouse myocardial tissue was used for this purpose. The nuclear turnover of NF‐κB was enhanced during sepsis, with an increase in TNFα, iNOS, and pro‐IL‐1β. The lack of inflammasome in NLRP3−/− mice significantly reduced that response and blunted IL‐1β maturation due to the lack of caspase‐1. Clock and Bmal1 did not change in both mouse strains, enhancing Chrono expression in mutants. RORα, which positively regulates Bmal1, was enhanced at a similar extend in both mouse strains, whereas the expression of the Bmal1 repressor, Rev–Erbα, increased in WT but was depressed in NLRP3−/− mice. Nampt, transcriptionally controlled by Bmal1, increased in WT mice together with Sirt1, whereas they remained unchanged in NLRP3−/− mice. Melatonin treatment reduced the septic response in a comparable manner as did the lack of NLRP3, but unlike the latter, it normalized the clock genes turnover through the induction of RORα and repression of Rev–Erbα and Per2, leading to enhanced Nampt and Sirt1. The lack of NLRP3 inflammasome converts sepsis to a moderate inflammatory disease and identifies NLRP3 as a main target for the treatment of sepsis. The efficacy of melatonin in counteracting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation further confirms the indoleamine as a useful therapeutic drug against this serious condition.
Sleep‐dependent consolidation of face recognition and its relationship to REM sleep duration, REM density and Stage 2 sleep spindles
Authors: Solomonova Elizaveta , Stenstrom Philippe , Schon Emilie , Duquette Alexandra , Dubé Simon , O'Reilly Christian , Nielsen Tore 
Published: March 2017

SummaryFace recognition is a highly specialized capability that has implicit and explicit memory components. Studies show that learning tasks with facial components are dependent on rapid eye movement and non‐rapid eye movement sleep features, including rapid eye movement sleep density and fast sleep spindles. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep‐dependent consolidation of memory for faces and partial rapid eye movement sleep deprivation, rapid eye movement density, and fast and slow non‐rapid eye movement sleep spindles. Fourteen healthy participants spent 1 night each in the laboratory. Prior to bed they completed a virtual reality task in which they interacted with computer‐generated characters. Half of the participants (REMD group) underwent a partial rapid eye movement sleep deprivation protocol and half (CTL group) had a normal amount of rapid eye movement sleep. Upon awakening, they completed a face recognition task that contained a mixture of previously encountered faces from the task and new faces. Rapid eye movement density and fast and slow sleep spindles were detected using in‐house software. The REMD group performed worse than the CTL group on the face recognition task; however, rapid eye movement duration and rapid eye movement density were not related to task performance. Fast and slow sleep spindles showed differential relationships to task performance, with fast spindles being positively and slow spindles negatively correlated with face recognition. The results support the notion that rapid eye movement and non‐rapid eye movement sleep characteristics play complementary roles in face memory consolidation. This study also raises the possibility that fast and slow spindles contribute in opposite ways to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation.
A Sleep Position Trainer for positional sleep apnea: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Laub Rasmus R. , Tønnesen Philip , Jennum Poul J. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryWe tested the effect of the Sleep Position Trainer, a vibrational device, for positional sleep apnea in an open, randomized controlled trial with 101 patients, where 52 patients were allocated to Sleep Position Trainer and 49 patients to a non‐treatment control group for 2 months (Part 1). All patients were then followed as a cohort for a period of 6 months with use of the Sleep Position Trainer (Part 2). The participants were assessed with polygraphy at entry, and after 2 and 6 months. The mean apnea–hypopnea index supine was 35 per h (SD, 18) in the Sleep Position Trainer group and 38 per h (SD, 15) in the control group at entry. In a per protocol analysis, the mean total apnea–hypopnea index at entry and after 2 months in the Sleep Position Trainer group was 18 per h (SD, 10) and 10 per h (SD, 9; P < 0.001) versus 20 per h (SD, 9) and 18 per h (SD, 10; NS) in the control group. The mean supine sleep time decreased from 47% (SD, 22) to 17% (SD, 18; P < 0.001) in the Sleep Position Trainer group after 2 months. In the control group, the mean supine sleep time was 48% (SD, 20) at entry and 39% (SD, 21; NS) after 2 months. The positive effect of Sleep Position Trainer was maintained in all patients treated with Sleep Position Trainer after 6 months. Daytime sleepiness improved after 6 months. Compliance with the Sleep Position Trainer device during the first 2 months, defined as use of Sleep Position Trainer >4 h per night for all weekdays, was 75.5% (SD 21.2). The discontinuation rate was 28.8 and 49.4% after 2 and 6 months, respectively.
Avoiding the dry season: dispersal time and syndrome mediate seed dormancy in grasses in Neotropical savanna and wet grasslands
Authors: Ramos Desirée M. , Diniz Pedro , Ooi Mark K.J. , Borghetti Fabian , Valls José F.M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractQuestionIn seasonal rainfall systems, seed dormancy is a strategy to avoid germination and seedling emergence in the dry season. Grass species in Brazilian savannas (Cerrado) show variation in seed dispersal timing and mechanisms, and occur in different habitat types (distinguished by soil moisture) within a seasonal rainfall environment. However, it is unknown whether dormancy has evolved in these systems as a dominant way in which germination is deferred, or how it correlates with other key traits such as dispersal, where known trade‐offs exist for avoiding competition. We asked whether seed germination and dormancy vary with dispersal and abiotic factors in savanna systems. Specifically, we assessed dormancy by comparing seeds: (1) from species living in habitats with contrasting soil moisture during the dry season (open savannas vs wet grasslands); (2) dispersed at different times (early in the wet season, late in the wet season and in the dry season); and (3) showing alternate dispersal syndromes (barochoric vs anemochoric).LocationOpen savannas and wet grasslands in central Brazil.MethodsWe collected seeds of 29 grass species and tested viability and dormancy using germination trials with fresh seeds, which was then repeated after dry storage for 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo. GLMM were used to test whether the degree of dormancy was dependent on habitat type, seed dispersal time and seed dispersal syndrome.ResultsSeeds from wet grasslands lived longer and had consistently higher germination rates than seeds from open savannas. Additionally, fresh seeds dispersed late in the wet season had higher levels of seed dormancy compared to seeds dispersed early in the wet season. Finally, we found that anemochoric seeds had lower levels of dormancy than barochoric seeds.ConclusionsSeed dormancy among Neotropical grasses was higher for seeds of species from dry habitats, dispersed late in the wet season, and with short distance dispersal (barochory). These results suggest that seed dormancy is a key mechanism by which seeds avoid seedling emergence in the dry season, an effect offset by habitat‐specific soil moisture availability. The trade‐off between dormancy and seed dispersal suggests that both strategies are costly and had non‐additive benefits.
Toxicity of Four Chemotherapeutic Agents to Rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus
Authors: Nasser Nivin , Babikian Jessica , Monzer Samer , Saoud Imad Patrick 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAs aquaculture evolves from extensive pond culture to intensive tank and cage systems, chemical dips and baths are increasingly being used to treat a concomitant increase in ectoparasitic and bacterial infestations. Some of the main disease‐causing agents are ectoparasites on the skin and gills of fish. Consequently, application of chemotherapeutics is increasing in aquaculture industries in order to control outbreaks of parasitic infestations. However, the toxic effect of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents on specific aquacultured fish species is often unknown. The present work was performed to test the effect of four commonly used chemical treatments on rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. The lethal concentrations for 50% of population (LC50) of formalin, copper sulfate, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide for S. rivulatus juveniles treated for 1 h were assessed. Formalin and potassium permanganate tolerance values were determined by calculating 72‐h LC50 values through probit analysis. The 72‐h LC50 values for the formalin toxicity tests were 551.0 and 1.68 mg/L, respectively. LC50 of copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide could not be determined from the concentrations tested but were found to be >3 and >700 mg/L, respectively. Accordingly, treatment concentrations of formalin and potassium permanganate used for other fish species could be lethal to S. rivulatus, but the species appears to be quite tolerant to copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide.
Temperate forest methane sink diminished by tree emissions
Authors: Pitz Scott , Megonigal J. Patrick 
Published: March 2017

Summary

Global budgets ascribe 4–10% of atmospheric methane (CH4) sinks to upland soils and have assumed until recently that soils are the sole surface for CH4 exchange in upland forests.

Here we report that CH4 is emitted from the stems of dominant tree species in a temperate upland forest, measured using both the traditional static‐chamber method and a new high‐frequency, automated system.

Tree emissions averaged across 68 observations on 17 trees from May to September were 1.59 ± 0.88 μmol CH4 m−2 stem h−1 (mean ± 95% confidence interval), while soils adjacent to the trees consumed atmospheric CH4 at a rate of −4.52 ± 0.64 μmol CH4 m−2 soil h−1 (P < 0.0001). High‐frequency measurements revealed diurnal patterns in the rate of tree‐stem CH4 emissions.

A simple scaling exercise suggested that tree emissions offset 1–6% of the growing season soil CH4 sink and may have briefly changed the forest to a net CH4 source.
Is an objective refraction optimised using the visual Strehl ratio better than a subjective refraction?
Authors: Hastings Gareth D. , Marsack Jason D. , Nguyen Lan Chi , Cheng Han , Applegate Raymond A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPurposeTo prospectively examine whether using the visual image quality metric, visual Strehl (VSX), to optimise objective refraction from wavefront error measurements can provide equivalent or better visual performance than subjective refraction and which refraction is preferred in free viewing.MethodsSubjective refractions and wavefront aberrations were measured on 40 visually‐normal eyes of 20 subjects, through natural and dilated pupils. For each eye a sphere, cylinder, and axis prescription was also objectively determined that optimised visual image quality (VSX) for the measured wavefront error. High contrast (HC) and low contrast (LC) logMARvisual acuity (VA) and short‐term monocular distance vision preference were recorded and compared between theVSX‐objective and subjective prescriptions both undilated and dilated.ResultsFor 36 myopic eyes, clinically equivalent (and not statistically different)HC VAwas provided with both the objective and subjective refractions (undilated mean ± S.D.was −0.06 ± 0.04 with both refractions; dilated was −0.05 ± 0.04 with the objective, and −0.05 ± 0.05 with the subjective refraction).LClogMAR VAprovided by the objective refraction was also clinically equivalent and not statistically different to that provided by the subjective refraction through both natural and dilated pupils for myopic eyes. In free viewing the objective prescription was preferred over the subjective by 72% of myopic eyes when not dilated. For four habitually undercorrected high hyperopic eyes, theVSX‐objective refraction was more positive in spherical power andVApoorer than with the subjective refraction.ConclusionsA method of simultaneously optimising sphere, cylinder, and axis from wavefront error measurements, using the visual image quality metricVSX, is described. In myopic subjects, visual performance, as measured byHCandLC VA, with thisVSX‐objective refraction was found equivalent to that provided by subjective refraction, and was typically preferred over subjective refraction. Subjective refraction was preferred by habitually undercorrected hyperopic eyes.
Osteoid Osteoma: Benign Osteoblastic Tumor of the Lumbar L4 Transverse Process Associated with Radicular Pain: A Case Report
Authors: Nebreda Carlos L. , Vallejo Ricardo , Mayoral‐Rojals Victor , Ojeda Antonio 
Published: March 2017

AbstractOsteoid osteomas of the spine are benign bone tumors typically presenting with progressive pain without neurological deficit. This report presents a case of an osteoid osteoma in the lumbar spine associated with radicular pain. The patient, a young male athlete, presented with severe chronic nightly left low‐back pain radiated to the ipsilateral lower extremity who failed to respond to physical therapy and analgesic medications. Initial radiologic examination was reported as normal, but closer inspection of the T1‐ and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance image as well as technetium‐99m total body bone scan and a computed tomography scan revealed a bony lesion in the left transverse process of the L4 vertebra consistent with the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma. A selective L3 nerve root block provided significant relief. Surgical excision of the osteoid osteoma resolved the symptoms. This case emphasizes the importance of early suspicion and diagnostic interventions in the detection and treatment of osteoid osteoma.
Pain Correlates with Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease Patients
Authors: Fu Yun‐Ting , Mao Cheng‐Jie , Ma Li‐Jing , Zhang Hui‐Jun , Wang Yi , Li Jie , Huang Jun‐Ying , Liu Jun‐Yi , Liu Chun‐Feng 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesBoth sleep disorders and pain decrease quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about the relationship between objective sleep disturbances and pain in patients with PD. This study aimed to (1) examine the clinical characteristics of pain in PD patients and (2) explore the correlation between pain and sleep disturbances in PD patients.MethodsParkinson's disease patients (N = 144) underwent extensive clinical evaluations of motor and nonmotor symptoms and characteristics of pain. Overnight video‐polysomnography was also conducted. Clinical characteristics and sleep parameters were compared between PD patients with or without pain.ResultsPain was reported by 75 patients (52.1%), with 49 (65.3%) reporting pain of at least moderate severity. PD patients with pain were older and had longer disease duration, more severe PD symptoms as assessed by Hoehn and Yahr stage and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and higher L‐dopa equivalent daily dose compared with PD patients without pain. PD patients with pain also showed significantly decreased sleep efficiency (57.06% ± 15.84% vs. 73.80% ± 12.00%, P < 0.001), increased nonrapid eye movement stage 1 (N1) sleep (33.38% ± 19.32% vs. 17.84% ± 8.48%, P < 0.001), and decreased rapid eye movement sleep (12.76% ± 8.24% vs. 16.06% ± 6.53%, P = 0.009). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that poorer activities of daily living, depressed mood, higher percentage of N1 sleep, and lower sleep efficiency were independent predictors of pain in patients with PD.ConclusionsMusculoskeletal pain is the most common type of pain in patients with PD. Disrupted sleep continuity, altered sleep architecture, depressed mood, and compromised activities of daily living may be associated with pain in patients with PD.
Expression of lima bean terpene synthases in rice enhances recruitment of a beneficial enemy of a major rice pest
Authors: Li Fengqi , Li Wei , Lin Yong‐Jun , Pickett John A. , Birkett Michael A. , Wu Kongming , Wang Guirong , Zhou Jing‐Jiang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractVolatile terpenoids play a key role in plant defence against herbivory by attracting parasitic wasps. We identified seven terpene synthase genes from lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L. following treatment with either the elicitor alamethicin or spider mites, Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Four of the genes (Pltps2, Pltps3, Pltps4 and Pltps5) were up‐regulated with their derived proteins phylogenetically clustered in the TPS‐g subfamily and PlTPS3 positioned at the base of this cluster. Recombinant PlTPS3 was able to convert geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate to linalool and (E)‐nerolidol, the latter being precursor of the homoterpene (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (DMNT). Recombinant PlTPS4 showed a different substrate specificity and produced linalool and (E)‐nerolidol, as well as (E,E)‐geranyllinalool from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Transgenic rice expressing Pltps3 emitted significantly more (S)‐linalool and DMNT than wild‐type plants, whereas transgenic rice expressing Pltps4 produced (S)‐linalool, DMNT and (E,E)‐4,8,12‐trimethyl‐1,3,7,11‐tridecatetraene (TMTT). In laboratory bioassays, female Cotesia chilonis, the natural enemy of the striped rice stemborer, Chilo suppressalis, were significantly attracted to the transgenic plants and their volatiles. We further confirmed this with synthetic blends mimicking natural rice volatile composition. Our study demonstrates that the transformation of rice to produce volatile terpenoids has the potential to enhance plant indirect defence through natural enemy recruitment.