bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process‐based interpretation of conceptual hydrological model performance using a multinational catchment set
Authors: Poncelet Carine , Merz Ralf , Merz Bruno , Parajka Juraj , Oudin Ludovic , Andréassian Vazken , Perrin Charles 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMost of previous assessments of hydrologic model performance are fragmented, based on small number of catchments, different methods or time periods and do not link the results to landscape or climate characteristics. This study uses large‐sample hydrology to identify major catchment controls on daily runoff simulations. It is based on a conceptual lumped hydrological model (GR6J), a collection of 29 catchment characteristics, a multinational set of 1103 catchments located in Austria, France, and Germany and four runoff model efficiency criteria. Two analyses are conducted to assess how features and criteria are linked: (i) a one‐dimensional analysis based on the Kruskal‐Wallis test and (ii) a multidimensional analysis based on regression trees and investigating the interplay between features. The catchment features most affecting model performance are the flashiness of precipitation and streamflow (computed as the ratio of absolute day‐to‐day fluctuations by the total amount in a year), the seasonality of evaporation, the catchment area, and the catchment aridity. Nonflashy, nonseasonal, large, and nonarid catchments show the best performance for all the tested criteria. We argue that this higher performance is due to fewer nonlinear responses (higher correlation between precipitation and streamflow) and lower input and output variability for such catchments. Finally, we show that, compared to national sets, multinational sets increase results transferability because they explore a wider range of hydroclimatic conditions.
Hydrologic impacts of changes in climate and glacier extent in the Gulf of Alaska watershed
Authors: Beamer J. P. , Hill D. F. , McGrath D. , Arendt A. , Kienholz C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHigh‐resolution regional‐scale hydrologic models were used to quantify the response of late 21st century runoff from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) watershed to changes in regional climate and glacier extent. NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis data were combined with five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 general circulation models (GCMs) for two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (4.5 and 8.5) to develop meteorological forcing for the period 2070–2099. A hypsographic model was used to estimate future glacier extent given assumed equilibrium line altitude (ELA) increases of 200 and 400 m. GCM predictions show an increase in annual precipitation of 12% for RCP 4.5 and 21% for RCP 8.5, and an increase in annual temperature of 2.5°C for RCP 4.5 and 4.3°C for RCP 8.5, averaged across the GOA. Scenarios with perturbed climate and glaciers predict annual GOA‐wide runoff to increase by 9% for RCP4.5/ELA200 case and 14% for the RCP8.5/ELA400 case. The glacier runoff decreased by 14% for RCP4.5/ELA200 and by 34% for the RCP8.5/ELA400 case. Intermodel variability in annual runoff was found to be approximately twice the variability in precipitation input. Additionally, there are significant changes in runoff partitioning and increases in snowpack runoff are dominated by increases in rain‐on‐snow events. We present results aggregated across the entire GOA and also for individual watersheds to illustrate the range in hydrologic regime changes and explore the sensitivities of these results by independently perturbing only climate forcings and only glacier cover.
Links between clay transformation and earthquakes along the Costa Rican subduction margin
Authors: Lauer Rachel M. , Saffer Demian M. , Harris Robert N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe investigate the depth distribution of smectite clay transformation and its along‐strike variability at the Middle America Trench offshore Costa Rica. We take advantage of recent well‐constrained thermal models that refine our understanding of the margin's thermal structure and which capture significant along‐strike variability. Using these thermal models, together with sediment compositions defined by drilling, we compute the distribution of smectite transformation and associated fluid production. We show that the hypocenters of large (M > 6.9) well‐located megathrust earthquakes lie consistently downdip of peak fluid production. We suggest that silica cementation associated with smectite transformation promotes lithification and slip‐weakening behavior that, in combination with declining fluid pressures, facilitate the initiation of unstable slip. The earthquake ruptures extend updip into the region of peak reaction, possibly due to excess pore pressures that facilitate their propagation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that smectite transformation contributes to the onset of stick‐slip behavior and acts as an important control on earthquake nucleation and propagation.
Intense oceanic uptake of oxygen during 2014–2015 winter convection in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Koelling Jannes , Wallace Douglas W. R. , Send Uwe , Karstensen Johannes 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMeasurements of near‐surface oxygen (O2) concentrations and mixed layer depth from the K1 mooring in the central Labrador Sea are used to calculate the change in column‐integrated (0–1700 m) O2 content over the deep convection winter 2014/2015. During the mixed layer deepening period, November 2014 to April 2015, the oxygen content increased by 24.3 ± 3.4 mol m−2, 40% higher than previous results from winters with weaker convection. By estimating the contribution of respiration and lateral transport on the oxygen budget, the cumulative air‐sea gas exchange is derived. The O2 uptake of 29.1 ± 3.8 mol m−2, driven by persistent undersaturation (≥5%) and strong atmospheric forcing, is substantially higher than predicted by standard (nonbubble) gas exchange parameterizations, whereas most bubble‐resolving parameterizations predict higher uptake, comparable to our results. Generally large but varying mixed layer depths and strong heat and momentum fluxes make the Labrador Sea an ideal test bed for process studies aimed at improving gas exchange parameterizations.
Stronger influences of increased CO2 on subdaily precipitation extremes than at the daily scale
Authors: Zhang Wei , Villarini Gabriele , Scoccimarro Enrico , Vecchi Gabriel A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBased on idealized experiments (preindustrial control experiment (PI) and 1% yr−1 increase (1%CO2) in atmospheric CO2) from 10 general circulation models produced under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and using the fraction of attributable risk, we examine the CO2 effects on extreme precipitation at the subdaily and daily scales. We find that the increased CO2 concentration substantially increases the odds of the occurrence of subdaily precipitation extremes compared to the daily scale in most areas of the world, with the exception of some regions in the subtropics, likely in relation to the subsidence of the Hadley Cell. These results point to the large role that atmospheric CO2 plays in extreme precipitation under an idealized framework.
Southern Ocean mesocyclones and polar lows from manually tracked satellite mosaics
Authors: Verezemskaya Polina , Tilinina Natalia , Gulev Sergey , Renfrew Ian A. , Lazzara Matthew 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA new reference data set of mesocyclone activity over the Southern Ocean has been developed from the manual analysis of high‐resolution infrared satellite mosaics for winter 2004. Of the total 1735 mesocyclones which were identified and analyzed, about three quarters were classified as being “polar lows” (i.e., intense systems; see Rasmussen and Turner, 2003). The data set includes mesocyclone track, size, associated cloud vortex type, and background synoptic conditions. Maxima in track density were observed over the Bellingshausen Sea and around East Antarctica and are highly correlated with cyclogenesis regions. A comparison against QuikSCAT and reanalyses wind characteristics shows that the reanalyses, while capturing mesocyclone events, tend to considerably underestimate their wind speed (by up to 10 m s−1). This mesocyclone data set is available as a reference for further analysis of mesocyclones and for the evaluation and development of cyclone‐tracking algorithms.
Time‐lapse full waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data: Workflow and application to the CO2CRC Otway project
Authors: Egorov Anton , Pevzner Roman , Bóna Andrej , Glubokovskikh Stanislav , Puzyrev Vladimir , Tertyshnikov Konstantin , Gurevich Boris 
Published: July 2017

AbstractVertical seismic profile (VSP) is one of the technologies for monitoring hydrocarbon production and CO2 geosequestration. However, quantitative interpretation of time‐lapse VSP is challenging due to its irregular distribution of source‐receiver offsets. One way to overcome this challenge is to use full waveform inversion (FWI), which does not require regular offsets. We present a workflow of elastic FWI applied to offset vertical seismic profile data for the purpose of identification and estimation of time‐lapse changes introduced by injection of 15,000 t of CO2‐rich gas mixture at 1.5 km depth. Application of this workflow to both synthetic and field data shows that elastic FWI is able to detect and quantify the time‐lapse anomaly in P wave velocity with the magnitude of 100–150 m/s.
Postmillennium changes in stratospheric temperature consistently resolved by GPS radio occultation and AMSU observations
Authors: Khaykin S. M. , Funatsu B. M. , Hauchecorne A. , Godin‐Beekmann S. , Claud C. , Keckhut P. , Pazmino A. , Gleisner H. , Nielsen J. K. , Syndergaard S. , Lauritsen K. B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTemperature changes in the lower and middle stratosphere during 2001–2016 are evaluated using measurements from GPS Radio Occultation (RO) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) aboard the Aqua satellite. After downsampling of GPS‐RO profiles according to the AMSU weighting functions, the spatially and seasonally resolved trends from the two data sets are in excellent agreement. The observations indicate that the middle stratosphere has cooled in the time period 2002–2016 at an average rate of −0.14 ± 0.12 to −0.36 ± 0.14 K/decade, while no significant change was found in the lower stratosphere. The meridionally and vertically resolved trends from high‐resolution GPS‐RO data exhibit a marked interhemispheric asymmetry and highlight a distinct boundary between tropospheric and stratospheric temperature change regimes matching the tropical thermal tropopause. The seasonal pattern of trend reveals significant opposite‐sign structures at high and low latitudes, providing indication of seasonally varying change in stratospheric circulation.
Environmental determinants of radiolarian assemblages in the western Pacific since the last deglaciation
Authors: Hernández‐Almeida I. , Cortese G. , Yu P.‐S. , Chen M.‐T. , Kucera M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRadiolarians are a very diverse microzooplanktonic group, often distributed in regionally restricted assemblages and responding to specific environmental factors. These properties of radiolarian assemblages make the group more conducive for the development and application of basin‐wide ecological models. Here we use a new surface sediment data set from the western Pacific to demonstrate that ecological patterns derived from basin‐wide open‐ocean data sets cannot be transferred on semirestricted marginal seas. The data set consists of 160 surface sediment samples from three tropical‐subtropical regions (East China Sea, South China Sea, and western Pacific), combining 54 new assemblage counts with taxonomically harmonized data from previous studies. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that winter sea surface temperature at 10 m depth (SSTw) was the most significant environmental variable affecting the composition of radiolarian assemblages, allowing the development of an optimal calibration model (Locally Weighted‐Weighted Averaging regression inverse deshrinking,R2cv = 0.88, root‐mean‐square error of prediction = 1.6°C). The dominant effect of SSTw on radiolarian assemblage composition in the western Pacific is attributed to the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM), which is particularly strong in the marginal seas. To test the applicability of the calibration model on fossil radiolarian assemblages from the marginal seas, the calibration model was applied to two downcore records from the Okinawa Trough, covering the last 18 ka. We observe that these assemblages find most appropriate analogs among modern samples from the marginal basins (East China Sea and South China Sea). Downcore temperature reconstructions at both sites show similarities to known regional SST reconstructions, providing proof of concept for the new radiolarian‐based SSTw calibration model.
Remote determination of the velocity index and mean streamwise velocity profiles
Authors: Johnson E. D. , Cowen E. A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhen determining volumetric discharge from surface measurements of currents in a river or open channel, the velocity index is typically used to convert surface velocities to depth‐averaged velocities. The velocity index is given by,
, where Ub is the depth‐averaged velocity and Usurf is the local surface velocity. The USGS (United States Geological Survey) standard value for this coefficient, k = 0.85, was determined from a series of laboratory experiments and has been widely used in the field and in laboratory measurements of volumetric discharge despite evidence that the velocity index is site‐specific. Numerous studies have documented that the velocity index varies with Reynolds number, flow depth, and relative bed roughness and with the presence of secondary flows. A remote method of determining depth‐averaged velocity and hence the velocity index is developed here. The technique leverages the findings of Johnson and Cowen (2017) and permits remote determination of the velocity power‐law exponent thereby, enabling remote prediction of the vertical structure of the mean streamwise velocity, the depth‐averaged velocity, and the velocity index.
Bringing the “social” into sociohydrology: Conservation policy support in the Central Great Plains of Kansas, USA
Authors: Sanderson Matthew R. , Bergtold Jason S. , Heier Stamm Jessica L. , Caldas Marcellus M. , Ramsey Steven M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIdentifying means of empirically modeling the human component of a coupled, human‐water system becomes critically important to further advances in sociohydrology. We develop a social‐psychological model of environmental decision making that addresses four key challenges of incorporating social science into integrated models. We use the model to explain preferences for three conservation policies designed to conserve and protect water resources and aquatic ecosystems in the Smoky Hill River Basin, a semiarid agricultural region in the Central U.S. Great Plains. Further, we compare the model's capacity to explain policy preferences among members of two groups in the River Basin: agricultural producers and members of nonfarming communities. We find that financial obligation is the strongest and most consistent explanation of support for conservation policies among members of both groups. We also find that policy support is grounded in cultural values—deeply held ideas about right and wrong. Environmental values are particularly important explanations of policy support. The constellations of values invoked to make decisions about policies, and the social‐psychological pathways linking values to policy support, can vary across policies and types of agents (farmers and nonfarmers). We discuss the implications of the results for future research in sociohydrology.
Modeling invasive alien plant species in river systems: Interaction with native ecosystem engineers and effects on hydro‐morphodynamic processes
Authors: van Oorschot M. , Kleinhans M. G. , Geerling G. W. , Egger G. , Leuven R. S. E. W. , Middelkoop H. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractInvasive alien plant species negatively impact native plant communities by out‐competing species or changing abiotic and biotic conditions in their introduced range. River systems are especially vulnerable to biological invasions, because waterways can function as invasion corridors. Understanding interactions of invasive and native species and their combined effects on river dynamics is essential for developing cost‐effective management strategies. However, numerical models for simulating long‐term effects of these processes are lacking. This paper investigates how an invasive alien plant species affects native riparian vegetation and hydro‐morphodynamics. A morphodynamic model has been coupled to a dynamic vegetation model that predicts establishment, growth and mortality of riparian trees. We introduced an invasive alien species with life‐history traits based on Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica), and investigated effects of low‐ and high propagule pressure on invasion speed, native vegetation and hydro‐morphodynamic processes. Results show that high propagule pressure leads to a decline in native species cover due to competition and the creation of unfavorable native colonization sites. With low propagule pressure the invader facilitates native seedling survival by creating favorable hydro‐morphodynamic conditions at colonization sites. With high invader abundance, water levels are raised and sediment transport is reduced during the growing season. In winter, when the above‐ground invader biomass is gone, results are reversed and the floodplain is more prone to erosion. Invasion effects thus depend on seasonal above‐ and below ground dynamic vegetation properties and persistence of the invader, on the characteristics of native species it replaces, and the combined interactions with hydro‐morphodynamics.
Restitution
Authors: Cares Alison C. , Haynes Stacy Hoskins 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRestitution is a court‐ordered sanction requiring offenders to pay their victims for the victims' economic losses resulting from the crime. It provides offenders an opportunity to right their wrong by paying back their victim(s) and helps victims by reimbursing them monetarily and publicly recognizing that they were wronged. As such, it can be considered a restorative justice approach. Restitution is regularly imposed and amounts average several thousand dollars, but payment levels remain low, due largely to offenders' lack of means. Recently there has been significant concern that restitution, as part of the package of economic sanctions (monetary penalties comprised of restitution, fines, and costs and fees) offenders are ordered to pay upon conviction, is an undue financial burden that makes it difficult for offenders to complete criminal justice supervision and lead productive lives.
Re‐Education through Labor
Authors: Liu Liu 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

“Re‐education through labor,” a translation from Chinese
laodong jiaoyang
, abbreviated
laojiao
, was an administrative detention system in the People's Republic of China which was generally used to detain people for offenses such as petty theft, prostitution, drug use, as well as some minor crimes against the country. Residents in re‐education through labor institutions were “sentenced” without court hearings or legal procedures, but by administrative order. According to the regulations, the subjects of re‐education through labor were people who had undesirable behavior but did not commit serious crimes. However, similar to Chinese prisoners, residents in re‐education through labor institutions also needed to participate in organized labor activities and were subject to limited privileges and strict control. According to scholars, these two systems do not have any real differences since they all come under the umbrella of the same aim, which is
reforming residents through labor
.
Restorative Justice/Victim–Offender Mediation
Authors: Earwood Martha 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUnder the auspices of correctional reform, around the globe an ever‐growing and advancing ideology attempts to provide a meaningful response to the crime problem. This ideology is restorative justice. This entry is a review of the historical and intellectual roots of restorative justice from the perspective of prominent global leaders. It provides a meaningful context for understanding the potential of restorative justice as a viable option for correctional policy in the future.
W
illiams,
S
tanley “
T
ookie”
Authors: Giustina Jo‐Ann Della 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Stanley Tookie Williams III, a leader and cofounder of the Crips street gang, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on December 29, 1953 and executed on December 13, 2005 for the murder of four people in 1979. Prior to his execution, there had been an unsuccessful international campaign to save his life, based not on his claim of innocence, but on redemption due to his transformation while in prison. Williams had become a vocal anti‐violence activist and a dedicated mentor to inner‐city youth, writing nine books as an inspiration for young people to avoid joining gangs. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger denied clemency because he found Williams irredeemable, stating that there can be no redemption without an apology and remorse. Williams's execution stimulated a national debate about the death penalty versus serving life in prison without the possibility of parole.
Hòa Lò Prison
Authors: Yiwei Xia 
Published: July 2017

AbstractKnown as the “Hanoi Hilton,” Ha Lò prison served as a special incarceration center for correctional operations. Located in Hanoi, Vietnam, the facility served as the main prison for so‐called “political criminals” during the French colonial era, and was later used as a prison for American POWs during the Vietnam War. Although the political aims of the prison during these two eras were different, the inmates were consistently treated in brutal and dehumanizing ways – as the name of the prison, “Ha Lò,” often translated as “Hell's hole,” suggests.
P
etersilia,
J
oan
Authors: Jenness Valerie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This entry reviews the work of Professor Joan Petersilia, an award‐winning and highly impactful applied criminologist with expertise in corrections and public policy. The focus is on the content and impact of her research on crime control in general and corrections in particular, as well as her standing in the field of criminology and among criminal justice practitioners.
Truth‐in‐Sentencing Laws
Authors: Morczek Amber L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOver the last several decades, the US criminal justice system has moved away from indeterminate sentences, under which offenders are condemned to an indefinite period of incarceration, offered “good time,” and subsequently paroled, often long before the conclusion of their maximum sentence. Beginning in the 1980s, federal and state legislatures began to adopt determinate sentences, whereby offenders are sentenced to a longer, more definite period of imprisonment. A relic of the “get tough” era of criminal justice policymaking, truth‐in‐sentencing laws specifically mandate that offenders serve a substantial portion of their sentence. This transition, along with the application of other types of determinate sentencing practice, marked a considerable change in punishment philosophy, sentence length, and prisoner release mechanisms.