bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Great Ellipse Solution for Distances and
Headings to Steer between Waypoints
Authors: Walwyn P. R. 
Published: July 2002

The normal Great Circle method of computing the shortest
distance between two positions on the Earth – e.g. from an aircraft's present position (PP) to
a waypoint (WP) – is not accurate enough to meet present-day requirements for aircraft
Nav–Attack systems.On the surface of an Ellipsoid (or Spheroid), the true ‘shortest distance’ is along a geodesic
curve between the two points, but the computation of this curve is complex, and as shown by
R. Williams at Reference, the difference between the geodesic and Great Ellipse distances
between two points is negligible (<0·01 nm).The Great Ellipse through two points on a spheroid is defined as the ellipse that passes
through the two points and the centre of the spheroid; it therefore has a major axis equal to
the Earth's, and a minor axis that is between the Earth's major axis (for two points on the
Equator) and minor axis (for two points on the same, or diametrically opposite, longitudes).
Thus the problem of deciding on which Great Ellipse the two points lie is equivalent to
determining the magnitude of the minor axis β of the ellipse on which they both lie.
Use of biomarkers to assess the feasibility of delivering a vaccine to badgers (Meles meles)
Authors: Southey A. K. , Sleeman D. P. , Prendergast J. , O'Sullivan R. F. , Mulcahy M. F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractControlled studies with baits containing the biomarkers iophenoxic acid or tetracycline were carried out to measure bait uptake by free‐living badgers. The presence of these biomarkers was determined in badger plasma and dentition. The biomarkers were then incorporated into baits to quantify bait uptake by badgers in the field. Seven captive badgers were orally dosed with iophenoxic acid, which was subsequently measured in serial plasma samples for 18 weeks. Subsequently, field studies using baits marked with iophenoxic acid were carried out at selected setts in two study areas. In other experiments, five cage‐trapped badgers were orally dosed with tetracycline and released. These badgers were subsequently re‐trapped and the presence of tetracycline measured in sections of canine teeth. Field trials were also carried out using baits marked with tetracycline in four separate study areas. Badgers dosed with iophenoxic acid had elevated plasma iodine in comparison to a pre‐dose baseline level. The elevations in plasma iodine could be detected throughout the sampling period. Field experiments using iophenoxic acid showed that c. 80+ of wild badgers had ingested the marked bait. In addition, all five badgers dosed with tetracycline had tetracycline deposits in their canine teeth. Between 20+ and 77.8+ of badgers trapped in the tetracycline field trials were positive for uptake of the tetracycline‐marked bait. Variation in the percentage of badgers marked was attributed to several factors including seasonal timing of bait deployment. Our results indicated that iophenoxic acid and tetracycline were effective biomarkers of bait uptake by badgers.
Seasonal habitat use by flying‐foxes, Pteropus alecto and P. scapulatus (Megachiroptera), in monsoonal Australia
Authors: Vardon Michael J. , Brocklehurst Peter S. , Woinarski John C. Z. , Cunningham Ross B. , Donnelly Christine F. , Tidemann Christopher R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDistributions of flying‐fox (Pteropus alecto and P. scapulatus) were examined in relation to use of habitat in the essentially natural landscape of northern Australia. There were differences between the species in terms of the vegetation used for roosting and foraging, which were related to the reproductive cycle and seasonal variation in temperature, rainfall and the availability of preferred foods. Important habitats of P. alecto varied seasonally and included floodplain, mangrove, monsoon rainforest, Melaleuca open‐forest, and Eucalyptus miniata/E. tetrodonta open‐forest and woodland. The minimum scale at which conservation of P. alecto should be attempted is in the order of 5000 km2, based on seasonal patterns of habitat use. The size of this area will make conservation via traditional reserves difficult and conservation of important habitats outside reserves will be needed. Habitats protected for the benefit of P. alecto will also benefit P. scapulatus but because P. scapulatus is more mobile, displays greater yearly variation in distribution and is less well understood than P. alecto, appropriate conservation actions are less certain.
Functional morphology of the pecten oculi in the nocturnal spotted eagle owl (Bubo bubo africanus), and the diurnal black kite (Milvus migrans) and domestic fowl (Gallus gallus var. domesticus): a comparative study
Authors: Kiama S G. , Maina J. N. , Bhattacharjee J. , Weyrauch K. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe pecten oculi is a highly vascularized and pigmented organ that overlies the optic disc and projects into the vitreous body in the avian eye. First reported over 300 years ago, its function(s) remains a puzzle to ornithologists, ophthalmologists and anatomists. Morphometric study of this unique organ was undertaken in birds exhibiting apparently different visual acuities, namely two species of diurnal birds (the ground‐dwelling domestic fowl Gallus gallus var. domesticus and a highly active predator bird, the black kite (Milvus migrans) and a nocturnal bird (the spotted‐eagle owl Bubo bubo africanus). The volume of the owl's eye was 4.8 and 2.2 times larger than that of the fowl and the kite, respectively. However, the pecten of the fowl consisted of more pleats (16–18) compared to the kite (12–13) and the owl (5–6). The volume of the pecten of the kite was 1.4 and 2.7 times larger than that of the fowl and the owl, respectively (P < 0.05). Similarly, the surface area of the pecten of the kite was 2.6 and 4 times larger than that of the fowl and owl, respectively (P < 0.05). The volume density of blood vessels (lumen and wall) in the pecten of the kite, fowl and owl comprised 67.7%, 66.9% and 62.6%, respectively, the pigmented tissue constituting the rest. Both the volume density and the volume of the blood in the pecten were higher in the diurnal birds (kite, fowl) than the owl (P < 0.05). The surface area of the capillary luminal surface was 1.7 and 5.3 times higher in the kite than in the fowl and the owl, respectively (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the functional morphology of the pecten correlates with the life‐style of the bird and with functional need, and lends further support to the nutritive role of the pecten.
Inappropriate application of logarithmic transformations for allometric power functions of morphometric data on acanthocephalan worms
Authors: Voordouw Maarten J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLogarithmic transformation is used to transform multiplicative phenomena to a linear, additive scale. Some workers recommend the transformation x′= log x+ 1 when observed values are equal to zero. However, when working with morphometric data, this transformation is inappropriate because it arbitrarily changes the nature of the relationship between body parts. To illustrate this point, this contribution re‐analyses a data set from the recent literature.
The Revolution Turns Eighty: New Literature on the Russian Revolution and its Aftermath
Authors: Shmelev Anatol 
Published: July 2002

Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996 (reviewed in Pimlico edition, 1997), 923 pp., ISBN 0–150–24364–X.Vladimir N. Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Russian Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 455 pp., ISBN 0–691–03278–5.Edward Acton, William G. Rosenberg and Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, eds., Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution 1914–1921 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1997), 782 pp., ISBN 0–340–61454–4.Ronald Kowalski, The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921 (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 269 pp., ISBN 0–415–12437–9.André Liebich. From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921 (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1997), 476 pp., ISBN 0–674–32517–6.Over eighty years after it occurred, the Russian Revolution continues to engender debate among professional historians as well as the interested public. If the French Revolution is any guide, this interest is very likely to continue indefinitely. Causes and consequences, the meaning and significance of individual component events, the interplay of social forces, and cultural, political, intellectual, economic and a myriad of other aspects have and will continue to be examined and sifted through. Last year – the eightieth anniversary – produced a number of important works on the revolution and its consequences. Those under review here, including an older one from 1994, represent a range of approaches, from introductory accounts for the general reader to summations of the state of knowledge to histories of the revolution's ‘losers’.
On Sets with a Small Subset Sum
Authors: HAMIDOUNE Y. O. , LLADÓ A. S. , SERRA O. 
Published: July 2002

Let A be a subset of an abelian group G. The subset sum of
A is the set [sum ](A)
= {[sum ]x∈T[mid ]T⊂A}.
We prove the following result. Let S be a generating subset of an abelian group
G such that 0∉S and 14[les ][mid ]S[mid ].
Then one of the following conditions holds.(i) [mid ][sum ](S)[mid ][ges ]min([mid ]G[mid ]
−3, 3[mid ]S[mid ]−3).(ii) There is an x∈S such that S[setmn ]{x}
generates a proper subgroup of order less than (3[mid ]S[mid ]−3)/2.As a consequence, we obtain the following open case of an old conjecture of Diderrich.
Let q be a composite odd number and let G be an abelian group of order
3q. Let S be a subset of G with cardinality q+1.
Then every element of G is the sum of some subset of S.
Forecasting of Indian south‐west monsoon rainfall
Authors: Bhaskara Rao K , Naidu C V , Bhanukumar O S R U 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn attempt has been made to forecast the all‐India monsoon rainfall by using 30 years' pre‐monsoon upper‐air mean temperatures (recorded between 1959 and 1988) at stations over India. The importance of Nagpur temperatures at 850 and 700 hPa during the pre‐monsoon season is discussed. Two sets of regression equations, one with April temperatures and the other with May temperatures, are fitted using the independent predictors. The equations are tested for a two‐year period (1989–1990). The forecast values are found to be reasonably good. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
The use of kites to investigate boundary layer meteorology
Authors: Varley M J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe application of kites as a platform for meteorological measurement within the boundary layer is examined. Kites are shown to fulfil a useful role within this research area, particularly when a highly mobile, lightweight and inexpensive instrumental platform is required. They are ideal for use at remote sites, or sites where terrain limits access for more conventional profiling equipment. The development of a reliable, tethered radiosonde atmospheric profiling system (TRAPS) is described, comparing the relative performance of two different sizes of two different types of kite. Basic kite aerodynamics are explained as well as a number of practical problems which have to be overcome or accommodated. Appropriate kite selection for given wind conditions and experimental requirements is suggested, providing an operational windspeed of between 2 and 14 m s−1. Finally, experimental results from three diverse remote sites illustrate practical applications of the profiling system, investigating firstly the structure of surface inversions over an ice shelf in the Antarctica, secondly flow over hills in Cumbria and thirdly convective boundary‐layer structure on the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
On the origin and evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Authors: HOLMES EDWARD C. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe human AIDS viruses – HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 – impose major burdens on the health and economic status of many developing countries. Surveys of other animal species have revealed that related viruses – the SIVs – are widespread in a large number of African simian primates where they do not appear to cause disease. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these SIVs are the reservoirs for the human viruses, with SIVsm from the sooty mangabey monkey the most likely source of HIV‐2, and SIVcpz from the common chimpanzee the progenitor population for HIV‐1. Although it is clear that AIDS has a zoonotic origin, it is less certain when HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 first entered human populations and whether cross‐species viral transmission is common among primates. Within infected individuals the process of HIV evolution takes the form of an arms race, with the virus continually fixing mutations by natural selection which allow it to escape from host immune responses. The arms race is less intense in SIV‐infected monkeys, where a weaker immune response generates less selective pressure on the virus. Such a difference in virus‐host interaction, along with a broadening of co‐receptor usage such that HIV strains are able to infect cells with both CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors, may explain the increased virulence of HIV in humans compared to SIV in other primates.
Oxidative Stress Increased Respiration and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, Resulting in ATP Depletion, Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition, and Programmed Cell Death
Authors: Tiwari Budhi Sagar , Belenghi Beatrice , Levine Alex 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Mitochondria constitute a major source of reactive oxygen species and have been proposed to integrate the cellular responses to stress. In animals, it was shown that mitochondria can trigger apoptosis from diverse stimuli through the opening of MTP, which allows the release of the apoptosis-inducing factor and translocation of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Here, we analyzed the role of the mitochondria in the generation of oxidative burst and induction of programmed cell death in response to brief or continuous oxidative stress in Arabidopsis cells. Oxidative stress increased mitochondrial electron transport, resulting in amplification of H2O2 production, depletion of ATP, and cell death. The increased generation of H2O2 also caused the opening of the MTP and the release of cytochromec from mitochondria. The release of cytochromec and cell death were prevented by a serine/cysteine protease inhibitor, Pefablock. However, addition of inhibitor only partially inhibited the H2O2 amplification and the MTP opening, suggesting that protease activation is a necessary step in the cell death pathway after mitochondrial damage.
Purification and Properties of Arabidopsis thaliana COR (Cold-Regulated) Gene Polypeptides COR15am and COR6.6 Expressed in Escherichia coli
Authors: Glimour S. J. , Lin C. , Thomashow M. F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana cold-regulated genes COR15a and COR6.6 encode 15- and 6.6-kD polypeptides, respectively. The COR15a polypeptide is known to be targeted to chloroplasts and, during import, to be processed to a 9.4-kD polypeptide designated COR15am. The COR6.6 polypeptide is thought to be located in the cytosol. The coding sequences for COR15am and COR6.6 were fused to the bacteriophage T7 promoter and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant polypeptides COR15amr and COR6.6r were purified to near homogeneity using a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, and adsorption chromatography on hydroxyapatite. COR15amr and the major species of COR15am in chloroplasts co-migrated on both two-dimensional O'Farrell gels and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. These data corroborate the site of COR15a processing and indicate no difference in charge or quaternary structure between COR15amr and the major species of COR15am in plants. In contrast, the migration patterns of COR6.6r and COR6.6 on two-dimensional gels suggest that a considerable portion of the COR6.6 population in plants is modified. In the accompanying papers (M.S. Webb, S.J. Gilmour, M.F. Thomashow, P.L. Steponkus [1996] Plant Physiology 111: 301–312; M. Uemura, S.J. Gilmour, M.F. Thomashow, P.L. Steponkus [1996] Plant Physiology 111:313–327), the effects of COR15amr and COR6.6r on the cryostability and lyotropic phase behavior of liposomes are examined.
Proteolytic Processing of Class IV Chitinase in the Compatible Interaction of Bean Roots with Fusarium solani
Authors: Lange J. , Mohr U. , Wiemken A. , Boller T. , Vogeli-Lange R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Three chitinase isoenzymes, PvChiE, PvChiF, and PvChiG (molecular masses 29, 28, and 27 kD, respectively), were purified from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Saxa) roots infected with the fungal pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, and their amino acid sequence was partially determined. All sequences from all three isoenzymes exactly matched deduced amino acid sequences of the bean class IV chitinase PvChi4, formerly called PR4. The N terminus of PvChiF mapped to the hinge region, and the N terminus of PvChiG mapped to the catalytic domain of PvChi4. The N terminus of PvChiE was blocked. The appearance of PvChiE, PvChiF, and PvChiG correlated with an increase in protease activity in infected roots, and they could be generated in vitro by mixing extracts with high protease activity with extracts containing high amounts of PvChi4. Extracts from infected roots prepared in the presence of protease inhibitors also contained the processed forms of PvChi4, indicating that processing occurred in planta and not as an artifact of extraction. Processing of PvChi4 was not detected in incompatible interactions with a nonhost strain of F. solani and in symbiotic interactions with Glomus mosseae, and thus may be important only in compatible interactions with F. solani.
Both 5[prime] and 3[prime] Sequences of Maize adh1 mRNA Are Required for Enhanced Translation under Low-Oxygen Conditions
Authors: Bailey-Serres J. , Dawe R. K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (ADH1) synthesis in O2-deprived roots of maize (Zea mays L.) results from induced transcription and selective translation of ADH1 mRNA. The effect of ADH1 mRNA sequences on message stability and translation was studied in protoplasts of the maize cell line P3377. 5[prime] capped and 3[prime] polyadenylated mRNA constructs containing the firefly gene (luc) for luciferase (LUC) or the Escherichia coli gene (uidA) for β-glucuronidase (GUS) coding region were synthesized in vitro and electroporated into protoplasts that were cultured at 40 or 5% O2. A LUC mRNA with a 17-nucleotide polylinker 5[prime] untranslated region (UTR) was expressed 10-fold higher under aerobic conditions than under hypoxic conditions. Expression of five chimeric ADH1-GUS mRNAs was measured relative to this LUC mRNA. An mRNA containing the 5[prime]-UTR and the first 18 codons of adh1 in a translational fusion with the GUS coding region and followed by the 3[prime]-UTR of adh1 was expressed 57-fold higher at 5% O2. Progressive deletion of adh1 5[prime]-UTR and coding sequences reduced expression of the GUS-mRNA at 5% O2, but had little impact on expression of 40% O2. Enhancement of expression in hypoxic protoplasts conferred by the adh1 5[prime]-UTR and the first 26 codons decreased more than 3-fold when the adh1 3[prime]-UTR was removed. In addition, the adh1 3[prime]-UTR slightly inhibited expression in aerobic protoplasts. The physical half-lives of the GUS and LUC mRNAs were similar under both anaerobic and hypoxic conditions, indicating that expression levels were largely independent of mRNA stability. Thus, both adh1 5[prime] and 3[prime] mRNA sequences are required for enhanced translation in protoplasts under O2 deprivation.
Immunolocalization of Mannitol Dehydrogenase in Celery Plants and Cells
Authors: Zamski E. , Yamamoto Y. T. , Williamson J. D. , Conkling M. A. , Pharr D. M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Immunolocalization of mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) in celery (Apium graveolens L.) suspension cells and plants showed that MTD is a cytoplasmic enzyme. MTD was found in the meristems of celery root apices, in young expanding leaves, in the vascular cambium, and in the phloem, including sieve-element/companion cell complexes, parenchyma, and in the exuding phloem sap of cut petioles. Suspension cells that were grown in medium with mannitol as the sole carbon source showed a high anti-MTD cross-reaction in the cytoplasm, whereas cells that were grown in sucrose-containing medium showed little or no cross-reaction. Gel-blot analysis of proteins from vascular and nonvascular tissues of mature celery petioles showed a strong anti-MTD sera cross-reactive band, corresponding to the 40-kD molecular mass of MTD in vascular extracts, but no cross-reactive bands in nonvascular extracts. The distribution pattern of MTD within celery plants and in cell cultures that were grown on different carbon sources is consistent w ith the hypothesis that the Mtd gene may be regulated by sugar repression. Additionally, a developmental component may regulate the distribution of MTD within celery plants.
Cloning and Subcellular Location of an Arabidopsis Receptor-Like Protein That Shares Common Features with Protein-Sorting Receptors of Eukaryotic Cells
Authors: Ahmed S. U. , Bar-Peled M. , Raikhel N. V. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Many receptors involved in clathrin-mediated protein transport through the endocytic and secretory pathways of yeast and animal cells share common features. They are all type I integral membrane proteins containing cysteine-rich lumenal domains and cytoplasmic tails with tyrosine-containing sorting signals. The cysteine-rich domains are thought to be involved in ligand binding, whereas the cytoplasmic tyrosine motifs interact with clathrin-associated adaptor proteins during protein sorting along these pathways. In addition, tyrosine-containing signals are required for the retention and recycling of some of these membrane proteins to the trans-Golgi network. Here we report the characterization of an approximately 80-kD epidermal growth factor receptor-like type I integral membrane protein containing all of these functional motifs from Arabidopsis thaliana (called AtELP for A. thaliana Epidermal growth factor receptor-Like Protein). Biochemical analysis indicates that AtELP is a membrane protein found at high levels in the roots of both monocots and dicots. Subcellular fractionation studies indicate that the AtELP protein is present in two membrane fractions corresponding to a novel, undefined compartment and a fraction enriched in vesicles containing clathrin and its associated adaptor proteins. AtELP may therefore serve as a marker for compartments involved in intracellular protein trafficking in the plant cell.
Subcellular Localization of Celery Mannitol Dehydrogenase (A Cytosolic Metabolic Enzyme in Nuclei)
Authors: Yamamoto Y. T. , Zamski E. , Williamson J. D. , Conkling M. A. , Pharr D. M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) is the first enzyme in mannitol catabolism in celery (Apium graveolens L. var dulce [Mill] Pers. Cv Florida 638). Mannitol is an important photoassimilate, as well as providing plants with resistance to salt and osmotic stress. Previous work has shown that expression of the celery Mtd gene is regulated by many factors, such as hexose sugars, salt and osmotic stress, and salicylic acid. Furthermore, MTD is present in cells of sink organs, phloem cells, and mannitol-grown suspension cultures. Immunogold localization and biochemical analyses presented here demonstrate that celery MTD is localized in the cytosol and nuclei. Although the cellular density of MTD varies among different cell types, densities of nuclear and cytosolic MTD in a given cell are approximately equal. Biochemical analyses of nuclear extracts from mannitol-grown cultured cells confirmed that the nuclear-localized MTD is enzymatically active. The function(s) of nuclear-localized MTD is unknown.