bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution Of Constructivism
Authors: Liu Chu Chih , Chen I Ju (Crissa) 
Published: March 2016

The contrast between social constructivism and cognitive constructivism are depicted in different ways in many studies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the evolution of constructivism and put a focus on social constructivism from the perception of Vygotsky. This study provides a general idea of the evolution of constructivism for people want to understand this learning theory.
Factors That Impact The Ethical Behavior Of College Students
Authors: Joseph Jacob , Berry Kevin , Deshpande Satish P. 
Published: March 2016

This study examines factors impacting ethical behavior of 182 college students in the midwestern and northwestern United States. Ethical behavior of peers had the most significant impact on ethical behavior of students. Success (in terms of grade point average) of students, and gender of the respondents, also significantly impacted ethical behavior. Female students were significantly more ethical than their male counterparts. Race of the respondent did not have an impact on their ethical behavior. Overclaiming scales indicated that social desirability bias did significantly impact the results of our study. Implications of this study for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Finance And Poverty Reduction In China: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Ho Sin-Yu , Odhiambo Nicholas M. 
Published: March 2016

In this paper, the causal relationship between financial development and poverty reduction is examined in China, using the newly developed ARDL-Bounds testing procedure. The paper uses two proxies of financial development against private per capita consumption - a proxy for poverty reduction to examine this linkage. The results of the study show that the causal relationship between financial development and poverty reduction is sensitive to the proxy used to measure the level of financial development.When the domestic credit to the private sector (DCP/GDP) is used as a proxy for financial development, a bidirectional causality is found to prevail between financial development and poverty reduction in the short run. However, when the broad money supply ratio (M2/GDP) is used as a proxy, a bidirectional causality between financial development and poverty reduction is found to prevail in the short run, but a unidirectional causal flow from poverty reduction to financial development is found to predominate in the long run. These results show that the poverty-reduction programmes, which have been ongoing in China for decades, are likely to lead to further development of the financial sector in the long run.
The Importance Of Performance Management Tools Usage For Surviving The Economic Crisis
Authors: Peljhan Darja , Kejzar Katja Zajc , Ponikvar Nina 
Published: March 2016

The main objective of our research is to explore how using performance management (PM) tools impact the exit hazard of firms by considering a sample of Slovenian firms during the recent economic crisis. The paper finds that, when firm and industry characteristics are not accounted for, the firms that used PM tools in 2007 experienced around a 6 percentage points lower hazard of shutting down during the current economic crisis. Further, our study supports the view that firm size and age are more important determinants of a firms survival probability than the influence of using PM tools (and other firm characteristics) due to a strong and significant correlation between the use of PM tools and firm size and age.
Examining The Employment Intensity Of Economic Growth Of The PIIGS
Authors: Seyfried William 
Published: March 2016

At the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century, several countries in the periphery of Europe began suffering from sovereign debt crises, resulting from and contributing to economic weakness. As of late 2013, each country was struggling with double-digit unemployment rates with rates in Greece and Spain near 27%. Though economic weakness was responsible for falling employment, the linkage between economic growth and employment, known as the employment intensity of economic growth (also called employment elasticity), may differ between nations. Estimation of models developed reveal different dynamics in the respective countries. Regardless of the model employed, the results revealed a very high employment intensity of economic growth in Spain relative to the other nations, indicating that employment was highly sensitive to changes in economic growth. As such, an equivalent decline in GDP had a much larger impact on employment in Spain than the other PIIGS. There is evidence that the structure of the labor market may play some role in explaining different employment elasticities for the countries in question. In particular, the degree of unionization appeared to be negatively correlated with employment intensity (economic growth had a smaller impact on employment in nations that have a larger percentage of unions) while the portion of workers on temporary contracts was positively correlated with employment intensity; countries with a larger percentage of workers on temporary contracts, such as Spain, had a higher employment intensity as employment responded more to changes in economic growth.
Phased Heating and Solvent Injection to Enhance Recovery of Heavy Oil and Bitumen
Authors: Zhu Da , Bunio Gary , Gates Ian D. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The main challenges faced by oil sands operators are the cost of operations and the environmental intensity of the recovery processes. The Athabasca oil sands deposit contains bitumen with viscosity typically over 1 million cP. To lower the viscosity of the bitumen so that it can be drained from these reservoirs, it is heated with injected steam by using Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). This process is effective and enables recovery factors over 60%. The major cost in the recovery process is steam generation and associated water treatment and handling. The combustion of natural gas to generate steam is the main origin of the carbon dioxide emissions associated with SAGD. An alternative to steam injection is the use of solvents co-injected with steam. Solvents dilute bitumen leading to an oil phase with reduced viscosity. Also, there is potential to recycle solvent for re-injection. Thus, solvent added to steam can improve the steam-to-oil ratio and as a consequence can lower the carbon dioxide emissions per unit volume oil produced. In this extended abstract, we describe a phased solvent and heat process that yields improved performance beyond that of SAGD and current solvent-aided SAGD processes.
Experiences of Conversion from Cyclic Steam Strategy to Continuous Steam Strategy in Issaran Egypt Field
Authors: Basta George Soliman , Korany Salah Kamal , Kortam Waleed Tarek , Shaker Saad 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Heavy oil reservoir management using thermal methods is different than conventional reservoir management, especially if the reservoir is highly heterogeneous with limited availability of data. This raises a lot challenges to deal with.
One of these important challenges is timing the conversion of the project from the cyclic steam injection phase to the continuous steam flooding strategy, which allows the steam to contact a larger area of the reservoir, and thus enhancing oil recovery, while optimizing voidage replacement ratio (VRR.) This on the long run increases the project lifetime economically.
Issaran is one of those challenging heavy oil shallow fields in the Middle East, containing reservoirs with heterogeneous properties. Its different reservoirs are managed with different steam strategies. Cyclic steam injection started in 2004 in one of the reservoirs, after that the strategy was converted to continuous steam injection in addition to small cycles in some of the producers to improve communication. Different selected time scenarios of conversion were implemented for each area to enhance sweep efficiency and heat distribution and overcome any undesirable reservoir response such as water encroachment, and deal with highly fractured, highly heterogeneous or low pressure zones.
In this paper, actual field performances will be presented for each formation showing the cyclic steam injection stage and the timing of conversion to continuous steam strategy. A lot of factors will be presented for the steam cycle stage including: voidage replacement ratio (VRR), steam to oil ration (SOR), and the injectivity index performance from cycle to cycle. Then the conversion time from cyclic to continuous steam flooding will be discussed per each area. The relationship between this time with total VRR and the total steam injected in the cyclic stage will be introduced. Spacing between the wells will be mentioned and its effect on the conversion time identified.
Generally the main factors that affect directly on the selected conversion time: communication between the wells, injectivity index and economic factors. The paper will focus on the first 2 factors.
High Concentration Polymer Flooding Field Test With Well Infilling to Change Fluid Flowing Direction After Polymer Flooding
Authors: Gao Shuling , Jiang Zhenhai , Zhang Kaiyu , Liu Haibo , Fu Qingchun , Yan Wei , Fu Baizhou 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
There are about half reserves remaining underground after polymer flooding, which are huge reserves for further tapping. So how to enhance oil recovery greatly after polymer flooding has been a major technical challenge in china or abroad. According to the data of 20 pressure coring wells after polymer flooding, the places where remaining oil locate are precisely described in this paper and on the basis of laboratory research and numerical simulation and geological study, a new method has been developed that combines well pattern restructuring for changing fluid flowing direction and high concentration polymer flooding so as to tap remaining oil which scatters highly and enriches relatively in distributary streamline after polymer flooding. Field test which used this new method has been carried out at B2D block in Daqing oilfield after polymer flooding. In order to get optimum mobility control, a reasonable formula of high concentration polymer system is optimized and the molecular weight and concentration of polymer are respectively 25 million and 2500 mg/L. Some good responses have been obtained in this field test. The injection pressure has increased by 4.3 MPa and the fluid absorption thickness ratio has increased by 26.3% and water cut drop maximum of central well has reached 16% and its incremental oil recovery is 5%. Based on this field test, it can be concluded that whether a field test after polymer flooding can get a good development effect, well pattern infilling is a premise and remaining oil distribution is a major influential factor and reasonable mobility ratio and injection-production ratio are important safeguards. High concentration polymer flooding with well infilling to change fluid flowing direction is a very effective technology to enhance oil recovery after polymer flooding. This technology has gain very good technological and economic effect, its final incremental oil recovery is 6.77% predicted by numerical simulation and its internal rate of return is 21.9%. This technology has wide application prospects and can be widely applied in blocks of Daqing oilfield after polymer flooding.
Field-Scale Modelling and Sensitivity Analysis of DME Enhanced Waterflooding
Authors: Groot J. A. , Eikmans D. , Fadili A. , Romate J. E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Di-methyl-ether (DME) is a solvent with clear potential for EOR through its novel use in DME enhanced water flooding (DEW). Fundamentally, this phase behaviour driven EOR process is based on an immiscible displacement of the oil phase by the water phase, enhanced by DME mass transfer between the two phases. Modelling such a process is far from trivial and requires a tailored modelling approach.
In previous work (Chernetsky, et al., 2015) a dynamic model for DEW was successfully employed to history match core-flood experiments. This paper builds on this work by analyzing the driving mechanisms and sensitivities at different stages of the DEW process and describing the process of efficient upscaling of the model to field scale.
The first part of this paper presents the basic modelling workflow for DEW for light to medium oils and typical concentration and saturation profiles and ternary diagrams. The objective is to determine the main driving mechanisms and their impact on the incremental oil recovery and DME utilization. The second part of the paper focusses on the upscaling of the DEW model to field scale. In particular, sensitivities to reservoir heterogeneity, relative permeability data and grid size are discussed through examples of sector and field models.
The one-dimensional sensitivity studies provide valuable insight into the efficiency and dependencies of the fundamental recovery mechanism. The sensitivities focus on incremental oil recovery and DME efficiency and cover design parameters relevant to the DEW process, such as DME slug size and brine salinity, oil properties, remaining oil saturation and parameters used in simulation studies, such as grid size.
Results for field scale modelling give guidance on how the DEW models can be effectively upscaled and what sensitivities can be expected at reservoir scale, and show the value of the model in supporting decision making and implementation of DEW in the field. Recommendations for field scale modelling are given, based on sensitivity analyses for various DEW scenarios. Computational techniques, such as adaptive gridding and parallel computing, are proposed to overcome limitations due to grid size sensitivity.
ASP as a Brown Field Re-development Opportunity - Based on a Case Study: Part 2
Authors: Anand Adi , Eikmans Dick , Boersma Diederik 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper extends the subject of the ASP fullfield (re-) development and optimization discussed in the paper SPE-174680-MS to an ASP pilot in the same field using more detailed ASP simulation studies with a finer geological model. The study was targeted to investigate the roles of various static (e.g., geology), dynamic (e.g., fluid properties), ASP process (e.g., chemical adsorption) and numerical (e.g., grid size) parameters on the ASP performance prediction.
The paper focusses on three key subjects: firstly, understanding the ASP pilot performance under different realizations. Thereafter, we identify the key aspects of an ASP flood and break the problem statement into elements that are further investigated with the help of customized scenarios. We will share the results with regards to key sub-surface design elements for an ASP pilot, particularly highlighting what works and what does not, and how to improve the pilot response for a field with high degree of vertical heterogeneity.
Challenges and Learnings from Thermal Development of Thick Heavy Oil Reservoirs in Southern Oman
Authors: Belghache Abdesslam , Al-Hinai Suleiman , Rabaani Abdulsalaam , Manhali Mohammed , Tromp JP , Holyak Steve , D'Amours Kevin , Afifi Sameh , Ajmi Ahmed 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The "A" Steam Project in Southern Oman is a large scale Thermal EOR project currently being executed by PDO. It comprises the re-development of the "A" West Field, which has a significant cold oil development history, and the new development of the nearby "A" East Field.
The heavy viscous oil is contained in high net-to-gross braided river, aeolian and alluvial fan sandstones of the Cambrian Haima Group. Both fields were discovered in the 1970"s. The "A" West Field has lower oil viscosity and was first produced in 1976. "A" East oil is significantly more viscous than "A" West oil and was historically assessed to be too viscous for cold production. For this reason "A" East Field was not initially developed. In contrast, by 2008, after some 30 years of cold oil production, an estimated 18% of the STOIIP had been recovered from "A" West and the water cut had steadily increased to 90%.
A field study was initiated in 2008 to evaluate re-development options based on EOR technologies. For "A" West the selected Phase I (re-) development concept comprised a steam flood with inverted 7-spot patterns. For "A" East the plan was for initial cyclic steam soak (CSS) on a regularly spaced 92 × 92 m grid, with later conversion to a 8 acre / 9 spot steam flood. The two sub-surface developments were to be managed as an integrated project with shared surface facilities and operations. The project received Final Investment Decision for Phase I in 2009 and came on stream in 2013.
The paper will provide an overview of the project development phases & its execution strategy, current status of field performance, and specifically the innovative way the development challenges are addressed.
Fiber Optic Based Reservoir Surveillance for Injection Conformance Monitoring and Production Profiling in EOR Fields
Authors: Hemink Gijs , Groen Lex , Deitrick Greg , Horst Juun van , Kechichian Jackie , Bakker Goos 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is increasingly relying on Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies to optimize production. Successful implementation and operation of polymer flood field developments in Oman involves dealing with a variety of risks that can impact injection conformance, sweep efficiency, production, and surface facilities. The subsurface risks predominantly relate to Fracture propagation, Vertical Conformance and Areal Conformance. Mitigation of these risks is key to enabling economical field developments and requires implementation of adequate surveillance and control measures.
Conventional technologies that may be able to acquire the required surveillance data, like production logging, can be costly and/or give unreliable results. In addition, the extreme high well density makes well entries difficult and complicates conventional surveillance. Fiber Optic Surveillance Technologies are most favorable as an alternative because of their potential applicability in water and polymer injectors as well as oil producers; their non-intrusive nature reduces HSSE exposure; and their low cost and automated on-demand time-lapse surveillance potential.
Shell and PDO have collaborated on the development of robust interpretation workflows for Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) warm back surveys in mature injector wells, and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for injection profiling in polymer injector wells and production profiling in oil producers. Data were gathered during various field campaigns as well as in controlled polymer flow loop experiments.
This paper presents one successful and one less successful DTS warmback survey conducted in a water and a polymer injector well, and also the recommendations to improve the quality of warmback surveys. Three other datasets are presented, the first two relate to DAS injection conformance monitoring where DAS was acquired in a polymer injector well and used, together with a PLT survey during the water injection periods, to assess the change in injection conformance. The last test relates to a DAS acquisition in an oil producer well equipped with a Progressive Cavity Pump.
Low Tension Gas Process in High Salinity and Low Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Das Alolika , Nguyen Nhut , Alkindi Abdullah , Farajzadeh Rouhi , Azri Nasser , Southwick Jeffrey , Vincent-Bonnieu Sebastien , Nguyen Quoc P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in carbonate reservoirs has always been technically and economically challenging. Conventional Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) flooding has limited application in low permeability (2-20 mD) and high salinity formations (~200,000 ppm TDS) with a large concentration of divalent cations. Also injectivity into such low permeability reservoirs can be a significant problem with polymer solutions.
The process of low tension gas (LTG) in tight carbonates has exhibited good microscopic displacement and mobility control. It combines interfacial tension (IFT) reduction with improved mobility control by in-situ generation of foam in low-permeable heterogeneous formations. This process has been tested in the lab for a Middle Eastern carbonate reservoir, which is the subject of this paper. This strategy has been tested through either co-injection or alternating injection of slug/drive surfactant solution and gas (CO2, N2, or hydrocarbon) at low foam quality (high water content). A successful surfactant screening was performed to select the optimum surfactant formula that exhibits ultra-low IFT, good aqueous stability, and low microemulsion viscosity. The formulation allows tailoring of optimal salinity for ultra-low oil-water IFT to the variation of formation and produced water salinity. Core flood experiments have been performed, which demonstrated favorable mobilization and displacement of residual oil. Tertiary recoveries of up to 85% on remaining oil were achieved for cores with permeability less than 10 mD. An innovative experimental method was also developed to achieve high initial oil saturation in tight rocks.
Life buoy to a Dying Oil Field in Hungary
Authors: Szelényi János 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
MOL has more than 40-year experience in EOR applications in Hungary. As most of the fields approach to the end of their lifecycle more and more ideas were born to help these fields to survive.
Demjen is one of these old fields very close to its total depletion. During the 62 years production history number of EOR/IOR experiments were applied with various results. Contrary to the long production history the recovery factor of the field is only 15%. The main reasons of this poor recovery are the complex geological environment, the low pressure and temperature of the reservoirs and the oil quality.
In 2012 a new 3D geological model has been finished for Demjén field what tripled OIIP 3P resource. This increased potential has encouraged experts to review again the EOR/IOR project possibilities for the field.
Parallel to recently applied MEOR technology a cyclic steaming stimulation (CSS) pilot project is planned in Demjén West field for the next few years. The equipment intended to be used for steaming wells of the field is a revolutionary new technology that can easily move from well to well and it does not require high capex surface constructions. The well completion and some of the elements of the well structure is also designed especially for cyclic steaming of such old well.
The aim of this CSS pilot is to monitor the behavior of the reservoir as in-situ the oil has relatively high viscosity due to the low temperature and the high paraffin content also worsen oil flowing properties at that reservoir condition. Good results could give solid base to extend application of the technology to other areas and reservoirs of the field and for other EOR/IOR applications.
This article is copyrighted by SPE.