bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of national forest‐management regimes on unprotected forests of the Himalaya
Authors: Brandt Jodi S. , Allendorf Teri , Radeloff Volker , Brooks Jeremy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractGlobally, deforestation continues, and although protected areas effectively protect forests, the majority of forests are not in protected areas. Thus, how effective are different management regimes to avoid deforestation in non‐protected forests? We sought to assess the effectiveness of different national forest‐management regimes to safeguard forests outside protected areas. We compared 2000–2014 deforestation rates across the temperate forests of 5 countries in the Himalaya (Bhutan, Nepal, China, India, and Myanmar) of which 13% are protected. We reviewed the literature to characterize forest management regimes in each country and conducted a quasi‐experimental analysis to measure differences in deforestation of unprotected forests among countries and states in India. Countries varied in both overarching forest‐management goals and specific tenure arrangements and policies for unprotected forests, from policies emphasizing economic development to those focused on forest conservation. Deforestation rates differed up to 1.4% between countries, even after accounting for local determinants of deforestation, such as human population density, market access, and topography. The highest deforestation rates were associated with forest policies aimed at maximizing profits and unstable tenure regimes. Deforestation in national forest‐management regimes that emphasized conservation and community management were relatively low. In India results were consistent with the national‐level results. We interpreted our results in the context of the broader literature on decentralized, community‐based natural resource management, and our findings emphasize that the type and quality of community‐based forestry programs and the degree to which they are oriented toward sustainable use rather than economic development are important for forest protection. Our cross‐national results are consistent with results from site‐ and regional‐scale studies that show forest‐management regimes that ensure stable land tenure and integrate local‐livelihood benefits with forest conservation result in the best forest outcomes.
Influence of continuous use of a vacuum‐forming machine for mouthguard thickness after thermoforming
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Araie Yoshiaki , Satoh Yoshihide , Iwasaki Shin‐ichi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground/AimsMouthguards can reduce the risk of sports‐related injuries such as tooth fracture or avulsion, but the sheet material and thickness have a large effect on their efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the continuous use of a vacuum‐forming machine on mouthguard thickness.Materials and MethodsEthylene vinyl acetate sheets and olefin copolymer sheets were used for thermoforming with a vacuum‐forming machine. The working model was trimmed to a height of 23 mm at the maxillary central incisor and 20 mm at maxillary first molar. During molding, the model was placed at the center of the vacuum unit. Three molding conditions were investigated (i) molding was carried out after the sag at the center of the softened sheet was 15 mm below the clamp (control); (ii) sheet heating started 5 minutes after the control, and molding in the same way as the control (AF5); and (iii) sheet heating started 10 minutes after the control, and molding in the same way as the control (AF10). Under each condition, vacuum forming was conducted for 30 seconds. Sheet thickness after fabrication was determined for the incisal edge, labial surface, cusp, and buccal surface using a special caliper accurate to 0.1 mm. The differences of the molding conditions on the thickness in each sheet material were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests.ResultsFor both sheet materials, significant differences between the control and AF5 were observed at all measurement points (P<.01), but not between the control and AF10. Compared with the control, AF5 was thinner and AF10 was a similar thickness.ConclusionThe continuous use of a vacuum‐forming machine led to a reduction in the thickness of the mouthguard. Intervals of 10 minutes are necessary to achieve consistent molding.
Maxillofacial trauma patterns associated with external auditory canal fractures: Cone beam computed tomography analysis
Authors: Ali Ibrahim K. , Sansare Kaustubh , Karjodkar Freny R. , Salve Prashant , Vanga Kavita , Pawar Ajinkya M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground/AimsThere is a paucity of literature on external auditory canal (EAC) fractures secondary to maxillofacial trauma, with most of the literature on EAC fractures consisting of isolated case reports. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study to use cone beam computed tomography to evaluate the EAC region. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of external auditory canal (EAC) fracture following maxillofacial trauma and to evaluate the association between EAC fracture and other maxillofacial fractures and the region of trauma.Materials and MethodsOne hundred patients were prospectively evaluated over 6 months from February to August 2016. The patients were referred for CBCT regarding temporomandibular joint or condylar fractures following maxillofacial trauma. Two observers (both experienced radiologists) assessed the EAC and associated fractures in the maxillofacial region.ResultsExternal auditory canal (EAC) fracture was confirmed in 32% of the patients. Of the EAC fractures, 68.75% and 31.25% were associated with mandibular fractures and non‐mandibular fractures, respectively. Of the EAC fractures, 68.75% were single fractures and 31.25% of patients had multiple comminuted fractures. Significant association was observed on cross‐tabulation of the fractured region and region of trauma with the presence of EAC fracture using chi‐square test.ConclusionExternal auditory canal (EAC) fracture is associated with maxillofacial fractures with increased incidence in mandibular fractures compared to non‐mandibular fractures.
Modulating risky decision‐making in Parkinson's disease by transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: Benussi A. , Alberici A. , Cantoni V. , Manenti R. , Brambilla M. , Dell'Era V. , Gazzina S. , Manes M. , Cristillo V. , Padovani A. , Cotelli M. , Borroni B. 
Published: March 2017

Background and purposePerformance on gambling tasks in Parkinson's disease (PD) is of particular interest, as pathological gambling is often associated with dopamine replacement therapy in these patients. We aimed to evaluate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in modulating gambling behaviour in PD.MethodsWe assessed the effects of cathodal tDCS over the right DLPFC during the Iowa Gambling Task in 20 patients with PD, compared with sham stimulation. We then conducted a second experimental design, assessing the effects of anodal tDCS over the right DLPFC.ResultsWe observed that cathodal tDCS over the right DLPFC increased Iowa Gambling Task scores compared with sham stimulation. In the second experimental design, we did not find significant differences between anodal and sham tDCS.ConclusionsCathodal tDCS over the right DLPFC possibly reduces the pathological overdrive in frontostriatal networks in patients with PD on dopaminergic medication, thus modulating impulsive and risky decision‐making.
A Permanent Multilevel Monitoring and Sampling System in the Coastal Groundwater Mixing Zones
Authors: Luo Xin , Kwok King Lun , Liu Yi , Jiao Jimmy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTo study the spatial and temporal variability of water dynamics and chemical reactions within the coastal groundwater mixing zones (CGMZs), high‐resolution periodical and spatial groundwater sampling within CGMZs is needed. However, current samplers and sampling systems may require heavy driving machines to install. There is also possible contamination from the metal materials for current samplers and sampling systems. Here, a permanent multilevel sampling system is designed to sample coastal groundwater within CGMZs. This cost‐effective system consists of metal‐free materials and can be installed easily. The system is tested in Po Sam Pai and Tingkok, Tolo Harbor and Hong Kong. Major ions, nutrients, stable isotopes and radium and radon isotopes were analyzed and the data provided scientific information to study the fresh‐saltwater interface fluctuations, and temporal variations and spatial heterogeneity of geochemical processes occurred within CGMZs. The reliable spatial and temporal data from the sampling system demonstrate that the system functions well and can provide scientific data for coastal aquifer studies.
HFE mutations and iron in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Valenti Luca , Pelusi Serena 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn chronic hemodialysis patients, a disruption in iron metabolism ranging from absolute to functional deficiency, with compartmentalization of this metal into macrophages, is often observed. Chronic inflammation indeed often causes an upregulation of the iron hormone hepcidin, thereby reducing iron absorption and availability to the erythron. We systematically reviewed the literature on the role of genetic risk factors on iron metabolism in hemodialysis. In this setting, mutations in the HFE gene of hereditary hemochromatosis may confer an adaptive benefit by decreasing hepcidin release, thus improving iron availability to erythropoiesis, anemia control, and the response to erythropoiesis stimulating agents and iron itself, and reducing the side effects of these therapies. The HFE protein together with Transferrin receptor‐2 may also have a direct role on erythroid differentiation and iron uptake in erythroid cells. In addition, other genetic determinants of iron status, such as variants in Matriptase‐2 (TMPRSS6), have been shown to influence iron metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients, most likely acting through hepcidin regulation. Although data must be confirmed in larger prospective studies, this favorable shift in iron metabolism balance possibly results in reduced mortality, in particular because of cardiovascular and infective diseases. Further genetic studies may offer a valuable tool to test these hypotheses and guide personalized clinical management and the research of new therapies.
Hydrogen peroxide reduces heat‐induced yield losses in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by protecting cellular membrane damage
Authors: Sarwar M. , Saleem M. F. , Najeeb U. , Shakeel A. , Ali S. , Bilal M. F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe investigated the effect of various growth substances such as hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid (SA), moringa leaf‐extract (MLE) and ascorbic acid (ASA) on leaf physiology and seed cotton yield (SCY) of heat‐stressed cotton. Cotton plants were exposed to elevated temperatures at three reproductive stages, either by staggering planting time in the field or by increasing growth cabinet temperatures (38/24°C and 45/30°C) in glasshouse. Elevated temperature at any reproductive phase significantly damaged cellular membrane and reduced SCY. Plants exposed to 38/24°C and 45/30°C in glasshouse produced 63% and 22% lower SCY, respectively, compared with plants under optimal temperature ((32/20°C). In response to high temperature, cotton plants up‐regulated activities of anti‐oxidative enzymes e.g. peroxidase and ascorbic acid. However, this defensive system could not protect cellular membrane of stressed plants from extreme temperature (38 and 45°C). In contrast, growth substances such as H2O2, ASA and MLE significantly increased anti‐oxidative enzymes activity to an extent, which reduced heat‐induced damage to cellular membrane. No significant effect of any regulator was observed on SCY under optimum temperatures; although H2O2, MLE and ASA significantly increased SCY of heat‐stressed cotton. Hydrogen peroxide increased SCY of April and May thermal regimes crops by 16% (averaged across both sowing dates) under field, while it caused 14% and 20% increase in SCY of plants exposed to sub (38/24°C) and supra optimal (45/30°C) thermal regimes under glasshouse. We concluded that growth regulators, specifically, H2O2 can protect cotton crops from heat‐induced cellular membrane damage by up‐regulating antioxidant defense system.
A New Formula for Estimating the True QT Interval in Left Bundle Branch Block
Authors: WANG BINHAO , ZHANG LI , CONG PEIXIN , CHU HUIMIN , LIU YING , LIU JINQIU , SURKIS WILLIAM , XIA YUNLONG 
Published: March 2017

A New QT Formula for LBBBIntroductionQT prolongation is an independent risk factor for cardiac mortality. Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is more common in patients as they age. Widening of the QRS in LBBB causes false QT prolongation and thus makes true QT assessment difficult. We aimed to develop a simple formula to achieve a good estimate of the QT interval in the presence of LBBB.Methods and ResultsTo determine the effect of QRS duration on the QT interval, QRS and QT were measured in sinus rhythm and during right ventricular apical pacing in 62 patients (age 55 ± 11 years, 60% male) undergoing electrophysiology studies. A QT formula for LBBB (QT‐LBBB) was derived based on the effect of increased QRSLBBB on QTLBBB. The predictive accuracy of the QT‐LBBB formula was then tested in 22 patients (age 66 ± 13 years, 64% male) with intermittent LBBB with comparisons to prior QT formulae and JT index. On average, the net increase in QRSLBBB constituted 92% of the net increase in QTLBBB. A new formula, QT‐LBBB = QTLBBB – (0.86 * QRSLBBB – 71), which takes the net increase in QRSLBBB into account, best predicted the QT interval with heart rate corrected QTc in the test set of LBBB ECGs when compared to the baseline value and prior formulae.ConclusionThe QT‐LBBB formula developed in this study best estimates the true QT interval in the presence of LBBB. It is simple and therefore can be easily utilized in clinical practice.
The Redistributive Impact of Restrictive Measures on EU Members: Winners and Losers from Imposing Sanctions on Russia
Authors: Giumelli Francesco 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEU sanctions on Russia created concerns among its members. It is well known that sanctions impose a cost on their targets as well as on the senders, as lamented by European governments, but the costs of EU sanctions on its members have not been fully explored. This article intends to fill this gap by looking at the cost of EU sanctions on Russia. Who is bearing the cost among EU countries? This article argues that sanctions had a redistributive impact across the EU. Whereas exports fell for all countries, with Germany, Italy and Finland in the leading positions, the article shows that there are economic sectors that increased their exports to Russia after the imposition of sanctions, which occurred particularly in countries as Greece, Sweden, Luxembourg and Bulgaria. This conclusion is reached by looking at the export flows from individual EU member states divided by SITC sectors to Russia.
Acetylglutamate kinase is required for both gametophyte function and embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Huang Jie , Chen Dan , Yan Hailong , Xie Fei , Yu Ying , Zhang Liyao , Sun Mengxiang , Peng Xiongbo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe specific functions of the genes encoding arginine biosynthesis enzymes in plants are not well characterized. We report the isolation and characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana N‐acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK), which catalyzes the second step of arginine biosynthesis. NAGK is a plastid‐localized protein and is expressed during most developmental processes in Arabidopsis. Heterologous expression of the Arabidopsis NAGK gene in a NAGK‐deficient Escherichia coli strain fully restores bacterial growth on arginine‐deficient medium. nagk mutant pollen tubes grow more slowly than wild type pollen tubes and the phenotype is restored by either specifically through complementation by NAGK in pollen, or exogenous supplementation of arginine. nagk female gametophytes are defective in micropylar pollen tube guidance due to the fact that female gametophyte cell fate specification was specifically affected. Expression of NAGK in synergid cells rescues the defect of nagk female gametophytes. Loss‐of‐function of NAGK results in Arabidopsis embryos not developing beyond the four‐celled embryo stage. The embryo‐defective phenotype in nagk/NAGK plants cannot be rescued by watering nagk/NAGK plants with arginine or ornithine supplementation. In conclusion, our results reveal a novel role of NAGK and arginine in regulating gametophyte function and embryo development, and provide valuable insights into arginine transport during embryo development.
Calmodulin kinases: essential regulators in health and disease
Authors: Takemoto‐Kimura Sayaka , Suzuki Kanzo , Horigane Shin‐ichiro , Kamijo Satoshi , Inoue Masatoshi , Sakamoto Masayuki , Fujii Hajime , Bito Haruhiko 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNeuronal activity induces intracellular Ca2+ increase, which triggers activation of a series of Ca2+‐dependent signaling cascades. Among these, the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases (CaMKs, or calmodulin kinases) play key roles in neuronal transmission, synaptic plasticity, circuit development and cognition. The most investigated CaMKs for these roles in neuronal functions are CaMKI, CaMKII, CaMKIV and we will shed light on these neuronal CaMKs’ functions in this review. Catalytically active members of CaMKs currently are CaMKI, CaMKII, CaMKIV and CaMKK. Although they all necessitate the binding of Ca2+ and calmodulin complex (Ca2+/CaM) for releasing autoinhibition, each member of CaMK has distinct activation mechanisms—autophosphorylation mediated autonomy of multimeric CaMKII and CaMKK‐dependent phosphoswitch‐induced activation of CaMKI or CaMKIV. Furthermore, each CaMK shows distinct subcellular localization that underlies specific compartmentalized function in each activated neuron. In this review, we first summarize these molecular characteristics of each CaMK as to regulation and subcellular localization, and then describe each biological function. In the last section, we also focus on the emerging role of CaMKs in pathophysiological conditions by introducing the recent studies, especially focusing on drug addiction and depression, and discuss how dysfunctional CaMKs may contribute to the pathology of the neuropsychological disorders.This article is part of the mini review series “60th Anniversary of the Japanese Society for Neurochemistry”.
image
Assessment of the efficacy and safety of single platelet‐rich plasma injection on different types and grades of facial wrinkles
Authors: Elnehrawy Naema Y , Ibrahim Zeinab A , Eltoukhy Azza M , Nagy Hala M 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundPlatelet‐rich plasma (PRP) is considered as a growing modality for tissue regeneration and a developing research area for clinicians and researchers. PRP injection treatment provides supraphysiological concentrations of growth factors that may help in accelerated tissue remodeling and regeneration.Aim of the studyTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of single autologous PRP intradermal injection for treatment of facial wrinkles and for facial rejuvenation.Patients and methodsA total of 20 subjects with different types of facial wrinkles were included in this study. All subjects received single PRP intradermal injection and were clinically assessed before and after treatment for a period of 8 weeks using Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS), Skin Homogeneity and Texture (SHnT) Scale, Physician Assessment Scale, and Subject Satisfaction Scale.ResultsThe mean value of WSRS reduced from 2.90 ± 0.91 before treatment to 2.10 ± 0.79 after 8 weeks of treatment. The most significant results were with younger subjects that have mild and moderate wrinkles of the nasolabial folds (NLFs). Fourteen of seventeen subjects with NLFs showed more than 25% improvement in their appearance. Side effects of PRP treatment were minimal to mild and with excellent tolerability.ConclusionSingle PRP intradermal injection is well tolerated and capable of rejuvenating the face and producing a significant correction of wrinkles especially the NLFs.
Ten pearls every dermatologist should know about the appropriate use of relaxers
Authors: Richardson Vanessa , Agidi Ada T , Eaddy Erica R , Davis Loretta S 
Published: March 2017

SummaryChemical relaxers are products marketed to straighten the hair and have been principally used by African Americans since the early twentieth century. They contain alkaline agents that break and reform hydrogen and disulfide bonds, leaving hair permanently straightened. Relaxers cause loss of tensile strength and increased fragility of the hair shaft that lead to increased risk of hair breakage and thinning. When used improperly, they can also cause local irritant contact dermatitis and chemical burns to the scalp and hairline that can potentially lead to a scarring alopecia. After interviewing several cosmetology educators in the field and reviewing the literature, we generated a list of ten pearls that all dermatologists should know about relaxers to provide professional guidance to their patients.
Overweight or obesity in children aged 0 to 6 and the risk of adult metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Jieun , Lee Insook , Lim Sungwon 
Published: March 2017

Aims and objectivesTo identify an association between overweight or obesity in early childhood and metabolic syndrome in adults.BackgroundEarly childhood overweight or obesity is important because it can predict metabolic syndrome in adulthood. A longer period of overweight or obesity leads to the accumulation of more risk factors. However, there are insufficient and inconsistent studies on this issue.DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsWe followed the Meta‐Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library and CINAHL electronic databases as well as reference lists of included studies were searched, without published date restriction. We used the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of the observational studies in the systematic review, and the meta‐analysis was performed using random‐effects models.ResultsAll of the included studies were published from 2008–2014, and the participants of this study were only Asians or Europeans. A total of 12 results from five studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Overweight or obesity in early childhood was associated with a higher risk of adult metabolic syndrome compared with the controls. When confirmed in each age group (at birth, 0–2 and 2–6 years), there was a statistically significant difference before and after the age of 2 years. As a result of the meta‐regression, when the age of the children increased, the effect size of adult metabolic syndrome for overweight or obesity also increased.ConclusionsThe results confirm that the aetiology of metabolic syndrome includes long‐term impacts from the early stage of life and indicate that early intervention for overweight or obesity is needed. Relevance to clinical practice: these findings could help community and clinical health nurses recognize the risk of overweight or obesity in early life, and provide evidence to develop and implement the preventive intervention for early childhood.