bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Ultrasound Milestone Incorporation Into Emergency Medicine Training Programs
Authors: Smalley Courtney M. , Dorey Alyrene , Thiessen Molly , Kendall John L. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesWith the introduction of the Emergency Medicine Milestone Project in 2013, residencies now assess emergency ultrasound (US) skills at regular intervals. However, it is unclear how programs are implementing the emergency US milestones and assessing competency. With the use of the milestone tool, a survey was distributed to emergency US educators to determine when programs are providing emergency US education, when residents are expected to attain competency, and whether the milestones reflect their expectations of trainees.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cross‐sectional survey study distributed electronically to designated emergency US experts at 169 programs. Participants were queried on education and competency evaluation within the context of the milestones by designating a postgraduate year when the 5 milestone levels were taught and competency was expected. Survey findings were reported as percentages of total respondents from descriptive statistics.ResultsResponses were received from 53% of programs, and 99% were familiar with the milestones. Most programs provide level 1 (88%) and 2 (85%) instruction during postgraduate year 1. Most programs expect level 1 competency before residency (61%) and expect mastery of level 2 by the end of postgraduate year 1 (60%). Sixty‐two percent believe the milestones do not accurately reflect their expectations, citing insufficient minimum scan numbers, lack of specificity, and unattainable level 5 requirements.ConclusionsThere is substantial variability in the frequency and methods of competency evaluation using the emergency US milestones. However, most responders agree that residents should obtain level 2 competency by postgraduate year 1. Variation exists regarding what year and what skills define level 3 or greater competency.
Health Warnings on Instagram Advertisements for Synthetic Nicotine E-Cigarettes and Engagement
Authors: Wu Jiaxi , Trifiro Briana M. , Ranker Lynsie R. , Origgi Juan Manuel , Benjamin Emelia J. , Robertson Rose Marie , Bhatnagar Aruni , Stokes Andrew C. , Xuan Ziming , Wijaya Derry , Plummer Bryan , Cornacchione Ross Jennifer , Fetterman Jessica L. , Hong Traci 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceSynthetic nicotine is increasingly used in e-cigarette liquids along with flavors to appeal to youths. Regulatory loopholes have allowed tobacco manufacturers to use social media to target youths.ObjectiveTo analyze the extent to which synthetic nicotine e-cigarette brands have implemented US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) health warning requirements and to evaluate the association between health warnings and user engagement on Instagram.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, posts from 25 brands were analyzed across a 14-month period (August 2021 to October 2022). A content analysis was paired with Warning Label Multi-Layer Image Identification, a computer vision algorithm designed to detect the presence of health warnings and whether the detected health warning complied with FDA guidelines by (1) appearing on the upper portion of the advertisement and (2) occupying at least 20% of the advertisement’s area. Data analysis was performed from March to June 2024.ExposureSynthetic nicotine e-cigarette advertisement on Instagram.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe outcome variables were user engagement (number of likes and comments). Negative binomial regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between the presence and characteristics of health warnings and user engagement.ResultsOf a total of 2071 posts, only 263 (13%) complied with both FDA health warning requirements. Among 924 posts with health warnings, 732 (79%) displayed warnings in the upper image portion, and 270 (29%) had a warning covering at least 20% of the pixel area. Posts with warnings received fewer comments than posts without warnings (mean [SD], 1.8 [2.5] vs 5.4 [11.7] comments; adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57-0.86; P &amp;lt; .001). For posts containing warnings, a larger percentage of the warning label’s pixel area was associated with fewer comments (aIRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99; P = .003). Flavored posts with health warnings placed in the upper image portion received more likes than posts with warnings in the lower portion (mean [SD], 34.6 [35.2] vs 19.9 [19.2] likes; aIRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06; P = .02).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of synthetic nicotine brand Instagram accounts, 87% of sampled posts did not adhere to FDA health warning requirements in tobacco promotions. Enforcement of FDA compliant health warnings on social media may reduce youth engagement with tobacco marketing.
Bidirectional Vectorial Holography Using Bi‐Layer Metasurfaces and Its Application to Optical Encryption
Authors: Kim Hyeonhee , Jung Joonkyo , Shin Jonghwa 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe field of optical systems with asymmetric responses has grown significantly due to their various potential applications. Janus metasurfaces are noteworthy for their ability to control light asymmetrically at the pixel level within thin films. However, previous demonstrations are restricted to the partial control of asymmetric transmission for a limited set of input polarizations, focusing primarily on scalar functionalities. Here, optical bi‐layer metasurfaces that achieve a fully generalized form of asymmetric transmission for any input polarization are presented. The designs owe much to the theoretical model of asymmetric transmission in reciprocal systems, which elucidates the relationship between front‐ and back‐side Jones matrices in general cases. This model reveals a fundamental correlation between the polarization‐direction channels of opposing sides. To circumvent this constraint, partitioning the transmission space is utilized to realize four distinct vector functionalities within the target volume. As a proof of concept, polarization‐direction‐multiplexed Janus vectorial holograms generating four vectorial holographic images are experimentally demonstrated. When integrated with computational vector polarizer arrays, this approach enables optical encryption with a high level of obscurity. The proposed mathematical framework and novel material systems for generalized asymmetric transmission may pave the way for applications such as optical computation, sensing, and imaging.
Electro‐Thermo‐Optical Simulations of Phase‐Change GST‐SiC Plasmonic Optical Modulator for Telecom Applications
Authors: Abbaspour Mobina , Nikoufard Mahmoud , Mohammad Alireza Malek 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis study proposes a novel plasmonic optical modulator integrating the phase‐change material germanium‐antimony‐tellurium (GST) with a silicon carbide (SiC) waveguide for telecom applications. The design utilizes a 10 nm GST cladding layer and a 290 nm thick, 100 nm wide SiC ridge waveguide, with gold electrodes enabling electrothermal switching of GST between amorphous and crystalline states. Comprehensive simulations spanning optical, electrical‐thermal, and opto‐thermal domains investigated the modulator's performance. Optical simulations examine the effects of wavelength, ridge width, and GST thickness on effective refractive index, confinement factor, and effective area. Electrical‐thermal simulations determines voltage pulse parameters for phase transitions and analyzed temperature distributions. Opto‐thermal simulations explored temperature's influence on the effective refractive index during phase transitions. Results demonstrate the modulator's potential, achieving 160 Mb s−1 at 1.55 µm. The SiC‐GST integration offers high thermal conductivity, low thermo‐optic coefficient, and significant refractive index contrast between GST phases, enabling efficient light modulation for high‐performance, compact, energy‐efficient optical modulators advancing integrated photonics.
Associations of Facial Shape With Physical Strength and 2D:4D in a Turkish Male and Female Sample
Authors: Aydık Fatih , Ertuğrul Berna , Windhager Sonja , Özener Barış 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveHuman sexual dimorphism in physical strength manifests itself in men having a greater muscle mass than women, reflecting ancestral roles in competition, protection, and provisioning. Prenatal testosterone exposure, approximated via the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), is linked to increased muscular strength in both sexes, indicating a developmental influence. Previous research has shown that both physical strength and 2D:4D have facial shape correlates, especially in men, but most studies have focused on Western populations and one trait. We therefore hypothesized a broader relationship between facial shape and both physical strength and 2D:4D.Materials and MethodsIn this study, we quantified the association between facial shape, handgrip strength (HGS), and 2D:4D in a non‐Western Turkish sample (72 men, 55 women; Md = 22 y, SIR = 1.8 y) using two dimensional geometric morphometrics. Thirty‐eight somatometric and 32 semi‐landmarks were digitized on facial photographs taken in frontal view. Physical strength was assessed via handgrip strength (HGS), and the second digit length was divided by the fourth digit length to calculate 2D:4D.ResultsBoth HGS and 2D:4D were significantly associated with shape in both sexes, but only in men did they explain a significant amount of facial variation. Thin‐plates spline deformation grids and geometric morphometric morphs visualized the facial shape changes related to variations in handgrip strength, 2D:4D, and sexual dimorphism, enabling trait comparisons.ConclusionThis study contributes a comparative sample from the Middle East, which is indispensable to discern universalities from Western peculiarities. It provides evidence to better understand the biological basis of facial traits, which can potentially serve as increasingly relevant social cues in today's online and digital environments.
X‐Linked Bilateral Polymicrogyria With Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability Associated With a Novel KIF4A Variant
Authors: Laflamme Naomi , Triassi Valérie , Martineau Laurence , Toffa Dènahin Hinnoutondji , Létourneau‐Guillon Laurent , Laplante Annie , Cossette Patrick , Samarut Éric , Tétreault Martine , Nguyen Dang Khoa 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTWe studied three brothers and a maternal half‐brother featuring global developmental delay, mild to moderate intellectual disability, epilepsy, microcephaly, and strabismus. All had bilateral perisylvian and perirolandic polymicrogyria, while some also had malformations of the hippocampus (malrotation and dysplasia), cerebellum (heterotopias and asymmetric aplasia), corpus callosum dysgenesis, and brainstem asymmetric dysplasia. Exome sequencing showed that all four patients had a novel variant (c.1597C>T:p.Leu533Phe) on the KIF4A gene on chromosome X. We discuss how this variant is possibly pathogenic and could explain the reported phenotype.
In vitro assessment of skin permeation properties of enzymatically derived oil‐based fatty acid esters of vitamin C
Authors: Ćorović Marija , Veljković Milica , Milivojević Ana , Ivanković Anja P. , Blagojević Stevan , Pjanović Rada , Bezbradica Dejan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCurrent topical formulations containing vitamin C face limitations in therapeutic effectiveness due to the skin's selective properties that impede drug deposition. Consequently, the widespread use of toxic and irritating chemical permeation enhancers is common. Hereby, we investigated enzymatically derived fatty acid ascorbyl esters (FAAEs) obtained using natural oils for their skin permeation properties using the Strat‐M® skin model in a Franz cell diffusion study. By evaluating various cosmetic formulations without added enhancers, we found that emulgel is most suitable for enhancing the cutaneous and transdermal delivery of FAAEs. Furthermore, medium‐chain coconut oil‐derived FAAEs exhibited faster diffusion rates compared to sunflower oil‐based FAAEs with long‐side acyl residues, including the commonly applied ascorbyl palmitate. Experimental data were successfully fitted using the Peppas and Sahlin model, which accounted for a lag phase and the combined effect of Fickian diffusion and polymer relaxation. In the case of long‐chain esters, the lag phase was prolonged, and the calculated effective diffusion coefficients (Deff) were lower compared to medium‐chain FAAEs. Accordingly, the highest Deff value was observed for ascorbyl caprylate, being even 60 times higher than for ascorbyl palmitate. These results suggest the emerging potential of emulgel with incorporated coconut oil‐derived FAAEs for efficiently delivering vitamin C into the skin.
Flachglasanwendungen um die Jahrhundertwende
Authors: Rehde Franziska , Schmölder Alexandra , Heinrich Maria , Bellendorf Paul , Engelmann Michael 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDie Zeit der Hochmoderne (ca. 1880–1970) geht einher mit technischen Entwicklungen der industriellen Revolution. Für die Herstellung von Flachglas bedeutete dies einen höchst bedeutsamen Wechsel von der handwerklichen Fertigung hin zur industriellen Massenproduktion. Die Weiterentwicklung der Herstellungsverfahren sowie die Dimensionen und Qualitäten der nun verfügbaren Glasscheiben hatten einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Glaskonstruktionen und Profile. Dieser Beitrag vollzieht an ausgewählten Beispielen die Entwicklung der Flachglasanwendungen von 1880 bis 1920 nach, um Veränderungen der konstruktiven Glaskonstruktionen aufzuzeigen.
Breaking Barriers in Photothermal Tumor Therapy: A Cascade of Strain‐Engineered Nanozyme in Action
Authors: V. G. Srinidhi , Mangalsana Huidrom , Vernekar Amit 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCancer, a deadly and constantly evolving disease, has always been difficult to treat due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer nanomedicines are proving to be a much better alternative for treatment due to their stability and ability to provide an efficient targeted therapy. An amorphous alloy bimetallene with an introduction of 2 % tensile strain with photothermal multiple enzyme‐like catalytic activity is being presented here that functions as a TME‐responsive nanozyme. Labeled as RhRu, this bimetallene, under acidic conditions, functions as oxidase (OXD) – like, peroxidase (POD) – like and catalase (CAT) – like enzymes, by producing radicals and disrupting the tumor cells. This effect is enhanced especially upon irradiation of laser and introduction of tensile strain in its heterophase boundaries. This current highlight discusses the strain engineering tactic of la‐RhRu bimetallene and its potency as an anti‐tumor therapeutic.
Amino Acid Adsorption Onto Magnetic Nanoparticles Reveals Correlations With Physicochemical Parameters
Authors: Sapp Alexander D. , Díaz‐Cano Carlos E. , Lengyel Jozef , Abarca‐Cabrera Lucía , Fraga‐García Paula 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWe analyze the adsorption of the proteinogenic amino acids (AAs) glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine, proline, and valine onto bare iron oxide nanoparticles (approx. 10 nm). Aiming to identify the governing principles of low molecular weight coronae, which remain underinvestigated, our study covers broad concentration ranges up to the solubility limit of the AAs. Isothermal experiments reveal that the highly soluble AAs valine, proline, and lysine form extensive multilayers on the nanoparticle surface, and infrared measurements indicate intermolecular interactions, particularly with valine and lysine, for higher AA contents. Conversely, the low solubility of tyrosine and glutamic acid restricts their adsorption capacity, despite their higher partitioning on the solid surface. Parameters derived from fitting a classic saturation model seem to align with well‐documented physicochemical properties such as the hydrophobicity and the complexity indices – a promising first step towards formulating design principles. Scaling these parameters by the AA solubility reveals a clear correlation with the adsorption behavior. In adsorption experiments with AA model mixtures, sequential incubation increases the adsorption capacity for valine and proline, whereas simultaneous incubation with these AAs reduces tyrosine's capacity. Future studies should seek to elucidate adsorption patterns to advance our understanding of corona growth and evolution mechanisms.
A Phase 1, Single‐Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bepirovirsen in Adults with Hepatic Impairment and Healthy Participants (B‐Assured)
Authors: Noormohamed Nadia , Lukic Tamara , Marbury Thomas C. , Lawitz Eric J. , Prescott Holly , Magee Mindy , Nader Ahmed , Han Kelong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBepirovirsen is a developmental antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. No pharmacokinetic (PK) studies comparing participants with hepatic impairment (HI) and healthy participants (HPs) have been conducted with ASOs. Given the target patient population, characterization of bepirovirsen PK in HI was imperative. This phase 1, nonrandomized, open‐label study (NCT04971928) evaluated the PKs of a single 300‐mg dose of bepirovirsen in participants with HI and matched HPs, enrolled in 2 parts (Part 1: moderate HI; Part 2: mild HI). If no predefined difference in the area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 (predose) to infinite time (AUC0‐∞) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax; geometric mean ratio [GMR] 0.5‐1.5) was identified in Part 1, findings were applied to mild HI, eliminating Part 2. Participants were monitored for 50 days post‐treatment and noncompartmental analysis estimated PK parameters. Twenty‐four participants (moderate HI, n = 12; HP, n = 12) received bepirovirsen and completed Part 1. AUC0‐∞ and Cmax were lower in participants with moderate HI (GMR 0.69 and 0.67, respectively) than in HPs, while apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent terminal phase volume of distribution (Vz/F) were higher (GMR 1.44 and 1.64, respectively), but fell within the predefined thresholds of difference for this study. Part 2 was omitted. Adverse events were mild. Moderate HI did not have a clinically relevant impact on bepirovirsen PK or safety.
Colloidal Bimetallic RuNi Particles and their Behaviour in Catalytic Quinoline Hydrogenation
Authors: Cardona‐Farreny Miquel , Ishikawa Hiroya , Odufejo Ogoe Abolanle Olatilewa , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Coppel Yannick , Lecante Pierre , Esvan Jerome , Philippot Karine , Axet M. Rosa 
Published: September 2024

AbstractColloidal metal nanoparticles exhibit interesting catalytic properties for the hydrogenation of (hetero)arenes. Catalysts based on precious metals, such as Ru and Rh, promote this reaction efficiently under mild reaction conditions. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysts based on earth‐abundant metals can selectively hydrogenate (hetero)arenes but require harsher reaction conditions. Bimetallic catalysts that combine precious and earth‐abundant metals are interesting materials to mitigate the drawbacks of each component. To this end, RuNi nanoparticles bearing a phosphine ligand were prepared through the decomposition of [Ru(η4‐C8H12)(η6‐C8H10)] and [Ni(η4‐C8H12)2] by H2 at 85 °C. Wide angle X‐ray scattering confirmed a bimetallic segregated structure, with Ni predominantly on the surface. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that the phosphine ligand coordinated to the surface of both metals, suggesting, as well, a partial Ni shell covering the Ru core. The RuNi‐based nanomaterials were used as catalysts in the hydrogenation of quinoline to assess the impact of the metallic composition and of the stabilizing agent on their catalytic performance.
Historical multi‐environmental trials reveal trends in hybrid grain sorghum performance from 1970 to 2021 in Texas
Authors: Leon Fabian , Harvey Lorin , Rooney William L. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench]) is among the most important cereal crops worldwide and is widely grown across Texas’ diverse geographies. While sorghum breeding programs strive to improve both profitability and adaptation of the crop, increases in grain yield are the ultimate measure of progress. Using five decades of data compiled by Texas A&M AgriLife Research, trends in grain sorghum were retrospectively assessed. Performance data from over 4094 hybrids were collected between 1970 and 2021 in a total of 514 county‐year environments. Hybrids in these trials were either commercially available or in the final stages of testing for release. A linear mixed model approach produced the best linear unbiased predictions of genotypic and environmental effects for grain yield and relevant agronomic traits. These measures, as well as the raw data, were used to inform and visualize trait dependencies, yield gains, and geographic regions with similar effects on hybrid performance. Over these decades, grain yield increased at an average rate of 0.03 t ha−1 per year. A strong positive relationship between hybrid yield and plant height, as well as several other correlations, were detected through separate periods of yield increases which occurred in the early 1980s and 1990s; since that time, a sinusoidal pattern of yield performance has prevailed. Principal component analysis clustered production regions primarily based on moisture availability. The results herein indicate that modest increases in height can increase grain yield and that available moisture is the preeminent delineator of grain sorghum production environments in Texas.
Comparative Effects of Diabetes Self‐Management Programs on Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Romadlon Debby Syahru , Tu Yu‐Kang , Chen Yang‐Ching , Hasan Faizul , Kurniawan Rudy , Chiu Hsiao‐Yean 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTAimsThis systematic review and network meta‐analysis compared the effects of various diabetes self‐management programs: Diabetes Self‐Management Education (DSME), Diabetes Self‐Management Support (DSMS), and Diabetes Self‐Management Education and Support (DSMES).MethodsWe searched four electronic databases for eligible articles up to March 1, 2023. Only randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of DSME, DSMS, or DSMES on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adults with type 2 diabetes were included. Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was used to assess each study quality, and Confidence in Network Meta‐Analysis was applied to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. Data were pooled with a random‐effects model under a frequentist framework.ResultsA total of 108 studies encompassing 17,735 participants (mean age 57.4 years) were analysed. DSMES, compared with usual care, significantly reduced HbA1c level (mean difference = −0.61%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.74 to −0.49; certainty of evidence = moderate), FBG (−23.33 mg/dL; −31.33 to −15.34; high), TC (−5.62 mg/dL; −8.69 to −2.55; high), SBP (−3.05 mmHg; −5.20 to −0.91; high), and DBP (−2.15 mmHg; −3.36 to −0.95; high). Compared with DSME, DSMES showed significantly greater improvements in HbA1c levels (−0.23%; −0.40 to −0.07; high) and DBP (−1.82 mmHg; −3.47 to −0.17; high). DSMES was ranked as the top treatment for improving diabetes clinical outcomes (0.82–0.97) in people with type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsDSMES, in people with type 2 diabetes, yields the greatest improvement in the key clinical outcomes of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure levels. Healthcare providers should incorporate the DSMES approach into their daily care routines. Approximately 30% of the studies reviewed raised some concerns about their quality, underscoring the need for high‐quality studies in this area.