bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Click for Support” – Guidelines for Effective Web-Based Interventions for Young People in Selective Drug Prevention
Authors: Sarrazin Doris , Steffens Rebekka 
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Objective: New technologies and modern media play an important role in the daily life and communication of young people. The objective of the EU-funded project “Click for Support” is to develop a guideline for effective web-based interventions for young people in the field of selective drug prevention, with a special focus on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances. The target group is young drug consumers between 14 and 21 years. A second objective is to promote the application of new technologies like social networks by prevention professionals. Method: The project is divided in two main parts: The first phase includes research on web-based interventions and assessment workshops with the target group, and the second phase consists of actual guideline development, based on the previously gained results and knowledge. A Delphi study serves to determine recommendations and statements that were discussed ambiguously. Conclusion: Following completion of the first project phase we now have a large amount of information and knowledge concerning the current supply of web-based interventions in many European countries as well as important elements and aspects the offers should include – and most importantly, the preferences and needs of the target group. Based on this knowledge we plan to develop the guideline during the next project phase. We will use a Delphi study to discuss uncertain aspects together with a panel of experts in two rounds. The final guideline will be available in July 2015 and will be translated into ten different languages.
Physical nanoscale conduit-mediated communication between tumour cells and the endothelium modulates endothelial phenotype
Authors: Connor Yamicia , Tekleab Sarah , Nandakumar Shyama , Walls Cherelle , Tekleab Yonatan , Husain Amjad , Gadish Or , Sabbisetti Venkata , Kaushik Shelly , Sehrawat Seema , Kulkarni Ashish , Dvorak Harold , Zetter Bruce , R. Edelman Elazer , Sengupta Shiladitya 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMetastasis is a major cause of mortality and remains a hurdle in the search for a cure for cancer. Not much is known about metastatic cancer cells and endothelial cross-talk, which occurs at multiple stages during metastasis. Here we report a dynamic regulation of the endothelium by cancer cells through the formation of nanoscale intercellular membrane bridges, which act as physical conduits for transfer of microRNAs. The communication between the tumour cell and the endothelium upregulates markers associated with pathological endothelium, which is reversed by pharmacological inhibition of these nanoscale conduits. These results lead us to define the notion of ‘metastatic hijack’: cancer cell-induced transformation of healthy endothelium into pathological endothelium via horizontal communication through the nanoscale conduits. Pharmacological perturbation of these nanoscale membrane bridges decreases metastatic foci in vivo. Targeting these nanoscale membrane bridges may potentially emerge as a new therapeutic opportunity in the management of metastatic cancer.
Robust High-performance Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Based on Ionic Liquid-sulfolane Composite Electrolytes
Authors: Lau Genevieve P. S. , Décoppet Jean-David , Moehl Thomas , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNovel ionic liquid-sulfolane composite electrolytes based on the 1,2,3-triazolium family of ionic liquids were developed for dye-sensitized solar cells. The best performing device exhibited a short-circuit current density of 13.4 mA cm−2, an open-circuit voltage of 713 mV and a fill factor of 0.65, corresponding to an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.3%. In addition, these devices are highly stable, retaining more than 95% of the initial device PCE after 1000 hours of light- and heat-stress. These composite electrolytes show great promise for industrial application as they allow for a 14.5% improvement in PCE, compared to the solvent-free eutectic ionic liquid electrolyte system, without compromising device stability.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Induced Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition is blocked by a chemical antagonist of translation factor eIF4E
Authors: Smith K. A. , Zhou B. , Avdulov S. , Benyumov A. , Peterson M. , Liu Y. , Okon A. , Hergert P. , Braziunas J. , Wagner C. R. , Borok Z. , Bitterman P. B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) imparts disease-defining properties to epithelial cells in cancer and organ fibrosis. Prior studies identify EMT control points at the level of transcription and translation and indicate that activation of translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is involved in the mechanisms coordinating these two levels of control. Here we show that 4Ei-1, a specific chemical antagonist of the eIF4E-mRNA cap interaction, potently inhibits transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) mediated EMT in lung epithelial cells. Upon treatment with TGF-β1, we observed a rapid recruitment of Snail1 mRNA into the actively translated polysome pool accompanied by accumulation of the EMT transcription factor Snail1 in the nucleus. 4Ei-1 blocks ribosome recruitment to the Snail1 transcript thereby preventing accumulation of the Snail1 protein in the nucleus. Our findings establish an obligatory role for upstream translational control of downstream Snail1-mediated transcriptional events in TGF-β1 induced EMT and provide proof of concept for efforts to pharmacologically modulate the eIF4E-cap interaction as a means to inhibit pathological EMT in the setting of cancer and organ fibrosis.
Asymmetric light reflectance from metal nanoparticle arrays on dielectric surfaces
Authors: Huang K. , Pan W. , Zhu J. F. , Li J. C. , Gao N. , Liu C. , Ji L. , Yu E. T. , Kang J.Y. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAsymmetric light reflectance associated with localized surface plasmons excited in metal nanoparticles on a quartz substrate is observed and analyzed. This phenomenon is explained by the superposition of two waves, the wave reflected by the air/quartz interface and that reflected by the metal nanoparticles and the resulting interference effects. Far field behavior investigation suggests that zero reflection can be achieved by optimizing the density of metal nanoparticles. Near field behavior investigation suggests that the coupling efficiency of localized surface plasmon can be additionally enhanced by separating the metal NPs from substrates using a thin film with refractive index smaller than the substrate. The latter behavior is confirmed via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy studies using metal nanoparticles on Si/SiO2 substrates.
BODIPY-Based Fluorescent Probes for Sensing Protein Surface-Hydrophobicity
Authors: Dorh Nethaniah , Zhu Shilei , Dhungana Kamal B. , Pati Ranjit , Luo Fen-Tair , Liu Haiying , Tiwari Ashutosh 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMapping surface hydrophobic interactions in proteins is key to understanding molecular recognition, biological functions and is central to many protein misfolding diseases. Herein, we report synthesis and application of new BODIPY-based hydrophobic sensors (HPsensors) that are stable and highly fluorescent for pH values ranging from 7.0 to 9.0. Surface hydrophobic measurements of proteins (BSA, apomyoglobin and myoglobin) by these HPsensors display much stronger signal compared to 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS), a commonly used hydrophobic probe; HPsensors show a 10- to 60-fold increase in signal strength for the BSA protein with affinity in the nanomolar range. This suggests that these HPsensors can be used as a sensitive indicator of protein surface hydrophobicity. A first principle approach is used to identify the molecular level mechanism for the substantial increase in the fluorescence signal strength. Our results show that conformational change and increased molecular rigidity of the dye due to its hydrophobic interaction with protein lead to fluorescence enhancement.
Examining the Effects of Stiffness and Mass Difference on the Thermal Interface Conductance Between Lennard-Jones Solids
Authors: Gordiz Kiarash , Henry Asegun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo date, the established methods that describe thermal interface conductance (TIC) and include mode-level dependence have not included anharmonicity. The current intuition is therefore based on the behavior in the harmonic limit, whereby the extent of overlap in the bulk phonon density of states (DoS) (e.g., frequency overlap) dictates the TIC and more frequency overlap leads to higher TIC. Here, we study over 2,000 interfaces described by the Lennard-Jones potential using equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, whereby we systematically change the mass and stiffness of each side. We show that the trends in TIC do not generally follow that of the bulk phonon DoS overlap, but instead more closely follow the vibrational power spectrum overlap for the interfacial atoms. We then identify the frequency overlap in the interfacial power spectra as an improved descriptor for understanding the qualitative trends in TIC. Although improved, the results show that the basic intuition of frequency overlap is still insufficient to explain all of the features, as the remaining variations are shown to arise from anharmonicity, which is a critical effect to include in interface calculations above cryogenic temperatures.
A white spot syndrome virus microRNA promotes the virus infection by targeting the host STAT
Authors: Ren Qian , Huang Ying , He Yaodong , Wang Wen , Zhang Xiaobo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractJAK/STAT pathway plays an important role in invertebrates during virus infection. However the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of JAK/STAT is not intensively investigated. Viral miRNAs, encoded by virus genome, have emerged as important regulators in the virus-host interactions. In this study, a WSSV (white spot syndrome virus)-encoded miRNA (WSSV-miR-22) was characterized in shrimp during virus infection. The results showed that the viral miRNA could promote WSSV infection in shrimp by targeting the host STAT gene. When the expression of JAK or STAT was knocked down by sequence-specific siRNA, the WSSV copies in shrimp were significantly increased, indicating that the JAK/STAT played positive roles in the antiviral immunity of shrimp. The further findings revealed that TEP1 and TEP2 were the effectors of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The silencing of TEP1 or TEP2 led to an increase of WSSV copies in shrimp, showing TEP1 and TEP2 were involved in the shrimp immune response against virus infection. Therefore our study presented a novel viral miRNA-mediated JAK/STAT-TEP1/TEP2 signaling pathway in virus infection.
Monitor unit optimization in stereotactic body radiotherapy for small peripheral non-small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Huang Bao-Tian , Lin Zhu , Lin Pei-Xian , Lu Jia-Yang , Chen Chuang-Zhen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe increasingly attractive stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatment for stage I lung cancer is concomitant with a large amount of monitor units (MU), leading to excessive out-of-field dose and prolonged beam-on time. The study aims to reduce the MU number and shorten the beam-on time by optimizing the planning parameters. Clinically acceptable treatment plans from fourteen patients suffered from peripheral stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were created in the study. Priority for the upper objective of the target (PUOT), strength and Max MU setting in the MU objective function (MUOF) were adjusted respectively to investigate their effect on MU number, organs at risk (OARs) sparing and beam-on time. We found that the planning parameters influenced the MU number in a PUOT, strength and Max MU dependent manner. Combined with high priority for the UOT (HPUOT) and MUOF, the MU number was reduced from 443 ± 25 to 228 ± 22 MU/Gy without compromising the target coverage and OARs sparing. We also found beam-on time was proportional to MU number and it could be shortened from 7.9 ± 0.5 to 4.1 ± 0.4 minutes.
The effect of magnetic field on chiral transmission in p-n-p graphene junctions
Authors: Li Yuan , Wan Qi , Peng Yingzi , Wang Guanqing , Qian Zhenghong , Zhou Guanghui , Jalil Mansoor B. A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe investigate Klein tunneling in graphene heterojunctions under the influence of a perpendicular magnetic field via the non-equilibrium Green’s function method. We find that the angular dependence of electron transmission is deflected sideways, resulting in the suppression of normally incident electrons and overall decrease in conductance. The off-normal symmetry axis of the transmission profile was analytically derived. Overall tunneling conductance decreases to almost zero regardless of the potential barrier height "Equation missing" when the magnetic field (B-field) exceeds a critical value, thus achieving effective confinement of Dirac fermions. The critical field occurs when the width of the magnetic field region matches the diameter of the cyclotron orbit. The potential barrier also induces distinct Fabry-Pérot fringe patterns, with a “constriction region” of low transmission when "Equation missing" is close to the Fermi energy. Application of B-field deflects the Fabry-Pérot interference pattern to an off-normal angle. Thus, the conductance of the graphene heterojunctions can be sharply modulated by adjusting the B-field strength and the potential barrier height relative to the Fermi energy.
Gas-generated thermal oxidation of a coordination cluster for an anion-doped mesoporous metal oxide
Authors: Hirai Kenji , Isobe Shigehito , Sada Kazuki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCentral in material design of metal oxides is the increase of surface area and control of intrinsic electronic and optical properties, because of potential applications for energy storage, photocatalysis and photovoltaics. Here, we disclose a facile method, inspired by geochemical process, which gives rise to mesoporous anion-doped metal oxides. As a model system, we demonstrate that simple calcination of a multinuclear coordination cluster results in synchronic chemical reactions: thermal oxidation of Ti8O10(4-aminobenzoate)12 and generation of gases including amino-group fragments. The gas generation during the thermal oxidation of Ti8O10(4-aminobenzoate)12 creates mesoporosity in TiO2. Concurrently, nitrogen atoms contained in the gases are doped into TiO2, thus leading to the formation of mesoporous N-doped TiO2. The mesoporous N-doped TiO2 can be easily synthesized by calcination of the multinuclear coordination cluster, but shows better photocatalytic activity than the one prepared by a conventional sol-gel method. Owing to an intrinsic designability of coordination compounds, this facile synthetic will be applicable to a wide range of metal oxides and anion dopants.
Surgical Outcomes after Pulmonary Resection for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with Localized Pleural Seeding First Detected during Surgery
Authors: Yun Jae , Kim Mi-Ae , Choi Chang , Choi Se , Kim Yong-Hee , Kim Dong , Park Seung-Il , Kim Hyeong 
Published: December 2015

Objectives Curative resection is not indicated for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with pleural seeding, which is classified as stage IV (M1a) disease. However, some patients with a presumably resectable main tumor are diagnosed with localized pleural seeding during surgery.
Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of 3,975 patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC from 2000 to 2011. Among these cases, 78 (2.0%) patients had unexpected pleural seeding detected during surgery. Exploration with pleural biopsy was performed in 42 of these patients (exploration-only group) and pulmonary resection, including for the main tumor, was performed in 36 cases (resection group; sublobar resection in 12, lobectomy in 21, and pneumonectomy in 3 patients). Survival and cancer progression rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate prognostic factors associated with survival.
Results Adenocarcinoma was the predominant histological type in both the exploration and resection groups (88.1 and 86.1%, respectively). Epidermal growth factor receptor expression was detected in 22 (52.4%) patients of the exploration group and 21 (58.3%) patients of the resection group. Baseline characteristics including age, sex, comorbidity, pulmonary function, and clinical T/N status were not significantly different between the two groups. There were no postoperative deaths in either group but postoperative complications occurred in two (4.8%) patients of the exploration group and three (8.3%) patients of the resection group. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates in the exploration group were 41.1 and 15.2%, respectively, with a median survival time (MST) of 33 months, whereas they were 66.7 and 42.7%, respectively, in the resection group, with a 52-month MST (p = 0.012). Local and regional progression–free rates were significantly different (p < 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively) between groups, whereas no difference was seen in the distant metastasis rates (p = 0.957). In multivariate survival analysis, surgical resection was the only significant prognostic factor (p = 0.01).
Conclusions Pulmonary resection including the main tumor, regardless of resection extent, may increase long-term survival for NSCLC patients with localized pleural seeding first detected during surgery, without a significant increase in hospital mortality or morbidity.
Evolution of haploid selection in predominantly diploid organisms
Authors: Otto Sarah P. , Scott Michael F. , Immler Simone 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Predominantly diploid organisms shape the extent to which their haploid gametes and gametophytes experience selection. Although animals are thought to experience only mild selection in the haploid stage, plants often experience strong haploid selection. When should parents limit exposure of gametes to haploid selection and when should they strengthen this selection? We develop mathematical models that consider the “selective arena” within which male gametes or gametophytes (sperm or pollen) compete for fertilization, examining how the intensity of this selective arena evolves when controlled by the mother or the father. These models predict substantial variation in the outcome, depending on whether mothers or fathers exert more control over the selective arena, with mothers often favoring stronger haploid selection than fathers.
Social finance
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Emerson Jed 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the topics and debates discussed in the book. It starts by explaining the definition of social finance, relating it to other, sometimes rival, terms (social investment, impact investing, blended value investing, and so on) and notes the scale of activity and policy interest, and the culturally constructed and contingent nature of what is social in these contexts. The various drivers of these developments are explored, the range of instruments of social finance are outlined, and the emergent market structure in social finance is described. Current issues and debates are then summarized, before presenting brief synopses of the topics discussed in each of the chapters. The introduction concludes by outlining three scenarios for the future of social finance.
Financing social innovation
Authors: Young Dennis R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores social finance in terms of the types of investee enterprise. It emphasizes that social enterprises are very diverse, multi-sectoral phenomena that seek capital through a variety of mixes of governmental, philanthropic, and market-based income and investment. The chapter extends the benefits theory of not-for-profit funding so that it can be applied to a variety of social purpose organizational forms, not just not-for-profit organizations; and so that it can encompass how social entrepreneurs finance their ventures. The latter involves them matching their mission interests with the potential sources of finance deriving from the mix of public and private benefits their ventures provide. This development and application of benefits theory exposes challenges for social finance: it seems likely that social enterprises will be perennially undercapitalized relative to the benefits they can potentially offer—unless compensatory entrepreneurial strategies and public policies are enacted.
Co-operative and mutual finance
Authors: Michie Jonathan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores one of the very first forms of social finance—co-operative and mutual organizations. First, the chapter sets out a definition of this sector and its approach to investment and finance. Next the chapter sketches in some historical background and puts co-operatives and mutuals in their global context, including data about the (substantial) scale and size of the sector worldwide. The relationship between co-operatives and mutuals and public services reform is then explored. The chapter goes on to argue that, post 2008, there is an increasing consensus that greater corporate diversity would reduce the overall riskiness of a national economy—in this context the growth of the co-operative and mutual sector offers macro-level benefits beyond the micro-benefits from the social value of individual membership and community embeddedness. The chapter then explores the possible shape and structure of a future market for mutual finance.
Polyphonic utterances: alternation of present and past in reported speech and thoughts in Russian
Authors: Vogeleer Svetlana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study aims to account for how tenses in Russian contribute to creating the effect of bivocality in indirect discourse and in a particular case of Free Indirect Discourse (FID). The use and readings of tenses in Russian are compared to French. The analysis is based on the assumption that the use and reading of tenses depends, first, on the mode of discourse (dialogue mode vs. narrative mode) and, second, on the attitude denoted by the matrix verb. The analysis accounts for three cases: (i) alternation of the Russian dependent present and the overlapping past under the past of saying predicates within the dialogue mode; (ii) alternation of these tenses under cognitive factive predicates within the narrative mode; (iii) bivocality in a particular case of FID.
Agnihotra Rituals in Nepal
Authors: Witzel Michael 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of the agnihotra in the Kathmandu valley. This ritual is Vedic, but is considered to be an antecedent to the tantric homa. The ritual is known to have been performed in Nepal by the fifteenth century, and perhaps, but with less certainty in the fourteenth. Witzel goes on to describe two of the four agnihotra performed in Patan—the two have been continuously performed for some centuries, while the other two are relatively recent revivals. These performances employ the traditional three fires of Vedic ritual, though known here by different names. The study closes with an analysis of the similarities and differences between the two agnihotra.