bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RECICLAGEM DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS: UMA PROPOSTA INTERDISCIPLINAR DE CONSCIENTIZAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL ATRELADO A UM JOGO COMPUTACIONAL.
Authors: Medeiros Herika Bastos de , Araújo Maria Socorro da Silva , Pereira Maria Roseli Vianna 
Published: November 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma proposta de um jogo computacional educativo para desenvolver a conscientização ambiental nos alunos do Programa Educação de Jovens e Adultos - EJA, 5º ano do ensino fundamental, Escola Municipal José Manna Junior, localizada no Município de São Gonçalo (RJ). Para realização da proposta foi utilizada uma metodologia de pesquisa de análise qualitativa, de caráter exploratória/descritiva, com a finalidade de fomentar a discussão. O jogo, salienta a necessidade da coleta seletiva como um processo importante para redução de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A proposta quando apresentada de maneira lúdica, evidencia que a conscientização por meio da educação ambiental leva a resultados satisfatórios.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Resíduos Sólidos. Jogo Computacional. Educação Ambiental. RECYCLING OF URBAN SOLID WASTE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AWARENESS COUPLED TO A COMPUTER GAME. SUMMARY The aim of this work is to present a proposal for an educational computer game to develop environmental awareness in students of adult and Youth Education Program-EJA, fifth grade of elementary school, Escola Municipal José Manna Junior, located in the municipality of São Gonçalo (RJ). To carry out the proposed research methodology was used qualitative analysis, exploratory/descriptive character, with the purpose of fostering discussion. The game, stresses the need of separate collection as an important process for municipal solid waste reduction. The proposal when presented in playful manner, show that awareness through environmental education leads to satisfactory results. KEY-WORD: Solid Waste. Computer Game. Environmental Education. RECICLAJE DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS: UNA CONCIENCIA DE EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL INTERDISCIPLINARIA JUNTO A UN JUEGO DE ORDENADOR RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una propuesta para un juego de computadora educativa desarrollar conciencia ambiental en los estudiantes del adulto y programa de Educación de la juventud-EJA, quinto grado de primaria, Escola Municipal José maná Junior, ubicado en el municipio de São Gonçalo (RJ). Para llevar a cabo la investigación propuesta metodología fue utilizado análisis cualitativo, carácter exploratorio/descriptivo, con el fin de fomentar la discusión. El juego, destaca la necesidad de recogida selectiva como un importante proceso de reducción de los residuos sólida municipal. La propuesta cuando se presentó de manera lúdica, muestran que la conciencia mediante la educación ambiental conduce a resultados satisfactorios.PALABRAS CLAVE: Residuos sólidos. Juego de computadora. Educación ambiental.
Qualidade das águas subterrâneas na área do campus universitário do Pici, Fortaleza-CE
Authors: Rabelo Maria da Conceição Gomes , Sabadia José Antônio Beltrão , Santiago Maria Marlúcia Freitas , Vasconcelos Mickaelon Belchior 
Published: November 2015

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma caracterização da qualidade das águas subterrâneas e superficiais na área do Campus Universtário do Pici, Fortaleza-Ceará. Foram cadastrados na área do Campus do Pici 42 poços e um açude obtendo-se as informações de: localização, tipo de aqüífero, profundidade, diâmetro da perfuração, nível estático, nível dinâmico, vazão, rebaixamento, capacidade específica, tipo de revestimento, reservatório, sistema de bombeamento, uso da água, situação, análise físico-química, data da construção e executor. In locu foram obtidas informações de pH, condutividade elétrica, temperatura da água, ambiente e nível estático nos pontos d’água monitorados. Foram coletados amostras para a realização de análise físico-química das águas em 16 pontos d’águas (15 poços e 1 açude) sendo realizado em duas etapas; uma no final do período chuvoso (Junho/Julho de 2005) e outra no final do período seco (Novembro/2005 e Janeiro/2006). As análise fisico-químicas dos poços e o açude mostram que as águas são do tipo cloretada-sódica(na primeira amostragem) e do tipo bicarbonatada sódica (na segunda amostragem). O nitrato é um parâmetro que indica a contaminação do aqüífero por matéria orgânica de esgotos ou nutrientes, sendo o seu limite máximo permitido de 10 mg/Lde Nitrogênio. Os poços apresentaram valores de 0,10 (mínimo) a 11,53 mg/L(máximo), com média de 1,80 mg/L, e as águas do açude com valor de 1,67 mg/L. Já na segunda amostragem, com valores de 0,21 (mínimo) a 7,87 mg/L (máximo), com média 1,97 mg/L, enquanto as águas do açude apresentou 1,99 mg/Lde NO3. Apenas o poço 35 apresentou valores acima do permitido, sugerindo uma provável fonte de contaminação nas imediações do poço.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN ASAM SITRAT DALAM PEMBUATAN GELATIN TULANG IKAN BANDENG (CHANOS-CHANOS FORSKAL)
Authors: Fatimah Dewi , Jannah Akyunul 
Published: November 2015

<p>Tulang ikan bandeng merupakan by-product perikanan yang dapat diperoleh dari industri pengolahan ikan. Selama ini tulang ikan bandeng masih belum termanfaatkan. Guna meningkatkan nilai ekonominya tulang ikan bandeng berpotensi sebagai bahan baku pembuatan gelatin halal. Gelatin merupakan hasil hidrolisis parsial kolagen yang diperoleh melalui ekstraksi dalam air panas yang dikombinasikan dengan perlakuan asam atau basa. Gelatin dapat berfungsi sebagai pengemulsi (emulsifier) dan penstabil (stabilizer) dalam sistem emulsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari salah satu alternatif pembuatan gelatin halal dengan pemanfaatan tulang ikan bandeng yaitu sebagai bahan baku dengan proses asam, serta mengetahui konsentrasi asam sitrat dan lama perendaman optimum terhadap produksi dan karakteristik gelatin yang dihasilkan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah yang pertama penentuan konsentrasi asam sitrat optimum dengan variasi konsentrasi 1 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7 % dan 9 %. Kedua adalah penentuan lama perendaman optimum menggunakan konsentrasi optimum hasil penelitian dengan variasi waktu 12 jam, 24 jam, 32 jam, 48 jam dan 60 jam. Karakterisasi gelatin dilakukan dengan menentukan beberapa sifat fisik maupun kimia gelatin. Parameter yang diamati adalah kadar air, kadar abu, kadar protein, kekuatan gel, titik leleh, warna, aroma dan rasa. Identifikasi gugus fungsi gelatin dilakukan pada sample terbaik menggunakan Spektroskopi FT-IR. Data hasil uji sifat-sifat gelatin yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Untuk menentukan perlakuan terbaik dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode de garmo. Konsentrasi optimum asam sitrat untuk ekstraksi gelatin adalah 9 % dengan lama perendaman 48 jam. Gelatin yang dihasilkan memiliki kadar air sebesar 6,68 %, kadar abu 0,033 %, kadar protein 9,56 %, titik leleh 71,83C, kekuatan gel 38,72 mm/g.dt, warna 4,23, aroma 3,0 dan rasa 2,88 dengan rendemen sebesar 9,74 %. Berdasarkan spektra FT-IR gelatin tulang ikan bandeng, gugus fungsi yang dapat diidentifikasi diantaranya adalah gugus O–H, N–H, C–N, C=O &amp; C–H.</p><p> </p>
STUDI ADSORPSI LOGAM Pb(II) DAN Cd(II) PADA ASAM HUMAT DALAM MEDIUM AIR
Authors: Rahmawati Atik , Santoso Sri Juari 
Published: November 2015

<p>It had been conducted a study on adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid isolated from peat soil from village of Sambutan, the subdistrict of Samarinda Ilir, East Kalimantan. Aspects studied covered adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid in water medium.</p><p>Adsorption process carried out by batch method. Kinetics study conducted by intracting metal adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) with humic acid at various times, meanwhile studying the adsorption isotherm is done by interacting Cd (II) and Pb (II) at various concentrations with humic acid.</p><p>The results showed the adsorption rate of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed first order with rate constants of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of 0.0012 and 0.0038 mg menit<sup>-1</sup>/10 humic acid. Carboxylic groups of humic acid as the main groups which were actively involved in the interaction of metal-humic acid and have experienced deprotonation is hard nucleophile. It made Pb (II) was more quickly and easily adsorbed than Cd (II). Adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed the pattern of Langmuir isotherm with adsorption capacities of Pb (II) of 1.66 x10-3 mol / g and for Cd (II) 3.83 x10-3 mol / g . The adsorption energy of both metals is relatively small that is equal to 16.1 for Cd(II) and 21.4 kJ / mol for Pb(II).<strong></strong></p>
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SENYAWA KATEKIN DARI DAUN TEH (Cameliasinensis L.var assamica) TERHADAP BAKTERI Micrococcusluteus
Authors: Rustanti Elly , Jannah Akyunul , Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim 
Published: November 2015

<p>Zat antibakteri merupakan suatu zat yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan metabolisme bakteri, sehingga zat tersebut dapat menghambat pertumbuhanatau bahkan membunuh bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan bahan alam sebagai antibakteri alami. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui bahwa daun teh <em>(Camellia sinensis L. var assamica)</em> yang efektif sebagai antibakteri alami dapat menghambat bakteri <em>Micrococcus luteus</em>. Penelitian ini meliputi ekstraksi yang dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakansampel daun teh. Pemisahan ekstrak katekin dilakukan dengan KLT Analitik dengan variasi eluen yaitu etil asetat:air:asam format (18:1:1), toluena:aseton:asam format (3:3:1) dan kloroform:metanol:air (6,5:3,5:1), untuk mencari eluen terbaik yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk KLT Preparatif. Selanjutnya hasil dari KLT Preparatif digunakan untuk uji antibakteri.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil ekstrak katekin dari daun teh ± 3,34 gram dari 50 gram sampel. Hasil KLT Analitik menunjukkan bahwa eluen terbaik untuk KLT Preparatif adalah etil asetat:air: asam format. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa isolat 5 dari ekstrak daun teh memberikan efektivitas terbaik sebagai antibakteri <em>Microco</em><em>c</em><em>cus</em><em> </em><em>luteus</em>.<strong></strong></p>
UJI TOKSISITAS EKSTRAK AKUADES (SUHU KAMAR) DAN AKUADES PANAS (70 oC) DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) TERHADAP LARVA UDANG Artemia salina Leach
Authors: Anwar Syaiful , Yulianti Eny , Hakim Abdul , Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim , Fauziyah Begum , Muti'ah Roihatul 
Published: November 2015

<p>Kelor (<em>Moringa oleifera</em> Lamk.) adalah tanaman yang kaya nutrisi. Kandungan nutrisi tersebar pada seluruh bagian tanaman kelor, mulai dari daun, kulit batang, bunga, buah (polong), sampai akarnya. Kelor (<em>Moringa oleifera</em> Lamk.) mempunyai banyak manfaat, misalnya digunakan sebagai koagulan, nutrisi, vitamin, dan sebagai obat. Selama ini kelor di Indonesia hanya digunakan sebagai tanaman pagar dan sayuran dan masih jarang ada penelitian tentang bioaktivitas daun kelor dan pemanfaatannya sebagai antikanker. Penelitian ini mempelajari toksisitas ekstrak akuades (suhu kamar) dan akuades panas (70 <sup>o</sup>C) daun kelor (<em>Moringa oleifera</em> Lamk.) terhadap larva udang Artemia salina Leach dengan menggunakan metode BSLT. Pemilihan pelarut akuades sangat menguntungkan karena ekonomis dan mudah diperoleh, sehingga mudah diaplikasikan oleh masyarakat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akuades (suhu kamar) dan akuades panas (70 <sup>o</sup>C) daun kelor memiliki tingkat toksisitas terhadap Artemia salina Leach yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai LC<sub>50</sub> kurang dari 1000 ppm. Ekstrak akuades panas (70 <sup>o</sup>C) memiliki toksisitas lebih baik dari pada ekstrak akuades (suhu kamar) karena dihasilkan nilai LC<sub>50</sub> berturut-turut 163,979 ppm dan 265,977 ppm. Kandungan golongan senyawa pada ekstrak akuades panas (70 <sup>o</sup>C) adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin dan triterpenoid. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut bahwa daun kelor mempunyai potensi sebagai tanaman sediaan herbal yang nantinya bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai antibakteri dan antikanker.</p>
UJI TOKSISITAS EKSTRAK DAUN BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) TERHADAP LARVA UDANG Artemia salina Leach DENGAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST (BSLT)
Authors: Jazilah Nur , Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim , Ningsih Rachmawati , Abtokhi Ahmad 
Published: November 2015

<p>Daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) adalah bagian dari tanaman obat potensial yang dapat mengatasi berbagai jenis penyakit termasuk sebagai obat antikanker. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk: (1) Mengetahui tingkat toksisitas masing-masing ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis) dalam tiap pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat dan etanol terhadap tingkat mortalitas larva udang Artemia salina Leach. (2) Mengetahui golongan senyawa yang terdapat dalam ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis) dengan toksisitas yang terbaik.</p><p>Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi sampel dengan pelarut n-heksana yang dilanjutkan dengan pelarut etil asetat dan etanol. Ekstrak pekat yang diperoleh digunakan untuk uji toksisitas terhadap larva udang BSLT dan uji fitokimia dengan reagen. Data kematian Artemia salina dianalisis dengan analisis probit untuk mengetahui nilai LC<sub>50</sub>.</p><p>Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan pada masing-masing ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifiola (Ten) Steenis) memiliki tingkat toksisitas terhadap larva udang Artemia salina Leach, ditunjukkan dengan nilai LC<sub>50 </sub>&lt; 1000 ppm. Tingkat toksisitas ekstrak etanol, ekstrak etil asetat dan ekstrak n-heksana yaitu dengan nilai LC<sub>50</sub> sebesar 7,35702 ppm, 106,992 ppm dan 175,800 ppm. Pada ekstrak etanol dilakukan uji fitokimia denga reagen yaitu adanya golongan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, triterpenoid/steroid dan saponin. Golongan senyawa-senyawa tersebut yang menunjukkan adanya potensi bioaktivitas terhadap larva udang Artemia salina Leach.</p><p> </p>
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI ASAM LEMAK HASIL HIDROLISIS MINYAK MIKROALGA Chlorella sp.
Authors: Kumalasari Diah , Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim , Adi Tri Kustono , Maunatin Anik 
Published: November 2015

<p><em>Chlorella sp. </em>merupakan mikroalga uniselular berukuran mikroskopis yang banyak mengandung minyak organik yang dapat dihidrolisis menjadi asam lemak. Asam lemak merupakan salah satu komponen aktif dalam mikroalga yang diduga berperan sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri asam lemak hasil hidrolisis minyak mikroalga <em>Chlorella sp. </em>terhadap bakteri <em>Escherichia coli </em>dan <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>.</p><p>Isolasi minyak <em>Chlorella sp. </em>dilakukan dengan metode Soxhletasi dengan pelarut n-heksana. Minyak <em>Chlorella sp. </em>dihidrolisis dengan KOH 12 % dalam pelarut metanol untuk mendapatkan asam lemak. Asam lemak yang dihasilkan diuji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri <em>E. coli </em>dan <em>S. aureus </em>menggunakan metode difusi cakram.</p><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen Soxhletasi minyak <em>Chlorella sp. </em>adalah sebesar 6,28 %. Hidrolisis minyak <em>Chlorella sp. </em>menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 69,57 %. Asam lemak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri <em>S. aureus</em><em>, </em>tetapi tidak terhadap bakteri <em>E. coli</em>. Zona hambat asam lemak <em>Chlorella sp. </em>terhadap bakteri <em>S. aureus </em>pada konsentrasi 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; dan 2,5 % secara berturut-turut adalah 1,8; 1,9; 3,2; 3,5; dan 3 mm.</p>
Periodontal Disease in Individuals With a Genetic Risk of Developing Arthritis and Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Bello‐Gualtero Juan M. , Lafaurie Gloria I. , Hoyos Lida X. , Castillo Diana M. , De‐Avila Juliette , Munevar Juan C. , Unriza Sonia , Londoño John , Valle‐Oñate Rafael , Romero‐Sánchez Consuelo 
Published: November 2015

Background: Recent consensus emphasizes the importance of studying individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis (pre‐RA) and those with early RA (eRA). Periodontal tissues have been recently evaluated, but these studies are limited. To evaluate the periodontal condition, immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclasses against Porphyromonas gingivalis in individuals with pre‐RA and eRA were compared with controls to establish an association between periodontal infection markers and rheumatic activity.Methods: Rheumatologic and periodontal condition was evaluated in 119 individuals with pre‐RA, 48 patients with eRA, and matched controls. P. gingivalis IgG1 and IgG2 were analyzed. C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor, anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), and RA activity were measured. The groups were compared with McNemar test and paired t‐test. Conditional logistic regression was performed for pre‐RA confounders, and χ2 test was used to evaluate periodontal variables and RA activity indices.Results: Pre‐RA individuals showed significantly higher levels of plaque index (P = 0.01) and bleeding on probing (P = 0.03) and higher severity of periodontal disease (P = 0.02). Periodontitis was associated with pre‐RA (odds ratio, 3.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.64 to 7.01) but not with eRA. In pre‐RA, P. gingivalis–specific IgG2 was associated with ACPAs (P = 0.049) and disease severity visual analog scale (P = 0.03). In eRA, IgG2 against P. gingivalis was associated with ESR (P = 0.046) and ACPAs (P = 0.04). P. gingivalis was associated with ACPAs (P = 0.04).Conclusions: This study shows that individuals with pre‐RA have significant inflammatory periodontal involvement. There was a significant association between IgG against P. gingivalis and ACPAs in pre‐RA and markers of RA activity in individuals with eRA.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRANIAL TRAUMA
Authors: Lichterman L. B. 
Published: November 2015

This article deals with detailed classification of cranial trauma from practical experience of Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute. Focal and diffuse brain injuries were detailed. Description of levels of consciousness of patients with cranial trauma: clear consciousness, mediocre and severe deafening, coma — mediocre, deep and terminal. Criteria of definition of general patient conditions by general, brainstem and local symptoms were described. Correspondence of clinical diagnosis with ICD–10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) was showed.
An Atypical Case of Tuberculosis of the Posterior Elements of T2 and T3 without Involvement of the Vertebral Bodies
Authors: Mittal Naveen , Mahendra K.M. , Mittal Payal , Vashisht Deepak 
Published: November 2015

Case:
Isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection of the posterior element of a vertebra is rare, but timely diagnosis affords an opportunity for treatment before spinal cord compression occurs. A twenty-eight-year-old woman presented with bilateral weakness of the lower extremities. The clinical findings correlated with compressive myelopathy, for which the most likely causes include a primary tumor and infection. The diagnosis of TB was based on the magnetic resonance imaging findings, along with ultrasound-guided aspiration showing necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in a patient at high risk for TB. She was managed conservatively with an antitubercular treatment and achieved a good response at the latest follow-up at one and a half years.

Conclusion:
Even with symptoms of spinal cord compression, some patients with TB infection of the posterior elements of vertebrae can be managed medically without surgery.
Articular Sinus Tract with Mycobacterium fortuitum Osteomyelitis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Grantham W. Jeffrey , Raynor M. Brett , Martus Jeffrey E. 
Published: November 2015

Case:
Three weeks after transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a hamstring autograft, a fourteen-year-old boy presented with fevers, joint effusion, and elevated inflammatory markers. Cultures from an operative debridement grew Mycobacterium fortuitum, for which he received six months of antibiotics. Continued drainage prompted magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed osteomyelitis of the tibial tunnel.

Conclusion:
This case report describes a postoperative infection with an atypical organism that had a protracted course despite early diagnosis. Complete resolution was achieved following tibial tunnel debridement with a high-speed burr and bone-grafting with an antibiotic-laden allograft.
Proximal Tibial Valgus Osteotomy: Lateral Closing Wedge
Authors: van Raaij Tom M. , Brouwer Reinoud W. 
Published: November 2015

Valgus-producing high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a well-accepted treatment modality in active patients with varus malalignment and symptomatic medial unicompartmental osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. One of the key factors for long-term success of the osteotomy is the achievement of an even distribution of the mechanical load on the knee joint by obtaining an ideal alignment of the lower-extremity mechanical axis. Proper surgical techniques are very important, and lateral closing wedge proximal tibial valgus osteotomy (CWO) is highly effective in achieving the desired overcorrection of 3° to 7° of valgus.
The major steps of CWO are (1) preoperative planning, in which the frontal plane varus knee deformity is assessed on a standard whole-leg radiograph; (2) a transverse anterolateral incision from the tubercle toward the posterior aspect of the proximal part of the fibular head; (3) exposure and snaring of the common peroneal nerve; (4) resection of the anterior aspect of the proximal part of the fibular head; (5) use of a calibrated slotted wedge resection guide to perform the osteotomy proximal to the tuberosity under fluoroscopic guidance; (6) removal of an osseous wedge and closure of the osteotomy site, with the medial opposite cortex acting as a hinge; and (7) fixation of the osteotomy site with two step staples. Complications (e.g., nonunion, deep infection, and peroneal neuropathy) are rare. At follow-up, CWO has been shown to improve knee function and reduce pain. Male patients with early-onset knee OA have an almost ten times lower probability of failure of a CWO than women with more degenerative disease. The survival rate, with knee replacement as the end point, is approximately 75% at ten years following CWO. CWO postpones primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for a median of seven years, and there is low-quality evidence that osteotomy does not compromise subsequent knee replacement.
Environmental Thinking and Cultural Values: a Reflection on Environmental Globalisation and the Mediterranean Culture
Authors: Agnoletti Mauro 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Europe and especially the Mediterranean are quite a good example, not only of the effects of the economic globalisation, but also of how different forms of globalisation have affected cultural and environmental values. The historical development in the understanding of the relationships between man and nature shows an important shift in Europe, and especially the Mediterranean from a first phase starting around the fourteenth century, dominated by appreciation of cultural landscapes shaped by man, to a different phase, starting in the late nineteenth century and continuing today, where natural landscapes became more important. In the second half of the twentieth century, the attention to sustainable development and environmental conservation favoured conservation of natural habitats and associated biodiversity, often criticising the cultural landscapes previously appreciated. These views, originating mostly in North America and in central Europe, have profoundly affected the way landscape is managed and perceived today, with a shift in attention from cultural landscapes towards natural landscapes. Today, there is an attempt to safeguard and make the most of these landscapes, but nature conservation poses difficulties, creating a conflict based on a different set of values for the management of these areas.