bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human cytomegalovirus antiviral drug resistance in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: current state of the art
Authors: Campos Ana Bela , Ribeiro Joana , Boutolleau David , Sousa Hugo 
Published: March 2016

SummaryHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. The significant clinical impact of HCMV infection and progression to HCMV disease among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients has been reduced by prophylactic, preemptive, and curative treatments using ganciclovir, valganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. Resistance to (val)ganciclovir results from mutations localized in HCMV UL97 gene (encoding the pUL97 phosphotransferase), UL54 gene (encoding the pUL54 DNA polymerase), or both genes, whereas foscarnet and cidofovir resistance results from mutations localized within UL54 gene only. This review is focused on HCMV antiviral drug resistance, including the functions of target genes of antivirals, the mechanisms of antiviral resistance, the different mutations in pUL97 and pUL54 that have been identified in either clinical isolates or laboratory strains, and their impact on HCMV susceptibility to antiviral drugs. It emphasizes the importance of proving that observed genetic changes confer resistance so they can be distinguished from polymorphisms. Because of the emergence of HCMV resistance to currently available drugs, novel drugs are urgently needed for the therapeutic management of HCMV‐resistant infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and optimization of the lightweight HIGHT block cipher design with FPGA implementation
Authors: Mohd Bassam Jamil , Hayajneh Thaier , Khalaf Zaid Abu , Ahmad Yousef Khalil Mustafa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe growth of low‐resource devices has increased rapidly in recent years. Communication in such devices presents two challenges: security and resource limitation. Lightweight ciphers, such as HIGHT cipher, are encryption algorithms targeted for low resource systems. Designing lightweight ciphers in reconfigurable platform (e.g., field‐programmable gate array) provides speedup as well as flexibility. The HIGHT cipher consists of simple operations and provides adequate security level. The objective of this research work is to design, optimize, and model FPGA implementation of the HIGHT cipher. Several optimized designs are presented to minimize the required hardware resources and energy including the scalar and pipeline ones. Our analysis shows that the scalar designs have smaller area and power dissipation, whereas the pipeline designs have higher throughput and lower energy. Because of the fact that obtaining the best performance out of any implemented design mainly requires balancing the design area and energy, our experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain such optimal performance using the pipeline design with two and four rounds per stage as well as with the scalar design with one and eight rounds. Comparing the best implementations of pipeline and scalar designs, the scalar design requires 18% less resources and 10% less power, while the pipeline design has 18 times higher throughput and 60% less energy consumption. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaginary geometry I: interacting SLEs
Authors: Miller Jason , Sheffield Scott 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFix constants $$\chi >0$$

χ
>
0

and $$\theta \in [0,2\pi )$$

θ
∈
[
0
,
2
π
)

, and let h be an instance of the Gaussian free field on a planar domain. We study flow lines of the vector field $$e^{i(h/\chi +\theta )}$$

e

i
(
h
/
χ
+
θ
)

starting at a fixed boundary point of the domain. Letting $$\theta $$
θ
vary, one obtains a family of curves that look locally like $$\hbox {SLE}_\kappa $$

SLE
κ

processes with $$\kappa \in (0,4)$$

κ
∈
(
0
,
4
)

(where $$\chi = \tfrac{2}{\sqrt{\kappa }} -\tfrac{ \sqrt{\kappa }}{2}$$

χ
=

2

κ

-

κ

2

), which we interpret as the rays of a random geometry with purely imaginary curvature. We extend the fundamental existence and uniqueness results about these paths to the case that the paths intersect the boundary. We also show that flow lines of different angles cross each other at most once but (in contrast to what happens when h is smooth) may bounce off of each other after crossing. Flow lines of the same angle started at different points merge into each other upon intersecting, forming a tree structure. We construct so-called counterflow lines ($$\hbox {SLE}_{16/\kappa }$$

SLE

16
/
κ

) within the same geometry using ordered “light cones” of points accessible by angle-restricted trajectories and develop a robust theory of flow and counterflow line interaction. The theory leads to new results about $$\hbox {SLE}$$
SLE
. For example, we prove that $$\hbox {SLE}_\kappa (\rho )$$

SLE
κ

(
ρ
)

processes are almost surely continuous random curves, even when they intersect the boundary, and establish Duplantier duality for general $$\hbox {SLE}_{16/\kappa }(\rho )$$

SLE

16
/
κ

(
ρ
)

processes.
Grundlegende Prozesse betreffend Hydraulik, Sedimenttransport und Flussmorphologie an der Donau
Authors: Gmeiner Philipp , Liedermann Marcel , Haimann Marlene , Tritthart Michael , Habersack Helmut 
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen des Pilotprojektes Bad Deutsch-Altenburg wurde vor, während und nach der gleichzeitigen Umsetzung mehrerer Maßnahmen (Buhnenumbau, Granulometrische Sohlverbesserung – GSV, Uferrückbau und Gewässervernetzung) ein umfassendes Monitoringprogramm durchgeführt. Ziel war es, neben der Ist-Zustandserfassung, Begleitung und Dokumentation der Bauphase und der Erfassung der Entwicklung nach Bau auch die zugrunde liegenden Prozesse hinsichtlich Hydraulik, Sedimenttransport und Flussmorphologie zu analysieren. Erstmals wurde dabei die zeitliche Schwankung der Sohlschubspannung direkt gemessen. Die auftretenden Sohlschubspannungen folgten dabei in Abhängigkeit von der Turbulenzintensität einer Log-Normal- oder einer Normalverteilung. Diese Schwankungen sind mit ein Grund, weshalb schon bei Niederwasser ein nennenswerter Geschiebetransport gemessen wurde. Der effektive Durchfluss des Geschiebetransportes liegt dabei im Bereich von 2000 und 2200 m3/s. 50 % Prozent des Geschiebes wird bei Durchflüssen bis 2300 m3/s transportiert, mit Jahresfrachten von 306.000 bis 594.000 t für die Jahre 2006 bis 2014. Bei Betrachtung des Transportverhaltens einzelner Tracersteine in 3 Größenklassen durchwanderten 74 % der Steine die 3 km lange Strecke in einem Jahr, mit Geschwindigkeiten von 6,2 bis 10,6 m/d. Kleine Steine bewegten sich häufiger und weiter als mittlere und große, welche ein ähnliches Transportverhalten aufwiesen. Die erstmalig an der Donau beschriebenen Kiesdünen erreichten im Vergleich wesentlich höhere Geschwindigkeiten mit 2,5 bis 9 m/h. Ein Abgleich mit Fangkorbmessungen zeigte, dass Kiesdünen, wenn sie auftreten, den überwiegenden Teil des Geschiebetransportprozesses bestimmen.
Surfactant and Temperature Effects in Tyrosine/Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Systems
Authors: Mote U. S. , Anbhule P. V. , Kolekar G. B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from tyrosine to pyridoxine hydrochloride in different surfactant solutions and in deionized water has been investigated by using a fluorescence spectroscopic technique. The Stern–Volmer quenching constant, the distance between donor (tyrosine) and acceptor (pyridoxine hydrochloride), and the energy transfer efficiency were obtained using the Stern–Volmer relation and Forster’s theory of nonradiative energy transfer. The data obtained from the measurement reveals that the FRET occurs more effectively in aqueous SDS micellar solution than in CTAB or linear alcohol ethoxylate micellar systems and deionized water. Moreover, the binding constant, number of binding sites, and thermodynamic parameters ∆G, ∆H, ∆S were obtained by studying the tyrosine‐pyridoxine hydrochloride interactions at three different temperatures. The decrease in binding constant with temperature reflects the existence of weak interaction between tyrosine and pyridoxine hydrochloride at high temperature. The analysis confirms that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding are involved in the interaction.
In vivo evaluation of riboflavin receptor targeted fluorescent USPIO in mice with prostate cancer xenografts
Authors: Jayapaul Jabadurai , Arns Susanne , Bunker Matt , Weiler Marek , Rutherford Sandra , Comba Peter , Kiessling Fabian 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Riboflavin (Rf) receptors bind and translocate Rf and its phosphorylated forms (e.g. flavin mononucleotide, FMN) into cells where they mediate various cellular metabolic pathways. Previously, we showed that FMN-coated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (FLUSPIO) nanoparticles are suitable for labeling metabolically active cancer and endothelial cells in vitro. In this study, we focused on the in vivo application of FLUSPIO using prostate cancer xenografts. Size, charge, and chemical composition of FLUSPIO were evaluated. We explored the in vitro specificity of FLUSPIO for its cellular receptors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Prussian blue staining. Competitive binding experiments were performed in vivo by injecting free FMN in excess. Bio-distribution of FLUSPIO was determined by estimating iron content in organs and tumors using a colorimetric assay. AFM analysis and zeta potential measurements revealed a particulate morphology approximately 20–40 nm in size and a negative zeta potential (–24.23 ± 0.15 mV) in water. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry data confirmed FMN present on the USPIO nanoparticle surface. FLUSPIO uptake in prostate cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was significantly higher than that of control USPIO, while addition of excess of free FMN reduced accumulation. Similarly, in vivo MRI and histology showed specific FLUSPIO uptake by prostate cancer cells, tumor endothelial cells, and tumor-associated macrophages. Besides prominent tumor accumulation, FLUSPIO accumulated in the liver, spleen, lung, and skin. Hence, our data strengthen our hypothesis that targeting riboflavin receptors is an efficient approach to accumulate nanomedicines in tumors opening perspectives for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic systems.
Neuronal circuits and physiological roles of the basal ganglia in terms of transmitters, receptors and related disorders
Authors: Yamada Katsuya , Takahashi Susumu , Karube Fuyuki , Fujiyama Fumino , Kobayashi Kazuto , Nishi Akinori , Momiyama Toshihiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The authors have reviewed recent research advances in basal ganglia circuitry and function, as well as in related disorders from multidisciplinary perspectives derived from the results of morphological, electrophysiological, behavioral, biochemical and molecular biological studies. Based on their expertise in their respective fields, as denoted in the text, the authors discuss five distinct research topics, as follows: (1) area-specific dopamine receptor expression of astrocytes in basal ganglia, (2) the role of physiologically released dopamine in the striatum, (3) control of behavioral flexibility by striatal cholinergic interneurons, (4) regulation of phosphorylation states of DARPP-32 by protein phosphatases and (5) physiological perspective on deep brain stimulation with optogenetics and closed-loop control for ameliorating parkinsonism.
Droit civil, condition ouvrière et transition au capitalisme industriel au Québec
Authors: Nootens Thierry 
Published: March 2016

Résumé
Cet article propose une reconstitution du régime juridique avec lequel devait composer la classe ouvrière au Québec, de l’adoption du Code civil du Bas-Canada en 1866 à la mise en place d’une législation provinciale sur les accidents de travail, en 1909. L’examen des règles de droit relatives au salariat contredit de manière assez franche l’idéal libéral d’égalité juridique formelle des citoyens : à bien des égards, la marginalisation des travailleurs est inscrite au cœur même du droit civil québécois du temps. Cependant, la province de Québec revoit assez fréquemment, durant cette période, le contenu du code civil et du code de procédure civile applicable aux ouvriers. Le caractère limité de ces réformes, pour certaines complexes et difficiles à concrétiser, traduirait une espèce d’épuisement du recours à la juridicisation du social en tant que réponse à l’ébranlement de la société sous les coups du salariat, de ses risques et de ses fragilités.
Estimates of the temperature flux–temperature gradient relation above a sea floor
Authors: Cimatoribus Andrea A. , van Haren H. 
Published: March 2016

The relation between the flux of temperature (or buoyancy), the vertical temperature gradient and the height above the bottom is investigated in an oceanographic context, using high-resolution temperature measurements. The model for the evolution of a stratified layer by Balmforth et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 355, 1998, pp. 329–358) is reviewed and adapted to the case of a turbulent flow above a wall. Model predictions are compared with the average observational estimates of the flux, exploiting a flux estimation method proposed by Winters & D’Asaro (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 317, 1996, pp. 179–193). This estimation method enables the disentanglement of the dependence of the average flux on the height above the bottom and on the background temperature gradient. The classical N-shaped flux–gradient relation is found in the observations. The model and the observations show similar qualitative behaviour, despite the strong simplifications used in the model. The results shed light on the modulation of the temperature flux by the presence of the boundary, and support the idea of a turbulent flux following a mixing-length argument in a stratified flow. Furthermore, the results support the use of Thorpe scales close to a boundary, if sufficient averaging is performed, suggesting that the Thorpe scales are affected by the boundary in a similar way to the mixing length.
Stable finite volume element schemes for the shallow-ice approximation
Authors: BUELER ED 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe isothermal, non-sliding shallow-ice approximation, combined with mass conservation, is a fundamental model for ice-sheet and glacier flow. It determines the ice extent, geometry and velocity by the solution of a free-boundary problem. In this paper, the steady-state form of this problem is solved directly, without time-stepping, thereby demonstrating a fully implicit scheme with no stability restrictions. The classical Mahaffy (1976) finite difference method is first reinterpreted as a ‘finite volume element’ scheme that has both an everywhere-defined approximate thickness function and an approximation of the conservation equation in flux integral form. From this reinterpretation an improved scheme is built by using better quadrature in the integral and upwinding on that part of the flux which is proportional to the bed gradient. The discrete equations are then solved by a parallel Newton scheme which respects the constraint that ice thickness is non-negative. The results show good accuracy on both flat-bed and bedrock-step exact solutions. The method is then applied at high resolution to model the steady-state geometry of the Greenland ice sheet, using only bedrock elevation and present-day surface mass balance as input data.
Compositional turnover and ecological changes related to the waxing and waning of glaciers during the late Paleozoic ice age in ice-proximal regions (Pennsylvanian, western Argentina)
Authors: Balseiro Diego 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe late Paleozoic ice age (LPIA) had a profound effect on the biota. Despite much research having been focused on paleotropical regions or global-scale analyses, regional ecological changes have seldom been studied in ice-proximal basins. Here, I study the compositional turnover and diversity structure across the main Carboniferous glacial event recorded in western Argentina and the subsequent nonglacial interval. Brachiopod and bivalve data from western Argentina suggest that the transition from glacial to nonglacial climates caused major compositional changes. Turnover, however, was not uniform across the bathymetric gradient, being higher in deep environments. Because extirpation was concentrated in brachiopods, but immigration was similar in both clades, the taxonomic structure of the region was significantly modified. Although regional hierarchical diversity structure and occupancy distributions remained stable, dissecting the analysis in brachiopods and bivalves underscores that both clades had different responses to climate change. Brachiopods, on the one hand, show stability in the diversity structure and a very slight decrease in occupancies of intermediate genera, while bivalves show an important rise in diversity, both at the environment and regional scale, and an increase in genera with intermediate occupancies. The bathymetric diversity gradient was also modified from hump shaped with maximum diversity in the deep subtidal to a linear gradient with maximum values toward the offshore. However, relative compositional differences within environments remained stable, with maximum values at intermediate depths both in glacial and nonglacial intervals. Moreover, local-scale coexistence between brachiopods and bivalves changed in the nonglacial interval, showing significant segregation, which indicates relevant modifications in community assembly dynamics. Results from western Argentina highlight the magnitude of regional-scale ecological changes during the LPIA in ice-proximal regions, suggesting that the waxing and waning of glaciers was able to cause regional taxonomic turnover and medium-scale ecological changes even during intervals of relative macroevolutionary quiescence.
Conditional cash transfers and the double burden of malnutrition among children in Colombia: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Lopez-Arana Sandra , Avendano Mauricio , Forde Ian , van Lenthe Frank J. , Burdorf Alex 
Published: March 2016

AbstractConditional cash-transfer (CCT) programmes have been shown to improve the nutritional and health status of children from poor families. However, CCT programmes may have unintended and not fully known consequences by increasing the risk of overweight and obesity. We examined the impact ofFamilias en Acción(FA), a large CCT programme in Colombia, on the double burden of malnutrition among pre-school and school-aged children. Height and weight were measured before programme enrolment and during follow-ups in 1290 children from thirty-one treatment municipalities, being compared with 1584 children from sixty-two matched control municipalities. We used a difference-in-differences approach to evaluate the effect of FA on children’s stunting, BMIz-scores, thinness, overweight and obesity, controlling for individual and municipality-level confounders. At baseline, the prevalences of stunting and overweight were 30·3 and 15·4 %, respectively, in treatment municipalities and 27·9 and 17·4 % in control municipalities. FA was associated with reduced odds of thinness (OR 0·26; 95 % CI 0·09, 0·75) and higher BMI-for-agez-scores (BMIz-scores) (β0·14; 95 % CI 0·00, 0·27;P<0·05), although the latter was of small clinical significance. The prevalence of stunting, overweight and obesity decreased over time, but the effect of FA on these outcomes was not significant. The CCT programme in Colombia reduced the odds of thinness, but had no effect on stunting, a more prevalent outcome. The FA programme had no effect on overweight or obesity, although BMIz-scores were higher for children under treatment, raising the possibility of an increase of small clinical significance on BMI among pre-school and school-aged children.
Effect of urea fertilization on biomass yield, chemical composition,in vitrorumen digestibility and fermentation characteristics of forage oat straw in Tibet of China
Authors: CUI J. H. , YANG H. J. , YU C. Q. , BAI S. , SONG S. S. , WU T. T. , SUN W. , SHAO X. M. , JIANG L. S. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYThe present study investigated the effects of different levels of urea nitrogen (N) fertilizer on nutrient accumulation,in vitrorumen gas production and fermentation characteristics of forage oat straw (FOS) from oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Qinghai 444’) grown in the Tibet region of China. Fertilizer, applied at seeding (day 1), stem elongation (days 52–54) and heading (days 63–67), increased plant height and prolonged the maturity stage of the plant by 4–11 days compared with the non-fertilized control. Oat plants were harvested at maturity at the node 3–4 cm above ground, and then separated into grains and FOS. Both FOS and grain yields increased quadratically with increasing N fertilization, and their theoretical maximums occurred at the N fertilizing rates of 439 and 385 kg/ha, respectively. Increases in N fertilization did not affect the hemicellulose content of FOS, but substantially promoted the accumulation of crude protein, cellulose and lignin, resulting in a decrease in the energy content available for metabolism. A 72-h incubation of FOS with rumen fluids from lactating cows showed that increasing N resulted in FOS that showed a slower fermentation rate, decreasedin vitrodry matter disappearance and lower cumulative gas production, but unchanged fermentation gas composition. Nitrogen fertilization increased the final pH in culture fluids and decreased the microbial volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The molar proportions of acetate and propionate were not affected, but molar propionate proportion decreased linearly with increasing urea fertilization, and consequently, the ratio of lipogenic (e.g., acetate and butyrate)-to-glucogenic acids (propionate) tended to increase. In brief, increasing urea N fertilization promoted the growth of forage oats and increased the biomass yield as well as the crude protein and cellulose content of FOS. Considering the negative effect of increased lignin content on nutrient digestibility and total VFA production, the suggested range of urea N fertilization is 156–363 kg N/ha for forage oats planted in Tibet to retain the nutritive value of FOS in the rumen.
Rapid erasure of hippocampal memory following inhibition of dentate gyrus granule cells
Authors: Madroñal Noelia , Delgado-García José M. , Fernández-Guizán Azahara , Chatterjee Jayanta , Köhn Maja , Mattucci Camilla , Jain Apar , Tsetsenis Theodoros , Illarionova Anna , Grinevich Valery , Gross Cornelius T. , Gruart Agnès 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe hippocampus is critical for the acquisition and retrieval of episodic and contextual memories. Lesions of the dentate gyrus, a principal input of the hippocampus, block memory acquisition, but it remains unclear whether this region also plays a role in memory retrieval. Here we combine cell-type specific neural inhibition with electrophysiological measurements of learning-associated plasticity in behaving mice to demonstrate that dentate gyrus granule cells are not required for memory retrieval, but instead have an unexpected role in memory maintenance. Furthermore, we demonstrate the translational potential of our findings by showing that pharmacological activation of an endogenous inhibitory receptor expressed selectively in dentate gyrus granule cells can induce a rapid loss of hippocampal memory. These findings open a new avenue for the targeted erasure of episodic and contextual memories.