bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection in Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Dangayach Neha S. , Francoeur Charles L , Mayer Stephan A. , Sharshar Tarek 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Diffuse cerebral dysfunction in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients is highly prevalent. Delirium and alterations in level of consciousness in septic patients are symptoms that constitute sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), which is distinct from hypoxic encephalopathy. SAE is associated with substantial mortality and long-term cognitive impairment. The underlying pathophysiology of SAE is complex and poorly understood. The pathophysiology of SAE includes neuroinflammation, microglial activation, microcirculatory failure, autoregulation impairment, blood–brain barrier disruption, apoptosis, and development of microinfarcts and microhemorrhages. Apart from standard resuscitation techniques targeted at maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, specific neuroprotective interventions are not currently available. Given the vast unmet need for improving functional outcome among survivors of SAE, it is a priority for the critical care community to better define, understand, and prevent this common and devastating form of neurological injury.
Neuroprotection for Valvular and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery
Authors: Bartels Karsten , Mackensen G. Burkhard 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Major cardiac surgery represents a unique biologic stimulus leading to profound perturbations in inflammatory, hemostatic, and oxidative stress pathways, all of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of perioperative cerebral injury. Despite significant advances in surgical, anesthetic, and neuroprotective strategies, these adverse cerebral outcomes have profound personal, clinical, and financial implications. Preventing or treating these adverse outcomes remains difficult because the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and most neuroprotective strategies generated in experimental disease models of cardiac surgery have not successfully translated to humans. The nonpharmacological strategies that can be recommended on the basis of current evidence include optimal temperature management and ultrasound-guided assessment of the (potentially) atheromatous ascending aorta, with appropriate modification of aortic cannulation, clamping, or anastomotic technique. This chapter reviews past, present, and future directions in the field of neuroprotection in cardiac surgery.
Neuroprotection for Aortic Surgery and Stenting
Authors: Feinman Jared W. , Augoustides John G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Despite recent advances, aortic surgery and stenting for an array of diseases still pose a significant risk of permanent and severe injury to the brain and/or spinal cord. These neurological risks are best understood in terms of the primary disease pathology, the extent of aortic involvement, mechanisms and risk factors, the role of neuromonitoring modalities, and the surgical techniques required for repair. This chapter will present an overview of perioperative practice in aortic surgery and stenting based on this framework and the latest guidelines and trials in order to describe best practices and promising options for neuroprotection in this challenging clinical setting.
Neuroprotection for Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting
Authors: Anastasian Zirka H. , Heyer Eric J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) pose risks of cerebral injury and adverse neurological outcomes consisting of perioperative stroke and cognitive decline. This chapter examines the mechanisms of and risks for neurological injury associated with these procedures and the various strategies that are employed to protect the brain and minimize the risk of stroke and cognitive decline, including surgical and anesthetic techniques, blood pressure management, and statin administration. During CEA, neuromonitoring is used to guide surgical technique in order to prevent ischemic stroke due to hypoperfusion during carotid artery cross-clamping and embolic stroke during unclamping. For CAS, cerebral protective devices are the primary neuroprotection technique, with the focus on preventing embolic stroke during manipulation of wires, angioplasty, and stenting.
How to make a deal: the role of rankings and personal ties in creating trust in the mergers and acquisitions market
Authors: Boussard Valérie , Godechot Olivier , Woloszko Nicolas 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOn the mergers and acquisitions (M&A) market, buyers and sellers resort to experts in order to secure deals. But as these experts might be prone to opportunism, firms need to find a way to build trust. We identify two trust devices: social ties and public rankings. We explore whether these personal and impersonal devices are substitutes, independent or complementary. We study the French M&A market through a mixed-method approach. We show that both previous contacts and league table rankings of firms contribute to trust and to making deals. These trust devices are all the more likely to be used if the deal is risky, especially within the sell side (more at risk). We also find that firms tend to make deals only with other firms at the same level in the rankings. Finally, we find some evidence of substitution between rankings and personal ties, especially for low-value deals.
Structure of the nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B reveals mechanism of memory-enhancing molecule
Authors: Tsai Jordan C. , Miller-Vedam Lakshmi E. , Anand Aditya A. , Jaishankar Priyadarshini , Nguyen Henry C. , Renslo Adam R. , Frost Adam , Walter Peter 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRegulation by the integrated stress response (ISR) converges on the phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2 in response to a variety of stresses. Phosphorylation converts eIF2 from substrate to competitive inhibitor of its dedicated guanine nucleotide exchange factor, eIF2B, inhibiting translation. ISRIB, a drug-like eIF2B activator, reverses the effects of eIF2 phosphorylation and, remarkably, in rodents enhances cognition and corrects cognitive deficits after brain injury. To determine its mechanism of action, we solved an atomic-resolution structure of ISRIB bound in a deep cleft within decameric human eIF2B by electron cryo-microscopy. Structural and biochemical analyses revealed that formation of fully active, decameric eIF2B holoenzyme depended on the assembly of two identical tetrameric subcomplexes, and that ISRIB promoted this step by cross-bridging a central symmetry interface. Regulation of eIF2B assembly emerges as a rheostat for eIF2B activity that tunes translation during the ISR and that can be further modulated by ISRIB.
Phenotyping ciliary dynamics and coordination in response to CFTR-modulators and Thymosin-α1 in Cystic Fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells
Authors: Chioccioli M. , Feriani L. , Kotar J. , Bratcher P. E. , Cicuta P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disorders are challenging and would benefit from new approaches to systematically assess ciliary beating dynamics and to test new drugs. A novel approach based on multiscale differential dynamic microscopy (multi-DDM) is shown to quantitatively assess collective beating of cilia in a non-biased automated manner, in human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) derived from subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) and grown in 2D air-liquid interface culture. Multi-DDM can readily detect changes in both ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and cilia coordination that result from perturbations to the mucosal layer. The efficacy of three CFTR-modulating treatments is investigated: ivacaftor (VX-770) with lumacaftor (VX-809), VX-809 alone and Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) alone. All three treatments restore coordination of cilia beating in the CF cells, albeit to varying degrees. We argue cilia are affected by these treatments through the physical properties of the mucus. Phenotyping cilia dynamics through multi-DDM provides novel insight into the response of ciliary beating following treatment with drugs, and has application in the broader context of respiratory disease and for drug screening.One sentence summaryA semi-automated and unbiased assay based on multiscale differential dynamic microscopy (multi-DDM) detects changes in the coordination and frequency of ciliary beating in F508del/F508del primary human airway cells under different conditions and in response to CFTR-modulating compounds.
RNA G-quadruplexes mark repressive upstream open reading frames in human mRNAs
Authors: Murat Pierre , Marsico Giovanni , Herdy Barbara , Ghanbarian Avazeh , Portella Guillem , Balasubramanian Shankar 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTRNA secondary structures in the 5’ untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs have been characterised as key determinants of translation initiation. However the role of non-canonical secondary structures, such as RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s), in modulating translation of human mRNAs and the associated mechanisms remain largely unappreciated. Here we use a ribosome profiling strategy to investigate the translational landscape of human mRNAs with structured 5’ untranslated regions (5’-UTR). We found that inefficiently translated mRNAs, containing rG4-forming sequences in their 5’-UTRs, have an accumulation of ribosome footprints in their 5’-UTRs. We show that rG4-forming sequences are determinants of 5’-UTR translation, suggesting that the folding of rG4 structures thwarts the translation of protein coding sequences (CDS) by stimulating the translation of repressive upstream open reading frames (uORFs). To support our model, we demonstrate that depletion of two rG4s-specialised DEAH-box helicases, DHX36 and DHX9, shifts translation towards rG4-containing uORFs reducing the translation of selected transcripts comprising proto-oncogenes, transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. Transcriptome-wide identification of DHX9 binding sites using individual-nucleotide resolution UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) demonstrate that translation regulation is mediated through direct physical interaction between the helicase and its rG4 substrate. Our findings unveil a previously unknown role for non-canonical structures in governing 5’-UTR translation and suggest that the interaction of helicases with rG4s could be considered as a target for future therapeutic intervention.
Time course analysis of the brain transcriptome during transitions between brood care and reproduction in the clonal raider ant
Authors: Libbrecht Romain , Oxley Peter R. , Kronauer Daniel J. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDivision of labor between reproductive queens and non-reproductive workers that perform brood care is the hallmark of insect societies. However, the molecular basis of this fundamental dichotomy remains poorly understood, in part because the caste of an individual cannot typically be experimentally manipulated at the adult stage. Here we take advantage of the unique biology of the clonal raider ant,Ooceraea biroi, where reproduction and brood care behavior can be experimentally manipulated in adults. To study the molecular regulation of reproduction and brood care, we induced transitions between both states, and monitored brain gene expression at multiple time points. We found that introducing larvae that inhibit reproduction and induce brood care behavior caused much faster changes in adult gene expression than removing larvae. The delayed response to the removal of the larval signal prevents untimely activation of reproduction inO. biroicolonies. This resistance to change when removing a signal also prevents premature modifications in many other biological processes. Furthermore, we found that the general patterns of gene expression differ depending on whether ants transition from reproduction to brood care orvice versa, indicating that gene expression changes between phases are cyclic rather than pendular. Our analyses also identify genes with large and early expression changes in one or both transitions. These genes likely play upstream roles in regulating reproduction and behavior, and thus constitute strong candidates for future molecular studies of the evolution and regulation of reproductive division of labor in insect societies.
Classification and characterisation of brain network changes in chronic back pain: a multicenter study
Authors: Mano Hiroaki , Kotecha Gopal , Leibnitz Kenji , Matsubara Takashi , Nakae Aya , Shenker Nicholas , Shibata Masahiko , Voon Valerie , Yoshida Wako , Lee Michael , Yanagida Toshio , Kawato Mitsuo , Rosa Maria , Seymour Ben 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChronic pain is a common and often disabling condition, and is thought to involve a combination of peripheral and central neurobiological factors. However, the extent and nature of changes in the brain is poorly understood. Here, we investigated brain network architecture using resting state fMRI data collected from chronic back pain patients in UK and Japan (41 patients, 56 controls). Using a machine learning approach (support vector machine), we found that brain network patterns reliably classified chronic pain patients in a third, independent open data set with an accuracy of 63%, whilst 68% was attained in cross validation of all data. We then developed a deep learning classifier using a conditional variational autoencoder, which also yield yielded 63% generalisation and 68% cross-validation accuracy. Given the existence of reliable network changes, we next studied the graph topology of the network, and found consistent evidence of hub disruption based on clustering and betweenness centrality of brain nodes in pain patients. To examine this in more detail, we developed a multislice modularity algorithm to identify a consensus pattern of modular reorganisation of brain nodes across the entire data set. This revealed evidence of significant changes in the modular identity of several brain regions, most notably including broad regions of bilateral sensorimotor cortex, subregions of which also contributed to classifier performance. These results provide evidence of consistent and characteristic brain network changes in chronic pain, and highlight extensive reorganisaton of the network architecture of sensorimotor cortex.
Effects of background and contour luminance on the hue and brightness of the Watercolor effect
Authors: Gerardin Peggy , Dojat Michel , Knoblauch Kenneth , Devinck Frederic 
Published: November 2017

AbstractConjoint measurement was used to investigate the joint influences of the luminance of the background and the inner contour on hue- and brightness filling-in for a stimulus configuration generating a water-color effect (WCE), i.e., a wiggly bi-chromatic contour enclosing a region with the lower luminance component on the exterior. Two stimuli with the background and inner contour luminances covarying independently were successively presented, and in separate experiments, the observer judged which member of the pair’s interior regions contained a stronger hue or was brighter. Braided-contour control stimuli that generated little or no perceptual filling-in were also used to assess whether observers were judging the interior regions and not the contours themselves. Three nested models of the contributions of the background and inner contour to the judgments were fit to the data by maximum likelihood and evaluated by likelihood ratio tests. Both stimulus components contributed to both the hue and brightness of the interior region with increasing luminance of the inner contour generating an assimilative filling-in for the hue judgments but a contrast effect for the brightness judgments. Control analyses showed negligible effects for the order of the luminance of the background or inner contour on the judgments. An additive contribution of both components was rejected in favor of a saturated model in which the responses depended on the levels of both stimulus components. For the hue judgments, increased background luminance led to greater hue filling-in at higher luminances of the interior contour. For the brightness judgments, the higher background luminance generated less brightness filling-in at higher luminances of the interior contour. The results indicate different effects of the inner contour and background on the induction of the brightness and coloration percepts of the WCE, suggesting that they are mediated by different mechanisms.
Effective population size and durability of plant resistances in the potato cyst nematodeGlobodera pallida
Authors: Montarry Josselin , Petit Eric J. , Bardou-Valette Sylvie , Mabon Romain , Jan Pierre-Loup , Fournet Sylvain , Grenier Eric 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe effective size of a population is the size of an ideal population which would drift at the same rate as the real population. The balance between selection and genetic drift depends on the population size expressed as the genetically effective population size (Ne), rather than the real numbers of individuals in the population (N).The objectives of the present study were to estimate Nein the potato cyst nematodeGlobodera pallidausing artificial populations and to explore the link between Neand the durability of plant resistances.Using a temporal method on 24 independent pairs of initial and final populations, the median Newas 58 individuals.Neis commonly lower than N but in our case the Ne/N ratio was extremely low becauseG. pallidapopulations deviate in structure from the assumptions of the ideal population by having unequal sex-ratios, high levels of inbreeding and a high variance in family sizes. The consequences of a low Necould be important for the control of phytoparasitic nematodes becauseG. pallidapopulations will have a low capacity to adapt to changing environments unless selection intensity is very strong, which could be greatly beneficial for long-term use of plant resistances.
Dense reconstruction of brain-wide neuronal population close to the ground truth
Authors: Hang Zhou , Shiwei Li , Anan Li , Feng Xiong , Ning Li , Jiacheng Han , Hongtao Kang , Yijun Chen , Yun Li , Wenqian Fang , Yidong Liu , Huimin Lin , Sen Jin , Zhiming Li , Fuqiang Xu , Yu-hui Zhang , Xiaohua Lv , Xiuli Liu , Hui Gong , Qingming Luo , Tingwei Quan , Shaoqun Zeng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRecent progresses allow imaging specific neuronal populations at single-axon level across mouse brain. However, digital reconstruction of neurons in large dataset requires months of human labor. Here, we developed a tool to solve this problem. Our tool offers a special error-screening system for fast localization of submicron errors in densely packed neurites and along long projection across the whole brain, thus achieving reconstruction close to the ground-truth. Moreover, our tool equips algorithms that significantly reduce intensive manual interferences and achieve high-level automation, with speed 5 times faster compared to semi-automatic tools. We also demonstrated reconstruction of 35 long projection neurons around one injection site of a mouse brain at an affordable time cost. Our tool is applicable with datasets of 10 TB or higher from various light microscopy, and provides a starting point for the reconstruction of neuronal population for neuroscience studies at a single-cell level.
A hidden Markov model approach to characterizing the photo-switching behavior of fluorophores
Authors: Patel Lekha , Gustafsson Nils , Lin Yu , Ober Raimund , Henriques Ricardo , Cohen Edward 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFluorescing molecules (fluorophores) that stochastically switch between photon-emitting and dark states underpin some of the most celebrated advancements in super-resolution microscopy. While this stochastic behavior has been heavily exploited, full characterization of the underlying models can potentially drive forward further imaging methodologies. Under the assumption that fluorophores move between fluorescing and dark states as continuous time Markov processes, the goal is to use a sequence of images to select a model and estimate the transition rates. We use a hidden Markov model to relate the observed discrete time signal to the hidden continuous time process. With imaging involving several repeat exposures of the fluorophore, we show the observed signal depends on both the current and past states of the hidden process, producing emission probabilities that depend on the transition rate parameters to be estimated. To tackle this unusual coupling of the transition and emission probabilities, we conceive transmission (transition-emission) matrices that capture all dependencies of the model. We provide a scheme of computing these matrices and adapt the forward-backward algorithm to compute a likelihood which is readily optimized to provide rate estimates. When confronted with several model proposals, combining this procedure with the Bayesian Information Criterion provides accurate model selection.
Immediate effects of psychosocial stress on attention depend on subjective experience and not directly on stress-related physiological changes
Authors: Palacios-García I. , Villena-Gonzalez M. , Campos-Arteaga G. , Artigas-Vergara C. , Jaramillo K. , López V. , Rodríguez E. , Silva J. R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAcute psychosocial stress is associated with physiological, subjective and cognitive changes. In particular, attention, which is considered one of the main processes driving cognition, has been related to different stress outcomes, such as anxiety, cortisol levels and autonomic responses, individually. Nonetheless, their specific contributions to and association with attention is still not fully understood. To study this association, 42 male participants were asked to perform an attentional task just before and immediately after being exposed to either an experimental treatment designed to induce psychosocial stress using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or a matching stress-free control condition. The salivary cortisol concentration, heart rate, and self-reported anxiety were measured to assess the physiological response to stress and the subjective experience during the protocol. As expected, psychosocial stress induced increases in heart rate, salivary cortisol levels and anxiety. The behavioral analysis revealed that members of the control group performed better on the attentional task after the protocol, while members of the TSST group showed no changes. Moreover, after dividing the stress group into sub-groups of participants with high and low anxiety, we observed that participants in the high-anxiety group not only failed to perform better but also performed worse. Finally, after testing several single-level mediation models, we found that anxiety is sufficient to explain the changes in attention and that it mediates the effects between heart rate and cortisol levels on attention. Our results suggest that the immediate effects of acute psychosocial stress on attention are highly dependent on the participant’s subjective experience, which, in turn, is affected and can mediate stress-related physiological changes.