bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dialects of southern Italy
Authors: Ledgeway Adam 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of the dialects of southern Italy, including both dialects of the upper south (southern Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Puglia, Basilicata) and the extreme south (Calabria, Salento, Sicily). Topics dealt with include: tonic vowels; metaphony and spontaneous diphthongization; atonic vowels; consonants; morphology of nominal group (nouns, adjectives; determiners and quantifiers; pronouns: tonic and clitic forms; possessives) and of verbal group (verb roots; inflection); syntax of nominal group (determiners, possessives, adjectives, pronominals), of verbal group (tense, aspect and mood; voice), and of clause (sentence organization, auxiliary selection and past participle agreement, argument marking, inflectional core, left periphery).
Catalan
Authors: Alsina Alex 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, orthography, morphology and syntax of Catalan and its principal dialects (spoken in Catalonia, France, Andorra, and Sardinia). Topics dealt with include: territory, geographical dialects, and demography; salient diachronic features; stressed and unstressed vowels; consonants (dialectal and allohponic variation, deletion, assimilation, voicing and devoicing), syllable structure and stress; writing systems and orthography; nominal morphology; verb inflection; articles; word formation; syntax of verbal clitics; subjects; objects.
Information and discourse structure
Authors: Cruschina Silvio 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to provide a comparative overview of some of the principal aspects of information and discourse structure in Romance, covering such areas as the packaging of information structure according to the encoding of oppositions such as Topic-Comment, Topic-Focus, Given-New; the role and effects of illocutionary force (e.g., declarative, interrogative, exclamative), different clause types (thetic vs non-thetic predications), and the root vs embedded distinction in discourse organization; the encoding of the subject of predication; thematic progression in the realization of arguments; modal subordination and anaphora. Specific topics dealt with include: topic, focus, and sentence types; sentence-focus structures (unmarked word order; verb-subject inversion); predicate-focus structures and topicalization constructions (clitic left dislocation, hanging topic, clitic right dislocation); argument-focus structures and focalization constructions (postverbal focalization and cleft sentences, contrastive focus fronting, information focus fronting, mirative fronting, verum focus fronting, QP-fronting).
Clitic pronominal systems: morphophonology
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter surveys some of the most important issues regarding the morphophonological properties of Romance clitic pronouns. It covers person, number, gender, case, and animacy distinctions and markedness restrictions; clitic clusters; allomorphic variations and pro- vs enclitic alternation; interaction with verb movement and negation; cumulative exponence and syncretisms; overabundance; suppletion; clitic versus weak distinctions. Specific topics dealt with include: object clitics; subject clitics; possessives; auxiliary clitics; stress; vowel drop (elision, apocope, syncope) ; vowel insertion (prosthesis/epenthesis); aphaeresis, vocalization, and palatalization of laterals; cluster-internal phenomena; order of object clitics; mutual exclusion patterns; synthetic clusters; vowel alternations.
Deixis
Authors: Ledgeway Adam , Smith John Charles 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is critically to address from a comparative perspective some of the most important issues in Romance deixis, covering the restructuring of Latin demonstrative and personal-spatial systems into the various Romance varieties; the diachronic and synchronic distributions, formal developments and internal organizations of the numerous Romance demonstratives and personal-spatial deictic systems; comparisons and detailed examinations of the structure and distribution of single, binary, and ternary deictic systems across Romance.
Mood
Authors: Quer Josep 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to provide a descriptive and critical overview of the some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to mood in Romance, cover such areas as diachronic, diatopic, diastratic and diamesic differences in the stability of the indicative vs subjunctive distinction; key syntactic, semantic, and stylistic differences in the licensing conditions of the subjunctive across Romance; the role of the subjunctive in licensing particular linguistic phenomena; interplay between mood and other categories such as the root vs embedded distinction, and negation. Specific topics dealt with include: exponence of mood; indicative vs subjunctive contexts; independent uses of the subjunctive; mood distribution in embedded domains; subjunctive types; argument clauses; relative clauses; adverbial clauses; purpose clauses; temporal clauses; conditional clauses; concessive and concessive conditional clauses; subjunctive-triggered phenomena; long-distance anaphora; complementizer deletion.
Voice
Authors: Cennamo Michela 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to provide a descriptive and critical overview of the some of the issues related to voice in Romance, covering such areas as the restructuring of Latin voice distinctions; source, range, and distribution of different Romance passive auxiliaries; the marking of aspectual distinctions; dative and oblique passives and participle agreement patterns; deontic passives; antipassive; anticausative; impersonal passive; impersonal constructions. Specific topics dealt with include: voice and transitivity; voice and argument linking in the transition to Romance; voice distinctions in late Latin; marking and linking of core arguments; passive auxiliaries in the transition to Romance; reflexive constructions; reflexives and middles/anticausatives; passive and impersonal/indefinite reflexives; passive vs impersonal/indefinite reflexives: morphosyntactic and pragmatic constraints; grammatical domains; nature of the subject; temporal-aspectual constraints; interpretation of impersonal se; passive and impersonal periphrases; constraints and variation; impersonal passives; impersonal actives; indefinite markers.
Complex predicates
Authors: Sheehan Michelle 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to provide a descriptive and critical overview of the some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to Romance complex predicates such as causative and perception verb constructions, covering such areas as the properties of the Romance causative construction with reflexes of facere and laxare, including the distinction between faire-infinitif and faire-par, semantics and properties of infinitival subject, restructuring, clitic climbing, long object movement, auxiliary selection, past participle agreement, the distribution and expression of the embedded agent, argument marking with ditransitive infinitives, behaviour of reflexive predicates, and possible passivization; syntactic differences between the facere/laxare causative and the mandare causative; perception verb constructions and the optionality of restructuring.
Word order
Authors: Salvi Giampaolo 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to provide a descriptive and critical overview of the some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to issues in Romance word order, covering such areas as the position of major constituents in the sentence, the nominal group, the adjectival and adverbial phrases, and the prepositional phrase; the evidence for a V2 transitional stage in early Romance, including synchronic residues; the unmarked order of transitive and unaccusative clauses; marked orders involving left-peripheral topicalization and focalization positions; availability and differing interpretations of clause-initial, clause-internal, and clause-final focus positions; changing diachronic patterns in discontinuous structures, extractions of complements and modifiers, and scrambling; different subject positions and their interpretive properties.
Population Dynamics
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry , Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry , Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe chapter introduces the concept of fitness, and focuses on the distribution of traits or behaviors within each population. The traits may be biological and governed by genes, or may instead have a social or a virtual basis that can be described by “memes.” Evolution describes how the distribution changes over time in response to fitness differences, for example, according to the replicator equation in discrete time or continuous time. The chapter also presents the Hardy‐Weinberg model of diploid evolution. A technical appendix points out connections to relative entropy and explores the continuous time limit of discrete replicator dynamics.
Dynamics in n-Dimensional Games
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry , Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyzes more complex forms of interaction. Using the rock-paper-scissors game of the European common lizard as an example, it introduces helpful geometric techniques for analyzing 3 × 3 and higher dimensional games and shows how to extend them to nonlinear games. The authors then consider two-population games, both the usual “asymmetric” analysis and own-population effects. The chapter also introduces more general dynamics than replicator, including several forms of monotone dynamics. Finally, it explains how to estimate the payoff matrix from time-series data on the side-blotched lizard using maximum likelihood techniques and state-of-the-art multinomial logit and Dirichlet models.
Equilibrium
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry , Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

AbstractChapter 4 connects the dynamic steady state concepts analyzed in previous chapters to the classic static concepts of Nash equilibrium (NE) and evolutionarily stable state (ESS). It shows that NE is a necessary condition for a steady state to be dynamically stable, and that ESS is sufficient under replicator dynamics, but is not always sufficient for other monotone dynamics. It applies equilibrium ideas to established models of Fisherian runaway sexual selection, and also introduces the concept of an adjustment matrix, which modifies the payoff matrix via the Hadamard product (element-by-element matrix multiplication). A technical appendix explains three main techniques of stability analysis: eigenvalues of (projected) Jacobian matrices, Lyapunov functions, and Liouville’s theorem.
Learning in Games
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry , Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The chapter sketches the many forces driving strategy share dynamics in human society, ranging from diploid genetics to individual learning. It then focuses on learning and imitation in strategic interaction. The overall goal is to identify empirically the adaptation processes of humans interacting with each other. After developing parametric models of learning rules and decision rules, the chapter shows how the models can be fit to laboratory data of profit-motivated human subjects playing matrix and bimatrix games. Belief learning models have fitted parameters describing how players’ beliefs respond to new and older evidence, and how strongly actions respond to beliefs. Models mentioned include noisy best response, quantal response equilibrium, weighted fictitious play, and experience-weighted attraction.
International Trade and the Environment
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter applies evolutionary games to environmental economics and international trade. It shows how evolutionary game theory can be used for policy analysis. Beginning with the standard static Cournot model to represent short-run adjustment of output quantities, it applies monotone dynamics to the longer-run shares of firms that adopt clean or dirty technologies, and shows how Pigovian taxes and other policy interventions can shift the equilibrium towards a more efficient outcome. The chapter then considers how firms chose among alternative forms of internal organization, as they compete with other domestic and/or foreign firms. Taxes and other policy interventions can alter the stable states seen in the longer run, and potentially achieve environmental and economics policy goals.
Evolution of Cooperation
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter opens with a simple diagram capturing the tension that all social creatures face between self interest and the social good. It then reviews two famous devices for alleviating the tension, Hamilton’s kin selection and Trivers’s bilateral reciprocity, and demonstrates their isomorphism. Next it reviews the “kaleidoscope” niches that our ancestors inhabited in Pleistocene times, emphasizing the intense selection for flexible forms of cooperation within stable groups of individuals. It then presents humans’ novel coping device, the moral system, which builds on but goes well beyond the earlier devices. It shows how the content of the moral code evolves on short timescales to adapt to novel environments, and concludes with a short discussion of new adaptations (e.g., egalitarian to hierarchical) to accommodate pastoral life styles 10 thousand years ago.
Evaluation of the radiobiological gamma index with motion interplay in tangential IMRT breast treatment
Authors: Sumida Iori , Yamaguchi Hajime , Das Indra J. , Kizaki Hisao , Aboshi Keiko , Tsujii Mari , Yamada Yuji , Tamari Kiesuke , Suzuki Osamu , Seo Yuji , Isohashi Fumiaki , Yoshioka Yasuo , Ogawa Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the motion interplay effect in early-stage left-sided breast cancer intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), incorporating the radiobiological gamma index (RGI). The IMRT dosimetry for various breathing amplitudes and cycles was investigated in 10 patients. The predicted dose was calculated using the convolution of segmented measured doses. The physical gamma index (PGI) of the planning target volume (PTV) and the organs at risk (OAR) was calculated by comparing the original with the predicted dose distributions. The RGI was calculated from the PGI using the tumor control probability (TCP) and the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). The predicted mean dose and the generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) to the target with various breathing amplitudes were lower than the original dose (P &lt; 0.01). The predicted mean dose and gEUD to the OARs with motion were higher than for the original dose to the OARs (P &lt; 0.01). However, the predicted data did not differ significantly between the various breathing cycles for either the PTV or the OARs. The mean RGI gamma passing rate for the PTV was higher than that for the PGI (P &lt; 0.01), and for OARs, the RGI values were higher than those for the PGI (P &lt; 0.01). The gamma passing rates of the RGI for the target and the OARs other than the contralateral lung differed significantly from those of the PGI under organ motion. Provided an NTCP value &lt;0.05 is considered acceptable, it may be possible, by taking breathing motion into consideration, to escalate the dose to achieve the PTV coverage without compromising the TCP.
Treatment outcomes of and prognostic factors for definitive radiotherapy with and without chemotherapy for Stage I/II nasal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Yang Claire Wen-Chi , Wang Chun-Wei , Hong Ruey-Long , Tsai Chiao-Ling , Yao Ming , Tang Jih-Luh , Lin Chung-Wu , Cheng Ann-Lii , Kuo Sung-Hsin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Treatment strategies for nasal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL), including sequential chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (SCRT), concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), or radiotherapy alone (RT), remain varied. The purpose of this study was to assess the treatment outcome, the toxicity, and the potential prognostic factors for patients with early-stage nasal ENKTL treated using definitive RT (minimum of 50 Gy) with or without chemotherapy. From 1998 to 2014, 37 patients were included in the study. Eight patients were treated with RT alone, 1 with CCRT, and 28 with SCRT. Local regional control (LRC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. RT resulted in an overall response rate of 91.2%, with a complete response rate of 78.4%. After a median follow-up time of 36.8 months, the 3-year LRC, PFS and OS were 87.4%, 64.0% and 76.3%, respectively. Acute severe toxicity (Grade 3) of mucositis was observed in 6 (16.2%) of the 37 patients. In univariate analyses, extensive disease (Stage I/II with local invasiveness) and the presence of B symptoms were significantly associated with a poor PFS, whereas extensive disease was significantly associated with a poor OS. Multivariate analysis identified the presence of extensive disease as an independent predictor of PFS (P &lt; 0.001) and OS (P = 0.015). High-dose RT with or without chemotherapy reported promising locoregional control and a favorable outcome for patients with early-stage nasal ENKTL without local invasiveness. Further investigation of new treatment strategies for patients with local invasiveness is warranted.
Proteomic analysis reveals dynamic regulation of fruit development and sugar and acid accumulation in apple
Authors: Li Mingjun , Li Dongxia , Feng Fengjuan , Zhang Sheng , Ma Fengwang , Cheng Lailiang 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Understanding the fruit developmental process is critical for fruit quality improvement. Here, we report a comprehensive proteomic analysis of apple fruit development over five growth stages, from young fruit to maturity, coupled with metabolomic profiling. A tandem mass tag (TMT)-based comparative proteomics approach led to the identification and quantification of 7098 and 6247 proteins, respectively. This large-scale proteomic dataset presents a global view of the critical pathways involved in fruit development and metabolism. When linked with metabolomics data, these results provide new insights into the modulation of fruit development, the metabolism and storage of sugars and organic acids (mainly malate), and events within the energy-related pathways for respiration and glycolysis. We suggest that the key steps identified here (e.g. those involving the FK2, TST, EDR6, SPS, mtME and mtMDH switches), can be further targeted to confirm their roles in accumulation and balance of fructose, sucrose and malate. Moreover, our findings imply that the primary reason for decreases in amino acid concentrations during fruit development is related to a reduction in substrate flux via glycolysis, which is mainly regulated by fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and bisphosphoglycerate mutase.
Impact of changed legislation on skin tests: the present and future
Authors: Klimek Ludger , Hoffmann Hans Jürgen , Kugler Alexa , Muraro Antonella , Hellings Peter W. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
To discuss the impact of current European Union regulations on the availability of commercially available skin test allergens in European member states.

Recent findings
European Union legislations now define diagnostic allergens to be medicine requiring market authorization of every individual diagnostic allergen with obligations including clinical trials, application dossiers, a regular update of the dossiers, handling of variation processes and ongoing stability testing of the source material and periodic safety update reporting. The financial expenses of the initiation and maintenance of approvals for diagnostic allergens far exceed their related revenues. Thus, the numbers of authorized test allergens are steadily decreasing.

Summary
The current European Union regulations are anticipated to have an immense impact on in-vivo allergy diagnosis in Europe. Available skin test allergens decreased to less than half of what has been before in recent years. EAACI has addressed both the EU and EMA to resolve this situation.
Endoscopic techniques in tympanoplasty and stapes surgery
Authors: Hunter Jacob B. , O’Connell Brendan P. , Rivas Alejandro 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Total endoscopic ear surgery is becoming more popular given the improved visualization of the middle ear and its related pathology as compared to the microscope. Whereas the endoscope has been used for close to two decades in cholesteatoma surgery with several significant studies, few studies have outlined the surgical outcomes, and also the complications, in patients undergoing endoscopic tympanoplasties and stapes surgeries. This review highlights those few studies.

Recent findings
Few articles exist regarding endoscopic tympanoplasty and stapes procedures. In summarizing the literature over the previous 12 months, the perforation closure rate with total endoscopic ear surgery tympanoplasty is reported to range from 84.0 to 97.2%, with postoperative air-bone gaps ranging from 5.3 to 13.8 dB. As for endoscopic stapes, the rates of air-bone gap closures to under 10 dB are reported between 56.0 and 86.7%. Complication rates for both procedures are comparable to the microscopic literature.

Summary
Although endoscopic tympanoplasty and stapes procedures appear to be well tolerated with comparable complication profiles to microscopic procedures, future studies exploring patient-centered outcomes, and also anticipated evolution of results, are warranted.
The Reliability of Transoral Robotic Surgery in Revision Tonsillectomy
Authors: Kuduban Ozan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed elective operations throughout the world. Although conventional methods are still valid, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is preferred in some special situations. In this report, we will discuss the usage and reliability of TORS in the revision tonsillectomy procedure.
Oxidative DNA damage is epigenetic by regulating gene transcription via base excision repair
Authors: Fleming Aaron M. , Ding Yun , Burrows Cynthia J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as important cellular signaling agents for survival. Herein, we demonstrate that ROS-mediated oxidation of DNA to yield 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG) in gene promoters is a signaling agent for gene activation. Enhanced gene expression occurs when OG is formed in guanine-rich, potential G-quadruplex sequences (PQS) in promoter coding strands to initiate base excision repair (BER) by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) yielding an abasic site (AP). The AP enables melting of the duplex to unmask the PQS to adopt a G-quadruplex fold in which apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) binds, but inefficiently cleaves, the AP for activation ofVEGForNTHL1genes. This concept allowed identification of 61 human DNA repair genes that might be activated by this mechanism. Identification of the oxidatively-modified DNA base OG as guiding protein activity on the genome and altering cellular phenotype ascribes an epigenetic role to OG.