Estimation of Flow and Hysteresis Parameters Applicable to WAG Experiments
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: December 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 183321, “An Improved Approach for Estimation of Flow and Hysteresis Parameters Applicable to WAG Experiments,” by Pedram Mahzari and Mehran Sohrabi, Heriot-Watt University, prepared for the 2016 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 7–10 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection has demonstrated encouraging results for improving oil recovery. However, numerical simulation of three-phase flow and the associated hysteresis effects are not well-understood. In the complete paper, a new assessment of the WAG-hysteresis model, which was developed originally for water-wet conditions, was carried out by automatic history matching of two coreflood experiments in water-wet and mixed-wet conditions. The results indicate that history matching the entire WAG experiment would lead to a significantly improved simulation outcome.
Introduction
Using an optimization software, the authors have carried out a series of history-matching exercises on coreflood experiments to evaluate the performance of the WAG-hysteresis model and to simulate WAG experiments conducted on mixed-wet and water-wet cores at near-miscible conditions. The main difference here compared with previous work is the tuning of the parameters relevant to the WAG-hysteresis model on entire WAG experiments (rather than on individual cycles of one experiment) with a new methodology to estimate more-representative two-phase relative permeability curves from the WAG experiments.
Coreflood Experiments and History-Matching Method
There are numerous coreflood experiments in the literature that can be used for studying pure WAG-related interactions at near-miscible conditions. The unique advantages of this data set are gravity-segregation effect has been excluded by rotating the core while the fluids were being injected and all the fluids (water/oil/gas) were thermodynamically pre-equilibrated to minimize the effect of mass transfers at near-miscible conditions. Therefore, the processes taking place in the coreflood experiments can be attributed solely to multiphase flow and hysteresis effects. The following coreflood tests were selected from the data set to investigate the behavior of flow functions with respect to fluid saturation, injection scenario, and initial wettability:
Continuous gas injection in the water-wet core saturated with oil at irreducible water saturation, used to estimate two-phase gas/oil relative permeabilities
Continuous gas injection in the mixed-wet core saturated with oil at irreducible water saturation, used to estimate two-phase gas/oil relative permeabilities
WAG experiment performed at low-gas/oil-interfacial-tension (near-miscible) conditions in a mixed-wet core, with the starting water-injection displacement used to obtain water/oil-flow functions
WAG experiment performed at near-miscible conditions in a water-wet core, with the starting water-injection displacement used to obtain water/oil-flow functions