bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing General Knowledge and Nutritional Knowledge on the Role of Vitamin D, Attitudes, and Behavior Toward Sun Exposure Among Tertiary Students in Oman
Authors: Sampat Neela A. , AlRizeiqi Mohammed , Mohamed Essa Musthafa , Al-Subhi Lyutha , Al-Adawi Samir , Qoronfleh M. Walid 
Published: October 2024

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among the Omani population, driven by factors such as urbanization, technology‐driven lifestyles, reduced physical activity, limited sun exposure, unhealthy eating habits, and genetic predispositions. Despite the year‐round availability of sunlight, there is limited understanding of the specific causes of this deficiency and effective strategies to mitigate it.Aim: This study aimed to develop and validate a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire on vitamin D and measure the KAP levels among students at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in Oman to inform preventive and educational measures.Methodology: A cross‐sectional study was conducted using a newly developed, self‐administered KAP questionnaire distributed online to a random sample of 1034 Omani students enrolled in various degree programs at SQU. The questionnaire was developed following a standardized protocol, including a literature review, focus group discussions, and expert input. Validity and reliability were assessed using Cronbach’s α coefficient (α ≥ 0.70), and normality was examined with the Shapiro–Wilk test. The 54‐item questionnaire was divided into three domains: general knowledge of vitamin D, nutritional knowledge, and attitudes and behavior toward sun exposure. Descriptive and variance analyses were performed, with qualitative data expressed as numbers and percentages.Results: The questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.8057). Only 20.6% of the students had a good level of knowledge, 62% had an average level, and 17% had a poor level regarding vitamin D and its importance. The mean scores were 8.43 for general knowledge, 5.83 for nutritional knowledge, and 8.09 for attitudes and behavior toward sun exposure.Conclusions: The constructed questionnaire showed satisfactory validity and reliability. The study identified a generally poor level of knowledge about vitamin D among students, highlighting the need for targeted educational strategies to improve awareness and promote better health outcomes.
The Journey of Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Lessons Learned from 40 Years of Development
Authors: Colombo Raffaele , Tarantino Paolo , Rich Jamie R. , LoRusso Patricia M. , de Vries Elisabeth G.E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) represent one of the most rapidly expanding treatment modalities in oncology, with 11 ADCs approved by the FDA and more than 210 currently being tested in clinical trials. Spanning over 40 years, ADC clinical development has enhanced our understanding of the multifaceted mechanisms of action for this class of therapeutics. In this article, we discuss key insights into the toxicity, efficacy, stability, distribution, and fate of ADCs. Furthermore, we highlight ongoing challenges related to their clinical optimization, the development of rational sequencing strategies, and the identification of predictive biomarkers.
Significance: The development and utilization of ADCs have allowed for relevant improvements in the prognosis of multiple cancer types. Concomitantly, the rise of ADCs in oncology has produced several challenges, including the prediction of their activity, their utilization in sequence, and minimization of their side effects, that still too often resemble those of the cytotoxic molecule that they carry. In this review, we retrace 40 years of development in the field of ADCs and delve deep into the mechanisms of action of these complex therapeutics and reasons behind the many achievements and failures observed in the field to date.
Increased TRPV4 Channel Expression Enhances and Impairs Blood Vessel Function in Hypertension
Authors: Zhang Xun , Buckley Charlotte , Lee Matthew D. , Salaun Christine , MacDonald Margaret , Wilson Calum , McCarron John G. 
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND:

Endothelial cell TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channels provide a control point that is pivotal in regulating blood vessel diameter by mediating the Ca
2+
-dependent release of endothelial-derived vasoactive factors. In hypertension, TRPV4-mediated control of vascular function is disrupted, but the underlying mechanisms and precise physiological consequences remain controversial.

METHODS:
Here, using a comprehensive array of methodologies, endothelial TRPV4 channel function was examined in intact mesenteric resistance arteries from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

RESULTS:

Our results show there is a notable shift in vascular reactivity in hypertension characterized by enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation at low levels of TRPV4 channel activation. However, at higher levels of TRPV4 activity, this vasodilatory response is reversed, contributing to the aberrant vascular tone observed in hypertension. The change in response, from dilation to constriction, was accompanied by a shift in intracellular Ca
2+
signaling modalities arising from TRPV4 activity. Oscillatory TRPV4-evoked IP
3
(inositol triphosphate)-mediated Ca
2+
release, which underlies dilation, decreased, while the contraction inducing sustained Ca
2+
rise, arising from TRPV4-mediated Ca
2+
influx, increased. Our findings also reveal that while the sensitivity of endothelial cell TRPV4 to activation was unchanged, expression of the channel is upregulated and IP
3
receptors are downregulated in hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS:

These data highlight the intricate interplay between endothelial TRPV4 channel expression, intracellular Ca
2+
signaling dynamics, and vascular reactivity. Moreover, the data support a new unifying hypothesis for the vascular impairment that accompanies hypertension. Specifically, endothelial cell TRPV4 channels play a dual role in modulating blood vessel function in hypertension.
Exclusion of Evidence and Its Impact on Criminal Justice: a Comparative Study
Authors: Al-Shamari Khalid Saleh 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This article discusses the exclusion of evidence in the Qatari and US legal systems. It focuses on the legal basis on which the exclusion of evidence is established in these two systems. The Qatari legal system is a dual system between Islamic Sharia and Qatari legislation. It relies heavily on the rule of invalidity, which is a procedural penalty that is applied when the conditions stipulated by the law are violated in relation to the procedure that was conducted. Meanwhile, the US legal system relies on the exclusionary rule, as this rule has a judicial source. This research discusses the exceptions to the exclusion of criminal evidence in the Qatari and US legal systems to explore how effective are these exceptions in achieving a balance between the goal of protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals and the goal of punishing criminals to preserve the stability of society.
Sweet Sensation: Humanity, Experimental Medicine and the Philadelphia Animal Cruelty Trial of 1914
Authors: Boddice Rob 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In June 1913, Dr Joshua Sweet, Assistant Professor of Surgical Research at the University of Pennsylvania, was charged with ‘unnecessary cruelty to dogs’. Sweet’s trial would take place the following April. My account of that trial, its context and its aftermath, is primarily concerned with the contested experience of ‘humanity’: a nebulous concept that incorporates other-oriented feelings and practices, couched in broader social and moral frameworks. Ultimately, it is an account of the contextual entanglement of humane feelings – emotions and senses – with practices, politics, belief systems, knowledge systems, professional networks, gender and class dynamics and moral/ethical imperatives.
A One-Dimensional Model for Investigating Scale-Separated Approaches to the Interaction of Oceanic Internal Waves
Authors: Polzin Kurt L. , Lvov Yuri V. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
High-frequency wave propagation in near-inertial wave shear has, for four decades, been considered fundamental in setting the spectral character of the oceanic internal wave continuum and for transporting energy to wave breaking. We compare idealized ray-tracing numerical results with metrics derived using a wave turbulence derivation for the kinetic equation and a path integral to study this specific process. Statistical metrics include the time-dependent ensemble mean vertical wavenumber, referred to as a mean drift; dispersion about the mean drift; time-lagged correlation estimates of wavenumber; and phase locking of the wave packets with the background. The path integral permits us to identify the mean drift as a resonant process and dispersion about that mean drift as nonresonant. At small inertial wave amplitudes, ray tracing, wave turbulence, and the path integral provide consistent descriptions for the mean drift of wave packets in the spectral domain and dispersion about the mean drift. Extrapolating these results to the background internal wavefield overpredicts downscale energy transports by an order of magnitude. At oceanic amplitudes, however, the numerics support diminished transport and dispersion that coincide with the mean drift time scale becoming similar to the lagged correlation time scale. We parse this as the transition to a non-Markovian process. Despite this decrease, numerical estimates of downscale energy transfer are still too large. We argue that residual differences result from an unwarranted discard of Bragg scattering resonances. Our results support replacing the long-standing interpretive paradigm of extreme scale-separated interactions with a more nuanced slate of “local” interactions in the kinetic equation.
Autograft Choice and Jumping Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Comparative Study on Professional Athletes
Authors: Torre Guglielmo , Vasta Sebastiano , Rocchi Jacopo , Papalia Rocco , Paolo Mariani Pier 
Published: October 2024

Background: The extensor apparatus of the knee is of paramount importance in generating the torque needed for a countermovement jump (CMJ), especially in jumping athletes. In anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) procedures, graft harvesting from the extensor apparatus may dramatically affect extensor strength and jumping performance. Hypothesis: The focused jump training of professional jumping athletes would increase the likelihood of restoring jumping performance after ACLR, despite the graft choice (autologous bone-patellar tendon-bone [BPTB] or hamstring [HS] tendon). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of prospectively collected data was carried out. Only professional athletes were included, and all surgical procedures were performed by a single experienced surgeon. Data collection considered the type of surgery, sports activity, and functional evaluation at 3 months after surgery. From the functional evaluation, data on single-leg hop (SLH) test, triple hop (TH) test, and CMJ were extracted. Limb symmetry index (LSI) for maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps and for each of the jumping tests was calculated. Multiple analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were used to assess mean differences among groups for the LSI in CMJ, SLH, and TH and estimate the effect of confounders. Results: From a subsequent series of 208 athletes, 44 professional athletes were included for data collection. Of these, 26 were male and 18 were female. A jumping sport (basketball, volleyball) was played by 17 athletes, while a running sport (soccer, judo, rugby, tennis, ski) was performed by 27 athletes. The mean time from injury to surgery was 17.8 ± 14.5 days. At 90 days from surgery, the overall mean LSI for CMJ was 85.3% ± 8.9%, for SLH was 92.2% ± 6.4%, and for TH was 90.8% ± 6.1%. When ANCOVA was fitted using the interaction term with BPTB autograft and jumping sport, a nonsignificant effect on LSI for CMJ ( P = .56), SLH ( P = .72), and TH ( P = .98) was observed. Conclusion: The results of the present investigation on professional athletes showed that no difference occurred within the study cohort in overall jumping performance between jumping and running athletes undergoing ACLR either with BPTB or with HS tendon grafts. Although some evidence suggests that quadriceps strength may be dramatically affected by the harvesting of BPTB, the overall performance of the jump was not compromised.
The impact of frailty on the use of social services, medication and mortality risk: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kleinenberg-Talsma Nanda , van der Lucht Fons , Jager-Wittenaar Harriët , Krijnen Wim , Finnema Evelyn 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
Frailty is a common condition in older people, and its prevalence increases with age. With an ageing population, the adverse consequences of frailty cause an increasing appeal to the health care system. The impact of frailty on population level is often assessed using adverse health outcomes, such as mortality and medication use. Use of community nursing services and services offered through the Social Support Act are hardly used in assessing the impact of frailty. However, these services are important types of care use, especially in relation to ageing in place. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess the impact of frailty on use of Social Support Act services, use of community nursing services, medication use, and mortality.

Methods
We used a frailty index, the FI-HM37, that was based on data from the Dutch Public Health Monitor 2016, for which respondents ≥ 65 years of age were included (n = 233,498). The association between frailty, the use of Social Support Act services, community nursing services and medication use was assessed using the Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression method. Survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to estimate the hazard ratios for the association between frailty and mortality.

Results
The ZIP regression with a final sample size of 181,350 showed that frailty affected care use even after correcting for several covariates mentioned in the literature. For each unit increase in frailty index (FI) score, the relative probability of using zero Social Support services decreased with 7.7 (p < 0.001). The relative chance of zero community nursing services decreased with 4.0 (p < 0.001) for each unit increase in FI score. Furthermore, for each unit increase in FI score, the likelihood of zero medication use decreased with 2.9 (p < 0.001). Finally, for each unit increase in FI score, the mortality risk was 3.8 times higher (CI = 3.4–4.3; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
We demonstrated that frailty negatively affects the use of Social Support Act services, the use of community nursing services, medication use, and mortality risk. This study is the first to demonstrate the impact of frailty on Social Support Act services and community nursing services in the Netherlands. Findings emphasize the importance of frailty prevention for older people and public health policy.
Clinical significance of blood cell ratios in healthy and sick Leishmania infantum-seropositive dogs
Authors: Donato Giulia , Baxarias Marta , Solano-Gallego Laia , Martínez-Flórez Icíar , Mateu Cristina , Pennisi Maria Grazia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
The accuracy of blood cell ratios (BCRs) as cost-effective and easily accessible diagnostic and prognostic markers of inflammatory conditions has been investigated in veterinary medicine in recent years.

Methods
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratios were studied in 195 dogs clinically evaluated and tested for anti-Leishmania infantum (Li) antibodies (Li-seronegative (Li−), n = 10; Li-seropositive clinically healthy (Li+healthy), n = 100; Li-seropositive with clinical and/or clinicopathological abnormalities (Li+sick), n = 85). The Li+sick dogs were classified in LeishVet stages IIa/IIb (Li+IIa/IIb) (n = 66) and III/IV (Li+III/IV) (n = 19). BCR relationships with LeishVet clinical stage, antibody levels, and serum protein electrophoretic fraction concentrations were investigated.

Results
Higher NLR values were found in Li+, Li+healthy, and Li+IIa/IIb sick dogs compared to Li− dogs (P < 0.001). Higher NLR and MLR were found in Li+sick (NLR, P < 0.001; MLR, P = 0.034) and Li+III/IV dogs (NLR, P < 0.001; MLR, P = 0.005) compared to Li− dogs, and in Li+III/IV dogs (NLR, P = 0.002; MLR, P < 0.001) compared to Li+healthy. All three BCRs were higher in Li+sick (NLR, MLR, P < 0.001; PLR, P = 0.023) and Li+IIa/IIb dogs (NLR P < 0.001; MLR P = 0.001; PLR, P = 0.012) compared to Li+healthy dogs. The BCRs failed to distinguish dogs with moderate (Li+IIa/IIb) and severe or very severe disease (Li+III/IV). BCRs demonstrated weak positive correlations with serum globulin fractions and antibody levels, and weak negative correlations with serum albumin level were found. Li+sick dogs presenting hypoalbuminemia showed higher MLR ratios (P = 0.001) than those with normal albumin values.

Conclusions
This study shows that BCR measures provide useful information for differentiating antibody-positive healthy and sick dogs at diagnosis. Dogs with hypoalbuminemia showed higher MLR values despite monocytosis being very rare.

Graphical Abstract
The association between teacher distress and student mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional study using data from the school mental health survey
Authors: De Rubeis Vanessa , Repchuck Ruth , Halladay Jillian , Cost Katherine T. , Thabane Lehana , Georgiades Katholiki 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
Few studies have examined the inter-relationships between teacher and student mental health. We aimed to examine associations between teacher distress and student mental health difficulties and if student perceptions of school safety moderate these associations.

Method
Data from 23,568 students in grades 6–12 and 1,478 teachers from 268 schools participating in the School Mental Health Surveys in Ontario, Canada, were used. Three-level (student, classroom, school) multivariable linear regression models were fit to examine associations between teacher distress and student internalizing and externalizing symptoms by elementary (grades 6–8) and secondary (grades 9–12) school. Statistical interactions were used to evaluate effect modification.

Results
Small but statistically significant, positive associations were found between teacher distress and internalizing (b = 0.02; 95% CI [0.01, 0.04], p < 0.05) and externalizing symptoms (b = 0.03; 95% CI [0.01, 0.05], p < 0.001) among elementary students only. Student perceptions of school safety moderated the association between teacher distress and externalizing symptoms among elementary students, whereby the positive association was magnified among students reporting lower school safety.

Conclusions
Findings from this study highlight the importance of concurrently addressing the mental health needs of educators and students. School safety represents a modifiable target for prevention and intervention efforts in schools that could serve to promote student mental health and mitigate potential risk factors in schools.
Dadnet: dual-attention detection network for crack segmentation on tomb murals
Authors: Wu Meng , Chai Ruochang , Zhang Yongqin , Lu Zhiyong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Many tomb murals have punctate losses, cracks, and craquelure due to underground subsidence and changes in their physical support. Visual non-destructive detection techniques enable rapid assessment of how much tomb murals are affected by cracking, providing suggestions for their conservation. However, tomb murals are typically created by sketching outlines and then colored. Detailed sketches can easily interfere with crack detection work, requiring the use of deep learning network to better learn crack features and improve detection accuracy. At the same time the limited data of tomb mural presents a challenge to build a deep learning network. To address these issues, this paper introduces a novel dual-attention detection network (DADNet) for crack segmentation of tomb murals. In this work, a customized dataset is first constructed by collecting mural images from the Tang Dynasty tombs. Then the ConvNeXt framework serves as the basis for feature extraction, enhancing the process. Lastly, a dual-attention module utilizing neighborhood attention and biaxial attention is employed to accurately identify the crack regions. Neighborhood attention performs a local self-attention operation around the pixel point, addressing the limitations of self-attention. This approach significantly reduces computational demands as the image size increases. Biaxial attention performs attention calculations in the horizontal and vertical directions. This compensates for the limitation of neighborhood attention in capturing global dependencies. Our DADNet outperformed the competing methods, achieving the highest recorded scores of 78.95% for MIoU and 61.05% for the Jaccard index.
Ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting - impact on body weight and various diseases
Authors: Kuźniar Julia , Kozubek Patrycja , Czaja Magdalena , Sitka Hanna , Wegenko Cezary 
Published: October 2024

Introduction and purpose: Obesity affects every age group and is associated with many negative health effects. Various diets are used to remove excess body weight. Recently, popular became two diets - intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet.
Material and Method: This paper reviews various types of research documents published since 2018. Its main aim is to summarize the latest knowledge of ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, including contraindications, side effects, impact on body weight and many diseases. It is also aimed to highlight the need for future research of the effects of both diets on various diseases and body weight reduction.
Results: Both diets may be effective in weight loss and show other health benefits. Both ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting have proven to be effective in weight reduction. In the case of intermittent fasting the biggest impact on weight loss is calorie restriction. Ketogenic diet is effective as a result of calorie restriction, increased gluconeogenesis and loss of free water through increased diuresis. They can be used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders or potentially cancer. However, they cannot be administered by everyone and may cause dangerous side effects.
Conclusion: Ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting are successful strategies for body weight reduction. Moreover, both of them may be used as an additional therapy for various diseases. However, patients should be under supervision.