bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Correction of Neck Deformity in Healed Severe Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: Short-Term Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Balakumar Balasubramanian , Madan Sanjeev 
Published: May 2016

Purpose Contemporary methods for the management of neck deformity following a healed severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) include subcapital neck osteotomy. Methods 18 patients with chronic severe SCFE in the oblique plane (mean slip angle = 70°) constituted the study group. 6 patients with an open physis underwent modified Dunn capital realignment and 12 patients with a closed physis underwent surgical dislocation with a corrective neck osteotomy. 10 patients already had an in-situ pinning. Results The mean follow-up was 4.5 years (3-6 years). The mean preoperative modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and nonarthritic hip score (NAHS) were 24 and 40 respectively, followed by a score of 89 and 92 respectively at the last follow-up (p = 0.0002). Radiologically, all the parameters showed a significant correction. The mean pre- and postoperative values of alpha angle were 79.8 and 34.5 respectively (p = 0.0002); AP slip angle being 36.7 and 14.8 (p = 0.002); lateral slip angle being 54.2 and 13.6 (p = 0.0002); oblique plane slip angle being 70.7 and 20.8 (p = 0.0002) and centre trochanter distance being -6.9 and 1.2 (p = 0.002). The major complications seen were nonunion of the neck osteotomy (n = 1/12) and chondrolysis (n = 1/6) in the modified Dunn's group. The overall complication rate was 11%. There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between the 2 groups clinically and radiologically. Conclusions Femoral neck osteotomy is a potentially rewarding technique to correct severe neck deformities and restoring hip function in the short term.
Method of improving image sharpness for annular-illumination scanning electron microscopes
Authors: Enyama Momoyo , Hamada Koichi , Fukuda Muneyuki , Kazumi Hideyuki 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Annular illumination is effective in enhancing the depth of focus for scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). However, owing to high side lobes of the point-spread function (PSF), annular illumination results in poor image sharpness. The conventional deconvolution method, which converts the PSF to a delta function, can improve image sharpness, but results in artifacts due to noise amplification. In this paper, we propose an image processing method that can reduce the deterioration of image sharpness. With this method, the PSF under annular illumination is converted to that under standard illumination. Through simulations, we verified that the image sharpness of SEM images under annular illumination with the proposed method can be improved without noise amplification.
In situ patterning of organic molecules in aqueous solutions using an
inverted electron-beam lithography system
Authors: Miyazako Hiroki , Ishihara Kazuhiko , Mabuchi Kunihiko , Hoshino Takayuki 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A method for in situ controlling the detachment and deposition of organic
molecules such as sugars and biocompatible polymers in aqueous solutions by
electron-beam (EB) scan is proposed and evaluated. It was demonstrated that EB
irradiation could detach 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymers
from a silicon nitride membrane. Moreover, organic molecules such as cationic
polymers and sugars could be deposited on the membrane by EB irradiation.
Spatial distributions of scattered electrons were numerically simulated, and
acceleration voltage dependences of the detachment and deposition phenomena were
experimentally measured. The simulations and experimental results suggest that
the detachment of MPC polymers is mainly due to electrical effects of primary
electrons, and that the deposition of organic molecules is mainly due to
chemical reactions induced by primary electrons. In view of these findings, the
proposed method can be applied to in situ and nanoscale patterning such as the
fabrication of cell scaffolds.
Ferroelectric properties of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 capacitors employing Al-doped ZnO top electrodes prepared by pulsed laser deposition under different oxygen pressures
Authors: Takada Yoko , Okamoto Naoki , Saito Takeyasu , Kondo Kazuo , Yoshimura Takeshi , Fujimura Norifumi , Higuchi Koji , Kitajima Akira 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Al-doped ZnO (AZO) top electrodes were deposited under oxygen pressures from 0.02 to 20 Pa using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to fabricate ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 capacitors. The oxygen pressure during PLD affected the surface morphology of the AZO top electrodes as well as the ferroelectric properties. In particular, the surface morphologies were dramatically altered by increasing oxygen pressure. We obtained desirable ferroelectric properties with the highest maximum polarization and lowest coercive voltage at around 2.0 Pa. The saturation characteristics, hydrogen degradation resistance, and fatigue resistance were almost unrelated to the oxygen pressure during PLD.
Effects of forming gas plasma treatment on low-temperature Cu–Cu direct bonding
Authors: Kim Sungdong , Nam Youngju , Kim Sarah Eunkyung 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Low-temperature Cu–Cu direct bonding becomes of great importance as Cu is widely used as an interconnection material in the packaging industry. Preparing a clean surface is a key to successful Cu–Cu direct bonding. We investigated the effects of forming gas plasma treatment on the reduction of Cu oxide and Cu–Cu bonding temperature. As plasma input power and treatment time increased, Cu oxide could be effectively reduced, and this could be attributed to the enhanced chemical reaction between forming gas plasma and Cu oxide. When the bonding temperature was reduced from 415 to 300 °C, the bonding strength of the plasma-treated interface was increased from 1.8 to 5.55 J/m2 while that of the wet-treated interface was decreased.
Convective transport of formaldehyde to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and associated scavenging in thunderstorms over the central United States during the 2012 DC3 study
Authors: Fried A. , Barth M.C. , Bela M. , Weibring P. , Richter D. , Walega J. , Li Y. , Pickering K. , Apel E. , Hornbrook R. , Hills A. , Riemer D. D. , Blake N. , Blake D.R. , Schroeder J. R. , Luo Z. J. , Crawford J. H. , Olson J. , Rutledge S. , Betten D. , Biggerstaff M. I. , Diskin G.S. , Sachse G. , Campos T. , Flocke F. , Weinheimer A. , Cantrell C. , Pollack I. , Peischl J. , Froyd K. , Wisthaler A. , Mikoviny T. , Woods S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe have developed semi‐independent methods for determining CH2O scavenging efficiencies (SEs) during strong midlatitude convection over the western, south‐central Great Plains, and southeastern regions of the United States during the 2012 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) Study. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF‐Chem) was employed to simulate one DC3 case to provide an independent approach of estimating SEs and the opportunity to study CH2O retention in ice when liquid drops freeze. Measurements of CH2O in storm inflow and outflow were acquired on board the NASA DC‐8 and the NSF/National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream V (GV) aircraft employing cross‐calibrated infrared absorption spectrometers. This study also relied heavily on the nonreactive tracersi‐/n‐butane andi‐/n‐pentane measured on both aircraft in determining lateral entrainment rates during convection as well as their ratios to ensure that inflow and outflow air masses did not have different origins. Of the five storm cases studied, the various tracer measurements showed that the inflow and outflow from four storms were coherently related. The combined average of the various approaches from these storms yield remarkably consistent CH2O scavenging efficiency percentages of: 54% ± 3% for 29 May; 54% ± 6% for 6 June; 58% ± 13% for 11 June; and 41 ± 4% for 22 June. The WRF‐Chem SE result of 53% for 29 May was achieved only when assuming complete CH2O degassing from ice. Further analysis indicated that proper selection of corresponding inflow and outflow time segments is more important than the particular mixing model employed.
Trifluoromethylation of Arylsilanes with [(phen)CuCF3]
Authors: Morstein Johannes , Hou Haiyun , Cheng Chen , Hartwig John F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA method for the trifluoromethylation of arylsilanes is reported. The reaction proceeds with [(phen)CuCF3] as the CF3 source under mild, oxidative conditions with high functional‐group compatibility. This transformation complements prior trifluoromethylation of arenes in several ways. Most important, this method converts arylsilanes formed by the silylation of aryl C−H bonds to trifluoromethylarenes, thereby allowing the conversion of arenes to trifluoromethylarenes. The unique capabilities of the reported method are demonstrated by the conversion of a C−H bond into a C−CF3 bond in active pharmaceutical ingredients which do not undergo this overall transformation by alternative functionalization processes, including a combination of borylation and trifluoromethylation.
Effect of crosslinking procedure on structural, thermal, and functional performances of cellulosic nanofibers: A comparison between chemical and photochemical crosslinking
Authors: Khorshidi Sajedeh , Solouk Atefeh , Karkhaneh Akbar , Mirzadeh Hamid , Sharifi Shahriar , Mazinani Saeedeh 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn the current study, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) based nanofibers were fabricated through electrospinning and then made water insoluble by chemical and photochemical crosslinking. Structural, thermal, and functional performances of electrospun fibers before and after crosslinking were fully assessed by a numerous techniques including microscopy, porosimetry, mechanical analysis, and cell culture study. Both crosslinking procures were found to able to preserve fibrous structure in an aqueous environment for short times, however; chemical process conferred better long‐term morphological stability and cell compatibility. These findings suggest that chemically crosslinked HEC mats may perform as a promising electrospun tissue engineering scaffold. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43832.
Sweet potato amylose and amylopectin with narrower distribution of molar mass and chain length obtained by a repeated retrogradation–hydrolysis procedure
Authors: Lian Xijun , Dong Shirui , Gao Kai , Kang Haiqi , Li Lin , Zhao Pei 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe wide molar mass distribution of native starch creates obstacles in investigating the physicochemical characteristics of starch, such as retrogradation, because samples thought to be the same are actually compounds containing many chains with different molar masses. In this paper, the sweet potato amylose and amylopectin isolated from retrograded starch were treated with the retrogradation–hydrolysis method three times, and their physicochemical changes in this process were determined by absorbance of the starch–iodine complex, light microscopy, and molar mass and chain length distributions. The results showed that repeated retrogradation and hydrolysis caused the molar mass distribution of sweet potato amylose and amylopectin to reduce from 4.2 × 107–205 and 7971–223 to 6.0 × 104–730 and 4533–211 g mol−1, respectively. This retrogradation–hydrolysis cut the chain length distribution of sweet potato amylose from DP 9–35 to DP 3–13, but that of amylopectin remained unchanged. The double helix in sweet potato amylopectin will not form if the percentage of chain length with DP ≥ 4 is less than 25%. Repeated retrogradation and hydrolysis was an appropriate method to obtain amylose or amylopectin with a narrower molar mass distribution. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43849.
Effect of tungsten disulfide nanotubes on the thermomechanical properties of polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride nanocomposites
Authors: Baklavaridis Apostolos , Tsiaoussis Ioannis , Panayiotou Costas , Zuburtikudis Ioannis 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work, the influence of tungsten disulfide nanotubes (INT‐WS2) on the mechanical, thermal, structural, and morphological characteristics of Polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PPGMA) nanocomposites is investigated. The addition of 5% INT‐WS2 increases the Young's Modulus by 28.5% and the storage modulus by 196.5% (in the rubbery state). Furthermore, the nanocomposites' thermal stability increases (up to 10 °C) with the addition of INT‐WS2. Transmission electron microscopy observations of the nanocomposites revealed that nanotubes' length is significantly reduced during processing and that nanotubes are well‐dispersed inside the PPGMA matrix. DSC results indicated that INT‐WS2 serve as nucleating agents in PPGMA. Moreover, AFM observations (coupled with DSC results) suggested the formation of fibrillar crystallites in the nanocomposites. This interfacial crystalline structure seems to interpose between the PPGMA and INT‐WS2. Thus, it plays a crucial role in the load transfer from the amorphous part of the polymer to the rather stiff INT‐WS2. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43887.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Detected Features of Inflammation and Erosions in Symptom‐Free Persons From the General Population
Authors: Mangnus L. , van Steenbergen H. W. , Reijnierse M. , van der Helm‐van Mil A. H. M. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveThe use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–detected inflammation and joint damage in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is recommended by a European League Against Rheumatism imaging task force. This recommendation is based on the sensitivity of MRI and not on specificity. Knowledge of the prevalence of MRI‐detected features in symptom‐free persons, however, is pivotal when considering MRI for diagnostic purposes.MethodsFrom November 2013 to December 2014, 196 symptom‐free persons of different ages were recruited from the general population. Inclusion criteria were no history of inflammatory arthritis, no joint symptoms during the previous month, and no clinically detectable arthritis on physical examination. Contrast‐enhanced MRIs of the dominant metacarpophalangeal (MCP), wrist, and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints were obtained using a 1.5T scanner and scored by 2 readers for synovitis, bone marrow edema, tenosynovitis, and erosions. For analyses at the joint level, MRI‐detected inflammation was considered present if both readers scored the image as positive.ResultsOf 193 persons scanned (ages 19–89 years), only 28% had no single inflammatory feature and 22% had no erosions. Primarily low‐grade features were observed. All MRI features were positively correlated with age (P < 0.001). Preferential locations for synovitis were MCP2, MCP3, the wrists, and MTP1. Bone marrow edema was frequently present in MCP3, the scaphoid, and MTP1. Tenosynovitis was infrequent, except for in the extensor carpi ulnaris. Preferential locations for erosions were MCP2, MCP3, MCP5, the distal ulna, MTP1, and MTP5. Tables with age‐, location‐, and inflammation type–dependent frequencies were constructed. Simultaneous colocalized presence of synovitis, bone marrow edema, tenosynovitis, or erosions occurred.ConclusionMRI‐detected inflammation and erosions are prevalent in symptom‐free persons from the general population, especially at older ages and at preferential locations.
Anti‐GAPDH Autoantibodies as a Pathogenic Determinant and Potential Biomarker of Neuropsychiatric Diseases
Authors: Delunardo Federica , Soldati Denise , Bellisario Veronica , Berry Alessandra , Camerini Serena , Crescenzi Marco , Alessandri Cristiano , Conti Fabrizio , Ceccarelli Fulvia , Francia Ada , Valesini Guido , Cirulli Francesca , Siracusano Alberto , Siracusano Alessandra , Niolu Cinzia , Alex Rubino Ivo , Ortona Elena , Margutti Paola 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the potential role of circulating autoantibodies specific to neuronal cell surface antigens in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.MethodsTwo different kinds of immunoscreening approaches were used to identify autoantigens associated with neuropsychiatric disorders in the serum of patients with schizophrenia. The presence of autoantibodies specific to the identified autoantigens was then tested in patients with various psychiatric disorders and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and concomitant neuropsychiatric manifestations. Furthermore, the potential pathogenic role of these autoantibodies was assessed both in vitro and in vivo.ResultsGAPDH was identified as a novel autoantigen associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Serum anti‐GAPDH IgG was detected in the serum of 51% of patients with schizophrenia and 50% of patients with major depression. Moreover, SLE patients with comorbid psychiatric manifestations presented significantly higher serum levels of anti‐GAPDH antibodies than did SLE patients without psychiatric manifestations (P = 0.004 by chi‐square test). Of note, a significant positive correlation (R = 0.48, P = 0.0049, by Spearman's rank correlation test) was found between the levels of serum anti‐GAPDH antibodies and cognitive dysfunction in patients with SLE. In vitro analysis of the effects of purified human anti‐GAPDH autoantibodies on SH‐SY5Y cells showed an immediate neurite retraction. Finally, in vivo administration of anti‐GAPDH autoantibodies in the right cerebral ventricle of C57BL/6J mice resulted in specific behavioral changes associated with a detrimental cognitive and emotional profile.ConclusionOverall, these data suggest that anti‐GAPDH autoantibodies play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, thus representing a potentially promising tool for the screening of individual vulnerability to these disabling conditions.
Geotechnik vor 100 Jahren am Beispiel des Baus der neuen Seeschleuse in Emden
Authors: Clasmeier Hans‐Dieter 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVon 1907–1913 wurde in Emden die derzeit weltweit größte Seeschleuse mit 260 m Länge und 40 m Breite gebaut. Die dort eingesetzten Bautechniken wurden richtungsweisend für weitere Schleusenneubauten an den nordwesteurop äischen Küsten. Bereits die Eindeichung einer 560 ha großen Wattfläche zwischen der Stadt Emden und der Ems, auf der die Schleuse entstehen sollte, stellte eine große Herausforderung an die Hafenplaner dar. Mit den klassischen Möglichkeiten im Erdbau wäre die Herstellung der etwa 4 ha großen Baugrubensohle und ein Aushub von nahezu 1 Mio. m3 Boden sehr aufwändig geworden, neue Techniken waren zu entwickeln. Neben Nass aushub mittels Schwimmbagger und Einsatz eines Senkkas tens zur Herstellung der Schleusensohle wurde auch eine großräumige Vereisung einer Baugrubenumschließung diskutiert. Schließlich entschied sich der Bauleiter Willy Zander zum Aufbau einer Grundwasserabsenkungsanlage, um dann die Baugrube im Trockenen auszuheben und die Sohle und die aufgehenden Wände der Schleuse sicher und sauber herzustellen.Dank einer guten Dokumentation von Planung, Bauablauf und Baubestand kann heute die Baumaßnahme gut nachvollzogen werden. Der folgende Beitrag schildert die wichtigsten grundbaulichen Schritte zur Entstehung dieses Meisterwerks der Ingenieurkunst. Der Leser wird in den Baualltag am Anfang des 20. Jahrhundert versetzt und kann sich ein Bild über die zur Jahrhundertwende auftretenden technischen und gesellschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten machen.
An attempt for a mathematical foundation and evaluation of MACS, a method for multidimensional automatical cluster detection
Authors: Von Eye A. , Wiesing M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMACS, a method for the Multivariate Automatical Cluster Search, is described. It searches for local density centers by means of cuboids or ellipsoids, the diameters of which are built by the confidence intervals for the standard deviations of all predicting variables. This is done by iterative translation of the center of the neighbourhood U in direction of the centroid of his elements until a distance smaller than the one chosen a priori is reached. After this, U is varied in his diameter. The resulting values for the density and the centroid are utilized for the qualifications of U. MACS is tested by a synthetical data set and a plasmode.
Disulfide–bridging PEGylation during refolding for the more efficient production of modified proteins
Authors: Ginn Claire , Choi Ji‐won , Brocchini Steve 
Published: May 2016

AbstractProteins that are modified by chemical conjugation require at least two separate purification processes. First the bulk protein is purified, and then after chemical conjugation, a second purification process is required to obtain the modified protein. In an effort to develop new enabling technologies to integrate bioprocessing and protein modification, we describe the use of disulfide‐bridging conjugation to conduct PEGylation during protein refolding. Preliminary experiments using a PEG‐mono‐sulfone reagent with partially unfolded leptin and unfolded RNAse T1 indicated that the cysteine thiols underwent disulfide‐bridging conjugation to give the PEGylated proteins. Interferon‐β1b (IFN‐β1b) was then expressed in E.coli as inclusion bodies and found to undergo disulfide bridging‐conjugation during refolding. The PEG‐IFN‐β1b was isolated by ion‐exchange chromatography and displayed in vitro biological activity. In the absence of the PEGylation reagent, IFN‐β1b refolding was less efficient and yielded protein aggregates. No PEGylation was observed if the cysteines on IFN‐β1b were first modified with iodoacetamide prior to refolding. Our results demonstrate that the simultaneous refolding and disulfide bridging PEGylation of proteins could be a useful strategy in the development of affordable modified protein therapeutics.
CRISPR‐based genome editing and expression control systems in Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii
Authors: Li Qi , Chen Jun , Minton Nigel P. , Zhang Ying , Wen Zhiqiang , Liu Jinle , Yang Haifeng , Zeng Zhe , Ren Xiaodan , Yang Junjie , Gu Yang , Jiang Weihong , Jiang Yu , Yang Sheng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSolventogenic clostridia are important industrial microorganisms that produce various chemicals and fuels. Effective genetic tools would facilitate physiological studies aimed both at improving our understanding of metabolism and optimizing solvent productivity through metabolic engineering. Here we have developed an all‐in‐one, CRISPR‐based genome editing plasmid, pNICKclos, that can be used to achieve successive rounds of gene editing in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 with efficiencies varying from 6.7% to 100% and 18.8% to 100%, respectively. The plasmid specifies the requisite target‐specific guide RNA, the gene encoding the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nickase and the genome editing template encompassing the gene‐specific homology arms. It can be used to create single target mutants within three days, with a further two days required for the curing of the pNICKclos plasmid ready for a second round of mutagenesis. A S. pyogenes dCas9‐mediated gene regulation control system, pdCASclos, was also developed and used in a CRISPRi strategy to successfully repress the expression of spo0A in C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii. The combined application of the established high efficiency CRISPR‐Cas9 based genome editing and regulation control systems will greatly accelerate future progress in the understanding and manipulation of metabolism in solventogenic clostridia.
Teaching biochemistry online at Oregon State University
Authors: Ahern Kevin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA strategy for growing online biochemistry courses is presented based on successes in ecampus at Oregon State University. Four free drawing cards were key to the effort—YouTube videos, iTunes U online free course content, an Open Educational Resource textbook—Biochemistry Free and Easy, and a fun set of educational songs known as the Metabolic Melodies. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(1):25–30, 2017.