bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Duration of Breastfeeding, Vitamin D Supplementation, and Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Darmawikarta Denise , Chen Yang , Lebovic Gerald , Birken Catherine S. , Parkin Patricia C. , Maguire Jonathon L. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To determine the association between total breastfeeding duration and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and to explore whether vitamin D supplementation influences this association. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of healthy children between September 2011 and August 2013 through the TARGet Kids! primary health care research network. Of the 4533 eligible children, we included only the 2508 who had 25-OHD measured. We assessed adjusted associations of total breastfeeding duration (in months) with serum 25-OHD and in supplemented versus nonsupplemented children, with the odds of 25-OHD less than 20 nanograms per milliliter. Results. Each 1-month increase in total breastfeeding duration was associated with a 0.12 nanograms per milliliter lower median serum 25-OHD (95% confidence interval [CI] = –0.21 ng/mL, –0.02 ng/mL) among children who were not supplemented. The odds of serum 25-OHD less than 20 nanograms per milliliter increased by 6% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.10) for every 1-month increase in total breastfeeding duration among nonsupplemented children. The interaction between vitamin D supplementation, duration of breastfeeding, and median serum 25-OHD was statistically significant (P = .04). Conclusions. Breastfed children who were not supplemented, particularly those breastfed more than 1 year, appear to have lower vitamin D status. Vitamin D supplementation may mitigate this risk. These findings support recommendations for supplementation during breastfeeding of any duration.
Causes and Disparities in Death Rates Among Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Populations, 1999–2009
Authors: Jacobs-Wingo Jasmine L. , Espey David K. , Groom Amy V. , Phillips Leslie E. , Haverkamp Donald S. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To characterize the leading causes of death for the urban American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) population and compare with urban White and rural AI/AN populations.Methods. We linked Indian Health Service patient registration records with the National Death Index to reduce racial misclassification in death certificate data. We calculated age-adjusted urban AI/AN death rates for the period 1999–2009 and compared those with corresponding urban White and rural AI/AN death rates.Results. The top-5 leading causes of death among urban AI/AN persons were heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury, diabetes, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Compared with urban White persons, urban AI/AN persons experienced significantly higher death rates for all top-5 leading causes. The largest disparities were for diabetes and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. In general, urban and rural AI/AN persons had the same leading causes of death, although urban AI/AN persons had lower death rates for most conditions.Conclusions. Urban AI/AN persons experience significant disparities in death rates compared with their White counterparts. Public health and clinical interventions should target urban AI/AN persons to address behaviors and conditions contributing to health disparities.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in the United States: Uneven Uptake by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Daniel-Ulloa Jason , Gilbert Paul A , Parker Edith A. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To assess national differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among young adults in the United States by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Methods. We tested group differences in initiation and completion of the HPV vaccine series (i.e., 3 doses) by Rao–Scott χ2 test among 6444 respondents aged 18 to 30 years from the 2013 National Health Interview Survey. Results. Among men, 5% reported receiving the HPV vaccine, with no differences in uptake by race/ethnicity or sexual orientation. By contrast, 30% of the women reported receiving the HPV vaccine, with women of color having lower odds of initiating and completing the vaccine series compared with White women. Conclusions. In the United States, HPV vaccine rates are lagging in men and show disparities among women. Increasing HPV vaccine uptake and series completion among women of color and all men may provide considerable long-term public health benefits.
Yield Differences Influenced by Distance from Riparian Buffers and Conservation Reserve Program
Authors: Udawatta Ranjith P. , Gantzer Clark J. , Reinbott Timothy M. , Wright Ray L. , Pierce Robert A. 
Published: February 2016

Riparian buffers (RB) and the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) can improve water and soil quality. However, these practices can reduce crop yields, especially at the tree/CRP‐crop interface. The objective of this study was to quantify yield differences in a no‐till corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation with a multi‐species RB, CRP, and riparian with root pruning (RRP). Crop yields were determined in triplicate plots by rows from 2007 to 2010. Regression analysis was used to evaluate yield differences among years and distances from the tree/CRP‐crop interface and RRP. Corn yield at 0.76‐m was 97, 97, 65, and 66% lower than the yield at 9‐m away from the interface in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively for RB. Averaged across 4 yr corn yields at 0.76 m was 61, 74, and 81% of that at 3, 6, and 9 m. The CRP had no effect on corn yields. Effects of RB and CRP were not significant for soybean. The RRP showed increasing yield for rows from the tree interface for corn and soybean. The distance explained 21 to 60% and 15 to 52% of the yield variations in corn and soybean, respectively, with the RRP treatment. Results are applicable only to the studied distances. Results of the study suggest selection of a less sensitive crop such as soybean for use with RB in the first 9 m (12 rows), or use of CRP to generate additional income and ecosystem services to offset any loss in grain.Core Ideas

This manuscript evaluated riparian buffer, CRP, and riparian with root pruning on corn and soybean yields for 4 years.
Riparian with root pruning significantly reduced crop yields near the buffer/crop border. The CRP effect was not significant.
Results of the study imply the importance of land management practices for production and environmental benefits.
Experimental Studies and Model Analysis of Noble Gas Fractionation in Porous Media
Authors: Ding Xin , Kennedy B. Mack , Evans William C. , Stonestrom David A. 
Published: February 2016

Core Ideas
Ambient noble gases in porous media fractionate from through‐flow of other gases.
CO2 fluxes and noble‐gas fractionation are measured in simple sandbox experiments.
Modeled fractionation provides indirect proxy, e.g., of steady CO2 leakage fluxes.
The noble gases, which are chemically inert under normal terrestrial conditions but vary systematically across a wide range of atomic mass and diffusivity, offer a multicomponent approach to investigating gas dynamics in unsaturated soil horizons, including transfer of gas between saturated zones, unsaturated zones, and the atmosphere. To evaluate the degree to which fractionation of noble gases in the presence of an advective–diffusive flux agrees with existing theory, a simple laboratory sand column experiment was conducted. Pure CO2 was injected at the base of the column, providing a series of constant CO2 fluxes through the column. At five fixed sampling depths within the system, samples were collected for CO2 and noble gas analyses, and ambient pressures were measured. Both the advection–diffusion and dusty gas models were used to simulate the behavior of CO2 and noble gases under the experimental conditions, and the simulations were compared with the measured depth‐dependent concentration profiles of the gases. Given the relatively high permeability of the sand column (5 × 10−11 m2), Knudsen diffusion terms were small, and both the dusty gas model and the advection–diffusion model accurately predicted the concentration profiles of the CO2 and atmospheric noble gases across a range of CO2 flux from ∼700 to 10,000 g m−2 d−1. The agreement between predicted and measured gas concentrations demonstrated that, when applied to natural systems, the multi‐component capability provided by the noble gases can be exploited to constrain component and total gas fluxes of non‐conserved (CO2) and conserved (noble gas) species or attributes of the soil column relevant to gas transport, such as porosity, tortuosity, and gas saturation.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infective Endocarditis Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Note of Caution
Authors: Dapás Juan Ignacio , Rivero Cynthia , Burgos Pablo , Vila Andrea 
Published: February 2016

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an alternative treatment for severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) in patients with prohibitive risk for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is a rare complication of this relatively novel procedure and current guidelines do not include specific recommendations for its treatment.

We report a case of PVE due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa after TAVI that required SAVR, with successful outcome.
PVE usually occurs during the first year after TAVI and entails a high mortality risk because patients eligible for this min-imally invasive procedure are fragile (i.e. advanced age and/or severe comorbidities). Additionally, clinical presentation may be atypical or subtle and transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) may not be conclusive, which delays diagnosis and treatment worsening the prognosis. This case highlights that open SAVR might be ultimately indicated as part of treatment for TAVI-PVE despite a high-risk surgery score.
The Size of the Radial Tuberosity is Not Related to the Occurrence of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kodde Izaäk F. , van den Bekerom Michel P.J. , Mulder Paul G.H. , Eygendaal Denise 
Published: February 2016

Introduction:
Hypertrophic changes at the radial tuberosity have traditionally been related to distal biceps tendon degeneration and rupture. From supination to pronation of the forearm, the space available for the distal biceps tendon between de lateral ulna and radial bicipital tuberosity (RBT) decreases by almost 50%. A hypertrophic change at the radial tuberosity further reduces this space with impingement of the distal biceps tendon as a result. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the size of the RBT plays a role in the pathophysiology of distal biceps tendon ruptures.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-two consecutive patients with a surgically proven distal biceps tendon rupture were matched to controls, in a 1:1 ratio. The size of the RBT was expressed as a ratio of the maximum diameter of the radius at the RBT to the diameter of the diaphysis just distal to the RBT (RD ratio), measured on standard radiographs of the elbow. The RD ratio of patients and matched controls were compared.

Results:
The mean RD ratio in control group was 1.25 and not significantly different from the mean 1.30 in the group of patients with a distal biceps tendon rupture. Each 0.1 point increase in RD ratio results in an estimated 60% increase of the rupture odds, which was not significant either.

Conclusion:
Based on the RD ratio on conventional radiographs of the elbow, there was no significant difference in RBT size between patients with a distal biceps tendon rupture and matched controls without biceps tendon pathology.
State Liability Regimes within the United States and Auditor Reporting
Authors: Anantharaman Divya , Pittman Jeffrey A. , Wans Nader 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We examine how state liability regimes within the United States affect auditor reporting decisions. We exploit variation across state-level common law in two aspects of auditor liability: the extent to which auditors can be held liable by third parties for negligence, and rules for apportioning liability across multiple defendants. We find that auditors are more likely to issue a modified going-concern (GC) report to financially distressed clients from high-liability states than to those from low-liability states. We sharpen inferences using a natural experiment that examines the causal effects of two exogenous shocks to auditor third-party liability standards, which dramatically restricted auditors' liability in New Jersey in 1995 and in California in 1992. Results from difference-in-differences tests imply that auditors' propensity to issue a modified opinion for client firms in New Jersey and California decreases significantly after the decline in auditors' litigation exposure, relative to control firms from other jurisdictions. These findings add to our understanding of how litigation risk affects auditor behavior and highlight an important source of variation in litigation risk within the U.S. that has seldom been studied to date.
Malleable Standards of Care Required by Jurors When Assessing Auditor Negligence
Authors: Maksymov Eldar M. , Nelson Mark W. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We report the results of four experiments investigating the relationship between (1) the quality of an audit, (2) jurors' assessments of the standard of prudent care (SOC) against which audit quality is compared, and (3) jurors' negligence verdicts. Experiment 1 operationalizes audit quality by varying the sample size used in audit testing, and provides evidence that jurors anchor their assessment of SOC on audit quality, producing a “competitive mediation” in which audit quality reduces the potential for a negligence verdict directly, but increases that potential indirectly by increasing SOC. Experiment 2 generalizes this finding to a setting that operationalizes audit quality by varying the size of adjustment the auditor required. Experiments 3 and 4 extend these results to a setting in which SOC is elicited after jurors make negligence verdicts. Overall, these experiments provide insight into the role of SOC in constraining and justifying negligence verdicts.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Correlates of External Quality Assessment and Improvement Programs in Internal Auditing: A Study of 68 Countries
Authors: DeSimone Steven M. , Abdolmohammadi Mohammad 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We use survey responses from 1,053 chief audit executives (CAEs) of public companies located in 68 countries to investigate the theoretical correlates of the use of external quality assessment and improvement programs (ExternalQAIP) for the Internal Audit Function (IAF). Our test variables are (1) internal quality assessment and improvement programs (InternalQAIP) and its related components and IAF performance measures, (2) chief audit executive competence, (3) audit committee involvement with the internal audit, (4) IAF age, (5) IAF outsourcing status (in-house or outsourced), and (6) the nature of the IAF's work (work performed by IAF). We find support for our hypothesized associations between various measures of InternalQAIP and ExternalQAIP. We also find significant and positive results for associations between audit committee involvement and IAF age and ExternalQAIP. However, we do not find significant results for in-house or outsourcing of internal audit activities, CAE competence, or control variables. Our results should be of interest to management, CAEs, corporate boards, regulators, and external auditors.
Data Availability: Please contact The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation (IIARF) that owns the CBOK (2010) database used in this study.
A Review of the Uses of Nuclear Radiation in Tobacco and Smoke Research
Authors: Jenkins RW 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In summary, nuclear radiation has been widely used to elucidate many aspects of the mechanisms of tobacco being converted to smoke. In addition, the mechanisms of smoke transfer, tobacco inorganic chemistry and smoke filtration have been clarified by many authors worldwide. The newer techniques now being developed, using radiation detection coupled with the enhanced use of electronic-data reduction and interpretation, promise to continue the important role these techniques have played in understanding smoke-formation mechanisms.
Effect of Exogenous Potassium on the Reduction in Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Deliveries in the Mainstream Smoke of Cigarettes
Authors: Yamamoto T , Umemura S , Kaneko H 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Deliveries of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in mainstream smoke decreased as the exogenous-potassium content of tobacco increased. The puff count was almost unchanged with added potassium malate, but slightly decreased with added nitrate. Potassium malate was more effective than the nitrate for the reduction of carbon monoxide, whereas the opposite was observed in the case of nicotine. Both the exogenous and the endogenous potassium contents influenced the reduction of carbon-monoxide delivery through a decrease in the peak temperature of the burning cone. The pungency and off-taste peculiar to the tobacco were eliminated to some extent by the addition of potassium malate at levels less than 2 % expressed as potassium.
Medial Longitudinal Arch Development of Children Aged 7 to 9 Years: Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Tong Jasper W.K. , Kong Pui W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIt is unclear at what age the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot becomes stable in children. The influence of footwear on MLA development also is unknown.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the MLA development of children using a longitudinal approach. The relationship between wearing different types of footwear and MLA development also was explored longitudinally.DesignThis was a longitudinal cohort observational study.MethodsThe MLA of 111 healthy children (mean age=6.9 years, SD=0.3) was evaluated using 3 parameters (arch index [AI], midfoot peak pressure [PP], and maximum force [MF]) extracted from dynamic foot loading measurements at baseline (t0), 10-month follow-up (t1), and 22-month follow-up (t2). Information on footwear usage was surveyed. Linear mixed modeling was used to test for differences in MLA over time.ResultsThe MLA of the children remained stable over time (AI: t0/t1/t2=0.25 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.24, 0.26]/0.25 [95% CI=0.24, 0.26]/0.25 [95% CI=0.24, 0.26]; P=.95). When the children's sex was considered, the AI of boys decreased (higher arch) with age (0.26 [95% CI=0.24, 0.27]/0.25 [95% CI=0.24, 0.27]/0.25 [95% CI=0.23, 0.27]; P=.02). Boys also displayed a flatter MLA than girls at age 6.9 years (AI: mean difference=0.02 [95% CI=0.01, 0.04]; P=.02). At baseline, children who wore closed-toe shoes displayed the lowest MLA overall (AI: closed-toe shoes/sandals/slippers=0.26 [95% CI=0.24, 0.28]/0.24 [95% CI=0.23, 0.25]/0.25 [95% CI=0.24, 0.26]; P&lt;.01). Children who used slippers at toddlers' age experienced a higher PP (flatter arch) in later childhood than those who wore sandals (mean difference=31.60 kPa [95% CI=1.44, 61.75]; post hoc P=.04).LimitationsInformation on the type of footwear worn was self-reported and, therefore, may be subjected to recall bias.ConclusionsThe MLA of children remained stable from 7 to 9 years of age. The child's sex and the type of footwear worn during childhood may influence MLA development.
Interpretation of the causes of instability of flash visual evoked potentials in intraoperative monitoring and proposal of a recording method for reliable functional monitoring of visual evoked potentials using a light-emitting device
Authors: Sato Atsushi 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
Effective monitoring and application of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) during neurosurgery is a major challenge. While many monitoring methods have been effectively used, the use of VEPs as an objective determination method has not been established. The purpose of this report was to present a method for overcoming this limitation according to the use of a specific stimulus.

METHODS
Data analysis was performed in 26 cases of brain surgery. Observation was carried out for 2 groups of responses: the response derived from the start of light emission, described as the on response, and the response derived from the end of light emission, described as the off response. These reactions were separated by extending the light emission time. The waves from the visual cortex were selected from each reaction following the start and the end of light emission with consideration for the characteristics of the potential distribution. The waves were observed to characterize changes resulting from variations in duration and quantity of light emission. The results of the analysis were used to determine the optimal emission time and amount of light for effective use of wave components during VEP monitoring.

RESULTS
Stable and recordable waves were observed by monitoring the off response, consisting of the P1-N1-P2 component, with a wave latency of approximately 100 msec. Since the off response was correlated with the input, the stable wave derived from the off response could be adjusted by changing the light emission time and intensity. Individual differences in the latency of the off response were decreased by extending the light emission time and reducing the quantity of light. However, it was difficult to achieve stability by adjusting the light intensity and emission time using the on response. The off response was confirmed to be sufficiently stable for intraoperative monitoring. Moreover, during 1 case in which manipulation of the optic nerve was necessary, reduction in the off response was found to occur when the nerve was manipulated and to reverse when the manipulation stopped.

CONCLUSIONS
The off response was shown to have the capacity to function as a monitoring tool, providing more stable wave forms than the on response. Recording conditions could be adjusted to achieve a light-emitting time of 500 msec and a light quantity of 8000 Lx. Stable monitoring of VEPs using light-emitting stimuli can contribute toward improving surgical outcomes.