bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergent Triglyceride-lowering Therapy With Early High-volume Hemofiltration Against Low–Molecular-Weight Heparin Combined With Insulin in Hypertriglyceridemic Pancreatitis
Authors: He Wen-hua , Yu Min , Zhu Yin , Xia Liang , Liu Pi , Zeng Hao , Zhu Yong , Lv Nong-hua 
Published: June 2016

Objectives:
To compare the value of emergent triglyceride (TG)-lowering therapies between early high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) and low–molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) combined with insulin (LMWH+insulin) as well as their effects on the outcomes of hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP) patients.

Methods:
In this randomized controlled trial, 66 HTGP patients presenting within 3 days after the onset of symptoms from August 2011 to October 2013 were assigned randomly to receive either HVHF or LMWH+insulin as an emergent TG-lowering therapy. Thirty-three patients were included in each group, and the therapy was started as soon as possible after admission. TG levels, clinical outcomes, and inflammatory biomarkers were compared between the 2 groups.

Results:
Thirty-two individuals in the HVHF group and 34 in the LMWH+insulin group were included in the final analysis. Characteristics of the patients in both groups were roughly comparable. HVHF could remove TG from the plasma and achieve its target (<500 mg/dL) in approximately 9 hours, whereas the target was not achieved within 48 hours in patients receiving the LMWH+insulin treatment (P<0.05). However, no differences were found in terms of the majority of the clinical outcomes, including local pancreatic complications (P>0.05), the requirement of surgical intervention (P=0.49), mortality (P=0.49), and the duration of hospitalization (P=0.144). Furthermore, an unexpectedly higher incidence of persistent organ failure was observed in the HVHF group compared with the LMWH+insulin group (risk ratio with HVHF, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-5.11; P=0.01). Hospital charges for patients in the HVHF group were approximately 2-fold higher than those for patients in the LMWH+insulin group (5.20±4.90 vs. 2.92±3.21, P=0.03). We selected a systemic inflammatory response syndrome score of at least 2 at baseline as a predictor of SAP patients, and the subgroup analyses showed that HVHF cannot improve the prognosis of the predicted SAP patients compared with the LMWH+insulin group.

Conclusions:
HVHF can lower TG levels more efficiently than LMWH+insulin therapy, but it is not superior in terms of clinical outcomes and costs. Further multicenter studies with large samples are required to clarify the feasibility of administering the HVHF treatment to HTGP patients (ChiCTR-TRC-13003274).
Optimization of a Scoring System to Predict Microscopic Colitis in a Cohort of Patients With Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Cotter Thomas G. , Binder Moritz , Harper Eugene P. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Pardi Darrell S. 
Published: June 2016

Goals:
Our aim was to develop a scoring system to predict risk of microscopic colitis (MC), to identify patients at low risk, potentially avoiding unnecessary biopsies.

Background:
Patients with chronic diarrhea often undergo colonoscopy with biopsy, but few have histologic abnormalities.

Study:
We conducted a retrospective study of patients with chronic diarrhea and a macroscopically normal colonoscopy at our institution over a 9-month period. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the association between predictors and the presence of biopsy-proven MC.

Results:
The derivation cohort included 617 patients. Median age was 55.1 (39.6 to 68.1) years; 397 (64.3%) were female and 81 (13.1%) had MC. Age ≥55 years, duration of diarrhea ≤6 months, ≥5 bowel movements per day, body mass index <30 kg/m2, current smoking, and current use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitorss and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were independently associated with MC. A score of ≥10 points in our scoring system, yielded an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.83 with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 49% in predicting which patients have MC. The negative predictive value (NPV) was 97.8% (95.0% to 99.1%).
In the validation cohort, the scoring system performed similarly (AUC 0.79, sensitivity 91%, specificity 49%, NPV 97%). By avoiding biopsies in patients at low risk of having MC, costs associated with colon biopsies could be reduced by almost 43%.

Conclusion:
This scoring system including 7 clinical variables was able to identify patients unlikely to have MC, with excellent sensitivity, reasonable specificity, and a high NPV, translating into important potential cost savings.
Functional movement disorders
Authors: Teodoro Tiago , Edwards Mark J. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
The review highlights the most relevant recent developments in the field of functional movement disorders (FMD).

Recent findings
The emphasis on making a ‘positive’ diagnosis has driven a renewed interest in assessing the value of simple clinical signs. Furthermore, an effort has been made to develop and test objective diagnostic tools. The association of FMD with several comorbidities is being acknowledged. Pathophysiological understanding has grown with the identification of new neurobiological abnormalities, including a decreased interoceptive sensitivity. Finally – and most importantly – the recognition of the potential benefits of specialized physiotherapy is changing FMD management.

Summary
The field of FMD is moving forward on a number of fronts, including diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. A major priority for future research is providing robust evidence regarding treatment.
Vision and locomotion shape the interactions between neuron types in mouse visual cortex
Authors: Dipoppa Mario , Ranson Adam , Krumin Michael , Pachitariu Marius , Carandini Matteo , Harris Kenneth D 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn the mouse primary visual cortex (V1), sensory responses are shaped by behavioral factors such as locomotion. These factors are thought to control a disinhibitory circuit, whereby interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip) inhibit those expressing somatostatin (Sst), disinhibiting pyramidal cells (Pyr). We measured the effect of locomotion on these neurons and on interneurons expressing parvalbumin (Pvalb) in layer 2/3 of mouse V1, and found in-consistencies with the disinhibitory model. In the presence of large stimuli, locomotion increased Sst cell responses without suppressing Vip cells. In the presence of small stimuli, locomotion increased Vip cell responses without suppressing Sst cells. A circuit model could reproduce each cell type’s activity from the measured activity of other cell types, but only if we allowed locomotion to increase feedforward synaptic weights while modulating recurrent weights. These results suggest that locomotion alters cortical function by changing effective synaptic connectivity, rather than only through disinhibition.
Post-selection Inference Following Aggregate Level Hypothesis Testing in Large Scale Genomic Data
Authors: Heller Ruth , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Krieger Abba , Shi Jianxin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn many genomic applications, hypotheses tests are performed by aggregating test-statistics across units within naturally defined classes for powerful identification of signals. Following class-level testing, it is naturally of interest to identify the lower level units which contain true signals. Testing the individual units within a class without taking into account the fact that the class was selected using an aggregate-level test-statistic, will produce biased inference. We develop a hypothesis testing framework that guarantees control for false positive rates conditional on the fact that the class was selected. Specifically, we develop procedures for calculating unit level p-values that allows rejection of null hypotheses controlling for two types of conditional error rates, one relating to family wise rate and the other relating to false discovery rate. We use simulation studies to illustrate validity and power of the proposed procedure in comparison to several possible alternatives. We illustrate the power of the method in a natural application involving whole-genome expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis across 17 tissue types using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project.
Structural changes following the reversal of a Y Chromosome to an autosome inDrosophila pseudoobscura
Authors: Chang Ching-Ho , Larracuente Amanda M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRobertsonian translocations resulting in fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes shape karyotype evolution in animals by creating new sex chromosomes from autosomes. These translocations can also reverse sex chromosomes back into autosomes, which is especially intriguing given that autosomes and sex chromosomes differ in gene regulation and chromatin environment. While researchers are beginning to understand X chromosomes reversals to autosomes at a genomic level, it is difficult to study reversals of Y chromosomes because of their rapid sequence turnover and high repeat content. To gain insight into the genomic events following a Y chromosome reversal, we investigated an autosome-Y translocation in a well-studied and tractable organism,Drosophila pseudoobscura. About 10-15 Mya, the ancestral Y chromosome fused to a small autosome (the dot chromosome) in an ancestor ofD. pseudoobscura. We used single molecule real-time sequencing reads to assemble the genic part of theD. pseudoobscuradot chromosome, including this Y-to-dot translocation. We find that the intervening sequence between the ancestral Y and the rest of the dot chromosome is only ~78 Kb and has a low repeat density, suggesting that the centromere now falls outside, rather than between, the fused chromosomes. The Y-to-dot region is 100 times smaller than theD. melanogasterY chromosome, owing to repeat landscape changes. Previous studies suggest that recurrent selective sweeps favoring shorter introns helped to shrink the Y-to-dot following the translocation. Our results suggest that genetic drift and a small ancestral Y chromosome may also help explain the compact size of the Y-to-dot translocation.
A cell type-specific expression signature predicts haploinsufficient autism-susceptibility genes
Authors: Zhang Chaolin , Shen Yufeng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecent studies have identified many genes with rarede novomutations in autism, but a limited number of these have been conclusively established as disease-susceptibility genes due to lack of recurrence and confounding background mutations. Such extreme genetic heterogeneity severely limits recurrence-based statistical power even in studies with a large sample size. In addition, the cellular contexts in which these genomic lesions confer disease risks remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the use of cell-type specific expression profiles to differentiate mutations in autism patients or unaffected siblings. Using 24 distinct cell types isolated from the mouse central nervous system, we identified an expression signature shared by genes with likely gene disrupting (LGD) mutations detected by exome-sequencing in autism cases. The signature reflects haploinsufficiency of risk genes enriched in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, with the strongest positive associations with specific types of neurons in different brain regions, including cortical neurons, cerebellar granule cells, and striatal medium spiny neurons. Based on this signature, we assigned a D score to all human genes to prioritize candidate autism-susceptibility genes. When applied to genes with only a single LGD mutation in cases, the D score achieved a precision of 40% as compared to the 15% baseline with a minimal loss in sensitivity. Further improvement was made by combining D score and mutation intolerance metrics from ExAC which were derived from orthogonal data sources. The ensemble model achieved precision of 60% and predicted 117 high-priority candidates. These prioritized lists can facilitate identification of additional autism-susceptibility genes.
Gene tree discordance generates patterns of diminishing convergence over time
Authors: Mendes Fabio K. , Hahn Yoonsoo , Hahn Matthew W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPhenotypic convergence is an exciting outcome of adaptive evolution, occurring when species find similar solutions to the same problem. Unraveling the molecular basis of convergence provides a way to link genotype to adaptive phenotypes, but can also shed light on the extent to which evolution is repeatable and predictable. Many recent genome-wide studies have uncovered a striking pattern of diminishing convergence over time, ascribing this pattern to the presence of intramolecular epistatic interactions. Here, we consider gene tree discordance as an alternative driver of convergence levels over time. We demonstrate that gene tree discordance can produce patterns of diminishing convergence by itself, and that controlling for discordance as a cause of apparent convergence makes the pattern disappear. We also show that synonymous substitutions, where neither selection nor epistasis should be prevalent, have the same diminishing pattern of molecular convergence among closely related primate species. Finally, we demonstrate that even in situations where biological discordance is not possible, errors in species tree inference can drive these same patterns. Though intramolecular epistasis is undoubtedly affecting many proteins, our results suggest an additional explanation for this widespread pattern. These results contribute to a growing appreciation not just of the presence of gene tree discordance, but of the unpredictable effects this discordance can have on analyses of molecular evolution.
Veet: facing a cultural challenge in Pakistan
Authors: Husain Saima , Naheed Kanza , Isa Mahrukh 
Published: June 2016

Subject area
This case has been written after extensive field research. It is designed specifically for the International Marketing course. However, it can be used in Brand Management, Consumer Behavior and Marketing Management courses as well.

Study level/applicability
Final-year BBA students or first-year MBA students.

Case overview
Although introduced in Pakistan in 1999, Veet, a personal hygiene brand, has failed to realize its potential even after a decade. Pakistan is a conservative society and women feel embarrassed buying hair-removing creams. Humayun Farooq, the new brand manager, is at a crossroad; he believes in giving the brand a bold take-off by using fashion as a platform, whereas both top management and his assistant brand manager are skeptical of his proposition, as they see it as risky. His decision is critical, as there is pressure to strike a balance between global standardization and local cultural norms.

Expected learning outcomes
The students will be able to: understand how global brands need to conceptualize and implement local brand strategies, given the different market challenges; and apply key theoretical concepts in International Marketing such as cultural product adaptation.

Supplementary materials
Instructors must ask the students to study the following before discussing the case in class. For the on-air 2009 advertisement of Veet in Pakistan, visit: www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Va9bA-ebqE. Although the case sheds light on the relevant Pakistani cultural and religious norms, students may further research and study the Pakistani culture. Nijssen, E.J. and Douglas, S.P. (2011). “World World-mindedness and attitudes toward product positioning in advertising: an examination of global versus foreign versus local positioning”, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 113-133. Shivkumar, H. (2006), Managing global brand advertising, World Advertising Research Centre.

Subject code
CSS 8: Marketing
Raman spectroscopy characterization of hypo-eutectic CoCrWC alloy tribolayers
Authors: Motallebzadeh Amir , Atar Erdem , Cimenoglu Huseyin 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to study microstructure and high temperature tribological performance of hypo-eutectic CoCrWC hardfacing alloy (Stellite 12) deposited on steel substrate by plasma-transferred arc (PTA) welding technique.

Design/methodology/approach
Microstructural characterization of the deposited coating was made using electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and microhardness tester. Dry sliding wear tests were carried out with a ball-on-disc type tribometer at room and elevated temperature. Worn surfaces of the samples were examined by the EDX equipped SEM and Raman spectroscopy.

Findings
Results revealed that at room temperature and 300°C plasticity dominated wear mechanism was operative. Under oxidation dominated wear conditions (400, 500, 600 and 700°C), testing temperature plays a crucial role on the characteristics of the oxide tribolayers formed on worn surfaces. Development of Cr2O3 in the tribolayer at 600 and 700°C was beneficial in increasing wear resistance of examined coating.

Originality/value
While the sliding wear performance of Stellite alloys at room temperature has been investigated in details, published studies on tribological behavior of Stellite alloys with varying temperature are scarce. Therefore, the present work was undertaken to study the wear mechanisms and the type of tribolayers formed during sliding wear of PTA welding deposited hypo-eutectic Stellite 12 coating with increasing temperature up to 700°C.
Effect of argon plasma surface modification on tribological behavior of biopolymers
Authors: Sagbas Binnur 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of argon plasma surface modification on tribological properties of conventional ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and vitamin E-blended UHMWPE. In previous studies, some researchers conducted a study on argon plasma surface modification of UHMWPE, but there is no study about argon plasma surface modification of VE-UHMWPE. So another objective of this paper is to compare the results for both the material groups.

Design/methodology/approach
UHMWPE and vitamin E-blended UHMWPE sample surfaces were modified by microwave-induced argon plasma to increase tribological properties of the materials. The modified surfaces were evaluated in terms of wettability and wear behavior. Wettability of the surfaces was determined by contact angle measurements. Wear behavior was examined by ball-on-disc wear tests under lubrication with 25 per cent bovine serum.

Findings
Argon plasma surface modification enhanced the wear resistance and surface wettability properties of conventional UHMWPE and VE-UHMWPE. Wear factor of argon plasma-treated samples reduced, but for VE-UHMWPE samples, this reduction was not as high as the conventional UHMWPE’s wear factor.

Originality/value
In previous studies, some researchers have studied on argon plasma surface modification of UHMWPE, but there is no study about argon plasma surface modification of VE-UHMWPE.
Absenteeism and performance in a quantitative module A quantile regression analysis
Authors: Pani Pranab Kumar , Kishore Pallavi 
Published: June 2016

Purpose– There is growing evidence that learning is faster, measurably better and more productive in a classroom setting when a student attends classes regularly. Each student brings in his/her experience, skills, and unique learning styles to a class – thus a classroom environment can potentially create positive externalities through which a student can gain substantially from various strengths of his/her peers. However, students do remain absent from their classes for a variety of reasons. One of the measurable effects of regular non-attendance in a university class, where students from various cultures and regions interact, is the academic performance. The purpose of this paper is to determine if there is any potential causal link between absenteeism (attendance) and academic performance.Design/methodology/approach– Data were culled from the records of three batches of students in a British university campus in the Middle East. Quantile regression methods were used to establish the causal relationship between absenteeism and academic performance.Findings– A quantile regression analysis reveals that absenteeism has negative impact on academic performance. This also suggests that low performers are worse affected by absenteeism as compared to the high performers.Research limitations/implications– Inclusion of some other factors, such as study habits, additional hours spent on quantitative modules, student’s ethnicity background, particularly in the context of United Arab Emirates, could have emboldened the robustness of the study. Non-availability or paucity of this information, to some degree, has limited the conclusions of this study.Originality/value– Proponents of mandatory attendance argue that there is a positive correlation between attendance and performance. But, one very important issue which gets overlooked is who actually benefits more by attending classes – are the shirkers who have a poor attendance record or the ones who are more sincere, more regular, and active participants in a class? This study uses quantile regression analysis to address this issue.
Strategic CSR: an integrative model for analysis
Authors: Marques-Mendes António , Santos Maria João 
Published: June 2016

PurposeBased on an extensive review of the literature, the purpose of this paper is to propose an analytical model that enables the study of the corporate social responsibility (CSR)’s strategic orientation of companies through the analysis of: the different types of CSR integration into company strategies; the different levels of CSR strategic maturity; and the path necessary to be followed for a company to achieve its full development and correspondingly forecasting which initiatives hold the greatest contribution toward this end.Design/methodology/approachThis paper sets out a conceptual framework, which was drafted building on an extensive critical review of the literature seeking to incorporate the diverse contributions made by the existing CSR models and classifications.FindingsThe analytical framework here proposed enables a wide reaching approach to analyzing strategic CSR, their underlying motivations and its core factors. It also extends to considering the different phases of maturity enabling the evaluation of the distinctive levels of CSR integration into the company strategy and the stage at which the company currently stands at on its determined path.Practical implicationsFrom a practical perspective, the suggested framework enables practitioners to access a practical tool that specifically measures their companies’ CSR maturity and strategic profile and which may serve as well as a means of diagnosis, improvement or of adaptation.Originality/valueThis model of analysis generates the identification of the factors explaining the different levels of CSR integration into the company strategy and evaluating the level of maturity prevailing.