bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Acceleration-Factor Equation for Packaging-Solder Joint Reliability Assessment at Different Thermal Cyclic Loading Rates
Authors: Lee C.-H. , Wu K.-C. , Chiang K.-N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcceleration-factor (AF) equations have been developed to rapidly predict product lifetime, and the most widely used equation is Norris-Landzberg (N-L) equation. In recent years, some researchers have found that the current AF equation does not accurately predict the experimental results for thermal cyclic loading at high ramp rates; indeed, it may yield the opposite results, due to the changing effect of the solder strain rate at different ramp rates. Modifying the current AF equation to better assess product reliability has thus become an important task for researchers.In this study, a novel AF equation was developed from a wafer level chip-scale package (WLCSP) under different thermal cyclic loadings. The frequency term used in the N-L equation was replaced with a new term in the proposed AF equation to distinguish between the effects of ramp rate and dwell time under thermal cyclic loading conditions. Proposed AF equation showed a high level of correlation with the simulation and test results for various thermal cyclic loadings. In addition, the proposed AF equation was validated by confirming the consistency of its results with experimental data on a range of packages and thermal-cycling profiles reported in the literature.
Tumour assessment and staging: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Roland N , Porter G , Fish B , Makura Z 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn general, the first decision to be made in a patient with a confirmed head and neck cancer is whether or not to treat the patient before deciding what form of management strategy is appropriate. There is no more important an aspect of head and neck cancer care than the initial evaluation of the patient and the patient's tumour. The practice requires specific expertise and judgement. The current tumour–node–metastasis system relies on morphology of the tumour (anatomical site and extent of disease) but the final decision on treatment hinges on a full assessment of the patient including physiological age and general condition. The aim of this paper is primarily to describe why and how we appraise a patient and their tumour. It addresses the general principles applicable to the topic of evaluation, classification and staging. In addition, the limitations and pitfalls of this process are described.Recommendations• All patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) should undergo tumour classification and staging prior to treatment. (R)• Pre-therapeutic clinical staging of HNCs should be based on at least a C2 factor (evidence obtained by special diagnostic means, e.g. radiographic imaging (e.g. computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound scan), endoscopy, biopsy and cytology). (R)• Imaging to evaluate the primary site should be performed prior to biopsy to avoid the effect of upstaging from the oedema caused by biopsy trauma. (G)• Panendoscopy is only recommended for symptomatic patients or patients with primary tumours known to have a significant risk of a second (synchronous) primary tumour. (G)
Speech and swallow rehabilitation in head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Clarke P , Radford K , Coffey M , Stewart M 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. The disease itself and the treatment can have far reaching effects on speech and swallow function, which are consistently prioritised by survivors as an area of concern. This paper provides recommendations on the assessments and interventions for speech and swallow rehabilitation in this patient group.Recommendations• All multidisciplinary teams should have rehabilitation patient pathways covering all stages of the patient's journey including multidisciplinary and pre-treatment clinics. (G)• Clinicians treating head and neck cancer patients should consult the National Cancer Rehabilitation Pathway for head and neck cancers. (G)• All head and neck cancer patients should have a pre-treatment assessment of speech and swallowing. (G)• A programme of prophylactic exercises and the teaching of swallowing manoeuvres can reduce impairments, maintain function and enable a speedier recovery. (R)• Continued speech and language therapist input is important in maintaining voice and safe and effective swallow function following head and neck cancer treatment. (R)• Disease recurrence must be ruled out in the management of stricture and/or stenosis. (R)• Continuous radial expansion balloons offer a safe, effective dilation method with advantages over gum elastic bougies. (R)• Site, length and completeness of strictures as well as whether they are in the presence of the larynx or not, need to be assessed when establishing the likelihood of surgically improved outcome. (G)• Primary surgical voice restoration should be offered to all patients undergoing laryngectomy. (R)• Attention to surgical detail and long-term speech and language therapist input is required to optimise speech and swallowing after laryngectomy. (G)• Patients should commence wearing heat and moisture exchange devices as soon as possible after laryngectomy. (R)
Articulating the Arctic: contrasting state and Inuit maps of the Canadian north
Authors: Bennett Mia M. , Greaves Wilfrid , Riedlsperger Rudolf , Botella Alberic 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper compares four maps produced by the Canadian government and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the indigenous peoples’ organisation representing Inuit living in the four recognised Inuit regions (Inuit Nunangat) of Canada. Our analysis is based on publicly available maps, documents, and records and extends the rich existing literature examining the history of definitions of the Canadian north. Distinctly, our research aims to understand the different ways in which the Arctic has been articulated as a geographic, political, and social region during the Harper government (2006–2015) and the effects these articulations have had on northern policy and people. We find that the federal government maintained a flexible definition of the Canadian Arctic as a region when in pursuit of its own policy objectives. However, when it comes to incorporating areas outside the boundaries of Canada's three federal territories, particularly communities along their southern fringes, those boundaries are inflexible. The people who live in these areas, which the state considers to be outside the Canadian Arctic, are marginalised within Arctic public policy in terms of access to federal funds, determination of land use, and a sense of social belonging to the Canadian Arctic. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that national-level disputes over what constitutes ‘the Arctic’ can significantly impact the day-to-day lives of people who live within and just outside the region, however it is conceived.
Mutual Transformation of Colonial and Imperial Botanizing? The Intimate yet Remote Collaboration in Colonial Korea
Authors: Lee Jung 
Published: May 2016

ArgumentMutuality in “contact zones” has been emphasized in cross-cultural knowledge interaction in re-evaluating power dynamics between centers and peripheries and in showing the hybridity of modern science. This paper proposes an analytical pause on this attempt to better invalidate centers by paying serious attention to the limits of mutuality in transcultural knowledge interaction imposed by asymmetries of power. An unusually reciprocal interaction between a Japanese forester, Ishidoya Tsutomu (1891–1958), at the colonial forestry department, and his Korean subordinate Chung Tyaihyon (1883–1971) is chosen to highlight an inescapable asymmetry induced by the imperial power structure. Ishidoya, positioning himself as a settler expert, as opposed to a scientist in Tokyo, pursued localized knowledge in growing interaction with Chung, resulting in Ishidoya's career change as a herbalist focusing on traditional medicine and Chung's leadership in Korean-only botanizing. However, their mutual transformations, limited by asymmetric constraints on their choices, did not unsettle the imperial power structure or the centrality of centers.
Salivary IgA against sporozoite-specific embryogenesis-related protein (TgERP) in the study of horizontally transmitted toxoplasmosis via T. gondii oocysts in endemic settings
Authors: MANGIAVACCHI B. M. , VIEIRA F. P. , BAHIA-OLIVEIRA L. M. G. , HILL D. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to contribute to the better understanding of the relative epidemiological importance of different modes of infection with respect to horizontal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in endemic settings. We investigated the prevalence of salivary IgA against a sporozoite-specific embryogenesis-related protein (TgERP) in a highly endemic area for toxoplasmosis in Brazil in order to pinpoint parasite transmission via oocysts. Prevalence calculated by salivary IgA specific to TgERP was compared to the prevalence calculated by serum IgG against both TgERP and tachyzoites (in conventional serological tests). Prevalence calculated by different serological and salivary parameters varied in the studied age groups. However, for the 15–21 years age group, values for T. gondii prevalence estimated by conventional serological tests and by anti-TgERP salivary IgA were similar; i.e. 68·7% and 66·6% or 66·7%, respectively, using two different cut-off parameters for salivary IgA anti-TgERP. Furthermore, salivary IgA anti-TgERP for this age group presented the highest specificity (93·33%), sensitivity (93·94%), and likelihood (14·09) compared to all the other age groups. These data demonstrate the importance of age for salivary IgA investigation against TgERP to estimate the mode of T. gondii transmission in endemic settings.
The ecology of ‘we’ and ambient warmth: Richard Neutra's ecological architecture
Authors: Baek Jin 
Published: May 2016

The article seeks to generate a more nuanced version of environmental ethics than the current positivistic approach taken towards the ecological crisis by referring to the sense of ecology as evident in the practice and writings of Richard Neutra. Despite the whiteness of his architecture, Neutra's architecture was ecological in a profound way in which the ethics of the inter-personal and related dwelling activities of inhabitants are as important as measuring energy performance. For him, more fundamental than man's relationship with nature or natural resources was the inter-personal sharing of ‘we’, in which scarcity itself is the medium of a proportionate joining. Put differently, the reciprocity between the natural and the inter-personal, in which the former reinforces the latter, was the key to an ecological setting.In the process of underpinning Neutra's sense of the reciprocity between the natural and the inter-personal, as well as the shared inter-personal communication in an atmosphere, this article draws ideas from Japanese intellectual tradition such as Tetsuro Watsuji&s notion of fudo, or climate, and its correlate inter-personal ethics, and Kitaro Nishida's account of a trans-subjective mode of communication of the ‘we’. Referring to this Japanese tradition in which Neutra was deeply interested, the article interprets Neutra's architecture based not upon the ego-oriented mode of the ‘I’ but upon the ego-less mode of ‘ek-sistere’ that reinstates the condition of the human being as a pre-reflective corporeal being, or what I would like to call a ‘common subjectivity’ to be articulated into different, yet conjoined, ‘I’s to form a joint measure. In this fashion, the article demonstrates how one's relationship with the natural necessarily involves the dimension of the inter-personal, while illuminating the goal of Neutra's practice: securing a place for the inter-personal through the coordination of natural forces.
Entwicklung des Akutmaßes zur Erfassung von Erholung und Beanspruchung im Sport
Authors: Hitzschke Brit , Holst Theresa , Ferrauti Alexander , Meyer Tim , Pfeiffer Mark , Kellmann Michael 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. In dem vom Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft geförderten Verbundprojekt REGman wird mit der Entwicklung des Akutmaßes zur Erfassung von Erholung und Beanspruchung im Sport (AEB) dem Wunsch der Sportpraxis nach einem kompakten und sensitiven psychometrischen Messinstrument zur Quantifizierung von Erholung und Beanspruchung nachgegangen. Nach einer Expertenbefragung wurde eine erste Fragebogenversion an Sportstudierenden (N = 257) getestet. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen einer exploratorischen Faktoren- und Reliabilitätsanalyse wurde jeweils ein Modell für Erholung und für Beanspruchung mit insgesamt 32 Adjektiven erstellt. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle durch eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse wurde die überarbeitete Version zunächst an einer Gruppe leistungsorientierter Sportlerinnen und Sportler (N = 429) getestet, leicht modifiziert und anschließend an einer Gruppe von Leistungssportlerinnen und -sportlern (N = 574) konfirmatorisch validiert. Es zeigten sich gute Fit-Indizes sowie eine sehr gute Skalenhomogenität. Durch hypothesenkonforme Korrelationen mit den konvergenten Verfahren Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebogen für Sportler (EBF-Sport) und Visuelle Analogskala zum Muskelschmerzempfinden und Muskelkater (DOMS) konnten erste Hinweise zur Konstruktvalidität gewonnen werden.
Ischemic postconditioning protects the heart against ischemia–reperfusion injury via neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
Authors: Hu L , Wang J , Zhu H , Wu X , Zhou L , Song Y , Zhu S , Hao M , Liu C , Fan Y , Wang Y , Li Q 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAs a result of its spatial confinement in cardiomyocytes, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is thought to regulate mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function by maintaining nitroso-redox balance and Ca2+ cycling. Thus, we hypothesize that ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) protects hearts against ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury through an nNOS-mediated pathway. Isolated mouse hearts were subjected to I/R injury in a Langendorff apparatus, H9C2 cells and primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro. IPostC, compared with I/R, decreased infarct size and improved cardiac function, and the selective nNOS inhibitors abolished these effects. IPostC recovered nNOS activity and arginase expression. IPostC also increased AMP kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and alleviated oxidative stress, and nNOS and AMPK inhibition abolished these effects. IPostC increased nitrotyrosine production in the cytosol but decreased it in mitochondria. Enhanced phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation, normalized SR function and decreased Ca2+ overload were observed following the recovery of nNOS activity, and nNOS inhibition abolished these effects. Similar effects of IPostC were demonstrated in cardiomyocytes in vitro. IPostC decreased oxidative stress partially by regulating uncoupled nNOS and the nNOS/AMPK/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha/superoxide dismutase axis, and improved SR function through increasing SR Ca2+ load. These results suggest that IPostC protected hearts against I/R injury via an nNOS-mediated pathway.
Calcium influx through TRP channels induced by short-lived reactive species in plasma-irradiated solution
Authors: Sasaki Shota , Kanzaki Makoto , Kaneko Toshiro 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNon-equilibrium helium atmospheric-pressure plasma (He-APP), which allows for a strong non-equilibrium chemical reaction of O2 and N2 in ambient air, uniquely produces multiple extremely reactive products, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), in plasma-irradiated solution. We herein show that relatively short-lived unclassified reactive species (i.e., deactivated within approximately 10 min) generated by the He-APP irradiation can trigger physiologically relevant Ca2+ influx through ruthenium red- and SKF 96365-sensitive Ca2+-permeable channel(s), possibly transient receptor potential channel family member(s). Our results provide novel insight into understanding of the interactions between cells and plasmas and the mechanism by which cells detect plasma-induced chemically reactive species, in addition to facilitating development of plasma applications in medicine.
Mobilization of mercury from lean tissues during simulated migratory fasting in a model songbird
Authors: Seewagen Chad L. , Cristol Daniel A. , Gerson Alexander R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe pollutant methylmercury accumulates within lean tissues of birds and other animals. Migrating birds catabolize substantial amounts of lean tissue during flight which may mobilize methylmercury and increase circulating levels of this neurotoxin. As a model for a migrating songbird, we fasted zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that had been dosed with 0.0, 0.1, and 0.6 parts per million (ppm) dietary methylmercury and measured changes in blood total mercury concentrations (THg) in relation to reductions in lean mass. Birds lost 6–16% of their lean mass during the fast, and THg increased an average of 12% and 11% in the 0.1 and 0.6 ppm treatments, respectively. Trace amounts of THg in the 0.0 ppm control group also increased as a result of fasting, but remained extremely low. THg increased 0.4 ppm for each gram of lean mass catabolized in the higher dose birds. Our findings indicate that methylmercury is mobilized from lean tissues during protein catabolism and results in acute increases in circulating concentrations. This is a previously undocumented potential threat to wild migratory birds, which may experience greater surges in circulating methylmercury than demonstrated here as a result of their greater reductions in lean mass.
Calibration of bandgap voltage reference using chopping technique and IIR filter
Authors: Um J.‐Y. 
Published: May 2016

A calibration scheme is proposed for a bandgap voltage reference. The proposed scheme calibrates an offset voltage of operational trans‐conductance amplifier (OTA) of a bandgap reference which is the critical source of an output‐voltage deviation of the bandgap reference. The proposed calibration is based on a chopping technique which makes an output voltage of OTA modulate. An infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is used to average out the modulated output voltage of OTA. The output voltage of IIR filter is fed into gate node of a Positive‐channel Metal‐Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) current source which is located in the final output branch. As a result, the output reference voltage becomes insensitive to the offset voltage of OTA. The proposed circuit was verified through Monte‐Carlo simulations by using thick‐oxide transistors in a 0.13 μm CMOS process. In the simulation results, the proposed calibration suppresses the deviation of output reference voltage up to 1.94 mV for the temperature range between −40°C and 125°C. Also, the deviation of output reference voltage is reduced by 24.5 times through proposed calibration.
Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen regionaler Deprivation und Inanspruchnahme – Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Ermittlung des Arztbedarfes in Deutschland
Authors: Kopetsch T. , Maier W. 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Bei der anstehenden Neukonzeption der Bedarfsplanung soll die Sozial- und Morbiditätsstruktur der Bevölkerung bei der Ermittlung einer bedarfsgerechten Versorgung Berücksichtigung finden. Das Ziel des Beitrages besteht darin, zu untersuchen, inwiefern der Grad der regionalen Deprivation bei der Berechnung des regionalen fachgruppenspezifischen Ärztebedarfes in Deutschland berücksichtigt werden sollte.
Methoden: Zur Messung des regionalen Deprivationsstatus auf Kreisebene verwendeten wir den im Helmholtz Zentrum München entwickelten „German Index of Multiple Deprivation“ (GIMD). Für die Landkreise und kreisfreien Städte Deutschlands wurden Scores für deren jeweiligen Deprivationsstatus berechnet. Die Berechnung des deprivationsadjustierten Ärztebedarfes erfolgte mittels linearer Regressionsanalysen. Dabei wurden regionalisierte ambulante Abrechnungsdaten und Arztzahldaten zugrunde gelegt. Die Analysen wurden mit dem Software-Paket SPSS, Version 20, durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Die Analysen zeigten einen deutlichen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen regionaler Deprivation und der Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen in Form von ambulanten und stationären Fällen einerseits, sowie Sterblichkeit und Morbidität, gemessen durch den RSA-Risikofaktor, andererseits. Es zeigten sich darüber hinaus Zusammenhänge unterschiedlicher Intensität zwischen dem Grad der Deprivation und der Inanspruchnahme von 12 Arztgruppen der Bedarfsplanung auf Kreisebene. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Algorithmus entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe die kreisbezogene Deprivation in eine Erhöhung oder Verringerung der facharztbezogenen Verhältniszahl umgerechnet werden kann.
Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Mithilfe des GIMD und diverser Determinanten medizinischer Inanspruchnahme konnte im Modell der gesteigerte medizinische Bedarf bei erhöhter regionaler Deprivation gezeigt werden. Allerdings reicht in dieser Analyse das statistische Niveau (R2) der Zusammenhänge im vertragsärztlichen Bereich für die einzelnen Facharztgruppen nicht aus, um allein darauf ein Planungssystem zu implementieren, das mit Einschränkungen der Berufsfreiheit einhergeht. Im Einzelfall, sprich: Sonderbedarfszulassungen, kann das entwickelte Instrumentarium aufgrund seines geringen Aufwandes und der damit verbundenen Praktikabilität geeignet sein, Mehr- oder Minderbedarfe an Ärzten auf regionaler Ebene auszuweisen.
Direct and essential function for Hrd3 in ER-associated degradation
Authors: Vashistha Nidhi , Neal Sonya E. , Singh Amanjot , Carroll Sarah M. , Hampton Randolph Y. 
Published: May 2016

Significance
The HRD (HMG-CoA reductase degradation) pathway is a conserved eukaryotic route of protein destruction, removing misfolded proteins by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Hrd1 and Hrd3 are each required for substrate degradation. Hrd1 is the core E3 ligase of the HRD pathway, but the function of Hrd3 has remained unclear. Loss of Hrd3 causes extreme destabilization and loss of Hrd1. Thus, it had not been possible to ascertain whether Hrd3 had ERAD functions distinct from Hrd1 stabilization. We have leveraged our understanding of Hrd1 degradation to uncouple Hrd1 stability from Hrd3 presence, allowing us to demonstrate unequivocally that Hrd3 has a direct and essential role in ER quality control. This work sets the stage for biologically relevant, translatable studies of this critical stress management pathway.