bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power and Citizenship Through Youth‐Centered Project‐Based Clinical Practice
Authors: Daoud Nisreen , Pellegrino Anthony 
Published: January 2017

Abstract“Partnerships in/as/for Literacies” explores the idea that literacies are as much evolving processes as they are static contents. Co‐authored by university‐ and school‐based teachers and teacher educators, pre‐service teachers, and youths, columns consider how very traditional literacies (e.g., in reading, writing, composing, speaking, and listening), other notions and concepts of literacy, and literacy pedagogies are best developed and complicated through context‐crossing partnerships among university, school, and community constituents playing boundary‐spanning roles.
A Dance of Bars: Rethinking the Role of Literacy Education in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Kirkland David E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMost people have struggled with reading in one situation or another, depending on their appreciation for the content, their prior experiences, and the texts. This department column shares ways for educators to help literacy learners unlock their potential with instruction anchored in their skills, knowledge, ways of learning, interests, and attitudes.
Directed In Situ Shaping of Complex Nano‐ and Microstructures during Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Artus Georg R. J. , Olveira Sandro , Patra Debabrata , Seeger Stefan 
Published: January 2017

Chemical composition and shape determine the basic properties of any object. Commonly, chemical synthesis and shaping follow each other in a sequence, although their combination into a single process would be an elegant simplification. Here, a pathway of simultaneous synthesis and shaping as applied to polysiloxanes on the micro‐ and nanoscale is presented. Complex structures such as stars, chalices, helices, volcanoes, rods, or combinations thereof are obtained. Varying the shape‐controlling reaction parameters including temperature, water saturation, and the type of substrate allows to direct the reaction toward specific structures. A general mechanism of growth is suggested and analytical evidence and thermodynamic calculations to support it are provided. An aqueous droplet in either gaseous atmosphere or in a liquid organic solvent serves as a spatially confined polymerization volume. By substituting the starting materials, germanium‐based nanostructures are also obtained. This transferability marks this approach as a major step toward a generally applicable method of chemical synthesis including in situ shaping.
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Tuning the Molar Composition of “Charge‐Shifting” Cationic Copolymers Based on 2‐(N,N‐Dimethylamino)Ethyl Acrylate and 2‐(tert‐Boc‐Amino)Ethyl Acrylate
Authors: Ho Hien The , Bohec Maël Le , Frémaux Julien , Piogé Sandie , Casse Nathalie , Fontaine Laurent , Pascual Sagrario 
Published: January 2017

Copolymers of 2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (DMAEA) and 2‐(tert‐Boc‐amino)ethyl acrylate (tBocAEA) are synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in a controlled manner with defined molar masses and narrow molar masses distributions (Ð ≤ 1.17). Molar compositions of the P(DMAEA‐co‐tBocAEA) copolymers are assessed by means of 1H NMR. A complete screening in molar composition is studied from 0% of DMAEA to 100% of DMAEA. Reactivity ratios of both comonomers are determined by the extended Kelen–Tüdos method (r
DMAEA = 0.81 and rt

BocAEA = 0.99).
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Branched Macromolecular Architectures for Degradable, Multifunctional Phosphorus‐Based Polymers
Authors: Henke Helena , Brüggemann Oliver , Teasdale Ian 
Published: January 2017

This feature article briefly highlights some of the recent advances in polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the backbone, with a focus on the preparation of functional, highly branched, soluble polymers. A comparison is made between the related families of materials polyphosphazenes, phosphazene/phosphorus‐based dendrimers and polyphosphoesters. The work described herein shows this to be a rich and burgeoning field, rapidly catching up with organic chemistry in terms of the macromolecular synthetic control and variety of available macromolecular architectures, whilst offering unique property combinations not available with carbon backbones, such as tunable degradation rates, high multi­valency and facile post‐polymerization functionalization. As an example of their use in advanced applications, we highlight some investigations into their use as water‐soluble drug carriers, whereby in particular the degradability in combination with multivalent nature has made them useful materials, as underlined by some of the recent studies in this area.
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New Strategy to Access Dual‐Stimuli‐Responsive Triple‐Shape‐Memory Effect in a Non‐overlapping Pattern
Authors: Xie Hui , Deng Xiao‐Ying , Cheng Chuan‐Ying , Yang Ke‐Ke , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: January 2017

Multistimuli‐responsive shape‐memory polymers are highly desirable in various applications, and numerous modes have been developed in recent years. However, most of them need to reprogram before they are ready to respond to another stimulus while one is triggered. Here, a new strategy is developed to achieve dual‐stimuli‐responsive triple‐shape memory with non‐overlapping effect in one programming cycle. Here, a series of poly(l‐lactide)‐poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol copolymers (PLA‐PTMEG‐A) is prepared by selected dangling photoresponsive anthracene moieties on the crystalline PTMEG backbone. The architectures of the copolymers are well‐controlled in order to keep a good balance between the crystallinity of the soft segment and the mobility of the anthracene moieties. Thus, PLA‐PTMEG‐A's can respond to heat and light with non‐overlapping effect. The thermally‐induced shape‐memory effect (TSME) is realized by the crystallization–melting transition of PTMEG soft segments, while the light‐induced shape‐memory effect (LSME) is achieved by the reversible photodimerization of anthracene groups. In view of the non‐overlapping effect of TSME and LSME in the copolymers, a triple‐shape‐memory effect triggered by dual‐stimuli is realized in one programming and recovery cycle.image
Technical Note: Issues related to external marker block placement for deep inspiration breath hold breast radiotherapy
Authors: Conroy Leigh , Guebert Alexandra , Smith Wendy L. 
Published: January 2017

PurposeIt has been suggested that the Real‐time Position Management (RPM) marker block should be placed directly on the breast or sternum to verify deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) level for breast radiotherapy. We explore three potential issues with this practice: (a) surface dose effect of placing the marker block in the primary beam; (b) effect of marker block tilt on the accuracy of the RPM system; and (c) correlation between marker block positions on the patient surface and internal chest wall position.Methods(a) The surface dose under the two‐, four‐, and six‐dot marker blocks was measured at incident angles of 0° and 30°; (b) the motion amplitude detected when using the two‐ and six‐dot marker blocks was recorded for block tilts from 0° to 60° about the RPM camera line of sight; (c) the correlation between median displacement of the chest wall and median displacement of the surface contour between breath holds was investigated for superior, middle, and inferior block positions using contours extracted from portal images of eight left‐sided breast cancer patients.Results(a) The marker blocks increased the surface dose for a 6 MV direct field by 48.2–52.2% of Dmax; (b) at lateral tilts greater than 10°, the two‐dot marker block overestimated the motion amplitude; however, the six‐dot marker block amplitude remained accurate up to 60°; (c) the whole, superior, and middle surface positions were strongly correlated with chest wall displacement (R2 = 0.83; R2 = 0.90; R2 = 0.83), whereas the inferior position was moderately correlated (R2 = 0.36).ConclusionsThe RPM marker block can be placed on the breast for DIBH treatments; however, caution should be used regarding surface dose effects. The two‐dot marker block should not be used for block tilts beyond 20°. Marker block placement at a middle or superior position on the breast results in the strongest correlation with chest wall position.
Decreased intracellular [Ca2+] coincides with reduced expression of Dhprα1s, RyR1, and diaphragmatic dysfunction in a rat model of sepsis
Authors: Wang Meng‐meng , Hao Li‐ying , Guo Feng , Zhong Bin , Zhong Xiao‐mei , Yuan Jing , Hao Yi‐fei , Zhao Shuang , Sun Xue‐fei , Lei Ming , Jiao Guang‐yu 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionSepsis can cause decreased diaphragmatic contractility. Intracellular calcium as a second messenger is central to diaphragmatic contractility. However, changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) and the distribution and co‐localization of relevant calcium channels [dihydropyridine receptors, (DHPRα1s) and ryanodine receptors (RyR1)] remain unclear during sepsis. In this study we investigated the effect of changed intracellular [Ca2+] and expression and distribution of DHPRα1s and RyR1 on diaphragm function during sepsis.MethodsWe measured diaphragm contractility and isolated diaphragm muscle cells in a rat model of sepsis. The distribution and co‐localization of DHPRα1s and RyR1 were determined using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, whereas intracellular [Ca2+] was measured by confocal microscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry.ResultsSeptic rat diaphragm contractility, expression of DHPRα1s and RyR1, and intracellular [Ca2+] were significantly decreased in the rat sepsis model compared with controls.DiscussionDecreased intracellular [Ca2+] coincides with diaphragmatic contractility and decreased expression of DHPRα1s and RyR1 in sepsis. Muscle Nerve 56: 1128–1136, 2017
From structure to redox: The diverse functional roles of disulfides and implications in disease
Authors: Bechtel Tyler J. , Weerapana Eranthie 
Published: January 2017

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of disulfide bonds and their relevance to human disease. The critical roles of disulfide bonds in protein structure stabilization and redox regulation of protein activity are addressed. Disulfide bonds are essential to the structural stability of many proteins within the secretory pathway and can exist as intramolecular or inter‐domain disulfides. The proper formation of these bonds often relies on folding chaperones and oxidases such as members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Many of the PDI family members catalyze disulfide‐bond formation, reduction, and isomerization through redox‐active disulfides and perturbed PDI activity is characteristic of carcinomas and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to catalytic function in oxidoreductases, redox‐active disulfides are also found on a diverse array of cellular proteins and act to regulate protein activity and localization in response to oxidative changes in the local environment. These redox‐active disulfides are either dynamic intramolecular protein disulfides or mixed disulfides with small‐molecule thiols generating glutathionylation and cysteinylation adducts. The oxidation and reduction of redox‐active disulfides are mediated by cellular reactive oxygen species and activity of reductases, such as glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. Dysregulation of cellular redox conditions and resulting changes in mixed disulfide formation are directly linked to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Parkinson's disease.
Multiarm star polymers with a thermally cleavable core: A “grafting‐from” approach paves the way
Authors: Munkhbat Oyuntuya , Gok Ozgul , Sanyal Rana , Sanyal Amitav 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThermally cleavable multiarm star polymers containing thermo‐reversible furan–maleimide cycloadduct‐based core were synthesized using dendritic macroinitiators. Peripheries of dendritic macroinitiators were modified with bromine containing free radical initiators to obtain multiarm polymers by utilizing atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Cleavage of thus obtained multiarm polymers was achieved via the retro Diels–Alder cycloreversion reaction of the furan–maleimide core at elevated temperatures. As an alternative approach, combination of multiarm polymers containing a furan and maleimide functional group at their core was attempted to realize that the steric bulk does not allow their formation. Hence the “grafting‐from” route using a thermally fragmentable trigger containing multiarm initiators provides a plausible methodology for fabrication of such thermally cleavable multiarm polymeric materials. Syntheses of dendritic initiators, formation of star polymers as well as their fragmentation were followed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 885–893
Adenotonsillectomy to treat obstructive sleep apnea: Is it enough?
Authors: Boudewyns A. , Abel F. , Alexopoulos E. , Evangelisti M. , Kaditis A. , Miano S. , Villa M.P. , Verhulst S.L. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryAlthough adenotonsillectomy is the first line treatment for children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (0SAS),1 improvement in objectively documented outcomes is often inadequate and a substantial number of children have residual disease. Early recognition and treatment of children with persistent OSAS is required to prevent long‐term morbidity. The management of these children is frequently complex and a multidisciplinary approach is required as most of them have additional risk factors for OSAS and comorbidities. In this paper, we first provide an overview of children at risk for persistent disease following adenotonsillectomy. Thereafter, we discuss different diagnostic modalities to evaluate the sites of persistent upper airway obstruction and the currently available treatment options. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:699–709. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Langerhans cells and sexual transmission of HIV and HSV
Authors: Botting Rachel A. , Rana Hafsa , Bertram Kirstie M. , Rhodes Jake W. , Baharlou Heeva , Nasr Najla , Cunningham Anthony L. , Harman Andrew N. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryLangerhans cells (LCs) situated in stratified squamous epithelium of the skin and mucosal tissue are amongst the first cells that sexually transmitted pathogens encounter during transmission. They are potent antigen presenting cells and play a key role in the host mounting an appropriate immune response. As such, viruses have evolved complex strategies to manipulate these cells to facilitate successful transmission. One of best studied examples is HIV, which manipulates the natural function of these cells to interact with CD4 T cells, which are the main target cell for HIV in which rapid replication occurs. However, there is controversy in the literature as to the role that LCs play in this process. Langerhans cells also play a key role in the way the body mounts an immune response to HSV, and there is also a complex interplay between the transmission of HSV and HIV that involves LCs. In this article, we review both past and present literatures with a particular focus on a few very recent studies that shed new light on the role that LCs play in the transmission and immune response to these 2 pathogens.
Multivariate analysis of solar city economics: impact of energy prices, policy, finance, and cost on urban photovoltaic power plant implementation
Authors: Byrne John , Taminiau Job , Kim Kyung Nam , Lee Joohee , Seo Jeongseok 
Published: January 2017

Previous research suggests that the potential for city‐scale photovoltaic (PV) applications is substantial across the globe. Successful implementation of ‘solar city’ options will depend on the strategic application of finance mechanisms, solar energy soft cost policies, and other policy tools, as well as the grid price of electricity. Capital markets recently have embraced the roll‐out of new financial instruments, including ‘green bonds,’ which could be incorporated into solar city project design to attract large investments at a low cost. A multivariate analysis method is employed to consider solar city possibilities for six cities: Amsterdam, London, Munich, New York, Seoul, and Tokyo. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to capture the probabilistic nature of uncertainties in the parameters and their relative importance to the financial viability of a solar city project. The analysis finds that solar city implementation strategies can be practical under a broad range of circumstances. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e241. doi: 10.1002/wene.241This article is categorized under:

Photovoltaics > Systems and Infrastructure
Solar Heating and Cooling > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Detection limits evaluation of a portable energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence setup using different filter combinations
Authors: Pessanha Sofia , Samouco Ana , Adão Ricardo , Carvalho Maria Luisa , Santos José Paulo , Amaro Pedro 
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we study the performance of a portable energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer by making use of different filter configurations at the X‐ray tube output. To fulfill this purpose, we systematically investigated how the detection limits (DL) can be improved by applying three different combinations of filters (Al, Cu and Al + Cu) between the X‐ray tube and standard reference materials of different average‐Z matrices.The obtained results were compared with the DL obtained with a benchtop system with triaxial geometry, considered the benchmark in detection of trace elements in a variety of sample matrices.The major differences occurred for the low‐Z matrices, reflecting the increase of DL for elements with emission energies between 5 and 15 keV using filters. Regarding the high‐Z matrices, the use of filters did not render an effective improvement in the DL but had a positive effect in diminishing sum peaks that could hinder the evaluation of some elements. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis and Treatment of 26 Cases of Abdominal Cocoon
Authors: Li Sheng , Wang Jun‐Jiang , Hu Wei‐xian , Zhang Mou‐Cheng , Liu Xian‐Yan , Li Yong , Cai Guan‐Fu , Liu Sen‐Lin , Yao Xue‐Qing 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsAbdominal cocoon (AC) is a rare abdominal disease with nonspecific clinical features, and it is difficult to be diagnosed before operation and hard to be treated in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of AC.MethodsThe clinical manifestations, findings during surgery, treatments, and follow‐up results of 26 cases of AC were retrospectively studied from January 2001 to January 2015.ResultsAll of 26 cases were diagnosed as AC definitely by laparotomy or laparoscopic surgery. Their clinical findings were various, with 7 intestines obstructed with bezoars and 4 intestines perforated by spiny material. Based on the existence of the second enterocoelia, all cases were categorized into 2 types: type I is absent of second enterocoelia (18 cases, 69.23%), while type II shows second enterocoelia (8 cases, 30.77%). Twenty cases (12 were type I and 8 were type II) underwent membrane excision and careful enterodialysis to release the small intestine entirely or partially, while the other 6 cases (all were type I) did not. In addition, all patients were treated with medical treatment and healthy diet and lifestyle. Finally, most of the patients recovered smoothly.ConclusionsAC can be categorized into two types; surgery is recommended for type II and part of type I with severe complications, but sometimes conservative therapy might be appropriate for type I. Laparoscopic surgery plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of AC. Furthermore, favorite health education, healthy diet and lifestyle are of significance in patients’ recovery.
Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Patients with Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Isik Arda , Gursul Cebrail , Peker Kemal , Aydın Merve , Fırat Deniz , Yılmaz İsmayil 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this prospective study is to investigate if there is a relationship between inguinal hernia, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).Materials and methodsThis case control study was performed on patients admitted to the general surgery department of Erzincan University Hospital. Four groups were created: control, indirect hernia, direct hernia, and bilateral hernia. All groups were comprised of 11 patients. Serum and tissue levels of MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, MMP‐13, TIMP‐1, TIMP‐2, TIMP‐3, and hydroxyproline were evaluated.ResultsMMPs values were significantly high at hernia groups, especially at bilateral hernia group (p < 0.05), whereas TIMPs values were significantly low at bilateral hernia group (p < 0.05). MMPs values were increasing at hernia groups in an order as control, indirect, direct, and bilateral. TIMPs values were decreasing at hernia groups in an order as control, indirect, direct, and bilateral.ConclusionIncreased levels of MMP‐1‐2‐9‐13 and decreased levels of TIMP‐1‐2‐3 may have played role in the formation of inguinal hernia. Hernia is not only a local defect, but a reflection of systemic disease. This is even more significant for bilateral hernias.
Ensuring the quality of multiple-choice exams administered to small cohorts: A&nbsp;cautionary tale
Authors: Young Meredith , Cummings Beth-Ann , St-Onge Christina 
Published: January 2017

Introduction Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are a cornerstone of assessment in medical education. Monitoring item properties (difficulty and discrimination) are important means of investigating examination quality. However, most item property guidelines were developed for use on large cohorts of examinees; little empirical work has investigated the suitability of applying guidelines to item difficulty and discrimination coefficients estimated for small cohorts, such as those in medical education. We investigated the extent to which item properties vary across multiple clerkship cohorts to better understand the appropriateness of using such guidelines with small cohorts.
Methods Exam results for 32 items from an MCQ exam were used. Item discrimination and difficulty coefficients were calculated for 22 cohorts (n = 10–15 students). Discrimination coefficients were categorized according to Ebel and Frisbie (1991). Difficulty coefficients were categorized according to three guidelines by Laveault and Grégoire (2014). Descriptive analyses examined variance in item properties across cohorts.
Results A large amount of variance in item properties was found across cohorts. Discrimination coefficients for items varied greatly across cohorts, with 29/32 (91%) of items occurring in both Ebel and Frisbie’s ‘poor’ and ‘excellent’ categories and 19/32 (59%) of items occurring in all five categories. For item difficulty coefficients, the application of different guidelines resulted in large variations in examination length (number of items removed ranged from 0 to 22).
Discussion While the psychometric properties of items can provide information on item and exam quality, they vary greatly in small cohorts.