bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eikonal Calculations for Energy Transfer in the Deep-Ocean Internal Wave Field near Mixing Hotspots
Authors: Ijichi Takashi , Hibiya Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the proximity of mixing hotspots in the deep ocean, the observed internal wave spectra are usually distorted from the Garrett–Munk (GM) spectrum and are characterized by the high energy level E as well as a shear–strain ratio Rω quite different from that of the GM spectrum. On the basis of the eikonal theoretical model, Ijichi and Hibiya (IH) recently proposed the revised finescale parameterization of turbulent dissipation rates in the distorted internal wave field, although the vertical velocity associated with background internal waves and the strict WKB scale separation, for example, were not taken into account. To see the effects of such simplifying assumptions on the revised parameterization, this study carries out a series of eikonal calculations for energy transfer through various internal wave spectra distorted from the GM. Although the background vertical velocity and the strict WKB scale separation somewhat affect the calculated energy transfer rates, their parameter dependence is confirmed as expected; the calculated energy transfer rates ε follow the basic scaling ε ∝ E2N2f with the local buoyancy frequency N and the local inertial frequency f and exhibit strong Rω dependence quite similar to that predicted by IH.
Preventing Catastrophic Filter Divergence Using Adaptive Additive Inflation for Baroclinic Turbulence
Authors: Lee Yoonsang , Majda Andrew J. , Qi Di 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEnsemble-based filtering or data assimilation methods have proved to be indispensable tools in atmosphere and ocean science as they allow computationally cheap, low-dimensional ensemble state approximation for extremely high-dimensional turbulent dynamical systems. For sparse, accurate, and infrequent observations, which are typical in data assimilation of geophysical systems, ensemble filtering methods can suffer from catastrophic filter divergence, which frequently drives the filter predictions to machine infinity. A two-layer quasigeostrophic equation, which is a classical idealized model for geophysical turbulence, is used to demonstrate catastrophic filter divergence. The mathematical theory of adaptive covariance inflation by Tong et al. and covariance localization are investigated to stabilize the ensemble methods and prevent catastrophic filter divergence. Two forecast models—a coarse-grained ocean code, which ignores the small-scale parameterization, and stochastic superparameterization (SP), which is a seamless multiscale method developed for large-scale models without scale gap between the resolved and unresolved scales—are applied to generate large-scale forecasts with a coarse spatial resolution compared to the full resolution . The methods are tested in various dynamical regimes in ocean with jets and vorticities, and catastrophic filter divergence is documented for the standard filter without inflation. Using the two forecast models, various kinds of covariance inflation with or without localization are compared. It shows that proper adaptive additive inflation can effectively stabilize the ensemble methods without catastrophic filter divergence in all regimes. Furthermore, stochastic SP achieves accurate filtering skill with localization while the ocean code performs poorly even with localization.
A Statistical Perspective on Wind Profiles and Vertical Wind Shear in Tropical Cyclone Environments of the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Finocchio Peter M. , Majumdar Sharanya J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A statistical analysis of tropical cyclone (TC) environmental wind profiles is conducted in order to better understand how vertical wind shear influences TC intensity change. The wind profiles are computed from global atmospheric reanalyses around the best track locations of 7554 TC cases in the Northern Hemisphere tropics. Mean wind profiles within each basin exhibit significant differences in the magnitude and direction of vertical wind shear. Comparisons between TC environments and randomly selected “non-TC” environments highlight the synoptic regimes that support TCs in each basin, which are often characterized by weaker deep-layer shear. Because weaker deep-layer shear may not be the only aspect of the environmental flow that makes a TC environment more favorable for TCs, two new parameters are developed to describe the height and depth of vertical shear. Distributions of these parameters indicate that, in both TC and non-TC environments, vertical shear most frequently occurs in shallow layers and in the upper troposphere. Linear correlations between each shear parameter and TC intensity change show that shallow, upper-level shear is slightly more favorable for TC intensification. But these relationships vary by basin and neither parameter independently explains more than 5% of the variance in TC intensity change between 12 and 120 h. As such, the shear height and depth parameters in this study do not appear to be viable predictors for statistical intensity prediction, though similar measures of midtropospheric vertical wind shear may be more important in particularly challenging intensity forecasts.
Radiological and NRT-Ratio–Based Estimation of Slim Straight Cochlear Implant Electrode Positions
Authors: Mittmann Philipp , Todt Ingo , Ernst Arneborg , Rademacher Grit , Mutze Sven , Göricke Sophia , Schlamann Marc , Lang Stephan , Arweiler-Harbeck Diana , Christov Florian 
Published: October 2016

Objectives: An intraoperative neural response telemetry-ratio (NRT-ratio) was established, which can provide information about the intraoperative intracochlear electrode array position for perimodiolar electrodes. Methods: In a retrospective controlled study in 2 tertiary referral centers, the electrophysiological data sets of 50 patients with measured intraoperative auto-NRTs and postoperative radiological examinations were evaluated. All patients were implanted with Nucleus slim straight electrodes. The NRT-ratio was calculated by dividing the average auto-NRT data from electrodes 16 to 18 with the average from electrodes 5 to 7. Using a flat panel tomography system or a computed tomography, the position of the electrode array was certified radiological. Results: Radiologically, 2 out of 50 patients were identified with an electrode translocated from the scala tympani into the scala vestibuli. The radiologically estimated electrodes indicating a scalar change showed a regular NRT-ratio but nonspecific NRT-level changes at the localization of translocation.
Existence of a squamous cell carcinoma antigen-immunoglobulin complex causes a deviation between squamous cell carcinoma antigen concentrations determined using two different immunoassays: first report of squamous cell carcinoma antigen coupling with immunoglobulin A
Authors: Mori Eriko , Kurano Makoto , Tobita Akiko , Shimosaka Hironori , Yatomi Yutaka 
Published: October 2016

Background Squamous cell carcinoma antigen is used as a tumour marker and is routinely measured in clinical laboratories. We validated two different immunoassays and found three cases in which the squamous cell carcinoma antigen concentrations deviated greatly between the two immunoassays. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these deviations. Methods The squamous cell carcinoma antigen concentrations were determined using the ARCHITECT SCC (CLIA method) and the ST AIA-PACK SCC (FEIA method). We performed polyethylene glycol precipitation and size exclusion chromatography to assess the molecular weight and spike recovery and absorption tests to examine the presence of an autoantibody. Results Both methods exhibited good performances for the measurement of squamous cell carcinoma antigen, although a correlation test showed large differences in the squamous cell carcinoma antigen concentrations measured using the two methods in three cases. The results of polyethylene glycol treatment and size exclusion chromatography indicated the existence of a large molecular weight squamous cell carcinoma antigen in these three cases. The spike recovery tests suggested the possible presence of an autoantibody against squamous cell carcinoma antigen. Moreover, the absorption test revealed that large squamous cell carcinoma antigen complexes were formed by the association of squamous cell carcinoma antigen with IgG in two cases and with both IgG and IgA in one case. Conclusions This study describes the existence of large molecular weight squamous cell carcinoma antigen that has complexed with immunoglobulin in the serum samples. The reason for the deviations between the two immunoassays might be due to differences of their reactivities against the squamous cell carcinoma antigen immune complexes with their autoantibody. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the coupling of squamous cell carcinoma antigen with IgA.
Searching and dealing, confirmation and feeling – Participants’ approaches to learning in a health education setting
Authors: Førland Georg , Silèn Charlotte , Eriksson Monica , Ringsberg Karin C 
Published: October 2016

Objective: Health care is far from reaching the goal of people being part of their own care, and research is lacking on how to understand their perspective. This study explores people’s intentions with the act of learning before attending a health education programme at a Learning and Mastery Centre (LMC) in Norway. The aim of this study was to understand participants’ learning strategies for learning about their own health care in a health education setting. Methods: Data were collected through five group interviews and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Findings revealed that participants’ intentions of how and what to learn were influenced by their life experiences and interactions with the health care system. Three main categories of experience emerged: (1) sharing experiences, (2) second opinion and (3) capturing the news, brought together under the comprehensive theme: searching and dealing, confirmation and feeling, which reflects the underlying meaning of the categories. Conclusion: Results encourage us to see learning as an active construction process underpinned by health literacy, including both people’s competencies and the health care system. If LMCs and similar health education initiatives are to make an important contribution to improving people’s health literacy, significant attention should be given in the planning and implementation of initiatives.
The Value of Tumor Diameter in Predicting Prognosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Intensity‐Modulated Radiotherapy
Authors: Niu Zhi‐Jie , Li Tao , Liang Zhong‐Guo , Chen Xiao‐Qian , Zhao Wei , Zhu Xiao‐Dong 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveThe tumor, node, and metastasis staging system of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has limitations in predicting prognosis. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic value of tumor diameter for patients with NPC who were treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University.Subjects and MethodsThe cases of 137 NPC patients treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Tumor diameter was measured on pretreatment magnetic resonance images. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to find the optimal cutoff value of tumor diameter and to examine the predictive ability of tumor diameter combined with T classification.ResultsThe mean tumor diameter increased with the advancing of T classification. The 5‐year cumulative survival rates for patients with a tumor diameter <43 mm vs ≥43 mm were 88.4% vs 61.8% (P <. 001), respectively. In multivariate analysis, tumor diameter was an independent prognostic factor for 5‐year cumulative survival. For patients with T3 + T4, the 5‐year cumulative survival rate was higher in the group with a tumor diameter <43 mm vs ≥43 mm (86.2% vs 60.2%, P =. 022). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 70.3% for tumor diameter combined with T classification, superior to T classification (area under the curve = 66.2%).ConclusionTumor diameter may be related to the extent of tumor invasion and can provide important information on prognosis. The incorporation of 43 mm as a cutoff value of tumor diameter may help to refine the predictive power of the current staging system for NPC.
Readability Trends of Online Information by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation
Authors: Wong Kevin , Levi Jessica R. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that patient education materials published by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation may be too difficult for the average reader to understand. The purpose of this study was to determine if current educational materials show improvements in readability.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis.SettingThe Patient Health Information section of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation website.Subjects and MethodsAll patient education articles were extracted in plain text. Webpage navigation, references, author information, appointment information, acknowledgments, and disclaimers were removed. Follow‐up editing was also performed to remove paragraph breaks, colons, semicolons, numbers, percentages, and bullets. Readability grade was calculated with the Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning‐Fog Index, Coleman‐Liau Index, Automated Readability Index, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook. Intra‐ and interobserver reliability were assessed.ResultsA total of 126 articles from 7 topics were analyzed. Readability levels across all 6 tools showed that the difficulty of patient education materials exceeded the abilities of an average American. As compared with previous studies, current educational materials by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation have shown a decrease in difficulty. Intra‐ and interobserver reliability were both excellent, with intraclass coefficients of 0.99 and 0.96, respectively.ConclusionImprovements in readability is an encouraging finding and one that is consistent with recent trends toward improved health literacy. Nevertheless, online patient educational material is still too difficult for the average reader. Revisions may be necessary for current materials to benefit a larger readership.
Treatment of Chronic Cough: Single‐Institution Experience Utilizing Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Soni Resha S. , Ebersole Barbara , Jamal Nausheen 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveChronic cough remains a challenging condition, especially in cases where it persists despite comprehensive medical management. For these particular patients, there appears to be an emerging role for behavior modification therapy. We report a series of patients with refractory chronic cough to assess if there is any benefit of adding behavioral therapy to their treatment regimen.Study DesignA case series with planned chart review of patients treated for chronic cough.SettingThe review was performed with an outpatient electronic health record system at a tertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsThe charts of all patients treated for chronic cough by a single laryngologist over a 30‐month period were analyzed. Patients’ response to treatment and rate of cough improvement were assessed for those with refractory chronic cough who underwent behavior modification therapy.ResultsThirty‐eight patients with chronic cough were initially treated empirically for the most common causes of cough, of which 32% experienced improvement. Nineteen patients who did not significantly improve with medical management underwent behavior modification therapy with a speech‐language pathologist. Of these patients, 84% experienced resolution or marked improvement of their symptoms.ConclusionBehavioral therapy may be underutilized in practice and could lead to improvement of otherwise recalcitrant cough.
Funding Australian economics research: Local benefits?
Authors: Doraisami Anita , Millmow Alex 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn Australia there is a systematic ranking of academic research performance, with a major impact metric being based on publications in prestigious journals. Other countries like Britain with its Research Excellence Framework also have similar metrics. While much analysis and publicity is devoted to the rankings of the quality of research, there has been very little focus on how this ranked research has then gone on to make a public policy impact. In the case of the economics discipline, there has been little exploration of the relationship between publication in a high-ranked journal and contribution to an analysis of Australia’s most pressing economic issues. This article investigates the extent to which articles in the Diamond list of journals from 2001 to 2010 addressed Australian economic issues. Our results indicate that articles on current policy issues accounted for a very modest fraction of total Diamond list journal articles. One possible explanation for this finding, which is investigated further, is the correlation between an economics department’s Excellence in Research Australia ranking and the number of staff who obtained their doctorates from an overseas university. Such a correlation has implications for the status afforded to economics research with a specific national focus.
Improved treatment satisfaction after switching therapy to rituximab in relapsing–remitting MS
Authors: de Flon Pierre , Laurell Katarina , Söderström Lars , Gunnarsson Martin , Svenningsson Anders 
Published: October 2016

Objective: New disease-modifying treatment strategies in multiple sclerosis offer possibilities for individualised treatment. In this study, we evaluated patient-reported outcome measures before and after a switch in therapy from first-line injectable treatments to rituximab. Method: A total of 75 patients with clinically stable relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) receiving ongoing first-line injectable treatment at three Swedish centres had their treatment switched to rituximab in this open-label phase II multicentre study. Assessment of treatment satisfaction, patient-perceived impact of the disease on daily life, fatigue, cognitive symptoms and disease progression was performed 3 months before and at the time of the treatment shift and then for a subsequent 2-year period. Results: The overall treatment satisfaction rating improved significantly from a mean of 4.8 (scale range: 1–7), while on injectable therapies, to a mean of 6.3 after 1 year of rituximab treatment ( p < 0.001). This improvement was sustained after 2 years. There was no significant change in scores for patient-perceived impact of disease, fatigue or disease progression. Conclusion: A shift in therapy from first-line injectables to rituximab in a cohort of clinically stable RRMS patients was followed by improved treatment satisfaction. This is clinically relevant as it may influence long-term adherence to immunomodulating therapy.
Poorly recognized age-related downward deviation of the inguinal ligament
Authors: Nawaz Yassir , Barvalia Mihir , Rana Gurinder , Khakwani M Zain , Azim Khizr , Patel Rahul , Idrees Sohira , Baker Gail , Cohen Marc , Wasty Najam 
Published: October 2016

Objective: To determine factors affecting actual inguinal ligament course in live human subjects. Introduction and hypothesis: Although the expected inguinal ligament course is supposedly a straight line extending from anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle, the actual inguinal ligament course is frequently depicted a priori by a downward bowing dotted line. There are no studies in a live subject supporting this assumption. We hypothesized this assumption is indeed valid and is related to among other factors a lifelong effect of gravity and lax abdominal musculature on the inguinal ligament course. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 54 consecutive computed tomography scans of the abdomen and pelvis randomly distributed across all age groups. Actual inguinal ligament course was visualized by reconstructing images using Terracon software. Vertical distance from the lowest point of actual inguinal ligament course to the expected inguinal ligament course was measured. We used multiple linear regression analysis to study the correlation between degree of inguinal ligament deviation and several variables. Results: Actual inguinal ligament course was below the expected inguinal ligament course in 52 of 54 patients. The mean deviation was 8.2 ± 5.9 mm. Advanced age was significantly associated with greater downward bowing of the inguinal ligament (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Actual inguinal ligament course is often well below the expected inguinal ligament course; this downward bowing of the inguinal ligament is especially pronounced with advancing age. Operators need to be mindful as this downward bowing can lead to supra-inguinal sticks causing vascular complications.
Resistance to anti-CD19/CD3 BiTE in acute lymphoblastic leukemia may be mediated by disrupted CD19 membrane trafficking
Authors: Braig Friederike , Brandt Anna , Goebeler Mariele , Tony Hans-Peter , Kurze Anna-Katharina , Nollau Peter , Bumm Thomas , Böttcher Sebastian , Bargou Ralf C. , Binder Mascha 
Published: October 2016

Key Points
CD19− relapses are a major challenge in about 10% to 20% of patients treated with blinatumomab. Molecular workup of 1 case revealed a disrupted CD19 membrane export as the basis for blinatumomab resistance.
How I use anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Steinberg Benjamin A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and conveys a significant risk of morbidity and mortality due to related stroke and systemic embolism. Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is the mainstay of thromboembolism prevention, and management of anticoagulation can be challenging. For patients without significant valvular disease, decisions around anticoagulation therapy are first based on the presence of additional stroke risk factors, as measured by the CHA2DS2-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75, diabetes, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65–74, and sex category [female]) score. Patients with increased CHA2DS2-VASc scores (by regional guidelines) should next be evaluated to determine if they are candidates for non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) therapy. This should focus on assessment of concomitant valve disease and/or impaired renal function. In eligible patients, the cumulative data support a preference for NOACs over warfarin, as NOACs appear safer and more effective as a group. However, there are no direct, randomized comparisons between NOACs, and therefore, selecting among them can be difficult. In addition, important patient groups remain underrepresented in major clinical trials, and their management is often left to clinician judgment. Data from emerging clinical trials will help guide physicians; however, patient engagement in decisions regarding OAC management will remain vital to ensuring appropriate balance of risks and optimizing health outcomes.