bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endothelial dysfunction correlates with decompression bubbles in rats
Authors: Zhang Kun , Wang Dong , Jiang Zhongxin , Ning Xiaowei , Buzzacott Peter , Xu Weigang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have documented that decompression led to endothelial dysfunction with controversial results. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between endothelial dysfunction, bubble formation and decompression rate. Rats were subjected to simulated air dives with one of four decompression rates: one slow and three rapid. Bubble formation was detected ultrasonically following decompression for two hours, before measurement of endothelial related indices. Bubbles were found in only rapid-decompressed rats and the amount correlated with decompression rate with significant variability. Serum levels of ET-1, 6-keto-PGF1α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MDA, lung Wet/Dry weight ratio and histological score increased, serum NO decreased following rapid decompression. Endothelial-dependent vasodilatation to Ach was reduced in pulmonary artery rings among rapid-decompressed rats. Near all the above changes correlated significantly with bubble amounts. The results suggest that bubbles may be the causative agent of decompression–induced endothelial damage and bubble amount is of clinical significance in assessing decompression stress. Furthermore, serum levels of ET-1 and MDA may serve as sensitive biomarkers with the capacity to indicate endothelial dysfunction and decompression stress following dives.
Lidcombe Program Webcam Treatment for Early Stuttering: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bridgman Kate , Onslow Mark , O’Brian Susan , Jones Mark , Block Susan 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
Webcam treatment is potentially useful for health care in cases of early stuttering in which clients are isolated from specialized treatment services for geographic and other reasons. The purpose of the present trial was to compare outcomes of clinic and webcam deliveries of the Lidcombe Program treatment (Packman et al., 2015) for early stuttering.

Method
The design was a parallel, open plan, noninferiority randomized controlled trial of the standard Lidcombe Program treatment and the experimental webcam Lidcombe Program treatment. Participants were 49 children aged 3 years 0 months to 5 years 11 months at the start of treatment. Primary outcomes were the percentage of syllables stuttered at 9 months postrandomization and the number of consultations to complete Stage 1 of the Lidcombe Program.

Results
There was insufficient evidence of a posttreatment difference of the percentage of syllables stuttered between the standard and webcam Lidcombe Program treatments. There was insufficient evidence of a difference between the groups for typical stuttering severity measured by parents or the reported clinical relationship with the treating speech-language pathologist.

Conclusions
This trial confirmed the viability of the webcam Lidcombe Program intervention. It appears to be as efficacious and economically viable as the standard, clinic Lidcombe Program treatment.
Clinical Characteristics of Voice, Speech, and Swallowing Disorders in Oromandibular Dystonia
Authors: Kreisler Alexandre , Verpraet Anne-Caroline , Veit Solène , Pennel-Ployart Odile , Béhal Hélène , Duhamel Alain , Destée Alain 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
To better define the clinical characteristics of idiopathic oromandibular dystonia, we studied voice, speech, and swallowing disorders and their impact on activities of daily living.

Method
Fourteen consecutive patients with idiopathic oromandibular dystonia and 14 matched, healthy control subjects were included in the study.

Results
Dysarthria was the most common disorder and its characteristics varied from one patient to another. However, we frequently observed a hyperkinetic, dysarthric profile characterized by imprecise consonants, a rough voice, changes in intensity, and hypernasality. Dysphagia appeared to be slightly less frequent and less disabling than dysarthria. Most patients had difficulty swallowing solids, and the oral phase was particularly problematic. Dysarthria and dysphagia affected activities of daily living in general and the psychological/emotional domain in particular.

Conclusions
The characteristics of dysarthria in oromandibular dystonia vary significantly from one patient to another due to differences in the set of affected muscles, so each patient should receive a personalized rehabilitation program. Dysarthria was the most prominent symptom, although spasmodic dysphonia was more frequent than expected. Further laboratory-based studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of dysphagia in oromandibular dystonia.
Umgang mit Elternschaft psychiatrischer Patienten in der stationären Behandlung: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen aus subjektiver Sicht psychiatrischer Fachkräfte
Authors: Checchia Carmen , Badura-Lotter Gisela , Kilian Reinhold , Becker Thomas , Krumm Silvia 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Sichtweisen psychiatrischer Fachkräfte zum Umgang mit Elternschaft von PatientInnen während der stationären Behandlung.
Methode Inhaltsanalytische Auswertung von 31 problemzentrierten Leitfadeninterviews.
Ergebnisse Aus Sicht der Fachkräfte ist Elternschaft vor allem hinsichtlich der kindlichen Versorgung bei stationärer Aufnahme relevant. Krankheitsbedingte Einschränkungen und Ängste der PatientInnen sowie mangelnde Kenntnisse und fehlende Zeit in der Versorgung werden als hinderlich bei der Berücksichtigung von Elternschaft benannt.
Diskussion Abbau struktureller Barrieren.
Regionalbudgets in der Psychiatrie: Eine Alternative zu tagesgleichen Pflegesätzen und zum zukünftigen Finanzierungssystem?
Authors: Schröder Bernward , Fleßa Steffen 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Untersucht wurde, welchen Einfluss der Wechsel von einem Vergütungssystem mit Pflegesätzen zu einem Regionalbudget auf die Behandlung ausübt.
Methodik Es wurden Routinedaten zweier Kliniken über 10 Jahre ausgewertet.
Ergebnis Nach dem Wechsel fand die Behandlung vermehrt tagesklinisch und ambulant statt.
Schlussfolgerung Der Vergütungssystemwechsel war Ursache der Veränderung. Da sich ähnliche Effekte auch bei einer Umstellung vom neuen Entgeltsystem der Psychiatrie auf das Regionalbudget erwarten lassen, ist das regionale Budget eine sinnvolle Alternative.
Arbeitsbedingte virale Infektionen in der Pflege – eine Umfrage
Authors: Wicker S. , Rabenau H. , Schachtrupp A. , Schalk R. 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Ziel der Studie Medizinisches Personal hat ein arbeitsbedingtes Infektionsrisiko und kann Infektionen auf Patienten übertragen. Die Akzeptanz von Schutzmaßnahmen steht in direktem Zusammenhang mit Wissen und Risikoeinschätzung der medizinischen Beschäftigten.
Ziel unserer Studie war es, das Wissen und die subjektive Risikowahrnehmung der Mitarbeiter in der Pflege bezüglich arbeitsbedingter Infektionen und Impfungen sowie die Häufigkeit von Nadelstichverletzungen (NSV) auch in Abhängigkeit ihres Ausbildungsstands zu erheben.
Methodik Im Rahmen der Veranstaltung „Fortbildung für Pflegende 2015“ führten wir unter den Teilnehmern eine anonyme Fragebogenerhebung durch.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung Die Pflegenden hatten nur unzureichende Kenntnisse hinsichtlich arbeitsbedingter viraler Infektionen in Bezug auf das tatsächliche Risiko. Andererseits bewerteten über 60 % der Befragten die Wahrscheinlichkeit an arbeitsbedingten Infektionen zu erkranken als „ziemlich groß“ bis „sehr groß“. Insgesamt 62,1 % der Studienteilnehmer fühlten sich nicht ausreichend geschult, um mit Patienten mit hochkontagiösen oder seltenen Infektionskrankheiten umgehen zu können.
Durch Schulungs- und Trainingsmaßnahmen sollte das Wissen über arbeitsbedingte Infektionen gesteigert werden.
Rabex-5 is a lenalidomide target molecule that negatively regulates TLR-induced type 1 IFN production
Authors: Millrine David , Tei Mami , Gemechu Yohannes , Kishimoto Tadamitsu 
Published: September 2016

Significance
The identification of the Lon protease Cereblon as the thalidomide receptor has led to significant progress in our understanding of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). IMiD binding alters the surface of Cereblon to facilitate the recruitment of proteins including Ikaros and CK1α. The recruitment of these proteins results in their ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal degradation. How Cereblon mediates the efficacy of these compounds in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions remains unclear. Significantly, this study has identified Rabex-5 as a Cereblon-interacting protein that is affected by IMiD binding. Furthermore, knockdown studies in a human macrophage cell line reveals a function of Rabex-5 in regulating Toll-like receptor–induced type 1 IFN production. These findings may help explain the antiinflammatory properties of IMiDs.
Sufficient trial size to inform clinical practice
Authors: Manski Charles F. , Tetenov Aleksey 
Published: September 2016

Significance
A core objective of trials comparing alternative medical treatments is to inform treatment choice in clinical practice, and yet conventional practice in designing trials has been to choose a sample size that yields specified statistical power. Power, a concept in the theory of hypothesis testing, is at most loosely connected to effective treatment choice. This paper develops an alternative principle for trial design that aims to directly benefit medical decision making. We propose choosing a sample size that enables implementation of near-optimal treatment rules. Near optimality means that treatment choices are suitably close to the best that could be achieved if clinicians were to know with certainty mean treatment response in their patient populations.
Assessing electronic health record phenotypes against gold-standard diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus
Authors: Spratt Susan E , Pereira Katherine , Granger Bradi B , Batch Bryan C , Phelan Matthew , Pencina Michael , Miranda Marie Lynn , Boulware Ebony , Lucas Joseph E , Nelson Charlotte L , Neely Benjamin , Goldstein Benjamin A , Barth Pamela , Richesson Rachel L , Riley Isaretta L , Corsino Leonor , McPeek Hinz Eugenia R , Rusincovitch Shelley , Green Jennifer , Barton Anna Beth ,   the DDC Phenotype Group, Kelley Carly , Hyland Kristen , Tang Monica , Elliott Amanda , Ruel Ewa , Clark Alexander , Mabrey Melanie , Morrissey Kay Lyn , Rao Jyothi , Hong Beatrice , Pierre-Louis Marjorie , Kelly Katherine , Jelesoff Nicole 
Published: September 2016

Objective: We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of 8 electronic health record (EHR)-based phenotypes for diabetes mellitus against gold-standard American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnostic criteria via chart review by clinical experts.Materials and Methods: We identified EHR-based diabetes phenotype definitions that were developed for various purposes by a variety of users, including academic medical centers, Medicare, the New York City Health Department, and pharmacy benefit managers. We applied these definitions to a sample of 173 503 patients with records in the Duke Health System Enterprise Data Warehouse and at least 1 visit over a 5-year period (2007–2011). Of these patients, 22 679 (13%) met the criteria of 1 or more of the selected diabetes phenotype definitions. A statistically balanced sample of these patients was selected for chart review by clinical experts to determine the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes in the sample.Results: The sensitivity (62–94%) and specificity (95–99%) of EHR-based type 2 diabetes phenotypes (compared with the gold standard ADA criteria via chart review) varied depending on the component criteria and timing of observations and measurements.Discussion and Conclusions: Researchers using EHR-based phenotype definitions should clearly specify the characteristics that comprise the definition, variations of ADA criteria, and how different phenotype definitions and components impact the patient populations retrieved and the intended application. Careful attention to phenotype definitions is critical if the promise of leveraging EHR data to improve individual and population health is to be fulfilled.
Transdiagnostic Mechanisms and Treatment for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Chu Brian C. , Temkin Andrea B. , Toffey Kristin 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Transdiagnostic approaches promise robust conceptualizations of pathology and efficient and generalizable treatments by providing researchers with a novel way to integrate basic science, treatment research, and developmental psychopathology. It has inspired innovations in treatment development by distilling the most powerful treatment components from our library of evidence-based treatments. Transdiagnostic approaches have proved especially appealing in the youth domain given high rates of comorbidity and rapid developmental change. The chapter begins with an introduction to transdiagnostic conceptual definitions and history, then reviews state of the art cognitive, behavioral, and social research that explains mechanisms in the onset or maintenance of pathology using a transdiagnostic lens. It concludes with a review of the early efforts of transdiagnostic researchers to develop interventions to address multiple disorders simultaneously in children and adolescents. In all, the chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the foundation and future directions of this emerging field.
The Rise of Suburban Poverty
Authors: Allard Scott W. , Paisner Sarah Charnes 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article examines the suburbanization of poverty in metropolitan areas with a particular focus on the experience of the United States. The discussion highlights key trends and likely causes of suburban poverty and provides an overview of various attempts to classify heterogeneity across suburbs. We believe the trends and consequences observed in the United States are relevant to a broad host of global settings, some of which have been struggling with high rates of suburban poverty for some time. The article closes by identifying gaps in current knowledge related to the suburbanization of poverty and highlighting the implications of the suburbanization of poverty for safety net policy.
Sentencing Indigenous Offenders in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Authors: Marchetti Elena , Anthony Thalia 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In common law countries that have been colonized, the colonized peoples are overrepresented in criminal justice statistics and in rates of incarceration. Sentencing laws and court processes have, for some time, undergone changes to reduce or address the continuing rise of indigenous over-incarceration. This essay focuses on three colonized common law countries: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in examining what legal strategies have been used to transform judicial reasoning and practice to take into account the particular experiences and circumstances of indigenous offenders. Whether these changes have improved the situation in practice is explored in this essay. The essay concludes by examining what role and responsibilities judicial officers should have in administering justice for peoples who have been, and continue to be, dispossessed of their culture, laws, and language by the process of colonization, and suggests directions for future research.
Terrorism
Authors: Uniacke Suzanne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article explores the connection between terrorism and the ethics of war, specifically the relevance of the moral wrongfulness of terrorism in elucidating one important aspect of the ethics of war. It begins with an overview of terrorism’s central features and the ethical issues associated with terrorism. It then discusses two considerations. First, terrorism can occur within civil society as well as in contexts of armed combat or war. Second, terrorist tactics are answerable to principles that govern ethically acceptable conduct of war, not the other way around. The chapter also tackles the question of whether the jus in bello principle of discrimination that prohibits targeting innocent people ought to represent an absolute prohibition, as opposed to a very stringent constraint. It argues that an analysis of the structure of terrorism and its distinctive wrongfulness can be helpful in morally interpreting the jus in bello principle of discrimination.
First Report of a 16SrI (Aster Yellows) Group Phytoplasma in Phlox in the United States
Authors: Sathoff Andrew E. , Rajendran Deepak , Wannemuehler Seth D. , Sweeney Katarina , Manan Fazal , Kosgey Zennah C. , Garber Lillian H. , Lockhart Benham E. 
Published: September 2016

Phlox are herbaceous perennial ornamentals native to North America grown for their flower color, range in flowering time, scent, and differing forms. Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris, first found to occur in Chinese asters, is spread by aster leafhoppers and in 2001 was reported to be a serious threat to phlox. There have been several reports of Ca. P. asteris in garlic and small grains in Minnesota. This is the first report of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris in phlox in Minnesota and the United States. Accepted for publication 28 June 2016. Published 6 September 2016.
The G143A Mutation is Responsible for Strobilurin Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora cf. flagellaris, a Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain Pathogen of Louisiana Soybean
Authors: Albu Sebastian , Price Trey , Doyle Vinson , Padgett Boyd , Schneider Ray 
Published: September 2016

Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain are economically important diseases of soybean throughout the Lower Mississippi River Valley and Gulf South USA. Fungicide resistance was documented in Louisiana in the pathogen population using radial growth assays. Using some of the same isolates, a portion of the cytochrome b gene was sequenced. The G143A mutation was found in resistant isolates, and results correlated with radial growth assays 97% of the time. Accepted for publication 1 September 2016.
Alternative Colposcopy Techniques
Authors: Hermens Marjolein , Ebisch Renée M. F. , Galaal Khadra , Bekkers Ruud L. M. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the diagnostic value of alternative (digital) colposcopy techniques for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse in a colposcopy population.

DATA SOURCES:
MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception up to January 11, 2016, for studies that evaluated the diagnostic value of alternative (digital) colposcopy techniques.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
Inclusion criteria were: 1) an alternative (digital) colposcopy technique was used in a colposcopy population; 2) a histologic outcome was reported, classified as CIN, differentiating between mild dysplasia or less (CIN 1 or less), and moderate dysplasia or worse (CIN 2 or greater); 3) the entire cervix was scanned at once or a per-woman analysis was performed; 4) no other topical application than acetic acid and Lugol's solution was used; 5) at least three eligible studies had to be available within a single technique; and 6) studies obtained research ethics approval. Language was restricted to English.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of the identified articles. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. We found six studies on fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy, including 2,530 women, with a pooled sensitivity of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] 89–95%) and specificity of 62% (95% CI 47–76%). Four studies on dynamic spectral imaging were found including 1,173 women with a pooled sensitivity of 69% (95% CI 48–85%) and specificity of 83% (95% CI 76–88%). We found three studies on optical coherence tomography including 693 women with a pooled sensitivity of 48% (95% CI 32–64%) and specificity of 77% (95% CI 52–91%). Previously published conventional colposcopy results showed a sensitivity of 61% (95% CI 58–63%) and a specificity of 85% (95% CI 83–86%).

CONCLUSION:
Alternative (digital) colposcopy techniques may result in increased sensitivity and specificity, but no recommendation for introduction in clinical practice can be made yet.
Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse
Authors: Chen Luyun , Lisse Sean , Larson Kindra , Berger Mitchell B. , Ashton-Miller James A. , DeLancey John O. L. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To test the null hypothesis that six factors representing potential fascial and muscular failure sites contribute equally to the presence and size of a cystocele: two vaginal attachment factors (apical support and paravaginal defects), two vaginal wall factors (vaginal length and width), and two levator ani factors (hiatus size and levator ani defects).

METHODS:
Thirty women with anterior-predominant prolapse (women in a case group) and 30 women in a control group underwent three-dimensional stress magnetic resonance imaging. The location of the anterior vaginal wall at maximal Valsalva was identified with the modified Pelvic Inclination Coordinate System and the six factors measured. Analysis included repeated-measure analysis of variance, logistic regression, and stepwise linear regression.

RESULTS:
We identified a collinear triad consisting of apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size that were not only the strongest predictors of cystocele size, but were also highly correlated with one another (r=0.84–0.89, P<.001) for the presence and size of the prolapse. Together they explain up to 83% of the variation in cystocele size. Among the less significant vaginal factors, vaginal length explained 19% of the variation in cystocele size, but no significant difference in vaginal width existed. Women in the case group were more likely to have abnormalities in collinear triad factors (up to 80%) than vaginal wall factors (up to 23.3%). Combining the strongest collinear triad with the vaginal factors, the model explained 92.5% of the variation in cystocele size.

CONCLUSION:
Apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size are highly correlated and are strong predictors of cystocele presence and size.
Spectrum of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies and their treatments
Authors: Pinal-Fernandez Iago , Mammen Andrew L. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose of reviewThis review aims to describe the spectrum of clinical, histological, and serological features in patients with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNMs).Recent findingsAutoantibodies recognizing the signal recognition particle (SRP) or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) define two unique subtypes of necrotizing myositis patient with distinct clinical features. For example, the major histocompatibility class II human leukocyte antigen allele DRB1∗11:01 is a strong immunogenetic risk factor for developing anti-HMGCR autoantibodies whereas B∗5001 and DQA1∗0104 are over-represented in patients with anti-SRP autoantibodies. Furthermore, statin exposure is a risk factor only for anti-HMGCR autoantibodies. And while skeletal muscle involvement is predominant in most patients with both autoantibodies, lung involvement appears in ∼20% of anti-SRP-positive patients but is more rare in anti-HMGCR-positive patients. Of note, ∼20% of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR positive patients have significant lymphocytic infiltrates on muscle biopsy and thus would not be formally categorized as having IMNM; aside from this, these patients are clinically indistinguishable from other patients with the same autoantibody profile.SummaryAnti-SRP and anti-HMGCR autoantibodies define unique populations of IMNM patients. It may be more appropriate to subtype myositis patients based on these autoantibodies than on their muscle biopsy features.