bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Western medicine in Africa to 1900, Part I: North, West and Central Africa
Authors: Roberts Jonathan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAs Part I of the history of Western Medicine in Africa before 1900, this article covers North, West, and Central Africa regions where European medical practitioners struggled to gain recognition within established pluralistic networks of herbal and spiritual therapies. Western medicine started at a disadvantage, with no treatments to combat tropical illness or epidemic disease. Nonetheless, practitioners from Europe gradually defined their role as healers along the coast of Africa, first as slave‐ship surgeons, missionaries, and explorers and later as physicians and sanitary officials. African patients showed ongoing skepticism toward Western medicine, in particular surgery at hospitals, but they did recognize that European pharmaceuticals could be useful in curing some illnesses. Western medicine did not “save” the people of Africa, nor did it achieve hegemony on the continent, but by 1900, it was able to gain a footing in each of these regions.
Harlem, the “New Negro,” and the cultural roots of Azikiwe's nationalist politics
Authors: Nwakanma Obi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract“Harlem, the New Negro, and the cultural roots of Nnamdi Azikiwe's Nationalism”The anti‐colonial nationalist movement was staged at two levels: the first was at the level of political nationalism and the second is at the level of cultural nationalism. Decolonization required the re‐awakening of consciousness and an affirmation of a precolonial past by its invocation through music, folklore, poetry, and the performative process. Colonialism had circulated European myths and ideas through the colonial schools, the churches, and by law. Colonized Africans were thus subjected to a process of acculturation which bound them to Europe. It required a strategy of cultural retrieval to “decolonize the mind” of Africans under the stress of colonial representations. Nnamdi Azikiwe was catalytic to this process of decolonization through his journalism, and in his own engagement as a poet considered among the pioneer West African poets writing in the English language in the 20th century. Although not much work has been done in this area, but Nnamdi Azikiwe's creative life yields an important insight, and provides a way of looking at the evolution of modern African literary and artistic culture and its links to the Harlem Renaissance. Through his newspapers, first as the Editor of the Accra Morning Post, and later as Editor and publisher of the West African Pilot in Lagos, Azikiwe was the first to bring the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance to a West African audience. Azikiwe's own work—both in terms of his cultural politics, and his own aesthetic practice as a poet is rooted within the context, and the ideas of the “New Negro” aesthetics of the Harlem renaissance. This essay argues for an interpretation of Nnamdi Azikiwe's cultural and political consciousness as framed within this experience of the “New Negro” and in the context of a black Atlantic formation that extends from his growing up in what MJC Echeruo has described as “New Negro” cities, to his education in the United States under the inspiration, and influence of the key figures of the Harlem renaissance, a fact which I argue becomes evident both in his poetry, and in his deployment of the cultural politics of Harlem in his own anti‐colonial nationalist work.
Quarantined histories: Sindh and the question of historiography in colonial India‐ Part I
Authors: Asif Manan Ahmed 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis essay examines histories of colonial British India and the annexation of Sindh in 1843 from two perspectives. The first is the colonial historiographic project that frames the history of Islam in India, creates an archive for its study and produces the political and military dominance of Sindh. Fundamentally, it argues that Muslims in India cannot produce their own histories for they lack the language and archives for scientific objectivity. In response, a set of Indian intellectuals take on the project of writing histories of Sindh from 1890 to 1950s. These histories are written in direct dialogue with the colonial archive and insist on their engagement with social scientific methodologies and tools. In rethinking this past, the essay argues that that Urdu historiography was itself deemed unscientific by modern South Asian historians and abandoned as not “proper history.” This essay thus asks that we incorporate such histories in our genealogies of anticolonial past.
History writing, anthropomorphism, and birdwatching in colonial india
Authors: Mishra Saurabh 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper makes an intervention into the rapidly growing and increasingly interdisciplinary field of Animal Studies, examining the challenges of writing histories of non‐humans. It does this in the context of the colonies where the task of decoding the archives presents an even greater challenge due to the new ways in which both animal species and human races were imagined. Using the example of scientific tracts about birds in colonial India, it highlights the manner in which affinities or contrasts between humans and animals were discussed. In the process, it also makes the argument that unpacking the category of “anthropomorphism” may lead us to new ways of understanding the human‐animal relationship.
HIV incidence in the Estonian population in 2013 determined using the HIV‐1 limiting antigen avidity assay
Authors: Soodla P , Simmons R , Huik K , Pauskar M , Jõgeda E‐L , Rajasaar H , Kallaste E , Maimets M , Avi R , Murphy G , Porter K , Lutsar I ,   the Concerted Action on SeroConversion to AIDS and Death in Europe (CASCADE) Collaboration in EuroCoord
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesEstonia has one the highest number of new HIV diagnoses in the European Union, mainly among injecting drug users and heterosexuals. Little is known of HIV incidence, which is crucial for limiting the epidemic. Using a recent HIV infection testing algorithm (RITA) assay, we aimed to estimate HIV incidence in 2013.MethodsAll individuals aged ≥18 years newly‐diagnosed with HIV in Estonia January‐ December 2013, except blood donors and those undergoing antenatal screening, were included. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the Estonian Health Board and the Estonian HIV‐positive patient database. Serum samples were tested for recent infection using the LAg‐avidity EIA assay. HIV incidence was estimated based on previously published methods.ResultsOf 69,115 tested subjects, 286 (0.41%) were newly‐diagnosed with HIV with median age of 33 years (IQR: 28–42) and 65% male. Self‐reported routes of HIV transmission were mostly heterosexual contact (n = 157, 53%) and injecting drug use (n = 62, 21%); 64 (22%) were with unknown risk group. Eighty two (36%) were assigned recent, resulting in estimated HIV incidence of 0.06%, corresponding to 642 new infections in 2013 among the non‐screened population. Incidence was highest (1.48%) among people who inject drugs.ConclusionsThese high HIV incidence estimates in Estonia call for urgent action of renewed targeted public health promotion and HIV testing campaigns.
Land‐use change effects on the taxonomic and morphological trait composition of ant communities in French Guiana
Authors: Salas‐Lopez Alex , Violle Cyrille , Mallia Loïc , Orivel Jérôme 
Published: August 2017

AbstractLand‐use changes frequently lead to major changes in the composition and diversity of organisms. A reduction in the range of strategies enabling organisms to survive in a given environment and changes in the average trait values of species may potentially be associated with variations in species’ number and identity.We investigated the variation in ant taxonomic composition and morphological trait diversity along a land‐use gradient in French Guiana. We measured 13 core ant morphological traits on all species sampled. We then selected the set of five traits that best captured changes along the land‐use gradient. Potential effects of the variation in morphological trait diversity and average values were evaluated by examining morphological traits individually as well as in combination.We found that variation in taxonomic diversity was unrelated to the plot‐level morphospace. Conversely, a significant shift in taxonomic composition was accompanied by changes in the average values of community traits along the studied gradient, examined both individually and in combination.We argue that morphological trait values may be related to the success of different species in surviving in a given environment and, therefore, are indicative of the taxonomic turnover in ants along the land‐use gradient. Nevertheless, in contradiction with theoretical expectations, the morphospace is only slightly affected by habitat filtering and loosely impacted by taxonomic changes. Examining the sensitivity of the morphospace to abiotic and biotic factors and how it reflects varying ecological pressures for species is thus of the utmost importance.
Autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from monocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients and healthy donors show a stable and immunosuppressive phenotype
Authors: Obreque Javiera , Vega Fabián , Torres Andy , Cuitino Loreto , Mackern‐Oberti Juan P. , Viviani Paola , Kalergis Alexis , Llanos Carolina 
Published: August 2017

SummarySystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with unrestrained T‐cell and B‐cell activity towards self‐antigens. Evidence shows that apoptotic cells (ApoCells) trigger an autoreactive response against nuclear antigens in susceptible individuals. In this study, we focus on generating and characterizing tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) to restore tolerance to ApoCells. Monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) from healthy controls and patients with SLE were treated with dexamethasone and rosiglitazone to induce tolDCs. Autologous apoptotic lymphocytes generated by UV irradiation were given to tolDCs as a source of self‐antigens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a maturation stimulus to induce the expression of co‐stimulatory molecules and secretion of cytokines. TolDCs generated from patients with SLE showed a reduced expression of co‐stimulatory molecules after LPS stimulation compared with mature DCs. The same phenomenon was observed in tolDCs treated with ApoCells and LPS. In addition, ApoCell‐loaded tolDCs stimulated with LPS secreted lower levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐12p70 than mature DCs without differences in IL‐10 secretion. The functionality of tolDCs was assessed by their capacity to prime allogeneic T cells. TolDCs displayed suppressor properties as demonstrated by a significantly reduced capacity to induce allogeneic T‐cell proliferation and activation. ApoCell‐loaded tolDCs generated from SLE monocytes have a stable immature/tolerogenic phenotype that can modulate CD4+ T‐cell activation. These properties make them suitable for an antigen‐specific immunotherapy for SLE.
A study based on the oxidation vaporization of LaCrO3
Authors: Yin Xinglian , Zhao Qing , Zhang Bo , He Donglin , Chang Aimin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis is a study based on the assumption that the volatilization of Cr gives rise to the poor sinterability of LaCrO3. We have studied the effect of buried materials (none, Al2O3, La2O3, Cr2O3, LaCrO3) on the sinterability of LaCrO3 by conventional sintering in air. It was observed that the sinterability of LaCrO3 in air is largely enhanced by burying with La2O3 (with a linear shrinkage of 12.5% and a relative density of 86.90%). The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) infers that there is a volatilization of Cr in sintering of LaCrO3 in air and the volatilization of Cr does affect the sinterability of LaCrO3.
Microstructure development of hydrothermally grown TiO2 thin films with vertically aligned nanorods
Authors: Shim Jong Hyun , Bae In‐Tae , Cho Junghyun 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTiO2 (rutile) thin films were deposited via a hydrothermal process by adjusting the amount of ethanol, deposition time, and temperature. Especially, various amounts of ethanol generated different degrees of supersaturation in precursor solution. It allowed us to systematically change the width, lengths, and crystallinity of a vertically aligned 1‐D nanorod structure of TiO2 films. The oriented attachment, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, was shown to be responsible for their lateral growth of TiO2 nanorods bundled by numerous well‐oriented nanowires and their vertical growth. TiO2 nanorod thin films were also characterized via X‐ray diffraction and UV‐Vis‐NIR spectrophotometer to find a correlation between the process conditions and nanostructural evolution. Dye sensitized solar cells were assembled to relate the nanostructures of TiO2 films with the effectiveness of its role as a photoelectrode.
Optimization of dielectric heating parameters in the production of high‐voltage LiNiPO4‐core and carbon‐shell ceramics
Authors: Örnek Ahmet 
Published: August 2017

AbstractExcellent core‐shell morphology and nanoscale high‐voltage LiNiPO4@C cathode materials have been synthesized by a low‐level and long‐time microwave and solvothermal synthesis methodology. The effects of the changing physicochemical parameters on the crystal‐quality and electrochemical properties of the products have been evaluated in relation to the cycling stability. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that it is possible to synthesize phase‐pure LiNiPO4 material when the reaction parameters are carefully elaborated. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals a core‐shell morphology with a coating thickness of 6‐8 nm for 30 minutes at 180°C solvothermal temperature and time‐spread microwave energy. This mentioned cathode material exhibits the best electrochemical properties, achieving a discharge capacity of 157 mAh·g−1 at a 0.l C current rate, and shows a remarkable 81% capacity retention at the end of the 80th cycle.
Two unique measurements related to flash experiments with yttria‐stabilized zirconia
Authors: Yadav Devinder , Raj Rishi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe report two measurements related to flash experiments. One is concerned with electroluminescence in yttria‐stabilized zirconia; in this case we have measured the broadening of the (UV) absorption edge in single crystal cubic zirconia below the conduction band, suggesting the generation of energy levels that are consistent with the electroluminescent spectra. The second measurement relates to the universal nature of the power density at the early onset of the flash transition in Stage I, for several ceramics flashed under a wide range of electric fields and temperature, which may be related to nonlinear thermal vibrations, so that the Debye temperature would be a lower bound for the flash‐onset.
Global phylogeography of the insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) relates to the history of its main host, Vigna unguiculata
Authors: Kébé Khadim , Alvarez Nadir , Tuda Midori , Arnqvist Göran , Fox Charles W. , Sembène Mbacké , Espíndola Anahí 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimThe seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus is an important tropical and subtropical pest of legumes distributed world‐wide. Archaeological evidence suggests an African origin with later world‐wide invasion facilitated by the last centuries’ legume trading and exchange. To date, no studies could identify the routes or timing of dispersal of the species. Here, we investigate the global phylogeography of this pest to shed light on the main inter‐continental dispersal routes that led to it becoming a cosmopolitan pest.LocationWorld‐wide.MethodsWe sampled seed beetles over a large fraction of the species’ range and sequenced one nuclear and three mitochondrial loci. Using this data, we estimated spatio‐temporal phylogeographical reconstructions, and the demographic history of the species. We also used our dataset to evaluate the effect of panmixia on Bayesian demographic estimations.ResultsCallosobruchus maculatus exhibited regional and continental genetic structure, with the highest genetic diversity found in Africa. Our discrete Bayesian phylogeographical approach indicated that the species first dispersed to Asia and then colonized the pantropical belt. The three methods used for inferring the demographic history of C. maculatus indicated a recent demographic expansion in the world‐wide dataset, as well as in the subset restricted to African samples. Such a signal was, however, not observed in the subset composed of Asian specimens. This demographic expansion occurred in the Holocene and is likely explained by the spread of cowpea and other host legumes across and out of Africa.Main conclusionsThe inferred dispersal routes support the idea that the evolutionary history of C. maculatus relates to the trade of its main host plant, Vigna unguiculata. Human‐mediated processes appear to have shaped the global genetic structure of this pest. As a methodological implication, we demonstrate that coalescent‐based demographic reconstructions can be erroneous if the dataset violates the assumption of panmixia.
Complexity perspectives on clinical decision making in an intensive care unit
Authors: de Bock Ben A. , Willems Dick L. , Weinstein Henry C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesHow to clarify the implications of complexity thinking for decision making in the intensive care unit (ICU)?MethodRetrospective qualitative empirical research. Practitioners in an ICU were interviewed on how their decisions were made regarding a particular patient in a difficult, clinical situation. Transcriptions of these interviews were coded and retrieved in Maxqda, a software program. Assisted by complexity thinking, researchers focused on the decision‐making process and the shift from analytic approaches to complex approaches.ResultsOriginally, practitioners took their decisions with negligible transdisciplinary interactivity, drawing on analytical knowledge. Later on, they shifted to transdisciplinary practices, paying attention to more participation in their decision‐making processes within their complex environment.ConclusionsComplexity thinking demonstrates that this is a better model towards understanding transdisciplinary decision making then most analytical methodologies.
Helicobacter pylori management in ASEAN: The Bangkok consensus report
Authors: Mahachai Varocha , Vilaichone Ratha‐korn , Pittayanon Rapat , Rojborwonwitaya Jarin , Leelakusolvong Somchai , Maneerattanaporn Monthira , Chotivitayatarakorn Peranart , Treeprasertsuk Sombat , Kositchaiwat Chomsri , Pisespongsa Pises , Mairiang Pisaln , Rani Aziz , Leow Alex , Mya Swe Mon , Lee Yi‐Chia , Vannarath Sengdao , Rasachak Bouachanh , Chakravuth Oung , Aung Moe Myint , Ang Tiing‐Leong , Sollano Jose D , Trong Quach Duc , Sansak Inchaya , Wiwattanachang Olarn , Harnsomburana Piyathida , Syam Ari Fahrial , Yamaoka Yoshio , Fock Kwong‐Ming , Goh Khean‐Lee , Sugano Kentaro , Graham David 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains to be the major cause of important upper gastrointestinal diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. H. pylori management in ASEAN: the Bangkok consensus report gathered key opinion leaders for the region to review and evaluate clinical aspects of H. pylori infection and to develop consensus statements, rationales, and grades of recommendation for the management of H. pylori infection in clinical practice in ASEAN countries. This ASEAN Consensus consisted of 34 international experts from 10 ASEAN countries, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States. The meeting mainly focused on four issues: (i) epidemiology and disease association; (ii) diagnostic tests; (iii) management; and (iv) follow‐up after eradication. The final results of each workshop were presented for consensus voting by all participants. Statements, rationale, and recommendations were developed from the available current evidence to help clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and its clinical diseases.
Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implications
Authors: Kellens Karel , Baumers Martin , Gutowski Timothy G. , Flanagan William , Lifset Reid , Duflou Joost R. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryAdditive manufacturing (AM) proposes a novel paradigm for engineering design and manufacturing, which has profound economic, environmental, and security implications. The design freedom offered by this category of manufacturing processes and its ability to locally print almost each designable object will have important repercussions across society. While AM applications are progressing from rapid prototyping to the production of end‐use products, the environmental dimensions and related impacts of these evolving manufacturing processes have yet to be extensively examined. Only limited quantitative data are available on how AM manufactured products compare to conventionally manufactured ones in terms of energy and material consumption, transportation costs, pollution and waste, health and safety issues, as well as other environmental impacts over their full lifetime. Reported research indicates that the specific energy of current AM systems is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to that of conventional manufacturing processes. However, only part of the AM process taxonomy is yet documented in terms of its environmental performance, and most life cycle inventory (LCI) efforts mainly focus on energy consumption. From an environmental perspective, AM manufactured parts can be beneficial for very small batches, or in cases where AM‐based redesigns offer substantial functional advantages during the product use phase (e.g., lightweight part designs and part remanufacturing). Important pending research questions include the LCI of AM feedstock production, supply‐chain consequences, and health and safety issues relating to AM.
Experiences of Antenatal Care Among Women Who Are Socioeconomically Deprived in High‐Income Industrialized Countries: An Integrative Review
Authors: Origlia Paola , Jevitt Cecilia , Sayn‐Wittgenstein Friederike zu , Cignacco Eva 
Published: August 2017

IntroductionSocioeconomic deprivation in high‐income industrialized countries is a key factor in poor perinatal outcomes. Limited access, utilization, and quality of antenatal care seem to play an important role in poor perinatal outcomes.MethodsThis integrative review aimed to explore experiences of antenatal care among women who are socioeconomically deprived in high‐income industrialized countries. A search was conducted using 5 databases for articles published from 2004 to 2014. Six qualitative and 3 quantitative articles were selected. These were systematically appraised for quality independently by 3 researchers. Relevant themes were identified and organized into categories.ResultsThe disadvantages experienced in antenatal care by women who are socioeconomically deprived start before the first contact with health care services and are notable throughout the entire pregnancy. There is disparity in choice of medical or midwifery service provision models. Six categories emerged during review: choice of service provision model, feeling valued, various types of discrimination, structural and interpersonal accessibility, comprehensibility and trustworthiness of information, and engagement and sense of responsibility. Categories underscored the importance of the woman's relationship with the antenatal care provider.DiscussionAntenatal care models with women‐centered approaches and continuity of care, such as midwifery models, have potential to increase the satisfaction of women with low socioeconomic status with care; this may increase antenatal care utilization and improve perinatal outcomes.