bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of morphan derivatives with additional substituents in 8-position
Authors: Stefaowitz Janine , Schepmann Dirk , Daniliuc Constantin , Saito Susumu , Wünsch Bernhard 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The morphan system (2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) as a substructure of morphine is of major interest in medicinal chemistry. Herein, the synthesis of morphan derivatives with additional substituents at the propano bridge is reported. In order to avoid the isolation of the smelly and volatile nitrile 6 and the very polar primary amine 9, an efficient one-pot, three-step sequential transformation of the mesylate 5 into amides 10 was developed. The key step of the synthesis was the stereoselective intramolecular opening of the epoxides 11a–d leading to the exo-configured 8-hydroxymorphans 12a–d. The configuration of the exo-configured hydroxymorphan 12d bearing the κ- and σ-pharmacophoric 3,4-dichlorophenylacetyl moiety was inverted by oxidation and stereoselective reduction. An X-ray crystal structure analysis of the benzamide 12c confirmed the relative configuration of the hydroxymorphans 12a–d and 14d.
Selective Activation of Resting-State Networks following Focal Stimulation in a Connectome-Based Network Model of the Human Brain
Authors: Spiegler Andreas , Hansen Enrique C. A. , Bernard Christophe , McIntosh Anthony R. , Jirsa Viktor K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWhen the brain is stimulated, for example, by sensory inputs or goal-oriented tasks, the brain initially responds with activities in specific areas. The subsequent pattern formation of functional networks is constrained by the structural connectivity (SC) of the brain. The extent to which information is processed over short- or long-range SC is unclear. Whole-brain models based on long-range axonal connections, for example, can partly describe measured functional connectivity dynamics at rest. Here, we study the effect of SC on the network response to stimulation. We use a human whole-brain network model comprising long- and short-range connections. We systematically activate each cortical or thalamic area, and investigate the network response as a function of its short- and long-range SC. We show that when the brain is operating at the edge of criticality, stimulation causes a cascade of network recruitments, collapsing onto a smaller space that is partly constrained by SC. We found both short- and long-range SC essential to reproduce experimental results. In particular, the stimulation of specific areas results in the activation of one or more resting-state networks. We suggest that the stimulus-induced brain activity, which may indicate information and cognitive processing, follows specific routes imposed by structural networks explaining the emergence of functional networks. We provide a lookup table linking stimulation targets and functional network activations, which potentially can be useful in diagnostics and treatments with brain stimulation.
Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Flow Inside the Centrifugal Blower
Authors: Majid Almas  
Published: September 2016

In this paper, turbulent flow inside the centrifugal blower has been studied numerically. The computational simulation is conducted by employing the Reynolds Averaged Navier­Stokes (RANS) approach. The standard k-ɛ model with enhanced wall treatment has been implemented for modeling the turbulent flow. Effects of different angular velocities have been studied on static pressure and mass flow rate. The numerical results shows that static pressure and mass flow rate significantly increase as the angular velocity of blades increases.
Federally Qualified Health Center Access and Emergency Department Use Among Children
Authors: Nath Julia B. , Costigan Shaughnessy , Lin Feng , Vittinghoff Eric , Hsia Renee Y. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether increasing access to federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in California was associated with decreased rates of emergency department (ED) use by children without insurance or insured by Medicaid.

METHODS:
We combined several data sets to longitudinally analyze 58 California counties between 2005 and 2013. We defined access to FQHCs by county using 2 measures: FQHC sites per 100 square miles between 2005 and 2012 and percentage of Medicaid-insured and uninsured children served by FQHCs from 2008 to 2013. Our outcome was rates of ED use by uninsured or Medicaid-insured children ages 0 to 18 years. To determine the effect of changes in FQHC access on the outcome within a county over time, we used negative binomial models with county fixed effects and controls for preselected time-varying county characteristics and secular trends.

RESULTS:
Increased geographic density of FQHC sites was associated with ≤18% lower rates of ED visits among Medicaid-insured children and ≤40% lower ED utilization among uninsured children (P = .05 and P &lt; .01, respectively). However, the percentage of Medicaid-insured and uninsured children seen at FQHCs was not associated with any significant change in ED visit rates among Medicaid-insured or uninsured children.

CONCLUSIONS:
Whereas increased geographic FQHC access was associated with lower rates of ED use by uninsured children, all other measures of FQHC access were not associated with statistically significant changes in pediatric ED use. These results provide community-level evidence that expanding FQHCs may have a limited impact on pediatric ED use, suggesting the need to explore additional factors driving ED utilization.
PEMAKAIAN BILINGUALISME DALAM INTERAKSI SISWA DI KELAS RENDAH DI MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH NEGERI SINGARAJA BALI
Authors: Rahmi Siti 
Published: September 2016

Abstrak Pemakaian Bilingualisme dalam Interaksi Siswa di Kelas Rendah di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali. Tulisan ini mengungkapkan realitas dari implikasi bilingualisme dalam pendidikan dasar. Konteksnya tidak hanya memperhatikan pembelajaran bahasa, tetapi terhadap pendidikan dalam arti luas. Hal ini karena bilingualisme <<memaksa>> para guru untuk mempertimbangkan pengajaran bahasa dalam pembelajaran di kelas. Umumnya, siswa dari Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali -Sekolah Dasar Islam- memiliki latar belakang bahasa Indonesia (L1). Bahasa Indonesia digunakan dengan berbagai dialek dan kosa kata bahasa Bali. Penggunaan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa sehari-hari mereka disebabkan orang tua mereka berasal dari latar belakang lingkungan dan masyarakat multi-etnis. Orang tua mereka adalah generasi keempat dan kelima dari nenek moyang mereka, dan hampir tidak menggunakan bahasa asli mereka dalam ranah keluarga. Para keluarga migran ini sebagian besar adalah pedagang, buruh, dan beberapa dari mereka adalah PNS. Bahasa Bali, sebagai L2 diperoleh dalam lingkungan sosial terutama di sekolah menengah. Implikasi dari Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa pengajaran lebih “mendidik-akomodatif”, disesuaikan dengan latar belakang bahasa siswa dan tingkat perkembangan bahasanya.Kata kunci: bilingualisme, implikasi, bahasa, pembelajaran Abstract Bilingualism Implications in Primary Classroom Interactive Students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali. This paper reveals the reality of these implications. Its context does not concern only in the language learning, but into the education in broadest sense also. It is because bilingualism “force” teachers to consider language teaching in the classroom instruction. Generally, students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali-as an Islamic Primary School- have Indonesian language background (L1). Indonesian language used with various dialects of Balinese language and its vocabulary. The use of Indonesian as their everyday language is caused their parents from neighborhood background and the multi-ethnic milieu. Their parents are fourth and fifth generation of their forefather, and almost had not used their native language in family domain. The migrant families were mostly traders, laborers, and some of them are civil servants. Balinese language, as L2 acquired in social domain especially in secondary scholl. The implication of Indonesian as language teaching more “educative-accommodative”; adjusted by students’s language background and their level of language development.Keywords: bilingualism, implication, language, learning
LINGUISTIC ETIQUETTE IN INSTANT MESSAGING TEXT-BASED COMMUNICATION IN WRITING CLASS
Authors: Rakhmawati Deny Efita Nur 
Published: September 2016

Abstrak Norma Linguistik dalam Komunikasi Berbasis Pesan Pendek pada Kelas Menulis. Komunikasi Instant Messaging (Pesan Singkat) berbasis teks diperkaya oleh fitur linguistik, seperti pemendekan teks, gerak tubuh, isyarat intonasi, though-string, dan isyarat backchannel. Kemudian, penggunaan fitur linguistik ini membentuk strategi kesantunan yang sangat perlu untuk dijaga dalam rangka mencipakan komunikasi yang harmonis. Lebih jauh lagi, metode ini untuk mencapai norma linguistik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan pendekatan kualitatif dimana subjeknya adalah mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Inggris dalam kelas menulis. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan teori fitur linguidstik dalam Instant Messaging, strategi kesantunan, dan etika linguistik. Analisis penelitian ini didukung oleh teknik wawancara sebagai data triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa siswa cenderung menggunakan penyingkatan teks yang mengarahkan mereka untuk menerapkan strategi bald-on-record dan menunjukan bahwa mereka cenderung menghasilkan tingkat kalimat beretika rendah dan ditandai sebagai ungkapan kurang sopan. Akhirnya, dari hasil penelitian ini di harapkan bahwa pengajaran norma linguistik dapat diberikan kepada para siswa.Kata kunci: fitur linguistik, komunikasi pesan singkat, norma linguistik Abstract Linguistic Etiquette on Instant Messaging Text-Based Communication In Writing Class. Instant Messaging text-based communication is enriched by the linguistic features, such as textual shortening, gestures, itention cues, though-string, and backchannel cause. Then, the use of these linguistic features form the strategy of politeness which is very needed to be kept in order to create harmonious communication. Furthermore, it is the method to achieve the linguistic etiquette. This research is conducted by using qualitative approach in which the subjects are the English department students in writing class. Then the data are analyzed based on the theory of linguistic features in Instant Messaging, politeness strategies, and linguistic etiquette. The analysis is supported by interview method as the triangulation data. The result shows that students tend to use textual shortening which leads them to apply bald-on-record strategy and it indicates that they tend to produce low etiquette sentences level and marked as the impolite highlighed phrase. Finally, it is hoped that the teaching of linguistic etiquette can be given to the students.Keywords: linguistic features, instant messaging communication, linguistic etiquette
Retornos heterogéneos a la Educación en el Mercado laboral Peruano, 2015
Authors: Arpi-Mayta Roberto , Arpi-Quilca Luis 
Published: September 2016

<p>El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los retornos a la educación en el mercado laboral peruano durante el año 2015; según grupo étnico, área de residencia, sexo y categoría ocupacional de las personas; en forma específica se determina el efecto de la inversión en educación y la experiencia laboral sobre el ingreso laboral por hora. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática y se estima la ecuación de ingresos de (Mincer, 1974) ampliada, utilizando la propuesta de (Heckman J. , 1979) en dos etapas bajo el marco teórico de (Becker, 1975). Sujeto a las limitaciones de datos y métodos utilizados, se concluye que el ingreso laboral de los peruanos aumenta 10,43% por año adicional de educación, aunque esto es diferenciado; tal es el caso, que el ingreso laboral por hora de los residentes del área urbana se incrementa 13,6% por año adicional de educación en relación a los del área rural (5,89%); los trabajadores asalariados perciben mayor ingreso (14,16%) que los trabajadores independientes (6,07%); los indígenas (8,32%) menos que los no indígenas (10,58%); y los las mujeres (10,62%) menos que las hombres (11,84%). La política educativa y laboral recomendada sería que se apliquen medidas de discriminación (positiva) a favor de las personas que se encuentren en el área rural, a los que trabajan en forma independiente, a los indígenas y a las mujeres.</p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center">ABSTRACT</p><p align="center"> </p><p>The aim of the study was to determine the returns to education in the Peruvian labor market during 2015; by ethnic group, area of residence, sex and occupational category of people; specifically we determined the effect of investment in education and work experience on hourly labor income. The data come from the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the earnings equation (Mincer, 1974) extended (1974) is estimated using the proposed (Heckman J. , 1979) in two stages under the theoretical framework of (Becker, 1975). Subject to the limitations of data and methods used, it is concluded that the Peruvian labor income increases 10,43% per additional year of education, although this is differentiated; such is the case, the hourly labor income of residents in urban areas increased 13,6% per additional year of education in relation to rural areas (5.89%); salaried workers receive higher income (14.16%) than the self-employed (6.07%); indigenous (8.32%) less than non-indigenous (10.58%); and women (10.62%) less than men (11.84%). The educational and employment policy recommended would be that discrimination measures (positive) been applied for people who are in rural areas, who work independently, indigenous and women.</p><p><br /> <strong>KEYWORDS:</strong> Returns to education, employment income, investment in education,</p><p> </p>
Habilidades sociales y rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación - Universidad Nacional del Altiplano - Puno Perú.
Authors: Gonzales-Achata Alfredo E. , Quispe-Ticona Pedro L. 
Published: September 2016

<p>El objetivo fue determinar el grado de relación que existe entre el nivel de habilidades sociales y rendimiento académico en el área de ciencias y letras de los estudiantes matriculados en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de la ciudad de Puno. Se aplicó el inventario de habilidades sociales para una muestra de 119 estudiantes seleccionados a través del muestreo no probabilístico, utilizando la técnica de la encuesta para encontrar el perfil predominante y relacionarlo con el rendimiento académico mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson de la distribución t de Student con un 5% de probabilidad de significancia. Los resultados indican que el nivel de habilidades sociales es de 71.75 puntos que pertenece a la escala de 70 a 79 puntos, equivalente a la categoría media con una desviación estándar de 9.66 puntos; mientras que el nivel de rendimiento académico en el área de ciencias se obtuvo un promedio de 13.82 con una desviación estándar de 2.99 puntos y en el área de letras se registró 14.26 puntos con una desviación estándar de 2.24 puntos, los cuales pertenecen a la categoría regular, por tanto, existe una relación directa de grado medio entre el nivel de habilidades sociales con el de rendimiento académico en el área de ciencias con un valor del coeficiente de correlación de 0.66 y para el área de letras un valor de 0.50.<strong></strong></p><p>Palabras clave: Niveles, habilidades sociales, rendimiento académico, aprendizaje.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The objective was to determine the degree of relationship between the level of social skills and level of academic achievement in the area of science and letters of students enrolled in the Faculty of Education at the National University of Altiplano city Puno. Inventory was applied of social skills for a sample of 119 students selected through non-probability sampling was applied, using the survey technique to find the predominant profile and relate to academic performance by the correlation coefficient Pearson's t-distribution Student with 5% probability of significance. The results indicate that the level of social skills is of 71.75 points belonging to the scale of 70 to 79 points, equivalent to the average category with a standard deviation of 9.66 points; while the level of academic achievement in the sciences a score of 13.82 was obtained with a standard deviation of 2.99 points and in the area of letters 14.26 points recorded with a standard deviation of 2.24 points, which belong to the regular category therefore there is a direct relationship between the average grade level of social skills with the level of academic achievement in the area of science with a value of the correlation coefficient of 0.66 and for the area of letters a value of 0.50</p><p> </p><p> </p>
SISTEMA DE POSICIONAMIENTO DE UNA ANTORCHA UTILIZADA EN LA APLICACIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS POR PROYECCIÓN TÉRMICA
Authors: Torres Barahona Edgar Absalón , Moreno Téllez Carlos Mauricio , Pinto Salamanca María Luisa , Cárdenas Leydi Julieta , Fuentes Mojica Juan David 
Published: September 2016

Se presenta el diseño, construcción y evaluación del desempeño de un sistema de posicionamiento utilizado para la deposición de recubrimientos con partículas fundidas o memifundidas, mediante el empleo de una antorcha CastoDyn Ds 8000 de proyección térmica con combustión de oxiacetileno. El diseño se ha hecho con parámetros obtenidos en el laboratorio de materiales de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, y la información determinada a partir de la evaluación del dispositivo, permite controlar las principales variables del proceso como la distancia de proyección,el flujo de polvo, la velocidad de la antorcha y la velocidad de rotación del porta muestras; esto se ha visto en los recubrimientos realizados en las pruebas de aplicación de circona/níquel sobre un sustrato de acero al carbono y analizados con Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido – MEB.
Fausto Hernández Trillo y Alejandro Villagómez Amezcua, El enigmático sistema bancario mexicano contemporáneo, México, Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias, 2013, 222 pp.
Authors: Sánchez González Manuel 
Published: September 2016

Esta reseña resume y comenta las principales tesis del libro El enigmático sistema bancario mexicano de Alejandro Villagómez y Fausto Hernández. Se trata de un diagnóstico bien sustentado de la situación actual y las oportunidades de desarrollo de la banca mexicana. En este análisis se señala que, pese a los avances normativos y operativos logrados tras la crisis de 1995, México aún enfrenta retos para consolidar un sistema financiero más profundo y eficiente. Para lograr este objetivo, entre otros aspectos, los autores mencionan la necesidad de clarificar y proteger los derechos de propiedad, así como promover una mayor competencia entre los intermediarios. De acuerdo a esta reseña, un gran mérito del libro es que, sin dejar de ser riguroso, utiliza un lenguaje accesible y contribuye a brindar elementos de juicio, no solo para el especialista, sino para el conjunto de la sociedad.
Remote Sensing of Perennial Crop Stand Duration and Pre‐Crop Identification
Authors: Mueller‐Warrant George W. , Whittaker Gerald W. , Trippe Kristin M. 
Published: September 2016

Crop sequence history both describes results of on‐farm decision‐making processes and signals potential environmental impacts across landscapes. Remote sensing classifications for 11 yr in western Oregon identified multi‐year production of established perennial crops and successive plantings of annual crops, quantified durations, and defined frequencies of pre‐ and post‐crops for multi‐year production periods. Measuring duration of continuous production of specific crops and characterizing crop sequence patterns required: (i) optimizing year‐to‐year landuse consistency and within‐year landuse classification accuracy, (ii) sufficiently detailed landuse classes to capture 99% of all crops grown in the diverse agriculture of this region, and (iii) enough years of data that majorities of fields experienced at least one full cycle of planting new stands of perennial grass seed crops (or successive plantings of specific annual crops), maintaining those fields in production until their eventual termination, and subsequent planting of new crops. Averaged over all possible starting and ending years between 2004 and 2014, continuous production of the same crop on the same field ranged from highs of 2.9, 4.6, 3.7, and 5.9 yr for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.)], and Italian ryegrass [L. perenne L. subsp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] grown for seed to lows of 2.4 and 1.5 yr for clovers grown for seed and cereal grains. With very few exceptions, pre‐crop frequencies were stable over the period of the study. Variability in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue stand duration included strong local components in which fields with much longer or shorter than average stand durations were often found in close proximity to one another.Core Ideas

Crop rotation history can be derived from landuse classifications over multiple years.
Perennial grass seed crop stand duration variability localized to individual fields.
Frequency at which specific crops followed each other was mostly stable over time.
Surfactant and Polymer‐Coated Sand Effects on Deficit Irrigated Bermudagrass Turf
Authors: Alvarez Guillermo , Sevostianova Elena , Serena Matteo , Sallenave Rossana , Leinauer Bernhard 
Published: September 2016

Sand topdressing and soil surfactants are commonly applied to turfgrass areas but it is unclear whether these practices improve visual appearance or reduce hydrophobicity under deficit irrigation. A study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, NM, to evaluate two topdressing materials and a soil surfactant on deficit irrigated Princess 77 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) grown on a loamy sand (mixed, thermic Typic Torripsamment). Treatments consisted of monthly applications of a polymer‐coated hydrophilic sand (ACA 3114) or straight sand with or without the soil surfactant and an untreated control. Plots were mowed at 2.0 cm and irrigated at either 70 or 50% of reference evapotranspiration for short grass (ETos). When results were averaged over the research period, plots irrigated at 50% ETos and receiving ACA 3114 or sand topdressing and the soil surfactant exhibited greater green coverage (85.3 and 88.2%, respectively) and better turfgrass quality (6.6 and 6.5, respectively, with 1 = worst, 9 = best) than control plots (71.6% green coverage, quality = 5.1) or plots receiving sand topdressing only (74.7% green coverage, quality = 5.3). Soil repellency in the upper root zone was detected only in 2011, and applications of both ACA 3114 and straight sand topdressing with the soil surfactant on plots irrigated at 50% ETos resulted in lower water drop penetration times (7s and 1s) compared to sand topdressing (12s) only. Our results suggest that bermudagrass quality can be maintained under deficit irrigation if either topdressed with a hydrophilic sand or with straight sand combined with a surfactant.Core Ideas

We describe the use of a novel, polymer coated, hydrophilic sand for topdressing bermudagrass turf in an arid climate.
We examined if the coated sand affects bermudagrass quality differently than a commercially available surfactant or topdressing with sand only.
We also investigated if the polymer coated sand is useful in preventing drought stress when irrigation is applied at reduced evapotranspiration replacement.