bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of spray dried soy beverage powder as affected by drying and feed parameters
Authors: Giri Saroj Kumar , Mangaraj Shukadev , Sinha Lalan Kumar , Tripathi Manoj Kumar 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
Soy beverage is becoming more and more popular because it is touted as a healthy food containing useful phytochemicals and is free from lactose and cholesterol. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the spray drying process parameters for obtaining soy beverage powder with good reconstitution and handling properties.

Design/methodology/approach
Pre-concentrated soy beverage was dried in a laboratory model spray dryer, and the effects of inlet air temperature (180-220°C), feed rate (20-40 ml/min) and feed solid content (15-25 per cent) on some physical parameters and reconstitution properties (wettability and dispersibility) of spray-dried soy beverage powders were investigated. Second order polynomial response surface model was selected for the analysis of data and optimization of the process.

Findings
Spray drying of soy beverage at different processing conditions resulted in powders with particle size (volume mean diameter) in the range of 86 to 156 µm. Dispersibility and wetting time of the spray-dried soy beverage powders was found to be in the range of 56 to 78 per cent and 30 to 90 s respectively, under various drying conditions. Inlet air temperature was found to be the main factor affecting most of the quality parameters, followed by solid content of the feed. Temperature significantly affected the wettability, dispersibility, colour parameters, particle size and flowability of the powder at p ≤ 0.01. Lower temperature and higher feed solid content produced bigger-sized powder particles with better handling properties in terms of flowability and cohesiveness. A moderate inlet air temperature (196°C), higher feed solid content (24 per cent) and lower feed rate (27 ml/min) were found suitable for drying of soy beverage.

Practical implications
The study implied the possibility of producing powder from soy beverage using the spray-drying method and optimized drying conditions for obtaining soy beverage powder with good reconstitution properties.

Originality/value
The finding of this study demonstrated for the first time how the inlet air temperature, feed solid content and feed rate during spray-drying influenced different quality parameters of soy beverage powder. Further, an optimized drying condition has been identified.
Looked after children and youth justice: a response to recent reviews
Authors: Staines Jo 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide a response to a recent government-commissioned review of residential care (Narey, 2016), and the subsequent government response (Department of Education (DfE), 2016), which minimises the correlation between the experience of being looked after and becoming involved in the youth justice system. The Narey review emphasises on the role of early adversity in looked after children’s offending behaviour but minimises the significance of experiences during and after care, and downplays the effect of policies and practices that may exacerbate looked after children’s involvement in the youth justice system.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper builds upon a systematic literature review conducted for the Prison Reform Trust (Staines, 2016) to demonstrate the extent of current knowledge about how risk factors, adverse experiences during and after care and the criminalisation of looked after children combine to increase the likelihood of involvement in criminal proceedings. The paper also highlights gaps in the research evidence, particularly in relation to gender and ethnicity.

Findings
The findings suggest that the Narey review (2016) and the government response (DfE, 2016), are misguided in their attempts to minimise the role of care in looked after children’s disproportionate representation within the youth justice system. The paper cautions against the over-simplification of a complex relationship and emphasises on the importance of recognising the intersection between different factors.

Originality/value
The paper uses secondary sources to develop an original argument to rebut claims within a recently published review.
A Chimeric protein of CFA/I, CS6 subunits and LTB/STa toxoid protects immunized mice against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Zeinalzadeh Narges , Salmanian Ali Hatef , Goujani Goli , Amani Jafar , Ahangari Ghasem , Akhavian Asal , Jafari Mahyat 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTEnterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) strains are the commonest bacteria causing diarrhea in children in developing countries and travelers to these areas. Colonization factors (CFs) and enterotoxins are the main virulence determinants in ETEC pathogenesis. Heterogeneity of CFs is commonly considered the bottleneck to developing an effective vaccine. It is believed that broad spectrum protection against ETEC would be achieved by induced anti‐CF and anti‐enterotoxin immunity simultaneously. Here, a fusion antigen strategy was used to construct a quadrivalent recombinant protein called 3CL and composed of CfaB, a structural subunit of CFA/I, and CS6 structural subunits, LTB and STa toxoid of ETEC. Its anti‐CF and antitoxin immunogenicity was then assessed. To achieve high‐level expression, the 3CL gene was synthesized using E. coli codon bias. Female BALB/C mice were immunized with purified recombinant 3CL. Immunized mice developed antibodies that were capable of detecting each recombinant subunit in addition to native CS6 protein and also protected the mice against ETEC challenge. Moreover, sera from immunized mice also neutralized STa toxin in a suckling mouse assay. These results indicate that 3CL can induce anti‐CF and neutralizing antitoxin antibodies along with introducing CFA/I as a platform for epitope insertion.
Can soil microbial diversity influence plant metabolites and life history traits of a rhizophagous insect? A demonstration in oilseed rape
Authors: Lachaise Tom , Ourry Morgane , Lebreton Lionel , Guillerm‐Erckelboudt Anne‐Yvonne , Linglin Juliette , Paty Chrystelle , Chaminade Valérie , Marnet Nathalie , Aubert Julie , Poinsot Denis , Cortesero Anne‐Marie , Mougel Christophe 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInteractions between plants and phytophagous insects play an important part in shaping the biochemical composition of plants. Reciprocally plant metabolites can influence major life history traits in these insects and largely contribute to their fitness. Plant rhizospheric microorganisms are an important biotic factor modulating plant metabolites and adaptation to stress. While plant–insects or plant–microorganisms interactions and their consequences on the plant metabolite signature are well‐documented, the impact of soil microbial communities on plant defenses against phytophagous insects remains poorly known. In this study, we used oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) as biological models to tackle this question. Even though D. radicum is a belowground herbivore as a larva, its adult life history traits depend on aboveground signals. We therefore tested whether soil microbial diversity influenced emergence rate and fitness but also fly oviposition behavior, and tried to link possible effects to modifications in leaf and root metabolites. Through a removal‐recolonization experiment, 3 soil microbial modalities (“high,” “medium,” “low”) were established and assessed through amplicon sequencing of 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes. The “medium” modality in the rhizosphere significantly improved insect development traits. Plant–microorganism interactions were marginally associated to modulations of root metabolites profiles, which could partly explain these results. We highlighted the potential role of plant–microbial interaction in plant defenses against Delia radicum. Rhizospheric microbial communities must be taken into account when analyzing plant defenses against herbivores, being either below or aboveground.
Pupal emergence pattern in cactophilic Drosophila and the effect of host plants
Authors: Soto Eduardo M. , Padró Julián , Milla Carmona Pablo , Tuero Diego T. , Carreira Valeria P. , Soto Ignacio M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDrosophila buzzatii and D. koepferae are sibling cactophilic species. The former breeds primarily on prickly pears (genus Opuntia) whereas the latter breeds on columnar cacti of the genera Cereus and Trichocereus, although with certain degree of niche overlapping. We examined the interspecific differences in diurnal temporal patterns of adult emergence from puparia and evaluated whether this behavior is affected by rearing in the different cactus hosts available in nature. We detected important host‐dependent genetic variation for this trait differentially affecting the emergence schedule of these species. Diurnal pattern of emergence time was directly correlated with developmental time and negatively correlated with adult wing size, suggesting that early emergences are at least indirectly correlated with increased fitness. We discussed our results in terms of their putative effects on fitness and the genetic‐metabolic pathways that would be presumably affected by host's nutritional‐chemical differences.
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) downregulates E‐cadherin and induces EMT of hepatoma cells to promote hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway
Authors: Ying Hai Yan , Gong Chao Jie , Feng Yi , Jing Da Dao , Lu Lun Gen 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVETo investigate serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) expression and its influence on the prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.METHODSAltogether 80 patients with HCC who underwent curative resection were followed up for a median of 58.6 months. SPINK1 expression was detected in the primary HCC samples by immunohistochemistry. Its role in tumor invasion and metastasis was evaluated in vitro by gene silencing using a small interfering RNA‐mediated approach, recombinant SPINK1 and U0126 (an inhibitor of MEK/ERK). The proteins in the MEK/ERK signaling pathway were detected by Western blot.RESULTSPatients with high SPINK1 expression showed poor overall survival (P = 0.0001) and recurrence‐free survival (P = 0.001) compared with those with low SPINK1 expression. The suppression of SPINK1 resulted in reduced cell migration and invasion. SPINK1 overexpression was significantly associated with increased cell migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, SPINK1 promoted cancer cells motility and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, resulting in increased vimentin expression and decreased E‐cadherin expression.CONCLUSIONSPINK1 may be an oncogene that induces EMT via the MEK/ERK pathway and is a potential target for HCC therapy.
Solar‐powered flow‐through system for aquatic field studies
Authors: Neill Connor , Cotner Sehoya , Wisenden Brian 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Laboratory‐based research provides great control over individual experimental replicates, but lacks the ecological realism of field work. Therefore, results from laboratory‐based work may not reflect natural processes. Field‐based studies have the advantage of ecological realism but often lack control over environmental variables and have low rates of within‐experiment replication and as a result can have low statistical power to detect effects.

Here, we present a method for creating a standardized system for experimental replicates in the field using solar‐powered water pumps to run a modified zebrafish aquatic habitat system with recirculating water in situ. In our pilot study we used this apparatus to test the effects of naturally occurring parasites on the behaviour of individual fathead minnows, but this experimental set‐up has potential for broad application to field‐based research in aquatic ecology.

We constructed a simple frame from conventional 2″ × 4″ lumber to support rows of 1‐L tanks in the littoral zone of a small lake. Lake water is pumped to an overhead manifold made from a PVC pipe drilled with one hole over each tank. A short length of airline tubing directs the water flow into each individual tank. Water entering each tank passes through the manufacturer's grate at the rear of each tank and returns to the lake. We stocked one fish per tank, therefore the lack of water flow during the night did not cause duress or mortality.

This system allowed control over individual test subjects while housing them in semi‐natural conditions with a steady supply of lake water at a field site far removed from any source of electricity.
Probability distributions for marketable pods and white mould on snap bean
Authors: Shah D.A. , Dillard H.R. , Pethybridge S.J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhite mould, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most recalcitrant diseases of snap bean. Probability distributions suitable for describing the total number of marketable pods (hereafter simply referred to as pods) per plant, as well as for the number of pods and stems with white mould per plant, have not been identified. The total number of pods and the number of pods and stems with white mould were measured on a per plant basis in plots of processing snap bean (var. Hystyle) in New York. The total number of pods per plant ranged from 0 to 29, and was best described by the Pólya‐Aeppli distribution. The number of pods and the number of stems with white mould per plant were well‐described by the negative binomial (NB) distribution. A Sarmanov bivariate distribution with NB marginals was derived and fitted to the joint data on the number of pods and stems with white mould per plant, accounting for correlation between pods and stems with white mould on the same plant. The bivariate distribution was used to formulate an empirical equation for the incidence of plants with white mould as a function of the average number of pods and stems with white mould per plant. The results represented a more complete understanding of the distributional properties of white mould in snap bean.
Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans
Authors: Khan Sadiya S. , Singer Benjamin D. , Vaughan Douglas E. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBiological aging is associated with a reduction in the reparative and regenerative potential in tissues and organs. This reduction manifests as a decreased physiological reserve in response to stress (termed homeostenosis) and a time‐dependent failure of complex molecular mechanisms that cumulatively create disorder. Aging inevitably occurs with time in all organisms and emerges on a molecular, cellular, organ, and organismal level with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental modulators. Individuals with the same chronological age exhibit differential trajectories of age‐related decline, and it follows that we should assess biological age distinctly from chronological age. In this review, we outline mechanisms of aging with attention to well‐described molecular and cellular hallmarks and discuss physiological changes of aging at the organ‐system level. We suggest methods to measure aging with attention to both molecular biology (e.g., telomere length and epigenetic marks) and physiological function (e.g., lung function and echocardiographic measurements). Finally, we propose a framework to integrate these molecular and physiological data into a composite score that measures biological aging in humans. Understanding the molecular and physiological phenomena that drive the complex and multifactorial processes underlying the variable pace of biological aging in humans will inform how researchers assess and investigate health and disease over the life course. This composite biological age score could be of use to researchers seeking to characterize normal, accelerated, and exceptionally successful aging as well as to assess the effect of interventions aimed at modulating human aging.
The diverging trajectories of cannabis and tobacco policies in the United States: reasons and possible implications
Authors: Hall Wayne , Kozlowski Lynn T. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimTo examine briefly the (i) rationales for two policy proposals in the United States to make it mandatory for cigarettes to contain very low levels of nicotine and to legalize cannabis for recreational use by adults; and (ii) possible lessons that participants in each policy debate may learn from each other.MethodWe briefly describe the diverging policies towards cannabis and tobacco in the United States, explain and critically analyse their rationales and discuss possible policy lessons.ResultsAdvocates of cannabis legalization have argued that prohibition has been an ineffective and expensive policy that penalizes ethnic minority users unjustly of a drug that is far less harmful than alcohol. The prohibition of traditional tobacco cigarettes has been advocated as a way to eliminate cigarette smoking. These proposals embody very different attitudes towards the harms of recreational adult drug use. Advocates of nicotine prohibition demand that alternative methods of nicotine delivery must be shown to be completely safe before adults are allowed to use them. Advocates of tobacco prohibition ignore evidence that smokers may not use these products and the likelihood of expanding the illicit tobacco market. Advocates of legalizing and regulating recreational cannabis ignore the need to tax and regulate sales in order to minimize the harms of heavy use.ConclusionsIt is not clear that the prohibition of adult use has a useful role to play in the regulation of either cannabis or tobacco. If both products remain legal, the goals of regulating tobacco and cannabis products should be to restrict youth access, promote the use of the least harmful products, provide users with evidence‐based information on both absolute and differential product risks of use and use differential taxes and marketing controls to promote ways of using these products that cause the least harm to their users.
Global Sensitivity Analysis for Repeated Measures Studies with Informative Drop-out: A Semi-parametric Approach
Authors: Scharfstein Daniel , McDermott Aidan , Díaz Iván , Carone Marco , Lunardon Nicola , Turkoz Ibrahim 
Published: May 2017

SummaryIn practice, both testable and untestable assumptions are generally required to draw inference about the mean outcome measured at the final scheduled visit in a repeated measures study with drop-out. Scharfstein et al. (2014) proposed a sensitivity analysis methodology to determine the robustness of conclusions within a class of untestable assumptions. In their approach, the untestable and testable assumptions were guaranteed to be compatible; their testable assumptions were based on a fully parametric model for the distribution of the observable data. While convenient, these parametric assumptions have proven especially restrictive in empirical research. Here, we relax their distributional assumptions and provide a more flexible, semi-parametric approach. We illustrate our proposal in the context of a randomized trial for evaluating a treatment of schizoaffective disorder.
Positive autobiographical memory deficits in youth with depression histories and their never‐depressed siblings
Authors: Begovic Ena , Panaite Vanessa , Bylsma Lauren M. , George Charles , Kovacs Maria , Yaroslavsky Ilya , Baji Ildikó , Benák István , Dochnal Roberta , Kiss Enikő , Vetró Ágnes , Kapornai Krisztina , Rottenberg Jonathan 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesImpaired positive autobiographical memory (AM) is closely linked to emotional disorders. AM impairments are often found in depressed adults and may be related to the difficulties such persons have in regulating their dysphoric mood. By contrast, less is known about AM disturbances among adolescents, or about the functional relationship of AM disturbances to early‐onset depression.DesignA high‐risk family design served to compare four groups of youth who differed in depression histories and familial depression risk.MethodsThirty‐one currently depressed probands, 185 remitted probands, 204 never‐depressed siblings of probands, and 180 healthy control youth were induced into a negative mood prior to recalling positive AMs via a novel memory elicitation procedure. Several positive AM characteristics were assessed.ResultsRelative to control youth, unaffected siblings and probands exhibited consistently impaired positive AMs. Moreover, we also found some evidence that probands were more impaired than siblings, who were in turn more impaired than controls, consistent with a gradient effect.ConclusionsPositive AM disturbances may not only precede the onset of depression in vulnerable youth, but also continue to persist after remission of a depressive episode. Clinical and basic research implications of the findings are discussed.Practitioner points

Positive AM impairments may be trait‐like, persist in the euthymic phase of depression, and may serve as a risk marker for early‐onset depression among vulnerable adolescents.

Disturbances in positive AM may negatively impact the mood‐regulatory functions of positive memory recall and contribute to persistent sadness and anhedonia, which are core features of depression.

Our sample of currently depressed youth was relatively small, tempering our conclusions.

Although we collected data on some important covariates (e.g., socioeconomic status), we lacked information on other relevant variables such as youths’ executive functioning or IQ.
Preventing relapse after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukaemia: the role of post‐transplantation minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring andMRD‐directed intervention
Authors: Mo Xiao‐Dong , Lv Meng , Huang Xiao‐Jun 
Published: May 2017

SummaryRelapse is the main cause of treatment failure after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) for acute leukaemia (AL). Post‐transplantation minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring enables risk stratification and identifiesALpatients at higher risk of relapse.MRDassessment primarily involves the determination of leukaemia‐associated immunophenotypic patterns using multiparameter flow cytometry, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based evaluation of expression levels of leukaemia‐related genes (specific reciprocal gene rearrangements and other mutation types). In addition, next generation sequencing and digitalPCRmay further enrich currentMRDdetection. SeveralMRD‐directed interventions have demonstrated the ability to reduce the risk of relapse with acceptable treatment‐related toxicities. Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) is the most important intervention forMRD‐positive patients, while several modified strategies, such as granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral blood cells followed by short term immune suppression and escalating dose regimen, further improve the safety and efficacy ofDLI. Interferon therapy, targeted drugs, and hypomethylating agents have also been introduced forMRD‐directed interventions. Referring to the issues of whether and who would benefit from pre‐emptive intervention according toMRD, in this review, we summarized this rapidly evolving area ofMRDmonitoring andMRD‐directed interventions inALpatients after allo‐HSCT.