bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of unplanned treatment interruptions on HIV treatment failure – results from TAHOD
Authors: Jiamsakul Awachana , Kerr Stephen J. , Ng Oon Tek , Lee Man Po , Chaiwarith Romanee , Yunihastuti Evy , Van Nguyen Kinh , Pham Thuy Thanh , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Ditangco Rossana , Saphonn Vonthanak , Sim Benedict L. H. , Merati Tuti Parwati , Wong Wingwai , Kantipong Pacharee , Zhang Fujie , Choi Jun Yong , Pujari Sanjay , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Oka Shinichi , Mustafa Mahiran , Ratanasuwan Winai , Petersen Boondarika , Law Matthew , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran ,   the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD)
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTreatment interruptions (TIs) of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are known to lead to unfavourable treatment outcomes but do still occur in resource‐limited settings. We investigated the effects of TI associated with adverse events (AEs) and non‐AE‐related reasons, including their durations, on treatment failure after cART resumption in HIV‐infected individuals in Asia.MethodsPatients initiating cART between 2006 and 2013 were included. TI was defined as stopping cART for >1 day. Treatment failure was defined as confirmed virological, immunological or clinical failure. Time to treatment failure during cART was analysed using Cox regression, not including periods off treatment. Covariables with P < 0.10 in univariable analyses were included in multivariable analyses, where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsOf 4549 patients from 13 countries in Asia, 3176 (69.8%) were male and the median age was 34 years. A total of 111 (2.4%) had TIs due to AEs and 135 (3.0%) had TIs for other reasons. Median interruption times were 22 days for AE and 148 days for non‐AE TIs. In multivariable analyses, interruptions >30 days were associated with failure (31–180 days HR = 2.66, 95%CI (1.70–4.16); 181–365 days HR = 6.22, 95%CI (3.26–11.86); and >365 days HR = 9.10, 95% CI (4.27–19.38), all P < 0.001, compared to 0–14 days). Reasons for previous TI were not statistically significant (P = 0.158).ConclusionsDuration of interruptions of more than 30 days was the key factor associated with large increases in subsequent risk of treatment failure. If TI is unavoidable, its duration should be minimised to reduce the risk of failure after treatment resumption.
Clinically significant anti‐KEL RBC alloantibodies are transferred by breast milk in a murine model
Authors: Santhanakrishnan M. , Tormey C. A. , Natarajan P. , Liu J. , Hendrickson J. E. 
Published: March 2016

Background and ObjectivesFetuses affected by maternal RBC alloantibodies may have prolonged anaemia after birth, leading one to question whether maternal alloantibody transfer may occur outside the placenta. In response to a recent publication describing breast milk transfer of clinically significant amounts of maternal antiplatelet IgA antibodies from mother to nursing infant, we hypothesized that maternal RBC alloantibodies may also be capable of being transferred in breast milk.Materials and MethodsThe presence and clinical significance of breast milk alloantibody transfer were tested through a series of pregnancy, fostering and transfusion experiments, using a murine model in which transgenic RBCs express the human KEL glycoprotein.ResultsMaternal anti‐KEL immunoglobulins, induced through transfusion or pregnancy, were detected in the aqueous phase of breast milk. Further, efficient transfer of maternal anti‐KEL IgG and IgA to nursing pups was observed in fostering experiments. The breast milk‐acquired alloantibodies were clinically significant in wild‐type pups in a transfusion setting, binding to ‘incompatible’ KEL RBCs and leading to premature clearance from the circulation. Although breast milk‐acquired alloantibodies also bound to the RBCs of transgenic KEL‐positive fostered pups, no anaemia resulted.ConclusionsTaking these murine data in combination with recently published human data of maternal antiplatelet IgA antibodies in breast milk leading to sequelae in some infants, it is theoretically possible that maternal anti‐RBC IgA alloantibodies may also be transferred in human breast milk and may lead to sequelae in some infants under some circumstances.
Visualisation of Diffuser Instabilities in a Wet Gas Compressor
Authors: Ferrara Veronica , Bakken Lars E. 
Published: March 2016

The continuous demand for oil and gas pushes the petroleum industry to develop new technologies in order to increase production and exploit existing fields. The wet gas process, based on direct compression of unprocessed well stream subsea is a powerful means to expand the extraction of crude oil and gas and reach remote regions. Consequently centrifugal compressors are key elements that need to be developed in this area. Since no commercial subsea compressors are available and the liquid phase inside the standard process has to be avoided, it is essential to fully understand the machine behaviour, particularly investigate the presence of a gas-liquid mixture. Because of liquid impact, the performance of compressors and consequently the margin of stability may have to be modified. Here, delayed instability inception should be identified.
An ongoing research programme is conducted at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) concerning the influence of wet gas on performance and aerodynamic stability. An open loop wet gas test rig is designed and employed in an experimental campaign.
The main goal of this study is the visualisation of flow in a vaneless diffuser by means of special windows in Plexiglas, in correspondence with the diffuser and volute. Most attention is focused on the behaviour that leads to unstable phenomena, like stall and surge, in order to expose wet effects. Interactions between the diffuser and volute will also be taken into account. Simultaneously, the analysis will be supported by measurements from high-response dynamic pressure sensors. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) examination will be realised, in order to identify characteristic frequencies of unsteady events.
Energetic Assessment of a Local District Heating Network With a Small-Scale Trigeneration Plant: Comparison of Different Performance Indices
Authors: Badami Marco , Portoraro Armando , Savarese Dario 
Published: March 2016

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a technology that has been proven to be very effective in the industrial sector, when both thermal and electrical energy are required, as it allows a more rational use of the input primary energy. However, CHP technology is not limited to industrial uses, as it can also be effectively exploited in the civil sector, such as in District Heating (DH) applications. Moreover, in recent years the opportunity to develop hybrid systems, in which traditional and renewable energy sources are integrated, is gaining more and more consideration. For these reasons, the most recent European Standards propose a set of newly conceived indices whose aim is easily assessing the energetic performances of DH networks, but the effectiveness of these indices in the study of DH networks coupled with CHP and renewable energy systems has not yet been thoroughly investigated.
This paper presents a comparative study, based on these indices, of different electrical and thermal generation technologies, with the aim of assessing their effectiveness when hybrid systems are analyzed. A CHP-DH application, actually installed and in operation in Turin, Italy, has also been considered in the analysis, in order to have a comparison with a real case. The results of the study are presented and discussed in detail in the following sections.
Study of Wear of Planetary Concrete Mixer Blades Using a 3D Optical Scanner
Authors: Valigi Maria Cristina , Logozzo Silvia , Gasperini Ilaria 
Published: March 2016

Performance optimization of a concrete mixer is fundamental in many industrial technologies. Wear is one of the main phenomena to be forecast and tested during the design and service of mechanical components. In all the concrete mixers types, blades suffer the wear more than other components.
Two different blade shapes have been tested in order to evaluate the wear rates and which of them has the best performance in terms of wear resistance. One of the two shapes has been designed in order to minimize wear rates and to allow longer durability, on the basis of a theoretical approach.
To guarantee the consistence of the comparison, the two different blades have been tested in a dedicated planetary concrete mixer, with the same operating conditions (time-period, same mixture and mixer).
The purpose of this paper is to show optical non-contact measurements of worn blades operating in a planetary concrete mixer in order to evaluate wear rates and to validate the efficiency of the new blade design.
A Constrained L2 Based Algorithm for Standardized Planar Datum Establishment
Authors: Shakarji Craig M. , Srinivasan Vijay 
Published: March 2016

For years (decades, in fact) a definition for datum planes has been sought by ASME and ISO standards writers that combines the contacting nature of traditional surface plate mating with a means of balancing rocking conditions when there is a centrally positioned extreme point or edge on the datum feature. This paper describes a completely self-balancing method for datum plane establishment that matches traditional surface plate mating while automatically stabilizing rocker conditions. The method is based on a constrained L2 (L2) minimization, which, when seen mathematically, elegantly combines the desirable contact properties of the constrained L1 (L1) minimization with the stable properties of the unconstrained least-squares and does so in a manner that avoids the drawbacks of either of those two definitions. The definition is shown along with proofs of a mathematical development of an algorithm that relies on a strategically chosen singular value decomposition that allows for an elegant, robust solution. Concise code is included for the reader for actual use as well as to full clarify all the algorithmic details.
Testing has shown the definition defined here does indeed provide attractive balancing of full contact with rocker stability, leading to guarded optimism on the part of the key standards committees as an attractive default definition. Since both the ISO and ASME standardization efforts are actively working to establish default datum plane definitions, the timing of such a rigorously documented study is opportune.
Dynamic Moving Load Identification Using Optimal Sensor Placement
Authors: Augustine Paul , Dhingra Anoop K. , Gupta Deepak K. 
Published: March 2016

A structure in service can be subjected to static, dynamic or moving loads. Several situations in practice involve estimation of moving loads which induce vibrations in the structure on which they are applied. An accurate estimation of these loads will ensure product quality and reliability of the final design, and mitigate the cost of structural health monitoring systems. The moving nature of dynamic loads increases the computational difficulty of the problem. One of the types of Inverse Problems involves estimation of the applied load from measured structural response such as strain or accelerations.
Measuring response at a limited number of locations causes the unavailability of full set of structural response which can lead to inaccurate results. The unavailability of full structural response is mainly due to three reasons — (i) financial constraints limiting the number of sensors that can be used, (ii) inaccessibility of loading locations to place sensors, and (iii) sensor influence on structural response. The load recovered from such insufficient structural response data will be prone to errors. Ill-conditioning of the inverse problem can be eliminated by choosing optimum sensor locations on the structure, which leads to precise load estimate. No studies could be found which consider optimum sensor placement while recovering dynamic moving loads acting on a structure. In this paper, the recovery of the dynamic moving loads through measurement of structural response at a finite number of optimally selected locations is investigated. The developed algorithm is implemented using ANSYS APDL and MATLAB programming environment.
Optimum sensor locations are identified using the D-optimal design algorithm and strain gages are placed at those locations. An algorithm is developed to utilize the strain data measured at optimum locations to estimate the moving load. The developed algorithm is applied to three example problems. The first example deals with the case where two orthogonal dynamic moving loads are applied at the same location. The second example involves a specific vehicle-bridge interaction problem. The vehicle is approximated as a half model consisting of two axles, where the dynamic loads from axles are modeled as point loads which move together. In both the cases, the estimated dynamic moving loads matched closely with the applied loads. In third example, the algorithm is also tested by adding 5% noise to the input response data. Even with random noise present in input strain data, the load estimates are obtained with a high degree of accuracy. Compared to conventional algorithms for estimating moving loads, the developed method makes the dynamic moving load recovery procedure accurate and relatively easy to implement.
Experiment Study of Cardboard Box Fire Behavior Under Dynamic Pressure in an Altitude Chamber
Authors: Tian Runhe , Liu Quanyi , Feng Rui , Chen Kewei , Yang Rui , Zhang Hui 
Published: March 2016

Fires recently at low ambient pressure such as cruising airplane and high altitude airport have attracted great attention. Understanding fire behavior under low pressure is one of important fundamental problems for fire safety engineering design in forementioned environment. Observation of cardboard fires under dynamic pressure is of significant meaning to study continuous variation of fire behaviors of solid fuel during depressurization.
An altitude chamber of 2×3×4.65 m3 with a powerful pressure controlling system was designed to observe fire behavior of cardboard fires under dynamic pressure. In the chamber, two configurations of cardboard boxes filled with shredded office paper were tested under dynamic pressures at descent rates: 5.46kPa/min, 10.92kPa/min, and 19.68kPa/min for both configurations. Measured parameters in this study include flame temperature, radiative heat flux, and mass burning rate. The measurement data were analyzed to reveal depressurization effect on fire behavior.
Retracted: “Using Meta-Models as Fast and Accurate Predictors of a Reconfigurable Mould System” [ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Volume 2B: Advanced Manufacturing, Houston, Texas, USA, November 13–19, 2015, Conference Sponsors: ASME, ISBN: 978-0-7918-5736-6, Copyright © 2015 by ASME. Paper No. IMECE2015-50990, pp. V02BT02A010; 10 pages; doi:10.1115/IMECE2015-50990]
Authors: ASME  
Published: March 2016

The above referenced paper has been removed from publication. June 8, 2016.
Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Perimeter Cooling Unit and Localized Row-Based Cooling Unit Transient Air Flow Effects Modeling and Characterization in Data Centers
Authors: Gao Tianyi , Geer James , Sammakia Bahgat G. , Tipton Russell , Seymour Mark 
Published: March 2016

Cooling power constitutes a large portion of the total electrical power consumption in data centers. Approximately 25%∼40% of the electricity used within a production data center is consumed by the cooling system. Improving the cooling energy efficiency has attracted a great deal of research attention. Many strategies have been proposed for cutting the data center energy costs. One of the effective strategies for increasing the cooling efficiency is using dynamic thermal management. Another effective strategy is placing cooling devices (heat exchangers) closer to the source of heat. This is the basic design principle of many hybrid cooling systems and liquid cooling systems for data centers. Dynamic thermal management of data centers is a huge challenge, due to the fact that data centers are operated under complex dynamic conditions, even during normal operating conditions. In addition, hybrid cooling systems for data centers introduce additional localized cooling devices, such as in row cooling units and overhead coolers, which significantly increase the complexity of dynamic thermal management. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to characterize the dynamic responses of data centers under variations from different cooling units, such as cooling air flow rate variations.
In this study, a detailed computational analysis of an in row cooler based hybrid cooled data center is conducted using a commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. A representative CFD model for a raised floor data center with cold aisle-hot aisle arrangement fashion is developed. The hybrid cooling system is designed using perimeter CRAH units and localized in row cooling units. The CRAH unit supplies centralized cooling air to the under floor plenum, and the cooling air enters the cold aisle through perforated tiles. The in row cooling unit is located on the raised floor between the server racks. It supplies the cooling air directly to the cold aisle, and intakes hot air from the back of the racks (hot aisle). Therefore, two different cooling air sources are supplied to the cold aisle, but the ways they are delivered to the cold aisle are different. Several modeling cases are designed to study the transient effects of variations in the flow rates of the two cooling air sources. The server power and the cooling air flow variation combination scenarios are also modeled and studied. The detailed impacts of each modeling case on the rack inlet air temperature and cold aisle air flow distribution are studied. The results presented in this work provide an understanding of the effects of air flow variations on the thermal performance of data centers. The results and corresponding analysis is used for improving the running efficiency of this type of raised floor hybrid data centers using CRAH and IRC units.
Natural Convection and Entropy Generation in a Cavity Filled With Two Horizontal Layers of Nanofluid and Porous Medium in Presence of a Magnetic Field
Authors: Al-Zamily Ali , Amin M. Ruhul 
Published: March 2016

A numerical analysis is performed to study the fluid flow, heat transfer and entropy generation inside a square cavity embedded with heat flux and subject to the horizontal magnetic field. The cavity is consist of two same width layers: first layer filled with nanofluid (Al2O3+water) and second one is saturated porous media filled with a same nanofluid. The uniform constant heat flux is applied partly at the base wall, and the other parts of the base wall are assumed adiabatic. The upper horizontal wall kept adiabatic, while the vertical walls are maintained at constant cold temperature. Finite element method based on the variational formulation is employed to solve the main equations.
The results of the present study are based on visualization of heat flow via isotherms and heatfunctions (heatlines), fluid flow via streamfunctions, and irreversibility via Bejan number. Comparisons with previously numerical and experimental published works are performed and the results are found to be in a good agreement. In this study, the effect of the main pertinent parameters, such as: nanoparticles volume fraction (0≤Φ≤0.15), Rayleigh number (104≤Ra≤107), Darcy number (10−1≤Da≤10−5), Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤60) on the fluid flow, heat transfer and entropy generation are investigated.
The results show that the effect of the Hartmann on Nusselt number increases as Darcy number increases especially at high Rayleigh number. Also, at Ra=107 and Φ=0.15, the percentage decreasing in Nusselt number due to present magnetic field (Ha=40) are 85.89% at Da=10−1, 87.12% at Da=10−3 and 98.69% at Da=10−5.
Analysis Method for CFD Results of Centrifugal Blower in Vacuum Cleaner Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
Authors: Sato Koma , Honda Takeshi 
Published: March 2016

2D and steady analysis have been replaced by 3D and unsteady analysis because of dramatic improvements in computational environments. Analysis models that faithfully simulate actual products conventionally tend to be complicated and large scale. Therefore, the storage of analysis results has been increasing tremendously, and the dominant flow-field structure has been difficult to clarify. Data reduction by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is effective for simultaneously reducing the number of results of unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and for comprehending the dominant flow-field structure. However, only a few applications are used in the domain of industrial machinery. In this study, we applied the POD method to unsteady CFD results of a centrifugal blower in a vacuum cleaner and evaluated the benefits.
We extracted a time series of static pressure distribution in the diffuser from unsteady CFD results corresponding to one rotation of the impeller, applied the POD to these data, and compared the results of an experiment. The results were that the first six modes had a 99.4% contribution in terms of the L2 norm. In the scope of this research, the first six modes were revealed to surrogate the pressure fluctuation sufficiently. Also, the data storage was reduced to less than 2.0% of the original unsteady results. Next, frequency spectra were obtained by applying a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to the expansion coefficients. The spectra of the expansion coefficients of the POD modes were found to have a peak near the blade passing frequencies (BPFs). The noise, the frequency of which is BPF, causes the majority of the noise that occurs in the diffuser. Therefore, we found by using both the POD and DFT that we could both reduce the dramatic data storage and extract the flow-field structures.