bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Nanotechnology Pipe Treatment to Improve Acoustic Cement Evaluation
Authors: Heathman James , Fuller George , Taylor Rebecca , Arumugam Ganesh , Sullivan Patrick , Thapa Sumil , Veedu Vinod 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The bond between casing and cement placed in the annulus is an important aspect to wellbore construction. Bond is inferred after the cement has cured using acoustic methods well-known in the industry. This evaluation is dependent on the acoustic coupling between the cement and the pipe. If acoustic coupling exists, proper evaluation allows for a subjective assessment of the cement sheath behind casing. However, if the acoustic coupling is weak, non-existent, or has been damaged by operations such as pressure testing or stimulation treatments, the cement may be present but cannot be properly evaluated, leading to ambiguous conclusions and ultimately unnecessary remedial cementing.
Enhancements to the casing/cement bond is achieved by use of surfactants, expansion agents, and other chemicals added to the cement slurry and/or spacer. Modification to completion practices is sometimes practiced to prevent bond disturbance. Modifications to the mechanical properties of the cement sheath are also done in an attempt to prevent or limit the permanent deformation to the cement sheath that occurs during these load events. All have varying degrees of success and cost.
Attempts to modify the surface of the steel pipe have been practiced for several decades with varying results. The simplest and most effective has been to grit-blast the casing to remove mill varnish, as varnish highly hydrophobic and not conducive to cement bonding. Grit blasting also leaves the surface slightly roughened, which has been proven to improve both shear bond and acoustic transmittance. Coatings have been attempted in the past, usually based on altering the surface roughness by adhering grit using an adhesive.
None of the afore-mentioned methods practiced to date have addressed two fundamentals: (1) carbon steel is naturally hydrophobic, and (2) cement and steel do not form a chemical bond. The purpose of this project was to address these short-comings by developing a method to modify the external surface of oil well pipe making it super-hydrophilic, and at the same time attempt to create a chemical bond to cement.
Through a collaborative working relationship between this major operator and a small innovative technology company, a successful nano-technology treatment process has been developed and field tested in both unconventional and Deepwater environments. This paper will chronicle the project from concept development to lab proof-of-concept, several field trials, and provide a review of the lessons learned along the way. Comparative cement evaluation logs will be reviewed that show a significant improvement in some cases between the treated pipe and pipe that is either unmodified or grit-blasted.
DeepStar® Global Offshore Technology Development Program 12504: Real-time Monitoring for Critical Barriers
Authors: Mason S. L. , Burnett W. T. , Lewis D. B , Gomes Joseph , Kusinski Greg 
Published: April 2017

In this paper, we will share the results of the collaborative efforts completed during Phase XII of the DeepStar joint industry technology development project; specifically, the results of CTR 12504, Real-time Monitoring for Critical Barriers, which was conducted within the X500 Drilling and Completions committee in 2016. We will outline the process used to identify the critical data needed to verify and maintain primary and secondary barriers to flow within deepwater wells, required to conduct safe offshore drilling operations.
The objectives of Real-time Monitoring for Critical Barriers were to identify and define critical data sources required for the real-time monitoring of both, the drilling margins and physical safety barriers. The use of real-time data monitoring has now become a regulatory requirement for US deepwater and critical well operations.
The scope of this work covered the Drilling, Completion, Well Testing and Well Intervention phases of a well's life cycle. An international perspective was employed by integrating the barrier strategies of API RP 96, NORSOK D-10, IOGP Reports 415 / 544, UKOG Well Life Cycle Integrity Guidelines, 30 CFR Part 250 Final Rule and NAS TRB Report 322. From these documents, the common themes and definitions were examined to produce a matrix that defined the primary and secondary barrier envelopes, identify the rig sensors for their validation, then insure that they are verified and maintained during the various operations conducted over the life of the well.
The real-time data monitoring, considered in this effort, included sensors on the drilling rig's hoisting and mud systems, downhole tools, and to the largely independent sub-sea BOP stack. While the rig and downhole tool sensing equipment is fairly standardized across the industry, the same cannot be said for sub-sea BOP systems. While individual BOP vendor systems share similar overall design structures, the sensors, measurement protocols, system architecture, and data processing are unique to each. Secondary activation systems (i.e., acoustic, ROV) are also unique to each vendor.
This paper addresses real-time monitoring as it applies the verification and monitoring of barrier elements.
Unconventional Shale Gas Development in Saudi and Algeria - Assessment Using USA Key Success Factors Framework
Authors: Zeid A. , Lee J. 
Published: April 2017

About 40 years ago, the USA started to develop unconventional gas resources, and success has escalated in recent years. From 2005 to 2015, domestic shale gas increased from 4% to 56% of total USA gas production. Outside North America, many countries, including Saudi Arabia and Algeria, aspire to achieve similar success.Both countries have focused on and invested in developing shale gas through their respective national oil and gas companies. This paper presents our research into the progress of development in both countries.We applied the framework outlined in our earlier paper, SPE 183443, and in this current paper we provide highlights, lowlights and specific recommendations based on efforts to date and for the future.Our research on shale gas development in Algeria and Saudi Arabia was based solely on publically available information, to which we applied our framework presented previously. The framework uses the experience in the USA as the basis for evaluating efforts to develop, assess and expedite shale gas development in other countries. In our previous publication, we applied the methodology to analyze shale gas development in China and Poland. Our analysis framework divides the dominant factors into two categories: the first includes subsurface factors related to drilling and fracturing of the shale systems, and the second contains several technical and non-technical surface factors which include involvement of the State (which has consistently directed and stimulated unconventional gas development in all countries), the roles of oil and gas operating companies, the role of service companies, the availability of required materials and water, the related logistical capability, and the gas market and gas infrastructure.
Effect of Hydrogen Bake-Out on Copper Plated Alloy 718
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Xu Zhiyue , Agosta Paul , Bailey Bill 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Copper electroplating is often used as an anti-galling surface treatment in the oil and gas industry, particularly on metal-to-metal sealing threads made from corrosion resistant alloys. It has been reported that during the plating process, hydrogen atoms may be generated in sufficient amount to embrittle the substrate. For high strength steels, a post-plating hydrogen bake out is recommended by the industry to drive out the hydrogen and restore ductility. A literature search on the efficacy of a bake out for precipitation-hardened (PH) nickel alloys produced no results. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to determine if a post-plating bake out on nickel alloy 718 is effective in removing hydrogen from the sample.
The study simulated a worst case hydrogen ingress scenario during commercial plating of alloy 718. Intentionally bad electroplating parameters (high cathode current density, low pH, and addition of sulfur and chloride ions impurities in the plating bath) were used to introduce hydrogen into the sample. Before plating, the samples were cathodically charged to simulate hydrogen ingress during the pre-cleaning or pickling step. After copper plating, the bake out parameters used were: 200°C or 400°C for 4 hours in air. The hydrogen depth profile in the samples was measured before and after the bake out by glow discharge optical emission spectroscope (GDOES). The results suggest that the hydrogen bake out did not remove the hydrogen from the alloy. Rather, a tighter control of the electro-plating solution and parameters is recommended to prevent the ingress of hydrogen in the first place.
Towards a metamodern academic study of religion and a more religiously informed metamodernism
Authors: Clasquin-Johnson Michel 
Published: April 2017

The academic study of religion has long enjoyed a variety of philosophies and methodologies. A new entrant to this list has now arisen: metamodernism. This article examines the claims of metamodernism and makes an initial attempt to relate it to the academic study of religion, both in its guise as Religious Studies and, more tentatively, as the Theological sciences. Metamodernism, with its emphasis on oscillation and simultaneity, shows great promise as an explanatory framework to understand certain current religious developments, such as the ‘Spiritual but not Religious’ phenomenon. It may also assist in creating a growing convergence between the various branches of the academic study of religion.
Writing Well: The Long-Term Effect on Empathy, Observation, and Physician Writing Through a Residency Writers' Workshop
Authors: Lemay Megan , Encandela John , Sanders Lisa , Reisman Anna 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
Writing narratives during medical training can provide a way to derive meaning from challenging experiences, enhance reflection, and combat burnout. The Yale Internal Medicine Residency Writers' Workshop, an annual 2-day intensive workshop followed by faculty-guided writing revision and publication, has been training resident physicians in the craft of writing since 2003.

Objective
The study aimed to assess the long-term effects of a craft-focused writers' workshop for residents on empathy, observation skills, and future writing.

Methods
A survey of closed and open-ended questions was sent to former workshop participants (2003–2013), who rated and described the workshop's influence on their observation skills, empathy, improvement in writing, and continued informal and formal writing. A total of 89 of 130 participants (68%) completed the online survey. We identified key themes in written responses and collected quantitative ratings on a 5-point Likert scale of self-reported influence on these factors. Simple statistics and narrative analysis were used to derive results.

Results
Most participants agreed or strongly agreed that the workshop influenced their ability for careful observation (72 of 85, 85%); ability to be empathic with patients or colleagues (51 of 77, 66%); quality of writing (69 of 77, 90%); and continued formal or informal writing (52 of 77 [68%] and 41 of 77 [53%], respectively). Participants felt the workshop improved their attention to detail, provided a deeper understanding of others' experiences, and improved their writing.

Conclusions
Participants in a residency writers' workshop experienced lasting effects on observation, empathy, and writing skills.
Structure and ultrastructure of oogenic stage in short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma (Teleostei: Scombidae)
Authors: Senarat S. , Kettratad J. , Jiraungkoorskul W. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction: Structure, ultrastructural features and degeneration of oogenesis were first investigated in female Rastrelliger brachysoma as new candidate species for aquaculture by transmission electron microscopy. Materials and Methods: Specimens were naturally collected during the breeding season from Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand. Results: The ultrastructure of female oogenesis was principally divided into five stages based on the nuclear characterization and cytoplasmic organelles; (i) oogonium; (ii) previtellogenic; (iii) lipid and cortical alveolar; (iv) early and (v) late vitellogenic stages. Initially, oogonium was present within cell nest in the epithelial compartment. Its cell was supported by prefollicular cells. The multiple nucleoli in previtellogenic stage, referring to primary growth stage were the first to appear and they were scattered around the peripheral of nuclear membrane with the increasing number of cytoplasmic organelles. Some microvilli of granulosa cell initially protruded into the vitelline envelope. A simple layer of flattened granulosa and theca cells was also observed. The lipid and cortical alveolar stage under secondary growth oocyte was accumulated with two inclusions; the lipid droplets and cortical alveoli in the ooplasm. Another characterization, the increasing of numerous microvilli was also detected in the vitelline envelope. Finally, in the vitellogenic stage, a massive uptake and processing of proteins into yolk platelets due to embedding of the numerous microvilli in the largest vitelline envelope was observed. Oocyte degeneration in R. brachysoma was novel found especially oogonial and previtellogenic stages. Conclusion: Five oogenic stages of this fish are found with the changing of the arrangement of nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles and follicular complex, which will be applied to further studies.
Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with associated atheroma and bilateral renal atrophy: a case report
Authors: Campos D. , Goulart G. , Pacini G. , Thomaz L. , Bonatto-Costa J. , Oliveira Junior L. , Malysz T. , Rocha A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction: An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (pathological enlargement of the aorta) can be developed in both men and women as they grow older. Patients present with atypical symptoms such as abdominal or flank pain, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or shock. AAAs are among the main causes of death. The high morbidity and mortality associated with aneurysm rupture and repair represents a challenge for surgeons and high risk for patients. Therefore, AAA is a vascular condition that deserves constant attention, both for screening studies as therapeutic improvement. In screening studies, the prevalence of AAA in women is relatively rare (1%). Materials and methods and results: During routine activities in the Laboratory of Human Anatomy from Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil, it was observed a 87 years old female cadaver with AAA and with associated atheroma and bilateral renal atrophy. Conclusion: This study reported a case of AAA emphasizing some morphological, functional and clinical data about this vascular abnormality, in order to offer useful information to anatomists, radiologists, and surgeons.
Critical analysis of aortic dysmorphism in Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Souza R. , Cassiano L. , Liberatore A. , Tedesco R. , Koh I. , Martins A. , Vretos C. , Alonso L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction: Marfan syndrome (OMIM #154700) was described for the first time in 1896 by Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan. It is characterized by its autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, affects 1:5000 of those born alive, and involves the gene that codifies the structural protein fribrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is critical for the formation of the elastic system backbone and for the negative regulation of the cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). In the syndrome this fibrillar component causes the degeneration of the fibers of the elastic system, which no longer sequesters matrix TGF-β, causing disorganization of the collagen fibers and vascular smooth muscles. The disease affects mainly the cardiovascular system, cardiovascular problems being the main cause of death. This is because arteries have large amounts of elastic fibers that rupture in an adverse process, causing mainly dissections and aneurisms, which have been better clariied in experimental studies with mice. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct an etiopathogenic and molecular review to describe the advances in the understanding of blood vessel dysmorphism in the syndrome, especially of the aorta. Materials and Methods: For this purpose the literature of the last 35 years was extensively reviewed. Conclusion: The origin of the aortic dysmorphism in the syndrome stems from a number of events that begin with the mutation of the gene fibrillin-1, causing fragmentation of the aortic elastic fibers. Excess cytokine TGF-β increases the amount of metalloproteinases and of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, leading to matrix remodeling and increasing the susceptibility of the vessel to an aneurysm or dissecting process.
Anatomical and clinical relevance of elongated styloid process in a sample of the Colombian population
Authors: Baena-Caldas G. , Rojas-Zuluaga S. , Peckham X. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction: The styloid process is a cone-shaped process of the temporal bone with a normal length of 20 to 30 mm. It is considered “elongated” when its length is greater than 30mm. A temporal styloid process with a length of 25mm or more may cause Eagle's syndrome, a condition characterized by multiple clinical symptoms that can be explained by the anatomical relationships of the styloid process. The length of the styloid process depends on demographic variables such as race and geographical distribution; therefore normal patterns may vary among different populations. Due to its non-specific clinical manifestations, it would be relevant to know its prevalence in a specific population. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of styloid process elongation in a sample of the Colombian population. Material and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, observational descriptive study. The length of 46 styloid processes from their origin to their vertex was determined in 46 hemifacial dissections. The corresponding right or left side of the head of the styloid process was also recorded. Results: The obtained average length of styloid processes was 35.1 ± 13.2 mm. 23 styloid processes (50%) measured over 30 mm, and 38 processes (82.6%) measured 25 mm or more. Conclusion: Since previous reports have shown that the onset of symptoms is variable and sometimes independent of the length of the styloid process, we suggest that the angulation of the styloid process is a clinical consideration as important as the length of the styloid process.
The diagnostic criteria of pityriasis rosea and Gianotti-Crosti syndrome – a protocol to establish diagnostic criteria of skin diseases
Authors: Chuh A , Zawar V , Sciallis GF , Lee A 
Published: April 2017

We established and validated diagnostic criteria for pityriasis rosea and Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. In this paper, we compare and contrast both diagnostic criteria to formulate a protocol in establishing diagnostic criteria for other dermatological diseases. The diagnostic criteria are similar in employing clear dividing lines and conjunctions (‘and/or') to assure high reliability. Both sets of criteria should be applicable for all ethnic groups. Spontaneous remission is not included, so diagnosis is not delayed while waiting for disease remission. Laboratory investigations are not enlisted, so that the criteria can be used in medical care systems in different parts of the world. The diagnostic criteria are different in that pathognomonic clinical manifestations exist for pityriasis rosea, such as the herald patch and the orientation of lesions along the lines of skin cleavages. These features, however, score low for sensitivity. These specific manifestations are not seen in Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. Such differences led to different categorisation of clinical features. Atypical variants are more common for pityriasis rosea. The diagnostic criteria for pityriasis rosea therefore do not include a list of differential diagnoses, while diagnostic criteria for Gianotti-Crosti syndrome do. Using this comparison, we constructed a protocol to establish diagnostic criteria for other skin diseases. We advocate the need to justify the establishment of diagnostic criteria, that multiple diagnostic criteria for the same disease should be avoided, that diagnostic criteria should be compatible with the disease classification if applicable, and that the scope should be well-delineated with regard to clinical variants. We outline the need for validation studies to assess the criteria-related validity, test-retest intra-clinician reliability, and inter-clinician reliability. We emphasise that the establishment of diagnostic criteria should not be a generic process. We also highlight limitations of diagnostic criteria, and emphasise that no diagnostic criteria can replace the bedside experience of clinicians.
The history of stress hyperglycaemia
Authors: Balasanthiran A , Shotliff K 
Published: April 2017

Stress hyperglycaemia, is a common phenomenon, frequently associated with adverse outcomes in a number of prevalent conditions including myocardial infarction and stroke. Knowledge on stress hyperglycaemia evolved in tandem with knowledge relating to homeostasis, stress and disease and involved some of the world's most eminent thinkers. Despite this, it still remains under-recognised. This paper illustrates significant points in the history of stress hyperglycaemia, from antiquity through to the present day, as well as the challenges faced in translating research into clinical benefit for patients. Profiles of significant protagonists including Claude Bernard, Walter Cannon and Hans Seyle are presented, as well their roles in the emergence of modern-day terminology and pathophysiological models. Major themes such as ‘fight or flight’ and homeostasis are central to this discussion. Closer to the present day, the role of stress hyperglycaemia in a number of common medical conditions is explored in more detail. Contention around evidence for treatment and the future risk of diabetes mellitus are also discussed.
Effect of Temperature, Bicarbonate, and MEG Concentrations on CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steels
Authors: Ekawati Dian , Berntsen Tonje , Seiersten Marion , Hemmingsen Tor 
Published: April 2017

The CO2 corrosion of two mild steels has been studied as function of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and bicarbonate concentration at conditions where FeCO3 precipitation was sparse. The steel coupons were anodically polarized to obtain a surface with protruding carbide typical for corroding carbon steel. The corrosion rate clearly decreased with increasing MEG concentration and somewhat with bicarbonate concentrations. The corrosion potential decreased with increasing alkalinity, but was little affected by the MEG concentration. The cathodic reaction was under mixed control when the alkalinity was less than 10 mmol/kg, but became more activation controlled at higher alkalinity. At low alkalinity and low pH, the anodic Tafel slope was determined to be 40 mV/decade to 50 mV/decade. In solutions with 50 wt% MEG at higher alkalinity, the Tafel slope was 60 mV/decade to 70 mV/decade.