bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Viscous Dissipation and Radiation on MHD Natural Convection in Oblique Porous Cavity with Constant Heat Flux
Authors: Alsabery Ammar I. , Saleh Habibis , Hashim Ishak 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEffects of viscous dissipation and radiation on MHD natural convection in oblique porous cavity with constant heat flux is studied numerically in the present article. The right inclined wall is maintained at a constant cold temperatureTcand the left inclined wall has a constant heat fluxqwith lengthS, while the remainder of the left wall is adiabatic. The horizontal walls are assumed to be adiabatic. The governing equations are obtained by applying the Darcy model and Boussinesq approximations. COMSOL's finite element method is used to solve the non-dimensional governing equations together with specified boundary conditions. The governing parameters of this study are Rayleigh number (Ra=10,100,200,250,500 and 1000), Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤20), inclination angle of the magnetic field (0° ≤ω≤π/2), Radiation (0≤R≤15), the heater flux length (0.1≤H≤1) and inclination angle of the sloping wall (–π/3≤ϕ≤π/3). The results are considered for various values of the governing parameters in terms of streamlines, isotherms and averageNusselt number. It is found that the intensity of the streamlines and the isotherm patterns decrease with an increment in Hartmann number. The overall heat transfer is significantly increased with the increment of the viscous dissipation and the radiation parameters.
Intangible roles
Authors: Littler Jo 
Published: January 2017

The emphasis on non-material knowledge and forms of communication in intangible cultural heritage can be related both to the expansion of curatorial interest in “experiential” displays and to the valorisation of what has, more broadly, been termed the “experience economy” in contemporary society. The recent interest in intangible cultural heritage, in other words, might usefully be situated in the context of what has been called “the cultural turn.” Given this context, the author of this article considers how the case of intangible cultural heritage throws two particular issues into stark relief: first, heated contemporary debates over the desirability of academics engaging with the administration of culture – over whether engaging with policy is an abdication of political possibility – and second, the boundaries of cultural policy, or what it is possible to administer. Positioning itself against a narrowly technocratic approach, the paper argues that we need to interrogate the cultural heritage of intangible cultural heritage itself. By doing so, we will be better equipped to consider what capacious, imaginative interactions between theory, policy, process and practice might look like.
Changing Visions of Heritage Value
Authors: Silberman Neil 
Published: January 2017

The author of this paper questions the role of the experts in heritage policies and practices. Is the voice of the heritage expert now guided by thevox populi? The current evidence for these trends, long considered anathema to heritage purists, suggests that an epoch-making change in heritage practice is now underway. The announcement of a Memorandum of Understanding between the World Bank and UNESCO to provide “very positive input for the improvement of aid effectiveness, and make the most of culture as a motor for social development and poverty alleviation, through employment and job creation” and the theme of the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly, “Heritage, a Driver of Development” are both clear indications of a pressing new concern: that heritage contribute to the economic – not only cultural – well-being of contemporary society. No less significant is the emphasis on public rights and responsibilities in the formulation of heritage policy, once the exclusive prerogative of antiquarians and professional conservators. This turn to the public as full-fledged heritage stakeholders is expressed clearly by the Council of Europe’s FrameworkConvention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society(2005) and the efforts of UNESCO to promote the active participation – and economic advancement – of traditional practitioners of intangible cultural heritage.
Isolated sonographic markers for detection of fetal Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy.
Authors: Nyberg D A , Souter V L , El-Bastawissi A , Young S , Luthhardt F , Luthy D A 
Published: January 2017

To determine whether sonographic "markers" are associated with fetal Down syndrome during the second trimester and to estimate the degree of risk of individual markers using likelihood ratios.Second‐trimester (14‐20 weeks) sonographic findings in 186 fetuses with trisomy 21 were compared with a control group of 8728 consecutive control fetuses. Six markers were evaluated: nuchal thickening, hyperechoic bowel, shortened femur, shortened humerus, echogenic intracardiac focus, and renal pyelectasis.Major or structural abnormalities were observed in 31 fetuses with trisomy 21 (16.7%) and 53 control fetuses (0.6%) (P< .001). Some type of sonographic finding (major abnormality, minor marker, or both) was observed in 68.8% of fetuses with trisomy 21 compared with 13.6% of control fetuses (P < .001). An isolated minor or "soft" marker was the only sonographic finding in 42 (22.6%) of 186 fetuses with trisomy 21 compared with 987 (11.3%) of 8728 control fetuses (P < .001). Nuchal thickening (P < .001; likelihood ratio, 11) and hyperechoic bowel (P < .001; likelihood ratio, 6.7) showed the strongest association with trisomy 21 as isolated markers, followed by shortened humerus (likelihood ratio, 5.1), echogenic intracardiac focus (likelihood ratio, 1.8), shortened femur (likelihood ratio, 1.5), and pyelectasis (likelihood ratio, 1.5). Echogenic intracardiac focus was the single most common isolated marker in both affected fetuses (7.1%) and control fetuses (3.9%) but carried a low risk (P= .046; likelihood ratio, 1.8).A single soft marker is commonly encountered during the second trimester among fetuses with trisomy 21. The risk of fetal Down syndrome, reflected by likelihood ratios, was determined for 6 individual markers. This information can be combined with the a priori risk to estimate the individual patient risk for fetal Down syndrome.
Differential diagnosis of solid breast lesions: contribution of Doppler studies to mammography and gray scale imaging.
Authors: Özdemir A , Özdemir H , Maral I , Konuş O , Yücel S , Işik S 
Published: January 2017

To assess the role of Doppler sonography when used in conjunction with mammography and gray scale sonography in differentiating solid breast lesions and to find out whether lesion size is a limiting factor for Doppler evaluation.One hundred twelve lesions (70 malignant and 42 benign) detected with mammography and sonography were prospectively examined with color, power, and pulsed Doppler sonography. Vascularity was analyzed morphologically (vessel location, form, and color tone) and semiquantitatively (by spectral indices) to determine the valuable diagnostic flow characteristics. The lesions were classified by 2 observers as benign or malignant on the basis of each diagnostic technique (namely, a combination of mammography and gray scale sonography, presence or absence of blood flow, morphologic flow analysis, and spectral flow analysis). The results were compared with the histologic diagnosis in 105 lesions and with the clinical and radiologic diagnosis after at least 2 years of follow‐up in 7 lesions.The sensitivity and specificity of the mammography‐gray scale sonography combination were 98.6% and 76.2%, respectively. Neither morphologic nor spectral Doppler analysis proved to be successful on its own, however, information obtained from investigated morphologic and spectral flow features increased the specificity of mammography and gray scale sonography for lesions 10 mm and smaller (from 88.9% to 100%) and those larger than 10 mm (from 70% to 96.6%).Our data show that Doppler sonography is a beneficial adjunct to mammography and gray scale sonography for solid breast lesions 10 mm and smaller and those larger than 10 mm.
Spiral computed tomographic imaging related to computerized ultrasonographic images of carotid plaque morphology and histology.
Authors: Grønholdt M L , Wagner A , Wiebe B M , Hansen J U , Schroeder T V , Wilhjelm J E , Nowak M , Sillesen H 
Published: January 2017

Echolucency of carotid atherosclerotic plaques, as evaluated by computerized B‐mode ultrasonographic images, has been associated with an increased incidence of brain infarcts on cerebral computed tomographic scans. We tested the hypotheses that characterization of carotid plaques on spiral computed tomographic images correlates with that on computerized B‐mode ultrasonographic images and that spiral computed tomographic imaging predicts the histomorphometric plaque content.The study included 38 patients with neurologic symptoms and at least 50% stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery. High‐resolution B‐mode ultrasonographic images and spiral computed tomographic images of carotid plaques were computer processed to yield a quantitative measure, the gray scale level of the plaque.The mean Hounsfield value for spiral computed tomographic images correlated with the gray scale median for B‐mode ultrasonographic images (univariate linear regression analysis: r = 0.45; P = .01) and the histologic content of calcification in the plaque (r = 0.34; P = .04) but not with lipid, hemorrhage, or fibrous tissue in the plaque.Spiral computed tomographic imaging seems to correlate with B‐mode ultrasonographic imaging for showing plaque characteristics. Spiral computed tomographic attenuation was also correlated with the amount of calcification noted on histologic examination but not with lipid and hemorrhage, the components thought to characterize vulnerable, rupture‐prone plaques.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion.
Authors: Gerscovich E O , Cronan M , McGahan J P , Jain K , Jones C D , McDonald C 
Published: January 2017

To evaluate the technical feasibility and utility of ultrasonography in the study of diaphragmatic motion at our institution.The study consisted of 2 parts. For part I, in 23 volunteers we performed 23 studies on 46 hemidiaphragms with excursions documented on M‐mode ultrasonography For part II, in 22 patients we performed 52 studies in 102 hemidiaphragms. In 50 studies both hemidiaphragms were studied, and in another 2 studies only 1 hemidiaphragm was studied. Patients' ages ranged from birth to 66 years (mean, 23 years). There were 16 male and 6 female patients. Indications for the study were (1) suggestion of paralysis of the diaphragm (n = 22); (2) if the diaphragm was already known to be paralyzed, for evaluation of response to phrenic nerve or pacer stimulation (n = 9); and (3) follow‐up of previous findings (n = 21). Patients were examined in the supine position in the longitudinal semicoronal plane from a subcostal or low intercostal approach. Motion was documented with real‐time ultrasonography and measured with M‐mode ultrasonography.Of the 102 clinical hemidiaphragms studied, findings included normal motion (n = 42), decreased motion (n = 22), no motion (n = 6), paradoxical motion (n = 10), positive pacer response (n = 13), negative pacer response (n = 2), positive phrenic stimulation (n = 6), and negative phrenic stimulation (n = 1). There were no failures of visualization.Ultrasonography proved feasible and useful in evaluating diaphragmatic motion. In our practice it has replaced fluoroscopy. Ultrasonography has advantages over traditional fluoroscopy, including portability, lack of ionizing radiation, visualization of structures of the thoracic bases and upper abdomen, and the ability to quantify diaphragmatic motion.
Persistent Median Artery in the Carpal Tunnel
Authors: Gassner Eva Maria , Schocke Michael , Peer Siegfried , Schwabegger Anton , Jaschke Werner , Bodner Gerd 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo describe the ultrasonographic and color Doppler ultrasonographic findings in 2 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome associated with a persistent median artery and to report the frequency of this anatomic variation in healthy volunteers.MethodsTwo patients with the clinical appearance of carpal tunnel syndrome and 100 wrists and distal forearms of 50 asymptomatic volunteers were examined with ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasonography. The frequency and size of a persistent median artery and its relationship to median nerve anatomy in the carpal tunnel were evaluated.ResultsA large persistent median artery of 3 mm in diameter was found in the affected hands in both patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Findings were confirmed at surgery. Among the asymptomatic volunteers, a persistent median artery could be found in 13 (26%, 10 [20%] unilateral and 3 [6%] bilateral), with a mean diameter of 1.1 mm (range, 0.5–1.7 mm). In 10 (63%) of 16 hands, the persistent median artery was associated with high division of the median nerve or a bifid nerve configuration in the carpal tunnel.ConclusionsA persistent median artery is a common condition in healthy individuals and in most cases is related to median nerve variations such as high division or a bifid nerve. Because a persistent median artery has a superficial course close to the transverse carpal ligament, preoperative diagnosis of this anatomic variation may be of clinical importance.
Inter‐Reader Differences in Common Carotid Artery Intima‐Media Thickness
Authors: Polak Joseph F. , Funk Laurie C. , O'Leary Daniel H. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesFar wall common carotid artery intima‐media thickness, a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis, requires the tracing of two carotid wall interfaces on ultrasound images: the lumen‐intima and media‐adventitia. Vascular age is derived from intima‐media thickness measurements. We studied how tracing the wall interfaces affects intima‐media thickness measurements and estimates of vascular age.MethodsFive readers made far‐wall common carotid intima‐media thickness measurements on 26 carotid artery images. Each reader traced lines at the lumen‐intima and media‐adventitia interfaces. An observer, blinded to reader identity and intima‐media thickness values, reviewed the images and estimated the relative location of these lines compared to his judgment of the interface location: +1 for 1 pixel above the interface, 0 at the interface, and −1 if below. The significance of differences was evaluated by analysis of variance.ResultsMean intima‐media thickness measurements ranged between 0.57 and 0.78 mm and showed significant differences between readers (P < .009). Differences in carotid intima‐media thickness measurements made by the readers were significantly associated with the location of the media‐adventitia interfaces (P < .0001) but not the lumen‐intima interfaces (P = .07). The intima‐media thickness differences corresponded to mean differences in estimated vascular age ranging from 14 to 21 years.ConclusionsInter‐reader differences in common carotid intima‐media thickness measurements are mostly seen for the media‐adventitia wall interface and are detectable by an experienced observer. These inter‐reader differences affect the use of intima‐media thickness measurements for cardiovascular risk evaluation, can cause substantial errors in vascular age estimates, and might be correctable by performing replicate readings of standard image sets.
A Triple‐Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agent Provides Improved Localization to Tumor Vasculature
Authors: Warram Jason M. , Sorace Anna G. , Saini Reshu , Umphrey Heidi R. , Zinn Kurt R. , Hoyt Kenneth 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesActively targeting ultrasound contrast agents to tumor vasculature improves contrast‐enhanced sonography of tumor angiogenesis. This report summarizes an evaluation of multitargeted microbubbles, comparing single‐, dual‐, and triple‐targeted motifs.MethodsMicrobubbles were avidin‐biotin linked to antibodies against mouse αVβ3‐integrin, P‐selectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. These receptors are constitutively overexpressed in tumor vasculature. Binding comparisons between targeted microbubble groups were evaluated on mouse SVR angiosarcoma endothelial cells. Levels of the targeted receptors were characterized with flow cytometry. Targeted microbubble groups were administered to human MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer tumor‐bearing mice (n = 3) followed by contrast‐enhanced sonography in a microbubble‐sensitive harmonic imaging mode implemented on an ultrasound scanner equipped with a linear array transducer (5 MHz transmit and 10 MHz receive) to evaluate differences in microbubble accumulation in the tumor vasculature.ResultsIn vitro analysis showed a 50% increase (P < .001) in triple‐targeted microbubble binding over dual‐targeted microbubble groups in mouse SVR cells. Mice bearing MDA‐MB‐231 tumors showed a 40% increase in tumor image intensity after dosing with triple‐targeted microbubbles compared with single‐ and dual‐targeted microbubbles (P = .006). Histologic staining confirmed the presence of αVβ3‐integrin, P‐selectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in the tumors.ConclusionsMicrobubble accumulation in the tumor vasculature was improved using a triple‐targeted microbubble approach.
Solid Pseudopapillary Tumors of the Pancreas
Authors: Tang Shao Shan , Huang Li Ping , Wang Yao , Ma Ying 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to determine the features of solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas on contrast‐enhanced sonography and correlate them with pathologic findings.MethodsFive patients with solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas underwent conventional sonographic, color Doppler flow imaging, and contrast‐enhanced sonographic examinations. Time‐intensity curves were used to calculate the contrast enhancement times, wash‐out times, and enhancement patterns of the lesions. Three of the 5 patients also underwent contrast‐enhanced computed tomography. All cases were confirmed by surgery and pathologic examination.ResultsThe study included 3 women and 2 men. Tumor diameters ranged from 4.4 to 13.0 cm. Sonography revealed round well‐defined encapsulated tumors. Two appeared as mixed cystic‐solid and 3 as solid masses on conventional sonography. One mass had a macrocalcification. Some areas of blood flow were seen in 3 of the masses on color Doppler flow imaging. On contrast‐enhanced sonography, the peripheral rims of the tumors showed isoenhancement during the early arterial phase, and the interiors of the masses showed heterogeneous enhancement consisting of regions of isoenhancement, hypoenhancement, and nonenhancement. Progressive wash‐out of the contrast agent during venous phases revealed hypoenhancement compared with normal adjacent pancreatic parenchyma. Pathologic findings showed that each tumor was completely encapsulated and had varying degrees of internal hemorrhage and necrosis.ConclusionsSolid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas have characteristic findings on contrast‐enhanced sonography, including peripheral rim isoenhancement and internal heterogeneous enhancement with nonenhanced portions; these features may help differentiate solid pseudopapillary tumors from other pancreatic neoplasms.
Bathymetry of the Amundsen Sea Embayment sector of West Antarctica from Operation IceBridge gravity and other data
Authors: Millan Romain , Rignot Eric , Bernier Vincent , Morlighem Mathieu , Dutrieux Pierre 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe employ airborne gravity data from NASA's Operation IceBridge collected in 2009–2014 to infer the bathymetry of sub–ice shelf cavities in front of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica. We use a three‐dimensional inversion constrained by multibeam echo sounding data offshore and bed topography from a mass conservation reconstruction on land. The seamless bed elevation data refine details of the Pine Island sub–ice shelf cavity, a slightly thinner cavity beneath Thwaites, and previously unknown deep (>1200 m) channels beneath the Crosson and Dotson ice shelves that shallow (500 m and 750 m, respectively) near the ice shelf fronts. These sub–ice shelf channels define the natural pathways for warm, circumpolar deep water to reach the glacier grounding lines, melt the ice shelves from below, and constrain the pattern of past and future glacial retreat.
A numerical method for reorientation of rotating tidally deformed viscoelastic bodies
Authors: Hu H. , van der Wal W. , Vermeersen L. L. A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractExisting approaches for simulating the true polar wander (TPW) of a viscoelastic body can be divided into three categories: (i) a linear dynamic approach which uses the linearized Liouville equation (e.g., Wu and Peltier (1984) and Mitrovica et al. (2005)); (ii) a nonlinear dynamic approach which is based on the quasi‐fluid approximation (e.g., Sabadini and Peltier (1981), Ricard et al. (1993), and Cambiotti et al. (2011)); and (iii) a long‐term limit approach which only considers the fluid limit of a reorientation (e.g., Matsuyama and Nimmo (2007)). Several limitations of these approaches have not been studied: the range for which the linear approach is accurate, the validity of the quasi‐fluid approximation, and the dynamic solution for TPW of a tidally deformed rotating body. We establish a numerical procedure which is able to determine the large‐angle reorientation of a viscoelastic celestial body that can be both centrifugally and tidally deformed. We show that the linear approach leads to significant errors for loadings near the poles or the equator. Second, we show that slow relaxation modes can have a significant effect on large‐angle TPW of Earth or other planets. Finally, we show that reorientation of a tidally deformed body driven by a positive mass anomaly near the poles has a preference for rotating around the tidal axis instead of toward it. At a tidally deformed body which does not have a remnant bulge, positive mass anomalies are more likely to be found near the equator and the plane perpendicular to the tidal axis, while negative mass anomalies tend to be near the great circle that contains the tidal and rotational axes.
Decreasing net primary production due to drought and slight decreases in solar radiation in China from 2000 to 2012
Authors: Wang J. , Dong J. , Yi Y. , Lu G. , Oyler J. , Smith W. K. , Zhao M. , Liu J. , Running S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTerrestrial ecosystems have continued to provide the critical service of slowing the atmospheric CO2growth rate. Terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) is thought to be a major contributing factor to this trend. Yet our ability to estimate NPP at the regional scale remains limited due to large uncertainties in the response of NPP to multiple interacting climate factors and uncertainties in the driver data sets needed to estimate NPP. In this study, we introduced an improved NPP algorithm that used local driver data sets and parameters in China. We found that bias decreased by 30% for gross primary production (GPP) and 17% for NPP compared with the widely used global GPP and NPP products, respectively. From 2000 to 2012, a pixel‐level analysis of our improved NPP for the region of China showed an overall decreasing NPP trend of 4.65 Tg C a−1. Reductions in NPP were largest for the southern forests of China (−5.38 Tg C a−1), whereas minor increases in NPP were found for North China (0.65 Tg C a−1). Surprisingly, reductions in NPP were largely due to decreases in solar radiation (82%), rather than the more commonly expected effects of drought (18%). This was because for southern China, the interannual variability of NPP was more sensitive to solar radiation (R2in 0.29–0.59) relative to precipitation (R2 < 0.13). These findings update our previous knowledge of carbon uptake responses to climate change in terrestrial ecosystems of China and highlight the importance of shortwave radiation in driving vegetation productivity for the region, especially for tropical forests.