bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjective global assessment for nutritional assessment of hospitalized patients requiring haemodialysis: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Tan Sheau Kang , Loh Yet Hua , Choong Hui Lin , Suhail Sufi M 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimEvidence has validated that the nutritional status of hospitalized patients on haemodialysis could be compromised because of admission‐related and hospital‐associated morbidities on the background of their kidney disease. However, nutritional status is not assessed and monitored routinely during the hospitalization period. The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients requiring haemodialysis with the subjective global assessment (SGA) tool during the hospitalization period.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study conducted in an acute tertiary general hospital. Patients aged 21–75 years old, admitted for various illnesses and requiring haemodialysis between November 2011 and May 2012 were enrolled into this study. A trained dietician assessed patients' nutritional status with the SGA tool, which included historical data on weight change, dietary intake, gastrointestinal symptoms, functional capacity, comorbidities and physical examination on subcutaneous fat loss, muscle wasting and presence of oedema and/or ascites. Patients were categorized under three groups: SGA‐A (well‐nourished), SGA‐B (moderately malnourished) and SGA‐C (severely malnourished).ResultsEighty patients (mean ± SD age = 59 ± 10 years; 76% Chinese ethnicity) were assessed. Mean ± SD body mass index (BMI) was 25.1 ± 6.1 kg/m2. SGA categories were 48% SGA‐A, 46% SGA‐B, and 6% SGA‐C. Mean energy and protein intake (P < 0.001), length of hospitalization stay (P = 0.03) and BMI (P = 0.001) were significantly different across the three categories of nutritional status.ConclusionsMore than half of the hospitalized patients requiring haemodialysis were malnourished. It is important to incorporate SGA in the care of hospitalized haemodialysis patients for early detection of malnutrition and for medical nutrition therapy to optimise patients' nutritional status for better outcomes.
Comparison of rescue techniques for failed chloral hydrate sedation for magnetic resonance imaging scans—additional chloral hydrate vs intranasal dexmedetomidine
Authors: Zhang Wenhua , Wang Zixin , Song Xingrong , Fan Yanting , Tian Hang , Li Bilian 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundChloral hydrate, a commonly used sedative in children during noninvasive diagnostic procedures, is associated with side effects like prolonged sedation, paradoxical excitement, delirium, and unpleasant taste. Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α‐2 agonist, has better pharmacokinetic properties than chloral hydrate. We conducted this prospective, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine with that of a second oral dose of chloral hydrate for rescue sedation during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in infants.MethodsOne hundred and fifty infants (age group: 1–6 months), who were not adequately sedated after initial oral dose of 50 mg·kg−1 chloral hydrate, were randomly divided into three groups with the following protocol for each group. Group C: second oral dose chloral hydrate 25 mg·kg−1; Group L and Group H: intranasal dexmedetomidine in a dosage of 1 and 2 mcg·kg−1, respectively. Status of sedation, induction time, time to wake up, vital signs, oxygen saturation, and recovery characteristics were recorded.ResultsSuccessful rescue sedation in Groups C, L, and H were achieved in 40 (80%), 47 (94%), and 49 (98%) of infants, respectively, on an intention to treat analysis, and the proportion of infants successfully sedated in Group H was more than that of Group L (P ˂ 0.01). There were no significant differences in sedation induction time; however, the time to wake up was significantly shorter in Group L as compared to that in Group C or H (P < 0.01). No significant adverse hemodynamic or hypoxemic effects were observed in the study.ConclusionIntranasal dexmedetomidine induced satisfactory rescue sedation in 1‐ to 6‐month‐old infants during MRI study, and appears to cause sedation in a dose‐dependent manner.
Impact of high doses of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 and 4% gelatin on renal function in a pediatric animal model
Authors: Witt Lars , Glage Silke , Lichtinghagen Ralf , Pape Lars , Boethig Dietmar , Dennhardt Nils , Heiderich Sebastian , Leffler Andreas , Sümpelmann Robert 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectivesDespite serious renal side effects in critically ill adult patients, artificial colloids are still fundamental components of perioperative fluid therapy in infants and children, although the impact of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and 4% gelatin (GEL) on renal function during pediatric surgery has not been identified yet.AimTo determine the impact of high doses of artificial colloids on renal function, we conducted an experimental animal study and hypothesized that neither the infusion of HES nor of GEL would have a serious impact on renal function.MethodsFifteen sedated piglets were randomly assigned to receive an infusion of either 50 ml·kg−1 HES or GEL, or a balanced electrolyte solution (crystalloid group). Before and 1 week after infusion, serum and urine renal function tests were recorded and renal biopsies were taken.ResultsSerum and urine renal function tests revealed no increase after administration of HES and GEL, and only a discrete increase in serum creatinine (median 9.8 μmol·l−1, 95% CI 4.0–19.1) in the crystalloid group. Histopathological examination indicated a sparsely, multifocal infiltration of mononuclear cells in all groups and an unspecific pyelectasia of one animal in the GEL group.ConclusionsAfter high doses of HES or GEL in piglets, no relevant impact on renal function could be found. These results confirm that AKI after HES or GEL is very unlikely in hemodynamically stable perioperative patients with normal renal function.
Ascorbate accumulation during sulphur deprivation and its effects on photosystem II activity and H2 production of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Nagy Valéria , Vidal‐Meireles André , Tengölics Roland , Rákhely Gábor , Garab Győző , Kovács László , Tóth Szilvia Z. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn nature, H2 production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii serves as a safety valve during the induction of photosynthesis in anoxia, and it prevents the over‐reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Sulphur deprivation of C. reinhardtii also triggers a complex metabolic response resulting in the induction of various stress‐related genes, down‐regulation of photosynthesis, the establishment of anaerobiosis and expression of active hydrogenase. Photosystem II (PSII) plays dual role in H2 production because it supplies electrons but the evolved O2 inhibits the hydrogenase. Here, we show that upon sulphur deprivation, the ascorbate content in C. reinhardtii increases about 50‐fold, reaching the mM range; at this concentration, ascorbate inactivates the Mn‐cluster of PSII, and afterwards, it can donate electrons to tyrozin Z+ at a slow rate. This stage is followed by donor‐side‐induced photoinhibition, leading to the loss of charge separation activity in PSII and reaction centre degradation. The time point at which maximum ascorbate concentration is reached in the cell is critical for the establishment of anaerobiosis and initiation of H2 production. We also show that ascorbate influenced H2 evolution via altering the photosynthetic electron transport rather than hydrogenase activity and starch degradation.
Expression of Escherichia coli glycogen branching enzyme in an Arabidopsis mutant devoid of endogenous starch branching enzymes induces the synthesis of starch‐like polyglucans
Authors: Boyer Laura , Roussel Xavier , Courseaux Adeline , Ndjindji Ofilia M. , Lancelon‐Pin Christine , Putaux Jean‐Luc , Tetlow Ian J. , Emes Michael J. , Pontoire Bruno , D' Hulst Christophe , Wattebled Fabrice 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStarch synthesis requires several enzymatic activities including branching enzymes (BEs) responsible for the formation of α(1 → 6) linkages. Distribution and number of these linkages are further controlled by debranching enzymes that cleave some of them, rendering the polyglucan water‐insoluble and semi‐crystalline. Although the activity of BEs and debranching enzymes is mandatory to sustain normal starch synthesis, the relative importance of each in the establishment of the plant storage polyglucan (i.e. water insolubility, crystallinity and presence of amylose) is still debated. Here, we have substituted the activity of BEs in Arabidopsis with that of the Escherichia coli glycogen BE (GlgB). The latter is the BE counterpart in the metabolism of glycogen, a highly branched water‐soluble and amorphous storage polyglucan. GlgB was expressed in the be2 be3 double mutant of Arabidopsis, which is devoid of BE activity and consequently free of starch. The synthesis of a water‐insoluble, partly crystalline, amylose‐containing starch‐like polyglucan was restored in GlgB‐expressing plants, suggesting that BEs' origin only has a limited impact on establishing essential characteristics of starch. Moreover, the balance between branching and debranching is crucial for the synthesis of starch, as an excess of branching activity results in the formation of highly branched, water‐soluble, poorly crystalline polyglucan.
Stable isotopes in leaf water of terrestrial plants
Authors: Cernusak Lucas A. , Barbour Margaret M. , Arndt Stefan K. , Cheesman Alexander W. , English Nathan B. , Feild Taylor S. , Helliker Brent R. , Holloway‐Phillips Meisha M. , Holtum Joseph A.M. , Kahmen Ansgar , McInerney Francesca A. , Munksgaard Niels C. , Simonin Kevin A. , Song Xin , Stuart‐Williams Hilary , West Jason B. , Farquhar Graham D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLeaf water contains naturally occurring stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in abundances that vary spatially and temporally. When sufficiently understood, these can be harnessed for a wide range of applications. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of stable isotope enrichment of leaf water, and its relevance for isotopic signals incorporated into plant organic matter and atmospheric gases. Models describing evaporative enrichment of leaf water have become increasingly complex over time, reflecting enhanced spatial and temporal resolution. We recommend that practitioners choose a model with a level of complexity suited to their application, and provide guidance. At the same time, there exists some lingering uncertainty about the biophysical processes relevant to patterns of isotopic enrichment in leaf water. An important goal for future research is to link observed variations in isotopic composition to specific anatomical and physiological features of leaves that reflect differences in hydraulic design. New measurement techniques are developing rapidly, enabling determinations of both transpired and leaf water δ18O and δ2H to be made more easily and at higher temporal resolution than previously possible. We expect these technological advances to spur new developments in our understanding of patterns of stable isotope fractionation in leaf water.
Extrauterine growth and adipocytokines in appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age preterm infants
Authors: Nagasaki Hiraku , Ohta Takao 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundExtrauterine growth retardation in preterm infants is associated with an increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases later in life. Adipocytokines are also associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. We examined the relationship between extrauterine growth and serum concentrations of adipocytokines and metabolic hormones in preterm infants.MethodsSerum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, interleukin (IL)‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, C‐peptide, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 and glucagon were measured in 38 appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age preterm infants at birth, and at 33 and 38 weeks of postmenstrual age using a Bio‐Plex 200™ suspension array system.ResultsSerum leptin concentration was not correlated with bodyweight at any time point, but serum adiponectin concentration was correlated with bodyweight at all time points. Serum IL‐6 concentration decreased from birth to 33 and 38 weeks. Serum TNF‐α concentration was not changed. Serum C‐peptide, GIP and glucagon concentration increased from birth to 33 weeks, and decreased from 33 to 38 weeks. Serum insulin and GLP‐1 concentration was not changed.ConclusionChanges in serum leptin and adiponectin concentration had unique profiles, thereby suggesting maldevelopment of white adipose tissue. This may affect the future development of adipose tissue and lead to increased risk for cardiometabolic disorders.
Current status and actual need for pediatric liver transplantation in Southern Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Tu Cam , Robert Annie , Nguyen Phuong Van Ngoc , Nguyen Ngoc Minh , Truong Dinh Quang , Goyens Philippe , Reding Raymond 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLiver transplantation (LT) has considerably improved the outcome of patients with end‐stage liver disease, especially in children. The first pediatric LT in Vietnam was performed in 2004. To assess the current need for pediatric LT in Southern Vietnam, a total of 280 patients with chronic liver disease followed at Children's Hospital 2 (Ho Chi Minh City), the only pediatric LT center in this region, were evaluated from January 2009 to June 2014. Sixty‐seven patients satisfied criteria for LT but only one transplant surgery occurred since 2009. Parental consent for LT was obtained only in 28.4% of patients. The main reasons for the small number of LTs were financial costs, far distance from home, lifelong follow‐up and treatment, and shortage of organ donors. We conclude that the current need for pediatric LT in Southern Vietnam is high. Efforts should be made to develop the liver transplant program in this developing country.
There is No Pill for Deliberation: Explaining Discourse Quality in Post‐conflict Communities
Authors: Ugarriza Juan E. , Nussio Enzo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRecent experimental research suggests that ordinary citizens are capable of behaving in a democratic and deliberative way in controversial political debates, when given the right instructions. In this study, we test the potential of such instructions in contexts where levels of polarization, conflict and social marginalization are high. Using a randomized controlled experimental design, we test the effect of encouraging members of marginalized and conflict‐affected communities in Colombia to live up to the deliberative ideal, including free participation, mutual respect, justification of arguments, and contributing to the common good. Results indicate that deliberative instructions have a positive effect on intervention levels, but fail to increase discourse quality. We also find that socio‐economic differences (especially education and gender), as well as inter‐group trust dynamics, explain much of the variation in discourse quality. Promoting deliberative democracy under unfavorable conditions might therefore require a combination of short‐term policy measures aimed at increasing communal trust, long‐term efforts to improve schooling levels, and ensuring constraint‐free participation. There is, however, no treatment yet that can ensure deliberation success.
Global investigation of the co‐evolution of MIRNA genes and microRNA targets during soybean domestication
Authors: Liu Tengfei , Fang Chao , Ma Yanming , Shen Yanting , Li Congcong , Li Qing , Wang Min , Liu Shulin , Zhang Jixiang , Zhou Zhengkui , Yang Rui , Wang Zheng , Tian Zhixi 
Published: December 2015

SummaryAlthough the selection of coding genes during plant domestication has been well studied, the evolution of MIRNA genes (MIRs) and the interaction between microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets in this process are poorly understood. Here, we present a genome‐wide survey of the selection of MIRs and miRNA targets during soybean domestication and improvement. Our results suggest that, overall, MIRs have higher evolutionary rates than miRNA targets. Nonetheless, they do demonstrate certain similar evolutionary patterns during soybean domestication: MIRs and miRNA targets with high expression and duplication status, and with greater numbers of partners, exhibit lower nucleotide divergence than their counterparts without these characteristics, suggesting that expression level, duplication status, and miRNA–target interaction are essential for evolution of MIRs and miRNA targets. Further investigation revealed that miRNA–target pairs that are subjected to strong purifying selection have greater similarities than those that exhibited genetic diversity. Moreover, mediated by domestication and improvement, the similarities of a large number of miRNA–target pairs in cultivated soybean populations were increased compared to those in wild soybeans, whereas a small number of miRNA–target pairs exhibited decreased similarity, which may be associated with the adoption of particular domestication traits. Taken together, our results shed light on the co‐evolution of MIRs and miRNA targets during soybean domestication.
Impact of National Physical Activity and Health Guidelines and Documents on Research on Teaching K-12 Physical Education in U.S.A.
Authors: Li Weidong , Gao Zan , Yin Zhihua , Xiang Ping , Shen Bo , Kong Qingtao 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:This study examined the impact of published national physical activity (PA) and health guidelines, documents, and initiatives on the evolution of research on teaching K-12 physical education (PE) in U.S.A. from 1996 to October 2013.Methods:A total of 262 peer-reviewed, data-based journal articles meeting our inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified through a comprehensive search. These articles were coded and the resulting data were analyzed.Results and Discussions:The findings showed that 41% (108 out of 262) of articles had cited these identified guidelines, documents and Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC) reports. In particular, the most frequently cited documents were Healthy People documents, the 1996 Report of Surgeon General, and CDC reports and studies. The citation of these guidelines, documents and CDC reports fluctuated over the years. Our findings also showed that among the research studies citing these national documents and reports, 56% of them focused on students’ PA/fitness, while only a few studies focused on students’ psycho-motor skills and game performance. The majority of the studies reviewed were nonexperimental quantitative studies while 10% using randomized control trials or randomized group control trials design.Conclusion:The results revealed a substantial proportion of articles cited national guidelines, initiatives and CDC study reports. These guidelines and documents have had some impact on the evolution of research on teaching K-12 PE.
Divergent Requirement for a DNA Repair Enzyme during Enterovirus Infections
Authors: Maciejewski Sonia , Nguyen Joseph H. C. , Gómez-Herreros Fernando , Cortés-Ledesma Felipe , Caldecott Keith W. , Semler Bert L. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Viruses of the
Enterovirus
genus of picornaviruses, including poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and human rhinovirus, commandeer the functions of host cell proteins to aid in the replication of their small viral genomic RNAs during infection. One of these host proteins is a cellular DNA repair enzyme known as 5′ tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2). TDP2 was previously demonstrated to mediate the cleavage of a unique covalent linkage between a viral protein (VPg) and the 5′ end of picornavirus RNAs. Although VPg is absent from actively translating poliovirus mRNAs, the removal of VPg is not required for the
in vitro
translation and replication of the RNA. However, TDP2 appears to be excluded from replication and encapsidation sites during peak times of poliovirus infection of HeLa cells, suggesting a role for TDP2 during the viral replication cycle. Using a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line lacking TDP2, we found that TDP2 is differentially required among enteroviruses. Our single-cycle viral growth analysis shows that CVB3 replication has a greater dependency on TDP2 than does poliovirus or human rhinovirus replication. During infection, CVB3 protein accumulation is undetectable (by Western blot analysis) in the absence of TDP2, whereas poliovirus protein accumulation is reduced but still detectable. Using an infectious CVB3 RNA with a reporter, CVB3 RNA could still be replicated in the absence of TDP2 following transfection, albeit at reduced levels. Overall, these results indicate that TDP2 potentiates viral replication during enterovirus infections of cultured cells, making TDP2 a potential target for antiviral development for picornavirus infections.

IMPORTANCE
Picornaviruses are one of the most prevalent groups of viruses that infect humans and livestock worldwide. These viruses include the human pathogens belonging to the
Enterovirus
genus, such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and human rhinovirus. Diseases caused by enteroviruses pose a major problem for public health and have significant economic impact. Poliovirus can cause paralytic poliomyelitis. CVB3 can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease and myocarditis. Human rhinovirus is the causative agent of the common cold, which has a severe economic impact due to lost productivity and severe health consequences in individuals with respiratory dysfunction, such as asthma. By gaining a better understanding of the enterovirus replication cycle, antiviral drugs against enteroviruses may be developed. Here, we report that the absence of the cellular enzyme TDP2 can significantly decrease viral yields of poliovirus, CVB3, and human rhinovirus, making TDP2 a potential target for an antiviral against enterovirus infections.