bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“You Don't Have to Be a Drinker to Get Gout, But It Helps”: A Content Analysis of the Depiction of Gout in Popular Newspapers
Authors: Duyck Stefanie D. , Petrie Keith J. , Dalbeth Nicola 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo analyze the depiction of gout and its management in popular newspapers.MethodsWe conducted a content analysis of popular newspaper articles for reporting about the causes, management, and depictions of gout. The Factiva database was used to identify articles from the 21 highest circulation newspapers in the UK and US from August 2010 to August 2015. Articles with a primary focus on gout were analyzed (n = 114).ResultsOverindulgence of certain foods and beverages was most commonly reported as the cause of gout (72 of 114 articles). The range of dietary advice for gout management was extensive, with advice to decrease intake of 44 different food and beverage items and increase intake of 17 different food and beverage items. Strong advice was given for 23 of 40 dietary strategies (58%), 13 of 29 antiinflammatory strategies (45%), and 4 of 42 urate‐lowering therapy strategies (10%) (P < 0.0001). Serum urate monitoring or treatment targets were rarely reported. Social embarrassment due to gout was reported in 27 of 114 articles (23.7%). Jokes or humorous references to gout were reported in 30 of 114 articles (26.3%), often highlighting causal beliefs related to lifestyle and drinking alcohol.ConclusionPopular newspaper articles depict gout as a self‐inflicted condition that is socially embarrassing and the focus of humor. Dietary solutions are overemphasized compared to effective urate‐lowering strategies. Initiatives that challenge popular perceptions of gout may play an important role in changing public understanding about the disease, ultimately increasing the uptake of effective urate‐lowering therapy and reducing reliance on unproven strategies.
Wild capuchin monkeys spontaneously adjust actions when using hammer stones of different mass to crack nuts of different resistance
Authors: Liu Qing , Fragaszy Dorothy M. , Visalberghi Elisabetta 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesExpert tool users are known to adjust their actions skillfully depending on aspects of tool type and task. We examined if bearded capuchin monkeys cracking nuts with stones of different mass adjusted the downward velocity and the height of the stone when striking palm nuts.Materials and MethodsDuring a field experiment carried out in FBV (Piauí, Brazil), eight adult wild capuchin monkeys (five males) crackedOrbygnianuts of varied resistance with hammer stones differing in mass. From recorded videos, we identified the highest strike per nut‐cracking episode, and for this strike, we calculated the height to which the monkey lifted the stone, the maximum velocity of the stone during the downward phase, the work done on the stone, and the kinetic energy of the strike.ResultsWe found that individual capuchins achieved average maximum kinetic energy of 8.7–16.1 J when using stones between 0.9 and 1.9 kg, and maximum kinetic energy correlated positively with mass of the stone. Monkeys lifted all the stones to an individually consistent maximum height but added more work to the stone when using lighter stones. One male and one female monkey lifted stones higher when they cracked more resistant nuts. The high resistance of theOrbygnianut elicits production of maximum kinetic energy, which the monkeys modulate to some degree by adding work to lighter stones.DiscussionCapuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees, modulate their actions in nut‐cracking, indicating skilled action, although neither species regulates kinetic energy as precisely as skilled human stone knappers. Kinematic analyses promise to yield new insights into the ways and extent to which nonhuman tool users develop expertise. Am J Phys Anthropol 161:53–61, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sarcopenia is a predictive factor for prolonged intensive care unit stays in high‐energy blunt trauma patients
Authors: Akahoshi Tomohiko , Yasuda Mitsuhiro , Momii Kenta , Kubota Kensuke , Shono Yuji , Kaku Noriyuki , Tokuda Kentaro , Nagata Takashi , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Shirabe Ken , Hashizume Makoto , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: May 2016

AimSarcopenia has been increasingly reported as a prognostic factor for outcome in settings such as cirrhosis, liver transplantation, and emergent surgery. We aimed to elucidate the significance of sarcopenia in severe blunt trauma patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 84 patients emergently admitted to the intensive care unit at Kyushu University Hospital (Fukuoka, Japan) from May 2012 to April 2015. We assessed the amount of skeletal muscle present according to computed tomography and its relevance to ventilation‐free days, patients' length of stay in the intensive care unit, and 28‐day mortality.ResultsTwenty‐five (29.7%) patients were defined as sarcopenic. Sixteen (19.7%) patients required 15 days or more in the intensive care unit. The major reason was a prolonged ventilation requirement due to flail chest (n = 7) or pneumonia (n = 3). Sarcopenic patients' stays in intensive care were significantly longer than those of non‐sarcopenic patients (18.7 versus 6.4 days, respectively; P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed sarcopenia to be a significant risk factor for prolonged intensive care unit stay.ConclusionSarcopenia is a risk factor that predicts prolonged intensive care unit stay in high‐energy blunt trauma patients.
Cross‐Cycloaddition of Two Different Isocyanides: Chemoselective Heterodimerization and [3+2]‐Cyclization of 1,4‐Diazabutatriene
Authors: Hu Zhongyan , Yuan Haiyan , Men Yang , Liu Qun , Zhang Jingping , Xu Xianxiu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new cross‐cycloaddition reaction between a wide range of isocyanides and 2‐isocyanochalcones (or analogues) was developed for the expeditious synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4‐b]indoles under thermal conditions. On the basis of the experimental results and DFT calculations, a mechanism for this domino reaction is proposed involving chemoselective heterodimerization of two different isocyanides to form 1,4‐diazabutatriene intermediates, followed by an intramolecular [3+2]‐cycloaddition and 1,3‐proton shift.
Synthesis of Cyclooctatetraenes through a Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction
Authors: Blouin Sarah , Gandon Vincent , Blond Gaëlle , Suffert Jean 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReported is a cascade reaction leading to fully substituted cyclooctatetraenes. This unexpected transformation likely proceeds through a unique 8π electrocyclization reaction of a ene triyne. DFT computations provide the mechanistic basis of this surprizing reaction.
Multi‐Molar Absorption of CO2 by the Activation of Carboxylate Groups in Amino Acid Ionic Liquids
Authors: Chen Feng‐Feng , Huang Kuan , Zhou Yan , Tian Zi‐Qi , Zhu Xiang , Tao Duan‐Jian , Jiang De‐en , Dai Sheng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new strategy for multi‐molar absorption of CO2 is reported based on activating a carboxylate group in amino acid ionic liquids. It was illustrated that introducing an electron‐withdrawing site to amino acid anions could reduce the negative inductive effect of the amino group while simultaneously activating the carboxylate group to interact with CO2 very efficiently. An extremely high absorption capacity of CO2 (up to 1.69 mol mol−1) in aminopolycarboxylate‐based amino acid ionic liquids was thus achieved. The evidence of spectroscopic investigations and quantum‐chemical calculations confirmed the interactions between two kinds of sites in the anion and CO2 that resulted in superior CO2 capacities.
Effects of CaO‐K2CO3 on combustion behavior and emission properties of SO2 and NOX during coal sludge combustion
Authors: Wu Junzhi , Wang Baofeng , Lou Helen H. , Yang Fengling , Cheng Fangqin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of CaO‐K2CO3 on the coal sludge combustion and the emission properties of SO2 and NOX. The combustion characteristics of coal sludge with or without catalysts were studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer, and the experiments were conducted from the ambient temperature to 1000 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1. Ignition index, burnout index, and general combustion parameter had been put forward to describe further the combustion characteristics of coal sludge. Combustion experiments were carried out in a quartz tubular fixed‐bed reactor, and the NOx and SO2 released during combustion were monitored continuously using a flue gas analyzer. The results show that adding K2CO3 accelerates the release of volatile matter and the combustion of partial fixed carbon. The reduction of ignition temperatures and burnout temperature followed the increase of the concentration of K2CO3. When the coal sludge is loaded with CaO and 1% K2CO3, the general combustion parameter is the maximum, and the activation energy (E) is the smallest. Meanwhile, when the coal sludge is loaded with CaO and 1% K2CO3, it emits less SO2 and NOX. Therefore, it is concluded that CaO‐1% K2CO3 facilitates the clean and efficient combustion of coal sludge. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elasmobranch captures in the Fijian pelagic longline fishery
Authors: Piovano Susanna , Gilman Eric 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Pelagic longline fisheries for relatively fecund tuna and tuna‐like species can have large adverse effects on incidentally caught species with low‐fecundity, including elasmobranchs.
Analyses of observer programme data from the Fiji longline fishery from 2011 to 2014 were conducted to characterize the shark and ray catch composition and identify factors that significantly explained standardized catch rates. Catch data were fitted to generalized linear models to identify potentially significant explanatory variables.
With a nominal catch rate of 0.610 elasmobranchs per 1000 hooks, a total of 27 species of elasmobranchs were captured, 48% of which are categorized as Threatened under the IUCN Red List. Sharks and rays made up 2.4% and 1.4%, respectively, of total fish catch. Blue sharks and pelagic stingrays accounted for 51% and 99% of caught sharks and rays, respectively.
There was near elimination of ‘shark lines’, branchlines set at or near the sea surface via attachment directly to floats, after 2011.
Of caught elasmobranchs, 35% were finned, 11% had the entire carcass retained, and the remainder was released alive or discarded dead. Finning of elasmobranchs listed in CITES Appendix II was not observed in 2014.
There were significantly higher standardized shark and ray catch rates on narrower J‐shaped hooks than on wider circle hooks. Based on findings from previous studies on single factor effects of hook width and shape, the smaller minimum width of the J‐shaped hooks may have caused the higher shark and ray catch rates. For sharks, the effect of hook width may have exceeded the effect of hook shape, where small increases in shark catch rates have been observed on circle vs J‐shaped hooks.
Shark and ray standardized catch rates were lowest in the latter half of the year. Focusing effort during the second half of the year could reduce elasmobranch catch rates.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relativistic reflection: Review and recent developments in modeling
Authors: Dauser T. , García J. , Wilms J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMeasuring relativistic reflection is an important tool to study the innermost regions of the an accreting black hole system. In the following we present a brief review on the different aspects contributing to the relativistic reflection. The combined approach is for the first time incorporated in the new “relxill” model. The advantages of this more self‐consistent approach are briefly summarized. A special focus is put on the new definition of the intrinsic reflection fraction in the lamp post geometry, which allows to draw conclusions about the primary source of radiation in these system. Additionally the influence of the high energy cutoff of the primary source on the reflection spectrum is motivated, revealing the remarkable capabilities of constraining Ecut by measuring relativistic reflection spectra from NuSTAR, preferably with lower energy coverage. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectral components in black hole X‐ray binaries
Authors: Malzac J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper summarises our current understanding of the spectral continuum components observed in black hole X‐ray binaries. The consequences for theoretical models are discussed with an emphasis on the constraints set by observations on the nature of the X‐ray corona in different spectral states. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasi periodic oscillations in black hole binaries
Authors: Motta S. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFast time variability is the most prominent characteristic of accreting systems and the presence of quasi periodic oscillations (QPOs) is a constant in all accreting systems, from cataclysmic variables to AGNs, passing through black hole and neutron star X‐ray binaries and through the enigmatic ultra‐luminous X‐ray sources. In this paper, I will briefly review the current knowledge of QPOs in black hole X‐ray binaries, mainly focussing on their observed properties, but also mentioning the most important models that have been proposed to explain the origin of QPOs over the last decades. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measuring key X‐ray parameters from simulated spectra of Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Bonson K. , Gallo L. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSupermassive black hole (SMBH) accretion is an important topic of astro‐physical research for a variety of fields. However, literature shows that precisely modelling the X‐ray reflection component of an accretion disk around a SMBH is challenging. We test how reliably we can measure key active galactic nuclei (AGN) X‐ray reflection parameters by simulating the spectra of average Seyfert 1 galaxies and then fitting those spectra using common modelling techniques. The AGN spectra were created from 0.01–300.0 keV using XMM‐Newton pn responses and with (3.75±0.10)×106 counts in the 2–10 keV band. The model RELXILL was used to create all spectra with a reflection fraction (ratio of reflected flux over primary flux from 0.1–100 keV) of R = 1. The values of six key parameters were generated randomly within given ranges to simulate the spectra: photon index (Γ), inner emissivity index (q 1), black hole spin (a), disk inclination angle (θ), ionization (ξ), and iron abundance in solar units (A Fe). Once the simulated spectra were created, they were autonomously fit with RELXILL from 2.5–10.0 keV. All six key parameters were allowed to vary throughout the modelling process, with a gradual thawing of model parameters to mimic manual fitting procedure. We find that we can successfully measure key AGN spectral components in this scenario, but some conditions apply: Γ, θ, and A Fe are well constrained, however they are also consistently overestimated. Only black hole spin (a) measurements that are in extrema, a > 0.9, can be considered reliable. Lastly, ξ and q 1 cannot be measured and these parameters – along with intermediate spin values – should be verified using other techniques. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magneto centrifugal winds from accretion discs around black hole binaries
Authors: Chakravorty S. , Petrucci P.‐O. , Ferreira J. , Henri G. , Belmont R. , Clavel M. , Corbel S. , Rodriguez J. , Coriat M. , Drappeau S. , Malzac J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe want to test if self‐similar magneto‐hydrodynamic (MHD) accretion‐ejection models can explain the observational results for accretion disk winds in BHBs. In our models, the density at the base of the outflow from the accretion disk is not a free parameter but is determined by solving the full set of dynamical MHD equations without neglecting any physical term. Different MHD solutions were generated for different values of (a) the disk aspect ratio (e) and (b) the ejection efficiency (p). We generated two kinds of MHD solutions depending on the absence (cold solution) or presence (warm solution) of heating at the disk surface. The cold MHD solutions are found to be inadequate to account for winds due to their low ejection efficiency. The warm solutions can have sufficiently high values of p (0.1) which is required to explain the observed physical quantities in the wind. The heating (required at the disk surface for the warm solutions) could be due to the illumination which would be more efficient in the Soft state. We found that in the Hard state a range of ionisation parameter is thermodynamically unstable, which makes it impossible to have any wind at all, in the Hard state. Our results would suggest that a thermo‐magnetic process is required to explain winds in BHBs. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Systematic spectral analysis of GX 339‐4: Influence of Galactic background and reflection models
Authors: Clavel M. , Rodriguez J. , Corbel S. , Coriat M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBlack hole X‐ray binaries display large outbursts, during which their properties are strongly variable. We develop a sys¬tematic spectral analysis of the 3–40 keV RXTE/PCA data in order to study the evolution of these systems and apply it to GX 339‐4. Using the low count rate observations, we provide a precise model of the Galactic background at GX 339‐4's location and discuss its possible impact on the source spectral parameters. At higher fluxes, the use of a Gaussian line to model the reflection component can lead to the detection of a high‐temperature disk, in particular in the high‐hard state. We demonstrate that this component is an artifact arising from an incomplete modeling of the reflection spectrum. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A global look at X‐ray time lags in Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Kara E. , Alston W. , Fabian A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractX‐ray reverberation, where light‐travel time delays map out the compact geometry around the inner accretion flow in supermassive black holes, has been discovered in several of the brightest, most variable and well‐known bare Seyfert galaxies. In this work, we expand the study of X‐ray time lags to all Seyfert galaxies in the XMM‐Newton archive above a nominal rms and exposure level. We find that reverberation is found in >50 % of sources (with >99 % confidence). We also find that the low‐frequency hard lag (which is likely associated with the coronal emission) is found in >80% of sources, suggesting that most sources with X‐ray variability show intrinsic variability from the nuclear region. We update the known iron K lag amplitude vs. black hole mass relation. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new characterization of the Compton process in the ULX spectra
Authors: Kobayashi S. , Nakazawa K. , Makishima K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAttempts were made to construct a unified description of the spectra of ULX (Ultra Luminous X‐ray source) objects, including their power‐law (PL) state and disk‐like state. Among spectral models proposed to explain either state, the present work adopts the one which combines multi‐color disk (MCD) emission and its thermal Comptonization (THC). This model was applied to several datasets of ULXs obtained by Suzaku, XMM‐Newton, and Nustar. The model well explains all the spectra, regardless of the spectral states, in terms of a cool disk (Tin = 0.2–0.5 keV) and a cool thick (Te = 1–3 keV, τ ∼ 10) corona. The fit results can be characterized by two new parameters. One is Q ≡ Te/Tin which describes the balance between the Compton cooling and gravitational heating of the coronal electrons, while the other is F ≡ 1 – Fdirect/Ftotal, namely, the covering fraction of the MCD by the corona. Here, and Ftotal are the luminosity in the directly‐visible disk emission and the total radiation, respectively. Then, the PL‐state spectra have been found to show Q ∼ 10 and F ∼ 0.5, while those of the disk‐like state Q ∼ 3 and F ∼ 1. Thus, the two states are clearly separated in terms of Q and F. The obtained results are employed to argue for their interpretation in terms of high‐mass (several tens to several hundreds M<) black holes. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The coronal parameters of local Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Marinucci A. , Tortosa A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOne of the open problems for AGN is the nature of the primary X‐ray emission: It is likely due to Comptonization of soft UV photons, but the optical depth and temperature of the emitting corona were largely unknown before the launch of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). It is the first focusing hard X‐ray telescope on orbit, ∼ 100 times more sensitive in the 10–79 keV band compared to previous observatories, enabling the study of AGN at high energies with high precision. We present and discuss the results on the hot corona parameters of active galactic nuclei that have been recently measured with NuSTAR (often in coordination with XMM‐Newton, Suzaku, or Swift) with unprecedented accuracy, in a number of local Seyfert galaxies. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Broadband short term X‐ray variability of the quasar PDS 456
Authors: Matzeu G. A. , Reeves J. N. , Nardini E. , Braito V. , Costa M. T. , Tombesi F. , Gofford J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe present a detailed analysis of a recent 500 ks net exposure Suzaku observation, carried out in 2013, of the nearby (z = 0.184) luminous (Lbol ∼ 1047 erg s–1) quasar PDS 456 in which the X‐ray flux was unusually low. The short term X‐ray spectral variability has been interpreted in terms of variable absorption and/or intrinsic continuum changes. In the former scenario, the spectral variability is due to variable covering factors of two regions of partially covering absorbers. We find that these absorbers are characterised by an outflow velocity comparable to that of the highly ionised wind, i.e. ∼ 0.25c, at the 99.9% (3.26σ) confidence level. This suggests that the partially absorbing clouds may be the denser clumpy part of the inhomogeneous wind. Following an obscuration event we obtained a direct estimate of the size of the X‐ray emitting region, to be not larger than 20Rg in PDS 456. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)