bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The color of mass culture: spectral characteristics of a shallow water column through shade‐limited algal growth dynamics1
Authors: Hewes Christopher D. 
Published: January 2016

It is envisioned that mass algal cultivation for commercial biofuels production will entail the use of large raceway pond systems, which typically have shade‐limited photosynthetic growth within depths of 20–30 cm. The attenuation of light and spectral qualities of red, green, and blue wavelengths in a 20‐cm water column as a function of Chl‐a concentration during exponential and linear phases of growth dynamics for the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was examined under laboratory conditions. While photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) was in excess throughout the water column during the phase of exponential growth, PAR became rate limiting differently for red, green, and blue wavelengths during the phase of linear growth. The transition from exponential to linear growth occurred at 1–2 mg Chl‐a · L−1, whereby a scalar ~5 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1 at 20‐cm depth was found to occur as would be anticipated having the compensation point for where rates of photosynthesis and respiration are equal. During the phase of linear growth, red wavelengths became increasingly dominant at depth as Chl‐a concentrations increased, being contrary to the optical conditions for those natural bodies of water that forced the evolution of phytoplankton photosynthesis. It is hypothesized this dramatic difference in water column optics between natural and synthetic environments could influence a variety of biological reactions, importantly non‐photochemical quenching capacities, which could negatively impact crop yield.
Sonata Theory, Secondary Themes and Continuous Expositions: Dialogues with Form‐Functional Theory
Authors: HEPOKOSKI JAMES A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWith regard to the definition of secondary (or subordinate) themes within Classical‐style expositions, Sonata Theory and form‐functional theory proceed from different understandings of the style, role and structural purpose of such themes. From the more integrative standpoint of Sonata Theory, the form‐functional understanding, while logically tight, is insufficiently attentive to rhetorical, punctuational and thematic factors that also lie at the core of expositional practice in the second half of the eighteenth century. This article updates my thoughts on secondary‐theme definition in this era, underscoring once again the need for flexibility and musical sensitivity in the application of the ‘no MC, no S’ guideline. Along the way, I outline a broader historical argument to suggest that, beginning around 1750, the strategic introduction of an emphatic medial caesura (or punctuational ‘hard break’) into the centre of what we now call sonata expositions effectively and immediately divided any such exposition into two separate parts. Each of the two parts is usually subdivisible into two separate action‐zones, resulting in a de facto {P TR}’{S/C} pattern, each zone of which soon came to call for its own generically appropriate harmonic and thematic/rhetorical treatment. Under the zonal concept of expositional formatting (precipitated by the presence of an MC), the secondary theme is best construed as that characteristic, new theme that marks the post‐MC onset of the second part. Expositions without an interior MC present us with a different situation, one in which it can be counterintuitive – or at least analytically unnecessary – to posit the presence of a subordinate theme in the zonal sense: one need not presume that all mid‐expositional V:PACs are preceded by a subordinate theme. The article also considers how most productively to interpret a transition‐ending dominant‐lock leading to an MC and concludes by discussing how and why it is possible for a transition‐ending V:PAC to articulate an MC that then gives way to the onset of a characteristic secondary theme.
Case of McLeod syndrome with a novel genetic mutation
Authors: Narumi Shinsuke , Natori Tatsunori , Miyazawa Haruna , Kato Tadayoshi , Yonezawa Hisashi , Nishino Ichizo , Nakamura Masayuki , Sano Akira , Terayama Yasuo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMcLeod syndrome is a rare neuroacanthocytosis caused by mutation of the XK gene. Acanthocytes in peripheral blood, systemic chorea, neuropathy, myopathy and increased serum levels of creatine kinase are observed in this syndrome, and mental manifestations and cardiomyopathy can also arise as complications. Various mutations in the XK gene have been reported, but the pathological condition in McLeod syndrome is unclear because of a lack of reports. We report a 64‐year‐old man with McLeod syndrome who showed increased levels of creatine kinase, and muscle atrophy and weakness in bilateral lower limbs. Peripheral blood smear showed numerous acanthocytes, and reduced levels of Kell antigen and the absence of XK protein suggested McLeod syndrome. Genetic analysis showed a mutation of c.del724_729TGTAGinsGGTCCTCTTTACC on exon 3 of the XK gene. To our knowledge, this is a novel genetic mutation in the XK gene.
Effect of simulation on knowledge, self‐confidence, and skill performance in the USA: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Bowling Ann M. , Underwood Patricia W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn health care, high‐fidelity simulation has been shown to result in increased student learning outcomes when compared to low‐fidelity simulation. With educational facilities investing significant amounts of money into purchasing high‐fidelity simulators, it is imperative to identify if the midlevel simulator, which is less costly, will result in the same learning outcomes. In this study, we examined the effect of midlevel‐fidelity simulation versus low‐fidelity simulation on Bachelor of Science in Nursing nursing students' knowledge, self‐confidence, and skill performance. A quasi‐experimental design examined the effects of midlevel‐fidelity simulation (n = 37) versus low‐fidelity simulation (case study) (n = 37) in junior‐level nursing students. There was a significant difference for both groups in knowledge and skill performance (measured with a mini Objective Structured Clinical Examination), but not between the groups. Unexpectedly, the case‐study group had a higher level of self‐confidence (self‐reported). The results of this study indicate that further research is needed to support faculties' selection of learning strategies with the lowest cost and highest effectiveness in achieving the desired learning outcomes.
Increased diversification rates follow shifts to bisexuality in liverworts
Authors: Laenen Benjamin , Machac Antonin , Gradstein S. Robbert , Shaw Blanka , Patiño Jairo , Désamoré Aurélie , Goffinet Bernard , Cox Cymon J. , Shaw A. Jonathan , Vanderpoorten Alain 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Shifts in sexual systems are one of the key drivers of species diversification. In contrast to angiosperms, unisexuality prevails in bryophytes. Here, we test the hypotheses that bisexuality evolved from an ancestral unisexual condition and is a key innovation in liverworts.

We investigate whether shifts in sexual systems influence diversification using hidden state speciation and extinction analysis (HiSSE). This new method compares the effects of the variable of interest to the best‐fitting latent variable, yielding robust and conservative tests.

We find that the transitions in sexual systems are significantly biased toward unisexuality, even though bisexuality is coupled with increased diversification. Sexual systems are strongly conserved deep within the liverwort tree but become much more labile toward the present.

Bisexuality appears to be a key innovation in liverworts. Its effects on diversification are presumably mediated by the interplay of high fertilization rates, massive spore production and long‐distance dispersal, which may separately or together have facilitated liverwort speciation, suppressed their extinction, or both. Importantly, shifts in liverwort sexual systems have the opposite effect when compared to angiosperms, leading to contrasting diversification patterns between the two groups. The high prevalence of unisexuality among liverworts suggests, however, a strong selection for sexual dimorphism.
Recent similarity in distribution ranges does not mean a similar postglacial history: a phylogeographical study of the boreal tree species Alnus incana based on microsatellite and chloroplast DNA variation
Authors: Mandák Bohumil , Havrdová Alena , Krak Karol , Hadincová Věroslava , Vít Petr , Zákravský Petr , Douda Jan 
Published: February 2016

Summary

We reconstructed the historical pattern of postglacial biogeographic range expansion of the boreal tree species Alnus incana in Europe.

To assess population genetic structure and diversity, we performed a combined analysis of nuclear microsatellite loci and chloroplast DNA sequences (65 populations, 1004 individuals).

Analysis of haplotype and microsatellite diversity revealed that southeastern refugial populations situated in the Carpathians and the Balkan Peninsula did not spread north and cannot be considered as important source populations for postglacial recolonization of Europe; populations in Eastern Europe did not establish Fennoscandian populations; populations in Fennoscandia and Eastern Europe have no unique genetic cluster, but represent a mix with a predominant cluster typical for Central Europe; and that colonization of Fennoscandia and Eastern Europe took place from Central Europe.

Our findings highlight the importance of an effective refugium in Central Europe located outside classical southern refugia confirming the existence of northern refugia for boreal trees in Europe. The postglacial range expansion of A. incana did not follow the model established for Picea abies. Fennoscandian populations are not derived from Eastern European ones, but from Central European ones.
Evidence for foliar endophytic nitrogen fixation in a widely distributed subalpine conifer
Authors: Moyes Andrew B. , Kueppers Lara M. , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Carper Dana L. , Vandehey Nick , O'Neil James , Frank A. Carolin 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Coniferous forest nitrogen (N) budgets indicate unknown sources of N. A consistent association between limber pine (Pinus flexilis) and potential N2‐fixing acetic acid bacteria (AAB) indicates that native foliar endophytes may supply subalpine forests with N.

To assess whether the P. flexilis–AAB association is consistent across years, we re‐sampled P. flexilis twigs at Niwot Ridge, CO and characterized needle endophyte communities via 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. To investigate whether endophytes have access to foliar N2, we incubated twigs with 13N2‐enriched air and imaged radioisotope distribution in needles, the first experiment of its kind using 13N. We used the acetylene reduction assay to test for nitrogenase activity within P. flexilis twigs four times from June to September.

We found evidence for N2 fixation in P. flexilis foliage. N2 diffused readily into needles and nitrogenase activity was positive across sampling dates. We estimate that this association could provide 6.8–13.6 μg N m−2 d−1 to P. flexilis stands. AAB dominated the P. flexilis needle endophyte community.

We propose that foliar endophytes represent a low‐cost, evolutionarily stable N2‐fixing strategy for long‐lived conifers. This novel source of biological N2 fixation has fundamental implications for understanding forest N budgets.
Macroeconomic Uncertainty and Oil Price Volatility
Authors: Van Robays Ine 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper shows that higher macroeconomic uncertainty causes higher oil price volatility. Regimes of low and high uncertainty are identified in a threshold VAR model in which the effects of structural oil demand and supply shocks are estimated. The results show that higher macroeconomic uncertainty, as measured by global industrial production volatility, significantly increases the sensitivity of oil prices to shocks in oil demand and supply. This occurs as uncertainty lowers the price elasticity of oil demand and supply. The difference in the estimated oil price elasticities is economically meaningful as the price impact of a similar change in oil production might double when it hits the economy in uncertain times. As such, varying uncertainty can explain why oil price volatility is typically higher during periods such as financial crises and recessions, and why oil price volatility changes over time more generally.
The genomic landscape of cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Zhang Tongwu , Dutton‐Regester Ken , Brown Kevin M. , Hayward Nicholas K. 
Published: February 2016

SummarySomatic mutation analysis of melanoma has been performed at the single gene level extensively over the past several decades. This has provided considerable insight into the critical pathways controlling melanoma initiation and progression. During the last 5 yr, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled even more comprehensive mutational screening at the level of multigene panels, exomes and genomes. These studies have uncovered many new and unexpected players in melanoma development. The recent landmark study from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium describing the genomic architecture of 333 cutaneous melanomas provides the largest and broadest analysis to date on the somatic aberrations underlying melanoma genesis. It thus seems timely to review the mutational landscape of melanoma and highlight the key genes and cellular pathways that appear to drive this cancer.
Favorable outcome to glucocorticoid therapy for engraftment syndrome in pediatric autologous hematopoietic cell transplant
Authors: Abongwa Chenue , Abu‐Arja Rolla , Rumelhart Stephen , Lazarus Hillard M. , Abusin Ghada 
Published: February 2016

AbstractES remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing auto‐HCT. Glucocorticoid use in ES is an area of debate. We retrospectively analyzed single‐institution experience from September 2000 through December 2012 to evaluate the use of glucocorticoids in auto‐HCT patients. ES was defined by the occurrence of new onset of non‐infectious fever plus diarrhea, rash, or pulmonary infiltrates 24‐h before or within five days after neutrophil engraftment. Sixty‐five pediatric patients (<21 yr) with different solid tumors underwent auto‐HCTs in the study period. Fifteen patients (23%) fulfilled criteria for ES, of which 13 received methylprednisolone (2 mg/kg IV for 3–5 days). Clinical improvement occurred in all patients within 48 h without significant complications. In the non‐ES group, 11 patients received glucocorticoid without significant complications as well. MEL‐based regimens were found to be significant factor for ES (p < 0.05). Fever, edema, non‐infectious diarrhea, and serum albumin concentration were statistically different between the two groups. Median hospital length of stay was higher in the ES group. Conclusion: ES is a common complication in children after auto‐HCT and short‐course glucocorticoid therapy is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment, even in those who did not completely fulfill diagnostic criteria.
The Validity of a Brief Risk Assessment Tool for Predicting Suicidal Behavior in Veterans Utilizing VHA Mental Health Care
Authors: Doran Neal , De Peralta Sharon , Depp Colin , Dishman Ben , Gold Lindsay , Marshall Robert , Miller Dawn , Vitale Shannon , Tiamson‐Kassab Maria 
Published: January 2016

Suicide risk among military veterans is an important and ongoing concern. The Veterans Administration (VA) mandates suicide risk screening of all veterans seen for mental health issues, but little is known about the effectiveness of this screening. A retrospective chart review to examine all suicide risk screens at VA San Diego between October and December 2012 (n = 3,365) was conducted to assess whether results were associated with suicidal behavior over the subsequent 12 months. Patients judged to be at increased risk for suicide were 3 to 16 times more likely to attempt suicide and 7 to 25 times more likely to engage in self‐directed violence over the next 12 months compared with others. The screening tool may be a useful addition to clinical practice.
An Analysis of Germanium–Silicon/Silicon Strained Superlattice Structure Using Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction
Authors: Mogili N. V. V. , Tanner D. A. , Nakahara S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStrained superlattices (SSLs) are typically found inside the p‐n junction area of semiconductor devices and consist of very thin alternating layers of different material. There exists a small lattice mismatch between these materials which results in localised strain, as in the case of germanium‐silicon/silicon SSLs. Strain measurements using a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) technique inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) have indicated that the strain measured normal to these germanium–silicon/silicon SSLs varies almost sinusoidally, in spite of theoretical predictions which indicate a much sharper change in strain between these layers. A theoretical formulation involving an elasticity solution has been developed to predict the strain inside these SSL structures. The comparison of theoretical and experimental results clearly quantifies the effect of beam size on the spatial resolution of CBED measurements. Given that beam size is critically dependent on the spot size of the beam, the convergence angle, the specimen thickness and the position of the focused plane, these parameters are all clearly accounted for in the theoretical predictions.
Progressive Visualization of Complex 3D Models Over the Internet
Authors: Chen Jing , Li Jiawei , Li Mo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe online transmission and real‐time rendering of complex 3D models have always been a bottleneck which limits the performance of Web 3D simulation systems. To improve the efficiency of data transmission and mesh reconstruction, this article proposes a novel progressive mesh structure. In the first stage of progressive visualization, the base data and the base index generated by vertex clustering simplification are transmitted to the client for the fundamental rendering. Then the incremental data and corresponding indexes at higher levels are transmitted, as the viewpoint approaches the simulation object. The multi‐scale incremental data organization benefits the performance and efficiency of the Web 3D simulation system by separately transmitting and reconstructing the corresponding level of mesh details. To demonstrate the adaptability and reliability of this algorithm, we developed an experimental prototype system to conduct a series of experiments. The results of experiments show that the improved progressive mesh structure described in this article takes good advantage of the vertex clustering simplification scheme to increase the efficiency of online transmission and mesh reconstruction, and the average frame rate of the progressive visualization has been increased to some extent, especially for massive data in large scale scenes.
Management of hyperhaemolysis after a transfusion in sickle‐cell patients
Authors: Bartolucci P. , Noizat Pirenne F. , Habibi A. 
Published: January 2016

Transfusion is a corner stone treatment of sickle cell disease complications. However one of the serious complications of transfusions is represented by the delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) with a significant mortality. It is due to a massive intravascular haemolysis of both transfused and autologous red blood cells. It occurs between 5 to 20 days after a transfusion and is accompanied by a vaso‐occlusive crisis and haemoglobinuria in almost all cases. The evolution can be life‐threatening because of the appearance of a severe acute chest syndrome or a multi organ failure. About half patients are transferred in Intensive Care Unit. The biological diagnosis of DHTR is made by the rapid decline, or disappearance, of Hb A in sickle cell patients who were previously transfused. This event is associated with a significant increase of lactico‐dehydrogenase (LDH) and worsening of anemia due to haemolysis. Allo antibodies are not found in 30%. DHTR is under diagnosed because of the delay between the transfusion and the symptoms, which mimic sickle cell vaso occlusive crises. This can lead to further transfusions that worsen the evolution and are ineffective. Because of the severity of this manifestation many treatment have been tried to improve the outcome as steroids, immunoglobulins, rituximab or eculizumab, without consensual guidelines. Early diagnosis of DHTR should help to decide the appropriate treatment, and avoid reiteration of transfusions. Transfusion indications should be maximally restricted in patients with previous post‐transfusion haemolysis.
Inpatient Pressure Ulcer Prevalence in an Acute Care Hospital Using Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Beal M. Elizabeth , Smith Kimberly 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundA national goal was set in 2004 for decreasing hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs). A mean to achieve that goal was initiated in 2005 with long‐term care facilities. Acute care facilities, with encouragement from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, took action.AimsPressure ulcer prevention efforts at MaineGeneral Medical Center (MGMC), a 192‐bed acute care hospital in Augusta, Maine, sought to reduce HAPU prevalence from a mean of 7.8% in 2005.MethodsA retrospective study over a 10‐year period, from 2005 through 2014, tracked HAPUs and evidence‐based practice (EBP) initiatives to decrease the annual mean prevalence rate.ResultsThe annual mean HAPU prevalence rate of 7.8% in 2005 decreased to 1.4% in 2011, then maintaining this level through 2014 at MGMC. Evidence‐based practices for pressure ulcer prevention were implemented using data collection tools from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators; guidelines from the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; and procedural guidance tools from the 5 Million Lives Campaign and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.ConclusionsAccurate data collection methods and evidence‐based guidelines are vital to improving care; yet planning with annual review, fostering an EBP culture, by‐in of stakeholders, and education, are the means to long‐term consistent implementation of pressure ulcer prevention measures.Linking Evidence to ActionKeys to decreasing and maintaining the rate were based on effective scientific evidence for prevention of pressure ulcers: assessment tools, education, planning guidance, documentation, and evidence‐based practice guidelines.