bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron–positron pair production near the Galactic Centre and the 511 keV emission line
Authors: Chan Man Ho 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Recent observations indicate that a high production rate of positrons (strong 511 keV line) and a significant amount of excess GeV gamma-ray exist in our Galactic bulge. The latter issue can be explained by ∼40 GeV dark matter annihilation through $b \bar{b}$ channel while the former one remains a mystery. On the other hand, recent studies reveal that a large amount of high-density gas might exist near the Galactic Centre million years ago to account for the young, massive stars extending from 0.04–7 pc. In this Letter, I propose a new scenario and show that the 40 GeV dark matter annihilation model can also explain the required positron production rate (511 keV line) in the bulge due to the existence of the high-density gas cloud near the supermassive black hole long time ago.
Salivary Cortisol Profiles of Children with Hearing Loss
Authors: Bess Fred H. , Gustafson Samantha J. , Corbett Blythe A. , Lambert E. Warren , Camarata Stephen M. , Hornsby Benjamin W. Y. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
It has long been speculated that effortful listening places children with hearing loss at risk for fatigue. School-age children with hearing loss experiencing cumulative stress and listening fatigue on a daily basis might undergo dysregulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity resulting in elevated or flattened cortisol profiles. The purpose of this study was to examine whether school-age children with hearing loss show different diurnal salivary cortisol patterns than children with normal hearing.

Design:
Participants included 32 children with mild to moderate hearing loss (14 males; 18 females) and 28 children with normal hearing (19 males; 9 females) ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. Saliva samples were obtained six times per day on two separate school days. Cortisol levels were measured by mass spectrometric detection after liquid–liquid extraction. Salivary cortisol levels between children with hearing loss and children with no hearing loss over the course of the day were examined with hierarchical linear modeling using mixed model statistical analysis. Between-group comparisons were also computed for the area under the curve, an analytical approach for calculating overall cortisol secretion throughout the day.

Results:
Significant differences in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) were observed between children with hearing loss and children with normal hearing; however, no differences were observed between the two groups subsequent to the cortisol awakening response (60-min postawakening, 10:00 A.M., 2:00 P.M., and 8:00 P.M.). Compared with children with normal hearing, children with hearing loss displayed elevated cortisol levels at awakening and a reduced growth in cortisol secretion from awakening to 30-min postawakening. No significant differences in overall cortisol secretion throughout the day were found between groups (area under the curve). Finally, cortisol levels increased with increasing age for children with hearing loss but not for children with normal hearing.

Conclusions:
Results of this preliminary study indicate a possible dysregulation in HPA axis activity in children with hearing loss characterized by elevated salivary cortisol levels at awakening and a diminished increase in cortisol from awakening to 30-min postawakening. The pattern of elevated cortisol levels at awakening is consistent with some studies on adults with burnout, a condition characterized by fatigue, loss of energy, and poor coping skills. These findings support the idea that children with hearing loss may experience increased vigilance and need to mobilize energy promptly in preparation for the new day.
Creating a National Provider Identifier (NPI) to Unique Physician Identification Number (UPIN) Crosswalk for Medicare Data
Authors: Parsons Helen M. , Enewold Lindsey R. , Banks Robert , Barrett Michael J. , Warren Joan L. 
Published: December 2015

Introduction:
Many health services researchers are interested in assessing long term, individual physician treatment patterns, particularly for cancer care. In 2007, Medicare changed the physician identifier used on billed services from the Unique Physician Identification Number (UPIN) to the National Provider Identifier (NPI), precluding the ability to use Medicare claims data to evaluate individual physician treatment patterns across this transition period.

Methods:
Using the 2007–2008 carrier (physician) claims from the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry-Medicare data and Medicare’s NPI and UPIN Directories, we created a crosswalk that paired physician NPIs included in SEER-Medicare data with UPINs. We evaluated the ability to identify an NPI-UPIN match by physician sex and specialty.

Results:
We identified 470,313 unique NPIs in the 2007–2008 SEER-Medicare carrier claims and found a UPIN match for 90.1% of these NPIs (n=423,842) based on 3 approaches: (1) NPI and UPIN coreported on the SEER-Medicare claims; (2) UPINs reported on the NPI Directory; or (3) a name match between the NPI and UPIN Directories. A total of 46.6% (n=219,315) of NPIs matched to the same UPIN across all 3 approaches, 34.1% (n=160,277) agreed across 2 approaches, and 9.4% (n=44,250) had a match identified by 1 approach only. NPIs were paired to UPINs less frequently for women and primary care physicians compared with other specialists.

Discussion:
National Cancer Institute has created a crosswalk resource available to researchers that links NPIs and UPINs based on the SEER-Medicare data. In addition, the documented process could be used to create other NPI-UPIN crosswalks using data beyond SEER-Medicare.
A model of pilgrimage tourism: process, interface, people and sequence
Authors: Padin Carmen , Svensson Goran , Wood Greg 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to examine the elements of the main process of pilgrimage tourism (PT), occurring between pilgrims, hikers and tourists along a trail towards a holy site. PT is defined as a process consisting of three sub-processes over time and across contexts: pre-process, main process and post-process.

Design/methodology/approach
– Explores the core reasons for PT through active participation and observation.

Findings
– This study reveals different layers, levels, views, approaches and perspectives involved in people-based processes. The study attempts to conceptualize the elements involved between people committed and dedicated to PT.

Research limitations/implications
– The introduced model of PT stresses the processes and interfaces involved over time and across contexts between people, with the same or different sequences. There is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous research that explores and describes the processes and interaction between pilgrims, hikers and tourists.

Practical implications
– The ultimate experience at an individual level differs, depending upon the outcome of the PT-elements of the model of PT (i.e. processes, interfaces, people and sequences).

Social implications
– From a social science perspective, the research examines the motives of different traveller types and looks at their different perspectives of being involved with the same physical activity of travel. The study emphasises that we can be involved in the same physical activity, but embrace it with different levels of personal and emotional engagement.

Originality/value
– A conceptualized model of PT containing four elements (process, interface, people and sequence) – all of which offer a foundation for structuring and assessing empirical research, and provide additional insights and knowledge into the dynamics and complexity involved specifically in a people-based process consisting of interfaces and sequences when travelling.
Boundary emergence in inter-organizational innovation
Authors: Smith Pernille 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– Inter-organizational innovation is becoming an attractive development form in view of the complexity of many of today’s innovations. However, inter-organizational innovation does not often lead to the desired results. To understand this paradoxical situation, the purpose of this paper is to examine a high-novelty R & D collaboration between multiple organizations with focus on the occurrence of knowledge boundaries and their underlying mechanisms.Design/methodology/approach– The analysis is based on a grounded longitudinal study of an inter-organizational R & D team. Participant observation data, interviews, and document data have been collected over three years.Findings– The study identified six different knowledge boundaries characterized by processes of sensemaking, strategizing, and group identification. These three processes were all rooted in continuous attempts at the individual level to reduce uncertainty, and the findings therefore highlight the unexpected consequences of uncertainty reduction. Uncertainty reduction through sensemaking, strategizing, and group identification may reduce the uncertainty at the individual level but also provoke the emergence of knowledge boundaries at the team level, thereby impeding knowledge exchange. Furthermore, the knowledge integration literature highlights that knowledge boundaries are relational, but the identification of a cognitive boundary indicates that some problems are so complex that a knowledge boundary is delimited to the single individual.Originality/value– Most research on knowledge boundaries has focussed on the elimination of knowledge boundaries through boundary objects and boundary spanners, but only little attention has been given to the underlying mechanisms of boundary emergence and dynamics. In this paper, it is argued that to efficiently manage knowledge boundaries, an understanding of their underlying mechanisms is needed.
What makes an “innovation champion”?
Authors: Sergeeva Natalya 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore how an “innovation champion” identity is formulated in the context of UK construction sector. A conceptual model of “innovation champion” themes is derived from the literature on social identity and then validated through empirical research.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 30 semi-structured interviews have been conducted with UK construction sector practitioners. The sample was composed active participants within the Constructing Excellence – the UK construction sector’s network-type organisation for driving innovation.

Findings
– Practitioners socially constructed “innovation champion” identities through narratives about “self” or others. While some practitioners saw themselves as “innovation champions”, many others recognised CEOs as such. “Innovation champions” are commonly recognised as key individuals who promote innovations across businesses.

Practical implications
– Socially constructed identities are seen important to strategic decisions and future actions. The potential contribution to practice is to help current and new generations of practitioners to learn about how to be or become “innovation champions”.

Social implications
– The concept of social identity presents opportunities to enrich our understanding of the “innovation champion” label can stimulate people’s reflections on who they are and what they do.

Originality/value
– The present paper has extended upon prior research and theory by exploring the ways practitioners perceive themselves or others as “innovation champions”. While this research has focused on the UK construction sector, the findings are potentially useful for other sectors where “innovation champion” labels are commonly used.
The Slow Economic Growth in Algeria: A Comparative Study with Respect to South Korea
Authors: Bouznit Mohammed , Ferfera Mohamed Yassine , del P. Pablo‐Romero María 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe slow growth of Algeria is analyzed in this paper, by comparing the economic growth between Algeria and South Korea, over the period from 1970 to 2010. Both countries were nearly at the same development level at the beginning of the 1960s. Nevertheless, the South Korean economy was ranked 15th in the world in 2010, while Algeria remained underdeveloped. The results obtained show that human capital and physical capital cause the economic growth in the two countries under study. However, the elasticities of productivity with respect to human and physical capital are higher in South Korea. Human capital elasticity in South Korea is two and a half times higher, whereas the physical capital elasticity is twice as high.
Caractéristiques et déterminants du chômage des jeunes au Cameroun: le rôle prépondérant du diplôme et du sexe
Authors: Njifen Issofou 
Published: December 2015

RésuméParadoxalement, le diplôme ne préserve pas les jeunes du chômage qui touche plus les femmes que les hommes sur le marché du travail au Cameroun. A la lumière de ce fait stylisé, l'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les déterminants du chômage des jeunes. En faisant bon usage des micro‐données de la deuxième enquête sur l'emploi et le secteur informel, cette étude va au‐delà de l'analyse logistique simple en adoptant des techniques de décomposition de Blinder et Oaxaca pour analyser les déterminants de l'écart de chômage selon le genre et le diplôme. Les résultats révèlent notamment le rôle déterminant du niveau d'instruction, du sexe féminin et du milieu de résidence dans l'aggravation du chômage des jeunes au Cameroun. Toutefois, l'analyse infirme l'hypothèse de discrimination du genre à l'embauche quand les différences de productivité entre les diplômés et les non diplômés, les avantages liés au diplôme ainsi que les désavantages associés au non diplôme expliquent les disparités de chômage entre ces deux derniers groupes. Ces principaux résultats débouchent sur quelques recommandations de politiques en faveur de la promotion de l'emploi des jeunes.
Provincializing Critical Urban Theory: Extending the Ecosystem of Possibilities
Authors: Leitner Helga , Sheppard Eric 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAdvocating a provincialization of critical urban theory, we seek to move beyond current polarizations and disputes over the basis of urban theory, creating space to take seriously the possibility that no single theory suffices to account for the variegated nature of urbanization and cities across the world. Such provincialization requires a serious engagement with both mainstream and critical Anglophone urban theory, challenging the seeming naturalness of knowledge claims through rigorous theoretical and empirical scrutiny from the standpoint of peripheral perspectives located outside the core. This entails recognizing the existence of a shifting ecosystem of critical urban theories, putting these into even‐handed critical conversation with one another. The collective resilience of urban theory will be dependent upon ongoing engagement across such diversity. At the heart of such an ecosystem are shifts in practice, seeking a new comparative analytic that destabilizes the universalism of the dominant norm, against which all other exemplars are to be compared, with the imperative of taking the field seriously.
Effects of landscape and management on ground‐dwelling insect assemblages of farmland in Jeju Island, Korea
Authors: Choe Lak Jung , Cho Kwang Jin , Choi Soon Kun , Lee Seung Hyun , Kim Min Kyeong , Bang Hea Son , Eo Jinu , Kim Myung Hyun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGranite‐derived soils are widespread in the farmland of Korea in general. In contrast, Jeju Island has mainly volcanic ash soils. Soils and weather condition in Jeju Island created a unique agricultural system. We identified the features of ground‐dwelling insects in farmlands of Jeju Island. This study was conducted in four areas (Samdal‐ri and Susan‐ri in Seogwipo city, and Dongmyeong‐ri and Suwon‐ri in Jeju city) in Jeju Island, Korea. Field surveys were carried out twice in summer (June) and autumn (September) in 2013. Ground‐dwelling insects were sampled quantitatively by using pitfall traps. As a result, in total 3322 individuals, 137 species, 48 families and 8 orders were investigated in farmlands of Jeju Island. Especially, members of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera accounted for a large proportion of ground‐dwelling insect communities. The numbers of species and individuals for major taxonomic groups showed significant regional and seasonal differences. This study implied that the seasonal and regional differences of ground‐dwelling insect communities were affected by surrounding land use patterns, life history patterns of each taxonomic group and farmland management.
Predicting Streambed Sediment and Water Column Escherichia coli Levels at Watershed Scale
Authors: Pandey Pramod K. , Soupir Michelle L. , Ikenberry Charles D. , Rehmann Chris R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA sub‐model for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is developed to predict Escherichia coli levels in the streambed sediment as well as in the water column. New formulations to estimate the levels of E. coli in streambed sediment and the water column are derived. These equations include calculations of E. coli resuspension from the streambed sediment to the water column, E. coli deposition from the water column to the streambed sediment, E. coli growth in the streambed sediment and the water column, and instream E. coli routing. These formulations were programmed in FORTRAN and integrated into SWAT. The modified SWAT model was applied to Squaw Creek Watershed, Iowa, to predict E. coli levels in the stream. Escherichia coli concentrations in the streambed sediment and the water column were monitored extensively in this watershed, and observations were used to verify the model predictions. The model proposed here can predict E. coli concentrations in streambed sediment as well as in the water column. Approximately 58% of the predictions of E. coli levels in the bed sediment were within 1 order of magnitude from the observed value, and in the water column 83% of the predictions of E. coli levels were within 1 order of magnitude. Results suggest that the proposed model will help predictions of instream bacterial contamination.
Using positron emission tomography (PET) response criteria in solid tumours (PERCIST) 1.0 for evaluation of 2′‐deoxy‐2′‐[18F] fluoro‐D‐glucose‐PET/CT scans to predict survival early during treatment of locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Fledelius Joan , Khalil Azza Ahmed , Hjorthaug Karin , Frøkiær Jørgen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe demand for early‐response evaluation with 2′‐deoxy‐2′‐[18F] fluoro‐D‐glucose (F‐18‐FDG) positron emission tomography combined with whole body CT (PET/CT) is rapidly growing. This study was initiated to evaluate the applicability of the PET response criteria in solid tumours (PERCIST 1.0) for response evaluation.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 21 patients with locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), who had undergone both a baseline and a follow‐up F‐18‐FDG‐PET/CT scan during their treatments. The scans were performed at our institution in the period September 2009 and March 2011 and were analysed visually and according to PERCIST 1.0 by one board‐certified nuclear medicine physician. The response was compared with overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). The variation in key parameters affecting the F‐18‐FDG uptake was assessed.ResultsA kappa of 0.94 corresponding to an almost perfect agreement was found for the comparison of the visual evaluation with PERCIST. Patients with partial metabolic response and stable metabolic disease (as evaluated by PERCIST 1.0) had statistically significant longer median time to progression: 8.4 months (confidence interval (CI) 5.1–11.8 months) as compared with 2.7 months (CI 0–5.6 months) in patients classified with progression. The variation in uptake time between baseline and follow‐up scans was more than the recommended 15 min in 48% of patients.ConclusionsPERCIST 1.0 is readily implementable and highly comparable with visual evaluation of response using early F‐18‐FDG‐PET/CT scanning for locally advanced NSCLC patients. In spite of variations in parameters affecting F‐18‐FDG uptake, evaluation of F‐18‐FDG‐PET/CT during treatment with PERCIST 1.0 is shown to separate non‐responders from responders, each with statistically significant differences in both OS and PFS.
Right Ventricular Function Is Associated with Left Ventricular Stroke Volume in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis and Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Charlton George T. , Slomka Teresa , Wu Wen‐Chih , Choudhary Gaurav 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundA subset of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) have lower stroke volumes and valve gradients despite a normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), referred to as paradoxical low‐flow AS (PLF AS). However, the role of right ventricular (RV) function in patients with severe AS and preserved LVEF is not known. We hypothesized that right ventricular function is associated with left ventricular stroke volume in patients with severe AS and preserved LVEF.MethodsFrom an echocardiographic database, we retrospectively identified 102 patients with an indexed aortic valve area ≤0.6 cm2/m2 and LVEF ≥ 50%. We used univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis to assess the association between aortic valve stroke volume index (SVi) and right ventricular systolic function as measured by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and by right ventricular fractional area change (FAC).ResultsOur population was 98% male with mean age 77.4 ± 9.3 years and mean SVi of 36.1 ± 7.9 mL/m2. Forty‐four patients (43%) met criteria for PLF AS. TAPSE and FAC were positively associated with SVi in both univariate and multivariate regression analysis after correcting for left ventricular variables (β coefficient – TAPSE (cm): 4.59 ± 1.3, P = 0.001; FAC (%): 0.19 ± 0.08, P = 0.014). Additionally, PLF AS patients had significantly lower mean TAPSE and lower mean FAC when compared dichotomously to normal flow AS patients (P < 0.05).ConclusionsRight ventricular systolic function assessed by TAPSE and FAC is significantly related to aortic valve flow in patients with severe AS and preserved LVEF.