bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The changing water cycle: Burabay National Nature Park, Northern Kazakhstan
Authors: Yapiyev Vadim , Sagintayev Zhanay , Verhoef Anne , Kassymbekova Anara , Baigaliyeva Marzhan , Zhumabayev Dauren , Malgazhdar Daniyar , Abudanash Damira , Ongdas Nurlan , Jumassultanova Saltanat 
Published: May 2017

Water resources in Central Asia are scarce, so complicated issues arise from this. Kazakhstan is a Central Asian landlocked country, which has mostly closed drainage basins, characterized by endorheic lakes that do not drain to the oceans. These endorheic lakes are very sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic influences. Very few studies have been conducted on the hydrological cycle of the small endorheic lakes. This work reviews the endorheic lakes within Burabay National Nature Park (BNNP), Northern Kazakhstan. BNNP is a small ecozone consisting of terminal lakes watersheds covered by mixed forests and grasslands. These endorheic lakes have been drying out during the last one hundred years or so with the water level decrease accelerated in the past few decades. According to historical observations (1935–2014), on the one hand precipitation amounts did not significantly change, while on the other hand, air temperature steadily increased. The lake level decrease is most probably caused by a water budget deficit, with evaporation exceeding the precipitation inputs in the long term. The direct anthropogenic impact (water abstraction) plays a minor role in the deterioration of water levels, with most significant impacts through localized land‐use changes such as road and building construction in the catchments. The future of the park's sensitive ecosystems in a changing climate is uncertain; therefore, BNNP requires modern ecohydrological monitoring methods and analysis tools to improve our understanding of its hydrological cycle variability, and to enable us to develop adequate adaptation and mitigation measures. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1227. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1227This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Status and prospects of supercritical alcohol transesterification for biodiesel production
Authors: Deshpande Shriyash R. , Sunol Aydin K. , Philippidis George 
Published: May 2017

The growth in the global fuel consumption is expected to continue unabated. At the same time, nations around the globe are trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the transportation sector. These factors have led researchers to look for alternative sources of fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative fuel that can complement or displace petroleum diesel with a potentially lower carbon footprint fuel, depending upon the feedstock and the production process. Biodiesel refers to the monoalkyl esters derived from a wide range of raw materials, like vegetable oils, animal fats, and algae lipids. Conventionally, biodiesel is produced by transesterification with the help of an acid, base or enzyme catalyst. Certain drawbacks, like slow reaction times, soap formation and intense pre‐ and post‐processing, are associated with conventional transesterification, ultimately leading to increased capital and production costs. Supercritical transesterification is a relatively new technique promising to provide advantages, such as faster reaction times, catalyst‐free operation, and higher purity of final product, over the conventional transesterification method. The most common feedstocks are virgin and used edible oils from crops like soybean, rapeseed, and African palm. There is an increasing interest in algae to avoid the utilization of food resources for energy production. Using algae as a lipid source, a more sustainable biodiesel production process could be developed to achieve large‐scale production capabilities on a long‐term basis without adverse effects on the food chain. This paper presents a critical review of supercritical transesterification and its prospects for biodiesel production. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e252. doi: 10.1002/wene.252This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy and Development > Science and Materials
Rapid Identification and Relative Quantification of the Phospholipid Composition in Commercial Lecithins by 31P NMR
Authors: Yang Ying , Hiserodt Richard , Li Jing 
Published: May 2017

Abstract31P NMR analysis of samples prepared in a sodium cholate detergent system was used as a method for the identification and quantification of enzymatic hydrolysis products of lecithin. To precisely characterize all of the hydrolysis products from commercial lecithin, a series of enzymatic reactions of each phospholipid with phospholipase PLA1 were conducted and monitored by 31P NMR at different times. Twenty‐six phosphorus‐containing hydrolysis products from six classes of phospholipids (PC, PI, PS, PE, PG, PA) were found and determined by 31P NMR measurement. The impact of pH on the chemical shift values for these hydrolysis products was observed and reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of 31P‐NMR chemical shift values for entire lyso‐phospholipids hydrolyzed from 6 classes of phospholipids. Rapid and routine analysis of phospholipid composition in commercial lecithins by 31P NMR was achieved without the need of phospholipid standards.
Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation by Long Non-Coding RNA
Authors: Dykes Iain M. , Emanueli Costanza 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Advances in genomics technology over recent years have led to the surprising discovery that the genome is far more pervasively transcribed than was previously appreciated. Much of the newly-discovered transcriptome appears to represent long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), a heterogeneous group of largely uncharacterised transcripts. Understanding the biological function of these molecules represents a major challenge and in this review we discuss some of the progress made to date. One major theme of lncRNA biology seems to be the existence of a network of interactions with microRNA (miRNA) pathways. lncRNA has been shown to act as both a source and an inhibitory regulator of miRNA. At the transcriptional level, a model is emerging whereby lncRNA bridges DNA and protein by binding to chromatin and serving as a scaffold for modifying protein complexes. Such a mechanism can bridge promoters to enhancers or enhancer-like non-coding genes by regulating chromatin looping, as well as conferring specificity on histone modifying complexes by directing them to specific loci.
A writer’s guide to education scholarship: Qualitative education scholarship (part 2)
Authors: Chan Teresa M. , Ting Daniel K. , Hall Andrew Koch , Murnaghan Aleisha , Thoma Brent , McEwen Jill , Yarris Lalena M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveEducation scholarship can be conducted using a variety of methods, from quantitative experiments to qualitative studies. Qualitative methods are less commonly used in emergency medicine (EM) education research but are well-suited to explore complex educational problems and generate hypotheses. We aimed to review the literature to provide resources to guide educators who wish to conduct qualitative research in EM education.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review to outline: 1) a list of journals that regularly publish qualitative educational papers; 2) an aggregate set of quality markers for qualitative educational research and scholarship; and 3) a list of quality checklists for qualitative educational research and scholarship.ResultsWe found nine journals that have published more than one qualitative educational research paper in EM. From the literature, we identified 39 quality markers that were grouped into 10 themes: Initial Grounding Work (preparation, background); Goals, Problem Statement, or Question; Methods (general considerations); Sampling Techniques; Data Collection Techniques; Data Interpretation and Theory Generation; Measures to Optimize Rigour and Trustworthiness; Relevance to the Field; Evidence of Reflective Practice; Dissemination and Reporting. Lastly, five quality checklists were found for guiding educators in reporting their qualitative work.ConclusionMany problems that EM educators face are well-suited to exploration using qualitative methods. The results of our scoping review provide publication venues, quality indicators, and checklists that may be useful to EM educators embarking on qualitative projects.
Direct numerical simulations of supersonic turbulent channel flows of dense gases
Authors: Sciacovelli L. , Cinnella P. , Gloerfelt X. 
Published: May 2017

The influence of dense-gas effects on compressible wall-bounded turbulence is investigated by means of direct numerical simulations of supersonic turbulent channel flows. Results are obtained for PP11, a heavy fluorocarbon representative of dense gases, the thermophysics properties of which are described by using a fifth-order virial equation of state and advanced models for the transport properties. In the dense-gas regime, the speed of sound varies non-monotonically in small perturbations and the dependency of the transport properties on the fluid density (in addition to the temperature) is no longer negligible. A parametric study is carried out by varying the bulk Mach and Reynolds numbers, and results are compared to those obtained for a perfect gas, namely air. Dense-gas flow exhibits almost negligible friction heating effects, since the high specific heat of the fluids leads to a loose coupling between thermal and kinetic fields, even at high Mach numbers. Despite negligible temperature variations across the channel, the mean viscosity tends to decrease from the channel walls to the centreline (liquid-like behaviour), due to its complex dependency on fluid density. On the other hand, strong density fluctuations are present, but due to the non-standard sound speed variation (opposite to the mean density evolution across the channel), the amplitude is maximal close to the channel wall, i.e. in the viscous sublayer instead of the buffer layer like in perfect gases. As a consequence, these fluctuations do not alter the turbulence structure significantly, and Morkovin’s hypothesis is well respected at any Mach number considered in the study. The preceding features make high Mach wall-bounded flows of dense gases similar to incompressible flows with variable properties, despite the significant fluctuations of density and speed of sound. Indeed, the semi-local scaling of Patelet al.(Phys. Fluids, vol. 27 (9), 2015, 095101) or Trettel & Larsson (Phys. Fluids, vol. 28 (2), 2016, 026102) is shown to be well adapted to compare results from existing surveys and with the well-documented incompressible limit. Additionally, for a dense gas the isothermal channel flow is also almost adiabatic, and the Van Driest transformation also performs reasonably well. The present observations open the way to the development of suitable models for dense-gas turbulent flows.
So eh? is Canadian, eh?
Authors: Avis Walter S. 
Published: May 2017

In a somewhat condescending review of A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles some years ago, Mavor Moore complained about “a slighting of spoken practice and of distinctive Canadian syntax,” among his objections being the absence of an entry for eh?, for “both the English and the Americans can spot a Canadian from his ‘eh?’ at the end of a sentence: ‘It’s hot, eh?’” Admittedly, the interjection is not in the DC; moreover, there are no slips for eh? in the citation files of the Lexicographical Centre for Canadian English. This situation certainly indicates that the readers for the DC did not consider it a Canadianism: either that or they were unaware that eh? might be relevant to the collection.The second of these possibilities may be set aside, for eh? is, in fact, entered in the Intermediate Dictionary and the Senior Dictionary, general dictionaries of English published in Canada for Canadians as part of the Dictionary of Canadian English series, to which the DC belongs. It should be added that eh? is also entered in every general dictionary of English, both British and American, on my shelves—a very considerable collection indeed, and one which includes the Oxford English Dictionary and Webster’s New International Dictionary (Third Edition).
Where Chao went wrong in matters of language
Authors: Chao Yuen Ren 
Published: May 2017

Martin Joos once said: “In matters of language, Chao never goes wrong,” or words to that effect. I certainly appreciate this great compliment, but in many ways which Martin has not noticed, I did go wrong quite a number of times in matters of language.It goes without saying that in my pre-adult speech, which was of course way back in the pre-Martin Joos days, there were a number of things in which I deviated from the speech of my environment. In the form of Mandarin spoken around me retroflex initials were distinct from dental sibilants; I used dental sibilants for both. There was also finalnafter front vowels, but I dropped all the finaln’s. Thus, when I noticed that a cat had lapped up my bowl of noodles, I exclaimed:Mhautsywoode mieh!forMhauchy woode miann!‘The cat is eating my noodles!’
Dutch paard, German Pferd
Authors: Hamp Eric P. 
Published: May 2017

The source of this word in a borrowing from what we see in late Latinized form as paraverēdus is well known. The form is a compound belonging to technical language, para- + the originally Gaulish verēdus ‘a post-horse (perhaps originally a special kind thereof).’There is a slight subsidiary problem with the exact value and analysis of the Celtic form; we do not propose to try to solve it here, but it will be sufficient to point out its nature so that an important aspect of the Germanic words may be understood. In the British section of the Antonine Itinerary we find the name Voreda.
The inferential perfect in Scandinavian: a problem of contrastive linguistics
Authors: Haugen Einar 
Published: May 2017

1. Contrastive linguistics. This term has had some vogue in recent years as a name for the comparative description of language structures with a view to improving the quality of language teaching. A concise definition is offered by one worker in the field: “Contrastive linguistics offers hypotheses concerning identifications a learner will make between elements of his base and target systems, thus providing predictions and explanations concerning his learning behaviour of presumed high value in planning learning and teaching strategy” (Nemser 1970, forthcoming: 2-3).In 1959 the Center for Applied Linguistics launched aContrastive Structure Seriesunder the editorship of Charles A. Ferguson. Six volumes have appeared so far, in which German, Spanish, and Italian phonological and grammatical structures have been compared with English for the benefit of teachers, textbook writers, and ultimately students of these languages. The Center has gone on to organize, under William Nemser’s direction, a number of Contrastive Projects in Yugoslavia, Romania, and other countries, in co-operation with local scholars in linguistics and language teaching.
Squishing
Authors: Ross John Robert 
Published: May 2017

There are two arguments for postulating the existence of a rule which derives (some) plurals from conjoined singulars. This rule would convert (1a) to (1b).(1) a. *The mani and the manj are different.b. The meni,j are different.The first argument derives from French agreement. Adjectives agree across the copula in number and gender with their subjects.
Weed taints in dairy produce. II. Coronopus or land cress taint in milk
Authors: Park R. J. , Armitt J. D. , Stark W. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryUnheated Coronopus-tainted milk yielded butterfat from which benzyl methyl sulphide, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl cyanide, indole and skatole were isolated by high-vacuum distillation. The first 3 of these compounds were also isolated from the corresponding skim-milk, buttermilk and butter serum by vacuum steam distillation: identification was by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.The flavour threshold of benzyl methyl sulphide in milk and butter oil was found to be respectively, 1 part in 108 and 1 part in 107, whereas the amount isolated from butterfat was approximately 1 part in 106.This evidence, together with the similarity in flavour of the Coronopus taint in milk and butter oil with that of untainted milk and butter oil to which had been added respectively, 1 part in 107 and 1 part in 106 of benzyl methyl sulphide, demonstrates that benzyl methyl sulphide is a principal contributor to the flavour defect. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the origin of the sulphide and related components in the milk. The possibility remains that in commercial weed-tainted butter, which is made from heated cream, other compounds may be present.
The induction by exogenous hormones of enzymes metabolising glucose 6-phosphate in the mammary gland of the pseudopregnant rabbit
Authors: Heitzman R. J. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryA study was made of the effects of the hormones, prolactin and cortisol acetate, on the activities in the mammary gland of the pseudopregnant rabbit of the enzymes concerned with lactose biosynthesis and glucose 6-phosphate metabolism, namely: UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, UDP-glucose-4'-epimerase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Significant increases in enzyme activities were observed in rabbits examined 3 or 4 days after receiving a mammary intraductal injection of prolactin. The activities were not significantly increased at examination 2 days after injection of prolactin. Rabbits receiving cortisol acetate each day for 3 days also showed no significant increases in mammary enzyme activity. However, when prolactin and cortisol acetate were given simultaneously over a period of 3 days, increased enzyme activities were found suggesting synergistic action of the hormones.
Notes on some Terricolous Species of Verrucaria
Authors: Orange A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe terricolous species Verrucaria xyloxena Norm, and V. bryoctona (Th. Fr.) A. Orange comb. nov. are described and figured. Verrucaria sibirica Zahlbr. is described briefly and the interpretation of the name V. velutina (Bernh.) Ach. is discussed.
Hyperphyscia Variabilis, A New Foliose Species Of Physciaceae With 3-Septate Spores
Authors: Scutari N. C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe sorediate species Hyperphyscia variabilis Scutari from South America is described as new. Its apparent affinities with H. crocata Kashiw.are briefly discussed. The correlation between the type of ascospores (number and disposition of septa) and the geographical distribution of species throughout the genus is stressed, and three species groups are distinguishedon this basis. Two new combination, Hyperphyscia coralloidea (Lynge) Scutari and Hyperphyscia viridissima (Mull. Arg.) Scutari, are proposed.
The Lichen Flora of the Maldives
Authors: Aptroot A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe first lichen records from the Maldives archipelago, based on fieldwork of the author in 1989, are presented. The flora is poor, due to lack of habitat variation; in total 20 species were found. The pantropical element is well represented. The lichen flora shows most resemblance to that of other coastal areas in the palaeotropics.
The Epiphytic Lichen Flora on Conifers in Relation to Climate in the Finnish Middle Boreal Subzone
Authors: Halonen P. , Hyvärinen M. , Kauppi M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEpiphytic lichen communities on trunks of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abieswere studied on a west–to–east gradient through the central pan of Finland with special reference to macrolichens. Comparisons were made between the two conifer species, the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and the more continental inland area, open commercial and denser natural forests differing in their local climate, and tree bases (0·0–0·7m) and upper trunks (0·7–2·0m). Differences were found not in species composition but in relative species abundance, the main distinction being between the two tree species. There were also noticeable geographical, vertical and habitatdependent differences. In addition to climatic factors, the importance of bark properties for the epiphytes is briefly discussed.
Immanent Liberalism: The Politics of Mutual Consent
Authors: Long Roderick T. 
Published: May 2017

Part One of Marx's “On the Jewish Question” is a communitarian manifesto, one of the finest and subtlest ever penned. But has it anything valuable to offer defenders of liberalism?I think it does; for in “On the Jewish Question” Marx points to a potential danger into which communitarians are liable to fall, and I shall argue that his discussion sheds light on an analogous peril for liberals. Specifically, Marx distinguishes between a genuine and a spurious form of communitarianism, and warns that a failure to recognize this distinction may lead communitarians to embrace liberal values in communitarian guise. Using Marx's analysis as a model, I hope to show that the same distinction may be found within the liberal tradition, posing a corresponding danger (communitarian values in liberal guise) into which contemporary liberalism has in large part already fallen.
HIV-infected individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy are at higher risk for ocular disease
Authors: SCHAFTENAAR E. , KHOSA N. S. , BAARSMA G. S. , MEENKEN C. , McINTYRE J. A. , OSTERHAUS A. D. M. E. , VERJANS G. M. G. M. , PETERS R. P. H. 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYIntroduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced the incidence of infectious ocular diseases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, the effects of long-term ART and chronic HIV infection on the eye are ill-defined. This study determined the occurrence and severity of ocular diseases among 342 participants in a rural South African setting: HIV-naïve (n = 105), HIV-infected ART-naïve (n = 16), HIV-infected on ART for <12 months (short-term ART; n = 56) and HIV-infected individuals on ART for >36 months (long-term ART; n = 165). More HIV-infected participants presented with an external eye condition, in particular blepharitis, than HIV-naïve individuals (18% vs. 7%; age-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2·8, P < 0·05). Anterior segment conditions (particularly keratoconjunctivitis sicca and pterygium) were also more common (50% vs. 27%; aOR = 2·4; P < 0·01). Compared with individuals on short-term ART, participants receiving long-term ART were more likely to have clinically detectable cataract (57% vs. 38%; aOR = 2·2, P = 0·01) and posterior segment diseases, especially HIV retinopathy (30% vs. 11%; aOR = 3·4, P < 0·05). Finally, long-term ART was significantly associated with presence of HIV retinopathy (P < 0·01). These data implicate that ocular disease is more common and of more diverse etiology among HIV-infected individuals, especially those on long-term ART and suggest that regular ophthalmological monitoring of HIV-infected individuals on ART is warranted.