bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A One‐Step Germole to Silole Transformation and a Stable Isomer of a Disilabenzene
Authors: Reinhold Crispin R. W. , Dong Zhaowen , Winkler Jan M. , Steinert Henning , Schmidtmann Marc , Müller Thomas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn unusual germole‐to‐silole transformation is described. As key intermediates hetero‐fulvenes are formed which rearrange to more stable bicyclic carbene analogues. The so‐formed germylenes undergo a reductive elimination yielding elemental germanium and siloles. In contrast, the analogous silylenes are stable at ambient conditions and were identified by MS spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy supported by the results of quantum mechanical calculations. These bicyclic silylenes are stable derivatives of the global minimum of the C4Si2H6potential energy surface.
Theoretical Evidence behind Bifunctional Catalytic Activity in Pristine and Functionalized Al2C Monolayers
Authors: Almeida Roseley , Banerjee Amitava , Chakraborty Sudip , Almeida Jailton , Ahuja Rajeev 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFirst principles electronic structure calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) framework are performed to investigate hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on two‐dimensional Al2C monolayers. In addition to the pristine Al2C monolayer, monolayers doped with Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Boron (B), and Sulphur (S) are also investigated. After determining the individual adsorption energy of hydrogen and oxygen on the different functionalized Al2C monolayers, the adsorption free energies are predicted for each of the functionalized monolayers in order to assess their suitability for HER or OER. The density of states and optical absorption spectra calculations along with the work function of the functionalized Al2C monolayers enable us to gain a profound understanding of the electronic structure for the individual system and their relation to the water splitting mechanism.
A Strategy for the Simultaneous Synthesis of Methallyl Alcohol and Diethyl Acetal with Sn‐β
Authors: Hu Wenda , Wan Yan , Zhu Lili , Cheng Xiaojie , Wan Shaolong , Lin Jingdong , Wang Yong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA new strategy was developed to simultaneously produce two important chemicals, namely, methallyl alcohol (Mol) and diethyl acetal (Dal) from methacrolein in ethanol solvent at low temperature with the use of Beta zeolites modified by tin (Sn‐β catalysts). All the Sn‐β catalysts were prepared by the solid‐state ion‐exchange method, wherein the calcination step was conducted under different gas atmospheres. The catalyst precalcined in Ar (Sn‐β‐Ar) had a reduced number of extra‐framework Sn species and enabled more Sn species to be exchanged into the framework as isolated tetrahedral SnIV, enhancing the catalytic activity of the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reaction. The sodium‐exchanged Sn‐β‐Ar, with a reduced number of weak Brønsted acid sites, led to an even better selectivity for Mol, owing to the restriction of the side reactions such as acetalization, addition, and etherification. Under optimized catalyst and reaction conditions, the yield of Mol and Dal reached approximately 90 % and 96 %, respectively. The possible reaction pathways, along with a complex network of side products, was proposed after a detailed investigation through the use of different substrates as reactants. The fine‐tuning of Sn‐β catalysts through different treatments discussed in this work is of great significance toward the understanding and manipulation of complex reactions between α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and primary alcohols.
Optimal scheduling of coordinated multipoint transmissions in cellular networks
Authors: Saleh Ali Mohammad , Parveen Nadira , Uddin Md. Forkan 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn this paper, we study the optimal scheduling problem in coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission–based cellular networks. We consider joint transmission and coordinated scheduling together in CoMP transmission–based cellular networks and develop an optimization framework to compute the optimal max‐min throughput and the optimal scheduling of the transmissions to the users. The optimization problem is found to be a complex linear program with number of variables in
for a cellular network of N users and K cells. We solve the optimization problem for several network instances using an optimization tool. The numerical results show that the optimal CoMP transmission provides a significant throughput gain over a traditional transmission. We find that in optimal scheduling the fraction time of coordinated scheduling is higher than that of joint transmission. To solve the optimization problem without any optimization tool, we propose a heuristic algorithm. The performance of the heuristic algorithm is evaluated and found to be provided throughput around 97% of the optimal throughput. Further, we extend the optimization framework to study joint scheduling and power allocation (JSPA) problem in CoMP transmission–based cellular networks. We numerically solve the JSPA problem for the network instances and demonstrate that the optimal power allocation at the base stations is not binary for a significant fraction of time of scheduling. However, the gain in max‐min throughput by the optimal JSPA technique over the optimal scheduling technique is not significant.
Responses of two marine top predators to an offshore wind farm
Authors: Vallejo Gillian C. , Grellier Kate , Nelson Emily J. , McGregor Ross M. , Canning Sarah J. , Caryl Fiona M. , McLean Nancy 
Published: September 2017

AbstractQuantifying the likely effects of offshore wind farms on wildlife is fundamental before permission for development can be granted by any Determining Authority. The effects on marine top predators from displacement from important habitat are key concerns during offshore wind farm construction and operation. In this respect, we present evidence for no significant displacement from aUKoffshore wind farm for two broadly distributed species of conservation concern: common guillemot (Uria aalge) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Data were collected during boat‐based line transect surveys across a 360 km2study area that included the Robin Rigg offshore wind farm. Surveys were conducted over 10 years across the preconstruction, construction, and operational phases of the development. Changes in guillemot and harbor porpoise abundance and distribution in response to offshore wind farm construction and operation were estimated using generalized mixed models to test for evidence of displacement. Both common guillemot and harbor porpoise were present across the Robin Rigg study area throughout all three development phases. There was a significant reduction in relative harbor porpoise abundance both within and surrounding the Robin Rigg offshore wind farm during construction, but no significant difference was detected between the preconstruction and operational phases. Relative common guillemot abundance remained similar within the Robin Rigg offshore wind farm across all development phases. Offshore wind farms have the potential to negatively affect wildlife, but further evidence regarding the magnitude of effect is needed. The empirical data presented here for two marine top predators provide a valuable addition to the evidence base, allowing future decision making to be improved by reducing the uncertainty of displacement effects and increasing the accuracy of impact assessments.
Stable isotopes can be used to infer the overwintering locations of prebreeding marine birds in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Steenweg Rolanda J. , Crossin Glenn T. , Kyser T. Kurt , Merkel Flemming R. , Gilchrist H. Grant , Hennin Holly L. , Robertson Gregory J. , Provencher Jennifer F. , Mills Flemming Joanna , Love Oliver P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlthough assessments of winter carryover effects on fitness‐related breeding parameters are vital for determining the links between environmental variation and fitness, direct methods of determining overwintering distributions (e.g., electronic tracking) can be expensive, limiting the number of individuals studied. Alternatively, stable isotope analysis in specific tissues can be used as an indirect means of determining individual overwintering areas of residency. Although increasingly used to infer the overwintering distributions of terrestrial birds, stable isotopes have been used less often to infer overwintering areas of marine birds. Using Arctic‐breeding common eiders, we test the effectiveness of an integrated stable isotope approach (13‐carbon, 15‐nitrogen, and 2‐hydrogen) to infer overwintering locations. Knowing the overwinter destinations of eiders from tracking studies at our study colony at East Bay Island, Nunavut, we sampled claw and blood tissues at two known overwintering locations, Nuuk, Greenland, and Newfoundland, Canada. These two locations yielded distinct tissue‐specific isotopic profiles. We then compared the isotope profiles of tissues collected from eiders upon their arrival at our breeding colony, and used a k‐means cluster analysis approach to match arriving eiders to an overwintering group. Samples from the claws of eiders were most effective for determining overwinter origin, due to this tissue's slow growth rate relative to the 40‐day turnover rate of blood. Despite taking an integrative approach using multiple isotopes, k‐means cluster analysis was most effective when using 13‐carbon alone to assign eiders to an overwintering group. Our research demonstrates that it is possible to use stable isotope analysis to assign an overwintering location to a marine bird. There are few examples of the effective use of this technique on a marine bird at this scale; we provide a framework for applying this technique to detect changes in the migration phenology of birds' responses to rapid changes in the Arctic.
Tree diversity drives diversity of arthropod herbivores, but successional stage mediates detritivores
Authors: O'Brien Michael J. , Brezzi Matteo , Schuldt Andreas , Zhang Jia‐Yong , Ma Keping , Schmid Bernhard , Niklaus Pascal A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe high tree diversity of subtropical forests is linked to the biodiversity of other trophic levels. Disentangling the effects of tree species richness and composition, forest age, and stand structure on higher trophic levels in a forest landscape is important for understanding the factors that promote biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Using a plot network spanning gradients of tree diversity and secondary succession in subtropical forest, we tested the effects of tree community characteristics (species richness and composition) and forest succession (stand age) on arthropod community characteristics (morphotype diversity, abundance and composition) of four arthropod functional groups. We posit that these gradients differentially affect the arthropod functional groups, which mediates the diversity, composition, and abundance of arthropods in subtropical forests. We found that herbivore richness was positively related to tree species richness. Furthermore, the composition of herbivore communities was associated with tree species composition. In contrast, detritivore richness and composition was associated with stand age instead of tree diversity. Predator and pollinator richness and abundance were not strongly related to either gradient, although positive trends with tree species richness were found for predators. The weaker effect of tree diversity on predators suggests a cascading diversity effect from trees to herbivores to predators. Our results suggest that arthropod diversity in a subtropical forest reflects the net outcome of complex interactions among variables associated with tree diversity and stand age. Despite this complexity, there are clear linkages between the overall richness and composition of tree and arthropod communities, in particular herbivores, demonstrating that these trophic levels directly impact each other.
Divergent scaling of respiration rates to nitrogen and phosphorus across four woody seedlings between different growing seasons
Authors: Fan Ruirui , Sun Jun , Yang Fuchun , Li Man , Zheng Yuan , Zhong Quanlin , Cheng Dongliang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEmpirical studies indicate that the exponents governing the scaling of plant respiration rates (R) with respect to biomass (M) numerically vary between three‐fourth for adult plants and 1.0 for seedlings and saplings and are affected by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content. However, whether the scaling of R with respect to M (or N and P) varies among different phylogenetic groups (e.g., gymnosperms vs. angiosperms) or during the growing and dormant seasons remains unclear. We measured the whole‐plant R and M, and N and P content of the seedlings of four woody species during the growing season (early October) and the dormant season (January). The data show that (i) the scaling exponents of R versus M, R versus N, and R versus P differed significantly among the four species, but (ii), not between the growing and dormant seasons for each of the four species, although (iii) the normalization constants governing the scaling relationships were numerically greater for the growing season compared to the dormant season. In addition, (iv) the scaling exponents of R versus M, R versus N, and R versus P were numerically larger for the two angiosperm species compared to those of the two gymnosperm species, (v) the interspecific scaling exponents for the four species were greater during the growing season than in the dormant season, and (vi), interspecifically, P scaled nearly isometric with N content. Those findings indicate that the metabolic scaling relationships among R, M, N, and P manifest seasonal variation and differ between angiosperm and gymnosperm species, that is, there is no single, canonical scaling exponent for the seedlings of woody species.
Phytophagous insect oviposition shifts in response to probability of flower abortion owing to the presence of basal fruits
Authors: Jadeja Shivani , Tenhumberg Brigitte 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhytophagous insects use a wide range of indicators or associated cues to avoid laying eggs in sites where offspring survival is low. For insects that lay eggs in flowers, these unsuitable sites may be created by the host plant's resource allocation to flowers. In the sequentially flowering host plant, Yucca glauca, late‐opening distal flowers are more likely to be aborted in the presence of already‐initiated basal fruits because they are strong resource sinks. If flowers are aborted, all eggs of the phytophagous insect, Tegeticula yuccasella, within the flower die. We used the phytophagous insect T. yuccasella that lays eggs in and pollinates host plant Y. glauca flowers to test the hypothesis that phytophagous insect females are less likely to invest eggs in host plant flowers if basal fruits are present because they are more likely to be aborted. We also investigated potential predictors of arrival of T. yuccasella at inflorescences at the onset of flowering. These factors may influence a phytophagous insect's decisions to select oviposition sites. We carried out a behavioral experiment using wild‐caught T. yuccasella females on manipulated inflorescences with distal flowers with basal fruits and without fruits. As potential predictors of T. yuccasella arriving at inflorescences, we used floral display size and day of onset of flowering. In support of our hypothesis, our experimental results showed that T. yuccasella was significantly less likely to oviposit in distal flowers on inflorescences with basal fruits. We also found that T. yuccasella arrival was higher at inflorescences with larger floral display size and earlier in the flowering season. These findings uncover a novel indicator of unsuitable oviposition sites—the presence of basal fruits, that phytophagous insects use to make oviposition decisions. Further, our study contributes to the growing body of evidence that shows that females prefer sites that increase the probability of survival of their offspring.
Maternal effects in vulnerability to eye‐parasites and correlations between behavior and parasitism in juvenile Arctic charr
Authors: Kortet Raine , Lautala Tiina , Kekäläinen Jukka , Taskinen Jouni , Hirvonen Heikki 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHatchery‐reared fish show high mortalities after release to the wild environment. Explanations for this include potentially predetermined genetics, behavioral, and physiological acclimation to fish farm environments, and increased vulnerability to predation and parasitism in the wild. We studied vulnerability to Diplostomum spp. parasites (load of eye flukes in the lenses), immune defense (relative spleen size) and antipredator behaviors (approaches toward predator odor, freezing, and swimming activity) in hatchery‐reared juvenile Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) using a nested mating design. Fish were exposed to eye‐fluke larvae via the incoming water at the hatchery. Fish size was positively associated with parasite load, but we did not find any relationship between relative spleen size and parasitism. The offspring of different females showed significant variation in their parasite load within sires, implying a dam effect in the vulnerability to parasites. However, the family background did not have any effect on spleen size. In the mean sire level over dams, the fish from the bolder (actively swimming) families in the predator trials suffered higher loads of eye flukes than those from more cautiously behaving families. Thus, the results indicate potentially maternally inherited differences in vulnerability to eye‐fluke parasites, and that the vulnerability to parasites and behavioral activity are positively associated with each other at the sire level. This could lead to artificial and unintentional selection for increased vulnerability to both parasitism and predation if these traits are favored in fish farm environments.
The contribution of non‐protected areas to the conservation of Eurasian Eagle‐owls in Mediterranean ecosystems
Authors: León‐Ortega Mario , Martínez José E. , Pérez Eloy , Lacalle José A. , Calvo José F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLand‐use management, human impacts, and wildlife population processes taking place outside protected areas may affect the conservation of species within protected areas. While many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of protected areas for conserving biodiversity, the contribution of non‐protected areas in this respect has seldom been assessed. Here, we assess the suitability of non‐protected areas for a Eurasian Eagle‐owl population using long‐term monitoring data of 127 territories, together with survival and home range data from 30 radio‐tracked individuals, in order to investigate whether the demographic parameters estimated and home range size differed inside and outside protected areas. The results showed that the number of breeding territories was higher inside the protected areas and that the average home range was significantly smaller for individuals nesting inside the protected areas. However, no significant differences in survival or in the breeding performance were observed between individuals nesting in territories inside and outside the protected areas. We conclude that although protected areas are effective for maintaining breeding populations of Eurasian Eagle‐owls and their size can be considered sufficient to offer suitable protection of the foraging habitat, non‐protected areas also deliver positive outcomes for these populations.
Highly Sensitivein vitroBiosensor for EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coliDetection Based on ssDNA Anchored on PtNPs‐Chitosan Nanocomposite
Authors: Kashish  , Bansal Surbhi , Jyoti Anurag , Mahato Kuldeep , Chandra Pranjal , Prakash Rajiv 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDetection of EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coliin various biological samples has tremendous importance in human health. In this direction, we have designed a label free electrochemical biosensor for highly selective detection ofEscherichia colithrough detecting ST gene. The ability of sensor probe to detect STGwas confirmed using polymerase chain reaction. The biosensor was fabricated based on STGspecific probes immobilized on platinum nanoparticles chitosan nanocomposite on screen printed carbon electrode, which was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A highly sensitive label free sensing was achieved by analyzing STGhybridization using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The EIS analysis showed a significant increase in charge transfer resistance after STGinteraction with the highly selective ssDNA probe immobilized on the nanocomposite film. The increase in charge transfer resistance was evaluated for varying concentrations of STG, which shows a dynamic range between 1.0×10−12and 1.0×10−4with the detection limit of 3.6×10−14 M (RSD<4.5 %). The regeneration of sensor probe was also studied and interference due to non‐target sequences was evaluated to ensure the selectivity of the designed sensor. The practical applicability of sensor probe was also analyzed by detecting the STGfrom the bacteria present in surface water.
Direct design method based on seismic capacity redundancy for structures with metal yielding dampers
Authors: Hao Linfei , Zhang Ruifu , Jin Kiwoong 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn this study, a direct static design method for structures with metal yielding dampers is proposed based on a new design target called the seismic capacity redundancy indicator (SCRI). The proposed method is applicable to the design of elastic‐plastic damped structures by considering the influence of damper on different structural performance indicators separately without the need for iteration or nonlinear dynamic analysis. The SCRI—a quantitative measure of the seismic capacity redundancy—is defined as the ratio of the seismic demand required by the target performance limit to the design seismic demand. Changes in the structural SCRI are correlated with the parameters of the supplemental dampers so that the dampers can be directly designed according to a given target SCRI. The proposed method is illustrated through application to a 12‐story reinforced‐concrete frame, and increment dynamic analysis is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The seismic intensity corresponding to the target structural performance limit is regarded as a measure of the structural seismic capacity. The required seismic intensity increases after the structure is equipped with the designed metal yielding dampers according to the expected SCRI. It is concluded that the proposed method is easy to implement and feasible for performance‐based design of metal yielding dampers.