bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Notes on the Design of Commercial Aircraft From the Operational Point of View
Authors: Mayo R. H. 
Published: August 2016

The original title put down for this paper was “The Design and Operation of Commercial Aircraft.” I hope it will be observed that I have actually taken a very much more modest title than that. A paper with so broad a title as the original one might well have been read five or six years ago, but at the present stage of development of commercial aviation, he would be a bold man indeed who would attempt to deal with two such subjects in a single one–hour paper.It happens that the Society has had two very valuable papers dealing with commercial air transport comparatively recently. I refer in the first place to Sir Sefton Brancker's paper of October, 1925, which gave a very comprehensive review of the progress of civil aviation during its first six years, including a general survey of the development of commercial aircraft design. A little later on we had a most interesting paper by Mr. Cowley dealing with the more theoretical aspects of aircraft transport economy.
The Lubrication of Aircraft Engines
Authors: Foord F. A. 
Published: August 2016

Mr. Foord: It has been truly said that “lubrication is the heart of an engine,” and I think this saying applies in the strongest possible sense to aircraft engines.The reasons for this are manifold and one has only to consider the overall thermal efficiency, the low weight/power ratio and consequent minimum scantlings and bearing surfaces, and the high working temperatures of this class of prime mover compared with other types, to realise that the duty the lubricant has to perform is far and away more severe than is the general case.If one takes into consideration all the various properties which the aircraft engine designer demands for the lubricant, it must be recognised that from an ideal point of view, there is no really satisfactory lubricant for the work and that the only thing that can be done in order to give the best all round results is to effect a compromise.
Erection and Rigging of Aeroplanes
Authors: Gibson W. G. 
Published: August 2016

The paper to be given this evening will describe the methods used and the sequence of operations in erecting a machine which has been delivered new or overhauled from the makers, as distinct from carrying out repair work.It is proposed to commence with the methods used for checking the correct assembly of components and the rigging of an erected machine. We will assume that a machine has been delivered to the owner in a dismantled condition; that is to say, the wings, tail units, undercarriage and centre section have all been received separately, and it is necessary to entirely re-assemble the machine. It is assumed that the machine is in good condition and that each component has been approved already.
Bem Sex Role Inventory Validation in the International Mobility in Aging Study
Authors: Ahmed Tamer , Vafaei Afshin , Belanger Emmanuelle , Phillips Susan P. , Zunzunegui Maria-Victoria 
Published: August 2016

RÉSUMÉCette étude, en utilisant différentes méthodes d’analyse des facteurs, a examiné la structure de mesure de l’Inventaire des rôles sexués de Bem (IRSB). La plupart des études antérieures sur la validité ont appliqué analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) d’examiner l’IRSB. Il s’agissait d’évaluer les propriétés psychométriques et la validité de la construction de la forme courte IRSB comprenant 12 articles dans un échantillon administré à 1,995 personnes âgées de la vague 1 de l’Initiative internationale de la mobilité en viellissement (IIMV). Nous avons utilisé l’alpha de Cronbach pour évaluer la fiabilité et la cohérence interne et une analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC) afin d’évaluer les propriétés psychometriques. AFE a révélé un modèle comprenant trois facteurs, qu’on a confirmé par l’AFC, puis ceci est comparé avec le modèle structurel initial de deux facteurs. Les résultats ont révélé qu’une solution à deux facteurs (instrumentalité-expression) a montré satisfaisante validité conceptuelle et un ajustement supérieur aux données, par rapport à la solution à trois facteurs. La solution à deux facteurs confirme différences attendues entre les sexes chez les personnes âgées. L’IRSB composé de 12 articles fournit un instrument bref, psychométrique et fiable dans les échantillons internationaux des personnes âgées.
How Will We Solve the Critical Shortage of Clinician–Scientists in Psychiatry?
Authors: Nemeroff Charles B. 
Published: August 2016

The number of graduating psychiatry residents who choose a career in academic medicine is remarkably small, and the percentage who become National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded investigators is even smaller. Although this trend for a reduced number of physician-scientists is true in all branches of medicine and has reached criticialproportions, the perception is that this shortage is even more severe in psychiatry. The purpose of this essay is to increase awareness of the problem and begin a discussion of the reasons why the field finds itself in this problematic situation.First, however, it is important to more clearly define the nature of the problem. At the current time, NIH funding for research and training grants (Research Career Development Awards) has attained unprecedentedly high levels, with the percent of submitted applications that are funded higher than ever thought possible. Physicians who submit NIH grant applications are as successful as their PhD colleagues, dispelling the myth that physicians cannot compete with PhDs for such funding. Others have raised the question as to whether physicians are necessary or even desirable as investigators. In other words, the entire concept of a clinician-scientist is considered by some to be simply passé.
Serotonin Function and Gender Effects in Migraine Production and OCD
Authors: Wong Cheryl M. , Hollander Eric 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA high prevalence of comorbidity has been reported between migraines and psychiatric disorders. It has been proposed that migraine headaches are mediated by stimulation of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Past studies have demonstrated that migraine-like headaches have been produced following administration of the partial 5-HT agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP; believed to primarily affect the 5-HT2C receptor) in patients with migraines or eating disorders, especially bulimia, as well as in normal controls. We review the association between 5-HT dysfunction, as determined by response to m-CPP challenge, and migraines, looking specifically at the relationship between migraines and obsessive-compulsive disorder and gender effects.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: An Introduction and Overview
Authors: Wassermann Eric M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a relatively new technique for activating the cerebral cortex through the scalp and skull. By inducing electrical currents in the brain, rTMS is able to produce a variety of effects, including muscle twitching, changes in motor performance, disruption of cognitive and perceptual processes, and changes in mood. Although the technique is noninvasive and easily tolerated by patients and normal subjects, rTMS can produce epileptic seizures and, potentially, other undesirable effects on brain function. Further studies will be required to fully define the safe ranges of the stimulation parameters.
Three Dimensional PET/MRI Images in OCD and Schizophrenia
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte S. , Spiegel-Cohen Jacqueline , Wei Tsechung 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFunctional brain-imaging studies have suggested an opposite pattern of brain activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. Patients with OCD have higher than normal activity in the frontal lobe and caudate nucleus while patients with schizophrenia have lower than normal activity in these areas. Changes in the nature of the connections between the executive and impulse control regions of the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia might be involved in both illnesses. These findings are statistical in nature and involve structures of complex three-dimensional shapes. New technology for studying the function of these structures may be useful in exploring the relation of each structure to symptoms of specific disorders. This technology may also enable identification of anatomical and functional causes of individual differences in medication response.
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Syndromes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Sasson Yehuda , Bermanzohn Paul C. , Zohar Joseph 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhile obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in schizophrenia have been reported for many years, they have achieved only limited recognition and, perhaps for this reason, few studies their pharmacological treatment have been carried out. One suggested treatment approach is the use of different agents for different symptoms. In this article, we review the small number of published studies and case reports regarding this multi-pharmacological method of treatment for OC symptoms in schizophrenia. While each study used a somewhat different patient population and provided varying and limited information concerning patient sample, study design, and results, some tentative conclusions and treatment recommendations may be drawn from their findings.
Impotence in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lieberman Abraham 
Published: August 2016

AbstractImpotence occurs in approximately one third of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. It results from autonomic insufficiency, and is accompanied by other signs of autonomic insufficiency. Impotence may be aggravated by antiparkinsonian drugs and depression. Conversely, impotence may aggravate depression. In some patients, tremor, seborrhea, and drooling aggravate impotence by resulting in loss of self-esteem. The causes and treatment of impotence in PD are discussed in this article.
A Dimensional Approach to the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Hollander Eric , Cartwright Charles , Wong Cheryl M. , DeCaria Concetta M. , DelGiudice-Asch Gina , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Aronowitz Bonnie R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAutism is heterogeneous with respect to clinical symptoms and etiology. A significant limitation in research of the neurobiology and treatment of autism has been the lack of attention to this heterogeneity. A dimensional approach to the study of autism is valuable in linking key symptoms to the neurobiology and treatment of the disorder in a clinically meaningful way. In this article, we outline a dimensional approach to the autism spectrum, discuss the three core dimensions of autism and their neurobiology, and review the possible links of serotonin, anterior cingulate gyrus activity, and the immune marker D8/17 to the repetitive behavior/compulsivity dimensions.
Venlafaxine Treatment of Trichotillomania: An Open Series of Ten Cases
Authors: O'Sullivan Richard L. , Keuthen Nancy J. , Rodriguez Dayami , Goodchild Paige , Christenson Gary A. , Rauch Scott L. , Jenike Michael A. , Baer Lee 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the use of venlafaxine, an antidepressant with predominant effects at both noradrenergic and serotonergic reuptake sites, in the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM), a complex psychiatric condition manifested by chronic, severe hair pulling. We review case examples of 10 consecutive patients exhibiting moderately severe TTM symptoms, as judged by self-report, extent of hair loss, and duration of remission, and discuss our observations regarding the effects of venlafaxine therapy (mean dose, 274 mg/day) on these patients over the course of several months (mean, 15.1 weeks). The Massachusetts General Hospital Hair Pulling Scale, Massachusetts General Hospital Trichotillomania Impact Scale (MGH TIS), Psychiatric Institute Trichotillomania Scale (PITS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scale were used to appraise the patients' condition during routine clinical visits. A retrospective chart review of clinical data demonstrated significant improvement in TTM symptoms from baseline to last clinical visit in both behavioral (MGH HPS, P=.02; PITS, P=.02) and psychosocial (MGH TIS, P=.009) terms. Mean improvement on the CGI scale was 2.38±1.51, between “much improved” (2) and “slightly improved” (3). There were no significant differences from baseline to endpoint scores on the BDI or BAI. This retrospective treatment review indicates that short-term treatment with venlafaxine improved TTM symptoms; however, longer controlled trials with extended baseline periods are needed for optimal assessment of pharmacologic treatment of TTM. We look to future studies to confirm and supplement our initial positive findings.
Neurocognitive Functioning in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Himelstein Jessica , Halperin Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe performance of nine adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was compared with the performance of 23 normal controls on computerized measures of target orientation, sustained attention, encoding speed, and motor output/response organization to determine the nature of the neurocognitive deficits of adults with ADHD. While the groups' performances on measures of sustained attention and encoding speed did not differ, significant group differences were seen on a task that targeted motor output/response organization. These data suggest that the neurocognitive difficulties of ADHD adults are not related to a primary deficit in sustained attentional functioning. Rather, the deficient information processing in ADHD adults is related to difficulties with motor output/response organization.
New Biological Models of OCD: Implications of Subtypes
Authors: Marazziti Donatella 
Published: August 2016

Neurobiological studies continue to generate new clues to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Currently, the weight of evidence implicates serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor dysfunctions, but there is also evidence for abnormalities in other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and noradrenaline, in neuropeptides, and for infective and immunological mechanisms. Such findings foster further questions, in particular the identification of the 5-HT receptor subtype involved, the meaning of the serotonergic abnormalities described thus far, and their relationships with the evidence of dysfunctions of other systems.Certainly, new horizons can now be prospected for biological research in OCD with the ultimate goal of identifying the substrates of the clinical heterogeneity and of offering patients more targeted treatments.
Melatonin Rhythm Abnormalities and Sleep Disorders in the Elderly
Authors: Haimov Iris 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBiological aging is often associated with sleep problems and daytime napping. Complaints of difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep, as well as daytime drowsiness, are more common in the elderly than in any other age group. This report reviews evidence that impaired melatonin secretion is associated with sleep disorders in old age. Circulating melatonin levels have been found to be significantly lower and onset and peak times have been delayed in elderly insomniacs as compared to age-matched control subjects. In view of these findings, we investigated the effects of melatonin treatment on melatonin-deficient insomnia in the elderly. From the results of our study, it seems likely that melatonin replacement therapy may be beneficial in the initiation and maintenance of sleep in this population.
Alcohol Withdrawal: Neuroadaptation and Sensitization
Authors: Becker Howard C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRepeated episodes of alcohol withdrawal may exacerbate the severity of future withdrawal occurrences. The progressive intensification of withdrawal symptoms may be manifested as a kindling-like mechanism. This sensitization process may reflect persistent perturbation in excitatory and inhibitory influences on brain function. Relapse is also thought to be affected by the kindling mechanism. Successive alcohol withdrawal experiences may also lead to neurologic damage and cognitive impairments. We review the research findings regarding the alcohol withdrawal kindling hypothesis and the implications of the kindling process on mechanisms of dependence, alcohol withdrawal treatment strategies, and the long-term repercussions of alcoholism.
Role of the Unquantified Electroencephalography in Psychiatric Research
Authors: Boutros Nashaat N. , Jacobson Sandra A. , Campbell Duane 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper outlines potential research applications of the unquantified (paper or digital) electroencephalography (EEG) in psychiatry. Three main areas are highlighted: first, the need for thorough familiarity with the unquantified EEG is emphasized, including the ability to confidently recognize all normal and abnormal activities that could influence further analysis of the record as well as artifacts that can contaminate the tracings; second, the fact that definitive studies relating EEG abnormalities to psychiatric symptomatology and clinical response are lacking; and third, the potential for EEG to be utilized as a tool to decrease the risk of invasive research studies is discussed.
The Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior
Authors: Black Donald W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCompulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is characterized by inappropriate or excessive sexual behaviors or cognitions that lead to subjective distress or impaired functioning. Both abnormal (paraphilic) and conventional (nonparaphilic) forms of sexual behavior are usually included in the definition. CSB is reported to affect 3% to 6% of the general population in the United States, occurring more frequently in men. It typically begins in the late teens or early twenties and is chronic or intermittent. The disorder has been described as a progression through four stages: preoccupation, ritualization, gratification, and despair. Men with CSB typically focus on physical sexual gratification; women focus on romantic or emotional aspects of sexuality. Psychiatric comorbidity is common, particularly substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. CSB can lead to medical complications. Risk factors are thought to include family history and childhood abuse.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Review of the Evidence and a Recommended Treatment Approach
Authors: Phillips Katharine A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTResearch on effective pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has rapidly increased in recent years, with emerging data consistently indicating that serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are often efficacious for this disorder. Although data are limited, it appears that higher SRI doses and longer treatment trials than those used for many other psychiatric disorders are often needed to treat BDD effectively. Approaches to treatment-resistant BDD have received little investigation, but available data indicate that switching to another SRI and several SRI-augmentation strategies may be helpful. This article reviews the empirical literature on BDD and offers a recommended approach to the pharmacotherapy of this distressing and often disabling disorder.
Mechanisms and the Current State of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: George Mark S. , Nahas Ziad , Kozel F. Andrew , Li Xingbao , Yamanaka Kaori , Mishory Alexander , Bohning Daryl E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is unique among the current brain stimulation techniques because it is relatively non-invasive. TMS markedly differs from vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy, all of which require either an implanted prosthesis or general anesthesia, or both. Since its rebirth in its modern form in 1985, TMS has already shown potential usefulness in at least three important domains—as a basic neuroscience research instrument, as a potential clinical diagnostic tool, and as a therapy for several different neuropsychiatric conditions. The TMS scientific literature has now expanded beyond what a single summary article can adequately cover. This review highlights several new developments in combining TMS with functional brain imaging, using TMS as a psychiatric therapy, potentially using TMS to enhance performance, and finally recent advances in the core technology of TMS. TMS' ability to non-invasively and focally stimulate the brain of an awake human is proving to be a most important development for neuroscience in general, and neuropsychiatry in particular.
New Challenges for Anxiety Disorders: Where Treatment, Resilience, and Economic Priority Converge
Authors: Pollack Mark H. , Stein Murray B. , Davidson Jonathan R.T. , Ginsberg David L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnxiety disorders are highly prevalent, are increasing in incidence, affect individuals early in life, and significantly impact health care and quality of life. As such, they are serious public health problems that deserve attention now and in the future. Over the last 10–20 years, there has been marked improvement in pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions for anxiety. Due to their broad spectrum of efficacy against common comorbidities and lack of association with abuse and dependence, serotonergic and mixed serotonergic noradrenergic antidepressants are first-line therapies for anxiety disorders. Benzodiazepines are still widely used in clinical practice because they are well tolerated and work quickly and effectively. Other medications that are emerging as potentially useful for selected populations with anxiety include atypical neuroleptics and anticonvulsants. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is at least as effective as medication for many patients with anxiety disorders and facilitates maintenance of benefit over the long term. Resilience, the capacity to bounce back from adversity, can be reliably measured with a psychometrically valid scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Compared with the general population, individuals with anxiety disorders exhibit decreased resilience. Studies have shown that pharmacologic treatment combined with CBT may increase resilience within 2–3 months. Emerging neurobiologic research indicates that noradrenergic pathways and 5-HT2 transporter efficiency may mediate effects on resiliency.
Are private defensive expenditures against storm damages affected by public programs and natural barriers? Evidence from the coastal areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmud Sakib , Barbier Edward B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper introduces a household model of private investment in storm protection under an endogenous risk framework to determine how defensive self-protection and self-insurance expenditures by coastal households to mitigate storm-inflicted damages are affected by the availability of public programs and the presence of a mangrove forest. The theoretical results show that publicly constructed physical barriers and mangroves encourage self-protection but discourage self-insurance expenditures. However, public disaster relief and rehabilitation programs lead to the crowding-out of self-protection but the crowding-in of self-insurance. Our empirical analysis of coastal households in Bangladesh impacted by Cyclone Sidr reveals partial support for the crowding-out and crowding-in effects of public investments and programs. Households located in a mangrove-protected area invest more in self-protection and less in self-insurance. Other controls, such as household socio-economic characteristics, also influence and add a degree of complexity to the relationship.