bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Women and Men With Acute Coronary Syndrome Treated With and Without Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization
Authors: Udell Jacob A. , Koh Maria , Qiu Feng , Austin Peter C. , Wijeysundera Harindra C. , Bagai Akshay , Yan Andrew T. , Goodman Shaun G. , Tu Jack V. , Ko Dennis T. 
Published: January 2017

Background

Women hospitalized with a non‐
ST
segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (
ACS
) have worse clinical outcomes compared with men. An early invasive strategy with prompt coronary revascularization may mitigate sex differences in outcomes. However, few contemporary studies have evaluated whether clinical outcomes differ between women and men presenting with
ACS
treated with an early invasive strategy.

Methods and Results

A population‐based cohort of hospitalized
ACS
patients who received prompt cardiac catheterization from 2008 to 2011 in Ontario, Canada and followed for up to 2 years was studied. Clinical outcomes were compared between men and women, stratified by the use of coronary revascularization. Inverse probability weighting using the propensity score accounted for measured differences in baseline characteristics between men and women. Among the 23 473
ACS
patients who received cardiac catheterization during an index hospitalization, 66.1% of men and 51.8% of women received coronary revascularization during the same hospitalization. In the propensity‐weighted cohort of patients who received coronary revascularization, the 1‐year rate of death or recurrent
ACS
was 10.6% for men (referent) compared with 13.1% for women (hazard ratio 1.24; 95%
CI
1.16–1.33). In contrast, outcomes for patients who did not receive coronary revascularization did not differ significantly between women and men at 1 year (17.8% versus 16.9%; hazard ratio 1.06; 95%
CI
0.99–1.14) or at longer follow‐up.

Conclusions

An increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes was observed for women with
ACS
undergoing an early invasive strategy and coronary revascularization compared with men.
Timing of Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Stroke
Authors: Dasenbrock Hormuzdiyar H. , Robertson Faith C. , Vaitkevicius Henrikas , Aziz-Sultan M. Ali , Guttieres Donovan , Dunn Ian F. , Du Rose , Gormley William B. 
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose—
Previous clinical trials were not designed to discern the optimal timing of decompressive craniectomy for stroke, and the ideal surgical timing in patients with space-occupying infarction who do not exhibit deterioration within 48 hours is debated.

Methods—
Patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy for stroke were extracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002–2011). Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association of surgical timing with mortality, discharge to institutional care, and poor outcome (a composite end point including death, tracheostomy and gastrostomy, or discharge to institutional care). Covariates included patient demographics, comorbidities, year of admission, and hospital characteristics. However, standard stroke severity scales and infarct volume were not available.

Results—

Among 1301 admissions, 55.8% (n=726) underwent surgery within 48 hours. Teaching hospital admission was associated with earlier surgery (
P
=0.02). The timing of intervention was not associated with in-hospital mortality. However, when evaluated continuously, later surgery was associated with increased odds of discharge to institutional care (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.31,
P
=0.005) and of a poor outcome (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.23;
P
=0.02). When evaluated dichotomously, the odds of discharge to institutional care and of a poor outcome did not differ at 48 hours after hospital admission, but increased when surgery was pursued after 72 hours. Subgroup analyses found no association of surgical timing with outcomes among patients who had not sustained herniation.

Conclusion
s—In this nationwide analysis, early decompressive craniectomy was associated with superior outcomes. However, performing decompression before herniation may be the most important temporal consideration.
Revolt in the Novel: Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ghandūr’s Thaʾr al-damm (Blood Revenge) and the 1936-1939 Rebellion in Palestine
Authors: Macaluso Pasquale 
Published: January 2017

Contrary to the inveterate opinion of most scholars, a Palestinian author actually dealt with political issues before the Nakbah in the novel Thaʾr al-damm (Blood Revenge). Published in Damascus in 1939 by Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ghandūr from Acre, this work of fiction remained in oblivion for decades because the French Mandate authorities confiscated most of its copies soon after publication. It narrates the story of a young physician who forms an armed band to avenge the rape of his younger sister by British soldiers during the 1936-1939 uprising in Palestine; the woman, disguised as a man, joins the rebels and eventually dies in a fight.
Through the symbolism behind the retaliation for the maiden’s rape, Thaʾr al-damm provides a literary interpretation of the Palestinians’ shift to organized insurgency against the British Mandate in the late 1930s. By pivoting the plot around the tropes of injury and revenge, Ghandūr translated the feelings of humiliation and threat, and the consequent quest for revenge and liberation shared by many Palestinians into a novel. The action of this story takes place in the Palestinian countryside, in a village community portrayed as a spotless model of national solidarity and harmoniously merged with its environment. Ghandūr sketches a protagonist who exemplifies the theme of the political radicalization of modern-educated youth and argues for the leading role that they should assume in the struggle, while the only female character illustrates village women’s actual involvement in the revolt.
Sleep problems and suicide associated with mood instability in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2007
Authors: McDonald Keltie C , Saunders Kate EA , Geddes John R 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Mood instability is common in the general population. Mood instability is a precursor to mental illness and associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Sleep disturbance appears to be closely linked with mood instability. This study assesses the association between mood instability and sleep disturbance and the link with suicidal ideation and behaviour in a general population sample in England. Method: The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2007 collected detailed information about mental health symptoms and correlates in a representative sample of adult household residents living in England ( n = 7303). Mood instability was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-II. Sleep problems were defined as sleeping more than usual or less than usual during the past month. Other dependent variables included medication use and suicidal ideation and behaviour (response rate 57%). Generalized linear modelling was used to estimate the prevalence of mood instability and sleep problems. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios. All estimates were weighted. Results: The prevalence of mood instability was 14.7% (95% confidence interval [13.6%, 15.7%]). Sleep problems occurred in 69.8% (95% confidence interval: [66.6%, 73.1%]) of those with mood instability versus 37.6% (95% confidence interval: [36.2%, 39.1%]) of those without mood instability. The use of sedating and non-sedating medications did not influence the association. Sleep problems were significantly associated with suicidal ideation and behaviour even after adjusting for mood instability. Conclusion: Sleep problems are highly prevalent in the general population, particularly among those with mood instability. Sleep problems are strongly associated with suicidal ideation and behaviour. Treatments that target risk and maintenance factors that transcend diagnostic boundaries, such as therapies that target sleep disturbance, may be particularly valuable for preventing and addressing complications related to mood instability such as suicide.
Estimating Scorer Agreement for Nominal Categorization Systems
Authors: Burton Nancy W. 
Published: January 2017

National Assessment has devised a scoring system that involves using nominal classifications of responses as well as an overall evaluation of whether responses provide acceptable evidence that an educational objective has been met. This study was concerned with selecting a measure of scorer agreement for an ongoing quality-control program. The purpose of the agreement statistic was to screen out potential problems for further analysis of disagreements. Based on a review of various statistics proposed for measuring agreement, two were chosen for further study: the simple percent of agreement and Cohen's kappa. The analysis showed that Cohen's kappa is extremely sensitive to very easy or very difficult items which comprised more than a third of the measures in this study. The percent of agreement statistic, on the other hand, is overly sensitive to high variance items—those of medium difficulty with many scoring categories. Since kappa is inappropriate for so many items, and since National Assessment can use the disagreement information on many-category items in later analysis, staff concluded that Cohen's kappa does not add sufficient information to make its calculation worthwhile.
Proportion of Returns in Survey Research
Authors: Aiken Lewis R. 
Published: January 2017

Formulas are given for computing, from the responses of returnees alone, the maximum and minimum values between which the mean response to a survey item must fall in the total sample. Expressions for the standard errors of these maximum and minimum mean values are provided. The difference between the maximum and minimum means, in addition to the magnitudes of their standard errors, vary inversely with the proportion of returns. It is also shown that the extent to which the responses of returnees to a survey item are representative of the responses of the total sample is a function of sample size, proportion of returns, and proportion of returnees responding to the item in a specified direction. Formulas are derived for computing (1) the probability that the difference between the proportion of returnees who respond in a specified direction and the proportion of the total sample responding in that direction will be equal to or greater than an acceptable value, and (2) the minimum proportion of returns required to be fairly confident that the responses of returnees are representative of the responses of the total sample.
China's Competitiveness in World Economy
Authors: Bhatt P.R. 
Published: January 2017

An attempt has been made in this paper to study China's competency to become a world leader. China's competency was assessed in terms of global competitive index ranking, total and labour productivity, creating a competitive environment for attracting foreign direct investment and international trade. It was found that China needs to adopt long term growth friendly policies and strategy to emerge as a global leader. JEL classifications: F10, F13
A Hierarchical Model of a Helicopter Pilot
Authors: Benjamin Peter 
Published: January 2017

A hierarchical model of a helicopter pilot is developed and mechanized by means of computer simulation. The basic element of the pilot model is a decision hierarchy which determines the multiloop closure and tracking characteristics of the man-vehicle system. Pilot model input is quantized and used by the hierarchy to determine the specific loop to be closed and the particular transfer function to apply to that loop. The pilot model and vehicle dynamics are implemented on a digital computer. Model validation is provided by comparison of tracking records obtained from this simulation of the vehicle with a human operator. Although developed for a vehicle with only the two lateral degrees of freedom, the pilot model is sufficiently general in form to allow its extension to six degrees of freedom. As a fourth-order system, it is applicable to the control of not only the helicopter, but all VTOL vehicles. The reduction of higher-order inputs to zero permits applicability to vehicles with lower-order dynamics. Its form is independent of the input function.
Defect Signal Detection Model Based on Variable Confidence
Authors: Miehle William , Siegel Arthur I. 
Published: January 2017

A person is assumed to have varying levels of confidence that a defect or a target exists. He will say that a defect or target exists when his confidence (x) is equal to or exceeds a criterion level (c). For a single criterion level, he will say that no target or defect exists when his confidence is below c. For a double criterion level, he will say “no” when his confidence is below a lower value than c. Otherwise, he will try again. When a defect exists, the confidence frequency function (f1) increases with increasing confidence. When no defect is present, a different (decreasing) function (fo) describes the behavior. Confidence (x) varies between 0 and 1. For a given frequency function, reliability (R) is calculated as a function of the relative number of defects (r) and the criterion level. The optimum criterion level and maximum reliability (Rm) are found. Operating characteristic (OC) curves are presented. For a single criterion level, results are given for the following types of frequency functions: linear, exponential, normal, step, and arbitrary. Discrete distributions are also considered. An example for a double criterion level is also presented.
Basic Knowledge of Internet in Forensic Medicine: Logging On, Fetching Files and Information
Authors: Marc Bernard 
Published: January 2017

The Internet stands at the forefront of telecommunications in medicine, including forensic medicine, since information technology (IT) has been able to revolutionize medical and scientific practices. Today, forensic physicians and professionals need to be familiar with the use of computers and the key applications of information technology: multimedia and the Internet. From the office, the forensic physician can communicate with other physicians by means of e-mail, take part in discussion groups, obtain information on meetings and get information from public libraries and various databases by means of file transfer protocol. The search among the huge amount of information is facilitated by the ‘click and play’ use of the Internet, by its increased ease and availability of access and by faster communications to an increasing number of accessible technical, scientific and biomedical resources. Therefore, it is useful to introduce some of the most frequent concepts encountered when exploring the Internet, to give simple references for any forensic physician exploring the Internet and to present typical Internet aspects by illustrations saved from worldwide websites and linked to the accompanying text. Some of the main forensic websites and basic Internet procedures are described, explaining how to search and exchange information in the domain of forensic medicine and sciences. Search engines and search procedures on the worldwide web are briefly explained. The aim of this paper is to give forensic physicians, scientists and law professionals some basic tools and references to access the vast possibilities of the Internet.
Use of the Mental Health Act Criteria in the Decision-Making Process for Compulsory Admissions: A Study of Psychiatrists in South London
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Dazzan Paola 
Published: January 2017

This study investigates the decision-making process for admitting patients compulsorily under the Mental Health Act 1983 of England and Wales. We used three case-vignettes describing different clinical situations: 1) a man with depression and psychotic symptoms; 2) a woman with a possible first episode of psychosis; and 3) a man with a history of substance abuse and bipolar disorder. The vignettes were administered to a group of psychiatrists working at the Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals in South London. The psychiatrists were asked to rate 11 factors from the most to the least important in their decision to admit the individual compulsorily. Three factors resembled the criteria considered in the Mental Health Act 1983 for compulsory admission: current mental state; severity of the disease; and dangerousness to self or others. Three were other clinical features of the patient: diagnosis; psychiatric history; and likely response of the mental state to the medical treatment. The remaining five were sociodemographic features of the patient: age and gender; owning a home; occupational status; and social support available. The psychiatrists were not given the option that the patient would accept a voluntary admission to hospital. We obtained responses from 42 psychiatrists (25 males and 17 females). The most important factor for deciding to detain a patient compulsorily was perceived dangerousness to self and others. The current mental state of the patient and the severity of the illness were the next two important factors. Our results confirm that the criteria recommended by the Mental Health Act 1983 of England and Wales were applied consistently in three different hypothetical situations. The need for protection of the patient or others may take precedence over the current mental state of the patient or the severity of the illness, a finding that warrants further investigation in view of the current debate on the responsibility of psychiatrists in deciding to detain subjects affected by personality disorder.
Legal Aspects of Mental Hospital Regime in England and Wales
Authors: Andoh Benjamin 
Published: January 2017

Although there are several works on mental hospitals, the legal aspects of mental hospital regime have not been comprehensively studied. This paper aims to fill that gap as regards England and Wales. The empirical study was conducted in a conventional English mental hospital which was within the National Health Service. After the introduction and a brief account of modes of admission to mental hospitals, the paper focuses on various aspects of mental hospital regime such as hospital rules and policies, daily routine, treatment without consent, seclusion, close observation, searches of patients and their property, restrictions on mail, etc., and then discusses the question of their legality, characterised by the tussle between the rights of patients and the rights of society. The paper concludes that although the regimes in mental hospitals may be considered reasonable and necessary, certain features of them (e.g., treatment without consent and searches of patients and their property) are controversial.
Personality and Neuropsychological Function in Violent, Sexual and Arson Offenders
Authors: Dolan Mairead , Millington James , Park Isabelle 
Published: January 2017

We aimed to test the hypothesis that incarcerated offender populations will not differ in neuropsychological test performance if patients are matched on age, intelligence and personality profile, particularly if impulsive aggressive traits and confounds such as substance misuse and performance anxiety are controlled for. 27 violent offenders, 20 sex offenders and 13 arson offenders detained in maximum security hospitals completed dimensional assessments of personality function and were assessed on a battery of frontal and temporal neuropsychological tests. All patients completed a variety of self-report measures of cognitive, affective and behavioural dispositions relevant to offender populations. Trait impulsivity was further assessed and composite impulsivity scores were derived. Assessments of emotional state were administered prior to neuropsychological testing. All patients met the criteria for a DSM-III-R personality disorder diagnosis. There were no significant group differences in age, IQ, or educational attainment. There were no differences in the personality profile of the offender group although sex offenders scored higher on trait anxiety, depression and tension measures. Groups did not significantly differ in their performance on neuropsychological tests apart from poorer perseverative error scores on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test in arsonists, which could not be accounted for by state anxiety or depression scores.
The Prosecutor's Fallacy — A Pitfall in Interpreting Probabilities in Forensic Evidence
Authors: Leung Wai-Ching 
Published: January 2017

Forensic evidence is often given in terms of a mathematical probability. However, it is easy to make a particular type of error, ‘the prosecutor's fallacy’, in the interpretation of such probability. This paper highlights the source of this error and briefly introduces Bayes Theorem as the correct theoretical basis for interpreting such evidence. The first Californian legal case in which this error was committed is discussed, followed by all cases in the UK in which this error was highlighted and rectified by the Court of Appeal. It is important for all parties concerned — expert witnesses, lawyers and judges — to understand these principles correctly. Furthermore, the criminal courts face dilemmas when juries are involved. This paper concludes by discussing recent guidance from the Court of Appeal on how such evidence should be presented to the jury and the implications of this guidance.
Psychiatric Probation Orders: Failed Provision or Future Panacea?
Authors: Clark Tom , Kenney-Herbert Jeremy , Baker Jeffrey , Humphreys Martin 
Published: January 2017

The psychiatric probation order has been a sentencing option for the courts for over fifty years. Many authors have lamented its underuse and described the inability of psychiatric and probation services to work together in a collaborative and effective way. The aim of this study was to describe probationers who had passed through Elliott House, a specialist bail and probation hostel for mentally disordered offenders. A retrospective case note review of all individuals who have been resident at Elliott House as a condition of a probation order was conducted. The individuals were mostly young, single men with a severe mental illness and comorbid substance misuse. As a group their previous contact with psychiatric services was irregular. A probation order at Elliott House appeared to provide social support and stability along with a period of regular psychiatric treatment and follow-up. The results suggest that psychiatric probation orders, if properly managed, can be a useful tool for both health and probation services in the short term.