bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Isotopic Composition and Origins of Winter Precipitation Over Japan Using a Regional Isotope Circulation Model
Authors: Tanoue Masahiro , Ichiyanagi Kimpei , Yoshimura Kei , Shimada Jun , Hirabayashi Yukiko 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe deuterium excess (d‐excess) of precipitation aids in identifying vapor source regions because it reflects humidity conditions in those regions. For Japan, studies have assumed that the Sea of Japan was the dominant source of winter precipitation when the d‐excess value in winter is >20‰ or higher than the average value in summer. Because this assumption is based on an interpretation that the high d‐excess value is due to an interaction between the continental winter monsoon (WM) and warm Sea of Japan, it may not be appropriate for winter precipitation due to extratropical cyclones (ECs). Here we clarify local patterns of isotopic composition and the origins of precipitation in WM and EC types over Japan using a regional isotope circulation model. The results indicate that the Sea of Japan made the highest contribution to precipitation on the Sea of Japan side in the WM type, whereas the Pacific Ocean is the dominant source of precipitation over Japan in the EC type. Because d‐excess values are higher in the WM type than the EC type, we can assume that the Sea of Japan is the dominant source of precipitation on the Sea of Japan side when the d‐excess value is high. In comparison, we cannot identify the source regions from d‐excess values alone for Honshu Island bordering the Pacific Ocean, because the difference in the d‐excess value between the WM and EC types is unclear. Moreover, WM variability can be estimated from observed d‐excess values due to their clear positive correlation.
Co‐Occurrence of Extreme Daily Rainfall in the French Mediterranean Region
Authors: Blanchet Juliette , Creutin Jean‐Dominique 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe propose in this article a statistical framework to study local disparities in the co‐occurrence of extreme rainfall in the French Mediterranean region. We employ a region‐of‐influence approach by studying the likelihood of the 3% largest daily rainfall to occur simultaneously at less than 50 km distance, when moving across the region. Our model uses an anisotropic max‐stable process allowing us to properly represent the co‐occurrence of daily extremes and including the possibility of a preferred direction of co‐occurrence. We use this framework on a dense network composed of almost 900 daily stations spread over a 100,000 km2 region of southern France under a Mediterranean influence, with data back to 1948. This density allows us to study the spatial patterns in the co‐occurrence of extreme rainfall at fine scale and by so to characterize the main precipitation systems leading to extremes in the region. We show in particular that concomitant extremes are the most likely along the crest line of the Massif Central, which is also the area where the magnitude of extremes is among the largest. This may be of concern for flood risk management.
Revisiting the Fundamental Analytical Solutions of Heat and Mass Transfer: The Kernel of Multirate and Multidimensional Diffusion
Authors: Zhou Quanlin , Oldenburg Curtis M. , Rutqvist Jonny , Birkholzer Jens T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThere are two types of analytical solutions of temperature/concentration in and heat/mass transfer through boundaries of regularly shaped 1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D blocks. These infinite‐series solutions with either error functions or exponentials exhibit highly irregular but complementary convergence at different dimensionless times,
. In this paper, approximate solutions were developed by combining the error‐function‐series solutions for early times and the exponential‐series solutions for late times and by using time partitioning at the switchover time,
. The combined solutions contain either the leading term of both series for normal‐accuracy approximations (with less than 0.003 relative error) or the first two terms for high‐accuracy approximations (with less than 10−7 relative error) for 1‐D isotropic (spheres, cylinders, slabs) and 2‐D/3‐D rectangular blocks (squares, cubes, rectangles, and rectangular parallelepipeds). This rapid and uniform convergence for rectangular blocks was achieved by employing the same time partitioning with individual dimensionless times for different directions and the product of their combined 1‐D slab solutions. The switchover dimensionless time was determined to minimize the maximum approximation errors. Furthermore, the analytical solutions of first‐order heat/mass flux for 2‐D/3‐D rectangular blocks were derived for normal‐accuracy approximations. These flux equations contain the early‐time solution with a three‐term polynomial in
and the late‐time solution with the limited‐term exponentials for rectangular blocks. The heat/mass flux equations and the combined temperature/concentration solutions form the ultimate kernel for fast simulations of multirate and multidimensional heat/mass transfer in porous/fractured media with millions of low‐permeability blocks of varying shapes and sizes.
Physical Controls on Biogeochemical Processes in Intertidal Zones of Beach Aquifers
Authors: Heiss James W. , Post Vincent E. A. , Laattoe Tariq , Russoniello Christopher J. , Michael Holly A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMarine ecosystems are sensitive to inputs of chemicals from submarine groundwater discharge. Tidally influenced saltwater‐freshwater mixing zones in beach aquifers can host biogeochemical transformations that modify chemical loads prior to discharge. A numerical variable‐density groundwater flow and reactive transport model was used to evaluate the physical controls on reactivity for mixing‐dependent and mixing‐independent reactions in beach aquifers, represented as denitrification and sulfate reduction, respectively. A sensitivity analysis was performed across typical values of tidal amplitude, hydraulic conductivity, terrestrial freshwater flux, beach slope, dispersivity, and DOC reactivity. For the model setup and conditions tested, the simulations demonstrate that denitrification can remove up to 100% of terrestrially derived nitrate, and sulfate reduction can transform up to 8% of seawater‐derived sulfate prior to discharge. Tidally driven mixing between saltwater and freshwater promotes denitrification along the boundary of the intertidal saltwater circulation cell in pore water between 1 and 10 ppt. The denitrification zone occupies on average 49% of the mixing zone. Denitrification rates are highest on the landward side of the circulation cell and decrease along circulating flow paths. Reactivity for mixing‐dependent reactions increases with the size of the mixing zone and solute supply, while mixing‐independent reactivity is controlled primarily by solute supply. The results provide insights into the types of beaches most efficient in altering fluxes of chemicals prior to discharge and could be built upon to help engineer beaches to enhance reactivity. The findings have implications for management to protect coastal ecosystems and the estimation of chemical fluxes to the ocean.
Inverting the Swelling Trends in Modular Self‐Oscillating Gels Crosslinked by Redox‐Active Metal Bipyridine Complexes
Authors: Aizenberg Michael , Okeyoshi Kosuke , Aizenberg Joanna 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe developing field of active, stimuli‐responsive materials is in need for new dynamic architectures that may offer unprecedented chemomechanical switching mechanisms. Toward this goal, syntheses of polymerizable bipyridine ligands, bis(4‐vinylbenzyl)[2,2′‐bipyridine]‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate and N4,N4′‐bis(4‐vinylphenyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxamide, and a number of redox‐active Ruthenium(II) and Iron(II) complexes with them are reported. Detailed characterizations by NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐resolution mass‐spectrometry, X‐ray, and cyclic voltammetry show that the topology of these molecules allows them to serve as both comonomers and crosslinkers in polymerization reactions. Electronic properties of the ligands are tunable by choosing carboxylate‐ or carboxamido‐linkages between the core and the vinylaryl moieties, leading to a library of Ru and Fe complexes with the M(III)/M(II) standard redox potentials suitable for catalyzing self‐oscillating Belousov–Zhabotinskii (BZ) reaction. New poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based redox‐responsive functional gels containing hydrophilic comonomers, which have been prepared using representative Ru bpy complexes as both a crosslinker and redox‐active catalyst, exhibit a unique feature: their swelling/contraction mode switches its dependence on the oxidation state of the Ru center, upon changing the ratio of comonomers in the hybrid gel network. The BZ self‐oscillations of such crosslinked hydrogels have been observed and quantified for both supported film and free‐standing gel samples, demonstrating their potential as chemomechanically active modules for new functional materials.
Enzyme‐Driven Hasselback‐Like DNA‐Based Inorganic Superstructures
Authors: Lee Jae Sung , Kim Hyejin , Jo Changshin , Jeong Jaepil , Ko Jeonghyun , Han Sangwoo , Lee Min Sun , Lee Ho‐Young , Han Jeong Woo , Lee Jinwoo , Lee Jong Bum 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDNA structures have gained much attention due to its ease of self‐assembly and precise controllability. Although DNA technology has been successfully applied to generate a variety of DNA structures, there are only few attempts to apply DNA technology to generate inorganic materials due to lack of controllability of interactions between DNA and inorganic materials. In addition, the synthesis of a predictable structure of hybrid materials still remains a significant challenge. To address the challenge, here a novel strategy for the synthesis of DNA‐based inorganic superstructures using DNA polymerase is reported. In particular, strategic feeding of metal ions for generating DNA‐inorganic hybrid superstructures during DNA polymerization is established. This approach can produce a variety of structures with varying metal ions and can easily add functionality to the product. The structural features are also easily studied by first‐principles calculations. With these advantages, DNA‐Mn particles show the potential as a cell tracking agent, a contrast agent for MRI, and an electrode material for supercapacitors. The enzyme‐driven synthesis in this study will provide a novel route for the generation of a range of organic–inorganic hybrid superstructures for biomedical and energy applications.
Toward a New Generation of Smart Biomimetic Actuators for Architecture
Authors: Poppinga Simon , Zollfrank Cordt , Prucker Oswald , Rühe Jürgen , Menges Achim , Cheng Tiffany , Speck Thomas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMotile plant structures (e.g., leaves, petals, cone scales, and capsules) are functionally highly robust and resilient concept generators for the development of biomimetic actuators for architecture. Here, a concise review of the state‐of‐the‐art of plant movement principles and derived biomimetic devices is provided. Achieving complex and higher‐dimensional shape changes and passive‐hydraulic actuation at a considerable time scale, as well as mechanical robustness of the motile technical structures, is challenging. For example, almost all currently available bioinspired hydraulic actuators show similar limitations due to the poroelastic time scale. Therefore, a major challenge is increasing the system size to the meter range, with actuation times of minutes or below. This means that response speed and flow rate need significant improvement for the systems, and the long‐term performance degradation issue of hygroscopic materials needs to be addressed. A theoretical concept for “escaping” the poroelastic regime is proposed, and the possibilities for enhancing the mechanical properties of passive‐hydraulic bilayer actuators are discussed. Furthermore, the promising aspects for further studies to implement tropistic movement behavior are presented, i.e., movement that depends on the direction of the triggering stimulus, which can finally lead to “smart building skins” that autonomously and self‐sufficiently react to changing environmental stimuli in a direction‐dependent manner.
Textile‐Enabled Highly Reproducible Flexible Pressure Sensors for Cardiovascular Monitoring
Authors: Luo Ningqi , Zhang Jun , Ding Xiaorong , Zhou Zhiqiang , Zhang Quan , Zhang Yuan‐Ting , Chen Shih‐Chi , Hu Jin‐Lian , Zhao Ni 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFlexible piezoresistive sensors (FPS) with high reproducibility and hysteresis‐free pressure response are highly desirable for various emerging biomedical applications. In this work, the potential of using regularly interlaced textile materials to achieve high‐repeatability and low‐hysteresis FPS is explored. It is found that the structural flexibility and surface regularity of knitted fabric structures can in general provide reproducible pressure response; however, response fluctuations and hysteresis are still present due to the inevitable inelastic deformation of the textiles. To address this limitation, carbon black particles and polyvinylidene fluoride are introduced in the knitted fabric as the electrical and mechanical interconnects, respectively, between the fibers. Through composition optimization, the pressure response variation is reduced to below 2% and the hysteresis loop deviation is decreased to below 10% for single sensors. The performance variation among multiple sensors is as low as 5%, much smaller than the 33% variation of the sensors made with nonwoven fabrics. Utilizing the high sensor repeatability, sensor arrays and multisite sensor network are successfully realized for monitoring superficial temporal artery pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity, which demonstrate the potential of using wearable sensing systems for multifunctional cardiovascular monitoring.
Reducing Mg Anode Overpotential via Ion Conductive Surface Layer Formation by Iodine Additive
Authors: Li Xiaogang , Gao Tao , Han Fudong , Ma Zhaohui , Fan Xiulin , Hou Singyuk , Eidson Nico , Li Weishan , Wang Chunsheng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractElectrolytes that are able to reversibly deposit/strip Mg are crucial for rechargeable Mg batteries. The most studied complex electrolytes based on Lewis acid‐base chemistry are expensive, difficult to be synthesized, and show limited anodic stability. Conventional electrolytes using simple salts such as Mg(TFSI)2 can be readily synthesized, but Mg deposition/stripping in these simple salt electrolytes is accompanied by a large overpotential due to the formation of a surface layer on the Mg metal with a low Mg ion conductivity. Here the overpotential for Mg deposition/stripping in a simple salt, Mg(TFSI)2‐1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME), electrolyte is significantly reduced by adding a small concentration of iodine (≤50 × 10−3m) as an additive. Mechanism studies demonstrate that an Mg ion conductive solid MgI2 layer is formed on the surface of the Mg metal and acts as a solid electrolyte interface. With the Mg(TFSI)2‐DME‐I2 electrolyte, a very small voltage hysteresis is achieved in an Mg‐S full cell.
Vulnerability of employees in businesses with fewer than five workers (micro‐enterprises) to occupational safety and health problems
Authors: Park Jungsun , Park Jong‐shik , Han Boyoung , Kim Yangho 
Published: October 2017

IntroductionWe assessed the characteristics of micro‐enterprises (businesses with fewer than five workers) focusing on occupational safety and health (OSH) issues.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of data from the Economically Active Population Supplementary Survey and the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey of 2014.ResultsRelative to larger businesses, micro‐enterprises employ more women, temporary workers, and older workers (>55 years). In addition, more workers in micro‐enterprises held “elementary occupations” (unskilled or under‐skilled) or “sales and service jobs.” Key sectors of such employment included the sectors of “wholesale and retail trade” and “hotel and restaurants.” Furthermore, lower skilled workers in such micro‐enterprises more frequently reported exposure to ergonomic risk factors and subsequent musculoskeletal disorders, and they also experienced a much higher fatality rate due to occupational injuries.ConclusionOur results indicate that Korean workers in micro‐enterprises are more vulnerable to OSH problems than workers in larger businesses.
Revealing Conformational Variants of Solution‐Phase Intrinsically Disordered Tau Protein at the Single‐Molecule Level
Authors: Manger Lydia H. , Foote Alexander K. , Wood Sharla L. , Holden Michael R. , Heylman Kevin D. , Margittai Martin , Goldsmith Randall H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIntrinsically disordered proteins, such as tau protein, adopt a variety of conformations in solution, complicating solution‐phase structural studies. We employed an anti‐Brownian electrokinetic (ABEL) trap to prolong measurements of single tau proteins in solution. Once trapped, we recorded the fluorescence anisotropy to investigate the diversity of conformations sampled by the single molecules. A distribution of anisotropy values obtained from trapped tau protein is conspicuously bimodal while those obtained by trapping a globular protein or individual fluorophores are not. Time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements were used to provide an explanation of the bimodal distribution as originating from a shift in the compaction of the two different families of conformations.
Fast Heavy‐Atom Tunneling in Trifluoroacetyl Nitrene
Authors: Wu Zhuang , Feng Ruijuan , Li Hongmin , Xu Jian , Deng Guohai , Abe Manabu , Bégué Didier , Liu Kun , Zeng Xiaoqing 
Published: October 2017

AbstractChemical reactions involving quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) increasingly attract the attention of scientists. In contrast to the hydrogen‐tunneling as frequently observed in chemistry and biology, tunneling solely by heavy atoms is rare. Herein, we report heavy‐atom tunneling in trifluoroacetyl nitrene, CF3C(O)N. The carbonyl nitrene CF3C(O)N in the triplet ground state was generated in cryogenic matrices by laser (193 or 266 nm) photolysis of CF3C(O)N3 and characterized by IR and EPR spectroscopy. In contrast to the theoretically predicted activation barriers (>10 kcal mol−1), CF3C(O)N undergoes rapid rearrangement into CF3NCO with half‐life times of less than 10 min and unprecedentedly large 14N/15N kinetic isotope effects (1.18–1.33) in solid Ar, Ne, and N2 matrices even at 2.8 K. The tunneling disappearance of CF3C(O)N becomes much slower in the chemically active toluene and in 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran at 5 K.
Wavelength‐Gated Dynamic Covalent Chemistry
Authors: Frisch Hendrik , Marschner David E. , Goldmann Anja S. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: October 2017

AbstractChemical reactions are classically controlled by the judicious choice of functional groups as well as external factors such as temperature and catalysts. However, the use of light‐induced reactions not only offers precise temporal and spatial control, but critically allows highly specific reaction channels to be selectively addressed through wavelength and intensity, thereby enabling targeted covalent bonds to be made and broken. Photoreversible cycloadditions are the most promising candidates to seize the outlined potential upon selective cyclization and cycloreversion, but are today still far from fulfilling these expectations. The current Minireview critically explores the current challenges in the application of photoreversible cycloadditions and discusses the steps necessary to realize their potential in molecular biology, biomimetic systems, 3D laser lithographic processes, and advanced soft matter materials with reprogrammable and self‐healing properties.
Renal vectorial transport of berberine mediated by organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 (MATE1) in rats
Authors: Shi Rong , Yang Yuanyuan , Xu Zhangyao , Dai Yan , Zheng Min , Wang Tianming , Li Yuanyuan , Ma Yueming 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBerberine, a well‐known plant alkaloid derived from Rhizoma coptidis, has potential applications as a therapeutic drug for diabetic nephropathy. However, the transporter‐mediated renal transport of berberine remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the renal transport mechanism of berberine using transfected cells, kidney slices and animal experiments. In Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing rat OCT2 (MDCK‐rOCT2) and kidney slices, saturable and non‐saturable uptake of berberine was observed, and corticosterone could inhibit the uptake of berberine, with IC50 values of 0.1 μm and 147.9 μm, respectively. In double‐transfected cells, the cellular accumulation of berberine into MDCK‐rOCT2 and MDCK‐rOCT2‐rMATE1 (MDCK cells stably expressing rOCT2 and rMATE1) cells was significantly higher than the uptake into MDCK cells. Meanwhile, berberine transcellular transport was considerably higher in double‐transfected MDCK‐rOCT2‐rMATE1 cells than in MDCK and MDCK‐rOCT2 cells. Corticosterone for MDCK‐rMATE1 and MDCK‐MDR1 and pyrimethamine for MDCK‐rMATE1 at high concentrations could inhibit the efflux of berberine. In animal experiments, compared with the berberine alone group, the cumulative urinary excretion of berberine significantly decreased in the corticosterone or pyrimethamine pretreatment groups. In the rat kidney, pyrimethamine increased, and a low dose of corticosterone (5 mg/kg) decreased, the berberine concentration. However, there was no apparent change in the renal concentration of berberine in rats pretreated with corticosterone (10 or 20 mg/kg). Thus, berberine is not only a substrate of OCT2 and P‐glycoprotein, but is also a substrate of MATE1. Both OCT2 and MATE1 mediate the renal vectorial transport of berberine.
Effect of culture density on biomass production and light utilization efficiency of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Straka Levi , Rittmann Bruce E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe viability of large‐scale microalgae cultivation depends on providing optimal growth conditions, for which a key operational parameter is culture density. Using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we conducted a series of fixed‐density, steady‐state experiments and one batch‐growth experiment to investigate the role of culture density on biomass production and light utilization efficiency. In all cases, the fixed‐density, steady‐state experiments and batch‐growth experiment showed good agreement. The highest biomass production rates (260 mg L−1 d−1) and efficiency for converting light energy to biomass (0.80 μg (μmol photons)−1) occurred together at a culture density near 760 mg L−1, which approximately corresponded to the lowest culture density where almost all incident light was absorbed. The ratio of OD680/OD735 increased with culture density up to the point of maximum productivity, where it plateaued (at a value of 2.4) for higher culture densities. This change in OD680/OD735 indicates a photoacclimation effect that depended on culture density. Very high culture densities led to a sharp decline in efficiency of biomass production per photons absorbed, likely due to a combination of increased decay relative to growth, metabolic changes due to cell‐cell interactions, and photodamage due to mixing between regions with high light intensity and zero light intensity.