bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genre Innovation: Evolution, Emergence, or Something Else?
Authors: Miller Carolyn R. 
Published: December 2016

In trying to understand genre innovation and the appearance of what seem to be “new genres” in both new and old media, researchers have relied heavily on the concepts of “evolution” and “emergence,” without theorizing these concepts. These terms are usually associated with science, to analyze biological and physical processes, and both carry entailments worth examining. What work does each model of change do and what work does each keep us from doing? When we adopt the language of evolution or emergence, what do we import to our conceptualization of genres, of large-scale rhetorical action, and of the rhetorical organization of culture? Evolution is anti-essentialist, while emergence allows for the phenomenology of essence; both are terministic screens in Burke’s sense and thus incomplete and partial. There may be no general conceptual model adequate to the variety of cultural phenomena and domains in which genres are of interest, but we can continue to learn by testing our observations of particular examples against these useful concepts. We should be conscious of the assumptions we make about essences and relationships, of how and why we identify something as a genre; we should also be alert to the differences between classification by abstraction and classification by descent.
Um Deus com o rosto do Brasil: um estudo exploratório sobre a relação entre imagens e imaginários de Deus na cultura e na pregação evangélico-luterana
Authors: Adam Júlio Cézar 
Published: December 2016

<p>Este artigo pretende refletir sobre imagens e imaginários de Deus no contexto brasileiro em relação com imagens e imaginários de Deus em prédicas do contexto latino-americano, tomando como exemplo prédicas escritas por ministros/as da Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil (IECLB), publicadas no site <em>Göttinger Predigten im Internet</em>. Para análise destas imagens e imaginários de Deus, julgou-se importante, tratar o contexto sociocultural da IECLB – que corresponde, em grande medida, ao contexto do protestantismo histórico no Brasil – e refletir brevemente sobre imagem e imaginário em relação à religião e à teologia, não pretendendo construir uma teoria sobre imagem e imaginário. O artigo divide-se em três partes: na primeira parte apresentam-se aspectos das imagens e dos imaginários de Deus presentes na cultura e religiosidade brasileira, tomando alguns exemplos da cultura pop e do contexto teológico de alguns segmentos eclesiásticos. Na segunda parte, busca-se brevemente por conceitos de imagem, imaginário, averiguando a sua relação com a teologia. Na última parte, analisam-se imagens de Deus em prédicas da IECLB e busca-se refletir sobre o significado destas imagens para a pregação cristã, considerando-se o contexto em que a igreja está inserida. </p>
Histórias, tradições e pensamentos batistas - Resenha
Authors: Leal Jair Souza 
Published: December 2016

<p align="center"><strong>Livro </strong></p><p align="center"><strong></strong>ARAÚJO, João Pedro Gonçalves. <strong>Histórias, tradições e pensamentos batistas</strong>. São Paulo: Fonte Editorial, 2015. 208 p.</p>
Caliper Method Versus Digital Photogrammetry for Assessing Arch Height Index in Pregnant Women
Authors: Harrison Kathryn D. , McCrory Jean L. 
Published: December 2016

Background: Foot anthropometry may be altered during pregnancy. Pregnant women often report lower-extremity pain that may be related to these alterations. The Arch Height Index Measurement System is a common method of foot arch assessment; however, the required calipers are costly and are not widely available. Thus, we compared the reliability of a digital photogrammetry method of arch height index (AHI) assessment with that of the Arch Height Index Measurement System.Methods: Ten pregnant women (mean ± SD: age, 29 ± 4 years; height, 166.9 ± 6.8 cm; weight, 63.3 ± 8.8 kg) in their second trimester were recruited to participate, along with a control group of 10 nulliparous weight-matched women (mean ± SD: age, 22 ± 2 years; height, 164.6 ± 4.8 cm; weight, 61.5 ± 8.1 kg). During the second and third trimesters, and once postpartum, AHI was assessed using calipers and using digital photogrammetry. Mixed model absolute agreement type intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine correlation between the two methods for sitting and standing AHI.Results: The ICC results for sitting AHI only (0.819–0.968) were reasonable for clinical measures; ICC values for standing AHI (0.674–0.789) did not reach values deemed reasonable for clinical use.Conclusions: Caliper and digital photogrammetry methods of AHI assessment are correlated in pregnant women; however, for standing AHI, the correlation is not sufficient for clinical use. Photogrammetry may still be appropriate for clinical use, as long as values from this method are not substituted directly for results obtained from calipers.
Effects of Lateral and Medial Wedged Insoles on Knee and Ankle Internal Joint Moments During Walking in Healthy Men
Authors: Fukuchi Claudiane A. , Lewinson Ryan T. , Worobets Jay T. , Stefanyshyn Darren J. 
Published: December 2016

Background: Wedged insoles have been used to treat knee pathologies and to prevent injuries. Although they have received much attention for the study of knee injury, the effects of wedges on ankle joint biomechanics are not well understood. This study sought to evaluate the immediate effects of lateral and medial wedges on knee and ankle internal joint loading and center of pressure (CoP) in men during walking.Methods: Twenty-one healthy men walked at 1.4 m/sec in five footwear conditions: neutral, 6° (LW6) and 9° (LW9) lateral wedges, and 6° (MW6) and 9° (MW9) medial wedges. Peak internal knee abduction moments and angular impulses, internal ankle inversion moments and angular impulses, and mediolateral CoP were analyzed. Analysis of variance with post hoc analysis and Pearson correlations were performed to detect differences between conditions.Results: No differences in internal knee joint loading were found between neutral and any of the wedge conditions. However, as the wedge angle increased from medial to lateral, the internal ankle inversion moment (LW6: P = .020; LW9: P &lt; .001; MW6: P = .046; MW9: P &lt; .001) and angular impulse (LW9: P = .012) increased, and the CoP shifted laterally (LW9: P &lt; .001) and medially (MW9: P &lt; .001) compared with the neutral condition.Conclusions: Neither lateral nor medial wedges were effective in altering internal knee joint loading during walking. However, the greater internal ankle inversion moment and angular impulse observed with lateral wedges could lead to a higher risk of ankle injury. Thus, caution should be taken when lateral wedges need to be prescribed.
Calcaneal Bone Mass Modification in Recreational Runners
Authors: Escamilla-Martínez Elena , Martínez-Nova Alfonso , Gómez-Martín Beatriz , Sánchez-Rodríguez Raquel , Fernández-Seguín Lourdes María , Pedrera-Zamorano Juan Diego 
Published: December 2016

Background: The calcaneus is the bone of the foot that first receives the impact of running, generating vibrations that might have a positive effect in modifying the trabecular bone mass. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in calcaneal bone density in runners during a 6-month training season, comparing it with a control sample.
Methods: Bone density of the heel was measured in 33 male recreational runners by means of a contact ultrasonic bone analyzer. Measurements were made on three occasions during a training season: at the beginning, at 350 km, and at 700 km. All of the runners wore the same model of running shoes during this period. Measurements of bone density were also made in a control sample of 62 men who did not engage in physical exercise.
Results: There was a significant decrease in mean calcaneal bone density over the course of the training season (from 86.1 dB/MHz to 83.2 dB/MHz; P = .006), but no significant differences with the control sample value (from 80.7 dB/MHz to 81.1 dB/MHz; P = .314). The runners' body composition changed during the study period, with lean mass increasing and fat mass decreasing.
Conclusions: Distance running seems to have a negative effect on calcaneal bone mass density during the course of a 700-km training season.
Influence of diatom microfossils on sediment shear strength and slope stability
Authors: Wiemer G. , Kopf A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDiatom microfossils have been detected in many natural marine sediment deposits around the globe and are held responsible for the disobedience to well‐established geotechnical relationships between index‐properties and shear strength. We revisit the static shear strength and present the first cyclic undrained shear strength experiments on diatom microfossil—clayey‐silt mixtures to study the role of diatoms on submarine slope stability. It is attested that the angle of internal friction (Φ) increases with diatom content, however, we provide evidence for a significant overestimation of Φ in previous studies. Based on direct shear tests at varying normal stresses ≤ 600 kPa we find Φ = 32° in contrast to 43° in pure diatom. Similarly, to static shear strength, cyclic shear strength increases with diatom content, however, in contrast to static shear strength the most drastic increase does not occur from 0% to 25% diatoms but from 75% to 100%. Interestingly, diatomaceous sediments tend to fail by liquefaction although well‐established relations between index properties and liquefaction susceptibility predict the opposite. Liquefaction failure is observed solely in samples containing ≥ 50% diatoms whereas samples with lower diatom content fail by cyclic softening. We conclude diatom microfossils in marine sediments significantly contribute to an increased slope stability under static and cyclic loading conditions since diatoms lead to higher resistance independently of the loading mode. The strength increase is interpreted as a result of particle interlocking and surface roughness, which is very efficient given the highly variable habitus of diatom species.
High‐sensitivity multifunctional spinner magnetometer using a magneto‐impedance sensor
Authors: Kodama Kazuto 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA novel spinner magnetometer was developed with a wide dynamic range from 10−10 to 10−4 Am2 and a resolution of 10−11 Am2. High sensitivity was achieved with the use of a magneto‐impedance (MI) sensor, which is a compact, sensitive magnetic sensor used industrially. Its slow‐spinning rate (5 Hz) and the incorporation of a unique mechanism for adjusting the spacing between the sensing unit and the spinning axis allows the measurement of fragile samples sized 10–50 mm. The sensor configuration, in which a pair of MI sensors is connected in opposite serial, along with an amplification circuit with a programmable low‐pass filter, reduces the problems of external noise and sensor drift. The signal, with reference to the spinning frequency, is detected with a lock‐in amplifier. The MI spinner has two selectable measurement modes: the fundamental mode (F mode) and the harmonic mode (H mode). Measurements in the F mode detect signals of the fundamental frequency (5 Hz), in the same way as conventional spinner magnetometers. In the H mode, the second (10 Hz) and the third (15 Hz) harmonic components are measured, in addition to the fundamental component. Tests in the H mode were performed using a small coil and a natural sample to simulate dipoles with various degrees of offset. The results revealed that the magnitude of the fundamental component of the offset dipole was systematically larger (by several percent) than that of the nonoffset dipole. These findings suggest that this novel MI spinner will be useful in estimating the inhomogeneity of the magnetization of a sample that can equivalently be described by an offset dipole.
Additive effects of acidification and mineralogy on calcium isotopes in Triassic/Jurassic boundary limestones
Authors: Jost Adam B. , Bachan Aviv , van de Schootbrugge Bas , Brown Shaun T. , DePaolo Donald J. , Payne Jonathan L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe end‐Triassic mass extinction coincided with a negative δ13C excursion, consistent with release of 13C‐depleted CO2 from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. However, the amount of carbon released and its effects on ocean chemistry are poorly constrained. The coupled nature of the carbon and calcium cycles allows calcium isotopes to be used for constraining carbon cycle dynamics and vice versa. We present a high‐resolution calcium isotope (δ44/40Ca) record from 100 m of marine limestone spanning the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in two stratigraphic sections from northern Italy. Immediately above the extinction horizon and the associated negative excursion in δ13C, δ44/40Ca decreases by ∼0.8‰ in 20 m of section and then recovers to preexcursion values. Coupled numerical models of the geological carbon and calcium cycles demonstrate that this δ44/40Ca excursion is too large to be explained by changes to seawater δ44/40Ca alone, regardless of CO2 injection volume and duration. Less than 20% of the δ44/40Ca excursion can be attributed to acidification. The remaining 80% likely reflects a higher proportion of aragonite in the original sediment, based largely on high concentrations of Sr in the samples. Our study demonstrates that coupled models of the carbon and calcium cycles have the potential to help distinguish contributions of primary seawater isotopic changes from local or diagenetic effects on the δ44/40Ca of carbonate sediments. Differentiating between these effects is critical for constraining the impact of ocean acidification during the end‐Triassic mass extinction, as well as for interpreting other environmental events in the geologic past.
Revisiting the connection between African Easterly Waves and Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis
Authors: Russell James O. , Aiyyer Anantha , White Joshua D. , Hannah Walter 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAfrican Easterly Waves (AEWs) are the primary precursor for Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs). We update the statistics on this relationship using reports from the U.S. National Hurricane Center. Sixty‐one percent of TCs originate directly from AEWs. Indirectly, AEWs are implicated in the formation of an additional 11% of TCs. AEW activity is quantified by eddy kinetic energy (EKE). The correlation between seasonal mean EKE and TC genesis is maximized in the lower troposphere below the southern AEW storm track, instead of where the canonical AEW is maximized. Therefore, midlevel AEW activity is a poor predictor of TC genesis, whereas its lower tropospheric circulation exerts stronger control. In most seasons, AEW activity is supercritical, and therefore, EKE is only a controlling factor in seasons when the low‐level EKE is weak. Predicting 1000–800 hPa EKE below the southern AEW track may be useful for seasonal TC prediction.
Simultaneous disappearances of plasmaspheric hiss, exohiss, and chorus waves triggered by a sudden decrease in solar wind dynamic pressure
Authors: Liu Nigang , Su Zhenpeng , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , Funsten H. O. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMagnetospheric whistler mode waves are of great importance in the radiation belt electron dynamics. Here on the basis of the analysis of a rare event with the simultaneous disappearances of whistler mode plasmaspheric hiss, exohiss, and chorus triggered by a sudden decrease in the solar wind dynamic pressure, we provide evidences for the following physical scenarios: (1) nonlinear generation of chorus controlled by the geomagnetic field inhomogeneity, (2) origination of plasmaspheric hiss from chorus, and (3) leakage of plasmaspheric hiss into exohiss. Following the reduction of the solar wind dynamic pressure, the dayside geomagnetic field configuration with the enhanced inhomogeneity became unfavorable for the generation of chorus, and the quenching of chorus directly caused the disappearances of plasmaspheric hiss and then exohiss.
Simulation of VLF chorus emissions in the magnetosphere and comparison with THEMIS spacecraft data
Authors: Demekhov A. G. , Taubenschuss U. , Santolík O. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe present results of numerical simulations of VLF chorus emissions based on the backward wave oscillator model and compare them with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft data from the equatorial chorus source region on the early morning side at a radial distance of 6 Earth radii. Specific attention is paid to the choice of simulation parameters based on experimental data. We show that with known parameters of the geomagnetic field, plasma density, and the initial wave frequency, one can successfully reproduce individual chorus elements in the simulation. In particular, the measured growth rate, wave amplitude, and frequency drift rate are in agreement with observed values. The characteristic interval between the elements has a mismatch of factor 2. The agreement becomes perfect if we assume that the inhomogeneity scale of the magnetic field along the field line is half of that obtained from the T96 model. Such an assumption can be justified since the T96 model does not fit well for the time of chorus observations, and there is a shear in the observed field which indicates the presence of local currents.
Importance of the Equatorial Undercurrent on the sea surface salinity in the eastern equatorial Atlantic in boreal spring
Authors: Da‐Allada C. Y. , Jouanno J. , Gaillard F. , Kolodziejczyk N. , Maes C. , Reul N. , Bourlès B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe physical processes implied in the sea surface salinity (SSS) increase in the equatorial Atlantic Cold Tongue (ACT) region during boreal spring and the lag observed between boreal spring SSS maximum and sea surface temperature (SST) summer minimum are examined using mixed‐layer salinity budgets computed from observations and model during the period 2010–2012. The boreal spring SSS maximum is mainly explained by an upward flux of high salinity originating from the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) through vertical mixing and advection. The vertical mixing contribution to the mixed‐layer salt budget peaks in April–May. It is controlled primarily by (i) an increased zonal shear between the surface South Equatorial Current and the subsurface EUC and (ii) the presence of a strong salinity stratification at the mixed‐layer base from December to May. This haline stratification that is due to both high precipitations below the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone and zonal advection of low‐salinity water from the Gulf of Guinea explains largely the seasonal cycle of the vertical advection contribution to the mixed‐layer salt budget. In the ACT region, the SST reaches its maximum in March/April and minimum in July/August. This SST minimum appears 1 month after the maximum of SSS. The 1 month lag observed between the maximum of SSS in June and the minimum of SST in July is explained by the shallowing of the EUC salinity core in June, then the weakening/erosion of the EUC in June–July which dramatically reduces the lateral subsurface supply of high‐saline waters.
The influence of ENSO on an oceanic eddy pair in the South China Sea
Authors: Chu Xiaoqing , Dong Changming , Qi Yiquan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn eddy pair off the Vietnam coast is one of the most important features of the summertime South China Sea circulation. Its variability is of interest due to its profound impact on regional climate, ecosystems, biological processes, and fisheries. This study examines the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a basin‐scale climatic mode, on the interannual variability of this regional eddy pair using satellite observational data and historical hydrographic measurements. Over the last three decades, the eddy pair strengthened in 1994 and 2002, and weakened in 2006, 2007, and 2008. It was absent in 1988, 1995, 1998, and 2010, coinciding with strong El Nino‐to‐La Nina transitions. Composite analyses showed that the strong transition events of ENSO led to radical changes in the summer monsoon, through the forcing of a unique sea surface temperature anomaly structure over the tropical Indo‐Pacific basin. With weaker zonal wind, a more northward wind direction, and the disappearance of a pair of positive and negative wind stress curls, the eastward current jet turns northward along the Vietnam coast and the eddy pair disappears.
Estimating snow water equivalent in a Sierra Nevada watershed via spaceborne radiance data assimilation
Authors: Li Dongyue , Durand Michael , Margulis Steven A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper demonstrates improved retrieval of snow water equivalent (SWE) from spaceborne passive microwave measurements for the sparsely forested Upper Kern watershed (511 km2) in the southern Sierra Nevada (USA). This is accomplished by assimilating AMSR‐E 36.5 GHz measurements into model predictions of SWE at 90 m spatial resolution using the Ensemble Batch Smoother (EnBS) data assimilation framework. For each water year (WY) from 2003 to 2008, SWE was estimated for the accumulation season (1 October to 1 April) with the assimilation of the measurements in the dry snow season (1 December to 28 February). The EnBS SWE estimation was validated against snow courses and snow pillows. On average, the EnBS accumulation season SWE RMSE was 77.4 mm (13.1%, relative to peak accumulation), despite deep snow (average peak SWE of 545 mm). The prior model estimate without assimilation had an accumulation season average RMSE of 119.7 mm. After assimilation, the overall bias of the accumulation season SWE estimates was reduced by 84.2%, and the RMSE reduced by 35.4%. The assimilation also reduced the bias and the RMSE of the 1 April SWE estimates by 80.9% and 45.4%, respectively. The EnBS is expected to work well above tree line and for dry snow.
Single discharge events increase reactive efficiency of the hyporheic zone
Authors: Trauth Nico , Fleckenstein Jan H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the impact of single stream discharge events on water exchange, solute transport, and reactions in the hyporheic zone below a natural in‐stream gravel bar. We set up a reactive transport groundwater model with streamflow scenarios that vary by event duration and peak discharge. A steady ambient groundwater flow field is assumed that results in losing, neutral, or gaining stream conditions depending on the stream stage. Across the streambed dissolved oxygen, organic carbon, and nitrate are transported into the subsurface. Additional nitrate is received from upwelling groundwater. Aerobic respiration and denitrification are simulated for scenarios with different stream solute concentrations. Results show that hyporheic exchange flux, solute transport, and consumption increase during events. However, their intensities depend highly on the interplay between event characteristics and ambient groundwater conditions. During events where reversals in the hydraulic gradient occur stream water and solutes infiltrate deeper into the aquifer where they have more time to react. For those events, the reactive efficiency of the hyporheic zone (solute consumption as fraction of influx) for aerobic respiration and denitrification is up to 2.7 and 10 times higher compared to base flow conditions. The fraction of stream nitrate load consumed in the hyporheic zone increases with stream discharge (up to 150 mg/m2/h), but remains below the value under base flow conditions for weak events. Events also increase denitrification of groundwater borne nitrate, but groundwater nitrate flux to the stream decreases by up to 33% due to temporary gradient reversals.