bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detailed spatio‐temporal sediment supply reconstruction using tree roots data
Authors: Šilhán Karel , Galia Tomáš , Škarpich Václav 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFloods are an important geomorphic agent that accelerate sediment supply from bank failures. The quantitative proportions supplied by lateral inputs and the transport conditions of the channel can create local or extended accumulation zones within the channel reaches. These accumulation zones play an important role in the geomorphic regime of the stream. Knowledge of long‐term history of sediment supply is necessary to determine how these input and deposition forms developed. This study introduces a new approach for the quantification of past sediment supply via lateral erosion (incised banks and individual bank failures), using a case study of the confluence of three partial tributaries in the accumulation zone in the Outer Western Carpathians. For each tributary, as well as the channel reach downstream of the confluence zone, we calculated the mean of the largest bed particles and the unit stream power as indicators of transport capacity. We found that two of the tributaries supply significant amounts of sediment to the accumulation zone because of their higher unit stream power related to their higher transport potential, and observed coarser bed sediment. Seventy‐three bank failures with a total volume 395.5 m3 were mapped, and the sediment supply volume was dated using dendrogeomorphic analysis of 114 scarred tree roots (246 samples). The total volume of the dated sediment supply in the individual tributaries was 193.9 m3, whereas the volume of erosion in the accumulation zone was only 4.9 m3 for a period of approximately 30 years. The period represented by the dated tree roots included 12 years in which erosion events occurred and impacted the total sediment budget in the study area. Although sediment supply was greater than erosion in the accumulation zone, there are no present‐day signs of accretion. The rupture of a dam in an old pond (which is situated approximately 50 m below the accumulation zone) probably increased the transport conditions in the accumulation zone so that it balanced the high sediment supply from individual tributaries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling infiltration enhancement in a tropical urban catchment for improved stormwater management
Authors: Chui Ting Fong May , Trinh Dieu Huong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo mitigate the impacts of impervious surfaces in urban areas, structures such as bioretention systems and permeable pavements have been installed to enhance infiltration in many countries. However, relatively little knowledge is available regarding the performance of such infiltration‐based structures in humid tropical and highly urbanized areas. This study investigates the feasibility of enhancing the infiltration of stormwater in tropical urbanized areas using Singapore as a case study. It first shows that the rainfall depth and intensity are both high, but the time interval between consecutive rainfall event is long in Singapore. It then numerically simulates single‐event local infiltration and finds that the fraction of infiltrated rainfall is actually high. It finally performs catchment‐scale simulations and finds that bioretention systems can enhance infiltration and groundwater recharge particularly during wet periods. However, local mounding of groundwater can be significant and can hinder the performance of those structures. Furthermore, with 5% of catchment area being converted to such structures, the infiltration of the entire catchment is enhanced but still not yet up to the natural level. To increase the overall effectiveness, future studies can look into bioretention systems with underdrain systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of desalination time of saemangeum reservoir
Authors: Oh ChanSung , Cho JaePil , Choi JungHoon , Cho YoungKweon 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Saemangeum Reservoir is located on the western coast of the Republic of Korea and is embanked by a 33.9 km sea dike. The Saemangeum River Basin consists of the Mankyeong and Dongjin river basins, which have an immediate influence on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Saemangeum Reservoir. The objectives of this study are to simulate a series of temporal and spatial distributions of water temperature and salinity to estimate the required time for desalination of the Saemangeum Reservoir and to suggest possible timing for the first agricultural water supply. To achieve this objective, a hydrodynamic numerical model is calibrated and five conditions are considered for estimating the required desalination period. The simulated period for desalination is 2.0 ‐ 2.5 years considering the conditions of percolated seawater and leached salt from the reclaimed areas, while the period of desalination is expected to take more than five years considering the conditions of salt elution from the benthic layer. Under the conditions that rural water can mostly be supplied from the surface layer of the Saemangeum Reservoir, it is expected to supply water for agricultural use in three years after the desalination of the surface layer of the reservoir. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the Biophysical Impact and Financial Viability of Soil Management Technologies Under Variable Climate in Cabo Verde Drylands: The PESERA‐DESMICE Approach
Authors: Baptista Isaurinda , Irvine Brian , Fleskens Luuk , Geissen Violette , Ritsema Coen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractField trials have demonstrated the potential of soil conservation technologies but have also shown significant spatial–temporal yield variability. This study considers the Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment – Desertification Mitigation Cost‐Effectiveness modelling approach to capture a greater range of climatic conditions to assess the potential effect of an improved agricultural management practice emerged from field trials as a promising strategy for enhancing food security and reducing soil and land degradation. The model considers the biophysical and socio‐economic benefits of the improved soil conservation technique (T3) – residue mulch combined with pigeon pea hedges and an organic amendment, against a local baseline practice (T0). The historic rainfall statistics and 50‐year rainfall realizations provide a unique time series of rainfall and an envelope of the potential crop yield. Envelopes of potential biomass production help express the agricultural risk associated with climate variability and the potential of the conservation measures to absorb the risk, highlighting the uncertainty of a given crop yield being achieved in any particular year. T3 elevates yield under both sub‐humid and semi‐arid climates with greater security for sub‐humid areas even though risk of crop failure still exists. The technology offered good potential to increase yields by 20% in 42% of the dryland area in Santiago Island and reduce erosion by 8·6 Mg ha−1, but in terms of cost‐effectiveness, it might be prohibitively expensive for farmers lacking inputs. The findings can enable the assessment of policy options at larger scale or influence adoption of improved conservation measures under the climatic variability of the Cabo Verde drylands and resilience to future climate change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixing effects on light exposure in a large‐lake epilimnion: A preliminary dual‐dye study
Authors: Minor Elizabeth C. , Austin Jay A. , Sun Luni , Gauer Lance , Zimmerman Richard C. , Mopper Kenneth 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLight plays a critically important role in driving photo‐ and biogeochemistry of aquatic systems, and our ability to measure and model submarine light fields is fairly sophisticated. However, previous approaches have relied almost entirely upon Eulerian rather than Lagrangian measurements. Such approaches can provide good estimates of the instantaneous light field but do not necessarily reflect the doses of light experienced by particles and chemical species passively transported by physical processes within a lake or ocean surface‐layer. Here, a novel dual‐dye approach, used as a Lagrangian light dosimeter, was applied in Lake Superior's surface mixed layer to determine the importance of mixing in affecting the light dose experienced by particles passively mixed within is this layer. Two fluorescent dyes were deployed in the water column in a known ratio; one of the dyes (fluorescein) was sensitive to light exposure and one (rhodamine WT) was relatively photostable. The photochemistry of the dyes (i.e., the quantum yield of fluorescence bleaching at different wavelengths) and the role of matrix effects on dye response in a natural water system were explored with laboratory experiments. Decay equations for fluorescein and rhodamine WT fluorescence were determined from controlled irradiations of dye solutions with natural sunlight. The mixed‐layer light dose (from 460 nm to 510 nm) was then traced for two dye deployments in Lake Superior. The results show the importance of vertical mixing on the light dose within Lake Superior's surface layer on time scales of hours.
Polydopamine‐Mediated Immobilization of Alginate Lyase to Prevent P. aeruginosa Adhesion
Authors: Alves Diana , Sileika Tadas , Messersmith Phillip B. , Pereira Maria Olívia 
Published: May 2016

Given alginate's contribution to Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence, it has long been considered a promising target for interventional therapies, which have been performed by using the enzyme alginate lyase. In this work, instead of treating pre‐established mucoid biofilms, alginate lyase is immobilized onto a surface as a preventive measure against P. aeruginosa adhesion. A polydopamine dip‐coating strategy is employed for functionalization of polycarbonate surfaces. Enzyme immobilization is confirmed by surface characterization. Surfaces functionalized with alginate lyase exhibit anti‐adhesive properties, inhibiting the attachment of the mucoid strain. Moreover, surfaces modified with this enzyme also inhibit the adhesion of the tested non‐mucoid strain. Unexpectedly, treatment with heat‐inactivated enzyme also inhibits the attachment of mucoid and non‐mucoid P. aeruginosa strains. These findings suggest that the antibacterial performance of alginate lyase functional coatings is catalysis‐independent, highlighting the importance of further studies to better understand its mechanism of action against P. aeruginosa strains.
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Non‐monotonic molecular weight dependence of crystallization rates of linear and cyclic poly(epsilon‐caprolactone)s in a wide temperature range
Authors: Li Zhaolei , Wang Jing , Pérez‐Camargo Ricardo A , Müller Alejandro J , Zhang Boyu , Grayson Scott M , Hu Wenbing 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBy using a commercial fast‐scan chip‐calorimeter, the effect of molecular weight on the isothermal crystallization rates of linear and cyclic poly(epsilon‐caprolactone) samples (L‐PCLs and C‐PCLs) is investigated. The results confirm the non‐monotonic molecular weight dependence of the crystallization rates of both L‐PCLs and C‐PCLs over a wide temperature range, previously observed only in the high temperature range, in which the medium molecular weight PCLs exhibit the highest crystallization rate. Chain‐end effects of L‐PCL with medium molecular weights induce faster crystallization rates in specific low temperature regions, in comparison to that for counterpart C‐PCL. This phenomenon no longer exists in high molecular weight samples because of ‘diluted’ chain‐end effects in long chain samples. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
NF‐κB and androgen receptor variant 7 induce expression of SRD5A isoforms and confer 5ARI resistance
Authors: Austin David C. , Strand Douglas W. , Love Harold L. , Franco Omar E. , Grabowska Magdalena M. , Miller Nicole L. , Hameed Omar , Clark Peter E. , Matusik Robert J. , Jin Ren J. , Hayward Simon W. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is treated with 5α‐reductase inhibitors (5ARI). These drugs inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone resulting in apoptosis and prostate shrinkage. Most patients initially respond to 5ARIs; however, failure is common especially in inflamed prostates, and often results in surgery. This communication examines a link between activation of NF‐κB and increased expression of SRD5A2 as a potential mechanism by which patients fail 5ARI therapy.METHODSTissue was collected from “Surgical” patients, treated specifically for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to advanced BPH; and, cancer free transition zone from “Incidental” patients treated for low grade, localized peripheral zone prostate cancer. Clinical, molecular and histopathological profiles were analyzed. Human prostatic stromal and epithelial cell lines were genetically modified to regulate NF‐κB activity, androgen receptor (AR) full length (AR‐FL), and AR variant 7 (AR‐V7) expression.RESULTSSRD5A2 is upregulated in advanced BPH. SRD5A2 was significantly associated with prostate volume determined by Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS), and with more severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) determined by American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUASS). Synthesis of androgens was seen in cells in which NF‐κB was activated. AR‐FL and AR‐V7 expression increased SRD5A2 expression while forced activation of NF‐κB increased all three SRD5A isoforms. Knockdown of SRD5A2 in the epithelial cells resulted in significant reduction in proliferation, AR target gene expression, and response to testosterone (T). In tissue recombinants, canonical NF‐κB activation in prostatic epithelium elevated all three SRD5A isoforms and resulted in in vivo growth under castrated conditions.CONCLUSIONIncreased BPH severity in patients correlates with SRD5A2 expression. We demonstrate that NF‐κB and AR‐V7 upregulate SRD5A expression providing a mechanism to explain failure of 5ARI therapy in BPH patients. Prostate 76:1004–1018, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
External validation of a PCA‐3‐based nomogram for predicting prostate cancer and high‐grade cancer on initial prostate biopsy
Authors: Greene Daniel J. , Elshafei Ahmed , Nyame Yaw A. , Kara Onder , Malkoc Ercan , Gao Tianming , Jones J. Stephen 
Published: May 2016

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study was to externally validate a previously developed PCA3‐based nomogram for the prediction of prostate cancer (PCa) and high‐grade (intermediate and/or high‐grade) prostate cancer (HGPCa) at the time of initial prostate biopsy.METHODSA retrospective review was performed on a cohort of 336 men from a large urban academic medical center. All men had serum PSA <20 ng/ml and underwent initial transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy with at least 10 cores sampling for suspicious exam and/or elevated PSA. Covariates were collected for the nomogram and included age, ethnicity, family history (FH) of PCa, PSA at diagnosis, PCA3, total prostate volume (TPV), and abnormal finding on digital rectal exam (DRE). These variables were used to test the accuracy (concordance index) and calibration of a previously published PCA3 nomogram.RESULTSBiopsy confirms PCa and HGPCa in 51.0% and 30.4% of validation patients, respectively. This differed from the original cohort in that it had significantly more PCa and HGPCA (51% vs. 44%, P = 0.019; and 30.4% vs. 19.1%, P < 0.001). Despite the differences in PCa detection the concordance index was 75% and 77% for overall PCa and HGPCa, respectively. Calibration for overall PCa was good.CONCLUSIONSThis represents the first external validation of a PCA3‐based prostate cancer predictive nomogram in a North American population. Prostate 76:1019–1023, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phyllotaxis: from patterns of organogenesis at the meristem to shoot architecture
Authors: Galvan‐Ampudia Carlos S. , Chaumeret Anaïs M. , Godin Christophe , Vernoux Teva 
Published: May 2016

The primary architecture of the aerial part of plants is controlled by the shoot apical meristem, a specialized tissue containing a stem cell niche. The iterative generation of new aerial organs, (leaves, lateral inflorescences, and flowers) at the meristem follows regular patterns, called phyllotaxis. Phyllotaxis has long been proposed to self‐organize from the combined action of growth and of inhibitory fields blocking organogenesis in the vicinity of existing organs in the meristem. In this review, we will highlight how a combination of mathematical/computational modeling and experimental biology has demonstrated that the spatiotemporal distribution of the plant hormone auxin controls both organogenesis and the establishment of inhibitory fields. We will discuss recent advances showing that auxin likely acts through a combination of biochemical and mechanical regulatory mechanisms that control not only the pattern of organogenesis in the meristem but also postmeristematic growth, to shape the shoot. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:460–473. doi: 10.1002/wdev.231This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Repeating Patterns and Lateral Inhibition
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Quantitative Methods and Models
Plant Development > Inflorescence, Flower, and Fruit Development
Sonographic Visualization of Thenar Motor Branch of the Median Nerve: A Cadaveric Validation Study
Authors: Smith Jay , Barnes Darryl E. , Barnes Kailee J. , Strakowski Jeffrey A. , Lachman Nirusha , Kakar Sanjeev , Martinoli Carlo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe thenar motor branch (TMB) of the median nerve may be affected in carpal tunnel syndrome and can be injured during carpal tunnel surgery. Although ultrasound has been used to identify small nerves throughout the body, the sonographic evaluation of the TMB has not been investigated formally.ObjectiveTo document the ability of ultrasound to visualize the TMB of the median nerve in an unembalmed cadaveric model.DesignProspective laboratory investigation.SettingProcedural skills laboratory at a tertiary medical center.MethodsOn the basis of anatomical descriptions, dissection and clinical experience, a technique was developed to sonographically identify the presumed TMB of the median nerve at the distal carpal tunnel. A single, experienced examiner then identified the presumed TMB in 10 unembalmed, cadaveric upper limb specimens (4 right, 6 left) obtained from 9 donors (4 male, 5 female) ages 76‐85 years with body mass indices of 18.2‐29.5 kg/m2 with both 12‐3 MHZ and 16‐7 MHz linear array transducers. The same examiner then injected 0.2‐0.3 mL of diluted colored latex into and around the presumed TMB using direct ultrasound guidance. At a minimum of 24 hours postinjection, specimens were dissected under loupe magnification to determine the location of the latex injectate.Main Outcome MeasureThe location of latex injectate relative to the anatomically identified TMB.ResultsA vertical, linear, hypoechogenic region was sonographically identified arising from the median nerve at the distal carpal tunnel in all 10 specimens and was hypothesized to represent the vertical segment of the TMB. Both transducers allowed identification of the TMB, although localization was subjectively facilitated by the higher frequency transducer. All 10 sonographically guided injections placed latex into and around the TMB of the median nerve, confirming that ultrasound had accurately identified the TMB.ConclusionsSonographic evaluation of the TMB of the median nerve is technically feasible and should be considered when clinically indicated. Further research and clinical experience is necessary to define the role of sonographic TMB imaging in the evaluation and management of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.Level of EvidenceIV
β-Arrestin1 inhibits chemotherapy-induced intestinal stem cell apoptosis and mucositis
Authors: Zhan Y , Xu C , Liu Z , Yang Y , Tan S , Yang Y , Jiang J , Liu H , Chen J , Wu B 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe mechanism of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome (CIGIS) is still controversial, and it is unclear whether chemotherapy induces intestinal stem cell (ISC) apoptosis. β-Arrestins are regulators and mediators of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in cell apoptosis, division and growth. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether chemotherapy induces ISC apoptosis to contribute to mucositis in CIGIS and whether β-arrestin1 (β-arr1) is involved in this apoptosis. Different chemotherapeutic agents were used to generate a CIGIS model. Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2+/− knock-in mice were used as a CIGIS model to investigate ISC apoptosis. β-arr1 knockout mice were used to determine whether β-arr1 is involved in the apoptosis in CIGIS. Intestinal histology was performed, the ISC apoptosis was analyzed and the mucosal barrier was examined. The effects of β-arr1 in apoptosis were investigated in the samples from humans and mice as well as in cell lines. Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapy induced intestinal mucositis by promoting crypt cell apoptosis, especially in Lgr5+ stem cells and Paneth cells but not in goblet cells, epithelial cells or vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, β-arr1 deficiency exacerbated the Lgr5+ stem cell apoptosis, but not Paneth cell apoptosis, in CIGIS. In addition, the data showed that β-arr1 reduced the chemotherapy-induced Lgr5+ stem cell apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. Our study indicates that β-arr1 inhibits chemotherapy-induced ISC apoptosis to alleviate intestinal mucositis in CIGIS.
Myt3 suppression sensitizes islet cells to high glucose-induced cell death via Bim induction
Authors: Tennant B R , Vanderkruk B , Dhillon J , Dai D , Verchere C B , Hoffman B G 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDiabetes is a chronic disease that results from the body’s inability to properly control circulating blood glucose levels. The loss of glucose homoeostasis can arise from a loss of β-cell mass because of immune-cell-mediated attack, as in type 1 diabetes, and/or from dysfunction of individual β-cells (in conjunction with target organ insulin resistance), as in type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of the transcriptional pathways regulating islet-cell survival is of great importance for the development of therapeutic strategies that target β-cells for diabetes. To this end, we previously identified the transcription factor Myt3 as a pro-survival factor in islets following acute suppression of Myt3 in vitro. To determine the effects of Myt3 suppression on islet-cell survival in vivo, we used an adenovirus to express an shRNA targeting Myt3 in syngeneic optimal and marginal mass islet transplants, and demonstrate that suppression of Myt3 impairs the function of marginal mass grafts. Analysis of grafts 5 weeks post-transplant revealed that grafts transduced with the shMyt3 adenovirus contained ~20% the number of transduced cells as grafts transduced with a control adenovirus. In fact, increased apoptosis and significant cell loss in the shMyt3-transduced grafts was evident after only 5 days, suggesting that Myt3 suppression sensitizes islet cells to stresses present in the early post-transplant period. Specifically, we find that Myt3 suppression sensitizes islet cells to high glucose-induced cell death via upregulation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member Bim. Taken together these data suggest that Myt3 may be an important link between glucotoxic and immune signalling pathways.