bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connected subglacial lake drainage beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Smith Benjamin E. , Gourmelen Noel , Huth Alexander , Joughin Ian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We present conventional and swath altimetry data from CryoSat-2, revealing a system of subglacial lakes that drained between June 2013 and January 2014 under the central part of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica (TWG). Much of the drainage happened in less than 6 months, with an apparent connection between three lakes spanning more than 130 km. Hydro-potential analysis of the glacier bed shows a large number of small closed basins that should trap water produced by subglacial melt, although the observed large-scale motion of water suggests that water can sometimes locally move against the apparent potential gradient, at least during lake-drainage events. This shows that there are important limitations in the ability of hydro-potential maps to predict subglacial water flow. An interpretation based on a map of the melt rate suggests that lake drainages of this type should take place every 20–80 years, depending on the connectivity of the water flow at the bed. Although we observed an acceleration in the downstream part of TWG immediately before the start of the lake drainage, there is no clear connection between the drainage and any speed change of the glacier.
Non-Isochronous Musical Meters: Towards a Multidimensional Model
Authors: Johansson Mats 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article examines different concepts and models of musical meter in light of a case that illustrates some of the challenges of developing a general theory. More precisely, in the musical example analyzed—a Swedish Polska tune—there seemingly are no isochronous metric levels (measure, beat, subdivision). Given this observation, the aim is to consider the explanatory potential of different models of metrical coherence as well as to suggest some new avenues of enquiry. The article concludes by offering an alternative framework for understanding how temporal relationships can be controlled and form coherent patterns despite vast irregularities.
From Agricultural Tool to Identity Symbol: Musical and Socio-Political Change in the Pestle-and-Mortar Music of the Natuna Archipelago, Indonesia
Authors: Kartomi Margaret 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
For centuries the Islanders in remote Bunguran played pestle-and-mortar music with cosmological associations to lighten the chore of stamping husks off rice grain. Different villages developed their own musical syntax, terminology, and repertoire to play at domestic celebrations. Discovery of natural gas in the 1960s led to weakened communal life, while the subsequent stamping of corn and seeds instead of rice required less group energy for music-making and new secular associations. In 2004 Natuna Regency chose the pestle-and-mortar music as a Malay identity emblem which will help it survive, with domestic participatory performances continuing alongside presentational performances for government, corporate and tourist audiences.
Francis La Flesche and Ethnography: Writing, Power, Critique
Authors: Graber Katie 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Francis La Flesche, an early ethnographer who grew up in the Omaha tribe, has much to teach us about representing peoples and ways of life. By examining writings by and about La Flesche during his lifetime, we can see that he engaged and challenged power structures on many levels and in many contexts. La Flesche worked as an informant and interpreter, and wrote autobiographical, fictional, and ethnographic works. In his writings, both the content and structure tended to disrupt emic and etic perspectives and address the complexities of representing subjectivity and culture.
Undergraduate nursing students' knowledge and attitude regarding pain management of children in Upper Egypt
Authors: Gadallah Marzoka Abd El-Aziz , Hassan Atyat Mohammed Hassan , Shargawy Soad Abd El-Hamied 
Published: February 2017

Pain assessment and management require nurses to be equipped with adequate knowledge and proper attitudes. This research aimed to assess undergraduate nursing students' knowledge and attitude regarding pain management in children. Descriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized. This work was implemented at Faculty of Nursing in Assiut University. The study subjects consisted of convenient sample of undergraduate nursing students at third and fourth year during the academic year 2015-2016. One tool was used for this study consisted of two parts: part I: Demographic questionnaire, and part II: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (PNKAS). Fifty-six percent of undergraduate nursing students had unsatisfactory score regarding PNKAS. The highest percentage 76.2% of participating students had less than 50% of total score of knowledge and attitude regarding pain especially to pharmacological information. The study concluded that nursing students had poor knowledge and attitude regarding pain management by using PNKAS especially in the part of pain assessment and pharmacological pain management. The more contact with pediatric patients the higher the knowledge and positive attitudes among undergraduate nursing students. The study recommended that the pediatric staff should review the curriculum to enrich more about assessment and management of pain.
Estereotipos del profesorado en torno al género y a la orientación sexual
Authors: Díaz de Greñu Domingo Sofía , Anguita Martínez Rocío 
Published: February 2017

<p>En el ámbito educativo continúan detectándose numerosas muestras de sexismo y homofobia. Es fundamental descubrir y erradicar los prejuicios que el profesorado continúa transmitiendo, especialmente, a través del currículum oculto. Para completar los trabajos realizados en los años 80 y 90 y ofrecer un análisis de la realidad en la segunda década del siglo XXI se interpretan, desde una perspectiva cualitativa y crítica, los datos recopilados en un registro anecdótico y diario de observaciones durante cuatro cursos en centros de secundaria de diferentes características en Castilla y León. Los resultados revelan que los estereotipos permanecen aún arraigados pese a los esfuerzos por mostrar un clima de igualdad. La investigación en esta línea debe continuar si buscamos un sistema educativo de calidad que responda a las demandas sociales.</p>
Comprendiendo los factores que afectan la transferencia de la formación permanente del profesorado. Propuestas de mejora
Authors: Tomàs-Folch Marina , Duran-Bellonch Mar 
Published: February 2017

<p>En este artículo se aborda la transferencia de la formación docente en la universidad.</p><p> </p><p>Se presentan en este artículo los resultados de indagar cualitativamente en la comprensión de los factores del modelo Holton, Bates y Ruona (2000) y de solicitar, a personas expertas, propuestas para incrementar la trasferencia.</p><p>Se llevan a cabo 3 entrevistas grupales (focus group) en las 3 universidades participantes en el estudio sobre la determinación de los factores para evaluar la transferencia en la universidad. En los grupos, compuestos por 21 personas con responsabilidades en la formación docente universitaria, se ahondó en los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos sobre los factores que afectan a la transferencia del aprendizaje. </p><p>Se confirma la relevancia de los factores identificados en el cuestionario: diseño de la formación y aprendizaje realizado; apoyo del responsable docente; predisposición al cambio; recursos del entorno; feedback del estudiante; reconocimiento institucional; cultura docente del equipo de trabajo y organización personal del trabajo.<strong> </strong>Además, expertos y expertas aportan propuestas para incrementar la transferencia, confirmando y ampliando el significado de los factores que la facilitan o dificultan, relacionadas con lo personal, lo relativo al programa formativo y lo organizativo o cultural.<strong></strong></p>
Compartiendo la mirada: una experiencia en práctica reflexiva para formación permanente
Authors: Lupión Cobos Teresa , Gallego García María Del Mar 
Published: February 2017

<p class="yiv2144592101msonormal">La formación continua de los formadores es necesaria para la mejora escolar. Con el objetivo de perfeccionar sus procedimientos, el equipo asesor del Centro del Profesorado de Málaga desarrolló una formación en torno a la práctica reflexiva, trabajando directamente con el profesorado en la planificación, seguimiento y evaluación de diversas acciones formativas, recogiendo este trabajo una descripción detallada del proceso y un análisis de los resultados en torno a dos aspectos: para nuestro profesorado, de cara a futuras actuaciones y respecto al propio Equipo Asesor.</p><p class="yiv2144592101msonormal">Del estudio realizado valoramos que, a pesar de algunas de las dificultades reflejadas en este artículo, se ha tratado de una experiencia sumamente enriquecedora tanto para asesorías como para profesorado participante. Asimismo, consideramos que la práctica reflexiva es una metodología que precisa de una formación en profundidad para poder aplicarse con verdadera eficacia.</p>
Un traducteur médical au XIXe siècle : Gustave Borginon et l’antisepsie
Authors: Olivier-Bonfils Delphine 
Published: February 2017

Certains auteurs ont affirmé que le traducteur du XIXe siècle portait entièrement le projet de traduction, du choix de l’auteur et de son texte à celui de l’éditeur. Dans certains cas, son intervention a donné lieu à des protestations de la part des auteurs eux-mêmes, Darwin, reniant les traductions de sa théorie sur l’évolution par Clémence Royer par exemple. On peut faire cependant l’hypothèse que, dans un domaine pratique comme celui de la chirurgie où l’on transmet plutôt des techniques à appliquer que des théories bouleversant la vision du monde, le texte traduit se présente essentiellement comme un transfert de données factuelles du texte source dans la langue cible. L’analyse détaillée de la traduction (1882) par Gustave Borginon des écrits de Joseph Lister exposant le principe de l’antisepsie met en évidence une attitude plus nuancée, soit une fidélité que l’on pourrait qualifier de « fonctionnelle », parce qu’elle préserve tous les détails pratiques de la méthode antiseptique. Cependant, les références à la filiation existant entre le principe antiseptique et la théorie des germes de Pasteur sont fortement atténuées. De la même manière, les certitudes affichées par Lister sont clairement modérées. Un certain nombre d’indices incitent cependant à penser que l’auteur n’était pas étranger à des modifications qui semblent destinées à favoriser l’acceptation, par des chirurgiens français encore réticents, d’une pratique innovante et salvatrice.
La traduction des connaissances scientifiques en arabe : état des lieux, défis et perspectives
Authors: Odeh Akram 
Published: February 2017

Comme ce fut le cas dans le passé, la traduction est, pour le monde arabe, la voie royale pour accéder aux connaissances modernes. Aussi l’état de la traduction de et vers l’arabe est-il d’actualité depuis deux décennies. Cette contribution confronte diachroniquement les différents états des lieux de ce transfert. Elle cherche à mettre au jour les obstacles qui entravent son épanouissement tout en plaçant sa problématique dans un contexte socioéconomique et politique. L’héritage culturel arabe de jadis étant inadéquat pour le XXIe siècle, cette étude souligne l’importance /de s’inspirer des expériences réussies des autres nations modernes pour traduire les savoirs actuels.
Desenvolvimento de Competências Gerenciais de Gestores Públicos em Instituições Federais de Educaçã
Authors: Brito-de-Jesus Kelly Cristina , Dos-Santos Marcos Gilberto , Souza-Silva Jader Cristino De , Rivera-Castro Miguel Angel 
Published: February 2017

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="JUSTIFY">A defesa de gestores públicos competentes para gerenciar tornou-se uma questão emergente no processo de transformações que a agenda reformista propunha. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como gestores públicos de Instituições Federais de Educação – IFEs desenvolvem as competências gerenciais. Adotou-se, nesta investigação, uma metodologia quantitativa, com a participação de 110 gestores públicos de IFEs. Dessa forma, para atender à estrutura da metodologia quantitativa, foram construídas duas escalas – escala de modalidades da aprendizagem organizacional e escala de competências gerenciais. As escalas foram validadas a partir de análise fatorial exploratória. Para identificar a relação entre as variáveis, foi realizada análise de regressão múltipla. Os resultados sinalizam que as competências gerenciais cognitivas funcionais são explicadas pelas modalidades leitura de textos/banco de dados e mentoria e as competências gerenciais comportamentais políticas são mais influenciadas pelas modalidades leitura de textos/banco de dados e comunidades de prática. Os resultados apontam também que os gestores públicos desenvolvem as competências utilizando modalidades da aprendizagem que se aproximam de pressupostos mais cognitivistas e, em menor relevância, por meio de processos participativos e baseados na prática. </p>
The United States “warming hole”: Quantifying the forced aerosol response given large internal variability
Authors: Banerjee A. , Polvani L. M. , Fyfe J. C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTwenty‐five years of large summer cooling over the southeastern United States ending in the mid‐1970s coincided with rapidly increasing anthropogenic aerosol emissions. Here we assess the claim that the cooling in that period was predominantly due to such aerosols. We utilize two 50‐member sets of coupled climate model simulations, one with only anthropogenic aerosol forcings and another with all known natural and anthropogenic forcings, together with a long control integration. We show that, in the absence of aerosol forcing, none of the model simulations capture the observed surface cooling rate (∼0.56°C decade−1), whereas with increasing aerosol emissions 2 (of 50) of the simulations do. More importantly, however, we find that the cooling from aerosols (0.20°C decade−1) is insufficient to explain the observation. Our results therefore suggest that, while aerosols may have played a role, the observed cooling was a rare event that contained a large contribution from unforced internal variability.
Influence of grain size heterogeneity on strength and microcracking behavior of crystalline rocks
Authors: Peng Jun , Wong Louis Ngai Yuen , Teh Cee Ing 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study numerically investigates the influence of material heterogeneity on the strength and deformation behavior and the associated microcracking process of a felsic crystalline rock using a grain‐based modeling approach in two‐dimensional Particle Flow Code. By using a heterogeneity index defined in this study, the heterogeneity induced by variation of grain size distribution can be explicitly incorporated into the numerical specimen models quantitatively. Under compressive loading, the peak strength and the elastic modulus are found to increase as the numerical model gradually changes from heterogeneous to homogeneous, i.e., a decrease of heterogeneity index. Meanwhile, the number of grain boundary tensile cracks gradually decreases and the number of intragrain cracks increases at the moment of failure. However, the total number of generated microcracks seems not to be significantly influenced by heterogeneity. The orientation of grain boundary microcracks is mainly controlled by the geometry of assembled grain structure of the numerical specimen model, while the orientation of intragrain microcracks is to a large degree influenced by the confinement. In addition, the development of intragrain cracks (both tensile and shear) is much more favored in quartz than in other minerals. Under direct tensile loading, heterogeneity is found to have no significant influence on the simulated stress‐strain responses and rock strength. Only grain boundary tensile cracks are generated when the numerical models are loaded in direct tension, and the position of generated macroscopic fracture developed upon failure of the specimen is largely affected by heterogeneity.
Iron partitioning between ferropericlase and bridgmanite in the Earth's lower mantle
Authors: Xu Shenzhen , Lin Jung‐Fu , Morgan Dane 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEarth's lower mantle is generally believed to be seismically and chemically homogeneous because most of the key seismic parameters can be explained using a simplified mineralogical model at expected pressure‐temperature conditions. However, recent high‐resolution tomographic images have revealed seismic and chemical stratification in the middle‐to‐lower parts of the lower mantle. Thus far, the mechanism for the compositional stratification and seismic inhomogeneity, especially their relationship with the speciation of iron in the lower mantle, remains poorly understood. We have built a complete and integrated thermodynamic model of iron and aluminum chemistry for lower mantle conditions and from this model has emerged a stratified picture of the valence, spin, and composition profile in the lower mantle. Within this picture the lower mantle has an upper region with Fe3+‐enriched bridgmanite with high‐spin ferropericlase and metallic Fe and a lower region with low‐spin, iron‐enriched ferropericlase coexisting with iron‐depleted bridgmanite and almost no metallic Fe. The transition between the regions occurs at a depth of around 1600 km and is driven by the spin transition in ferropericlase, which significantly changes the iron partitioning and speciation to one that favors Fe2+ in ferropericlase and suppresses Fe3+ and metallic iron formation. These changes lead to lowered bulk sound velocity by 3–4% around the middle‐lower mantle and enhanced density by ~1% toward the lowermost mantle. The predicted chemically and seismically stratified lower mantle differs dramatically from the traditional homogeneous model.
Ultramylonite generation via phase mixing in high‐strain experiments
Authors: Cross A. J. , Skemer P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDynamic recrystallization and phase mixing are considered to be important processes in ductile shear zone formation, as they collectively enable a permanent transition to the strain‐weakening, grain‐size sensitive deformation regime. While dynamic recrystallization is well understood, the underlying physical processes and timescales required for phase mixing remain enigmatic. Here, we present results from high‐strain phase mixing experiments on calcite‐anhydrite composites. A poorly mixed starting material was synthesized from fine‐grained calcite and anhydrite powders. Samples were deformed in the Large Volume Torsion apparatus at 500°C and shear strain rates of 5 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−4 s−1, to finite shear strains of up to γ = 57. Microstructural evolution is quantified through analysis of backscattered electron images and electron backscatter diffraction data. During deformation, polycrystalline domains of the individual phases are geometrically stretched and thinned, causing an increase in the spatial density of interphase boundaries. At moderate shear strains (γ ≥ 6), domains are so severely thinned that they become “monolayers” of only one or two grain's width and form a thin compositional layering. Monolayer formation is accompanied by a critical increase in the degree of grain boundary pinning and, consequently, grain‐size reduction below the theoretical limit established by the grain‐size piezometer or deformation mechanism field boundary. Ultimately, monolayers neck and disaggregate at high strains (17 <γ <57) to complete the phase mixing process. This “geometric” phase mixing mechanism is consistent with observations of mylonites, where layer (i.e., foliation) formation is associated with strain localization, and layers are ultimately destroyed at the mylonite‐ultramylonite transition.
Zooplankton community response to the winter 2013 deep convection process in the NWMediterranean Sea
Authors: Donoso Katty , Carlotti François , Pagano Marc , Hunt Brian P. V. , Escribano Rubén , Berline Léo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Gulf of Lion is an important area of deep convection, where intense winter vertical mixing brings nutrients up from deeper layers, promoting the largest bloom in the Mediterranean at the end of winter/early spring. The DEWEX program conducted cruises in February and April 2013 to investigate the ecosystem level impacts of deep water convection. Zooplankton data were collected through net sampling and imaging with an Underwater Vision Profiler. In winter, low zooplankton abundance and biomass were observed in the Deep Convection Zone (DCZ) and higher values on its periphery. In spring, this pattern reversed with high biomass in the DCZ and lower values on the periphery. On average for the whole area, the potential grazing impact was estimated to increase by one order of magnitude from winter to spring. In April, all areas except the DCZ incurred top‐down control by zooplankton on the phytoplankton stock. In the DCZ, the chlorophyll‐a values remained high despite the high zooplankton biomass and carbon demand, indicating a sustained bottom‐up control. The zooplankton community composition was comparable for both periods, typified by high copepod dominance, but with some differences between the DCZ and peripheral regions. In spring the DCZ was characterized by a strong increase in herbivorous species such as Centropages typicus and Calanus helgolandicus, and an increase in the number of large zooplankton individuals. Our study indicates that the DCZ is likely an area of both enhanced energy transfer to higher trophic levels and organic matter export in the North Western Mediterranean Sea.
Revisiting global fossil fuel and biofuel emissions of ethane
Authors: Tzompa‐Sosa Z. A. , Mahieu E. , Franco B. , Keller C. A. , Turner A. J. , Helmig D. , Fried A. , Richter D. , Weibring P. , Walega J. , Yacovitch T. I. , Herndon S. C. , Blake D. R. , Hase F. , Hannigan J. W. , Conway S. , Strong K. , Schneider M. , Fischer E. V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRecent measurements over the Northern Hemisphere indicate that the long‐term decline in the atmospheric burden of ethane (C2H6) has ended and the abundance increased dramatically between 2010 and 2014. The rise in C2H6atmospheric abundances has been attributed to oil and natural gas extraction in North America. Existing global C2H6emission inventories are based on outdated activity maps that do not account for current oil and natural gas exploitation regions. We present an updated global C2H6emission inventory based on 2010 satellite‐derived CH4fluxes with adjusted C2H6emissions over the U.S. from the National Emission Inventory (NEI 2011). We contrast our global 2010 C2H6emission inventory with one developed for 2001. The C2H6difference between global anthropogenic emissions is subtle (7.9 versus 7.2 Tg yr−1), but the spatial distribution of the emissions is distinct. In the 2010 C2H6inventory, fossil fuel sources in the Northern Hemisphere represent half of global C2H6emissions and 95% of global fossil fuel emissions. Over the U.S., unadjusted NEI 2011 C2H6emissions produce mixing ratios that are 14–50% of those observed by aircraft observations (2008–2014). When the NEI 2011 C2H6emission totals are scaled by a factor of 1.4, the Goddard Earth Observing System Chem model largely reproduces a regional suite of observations, with the exception of the central U.S., where it continues to underpredict observed mixing ratios in the lower troposphere. We estimate monthly mean contributions of fossil fuel C2H6emissions to ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate surface mixing ratios over North America of ~1% and ~8%, respectively.