bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov equation with the finite-difference method*
Authors: Wang 王 Yiran 一然 , Cao 曹 Xiaojie 晓洁 , Hu 胡 Jinniu 金牛 , Zhang 张 Ying 颖 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) theory is a powerful tool for describing exotic nuclei near drip lines. The key technique is to solve the RHB equation in the coordinate space to obtain the quasi-particle states. In this paper, we solve the RHB equation with the Woods-Saxon-type mean-field and Delta-type pairing-field potentials by using the finite-difference method (FDM). We inevitably obtain spurious states when using the common symmetric central difference formula (CDF) to construct the Hamiltonian matrix, which is similar to the problem resulting from solving the Dirac equation with the same method. This problem is solved by using the asymmetric difference formula (ADF). In addition, we show that a large enough box is necessary to describe the continuum quasi-particle states. The canonical states obtained by diagonalizing the density matrix constructed by the quasi-particle states are not particularly sensitive to the box size. Part of the asymptotic wave functions can be improved by applying the ADF in the FDM compared to the shooting method with the same box boundary condition.
Capability of Searching for Kilonova Associated with a Short Gamma-Ray Burst by SVOM
Authors: Wang J. , Xin L. P. , Qiu Y. L. , Lan L. , Xie W. J. , Jin Z. P. , Wei J. Y. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In spite of the importance of studying the cosmic generation of heavy elements through the r-process, the detection of a kilonova resulting from the merger of a neutron star binary is still a challenging task. In this paper, we show that the Visible Telescope (VT) onboard the ongoing SVOM space mission is powerful for identifying kilonova candidates associated with short gamma-ray bursts up to a distance of 600 Mpc. A significant color variation, turning blue and then turning red, is revealed by calculating the light curves in both red and blue channels of VT by a linear combination of an afterglow and an associated kilonova. The maximum color variation is as high as ∼0.5–1 mag, which is far larger than the small photometry error of ∼0.2 mag of VT for a point source with a brightness of 23 mag. Up to a distance of 600 Mpc, ∼1–2 kilonova candidates per year are predicted to be identified by VT.
Single-pulse Emissions of PSRs J1611–0114 and J1617+1123
Authors: Liu Shifang , Wen Zhigang , Wang Shuangqiang , Kou Feifei , Yan Wenming , Yuan Jianping , Wu Qingdong , Zhao De , Miao Chenchen , Wang Na , Xue Menyao , Li Di , Wang Pei , Sun Shengnan , Zhu Weiwei , Bai Juntao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the emissions from two pulsars, PSRs J1611−0114 and J1617+1123, were investigated using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope operating at a central frequency of 1250 MHz. The average pulse profile of PSR J1611−0114 shows two components, the first of which is relatively weak in intensity. The two-dimensional pulse stack exhibits an obvious nulling phenomenon, with an estimated nulling fraction of 40.1% ± 5.4%. The durations of the nulls and bursts are consistent with power-law distributions, and no periodic nulling phenomenon is found. The results from PSR J1617+1123 demonstrate that the average pulse profile is composed of four components. The peak intensity of the fourth component varies significantly, causing an unstable integrated profile. In addition, the modulation characteristics of J1611−0114 and J1617+1123 were studied by analyzing the modulation index, longitude resolved fluctuation spectrum and two-dimensional fluctuation spectrum using the software PSRSALSA. It was found that the two pulsars exhibit intensity modulation. In particular, J1611−0114 displays even–odd modulation, with the modulation period of approximately two pulses. The modulation period of J1617+1123 is relatively broad. There is an obvious subpulse drift phenomenon, and the value of P
2 is ∼0.125c/P
0, corresponding to 12 pulse longitude bins, and the drift rate (P
2/P
3) is about 0.29.
Measurement of average mass attenuation coefficient of air for 137Cs gamma-ray irradiation beam
Authors: Yi Chul-Young , Kim Yoon Ho , Kim In Jung , Park Jong In , Seong Young Min 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The average mass attenuation coefficient of air for the KRISS 137Cs gamma-ray irradiation beam was measured using a 30 cm-long vacuum-sealable cylindrical column. Six different models of ionization chambers were employed for the measurement. Under ambient room conditions, the average mass attenuation coefficient was found to be (0.0778 ± 0.0012) cm2 g−1 across the six chambers. This coefficient will be used to adjust the variation in air kerma with air density for the 137Cs gamma-ray irradiation beam.
A shared robot control system combining augmented reality and motor imagery brain–computer interfaces with eye tracking
Authors: Dillen Arnau , Omidi Mohsen , Ghaffari Fakhreddine , Vanderborght Bram , Roelands Bart , Romain Olivier , Nowé Ann , De Pauw Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective. Brain–computer interface (BCI) control systems monitor neural activity to detect the user’s intentions, enabling device control through mental imagery. Despite their potential, decoding neural activity in real-world conditions poses significant challenges, making BCIs currently impractical compared to traditional interaction methods. This study introduces a novel motor imagery (MI) BCI control strategy for operating a physically assistive robotic arm, addressing the difficulties of MI decoding from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which are inherently non-stationary and vary across individuals. Approach. A proof-of-concept BCI control system was developed using commercially available hardware, integrating MI with eye tracking in an augmented reality (AR) user interface to facilitate a shared control approach. This system proposes actions based on the user’s gaze, enabling selection through imagined movements. A user study was conducted to evaluate the system’s usability, focusing on its effectiveness and efficiency. Main results. Participants performed tasks that simulated everyday activities with the robotic arm, demonstrating the shared control system’s feasibility and practicality in real-world scenarios. Despite low online decoding performance (mean accuracy: 0.52 9, F1: 0.29, Cohen’s Kappa: 0.12), participants achieved a mean success rate of 0.83 in the final phase of the user study when given 15 min to complete the evaluation tasks. The success rate dropped below 0.5 when a 5 min cutoff time was selected. Significance. These results indicate that integrating AR and eye tracking can significantly enhance the usability of BCI systems, despite the complexities of MI-EEG decoding. While efficiency is still low, the effectiveness of our approach was verified. This suggests that BCI systems have the potential to become a viable interaction modality for everyday applications in the future.
Radiofrequency sheath rectification on WEST: application of the sheath-equivalent dielectric layer technique in tokamak geometry*
Authors: Tierens W. , Kumar A. , Klepper C. , Lore J. , Myra J.R. , Hillairet J. , Urbanczyk G. , Helou W. , Colas L. , Grosjean A. , Gunn J. ,   the WEST Team
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Radiofrequency sheath rectification is a phenomenon relevant to the operation of Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRFs) actuators in tokamaks. Techniques to model the sheath rectification on 3D ICRF antenna geometries have only recently become available (Shiraiw et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion
63 026024; Beers et al 2021 Phys. Plasmas
28 093503). In this work, we apply the ‘sheath-equivalent dielectric layer’ technique, used previously only on linear devices (Beers et al 2021 Phys. Plasmas
28 103508), in tokamak geometry, computing rectified sheath potentials on the WEST ICRF antenna. Advancing the state of the art in sheath rectification modeling, we compute the sheath potentials not just on the limiters, but also on the Faraday Screen bars. The calculations show a peak rectified DC potential of 300 V on the limiters and 500 V on the Faraday screen. Assuming a typical sputtering yield curve, the RF sheath rectification increases the sputtering yield from the limiters by a factor of 2.6 w.r.t. the sputtering due to the non-rectified thermal sheath.
Simulation of DIII-D disruption with argon pellet injection and runaway electron beam
Authors: Zhao C. , Liu C. , Jardin S.C. , Ferraro N.M. , Lyons B.C. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The next generation of large tokamaks, including ITER, will be equipped with a disruption mitigation system (DMS) that can be activated if a disruption is deemed to be imminent. Introducing impurities by pellet (large or shattered) or massive gas injection has been shown to be an effective mitigation mechanism on many tokamaks. The goal of the mitigation is to lessen the thermal and electromagnetic loads from the disruption without generating enough high-energy (runaway) electrons to damage the device. Variations of this mitigation process with impurity injection are presently being tested on many experiments. We have modeled one such impurity injection experiment on DIII-D using the M3D-C1 nonlinear 3D extended MHD code (Jardin et al 2012 Comput. Sci. Discovery
6 014002), The model includes an argon large pellet injection and ablation model, impurity ionization, recombination, and radiation, and runaway electron formation and subsequent evolution, including both Dreicer and avalanche sources. We obtain reasonable agreement with the experimental results for the timescale of the thermal and current quench and for the magnitude of the runaway electron plateau formed during the mitigation. This is the first 3D full MHD simulation with pellets and REs to simulate the disruption process and it also provides a partial validation of the M3D-C1 DMS model.
Evolution of global water footprints of crop production in 1990–2019
Authors: Mialyk Oleksandr , Booij Martijn J , Schyns Joep F , Berger Markus 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Crop production has the largest water footprint (WF) of all economic sectors and ranks as a leading cause of water scarcity. Despite this, our understanding of historical changes in global WFs of crops remains limited. In this study, we analyse the recently published dataset on green and blue WFs of 175 individual crops in 1990–2019. We explore the main changes in unit WFs (expressed in m3t−1 yr−1) and WFs of production (m3 yr−1) and connect the observed changes to various physical and socio-economic drivers. We find that nearly 80% of crops reduced global average unit WFs (required less water per tonne) as crop yields improved and cultivation centred around more productive areas. However, the total WF of crop production increased by 30% as these productivity gains were insufficient to compensate for cropland expansion of mostly water-intensive crops. Close to 90% of the increase occurred between 2000–2019 likely driven by accelerated economic growth, globalisation, changing diets, and production of first-generation biofuels. Among crops, we observe the largest increases for oil palm fruit, soya beans, and maize as they became the main providers of crop-based nutrients, animal feed, and biofuels for the modern economy. Among regions, most of the increase occurred across the tropics, mainly in Indonesia, Brazil, and Nigeria. However, India, China, and the USA had the largest WFs of production over the study period. Humanity consumed 6.8 trillion m3 of water (87.1% green) to produce crops in 2019. This number is likely to increase in the future which may exacerbate already existing environmental and socio-economic issues. Thus, it is important to transition to more water-sustainable agrifood systems. Much potential still exists in increasing crop water productivity, shifting production to less water-scarce geographies, and rethinking our dietary and industrial consumption patterns.
China’s carbon neutrality policy facilitates halving industrial water withdrawal
Authors: Li Zhe , Sun Fubao , Liu Wenbin , Wang Tingting , Wang Hong , Feng Yao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
China concurrently confronts acute water resource challenges and substantial carbon emissions, with its industrial sector being a significant freshwater consumer and a primary carbon emitter. China has committed to achieving carbon neutrality (CN) by 2060, yet the exact impact of this goal on industrial water withdrawal (IWW) remains unclear. Here, we project IWW in China considering both scenarios with and without the CN target, based on industry-specific water quota standards and projections of industrial product output. Our findings indicate a 53.76% (51.41 km3) reduction of IWW by 2060 under a CN scenario, compared to business-as-usual, with the IWW peak advancing from 2035 to 2025. The thermal power industry holds the largest water withdrawal reduction, accounting for 75.74% (38.94 km3) of the total reduction. Additionally, both the East coastal region and the Middle Yangtze River region could reduce 62.08% (31.96 km3) of IWW under the CN scenario, with Jiangsu province emerging as a significant contributor. This study provides a reliable basis for evaluating the potential for future water withdrawal reduction within the industrial sector and suggests that achieving the CN target could offer a promising direction for alleviating China’s water scarcity challenges.
Stand characteristics regulate forest water use efficiency in the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program region of China
Authors: Pang Jianzhuang , Xu Hang , Zhang Qin , Zhang Yifan , Zhang Zhiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP) of China, one of the largest forestry ecological projects, serves as a nature-based solution to addressing ecological, social, and economic challenges and issues. This program, mainly situated in arid and semi-arid regions, critically focuses on improving water use efficiency (WUE)—maximizing carbon sequestration per unit of water consumed—as a key strategy for optimizing water resource utilization and ensuring the long-term success of vegetation restoration efforts. However, the regulatory mechanisms of forest WUE in this region remain unclear. Here, we adopted an interpretative machine-learning method to investigate the influence of main environmental elements, topographical conditions, and stand characteristics on forest WUE in the TNSFP region from 2001 to 2022 based on remote sensing products, ground monitoring data, and forest inventory data. Our study identified soil moisture (SM) as the primary factor influencing forest WUE across the TNSFP region, with higher SM levels generally leading to improved WUE in forests. However, stand characteristics strongly mediated their relationship. Specifically, forest WUE initially increases against forest density before peaking at about 1000 trees hm−2 for needle-leaved forests (NLF) and 800 trees hm−2 for broad-leaved forests, respectively, then gradually declining due to water competition. When SM is relatively adequate, moderate thinning could significantly enhance forest WUE. Furthermore, implementing management strategies to improve WUE is crucial as NLFs mature. This study emphasizes the significant impacts of stand characteristics on forest WUE in the TNSFP region, offering essential insights for optimizing water resource management in managed forests across arid and semi-arid regions.
Alteration of wetland resilience for the intermittently and permanently inundated wetland
Authors: Wu Jianfei , Liu Qiang , Liang Liqiao , Li Shuzhen , Gan Luoyang , Wu Haitao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Wetlands are influenced by the alteration of hydrological regimes induced by climate change and anthropogenic activity, affecting their structure and function. The resilience of wetlands under different hydrological status remains uncertain, which will bring risk to wetlands. To help understand the changes, this study employed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and early warning indicators to quantify wetland resilience across different climatic zones and compared the resilience of intermittently and permanently inundated wetlands. Furthermore, the shift of wetland resilience were explained using related meteorological variables. The results showed: (i) wetland resilience, theoretical recovery rates validated by empirical recovery rates, showed greater reliability in lag-one autocorrelation calculations (theoretical method), which were used to simulate wetland resilience across Northeast China; (ii) wetland resilience showed obvious geographical distribution trends along the climate regimes, which increased from arid to humid regimes; (iii) resilience of permanently inundated wetland was significantly higher than that of intermittently inundated wetland under the same climate regimes, indicating hydrological regimes play a vital role in affecting wetland integrity; and (iv) alteration of wetland resilience were explained by assuming that water, energy, and air temperature control wetland integrity. That is to say, that factors such as air temperature and radiation interact with hydrological regimes to affect wetland habitats. The alteration of wetland resilience brings new insight into wetland response to exogenous disturbances and the capacity for self-sustained stabilization, which will help address the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities.
Symmetry considerations in exact diagonalization: spin-1/2 pyrochlore magnets
Authors: Wei C , Curnoe S H 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We describe how the methods of group theory (symmetry) are used to optimize the problem of exact diagonalization of a quantum system on a 16-site pyrochlore lattice. By analytically constructing a complete set of symmetrized states, the Hamiltonian can be completely block-diagonalized. As an example, we consider a spin-1/2 system with nearest-neighbour exchange interactions. We present the energy spectrum of a small system for a range of model parameters in the vicinity of the spin ice phase.
Simple reciprocal electric circuit exhibiting exceptional point of degeneracy
Authors: Rouhi Kasra , Capolino Filippo , Figotin Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
An exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) occurs when both the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of a square matrix coincide and the matrix has a nontrivial Jordan block structure. It is not easy to achieve an EPD exactly. In our prior studies, we synthesized simple conservative (lossless) circuits with evolution matrices featuring EPDs by using two LC loops coupled by a gyrator. In this paper, we advance even a simpler circuit with an EPD consisting of only two LC loops with one capacitor shared. Consequently, this circuit involves only four elements and it is perfectly reciprocal. The shared capacitance and parallel inductance are negative with values determined by explicit formulas which lead to EPD. This circuit can have the same Jordan canonical form as the nonreciprocal circuit we introduced before. This implies that the Jordan canonical form does not necessarily manifest systems’ nonreciprocity. It is natural to ask how nonreciprocity is manifested in the system’s spectral data. Our analysis of this issue shows that nonreciprocity is manifested explicitly in: (i) the circuit Lagrangian and (ii) the breakdown of certain symmetries in the set of eigenmodes. All our significant theoretical findings were thoroughly tested and confirmed by numerical simulations using commercial circuit simulator software.
On-chip human lymph node stromal network for evaluating dendritic cell and T-cell trafficking
Authors: Kwee Brian J , Mansouri Mona , Akue Adovi , Sung Kyung E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The lymph node paracortex, also known as the T-cell zone, consists of a network of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) that secrete chemokines to induce T-cell and dendritic cell (DC) trafficking into the paracortex. To model the lymph node paracortex, we utilize multi-channel microfluidic devices to engineer a 3D lymph node stromal network from human cultured FRCs embedded in a collagen I-fibrin hydrogel. In the hydrogel, the FRCs self-assemble into an interconnected network, secrete the extracellular matrix proteins entactin, collagen IV, and fibronectin, as well as express an array of immune cell trafficking chemokines. Although the engineered FRC network did not secrete characteristic CCR7-ligand chemokines (i.e. CCL19 and CCL21), human primary TNF-α matured monocyte-derived DCs, CD45RA+ T-cells, and CD45RA- T-cells migrate toward the lymph node stromal network to a greater extent than toward a blank hydrogel. Furthermore, the FRCs co-recruit DCs and antigen-specific T-cells into the lymph node stromal network. This engineered lymph node stromal network may help evaluate how human DCs and T-cells migrate into the lymph node paracortex via CCR7-independent mechanisms.
Study on salt spray corrosion and friction wear performance of CrN coated cemented carbide sealing ring
Authors: Wei Shasha , You Bin , Sun Shilong , Li Yuanyou , Lin Rongchuan , Lin Yuanlin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
To enhance the durability of cemented carbide sealing rings under severe working conditions, CrN-coated cemented carbide sealing rings were prepared by arc ion plating technology. The microstructure, physical properties, corrosion resistance and frictional properties of these coated sealing rings were evaluated through acid salt spray corrosion and friction wear experiments, replicating real-world operational environments. Results indicate that the hardness of the coated rings 2128HV30 surpass that of the uncoated ring 1780HV30, with negligible changes observed in coercive magnetic force and magnetic saturation strength post-coating. The average corrosion rate of the coated sealing ring was 0.18 g·m−2·h−1, and the average corrosion rate of the uncoated sealing ring was 0.51 g·m−2·h−1, and the corrosion rate decreased with the increase of corrosion time. Coated rings exhibited an average wear rate of 1.45E-07 mm3/N·m, while uncoated rings showed a higher rate of 2.20E-07 mm3/N·m, with wear rates increasing with prolonged corrosion. The coefficient of friction for coated rings was lower initially compared to uncoated rings, though post-corrosion, both exhibited similar friction coefficients. Surface roughness after friction wear was 91.66 nm for coated rings and 171.81 nm for uncoated rings. These findings underscore the superior corrosion resistance and frictional performance of CrN-coated cemented carbide sealing rings compared to their uncoated counterparts.