bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Nitrogen‐15‐Enriched Escherichia coli as a Bacterial Tracer in Karst Aquifers
Authors: Ward James W. , Warden John G. , Bandy Ashley M. , Fryar Alan E. , Brion Gail M. , Macko Stephen A. , Romanek Christopher S. , Coyne Mark S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractKarst aquifers are susceptible to contamination by microorganisms, but relatively few studies have used bacteria as tracers. We demonstrate the utility of Escherichia coli enriched in the stable isotope nitrogen‐15 (15N) as a novel bacterial tracer. Nonpathogenic E. coli from two springs in central Kentucky were grown on 15N‐enriched media. Survival of E. coli and persistence of the isotopic signal were assessed in two sets of laboratory experiments conducted with sterilized spring water in dark microcosms at 14 °C. First, isotopically labeled bacteria survived for 130 d at concentrations within one log unit of the average initial value, and there was no significant difference in δ15N values from Day 1 to Day 130. Second, water samples with E. coli were inoculated with either of two different species of protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis or Colpoda steinii). During 7 d, δ15N values increased in T. pyriformis while bacterial populations decreased. In a field test, following a 2.1‐cm rainfall, 15N‐labeled E. coli, solutes (rhodamine WT dye and bromide), and latex microspheres were injected into a sinkhole approximately 530 m upgradient of a spring. Breakthrough of all tracers coincided, but microspheres were remobilized by subsequent storms, unlike other tracers. Enriched E. coli exhibited more tailing than solute tracers during the initial storm‐flow recession. These results indicate that 15N‐enriched E. coli is a viable tracer of bacterial transport in karst aquifers, although predation may attenuate the isotopic signal in systems that are not rapidly flushed.
Innate lymphoid cells in secondary lymphoid organs
Authors: Bar‐Ephraïm Yotam E. , Mebius Reina E. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) has attracted attention in recent years as its members are important regulators of immunity, while they can also cause pathology. In both mouse and man, ILCs were initially discovered in developing lymph nodes as lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. These cells form the prototypic members of the ILC family and play a central role in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). In the absence of LTi cells, lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's Patches (PP) fail to form in mice, although the splenic white pulp can develop normally. Besides LTi cells, the ILC family encompasses helper‐like ILCs with functional distinctions as seen by T‐helper cells, as well as cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells. ILCs are still present in adult SLOs where they have been shown to play a role in lymphoid tissue regeneration. Furthermore, ILCs were implicated to interact with adaptive lymphocytes and influence the adaptive immune response. Here, we review the recent literature on the role of ILCs in secondary lymphoid tissue from the formation of SLOs to mature SLOs in adults, during homeostasis and pathology.
Synchrony of physiological activity during mother–child interaction: moderation by maternal history of major depressive disorder
Authors: Woody Mary L. , Feurer Cope , Sosoo Effua E. , Hastings Paul D. , Gibb Brandon E. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundFamily environment plays an important role in the intergenerational transmission of major depressive disorder (MDD), but less is known about how day‐to‐day mother–child interactions may be disrupted in families with a history of MDD. Disruptions in mother–child synchrony, the dynamic and convergent exchange of physiological and behavioral cues during interactions, may be one important risk factor. Although maternal MDD is associated with a lack of mother–child synchrony at the behavioral level, no studies have examined the impact of maternal MDD on physiological synchrony. Therefore, this study examined whether maternal history of MDD moderates mother–child physiological synchrony [measured via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)] during positive and negative discussions.MethodChildren aged 7–11 years and mothers with either a history of MDD during the child's lifetime (n = 44) or no lifetime diagnosis of any mood disorder (n = 50) completed positive and negative discussion tasks while RSA was continuously recorded for both child and mother.ResultsResults indicated significant between‐dyad and within‐dyad group differences in physiological synchrony during positive and negative discussions. Between‐dyad analyses revealed evidence of synchrony only among never depressed dyads, among whom higher average mother RSA during both discussions was associated with higher average child RSA. Within‐dyad analyses revealed that never depressed dyads displayed positive synchrony (RSA concordance), whereas dyads with a history of maternal MDD displayed negative synchrony (RSA discordance) during the negative discussion and that the degree of negative synchrony exhibited during the negative discussion was associated with mothers' and children's levels of sadness.ConclusionsThese results provide preliminary evidence that physiological synchrony is disrupted in families with a history of maternal MDD and may be a potential risk factor for the intergenerational transmission of depression.
Using machine learning to identify structural breaks in single‐group interrupted time series designs
Authors: Linden Ariel , Yarnold Paul R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesSingle‐group interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) is a popular evaluation methodology in which a single unit of observation is being studied, the outcome variable is serially ordered as a time series and the intervention is expected to ‘interrupt’ the level and/or trend of the time series, subsequent to its introduction. Given that the internal validity of the design rests on the premise that the interruption in the time series is associated with the introduction of the treatment, treatment effects may seem less plausible if a parallel trend already exists in the time series prior to the actual intervention. Thus, sensitivity analyses should focus on detecting structural breaks in the time series before the intervention.MethodIn this paper, we introduce a machine‐learning algorithm called optimal discriminant analysis (ODA) as an approach to determine if structural breaks can be identified in years prior to the initiation of the intervention, using data from California's 1988 voter‐initiated Proposition 99 to reduce smoking rates.ResultsThe ODA analysis indicates that numerous structural breaks occurred prior to the actual initiation of Proposition 99 in 1989, including perfect structural breaks in 1983 and 1985, thereby casting doubt on the validity of treatment effects estimated for the actual intervention when using a single‐group ITSA design.ConclusionsGiven the widespread use of ITSA for evaluating observational data and the increasing use of machine‐learning techniques in traditional research, we recommend that structural break sensitivity analysis is routinely incorporated in all research using the single‐group ITSA design.
Cryptocaryon irritans recombinant proteins as potential antigens for sero‐surveillance of cryptocaryonosis
Authors: Lokanathan Y , Mohd‐Adnan A , Kua B‐C , Nathan S 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCryptocaryonosis is a major problem for mariculture, and the absence of suitable sero‐surveillance tools for the detection of cryptocaryonosis makes it difficult to screen Cryptocaryon irritans‐infected fish, particularly asymptomatic fish. In this study, we proposed a serum‐based assay using selected C. irritans proteins to screen infected and asymptomatic fish. Eight highly expressed genes were chosen from an earlier study on C. irritans expressed sequence tags and ciliate glutamine codons were converted to universal glutamine codons. The chemically synthesized C. irritans genes were then expressed in an Escherichia coli expression host under optimized conditions. Five C. irritans proteins were successfully expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. These proteins were used as antigens in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen sera from experimentally immunized fish and naturally infected fish. Sera from both categories of fish reacted equally well with the expressed C. irritans recombinant proteins as well as with sonicated theronts. This study demonstrated the utility of producing ciliate recombinant proteins in a heterologous expression host. An ELISA was successfully developed to diagnose infected and asymptomatic fish using the recombinant proteins as antigens.
Mucosal pathobiology and molecular signature of epithelial barrier dysfunction in the small intestine in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: González‐Castro Ana M , Martínez Cristina , Salvo‐Romero Eloísa , Fortea Marina , Pardo‐Camacho Cristina , Pérez‐Berezo Teresa , Alonso‐Cotoner Carmen , Santos Javier , Vicario María 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders in developed countries. Its etiology remains unknown; however, a common finding, regardless of IBS subtype, is the presence of altered intestinal barrier. In fact, signaling and location of cell‐to‐cell adhesion proteins, in connection with increased immune activity, seem abnormal in the intestinal epithelium of IBS patients. Despite that most research is performed on distal segments of the intestine, altered permeability has been reported in both, the small and the large bowel of all IBS subtypes. The small intestine carries out digestion and nutrient absorption and is also the site where the majority of immune responses to luminal antigens takes place. In fact, the upper intestine is more exposed to environmental antigens than the colon and is also a site of symptom generation. Recent studies have revealed small intestinal structural alterations of the epithelial barrier and mucosal immune activation in association with intestinal dysfunction, suggesting the commitment of the intestine as a whole in the pathogenesis of IBS. This review summarizes the most recent findings on mucosal barrier alterations and its relationship to symptoms arising from the small intestine in IBS, including epithelial structural abnormalities, mucosal immune activation, and microbial dysbiosis, further supporting the hypothesis of an organic origin of IBS.
Global SUMOylation facilitates the multimodal neuroprotection afforded by quercetin against the deleterious effects of oxygen/glucose deprivation and the restoration of oxygen/glucose
Authors: Lee Yang‐ja , Bernstock Joshua D. , Nagaraja Nandakumar , Ko Brian , Hallenbeck John M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe putative neuroprotective properties of various flavonoids have long been reported. Among this class of chemicals, quercetin, a major flavone/flavonol naturally occurring in plants, deserves focused attention because of the myriad of beneficial effects observed in various in vitro and in vivo models of central nervous system damage/degeneration. However, the mechanisms governing the beneficial outcomes mediated by quercetin remain to be elucidated. In an effort to define the underlying molecular mechanisms, our study employed human/rat neuroblastoma cell lines (SHSY5Y and B35, respectively) and E18‐derived rat primary cortical neurons upon which the effects of various flavonoids were examined. Of note, increases in the levels of global SUMOylation, a post‐translational modification with the Small Ubiquitin‐like MOdifier (SUMO) were pronounced. Quercetin treatment increased SUMOylation levels in both SHSY5Y cells and rat cortical neurons in a dose and time‐dependent manner, possibly via the direct inactivation of certain SENPs (SUMO‐specific isopeptidases). Of particular interest, cells treated with quercetin displayed increased tolerance to oxygen/glucose deprivation exposure, an in vitro model of ischemia. SHSY5Y cells treated with quercetin also increased the expression of Nrf2 (via a decrease in the levels of Keap1), heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), which provide further protection from oxidative stress. In addition, the increased SUMOylation of HIF‐1α was noted and deemed to be significant. We hypothesize that SUMOylated HIF‐1α plays a fundamental role in the protection afforded and may underlie some of quercetin's ability to protect cells from oxygen/glucose deprivation‐induced cell death, via an up‐regulation of HO‐1 and NOS1, which ultimately leads to the induction of pro‐life NOS1/protein kinase G signaling.
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Quercetin acts to increase survival in the face of ischemia via an increase of SENP3 expression, the possible inactivation of SENPs 1/2, and via a decrease in KEAP1 levels (thereby increasing Nrf2 stability). These changes may then lead to increase in HIF‐1α SUMOylation and HO‐1 activation, followed by an up‐regulation of NOS1/PKG signaling. Pathways altered via quercetin treatment within our experimental system are represented by blue arrowheads. Solid black arrows represent relationships that have been explored while a dotted arrow represents a relationship that has yet to be confirmed.
Medical service use in children with cerebral palsy: The role of child and family characteristics
Authors: Meehan Elaine M , Reid Susan M , Williams Katrina J , Freed Gary L , Sewell Jillian R , Reddihough Dinah S 
Published: April 2016

AimThe aim of the study was to investigate the patterns of medical service use in children with cerebral palsy (CP), taking into account child and family characteristics.MethodsNine hundred and one parents and carers of children registered with the Victorian CP Register were invited to complete a survey. Participants were asked about their child's appointments with general practitioners and public and private paediatric medical specialists over the preceding 12 months. Information on family characteristics and finances was also collected. Data on CP severity and complexity were extracted from the CP Register.ResultsThree hundred and fifty parents and carers (39%) participated. Of these, 83% reported that their child had ≥1 appointment with a general practitioner over the preceding 12 months, while 84% had ≥1 appointment with a public or private paediatric medical specialist. Overall, 58% of children saw 2–5 different paediatric medical specialists, while 9% had appointments with ≥6 clinicians. Children with severe and complex CP were more likely to have had ≥1 appointment with a publically funded paediatric medical specialist and had seen a greater number of different clinicians over the study period. Family characteristics were not associated with service use.ConclusionsChildren with CP are managed by a number of paediatric medical specialists, and they continue to see a range of specialists throughout adolescence. In Victoria, differences in service use are not based on family characteristics; instead the highest service users are those with severe and complex CP. For this group, care co‐ordination and information sharing between treating clinicians are important, if gaps in care are to be avoided.
Exsolution and shock microstructures of igneous pyroxene clasts in the Northwest Africa 7533 Martian meteorite
Authors: Leroux Hugues , Jacob Damien , Marinova Maya , Hewins Roger H. , Zanda Brigitte , Pont Sylvain , Lorand Jean‐Pierre , Humayun Munir 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNorthwest Africa (NWA) 7533 is a Martian regolith breccia. This meteorite (and its pairings) offers a good opportunity to study (near‐) surface processes that occurred on early Mars. Here, we have conducted a transmission electron microscope study of medium‐ and coarse‐grained (a few tens to hundreds of micrometers) Ca‐rich pyroxene clasts in order to define their thermal and shock histories. The pyroxene grains have a high‐temperature (magmatic) origin as revealed by the well‐developed pigeonite–augite exsolution microstructure. Exsolution lamella characteristics (composition, thickness, and spacing) indicate a moderately slow cooling. Some of the pyroxene clasts display evidence for local decomposition into magnetite and silica at the submicron scale. This phase decomposition may have occurred at high temperature and occurred at high oxygen fugacity at least 2–3 log units above the QFM buffer, after the formation of the exsolution lamellae. This corresponds to oxidizing conditions well above typical Martian magmatic conditions. These oxidizing conditions seem to have prevailed early and throughout most of the history of NWA 7533. The shock microstructure consists of (100) mechanical twins which have accommodated plastic deformation. Other pyroxene shock indicators are absent. Compared with SNC meteorites that all suffered significant shock metamorphism, NWA 7533 appears only mildly shocked. The twin microstructure is similar from one clast to another, suggesting that the impact which generated the (100) twins involved the compacted breccia and that the pyroxene clasts were unshocked when they were incorporated into the NWA 7533 breccia.
New triple oxygen isotope data of bulk and separated fractions from SNC meteorites: Evidence for mantle homogeneity of Mars
Authors: Ali Arshad , Jabeen Iffat , Gregory David , Verish Robert , Banerjee Neil R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe report precise triple oxygen isotope data of bulk materials and separated fractions of several Shergotty–Nakhla–Chassigny (SNC) meteorites using enhanced laser‐assisted fluorination technique. This study shows that SNCs have remarkably identical Δ17O and a narrow range in δ18O values suggesting that these meteorites have assimilated negligibly small surface materials (<5%), which is undetectable in the oxygen isotope compositions reported here. Also, fractionation factors in coexisting silicate mineral pairs (px‐ol and mask‐ol) further demonstrate isotopic equilibrium at magmatic temperatures. We present a mass‐dependent fractionation line for bulk materials with a slope of 0.526 ± 0.016 (1SE) comparable to the slope obtained in an earlier study (0.526 ± 0.013; Franchi et al. 1999). We also present a new Martian fractionation line for SNCs constructed from separated fractions (i.e., pyroxene, olivine, and maskelynite) with a slope of 0.532 ± 0.009 (1SE). The identical fractionation lines run above and parallel to our terrestrial fractionation line with Δ17O = 0.318 ± 0.016‰ (SD) for bulk materials and 0.316 ± 0.009‰ (SD) for separated fractions. The conformity in slopes and Δ17O between bulk materials and separated fractions confirm oxygen isotope homogeneity in the Martian mantle though recent studies suggest that the Martian lithosphere may potentially have multiple oxygen isotope reservoirs.
Geographic variation in hybridization and ecological differentiation between three syntopic, morphologically similar species of montane lizards
Authors: Haines M. L. , Melville J. , Sumner J. , Clemann N. , Chapple D. G. , Stuart‐Fox D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTo understand factors shaping species boundaries in closely related taxa, a powerful approach is to compare levels of genetic admixture at multiple points of contact and determine how this relates to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as genetic, morphological and ecological differentiation. In the Australian Alps, the threatened alpine bog skink Pseudemoia cryodroma co‐occurs with two morphologically and ecologically similar congeners, P. entrecasteauxii and P. pagenstecheri, and all three species are suspected to hybridize. We predicted that the frequency of hybridization should be negatively correlated with genetic divergence, morphological differentiation and microhabitat separation. We tested this hypothesis using a mitochondrial locus, 13 microsatellite loci, morphological and microhabitat data and compared results across three geographically isolated sites. Despite strong genetic structure between species, we detected hybridization between all species pairs, including evidence of backcrossed individuals at the two sites where all three species are syntopic. Hybridization frequencies were not consistently associated with genetic, morphological or ecological differentiation. Furthermore, P. entrecasteauxii and P. pagenstecheri only hybridized at the two sites where they are syntopic with P. cryodroma, but not at the largest site where P. cryodroma was not recorded, suggesting that P. cryodroma may serve as a bridging species. This study reveals the complex dynamics within a three species hybrid zone and provides a baseline for assessing the impact of climate change and anthropogenic habitat modification on future hybridization frequencies.
Chloroprocaine: local anesthetic systemic toxicity in a 9‐month infant with paravertebral catheter
Authors: Hernandez Maria A. , Boretsky Karen 
Published: April 2016

SummaryRegional anesthesia use in pediatric patients has a good safety profile. 2‐Chloroprocaine is used frequently in infants due to rapid onset, lack of accumulation, and rapid plasma degradation. We present a case of local anesthetic systemic toxicity following the administration of 3% 2‐chloroprocaine through a paravertebral catheter in an infant. The episode lasted 40 s followed by complete recovery. The infrequent reporting of local anesthetic systemic toxicity and limited duration of symptoms supports the continued use of 2‐chloroprocaine in infants. Volume should be restricted to the smallest amount providing analgesia.
Neonatal Autoimmune Blistering Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zhao Cathy Y. , Chiang Yi Zhen , Murrell Dedee F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe aimed to better understand the pathogenesis, clinical features, prognosis, and treatment of neonatal autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs). We searched Medline, Embase, PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and reference lists of identified articles. Inclusion criteria were articles published from 1946 to December 2014 in any language. Exclusion criteria were age greater than 4 weeks and no confirmed AIBD diagnosis. We identified 51 cases of neonatal AIBDs: 34 cases of pemphigus (31 pemphigus vulgaris [PV], 3 pemphigus foliaceus [PF]) and 17 cases of pemphigoid diseases (9 bullous pemphigoid [BP], 5 linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis [LABD], 1 BP and LABD, 1 epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 1 bullous systemic lupus erythematosus). Pemphigoid diseases had a higher male predominance (male:female ratio 4.6:1) than pemphigus (male:female ratio 1:1.06) (p = 0.004). Pemphigus had a higher proportion presenting at birth (79.4%) than pemphigoid diseases (29.4%) (p = 0.008). The most common sites involved were the trunk (63.0%), followed by the head and neck (60.9%). The mucosal membranes were involved in 32.6% of cases (27.6% in pemphigus, 41.6% in pemphigoid diseases). Only 33.3% used systemic therapy, and 75.5% achieved control within 3 weeks. Most PV, PF, and BP cases, but not LABDs, reported maternal disease. In pemphigus cases, 75.0% of mothers had active disease and 25.0% were in control. Pregnant women with PV, PF, and PG of any severity can passively transfer autoantibodies leading to neonatal AIBD. Pemphigoid diseases are more likely to present after birth and may be more male predominant. The presentation of LABDs may be different from that of all other AIBDs.