bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccination of broilers against Newcastle disease in the presence of maternally derived antibodies
Authors: Halas Máté , Süli Tamás , Vrdoljak Anto 
Published: May 2017

Summary
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine against Newcastle disease in broilers with different levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). While vaccination remains the single most important means for controlling Newcastle disease, presence of MDA may interfere with the vaccination of young birds and decrease the efficacy of the vaccine. Materials and methods: Day-old chicks with variable levels of MDA (negative, low and high) were vaccinated with a live attenuated vaccine against Newcastle disease. Three most commonly used inoculation routes were compared; oculonasal, spray and oral (drinking water). Onset and duration of immunity were measured by serology and challenge with virulent virus. Results: Immune response in vaccinated MDA-positive birds was delayed in comparison with SPF controls. Protection was well established already at 14 days post vaccination in SPF birds while in MDA-positive birds it was 1–2 weeks delayed and was lower throughout the study. Non-vaccinated MDA-positive birds lost passive protection completely at 3–4 weeks of age and were significantly more susceptible to challenge than vaccinated hatch mates at all test points. The protection rate increased in vaccinated birds towards the end of the experiment and reached 70–100 % at the last test points (35–42 days of age). Correlation of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre vs. protection rate revealed the importance of cellular and local immunity as most of the vaccinated birds with low HI titre were protected, contrary to their unvaccinated hatch mates with the same HI titre. Oculonasal route seems to provide slightly better protection than the other two routes. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Although immune protection in vaccinated MDA-positive birds may be decreased or delayed, vaccination still provides high protection against ND challenge in comparison with the unvaccinated hatch mates. The degree of interference seems to be proportional to the level of MDA. Vaccination schedules therefore need to be designed according to the immune status of the flock.
Pengembangan Modul Autentikasi Captcha Berbasis Gambar dengan Algoritma Flood Fill
Authors: Wandapranata Jessika , Hansun Seng 
Published: May 2017

Abstrak— Captcha merupakan salah satu cara memberikan akses internet yang aman dari serangan bots. Captcha (Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart) merupakan sebuah challenge response test yang digunakan untuk membedakan manusia dan robot (bots). Namun seiring perkembangan waktu, telah berkembang serangan otomatis yang berhasil membobol beberapa jenis Captcha. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dikembangkan Captcha berbasis gambar dengan metode autentikasi yang berbeda. Autentikasi Captcha dilakukan dengan menerapkan algoritma Flood Fill. Dalam implementasinya, dapat disimpulkan bahwa algoritma Flood Fill berhasil diimplementasikan pada autentikasi modul Capthca berbasis gambar. Telah dilakukan juga pengumpulan sampel data dan didapatkan hasil 77.4% responden merekomendasikan penggunaan Captcha yang telah dibangun. Kata Kunci— Autentikasi, Captcha, Captcha Berbasis Gambar, Flood FillAbstract— Captcha is one of many methods to secure internet from bots attack. Captcha (Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a challenge response test which used to differentiate human from bots. However after the times flow, some hackers had successfully made an automatic bots to break captcha. Therefore, in this particular research, formed an imaged based captcha that uses different method of authentication. Flood Fill algorithm will be used as authentication method. In the implementation, Flood Fill algorithm has been successfully implemented as an authentication method in image based captcha. After that, data samples have been collected and the result shows 77.4% respondents agreed to recommend using the Captcha that has been developed. Keywords— Authentication, Captcha, Image-based Captcha, Flood Fill
Comments: New JPT Website, Newsletter
Authors: Donnelly John 
Published: May 2017

Editor's column
Earlier this year, JPT debuted a new website. Unlike the previous rendition of the magazine’s website, which was only a replica of the print magazine, the new one contains up-to-date information on the latest upstream technology news, trends, and events as well as the full contents of each print issue (www.spe.org/jpt). And last month, JPT debuted a bimonthly e-newsletter, with links to the latest stories posted on the website.
It is important to note that JPT’s mission, and its monthly print magazine, will not change. We view this as a “value add” for members, who are now accustomed to receiving news and information in a variety of ways, from print to digital. Surveys of the SPE membership reveal that members highly value the monthly print edition of JPT and its contents but are also interested in receiving more digital offerings. These latest moves hope to satisfy both needs. The contents of the print JPT will remain the same, while the website will contain both the print magazine’s contents and additional stories not found in the print issue.
Since JPT was launched in 1949, it has sought to help achieve SPE’s mission of disseminating and exchanging the highest quality upstream technical information valuable to the oil and gas industry and to SPE members. The magazine has gone through several evolutions—from publishing only full-length technical papers to covering more than four dozen technical topics in depth through summaries of the best SPE papers and through staff-written feature articles. The current changes are just another step in this evolution.
We hope you will take a look at the new website and, as always, we welcome your suggestions and comments.
Oil and Gas Producers Find Frac Hits in Shale Wells a Major Challenge
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: May 2017

In North America’s most active shale fields, the drilling and hydraulic fracturing of new wells is directly placing older adjacent wells at risk of suffering a premature decline in oil and gas production.
The underlying issue has been coined as a “frac hit.” And though they have long been a known side effect of hydraulic fracturing, frac hits have never mattered or occurred as much as they have recently, according to several shale experts who say the main culprit is infill drilling.
“It is a very common occurrence—almost to the point where it is a routinely expected part of the operations,” said Bob Barree, an industry consultant and president of Colorado-based petroleum engineering firm Barree & Associates.
He added that frac hits are also an expensive problem that involve costly downtime to prepare for, remediation efforts after the fact, and lost productivity in the older wells on a pad site.
A frac hit is typically described as an interwell communication event where an offset well, often termed a parent well in this setting, is affected by the pumping of a hydraulic fracturing treatment in a new well, called the child well. As the name suggests, frac hits can be a violent affair as they are known to be strong enough to damage production tubing, casing, and even wellheads.
Claudio Virues, a senior reservoir engineer with CNOOC Nexen, said frac hits have become a top concern in the shale business because they can affect several wells on a pad, along with those on nearby pads too. Based on his experiences in Canada and in south Texas, the question is no longer if a frac hit will happen, but how bad will it be.
“You usually have two scenarios,” he said. “One may be that you have a temporary loss of production, but you will recover to the trend that you had before. The other will be really bad for your production and reserves.”
He is alluding to the fact that some wells impacted by frac hits never fully recover and, in the worst cases, permanently stop producing after taking frac hits. The frequency of these outcomes are unknown as there are no publicly available statistics. In a small minority of cases, and in select formation types, frac hits have been known to increase production in the impacted well, but this is unusual.
Airborne Dust Limits Finalized for Sand Use in Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Whitfield Stephen 
Published: May 2017

The long-term effects of respirable silica dust have been long known to various industrial sectors, from concrete construction and road building to the manufacture of glass and ceramics. As hydraulic fracturing operations have become a significant part of oil and gas portfolios, companies have begun paying additional attention to the safety of workers exposed to the dust that emanates from large volumes of the sand used.
In March 2016, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) announced a revised standard that cuts in half the permissible exposure limit (PEL) per cubic meter of air, making employers implement controls that limit worker exposure and access in high-silica areas.
The regulations provide some challenges, but a closer look shows that the oil and gas industry anticipated the effects of crystalline silica as well as the effects of the new regulations. Operators and sand companies have a host of technological approaches to deal with the realities of this harmful dust.
OSHA Regulations
Crystalline silica is used in a wide variety of applications in several industries. It can be used as a filler in plastics, rubber, and paint, and as an abrasive in soaps and scouring cleaners. For oil and gas, silica dust particles are a common hazard when dealing with sand on hydraulic fracturing sites. OSHA estimates that nearly 2.3 million workers in the US are exposed to respirable crystal-line silica in their workplaces.
The US Department of Labor determined that workers exposed to silica dust at the previous permissible exposure limits faced increased risks of developing lung cancer, kidney disease, silicosis, and other nonmalignant respiratory diseases. The Department of Labor first set standards to limit worker exposure to respirable crystalline silica in 1971 after it created OSHA, but in recent years it claimed the standards were outdated and did not accurately protect workers from silica-related diseases, nor did it account for new industries.
Interpretation and Analysis of Transient-Sandface- and Wellbore-Temperature Data
Authors: Onur M.. , Ulker G.. , Kocak S.. , Gok I. M. 
Published: May 2017

Summary
This paper presents new analytical and semianalytical solutions derived from a coupled transient-wellbore/reservoir thermal model to investigate the information content of transient-temperature measurement made within the vertical wellbore across from the producing horizon or at a gauge depth above it during drawdown and buildup tests. The solutions consider flow of a slightly compressible, single-phase fluid in a homogeneous infinite-acting reservoir system with skin modeled as a composite zone adjacent to the wellbore and account for the Joule-Thomson (J-T) heating/cooling, adiabatic-fluid expansion, conduction and convection effects both in the wellbore and reservoir. They are developed depending on the assumption that the effects of temperature changes on wellbore and reservoir-pressure-transient data can be neglected so that the mass-, momentum-, and energy-balance equations in the wellbore and reservoir can be decoupled. The semianalytical solution for predicting sandface temperatures is verified by use of a general-purpose thermal simulator. Wellbore temperatures at a certain gauge depth are evaluated through the analytical steady-state and transient-wellbore-temperature equations coupled with a semianalytical reservoir-temperature model accounting for conservation of momentum in the wellbore. Results show that drawdown- and buildup-sandface-temperature data may exhibit two semilog straight lines: one at early times reflecting the effects of adiabatic-fluid expansion in the skin zone near the wellbore, and the other, the late-time semilog straight line, reflecting the J-T effects and exhibiting the nonskin-zone properties. However, the wellbore-temperature measurements made at locations above the producing horizon may not exhibit these semilog straight lines because they are strongly dependent upon distance above the producing horizon, geothermal gradient, and radial-heat losses from the wellbore fluid to the formation on the way to gauge. It is found that the skin-zone properties are very difficult to be estimated from drawdown- and buildup-wellbore temperatures unless the gauge location is not far from the producing zone. Specifically, we found that buildup-wellbore temperature is mostly dominated by wellbore-heat losses compared with drawdown-wellbore-temperature data, and hence may not be useful to estimate the formation properties, including skin-zone properties.
Comprehensive Modeling of Scale Deposition by Use of a Coupled Geochemical and Compositional Wellbore Simulator
Authors: Abouie Ali , Korrani Aboulghasem Kazemi , Shirdel Mahdy , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: May 2017

Summary
Scale deposition in surface and subsurface production equipment is one of the common problems during oil production, resulting in equipment corrosion, wellbore plugging, decrease in production rate, and frequent remediations. In this work, a detailed procedure is presented through which a compositional wellbore simulator is developed with the capability of modeling comprehensive geochemical reactions.
The compositional wellbore simulator (UTWELL) is developed by applying different numerical approaches and flow-regime-detection methods to accurately model multiphase flow in the wellbore. In addition, several deposition mechanisms are incorporated for the transportation, entrainment, and deposition of solid particles in the wellbore. Subsequently, a geochemical module, IPhreeqc, is integrated into the wellbore model to handle homogeneous and heterogeneous, reversible and irreversible, and ion-exchange reactions under either local-equilibrium or kinetic conditions. This package provides a robust, flexible, and accurate integrated tool for mechanistic modeling of scale deposition in the wellbore.
Through our integrated simulator, deposition profiles of carbonate and sulfate scales in the wellbore are predicted for several case studies. Significant effects of physiochemical properties (such as pressure, temperature, salinity, and pH value) on the scale deposition in the wellbore are discussed. In addition, comparing simulation results with experimental data reveals that hydrocarbon-phase dissolution has a significant effect on geochemical calculations compared with the temperature/pressure variation effects.
To the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive simulator available in the industry through which scale deposition in the wellbore can be predicted accurately. In this paper, scale deposition profile in the wellbore is estimated by including the interaction of the hydrocarbon and aqueous phases and its effect on the aqueous-scale geochemistry (by use of a compositional wellbore simulator); effects of parameters that vary greatly in the wellbore (pressure, temperature, and pH value); and comprehensive geochemistry simulation (provided through coupling of the wellbore simulator with IPhreeqc). The outcome of this study yields a comprehensive tool for scale deposition prediction in the wellbore and will help scale deposition risk-management and mitigation plans.
Strong Acid Extraction Methods for “Total Phosphorus” in Soils: EPA Method 3050B and EPA Method 3051
Authors: Church Clinton , Spargo John , Fishel Sarah 
Published: May 2017

Core IdeasMany agricultural labs have added environmental tests to their repertoire of protocols.These labs test various media (soils, waste residuals, manures, and runoff waters) for P.Almost no rigorous comparisons indicate what methods are best suited for this purpose.We compared EPA 3050B and 3051 (with/without HCl) on various acidic and alkaline soils.Both EPA 3050B and EPA 3051 gave reliable and comparable results.The emphasis on controlling environmental phosphorus (P) losses from agriculture has expanded the role of agricultural laboratories in testing a variety of media for P, including soils, waste residuals, manures, and runoff waters. To estimate total P in soils, strong acid extraction methods, which actually measure total recoverable P, are generally used because true total digestion methods (e.g., USEPA method 3052 or perchloric acid digestion) possess an array of operational concerns and safety limitations and also typically extract forms of P that are of limited environmental import. We sought to assess the merits of two strong acid extraction methods, USEPA method 3050B and USEPA method 3051 (both with and without hydrochloric acid [HCl] addition), on a variety of acidic and alkaline soils typical of the northeastern United States. Both methods gave reliable results, although method 3050B without HCl showed somewhat lower (though not statistically significant) extraction efficiencies. Method 3051 was unaffected by the addition of HCl, and its extraction efficiencies were approximately 7% greater when compared to method 3050B, although the differences were only significant in one of the seven soils tested.
Optimal Hydrogen Storage and Demand on Electricity Distribution Networks with Excess Wind Power
Authors: Stephen Carr  , Giuliano C. Premier  , Richard M. Dinsdale  , Alan J. Guwy  , Jon Maddy  
Published: May 2017

The use of excess wind energy to generate hydrogen for use as a transport fuel is investigated using Optimal Power Flow (OPF) including a hydrogen demand, and a techno-economic analysis carried out. Using this method to generate hydrogen increases the utilisation of wind energy and allows for a hydrogen demand to be supplied at or near to the point of use. An OPF routine is developed in order to optimise the amount of wind energy utilised, as well as minimising the amount of hydrogen demand not met. The cost at which the hydrogen is produced was found to be dependent on the operating methodology, component investment costs, and level of hydrogen demand.
Very short-term load forecast for demand side management in absence of historical data
Authors: Neusser, Lukas  , Canha, Luciane N.  , Abaide, Alzenira  , Finger, Maicon  
Published: May 2017

Load forecasting plays an important role in today’s electricity grid, due to the presence of distributed generation. In this paper, various methods for short-term load forecasting are presented with the purpose to serve as tool to operate within a demand side management system. The need for large amount of historical data is avoided, opening the possibility for immediate use by customers without recorded load history. Widely distributed, such system can increase the reliability of the modern grid. The results showed that the Holt-Winters forecasting procedure give better results in comparison to neural networks with gradient descent, principally if the load rises fast in the early morning hours.
RTDS Implementation of the Optimal Design of Grid-connected Microgrids Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: M. A. Hassan  , M. A. Abido  
Published: May 2017

The dynamic nature of the distribution network challenges the stability and control of the microgrid. In this paper, a simplified simulation model of an inverter-based microgrid in the grid-connected mode is implemented in real-time on a Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS®). The simulation is performed fast because RTDS works in continuous sustained real-time. All components such as the inverter bridge, LC filter, coupling inductor and grid are modeled using their physical representation in standard library blocks. The inverter bridge is modeled by the assumption of ideal sources. Optimal design of the LC filter, PI controllers, and damping resistance obtained using particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the optimal nonlinear model of the grid-connected microgrid is used in the simulation model. Nonlinear time domain simulation has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of the proposed controllers under disturbance. The results show satisfactory performance with efficient damping characteristics of the microgrid considered in this study. Additionally, the effectiveness of proposed approach for optimizing different parameters and its robustness have been confirmed through the nonlinear time domain simulations. The performance of this controller has been verified in simulation using a RTDS.
Avaliação dos hábitos e conhecimento dos estudantes da área de saúde sobre a fotoexposição e o uso do protetor solar
Authors: Borges Viviane Santos , Nunes Hada Laíse , Limonta Isadora Delbiancho Coelho , Vieira Juliana Fabrícia Leal 
Published: May 2017

Introdução: Muitos são os efeitos nocivos provenientes da radiação ultravioleta (RU). A informação criteriosa sobre os danos solares e sua prevenção é o principal aliado da saúde em questão. Objetivo: Avaliar os hábitos e conhecimentos de estudantes universitários, matriculados em sete cursos distintos da área da saúde, sobre a fotoexposição e uso do protetor solar. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional, realizado com 253 estudantes de sete cursos da área de saúde. Foi aplicado um questionário, que investigou características demográficas, fototipos, fotoexposição, uso e conhecimento do filtro solar, presença de manchas e histórico familiar de câncer de pele. Resultados: Grande parte dos estudantes era do sexo feminino e os fototipos mais frequentes foram três e dois, com idade entre 21 e 25 anos. A maioria dos acadêmicos (n=136, 54%) se expunha ao sol no máximo uma hora por dia, sendo o horário crítico das 10 às 15 horas o turno de constante exposição (n=129, 51%). O uso dos meios físicos de proteção foi relatado por 47% (n=119). Em geral, as universitárias se mostraram mais preocupadas em utilizar o produto no rosto (Z=-4,8, p=0,000) e mais cientes sobre os efeitos preventivos (p≤0,04). Não foram observadas associações entre ter manchas e uso do FPS (r≤10, p>0,05). Conclusão: Os universitários se preocupam em usar o protetor solar e estão cientes dos principais riscos da fotoexposição. No entanto, o conhecimento específico e a forma correta de aplicação do produto precisa ser melhor esclarecido. Palavras-chave: Radiação Ultravioleta; Conhecimento; Hábitos; Universitários; Saúde Pública.