bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entreprise sociale : être ou ne pas être hybride ? Étude d’une coopérative d’activité et d’emploi
Authors: Boudes Mélissa 
Published: January 2018

L’entreprise sociale archétype des organisations hybrides fait l’objet d’une attention toute particulière de la part des pouvoirs publics et des entreprises. Si les premiers y voient un moyen de subvenir aux besoins sociaux à partir de modèles économiques viables, les seconds y perçoivent une manière d’être socialement responsables et/ou de nouvelles opportunités commerciales. Grâce à l’hybridité chacun trouverait ses attentes satisfaites. L’étude d’une coopérative d’activité et d’emploi (CAE), organisation hybride mêlant entrepreneuriat, salariat et coopération, montre cependant que l’hybridité n’est pas une panacée. Au moment où les CAE s’institutionnalisent via la création d’un cadre juridique qui leur est propre, la CAE francilienne Coopaname déploie une stratégie visant à s’émanciper de l’hybridité. Pour ce faire la coopérative développe des relations ambivalentes avec les différentes logiques institutionnelles qui la composent ce qui conduit à la déconstruction de l’hybridité. Elle redéfinit les fondements discursifs sur lesquels reposent les CAE. Enfin, elle poursuit l’expérimentation via les partenariats et une action qui se situe à un niveau méso entre État et citoyens. Nous proposons avec cette étude des pistes de réflexion pour la littérature sur les organisations hybrides mais aussi pour les recherches et pratiques coopératives. Classification JEL : O35, M10, L31, J54
Faire du business pour le social ou grâce au social : l’exemple de l’inclusion financière
Authors: Guérin Isabelle , Isaurralde Magdalena , Sangaré Mariam 
Published: January 2018

Utilisant des données récentes à l’échelle globale ainsi qu’une monographie argentine, cet article décortique la construction des marchés émergents de l’inclusion financière. Du côté de l’offre, les évolutions récentes du paysage de l’inclusion financière et son articulation au business social mettent en évidence son dynamisme, sa capacité de renouvellement et de diversification, notamment dans l’accès aux services de base, mais aussi l’importance grandissante des logiques capitaliste et marchande. Or la demande est beaucoup plus limitée que ce qu’imaginent les promoteurs, ou décalée par rapport aux services proposés. L’ajustement entre offre et demande, loin d’être spontané, repose dans certains cas sur le rôle clef de certaines entités locales – individus (souvent de sexe féminin), groupements plus ou moins institués, organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) – dans la construction de la confiance indispensable à la création puis au bon fonctionnement de ces marchés. Ce rôle est ambigu, peu visible, mal rémunéré et encore moins reconnu, fréquemment assumé par des femmes : il interroge sur la manière dont le capitalisme, à travers les organisations de microcrédit et ses financeurs, renouvelle les modalités d’appropriation d’une certaine forme de travail gratuit. Classification JEL : G23, L31, 01, 054, P10, Z13
Les fantômes d’Antinoé. Rêves, archéologie et résurrection des morts autour de 1900
Authors: Richard Nathalie 
Published: January 2018

L’œuvre d’Albert Gayet, qui fouille le site égyptien d’Antinoé grâce à des financements fournis principalement par Émile Guimet, permet d’évoquer la manière dont l’archéologie et le rêve ont pu se conjuguer, autour de 1900, pour configurer un « merveilleux scientifique » qui n’était pas seulement littéraire, mais aussi savant. L’archéologie de Gayet se nourrit pour partie d’un imaginaire venu de la littérature fantastique et elle inspire, en retour, des œuvres de fiction. Jouant sur le spectaculaire, sur le macabre et sur les marges floues de la psychologie scientifique lorsqu’elle recourt aux visions provoquées d’un médium pour interpréter certains vestiges, l’archéologie de Gayet est partie prenante de la culture de masse naissante, dont elle reprend certains codes. Elle est popularisée dans des expositions destinées au grand public et dans la presse généraliste, populaire et illustrée.
Magnetosphere dynamics during the 14 November 2012 storm inferred from TWINS, AMPERE, Van Allen Probes, and BATS-R-US–CRCM
Authors: Buzulukova Natalia , Goldstein Jerry , Fok Mei-Ching , Glocer Alex , Valek Phil , McComas David , Korth Haje , Anderson Brian 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. During the 14 November 2012 geomagnetic storm, the Van Allen Probes spacecraft observed a number of sharp decreases
(“dropouts”) in particle fluxes for ions and electrons of different energies. In this paper, we investigate the global
magnetosphere dynamics and magnetosphere–ionosphere (M–I) coupling during the dropout events using multipoint
measurements by Van Allen Probes, TWINS, and AMPERE together with the output of the two-way coupled global BATS-R-US–CRCM
model. We find different behavior for two pairs of dropouts. For one pair, the same pattern was repeated: (1) weak
nightside Region 1 and 2 Birkeland currents before and during the dropout; (2) intensification of Region 2 currents after
the dropout; and (3) a particle injection detected by TWINS after the dropout. The model predicted similar behavior of
Birkeland currents. TWINS low-altitude emissions demonstrated high variability during these intervals, indicating high
geomagnetic activity in the near-Earth tail region. For the second pair of dropouts, the structure of both Birkeland
currents and ENA emissions was relatively stable. The model also showed quasi-stationary behavior of Birkeland currents
and simulated ENA emissions with gradual ring current buildup. We confirm that the first pair of dropouts was caused by
large-scale motions of the OCB (open–closed boundary) during substorm activity. We show the new result that this OCB
motion was associated with global changes in Birkeland (M–I coupling) currents and strong modulation of low-altitude ion
precipitation. The second pair of dropouts is the result of smaller OCB disturbances not related to magnetospheric
substorms. The local observations of the first pair of dropouts result from a global magnetospheric reconfiguration, which
is manifested by ion injections and enhanced ion precipitation detected by TWINS and changes in the structure of Birkeland
currents detected by AMPERE. This study demonstrates that multipoint measurements along with the global model results
enable the reconstruction of a more complete system-level picture of the dropout events and provides insight into M–I
coupling aspects that have not previously been investigated. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere–ionosphere interactions; magnetospheric configuration and dynamics); space plasma physics (numerical simulation studies)
Climate variability in the subarctic area for the last 2 millennia
Authors: Nicolle Marie , Debret Maxime , Massei Nicolas , Colin Christophe , deVernal Anne , Divine Dmitry , Werner Johannes P. , Hormes Anne , Korhola Atte , Linderholm Hans W. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. To put recent climate change in perspective, it is necessary to extend the
instrumental climate records with proxy data from paleoclimate archives.
Arctic climate variability for the last 2 millennia has been investigated
using statistical and signal analyses from three regionally averaged records
from the North Atlantic, Siberia and Alaska based on many types of proxy data
archived in the Arctic 2k database v1.1.1. In the North Atlantic and Alaska, the major climatic trend is characterized by long-term cooling
interrupted by recent warming that started at the beginning of the
19th century. This cooling is visible in the Siberian region at two sites,
warming at the others. The cooling of the Little Ice Age (LIA) was identified
from the individual series, but it is characterized by wide-range spatial and
temporal expression of climate variability, in contrary to the Medieval
Climate Anomaly. The LIA started at the earliest by around AD 1200 and ended
at the latest in the middle of the 20th century. The widespread temporal
coverage of the LIA did not show regional consistency or particular spatial
distribution and did not show a relationship with archive or proxy type either.
A focus on the last 2 centuries shows a recent warming characterized by a
well-marked warming trend parallel with increasing greenhouse gas
emissions. It also shows a multidecadal variability likely due to natural
processes acting on the internal climate system on a regional scale. A
∼ 16–30-year cycle is found in Alaska and seems to be linked to the
Pacific Decadal Oscillation, whereas ∼ 20–30- and ∼ 50–90-year
periodicities characterize the North Atlantic climate variability, likely in
relation with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. These regional features
are probably linked to the sea ice cover fluctuations through ice–temperature
positive feedback.
Dendrochronologically dated pine stumps document phase-wise bog expansion at a northwest German site between ca. 6700 and ca. 3400 BC
Authors: Achterberg Inke Elisabeth Maike , Eckstein Jan , Birkholz Bernhard , Bauerochse Andreas , Leuschner Hanns Hubert 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The investigated northwest German mire site at “Totes
Moor” is densely covered with subfossil pine stumps (Pinus sylvestris L.)
from the fen–bog transition. This facilitates the spatio-temporal
reconstruction of mire development, which is based on 212 in situ tree stumps
in the case study presented here. Six dendrochronologically dated site
chronologies together cover 2345 years between 6703 and 3403 BC. The gaps in
between are 6 to 550 years long. Additionally, a floating chronology of
309 years, containing 30 trees, was radiocarbon-dated to the beginning of the
7th millennium cal BC. Peat-stratigraphical survey was carried out
additionally, and elevations a.s.l. were determined at several locations. Tree dying-off phases, which indicate water level rise at the site, mostly in
context of the local fen–bog transition, are evident for ca. 6600–6450,
ca. 6350–5750, ca. 5300–4900, ca. 4700–4550, ca. 3900–3850,
ca. 3700–3600, ca. 3500–3450 and ca. 3400 BC. The spatial distribution of
the dated in situ trees illustrates the phase-wise expansion of raised bog
over fen peat at the site. The documented bog expansion pulses likely
correspond to climatic wet sifts.
The International Criminal Court and Africa
Authors: Cannon Brendon J. , Pkalya Dominic R. , Maragia Bosire 
Published: January 2018

The International Criminal Court and Africa: Contextualizing the Anti-ICC Narrative
This article critiques attempts by some in Africa to brand the International Criminal Court (ICC) as a neocolonial institution and stooge of the West. These arguments accuse the ICC of playing a double standard, being overly focused on trying African defendants, and warn that the Court risks exacerbating factionalism and ethnic divisions thereby threatening peace and reconciliation efforts. Although we neither defend nor champion the ICC’s mandate, we deem such criticisms as hyperbole. At best, they attempt to whitewash the instrumental role played by African states in the birth of the Court and ignore the fact that many of the ICC cases were referred there by African governments. Furthermore, the current African narrative understates the ICC’s potential to midwife local judiciaries and contribute positively towards conflict resolution in Africa through the promotion of at least a measure of accountability and offers of justice, thereby taming elite immunity and impunity in states where justice regimes are either weak or non-existent. Until African states strengthen their judiciaries to ensure such references to the ICC are indeed a last resort, the Court will continue to remain the only credible forum for states emerging from conflict and seeking justice and reconciliation.
The Fight against Corruption in Sierra Leone
Authors: Kanu Michael Imran 
Published: January 2018

The Fight against Corruption in Sierra Leone: Challenges and Opportunities in the Jurisprudence
The fight against corruption in Sierra Leone gained momentum, at least in terms of policy direction, following the enactment of the Anti-Corruption Act 2000 and the Amendment Act in 2008. It is considered to be one of the most robust anti-graft laws in the world and its promulgation is in recognition of the international and national resolve to fight the menace, owing to its devastating effects, especially in the Least Developed Countries (LCDs) of the world. The Anti-Corruption Act of 2000, though viewed as a tremendous move towards curtailing corruption, was riddled with shortcomings. Practitioners viewed the Act as limited in the number of proscribed offences created, coupled with the lack of independence signified by the absence of prosecutorial powers. With the enactment of the Amendment Act in 2008, it is crucial to examine the opportunities it has created to eradicate corruption. Critical also to the national and global resolve is the consideration of challenges that may have sprouted. This paper will examine some of the opportunities and challenges in the jurisprudence in the fight against corruption in Sierra Leone, with the aim of providing an avenue for reflection as well as a prompter for legislative reforms or change in judicial approach.
The Prosecution of Corporations before a Hybrid International Criminal Tribunal
Authors: Ventura Manuel J. 
Published: January 2018

The Prosecution of Corporations before a Hybrid International Criminal Tribunal: The New TV and Akhbar Beirut Contempt Jurisdiction Decisions of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon
This case note considers two decisions from two separate Appeals Panels of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (“STL”) which held that the STL possessed the inherent power, pursuant to its inherent jurisdiction in matters relating to contempt, to exert its ratione personae jurisdiction over legal persons – two Lebanese corporations – accused of contemptuous conduct. These decisions opened the door for the first trials of corporate defendants in the history of international criminal law. The analyses of the Appeals Panels are pertinent to unresolved debates before United States (“US”) courts on whether the US Alien Tort Statute recognizes corporate liability for violations of the law of nations; raise the issue of the proper place of the principle of legality when jurisdictional questions arise as well as the proper interpretation of the STL’s Rules of Procedure and Evidence; and also have implications for other international criminal tribunals with provisions regulating contempt of court that are similarly worded to those in place at the STL.
Framing en beleid
Authors: Wayenberg Ellen 
Published: January 2018

Framing en beleid: Over waarheden maken, kraken en aan elkaar haken
Over eenzelfde beleid circuleren meerdere waarheden. Hoe valt dit te begrijpen? We gaan op verkenning rond ‘frame’ en ‘framing’ als veelgebruikte concepten in beleidsonderzoek. Na scherpstelling leert ons literatuuroverzicht dat een beleidskader idealiter gemarkeerd wordt als stabiel (naar basiselementen van structuur) maar in de praktijk geldt als inherent volatiel (naar voorkomen en effect). Iteratieve en vaak interactieve processen van framing kunnen dit verklaren zoals we aantonen met een case rond de Lokale Integrale VeiligheidsCellen (LIVC’s) in Brussel. Die case illustreert ook dat overheidsactoren zelf framen én met wisselend succes. Dat succes is te wijten aan factoren op individueel en institutioneel niveau en is cruciaal om vandaag te doorgronden. Want weten hoe een (on)waarheid over beleid te maken, is een eerste stap om framing (mogelijk) te kraken of meer te hanteren als tool om diverse frames, en dus finaal ook burgers, beter aan elkaar te haken. De voorbeelden van beleid en onderzoek in deze bijdrage zijn gekozen rond ‘wicked issues’ op diverse niveaus en terreinen van overheidsoptreden in België en elders.
Magische formules voor steden ter discussie: Richard Florida’s ‘The new urban crisis’
Authors: Nelissen Nico 
Published: January 2018

Magic formulas for cities for discussion: Richard Florida’s ‘The new urban crisis’
Despite the praise for Richard Florida’s new book The new urban crisis, it remarkably can be seen as an ‘urban confession’ or even as a ‘public penance’ for everything he wrote before in his glorious publication The rise of the creative class. That book offered the opportunity to look at the city in a different way and to formulate approaches for new urban politics. As a child, Florida and his family fled the city with its crime and other problems and moved to a suburb. As a young intellectual, Florida returned to the city, where he became interested in the role of the creative class in the process of re-urbanization. During his academic research, he discovered the ‘magic formula’ that cities could flourish by stimulating this creative class. However, his belief in this magic formula has eroded and now, about fifteen years after his publication, he admits he was mistaken. What seemed a solution appeared to be the cause of ‘the new urban crisis’. In his new book, the ‘urban optimist’ is replaced by the ‘urban pessimist’. New policies are needed that replace the concept of ‘the-winner-takes-all’ by ‘urbanism-for-all’ to stop the so-called ‘patchwork metropolis’ of segregated neighborhoods.
2017/25 Company practice versus collective bargaining agreement in the formation of acquired rights (PT)
Authors: de Lancastre Maria , Azevedo Mendes Mariana 
Published: January 2018

2017/25 Company practice versus collective bargaining agreement in the formation of acquired rights (PT)
The Supreme Court of Justice recently decided that the amount of time a practice has been observed in a collective bargaining agreement (in this case, four years) was not relevant to the acquisition of an entitlement. The entitlement in the case at hand was a public holiday on Shrove Tuesday.
2017/26 What is a collective agreement? (DK)
Authors: Clasen Christian K. 
Published: January 2018

2017/26 What is a collective agreement? (DK)
On 2 June 2017, the Danish Eastern High Court decided that a statutory intervention by government was sufficient to enable derogation from the Working Time Directive (2003/88). The Directive can be derogated from by a collective agreement and although the statutory intervention was not a collective agreement, the High Court found that it was not inconsistent with that requirement.
2017/27 Supreme Court clarifies indirect discrimination test (UK)
Authors: Lee Soyoung 
Published: January 2018

2017/27 Supreme Court clarifies indirect discrimination test (UK)
The Supreme Court has given a clear explanation of how the test for indirect discrimination works, holding that it is not necessary to know why a particular group is disadvantaged by an employer’s policy in order to show indirect discrimination. This decision is not particularly helpful for employers as it makes it easier for individuals to make an indirect discrimination claim. However, the Supreme Court emphasised that it is always open to an employer to show that indirect discrimination is justified.
2017/28 Failure to enhance parental leave pay to level of maternity pay held to be direct sex discrimination (UK)
Authors: Bond Anna 
Published: January 2018

2017/28 Failure to enhance parental leave pay to level of maternity pay held to be direct sex discrimination (UK)
It was direct sex discrimination for a male employee who wished to take shared parental leave (SPL) to be entitled only to the minimum statutory pay where a female employee would have been entitled to full salary during an equivalent period of maternity leave, according to a first-instance decision from the Employment Tribunal (ET).
2017/32 An employer cannot request the invalidation of an employee’s employment contract termination notice in court: any other interpretation would be contrary to the prohibition of forced labour (LA)
Authors: Burkevics Andis 
Published: January 2018

2017/32 An employer cannot request the invalidation of an employee’s employment contract termination notice in court: any other interpretation would be contrary to the prohibition of forced labour (LA)
Under the Latvian Labour Law an employee has the right to terminate an employment contract with immediate effect, i.e. without complying with the statutory notice period of one month, if the employee has ‘good cause’. Under the Labour Law, ‘good cause’ is any situation, which, based on considerations of morality and fairness, would not allow for the employment to continue. If an employee terminates their employment contract for good cause the employer must pay severance to the employee based on the employee’s years of service with the employer and amounting to between one and four months’ average earnings. If the employee gives notice for good cause, this terminates the employment contract with immediate effect.Even if the employer disagrees with the reasons given in the termination notice, the employer cannot terminate the employment contract on any other ground and does not have the right to challenge the validity of the notice in court. However, if the employer suffers loss as a result of the immediate termination; its reputation is damaged based on the reasons given in the notice; or it has faced some other adverse consequence; the employer can bring a claim arguing that what is stated in the notice is untrue.
2017/33 Time starts to run for breaches of the rules on fixed term contracts from the date when the less favourable treatment began (MA)
Authors: Brincat Matthew 
Published: January 2018

2017/33 Time starts to run for breaches of the rules on fixed term contracts from the date when the less favourable treatment began (MA)
The period within which an employee can file a claim under the Regulations entitled “Contracts of Service for a Fixed Term” (which are Subsidiary Legislation under Maltese law) starts from when the employee became subject to less favourable treatment and not from when the employee could have known that the Regulations were being breached.
2017/35 The jurisdiction of the court in claims against a managing director living outside The Netherlands (NL)
Authors: Franssen Edith 
Published: January 2018

2017/35 The jurisdiction of the court in claims against a managing director living outside The Netherlands (NL)
The Dutch Supreme Court decided that proceedings of a company against its managing director should be brought before the court in the country where the managing director is domiciled, in accordance with Article 20(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. This only applies if the managing director, in his capacity as director and manager, for a certain period of time, performed services for and under the direction of the company in return for remuneration, since in such a case it is presumed that he has an employment agreement as a worker.
2017/37 Pay can only be modified with transferred workers’ consent (BE)
Authors: Lahaye Cecilia 
Published: January 2018

2017/37 Pay can only be modified with transferred workers’ consent (BE)
After the transfer of an undertaking (or part of one) the new employer cannot modify the transferred workers’ wages without their consent. This decision of the Belgian Supreme Court of 14 November 2016 leaves no leeway to the transferee to unilaterally substitute certain contractual elements with new ones, even if the new salary scheme is more advantageous overall.