bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of school‐based dental sealant programs among children from low‐income backgrounds: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial with a follow‐up of 3 years
Authors: Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Pierre Audrey , Lupi‐Pégurier Laurence , Velly Ana M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimA split‐mouth randomized clinical trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness of a school‐based dental sealant (SBDS) program for French children from low‐income backgrounds within 3 years of follow‐up. The secondary objectives were to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of new carious lesions (ICDAS 3‐6) on first permanent molars, to evaluate the effectiveness of the program according to risk factors and to assess sealant retention.MethodsThe study included 276 6‐ to 7‐year old pupils (457 pairs of first permanent molars) from Nice. The sealing was performed in first‐ or second‐grade children. The first permanent molars were randomized into two groups: One received resin‐based sealant and the other formed a nontreatment group. Carious lesions ICDAS 3‐6 on permanent and primary teeth, visible plaque, streptococcus mutans and/or lactobacillus counts were recorded at baseline to assess individual caries risk (ICR). The putative confounders recorded at baseline were sex, grade level, and characteristics of first permanent molars. An intent‐to‐treat analysis was performed, where the study outcome was the occurrence of new carious lesions within 3 years of follow‐up. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models (hazard risk, HR) using the procedure PHREG with the option of Covsandwich were performed in SAS to assess the effectiveness of the SBDS program.ResultsAt 3 years of follow‐up, 228 children (378 tooth pairs) remained in the analysis. The survival analysis showed that first permanent molars that received sealants had 67% (adjusted HR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.24–0.46) less risk of developing new carious lesions during all the follow‐up than molars without sealant. In addition, children with carious lesions ICDAS 3‐6 on permanent and primary teeth, that is, high ICR, had three times the risk of having a new carious lesion than others without, independently of the sealant treatment (adjusted HR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.55–5.75). Effectiveness of the SBDS program at 3 years of follow‐up depended on the presence of carious lesions ICDAS 3‐6 (HR in 173 children with carious lesions: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.23–0.46) at baseline (HR in 103 children without carious lesions: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.16–1.12). Finally, the overall retention rate was 32.3%.ConclusionThe effectiveness of the SBDS program was demonstrated in low socioeconomic areas. Selection of schoolchildren according to the presence of carious lesions ICDAS 3‐6 should be considered in a SBDS program.
Loss of genetic diversity as a consequence of selection in response to high pCO2
Authors: Lloyd Melanie M. , Makukhov April D. , Pespeni Melissa H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStanding genetic variation may allow for rapid evolutionary response to the geologically unprecedented changes in global conditions. However, there is little known about the consequences of such rapid evolutionary change. Here, we measure genetic responses to experimental low and high pCO2 levels in purple sea urchin larvae, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We found greater loss of nucleotide diversity in high pCO2 levels (18.61%; 900 μatm) compared to low pCO2 levels (10.12%; 400 μatm). In the wild, this loss could limit the evolutionary capacity of future generations. In contrast, we found minimal evidence that purple sea urchin larvae physiologically respond to high pCO2 through alternative splicing of transcripts (11 genes), despite a strong signal of alternative splicing between different developmental stages (1193 genes). However, in response to high pCO2, four of the 11 alternatively spliced transcripts encoded ribosomal proteins, suggesting the regulation of translation as a potential response mechanism. The results of this study indicate that while the purple urchin presently may have enough standing genetic variation in response to rapid environmental change, this reservoir of resilience is a finite resource and could quickly diminish.
Rapid detection of α‐thalassaemia variants using droplet digital PCR
Authors: Lee T.‐Y. , Lai M.‐I. , Ramachandran V. , Tan J. A. M. A. , Teh L.‐K. , Othman R. , Hussein N. H. , George E. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIntroductionAlpha thalassaemia is a highly prevalent disease globally and is a well‐known public health problem in Malaysia. The deletional forms of the mutation are the most common forms found in alpha thalassaemia. The three most common deletional alpha thalassaemia found in this region include ‐‐SEA deletion, ‐α3.7 rightward and ‐α4.2 leftward deletions. The prevalence rate of triplication alpha cases such as αααanti3.7 and αααanti4.2 is not known in Malaysia although it plays a role in exacerbating the clinical phenotypes in beta thalassaemia carriers. Recently, there have been more reported cases of rare alpha thalassaemia mutations due to the advancement of molecular techniques involved in thalassaemia detections. Therefore, it is essential to develop a new method which allows the detection of different alpha thalassaemia mutations including the rare ones simultaneously and accurately.MethodsThe purpose of this study was to design an assay for the detection of triplications, common and rare deletional alpha thalassaemia using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR).ResultsThis is a quantitative detection method to measure the changes of copy number which can detect deletions, duplications and triplications of the alpha globin gene simultaneously.ConclusionIn conclusion, ddPCR is an alternative method for rapid detection of alpha thalassaemia variants in Malaysia.
An Investigation into the use of the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards with People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Blamires Kate , Forrester‐Jones Rachel , Murphy Glynis 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThis small, qualitative study sought to develop a richer understanding of the way in which the deprivation of liberty safeguards (DOLS) were being used for people with intellectual disabilities. It is important to note that this study was completed prior to the changes resulting from the P v Cheshire West and Chester Council judgement.MethodSix DOLS cases were identified and two people involved in each case were interviewed (care home managers, key workers, social workers, specialist nurses or psychologists), using semi‐structured interviews. The data were analysed using grounded theory techniques.ResultsThe interviewees described DOLS as providing a framework leading to positive outcomes for the people they supported, in some cases avoiding inpatient stays. However, they had a number of concerns including lack of knowledge and training, potential under use of DOLS and disappointment with case law.ConclusionOverall, these findings are encouraging in regard to the specific individuals for whom DOLS applications were made; however, they also highlight the need for a stronger agenda regarding wider dissemination of information, and training about DOLS, as well as some reform.
Testing associational resistance against pine weevils mediated by Lasius ants attending conifer seedlings
Authors: Maňák V. , Björklund N. , Lenoir L. , Nordlander G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNatural enemies attracted to plants may provide those plants with protection against herbivores but may also protect neighbouring plants, that is through associational resistance. Ant attendance may be an important mechanism for the occurrence of such effects because ants can reduce the damage caused by a wide variety of herbivorous insects. Ants have been shown, in a previous field experiment, to decrease the damage caused by the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest species that causes high seedling mortality in forest regeneration areas. In this study, we specifically tested whether seedlings planted close to ant‐attended seedlings experience associational resistance. We did this under laboratory conditions using the ant species Lasius niger (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The feeding damage by pine weevils was significantly reduced on seedlings attended by ants. The neighbouring seedlings, however, did not experience associational resistance. Nevertheless, some associational effects were observed as the number of weevils recorded on both ant‐attended and neighbouring seedlings was significantly lower compared with ant‐excluded seedlings.
Randomized trial comparing oral sulfate solution with 4‐L polyethylene glycol administered in a split dose as preparation for colonoscopy
Authors: Yang Hyo‐Joon , Park Soo‐Kyung , Kim Jee Hyun , Im Jong Pil , Yeom Dong Han , Seo Geom Seog , Park Dong Il 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and AimThe present study aimed to evaluate the non‐inferiority of low‐volume oral sulfate solution (OSS) to 4‐L polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions administered in a split‐dose regimen as bowel preparation for colonoscopy. The safety and tolerability were also compared between the two regimens.MethodsIn this prospective, randomized, single‐blind, active‐control, parallel group, and non‐inferiority trial, consecutive outpatients and health checkup recipients aged 19–65 years undergoing elective colonoscopy were enrolled to receive OSS or 4‐L PEG in a split‐dose regimen. The quality of bowel preparation was evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. The occurrence of any adverse events, acceptance, compliance, and satisfaction during bowel preparation were evaluated by participant interviews.ResultsOverall, 210 participants were randomized, and 199 were administered by the study agents. Adequate bowel preparation was achieved in 98.0% (97/99) of the OSS group, which was non‐inferior to the PEG group (96%; 96/100) with a difference of +2.8% (95% confidence interval; −2.8, +6.8). There were no differences in the incidence of adverse events except for abdominal pain, which was more frequent in the OSS (7.1%, 7/99) than in the PEG (1.0%, 1/100; P = 0.035) group. Acceptance, compliance, and satisfaction were significantly higher in the OSS than in the PEG group (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsSplit‐dose OSS was non‐inferior to split‐dose 4‐L PEG with regard to bowel preparation efficacy before colonoscopy in adult outpatients or screening colonoscopy recipients aged ≤65 years with acceptable safety and superior tolerability.
tRNAPro‐mediated downregulation of elongation factor P is required for mgtCBR expression during Salmonella infection
Authors: Nam Daesil , Choi Eunna , Shin Dongwoo , Lee Eun‐Jin 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBacterial ribosome requires elongation factor P to translate fragments harbouring consecutive proline codons. Given the abundance of ORFs with potential EF‐P regulated sites, EF‐P was assumed to be constitutively expressed. Here, we report that the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium decreases efp mRNA levels during course of infection. We determined that the decrease in efp mRNA is triggered by low levels of charged tRNAPro, a condition that Salmonella experiences when inside a macrophage phagosome. Surprisingly, downregulation of EF‐P selectively promotes expression of the virulence mgtC gene and contributes to Salmonella's ability to survive inside macrophages. The decrease in EF‐P levels induces ribosome stalling at the consecutive proline codons of the mgtP open reading frame in the mgtCBR leader RNA, and thus allows formation of a stem‐loop structure promoting transcription of the mgtC gene. The substitution of proline codons in the mgtP gene eliminates EF‐P‐mediated mgtC expression and thus Salmonella's survival inside macrophages. Our findings indicate that Salmonella benefits virulence genes by decreasing EF‐P levels and inducing the stringent response inside host.
Revisiting the 1991 algal bloom in shelf waters off Argentina: Azadinium luciferelloides sp. nov. (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) as the causative species in a diverse community of other amphidomataceans
Authors: Tillmann Urban , Akselman Rut 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYSpecies of the marine dinophycean genera Azadinium and Amphidoma (Amphidomataceae) mostly attract attention because of their production potential of the lipophilic polyether phycotoxin azaspiracid (AZA). The genus Azadinium probably has a very wide geographical distribution. Blooms of Azadinium from the continental shelf off Argentina have been observed back in the early 1990, but were just recently published, and the causative species, identified at that time as Azadinium cf. spinosum, could not unequivocally be determined. Here we retrospectively analyzed old archived samples of one of the South Atlantic Azadinium bloom from 1991 with electron microscopy. It turned out that the dominant nanoplanktonic dinophycean species in fact represent a new species which we describe here based on the morphology. Azadinium luciferelloides sp. nov. is a small (approximately 9–14 μm cell length) thecate dinoflagellate with the dominant plate pattern of the genus (Po, X, 4′, 3a, 6″, 6C, 5S, 6″′, 2″″), and with a small antapical spine. Azadinium luciferelloides differed from all other described species of Azadinium by the position of the ventral pore, which was located on the right ventral side in a notch of an otherwise symmetric pore plate. In addition, we recorded and documented the presence of other similar sized species of the Amphidomataceae in the samples. Our finding of Az. spinosum, Az. dalianense, Az. dexteroporum, and Amphidoma languida are the first record for the South Atlantic and thus describe an important range extension of these species. The diversity and importance of the Amphidomataceae for South Atlantic spring bloom plankton is now known and taxonomically documented, but cultures and/or analysis of AZA in field samples of the area are needed to clarify the AZA production potential of the local species and populations in order to finally evaluate the risk potential of AZA for AZA shellfish contamination in the Southwestern Atlantic region.
Detailed analysis of error patterns in the number‐transcoding task on the Japanese version of the Rapid Dementia Screening Test
Authors: Moriyama Yasushi , Yoshino Aihide , Muramatsu Taro , Mimura Masaru 
Published: June 2016

AimThe number‐transcoding task on the Japanese version of the Rapid Dementia Screening Test requires mutual conversion between Arabic and Chinese numerals (e.g. 209 → 二百九, 4054 → 四千五十四, 六百八十一 → 681, 二千二十七 → 2027). During this task, some characteristic errors have been seen among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this study was to clarify whether the frequency of appearance of error patterns differs between patients with mild and severe AD according to Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores.MethodsA total of 250 patients with AD were recruited and subsequently categorized into two groups based on CDR scores (mild AD: CDR of 0.5 or 1; severe AD: CDR of 2 or 3). We analyzed 19 qualitative error patterns, including 15 that had been reported to date and 4 previously unreported errors, in each subtest.ResultsThe frequency of appearance of two previously reported and four previously unreported errors in the mild and severe AD groups, respectively, were statistically significant.ConclusionsCharacteristic error pattern distributions in number transcoding can be observed in patients with mild and severe AD according to CDR scores and offers useful information for interpreting cognitive screening data.
Round‐Robin Tournaments with a Dominant Player
Authors: Krumer Alex , Megidish Reut , Sela Aner 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe analyze the subgame perfect equilibrium of the round‐robin tournament with one strong (dominant) and two weak players, and we compare this tournament and the one‐stage contest with respect to the players' expected payoffs, expected total effort, and their probabilities of winning. We find that if the contest designer's goal is to maximize the players' expected total effort, then – if the asymmetry between the players is relatively low – the one‐stage contest should be used. However, if the asymmetry is relatively high, then the round‐robin tournament should be used.
Evaluation of syndromic management guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted infections in South African women
Authors: van der Eem Lisette , Dubbink Jan Henk , Struthers Helen E. , McIntyre James A. , Ouburg Sander , Morré Servaas A. , Kock Marleen M. , Peters Remco P.H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of three different guidelines for the management of vaginal discharge syndrome (VDS) for women living in a rural setting in South Africa.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of data from a cross‐sectional study in Mopani District, South Africa. The 2015 and 2008 guidelines of the South African Department of Health (DoH) and the most recent WHO guidelines were evaluated for adequate treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis infection.ResultsOf the 489 women included in this analysis, 35% presented with VDS according to the DoH and 30% per WHO definition of VDS. Fifty‐six per cent of the women with VDS would be treated adequately for these STI when using the 2015 DoH guideline, whereas 76% (P = 0.01) and 64% (P = 0.35) would receive adequate treatment with the 2008 DoH and WHO guidelines, respectively. Of the symptomatic women who tested negative for all four STI, STI treatment would have been indicated for 36% as per 2015 DoH guideline vs. 69% (P < 0.001) per 2008 DoH and 67% (P < 0.001) per WHO guidelines.ConclusionA considerable proportion of symptomatic women infected with these common curable STI would receive adequate treatment when using a syndromic management approach, and significant differences exist between the three guidelines. Many symptomatic women without these STI receive broad‐spectrum antibiotics, so new approaches are needed to improve syndromic STI control.
A Mathematical Framework for Analysis of Water Tracers. Part II: Understanding Large-Scale Perturbations in the Hydrological Cycle due to CO2 Doubling
Authors: Singh Hansi K. A. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Donohoe Aaron , Nusbaumer Jesse , Noone David C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe aerial hydrological cycle response to CO2 doubling from a Lagrangian, rather than Eulerian, perspective is evaluated using information from numerical water tracers implemented in a global climate model. While increased surface evaporation (both local and remote) increases precipitation globally, changes in transport are necessary to create a spatial pattern where precipitation decreases in the subtropics and increases substantially at the equator. Overall, changes in the convergence of remotely evaporated moisture are more important to the overall precipitation change than changes in the amount of locally evaporated moisture that precipitates in situ. It is found that CO2 doubling increases the fraction of locally evaporated moisture that is exported, enhances moisture exchange between ocean basins, and shifts moisture convergence within a given basin toward greater distances between moisture source (evaporation) and sink (precipitation) regions. These changes can be understood in terms of the increased residence time of water in the atmosphere with CO2 doubling, which corresponds to an increase in the advective length scale of moisture transport. As a result, the distance between where moisture evaporates and where it precipitates increases. Analyses of several heuristic models further support this finding.
Evaluation of Uncertainties in Input Data and Parameters of a Hydrological Model Using a Bayesian Framework: A Case Study of a Snowmelt–Precipitation-Driven Watershed
Authors: Zhang J. L. , Li Y. P. , Huang G. H. , Wang C. X. , Cheng G. H. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this study, a Bayesian framework is proposed for investigating uncertainties in input data (i.e., temperature and precipitation) and parameters in a distributed hydrological model as well as their effects on the runoff response in the Kaidu watershed (a snowmelt–precipitation-driven watershed). In the Bayesian framework, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used for providing the basic hydrologic protocols. The Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis (DRAM) algorithm is employed for the inference of uncertainties in input data and model parameters with global and local adaptive strategies. The advanced Bayesian framework can help facilitate the exploration of variation of model parameters due to input data errors, as well as propagation from uncertainties in data and parameters to model outputs in both snow-melting and nonmelting periods. A series of calibration cases corresponding to data errors under different periods are examined. Results show that 1) input data errors can affect the distributions of model parameters as well as parameters’ correlation, implying that data errors could influence the related hydrologic processes as well as their relations; 2) considering input data errors could improve the hydrologic simulation ability for peak streamflows; 3) considering errors of temperature and precipitation data as well as uncertainties of model parameters can provide the best modeling simulation performance in the snow-melting period; and 4) accounting for uncertainties in precipitation data and model parameters can provide the best modeling performance during the nonmelting period. The findings will help enhance hydrological model’s capability for simulating/predicting water resources during different seasons for snowmelt–precipitation-driven watersheds.
Comparison of Simulated Precipitation over East Asia in Two Regional Models with Hydrostatic and Nonhydrostatic Dynamical Cores
Authors: Jang Jihyeon , Hong Song-You 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study examines the characteristics of a nonhydrostatic dynamical core compared to a corresponding hydrostatic dynamical core in the Regional Model Program (RMP) of the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs), a spectral model for regional forecasts, focusing on simulated precipitation over Korea. This kind of comparison is also executed in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) finite-difference model with the same physics package used in the RMP. Overall, it is found that the nonhydrostatic dynamical core experiment accurately reproduces the heavy rainfall near Seoul, South Korea, on a 3-km grid, relative to the results from the hydrostatic dynamical core in both models. However, the characteristics of nonhydrostatic effects on the simulated precipitation differ between the RMP and WRF Model. The RMP with the nonhydrostatic dynamical core improves the local maximum, which is exaggerated in the hydrostatic simulation. The hydrostatic simulation of the WRF Model displaces the major precipitation area toward the mountainous region along the east coast of the peninsula, which is shifted into the observed area in the nonhydrostatic simulation. In the simulation of a summer monsoonal rainfall, these nonhydrostatic effects are negligible in the RMP, but the simulated monsoonal rainfall is still influenced by the dynamical core in the WRF Model even at a 27-km grid spacing. One of the reasons for the smaller dynamical core effect in the RMP seems to be the relatively strong horizontal diffusion, resulting in a smaller grid size of the hydrostatic limit.