bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulsed time‐of‐flight pixel with on‐chip 20 klux background light suppression in standard CMOS technology
Authors: Illade‐Quinteiro Julio , López Paula , Brea Víctor M. , Cabello Diego 
Published: November 2017

SummaryA novel time‐of‐flight pixel designed in 0.18‐μm standard CMOS technology with an indirect pulsed technique is presented. This design is capable of operating in ambients with high levels of background light, since a novel in‐pixel background suppression circuit makes it robust up to 20 klux of ambient light. In addition to this, the pixel incorporates an adaptive number of accumulations circuit that selects the optimum number of accumulations for each situation at pixel level, avoiding saturation even under high illumination conditions.
Herbivory and drought generate short‐term stochasticity and long‐term stability in a savanna understory community
Authors: Riginos Corinna , Porensky Lauren M. , Veblen Kari E. , Young Truman P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRainfall and herbivory are fundamental drivers of grassland plant dynamics, yet few studies have examined long‐term interactions between these factors in an experimental setting. Understanding such interactions is important, as rainfall is becoming increasingly erratic and native wild herbivores are being replaced by livestock. Livestock grazing and episodic low rainfall are thought to interact, leading to greater community change than either factor alone. We examined patterns of change and stability in herbaceous community composition through four dry periods, or droughts, over 15 years of the Kenya Long‐term Exclosure Experiment (KLEE), which consists of six different combinations of cattle, native wild herbivores (e.g., zebras, gazelles), and mega‐herbivores (giraffes, elephants). We used principal response curves to analyze the trajectory of change in each herbivore treatment relative to a common initial community and asked how droughts contributed to community change in these treatments. We examined three measures of stability (resistance, variability, and turnover) that correspond to different temporal scales and found that each had a different response to grazing. Treatments that included both cattle and wild herbivores had higher resistance (less net change over 15 years) but were more variable on shorter time scales; in contrast, the more lightly grazed treatments (no herbivores or wild herbivores only) showed lower resistance due to the accumulation of consistent, linear, short‐term change. Community change was greatest during and immediately after droughts in all herbivore treatments. But, while drought contributed to directional change in the less grazed treatments, it contributed to both higher variability and resistance in the more heavily grazed treatments. Much of the community change in lightly grazed treatments (especially after droughts) was due to substantial increases in cover of the palatable grass Brachiaria lachnantha. These results illustrate how herbivory and drought can act together to cause change in grassland communities at the moderate to low end of a grazing intensity continuum. Livestock grazing at a moderate intensity in a system with a long evolutionary history of grazing contributed to long‐term stability. This runs counter to often‐held assumptions that livestock grazing leads to directional, destabilizing shifts in grassland systems.
Extraction of amino acids from aerogel for analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Implications for a mission concept to Enceladus’ Plume
Authors: Mora Maria F. , Jones Steve M. , Creamer Jessica , Willis Peter A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOcean worlds like Europa and Enceladus in the outer solar system are prime targets in the search for life beyond Earth. Enceladus is particularly interesting due to the presence of a water plume ejecting from the south polar region. The recent discovery of H2 in the plume, in addition to the presence of previously observed organic compounds, highlights the possibility of life in this moon. The plume provides materials from the underlying ocean that could be collected simply by flying through it. The presence of the plume means that material from the ocean is available for collection during a flyby, without the need for landing or complex sample handling operations such as scooping or drilling. An attractive approach to preserve the organics in particles collected during flyby encounters would be to utilize silica aerogel, the material used to collect particles at hypervelocity during the Stardust mission. Here we demonstrate amino acids can be extracted from aerogel simply by adding water. This simple liquid extraction method could be implemented during a mission prior to analysis with a liquid‐based technique like capillary electrophoresis.
Family firm internationalization: Heritage assets and the impact of bifurcation bias
Authors: Kano Liena , Verbeke Alain 
Published: November 2017

Research Summary:We develop a new conceptual framework to uncover governance‐related determinants of family firms’ internationalization, building upon internalization theory. We assess how family firm governance features determine internationalization patterns on two key dimensions: location choice and operating mode. We focus on family governance characteristics that might drive suboptimal internationalization patterns and on removing such suboptimality. We conclude thatbifurcation bias, defined as thede factodifferential treatment of family orheritageassets versus nonfamily assets, represents a critical family firm‐specific barrier to achieving efficiency in international operations. In the short run, the key difference in international governance is between bifurcation‐biased family MNEs and all other types of MNEs. In the longer run, inefficient, bifurcation‐biased decision making will make place for comparatively more efficient governance.Managerial Summary:Family firms are susceptible tobifurcation bias—a default preferential treatment of family members and resource bundles that hold positive emotional meaning to the family, that is,heritage assets. Such preferential treatment contrasts with that afforded to professional, nonfamily managers and other resources, with which the founding family does not entertain a positive emotional connection. If left unremedied, bifurcation bias will lead to poor decisions in family‐owned multinationals that undertake international expansion, in terms of the choices of which markets to enter and how to enter these. These types of dysfunctional decisions will lead to a decline in competitiveness as compared to nonfamily multinationals. Family firms should, therefore, identify and actively prevent bifurcation bias by implementing the specific safeguarding strategies suggested in this study.
Comparison of long‐term outcomes between pull‐through resection and mandibular lip‐split surgery for T4a tongue/floor of mouth cancers
Authors: Cheng Shih‐Jung , Ko Hui‐Hsin , Lee Jang‐Jaer , Kok Sang‐Heng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the pull‐through resection is better than the mandibular lip‐split for advanced tongue/floor of mouth (FOM) cancers, which remains inconclusive.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed on 91 patients with T4a tongue/FOM cancers from 2009 to 2014. Cases with mandibular resection were excluded. The pull‐through resection was used when the mouth opening was ≥15 mm; otherwise the mandibular lip‐split was used.ResultsFifty‐eight patients received pull‐through resections and 33 underwent mandibular‐lip splits and the mean follow‐up periods were 42 and 45 months, respectively. Surgical margin, locoregional recurrence, and 5‐year survival were similar between the 2 groups. The pull‐through approach had a significantly shorter operation time, lower rates of flap infection, osteoradionecrosis, metal plate exposure, loss of tooth vitality, and better aesthetics.ConclusionOur data suggest that the pull‐through resection does not compromise disease control for advanced tongue/FOM cancers and is superior to the mandibular lip‐split in terms of operation time, postoperative complications, and aesthetics.
High resolution water body mapping for SWAT evaporative modelling in the Upper Oconee watershed of Georgia, USA
Authors: Ignatius Amber R. , Jones John W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTechnological improvements in remote sensing and geographic information systems have demonstrated the abundance of artificially constructed water bodies across the landscape. Although research has shown the ubiquity of small ponds globally, and in the southeastern United States in particular, their cumulative impact in terms of evaporative alteration is less well quantified. The objectives of this study are to examine the hydrologic and evaporative importance of small artificial water bodies in the Upper Oconee watershed in the northern Georgia Piedmont, USA, by mapping their locations and modelling these small reservoirs using the Soil Water Assessment Tool. Comparative Soil Water Assessment Tool models were run with and without the inclusion of small reservoir surface area and volume. The models used meteorological inputs from 1990–2013 to represent years with drought, high precipitation, and moderate precipitation for both the calibration and evaluation periods. Statistical comparison of streamflow indicated that the calibration methodology produced results where the default model simulation without reservoirs fit observed flows more closely than the modified model with small reservoirs included (e.g., Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.72 vs. 0.64,r2of 0.73 vs. 0.66, and percent bias of 11.4 vs. 21.6). In addition, Penman–Monteith, Hargreaves, and Priestley–Taylor evapotranspiration equations were used to estimate actual evaporation from 2,219 small water bodies identified throughout the 1,936.8 km2watershed. Depending on the evaporation equation used, water bodies evaporated an average of 0.03–0.036 km3/year for the period 2003–2013. Using Penman–Monteith further, if the reservoirs were not considered and average actual evapotranspiration rates from the rest of the basin were applied, only 0.016 km3of water would have left the basin as a result of evapotranspiration. This finding suggests construction of small reservoirs increased evaporation by an average of 0.017 km3per year (approximately 46,500 m3/day). As the construction of small reservoirs continues and high resolution image data used to map these water bodies becomes increasingly available, watershed models that evolve to address the cumulative impacts of small water bodies on evaporation and other hydrologic processes will have greater potential to benefit the water resource management community.
Organic Synthesis. Use of Alkynes as a Key to Innovation in Designing Structure for Function
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Tracy Jacob S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA personal perspective of one aspect of what needs to be done to fulfill the scientific objective of improving the world in which we live is presented. One specific goal of this journey is to enable the best design of molecular structure for function regardless of complexity. Meeting this objective requires improvements in the fundamental tools of constructing synthetic reactions. What is presented is just one part of our journey which started with a fundamental question; do the unique features of alkyne building blocks provide an unusual opportunity to achieve the noted objectives? The story begins with the discovery of new synthetic tools and concludes with numerous illustrations of the broad potential these tools appear to possess.
Supramolecular Assemblies of Cucurbiturils with Photoactive, π‐conjugated Chromophores
Authors: Koc Ahmet , Tuncel Dönüs 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSupramolecular assemblies of cucurbituril (CBn) homologues with π‐conjugated chromophores will be overviewed. Special emphasis will be given to the effect of CBn on the optical properties of conjugated oligomers and polymers. How supramolecular complexes of π‐conjugated chromophores including porphyrin derivatives, conjugated oligomers and polymers with CBn could be utilized in the theranostic and photonic applications will also be discussed.
Critical evaluation of the PALM‐COEIN classification system among women with abnormal uterine bleeding in low‐resource settings
Authors: Shubham Divya , Kawthalkar Anjali S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of the PALM‐COEIN system for the classification of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in low‐resource settings and to suggest modifications.MethodsA prospective study was conducted among women with AUB who were admitted to the gynecology ward of a tertiary care hospital and research center in central India between November 2014 and October 2016. All patients were managed as per department protocols. The causes of AUB were classified before treatment using the PALM‐COEIN system (classification I) and on the basis of the histopathology reports of the hysterectomy specimens (classification II); the results were compared using classification II as the gold standard.ResultsThe study included 200 women with AUB; hysterectomy was performed in 174 women. Preoperative classification of AUB per the PALM‐COEIN system was correct in 130 (65.0%) women. Adenomyosis (evaluated by transvaginal ultrasonography) and endometrial hyperplasia (evaluated by endometrial curettage) were underdiagnosed.ConclusionThe PALM‐COEIN classification system helps in deciding the best treatment modality for women with AUB on a case‐by‐case basis. The incorporation of suggested modifications will further strengthen its utility as a pretreatment classification system in low‐resource settings.
Enhanced biological fixation of ligaments to bone tissues utilizing chitin fabrics
Authors: Nomata Hisaya , Nakaishi Michiko , Takakuda Kazuo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn ligament reconstruction involving anterior cruciate ligament surgery, biological fixation between the transferred ligament and bone tissue is critical for achieving successful outcomes. Here, we administered chitin fabrics into the bone tunnels and evaluated their efficacy in promoting biological fixation. An animal model on the rat's patellar ligament was employed. First, bone tunnels were created in the lateral condyle of the femur. The ligament was then separated from the tibial tuberosity, and half was inserted into the tunnel and fixed with the use of end button. Animals in the experimental group were treated with microfiber nonwoven chitin fabric, whereas control animals received no treatment. Specimens were collected at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery, and the fixation strength was measured by mechanical tests. Histological sections were prepared from samples prepared 4 weeks after surgery, and the diameter of bone tunnel and the width ratio of collagenous tissue in the bone tunnel were measured. Administration of chitin significantly increased the mean fixation strength at 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. Furthermore, chitin also promoted bone formation in the bone tunnel and increased the density of collagen fibers. Thus, microfiber nonwoven chitin fabric enhanced the biological fixation of the ligament to the bone tissue. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2355–2360, 2018.
Existence of magic 3‐dimensional rectangles
Authors: Zhou Chen , Li Wen , Zhang Yong , Su Renwang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSince the complete solution for the existence of magic 2‐dimensional rectangles in 1881, much attention has been paid on the existence of magic l‐dimensional rectangles for . The existence problem for magic l‐dimensional rectangles with even sizes has been solved completely for all integers . However, very little is known for the existence of magic l‐dimensional rectangles () with odd sizes except for some families and a few sporadic examples. In this paper, we focus our attention on the existence of magic 3‐dimensional rectangles and prove that the necessary conditions for the existence of magic 3‐dimensional rectangles are also sufficient. Our construction method is mainly based on a new concept, symmetric zero‐sum subset partition, which plays a crucial role in the recursive constructions of magic 3‐rectangles similar to that of PBD in the PBD‐closure construction in combinatorial design theory.
Engineering PhD Returners and Direct‐Pathway Students: Comparing Expectancy, Value, and Cost
Authors: Mosyjowski Erika A. , Daly Shanna R. , Peters Diane L. , Skerlos Steven J. , Baker Adam B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundProfessionals who pursue a doctorate after significant post‐baccalaureate work experience, a group we refer to as returners, represent an important but understudied group of engineering doctoral students. Returners are well situated to leverage their applied work experiences in their advanced engineering training.Purpose/HypothesisWe drew on results from the Graduate Student Experiences and Motivations Survey to explore the dimensionality of our scales measuring value and cost constructs. We used these scales, as well as measures of student expectancy of success, to compare returners with direct‐pathway students.Design/MethodWe surveyed 179 returners and 297 direct‐pathway domestic engineering doctoral students. We first conducted Exploratory Factor Analysis on our cost and value measures. We then used both Ordinary Least Squares and Ordinal Regression Model analyses to assess the relationships of various student characteristics and experiences (including returner status) with student expectancy of success and the emergent cost and values factors associated with doctoral study in engineering.ResultsFactor analysis revealed three categories of values (interest, attainment, and career utility) that were largely consistent with those in Eccles’ expectancy‐value framework. A similar analysis identified three categories of costs (balance, financial, and academic) associated with pursuing a PhD. Returners felt significantly less confident in their ability to complete their degrees prior to enrolling and perceived higher levels of all cost types than direct‐pathway students.ConclusionsGiven the differences between returning and direct‐pathway students, it is important to consider how universities might best recruit and retain returners. Tracking returner status could be critical in better supporting these students.
Nursing perception of risk in common nursing practice situations
Authors: Trevino Pamela , Green Angela , Middaugh Donna , Heo Seonghum , Beverly Claudia , Deshpande Jayant 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAs health care organizations seek to be highly reliable, systems that include layers of redundancy have been created to protect patients from harm. Many of these layers of protection are dependent on nurses making a decision to follow or adhere to the human aspects of the process. Because these decisions begin with a perception and identification of risk, understanding what nurses perceive to be a risk to patients is an essential part of designing safer health care systems. The purposes of this qualitative study were to (1) describe what nurses perceive as risky to patients in common nursing practice situations, (2) describe the effects of the perceptions of risk on clinical decision making and behavior, and (3) identify what factors nurses perceive as increasing or decreasing risk.
The development of lingual glands in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica): 3D‐reconstruction, LM, and SEM study
Authors: Skieresz‐Szewczyk Kinga , Cornillie Pieter , Jackowiak Hanna 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe major salivary glands of birds develop by branching or elongation of the epithelial cords. The development of the minor salivary glands in form of the lingual glands has never been described. Among birds, only Anatidae have three types of the lingual glands: rostral, caudo‐lateral, and caudo‐medial lingual glands. The study aims to characterize the manner and rate of the lingual glands development in the domestic duck and their topographical arrangement relative to the hyoid apparatus. The study reveals that all three types of the lingual glands develop by branching. We describe five stages of the lingual glands development in the domestic ducks: prebud, initial bud, pseudoglandular, canalicular, and terminal bud stage. The pattern of the lingual glands development in birds is similar to that described for mammals, with the exception, that the terminal buds are formed at the same time as the lumen of the glands. Generally, the rostral lingual gland starts to branch earlier than the caudal lingual glands. The 3D‐reconstruction shows the location and direction of lingual gland development relative to the entoglossal cartilage and basibranchial bone. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy allow to characterize the histogenesis of the embryonic epithelium into glandular epithelium. At a time of hatching only secretory units of caudal lingual glands resemble the secretory units of the adult domestic duck. The rostral and caudo‐lateral lingual glands are arranged on the sides of the entoglossal cartilage and basibranchial bone and caudo‐madial lingual glands are located over the basibranchial bone. We suggest that such an arrangement of the lingual glands in the domestic duck is important during food intake and responsible for reduction of friction and formation of food bites.
Comparison between qualitative and quantitative assessment of background parenchymal enhancement on breast MRI
Authors: Pujara Akshat C. , Mikheev Artem , Rusinek Henry , Gao Yiming , Chhor Chloe , Pysarenko Kristine , Rallapalli Harikrishna , Walczyk Jerzy , Moccaldi Melanie , Babb James S. , Melsaether Amy N. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundPotential clinical implications of the level of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on breast MRI are increasing. Currently, BPE is typically evaluated subjectively. Tests of concordance between subjective BPE assessment and computer‐assisted quantified BPE have not been reported.Purpose or HypothesisTo compare subjective radiologist assessment of BPE with objective quantified parenchymal enhancement (QPE).Study TypeCross‐sectional observational study.PopulationBetween 7/24/2015 and 11/27/2015, 104 sequential patients (ages 23 – 81 years, mean 49 years) without breast cancer underwent breast MRI and were included in this study.Field Strength/Sequence3T; fat suppressed axial T2, axial T1, and axial fat suppressed T1 before and after intravenous contrast.AssessmentFour breast imagers graded BPE at 90 and 180 s after contrast injection on a 4‐point scale (a–d). Fibroglandular tissue masks were generated using a phantom‐validated segmentation algorithm, and were co‐registered to pre‐ and postcontrast fat suppressed images to define the region of interest. QPE was calculated.Statistical TestsReceiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and kappa coefficients (k) were used to compare subjective BPE with QPE.ResultsROC analyses indicated that subjective BPE at 90 s was best predicted by quantified QPE ≤20.2 = a, 20.3–25.2 = b, 25.3–50.0 = c, >50.0 = d, and at 180 s by quantified QPE ≤ 32.2 = a, 32.3–38.3 = b, 38.4–74.5 = c, >74.5 = d. Agreement between subjective BPE and QPE was slight to fair at 90 s (k = 0.20–0.36) and 180 s (k = 0.19–0.28). At higher levels of QPE, agreement between subjective BPE and QPE significantly decreased for all four radiologists at 90 s (P ≤ 0.004) and for three of four radiologists at 180 s (P ≤ 0.004).Data ConclusionRadiologists were less consistent with QPE as QPE increased.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1685–1691.