bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaeology and the Ordnance Survey
Authors: Phillips C. W. 
Published: January 2016

The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain is now in its 167th year. Founded in 1791, it has provided a map coverage of this country which is unexcelled in its completeness and in the range of its scales. All the most important towns are now being mapped on a 1/1250 (50-in,) scale in a new survey, over 60 per cent of which have now been completed. Only a few mountainous and uninhabited regions are excluded from the 1/2500 (25-in.) scale which otherwise covers the whole country. Consequential from this scale is a further series of maps at scales of 1/10,560 (6-in.), 1/25,000 (2½-in.), 1/63,360 (1-in.), 1/126,720 (½-in.), and 1/253,440(¼-in.). Except for the north-west of Scotland the 1/25/000 (2½-in.) scale map covers the whole of the country, but the 1/126,720 (½-in.) scale has only recently been started and will take some years to complete.An unusual feature of the whole of these map series when compared with other national surveys is the attention it pays to the mapping of antiquities. This is not confined to the delineation of those ancient features which have size and bulk which make it impossible to omit them from any map. A big range of antiquities is shown. The current list shows 107 different types ranging in date from the earliest times down to the 18th century. Some, like burial mounds, are small; others, like major hill-forts or Roman town sites, cover many acres, while others of linear type like Hadrian’s Wall or Offa’s Dyke approach or exceed 100 miles in length. Apart from this kind of antiquity which can still be recognized on the ground, there are many places indicated where important finds of portable objects have been made, and the sites of battles and other historic events are shown.
Cropmarks in Antiquity
Authors: Fagan B. M. 
Published: January 2016

‘There is one straung thing seen ther that in certen Partes of the Ground withyn the Waulles, the Corne is mervelus faire to the Yee, and ready to show Perfecture, it decayith’.This passage, written by John Leland (1503-1552) after his visit to Silchester in 1541, is perhaps the earliest recorded observation of a cropmark. His account of Silchester was used by most serious workers on the site for the next two hundred years, and treated with the respect it deserved. Willian Camden used it on his visit, and we are not surprised to read in Britannia:‘The inhabitants of this place told me, it had been a constant observation of theirs, that though the soil here be fat and fertile, yet in a sort of baulks that cross one another, the corn never grows so thick as in the other parts of the field; and along these they imagine the streets of the old city to have run. Here are commonly dug up British Tiles and great plenty of Roman Coins’.
Some Megalithic Follies
Authors: Daniel Glyn 
Published: January 2016

The late Editor and Founder of ANTIQUITY had to deal with a difficult monument when he wrote his Long Barrows of the Cotwolds (1925). This was the Three Shire Stones which stand in an alcove in the wall on the west side of the Foss Way, two miles north of Batheaston, at the junction of Somerset, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire and the parishes of Batheaston, Marshfield and Colerne. Here are three uprights supporting a capstone. Inside is a broken boundary stone bearing the date 1736, and on the 2-in. manuscript map of the district at the Ordnance Survey (dated 1813–14) there is a note saying ‘Shire Stones, erected 1736’. As Crawford wrote, ‘The present structure is evidently a modem imitation of a “dolmen”.’If we all accept the Three Shire Stones as an 18th-century ‘dolmen’, as we must, it prompts us to wonder what other megalithic imitations or ‘follies’ were constructed in England.In 1792 Lord Arundel employed Josiah Lane to make a grotto for him at Wardour Castle in Wiltshire. Lane was a celebrated constructor of rock-work and his grotto at Wardour is a most remarkable and charming structure. To quote Barbara Jones’s description of it: ‘Built on a brick basis, it is of tufa and stone with the usual occasional ammonite, now covered with green moss and long ferns, for it is in a very sheltered and gloomy situation. The plan is most cunning, turning in and out with many views through jagged holes into other parts. The dark yews and the bank which it is built against, and the patternbook construction, make it the most Gothic of grottoes.’ Apparently Josiah Lane in his rock-work used part of a chamber tomb on Place Farm, Tisbury: three stones from this tomb were removed in 1792 and used at Wardour Castle.
Greek Roads in South Attica
Authors: Young J. H. 
Published: January 2016

‘Although the Greeks seem to have
undertaken the founding of their cities most
successfully looking for beauty and security of
position, harbours, and fertile country, the
[Romans] planned best those matters which the
Greeks made light of, laying down roads, and
bringing in water … They laid a network of roads
over the countryside, adding cuttings over the
hills and embankments along the valleys, so that
their wagons can accommodate whole
shiploads’
So says Strabo (v. 3.8), stating concisely
a great deal that has since been written
contrasting the beauty-loving Greeks with the
practical Romans. S The justly admired roads of
the Romans have long been a symbol of Rome at her
best. The Greeks come off very poorly indeed when
contrasted with Rome in the matter of
roadbuilding—so poorly that their apologists have
often felt constrained to explain it away : the
mountain-terrain, and the division into
unco-operative city-states were hostile to the
development of road-building. Yet both these
excuses are groundless, for under certain
circumstances the Greeks did build roads over
difficult terrain and across state boundaries.
Roads from quarries to temple-sites are good
examples of the first difficulty overcome, sacred
roads of the second. The truth is that the Greeks
could build good roads if the need for them was
sufficiently compelling, but they had no sense of
the ROAD, as the Romans did, and as we do
to-day.
Coal in the Ice Age: The Excavation of a
Palaeolithic Settlement at Ostrava-Petřkovice in
Silesia
Authors: KLíama Bohuslav 
Published: January 2016

THE high carboniferous sandstone formation
named Landek, on the left bank of the order at
Ostrava-Petřkovice, is the site of the most
important palaeolithic settlement at present known
in Silesia. The exploratory excavations carried
out there in 1952, by the Brno Archaeological
Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,
were continued systematically the following year,
particularly to determine whether coal had been
intentionally used as fuel by the palaeolithic
hunters.
The second season’s excavations brought to
light numerous particles of coke and coal in the
ash layers which had resulted from the dispersal
of hearths by solifluxion. Fragments of coal
unaffected by heat were rare in comparison with
the coke particles, indicating that the coal had
been almost completely converted into the ash
which colours the whole cultural stratum grey,
especially near the hearths. While the discovery
of coal is not, by itself, decisive evidence of
its use as fuel, it is corroborated by the fact
that the coal is found in various forms, and it
may be concluded as a result of the 1953
excavations that 30,000 years ago, in the
Ostrava-Petřkovice region, man used coal as a
source of heat. This remarkable conclusion is more
easily acceptable if it is borne in mind that the
Ostrava coal-measures rise to the surface in the
immediate neighbourhood of the site, and that the
use of coal, though only as a material for
ornaments, is known in other instances, e.g. at
Kesslerloch, and at Kniegrotte. That the coal-fed
fires reached high temperatures is shown by the
considerable degree of incineration of the animal
bone fragments (strongly resembling charcoal),
which occur, together with particles of mammoth
ivory, in the ash.
New Wares and Fresh Problems from Baluchistan
Authors: Cardi Beatrice De 
Published: January 2016

It is perhaps axiomatic that archaeological research in Baluchistan should raise as many questions as it answers, and the fieldwork carried out in Kalat in 1957 was no exception. Gradually, however, the nature of these problems is changing.Prior to 1950 a superfluity of unrelated wares confronted the prehistorian and obscured the wider issues. Much of this pottery had been collected by the late Sir Aurel Stein from the numerous wind-eroded dambs which represent the mudbrick walls of ancient settlements. In the absence of any scientific excavation in this region it was difficult to relate the different painted wares or to group them into cultural assemblages, and the emphasis lay firmly on decorated pottery, since there was even less hope of sorting out unstratified plain wares.
Archaeology in New China
Authors: Nai Hsia 
Published: January 2016

Archaeology as a branch of historical science has made new headway in the thirteen years since the founding of the Chinese People's Republic. The scale of its work has expanded and methods of research have been improved. Large numbers of young archaeological workers have been trained. In the course of the nation's gigantic economic construction, remains of ancient settlements and tombs have been uncovered in many places, yielding numerous important relics which have provided abundant data for archaeological research. Throughout the country, hosts of archaeological workers from research institutes, universities, museums and institutions for the preservation of ancient monuments are carrying out both field work and academic study and have already attained considerable success in their efforts to explore the history of ancient China on the basis of archaeological finds. All this has given further impetus to the advance of Chinese archaeology.Archaeological finds made in New China are so rich that the present article can attempt to discuss only some of the most important problems.
A Sarmatian Royal Burial at Novocherkassk
Authors: Kaposhina S. I. 
Published: January 2016

There is a large cemetery of barrows near the town of Novocherkassk, and one of the barrows, locally known as Khokhlach, was partly excavated about a hundred years ago. The finds from this Khokhlach excavation are generally known as ‘the Novocherkassk hoard’. In the autumn of 1962 a systematic study was made of the whole cemetery, and in August-September of that year two barrows standing close to each other (to the west of and 2.2 km. from the Khokhlach barrow) were excavated. One of them contained burials of Bronze Age date; the other turned out to be Sarmatian. The Sarmatian barrow is of the most exceptional interest as the finds from it are closely paralleled by the finds of ‘the Novocherkassk hoard’ from the Khokhlach barrow.This Sarmatian barrow, known locally as the Sadovy Kurgan, was a low mound 2.20 m. in height. The top of the mound had been removed in recent times, and part of the remaining barrow had been ploughed away: the original dimensions of the barrow are therefore unknown. Excavation revealed one burial in a rectangular pit dug into the natural soil, covered with wooden planks which were in turn covered with reeds. This burial had already been robbed in ancient times, but during the original burial ceremony a ritual feast had taken place, and objects from this feast were preserved under the barrow on the original ground level. These included a large cast-bronze cauldron such as are commonly found in Sarmatian barrows, and a wrought-bronze cauldron decorated with an iron rim and ringshaped iron handles stood by the burial. Both cauldrons were covered in soot and clearly the food for the funeral feast had been cooked in them. Also placed around the burial pit were an ornamental bronze vase and a terra-cotta amphora which had once held the wine drunk at the feast. In the heaped-up soil of the barrow was a grey pottery hydria and also some other interesting objects. During the burial rites the barrow had been gradually heaped up, at first as a ring round the tomb, and then over the burial as well. During ail this the fire continued to bum, but when the feast was finished, several golden phalerae and eight silver bowls were placed in the mound. The silver bowls lay bottom upwards one on top of the other, and alongside were piled up the phalerae of gold (decorations for horses’ bridles). All this was covered by a silver louterion set upside down.
Folklore of Fossils Part II
Authors: Oakley Kenneth 
Published: January 2016

There are several kinds of fossil sea-urchin that are the subject of folklore, the commonest in the south of England being casts in flint, derived from the Chalk, of the heart-urchinMicraster, and of the helmet-urchinEchinocorys. Both of these, but more commonly the latter, are known to the country people as shepherd's crowns or fairy loaves (PL. xxib). Formerly at least, the Essex labourer believed that so long as one of these fossil sea-urchins was kept in the house, his family would never go short of bread (Johnson 1908, 149). At a number of localities in southern England fossil echinoids are traditionally placed on dairy shelves to keep milk from going sour. This practice is clearly linked with the ancient idea that these fossils are thunderstones.The earliest known case of fossil echinoids being used in a ceremonial burial is in the Early Bronze Age tumulus on the Dunstable Downs, where nearly IOO shepherd’s crowns, mainlyMicraster, had been arranged to encircle the bodies of a woman and child (Worthington Smith 1894, frontispiece, 337-8). H. S. Toms collected evidence that up to the middle of the last century fossil sea-urchins were called thunderstones throughout Sussex, whereas they are now simply regarded as ‘lucky’ (PL. XXIIb), and if seen in the soil and not brought home, at least one should spit on the shepherd’s crown and throw it over the left shoulder. Even the idea of luck being attached to sea-urchins found on the fields has disappeared latterly from many villages. As there were still scattered traces of the thunderstone belief in Sussex in 1930, it is probable that more than a century ago the thunderstone aspect was dominant there. This idea survived longer in West Sussex than in East Sussex, and oral tradition can be traced back to 1860.
The Ezero Mound in South-East Bulgaria
Authors: Georgiev G. I. , Merpert N. J. 
Published: January 2016

Very little work has so far been done on the Bronze Age in South-East Bulgaria. This is an area which is of the greatest importance in the prehistory of South-Eastern Europe, a fact which has been often stressed by archaeologists working in the Eastern Mediterranean [I]. Geographically linked closely to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean lands, and especially to the Troad, South-East Bulgaria should provide important data for the establishment of relations between these lands in the Bronze Age. With these aims in mind the village settlement of Ezero, a site which even before excavation was obviously one of many periods, presented itself clearly as a place for excavation. Ezero, also known as Dipsis, is 3 km. south-east of Nova Zagora: it is not far from the well-known settlement site of Karanovo and 24 km. from the Azmak mound described in a recent number of this journal [2]. Preliminary excavations carried out from 1952-8 at Ezero showed that the settlement had a great thickness of occupation levels dating from the Early Bronze Age. Systematic excavation was restarted in 1961 and continued in 1963 and 1964.The site is bordered by swampy ground and large open water-meadows. The damp, easily worked soil was well suited to primitive agriculture, and the meadows to stock-rearing.
A Cosmetic Palette from Umm el-Biyara
Authors: Bennett Crystal-M. 
Published: January 2016

The main purposes of the excavations conducted on the summit of this mountain were three-fold: to check the commonly accepted equation of Umm el-Biyara with the Biblical Sela' of the Edomites; to determine the character, extent and duration of the Edomite settlement, and to obtain, through stratigraphic excavation, a well-dated series of Edomite pottery and other artifacts.As general reports on the excavations have been published elsewhere and a preliminary report appeared in the Revue Biblique, it is sufficient in this paper to give only a summary of the findings.
The Celtic Chariot
Authors: Stead I. M. 
Published: January 2016

Spectacular discoveries in Marnian in Marnian graves, an ambiguous reference by Caesar, and the attentions of modern scholars such as Fox and Piggott have led to a great deal of interest and speculation about the Celtic chariot. The discovery of a number of chariot fittings at Llyn Cerrig Bach prompted Sir Cyril Fox to attempt a reconstruction, and the result has been generally accepted as a fairly accurate representation [I]. The material used for the Llyn Cerrig model was drawn from all over Europe, and much of it came from socalled ‘chariot-burials’. But whether or not the vehicle buried in La Thne graves was identical with the war-chariot has never been seriously questioned and is worth considering.In Champagne and Western Germany, where the two-wheeled vehicle is found in La Tène graves together with weapons, there are two possible interpretations of its purpose. On the one hand it could be associated with the weapons, and regarded as the dead warrior's chariot; on the other, it might be linked rather with death and the corpse, thus being either a hearse or a vehicle from a funeral procession. In Yorkshire this choice is less open. Weapons are never found in the same grave as the wheels and other fittings, and it would be more reasonable to identify the vehicle with a funerary cart.
The earliest Neolithic in the West Mediterranean: a new appraisal
Authors: Guilaine Jean 
Published: January 2016

The principal fact to emerge in recent years is the antiquity of the first neolithic cultures in the western Mediterranean. Listed below (Table I) are radiocarbon dates from sites with impressed ware (occasionally, in southern Italy, associated with painted pottery).There are thus quite a number of dates available. The three seventh-millennium dates are questionable: the Coppa Nevigata date (6200 bc) has often been criticized; the Cap Ragnon date (6020 bc) is certainly too early; and the Velderpino date (6000 bc) remains to be confirmed. The same is true of the Camprafaud date (5950 bc). The sixth-millennium dates are more numerous and come from southern Italy, Corsica, Provence, Languedoc and even Spain (Los Grajos). But without doubt the main bulk is provided by the fifth-millennium dates which convince by their sheer numbers (more than 50). The fifth millennium was the Golden Age of the impressed ware groups of the West Mediterranean.
Trapping reindeer in South Norway
Authors: Barth Edvard K. 
Published: January 2016

Very soon after the ice withdrew from the higher levels of the Scandinavian Peninsula the vegetation invaded. Even up to at least 1,100–1,20 m above sea-level the pine forest was in existence about 8,500 years ago (Barth et al., 1980).Radiocarbon datings from human sites in the high mountains of southern Norway also go back 8,500 years BP (Moe et al., 1978, Bang-Andersen & Kjos-Hanssen, 1979). It seems probable that the reindeer has been ‘the only possible resource that can explain man's presence in the highlands during the Early Mesolithic’ (Moe et al., 1978). There is little doubt that for groups of people in the Norwegian mountains, reindeer was the most important food during thousands of years (Barth 1981a).
Mariette Pacha and Verdi's Aïda
Authors: Humbert Jean-Marcel 
Published: January 2016

Aïda est en effet un produit de mon travail; c'est moi qui ai d#x00E9;cidé le Vice-Roi à en ordonner la représentation; Aïda, en un mot, est sortie de mon cerveau, et il me semble qu'avant d'en disposer aussi complètement, on me devait au moins la déférence de m'en écnire (Mariette, 1871a).Auguste Mariette, born in Boulogne-sur-Mer on 11 February 1821, is one of the most endearing characters of Egyptology. Very far ahead of his time, he did all he could to prevent Egypt being further plundered by archaeologists, and to enable it to learn how to conserve its treasures and use them to its advantage. He was given the title of Bey after his discovery of the Memphis Serapeum, and was later raised to the high rank of Pacha, a rare distinction for foreigners, on 5 June 1879. He died on 18 January 1881, and was buried at Boulaq, afterwards Cairo. A monument in his honour was set up in his native town which held glittering celebrations on the centenary of his death.
High-precision radiocarbon chronometry of ancient Egypt, and comparisons with Nubia, Palestine and Mesopotamia
Authors: Hassan Fekri A. , Robinson Steven W. 
Published: January 2016

Radiocarbon dating began in archaeology with ancient Egypt, for it was to the securely dated materials from Egypt that Willard Libby naturally turned when his new radiocarbon method needed verification from reliable historical sources. With this paper the reverse process begins: verifying and correcting the conventional chronology for Egypt and neighbouring regions by calibrated radiocarbon.This paper compares calibrated radiocarbon dates against historical dates in a manner not well covered by ANTIQUITY's usual convention. So in this paper only uncalibrated radiocarbon dates are denoted by ‘b.p.’, historical dates are denoted by ‘BC’, and calibrated radiocarbon dates by ‘CalBC’ or simply ‘BC’ when the meaning is clear from the context.
Some thoughts on cultural resource management archaeology in the United States
Authors: Adovasio J.M. , Carlisle Ronald C. 
Published: January 2016

The relations between rescue and research have been a lively issue in those many countries where salvage work has become the context for much, or most, funding for archaeological fieldwork. Nowhere has the debate been livelier than in the USA, where the last decade has seen the growth of cultural resource management (CRM), in part ‘as a rebellion against the connotations of the term “salvage archaeology”’ (Knudson 1986:400).The University of Pittsburgh is one of the most active anthropology departments in the field; here the CRM issues are explored, with examples from the Pittsburgh programme.
‘Look what we've found’ – a case study in public archaeology
Authors: Pryor Francis 
Published: January 2016

Two generations ago, Sir Mortimer Wheeler made himself the master of public relations in archaeology. He found some of the funds for digging Maiden Castle from opening the site to the visitors, who were able to buy souvenirs for a few pennies. After a period when the public have seemed a nuisance on-site, the fashion has come back — with added urgency in Britain where the pipeline of funding from public sources no longer flows so easily and where responding to some apparent public demand is becoming a new essential.Flag Fen, in the wetland of eastern England, is being seen as a model of the new approach. It is conspicuous in the pages of Visitors welcome, the new English Heritage guide for excavators, which is reviewed warmly from across the Atlantic elsewhere in this issue. Here the Wheeler of the Fens explains what he is doing there and way.
Soviet archaeology in the steppe zone: Introduction
Authors: Masson V. M. , Taylor Timothy 
Published: January 2016

The steppe region, the temperate grassland of the Asian land-mass that runs the thousands of kilometres practically from the coast of the Atlantic to the coast of the Pacific, is one of the great zones of human settlement. It offers archaeology on the large scale, where local adaptations link to a grander picture. Most of the steppe falls in the Soviet Union and is studied by Soviet archaeologists, much of whose work is inaccessible to those many of us who have no Russian.The steppe is novel in a second way also, for Soviet archaeology has a distinctive flavour in its ideas and how it works with them; there are concerns and terminologies that do not quite correspond with the common concepts of west European scholars.