bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Respiratory Cycle on Caudal Vena Cava Diameter Measured by Sonography in Healthy Foals: A Pilot Study
Authors: Tuplin M.C. , Romero A.E. , Boysen S.R. 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundIntravascular volume assessment in foals is challenging. In humans, intravascular volume status is estimated by the caudal vena cava (CVC) collapsibility index (CVC‐CI) defined as (CVC diameter at maximum expiration [CVCmax] – CVC diameter at minimal inspiration [CVCmin])/CVCmax × 100%.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine whether the CVC could be sonographically measured in healthy foals, determine differences in CVCmax and CVCmin, and calculate inter‐ and intrarater variability between 2 examiners. We hypothesized that the CVC could be measured sonographically at the subxiphoid view and that there would be a difference between CVCmax and CVCmin values.AnimalsSixty privately owned foals <1‐month‐old.MethodsProspective study. A longitudinal subxiphoid sonographic window in standing foals was used. The CVCmax and CVCmin were analyzed by a linear mixed effect model. Inter‐rater agreement and intrarater variability were expressed by Bland‐Altman and intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively.ResultsMeasurements were attained from 58 of 60 foals with mean age of 15 ± 7.9 days and mean weight of 75.7 ± 17.7 kg. The CVCmax was significantly different from CVCmin (D = 0.515, SE = 0.031, P < 0.001). Inter‐rater agreement of the CVC‐CI differed by an average of −0.9% (95% limits of agreement, −12.5 to +10.7%). Intrarater variability of CVCmax was 0.540 and 0.545, of CVCmin was 0.550 and 0.594, and of CVC‐CI was 0.894 and 0.853 for observers 1 and 2, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese results indicate it is possible to reliably measure the CVC sonographically in healthy foals, and the CVC‐CI may prove useful in assessing the intravascular volume status in hypovolemic foals.
A methodology based on insecticide impregnated filter paper for monitoring resistance to deltamethrin in Triatoma infestans field populations
Authors: REMÓN C. , LOBBIA P. , ZERBA E. , MOUGABURE‐CUETO G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe domiciliary presence of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) after control interventions was reported in recent years. Toxicological studies showed high levels of resistance to pyrethroids suggesting resistance as one of the main causes of deficient control. The aim of the present study was to develop a protocol to test resistance to deltamethrin in T. infestans collected from the field by discriminate concentration. To evaluate field insects, the effect of age (early vs. later) and nutritional state (starved vs. fed) on the deltamethrin susceptibility of each developmental stage was studied. Topical and insecticide impregnated paper bioassays were used. Using the impregnated paper, the susceptibility to deltamethrin was not affected by the age of the stadium and the nutritional states, and varied with the post‐exposure time and with the different developmental stages. A discriminant concentration of deltamethrin (0.36% w/v) impregnated in filter paper was established for all developmental stages. Finally, the methodology and the discriminant concentration were evaluated in the laboratory showing high sensitivity in the discrimination of resistance. The present study developed a methodology of exposure to insecticide impregnated papers and proposes a protocol to test T. infestans in field populations with the aim to detect early evolution of resistance to deltamethrin.
Tumour‐associated microglia/macrophages predict poor prognosis in high‐grade gliomas and correlate with an aggressive tumour subtype
Authors: Sørensen M. D. , Dahlrot R. H. , Boldt H. B. , Hansen S. , Kristensen B. W. 
Published: August 2017

AimsGlioblastomas are highly aggressive and treatment resistant. Increasing evidence suggests that tumour‐associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) facilitate tumour progression by acquiring a M2‐like phenotype. Our objective was to investigate the prognostic value of TAMs in gliomas using automated quantitative double immunofluorescence.MethodsSamples from 240 patients with primary glioma were stained with antibodies against ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule‐1 (IBA‐1) and cluster of differentiation 204 (CD204) to detect TAMs and M2‐like TAMs. The expression levels were quantified by software‐based classifiers. The associations between TAMs, gemistocytic cells and glioblastoma subtype were examined with immuno‐ and haematoxylin–eosin stainings. Three tissue arrays containing glioblastoma specimens were included to study IBA‐1/CD204 levels in central tumour and tumour periphery and to characterize CD204+ cells.ResultsOur data revealed that the amount of especially CD204+ TAMs increases with malignancy grade. In grade III–IV, high CD204 expression was associated with shorter survival, while high IBA‐1 intensity correlated with a longer survival. In grade IV, CD204 showed independent prognostic value when adjusting for clinical data and the methylation status of O6‐methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase. Our findings were confirmed in two bioinformatics databases. TAMs were more abundant in central tumour tissue, mesenchymal glioblastomas and gliomas with many gemistocytic cells. CD204+ TAMs co‐expressed proteins related to tumour aggressiveness including matrix metallopeptidase‐14 and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α.ConclusionsThis is the first study to use automated quantitative immunofluorescence to determine the prognostic impact of TAMs. Our results suggest that M2‐like TAMs hold an unfavourable prognostic value in high‐grade gliomas and may contribute to a pro‐tumourigenic microenvironment.
UVA‐Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Red Blood Cells of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Sayed Alaa El‐Din Hamid 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUltraviolet‐A light (UVA)‐induced DNA damage and repair in red blood cells to investigate the sensitivity of African catfish to UVA exposure is reported. Fishes were irradiated with various doses of UVA light (15, 30, and 60 min day−1 for 3 days). Morphological and nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells were observed in the fish exposed to UVA compared with controls. Morphological alterations such as acanthocytes, crenated cells, swollen cells, teardrop‐like cells, hemolyzed cells, and sickle cells were observed. Those alterations were increased after 24 h exposure to UVA light and decreased at 14 days after exposure. The percentage of apoptosis was higher in red blood cells exposed to higher doses of UVA light. No micronuclei were detected, but small nuclear abnormalities such as deformed and eccentric nuclei were observed in some groups. We concluded that exposure to UVA light induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and morphological alterations in red blood cells in catfish; however, catfish were found to be less sensitive to UVA light than wild‐type medaka.
Photocrosslinking of Polyglycidol and Its Derivative: Route to Thermoresponsive Hydrogels
Authors: Utrata‐Wesołek Alicja , Żymełka‐Miara Iwona , Kowalczuk Agnieszka , Trzebicka Barbara , Dworak Andrzej 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHydrogels of biologically well‐tolerated, high‐molar‐mass polyglycidol (PGl) and its thermoresponsive derivative poly(glycidol‐co‐ethyl glycidyl carbamate) have been obtained by direct UV crosslinking in the solid state. Polymers with molar masses up to 1.45 × 106 g mol−1 were crosslinked in the presence of benzophenone or (4‐benzoylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride as photosensitizers. The photosensitizer concentration was varied from 2 to 10 wt%. The influence of polymer composition and photosensitizer type and amount on the crosslinking efficiency, swelling and temperature behavior of the obtained hydrogels was investigated. The photocrosslinking of PGl and poly(glycidol‐co‐ethyl glycidyl carbamate) led to hydrogels with swelling degrees up to 1700%. The swelling degrees of the hydrogels decreased with the increase of the environmental temperature indicating the thermoresponsive nature of gels. The swelling of obtained gels can be controlled by varying the composition of the copolymer precursor and by the network density.
Impact of kiwifruit bacterial canker on productivity of cv. Hayward kiwifruit using observational data and multivariable analysis
Authors: Froud K. J. , Beresford R. M. , Cogger N. C. 
Published: August 2017

A virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa), which causes bacterial canker in kiwifruit, was first recorded in New Zealand in November 2010. This strain has severely affected Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit productivity but its effect on green Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit productivity has been variable. An observational study design was used to develop explanatory models to quantify the impacts of Psa infection on productivity (tray equivalents per hectare) of Hayward kiwifruit harvested in 2012, using data captured by industry from 2599 orchards. A total of 934 orchards were Psa positive at the end of the study period. Multivariable linear regression was used to model 2012 productivity in the presence of Psa, while controlling for regional differences, elevation, 2011 productivity, harvest dates and application of agrichemicals. The model showed productivity was initially higher in the presence of Psa, and was not reduced until after 1 year of infection. The relationship between protective spray use and productivity was also quantified. It is likely that improved disease management has offset the impact of the disease and future research should consider a reassessment of the effects of disease after longer term exposure to Psa in New Zealand. The use of an observational cohort study to assess disease impacts using multivariable analysis could have wider application in the field of plant epidemiology.
A Two‐Step Approach for Analysis of Nonignorable Missing Outcomes in Longitudinal Regression: an Application to Upstate KIDS Study
Authors: Liu Danping , Yeung Edwina H. , McLain Alexander C. , Xie Yunlong , Buck Louis Germaine M. , Sundaram Rajeshwari 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundImperfect follow‐up in longitudinal studies commonly leads to missing outcome data that can potentially bias the inference when the missingness is nonignorable; that is, the propensity of missingness depends on missing values in the data. In the Upstate KIDS Study, we seek to determine if the missingness of child development outcomes is nonignorable, and how a simple model assuming ignorable missingness would compare with more complicated models for a nonignorable mechanism.MethodsTo correct for nonignorable missingness, the shared random effects model (SREM) jointly models the outcome and the missing mechanism. However, the computational complexity and lack of software packages has limited its practical applications. This paper proposes a novel two‐step approach to handle nonignorable missing outcomes in generalized linear mixed models. We first analyse the missing mechanism with a generalized linear mixed model and predict values of the random effects; then, the outcome model is fitted adjusting for the predicted random effects to account for heterogeneity in the missingness propensity.ResultsExtensive simulation studies suggest that the proposed method is a reliable approximation to SREM, with a much faster computation. The nonignorability of missing data in the Upstate KIDS Study is estimated to be mild to moderate, and the analyses using the two‐step approach or SREM are similar to the model assuming ignorable missingness.ConclusionsThe two‐step approach is a computationally straightforward method that can be conducted as sensitivity analyses in longitudinal studies to examine violations to the ignorable missingness assumption and the implications relative to health outcomes.
Antenatal Corticosteroid Prophylaxis in Singleton and Multiple Pregnancies
Authors: Gagliardi Luigi , Lucchini Renato , Bellù Roberto , Zanini Rinaldo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of antenatal corticosteroids (ANS) in multiple pregnancies are disputed. In this article, we examined whether estimated effects differ in singletons and multiples and in small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants.MethodsWe studied 17 073 singletons (81% treated with ANS) and 8274 multiples (86% treated) born at 24–33 weeks from the Italian Neonatal Network (2005–2013). We used Poisson regression models with robust variance to estimate adjusted risk ratios (RR) of in‐hospital death, severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and the composite outcome of severe IVH and death.ResultsMortality was lower among ANS‐treated vs. ANS‐untreated infants, both in singletons (RR 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58, 0.68) and in multiples (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73, 0.98). IVH and the composite outcome of IVH and death, but not PVL, also occurred less frequently among ANS‐treated infants. For these outcomes, the effect of ANS was stronger in singletons than in multiples (+35%, +32%, and +22% for death, IVH, and the composite outcome, respectively). Also among SGA infants, singletons, and multiples, ANS‐treated infants had lower risk of death, IVH and of composite outcome than untreated ones.ConclusionsIn this large cohort of preterm infants, both multiples and singletons treated with ANS had a lower risk of mortality, of severe IVH, and of composite outcome of IVH and death, both in the overall sample and in SGA infants. Although ANS effect was weaker in multiples, our results support current recommendations to administer ANS prophylaxis in multiple pregnancies at risk of preterm delivery.
Differences in Body Mass Index between Siblings Who Are Discordant for Exposure to Antenatal Maternal Smoking
Authors: Aucott Lorna , Bhattacharya Sohinee , McNeill Geraldine , Turner Steve 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundMaternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased childhood body mass index (BMI), but the relationship may be due to confounding by maternal factors. This study tested the hypothesis that siblings born to mothers who begin to smoke between pregnancies will have higher BMI than older unexposed siblings.MethodsMaternal details from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank were linked to the Study of Trends in Obesity in North East Scotland which holds offspring BMI at 5 years of age. Change in maternal smoking status between pregnancies was linked to offspring BMI and also to the difference in BMI between siblings.ResultsMaternal smoking status in successive pregnancies was linked to child BMI at age 5 years in 6581 mother–child pairs of whom 718 included sibling pars. Children whose mothers had quit, started smoking or smoked in consecutive pregnancies had higher BMI compared with those not exposed to maternal smoking. Siblings born after onset of maternal smoking had higher mean BMI z score (0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01, 0.36) compared with unexposed older siblings. Mean BMI z score was also higher by mean of 0.10 (95% CI 0.01, 0.20) in younger sibling compared with older siblings born to mothers who smoked in both pregnancies. BMI z score was not significantly different between siblings whose mothers quit between pregnancies.ConclusionsIn utero exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of increased BMI in childhood.
Why Externalist Representationalism is a Form of Disjunctivism
Authors: Gow Laura 
Published: August 2017

AbstractExternalist representationalism is touted as a superior rival to naïve realism, and yet a careful analysis of the externalist representationalist's analysis of our ordinary perceptual experiences shows the view to be far closer to naïve realism than we might have expected. One of the central advertised benefits of representationalist views in general is that they are compatible with the idea that ordinary, illusory and hallucinatory perceptual experiences are of the same fundamental kind. Naïve realists are forced to deny the ‘common fundamental kind claim’ and adopt disjunctivism. However, I argue that externalist representationalism is also a version of disjunctivism. Consequently, one of the main rivals to naïve realism turns out not to be a rival at all.
Is There Any Hope? How Climate Change News Imagery and Text Influence Audience Emotions and Support for Climate Mitigation Policies
Authors: Feldman Lauren , Hart P. Sol 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUsing a national sample, this study experimentally tests the effects of news visuals and texts that emphasize either the causes and impacts of climate change or actions that can be taken to address climate change. We test the effects of variations in text and imagery on discrete emotions (i.e., hope, fear, and anger) and, indirectly, on support for climate mitigation policies. Political ideology is examined as a moderator. The findings indicate that news images and texts that focus on climate‐oriented actions can increase hope and, in the case of texts, decrease fear and anger, and these effects generally hold across the ideological spectrum. In turn, the influence of emotions on policy support depends on ideology: Hope and fear increase support for climate policies for all ideological groups but particularly conservatives, whereas anger polarizes the opinions of liberals and conservatives. Implications for climate change communication that appeals to emotions are discussed.
Comparing transfusion reaction rates for various plasma types: a systematic review and meta‐analysis/regression
Authors: Saadah Nicholas H. , van Hout Fabienne M.A. , Schipperus Martin R. , le Cessie Saskia , Middelburg Rutger A. , Wiersum‐Osselton Johanna C. , van der Bom Johanna G. 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUNDWe estimated rates for common plasma‐associated transfusion reactions and compared reported rates for various plasma types.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of peer‐reviewed articles that reported plasma transfusion reaction rates. Random‐effects pooled rates were calculated and compared between plasma types. Meta‐regression was used to compare various plasma types with regard to their reported plasma transfusion reaction rates.RESULTSForty‐eight studies reported transfusion reaction rates for fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP; mixed‐sex and male‐only), amotosalen INTERCEPT FFP, methylene blue‐treated FFP, and solvent/detergent‐treated pooled plasma. Random‐effects pooled average rates for FFP were: allergic reactions, 92/105 units transfused (95% confidence interval [CI], 46‐184/105 units transfused); febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs), 12/105 units transfused (95% CI, 7‐22/105 units transfused); transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO), 6/105 units transfused (95% CI, 1‐30/105 units transfused); transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), 1.8/105 units transfused (95% CI, 1.2‐2.7/105 units transfused); and anaphylactic reactions, 0.8/105 units transfused (95% CI, 0‐45.7/105 units transfused). Risk differences between plasma types were not significant for allergic reactions, TACO, or anaphylactic reactions. Methylene blue‐treated FFP led to fewer FNHTRs than FFP (risk difference = −15.3 FNHTRs/105 units transfused; 95% CI, −24.7 to −7.1 reactions/105 units transfused); and male‐only FFP led to fewer cases of TRALI than mixed‐sex FFP (risk difference = −0.74 TRALI/105 units transfused; 95% CI, −2.42 to −0.42 injuries/105 units transfused).CONCLUSIONMeta‐regression demonstrates that the rate of FNHTRs is lower for methylene blue‐treated compared with FFP, and the rate of TRALI is lower for male‐only than for mixed‐sex FFP; whereas no significant differences are observed between plasma types for allergic reactions, TACO, or anaphylactic reactions. Reported transfusion reaction rates suffer from high heterogeneity.
The impact of the yuan‐dollar exchange rate on Mexican manufacturing exports to theUS: A cointegration approach
Authors: Cuevas Víctor 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper makes use of three econometric methods and three time intervals to evaluate the long‐term effects of several key variables on Mexican manufacturing exports to theUS. The evidence across econometric techniques and sample periods systematically indicates that: (i) a real depreciation of the yuan‐dollar exchange rate reduces Mexican manufacturing exports by lowering the price of Chinese goods in theUSmarket; (ii) a depreciation of the peso‐dollar real exchange rate generates a strong supply‐side effect due to the high import content of Mexican manufacturing exports, which ultimately leads to lower (rather than higher) sales in theUS; and (iii) external demand and labour productivity are positively related to manufacturing exports, whereas real wages are negatively related. Therefore, a falling external demand for Mexican manufacturing products or a real depreciation of the Chinese currency could, to some extent, be offset by increasing labour productivity faster than wages. These findings reflect two fundamental problems of the Mexican economy: (i) low investment in high‐quality formal instruction and proper training programs, which gives rise to severe bottleneck points for faster labour productivity growth and (ii) excessive reliance of the export‐oriented manufacturing industry on foreign suppliers of intermediate inputs.
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ontario smallholder chicken flocks
Authors: Lebert L. , Martz S.‐L. , Janecko N. , Deckert A. E. , Agunos A. , Reid A. , Rubin J. E. , Reid‐Smith R. J. , McEwen S. A. 
Published: August 2017

SummarySurveillance is an important component of an overall strategy to address antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food animals and the food chain. The poultry market has many points of entry into the Canadian food chain, and some production practices are underrepresented in terms of surveillance. For example, pathogen carriage and antimicrobial resistance surveillance data are limited in smallholder chicken flocks raised for slaughter at provincially inspected abattoirs. In Canada, antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from commercial broiler chicken flocks, slaughtered at federally inspected abattoirs, is monitored by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). The objective of this study was to establish baseline information of antimicrobial resistance presence in E. coli and Salmonella isolated from smallholder flocks in Ontario, utilizing CIPARS collection and isolation methodologies, and to compare findings with CIPARS federally inspected abattoir data from Ontario, Canada. Five chickens per flock were sampled from 205 smallholder flocks. Of 1,025 samples, the E. coli prevalence was 99% (1,022/1,025), and 47% (483/1,022) of positive E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more of the 14 antimicrobials. Furthermore, as compared to results reported for the CIPARS commercial flocks, E. coli isolates from smallholder flocks had significantly lower resistance prevalence to six of 14 individual antimicrobials. Recovery of E. coli did not differ between federally inspected and provincially inspected flocks. Salmonella prevalence at the bird level in smallholder flocks was 0.3% (3/1,025), significantly lower (p ≪ 0.0001, 95% CI 0.080%–0.86%) than federally inspected commercial flocks. The overall differences found between the commercial and smallholder flocks may be explained by differences in poultry husbandry practices and hatchery sources.