bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Patient Preference for Physician Attire
Authors: Van De Car William , Starostanko Andrea , Wendling Andrea 
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Physicians need to foster healthy relationships with patients to optimize care, with time constraints and workloads being barriers. Studies have shown the importance of first impressions, which are influenced by attire. Studies of physician attire have previously been conducted in metropolitan populations. This study’s goal was to investigate patient preferences for physician attire among rural populations.
Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients was conducted in waiting rooms of five ambulatory clinics dispersed throughout rural northern Michigan. Anonymous surveys contained a series of photos of a male and a female physician, with photos within the series differing only by apparel. Participants indicated which male and female physician they would prefer in various scenarios. Participants provided demographic information and indicated their own physician’s usual attire. Responses were analyzed using comparative statistics and logistic regression.
Results: Survey response rate was 78% (92/118). Similar to metropolitan studies, patients preferred professional attire including white coat in almost all scenarios. For most scenarios, participants preferred professional attire for both male and female physicians, however respondents were more tolerant of casual attire for female physicians. Older participants and those whose physician dressed casually tended to be more tolerant of casual attire. Patients preferred surgical attire only in emergency situations.
Conclusions: This study of a rural population showed a clear preference for professional physician attire. In general, rural physicians should consider wearing professional attire with white coat in order to best meet patient expectations. Further investigations are needed to enhance the generalizability of study findings.
Shaken Infants Die of Neck Trauma, Not of Brain Trauma
Authors: Matshes Evan W. , Evans Rhian M. , Pinckard J. Keith , Joseph Jeffrey T. , Lew Emma O. 
Published: April 2017

Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is routinely diagnosed on the basis of a classic triad of autopsy findings, namely retinal hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, and anoxic encephalopathy. However, ongoing controversy exists regarding the specificity and potential causes of these signs, and hence their reliability as de facto markers of SBS, or of non-accidental head injury, where no external signs of trauma are evident. We investigated the deaths of 35 infants and young children, which fell into two broad groups: those with suspected hyperflexion/extension neck injuries, and those without. At autopsy, the entire cervical spinal column (spinal cord, vertebrae, intervertebral discs, neurovascular structures and adjacent soft tissues) was removed, formalin-fixed, decalcified, dissected, and microscopically evaluated. Of the 12 cases in which hyperflexion/extension was either suspected or confirmed, all had evidence of either bilateral or unilateral hemorrhages within or surrounding the C3, C4, and/or C5 cervical spinal nerve roots. We provide evidence that hyperflexion/extension forces as experienced by shaken and impacted infants and young children lead to injury of the cervical spinal nerve roots that innervate the diaphragm, with resulting asphyxia and hypoxic brain injury. Therefore, we propose that trauma to the third through fifth cervical spinal nerve roots induced by hyperflexion/extension of the neck is the cause of the anoxic encephalopathy of the classic SBS triad, and is therefore not only a more specific indicator of hyperflexion/extension injury than subdural hemorrhage alone, but is the mechanism of injury in these cases.
Intracranial Hemorrhage: Traumatic Fall versus Terminal Collapse
Authors: Quinton Reade A. , Pinckard J. Keith 
Published: April 2017

When approaching a case in which a decedent's body is on the ground, death investigators collect circumstantial, historical, and clinical (radiographic) information to infer whether the person fell to the ground and sustained a head injury or simply experienced a terminal collapse due to a natural event. We have observed that cases presenting as presumed accidental head trauma, some of which have diagnosed subdural hematomas, are sometimes proven to be of natural causes following autopsy. Autopsies sometimes demonstrate that either 1) the intracranial hemorrhage is intracerebral rather than subdural, 2) the subdural hemorrhage is an extension from an intracerebral hemorrhage, or 3) there is no intracranial hemorrhage at all. In each of these examples, the autopsy established that the manner of death is natural rather than accidental, as originally presumed at the outset of the investigation. We performed a 5 year retrospective study on cases indicating intracranial hemorrhage in the cause of death statement in order to assess how often the cause and manner of death would have been incorrectly certified without an autopsy. We found that 6% of cases presumed at the time of initial investigation to represent falls with accidental head trauma (specifically, subdural hemorrhage) were proven by autopsy to represent intracranial hemorrhage of natural manner. Conversely, 7% of cases with intracranial hemorrhage that were presumed to be due to natural disease were proven by autopsy to represent accidental trauma. Proper certification of manner of death has important legal implications which may be of critical importance to family members.
The Neuropathological Features of Fatal Pediatric Brain Trauma
Authors: Smith Colin , Lo Milly 
Published: April 2017

Aims This study aims to describe the neuropathological features of fatal pediatric brain trauma within a cohort with different survival durations and mode of primary injury mechanisms, and to review the exiting literature. Methods A cohort of 49 cases of fatal pediatric brain trauma were identified from the archive of the Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh. The pathological features were documented in a standardized proforma, and comparisons were made of the pathological features between cases of different survival durations and mode of injury. Results Brain swelling was the most common feature identified and was found in 94% of cases. Sixty-six percent of cases had evidence of ischemic brain damage. Survival beyond 24 hours did not increase the prevalence of ischemic brain damage. Traumatic axonal injury was identified in 24% of the cohort. Conclusion Brain swelling, ischemic brain damage, and traumatic axonal injury remain prominent features of fatal childhood brain trauma.
Potential Applications of Digital Pathology and Image Analysis for Forensic Pathology
Authors: Levy Bruce P. , Hipp Jason D. , Balis Ulysses J. , Yagi Yukako 
Published: April 2017

The analysis of digital images using computer algorithms to mine digital data directly is an important and increasingly utilized tool in many different fields of medicine. However, despite the clear value of image analysis to forensics, there is little research and no current practical applications of this technology to forensic pathology. This paper demonstrates the technique of Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization (SIVQ) in the analysis of gross forensic images. SIVQ is a pattern recognition algorithm that can run on a laptop and be utilized by a forensic pathologist with no programming experience. The user merely points and clicks to the feature of interest and SIVQ searches the entire image for the desired feature. The results can be displayed in a variety of formats, both qualitative and quantitative. Gross forensic images from gunshot wounds, burns and patterned contusions were analyzed by a forensic pathologist using SIVQ. Based on features selected by the user, the algorithm was able to detect both the gunshot wound and its marginal abrasion, calculate the surface area of a gunshot wound defect, distinguish between a thermal burn and the surrounding areas of healing, analyze a patterned contusion, and both identify and calculate the density of gunpowder stippling. Even though the work is preliminary, it is obvious from these few examples that SIVQ is easily able to identify features of interest in gross forensic images. Additional work needs to be done to fully explore the potential for this application of technology to the practice of forensic pathology.
Sudden Death in a 61-Year-Old Woman with Subcortical Band Heterotopia
Authors: Patterson Nathaniel B. 
Published: April 2017

Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), also known as double cortex syndrome, is a rare congenital abnormality seen almost exclusively in women. Affected individuals present with seizures, decreased cognitive ability, and behavioral problems, all of which may be expressed with variable severity. The diagnosis is considered with the characteristic MRI findings coupled with the neurologic features and appropriate family history. The rarity of this disorder combined with the typically early presentation with seizures and the characteristic imaging findings make initial diagnosis in a forensic setting unlikely. Therefore, to our knowledge, SBH has not been described in the forensic literature. This case demonstrates a case of sudden death in a woman with known epilepsy, without further clinical history available at the time of autopsy.
National Association of Medical Examiners Position Paper: Medical Examiner, Coroner, and Forensic Pathologist Independence
Authors: Melinek Judy , Thomas Lindsey C. , Oliver William R. , Schmunk Gregory A. , Weedn Victor W. ,   The National Association of Medical Examiners Ad Hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence
Published: April 2017

Objective Forensic pathologists play a vital role in the justice system in matters concerning questions of death. Science as applied in the justice system should be objective and neutral. Since the goals of medical examiners and coroners are to determine the cause and manner of death for certification and public health functions (goals different and distinct from the missions of law enforcement agencies), it is important that medicolegal death investigation be independent. Accurate investigation, examination, reporting, and testimony by forensic pathologists are important to determine the cause and manner of death of individuals who die under sudden, unexpected, or violent circumstances. These cases can become the focus of political or legal pressure by individuals or offices seeking to influence the pathologist's findings. This pressure, even if seemingly unsuccessful in an individual case, can introduce error, bias, and corruption into the medicolegal investigation process. This paper reinforces the principle that medical examiners, coroners and forensic pathologists should be allowed to perform medicolegal investigations free of these influences. Participants The ad hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence of the National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME), a self-selected volunteer committee, developed this position paper. The findings are based on surveys of the NAME membership regarding members’ experience with, and reaction to, outside influence. Evidence Surveys of NAME members revealed that medical examiner independence was important to most members. Over 70% of survey respondents had been subjected to pressures to influence their findings, and many had suffered negative consequences for resisting those influences. In a separate study, over 30% of respondents indicated that fear of litigation affected their diagnostic decision-making. In 2009, the National Research Council of the National Academies published recommendations to strengthen the forensic sciences; they specifically recommended that medical examiner and coroner offices should be independent from law enforcement agencies and prosecutors’ offices. Consensus Process This position paper represents the consensus of the ad hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence, submitted to the Executive Committee and Board of Directors of NAME, and subject to comment and review by the membership. Conclusions It is the position of NAME that forensic pathologists working in or for medical examiner or coroner offices or as private consultants should be permitted to objectively pursue and report the facts and their opinions of those cases which they are investigating independent of political influences from other agencies within their respective jurisdictions and independent of the threat of litigation.
Death Certificate Surveillance: A Component of Death Investigation
Authors: Tatsumi Kanayo , Shapiro Steven L. , Bundock Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2017

Introduction Medical examiners/coroners serve various functions beyond the medicolegal framework, including making contributions to public safety and health. In order to effectively fulfill this role, it is essential to ensure accurate certification of each death. Materials and Methods In Vermont, the Department of Health, Vital Records Division has developed a death certificate surveillance program in which all registered deaths are reviewed by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME). A death certificate is fagged by the OCME for further investigation when cause and manner of death statements are incomplete, erroneous, or suggest the possibility of an unnatural death. If necessary, after review, death certificates are amended. Death Certificate Review (DCR) cases between 2008 and 2011 were retrieved from the OCME database. Data were evaluated for amendments of cause and manner of death. Results The OCME reviewed all death certificates and further investigated 4.4% and amended 3.3% of all death certificates in Vermont between the years 2008–2011. Eighty-eight percent of the amended DCRs were for cause of death statements and 10% resulted in change of manner. For the latter, change from natural to accident was most frequent. Conclusions Death certificates are a major source of epidemiologic data. Ensuring complete and accurate death certification through death certificate surveillance is a small but significant contribution of the OCME to public health.
The Cuyahoga County Heroin Epidemic
Authors: Gilson Thomas , Herby Camille , Naso-Kaspar Claire 
Published: April 2017

Cuyahoga County, Ohio has recently seen a dramatic rise in the number of deaths associated with heroin (DAH). DAH rose from 40 in 2007 to 161 in 2012 with heroin now identified in half of all overdose deaths. One third of DAH involve heroin alone; the remainder, in combination with other drugs. Over this period, opioid pain reliever (OPR) deaths appear to have plateaued. Along with this rise have been shifts in overdose victim demographics. These data most notably include a rise in the number of women (from 15% to 24%), overdoses between the ages 19 and 29 (8% to 25%), and a generally equal number of urban and suburban fatalities. The Medical Examiner's Office conducted a retrospective analysis of 2012 fatalities to identify potential risk factors and intervention points. This review indicates that most victims (81%) were known to abuse drugs. Half were found with drug paraphernalia at the scene. Approximately 12% were using heroin with other addicts, while 60% were using drugs or succumbed to them in proximity to other non-using people. Emergency medical services were only able to administer naloxone in 22% of cases. Histories of recent abstinence (29%), incarceration (18%), and detoxification (31%) were noted and may reflect times of increased risk secondary to decreased tolerance. A prescription for legal controlled substances was noted in 64% of DAH (the most common medications being OPRs and benzodiazepines). This suggests a need to address prescribing practices. Public health interventions, implemented or planned, based on these data are discussed.
Penerapan Metode Inkuiri dalam Pemanfaatan Lingkungan Sekitar Sebagai Sumber Pembelajaran IPS untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis
Authors: Ramawati Isye 
Published: April 2017

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh permasalahan yang terjadi pada guru yaitu belum memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber pembelajaran yang optimal, sehingga peserta didik banyak yang tidak mengenal lingkungan sekitar dan kurang memiliki kepedulian terhadap lingkungannya. Kemampuan peserta didik dalam berpikir kritis masih sangat terbatas, sehingga hasil belajar yang diperoleh belum maksimal. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber pembelajaran melalui metode inkuiri, dengan yang tidak memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar melalui metode ceramah, serta mengetahui respon peserta didik dan kendala guru dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar. Metode inkuiri diterapkan agar peserta didik diharapkan mampu berpikir kritis yang di dalamnya terdapat indikator-indikator : orientasi pada masalah, belajar meneliti, pemecahan masalah, mengembangkan dan menyajikan hasil pemecahan masalah dan menganalisa proses pemecahan masalah melalui pengamatan lingkungan yaitu Kawasan Punclut yang merupakan kawasan yang terletak di Bandung Utara. Kawasan ini merupakan bagian dari cekungan Bandung yang memiliki kondisi alam dan keterkaitan ekosistem yang sangat penting untuk menjadi kawasan hutan lindung, dan sebagai salah satu generator iklim mikro serta entry point bagi penataan kawasan Bandung Utara, dimana indikator yang diteliti adalah vegetasi, kemiringan lereng, pola penggunaan lahan dan kedalaman air tanah (dilihat dari kedalaman sumur gali). Subjek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas VII SMPN 52 Bandung tahun ajaran 2012-2013. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah classrom action research dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa pedoman observasi di lapangan, observasi di dalam kelas, tes berpikir kritis, dan wawancara kepada guru dan peserta didik. Secara umum hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan berpikir kritis pada kelas yang memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber belajar melalui metode inkuiri. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber belajar dapat meningkatkan cara berpikir kritis peserta didik. Rekomendasi yang dapat disampaikan : 1) Dibutuhkan kepiawaian guru untuk merancang perencanaan pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran dan lingkungan yang berada di sekitar sekolah. 2) Sebelum peserta didik memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitarnya, hendaknya mereka dibekali wawasan keilmuan dan hubungan sosial dengan masyarakat sebagai landasan dasar berpikir kritis.
Makna Perlawanan Kultural dalam Puisi Indonesia Mutakhir
Authors: Manuaba I.B. Putera 
Published: April 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji bentuk perlawanan kultural yang ada dalam puisi Indonesia mutakhir serta manfaatnya. Penelitian telah menemukan beberapa bentuk perlawanan kultural dalam puisi-puisi Indonesia, termasuk perlawanan terhadap ketidakadilan sosial, demoralisasi, modernisasi, kekuasaan, kekerasan dan penindasan, serta pendidikan yang tidak mencerdaskan. Perlawanan-perlawanan budaya tersebut mengandung makna sebagai berikut. Pertama, untuk membangun masyarakat bangsa yang lebih mementingkan keadilan sosial. Kedua, untuk menciptakan sebuah masyarakat bermoralitas tinggi. Ketiga, untuk meraih kemajuan dan modernisasi dalam kehidupan di segala bidang tetapi tetap menghargai rasa kemanusiaan antarumat manusia. Keempat, bertujuan untuk membuat hidup masyarakat lebih sejahtera dan bahagia. Kelima, untuk menyarankan dan memandu gaya hidup dan budaha antikekerasan. Keenam, untuk membangun kehidupan yang toleran dan egaliter. Ketujuh, untuk mendorong pendidikan yang berorientasi pada pemberdayaan masyarakat supaya lebih pandai dan siap setiap saat untuk menghadapi tantangan dalam hidup mereka.

Abstract:
The research’s aim is to study any form of cultural resistance existing in the contemporary Indonesian poems and its significance. The research has found some forms of the cultural resistance taking place in the Indonesian poems, including the resistance againts the social injustice, demoralization, modernization, power, violence and oppression, and devastating and weakening education. The cultural resistances have a sense of the following. First, to build the society nation which emphasizes more on the social justice. Second, to create a society upholding high morality. Third, to accomplish any advancement and modernization in life and in any field but remain respecting the humanity sense among human kinds. Fourth, aim to make people better off and live happily. Fifth, to advise and guide the antiviolence way of life and culture. Sixth, to build tolerant and egalitarian life. And finally, sixth, to encourage the education oriented on empowering people to be smart and being always ready in coving with challenges being faced any time in their life.

Keywords: poem, cultural resistance, sense
Analisis Makna Lagu Bugis “Sajang Rennu” Ciptaan Yusuf Alamudi Melalui Pendekatan Hermeneutika
Authors: Herianah Herianah 
Published: April 2017

Tulisan ini bertujuan membahas makna lagu Bugis Sajang Rennu ciptaan Yusuf Alamudi melalui pendekatan hermeneutika. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik inventarisasi, baca-simak, dan pencatatan dalam pengumpulan datanya. Teknik analisis data melalui tahap identifikasi, klasifikasi, analisis, dan deskripsi. Analisis makna lagu dengan pendekatan hermeneutika ini dilakukan melalui tiga tahap, yaitu analisis kata dalam larik lagu, analisis larik dalam bait, dan analisis bait dalam lagu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makna lagu Sajang Rennu ciptaan Yusuf Alamudi adalah adanya rasa sirik ‘malu’ dari seorang lelaki karena kekasih pujaan hatinya menikah dengan orang lain tanpa kabar berita. Konsekuensi dari rasa sirik ‘malu’ ini membuatnya berpikir untuk mengakhiri hidupnya.

Abstract:
This writing is intended to discuss the meaning of Buginese song Sajang Rennu by Yusuf Alamudi using hermeneutic approach. This research applies descriptive qualitative method by collecting data using inventory technique, reading-observing, and noting. The technique of data analysis is identification, classification, analysis, and description. The result of the research shows that the meaning of Sajang Rennu by Yusuf Alamudi is sirik or feeling embarassed of a man since his girl friend gets married to another man without any notification before. The consequence of sirik makes him think of suicide. It is figured by the statement that one day people will find a new grave, and he is in.

Key Words: meaning; Buginese song; hermeneutic research