bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma Interferon Induces Monocyte Killing of Listeria monocytogenes by an Oxygen-Dependent Pathway; Alpha- or Beta-Interferons by Oxygen-Independent Pathways
Authors: Peck Richard 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Human peripheral blood monocytes purified by counterflow centrifugal elutriation were treated with recombinant interferons–-gamma (IFN-γ), alpha (IFN-α), or beta (IFN-β)–-and tested for their capacity to kill Listeria monocytogenes. All three IFNs increased the monocyte bactericidal activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Exogenous catalase, an inhibitor of monocyte-generated hydrogen peroxide, did not affect bactericidal activity. However, exogenous superoxide dismutase inhibited killing by IFN-γ-activated monocytes, but not by IFN-α- or IFN-β-activated monocytes. By contrast, exogenous soybean trypsin inhibitor inhibited killing by IFN-α- or IFN-β-activated monocytes, but not by IFN-γ-activated monocytes. Combinations of IFN-γ and IFN-α resulted in no increase in bactericidal activity. Finally, treatment with IFN-γ resulted in different receptiveness of the cell to subsequent oxidative burst-stimulating signals than did treatment with either IFN-α or IFN-β. These results suggest that monocytes treated with IFN-γ kill L monocytogenes by an oxygen-dependent mechanism, but treatment with IFN-α or IFN-β elicits principally oxygen-independent mechanisms.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Anomalous Beige Mouse Macrophage Lysosomes
Authors: Strausbauch Paul , Sehgal Nanda 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Cells of the beige mouse, the murine counterpart of the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, contain enlarged anomalous lysosomes. The three-dimensional structure of these lysosomes from peritoneal macrophage was ascertained by study of electron micrographs taken in a series of serial sections combined with computer-assisted analysis. The most common basic structural units identified were biconcave discs and hollow cup/ovoid-shaped structures. Other more bizarre forms were represented by the fusion of these basic lysosomal variants. Anomalous lysosomal forms were found in both beige resident and exudate peritoneal macrophage. A similar study of lysosomes in animals not carrying the beige mutation revealed the presence of smaller but structurally similar forms of the basic lysosomal variants. This latter finding indicates that the presence of lysosomal variants per se in the beige animal is not a finding unique to these animals but rather that their distinctiveness derives from their increased size and propensity to undergo fusion with each other. The usefulness of computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction is demonstrated.
Quantitation of Conjugate Formation Between Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Antibody-Coated Target Cells by Flow Cytometry: The Role of Fc Receptor and LFA-1 Antigen
Authors: van Kessel Kok P M , van Strijp Jos A G , van der Tol Marijke E , van Kats-Renaud Henny J , Thijssen Rik M W M , Fluit Ad C , Verhoef Jan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The specific binding of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to antibody-coated target cells was characterized by flow cytometry. PMN were labeled with phycoerythrin-E (PE) via a granulocyte-specific monoclonal antibody (leu-M1) and mixed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled K562 tumor cells sensitized with rabbit antiserum. Specific conjugates were formed as analyzed by two-color fluorescence in a flow cytometer. The formation of stable conjugates was dependent on initiation of contact, temperature, time, and antiserum concentration. Studies with inhibitors implicate that microfilaments, but not microtubules, Ca2+, Mg2+, or energy-dependent processes were a prerequisite for binding of PMN to the antibody-coated target cells. No conjugates were formed when uncoated target cells were used or when the experiment was performed in the presence of protein A, indicating that binding was specifically mediated through Fc receptors (FcR). Monoclonal antibodies against the FcRII and FcRIII were used to address the role of these receptors in conjugation. One of the two anti-FcRIII antibodies and an anti-FcRII antibody effectively prevented conjugation. A monoclonal antibody directed against the common β-chain of the adhesion molecule family and a combination of antibodies against the α-chain of LFA-1 and Mo-1 also blocked conjugation when target cells were sensitized under suboptimal conditions. The antibody against the β-chain also diminished killing of antibody-coated K562, as measured by chromium release when included in the cytotoxicity assay. These results indicate that flow cytometry permits accurate quantitation and characterization of the binding between PMN and antibody-coated target cells, which in principle, can be prevented by monoclonal antibodies against surface receptors. Binding is primarily established by both the FcRII and FcRIII. Adhesion-associated molecules on the PMN surface contribute to optimal binding.
Influenza A Virus and the Neutrophil: A Model of Natural Immunity
Authors: Hartshorn Kevan L , Karnad Anand B , Tauber Alfred I 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Natural immune reactions are mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes, and neutrophils. The latter have been implicated in a variety of self-surveillance models, i.e., activity against malignant host cells, participation in wound repair, and infliction of damage in postischemic perfusion injury. Better characterized are the interactions with unopsonized pathogens through lectinophagocytosis mechanisms, where the lectin resides either on the phagocyte or on the microorganism. This review examines the infection by influenza A virus (IAV) of the human neutrophil, which results in the vigorous metabolic response of the cell to generate toxic oxygen species. This response is not necessarily characteristic of response to unopsonized particles, as the neutrophil exhibits no such activity to unopsonized zymosan or chlamydia. The virus elicits calcium mobilization from intracellular stores through a pertussis toxin-insensitive mechanism, and in its particulars the activation cascade is unique in comparison to any other characterized agonist. The putative receptor for the IAV binding protein, hemagglutinin (HA), contains the sialic acid residues; identification of specifically linked protein receptors will allow characterization of this stimulation pathway and will define the molecular biology of this activation sequence. Insight into this particular pathway may allow definition of a primitive recognition system that represents a fundamental basis for discernment of self and nonself entities.
In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Porcine Neutrophil Activation Responses to Chemoattractants: Flow Cytometric Evidence for the Selective Absence of Formyl Peptide Receptors
Authors: Fletcher Mark P , Stahl Gregory L , Longhurst John C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Interest in the role that activated granulocytes play in C5a-induced myocardial ischemia prompted us to investigate and compare activation responses of pig and human neutrophils. The responses of Hypaque-Ficoll purified porcine (P-PMN) and human neutrophils (H-PMN) to stimulation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), C5a, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187) were compared by flow cytometrically measured changes in the cells' forward (FWD-SC) (a measure of shape/volume change) and right angle (90°-SC) light scatter (a measure of secretion), and in the distribution of the membrane potential sensitive fluorescent probe di-O-C(5) (3). FMLP, C5a, and Zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) stimulated chemotaxis and FMLP vs. PMA-stimulated adherence to plastic were also compared. Unstimulated P-PMN had lower FWD-SC and 90°-SC than H-PMN (39.4 ± 1.4 vs. 48.4 ± 2.0 P &lt; 0.05, and 32.7 ± 2.7 vs. 52.4 ± 1.5 units, P &lt; 0.005, for FWD-SC and 90°-SC of P-PMN vs. H-PMN, respectively). P-PMN selectively failed to increase their FWD-SC upon stimulation with FMLP (0.0 ± 0.5% vs. 26.1 ± 6.8%, P-PMN vs. H-PMN), or decrease their 90°-SC when treated with cytochalasin B + FMLP (secretion) (2.4 ± 0.1% vs. -35.8 ± 4.6% change in 90°-SC, P-PMN vs. H-PMN), while responding comparably to C5a, PMA, and A23187. P-PMN failed to depolarize in response to FMLP but responded similarly to H-PMN when activated by C5a, A23187, and PMA. P-PMN's chemotactic response to FMLP was selectively absent since the cells responded well to purified pig C5a. FMLP stimulated significant increases in H-PMN adherence to bovine serum albumin-coated plastic (44.1 ± 6.7% vs. 12.6 ± 3.7%, FMLP vs. buffer, P &lt; 0.025), but failed to increase adherence of P-PMN above baseline 0.68 ± 0.20% vs. 2.12 ± 1.90%, FMLP vs. buffer, P &gt; 0.05. PMA (100 ng/ml) stimulated comparable increases in adherence in both PMN types (48.6 ± 5.2% vs. 58.7 ± 4.9%, P-PMN vs. H-PMN, P &lt; 0.025). Binding studies using the fluoresceinated N-formyl peptide f-met-leu-phe-lysine-fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FMLPL-FITC) in the absence and presence of excess non-fluoresceinated FMLPL indicated that P-PMN lack specific binding sites for the N-formyl peptides. Intracoronary (LAD) infusion of FMLP in the instrumented intact pig produced no change in neutrophil extraction, LAD regional blood flow, or myocardial contractility while infusion of purified porcine C5a induced a rapid and marked increase in myocardial neutrophil extraction, a decrease in LAD coronary blood flow, and diminished contractility. It is concluded that P-PMN and H-PMN respond comparably to C5a, PMA, and A23187, but P-PMN are selectively unresponsive to activation by FMLP both in vitro and in vivo due to the absence of FMLP binding.
Secretion of Mucoid Material by Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells: Study by Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ginsburg Haim , Coleman Raymond , Davidson Sima , Yahav Hava , Khoury Camellia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
When lymph node cells from nude mice were grown on embryonic fibroblast monolayers together with rat interleukin-2, only one type of colonies developed. These colonies were composed of cytotoxic cells termed “granular lymphokine-activated killer mucus-secreting cells” (LAK-GM). An extensive differentiation course, in which all the cellular components were involved, ended with a population of short-lived, mature, nondividing large cells that apparently synthesized and deposited a flowing mucoid material (FMM) that stained distinctly blue with periodic acid-Schiff/alcian blue (PAS-Ab) at pH 1 and distinctly red by the naphthol AS-D-chloracetate method tor specific esterase. So far, the best monolayers to trigger the FMM synthesis were those prepared from 16- to 18-day-old whole embryos. These cells were compared with LAK cells that developed on monolayers (such as embryonic skin or adult kidney) that did not trigger FMM synthesis. They were also compared with other cell types that differentiated in colonies on the fibroblast monolayers: histiocytes (fixed macrophages), mixed granulocytes monocytes, mucosal mast cells; and with populations of mature rat T-killer cells developed on same mouse monolayers, Features distinctive to the secreting LAK-GM cells were presence of masses of membrane-limited vesicles that were strictly confined to the surface of the cells in FMM-containing colonies. All transitional forms of budding activity could be seen on the cell surface facing the masses. Within the same cells, many granules displayed varying degrees of degradation, the granular material being transformed into flocculent material that formed small pools facing each degraded surface. Other characteristics of the LAK-GM lineage were the accumulation of glycogen prior to the appearance of the FMM. the presence of several structures of a ribosome-lamella complex in the LAK-GM in colonies that did not accumulate FMM, and filopodia commonly emerging from the pole proximal to the nucleus. Of various fixation methods tried, only after treatment with absolute alcohol and subsequent drying was the FMM stained with PAS-Ab. By subsequent wetting, the capacity to be stained was irreversibly lost. After incubation of the living cultures with the enzymes hyaluronidase or chondroitinases AC or ABC, the FMM disappeared. These observations suggest a triggering mechanism by the embryonic mesenchymal fibroblastoid cells for synthesis and secretion of mucous material that is a proteoglycan of the chondroitin sulfate group.
Mononuclear Phagocytes and HSV-1 Infection: Increased Permissivity in Differentiated U937 Cells Is Mediated by Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Viral Immediate-Early Gene Expression
Authors: Kemp L M , Estridge J K , Brennan A , Katz D R , Latchman D S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Undifferentiated U937 cells are non-permissive for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection but can be rendered permissive by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), which causes them to differentiate to a macrophage-like phentoype. Following infection with HSV, both PMA—treated and untreated cells correctly transcribe the viral immediate-early genes at levels comparable to those observed in fully permissive cell types, but immediate-early RNA and protein are detected only in the PMA-treated cells. Hence PMA acts by relieving an early block to HSV infection caused by the rapid turnover of immediate-early RNA. This block is not caused by the production of soluble inhibitors and can also be relieved by treatment with other agents that cause macrophage differentiation such as 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol. These findings therefore indicate that the non-permissivity of undifferentiated U937 cells for HSV is mediated by post-transcriptional regulation of immediate-early gene expression.
Lymphotoxin Induces Secretion of Granule Proteins From Adherent Neutrophils: Possible Role of Intracellular Free Calcium
Authors: Richter Johan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) can activate human neutrophils. Using a hemolytic plaque assay to detect secretion of lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase (MPO) from single adherent neutrophils, we showed that LT induced secretion from both primary and secondary granules. Incubation of cells with cytochalasin B was required for MPO secretion, and it enhanced lactoferrin secretion. Pertussis toxin, which blocks a G-protein in the plasma membrane, inhibited LT-induced exocytosis of MPO, but not of lactoferrin. Incubation with LT did not induce any detectable changes of the cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] in neutrophils. On the other hand, secretion of granule proteins from adherent neutrophils in response to LT was blocked by loading neutrophils with quin-2 in order to increase the intracellular calcium buffering capacity. This was achieved at a concentration of quin-2, at which the secretion induced by the phorbol ester PMA and the chemotactic peptide FMLP was unaffected. Trifluoroperazine (TFP), a dual protein kinase C and calmodulin inhibitor, significantly inhibited the LT-mediated secretion of lactoferrin from adherent granulocytes. The PMA effect was unaltered by TFP under these conditions, suggesting that the inhibitory effect was on a calcium-calmodulin dependent step. The secretion induced by TNF and GM-CSF was also blocked by buffering changes in the intracellular ICa2+] and inhibited to a similar extent by TFP. Our results suggest that calmodulin and minute changes in the cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] may be involved in a common signal transduction pathway engaged in activation of adherent neutrophils by several cytokines.
Comparative Abilities of Various Metabolites of Vitamin D to Protect Cultured Human Macrophages Against Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Crowle Alfred J , Ross Elise J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Vitamin D metabolites have several biologic functions besides the best-known one of controlling mineral metabolism, one of which may be protection against tuberculosis. The chemical structures of the metabolites govern their functions. The most potent metabolite for regulating calcium metabolism is 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1,25-D3). This metabolite also is able to protect cultured human monocytes and macrophages (MP) against tubercle bacilli (TB). To determine whether these two functions are connected, 14 other analogs or metabolites of vitamin D were compared with 1,25-D3 for ability to protect cultured MP against TB. Blood-derived MP from 18 different donors were used in 70 experiments. The MP were infected with TB, then incubated for 7 days in medium containing 4 μg/ml of metabolite or synthesized analog. Growth of TB in the MP was measured by colony-forming unit counts from samples of lysed MP at 0, 4, and 7 days after infection. The metabolites, none of which inhibited TB in the absence of MP, varied from unprotective to bacteriostatic in the MP. Four of them were nearly as protective as 1,25-D3, and the metabolite 25S,26(OH)2-vitamin D3 was consistently more protective. An analog synthetically designed for maximum ability to promote cell differentiation was unprotective. There was no correlation between metabolite ability to protect and known ability to stimulate calcium mobilization. These results suggest that antituberculosis protection of human MP by vitamin D metabolites or analogs can be separated from their functions of inducing cell differentiation and controlling mineral metabolism.
Differential Effects of Lithocholate on Rat Neutrophil Activation
Authors: Dahm Lawrence J , Roth Robert A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Neutrophils (PMNs) may be exposed to high concentrations of biliary products during cholestasis and other hepatic disorders. We have previously reported that bile and certain bile salts enhance superoxide (O2-) release from neutrophils activated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (Dahm et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 95,82,1988), suggesting that PMN oxidative metabolism might be altered in toxicoses or disease states characterized by elevations in serum bile salts and other biliary products. In the present study, we characterized the priming effect of lithocholate for O2- release and also examined the effects of lithocholate on enzyme release from PMNs. PMNs preincubated with lithocholate at concentrations which did not directly stimulate O2- release (3–100 μM) and activated with PMA released greater amounts of O2- than controls exposed to PMA alone, illustrating a priming effect O2- release from lithocholate-primed PMNs rose sharply between 5 and 10 min after PMA addition and then ceased between 10 and 30 min. The priming effect of lithocholate toward PMA-activated PMNs was reduced approximately 50% by washing PMNs after lithocholate addition and was not dependent on extracellular Ca2+, although removal of Ca2+ from the incubation buffer enhanced the cytotoxicity of lithocholate toward PMNs. In Ca2+-supplemented medium, lithocholate primed PMNs for O2- release when formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP, 10-8-10-6 M) or calcium ionophore, A23187 (10-7 or 10-6 M), was used to activate PMNs. Lithocholate (100 μM) by Itself had only marginal effects on release of lysozyme or β-glucuronidase from PMNs. However, lithocholate (100 μM) inhibited β-glucuronidase release from FMLP-stimulated PMNs to near-baseline levels. When FMLP was added to PMNs prior to lithocholate, β-glucuronidase release was not reduced as it was when the order of addition was the reverse. Lithocholate had no effect on PMA-stimulated lysozyme release. These results indicate that lithocholate has different actions on PMN O2- release and enzyme release and suggest that lithocholate might exert its action on the PMN plasma membrane.
Differential Production of IFN-α/β by CSF-1- and GM-CSF-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Falk Lydia A , Vogel Stefanie N 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Mature macrophages, derived in vitro from bone marrow progenitors under the influence of either macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) or granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF, have been shown to differ morphologically and functionally. The data presented in this report demonstrate that macrophages derived from bone marrow progenitors under the influence of CSF-1 are highly resistant to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and that this refractoriness can be reversed by treatment of cells with anti-IFN-α/β antibody. In contrast, macrophages derived from bone marrow progenitors under the influence of GM-CSF are highly susceptible to the cytopathic effects of VSV, but can be protected by very low concentrations of exogenous IFN-α/β. These findings suggest that CSF-1 derived macrophages have a greater capacity for the production and/or utilization of IFN-α/β than GM-CSF-derived macrophages, which may account for many of the differentiative differences reported previously.
Stimulated Platelets Release Factor(s) Affecting the In Vitro Response of Human Polymorphonuclear Cells
Authors: Del Principe Domenico , Menichelli Adriana , Di Giulio Stefano , De Matteis Walter , Giordani Massimo , Pentassuglio Anna Maria , Finazzi-Agro Alessandro 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The metabolic and functional responses of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) to thrombin-activated platelet supernatants were studied. The incubation of PMNs with supernatants from stimulated platelets (SPS) caused a 50% decrease in both killing of Staphylococcus aureus and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) by PMNs stimulated by opsonized-zymosan (OZ), Concanavalin A (Con A), or calcium ionophore A23187. The levels of PMN intracellular fluorescence measured by flow cytometry, using the fluorochrome dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA), were considerably less in the presence of SPS than in resting platelet supernatants (RPS). No influence of platelet supernatant on O2 consumption and O2- generation by OZ-activated PMNs was observed. The incubation of PMNs with SPS caused a significant increase in the rate of chemotaxis and aggregation elicited by Con A, OZ, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The supernatant from resting platelets did not show any of the above-reported effects. Platelets previously degranulated by thrombin were unable to inhibit CL when activated with agonists. Studies on the differential release of the granules by platelets showed that the CL-quenching activity paralleled the discharge of lysosomal content The release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) from PMNs elicited by OZ was reduced in the presence of SPS. The platelet supernatant did not affect the MPO activity if PMNs were lysed with Triton X-100. The leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from platelets was less than 3%, and no catalase or superoxide dismutase was released. This activity withstood lyophilization, but was destroyed by 10 min heating at 100°C or by treatment with proteolytic enzymes.