Abstract 2073: Focused ultrasound-mediated transport of poly(alkyl) cyanoacrylate nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier in a melanoma brain metastasis model
Authors: Baghirov Habib , Åslund Andreas , Snipstad Sofie , Berg Sigrid , Hansen Rune , Thorsen Frits , Mørch Yrr , de Lange Davies Catharina 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Drug delivery into the brain is impeded by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) - a dynamic interface that protects brain homeostasis, but also screens the brain from the vast majority of large and/or hydrophilic drug molecules. Focused ultrasound (FUS) has emerged as one of the promising methods to open the BBB safely and reversibly. We have previously reported FUS-mediated BBB opening using a novel platform consisting of microbubbles surrounded by poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles that could prospectively be used for FUS- and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery into the brain (1,2).
Here, we have been investigating FUS-mediated BBB opening using a novel ultrasound system capable of generating FUS at two frequencies, 1.1 MHz and 7.8 MHz during the same experiment. This system allows a very precise selection of the exposure area. We used FUS exposure at 1 MHz to open the BBB by cavitation, while exposure at 7.8 MHz was employed to enable the action of acoustic radiation force. This force is caused by a transfer of momentum from acoustic waves to the tissues in which they propagate, and can facilitate nanoparticle transport in the extracellular matrix. FUS-mediated BBB opening was performed in NOD/SCID mice with melanoma brain metastases developed after intracardiac injection of human melanoma brain metastasis cells (3). The cells were fluorescently labeled, which enabled their detection in the brain. Poly(isohexyl) cyanoacrylate (PIHCA) nanoparticle-microbubbles similar to those reported in our earlier works (1,2) were injected immediately before the FUS exposure.
Successful opening of the BBB was verified by MRI using a gadolinium-based contrast agent. An optimal window of exposure intensities that allow BBB disruption was found to be close a mechanical index of 0.3. Location of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles relative to blood vessels and tumor cells was determined in frozen sections using confocal microscopy. Tissue damage and FUS-induced changes at the cellular and molecular level were studied using histological and molecular techniques.
In conclusion, the dual-frequency ultrasound transducer setup and our novel nanoparticle-microbubble platform showed promising results which will be used to develop a novel treatment of brain metastasis combining dual-frequency FUS with drug delivery using microbubbles.
1.
Nanoparticle-stabilized microbubbles for multimodal imaging and drug delivery. Mørch Ý et al. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2015 Sep;10(5):356-66
2.
Nanoparticle delivery to the brain - By focused ultrasound and self-assembled nanoparticle-stabilized microbubbles. Åslund AK et al. J Control Release. 2015 Oct 28;220(Pt A):287-294
3.
Automated tracking of nanoparticle-labeled melanoma cells improves the predicted power of a brain metastasis model. Sundstrøm T et al. Cancer Res. 2013 Feb;73(8):2445-2456.
Citation Format: Habib Baghirov, Andreas Åslund, Sofie Snipstad, Sigrid Berg, Rune Hansen, Frits Thorsen, Yrr Mørch, Catharina de Lange Davies. Focused ultrasound-mediated transport of poly(alkyl) cyanoacrylate nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier in a melanoma brain metastasis model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2073.