bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Philippines’ infrastructure and connectivity cooperation with China and the European Union
Authors: Santarita Joefe B. , Gerstl Alfred 
Published: September 2024

AbstractLike many other countries in the Global South, the Philippines is in dire need of foreign investments and loans to develop its infrastructure. Former President Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022) sought close cooperation with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to complement his ambitious Build! Build! Build! program. His successor Ferdinand Marcos Jr. continued many BRI projects, but canceled others, due to lack of funding from China and increased tensions in the South China Sea. Moreover, he deepened cooperation with the European Union (EU) in security and infrastructure, thereby benefiting from the EU’s Global Gateway Initiative (GGI). The findings of this study, which is theoretically located at the intersection of foreign, economic, and domestic politics, build strongly on a representative survey conducted in the Philippines in 2022. One of the major findings is the occurrence of perceptions of the Philippine citizens and elites of China and the EU that are strongly in line with each other. Another finding is the extent of the Filipinos’ ability to differentiate between “good”, “bad”, and “beautiful” effects of BRI projects despite their negative attitude towards China. Conversely, even though the EU is seen in a very positive light, the study concludes that the GGI can only then become an additional infrastructure offer, if the GGI projects bring tangible benefits to the Filipinos. Both the BRI and the GGI illustrate that offering infrastructure collaboration is strongly based on geopolitical and geo-economic reasoning, but that the recipient can utilize this fact to further its economic interests.
Users’ Perspective on Revised Simple Simulator for Calculating Nutritional Food Stocks in Preparation for Large-scale Disasters
Authors: Takeda Tamaki , Sudo Noriko , Shimada Ikuko , Tsuboyama-Kasaoka Nobuyo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective:
In 2020, Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare developed an Excel workbook entitled “Simple Simulator for calculating nutritional food stocks in preparation for large-scale disasters.” In September 2021, it was modified as the “Revised Simulator” to plan food stockpiles in normal times and post-disaster meals. This study aimed to further improve the Revised Simulator.

Methods:
Eight group interviews were conducted with 12 public health dietitians, 9 disaster management officers, and 2 public health nurses from September to November 2021. They provided nutritional support during previous disasters or prepared for predicted future disasters. Qualitative analysis was conducted on interview transcriptions, then the Revised Simulator was improved based on their feedback.

Results:
The Revised Simulator was improved to the “Simulator for calculating nutritional food stocks and meals for large-scale disasters” with significant changes such as adding specific tags in the food list to denote long shelf life and elderly-friendly foods, as well as displaying bar graphs to visualize the required and supplied amounts of energy and nutrients.

Conclusions:
The Revised Simulator was upgraded for planning and assessing stockpiles and meals in ordinary conditions and emergencies. This study will contribute to enhancing the quality and quantity of food supplies during disasters.
Death at Dreamworld: Ten pathways to disaster and failure to learn
Authors: Gregson Sarah , Quinlan Michael G. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDeaths in workplace incidents – of both workers and members of the public – normally spark a number of official responses, including coronial inquests. In many instances, however, these investigations have examined the incident in isolation from the wider context of hazards in that industry and are rarely informed by the extensive research literature on health and safety, and death and disaster, at work. In this examination of a tragic theme park disaster in 2016, we demonstrate that applying a wider lens and drawing on the ‘ten pathways model’ not only provides a more compelling explanation of how and why safety measures failed but may also inform more fatality and injury prevention measures. Drawing on James Reasonʼs concept of latent failures, the ten pathways model identifies latent failures that are repeatedly associated with death and disaster in workplaces across different industries. Using the Dreamworld coronial inquest findings and other related source material, this paper finds that at least nine and possibly all ten pattern failures were present in the Thunder River Rapids ride disaster at the Dreamworld theme park and contributed to the deaths of four visitors. In particular, it highlights the corroding effects of poor maintenance, inadequate management systems, and regulatory failure. The paper also raises questions about why theme parks as high-hazard workplaces marked by injuries, deaths, and ‘near misses’ were not subject to more rigorous oversight prior to the event and how regulatory failures might best be addressed.
Statistical dataset evaluation: A case study on named entity recognition
Authors: Wang Chengwen , Dong Qingxiu , Wang Xiaochen , Sui Zhifang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDatasets serve as crucial training resources and model performance trackers. However, existing datasets have exposed a plethora of problems, inducing biased models and unreliable evaluation results. In this paper, we propose a model-agnostic dataset evaluation framework for automatic dataset quality evaluation. We seek the statistical properties of the datasets and address three fundamental dimensions: reliability, difficulty, and validity, following a Classical Test Theory (CTT). Taking the named entity recognition (NER) datasets as a case study, we introduce nine statistical metrics for a statistical dataset evaluation framework. Specifically, we investigate the reliability of a NER dataset with three metrics, including Redundancy, Accuracy, and Leakage Ratio. We assess the dataset difficulty through four metrics: Unseen Entity Ratio, Entity Ambiguity Degree, Entity Density, and Model Differentiation. For validity, we introduce the Entity Imbalance Degree and Entity-Null Rate to evaluate the effectiveness of the dataset in assessing language model performance. Experimental results validate that our evaluation framework effectively assesses various aspects of the dataset quality. Furthermore, we study how the dataset scores on our statistical metrics affect the model performance and appeal for dataset quality evaluation or targeted dataset improvement before training or testing models.
Late positive potential reveals sustained threat contingencies despite extinction in adolescents but not adults
Authors: Shner-Livne Gil , Barak Nadav , Shitrit Ido , Abend Rany , Shechner Tomer 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundMajor theories link threat learning processes to anxiety symptoms, which typically emerge during adolescence. While this developmental stage is marked by substantial maturation of the neural circuity involved in threat learning, research directly examining adolescence-specific patterns of neural responding during threat learning is scarce. This study compared adolescents and adults in acquisition and extinction of conditioned threat responses assessed at the cognitive, psychophysiological, and neural levels, focusing on the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential (ERP) component indexing emotional valence.MethodSixty-five adults and 63 adolescents completed threat acquisition and extinction, 24 h apart, using the bell conditioning paradigm. Self-reported fear, skin conductance responses (SCR), and ERPs were measured.ResultsDevelopmental differences emerged in neural and psychophysiological responses during threat acquisition, with adolescents displaying heightened LPP responses to threat and safety cues as well as heightened threat-specific SCR compared to adults. During extinction, SCR suggested comparable reduction in conditioned threat responses across groups, while LPP revealed incomplete extinction only among adolescents. Finally, age moderated the link between anxiety severity and LPP-assessed extinction, whereby greater anxiety severity was associated with reduced extinction among younger participants.ConclusionsIn line with developmental theories, adolescence is characterized by a specific age-related difficulty adapting to diminishing emotional significance of prior threats, contributing to heightened vulnerability to anxiety symptoms. Further, LPP appears to be sensitive to developmental differences in threat learning and may thus potentially serve as a useful biomarker in research on adolescents, threat learning, and anxiety.
Effort-based decision-making in ultra-high-risk for psychosis and bipolar disorder
Authors: Bora E. , Cesim E. , Eyuboglu M. S. , Demir M. , Yalincetin B. , Ermis C. , Özbek Uzman S. , Sut E. , Demirlek C. , Verim B. , Baykara B. , İnal N. , Akdede B. B. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundEffort-based decision-making has been proposed as a potential mechanism contributing to transdiagnostic motivational deficits in psychotic disorder and bipolar disorder. However, very limited information is available about deficits in effort-cost-decision-making in the early stages of psychotic disorder and no study has investigated effort allocation deficits before the onset of bipolar disorder. Our aim was to investigate effort-based-decision-making in ultra-high-risk for psychosis (UHR-P) and bipolar disorder (UHR-BD).MethodsEffort-cost decision-making performance was evaluated in UHR-P (n = 72) and UHR-BD (n = 68) and healthy controls (n = 38). Effort-Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT) was used.ResultsCompared to controls, both UHR-P and UHR-BD groups were associated with a reduced possibility to choose the harder task when the reward magnitudes and/or the likelihood of receiving the reward were high. In both groups, effort allocation abnormalities were associated with poor social functioning.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that difficulties in effort-cost computation are transdiagnostic markers of illness liability in psychotic and bipolar disorders. In early intervention services, effort-based decision-making abnormalities should be considered as a target for interventions to manage motivational deficits in individuals at high risk for psychosis and BD.
The effectiveness of psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published over last 30 years
Authors: Wang Yingying , Miguel Clara , Ciharova Marketa , Amarnath Arpana , Lin Jingyuan , Zhao Ruiying , Toffolo Marieke B.J. , Struijs Sascha Y. , de Wit Leonore M. , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundAlthough numerous studies have examined the effects of psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), their overall effectiveness remains unclear. We aimed to estimate their overall effect by combining all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing psychological treatments to control groups for OCD.MethodsWe conducted a meta-analysis of 48 RCTs with 55 comparisons published between 1992 and 1 January 2023. The primary outcome was OCD symptom severity, with Hedges' g calculated at post-treatment and follow-up. Random-effects models were employed for all analyses, and the risk of bias was assessed.ResultsIn general, psychological treatments demonstrated a significantly large effect (g = −1.14; 95% CI [−1.31 to −0.97]; I2 = 72.23%) on reducing OCD symptom severity post-treatment, this finding remained consistent across measures and after excluding outliers, but lost significance in the sensitivity analysis for only studies with low risk of bias. Type of treatment, control group and treatment format were associated with treatment effects. Moreover, more severe baseline OCD symptom severity predicted higher degree of treatment efficacy. No significant differences were observed in dropout rates between the treatment and control groups. Treatment effects lost significance at 3–6 and 6–12 month follow-ups. 87% of RCTs were rated at high risk of bias.ConclusionsPsychological treatments are effective in reducing OCD symptom severity. However, caution should be exercised when interpreting these results due to the high heterogeneity and risk of bias across RCTs. Future studies with more rigorous methodology are required, as well as studies examining their long-term effectiveness.
Maternal Characteristics in Natural and Medically Assisted Reproduction Dizygotic Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Hubers Nikki , Page Christian M. , Ligthart Lannie , Pool René , Hottenga Jouke-Jan , van Dongen Jenny , Lambalk Cornelis B. , Harris Jennifer R. , Willemsen Gonneke , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that mothers of naturally conceived dizygotic (DZ) twins tend to be taller, older, and smoke more than mothers of naturally conceived monozygotic (MZ) twin and mothers of singletons. Here, we investigate whether mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins differ from mothers who conceived their DZ twins after medically assisted reproduction (MAR) in eight maternal traits related to fertility based on observational survey data. We include data from 33,648 mothers from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) and 1660 mothers of twins from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBA). We contrast mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins with mothers of MAR DZ twins. Next, we further segment the MAR group into mothers who underwent hormonal induction of ovulation but not in vitro fertilization (IVF) and those who IVF twins, comparing them both to each other and against the mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins. Mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins smoke more often, differ in body composition, have a higher maternal age and have more offspring before the twins than mothers of MZ twins. Compared to MAR DZ twin mothers, mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins have fewer miscarriages, lower maternal age and increased height, more offspring and are more often smokers. BMI before the twin pregnancy is similar in both natural and MAR DZ twin mothers. Mothers who received hormonal induction of ovulation (OI) have a lower maternal age, fewer miscarriages, and a higher number of offspring before their twin pregnancy than twin mothers who received IVF and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatments. Our study shows that twin mothers are a heterogenous group and the differences between twin mothers should be taken into account in epidemiological and genetic research that includes twins.
Comprehensive Flow Turbulence Metrics to Improve Bar Rack Guidance for Downstream Migrating Fish
Authors: Fang X. , Kumahor S. , Tachie M. F. , Katopodis C. , Ghamry H. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTurbulent flows are investigated upstream of a bar rack system that is recommended as optimum in recent literature from tests with several fish species of different morphology, swimming ability, and behavior. Both two‐dimensional two‐component and two‐dimensional three‐component state‐of‐the‐art particle image velocimetry were used to quantify and analyze hydrodynamic metrics important for downstream migrating species. The inclination angles of the bar and rack were 45° and 30°, respectively, and the thickness of the bottom overlay was 13% of the water depth. The two Reynolds numbers investigated, based on incoming velocity and bar thickness, were 4,000 and 6,000. The statistical and structural characteristics of turbulent flows in the streamwise‐spanwise plane at 5% water depth, and the streamwise‐vertical plane at channel mid‐span are discussed. Upstream of the bottom overlay, the mean flow is deflected and accelerated toward the bypass, leading to an increase in the Reynolds stresses, while the turbulence eddies become smaller. For effective fish guidance, it is recommended that sweeping velocity (Vp) be larger than normal velocity (Vn), with Vp parallel and Vn perpendicular to the bar rack and bottom overlay. In the downstream half of the bar rack, Vn may increase sufficiently to surpass Vp near the bypass, possibly reducing effective guidance for some species and sizes. Upstream of the bars, the levels of streamwise mean velocity vary abruptly, which may deter fish from contacting the bars. Although inferences on passage effectiveness are made based on previous studies, tests with different species and sizes are needed to confirm fish responses.
Cyclone Gabrielle as a Design Storm for Northeastern Aotearoa New Zealand Under Anthropogenic Warming
Authors: Stone Dáithí A. , Noble Christopher J. , Bodeker Greg E. , Dean Sam M. , Harrington Luke J. , Rosier Suzanne M. , Rye Graham D. , Tradowsky Jordis S. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCyclone Gabrielle passed along the northern coast of Aotearoa New Zealand in February 2023, producing historic rainfall accumulations and impacts. Gabrielle was an ex‐tropical cyclone that stalled and re‐energised off the north coast, resembling descriptions of worst case scenarios for the northeast of the country. Here we report on a comparison of the actual forecast of the storm against forecasts under conditions representative of a climate without anthropogenic interference and of a climate +2.0°C warmer than pre‐industrial (about 1.0°C cooler and warmer than present respectively). We find that regional total rainfall accumulations from a Gabrielle‐like storm are about 10% higher because of the historical anthropogenic warming, and will increase by a larger amount under similar future warming. These differences are driven by a 20% (relative to a non‐anthropogenic world) to 30% (relative to a +2.0°C world) rise in peak rainfall rates, which in turn is mainly driven by a more temporally concentrated column‐integrated moisture flux. The forecast model generates the larger increase for the +2.0°C world through greater precipitation efficiency, reflecting the importance of unresolved precipitation processes in the climate change response of rainfall extremes.
Local Empirical Modeling of NmF2 Using Ionosonde Observations and the FISM2 Solar EUV Model
Authors: Singh D. , Goncharenko L. P. , Galkin I. A. , Chamberlin P. C. , Redondo F. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractLocal empirical models of the F2 layer peak electron density (NmF2) are developed for 43 low‐ middle latitude ionosonde stations using auto‐scaled data from Lowell GIRO data center and manually scaled data from World Data Center for Ionosphere and Space Weather. Data coverage at these stations ranges from a few years to up to 6 decades. Flare Irradiance Spectral Model index version 2 (FISM2) and ap3 index are used to parametrize the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux and geomagnetic activity dependence of NmF2. Learning curves suggest that approximately 8 years of data coverage is required to constrain the solar activity dependence of NmF2. Output of local models altogether captures well known anomalies of the F2 ionospheric layer. Performance metrics demonstrate that the model parametrized using FISM2 has better accuracy than a similarly parametrized model with F10.7, as well as than the IRI‐2020 model. Skill score metrics indicate that the FISM2 based model outperforms F10.7 model at all solar activity levels. The improved accuracy of model with FISM2 over F10.7 is due to better representation of solar rotation by FISM2, and due to its performance at solar extremum. Application of singular spectrum analysis to model output reveals that solar rotation contributes to about 2%–3% of the variance in NmF2 data and FISM2 based model, while F10.7 based models overestimate the strength of solar rotation to be at 4%–7%. At solar extremum, both F10.7‐based model and IRI‐2020 tend to overestimate the NmF2 while FISM2 provides the most accurate prediction out of three.
Evidence of Plasma Mixing at the Earth's Magnetopause Due To Kelvin Helmholtz Vortices
Authors: Radhakrishnan Dinesh K. V. , Fuselier Stephen A. , Petrinec Steven M. , Rice Rachel C. , Nykyri Katariina , Trattner Karlheinz J. , Gershman Daniel J. , Burch James L. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractKelvin Helmholtz Instabilities (KHI) result from interactions between the shocked solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere. These are formed due to the velocity shear between the plasma in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath. The role of KHI in bringing in the shocked solar wind into the terrestrial magnetosphere has been studied extensively using MHD, Hall‐MHD, hybrid and PIC simulations. Such simulations oftentimes make simplifying assumptions of the boundary layer in the magnetopause. To experimentally study the effects of KHI on the boundary layer and its effectiveness in bringing in solar wind, we analyze 43 KHI events. All these events have quasi‐constant IMF orientation during its interval, thereby mitigating the effects of variation of IMF in the ongoing transient magnetopause process. In this statistical study of KHIs, we demonstrate that there is a preexisting boundary layer before KHIs begin to develop. As KHI develops to its non‐linear state, the ions in the magnetosphere, magnetopause, and magnetosheath are mixed, which is demonstrated using the alpha‐to‐proton density ratio. As a result of this mixing, the well‐defined preexisting boundary layer is replaced by a much more uniformly mixed boundary layer.
Synoptic Circulation Forcing of Large‐Scale Extreme Precipitation Events Over Southeastern China
Authors: Wu Xinxin , Tan Xuezhi , Chen Xiaohong , Huang Zeqin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractLarge‐scale extreme precipitation (LSExP) events, characterized by widespread extent, persistence, and high intensity, can pose devastating threats to millions of people, infrastructure, and ecology in highly urbanized southeastern China. Here we explore the three‐dimensional (spatial and temporal) characteristics and movements of LSExPs and their direct drivers (vertical velocity, water vapor and moisture advection) under six synoptic‐scale circulation patterns in southeastern China. LSExPs are classified as low‐pressure or non‐low types based on circulation anomaly patterns. The low‐pressure LSExPs are associated with anomalous cyclonic low‐pressure systems in the mid‐ and lower‐troposphere, occurring with main coastal precipitation, while the non‐low LSExPs mainly result from cold‐warm air convergence and primarily affect inland areas. Low‐pressure LSExPs exhibit relatively high intensity compared to non‐low types, particularly on days featuring a south‐low and north‐high dipole pattern, which tend to produce more localized and intense precipitation events. Non‐low LSExPs show larger precipitation areas, longer durations, and greater movement distances, and thus impact wider regions, compared to low‐pressure LSExPs. Single high‐pressure or low‐pressure systems are less likely to result in LSExPs, and LSExPs are less severe if occur, compared to other types. All LSExP types move in a direction similar to that of moisture transport, strongly influenced by extreme upward motion of moisture. Low‐pressure LSExPs are more related to the upward motion of the atmosphere at 850 hPa, and they also involve extreme water vapor and moisture transport.