bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer Screening Recommendations and Clinical Management of Inherited Gastrointestinal Cancer Syndromes in Childhood
Authors: Achatz Maria Isabel , Porter Christopher C. , Brugières Laurence , Druker Harriet , Frebourg Thierry , Foulkes William D. , Kratz Christian P. , Kuiper Roland P. , Hansford Jordan R. , Hernandez Hector Salvador , Nathanson Katherine L. , Kohlmann Wendy K. , Doros Leslie , Onel Kenan , Schneider Kami Wolfe , Scollon Sarah R. , Tabori Uri , Tomlinson Gail E. , Evans D. Gareth R. , Plon Sharon E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Hereditary gastrointestinal cancer predisposition syndromes have been well characterized, but management strategies and surveillance remain a major challenge, especially in childhood. In October 2016, the American Association for Cancer Research organized the AACR Childhood Cancer Predisposition Workshop in which international experts in care of children with a hereditary risk of cancer met to define surveillance strategies and management of children with cancer predisposition syndromes. In this article, we review the current literature in polyposis syndromes that can be diagnosed in childhood and may be associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal neoplasms and other cancer types. These disorders include adenomatous polyposis syndromes (APC and MUTYH), juvenile polyposis coli (BMPR1A and SMAD4), Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome (STK11/LKB1), and PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS; PTEN), which can present with a more limited juvenile polyposis phenotype. Herein, the panel of experts provides recommendations for clinical diagnosis, approach to genetic testing, and focus on cancer surveillance recommendations when appropriate during the pediatric period. We also review current controversies on genetic evaluation of patients with hepatoblastoma and indications for surveillance for this tumor. Childhood cancer risks and surveillance associated with disorders involving the mismatch repair genes, including Lynch syndrome and constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD), are discussed elsewhere in this series. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); e107–e14. ©2017 AACR.
See all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
Digoxin Use and Subsequent Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With or Without Heart Failure in the ENGAGE AF‐TIMI 48 Trial
Authors: Eisen Alon , Ruff Christian T. , Braunwald Eugene , Hamershock Rose A. , Lewis Basil S. , Hassager Christian , Chao Tze‐Fan , Le Heuzey Jean Yves , Mercuri Michele , Rutman Howard , Antman Elliott M. , Giugliano Robert P. 
Published: July 2017

Background

Digoxin is widely used in patients with atrial fibrillation despite the lack of randomized controlled trials. Observational studies report conflicting results regarding its association with mortality, perhaps because of residual confounding by the presence of heart failure (
HF
).

Methods and Results

In the
ENGAGE AF
‐
TIMI
48 (Effective Anticoagulation With Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation‐Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 48) trial, clinical outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without
HF
were examined by baseline digoxin use during a median follow‐up of 2.8 years.
HF
was defined at baseline as prior or current clinical stage C or D
HF
. Of 21 105 patients enrolled, 6327 (30%) were treated with digoxin at baseline. Among patients without
HF
(n=8981), digoxin use (20%) was independently associated with sudden cardiac death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.51; 95%
CI,
1.10–2.08), with no significant interaction by age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, renal function, or concomitant medications (
P
>0.05 for each). Consistent results were observed using propensity matching (adjusted hazard ratio for sudden cardiac death, 1.90; 95%
CI
, 1.36–2.65). Among patients with
HF
(n=12 124), digoxin use (37%) was associated with an increase in all‐cause death, cardiovascular death, sudden cardiac death, and death caused by
HF
/cardiogenic shock (
P
<0.01 for each), but not with noncardiovascular death, stroke/systemic embolism, or myocardial infarction.

Conclusions

In this observational analysis of patients with atrial fibrillation without investigator‐reported
HF
, digoxin use was significantly associated with sudden cardiac death. While residual confounding cannot be excluded, the association between digoxin use and worse clinical outcomes highlights the need to examine digoxin use, particularly when prescribed to control heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation in a randomized trial.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00781391.
A Comparison of /s/ and /z/ for an English Speaker
Authors: Scully Celia 
Published: July 2017

An experiment in which oral pressure and volume flow of air through the mouth were measured simultaneously for one speaker of English has shown that: (1) the timing of the tongue movements for /s/ and /z/ is the same when similar phonetic contexts are compared; (2) air flow and pressure are both significantly greater for /s/ than for /z/, in agreement with previous work; but (3) aerodynamic measures indicating the degree of tongue occlusion show no significant difference between /s/ and /z/. The feature tense-lax operates in the expected way at the acoustic stage for /s/ and /z/, but applies, at the articulatory stage, either not at all, or else in the opposite direction to that expected. Experiments with the same speaker, including oesophageal pressure measurements to indicate tracheal pressure, support the view that the only significant difference in the articulation of these /s/ and /z/ segments lies in the glottal adjustment and not in muscular effort defined in any other way, nor in breath force. The observed acoustic effects follow automatically from the different oral pressures and air flows, which are the direct result of the different glottal articulations.
Written Language Maturity and Formal Reasoning in Male and Female Adolescents
Authors: Lawson Anton E. , Shepherd Gene D. 
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a significant relationship exists between the development of formal reasoning and written language maturity as measured by length of minimal terminable units or T-units. Fifty subjects (25 males, mean-age 14.67 years and 25 females, mean-age 14.50 years) enrolled in high school freshman English classes were administered a series of 15 reasoning tasks requiring various aspects of formal reasoning for solution plus a test of field dependence-independence. Subjects were also given an in-class assignment to write an essay of 500 words about an important object in their lives. Various aspects of formal reasoning were found to correlate significantly with mean T-unit length for the males (r = 0.28 N.S. to 0.58 p < 0.001). The cumulative reasoning score correlated at 0.59 p < 0.001 with mean T-unit length. These coefficients were not substantially altered when field dependence-independence was partialled out. Surprisingly, for the females, formal reasoning did not correlate significantly with mean T-unit length. Although the reason for the discrepancy between the results for males and females is not clear, it is suggested that the reasoning tasks may be biased against females, and therefore not adequately assess their level of intellectual development.
An Examination of the Relationships Between Farmland Values, Agricultural Commodity Prices, and Land Reform Issues in South Africa
Authors: Ziqubu Mykeni , Nichola Tennassie , Mainardi Stefano 
Published: July 2017

Land reform is an issue that is current and hotly debated in South Africa. The policy pursued by the South African government to date to achieve restitution and equity in land ownership is to promote the willing seller willing buyer regime. But progress under this policy has been slow. It is claimed that part of the problem is the inflation of prices by landowners. This study investigates through the analysis of time series data the factors that influence land values in South Africa. The values of land under maize, sugar cane and deciduous fruit were examined. The empirical results show fluctuations in agricultural commodity prices, and interest rates charged do significantly impact land values. The study also found that market value for farmland differs significantly from productive value. For potential emerging farmers and Land Reform Policy makers, inflated land values act as a huge barrier to their success. JEL Classification: Q15 055
Large Deficits, Individual Welfare, and Private Saving
Authors: Mevorach Baruch 
Published: July 2017

A more simple explanation is provided here for a deficit-aggregate demand negative trade-off. Postwar deficits apparently have not produced high aggregate demand. It has been suggested that a parallel rise in private saving, following intergenerational altruistic transfer motives and accurate foresight of future tax liabilities, was capable of fully offsetting due changes in aggregate demand. Looking at relevant political information, the explanation provided in this paper regards the rise in private saving as an automatic welfare improvement consequence rather than a complicated intergenerational transfer calculation. When employed, the present explanation allows the relaxation of the above two strong assumptions concerning the rise in private saving. Both the public and the administrations have had no economic incentive to reduce the deficit or to freeze it at existing levels. Budgetary expansion is accompanied by improved welfare, thus, deficit reduction proves politically unwise for both Democrats and Republicans even with their different economic targets.
The New Chinese Consumer: Potential Markets for Foreign Companies
Authors: Taylor Robert 
Published: July 2017

In 1978 the Chinese leaders launched the open door policy, committing themselves to an ambitious programme of macroeconomic reform in order to enable China to join the ranks of developed countries during the early decades of the twenty-first century. An integral part of that policy is the utilisation of market forces to make China’s goods competitive at home and abroad. Under the terms of a market economy, rising living standards, on which the leadership has staked its legitimacy, are increasingly seen as key incentives for China’s workforce and management. Increasing personal discretionary income is in turn creating more consumer demand, even though there are already widening disparities in wealth between urban and rural residents. Greater purchasing power for a wide range of consumer goods in the cities is nevertheless setting a trend for future demand in the villages. Significantly, more and more sectors of the Chinese economy, including retailing and distribution, are becoming open to foreign investment, and the products of wholly owned foreign companies and joint ventures may increasingly be sold on Chinese domestic markets. Overseas manufacturers may elect to export or localise their operations. In any case China offers a range of potentially lucrative consumer markets which require careful targeting through market research and advertising.
Environment and Development: The Forests of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Thompson Herb 
Published: July 2017

The uniqueness and importance of island tropical moist rainforests, such as that of Papua New Guinea is well recognised. It can be safely argued that tropical islands with their rainforests and adjacent coral reefs may well comprise the most biologically rich complexes of ecosystems on the planet. Therefore, those who pursue economic growth or developmental processes on these islands must be particularly cognizant of the environment. This paper examines, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea, the relationship between development and the environment. Papua New Guinea incorporates the largest continuous tract of lowland tropical moist rainforest in the Southeast Asia/Pacific region. The forestry sector in Papua New Guinea is described. This is followed by a conceptualisation of the environmental/economic dilemma. It is then argued that economic criteria and legal/juridical policies, used by international agencies and the State to resolve the problem of forest degradation, have proved to be a failure in Papua New Guinea. Those people most affected, villagers and peasants, have no control over the incursion of international capital and are forced or enticed to sell off their own and future generation’s customary land rights. Social relationships have been commercialised in a most effective manner. In return the villagers receive roads without maintenance, schools without teachers and royalty agreements without payment. To date no consensus has yet been achieved on the relationship between the protagonists of economic growth and those of ecological or social sustainability
The Theory of Political and Social Economics: Beyond the Neoclassical Perspective
Authors: Gassler Robert Scott 
Published: July 2017

In the past twenty-five or thirty years interest has grown again among economists and others in the application of economic analysis to topics heretofore considered beyond the scope of positive economics. I call the results of this application “political and social economics”. Two problems have arisen in that process. The first is how to adapt the theory to new situations where the original set of assumptions may fail to apply. This paper argues that we must overcome that reluctance, and it provides a framework for keeping track of and reexamining assumptions as necessary when doing interdisciplinary work. The second problem is how to take a theory designed for one discipline and turn it into something intelligible to practitioners of another. This paper argues that systems science is the appropriate way to reformulate economic theory so it can fit into a broader scheme of social science theory.
Shipboard Evaluation of Motion Sickness Incidence and Human Engineering Problems
Authors: Bittner A C , Guignard J.C. 
Published: July 2017

Seakeeping trials of a United States Coast Guard (USCG) cutter in March 1984 included a human factors engineering (HFE) evaluation having particular regard to problems of seasickness in certain work stations. Some motion sickness incidence and related data, and the derivation of human factors engineering principles from such data were reported by Bittner & Guignard in 1985: and some findings supporting the general utility of using magnitude estimation of motion sickness for operational comparisons were presented later (Bittner & Guignard, 1986). The present communication documents the previously unreported seasickness and related data from those trials; and the implications of the data for the planning of future seakeeping trials. It also reviews the general conclusions of the shipboard HFE evaluations. The subjects were 16 male USCG officers and enlisted personnel assigned to duties in mission-critical workspaces, to whom two questionnaires were administered systematically: namely, Motion Sickness Symptoms and Prewatch Status. The latter instrument evaluated intervening variables including sleep and use of medication. Analyses including correlation of questionnaire and ship motion data led to the following conclusions: (1) Contrary to traditional assumptions, seasickness is characterized by at least two functionally independent factors, identified as F1 (symptomatic General Motion Illness) and F2 (Retching-Vomiting). (2) Both factors showed declines across days as well as similar carry-over and location effects within days. However, F1 reflected persistent individual differences and was strongly associated with the vertical component of the ship's motion; while F2 was transitory and associated with large transverse relative to vertical components of motion. (3) The results support previously published human factors engineering principles for minimizing seasickness incidence (Bittner & Guignard, 1985) (4) Validity of future sea trials requires (a) multiple-score scaling of motion sickness (eg, using F1 and F2); (b) control of subject crew movements about the ship during periods of observation; and (c) avoidance of steaming patterns that induce extraneous carry-over effects.
Wave Coupling in Dynamic Analysis of Space Structures: Part 1—Small Axial Forces
Authors: Frances R. , Rosenhouse G. 
Published: July 2017

The wave-coupling method is implemented here for three-dimensional transfer matrices of space structures. It should be noted that sub-transfer matrices extracted from those presented here may be used to describe the boundary conditions, which saves a lot of computer space. A numerical example verifies velocity compatibility at a joint of a three-dimensional frame.
The Power of Combined Therapies: BOTOX and Ablative Facial Laser Resurfacing
Authors: Carruthers Jean , Carruthers Alastair , Zelichowska Agnieszka 
Published: July 2017

Introduction: The etiology of facial rhytides is multifactorial. Static rhytides are caused by environmental factors and heredity, whereas dynamic rhytides are caused by the repetitive action of muscles during facial expressions. A successful multifactorial therapeutic approach is to use ablative laser resurfacing to reduce the static component and BOTOX to soften the dynamic component of the facial rhytide. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the charts and photographs of 53 consecutively treated subjects to evaluate the relative strengths of the static and dynamic treatment modalities on the individual's final aesthetic result. To remove any potential for bias, the treatments were all carried out by author J.C. The photographic and chart reviews were performed by author A.C., and the subjective patient questionnaire was completed by author A.Z. Results: Adding BOTOX to CO2 laser resurfacing improved the result objectively from 30% to 60%. However, adding BOTOX to Erbium:YAG laser resurfacing improved the result only marginally (40% to 47%). Discussion: Combined therapy with CO2 laser resurfacing and BOTOX gave the most pronounced aesthetic benefit. Combined treatments with Erbium-YAG laser resurfacing and BOTOX was a less powerful treatment blend.
Complications of Ambulatory Phlebectomy: A Review of 4000 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Olivencia Jose Antonio 
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Ambulatory phlebectomy has proven to be an effective procedure for the treatment of varicose veins. Nonetheless, as with all operative procedures, it too has its proper complications for which the surgeon must be prepared. Complications, minor or major, consequential or inconsequential, are reported. Materials and Methods: The complications in 1905 patients who underwent 4000 consecutive ambulatory phlebectomies in a 9-year period are recorded and discussed. Results: The major complications encountered were blister formation, pigmentation, telangiectasia matting, and, infrequently, skin necrosis. Complications requiring treatment totalled 2.5%. Discussion: It is the author's belief that all complications should be recorded in order to better appreciate the care and precision one must take in executing this seemingly simple procedure.
Unfavorable Results after Cosmetic Blepharoplasty—A Study of 41 Patients
Authors: Mauriello Joseph A. 
Published: July 2017

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to elucidate the various types of unfavorable results after cosmetic blepharoplasty and adjunctive mid–face-lift and their management by an oculoplastic surgeon specializing in cosmetic eyelid surgery. Materials and Methods: The charts of patients who had unfavorable results after cosmetic eyelid surgery in the 3-year period ending October 31, 2002, were retrospectively reviewed. An unfavorable result after cosmetic blepharoplasty was defined by a (a) need for functional revisional surgery or (b) request from the patient for cosmetic revision. Results: Review of over 300 charts from the author revealed 41 patients who met criteria for inclusion in the study. Twenty-one patients had functional problems that required additional surgery and 13 patients sought further corrective surgery for cosmetic problems. Seven patients had complications that did not warrant further surgery, including dry eye, ectropion, or lagophthalmos. In these patients, the problem gradually resolved or required topical lubrication. The most common problem was lower eyelid retraction, which occurred in 10 patients and required functional repair in 9. Discussion: Canthopexy or lower eyelid shortening helps present lower lid retraction after cosmetic lower blepharoplasty and is advisable is virtually all cases. However, canthopexy alone does not present lower lid retraction especially when mid–face-lifts are concomitantly performed. Surgeons should strive for symmetrical results because patients who request cosmetic repair notice asymmetry. Transient dry eye and conjunctival Chemosis due to exposure keratitis with or without accompanying significant malposition often resolves with conservative treatment. Preoperative ophthalmologic consultation may help determine patients who are predisposed to symptoms of dry eye after cosmetic blepharoplasty. An unfavorable result may necessitate early repair when the ocular function is compromised. The author concludes that most patients are satisfied and happy with a more modest improvement after cosmetic blepharoplasty that is achieved without a complication.
Drug Problems in the Geriatric Patient
Authors: Holloway Donald A. 
Published: July 2017

Older persons have altered responses to drugs because of physiologic and anatomic changes which influence drug absorption, tissue localization, metabolism, receptor sites, homeostatic adjustments, and excretion. Deteriorating mental and physical faculties produce other untoward, bizarre, or exaggerated effect. This paper reviews problems in the use of endocrines, antihypertensives, cardiac glycosides, analgesics, psychoactive drugs, antibiotics, antiparkinsonians, iron, anticoagulants, gastrointestinal agents, and ophthalmics and some factors involved in allergenics and drug-induced jaundice. The elderly also often have problems involving the proper use of drugs, obtaining drugs, or in the improper use of non-prescription drugs. Suggestions are made for the physician and pharmacist to keep these problems to a minimum.
Phenobarbital-Induced Hepatic Dysfunction
Authors: Evans William E. , Self Timothy H. , Weisburst Mark R. 
Published: July 2017

Phenobarbital has infrequently been reported to cause hepatitis. The previously reported cases of barbiturate-induced jaundice are reviewed and data from two previously unreported cases are presented. A discussion of mechanisms of iatrogenic hepatotoxicity is presented with emphasis on idiosyncratic mechanisms. Hepatitis secondary to phenobarbital administration appears to be due to a hypersensitivity reaction. This mechanism seems most likely because of the commonly seen clinical picture of rash, fever and eosinophilia. Speculation is made that phenobarbital hepatitis is possibly more common than the small number of reported cases would indicate. Criteria for the assessment and treatment of this iatrogenic disease are presented.