bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spring Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Highly Refined Horticultural Spray Oil and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Lehighton, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seven treatments were applied to evaluate Coole&gt; spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 20 Apr and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: aii temperature, 71°F; 60% RH; water pH, 7.0; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 21 May. Each treatment was evaluated b&gt; selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting the total number of stem mothers with eggs masses over a 15 s count on both 1991 and 1992 needle growth at each location. Each tree was rated on 14 Jul to determine the effect of treatments on tree quality.
Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid at Bud Break with Insecticidal Soap, Highly Refined Horticultural Spray Oil, and Carbaryl on Douglas-Fir in Lehighton, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three treatments were applied to evaluate control of Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 10 May and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; water pH, 7.0; 65% RH, and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 21 May. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, counting 25 needles (1993 growth) at each location, and recording those needles infested with mature female adelgids and egg masses. Each tree was rated to determine the effect of treatment on tree quality on 14 Jul.
Effect of 37% Formalin Fumigation on Codling Moth Egg Hatch and On the Infectivity of Codling Moth Granulosis Virus, 1992
Authors: Steven Tebbets J. , Vail Patrick V. , Toba Harold H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
When rearing insects for experimental purposes, it is routine practice to treat eggs to assure that microbial pathogens and fungal spores are eliminated. Forty (40) ml of 37% (v/v) formalin (CH20) was placed into each of several one-quart, wide mouth canning jars. CM eggs (12 ± 12-h-old), oviposited on waxed paper, were exposed to CH20 by suspending them inside the jar and then sealing the jar with a ring and lid. Exposure times were 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, or 120 min at 21 ± 1°C. A control group which consisted of eggs suspended over 40 ml of water for 120 min at 21 ± 1°C was included. This test was replicated 3 times with 100 to 200 eggs per replication per time of exposure. To determine the effect on infectivity of CM granulosis virus (CMGV), we also fumigated, in the same manner, small vials (2.5 ml) containing 1 ml of CM agar diet (Bioserv #9370; surface area = 1 cm2) that had been surface-inoculated with 2 × 10s CMGV capsules (dose = 2 × 10" capsules/cm2). A control group of diet cups without CMGV was also fumigated. After fumigation each cup was infested with one CM larva (12 ± 12-h-old) and then held at 27 ± 1°C. Larval mortality was determined after 7 days. The test was replicated 2 times with 25 and 30 larvae, respectively.
Contact Activity of Residual Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Klotz John H. , Reid Byron L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ants from colonies nesting in trees were trained to a feeding station at the terminus of a series of 3 cm diam wooden poles. After a 1 to 2 h training period, 1 section was replaced with an insecticide-treated pole and the ants were exposed as they continued to forage. After crossing the insecticide deposit the ants were swept into a plastic box (10 per box) and returned to the laboratory for observation. Exposures were conducted between 2100 and 0100 h (EST), and therefore subject to variations in ambient temperature. Bendiocarb (76% WP), chlorpyrifos (Dursban LO; 4EC), deltamethrin (5ME) and (3-cyffuthrin (10WP) were diluted in water and applied with a compressed air sprayer (40 psi, coarse fan) calibrated to deliver approximately 6 ml per sec; the spray wand was held 45 cm above the pole and moved linearly at approximately 1 ft per sec. A dry powder aerosol (bendiocarb DPA, 0.5%) was also tested; treatment was consistent with the compressed air sprayer. Poles were treated with either a 15- or 45-cm band of the insecticide, and tests were made on poles that had aged (in sheltered sites) for 1, 14 and 28 DAT. Each treatment combination was replicated 3X, and there was never any mortality in the controls. Percent mortality at 72 h (transformed by arcsine Vp) was analyzed by ANOVA with mean separations by LSD (P &lt; 0.05).
European Red Mite Control on Apple, 1993
Authors: Beers E. H. , Hoyt S. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The test was conducted in a 9 acre commercial apple orchard south of Chelan, WA. Trees were about 12 feet tall, and spaced 12 × 18 ft. apart. Irrigation was provided through overtree impact sprinklers. Replicated plots, three per treatment, were 9-10 rows by 15-19 trees, or about 0.94 acres in size. Treatments were applied on 15 Jul with an airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Omite and Kelthane were combined with an adjuvant (Latron AG-44M, 0.25% (v/v)). Mite counts were taken at about weekly intervals. Samples consisted of 100 leaves, 25 from each of 4 trees in the center of the plot (trees 9 and 11 in rows 4 and 6 of each plot). Mites were removed from leaves with a leaf-brushing machine and counted with the aid of a binocular microscope. Motile stages of all species of phytophagous and predatory mites were recorded, as were egg, of ERM and WPM. ERM was the primary phytophagous species in this test, and WPM was the primary predator.
Speed of Action in Cockroach Bait, 1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Speed of action was determined for a bait containing 0.5% chlorpyrifos against both a susceptible (JWax-S) and insecticide-resistant (Muncie’86) strain of German cockroaches. Thirty insects were used in the test, 10 each of the following age/sex classifications: 1) adult males; 2) virgin females; and 3) 4th instar nymphs; all insects were newly eclosed (&lt;48 h of eclosion). Cockroaches were housed in 30 × 24 × 10 cm plastic boxes supplied with harborage (positioned in center of arena), 2 water vials (positioned along walls of arena), and 4 food dispensers (2 × 2-cm weigh boats positioned in the corners). Arenas were made escape-proof by use of ventilated, friction-fitted lids and an impassable barrier of petrolatum and mineral oil (1:2) on the arena walls. Two bait placement schemes were used: 1) no-choice, where the bait (3.5 g) was divided between opposing corners of the arena; and 2) choice, wherein supplemental food sources (3.5 g of Wayne® rodent blox and grape jelly) were placed in the alternate corners of the arena. Each treatment was replicated 3X using a completely randomized design. Insects were released into the arenas and, after a 24-h acclimation period, toxic bait and food sources were introduced to the arenas in a random order. Mortality was analyzed with ANOVA models to characterize the significance of the differing baiting schemes (choice vs. no-choice) and insect strains (susceptible vs. resistant). Speed of kill (LT50 and LT,5) was determined by probit analysis of cumulative mortality and a ratio test estimated the relative palatability (PR) of the bait for each strain, as inferred from differential LT50 and LT95 between choice and no-choice bioassays.
Evaluation of Python Ear Tags for Control of Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993
Authors: Boxler D. J. , Campbell J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Y-Tex PYthon® (10%) ear tags were applied to 80 crossbred cows (1 tag/cow) 25 May. The study was conducted at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE. A herd of 44 cows served as an untreated control. Fly counts were recorded on a weekly basis by counting the total number of flies on both sides of a cow with a minimum of 15 cows included during each fly counting session.
Evaluation of Ivomec Pour-On for the Control of Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993
Authors: Boxler D. J. , Campbell J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ivomec® pour-on was evaluated in two studies at two different locations in West Central Nebraska. In study No. 1, Ivomec was applied to 72 yearling steers located at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE. The steers were weighed and the Ivomec was applied at the recommended rate. A second application was made 28 d later, 7 Jul. A group of 44 cows served as an untreated control. In study No. 2, Ivomec pour-on was compared to 1% Co-Ral dust bags (force-use, to obtain water) for horn fly control. This study was located near North Platte, NE, in native range. Ivomec was first applied to 41 heifers 27 May at the recommended rate and subsequent applications were made about every 28 d until the end of the study. Treatment dates were 27 May, 30 June, and 4 Aug. Eighty heifers utilized the 1% Co-Ral dust bags and a group of 10 cows served as an untreated control. Horn fly counts for both studies were recorded at weekly intervals by counting the total number of horn flies on both sides on an animal.
Residual Efficacy of Selected Insecticides on the Diamondback Moth Adult, 1992
Authors: Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Mau R.F.L. , Kijima M. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six insecticides commonly used on cabbage were tested at the lowest recommended label rates. Each insecticide was dissolved in 30 ml acetone. Five ml of the solution was pipetted into a 1700 mm2 glass vial and distributed on the inside surface by swirling for 1 minute. The solution was poured out and the vials were dried under a ventilation hood for 4 hours. Fifteen replicates vials were prepared for each insecticide. DBM collected from a cabbage field at Kula, Hawaii were used to initiate a laboratory culture. Five to ten 7-day old fourth generation adults were placed in each treated vial. Adults were confined in the vial by a piece of organdy secured with a rubber band. Mortality was determined 4, 8, and 24 hours after introduction. Individuals were counted as dead when no movement was observed as the vial was gently shook.
Toxicity of two Bacillus Thuringiemsis Products Against Beet Armyworm and Bollworm, 1992
Authors: Moar W. J. , Breed C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The toxicity of Dipel 2X and ABG-6314 was evaluated against beet armyworm and bollworm using pinto bean diet-incorporation bioassays. Bioassays were replicated four or rive times with seven to nine concentrations plus an untreated control per treatment. Twenty neonate larvae were used per concentration. One or two neonates were placed in each of the individual wells of a 24-well bioassay tray containing treated diet. Mortality (as judged by no movement when prodded) was determined after 7 d._ Probit analyses were performed on mortality data using the SAS Proc Probit procedure after correcting for control mortality using Abbott’s formula.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Bas 300 111 on Texas Citrus, 1993
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental BAS 300 1II, alone and tank mixed with either Lorsban or Supracide, was compared to Vendex for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on single tree plots in a 7-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 15 × 24 ft spacing. Each sprayed tree was separated on all sides by unsprayed buffer trees. Treatment sprays were applied on 10 May to foliar runoff with a Hypro 5200 high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 psi. At each count date, 12 fruit per replicate were randomly selected and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-sq cm lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Cutworm Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1993
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. , Vehrs S. L. , Eller A. E. , McClain J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides for the control of citrus cutworm were evaluated in a commercial orchard on 28 year old navel orange trees (‘Washington’ on Troyer rootstock) in Terra Bella, California. The insecticides were applied on 21 and 22 Apr when citrus cutworm larvae were first emerging. Treatment applications were made with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi, and approximately 300 gal/acre (3-4 gal/tree). Lorsban was applied after sunset to reduce the detrimental impact of the spray on honey bees in the orchard. ATI 720 F (Azadirachtin) was applied with a spray adjuvant (Kinetic). Each of 19 treatments were applied to 8 single tree replications. Treatments were assigned to trees based on pretreatment levels of citrus cutworm and the insecticide applications were made to alternate trees along three rows of citrus. All larval collections were accomplished by placing a canvas beating sheet (112 cm × 75 cm) under the outside foliage of the tree and vigorously striking the foliage with PVC pipe. Citrus cutworm larvae which fell on the canvas were counted and recorded by instar, then returned to the foliage. Pretreatment citrus cutworm larvae counts were made on 20 Apr by sampling the northwest and southeast quadrants of the tree. Post treatment counts were made on 29 Apr and 5 May by sampling all four quadrants of the tree, again recording each instar. Percentage of scarred fruit due to citrus cutworm feeding was evaluated on 1 Sep on each experimental tree within a 2 meter swath around the tree beginning 20 cm from the ground and extending 40 cm into the tree interior. In 1993, late April and early May temperatures ranged from relatively cool to warm, with daily maximums between 70 and 91° F (mean of 82.4° F).
Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle on Cantaloupe in Vincennes, In, 1993
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Brust G. E. , Foster R. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cantaloupe, variety ‘Superstar’, was transplanted at the 3 leaf stage on 28 Apr. Experimental units (plots) consisted of one row 60 ft long, 15 plants per row. Rows were 6 ft apart, lined with black plastic mulch and trickle irrigated. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Soil insecticides were applied on the day the plastic was laid, 5 days before transplants were set. Foliar sprays were applied on a weekly basis starting 5 May, except for Admire 2F, which was applied on a 2 wk schedule. A total of 8 weekly applications was made. All liquid soil insecticides were applied with a R&D CO2 backpack sprayer, operating at 40 psi and delivering 30 gal/acre. Granular soil insecticides were applied via a Gandy box attached to the mulch laying machine. Foliar sprays were applied at 20 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 psi. Plots treated with Furadan 4F at a rate of 1 qt form./acre at planting, followed by alternating weekly sprays of Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/acre) and Thiodan 3EC (1 qt/acre) are designated in the treatment column as Furadan/Sevin/Thiodan. Beetle counts were taken on a per plant basis. Percentage of plants with bacterial wilt was recorded, 25 Jul, by checking for the presence of bacterial ooze. Yields (weight of melons) were taken over a 4 week period starting on 2 Jul through 2 Aug. For presentation purposes, this has been condensed into: early yield (2 Jul-14 Jul), secondary yield (16 Jul-2 Aug) and total yield (sum of early and secondary yields).
Foliar Sprays to Control Lepidopterous Pests on Collards, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Collards were planted on 9 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Row spacing was 3 ft between rows. Treatments were applied with a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi on the following dates: 7 and 23 Sep; 4, 13 and 29 Oct. Latron B-1956 (4 oz/acre) was added to all treatments. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all worm species present on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot and percent defoliation ratings on the dates indicated in the table. DB pressure was moderate to heavy with peak populations beginning in late Oct. Low numbers of CWW and FAW were present and analyzed together as a complex (other worms). Very low numbers of cabbage looper and imported cabbage worm were also present.
High Rate of Asana XL, Selected Insecticides and Microbials for European Corn Borer Control in Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Battels D. W. , Hutchison W. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Southern Experiment Station at Waseca in corn planted 4 Jun. Plots consisted of four 30 ft (9.14 m) rows on 30 inch (0.76 m) centers. Two untreated border rows and 6 ft (1.83 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A Hagie highboy sprayer with two flat fan (8002VS) nozzles/ row, delivering 35 gal/acre (327.4 liters/ha) at 33 psi (2.3 kg/cm2) and 2 mph (1.2 km/hr), was used to treat the ear zone of each row. A weekly spray schedule was initiated at 75% silk. Because of wet weather conditions, an 11 day treatment interval resulted between first and second applications. Treatments were applied 12, 23 Aug and 2 Sep. Plots were artificially infested with about 25 neonate ECB larvae/primary ear-leaf on 16 Aug. Treatments were evaluated 9 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears/plot (100/treatment) and recording total ECB larvae, larval size, location and feeding damage.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test was conducted at the Throckmorton Purdue Agricultural Center, Lafayette, Indiana. The sweet corn variety ‘Bodacious’ was planted on 6 Jul in 30 inch rows. Each plot consisted of four rows by 50 feet long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied on 17, 23, 28 Aug and 2 Sep. Treatments on the first two dates were applied with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 PSI and delivering 19.3 gal of finished spray/acre. There were three hollow cone nozzles per row, with one nozzle over the top of the row and one nozzle on each side of the row directed toward the ear zone. A mechanical failure required that the last two applications be made with a hand sprayer using the same amount of the insecticide mixture that was applied with the high clearance sprayer. Each row was sprayed twice, once with the nozzle directed at the ear zone and once with the nozzle over the top of the plant. Evaluations were made at harvest on 8 Sep by examining twenty-five ears from each plot for the presence of larvae and feeding damage. Each ear was rated as clean (no insect damage), marketable (damage limited to terminal one inch of the ear), or unmarketable (damage extended beyond the terminal inch of the ear).
Insecticidal and Biological Control of Ear-Infesting Insects in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 14 Jun at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 4 rows, 50 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 5 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25 Aug with a tractor-mounted, boom sprayer equipped with a PTO-driven diaphragm pump, servicing dropped extensions with 4 hollow-cone nozzles per row directed at the ear zone. Sprayer was calibrated to deliver 73.5 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plots were evaluated on 27 Aug by examining 25 primary ears harvested from the middle 40 ft of the middle 2 rows of each replicate. All larvae or larval damage in or on the ear was identified and counted.
Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
On 28 Apr, ‘Aztec’ sweet corn was seeded into a fine sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Plots were 7 m long by 4 rows wide. Unplanted areas of 1.5 m were left on each end and side of each plot to reduce spray drift. Rows were spaced 0.9 m apart with plants spaced 10-15 cm apart. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fertilizer and herbicides were applied at recommended rates and overhead irrigation was applied as needed. All insecticides were applied using a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 131 liters per acre. Three hollow cone (TX-12) nozzles per row were used to cover each row on both sides and from above. A single broadcast application of Dipel 2X at 1.0 lb/acre was made on 17 Jun to control larvae in the whorls. Treatments were applied on the following dates: 18, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30 Jun and 2 Jul. All primary ears from each plot were harvested on 7 Jul. Each ear was evaluated for CEW damage and categorized as undamaged, marketable or unmarketable based on USDA market grades. Ears less than five inches long after trimming all CEW damage from them were considered unmarketable.
Weekly Applications of Bacillus Thuringiensis for European Corn Borer Control on Peppers, 1993
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. , Clark J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Lady Bell’ seedlings were transplanted on 1 Jun at the University of Connecticut, Plant Science Research Farm in Storrs. Plots consisted of 10 plants, 1.5 ft apart, and were separated by an untreated plant on each end. An untreated guard row separated each block. Rows were spaced four ft apart. Three treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush and MVP on 27 Aug and 3 and 9 Sep. Triton B-1956 Spreader Sticker (4 ounces per acre rate) was applied with the MVP and Ambush. Plots were sprayed from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 50 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre. All fruit over one inch in diameter were picked and discarded on 27 Aug. Fruit from all 10 plants per plot were harvested, counted, weighed and dissected to inspect for ECB larvae on 10 and 17 Sep.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thur1Ng1Ens1S Products in Spring, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Wenatchee. Trees were 10-yr-old spur type ‘Oregon Spur II’ on seedling roots. Treatments were applied to three-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Pre-treatment evaluations were made on 19 Apr by examining 20 fruiting buds per tree and recording the number infested. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 17 May. Each tree was examined and the total number of live leafroller larvae recorded.