bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GPR40 agonist ameliorates liver X receptor-induced lipid accumulation in liver by activating AMPK pathway
Authors: Li Meng , Meng Xiangyu , Xu Jie , Huang Xiuqing , Li Hongxia , Li Guoping , Wang Shu , Man Yong , Tang Weiqing , Li Jian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHepatic steatosis is strongly linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. GPR40 is a G protein-coupled receptor mediating free fatty acid-induced insulin secretion and thus plays a beneficial role in the improvement of diabetes. However, the impact of GPR40 agonist on hepatic steatosis still remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that activation of GPR40 by its agonist GW9508 attenuated Liver X receptor (LXR)-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Activation of LXR in the livers of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet and in HepG2 cells stimulated by chemical agonist caused increased expression of its target lipogenic genes and subsequent lipid accumulation. All these effects of LXR were dramatically downregulated after GW9508 supplementation. Moreover, GPR40 activation was accompanied by upregulation of AMPK pathway, whereas the inhibitive effect of GPR40 on the lipogenic gene expression was largely abrogated by AMPK knockdown. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GW9508 exerts a beneficial effect to ameliorate LXR-induced hepatic steatosis through regulation of AMPK signaling pathway.
Ultrafast Imaging using Spectral Resonance Modulation
Authors: Huang Eric , Ma Qian , Liu Zhaowei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCCD cameras are ubiquitous in research labs, industry and hospitals for a huge variety of applications, but there are many dynamic processes in nature that unfold too quickly to be captured. Although tradeoffs can be made between exposure time, sensitivity and area of interest, ultimately the speed limit of a CCD camera is constrained by the electronic readout rate of the sensors. One potential way to improve the imaging speed is with compressive sensing (CS), a technique that allows for a reduction in the number of measurements needed to record an image. However, most CS imaging methods require spatial light modulators (SLMs), which are subject to mechanical speed limitations. Here, we demonstrate an etalon array based SLM without any moving elements that is unconstrained by either mechanical or electronic speed limitations. This novel spectral resonance modulator (SRM) shows great potential in an ultrafast compressive single pixel camera.
High prevalence of vaterite in sagittal otoliths causes hearing impairment in farmed fish
Authors: Reimer T. , Dempster T. , Warren-Myers F. , Jensen A. J. , Swearer S. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe rapid growth of aquaculture raises questions about the welfare status of mass-produced species. Sagittal otoliths are primary hearing structures in the inner ear of all teleost (bony) fishes and are normally composed of aragonite, though abnormal vaterite replacement is sometimes seen in the wild. We provide the first widespread evaluation of the prevalence of vaterite in otoliths, showing that farmed fish have levels of vaterite replacement over 10 times higher than wild fish, regardless of species. We confirm this observation with extensive sampling of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway, the world’s largest producer and verify that vateritic otoliths are common in farmed salmon worldwide. Using a mechanistic model of otolith oscillation in response to sound, we demonstrate that average levels of vaterite replacement result in a 28–50% loss of otolith functionality across most of a salmonid’s known hearing range and throughout its life cycle. The underlying cause(s) of vaterite formation remain unknown, but the prevalence of hearing impairment in farmed fish has important implications for animal welfare, the survival of escapees and their effects on wild populations and the efficacy of restocking programs based on captive-bred fish.
In-situ Liquid Phase Epitaxy: Another Strategy to Synthesize Heterostructured Core-shell Composites
Authors: Wen Zhongsheng , Wang Guanqin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCore-shell Nb2O5/TiO2 composite with hierarchical heterostructure is successfully synthesized In-situ by a facile template-free and acid-free solvothermal method based on the mechanism of liquid phase epitaxy. The chemical circumstance change induced by the alcoholysis of NbCl5 is utilized tactically to trigger core-shell assembling In-situ. The tentative mechanism for the self-assembling of core-shell structure and hierarchical structure is explored. The microstructure and morphology changes during synthesis process are investigated systematically by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The dramatic alcoholysis of NbCl5 has been demonstrated to be the fundamental factor for the formation of the spherical core, which changes the acid circumstance of the solution and induces the co-precipitation of TiO2. The homogeneous co-existence of Nb2O5/TiO2 in the core and the co-existence of Nb/Ti ions in the reaction solution facilitate the In-situ nucleation and epitaxial growth of the crystalline shell with the same composition as the core. In-situ liquid phase epitaxy can offer a different strategy for the core-shell assembling for oxide materials.
Pain tolerance predicts human social network size
Authors: Johnson Katerina V.-A. , Dunbar Robin I. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPersonal social network size exhibits considerable variation in the human population and is associated with both physical and mental health status. Much of this inter-individual variation in human sociality remains unexplained from a biological perspective. According to the brain opioid theory of social attachment, binding of the neuropeptide β-endorphin to μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key neurochemical mechanism involved in social bonding, particularly amongst primates. We hypothesise that a positive association exists between activity of the μ-opioid system and the number of social relationships that an individual maintains. Given the powerful analgesic properties of β-endorphin, we tested this hypothesis using pain tolerance as an assay for activation of the endogenous μ-opioid system. We show that a simple measure of pain tolerance correlates with social network size in humans. Our results are in line with previous studies suggesting that μ-opioid receptor signalling has been elaborated beyond its basic function of pain modulation to play an important role in managing our social encounters. The neuroplasticity of the μ-opioid system is of future research interest, especially with respect to psychiatric disorders associated with symptoms of social withdrawal and anhedonia, both of which are strongly modulated by endogenous opioids.
The effects of maternal and post-weaning diet interaction on glucose metabolism and gut microbiota in male mice offspring
Authors: Zheng Jia , Xiao Xinhua , Zhang Qian , Yu Miao , Xu Jianping , Qi Cuijuan , Wang Tong 
Published: April 2016

Substantial studies demonstrated that maternal nutrition can significantly determine the susceptibility to developing some metabolic diseases in offspring. However, investigations into the later-life effects of these diets on gut microbiota in the offspring are limited. Our objective was to explore the effects of maternal and post-weaning diet interaction on offspring's gut microbiota and glucose metabolism in later life. The male offspring of dams fed on either a high-fat (HF) diet or control (C) diet and then weaned to either a HF or C diet, generating four groups: C–C, HF–C, C–HF and HF–HF (n=8 in each group). The C–C offspring had lower body weight than C–HF group at 16 weeks of age (P&lt;0.01) and both C–HF and HF–HF offspring had higher body weight than C–C group at 24 and 32 weeks of age (P&lt;0.001 respectively). The blood glucose (BG) levels of the male offspring from the C and HF dams weaned HF diet were significantly higher at 30 min, 60 min and 120 min (P&lt;0.001) after intraperitoneal glucose administration compared with those of the C–C group. The C–HF group had higher BG at 30 min than HF–HF group (P&lt;0.01). Furthermore, area under the curve (AUC) in C–HF and HF–HF groups was also significantly larger than C–C group (P&lt;0.001). Fasting BG and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of the offspring were significantly higher in C–HF and HF–HF groups than C–C group at 32 weeks of age (P&lt;0.05). Operational taxonomic unit (OTU), Chao and Shannon indexes showed a significantly lower diversity in C–HF offspring compared with HF–C and C–C groups (P&lt;0.05). The dominant phyla of all the groups were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, which also showed significantly different percentages in the group (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, it is indicated that Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were significantly associated with glucose response to a glucose load (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, maternal and post-weaning diet interaction predisposes the offspring to aberrant glucose metabolism and alterations of gut microbiota in later life. Our study is novel in focusing on the effects of maternal and post-weaning diet interaction on offspring gut microbiota and glucose metabolism in later life.
Continuous Performance Tasks: Not Just About Sustaining Attention
Authors: Roebuck Hettie , Freigang Claudia , Barry Johanna G. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
Continuous performance tasks (CPTs) are used to measure individual differences in sustained attention. Many different stimuli have been used as response targets without consideration of their impact on task performance. Here, we compared CPT performance in typically developing adults and children to assess the role of stimulus processing on error rates and reaction times.

Method
Participants completed a CPT that was based on response to infrequent targets, while monitoring and withholding responses to regular nontargets. Performance on 3 stimulus conditions was compared: visual letters (X and O), their auditory analogs, and auditory pure tones.

Results
Adults showed no difference in error propensity across the 3 conditions but had slower reaction times for auditory stimuli. Children had slower overall reaction times. They responded most quickly to the visual target and most slowly to the tone target. They also made more errors in the tone condition than in either the visual or the auditory spoken CPT conditions.

Conclusions
The results suggest error propensity and reaction time variations on CPTs cannot solely be interpreted as evidence of inattention. They also reflect stimulus-specific influences that must be considered when testing hypotheses about modality-specific deficits in sustained attention in populations with different developmental disorders.
Embedded Instruction Improves Vocabulary Learning During Automated Storybook Reading Among High-Risk Preschoolers
Authors: Goldstein Howard , Kelley Elizabeth , Greenwood Charles , McCune Luke , Carta Judith , Atwater Jane , Guerrero Gabriela , McCarthy Tanya , Schneider Naomi , Spencer Trina 
Published: April 2016

PurposeWe investigated a small-group intervention designed to teach vocabulary and comprehension skills to preschoolers who were at risk for language and reading disabilities. These language skills are important and reliable predictors of later academic achievement.MethodPreschoolers heard prerecorded stories 3 times per week over the course of a school year. A cluster randomized design was used to evaluate the effects of hearing storybooks with and without embedded vocabulary and comprehension lessons. A total of 32 classrooms were randomly assigned to experimental and comparison conditions. Approximately 6 children per classroom demonstrating low vocabulary knowledge, totaling 195 children, were enrolled.ResultsPreschoolers in the comparison condition did not learn novel, challenging vocabulary words to which they were exposed in story contexts, whereas preschoolers receiving embedded lessons demonstrated significant learning gains, although vocabulary learning diminished over the course of the school year. Modest gains in comprehension skills did not differ between the two groups.ConclusionThe Story Friends curriculum appears to be highly feasible for delivery in early childhood educational settings and effective at teaching challenging vocabulary to high-risk preschoolers.
Miniaturised dual‐band implantable antenna for wireless biotelemetry
Authors: Cho Y. , Yoo H. 
Published: April 2016

A miniaturised implantable antenna with dual‐band operation the Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) (402–405 MHz) and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) (2400.0–2483.5 MHz) bands is presented. The size of the proposed antenna is 31.5 mm3 (8.75 mm × 7.2 mm × 0.5 mm) which is the smallest size compared to previous implantable antennas. A serpentine‐shaped radiating patch and open‐end slot placed on the ground plane are used for miniaturisation. The performance of the antenna was evaluated from measurements and is based on good agreement with simulations.
Self‐biased anti‐parallel diode pair in 130‐nm CMOS
Authors: Shim D. , O K.K. 
Published: April 2016

This Letter presents a self‐biased anti‐parallel diode pair (APDP) in a 130‐nm standard digital CMOS process. The proposed device employs complementary polysilicon‐gate‐separated Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). A parallel RC network in series with the n‐well of n‐type SBD connected in shunt is used to build‐up the self‐bias voltage that depends on the input power level. The device exhibits less roll‐off in output harmonic power generation at a high input power level due to the automatic adjustment of the I–V curve. The measured cutoff frequency of the device reaches ∼530 GHz at zero‐bias. Harmonic power measurements indicate that use of the self‐biasing reduces saturation at high input power levels. The self‐biased complementary‐APDP (C‐APDP) generates up to 5.7 dB higher third harmonic power than the cathode‐tied C‐APDP.
Fault location estimator for series compensated transmission line under power oscillation conditions
Authors: Deng Yujia , He Zhengyou , Mai Ruikun , Lin Sheng , Fu Ling 
Published: April 2016

This study proposed a novel fault‐location algorithm for a series capacitor (SC) compensated transmission lines under power oscillation conditions. Synchronous voltage and current phasors from both terminals of the transmission line are employed to estimate the fault location while considering the distributed parameter line model. An iterative method is proposed to obtain the voltage across the SC under power oscillation conditions. The fault‐location algorithm includes three stages. Firstly, the distributed parameters of the transmission line are estimated by the dynamic parameters estimate method. Secondly, the voltage of the SC can be solved by the iterative method based on the phasor measurements and the transmission line parameters. Finally, the fault location can be attained via Newton iteration method. A 300 km/500 kV transmission compensated by SC simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC has been employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm under various power oscillation situations. The simulations have demonstrated that the proposed method independent of fault types, fault resistance and fault distances under power oscillation conditions. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is far higher than that of the conventional fault location algorithms in most cases.
Improved digital algorithm for adaptive reclosing for transmission lines with shunt reactors
Authors: Luo Xunhua , Huang Chun , Jiang Yaqun 
Published: April 2016

This study presents an improved algorithm of adaptive single‐phase auto‐reclosing (ASPAR) for extra high voltage transmission lines with shunt reactors. It shows that the odd and even harmonic factors of the faulted phase voltage have different characteristic in different stages after breaker open. During second arc period, the odd harmonics are dominant, while the even harmonics distortion factor calculated by discrete Fourier transform is found in relatively high level after arc extinction. Hence, the calculation of ratio of even harmonic factor to odd harmonic factor (REO) is expected to determine the secondary arc extinction. The algorithm is easy to implement with small computation and no more than 20 ms delay. Moreover, the REO threshold is taken constant at unity and need not be skilfully assigned. Analysis is provided by EMTP emulation as well as filed data, and the high reliability of ASPAR has been verified.
Improved fault ride through strategy for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines under both symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults
Authors: Mohammadi Jafar , Afsharnia Saeed , Vaez‐Zadeh Sadegh , Farhangi Shahrokh 
Published: April 2016

Due to the latest grid codes, wind turbines (WTs) are required to remain connected to grid under grid faults and supply reactive power into the grid. So, this paper proposes an improved fault ride through (FRT) strategy for doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) under both symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults. The proposed strategy is realized through active and passive FRT compensators. The active compensator is performed through control of the rotor‐ and grid‐side converters of DFIGs to limit the stator and rotor over currents and inject reactive power into the grid to support the grid voltage recovery, respectively. The passive compensator is based on a three‐phase rotor current limiter (RCL) resistor located in series with the rotor windings. It considerably reduces the rotor and stator overcurrent at the instants of grid faults occurrence and clearance. The proposed strategy decreases the stator and rotor over currents, electromagnetic torque oscillations and DC‐link over voltage and also support grid voltage by supplying reactive power into the grid. In this way, the DFIG can fulfill the FRT requirements of the latest grid codes. Simulation studies using MATLAB/SIMULINK are conducted on a 1.5 MW DFIG‐based WT to validate the effectiveness of the proposed FRT strategy.
Rational bases for the use of the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in cancer patients
Authors: Kirilovsky Amos , Marliot Florence , El Sissy Carine , Haicheur Nacilla , Galon Jérôme , Pagès Franck 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (AJCC/UICC) tumor, nodes, metastasis (TNM) classification system based on tumor features is used for prognosis estimation and treatment recommendations in most cancers. However, the clinical outcome can vary significantly among patients within the same tumor stage and TNM classification does not predict response to therapy. Therefore, many efforts have been focused on the identification of new markers. Multiple tumor cell-based approaches have been proposed but very few have been translated into the clinic. The recent demonstration of the essential role of the immune system in tumor progression has allowed great advances in the understanding of this complex disease and in the design of novel therapies. The analysis of the immune infiltrate by imaging techniques in large patient cohorts highlighted the prognostic impact of the in situ immune cell infiltrate in tumors. Moreover, the characterization of the immune infiltrates (e.g. type, density, distribution within the tumor, phenotype, activation status) in patients treated with checkpoint-blockade strategies could provide information to predict the disease outcome. In colorectal cancer, we have developed a prognostic score (‘Immunoscore’) that takes into account the distribution of the density of both CD3 + lymphocytes and CD8 + cytotoxic T cells in the tumor core and the invasive margin that could outperform TNM staging. Currently, an international retrospective study is under way to validate the Immunoscore prognostic performance in patients with colon cancer. The use of Immunoscore in clinical practice could improve the patients’ prognostic assessment and therapeutic management.
Text mining for precision medicine: automating disease-mutation relationship extraction from biomedical literature
Authors: Singhal Ayush , Simmons Michael , Lu Zhiyong 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Objective Identifying disease-mutation relationships is a significant challenge in the advancement of precision medicine. The aim of this work is to design a tool that automates the extraction of disease-related mutations from biomedical text to advance database curation for the support of precision medicine.
Materials and Methods We developed a machine-learning (ML) based method to automatically identify the mutations mentioned in the biomedical literature related to a particular disease. In order to predict a relationship between the mutation and the target disease, several features, such as statistical features, distance features, and sentiment features, were constructed. Our ML model was trained with a pre-labeled dataset consisting of manually curated information about mutation-disease associations. The model was subsequently used to extract disease-related mutations from larger biomedical literature corpora.
Results The performance of the proposed approach was assessed using a benchmarking dataset. Results show that our proposed approach gains significant improvement over the previous state of the art and obtains F-measures of 0.880 and 0.845 for prostate and breast cancer mutations, respectively.
Discussion To demonstrate its utility, we applied our approach to all abstracts in PubMed for 3 diseases (including a non-cancer disease). The mutations extracted were then manually validated against human-curated databases. The validation results show that the proposed approach is useful in a real-world setting to extract uncurated disease mutations from the biomedical literature.
Conclusions The proposed approach improves the state of the art for mutation-disease extraction from text. It is scalable and generalizable to identify mutations for any disease at a PubMed scale.
Respiratory system compliance and resistance in the critically ill
Authors: Cordioli Ricardo Luiz , Brochard Laurent 
Published: April 2016

Under mechanical ventilation, monitoring of respiratory mechanics is fundamental, especially in patients with abnormal mechanics. In order to appropriately set the ventilator, clinicians need to understand the relationship between pressure, volume and flow. To move air in and out the thorax, energy must be dissipated against elastic and resistive forces. Elastance is the pressure to volume ratio and necessitates an end inspiratory occlusion to measure the so-called plateau pressure. Resistance is the ratio between pressure dissipated and mean gas flow. Finally, the total positive end expiratory pressure must be measured with an end expiratory occlusion. Volume-controlled ventilation is the recommended mode to assess respiratory mechanics of a passive patient. Clinicians must be aware that both chest wall and lung participate in forces imposed by the respiratory system. An oesophageal catheter can estimate pleural pressure, and used to partition the respective role of the lung and the chest wall.