bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do designers generate new ideas? Design heuristics across two disciplines
Authors: Yilmaz Seda , Daly Shanna R. , Seifert Colleen M. , Gonzalez Richard 
Published: November 2015

Research supports the central role cognitive strategies can play in successful concept generation by individual designers. Design heuristics have been shown to facilitate the creation of new design concepts in the early, conceptual stage of the design process, as well as throughout the development of ideas. However, we know relatively little about their use in differing disciplines. This study examined evidence of design heuristic use in a protocol study with 12 mechanical engineers and 12 industrial designers who worked individually to develop multiple concepts. The open-ended design problem was for a novel product, and the designers’ sketches and comments were recorded as they worked on the problem for 25 min and in a retrospective interview. The results showed frequent use of design heuristics in both disciplines and a significant relationship to the rated creativity of the concepts. Though industrial designers used more heuristics in their concepts, there was a high degree of similarity in heuristic use. Some differences between design disciplines were observed in the choice of design heuristics, where industrial designers showed a greater emphasis on user experience, environmental contexts, and added features. These findings demonstrate the prevalence of design heuristics in individual concept generation and their effectiveness in generating creative concepts, across two design domains.
Lack of Patient Understanding of Hospital-Acquired Infection Data Published on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare Website
Authors: Masnick Max , Morgan Daniel J. , Sorkin John D. , Kim Elizabeth , Brown Jessica P. , Rheingans Penny , Harris Anthony D. 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDPublic reporting of hospital quality data is a key element of US healthcare reform. Data for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are especially complex.OBJECTIVETo assess interpretability of HAI data as presented on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare website among patients who might benefit from access to these data.METHODSWe randomly selected inpatients at a large tertiary referral hospital from June to September 2014. Participants performed 4 distinct tasks comparing hypothetical HAI data for 2 hospitals, and the accuracy of their comparisons was assessed. Data were presented using the same tabular formats used by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Demographic characteristics and healthcare experience data were also collected.RESULTSParticipants (N=110) correctly identified the better of 2 hospitals when given written descriptions of the HAI measure in 72% of the responses (95% CI, 66%–79%). Adding the underlying numerical data (number of infections, patient-time, and standardized infection ratio) to the written descriptions reduced correct responses to 60% (55%–66%). When the written HAI measure description was not informative (identical for both hospitals), 50% answered correctly (42%–58%). When no written HAI measure description was provided and hospitals differed by denominator for infection rate, 38% answered correctly (31%–45%).CONCLUSIONSCurrent public HAI data presentation methods may be inadequate. When presented with numeric HAI data, study participants incorrectly compared hospitals on the basis of HAI data in more than 40% of the responses. Research is needed to identify better ways to convey these data to the public.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):182–187
Assessment of Clostridium difficile Burden in Patients Over Time With First Episode Infection Following Fidaxomicin or Vancomycin
Authors: Housman Seth T. , Thabit Abrar K. , Kuti Joseph L. , Quintiliani Richard , Nicolau David P. 
Published: November 2015

In patients with first episode Clostridium difficile infection treated with vancomycin or fidaxomicin, more patients receiving fidaxomicin achieved at least 2 log10 colony-forming units/g reduction in spores at the follow-up visit (P=.02). Similar to published literature, a higher proportion of patients receiving fidaxomicin demonstrated sustained clinical response.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):215–218
Available potential vorticity and wave-averaged quasi-geostrophic flow
Authors: Wagner G. L. , Young W. R. 
Published: November 2015

We derive a wave-averaged potential vorticity equation describing the evolution of strongly stratified, rapidly rotating quasi-geostrophic (QG) flow in a field of inertia-gravity internal waves. The derivation relies on a multiple-time-scale asymptotic expansion of the Eulerian Boussinesq equations. Our result confirms and extends the theory of Bühler & McIntyre (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 354, 1998, pp. 609–646) to non-uniform stratification with buoyancy frequency$N(z)$and therefore non-uniform background potential vorticity$f_{0}N^{2}(z)$, and does not require spatial-scale separation between waves and balanced flow. Our interest in non-uniform background potential vorticity motivates the introduction of a new quantity: ‘available potential vorticity’ (APV). Like Ertel potential vorticity, APV is exactly conserved on fluid particles. But unlike Ertel potential vorticity, linear internal waves have no signature in the Eulerian APV field, and the standard QG potential vorticity is a simple truncation of APV for low Rossby number. The definition of APV exactly eliminates the Ertel potential vorticity signal associated with advection of a non-uniform background state, thereby isolating the part of Ertel potential vorticity available for balanced-flow evolution. The effect of internal waves on QG flow is expressed concisely in a wave-averaged contribution to the materially conserved QG potential vorticity. We apply the theory by computing the wave-induced QG flow for a vertically propagating wave packet and a mode-one wave field, both in vertically bounded domains.
Oscillations in cylinder wakes at Mach 4
Authors: Schmidt B. E. , Shepherd J. E. 
Published: November 2015

The wake behind a circular cylinder in Mach 4 flow is examined experimentally in the Reynolds number range $2\times 10^{4}$ to $5\times 10^{5}$. Periodic oscillations of the sliplines in the wake are observed. The Strouhal number of the oscillations based on the diameter of the cylinder is found to increase monotonically from 0.30 to 0.50 with increasing Reynolds number. If the Strouhal number is formed using the length of the sliplines, however, it has a constant value of approximately 0.48 for all Reynolds numbers studied. This scaling indicates that the oscillations in supersonic flow are likely driven by acoustic signals propagating back and forth through the subsonic region between the separation points on the cylinder and the neck where the sliplines converge, unlike in subsonic flow where oscillations are caused by vortices shed from the cylinder surface.
Exploring the potential activity spectrum of two 5-nitroindazolinone prototypes on different Trypanosoma cruzi strains
Authors: FONSECA-BERZAL CRISTINA , DA SILVA PATRICIA BERNARDINO , DA SILVA CRISTIANE FRANÇA , VASCONCELOS MARIANE , BATISTA MARCOS MEUSER , ESCARIO JOSÉ A. , ARÁN VICENTE J. , GÓMEZ-BARRIO ALICIA , SOEIRO MARIA DE NAZARÉ C. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYIn the present study, the potential activity of two 5-nitroindazole derivatives previously proposed as suitable antichagasic prototypes was further evaluated on diverseTrypanosoma cruzistrains belonging to two discrete typing units (DTUs) frequently associated with human infection (i.e. DTUs TcII and TcVI). The trypanocidal profile that both 2-benzyl-1-propyl (22) and 2-benzyl-1-butyl (24) derivatives achieved on Tulahuen amastigotes (IC50 = 3·56 ± 0·99 and 6·31 ± 1·04 µm, respectively) correlates with that of formerly obtained on CL Brener, corroborating an outstanding activity on DTU TcVI parasites. Moreover, a sequential screening on extracellular and intracellular stages ofT. cruziY (DTU TcII) demonstrated also the effectiveness of 22 and 24 over this strain on a similar range of activity (IC50epimastigotes = 3·55 ± 0·47 and 7·92 ± 1·63 µm, IC50amastigotes = 2·80 ± 0·46 and 9·02 ± 5·26 µm, respectively). These results, supported by a lack of toxicity registered over either L929 fibroblasts or primary cultures of cardiomyocytes, confirm that 5-nitroindazolinones 22 and 24 display great selectivity on both drug-sensitive (CL and Tulahuen) and drug-moderately resistant (Y)T. cruzistrains, and therefore, represent an important outcome in the research of Chagas disease chemotherapy.
Newton and scholastic philosophy
Authors: LEVITIN DMITRI 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article examines Isaac Newton's engagement with scholastic natural philosophy. In doing so, it makes two major historiographical interventions. First of all, the recent claim that Newton's use of the concepts of analysis and synthesis was derived from the Aristotelian regressus tradition is challenged on the basis of bibliographical, palaeographical and intellectual evidence. Consequently, a new, contextual explanation is offered for Newton's use of these concepts. Second, it will be shown that some of Newton's most famous pronouncements – from the General Scholium appended to the second edition of the Principia (1713) and from elsewhere – are simply incomprehensible without an understanding of specific scholastic terminology and its later reception, and that this impacts in quite significant ways on how we understand Newton's natural philosophy more generally. Contrary to the recent historiographical near-consensus, Newton did not hold an elaborate metaphysics, and his seemingly ‘metaphysical’ statements were in fact anti-scholastic polemical salvoes. The whole investigation will permit us a brief reconsideration of the relationship between the self-proclaimed ‘new’ natural philosophy and its scholastic predecessors.
Remarks on Entire Solutions for Two Fourth-Order Elliptic Problems
Authors: Lai Baishun , Ye Dong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe are interested in entire solutions for the semilinear biharmonic equation Δ2u = f(u) in ℝN, where f(u) = eu or –u–p (p > 0). For the exponential case, we prove that for the polyharmonic problem Δ2mu = eu with positive integer m, any classical entire solution verifies Δ2m–1u < 0; this completes the results of Dupaigne et al. (Arch. Ration. Mech. Analysis208 (2013), 725–752) and Wei and Xu (Math. Annalen313 (1999), 207–228). We also obtain a refined asymptotic expansion of the radial separatrix solution to Δ2u = eu in ℝ3, which answers a question posed by Berchio et al. (J. Diff. Eqns252 (2012), 2569–2616). For the negative power case, we show the non-existence of the classical entire solution for any 0 < p ⩽ 1.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN DIGIT RATIO (2D:4D) AMONG MILITARY AND CIVIL COHORTS AT A MILITARY ACADEMY IN WROCŁAW, POLAND
Authors: Kociuba Marek , Kozieł Slawomir , Chakraborty Raja 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe ratio of second-to-fourth digit length (2D:4D), which is generally higher in women compared with men, is a putative marker of prenatal testosterone (PT) exposure. Lower 2D:4D is linked with greater physical ability and strength, better sporting performance and a propensity towards jobs demanding greater physical ability. The objectives of this paper were to examine the sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D in both hands 1and compare this dimorphism in the students of military and civil courses at the General Kuściuszko Military Academy of Land Forces in Wrocław. The cross-sectional study compared 59 female and 118 male students from the military courses and 53 females and 64 male students from the civil courses. Besides calculating 2D:4D (2D/4D) for each hand, height and weight were also recorded. Physical fitness and endurance were assessed using Eurofit tests. Handgrip strength was measured using a standardized isometric dynamometer. In almost all physical tests, students in the military cohort showed highly significant greater physical ability and strength (e.g. handgrip strength) when compared with the civil cohort. Male participants had a significantly lower 2D:4D than females for each hand, as well as for the average value for both hands. The sexual dimorphism was, however, a little more pronounced in the right hand than in the left. Both sex and course type were significant predictors of 2D:4D. There were significant interactions between sex and the student type. Among females, but not in males, the military cohort had a significantly lower, i.e. more ‘masculine’, 2D:4D for the left hand and right hand and average for both hands (t=3.290, p<0.001) than the civil cohort. This was not the case in males. However, the sex difference in 2D:4D was only significant among the civil students, and not among the military cadets. In conclusion, higher PT exposure, as represented by a lower 2D:4D, among the Polish females might be an indicator of relatively increased physical ability and motivation to choose professions that require higher strength and endurance.
Axisymmetric global gravitational equilibrium for magnetized, rotating hot plasma
Authors: Catto Peter J. , Pusztai Istvan , Krasheninnikov Sergei I. 
Published: November 2015

We present analytic solutions for three-dimensional magnetized axisymmetric equilibria confining rotating hot plasma in a gravitational field. Our up–down symmetric solution to the full Grad–Shafranov equation can exhibit equatorial plane localization of the plasma density and current, resulting in disk equilibria for the plasma density. For very weak magnetic fields and high plasma pressure, we find strongly rotating thin plasma disk gravitational equilibria that satisfy strict Keplerian motion provided the gravitational energy is much larger than the plasma pressure, which must be large compared to the magnetic energy of the poloidal magnetic field. When the rotational energy exceeds the gravitational energy and it is larger than the plasma pressure, diffuse disk equilibrium solutions continue to exist provided the poloidal magnetic energy remains small. For stronger magnetic fields and lower plasma pressure and rotation, we can also find gravitational equilibria with strong localization to the equatorial plane. However, a toroidal magnetic field is almost always necessary to numerically verify these equilibria are valid solutions in the presence of gravity for the cases considered in Catto & Krasheninnikov (J. Plasma Phys., vol. 81, 2015, 105810301). In all cases both analytic and numerical results are presented.
Getting Citizens to Save: Media Influence on Incentive-Based Policies
Authors: LAWLOR ANDREA 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGovernments often introduce financial incentives to citizens in order to encourage ‘personally responsible’ behaviour. Examples of these types of incentives include tax-deferral or tax-free incentives around retirement savings. These types of incentives are shown to matter to investment strategies in the aggregate, but we still lack a full explanation as to how individuals respond to these types of incentives, and what role media play in advertising these incentives. This paper illustrates the potentially vital role that media play in enhancing contributions to one incentive-based policy, the Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in Canada (2000–2013), using aggregate contribution data, media data, as well as individual-level survey data from the Canadian Financial Capability Survey. Results show that media advertising of the programme influences contribution outcomes and, while media may not outweigh lifecycle effects such as proximity to retirement, it is nonetheless an essential – and overlooked – motivator for contributions to late-life savings.
Simulation of runaway electron inception and breakdown in nanosecond pulse gas discharges
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Gu Jianwei , Wang Ruexue , Ma Hao , Yan Ping , Shao Tao 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNanosecond pulse discharges can provide high reduced electric field for exciting high-energy electrons, and the ultrafast rising time of the applied pulse can effectively suppress the generation of spark streamer and produce homogeneous discharges preionized by runaway electrons in atmospheric-pressure air. In this paper, the electrostatic field in a tube-plate electrodes gap is calculated using a calculation software. Furthermore, a simple physical model of nanosecond pulse discharges is established to investigate the behavior of the runaway electrons during the nanosecond pulse discharges with a rise time of 1.6 ns and a full-width at half-maximum of 3–5 ns in air. The physical model is coded by a numerical software, and then the runaway electrons and electron avalanche are investigated under different conditions. The simulated results show that the applied voltage, voltage polarity, and gas pressure can significantly affect the formation of the avalanche and the behavior of the runaway electrons. The inception time of runaway breakdown decreases when the applied voltage increases. In addition, the threshold voltage of runaway breakdown has a minimum value (10 kPa) with the variation of gas pressure.PACS: 52.80.-s
A prolonged outbreak ofSalmonellaInfantis associated with pork products in central Germany, April–October 2013
Authors: SCHROEDER S. , HARRIES M. , PRAGER R. , HÖFIG A. , AHRENS B. , HOFFMANN L. , RABSCH W. , MERTENS E. , RIMEK D. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYOne of the largest and longestSalmonellaoutbreaks in Germany within the last 10 years occurred in central Germany in 2013. To identify vehicles of infection, we analysed surveillance data, conducted a case-control study and food traceback. We identified 267 cases infected withSalmonellaInfantis with symptom onset between 16 April and 26 October 2013 in four neighbouring federal states. Results of our study indicated that cases were more likely to have eaten raw minced pork from local butcher's shops [odds ratio (OR) 2·5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1–5·8] and have taken gastric acid-reducing or -neutralizing medication (OR 3·8, 95% CI 1·3–13) than controls. The outbreak was traced back to contaminated raw pork products found in different butcher's shops supplied by one slaughterhouse, to pigs at one farm and to an animal feed producer. Characterization of isolates of human, food, animal, feed, and environmental origin by phage-typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed the chain of infection. Insufficient hygiene standards in the slaughterhouse were the most probable cause of the ongoing transmission. We recommend that persons taking gastric acid suppressants should refrain from consuming raw pork products. Improving and maintaining adequate hygiene standards and process controls during slaughter is important to prevent future outbreaks.
Diversity and relatedness of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliandCampylobacter jejunibetween farms in a dairy catchment
Authors: IRSHAD H. , COOKSON A. L. , ROSS C. M. , JAROS P. , PRATTLEY D. J. , DONNISON A. , McBRIDE G. , MARSHALL J. , FRENCH N. P. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to examine the population structure, transmission and spatial relationship between genotypes of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) andCampylobacter jejuni, on 20 dairy farms in a defined catchment. Pooled faecal samples (n= 72) obtained from 288 calves were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) forE. coliserotypes O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157. The number of samples positive forE. coliO26 (30/72) was high compared toE. coliO103 (7/72), O145 (3/72), O157 (2/72) and O111 (0/72). EighteenE. coliO26 and 53C. jejuniisolates were recovered from samples by bacterial culture.E. coliO26 andC. jejuniisolates were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, respectively. AllE. coliO26 isolates could be divided into four clusters and the results indicated thatE. coliO26 isolates recovered from calves on the same farm were more similar than isolates recovered from different farms in the catchment. There were 11 different sequence types ofC. jejuniisolated from the cattle and 22 from water. An analysis of the population structure ofC. jejuniisolated from cattle provided evidence of clustering of genotypes within farms, and among groups of farms separated by road boundaries.
Comparison of Health Needs of Older People between Affected Rural and Urban Areas after the 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan Earthquake
Authors: Chan Emily Y.Y. , Griffiths Sian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroduction:On 08 October 2005, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale, struck Pakistan's autonomous state of Kashmir and part of Indian-administrated Kashmir. The official death toll in Pakistan was 79,000, and nearly 1,400 in Kashmir. This study reports the findings of a three-week health needs assessment to understand the needs of rural, older people post-earthquake. This study was conducted in February 2006 in the Neelum Valley of Kashmir, Pakistan, four months after the earthquake.Hypothesis:During emergency relief, the vulnerability and health needs of older people in rural settings are different than are those in of urban areas.Methods:A comparative, descriptive study was performed using health information to compare the differences between rural and urban health needs and the utilization of services of older people after the earthquake. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information regarding demographic background, medical and drug history, self-reported health status, healthcare access and utilization, and social/financial concerns. Clinical records were reviewed and physical indicators for older patients also were collected on-site.Results:The health profile, access to health care, service availability, and prevalence of non-communicable diseases differ between urban and rural settings. The greatest gap in health services at all sites was that non-communicable disease management was inadequate during non-acute, post-earthquake medical care. Health service utilization varied by gender, as in conservative rural areas, older, traditional women were less likely to receive medical services while older men were less likely to access psychological services in all sites.Conclusions:This is the first study to compare the post-earthquake healthcare needs of older people in urban and rural settings. Findings highlight specific health needs and issues related to long-term, chronic disease management. Given the global pattern of aging of the population, it is important to strengthen the capacity to respond appropriately to medical disasters, which includes preparedness for treating the health needs of older people.