bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hindernissen voor een ruimer gebruik van herstelrecht
Authors: Laxminarayan Malini , Wolthuis Annemieke 
Published: December 2015

Factors limiting a wider accessibility of restorative justice Results of a European research
While most restorative justice research would suggest that victims and offenders are often satisfied with their experiences, the number of referrals to these type of programs remain low. This lack of accessibility was the topic of the European Forum for Restorative Justice project, ‘Accessibility and Initiation of Restorative Justice’. This article reports on the project’s findings with regard to several factors which limit greater accessibility, as supported by the attitudes of referral bodies and restorative justice practitioners examined in the frame of this project. The results of previous research and the current empirical research illustrate how accessibility is hindered by (1) lacking or insufficient restorative justice legislation, (2) exclusion criteria regarding which cases may be suitable to restorative justice procedures, (3) a lack of knowledge among legal actors, restorative justice practitioners and the general public about restorative justice and its benefits, (4) the persistence of a retributive legal culture within criminal justice and (5) a need for greater cooperation among those who are involved whether as referral bodies or mediators or facilitators. Qualitative data is presented to provide a better understanding of these elements, in addition to potential solutions that were reported by the respondents. Furthermore, the authors take a closer look at the current situation in the Netherlands, including an overview of the trainings that were developed within the Accessibility project. The results of these trainings reinforce the factors that were identified by previous research and the current empirical research, and aimed to look for solutions to the main barriers to greater accessibility.
Les interventions en matière de sexualité chez les jeunes en situation de rue à Montréal
Authors: Côté Philippe-Benoit , Manseau Hélène , Boucher Kathleen , Provencher Marie-Andrée , Blais Martin 
Published: December 2015

Cet article vise à documenter les représentations qu’entretiennent les jeunes en situation de rue des interventions en matière de sexualité. Des entrevues individuelles ont été réalisées auprès de 42 jeunes en situation de rue âgés de 18 à 32 ans. L’analyse qualitative des représentations des jeunes a porté sur trois dimensions : 1) les ressources; 2) le travail réalisé par les intervenants; 3) les interventions en matière de sexualité. Les participants estiment que la capacité des ressources à combler la diversité des besoins des jeunes peut susciter une dépendance et un frein à leur autonomisation. En ce qui concerne le travail réalisé par les intervenants, les participants rapportent que l’accompagnement et la proximité constituent les clés de la relation entre les professionnels et les jeunes. Quant à elles, les interventions en matière de sexualité sont considérées comme pertinentes dans la mesure où elles permettent d’instaurer des espaces de discussion marqués par la confiance et la sensibilité au vécu des jeunes. En complémentarité avec la prévention des infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang (ITSS), cette étude suggère la pertinence du modèle de l’accompagnement social afin que les intervenants se sentent à l’aise et compétents de discuter ouvertement et respectueusement de sexualité avec les jeunes en situation de rue.
Représentations sociales du VIH/sida chez les étudiants de niveau universitaire d’une région éloignée du Québec
Authors: Labra Oscar , Lacasse Anaïs 
Published: December 2015

Cet article examine les représentations sociales du VIH/sida de 11 étudiants (six femmes et cinq hommes) de l’Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue ayant participé à deux groupes de discussion stratifiés selon le sexe. Cette étude visait deux objectifs : 1) décrire les représentations sociales du VIH/sida des étudiants, et 2) décrire l’incidence des représentations sociales de ces étudiants sur leur façon de comprendre et d’agir par rapport au VIH/sida. Le discours des participants révèle une attitude positive et une ouverture envers les personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida (PVVIH/sida). Celles-ci sont représentées comme étant des personnes résilientes. Ainsi, cette capacité de résilience nous permet d’affirmer l’hypothèse que les PVVIH/sida peuvent aujourd’hui passer à un nouvel état stable plutôt que de mourir de la maladie comme il y a 30 ans. Cela montre le caractère dynamique de la représentation sociale du VIH/sida dans le temps. Nos résultats montrent aussi chez les participants une différence marquée concernant les mécanismes de prévention. Pour les hommes, cela passe par l’utilisation de préservatifs, pour les femmes, par la confiance en leurs partenaires sexuels. L’étude conclut que les représentations sociales du VIH/sida font partie de la vie quotidienne des étudiants. Elles sont culturellement construites et partagées. L’étude montre la nécessité de concevoir des campagnes de prévention plus assidues avec des messages différenciés selon le sexe chez les jeunes qui pourront mieux prendre en compte la dimension culturelle de ce phénomène.
Estimation of bounce resonant scattering by fast magnetosonic waves
Authors: Shprits Yuri Y. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this study we present calculation of bounce resonant scattering of near equatorially mirroring electrons by fast magnetosonic waves. We first explore the sensitivity of the scattering rates and estimated time scales to a different number of resonances included into calculations. We then explore the sensitivity of calculated rates to the assumed wave normal angle. Our results show that at large radial distances bounce resonant scattering is capable of providing local isotropization of nearly equatorially mirroring electrons on the time scales as short as hours or even days depending on the assumed properties of waves. We also present analysis of the bounce frequencies of electrons and protons at various energies and radial distances and discuss the wave modes that are capable of bounce resonance with these particles. In particular, the importance of bounce resonance as a potential mechanism for the radiation belt remediation is discussed.
Experimental insights on the development of buoyant plumes injected into a porous media
Authors: Lyu Xiaoying , Woods Andrew W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe describe a series of new laboratory experiments which examine the rise of a two‐dimensional buoyancy‐driven plume of freshwater through a porous layer initially saturated with aqueous saline solution. Measurements show that the plume head accounts for a constant fraction of about 0.7 of the buoyancy supplied at the source and that it grows as it rises through the porous layer. However, the morphology of the plume head becomes increasingly complex as the ratio of the injection speed to the buoyancy rise speed increases, with the fluid spreading laterally and developing localized buoyant fingers which intermingle with the ambient fluid. Behind the plume head, a tail of nearly constant width develops providing a pathway from the source to the plume head. These starting plume dynamics may be relevant for buoyancy‐driven contaminant dispersal and also for the convection which develops during CO2 sequestration as CO2 dissolves into aquifer water.
Lateral variability of sediment transport in the Delaware Estuary
Authors: McSweeney Jacqueline M. , Chant Robert J. , Sommerfield Christopher K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLateral processes contribute significantly to circulation and material transport in estuaries. The mechanisms controlling transport may vary spatially such that shallow and deep regions of an estuary contribute differently to the total transport. An observational study was conducted to explore the importance of lateral variability in sediment transport mechanisms in the Delaware Estuary. Seven moorings were deployed across the channel in the region of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) zone from April to August 2011. Time series of along‐channel sediment transport reveal a consistent pattern of sediment export across the entire estuary during periods of high river discharge, followed by a transition to import within the channel and export on the flanks during low river flow. There is a persistent divergence of across‐channel sediment fluxes on the Delaware side, where sediment from the flank is transported toward both the channel and wetland coast. Decomposition of the fluxes highlight that across‐channel sediment transport is driven by mean lateral circulation, whereas along‐channel transport is driven primarily by mean advection, with tidal pumping contributing to about 30% of total transport. The spatial and temporal variability of mean advection and tidal pumping were generally complementary, with both contributing to the observed sediment transport pathways. Tidal pumping, linked to tidal asymmetries in stratification and sediment resuspension, was shown to drive both ebb‐driven export and flood‐driven import depending on the tidal variability of stratification. The spatiotemporal patterns of sediment transport highlight the three‐dimensional structure of the ETM and shed light on the variability of sediment transport mechanisms.
Impact of storm‐induced cooling of sea surface temperature on large turbulent eddies and vertical turbulent transport in the atmospheric boundary layer of Hurricane Isaac
Authors: Zhu Ping , Wang Yuting , Chen Shuyi S. , Curcic Milan , Gao Cen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRoll vortices in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are important to oil operation and oil spill transport. This study investigates the impact of storm‐induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling on the roll vortices generated by the convective and dynamic instability in the ABL of Hurricane Isaac (2012) and the roll induced transport using hindcasting large eddy simulations (LESs) configured from the multiply nested Weather Research & Forecasting model. Two experiments are performed: one forced by the Unified Wave INterface ‐ Coupled Model and the other with the SST replaced by the NCEP FNL analysis that does not include the storm‐induced SST cooling. The simulations show that the roll vortices are the prevalent eddy circulations in the ABL of Isaac. The storm‐induced SST cooling causes the ABL stability falls in a range that satisfies the empirical criterion of roll generation by dynamic instability, whereas the ABL stability without considering the storm‐induced SST cooling meets the criterion of roll generation by convective instability. The ABL roll is skewed and the increase of convective instability enhances the skewness. Large convective instability leads to large vertical transport of heat and moisture; whereas the dominant dynamic instability results in large turbulent kinetic energy but relatively weak heat and moisture transport. This study suggests that failure to consider roll vortices or incorrect initiation of dynamic and convective instability of rolls in simulations may substantially affect the transport of momentum, energy, and pollutants in the ABL and the dispersion/advection of oil spill fume at the ocean surface.
Influence of lateral subsurface flow and connectivity on soil water storage in land surface modeling
Authors: Kim Jonggun , Mohanty Binayak P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLateral surface/subsurface flow and their connectivity play a significant role in redistributing soil water, which has a direct effect on biological, chemical, and geomorphological processes in the root zone (~1 m). However, most of the land surface models neglect the horizontal exchanges of water at the grid or subgrid scales, focusing only on the vertical exchanges of water as one‐dimensional process. To develop better hydrologic understanding and modeling capability in complex landscapes, in this study we added connectivity‐based lateral subsurface flow algorithms in the Community Land Model. To demonstrate the impact of lateral flow and connectivity on soil water storage we designed three cases including the following: (1) with complex surface topography only, (2) with complex surface topography in upper soil layers and soil hydraulic properties with uniform anisotropy. and (3) with complex surface topography and soil hydraulic properties with spatially varying anisotropy. The connectivity was considered as an indicator for the variation of anisotropy in the case 3, which was created by wetness conditions or geophysical controls (e.g., soil type, normalized difference vegetation index, and topographic index). These cases were tested in two study sites (ER 5 field and ER‐sub watershed in Oklahoma) comparing to the field (gravimetric and remote sensing) soil moisture observations. Through the analysis of spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of soil moisture predictions from the study cases, surface topography was found to be a crucial control in demonstrating the variation of near surface soil moisture, but not significantly affected the subsurface flow in deeper soil layers. In addition, we observed the best performance in case 3 representing that the lateral connectivity can contribute effectively to quantify the anisotropy and redistributing soil water in the root zone. Hence, the approach with connectivity‐based lateral subsurface flow was able to better characterize the spatially distributed patterns of subsurface flow and improve the simulation of the hydrologic cycle.
A space‐based, high‐resolution view of notable changes in urban NOx pollution around the world (2005–2014)
Authors: Duncan Bryan N. , Lamsal Lok N. , Thompson Anne M. , Yoshida Yasuko , Lu Zifeng , Streets David G. , Hurwitz Margaret M. , Pickering Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are produced during combustion processes and, thus may serve as a proxy for fossil fuel‐based energy usage and coemitted greenhouse gases and other pollutants. We use high‐resolution nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to analyze changes in urban NO2 levels around the world from 2005 to 2014, finding complex heterogeneity in the changes. We discuss several potential factors that seem to determine these NOx changes. First, environmental regulations resulted in large decreases. The only large increases in the United States may be associated with three areas of intensive energy activity. Second, elevated NO2 levels were observed over many Asian, tropical, and subtropical cities that experienced rapid economic growth. Two of the largest increases occurred over recently expanded petrochemical complexes in Jamnagar (India) and Daesan (Korea). Third, pollution transport from China possibly influenced the Republic of Korea and Japan, diminishing the impact of local pollution controls. However, in China, there were large decreases over Beijing, Shanghai, and the Pearl River Delta, which were likely associated with local emission control efforts. Fourth, civil unrest and its effect on energy usage may have resulted in lower NO2 levels in Libya, Iraq, and Syria. Fifth, spatial heterogeneity within several megacities may reflect mixed efforts to cope with air quality degradation. We also show the potential of high‐resolution data for identifying NOx emission sources in regions with a complex mix of sources. Intensive monitoring of the world's tropical/subtropical megacities will remain a priority, as their populations and emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases are expected to increase significantly.
Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review
Authors: Buckley Martha W. , Marshall John 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis is a review about the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), its mean structure, temporal variability, controlling mechanisms, and role in the coupled climate system. The AMOC plays a central role in climate through its heat and freshwater transports. Northward ocean heat transport achieved by the AMOC is responsible for the relative warmth of the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere and is thought to play a role in setting the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone north of the equator. The AMOC is a key means by which heat anomalies are sequestered into the ocean's interior and thus modulates the trajectory of climate change. Fluctuations in the AMOC have been linked to low‐frequency variability of Atlantic sea surface temperatures with a host of implications for climate variability over surrounding landmasses. On intra‐annual timescales, variability in AMOC is large and primarily reflects the response to local wind forcing; meridional coherence of anomalies is limited to that of the wind field. On interannual to decadal timescales, AMOC changes are primarily geostrophic and related to buoyancy anomalies on the western boundary. A pacemaker region for decadal AMOC changes is located in a western “transition zone” along the boundary between the subtropical and subpolar gyres. Decadal AMOC anomalies are communicated meridionally from this region. AMOC observations, as well as the expanded ocean observational network provided by the Argo array and satellite altimetry, are inspiring efforts to develop decadal predictability systems using coupled atmosphere‐ocean models initialized by ocean data.
Thermal conductivity in porous media: Percolation‐based effective‐medium approximation
Authors: Ghanbarian Behzad , Daigle Hugh 
Published: December 2015

AbstractKnowledge of porosity and saturation‐dependent thermal conductivities is necessary to investigate heat and water transfer in natural porous media such as rocks and soils. Thermal conductivity in a porous medium is affected by the complicated relationship between the topology and geometry of the pore space and the solid matrix. However, as water content increases from completely dry to fully saturated, the effect of the liquid phase on thermal conductivity may increase substantially. Although various methods have been proposed to model the porosity and saturation dependence of thermal conductivity, most are empirical or quasiphysical. In this study, we present a theoretical upscaling framework from percolation theory and the effective‐medium approximation, which is called percolation‐based effective‐medium approximation (P‐EMA). The proposed model predicts the thermal conductivity in porous media from endmember properties (e.g., air, solid matrix, and saturating fluid thermal conductivities), a scaling exponent, and a percolation threshold. In order to evaluate our porosity and saturation‐dependent models, we compare our theory with 193 porosity‐dependent thermal conductivity measurements and 25 saturation‐dependent thermal conductivity data sets and find excellent match. We also find values for the scaling exponent different than the universal value of 2, in insulator‐conductor systems, and also different from 0.76, the exponent in conductor‐superconductor mixtures, in three dimensions. These results indicate that the thermal conductivity under fully and partially saturated conditions conforms to nonuniversal behavior. This means the value of the scaling exponent changes from medium to medium and depends not only on structural and geometrical properties of the medium but also characteristics (e.g., wetting or nonwetting) of the saturating fluid.
Plant Cell Cycle
Authors: Francis Dennis 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

In plants, just like animals, proliferative cells divide mostly mitotically or sometimes meiotically, where chromosome number is either maintained or halved, respectively. This is achieved in the cell cycle, an ordered sequence of events that enables a healthy cell to divide. Cell‐cycle regulation is crucial for plant development due to the link between cell proliferation in meristems and differentiation or altered plane of division of descendants. Regulation of cell division is also a major way whereby plants are able to respond to an ever‐changing environment. While generic cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) regulation operates in the plant cell cycle, there are distinct differences from animals. Prominently these are very large cyclin families, the plant‐specific class of B‐type CDKs and the absence of phosphoregulation of CDKs by CDC25 and WEE1 except under checkpoint conditions. Cell division in meristems and gametophytes is regulated by feedback loops involving transcription factors, cell‐cycle activators and repressors.

Key Concepts

There are many more members in cell‐cycle regularity families in plants.

In an unperturbed cell cycle, phosphoregulation of higher plant CDKs does not require WEE1 or CDC25.

Plant cell‐cycle checkpoints lack CHK1 but engage WEE1 and KRPs.

MYB transcription factors promote and repress G2/M expressed genes.

Induction of DNA replication is similar in plants and animals but there are more E2F and RB‐related proteins in plants.

Negative feedback loops regulate organising centres in plant meristems.

Coordination between cell division and cell differentiation is spatially and temporally different in RAMs and SAMs.

Similar to cell growth, organ growth by cell proliferation can be subdivided into the proliferation rate, the direction of cell divisions determined by the orientation of the mitotic spindle and the duration of cell divisions.

ICK4/KRP6 and CDKA are major regulators of cell division in gametophytes.
Contextual Bias in the Analysis of Bitemarks
Authors: Zajac Rachel , Osborne Nikola K.P. , Kieser Jules A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDespite the continued use of bitemarks as forensic evidence, there has been growing concern about the reliability of bitemark interpretation, and specifically about the role(s) that contextual information might play in this process. Here, we outline the basic processes involved in bitemark analysis, highlight possible sources of ambiguity and error, discuss the potential for contextual bias, and suggest ways to manage this issue. We also briefly touch on the potential for contextual bias in other forensic contexts that involve the analysis of dentition.
Sentencing: Demographic Factors in
Authors: Kehn Andre , Schweitzer Kimberly , Nunez Narina L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDemographic characteristics of defendants are considered extralegal factors because they are not characteristics of the crime and should not influence jurors' verdicts or sentencing decisions. However, ample evidence exists that jurors do consider extralegal factors when rendering verdicts and deciding on sentencing judgments for a defendant. This article reviews the literature on demographic characteristics of the defendant and how these factors influence jurors' judgments. Particularly, the impacts of race, age, socioeconomic status, and gender on jurors sentencing decisions are reviewed. This article addresses how these demographic characteristics can create biases that will influence jurors' decisions in a case. Relevant theoretical explanations are discussed.
Premenstrual Syndrome
Authors: Kaye Neil S. , Hatters‐Friedman Susan , Reed Thomas , Easteal Patricia 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a remarkably common experience in premenopausal women, is neither abnormal nor pathological. A small subset of women experience significant impairment and disability during their premenstrual phase, and meet the criteria for the diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). While considered an area of interest and research, and experienced by 3–5% of women, PMDD is not considered to be a serious mental illness. Nonetheless, since the mid‐1800s, courts around the world have countenanced arguments based on the notion that a woman's reproductive organs exerted a profound influence over her mind and behavior. PMS has been raised as a basis for a finding of diminished capacity. Many concerns exist over its use as a defense, which are highlighted in the chapter.