bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histochemical localization of zinc in the retina cells of gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata) fed different presentations of zinc
Authors: Castro Pedro Luis , Dominguez David , José Caballero María , Izquierdo Marisol 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo describe the distribution of zinc in the retina of a representative marine fish species and to determine whether the intracellular deposition amount correlates with the presentation of the zinc included in the practical diets (organic, inorganic, encapsulated, fish meal, and Control diet), we examined the precise localization of endogenous zinc in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) retina by autometallography. As observed by light microscopy, reaction products were widely distributed throughout the retina, including the outer segments of photoreceptors, except in the nuclear layers. Differing from other species previously studied, zinc depositions were not different between the outer and inner retina, and the retinal ganglion cell layer showed reaction products with a characteristic disposition surrounding the neuronal soma. An additional finding in this species was the rich disposition around photoreceptors, so abundant that it outlines the shape of the rods and cones. With regards to the diet, the zinc organic formulation was able to produce a higher amount of precipitates, followed by fish meal and encapsulated zinc diets. The inorganic and the Control diet produced a basal zinc deposition in the same layers above mentioned although less evident and similar to that determined in other species fed with non‐supplemented diets.
Endobronchial Naso‐bronchial Lavage: An Alternative Interventional Treatment for Post‐lobectomy Bronchopleural Fistula
Authors: Ning Ye , Huang Hai , Xue Lei , Zhao Xuewei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground and study aimsPost‐lobectomy bronchopleural fistula is a rare complication of lung resection surgery, and proper management is crucial for the successful resolution. Most published papers deal with surgical treatment. We report our experience with a new interventional management, endobronchial naso‐bronchial lavage (ENBL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the continuing efficacy and safety of this innovative procedure.Patients and methodsFrom 2002 to 2012, 17 patients who suffered from post‐lobectomy bronchopleural fistula were recruited. An ENBL tube was inserted form nostril through the trachea, bronchus and the fistula into the pleural cavity with bronchoscope. Lavage of the pleural cavity was proceeded form the ENBL tube and drained form thoracostomy drainage tube. All patients were followed up for at least 6 months.ResultAll patients received total recovery from the post‐lobectomy bronchopleural fistula. The ENBL procedure could be finished in 10–15 min. No blooding without control, pneumonia or damage of trachea associated with this procedure occurred. With an at least 6 months’ follow‐up of the patients, no further intervention was performed.ConclusionsIt suggested that the ENBL may be an alternative interventional treatment for bronchopleural fistula treating other than surgical procedure.
Engineering deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase as a catalyst for the bioconversion of penicillins
Authors: Fan Keqiang , Lin Baixue , Tao Yong , Yang Keqian 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) is a key intermediate of many clinically useful semisynthetic cephalosporins that were traditionally prepared by processes involving chemical ring expansion of penicillin G. Bioconversion of penicillins to cephalosporins using deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) is an alternative and environmentally friendly process for 7-ADCA production. Arnold Demain and co-workers pioneered such a process. Later, protein engineering efforts to improve the substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency of DAOCS for penicillins have been made by many groups, and a whole cell process using Escherichia coli for bioconversion of penicillins has been developed.
Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production
Authors: Li Zheng-Jun , Qiao Kangjian , Liu Nian , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Strains of Yarrowia lipolytica were engineered to express the poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthetic pathway. The genes for β-ketothiolase, NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, and PHB synthase were cloned and inserted into the chromosome of Y. lipolytica. In shake flasks, the engineered strain accumulated PHB to 1.50 and 3.84% of cell dry weight in complex medium supplemented with glucose and acetate as carbon source, respectively. In fed-batch fermentation using acetate as sole carbon source, 7.35 g/l PHB (10.2% of cell dry weight) was produced. Selection of Y. lipolytica as host for PHB synthesis was motivated by the fact that this organism is a good lipids producer, which suggests robust acetyl-CoA supply also the precursor of the PHB pathway. Acetic acid could be supplied by gas fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and other low-cost supply route.
The unstable knee in congenital limb deficiency
Authors: Mindler Gabriel T. , Radler Christof , Ganger Rudolf 
Published: November 2016

Purpose Instability of the knee is a common finding in patients with congenital limb deficiency. The instability can be attributed to soft tissue abnormalities, frontal, sagittal or rotational deformity of the lower limb and bony dysplasia of the patella or of the femoral condyles. In most of the cases, these pathomorphologic changes stay asymptomatic in daily activity. However, instability can appear during deformity correction and bone-lengthening procedures, leading to flexion contracture or subluxation of the knee. Methods A review of pediatric orthopaedic literature on different factors of knee instability, state-of-the-art treatment options in congenital limb deficiency and in cases of lengthening-related knee subluxation is presented and the authors’ preferred treatment methods are described. Results Leg lengthening and deformity correction in patients with congenital limb deficiencies can be achieved with various techniques, such as guided growth, monolateral or circular external fixation and intramedullary lengthening nails. Radiographic assessment and clinical examination of the knee stability are obligatory to estimate the grade of instability prior to surgical procedures. Preparatory surgery, as well as preventive measures such as bracing, bridging of the knee and intensive physical therapy, can help to avoid subluxation during lengthening in unstable knees. Conclusions Adequate surgical techniques, preventive measures and early detection of signs of subluxation can lead to good functional results in patients with congenital limb deficiency.
Local initiatives to access emergency obstetric and neonatal care in Burkina Faso
Authors: Yaméogo Wambi M.E. , Ouédraogo Talatou M. , Kouanda Seni 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the various local initiatives to access emergency obstetric and neonatal care in Burkina Faso.MethodsAn existing framework was used to review the three processes for local initiatives: emergence, formulation, and implementation. Multiple case studies were conducted, followed by literature review and semi‐structured interviews with key informants.ResultsSixteen districts had implemented local initiatives, including cost sharing, free care for women and children, and free care for delivery and cesareans. Most districts (n = 10) had implemented the cost‐sharing intervention. These initiatives were initiated by local actors as well as nongovernmental organizations. The profile of those involved led to different ways of handling the emergence and formulation processes. At implementation, these initiatives faced many issues including late payment of contributions, low involvement of local governments, and equity in participation.ConclusionThere are some issues in the implementation and sustainability of the local initiatives. Although many initiatives exist, these are unable to fully address the financial barriers to care. However, these initiatives highlight context‐based financial barriers that must be taken into account to accelerate universal access to health care.
Food composition tables in resource-poor settings: exploring current limitations and opportunities, with a focus on animal-source foods in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: de Bruyn Julia , Ferguson Elaine , Allman-Farinelli Margaret , Darnton-Hill Ian , Maulaga Wende , Msuya John , Alders Robyn 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAnimal-source foods (ASF) have the potential to enhance the nutritional adequacy of cereal-based diets in low- and middle-income countries, through the provision of high-quality protein and bioavailable micronutrients. The development of guidelines for including ASF in local diets requires an understanding of the nutrient content of available resources. This article reviews food composition tables (FCT) used in sub-Saharan Africa, examining the spectrum of ASF reported and exploring data sources for each reference. Compositional data are shown to be derived from a small number of existing data sets from analyses conducted largely in high-income nations, often many decades previously. There are limitations in using such values, which represent the products of intensively raised animals of commercial breeds, as a reference in resource-poor settings where indigenous breed livestock are commonly reared in low-input production systems, on mineral-deficient soils and not receiving nutritionally balanced feed. The FCT examined also revealed a lack of data on the full spectrum of ASF, including offal and wild foods, which correspond to local food preferences and represent valuable dietary resources in food-deficient settings. Using poultry products as an example, comparisons are made between compositional data from three high-income nations, and potential implications of differences in the published values for micronutrients of public health significance, including Fe, folate and vitamin A, are discussed. It is important that those working on nutritional interventions and on developing dietary recommendations for resource-poor settings understand the limitations of current food composition data and that opportunities to improve existing resources are more actively explored and supported.
Exploring the effect of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation on voice
Authors: Gorham-Rowan M , Morris R 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjective:This study was conducted to explore the potential use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation as an adjunctive treatment for muscle tension dysphonia.Methods:Voice data and ratings of fatigue and soreness were obtained for two experiments. Experiment one examined the vocal effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation applied to the neck for 15 minutes. Experiment two examined the recovery effect of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation following a vocal loading task among normophonic women.Results:No significant differences in vocal function following 15 minutes of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation were found. Six of 11 participants receiving laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation exhibited improved recovery following the vocal loading task.Conclusion:A short session of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation may be beneficial in reducing muscle fatigue for some individuals. Further investigation is warranted to determine the applicability of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation in voice therapy.
Strengths and vulnerabilities of Australian networks for conservation of threatened birds
Authors: Holmes Tim Q. , Head Brian W. , Possingham Hugh P. , Garnett Stephen T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe analysed the supportive social networks associated with the conservation of six threatened Australian bird taxa, in one of the first network analyses of threatened species conservation programmes. Each example showed contrasting vulnerabilities. The Alligator Rivers yellow chatEpthianura crocea tunneyihad the smallest social network and no real action was supported. For the Capricorn yellow chatEpthianura crocea macgregorithe network was centred on one knowledgeable and committed actor. The orange-bellied parrotNeophema chrysogasterhad a strongly connected recovery team but gaps in the overall network could limit communication. The recovery teams for the swift parrotLathamus discolorand Baudin's black-cockatooCalyptorhynchus baudiniihad strong links among most stakeholders but had weak ties to the timber industry and orchardists, respectively, limiting their capacity to manage threatening processes. Carnaby's black cockatooCalyptorhynchus latirostrisseemed to have the most effective social network of any of the taxa studied but may be vulnerable to skill shortages. In each case the network analysis pointed to gaps that could be filled to enhance the conservation effort, and highlighted the importance of recovery teams. The research suggests that formal network analysis could assist in the design of more effective support mechanisms for the conservation of threatened species.
Ectoparasites of small-mammals: determinants of community structure in South American savannah
Authors: SPONCHIADO J. , MELO G. L. , MARTINS T. F. , KRAWCZAK F. S. , JACINAVICIUS F. C. , LABRUNA M. B. , BARROS-BATTESTI D. M. , CÁCERES N. C. 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYThis study aimed to assess the contribution of hosts characteristics (rodents and marsupials) in the organization of ectoparasite communities present in woodland patches in western central Brazil. We verified the effect of host species, sex, body mass and vertical strata in addition to the role of seasonality on the ectoparasite composition, richness and abundance. The total sampling effort was 22 032 trap-nights equally distributed in 54 woodland patches. Variance partition and principal coordinate analysis were used to verify the existence of significant relationships between response variables and predictors. As expected, host species was the most important variable in ectoparasite community assembly. The composition, richness and abundance of mites and lice were highly influenced by host species, although higher for mites than for lice. Host body mass had a determining role on the richness and abundance of tick species. Vertical stratification and seasonality had weak influence, while the sex of the host had no influence on the organization of these communities. The results are closely related to the evolutionary characteristics of the species involved, as well as with local environmental characteristics of the study area.
Smelling the future: subtle life-history adjustments in response to environmental conditions and perceived transmission opportunities in a trematode
Authors: LAGRUE C. , RINNEVALLI R. , POULIN R. 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYA number of parasites with complex life cycles can abbreviate their life cycles to increase the likelihood of reproducing. For example, some trematodes can facultatively skip the definitive host and produce viable eggs while still inside their intermediate host. The resulting shorter life cycle is clearly advantageous when transmission probabilities to the definitive hosts are low. Coitocaecum parvum can mature precociously (progenesis), and produce eggs by selfing inside its amphipod second intermediate host. Environmental factors such as definitive host density and water temperature influence the life-history strategy adopted by C. parvum in their crustacean host. However, it is also possible that information about transmission opportunities gathered earlier in the life cycle (i.e. by cercariae-producing sporocysts in the first intermediate host) could have priming effects on the adoption of one or the other life strategy. Here we document the effects of environmental parameters (host chemical cues and temperature) on cercarial production within snail hosts and parasite life-history strategy in the amphipod host. We found that environmental cues perceived early in life have limited priming effects on life-history strategies later in life and probably account for only a small part of the variation among conspecific parasites. External cues gathered at the metacercarial stage seem to largely override potential effects of the environmental conditions experienced by early stages of the parasite.
Diversity and distribution of avian haemosporidians in sub-Saharan Africa: an inter-regional biogeographic overview
Authors: OUTLAW DIANA C. , HARVEY JOHANNA A. , DROVETSKI SERGEI V. , VOELKER GARY 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYThe diversity of avian malaria parasites is much greater than 20th century morphologists realized and virtually every study in this field in the last 15 years has uncovered previously undocumented diversity at multiple levels within the taxonomic hierarchy. Despite this explosion of knowledge, there remain vast sampling gaps, both geographically and host-taxonomically, which makes characterizing patterns of diversity extremely challenging. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of sub-Saharan African avian malaria parasite diversity, focusing on avian hosts endemic to Africa. The relative proportions of the parasite genera included here,Plasmodium, Haemoproteus(includingParahaemoproteus) andLeucocytozoon, varied between regions, in part due to habitat preferences of the insect vectors of these genera, and in part we believe due to sampling bias. Biogeographic regions of sub-Saharan Africa harbour about the same proportion of endemic to shared parasite lineages, but there appears to be no phylogenetic structuring across regions. Our results highlight the sampling problem that must be addressed if we are to have a detailed understanding of parasite diversity in Africa. Without broad sampling within and across regions and hosts, using both molecular tools and microscopy, conclusions about parasite diversity, host–parasite interactions or even transmission dynamics remain extremely limited.
A novel resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signature of resilience to recurrent depression
Authors: Workman C. I. , Lythe K. E. , McKie S. , Moll J. , Gethin J. A. , Deakin J. F. W. , Elliott R. , Zahn R. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundA high proportion of patients with remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) will experience recurring episodes, whilst some develop resilience and remain in recovery. The neural basis of resilience to recurrence is elusive. Abnormal resting-state connectivity of the subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC) was previously found in cross-sectional studies of MDD, suggesting its potential pathophysiological importance. The current study aimed to investigate whether resting-state connectivity to a left sgACC seed region distinguishes resilient patients from those developing recurring episodes.MethodA total of 47 medication-free remitted MDD patients and 38 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline. Over 14 months, 30 patients remained resilient whilst 17 experienced a recurring episode.ResultsAttenuated interhemispheric left-to-right sgACC connectivity distinguished the resilient from the recurring-episode and control groups and was not correlated with residual depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe current study revealed a neural signature of resilience to recurrence in MDD and thereby elucidates the role of compensatory adaptation in sgACC networks.
Precedents and prospects for incorporating natural law in Protestant ethics
Authors: Arner Neil 
Published: November 2016

AbstractI offer three reasons for revising what was, until recently, a fairly widespread assumption about a limitation on Protestant ethical theory. First, I identify a broad and diverse array of contemporary Protestants who are rehabilitating natural law theories or facets thereof. Second, I consider and attempt to rebut two principal objections to the theological coherence of a distinctively Protestant theory of the natural law. With special reference to the theology of John Calvin, I argue that a Protestant account of the natural law need not deny that either (1) sin has dramatically hindered the cognitive faculties of humans or (2) God is somehow subjected to the natural law. Third, I illustrate the ecumenical implications that may result from Protestants’ explicit affirmation of the natural law. I conclude that the Protestant tradition affords both historical examples and conceptual space to accommodate some form of natural law theory.
Panoramic Lutheranism and apocalyptic ambivalence: an appreciative critique of N. T. Wright'sPaul and the Faithfulness of God
Authors: Campbell Douglas A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe basic agenda and resulting architecture of N. T. Wright's reconstruction of Paul's theology inPaul and the Faithfulness of Godare a dramatic and brilliant break with most previous analyses and an important step forward. But closer analysis suggests that his project also contains some serious problems. First, it is not well executed: there are basic problems of method and exegesis with Wright's manner of reading Paul's texts. Second, Lutheranism and various modern dichotomies have not been purged sufficiently thoroughly from Wright's reconstruction of Paul's thought, resulting in tensions of truly tectonic proportions. One is left with the impression of a magnificent venture foundering in its haste – haste perhaps extending back to the venture's original design, when certain contradictory tendencies needed to be confronted and solved, but were not.
Social identification is generally a prerequisite for group success and does not preclude intragroup differentiation
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Ellemers Naomi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOn the basis of research in the social identity tradition, we contend (a) that identification and differentiation are not mutually exclusive, (b) that a sequence in which identification gives way to differentiation is not necessarily associated with superior organizational outcomes, and (c) that social identification, and leadership that builds this, is generally a prerequisite for group success.
Group behavior in the military may provide a unique case
Authors: McDermott Rose 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe optimal functioning of male coalitionary behavior in a military context may run contrary to some of the arguments about the importance of individual differentiation in Baumeister et al. Incentives become institutionally inverted within military contexts. Because the history of combat exerted powerful and sustained selection pressures on male groups, individual identification can work against the successful completion of collective action problems surrounding in-group defense in military contexts.