bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transhiatal Approach to Filum Terminale Externum Sectioning in Adult Patient With Tethered Cord Syndrome: Case Report
Authors: Veronesi Vanni , Sacco Carlo , Mastronicola Cristina , Staffa Guido 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
An adult patient was referred to our department for tethered cord syndrome. A lumbar magnetic resonance imaging showed a conus medullaris at the S2 level and the caudal part of the dural sac at the S3 level. We present a minimally invasive spine surgery procedure at the hiatus level for the treatment of tethered cord syndrome by the surgical section of the filum terminale externum, which avoids bone demolition.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 65-yr-old Caucasian man was referred for dysesthesia and a burning sensation in his lower limbs, which was both spontaneous and triggered by contact with his clothes. He had been unable to walk for 5 mo due to severe pain and stiffness in his legs. He suffered from minimal, occasional urinary incontinence and complained about muscle cramps in the supine position that prevented him from sleeping; he was only able to sleep when sitting in a wheelchair. Informed patient consent was obtained for the procedure; no opinion was requested from the Ethics Committee. A minimally invasive transhiatal approach with the sectioning of the superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament without the removal of bone tissue allows access to the sacral canal, after which it is possible to section the filum terminale externum using a microsurgical technique.

CONCLUSION
After a 6-mo follow-up period, the patient no longer had dysesthesia and pain in his legs, and was able to walk, albeit just a few meters. This surgical technique has the advantage of minimally invasive spine surgery, has few complications, and avoids risk of retethering.
From Latin to Modern French: A punctuated shift
Authors: Troberg Michelle , Burnett Heather 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents data that challenge the prevailing assumption that as Latin evolves into French, it passes gradually from a satellite-framed language to a verb-framed language. In fact, Medieval French presents an unexpected intermediate stage, a grammar that includes a number of satellite-framed constructions that are present neither in Latin nor in Modern French (verb particles, goal-of-motion constructions, complex adjectival resultative constructions). Moreover, there is evidence that these constructions disappear abruptly during the same period. We provide a micro-parametric account for the presence of verb particles and goal-of-motion constructions in Medieval French whereby both are made possible through the presence of a null Path morpheme having the meaning of TO, which arises as early as Late Latin, as the Latin telicizing prefixes become decreasingly salient.
Case in diachrony: Or, why Greek is not English
Authors: Lavidas Nikolaos 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGreek demonstrates both a change from inner (Aktionsart) into outer (grammatical) aspect as well as a change from demonstratives into definite articles, as does English. Even though aspect and definiteness are connected with Case, we argue that the tendencies in Greek with regard to the Case system differ in several aspects from the development of the Case system in English. We consider changes in the Case system of Greek in relation to syntactic properties of the clause, and in particular the realization of +/-interpretable features in inner and outer aspect. We argue that the change that takes place in the history of Greek involves a transitional stage in Ancient Greek where the relevant features can appear on the Trans[itivity] head (outer aspect) or the (inner) Asp[ect] head. The completion of the change in Post-Koine Greek involves the loss of the interpretable feature on Asp; thus Case remains (uninterpretable) on the higher Trans head.
On the grammaticalization of temporal–aspectual heads: The case of Germanversprechen‘promise’
Authors: Jędrzejowski Łukasz 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter deals with the origin and the development of the functional use of the predicate versprechen ‘promise’ in the history of German. Synchronically, it illustrates that versprechen can be used in two different ways in Present-Day German: either as a lexical verbal head or as a functional verbal head. It also demonstrates to what extent these uses differ and accounts for where these differences come from. Diachronically, it shows that versprechen grammaticalized into a prospective aspect marker in Early New High German (1350–1650), and illustrates that grammaticalization is upward and leftward in the syntactic structure. Accordingly, it is argued that versprechen as a functional verbal head first started embedding DP complements and, as time went on, extended its usage to select infinitives as well, giving rise to a subject-to-subject raising analysis.
Traces of the Birth of the State of Finland in Jylhä’s Translation of Paradise Lost
Authors: Robertson David 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which the social and political conditions prevailing in the two decades after Finland had gained independence from Russia in December 1917 can be traced in Jylhä’s translation of Paradise Lost, Kadotettu paratiisi (1933). Jylhä was too young to participate in the civil war of 1918, but he was caught up in some of the fiercest fighting of the brief conflict. In the 1920s and 1930s many young artists consciously worked to move Finnish culture and politics away from Russian influence, towards Western Europe. Jylhä, a rising poet, was one of the youngest writers of this group, and his translations of European poetry are part of this effort. This chapter traces how lexical choices in his monumental translation of Milton’s epic, especially the War in Heaven, reveal his experience of his social and political milieu.
Either in Prose or Rhyme
Authors: Murgia Mario 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores how the importation of Milton’s Protestant discourse answered Hispano-America’s post-Independence need to disseminate a notion of the modern epic and its libertarian principles. The first Latin American translations of Paradise Lost developed in surprising succession: a verse El Paraíso perdido in 1858 from Mexico, followed by a prose version in 1868 and another verse translation in 1896 from Colombia. The texts and translators’ prefaces of these versions display their clear intentionality and postcolonial stakes. While these translations cooperate to affirm a regional and cultural statement, they are distinctive. Murgia demonstrates the cultural and aesthetic aims of the Mexican translator and his intellectual milieu, as well as the pious objectives of the Colombian translators.
Pre-Eminent among Gentiles
Authors: Reisner Noam 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the various extant Hebrew translations of Milton’s Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes. Both poems were first translated into elaborate biblical and midrashic Hebrew in the nineteenth century by interested Jewish readers with widely differing religious, spiritual, and literary agendas. As this chapter argues, a close examination of these translations, and their implicit and explicit aims, reveals much about the vexed, fertile relationship between Jewish and Christian consciousness. Even more interestingly, this discussion ultimately sheds fresh and important light on the peculiar Hebraic integrity of Milton’s English verse. This chapter proposes that, when viewed in light of these translations, many previous questions raised with respect to Milton’s putative anti-Semitism and his ambivalent Hebraism may be rethought and readdressed from the outside in, as it were, with startling results.
Milton in China ‘Yet Once More’
Authors: Yan Bing 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter overviews Chinese reception of Milton, with an emphasis on some of the most well-known Chinese translations of Paradise Lost. Close readings of these translations against Milton’s original demonstrate the difficulties of and resolutions for rendering Milton’s verse specific to Chinese. The subsequent discussion of the paratexts accompanying Chinese translations and of ‘introduction to world literature’ series gives a sense of the collaborative context that has shaped and continues to shape today’s general reception of Milton in China. That politically charged reception, eager to view Milton’s Satan as the embodiment of the poet’s revolutionary spirit, also dominates some recent works of Chinese literary criticism. The chapter ends by conceding that, while Milton scholarship in China has been relatively univocal and is still young, recent developments in world literature promise that innovative and intriguing work on Milton can be expected from China in the near future.
Translating Milton’s Poetry into Japanese with a Case Study of Samson Agonistes
Authors: Sano Hiroko 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines translation theory and practice in the context of the specific linguistic and cultural challenges that arise when translating Milton’s poetry into accessible Japanese. Milton has been known in Japan as being as important as Shakespeare, but his works have a limited readership while Shakespeare has had a strong presence. Elements that account for Milton’s reception are Milton scholarship in Japan, characteristics of the Japanese language, the archaic sound of Milton’s grand English style especially given Japanese translational choices, and a Christianity articulated too immediately and profoundly for a culture in which Christian training and history are almost absent. This chapter then provides a personal account and the theoretical underpinnings of Sano’s recent Japanese translation of Samson Agonistes and her participation in a well-received production in 2012 of poet Takahashi’s adaptation of Milton’s tragedy in the Noh style.
Phenomena and devices at the quantum scale and the mesoscale
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Unique nanoscale phenomena arise in quantum and mesoscale properties and there are additional intriguing twists from effects that are classical in origin. In this chapter, these are brought forth through an exploration of quantum computation with the important notions of superposition, entanglement, non-locality, cryptography and secure communication. The quantum mesoscale and implications of nonlocality of potential are discussed through Aharonov-Bohm effect, the quantum Hall effect in its various forms including spin, and these are unified through a topological discussion. Single electron effect as a classical phenomenon with Coulomb blockade including in multiple dot systems where charge stability diagrams may be drawn as phase diagram is discussed, and is also extended to explore the even-odd and Kondo consequences for quantum-dot transport. This brings up the self-energy discussion important to nanoscale device understanding.
Introduction to quantum information
Authors: Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter gives a short introduction to the field of quantum information. Although the chapter is self-contained, it cannot hope to cover the totality of what is now a large and active field of research. Rather, the aim is to give a taster of the subject to whet the appetite of the reader. More complete introductions may be found in any of a now large collection of books and review papers devoted to the topic.
Introduction to near-field optics and plasmonics
Authors: Greffet Jean-Jacques 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A striking difference between near-field optics and far-field optics is the possibility of breaking the so-called diffraction limit, namely of confining light to subwavelength spots. The first section of this chapter introduces the concept of evanescent waves to discuss the subwavelength confinement of light. One of the key ideas put forward is that the presence of charges is required to generate highly localized fields. It is thus necessary to have a tool to compute fields in the presence of these charges. With this aim, the concept of the Green tensor is introduced in the second section. This is a powerful tool for computing electromagnetic fields in inhomogeneous environments. It is also a key quantity for discussing the local density of states and therefore controlling spontaneous emission. The final section is devoted to an introduction to surface plasmons, which are very useful for manipulating electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale.
Temporal and spectral properties of quantum light
Authors: Stiller Birgit , Seyfarth Ulrich , Leuchs Gerd 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter starts from the classical optics description of a light field and its spectral densities, their measurement, and their interpretation, and discusses how these aspects are related to the quantum properties of a single light mode. It reviews ways to measure these quantum properties. Emphasis is placed on Gaussian states of a light mode, i.e. states for which the Wigner function has a two-dimensional Gaussian shape. The discussion continues with a description of more than one mode, and a unifying approach to quadratic Hamiltonians is presented, including phase conjugation, which is related to time reversal.
Quantum optics with nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond
Authors: Chu Yiwen , Lukin Mikhail D. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A common theme in the implementation of quantum technologies involves addressing the seemingly contradictory needs for controllability and isolation from external effects. Undesirable effects of the environment must be minimized, while at the same time techniques and tools must be developed that enable interaction with the system in a controllable and well-defined manner. This chapter addresses several aspects of this theme with regard to a particularly promising candidate for developing applications in both metrology and quantum information, namely the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond. The chapter describes how the quantum states of NV centres can be manipulated, probed, and efficiently coupled with optical photons. It also discusses ways of tackling the challenges of controlling the optical properties of these emitters inside a complex solid state environment.
Single-molecule spectroscopy
Authors: Orrit Michel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the main optical methods used to detect and study single molecules and other small objects (nano-objects). Much of the work so far has exploited the excellent sensitivity and selectivity of fluorescence, but several new techniques, mostly based on nonlinear optics, have recently reached the single-molecule or single-nanoparticle regime. The chapter briefly discusses some results with reference to published reviews. Single-molecule techniques have now been incorporated into the arsenal of the physico-chemist and the cell biologist. However, the recent development of super-resolution techniques and of new labels suggests that further progress can be expected from measurements on single nano-objects in the next few years.
Microcavities
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBoth rich fundamental physics of microcavities and their intriguing potential applications are addressed in this book, oriented to undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as to physicists and engineers. We describe the essential steps of development of the physics of microcavities in their chronological order. We show how different types of structures combining optical and electronic confinement have come into play and were used to realize first weak and later strong light–matter coupling regimes. We discuss photonic crystals, microspheres, pillars and other types of artificial optical cavities with embedded semiconductor quantum wells, wires and dots. We present the most striking experimental findings of the recent two decades in the optics of semiconductor quantum structures. We address the fundamental physics and applications of superposition light-matter quasiparticles: exciton-polaritons and describe the most essential phenomena of modern Polaritonics: Physics of the Liquid Light. The book is intended as a working manual for advanced or graduate students and new researchers in the field.
Strong Coupling: Polariton Bose Condensation
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this Chapter we address the physics of Bose-Einstein condensation and its implications to a driven-dissipative system such as the polariton laser. We discuss the dynamics of exciton-polaritons non-resonantly pumped within a microcavity in the strong coupling regime. It is shown how the stimulated scattering of exciton-polaritons leads to formation of bosonic condensates that may be stable at elevated temperatures, including room temperature.
Quantum Fluids of Light
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter, we deal with polaritons as a “quantum fluid of light”, described by variants of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. We discuss how interactions between flowing polaritons and a defect allow to study their superfluid regime and generate topological defects. Including spin gives rise to an effective magnetic field (polariton spin-orbit coupling) that acts on the topological defects—half-solitons and half-vortices—behaving as effective magnetic monopoles. We describe various techniques to create periodic potentials, that can lead to the formation of polaritonic bands and gaps with a unique flexibility. Special focus is given to topologically nontrivial bands, leading to a polariton topological insulator, based on a polariton graphene analog.
‘Contemplant Spirits’
Authors: Flores Cristina 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The influence of Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth’s philosophical system on Coleridge’s notion of contemplation is explored in Chapter 12. Coleridge studied Cudworth’s True Intellectual System early in his career, from 1795 to 1797, before his acquaintance with German thought. Flores contends that Coleridge’s theory of contemplative experience has an initial basis in the Cambridge Platonist’s ontological and epistemological tenets. Coleridge’s conversation poems, written during his perusal of Cudworth’s magnum opus, lay the groundwork for a metaphysical theory of contemplation. In these, which he called ‘Meditative Poems in Blank Verse’, Coleridge dramatizes meditative experience as he conceived it at this early stage of his career. Flores establishes a comparison between Coleridge’s early view of contemplative experience, and the related ‘Order of the Mental Powers’ in considering the influence of Cudworth’s philosophical tenets in Coleridge’s Platonist foundations.
The role of pathos: from argumentative responses to feeling and emotions
Authors: Meyer Michel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 10 is devoted to the role of emotions or pathos. Pathos was the term ordinarily used to denote the notion of audience. For the first time since Aristotle, emotions receive a full role in a treatise on rhetoric. The responses of the audience are modulated by its emotions. What is their nature and how precisely do they operate? The areas of political and legal rhetoric are examined here in the light of an original view of the theory of distance: values at greater distance become passions at short distance, and this is one of the features which demarcates politics from law. Law and politics are not merely argumentative, nor are they entirely emotional. The norms they codify are often implicit in their shaping of our mutual expectations and behavior in the social world.
Conclusion
Authors: Meyer Michel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes the new conception of rhetoric as provided in the preceding chapters. It recapitulates the basic tenets of this view, showing the boundaries and the principles of rhetoric to be finally established by means of the question-view of thought, called problematology. This conclusion brings together all elements contained in our definition of rhetoric and vindicates this synthesis as a new and original conception of rhetoric and which includes all principal (if partial) contributions to the discipline since the Greeks and Romans.
Introduction
Authors: Meyer Michel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The Introduction recalls how rhetoric has been understood in the past and offers an outline of a new, integrative conception of rhetoric. Ethos or the speaker, pathos or the audience, and logos as discourse are the three components of any definition of rhetoric. For the first time, each of these components is here given equal weight, thus allowing for a new definition: rhetoric is the negotiation of distance between individuals, the speaker (ethos) and the audience (pathos) on a given question (logos). The Introduction also provides a summary of each of the book’s chapters. A detailed analysis of each component of the new definition of rhetoric will be found in each chapter of the book.
Suzaku and Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster RXC J1053.7+5453 with a radio relic
Authors: Itahana Madoka , Takizawa Motokazu , Akamatsu Hiroki , van Weeren Reinout J. , Kawahara Hajime , Fukazawa Yasushi , Kaastra Jelle S. , Nakazawa Kazuhiro , Ohashi Takaya , Ota Naomi , Röttgering Huub J. A. , Vink Jacco , Zandanel Fabio 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
We present the results of Suzaku and Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster RXC J1053.7+5453 (z = 0.0704), which contains a radio relic. The radio relic is located at a distance of ∼540 kpc from the X-ray peak toward the west. We measured the temperature of this cluster for the first time. The resultant temperature in the center is ∼1.3 keV, which is lower than the value expected from the X-ray luminosity–temperature and the velocity dispersion–temperature relations. Though we did not find a significant temperature jump at the outer edge of the relic, our results suggest that the temperature decreases outward across the relic. Assuming the existence of the shock at the relic, its Mach number becomes M ≃ 1.4. A possible spatial variation of Mach number along the relic is suggested. Additionally, a sharp surface brightness edge is found at a distance of ∼160 kpc from the X-ray peak toward the west in the Chandra image. We performed X-ray spectral and surface brightness analyses around the edge with the Suzaku and Chandra data, respectively. The obtained surface brightness and temperature profiles suggest that this edge is not a shock but likely a cold front. Alternatively, it cannot be ruled out that thermal pressure is really discontinuous across the edge. In this case, if the pressure across the surface brightness edge is in equilibrium, other forms of pressure sources, such as cosmic-rays, are necessary. We searched for the non-thermal inverse Compton component in the relic region. Assuming a photon index Γ = 2.0, the resultant upper limit of the flux is 1.9 × 10−14 erg s−1 cm−2 for a 4.50 × 10−3 deg2 area in the 0.3–10 keV band, which implies that the lower limit of magnetic field strength becomes 0.7 μG.