bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of Fuel Cell Buses
Authors: El-Sayed Mohamed E. M. 
Published: March 2016

Vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells produce zero emissions of greenhouse-gases. For this reason, hydrogen fuel cell bus technology has been regarded as a viable alternative for the future of green mass transportation. As a result, several hydrogen fuel cell buses are being commissioned for trials and evaluations on numerous routes worldwide.
Despite the relevance of the technology and sincere trials efforts of several fuel cell buses, the progress in the development and utilization of hydrogen fuel cell bus technology has been sluggish at best. In addition, the road to full commercialization of fuel cell buses for public transportation is undefined, unclear, and risky for developers, planners, as well as mass transient end users.
Most of the fuel cell buses being tried on the road today are built or converted with the rate of one bus at time. In most cases, a fuel cell system integrator combines a fuel cell from one of the few available suppliers with the bus body from a bus manufacturer for trial or technology demonstration. Accordingly, most of the fuel cell buses being evaluated today could be considered as prototypes or proof of concept.
The key characteristics and attributes upon which these buses are being evaluated such as affordability, durability, and reliability have not been matured and validated through a rigorously structured and controlled mass production process. Consequently the results of these evaluations could be misleading.
For proper and more objective evaluation of fuel cell bus technologies better understanding of controlled and validated mass production processes is necessary. Unfortunately, there are no documented efforts that address fuel cell buses production concerns. In this paper, development and evaluation issues related to hydrogen fuel cell buses and technologies will be addressed. In addition, some of the key characteristics of fuel cell buses will be studied.
A Numerical Investigation of Nanofluids Thermal Behavior in Microchannels Under Laminar Flow Conditions
Authors: Koronaki I. P. , Nitsas M. T. , Vallianos Ch. A. 
Published: March 2016

Due to large amounts of heat flux developed in electronic devices, it is essential to propose and investigate effective mechanisms of cooling them. Although microchannels filled with flowing coolant are a geometry often met in such devices, new techniques need to be developed in order to increase their effectiveness. Recent studies on nanofluids, i.e. mixtures of nanometer size particles well-dispersed in a base fluid, have demonstrated their potential for augmenting heat transfer.
In the present work the 2D steady state laminar flow of different nanofluids along a microchannel is examined. It is considered that the microchannel walls receive uniform and constant heat flux. The problem’s modelling has as parameters the volume fraction of nanoparticles ranging from 0 to 5% and Reynolds number varying between 50 and 500. The results of the problem’s numerical solution are used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient, the pressure drop along the microchannel and the destroyed exergy.
It is found that heat transfer is enhanced due to the presence of nanoparticles. On the contrary, pressure drops faster due to nanofluids increased viscosity leading to more pump power needed. Finally, further exergy destruction is observed when nanoparticles volume fraction increases.
Representation of Function, Behavior, Structure and Interrelationships at Different Abstract Levels of Product Information
Authors: Baysal Mehmet Murat , Roy Utpal 
Published: March 2016

To foster an effective collaboration during product lifecycle activities, product information must include data on geometry and topology, assembly constraints and associations, design and product processes, the functions and behaviors of the product, and the design intent. A product has many associations among its parts in terms of assembly, function, behavior, tolerance, kinematics, etc. These associations need to be represented in a consistent way, so that they will not conflict with each other. There have been many efforts to connect function and behavior to structure, but there exists no complete, consistent method yet. It is especially critical in the conceptual development of a product, as well as during its evaluation. The work described in this paper should help people make intelligent decisions by allowing them to manage product lifecycle activities from different perspectives (i.e., function, structure, etc.) using the knowledge of how the product information is interconnected, and how artifacts affect each other.
In this study, functional and behavioral models have been developed to represent assembly-related product knowledge. These models connect functions, behaviors and structures — through the parts of artifacts using input/outputs and artifacts’ functional associations (i.e. spatial and design relations/requirements) at different abstract levels of product information. A planetary gearbox has been used as a case study to show how the functional/structural model can be implemented.
Mesoscopic Simulation of Slip Motion for Gas Flow in Nanochannels
Authors: Madiebo Kingsley I. , Nasrabadi Hadi , Gildin Eduardo 
Published: March 2016

In this paper the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was used to investigate gas flow in nano-channels, the critical region beyond which indefinite slip motion occurs in this channel and its effect on the deduced permeability. We defined a parallel-bounded planar two-dimensional domain for our simulation and calculated the system velocity profile.
Numerical conformity was achieved when compared with the Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation. Good agreement was also established between the simulation and existing models reported in literature. A closer look at the region of full slip motion was also done and we observed that above a critical slip coefficient, a sudden significant increase in slip motion sets-in indefinitely with respect to the system time scale.
The results indicate that when the LBM is used in gas flow simulation in nano-channels, if the slip effect is increased there is an effective increase in the fluid velocity and this affects the deduced permeability.
Study of the Transient Behavior and Microstructure Degradation of a SOFC Cathode Using an Oxygen Reduction Model Based on Steepest-Entropy-Ascent Quantum Thermodynamics
Authors: Li Guanchen , von Spakovsky Michael R. 
Published: March 2016

Oxygen reduction in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode involves a non-equilibrium process of coupled mass and heat diffusion and electrochemical and chemical reactions. These phenomena occur at multiple temporal and spatial scales, from the mesoscopic to the atomistic level, making the modeling, especially in the transient regime, very difficult. Nonetheless, multi-scale models are needed to improve an understanding of oxygen reduction and guide fuel cell cathode design. Existing methods are typically phenomenological or empirical in nature so their application is limited to the continuum realm and quantum effects are not captured.
Steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamics (SEAQT) can be used to model non-equilibrium processes (even those far-from equilibrium) from the atomistic to the macroscopic level. The non-equilibrium relaxation is characterized by the entropy generation, and the study of coupled heat and mass diffusion as well as electrochemical and chemical activity are unified into a single framework. This framework is used here to study the transient and steady state behavior of oxygen reduction in an SOFC cathode system. The result reveals the effects on performance of the different timescales of the varied phenomena involved and their coupling. In addition, the influence of cathode microstructure changes on performance is captured.
Standardization of Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Influenza Serology Allows for High Reproducibility between Laboratories
Authors: Zacour Mary , Ward Brian J. , Brewer Angela , Tang Patrick , Boivin Guy , Li Yan , Warhuus Michelle , McNeil Shelly A. , LeBlanc Jason J. , Hatchette Todd F. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Standardization of the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay for influenza serology is challenging. Poor reproducibility of HAI results from one laboratory to another is widely cited, limiting comparisons between candidate vaccines in different clinical trials and posing challenges for licensing authorities. In this study, we standardized HAI assay materials, methods, and interpretive criteria across five geographically dispersed laboratories of a multidisciplinary influenza research network and then evaluated intralaboratory and interlaboratory variations in HAI titers by repeatedly testing standardized panels of human serum samples. Duplicate precision and reproducibility from comparisons between assays within laboratories were 99.8% (99.2% to 100%) and 98.0% (93.3% to 100%), respectively. The results for 98.9% (95% to 100%) of the samples were within 2-fold of all-laboratory consensus titers, and the results for 94.3% (85% to 100%) of the samples were within 2-fold of our reference laboratory data. Low-titer samples showed the greatest variability in comparisons between assays and between sites. Classification of seroprotection (titer ≥ 40) was accurate in 93.6% or 89.5% of cases in comparison to the consensus or reference laboratory classification, respectively. This study showed that with carefully chosen standardization processes, high reproducibility of HAI results between laboratories is indeed achievable.
Conformal barrier for new vector bosons decay to the Higgs
Authors: Fukano Hidenori S. , Matsuzaki Shinya , Yamawaki Koichi 
Published: March 2016

The ATLAS collaboration has recently reported excesses about 2.5 [Formula: see text] at mass around 2 TeV in the diboson channels, which can be identified with new vector bosons as a hint for the new physics. It is shown that spontaneously broken conformal/scale symmetry prohibits new vector bosons decay to the Higgs, which is contrasted to the popular “equivalence theorem” valid only in a special limit not necessarily relevant to the 2 TeV mass. If the decay V [Formula: see text] WH/ZH is not observed in the ongoing Run-II of the large hadron collider (LHC), then the 125 GeV Higgs can be a dilaton.
Structural, morphological, and optoelectrical characterization of Bi2S3thin films grown by co-evaporation
Authors: Mesa F. , Arredondo C. A. , Vallejo W. 
Published: March 2016

This work presents the results of synthesis and characterization of polycrystalline [Formula: see text]-type Bi2S3thin films. The films were grown through a chemical reaction from co-evaporation of their precursor elements in a soda-lime glass substrate. The effect of the experimental conditions on the optical, morphological structural properties, the growth rate, and the electrical conductivity [Formula: see text] was studied through spectral transmittance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] measurements, respectively. The results showed that the films grow only in the orthorhombic Bi2S3bismuthinite phase. It was also found that the Bi2S3films present an energy band gap [Formula: see text] of about 1.38 eV. In addition to these results, the electrical conductivity of the Bi2S3films was affected by both the transport of free carriers in extended states of the conduction band and for variable range hopping transport mechanisms, each one predominating in a different temperature range.
Feitiçaria e esfera pública: Estado e cultura no pós-guerra angolano
Authors: Pereira Luena Nunes 
Published: March 2016

Este texto analisa diferentes formas de percepção sobre a feitiçaria assumidas emdois Estados africanos através do debate público sobre acusações de feitiçaria em Angola e África do Sul. A análise parte da descrição dos processos de produção e apropriação de dois relatórios antropológicos realizados nestes países. Estes relatórios procuraram explicar a “reemergência” de acusações em seus contextos nacionais e sugerir políticas públicas para evitar e controlar ataques a supostos feiticeiros. Comparo o “Relatório Ralushai”, vindo a público na África do Sul em 1996, com o relatório produzido em Angola entre 2001 e 2003, mas não publicado, que chamarei de “Relatório Friedman-Nsenga”. As formas de tratamento que cada relatório recebeu permitem perceber o lugar do debate público sobre feitiçaria nos dois países revelando as tensões entre perspectivas modernizantes e as de defesa do direito tradicional e da diversidade cultural.
Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Moon Richard E. , Martina Stefanie D. , Peacher Dionne F. , Potter Jennifer F. , Wester Tracy E. , Cherry Anne D. , Natoli Michael J. , Otteni Claire E. , Kernagis Dawn N. , White William D. , Freiberger John J. 
Published: March 2016

Background—
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) occurs during swimming or scuba diving, often in young individuals with no predisposing conditions, and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressures are higher in SIPE-susceptible individuals during submerged exercise than in the general population and are reduced by sildenafil.

Methods and Results—

Ten study subjects with a history of SIPE (mean age, 41.6 years) and 20 control subjects (mean age, 36.2 years) were instrumented with radial artery and pulmonary artery catheters and performed moderate cycle ergometer exercise for 6 to 7 minutes while submersed in 20°C water. SIPE-susceptible subjects repeated the exercise 150 minutes after oral administration of 50 mg sildenafil. Work rate and mean arterial pressure during exercise were similar in controls and SIPE-susceptible subjects. Average

o
2
and cardiac output in controls and SIPE-susceptible subjects were:

o
2
2.42 L·min
–1
versus 1.95 L·min
–1
,
P
=0.2; and cardiac output 17.9 L·min
–1
versus 13.8 L·min
–1
,
P
=0.01. Accounting for differences in cardiac output between groups, mean pulmonary artery pressure at cardiac output=13.8 L·min
–1
was 22.5 mm Hg in controls versus 34.0 mm Hg in SIPE-susceptible subjects (
P
=0.004), and the corresponding pulmonary artery wedge pressure was 11.0 mm Hg versus 18.8 mm Hg (
P
=0.028). After sildenafil, there were no statistically significant differences in mean pulmonary artery pressure or pulmonary artery wedge pressure between SIPE-susceptible subjects and controls.

Conclusions—
These observations confirm that SIPE is a form of hemodynamic pulmonary edema. The reduction in pulmonary vascular pressures after sildenafil with no adverse effect on exercise hemodynamics suggests that it may be useful in SIPE prevention.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00815646.
Evangelism Lost? A Need to Redefine Christian Integral Mission
Authors: Hartropp Andrew , Ronsen Oddvar Sten 
Published: March 2016

This article proposes a clarification of the integral mission concept and a change in the way the relationship between social action and evangelism is understood in practical integral mission operations. The idea of “primacy” of evangelism has been under fire: if evangelism is given “primacy”, then everything else is “secondary”. The “ultimacy” of evangelism concept has been suggested as a solution: evangelism should ultimately not be left undone. The main flaw of the “ultimacy” concept is that it has no time element.In order to rectify these weaknesses, the “anticipation of evangelism” is proposed. “Anticipation” incorporates the view that social action creates a bridge for evangelism, and also takes care of the widespread concern that evangelism should not ultimately be left out or left undone. Anticipation also requires that the evangelism component in integral mission is brought onto the table right from the start of the planning of social action programs. The “anticipation” of evangelism concept can help to ensure better practical guidance in the execution of Christian integral mission as the evangelism component is anticipated at the planning stage and included at the implementation stage. This should ensure that integral mission programs do not end up in social action only.
Transformative Spirituality and Missional Leadership
Authors: Niemandt Cornelius Johannes Petrus 
Published: March 2016

The importance of transformative spirituality for missional leadership is explored. Missional leadership is defined as the transformation of people and institutions to participate, through meaningful relations and in the power of the Spirit, in God’s mission. Missional spirituality is discussed in the context of the missional church, focusing on what the churchis, does, how the churchorganizeswhat it does, theappropriate leadership, andmissional spirituality. This article brings together ideas from the missional church movement and the World Council of Churches (Together Towards Life: Mission and Evangelism in Changing Landscapes), with its emphasis on a ‘transformative spirituality’ an approach that states that ‘mission spirituality is always transformative’. These ideas are applied to missional leadership.The research applies the following dimensions of personal leadership virtues to transformative missional spirituality and missional leadership: transcendence (which includes appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor, and religiousness), humanity (which includes the social competencies of kindness, love, and social intelligence), wisdom and knowledge (which include the cognitive competencies of creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, and love of learning), justice (associated with fairness, leadership, and teamwork), courage (including the personal and emotional competencies of bravery, persistence, and zest), and finally temperance (which includes the competencies of forgiveness, modesty, prudence, and self-regulation).
Biomarkers of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in smokers and former smokers. Protocol of a longitudinal study
Authors: Truedsson Mikael , Malm Johan , Barbara Sahlin K. , Bugge May , Wieslander Elisabet , Dahlbäck Magnus , Appelqvist Roger , Fehniger Thomas E. , Marko‐Varga György 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an irreversible disease, diagnosed predominantly in smokers. COPD is currently the third leading cause of death worldwide. Far more than 15 % of smokers get COPD: in fact, most develop some amount of pulmonary impairment. Smoking‐related COPD is associated with both acute exacerbations and is closely correlated to comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. The objective of our study (KOL‐Örestad) is to identify biomarkers in smokers and ex‐smokers, with early signs of COPD, and compare these biomarkers with those of non‐smokers and healthy smokers/ex‐smokers. The participants in the study are recruited from Örestadskliniken, a primary health care clinic in Malmö, Sweden.MethodsTwo hundred smokers and ex‐smokers diagnosed with COPD with airflow restriction according to GOLD stages 1–4 will be included and compared with 50 healthy never‐smokers, and 50 healthy smokers/ex‐smokers without airflow restriction (total n = 300). The age distribution is 35–80 years. The participants undergo a health examination including medical history, smoking history, lung function measurements, and respond to a “Quality of Life” questionnaire. Blood samples are drawn every 6 months during a period of 5 years. Additional blood sample collection is performed if participants are experiencing an exacerbation. The blood fractions will be analyzed by standard clinical chemistry assays and by proteomics utilizing mass spectrometry platforms. Optimal sample integrity is ensured by rapid handling with robotic biobank processing followed by storage at −80 °C. The study has been approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Lund (http://epn.se/en), (Approval number: DNR 2013/480), and registered at the NIH clinical trial registry (http://clinicaltrials.gov).Results and discussionCurrently, 220 subjects are enrolled in the study.Conclusions and future directionsThe study design will enable discovery of new biomarkers by using novel mass spectrometric techniques that define early changes of COPD. Such panels of novel biomarkers may be able to distinguish COPD from closely related diseases, co‐morbidities, and contribute to an increased understanding of these diseases.
Effects of Transdermal Testosterone Gel or an Aromatase Inhibitor on Prostate Volume in Older Men
Authors: Dias Jenny Pena , Melvin Denise , Shardell Michelle , Ferrucci Luigi , Chia Chee W. , Gharib Mohsen , Egan Josephine M. , Basaria Shehzad 
Published: March 2016

AbstractContext:T replacement is being increasingly offered to older men with age-related low T; hence, monitoring prostate health is important during T therapy. Data suggest that estrogens have an independent effect on the prostate and some effects of T on the prostate might be mediated via its aromatization to estradiol. Although some studies have assessed the effects of T replacement on prostate volume, the differential effects of T and estradiol have not been delineated.Objective:The objective of the study was to investigate the relative effects of T and estradiol on prostate volume in older men with low T.Participants:Thirty-one men, 65 years old or older with total T less than 350 ng/dL (measured by mass spectrometry) participated in the study.Intervention:The intervention included randomization to 5 g transdermal T gel (TT), 1 mg oral aromatase inhibitor (AI), or placebo daily for 12 months.Main Outcome Measures:The primary outcome was prostate volume measured by transrectal ultrasound at baseline and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included prostate-specific antigen levels and lower urinary tract symptoms score.Results:Serum T levels increased in both intervention groups; estradiol levels increased in the TT group, whereas it decreased in the AI group. At 12 months, prostate volume significantly increased (4.5 ± 1.76 cc, P &lt; .05) only in the TT group. Increase in prostate-specific antigen levels were seen in both intervention groups at 6 months (P &lt; .01 and P &lt; .001). The lower urinary tract symptoms score increased only in the TT group (P &lt; .05).Conclusion:The tropic effects of T on the prostate are mediated via its aromatization to estradiol. Administration of AI for 12 months to older men was not detrimental to the prostate.
The importance of hydration in wound healing: reinvigorating the clinical perspective
Authors: Ousey K. , Cutting K.F. , Rogers A.A. , Rippon M.G. 
Published: March 2016

Balancing skin hydration levels is important as any disruption in skin integrity will result in disturbance of the dermal water balance. The discovery that a moist environment actively supports the healing response when compared with a dry environment highlights the importance of water and good hydration levels for optimal healing. The benefits of ‘wet’ or ‘hyper-hydrated’ wound healing appear similar to those offered by moist over a dry environment. This suggests that the presence of free water may not be detrimental to healing, but any adverse effects of wound fluid on tissues is more likely related to the biological components contained within chronic wound exudate, for example elevated protease levels. Appropriate dressings applied to wounds must not only be able to absorb the exudate, but also retain this excess fluid together with its protease solutes, while concurrently preventing desiccation. This is particularly important in the case of chronic wounds where peri-wound skin barrier properties are compromised and there is increased permeation across the injured skin. This review discusses the importance of appropriate levels of hydration in skin, with a particular focus on the need for optimal hydration levels for effective healing. Declaration of interest: This paper was supported by Paul Hartmann Ltd. The authors have provided consultative services to Paul Hartmann Ltd.