bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slowdown of global surface air temperature increase and acceleration of ice melting
Authors: Berger André , Yin Qiuzhen , Nifenecker Hervé , Poitou Jean 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAlthough recent decades have been the warmest since 1850, and global mean temperatures during 2015 and 2016 beat all instrumental records, the rate of increase in global surface air temperature (GSAT) significantly decreased at the beginning of the 21st Century. In this context, we examine the roles of ice melting and associated increase in sea‐water mass, both of which significantly increased at the same time as GSAT decreased. Specifically, we show that (1) the slowdown of the rate of increase in GSAT between the specific periods 1992–2001 and 2002–2011 exists in all three climate records analyzed and is statistically significant at the 5% level amounting between 0.029 and 0. 036°C/yr and leaving an energy of 14.8–18.4 1019 J/yr available; (2) the increase of the atmosphere‐related ice melt between these two periods amounts to 316 Gt/yr which requires 10.5 1019 J/yr, that is, between 57% and 71% of the energy left by the slowdown; and (3) the energy budget shows, therefore, that the heat required to melt this additional 316 Gt/yr of ice is of the same order as the energy needed to warm the atmosphere during the decade 2002–2011 as much as during the previous one, suggesting a redistribution of heat within the atmosphere–cryosphere system.
Tangential deflection and formation of counterstreaming flows at the impact of a plasma jet on a tangential discontinuity
Authors: Voitcu G. , Echim M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn this letter we report three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations of the interaction between a nonpenetrable magnetosheath jet and the magnetopause, for northward interplanetary magnetic field. The magnetopause is modeled as a tangential discontinuity with no magnetic shear. We investigate the deflection of the plasma jet in the direction tangential to the magnetopause. We find that as the frontal edge of the jet interacts with the magnetopause, the electrons and ions are scattered in opposite directions, tangential to the magnetopause, by the energy‐dependent gradient‐B drift. This effect is more effective on the nonthermal particles that tend to accumulate at the two sides of the jet and sustain a polarization electric field in the direction normal to the discontinuity surface. The electric drift of the bulk of particles under the action of this polarization electric field explains the deflection and counterstreaming at the impact of the plasma jet on the tangential discontinuity.
Rupture processes of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence: Causes for extreme ground motions
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroaki , Koketsu Kazuki , Miyake Hiroe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe performed joint inversions of strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data to investigate the rupture processes of three notable (Mw ≥ 6.0) events of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence. Multisegment fault models for the three events were constructed based on focal mechanisms, hypocenter distributions of this sequence, and active faults, as well as geodetic features. The results reveal the spatial relationships between the slip distributions of the three events over complex fault planes. In the largest event, the rupture primarily propagated to a northeastern region along the Futagawa fault zone. The extreme pulse‐like waveforms observed at the near‐fault stations during the largest event can be attributed to the event's upward rupture directivity, slip rate, and the nearly simultaneous slip of two subparallel fault planes.
A multispacecraft study of a small flux rope entrained by rolling back magnetic field lines
Authors: Huang Jia , Liu Yong C.‐M. , Peng Jun , Li Hui , Klecker Berndt , Farrugia Charles J. , Yu Wenyuan , Galvin Antoinette B. , Zhao Liang , He Jiansen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe present a small flux rope (SFR) with smooth magnetic field rotations entrained by rolling back magnetic field lines around 1 AU. Such SFRs have only been seldom reported in the literature. This SFR was adjacent to a heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS), which is defined as a high plasma beta region in the vicinity of a heliospheric current sheet. Even though the SFR and HPS have different plasma beta, they possess similar plasma signatures (such as temperature, density, and bulk speed), density ratio of alpha particle‐to‐proton (Nα/Np), and heavy ion ionization states, which imply that they may have a similar origin in the corona. The composition and the configuration of the rolling back magnetic field lines suggested that the SFR originated from the streamer belt through interchange reconnection. The origin processes of the SFR are presented here. Combining the observations of STEREO and ACE, the SFR was shown to have an axis tilted to the ecliptic plane and the radius may vary with different spatial positions. In this study, we suggest that interchange reconnection can play an important role for the origin of, at least, some SFRs and slow solar wind.
Diurnal and seasonal variability of Uranus's magnetosphere
Authors: Cao Xin , Paty Carol 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn order to study the coupling mechanism between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, we use a numerical model to simulate the global magnetosphere and to predict potential favorable reconnection locations. We propose that a “switch‐like” magnetosphere exists at Uranus in both equinox and solstice seasons, where the planetary rotation drives the interchange between an open magnetosphere and a closed magnetosphere each Uranus day. This periodic reconnection is predicted to occur upstream of the magnetopause, with a frequency that corresponds to the planetary rotation (once per 17.24 h). The locations of the bow shock and magnetopause in our model are validated against measurements made by Voyager 2. In examining the evolution of the magnetic field configuration along with that of high plasma beta regions, which in combination indicate where the system is favorable for reconnection, we found that the reconnection that occurs is highly dependent on the rotation of the planetary magnetic field in both equinox and solstice seasons. These periodic reconnection events in our simulation support our hypothesis of a periodic “switch‐like” magnetosphere at Uranus.
Survey of thermal plasma ions in Saturn's magnetosphere utilizing a forward model
Authors: Wilson R. J. , Bagenal F. , Persoon A. M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe Cassini Plasma Spectrometer instrument gathered thermal ion data at Saturn from 2004 to 2012, predominantly observing water group ions and protons. Plasma parameters, with uncertainties, for those two ion species are derived using a forward model of anisotropic convected Maxwellians moving at a shared velocity. The resulting data set is filtered by various selection criteria to produce a survey of plasma parameters derived within 10° of the equator at radial distances of 5.5 to 30 RS (1 RS = Saturn's radius). The previous 2008 work used a simpler method and had just 150 records over 5 orbits; this comprehensive survey has 9736 records over all 9 years. We present the results of this survey and compare them with a previous survey derived from numerical moments, highlighting the differences between the reported densities and temperatures from the two methods. Radial profiles of the plasma parameters in the inner and middle magnetospheres out to ≈22RS are stable year by year, but variable at distances larger than 23 RS near the magnetopause. New results include proton densities increasing in the near magnetopause region, suggestive of plasma mixing; evidence for the global electric field in Saturn's inner magnetosphere extends out to ≈15RS; no evidence for supercorotating plasma nor the middle magnetosphere “plasma cam” feature is present; the thermal plasma β is found to exceed unity at equatorial distances greater than 15 RS.
Photoelectrons in the quiet polar wind
Authors: Glocer A. , Khazanov G. , Liemohn M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study presents a newly coupled model capable of treating the superthermal electron population in the global polar wind solution. The model combines the hydrodynamic Polar Wind Outflow Model (PWOM) with the kinetic SuperThermal Electron Transport (STET) code. The resulting PWOM‐STET coupled model is described and then used to investigate the role of photoelectrons in the polar wind. We present polar wind results along single stationary field lines under dayside and nightside conditions, as well as the global solution reconstructed from nearly 1000 moving field lines. The model results show significant day‐night asymmetries in the polar wind solution owing to the higher ionization and photoelectron fluxes on the dayside compared to the nightside. Field line motion is found to modify this dependence and create global structure by transporting field lines through different conditions of illumination and through the localized effects of Joule heating.
First observation of interhemispheric asymmetry in the EPBs during the St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm of 2015
Authors: Sau Sukanta , Narayanan V. L. , Gurubaran S. , Ghodpage Rupesh N. , Patil P. T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn this work, we have studied the characteristics of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), such as their zonal drift and tilt, from the low‐latitude and dip equatorial region in the Indian longitude sector during the main phase of the 17 March 2015 storm. All‐sky airglow imaging observations from Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E geographic, 1.7°N dip latitude) and Kolhapur (16.7°N, 74.3°E geographic, 11.5°N dip latitude) are utilized here. On 17 March 2015, EPBs were observed to drift eastward during 14:30–16:30 UT between 3°S and 15°N dip latitudes. A westward drift presumably under the influence of the disturbance dynamo electric field initially appeared at higher dip latitudes almost 10 h after the storm onset, and subsequently, the same was observed at lower dip latitudes. The EPBs attained a peak westward drift at ~17:00 UT followed by a gradual decrease in their speed till ~18:30 UT. After regaining their westward speed, the EPBs continued to drift westward till 22:00 UT. Moreover, a latitudinal gradient in the drift motion of the EPBs was also observed on this night. Another interesting observation made from the images obtained from Tirunelveli was the presence of a large westward tilt of the EPBs. The most intriguing finding of this study, however, was the asymmetry in the tilt of the EPBs at conjugate points during the premidnight hours on 17 March 2015. In this study, the possible mechanisms that can explain these observations are discussed in light of the current understanding of the equatorial electrodynamics and EPBs.
Nonmigrating tidal impact on the CO2 15 μm infrared cooling of the lower thermosphere during solar minimum conditions
Authors: Nischal N. , Oberheide J. , Mlynczak M. G. , Hunt L. A. , Maute A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) infrared emissions at 15 μm is the primary radiative cooling mechanism of the thermosphere in the altitude range of 100–135 km. This paper explores the role of two important diurnal nonmigrating tides, the DE2 and DE3, in the modulation of CO2 15 μm emissions during the solar minimum year 2008 by (i) analyzing Sounding the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) CO2 cooling rate data and (ii) photochemical modeling using dynamical tides from the empirical Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere model. Tidal diagnostics of SABER data shows that the CO2 cooling rate amplitudes for the DE2 and DE3 components are on the order of approximately 20–50% relative to the monthly means, and they maximize around the lower bound (100 km) of the analyzed height interval. The photochemical modeling reproduces the observed results, albeit with systematic amplitude differences which is likely related to the uncertainty in the model input backgrounds, especially atomic oxygen. The main tidal coupling mechanism is found to be the temperature dependence of the collisional excitation of the CO2 ν2 vibrational state. However, neutral density becomes equally important above ∼110 km, thereby explaining observed evanescent DE2 and DE3 phases which are not present in temperature tides. The contribution of vertical tidal advection is comparatively small. The relative importance of the coupling mechanisms is the same at all latitudes/seasons. These results indicate that upward propagating nonmigrating tides forced by latent heat release in the lower atmosphere impact the thermospheric energy budget by modulating the longitudinal/local time behavior of the CO2 infrared cooling.
Cascading off the West Greenland Shelf: A numerical perspective
Authors: Marson Juliana M. , Myers Paul G. , Hu Xianmin , Petrie Brian , Azetsu‐Scott Kumiko , Lee Craig M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCascading of dense water from the shelf to deeper layers of the adjacent ocean basin has been observed in several locations around the world. The West Greenland Shelf (WGS), however, is a region where this process has never been documented. In this study, we use a numerical model with a 1/4° resolution to determine (i) if cascading could happen from the WGS; (ii) where and when it could take place; (iii) the forcings that induce or halt this process; and (iv) the path of the dense plume. Results show cascading happening off the WGS at Davis Strait. Dense waters form there due to brine rejection and slide down the slope during spring. Once the dense plume leaves the shelf, it gradually mixes with waters of similar density and moves northward into Baffin Bay. Our simulation showed events happening between 2003–2006 and during 2014; but no plume was observed in the simulation between 2007 and 2013. We suggest that the reason why cascading was halted in this period is related to: the increased freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait; the additional sea ice melting in the region; and the reduced presence of Irminger Water at Davis Strait during fall/early winter. Although observations at Davis Strait show that our simulation usually overestimates the seasonal range of temperature and salinity, they agree with the overall variability captured by the model. This suggests that cascades have the potential to develop on the WGS, albeit less dense than the ones estimated by the simulation.
Variations of global gravity waves derived from 14 years of SABER temperature observations
Authors: Liu Xiao , Yue Jia , Xu Jiyao , Garcia Rolando R. , Russell James M. , Mlynczak Martin , Wu Dong L. , Nakamura Takuji 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe global gravity wave (GW) potential energy (PE) per unit mass is derived from SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) temperature profiles over the past 14 years (2002–2015). Since the SABER data cover longer than one solar cycle, multivariate linear regression is applied to calculate the trend (means linear trend from 2002 to 2015) of global GW PE and the responses of global GW PE to solar activity, to QBO (quasi‐biennial oscillation) and to ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). We find a significant positive trend of GW PE at around 50°N during July from 2002 to 2015, in agreement with ground‐based radar observations at a similar latitude but from 1990 to 2010. Both the monthly and the deseasonalized trends of GW PE are significant near 50°S. Specifically, the deseasonalized trend of GW PE has a positive peak of 12–15% per decade at 40°S–50°S and below 60 km, which suggests that eddy diffusion is increasing in some places. A significant positive trend of GW PE near 50°S could be due to the strengthening of the polar stratospheric jets, as documented from Modern Era Retrospective‐analysis for Research and Applications wind data. The response of GW PE to solar activity is negative in the lower and middle latitudes. The response of GW PE to QBO (as indicated by 30 hPa zonal winds over the equator) is negative in the tropical upper stratosphere and extends to higher latitudes at higher altitudes. The response of GW PE to ENSO (as indicated by the Multivariate ENSO Index) is positive in the tropical upper stratosphere.
Field validation of thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity
Authors: Somogyvári Márk , Bayer Peter 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn the summer of 2015, a series of thermal tracer tests were conducted at the Widen field site in northeast Switzerland to validate travel time‐based thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity. Repeated thermal tracer tests and distributed temperature observations were used to obtain a multisource/multireceiver tomographic experimental setup. After creating forced hydraulic gradient conditions, heated water was injected as a pulse temperature signal via a double‐packer system. With this solution, long temperature recovery periods were not required between the repeated injections at the expense of smaller observed temperatures. The recorded temperature breakthrough curves delivered a tomographic travel time data set that was inverted assuming advection‐dominated condition. The obtained hydraulic conductivity tomogram for a small aquifer profile is validated with the results of the findings from previous field investigations at the same site. The reconstructed profile confirms the presence of a thin sand layer with low permeability and reveals a previously unknown low‐permeable zone close to the bottom of the aquifer. The inverted hydraulic conductivity values also correspond with those from previous tracer tests. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the potential of thermal tracer tomography for resolving structures and transport characteristics of heterogeneous aquifers.
Mucinous cholangiocarcinoma: Clinicopathological features of the rarest type of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Sumiyoshi Tatsuaki , Shima Yasuo , Okabayashi Takehiro , Ishikawa Ayako , Matsumoto Manabu , Iwata Jun , Morita Sojiro , Sueda Taijiro 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMucinous cholangiocarcinoma is extremely rare and its clinicopathological features remain unclear. The present study aimed to analyze published data on mucinous cholangiocarcinoma. Medical databases were searched from 1980 to 2016, and clinicopathological data for 16 mucinous cholangiocarcinoma patients were obtained. Characteristic imaging findings, including hypovascular tumor with peripheral enhancement on computed tomography and angiography, extremely high intensity on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance images, intratumoral calcification and luminal communication between the tumor and bile duct on cholangiography, were noted. Mucinous cholangiocarcinoma was correctly diagnosed in one patient only, with some patients diagnosed as low‐malignant biliary cystic tumors preoperatively. Five cases were followed up after the first medical examination, and three of these were initially diagnosed as biliary cystadenoma or intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. All five tumors showed marked enlargement within 4 months of follow up. Macroscopically, the resected tumors were non‐cystic/solid in seven cases, and cystic in seven. Tumor diameter ranged from 5 cm to 22 cm, and mucoid cut surface, lobulation, lack of capsule and papillary growth were observed. Microscopically, co‐existing intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct was noted in three of five patients with available data. Nine of 10 cases in whom the pathological stage was reported had advanced disease with lymph node and/or distant metastasis, and 5‐year survival was achieved in one microinvasive case only. Overall 1‐ and 3‐year survival rates were 60.1% and 40.1%, respectively. The possibility of mucinous cholangiocarcinoma should be considered when biliary cystic tumors are detected on imaging modalities, despite the rarity of this tumor.
IGHV mutational status testing in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Crombie Jennifer , Davids Matthew S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAs the therapeutic landscape for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) continues to expand, biological predictors of response to therapy are becoming increasingly important. One such predictive biomarker is the mutational status of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) gene, which is a powerful predictor of duration of response and overall survival with chemoimmunotherapy (CIT). As this test may influence choice of therapy between CIT and novel agents, it is critical that providers understand how mutational status is determined and the limitations of testing. Here, we describe the details of IGHV mutational status testing, highlighting the appropriate way to interpret this information and best apply it to the care of patients with CLL.
Losartan for the nephropathy of sickle cell anemia: A phase‐2, multicenter trial
Authors: Quinn Charles T. , Saraf Santosh L. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Fitzhugh Courtney D. , Creary Susan E. , Bodas Prasad , George Alex , Raj Ashok B. , Nero Alecia C. , Terrell Catherine E. , McCord Lisa , Lane Adam , Ackerman Hans C. , Yang Yu , Niss Omar , Taylor Michael D. , Devarajan Prasad , Malik Punam 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNephropathy is a common and progressive complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA). In SCA mice, we found that hyperangiotensinemia in the absence of hypertension underlies nephropathy, and its downregulation by losartan, an angiotensin‐II‐receptor‐1 blocker, reduced albuminuria and progression of nephropathy. Therefore, we performed a phase‐2 trial of oral losartan, given for 6 months, to explore whether it reduced albuminuria in children and adults with SCA. Participants were allocated to groups defined by class of baseline urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR): no albuminuria (NoA), microalbuminuria (MicroA), and macroalbuminuria (MacroA). The primary endpoint was a ≥25% reduction UACR from baseline. There were 32 evaluable participants (mean age 24 years; NoA = 14, MicroA = 12, MacroA = 6). The primary endpoint was met in 83% of the MacroA group (P < 0.0001) and 58% of the MicroA group (P < 0.0001). Median fold‐change in UACR was −0.74 for MacroA and −0.46 for MicroA. In MacroA and MicroA, UACR classification improved in 50% but worsened in 11%. Urine osmolality and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) did not change significantly. Losartan was discontinued in three participants [leg cramps, N = 1; decline in eGFR >25% (142➝104 mL/minute/1.73 m2), N = 1; rise in serum creatinine >50% (0.2➝0.3 mg/dL), N = 1]. Albuminuria was associated with diastolic dysfunction and impaired functional capacity, although cardiopulmonary status was unchanged after 6 months of losartan therapy. In summary, losartan decreased urinary albumin excretion in most participants with albuminuria. Those with macroalbuminuria had the greatest benefit. This study forms the basis for a phase‐3, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of losartan for the nephropathy of SCA.
Weakly Basic Anion Recognition by Naphthalenediimide‐Based Polymer
Authors: Yan Jijun , Kang Chuanqing , Ma Xiaoye , Du Zhijun , Bian Zheng , Jin Rizhe , Gao Lianxun 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe development of naphthalenediimide (NDI)‐based sensors for weakly basic anion recognition is an attractive challenge. This paper presents an NDI‐based polymer for the recognition of weakly basic oxyanions (AcO−, PhCO2−, ClO4−, and IO4−) and halides (Cl−, Br−, and I−) through the formation of NDI.− bands and changes in the π–π* transition bands of the polymer in UV/Vis and circular dichroism spectra. The recognition results from anion‐to‐NDI thermal electron transfer and disturbance of the self‐assembly of the polymer by anions. In particular, the formation of NDI.− induced by Cl− was observed, which is a distinctive advantage of the polymer in comparison with small molecular NDIs. The results demonstrate a practical approach to versatile functional materials through a combination of anion–NDI interactions and polymeric self‐assembly.