bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability of Subarctic and Arctic breeding birds
Authors: Hof Anouschka R. , Rodríguez‐Castañeda Genoveva , Allen Andrew M. , Jansson Roland , Nilsson Christer 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRecent research predicts that future climate change will result in substantial biodiversity loss associated with loss of habitat for species. However, the magnitude of the anticipated biodiversity impacts are less well known. Studies of species vulnerability to climate change through species distribution models are often limited to assessing the extent of species' exposure to the consequences of climate change to their local environment, neglecting species sensitivity to global change. The likelihood that species or populations will decline or go extinct due to climate change also depends on the general sensitivity and adaptive capacity of species. Hence, analyses should also obtain more accurate assessments of their vulnerability. We addressed this by constructing a vulnerability matrix for 180 bird species currently breeding in Subarctic and Arctic Europe that integrates a climatic exposure‐based vulnerability index and a natural‐history trait‐based vulnerability index. Species that may need extra conservation attention based on our matrix include the Great Snipe (Gallinago media), the Rough‐legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus), the Red‐throated Pipit (Anthus cervinus), the Common Swift (Apus apus), the Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), and the Bar‐tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica). Our vulnerability matrix stresses the importance of looking beyond exposure to climate change when species conservation is the aim. For the species that scored high in our matrix the future in the region looks grim and targeted conservation actions, incorporating macroecological and global perspectives, may be needed to alleviate severe population declines. We further demonstrate that climate change is predicted to significantly reduce the current breeding range of species adapted to cold climates in Subarctic and Arctic Europe. The number of incubation days and whether the species was a habitat specialist or not were also among the variables most strongly related to predicted contraction or expansion of species' breeding ranges. This approach may aid the identification of vulnerable bird species worldwide.
Cohort variation in individual body mass dissipates with age in large herbivores
Authors: Hamel S. , Gaillard J.‐M. , Yoccoz N. G. , Albon S. , Côté S. D. , Craine J. M. , Festa‐Bianchet M. , Garel M. , Lee P. , Moss C. , Nussey D. H. , Pelletier F. , Stien A. , Tveraa T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEnvironmental conditions experienced during early growth and development markedly shape phenotypic traits. Consequently, individuals of the same cohort may show similar life‐history tactics throughout life. Conditions experienced later in life, however, could fine‐tune these initial differences, either increasing (cumulative effect) or decreasing (compensatory effect) the magnitude of cohort variation with increasing age. Our novel comparative analysis that quantifies cohort variation in individual body size trajectories shows that initial cohort variation dissipates throughout life, and that lifetime patterns change both across species with different paces of life and between sexes. We used longitudinal data on body size (mostly assessed using mass) from 11 populations of large herbivores spread along the “slow‐fast” continuum of life histories. We first quantified cohort variation using mixture models to identify clusters of cohorts with similar initial size. We identified clear cohort clusters in all species except the one with the slowest pace of life, revealing that variation in early size is structured among cohorts and highlighting typological differences among cohorts. Growth trajectories differed among cohort clusters, highlighting how early size is a fundamental determinant of lifetime growth patterns. In all species, among‐cohort variation in size peaked at the start of life, then quickly decreased with age and stabilized around mid‐life. Cohort variation was lower in species with a slower than a faster pace of life, and vanished at prime age in species with the slowest pace of life. After accounting for viability selection, compensatory/catch‐up growth in early life explained much of the decrease in cohort variation. Females showed less phenotypic variability and stronger compensatory/catch‐up growth than males early in life, whereas males showed more progressive changes throughout life. These results confirm that stronger selective pressures for rapid growth make males more vulnerable to poor environmental conditions early in life and less able to recover after a poor start. Our comparative analysis illustrates how variability in growth changes over time in closely related species that span a wide range on the slow‐fast continuum, the main axis of variation in life‐history strategies of vertebrates.
Unprecedented remote sensing data over King and Rim megafires in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California
Authors: Stavros E. Natasha , Tane Zachary , Kane Van R. , Veraverbeke Sander , McGaughey Robert J. , Lutz James A. , Ramirez Carlos , Schimel David 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMegafires have lasting social, ecological, and economic impacts and are increasing in the western contiguous United States. Because of their infrequent nature, there is a limited sample of megafires to investigate their unique behavior, drivers, and relationship to forest management practices. One approach is to characterize critical information pre‐, during, and post‐fire using remote sensing. In August 2013, the Rim Fire burned 104,131 ha and in September 2014, the King Fire burned 39,545 ha. Both fires occurred in California's Sierra Nevada. The areas burned by these fires were fortuitously surveyed by airborne campaigns, which provided the most recent remote sensing technologies not currently available from satellite. Technologies include an imaging spectrometer spanning the visible to shortwave infrared (0.38–2.5 μm), a multispectral, high‐spatial resolution thermal infrared (3.5–13 μm) spectroradiometer, and Light Detection and Ranging that provide spatial resolutions of pixels from 1 × 1 m to 35 × 35 m. Because of the unique information inherently derived from these technologies before the fires, the areas were subsequently surveyed after the fires. We processed and provide free dissemination of these airborne datasets as products of surface reflectance, spectral metrics and forest structural metrics ( http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1288). These data products provide a unique opportunity to study relationships among and between remote sensing observations and fuel and fire characteristics (e.g., fuel type, condition, structure, and fire severity). The novelty of these data is not only in the unprecedented types of information available from them before, during, and after two megafires, but also in the synergistic use of multiple state of the art technologies for characterizing the environment. The synergy of these data can provide novel information that can improve maps of fuel type, structure, abundance, and condition that may improve predictions of megafire behavior and effects, thus aiding management before, during, and after such events. Key questions that these data could address include: What drives, extinguishes, and results from megafires? How does megafire behavior relate to fire and fuel management? How does the size and severity of a megafire affect the ecological recovery of the system?
Individual and combined effects of two types of phenological shifts on predator–prey interactions
Authors: Rasmussen Nick L. , Rudolf Volker H. W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTiming of phenological events varies among years with natural variation in environmental conditions and is also shifting in response to climate change. These phenological shifts likely have many effects on species interactions. Most research on the ecological consequences of phenological shifts has focused on variation in simple metrics such as phenological firsts. However, for a population, a phenological event exhibits a temporal distribution with many attributes that can vary (e.g., mean, variance, skewness), each of which likely has distinct effects on interactions. In this study, we manipulated two attributes of the phenological distribution of a prey species to determine their individual and combined effects on predator–prey interactions. Specifically, we studied how shifts in the mean and variation around the mean (i.e., synchrony) of hatching by tadpoles (Hyla cinerea) affected interactions with predatory dragonfly naiads (Tramea carolina). At the end of larval development, we quantified survival and growth of predator and prey. We found that both types of shifts altered demographic rates of the prey; that the effects of synchrony shifts, though rarely studied, were at least as strong as those due to mean shifts; and that the combined effects of shifts in synchrony and mean were additive rather than synergistic. By dissecting the roles of two types of shifts, this study represents a significant step toward a comprehensive understanding of the complex effects of phenological shifts on species interactions. Embracing this complexity is critical for predicting how climate change will alter community dynamics.
Tyrosine kinase 2 is not limiting human antiviral type III interferon responses
Authors: Fuchs Sebastian , Kaiser‐Labusch Petra , Bank Julia , Ammann Sandra , Kolb‐Kokocinski Anja , Edelbusch Christine , Omran Heymut , Ehl Stephan 
Published: September 2016

Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) associates with interferon (IFN) alpha receptor, IL‐10 receptor (IL‐10R) beta and other cytokine receptor subunits for signal transduction, in response to various cytokines, including type‐I and type‐III IFNs, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12 and IL‐23. Data on TYK2 dependence on cytokine responses and in vivo consequences of TYK2 deficiency are inconsistent. We investigated a TYK2 deficient patient, presenting with eczema, skin abscesses, respiratory infections and IgE levels >1000 U/mL, without viral or mycobacterial infections and a corresponding cellular model to analyze the role of TYK2 in type‐III IFN mediated responses and NK‐cell function. We established a novel simple diagnostic monocyte assay to show that the mutation completely abolishes the IFN‐α mediated antiviral response. It also partly reduces IL‐10 but not IL‐6 mediated signaling associated with reduced IL‐10Rβ expression. However, we found almost normal type‐III IFN signaling associated with minimal impairment of virus control in a TYK2 deficient human cell line. Contrary to observations in TYK2 deficient mice, NK‐cell phenotype and function, including IL‐12/IL‐18 mediated responses, were normal in the patient. Thus, preserved type‐III IFN responses and normal NK‐cell function may contribute to antiviral protection in TYK2 deficiency leading to a surprisingly mild human phenotype.
Design of stirred digester with optimization of energy and power consumption
Authors: Mahmoodi‐Eshkaftaki Mahmood , Ebrahimi Rahim , Ghasemi‐Pirbaloti Abdollah 
Published: September 2016

The goal of the present study was to design a new stirred digester according to laboratory experiments. For this purpose, amount of methane produced from co‐digestion of municipal waste, kitchen waste, and cow manure in different treatments was measured in laboratory conditions for 37°C. The substrate characteristics such as both total and volatile solids, pH, EC, amount of total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfate which can manage the methane production were measured. The results showed that the amounts of these characteristics were in suitable ranges for biogas production. The laboratory experiment results were then used to design an anaerobic digester for single‐family homes based on energy efficiency and mixing cost. As a result, the digester diameter, digester height, slurry height, baffle width, impeller diameter, blade width, blade length, and volume of designed stirred digester were determined as 57, 90, 60, 4.75, 25, 4, 10 cm, and 229 L, respectively. Furthermore, pitched blade turbine with six blades at 45° for speed of 300 rpm not only required a low power but also produced a high torque. Therefore, while the designed biogas plant consumes low energy, it has high mixing cost.Nowadays, the researchers in bio‐system engineering focus on the designing biogas plant according to the direct relation among the power, torque, and energy. The novelty of the article is not only an evaluation of main substrate characteristics on methane production, but also design a new digester with high methane content at suitable pressure based on the best relation among the equipment dimensions of digester determined using shape factors. Furthermore study of impeller types and rotation speeds for providing high torque in low power and reducing energy consumption indirectly, and uses rule of thumb for power consumption to determine the best impeller type and rotation speed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 104–110, 2017
An in silico algal toxicity model with a wide applicability potential for industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Authors: Önlü Serli , Saçan Melek Türker 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

The authors modeled the 72-h algal toxicity data of hundreds of chemicals with different modes of action as a function of chemical structures. They developed mode of action–based local quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (QSTR) models for nonpolar and polar narcotics as well as a global QSTR model with a wide applicability potential for industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The present study rigorously evaluated the generated models, meeting the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development principles of robustness, validity, and transparency. The proposed global model had a broad structural coverage for the toxicity prediction of diverse chemicals (some of which are high–production volume chemicals) with no experimental toxicity data. The global model is potentially useful for endpoint predictions, the evaluation of algal toxicity screening, and the prioritization of chemicals, as well as for the decision of further testing and the development of risk-management measures in a scientific and regulatory frame. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1012–1019. © 2016 SETAC
Pretreatment lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio as an independent prognostic factor for head and neck cancer
Authors: Kano Satoshi , Homma Akihiro , Hatakeyama Hiromitsu , Mizumachi Takatsugu , Sakashita Tomohiro , Kakizaki Tomohiko , Fukuda Satoshi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between pretreatment inflammatory markers and the prognosis of patients with oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers.MethodsThe data for 285 patients treated with curative intent by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) were obtained and their pretreatment inflammatory markers, including neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) were calculated.ResultsSignificant relationships were observed between a high NLR and oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer, T3 to T4, N2b to N3, and clinical stage III to IV, whereas significant relationships were observed between a high LMR and laryngeal cancer, T1 to T2, and clinical stage I to II. With regard to survival outcomes, a high NLR, a high PLR, and a low LMR were all significantly associated with decreases in overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that LMR was an independent prognostic factor.ConclusionPretreatment LMR was found to be an independent prognostic factor for patients with head and neck cancers treated by concurrent CRT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 247–253, 2017
Current status and diagnostic values of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology in a papillary thyroid carcinoma–prevalent area
Authors: Lee You‐Bin , Cho Yoon Young , Jang Ju Young , Kim Tae Hyuk , Jang Hye Won , Chung Jae Hoon , Oh Young Lyun , Kim Sun Wook 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundMost studies validating the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC) have been conducted in Western countries. We explored the current status of TBSRTC in an area where most thyroid malignancies are papillary carcinomas.MethodsFine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) of thyroid nodules performed in 2013 were retrospectively analyzed and the results were compared to final pathology on resection.ResultsOf 1947 FNAs, 1925 (98.9%) were reported using TBSRTC. Among 381 resected lesions, 27.3% of nondiagnostic, 19.6% of benign, 56.0% of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 33.3% of follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN), 97.7% of suspicious for malignancy, and 100.0% of malignant lesions were malignant on pathology. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA using TBSRTC were 96.7% and 84.1%, respectively.ConclusionTBSRTC works well in an area in which papillary thyroid cancer is prevalent; however, it may underestimate malignancy rates in AUS/FLUS, benign, and nondiagnostic categories. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 269–274, 2017
A critical assessment of the fibula flap donor site
Authors: Xu Zhong‐Fei , Bai Shuang , Zhang Zhi‐Qiang , Duan Wei‐Yi , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Sun Chang‐Fu 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe free fibula flap has become popular for mandibular reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to propose comprehensive functional assessments of the donor site.MethodsThirty free fibula flaps for mandible reconstruction were prospectively enrolled in the study. Objective assessments included isokinetic testing of the ankle joint, electromyographic examination of the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN), and preoperative and postoperative foot scans. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was used to subjectively assess the donor site.ResultsThe isokinetic values of the donor side showed a significant decrease 1 year postoperatively. The results of the electromyographic test of the SPN were categorized as 3 types. The plantar center pressure shifted to the heel on the donor side 6 months postoperatively. The aesthetic outcome was satisfactory.ConclusionThe functional parameters of the donor site indeed declined in our assessments. Further refinements in the surgical technique are needed to improve the donor site status. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 279–287, 2017
Incorporating Tactile Cues into Human‐Centered Virtual Product Design
Authors: Demirel H. Onan , Duffy Vincent G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study introduces a high‐fidelity tactile feedback mechanism to capture ergonomics attributes of users inside virtual product development cycle. The research question posed regards whether the tactile feedback mechanism in virtual experiment proposes high fidelity of ergonomics results when compared to physical experiment outcomes. This question was evaluated through an objective and a subjective study. Objective study was composed of an ergonomics product assessment experiment, where two different cart designs (a commercial cart and a prototype model) were evaluated for ergonomic adequacy (L4/L5 compression forces). Subjective evaluation was consisted of a questionnaire to assess subjects' preferences regarding which cart model they preferred in three different design categories; maneuverability, accessibility, and ergonomics. Results showed that tactile feedback mechanism was able to replicate the physical test conditions in virtual environment with high fidelity, and prototype cart model received higher mean ratings when compared to commercial cart model in each design category.
Forests and water in South America
Authors: Jones Julia , Almeida Auro , Cisneros Felipe , Iroumé Andres , Jobbágy Esteban , Lara Antonio , Lima Walter de Paula , Little Christian , Llerena Carlos , Silveira Luis , Villegas Juan Camilo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSouth America is experiencing rapid change in forest cover, of both native and planted forest. Forest cover loss is primarily attributable to fire, logging, and conversion of native forest to agriculture, pasture, and forest plantations, and types of change vary within and among the many diverse types of forests in South America. Major changes in forest cover and growing policy concerns underscore an urgent need for research on sustainable forest management and water ecosystem services in South America. Differences in land ownership and management objectives create trade‐offs between wood production and water ecosystem services from forests. Work is needed to quantify how forest change and management affect ecosystem services, such as wood production versus water provision. Current scientific understanding of forest management effects on water ecosystem services in South America has important limitations, including a scarcity of long‐term records and few long‐term integrated watershed studies. Industry, government, universities, and local communities should collaborate on integrated applied studies of forests and water. Data archiving and publically available data are required. The creation of national networks and a multi‐country South America network to identify and implement common water research protocols, share results, and explore their implications would promote common and well‐supported policies. Hydrologists working in South America are well placed to tackle the challenges and opportunities for collaborative research that will maintain the intrinsic values and water ecosystem services provided by South America's forests.
Towards V&V suitable Domain Specific Modeling Languages for MBSE: A tooled approach
Authors: NASTOV Blazo , CHAPURLAT Vincent , DONY Christophe , PFISTER François 
Published: September 2016

AbstractConsidering Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) principles and needs, this article focuses on the design of Domain Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs) aiming to link modeling, verification and validation (V&V) activities. The goal is to ease the work and increase the freedom and autonomy of experts from various domains in the process of creating and managing system models then to supply experts involved in analyses and decision making processes with models characterized by highest level of confidence. This paper introduces and illustrates a tool‐equipped approach, named “xviCore”, that provides MBSE experts with natively verifiable, executable and interoperable DSML named “xviDSML”, i.e., DSML that can be formally and directly checked and simulated requesting no huge efforts or skills.