bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antarctica and the United Nations
Authors: Chaturvedi Sanjay 
Published: July 2017

During the 200-odd years, since the circumnavigation of the Antarctica by-Captain James Cook (1772–1775), international interest in the continent has grown to such an extent that the frozen Antarctica is now at the centre of a heated political debate. The prophecy of Captain Cook that the world would derive no profit out of it, seems to be proving wrong. Antarctica has now ceased to be merely the most significant ‘natural laboratory’ and the site of important scientific experiments, it has become, under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, a subject of ‘innovative political experiment’ in multilateral administration.1 The surrounding oceans, where seals and whales were once-recklessly exploited, today harbour a new and fast growing fishery of immense potential,2 while the prospect of offshore oil and gas exploitation lies on the horizon. With the tantalising speculations regarding the existence of more than hundred onland minerals in Antarctica (including gold, copper, lithium and uranium), it is only natural that an increasing number of states should' take interest in this so far unnoticed mine.3 Divergence of national interests, perceptions and positions within the-Antarctica Treaty System in regard to who owns the Antarctic audits: resources—particularly between the Antarctica claimants and the non-claimants—has always led to tensions, latent as well as manifest, within the Treaty System; recently a series of new developments like the United Nations' involvement in the Antarctic question have added to the complexity of the Antarctic political scenario. They have serious future implications for the delicate political equilibrium so far maintained on the continent under the Antarctic Treaty. The questions asked today are: Who owns the Antarctic and how significant are the benefits To be derived out of it? Who is to profit from them? and To what extent the possible uses of Antarctica are-compatible with each other? The essay purports to critically examine, in a historical perspective, the nature, scope and implications of the interaction between the United Nations and the Antarctic Treaty System. While taking note of the earlier attempts made to make possible a UN control of Antarctica, the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and the functioning thereof during the ‘sixties’ and ‘seventies’, we shall focus our attention on the recent endeavour of some countries to involve the United Nations in the Antarctic Question. The study would include, of course, the nature and scope of the United Nations study of theQuestion of Antarctica ( November 1984) and the ensuing discussions. Thus we shall examine the perceptions of various states, and of the desirability and extent of the role UN might play in Antarctica. We shall also take a special note of India's stand in this regard.
Super Power Involvement in Indo-Pak Relations: A Case Study of The United States
Authors: Gaan Narottam 
Published: July 2017

No nation in the present world can live in total isolation. In pursuit of one's own national interest, independence, survival and development, an interaction takes place among and between nations which marks the characterstic of the present international system and other subordinate state systems. The international system is dominated by the Super Power whose major aim is to increase their “sphere of influence” in all parts of the globe. The subordinate state systems such as South Asia, South East Asia, Middle East, Africa and Latin America are rife with regional conflicts and wars largely rooted in their historical, territorial and psychological claims. Though both the international system and subordinate systems are affected by each other, the former basically sets broad limits, context, and direction of regional conflicts in the subordinate state systems. Since India and Pakistan are situated in South Asia—a subordinate state system — the impact of the international system dominated mainly by the United States and the Soviet Union on the Shaping of their external policy environment would explain their conflictual relationship. This study is confined to an analysis of the involvement of the United States - one of the Super Powers in the conflictual and belligerent relationship between India and Pakistan with brief intervals of lull, since their becoming independent in 1947.
Meeting the Doctors
Authors: Bolger Michael 
Published: July 2017

Michael Bolger is an AVMA Director and local contact. As a result of medical negligence, he is paraplegic and confined to a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He won substantial damages in the High Court after suing the Health Authority and senior consultant concerned. Michael has written several articles and has been interviewed on radio and television about his experience as a victim of medical negligence and as a plaintiff and has views on the need for change. In this article, Michael describes the seminar at which he was the lead speaker at the AVMA Medical Negligence Conference, held on 4–5th July 1997, where he discussed the impact of medical negligence on victims and doctors with a group of senior hospital doctors and consultants, the first time that a face-to-face discussion of this kind has taken place.
Skin Ageing in Women: Pathophysiology and Treatment
Authors: Bleiker TO , Graham-Brown RAC 
Published: July 2017

Skin ageing in women is due to a combination of factors including intrinsic biological ageing, extrinsic damage, particularly ultraviolet radiation and hormonal changes, importantly the menopause. The most obvious signs of ageing are atrophy, laxity, wrinkling, dryness, mottled pigmentation and sparse grey hair; most of these are attributable to chronic ultraviolet exposure rather than intrinsic ageing itself. The life expectancy of Western populations is increasing resulting in a rising demand for the treatment of the visible consequences of ageing. The skin has a number of important physiological functions which are all affected by the structural changes that occur with skin ageing. The menopause is not associated with any specific changes in the skin, but it is thought that the decrease in oestrogen levels is partly responsible for the dryness, thinning and decreased elasticity of skin seen. Use of hormone replacement therapy has been shown to improve many of these parameters. The main cutaneous feature of the menopause is flushing, although other conditions are also associated. Hormone replacement therapy has long been known to control many of the troublesome symptoms of the menopause, but there are a number of cutaneous side effects. This article will look specifically at the pathophysiology of the ageing skin in women, with particular reference to the effects of the menopause and of oestrogens. Certain conditions associated with the menopause and hormone replacement therapy will also be discussed, along with the treatment of photoageing.
The Effects of Tool Type and Barrier on Time Required for a Remove and Replace Task
Authors: Kancler David E. , Robbins Glen C. , Moroney William F. , Biers David W. 
Published: July 2017

The Air Force's CREW CHIEF is a computer-graphics model of the physical characteristics of a maintenance technician. It is used to evaluate the ability of maintenance personnel to work in areas with respect to arm reach, operation of hand tools, strength available for torquing with wrenches, strength for manual materials handling, vision analysis, and accessibility analysis. A new CREW CHIEF feature under development is the Task Time Estimator, which will predict the time required to perform a remove/replace task in an obstructed environment. The goal of this experiment was to gather time to completion data and determine the effect of different tool type combinations. The task, performed while standing erect in a simulated work area, was to remove and replace a flange coupling while reaching through a six by eight inch opening. On half of the trials a barrier was positioned so as to restrict hand and tool movement. On the other half of the trials, no barrier was used. Thirty subjects, representative of USAF personnel, were divided into five groups, each of which utilized a different combination of wrenches (ratchet/box, box/box, box/open, open/box, and open/open). The ratchet/box and box/box tool combination resulted in the fastest completion times. The open/box combination resulted in intermediate completion times, while the box/open and open/open conditions produced the slowest completion times. Barrier presence increased the time required to complete both tasks and removal took less time than installation. Several noteworthy interactions and implications regarding tool selection are discussed.
Power to the People
Authors: O'Connor C 
Published: July 2017

This article demonstrates how the infection control team (ICT) in a large teaching hospital introduced a patient empowerment programme into their hand hygiene and clinical governance strategy. The aim of the initiative was to increase compliance with hand hygiene. The objectives were to reduce hospital acquired infections (HAI), empower the patient in hand hygiene and make quality improvements. The initiative was undertaken in the orthopaedic directorate over a period of eight weeks and involved all the multidisciplinary team. Soap and alcohol gel usage were monitored closely during the trial. As a result of empowering the patient in hand hygiene, there was a significant increase in alcohol gel and soap usage (70% and 14% respectively). It also raised hand hygiene awareness both for patients and healthcare workers. Further studies are recommended to determine if HAI are to be reduced.
Efficient Mechanics of PIP Mobilisation Splinting
Authors: Colditz Judy C 
Published: July 2017

The proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, a tightly constructed hinge joint, frequently develops limited motion following injury. Mobilisation splints are the most frequently used method of regaining PIP joint motion following isolated PIP injury. This article reviews a variety of PIP mobilisation splints, which the author has found effective. In addition to discussing the biomechanics of PIP extension and flexion mobilisation splinting, a variety of designs are offered for PIP extension mobilisation and one design for PIP flexion mobilisation. Clinical problems discussed include: PIP extension lag, PIP flexion contracture responsive to stretch (including acute boutonniere), PIP joint contracture unresponsive to stretch, and gaining/maintaining the last few degrees of PIP extension in a resistive contracture as well as isolated PIP flexion mobilisation. For all splints, construction advice and other tips are given for successful use of these designs.
A Prospective Study of Range of Movement following Metacarpophalangeal Joint Replacements: Optimum Time of Recovery
Authors: Delaney Rachel , Stanley John K 
Published: July 2017

43 patients with Swanson arthroplasties of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) were followed up for a minimum of 12 months. The range of movement was measured at two weeks post surgery, and then at monthly intervals up to one year. The aim of this study was to identify at which point in a specific time period there was the greatest improvement in range of motion, and at which point improvement slowed or ceased. The results were analysed to identify the optimum range of movement in flexion and extension and the time taken to achieve this range. The maximum active flexion was achieved at a mean of 16.4 weeks following surgery (65 degrees); extension lag improved up to 12 months and the mean at this time was 14.9 degrees.
The Effect of Glycopyrrolate on the Incidence of Hypotension and Vasopressor Requirement During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Patel Selina D. , Habib Ashraf S. , Phillips Sioned , Carvalho Brendan , Sultan Pervez 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND:
The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of glycopyrrolate at reducing spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery.

METHODS:
A literature search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of glycopyrrolate on spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean delivery. Primary outcomes were intraoperative hypotension and vasopressor requirement (phenylephrine equivalents). Secondary outcomes included heart rate (HR), nausea and vomiting, dry mouth, and Apgar scores. Risk ratios (RRs), and mean differences (MDs) were calculated using random-effects modeling with 95% confidence intervals for primary outcomes and 99% confidence intervals for secondary outcomes.

RESULTS:
Five randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. A total of 311 patients were included: 153 received glycopyrrolate and 158 placebo. The incidence of spinal-induced hypotension was no different with prophylactic glycopyrrolate compared to control (RR, 0.93 [0.71–1.21]; P = .59), but the total phenylephrine dose required was significantly reduced with glycopyrrolate (MD, −62.64 μg [−107.61 to −17.66 μg]; P = .006). The maximal HR achieved in the glycopyrrolate group was significantly higher compared to controls (MD, 15.85 bpm [5.40–26.31]; P < .0001); however, the incidence of bradycardia was not statistically different. The incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting was not different between groups; however, glycopyrrolate increased the risk of dry mouth (RR, 5.15 [1.82–14.57]; P < .0001). Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes did not differ between groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
Prophylactic glycopyrrolate does not reduce the incidence of spinal-induced hypotension but results in a modest reduction in vasopressor requirements while increasing maternal HR.
Nutritional Supplements for the Treatment and Prevention of Sports-Related Concussion—Evidence Still Lacking
Authors: Trojian Thomas H. , Wang David H. , Leddy John J. 
Published: July 2017

Concussions are common neurologic events that affect many athletes. Very little has been studied on the treatment of concussions with supplements and medications. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reminds us that no supplement has been proven to treat concussions. Many animal studies show that supplements have potential for improving the effects of a brain injury but none have been shown to be of consistent benefit in human studies. Animal studies on severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) may not therefore be applicable transfer to sports-related concussions (SRC).
Of the many supplements reviewed in this article, omega-3 fatty acids (Ω-3 FA) have potential for SRC treatment but in the one human trial those taking higher dosages preinjury had more concussions. In animal studies, postinjury administration was as effective as pretreatment. N-acetyl-cysteine has demonstrated a positive short-term effect on blast injuries in soldiers if administered within 24 h, but there are no studies in SRC. Caffeine, conversely, may be detrimental if taken after SRC. Lower serum levels of vitamins D, C, or E preinjury have worse outcomes in animal studies. Preinjury correction of deficiencies may be of benefit. Current human trials for nicotinamide ribose, melatonin, and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) may soon provide more evidence for the use of these supplements to reduce the impact of SRC in athletes.
Sled Towing Acutely Decreases Acceleration Sprint Time
Authors: Wong Megan A. , Dobbs Ian J. , Watkins Casey M. , Barillas Saldiam R. , Lin Anne , Archer David C. , Lockie Robert G. , Coburn Jared W. , Brown Lee E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Wong, MA, Dobbs, IJ, Watkins, C, Barillas, SR, Lin, A, Archer, DC, Lockie, RG, Coburn, JW, and Brown, LE. Sled towing acutely decreases acceleration sprint time. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3046–3051, 2017—Sled towing is a common form of overload training in sports to develop muscular strength for sprinting. This type of training leads to acute and chronic outcomes. Acute training potentially leads to postactivation potentiation (PAP), which is when subsequent muscle performance is enhanced after a preload stimulus. The purpose of this study was to determine differences between rest intervals after sled towing on acute sprint speed. Twenty healthy recreationally trained men (age = 22.3 ± 2.4 years, height = 176.95 ± 5.46 cm, mass = 83.19 ± 11.31 kg) who were currently active in a field sport twice a week for the last 6 months volunteered to participate. A maximal 30-meter (m) baseline (BL) body mass (BM) sprint was performed (with splits at 5, 10, 20, and 30 m) followed by 5 visits where participants sprinted 30 m towing a sled at 30% BM then rested for 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 minutes. They were instructed to stand still during rest times. After the rest interval, they performed a maximal 30-m post-test BM sprint. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that post sled tow BM sprint times (4.47 ± 0.21 seconds) were less than BL times (4.55 ± 0.18 seconds) on an individualized rest interval basis. A follow-up 2 × 4 ANOVA showed that this decrease occurred only in the acceleration phase over the first 5 m (BL = 1.13 ± 0.08 seconds vs. Best = 1.08 ± 0.08 seconds), which may be the result of PAP and the complex relationship between fatigue and potentiation relative to the intensity of the sled tow and the rest interval. Therefore, coaches should test their athletes on an individual basis to determine optimal rest time after a 30-m 30% BM sled tow to enhance acute sprint speed.
Spontaneous Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Infants ≤1500 g
Authors: Semberova Jana , Sirc Jan , Miletin Jan , Kucera Jachym , Berka Ivan , Sebkova Sylva , O’Sullivan Sinead , Franklin Orla , Stranak Zbynek 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVES:
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains a challenging issue in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, and its management varies widely. Our aim in this study was to document the natural course of ductus arteriosus in a cohort of VLBW infants who underwent conservative PDA management with no medical or surgical intervention.

METHODS:
A retrospective cohort study conducted in 2 European level-3 neonatal units.

RESULTS:
A total of 368 VLBW infants were born within the study period. Two hundred and ninety-seven infants were free of congenital malformations or heart defects and survived to hospital discharge. Out of those, 280 infants received truly conservative PDA management. In 237 (85%) of nontreated infants, the PDA closed before hospital discharge. The Kaplan-Meier model was used to document the incidence proportion of PDA closure over time for different gestational age groups. The median time to ductal closure was 71, 13, 8, and 6 days in &lt;26+0, 26+0 to 27+6, 28+0 to 29+6, and ≥30 weeks, respectively. For different birth weight groups, the median was 48, 22, 9, and 8 days in infants weighing &lt;750, 750 to 999, 1000 to 1249, and 1250 to 1500 g, respectively. No statistically significant relationship was found between PDA closure before hospital discharge and neonatal morbidities.

CONCLUSIONS:
The likelihood of PDA spontaneous closure in VLBW infants is extremely high. We provide in our findings a platform for future placebo-controlled trials focused on the smallest and youngest infants.
Aplicación del principio de Fermat a la tomografía sísmica. Parte I: fundamentos físicos
Authors: Araujo Sebastián 
Published: July 2017

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Este artículo busca analizar la naturaleza de los sismos deduciendo la ecuación fundamental de la tomografía sísmica. Para llegar a ella se analiza la importancia de construir la física desde principios fundamentales, espe- cí camente desde el principio de mínima acción; éste puede ser aplicado a los rayos sísmicos, llegando así al principio de Fermat. Utilizando este principio, originalmente enunciado para la óptica, se obtiene la ecuación fundamental de la tomografía sísmica. Se analizan además las implicaciones de la ecuación de la tomografía para la resolución del problema directo y el problema inverso.Todo este aparataje teórico es imprescindible para obtener imágenes sísmicas de la región de Pisayambo. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Validación de los Modelos de Cambio Climático hidrostáticos y no hidrostáticos sobre la climatología de Ecuador en las variables de precipitación y temperaturas extremas
Authors: Palacios Chacón Enrique , Serrano Vincenti Sheila 
Published: July 2017

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar las bondades o de ciencias de los modelos de cam- bio climático PRECIS hidrostático y TL959 no hidrostático frente a la climatología de Ecuador, basándose en la validación de la precipitación y temperaturas extremas. Se plantea la hipótesis de que si estos modelos de cambio climático reconstruyen adecuadamente la climatología mediante cada una de sus climatologías bases iniciales, entonces sus proyecciones hacia el futuro serán más ciertas. Con este objetivo, se dividió a Ecuador en una matriz 11 x 11, permitiendo su estudio por regiones, donde se determinaron estadísticos para cada celda mes a mes, tanto para la climatología como para los modelos. Al encontrar las diferencias de los estadísticos del modelo menos los de la climatología se estableció que es necesario mejorar la parametrización física en zonas motañosas de gran altura, típicas de la geografía andina del país, ya que en estas regiones se encontró el mayor desajuste de los modelos. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Eficacia in-vitro de un colutorio elaborado con aceite esencial de la hoja de ishpingo Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kostern. ex O.C.Schmidt y clavo de olor Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry
Authors: Mosquera Tatiana de los Ángeles , Veloz Vera Teresa Melania 
Published: July 2017

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>En función de la CMB del aceite esencial de ishpingo (0.26%) y del aceite esencial de clavo de olor (1.56%) frente a </span><span>Streptococcus mutans </span><span>y </span><span>Streptococcus pyogenes</span><span>, determinada mediante el método de dilución en medio líquido, se elaboró un colutorio. Con el objeto de determinar la e cacia in vitro del colutorio elaborado, se sembraron en el agar infusión cerebro y corazón las cepas de </span><span>Streptococcus mutans </span><span>ATCC 25175 y </span><span>Streptococcus pyogenes </span><span>ATCC 19615. Utilizándose el método de difusión en medio sólido, se colocaron 25 μL de los colutorios elaborados y de enjuagues bucales comerciales sobre discos de papel ltro y se incubaron las placas a 37oC durante 24 horas para </span><span>S. pyogenes </span><span>y 48 horas para </span><span>S. mutans</span><span>. De acuerdo a los resultados, los colutorios elaborados produjeron halos de inhibición de crecimiento de colonias bacterianas. El análisis estadístico de los datos mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal Wallis en el software Statistix 8.0 determinó que existen diferencias entre los colutorios elaborados y los enjuagues bucales comerciales. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
La Biotecnología OGMS: Controversia, polémica y bioseguridad
Authors: Cadena Narváez Wilson Xavier 
Published: July 2017

<p>La Biotecnología está llamada a ser uno de los transformadores más poderosos en la vida de los seres humanos. En un futuro cercano las plantas y animales genéticamente modificados serán comunes en la alimentación y en la salud. Bananos con más vitamina A, arroz que contenga las proteínas de las que carecen millones de personas que mueren de hambre en África, fabricación de fármacos a partir del estudio de los genes t, y mucho más, está por llegar, gracias a las puertas que nos abre la Biotecnología.</p>