bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear advection‐aridity method for landscape evaporation and its application during the growing season in the southern Loess Plateau of the Yellow River basin
Authors: Brutsaert Wilfried , Li Wei , Takahashi Atsuhiro , Hiyama Tetsuya , Zhang Lu , Liu Wenzhao 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe advection‐aridity approach to estimate actual evaporation from natural land surfaces is one of the better known implementations of Bouchet's complementary principle. Detailed measurements at 2, 12, and 32 m above the ground surface during the growing seasons of 2004–2007 allowed validation of a generalized nonlinear form of this approach above the highly variable terrain in Changwu County in the southern Loess Plateau of the Yellow River basin in China. The obtained values of the parameters were found to lie well within the ranges to be expected on physical grounds or from previous measurements by different experimental means; calibration on the basis of any one year of data allowed predictions within roughly 5% on average. Relative to the corresponding observed turbulent vapor fluxes, the evaporation rates calculated with measurements at the highest level of 32 m displayed the least scatter but only slightly less than those calculated with measurements at the lower level of 12 m; however, those based on measurements at the lowest level of 2 m displayed considerably more scatter than those derived at the two higher levels. This is consistent with the existence of a blending height at higher elevations above the ground, where the effects of surface variability tend to fade away.
Sulfide and Sulfonyl Chloride as Sulfonylating Precursors for the Synthesis of Sulfone‐Containing Isoquinolinonediones
Authors: Xia Xiao‐Feng , Zhu Su‐Li , Wang Dawei , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of sulfone‐containing isoquinolinonediones has been achieved via radical cascade addition/cyclization of acrylamide with sulfide or sulfonyl chloride under silver‐catalysis or visible light‐induced conditions. On the basis of this newly developed strategy, a wide range of isoquinolinonedione derivatives with a variety of functional groups can be effectively synthesized.magnified image
Elusive Thiyl Radical Migration in a Visible Light Induced Chemoselective Rearrangement of γ‐Keto Acrylate Thioesters: Synthesis of Substituted Butenolides
Authors: Naskar Sandip , Das Indrajit 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe first metal/photocatalyst‐free, visible light induced chemoselective rearrangement of γ‐keto acrylate thioesters via elusive thiyl radical migration is described. Thioesters bearing at least one alkyl substitution undergo 1,2‐thiyl radical migration, whereas 1,4‐migration has been observed when the substrate is substituted by aromatics only. The reactions show excellent functional group tolerance and are proposed to proceed through the trans‐cis isomerization/intramolecular lactonization/thiyl radical capture pathway. This atom‐economical process constitutes an efficient and practical method for the formation of substituted butenolides.magnified image
Naphthalene‐based polyimide electrolytes for lithium‐ion battery applications
Authors: Toker Öztürk Raife D. , Uğur Mustafa H. , Gungor Atilla , Kayaman‐Apohan Nilhan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe preparation of 2,6‐Bis(m‐amino phenoxy) benzoyl naphthalene‐based polyimides for solid polymer electrolytes was reported. Li‐salt and PEO bearing polyimide membranes were prepared. Thermo‐gravimetric analysis results reveal that the PI/PEO/LiCF3SO3 polymer electrolyte membranes are thermally stable up to 500°C. The “Tg” values are in the range 167–221.5°C according to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The conductivities of Li‐salt and PEO containing PI membranes are in the range of 10−7–10−5 S/cm. The conductivity increases with incorporation of PEO and Li+ concentration. The linear sweep voltammetry experiments showed that no peaks were observed between 1.75 and 4.5 V.
Acceleration of Inward Ring Opening of 3‐Phosphorylcyclobutenes
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Yano Takaaki , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: December 2016

Abstract3‐Phosphorylcyclobutenes undergo a 4π‐electrocyclic ring opening reaction faster than cyclobutene itself, and afford the corresponding 1,3‐dienes with the cis isomer predominating. The accelerating effect and the inward preference of the phosphonate substituents are ascribed to the orbital interaction between the breaking C−C σ‐orbital of the cyclobutene backbone with the P−O σ* orbitals at the transition state.
N,P‐Heterocyclic Germylene/B(C6F5)3 Adducts: A Lewis Pair with Multi‐reactive Sites
Authors: Del Rio Natalia , Lopez‐Reyes Morelia , Baceiredo Antoine , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Lutters Dennis , Müller Thomas , Kato Tsuyoshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn N,P‐heterocyclic germylene/B(C6F5)3 Lewis adduct 2 presenting multi‐reactive sites (P/B Lewis pair, germylene, Ge=P π‐bond) is reported. In contrast to classical frustrated Lewis pairs or divalent Group 14 element species, 2 is able to activate two small molecules simultaneously. Of particular interest, 2 reacts with silanes leading to the formation of original cationic germylenes 3, and can be used as a metal‐free catalyst for selective CO2‐hydrosilylation to H2C(OSiEt3)2.
Selective Metal‐free HB(C6F5)2 Catalyzed Allene Cyclotrimerization: Formation of 1,3,5‐Trimethylenecyclohexane and Its Tris‐hydroboration Product
Authors: Tao Xin , Kehr Gerald , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Erker Gerhard 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAllene is cyclotrimerized under metal‐free conditions with the borane HB(C6F5)2 catalyst to selectively give 1,3,5‐trimethylenecyclohexane (3 a). Three‐fold hydroboration of the 1,3,5‐cyclotrimer with Piers’ borane gives the all‐cis 1,3,5‐CH2B(C6F5)2 substituted cyclohexane product 14.
Beryllium‐Phosphan‐Komplexe: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Reaktivität von (PMe3)2BeCl2 und (Ph2PC3H6PPh2)BeCl2
Authors: Buchner Magnus R. , Müller Matthias , Rudel Stefan S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEs wird über die gezielte Synthese, die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften und die Reaktivität von Bis(trimethylphosphan)berylliumdichlorid (1) und Bisdiphenylphosphinopropanberylliumdichlorid (2), inklusive der Kristallstruktur von (PMe3)2BeCl2 (1) berichtet. Diese vierfach koordinierten Berylliumverbindungen können mit nButyllithium (nBuLi) zu dreifach koordiniertem (Ph2PC3H6PPh2)BenBu2 (3) und (PMe3)BenBu2 (4) alkyliert werden. PMe3 kann im Vakuum aus (PMe3)BenBu2 (4) entfernt werden, um [nBu2Be]2 (5) zu erhalten. Zum ersten Mal wurde die seit Dekaden postulierte Dimerisierung von [nBu2Be]2 in Lösung spektroskopisch beobachtet. Diese neuartige, etherfreie Syntheseroute ermöglicht den Zugang zu Berylliumdialkylen, unter völligem Ausschluss sauerstoffatomhaltiger Reagenzien und Lösungsmittel. Diese “Sauerstofffreiheit” ist entscheidend für Halbleiteranwendungen, bei denen Sauerstoff oft unerwünscht ist und um jeden Preis vermieden werden muss.
1,1,3,3‐Tetratriflylpropene (TTP): A Strong, Allylic C–H Acid for Brønsted and Lewis Acid Catalysis
Authors: Höfler Denis , van Gemmeren Manuel , Wedemann Petra , Kaupmees Karl , Leito Ivo , Leutzsch Markus , Lingnau Julia B. , List Benjamin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTetratrifylpropene (TTP) has been developed as a highly acidic, allylic C–H acid for Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysis. It can readily be obtained in two steps and consistently shows exceptional catalytic activities for Mukaiyama aldol, Hosomi–Sakurai, and Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions. X‐ray analyses of TTP and its salts confirm its designed, allylic structure, in which the negative charge is delocalized over four triflyl groups. NMR experiments, acidity measurements, and theoretical investigations provide further insights to rationalize the remarkable reactivity of TTP.
Ordered CaSi2 Microwall Arrays on Si Substrates Induced by the Kirkendall Effect
Authors: Meng Xiang , Ueki Akiko , Tatsuoka Hirokazu , Itahara Hiroshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe have specified the synthetic conditions to obtain one‐directionally ordered CaSi2 microwall arrays vertically grown on a Si substrate. Our basic concept is based on the utilization of the Kirkendall effect for reactive deposition epitaxy (RDE). We found for the first time that: 1) a much larger Ca vapor supply on the Si substrate than the conventional RDE, 2) the adoption of a two‐step heating process, and 3) the selection of the crystal axis of the Si surface are the keys to control the microstructures of CaSi2 on the Si substrate. The CaSi phase was first formed on Si, then the CaSi2 phase was formed at the CaSi/Si interface. Based on the Kirkendall effect, the interdiffusion of Ca and Si was enhanced in the vertical direction rather than in the parallel direction to the Si surface. CaSi2 tends to grow along four equivalent Si{111} planes, however, the specific orientation of the Si surface resulted in CaSi2 microwalls grown along its Si(11
) plane, the only plane directing nearly vertical to the surface among the Si{111} planes. These results suggest that the Kirkendall effect under asymmetric growth of target materials would be a rational strategy to obtain their ordered microstructures.
Structural and Mechanistic Insights into Development of Chemical Tools to Control Individual and Inter‐Related Pathological Features in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Lee Hyuck Jin , Korshavn Kyle J. , Nam Younwoo , Kang Juhye , Paul Thomas J. , Kerr Richard A. , Youn Il Seung , Ozbil Mehmet , Kim Kwang S. , Ruotolo Brandon T. , Prabhakar Rajeev , Ramamoorthy Ayyalusamy , Lim Mi Hee 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTo elucidate the involvement of individual and inter‐related pathological factors [i.e., amyloid‐β (Aβ), metals, and oxidative stress] in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), chemical tools have been developed. Characteristics required for such tool construction, however, have not been clearly identified; thus, the optimization of available tools or new design has been limited. Here, key structural properties and mechanisms that can determine tools’ regulatory reactivities with multiple pathogenic features found in AD are reported. A series of small molecules was built up through rational structural selection and variations onto the framework of a tool useful for in vitro and in vivo metal–Aβ investigation. Variations include: (i) location and number of an Aβ interacting moiety; (ii) metal binding site; and (iii) denticity and structural flexibility. Detailed biochemical, biophysical, and computational studies were able to provide a foundation of how to originate molecular formulas to devise chemical tools capable of controlling the reactivities of various pathological components through distinct mechanisms. Overall, this multidisciplinary investigation illustrates a structure–mechanism‐based strategy of tool invention for such a complicated brain disease.
Charge‐sharing read port with bitline pre‐charging and sensing scheme for low‐power SRAMs
Authors: Maroof Naeem , Sohail Muhammad , Shin Hyunchul 
Published: December 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we present our decoupled differential read (DDR) port and bitline (BL) pre‐charging scheme. The proposed scheme allows the charge sharing between bitlines during the read operation. DDR port isolates the internal nodes, thus improves the read static noise margin and allows the subthreshold operation. BLs are not pre‐charged to full VDD. Read port is designed such that for the read ‘1’ operation, BL shares its charge with BLB, and for read ‘0’ operation, BL is charged toward VDD and BLB is discharged to the ground. The proposed non‐VDD BL pre‐charging and the charge‐sharing mechanism provide substantial read power savings. Virtual power rail is used to suppress the BL leakages. A dynamic voltage level shifting pre‐amplifier is used that shifts both BLs to the middle voltage and amplifies the voltage difference. Single‐ended write driver is also presented that only conditionally charges the write BL. The proposed 10‐transistor static random access memory cell using DDR provides more than 2 times read static noise margin, ~72% read power savings, and ~40% write power savings compared with the conventional six‐transistor static random access memory. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in evaluating breast mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A case series
Authors: Albano Domenico , Bosio Giovanni , Orlando Emanuela , Bertagna Francesco 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMucosa‐associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the breast is an extremely rare disease; its pathogenesis is not clear because of the rarity of disease, and the best diagnostic method has yet to be established. The metabolic behavior of this lymphoma is not still clear because only a few case reports are present in literature describing the possible role of fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT) in this field. This report presents 4 cases of women with histologically proven breast MALT lymphoma who underwent 7 18F‐FDG PET/CT throughout the course of disease. All patients underwent staging PET/CT showing in all cases an FDG avid lesion corresponding to breast lymphoma; 3 patients underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT also after chemotherapy. Our results suggest that breast MALT lymphomas are 18F‐FDG‐avid lymphomas. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed heterogeneous but high FDG uptake (mean maximum standardized uptake value 7.9), suggesting that it could be part of diagnostic workup and restaging process.
Inhibition of Anaphase‐Promoting Complex by Silence APC/CCdh1 to Enhance Radiosensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Wang Chunmiao , Su Zhengying , Hou Huaxin , Li Danrong , Pan Zhiyu , Tian Wei , Mo Chunyan 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of APC/CCdh1 as a potential therapeutic target in the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell CNE‐1, and explain the role of APC subunits after silence of Cdh1 combined with radiotherapy. Transfection with Cdh1 shRNA significantly increased the radiosensitivity of CNE‐1 cells and the radiation enhancement ratio (RER) of sh‐Cdh1 cells was 1.76. Knockdown of Cdh1 in CNE‐1 cells increased irradiation induced apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. The levels of CDC20 and CylinB1 increased and the levels of Ku70 and APC3 decreased after irradiation. APC/CCdh1is involved in regulation of radiosensitivity in human NPC CNE‐1 cells. Our study may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for NPC by targeting Cdh1. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3150–3157, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of [18F]BR420 and [18F]BR351 as radiotracers for MMP‐9 imaging in colorectal cancer
Authors: Vazquez Naiara , Missault Stephan , Vangestel Christel , Deleye Steven , Thomae David , Van der Veken Pieter , Augustyns Koen , Staelens Steven , Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , wyffels Leonie 
Published: December 2016

MMP‐9 is a zinc‐dependent endopeptidase that is involved in the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix and plays an important role in cancer migration, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of MMP‐tracers [18F]BR420 and [18F]BR351 for MMP‐9 imaging in a colorectal cancer xenograft model. [18F]BR420 and [18F]BR351 were synthesized using an automated synthesis module. For [18F]BR420, a novel and improved radiosynthesis was developed. Plasma stability and MMP‐9‐targeting capacity of both radiotracers was compared in the Colo205 colorectal cancer model. MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 expression levels in the tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in situ zymography. μPET imaging as well as ex vivo biodistribution revealed a higher tumor uptake for [18F]BR420 (3.15% ± 0.03% ID/g vs 0.94% ± 0.18% ID/g for [18F]BR351 at 2 hours pi) but slower blood clearance compared with [18F]BR351. [18F]BR351 was quickly metabolized in plasma with 20.28% ± 5.41% of intact tracer remaining at 15 minutes postinjection (PI). By contrast, [18F]BR420 displayed a higher metabolic stability with >86% intact tracer remaining at 2 hours PI. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 in the tumor tissue, which was confirmed by in situ zymography. However, an autoradiography analysis of tracer distribution in the tumors did not correlate with MMP‐9 expression. [18F]BR420 displayed a higher tumor uptake and higher stability compared with [18F]BR351 but a low tumor‐to‐blood ratio and discrepancy between tracer distribution and MMP‐9 immunohistochemistry. Therefore, both tracers will not be usefulness for MMP‐9 imaging in colorectal cancer.
Zwitterionic Iron Oxide (γ‐Fe2O3) Nanoparticles Based on P(2VP‐grad‐AA) Copolymers
Authors: Billing Mark , Gräfe Christine , Saal Adrian , Biehl Philip , Clement Joachim H. , Dutz Silvio , Weidner Steffen , Schacher Felix H. 
Published: December 2016

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of zwitterionic core–shell hybrid nanoparticles consisting of a core of iron oxide multicore nanoparticles (MCNPs, γ‐Fe2O3) and a shell of sultonated poly(2‐vinylpyridine‐grad‐acrylic acid) copolymers. The gradient copolymers are prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of 2‐vinylpyridine (2VP), followed by the addition of tert‐butyl acrylate and subsequent hydrolysis. Grafting of P(2VP‐grad‐AA) onto MCNP results in P(2VP‐grad‐AA)@MCNP, followed by quaternization using 1,3‐propanesultone—leading to P(2VPS‐grad‐AA)@MCNP with a zwitterionic shell. The resulting particles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis measurements, showing particle diameters of ≈70–90 nm and an overall content of the copolymer shell of ≈10%. Turbidity measurements indicate increased stability toward secondary aggregation after coating if compared to the pristine MCNP and additional cytotoxicity tests do not reveal any significant influence on cell viability.
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Parkinson's disease–related increase of ‐weighted hypointensity in substantia nigra pars compacta
Authors: Langley Jason , Huddleston Daniel E. , Sedlacik Jan , Boelmans Kai , Hu Xiaoping P. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBackground: In PD, at the time of diagnosis, approximately 50% of melanized dopaminergic neurons in SNpc have died, yet ongoing neuronal death and neuromelanin release with associated neuroinflammation and microglial activation continue, as does local iron accumulation. Previous studies investigating nigral iron accumulation used T2/
‐weighted contrasts to define the regions of interest in the SN. Given that T2/
‐weighted contrasts lack sensitivity to neuromelanin and thereby SNpc, neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI provides better delineation of SNpc and allows the examination of increased iron deposition in SNpc more specifically and accurately.Objectives: To examine regions of the SNpc, defined by neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI, exhibiting iron deposition in PD.Methods: T1‐weighted and susceptibility weighted imaging data were obtained in a cohort of 82 subjects (54 controls and 28 PD patients). The PD patients were clinically diagnosed with an average UPDRS‐III score of 37.9 ± 12.5 in the off medication state. Susceptibility weighted imaging data were analyzed using SNpc regions of interest defined by neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI.Results: Compared to control subjects, significantly more hypointense signal was observed in the SNpc defined by neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI in the PD patients. In the PD group, the lateral ventral region of SNpc exhibited the greatest increase of hypointensity. This increase in the lateral ventral region of SNpc robustly differentiated PD patients from controls.Conclusion:
‐weighted hypointense signal in the SNpc defined by neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI is significantly increased in PD. It is most likely a measure sensitive to PD‐related iron deposition and may serve as a robust biomarker of PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Recent Advances in Anticancer Activities and Drug Delivery Systems of Tannins
Authors: Cai Yuee , Zhang Jinming , Chen Nelson G. , Shi Zhi , Qiu Jiange , He Chengwei , Chen Meiwan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTannins, polyphenols in medicinal plants, have been divided into two groups of hydrolysable and condensed tannins, including gallotannins, ellagitannins, and (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG). Potent anticancer activities have been observed in tannins (especially EGCG) with multiple mechanisms, such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of invasion and metastases. Furthermore, the combinational effects of tannins and anticancer drugs have been demonstrated in this review, including chemoprotective, chemosensitive, and antagonizing effects accompanying with anticancer effect. However, the applications of tannins have been hindered due to their poor liposolubility, low bioavailability, off‐taste, and shorter half‐life time in human body, such as EGCG, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. To tackle these obstacles, novel drug delivery systems have been employed to deliver tannins with the aim of improving their applications, such as gelatin nanoparticles, micelles, nanogold, liposomes, and so on. In this review, the chemical characteristics, anticancer properties, and drug delivery systems of tannins were discussed with an attempt to provide a systemic reference to promote the development of tannins as anticancer agents.
Algebraic interface‐based coarsening AMG preconditioner for multi‐scale sparse matrices with applications to radiation hydrodynamics computation
Authors: Xu Xiaowen , Mo Zeyao 
Published: December 2016

SummaryCoarsening is a crucial component of algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods for iteratively solving sparse linear systems arising from scientific and engineering applications. Its application largely determines the complexity of the AMG iteration operator. Usually, high operator complexities lead to fast convergence of the AMG method; however, they require additional memory and as such do not scale as well in parallel computation. In contrast, although low operator complexities improve parallel scalability, they often lead to deterioration in convergence. This study introduces a new type of coarsening strategy called algebraic interface‐based coarsening that yields a better balance between convergence and complexity for a class of multi‐scale sparse matrices. Numerical results for various model‐type problems and a radiation hydrodynamics practical application are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed AMG solver.
Authoritarian Integrative Governance in China: Understanding the Crucial Role of Political Risk Aversion
Authors: Xie Qiushan 
Published: December 2016

SummaryEstablishing a model of public administration distinct from those of Western countries has been a long standing hope of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese government. Using the Creating a National Healthy City (CNHC) campaign as a case study, this article demonstrates evidence for an emerging authoritarian integrative governance model (AIGM) in China. Given their limited and scattered resources in terms of both bureaucratic structure and geography, local government officials cannot effectively complete the numerous tasks transferred to them from higher‐level government offices. Therefore, relying on an authoritative system to integrate dispersed resources has become a rational solution. The emergence of AIGM is more contingent upon the weighing the political risks that originate from competition between different political ideologies, environmental feedback on the failure or success of solutions to bureaucratic problems are considered less significant, which furthers allow the emergence of AIGM to be an inevitable consequence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.