bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuity and Discontinuity of the Constitutional Monarchy from a Transnational Perspective: The Netherlands-Belgium (1815-1831)
Authors: Deneckere Gita 
Published: December 2015

The constitutional monarchy as an essential ‘modern’ state form of the restoration period was intended to restore order and stability in Europe. In this respect, there is more of a break than continuity between the constitutional model that William I introduced in 1814-1815 and the constitutional monarchy to which Leopold I, the first king of the Belgians, had to subject himself in 1831. The specific authoritarian interpretation that William I gave to his function was one of the factors that helps to explain the Belgian revolution. It is therefore logical that the revolution, as such, produced a constitution that firstly, in general was far more democratic and, secondly, specifically restricted the power of the king. The new Belgian constitutional monarchy of 1830-1831 did not keep William I’s ‘heritage’ intact: onthe contrary, the constitutional definition of kingship in Belgium, for that time, was an ultra-liberal, modern answer to the ‘William I system’. Continuïteit en discontinuïteit van de constitutionele monarchie vanuit een transnationaal perspectief. Nederland-België (1815-1831)De constitutionele monarchie moest als een essentieel ‘moderne’ staatsvorm in het restauratietijdperk voor een herstel van orde en stabiliteit zorgen in Europa. Er is op dit punt eerder sprake van een breuk dan van continuïteit tussen het grondwettelijk model dat Willem I in 1814-1815 invoerde in het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden en de constitutionele monarchie waaraan Leopold I zich als eerste koning der Belgen in 1831 moest onderwerpen. De specifieke interpretatie en autoritaire invulling die Willem I aan zijn functie gaf, was één van de factoren die de Belgische revolutie mee helpt verklaren. Het is dus logisch dat de revolutie als zodanig een grondwet opleverde die ten eerste in het algemeen veel democratischer was, en ten tweede specifiek de macht van de koning sterk inperkte. De Belgische grondwettelijke monarchie die uit een revolutie werd geboren, hield de ‘erfenis’ van Willem I dus niet intact: de grondwettelijke omschrijving van het koningschap was integendeel een voor die tijd ultraliberaal en modern antwoord op het ‘systeem-Willem I’.
El sistema de incentivos en los contratos de adhesión
Authors: Cofone Ignacio N. 
Published: December 2015

<p>El artículo evalúa las objeciones tradicionales a los contratos de adhesión que se basan en conceptos de microeconomía e identifica cuáles son las diferencias que estos contratos presentan respecto de otros desde un punto de vista económico. Los problemas señalados son selección adversa y problemas de red, los cuales pueden motivar una regulación distinta para estos contratos respecto del modo en el que los sistemas legales regulan los contratos en general. El artículo, luego, evalúa las respuestas regulatorias actuales y presenta posibles soluciones para sobrellevar o aminorar dichos problemas sin perder las ventajas que estos contratos implican. </p>
Funciones: desarrollo histórico del concepto y actividades de enseñanza aprendizaje
Authors: Ugalde William J. 
Published: December 2015

<p><strong>Resumen:</strong> La principal intención de este trabajo es motivar a los docentes e investigadores en educación matemática a integrar en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas relacionados con el concepto de función, el desarrollo histórico de dicho objeto de estudio. Como segundo objetivo se desea sugerir diferentes actividades que se pueden utilizar para estudiar el concepto de función en los varios niveles de la educación formal. Este artículo se divide en tres secciones. La primera sección es una revisión del desarrollo del concepto de función a través de la historia. La segunda sección es un breve estudio de los tipos de deﬁnición existentes y las diferentes formas de representar funciones. La tercera sección es un recuento de actividades o situaciones de interés, con la intención de indicar facetas interesantes a la hora de estudiar el concepto de función.</p><p><br /><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> historia de las matemáticas, función, actividades de enseñanza aprendizaje.</p><p><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong> The main intention of this work is to motivate teachers and researchers in math education to integrate in the processes of teaching and learning mathematics related to the concept of function, the historical development of such an object of study. As a second objective, it is intended to suggest different activities that can be used to study the concept of function in the various levels of formal education. The ﬁrst of three sections in this paper is a historical review of the development of the concept of function . The second section is a brief study of the types of existing deﬁnitions and the different ways to represent a function. The third section lists activities of situations of interest, aiming to identify interesting stages during the study of the concept of function.</p><p><br /><strong>KeyWords:</strong> history of mathematics, function, learning-teaching activities.</p>
La solución de algunas EDO de Riccati
Authors: Jiménez Moscoso José Alfredo 
Published: December 2015

<p>En este artículo, se presenta un enfoque nuevo y eficaz para determinar la solución general de la ecuación diferencial no lineal de Riccati cuando los coeficientes son variables y están relacionados entre sí mediante otra ecuación diferencial ordinaria. La ecuación de Riccati se convierte de una vez a una ecuación diferencial ordinaria de Bernoulli y tiene la ventaja que no se necesita conocer a priori una solución particular. Estos métodos de solución permiten explicar este tipo de EDO de manera sencilla en las aulas.</p>
Determinación del módulo de elasticidad por los métodos dinámico y estático para madera termo-tratada de Gmelina arborea y Tectona grandis
Authors: Méndez-Mejías Luis Diego 
Published: December 2015

<p>Se estudió el efecto del tratamiento térmico sobre el módulo de elasticidad (MOE) de la madera para dos especies forestales Gmelina arborea (melina) y Tectona grandis (teca). Las muestras fueron expuestas a cuatro niveles de temperatura 160, 180, 200 y 220 °C por 2 horas, además se definió un tratamiento testigo (sin termo-tratamiento). A las muestras sometidas al tratamiento térmico se les determinó el módulo de elasticidad por ultrasonido (EUS) en sentido transversal y longitudinal y módulo de elasticidad en flexión estática (EES). Asimismo, se determinó la densidad y contenido de humedad (CH). Los resultados mostraron que la densidad varió entre 444,32 a 531,54 kg/m3 y de 594,11 a 697,25 kg/m3 para melina y teca respectivamente. El CH fluctuó de 3,77 a 11,47 % y de 2,90 a 8 % para melina y teca respectivamente, con una tendencia a disminuir conforme aumenta la temperatura de termo-tratamiento en las piezas. El EUS en sentido transversal varió de 1,16 a 2,35 GPa, el EUS en sentido longitudinal varió de 9,80 a 12,53 GPa y el EES fluctúo de 6,15 a 7,98 GPa, para melina. Para teca los resultados variaron de 1,90 a 3,07 GPa para EUS en sentido transversal, de 16,13 a 18,12 GPa para EUS en sentido longitudinal y de 9,41 a 11,47 GPa para EES. Finalmente, se obtuvo que los mejores valores de MOE para melina corresponde a los tratamientos de 160 y 180 °C de temperatura. En tanto para teca, corresponden a los tratamientos con 180 y 200 °C de temperatura.</p>
Propiedades energéticas de biomasa torrefaccionada de Dipteryx panamensis Pittier y Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm.
Authors: Gaitán-Álvarez Johanna 
Published: December 2015

<p>Se cuantificaron las propiedades energéticas de la biomasa torrefaccionada de dos especies forestales, Dipteryx panamensis y Gmelina arborea. Se tomaron 500 gramos de aserrín provenientes del proceso de aserrío primario de cada especie y se dividió en tres partes para aplicar tres tipos de tiempos a la exposición de temperatura, denominado como tratamientos: el tratamiento número 1 es el testigo, el cual no se torrefaccionó (0 minutos). El tratamiento número 2 consistió en aplicar una temperatura de 200 °C por 15 minutos, y el tratamiento número 3 consistió en aplicar una temperatura de 200 °C por 20 minutos. A este se le determinó densidad, contenido de cenizas, poder calórico, contenido de humedad e índice de combustibilidad. Las densidades de ambas especies variaron entre 155,48 kg/m3 a 191,86 kg/m3. El poder calórico paso de 9749,00 kJ/kg a 18126,35 kJ/kg con el proceso de torrefacción. Los porcentajes de cenizas se mantuvieron en un rango de 0,39 % a 1,07 %, y para el índice de combustibilidad en un rango de 109,31 a 6675,93; los valores más bajos los presentó el tratamiento a 0 minutos en ambas especies. Se logró determinar que la torrefacción incrementa las propiedades energéticas del material y que Dipteryx panamensis fue la que presentó un mejor comportamiento como combustible.</p>
Emisión de compuestos tóxicos del aire de fuentes móviles en la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica en 2007
Authors: Rodríguez-Yáñez Javier E. 
Published: December 2015

<p class="p1">Se realizó una estimación de las emisiones de compuestos tóxicos generados por la flota vehicular en la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica para el año 2007. El cálculo se realizó mediante factores de emisión obtenidos con el modelo MOBILE 6 de la EPA, así como los datos de actividad aportados por la Dirección Sectorial de Energía y el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes. </p><p class="p1">Del total de 914.486 toneladas emitidas por fuentes móviles, de los contaminantes tóxicos evaluados, el 46% está asociada al benceno y el 26,8% al formaldehído. Las emisiones provienen principalmente de automóviles particulares y microbuses o transporte de carga liviana a gasolina, que representan el 70% del total. </p>
Evaluación integral financiera, económica, social, ambiental y de productividad del uso de bagazo de caña y combustibles fósiles para la generación de energía eléctrica en Nicaragua
Authors: Blanco-Orozco Napoleón Vicente , Arce-Díaz Eduardo , Zúñiga-Gonzáles Carlos 
Published: December 2015

<p class="p1">En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una evaluación integral del uso del recurso energético bagazo de caña y derivados del petróleo para la generación de energía eléctrica en Nicaragua. Para ello se utiliza un modelo de evaluación que integra fácilmente, mediante el uso de la lógica difusa, los elementos de evaluación financiera, económica, social, ambiental y de productividad. Se determinó que el empleo del bagazo de caña es integralmente rentable y presenta más beneficios que el uso de derivados del petróleo para la generación de energía eléctrica en Nicaragua. </p>
Key drivers in environmental legislation towards good governance
Authors: Barnard C. E. 
Published: December 2015

The trialogue model is investigated with reference to the process that should be generated by Government, Science and Society and the results that should be achieved in the interaction at the interfaces between the stakeholders. What should and what has been achieved are analysed and contrasted.
The procedural part of the process is mainly the process of integrated environmental management, supported by a public participation process. The principles against which developments should be measured include sustainable development, the maximisation of benefits and evaluating land development by considering its merits. The structure that brings Society to the trialogue and a co-operative governance structure that brings Government to the trialogue are valuable key drivers that prepare the foundation for good environmental governance. The conclusion reached is that the process that has been developed recently is good. The legal principles that underpin the procedures are both key drivers for the process and valuable touchstones against which the environmental governance products of the trialogue can be legally verified.
The conclusion reached is that, through the absence of integration, the process is not used to its best advantage. The valuable contribution that the new Process can make, and the risk of environmental degradation if it is not used, are such that there is great merit in trying to achieve its implementation The weaknesses are analysed and recommendations are made that aim to facilitate the integration of the use of available environmental governance process.
Research Institute for the Study of Learning Disabilities (Columbia University)
Authors: Brynt N. Dale 
Published: December 2015

The Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, through Title VI-G of PL 91–230 has funded five research institutes in learning disabilities. These institutes are to: a) conduct research on the nature and educational treatment of children with specific learning disabilities, b) work directly with client populations, and c) produce a set of responsible educational interventions. The reasearch institutes are located at the following universities: University of Illinois - Chicago, Columbia University - Teachers College, University of Kansas, University of Minnesota, and University of Virginia. During this first year of funding all institutes are involved in program planning and the refinement of their research missions. Programmatic research efforts will begin in the summer or fall of 1978 and will continue for as long as four years. The establishment of five major research institutes is a very significant step in the learning disability field. Historically, Title VI-G funds have focused primarily on the demonstration of existing research and practice through Child Service Demonstration Centers. The goal of these model centers over the past five years has been that of providing effective educational services and training, but through these efforts, many conceptual and educational concerns have surfaced. It has become clear that their resolution depends on intensive research efforts. The research institutes are directed to this end. The following summaries provide an overview of each of the institutes' major goals and focus. The Quarterly will be disseminating information from the institutes in future issues.
Digital LDQ
Authors: Boone Randy , Higgins Kyle , Edyburn Dave 
Published: December 2015

The Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD) is pleased to announce the creation of an archive that permits online access to digital copies of back issues of the Learning Disability Quarterly (LDQ). Effective immediately, visitors can browse the table of contents of each issue of LDQ (since Fall 1998, Volume 21, Number 4), purchase specific back issues for $5 each, and immediately receive a digital copy of the file delivered via email. Purchase of an LDQ back issue online is no different than purchasing a print copy of a back issue. The pages viewed in the PDF format on screen are identical to the print-on-paper pages of the hard copy journal. Scholars can be assured that citations taken from the PDF version are accurate in terms of page numbering, and so on. The file may not be distributed or copied for use by others outside the limits of the Fair Use Policy. The following information will describe how to access the LDQ digital archive and highlight ways we anticipate the profession will utilize this valuable new resource.
Active Learning, Cooperative Active Learning, and Passive Learning Methods in an Accounting Information Systems Course
Authors: Riley Jennifer , Ward Kerry 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
We report the results of a study to examine the effectiveness of active versus passive learning methods in the accounting information systems area. Two groups of students completed an assignment under two active learning conditions (individual and cooperative), while a third group covered the same topic in a passive lecture. Our findings indicate support for active learning, measured through student performance on exam questions and student feedback on a questionnaire. However, compared to passive learners, we find significantly improved exam performance only for students who work individually in an active environment. Students in the cooperative active environment posted exam scores that were not statistically different from passive participants' scores. Students in both individual and cooperative active environments reported positive feedback on satisfaction, perceived learning, and effectiveness of the method. We conclude that active learning enhances student outcomes, particularly for those who work individually.
Data Availability: Data are available upon request.
Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Resin Composite Bond Strength to Enamel and Dentin Using Different Adhesive Systems
Authors: Theobaldo JD , Catelan A , Rodrigues-Filho U , Marchi GM , Lima DANL , Aguiar FHB 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARY
Objective: To evaluate the microshear bond strength of composite resin restorations in dental blocks with or without exposure to cigarette smoke.
Method: Eighty bovine dental blocks were divided into eight groups (n=10) according to the type of adhesive (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA [SBMP]; Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE [SB]; Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray Medical Inc, Okayama, Japan [CSEB]; Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE [SBU]) and exposure to smoke (no exposure; exposure for five days/20 cigarettes per day). The adhesive systems were applied to the tooth structure, and the blocks received a composite restoration made using a matrix of perforated pasta. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey test (α&lt;0.05).
Results: For enamel, there was no difference between the presence or absence of cigarette smoke (p=0.1397); however, there were differences among the adhesive systems (p&lt;0.001). CSEB showed higher values and did not differ from SBU, but both were statistically different from SB. The SBMP showed intermediate values, while SB demonstrated lower values. For dentin, specimens subjected to cigarette smoke presented bond strength values that were lower when compared with those not exposed to smoke (p&lt;0.001). For the groups without exposure to cigarette smoke, CSEB showed higher values, differing from SBMP. SB and SBU showed intermediary values. For the groups with exposure to cigarette smoke, SBU showed values that were higher and statistically different from SB and CSEB, which presented lower values of bond strength. SBMP demonstrated an intermediate value of bond strength.
Conclusion: The exposure of dentin to cigarette smoke influenced the bonding strength of adhesives, but no differences were noted in enamel.
Electrically Active Defects In Solar Cells Based On Amorphous Silicon/Crystalline Silicon Heterojunction After Irradiation By Heavy Xe Ions
Authors: Harmatha Ladislav , Mikolášek Miroslav , Stuchlíková L’ubica , Kósa Arpád , Žiška Milan , Hrubčín Ladislav , Skuratov Vladimir A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The contribution is focused on the diagnostics of structures with a heterojunction between amorphous and crystalline silicon prepared by HIT (Heterojunction with an Intrinsic Thin layer) technology. The samples were irradiated by Xe ions with energy 167 MeV and doses from 5 × 108 cm−2 to 5 × 1010 cm−2. Radiation defects induced in the bulk of Si and at the hydrogenated amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon (a-Si:H/c-Si) interface were identified by Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS). Radiation induced A-centre traps, boron vacancy traps and different types of divacancies with a high value of activation energy were observed. With an increased fluence of heavy ions the nature and density of the radiation induced defects was changed.
Modular Design Of Fast Leading Zeros Counting Circuit
Authors: Milenković Nebojša Z. , Stanković Vladimir V. , Milić Miljana Lj. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In modern computing technique, calculation of leading zeros in a data represented as strings of digits is used very often. Those techniques require high speed of the circuit, as well as its fast design. In this paper we propose a design of such a counter, which is applicable to data length of w = 4j bits, for 4 < j ≤ 8. With this solution it is also possible to process longer data, since the suggested technique offers a good modularity. This is very important, considering the current technology scaling trends. In this paper, a delay behavior of the proposed circuit has also been investigated using equations and VHDL simulation based worst-case delay estimation method. The results show a significant improvement of the circuit speed, compared to the known solutions.
Application Of Carbon Nanotubes And Reduced Graphene Oxide Layers For Ohmic Contacts To p–GaN
Authors: Liday Jozef , Vogrinčič Peter , Vretenár Viliam , Kotlár Mário , Marton Marián , Řeháček Vlastimil 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Due to their properties, carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide are highly promising materials for obtaining low-resistance ohmic contacts to p-GaN with good optical transparency for visible light. In this contribution we designed a combination of these two materials, along with a cap layer, to be used as structures for ohmic contacts to p-GaN. Carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene oxide (GO) layers were deposited by spray coating using an off-the-shelf airbrush on p-GaN layers. The metallic layers of Au/Pd were vapour deposited. The structures for ohmic contacts were prepared in two configurations, namely as Au/Pd/r-GO/CNT/p-GaN and Au/Pd/CNT/r-GO/CNT/p-GaN. The prepared structures provide a low resistivity ohmic contact after subsequent annealing in air ambient at 600 °C for 3 minutes. The contact containing the sandwich CNT/r-GO/CNT interstructure exhibits lower values of contact resistance in comparison with the r-GO/CNT interstructure.
Forced swim test in mice: A common animal model of depression
Authors: Aslam Muhammad 
Published: December 2015

<p>The Forced Swim Test (FST) is a rodent behavioral paradigm utilized for assessment of potential antidepressant-like medications. In this model the mice are put in a plexiglas tank. The tank is loaded with water and the behavior of the mice to escape the tank is scored. The behavioral parameter scored in this test is called immobility, resembling a behavioral state of misery, as seen in human depression.</p><p> </p><p><strong>VIDEO CLIPS</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/smWevgzklrQ">Pre-experiment:</a> 50 sec</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/W-BSm7wZEM8">Experiment:</a> 7 min 12 sec</p>