bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induced Packaging of Cellular MicroRNAs into HIV-1 Virions Can Inhibit Infectivity
Authors: Bogerd Hal P. , Kennedy Edward M. , Whisnant Adam W. , Cullen Bryan R. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Analysis of the incorporation of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) into highly purified HIV-1 virions revealed that this largely, but not entirely, mirrored the level of miRNA expression in the producer CD4
+
T cells. Specifically, of the 58 cellular miRNAs detected at significant levels in the producer cells, only 5 were found in virions at a level 2- to 4-fold higher than that predicted on the basis of random cytoplasmic sampling. Of note, these included two miRNAs, miR-155 and miR-92a, that were reported previously to at least weakly bind HIV-1 transcripts. To test whether miRNA binding to the HIV-1 genome can induce virion incorporation, artificial miRNA target sites were introduced into the viral genome and a 10- to 40-fold increase in the packaging of the cognate miRNAs into virions was then observed, leading to the recruitment of up to 1.6 miRNA copies per virion. Importantly, this high level of incorporation significantly inhibited HIV-1 virion infectivity. These results suggest that target sites for cellular miRNAs can inhibit RNA virus replication at two distinct steps, i.e., during infection and during viral gene expression, thus explaining why a range of different RNA viruses appear to have evolved to avoid cellular miRNA binding to their genome.

IMPORTANCE
The genomes of RNA viruses have the potential to interact with cellular miRNAs, which could lead to their incorporation into virions, with unknown effects on virion function. Here, it is demonstrated that wild-type HIV-1 virions essentially randomly incorporate low levels of the miRNAs expressed by infected cells. However, the specific incorporation of high levels of individual cellular miRNAs can be induced by insertion of cognate target sites into the viral genome. Of note, this results in a modest but significant inhibition of virion infectivity. These data imply that cellular miRNAs have the potential to inhibit viral replication by interfering with not only viral mRNA function but also virion infectivity.
Generic prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain in primary care: a systematic review
Authors: Artus Majid , Campbell Paul , Mallen Christian D , Dunn Kate M , van der Windt Danielle A W 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo summarise the evidence for generic prognostic factors across a range of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions.Settingprimary care.Methods and outcomesComprehensive systematic literature review. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO and EMBASE were searched for prospective cohort studies, based in primary care (search period—inception to December 2015). Studies were included if they reported on adults consulting with MSK conditions and provided data on associations between baseline characteristics (prognostic factors) and outcome. A prognostic factor was identified as generic when significantly associated with any outcome for 2 or more different MSK conditions. Evidence synthesis focused on consistency of findings and study quality.Results14 682 citations were identified and 78 studies were included (involving more than 48 000 participants with 18 different outcome domains). 51 studies were on spinal pain/back pain/low back pain, 12 on neck/shoulder/arm pain, 3 on knee pain, 3 on hip pain and 9 on multisite pain/widespread pain. Total quality scores ranged from 5 to 14 (mean 11) and 65 studies (83%) scored 9 or more. Out of a total of 78 different prognostic factors for which data were provided, the following factors are considered to be generic prognostic factors for MSK conditions: widespread pain, high functional disability, somatisation, high pain intensity and presence of previous pain episodes. In addition, consistent evidence was found for use of pain medications not to be associated with outcome, suggesting that this factor is not a generic prognostic factor for MSK conditions.ConclusionsThis large review provides new evidence for generic prognostic factors for MSK conditions in primary care. Such factors include pain intensity, widespread pain, high functional disability, somatisation and movement restriction. This information can be used to screen and select patients for targeted treatment in clinical research as well as to inform the management of MSK conditions in primary care.
GPRASP2, a novel causative gene mutated in an X-linked recessive syndromic hearing loss
Authors: Xing Guangqian , Yao Jun , Liu Chunyu , Wei Qinjun , Qian Xuli , Wu Lingxin , Lu Yajie , Cao Xin 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundA substantial amount of nuclear genes have been identified to be implicated in genetic hearing loss, while X-linked hearing loss is genetically heterogeneous and relatively infrequent.ObjectiveTo identify the causative gene mutation in a five-generation Chinese family with an X-linked recessive syndromic hearing loss (SHL).MethodsTargeted X-chromosome exome sequencing was conducted, and cosegregation analysis was performed in the members of the affected family. The in silico and expression studies were also performed.ResultsA 2-bp missense mutation (c.1717_1718GC>AA, p.A573N) in the G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 2 (GPRASP2) gene was identified in four hemizygous male patients and two heterozygous female carriers, which was cosegregated with the clinical phenotypes in this family. In silico analysis supported that this gene mutation is functionally deleterious, and it was detected that homologousGprasp2was highly expressed in multiple structures of the mouse cochlea, which suggested thatGPRASP2might be the genetic cause for the described disease phenotypes.ConclusionsThis study presented a novel X-linked SHL combined with unique and unrecognised clinical features, and a missense variation ofGPRASP2was first identified to be implicated in X-linked SHL.
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Using Enhanced Firefly Algorithm — ANFIS
Authors: Chandra Sekhar J. N. , Marutheswar G. V. 
Published: January 2017

In this paper, the hybrid direct torque control (DTC) technique is proposed for controlling the speed of the induction motor (IM). The hybrid technique is the combination of an enhanced firefly algorithm (FA) and the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) technique. The performance of the FA is improved by updating the randomized parameter. Here, the genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized for updating the parameter and improved the performance of the FA. Initially, the actual torque and the change of toque are applied to the input of the enhanced FA and form the electromagnetic torque as a dataset. The output of the enhanced FA is given to the input of the ANFIS which is determined from the output of interference system. The dynamic behavior of the IM is analyzed in terms of the parameters such as the speed, torque, flux, etc. Based on the parameters, the motor speed is controlled by utilizing the proposed technique. Then the output of the ANFIS is translated into the stator voltage which is given to the input of the support vector machine (SVM). After that, the control signal is generated for controlling the speed of the IM. The proposed hybrid technique is implemented in the Matlab/Simulink platform. The performance analysis of the proposed method is demonstrated and contrasted with the existing techniques such as without controller, particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based ANFIS and FA-ANFIS controller.
A neural locus for spatial-frequency specific saccadic suppression in visual-motor neurons of the primate superior colliculus
Authors: Chen Chih-Yang , Hafed Ziad M. 
Published: January 2017

Saccades cause rapid retinal-image shifts that go perceptually unnoticed several times per second. The mechanisms for saccadic suppression have been controversial, in part because of sparse understanding of neural substrates. In this study we uncovered an unexpectedly specific neural locus for spatial frequency-specific saccadic suppression in the superior colliculus (SC). We first developed a sensitive behavioral measure of suppression in two macaque monkeys, demonstrating selectivity to low spatial frequencies similar to that observed in earlier behavioral studies. We then investigated visual responses in either purely visual SC neurons or anatomically deeper visual motor neurons, which are also involved in saccade generation commands. Surprisingly, visual motor neurons showed the strongest visual suppression, and the suppression was dependent on spatial frequency, as in behavior. Most importantly, suppression selectivity for spatial frequency in visual motor neurons was highly predictive of behavioral suppression effects in each individual animal, with our recorded population explaining up to ~74% of behavioral variance even on completely different experimental sessions. Visual SC neurons had mild suppression, which was unselective for spatial frequency and thus only explained up to ~48% of behavioral variance. In terms of spatial frequency-specific saccadic suppression, our results run contrary to predictions that may be associated with a hypothesized SC saccadic suppression mechanism, in which a motor command in the visual motor and motor neurons is first relayed to the more superficial purely visual neurons, to suppress them and to then potentially be fed back to cortex. Instead, an extraretinal modulatory signal mediating spatial-frequency-specific suppression may already be established in visual motor neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Saccades, which repeatedly realign the line of sight, introduce spurious signals in retinal images that normally go unnoticed. In part, this happens because of perisaccadic suppression of visual sensitivity, which is known to depend on spatial frequency. We discovered that a specific subtype of superior colliculus (SC) neurons demonstrates spatial-frequency-dependent suppression. Curiously, it is the neurons that help mediate the saccadic command itself that exhibit such suppression, and not the purely visual ones.
Differentiation between Radiation Necrosis and Tumor Progression Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer
Authors: Mehrabian Hatef , Desmond Kimberly L. , Soliman Hany , Sahgal Arjun , Stanisz Greg J. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a common treatment used in patients with brain metastases and is associated with high rates of local control, however, at the risk of radiation necrosis. It is difficult to differentiate radiation necrosis from tumor progression using conventional MRI, making it a major diagnostic dilemma for practitioners. This prospective study investigated whether chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) was able to differentiate these two conditions.
Experimental Design: Sixteen patients with brain metastases who had been previously treated with SRS were included. Average time between SRS and evaluation was 12.6 months. Lesion type was determined by pathology in 9 patients and the other 7 were clinically followed. CEST imaging was performed on a 3T Philips scanner and the following CEST metrics were measured: amide proton transfer (APT), magnetization transfer (MT), magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and area under the curve for CEST peaks corresponding to amide and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE).
Results: Five lesions were classified as progressing tumor and 11 were classified as radiation necrosis (using histopathologic confirmation and radiographic follow-up). The best separation was obtained by NOEMTR (NOEMTR,necrosis = 8.9 ± 0.9%, NOEMTR,progression = 12.6 ± 1.6%, P &lt; 0.0001) and AmideMTR (AmideMTR,necrosis = 8.2 ± 1.0%, AmideMTR,progression = 12.0 ± 1.9%, P &lt; 0.0001). MT (MTnecrosis = 4.7 ± 1.0%, MTprogression = 6.7 ± 1.7%, P = 0.009) and NOEAUC (NOEAUC,necrosis = 4.3 ± 2.0% Hz, NOEAUC,progression = 7.2 ± 1.9% Hz, P = 0.019) provided statistically significant separation but with higher P values.
Conclusions: CEST was capable of differentiating radiation necrosis from tumor progression in brain metastases. Both NOEMTR and AmideMTR provided statistically significant separation of the two cohorts. However, APT was unable to differentiate the two groups. Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3667–75. ©2017 AACR.
The Human Microbiome and Cancer
Authors: Rajagopala Seesandra V. , Vashee Sanjay , Oldfield Lauren M. , Suzuki Yo , Venter J. Craig , Telenti Amalio , Nelson Karen E. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Recent scientific advances have significantly contributed to our understanding of the complex connection between the microbiome and cancer. Our bodies are continuously exposed to microbial cells, both resident and transient, as well as their byproducts, including toxic metabolites. Circulation of toxic metabolites may contribute to cancer onset or progression at locations distant from where a particular microbe resides. Moreover, microbes may migrate to other locations in the human body and become associated with tumor development. Several case–control metagenomics studies suggest that dysbiosis in the commensal microbiota is also associated with inflammatory disorders and various cancer types throughout the body. Although the microbiome influences carcinogenesis through mechanisms independent of inflammation and immune system, the most recognizable link is between the microbiome and cancer via the immune system, as the resident microbiota plays an essential role in activating, training, and modulating the host immune response. Immunologic dysregulation is likely to provide mechanistic explanations as to how our microbiome influences cancer development and cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss recent developments in understanding the human gut microbiome's relationship with cancer and the feasibility of developing novel cancer diagnostics based on microbiome profiles. Cancer Prev Res; 10(4); 226–34. ©2017 AACR.
Contact-Induced Change in an Oceanic Language: The Paluai – Tok Pisin Case
Authors: Schokkin Dineke 
Published: January 2017

Many studies have focused on substrate influence on the creole languages of Melanesia – Tok Pisin, Solomons Pijin and Bislama. The same cannot be said with regard to influence in the opposite direction: contact-induced change occurring in local vernaculars due to pressure from the creole. This paper presents a case study of several instances of structural borrowing and semantic category change in Paluai, an Oceanic language spoken in Papua New Guinea. It is shown that a number of functional elements originating from Tok Pisin are now firmly embedded in Paluai grammar: two verbs, gat and inap, and a conjunction, taim. Moreover, semantic categories are undergoing change and possibly attrition due to many-to-one correspondences. This suggests that it is important to view language contact situations as dynamic and involving two-way processes of change.
À propos de Maarten Kossmann : The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber. Compte rendu d’un travail de synthèse
Authors: Lentin Jérôme , Taine-Cheikh Catherine 
Published: January 2017

With this detailed and comprehensive survey, Maarten Kossmann provides not only Berberists and Arabists, but also all linguists interested in language contact and related issues, with an impressive amount of data and with food for thought. Based on considerable documentation, his work offers a synthesis that had never been attempted before of most of the elements in the Maghrebian Berber languages that could be considered to be borrowings from Arabic, with a careful evaluation, in each case, of the validity of such an attribution. For this purpose, the author gives a summary of the relevant Arabic facts, followed by a detailed account of the Berber ones, which often leads him to real small monographic treatments of problems. From this point of view, his work can be considered, at least regarding the many issues studied, a historical and comparative grammar of ‘Northern Berber’. Therefore it seemed to us that this significant work deserved far more than a short notice, and we decided to review it in detail.
Increased Quasi Stationarity and Persistence of Winter Ural Blocking and Eurasian Extreme Cold Events in Response to Arctic Warming. Part I: Insights from Observational Analyses
Authors: Yao Yao , Luo Dehai , Dai Aiguo , Simmonds Ian 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Part I of this study examines the relationship among winter cold anomalies over Eurasia, Ural blocking (UB), and the background conditions associated with Arctic warming over the Barents and Kara Seas (BKS) using reanalysis data. It is found that the intensity, persistence, and occurrence region of UB-related Eurasian cold anomalies depend strongly on the strength and vertical shear (VS) of the mean westerly wind (MWW) over mid–high-latitude Eurasia related to BKS warming.
Observational analysis reveals that during 1951–2015 UB days are 64% (54%) more frequent during weak MWW (VS) winters, with 26.9 (28.4) days per winter, than during strong MWW (VS) winters. During weak MWW or VS winters, as frequently observed during 2000–15, persistent and large UB-related warming is seen over the BKS together with large and widespread midlatitude Eurasian cold anomalies resulting from increased quasi stationarity and persistence of the UB. By contrast, when the MWW or VS is strong as frequently observed during 1979–99, the cold anomaly is less intense and persistent and confined to a narrow region of Europe because of a rapid westward movement of the strong UB. For this case, the BKS warming is relatively weak and less persistent. The midlatitude cold anomalies are maintained primarily by reduced downward infrared radiation (IR), while the surface heat fluxes, IR, and advection all contribute to the BKS warming. Thus, the large BKS warming since 2000 weakens the meridional temperature gradient, MWW, and VS, which increases quasi stationarity and persistence of the UB (rather than its amplitude) and then leads to more widespread Eurasian cold events and further enhances the BKS warming.
Glottic Closing Force Versus Laryngeal Adductory Pressure in the Canine Larynx
Authors: Paniello Randal C. , Bhatt Neel K. 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: The strength of glottic closure with recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) stimulation has been indirectly measured experimentally by determining the squeezing pressure on a balloon inserted between the vocal folds, termed laryngeal adductory pressure (LAP). In this study, we sought to measure glottic closing force (GCF) directly and compare these results to LAP measures obtained with identical stimulation parameters. Methods: In canines, a method for measuring GCF was developed in which a suture was looped through a lateral thyrotomy hole, around the vocal process and back, then attached to a force gauge. The RLN was maximally stimulated and GCF recorded. The LAP was then measured as previously described, using the same stimuli. This process was repeated at 9 stimulation frequencies in 10-Hz intervals from 20 to 100 Hz. The GCF and LAP were compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC). Results: Both sides were measured in 16 dogs, resulting in 32 data sets. The LAP measures were obtained at all frequencies, while GCF was obtained in 246 of 288 (85.4%) attempts. The maximum GCF for each dog typically occurred at 80 to 100 Hz and averaged 0.287 ± 0.106 newtons. Plotting GCF versus LAP for each hemilaryngeal preparation, the mean PCC was 0.932 ± .042 (range, 0.802-0.987). The mean PCC did not differ between control (n = 26) and postoperative (n = 6) hemilarynges. Conclusion: This method for measuring GCF appears valid. The high Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicates strong covariance between GCF and LAP, demonstrating that they are both measures of the same physical property. The LAP is easier to perform and more consistently obtained.
Influence of External Subglottic Air Flow on Dysphagic Tracheotomized Patients With Severe Brain Injury
Authors: Kothari Mohit , Bjerrum Katje , Nielsen Lars Hedemann , Jensen Jim , Nielsen Jørgen Feldbæk 
Published: January 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if external subglottic air flow (ESAF) influences swallowing frequency in severely dysphagic tracheotomized patients with brain injury. Methods: Ten patients were recruited at the neurological intensive care unit. The ESAF intervention was provided through the standard cuffed suction aid tracheotomy tube, which primarily is used to suction residual secretion volume from the subglottic area. Sessions were 150 minutes, and ESAF was provided at 60-65, 90-95, and 120-125 minutes at 3 L/min. Outcome measures included swallowing frequency (swallows/5 min) at 0-5 minutes (pre-baseline), 25-30 and 55-60 minutes (baseline/control), and 85-90, 115-120, and 145-150 minutes (postintervention). The residual secretion volume (ml) from the subglottic area was collected using a syringe at 0 minutes (pre-baseline), 30 and 60 minutes (baseline/ control), and at 90, 120, and 150 minutes (postintervention). Results: The mean (±SEM) swallowing frequency (swallows/5 min) increased from 0.60 ± 0.30 to 2.10 ± 0.70 during the ESAF intervention ( P < .001). The mean (±SEM) residual secretion volume reduced from 3.10 ± 0.31 ml to 0.50 ± 0.30 ml after the ESAF intervention ( P < .001). Conclusion: The increase in swallowing frequency and reduction in residual secretion volume may indicate that ESAF influences swallowing parameters in patients with tracheotomy tubes.
Complete Convergences of Rowwise NA Sequences of Random Variables
Authors: Cal Guang‐Hui 
Published: January 2017

Abstract: In this paper, we study the complete convergences and strong law of large numbers of rowwise NA sequences of random variables. The results obtained not only generalize the results of Hu (1998, Statist. Probab. Lett. 38, 27 – 31) and Sung (2005. Stntist. Probab. Lett. 71, 303 – 311 ) to NA sequence, but also improve them. AMS (2000) Subject Classification: 60F15.
Almost Sure Confidence Intervals and One‐Sided Estimation in Non‐Regular Cases with Applications
Authors: Dasgupta Ratan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract: An estimator T n of the unknown parameter θ ε R is said to converge to θ from above (below), if T n ≥ θ ( T n ≤ θ) for all sufficiently large sample size n and T n → θ a.s., as n → ∞. Estimation problems of this kind are considered when θ is a finite end point of the distribution function. Confidence interval for θ with highest coverage probability 1, for all sufficiently large n is obtained. Applications to real data sets including industrial data and sea tide data are made. AMS (2000) Subject Classification: Primary 60F15, Secondary 62G32.
Statistical Speaker Identification Based on Spectrogram Imaging
Authors: Basak Gopal K. , Dutta Tridibesh 
Published: January 2017

Abstract: The paper addresses the problem of speaker identification based on spectrograms in the text dependent case. Using spectrogram segmentation, this paper, mainly, focusses on understanding the complex patterns in frequency and amplitude in an utterance of a given word by an individual. The features used for identifying a speaker based on an observed variable extracted from the spectrograms, rely on the distinct speaker effect, his/her interaction effect with the particular word and with the frequency bands of the spectrogram. Performance of this novel approach on spectrogram samples, collected from 40 speakers, show that this methodology can be effectively used to produce a very high success rate in a closed set of speakers for text-dependent speaker identification. AMS (2000) Subject Classification: 62P99.