bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid limb‐specific modulation of vestibular contributions to ankle muscle activity during locomotion
Authors: Forbes Patrick A. , Vlutters Mark , Dakin Christopher J. , van der Kooij Herman , Blouin Jean‐Sébastien , Schouten Alfred C. 
Published: December 2016

Key points
The vestibular influence on human walking is phase‐dependent and modulated across both limbs with changes in locomotor velocity and cadence.
Using a split‐belt treadmill, we show that vestibular influence on locomotor activity is modulated independently in each limb.
The independent vestibular modulation of muscle activity from each limb occurs rapidly at the onset of split‐belt walking, over a shorter time course relative to the characteristic split‐belt error‐correction mechanisms (i.e. muscle activity and kinematics) associated with locomotor adaptation.
Together, the present results indicate that the nervous system rapidly modulates the vestibular influence of each limb separately through processes involving ongoing sensory feedback loops.
These findings help us understand how vestibular information is used to accommodate the variable and commonplace demands of locomotion, such as turning or navigating irregular terrain.
AbstractDuring walking, the vestibular influence on locomotor activity is phase‐dependent and modulated in both limbs with changes in velocity. It is unclear, however, whether this bilateral modulation is due to a coordinated mechanism between both limbs or instead through limb‐specific processes that remain masked by the symmetric nature of locomotion. Here, human subjects walked on a split‐belt treadmill with one belt moving at 0.4 m s−1 and the other moving at 0.8 m s−1 while exposed to an electrical vestibular stimulus. Muscle activity was recorded bilaterally around the ankles of each limb and used to compare vestibulo‐muscular coupling between velocity‐matched and unmatched tied‐belt walking. In general, response magnitudes decreased by ∼20–50% and occurred ∼13–20% earlier in the stride cycle at the higher belt velocity. This velocity‐dependent modulation of vestibular‐evoked muscle activity was retained during split‐belt walking and was similar, within each limb, to velocity‐matched tied‐belt walking. These results demonstrate that the vestibular influence on ankle muscles during locomotion can be adapted independently to each limb. Furthermore, modulation of vestibular‐evoked muscle responses occurred rapidly (∼13–34 strides) after onset of split‐belt walking. This rapid adaptation contrasted with the prolonged adaptation in step length symmetry (∼128 strides) as well as EMG magnitude and timing (∼40–100 and ∼20–70 strides, respectively). These results suggest that vestibular influence on ankle muscle control is adjusted rapidly in sensorimotor control loops as opposed to longer‐term error correction mechanisms commonly associated with split‐belt adaptation. Rapid limb‐specific sensorimotor feedback adaptation may be advantageous for asymmetric overground locomotion, such as navigating irregular terrain or turning.
N‐Cadherin, a novel and rapidly remodelling site involved in vasoregulation of small cerebral arteries
Authors: Sun Zhe , Li Min , Li Zhaohui , Hill Michael A. , Meininger Gerald A. 
Published: December 2016

Key points
N‐cadherin formed punctate adherens junctions (AJ) along the borders between vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the pressurized rat superior cerebellar artery.
The formation of N‐cadherin AJs in the vessel wall depends on the intraluminal pressure and was responsive to treatment with phenylephrine (PE) (10−5 m) and ACh (10−5 m).
N‐cadherin‐coated beads were able to induce clustering of N‐cadherin‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on the plasma membrane of isolated VSMCs, whereas treatment with PE (10−5 m) or sodium nitroprusside (10−5 m) induced a significant increase or decrease in the N‐cadherin‐EGFP clustering, respectively.
Application of pulling force (∼1 nN) to the N‐cadherin‐coated beads via an atomic force microscope induced a localized mechanical response from the VSMCs that opposed the pulling.
AbstractN‐cadherin is the major cell–cell adhesion molecule in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We tested the hypothesis that N‐cadherin is part of a novel mechanosensory mechanism in VSMCs and plays an active role in both the arteriolar myogenic response and during changes in vascular tone induced by vasomotor agonists. Intact and pressurized rat superior cerebellar arteries were labelled for confocal immunofluorescence imaging. N‐cadherin formed punctate adherens junctions (AJ) along the borders between VSMCs. When the lumen pressure was raised from 50 to 90 mmHg, both the density and the average size of N‐cadherin AJs increased significantly. Similarly, arteriolar constriction with phenylephrine (PE) (10–5 m) induced a significant increase of N‐cadherin AJ density at 50 mmHg, whereas vasodilatation induced by ACh (10–5 m) was accompanied by a significant decrease in density and size of N‐cadherin AJs. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to further examine the mechano‐responsive properties of N‐cadherin adhesion sites in isolated VSMCs. AFM probes with an attached N‐cadherin‐coated microbead (5 μm) induced a progressive clustering of N‐cadherin‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on the VSMC surface. Application of pulling force (∼1 nN) to the N‐cadherin‐coated‐beads with the AFM induced a localized mechanical response from the VSMCs that opposed the pulling. Treatment with PE (10–5 m) or sodium nitroprusside (10–5 m) induced a significant increase or decrease of the N‐cadherin‐EGFP clustering, respectively. These observations provide compelling evidence that N‐cadherin AJs are sensitive to pressure and vasomotor agonists in VSMCs and support a functional role of N‐cadherin AJs in vasomotor regulation.
Quantitative analysis of the Ca2+‐dependent regulation of delayed rectifier K+ current IKs in rabbit ventricular myocytes
Authors: Bartos Daniel C. , Morotti Stefano , Ginsburg Kenneth S. , Grandi Eleonora , Bers Donald M. 
Published: December 2016

Key points
[Ca2+]i enhanced rabbit ventricular slowly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs) by negatively shifting the voltage dependence of activation and slowing deactivation, similar to perfusion of isoproterenol.
Rabbit ventricular rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) amplitude and voltage dependence were unaffected by high [Ca2+]i.
When measuring or simulating IKs during an action potential, IKs was not different during a physiological Ca2+ transient or when [Ca2+]i was buffered to 500 nm.
AbstractThe slowly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs) contributes to repolarization of the cardiac action potential (AP). Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and β‐adrenergic receptor (β‐AR) stimulation modulate IKs amplitude and kinetics, but details of these important IKs regulators and their interaction are limited. We assessed the [Ca2+]i dependence of IKs in steady‐state conditions and with dynamically changing membrane potential and [Ca2+]i during an AP. IKs was recorded from freshly isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes using whole‐cell patch clamp. With intracellular pipette solutions that controlled free [Ca2+]i, we found that raising [Ca2+]i from 100 to 600 nm produced similar increases in IKs as did β‐AR activation, and the effects appeared additive. Both β‐AR activation and high [Ca2+]i increased maximally activated tail IKs, negatively shifted the voltage dependence of activation, and slowed deactivation kinetics. These data informed changes in our well‐established mathematical model of the rabbit myocyte. In both AP‐clamp experiments and simulations, IKs recorded during a normal physiological Ca2+ transient was similar to IKs measured with [Ca2+]i clamped at 500–600 nm. Thus, our study provides novel quantitative data as to how physiological [Ca2+]i regulates IKs amplitude and kinetics during the normal rabbit AP. Our results suggest that micromolar [Ca2+]i, in the submembrane or junctional cleft space, is not required to maximize [Ca2+]i‐dependent IKs activation during normal Ca2+ transients.
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Comparison of four alternative national universal anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme implementation strategies to reduce secondary future medical costs
Authors: Lewis Dion A , Kirkbride Brent , Vertullo Christopher J , Gordon Louisa , Comans Tracy A 
Published: December 2016

Background/aimAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common and devastating sporting injury. With or without ACL reconstruction, the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and permanent disability later in life is markedly increased. While neuromuscular training programmes can prevent 50–80% of ACL injuries, no national implementation strategies exist in Australia. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of four alternative national universal ACL injury prevention programme implementation strategies to reduce future medical costs secondary to ACL injury.MethodsA Markov economic decision model was constructed to estimate the value in lifetime future medical costs prevented by implementing a national ACL prevention programme among four hypothetical cohorts: high-risk sport participants (HR) aged 12–25 years; HR 18–25 years; HR 12–17 years; all youths (ALL) 12–17 years.ResultsOf the four programmes examined, the HR 12–25 programme provided the greatest value, averting US$693 of direct healthcare costs per person per lifetime or US$221 870 880 in total. Without training, 9.4% of this cohort will rupture their ACL and 16.8% will develop knee OA. Training prevents 3764 lifetime ACL ruptures per 100 000 individuals, a 40% reduction in ACL injuries. 842 lifetime cases of OA per 100 000 individuals and 584 TKRs per 100 000 are subsequently averted. Numbers needed to treat ranged from 27 for the HR 12–25 to 190 for the ALL 12–17.ConclusionsThe HR 12–25 programme was the most effective implementation strategy. Estimation of the break-even cost of health expenditure savings will enable optimal future programme design, implementation and expenditure.
Are all sport activities equal? A systematic review of how youth psychosocial experiences vary across differing sport activities
Authors: Evans M Blair , Allan Veronica , Erickson Karl , Martin Luc J , Budziszewski Ross , Côté Jean 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveModels of sport development often support the assumption that young athletes' psychosocial experiences differ as a result of seemingly minor variations in how their sport activities are designed (eg, participating in team or individual sport; sampling many sports or specialising at an early age). This review was conducted to systematically search sport literature and explore how the design of sport activities relates to psychosocial outcomes.DesignSystematic search, followed by data extraction and synthesis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were applied and a coding sheet was used to extract article information and code for risk of bias.Data sourcesAcademic databases and manual search of peer-reviewed journals.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesSearch criteria determined eligibility primarily based on the sample (eg, ages 7 through 17 years) and study design (eg, measured psychosocial constructs).Results35 studies were located and were classified within three categories: (1) sport types, (2) sport settings, and (3) individual patterns of sport involvement. These studies represented a wide range of scores when assessed for risk of bias and involved an array of psychosocial constructs, with the most prevalent investigations predicting outcomes such as youth development, self-esteem and depression by comparing (1) team or individual sport participants and (2) youth with varying amounts of sport involvement.Summary/conclusionAs variations in sport activities impact youth sport experiences, it is vital for researchers to carefully describe and study these factors, while practitioners may use the current findings when designing youth sport programmes.
Egg ingestion in adults with type 2 diabetes: effects on glycemic control, anthropometry, and diet quality—a randomized, controlled, crossover trial
Authors: Njike Valentine Y , Ayettey Rockiy G , Rajebi Hamid , Treu Judith A , Katz David L 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe inclusion of eggs as part of a healthful diet for adults with diabetes is controversial. We examined the effects of including eggs in the diet of adults with type 2 diabetes on cardiometabolic risk factors.MethodsRandomized, controlled, single-blind, crossover trial of 34 adults (mean age 64.5 years; 14 postmenopausal women, 20 men) with type 2 diabetes assigned to one of two possible sequence permutations of two different 12-week treatments (two eggs/day inclusion or egg exclusion), with 6-week washout periods. For the egg inclusion phase, participants received advice from a dietitian on how to preserve an isocaloric condition relative to the egg exclusion phase. The primary outcome was glycemic control as measured by glycated hemoglobin. Secondary measures included anthropometry, blood pressure, and diet quality.ResultsCompared with the exclusion of eggs in the habitual diet, the inclusion of eggs did not measurably affect glycated hemoglobin (0.01±0.5% vs −0.24±0.7%; p=0.115) and systolic blood pressure (−0.8±13.0 vs −3.0±10.0 mm Hg; p=0.438); and significantly reduced body mass index (0.06±0.8 vs −0.4±0.8 kg/m²; p=0.013) and visceral fat rating (0.2±1.1 vs −0.4±1.0; p=0.016). The inclusion of eggs in the habitual diet of diabetics significantly reduced waist circumference (−0.4±1.2 cm; p=0.004) and percent body fat (−0.7±1.8; p=0.033) from baseline.ConclusionsShort-term daily inclusion of eggs in the habitual diet of adults with type 2 diabetes does not improve glycemic control but can improve anthropometric measures.Trial registration numberNCT02052037; results.
Disparities in recommended preventive care usage among persons living with diabetes in the Appalachian region
Authors: Sohn Min-Woong , Kang Hyojung , Park Joseph S , Yates Paul , McCall Anthony , Stukenborg George , Anderson Roger , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Lobo Jennifer M 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo examine disparities in the receipt of preventive care recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) between Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties and within Appalachian counties.Research design and methodsBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data for 2008–2010 were used to identify individuals with diabetes and their preventive care usage. Each Appalachian respondent county of residence was categorised into one of the five economic levels: distressed, at-risk, transitional, competitive and attainment counties. Competitive and attainment counties were combined and designated as competitive counties. We used logistic regressions to compare receipt of ADA preventive care recommendations by county economic level, adjusting for respondent demographic, socioeconomic, health and access-to-care factors.ResultsCompared to the most affluent (competitive) counties, less affluent (distressed and at-risk) counties demonstrated equivalent or higher rates of self-care practices such as daily blood glucose monitoring and daily foot checks. But they showed 40–50% lower uptake of annual foot and eye examinations and 30% lower uptake of diabetes education and pneumococcal vaccinations compared to competitive counties. After adjusting for demographic factors, significant disparities still existed in the uptake of annual foot examinations, annual eye examinations, 2 or more A1c tests per year and pneumococcal vaccinations in distressed and at-risk counties compared to competitive counties. Appalachian counties as a whole were similar to non-Appalachian counties in the uptake of all recommendations with the absolute differences of ≤3%.ConclusionsOur results show that there are significant disparities in the uptake of many recommended preventive services between less and more affluent counties in the Appalachian region.
Total cancer incidence in relation to137Cs fallout in the most contaminated counties in Sweden after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident: a register-based study
Authors: Alinaghizadeh Hassan , Wålinder Robert , Vingård Eva , Tondel Martin 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesTo determine the total cancer incidence in relation to a 5-year exposure to caesium-137 (137Cs) from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident.MethodsA closed cohort was defined as all individuals living in the three most contaminated counties in mid-Sweden in 1986. Fallout of137Cs was retrieved as a digital map from the Geological Survey of Sweden, demographic data from Statistics Sweden, and cancer diagnosis from the National Board of Health and Welfare. Individuals were assigned an annual137Cs exposure based on their place of residence (1986–1990), from which 5-year cumulative137Cs exposures were calculated, accounting for the physical decay of137Cs and changing residencies. HRs were adjusted for age, sex, rural/non-rural residence and pre-Chernobyl total cancer incidence.ResultsThe 734 537 people identified were categorised by exposure: the first quartile was low exposure (0.0–45.4 kBq/m2), the second and third quartiles were intermediate exposure (45.41–118.8 kBq/m2), and the fourth quartile was the highest exposure (118.81–564.71 kBq/m2). Between 1991 and 2010, 82 495 cancer cases were registered in the 3 counties. Adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05) for intermediate exposure and 1.05 (1.03 to 1.07) for the highest exposure compared to the reference exposure.ConclusionsWe found a small overall exposure–response pattern of the total cancer incidence related to137Cs after adjustment for age, sex, rural residence and pre-Chernobyl cancer incidence.
Climate change and human health: what are the research trends? A scoping review protocol
Authors: Herlihy Niamh , Bar-Hen Avner , Verner Glenn , Fischer Helen , Sauerborn Rainer , Depoux Anneliese , Flahault Antoine , Schütte Stefanie 
Published: December 2016

IntroductionFor 28 years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been assessing the potential risks associated with anthropogenic climate change. Although interest in climate change and health is growing, the implications arising from their interaction remain understudied. Generating a greater understanding of the health impacts of climate change could be key step in inciting some of the changes necessary to decelerate global warming. A long-term and broad overview of the existing scientific literature in the field of climate change and health is currently missing in order to ensure that all priority areas are being adequately addressed. In this paper we outline our methods to conduct a scoping review of the published peer-reviewed literature on climate change and health between 1990 and 2015.Methods and analysisA detailed search strategy will be used to search the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria will be applied in order to capture the most relevant literature in the time frame chosen. Data will be extracted, categorised and coded to allow for statistical analysis of the results.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval was required for this study. A searchable database of climate change and health publications will be developed and a manuscript will be complied for publication and dissemination of the findings. We anticipate that this study will allow us to map the trends observed in publications over the 25-year time period in climate change and health research. It will also identify the research areas with the highest volume of publications as well as highlight the research trends in climate change and health.
How to measure the impacts of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic development on empiric therapy: new composite indices
Authors: Hughes Josie S , Hurford Amy , Finley Rita L , Patrick David M , Wu Jianhong , Morris Andrew M 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesWe aimed to construct widely useable summary measures of the net impact of antibiotic resistance on empiric therapy. Summary measures are needed to communicate the importance of resistance, plan and evaluate interventions, and direct policy and investment.Design, setting and participantsAs an example, we retrospectively summarised the 2011 cumulative antibiogram from a Toronto academic intensive care unit.Outcome measuresWe developed two complementary indices to summarise the clinical impact of antibiotic resistance and drug availability on empiric therapy. The Empiric Coverage Index (ECI) measures susceptibility of common bacterial infections to available empiric antibiotics as a percentage. The Empiric Options Index (EOI) varies from 0 to ‘the number of treatment options available’, and measures the empiric value of the current stock of antibiotics as a depletable resource. The indices account for drug availability and the relative clinical importance of pathogens. We demonstrate meaning and use by examining the potential impact of new drugs and threatening bacterial strains.ConclusionsIn our intensive care unit coverage of device-associated infections measured by the ECI remains high (98%), but 37–44% of treatment potential measured by the EOI has been lost. Without reserved drugs, the ECI is 86–88%. New cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations could increase the EOI, but no single drug can compensate for losses. Increasing methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) prevalence would have little overall impact (ECI=98%, EOI=4.8–5.2) because many Gram-positives are already resistant to β-lactams. Aminoglycoside resistance, however, could have substantial clinical impact because they are among the few drugs that provide coverage of Gram-negative infections (ECI=97%, EOI=3.8–4.5). Our proposed indices summarise the local impact of antibiotic resistance on empiric coverage (ECI) and available empiric treatment options (EOI) using readily available data. Policymakers and drug developers can use the indices to help evaluate and prioritise initiatives in the effort against antimicrobial resistance.