bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative assessment of bone density at the distal articulating surface of the third metacarpal in Thoroughbred racehorses with and without condylar fracture
Authors: Loughridge A. B. , Hess A. M. , Parkin T. D. , Kawcak C. E. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyChanges in subchondral bone density, induced by the repetitive cyclical loading of exercise, may potentiate fatigue damage and the risk of fracture.ObjectivesTo use computed tomography (CT) to characterise bone density patterns at the articular surface of the third metacarpal bone in racehorses with and without lateral condylar fractures.Study DesignCase controlMethodsComputed tomographic images of the distal articulating surface of the third metacarpal bone were obtained from Thoroughbred racehorses subjected to euthanasia in theUK. Third metacarpal bones were divided into 3 groups based on lateral condyle status; fractured (FX, n = 42), nonfractured contralateral condyle (NFX, n = 42) and control condyles from horses subjected to euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the third metacarpal bone (control, n = 94). ColourCTimages were generated whereby each colour represented a range of pixel values and thus a relative range of bone density. A density value was calculated qualitatively by estimating the percentage of each colour within a specific region. Subchondral bone density was assessed in 6 regions from dorsal to palmar and 1 mm medial and lateral to the centre of the lateral parasagittal groove inNFXand control condyles and 1 mm medial and lateral to the fracture inFXcondyles.ResultsBone density was significantly higher in theFXandNFXcondyles compared with control condyles for all 6 regions. A significantly higher bone density was observed inFXcondyles relative toNFXcondyles in the lateral middle and lateral palmar regions. Fractured condyles had increased heterogeneity in density among the 6 regions of interest compared with control andNFXcondyles.ConclusionsAdjacent to the fracture, a focal increase in bone density and increased heterogeneity of density were characteristic of limbs with lateral condylar fractures compared with control andNFXcondyles. These differences may represent pathological changes in bone density that increase the risk for lateral condylar fractures in racehorses.
Cloudy with a chance of sardines: forecasting sardine distributions using regional climate models
Authors: Kaplan Isaac C. , Williams Gregory D. , Bond Nicholas A. , Hermann Albert J. , Siedlecki Samantha A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDespite the significant advances in making monthly or seasonal forecasts of weather, ocean hypoxia, harmful algal blooms and marine pathogens, few such forecasting efforts have extended to the ecology of upper trophic level marine species. Here, we test our ability to use short‐term (up to 9 months) predictions of ocean conditions to create a novel forecast of the spatial distribution of Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax. Predictions of ocean conditions are derived using the output from the Climate Forecast System (CFS) model downscaled through the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Using generalized additive models (GAMs), we estimated significant relationships between sardine presence in a test year (2009) and salinity and temperature. The model, fitted to 2009 data, had a moderate skill [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.67] in predicting 2009 sardine distributions, 5–8 months in advance. Preliminary tests indicate that the model also had the skill to predict sardine presence in August 2013 (AUC = 0.85) and August 2014 (AUC = 0.96), 4–5 months in advance. The approach could be used to provide fishery managers with an early warning of distributional shifts of this species, which migrates from the U.S.–Mexico border to as far north as British Columbia, Canada, in summers with warm water and other favorable ocean conditions. We expect seasonal and monthly forecasts of ocean conditions to be broadly useful for predicting spatial distributions of other pelagic and midwater species.
Migraine Triggers and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review and Synthesis
Authors: Borkum Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundBlau theorized that migraine triggers are exposures that in higher amounts would damage the brain. The recent discovery that the TRPA1 ion channel transduces oxidative stress and triggers neurogenic inflammation suggests that oxidative stress may be the common denominator underlying migraine triggers.ObjectiveThe aim of this review is to present and discuss the available literature on the capacity of common migraine triggers to generate oxidative stress in the brain.MethodsA Medline search was conducted crossing the terms “oxidative stress” and “brain” with “alcohol,” “dehydration,” “water deprivation,” “monosodium glutamate,” “aspartame,” “tyramine,” “phenylethylamine,” “dietary nitrates,” “nitrosamines,” “noise,” “weather,” “air pollutants,” “hypoglycemia,” “hypoxia,” “infection,” “estrogen,” “circadian,” “sleep deprivation,” “information processing,” “psychosocial stress,” or “nitroglycerin and tolerance.” “Flavonoids” was crossed with “prooxidant.” The reference lists of the resulting articles were examined for further relevant studies. The focus was on empirical studies, in vitro and of animals, of individual triggers, indicating whether and/or by what mechanism they can generate oxidative stress.ResultsIn all cases except pericranial pain, common migraine triggers are capable of generating oxidative stress. Depending on the trigger, mechanisms include a high rate of energy production by the mitochondria, toxicity or altered membrane properties of the mitochondria, calcium overload and excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and activation of microglia, and activation of neuronal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. For some triggers, oxidants also arise as a byproduct of monoamine oxidase or cytochrome P450 processing, or from uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase.ConclusionsOxidative stress is a plausible unifying principle behind the types of migraine triggers encountered in clinical practice. The possible implications for prevention and for understanding the nature of the migraine attack are discussed.
Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in addition to insulin therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Results of the interim analysis of 16‐week double‐blind treatment period
Authors: Araki Eiichi , Onishi Yukiko , Asano Michiko , Kim Hyosung , Ekholm Ella , Johnsson Eva , Yajima Toshitaka 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionDapagliflozin treatment when added to insulin therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes remains to be evaluated.Materials and MethodsThis was a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate efficacy (at 16 weeks) and long‐term safety (at 52 weeks) of dapagliflozin in addition to insulin therapy. The interim analysis was carried out at week 16 to assess the efficacy and safety profiles. The patients receiving insulin (n = 182) were randomized to either dapagliflozin 5 mg or a placebo at a 2:1 ratio. The primary efficacy end‐point was the change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from baseline at week 16.ResultsPatients in the dapagliflozin group showed an adjusted decrease in HbA1c of −0.55% from baseline, whereas the placebo showed a marginal increase of 0.05%. The placebo‐corrected mean change of HbA1c from baseline to week 16 in dapagliflozin was −0.60% (P < 0.0001). In addition, the placebo‐corrected mean change of fasting plasma glucose and bodyweight from baseline to week 16 in the dapagliflozin group was −22.7 mg/dL (P < 0.0001) and −1.21 kg (P < 0.0001), respectively. The placebo‐corrected mean daily insulin dose in the dapagliflozin group was numerically decreased (treatment difference: −0.72 IU/day; P = 0.0743). No major episodes or discontinuations as a result of hypoglycemia were reported during the study period.ConclusionsDapagliflozin used as add‐on treatment to insulin therapy showed significantly greater reduction of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and bodyweight without severe hypoglycemia compared with the placebo at week 16. These results show the clinical benefit of prescribing dapagliflozin for Japanese patients with insufficient glycemic control even with insulin therapy.
The QATSDD critical appraisal tool: comments and critiques
Authors: Fenton Lara , Lauckner Heidi , Gilbert Robert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe aim of this research note is to reflect on the effectiveness of the QATSDD tool for its intended use in critical appraisals of synthesis work such as integrative reviews.MethodsA seven‐member research team undertook a critical appraisal of qualitative and quantitative studies using the QATSDD.Results and ConclusionWe believe that the tool can spur useful dialogue among researchers and increase in‐depth understanding of reviewed papers, including the strengths and limitations of the literature. To increase the clarity of the process, we suggest further definition of the language in each indicator and inclusion of explicit examples for each criterion. We would also like to see the authors outline clear parameters around the use of the tool, essentially stating that the tool should be used in synthesis work for studies of mixed methods or work that includes qualitative and quantitative research informed by a positivist paradigm. In the context of an appropriate team composition, the tool can be a useful mechanism for guiding people who are coming together to discuss the merits of studies across multiple methodologies and disciplines.
Correlates of Physical Activity Among Middle‐Aged and Older Korean Americans at Risk for Diabetes
Authors: Han Benjamin H. , Sadarangani Tina , Wyatt Laura C. , Zanowiak Jennifer M. , Kwon Simona C. , Trinh‐Shevrin Chau , Lee Linda , Islam Nadia S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeTo explore correlates of meeting recommended physical activity (PA) goals among middle‐aged and older Korean Americans at risk for diabetes mellitus (DM).Design and MethodsPA patterns and their correlates were assessed among 292 middle‐aged and older Korean Americans at risk for DM living in New York City using cross‐sectional design of baseline information from a diabetes prevention intervention. PA was assessed by self‐report of moderate and vigorous activity, results were stratified by age group (45–64 and 65–75 years), and bivariate analyses compared individuals performing less than sufficient PA and individuals performing sufficient PA. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios predicting sufficient PA.FindingsAfter adjusting for sex, age group, years lived in the United States, marital status, health insurance, and body mass index (BMI), sufficient PA was associated with male sex, older age, lower BMI, eating vegetables daily, and many PA‐specific questions (lack of barriers, confidence, and engagement). When stratified by age group, male sex and eating vegetables daily was no longer significant among Koreans 65 to 75 years of age, and BMI was not significant for either age group.ConclusionsPA interventions targeting this population may be beneficial and should consider the roles of sex, age, physical and social environment, motivation, and self‐efficacy.Clinical RelevanceClinical providers should understand the unique motivations for PA among Korean Americans and recognize the importance of culturally driven strategies to enable lifestyle changes and support successful aging for diverse populations.
The Influence of Work‐Related Fatigue, Work Conditions, and Personal Characteristics on Intent to Leave Among New Nurses
Authors: Liu Yi , Wu Li‐Min , Chou Pi‐Ling , Chen Mei‐Hsin , Yang Li‐Chien , Hsu Hsin‐Tien 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to (a) test the fit of the hypothesized model for new nurses’ intent to leave and (b) determine the extent to which personal characteristics, work conditions, and work‐related fatigue predict intent to leave among new nurses.Design and MethodsThis study was a cross‐sectional survey study. A total of 162 new nurses were recruited. A hypothesized model was proposed for model testing. Structural equation modelling was used for data analysis.FindingsWork conditions only had an effect through work‐related fatigue on new nurses’ intent to leave. Personal characteristics did not have a significant effect on new nurses’ intent to leave. The final model showed a good fit. Work‐related fatigue, work conditions, and health explained 65% of the variance in new nurses’ intent to leave.ConclusionsWork‐related fatigue was a major determinant of new nurses’ intent to leave. More attention should be paid to fatigue reduction strategies among new nurses.Clinical RelevanceWork‐related fatigue should be monitored, particularly for new nurses who work more than 10 hr per day and who have greater workloads.
The Relationships of Nurse Staffing Level and Work Environment With Patient Adverse Events
Authors: Cho Eunhee , Chin Dal Lae , Kim Sinhye , Hong OiSaeng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of nurse staffing level and work environment with patient adverse events.DesignThis cross‐sectional study used a combination of nurse survey data (N = 4,864 nurses), facility data (N = 58 hospitals), and patient hospital discharge data (N = 113,426 patients) in South Korea.MethodsThe three most commonly nurse‐reported adverse events included administration of the wrong medication or dose to a patient, pressure ulcers, and injury from a fall after admission. Multilevel ordinal logistic regression was employed to explore the relationships of nurse staffing level (number of patients assigned to a nurse) and work environment (Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index) with patient adverse events after controlling for nurse, hospital, and patient characteristics.FindingsA larger number of patients per nurse was significantly associated with a greater incidence of administration of the wrong medication or dose (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.007–1.016), pressure ulcer (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.007–1.016), and patient falls with injury (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.013–1.022). A better work environment had a significant inverse relationship with adverse events; the odds of reporting a higher incidence of adverse events were 45% lower for administration of the wrong medication or dose (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.400–0.758), followed by 39% lower for pressure ulcer (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.449–0.834) and 32% lower for falls with injury after admission (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.490–0.939).ConclusionsThis study found that a larger number of patients per nurse and poor work environment increase the incidence of patient adverse events, such as administration of the wrong medication or dose to a patient, pressure ulcers, and injury from falling after admission. The findings suggest that South Korean hospitals could prevent patient adverse events by improving nurse staffing and work environment.Clinical RelevanceHealthcare strategies and efforts to modify adequate nurse staffing levels and better work environments for nurses are needed to improve patient outcomes.
Melatonin attenuated early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage via regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis signaling
Authors: Dong Yushu , Fan Chongxi , Hu Wei , Jiang Shuai , Ma Zhiqiang , Yan Xiaolong , Deng Chao , Di Shouyin , Xin Zhenlong , Wu Guiling , Yang Yang , Reiter Russel J. , Liang Guobiao 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality rates due to the lack of effective therapy. Nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation associated with the upregulation of apoptotic signaling pathway has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases including hemorrhagic insults. Melatonin is reported to possess substantial anti‐inflammatory properties, which is beneficial for early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. However, the molecular mechanisms have not been clearly identified. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of melatonin against EBI induced by SAH and to elucidate the potential mechanisms. The adult mice were subjected to SAH. Melatonin or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally 2 hr after SAH. Melatonin was neuroprotective, as shown by increased survival rate, as well as elevated neurological score, greater survival of neurons, preserved brain glutathione levels, and reduced brain edema, malondialdehyde concentrations, apoptotic ratio, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Melatonin also attenuated the expressions of NLRP3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), cleaved caspase‐1, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6); these changes were also associated with an increase in the anti‐apoptotic factor (Bcl2) and reduction in the pro‐apoptotic factor (Bim). In summary, our results demonstrate that melatonin treatment attenuates the EBI following SAH by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome‐associated apoptosis.
An occurrence of tuite, γ‐Ca3(PO4)2, partly transformed from Ca‐phosphates in the Suizhou meteorite
Authors: Xie Xiande , Gu Xiangping , Chen Ming 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTuite is a high‐pressure γ‐form of Ca3(PO4)2. An occurrence of tuite partly transformed from merrillite and chlorapatite was observed in the chondritic area adjacent to the shock veins in the Suizhou meteorite. Tuite grains are found in contact with both merrillite and chlorapatite, indicating two different transformation pathways. Tuite isochemically transformed from merrillite contains much higher contents of Na2O and MgO than those transformed from chlorapatite. Tuite transformed from merrillite does not contain Cl, but tuite transformed from chlorapatite contains 1.90–3.91 wt% of Cl, hence indicating an incomplete phase transformation from chlorapatite to tuite. P‐T conditions of above 12 GPa and 1100 °C are probably required for the transformation from merrillite and chlorapatite to tuite. A temperature gradient from the hot vein at 2000 °C to the surrounding chondritic area at 1000 °C corresponds to the partial phase transitions in the Suizhou phosphates. Fast cooling of the thin shock veins plays a key role in the preservation of phosphates that suffered partial high‐pressure phase transformation.
Microvascular Plasticity: Angiogenesis in Health and Disease – Preface
Authors: Secomb Timothy W. , Pries Axel R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis Special Topic Issue is concerned with the mechanisms that determine the structure of microvascular networks. The vast number of vessels and the highly plastic character of the microcirculation give evidence that microvascular network structures emerge as a result of responses of individual vessels and cells to the local stimuli that they experience, through a combination of angiogenesis, remodeling and pruning. The articles in this issue of Microcirculation address a range of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in these processes.
Paragenesis of magma chamber internal wall discovered in Oman ophiolite gabbros
Authors: Nicolas Adolphe , Boudier Françoise , Mainprice David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA detailed study in Wadi Farah reveals a singular point in Jebel Dihm (southern Oman ophiolite). Here, we investigated some primitive features of accretion at a fast‐spreading ridge that has exceptionally been exempt from hydrous alteration while crossing the TBL (thermal boundary layer). The conjunction of two factors has made this possible in the Farah area: its location at the point of sharp foliation rotation from the upper to the transitional gabbros and a locally twisted TBL. These factors may have favoured the intrusion within the TBL of hydrous wedges transverse to the ridge. Deeper into the TBL, near the active ridge, the wedges merge and are covered by veneers of totally fresh gabbros bearing glittering acicular clinopyroxene. These gabbros are interpreted as relics of the crystallizing internal wall of the magma chamber that have interacted with hydrous fluids. This internal TBL has anisotropic thermal properties and acts as a thermal blanket, maintaining high magma‐chamber temperatures.
Conductive cooling of spherical bodies with emphasis on the Earth
Authors: Criss Robert E. , Hofmeister Anne M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo explore planetary evolution, we provide conductive cooling profiles that account for planet size, phonon diffusivity and various internal heating scenarios. Our new analytical solution for simple cooling of spheres reveals that heat is removed from only Earth's outermost ~1000 km over geological time. Numerical models with decaying heat production show that any upward concentration of radionuclides causes high temperatures at shallow depths, forcing interior temperatures to increase with time while producing a thermal gradient that forbids lower mantle convection. Hence, differentiation drives upper mantle magmatism and tectonics, leaving a quiescent but hot deep interior, while slowly melting the core.
Prevalence and risk factors for development of hemorrhagic gastro‐intestinal disease in veterinary intensive care units in the United Kingdom
Authors: Swann James W. , Maunder Christina L. , Roberts Emma , McLauchlan Gerard , Adamantos Sophie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of hemorrhagic gastro‐intestinal (GI) disease developing in dogs and cats admitted for management of non‐GI disease in veterinary intensive care units (ICUs).DesignRetrospective study of animals presented between October 2012 and July 2013.SettingThree ICUs located in veterinary teaching hospitals in the United Kingdom.AnimalsDogs (n = 272) and cats (n = 94) were consecutively enrolled from 3 ICUs if they were hospitalized in the unit for at least 24 hours. Cases were excluded if they had hemorrhagic GI disease in the 48‐hour period before presentation or in the 24‐hour period after admission. Cases were also excluded if they suffered skull fracture, epistaxis, or hemoptysis, if they underwent surgical procedures of the GI or upper respiratory tracts, or if they were presented for management of GI disease.Measurements and Main ResultsHemorrhagic GI disease was observed in dogs at all 3 units, but at different rates (Center 1: 10.3%, Center 2: 4.8%, Center 3: 2.2%). Hemorrhagic GI disease was not observed in cats at any of the participating centers. Construction of a multivariable logistic regression model revealed that serum albumin concentration, administration of prophylactic gastro‐protectant drugs, and institution were significantly associated with the development of hemorrhagic GI disease in dogs. Development of hemorrhagic GI disease and placement of a feeding tube were significantly associated with mortality during the period of hospitalization in dogs. Thirty‐seven (13.6%) dogs and 12 (12.8%) cats died or were euthanized while hospitalized, with a higher mortality rate (42.1%) in dogs with hemorrhagic GI disease.ConclusionsHemorrhagic GI disease does develop in dogs hospitalized for management of non‐GI disease, but this phenomenon was not observed in cats. Development of hemorrhagic GI disease appeared to have a significant impact on survival in veterinary ICUs.