bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Body Mass Index on Step Count Accuracy of Physical Activity Monitors
Authors: Feito Yuri , Bassett David R. , Thompson Dixie L. , Tyo Brian M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Activity monitors are widely used in research, and are currently being used to study physical activity (PA) trends in the US and Canada. The purpose of this study was to determine if body mass index (BMI) affects the step count accuracy of commonly used accelerometer-based activity monitors during treadmill walking.Methods:Participants were classified into BMI categories and instructed to walk on a treadmill at 3 different speeds (40, 67, and 94 m·min−1) while wearing 4 accelerometer-based activity monitors (ActiGraph GT1M, ActiCal, NL-2000, and StepWatch).Results:There was no significant main effect of BMI on pedometer accuracy. At the slowest speed, all waist-mounted devices significantly underestimated actual steps (P < .001), with the NL-2000 recording the greatest percentage (72%). At the intermediate speed, the ActiGraph was the least accurate, recording only 80% of actual steps. At the fastest speed, all of the activity monitors demonstrated a high level of accuracy.Conclusion:Our data suggest that BMI does not greatly affect the step-counting accuracy of accelerometer-based activity monitors. However, the accuracy of the ActiGraph, ActiCal, and NL-2000 decreases at slower speeds. The ankle-mounted StepWatch was the most accurate device across a wide range of walking speeds.
Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure in Adolescent Male Sport Participants and Nonparticipants Aged 13 to 16 Years
Authors: Machado-Rodrigues Aristides M. , e Silva Manuel J. Coelho , Mota Jorge , Santos Rute Marina , Cumming Sean P. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Sport has high social valence and is a primary context for physical activity for the majority of youth. The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of participation in organized sport to the total daily energy expenditure and also to its moderate-to-vigorous portion in male adolescents.Methods:The sample comprised 165 Portuguese male youth, aged 13 to 16 years. Physical activity was assessed with a multi-method approach (Actigraph GT1M accelerometer plus 3-day diary record). Differences in the intensities of physical activity and sedentary behavior of male sport participants and nonsport participants were compared using independent sample t-test.Results:Male participants in organized sports spent significantly more time in moderate-to-vigorous activities than nonparticipants, although the P-value for the 15 to 16 years age-group was marginal (P = .08) on the weekend days. In addition, male adolescents spent 11% to 13% of total daily energy expenditure in organized sports which corresponded to 35% to 42% of the moderate-to-vigorous portion of daily energy expenditure.Conclusion:Organized sport appears to be a relevant component of daily activity energy expenditure to promote healthy lifestyles among male adolescents.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Fatness Are Associated With Health Complaints and Health Risk Behaviors in Youth
Authors: Castro-Piñero José , Padilla-Moledo Carmen , Ortega Francisco B. , Moliner-Urdiales Diego , Keating Xiaofen , Ruiz Jonatan R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:We examined the association of cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness with health complaints and health risk behaviors in 691 (323 girls) Spanish children aged 6 to 17.9.Methods:Health complaints and health risk behaviors were self-reported using items of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children questionnaire. Weight and height were measured and body mass index was computed. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 20-m shuttle-run test, and youth categorized as fit/unfit.Results:Unfit youth were more likely to report health complaints sometime (OR: 2.556, 95% CI: 1.299–5.031; and OR: 1.997, 95% CI: 1.162–3.433, respectively) and health risk behaviors such as drinking alcohol sometime (OR: 5.142, 95% CI: 1.214–21.783; and OR: 2.413, 95% CI: 1.484–3.923) than their fit counterparts. Overweight-obese youth were more likely to report health complaints (OR: 1.732, 95% CI: 1.019–2.945; and OR: 1.983, 95% CI: 1.083–3.629, respectively). The analysis of the combined influence of fitness and fatness revealed that fit youth had lower health complaints index than the fat-unfit and unfat-unfit groups (all P < .05).Conclusions:Low fitness and overweight-obesity increased the risk of having health complaints in youth, yet high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness might overcome deleterious effects of overweight-obesity on health complaints.
Is There a Valid App for That? Validity of a Free Pedometer iPhone Application
Authors: Bergman Randall J. , Spellman Justin W. , Hall Michael E. , Bergman Shawn M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:This study examined the validity of a selected free pedometer application (iPedometer; IP) for the iPhone that could be used to assess physical activity.Methods:Twenty college students (10 men, 10 women; mean age: 21.85 ± 1.57 yrs) wore an iPhone at 3 locations (pocket, waist, arm) and a StepWatch 3 Step Activity Monitor (SW) on their right ankle while walking on a treadmill at 5 different speeds (54, 67, 80, 94, 107 m·min−1). A research assistant counted steps with a tally counter (TC).Results:Statistical significance between the TC, SW, and IP was found during every condition except IP in the pocket at 107 m·min−1 (F2,38 = .64, P = .54). Correlations involving the IP revealed only 1 positive correlation (IP on arm at 54 m·min−1) for any of the conditions (r = .46, P = .05).Conclusion:The IP application was not accurate in counting steps and recorded significantly lower step counts than the SW and TC. Thus, the free pedometer application used is not a valid instrument for monitoring activity during treadmill walking.
Promoting Physical Activity and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Through a Community-School Partnership: The Effects of Marathon Kids® on Low-Income Elementary School Children in Texas
Authors: Springer Andrew E. , Kelder Steven H. , Ranjit Nalini , Hochberg-Garrett Heather , Crow Sherman , Delk Joanne 
Published: August 2016

Background:Marathon Kids® (MK) is a community and school-based program that promotes running, walking, and healthy eating in elementary school children. This study assessed the impact of MK on self-reported physical activity (PA), fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC), and related psycho-social factors in a sample of low-income, 4th- and 5th-grade students in Texas (n = 511). Intervention strategies included structured school running time, behavioral tracking, celebratory events, and rewards.Methods:A quasi-experimental design with 5 intervention (MK) and 3 comparison schools was employed. Students were assessed at baseline in the fall and at 3 time points during 2008 to 09. Mixed-effect regression methods were used to model pooled means, adjusting for baseline and sociodemographic variables.Results:MK students reported a higher mean time of running in past 7 days compared with non-MK students (mean = 4.38 vs. 3.83, respectively. P = .002), with a standardized effect size of 0.16. Mean times of FVC (P = .008), athletic identity self-concept (P < .001), PA outcome expectations (P = .007), and PA and FVC self-efficacy (P < .001 and P = .02, respectively) were also higher in MK students. Fewer differences in social support were observed.Conclusion:Findings provide further evidence on the importance of community and school partnerships for promoting PA and healthy eating in children.
Characteristics of Utility Cyclists in Queensland, Australia: An Examination of the Associations Between Individual, Social, and Environmental Factors and Utility Cycling
Authors: Sahlqvist Shannon L. , Heesch Kristiann C. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Initiatives to promote utility cycling in countries like Australia and the US, which have low rates of utility cycling, may be more effective if they first target recreational cyclists. This study aimed to describe patterns of utility cycling and examine its correlates, among cyclists in Queensland, Australia.Methods:An online survey was administered to adult members of a state-based cycling community and advocacy group (n = 1813). The survey asked about demographic characteristics and cycling behavior, motivators and constraints. Utility cycling patterns were described, and logistic regression modeling was used to examine associations between utility cycling and other variables.Results:Forty-seven percent of respondents reported utility cycling: most did so to commute (86%). Most journeys (83%) were > 5 km. Being male, younger, employed full-time, or university-educated increased the likelihood of utility cycling (P < .05). Perceiving cycling to be a cheap or a convenient form of transport was associated with utility cycling (P < .05).Conclusions:The moderate rate of utility cycling among recreational cyclists highlights a potential to promote utility cycling among this group. To increase utility cycling, strategies should target female and older recreational cyclists and focus on making cycling a cheap and convenient mode of transport.
Exposure to Physical Activity Resources by Neighborhood Sociodemographic Characteristics in Copenhagen
Authors: Svastisalee Chalida , Schipperijn Jasper , Hostein Bjørn E. , Powell Lisa M. , Due Pernille 
Published: August 2016

Background:To investigate socioeconomic patterning of physical activity resources in Copenhagen.Methods:We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the association between physical activity-supportive resources [public open space (POS), cycling and walking paths, sports facilities, and intersection density] and neighborhood sociodemographic indicators (low education, recent immigrants, children under 15 yr, and household income).Results:Neighborhoods with high proportions of residents with low education were most likely to have POS (OR = 2.63; CI: 2.10–3.29), paths (OR = 3.60; CI: 2.84–4.56) and sports facilities (OR = 5.96; CI: 4.31–8.24). Mid-to-low income areas were less likely to contain POS (OR = 67; CI: 0.49–0.90), paths (OR = 0.36; CI: 0.26–0.50), and sports facilities (OR = 0.48; CI: 0.30–0.77). Areas with children were less likely to have connected streets (OR = 0.51; CI: 0.31–0.83) but more likely to have POS (OR = 1.40; CI: 1.15–1.70) and paths (OR = 1.52; CI: 1.25–1.85).Conclusions:Residents living in areas with high proportions of low education or young children are likely to have high exposure to physical activity resources. Exposure to physical activity resources in Copenhagen may not explain the inequalities in physical activity behavior. Further examination of exposure to built environment resources is warranted.
Physical Activity Among Canadian Children on School Days and Nonschool Days
Authors: Ploeg Kerry Ann Vander , Wu Biao , McGavock Jon , Veugelers Paul J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Schools are frequently cited as a favorable venue to promote physical activity (PA), however little data exist describing times when students are least active. Our objective was to overcome this limitation and describe time periods when students are least active.Methods:We used a cross-sectional design to assess patterns of PA in 923 grade 5 students [mean age: 10.9 (± 0.4) years] from 30 schools in Alberta, Canada. Students wore time-stamped pedometers for 9 consecutive days, providing 7 full days of data. We compared step counts adjusted for nonwear time between school days and nonschool days as well as during school hours and after school hours.Results:689 (75%) students provided complete data. The average daily step count was higher on school days (boys 13,476 ± 4123 step/day; girls 11,436 ± 3158 steps/day) than nonschool days (boys 11,009 ± 5542 steps/day; girls 10,256 ± 5206 steps/day). More steps were also taken during school hours than nonschool hours (boys +206 ± 420 steps/hour, P < .001; girls 210 ± 347, P < .001 steps/hour).Conclusions:PA levels of children are below Canadian recommended levels for optimal growth and health. Health promotion should emphasize PA particularly among girls, outside school hours, and weekends.
A Checklist for Evaluating the Methodological Quality of Validation Studies on Self-Report Instruments for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior
Authors: Hagströmer Maria , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Kwak Lydia , Bowles Heather R. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The quality of methodological papers assessing physical activity instruments depends upon the rigor of a study’s design.Objectives:We present a checklist to assess key criteria for instrument validation studies.Process:A Medline/PubMed search was performed to identify guidelines for evaluating the methodological quality of instrument validation studies. Based upon the literature, a pilot version of a checklist was developed consisting of 21 items with 3 subscales: 1) quality of the reported data (9 items: assess whether the reported information is sufficient to make an unbiased assessment of the findings); 2) external validity of the results (3 items: assess the extent to which the findings are generalizable); 3) internal validity of the study (9 items: assess the rigor of the study design). The checklist was tested for interrater reliability and feasibility with 6 raters.Findings:Raters viewed the checklist as helpful for reviewing studies. They suggested minor wording changes for 8 items to clarify intent. One item was divided into 2 items for a total of 22 items.Discussion:Checklists may be useful to assess the quality of studies designed to validate physical activity instruments. Future research should test checklist internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion validity.
Cultural Adaptation of Physical Activity Self-Report Instruments
Authors: Arredondo Elva M. , Mendelson Tamar , Holub Christina , Espinoza Nancy , Marshall Simon 
Published: August 2016

Context:The validity of physical activity (PA) self-report measures can be a problem when using these measures with target populations that differ from the population for which the measures were originally developed.Objectives:Describe an approach to further tailor PA self-report measures to a target community, and report on focus group and cognitive interview findings.Process:Topics relevant to culturally tailoring measures are discussed, including translation, focus groups, and cognitive interviews. We describe examples from our own work, including focus groups and cognitive interviews conducted to assess Latinos’ interpretations of PA questions derived from various epidemiological surveys that were developed in White communities.Findings:Findings from focus groups and cognitive interviews provide valuable information about the comprehension, interpretation, and cultural relevance of the PA questions to Latino communities.Conclusions:It is recommended that investigators collect formative data to better assess the equivalence of items being applied to a different cultural group. Guidelines for cultural attunement of self-report instruments are described to promote more uniform and rigorous processes of adaptation and facilitate cross-cultural investigations.
The Effect of Scapular Taping on Shoulder Joint Repositioning
Authors: Zanella Page Wornom , Willey S Matthew , Seibel Sonia L , Hughes Christopher J 
Published: August 2016

Context:There is a lack of research on the effects of scapular tape on shoulder joint repositioning.Objective:To quantify the effects of scapular taping on shoulder joint repositioning during flexion and abduction.Design:Repeated measures before and after trial.Setting:Academic institution.Participants:36 subjects without shoulder pathology.Intervention:Scapular taping with flexion and abduction.Main Outcome Measures:Lateral scapular slide test, plumb-line assessment, and a depth measurement. Absolute error in joint repositioning in flexion and abduction at 3 angles with and without scapular taping was measured.Results:No differences were found for tape vs no tape in flexion (P = .92) or abduction (P = .40) or between winging and nonwinging subjects in flexion (P = .62) or abduction (P = .91).Conclusions:Scapular taping has no effect on joint repositioning during active shoulder flexion or abduction. Scapular winging does not affect active joint repositioning after scapular taping.
Patient Satisfaction after Thermal Shrinkage of the Glenohumeral-Joint Capsule
Authors: Perkins Sally A. , Massie John E. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine whether patients were satisfied after thermal shrinkage on the capsule of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ).Design and Setting:The affected shoulder was assessed preoperatively and 2 months postoperatively. The assessment evaluated pain on activities of daily living (ADLs), physical activity level, satisfaction with shoulder function, and a modified UCLA pain scale.Subjects:Eight athletes, 4 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 21 years, participated. Each had sustained a traumatic injury to the GHJ resulting in multidirectional instability.Measurements:Subjects were evaluated preoperatively and 2 months postoperatively for GHJ laxity and labral deformity. Goniometric measurements of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation of the GHJ were completed.Results:Six of the 8 subjects had reduced pain. Active extension increased significantly in 7. ADLs were all improved. All 8 subjects were satisfied with the thermal-shrinkage procedure.Conclusions:Thermal shrinkage of the capsule of the GHJ results in patient satisfaction and reduced pain.
The Effect of a Simulated Knee Effusion on Lower Extremity Performance
Authors: Bolgla Lori A. , Keskula Douglas R. , Duncan Jewell B. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Researchers have suggested that quadriceps inhibition resulting from a simulated knee effusion would lead to decreased lower extremity performance.Purpose:To investigate the relationship between a simulated knee effusion and lower extremity performance.Participants:9 college students.Methods:Subjects performed 3 functional-performance tests before and after a simulated knee effusion. Measurement was the average distance hopped for a single hop and crossover hop for distance and time for completion on a timed hop test.Results:An analysis of variance revealed significant change in average test scores after injection only for the timed hop in subjects receiving a 60-ml injection.Conclusion:Nonsignificant differences might have resulted from compensation from other muscle groups, fluid movement within the knee joint, and absence of an inflammatory process. Further research on the relationship between simulated knee effusion and lower extremity performance is needed.
Agreement of Clinical Judgments of Endfeel between 2 Sample Populations
Authors: Hurley Wendy L. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between certified athletic trainers and orthopedic surgeons is not known.Objectives:To examine agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between sample populations and explore the influence of clinician technique on sensitivity for determining ACL injury when performing an isolated examination procedure.Design:Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trials.Setting:Laboratory.Subjects:1 orthopedic surgeon, 22 certified athletic trainers, and 12 model patients.Main Outcome Measures:Kappa coefficients were calculated to determine the agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between the 2 populations sampled. Lachman-test sensitivity was measured using true positive and false negative interpretations.Results:Concurrence was poor for clinical judgments of endfeel. Sensitivity varied according to clinician technique.Conclusion:Agreement between the 2 populations sampled was influenced by the examiners’ diagnostic skills and their capacity to properly perform and interpret the Lachman test.
Sleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers
Authors: Wall Sean P. , Mattacola Carl G. , Swanik C. Buz , Levenstein Susan 
Published: August 2016

Context:Overreaching can be beneficial, but there is a risk of overtraining.Objective:To investigate the difference in sleep efficiency between overreached and nonover-reached swimmers.Design:Repeated-measures, between-subjects. Swimmers were determined to be overreaching if 2 or more of their consecutive weekly swim times increased by 5% or more from baseline.Participants:9 competitive high school and university sprinter swimmers.Intervention:24-h wrist actigraph.Main Outcome Measure:Sleep efficiency as measured by the actigraph.Results:There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency on night 1 between the overreached and nonoverreached swimmers (P = .008), as well as in their times after averaging over all 5 trials and adjusting for baseline (P = .016). By the fourth swim trial, the overreached swimmers had significantly slower swim times than those of the nonoverreached swimmers (P = .001).Conclusions:Sleep efficiency shows potential as an objective, noninvasive predictor and monitor of overreaching in swimmers.
Assessment of Upper Limb Neuromuscular Control via a Target-Pointing Task: A Reliability Study
Authors: Moreale Katrine , Smith Jay , Krause David A. , Dahm Diane L. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To examine the accuracy and reliability of upper limb target pointing among normal subjects.Design:Prospective observational.Setting:Community sports-medicine practice.Participants:28 male and female normal right-handed volunteers age 22–35 years.Intervention:8-point target-pointing task completed with both upper limbs.Main Outcome Measures:Accuracy of point reproduction (cm error) and reliability over time (ICC2,1).Results:Target-pointing errors were 4.8–9.9 cm. Subject error and reach height explained 88% of performance variability. Error was greater when pointing to the lower half of the target (P< .05) and to ipsilateral points (P< .05). Gender, test day, reach length, and arm dominance did not affect accuracy. Test–retest reliability ranged from .30 to .71.Conclusion:Target-pointing tasks might be useful to assess upper limb neuromuscular control. Points with lower errors and greater reliabilities might be useful to differentiate normal vs abnormal performances, whereas a battery of reliable points over a spectrum of errors might be useful to document changes over time.
Tibiofemoral Joint-Surface Motions in Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Movement
Authors: Hollman John H. , Deusinger Robert H. , Van Dillen Linda R. , Zou Dequan , Minor Scott D. , Matava Matthew J. , Engsberg Jack R. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Analyses of the path of instant center of rotation (PICR) can be used to infer joint-surface rolling and sliding motion (arthrokinematics). Previous PICR research has not quantified arthrokinematics during weight-bearing (WB) movement conditions or studied the association of muscle activity with arthrokinematics.Objective:To examine tibiofemoral arthrokinematics and thigh-muscle EMG during WB and non-weight-bearing (NWB) movement.Design:2 x 9 repeated-measures experiment.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:11 healthy adults (mean age 24 years).Main Outcome Measures:Tibiofemoral percentage rolling arthrokinematics and quadriceps: hamstring EMG activity.Results:WB percentage rolling (76.0% ± 4.7%) exceeded that of NWB (57.5% ± 1.8%) through terminal knee extension (F8,80= 8.99,P< .001). Quadriceps:hamstring EMG ratios accounted for 45.1% and 34.7% of the variance in arthrokinematics throughout the WB and NWB movement conditions, respectively (P< .001).Conclusions:More joint-surface rolling occurs through terminal knee extension during WB movement and is associated with an increase in hamstring activity.