bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decrypting Causes of Sand Control Failure and Improving Productivity of Multi Zone Single Trip Gravel Pack
Authors: Wijaya R. , Muryanto B. , Rushatmanto M. , Massuka B. G. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Multi Zone Single Trip Gravel Pack (MZ-STGP) system has been the solution for developing sand prone reservoirs in the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Despite providing cost effective solutions, few sand control failures has been recorded. It is deemed necessary to understand the cause of sand control failure and prevent it in the future. Sand control failure may be related to unique design of MZ-STGP or general gravel pack (GP) design.
Initial investigation reveals that poor gravel packing quality may be one of sources of sand control failure. Combined with other tools, gamma ray and saturation logging help to assess gravel pack quality. At the same time, they may also be used to detect invasion from fine particles causing drop of productivity.
After extensive investigation from logging datas, three main causes of MZ-STGP were identified as bridging and incomplete gravel pack pumping, sand retention problem and low proppant coverage. This paper describes the actions to improve robustness of sand control, as well as the implementation of fines migration additives in order to improve the productivity.
To date, a database of GP zones has been created. More than 25 new wells and more than 100 zones were assessed prior put on production to assure no anomaly on gravel pack quality and assuring correct clean up procedure is applied. This contributes to no major sand control failure despite extensive gravel pack operation in Mahakam block.
Reaching India's Deepest Target Depth in World Deepest Water Depth Environment - A Success Story
Authors: Indunker J. , ChandraSekhar S. , Dotiwala F. , Singh J. , Shedde P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Drilling ultradeepwater wells is a high-risk venture in which E&P companies usually spare no expense in applying cutting-edge technology to make faster decisions. The paper presents a case study on application of logging-while-drilling (LWD) technology in overcoming the anticipated challenges and gaining control over geology of the unexplored section while drilling a long ultradeepwater well of 7700 m. LWD technology such as real-time resistivity, sonic, and spectroscopy measurements were brought in play to reduce uncertainty in real time to drive the well to the target.
LWD resistivity and sonic data were used to update the predrill pore pressure. Real-time inputs helped in optimizing program and casing design, which is very crucial while drilling a 3174-m bathymetry with such a challenging target of 7700 m vertically. Spectroscopy lithology processing helped in gaining confidence in lithology interpretation and understanding regional geology in a better way while drilling.
Resistivity and sonic while-drilling measurements have been used for several years to refine pore-pressure models and casing depth optimization. The resistivity and sonic data acquired by LWD measurements in this well helped in refining predrill pore pressure estimates, drilling through the entire stratigraphic section successfully with optimum mud weight. Along with pore pressure modelling in real time, compressional data from LWD sonic play a critical role in refining the surface seismic time-depth relationship. Real-time spectroscopy measurements were used to gain confidence in evaluating lithology in the unexplored section. Conventional interpretation of the basic LWD measurements (gamma ray, resistivity, and density neutron) can be misleading in unexplored section. Real-time spectroscopy, however, could build a greater confidence in evaluating lithology at the elemental level. In this study, the real-time spectroscopy measurement resulted in better understanding of regional geology and calibrating the seismic section while drilling. A complete formation valuation including volumetric computation and clay typing was done using a full suite of LWD measurements. This helped in saving rig cost by optimizing post drilling activity in this expensive environment.
The area was an unexplored part of the basin in ultradeepwater off the eastern coast of India, with several associated uncertainties. Using real-time data to drill to the target with added knowledge enabled better understanding of the deeper horizons. Real-time spectroscopy and poro-permeability estimation proved to be of great help.
IOR/EOR Monitoring Onshore with Frequent Time-Lapse Seismic
Authors: Przybysz-Jarnut J. K. , Hornman J. C. , Potters J. H. H. M. , Lopez J. L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Time-lapse seismic monitoring provides important information about the reservoir state between the wells and allows for areal conformance monitoring. This is especially important in IOR and EOR projects where the efficacy of injectants such as water, steam, gas, and solvents needs to be maximized to improve profitability and reduce environmental footprint. However, due to its high cost and typically insufficient data quality, time-lapse seismic is often omitted in the surveillance plan for onshore fields. In this paper we show how high fidelity frequent time-lapse seismic can be used to influence production performance and increase ultimate recovery in such projects. Weekly monitoring proved very useful for the application presented in this paper, but the optimal frequency will depend on factors such as recovery mechanism, development strategy, and intervention opportunities. We propose a lower-cost variant of frequent seismic monitoring to provide the required flexibility.
Adopting Cloud Technology to Enhance The Digital Oilfield
Authors: Pickering J G , Sengupta S , Pfitzinger M 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The digital oilfield is a fundamental consumer of information technology. It requires the sourcing of reliable data, managing and storing that data effectively and serving it to operational decision makers. Cloud computing has forever changed the game in information technology. It could bring significant enhancements to the digital oilfield providing that the industry feels comfortable that data resilience, privacy and security are maintained. This paper looks at how to provide this assurance.
The big concerns with cloud computing are data loss and an uncertainty where the data is actually residing. Coupled with a growing number of security threats, these are holding back adoption in digital oilfield implementations. Some companies have introduced a "private cloud", which has enabled them to retain data within their own network boundary. However, this has prevented them from reducing their infrastructure costs and they have had to size their computing power and storage requirements to meet the highest level of demand, which may only be needed occasionally. Conversely, a public cloud enables a "pay as needed" service.
The cloud benefit is not just concerned with the cost of information technology. Smart applications can be deployed quickly to aid decision making, access to information is improved enormously and systems of record are much easier to manage. These processes support the very foundations of digital oilfield: operational efficiency in drilling and production, enhanced collaboration and remote decision support. So we are not just making an information technology decision when considering cloud technology. In this paper we demonstrate that the cloud can not only be as private and secure as a ring-fenced infrastructure but in many cases it offers much higher levels of protection, resiliency and agility. As with many aspects of the digital oilfield, the challenges to success reside in people transition and the development of appropriate work processes. We have a natural tendency to over-estimate the privacy and security of our own infrastructures but unless they are actively rather than passively managed, it is most unlikely that the governance processes will be superior to those employed by Microsoft in their Azure Cloud, for example.
The digital oilfield is a journey towards advanced ways of working. The oil and gas business is evolving continuously as we develop ever more challenging fields. In the future we can expect to have more limited resources available and possibly, as we are seeing currently, lower returns. The cloud is an important evolution that we cannot afford to overlook.
Flow Simulation Layer Upscale Optimization In A Large Middle East Carbonate Reservoir: Arab D Dukhan
Authors: Vera Levin Barrios , Stanley Rowan , Al-Asmakh Mona 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A common challenge for the numerical characterization of large Middle East carbonate reservoirs is the potential loss of dynamic fidelity during upscaling. Practical limits for conventional black-oil or compositional simulation using commercial softwares and corner-point geometries restrict reservoir model sizes to a practical limit of few million active cells. For reservoirs with large lateral and/or vertical extent, cell dimensions often exceed tens of feet vertically, resulting in considerable petrophysical averaging compared to wireline log responses.
Conversely, static geological descriptions capture log-derived petrophysical contrasts at a vertical resolution of less than two feet. Collocating surveillance responses with log characteristics highlights significant geological elements contributing to conductive and resistive flow responses and is an important initial screening. Optimization of the upscaled layering configuration is the focus of this study, which outlines a practical workflow used to preserve the geological and petrophysical configuration and the dynamic response via targeted sensitivity testing.
The analysis was conducted on the 200ft Jurassic Arab D interval of the Dukhan Field in Qatar. The reservoir comprises depositional cycles originating on a shallow carbonate ramp, featuring high frequency sequences (20ft-50ft) of well connected grainstones. Lagoonal wackestone intervals (1ft-5ft thickness) are common and form localized flow barriers.
A series of geologically-driven upscale layering scenarios were designed to aggregate stacked conductive grainstone beds, while simultaneously capturing thin baffling carbonate mudstones. Optimization of the fine- to coarse-layer correspondences was achieved using full-field 3D streamline simulation. Upscaled scenarios were screened and benchmarked against the fine scale performance characteristics using layer sweep efficiency as the main optimization criteria. This practical workflow jointly optimizes the geological and engineering upscale layer requirements and facilitates transition to the history match process.
Qatargas Plateau Maintenance Project - A Case Study; Enlargement of Feed-Gas and Handling Capacity
Authors: Montiel Dunlop J. E. , Abuagela A. , Kumar P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The Plateau Maintenance Project (PMP) was implemented in Qatargas to ensure production targets is maintained until end of license consession; and to obtain better balance between reservoirs respective depletions. This project consisted of a) drilling and completion of two infill wells at lower reservoir, b) re-completion of two wells in upper reservoirs and, c) upgrading onshore treatment facilities to handle higher H2S levels in the feed gas.
PMP facilities overview for Qatargas 1 consisted of two aspects to meet the sour gas production targets; a new green field area which comprises a new Acid Gas Recovery unit (AGR) and Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) to handle the extra H2S capacity, whereas actual brownfield area included all tie-ins and additional equipment requirements for start-up. Challenges were foreseen in the startup of the project while supporting LNG process, due to the fact that gas surplus should be maintained at all times while ramping up H2S in the feed to the required level, versus existing facilities and well constrains, expected performance and capacities from new and worked over wells, and possible upsets that might happen upstream or downstream during start-up stage. A work around to properly implement a gas management system to asses various scenarios was required.
To asses this, new and worked over wells were exercised in a prudent period of time to fully evaluate its potential and H2S content. During this period, one of the new wells was kept shut-in due to integrity issues, whilst other new wells were delivering less H2S levels as measured during the clean-up phase through the rig; mainly due to cross flow caused by long shut-in periods after end of well completion. At this point, uncertainties increased about not reaching the desired H2S in the feed. A workaround scheme was implemented by performing additional well testing and sampling in the new wells, to fine tune well models and build a comprehensive gas management system to asses the required scenarios. These scenarios were translated into guidelines shared among involved stakeholders through proper training sessions. Active support was provided during PMP start-up, coordinating with offshore operations, well production monitoring and well integrity concerns; as well as proper gas management implementation during experienced facilities upsets.
This paper presents the overall experience about the complexity of factors, challenges of planning and executing gas supply, while supporting the start-up of new PMP facilities, through implementation of proper gas management guidelines from offshore for various scenarios in a sour gas field. Detailed operational process and facilities description understanding is not covered in this paper.
Assimilation of Major Accident Hazard (MAH) Analysis into Process Safety Management (PSM) Process
Authors: Azeez Sadiq , Cranefield Jack 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The risk of operating and managing major hazard facilities is not a new one. Major accidents such as the Deepwater Horizon (Macondo), Piper Alpha, British Petroleum (BP) Texas City refinery, Longford refinery have led to a review of current practices and regulations. Subsequent to the recent events, there have been discussions regarding the merits of a Major Accident Hazard analysis (Safety Case approach) and there have been comparisons with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA's) Process Safety Management approach. RasGas is evaluating incorporating a Safety Case approach within the RasGas Elements of Excellence (the RasGas Safety Management System Framework).
Precedence is being taken from the various international regulations such as the European Seveso directive, Risk assessment regulations - Norway, Control of Major Accident Hazard (COMAH) regulations – United Kingdom (UK), and the Major Hazard Facility Regulations - Australia wherein a safety case approach has been adopted. RasGas has evaluated the benefits of integrating the existing Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Management Systems with the Safety Case approach.
This paper demonstrates the integration of various safety case elements/processes (with existing elements of the Company's HSE Management System. The topics discussed in this paper will be relevant to all organizations with mature HSE management systems and are in the process of migrating towards a Major Accident Hazard analyses/ Safety case framework.
A Premier Qatargas Process to Optimize and Integrate Gas Production from North Field Reservoir
Authors: Fulks R. M. , Kumar P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Due to the massive scale and complexity of integrated production and processing of natural gas from offshore, Qatargas needed a flawless system and processes to enable an integrated approach in planning and execution of gas production activities from various stakeholders. Qatargas has embraced the challenge to transform from a relatively unstructured working system to a well-researched process with clearly defined structure, roles & responsibilities, with enhancing tools that enable premier-level execution.
Qatargas has developed a premier process to optimize and manage gas production planning from the world's largest single gas reservoir, namely the North Field, to the inlet of the largest LNG trains in the world. Gas is produced and managed from reservoir/wells, through offshore separation facilities, across subsea pipelines, all the way to onshore LNG trains. Coordination of these processes requires a systematic workflow with defined roles and responsibilities for all contributors to the production & operations chain. This workflow encompasses facilities and wells preventative and corrective maintenance plans, wells data acquisition, as well as planning for expansion and modification projects.
The Production Performance Division of Qatargas has leveraged specialist experience to develop the Upstream Gas Production (UGP) workflow as part of the Qatargas Management System (QGMS). The UGP workflow was created utilizing the decision based system known as RAPID which defines at all levels of a decision, responsibility for who Reviews, Approves, Performs, Inputs, and Decides. These roles are documented in a standard approach and sequence. For UGP, the Rapid system was used to define roles and responsibilities surrounding input data on the multitude of activities that impact gas volume and composition feeding the LNG plants, allowing development of a streamlined activity plan which maximizes gas production. Additionally, the Rapid system was used to clarify the process of preparing Gas Volume Forecasts at the well, platform, pipeline, and total LNG inlet level. Through the RAPID system, all inputs and outputs are reviewed and are subject to approval or rejection by authorized persons. The UGP workflow captures activities and gas volumes for time scales ranging from weekly to 7 years with all Qatargas stakeholders involved in planning, execution, and process performance optimization, thereby minimizing gaps between teams and ensuring a well-defined work path with clear roles and responsibilities for every stakeholder.
Positron emission mammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer
Authors: Farahati J. , Müller A. G. , Gillman E. , Hentschel M. , Müller F. H. H. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryAim: To evaluate the diagnostic value (sensitivity, specificity) of positron emission mammography (PEM) in a single site non-interventional study using the maximum PEM uptake value (PUVmax). Patients, methods: In a singlesite, non-interventional study, 108 patients (107 women, 1 man) with a total of 151 suspected lesions were scanned with a PEM Flex Solo II (Naviscan) at 90 min p.i. with 3.5 MBq 18F-FDG per kg of body weight. In this ROI(region of interest)-based analysis, maximum PEM uptake value (PUV) was determined in lesions, tumours (PUVmaxtumour), benign lesions (PUVmaxnormal breast) and also in healthy tissues on the contralateral side (PUVmaxcontralateral breast). These values were compared and contrasted. In addition, the ratios of PUVmaxtumour / PUVmaxcontralateral breast and PUVmaxnormal breast / PUVmaxcontralateral breast were compared. The image data were interpreted independently by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians and compared with histology in cases of suspected carcinoma. Results: Based on a criteria of PUV>1.9, 31 out of 151 lesions in the patient cohort were found to be malignant (21%). A mean PUVmaxtumour of 3.78 ± 2.47 was identified in malignant tumours, while a mean PUVmaxnormal breast of 1.17 ± 0.37 was reported in the glandular tissue of the healthy breast, with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.001). Similarly, the mean ratio between tumour and healthy glandular tissue in breast cancer patients (3.15 ± 1.58) was found to be significantly higher than the ratio for benign lesions (1.17 ± 0.41, p < 0.001). Conclusion: PEM is capable of differentiating breast tumours from benign lesions with 100% sensitivity along with a high specificity of 96%, when a threshold of PUVmax >1.9 is applied.
Análise mitológica de A Bela Adormecida e Doze Reis e A Moça no Labirinto do Vento
Authors: Fred Cardoso de Oliveira Wilton 
Published: December 2015

<p><span>O trabalho a seguir é uma tentativa de mostrar o resgate do mito. Trata-se de um paralelo entre a obra "A Bela Adormecida ", de Charles Perrault, e a obra "Doze Reis e a Moça no Labirinto do Vento" de Marina Colasanti. Trabalhamos a Simbologia numerológica existente tanto numa como noutra, baseados em Cirlot, Eliade, Jung e outros. Através da numerologia procuramos mostrar a ponte existente entre as obras, quanto à visão que ambos os autores apresentam da mulher. Perrault, através de sua obra, retrata a mulher passiva de sua época; Cola santi, por sua vez, contrapõe àquela uma nova mulher, dinâmica, ativa, que não está à espera de um príncipe que a acorde, que não aceita a imposição paterna, tampouco está ao sabor dos ventos. Colasanti se utiliza de símbolos, de uma linguagem mítica para desmitificar, fazendo reviver o mito de forma magnífica, não para permanecer mito, mas para se contrapor ao mito de que a mulher deve ser passiva e submissa. <strong></strong></span></p>
A AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO POR INTERMÉDIO DA LEITURA
Authors: Amélia Quélhas Moreira Maria 
Published: December 2015

<p><span>O presente artigo descreve o resultado de pesquisas na área de aquisição de vocabulário em segunda língua por intermédio da leitura e enfatiza a importância do contexto de leitura como elemento facilitador da aprendizagem incidental de vocabulário. Das quatro habilidades que precisam ser dominadas para que um indivíduo se torne proficiente em uma segunda língua – falar, ouvir, ler e escrever – a leitura é considerada por muitos a mais importante, especialmente por ser a fonte de<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>input</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mais facilmente acessível. As pesquisas têm demonstrado que existe uma relação causal direta entre vocabulário e leitura: uma competência lexical bem desenvolvida é um fator determinante para a compreensão da leitura e, por outro lado, a leitura é o veículo primordial para o desenvolvimento do vocabulário. A expansão do vocabulário por intermédio da leitura é o escopo desse trabalho, que relacionará a aprendizagem incidental de vocabulário a partir da leitura a outros elementos que podem potencializar o uso do contexto: a instrução direta de vocabulário, o ensino de um vocabulário básico e o uso do dicionário.<strong></strong></span></p>
O DRAMA E A COMÉDIA DAS MULHERES DA ESCOLA DO SÉCULO XVII
Authors: Cristina de Souza Maria 
Published: December 2015

<p><span>No estudo das peças "Macbeth" e "Rei Lear" de Shakespeare, e "Escola de Mulheres" de Molière, ambos escritores do "século áureo" do teatro universal, pretende-se tecer algumas considerações na abordagem de questões tais como:</span></p><p><span>1) as relações interumanas em especial o casamento e o adultério;</span></p><p><span>2) a relação de domínio entre o homem e a mulher;</span></p><p><span>3) a relação entre devaneio e loucura com o feminino e o masculino;</span></p><p><span>4) a posição estabelecida do feminino como o "forte sexo frágil".</span></p><p><span>Para tanto, além dos textos das peças já mencionadas far-se-á recurso das obras<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sobre a Mulher</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>de Marx, Engels e Lenin,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">O que é Teatro<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>de Fernando Peixoto,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sonho e Loucura<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>de José Roberto Wolff e<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">História do Teatro<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>de Robert Pignarre.</span></p>