bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic and geochronologic results from the Tethyan Himalaya: Insights into the Neotethyan paleogeography and the India–Asia collision
Authors: Ma Yiming , Yang Tianshui , Bian Weiwei , Jin Jingjie , Zhang Shihong , Wu Huaichun , Li Haiyan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo better understand the Neotethyan paleogeography, a paleomagnetic and geochronological study has been performed on the Early Cretaceous Sangxiu Formation lava flows, which were dated from ~135.1 Ma to ~124.4 Ma, in the Tethyan Himalaya. The tilt-corrected site-mean characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) direction for 26 sites is Ds = 296.1°, Is = −65.7°, ks = 51.7, α95 = 4.0°, corresponding to a paleopole at 5.9°S, 308.0°E with A95 = 6.1°. Positive fold and reversal tests prove that the ChRM directions are prefolding primary magnetizations. These results, together with reliable Cretaceous-Paleocene paleomagnetic data observed from the Tethyan Himalaya and the Lhasa terrane, as well as the paleolatitude evolution indicated by the apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) of India, reveal that the Tethyan Himalaya was a part of Greater India during the Early Cretaceous (135.1–124.4 Ma) when the Neotethyan Ocean was up to ~6900 km, it rifted from India sometime after ~130 Ma, and that the India-Asia collision should be a dual-collision process including the first Tethyan Himalaya-Lhasa terrane collision at ~54.9 Ma and the final India-Tethyan Himalaya collision at ~36.7 Ma.
Insufficiency of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is risk for lean non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Nakatsuka Atsuko , Matsuyama Makoto , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Katayama Akihiro , Eguchi Jun , Murakami Kazutoshi , Teshigawara Sanae , Ogawa Daisuke , Wada Nozomu , Yasunaka Tetsuya , Ikeda Fusao , Takaki Akinobu , Watanabe Eijiro , Wada Jun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlthough obesity is undoubtedly major risk for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the presence of lean NASH patients with normal body mass index has been recognized. Here, we report that the insufficiency of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) is a risk for the lean NASH. The Pemt−/− mice fed high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet were protected from diet-induced obesity and diabetes, while they demonstrated prominent steatohepatitis and developed multiple liver tumors. Pemt exerted inhibitory effects on p53-driven transcription by forming the complex with clathrin heavy chain and p53 and Pemt−/− mice fed HFHS diet demonstrated prominent apoptosis of hepatocytes. Furthermore, hypermethylation and suppressed mRNA expression of F-box protein 31 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α resulted in the prominent activation of cyclin D1. PEMT mRNA expression in liver tissues of NASH patients was significantly lower than those with simple steatosis and we postulated the distinct clinical entity of lean NASH with insufficiency of PEMT activities.
Tripartite motif 32 prevents pathological cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Huang Jia , Ji Yanxiao , Zhang Xiaojing , Wang Pixiao , Deng Keqiong , Jiang Xi , Ma Genshan , Li Hongliang 
Published: February 2016

TRIM32 (tripartite motif 32) is widely accepted to be an E3 ligase that interacts with and eventually ubiquitylates multiple substrates. TRIM32 mutants have been associated with LGMD-2H (limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2H). However, whether TRIM32 is involved in cardiac hypertrophy induced by biomechanical stresses and neurohumoral mediators remains unclear. We generated mice and isolated NRCMs (neonatal rat cardiomyocytes) that overexpressed or were deficient in TRIM32 to investigate the effect of TRIM32 on AB (aortic banding) or AngII (angiotensin II)-mediated cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiography and both pathological and molecular analyses were used to determine the extent of cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent fibrosis. Our results showed that overexpression of TRIM32 in the heart significantly alleviated the hypertrophic response induced by pressure overload, whereas TRIM32 deficiency dramatically aggravated pathological cardiac remodelling. Similar results were also found in cultured NRCMs incubated with AngII. Mechanistically, the present study suggests that TRIM32 exerts cardioprotective action by interruption of Akt- but not MAPK (mitogen-dependent protein kinase)-dependent signalling pathways. Additionally, inactivation of Akt by LY294002 offset the exacerbated hypertrophic response induced by AB in TRIM32-deficient mice. In conclusion, the present study indicates that TRIM32 plays a protective role in AB-induced pathological cardiac remodelling by blocking Akt-dependent signalling. Therefore TRIM32 could be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Chroma 422 subsampling for Bayer pattern in H.264 video coding
Authors: Lin T.‐L. , Liaw P.‐S. , Chen S.‐L. , Hsia C.‐H. , Lin S.‐Y. 
Published: February 2016

The optimal strategy of chroma 422 subsampling for Bayer pattern in H.264 video coding is proposed. The state‐of‐the‐art work uses a predetermined conversion method from colour filter array to YCbCr 422. Derived from this structure, first, 64 subsampling methods are designed to exploit more possibilities. Secondly, among which, the four optimal methods are found by the pre‐screening process, which show their better performances than the state‐of‐the‐art method by up to 2.57 dB in CPSNR averaged for different videos, demonstrating the practicability of the proposed methods. Finally, for the experiment consisting of the whole conversion and H.264 video encoding/decoding procedures, the proposed optimal methods perform better than the state‐of‐the‐art method under all different operating bitrates and different tested videos, by up to 2.25 dB in BDPSNR.
Adaptive low‐complexity motion estimation algorithm for high efficiency video coding encoder
Authors: Medhat Ahmed , Shalaby Ahmed , Sayed Mohammed Sharaf , Elsabrouty Maha , Mehdipour Farhad 
Published: February 2016

High quality videos became an essential requirement in recent applications. High efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard provides an efficient solution for high quality videos at lower bit rates. On the other hand, HEVC comes with much higher computational cost. In particular, motion estimation (ME) in HEVC, consumes the largest amount of computations. Therefore, fast ME algorithms and hardware accelerators are proposed in order to speed‐up integer ME in HEVC. This study presents a fast centre search algorithm (FCSA) and an adaptive search window algorithm (ASWA) for integer pixel ME in HEVC. In addition, centre adaptive search algorithm, a combination of the two proposed algorithms FCSA and ASWA, is proposed in order to achieve the best performance. Experimental results show notable speed‐up in terms of encoding time and bit rate saving with tolerable peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) quality degradation. The proposed fast search algorithms reduce the computational complexity of the HEVC encoder by 57%. This improvement is accompanied with a modest average PSNR loss of 0.014 dB and an increase by 0.6385% in terms of bit rate when compared with related works.
Host immunity shapes the impact of climate changes on the dynamics of parasite infections
Authors: Mignatti Andrea , Boag Brian , Cattadori Isabella M. 
Published: February 2016

SignificanceTo understand and mitigate the impact of climate change on host-parasite trophic interactions, we need to know how variation in immune responses among hosts can modify the effect of warming on infectious disease processes. By modeling the dynamics of infection of two parasite species in a rabbit population, we show that immunity can interact with climate. Specifically, the annual intensity of infection remains relatively constant over time, although younger hosts carry heavier infections in the summer in warming years. In contrast, in the second parasite the lack of immune control leads the intensity to increase with warming. Immunity can reduce the severity of population infection, but it can also exacerbate parasite intensity in the younger individuals exposed to climate warming.
Probing the promiscuity of
ent
-kaurene oxidases via combinatorial biosynthesis
Authors: Mafu Sibongile , Jia Meirong , Zi Jiachen , Morrone Dana , Wu Yisheng , Xu Meimei , Hillwig Matthew L. , Peters Reuben J. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Combinatorial biosynthesis is enabled by the use of promiscuous enzymes, but also can be applied to the discovery of such biocatalysts. Here, such an approach was used for the investigation of the substrate selectivity of cytochrome P450 enzymes from diterpenoid phytohormone biosynthesis, enabling facile characterization of both multiple substrates and structural analysis of the resulting products. The discovery of one such promiscuous cytochrome P450, reported here, provides insight into the underlying structure–function relationship and also may have biotechnological implications.
Cognitive fatigue influences students’ performance on standardized tests
Authors: Sievertsen Hans Henrik , Gino Francesca , Piovesan Marco 
Published: February 2016

Significance
We identify one potential source of bias that influences children’s performance on standardized tests and that is predictable based on psychological theory: the time at which students take the test. Using test data for all children attending Danish public schools between school years 2009/10 and 2012/13, we find that, for every hour later in the day, test scores decrease by 0.9% of an SD. In addition, a 20- to 30-minute break improves average test scores. Time of day affects students’ test performance because, over the course of a regular day, students’ mental resources get taxed. Thus, as the day wears on, students become increasingly fatigued and consequently more likely to underperform on a standardized test.
First structure of full-length mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the architecture of an autoinhibited tetramer
Authors: Arturo Emilia C. , Gupta Kushol , Héroux Annie , Stith Linda , Cross Penelope J. , Parker Emily J. , Loll Patrick J. , Jaffe Eileen K. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Phenylketonuria and milder hyperphenylalaninemias constitute the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism, usually caused by defective phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Although a highly restricted diet prevents intellectual impairment during development, additional therapies are required to combat cognitive dysfunction, executive dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders that arise due to dietary lapses throughout life. New therapies can arise from thorough understanding of the conformational space available to full-length PAH, which has defied crystal structure determination for decades. We present the first X-ray crystal structure of full-length PAH, whose solution relevance is supported by small-angle X-ray scattering. The current structure is an autoinhibited tetramer; the scattering data support the existence of an architecturally distinct tetramer that is stabilized by the allosteric activator phenylalanine.
Cholesteryl esters stabilize human CD1c conformations for recognition by self-reactive T cells
Authors: Mansour Salah , Tocheva Anna S. , Cave-Ayland Chris , Machelett Moritz M. , Sander Barbara , Lissin Nikolai M. , Molloy Peter E. , Baird Mark S. , Stübs Gunthard , Schröder Nicolas W. J. , Schumann Ralf R. , Rademann Jörg , Postle Anthony D. , Jakobsen Bent K. , Marshall Ben G. , Gosain Rajendra , Elkington Paul T. , Elliott Tim , Skylaris Chris-Kriton , Essex Jonathan W. , Tews Ivo , Gadola Stephan D. 
Published: February 2016

SignificanceT cells autoreactive to cluster of differentiation 1c (CD1c) are abundant in human blood but lipid antigens recognized by these T cells remained poorly understood. A new 2.4-Å structure of CD1c and computational simulations thereof indicated substantial conformational plasticity of CD1c with ligand-induced formation of an F′ roof and G′ portal, as well as the potential of CD1c to present acylated sterols. Confirming these predictions we demonstrated CD1c loading and biophysical interaction of CD1c–lipid complexes with self-reactive human T-cell receptors for two lipid classes: cholesteryl esters similar to those accumulating in foamy macrophages (e.g., in atherosclerosis) and acylated steryl glycosides fromBorrelia burgdorferi. These findings differentiate CD1c from other CD1 isoforms and open up new avenues for research into the role of CD1c in human immunity.
Crossover from metal to insulator in dense lithium-rich compound CLi
4
Authors: Jin Xilian , Chen Xiao-Jia , Cui Tian , Mao Ho-kwang , Zhang Huadi , Zhuang Quan , Bao Kuo , Zhou Dawei , Liu Bingbing , Zhou Qiang , He Zhi 
Published: February 2016

Significance
The binary compound researched here enriches the studies of antimetallization just like in the pure elemental system, and the fundamental nature of matter in the subject has been expanded. During metallizing or antimetallizing in metallic states, the Fermi surface filling parameter is found to be a valuable parameter to quantify the evolution of the free electrons.
New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS
Authors: Bennett Mariko L. , Bennett F. Chris , Liddelow Shane A. , Ajami Bahareh , Zamanian Jennifer L. , Fernhoff Nathaniel B. , Mulinyawe Sara B. , Bohlen Christopher J. , Adil Aykezar , Tucker Andrew , Weissman Irving L. , Chang Edward F. , Li Gordon , Grant Gerald A. , Hayden Gephart Melanie G. , Barres Ben A. 
Published: February 2016

SignificanceMicroglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, implicated in important developmental, homeostatic, and disease processes, although our understanding of their roles is complicated by an inability to distinguish microglia from related cell types. Although they share many features with other macrophages, microglia have distinct developmental origins and functions. Here we validate a stable and robustly expressed microglial marker for both mouse and human, transmembrane protein 119 (Tmem119). We use custom-made antibodies against Tmem119 to perform deep RNA sequencing of developing microglia, and demonstrate that microglia mature by the second postnatal week in mice. The antibodies, cell isolation methods, and RNAseq profiles presented here will greatly facilitate our understanding of microglial function in health and disease.
Differential regulation of type III secretion and virulence genes inBordetella pertussisandBordetella bronchisepticaby a secreted anti-σ factor
Authors: Ahuja Umesh , Shokeen Bhumika , Cheng Ning , Cho Yeonjoo , Blum Charles , Coppola Giovanni , Miller Jeff F. 
Published: February 2016

SignificanceBordetella bronchisepticaisolates from diverse hosts, including humans, display potent cytotoxicity against a broad range of mammalian cells, which is dependent on type III secretion system (T3SS) effector BteA. In contrast, neither laboratory nor clinical isolates ofBordetella pertussishave been observed to display T3SS-dependent cytotoxicity, despite the fact that T3SS genes are present, intact, and nearly identical to theirB. bronchisepticacounterparts. We have characterized a regulatory node, involving a T3SS-exported anti-σ factor, BtrA, that controls virulence gene expression inBordetella species. Of particular relevance to human disease, deletion ofbtrAinB. pertussisderepresses T3SS gene expression and confers readily detectable BteA-dependent cytotoxicity. These observations warrant a reassessment of type III secretion in the pathogenesis and prevention of pertussis.
MEKK2 mediates an alternative β-catenin pathway that promotes bone formation
Authors: Greenblatt Matthew Blake , Shin Dong Yeon , Oh Hwanhee , Lee Ki-Young , Zhai Bo , Gygi Steven P. , Lotinun Sutada , Baron Roland , Liu Dou , Su Bing , Glimcher Laurie H. , Shim Jae-Hyuck 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Here, we report a previously unidentified alternative pathway mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2) for the activation of β-catenin in osteoblasts that is distinct from the classical glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-mediated degradation pathway. The GSK3β pathway regulates β-catenin stability via β-catenin ubiquitination, and its inhibition prevents β-catenin degradation. The MEKK2 pathway instead rescues ubiquitinated β-catenin from degradation via deubiquitination. This pathway plays a critical role in controlling bone mass in vivo, and targeting this pathway may offer an attractive approach for the therapeutic regulation of β-catenin activity.
Exponential stability of matrix-valued Markov chains via nonignorable periodic data
Authors: Dai Xiongping , Huang Tingwen , Huang Yu 
Published: February 2016

Let

ξ
=
{

ξ
n

}

n
≥
0

\boldsymbol {\xi }=\{\xi _n\}_{n\ge 0}

be a Markov chain defined on a probability space

(
Ω
,

F

,

P

)

(\Omega ,\mathscr {F},\mathbb {P})

valued in a discrete topological space

S
\boldsymbol {S}

that consists of a finite number of real

d
×
d

d\times d

matrices. As usual,

ξ
\boldsymbol {\xi }

is called uniformly exponentially stable if there exist two constants

C
>
0

C>0

and

0
>
λ
>
1

0>\lambda >1

such that

P

(
‖

ξ
0

(
ω
)
⋯

ξ

n
−
1

(
ω
)
‖
≤
C

λ

n

∀
n
≥
1
)

=
1
;

\begin{gather*} \mathbb {P}\left (\|\xi _0(\omega )\dotsm \xi _{n-1}(\omega )\|\le C\lambda ^{n}\ \forall n\ge 1\right )=1; \end{gather*}

and

ξ
\boldsymbol {\xi }

is called nonuniformly exponentially stable if there exist two random variables

C
(
ω
)
>
0

C(\omega )>0

and

0
>
λ
(
ω
)
>
1

0>\lambda (\omega )>1

such that

P

(
‖

ξ
0

(
ω
)
⋯

ξ

n
−
1

(
ω
)
‖
≤
C
(
ω
)
λ
(
ω

)

n

∀
n
≥
1
)

=
1.

\begin{gather*} \mathbb {P}\left (\|\xi _0(\omega )\dotsm \xi _{n-1}(\omega )\|\le C(\omega )\lambda (\omega )^{n}\ \forall n\ge 1\right )=1. \end{gather*}

In this paper, we characterize the exponential stabilities of

ξ
\boldsymbol {\xi }

via its nonignorable periodic data whenever

ξ
\boldsymbol {\xi }

has a constant transition binary matrix. As an application, we construct a Lipschitz continuous

S
L

(
2
,

R

)

\mathrm {SL}(2,\mathbb {R})

-cocycle driven by a Markov chain with

2
2

-points state space, which is nonuniformly but not uniformly hyperbolic and which has constant Oseledeč splitting with respect to a canonical Markov measure.
First-in-Man Transcervical Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement Using the CoreVista System
Authors: Dapunt Otto E. , Luha Olev , Ebner Adrian , Sonecki Piotr , Spadaccio Cristiano , Sutherland Fraser W. H. 
Published: February 2016

Objective This study aimed to evaluate a novel device system for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) using a unique new less invasive access approach. The hypothesis is that SAVR can be performed through a short transverse incision in the neck, similar to that used for transcervical thymectomy avoiding chest disruption. Methods A new device system was developed to provide retraction, step-by-step illumination, and on-screen visualization for the new approach. Preliminary feasibility studies were performed in cadavers. Comprehensive risk analysis was performed, and training was implemented in Thiel preserved cadavers. For the first-in-man clinical case, a 63-year-old woman with symptomatic critical aortic stenosis (The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk, 11%) and heavily calcified aortic valve was selected. A short transverse incision was made in the neck; the device was introduced, and the sternum was elevated; femorofemoral cardiopulmonary bypass was established; substernal dissection was guided by the sequenced illumination, and highdefinition visualization was provided by the device, allowing for optimal exposition of the aorta and aortic valve; and a 23-mm Medtronic ENABLE sutureless valve prosthesis was implanted. Procedure success was evaluated according to the standardized composite end point definition of “device success” proposed by the Valve Academic Research Consortium. Results Access, delivery, and deployment of the valve prosthesis were successful. The correct position and intended performance of the valve were demonstrated (mean gradient, 6 mm Hg; aortic valve area, 2.5 cm2) with the absence of moderate or severe prosthetic aortic regurgitation. Only one valve prosthesis was used. Conclusions Transcervical SAVR with sutureless valve is feasible using this novel access system. The new approach has potential to offer patients substantially shorter stay and fewer, less serious complications, as has been observed in transcervical thymectomy. Further studies are merited.
Ultrasound and Electromyography Guidance for Injection of the Longus Colli With Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Allison Stephen K. , Odderson Ib R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cervical dystonia, also called spasmodic torticollis, is a painful condition in which neck muscles contract involuntarily, and may cause abnormal head position or movements. The primary (or first line of) treatment of cervical dystonia is chemodenervation with injection of botulinum toxin into the affected muscles. We report a case of a young man with idiopathic cervical dystonia who developed anterocollis (forward flexion of the neck) not responsive to prior scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscle injections. To safely access the deeper cervical musculature, ultrasound (US) was used in conjunction with electromyography, to inject the longus colli muscles bilaterally. The patient responded well and had no complications. The longus colli has been reported to be injected using electromyography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and, less frequently, US. We propose that US guidance is an excellent technique for botulinum toxin injection, especially for deep cervical muscles such as the longus colli.
Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Some Inflammatory Factors in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Authors: Kartalci Sukru , Karabulut Aysun Bay , Erbay Lale Gonenir , Acar Ceren 
Published: February 2016

Objectives
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective option for several psychiatric conditions, including treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of action of ECT. The link between inflammatory system and schizophrenia is the focus of recent studies. However, the impact of ECT on inflammatory functioning in this disorder remains elusive. Whether ECT could modulate inflammatory factors in patients with schizophrenia was examined.

Methods
Plasma levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation were analyzed in 20 schizophrenic patients, mainly with resistant to antipsychotic medication disorders, and in 20 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Disease severity was evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. All patients were followed with measurement of the inflammatory factors before and after ECT treatment and compared with the controls.

Results
Patients with schizophrenia had markedly raised NF-κB and but decreased TGF-β levels compared with healthy controls. On the other hand, no significant differences were found for the levels of IL-4 and MPO levels. The clinical improvement during repeated ECT was accompanied by a gradual and significant increase in IL-4 and TGF-β level, but MPO and NF-κB activation were left unaffected. Increases in TGF-β were negatively correlated with the change in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores after ECT.

Conclusions
It is shown that ECT, while increasing the anti-inflammatory response such as the levels of IL-4 and TGF-β, it did not affect the levels of MPO and NF-κB activation in this study.