bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety Considerations
Authors: Asper Joseph J. , Smith Alyssa C. , Polsinelli Angelina J. , Wang Sophia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Safety concerns in individuals with dementia can arise from progressive functional decline, and when present, can result in worsened outcomes. Major concerns include inadequate support systems or oversight of key instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and vulnerability to elder abuse (emotional, financial, and physical). This chapter discusses the evaluation and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BSPD) and safety concerns in dementia. These include aggression and agitation, wandering, home safety, driving, assistance with medication and financial management, legal issues, and elder abuse. While outpatient management is typically preferred over inpatient services, the authors discuss when to consider emergency evaluation and inpatient services for these concerns.
The Four Principles
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter establishes a structured framework known as the Tripartite Process—Think, Assess, and Conclude—to explore sixty high-yield ethical topics crucial for excelling in national board exams and improving patient care. The Assessment portion of each topic applies the four principles of bioethics: patient autonomy (informed consent), practitioner’s obligations of beneficence (do good), and nonmaleficence (do no harm), along with public policy considerations of justice (be fair). This approach equips healthcare professionals to navigate complex ethical dilemmas adeptly, ensuring patients make informed decisions that align with their best interests and adhere to stringent standards of care. The chapter emphasizes critical thinking, balanced judgment, and ethical integrity, serving as a cornerstone for educational and practical decision-making in healthcare ethics.
Hospice
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: The first hospice in the United States was established in 1974 in response to the excessive use of technology in mainstream medicine that caused chronic illnesses and lonely hospital deaths. In 1982, federal Medicare started funding hospice care for beneficiaries with less than 6 months of life expectancy, and state Medicaid and private insurance soon followed. Hospice care not only provides relief from pain and symptoms but also includes hospital beds for home use, psychological counseling, family bereavement counseling, and other quality-of-life products and activities. End-of-life discussions with Medicare patients about end-of-life care, living wills, and advanced directives were politicized in 2009 as “death panels” and, as such, hospice care was removed from the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Hospice’s only requirement is a prognosis of less than 6 months of life. Hospice aims to focus on both the quantity and quality of life.
Impaired Driver
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: Healthcare practitioners are key players in identifying and evaluating healthcare conditions that could endanger a driver’s ability to operate a vehicle safely. This could range from neurological disorders such as seizures to vision impairment or other health issues directly impacting motor skills or cognitive functioning. Patients must legally self-report certain healthcare conditions, such as seizure disorders, to the department of motor vehicles (DMV). However, the obligation for practitioners to report these conditions varies, being mandatory in some states and voluntary in others. Despite practitioners having no direct authority to suspend or revoke driving privileges, they have a professional responsibility to act in the patient’s best interests and contribute to public safety. In jurisdictions where reporting is not legally mandated, practitioners electing to inform the DMV about a patient’s condition might be sheltered by “good faith” or “Good Samaritan” laws, providing legal protection for the sake of public safety.
Nurses and Allied Health Professionals
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract:This chapter examines the roles and responsibilities of various interprofessional healthcare practitioners in patient care, encompassing a diverse range of types and specialties. Central to the patient–practitioner relationship is the principle of informed consent, where the patient’s best interests and avoidance of harm guide the actions of healthcare professionals. Effective communication within the interprofessional team is essential for providing healthcare, resolving disagreements, and maintaining professionalism in patient management. This includes the responsibility of physicians to support the broader interprofessional healthcare delivery and institutions’ obligations to ensure that all allied health professionals are adequately educated and competent, underscoring the collective responsibility of the healthcare team to maintain professional conduct and the paramount importance of prioritizing patient well-being.
Research on Human Subjects
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Belmont Report, formalized in 1979, delineates three fundamental ethical principles governing biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Respect for persons emphasizes the requirement of informed consent from research subjects, ensuring their autonomy and freedom to participate. Beneficence embodies the dual obligations of the researchers toward nonmaleficence (do no harm) and beneficence (do good), guiding researchers to act in the participant’s best interests. The principle of justice mandates the fair selection of human subjects and prohibits the undue burdening of one social group for the benefit of another. These principles were codified into federal law through 45 Code of Federal Regulation 46, the Common Rule, and codified institutional review boards. Failure to comply can result in severe penalties, including losing federal funding for the entire institution and denying research publication in academic journals.
Self-Treatment and Family Treatment
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Treating family members or friends can lead to a compromised patient–practitioner relationship, causing issues with confidentiality, informed consent, and intimate examinations. This practice violates the patient’s positive right to a fair and impartial practitioner and is categorized as unprofessional and a potential form of healthcare misconduct. Exceptions to these practices for healthcare emergencies, minor and commonplace conditions, and situations independent of the necessity of having a patient–practitioner relationship can be made. However, they should be uncommon and not lead to an unacceptable standard of care. The American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 1.2.1 states, “Physicians [practitioners] should not treat themselves or members of their own families.”
Sterilization
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The right to sterilization as a form of birth control has been determined as a fundamental constitutional right under the 14th Amendment’s due process clause. This means that all adults with decisional capacity have the autonomous right to request, access, and consent to sterilization without interference from others. The patient’s autonomy must be respected, and practitioners have a professional obligation to provide patient-centered care that respects the patient’s informed consent and that is in line with the patient’s reasonable goals, values, and priorities. If a practitioner declines to perform the sterilization procedure, they must provide unbiased information and a referral to a qualified practitioner. The concept of reproductive justice, which includes the right to legal sterilization, is an essential public policy and a response to past injustices of forced sterilization programs.
Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide
Authors: Nadeem Tania , Hamid Sahar N. , Mahr Fauzia , Asad Nargis 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Bullying is defined as the intent to harm another with repeated aggressive behaviour in the presence of a power imbalance. Bullying is a significant public health issue for adolescents across the world. Bullying in all its forms takes its toll on the mental health of all: the perpetrator, the bystander, and the victim. There is a large amount of research that shows a strong link between increased suicidal ideation for victims and perpetrators of traditional bullying. This chapter will discuss different forms of bullying and its association with suicide, especially focusing on data from low- to middle-income countries and the effect of culture in this paradigm. The importance of preventive programmes focusing on individuals, families, communities, and schools will also be explored.
Relative Effectiveness and Immunogenicity of Quadrivalent Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Versus Egg-Based Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Among Adults Aged 18–64 Years: Results and Experience From a Randomized, Double-Blind Trial
Authors: Grant Lauren , Whitaker Jennifer A , Yoon Sarang K , Lutrick Karen , Bhargava Shivam , Brown C Perry , Zaragoza Emily , Fink Rebecca V , Meece Jennifer , Wielgosz Kristina , El Sahly Hana , Hegmann Kurt T , Lowe Ashley A , Southworth Alia , Tatum Tanya , Ball Sarah W , Levine Min Z , Thiese Matthew S , Battan-Wraith Steph , Barnes John , Phillips Andrew L , Fry Alicia M , Dawood Fatimah S ,   Randomized Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Efficacy Network (RAIVEN), Mayo-Lamberte Julie , Blanton Lenee , Healy Catherine Mary , McKell Jacob , Brown Rachel , Williams Jesse , Campbell Riley , Randal Fornessa T 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Immunogenicity studies suggest that recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV) may provide better protection against influenza than standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccines (SD IIV). This randomized trial evaluated the relative vaccine effectiveness (VE) and immunogenicity of RIV versus SD IIV in frontline workers and students aged 18–64 years.

Methods
Participants were randomized to receive RIV or SD IIV and followed for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)–confirmed influenza during the 2022–2023 influenza season. Sera were collected from a subset of participants before and at 1 and 6 months postvaccination and tested by hemagglutination inhibition for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Yamagata, and B/Victoria and against cell-grown vaccine reference viruses for A/H1N1 and A/H3N2.

Results
Overall, 3988 participants were enrolled and vaccinated (25% of the trial sample size goal); RT-PCR–confirmed influenza occurred in 20 of 1963 RIV recipients and 28 of 1964 SD IIV recipients. Relative VE was 29% (95% confidence interval [CI], −26% to 60%). In the immunogenicity substudy (n = 118), the geometric mean titer ratio (GMTR) comparing RIV to SD IIV at 1 month was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.4–3.7) for cell-grown A/H1N1, 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3–3.4) for cell-grown A/H3N2, 1.1 (95% CI, .7–1.6) for B/Victoria, and 1.4 (95% CI, .9–2.0) for B/Yamagata. At 6 months, GMTRs were &gt;1 against A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B/Yamagata.

Conclusions
Relative VE of RIV compared to SD IIV did not reach statistical significance, but RIV elicited more robust humoral immune responses to 2 of 4 vaccine viruses at 1 month and 3 of 4 viruses at 6 months after vaccination, suggesting possible improved and sustained immune protection from RIV.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT05514002.
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Switching From Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide to Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Among Adults With Virologically Suppressed HIV: The DYAD Study
Authors: Rolle Charlotte-Paige , Castano Jamie , Nguyen Vu , Hinestrosa Federico , DeJesus Edwin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
In TANGO and SALSA, switching to dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) was noninferior to continuing a baseline regimen among adults who were treatment experienced, although few switched from bictegravir (B) / emtricitabine (F) / tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). Here, we present the efficacy and safety of switching to DTG/3TC as compared with continuing with B/F/TAF among adults with virologic suppression.

Methods
DYAD is an open-label clinical trial that randomized adults with HIV-1 RNA &lt;50 copies/mL and no prior virologic failure (2:1) to switch to once-daily fixed-dose DTG/3TC or maintain B/F/TAF. The primary end point is the proportion with HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL at week 48 (Food and Drug Administration Snapshot algorithm, intention-to-treat exposed population, 6% noninferiority margin).

Results
Overall, 222 adults were randomized (16% women, 51% aged ≥50 years, 28% Black). At week 48, 6 (4%) with DTG/3TC and 5 (7%) with B/F/TAF had HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL (treatment difference, −2.8%; 95% CI, −11.4% to 3.1%), meeting noninferiority criteria. Through week 48, 18 participants (12 with DTG/3TC, 6 with B/F/TAF) met confirmed virologic withdrawal (CVW) criteria, and 2 of 18 had resistance: 1 with B/F/TAF developed M184M/I and G140G/S at week 12, and 1 with DTG/3TC had M184V at week 12. One participant with DTG/3TC and non-CVW developed M184V and K65R at week 12. Drug-related adverse events (AEs) and withdrawals due to AEs occurred in 31 (21%) and 6 (4%) participants with DTG/3TC and 2 (3%) and 0 participants with B/F/TAF, respectively.

Conclusions
Switching to DTG/3TC was noninferior to continuing B/F/TAF among adults with virologic suppression at week 48. Drug-related AEs and withdrawals were higher in the DTG/3TC arm, which is likely consistent with the open-label nature of this switch study.
The neurophysiological effects of detached and positive reappraisal during the regulation of self-conscious emotions
Authors: Zhu Leling , Fu Tingyu , Yan Xinyu , Yuan Jiajin , Yang Jiemin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
While cognitive reappraisal represents a promising emotion regulation strategy in regulating basic emotions, little experimental research has investigated its efficacy in reducing self-conscious emotions such as shame and guilt.

Objective
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of detached reappraisal and positive reappraisal in regulating feelings of shame and guilt, and also compared the effectiveness of these two strategies using behavioral and event-related potentials.

Method
Thirty-nine participants grouped either in positive reappraisal or detached reappraisal condition were informed to advise the decider to perform a dot-estimation task. Participants were also informed that the payment of the decider would be reduced if he/she adopted the wrong advice provided by them.

Result
The behavioral results demonstrated that both regulation strategies reduced shame and guilt when compared to the observation stage. We also observed a phenomenon (absent during the regulation of shame) where regulating guilt resulted in a higher parietal P3 amplitude, a component related to negative experiences, compared to the observation phase in the detached reappraisal group.

Conclusion
The results demonstrated that both regulation strategies were able to regulate self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt) effectively. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the neurophysiological effects of different regulation strategies on self-conscious emotions.
Multifaceted bioactivity of marine fungal derived secondary metabolite, xyloketal B -a review
Authors: Udayan Sreelekshmi Puthuvalnikarthil , Hariharan Sini , Nevin Kottayath Govindan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
A growing number of findings have focused on the distinctive physiochemical characteristics that marine microorganisms have acquired as a result of their adaptation to the challenging conditions inherent in the marine environment. It has been established that the marine environment is a very rich source of bioactive substances with a variety of biological effects and structural diversity. A major discovery was the extraction of xyloketals from Xylaria sp. Numerous thorough studies have subsequently been carried out to determine the medicinal potential of these bioactive components. Xyloketals are thought to be a very promising and significant class of naturally occurring substances with a wide range of potent biological activities, such as radical scavenging, suppression of cell proliferation, reduction of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, antioxidant activity, inhibition of acetylcholine esterase, inhibition of L-calcium channels, and others. Xyloketal B is one of the most potent molecules with significant therapeutic properties among the numerous variants discovered.

Conclusion
This review summarizes the structural characterization of all naturally occurring xyloketal compounds, especially the B derivative with an emphasis on their bioactivity and provides an outline of how xyloketals operate in diverse disease scenarios.
Known Distribution of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines, in the United States and Canada Through 2023
Authors: Tylka Gregory L. , Marett Christopher C. 
Published: September 2024

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is a major yield-reducing pathogen of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merrill) in the United States and Canada, causing twice as much yield loss annually as any other pathogen. Reports of new discoveries of SCN in areas of the United States and Canada that grow the crop can lead to greater awareness of the pathogen and increased efforts to scout for the nematode. Beginning in January 2024, university nematologists, plant pathologists, and agronomists as well as government plant health officials in soybean-producing states in the United States and provinces in Canada were queried about the known distribution of the nematode. This publication contains an updated map of the known distribution of SCN in the United States and Canada through 2023 and a listing of counties and rural municipalities where the nematode initially was identified between 2000 and 2023. In total, there were 31 counties in 10 states in the United States plus three counties total in Manitoba and Ontario and 10 rural municipalities in Quebec, Canada, in which SCN was first discovered between 2020 and 2023. The results show that the distribution of SCN in the United States and Canada continues to expand, and sustained scouting for the presence of the pathogen is warranted to facilitate management to reduce soybean yield losses. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Confronting Adversity
Authors: Machado Kayzuka Giovanna C. , Nascimento Lucila Castanheira , Walsh Susan M. , Jeremiah Rohan D. , Obrecht Jennifer A. , Leite Adriana Moraes 
Published: September 2024

Background and Significance:
In neonatal intensive care, the communication of difficult news can have lingering repercussions throughout the lives of those receiving such information. Uncertainty and stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively influence this sensitive yet essential communication process.

Purpose:
To analyze the communication of difficult news during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of parents of newborns admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit.

Methods:
A qualitative, descriptive research study was completed in a hospital in Brazil. Individual and semistructured interviews were conducted with 21 parents of newborns hospitalized in an intensive care unit and submitted to thematic analysis.

Results:
Three themes were built: “Tools and strategies to manage difficult news,” “What makes difficult news hard to listen,” and “The importance of being prepared to receive difficult news.” When comparing these findings with prepandemic literature, the COVID-19 period changed communication dynamics, including coping tools and altered family dynamics. Additionally, assessing healthcare providers’ positive and negative behaviors by parents could clarify essential skills to support the family’s hospitalization process during a crisis.

Implications for Practice and Research:
Applying and investing in skills training such as spirituality assessment, providing clear and straightforward information, and empathy can reduce the impact of difficult news and, thus, requires both recognition and action from healthcare professionals. Knowing some of the effects COVID-19 had on the communication process for parents with critically ill infants, healthcare providers can better prepare themselves for communication in several scenarios and establish successful interactions.
Survival After Simple Compared With Radical Hysterectomy for Patients With Early-Stage Cervical Cancer
Authors: Viveros-Carreño David , Agusti Nuria , Wu Chi-Fang , Melamed Alexander , Nitecki Wilke Roni , Kanbergs Alexa , Pareja René , Zamorano Abigail S. , Rauh-Hain J. Alejandro 
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the effect on overall survival of simple hysterectomy with lymph node staging compared with radical hysterectomy with lymph node staging for patients with early-stage cervical cancer.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients in the National Cancer Database diagnosed with early cervical carcinoma of 2 cm or smaller (stage IA1 with lymphovascular space invasion through IIA1, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging) from 2010 to 2019. After 1:1 propensity score matching, we compared patients who underwent simple hysterectomy with lymph node staging and those with radical hysterectomy with lymph node staging. The variables used for matching were age, tumor size, race and ethnicity, lymphovascular space invasion, year of diagnosis, Charlson–Deyo comorbidity score, histology, and surgical approach. The primary outcome was overall survival at the end of follow-up. Secondary outcomes included 30-day readmission rate and 30- and 90-day mortality rates.

RESULTS:
In total, 4,167 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 2,637 patients (63.3%) underwent radical hysterectomy and lymph node staging and 1,530 patients (36.7%) underwent simple hysterectomy and lymph node staging. After propensity score matching, 1,529 patients in each group were included. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between patients who underwent simple hysterectomy and those who underwent radical hysterectomy (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% CI, 0.91–1.73, P=.17). Subgroup analysis by histology, lymphovascular space invasion, tumor size, and surgical approach did not reveal statistically significant differences in overall survival according to hysterectomy type. The hysterectomy groups also did not significantly differ in 30-day readmission rate (4.6% vs 4.2%, P=.73), 30-day mortality rate (0.1% vs 0%, P=.14), or 90-day mortality rate (0.1% vs 0.1%, P=.93).

CONCLUSION:
Patients with low-risk cervical cancer could undergo less radical surgery without a negative effect on their oncologic outcomes.