bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [MAK Value Documentation, 2009]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [67‐68‐5] of 50 ml/m
3
, considering the endpoints local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. In a 13‐week inhalation study the olfactory and respiratory epithelia and the pharynx of rats are the target tissues, and a reduction of body weight gain, possibly secondary to the irritation, is seen. The NOAEC for these effects is 964 mg/m
3
(297 ml/m
3
, vapour). As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 2 are confirmed. In a developmental toxicity study with rats a borderline increase in incidences of pups with dilated renal pelvis were seen at the low dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and day. The developmental toxicity study in rabbits revealed an increase in the incidence of malformations of the kidneys after oral administration of 1000 mg/kg body weight and day; this may have been an effect of the treatment. Therefore, a substance‐specific effect on the urinary tract cannot be ruled out. Because a NOAEL for developmental toxicity for rats cannot be established, damage to the embryo or foetus cannot be judged and dimethyl sulfoxide is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. DMSO is not genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. Long‐term carcinogenicity studies are not available, short‐term studies do not indicate a potential for carcinogenicity. DMSO is not a skin sensitizer, data on respiratory sensitization are not available. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity of DMSO therefore, it is still designated with an “H”.
White mineral oil, pharmaceutical [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated pharmaceutical white mineral oil which is a grade of white mineral oil [
8042‐47‐5
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. In addition to studies with white mineral oils, studies with other highly refined mineral oils are used. Critical effect is lung toxicity which is observed as microgranulomas in two long‐term studies with rats and dogs at a respirable aerosol concentration of 100 mg/m
3
with a NOAEC of 5 mg/m
3
. A MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
has been set as the respirable fraction (R). Since the critical effect is a long‐term effect on the lung, Peak Limitation Category II is designated, with an excursion factor of 4. The NOAEC and the oral NOAEL for developmental toxicity of white mineral oil in rats are 1000 mg/m
3
and 5000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The differences between the MAK value and the NOAEC and that of the oral NOAEL scaled to a concentration at the work place are sufficiently large, so that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded. Pharmaceutical white mineral oil is therefore classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Highly refined mineral oils are neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Numerous studies where purified mineral oil and petrolatum are used as a vehicle show no sensitization in humans and animals. The same is expected for pharmaceutical white mineral oil.
Sex matters: repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats
Authors: Wright David K. , O'Brien Terence J. , Shultz Sandy R. , Mychasiuk Richelle 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveWhether sex differences contribute to the heterogeneity of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and repeated mTBI (RmTBI) outcomes in adolescents is unknown. Therefore, this study examined changes in, and differences between, male and female rats following single mTBI and RmTBI.MethodsRats were given a single mTBI, RmTBI (i.e., 3x), or sham injuries. Injuries were administered using a lateral impact model that mimics forces common in human mTBI. After the final injury, rats underwent extensive behavioral testing to examine cognition, motor function, and anxiety‐ and depressive‐like behavior. Postmortem analyses investigated gene expression and structural changes in the brain.ResultsMany of the outcomes exhibited a sex‐dependent response to RmTBI. While all rats given RmTBI had deficits in balance, motor coordination, locomotion, and anxiety‐like behavior, only male rats given RmTBI had short‐term working memory deficits, whereas only females given RmTBI had increased depressive‐like behavior. Volumetric and diffusion weighted MRI analyses found that while RmTBI‐induced atrophy of the prefrontal cortex was greater in female rats, only the male rats exhibited worse white matter integrity in the corpus callosum following RmTBI. Sex‐dependent changes in brain expression of mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein, and tau protein were also observed following injury.InterpretationThese findings suggest that in adolescent mTBI, sex matters; and future studies incorporating both male and females are warranted to provide a greater understanding of injury prognosis and better inform clinical practice.
Over‐selective Responding in a Diagnostic Judgment Task
Authors: Quigley Martyn , Reed Phil 
Published: July 2017

SummaryMedical diagnoses are often made on the basis of the presence of multiple symptoms. However, little is known about how the presence of multiple simultaneous symptoms may influence a bias in determining which symptoms are identified, in part due to a lack of an experimental analogue of this process. The current article presents a laboratory analogue of this process and explores whether over‐selectivity influences the ability to identify symptoms indicative of particular illnesses. In two experiments, participants completed a diagnosis task that required them to rate the degree to which symptoms predicted illnesses, with predictor symptoms being presented either singly or in compound. In both experiments, over‐selectivity was observed; one symptom of the compound received lower ratings, compared to the other element of the compound and the single predictor, while the other component received comparable ratings with the element. These findings are discussed in relation to associative accounts of over‐selectivity and as a procedure to study biases in medical decision making.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Base‐Promoted [3+2]‐Annulation of Oxime Esters and Aldehydes for Rapid Isoxazoline Formation
Authors: Huang Huawen , Li Feifei , Xu Zhenhua , Cai Jinhui , Ji Xiaochen , Deng Guo‐Jun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA base‐promoted [3+2]‐annulation of ketoxime esters and aldehydes is disclosed for the facile and rapid synthesis of 3,5‐disubstituted and 3,4,5‐trisubstituted isoxazolines. The key to our success is the pivalate leaving group of the oxime substrates, combined with cesium carbonate as promoter. This chemistry allows the assembly of a vast array of isoxazoline derivatives under simple base conditions in a method complementary to the classic isoxazoline formation via [3+2]‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and olefins. It also represents a new reaction pattern involving electrophilic amination/N–O bond substitution.magnified image
New common program requirements for the resident physician workforce and the omission of strategic napping: A missed opportunity
Authors: Shnayder Michelle M. , St Onge Joan E. , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesNapping has known benefits for fatigue mitigation and improved alertness. However the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) New Common Program Requirements recently removed the 16 h work limit for PGY1 residents and removed any suggestions of napping.MethodsWe utilized a cross‐sectional study design to administer a 44‐item questionnaire in June 2016 to 858 residents and fellows at one large urban academic medical center. We assessed: 1) resident physician sentiment of work environment supportiveness for napping at work; and 2) agreement with 2011 ACGME guidelines on workweek hour limitations and strategic napping recommendations.ResultsWhile 89% of residents reported access to an on‐call room at work, only 20% felt their work environment supported a culture of napping while at work. Over 76% expressed agreement with the 2011 ACGME work‐hour restrictions.ConclusionsStrategies to support napping and well‐being within the resident physician workforce and organizational setting are warranted.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of 3‐Selanyl‐1 H‐indole and 3‐Selanylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Vieira Beatriz M. , Thurow Samuel , da Costa Monaliza , Casaril Angela M. , Domingues Micaela , Schumacher Ricardo F. , Perin Gelson , Alves Diego , Savegnago Lucielli , Lenardão Eder J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA simple and rapid method for the selective synthesis of 3‐(organylselanyl)‐1 H‐indoles and 3‐(organylselanyl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines catalyzed by CuI/SeO2 under ultrasound irradiation was developed. This protocol employs a diverse range of 1 H‐indoles or imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and diorganyl diselenides to afford the corresponding products selectively in good to excellent yields. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of these compounds was evaluated by using a wide range of in vitro assays, such as 2‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and inhibition of reactive species formation in mice cortex. The bioassays revealed that both classes of the newly synthesized organoselenium compounds present antioxidant activity, with emphasis on the 3‐(organylselanyl)‐1 H‐indoles. This pharmacological activity opens a wide range of biological applications where the reduction of oxidative stress is essential.
Enzyme‐Responsive LipoCEST Agents: Assessment of MMP‐2 Activity by Measuring the Intra‐liposomal Water1H NMR Shift
Authors: Ferrauto Giuseppe , Di Gregorio Enza , Ruzza Marta , Catanzaro Valeria , Padovan Sergio , Aime Silvio 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMobile proton‐containing solutes can be detected by MRI by the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) method. CEST sensitivity is dramatically enhanced by using, as exchanging protons, the water molecules confined inside liposomes, shifted by a paramagnetic shift reagent. The chemical shift of the intraliposomal water resonance (δIL) is affected by the overall shape of the supramolecular system. δILof a spherical LipoCEST acts as a sensitive reporter of the distribution of streptavidin proteins anchored at the liposome surface by biotinylated phospholipids. This finding prompted the design of a MMP‐2 responsive LipoCEST agent as the streptavidin moieties can be released from the liposome surfaces when a properly tailored enzyme‐cleavable peptide is inserted on the phospholipids before the terminal biotin residues. δILreports on the overall changes in the supramolecular architecture associated to the cleavage carried out by MMP‐2.
Forging Fluorine‐Containing Quaternary Stereocenters by a Light‐Driven Organocatalytic Aldol Desymmetrization Process
Authors: Cuadros Sara , Dell'Amico Luca , Melchiorre Paolo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractReported herein is a light‐triggered organocatalytic strategy for the desymmetrization of achiral 2‐fluoro‐substituted cyclopentane‐1,3‐diketones. The chemistry is based on an intermolecular aldol reaction of photochemically generated hydroxy‐o‐quinodimethanes and simultaneously forges two adjacent fully substituted carbon stereocenters, with one bearing a stereogenic carbon–fluorine unit. The method uses readily available substrates, a simple chiral organocatalyst, and mild reaction conditions to afford an array of highly functionalized chiral 2‐fluoro‐3‐hydroxycyclopentanones.
Decision‐theoretic designs for a series of trials with correlated treatment effects using the Sarmanov multivariate beta‐binomial distribution
Authors: Hee Siew Wan , Parsons Nicholas , Stallard Nigel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe motivation for the work in this article is the setting in which a number of treatments are available for evaluation in phase II clinical trials and where it may be infeasible to try them concurrently because the intended population is small. This paper introduces an extension of previous work on decision‐theoretic designs for a series of phase II trials. The program encompasses a series of sequential phase II trials with interim decision making and a single two‐arm phase III trial. The design is based on a hybrid approach where the final analysis of the phase III data is based on a classical frequentist hypothesis test, whereas the trials are designed using a Bayesian decision‐theoretic approach in which the unknown treatment effect is assumed to follow a known prior distribution. In addition, as treatments are intended for the same population it is not unrealistic to consider treatment effects to be correlated. Thus, the prior distribution will reflect this. Data from a randomized trial of severe arthritis of the hip are used to test the application of the design. We show that the design on average requires fewer patients in phase II than when the correlation is ignored. Correspondingly, the time required to recommend an efficacious treatment for phase III is quicker.
Investigation of the interaction of aurantio‐obtusin with human serum albumin by spectroscopic and molecular docking methods
Authors: Liu Jianming , Yan Xuyang , Yue Yuanyuan , Zhao Shufang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and aurantio‐obtusin was investigated by spectroscopic techniques combined with molecular docking. The Stern–Volmer quenching constants (KSV) decreased from 8.56 × 105 M−1 to 5.13 × 105 M−1 with a rise in temperatures from 289 to 310 K, indicating that aurantio‐obtusin produced a static quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA. Time‐resolved fluorescence studies proved again that the static quenching mechanism was involved in the interaction. The sign and magnitude of the enthalpy change as well as the entropy change suggested involvement of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction in aurantio‐obtusin–HSA complex formation. Aurantio‐obtusin binding to HSA produced significant alterations in secondary structures of HSA, as revealed from the time‐resolved fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, three‐dimensional (3D) fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectral results. Molecular docking study and site marker competitive experiment confirmed aurantio‐obtusin bound to HSA at site I (subdomain IIA).
Sex differences in mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the UK
Authors: Sidloff D A , Saratzis A , Sweeting M J , Michaels J , Powell J T , Thompson S G , Bown M J 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Background
The UK abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening programmes currently invite only men for screening because the benefit in women is uncertain. Perioperative risk is critical in determining the effectiveness of screening, and contemporary estimates of these risks in women are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare mortality following AAA repair between women and men in the UK.

Methods
Anonymized data from the UK National Vascular Registry (NVR) for patients undergoing AAA repair (January 2010 to December 2014) were analysed. Co-variables were extracted for analysis by sex. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures included mortality by 5-year age groups and duration of hospital stay. Logistic regression was performed to adjust for age, calendar time, AAA diameter and smoking status. NVR-based outcomes were checked against Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data.

Results
A total of 23 245 patients were included (13·0 per cent women). Proportionally, more women than men underwent open repair. For elective open AAA repair, the in-hospital mortality rate was 6·9 per cent in women and 4·0 per cent in men (odds ratio (OR) 1·48, 95 per cent c.i. 1·08 to 2·02; P = 0·014), whereas for elective endovascular AAA repair it was 1·8 per cent in women and 0·7 per cent in men (OR 2·86, 1·72 to 4·74; P &lt; 0·001); the results in HES were similar. For ruptured AAA, there was no sex difference in mortality within the NVR; however, in HES, for ruptured open AAA repair, the in-hospital mortality rate was higher in women (33·6 versus 27·1 per cent; OR 1·36, 1·16 to 1·59; P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
Women have a higher in-hospital mortality rate than men after elective AAA repair even after adjustment. This higher mortality may have an impact on the benefit offered by any screening programme offered to women.
Average treatment effect of hepatic resection versus locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cucchetti A , Mazzaferro V , Pinna A D , Sposito C , Golfieri R , Serra C , Spreafico C , Piscaglia F , Cappelli A , Bongini M , Cucchi M , Cescon M 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Background
When comparing the efficacy of surgical and non-surgical therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major limitation is the causal inference problem. This concerns the impossibility of seeing both outcomes of two different treatments for the same individual at the same time because one is inevitably missing. This aspect can be addressed methodologically by estimating the so-called average treatment effect (ATE).

Methods
To estimate the ATE of hepatic resection over locoregional therapies for HCC, data from patients treated in two tertiary care settings between August 2000 and December 2014 were used to obtain counterfactual outcomes using an inverse probability weight survival adjustment.

Results
A total of 1585 patients were enrolled: 815 underwent hepatic resection, 337 radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and 433 transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). The option of operating on all patients who had tumour ablation returned an ATE of +9·8 months for resection (effect size 0·111; adjusted P = 0·064). The option of operating on all patients who had TACE returned an ATE of +27·9 months (effect size 0·383; adjusted P &lt; 0·001). The ATE of surgery was negligible in patients undergoing ablation for very early HCCs (effect size 0·027; adjusted P = 0·627), independently of albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) grade; or in patients with ALBI liver function grade 2 (effect size 0·083; adjusted P = 0·213), independently of tumour stage. In all other instances, the ATE of surgery was notably greater. Operating on patients who had TACE with multinodular HCC beyond the Milan criteria resulted in a mild ATE (effect size 0·140; adjusted P = 0·037).

Conclusion
ATE estimation suggests that hepatic resection is a better treatment option than ablation and TACE in patients with HCC.
‘No one ever speaks about it’: A qualitative investigation exploring the experiences of multilingual counsellors in practice
Authors: Johal Jindy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo explore and understand the experiences of counsellors who were trained in English, but used another language when counselling clients who did not speak English or had limited English language proficiency. Although multilingual counselling is growing, this had seldom been specifically researched, with the experiences of counsellors being even more neglected.MethodThis research adopted a qualitative methodology which involved interviewing 11 participants trained in different modalities, using different languages with varied levels of experience of counselling in another language, to obtain a range of narratives. Interviews were audio recorded, followed by verbatim transcriptions and thematic analysis.FindingsThe study found participants had not previously had an opportunity to discuss their experiences of offering multilingual counselling. A discussion around counselling in a language other than English had not taken place during training, in their workplace, in supervision or with peers. They described many difficulties that influenced client work. Participants reported feeling isolated, tired and bearing full responsibility for their work. They described significant differences between counselling in English and other languages, with the clients of the latter receiving a less useful service than English speaking clients.DiscussionAn exploration of the research findings alongside contemporary literature highlights the possibility that further training and support may be needed for multilingual counsellors. Recommendations for service providers, future research and training are suggested.
Highly Enantioselective Production of Chiral Secondary Alcohols with Candida zeylanoides as a New Whole Cell Biocatalyst
Authors: Şahin Engin , Dertli Enes 
Published: July 2017

The increasing demand for biocatalysts in synthesizing enantiomerically pure chiral alcohols results from the outstanding characteristics of biocatalysts in reaction, economic, and ecological issues. Herein, fifteen yeast strains belonging to three food originated yeast species Candida zeylanoides, Pichia fermentans, and Saccharomyces uvarum were tested for their capability for asymmetric reduction of acetophenone to 1‐phenylethanol as biocatalysts. Of these strains, C. zeylanoides P1 showed an effective asymmetric reduction ability. Under optimized conditions, substituted acetophenones were converted to corresponding optically active secondary alcohols in up to 99% enantiomeric excess and at high yields. The preparative scale asymmetric bioreduction of 4‐nitroacetophenone (1m) by C. zeylanoides P1 gave (S)‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethanol (2m) with 89% yield and > 99% enantiomeric excess. Compound 2m has been obtained in an enantiomerically pure and inexpensive form. Additionally, these results indicate that C. zeylanoides P1 is a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of chiral alcohols in industry.
Transesterification of Canola Oil to Biodiesel Using CaO/Talc Nanopowder as a Mixed Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Maleki Hesam , Kazemeini Mohammad , Bastan Farzad 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA series of heterogeneous catalysts including different molar ratios of CaO/talc was synthesized to study the transesterification reaction of canola oil and methanol under different reaction conditions. Characterization and kinetic results revealed that the activity of this catalyst was enhanced due to the increase of CaO/talc molar ratio value leading to an improvement in the biodiesel production. Moreover, the effect of various parameters on the activity of the undertaken catalysts was studied in order to determine the optimum process conditions. Leaching measurements and the durability of the CaO/talc catalyst under several reaction cycles were evaluated and proved it to be a stable catalyst.
Activity Hysteresis during Cyclic Temperature‐Programmed Reactions in the Partial Oxidation of Acrolein to Acrylic Acid
Authors: Knoche Stefan , Heid Maurice , Gora Niklas , Ohlig Dominik , Drochner Alfons , Vogel Herbert , Etzold Bastian J. M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid on a Mo/V/W mixed oxide catalyst was studied by transient (cyclic temperature‐programmed (TP)) as well as steady‐state methods. TP reactions (TPReactions) exhibit an activity hysteresis of the catalyst with respect to temperature. As a result of the steady‐state measurements, the activity hysteresis is not related to multiple steady states and is exclusively a transient phenomenon. Generally, the dynamics of bulk oxygen plays a key role leading to a reversible oxidation/reduction of the catalyst surface which influences the activity. This means the bulk acts as oxygen buffer. In this context, a reaction model, which involves the participation of bulk oxygen, was deduced and verified by modeling.