bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between salivary alpha-amylase, nitric oxide, pain and anxiety-induced stress in patients during dental treatment
Authors: Swathi Siripurapu , Pasupuleti Swetha , Manyam Ravikanth , Kumar Varma D. Praveen 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Pain and anxiety are the most reported negative effect of orthodontic treatment which can influence the quality of life and are responsible for the discontinuation of treatment. These unpleasant experiences raise the stress levels reflected by the increase in the concentration of salivary alpha-amylase and nitric oxide. These can be assessed through various subjective methods which have limited value as it depends on the patient's honesty, assessing whether using objective methods are reliable.

Objectives:
To assess pain and anxiety-induced stress levels using both physiological (Salivary alpha-amylase and Salivary nitric oxide) and psychological testing instruments (Visual analog scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory Y6) during the initial phases of fixed orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 30 patients were included. Pain and anxiety instruments were applied and saliva samples were collected from patients before and after separator placement, before and 48 h after archwire insertion and 1 month after archwire insertion.

Results:
The mean values of alpha-amylase (235.3600), nitric oxide levels (2.060) and pain scores (7.8667) were higher 48 h after archwire insertion (T3) which are statistically significant, P = 0.00. Anxiety scores (57.7000) were high before separator placement (T0). No statistically significant correlation was found among pain and alpha-amylase, anxiety and nitric oxide levels.

Conclusion:
Initial alignment phases of fixed orthodontic treatment affect patients' anxiety and stress levels. The findings could be a result of the psychological stress due to procedures in the initial phases of the treatment.
Evaluation of microbial contamination in removable dental prosthesis at different time of usage
Authors: Singh Tulika , Bhojaraju Nandakishore , Vinod V , Anjali K , Shah Samsuddeen , Kumar Naveen 
Published: September 2024

Aim:
The current study evaluates and compares the percentage distribution of different microorganisms according to their strains and occurrence among the three studied groups.

Method and Methodology:
Sample of 30 removable dental prosthesis wearing patients was selected: wearing either complete dentures or partial dentures and without any significant medical history or on prescription medication for the past 3–6 months. Samples were obtained in three subcategories based on the duration of prostheses worn by the patient. A sterile swab made up of cotton moistened with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was scrubbed on the dental prosthesis at the fitting surfaces and the denture-bearing area of the oral cavity. Within two hours, the collected swab sample was infused in the sterile tube containing 1 ml of 0.84% PBS solution maintained at pH 7–7.2 and sent for microbiological analysis. The samples were then inoculated into different medias. Microbial growth was checked after incubating the culture plates for 48 h at 37°C. Microorganisms were recognized and counted by calibrated colony counter. Gram's stain was used to stain the colony smear and biochemical tests such as coagulase, catalase, oxidase, sugar fermentation with acid and gas production (triple sugar iron), methyl red test, test for indole production, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) production, citrate utilization, urease test, germ tube tests were performed.

Statistical Analysis:
Descriptive statistics included calculation of means and standard deviation using multivariate analysis. All values were considered statistically significant for a value of P < 0.05.

Results:

Streptococcus species, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the maximum positive culture among the secluded microorganisms in all three groups.

Conclusion:
A progressive increase in the microbial contamination was directly proportional to the duration of removable prosthesis usage.
Expression of EGFR and survivin in ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst and calcifying odontogenic cyst – An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Baddireddy Sita M. , Manyam Ravikanth , Thomas Davis C 
Published: September 2024

Context:
Odontogenic lesions have diverse biological behaviour which is characterised by local invasiveness, and a high recurrence rate. EGFR and survivin was found to be involved in the aggressiveness, recurrences and metastasis of a variety of epithelial malignancies.

Aims:
To assess and compare the expression of EGFR and survivin in Ameloblastoma (AB), Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC).

Settings and Design:
The study's goal was to use immunohistochemistry to assess the qualitative and quantitative expression of EGFR and survivin and to correlate their expression patterns in AB, OKC and COC.

Methods and Material:
Study included 30 AB, 15 OKC and 10 COC. All the slides were immunohistochemically analysed for qualitative, quantitative and semi-quantitative data. In each group, the presence of EGFR and survivin was assessed in terms of stain localisation, intensity and percentage of positive cells.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analysed using Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA, P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
EGFR positivity was found in all cases. Survivin was found to be 96% positive in AB and 100% positive in OKC and COC. Both EGFR and survivin showed predominant cytoplasmic staining. All the slides that are stained with EGFR are also stained with survivin. The intensity varied significantly between the layers. OKC showed higher immunoreactive scores (IRSs).

Conclusions:
The current study provides insight into the role of EGFR and survivin in the pathogenesis of AB, OKC and COC. OKC appears to be more aggressive than ameloblastoma and COC, owing to its higher IRS.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of superficial and invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinoma using epithelial membrane antigen as a marker
Authors: Jayaswal Amrita , Tandon Aanchal , Jain Amol , Sharma Apoorva , Iqbal Haider , Jaiswal Rohit 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) has been used as a marker for the expression of tumour margins in various glandular neoplastic lesions. Histopathologically, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may exhibit several features within the same tumour cells, portraying that these cells at the invasive margins commonly display certain features that differ from those of the superficial part of the tumour.

Aim:
To identify and study the invasive tumour front and also to recognise any micrometastases in an OSCC lesion.

Materials and Method:
A retrospective study of 30 OSCC cases with superficial and most invasive parts were sectioned at 4 μm. Routine H&E staining and immunohistochemical staining with mouse antihuman EMA were done. The OSCC cases were graded into well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC) and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC). The EMA-stained slides were observed and analysed under higher magnification to identify the individual EMA-stained cells.

Results:
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis revealed that when comparing the superficial and invasive fronts of OSCC, it was evident that the P values were significant across the groups. In WDSCC, positive predictive value was 70.6% and sensitivity was 100% when the same slide was analysed for large and small islands to individual cells in an EMA-stained section, while MDSCC and PDSCC showed both sensitivity and positive predictive value to be 100%.

Conclusion:
EMA could be considered a useful prognostic marker for describing the nature of the neoplastic epithelium as well as recognising the typical anaplastic cells in cases of OSCC.
Comparative immunohistochemical analysis of WT-1, Syndecan and Snail in Ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst: A retrospective study
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Arka , Panda Abikshyeet , Mishra Pallavi , Chowdhary Gopal , Mohanty Aishwariya , Sahoo Pravudeva D. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate and compare the degree of expression of Wilm's Tumor Gene-1 (WT-1), Syndecan (CD 138) and Snail in Ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and to analyse their potential role in pathogenesis.

Methods and Material:
Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate WT-1, Syndecan and Snail expression in Ameloblastoma (n = 20) and OKC (n = 20). Topographical immunoexpression pattern of Ameloblast-like cells, Stellate Reticulum-like cells in Ameloblastoma and basal layer as well as suprabasal layer of cells of OKC were also compared. The results obtained were subjected to ANOVA test and Tukey HSD test through SPSS software 20.0 for Microsoft Windows.

Results:
WT-1 and Snail overexpression was seen in both Ameloblastoma and OKCs. Syndecan, responsible for maintaining normal cellular morphology, cell–cell adhesion and differentiation was significantly downregulated in both the lesions. The Ameloblasts-like cells and the basal cells showed significantly higher immunopositivity for WT-1 and Syndecan as compared to that of basal cells. An inverse relation was noted for Snail protein. The ANOVA test predicted a statistically significant difference of expression across the lesions with a P value <0.0001 for Syndecan and Snail.

Conclusions:
The under-expression of epithelial membrane protein Syndecan-1 and upregulation of EMT transcription factor Snail can promote local invasion and is indicative of poor prognosis of these lesions. The overexpression of WT-1 results in tumorigenesis, proliferation and localized aggressiveness of Ameloblastoma and intrabony growth of OKC. Further investigation on the biologic behaviour of OKC is still recommended to arrive at more specific conclusions regarding its nature.
Evaluation of anti-microbial efficacy among Andrographis Paniculata and Mimusops Elengi on oral microflora: An Experimental in-vitro study
Authors: Krithigaa S. , Harini Priya A. H. , Sreeja C. , Nachiammai N. , Muthukumar R. Sathish , Sri V. L. Premika 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Oral health is an essential non-integrated part of general health that plays a vital role in preventing chronic diseases. The oral cavity acts as a suitable environment for the proliferation of bacteria by forming a connecting link to invade the tissues through direct contact from outside. For the past few decades, there has been increased resistance of human pathogenic bacteria to the currently used antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for tooth decay, gingivitis, periodontitis and fungal infection among different age groups. Hence, the search has shifted to traditional plants and natural products, which are a good alternative. To create oral hygiene solutions for the prevention of oral infections, several ayurvedic ingredients, including Andrographis paniculata and Mimusops elengi, have been tested for their effectiveness against dental pathogens. The present investigation's purpose is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration-based antibacterial efficiency of Andrographis paniculata and Mimusops elengi against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces and Candida albicans.

Methodology:
Antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Ethanolic extracts were prepared using a cold extraction method whereas Dimethyl sulfoxide and water were used as dissolution solvents. The diluted herbal extract sample was used as the test sample, while the positive control used was an antibiotic solution and the negative control used was dissolution solvents. The samples were implanted, the bacteria along with the culture media were incubated, and the zone of inhibition was measured.

Results:
The Minimum inhibitory concentration and zones of inhibition of Andrographis Paniculata and Mimusops Elengi showed significant antibacterial efficacy when compared with standards.

Conclusion:
Andrographis Paniculata and Mimusops Elengi may be used as an efficient addition to conventional care in the management of oral disorders, according to their antimicrobial efficacy.
Fluoride content in various types of tea used by tea stalls in Salem district – An in vitro cross sectional study
Authors: Rajiv D , Prem Diana , Ramesh Maya , Jacob Mathew , Indrapriyadharshini K. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Tea leaves are natural rich source of fluoride and are known as fluorine absorbants. It is consumed on large scale in India and thus needs to be monitored for its daily fluoride consumption by customers. Tea manufacturers should mention fluoride concentrations on the packages to avoid overdose through unknown consumption by consumers.

Objectives:
To detect the levels of fluoride in tea at different periods of boiling and to compare the fluoride levels in various brands of tea at different periods of boiling.

Methodology:
A survey was conducted in 25 tea stalls of Salem on the type of tea and time of boiling black tea. The five most common brands of tea will bought for the study. The stainless-steel vessel will be used in the methodology for boiling tea. Mettur water will be used for the preparation of black tea and 1 g of tea leaves to 100 ml of hot (~95°C) deionized water (1% w/v tea infusion) and allowed the mixture to stand for 5 min in a glass beaker. After 5 min, the infusions were filtered and again left standing until they are cooled to room temperature. All fluoride measurements will be completed within 4 h of the preparation of the infusion. About 2 min and 4 min boiling will be followed. The fluoride present in each brand of tea will be calculated from black tea prepared using 2-(parasulfophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene-disulfonate (SPADNS) calorimetric method.

Results:
The distribution of mean score of fluoride level in tea powders available in tea shops of Salem when boiled in distilled water was (559.00 ± 112.12). The mean score of fluoride level in tea powders available in tea shops of Salem boiled in Mettur water was (689.05 ± 116.34). To test the significance of difference between the average fluoride in tea powders available in tea shops of Salem when boiled in distilled water and Mettur water, the independent t-test was used. the P value is <0.05, and hence, it is found that there is significant difference between the average fluoride in tea powders available in tea shops of Salem boiled in distilled water and Mettur water.

Conclusion:
Thus, the study showed tea consists of significant amount of fluoride concentration that is consumed on daily basis. The study also evaluated fluoride concentration in tea preparations using different water. The study shows necessity for regulations of mentioning fluoride concentration on tea packs.
Self-negligence and awareness among oral precancerous and cancer patients – A cross-sectional questionnaire study
Authors: Nagaraj Vezhavendhan , Priya S , Muthanandam Sivaramakrishnan , Devi M , Giri Umamaheswari , Babu M Aravind 
Published: September 2024

Background:The National Institute of Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW) reports that India has the highest global prevalence of oral cancers. The incidence is significantly more in developing countries when compared to the developed countries. Early detection is key to increasing the survival rate of the patients. Important causes for this late diagnosis could be self-negligence, lack of patient awareness about the causes and asymptomatic and subtle clinical presentation of the lesions.Aim:To assess the causes of self-neglect and awareness levels among oral cancer and pre-cancerous patients.Settings and Design:A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among pre-cancerous and cancerous patients.Methods and Material:A questionnaire with 16 closed-ended questions was framed relating to the causes of self-neglect and awareness of the patients. A total of 45 patients were selected by convenient sampling technique from the Institutional Tumour Board register of which 62 per cent were male patients and 38 per cent were female patients.Statistical Analysis:Data analysis for demographic data, patients' awareness, and causes of self-neglect about precancer and cancer was done using SPSS Version 10.Results and Conclusions:The present study concluded that the patients had adequate awareness that deleterious habits could lead to cancer but had a low level of awareness about the other causes of cancer, symptoms and management options available to treat cancer. The study result emphasizes that the government should plan for more cancer-screening camps in order to prevent the progression of cancer and to increase the awareness.Reference I.D.:2015-05006 for funding the project.ICMR)
Antimicrobial activity of Curcuma amada extract on Streptococcus mutans—An in vitro study
Authors: Maria Jessica J , Karuppiah Karpagaselvi , Shariff Matheen , Mukherjee Aneek 
Published: September 2024

Context:
Dental caries is prevalent in spite of widespread use of mechanical and chemical plaque control methods. Streptococcus mutans is said to have a strong background in initiation of dental caries. Hence, exceptional methods are required which would be effective against dental caries. Current era is taking people back to traditional or herbal medicine, which is said to have comparatively better healing effects than synthetic drugs in the market.

Aim:
Determine and analyse the minimum zone of inhibition of Curcuma amada against Streptococcus mutans.

Settings and Design:
An In vitro Study.

Methods, Statistical Analysis Used:
The well diffusion method using blood agar plates was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 5%, 10% and 25% concentration of C. Amada extract against Streptococcus mutans in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine. Results were statistically analysed using independent sample t-test or Mann–Whitney U test to compare mean or median zone of inhibition between two groups. Thus, the zone of inhibition (in mm) was analysed using the mean of all the readings obtained and the level of significance at <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 5% of level of significance.

Results:
Maximum zone of inhibition was found to be with C. amada compared to corresponding concentration of 0.2% chlorhexidine. Thus, inhibitory effect of C. amada is significantly better than 5%, 10% and 25% chlorhexidine mouthwash. The inhibitory effect increases as the concentration increases.

Conclusions:
The antibacterial activity of C. amada against Streptococcus mutans raises the possibility of incorporating it in various dental therapeutic agents.
A study to estimate the serum IgA and salivary IgA levels in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yadav Parul , Shetty Vishwaprakash , Dave Aparna , Chandolia Betina , Mathur Apoorva , Saluja Pulin 
Published: September 2024

Context:
The increasing death rate because of oral cancer is mainly due to its late diagnosis. Tumour markers are often detected in abnormal amounts in blood, urine or saliva of patients with certain types of cancer. Diagnosing cancer through human saliva has advantages such as low invasiveness, minimum cost and easy sample collection. We have used serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and salivary IgA for our present study.

Aims:
The aim of present study was to estimate serum and salivary IgA levels in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.

Settings and Design:
The study included 40 patients; 10 in the control group, 15 cases with oral leukoplakia and 15 cases with OSCC.

Methods and Material:
The blood samples and saliva were taken from clinically diagnosed oral leukoplakia and OSCC patients and were tested for IgA levels.

Statistical analysis used:
The data were analysed using SPSS 16.0. The mean values were compared between the groups by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc test for group-wise comparison. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
It was observed that the comparison of levels of serum IgA in control and leukoplakia group; control and OSCC group; leukoplakia and OSCC group were found to be statistically significant. Also, comparison between the levels of salivary IgA in control and OSCC group was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:
It is suggested that the serum and salivary IgA levels could be a better adjuvant diagnostic marker along with routine markers in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions.
Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol on Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin Levels of Patients after Thoracotomy
Authors: Farzanegan Behrooz , Mirtajani Seyed Bashir , Hemmatyar Mohammadreza , Fani Kamal , Jabbari Ali , Sayadi Shahram , Jahangirifard Alireza 
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-known complication of surgery that increases the death rate and the side costs of postoperative care and treatment. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a protein that is emerging as a new marker in the early detection of kidney damage.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE:
In this study, we try to compare the effect of propofol (Pro) and dexmedetomidine (Dex) on activity in patients undergoing thoracotomy by evaluating and measuring the amount of renal function evaluation factors similar to blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and NGAL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
All patients who underwent thoracotomy (with two types of anesthetics Dex and Pro) in the first 6 months of 2019 (April–September) in Masih Daneshvari Hospital were included in this study and the information obtained from all of them was based on a questionnaire design.

RESULTS:
The BUN index in patients of the two groups was significantly different in three time periods before surgery, 2 h after surgery, and 24 h. Based on the available results, the NGAL index as a factor in assessing renal function was significantly different in the two groups of patients. However, the mean numerical values in all three intervals of NGAL levels were much lower in the patients of the Pro group. However, other indicators in the study did not show significant changes in terms of mean values in the two groups of patients.

CONCLUSION:
Pro significantly reduced NGAL compared with Dex for thoracotomy surgery.