bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ruopiškių stambios linijinės subglacialinės formos susidarymo ypatybės: glacialinių nuogulų struktūros tyrimas
Authors: Lozovskis Saulius , Katinas Valentas , Baltrūnas Valentinas 
Published: February 2016

Tyrimui pasirinktas Ruopiškių drumlinoidas – tipiška stambi linijinė subglacialinė forma, esanti Šiaurės Lietuvoje, Biržų–Vabalninko plote. Literatūroje tokios formos dažnai vadinamos <i>mega-scale subglacial lineations</i> (MSGL). Tiriamajame drumlinoide, be anksčiau darytų stebėjimo taškų, buvo iškasti nauji 6 kasiniai, juose pamatuota stambianuotrupinės medžiagos (žvirgždo ir gargždo) ilgųjų ašių orientacija bei polinkio kampas, paimti mėginiai granuliometrinei ir petrografinei analizei, magnetinio imlumo anizotropijai nustatyti. Darbe aptariami naudoti tyrimo metodai. Žvirgždo ir gargždo ilgųjų ašių orientacijos ir polinkio kampo matavimai buvo vizualizuoti stereogramomis, o smulkianuotrupinės, įskaitant ir molingos, medžiagos magnetinio imlumo anizotropijos nustatymo duomenys apibendrinti naudojantis Anisoft42 programine įranga. Atlikti tyrimai išilgai tyrinėto Ruopiškių drumlinoido parodė, kad bent viršutinė jo dalis nėra vienalytė. Tai leido skirti tris drumlinoido dalis, taip pat išsiskiriančias savo morfometrinėmis ypatybėmis ir paviršiuje. Manytina, kad ši stambi linijinė subglacialinė forma iš esmės susidarė slenkančio ledyno plyšyje, išsispaudus jame pagrindo moreninei medžiagai. Susidariusio poledyninio gūbrio šlaitai ir ketera patyrė slenkančio ledyno šoninį glaciodinaminį poveikį, kurio požymius matome stambiųjų nuotrupų orientacijos ir polinkio bei smulkianuotrupinės medžiagos magnetinio imlumo anizotropijos (AMS) stereogramose.
La participation locale comme conditionnalité de l’aide ? L’expérience des camps de déplacés en Haïti
Authors: Martel Andréanne 
Published: February 2016

La participation locale aux réponses humanitaires ainsi que le rôle des populations affectées font désormais l’objet de nombreuses discussions. Les différentes logiques qui sous-tendent la participation dans les situations de post-urgence peuvent être analysées en fonction de l’application qui en est faite par certaines organisations d’aide, mais aussi de la perception qu’en ont les populations. En outre, le recours au comité de camp comme stratégie de participation a soulevé une série d’enjeux de légitimité et de représentation auxquels les différents acteurs ont tenté de répondre. Dans ce contexte, le modèle de participation érigé en norme par la communauté d’experts humanitaires constitue-t-il une nouvelle forme de conditionnalité de l’aide ? À la lumière d’enquêtes menées en 2012 et 2013 dans les camps de déplacés en Haïti, nous proposons dans cet article d’analyser les logiques participatives en tenant compte des conflits, des contraintes et des résistances qui en résultent au sein des communautés. Pour conduire cette analyse de discours, nous étudions d’une part les normes guidant les pratiques des organisations humanitaires et d’autre part les récits d’entretien avec les bénéficiaires et autres acteurs du camp.
Examining geographic and socio‐economic differences in outpatient and inpatient consumer expenditures for treating HIV/AIDS in Nigeria
Authors: Onwujekwe Obinna E , Ibe Ogochukwu , Torpey Kwasi , Dada Stephanie , Uzochukwu Benjamin , Sanwo Olusola 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionThe expenditures on treatment of HIV/AIDS to households were examined to quantify the magnitude of the economic burden of HIV/AIDS to different population groups in Nigeria. The information will also provide a basis for increased action towards a reduction of the economic burden on many households when accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsA household survey was administered in three states, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom and Anambra, from the South‐East, North‐East and South‐South zones of Nigeria, respectively. A pretested interviewer‐administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a minimum sample of 1200 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). Data were collected on the medical and non‐medical expenditures that patients incurred to treat HIV/AIDS for their last treatment episode within three months of the interview date. The expenditures were for outpatient visits (OPV) and inpatient stays (IPS). The incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on ART treatment services was computed for OPV and IPS. Data were disaggregated by socio‐economic status (SES) and geographic location of the households.ResultsThe average OPV expenditures incurred by patients per OPV for HIV/AIDS treatment was US$6.1 with variations across SES and urban‐rural residence. More than 95% of the surveyed households spent money on transportation to a treatment facility and over 70% spent money on food for OPV. For medical expenditures, the urbanites paid more than rural dwellers. Many patients incurred CHE during outpatient and inpatient visits. Compared to urban dwellers, rural dwellers incurred more CHE for outpatient (p=0.02) and inpatient visits (p=0.002).ConclusionsTreatment expenditures were quite high, inequitable and catastrophic in some instances, hence further jeopardizing the welfare of the households and the PLHIV. Strategically locating fully functional treatment centres to make them more accessible to PLHIV will largely reduce expenditures for travel and the need for food during visits. Additionally, financial risk‐protection mechanisms such as treatment vouchers, reimbursement and health insurance that will significantly reduce the expenditures borne by PLHIV and their households in seeking ART should be implemented.
Magnetic anisotropy of the single-crystalline ferromagnetic insulator Cr2Ge2Te6
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Zhao Yuelei , Song Qi , Jia Shuang , Shi Jing , Han Wei 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cr2Ge2Te6 (CGT), a layered ferromagnetic insulator, has attracted a great deal of interest recently owing to its potential for integration with Dirac materials to realize the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) and to develop novel spintronics devices. Here, we study the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy of single-crystalline CGT and determine that the magnetic easy axis is directed along the c-axis in its ferromagnetic phase. In addition, CGT is an insulator below the Curie temperature. These properties make CGT a potentially promising candidate substrate for integration with topological insulators for the realization of the high-temperature QAHE.
Large variability of contact resistance in Au/Cr/MoS2 system and its suppression by Cr thinning
Authors: Sano Kosuke , Takahashi Tsunaki , Uchida Ken 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Owing to the atomically small thickness and moderate bandgap of MoS2, the compound is expected to be a channel material for future short-channel and low-leakage transistors. However, the high contact resistance between a metal and MoS2 is a serious issue. Although many studies have been conducted to reduce contact resistance, the variability of contact resistance has not been investigated. In this study, we fabricated MoS2 transistors and evaluated their electrical properties. A large discrepancy in electrical characteristics, which originates from contact resistance variability was observed. We found that the contact resistance variability is due to the peeling of a metal from MoS2, which originates from the weak cohesion of the metal to MoS2 and the thermal contraction of the metal. To reduce thermal contraction, a thin contact metal is utilized. As a result, better adhesion of the metal and suppression of contact resistance variability are observed, which indicates that the reduction in the thermal contraction of metals is important to reduce contact resistance and its variability.
Evaluations of aggressive chasing interactions by 7‐month‐old infants
Authors: Geraci Alessandra , Benavides‐Varela Silvia , Nascimben Chiara , Simion Francesca , Di Giorgio Elisa 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRecent theories of socio‐moral development assume that humans evolved a capacity to evaluate others' social actions in different kinds of interactions. Prior infant studies found both reaching and visual preferences for the prosocial over the antisocial agents. However, whether the attribution of either positive or negative valence to agents' actions involved in an aggressive chasing interaction can be inferred by both reaching behaviors and visual attention deployment (i.e., disengagement of visual attention) is still an open question. Here we presented 7‐month‐old infants (N = 92) with events displaying an aggressive chasing interaction. By using preferential reaching and an attentional task (i.e., overlap paradigm), we assessed whether and how infants evaluate aggressive chasing interactions. The results demonstrated that young infants prefer to reach the victim over the aggressor, but neither agent affects visual attention. Moreover, such reaching preferences emerged only when dynamic cues and emotional face‐like features were congruent with agents' social roles. Overall, these findings suggested that infants' evaluations of aggressive interactions are based on infants' sensitivity to some kinematic cues that characterized agents' actions and, especially, to the congruency between such motions and the face‐like emotional expressions of the agents.
Self‐Assembly Hypoxic and ROS Dual Response Nano Prodrug as a New Therapeutic Approach for Glaucoma Treatments
Authors: Zhou Xuezhi , Rong Rong , Liang Ganghao , Wu Yukun , Xu Chun , Xiao Haihua , Ji Dan , Xia Xiaobo 
Published: September 2024

AbstractGlaucoma is an irreversible blinding eye disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death.Previous studies have demonstrated that protecting mitochondria and activating the CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway can effectively protect RGC and axon. However, currently treatments are often unsatisfactory, and the pathogenesis of glaucoma requires further elucidation. In this study, a ROS‐responsive dual drug conjugate (OLN monomer) is first designed that simultaneously bonds nicotinamide and oleic acid. The conjugate self‐assembled into nanoparticles (uhOLN‐NPs) through the aggregation of multiple micelles and possesses ROS scavenging capability. Then, a polymer with a hypoxic response function is designed, which encapsulates uhOLN‐NPs to form nanoparticles with hypoxic and ROS responses (HOLN‐NPs). Under hypoxia in RGCs, the azo bond of HOLN‐NPs breaks and releases uhOLN‐NPs. Meanwhile, under high ROS conditions, the thioketone bond broke, leading to the dissociation of nano‐prodrug. The released nicotinamide and oleic acid co‐scavenge ROS and activate the CaMKII/CREB pathway, protecting mitochondria in RGCs. HOLN‐NPs exhibit a significantly superior protective effect on R28 cells in glutamate models of glaucoma. The accumulation of HOLN‐NPs in retinal RGCs lead to significant inhibition of RGC apoptosis and axonal damage in vivo. Notably, HOLN‐NPs provide a new therapeutic approach for patients with neurodegenerative disease.
PTFE as a Multifunctional Binder for High‐Current‐Density Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Deng Bohan , He Xian , Du Peng , Zhao Wei , Long Yuanzheng , Zhang Zhuting , Liu Hongyi , Huang Kai , Wu Hui 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBinder plays a crucial role in constructing high‐performance electrodes for water electrolysis. While most research has been focused on advancing electrocatalysts, the application of binders in electrode design has yet to be fully explored. Herein, the in situ incorporation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a multifunctional binder, which increases electrochemical active sites, enhances mass transfer, and strengthens the mechanical and chemical robustness of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes, is reported. The NiFe‐LDH@PTFE/NF electrode prepared by co‐deposition of PTFE with NiFe‐layered double hydroxide onto nickel foam demonstrates exceptional long‐term stability with a minimal potential decay rate of 0.034 mV h−1 at 500 mA cm−2 for 1000 h. The alkaline water electrolyzer utilizing NiFe‐LDH@PTFE/NF requires only 1.584 V at 500 mA cm−2 and sustains high energy efficiency over 1000 h under industrial operating conditions. This work opens a new path for stabilizing active sites to obtain durable electrodes for OER as well as other electrocatalytic systems.
An 18‐month multimodal intervention trial for preventing dementia: J‐MINT PRIME Tamba
Authors: Oki Yutaro , Osaki Tohmi , Kumagai Ryoko , Murata Shunsuke , Encho Haruhi , Ono Rei , Yasuda Hisafumi , Kowa Hisatomo 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe number of people with dementia is increasing in Japan, and establishing evidence for preventing dementia is necessary.METHODSThis study was a randomized controlled trial in cognitively normal community‐dwelling older adults aged 65 to 85 with diabetes and/or hypertension. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group underwent 90 min of group‐based weekly physical exercise, cognitive training, nutritional counseling, and vascular risk management for 18 months. The primary endpoint was the change in a cognitive composite score calculated by averaging the z‐scores of seven neuropsychological tests from baseline to 18 months.RESULTSWe randomly assigned 203 participants to two groups, and 178 (87.7%) completed the 18‐month follow‐up. There was a significant group difference in the cognitive composite score change at 18 months (mean difference 0.16, 95% confidence interval: 0.04 to 0.27; p = 0.009).DISCUSSIONAn 18‐month multimodal intervention for older adults at risk of dementia could improve their cognitive function. The trial was registered in the Clinical Trial Registration System (UMIN000041938).Highlights
Japan‐Multimodal Intervention Trial for Prevention of Dementia (J‐MINT) PRIME Tamba was a randomized controlled trial to prevent dementia.
We provided a multifactorial intervention based on the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) trial methodology.
The primary outcome, the cognitive composite score, improved with our intervention.
Executive function/processing speed and memory improved in the intervention group.
Intervention adherence was high, and no serious adverse events occurred.
Low‐Energy Spin Manipulation Using Ferromagnetism
Authors: Desbuis Valentin , Lacour Daniel , Tiusan Coriolan , Weber Wolfgang , Hehn Michel 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe manipulation of the electron spin direction at very low electron energies is demonstrated by exploiting the exchange field present within a magnetic thin film. The design of the lab‐on‐chip integrated magnetic tunnel transistor allows to test different magnetic materials. The variation of film thickness, exchange field strength or electron energy are shown to have an impact on the resulting spin direction of electrons crossing a ferromagnetic material. A controlled engineering of the exchange field in thin magnetic films can therefore serve as a basis of future devices enabling controlled spin manipulation.
Transition Metal‐Gallium Intermetallic Compounds with Tailored Active Site Configurations for Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Huaifang , Ma Chaoqun , Wang Yi‐Chi , Zhu Xiaojuan , Qu Kaiyu , Ma Xiao , He Caihong , Han Sumei , Liu Ai‐Hua , Wang Qi , Cao Wenbin , Lin Wei , Xia Jing , Zhu Lijie , Gu Lin , Yun Qinbai , Wang An‐Liang , Lu Qipeng 
Published: September 2024

AbstractGallium (Ga) with a low melting point can serve as a unique metallic solvent in the synthesis of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The negative formation enthalpy of transition metal‐Ga IMCs endows them with high catalytic stability. Meanwhile, their tunable crystal structures offer the possibility to tailor the configurations of active sites to meet the requirements for specific catalytic applications. Herein, we present a general method for preparing a range of transition metal‐Ga IMCs, including Co−Ga, Ni−Ga, Pt−Ga, Pd−Ga, and Rh−Ga IMCs. The structurally ordered CoGa IMCs with body‐centered cubic (bcc) structure are uniformly dispersed on the nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide substrate (O‐CoGa/NG) and deliver outstanding nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) performance, making them excellent catalysts to construct highly efficient rechargeable Zn‐NO3− battery. Operando studies and theoretical simulations demonstrate that the electron‐rich environments around the Co atoms enhance the adsorption strength of *NO3 intermediate and simultaneously suppress the formation of hydrogen, thus improving the NO3RR activity and selectivity.
Endocranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of the crocodylian Eosuchus lerichei from the late Paleocene of northwestern Europe and potential adaptations for transoceanic dispersal in gavialoids
Authors: Burke Paul M. J. , Boerman Sophie A. , Perrichon Gwendal , Martin Jeremy E. , Smith Thierry , Vellekoop Johan , Mannion Philip D. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEosuchus lerichei is a gavialoid crocodylian from late Paleocene marine deposits of northwestern Europe, known from a skull and lower jaws, as well as postcrania. Its sister taxon relationship with the approximately contemporaneous species Eosuchus minor from the east coast of the USA has been explained through transoceanic dispersal, indicating a capability for salt excretion that is absent in extant gavialoids. However, there is currently no anatomical evidence to support marine adaptation in extinct gavialoids. Furthermore, the placement of Eosuchus within Gavialoidea is labile, with some analyses supporting affinities with the Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene “thoracosaurs.” Here we present novel data on the internal and external anatomy of the skull of E. lerichei that enables a revised diagnosis, with 6 autapormorphies identified for the genus and 10 features that enable differentiation of the species from Eosuchus minor. Our phylogenetic analyses recover Eosuchus as an early diverging gavialid gavialoid that is not part of the “thoracosaur” group. In addition to thickened semi‐circular canal walls of the endosseous labyrinth and paratympanic sinus reduction, we identify potential osteological correlates for salt glands in the internal surface of the prefrontal and lacrimal bones of E. lerichei. These salt glands potentially provide anatomical evidence for the capability of transoceanic dispersal within Eosuchus, and we also identify them in the Late Cretaceous “thoracosaur” Portugalosuchus. Given that the earliest diverging and stratigraphically oldest gavialoids either have evidence for a nasal salt gland and/or have been recovered from marine deposits, this suggests the capacity for salt excretion might be ancestral for Gavialoidea. Mapping osteological and geological evidence for marine adaptation onto a phylogeny indicates that there was probably more than one independent loss/reduction in the capacity for salt excretion in gavialoids.
Beyond The Sphere. Au20(PR3)8 as a Spherical Aromatic Cuboctahedron Cluster
Authors: Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe icosahedral Au135+ core is a recurrent building block in ligand‐protected gold clusters involving an 8‐cluster electron 1S21P6 electronic shell. Such a prototypical structure enables a spherical aromatic behavior as given by long‐range magnetic shielding. Recently, the Au20(tBu3P)8 cluster featuring a contrasting cuboctahedral core with formally neutral gold atoms appears as a novel core architecture with the potential to be considered as another potential building block towards functional nanostructures. Here, we explore the ligand‐core interaction and spherical aromatic characteristics of Au20(tBu3P)8, in order to provide a direct connection to classical icosahedral spherical aromatic compounds, now involving a cuboctahedral core structure. Such characteristics suggest rationalization of their robustness in terms of certain electron counts, enabling a shielding cone property in ligand‐protected metallic clusters, which favors bridging organic and inorganic planar/spherical aromatic species towards the unification of the aromaticity concept and designing guidelines for further achievements.
Clinically representative treatment for generalised anxiety disorder
Authors: Kjølsrød Eivind , Westgaard Malin , Brattmyr Martin , Lundqvist Jakob , Lindberg Martin Schevik , Hjemdal Odin , Havnen Audun , Solem Stian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIntroductionManual‐based treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy and metacognitive therapy, are effective for patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), but no studies have examined non‐manualised clinically representative treatment for GAD.MethodsThe sample consisted of 103 patients with GAD who completed non‐manualised eclectic outpatient treatment at a local psychiatric outpatient clinic from 2020 to 2023. Questionnaires before and after treatment measured GAD symptoms, depressive symptoms, functioning, health and treatment satisfaction.ResultsThere were significant improvements with large effect sizes (Cohen's d using pooled standard deviations) for GAD symptoms (d = 1.30, p < .001), depressive symptoms (d = 1.22, p < .001) and functioning (d = 0.87, p < .001). There was a medium improvement in health (d = −0.66, p < .001). Regarding GAD symptoms, half of the sample achieved clinically significant change (scoring below cut‐off at post‐treatment and achieving reliable improvement), and 69% showed reliable improvement (statistically significant change). Most patients (72%–84%) were satisfied with their treatment.ConclusionClinically representative treatment is associated with improvement in GAD, but the effect sizes were smaller than in manual‐based treatments. Research using randomised controlled trial designs comparing manual‐based treatment to clinically representative treatment is needed to establish relative efficacy and for refining treatment guidelines in Norway.
Association Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: Common Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Chauhan Aparna , Dubey Sachin , Jain Smita 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) rates are rising, mirroring the global trend of an aging population. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that those with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased risk of developing dementia. These degenerative and progressive diseases share some risk factors. To a large extent, the amyloid cascade is responsible for AD development. Neurofibrillary tangles induce neurodegeneration and brain atrophy; this chain reaction begins with hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins caused by progressive amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. In addition to these processes, it seems that alterations in brain glucose metabolism and insulin signalling lead to cell death and reduced synaptic plasticity in AD, before the onset of symptoms, which may be years away. Due to the substantial evidence linking insulin resistance in the brain with AD, researchers have coined the name “Type 3 diabetes” to characterize the condition. We still know little about the processes involved, even though current animal models have helped illuminate the links between T2DM and AD. This brief overview discusses insulin and IGF‐1 signalling disorders and the primary molecular pathways that may connect them. The presence of GSK‐3β in AD is intriguing. These proteins' association with T2DM and pancreatic β‐cell failure suggests they might be therapeutic targets for both disorders.