bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoxemic Patients With Bilateral Infiltrates Treated With High-Flow Nasal Cannula Present a Similar Pattern of Biomarkers of Inflammation and Injury to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients*
Authors: García-de-Acilu Marina , Marin-Corral Judith , Vázquez Antonia , Ruano Laura , Magret Mònica , Ferrer Ricard , Masclans Joan R. , Roca Oriol 
Published: August 2017

Objective:
To examine whether patients with acute hypoxemia and bilateral opacities treated with high-flow nasal cannula and acute respiratory distress syndrome patients who were directly mechanically ventilated are similar in terms of lung epithelial, endothelial, and inflammatory biomarkers.

Design:
Prospective, multicenter study.

Setting:
ICUs at three university tertiary hospitals.

Patients:
Intubated and nonintubated patients admitted to the ICU with acute hypoxemia (Pao
2/Fio
2 ≤ 300) and bilateral opacities.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Either high-flow nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation was initiated, at the discretion of the attending physician. We measured plasma biomarkers of lung epithelial injury (receptor for advanced glycation end products and surfactant protein D) and endothelial injury (angiopoietin-2) and inflammation (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-33 and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2) within 24 hours of acute respiratory distress syndrome onset. Propensity score matching was performed using six different variables (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, Pao
2/Fio
2, origin of acute respiratory distress syndrome, steroids, renal failure and need for vasopressors). Nonhypoxemic mechanically ventilated critically ill patients and healthy volunteers served as controls. Of the 170 patients enrolled, 127 (74.7%) were intubated and 43 (25.3%) were treated with high-flow nasal cannula at acute respiratory distress syndrome onset. After propensity score matching (39 high-flow nasal cannula patients vs 39 mechanical ventilation patients), no significant differences were observed in receptor for advanced glycation end products, surfactant protein D, angiopoietin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-33, and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 between matched patients who were treated with high-flow nasal cannula and those who were intubated at acute respiratory distress syndrome onset. After matching, no differences in mortality or length of stay were observed. All biomarkers (with the exception of interleukin-33) were higher in both groups of matched acute respiratory distress syndrome patients than in both control groups.

Conclusions:
Acute hypoxemic patients with bilateral infiltrates treated with high-flow nasal cannula presented a similar pattern of biomarkers of inflammation and injury to acute respiratory distress syndrome patients undergoing direct mechanical ventilation. The results suggest that these high-flow nasal cannula patients should be considered as acute respiratory distress syndrome patients.
Meta-Analysis of Long Thoracic Nerve Decompression and Neurolysis Versus Muscle and Tendon Transfer Operative Treatments of Winging Scapula
Authors: Nath Rahul K. , Somasundaram Chandra 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Injury to long thoracic and the spinal accessory nerves can cause winging scapula as a result of weakness and paralysis of the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. Although these nerve and muscle operations have been reported to correct winging scapula due to various causes, there is no report on comparing the outcomes of these procedures in peer-reviewed Pubmed-indexed literature. In this article, we compared the improvements in the restoration of shoulder functions in winging scapula patients after long thoracic nerve decompression (LTND) in our present study with outcomes of muscle and tendon transfer operations published in the literature (Aetna cited articles).

Methods:
Twenty-five winging scapula patients met the inclusion criteria, who had LTND and neurolysis at our clinic since 2008. Electromyographic evaluation of the brachial plexus and long thoracic nerve distribution was performed preoperatively for all our patients in this study. Operating surgeon (R.K.N.) examined all patients and measured pre- and postoperative range of motion of the affected shoulder. The mean follow-up was 23 months (range, 13–46 months). Age of our patients in this study at the time of surgery was between 13 and 63 years. These patients had winging scapula between 5 days (tennis injury) and several years before surgery and some were unknown.

Results:
Shoulder flexion and abduction improved to an average of 163˚ (P < 0.000006) and 157˚ (P < 0.0000005) from 104˚ and 97˚ at least 1-year post-LTND in 25 winging scapula patients in our present study. This is statistically significant in comparison to the reported improvements resulting from muscle and tendon transfer procedures in the Pubmed-indexed (Aetna cited) literature.

Conclusion:
This meta-analysis suggests that nerve surgeries such as LTND and neurolysis are effective techniques in correcting winging scapula in comparison with muscle transfer operations.
Impact of Cochlear Implantation on Cognitive Functions of Older Adults: Pilot Test Results
Authors: Jayakody Dona M. P. , Friedland Peter L. , Nel Esmeralda , Martins Ralph N. , Atlas Marcus D. , Sohrabi Hamid R. 
Published: August 2017

Background:
A significant relationship between hearing loss and cognitive impairment has been previously reported. Overall, improvement in speech perception in quiet and quality of life has been observed after cochlear implantation. However, the impact of hearing loss treatment using cochlear implantation on cognitive functions is yet to be fully elucidated.

Objective:
To investigate the impact of cochlear implantation on cognitive and psychological functions of older adults.

Study Design:
Prospective patient-control study.

Participants:
A total of 39 participants took part in the study: 23 cochlear implant (CI) candidates (M = 69.04 ± 12.35 yr) and 16 CI recipients (M = 61.75 ± 15.62 yr). All participants completed an assessment of hearing (pure-tone thresholds and speech perception in quiet), and a computerised, nonverbal test battery of cognitive function assessment, as well as a depression, anxiety, and stress scale.

Results:
Independent-sample t test scores for the changes between 0 and 12 months revealed that CI recipients performed significantly better on measures of simple reaction time, cognitive flexibility, paired-associate learning, working memory, and strategy use (p < 0.05) compared with implant candidates. Compared with the candidates, recipients also showed significantly lower stress scores (p < 0.05) after 1 year use of a CI.

Conclusion:
Our results indicate that even in participants with a long duration, severe to profound hearing loss, cochlear implantation has some impact on improving a number of cognitive functions. This finding warrants future longitudinal investigations with a large sample size to examine if the observed cognitive enhancement benefits are sustainable.
Cognitive Abilities and Quality of Life After Cochlear Implantation in the Elderly
Authors: Sonnet Marie-Hortense , Montaut-Verient Bettina , Niemier Jean-Yves , Hoen Michel , Ribeyre Laurence , Parietti-Winkler Cécile 
Published: August 2017

Objective:
To evaluate quality of life (QoL) and cognitive function in elderly patients with cochlear implants relative to auditory improvement, using geriatric validated scales.

Study Design:
Prospective observational study.

Setting:
A tertiary referral center for cochlear implantation (CI) and a geriatric center in Nancy, France.

Patients:
Sixteen consecutive patients were included, from 65 to 80 years old, with postlingual severe-to-profound deafness.

Main Outcome Measures:
Evaluations were conducted before and at 6 and 12 months after cochlear implant surgery. A monosyllabic word recognition test was used to measure speech perception. QoL was evaluated by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for elderly people; cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination; depression was evaluated by the Hamilton Scale; autonomy was evaluated by the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.

Results:
Speech intelligibility evolved from 10% before surgery to 63% and 69% at 6 and 12 months after cochlear implant activation, respectively. QoL showed significant improvement in sensory abilities. The Mini-Mental State Examination evaluations remained stable and executive functions tended to improve. Autonomy improved significantly.

Conclusion:
Cochlear implantation improves autonomy and the QoL in the elderly. Cognitive functions are not influenced by surgery, but executive functions appear to benefit from implantation. Age should not be a limiting factor, and cochlear implantation can be proposed as an efficient treatment for severe-to-profound hearing loss in the elderly.
Adherence to a Gluten‐free Diet
Authors: Mehta Pooja , Pan Zhaoxing , Riley Marisa D. , Liu Edwin 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTWe aimed to determine whether tissue transglutaminase (tTG) autoantibody positivity was associated with dietitian‐assessed adherence to a gluten‐free diet in pediatric patients with celiac disease and identify areas where adherence falters. We reviewed the records of children with celiac disease who had a standardized evaluation of adherence by a registered dietitian. A negative tTG value was not associated with good adherence (P = NS). Adherent and nonadherent children differed with respect to purposeful and accidental gluten exposure (P < 0.0001), knowledge (P = 0.003), cross‐contact (P = 0.003), potential exposure via medications and cosmetics (P = 0.004), and potential exposure while at restaurants (P < 0.0001), but not with respect to potential exposure at school (P = NS). Based on our findings, we suggest that negative tTG levels are not necessarily indicative of good adherence to a gluten‐free diet in pediatric patients with celiac disease. A separate assessment of adherence is needed focusing on knowledge, behavior while dining out, and intent to adhere.
The Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Differs Among Preterm Pigs Fed Formulas With Either Lactose or Maltodextrin
Authors: Buddington Randal K. , Davis Samantha L. , Buddington Karyl K. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:When breast milk is unavailable for preterm infants, formulas are needed that won't increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Adding novel ingredients to formula to reduce NEC has not been effective clinically. Instead, we tested the prediction that NEC can be reduced by removing the maltodextrin now included in preterm formulas.Methods:The preterm pig model of spontaneous NEC was used to evaluate growth, health, and intestinal responses to 6 to 7 days of feeding formulas that were identical except for the source of carbohydrate; either 100% lactose or maltodextrin; colostrum was used as the control.Results:Formula with maltodextrin resulted in a 50% incidence of NEC with 30% mortality. The lactose formula and colostrum resulted in a 0% incidence of NEC. Growth was highest for pigs fed the formula with lactose, intermediate with maltodextrin, and minimal when bovine colostrum was fed (P < 0.05). Although the small intestine was larger when colostrum was fed (P < 0.05), because rates of glucose uptake were lower (P < 0.05), total small intestine capacities to transport glucose were similar for healthy pigs in all 3 groups.Conclusions:If lactose‐based formulas reduce NEC clinically, the transition of preterm infants to enteral feeding can be accelerated, improving growth and development, and shortening reliance on parenteral nutrition. Although colostrum protects against NEC, chronic feeding does not promote body weight gain after preterm birth. The preterm pig can be used for preclinical studies that evaluate the mechanisms by which carbohydrates and other ingredients influence growth, development, health, and risk of NEC.
Effect of Cyproheptadine on Weight and Growth Velocity in Children With Silver‐Russell Syndrome
Authors: Lemoine Anaïs , Harbison Madeleine D. , Salem Jennifer , Tounian Patrick , Netchine Irène , Dubern Béatrice 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:Nutritional management of children with Silver‐Russell syndrome (SRS) is crucial, especially before initiating growth hormone therapy. Since cyproheptadine (CYP) has been reported to be orexigenic, we retrospectively investigated the effects of CYP on changes in weight and height in patients with SRS.Methods:Anthropometric parameters (weight [W], length or height [H], weight on expected weight for height [W/H], and body mass index) were recorded for 34 children with SRS receiving CYP. We specifically analyzed the anthropometric parameters (expressed in median) in a group of 23 patients treated with CYP at baseline (M0‐CYP) and every 3 months (M3 to M12‐CYP) after the initiation of CYP treatment.Results:The 23 children with SRS treated by CYP only had weight stagnation during the months preceding the start of treatment. Anthropometric parameters, especially the weight, differed significantly between M0‐CYP and all other times (M3, M6, M9, M12‐CYP). After 1 year of treatment, a gain in overall length/height and weight was observed (W: +1.1 standard deviations from the mean [SDS]; H: +0.5 SDS). At M3, significant improvements in W/H (74.9% vs 79.3% [P = 0.01]) and body mass index (−3.4 vs −2.4 SDS [P = 0.001]) were also observed. Twenty‐one patients (91%) improved their weight by at least +0.5 SDS, and 12 (52%) by at least +1 SDS.Conclusions:Our results show that CYP can be effective in patients with SRS with significant improvements in growth velocity and nutritional status before initiation of growth hormone therapy. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these results.
Variable MIBG Activity in the Same Renal Cyst
Authors: Zhao Xiaofei , Zhuang Hongming 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A series of 123I-MIBG scanning was performed in a 33-year-old woman with a history of ganglioneuroblastoma and a known left renal cyst. The initial studies did not reveal any MIBG activity in the renal cyst. However, increased MIBG activity was noted in the same renal cyst in the subsequent follow-up scans.
Expanding the scope of quality measurement in surgery to include nonoperative care: Results from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program emergency general surgery pilot
Authors: Wandling Michael W. , Ko Clifford Y. , Bankey Paul E. , Cribari Chris , Cryer H. Gill , Diaz Jose J. , Duane Therese M. , Hameed S. Morad , Hutter Matthew M. , Metzler Michael H. , Regner Justin L. , Reilly Patrick M. , Reines H. David , Sperry Jason L. , Staudenmayer Kristan L. , Utter Garth H. , Crandall Marie L. , Bilimoria Karl Y. , Nathens Avery B. 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND
Patients managed nonoperatively have been excluded from risk-adjusted benchmarking programs, including the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). Consequently, optimal performance evaluation is not possible for specialties like emergency general surgery (EGS) where nonoperative management is common. We developed a multi-institutional EGS clinical data registry within ACS NSQIP that includes patients managed nonoperatively to evaluate variability in nonoperative care across hospitals and identify gaps in performance assessment that occur when only operative cases are considered.

METHODS
Using ACS NSQIP infrastructure and methodology, surgical consultations for acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, and small bowel obstruction (SBO) were sampled at 13 hospitals that volunteered to participate in the EGS clinical data registry. Standard NSQIP variables and 16 EGS-specific variables were abstracted with 30-day follow-up. To determine the influence of complications in nonoperative patients, rates of adverse outcomes were identified, and hospitals were ranked by performance with and then without including nonoperative cases.

RESULTS
Two thousand ninety-one patients with EGS diagnoses were included, 46.6% with appendicitis, 24.3% with cholecystitis, and 29.1% with SBO. The overall rate of nonoperative management was 27.4%, 6.6% for appendicitis, 16.5% for cholecystitis, and 69.9% for SBO. Despite comprising only 27.4% of patients in the EGS pilot, nonoperative management accounted for 67.7% of deaths, 34.3% of serious morbidities, and 41.8% of hospital readmissions. After adjusting for patient characteristics and hospital diagnosis mix, addition of nonoperative management to hospital performance assessment resulted in 12 of 13 hospitals changing performance rank, with four hospitals changing by three or more positions.

CONCLUSION
This study identifies a gap in performance evaluation when nonoperative patients are excluded from surgical quality assessment and demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating nonoperative care into existing surgical quality initiatives. Broadening the scope of hospital performance assessment to include nonoperative management creates an opportunity to improve the care of all surgical patients, not just those who have an operation.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Care management, level IV; Epidemiologic, level III.
Pancreas Transplantation With Portal-Enteric Drainage for Patients With Endocrine and Exocrine Insufficiency From Extensive Pancreatic Resection
Authors: Barbas Andrew S. , Al-Adra David P. , Goldaracena Nicolas , Dib Martin J. , Selzner Markus , Sapisochin Gonzalo , Cattral Mark S. , McGilvray Ian D. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Although the primary indication for pancreas transplantation is type I diabetes, a small number of patients requires pancreas transplantation to manage combined endocrine and exocrine insufficiency that develops after extensive native pancreatic resection. The objective of this case report was to describe the operative and clinical course in 3 such patients and present an alternative technical approach.
SMRT sequencing reveals differential patterns of methylation in two O111:H- Shiga toxigenicEscherichia coliisolates from a historic hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak in Australia
Authors: Forde Brian M. , McAllister Lauren J. , Paton James C. , Paton Adrienne W. , Beatson Scott A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractShiga toxigenicEscherichia coli(STEC) are important food-borne pathogens and a major cause of haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. In 1995 a severe HUS outbreak in Adelaide occurred. A recent genomic analysis of STEC O111:H-strains 95JB1 and 95NR1 from this outbreak found that the more virulent isolate, 95NR1, harboured two additional copies of the Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) genes although the structure of the Stx2-converting prophages could not be fully resolved due to the fragmented assembly. In this study we have used Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) single molecule real-time (SMRT) long read sequencing to characterise the complete epigenome (genome and methylome) of 95JB1 and 95NR1. Using long reads we completely resolved the structure of two, tandemly inserted, stx2-converting phage in 95NR1. Our analysis of the methylome of 95NR1 and 95JB1 identified hemi-methylation of a novel motif (5’-CTGCm6AG-3’) in more than 4000 sites in the 95NR1 genome. These sites were entirely unmethalyted in the 95JB1, including at least 180 potential promoter regions that could explain regulatory differences between the strains. We identified a Type IIG methyltransferase encoded in both genomes in association with three additional genes in an operon-like arrangement. IS1203mediated disruption of this operon in 95JB1 is the likely cause of the observed differential patterns of methylation between 95NR1 and 95JB1. This study demonstrates the enormous potential of PacBio SMRT sequencing to resolve complex prophage regions and reveal the genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity within a clonal population of bacteria.
Simulation of cancer cell line pharmacogenomics data to optimise experimental design and analysis strategy
Authors: Mistry Hitesh , Chapman Phil 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundExplaining the variability in drug sensitivity across a panel of cell lines using genomic information is a key aspect of cancer drug discovery. The results of such analyses may ultimately determine which patients are likely to benefit from a new treatment. There are numerous experimental factors that can influence the outcomes of cell line screening panels such as the number of replicates, number of doses explored etc. Simulation studies can aid in understanding how variability in these experimental factors can affect the statistical power of a given analysis method. In this study dose response data was simulated for a variety of experimental designs and the ability of different methods to retrieve the original simulation parameters was compared. The analysis methods under consideration were a combination of non-linear least squares and ANOVA, conventional approach, versus non-linear mixed effects.ResultsAcross the simulation studies explored the mixed-effects approach gave similar and in some situations greater statistical power than the conventional approach. In particular the mixed-effects approach gave significantly greater power when there was less information per dose response curve, and when more cell lines screened. More generally the best way to improve statistical power was to screen more cell lines.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the value of simulating data to understand design and analysis choices in the context of cancer drug sensitivity screening. By illustrating the performance of different methods in different situations these results will help researchers in the field generate and analyse data on future preclinical compounds. Ultimately this will benefit patients by ensuring that biomarkers of drug sensitivity have an increased chance of being identified at the preclinical stage.
Induction of X-chromosome Inactivation by the Histone Demethylase SMCX/KDM5C
Authors: Gayen Srimonta , Maclary Emily , Murata-Nakamura Yumie , Vallianatos Christina N. , Porter Robert S. , Garay Patricia M. , Iwase Shigeki , Kalantry Sundeep 
Published: August 2017

SUMMARYXYmale andXXfemale mammals equalize X-linked gene expression through the mitotically-stable transcriptional inactivation of an X-chromosome in females. Although most genes are silent on the inactive-X, some escape silencing and are expressed at higher levels in females vs. males. Here, we show that the escapeeSmcx/Kdm5c, encoding a histone H3K4me2/3 demethylase, underlies the female-specific induction of X-inactivation. Mouse embryonic epiblast cells and differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) lacking SMCX show reduced expression of Xist RNA, which is required for X-inactivation.Smcx-heterozygous epiblast cells do not silence X-linked genes efficiently, despite robustXistexpression. Overexpression of mouse or human SMCX, but not a catalytically-inactive SMCX or the Y-chromosome homolog SMCY, is sufficient to induceXistand, separately, to silence X-linked genes in male ESCs. Finally, SMCX dose is inversely correlated with H3K4me2 at X-linked loci. Thus, X-inactivation initiates through the evolutionarily conserved, dose-dependent function of the histone demethylase SMCX.