bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Call to Action—The Essential Role of Advocacy
Authors: Chávez Anna Maria 
Published: September 2016

Editor's Note: The Perspectives featured in this issue of Public Administration Review were adapted from May 2016 commencement addresses: Anna Maria Chavez, the CEO of the Girl Scouts of the USA, spoke on the 12th at Arizona State University's College of Public Service and Community Solutions; Nancy Pelosi, the Democratic Leader in the United States House of Representatives spoke on the 7th at New York University's Wagner School of Public Service; and Tommy Thompson, the former Governor of Wisconsin and Secretary of Health & Human Services, spoke on the 15th at the University of Wisconsin's La Follette School of Public Affairs.These Perspectives reaffirm the highest principles of American public administration: that by and large, government is NOT the problem, and quite often indeed holds the solution; that effective and helpful public policy depends on informed expert opinion and research; and that those who enter public service should do so with a commitment to the notion that America best fulfills its promise when we seek the well‐being of all people, including the least fortunate.We chose these messages from among a wealth of commencement speeches because while they come from leaders with quite different political views, background, and experience, taken together they offer a coherent and inspiring call to public service.Dan Feldman, Perspective and Commentary Editor
Next Steps for Public Administration Theory and Practice: Looking Backward and Moving Forward
Authors: Perry James L. 
Published: September 2016

Related Content: Lavertu (PAR November/December 2016)Related Content: Christensen, Lægreid, and Rykkja (PAR November/December 2016)Related Content: Yang (PAR November/December 2016)Related Content: Downe, Cowell, and Morgan (PAR November/December 2016)Related Content: Andersen, Boesen, and Pedersen (PAR November/December 2016)
Cystic ovaries and ovarian neoplasia in the female dog – a systematic review
Authors: Arlt SP , Haimerl P 
Published: September 2016

ContentsMost common ovarian diseases appear to be cystic or ovarian tumours. These conditions may affect health, fertility or even the life of the animal. Literature related to ovarian cysts and neoplasia in dogs was assessed to summarize studies and case series on ovarian cysts and primary ovarian tumours in regard to epidemiologic, clinical and fertility aspects. Two research papers on histopathological examination of ovarian cysts could be identified. Seven research papers on ovarian tumours were also assessed, showing inconsistent results on the frequency of occurrence of different types of neoplasia. This might be due to different definitions of diseases and different diagnostic procedures. In conclusion, scarce research has been performed on ovarian diseases in the bitch in the last decades. Many publications are based on case reports. Most quality criteria of study methodology like blinding, randomization, sensitivity and specificity of test methods are not considered in papers on ovarian diseases. In the future, a multicentre data collection of cases could help to gather more data on the incidence, clinical relevance, treatment options and prognosis of ovarian diseases.
Overcoming challenges on using native seeds for restoration of megadiverse resource‐poor environments: a reply to Madsen et al.
Authors: Dayrell Roberta L. C. , Arruda André J. , Buisson Elise , Silveira Fernando A. O. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMadsen et al. (2016) reviewed several major limiting factors to establishment of seedlings in nonforest ecosystems (NFE), and proposed seed enhancement technologies to overcome these restoration barriers. However, biodiverse nutrient‐poor NFE present additional hurdles that preclude landscape‐scale seed‐based restoration and were not mentioned in their review. Here, we discuss issues related to native seed availability and provenance, and shortfalls in knowledge on seed quality testing and dormancy release that severely hamper restoration of degraded nutrient‐impoverished NFE. We present alternatives for overcoming these challenges and highlight the need for investments to find more practical and cost‐effective options for broad‐scale restoration.
Extensive and Intensive Margin Effects in Sample Selection Models: Racial Effects on Wages
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae 
Published: September 2016

Summary
In sample selection models, a treatment can influence the observed outcome in two ways: by affecting the binary selection or participation decision and by affecting the latent outcome. The former is called the ‘extensive margin effect’, and the latter is called the ‘intensive margin effect’. Despite the popularity of these effects, however, the intensive margin effect does not have the traditional causal parameter interpretation because it is conditioned on the selecting or participating decision, which is a post-treatment variable possibly affected by the treatment. The paper presents a causal framework for sample selection models and introduces various subpopulation effects. It is difficult to separate such effects in general; however, in certain popular models (nearly parametric sample selection models, semiparametric ‘independence models’, semiparametric zero-censored models and ‘polynomial approximation’ models) with linear latent equations, they are separately identified and easily estimable with probit and least squares estimators. An empirical analysis is provided to illustrate these causal effects in sample selection models.
A Multistate Model for Correlated Interval-Censored Life History Data in Caries Research
Authors: Pak Daewoo , Li Chenxi , Todem David , Sohn Woosung 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe propose a three-state frailty Markov model coupled with likelihood-based inference to analyse tooth level life course data in caries research. This analysis is challenging because of intraoral clustering, interval censoring, multiplicity of caries states and computational complexities. We also develop a Bayesian approach to predict future caries transition probabilities given observed life history data. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the methods proposed perform very well in finite samples with moderate sizes. The practical utility of the model is illustrated by using life course data from a unique longitudinal study of dental caries in young low income urban African-American children. In this analysis, we evaluate for any spatial symmetry in the mouth with respect to the life course of dental caries, and whether the same type of tooth has a similar decay process in boys and girls.
Bayesian Estimators for Small Area Models Shrinking Both Means and Variances
Authors: Sugasawa Shonosuke , Tamae Hiromasa , Kubokawa Tatsuya 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFor small area estimation of area‐level data, the Fay–Herriot model is extensively used as a model‐based method. In the Fay–Herriot model, it is conventionally assumed that the sampling variances are known, whereas estimators of sampling variances are used in practice. Thus, the settings of knowing sampling variances are unrealistic, and several methods are proposed to overcome this problem. In this paper, we assume the situation where the direct estimators of the sampling variances are available as well as the sample means. Using this information, we propose a Bayesian yet objective method producing shrinkage estimation of both means and variances in the Fay–Herriot model. We consider the hierarchical structure for the sampling variances, and we set uniform prior on model parameters to keep objectivity of the proposed model. For validity of the posterior inference, we show under mild conditions that the posterior distribution is proper and has finite variances. We investigate the numerical performance through simulation and empirical studies.
Strength and performance asymmetry during maximal velocity sprint running
Authors: Exell T. , Irwin G. , Gittoes M. , Kerwin D. 
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to empirically examine the interaction of athlete‐specific kinematic kinetic and strength asymmetry in sprint running. Bilateral ground reaction force and kinematic data were collected during maximal velocity (mean = 9.05 m/s) sprinting for eight athletes. Bilateral ground reaction force data were also collected while the same athletes performed maximal effort squat jumps. Using novel composite asymmetry scores, interactions between kinematic and kinetic asymmetry were compared for the group of sprinters. Asymmetry was greater for kinematic variables than step characteristics, with largest respective values of 6.68% and 1.68%. Kinetic variables contained the largest asymmetry values, peaking at >90%. Asymmetry was present in all kinematic and kinetic variables analyzed during sprint trials. However, individual athlete asymmetry profiles were reported for sprint and jump trials. Athletes' sprint performance was not related to their overall asymmetry. Positive relationships were found between asymmetry in ankle work during sprint running and peak vertical force (r = 0.895) and power (r = 0.761) during jump trials, suggesting that the ankle joint may be key in regulating asymmetry in sprinting and highlighting the individual nature of asymmetry. The individual athlete asymmetry profiles and lack of relationship between asymmetry of limb strength and sprint performance suggest that athletes are not “limb dominant” and that strength imbalances are joint and task specific. Compensatory kinetic mechanisms may serve to reduce the effects of strength or biological asymmetry on the performance outcome of step velocity.
Transformation of China's ‘World Factory’: Production Relocation and Export Evolution of the Electronics Firms
Authors: Yang Chun , He Canfei 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSince 2000, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, China's ‘world factory’ has undergone dramatic transformation in response to the changing business environment at global, national, local and firm levels. A rich body of literature has examined the spatial transformation of manufacturing firms from coastal to inland China, while little attention has been paid to the market shift engaged by export‐oriented firms, particularly from exports towards China's domestic market. Taking electronics industry as a case, this study examines the process and trajectories of production relocation and market rebalancing of electronics firms during the period of 1998 and 2009. Drawing upon the global production networks (GPNs) framework, particularly the evolutionary strategic coupling, decoupling and recoupling dynamics, the study argues that China's ‘world factory’ has been restructured through divergent decoupling of electronics production and exports from coastal regions, for example, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) on the one hand, and selective recoupling with a small number of cities in inland regions and Yangtze River Delta. The spatial expansion of electronics exports and changing ratio of exports to sales outputs among various provinces elucidates the emerging attempts at developing domestic market‐oriented production networks, yet with limited penetration to the domestic market. Through transition from structural coupling to selective recoupling, electronics firms like Foxconn, a Taiwan‐based contract manufacturer for global lead firms, for example, Apple, have strategically leveraged among diverse regional production networks in China. The findings of the study could enrich the developing literature of GPNs, particularly the dynamic strategic coupling, decoupling and recoupling in the evolution of regional production networks in the changing global economy.
Computation of Femoral Canine Morphometric Parameters in Three‐Dimensional Geometrical Models
Authors: Savio Gianpaolo , Baroni Teresa , Concheri Gianmaria , Baroni Ermenegildo , Meneghello Roberto , Longo Federico , Isola Maurizio 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo define and validate a method for the measurement of 3‐dimensional (3D) morphometric parameters in polygonal mesh models of canine femora.Study DesignEx vivo/computerized model.Sample PopulationSixteen femora from 8 medium to large‐breed canine cadavers (mean body weight 28.3 kg, mean age 5.3 years).MethodsFemora were measured with a 3D scanner, obtaining 3D meshes. A computer‐aided design‐based (CAD) software tool was purposely developed, which allowed automatic calculation of morphometric parameters on a mesh model. Anatomic and mechanical lateral proximal femoral angles (aLPFA and mLPFA), anatomic and mechanical lateral distal femoral angles (aLDFA and mLDFA), femoral neck angle (FNA), femoral torsion angle (FTA), and femoral varus angle (FVA) were measured in 3D space. Angles were also measured onto projected planes and radiographic images.ResultsMean (SD) femoral angles (degrees) measured in 3D space were: aLPFA 115.2 (3.9), mLPFA 105.5 (4.2), aLDFA 88.6 (4.5), mLDFA 93.4 (3.9), FNA 129.6 (4.3), FTA 45 (4.5), and FVA −1.4 (4.5). Onto projection planes, aLPFA was 103.7 (5.9), mLPFA 98.4 (5.3), aLDFA 88.3 (5.5), mLDFA 93.6 (4.2), FNA 132.1 (3.5), FTA 19.1 (5.7), and FVA −1.7 (5.5). With radiographic imaging, aLPFA was 109.6 (5.9), mLPFA 105.3 (5.2), aLDFA 92.6 (3.8), mLDFA 96.9 (2.9), FNA 120.2 (8.0), FTA 30.2 (5.7), and FVA 2.6 (3.8).ConclusionThe proposed method gives reliable and consistent information about 3D bone conformation. Results are obtained automatically and depend only on femur morphology, avoiding any operator‐related bias. Angles in 3D space are different from those measured with standard radiographic methods, mainly due to the different definition of femoral axes.
Reduced translocation is involved in resistance to glyphosate and paraquat in Conyza bonariensis and Conyza canadensis from California
Authors: Moretti M L , Hanson B D 
Published: September 2016

SummaryResistance to glyphosate and paraquat has evolved in some populations of Conyza spp. from California, USA. This study evaluated whether herbicide absorption and translocation were involved in the mechanism of resistance to both herbicides. Three lines of each species were used: glyphosate‐paraquat‐susceptible (GPS), glyphosate‐resistant (GR) and glyphosate‐paraquat‐resistant (GPR). Radiolabelled herbicide was applied to a fully expanded leaf, and absorption and movement out of the treated leaf were monitored for up to 24 h for paraquat and 72 h for glyphosate. Plants treated with paraquat were incubated in darkness for the first 16 h and then subjected to light conditions. More glyphosate was absorbed in C. bonariensis (52.9–58.3%) compared with C. canadensis (28.5–37.6%), but no differences in absorption were observed among lines within a species. However, in both species, the GR and GPR lines translocated less glyphosate out of the treated leaf when compared with their respective GPS lines. Paraquat absorption was similar among lines and across species (71.3–77.6%). Only a fraction of paraquat was translocated in the GPR lines (3% or less) when compared with their respective GPS or GR lines (20% or more) in both species. Taken together, these results indicate that reduced translocation is involved in the mechanism of resistance to glyphosate and paraquat in C. bonariensis and C. canadensis.
Phylogenomic subsampling: a brief review
Authors: Edwards Scott V. 
Published: September 2016

Phylogenomic subsampling is a method for studying the stability of phylogenetic analyses by taking random or ordered subsamples of loci and comparing phylogenetic analyses of those subsamples. The method is made possible by the large number of loci made available by application of next‐generation sequencing methods to phylogenetic questions. My laboratory has used phylogenomic subsampling to investigate the consistency and stability of various methods of phylogenetic analysis of multilocus data sets, including the so‐called species tree methods, which use the multispecies coalescent as a framework for interpreting gene tree heterogeneity. I was inspired to focus on this method for this symposium volume because my Harvard colleague Gonzalo Giribet had independently been using phylogenomic subsampling to explore various questions in invertebrate phylogenomics. Phylogenomic subsampling has many useful applications in phylogenomics, yet when reporting the particulars of the results of such analyses, care should be taken to focus primarily on discrepancies that achieve a high level of support by the bootstrap or other methods. Using a recently published example, I show that the methods used to summarize the results of a subsampling experiment, such as the threshold for reporting support for one or another tree or clade, can influence the perceived success or failure of concatenation or species tree methods. Single‐ versus double‐bootstrapping is also shown to produce different subsampling results. I suggest guidelines for analysing and reporting the results of phylogenomic subsampling and suggest that it should become a routine part of phylogenetic analysis in the next‐generation era.
Citizens’ Satisfaction on Land Titling Policy and Regularization in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyedeji Joseph Oyewale , Sodiya Abiodun Kazeem 
Published: September 2016

Land title is the designation of an official certificate indicating the name of the individual in whom such ownership is vested. Thus any illegal acquisition of land lacks legal status, then land title regularization will be necessary. When designing and implementing land regularization, the citizen’s opinion is not usually taken into consideration. This study fills this gap by taking statistically representative samples of the opinion of home owners in Ogun State, Nigeria on their level of satisfaction with the latest land regularization policy of Ogun State government. We adopted a purposive sample technique, and we administered a Questionnaire survey to property owners in the study area. Data gathered were analyzed using descriptive method of statistics and the level of satisfaction of the respondents was evaluated based on relevant criteria adopting a 4 point Likert scale. We found that that none of the respondents acquired their through a formal source and none of the have the statutory certificate of occupancy for their land. We also measured the level of satisfaction of the respondents and we found that the property owners dissatisfied with the extent of high-handedness of the staff of the regularization agency and the level of transparency of the scheme. It was also found that home owners mostly dissatisfied with the amount paid for the application and the procedure for processing title documents. It is very important for the government to address dissatisfaction of the citizens with the scheme and to subsequently include sampling opinion of citizen’s level of satisfaction as an integral part of land regularization policies.
Limitations in intense exercise performance of athletes – effect of speed endurance training on ion handling and fatigue development
Authors: Hostrup Morten , Bangsbo Jens 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMechanisms underlying fatigue development and limitations for performance during intense exercise have been intensively studied during the past couple of decades. Fatigue development may involve several interacting factors and depends on type of exercise undertaken and training level of the individual. Intense exercise (½–6 min) causes major ionic perturbations (Ca2+, Cl−, H+, K+, lactate− and Na+) that may reduce sarcolemmal excitability, Ca2+ release and force production of skeletal muscle. Maintenance of ion homeostasis is thus essential to sustain force production and power output during intense exercise. Regular speed endurance training (SET), i.e. exercise performed at intensities above that corresponding to maximum oxygen consumption (), enhances intense exercise performance. However, most of the studies that have provided mechanistic insight into the beneficial effects of SET have been conducted in untrained and recreationally active individuals, making extrapolation towards athletes’ performance difficult. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that only a few weeks of SET enhances intense exercise performance in highly trained individuals. In these studies, the enhanced performance was not associated with changes in and muscle oxidative capacity, but rather with adaptations in muscle ion handling, including lowered interstitial concentrations of K+ during and in recovery from intense exercise, improved lactate−–H+ transport and H+ regulation, and enhanced Ca2+ release function. The purpose of this Topical Review is to provide an overview of the effect of SET and to discuss potential mechanisms underlying enhancements in performance induced by SET in already well‐trained individuals with special emphasis on ion handling in skeletal muscle.
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Manufacturing Supplier Selection in Cloud Manufacturing Context and its Implementation and Application Perspectives
Authors: Hassanzadeh Soheil , Cheng Kai 
Published: September 2016

Nowadays, many companies have decided to use other companies’ competencies and outsource part of their manufacturing and business processes to suppliers from abroad in order to reduce costs, improve quality of products, and offer better services to customers. On the other hand, this decision has faced organizations with new challenges. Organizations need to evaluate their supplier’s performance, and consider their weakness and strength to survive in high competitive markets.
In addition, cloud manufacturing, as a powerful tool will likely enable small and medium sized enterprises (SMES) to move towards using dynamic scalability and ‘free’ available data resources in a virtual manner and to provide solution-based, value-added, digital-driven manufacturing service over the Internet. The research presented in this paper aims to develop a supplier selection framework in the context of cloud manufacturing. The paper will present the background and concept of supplier selection following by proposed framework which consisted of four modules, multi-criteria module, bidding module, optimization module, and learning module. Finally, web based supplier selection approach will be briefly presented as it is not the main aim of this paper.
Vision-Based Inspection System for Dimensional Accuracy in Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Aminzadeh Masoumeh , Kurfess Thomas 
Published: September 2016

Laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that enables fabrication of functional metal parts with near-net-shape geometries. The drawback to L-PBF is its lack of dimensional precision and accuracy. The efficiency of powder fusion process in powder-bed AM processes is highly affected by process errors, powder irregularities as well as geometric factors. Formation of defects such as lack of fusion and over-fusion due to the aforementioned factors causes dimensional errors that significantly damage the precision.
This paper addresses the development of an automated in-situ inspection system for powder-bed additive manufacturing processes based on machine vision. The results of the in-situ automated inspection of dimensional accuracy allows for early identification of faulty parts or alternatively in-situ correction of geometric errors by taking appropriate corrective actions. In this inspection system, 2D optical images captured from each layer of the AM part during the build are analyzed and the geometric errors and defects impairing the dimensional accuracy are detected in each layer. To successfully detect geometric errors, fused geometric objects must be detected in the powder layer. Image processing algorithms are effectively designed to detect the geometric objects from images of low contrast captured during the build inside the chamber. The developed algorithms are implemented to a large number of test images and their performance and precision are evaluated quantitatively. The failure probabilities for the algorithms are also determined statistically.