bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and adaptive advantages of growth hormone treatment in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Dykens Elisabeth M. , Roof Elizabeth , Hunt‐Hawkins Hailee 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundPeople with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) typically have mild to moderate intellectual deficits, compulsivity, hyperphagia, obesity, and growth hormone deficiencies. Growth hormone treatment (GHT) in PWS has well‐established salutatory effects on linear growth and body composition, yet cognitive benefits of GHT, seen in other patient groups, have not been well studied in PWS.MethodsStudy 1 included 96 children and youth with PWS aged 4–21 years who naturalistically varied in their exposures to GHT. Controlling for socioeconomic status, analyses compared cognitive and adaptive behavior test scores across age‐matched treatment naïve versus growth hormone treated children. Study II assessed if age of treatment initiation or treatment duration was associated with subsequent cognition or adaptive behavior in 127, 4‐ to 21‐year olds with PWS. Study III longitudinally examined cognitive and adaptive behavior in 168 participants who were either consistently on versus off GHT for up to 4–5 years.ResultsCompared to the treatment naïve group, children receiving GHT had significantly higher Verbal and Composite IQs, and adaptive communication and daily living skills. Children who began treatment before 12 months of age had higher Nonverbal and Composite IQs than children who began treatment between 1 and 5 years of age. Longitudinally, the groups differed in their intercepts, but not slopes, with each group showing stable IQ and adaptive behavior scores over time.ConclusionsCognitive and adaptive advantages should be considered an ancillary benefit and additional justification for GHT in people with PWS. Future efforts need to target apparent socioeconomic inequities in accessing GHT in the PWS population.
Ultrastructural Comparison of Hepatozoon ixoxo and Hepatozoon theileri (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae), Parasitising South African Anurans
Authors: Conradie Roxanne , Cook Courtney A. , du Preez Louis H. , Jordaan Anine , Netherlands Edward C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo date, only two haemogregarine parasite species have been described from South African anurans: Hepatozoon ixoxo, infecting toads of the genus Sclerophrys (syn. Amietophrynus); and Hepatozoon theileri, parasitising the common river frog, Amietia quecketti. Both species have been characterised using limited morphology, and molecular data from PCR amplified fragments of the 18S rRNA gene. However, no ultrastructural work has been performed thus far. The aim of this study was to add descriptive information on the two species by studying their ultrastructural morphology. Mature gamont stages, common in the peripheral blood of infected frogs, were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Results indicate that H. ixoxo and H. theileri share typical apicomplexan characteristics, but differ markedly in their external cellular structure. Hepatozoon ixoxo is an encapsulated parasite presenting a prominent cap at the truncate pole, and shows no visible modifications to the host cell membrane. In comparison, H. theileri does not present a capsule or cap, and produces marked morphological changes to its host cell. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to further examine the cytopathological effects of H. theileri, and results revealed small, knob‐like protrusions on the erythrocyte surface, as well as notable distortion of the overall shape of the host cell.
Oral Health Status Is Associated with Common Medical Comorbidities in Older Hospital Inpatients
Authors: Ní Chróinín Danielle , Montalto Adrian , Jahromi Shahrzad , Ingham Nicholas , Beveridge Alexander , Foltyn Peter 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate oral health status and abnormalities in older adults admitted acutely to the hospital and explore the association with common medical comorbidities.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingHospital.ParticipantsAll individuals aged 70 and older (mean age 84.4, 61.4% female) admitted to a geriatric service over 3 months (N = 202).MeasurementsIn‐person assessment using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) (range 0–2, 2 = poorest) for lips, tongue, gums and soft tissue, saliva, teeth, dentures, oral cleanliness, and dental pain. Comorbidities and medications were also recorded.ResultsOne hundred twenty‐eight (63%) participants had full or partial dentures, and 31 (15%) were edentulous. Median OHAT score was 6 (interquartile range 5–8). Of the eight domains, saliva scored worst, with 53% scoring 2. On univariate analysis, the highest (poorest) tertile of OHAT (score ≥8) was associated with dementia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–5.12, P = .02), moderate to severe renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 at discharge) (OR = 5.52, 95% CI = 1.54–19.69, P = .009), recent anticholinergic medication burden (P = .02), and low oral pH (P = .05). On multivariate analysis adjusted for oral pH and anticholinergic medication burden, dementia (OR = 2.29, P = .02) and moderate to severe renal impairment (OR = 5.64, P = .01) were independently associated with the highest tertile of OHAT. Charlson Comorbidity Index (includes renal disease, dementia) was associated with OHAT on univariate analysis (Spearman rho = 0.19, P = .01) but not when adjusted for oral pH (P = .10).ConclusionPoorer oral health was not uncommon and was associated with dementia and renal impairment even after adjustment for anticholinergic medication and oral pH. Oral health screening should be considered for vulnerable populations.
The metahyaloclastitic matrix of a unique metavolcanic block reveals subduction in the Somozas Mélange (Cabo Ortegal Complex, NW Iberia): tectonic implications for the assembly of Pangea
Authors: Novo‐Fernández I. , Garcia‐Casco A. , Arenas R. , Díez Fernández R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe allochthonous Cabo Ortegal Complex (NW Iberian Massif) contains a ~500 m thick serpentinite‐matrix mélange located in the lowest structural position, the Somozas Mélange. The mélange occurs at the leading edge of a thick nappe pile constituted by a variety of terranes transported to the East (present‐day coordinates; NW Iberian allochthonous complexes), with continental and oceanic affinities, and represents a Variscan suture. Among other types of metaigneous (calcalkaline suite dated at 527–499 Ma) and metasedimentary blocks, it contains close‐packed pillow‐lavas and broken pillow‐breccias with a metahyaloclastitic matrix formed by muscovite–paragonite–margarite–garnet–chlorite–kyanite–hematite–epidote–quartz–rutile. Pseudosection modelling in the MnCNTKFMASHO system indicates metamorphic peak conditions of ~17.5–18 kbar and ~550 °C followed by near‐isothermal decompression. This P–T evolution indicates subduction/accretion of an arc‐derived section of peri‐Gondwanan transitional crust. Subduction below the Variscan orogenic wedge evolved to continental collision with important dextral component. Closure of the remaining oceanic peri‐Gondwanan domain and associated release of fluid led to hydration of the overlying mantle wedge and the formation of a low‐viscosity subduction channel, where return flow formed the mélange. The submarine metavolcanic rocks were deformed and detached from the subducting transitional crust and eventually incorporated into the subduction channel, where they experienced fast exhumation. Due to the cryptic nature of the high‐P metamorphism preserved in its tectonic blocks, the significance of the Somozas Mélange had remained elusive, but it is made clear here for the first time as an important tectonic boundary within the Variscan Orogen formed during the late stages of the continental convergence leading to the assembly of Pangea.
Female Sex Hormones Influence the Febrile Response Induced by Lipopolysaccharide, Cytokines and Prostaglandins but not by Interleukin‐1β in Rats
Authors: Brito H. O. , Radulski D. R. , Wilhelms D. B. , Stojakovic A. , Brito L. M. O. , Engblom D. , Franco C. R. C. , Zampronio A. R. 
Published: August 2016

There are differences in the immune response, and particularly fever, between males and females. In the present study, we investigated how the febrile responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and different endogenous pyrogens were affected by female gonadal hormones. The febrile response to i.p. injection of LPS (50 μg/kg) was 40% lower in female rats compared to male or ovariectomised (OVX) female rats. Accordingly, oestrogen replacement in OVX animals reduced LPS‐induced fever. Treatment with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin (2 mg/kg, i.p. 30 min before) reduced the febrile response induced by LPS in both OVX (88%) and sham‐operated (71%) rats. In line with the enhanced fever in OVX rats, there was increased expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in the hypothalamus and elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In addition, OVX rats were hyper‐responsive to PGE2 injected i.c.v. By contrast to the enhanced fever in response to LPS and PGE2, the febrile response induced by i.c.v. injection of interleukin (IL)‐1β was unaffected by ovariectomy, whereas the responses induced by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α were completely abrogated. These results suggest that the mediators involved in the febrile response in females are similar to males, although the reduction of female hormones may decrease the responsiveness of some mediators such as TNF‐α and MIP‐1α. Compensatory mechanisms may be activated in females after ovariectomy such as an augmented synthesis of COX‐2 and PGE2.
Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae
Authors: Candelas González Nieves , Rascón Pérez Josefina , Chamero Beatriz , Cambra‐Moo Oscar , González Martín Armando 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe methodology for sex determination in human skeletal remains depends on the different bone morphologies presented by men and women. Due to their direct implications in reproduction, the whole pelvis, particularly the os coxae, shows different characteristics in either sex. The sacrum and the os coxae constitute the birth canal. In this research study, the os coxae shape is analyzed using geometric morphometrics, providing information on morphology, regardless of size or any other factor beyond the geometry itself. A total of 46 adult ossa coxae from a Spanish archaeological collection were studied using geometric morphometrics. The results show that there is a restriction on the shape of female os coxae. In contrast, male os coxae presents a greater range of variation. The biological reason for this difference is the obstetrical dilemma; a concept defined as the anatomical conflict between bipedalism and the full‐term birth of a neonate whose large head requires greater dimensions in the pelvic cavity. Our experimental data reinforce the validity of the obstetrical dilemma as source of the restriction on the shape of female ossa coxae. Additionally, according to the results obtained, size itself does not represent a condition for belonging to one sex or another.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of self‐management interventions for people with type 2 diabetes after an acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Tanash Mu'ath Ibrahim , Fitzsimons Donna , Coates Vivien , Deaton Christi 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundType 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in patients with acute coronary syndrome and impacts negatively on health outcomes and self‐management. Both conditions share similar risk factors. However, there is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of combined interventions to promote self‐management behaviour for people with diabetes and cardiac problems. Identifying critical features of successful interventions will inform future integrated self‐management programmes for patients with both conditions.ObjectivesTo assess the evidence on the effectiveness of existing interventions to promote self‐management behaviour for patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and type 2 diabetes in secondary care settings and postdischarge.DesignWe searched MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library and AMED for randomised controlled trials published between January 2005–December 2014. The search was performed using the following search terms of ‘acute coronary syndrome’, ‘type 2 diabetes’ and ‘self‐management intervention’ and their substitutes combined.ResultsOf 4275 articles that were retrieved, only four trials met all the inclusion criteria (population, intervention, comparison and outcome) and were analysed. Overall, the results show that providing combined interventions for patients with both conditions including educational sessions supported by multimedia or telecommunication technologies was partially successful in promoting self‐management behaviours. Implementation of these combined interventions during patient's hospitalisation and postdischarge was feasible. Intervention group subjects reported a significant improvement in self‐efficacy, level of knowledge, glycated haemoglobin, blood pressure and fasting glucose test. However, there are many threats have been noticed around internal validity of included studies that could compromise the conclusions drawn.ConclusionWith limited research in this area, there was no final evidence to support effectiveness of combined interventions to promote self‐management behaviour for patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. Sufficiently powered, good quality, well‐conducted and reported randomised controlled trials are required.
Women's knowledge and use of prenatal screening tests
Authors: Seven Memnun , Akyüz Aygül , Eroglu Kafiye , Daack‐Hirsch Sandra , Skirton Heather 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the rate of use of prenatal screening tests and the factors affecting the decision to have a prenatal screening test in pregnant women in Turkey.BackgroundPrenatal genetic screening as an optional service is commonly used to determine a level of risk for genetic conditions in the foetus.DesignA quantitative cross‐sectional survey.MethodsPregnant women (n = 274) who sought prenatal care from one hospital in Turkey were recruited and asked to complete questionnaires that were developed by the researchers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.ResultsAlmost half (44·2) % of the women were primiparas, and the majority (97·8%) were in the third trimester of pregnancy. Only 36·1% of the women reported that they had prenatal screening by either the double test or triple test. Women had a low level of knowledge regarding prenatal screening: the mean knowledge score was 3·43 ± 3·21 of a possible score of 10. Having consanguineous marriage, a history of spontaneous abortion, a child with genetic disorder, multiparity or a longer marriage duration were positively correlated with accepting a prenatal screening test.ConclusionsThis study has provided baseline data on the uptake and reasons for accepting or declining a prenatal screening in a cohort of Turkish women. There is evidence to suggest that more education is needed to improve knowledge and provide comprehensive nursing care to promote informed consent in this context.Relevance to clinical practicePerinatal nurses are ideally situated to inform pregnant women about prenatal screening tests to improve access to healthcare services and to ensure informed decisions are made by pregnant women and their partners.
Assessing patient outcomes and cost‐effectiveness of nurse‐led follow‐up for women with breast cancer – have relevant and sensitive evaluation measures been used?
Authors: Browall Maria , Forsberg Christina , Wengström Yvonne 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore how interventions using nurse‐led follow‐up in breast cancer care have been evaluated with a focus on patient outcomes and cost‐effectiveness.BackgroundAs part of the advancement of breast care, nurse‐led follow‐up is increasingly used as an alternative to routine hospital follow‐up in outpatient clinics. There is evidence suggesting that patients appear to be satisfied with the nurse‐led follow‐up, but there is a lack of evidence of whether this perception equates to patients’ satisfaction with the model of physician‐led follow‐up.DesignSystematic review.MethodThree databases were searched, and 29 RCT were initially screened. Finally, 13 articles were critically appraised. Searches included articles between 2005–2013. The quality of appraisal assessment was inspired by the GRADE system.ResultsThe results show that there are many different instruments used when evaluating nurse‐led follow‐up, which makes it difficult to compare the studies. Several of the studies used QoL as an outcome measure; this is a broad concept that includes several aspects ranging from social role and psychosocial issues to symptoms and therefore difficult to use as an outcome measure. Only two of the studies made any cost‐effective analyses, and the results are hard to interpret.ConclusionsNurse‐led follow‐up can potentially result in better continuity of care and the availability of more time to provide psychosocial support and address patients’ information needs. However, more well‐conducted research is needed before equivalence to physician‐led follow‐up can be assessed in terms of survival, recurrence, patient well‐being and cost‐effectiveness.Relevance to clinical practiceResults from well‐conducted evaluation studies of nurse‐led services based on theory are needed so that relevant interventions can be implemented in clinical practice. There is a need to in future studies include cost‐effectiveness analyses to compare nurse‐led services with other types of follow‐up.
Equity Dynamics in the Perceived Fairness of Infant Care
Authors: DeMaris Alfred , Mahoney Annette 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHow is the perceived fairness of infant care affected by spouses' relative contributions to it and to other domains of their relationship? Longitudinal data on 178 couples expecting the birth of their first child were collected during a period spanning approximately the first year of the child's life. Overall, wives were more likely than husbands to see infant care as fair to the wife. Net of fathers' contributions to infant care, spouses were more likely to see infant care as fair to wives the more the father worked in paid labor and did housework and the more wives benefited in the sexual relationship. Fathers' contributions to infant care had a stronger effect on fairness when the child was a son. The findings are consistent with equity predictions in that fathers' compensatory contributions to other domains of marriage counterbalance an unequal workload in the arena of family work.
Retrospective characterisation of solitary cutaneous histiocytoma with lymph node metastasis in eight dogs
Authors: Faller M. , Lamm C. , Affolter V. K. , Valerius K. , Schwartz S. , Moore P. F. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVESTo describe a small subset of canine solitary cutaneous histiocytoma in which lymph node metastasis has been documented.METHODSCases of dogs with solitary cutaneous histiocytoma lesions and regional lymph node metastasis diagnosed via histopathology were found through a retrospective search of the databases of IDEXX Laboratories and the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Clinical Diagnostic Laboratories. Information on signalment, history and clinical follow‐up was obtained from the submittal form and/or via a questionnaire to the submitting veterinarian. Slides were available for review in seven cases and when possible immunohistochemistry was reviewed or performed by a single pathologist.RESULTSEight cases met the inclusion criteria. The neoplasms had the typical appearance of histiocytomas. All tested samples were immunoreactive for CD18 and lacked immunoreactivity for other lymphocyte markers and CD11d. Immunoreactivity for E‐cadherin varied among the neoplasms tested. Outcome was known for five dogs and at the time of manuscript preparation three of those dogs were alive 1682 days, 570 days and 318 days post‐diagnosis. Of the other two dogs with known outcome, one was euthanased shortly after diagnosis and another was hit by a car. Of the dogs that were eventually lost to follow‐up, one was reported to be disease‐free 1003 days after diagnosis.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEMetastatic histiocytoma is rarely reported and distinction from aggressive disease processes such as histiocytic sarcoma may be difficult. Based upon a small number of cases with known outcomes, some dogs with solitary metastatic histiocytoma may experience favourable outcomes.
Prediction of whelping date in large and giant canine breeds by ultrasonography foetal biometry
Authors: Alonge S. , Beccaglia M. , Melandri M. , Luvoni G. C. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVESTo derive the growth curves of the inner chorionic cavity and the biparietal diameter in large and giant dog breeds by ultrasonographic foetal biometry. To evaluate their accuracy in the prediction of whelping date and the effect of litter size and foetal sex ratio.METHODSFoetal biometry parameters were obtained using serial ultrasonographic examinations in eight large (26 to 40 kg) and nine giant (>40 kg) pregnant bitches with known breeding dates and concentrations of serum progesterone during oestrus. The relationship between inner chorionic cavity or biparietal diameter growth and days to parturition were analysed by linear regression and the equations derived from the growth curves were applied to predict the whelping day. The accuracy of the prediction (whelping day ±1 day and ±2 days) and the litter size and sex ratio were recorded.RESULTSThe results showed a significant relationship between days before parturition and inner chorionic cavity or biparietal diameter. The overall accuracy at ±2 days was greater, than that at ±1 day. In giant breed bitches, the accuracy of the prediction by biparietal diameter was significantly lower in small, than normal litter size. No effect of foetal sex ratio was observed.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEFoetal biometry parameters obtained by ultrasonography can be used to predict whelping dates in large and giant dog breeds.