bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Variation in Alcohol Intake Predicts Reinforcement, Motivation, and Compulsive Alcohol Use in Rats
Authors: Spoelder Marcia , Hesseling Peter , Baars Annemarie M. , Lozeman‐van ‘t Klooster José G. , Rotte Marthe D. , Vanderschuren Louk J. M. J. , Lesscher Heidi M. B. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundAlcohol is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances. Prolonged alcohol use can result in alcohol use disorder (AUD), characterized by excessive and compulsive alcohol consumption. Importantly, however, the development of AUD only happens in a minority of individuals who consume alcohol. To understand the individual vulnerability for AUD, models that capture both the individual variability in alcohol consumption and the transition from casual to compulsive alcohol use are essential.MethodsIndividual variability in voluntary alcohol intake and the preference for alcohol were assessed under continuous alcohol access (CAA) and intermittent‐every‐other‐day alcohol access (IAA) schedules in the home cage using outbred Lister Hooded rats. Subsequently, the reinforcing properties of alcohol were tested in an operant setting. In subsequent experiments, we performed a quinine adulteration experiment to assess inflexible alcohol consumption and blood alcohol levels (BALs) were assessed after voluntary alcohol consumption.ResultsWe found marked individual differences in alcohol consumption and preference under both access schedules, whereby subgroups of high‐ and low‐alcohol‐drinking rats (HD and LD) could be identified. HD with IAA increased their alcohol intake over days in the first month, whereas LD did not. Moreover, when alcohol access time was extended from 7 to 24 h/d for rats with IAA, alcohol intake profoundly increased in HD with IAA, whereas LD with IAA maintained low levels of alcohol intake. Furthermore, HD earned more alcohol than LD under both fixed ratio and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. We further found that HD continued their intake of a quinine‐adulterated alcohol solution to a larger extent than LD and HD showed higher BALs after 30 minutes of alcohol consumption.ConclusionsThese profound individual differences in alcohol intake, reinforcement, motivation, and AUD‐like behavior provide a promising tool to unravel the neurobehavioral underpinnings of individual vulnerability for AUD.
Isotonic saline in elderly men: an open‐labelled controlled infusion study of electrolyte balance, urine flow and kidney function
Authors: Hahn R. G. , Nyberg Isacson M. , Fagerström T. , Rosvall J. , Nyman C. R. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryIsotonic saline is a widely‐used infusion fluid, although the associated chloride load may cause metabolic acidosis and impair kidney function in young, healthy volunteers. We wished to examine whether these effects also occurred in the elderly, and conducted a crossover study in 13 men with a mean age of 73 years (range 66–84), who each received intravenous infusions of 1.5 l of Ringer's acetate and of isotonic saline. Isotonic saline induced mild changes in plasma sodium (mean +1.5 mmol.l−1), plasma chloride (+3 mmol.l−1) and standard bicarbonate (−2 mmol.l−1). Three hours after starting the infusions, 68% of the Ringer's acetate and 30% of the infused saline had been excreted (p < 0.01). The glomerular filtration rate increased in response to both fluids, but more after the Ringer's acetate (p < 0.03). Pre‐infusion fluid retention, as evidenced by high urinary osmolality (> 700 mOsmol.kg−1) and/or creatinine (> 7 mmol.l−1), was a strong factor governing the responses to both fluid loads.
How Does the Fast Track Intervention Prevent Adverse Outcomes in Young Adulthood?
Authors: Sorensen Lucy C. , Dodge Kenneth A. ,   Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group
Published: December 2015

Numerous studies have shown that childhood interventions can foster improved outcomes in adulthood. Less well understood is precisely how—that is, through which developmental pathways—these interventions work. This study assesses mechanisms by which the Fast Track project (n = 891), a randomized intervention in the early 1990s for high‐risk children in four communities (Durham, NC; Nashville, TN; rural PA; and Seattle, WA), reduced delinquency, arrests, and general and mental health service utilization in adolescence through young adulthood (ages 12–20). A decomposition of treatment effects indicates that about a third of Fast Track's impact on later crime outcomes can be accounted for by improvements in social and self‐regulation skills during childhood (ages 6–11), such as prosocial behavior, emotion regulation, and problem solving. These skills proved less valuable for the prevention of general and mental health problems.
Development in reading and math in children from different SES backgrounds: the moderating role of child temperament
Authors: Wang Zhe , Soden Brooke , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Lukowski Sarah L. , Schenker Victoria J. , Willcutt Erik G. , Thompson Lee A. , Petrill Stephen A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSocioeconomic risks (SES risks) are robust risk factors influencing children's academic development. However, it is unclear whether the effects of SES on academic development operate universally in all children equally or whether they vary differentially in children with particular characteristics. The current study aimed to explore children's temperament as protective or risk factors that potentially moderate the associations between SES risks and academic development. Specifically, latent growth modeling (LGM) was used in two longitudinal datasets with a total of 2236 children to examine how family SES risks and children's temperament interactively predicted the development of reading and math from middle childhood to early adolescence. Results showed that low negative affect, high effortful control, and low surgency mitigated the negative associations between SES risks and both reading and math development in this developmental period. These findings underline the heterogeneous nature of the negative associations between SES risks and academic development and highlight the importance of the interplay between biological and social factors on individual differences in development.
A cross‐syndrome study of the differential effects of sleep on declarative memory consolidation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Ashworth Anna , Hill Catherine M. , Karmiloff‐Smith Annette , Dimitriou Dagmara 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSleep plays an active role in memory consolidation. Because children with Down syndrome (DS) and Williams syndrome (WS) experience significant problems with sleep and also with learning, we predicted that sleep‐dependent memory consolidation would be impaired in these children when compared to typically developing (TD) children. This is the first study to provide a cross‐syndrome comparison of sleep‐dependent learning in school‐aged children. Children with DS (n = 20) and WS (n = 22) and TD children (n = 33) were trained on the novel Animal Names task where they were taught pseudo‐words as the personal names of ten farm and domestic animals, e.g. Basco the cat, with the aid of animal picture flashcards. They were retested following counterbalanced retention intervals of wake and sleep. Overall, TD children remembered significantly more words than both the DS and WS groups. In addition, their performance improved following night‐time sleep, whereas performance over the wake retention interval remained stable, indicating an active role of sleep for memory consolidation. Task performance of children with DS did not significantly change following wake or sleep periods. However, children with DS who were initially trained in the morning continued to improve on the task at the following retests, so that performance on the final test was greater for children who had initially trained in the morning than those who trained in the evening. Children with WS improved on the task between training and the first retest, regardless of whether sleep or wake occurred during the retention interval. This suggests time‐dependent rather than sleep‐dependent learning in children with WS, or tiredness at the end of the first session and better performance once refreshed at the start of the second session, irrespective of the time of day. Contrary to expectations, sleep‐dependent learning was not related to baseline level of performance. The findings have significant implications for educational strategies, and suggest that children with DS should be taught more important or difficult information in the morning when they are better able to learn, whilst children with WS should be allowed a time delay between learning phases to allow for time‐dependent memory consolidation, and frequent breaks from learning so that they are refreshed and able to perform at their best.
Environmental factors affecting the behavior of Coenosia attenuata, a predator of Trialeurodes vaporariorum in tomato greenhouses
Authors: Bonsignore Carmelo Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAdults of the predatory fly Coenosia attenuata Stein (Diptera: Muscidae) catch their prey while in flight. I investigated this activity over two seasons in a tomato greenhouse naturally infested with Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The flight of C. attenuata individuals was affected by environmental factors and was increased in response to increases in temperature, the number of prey flights, and conspecific density. Predator and prey flights were distributed throughout the day, but there was a regular daily trend, each with two partially overlapping activity peaks. The possibility of predation was limited by differences in daily flight‐activity times. Predatory flights comprised a small percentage (ca. 6%) of the total flights, with a predation success rate of 61%. Overall, the predatory activity of C. attenuata depended on the selection of hunting sites with good visibility to ensure a clear view before take‐off and allow the capture of prey in flight. Similar numbers of overall flights were made by both sexes, but C. attenuata females performed more predation flights and territorial defense activities than males. The ecological role of C. attenuata and its limited adaptability to greenhouses is discussed in light of its possible use in biological control of whiteflies.
What it takes to invade grassland ecosystems: traits, introduction history and filtering processes
Authors: Carboni Marta , Münkemüller Tamara , Lavergne Sébastien , Choler Philippe , Borgy Benjamin , Violle Cyrille , Essl Franz , Roquet Cristina , Munoz François ,   DivGrass Consortium, Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhether the success of alien species can be explained by their functional or phylogenetic characteristics remains unresolved because of data limitations, scale issues and weak quantifications of success. Using permanent grasslands across France (50 000 vegetation plots, 2000 species, 130 aliens) and building on the Rabinowitz's classification to quantify spread, we showed that phylogenetic and functional similarities to natives were the most important correlates of invasion success compared to intrinsic functional characteristics and introduction history. Results contrasted between spatial scales and components of invasion success. Widespread and common aliens were similar to co‐occurring natives at coarse scales (indicating environmental filtering), but dissimilar at finer scales (indicating local competition). In contrast, regionally widespread but locally rare aliens showed patterns of competitive exclusion already at coarse scale. Quantifying trait differences between aliens and natives and distinguishing the components of invasion success improved our ability to understand and potentially predict alien spread at multiple scales.
Modelling transport of inshore and deep‐spawned chokka squid (Loligo reynaudi) paralarvae off South Africa: the potential contribution of deep spawning to recruitment
Authors: Downey‐Breedt N.J. , Roberts M.J. , Sauer W.H.H. , Chang N. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe South African chokka squid, Loligo reynaudi, spawns both inshore (≤70 m) and on the mid‐shelf (71–130 m) of the Eastern Agulhas Bank. The fate of these deep‐spawned hatchlings and their potential contribution to recruitment is as yet unknown. Lagrangian ROMS‐IBM (Regional Ocean Modelling System‐Individual‐Based Model) simulations confirm westward transport of inshore and deep‐spawned hatchlings, but also indicate that the potential exists for paralarvae hatched on the Eastern Agulhas Bank deep spawning grounds to be removed from the shelf ecosystem. Using a ROMS‐IBM, this study determined the transport and recruitment success of deep‐spawned hatchlings relative to inshore‐hatched paralarvae. A total of 12 release sites were incorporated into the model, six inshore and six deep‐spawning sites. Paralarval survival was estimated based on timely transport to nursery grounds, adequate retention within the nursery grounds and retention on the Agulhas Bank shelf (<200 m). Paralarval transport and survival were dependent on both spawning location and time of hatching. Results suggest the importance of the south coast as a nursery area for inshore‐hatched paralarvae, and similarly the cold ridge nursery grounds for deep‐hatched paralarvae. Possible relationships between periods of highest recruitment success and spawning peaks were identified for both spawning habitats. Based on the likely autumn increase in deep spawning off the Tsitsikamma coast, and the beneficial currents during this period (as indicated by the model results) it can be concluded that deep spawning may at times contribute significantly to recruitment.
Water‐level fluctuations regulate the structure and functioning of natural lakes
Authors: Evtimova Vesela V. , Donohue Ian 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Despite becoming one of the main pressures on aquatic ecosystems globally, understanding of the ecological impacts of altered water‐level regimes in lakes lags far behind that of other human disturbances (e.g. eutrophication, acidification).

We employed a multifaceted approach to explore the potential importance of water‐level fluctuations (WLF) for the structure and functioning of littoral zones and multiple trait responses of primary producers and benthic consumers across a range of natural lakes.

We found that lakes with high WLF had significantly more coarse littoral substrata with less coverage of macrophyte vegetation in the shallows than in lakes with low WLF. Lakes with high WLF also had greater proportions of motile diatom species and omnivorous benthic invertebrates in shallow waters, altered taxonomic and trophic structure of benthic consumers and more homogeneous algal and benthic invertebrate assemblages.

Variation along the littoral depth gradient needs to be examined when assessing the impacts of hydrological pressures in lakes. We found that depth interacted with WLF in its effects on habitat structure and mediated the response of both producer and consumer benthic assemblages to WLF.

Our results indicate that amplified WLF significantly affect both the structure and functioning of lake ecosystems. Given the growing importance of WLF as an increasingly pervasive pressure on lake ecosystems worldwide, our findings have important implications for the conservation and management of global aquatic biodiversity. Inclusion of both biological traits and sampling along a depth gradient in existing and in future monitoring programmes could improve significantly the ability to detect and predict effects of altered patterns of WLF on lake ecosystems.
Variability in empathic fear response among 11 inbred strains of mice
Authors: Keum S. , Park J. , Kim A. , Park J. , Kim K. K. , Jeong J. , Shin H.‐S. 
Published: December 2015

Empathy is an important emotional process that involves the ability to recognize and share emotions with others. We have previously developed an observational fear learning (OFL) behavioral assay to measure empathic fear in mice. In the OFL task, a mouse is conditioned for context‐dependent fear when it observes a conspecific demonstrator receiving aversive stimuli. In the present study, by comparing 11 different inbred mouse strains that are commonly used in the laboratory, we found that empathic fear response was highly variable between different strains. Five strains – C57BL/6J, C57BL/6NTac, 129S1/SvImJ, 129S4/SvJae and BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J – showed observational fear (OF) responses, whereas AKR/J, BALB/cByJ, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ and NOD/ShiLtJ mice exhibited low empathic fear response. Importantly, day 2 OF memory was significantly correlated with contextual memory in the classical fear conditioning among the 11 strains. Innate differences in anxiety, locomotor activity, sociability and preference for social novelty were not significantly correlated with OFL. Interestingly, early adolescent C57BL/6J mice exhibited an increase in acquisition of OF. The level of OFL in C57BL/6J strain was not affected by sex or strains of the demonstrator. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that there are naturally occurring OFL‐specific genetic variations modulating empathic fear behaviors in mice. The identification of causal genes may uncover novel genetic pathways and underlying neural mechanisms that modulate empathic fear and, ultimately, provide new targets for therapeutic intervention in human mental disorders associated with impaired empathy.
The pace of past climate change vs. potential bird distributions and land use in the United States
Authors: Bateman Brooke L. , Pidgeon Anna M. , Radeloff Volker C. , VanDerWal Jeremy , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Vavrus Stephen J. , Heglund Patricia J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractClimate change may drastically alter patterns of species distributions and richness, but predicting future species patterns in occurrence is challenging. Significant shifts in distributions have already been observed, and understanding these recent changes can improve our understanding of potential future changes. We assessed how past climate change affected potential breeding distributions for landbird species in the conterminous United States. We quantified the bioclimatic velocity of potential breeding distributions, that is, the pace and direction of change for each species’ suitable climate space over the past 60 years. We found that potential breeding distributions for landbirds have shifted substantially with an average velocity of 1.27 km yr−1, about double the pace of prior distribution shift estimates across terrestrial systems globally (0.61 km yr−1). The direction of shifts was not uniform. The majority of species’ distributions shifted west, northwest, and north. Multidirectional shifts suggest that changes in climate conditions beyond mean temperature were influencing distributional changes. Indeed, precipitation variables that were proxies for extreme conditions were important variables across all models. There were winners and losers in terms of the area of distributions; many species experienced contractions along west and east distribution edges, and expansions along northern distribution edges. Changes were also reflected in the potential species richness, with some regions potentially gaining species (Midwest, East) and other areas potentially losing species (Southwest). However, the degree to which changes in potential breeding distributions are manifested in actual species richness depends on landcover. Areas that have become increasingly suitable for breeding birds due to changing climate are often those attractive to humans for agriculture and development. This suggests that many areas might have supported more breeding bird species had the landscape not been altered. Our study illustrates that climate change is not only a future threat, but something birds are already experiencing.
Self‐expressed strengths and resources of children of parents with a mental illness: A systematic review
Authors: Drost Louisa M. , van der Krieke Lian , Sytema Sjoerd , Schippers Gerard M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to explore the strengths children reported to have acquired while coping with their parents illness, and the external factors these children indicated had facilitated their coping process. A systematic literature search was conducted of peer‐reviewed papers that focused on self‐reported experiences of children with parents who had mental illness, and revealed their strengths and resources. The search included the following databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Results were filtered according to whether search terms appeared in the title or abstract. Fifty‐seven full‐text papers were reviewed; 26 of them met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The statements were analysed using content analysis. The search identified 160 relevant statements, 38 (24%) of which could be described as self‐reported strengths, and 122 (76%) as self‐reported resources. According to these statements, the children described themselves as more mature, independent, and empathic than their peers who did not have a parent with a mental illness, and as having acquired several abilities. The statements about resources indicated that the children regarded social support, information, and particularly the support of mental health‐care professionals as helpful when living with a parent with a mental illness. Recommendations for nursing actions to support children's ability to cope with their parents' illness are outlined.
PROGRESS IN PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY*
Authors: Barer R. 
Published: December 2015

SYNOPSIS.Progress in microscopy is largely influenced by the requirements of the biologist. The small size and transparency of living cells to visible light have led to a search for (1) increased resolving power and (2) new methods of obtaining contrast. Little improvement in lateral resolving power is to be expected from the optical microscope, but the electron microscope is at present capable of resolution of the order of 50 Å. or better. Gabor's wave‐front reconstruction method suggests a way of avoiding limitations due to electron lens aberrations. X‐ray microscopes with resolving power intermediate between that of the optical and electron microscope are envisaged. Microradiography, using very small X‐ray sources, has proved useful for the microchemical analysis of certain elements and for the determination of the mass of cellular constituents. Contrast in optical microscopy can be obtained either by means of special illuminating systems used with visible light or else by means of ultra‐violet or infra‐red radiation to which the cell is not necessarily transparent. The development of phase‐contrast and interference‐contrast methods has provided a powerful tool for the examination of transparent materials. Ultra‐violet microscopy has been used both to increase resolving power and to obtain chemical information about the cell. The quartz monochromat objectives of high N.A. are still the best available for photomicrography, but the achromatism of reflecting and semi‐reflecting objectives makes them more suitable for spectromicrography. Such objectives can also be used in the infra‐red region in order to obtain precise chemical information. Another advantage of reflecting systems is their long working‐distance.