bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between enzymatic and chemical interesterification of high oleic sunflower oil and fully hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Morselli Ribeiro Marilene D. M. , Ming Chiu Chih , Silvestre Isabela M. , Grimaldi Renato , Ap. G. Gonçalves Lireny 
Published: July 2016

Structured lipids (SL) were prepared by enzymatic interesterification (EI) and chemical interesterification (CI) of high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) in a weight ratio of 50:50 w/w. The EI was catalyzed by the immobilized lipase Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginosus) free of organic solvents at a concentration of 7% w/w, 70°C for 9 h, and samples were collected for analysis at 3, 6, and 9 h. The original blend and the reaction products were evaluated for fatty acid (FA) composition, triacylglycerols (TAG), solid fat content (SFC), thermal analysis, and regiospecific distribution of FA. The EI provided considerable rearrangement of triglycerides classes, with lower levels of trisatured and tri‐unsaturated TAG, and higher levels of monoun‐ and diunsaturated TAG. The SL obtained by EI reduced SFC with a linear and wide melting range by thermal analysis, lowering the melting point. Lower acyl migration was observed in EI within 3 h of reaction, with similar results between both techniques at the maximum reaction time. The SL obtained by EI may have wide applications in specialty fats for confectionery and bakery products.Practical Applications: SL via enzymatic catalysis have been the focus of considerable attention in food industry. We report in this study, the comparison between enzymatic and chemical interesterification of a fully hydrogenated vegetable oil, and high oleic vegetable oil. The results show that the enzymatic process with 3 h of reaction time present more selectivity, lower acyl migration of sn‐2 position of the unsaturated fatty acid, and better nutritional value, when compared with the chemical process. These SL were projected to have broad applications in foods, as bakery/confectionery fats, and as a crystallization additive for lipids.The enzymatic process with 3 h of reaction time showed the advantage of selectivity for production of new TAG and lower acyl migration sn‐2 position of the unsaturated fatty acid when compared with the other reaction times, evidenced by NMR 13C. These SL were projected to have broad applications in foods, as bakery/confectionery fats and as a crystallization additive for lipids.
Antioxidant effect of water and acetone extracts of Fucus vesiculosus on oxidative stability of skin care emulsions
Authors: Poyato Candelaria , Thomsen Birgitte Raagaard , Hermund Ditte B. , Ansorena Diana , Astiasarán Iciar , Jónsdóttir Rosa , Kristinsson Hordur G. , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: July 2016

A water and an acetone extract of the Icelandic brown algae Fucus vesiculosus were evaluated as potential natural sources of antioxidant compounds in skin care emulsions. To assess their efficacy in inhibiting lipid oxidation caused by photo‐ or thermoxidation, they were stored in darkness and room temperature as control conditions, and compared to samples stored under accelerated conditions (light and room temperature, or darkness and 40°C). The presence of extracts in the skin care emulsions induced remarkable colour changes when the emulsions were exposed to light, and more extensively under high temperature. High temperature also caused greater increments in the droplet size of the emulsions. The analysis of the tocopherol content, peroxide value and volatile compounds during the storage revealed that, whereas both water and acetone extracts showed (at 2 mg/g of emulsion) protective effect against thermooxidation, only the water extract showed antioxidant activity against photooxidation.Practical applications: This research is the basis of developing natural antioxidants derived from seaweed to limit lipid oxidation in skin care products.Skin care emulsions are exposed to light (A+) or elevated storage temperatures (H0) to promote lipid oxidation during storage. Control samples are stored at ambient temperatures in the dark (A0). Two Icelandic brown alga Fucus vesiculosus extracts, water (WE) and acetone (AE) extract, were added as natural antioxidants to control lipid oxidation and ensure a stable product. Both extract (depending on concentration, 1 or 2) decreased photooxidation of skin care emulsions compared to the reference (REF) without added extract, as decreased formation of secondary volatile oxidation products was observed. However, the presence of extracts in the skin care emulsions induced remarkable colour changes during storage. Moreover, samples exposed to elevated storage temperatures increased oil droplet size and resulted in disrupted emulsion structure (syneresis) by day 35.
Application of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate Phosphate Copolymer as Hydrogel Electrolyte in Enzymatic Fuel Cell
Authors: Kizling Michał , Biedul Piotr , Zabost Dariusz , Stolarczyk Krzysztof , Bilewicz Renata 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA composite polymer electrolyte is developed to improve the properties of electrochemical devices, such as lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells. Here we report the application of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate copolymer as a pseudo solid state electrolyte for an enzymatic fuel cell. The phosphate groups present in the polymer chains ensure the stability of pH during fuel cell work and enable retaining water molecules in the polymer matrix through hydrogen bond formation. After optimization of synthesis conditions the maximum ionic conductivity of the hydrogel reached 0.028 S cm−1 and maximum loading of entrapped water was 50 % of hydrogel total mass. The hydrogel was employed as the electrolyte in electrochemical measurements of the enzymatic electrodes. The current density of fructose oxidation on the anode covered with single walled carbon nanotubes derivatized with amine groups and fructose dehydrogenase reached 5.2 mA cm−2 in 100 mM fructose concentration in the hydrogel and the current onset potential was −0.12 V vs Ag/AgCl. The cathode covered with multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with naphthalene groups and laccase gave current density 0.56 mA cm−2 with onset potential of 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. Fully enzymatic fuel cell with hydrogel electrolyte exhibited maximum power density 0.2 mW cm−2 and higher stability in time than the cell with the same electrodes stored in water solution.
On the Validity of Calling Wallach's Rule Wallach's Rule
Authors: Ernst Karl‐Heinz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn a paper addressing the problem that the majority of chiral compounds crystallize as racemates instead of conglomerates, Jack Dunitz coined the expression “Wallach's Rule”. The paper gives credit to Wallach's publication in Liebigs Annalen der Chemie in 1895, in which, among other work, a comparison of crystal density of racemates and their homochiral analogues was reported. Of the nine compounds investigated, eight showed higher densities for the racemates. Although Wallach was the only author of the Annalen paper, it was not Otto Wallach, but Theodore Liebisch, Wallach's colleague from the mineralogy institute in Göttingen at that time, who performed the experiments and reported these results. Short overviews about the CVs of the contemporaries Wallach and Liebisch, as well as Liebisch's postdoc Sommerfeld, are presented. It is discussed whether Wallach or Liebisch had the idea to study crystal densities and which one of the two scientists should be properly credited with proposing “Wallach′s Rule”.
Fetal Membrane Ultrastructure and Development in the Oviparous Milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum (Colubridae) with Reference to Function and Evolution in Snakes
Authors: Kim Young K. , Blackburn Daniel G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIn eggs of oviparous reptiles, fetal membranes maintain developing embryos through the exchange of respiratory gases and provision of water and calcium. As part of a survey of reptilian fetal membranes, we used scanning electron microscopy to study fetal membrane morphology in the oviparous Pueblan milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli. The chorioallantois initially is an avascular structure lined by enlarged chorionic and allantoic epithelia. Upon vascularization, the chorionic epithelium becomes greatly attenuated, enhancing the potential for gas exchange; the allantoic epithelium also flattens. The bilaminar omphalopleure of the yolk sac lacks blood vessels, but it becomes vascularized by allantoic capillaries and transformed into an omphalallantois. Upon regression of the isolated yolk mass, this membrane is converted to chorioallantois, equipping it for gas exchange. Allantoic fluid serves as a water reservoir, and we postulate that it facilitates water uptake by establishing an osmotic gradient. Early in development, epithelia of both the chorion and the omphalopleure show apical microvilli that greatly increase the cell surface area available for water uptake. However, these features are incompatible with gas exchange and are lost as oxygen needs take precedence. A comparison of the fetal membranes to those of other squamate species (both oviparous and viviparous) reveals characteristics that are probably ancestral for snakes, some of which are plesiomorphic for Squamata. The widespread phylogenetic distribution of these features reflects their utility as adaptations that serve functional requirements of squamate embryos.
IgE‐binding potencies of three peach Pru p 1 isoforms
Authors: Gao Zhong‐Shan , Zhou Xiang , Yang Zhao‐Wei , Versteeg Serge A. , Gao Ling , Fu Wan‐Yi , Wang Hui‐Ying , Zhou Jian‐Ying , Akkerdaas Jaap H. , van Ree Ronald 
Published: July 2016

ScopePru p 1, the Bet v 1 homologue from peach, has been identified as a clinically relevant allergen. Three isoforms have been described, two in peach fruit (Pru p 1.0101 and Pru p 1.0201) and one in pollen (Pru p 1.0301). The present study aimed to compare their IgE‐binding potencies.Methods and resultsThree Pru p 1 isoforms were cloned and expressed as soluble proteins with His‐tags in Escherichia coli. Protein identity was confirmed by MS, circular dichroism, and RNAse activity. IgE‐binding capacity using ELISA and ImmunoCAP was compared. Three Pru p 1 isoforms had quite similar IgE‐binding potencies for 60% of the sera, but more than twofold between any two isoforms among 40% of the 47 sera. The mean IgE binding of Pru p 1.0201 was slightly higher than other two isoforms. In a sera pool, homologous ImmunoCAP inhibition was higher than other two heterologous isoforms. Individual serum with diverse IgE values of three isoforms demonstrated the higher IgE inhibition of specific isoform with higher IgE value.ConclusionA similar and variable pattern of IgE recognition was observed among three Pru p 1 isoforms. The two new isoforms can be used as more accurate diagnostic reagents.
The correlation between retrograde leak point pressure and 24‐hour pad weight
Authors: Solomon Eskinder , Kass‐Iliyya Antoine , Malde Sachin , Kirkham Alexander Paul Squire , Greenwell Tamsin Jillian , Ockrim Jeremy Louis 
Published: July 2016

AimTo assess the correlation between retrograde leak point pressure (RLPP) and 24‐hr pad weight (24PW) in men with post‐prostatectomy incontinence.MethodsWe performed RLPP and 24PW measurements on 61 patients with a history of post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We examined the relationship of RLPP and 24PW. We also reviewed the urodynamic and clinical data of these patients to explain our findings.ResultsThe mean age was 70 years (SD ± 7.4, range: 51–87). The mean RLPP was 36.8 cmH2O (SD ± 15.3, range: 9–76), the mean 24PW was 499 g (±677 g, range: 16.5–3,177 g). There was a good and significant negative correlation between RLPP and 24PW (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). RLPP was able to differentiate between cases of mild/moderate (<400 g) and severe (≥400 g) incontinence. Patients with RLPP <30 cmH2O had significantly higher 24PW (mean 825 g, median 768 g) when compared with patients with RLPP >30 cmH2O (mean 257.8 g, median 100 g, P < 0.01).ConclusionsRLPP could be used as an objective and potentially more reliable substitute to pad weight to objectify and stratify SUI in post‐prostatectomy patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1119–1123, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum spin Hall insulator interacting with quantum light: Inhomogeneous Dicke model
Authors: Gulácsi Balázs , Dóra Balázs 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTime‐periodic perturbations due to classical electromagnetic fields are useful to engineer the topological properties of matter using the Floquet theory. Here, we investigate the effect of quantized electromagnetic fields by focusing on the quantized light–matter interaction on the edge state of a quantum spin Hall insulator. We show that this interaction can be studied using an inhomogeneous Dicke model and that the corresponding Hamiltonian is integrable. A Dicke‐type superradiant phase transition occurs at arbitrary weak coupling and the electronic spectrum acquires a finite gap. In addition, when the total number of excitations are fixed, a photocurrent is generated along the edge, pseudoquantized as in the low‐frequency limit and decaying as for high frequencies with being the photon frequency.
Carbon isotope analyses of n‐alkanes released from rapid pyrolysis of oil asphaltenes in a closed system
Authors: Chen Shasha , Jia Wanglu , Peng Ping'an 
Published: July 2016

RationaleCarbon isotope analysis of n‐alkanes produced by the pyrolysis of oil asphaltenes is a useful tool for characterizing and correlating oil sources. Low‐temperature (320–350°C) pyrolysis lasting 2–3 days is usually employed in such studies. Establishing a rapid pyrolysis method is necessary to reduce the time taken for the pretreatment process in isotope analyses.MethodsOne asphaltene sample was pyrolyzed in sealed ampoules for different durations (60–120 s) at 610°C. The δ13C values of the pyrolysates were determined by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). The molecular characteristics and isotopic signatures of the pyrolysates were investigated for the different pyrolysis durations and compared with results obtained using the normal pyrolysis method, to determine the optimum time interval. Several asphaltene samples derived from various sources were analyzed using this method.ResultsThe asphaltene pyrolysates of each sample were similar to those obtained by the flash pyrolysis method on similar samples. However, the molecular characteristics of the pyrolysates obtained over durations longer than 90 s showed intensified secondary reactions. The carbon isotopic signatures of individual compounds obtained at pyrolysis durations less than 90 s were consistent with those obtained from typical low‐temperature pyrolysis. Several asphaltene samples from various sources released n‐alkanes with distinct carbon isotopic signatures.ConclusionsThis easy‐to‐use pyrolysis method, combined with a subsequent purification procedure, can be used to rapidly obtain clean n‐alkanes from oil asphaltenes. Carbon isotopic signatures of n‐alkanes released from oil asphaltenes from different sources demonstrate the potential application of this method in ‘oil–oil’ and ‘oil–source’ correlations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and analysis of the covert channel implemented by behaviors of network users
Authors: Qian Yuwen , Sun Ting , Li Jun , Fan Chang , Song Huaju 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a novel covert channel, called covert behavior channel, is proposed according to behaviors of network users to solve the security and efficiency problem of the traditional covert channel. In the proposed channel, operation sequences of the network protocols are used as carriers of covert information. An encryption‐based information embedding scheme is designed to improve security of the covert information. With the help of Markov model, the capacity of the proposed covert channel with time‐varying noise is derived. The formulation for analyzing the covert behavior channel is presented against the channel noise aroused by discarding packets. By introducing corrected entropy‐based algorithm to detect the covert behavior channel, the security of the channel is verified. Numerical results show that the proposed covert behavior channel is more secure than covert storage channels and achieves a better bit rate and robustness than that of covert timing channels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregation of Heteropolyanions Implicates the Presence of Zundel Ions Near Air‐Water Interfaces
Authors: Bera Mrinal K. , Antonio Mark R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProtons play crucial roles in the interactions between heteropolyanions (HPAs) in aqueous solutions and solid acid salts. We report the aggregation behaviours of Keggin HPAs near the surfaces of heteropolyacid solutions. The structure of the aggregated HPA layer near the solution–vapour phase boundary closely resembles the solid‐state crystal structure of the heteropolyacids in which the HPAs are connected by Zundel ions. The resemblance not only implicates the presence of protons in the form of planar Zundel ions near the air‐water interface but, also, suggests that these align parallel to the interface. This study demonstrates an indirect means of assessing the impact of protons on HPA interactions near air‐water interfaces and, in general, provides new insights about interfacial proton chemistry of heteropolyacids.
Synthesis of 9,10‐Dimethyl‐2,3,6,7‐Anthracenetetra(thioacetate) and Benzenepentathiol; Improved Syntheses of 1,2,4,5‐Benzenetetra(thioacetate) and Benzenehexathiol
Authors: Hu Huaiyuan , Singh Mayank Pratap , Baghel Garima Singh , Dye Gregory W. , Gerlach Deidra L. , Vaid Thomas P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA synthesis is reported for 9,10‐dimethyl‐2,3,6,7‐anthracenetetra(thioacetate), an anthracenetetrathiol derivative that may find use in molecular electronics and conducting metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). The easily accessible 2,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxy‐9,10‐dimethylanthracene was treated with 2‐(4‐pyridyl)ethanethiol in molten p‐toluenesulfonic acid to yield the tetra(thioether), which was methylated and then deprotected with triethylamine in the presence of acetic anhydride to yield 9,10‐dimethyl‐2,3,6,7‐anthracenetetra(thioacetate), a protected form of the tetrathiol. Separately, the first synthesis of benzenepentathiol and streamlined syntheses of 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetra(thioacetate) and benzenehexathiol are reported.
Convenient Access to Arylated Spirocyclic Bisphosphonates
Authors: Lord Taylor M. , Casino Stephanie L. , Hartzell Susan E. , Garcia Kevin J. , Pike Robert D. , Stockland Robert A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of P‐arylated spirocyclic bisphosphonates is described. The title compounds were generated through a process that combined transesterification with a palladium catalyzed P‐arylation. The cross‐coupling step could be carried out at room temperature using aryl iodides, while analogous reactions involving aryl bromides required heating. Nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur containing heterocycles were also successfully incorporated into the framework. Using this approach 20 new arylated compounds were generated bearing a range of electrophiles and functional groups. For the more reactive aryl iodides, the catalyst loading could be decreased to 0.3 % Pd per P−H group in scaled‐up versions of the method. The two‐step process does not require the use of chlorophosphorus reagents.
Current management of spontaneous intra-abdominal abscess in Crohn's disease
Authors: Carvalho Ana Teresa Pugas , Esberard Barbara Cathalá , da Luz Moreira Andre 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCrohn's disease (CD) is a chronic transmural disease process with approximately 10% of patients developing spontaneous intra-abdominal abscess during the first 5 years after the diagnosis. The symptoms are often nonspecific. The treatment modalities include the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics, imaging-guided percutaneous drainage (PD) and surgical drainage with or without resection. The best initial treatment strategy has not been settled controversial, as there are only retrospective studies with small sample sizes available in the literature. The majority of the patients would eventually need surgery. However a highly selected patient population with small abscess in the absence of fistulas or bowel strictures, especially those naive to immunomodulators or biologics, may respond to medical treatment alone with wide-spectrum antibiotics. The increased use of PD drainage in the last few years has been shown to reduce postoperative morbidities and risk of fecal diversion, allowing for subsequent elective surgery. Varied success rates of PD drainage have been reported in the literature. The initial surgical intervention of CD-related spontaneous abdominal sepsis is mandatory in patients with diffuse peritonitis due to free perforation. Surgery is also indicated in those with failed initial medical treatment and/or PD. This review article was aimed to evaluate the treatment modalities for spontaneous intra-abdominal abscess in CD patients and propose an algorithm for the best management of this complication.
Drainage networks, lakes and water fluxes beneath the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Willis Ian C. , Pope Ed L. , Leysinger Vieli Gwendolyn J.-M.C. , Arnold Neil S. , Long Sylvan 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAntarctica Bedmap2 datasets are used to calculate subglacial hydraulic potential and the area, depth and volume of hydraulic potential sinks. There are over 32 000 contiguous sinks, which can be thought of as predicted lakes. Patterns of subglacial melt are modelled with a balanced ice flux flow model, and water fluxes are cumulated along predicted flow pathways to quantify steady-state fluxes from the main basin outlets and from known subglacial lakes. The total flux from the continent is ~21 km3 a−1. Byrd Glacier has the greatest basin flux of ~2.7 km3 a−1. Fluxes from subglacial lakes range from ~1 × 10−4 to ~1.5 km3 a−1. Lake turnover times are calculated from their volumes and fluxes, and have median values of ~100 a for known ‘active’ lakes and ~500 a for other lakes. Recurrence intervals of a 0.25 km3 flood range from ~2 months to ~2000 a (median ≈130 a) for known ‘active’ lakes and from ~2 to ~2400 a (median ≈ 360 a) for other lakes. Thus, several lakes that have recently been observed to fill and drain may not do so again for many centuries; and several lakes that have not, so far, been observed to fill and drain have the potential to do so, even at annual to decadal timescales.
Neither democratic nor a programme: the Democratic Programme of 1919
Authors: O’Connor Emmet 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOn 21 January 1919, the first Dáil adopted four constitutional documents, the best known of which is the Democratic Programme, a statement of social values, based on proposals from the Labour Party. The Programme is usually regarded as a cynical reward to Labour for its abstention from the 1918 general election, and nationalist elites have frequently been criticised for reneging on it. This paper will argue that the Programme was written to advance the Irish cause at the International Socialist Conference at Berne in February 1919, that parts of the Programme were implemented, and that it is very likely that the Labour Party did not write it to be implemented.