bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Services of the International Astronomical Union
Authors: McNally D. 
Published: March 2016

The IAU has as its task (Statute 1):
(a)to develop astronomy through international cooperation;(b)to promote the study and development of astronomy in all aspects;(c)to further and safeguard the interests of astronomy.The Union to carry out its mandate is organized into 11 Divisions representing major branches of astronomical activity. The Divisions are composed of specialist Commissions -out of 39 Commissions, 31 operate within the divisional structure: of the 8 Commissions which do not, 6 may be regarded as representing “Services”. Additionally there are 4 Working Groups of the Executive Committee. Table 1 lists the Divisions and their constituent Commissions.
Growing Up Pains in a Developing Country
Authors: Torres-Peimbert S. 
Published: March 2016

Similarly to other developing nations, Mexico is a country full of contrasts and contradictions; within the country there are many very backward conditions, and yet it strives to participate in advanced scientific activities.The country has 95 million inhabitants, the median age of the population is 18 years, the fraction of teenagers that attend upper high school is 30% and the fraction of those in the 18-22 age bracket that attend college is 14%. Finally it should be pointed out that the expenditure in science amounts to 0.3% of the Gross National Product, GNP. These figures should be compared with developed countries, where 85 % of the youngsters attend high school, 45 % of those in the 18-22 age bracket attend college, and typically 1 % of the GNP is spent on science.
Surface Composition of the Galilean Satellites from Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectroscopy
Authors: Carlson R.W. , Smythe W.D. , Matson D.L. , Lopes-Gautier R. , Hui J. , Segura M. , Ocampo A.C. , Soderblom L.A. , Kieffer H.H. , McCord T.B. , Fanale F.P. , Hansen G.E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) is currently obtaining spectral maps of Jupiter’s moons to determine the composition and spatial distribution of minerals on the satellite surfaces. Sulfur dioxide, as a frost or ice, covers much of Io’s surface, except in hot volcanic areas. A weak spectral feature at 3.15 μm suggests the presence of an OH containing surface compound (hydroxide, hydrate, or water) and a broad absorption above 1 μm is reasonably attributed to iron-containing minerals, such as feldspars and pyrite. Water is the dominant molecule covering Europa’s surface, occurring as ice but also as a hydrate. The trailing side shows high concentrations of these hydrous minerals, whose identifications are not yet established. Ganymede’s surface exhibits water absorption bands, largely due to ice but hydrates are also present. A dark component is present, but with a smaller proportion compared to Callisto. Some of the non-ice features seen on Ganymede are similar to those found in Callisto’s spectra (see below). Among the icy Galilean satellites, Callisto shows the least amount of water ice, covering about 10% of the surface in patchy concentrations. Most of the surface is covered with unidentified (as yet) dark minerals. The exposed ice is often associated with impact craters, implying that the darker material exists as a blanket over more pure ice. Non-ice spectral features at 3.88, 4.03, 4.25, and 4.57 μm are present in Callisto’s spectra (and some of these appear in Ganymede’s spectra), each with different spatial distributions. Laboratory spectra suggest that the 4.25-μm feature is due to carbon dioxide which is trapped in the surface grains. The band at 4.03 μm may be due to sulfur dioxide, which probably originated from Io. Molecules containing CN, SH, SiH, and perhaps deuterated constituents are candidates for the other features, some of which could be derived from shock-heated and modified material from impacts, perhaps of carbonaceous composition. There is evidence for the presence of hydrated minerals on Callisto, based on water band shifts and shapes.
Galileo Spacecraft Views of Europa
Authors: Greeley R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Galileo orbiter and its Solid State Imaging system have increased the photographic coverage and resolution of Europa, revealing a complex surface that has been modified by tectonic deformation, impact craters on a wide range of scales, and possible cryovolcanic activity. The morphology of many of the features suggests that the depth to either liquid water or mobile-ductile ice was relatively shallow (< few kilometers) at the time of their formation. Characteristics of the mottled terrain and impact ejecta deposits suggest the presence of a shallow (˜km) subsurface zone beneath the bright icy crust. The Galileo Europa Mission, approved to continue orbital operations through 1999, will include at least nine close flybys of Europa, enabling global and regional mapping, along with high-resolution imaging of selected areas.
The role of emotion regulation in body-focused repetitive behaviours
Authors: Roberts Sarah , O'Connor Kieron , Aardema Frederick , Bélanger Claude , Courchesne Catherine 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBody-focused repetitive behaviours (BFRBs) including trichotillomania, skin picking, and nail biting, are non-functional self-destructive habits, which have a severe negative impact on everyday functioning. Although BFRBs cause distress, they are maintained by both negative (relief) and positive (stimulation) reinforcement. The emotional regulation (ER) model proposes that people with BFRBs have a general deficit in ER and, as a consequence, engage in BFRBs to alleviate affect and reinforce the behaviour. The current study was designed to explore differences in ER between people with BFRBs and controls to identify specific emotions triggering BFRBs. Forty-eight participants (24 BFRB, 24 controls) completed questionnaires measuring Difficulties in Emotional Regulation (DERS), a Triggers Scale and an Affective Regulation Scale (ARS). Significant differences in people with BFRBs and controls were reported principally on the DERS subscales of lack of emotional clarity, difficulties in impulse control, and access to ER strategies. On the ARS, the BFRB group reported overall difficulty ‘snapping out’ of emotions. The majority of BFRBs were reported to be triggered by anxiety (78%), tension (70%), or boredom (52%). The clinical implication is that ER could be beneficially targeted in therapy for BFRBs.
Soziale Unterstützung als Baustein eines betrieblichen Programms zur Sport- und Bewegungsförderung
Authors: Krebs Simone , Baaken Anke , Hofmeier Amelie , Göhner Wiebke , Fuchs Reinhard 
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung. Untersucht wurde die spezifische Wirkung der Interventionstechnik „Planung sportbezogener sozialer Unterstützung“ (PssU) im Rahmen eines betrieblichen Programms zur Sportförderung („MoVo-work“). Die Mitarbeitenden (N = 69) wurden cluster-randomisiert 2 Gruppen zugeordnet: die Interventionsgruppe (IG) erhielt MoVo-work mit dem Modul PssU, die Kontrollgruppe (KG) MoVo-work ohne dieses Modul. Sportaktivität und soziale Unterstützung wurden vor (T1) und nach der Intervention (T2) erhoben, sowie nach 6 Wochen (T3) und 6 Monaten (T4). In der IG nahm der Anteil der sportlich aktiven Personen beim Vergleich T1 – T3 um 24 % zu (p < .05); in der KG dagegen nur um 9 %. Auch beim Vergleich T1 – T4 war in der IG noch ein Zuwachs an sportlich aktiven Personen von 8 % festzustellen, wohingegen in der KG deren Anteil sogar um 3 % abnahm. Es fanden sich keine Gruppenunterschiede hinsichtlich der wahrgenommenen sozialen Unterstützung. Die Resultate zeigen, dass betriebliche Bewegungsförderungsprogramme substanziell davon profitieren können, wenn sie auch die Ebene der sozialen Unterstützung berücksichtigen.
Factoring attitudes towards armed conflict risk into selection of protected areas for conservation
Authors: Hammill E. , Tulloch A. I. T. , Possingham H. P. , Strange N. , Wilson K. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe high incidence of armed conflicts in biodiverse regions poses significant challenges in achieving international conservation targets. Because attitudes towards risk vary, we assessed different strategies for protected area planning that reflected alternative attitudes towards the risk of armed conflicts. We find that ignoring conflict risk will deliver the lowest return on investment. Opting to completely avoid conflict-prone areas offers limited improvements and could lead to species receiving no protection. Accounting for conflict by protecting additional areas to offset the impacts of armed conflicts would not only increase the return on investment (an effect that is enhanced when high-risk areas are excluded) but also increase upfront conservation costs. Our results also demonstrate that fine-scale estimations of conflict risk could enhance the cost-effectiveness of investments. We conclude that achieving biodiversity targets in volatile regions will require greater initial investment and benefit from fine-resolution estimates of conflict risk.
Decadal predictions of the North Atlantic CO2 uptake
Authors: Li Hongmei , Ilyina Tatiana , Müller Wolfgang A. , Sienz Frank 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs a major CO2 sink, the North Atlantic, especially its subpolar gyre region, is essential for the global carbon cycle. Decadal fluctuations of CO2 uptake in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre region are associated with the evolution of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, ocean mixing and sea surface temperature anomalies. While variations in the physical state of the ocean can be predicted several years in advance by initialization of Earth system models, predictability of CO2 uptake has remained unexplored. Here we investigate the predictability of CO2 uptake variations by initialization of the MPI-ESM decadal prediction system. We find large multi-year variability in oceanic CO2 uptake and demonstrate that its potential predictive skill in the western subpolar gyre region is up to 4–7 years. The predictive skill is mainly maintained in winter and is attributed to the improved physical state of the ocean.
Essential role of the Cdk2 activator RingoA in meiotic telomere tethering to the nuclear envelope
Authors: Mikolcevic Petra , Isoda Michitaka , Shibuya Hiroki , del Barco Barrantes Ivan , Igea Ana , Suja José A. , Shackleton Sue , Watanabe Yoshinori , Nebreda Angel R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play key roles in cell cycle regulation. Genetic analysis in mice has revealed an essential role for Cdk2 in meiosis, which renders Cdk2 knockout (KO) mice sterile. Here we show that mice deficient in RingoA, an atypical activator of Cdk1 and Cdk2 that has no amino acid sequence homology to cyclins, are sterile and display meiotic defects virtually identical to those observed in Cdk2 KO mice including non-homologous chromosome pairing, unrepaired double-strand breaks, undetectable sex-body and pachytene arrest. Interestingly, RingoA is required for Cdk2 targeting to telomeres and RingoA KO spermatocytes display severely affected telomere tethering as well as impaired distribution of Sun1, a protein essential for the attachment of telomeres to the nuclear envelope. Our results identify RingoA as an important activator of Cdk2 at meiotic telomeres, and provide genetic evidence for a physiological function of mammalian Cdk2 that is not dependent on cyclins.
Accessing the exceptional points of parity-time symmetric acoustics
Authors: Shi Chengzhi , Dubois Marc , Chen Yun , Cheng Lei , Ramezani Hamidreza , Wang Yuan , Zhang Xiang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractParity-time (PT) symmetric systems experience phase transition between PT exact and broken phases at exceptional point. These PT phase transitions contribute significantly to the design of single mode lasers, coherent perfect absorbers, isolators, and diodes. However, such exceptional points are extremely difficult to access in practice because of the dispersive behaviour of most loss and gain materials required in PT symmetric systems. Here we introduce a method to systematically tame these exceptional points and control PT phases. Our experimental demonstration hinges on an active acoustic element that realizes a complex-valued potential and simultaneously controls the multiple interference in the structure. The manipulation of exceptional points offers new routes to broaden applications for PT symmetric physics in acoustics, optics, microwaves and electronics, which are essential for sensing, communication and imaging.
Direct hydrodeoxygenation of raw woody biomass into liquid alkanes
Authors: Xia Qineng , Chen Zongjia , Shao Yi , Gong Xueqing , Wang Haifeng , Liu Xiaohui , Parker Stewart F. , Han Xue , Yang Sihai , Wang Yanqin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBeing the only sustainable source of organic carbon, biomass is playing an ever-increasingly important role in our energy landscape. The conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels is particularly attractive but extremely challenging due to the inertness and complexity of lignocellulose. Here we describe the direct hydrodeoxygenation of raw woods into liquid alkanes with mass yields up to 28.1 wt% over a multifunctional Pt/NbOPO4 catalyst in cyclohexane. The superior performance of this catalyst allows simultaneous conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and, more significantly, lignin fractions in the wood sawdust into hexane, pentane and alkylcyclohexanes, respectively. Investigation on the molecular mechanism reveals that a synergistic effect between Pt, NbOx species and acidic sites promotes this highly efficient hydrodeoxygenation of bulk lignocellulose. No chemical pretreatment of the raw woody biomass or separation is required for this one-pot process, which opens a general and energy-efficient route for converting raw lignocellulose into valuable alkanes.
Dorso-Lateral Frontal Cortex of the Ferret Encodes Perceptual Difficulty during Visual Discrimination
Authors: Zhou Zhe Charles , Yu Chunxiu , Sellers Kristin K. , Fröhlich Flavio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVisual discrimination requires sensory processing followed by a perceptual decision. Despite a growing understanding of visual areas in this behavior, it is unclear what role top-down signals from prefrontal cortex play, in particular as a function of perceptual difficulty. To address this gap, we investigated how neurons in dorso-lateral frontal cortex (dl-FC) of freely-moving ferrets encode task variables in a two-alternative forced choice visual discrimination task with high- and low-contrast visual input. About two-thirds of all recorded neurons in dl-FC were modulated by at least one of the two task variables, task difficulty and target location. More neurons in dl-FC preferred the hard trials; no such preference bias was found for target location. In individual neurons, this preference for specific task types was limited to brief epochs. Finally, optogenetic stimulation confirmed the functional role of the activity in dl-FC before target touch; suppression of activity in pyramidal neurons with the ArchT silencing opsin resulted in a decrease in reaction time to touch the target but not to retrieve reward. In conclusion, dl-FC activity is differentially recruited for high perceptual difficulty in the freely-moving ferret and the resulting signal may provide top-down behavioral inhibition.
Optical and magneto-optical behavior of Cerium Yttrium Iron Garnet thin films at wavelengths of 200–1770 nm
Authors: Onbasli Mehmet C. , Beran Lukáš , Zahradník Martin , Kučera Miroslav , Antoš Roman , Mistrík Jan , Dionne Gerald F. , Veis Martin , Ross Caroline A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMagneto-optical cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG) thin films display Faraday and Kerr rotation (rotation of light polarisation upon transmission and reflection, respectively) as well as a nonreciprocal phase shift due to their non-zero off-diagonal permittivity tensor elements and also possess low optical absorption in the near-infrared. These properties make Ce:YIG useful in providing nonreciprocal light propagation in integrated photonic circuits, which is essential for accomplishing energy-efficient photonic computation and data transport architectures. In this study, 80 nm-thick Ce:YIG films were grown on Gadolinium Gallium Garnet substrates with (100), (110) and (111) orientations using pulsed laser deposition. The films had bulk-like structural and magnetic quality. Faraday and Kerr spectroscopies along with spectroscopic ellipsometry were used to deduce the complete permittivity tensor of the films in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared spectral region and the magneto-optical figure of merit as a function of wavelength was determined. The samples showed the highest IR Faraday rotation reported for thin films of Ce:YIG, which indicates the importance of this material in development of nonreciprocal photonic devices.
Trimethylamine-N-oxide switches from stabilizing nature: A mechanistic outlook through experimental techniques and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Rani Anjeeta , Jayaraj Abhilash , Jayaram B. , Pannuru Venkatesu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn adaptation biology of the discovery of the intracellular osmolytes, the osmolytes are found to play a central role in cellular homeostasis and stress response. A number of models using these molecules are now poised to address a wide range of problems in biology. Here, a combination of biophysical measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method is used to examine the effect of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) on stem bromelain (BM) structure, stability and function. From the analysis of our results, we found that TMAO destabilizes BM hydrophobic pockets and active site as a result of concerted polar and non-polar interactions which is strongly evidenced by MD simulation carried out for 250 ns. This destabilization is enthalpically favourable at higher concentrations of TMAO while entropically unfavourable. However, to the best of our knowledge, the results constitute first detailed unambiguous proof of destabilizing effect of most commonly addressed TMAO on the interactions governing stability of BM and present plausible mechanism of protein unfolding by TMAO.
Satellite-derived mineral mapping and monitoring of weathering, deposition and erosion
Authors: Cudahy Thomas , Caccetta Mike , Thomas Matilda , Hewson Robert , Abrams Michael , Kato Masatane , Kashimura Osamu , Ninomiya Yoshiki , Yamaguchi Yasushi , Collings Simon , Laukamp Carsten , Ong Cindy , Lau Ian , Rodger Andrew , Chia Joanne , Warren Peter , Woodcock Robert , Fraser Ryan , Rankine Terry , Vote Josh , de Caritat Patrice , English Pauline , Meyer Dave , Doescher Chris , Fu Bihong , Shi Pilong , Mitchell Ross 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Earth’s surface comprises minerals diagnostic of weathering, deposition and erosion. The first continental-scale mineral maps generated from an imaging satellite with spectral bands designed to measure clays, quartz and other minerals were released in 2012 for Australia. Here we show how these satellite mineral maps improve our understanding of weathering, erosional and depositional processes in the context of changing weather, climate and tectonics. The clay composition map shows how kaolinite has developed over tectonically stable continental crust in response to deep weathering during northwardly migrating tropical conditions from 45 to 10 Ma. The same clay composition map, in combination with one sensitive to water content, enables the discrimination of illite from montmorillonite clays that typically develop in large depositional environments over thin (sinking) continental crust such as the Lake Eyre Basin. Cutting across these clay patterns are sandy deserts that developed <10 Ma and are well mapped using another satellite product sensitive to the particle size of silicate minerals. This product can also be used to measure temporal gains/losses of surface clay caused by periodic wind erosion (dust) and rainfall inundation (flood) events. The accuracy and information content of these satellite mineral maps are validated using published data.
Triangular Black Phosphorus Atomic Layers by Liquid Exfoliation
Authors: Seo Soonjoo , Lee Hyun Uk , Lee Soon Chang , Kim Yooseok , Kim Hyeran , Bang Junhyeok , Won Jonghan , Kim Youngjun , Park Byoungnam , Lee Jouhahn 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFew-layer black phosphorus (BP) is the most promising material among the two-dimensional materials due to its layered structure and the excellent semiconductor properties. Currently, thin BP atomic layers are obtained mostly by mechanical exfoliation of bulk BP, which limits applications in thin-film based electronics due to a scaling process. Here we report highly crystalline few-layer black phosphorus thin films produced by liquid exfoliation. We demonstrate that the liquid-exfoliated BP forms a triangular crystalline structure on SiO2/Si (001) and amorphous carbon. The highly crystalline BP layers are faceted with a preferred orientation of the (010) plane on the sharp edge, which is an energetically most favorable facet according to the density functional theory calculations. Our results can be useful in understanding the triangular BP structure for large-area applications in electronic devices using two-dimensional materials. The sensitivity and selectivity of liquid-exfoliated BP to gas vapor demonstrate great potential for practical applications as sensors.
Intracellular osteopontin stabilizes TRAF3 to positively regulate innate antiviral response
Authors: Zhao Kai , Zhang Meng , Zhang Lei , Wang Peng , Song Guanhua , Liu Bingyu , Wu Haifeng , Yin Zhinan , Gao Chengjiang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOsteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein involved in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. However, the function of OPN, especially the intracellular form OPN (iOPN) on innate antiviral immune response remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that iOPN is an essential positive regulator to protect the host from virus infection. OPN deficiency or knockdown significantly attenuated virus-induced IRF3 activation, IFN-β production and antiviral response. Consistently, OPN-deficient mice were more susceptible to VSV infection than WT mice. Mechanistically, iOPN was found to interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and inhibit Triad3A-mediated K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of TRAF3 through the C-terminal fragment of iOPN. Therefore, our findings delineated a new function for iOPN to act as a positive regulator in innate antiviral immunity through stabilization of TRAF3.
Photo-activation of Single Molecule Magnet Behavior in a Manganese-based Complex
Authors: Fetoh Ahmed , Cosquer Goulven , Morimoto Masakazu , Irie Masahiro , El-Gammal Ola , El-Reash Gaber Abu , Breedlove Brian K. , Yamashita Masahiro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA major roadblock to fully realizing molecular electronic devices is the ability to control the properties of each molecule in the device. Herein we report the control of the magnetic properties of single-molecule magnets (SMMs), which can be used in memory devices, by using a photo-isomerizable diarthylenthene ligand. Photo-isomerization of the diarylethene ligand bridging two manganese salen complexes with visible light caused a significant change in the SMM behavior due to opening of the six-membered ring of diarylethene ligand, accompanied by reorganization of the entire molecule. The ring-opening activated the frequency-dependent magnetization of the complex. Our results are a major step towards the realization of molecular memory devices composed of SMMs because the SMM behaviour can be turned on and off simply by irradiating the molecule.