bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aphid and Flea Beetle Control on Tobacco Grown in Fumigated Soil, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate various combinations of soil insecticides and foliar treatments for TA and TFB control and the resulting effects on the yield and price of fluecured tobacco grown in fumigated soil. Seven treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants), were separated by single border rows. The entire test site was fumigated for control of the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera solanacearum. Telone C- 17 was applied broadcast at 19.1 gal/acre on 12 Apr. Most treatments of liquid formulations were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized, tractormounted boom sprayer that delivered at 30.4 gal/acre and 40 psi through 8003LP tips on 29 Apr. Treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. The Temik treatments were applied in a 14 inch band using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and treatments were immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 17 May. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. Foliar applications of Orthene and Dipel were applied with a CO2-pressurized sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre through 3 TX-12 nozzles at 60 psi. ‘K- 326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 18 May. Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations were followed for production of the crop. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 6 to 11 wks after transplanting. TFB and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot during late May and early Jun. On 26 Aug, aphid damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no damage and 10 = very severe injury. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Log,0(x + 1) before analysis.
Wheat Aphid Control in Spring Wheat, 1994
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, ID. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by solid set sprinklers. Seven treatments and one untreated check were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Wheat was planted 12 May and all treatments were applied on 27 Jun. All materials were broadcast applied using 20 gal H20/acre with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (30 psi, four 10X hollow cone nozzles). Pre-treatment and post-treatment aphid counts were made by counting aphids from 10 tillers per plot that expressed symptoms of Russian wheat aphid infestation per tiller. Percent infestation was estimated by counting the total infested plants in 4 randomly-selected 1 ft row/plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple means comparison.
Influence of Application Time on the Efficacy of Insect Growth Regulators and Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle and Northern Masked Chafer Larvae on a Golf Course, 1994
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on a golf course fairway at Atwood Resort, Delroy, OH. Insecticides were applied 11 Aug and 6 Sep to plots 4 × 10 ft (1.2 × 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times. Granular materials were applied with a shaker jar. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.19 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3.1 gal/1000 ft2 (1262 liter/ha). After all treatments were applied each treatment date, the area was irrigated approximately V* inch (6 mm) of water using the golf course system. Environmental conditions at the 11 Aug treatments were as follows. White grubs: 8-10/ft2, 100% NMC, 30% 1st and 70% 2nd 3rd instars present. Turf: &lt; 5° slope, dry, 1-2 inches height (2.5-5 cm height), 40% bentgrass, 40% annual bluegrass, and 20% Kentucky bluegrass, no thatch. Soil: moist 75°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 74°F at 3 inches (7.6 cm). Weather: cloudy and light rain, 67°F, 0 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 6 Sep treatments were as follows. White grubs: 2nd and 3rd instars present, no pretreatment count or species identification. Turf: &lt;5° slope, dry, 1-2 inches height (2.5-5 cm height), 40% bentgrass, 40% annual bluegrass, and 20% Kentucky bluegrass, no thatch. Soil: very moist, 65°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 74°F at 3 inches (7.6 cm). Weather: sunny, 64°F, 0 mph wind. Efficacy data taken 27 Sep (47 & 21 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in five samples 7 × 7 inches (17.8 × 17.8 cm) from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test.
Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larval Control on Golf Course Putting Green Turf, Oh, 1994
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Richmond D. , Niemczyk H. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on the bentgrass nursery of the Westfield Country Club. Insecticides and nematodes were applied 11 Jul to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids were applied using a CO2 sprayer with TeeJefT* XR8006VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.11 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1.0 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Treatments were not irrigated after application. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. Turf: level, dense, 7/,6 inch (11 mm) height, heavy dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, W to 3/s inch (6-9 mm) or less. Soil: moist, 76°F (24.4°C) at 1.0 inch (2.5 cm), 75°F (23.9°C) at 3.0 inch (7.6 cm), sandy loam. Weather: mostly sunny, 76 to 82°F (24.4-27.8°C), 0 to 7 mph (0-11.7 km/h) wind. Efficacy data taken 18 Jul (7 DAT) and 25 Jul (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed to the surface in a 1.0 yd2 (0.84 m2) area using a soap irritant drench of 15 ml Joy*9 dishwashing detergent in 2.0 gal (7.6 liter) water.
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Larvae, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Four different active ingredients were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle larvae on a fairway at Stockbridge C.C., Stockbridge, MA. The fairway consisted primarily of creeping bentgrass (40%), annual bluegrass (25%), perennial ryegrass (10%), and Kentucky bluegrass (10%), and was mowed at ca. 0.8 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft × 8 ft, replicated 5 times, in a CRB design. All applications were made between 11:00 AM and 12:15 PM, 16 Aug 94. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with watering cans, 3 liters water per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows—75°F, sunny with light south wind (&lt;5 mph), low humidity; soil type, silty loam. All plots were hand watered with 40 liters water immediately after the last materials were applied and received an additional 0.25 inch irrigation 1 hr after application. Nearly 1 inch of rain fell 36 hr after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 19 Sep (34 DAT) by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam.) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (C Block) at a rate of 150 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of treatment materials were made on 3 May (half-inch green) and 1 Jun (petal fall). Dithane, Penncozeb, Bayleton and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations of RAA were made on 25 and 31 May, 7, 15, 22 and 29 Jun by examining 100 terminals per replicate or 400 terminals per treatment for the presence or absence of RAA.
Evaluation to Manage Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Merit, Oftanol, and Dursban in Bedford County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (25 Apr), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch dept, 58°F; RH, 61%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 19.4% sand, 50.5% silt, 30.1% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 26.8%; organic matter, 7.6%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.2; and skies were partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.06 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 52 DAT (15 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Evaluation to Manage Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Vector Tl and Dursban in Bedford County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. , Silcox C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Two ft barriers were placed between each treatment replicate. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (23 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 68°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 38%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inches; soil type, soil-loam; soil particle size analysis: 27.0% sand, 51.8% silt, 21.2% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 37.7%; organic matter, 8.9%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.3; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 23 DAT (15 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4 inch cup cutter.
Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental and Conventional Formulations on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%.), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (23 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 41.6% sand, 36.2% silt, 22.2% clay; organic matter, 17.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 34.2%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.2; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.275 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 27 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against European Chafer Larvae, Home Lawn, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six different active ingredients were tested for efficacy against European chafer larvae on a lawn in eastern Massachusetts (Waltham). The lawn consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (30%), annual bluegrass (25%), perennial ryegrass (25%), and assorted broad-leaved weeds (20%), mowed at ca. 2 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft × 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a CRB design. All applications were made between 11:45 AM and 1:00 PM 9 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with watering cans, 3 liters water per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: 85°F, sunny with light south wind (&lt;5 mph), moderate humidity; soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.2; water pH, 6.8. All plots received ca. 0.25 inch irrigation immediately after the last materials were applied. No additional rain fell in the area in the next 48 hr. Product efficacy was evaluated 28 Sep (50 DAT) by removing 4 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam.) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Control of Bluegrass Billbugs on a Kentucky Bluegrass Lawn in Saunders Co., Ne, 1994
Authors: Weinhold A. P. , Baxendale F. P. , Riordan T. P. , Johnson-Cicalese J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Conventional insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for control of bluegrass billbug larvae on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 3 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was adequate throughout the study. Plots were 6 × 6 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul 1994. Granular insecticides were applied with a pre-calibrated 24H12 Gandy spreader. Liquid insecticides and nematodes were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an Lf-4 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. A total of 0.76 inches of rain fell during the post treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 15 DAT (25 Jul) by removing from each plot five, 6-inch diam turf-soil cores (0.98 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving billbug larvae and pupae. Estimate of life stages at the time of application were mid to late instar with 30% pupae.
Apple Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Bradley S. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with trees planted at a spacing of 6 × 20 ft. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six single-tree replications. Insecticides were applied on 2 Aug with a Rears Pak-Blast airblast sprayer delivering 200 gpa. AA control was evaluated by counting the number of aphids on six randomly selected tagged shoots per treatment before application and 3 and 8 DAT.
Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose Plants, Eaton Co., Mi 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rose plants of several varieties were used for this test at a residence in Eaton Co. The plants were 2-3 ft tall in 2 gal pots. The plants were treated on 21 Jul in the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses, Michigan State University, just before they were transported to a residence in Eaton Co. with an active Japanese beetle infestation. The liquid insecticides were mixed with one liter of water and sprayed with a hand-held CO, R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 38 psi except the Marathon which was incorporated into the top of the pot. All of the treatments were replicated 6 times, each replicate being a single plant. The varieties of roses were assigned to treatments such that each treatment had one plant of each variety. The plants were fertilized at the time of treatment and were watered every other d throughout the test. Treatments were evaluated on 29 Jul and 5 Aug by counting all Japanese beetle adults on the plants and by counting the no. of damaged leaves.
Evaluation of Pyridaben for Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Rose Plants in the Greenhouse, 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Thirty 30-inch-tall roses were grown in 3 gal pots at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. In early Jun the plants were infested with twospotted spider mites, raised on bean plants in the laboratory, by placing infested leaves on the test plants. Precounts were made on 15 Jun by collecting 10 leaves from each rose plant and counting the no. of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. The plants were blocked by the precounts. Plants were sprayed to runoff on 16 Jun with a R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 nozzle at 50 psi. Each treatment was replicated 6 times, each replicate being an individual plant. Postcounts were made on 21 Jun, 7 and 21 Jul in the same manner as the precounts.
Evaluation of Candidate Insecticides for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants in Commercial Grass Sod, 1994
Authors: Lockley Timothy C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Nine candidate insecticides/rates were evaluated for control of RIFA in commercial sod at the Pearl River Sod Farm, Wiggins, MS. Applications of materials were made on 7 Sep, 1993. A trailer mounted boom system was used for application of liquid materials. The boom sprayer consisted of 5 TeeJet TSS4 nozzles spaced at intervals of 36 inches and overlapped by 5 TSS3 spray tips. Both pumps and both booms operated at 28 psi. Rate of output was ca. 32.0 gal finished spray/acre. Applications of granular materials were made using a hand-held radial seed spreader. Materials were applied to plots measuring 15’ × 100’ at rates indicated. All treatments were replicated three times. Pageant 50 DF was used as the control. Core samples were taken at monthly intervals. Bioassays were conducted in the lab by confining RIFA alate queens in containers in which ca. one ounce of soil had been placed. Mortality counts were made 7 days from the date of confinement.
European Elm Scale Control, Ft. Collins, Co, 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Eckberg Thomas 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted on the campus of Colorado State University on American elm heavily infested with European elm scale in the second instar. Applications were made 4 Aug to point of run-off on infested terminal branches. Plot design was an RCB with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 3 Sep by examining 6 leaves per treated plot and counting all of the living and dead scale nymphs.
Apple, Campylomma Control on ‘Golden Delicious’, 1994
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with seven treatments and four single-tree replicates. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300 psi. Application rates were based on 400 gpa. The Lorsban 4E + dormant oil treatment was applied at half-inch green (29 Mar). All other treatments were applied at pink (7 Apr). MPB nymphs were sampled from 2 limbs of each replicate tree on each sampling date with the mean of the 2 samples representing that replication. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm × 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs was then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 16 Jun and 2 Sep, just before commercial harvest. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for MPB damage. Fruit with one or more stings were classed as damaged.
Control of Gall-Making Psyllids on Hackberry—A two Year Evaluation, 1993-1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted on field grown hackberry trees, approximately 12-ft in height, at a nursery in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of individual trees, separated by untreated trees, arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. All treatments were applied using a Kioritz® soil injector delivering 1 fl. oz. of insecticide diluted with water in each of 4 injection holes/plant. Total amounts of insecticide applied per plant are indicated in the following table. Treatments of Bay NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) were applied on 26 May and Orthene 75S (acephate) treatments were applied 28 May 1993. Plots were periodically furrow irrigated and subsoil moisture was high since the site was bounded by irrigation ditches. Evaluations in 1993 were made 28 Jun by counting the total number of galls on individual branches surveyed at each of 4 cardinal points per tree. Trials in 1994 were evaluated by examining 5 leaves, collected randomly from a branch of each cardinal point of the trees, on two dates (1 Jul, 15 Aug).
Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge, 1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established 13 Jun at a commercial nursery north of Ft. Collins, CO. Trees were approximately 8-ft (1 inch DBH) and had been transplanted at the site the previous year. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied using a hand operated compressed air sprayer to point of run-off. At the time of application heavy oviposition from Generation III adults was occurring. Evaluations were made 20 Jun by counting all new galls on the 2 most newly expanded leaves at 4 points on each tree. (Note: This method overestimated galling as both complete, occupied galls and partial galls formed by insects that were apparently killed by the treatment were counted. In many treatments only the latter were present.)
Scotch Pine, Zimmerman Pine Moth Control, 1994
Authors: Ellis Thomas L. , McCullough Deborah G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 6-10 year old Scotch pine in 3 fields of a commercial Christmas tree plantation in Jackson County, MI. Sprays were applied to the stem and large branches of trees at a rate of 300 gpa with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer. Efficacy of treatments was determined using a CRD with 15 replicates per treatment (75 trees total). Trees treated with Dimilin 25W, Dimilin 25W + oil and Lorsban 4E were sprayed on 19 Apr 1994, to coincide with first larval activity. Trees in a fourth treatment were sprayed on 13 Aug 1993 (to coincide with adult mating) and 19 Apr 1994. The number of ZPM attacks was determined in Aug 1993, prior to spraying. Post-spray attacks, characterized by soft, oozing pitch masses, were recorded for each tree on 7 Jul and 9 Jul 1994.