bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Emerging New Risk Analysis Science: Foundations and Implications
Authors: Aven Terje 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo solve real‐life problems—such as those related to technology, health, security, or climate change—and make suitable decisions, risk is nearly always a main issue. Different types of sciences are often supporting the work, for example, statistics, natural sciences, and social sciences. Risk analysis approaches and methods are also commonly used, but risk analysis is not broadly accepted as a science in itself. A key problem is the lack of explanatory power and large uncertainties when assessing risk. This article presents an emerging new risk analysis science based on novel ideas and theories on risk analysis developed in recent years by the risk analysis community. It builds on a fundamental change in thinking, from the search for accurate predictions and risk estimates, to knowledge generation related to concepts, theories, frameworks, approaches, principles, methods, and models to understand, assess, characterize, communicate, and (in a broad sense) manage risk. Examples are used to illustrate the importance of this distinct/separate risk analysis science for solving risk problems, supporting science in general and other disciplines in particular.
Changes in the gender structure: Inequality at the individual, interactional, and macro dimensions
Authors: Scarborough William J. , Risman Barbara J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs a society, we've made tremendous progress toward gender equality over the past several decades. Yet there remains significant inequality between women and men. Furthermore, when we look closely at some of the progress made toward gender equality, we find it considerably less impressive than surface appearances. In this article, we review the updated framework of Risman's (2017) gender structure theory and argue that it can help us make sense of the progress we've made as well as analyzing inequality as it persists between women and men. Using gender structure theory, we then show how gender is simultaneously reproduced and contested across the individual, interactional, and macro levels of society within 3 major social domains: work, family, and gender identity.
HLA polymorphisms and risk of red blood cell alloimmunisation in polytransfused patients with sickle cell anaemia
Authors: Rodrigues C. , Sell A. M. , Guelsin G. A. S. , Higa T. T. , Pagliarini e Silva S. , Macedo L. C. , Sippert E. Â. , de Alencar J. B. , Zanette Â. , Acorsi C. R. L. , Castilho L. , Visentainer J. E. L. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYBackgroundRed blood cell (RBC) alloimmunisation is an event that may occur due to factors such as numerous blood transfusions, age, gender and genetic factors such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA).Aims/ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of alloimmunisation to red blood cell group antigens associated with the HLA of individuals and to relate alloimmunisation to risk factors.MethodsA total of 172 polytransfused patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) (44 alloimmunised, 128 non‐alloimmunised) participated in this study. Blood group genotyping was performed by the DNA microarray method and HLA genotyping by polymerase chain reaction – specific sequence of oligonucleotides.ResultsThe number of transfusions received directly influenced the incidence of alloimmunisation, and the most common alloantibodies were against Rh (48·8%) and Kell (17%) systems.The HLA‐C*06 and HLA‐DQB1*03 variants were significantly higher in alloimmunised patients. The HLA‐DRB1*04 and HLA‐DRB1*11 were more often found in individuals who developed the alloantibodies anti‐Fya and anti‐K, respectively.ConclusionThis study suggests that polytransfused patients with SCA possessing the HLA‐DQB1*03 and HLA‐C*06 allele variants are more susceptible to alloimmunisation. In addition, HLA‐DRB1*04 and HLA‐DRB1*11 alleles were seen to be associated with the production of anti‐Fya and anti‐K antibodies, respectively.
The preparation, characterization of FeC micro‐electrolysis materials using low‐cost biochar and the removal of ultra‐high COD pesticide wastewater
Authors: Li Min , Zhang Yihe , Hu Pan , Yu Shixin , Guo Yuxi , Huang Hongwei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTwo kinds of FeC micro‐electrolysis materials (FeC MEMs) named Fe0/FeC MEMs and Fe3O4/FeC MEMs were prepared using low‐cost biochar, chemical grade Fe0 powder and industrial iron powder. The FeC MEMs were characterized by XRD, SEM and FT‐IR. Meanwhile, the effects of sintering temperatures and mass ratios of Fe to C on the treatment high chemical oxygen demand (COD) pesticide wastewater were studied. The results display that the relative removal rate of COD reached 64% for Fe0/FeC MEMs when the sintering temperature was 400°C and the mass ratio of Fe to C was 1 : 1. For Fe3O4/FeC MEMs, and the mass ratio of Fe3O4 to C was 1 : 3, the relative removal rate of COD reached 63.71%. Hence, the chemical grade Fe0 powder could be replaced with industrial iron powder to achieve the goal of low‐cost treatment of the high COD pesticide wastewater.
Human Cytomegalovirus Particles Treated with Specific Antibodies Induce Intrinsic and Adaptive but Not Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Wu Zeguang , Qin Ruifang , Wang Li , Bosso Matteo , Scherer Myriam , Stamminger Thomas , Hotter Dominik , Mertens Thomas , Frascaroli Giada 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persistently infects 40% to 100% of the human population worldwide. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that humoral immunity to HCMV plays an important role in restricting virus dissemination and protecting the infected host from disease. Specific immunoglobulin preparations from pooled plasma of adults selected for high titers of HCMV antibodies have been used for the prevention of CMV disease in transplant recipients and pregnant women. Even though incubation of HCMV particles with these preparations leads to the neutralization of viral infectivity, it is still unclear whether the antibody-treated HCMV particles (referred to here as HCMV-Ab) enter the cells and modulate antiviral immune responses. Here we demonstrate that HCMV-Ab did enter macrophages. HCMV-Ab did not initiate the expression of immediate early antigens (IEAs) in macrophages, but they induced an antiviral state and rendered the cells less susceptible to HCMV infection upon challenge. Resistance to HCMV infection seemed to be due to the activation of intrinsic restriction factors and was independent of interferons. In contrast to actively infected cells, autologous NK cells did not degranulate against HCMV-Ab-treated macrophages, suggesting that these cells may not be eliminated by innate effector cells. Interestingly, HCMV-Ab-treated macrophages stimulated the proliferation of autologous adaptive CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells. Our findings not only expand the current knowledge on virus-antibody immunity but may also be relevant for future vaccination strategies.

IMPORTANCE
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a common herpesvirus, establishes benign but persistent infections in immunocompetent hosts. However, in subjects with an immature or dysfunctional immune system, HCMV is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Passive immunization has been used in different clinical settings with variable clinical results. Intravenous hyperimmune globulin preparations (IVIg) are obtained from pooled adult human plasma selected for high anti-CMV antibody titers. While HCMV neutralization can be shown
in vitro
using different systems, data are lacking regarding the cross-influence of IVIg administration on the cellular immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IVIg on distinct components of the immune response against HCMV, including antigen presentation by macrophages, degranulation of innate natural killer cells, and proliferation of adaptive CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells.
Bowel perforation presenting three months after suprapubic catheter insertion
Authors: Stonier Thomas , Simson Nick , Wilson Elizabeth , Stergios Konstantinos Eleftherios 
Published: September 2017

An 82-year-old male with multiple comorbidities, including previous laparotomies, had a suprapubic catheter (SPC) inserted under guidance with ultrasound and a flexible cystoscope. Three months following the procedure, having returned for a flexible cystoscopy for ongoing bladder pain syndrome, he became peritonitic postoperatively.A CT scan and subsequent laparotomy confirmed the SPC to be passing through a section of terminal ileum. The bowel was resected and he recovered well after a long hospital admission. A literature search found this delayed presentation of bowel perforation following SPC insertion to be rare, with only a few other cases reported. In particular, previous abdominal surgery increases the risk of this complication. This case serves as a reminder of the rare but potentially significant risk of SPC insertion and unusually highlights that this may not present immediately.
Assessment tool for the instructional design of simulation-based team training courses: the ID-SIM
Authors: Fransen Annemarie F , van der Hout-van der Jagt M Beatrijs , Gardner Roxane , Capelle Manuela , Oei Sebastiaan P , van Runnard Heimel Pieter J , Oei S Guid 
Published: September 2017

IntroductionTo achieve an expert performance of care teams, adequate simulation-based team training courses with an effective instructional design are essential. As the importance of the instructional design becomes ever more clear, an objective assessment tool would be valuable for educators and researchers. Therefore, we aimed to develop an evidence-based and objective assessment tool for the evaluation of the instructional design of simulation-based team training courses.MethodsA validation study in which we developed an assessment tool containing an evidence-based questionnaire with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and a visual chart directly translating the results of the questionnaire. Psychometric properties of the assessment tool were tested using five descriptions of simulation-based team training courses. An expert-opinion-based ranking from poor to excellent was obtained. Ten independent raters assessed the five training courses twice, by using the developed questionnaire with an interval of 2 weeks. Validity and reliability analyses were performed by using the scores from the raters and comparing them with the expert’s ranking. Usability was assessed by an 11-item survey.ResultsA 42-item questionnaire, using VAS, and a propeller chart were developed. The correlation between the expert-opinion-based ranking and the evaluators’ scores (Spearman correlation) was 0.95, and the variance due to subjectivity of raters was 3.5% (VTraining*Rater). The G-coefficient was 0.96. The inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) was 0.91 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.99), and intra-rater reliability for the overall score (ICC) was ranging from 0.91 to 0.99.ConclusionsWe developed an evidence-based and reliable assessment tool for the evaluation of the instructional design of a simulation-based team training: the ID-SIM. The ID-SIM is available as a free mobile application.
Prospective study on the incidence, prevalence and 5-year pancreatic-related mortality of pancreatic cysts in a population-based study
Authors: Kromrey Marie-Luise , Bülow Robin , Hübner Jenny , Paperlein Christin , Lerch Markus M , Ittermann Till , Völzke Henry , Mayerle Julia , Kühn Jens-Peter 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveTo analyse the prevalence, incidence and clinical relevance of pancreatic cysts detected as incidental finding in a population-based longitudinal study.DesignA total of 1077 participants (521 men, mean age 55.8±12.8 years) of 2333 participants from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) at baseline (2008–2012). MRCP was analysed for pancreatic cysts with a diameter ≥2 mm. 676/1077 subjects received a 5-year follow-up (2014–2016). The prevalence and incidence of pancreatic cysts (weighted for study participation) were assessed in association to age, gender and suspected epidemiological risk factors. Mortality follow-up was performed in 2015 for all SHIP participants (mean follow-up period 5.9 years, range 3.2–7.5 years).ResultsAt baseline pancreatic cysts had a weighted prevalence of 49.1%, with an average number of 3.9 (95% CI 3.2 to 4.5) cysts per subject in the subgroup harbouring cysts. Cyst size ranged from 2 to 29 mm. Prevalence (p<0.001), number (p=0.001) and maximum size (p<0.001) increased significantly with age. The 5-year follow-up revealed a weighted incidence of 12.9% newly detected pancreatic cysts. 57.1% of the subjects initially harbouring pancreatic cysts showed an increase in number and/or maximum cyst size. Of all subjects undergoing MRCP, no participant died of pancreatic diseases within mortality follow-up.ConclusionThe prevalence of pancreatic cysts in the general population is unexpectedly high, and their number and size increase with age. Overall, no pancreatic cancer was observed in this collective during a 5-year follow-up. Nevertheless, prospective follow-up imaging showed minimal progress in more than 50%. Only about 6% of cysts and 2.5% of the study group initially presented with cysts of more than 1 cm and thus might be clinically meaningful.
Fatty acids promote fatty liver disease via the dysregulation of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase/hydrogen sulfide pathway
Authors: Li Meng , Xu Chengfu , Shi Junping , Ding Jiexia , Wan Xingyong , Chen Dahua , Gao Jianguo , Li Chunxiao , Zhang Jie , Lin Yiming , Tu Zhenhua , Kong Xiaoni , Li Youming , Yu Chaohui 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveAccumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in hepatocytes induces lipotoxicity, leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which FFA contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD via the regulation of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), a key enzyme that regulates endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) biosynthesis.DesignHepatic MPST expression was evaluated in mice and patients with NAFLD. A variety of molecular approaches were used to study the effects of MPST regulation on hepatic steatosis in vivo and in vitro.ResultsIn vitro treatment of hepatocytes with FFAs upregulated MPST expression, which was partially dependent on NF-κB/p65. Hepatic MPST expression was markedly increased in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and patients with NAFLD. Partial knockdown of MPST via adenovirus delivery of MPST short hairpin RNA or heterozygous deletion of the Mpst gene significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. Consistently, inhibition of MPST also reduced FFA-induced fat accumulation in L02 cells. Intriguingly, inhibition of MPST significantly enhanced rather than decreased H2S production, whereas MPST overexpression markedly inhibited H2S production. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that MPST directly interacted with and negatively regulated cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), a major source of H2S production in the liver. Mechanistically, MPST promoted steatosis via inhibition of CSE/H2S and subsequent upregulation of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c pathway, C-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and hepatic oxidative stress.ConclusionsFFAs upregulate hepatic expression of MPST and subsequently inhibit the CSE/H2S pathway, leading to NAFLD. MPST may be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD.
Constitutive activity of 5-HT2C receptors is present after incomplete spinal cord injury but is not modified after chronic SSRI or baclofen treatment
Authors: Tysseling V. M. , Klein D. A. , Imhoff-Manuel R. , Manuel M. , Heckman C. J. , Tresch M. C. 
Published: September 2017

After spinal cord injury (SCI), reflexes become hyperexcitable, leading to debilitating muscle spasms and compromised motor function. Previous work has described adaptations in spinal systems that might underlie this hyperexcitability, including an increase in constitutively active 5-HT2C receptors in spinal motoneurons. That work, however, examined adaptations following complete transection SCI, whereas SCI in humans is usually anatomically and functionally incomplete. We therefore evaluated whether constitutive activity of 5-HT2C receptors contributes to reflex hyperexcitability in an incomplete compression model of SCI and to spasms in vitro and in vivo. Our results confirm that 5-HT2C receptor constitutive activity contributes to reflex excitability after incomplete SCI. We also evaluated whether constitutive activity could be altered by manipulation of neural activity levels after SCI, testing the hypothesis that it reflects homeostatic processes acting to maintain spinal excitability. We decreased neural activity after SCI by administering baclofen and increased activity by administering the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine. We found that drug administration produced minimal alterations in in vivo locomotor function or reflex excitability. Similarly, we found that neither baclofen nor fluoxetine altered the contribution of constitutively active 5-HT2C receptors to reflexes after SCI, although the contribution of 5-HT2C receptors to reflex activity was altered after SSRIs. These results confirm the importance of constitutive activity in 5-HT2C receptors to spinal hyperexcitability following SCI in the clinically relevant case of incomplete SCI but suggest that this activity is not driven by homeostatic processes that act to maintain overall levels of spinal excitability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY After spinal cord injury (SCI), most people will develop muscle spasms below their level of injury that can severely impact function. In this work, we examine the adaptations that occur within the spinal cord after SCI that contribute to these motor dysfunctions. We also evaluate one hypothesis about how these adaptations develop, which will potentially lead to intervention strategies to improve functional outcomes in persons with SCI.
IL4 Receptor–Targeted Proapoptotic Peptide Blocks Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Enhancing Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Vadevoo Sri Murugan Poongkavithai , Kim Jung-Eun , Gunassekaran Gowri Rangaswamy , Jung Hyun-Kyung , Chi Lianhua , Kim Dong Eon , Lee Seung-Hyo , Im Sin-Hyeog , Lee Byungheon 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Cellular cross-talk between tumors and M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) favors tumor progression. Upregulation of IL4 receptor (IL4R) is observed in diverse tumors and TAMs. We tested whether an IL4R-targeted proapoptotic peptide could inhibit tumor progression. The IL4R-binding peptide (IL4RPep-1) preferentially bound to IL4R-expressing tumor cells and M2-polarized macrophages both in vitro and in 4T1 breast tumors in vivo. To selectively kill IL4R-expressing cells, we designed an IL4R-targeted proapoptotic peptide, IL4RPep-1-K, by adding the proapoptotic peptide (KLAKLAK)2 to the end of IL4RPep-1. IL4RPep-1-K exerted selective cytotoxicity against diverse IL4R-expressing tumor cells and M2-polarized macrophages. Systemic administration of IL4RPep-1-K inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 breast tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, IL4RPep-1-K treatment increased the number of activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells while reducing the numbers of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and M2-polarized TAMs. No significant systemic side effects were observed. These results suggest that IL4R-targeted proapoptotic peptide has potential for treating diverse IL4R-expressing cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(12); 2803–16. ©2017 AACR.
Using Climate Models to Estimate Urban Vulnerability to Flash Floods
Authors: Kermanshah A. , Derrible S. , Berkelhammer M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract Climate change will impact urban infrastructure networks by changing precipitation patterns in a region. This study presents a novel vulnerability assessment framework for infrastructure networks against extreme rainfall-induced flash floods, with a specific application to transportation. The framework combines climate models, network science, geographical information systems (GIS), and stochastic modeling to compile a vulnerability surface (VS). Daily precipitation simulations for 2006–2100 from the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), are used to produce a stochastic simulation of extreme flash flood events in five U.S. cities—that is, Boston, Massachusetts; Houston, Texas; Miami, Florida; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—under two different climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). To assess the impact of these events, percentage drops in static (i.e., overall properties and robustness topological indicators) and dynamic (i.e., GIS accessibility and travel demand metrics) network properties are measured before and after simulated extreme events. The results of these metrics are inputs on a radar diagram to form a VS. Overall, the results show that changes in flash flood frequency due to climate change can have a significant impact on road networks, as was demonstrated recently in Houston, Texas. The magnitude of these impacts is chiefly associated with the geographic location of the cities and the size of the networks. The proposed framework can be reproduced in any city around the world, and researchers can use the results as guidelines for infrastructure design and planning purposes. Moreover, sensitivity analysis to varying greenhouse gas concentration trajectories can help local and national authorities to prioritize strategies for adaptation to climate change in more vulnerable regions.
An Accurate Estimate of Monthly Mean Land Surface Temperatures from MODIS Clear-Sky Retrievals
Authors: Chen Xuelong , Su Zhongbo , Ma Yaoming , Cleverly James , Liddell Michael 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
MODIS thermal sensors can provide us with global land surface temperature (LST) several times each day, but have difficulty in obtaining information from the land surface in cloudy situations. As a result, the monthly day or night LST products [Terra monthly day LST (TMD), Terra monthly night LST (TMN), Aqua monthly day LST (AMD), and Aqua monthly night LST (AMN)] are the average LST values calculated over a variable number of clear-sky days in a month. Is it possible to derive an accurate estimate of monthly mean LST based on averaging of the multidaily overpasses of MODIS sensors? In situ ground measurements and ERA-Interim reanalyses data, both of which provide continuous information in either clear or cloudy conditions, have been used to validate the approach. Using LST measurements from 156 ground flux towers, it was found that the three mean values , , and (mean biases of 0.19, 0.59, and 0.40 K, respectively) can all provide a reliable estimate of all-sky monthly mean LST. Of the three means, we recommend the use of for monthly mean LST in climate studies as it provides the most complete coverage. When retrievals from either Terra or Aqua are not available, then either or may be used to fill the gaps. The intrinsic error in the MODIS monthly mean LST cannot be explained from monthly mean view time, view angle, and clear-sky ratio. MODIS monthly LST calculated using this approach (RMSE = 2.65, mean bias &lt; ±1 K) will have wide applicability for climate studies and numerical model evaluation.