bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validating a Predictive Model of Acute Advanced Imaging Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bivard Andrew , Levi Christopher , Lin Longting , Cheng Xin , Aviv Richard , Spratt Neil J. , Lou Min , Kleinig Tim , O’Brien Billy , Butcher Kenneth , Zhang Jingfen , Jannes Jim , Dong Qiang , Parsons Mark 
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose—
Advanced imaging to identify tissue pathophysiology may provide more accurate prognostication than the clinical measures used currently in stroke. This study aimed to derive and validate a predictive model for functional outcome based on acute clinical and advanced imaging measures.

Methods—
A database of prospectively collected sub-4.5 hour patients with ischemic stroke being assessed for thrombolysis from 5 centers who had computed tomographic perfusion and computed tomographic angiography before a treatment decision was assessed. Individual variable cut points were derived from a classification and regression tree analysis. The optimal cut points for each assessment variable were then used in a backward logic regression to predict modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0 to 1 and 5 to 6. The variables remaining in the models were then assessed using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results—

Overall, 1519 patients were included in the study, 635 in the derivation cohort and 884 in the validation cohort. The model was highly accurate at predicting mRS score of 0 to 1 in all patients considered for thrombolysis therapy (area under the curve [AUC] 0.91), those who were treated (AUC 0.88) and those with recanalization (AUC 0.89). Next, the model was highly accurate at predicting mRS score of 5 to 6 in all patients considered for thrombolysis therapy (AUC 0.91), those who were treated (0.89) and those with recanalization (AUC 0.91). The odds ratio of thrombolysed patients who met the model criteria achieving mRS score of 0 to 1 was 17.89 (4.59–36.35,
P
<0.001) and for mRS score of 5 to 6 was 8.23 (2.57–26.97,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
This study has derived and validated a highly accurate model at predicting patient outcome after ischemic stroke.
Anthropometric Photogrammetry as Applied to Escape Capsule Design
Authors: Chaffee John W. 
Published: January 2017

An experimental investigation was made of the location and spatial requirements of salient anatomical features of the human operator of a high-performance air weapon system when simulating the use of an escape capsule type of emergency abandonment system. Twenty-four subjects representative of the Air Force flying population were measured using a new system of anthropometric assessment which employs a nonstereographic photogrammetric treatment requiring two to three ordinary 8 in. × 10 in. view cameras together with adequate stroboscopic illumination. Data on the x, y, and z co-ordinates of sixteen anatomical features of the operators when positioned in six body attitudes representative of the escape system's use are presented in the form of figures.
The Sexual History Provisions in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 — A Violation of the Right to a Fair Trial?
Authors: Young Gudrun 
Published: January 2017

In response to the Home Office recommendations contained in Speaking Up for Justice (1998) the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (YJCEA) 1999 introduced a new regime for the conduct of sexual offence trials. Section 41 of the Act, which came into force on 4 December 2000, brings about dramatic changes to the rules on the admissibility of evidence of complainants' sexual behaviour, severely restricting the discretion of trial judges to introduce such evidence or to allow questioning concerning it. This represents a radical new departure that will fundamentally affect an accused's position at trial. Responses to section 41 have predictably been divided given the extremely sensitive nature of this area of the law of evidence and the complex set of social and political issues which are at stake. Many have greeted it as a long overdue reform of a system premised upon outmoded and sexist beliefs concerning women's sexual behaviour which has routinely functioned to admit prejudicial and irrelevant evidence. Others, predominantly within the legal profession, have expressed serious concerns over whether the new law is workable and the extent to which, by potentially excluding critically relevant evidence, it may infringe upon a defendant's right to a fair trial. The quality of the legislation is soon to be tested. On 26 and 27 March 2001 the House of Lords heard an interlocutory appeal in the case of R v. A and were asked to decide if the new provisions, by excluding previous sexual history evidence between the complainant and the defendant, contravened Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights. Their Lordships are, at the time of writing, yet to give judgment and the fate of the defendant in question, and several others whose trials have been postponed pending their decision, hangs in the balance. This article seeks to show that the new Act, despite being well-intentioned, does not adopt a coherent or sustainable approach to the relevance of previous sexual history evidence and the restrictive nature of its provisions are such that genuinely relevant material will be rendered inadmissible. This creates the risk of disembodying the case before the jury and raises the significant possibility that miscarriages of justice will occur. As a consequence, unless the legislation can be read down in such a way as to reintroduce a measure of judicial discretion to admit such evidence, a declaration of incompatibility may be called for.
Passive Euthanasia in Dementia: Killing … or Letting Die?
Authors: Salib Emad , Tadros George 
Published: January 2017

A sample of carers was asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire designed to collect information about carers' characteristics and obtain their views on passive euthanasia. Each carer was given an information sheet about the study, which included a detailed and clear account for the different types of euthanasia. The study showed a strong support for passive euthanasia from the non-professional carers of dementia patients. The strongest support was for the idea of a ‘Living Will’. Having previous experience in looking after other people with dementia would appear to influence carers' perception of passive euthanasia. The subject of passive euthanasia and its ramifications for sufferers, carers and professionals warrants further exploration.
1. Laryngeal Cyst and Sudden Death
Authors: Dada M A 
Published: January 2017

Laryngeal cysts are relatively uncommon and account for about five per cent of benign laryngeal lesions. The commonest location is the epiglottis. Pathologically these lesions may be divided into epithelial, tonsillar or oncocytic types. The patients may be asymptomatic or present with hoarseness, dysphagia, cough or airway obstruction. Epithelial cysts of the larynx, although histologically benign, may produce sudden and unexpected death from asphyxia. A case is presented of a 32-year-old female who was sexually assaulted and later found dead. Death was most likely due to laryngeal obstruction caused by an epiglottic cyst. Alcohol intoxication (BAC = 0.25g%) is likely to have been a contributory factor. In this case the results of the autopsy helped to exonerate the accused from being charged with murder. Other medico-legal problems that may be encountered with laryngeal cysts are difficulty in intubation and accidental rupture of a cyst during intubation or otolaryngeal examination.
AIDS and Professional Secrecy in the United States
Authors: Jayawardena Hemamal 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To create a legal awareness of AIDS patients' right to privacy among the medical profession. Discussion and recommendations: Doctors should recognize confidentiality as a patient's right, since in most countries the AIDS patient is practically considered a person who is going through a punishment, having no legal rights, rather than a patient suffering from a grave illness. Originally the common law did not recognize the concept of professional secrecy as a right of the patient. It was only regarded as an ethical duty not actionable in court. But with the eruption of diseases such as AIDS, statutes requiring written authorization for the release of confidential information were enacted. A problem with our hospital records is that they are freely available to almost all the staff in the hospitals and sometimes even to outsiders. In the case of AIDS at least, strict measures should be taken to enforce secrecy in relation to all disease-related information such as sexual history, HIV status and CD4 cell counts. The duty to keep medical information confidential is not absolute. An overriding duty towards society, occurs when the benefits of disclosure outweigh its harm. This Utopian argument is even more convincing when an HIV-positive person is acting irresponsibly, engaging in risky behaviour without warning the partner. All persons who have a compelling interest, such as sexual partners, needle sharers, medical and nursing personnel, should be provided with this information. It should also extend to mortuary attendants when the patient dies. A person having a STD has a legal duty to take precautions against transmission. In Berner v. Caldwell (543 So. 2d. 686), the US court held that one who knows or should reasonably know that he has genital herpes is under a duty to abstain from sex or warn others before risky contact. As doctors we should familiarize ourselves now with the concepts and laws regarding patients' rights, without waiting until a malpractice crisis develops to correct ourselves.
The Laboratory Efficiencies Initiative: Partnership for Building a Sustainable National Public Health Laboratory System
Authors: Ridderhof John C. , Moulton Anthony D. , Ned Renée M. , Nicholson Janet K.A. , Chu May C. , Becker Scott J. , Blank Eric C. , Breckenridge Karen J. , Waddell Victor , Brokopp Charles 
Published: January 2017

Beginning in early 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Association of Public Health Laboratories launched the Laboratory Efficiencies Initiative (LEI) to help public health laboratories (PHLs) and the nation's entire PHL system achieve and maintain sustainability to continue to conduct vital services in the face of unprecedented financial and other pressures. The LEI focuses on stimulating substantial gains in laboratories' operating efficiency and cost efficiency through the adoption of proven and promising management practices. In its first year, the LEI generated a strategic plan and a number of resources that PHL directors can use toward achieving LEI goals. Additionally, the first year saw the formation of a dynamic community of practitioners committed to implementing the LEI strategic plan in coordination with state and local public health executives, program officials, foundations, and other key partners.
Children and Adolescents Unvaccinated against Measles: Geographic Clustering, Parents' Beliefs, and Missed Opportunities
Authors: Smith Philip J. , Marcuse Edgar K. , Seward Jane F. , Zhao Zhen , Orenstein Walter A. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. We evaluated the extent to which children and adolescents were not vaccinated against measles (“unvaccinated”), clustering within U.S. counties, and factors associated with unvaccination, including parents' vaccine-related beliefs and missed opportunities. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2010–2013 National Immunization Survey (NIS) and NIS-Teen Survey of households with 19- to 35-month-old children and 13- to 17-year-old adolescents, respectively. We used provider-reported vaccination histories to assess measles vaccination status. Results. In 2013, 7.5% of children and 4.5% of adolescents were unvaccinated against measles. Four-fifths (80.0%) of unvaccinated children lived in counties containing 41.9% of the nation's children, and 80.0% of unvaccinated adolescents lived in counties containing 30.4% of the nation's adolescents. Multivariable statistical analyses found that 74.6% of children who were unvaccinated against measles missed being vaccinated for reasons other than parents' negative vaccine-related beliefs, and 89.6% could be deemed as having at least one missed opportunity for being vaccinated against measles because they were administered at least one dose of other recommended vaccines after 12 months of age. Among adolescents, multivariable analyses found that only demographic factors, not vaccine-related parental beliefs, were independently associated with being unvaccinated. Conclusions. Reasons other than negative vaccine-related beliefs, including missed opportunities, accounted for the vast majority of unvaccinated children and adolescents.
Trends in HIV Testing among U.S. Older Adults Prior to and since Release of CDC's Routine HIV Testing Recommendations: National Findings from the BRFSS
Authors: Ford Chandra L. , Mulatu Mesfin S. , Godette Dionne C. , Gaines Tommi L. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. This study examined temporal trends in HIV testing among U.S. older adults (50–64 years of age) before and after the release of CDC's routine HIV testing recommendations in 2006. Methods. The sample ( n=872,797; 51.4% female) comprised 2003–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System respondents in the oldest categories to which the recommendations apply: 50–54 years (34.5%, n=301,519), 55–59 years (34.1%, n=297,865), and 60–64 years (31.3%, n=273,413). We calculated (1) four-year pooled prevalences of past-year HIV testing before and after 2006, when the recommendations were released; and (2) annual prevalences of HIV testing overall and by age category from 2003–2010. Using weighted, multivariable logistic regression analyses, we examined binary (pre- vs. post-recommendations) and annual changes in testing, controlling for covariates. We stratified the data by recent doctor visits, examined racial/ethnic differences, and tested for linear and quadratic temporal trends. Results. Overall and within age categories, the pooled prevalence of past-year HIV testing decreased following release of the recommendations ( p<0.001). The annual prevalence decreased monotonically from 2003 (5.5%) to 2006 (3.6%) (β=–0.16, p<0.001) and then increased immediately after release of the recommendations, but decreased to 3.7% after 2009 (β=0.01, p<0.001). By race/ethnicity, testing increased over time among non-Hispanic black people only. Annual prevalence also increased among respondents with recent doctor visits. Conclusion. CDC's HIV testing recommendations were associated with a reversal in the downward trend in past-year HIV testing among older adults; however, the gains were neither universal nor sustained over time.
Socio-economic factors influencing utilisation of maternal health care in Uttar Pradesh: An analysis of NFHS-2 data
Authors: Ghosh Saswata 
Published: January 2017

Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998-99, analysed in this paper with multivariate logistic regressions, indicate that educational attainment of women is the most important factor in determining utilisation of maternal health care in rural, and, more pronouncedly, in urban areas, after controlling for all other socioeconomic factors. Standard of living (proxy for household economic status) too was found to be a significant determinant of accessing health services, in both rural and urban areas. Media exposure was important in use of antenatal care, which in turn was significantly associated with accessing delivery care. There are indications also that as the rural population does not have the benefit of access and a woman must go to the nearest city or town for institutional delivery care, household economic condition does matter in this case. Unless transport and communication become easily accessible to villages and to health professionals and centres, many rural women, especially the poor and the illiterate, may not be able to afford appropriate health care at delivery.
Processes of child trafficking in West Bengal: A qualitative study
Authors: Deb Sibnath , Srivastava Neerajakshi , Chatterjee Pooja , Chakraborty Tanusree 
Published: January 2017

A study of 35 trafficked children and young women found that trafficking is usually conducted through offers of false marriages and jobs, or through outright abduction and sale. In almost all districts and even some villages, the traffickers, who have a strong network, engage agents, who include: another person who herself is a victim of trafficking, unemployed persons, drug addicts/alcoholics or aged women with no income. Sometimes, these agents work under compulsion and/or are blackmailed into abetment. Since poverty and illiteracy are the prime factors contributing to trafficking, income-generating and literacy programmes should be arranged for needy families. Local NGOs also need to take the initiative to raise awareness levels in panchayats in order to check trafficking. Training programmes and workshops need to be organised too, for the local administration, panchayats members and police officers.
The Prevalence of Onchocerciasis and other Parasitic Infestations on an Oil Palm Plantation in Ghana
Authors: Krah Cyril K 
Published: January 2017

This study was carried out amongst workers of Twifo Oil Palm Plantations (TOPP), a large agro-based industry located in the tropical rain forest belt of the Central Region of Ghana in West Africa. The district abounds in streams and rivers, the biggest being the rapidly flowing River Pra which bisects the district. Simulium flies abound in the area and are commonly seen biting voraciously especially during the period of the year when farm lands are being prepared for cropping. The author assumed the responsibility of providing health care for about 1700 employees of the plantation and their dependants in 1988. The majority of employees had been engaged without any pre-employment medical examination. Available medical information on most workers was inadequate and limited to those reporting to the small company clinic. There was no hospital in the district and the deplorable roads turned the district into an inaccessible island. Meaningful planning for healthcare delivery in the area was difficult. This study was conceived as an initial step in identifying the common health problems particularly amongst the plantation workers in order to plan necessary interventions.
Primary Energy Sources of Electric Power in China
Authors: Denny David 
Published: January 2017

Electrical generation, 938 Mw, now predominantly (62%) from coal with hydro- at 29% and oil and natural gas at 9%, is expected to grow to 255,000 Mw by the year 2000. Coal will contribute 67%, oil and gas 4%, hydro- 27% and nuclear 2%. There are small, local sources of energy for power generation: geothermal, tidal and wind. Development will be affected by the availability of resources and the extent to which foreign participation is sought.
The Changing Atmosphere and the Role of Hydrogen
Authors: Solem Erik , Whitehead J. Rennie 
Published: January 2017

“Changing Atmosphere – Implications for Global Security”, Toronto 1988, attracted international attention to the dangers of the greenhouse effect. It focused attention on the need for cleaner primary energy sources and energy carriers. This implies not only greater efficiency and conservation but also a move away from high carbon content fuels. There will be increasing pressure on decision makers to take appropriate action in complex and difficult matters that will have profound political, social and economic implications. Hydrogen has an important role as an energy source in the short, medium and long term. Early applications of hydrogen include the enrichment of hydrogen-deficient oils and solid fuels, its role in the replacement of gasoline in urban vehicles, its use as an energy-storage medium for load-levelling, and for the transportation of large quantities of energy when other means are not available. In the long term it could become a principal world energy currency. In this role it is compatible with and complementary to electricity.
Next Generation High Resolution Airborne Gravity Reconnaissance in Oil Field Exploration
Authors: Bodard J.M. , Creer J.G. , Asten M.W. 
Published: January 2017

Simple modelling studies of gravity fields using elementary structural forms, oilfield-type structures and geological reconnaissance situations, show that gravity gradiometry technology offers significant petroleum exploration potential. In geological environments of interest, gravity gradients are primarily due to density displacement along (near) vertical boundaries. Gradient images therefore reveal the edges and corners of intrusions, faults, fault intersections, and other such structures often associated with hydrocarbon migration pathways and traps, and/or significant basinal trends. Recent technological advances may make gravity gradiometry an airborne reconnaissance tool capable of providing sensitivity and resolution superior to the best gravimetry available today. This capacity, and the array of gradient components that may be measured, will embellish aspects of the gravity field important to developing regional geologic interpretations. While the potential advantage of gravity gradiometry is greater lateral resolution and sensitivity from a moving platform, the disadvantage is the high sensitivity to topographic and shallow buried irregularities unrelated to the deeper geological structures of interest. A further difficulty is the complex gravity field representations produced for density structures of certain geometries. Buried features that have near surface expressions will be easiest to map. However, full use of gravity gradient technology will require application-focused data processing techniques and new interpretation skills. When the technology becomes commercially available it could find application in preseismic reconnaissance, structural (and possibly stratigraphic) mapping, acreage management and assessment, and in the evolution and mapping of controls on oilfield distribution. The technology could help develop exploration in remote and inaccessible areas, and provide a new look at well-explored regions. An immediate practical implementation appears to be in offshore exploration applications, possibly linked to deepwater exploitation strategies.
Dynamical Models in Geology: Sensitivity Analysis and Scientific Risk
Authors: Thomsen Rene O. 
Published: January 2017

Dynamical models are used routinely throughout various branches of geology and decisions are often based on the results of such models. Awareness of some fundamental limitations of any model used is therefore vital in order to avoid decision making based on highly uncertain results. Computer models are based on mathematical models which describe essential features of processes or system behaviour and a systematic approach to investigate and understand model limitations can therefore be applied. Sensitivity analysis provides a feel for the system response to uncertainties in both assumptions and observations. However, sensitivity analyses do not provide a feel for the level of confidence one should assign modelling results. A probabilistic approach to evaluation of uncertainties and modelling results is therefore demonstrated. Two cases are used as examples for the method and it is demonstrated how the combined sensitivity analyses and probabilistic evaluation greatly improve the use of even uncertain modelling results.