bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-Frequency Cortical Oscillations Entrain to Subthreshold Rhythmic Auditory Stimuli
Authors: ten Oever Sanne , Schroeder Charles E. , Poeppel David , van Atteveldt Nienke , Mehta Ashesh D. , Mégevand Pierre , Groppe David M. , Zion-Golumbic Elana 
Published: April 2017

Many environmental stimuli contain temporal regularities, a feature that can help predict forthcoming input. Phase locking (entrainment) of ongoing low-frequency neuronal oscillations to rhythmic stimuli is proposed as a potential mechanism for enhancing neuronal responses and perceptual sensitivity, by aligning high-excitability phases to events within a stimulus stream. Previous experiments show that rhythmic structure has a behavioral benefit even when the rhythm itself is below perceptual detection thresholds (ten Oever et al., 2014). It is not known whether this “inaudible” rhythmic sound stream also induces entrainment. Here we tested this hypothesis using magnetoencephalography and electrocorticography in humans to record changes in neuronal activity as subthreshold rhythmic stimuli gradually became audible. We found that significant phase locking to the rhythmic sounds preceded participants' detection of them. Moreover, no significant auditory-evoked responses accompanied this prethreshold entrainment. These auditory-evoked responses, distinguished by robust, broad-band increases in intertrial coherence, only appeared after sounds were reported as audible. Taken together with the reduced perceptual thresholds observed for rhythmic sequences, these findings support the proposition that entrainment of low-frequency oscillations serves a mechanistic role in enhancing perceptual sensitivity for temporally predictive sounds. This framework has broad implications for understanding the neural mechanisms involved in generating temporal predictions and their relevance for perception, attention, and awareness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe environment is full of rhythmically structured signals that the nervous system can exploit for information processing. Thus, it is important to understand how the brain processes such temporally structured, regular features of external stimuli. Here we report the alignment of slowly fluctuating oscillatory brain activity to external rhythmic structure before its behavioral detection. These results indicate that phase alignment is a general mechanism of the brain to process rhythmic structure and can occur without the perceptual detection of this temporal structure.
Posterior Orbitofrontal and Anterior Cingulate Pathways to the Amygdala Target Inhibitory and Excitatory Systems with Opposite Functions
Authors: Zikopoulos Basilis , Höistad Malin , John Yohan , Barbas Helen 
Published: April 2017

The bidirectional dialogue of the primate posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC) with the amygdala is essential in cognitive–emotional functions. The pOFC also sends a uniquely one-way excitatory pathway to the amygdalar inhibitory intercalated masses (IM), which inhibit the medial part of the central amygdalar nucleus (CeM). Inhibition of IM has the opposite effect, allowing amygdalar activation of autonomic structures and emotional arousal. Using multiple labeling approaches to identify pathways and their postsynaptic sites in the amygdala in rhesus monkeys, we found that the anterior cingulate cortex innervated mostly the basolateral and CeM amygdalar nuclei, poised to activate CeM for autonomic arousal. By contrast, a pathway from pOFC to IM exceeded all other pathways to the amygdala by density and size and proportion of large and efficient terminals. Moreover, whereas pOFC terminals in IM innervated each of the three distinct classes of inhibitory neurons, most targeted neurons expressing dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32+), known to be modulated by dopamine. The predominant pOFC innervation of DARPP-32+ neurons suggests activation of IM and inhibition of CeM, resulting in modulated autonomic function. By contrast, inhibition of DARPP-32 neurons in IM by high dopamine levels disinhibits CeM and triggers autonomic arousal. The findings provide a mechanism to help explain how a strong pOFC pathway, which is poised to moderate activity of CeM, through IM, can be undermined by the high level of dopamine during stress, resulting in collapse of potent inhibitory mechanisms in the amygdala and heightened autonomic drive, as seen in chronic anxiety disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala allows thoughts and emotions to influence actions. The posterior orbitofrontal cortex sends a powerful pathway that targets a special class of amygdalar intercalated mass (IM) inhibitory neurons, whose wiring may help modulate autonomic function. By contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex innervates other amygdalar parts, activating circuits to help avoid danger. Most IM neurons in primates label for the protein DARPP-32, known to be activated or inhibited based on the level of dopamine. Stress markedly increases dopamine release and inhibits IM neurons, compromises prefrontal control of the amygdala, and sets off a general alarm system as seen in affective disorders, such as chronic anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Placenta praevia in Najran University hospital: incidence and risk factors
Authors: Mustafa Sana B. , Elbashir Abdulhadi M. , Waddad Adil Y. , Ibrahim Abdelrahman M. A. 
Published: April 2017

Background: Placenta praevia is a source of drastic pregnancy, fetal and neonatal complications. There was variable incidence in the literature in different parts of the world and within the same country regions. We carried out this study to find the impact in our area and the possible risk factors for this serious obstetric problem.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive, one-year retrospective one-year prospective study, carried out from April 2014 to April 2016. All pregnant women attended the antenatal care clinic in Najran University Hospital during the study period, were included.Results: The incidence of placenta praevia was found to be 2.7%. AMONG the study group, the most affected age group was between 20-29 years. Previous placenta praevia and previous caesarean section were the significant risk factors P=0.00 and 0,017 repectively.Conclusions: The incidence of placenta praevia in Najran KSA in this study was high, compared to other regions in Saudi Arabia and the majority of the international figures. Caesarean section and previous placenta praevia were the significant risk factors for placenta praevia in this study.
Effect of sildenafil on IUGR
Authors: Singh Abha , Daharwal Abha , Kujur Avinashi , Awasthi Pragati 
Published: April 2017

Background: IUGR is one of the major culprit of perinatal mortality and morbidity in India, with reported incidence of 21-28%. Objective of present study is to investigate the effect of sildenafil on pregnancies complicated with IUGR and to see its effect on fetal outcome.Methods: This was a case control study conducted after clearance of Ethical Committee of the Institute from July 2014 to July 2016 in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Dr. B.R.A.M. Hospital, Raipur [C.G.]. All women with pregnancies complicated with IUGR were identified and included in study. According to treatment with Sildenafil women were divided in two groups. Both groups were followed up till delivery and their outcome including birth weight, AC and complications related to IUGR were compared.Results: IUGR was found to be more prevalent in primi gravidas and women of lower socioeconomic and educational status with low BMI. We found Hypertension in pregnancy as significant causative factor precipitating the IUGR [68%]. In sildenafil treated group significant 63% mothers had baby with birth weight >10 percentile whereas in sildenafil non treated group only 20% had > 10 percentile birth weight. The mean birth weight of Sildenafil treated group was 2594gm whereas in non-treated group it was 2200gm. In our study, we observed improved AC in 70% whereas in control group improvement was only in 34% which was significant.Conclusions: Sildenafil was found to improves birth weight, abdominal circumference, and reduce the complications related to IUGR.
Incision length: an emerging risk factors for surgical‐site infection following cesarean section
Authors: Nagaria Tripti , Kujur Avinashi , Thakur Neha 
Published: April 2017

Background: Since late nineteenth century, the caesarean section first done there is a tremendous improvement in the surgical and anaesthetic skills. It has emerged as a safe mode of delivery but now, in the present era there is a continuous rising trend of caserean section. Objective of present study is to evaluate the effect of some specific gestational factors and other known variables associated with poor wound healing in women who delivered by cesarean section.Methods: A total of 1215 women delivered by cesarean section at Pt. JNM Medical college, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India from May 2014 to April 2015 were included in this study. The BMI was measured at gestational age when she got operated, grade of surgeons was noted. Subcutaneous tissue depth was intra-operatively measured from the fascia to the skin surface, while the incision length was measured after skin closure.Results: Out of 1215 women operated 251 cases developed SSI with incidence of 20.5%. Incision length (OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.11-2.73; p<0.0001), Body mass index (BMI) at term (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.82-4.44; <0.0001), previous caesarean section scar (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.96; p=0.02), Grade of surgeon (OR 5.5, 95% CI 3.3-9.3; p<0.0001), subcutaneous tissue thickness (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.60-2.23, p<0.0001) were found to be correlated with wound complications. The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis suggested a cut-off of 28.7 for the BMI at term with AUC 0.8 (0.79-0.84, p<0.0001) and 147 mm for the wound length with an AUC 0.8 (95% CI 0.78-0.82; p <0.0001). The multivariate logistic regression model, applied to these variables showed an independent correlation of incision length with SSI incision length >14.7; OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.11-2.73, p<0.0001.Conclusions: Incision length by itself was found to be an independent risk factor for development of surgical site infection.
Analysis of post implantation speech recognition abilities of children with hearing impairment using cochlear implants
Authors: Kant Anjali R. , Banik Arun A. 
Published: April 2017

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> As per census’2011, in India, there are 15, 94,249 children with hearing impairment below 18 years of age. A current method in treating children with hearing impairment is cochlear implantation. The use of cochlear implants aids in improving auditory detection, discrimination, identification and speech recognition. Although, speech recognition is a primary outcome measure in cochlear implantees, there is a paucity of word lists or tests to assess speech recognition abilities, both in local languages in general and Hindi in particular<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> In order to construct word lists comprising of monosyllabic and multisyllabic, easy and hard words, language samples from children (3 - 5 years of age, n = 120) were collected in order to create a database to select stimuli from. The frequency of occurrence and neighborhood density for the words selected from this database was then computed and word lists were constructed. These newly constructed Hindi word lists were administered to 45 cochlear implantees (4.1 to 9 years of age); one year post implantation. Subjects were instructed to listen to the words and repeat them. Responses were scored as number of words correctly repeated<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Cochlear implantees were able to show lexical effects of difficulty, i.e. they achieved higher scores for easy words than those for hard words. However, they were not able to show the same effect for word type<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The newly constructed Hindi word lists appear to be valid lists in assessment of speech recognition abilities of children with hearing impairment using cochlear implants<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p>
A study of clinical and functional outcome of primary total knee arthroplasty using posterior cruciate substitute design
Authors: A. M. Radhakrishna , S. Shivananda , S. Girish 
Published: April 2017

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> To <span lang="EN-IN">study the clinical and functional outcome in a consecutive series of Total Knee Arthroplasty using Posterior cruciate substituting (PS) design using the Knee Society Score(KSS). The objectives of the study was 1) To assess the improvement in pain relief post-operatively, stability, mobility of the joint and to assess the correction of deformities. 2) To compare the knee clinical score (KCS) pre-operatively and post-operatively. 3) To compare the knee functional score (KFS) pre-operatively and post-operatively. 4) To assess the radiological outcome of total knee arthroplasty. 5) To study the association between the KCS and the KFS.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study was conducted on patients who have undergone Primary total knee replacement, in Department of Orthopaedics, KIMS hospital from June 2014 to February 2017. The patient was assessed clinically, functionally using the Knee Society Score and a radiographic evaluation was done. These evaluations were performed at 6weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and 1year follow up visits</span>.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">At 1 year follow up of 60 knees, the average pre-op knee clinical score and functional score of 24.7 and 41.2 improved to an average post-op score of 89.9 and 87.8 respectively. Knee clinical and functional score grade of excellent to good was seen in 96.7% (58 knees of 60). Significant association was seen between KCS and KFS. 5 patients had delayed wound healing and one patient had deep infection. Alignment of prosthesis was found satisfactory in all patients. Flexion deformity, valgus and varus correction achieved in all the patients. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Total knee arthroplasty using posterior cruciate substituting designs resulted in excellent relief of pain, range of motion, restoration of function, low prevalence of patellofemoral complications and continues to function well during the follow-up period. Improvement in clinical score correlated significantly with improvement in functional score. Knee society scoring system effective in evaluating clinical, functional and radiological outcomes.</span></p><p> </p>
Psychological aspects of well-being and socio-demographic values: results from European Social Survey
Authors: Smitas Andrius , Gustainiene Loreta 
Published: April 2017

The aim of the study is to explore links between happiness, optimism, resilience and meaningfulness, and socio-demographic factors in 25 European countries. Research methods. Experts-generated single-item questions from European Social Survey round 6 were used to assess happiness, optimism, resilience, meaningfulness in life. Results. Greater number of years of completed education relates to higher scores of happiness, optimism, meaningfulness and resilience in most European countries. However, in Western Europe and Scandinavian countries age does not relate or positively relates with psychological aspects of well-being, however in most Post-Soviet countries this relationship is negative.
Conclusions. Happiness, optimism, meaningfulness and resilience in most European countries were related to age and years of completed education with no specific differences between regions.

Keywords: optimism; resilience; happiness; meaningfulness; demographics
Psychosocial elements of professionally-relevant behaviour in scrub nurses
Authors: Ribakova Anna , Deklava Liana , Circenis Kristaps , Millere Inga 
Published: April 2017

The significance of professionally-relevant behaviour of scrub nurses for teamwork in the operating room is increasing, as proven by the studies carried out over the last decades worldwide. Non-technical skills include both social and cognitive elements. Specific behaviour evaluation system can be used to identify, assess and improve non-technical skills of scrub nurses. Improvement of non-technical skills helps reduce staff errors in the intraoperative period. The objective of the research is to find out whether there are statistically significant differences between scrub nursesâ€™ self-assessment of their non-technical skills, their implementation and surgeons' expectations. Demographic questionnaire, interview and Scrub Practitioners List of Intraoperative Non-technical Skills (SPLINT) were used in this study. Scrub nurses tend to engage in minimal communication and only a half of surgeons show expectations for exchange of thoughts and ideas from scrub nurses. This shows that the exchange of information between physicians and scrub nurses is generally insufficient. Surgical team members pay more attention to signals given by the surgical team and surgical process and rarely report on perception of signals given by medical equipment and a patient. Such data may be indicative of insufficient attention to a patientâ€™s safety during the surgery.

Key words. Non-technical skills, scrub nurse, scrub nurseâ€™s skills
Prevalence of Social Media Networking on Academic Achievement and Psychological Health of Undergraduate Students in Federal Universities in Nigeria
Authors: Adimora Dorothy Ebere , Ngwuchukwu Margaret Nwakaego , Onuoha Joseph Chinweobo 
Published: April 2017

Social Media are mediae that allow users to meet online through the internet to communicate in social forum. To investigate the prevalence of social media networking, as it relates to academic achievement and psychological health of undergraduate students in federal universities in Nigeria, the study adopted a correlational survey research design. The study was carried out in federal universities in Nigeria. The population comprised all 28,120 undergraduates in the faculties of Education and Engineering in the 40 federal universities in Nigeria in 2015/2016 academic session. Simple and stratified random sampling techniques were used to draw a sample of 351 undergraduate students in 200 level in faculties of education and engineering in 4 sampled federal universities from 40 federal universities in Nigeria used for the study. Six research questions and four null hypotheses formulated guided the study. Strong reliability evidence was found for social media networking and psychological health scales which yielded 0.78 and 0.74 respectively. The instrument for data collection were well-structured interview schedule, self report questionnaire and students raw scores on a four point likert-type format which were administered to elicit information on studentsâ€™ social media networking, whilst an achievement test was administered to ascertain their academic achievement. Data for research questions 1 and 2 were answered using mean and standard deviation, whilst data for research questions 3-6 were analyzed using pearsonâ€™s r and R-square. The hypotheses were tested using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistic at 0.05 level of significance. It was found that studentsâ€™ social media networking significantly predicts their academic achievement and psychological health. Based on the findings, of this study, the researchers recommended among others that, the parents, peers and teachers should be on guard to ensure that these students use social networking for appropriate period or not and as well help these students to be aware of the negative effects.
Keywords:Mental health social media, Academic Achievement and Networking
Gifted people and autism
Authors: Ozcan Deniz , Kocamanoglu Meliha 
Published: April 2017

Today special education has been developing all over the world as it is in our country and renews itself with new method and techniques. In my opinion an errorless person has never worked or has worked little. In this study after document scanning aiming data collection, a short definition of gifted and autistic children was done as well as their characteristics were given. The problems encountered in defining and diagnosing, persuasion dimension of parents regarding this subject with its similar and different aspects were shortly mentioned. Again in this study teaching methods of these children and the points to consider were mentioned without ruling out any point. The study was finished by giving results and discussion sections.Keywords: gifted, autism, diagnosing of gifted ones
Burnout and emotional experience in professional educators
Authors: Tschiesner Reinhard , Farnet Alessandra 
Published: April 2017

Aim: This investigation deals with burnout processes and the associated emotional experience patterns in professional educators. The importance of emotions is underlined by the fact that emotions changes the readiness to act (Frijda, 1986). Each emotion is connected with certain kinds of behavior (e.g. disgust with reject of an object or fear with avoidance). Just burnout processes from the educatorsâ€™ emotional experience point of view become a significant role, because certain emotions are linked with the two most important stages in burnout processes, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (Burisch, 2010). These aspects are able to become meaningful, because educators have to get in relation with learners and people. On account of these emotions have an effect on educational behavior processes. Method: A sample of nursery and primary school teachers as well as social educators were recruited and assessed with psychometric questionnaires (Maslach Burnout Inventory - MBI, Emotional Experience and Regulation Questionnaire - EER). Results: Data (N=148) evidences significant positive relations between emotional exhaustion and anxiety, grief, contempt, anger, guilt, shame as well as lifelessness and negative correlations between emotional exhaustion and interest. Significant positive correlations were calculated between depersonalization and shame, contempt, irritability, disgust and negative correlations between depersonalization and interest as well as happiness. Conclusions: Results indicate that consulting emotional experiences in burnout processes is useful: First results improve theoretical considerations concerning burnout models (e.g. Maslach & Jackson, 1981; Freudenberger & North, 1992) and second it can be helpful for explaining educatorsâ€™ behavior in burnout processes.
Keywords: EER, MBI, emotion
Trauma in cultural contexts: translating Impact of event scale-revised
Authors: Yazdani Ayza , Zadeh Zainab , Shafi Khalida Shafi 
Published: April 2017

The present study evaluates the back translation in Urdu and factor structure. Of Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The scale was administered to 446 adolescents in Pakistan with modifications to time frame. Indirect traumatic exposure had occurred over six months to 2 years ago. Cronbach alpha coefficients of .78 for Intrusion subscale, .74 for Avoidance subscale and .66 for Hyperarousal subscales; and .88 for total scale score are reported. Principal component analysis revealed a 3-factor solution explaining 45 % of the variance; factor structure was not similar to the proposed theoretical structure of IES-R. Endemic characteristics and cultural setup of the country highlight need to understand development and expression of trauma in cultural milieu and direct future research for intervention strategies in schools.Keywords: indirect exposure, trauma, adolescents, factor structure