bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saccadic and Electrodermal Responses to Television Violence
Authors: Kalamas A D , Gruber A L 
Published: December 2015

The concern for TV violence has not been followed by any way to discriminate one type of violent show from another. To ascertain which stimulus elements of TV violence elicit emotional responses we attempted to correlate the electrodermal response with the general saccadic responses. The simultaneous electrodermal and saccadic responses of children watching violent TV shows were analysed. The saccadic movements were derived from the corneal reflection, computer enhanced, and superimposed on the violent video. Allowing for the individualised response latency, the analog recording of the electrodermal response (as well as an audiometric response) was also superimposed. We found that most electrodermal responses (41%) actually occurred to nonviolent but frightening stimuli (eg villain's face; grave). Few responses (8%) occurred to actual violent stimuli (eg stabbing). Auditory stimuli (eg gun shot) elicited intense electrodermal responses, the correlation being positively associated with the audiometric level. Statistical evaluation by Anova confirmed the significance of the above findings at p<0.01. We conclude that (1) actual violence may provoke less electrodermal responses than implied violence; and (2) sound potentiates the electrodermal response to elements of violence. We hope that this computer superimposition technique will make it easier to discriminate one violent show from another.
Effects of Stereo and Motion Manipulations on Measured Presence in Stereoscopic Displays
Authors: Freeman J , Avons S E , Davidoff J , Pearson D E 
Published: December 2015

Methods of assessing presence, a sense of ‘being there’ within a displayed virtual environment, include post-test subjective measures, discrimination tests, and monitoring reflexive responses. Each is limited—either they do not provide a measure of temporal variation, are not feasible with current display technology or are overly content-specific. A measure of presence derived from the method of continuous evaluation (ITU-R, Recommendation BT.500-7, revised, “Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures”, 1995) has been used to overcome these limitations. The results of two experiments are presented. Those of the first experiment established that the methodology is usable under the optimal viewing conditions for the 20 inch stereoscopic TV display upon which our stimuli were presented. It compares within-subject variation on continuous TV picture quality ratings under two viewing conditions—at six picture heights in the light (standard for quality evaluations) and at two picture heights in the dark (optimal stereo TV viewing). The second experiment investigated the effects of manipulations of the visual parameters of stereo, scene motion, and observer-based motion on participants' presence evaluations within edited sections of a stereoscopic film. The results provide support for theories predicting that the extent of sensory information available to a participant is one of the factors determining presence.
Active Control of Heading and Depth
Authors: Rushton S K , Harris J M 
Published: December 2015

The addition of depth information has been reported to improve performance on a locomotor heading judgement task in a cloud of dots. Van den Berg and Brenner [1994 Nature (London)371 700 – 702] used stereoscopic disparity as a depth cue. Coding dots with disparity provides both cues for depth order and for identity between successive frames (each dot may be disambiguated from its 2-D neighbours by its 3-D position). Here, we attempted to determine the relative importance of depth and identity, by dissociating disparity-depth and disparity-identity. We employed an active steering task that dissociates gaze and heading direction. Participants underwent simulated (18 Hz) locomotion through a cloud (100 dots, lifetime 440 ms) at 2 m s−1 for 8 s from an initial trajectory 15 deg (±20%) to the left or to the right of a target tower. Heading was adjusted with a joystick and simulated gaze was continuously computer adjusted so as to keep the tower centred on the projected display (20 deg horizontal). Mean unsigned heading error (gaze-heading angle) over the time course provided a performance measure. Four types of stimuli were used: (i) veridical disparity depth; (ii) non-veridical disparity (disparity and associated motion-in-depth was randomly assigned to each point in the display); (iii) the left half image of the previous condition to both eyes; (iv) synoptic images (no disparity). No marked advantage was observed when the display contained veridical disparity, and non-veridical disparity produced only a minor impairment in performance in a subset of conditions. We suggest that depth information per se may not be utilised in the perception and control of heading.
Going Beyond the Information Given: Seeing versus Seeing as
Authors: Usborne M , Lee B 
Published: December 2015

Variations in how we interpret ambiguous figures indicate that how a visual stimulus is perceived is determined by both its ‘objective’ visual pattern and the particular attitude we adopt towards it, ie what we see the stimulus as (Chambers and Reisberg, 1992 Cognitive Psychology24 145 – 174). We report two experiments in which (i) ambiguous figures and (ii) natural scenes have been used to examine the relationship between how an image is perceived and what that image means to an observer. In experiment 1 we used ‘invertible figures’ (images which when inverted portray different objects) to test two groups, (i) upright, and (ii) inverted orientation, on a recognition task involving distorted versions of the original stimulus. We found systematic differences between the two groups such that the meaning attributed to the original image determined how it was remembered. In experiment 2 we asked how prior experience affects perception. We measured rock-climbers' and non-rock-climbers' thresholds for detecting (i) non-meaningful visual pattern changes (surface changes), and (ii) meaningful changes in terms of climber affordances (deep changes). We found that climbers had lower thresholds for detecting deep changes and higher thresholds for detecting surface changes, compared with non-climbers. In contrast with the explanation based on the incomplete mental image (Chambers and Reisberg, loc. cit.), we propose that such differences are due to differences in attitude adopted towards the original stimulus, and these in turn determine what types of change can be discerned. In other words, what is important is not what is seen but how it is seen.
Comparison of Human Occipital Cortical Activation to Lower and Upper Visual Field Stimuli
Authors: Portin K , Vanni S , Hari R 
Published: December 2015

We compared cortical responses to lower and upper quadrant and full hemifield stimuli (90° and 180° sectors of circular checkerboards) measured from 15 healthy subjects with a Neuromag-122™ whole-scalp neuromagnetometer. The 0.2 s stimuli were presented once every second, while the subjects fixated a black dot in the centre of the screen. The first evoked responses, peaking at 70 ms in the contralateral hemisphere, were stronger for lower than for upper field stimulation (13/15 subjects, LVF; 11/15 RVF). The sources of the evoked responses, modelled as equivalent current dipoles, clustered around the calcarine fissure, with a trend for stronger sources after lower than after upper field stimulation (on average 12% LVF; 40% RVF; ns). Attention-related visual processing may be enhanced in the lower compared with the upper visual field (Rubin et al, 1996 Science271 651 – 653). Although our data showed a strong tendency to larger responses for lower than for upper visual field stimuli, this difference was not significant for source strengths, mainly because of different source depths for upper and lower field stimuli. However, the marked similarity of source current directions for full hemifield and lower quadrant stimuli (15° - 35° upwards from the horizontal axis, viewed from back, compared with directions 15° - 25° downwards for upper field stimuli) suggest that visual input from the lower field is preferred already at early stages of the human visual system.
Effects of Target Discriminability on Colour-based and Location-based Selection
Authors: Laarni J 
Published: December 2015

How can we find one visual stimulus in a world filled with thousands of simultaneous stimuli? In particular, how does the search for a looked-for stimulus proceed when we know its colour or location? We examined the effect of target - distractor confusability on colour-based and location-based selection. The displays consisted of two elements. The target was either an orange or a green line- segment surrounded by a square. The distracting element was either easily distinguished from the target or more confusable with it. Subjects were cued to the colour or location of the target and made a rapid discrimination response to the direction of the target. In different conditions, the most likely target location (above or below the centre of the display) and colour were cued. With a clear distinction between the target and the distractor, performance differed with valid and invalid cues only in the location-cuing condition. When the distinction was poorer, both colour and location cues had a significant effect. The results show that, if necessary, attentional selection can be triggered by different stimulus attributes, even though selection may always proceed via space.
Scene Recognition after Active and Passive Learning
Authors: Christou C G , Bülthoff H H 
Published: December 2015

Most research on visual recognition has been carried out on isolated objects with the main finding being that for certain classes of objects recognition strongly depends on the views learned during training. Recognition of scenes, ie structured environments, is rarely studied, possibly because of the difficulty involved in isolation and control of pertinent cues. We can overcome such problems by using computer graphics to model structured environments where training or learning is facilitated by active explorations with the use of VR technology. We are trying to determine whether there exists the same degree of view-dependence in scenes as has been found for objects. We do this by using a single, sparsely decorated, yet structured room with which subjects familiarise themselves. This learning process can take two forms: either active or passive. In the active case, subjects can manoeuvre in a restricted set of directions in order to find ‘hidden’ coded targets. In the passive case, fifty 2-D views of the room are presented to them in random sequence with some views containing embedded targets which they have to acknowledge. Correct responses and response latencies of eighteen subjects in each condition were recorded in subsequent (old/new) recognition tests. Performance for recognition from familiar directions was similar after active and passive learning (eg approx. 80% hits). However, we found that active learning facilitates recognition from unfamiliar directions ( d' active = 0.96; passive = 0.22). This superior performance after active learning could be due to the increased availability of 3-D information (eg from motion parallax during movement). We are therefore testing this using binocular disparity as a depth cue during passive learning.
The Fier baiser
Authors: Quarti Lara 
Published: December 2015

Chapters cdx–cdxiii of Martorell’s Tirant lo Blanc narrate knight Espèrcius’ fantastic adventures after the shipwreck on the shores of Lango. Unlike the rest of the novel, which is characterized by the verisimilitude, this episode shows many typical topoi of fantasy fiction, particularly referring to Espèrcius’ ultimate trial: the Fier baiser. Martorell draws from several sources – starting with Sir John Mandeville’s Le livre des merveilles du monde – developing and adapting the legend of Hipocràs’ daughter, turned into a dreadful dragon, to his purposes. By kissing the monstrous Dragon Maiden and breaking the spell Espèrcius completes his initiation thus fulfilling his destiny: he obtains the princess’ hand and the sovereignty of the island. This episode represents a small break from the predominant realism of the novel, since in these chapters magic and fantasy take over the reality.
Rationality with respect to people, places, and times
Authors: Temkin Larry S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThere is a rich tradition within game theory, decision theory, economics, and philosophy correlating practical rationality with impartiality, and spatial and temporal neutrality. I argue that in some cases we should give priority to people over both times and places, and to times over places. I also show how three plausible dominance principles regarding people, places, and times conflict, so that we cannot accept all three. However, I argue that there are some cases where we should give priority to times over people, suggesting that there is impersonal value to the distribution of high quality life over different times.
Turbulence spreading in gyro-kinetic theory
Authors: Migliano P. , Buchholz R. , Grosshauser S.R. , Hornsby W.A. , Peeters A.G. , Stauffert O. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this letter a new operative definition for the turbulence intensity in connection with magnetized plasmas is given. In contrast to previous definitions the new definition satisfies a Fisher–Kolmogorov–Petrovskii–Piskunov type equation. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the turbulence intensity and the turbulence intensity flux, that allow for the first time direct numerical evaluation, are derived. A carefully designed numerical experiment for the case of a tokamak is performed to study the impact of turbulence spreading. The effective turbulence diffusion coefficient is measured to be smaller than the heat conduction coefficient and the turbulence spreading length is found to be of the order of the turbulence correlation length. The results show that turbulence spreading can play a role in the non-local flux gradient relation, or in the scaling of transport coefficients with the normalized Larmor radius, only over lengths scale of the order of the turbulence correlation length. A new turbulence convection mechanism, due to the drift connected with the magnetic field inhomogeneities, is described. The convective flux integrates to zero under the flux surface average unless there is an up–down asymmetry in the tubulence intensity. The latter asymmetry can be generated through a radial inhomogeneity or plasma rotation. It is shown that the turbulence convection can lead to a spreading of the order of the correlation length.
Uniform analytic properties of representation zeta functions of finitely generated nilpotent groups
Authors: Dung Duong , Voll Christopher 
Published: December 2015

Let

G
G

be a finitely generated nilpotent group. The representation zeta function

ζ
G

(
s
)

\zeta _G(s)

of

G
G

enumerates twist isoclasses of finite-dimensional irreducible complex representations of

G
G

. We prove that

ζ
G

(
s
)

\zeta _G(s)

has rational abscissa of convergence

α
(
G
)

\alpha (G)

and may be meromorphically continued to the left of

α
(
G
)

\alpha (G)

and that, on the line

{
s
∈

C

∣

R
e

(
s
)
=
α
(
G
)
}

\{s\in \mathbb {C} \mid \mathrm {Re}(s) = \alpha (G)\}

, the continued function is holomorphic except for a pole at

s
=
α
(
G
)

s=\alpha (G)

. A Tauberian theorem yields a precise asymptotic result on the representation growth of

G
G

in terms of the position and order of this pole.

We obtain these results as a consequence of a result establishing uniform analytic properties of representation zeta functions of torsion-free finitely generated nilpotent groups of the form

G

(

O

)

\mathbf {G}(\mathcal {O})

, where

G

\mathbf {G}

is a unipotent group scheme defined in terms of a nilpotent Lie lattice over the ring

O

\mathcal {O}

of integers of a number field. This allows us to show, in particular, that the abscissae of convergence of the representation zeta functions of such groups and their pole orders are invariants of

G

\mathbf {G}

, independent of

O

\mathcal {O}

.
Calcium carbonate saturation state: on myths and this or that stories
Authors: Waldbusser George G. , Hales Burke , Haley Brian A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In a recent opinion article titled “The Omega Myth”, Cyronak et al. provide a series of arguments as to why saturation state should not matter to marine calcifiers. In sections of their article, they highlight several aspects of our published work, and unfortunately appear to misinterpret the foundation for the kinetic–energetic hypothesis we have laid out previously. While we are in full agreement that omega sensitivity is not a substrate limitation issue, we more clearly detail below what a kinetic limitation means and why it is different from a substrate limitation. The kinetic argument we have previously presented highlights how the energetic cost of calcification increases with a decreasing saturation state (or omega). We then highlight several issues with a bicarbonate/proton flux model applied to newly developing marine bivalve larvae, and discuss how a bicarbonate/proton flux and omega-based sensitivity model do not have to be mutually exclusive. Our intent with this comment is to clarify the points raised by Cyronak et al. about our work, and help to move the thinking past dialectic debate towards a more synthetic view on ocean acidification impacts on marine calcifiers.
Mutation rates and the evolution of germline structure
Authors: Scally Aylwyn 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGenome sequencing studies ofde novomutations in humans have revealed surprising incongruities with our understanding of human germline mutation. In particular, the mutation rate observed in modern humans is substantially lower than that estimated from calibration against the fossil record, and the paternal age effect in mutations transmitted to offspring is much weaker than expected from our longstanding model of spermatogenesis. I consider possible explanations for these discrepancies, including evolutionary changes in life history parameters such as generation time and the age of puberty, a possible contribution from undetected post-zygotic mutations early in embryo development, and changes in cellular mutation processes at different stages of the germline. I suggest a revised model of stem cell state transitions during spermatogenesis, in which ‘dark’ gonial stem cells play a more active role than hitherto envisaged, with a long cycle time undetected in experimental observations. More generally I argue that the mutation rate and its evolution depend intimately on the structure of the germline in humans and other primates.
Methylome analysis reveals dysregulated developmental and viral pathways in breast cancer
Authors: Abdallah Mohammed OE , Algizouli Ubai K , Suliman Maram Abbas , Abdulrahman Rawya Abdulaziz , Koko Mahmoud , Fessahaye Ghimja , Shakir Jamal Haleem , Fahal Ahmed H. , Elhassan Ahmed M , Ibrahim Muntaser E , Mohamed Hiba S 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer (BC) ranks among the most common cancers in Sudan and worldwide with hefty toll on female health and human resources. Recent studies have uncovered a common BC signature characterized by low frequency of oncogenic mutations and high frequency of epigenetic silencing of major BC tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide methylome study to characterize aberrant DNA methylation in breast cancer.ResultsDifferential methylation analysis between primary tumor samples and normal samples from healthy adjacent tissues yielded 20188 differentially methylated positions (DMPs), which is further divided into 13633 hypermethylated sites corresponding to 5339 genes and 6555 hypomethylated sites corresponding to 2811 genes. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis revealed epigenetic dysregulation of major developmental pathways including hippo signaling pathway. We also uncovered many clues to a possible role for EBV infection in BCConclusionOur results clearly show the utility of epigenetic assays in interrogating breast cancer tumorigenesis, and pinpointing specific developmental and viral pathways dysregulation that might serve as potential biomarkers or targets for therapeutic interventions.
Harmonizing a melody?!
Authors: Vong Sou Kuan 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a critical analysis of the policy of moral and civic education in the non-tertiary education system in Macao and to examine the kinds of citizens it prepares.

Design/methodology/approach
– It is a qualitative research design informed by the Foucauldian concepts of “governmentality” and “technology of the self” to analyze the moral and civic education policy in Macao.

Findings
– The governmentality or art of government of the moral and civic education policy in Macao is made possible by three strategies, namely “governmentalisation of the state,” construction of “moral and civic education as a field of actions” and creation of “social harmony as a new form of civic virtue.” Based on the disclosed governmentalities, three approaches adopted by the government are identified, “normalising the school system,” “educating the students” and “disciplining the scapegoats.” Through these approaches, two technologies of the self are identified, namely disciplinary power and bio-politics, which are used to prepare citizens. In Macao, it seems that there is a tension between the discourses of active democratic citizenship and patriotic education.

Research limitations/implications
– The type of policy and theoretical analysis the author has adopted in investigating moral and civic education policy illuminates the local and national policy and, in so doing, creates opportunities for building comparative research on similar issues and their implications for education.

Social implications
– This paper can contribute to the local discussion of the possibility of rewriting the meanings of citizenship.

Originality/value
– This paper is comprehensive and can therefore provide a ground for further and future research.
Are we on the same page?
Authors: Min Mina 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– Hong Kong is a case that demonstrates the distinctively multi-dimensional nature of citizenship within and in relation to a given nation. The purposes of this paper are to: first, discuss Hong Kongers’ unique identity and the influence of political, historical and economic factors on them in order to show the value of challenging the “national citizenship” approach as a dominant discourse in the intended curriculum of Hong Kong citizenship education; second, analyze the efforts of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to foster a stronger sense of Chinese national identity in Hong Kong students; and third, evaluate the appropriateness of this nationalistic approach by examining its compatibility with and coherence to in relation to the implemented and attained curriculum.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study analyzes existing scholarly discussions on the PRC’s emphasis on Chinese national identity in citizenship education and negative perceptions held by teachers and students regarding the approach and presentation of their actual teaching and learning practices for citizenship education with empirical data.

Findings
– This paper illuminates the mismatch found between the intended curriculum and the implemented and attained curriculum in terms of the viewpoints of good citizens.

Originality/value
– The notion of “cultural citizenship” is suggested as an alternative approach to developing the curriculum of Hong Kong citizenship education. This paper will be of interest to those curriculum scholars, educational authorities and teachers who are interested in developing and implementing the curriculum of citizenship education.