bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intermodel Uncertainty in ENSO Amplitude Change Tied to Pacific Ocean Warming Pattern
Authors: Zheng Xiao-Tong , Xie Shang-Ping , Lv Liang-Hong , Zhou Zhen-Qiang 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
How El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) will change under global warming affects changes in extreme events around the world. The change of ENSO amplitude is investigated based on the historical simulations and representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 experiments in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The projected change in ENSO amplitude is highly uncertain with large intermodel uncertainty. By using the relative sea surface temperature (SST) as a measure of convective instability, this study finds that the spatial pattern of tropical Pacific surface warming is the major source of intermodel uncertainty in ENSO amplitude change. In models with an enhanced mean warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the barrier to deep convection is reduced, and the intensified rainfall anomalies of ENSO amplify the wind response and hence SST variability. In models with a reduced eastern Pacific warming, conversely, ENSO amplitude decreases. Corroborating the mean SST pattern effect, intermodel uncertainty in changes of ENSO-induced rainfall variability decreases substantially in atmospheric simulations forced by a common ocean warming pattern. Thus, reducing the uncertainty in the Pacific surface warming pattern helps improve the reliability of ENSO projections. To the extent that correcting model biases favors an El Niño–like mean warming pattern, this study suggests an increase in ENSO-related SST variance likely under global warming.
Revisiting Whether Recent Surface Temperature Trends Agree with the CMIP5 Ensemble
Authors: Lin Marena , Huybers Peter 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In an earlier study, a weaker trend in global mean temperature over the past 15 years relative to the preceding decades was characterized as significantly lower than those contained within the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensemble. In this study, divergence between model simulations and observations is estimated using a fixed-intercept linear trend with a slope estimator that has one-third the noise variance compared to simple linear regression. Following the approach of the earlier study, where intermodel spread is used to assess the distribution of trends, but using the fixed-intercept trend metric demonstrates that recently observed trends in global mean temperature are consistent () with the CMIP5 ensemble for all 15-yr intervals of observation–model divergence since 1970. Significant clustering of global trends according to modeling center indicates that the spread in CMIP5 trends is better characterized using ensemble members drawn across models as opposed to using ensemble members from a single model. Despite model–observation consistency at the global level, substantial regional discrepancies in surface temperature trends remain.
Hydrologic Changes in Indian Subcontinental River Basins (1901–2012)
Authors: Shah Harsh L. , Mishra Vimal 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLong-term (1901–2012) changes in hydroclimatic variables in the 18 Indian subcontinental basins were examined with hydrology simulated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC). Changepoint analysis using the sequential Mann–Kendall test showed two distinct periods (1901–47 and 1948–2012) for the domain-averaged monsoon season (June–September) precipitation. Hydrologic changes for the entire water budget were estimated for both periods. In the pre-1948 period, a majority of the river basins experienced increased monsoon season precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET), and surface water availability (as defined by total runoff). Alternatively, in the post-1948 period, monsoon season precipitation declined in 11 of the 18 basins, with statistically significant trends in one (the Ganges basin), and most (15) basins experienced significant warming trends. Additionally, in the post-1948 period, the mean monsoon season ET and surface water availability declined in eight (with significant declines in four) basins. The results indicate that changes in ET and surface water availability in the pre- and post-1948 periods were largely driven by the changes in the monsoon season precipitation rather than air temperature, despite prominent warming after 1975. Coupled modes of variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and surface water availability indicated El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as the leading mode. The second mode was identified as the trend mode for surface water availability in the subcontinental river basins, which was largely driven by SST anomalies in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean regions. This indicates that surface water availability in India’s subcontinental basins may be affected in the future in response to changes in large-scale climate variability.
The Clinical Effect of a Rotator Cuff Retear: A Meta-analysis of Arthroscopic Single-Row and Double-Row Repairs
Authors: Yang Jeffrey , Robbins Matthew , Reilly Jordan , Maerz Tristan , Anderson Kyle 
Published: July 2016

Background: The clinical effect of a retear after rotator cuff repair remains unclear. While some studies have indicated clinical deficits due to a retear, others have stated that a retear does not detrimentally affect outcomes. Purpose: To conduct a meta-analysis comparing clinical outcomes between intact and retorn rotator cuffs after arthroscopic repair. Study Design: Meta-analysis. Methods: A literature search using the terms “arthroscopic,” “rotator cuff,” “repair,” “retear,” “re-tear,” “defect,” “single-row,” “double-row,” “clinical outcomes,” and “functional outcomes” was conducted. Article inclusion criteria were an adequate description of the surgical technique, stratification of outcomes by intact rotator cuff versus retear with a minimum of 1 year of follow-up, and documentation of the presence/absence of a full-thickness retear using imaging. Exclusion criteria were isolated subscapularis tears/repairs, labral repairs, infections, postoperative fractures, insufficient data or statistical indications, and postoperative data not stratified by retear versus intact rotator cuff. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model on variables that had comparisons from at least 3 studies. Single-row (SR) and double-row (DR) studies were analyzed both separately and together in an “all arthroscopic repairs” (AAR) comparison. The calculated effect was considered significant at a P value <.05. Results: Within the SR group, patients with a rotator cuff retear had a significantly lower Constant score (mean difference [95% CI], −6.79 [–8.94 to −4.65]; P < .001) and lower University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) score (−3.21 [–5.27 to −1.15]; P = .002) but not higher pain (0.071 [–0.34 to 0.49]; P = .739). Within the DR group, patients with a rotator cuff retear had a significantly lower Constant score (mean difference [95% CI], −9.35 [–12.2 to −6.50]; P < .001), lower American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score (−12.1 [–17.1 to −7.26]; P < .001), lower UCLA score (−3.07 [–4.85 to −1.29]; P < .001), higher pain (0.622 [0.19 to 1.05]; P = .005), and lower abduction strength ( P < .001). In the AAR comparison, patients with a retear had a significantly lower Constant score (mean difference [95% CI], −7.56 [–9.55 to −5.57]; P < .001), lower ASES score (−10.1 [–15.5 to −4.64]; P < .001), lower UCLA score (−3.00 [–4.47 to −1.53]; P < .001), and lower abduction strength (in kg·f) (−3.32 [–4.53 to −2.12]; P < .001) but not higher pain (0.332 [–0.014 to 0.680]; P = .060). Conclusion: Patients with a full-thickness rotator cuff retear exhibited significantly lower clinical outcome scores and strength compared with patients with an intact or partially torn rotator cuff.
The interleukin-6-hepcidin-hemoglobin circuit in systemic lupus erythematosus flares
Authors: Indrakanti D L , Alvarado A , Zhang X , Birmingham D J , Hinton A , Rovin B H 
Published: July 2016

Objective Hepcidin regulates iron availability and may be responsible for the anemia of chronic disease because it is induced by interleukin-6. This study investigated the IL-6-hepcidin-hemoglobin axis in patients with lupus. Methods IL-6 and hepcidin were measured in serial serum samples collected before, during and after lupus flares by specific ELISAs. Results During renal and non-renal SLE flare cycles IL-6 did not predict hepcidin and hepcidin did not predict hemoglobin. When lupus nephritis patients were in remission, IL-6 and hepcidin were correlated, but hepcidin and hemoglobin were not. Conclusion Hepcidin does not contribute significantly to anemia during active lupus.
The Importance of Magnesium Values in Patients With STEMI Admitted to the Emergency Department
Authors: Yuksel Melih , Isik Turgay , Tanboga Ibrahim Halil , Ayhan Erkan , Erimsah Mehmet Emre , Topcu Selim , Demirelli Selami , Aksakal Enbiya , Sevimli Serdar 
Published: July 2016

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between initial magnesium (Mg) levels, electrocardiographic no-reflow, and long-term mortality in patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) due to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: A total of 111 patients with pPCI participated in the study. Magnesium and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. The sum of ST-segment elevation was measured immediately before and 60 minutes after the restoration of coronary flow. The difference between the 2 measurements was taken as the amount of ST-segment resolution and defined as sum of ST-segment resolution (∑STR). The ∑STR <50% was determined as electrocardiographic sign of no-reflow phenomenon. After the patients were discharged, they were followed up for major adverse cardiac events for up to 51 months after discharge. Results: Forty patients in the no-reflow group and 71 patients in the normal-flow group were included in the study. Magnesium value ≤1.87 mg/dL initially measured had 77% sensitivity and 59% specificity in predicting no-reflow on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In multivariate analyses, Mg (odds ratio [OR]: 0.01, <95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.12; P = .004), hs-CRP (OR: 1.06, <95% CI: 1.00-1.14; P = .05), left anterior descending artery lesion (OR: 6.66, <95% CI: 1.45-3.05; P = .01), and reperfusion time (OR: 1.01, <95% CI: 1.00-1.01; P = .03) were still independent predictors of electrocardiographic no-reflow, and only Mg (OR: 0.08, <95% CI: 0.01-1.03; P = .05) was still an independent predictor of long-term mortality. Conclusion: Serum Mg level is an independent predictor of electrocardiographic no-reflow and long-term mortality in patients with STEMI.
Antifungal effects of the biological agent Pythium oligandrum observed in vitro
Authors: Načeradská Martina , Fridrichová Michaela , Kellnerová Dita , Peková Soňa , Lány Petr 
Published: July 2016

Objectives Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is a superficial fungal skin disease and zoonosis. Pythium oligandrum is a micromycete with mycoparasitic properties that is used in agriculture to control fungal infections on plants. Formulations containing P oligandrum were also developed for the treatment of dermatophytoses, but only a small number of case studies have been published. In order to document the process in simplified conditions in vitro, we investigated the effectiveness of P oligandrum against three pathogenic dermatophytes common in domestic animals. Methods Cultures of the pathogens grown on nutrient media and experimentally infected cat hair were treated with P oligandrum preparations in therapeutic concentration and the changes were documented by microscopic videos and scanning electron microscopy. Results There was strong mycoparasitic activity of P oligandrum against Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusions and relevance P oligandrum was demonstrated to be effective against three common causes of dermatophytosis in vitro.
The validity and reliability of ultrasound on identifying supraspinatus tears during passive external rotation from 0° to 30°: a pilot project
Authors: Kennedy June S. , Myers Heather S. , Gibson Scott D. , Kanaan Matthew G. , Butler Robert J. 
Published: July 2016

Background Controversy exists regarding how much external rotation should be allowed following rotator cuff repair. Clinicians may use ultrasound imaging (USI) to visualize the supraspinatus (SSp) tendon during passive external rotation. However, the validity and reliability of USI used to assess supraspinatus tendon gap formation during external rotation needs to be established prior to using this technique in patient cohorts. Methods Ten subjects with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmation of full-thickness SSp tears were matched to 10 control subjects. Images of the SSp were obtained at 0°, 10°, 20° and 30° of external rotation by a blinded tester on two occasions to establish both validity and reliability of the measure. Results Validity was established as 70% agreement between the USI and MRI confirmed SSp tear group; reliability was established at greater than 0.90 at all positions of external rotation measured. Conclusions USI may be used to detect SSp tears with 70% validity, and the technique is reliable in all positions of external rotation.
Fecal immunochemical test‐based colorectal cancer screening: The gender dilemma
Authors: Grobbee Esmée J , Wieten Els , Hansen Bettina E , Stoop Esther M , de Wijkerslooth Thomas R , Lansdorp‐Vogelaar Iris , Bossuyt Patrick M , Dekker Evelien , Kuipers Ernst J , Spaander Manon CW 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundDespite differences between men and women in incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its precursors, screening programs consistently use the same strategy for both genders.ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to illustrate the effects of gender‐tailored screening, including the effects on miss rates of advanced neoplasia (AN).MethodsParticipants (age 50–75 years) in a colonoscopy screening program were asked to complete a fecal immunochemical test (FIT) before colonoscopy. Positivity rates, sensitivity and specificity for detection of AN at multiple cut‐offs were determined. Absolute numbers of detected and missed AN per 1000 screenees were calculated.ResultsIn total 1,256 individuals underwent FIT and colonoscopy, 51% male (median age 61 years; IQR 56–66) and 49% female (median age 60 years; IQR 55–65). At all cut‐offs men had higher positivity rates than women, ranging from 3.8% to 10.8% versus 3.2% to 4.8%. Sensitivity for AN was higher in men than women; 40%–25% and 35%–22%, respectively. More AN were found and missed in absolute numbers in men at all cut‐offs.ConclusionMore AN were both detected and missed in men compared to women at all cut‐offs. Gender‐tailored cut‐offs could either level sensitivity in men and women (i.e., lower cut‐off in women) or level the amount of missed lesions (i.e., lower cut‐off in men).
Evolution of acute myelogenous leukemia stem cell properties after treatment and progression
Authors: Ho Tzu-Chieh , LaMere Mark , Stevens Brett M. , Ashton John M. , Myers Jason R. , O’Dwyer Kristen M. , Liesveld Jane L. , Mendler Jason H. , Guzman Monica , Morrissette Jennifer D. , Zhao Jianhua , Wang Eunice S. , Wetzler Meir , Jordan Craig T. , Becker Michael W. 
Published: July 2016

Key Points
Using AML as a model, we investigated the effect of treatment and disease evolution on functionally defined cancer stem cell populations. We demonstrate large-scale changes in LSC frequency and phenotype after relapse, best described using high-dimensional space analyses.
Salmonid fish: model organisms to study cardiovascular morphogenesis in conjoined twins?
Authors: Fjelldal Per Gunnar , Solberg Monica F. , Hansen Tom , Vågseth Tone , Glover Kevin Alan , Kryvi Harald 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Background
There is a gap in knowledge regarding the cardiovascular system in fish conjoined twins, and regarding the cardiovascular morphogenesis of conjoined twins in general. We examined the cardiovascular system in a pair of fully developed ventrally conjoined salmonid twins (45.5 g body weight), and the arrangement of the blood vessels during early development in ventrally conjoined yolk sac larvae salmonid twins (<0.5 g body weight).

Results
In the fully developed twins, one twin was normal, while the other was small and severely malformed. The mouth of the small twin was blocked, inhibiting respiration and feeding. Both twins had hearts, but these were connected through a common circulatory system. They were joined by the following blood vessels: (i) arteria iliaca running from arteria caudalis of the large twin to the kidney of the small twin; (ii) arteria subclavia running from aorta dorsalis of the large twin to aorta dorsalis of the small twin; (iii) vena hepatica running from the liver of the small twin into the sinus venosus of the large twin. Among the yolk sac larvae twins investigated, distinct vascular connections were found in some individuals through a joined v. vitellina hepatica.

Conclusions
Ventrally conjoined fish twins can develop cardiovascular connections during early development, enabling a normal superior twin to supply a malfunctioning twin with oxygen and nutrients. Since the yolk sac in salmonids is transparent, twinning in salmonids may be a useful model in which to study cardiovascular morphogenesis in conjoined twins.
Best proximity results: optimization by approximate solutions
Authors: Choudhury Binayak S , Metiya Nikhilesh , Maniu Georgeta , Konar Pulak 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper we utilize a generalized weakly contractive mapping to establish some best proximity point results which are global optimization results for finding the minimum distances between two sets. Amongst many approaches to this problem, we adopt the approach where the problem is treated as that of finding global optimal approximate solution of the fixed point equation for the generalized weak contraction mapping. We use three control functions to define such mappings. The results are obtained in metric spaces with a partial ordering defined therein. There is a blending of analytic and order theoretic approaches in the proofs. The uniqueness is obtained by imposing some order theoretic conditions additionally. There are several corollaries. An illustration of the main theorem through an example is given which also shows that the corollaries are properly contained in the main theorem.
Evaluating smartphone-based dynamic security questions for fallback authentication: a field study
Authors: Albayram Yusuf , Khan Mohammad Maifi Hasan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo address the limitations of static challenge question based fallback authentication mechanisms (e.g., easy predictability), recently, smartphone based autobiographical authentication mechanisms have been explored where challenge questions are not predetermined and are instead generated dynamically based on users’ day-to-day activities captured by smartphones. However, as answering different types and styles of questions is likely to require different amounts of cognitive effort and affect users’ performance, a thorough study is required to investigate the effect of type and style of challenge questions and answer selection mechanisms on users’ recall performance and usability of such systems. Towards that, this paper explores seven different types of challenge questions where different types of questions are generated based on users’ smartphone usage data. For evaluation, we conducted a field study for a period of 30 days with 24 participants who were recruited in pairs to simulate different kinds of adversaries (e.g., close friends, significant others). Our findings suggest that the question types do have a significant effect on user performance. Furthermore, to address the variations in users’ accuracy across multiple sessions and question types, we investigate and present a Bayesian classifier based authentication algorithm that can authenticate legitimate users with high accuracy by leveraging individual response patterns.
Contribution of CD14 and TLR4 to changes of the PI(4,5)P2 level in LPS-stimulated cells
Authors: Płóciennikowska Agnieszka , Hromada-Judycka Aneta , Dembinńska Justyna , Roszczenko Paula , Ciesielska Anna , Kwiatkowska Katarzyna 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
LPS binds sequentially to CD14 and TLR4/MD2 receptor triggering production of proinflammatory mediators. The LPS-induced signaling is controlled by a plasma membrane lipid PI(4,5)P2 and its derivatives. Here, we show that stimulation of murine peritoneal macrophages with LPS induces biphasic accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 with peaks at 10 and 60–90 min that were still seen after silencing of TLR4 expression. In contrast, the PI(4,5)P2 elevation was abrogated when CD14 was removed from the cell surface. To assess the contribution of CD14 and TLR4 to the LPS-induced PI(4,5)P2 changes, we used HEK293 transfectants expressing various amounts of CD14 and TLR4. In cells with a low content of CD14 and high of TLR4, no accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 occurred. With an increasing amount of CD14 and concomitant decrease of TLR4, 2 peaks of PI(4,5)P2 accumulation appeared, eventually approaching those found in LPS-stimulated cells expressing CD14 alone. Mutation of the signaling domain of TLR4 let us conclude that the receptor activity can modulate PI(4,5)P2 accumulation in cells when expressed in high amounts compared with CD14. Among the factors limiting PI(4,5)P2 accumulation are its hydrolysis, phosphorylation, and availability of its precursor, PI(4)P. Inhibition of PLC and PI3K or overexpression of PI4K IIα that produces PI(4)P promoted PI(4,5)P2 elevation in LPS-stimulated cells. The elevation of PI(4,5)P2 was dispensable for TLR4 signaling yet enhanced its magnitude. Taken together, these data suggest that LPS-induced accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 that maximizes TLR4 signaling is controlled by CD14, whereas TLR4 can fine tune the process by affecting the PI(4,5)P2 turnover.
Endotoxemia—menace, marker, or mistake?
Authors: Munford Robert S 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases—not only as a trigger for septic shock, once its most cited role, but also as a contributor to atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, and many other conditions. Finding elevated plasma endotoxin levels has been essential supporting evidence for each of these links, yet the assays used to detect and quantitate endotoxin have important limitations. This article describes several assays for endotoxin in plasma, reviews what they do and do not measure, and discusses why LPS heterogeneity, LPS trafficking pathways, and host LPS inactivation mechanisms should be considered when interpreting endotoxin assay results.
Motivational Strategies for Instrumental Training
Authors: Muñoz Silvia Tripiana 
Published: July 2016

A priori it seems that the use of motivational strategies is not applicable to something so vocational as the learning of a musical instrument. However, the many years of academic development linked to the search for autonomy in individual study, which accompanies the performer for life, point to the need to assess the role played by motivation in these types of teaching. This article emphasizes that music students require responses and objectives for adequate self-motivation. At the same time, various strategies are presented that can assist teachers in the preparation and development of the instrumental class as well as other topics that concern students in the realization of their individual practice. All of the strategies have been taken from recent perspectives on motivation towards learning in general education, establishing relevant relations and their possible application in the field of instrumental practice. In conclusion, the article is based on the idea that a motivated student will reach greater musical achievements which will result in professional performance of greater quality.