bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity and Breast Cancer: Molecular Interconnections and Potential Clinical Applications
Authors: Simone Valeria , D’Avenia Morena , Argentiero Antonella , Felici Claudia , Rizzo Francesca Maria , De Pergola Giovanni , Silvestris Franco 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Obesity is an important risk factor for breast cancer (BC) in postmenopausal women; interlinked molecular mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis. Increased levels of estrogens due to aromatization of the adipose tissue, inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2, insulin resistance and hyperactivation of insulin-like growth factors pathways, adipokines, and oxidative stress are all abnormally regulated in obese women and contribute to cancerogenesis. These molecular factors interfere with intracellular signaling in the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatydilinositol-3-phosphate/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, which regulate the progression of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and protein synthesis. In this context, structural defects of typical genes related to both BC and obesity, such as leptin, leptin receptor, serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1, the fat mass and obesity-associated gene and melanocortin receptor 4, have been associated with a high or low risk of BC development. The early detection of these gene alterations might be useful as risk predictors in obese women, and targeting these pathways involved in the BC pathogenesis in obese women is a potential therapeutic tool. In particular, mTOR pathway deregulation concurs in both obesity and BC, and inhibition of this might disrupt the molecular interlinks in a similar manner to that of metformin, which exerts definite anticancer activity and is currently used as an antidiabetic drug with a weight-reducing property. The identification of both genetic and pharmacological implications on the prevention and management of BC is the ultimate aim of these studies.
Scratch – um primeiro olhar
Authors: Arantes Flávia Linhalis , Ferreira José Michael Leandro da Silva , Ribeiro Paula Eduarda Justino 
Published: February 2016

RESUMO: Neste artigo, relatamos a atividade “Scratch, um primeiro olhar”, realizada com o objetivo de registrar as impressões e as respostas dos alunos ao olhar pela primeira vez para programas em Scratch. Apresentamos uma revisão sobre a caracterização da linguagem e do ambiente do Scratch, procurando identificar o que um aluno que nunca teve contato com programação pode usar para extrair informações dos programas. Diferente de outros trabalhos na literatura, destacamos o fato de os comandos serem escritos na língua materna dos alunos como um elemento grandemente facilitador para o entendimento dos mesmos por parte dos iniciantes. Os resultados dos experimentos mostram que a capacidade de leitura dos programas é uma grande aliada no entendimento daqueles que nunca programaram.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Scratch; iniciantes em programação; linguagem de programação. ABSTRACT:In this paper, we report the “Scratch, a first glance” activity, conducted with the aim of registering the impressions and the responses of students when they looked for the first time to Scratch programs. We present a review on the characterization of Scratch language and environment, trying to identify what a student who never had contact with programming can use to extract information from the programs. Different from other works in literature, we highlight the commands written in the mother tongue of the students as a great facilitator to the understanding of the programs by the beginners. The results of the experiments show that the ability to read the programs is of great importance in the understanding from those who never had previous contact with programming.KEYWORDS: Scratch; beginners in programming; programming language.
Levantamento das omissões ortográficas na escrita infantil
Authors: Cruz Regina Célia Fernandes 
Published: February 2016

RESUMO: Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo as omissões ortográficas recorrentes na escrita infantil. Como suporte teórico para esta pesquisa, utilizou-se o trabalho de Chacon (2010) e Amaral et al. (2011), pioneiros na aplicação da metodologia aqui adotada. Os dados analisados – 6.840 – foram coletados em uma escola pública da periferia de Belém (PA). Para a obtenção dos dados, foi solicitado aos 93 sujeitos desta pesquisa, todos alunos dos 3º e 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental, que escrevessem nomes de frutas ou de animais durante um bingo simulado. O corpus obtido compreende a produção escrita de 63 vocábulos, sendo 41 nomes de frutas e 22 de animais. Esses vocábulos-alvo possuem sílabas com os tipos de coda previstos no sistema português, a saber, preenchida por: a) rótico /R/; b) por lateral /l/; c) por nasal /N/; d) por soante /S/; assim como por e) ausência total de fonema na coda (vazia). Constatou-se um percentual de 59% de omissões ortográficas em relação à escrita canônica. Considerando apenas as omissões ortográficas, 87% ocorrem justamente nas sílabas com coda preenchida, das quais se registrou uma grande concentração de omissões nas sílabas com coda preenchida por /N/ (57%), o que demonstra um alto grau de dificuldade das crianças em relação às regras ortográficas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: aquisição da escrita; escrita infantil; Língua Portuguesa. ABSTRACT: This work deals with omissions on written productions of children who are in elementary school, at the 3rd and 4th school years. We adopted for this work the same methodological procedures of Chacon (2010) and Amaral et al. (2011). Altogether, 93 children participated in this experiment. They wrote 63 names (41 fruits and 22 animals) during a simulated bingo game. The target was the segmental at the syllable coda. Portuguese language has 6 kinds of syllable coda: a) rhotic /R/; b) lateral /l/; c) nasal /N/; d) soante /S/ and e) empty /∅/. The results show a great number of writing omissions (59%) in relation to canonic form. When we considered the omissions happened only at the coda position, this number raised for 87%, whose 57% are at the nasal coda. These results show that children from elementary school have a great difficulty to understand graphic rules.KEYWORDS: writing acquisition; child writing; Portuguese Language.
O gramático e a norma culta em títulos de entrevistas: entre citações e fórmulas discursivas
Authors: Jesus Agnaldo Almeida de 
Published: February 2016

RESUMO: O trabalho ora proposto tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos de sentidos sobre o gramático e a norma culta produzidos em títulos de entrevistas com Evanildo Bechara. Desse modo, questionamo-nos como a instituição midiática formula seus enunciados a fim de obter a adesão de um público leitor e instituir um determinado sentido (e não outros) ao que é posto em circulação. Para tanto, tomamos como corpus dez títulos de entrevistas com o referido gramático. Teoricamente, respaldamo-nos nos pressupostos teóricos da Análise do discurso de linha francesa, destacando a questão do funcionamento midiático e a noção de fórmula discursiva. Para tal perspectiva teórica, os sujeitos e sentidos são determinados historicamente: são opacos e têm uma materialidade constitutiva. Em nossas análises, pudemos constatar que nos títulos, por meio de citações e fórmulas, há uma materialização de sentidos que retoma formulações cristalizadas no que concerne à significação do sujeito gramático e da norma culta em nossa sociedade.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: fórmula discursiva; norma culta; gramático; mídia. ABSTRACT: The proposed work aims at analyzing the effects of senses on the grammarian and cultured standard produced in titles of interviews with Evanildo Bechara. Thereby, we question ourselves how the media institution formulates their titles in order to obtain the access of a readership and establish a certain sense (and not others) when that is put into circulation. For this, we took as corpus 10 titles of interviews with the aforementioned Grammarian. We endorsed this paper in the theoretical assumptions of discourse analysis of French line, highlighting the issue of media operation and the notion of discursive formula. For such perspective, subjects and directions are determined historically: are opaque and have a constitutive materiality. In our analysis we were able to see that there is a materialization of senses in the titles that incorporates crystallized formulations regarding the meaning of the subject and grammarian of the standard educated in our society. KEYWORDS: discursive formula; cultured standard; grammarian; media.
Livros entre práticas e transformações: efeitos de sentido em discursos sobre a leitura na mídia
Authors: Silva Francisco Veira da , Silveira Ederson Luis 
Published: February 2016

RESUMO:O presente trabalho, descritivo de natureza interpretativa, visa analisar uma reportagem de capa veiculada pela revista Veja (“Os superpoderes da Leitura”, ed. 2373, de 20 de maio de 2014), com vistas a apreender, no funcionamento do discurso midiático, efeitos de sentido relativos à leitura e, por conseguinte, representações acerca do leitor contemporâneo. Para tanto, torna-se relevante pensarmos nas circulações de discursos e discursivizações que são produzidas a partir de enunciados veiculados nas mais variadas vitrines midiáticas em que nos inserimos na contemporaneidade. Para isso, o discurso aqui é tomado como algo exterior à língua, mas que precisa da língua para se materializar. Dessa forma, o olhar dos gestos de interpretação, proposto aqui, voltar-se-á para a materialização de enunciados que tomam a leitura como um objeto discursivo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: leitura; análise de discursos; mídia. ABSTRACT:The present work, descriptive with interpretative nature, aims at analyzing a cover story published by Veja magazine (“Os superpoderes da Leitura”, ed. 2373, 5/20/2014), with the objective of apprehending, in the functioning of media discourse, sense effects related to reading and, consequently, representations about the contemporary reader. For this purpose, it becomes relevant to think about the circulations of discourses and discursivisations which are produced from statements presented on the most varied media showcases of contemporaneity. To do this, the discourse will be taken here as something outside the language, but that needs language to materialize itself. Thus, the look of the proposed interpretation gestures will turn to the materialization of statements that take reading as a discursive object.KEYWORDS: reading; discourses analysis; media.
Imagens meméticas e a comunic(ação) na web: um experimento analítico, reflexões e aplicabilidades acerca do discurso multimodal do Facebook
Authors: Gomes Claudia dos Santos 
Published: February 2016

RESUMO:Ampliando-se nosso foco de estudo sobre a relação entre História e imagens, passa-se, a partir deste trabalho, a observar como as imagens vêm se prestando a externar mensagens de cunho político, desde as eleições presidenciais de 2014 no Brasil, quando se nota o aumento das mensagens de caráter dicotômico entre “direita e esquerda”. Tendo em vista a importância das imagens para a comunicação, busca-se analisar essa manifestação do discurso político imagético nas redes sociais, mais especificamente no Facebook, no âmbito de um evento digital disseminado na Web, a partir de uma proposta de análise de orientação linguística (SOUZA JÚNIOR, 2015a; 2015b; 2015c; 2015d). Nesse sentido, a partir do estudo de duas unidades de propagação (imagens disseminadas), este artigo propõe a análise desse tipo de mensagem dentro dos eventos digitais identificados por nós como “Coxinha” e “Petralha”. Utilizou-se o Modelo Tridimensional de Análise (FAIRCLOUGH, 2003; SOUZA JÚNIOR, 2013; 2015c) como metodologia, associado à Abordagem Integradora (SOUZA JÚNIOR, 2015a; 2015b). Os resultados da análise das imagens evidenciaram disputas político-ideológicas como uma prática propagada por meio de recursos tecnológicos e discursivo-imagéticos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: discurso; política e propagação digital; imagens meméticas e multimodalidade; ensino de História e imagens meméticas. ABSTRACT:Expanding our focus of study on the relationship between History and images, this article observes how images have been expressed political messages since the 2014 Brazilian presidential elections, when it is possible to observe the increase of dichotomous messages between "right” and “left". Given the importance of images for communication, this article analyzes this pictorial way of manifesting political discourse on social networks, specifically on Facebook, regarding the spread of such manifestations as a digital event disseminated on the Web. This study makes use of a Linguistics-oriented proposal of analysis (SOUZA JUNIOR, 2015a; 2015b; 2015c; 2015d). Accordingly, by examining two units of propagation (disseminated images), the article suggests the study of this type of message within the scope of the digital events identified as "Coxinha” and “Petralha". This investigation uses the Three-dimensional Model of Analysis (FAIRCLOUGH, 2003; SOUZA JUNIOR, 2013; 2015c) as a methodology in association with the Integrative Approach (SOUZA JUNIOR, 2015a; 2015b). Results of analysis revealed political-ideological dispute as a propagated practice through technological and discursive-pictorial resources.KEYWORDS: discourse; politics and digital propagation; memetic images and multimodality; teaching of History and memetic images.
Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação e formação docente em Letras: uma análise qualitativa da legislação brasileira e portuguesa
Authors: Kurtz Fabiana Diniz 
Published: February 2016

RESUMO: Estudos (ALMEIDA, 2008; COSTA, 2007; JONASSEN, 2000; KURTZ, 2015) têm colocado o papel das tecnologias educacionais lado a lado a questões históricas e legais na área, questionando a ênfase atribuída ao aparelhamento das instituições educacionais e o uso instrumental das tecnologias, que fazem com que estudantes sejam orientados a aprender unicamente “sobre” e não “com” esses recursos, sem maiores preocupações pedagógicas e sociais. Tendo a abordagem histórico-cultural vigotskiana como eixo teórico (VIGOTSKI, 2007; 2008), o objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar de que forma as tecnologias são concebidas em documentos oficiais que pautam a educação e a formação docente em Letras no Brasil e em Portugal. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo com base na análise textual discursiva (MORAES & GALIAZZI, 2011), da legislação educacional brasileira e portuguesa, em um processo de unitarização e categorização dos textos. Os resultados sugerem indícios de contato e distanciamento entre as legislações, com desdobramentos bastante peculiares nos dois países, evidenciando que esses documentos devam ser profundamente conhecidos e discutidos pelos docentes de modo que as tecnologias sejam parte da formação de professores de línguas, não unicamente pelo fato de ser uma obrigação legal e sim pela necessidade pedagógica e emancipatória do sujeito, coerentemente com a concepção de ensino e aprendizagem adotada.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: TIC; formação de professores; legislação brasileira; legislação portuguesa. ABSTRACT: Studies (ALMEIDA, 2008; COSTA, 2007; JONASSEN, 2000; KURTZ, 2015) have placed the role of educational technologies side by side to historical and legal issues in the field, questioning the emphasis given to the equipping of schools and instrumental use of technologies that lead students to learn only "about" but not "with" these technologies without greater pedagogical and social concerns. Having Vygotskian social-historical approach as theoretical support (VIGOTSKI, 2007; 2008), the main objective of this research is to verify how technologies are designed in official documents that guide education and language teacher education in Brazil and Portugal. For this purpose, a qualitative research based on discourse textual analysis (MORAES & GALIAZZI, 2011) was carried out in a process of textual unitarization and categorization. Results suggest contact and distance elements between the laws, with quite peculiar developments in both countries, showing that these documents should be deeply known and discussed by teachers so that technologies are part of language teacher education not only because it is a legal obligation, but also an educational and emancipatory need, consistent with teaching and learning conception adopted.KEYWORDS: ICT; teacher education; Brazilian legislation; Portuguese legislation.
Unrecognized Isolated Medial Trochlear Fracture Leading to Malunion
Authors: Elmaraghy Amr , Pennings Amanda , Walton Christine 
Published: February 2016

Case:
A twenty-year-old woman presented with an isolated intra-articular fracture of the medial part of the trochlea twelve weeks after a traumatic fall. The fracture had gone undetected during the initial twelve weeks following injury, resulting in an anteriorly and superiorly displaced malunion and severe range-of-motion restrictions of the elbow.

Conclusion:
Vigilant clinical examination is imperative to avoid missing this uncommon fracture pattern and complication. Prompt surgical management is necessary to ensure that adequate healing is achieved and to avoid unnecessary complications. This case report demonstrates that an excellent clinical outcome can be achieved with intra-articular osteotomy and anatomic fixation of the malunited segment.
Posterior Mini-Incision Approach for Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Dorr Lawrence D. 
Published: February 2016

We developed a modification of the posterior mini-incision for total hip arthroplasty, which was initially used by Sculco at The Hospital for Special Surgery, in response to the movement in the orthopaedic community to perform total hip arthroplasty with smaller incisions. Our approach preserves the piriformis and quadratus femoris muscles of the external rotators, uses three incisions into the capsule but does not excise the capsule, does not incise the tensor fascia/iliotibial band, and leaves intact the insertion of the gluteus maximus onto the femur. We have used this incision since 2004, and our published results and those of others show that the greatest advantage is cosmetic and patients’ perception of less violation of their body. It is a contributor to the same-day surgery program and rapid recovery protocol on which we have reported.
The steps of the procedure include (1) an incision made along the posterior edge of the greater trochanter from the level of the vastus tubercle to one fingerbreadth from the tip of the greater trochanter; (2) a deep L-shaped incision parallel to the piriformis tendon, and along the posterior edge of the greater trochanter through the small external rotator muscles and hip capsule to the proximal edge of the quadratus to expose the femoral head and neck; (3) measurement of the neck cut from the distal edge of the femoral head and amputation of the femoral head; (4) exposure of the cut neck of the femur with retractors and broaching of the femur; (5) exposure of the acetabulum with retractors and acetabular reaming to prepare it for the cup; (6) implantation of the cup and stem and a femoral head of the correct length to restore lower-limb length and offset; and (7) closure of the wound in layers with the skin with subcutaneous sutures and sealing of the wound with a DERMABOND dressing (Ethicon).
The expected outcome is that the patient will walk with full weight-bearing on the day of the operation and be discharged home that day or the next. Patients with occupations that do not require physical labor can return to work in one week, and according to our data 98% of patients under sixty-five can walk one mile (1.6 km) by three weeks. Recovery is in three phases: for the first month, the patient has soreness and swelling from the surgical trauma to the tissues; at three months, the muscles are well healed; and at six months, bone healing is mature. The hip is “forgotten” (the patient goes days without thinking about it) after six months.
Theory-Based Review of Limitations With Static Gel Strength in Cement/Matrix Characterization
Authors: Li Zichang , Vandenbossche Julie M. , Iannacchione Anthony T. , Brigham John C. , Kutchko Barbara G. 
Published: February 2016

Summary
Gases can migrate into the cemented annulus of a wellbore during early gelation when hydrostatic pressure within the cement slurry drops. Different means to describe hydrostatic-pressure reduction have been proposed and reported in the literature. Among them, static gel strength (SGS) is the most widely accepted concept in describing the strength development of hydrating cement. The classic shear-stress theory uses SGS to quantify the hydrostatic-pressure reduction in the cement column. Approaches derived from the concept of SGS have contributed to understanding mechanisms of gas migration and methods of minimizing it. Unfortunately, these approaches do not accurately predict gas migration. Although SGS was originally adopted to describe the shear stress at interfaces, it has also been used to estimate the shear resistance required to deform slurry during the hydration period. Before early gelation, the hydrostatic pressure will overcome the formation gas pressure and prevent gas migrations. During gelation, the cement develops enough rigidity to withstand the gas invasion. This critical hydration period is defined as the transition time. API STD 65-2 (API 2010a) provides standards for determining the transition time by use of the concept of SGS. Current industry practice is to reduce the transition time, thereby lowering the potential for invading gas introducing migration pathways in the cemented annulus. This approach, although certainly helpful in reducing the risk for gas migration, does not eliminate its occurrence. Experimental results presented in this study demonstrate that the relationship between SGS and hydrostatic-pressure reduction is not linear. Characteristics of the transition-time endpoints depend on slurry properties and downhole conditions. Moreover, SGS is not able to characterize the gas-tight property of a cement slurry. When slurry gels, the mechanical properties are governed by its growing solid fraction. The gel can deform under shear loading, but gases and other fluids will need to break or fracture the bond between solids and push them aside for pathways to form within the cement/matrix domain at this point. To fully understand this process, the bond strength between solid particles and the compressibility of the cement matrix are needed. The bond strength and compressibility are mechanical properties dependent on the changing rigidity of the gelling cement. However, SGS does not address these important properties and, therefore, SGS is limited in its ability to predict gas-migration potential. A better means to characterize the cement/matrix strength by use of fundamental concepts and variables for replacing SGS is desired.
The Role of Allergen Immunotherapy in the Management of Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Cox Linda 
Published: February 2016

Purpose To evaluate the role of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). Method Individual studies, systematic reviews, and practice guidelines that included information on sublingual AIT (SLIT) and subcutaneous AIT (SOT) in the treatment of AR were considered. Results AIT via the SLIT or SCIT route has been shown to be effective in treating AR symptoms with resultant improvements in overall quality of life, comorbid illnesses, and medication requirements. Persistent clinical benefits have been demonstrated years after AIT treatment discontinuation. AIT may prevent the progression of AR to asthma. In addition, studies that evaluated the pharmacoeconomics of AR treatment indicate that AIT may be more cost effective than pharmacotherapy. The AIT cost savings are likely underestimated in that few cost comparison studies considered AIT's long-term benefits or preventive effects. Conclusion Multiple individual studies and systematic reviews provide strong evidence for the clinical effectiveness of AIT in the treatment of AR. Cost-effectiveness and disease modification are additional advantages of AIT compared with standard drug treatment in the management of AR.