bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alignments between strategic content and process structure: the case of container terminal service process automation
Authors: Wang Ping , Mileski Joan P. , Zeng Qingcheng 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDuring the last three decades, technological innovations in cargo handling equipment have made it possible to automate operational processes in container terminals. Despite the increasing trend in terminal automation, little work has been done to develop theoretical guidelines for evaluating the benefits of this industrial practice. We assess terminal automation by focusing on whether strategic content and process structure are aligned. In this study, we explore the reasons that these results are mixed in the context of service automation. Have market competitiveness and operational performance been enhanced by automation in seaports? We focus on two key strategic elements and their proper alignment to produce the best performance for a port. The first element is the overall business strategy and strategic content adopted by the port. In this study, we look at Porter’s (Competitive strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980) generic strategic classification of low cost, differentiation, or focus strategies. The second element is the process structure of the port, which may have been impacted by technological innovation. Using the framework of contingency theory, we explore the interface of strategic content and process structure and how this interface impacts the service process automation. A multiple case study is conducted on a sample of 20 container terminals, selected from the list of 2014 Journal of Commerce’s Top Productive Terminals. We come up with three important findings. First, a port’s strategic market position determines the choice of overall business strategy. If a port is strategically positioned as an international gate, then it should adopt an overall cost-leadership strategy, whereas a transshipment terminal should adopt an overall differentiation strategy. Second, we find that the process structure adopted is associated with the level of automation, and a differentiation strategy is dependent on the level of flexibility, speed, and reliability. Higher market uncertainty requires higher flexibility, while lower market uncertainty requires greater speed and reliability. Third, the level of process automation depends on throughput volume and stability. Closer relationships with maritime supply–chain partners help increase throughput volume and reduce throughput uncertainty.
Conclusion
Authors: Francez Itamar , Koontz-Garboden Andrew 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This concluding chapter highlighting outstanding issues related to its main topics, among these the notion of translational equivalence; the uniformity/transparency debate in the explanation of morphosyntactic variation; the lexical semantics of lexical categories; and the nature of mass nouns. The book closes by situating the main issues against the broader issues of key import in the field, particularly the issue of linguistic diversity, and the various modes of explaining it.
Policy Coordination and Growth Traps in a Middle-Income Country Setting
Authors: Bhorat Haroon , Cassim Aalia , Hirsch Alan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
South Africa has exhibited tepid economic growth over the past twenty years, as well as high levels of income inequality characteristic of a middle-income country growth trap. This chapter compares and contrasts South Africa’s growth trap relative to middle-income peer economies. In addition, it studies the policies and structures of the South African economy that have perpetuated the persistently low levels of growth observed. In particular, it considers the capital-intensive nature of manufacturing, regulation in the telecommunication and transport sector, and the inadequacies of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policies. The chapter concludes discussing the welfare outcomes on the vast majority of South Africans who are unable to participate in the economy.
Ghana’s Experiments with Business–Government Coordination
Authors: Aryeetey Ernest , Owoo Nkechi S. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The chapter explores the various coordination mechanisms between the state and the business community in Ghana, and the implications for economic growth in the country. It focuses on three periods in the economic history of state–business relations (SBRs): the immediate post-independence period and the adoption of a statist approach to development where the state was the main engine for development; the period of military rule that was characterized by some semblance of civility in the relations between the state and the private sector; and the post-military regime, where positive relationships with the private sector were deliberately developed and cultivated.
The Philosophical Background
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The Philosophical Background’ focuses on the influence of Plato on Aristotle. Aristotle was a systematic thinker, and shared Plato’s vision of a unified theory of science. While Aristotle indisputably turned logic into a science and invented the discipline of formal logic, Plato had initiated enquiry into the foundations of logic and expected his pupils to train themselves in argumentation. Aristotle did not accept Plato’s theory of Forms, but it influenced his own numerous efforts to develop an alternative ontology. In Plato’s view, the notions of science and knowledge were intimately tied to that of explanation – a concern inherited by Aristotle, who also shared his master’s interest in epistemological discussion.
The Structure of the Sciences
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Aristotle did not share Plato’s belief that all knowledge could be founded upon a single set of axioms. ‘The Structure of the Sciences’ shows that Aristotle divided knowledge into three major classes. The productive sciences are concerned with making things; Aristotle himself had relatively little to say about these. The practical sciences are concerned with how we ought to act in various circumstances, in private and public affairs. The Ethics and the Politics are Aristotle’s chief contributions here. Theoretical knowledge includes everything now considered science, and in Aristotle’s view it contains most of human knowledge. It subdivides into mathematics, natural science, and theology (closer in practice to astronomy).
Logic
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Logic’ explores Aristotle’s syllogistic. In the Prior Analytics Aristotle uses ‘proposition’ for simple sentences and ‘term’ for their salient parts. Thus a proposition affirms or denies something of something, and the two things are its terms. The thing affirmed or denied is the ‘predicate’ of the proposition, and the thing of which the predicate is affirmed or denied is the ‘subject’ of the proposition. In Aristotle’s logic, propositions are all either universal or particular. Aristotle’s logic thus concerns itself with four types of proposition: universal affirmatives; universal negatives; particular affirmatives; and particular negatives. To achieve generality, rather than employing particular terms to describe and characterize arguments, Aristotle used letters.
Change
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Unlike Plato’s Forms, which are eternal and unchanging, Aristotle’s substances are temporary and undergo alterations. Aristotle considered there to be four types of change: in respect of substance, quality, quantity, and place. These are generation or destruction; alteration; growth and diminution; and motion, respectively. Most of the Physics is devoted to change in its different forms. Change takes place in time and space, and the Physics offers intricate theories about the nature of time, of place, and of empty space. Since space and time are infinitely divisible, Aristotle analyses the notion of infinity. He also discusses a number of particular problems concerning the relation of motion to time.
Afterlife
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Afterlife’ argues that an account of Aristotle’s intellectual legacy would amount to a history of European thought. Aristotle’s various doctrines and beliefs were accepted and taught as truths, influencing philosophy, science, history, theology, poetry and drama. He founded the science of biology, setting it on a sure empirical and philosophical basis. In logic too, Aristotle founded a new science, and his logic remained until the end of the last century the logic of European thought. While Aristotle’s biology and logic are outdated, the same is not true of his more philosophical writings. Finally, Aristotle set before us, explicitly and implicitly, an ideal of human excellence.
The reorientation of the Confucian tradition after 1000 ce: The teachings of Neo-Confucianism
Authors: Gardner Daniel K. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The reorientation of the Confucian tradition after 1000 ce’ discusses the “school” of Confucianism referred to as Neo-Confucianism, which came to dominate Chinese intellectual and political life from the eleventh century and that guided the Chinese imperial government and the foundation of the civil service examination systems until the early twentieth century. Neo-Confucianism upholds the values and ethics of classical Confucianism, but reorients it in two important ways: (1) it grounds the values and ethics of classical Confucianism in an elaborate system of metaphysics generated over the eleventh and twelfth centuries; and (2) it creates a structured program of self-cultivation, a step-by-step template for “becoming a sage.” But why did Neo-Confucianism emerge at this particular time?
Before Alexander
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Before Alexander’ gives a brief history of the Achaemenid Persian Empire and the kingdom of Macedon before they came into conflict, to set the scene for Alexander the Great's era. The Achaemenid Empire was the creation of Cyrus the Great (c.559–530). To maintain hold over such a large and disparate empire required effective organization. Central to the Achaemenid system was the person of the king himself. The Persians established in power the family that would, 180 years on from that point, bring down their own empire. Alexander III (Alexander the Great) was the great-great-great grandson of Alexander I, the son of Amyntas, a Macedonian.
Prince: Alexander in the Macedonian court
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Prince: Alexander in the Macedonian Court’ looks at Alexander's childhood and at a number of women who played an important part in his upbringing, such as his mother, Olympias; Eurydice, wife of Amyntas III; and Cleopatra, his sister. Of the Alexander historians, only Plutarch talks about Alexander the Great's childhood, telling many stories about Alexander's mother. Alexander maintained a close relationship with his mother throughout his life and he corresponded with her regularly. Alexander's life in the Macedonian court was interrupted when he went into exile and shortly after his father was assassinated at his sister's wedding leaving Alexander heir.
Religions of India
Authors: Bowker John 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Religions of India’ shows that Indian understandings and characterisations of God are extremely diverse and are expressed in the vivid proliferation of worship, rituals, meditation, music, art, and architecture. But they are held together in the context, not just of certain fundamental beliefs, in the wide acceptance of common practice and social organisation known collectively as Dharma. Indian religion can be seen as a ‘family of religions’ with a common ancestor. The epiphanies of ‘God’ go back to the Vedas, the earliest surviving texts of Indian religion from about 1500 bce. The great characterisations of God are Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva (which make up the ‘Hindu Trinity’) and Mahadevi.
On knowing and not knowing God
Authors: Bowker John 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
How can God be known? ‘On knowing and not knowing God’ proposes that it could only be if God creates the means of that knowing, and of that being known. What are the effects through which God becomes known? They are gathered in three groups: the first is ‘the apparel of creation’, the beauty, order, reliability, vastness of the universe. The second is through the interactive enterprise with humans that is referred to as ‘inspiration’. The third set are ways in which God is believed to have become manifest in human form and through which God continues to reach into the world. But what God is cannot be known.
The threat from space
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The Threat from Space’ considers the threat of asteroids and comets colliding with Earth. Potential impacts of Near Earth Asteroids, with almost circular orbits, have been identified, but the threat from comets, which follow strongly elliptical paths, is uncertain. The Mexican asteroid impact 65 million years ago is thought to have wiped out two-thirds of all species living at the time. The Earth will be hit again at some point in the future, but how will it affect us? This will depend upon three things: the size of the object, how quickly it is travelling, and whether it hits the land or the ocean.
Epilogue
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The Epilogue’ summarizes our current position. We are well into a cycle of warming that is certain to lead to dramatic geophysical, social, and economic changes during the next hundred years that will impinge detrimentally on everyone. At the same time our planet is teetering on the edge of the next Ice Age. Asteroid impacts, giant tsunamis, or volcanic super-eruptions cannot fail to result in millions of deaths and the enormous disruption of our so-called advanced global society. It concludes that—major comet or asteroid impact aside—it is unlikely that all human beings will be wiped out in the foreseeable future.
Wildlife and microbes
Authors: Furley Peter A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Wildlife and microbes’ looks at energy pathways through the savanna system and the nature of the wildlife characterizing each of the major savanna landscapes, including the woody savannas of the Brazilian cerrado, the East African grasslands, dry and wetland savannas, and the Australian savanna woodlands. This brings into consideration food chains and food webs, as well as aspects of animal ecology that determine the number and character of living organisms. The two main aspects of wildlife to consider are the individual populations of animal species and the way they integrate into communities. Life in all savannas depends upon the complexity of biological interactions between the smallest and the largest organisms.
Climate surprises
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The assumption of a linear relationship between greenhouse gases and climate change may be wrong. ‘Climate surprises’ examines the possibility that there are thresholds—or tipping points—in the climate system that may occur as we warm the planet. These include the possibility that Greenland and/or the Antarctic could start to irreversibly melt, raising sea level by metres; a change in North Atlantic driven deep-ocean circulation could produce extreme seasonal weather in Europe; dieback of the Amazon rainforest due to deforestation, with concurrent depletion in biodiversity; and, finally, a release of gas hydrates from deep beneath the oceans could occur if the oceans warm up sufficiently, again accelerating climate change.
Solutions
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Solutions’ examines three types of solution to climate change. The first is adaptation, which is simply providing protection for the population, as we already know that there will be climate change even if emissions are radically cut back to 1990 levels. Second is mitigation, which would involve cutting our carbon footprint and thus reversing the trend that currently exists of ever increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuels need to be replaced with renewable or alternative energy sources that will not produce greenhouse gas emissions. Third is geoenginnering that involves large-scale extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or modification of the global climate.
The Old Babylonian period: (c.1880–1595 bc)
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The Old Babylonian period’ concentrates on Hammurabi’s dynasty, which belonged to one of the most powerful and widespread ethnic groups in the Near East: the Amorites. Hammurabi’s reign from 1793 marked the peak period in his dynasty’s tenure of power in the Near East, particularly in the middle Euphrates region and southern Mesopotamia, but it was Sumu-la-El (c.1880–1845) who founded the kingdom of Babylonia, building a royal palace and a great fortification wall around the city. Under Hammurabi’s five successors, all of whom had long reigns, the kingdom was to last another 155 years. But within a few years of the great man’s death, decline had set in.
The future
Authors: Passingham Richard 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Now that we know so much about where there is activity in the brain while people perform cognitive tasks, ‘The future’ explains that the next stage is to find out how that activity makes cognition possible. To do this we need to study that activity with methods that are sensitive to the temporal pattern of neuronal activity, but neither PET nor fMRI is well suited for the purpose. Methods currently available include: magneto-encephalography, recording with electrode arrays, recording from single neurons, and biologically plausible computational models. Future models will need to take into account both the fine and gross architecture of the brain and be more flexible and more biologically plausible.
Nations under law
Authors: Lowe Vaughan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The most basic function of international law is to secure the coexistence of the world’s almost 200 sovereign States. ‘Nations under law’ explains the essential conditions of statehood under international law: having a permanent population; an effective government; a physical territory; the capacity to enter into relations with other States; and legitimacy as an independent State. International law provides for the security of States’ borders, and for their right to be free from invasion and coercion by neighbouring States. It underpins the right of each State to choose its political, economic, and social structures.
Implementing international law
Authors: Lowe Vaughan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
States tend to comply with international law, but what happens if a State breaks a rule of international law? ‘Implementing international law’ considers the different ways in which international law is implemented—diplomatic protest through acts of retorsion, counter-measures, litigation, arbitration, and mediation. If litigation is necessary, most cases in which international law is applied arise in municipal courts and tribunals. Only a small proportion of cases that are decided by the application of rules of international law are taken to the International Court. Despite the increasing engagement between international law and individuals, the particular focus of international law remains fixed upon States and State responsibility.
Freedom from external interference
Authors: Lowe Vaughan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Freedom from external interference’ focuses on one aspect of the assurance of the sovereign equality and independence of States and the freedom that it entails for each of them: the freedom from external interference and from forcible coercion by other States. In what circumstances may force be used? What weapons and methods of waging war may be used? Who is entitled to use force? The rules of international law relating to war are traditionally divided into the jus in bello, which governs matters such as prohibitions on certain weapons and ways of waging war against other nations, and the jus ad bellum, which limits the circumstances on the right to go to war.
Sovereignty inside the State
Authors: Lowe Vaughan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Limitations on the right to use force are a key element among the principles by which international law secures the sovereign equality and independence of States against external threats. ‘Sovereignty inside the State’ examines the principles of international law that spell out in positive terms the content of that equality and independence. Each State has the sovereign right to decide upon its social and economic structures, and to lay down laws that will influence the national character of the State and of life within it. The legal concept of jurisdiction determines the reach and priority of those laws. That freedom is not unlimited: it is constrained by obligations of the State under international law.
Introduction
Authors: Ware Susan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Introduction explains how this VSI highlights the diversity of American women's experiences as continually shaped by factors such as race, class, religion, geographical location, age, and sexual orientation. Without downplaying the historical constraints and barriers blocking women's advancement, the story emphasizes women as active agents rather than passive victims throughout U.S. history. It is neither possible nor desirable to write about women in isolation from men or separate from national events and trends. Instead women's stories link to larger themes at the same time they often challenge them. By fully integrating these stories into the broader national story, a richer understanding of U.S. history in all its complexity will be achieved.
Influenza
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The influenza that swept across the globe in three waves in 1918–1919 was the worst pandemic in history since the Black Death. Pandemic influenza had erupted before—most recently and severely in 1889–1892. But none approached the impact of the post–World War I pandemic, which killed at least fifty million people. ‘Influenza’ explains that more young adults and females were affected. Influenza can jump from animals to humans and back because it changes rapidly and often via antigenic drift. There were further pandemics in 1957, 1968, and 2009, and there will be more in the future. There is still much to learn about influenza.
What causes military strategies to succeed or fail?
Authors: Echevarria Antulio J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
How can military strategists improve the odds of success while reducing the chances of failure? ‘What causes military strategies to succeed or fail?’ identifies four tasks are necessary for a successful strategy: a critical appraisal of the adversary’s strengths and weaknesses matched against one’s own; the net assessment should serve as a baseline for developing courses of action that weaken the foe enough to get what one wants; the head of state must select a suitable military commander to develop and implement the desired strategy; and sound war plans are needed to pull everything together. Military strategies often fail because the opposing party refuses to concede, even if continuing to fight is patently self-destructive.
What is a black hole?
Authors: Blundell Katherine 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A black hole is a region of space where the force of gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can travel fast enough to escape from its interior. ‘What is a black hole?’ outlines how they were first conceived by theoretical physicists such as John Michell, Henry Cavendish, Pierre-Simon Laplace, and Albert Einstein, and explains the concepts of singularity, escape velocity, the event horizon, and spacetime. Black holes have now been identified in the Universe in their hundreds and accounted for in their millions. Although invisible, these objects interact with and influence their surroundings in different ways depending on proximity relative to the black hole.