bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
300 Awardee Talk: Elisabeth Huff-Lonergan
Authors: Huff-Lonergan Elisabeth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The science of pet food processing is an emerging area of interest for many companion animal scientists. Pet food science has an essential role in ensuring the health and well-being of companion animals, and in the sustainability and viability of the animal agriculture industry. Many ingredients used in pet foods are co-products of human food production. Meat products, including whole meats, mechanically deboned meat, and rendered protein meals, are often used as a principal source of highly digestible, well-balanced proteins and, vitamins and minerals. These products are transported, stored, and processed under various means. Many of these processes can have a detrimental impact on the nutrient and functionality of the protein component. Proteins are susceptible to many changes during processing that can impact their functionality, nutritional quality, and digestibility - including oxidative degradation. Oxidation of proteins is critical to understand as it can affect the functionality and quality of the diet. However, protein oxidation, from exposure to oxygen, heat, and light, has often not been well explored. Oxidized proteins may lead to reduced palatability, decreased digestibility, and other aspects of product quality of pet foods. Understanding protein oxidation mechanisms and their impact on product quality can help develop effective mitigation strategies for producing and maintaining high-quality pet food. There is a need for ongoing work to identify antioxidants, processing techniques, and storage conditions that minimize protein oxidation. Another critical need for the industry is to educate future pet food scientists to answer new problems and capitalize on innovative solutions. However, despite the growing demand for high-quality pet food, there remains a gap in specialized education for aspiring pet food professionals. Traditional animal science programs often lack dedicated coursework on companion animal nutrition and formulation, specifically pet food processing. On both the science of processing and the education of the next generation of scientists and industry professionals, there is a need to continue to draw on perspectives from the human food industry. As the pet food industry continues to evolve, it faces several challenges related to product quality, innovation, and the need for scientists who understand the pet food industry.
305 Factors influencing palatability of wet cat food
Authors: Beer Lesleigh C , LePore Angela , Stutsman Pauline Morin , Lambrakis Leah K , White Brittany L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Mouthfeel and piece shape are important to feline palatability preference; however, the impact of these attributes on wet pet food palatability has not yet been well established. Moreover, food acceptance is a primary decision factor for cat parents while flavor, ingredients, and brand are key selection contributors when buying wet cat food. The objective of this study was to evaluate consumption preference of adult cats for different formats of wet pet foods. Formulations were created in a commercial pet food manufacturing facility and included five product formats: paté, minced, shreds, standard cuts in gravy, and flaked. The primary protein source was chicken, and equivalent ingredients were used to maintain format as the variable. Pairs of formats were fed in a series of two-bowl feeding studies (n = 9). Each feeding panel (n = 20 cats) was fed for 3 d with bowls presented for 2 h. Bowl position was reversed daily, and both bowls were removed if one format was fully consumed before 2 h elapsed. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05. Paté performed at parity (P &gt; 0.05) to minced, standard cuts in gravy, and flaked formats. Similarly, both the minced and the standard cuts in gravy format performed at parity (P &gt; 0.05) to flaked or shreds format, respectively. The overall consumption ratio of shreds was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) as compared with the paté (1.85:1) and the minced (1.67:1) format. Similarly, minced was significantly preferred (P &lt; 0.05) to the standard cuts in gravy format (2.07:1). Interestingly, a subsequent feeding study demonstrated that cats consumed a significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) ratio of a minced format containing 4% extra gravy (46% minced:54% gravy) as compared with a typical minced with gravy format (50% minced:50% gravy; 1.93:1). In conclusion, these data suggest shreds or minced formats with additional gravy could lead to enhanced palatability of wet pet food for cats. This presentation will further investigate how various factors such as processing conditions, nutrient composition, palatants, ingredient selection, and freshness influence the palatability of wet cat food.
32 Biotics: Are there differences?
Authors: Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In companion animals, the search for dietary ingredients and supplements that may promote health and longevity continues. Because stool quality issues and gastrointestinal diseases are common, substances addressing gastrointestinal health are of interest and some of the most heavily studied. Given the importance that microbiota have on host health and disease, many strategies function by directly or indirectly influencing the microbial species that inhabit the gut. Dietary fibers may impact gut health by maintaining stool quality, providing laxation, reducing fecal odor, and modulating fermentative end-products. A variety of biotic substances may also be used to promote gastrointestinal health. Four primary biotic substances exist, namely probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics. Over the past decade, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) has sponsored expert consensus panels to update the biotic definitions, offer criteria for qualification, outline guiding principles for research and development, and provide implications for a variety of stakeholders (scientists; media; regulators; industry). In 2014, Hill et al. defined probiotics as “live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit”. Gibson et al. (2017) defined prebiotics as “substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit.” Probiotics and prebiotics have been widely used in pet products over the past few decades. Swanson et al. (2020) updated the synbiotic definition to be a “mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confer a health benefit”. Synbiotics may contain components that operate independently (complementary synbiotic) or in together (synergistic synbiotic) to promote host health. In 2021, Salminen et al. defined postbiotics as “preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit.” Yeast and bacteria-based mixtures falling under this definition have become more popular in pet nutrition as of late, but the postbiotic definition is often misused. This presentation will discuss each biotic substance category in regard to their use in dogs and cats. Mechanisms of action, potential benefits of consumption, evidence of successful use in companion animals, and ideas for the future of biotics will be presented.
163 Affecting the senses: Impacts of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals on olfactory acuity
Authors: Singletary Melissa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Evolutionary pressures have driven species-specific sensory system modifications resulting in a diversity of capabilities and adaptations. The sense of smell, olfaction, is an important sensory system in companion animals for communication, modulating behavior and influencing biological fitness. The enhanced olfactory acuity of companion animals relative to humans, and in particular domestic dogs, has led to employment of these animals in modern society as highly capable biological sensors. The use of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals in companion animals may directly or indirectly impact olfactory acuity. Identifying knowledge gaps, exploring capabilities, and addressing limitations associated with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical interventions is important in optimizing outcomes and maintaining minimal side effects, especially in working animals performing olfactory-based tasks.
162 The role of functional amino acids in optimizing nutrition and health
Authors: Shoveller Anna K , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The ability of a diet or an individual protein-containing ingredient to satisfy the indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements of an individual is a reflection of protein quality. In human nutrition, the concept of PQ is well recognized and widely applied to facilitate guidance on the extensive range of food items we consume. In the pet food industry, the concept of PQ is gaining recognition as a way in which to identify ideal candidate ingredients for diet formulation and our laboratory has recently completed a large data base of PQ estimates of typical ingredients used in the pet food industry to compliment the emerging PQ ingredient data. Our laboratory has also used more advanced methodologies, specifically the IAAO technique, to measure the dietary Phe, Trp, Met, Thr, and Lys requirements for adult dogs of small, medium and large breed dogs. The role of AA beyond support of protein turnover (adults) or protein deposition (growth) is being explored, such as the role of certain AA in behavior, immune function and inflammation. For example, the ratio of tryptophan to the large neutral amino acids of 0.75:1.0 in contrast to 0.46:1.0 resulted in better indices of gut health and may reduce agonistic behaviors both of which are underpinned by improved serotonergic status. The role of the sulfur AA in the development of dilated cardiomyopathy further highlights the role of IAA as sources for secondary metabolites, such as taurine and glutathione in supporting animal health. Indeed, many AA are becoming referred to as functional AA and the requirement of these AA may differ in healthy and challenged animals and deserve attention in dog and cat nutrition as well. Overall, the pattern of AA that defines the requirement of healthy dogs and cats, may not be the pattern that would support the animal under challenging conditions. Research into supporting different physiological challenges and how these may affect amino acid requirements is warranted.
164 Combining in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches for studying taste perception and preferences of domestic cats and dogs
Authors: McGrane Scott J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Developing food products for pet cats and dogs is an important and challenging area of the food industry. The diet offered must be both balanced and palatable to ensure the amount of food eaten meets their nutritional requirements. The taste perception of pets is different from humans in many cases (Li et al., 2005) and therefore species-specific research is necessary. Hence, understanding the flavor preferences of cats and dogs is an important area of research and requires multiple disciplines and scientific approaches. We have developed a range of complimentary methods for studying taste perception and preferences of domestic cats and dogs In silico: homology models of the pet taste receptors have been developed. These models are used to identify candidate compounds and elucidate the mechanisms of taste perception of pets. In vitro: cell-based high throughput screening assays of pet taste receptors have also been developed. These assays are used to identify taste-active compounds and confirm response to those identified via the in silico method to refine the model. In vivo: finally, a two-bottle choice test for cats has been developed. This test is used to confirm hedonic responses and determine optimum concentrations of single compounds and mixtures identified by the in silico and/or in vitro methods. Using this novel approach, we now have a deeper understanding of the taste perception and preferences of pets, with specific examples including Umami (McGrane et al., 2023) and Kokumi (Laffitte et al., 2021) taste perception of cats and bitter taste perception of dogs (Gibbs et al., 2022). This approach has also enabled us to reduce the number of in vivo tests required, so implementing the 3Rs, by prioritizing the most promising tastants using the in silico and in vitro methods. Gibbs, M., Winnig, M., Riva, I., Dunlop, N., Waller, D., Klebansky, B., Logan, D.W., Briddon, S.J., Holliday, N.D., McGrane, S.J. 2022. Bitter taste sensitivity in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and its relevance to bitter deterrents of ingestion. PLoS One. 17:e0277607. Laffitte, A., Gibbs, M., Hernangomez de Alvaro, C., Addison, J., Lonsdale, Z.N., Giribaldi, M.G., Rossignoli, A., Vennegeerts, T., Winnig, M., Klebansky, B., Skiles, J., Logan, D.W., McGrane, S.J. 2021. Kokumi taste perception is functional in a model carnivore, the domestic cat (Felis catus). Sci Reports 2021 111. 11:1–17. Li, X., Li, W., Wang, H., Cao, J., Maehashi, K., Huang, L., Bachmanov, A.A., Reed, D.R., Legrand-Defretin, V., Beauchamp, G.K., Brand, J.G. 2005. Pseudogenization of a sweet-receptor gene accounts for cats’ indifference toward sugar. PLoS Genet. 1:0027–0035.McGrane, S.J., Gibbs, M., Hernangomez De Alvaro, C., Dunlop, N., Winnig, M., Klebansky, B., Waller, D. 2023. Umami taste perception and preferences of the domestic cat (Felis catus), an obligate carnivore. Chem Senses. 48.
166 Development of non-model organoids in animal research: A paradigm shift in in vitro models
Authors: Zdyrski Christopher , Nicholson Hannah , Catucci Michael , Elbadawy Mohamed , Ralston Abigail , Feauto Ryan , Barko Patrick , Williams David , Chakrabarti Jayati , Zavros Yana , Orbay Maru , Rawlings Emily , Saba Corey , Mochel Jonathan , Allenspach Karin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
For decades, two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been used as the gold standard in vitro models for basic research, drug discovery and preclinical screening applications. However, since 2009, the field has quickly shifted towards the use of three-dimensional (3D) stem cell-derived organoids. Organoids offer a variety of advantages compared with conventional 2D models, including being self-organized, retaining their cellular polarity, and being simplified versions of organs in vitro. Adult stem cells can self-renew, differentiate into multiple cell types, and are genomically stable over multiple passage lines, providing a variety of technical benefits and offering the closest recapitulation of the in vivo environment. Our laboratory has focused on expanding, characterizing, and utilizing animal-derived 3D organoid models, specifically focusing on canines; but also including other animals such as swine, turtles, snakes, and squirrels to study their unique adaptations. Practically, we can use 3D canine colonoids for the screening of anti-inflammatory candidates using our tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation model. Additionally, we have grown and used swine lung organoids as a model for studying H1N1 viral uptake. Furthermore, we have grown and bio-banked tumor organoids/spheroids from a variety of canine cancers, including urothelial carcinoma (derived from urine and biopsies) and nasal carcinoma, among others, with future applications in precision veterinary medicine and comparative oncology. To accomplish this goal, we have carried out in vitro screening of a variety of chemotherapies and combination therapies at different concentrations across patients to predict in vivo responses and demonstrate the predictive ability of the organoid model. Finally, our laboratory has derived and characterized a variety of healthy organoid lines from canines including the pancreas, lung, liver, bladder, colon, and pituitary to act as healthy controls in mechanistic studies looking at disease pathogenesis and for uses in basic biology. In summary, in vitro organoid models from various animal species and tissues can be used in a variety of basic and applied research fields, including virology, toxicology, and oncology, with the potential to broaden our scientific understanding of disease and overall improve human and veterinary medicine.
167 Using ‘omics’ to optimize nutrition and health outcomes
Authors: Slupsky Carolyn M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
It is clear that diet is linked with health outcomes, yet we are still far from fully understanding the impact of diet on systemic metabolic health. In the new era of ‘omics’ technology, the ability to optimize nutrition across the lifespan of companion animals is within reach. We have been using ‘omics’ technologies to understand how changes in diet composition impact metabolism using a neonatal piglet model. By measuring the composition of sow milk over the first week of lactation, we created an optimized pig milk replacer, and studied the impact of varying the whey protein composition of the milk replacer using a combination of metabolomics on blood, urine, liver, and brain tissue, as well as transcriptomics of intestinal, liver and brain tissue. Our results revealed a substantial impact of the type of whey protein on piglet metabolism that included differences in cortisol, blood and tissue amino acid profiles, and immunity. This work paves the way for additional studies to optimize animal nutrition in the neonatal period and beyond.
324 Use of organoids as in vitro model to study intestinal function
Authors: Saqui-Salces Milena 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Organoids are tridimensional structures cultured in the lab from stem cells. Organoids have been developed for many different organs, particularly those with Lgr5+ stem cells. The organs of the digestive system belong to this group of organs and to date, organoids have been established from all the digestive tract tissues and organs including liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Although most protocols to generate organoids have focused on human and mouse organs, organoids from domestic and production animals like dogs, cats, rabbits, pigs, chickens, turkeys, and horses are actively used in research. In this presentation, the principles of developing intestinal organoids will be covered, along with a summary of how they have been used to address intestinal function and disease in our lab and by others. In our lab, we use swine enteroids (intestinal organoids) to study the intestinal epithelial responses to nutrients and pathogens. We have explored differential responses of the intestinal epithelium to organic and inorganic sources of dietary zinc, and we are currently investigating the mechanism of pathogenesis of Lawsonia intracellularis, the causative agent of porcine intestinal adenopathy. We will also discuss methods for modeling intestinal physiology using enteroids, and the advantages and challenges of working with swine enteroids.
321 Application of the Fick Principle for the study of visceral nutrient absorption and metabolism
Authors: Harmon David L , Huntington Gerald B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In 1870, Adolf Fick introduced the concept for the calculation of cardiac output by measuring gas exchange in the lungs at a meeting of the Würzburg Physiology and Medical Society. It was not until around 1930 after the development of cardiac catheterization that it was fully verified. Fick’s equation also serves as the basis for all indicator dilution methods for measuring blood flow and has been applied to several tissues throughout the body. By measuring the blood concentration of nutrients supplying and draining a tissue bed, coupled with the flow of blood, the net nutrient exchange can be calculated. Researchers first began investigating the movement of nutrients into the portal system of ruminants in the 1950s and the first method for measuring nutrient exchange in small ruminants was published in the 1960s. This approach requires the implantation of vascular catheters into an artery and the hepatic portal vein which drains the stomach, intestines, and spleen. An additional catheter is implanted upstream in a mesenteric vein for infusion of a blood flow marker, and the addition of a catheter in a hepatic vein allows the measure of blood flow and nutrient transfer in the liver. These methods were adapted for calves and dairy cows in the 1970s. The 1980s brought further refinement of the methodologies such as improved catheter materials allowing animals to be maintained for extended periods and, several researchers published data from cattle, sheep, and goats. These methods have been coupled with measures of ruminal and intestinal disappearance as well as isotopic tracers to examine nutrient exchange and metabolism by tissues. The goal of this presentation is to review the development of this approach for studying nutrient absorption in vivo, and to highlight specific advancements in its application.
173 The who, what, and why of Scope 3: The corporate animal agriculture sustainability journey
Authors: Klopatek Sarah C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The drive for companies to reduce emissions from their Scope 3 inventories, particularly from livestock production, is relatively well known within the academic community. What is less well known are the pressure origins of the Scope 3 reductions and the process companies undergo to ensure greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions can come to fruition. Principally, before a reduction can be recognized GHG inventories must first be established. For these inventories to be recognized by the financial institutions, companies are required to follow rigorous reporting standards. Although these standards are vital to help ensure accounting accuracy, they have also revealed many tribulations animal agricultural faces in meeting Scope 3 reduction goals. These obstacles include limited traceability in supply chains, lack of consensus on empirical data collection, and the inability to recognize real time industry progress when using lagging emission factors. These obstacles are not insurmountable but there does need to be an academic and industry consensus on how reductions and removals can be evaluated within supply chains. Once this gap is alleviated companies have a greater opportunity to enact scalable, cost effective GHG removal and reduction strategies within their value chains.