bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging Approaches for Contact Lens Deposition
Authors: Panthi Shyam , Nichols Jason J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:
Deposition on contact lenses (CLs) starts quickly after their application to the ocular surface. Deposits may be composed of tear film components or other extraneous substances. These deposits have been related to various adverse conditions of the eye, leading to reduced biocompatibility between the CLs and the ocular surface. Analysis of these deposits is essential to better elucidate the relationship between these deposits and their adverse reactions so that better methods of increasing biocompatibility can be developed. Although methods such as enzymatic assays are available for quantitative analysis, they do not provide a complete picture of the deposition (e.g., lack of morphological details), and therefore, the use of imaging methods that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about the deposits may be more preferable. Therefore, a search of the peer-reviewed literature that focused on imaging methods in the analysis of deposits on CLs was conducted. Various methods of imaging deposits in-vitro, in-vivo, or ex-vivo have been described along with the associated results. Imaging methods using fluorescence-based techniques and scanning electron microscopy appear to be the most frequently used methods. Some of the described methods not only provided morphologies but also identified the types of various deposits that were attached to the CLs. Various CL materials possessed different deposition morphologies and different quantities of the attached deposits. Further imaging studies performed in conjunction with other methods that could identify and quantify the deposits at a molecular level are recommended.
Brain white matter changes associated with urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome: multisite neuroimaging from a MAPP case–control study
Authors: Huang Lejian , Kutch Jason J. , Ellingson Benjamin M. , Martucci Katherine T. , Harris Richard E. , Clauw Daniel J. , Mackey Sean , Mayer Emeran A. , Schaeffer Anthony J. , Apkarian A. Vania , Farmer Melissa A. ,   on behalf of the MAPP Research Network
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Clinical phenotyping of urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes (UCPPSs) in men and women have focused on end organ abnormalities to identify putative clinical subtypes. Initial evidence of abnormal brain function and structure in male pelvic pain has necessitated large-scale, multisite investigations into potential UCPPS brain biomarkers. We present the first evidence of regional white matter (axonal) abnormalities in men and women with UCPPS, compared with positive (irritable bowel syndrome, IBS) and healthy controls. Epidemiological and neuroimaging data were collected from participants with UCPPS (n = 52), IBS (n = 39), and healthy sex- and age-matched controls (n = 61). White matter microstructure, measured as fractional anisotropy (FA), was examined by diffusion tensor imaging. Group differences in regional FA positively correlated with pain severity, including segments of the right corticospinal tract and right anterior thalamic radiation. Increased corticospinal FA was specific and sensitive to UCPPS, positively correlated with pain severity, and reflected sensory (not affective) features of pain. Reduced anterior thalamic radiation FA distinguished patients with IBS from those with UCPPS and controls, suggesting greater microstructural divergence from normal tract organization. Findings confirm that regional white matter abnormalities characterize UCPPS and can distinguish between visceral diagnoses, suggesting that regional axonal microstructure is either altered with ongoing pain or predisposes its development.
Survey of herbal cannabis (marijuana) use in rheumatology clinic attenders with a rheumatologist confirmed diagnosis
Authors: Ste-Marie Peter A. , Shir Yoram , Rampakakis Emmanouil , Sampalis John S. , Karellis Angela , Cohen Martin , Starr Michael , Ware Mark A. , Fitzcharles Mary-Ann 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Cannabinoids may hold potential for the management of rheumatic pain. Arthritis, often self-reported, is commonly cited as the reason for the use of medicinal herbal cannabis (marijuana). We have examined the prevalence of marijuana use among 1000 consecutive rheumatology patients with a rheumatologist-confirmed diagnosis and compared in an exploratory manner the clinical characteristics of medicinal users and nonusers. Current marijuana use, medicinal or recreational, was reported by 38 patients (3.8%; 95% CI: 2.8-5.2). Ever use of marijuana for medical purposes was reported by 4.3% (95% CI: 3.2-5.7), with 28 (2.8%; 95% CI: 1.9-4.0) reporting current medicinal use. Current medicinal users had a spectrum of rheumatic conditions, with over half diagnosed with osteoarthritis. Medicinal users were younger, more likely unemployed or disabled, and reported poorer global health. Pain report and opioid use was greater for users, but they had similar physician global assessment of disease status compared with nonusers. Medicinal users were more likely previous recreational users, with approximately 40% reporting concurrent recreational use. Therefore, less than 3% of rheumatology patients reported current use of medicinal marijuana. This low rate of use in patients with a rheumatologist-confirmed diagnosis is in stark contrast to the high rates of severe arthritis frequently reported by medicinal marijuana users, especially in Canada. Familiarity with marijuana as a recreational product may explain use for some as disease status was similar for both groups.
The Use of the Addiction Severity Index Psychiatric Composite Scores to Predict Psychiatric Inpatient Admissions
Authors: Drymalski Walter M. , Nunley Michael R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The high prevalence of co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders indicates a need for integrated behavioral health treatment that addresses both types of disorder simultaneously. One component of this integrated treatment is the use of an assessment process that can concurrently identify the presence of each class of disorder. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) has been extensively used and researched in the field of substance use disorders for over 30 years. The ASI has seven sections, including a section on substance use disorders and a section on psychiatric symptoms, making it a potential candidate for a co-occurring screen during intake. The following study utilized a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine an optimal cutoff score on the ASI psychiatric composite score to identify which individuals seeking substance use disorder treatment were admitted to the Milwaukee County Behavioral Health Division’s psychiatric hospital in the year subsequent to their ASI administration. Of the 19,320 individuals who completed an initial ASI in our system, 343 had an inpatient admission. The receiver operating characteristic curve was statistically significant, with an area under the curve of 0.75. A cutoff of 0.27 had a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity of 0.61, such that over 60% (11,963/19,320) of the sample was excluded. These results suggest that the ASI psychiatric composite score may be a useful initial screen to identify those with potential mental health problems/needs in a behavioral health system attempting to integrate addiction and mental health services.
Smoking Cessation 1 Year or More
Authors: DiPiazza Jennifer T. , Naegle Madeline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
There is a paucity of research focused on the experience of maintaining cessation for a year or longer, and recidivism rates for smoking cessation are estimated at 50% to 97%. As cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, there is a critical need for more knowledge about maintaining smoking cessation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to explore the lived experience of maintaining cigarette smoking cessation for a year or more. Using Streubert’s nurse-developed descriptive phenomenological method, seven adults who sustained cessation for 1.5 to 18 years, after repeated relapses, were interviewed about their experience of sustaining cessation. Data collection included interviews, field notes, and a reflexive journal. Phenomenological analysis involved dwelling intensely with the data, extracting parts of the transcript, and identifying codes and themes, defined by Streubert as essences, common to all participants’ descriptions of the experience of sustained cessation. Through this inductive process, the investigator ascertained relationships among the essences, forming the basis for a formalized, exhaustive description of the experience. Six essences captured participants’ experiences of maintaining cigarette smoking cessation: (a) breaking free, (b) developing an olfactory aversion, (c) reframing, (d) learning through relapse, (e) reclaiming acceptance, and (f) self-transformation. The findings suggest that maintaining cessation for a year or more is shaped by biological, psychological, and social conditions, as reflected in the essences. The essences coalesced to a tipping point of motivation and conditions leading to sustained behavior change, allowing participants to maintain cessation.
Alcohol and Substance Use Disorder Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Among People Living With HIV/AIDS
Authors: Savage Christine L. , Sanchez Michael 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this review is to inform nurses on the prevalence of substance use screening with screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment; its use in the primary care setting; and its effectiveness on HIV-related risk behaviors to prevent adverse health consequences among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH).

Review
For PLWH, identification of at-risk substance use is important because of the association between substance use and HIV infection both in terms of acquiring HIV and in further transmission of HIV.

Conclusion
Alcohol and substance use disorders continue to be a burden for PLWH and are associated with poor health outcomes. Implementation of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in the primary care setting is critical for promoting positive health outcomes in this population and provides an opportunity for nurses to intervene.
The Evolution of a Peer Assistance Network for Nurse Anesthetists’ Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Stone Linda , Quinlan Diana , Rice Julie A. , Wright Elizabeth Laura 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists has a long history of providing peer support for its members with substance use disorder (SUD). The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists’ Peer Assistance Advisors Committee (PAAC) is a group of certified registered nurse anesthetist volunteers who strive to promote the awareness of SUD through education and research and provide support to certified registered nurse anesthetists and students with this disease. During the committee’s 33-year history, educational outreach to nurse anesthesia educational programs and anesthesia workplaces has expanded, the peer support network has been strengthened, resources and guidelines have been developed, and research related to SUD has been conducted in an effort to accomplish these goals. Although faced with challenges along the way, the PAAC’s dedication and commitment to the association and members have helped overcome these challenges as well as strengthen the program. Through its generous catalog of online resources, peer support network, and helpline, the PAAC continues to provide help to those in need.
Endoscopic and pharmacological treatment for prophylaxis against postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Vadalà di Prampero Salvatore F. , Faleschini Giacomo , Panic Nikola , Bulajic Milutin 
Published: August 2016

Background and aimPostendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (post-ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common complication following ERCP. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global literature on PEP prevention to provide clinical guidance and a framework for future research in this important field.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Science Citation Index, Ovid, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched by two independent reviewers to identify full-length, prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up until March 2016 investigating the use of pancreatic duct stents and pharmacological agents to prevent PEP.ResultsTwelve RCTs comparing the risk of PEP after pancreatic duct stent placement (1369 patients) and 30 RCTs comparing pharmacological agents over placebo (10251 patients) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for final review and analysis. Meta-analysis showed that prophylactic pancreatic stents significantly decreased the odds of post-ERCP pancreatitis [odds ratio (OR), 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.18–0.42]. Significant OR reduction of PEP was also observed in relation to rectal administration of diclofenac (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12–0.48) and rectal administration of indometacin (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44–0.79) compared with placebo. Subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction with bolus-administered somatostatin (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11–0.49). Subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction with bolus-administered somatostatin (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11–0.49).ConclusionPancreatic stent placement, rectal diclofenac, and bolus administration of somatostatin appear to be most effective in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis.
Physical and virtual modelling of the head and neck for surgical simulation and training
Authors: Dirven Steven , Allen Jacqui E. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Investigation and surgical manipulation of the larynx, pharynx, and oesophagus suffer from inherent challenges with access to the sites of interest. To reduce trauma and external scarring, visualization and minimally invasive interventions by the transnasal or transoral routes have become more prevalent. This article discusses engineering methods used to understand and overcome the mechanical constraints inside the airway and upper gastrointestinal tract, and examines the role that robotics and engineering are beginning to play in modelling of surgical interventions in this region.

Recent findings
Although robotic solutions to minimally invasive surgery of the airway and upper gastrointestinal tract already exist, there is still scope for increasing the breadth of their use. Physical and virtual models of these organs are used to investigate the capability and limitations of manual and robotic surgical interventions in this region. Understanding the tissue mechanics and tool capabilities is central to improving outcomes in the clinical setting. Both physical and virtual modelling modalities are used in training surgeons for both manual-assisted and robot-assisted surgeries.

Summary
Minimally invasive surgical interventions via the transnasal and the transoral route are strong candidates for overcoming access issues to the airway. They are likely to become more robotically driven as the demand for higher dexterity and accuracy increases for fine manipulation. Physical and virtual organ models are required to enable surgical training for these procedures.
Cricopharyngeal function or dysfunction: what's the deal?
Authors: Allen Jacqui E. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of the review is to examine current research focused on upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) and cricopharyngeus muscle function, and how better understanding UES physiology will translate to improved management.Recent findingsAlthough much is known about UES function, new information describing the dynamics of the UES and cricopharyngeus is being identified through manometry, combined fluoromanometry, and anatomic study. Response of the UES to injury, reflux, and surgical interventions is reported. Direct surgical treatment of cricopharyngeus noncompliance with or without diverticuli continues to show benefit and long-term results support a sustained improvement in three-quarters of patients.SummaryUES and cricopharyngeus function is complex and dynamic. It is affected by internal signals such as posture and constitution of refluxate, aging, and interventions particularly radiation and surgery. Clear understanding of the triggers and responses of the UES will enable clinicians to choose the correct therapy for their dysphagic patients.
Analysis of Cutmarks on Bone
Authors: Cerutti Elisa , Spagnoli Laura , Araujo Nadezhda , Gibelli Daniele , Mazzarelli Debora , Cattaneo Cristina 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOne of the main issues in forensic anthropology consists of the identification of signs of trauma in skeletal remains, including sharp-force injuries. So far, several studies have been performed to assess differences between injuries caused by different instruments, not, however, through light microscopy.In this study, 152 sharp-force injuries were performed by 5 different tools through 2 different orientations on 2 humeral diaphyses and were analyzed by stereo and light microscopy to assess possible morphological differences.This study showed that although W-shaped injuries are frequently reported in cases of wood-cutting saws, other shapes are often observed; lesions due to metal-cutting saws are almost always U shaped, whereas injuries caused by knives are V shaped. Although cut marks may represent a variable range of features, the present study was able to highlight typical profiles that may be of some help for the diagnosis of weapon and the intentionality of the action.
Development of a Model to Measure Emergency Department Staffing Limitations
Authors: Michelson Kenneth A. , Stack Anne M. , Bachur Richard G. 
Published: August 2016

Background
The optimal staffing model for emergency departments (EDs) is not known. Improving staffing could lead to more timely, efficient, and effective care. We created a model of staffing to identify times of staffing limitation by provider type.

Methods
We analyzed data from an academic pediatric ED with 60,000 visits per year. Each 10-minute interval from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2012, was categorized as nonlimited (no staffing limitation), space limited (≥2 patients in the waiting room with wait times > 30 minutes and ≥ 80% ED bed occupancy), nurse limited (≥2 patients in the waiting room with wait times > 30 min and < 80% ED bed occupancy), or physician limited (≥2 patients in examination rooms who have waited > 30 minutes for a physician) using computer modeling. We calculated the percentage of time each type of limitation was in effect and the median lengths of stay for patients presenting during times of each category of limitation.

Results
The ED was space limited 5.0% of the time, nurse limited 16.1% of the time, and physician limited 0.1% of the time. In nonlimited times, length of stay was 201 minutes (interquartile range, 128–301), whereas patients presenting during space-limited, nurse-limited, and physician-limited times had statistically significantly higher LOS of 265 (187-360), 244 (169-337), and 247 (174-334) minutes, respectively.

Conclusions
Times identified as space and staffing limited were associated with longer LOS. This computer model could be used to rapidly identify targeted staffing needs and then measure the effect of modifying staffing.
Essentials of PEM Fellowship
Authors: Reynolds Stacy , Chang Todd , Iyer Sujit , Mann Courtney , Wilkinson Matthew , Yen Ken , Schnadower David 
Published: August 2016

Objective
The aim of this article was to discuss the current landscape in pediatric emergency medicine fellowship training for scholarship training and provide an overview of the resources and general strategies required to prepare fellows for their careers.

Overview
This article is the fifth in a 7-part series that aims to comprehensively describe the current state and future directions of pediatric emergency medicine fellowship training from the essential requirements to considerations for successfully administering and managing a program to the careers that may be anticipated upon program completion. This article focuses on scholarship training.
Low Control and High Demands at Work as Risk Factors for Suicide: An Australian National Population-Level Case-Control Study
Authors: Milner Allison , Spittal Matthew J. , Pirkis Jane , Chastang Jean-François , Niedhammer Isabelle , LaMontagne Anthony D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Previous research suggests that psychosocial job stressors may be plausible risk factors for suicide. This study assessed the relationship between psychosocial job stressors and suicide mortality across the Australian population.

Methods
We developed a job exposure matrix to objectively measure job stressors across the working population. Suicide data came from a nationwide coronial register. Living controls were selected from a nationally representative cohort study. Incidence density sampling was used to ensure that controls were sampled at the time of death of each case. The period of observation for both cases and controls was 2001 to 2012. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess the odds of suicide in relation to 2 psychosocial job stressors (job control and job demands), after matching for age, sex, and year of death/survey and adjusting for socioeconomic status.

Results
Across 9,010 cases and 14,007 matched controls, our results suggest that low job control (odds ratio [OR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–1.44; p < .001) and high job demands (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.26–1.46; p < .001) were associated with increased odds of male suicide after adjusting for socioeconomic status. High demands were associated with lower odds of female suicide (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72–0.92; p = .002).

Conclusions
It seems that adverse experiences at work are a risk factor for male suicide while not being associated with an elevated risk among females. Future studies on job stressors and suicide are needed, both to further understand the biobehavioral mechanisms explaining the link between job stress and suicide, and to inform targeted prevention initiatives.
Advances in prevention and treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection
Authors: Isenman Heather , Fisher Dale 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
This article reviews data, particularly from the last 2 years, addressing the prevention and treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). We focus on infection control, particularly active screening, use of contact precautions as well as pharmacologic options for therapy. This is timely given the evolving priorities in efforts towards the prevention and treatment of multidrug-resistant organisms globally.

Recent findings
Key findings include new data regarding the impact of contact precautions on the incidence of VRE colonization and bloodstream infection, new laboratory screening methods, and novel decolonization strategies and treatments.

Summary
Additional and specific measures beyond standard precautions for infection prevention of VRE remain controversial. Horizontal measures such as chlorhexidine bathing appear beneficial, as are nontouch environmental cleaning methods. Treatment options for invasive disease have improved considerably in the last decade. Decolonization strategies require further research. Overall, the threat of VRE seems exaggerated.