bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multi-technique approach, based on mobile/portable laser instruments, for the in situ pigment characterization of stone sculptures on the island of Crete dating from Venetian and Ottoman period
Authors: Papliaka Zoi Eirini , Philippidis Aggelos , Siozos Panayiotis , Vakondiou Maria , Melessanaki Kristalia , Anglos Demetrios 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A versatile analytical methodology is presented, that combines the application of two mobile laser-based analytical techniques, Raman microscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), for the analysis of materials in historical and archaeological objects and monuments. In the present study, the proposed methodology was employed in the context of analytical campaigns aiming to investigate paint materials used on the island of Crete during the Venetian and Ottoman periods, thirteenth to nineteenth century CE. The first series of campaigns were conducted at the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, and provided for the first time compositional data concerning the pigment palette used for painting Ottoman sculpture in Crete. In the second series, campaigns were performed outdoors for studying pigments in the sculptured door frames of two small medieval churches situated at rural locations in the greater Heraklion area. Raman and LIBS analyses gather complementary compositional data, molecular and elemental respectively, which, taken jointly, enable, in most cases, identification of pigments and accessory materials in paint layers, providing also stratigraphic information. With both instruments, measurements are performed directly on the surface of the objects or monuments, with no need for any sampling or sample preparation and thus analytical studies can be conducted rapidly and routinely in the context of a museum setting, a conservation laboratory or even outdoors. A standardized procedure that facilitates data collection and interpretation, interdisciplinary cooperation and presentation of results is adopted that optimizes the overall efficiency of the analytical campaigns.
Blister Aneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery: Microsurgical Results and Management Strategy
Authors: Owen Christopher M. , Montemurro Nicola , Lawton Michael T. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Blister aneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) are challenging lesions with high intraoperative rupture rates and significant morbidity. An optimal treatment strategy for these aneurysms has not been established.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze treatment strategy, operative techniques, and outcomes in a consecutive 17-year series of ICA blister aneurysms treated microsurgically.

METHODS: Seventeen patients underwent blister aneurysm treatment with direct clipping, bypass and trapping, or clip-reinforced wrapping.

RESULTS: Twelve aneurysms (71%) were treated with direct surgical clipping. Three patients required bypass: 1 superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, 1 external carotid artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, and 1 ICA to middle cerebral artery bypass. One patient was treated with clip-reinforced wrapping. Initial treatment strategy was enacted 71% of the time. Intraoperative rupture occurred in 7 patients (41%), doubling the rate of a poor outcome (57% vs 30% for patients with and without intraoperative rupture, respectively). Severe vasospasm developed in 9 of 16 patients (56%). Twelve patients (65%) were improved or unchanged after treatment, and 10 patients (59%) had good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale scores of 1 or 2).

CONCLUSION: ICA blister aneurysms can be cautiously explored and treated with direct clipping as the first-line technique in the majority of cases. Complete trapping of the parent artery with temporary clips and placing permanent clip blades along normal arterial walls enables clipping that avoids intraoperative aneurysm rupture. Trapping/bypass is used as the second-line treatment, maintaining a low threshold for bypass with extensive or friable pathology of the carotid wall and in patients with incomplete circles of Willis.
Effects of high temperatures on threatened estuarine fishes during periods of extreme drought
Authors: Jeffries Ken M. , Connon Richard E. , Davis Brittany E. , Komoroske Lisa M. , Britton Monica T. , Sommer Ted , Todgham Anne E. , Fangue Nann A. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Climate change and associated increases in water temperatures may impact physiological performance in ectotherms and exacerbate endangered species declines. We used an integrative approach to assess the impact of elevated water temperature on two fishes of immediate conservation concern in a large estuary system, the threatened longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and endangered delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). Abundances have reached record lows in California, USA, and these populations are at imminent risk of extirpation. California is currently impacted by a severe drought, resulting in high water temperatures, conditions that will become more common as a result of climate change. We exposed fish to environmentally relevant temperatures (14°C and 20°C) and used RNA sequencing to examine the transcriptome-wide responses to elevated water temperature in both species. Consistent with having a lower temperature tolerance, longfin smelt exhibited a pronounced cellular stress response, with an upregulation of heat shock proteins, after exposure to 20°C that was not observed in delta smelt. We detected an increase in metabolic rate in delta smelt at 20°C and increased expression of genes involved in metabolic processes and protein synthesis, patterns not observed in longfin smelt. Through examination of responses across multiple levels of biological organization, and by linking these responses to habitat distributions in the wild, we demonstrate that longfin smelt may be more susceptible than delta smelt to increases in temperatures, and they have little room to tolerate future warming in California. Understanding the species-specific physiological responses of sensitive species to environmental stressors is crucial for conservation efforts and managing aquatic systems globally.
Technique and outcome of post-mastectomy adjuvant chest wall radiotherapy—the role of tissue-equivalent bolus in reducing risk of local recurrence
Authors: Turner Jennifer Y , Zeniou Anthi , Williams Amanda , Jyothirmayi Rema 
Published: June 2016

Objective:
Adjuvant chest wall radiotherapy is used in patients with high-risk histological features post-mastectomy to reduce the risk of locoregional recurrence. Treatment can be given with or without a tissue-equivalent bolus to increase skin surface dose. The additional benefit of using a bolus remains unclear; however, it is known to be associated with a higher incidence of skin toxicity. This study compared chest wall recurrence and skin toxicity in patients treated with and without a bolus.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study reviewed 314 consecutive patients who received chest wall radiotherapy between 2005 and 2010. Data were collected on histological, demographic and treatment parameters and on the incidence and grade of acute skin reactions. Treatment outcomes analyzed included chest wall recurrence, disease-free survival and overall survival (OS).

Results:
101 patients received treatment with a bolus; 213 patients received treatment without a bolus. A significantly higher incidence of acute skin toxicity was seen in the bolus treatment group (p = 0.002). One patient treated with a bolus developed chest wall recurrence compared with four patients treated without a bolus. No statistically significant difference could be shown between the two groups. 66 (21%) patients had metastatic relapse. Median time to relapse was 29.5 months and OS was 76% in both treatment groups.

Conclusion:
No statistically significant difference in chest wall recurrence can be demonstrated between patients treated with and without a bolus.

Advances in knowledge:
This study is consistent with limited previous literature and invites further evaluation of the role of a bolus in post-mastectomy chest wall radiotherapy, especially considering the increased toxicity that the use of a bolus generates.
Religious Leaders And Peace Building: The Role of Tuan Guru and Pedanda in Conflict Resolution in Lombok – Indonesia
Authors: Suprapto S 
Published: June 2016

In some situations where the state is too weak to gain trust from the people, religious leaders have a significant role in maintaining social harmony. In many cases of the social unrest as what happened in Lombok, Tuan Guru and Pedanda played important roles in building a peaceful condition. Tuan Guru and Pedanda with their authorities have vital influences in calming down their Muslim and Hindu communities respectively. With their own ways, they were able to localize conflict issues, so much so that the social conflicts did not escalate to become greater massive riot. This article describes a number of efforts made by Tuan Guru and Pedanda to establish peace in Lombok, such as: calming down the followers; localizing issue to reduce mass panic; reminding members of the family or community to resist social prejudice; socializing religious teachings especially the need to forge harmony; promoting “Semeton Sasak and Batur Bali” as a value of brotherhood among Balinese-Hindu and Sasaknese-Muslim; creating social sanctions against those who violated the agreements among communities; and improving the effectiveness of customary law known as awik-awik.[Pemimpin atau tokoh agama memiliki peran signifikan dalam merawat harmoni social, terutama di saat negara kurang memperoleh kepercayaan dari rakyat. Dalam sejumlah kasus kerusuhan social yang terjadi Lombok, Tuan Guru dan Pedanda memainkan peran penting dalam menciptakan kedamaian. Dengan otoritas mereka, Tuan Guru dan Pedanda mampu menenangkan massa. Dengan caranya sendiri, mereka mampu melokalisasi isu, sehingga eskalasi konflik tidak meluas menjadi kerusuhan yang massif. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan sejumlah upaya yang dikembangkan oleh Tuan Guru dan Pedanda dalam rangka bina damai di Lombok, seperti menenangkan jamaah; melokalisasi isu konflik agar massa tidak panic; mengingatkan keluraga atau anggota komunitas untuk menahan diri; mensosialisasikan nilai-nilai harmoni dalam agama, mempromosikan konsep “Semeton Sasak and Batur Bali” sebagai sebuah nilai persaudaraan antara orang Hindu-Bali dan Sasak-Muslim; menciptakan sanksi sosial bagi mereka yang melanggar kesepakatan bersama; dan meningkatkan efektifitas hukum adat yang dikenal dengan sebutan awik-awik.]
An intercultural analysis of the use of hedging by Chinese and Anglophone academic English writers
Authors: Chen Chenghui , Jun Zhang Lawrence 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDue to the dominance of English as the international language of scientific communication, second language (L2) academic writers with different first languages (L1s) need to enhance their L2 pragmatic competence and make rhetorical and stylistic accommodations to publish their academic work in English-medium journals. Hedging strategies, among other things, are one of the important indicators of L2 pragmatic competence in academic writing. With Crompton’s taxonomy of hedges as the conceptual framework and by referring to the interview findings, we built two purpose-driven corpora and analysed the use of the hedging devices in the conclusion section of applied linguistics research articles written in English by Chinese and Anglophone scholars from intercultural perspectives. We attempted to answer an overarching question: “To what extent did the two groups of academic writers differ in hedging?” Results indicate that: 1) overall, Anglophone academic English writers used more hedges than their Chinese counterparts; 2) Chinese and Anglophone writers did not show statistically significant differences in the frequency of using most of the categories of hedges except for only one subcategory (namely, the “I/we+non-factive verb” structure); 3) both groups showed a similar pattern in the choice of various categories of hedges; 4) there were differences in linguistic expressions between the two groups in the use of hedging. These results are discussed in relation to intercultural rhetoric and L2 academic writer pragmatic competence.
Gasoline and Diesel Tax Incidence: The 2003 Washington State Nickel Funding Package
Authors: Silvia Louis , Taylor Christopher T. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper considers a previously unexamined increase in excise taxes on gasoline and diesel fuel that were part of Washington State’s Nickel Funding Package of 2003. We fail to reject full pass-through of the amount of the tax increase to retail prices in both products. We find no significant sensitivity of retail pass-through to station locations relative to state borders or to retail competitive conditions as measured by local station density. The expansion of hypermarkets in Washington State during the period was a confounding factor in estimating tax pass-through effects.
Solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulating a fluorescent marker (coumarin 6) and antimalarials – artemether and lumefantrine: evaluation of cellular uptake and antimalarial activity
Authors: Attama Anthony A. , Kenechukwu Franklin C. , Onuigbo Ebele B. , Nnamani Petra O. , Obitte Nicholas , Finke Jahn H. , Pretor Sascha , Müller-Goymann Christel C. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Artemisinins, the mainstay in the treatment of malaria today, are used in combination with other antimalarials to forestall resistance, as artemisinin-combination therapies. In line with the World Health Organization’s recommendation in that respect, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were formulated to encapsulate two antimalarial drugs — artemether and lumefantrine. The nanoparticles were evaluated for size and solid state properties. Caco-2 cells were used to investigate the ability of the SLN to deliver its payload at the absorptive interface of the gastrointestinal tract. Mice heart endothelial cells (MHEC) were also used as marker cells to assess cellular uptake of coumarin 6 from the SLN with imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CSLM). In vivo antimalarial activity was done using a standard suppressive protocol. The results of this study revealed different crystal properties for artemether and lumefantrine, which affected their solubility in the lipid matrix and thus, loading in the lipid nanoparticles. The particles of the SLN were within the range of 150 nm–500 nm with varied polydispersity indices. Wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of particles of solid nature. Cellular uptake studies indicated uptake of coumarin 6 from the coumarin 6-labeled SLN. In vivo antimalarial studies indicated high clearance of parasitemia with minimal effect on hematological parameters tested.
Radio-nanomaterials for biomedical applications: state of the art
Authors: Lu Weifei , Hong Hao , Cai Weibo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The incorporation of radioactive isotope(s) into conventional nanomaterials can bring extra properties which are not possessed by original materials. The resulting radioactive nanomaterials (radio-nanomaterials), with added physical/chemical properties, can be used as important tools for different biomedical applications. In this review, our goal is to provide an up-to-date overview on these applications using radio-nanomaterials. The first section illustrates the utilization of radio-nanomaterials for understanding of in vivo kinetics of their parent nanomaterials. In the second section, we focus on two primary applications of radio-nanomaterials: imaging and therapeutic delivery. With various methods being used to form radio-nanomaterials, they can be used for positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and multimodal imaging. Therapeutic isotopes-loading radio-nanomaterials can possess selective killing efficacy of diseased cells (e.g. tumor cells) and can provide promises for certain isotopes which are not able to be used in a conventional manner. The successful and versatile biomedical applications of radio-nanomaterials warrants further investigations of those materials and their optimizations can pave the way to future imaging guidable, personalized treatments in patients.
Incidences between points and generalized spheres over finite fields and related problems
Authors: Phuong Nguyen D. , Thang Pham , Vinh Le A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Let

𝔽
q

${\mathbb{F}_{q}}$

be a finite field of q elements, where q is a large odd prime power and

Q
=

a
1

⁢

x
1

c
1

+
⋯
+

a
d

⁢

x
d

c
d

∈

𝔽
q

⁢

[

x
1

,
…
,

x
d

]

,

${Q=a_{1}x_{1}^{c_{1}}+\cdots+a_{d}x_{d}^{c_{d}}\in\mathbb{F}_{q}[x_{1},\ldots,%
x_{d}]},$

where

2
≤

c
i

≤
N

${2\leq c_{i}\leq N}$

,

gcd
⁡

(

c
i

,
q
)

=
1

${\gcd(c_{i},q)=1}$

, and

a
i

∈

𝔽
q

${a_{i}\in\mathbb{F}_{q}}$

for all

1
≤
i
≤
d

${1\leq i\leq d}$

. A Q
-sphere is a set of the form

{

𝒙
∈

𝔽
q
d

∣

Q
⁢

(

𝒙
-
𝒃

)

=
r

}

,

${\bigl{\{}\boldsymbol{x}\in\mathbb{F}_{q}^{d}\mid Q(\boldsymbol{x}-\boldsymbol%
{b})=r\bigr{\}}},$

where

𝒃
∈

𝔽
q
d

,

r
∈

𝔽
q

${\boldsymbol{b}\in\mathbb{F}_{q}^{d},r\in\mathbb{F}_{q}}$

. We prove bounds on the number of incidences between a point set

𝒫

${{{\mathcal{P}}}}$

and a Q-sphere set

𝒮

${{{\mathcal{S}}}}$

, denoted by

I
⁢

(
𝒫
,
𝒮
)

${I({{\mathcal{P}}},{{\mathcal{S}}})}$

, as the following:

|

I
⁢

(
𝒫
,
𝒮
)

-

|
𝒫
|

⁢

|
𝒮
|

q

|

≤

q

d
/
2

⁢

|
𝒫
|

⁢

|
𝒮
|

.

$\Biggl{|}I({{\mathcal{P}}},{{\mathcal{S}}})-\frac{|{{\mathcal{P}}}||{{\mathcal%
{S}}}|}{q}\Biggr{|}\leq q^{d/2}\sqrt{|{{\mathcal{P}}}||{{\mathcal{S}}}|}.$

We also give a version of this estimate over finite cyclic rings

ℤ
/
q

⁢
ℤ

${\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}}$

, where q is an odd integer. As a consequence of the above bounds, we give an estimate for the pinned distance problem and a bound on the number of incidences between a random point set and a random Q-sphere set in

𝔽
q
d

${\mathbb{F}_{q}^{d}}$

. We also study the finite field analogues of some combinatorial geometry problems, namely, the number of generalized isosceles triangles, and the existence of a large subset without repeated generalized distances.
A New Method for Setting Calculation Sequence of Directional Relay Protection in Multi-Loop Networks
Authors: Haijun Xiong , Qi Zhang 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Workload of relay protection setting calculation in multi-loop networks may be reduced effectively by optimization setting calculation sequences. A new method of setting calculation sequences of directional distance relay protection in multi-loop networks based on minimum broken nodes cost vector (MBNCV) was proposed to solve the problem experienced in current methods. Existing methods based on minimum breakpoint set (MBPS) lead to more break edges when untying the loops in dependent relationships of relays leading to possibly more iterative calculation workloads in setting calculations. A model driven approach based on behavior trees (BT) was presented to improve adaptability of similar problems. After extending the BT model by adding real-time system characters, timed BT was derived and the dependency relationship in multi-loop networks was then modeled. The model was translated into communication sequence process (CSP) models and an optimization setting calculation sequence in multi-loop networks was finally calculated by tools. A 5-nodes multi-loop network was applied as an example to demonstrate effectiveness of the modeling and calculation method. Several examples were then calculated with results indicating the method effectively reduces the number of forced broken edges for protection setting calculation in multi-loop networks.
Crystal structure of 5-methoxy-N′-[(3Z)-5-chloro-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide-DMSO (1/1), C25H18ClFN4O3 · C2H6OS
Authors: Haress Nadia G. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Almutairi Maha S. , Fun Hoong-Kun , Attia Mohamed I. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
C25H18ClFN4O3 · C2H6OS, monoclinic, P21 (No. 4), a = 6.0486(2) Å, b = 17.4704(7) Å, c = 11.9215(4) Å, β = 96.327(1)°, V = 1252.09(8) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0476, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1004, T = 100 K.
Governing Civil Society in Nigeria and Zimbabwe: A Question of Policy Process and Non-State Actors’ Involvement
Authors: Chikoto-Schultz Grace , Uzochukwu Kelechi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSovereign nations have the right to regulate the activities and operations of civil society organizations (CSOs) within their jurisdiction. The nature of official policy controls bears important implications for the breath and health of associational life, to the degree that they are relaxed, restrictive, or intrusive. Since nations in Africa have often been seen to subvert the growth and impact of CSOs, this article traces the policy controls that govern CSOs in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Within the context of policy change, the article employs the Advocacy Coalition Framework in an effort to trace the policy process in these two countries. It particularly focuses on CSOs-focused policies and on clarifying the role and influence of non-state actors. Although political elites continue to dominate the policy process, non-state actors increasingly permeate the process through various formal and informal strategies, including the use of venues and influencing public opinion. Overall, CSOs-focused policies reflect distorted beliefs originating from the West’s preoccupations with a homogeneous, governance-focused African civil society.
Price discovery in the markets for credit risk: a Markov switching approach
Authors: Dimpfl Thomas , Peter Franziska J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe examine price discovery in the Credit Default Swap and corporate bond market. Using a Markov switching framework enables us to analyze the dynamic behavior of the information shares during tranquil and crisis periods. The results show that price discovery takes place mostly on the CDS market. The importance of the CDS market even increases during the more volatile crisis periods. According to a cross sectional analysis liquidity is the main determinant of a market’s contribution to price discovery. During the crisis period, however, we also find a positive link between leverage and CDS market information shares. Overall the results indicate that price discovery measures and their determinants change during tranquil and crisis periods, which emphasizes the importance of more flexible frameworks, such as Markov switching models.
A model of the euro-area yield curve with discrete policy rates
Authors: Renne Jean-Paul 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a no-arbitrage yield-curve model that explicitly incorporates the central-bank policy rate. This model is consistent with the existence of a lower bound for nominal interest rates, which makes it particularly relevant in the current context of extremely low interest rates. Changes in the policy rates depend on the monetary-policy phase, that can be either in an easing, status quo or tightening mode. The estimation of the model, based on daily euro-area yield data, reveals the strong influence of the monetary-policy phases on the shape of the yield curve. This relationship can, in turn, be exploited to estimate the probabilities of being in the different monetary-policy phases. The model is also used to compute term premiums, that are the parts of the yields reflecting the aversion of investors to interest rate risk. The results point to the existence of statistically significant premiums for many dates, even for short horizons.