bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rediagnosis and redescription of Mosasaurus hoffmannii (Squamata: Mosasauridae) and an assessment of species assigned to the genus Mosasaurus
Authors: STREET HALLIE P. , CALDWELL MICHAEL W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe large Late Cretaceous marine reptile Mosasaurus has remained poorly defined, in part owing to the unorthodox (by today's nomenclatural standards) manner in which the name was erected. The lack of a diagnosis accompanying the first use of either the genus or species names allowed the genus to become a catchall taxon, and subsequent diagnoses did little to refine the concept of Mosasaurus. We herein present emended diagnoses for both Mosasaurus and the type species M. hoffmannii, based solely on personal examination of the holotype, and a description of the type species based on personal examination of many specimens. Mosasaurus exhibits a premaxilla with a short, conical edentulous rostrum, a maxilla with little to no dorsal excavation for the external naris, posteromedial processes of the frontal that deeply invade the parietal, a quadrate taller than long with a short suprastapedial process and the stapedial pit dorsal to the mid-height of the shaft, an angular that is laterally visible for only a short length of the post-dentary unit, a very tall surangular, a humerus with the postglenoid process robust and offset and a distal width greater than the length, and a pubis with an anteriorly projecting tubercle. M. hoffmannii is distinguished from other species assignable to the genus by the anteroventral corner formed on the tympanic rim of the quadrate, the asymmetric carinae of the anterior marginal teeth dividing the tooth circumference into short labial and long lingual segments, and the proximal and distal expansion of the femur.
Clinical research, national studies and grant applications: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Stafford N 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHead and neck cancer clinical research is thriving. Infrastructure for clinical research is supported through the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network with operates through 15 local clinical research networks for studies within the UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio. The National Clinical Research Institute is a partnership of UK cancer research funders that support high-quality cancer research, although the National Institute for Health Research also has funding streams that will fund cancer-related research. Their websites provide up-to-date information regarding ongoing research projects. Other specialty organisations such as the British Association of Head and Neck Oncologists play important subsidiary roles in supporting research.
Data fusion and abductive inference for metaphor resolution: a bridging discussion
Authors: Ferrin Giovanni , Snidaro Lauro , Foresti Gian Luca 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSince the 1980s, metaphor has been recognized as a pervasively diffused phenomenon in communication, absolutely not restricted to rhetoric and linguistic phenomena, involving structured concepts, relations, and matching ‘rules’. Metaphor resolution, that is metaphor understanding, as well as metaphor creation, has become an issue in automated processing and understanding of natural language as well as of mixed visual communication. It can be showed as a process of structure finding and mapping procedure between conceptual denotation–connotation structures necessary for interpretation. Creative abduction is then showed to be the pattern inference required to work out structure-mappings in corresponding nodes as present in metaphors. In this paper, we review some key issues (definitions, typologies, theoretical problems) involving the concept of ‘metaphor’ and survey some definitions and concepts emerging in contemporary debate on abductive inference. Finally, we argue that metaphor understanding process can be recognized as a fusion tractable problem, allowing the exploitation of frameworks and algorithms of such domain.
Chitohexaose protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice
Authors: Barman P K , Mukherjee R , Prusty B K , Suklabaidya S , Senapati S , Ravindran B 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP)) toxicity causes acute liver failure by inducing centrilobular hepatic damage as a consequence of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Sterile inflammation, triggered by hepatic damage, facilitates gut bacterial translocation leading to systemic inflammation; TLR4-mediated activation by LPS has been shown to have a critical role in APAP-mediated hepatotoxicity. In this study, we demonstrate significant protection mediated by chitohexaose (Chtx) in mice challenged with a lethal dose of APAP (400 mg/kg b.w.). Decreased mortality by Chtx was associated with reduced hepatic damage, increased peritoneal migration of neutrophils, decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β as well as inhibition of inflammasome activation in liver. Further, an alternate mouse model of co-administration of a sublethal doses of APAP (200 mg/kg b.w.) and LPS (5 mg/kg b.w.) operating synergistically and mediating complete mortality was developed. Overwhelming inflammation, characterized by increased inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and so on) in liver as well as in circulation and mortality was demonstrable in this model. Also, Chtx administration mediated significant reversal of mortality in APAP+LPS co-administered mice, which was associated with reduced IL-1β in liver and plasma cytokines in this model. In conclusion, Chtx being a small molecular weight linear carbohydrate offers promise for clinical management of liver failure associated with APAP overdose.
Heterogeneity and clinical significance of ESR1 mutations in ER-positive metastatic breast cancer patients receiving fulvestrant
Authors: Spoerke Jill M. , Gendreau Steven , Walter Kimberly , Qiu Jiaheng , Wilson Timothy R. , Savage Heidi , Aimi Junko , Derynck Mika K. , Chen Meng , Chan Iris T. , Amler Lukas C. , Hampton Garret M. , Johnston Stephen , Krop Ian , Schmid Peter , Lackner Mark R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMutations in ESR1 have been associated with resistance to aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy in patients with ER+ metastatic breast cancer. Little is known of the impact of these mutations in patients receiving selective oestrogen receptor degrader (SERD) therapy. In this study, hotspot mutations in ESR1 and PIK3CA from ctDNA were assayed in clinical trial samples from ER+ metastatic breast cancer patients randomized either to the SERD fulvestrant or fulvestrant plus a pan-PI3K inhibitor. ESR1 mutations are present in 37% of baseline samples and are enriched in patients with luminal A and PIK3CA-mutated tumours. ESR1 mutations are often polyclonal and longitudinal analysis shows distinct clones exhibiting divergent behaviour over time. ESR1 mutation allele frequency does not show a consistent pattern of increases during fulvestrant treatment, and progression-free survival is not different in patients with ESR1 mutations compared with wild-type patients. ESR1 mutations are not associated with clinical resistance to fulvestrant in this study.
Triple-mode squeezing with dressed six-wave mixing
Authors: Wen Feng , Li Zepei , Zhang Yiqi , Gao Hong , Che Junling , Che Junling , Abdulkhaleq Hasan , Zhang Yanpeng , Wang Hongxing 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe theory of proof-of-principle triple-mode squeezing is proposed via spontaneous parametric six-wave mixing process in an atomic-cavity coupled system. Special attention is focused on the role of dressed state and nonlinear gain on triple-mode squeezing process. Using the dressed state theory, we find that optical squeezing and Autler-Towns splitting of cavity mode can be realized with nonlinear gain, while the efficiency and the location of maximum squeezing point can be effectively shaped by dressed state in atomic ensemble. Our proposal can find applications in multi-channel communication and multi-channel quantum imaging.
Broadband photon-photon interactions mediated by cold atoms in a photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Litinskaya Marina , Tignone Edoardo , Pupillo Guido 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate theoretically that photon-photon attraction can be engineered in the continuum of scattering states for pairs of photons propagating in a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber filled with cold atoms. The atoms are regularly spaced in an optical lattice configuration and the photons are resonantly tuned to an internal atomic transition. We show that the hard-core repulsion resulting from saturation of the atomic transitions induces bunching in the photonic component of the collective atom-photon modes (polaritons). Bunching is obtained in a frequency range as large as tens of GHz and can be controlled by the inter-atomic separation. We provide a fully analytical explanation for this phenomenon by proving that correlations result from a mismatch of the quantization volumes for atomic excitations and photons in the continuum. Even stronger correlations can be observed for in-gap two-polariton bound states. Our theoretical results use parameters relevant for current experiments and suggest a simple and feasible way to induce interactions between photons.
Three-dimensional paper-based slip device for one-step point-of-care testing
Authors: Han Kwi Nam , Choi Jong-Soon , Kwon Joseph 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study, we developed a new type of paper-based analytical device (PAD), the three-dimensional (3D) slip-PAD, to detect infectious human norovirus for global healthcare. The 3D configuration of the papers combined with a slip design provides unique features and versatility that overcome the limitations of fluidic manipulation and sensitivity in point-of-care (POC) tests. The assay can be carried out in a single step based on a moveable slip design, making it suitable for unskilled users. The 3D fluidic network developed by layered construction of wax-patterned papers provides different fluidic paths for the sequential delivery of multiple fluids without the need for peripheral equipment. The release and mixing of enhancement reagents on the device improved the sensitivity and detection limit. The assay results could be visualized by naked eye within 10 min, with subsequent amplification of the signal over time (<60 min). The device showed a broad dynamic range of detection and high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 9.5 × 104 copies ml−1 for human norovirus. These results demonstrate that the 3D slip-PAD is a sensitive diagnostic assay for detecting human norovirus infection that is particularly suitable for POC testing in regions where resources are scarce.
Intensity Weighted Subtraction Microscopy Approach for Image Contrast and Resolution Enhancement
Authors: Korobchevskaya Kseniya , Peres Chiara , Li Zhibin , Antipov Alexei , Sheppard Colin J. R. , Diaspro Alberto , Bianchini Paolo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe propose and demonstrate a novel subtraction microscopy algorithm, exploiting fluorescence emission difference or switching laser mode and their derivatives for image enhancement. The key novelty of the proposed approach lies in the weighted subtraction coefficient, adjusted pixel-by-pixel with respect to the intensity distributions of initial images. This method produces significant resolution enhancement and minimizes image distortions. Our theoretical and experimental studies demonstrate that this approach can be applied to any optical microscopy techniques, including label free and non-linear methods, where common super-resolution techniques cannot be used.
Parametric down-conversion with nonideal and random quasi-phase-matching
Authors: Yang Chun-Yao , Lin Chun , Liljestrand Charlotte , Su Wei-Min , Canalias Carlota , Chuu Chih-Sung 
Published: May 2016

AbstractQuasi-phase-matching (QPM) has enriched the capacity of parametric down-conversion (PDC) in generating biphotons for many fundamental tests and advanced applications. However, it is not clear how the nonidealities and randomness in the QPM grating of a parametric down-converter may affect the quantum properties of the biphotons. This paper intends to provide insights into the interplay between PDC and nonideal or random QPM structures. Using a periodically poled nonlinear crystal with short periodicity, we conduct experimental and theoretical studies of PDC subject to nonideal duty cycle and random errors in domain lengths. We report the observation of biphotons emerging through noncritical birefringent-phasematching, which is impossible to occur in PDC with an ideal QPM grating and a biphoton spectrum determined by the details of nonidealities and randomness. We also observed QPM biphotons with a diminished strength. These features are both confirmed by our theory. Our work provides new perspectives for biphoton engineering with QPM.
Ratenbildung bei KV-Daten mit GKV-Versicherten auf Kreisebene – ein empirisches Schätzmodell auf der Basis des Mikrozensus
Authors: Söhl K. , Schulz R. , Kuhn J. 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Daten aus der kassenärztlichen Versorgung werden u. a. in der Gesundheitsberichterstattung und der Versorgungsforschung auf Kreisebene genutzt. Für eine korrekte Ratenbildung müsste die Zahl der GKV-Versicherten im Nenner zugrunde gelegt werden, diese steht aber in einigen Bundesländern auf Kreisebene nicht zur Verfügung. Die Raten werden daher im kassenärztlichen System mit einer Surrogatgröße (definiert über die Arztkontakte) gebildet. Dies führt zu Unschärfen, sodass kleinräumige Regionalvergleiche nur bedingt möglich sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist ein besseres Schätzmodell für die Zahl der GKV-Versicherten auf Kreisebene.
Methodik: Der Anteil der GKV-Versicherten in den bayerischen Kreisen wird durch ein multiples lineares Regressionsmodell geschätzt. Im Modell wird der Anteil der GKV-Versicherten in den Anpassungsschichten des Mikrozensus (einer Zusammenfassung von mehreren Kreisen) erklärt durch Einflussfaktoren auf den Versicherungsstatus, die auf Kreisebene vorliegen (verfügbares Einkommen, Beamten- und Selbständigenanteil). Die durch das Modell berechneten GKV-Versichertenzahlen werden mit der Surrogatgröße verglichen. Eine konkrete Anwendung erfolgt am Beispiel der regionalen Diabetesdiagnosen aus den Daten der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigung Bayerns.
Ergebnisse: Durch das Regressionsmodell werden für die bayerischen Kreise GKV-Versichertenanteile zwischen 74,7 und 91,6% geschätzt. Der Unterschied zu der bisher genutzten Ersatzgröße beträgt bis zu 18,6 Prozentpunkte. Dies spiegelt sich dementsprechend in den Behandlungsprävalenzen wider, hier am Beispiel des Diabetes mellitus veranschaulicht.
Schlussfolgerung: Die vorliegende Analyse zeigt, mit welchen Unsicherheiten die Ratenbildung bei Daten aus der kassenärztlichen Versorgung derzeit behaftet ist und was daraus für kleinräumige Vergleiche, etwa in der Gesundheitsberichterstattung, folgt. Die Aufbereitung valider Nennerdaten im Rahmen der Datentransparenzregelung nach SGB V ist anzustreben.
Increased resistance to a generalist herbivore in a salinity-stressed
non-halophytic plant
Authors: Renault Sylvie , Wolfe Scott , Markham John , Avila-Sakar Germán 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Plants often grow under the combined stress of several factors. Salinity and herbivory, separately, can severely hinder plant growth and reproduction, but the combined effects of both factors are still not clearly understood. Salinity is known to reduce plant tissue nitrogen content and growth rates. Since herbivores prefer tissues with high N content, and biochemical pathways leading to resistance are commonly elicited by salt-stress, we hypothesized that plants growing in saline conditions would have enhanced resistance against herbivores. The non-halophyte, Brassica juncea , and the generalist herbivore Trichoplusia ni were used to test the prediction that plants subjected to salinity stress would be both more resistant and more tolerant to herbivory than those growing without salt stress. Plants were grown under different NaCl levels, and either exposed to herbivores and followed by removal of half of their leaves, or left intact. Plants were left to grow and reproduce until senescence. Tissue quality was assessed, seeds were counted and biomass of different organs measured. Plants exposed to salinity grew less, had reduced tissue nitrogen, protein and chlorophyll content, although proline levels increased. Specific leaf area, leaf water content, transpiration and root:shoot ratio remained unaffected. Plants growing under saline condition had greater constitutive resistance than unstressed plants. However, induced resistance and tolerance were not affected by salinity. These results support the hypothesis that plants growing under salt-stress are better defended against herbivores, although in B. juncea this may be mostly through resistance, and less through tolerance.
Fatal Spontaneous Clostridium bifermentans Necrotizing Endometritis: A Case Report and Literature Review of the Pathogen
Authors: Hale Andrew , Kirby James E. , Albrecht Mary 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Clostridium bifermentans is a rare pathogen in humans. A fatal case of fulminant endometritis with toxic shock and capillary leak secondary to C bifermentans infection in a young woman is described, and this is compared to all 13 previously described cases of C bifermentans infection.
Distinguishing disruptive mood dysregulation disorder from pediatric bipolar disorder
Authors: Noller Diana T. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
This article outlines diagnostic criteria and features of the newly established diagnosis disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), and discusses how this disorder differs from bipolar disorder in childhood. The chronic, severe, nonepisodic irritability seen in patients with DMDD contrasts with the characteristic episodic mood swing symptoms of bipolar disorder. Differentiating between the two diagnoses is important in regard to prognostic and treatment considerations, as children with DMDD are more likely to develop a mood disorder later in life rather than to develop classic bipolar disorder. Research is needed to establish clear treatment guidelines for DMDD.
Metallosis Presenting as a Progressive Neurologic Deficit Four Years After a Posterior Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Richman Seth H. , Razzano Andrew J. , Morscher Melanie A. , Riley Patrick M. 
Published: May 2016

Study Design.
A case report.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to report a case of progressive pain and paraparesis secondary to metallosis four years after a pediatric posterior spinal fusion (PSF).

Summary of Background Data.
Metallosis as a late complication of pediatric spinal surgery is rarely reported. Myelographic computed tomography (CT) can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The use of serum chromium levels as a means of definitive diagnosis has been suggested, but has only been reported retrospectively.

Methods.
A 19-year-old male presented four years after PSF for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with sudden onset of pain and neurologic deficits. Radiographs and CT scan suggested infection. Intraoperatively, no purulent material was noted, but black and yellowish corrosive debris was found around the right L1 pedicle screw, so it was removed and the cavity packed with tobramycin impregnated calcium sulfate beads. After surgery, neurologic deficits worsened. CT myelogram showed irregular opacification of the thecal sac at the level of the conus. A posterior laminectomy and decompression was performed with removal of all debris and spinal instrumentation. Metallosis within the spinal canal was noted and serum chromium levels were obtained.

Results.
The patient was discharged one week after admission with improvement of pain and gradual improvement in neurologic examination. Three years postdischarge, the patient is asymptomatic and examination shows bilateral clonus. Serum chromium levels declined from a high of 4.5 μg/L operatively to 0.8 at final follow-up (normal: 0.2–0.6 μg/L).

Conclusion.
Although uncommon, metallosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any late presenting case of pain, infection-like symptoms, or neurologic deficits after pediatric PSF. CT myelography and serum chromium levels may help guide diagnosis; however, surgical exploration is needed for definitive diagnosis and treatment.

Level of Evidence: 4
Prosthetic Replacement of the Ocular Surface Ecosystem Scleral Lens Therapy for Exposure Keratopathy
Authors: Chahal Jasdeep S. , Heur Martin , Chiu Gloria B. 
Published: May 2016

Objectives:
To investigate the utility of Prosthetic Replacement of the Ocular Surface Ecosystem (PROSE) scleral lenses in patients with exposure keratopathy, with outcomes based on changes in visual acuity, visual function, and corneal staining.

Methods:
A retrospective interventional case series of patients evaluated and treated from September 2009 through June 2014 at a single multi-specialty institutional practice. Eighteen of 29 patients with exposure keratoconjunctivitis, lagophthalmos, ectropion, or lid retraction, referred to USC Eye Institute after failing conventional therapies completed PROSE scleral lens fitting and were included in the study. Visual function was assessed before and after PROSE fitting with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) survey. Visual acuity (VA) and corneal staining changes were also evaluated before and after treatment.

Results:
Visual acuity improved from 0.60±0.68 logMAR pre-PROSE to 0.25±0.34 logMAR (Z=−3.81, P=0.00014) post-PROSE, which corresponds to an improvement of about 20/80 to 20/35 on Snellen VA. Ocular Surface Disease Index scores improved from 56.54±29.75 pre-PROSE to 24.98±21.23 post-PROSE (Z=−2.98, P=0.0029), and corneal staining values decreased from 2.17±0.84 pre-PROSE to 0.64±0.70 post-PROSE (Z=−3.27, P=0.011).

Conclusions:
The results suggest that PROSE scleral lens therapy is effective in patients with exposure keratopathy who had failed conventional therapies and can serve as an alternative to lid surgery.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nursing-Based Quality Improvement Strategy
Authors: Axelrad Jordan E. , Shah Brijen J. 
Published: May 2016

Objectives:
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a higher prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and worse outcomes. Research has highlighted the inconsistent care that is provided to patients with IBD, and at our institution, the CDI testing rate was 41%. The present quality improvement intervention sought to increase CDI testing for inpatients with IBD with a flare.

Methods:
Eighty-nine patients admitted to our gastrointestinal unit over a 9-month period with IBD flare were eligible for the study. If a patient did not have a test for CDI ordered, the floor nurse collected stool and alerted the provider to order the test. The primary outcome was percent of eligible patients receiving a test. Secondary outcomes included rate of CDI, length of hospital stay, and readmission rate within 6 months.

Results:
There was a significant increase in testing for CDI to 75% (p = .0151). Patients who received a test were more likely to have CDI (p = .0316), shorter hospital stays (p = .0095), and fewer readmissions (p = .0366).

Conclusion:
This study used the nursing admission workflow to increase the rate of CDI testing. Future studies should further characterize inconsistencies in IBD care and implement quality improvements.