bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidrug-Resistant Organisms Detected More Than 48 Hours After Hospital Admission Are Not Necessarily Hospital-Acquired
Authors: Erb Stefan , Frei Reno , Dangel Marc , Widmer Andreas F. 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUNDInfections and colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) identified >48 hours after hospital admission are considered healthcare-acquired according to the definition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Some may originate from delayed diagnosis rather than true acquisition in the hospital, potentially diluting the impact of infection control programs. In addition, such infections are not necessarily reimbursed in a healthcare system based on the diagnosis-related groups (DRGs).OBJECTIVEThe goal of the study was to estimate the preventable proportion of healthcare-acquired infections in a tertiary care hospital in Switzerland by analyzing patients colonized or infected with MDROs.METHODSAll hospitalized patients with healthcare-acquired MDRO infection or colonization (HAMIC) or according to the CDC definition (CDC-HAMIC) were prospectively assessed from 2002 to 2011 to determine whether there was evidence for nosocomial transmission. We utilized an additional work-up with epidemiological, microbiological, and molecular typing data to determine the true preventable proportion of HAMICs.RESULTSOverall, 1,190 cases with infection or colonization with MDROs were analyzed; 274 (23.0%) were classified as CDC-HAMICs. Only 51.8% of CDC-HAMICs had confirmed evidence of hospital-acquisition and were considered preventable. Specifically, 57% of MRSA infections, 83.3% of VRE infections, 43.9% of ESBL infections, and 74.1% of non-ESBL MDRO infections were preventable HAMICs.CONCLUSIONSThe CDC definition overestimates the preventable proportion of HAMICs with MDROs by more than 50%. Relying only on the CDC definition of HAMICs may lead to inaccurate measurement of the impact of infection control interventions and to inadequate reimbursement under the DRG system.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;1–6
An Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Based on Systematic Infectious Disease Consultation in a Rehabilitation Facility
Authors: Tedeschi Sara , Trapani Filippo , Giannella Maddalena , Cristini Francesco , Tumietto Fabio , Bartoletti Michele , Liverani Annalisa , Pignanelli Salvatore , Toni Luisa , Pederzini Roberto , Cavina Augusto , Viale Pierluigi 
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVETo assess the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) on antibiotic consumption, Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), and antimicrobial resistance patterns in a rehabilitation hospital.DESIGNQuasi-experimental study of the periods before (from January 2011 to June 2012) and after (from July 2012 to December 2014) ASP implementation.SETTING150-bed rehabilitation hospital dedicated to patients with spinal-cord injuries.INTERVENTIONBeginning in July 2012, an ASP was implemented based on systematic bedside infectious disease (ID) consultation and structural interventions (ie, revision of protocols for antibiotic prophylaxis and education focused on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions). Antibiotic consumption, occurrence of CDI, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of selected microorganisms were compared between periods before and after the ASP implementation.RESULTSAntibiotic consumption decreased from 42 to 22 defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 patient days (P<.001). The main reductions involved carbapenems (from 13 to 0.4 DDD per 100 patient days; P=.01) and fluoroquinolones (from 11.8 to 0.99 DDD per 100 patient days; P=.006), with no increases in mortality or length of stay. The incidence of CDI decreased from 3.6 to 1.2 cases per 10,000 patient days (P=.001). Between 2011 and 2014, the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains decreased from 55% to 12% in P. aeruginosa (P<.001) and from 96% to 73% in A. baumannii (P=.03). The prevalence of ESBL-producing strains decreased from 42% to 17% in E. coli (P=.0007) and from 62% to 15% in P. mirabilis (P=.0001). In K. pneumoniae, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains decreased from 42% to 17% (P=.005), and the prevalence of in methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains decreased from 77% to 40% (P<.0008).CONCLUSIONSAn ASP based on ID consultation was effective in reducing antibiotic consumption without affecting patient outcomes and in improving antimicrobial resistance patterns in a rehabilitation hospital.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;1–7
British Conservatism and the Indian Revolt: The Annexation of Awadh and the Consequences of Liberal Empire, 1856–1858
Authors: Stubbings Matthew 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article examines how the East India Company's 1856 annexation of the Indian Kingdom of Awadh informed British Conservative responses to the Indian Revolt in 1857 and 1858. Addressing scholarship on Britain's reaction to the revolt and political engagement with Indian empire, this study reveals that Conservatives interpreted this event with a veneration for locality and prescription. Criticism from company officials and Awadh's deposed royal family informed Conservative perceptions that British exploitation and westernization were responsible for military rebellion and popular upheaval. Principally, this reflected Conservative skepticism regarding liberal modernity as well as support for prescribed aristocratic, propertied, and established church interests in Britain. Their response, expressed in Parliament and supported in conservative periodicals, was the 1858 Queen's Proclamation authored by Edward Smith-Stanley, the 14th Earl of Derby's Conservative government. The proclamation established a lasting imperial framework which defined the crown's obligation to uphold India's political, social, and cultural differences and separation from Britain. Future Conservatives strengthened British views of India's distinctiveness by supporting perceived traditional leaders and customs over uniform western administration and education.
Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London
Authors: Lambert Bart , Pajic Milan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article reconstructs a crucial episode in the relationship between the English crown, its subjects and the kingdom's immigrant population. It links the murder of about forty Flemings in London during the Peasants’ Revolt in June 1381 to the capital's native cloth workers’ dissatisfaction with the government's economic immigration policy. We argue that, in the course of the fourteenth century, the crown developed a new policy aimed at attracting skilled workers from abroad. Convinced that their activities benefited the common profit of the realm, the crown remained deaf to the concerns of London's native weavers, who claimed that the work of exiled Flemish cloth workers in the city encroached on their privileges. Confronted for more than twenty-five years with political obstruction, the native weavers increasingly resorted to physical aggression against their Flemish counterparts, which came to a dramatic conclusion in 1381. The dissatisfaction of London's cloth workers and the massacre of the Flemings thus had much in common with the frustrations over the royal government's policy that had been fermenting for decades among many other groups in society: all came to the surface during the Peasants’ Revolt.
Scattering of SH Wave by a Cylindrical Inclusion and a Semi-Cylindrical Hollow Near Vertical Interface Crack in the Bi-Material Half Space
Authors: Qi H. , Zhang X.-M. , Cheng H.-Y. , Xiang M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWith the aid of the Green's function method and complex function method, the scattering problem of SH-wave by a cylindrical inclusion and a semi-cylindrical hollow in the bi-material half space is considered to obtain the steady state response. Firstly, by the means of the image method, the essential solution of displacement field as well as Green's function is constructed which satisfies the stress free on the horizontal boundary in a right-angle space including a cylindrical inclusion and a semi-cylindrical hollow and bearing a harmonic out-plane line source force at any point on the vertical boundary. Secondly, the bi-material half space is divided into two parts along the vertical interface, and the first kind of Fredholm integral equations containing undetermined anti-plane forces at the linking section is established by “the conjunction method” and “the crack-division method”, the integral equations are reduced to the algebraic equations consisting of finite items by effective truncation. Finally, dynamic stress concentration factor around the edge of cylindrical inclusion and dynamic stress intensity factor at crack tip are calculated, and the influences of effect of interface and different combination of material parameters, etc. on dynamic stress concentration factor and dynamic stress intensity factor are discussed.
Less than equable Heronian triangles
Authors: Dolan Stan 
Published: October 2016

It is well known that there are precisely five integer-sided triangles which have equal area, Δ, and perimeter, P. These triangles are called equable Heronian triangles.A proof of this result was given by Whitworth [1]. Since Whitworth's time, much attention has been given to triangles whose areas are integer multiples of their perimeters, for example [2, 3]. However, as this paper will show, Heronian triangles with areas less than their perimeters have some mathematical interest.
Metabolic abnormality in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Park Shin-Eui , Choi Nam-Gil , Jeong Gwang-Woo 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveProton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to evaluate metabolic changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).MethodsIn total, 14 OCD patients (mean age 28.9±7.2 years) and 14 healthy controls (mean age 32.6±7.1 years) with no history of neurological and psychiatric illness participated in this study. Brain metabolite concentrations were measured from a localised voxel on the right DLPFC using a 3-Tesla 1H-MRS.ResultsThe metabolic concentration of myo-inositol in patients with OCD increased significantly by 52% compared with the healthy controls, whereas glutamine/glutamate was decreased by 11%. However, there were no significant differences in N-acetylaspartate, choline, lactate and lipid between the two groups.ConclusionThese findings would be helpful to understand the pathophysiology of OCD associated with the brain metabolic abnormalities in the right DLPFC.
THE CHAGOS MARINE PROTECTED AREA ARBITRATION: EXPANSION OF THE JURISDICTION OF UNCLOS PART XV COURTS AND TRIBUNALS
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article shows that the Tribunal in the Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration between Mauritius and the United Kingdom has contributed considerably to the creeping expansion of compulsory jurisdiction of courts and tribunals established under Part XV of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Tribunal has employed three techniques to do so. First, it has read down the jurisdictional precondition to exchange views in Article 283(1) of the UNCLOS; second, it has expanded the limited scope of compulsory subject-matter jurisdiction under section 2 of Part XV by broadening the meaning of the phrase ‘any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention’ to include incidental, related—and through the backdoor of a balancing exercise—even extraneous disputes; and, third, it has restricted the limitations and exceptions to compulsory jurisdiction in Articles 297 and 298 of the UNCLOS. Few would have predicted in 1982 that a Part XV court or tribunal would—within the context of such a balancing exercise—ever find that a colonial era undertaking created binding legal obligations under international law and that the United Kingdom was obliged to return the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius when no longer needed for defence purposes. The Tribunal's expansive reading of the jurisdictional provisions in Part XV opens up the possibility of future rulings, albeit incidentally, on issues that have little to do with the law of the sea.
Does spectacle use lead to vestibular suppression?
Authors: Thakar A 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground:Laboratory experiments indicate that changes in retinal image size result in adaptive recalibration or suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Myopia correction with spectacles or contact lenses also leads to retinal image size changes, and may bring about similar vestibulo-ocular reflex alterations.Methods:A hypothesis-generating preliminary investigation was conducted. In this cross-sectional study, findings of electronystagmography including bithermal caloric testing were compared between 17 volunteer myopes using spectacles or contact lenses and 17 volunteer emmetropes (with no refractive error).Results:Bilateral hypoactive caloric responses were demonstrated in 6 of 11 spectacle users, in 1 of 6 contact lens users and in 1 of 17 emmetropes. Hypoactive caloric responses were significantly more likely in spectacle users than in emmetropes (p< 0.01; relative risk = 9.3).Conclusion:A significant proportion of myopes using spectacles have vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression, as demonstrated by the caloric test. This has implications for the interpretation of electronystagmography and videonystagmography results, and highlights spectacle use as a possible cause of vestibular impairment. Further corroboration of these findings is warranted, with more precise and direct vestibulo-ocular reflex tests such as rotational tests and the head impulse test.
Conservation payments in a social context: determinants of tolerance and behavioural intentions towards wild cats in northern Belize
Authors: Harvey Rebecca G. , Briggs-Gonzalez Venetia , Mazzotti Frank J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCarnivores are valued by conservationists globally but protecting them can impose direct costs on rural, livestock-dependent communities. Financial incentives are increasingly used with the goal of increasing people's tolerance of predators, but the definition of tolerance has been vague and inconsistent. Empirical correlations between attitudinal and behavioural measures of tolerance imply that attitudes may be a valid proxy for behaviours. However, theoretical differences between the concepts suggest that attitudinal tolerance and behavioural intention to kill cats would have different underlying determinants. We surveyed 112 residents within a forest–farm mosaic in northern Belize inhabited by jaguarsPanthera oncaand four other species of wild cats. A conservation payment programme pays local landowners when camera traps record cat presence on their land. Results indicated that tolerance was associated with gender and participation in the camera-trapping programme, whereas intention to kill cats was associated with cultural group (Mennonites vs Mestizos), presence of children in the home and, to a lesser extent, tolerance. Neither dependent variable was significantly related to depredation losses or economic factors. Results suggest that monetary payments alone are unlikely to affect attitudes and behaviours towards carnivores. Payment programmes may be enhanced by accentuating non-monetary incentives, leveraging social norms and targeting specific groups with information about risks and benefits associated with carnivores. By empirically separating two concepts commonly conflated as ‘tolerance’ we clarify understanding of how social forces interact with financial incentives to shape people's relationships with predators.
Non-human primate malaria parasites: out of the forest and into the laboratory
Authors: MARTINELLI AXEL , CULLETON RICHARD 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThe study of malaria in the laboratory relies on either thein vitroculture of human parasites, or the use of non-human malaria parasites in laboratory animals. In this review, we address the use of non-human primate malaria parasite species (NHPMPs) in laboratory research. We describe the features of the most commonly used NHPMPs, review their contribution to our understanding of malaria to date, and discuss their potential contribution to future studies.
Orientatractis moravecin. sp. andRondonia rondoniTravassos, 1920 (Nematoda: Atractidae), parasites ofPimelodus blochii(Osteichthyes, Pimelodidae) from the Acre and Xapuri Rivers, Western Amazon, Brazil
Authors: CAVALCANTE PEDRO H. O. , SILVA MARALINA T. , SANTOS EVERTON G. N. , CHAGAS-MOUTINHO VANESSA A. , SANTOS CLAUDIA P. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThe fish fauna in the State of Acre represents 10·7% of all fish species recorded from Brazil, but, despite this, there are few fish parasite studies in this area. The recent expansion of fish farming in Acre prompted a need for helminthological studies of the most commonly consumed fish species in the area,Pimelodus blochii(Pimelodidae). The aim of this study was to analyse the helminth fauna ofP. blochiifrom the Acre and Xapuri Rivers in Northwestern Brazil. Numerous nematodes were collected from the intestine and two species of the family Atractidae were identified:Rondonia rondoniTravassos, 1920 andOrientatractis moravecin. sp. The new species is distinguished from its congeners mainly by having: 10 pairs of caudal papillae (3 pairs pre-cloacal, 2 pairs ad-cloacal and 5 pairs post-cloacal); unequal spicules of 161–198 and 69–100µmlong; and a gubernaculum 38–58µmlong with an antero-lateral process. Morphological and ultrastructural data onO. moravecin. sp. andR. rondoniare presented, in addition to new genetic data based on partial 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA. The taxonomic status ofLabeonema synodontisi(Vassiliadès, 1973) is discussed, suggesting that it should be returned to the genusRaillietnema.
Nerolidol-loaded nanospheres prevent hepatic oxidative stress of mice infected byTrypanosoma evansi
Authors: BALDISSERA MATHEUS D. , SOUZA CARINE F. , GRANDO THIRSSA H. , DOLCI GEISA S. , COSSETIN LUCIANA F. , MOREIRA KAREN L. S. , DA VEIGA MARCELO L. , DA ROCHA MARIA IZABEL U. M. , BOLIGON ALINE A. , DE CAMPOS MARLI M. A. , STEFANI LENITA M. , DA SILVA ALEKSANDRO S. , MONTEIRO SILVIA G. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nerolidol free (N-F) and nerolidol-loaded in nanospheres (N-NS) on the hepatic antioxidant/oxidant status of mice experimentally infected byTrypanosoma evansi. In the liver it was measured: reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric reactive acid substances (TBARS) and non-protein thiols (NPSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and performed histopathological examination. In addition, seric levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Liver samples from mice infected byT. evansishowed increased (P< 0·05) ROS, TBARS, AST and ALT levels and SOD activity, and decreased NPSH levels and CAT activity (P< 0·05) compared with uninfected animals. N-NS treatment prevented (P< 0·05) ROS and TBARS increase, and increased NPSH levels, and ameliorate CAT and SOD activities on liver of infected mice. Moreover, N-NS treatment reduced (P< 0·05) AST and ALT levels, and prevented histopathological changes caused by the parasite. N-NS protected the liver from the oxidative stress caused byT. evansi, which might be due to its antioxidant properties. Nerolidol might be considered a promising therapeutic agent against oxidative stress, and nanotechnology is an encouraging approach to be explored.
Laser generated Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and nonlinear wave paradigm in turbulent mixing: I. Central region of Gaussian spot
Authors: Lugomer Stjepan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA three-dimensional Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) was generated on metal target by the laser pulse of Gaussian-like power profile in the semiconfined configuration (SCC). The SCC enables the extended lifetime of a hot vapor/plasma plume above the target surface as well as the fast multiple reshocks. The oscillatory pressure field of the reshocks causes strong bubble shape oscillations giving rise to the complex wave-vortex phenomena. The irregularity of the pressure field causes distortion of the shock wave front observed as deformed waves. In a random flow field the waves solidified around the bubbles form the broken “egg-karton” structure – or the large-scale chaotic web. In the coherent flow field the shape oscillations and collapse of the large bubbles generate nonlinear waves as the line- and the horseshoe-solitons. The line solitons are organized into a polygonal web, while the horseshoe solitons make either the rosette-like web or appear as the individual parabolic-like solitons. The configurations of the line solitons are juxtapositioned with solitons simulated by the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation. For the horseshoe solitons it was mentioned that it can be obtained by the simulation based on the cylindrical KP equation. The line and the horseshoe solitons represent the wave-vortex phenomena in which the fluid accelerated by the shock and exposed to a subsequent series of fast reshocks follows more complex scenario than in the open configuration. The RMI environment in the SCC generates complex fluid dynamics and the new paradigm of wave vortex phenomena in turbulent mixing.
Sensitiveness of light absorption for self-focusing at laser–plasma interaction with weakly relativistic and ponderomotive regime
Authors: Patil S.D. , Takale M.V. , Fulari V.J. , Gill T.S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the present paper, we have examined the sensitiveness of light absorption for self-focusing of Gaussian laser beam in plasma. By introducing dielectric function of plasma under ponderomotive and weakly relativistic regime, we have established the differential equation for beam-width parameter by using parabolic equation approach under Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin and paraxial approximations and solved it numerically. In order to incorporate the sensitiveness of light absorption for self-focusing, behavior of normalized beam-width parameter; plasma density distribution with dimensionless distance of propagation is presented graphically and discussed. Numerical analysis shows that light absorption plays a vital role in self-focusing of laser beam in plasma under weakly relativistic and ponderomotive regime and gives reasonably interesting results.