bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Authors: Garg R K 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurological disorder of childhood and early adolescence. It is caused by persistent defective measles virus. Brain biopsies or postmortem histopathological examination show evidence of astrogliosis, neuronal loss, degeneration of dendrites, demyelination, neurofibrillary tangles, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Patients usually have behavioral changes, myoclonus, dementia, visual disturbances, and pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs. The disease has a gradual progressive course leading to death within 1-3 years. The diagnosis is based upon characteristic clinical manifestations, the presence of characteristic periodic EEG discharges, and demonstration of raised antibody titre against measles in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment for SSPE is still undetermined. A combination of oral isoprinosine (Inosiplex) and intraventricular interferon alfa appears to be the best effective treatment. Patients responding to treatment need to receive it life long. Effective immunisation against measles is the only solution presently available to the problem of this dreaded disease.
Smoking cessation in China: findings from the 1996 national prevalence survey
Authors: Yang Gonghuan , Ma Jiemin , Chen Aiping , Zhang Yifang , Samet Jonathan M , Taylor Carl E , Becker Karen 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo describe patterns of smoking and smoking cessation in China within the context of the stages of change model, using data from the 1996 national prevalence survey.DESIGNA cross sectional survey was carried out using the 145 preselected disease surveillance points, which provide a representative sample for the entire country. A standardised questionnaire on smoking was interviewer administered.SETTINGThe country of China.SUBJECTS122 220 people aged 15–69 years.MAINTENANCE MEASURESSmoking cessation patterns, as defined by smoking status (current or former) and stage of change (precontemplation, contemplation, and action).RESULTSThe sample included 45 995 ever smokers of whom 4336 had quit. About 72% of current smokers reported not intending to give up their smoking behaviour, and about 16% of current smokers said they intended to do so, but have not taken any action. Of all ever smokers, the percentage of former smokers was 9.5%, and 12% of current smokers had quit at least once, but relapsed by the time of the survey. The patterns were similar in men and women with regard to the stated intent to quit. Among males, the percentage of former smokers increased with age but the percentage intending to quit was constant at about 15% across age strata. The most common reason for quitting was illness. Participants with a university education were more likely to have made an attempt to quit.CONCLUSIONSThe percentage of smokers contemplating quitting was low in China in 1996. The study shows that smokers in China must be mobilised to contemplate quitting and then to take action.Key points72% of current smokers in China did not intend to give up smoking in 1996About 10% of ever smokers in China have stopped smokingThe relapse rate equals the rate of quittingKey professional groups (health workers and teachers) have similar cessation patterns to the general populationThe most common reason for quitting was illnessSmokers in China should be mobilised to contemplate quitting and then to take action
Sources of tobacco for youths in communities with strong enforcement of youth access laws
Authors: DiFranza Joseph R , Coleman Mardia 
Published: July 2002

AIMTo determine how youths obtain tobacco in communities with strong enforcement of tobacco sales laws.SETTINGTen communities in Massachusetts with merchant compliance rates at or above 90%.METHODSPaper surveys and focus group discussions with 68 adolescent smokers.RESULTSParents and friends are the primary sources of tobacco for new smokers. When stealing from parents can no longer satisfy the need for cigarettes, young adolescents ask strangers to buy them tobacco. For high school age smokers, teenage store clerks are a major source. Teenage clerks sell to other teenagers, steal tobacco, and help their friends steal from their employers. Friends who are 18 years of age or over are a second major source for older adolescents. Parents often purchase tobacco for older adolescents.CONCLUSIONRecommended actions include raising the minimum age for the purchase of tobacco to 21 years, and prohibiting individuals less than 21 years of age from selling tobacco.
TOPOLOGICAL QUANTUM FIELD THEORIES FROM GENERALIZED 6J-SYMBOLS
Authors: DURHUUS BERGFINNUR , JAKOBSEN HANS PLESNER , NEST RYSZARD 
Published: July 2002

Given an associative algebra with a distinguished finite set of representations that is closed under a (deformed) tensor product, and satisfies some technical assumptions, we define generalized 6j-symbols, and show that they can be associated, in a natural way, with certain labeled tetrahedra. Given a 3-dimensional compact oriented manifold M with boundary ∂M = Σ we choose an arbitrary triangulation [Formula: see text] of M and exploit the above correspondence between 6j-symbols and labeled tetrahedra to construct a vectorspace UΣ and a vector Z(M) ∈ UΣ, independent of [Formula: see text], and fulfilling the axioms of a topological quantum field theory as formulated by Atiyah [11]. Examples covered by our approach are quantum groups corresponding to the classical simple Lie algebras as well as, expectedly, chiral algebras of 2-dimensional rational conformal field theories.
High Performance Electro-Rheological Dampers
Authors: Brooks Douglas A 
Published: July 2002

With the proprietary ER fluids available today it is not a viable proposition to develop a high force damper within the available space envelope. ER fluids are simply not strong enough and attempts to overcome this limitation by increasing the size of the damper result in excessive power demands. A bi-directional controllable damper has been developed that overcomes the limitations of available ER fluids and allows the development of exceptionally high forces with low control power. The forces generated by the damper are not directly linked to the performance of the ER fluid and both very low un-energised and very high energised forces can be developed. The nature of the design permits a wide range of controllable forces and force profiles. The main limitations of existing ER fluids, that of low excess shear stress, has been overcome with a novel and unique damper design. The performance of the damper is not limited by the performance of the ER fluid and controllable dampers can be developed that are able to generate almost unlimited forces. Two versions, for specific niche markets, have been fully developed to the preproduction stage.
THE DYNAMICS OF THE NASH CORRESPONDENCE AND n-PLAYER STOCHASTIC GAMES
Authors: SOLAN EILON 
Published: July 2002

A quitting game is a sequential game where each player has two actions: to continue or to quit, and the game continues as long as no player quits. For every continuation payoff x we assign a one-shot game, where the payoff if everyone continues is x. We study the dynamics of the correspondence that assigns to every continuation payoff the set of equilibrium payoffs in the corresponding one shot game. The study presented here has an implication on the approach one should take in trying to prove, or disprove, the existence of an equilibrium payoff in n-player stochastic games. It also shows that the minimal length of the period of a periodic δ-equilibrium in three-player quitting games needs not be uniformly bounded for δ>0.
A cost-benefit decision model: analysis, comparison amd selection of data management
Authors: Su Stanley Y. W. , Dujmovic Jozo , Batory D. S. , Navathe S. B. , Elnicki Richard 
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a general cost-benefit decision model that is applicable to the evaluation, comparison, and selection of alternative products with a multiplicity of features, such as complex computer systems. The application of this model is explained and illustrated using the selection of data management systems as an example.
The model has the following features: (1) it is mathematically based on an extended continuous logic and a theory of complex criteria; (2) the decision-making procedure is very general yet systematic, well-structured, and quantitative; (3) the technique is based on a comprehensive cost analysis and an elaborate analysis of benefits expressed in terms of the decision maker's preferences. The decision methodology, when applied to the problem of selecting a data management system, takes into consideration the life cycle of a DMS and the objectives and goals for the new systems under evaluation. It allows the cost and preference analyses to be carried out separately using two different models. The model for preference analysis makes use of comprehensive performance (or preference) parameters and allows what we call a “logic scoring of preferences” using continuous values between zero and one, to express the degree with which candidate systems satisfy stated requirements. It aggregates preference parameters based on their relative weights and logical relationships to compute a global performance (preference) score for each system. The cost model incorporates an aggregation of costs which may be estimated over different time horizons and discounted at appropriate discount rates. A procedure to establish an overall ranking of alternative systems based on their global preference scores and global costs is also discussed.
Logical analysis of programs
Authors: Katz Shmuel , Manna Zohar 
Published: July 2002

Most present systems for verification of computer programs are incomplete in that intermediate inductive assertions must be provided manually by the user, termination is not proven, and incorrect programs are not treated. As a unified solution to these problems, this paper suggests conducting a logical analysis of programs by using invariants which express what is actually occurring in the program.
The first part of the paper is devoted to techniques for the automatic generation of invariants. The second part provides criteria for using the invariants to check simultaneously for correctness (including termination) or incorrectness. A third part examines the implications of the approach for the automatic diagnosis and correction of logical errors.
MATRIX PROTEOGLYCANS: From Molecular Design to Cellular Function
Authors: Iozzo Renato V. 
Published: July 2002

The proteoglycan superfamily now contains more than 30 full-time molecules that fulfill a variety of biological functions. Proteoglycans act as tissue organizers, influence cell growth and the maturation of specialized tissues, play a role as biological filters and modulate growth-factor activities, regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and skin tensile strength, affect tumor cell growth and invasion, and influence corneal transparency and neurite outgrowth. Additional roles, derived from studies of mutant animals, indicate that certain proteoglycans are essential to life whereas others might be redundant.The review focuses on the most recent genetic and molecular biological studies of the matrix proteoglycans, broadly defined as proteoglycans secreted into the pericellular matrix. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular organization of the protein core, the utilization of protein modules, the gene structure and transcriptional control, and the functional roles of the various proteoglycans. When possible, proteoglycans have been grouped into distinct gene families and subfamilies offering a simplified nomenclature based on their protein core design. The structure-function relationship of some paradigmatic proteoglycans is discussed in depth and novel aspects of their biology are examined.
NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND FILMS
Authors: Gruen Dieter M. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The synthesis of nanocrystalline diamond films from carbon-containing noble gas plasmas is described. The nanocrystallinity is the result of new growth and nucleation mechanisms, which involve the insertion of C2, carbon dimer, into carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, resulting in hetereogeneous nucleation rates on the order 1010cm−2s−1. Extensive characterization studies led to the conclusion that phase-pure diamond is produced with a microstructure consisting of randomly oriented 3–15-nm crystallites.By adjusting the noble gas/hydrogen ratio in the gas mixture, a continuous transition from micro- to nanocrystallinity is achieved. Up to 10% of the total carbon in the nanocrystalline films is located at 2 to 4 atom-wide grain boundaries. Because the grain boundary carbon is π-bonded, the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of nanocrystalline diamond are profoundly altered.Nanocrystalline diamond films are unique new materials with applications in fields as diverse as tribology, cold cathodes, corrosion resistance, electrochemical electrodes, and conformal coatings on MEMS devices.
Is Globalization Civilizing, Destructive or Feeble? A Critique of Five Key Debates in the Social Science Literature
Authors: Guillén Mauro F. 
Published: July 2002

The sociological, economic, political, and anthropological literatures are devoting increasing attention to globalization. This chapter discusses the various connotations of the term and puts it in historical perspective. Existing theoretical and empirical research on globalization is organized around five key issues or questions: Is it really happening? Does it produce convergence? Does it undermine the authority of nation-states? Is globality different from modernity? Is a global culture in the making? A plea is made for a comparative sociology of globalization that is sensitive to local variations and to how agency, interest, and resistance mediate in the relationship between globalization causes and outcomes.The bulk of the earth must not only be spherical, but not large in comparison with the size of other stars.     —Aristotle (384–322 BC), as quoted by Dreyer ( 1953 , p. 118)
Sex Steroids Modify Working Memory
Authors: Janowsky Jeri S. , Chavez Bambi , Orwoll Eric 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In the last ten years, numerous mechanisms by which sex steroids modify cortical function have been described. For example, estrogen replacement improves verbal memory in women, and animal studies have shown effects of estrogen on hippocampal synaptogenesis and function. Little is known about sex steroid effects on other aspects of memory, such as frontal lobe-mediated working memory. We examined the relationships between working memory and sex steroid concentrations and whether sex steroid supplementation would modify age-related loss of working memory in older men and women. Before hormone supplementation, working memory, tested with the Subject Ordered Pointing Test (SOP), was worse in older subjects than younger subjects, and there was no evidence of gender differences at either age. Testosterone supplementation improved working memory in older men, but a similar enhancement of working memory was not found in older women supplemented with estrogen. In men, testosterone and estrogen effects were reciprocal—with better working memory related to a higher testosterone to estrogen ratio. These results suggest that sex steroids can modulate working memory in men and can act as modulators of cognition throughout life.
The Role of Spatial Selective Attention in Working Memory for Locations: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Awh Edward , Anllo-Vento Lourdes , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that the covert focusing of spatial attention mediates the on-line maintenance of location information in spatial working memory. During the delay period of a spatial working-memory task, behaviorally irrelevant probe stimuli were flashed at both memorized and nonmemorized locations. Multichannel recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to assess visual processing of the probes at the different locations. Consistent with the hypothesis of attention-based rehearsal, early ERP components were enlarged in response to probes that appeared at memorized locations. These visual modulations were similar in latency and topography to those observed after explicit manipulations of spatial selective attention in a parallel experimental condition that employed an identical stimulus display.
Shifting from the Perceptual Brain to the Logical Brain: The Neural Impact of Cognitive Inhibition Training
Authors: Houdé Olivier , Zago Laure , Mellet Emmanuel , Moutier Sylvain , Pineau Arlette , Mazoyer Bernard , Tzourio-Mazoyer Nathalie 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
What happens in the human brain when the mind has to inhibit a perceptual process in order to activate a logical reasoning process? Here, we use functional imaging to show the networks of brain areas involved in a deductive logic task performed twice by the same subjects, first with a perceptual bias and then with a logical response following bias-inhibition training. The main finding is a striking shift in the cortical anatomy of reasoning from the posterior part of the brain (the ventral and dorsal pathways) to a left-prefrontal network including the middle-frontal gyrus, Broca's area, the anterior insula, and the pre-SMA. This result indicates that such brain shifting is an essential element for human access to logical thinking.
Semantic Cortical Activation in Dyslexic Readers
Authors: Helenius Päivi , Salmelin Riitta , Service Elisabet , Connolly John F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe combined temporal and spatial resolution of MEG (magnetoencephalography) was used to study whether the same brain areas are similarly engaged in reading comprehension in normal and developmentally dyslexic adults. To extract a semantically sensitive stage of brain activation we manipulated the appropriateness of sentence-ending words to the preceding sentence context. Sentences, presented visually one word at a time, either ended with a word that was (1) expected, (2) semantically appropriate but unexpected, (3) semantically anomalous but sharing the initial letters with the expected word, or (4) both semantically and orthographically inappropriate to the sentence context. In both subject groups all but the highly expected sentence endings evoked strong cortical responses, localized most consistently in the left superior temporal cortex, although additional sources were occasionally found in more posterior parietal and temporal areas and in the right hemisphere. Thus, no significant differences were found in the spatial distribution of brain areas involved in semantic processing between fluent and dyslexic readers. However, both timing and strength of activation clearly differed between the two groups. First, activation sensitivity to word meaning within a sentence context began about 100 msec later in dyslexic than in control subjects. This is likely to result from affected presemantic processing stages in dyslexic readers. Second, the neural responses were significantly weaker in dyslexic than in control subjects, indicating involvement of a smaller or less-synchronous neural population in reading comprehension. Third, in contrast to control subjects, the dyslexic readers showed significantly weaker activation to semantically inappropriate words that began with the same letters as the most expected word than to both orthographically and semantically inappropriate sentence-ending words. Thus, word recognition by the dyslexic group seemed to be qualitatively different: Whereas control subjects perceived words as wholes, dyslexic subjects may have relied on sublexical word recognition and occasionally mistook a correctly beginning word for the one they had expected.
Virtual Reality: A Tool for Assembly?
Authors: Boud A. C. , Baber C. , Steiner S. J. 
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on an investigation into the proposed usability of virtual reality for a manufacturing application such as the assembly of a number of component parts into a final product. Before the assembly task itself is considered, the investigation explores the use of VR for the training of human assembly operators and compares the findings to conventionally adopted techniques for parts assembly. The investigation highlighted several limitations of using VR technology. Most significant was the lack of haptic feedback provided by current input devices for virtual environments. To address this, an instrumented object (IO) was employed that enabled the user to pick up and manipulate the IO as the representation of a component from a product to be assembled. The reported findings indicate that object manipulation times are superior when IOs are employed as the interaction device, and that IO devices could therefore be adopted in VEs to provide haptic feedback for diverse applications and, in particular, for assembly task planning.
Genetic evidence for species status of some Caucasian rock lizards in the Darevskia saxicola group
Authors: Murphy Robert , MacCulloch Ross , Fu Jinzhong , Darevsky Ilya 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDiversity at 35 allozyme loci was examined in nine populations of the taxa currently included in Darevskia saxicola. The data support the recognition of the subspecies Darevskia s. saxicola and D. s. lindholmi as species. The remaining subspecies D. s. brauneri, D. s. darevskii and D. s. szczerbaki are conspecific although they can no longer be referred to Darevskia saxicola, but must be referred to Darevskia brauneri, whose name has priority. Considerable population substructuring was observed among the subspecies of Darevskia brauneri.
HABITAT SELECTION AND PREY ODOR IN THE FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF WESTERN RATTLESNAKES (CROTALUS VIRIDIS)
Authors: Theodoratus Demetri Hilario , Chiszar David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe tested the roles of prey odor and other habitat cues in the pre-strike movement patterns of two, ecologically distinct sub-species of the western rattlesnake in naturalistic arenas. In the first experiment, rattlesnakes preferred habitat containing prey odor and cover comprised of rocks, sticks and plants. While searching, rattlesnakes methodically investigated the edges and crevices within rock, areas rodents might frequent in nature. In the second experiment, rattlesnakes investigated sticks more than rocks arranged topographically similar to sticks. In the third experiment, rattlesnakes preferred habitat that included brush foliage and used chemical prey trails in pre-strike behavior via (i) trail-following, (ii) casting search patterns and (iii) scanning search patterns. Several snakes coiled in stereotyped ambush postures that allowed them to face chemical trails while resting against rocks and foliage. These results suggest that rattlesnake foraging exhibits qualities advantageous for hunting rodent prey in addition to providing protection from predators and perhaps promoting thermoregulation. Sub-species did not exhibit geographic variation in foraging behavior despite differences in natural history and morphology. Hence, the microevolutionary pattern suggests that generalized foraging repertoires are successful in numerous environments when coupled with locally specialized body patterns.