bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article
Authors: Sahlin Ingrid 
Published: January 2018

Ingrid Sahlin: Conceptual and functional aspects of prevention Prevention measures are in general regarded and presented as new, inherently good and rational ways of addressing social problems. In this article, these three features are discussed and rejected. Prevention is generally understood as counteracting a negative development in the future. In this sense, it presupposes an interactive relationship between the individual and the society, an idea that emerged with the Enlightenment and flourished in the hygienic movement in the beginning of the 20th century. However, some current preventive measures that target potential criminal behaviour and drug abuse aim at immediate control, and these methods can be tracked to even older means of protection and repression, such as exclusion and incapacitation. In the first half of the 20th century, the combination of grand future perspectives and immediate control of allegedly “asocial” individuals resulted in huge prevention programmes, materialised in the form of concentration camps in Nazi Germany and eugenic programmes in other countries. Prevention is, consequently, in itself neither new nor good but an historically well established way of providing legitimacy for controversial policies. During the last decades, different prevention models have competed with and succeeded each other. It is claimed, with references to examples from Sweden, that the choice between them cannot be explained by evidence of their success or failure in preventing social problems or crime. Rather, the state seems to promote the model that complies best with its current social and economic policy. Conversely, if a prevention model is at odds with general policies, it will be abandoned regardless of its efficiency. The conclusion is that prevention is neither new, good nor rational. However, when it is presented as such, it maintains its main latent function, namely to reflect and reproduce the current ideology of the state.
Alcohol policy strategies and public health policy at an EU-level: The case of alcopops1
Authors: Sutton Caroline , Nylander Johan 
Published: January 2018

Caroline Sutton: Alcohol policy strategies and public health policy at an EU-level. The case of alcopops During the 1990s Nordic alcohol researchers have debated the effects of integration and cooperation with the European Union on Nordic alcohol policies. As part of this debate, some researchers have suggested that a Nordic, comprehensive alcohol policy based on public health concerns might be possible to pursue at an EU level. In this article, the authors move beyond the question of whether such a policy can be pursued, and explore instead the consequences of pursuing legislation through the public health sector of the EU. Analysis begins with an overview of public health policy evolution in the EU, within which alcohol policy developments to date are placed. It is noted that there was no official mandate for action in this field until 1993. The public health sector is a new policy arena within the union. Moreover, it is a sector in which EU policy-making is limited to encouraging trans-state cooperation. Legislative regulation is explicitly forbidden. In this context the Commission has created alternative venues for political action. The authors identify these as: the construction of ‘European phenomena’ through supporting the accumulation of ‘European knowledge’, support to developing interest groups, public opinion building, and the construction of practical competence. The alcopops case illustrates both general policy-making in the EU as well as the more specific character of public health policy The most important observation is that despite initial hopes that EU legislation could be introduced to limit demand for the beverages, once the issue became defined as an object of public health policy, EU action was limited to the creation of voluntary recommendations to member states. The authors conclude that advocates of a restrictive, regulatory policy should reconsider the link between the Nordic perspective on alcohol as a public health issue and the pursuit of alcohol legislation for the European Union. A more segmented approach to alcohol policy and a more flexible framework for defining the problem could provide a more fertile base for the introduction of legislative measures to control alcohol harm.
Beverage specific effects on suicide
Authors: Norström Thor , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: January 2018

Thor Norström & Ingeborg Rossow: Beverage specific effects on suicide The authors analyze the relationship between suicide and beverage specific indicators of alcohol sales in Norway and Sweden. The data comprised aggregate time series for Norway (1918–1994) and Sweden (1948–1994). The suicide indicator was the number of male suicides per 100,000 inhabitants (15+). The beverage specific indicators were sales of beer, spirits and wine (liters 100 % ethanol per inhabitant, 15+). The beverage specific effects on suicide were estimated by means of ARIMA-models. For Norway as well as Sweden, there was a statistically significant relationship between suicide on the one hand, and sales of beer (in Sweden retail sales only) and spirits on the other. A common finding in the two countries was the absence of any effect of wine sales. A tentative interpretation of the findings is that spirits and beer sales are markers of the prevalence of an important risk group for suicide, i.e., heavy drinkers. The fact that beer seems to be of greater importance in this context in Norway – which might be attributable to differences between the two countries in the availability of this beverage – is a reminder of how culturally bounded the findings are.
Changes in municipal alcohol control policies in Norway
Authors: Andersen Jan 
Published: January 2018

Jan Andersen: Changes in municipal alcohol control policies in Norway Municipalities have an important role in enacting alcohol policy in Norway. The task of the local authorities is to implement the national goals and develop a locally adapted practice, mainly by controlling the availability of alcohol to the public. The local politicians experience this as an issue where they are exposed to a conflictual pressure between socio-political concerns, on the one hand, and business interests, on the other. This paper focuses on alcohol policies in municipalities which give priority to business development; especially to tourism. It is based on the case studies of two Norwegian municipalities. The paper first looks at the actual changes in the alcohol policy in the two municipalities, and then at the decision-making process leading up to these changes. Four approaches for studying decision-making processes, inspired by Johan P. Olsens model, are used: rationality, legitimacy, power and necessity. The study found a liberalisation with regard to the availability of alcoholic beverages in the two municipalities. This can be explained by: changes in external conditions, changes in influential positions between different actors, and changes in public attitudes towards alcohol and the politician's interpretations of the local authorities' ability to control the consumption of alcohol within the population. At the same time, the local authorities have strengthened efforts to control the license holders. This can be seen as a result of demands from the national authorities, and due to the fact that this activity may be financed by annual fees payed by the license holders. The combination of the liberalisation of the license policy and the strengthening of the control of the license holders may also be seen as a compromise between different political attitudes, but one in which the business interests take more precedence than socio-political concerns. The local politicians also underlined the importance of information activity aimed at influencing attitudes towards alcohol. This last means is characterised by a legitimating function and almost completely restricted to rhetorics. It would seem that this is more symbolic politics than anything else. As a whole, the study emphasises those mechanisms which indicate that the consequence of a decentralisation of power to the local authorities will result in a more uniform liberal politics rather than greater locally based differences.
Drinking patterns and alcohol policy: Prospects and limitations of a policy approach
Authors: Simpura Jussi 
Published: January 2018

Jussi Simpura: Drinking patterns and alcohol policy. Prospects and limitations of a policy approach The concept of drinking patterns is a fluid one. Still, it is much used today in the debate around alcohol control policies. Basically, two opposing sides can be found in the debate. The first stresses the view that not all drinking, but only certain drinking patterns are harmful, and that control policies should be targeted at harmful drinking only. This is the harm reduction approach. The other one is the total consumption approach, which stresses the link between consumption level and harm, largely irrespective of the patterns. This article discusses the difficulties in specifying drinking patterns as a target of preventive policies, and analyzes the prospects for developing preventive policies that would, first and foremost, be focused on harmful patterns only. Lacking empirical research on large-scale policy experiments, the conclusions are tentative only. Hypothetically, pattern-specific preventive alcohol policies could better meet some changes in the political atmosphere today, even in the case where the efficacy of the total consumption approach would still be undisputed.
Liver cirrhosis mortality in 15 European countries: Differences and trends during the post-war period
Authors: Ramstedt Mats 
Published: January 2018

Mats Ramstedt: Liver cirrhosis mortality in 15 European countries – differences and trends during the post-war period The aim of this paper was to describe and analyse differences and trends in liver cirrhosis mortality rates during the post-war era in 15 European countries. The study countries include all EU member states (except Luxembourg) and Norway. Liver cirrhosis mortality data and population figures were gathered from the WHO Mortality Database. The rank order of these countries, with respect to cirrhosis rates, were in general stable during the post-war period and most countries had increasing cirrhosis rates until the 1970s and then declining rates. This general picture was true also when sex-specific rates were studied. A deviant case was Sweden, with an exceptionally sharp increase from 1950 until the 1970s. Other deviant cases were Denmark, Finland and the UK, where cirrhosis mortality has not declined since the 1970s. Age specific analyses revealed that in one group of countries, mortality trends seem to be collective with respect to age, while in another cluster, different age groups exhibited divergent trends. Furthermore, the age-profile of cirrhosis mortality varies considerably between the study countries. Cross-country analyses were performed to elucidate the influence of some plausible determinants of cirrhosis mortality. According to the outcome, there was a fairly close relationship between cirrhosis mortality, on the one hand, and per capita alcohol consumption, alcohol prices, and the restrictiveness of alcohol policy, on the other. More detailed analyses based on time series data are needed to test how these variables are interrelated.
The idea of alcohol policy
Authors: Room Robin 
Published: January 2018

Robin Room: The idea of alcohol policy The paper first considers the actual situation of diversity and fragmentation of responsibility with respect to alcohol-related problems in governments of modern states. It then examines the conceptual framing of this empirical situation, making the point that the idea of alcohol policy, conceptualizing government responsibilities in the alcohol arena holistically, is historically situated. Only the societies north of the Baltic have a tradition of continuity in such a conceptualization, although the idea has also taken hold in English-speaking and some other societies in the last 20 years. In the wake of this, a substantial literature on the technology of alcohol control has developed. The scope of this literature is described, as well as its limitations in terms of its cultural spread and in terms of its policy influence. Options for sustaining a holistic perspective on alcohol issues within national governments are considered. Convergence on alcohol issues within Europe has so far been in directions which point away from such holistic perspectives, but the tide may be changing.
Correction to: Rp58 and p27kip1 coordinate cell cycle exit and neuronal migration within the embryonic mouse cerebral cortex
Authors: Clément Olivier , Hemming Isabel Anne , Gladwyn-Ng Ivan Enghian , Qu Zhengdong , Li Shan Shan , Piper Michael , Heng Julian Ik-Tsen 
Published: January 2018

Correction
After publication of the original article [1] it was realised that there were errors in figures 2a,b,f,g, which arose as a result of preparing figures from data collected and analysed at the same time as the work reported in [2] (Supplementary Figure 1 of [2]).
An updated Fig. 2 is included with this Correction.
Offset vector tile domain wide-azimuth prestack seismic interpretation methods and applications
Authors: Shifan Zhan , Maoshan Chen , Lei Li , Chunfeng Tao , Zhonghong Wan , Xiaohui Zhao 
Published: January 2018

The offset vector tile (OVT) is a special prestack seismic gather type, and OVT technology is a seismic processing technology suitable for wide-azimuth seismic (WAZ) exploration. Because current WAZ interpretation is not yet mature and because of the lack of key techniques and tools for OVT-domain seismic interpretation, abundant offset and azimuth information possessed in the OVT gathers has not been fully used. To take full advantage of the OVT gathers to achieve more accurate geologic, reservoir, and fluid information, we have developed an OVT-domain wide-azimuth prestack seismic interpretation technology and a typical workflow. The OVT-domain wide-azimuth prestack seismic interpretation technology is composed of five key prestack analysis and interpretation techniques focused on OVT gathers: (1) sensitive offset and azimuth analysis for choosing their sensitive offset and azimuth ranges, (2) template-based OVT gather optimization for improving their signal-to-noise ratio and quality, (3) multiscale and multiazimuth attribute analysis, (4) OVT domain amplitude versus incidence angle analysis, and (5) azimuthal anisotropy analysis. These technologies are used to extract seismic attributes that vary with offset and/or azimuth from OVT gathers facing on reservoir characterization, fluid detection, and fracture prediction. These technologies can form an OVT-domain prestack seismic interpretation workflow.
Tranexamic Acid Dosing for Cardiac Surgical Patients With Chronic Renal Dysfunction: A New Dosing Regimen
Authors: Jerath Angela , Yang Qi Joy , Pang K. Sandy , Looby Nikita , Reyes-Garces Nathaly , Vasiljevic Tijana , Bojko Barbara , Pawliszyn Janusz , Wijeysundera Duminda , Beattie W. Scott , Yau Terrence M. , Wąsowicz Marcin 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a common antifibrinolytic agent used to minimize bleeding in cardiac surgery. Up to 50% cardiac surgical patients have chronic renal dysfunction (CRD). Optimal dosing of TXA in CRD remains poorly investigated. This is important as TXA is renally eliminated with accumulation in CRD. High TXA doses are associated with postoperative seizures. This study measures plasma TXA concentrations in CRD cardiac surgical patients for pharmacokinetic modeling and dose adjustment recommendations.

METHODS:
This prospective cohort study enrolled 48 patients with stages 1–5 CRD, classified by Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Patients were separated into 2 treatment groups. A “low-risk” group underwent simple aortocoronary bypass or single-valve repair/replacement and received a 50 mg/kg TXA bolus. A “high-risk” group underwent redo, aortic, multiple valve or combination surgery and received the Blood Conservation Using Anti-fibrinolytics Trial dosing regimen (loading dose 30 mg/kg, infusion 16 mg/kg/h with 2 mg/kg in pump prime). Primary outcome identified changes in TXA clearance and distribution volume, which provided the rationale for dose adjustment. Descriptive clinical outcomes assessed postoperative seizures, blood loss, ischemic-thrombotic complications, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay.

RESULTS:
TXA concentrations were elevated and sustained above the therapeutic threshold for approximately 12 hours in high-risk stages 3–5 groups, in accordance to CRD severity.

CONCLUSIONS:
Using a pharmacokinetic model, we propose a simple new TXA dosing regimen that optimizes maximal antifibrinolysis and avoids excessive drug dosing.
Academic Anesthesiology Career Development: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the Role of Foundation for Anesthesiology Education and Research Funding
Authors: Speck Rebecca M. , Ward Denham S. , Fleisher Lee A. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:
In 1986, the American Society of Anesthesiologists created the Foundation for Anesthesiology Education and Research (FAER) to fund young anesthesiology investigators toward the goal of helping launch their academic careers. Determining the impact of the FAER grant program has been of importance.

METHODS:
This mixed-methods study included quantitative data collection through a Research Electronic Data Capture survey and curriculum vitae (CV) submission and qualitative interviews. CVs were abstracted for education history, faculty appointment(s), first and last author peer-reviewed publications, grant funding, and leadership positions. Survey nonrespondents were sent up to 3 reminders. Interview questions elicited details about the experience of submitting a FAER grant. Quantitative data were summarized descriptively, and qualitative data were analyzed with NVivo.

RESULTS:
Of 830 eligible participants, 38.3% (N = 318) completed surveys, 170 submitted CVs, and 21 participated in interviews. Roughly 85% held an academic appointment. Funded applicants were more likely than unfunded applicants to apply for National Institutes of Health funding (60% vs 35%, respectively; P < .01), but the probability of successfully receiving an National Institutes of Health grant did not differ (83% vs 85%, respectively; P = .82). The peer-reviewed publication rate (publications per year since attending medical school) did not differ between funded and unfunded applicants, with an estimated difference in means (95% confidence interval) of 1.3 (–0.3 to 2.9) publications per year. The primary FAER grant mentor for over one-third of interview participants was a nonanesthesiologist. Interview participants commonly discussed the value of having multiple mentors. Key mentor attributes mentioned were availability, guidance, reputation, and history of success.

CONCLUSIONS:
This cross-sectional data demonstrated career success in publications, grants, and leadership positions for faculty who apply for a FAER grant. A FAER grant application may be a marker for an anesthesiologist who is interested in pursuing a physician-scientist career.
Years Versus Days Between Successive Surgeries, After an Initial Outpatient Procedure, for the Median Patient Versus the Median Surgeon in the State of Iowa
Authors: Dexter Franklin , Jarvie Craig , Epstein Richard H. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:
Previously, we studied the relative importance of different institutional interventions that the largest hospital in Iowa could take to grow the anesthesia department’s outpatient surgical care. Most (>50%) patients having elective surgery had not previously had surgery at the hospital. Patient perioperative experience was unimportant for influencing total anesthesia workload and numbers of patients. More important was the availability of surgical clinic appointments within several days. These results would be generalizable if the median time from surgery to a patient’s next surgical procedure was large (eg, >2 years), among all hospitals in Iowa with outpatient surgery, and without regard to the hospital where the next procedure was performed.

METHODS:
There were 37,172 surgical cases at hospital outpatient departments of any of the 117 hospitals in Iowa from July 1, 2013, to September 30, 2013. Data extracted about each case included its intraoperative work relative value units. The 37,172 cases were matched to all inpatient and outpatient records for the next 2 years statewide using patient linkage identifiers; from these were determined whether the patient had surgery again within 2 years. Furthermore, the cases’ 1820 surgeons were matched to the surgeon’s next outpatient or inpatient case, both including and excluding other cases performed on the date of the original case.

RESULTS:
By patient, the median time to their next surgical case, either outpatient or inpatient, exceeded 2 years, tested with weighting by intraoperative relative value units and repeated when unweighted (both P < .0001). Specifically, with weighting, 65.9% (99% confidence interval [CI], 65.2%–66.5%) of the patients had no other surgery within 2 years, at any hospital in the state. The median time exceeded 2 years for multiple categories of patients and similar measures of time to next surgery (all P < .01). In comparison, by surgeon, the median time to the next outpatient surgical case was 1 calendar day (99% CI, 0–1 day). The median was 3 days to the next date with at least 1 outpatient case (99% CI, 3–3 days).

CONCLUSIONS:
The median time to the next surgery was >2 years for patients versus 1 day for surgeons. Thus, although patients’ experiences are an important attribute of quality of care, surgeons’ experiences are orders of magnitude more important from the vantage point of marketing and growth of an anesthesia practice.