bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled Ring‐Opening Polymerization of O‐Carboxyanhydrides Using a β‐Diiminate Zinc Catalyst
Authors: Wang Ruibo , Zhang Jiawei , Yin Qian , Xu Yunxiang , Cheng Jianjun , Tong Rong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRecently O‐carboxyanhydrides (OCAs) have emerged as a class of viable monomers which can undergo ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) to prepare poly(α‐hydroxyalkanoic acid) with functional groups that are typically difficult to achieve by ROP of lactones. Organocatalysts for the ROP of OCAs, such as dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), may induce undesired epimerization of the α‐carbon atom in polyesters resulting in the loss of isotacticity. Herein, we report the use of (BDI‐IE)Zn(OCH(CH3)COOCH3) ((BDI)Zn‐1, (BDI‐IE)=2‐((2,6‐diethylphenyl)amino)‐4‐((2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino)‐2‐pentene), for the controlled ROP of various OCAs without epimerization. Both homopolymers and block copolymers with controlled molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and isotactic backbones can be readily synthesized. (BDI)Zn‐1 also enables controlled copolymerization of OCAs and lactide, facilitating the synthesis of block copolymers potentially useful for various biomedical applications. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the monomer/dimer equilibrium of the zinc catalyst influences the ROP of OCAs, with the monomeric (BDI)Zn‐1 possessing superior catalytic activity for the initiation of ROP in comparison to the dimeric (BDI)Zn complex.
Synthesis of Angularly Substituted trans‐Fused Decalins through a Metallacycle‐Mediated Annulative Cross‐Coupling Cascade
Authors: Mizoguchi Haruki , Micalizio Glenn C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA convergent coupling reaction is described that enables the stereoselective construction of angularly substituted trans‐fused decalins from acyclic precursors. The process builds on our alkoxide‐directed titanium‐mediated alkyne–alkyne coupling and employs a 1,7‐enyne coupling partner. Overall, the reaction is thought to proceed through initial formation of a tetrasusbstituted metallacyclopentadiene, stereoselective intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition, elimination, isomerization, and regio‐ and stereoselective protonation. Distinct from our early studies directed at the synthesis of trans‐fused hydrindanes, the current annulative coupling reveals an important effect of TMSCl in controlling the final protonation—the event that establishes the stereochemistry of the ring fusion.
Hydrogen Peroxide Solvates of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐Hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane
Authors: Bennion Jonathan C. , Chowdhury Nilanjana , Kampf Jeff W. , Matzger Adam J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTwo polymorphic hydrogen peroxide solvates of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20; wurtzitane is an alternative name to iceane) were obtained using hydrated α‐CL‐20 as a guide. These novel H2O2 solvates have high crystallographic densities (1.96 and 2.03 g cm−3, respectively), high predicted detonation velocities/pressures (with one solvate performing better than ϵ‐CL‐20), and a sensitivity similar to that of ϵ‐CL‐20. The use of hydrated materials as a guide will be important in the development of other energetic materials with hydrogen peroxide. These solvates represent an area of energetic materials that has yet to be explored.
Direct Synthesis of Functionalized High‐Molecular‐Weight Polyethylene by Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Monomers
Authors: Dai Shengyu , Chen Changle 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe introduction of even a small amount of polar functional groups into polyolefins could excise great control over important material properties. As the most direct and economic strategy, the transition‐metal‐catalyzed copolymerization of olefins with polar, functionalized monomers represents one of the biggest challenges in this field. The presence of polar monomers usually dramatically reduces the catalytic activity and copolymer molecular weight (to the level of thousands or even hundreds Da), rendering the copolymerization process and the copolymer materials far from ideal for industrial applications. In this contribution, we demonstrate that these obstacles can be addressed through rational catalyst design. Copolymers with highly linear microstructures, high melting temperatures, and very high molecular weights (close to or above 1 000 000 Da) were generated. The direct synthesis of polar functionalized high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene was thus achieved.
A Study of Heterogeneous Catalysis by Nanoparticle‐Embedded Paper‐Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Banerjee Shibdas , Basheer Chanbasha , Zare Richard N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe have developed nanoparticle‐embedded paper‐spray mass spectrometry for studying three types of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions: 1) Palladium‐nanoparticle‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions, 2) palladium‐ or silver‐nanoparticle‐catalyzed 4‐nitrophenol reduction, and 3) gold‐nanoparticle‐catalyzed glucose oxidation. These reactions were almost instantaneous on the nanocatalyst‐embedded paper, which subsequently transferred the transient intermediates and products to a mass spectrometer for their detection. This in situ method of capturing transient intermediates and products from heterogeneous catalysis is highly promising for investigating the mechanism of catalysis and rapidly screening catalytic activity under ambient conditions.
Highly Enantioselective Direct Synthesis of Endocyclic Vicinal Diamines through Chiral Ru(diamine)‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of 2,2′‐Bisquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Ma Wenpeng , Zhang Jianwei , Xu Cong , Chen Fei , He Yan‐Mei , Fan Qing‐Hua 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn asymmetric hydrogenation of 2,2′‐bisquinoline and bisquinoxaline derivatives, catalyzed by chiral cationic ruthenium diamine complexes, was developed. A broad range of chiral endocyclic vicinal diamines were obtained in high yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity (up to 93:7 dl/meso and >99 % ee). These chiral diamines could be easily transformed into a new class of chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which are important but difficult to access.
Latest Advances Towards Ras Inhibition: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective
Authors: Sautier Brice , Nising Carl F. , Wortmann Lars 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOwing to their high occurrence rate across many human cancers and their lack of druggability so far, mutant forms of the signaling protein Ras are currently among the most attractive (and elusive) oncology targets. This strong appeal explains the sustained effort in the field, and the ensuing progress has rekindled optimism regarding the discovery of Ras inhibitors. In this Minireview, we discuss the most recent advances towards irreversible inhibitors, and highlight approaches to inhibitors of Ras–effector interactions that have been overshadowed by the current focus on direct Ras inhibition. At the same time, we provide a critical assessment from a medicinal chemistry perspective.
Investigation of pharmacophore and antipharmacophore features of certain dimethyltin(IV) complexes of flexible N‐protected amino acids and fluorinated β‐diketone/β‐diketones
Authors: Maheshwari Karuna , Srivastava Manish Kumar , Saxena Sanjiv , Jain Asha 
Published: September 2016

A set of pentacoordinated dimethyltin(IV) complexes of flexible N‐protected amino acids and fluorinated β‐diketone/β‐diketones was screened for their antibacterial activity againstPseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureusandStreptomyces griseus. These pentacoordinated complexes of the type Me2SnAB (where: R = CH(CH3)C2H5, A1H; CH2CH(CH3)2, A2H; CH(CH3)2, A3H; CH2C6H5, A4H; and BH = R'C(O)CH2C(O)R″: R′ = C6H5, R″ = CF3, B1H; R′ = R″ = CH3, B2H; R′ = C6H5, R″ = CH3, B3H; R′ = R″ = C6H5, B4H) were generated by the reactions of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride with sodium salts of flexible N‐protected amino acids (ANa) and fluorinated β‐diketone/β‐diketones (BNa) in 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing dry benzene solution. Plausible structures of these complexes were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical and spectral studies.119Sn NMR spectral data revealed the presence of pentacoordinated tin centres in these dimethyltin(IV) complexes.
Improved catalytic activity by catalase immobilization using γ‐cyclodextrin and electrospun PCL nanofibers
Authors: Canbolat M. Fatih , Savas Hasan Basri , Gultekin Fatih 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTNanofibrous structures are promising for biocatalyst immobilization due to their large surface area which facilitates the enzyme attachment, stability, ease of separation, and fine porous structure. There is limited research available on the change in enzyme activity following interaction with cyclodextrin. In this study, catalase enzyme was immobilized into nanofibrous structures by various techniques, with and without γ‐CD addition, and the enzymatic activity of catalase was evaluated. In addition, catalase‐γ‐CD complex containing PEO polymer solution was electrospun in between PCL nanofibrous layers as a newly developed technique. The enzyme immobilized nanofibrous structures were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FT‐IR analysis methods. Among all the activity tests, best enzyme activity was recorded with catalase‐γ‐CD physical mixture encapsulated PCL nanofibrous layers. Moreover, the test results indicated that the use of cyclodextrin in immobilization process considerably improves the catalytic activity of the enzyme. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44404.
Usability of oxidized corn starch–gelatin blends for suppression and prevention of dust
Authors: Dang Xugang , Shan Zhihua , Chen Hui 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTDegraded gelatin (Gel) and oxidized corn starch (OCS) as renewable and abundant recyclable and biodegradable materials can be applied to dust mitigation, which has been investigated in this research. Blends of oxidized corn starch and gelatin (OCS‐Gel) were prepared by introducing the OCS into the Gel. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was used as a thickener and dispersant in the blends. The OCS‐Gel blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that the blends have a uniform porous structure and can form stable Schiff's base structures. The TGA and DTGA thermograms indicated high thermal stability up to 325 °C. Moreover, the blend had good stability and compatibility by mixing with an electrolyte solution, and the biodegradability and water‐sorption measurements also revealed that the OCS‐Gel had excellent hygroscopicity and degradability. The results of contact angle measurements between OCS‐Gel solutions and dust showed that the blends have a satisfactory effect on dust wetting, and the results of light‐transmittance tests revealed that the blends had a good effect on dust‐removal ability. In addition, the dust particles can be evenly adsorbed on the surface of OCS‐Gel when they were evenly dispersed on the surface of the OCS‐Gel solution and can then form a film. The simulation experiment for flying dust in an enclosed area indoors indicated that the dust‐suppression degree for particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) and less than 10 micrometers (PM10) in size can reach 68.2% and 78.7%, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44437.
Validation of FLARE‐RA, a Self‐Administered Tool to Detect Recent or Current Rheumatoid Arthritis Flare
Authors: Fautrel Bruno , Morel Jacques , Berthelot Jean‐Marie , Constantin Arnaud , De Bandt Michel , Gaudin Philippe , Maillefert Jean‐Francis , Meyer Olivier , Pham Thao , Saraux Alain , Solau‐Gervais Elisabeth , Vittecoq Olivier , Wendling Daniel , Erpelding Marie‐Line , Guillemin Francis ,   on behalf of the STPR Group of the French Society of Rheumatology
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo validate the measurement properties and the detection performance of the FLARE‐RA questionnaire in a longitudinal prospective study.MethodsTo validate the FLARE‐RA self‐administered questionnaire, we conducted a prospective trial in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to document: 1) content and construct validity by factor analysis, convergent validity by Pearson's correlation with routine assessment of patient index data (Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 [RAPID‐3] questionnaire), RA Impact of Disease (RAID) score, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), 2) reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] and Bland‐Altman plot), and 3) feasibility of use. Patients were examined and questionnaires were collected at baseline and 3 months, and every week in between for RAPID‐3.ResultsWe recruited 138 patients from 13 centers: 81.9% women, mean age 57.4 years, mean DAS28 2.9, mean C‐reactive protein level 6.2 mg/liter, 84.4% rheumatoid factor positive, 78.0% anti–citrullinated protein antibody positive, and 78.8% with erosive disease. At baseline, the mean ± SD FLARE‐RA score was 2.3 ± 2.3. The content and construct validity of FLARE‐RA was good. A substantial floor effect, but no ceiling effect, was observed. Principal components analysis revealed 1 domain disentangled in 2 subdomains: physical and emotional. The FLARE‐RA total score was correlated with the DAS28 (r = 0.63, P < 0.001), RAID (r = 0.80, P < 0.001), RAPID‐3 (r = 0.77, P < 0.001), and HAQ (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). The ICC for reliability was 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.92–0.96).ConclusionThe FLARE‐RA self‐administered questionnaire represents a valid and valuable instrument to detect RA flare between visits to the physician.
Dual emission of Ce3+,Mn2+‐coactivated Ca3YNa(PO4)3F via energy transfer: a single component white/yellow‐emitting phosphor
Authors: Guan Anxiang , Yao Chunying , Wang Guofang , Fu Anjie , Zhou Liya , Meng Yingbin , Wang Qiuping 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA series of Ce3+,Mn2+‐coactivated Ca3YNa(PO4)3F phosphors were synthesized via a traditional solid‐state reaction under a reductive atmosphere. X‐Ray powder diffraction was used to confirm that the crystal structure and diffraction peaks of Ce3+/Mn2+‐doped samples matched well with the standard data. A spectral overlap between the emission band of Ce3+ and the excitation band of Mn2+ suggested the occurrence of energy transfer from Ce3+ to Mn2+. With increasing Mn2+ content, the emission intensities and lifetime values of the Ce3+ emission for Ca3YNa(PO4)3F:Ce3+,Mn2+ phosphors linearly decrease, whereas the energy transfer efficiencies gradually increase to 89.35%. By adjusting the relative concentrations of Ce3+ and Mn2+, the emission hues are tuned from blue to white and eventually to yellow. These results suggest that Ca3YNa(PO4)3F:Ce3+,Mn2+ phosphors have promising application as white‐emitting phosphors for near‐ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes.
Meta-analysis of associating liver partition with portal vein ligation and portal vein occlusion for two-stage hepatectomy
Authors: Eshmuminov D , Raptis D A , Linecker M , Wirsching A , Lesurtel M , Clavien P-A 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
Discussion is ongoing regarding whether associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) or portal vein occlusion is better in staged hepatectomy. The aim of this study was to compare available strategies using a two-stage approach in extended hepatectomy.

Methods
A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and Embase, and additional articles were identified by hand searching. Data from the international ALPPS registry were extracted. Clinical studies reporting volumetric changes, mortality, morbidity, feasibility of the second stage and tumour-free resection margins (R0) in two-stage hepatectomy were included.

Results
Ninety studies involving 4352 patients, including 320 from the ALPPS registry, met the inclusion criteria. Among these, nine studies (357 patients) reported on comparisons with other strategies. In the comparison of ALPPS versus portal vein embolization (PVE), ALPPS was associated with a greater increase in the future liver remnant (76 versus 37 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) and more frequent completion of stage 2 (100 versus 77 per cent; P &lt; 0·001). Compared with PVE, ALPPS had a trend towards higher morbidity (73 versus 59 per cent; P = 0·16) and mortality (14 versus 7 per cent; P = 0·19) after stage 2. In the non-comparative studies, complication rates were 39 per cent in the PVE group, 47 per cent in the portal vein ligation (PVL) group and 70 per cent in the ALPPS group. After stage 2, mortality rates were 5, 7 and 12 per cent respectively.

Conclusion
ALPPS is associated with greater future liver remnant hypertrophy and a higher rate of completion of stage 2, but this may be at the price of greater morbidity and mortality.
Validation of an enantioselective LC–MS/MS method to quantify enantiomers of (±)‐OTX015 in mice plasma: Lack of in vivo inversion of (−)‐OTX015 to its antipode
Authors: Balaji Narayanan , Chinnapattu Murugan , Dixit Abhishek , Sahu Promod , P S Suresh , Mullangi Ramesh 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA highly sensitive, specific and enantioselective assay has been validated for the quantitation of OTX015 enantiomers [(+)‐OTX015 and (−)‐OTX015] in mice plasma on LC–MS/MS‐electrospray ionization as per regulatory guidelines. Protein precipitation was used to extract (±)‐OTX015 enantiomers and internal standard (IS) from mice plasma. The active [(−)‐OTX015] and inactive [(+)‐OTX015] enantiomers were resolved on a Chiralpak‐IA column using an isocratic mobile phase (0.2% ammonia/acetonitrile 20 : 80, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The total run time was 6.0 min. (+)‐OTX015, (−)‐OTX015 and IS eluted at 3.34, 4.08 and 4.77 min, respectively. The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were m/z 492 → 383 for OTX015 and m/z 457 → 401 for IS. The standard curves for OTX015 enantiomers were linear (r2 > 0.998) in the concentration range 1.03–1030 ng/mL. The inter‐ and intraday precisions were in the range 2.20–13.3 and 8.03–12.1% and 3.80–14.4 and 8.97–13.6% for (+)‐OTX015 and (−)‐OTX015, respectively. Both the enantiomers were found to be stable in a battery of stability studies. This novel method has been applied to the study of stereoselective oral pharmacokinetics of (−)‐OTX015 and unequivocally demonstrated that (−)‐OTX015 does not undergo chiral inversion to its antipode in vivo in mice.
Attraction versus Repulsion in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Gridnev Ilya D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFor several decades of intensive research it has been accepted that the physical sizes and shapes of substituents are the main stereoregulating factors in Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. In this paper, it is argued on the basis of accumulated experimental and computational evidence that weak noncovalent attractive interactions between the substituents of the chiral ligand and the substrate strongly contribute to the process of stereoselection in Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation in the same fashion as that observed in organocatalytic reactions and in biological enzymatic processes.
A Nickel(II) Complex as a Homogeneous Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation at Neutral pH: Dual Role of HPO42− in Catalysis
Authors: Wang Jia‐Wei , Zhang Xiang‐Qiong , Huang Hai‐Hua , Lu Tong‐Bu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA new mononuclear nickel complex, featuring two cis‐relative labile sites, is reported as a homogeneous electrocatalyst for water oxidation in a neutral phosphate buffer. The water oxidation catalysis can be initiated at a moderate overpotential of approximately 0.48 V. Mechanistic studies reveal that the oxidation of water by a two‐electron oxidized species of the nickel catalyst is feasible, with formation of a peroxide intermediate through intramolecular O−O coupling. Interestingly, it has been found that the buffer base (HPO42−) plays a dual role in the catalytic system: it acts as a proton acceptor to expedite proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) during catalysis, but it also suppresses the electrocatalysis through an anation process.
Highly Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Cyanoacetamides with Controllable and Chemoselective Mono‐ and Double Substitutions
Authors: Gao Pei‐Sen , Li Ning , Zhang Jin‐Lei , Zhu Zhuang‐Li , Gao Zi‐Wei , Sun Hua‐Ming , Zhang Wei‐Qiang , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt was found that catalytic allylation of various cyanoacetamides proceeded smoothly and efficiently in environmentally benign PEG‐400 (PEG=poly(ethylene glycol)) in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and novel triazine‐derived multifunctional ligand L1, with which this reaction could afford the structurally diverse mono‐ and double allylated adducts in good to excellent yields as well as good chemo‐ and regioselectivity. In addition, this Pd/L1/PEG‐400 catalyst system could be recycled for five runs with good yield and high efficiency, which supported the notion that the triazine‐containing Schiff base based phosphine ligand could be a multifunctional and reusable ligand encapsulated in PEG‐400.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional Phosphorus Porous Polymorphs with Tunable Band Gaps.
Authors: Zhuo Zhiwen , Wu Xiaojun , Yang Jinlong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTopological modeling and first‐principles calculations reveal 21 new 2D phosphorus allotropes with porous structure which can be obtained by topologically assembling of selected P monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and hexamers.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferroelectric InMnO3: Growth of Single Crystals, Structure and High‐Temperature Phase Transitions.
Authors: Bekheet Maged F. , Svoboda Ingrid , Liu Na , Bayarjargal Lkhamsuren , Irran Elisabeth , Dietz Christian , Stark Robert W. , Riedel Ralf , Gurlo Aleksander 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSingle crystals of InMnO3 are grown from equimolar mixtures of In2O3 and Mn2O3 in a PbF2 flux (Mo/Al2O3 substrates, 950 °C, 60 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ion Mobility, Conductivity, Structure, and Phase Transitions in K0.7M0.3SbF4 Compounds with M: Rb, NH4.
Authors: Kavun V. Ya. , Gerasimenko A. V. , Uvarov N. F. , Polyantsev M. M. , Zemnukhova L. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe title compounds are obtained upon solvent evaporation of aqueous solutions containing a 0.5:0.5:1 molar mixture of KF, RbF, SbF3 or a 0.3:0.7:1 molar mixture of KF, NH4F, and SbF3, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth, Composition, Ferroelectric and Magnetic Properties of New Multiferroic Pb3.3Mn4.8Ni1.1Ti0.56 O15.3 Single Crystals.
Authors: Tomov V. , Rafailov P. M. , Luo Chih‐Wei 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe title multiferroic single crystals are grown from PbO, NiO, MnO2, and TiO2 in a PbO/PbF2/B2O3 flux (air, Pt crucible, 1420 K, 2 d; crystallization upon cooling to 1170 K at a rate of 0.5 K/h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Magnetic Properties of Double Perovskite Oxide Ba2CeSbO6.
Authors: Dutta Alo , Mukhopadhyay P. K. , Sinha T. P. , Das Dipankar , Shannigrahi Santiranjan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe title compound is prepared by calcination of a stoichiometric mixture of BaCO3, Sb2O5, and Ce2(CO3)3 in air (Al2O3 crucible, 1673 K, 15 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Room‐Temperature Cooling with Magnets.
Authors: Boeije M. F. J. , Roy P. , Guillou F. , Yibole H. , Miao X. F. , Caron L. , Banerjee D. , van Dijk N. H. , de Groot R. A. , Brueck E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolycrystalline MnFe0.95P0.582Si0.34B0.078 with an Fe/Mn ratio of ≈1 is used to provide experimental evidence for the origin of the giant entropy change found for materials exhibiting a magnetocaloric effect in the form of an electronic reconstruction caused by the competition between magnetism and bonding.
ChemInform Abstract: High Quality Magnetic Oxide Thin Films Prepared via Aqueous Solution Processing.
Authors: Page Catherine J. , et al.  
Published: September 2016

AbstractThin films of nanocrystalline ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 (CFO) are obtained from aqueous solutions containing Fe(NO3)3 and Co(NO3)2 (1.5 M) under ultrapure conditions at pH <3 by spin coating on B‐doped p‐type Si(100) wafers followed by drying (200 °C) and annealing (1.