bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of two Tannerella forsythia strains and their cell surface mutants in multispecies oral biofilms
Authors: Bloch Susanne , Thurnheer Thomas , Murakami Yukitaka , Belibasakis Georgios N. , Schäffer Christina 
Published: April 2017

SummaryAs a member of subgingival multispecies biofilms, Tannerella forsythia is commonly associated with periodontitis. The bacterium has a characteristic cell surface (S‐) layer modified with a unique O‐glycan. Both the S‐layer and the O‐glycan were analyzed in this study for their role in biofilm formation by employing an in vitro multispecies biofilm model mimicking the situation in the oral cavity. Different T. forsythia strains and mutants with characterized defects in cell surface composition were incorporated into the model, together with nine species of select oral bacteria. The influence of the T. forsythia S‐layer and attached glycan on the bacterial composition of the biofilms was analyzed quantitatively using colony‐forming unit counts and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, as well as qualitatively by fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy. This revealed that changes in the T. forsythia cell surface did not affect the quantitative composition of the multispecies consortium, with the exception of Campylobacter rectus cell numbers. The localization of T. forsythia within the bacterial agglomeration varied depending on changes in the S‐layer glycan, and this also affected its aggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis. This suggests a selective role for the glycosylated T. forsythia S‐layer in the positioning of this species within the biofilm, its co‐localization with P. gingivalis, and the prevalence of C. rectus. These findings might translate into a potential role of T. forsythia cell surface structures in the virulence of this species when interacting with host tissues and the immune system, from within or beyond the biofilm.
Divine hiddenness: part 1 (recent work on the hiddenness argument)
Authors: Schellenberg J.L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOnly 6 years have passed since I last published a critical survey article on the divine hiddenness discussion (Schellenberg, ). But more than 60 papers and books dealing with hiddenness themes have been published in that time. Not all can be addressed here. Moreover, to enable a reasonable treatment of those that will make an appearance, I shall break the present survey into two parts. I begin in this piece with recent work—including my own—on the argument descended from Schellenberg (), which started the discussion. Part 2, yet to come, will consider ways in which this area of inquiry has recently been enlarged beyond its original parameters.
Ontic Structural Realism
Authors: McKenzie Kerry 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOntic structural realism (OSR) is at its core the view that “structure is ontologically fundamental.” Informed from its inception by the scientific revolutions that punctuated the 20th century, its advocates often present the position as the perspective on ontology best befitting of modern physics. But the idea that structure is fundamental has proved difficult to articulate adequately, and what OSR's claimed naturalistic credentials consist in is hard to precisify as well. Nor is it clear that the position is actually supported by our most fundamental physical theories. What is clear, however, is that structuralists have revealed a seam of material at the core of modern physics that is replete with implications for metaphysics. This article will survey some positions subsumed under the rubric of OSR, considering both their warrant and the interconnections that exist between them. It will be argued that the fundamental kind properties pose a challenge to ontic structuralism, because it seems that these properties do not supervene upon the relevant structures. But it will also be argued that the development of structuralist metaphysics will require both an engagement with the details of modern physical theories and the deployment of tools more typically developed in a priori metaphysics. As such, it seems armchair metaphysicians have not just a stake in whether OSR's claims may ultimately be shown to stand up, but a crucial role to play in getting them to the point where they can be subjected to scrutiny in the first place.
Epistemic externalism in the philosophy of religion
Authors: Baker‐Hytch Max 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEpistemic externalism is a view about what it takes for a belief to be epistemically justified or to be an item of knowledge. Externalism has grown considerably in popularity over the past few decades and this development has spilled over into the philosophy of religion, where we find externalist theories of justification and knowledge being employed to make the case for the positive epistemic status of religious beliefs. In §1, I offer an overview of epistemic externalism and its rival, internalism. In §2, I outline some of the most significant applications of externalism to the philosophy of religion. In §3, I consider whether externalist theories are really required to secure various desiderata that externalist religious epistemologists take to be important. In §4, I explore an objection according to which the facts of religious diversity indicate that religious beliefs do not meet externalist requirements for justification or knowledge. Finally, in §5, I consider a worry about whether externalist accounts can really be used to evaluate the epistemic standing of religious beliefs.
Computation of the Coefficients Appearing in the Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Integrals
Authors: Farid Khwaja S. , Olde Daalhuis A. B. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe coefficients that appear in uniform asymptotic expansions for integrals are typically very complicated. In the existing literature, the majority of the work only give the first two coefficients. In a limited number of papers where more coefficients are given, the evaluation of the coefficients near the coalescence points is normally highly numerically unstable. In this paper, we illustrate how well‐known Cauchy‐type integral representations can be used to compute the coefficients in a very stable and efficient manner. We discuss the cases: (i) two coalescing saddles, (ii) two saddles coalesce with two branch points, and (iii) a saddle point near an endpoint of the interval of integration. As a special case of (ii), we give a new uniform asymptotic expansion for Jacobi polynomials in terms of Laguerre polynomials as that holds uniformly for z near 1. Several numerical illustrations are included.
Why do some older adults start drinking excessively late in life? Results from an Interpretative Phenomenological Study
Authors: Emiliussen Jakob , Andersen Kjeld , Nielsen Anette Søgaard 
Published: April 2017

IntroductionThis is a pioneering qualitative phenomenological hermeneutical study investigating a so far under‐investigated group of older adults with very late‐onset alcohol use disorder. The number of older adults is increasing, and the number of older adults with alcohol problems is increasing accordingly. We investigated older adults with very late‐onset alcohol use disorder to identify what causes some people to develop problems with alcohol after the age of 60.MethodWe interviewed 12 Danish individuals (seven men) whose alcohol use disorder started after the age of 60. For our analysis, we used the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis framework, rigorously following the six steps it prescribes. Participants were included until data saturation was achieved.FindingsAfter a lifelong unproblematic (at times heavy) use of alcohol, it seemed that using alcohol as a coping strategy was one of the main factors in very late‐onset alcohol use disorder among our participants. We found that the participants experienced a marked loss of identity when they had no activities to fill up their time after retirement. Social activities involving alcohol were also closely related to very late‐onset alcohol use disorder.ConclusionLoss of identity, coping with physical and psychological problems, an overarching societal and social culture surrounding alcohol and the interrelationship between social life, alcohol use and heavy drinking are important factors that need be addressed clinically and preventively, and specifically for individuals experiencing very late‐onset alcohol use disorder.
Bacteria can proliferate in thawed cryoprecipitate stored at room temperature for longer than 4 h
Authors: Ramirez‐Arcos S. , Jenkins C. , Sheffield W. P. 
Published: April 2017

Although key coagulation factor activities are maintained in thawed cryoprecipitate stored for up to 24 h at ambient temperature, several jurisdictions limit such storage to 4–6 h. Here, we separately spiked thawed cryoprecipitate units with four bacterial strains: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No strains grew in the first 4 h of storage, but by 24 h, three of four exhibited up to 1000‐fold proliferation. Pathogen inactivation technologies could be explored to mitigate the safety risk posed by extending storage of thawed cryoprecipitate at room temperature.
Mechanical tuning and amplification within the apex of the guinea pig cochlea
Authors: Recio‐Spinoso Alberto , Oghalai John S. 
Published: April 2017

Key points
A popular conception of mammalian cochlear physiology is that tuned mechanical vibration of the basilar membrane defines the frequency response of the innervating auditory nerve fibres
However, the data supporting these concepts come from vibratory measurements at cochlear locations tuned to high frequencies (>7 kHz).
Here, we measured the travelling wave in regions of the guinea pig cochlea that respond to low frequencies (<2 kHz) and found that mechanical tuning was broad and did not match auditory nerve tuning characteristics.
Non‐linear amplification of the travelling wave functioned over a broad frequency range and did not substantially sharpen frequency tuning.
Thus, the neural encoding of low‐frequency sounds, which includes most of the information conveyed by human speech, is not principally determined by basilar membrane mechanics.
AbstractThe popular notion of mammalian cochlear function is that auditory nerves are tuned to respond best to different sound frequencies because basilar membrane vibration is mechanically tuned to different frequencies along its length. However, this concept has only been demonstrated in regions of the cochlea tuned to frequencies >7 kHz, not in regions sensitive to lower frequencies where human speech is encoded. Here, we overcame historical technical limitations and non‐invasively measured sound‐induced vibrations at four locations distributed over the apical two turns of the guinea pig cochlea. In turn 3, the responses demonstrated low‐pass filter characteristics. In turn 2, the responses were low‐pass‐like, in that they occasionally did have a slight peak near the corner frequency. The corner frequencies of the responses were tonotopically tuned and ranged from 384 to 668 Hz. Non‐linear gain, or amplification of the vibrations in response to low‐intensity stimuli, was found both below and above the corner frequencies. Post mortem, cochlear gain disappeared. The non‐linear gain was typically 10–30 dB and was broad‐band rather than sharply tuned. However, the gain did reach nearly 50 dB in turn 2 for higher stimulus frequencies, nearly the amount of gain found in basal cochlear regions. Thus, our data prove that mechanical responses do not match neural responses and that cochlear amplification does not appreciably sharpen frequency tuning for cochlear regions that respond to frequencies <2 kHz. These data indicate that the non‐linear processing of sound performed by the guinea pig cochlea varies substantially between the cochlear apex and base.
La noche de los proletarios de Jacques Rancière como posibilidad para pensar en otro tipo de comunidad
Authors: Patiño Niño Diana Milena 
Published: April 2017

El presente escrito tiene por objetivo mostrar que <em>La noche de los proletarios de Jacques Rancière proporciona elementos para pensar un tipo de comunidad diferente a aquellas que se afirman a partir de la negación, o aquellas que se conciben a partir de la dialéctica de inclusión y exclusión, que define un adentro y un afuera de lo colectivo, un propio y un impropio. En este sentido, creemos que a través de la mencionada obra aflora una inquietud por la comunidad de una forma bastante desplazada a como habitualmente la pensamos, toda vez que más que de comunidad, Rancière habla de una experiencia comunitaria que hace referencia a una cierta inquietud que abre posibilidades de alteración o de transformaciones singulares y del ser-en-común.
Sensitivity and Kinetics of an NS1-Based Zika Virus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in Zika Virus-Infected Travelers from Israel, the Czech Republic, Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Chile
Authors: Lustig Yaniv , Zelena Hana , Venturi Giulietta , Van Esbroeck Marjan , Rothe Camilla , Perret Cecilia , Koren Ravit , Katz-Likvornik Shiri , Mendelson Ella , Schwartz Eli 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Serological diagnosis of Zika virus is challenging due to high cross-reactivity of Zika virus with other flavivirus antibodies. Recently, a Zika NS1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and shown to be highly specific for Zika antibody detection; however, sensitivity was evaluated for only a small number of confirmed Zika-infected patients. In this study, we measured the sensitivity and kinetics of Zika IgM and IgG antibodies using the Zika NS1-based ELISA in 105 samples from 63 returning travelers infected with Zika virus (proven by PCR or neutralization assay) from Israel, Czech Republic, Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Chile. Zika virus IgM was detected from 2 to 42 days post-symptom onset (PSO) with an overall sensitivity of 79% in the first month and 68% until 2 months PSO, while IgG antibodies were detected from 5 days to 3 years PSO with 79% sensitivity. Interestingly, significant differences in IgM sensitivity and IgM detection period were observed between Israeli and European/Chilean Zika-infected travelers, adding to the complexity of Zika infection diagnosis and suggesting that other diagnostic methods should be complemented to reduce false-negative results.
Transient Oral Human Cytomegalovirus Infections Indicate Inefficient Viral Spread from Very Few Initially Infected Cells
Authors: Mayer Bryan T. , Krantz Elizabeth M. , Swan David , Ferrenberg James , Simmons Karen , Selke Stacy , Huang Meei-Li , Casper Corey , Corey Lawrence , Wald Anna , Schiffer Joshua T. , Gantt Soren 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is acquired by the oral route in children, and primary infection is associated with abundant mucosal replication, as well as the establishment of latency in myeloid cells that results in lifelong infection. The efficiency of primary CMV infection in humans following oral exposure, however, is unknown. We consistently detected self-limited, low-level oral CMV shedding events, which we termed transient CMV infections, in a prospective birth cohort of 30 highly exposed CMV-uninfected infants. We estimated the likelihood of transient oral CMV infections by comparing their observed frequency to that of established primary infections, characterized by persistent high-level shedding, viremia, and seroconversion. We developed mathematical models of viral dynamics upon initial oral CMV infection and validated them using clinical shedding data. Transient infections comprised 76 to 88% of oral CMV shedding events. For this high percentage of transient infections to occur, we identified two mathematical prerequisites: a very small number of initially infected oral cells (1 to 4) and low viral infectivity (<1.5 new cells infected/cell). These observations indicate that oral CMV infection in infants typically begins with a single virus that spreads inefficiently to neighboring cells. Thus, although the incidence of CMV infection is high during infancy, our data provide a mechanistic framework to explain why multiple CMV exposures are typically required before infection is successfully established. These findings imply that a sufficiently primed immune response could prevent CMV from establishing latent infection in humans and support the achievability of a prophylactic CMV vaccine.

IMPORTANCE
CMV infects the majority of the world's population and is a major cause of birth defects. Developing a vaccine to prevent CMV infection would be extremely valuable but would be facilitated by a better understanding of how natural human CMV infection is acquired. We studied CMV acquisition in infants and found that infections are usually brief and self-limited and are successfully established relatively rarely. Thus, although most people eventually acquire CMV infection, it usually requires numerous exposures. Our analyses indicate that this is because the virus is surprisingly inefficient, barely replicating well enough to spread to neighboring cells in the mouth. Greater knowledge of why CMV infection usually fails may provide insight into how to prevent it from succeeding.
Group A Rotaviruses in Chinese Bats: Genetic Composition, Serology, and Evidence for Bat-to-Human Transmission and Reassortment
Authors: He Biao , Huang Xiaohong , Zhang Fuqiang , Tan Weilong , Matthijnssens Jelle , Qin Shaomin , Xu Lin , Zhao Zihan , Yang Ling'en , Wang Quanxi , Hu Tingsong , Bao Xiaolei , Wu Jianmin , Tu Changchun 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Bats are natural reservoirs for many pathogenic viruses, and increasing evidence supports the notion that bats can also harbor group A rotaviruses (RVAs), important causative agents of diarrhea in children and young animals. Currently, 8 RVA strains possessing completely novel genotype constellations or genotypes possibly originating from other mammals have been identified from African and Chinese bats. However, all the data were mainly based on detection of RVA RNA, present only during acute infections, which does not permit assessment of the true exposure of a bat population to RVA. To systematically investigate the genetic diversity of RVAs, 547 bat anal swabs or gut samples along with 448 bat sera were collected from five South Chinese provinces. Specific reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) screening found four RVA strains. Strain GLRL1 possessed a completely novel genotype constellation, whereas the other three possessed a constellation consistent with the MSLH14-like genotype, a newly characterized group of viruses widely prevalent in Chinese insectivorous bats. Among the latter, strain LZHP2 provided strong evidence of cross-species transmission of RVAs from bats to humans, whereas strains YSSK5 and BSTM70 were likely reassortants between typical MSLH14-like RVAs and human RVAs. RVA-specific antibodies were detected in 10.7% (48/448) of bat sera by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA). Bats in Guangxi and Yunnan had a higher RVA-specific antibody prevalence than those from Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. These observations provide evidence for cross-species transmission of MSLH14-like bat RVAs to humans, highlighting the impact of bats as reservoirs of RVAs on public health.

IMPORTANCE
Bat viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Ebola, Hendra, and Nipah viruses, are important pathogens causing outbreaks of severe emerging infectious diseases. However, little is known about bat viruses capable of causing gastroenteritis in humans, even though 8 group A viruses (RVAs) have been identified from bats so far. In this study, another 4 RVA strains were identified, with one providing strong evidence for zoonotic transmission from bats to humans. Serological investigation has also indicated that RVA infection in bats is far more prevalent than expected based on the detection of viral RNA.
Effect of β-blockade on lung function, exercise performance and dynamic hyperinflation in people with arterial vascular disease with and without COPD
Authors: Key Angela , Parry Matthew , West Malcolm A , Asher Rebecca , Jack Sandy , Duffy Nick , Torella Francesco , Walker Paul P 
Published: April 2017

Introductionβ Blockers are important treatment for ischaemic heart disease and heart failure; however, there has long been concern about their use in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to fear of symptomatic worsening of breathlessness. Despite growing evidence of safety and efficacy, they remain underused. We examined the effect of β-blockade on lung function, exercise performance and dynamic hyperinflation in a group of vascular surgical patients, a high proportion of who were expected to have COPD.MethodsPeople undergoing routine abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surveillance were sequentially recruited from vascular surgery clinic. They completed plethysmographically measured lung function and incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing with dynamic measurement of inspiratory capacity while taking and not taking β blocker.Results48 participants completed tests while taking and not taking β blockers with 38 completing all assessments successfully. 15 participants (39%) were found to have, predominantly mild and undiagnosed, COPD. People with COPD had airflow obstruction, increased airway resistance (Raw) and specific conductance (sGaw), static hyperinflation and dynamically hyperinflated during exercise. In the whole group, β-blockade led to a small fall in FEV1 (0.1 L/2.8% predicted) but did not affect Raw, sGaw, static or dynamic hyperinflation. No difference in response to β-blockade was seen in those with and without COPD.ConclusionsIn people with AAA, β-blockade has little effect on lung function and dynamic hyperinflation in those with and without COPD. In this population, the prevalence of COPD is high and consideration should be given to case finding with spirometry.Trial registration numberNCT02106286.
Ankle syndesmosis repair and rehabilitation in professional rugby league players: a case series report
Authors: Latham Alex James , Goodwin Peter Charles , Stirling Ben , Budgen Adam 
Published: April 2017

Background/aimThe distal tibiofibular joint is described as a syndesmosis. Traditionally, severe syndesmotic injuries with diastasis have been treated surgically with screw fixation. This case series details an ankle syndesmosis tightrope repair and an accelerated rehabilitation protocol that reduces the amount of time to return to professional rugby league in the UK. The aim of this study was to describe players’ journey from injury, through diagnosis to surgery, rehabilitation and return to participation, detailing time scales and methods used at each stage to highlight the change in current practice.MethodsPlayers were identified via a single orthopaedic surgeon in the UK who specialises in ankle syndesmosis repair. Between January 2010 and September 2015, adult men playing full-time professional rugby league in the UK Super League with ankle syndesmosis injuries were identified.ResultsEighteen players from six different clubs were included. The most common mechanism of injury was forced dorsiflexion/eversion. The average return to participation was 64 days (SD 17.2, range 38–108). This compares favourably to reports of between 120 and 180 days following screw fixation.ConclusionAnkle syndesmosis tightrope repair and an accelerated rehabilitation protocol is as safe as traditional methods. The accelerated rehabilitation protocol promotes early weight-bearing and has shown to expedite the return to sport for professional Rugby League players. It is possible to return to sport 2 months after a tightrope repair and accelerated rehabilitation, compared with 3–6 months post screw fixation. This is extremely encouraging for the professional sporting population.