bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The World of Hesiod
Authors: Clay Diskin 
Published: August 2016

Toute pensée de l'origine des choses n'est jamais qu'une revérie de leur disposition actuelle, une manière de dégénérescence du réel, une variation sur ce qui est.Paul Valéry in his Preface to Poe'sEureka.The World of Hesiodis familiar as a title, but the world of Hesiod is difficult to locate in a single place. Indeed, it is a number of places. It seems to have its centre in Askra in Boiotia and to extend out in space as far as the high slopes of Mount Helikon. It is a land-locked world and its severe limitations are apparent from what the poet says about the sea and the short sea passage from the mainland at Aulis to Chalkis on Euboia. Even as he offers his advice to the seafarer, he admits that he has no experience in seafaring or ships himself (W&amp;D649). He had only made the trip across to the island of Euboia once to compete as a poet at the funeral games of Amphidamas (W&amp;D646-60). Hesiodic poetry, when it centres on Hesiod's home, seems to crowd into a very small and disagreeable patch of typical Greek countryside. But his Muses enlarge this world. They provide him with a knowledge that he cannot gain himself—both of seafaring and of the vast expanse of the physical world whose origins go beyond the very beginnings of human time. Hesiod's local Muses transport him from the springs of Permessos to the deep currents of Ocean and they disclose to him a universe vaster in its extent and deeper in time than that of the Homeric poems. A sign of these enlarged horizons is the fact that in theTheogonyHesiod begins to sing of the Muses of Helikon (1-4), but then shifts attention to the Muses of Olympos (36-80).
Re-Viewing Pygmalion
Authors: Eisner John , Sharrock Alison 
Published: August 2016

On 5th February 1989, the review section ofThe Observercarried a full-page article on a film about Camille Claudel, the sculptress who was Rodin's mistress and who spent the last thirty years of her life in a mental asylum. The iconography of this page, supposedly concerned with the film and the woman, was telling. A large central image of Rodin, arms crossed and staring masterfully forward, is ringed by three, small, peripheral images of Claudel. Each is (of course) a photograph: one of the woman herself, one of the statue of her by her lover Rodin, and one of the actress who represents her in the film. The images display the slippage between women and artistic representations or creations (of women)—a slippage which is at the heart of the Pygmalion story. The title of the article isLove that turned to stone.InMetamorphoses10.148-739, Ovid has the master-poet, Orpheus, react to the double loss of his wife, Eurydice, by singing to surrounding nature a set of tales, including that of Pygmalion (245-97). Pygmalion, it will be remembered, created a beautiful statue, with which he fell in love. With the help of Venus and in response to the artist's erotic attentions, the statue came to life.
Narrators and Narrative in the Philoctetes of Sophocles
Authors: O'Higgins Dolores 
Published: August 2016

According to Proclus, the story of the bowman Philoctetes' return to Troy from his solitude on Lemnos appeared in the Little Iliad. In terms of the overall history of the war, the event occurs relatively late—shortly before the destruction of the city; indeed, according to the oracle of Helenus which inspired the recovery expedition to Lemnos, it seems to have been necessary to the success of the Greek war-effort. In terms of the epic tradition, it can be seen as something of a watershed, standing between a glorious, but unsuccessful, past and a successful, but somewhat ambivalent, future, recorded in the Iliou Persis.Sophocles' play looks both forward to and back at the war in which it is situated. Neoptolemus and Odysseus, the men chosen to retrieve the great bow of Heracles and its current owner, Philoctetes, anticipate the glory that will belong to the destroyers of Troy. They also together concoct a manipulative account of the recent past—a version clearly at odds with familiar epics. The purpose of this account—narrated by Neoptolemus— appears to have been to win Philoctetes' trust and sympathy, and so to induce him to hand over the bow of his own accord. At first this bow seems to be the primary focus of the conspirators' designs, although eventually it becomes clear that Philoctetes himself also will be needed at Troy. Philoctetes hands Neoptolemus the bow when he falls ill, but shortly afterwards Neoptolemus explains the true reason for his arrival on Lemnos, and later returns the bow to Philoctetes. Neoptolemus' gradually emerging scruples are the obvious cause of this breakdown in the plot. He reclaims the heroic tradition of his father, Achilles, and rejects Odysseus' trickery.
War, Death and Savagery in Lucretius: The Beasts of Battle in 5.1308-49
Authors: Segal Charles 
Published: August 2016

‘Perhaps the most astonishing paragraph in the poem’ is Bailey's often quoted comment on 5.1308-49, the account of how men of the past tried to use wild beasts in war. ‘Fantastic’, ‘strange’, ‘bizarre’, ‘astonishing’, the product of ‘an intelligence fevered, perverted and cancerous’, a display of ‘obsessive exaltation’—such are the puzzled reactions of scholars to these disturbing lines.The most recent commentator finds it full of ‘macabre and gory detail’ and ‘not integrated properly into its context’. And his reviewer's approval threatens to undo forty years' work on the patterns of thought, symbol and image in Lucretius: Bailey's biographical explanation, the poet's subjection to hallucination and even mental derangement, it is observed, ‘has never been satisfactorily refuted’. Even scholars who have sought to explain the passage rather than delete it as an interpolation or an aberration wonder whether the poet ‘has triumphed over the philosopher’ and therefore is called back to a more sober reality by the ‘recantation’ of 1341-49 (such things probably did not happen but might have, given the infinity of possible worlds).
Catullus 9 and 31: The Simple Pleasure
Authors: Nielsen Rosemary M. 
Published: August 2016

Verani, omnibus e meis amicisantistans mihi milibus trecentis,uenistine domum ad tuos penatesfratresque unanimos anumque matrem?uenisti. o mihi nuntii beati! 5uisam te incolumem audiamque Hiberumnarrantem loca, facta, nationes,ut mos est tuus, applicansque collumiucundum os oculosque suauiabor?o quantum est hominum beatiorum, 10quid me Iaetius est beatiusue!(Catullus 9)Veranius, whose friendship means moreTo me than all the rest —Can it be true that you've come home?Home to your aged mother, to the brothersWho stand as one with you?You've come! What wonderful news for me!Will I see you soon, safe and sound?Will I hear you chatter (for that's your way)Tales from Spain: its land, exploits and peoples?When can I hug you, kiss your mouth and eyes?What man is more blessed or happier than I?
Letting Go: Imagery and Symbolic Naming in Plato's Lysis
Authors: Wender Dorothea 
Published: August 2016

At the beginning of the Lysis, Socrates is walking from the Academy to the Lyceum (a good route for any Western philosopher), when he meets some young men who lure him into a new palaestra with the promise of logoi and kaloi. The dialogue which follows has been fairly generally felt to be charming, early, and not very well unified. Most scholars would call the subject of the discussion ‘Friendship’, but the inconclusive discussion of friendship does not apparently begin until the dialogue is almost half completed.I believe that the Lysis is unified, and that this unity can be most readily seen in two areas: (1) the role and character of the boy Lysis and (2) the simple and consistent use of repeated images or references drawn from three areas of life. These three categories of images, I think, are all related to each other and to the eponymous ‘hero’ of the dialogue, and an understanding of their use can help us to see that the subject of the dialogue is more complicated than ‘what is friendship?’, and that Plato's position is a good deal less inconclusive than the ending of the dialogue would lead us to believe.
Characterization and the Ideal of Innocence in Theocritus' Idylls
Authors: Miles Gary B. 
Published: August 2016

Theocritus rarely speaks in his own person. As an impersonal narrator he is concerned primarily with dramatic situations, each of which focuses upon the personalities of a few actors. Often, moreover, even as a narrator, Theocritus offers little more than brief introductions to set the scene for dramatic monologues or dialogues between the fictional characters of his poems. Sometimes his characters present themselves without any explicit commentary. As a consequence our assessment of Theocritus' own values and views is bound up with our sense of his relation to the characters whom he portrays. In many cases there is an implicit but nonetheless forceful contrast between the author and his characters, so that there is no question of taking their views as the author's or of taking the characters themselves as embodiments of the author's own values.Rather, the reverse is true. The characterization of Gorgo and Praxinoa, for example, the two housewives who are childishly awed by the splendor and bustle of Alexandria on a holiday, suggests the poet's own confident urbanity. Similarly, the characterization of the two drinking companions in Idyll 14 who exchange accounts of misadventure in love and the virtues of service in Ptolemy's mercenary army, implies the poet's commitment to the values of refinement and restraint. Contrast between Theocritus and his characters in those poems is self-evident if for no other reason than the contrast between the refinement, self-consciousness, and obvious artificiality of Theocritus' style and the spontaneity and coarseness of the characters whom he portrays.
Alcestis: A Paradox in Dying
Authors: Nielsen Rosemary M. 
Published: August 2016

Euripides' Alcestis presents its audience with a curious problem. Why is a blatant coward rewarded? The answer has usually been discovered in Admetus' scrupulous observance of the law of hospitality (10), that is, in a personal trait. The significance of this solution is important because the ostensible morality of the play, one characterized by its peculiar blend of fairy-tale and harsh reality, is now dependent upon the single redeeming quality of one individual. Conversely, the less attractive features of Admetus, and they exist in varying degrees of unpleasantness, become defensible solely as progressive steps in the testing of his mettle. Impropriety, therefore, functions as the necessary adjunct of anagnorisis and reparation. By contrast, the sacrifice of Alcestis assumes an even more notable proportion; her rescue from the dead appears more an absolute act of justice than a miracle. Nonetheless, by the end of the play doubt still persists concerning the extent to which Admetus has revised his perception of right and wrong, his virtue notwithstanding.Verrall, at the turn of the century, protested vigorously against just such a pragmatic acceptance of Admetus' philoxenia as a facile explanation. Ironically enough, he inadvertently predicted a trend which was not only to grow, but to become more entrenched. Admetus' saving grace has indeed carried the day. A husband's untoward submission to a wife's substitution; a son's disgraceful argument with his father before the rites of interment; a host's inner crisis as he juggles the respective merits of hospitality versus bereavement; a man's shallow repentance for living at another's expense — in short, each vital turning point in Admetus' private dilemma has received thorough and shrewd analysis, but always through the special refraction of the host motif.
Propertius' Vein of Humour: In Which Some Discrimination is Proposed
Authors: Connor P. J. 
Published: August 2016

There is a general acceptance now that Propertius was able to mingle the humorous with the passionate and almost manic earnestness. Disagreement, of course, still flourishes about whether this or that poem can be said to be in whole or in part humorous, but by and large each of the four books contributes some poems describable under this head. Within each book, moreover — and here we have to take account of the general opinion that Propertius' work is often experimental, patchy, of uneven quality — some of the best poems are serious and some are humorous.A further aspect of the common view is that as his writing progresses, Propertius turns more and more to humour, inventing the comic lover as L. P. Wilkinson claims, until by a steady progress he comes to the great humorous poems of Book Four. Again, there is no agreement on the humorous quality of some of the poems of this book (e.g. poem 7 and poem 6), though none would now, I think, opt for seriousness of intent in poems 8 and 9.
The Epic Journey of Achilles
Authors: Nethercut William R. 
Published: August 2016

Folk sagas, and epics, develop around a common sequence. A hero is isolated from his society, he enters a land of mystery, is tested by a confrontation with some dread power, he undergoes a symbolic death, and experiences a life-enhancing return to those he left behind. At the end, he is reinstated into the world of men. Joseph Campbell documents the ubiquity of this progression in Asia, Africa, North America, and Europe.The most prominent fact which seems to contradict the above order in the Iliad is the absence of any land of fantasy into which Achilles travels, and, along with this omission, the absence too of any weird or supernatural being against whom the hero must contend. We may even say that their is no real journey that the hero undertakes, for the action of the story lies consistently around Troy. Achilles appears static: he sits in a perfectly ordinary tent. However, this turn of the usual plot achieves something new: it allows Homer to suggest Achilles as an inwardly existing personality, whose mental estrangement is all the more clearly defined by the physical continuities about him. Unlike Odysseus and the many wandering heroes who get blown off course, lose their way in the woods, or who are kidnapped on their wedding nights, Achilles is within reach. Yet he remains apart.
Catullus in the Odes of Horace
Authors: Lee M. Owen 
Published: August 2016

As Catullus and Horace are invariably thought to be Rome's two supreme lyric poets, it is cause for some comment that, in all his writings, Horace mentions his predecessor only once, and then in an indirect and, to all appearances, uncomplimentary aside. In the tenth satire in the first book, recommending that those who would write well first immerse themselves in the literature of the past, Horace refers with plain contempt to a contemporary litterateur as ‘that ape who was clever at reciting nothing but Calvus and Catullus’:simius istenil praeter Calvum et doctus cantare Catullum.(Satires I.10.18-19)How are we to explain this startling passage? We can say, with some older writers, that Horace is singling out for criticism only insensitive imitators of Catullus and Calvus; about Catullus himself he says nothing and, in the context, need say nothing. But more recent writers on the passage feel that it bears an at least implied criticism of Catullus and Calvus and the rest of the neoterics. Reasons why Horace need not have liked them are not hard to seek. The earlier poets paraded their learning (while Horace, in the ninth satire, tries to avoid a bore who is similarly doctus). They were ready to improvise in any meter (while Horace, in the Ars Poetica, insists the meter must fit the theme). They were handy with purple patches (and the two panni Horace objects to — Diana's altar smoking and a rainbow on the Rhine — sound like references to poems by neoterics Valerius Cato and Furius Bibaculus). Above all, they chose for lyric models the blasé Alexandrians (when they might have striven, as Horace did, to equal the much older, fresher, and more accomplished Aeolians, most especially Alcaeus and Sappho).
Hospital Costs of Nosocomial Infections: A Prospective Three-Month Study In a Community Hospital
Authors: Scheckler William E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA prospective three-month study of the hospital costs associated with nosocomial infections was done in a 390-bed, 30-bassinet community-teaching hospital early in 1978. All hospital charges for diagnostic and therapeutic services required by nosocomial infections, and added length of stay due to the infections, were recorded. During the study period 123 infections occurred in 104 patients (a 2.7% incidence, considering the 4,485 patients discharged during this time). The average length of stay was prolonged 3.0 days for all nosocomial infections; this accounted for about half of the $636 average hospital charges for each nosocomial infection. The 65 nosocomial urinary tract infections prolonged the length of stay an average of 0.6 days and the total hospital charges were $146 for each infection, leading us to believe that the proportion of nosocomial infections at any given site may greatly alter the “average” cost of nosocomial infections. Our data from a community hospital show a shorter prolongation of length of stay and lower hospital costs when compared with the few other studies in the literature.
Susceptibility of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Multiply Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Potential Use of Antimicrobials “Resistant” by Disc-Diffusion Testing for Controlling Epidemics
Authors: Stamm Walter E. , Arbaczawski Joseph , Mackel Donald C. , Anderson Roger L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractProtracted hospital-based epidemics of urinary tract infection and bacteremia due to multiply resistant gram-negative bacilli have become an increasingly common and serious problem. Failure to control such outbreaks stems partly from inability to eradicate a key reservoir, the catheterized bladder. Since eradication of bacteriuria in noncatheterized patients can be achieved with single doses of antimicrobials and correlates with urinary rather than with serum antibiotic concentrations, drugs to which an organism appears resistant by discdiffusion testing, if excreted in the urine in high concentrations, might also prove useful in eliminating catheter-associated bacteriuria. Alternatively, urinary antiseptics, for which antimicrobial sensitivity testing is not usually done, might be effective. To test this hypothesis we determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 45 multiply resistant Proteus, Serratia, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas strains isolated in 13 recent epidemics of nosocomial urinary tract infections against 10 selected antimicrobials and urinary antiseptics, and compared these MICs with expected urinary concentrations of each drug. For each genus tested, MICs for at least two antimicrobials or urinary antiseptics were well below easily achievable urinary drug concentrations. Zone size criteria often predicted which drugs had MICs below achievable urinary levels. Little difference was found between MICs determined in Mueller-Hinton broth and in urine. During an epidemic, simultaneous treatment of all patients with bacteriuria by administration of a urinary antiseptic or an antibiotic that achieves high concentrations in urine, in conjunction with brief catheter removal, might prove useful in controlling any further infection.
Techniques Known to Prevent Post-Operative Wound Infection
Authors: Nichols Ronald Lee 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe most important factors in controlling postsurgical sepsis are appropriate surgical judgment and technique. Efficacious prophylactic antibiotics, when indicated, also significantly reduce the postoperative infection rate. Among the other techniques often heralded as important adjunctive measures, only duration of preoperative hospitalization, preoperative bathing, use of electrocautery, preoperative hair removal, use of prophylactic drains, and duration of operation are of proven significance.
Candidiasis
Authors: Stratton Charles W. , Gregory David W. 
Published: August 2016

Candidaspecies were once largely regarded merely as causes of aggravating, but rarely life-threatening mucocutaneous infections such as thrush, vulvovaginitis, and intertrigo. Now, however,Candidaspecies have assumed the role of major nosocomial pathogens. This change has paralleled the advent of aggressive cancer chemotherapy, the widespread use of parenteral nutrition, and the practice of advanced surgical techniques including cardiovascular procedures.Candidais a heterogeneous genus presently grouped with the Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycetes). There are over 80 species ofCandida; only seven, however, have been recovered from humans:Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida guilliermondi, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, andCandida stellatoidea. Approximately 90% the systemicCandidainfections are due toC. albicans; most of the remaining infections are due toC. tropicalis. Candidaspecies are normal commensals of humans. They are commonly found on the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, sputum, the female genital tract, and urine from catheterized bladders.C. albicansis found only in human beings and in animal reservoirs. In other sites, such as hospital environments,Candidaprobably represents contamination by human excreta. OtherCandidaspecies may be cultured from soil and other environmental locations. UnlikeAspergillusspecies,Candidaspecies are uncommon laboratory contaminants.
Infections in Burned Patients
Authors: Mayhall C. Glen , Polk Ronald E. , Haynes Boyd W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrevention and treatment of burn wound infection requires knowledge of the epidemiology of such infections. Prevention of infection rests on removal of reservoirs or sources of microorganisms from the burn patient's environment and interruption of transfer of microorganisms to the surface of the wound. When prevention fails and burn wound infection develops, successful therapy may depend on an understanding of the epidemiology of the burn wound during therapy. Contrary to the oft stated concept that antibiotics penetrate the avascular burn wound poorly, our study demonstrated that gentamicin and tobramycin achieved therapeutic concentrations in burn wound tissue. As in other types of infections, susceptible microorganisms were eradicated and resistant microorganisms persisted. Of most importance was the observation that resistant microorganisms may repopulate the wound within four days of starting therapy. It would appear that failure of therapy is not due to failure of antibiotics to penetrate the burn wound but rather to rapid development of superinfection during therapy.