bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracheal extubation of the adult intensive care patient with a predicted difficult airway – a narrative review
Authors: Sturgess D. J. , Greenland K. B. , Senthuran S. , Ajvadi F. A. , van Zundert A. , Irwin M. G. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryManagement of the difficult airway is an important, but as yet poorly‐studied, component of intensive care management. Although there has been a strong emphasis on prediction and intubation of the difficult airway, safe extubation of the patient with a potentially difficult airway has not received the same attention. Extubation is a particularly vulnerable time for the critically ill patient and, because of the risks involved and the consequences of failure, it warrants specific consideration. The Royal College of Anaesthetists 4th National Audit Project highlighted differences in the incidence and consequences of major complications during airway management between the operating room and the critical care environment. The findings in the section on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine reinforce the importance of good airway management in the critical care environment and, in particular, the need for appropriate guidelines to improve patient safety. This narrative review focuses on strategies for safe extubation of the trachea for patients with potentially difficult upper airway problems in the intensive care unit.
HOW COOPERATIVE ARE SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?: AN ANALYSIS OF DATASETS FROM UGANDA
Authors: SCHMIDT Oliver 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBuilding successful savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) that actually embody the cooperative principles is a challenge to development agencies. Although SACCOs form the majority of microfinance providers in many developing countries, the most recent literature on microfinance governance and performance has given little reference to the longstanding body of relevant cooperative literature. SACCO representation in microfinance datasets is biased. Drawing on so‐far unexploited datasets of Ugandan SACCOs and savings groups, this paper empirically analyses policy debate regarding SACCO‐ and savings group regulation. The findings point to the relevance of practically implementing the principle of ‘cooperation between cooperatives’ to ensure effective governance at SACCO level. Moreover, the paper introduces two new measures, based on members' savings and shares, which could become useful tools to track the application of cooperative principles in developing countries, and hence improve evidence‐based policy‐making for SACCOs.
Cortisol and ACTH levels in drug‐naive adolescents with first‐episode early onset schizophrenia
Authors: Şimşek Şeref , Gençoğlan Salih , Yüksel Tuğba , Aktaş Hüseyin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone in adolescents with first‐episode early onset schizophrenia. A total of 23 adolescent patients, who did not receive prior therapy and who were diagnosed with psychosis according to DSM‐IV, were included. Kiddie‐Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia‐Present and Lifetime Version, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, and Clinical Global Impression Scale were conducted with the participants. No significant differences were found between the patients and the control subjects in serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels (P > .05). Our study's findings do not support the hypothesis of increased hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity in first‐episode early onset schizophrenia.
Carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase‐positive staphylococci isolated from healthy dogs in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Bean DC , Wigmore SM 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundStudies in Australia and elsewhere have shown high levels of antibiotic resistance in coagulase‐positive staphylococci in dogs visiting veterinary clinics with pyoderma and related conditions. Although important, such studies tend to overestimate the burden of resistance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of coagulase‐positive staphylococci in healthy dogs in Central Victoria to assess the level of antibiotic resistance among these isolates.MethodsWe recruited 117 healthy dogs into the study. Swabs were taken at four sites (ear, mouth, nose, perineum) and staphylococcal species identified and isolated using culture and biochemical techniques.ResultsStaphylococcus pseudintermediusandS. aureuswere recovered from 100 and 17 dogs, respectively; 15 dogs were simultaneously co‐colonised with both organisms. The mouth and perineum were the most sensitive sites for recovery of these organisms. The most commonly encountered resistances were penicillin (95.2% and 72.4% inS. aureusandS. pseudintermedius, respectively) and doxycycline/tetracycline (19.7% inS. pseudintermedius). No methicillin‐resistantS. aureuswere recovered, but two phenotypically methicillin‐resistantS. pseudintermedius(MRSP) isolates were recovered, although only one wasPCR‐positive for themecAgene. Notably theMRSPisolate was multidrug resistant, as it also exhibited resistance to mupirocin and erythromycin.ConclusionWith the exception of penicillin, doxycycline and tetracycline, the level of resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested was minimal. Prudent antibiotic use in treating companion animals with skin infections will reduce the selection ofMRSPand other multidrug‐resistant bacteria.
Hässeldala – a key site for Last Termination climate events in northern Europe
Authors: Wohlfarth Barbara , Muschitiello Francesco , L. Greenwood Sarah , Andersson August , Kylander Malin , Smittenberg Rienk H. , Steinthorsdottir Margret , Watson Jenny , Whitehouse Nicola J. 
Published: November 2016

The Last Termination (19 000–11 000 a BP) with its rapid and distinct climate shifts provides a perfect laboratory to study the nature and regional impact of climate variability. The sedimentary succession from the ancient lake at Hässeldala Port in southern Sweden with its distinct Lateglacial/early Holocene stratigraphy (>14.1–9.5 cal. ka BP) is one of the few chronologically well‐constrained, multi‐proxy sites in Europe that capture a variety of local and regional climatic and environmental signals. Here we present Hässeldala's multi‐proxy records (lithology, geochemistry, pollen, diatoms, chironomids, biomarkers, hydrogen isotopes) in a refined age model and place the observed changes in lake status, catchment vegetation, summer temperatures and hydroclimate in a wider regional context. Reconstructed mean July temperatures increased between c. 14.1 and c. 13.1 cal. ka BP and subsequently declined. This latter cooling coincided with drier hydroclimatic conditions that were probably associated with a freshening of the Nordic Seas and started a few hundred years before the onset of Greenland Stadial 1 (c. 12.9 cal. ka BP). Our proxies suggest a further shift towards colder and drier conditions as late as c. 12.7 cal. ka BP, which was followed by the establishment of a stadial climate regime (c. 12.5–11.8 cal. ka BP). The onset of warmer and wetter conditions preceded the Holocene warming over Greenland by c. 200 years. Hässeldala's proxies thus highlight the complexity of environmental and hydrological responses across abrupt climate transitions in northern Europe.
Birth interval and stunting in children under five years of age in Peru (1996–2014)
Authors: Sobrino M. , Gutiérrez C. , Alarcón J. , Dávila M. , Cunha A. J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundExamine the evolution of stunting in <5 years of age in Peru and its relationship with birth interval (BI), and associated factors from 1996 to 2014.MethodsData were extracted from the National Demographic and Health Survey of Peru (DHS) for the years 1996, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 on children <5 years of age for stunting (height / age ≤ 2DS). The main independent variable of interest was BI dichotomized by interval between date of last and penultimate birth (≤24 months vs. >24 months) and others sociodemographic variables. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated in logistic regression for the effect of BI and other variables on stunting by each survey year.ResultsBetween 1996 and 2014, stunting declined in both BI groups: ≤24 months: 35.8% to 21.8%; >24 months: 29.5% to 14.3%. BI was associated with stunting after adjustment for other variables in each survey except 2005. Of the other factors, sex, birth order (fourth child or more), maternal education and poverty were independently associated with stunting in all survey years. Residence in rural areas and in Amazon forest and highland regions was associated with stunting 1996 and 2000. Maternal age was not independently associated with stunting.ConclusionsWhile stunting showed a decreasing trend from 1996 to 2014, birth interval exceeding 24 months exerted a protective effect on stunting across the years surveyed. Poverty, low maternal education and high birth order were associated with stunting in all survey years.
Siblings of children with life‐limiting conditions: psychological adjustment and sibling relationships
Authors: Fullerton J. M. , Totsika V. , Hain R. , Hastings R. P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundThis study explored psychological adjustment and sibling relationships of siblings of children with life‐limiting conditions (LLCs), expanding on previous research by defining LLCs using a systematic classification of these conditions.MethodsThirty‐nine siblings participated, aged 3–16 years. Parents completed measures of siblings' emotional and behavioural difficulties, quality of life, sibling relationships and impact on families and siblings. Sibling and family adjustment and relationships were compared with population norms, where available, and to a matched comparison group of siblings of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), as a comparable ‘high risk’ group.ResultsLLC siblings presented significantly higher levels of emotional and behavioural difficulties, and lower quality of life than population norms. Their difficulties were at levels comparable to siblings of children with ASD. A wider impact on the family was confirmed. Family socio‐economic position, time since diagnosis, employment and accessing hospice care were factors associated with better psychological adjustment.ConclusionsUsing a systematic classification of LLCs, the study supported earlier findings of increased levels of psychological difficulties in siblings of children with a LLC. The evidence is (i) highlighting the need to provide support to these siblings and their families, and (ii) that intervention approaches could be drawn from the ASD field.
Children's and carers' perspectives of a therapeutic intervention for children affected by sexual abuse
Authors: Jessiman Patricia , Hackett Simon , Carpenter John 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper presents the findings of a qualitative study with children affected by sexual abuse who had recently completed a therapeutic intervention (N = 12) and their carers (N = 17). Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis that influenced participants' satisfaction with the service: the attribution of the child's recovery to the therapeutic support received; the therapeutic relationship between the child and practitioner; children's recollection of important aspects of the intervention and the relationship between the carer and the child's practitioner. The findings indicate that the process elements of therapeutic support, including the development of strong relationships and allowing children choice and control, are as important as the content.
Point Cloud Denoising via Moving RPCA
Authors: Mattei E. , Castrodad A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe present an algorithm for the restoration of noisy point cloud data, termed Moving Robust Principal Components Analysis (MRPCA). We model the point cloud as a collection of overlapping two‐dimensional subspaces, and propose a model that encourages collaboration between overlapping neighbourhoods. Similar to state‐of‐the‐art sparse modelling‐based image denoising, the estimated point positions are computed by local averaging. In addition, the proposed approach models grossly corrupted observations explicitly, does not require oriented normals, and takes into account both local and global structure. Sharp features are preserved via a weighted ℓ1 minimization, where the weights measure the similarity between normal vectors in a local neighbourhood. The proposed algorithm is compared against existing point cloud denoising methods, obtaining competitive results.
Homology and synapomorphy‐symplesiomorphy—neither synonymous nor equivalent but different perspectives on the same phenomenon
Authors: Richter Stefan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn a recent debate, either synapomorphy and symplesiomorphy or only synapomorphy have been claimed to be synonymous or equivalent to homology. In my view, exactly the same relationship exists between homology supported by a congruence test on the one hand and synapomorphy as well as symplesiomorphy on the other hand. Both conditions become established at the same time with the process of rooting of an unrooted topology. I, however, do not consider the concept of homology equal or synonymous to that of synapomorphy and symplesiomorphy. In my view, they represent different perspectives on the same phenomenon, i.e. correspondence by common origin. Homology has no implication on the direction of transformation, whereas symplesiomorphy as “primitive” condition and synapomorphy as “derived” condition refer directly to phylogenesis, the real historical evolutionary process of speciation and transformation. In addition, synapomorphy and symplesiomorphy might also refer to a character state that refers to the absence of a structure/organ, which creates problems with traditional homology concepts. Hennig's terms synapomorphy and symplesiomorphy are necessary and sufficient for the evolutionary interpretation of character states. For what is corroborated in an unrooted topology as the result of a congruence test, I suggest as a new term “synmorphy” because it can well be applied also to those characters where one state represents the absence of a structure/organ. The place for homology in morphological cladistics, however, is restricted to the characterization of the relationship between different character states of one transformation series (i.e. character).
The influence of initial alveolar ridge defect morphology on the outcome of implants in augmented atrophic posterior mandible: an exploratory retrospective study
Authors: Khojasteh Arash , Motamedian Saeed Reza , Sharifzadeh Navid , Zadeh Homayoun H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesClinicians commonly consider atrophic site topography as an important determinant in deciding the augmentation technique to utilize, as well as forecasting the likelihood of success. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the influence of initial atrophic posterior mandible morphology on the outcome of implants placed following augmentation.Materials and methodsA total of 52 patients contributed 71 edentulous sites, and 185 implants were placed with mean follow‐up of 37.97 months. The initial defect morphology was classified according to ABC classification (Journal of Oral Implantology, 37, 2013a and 361). Ridge augmentation was performed by “cortical autogenous tenting” (CAT) followed by either simultaneous or delayed implant placement after 4–6 months of healing. The European Academy of Osseointegration success criteria were used to evaluate implant outcomes.ResultsThe overall survival and success rates of dental implants were 98.91% and 80%, respectively. Cumulative success and survival rates in CAT group were 95% and 100% after 2 years of follow‐up. The highest marginal bone loss (MBL) was observed (1.26 mm ± 0.99) around implants placed in augmented edentulous sites with initially narrow and flat alveolar crest (defect class CII). Conversely, least MBL (0.48 mm ± 0.78) was detected around implants placed into edentulous sites with two sloped boney walls (defect class AII). Differences between MBL observed around implants placed into initial defect class C, initial defect type and class A (I, II), as well as class BII, were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Among all implants, 148 were considered as successful, 26 exhibited satisfactory survival, nine with compromised survival, and two implants failed.ConclusionThe present data confirmed the effect of initial ridge morphology on the outcome of implants placed into augmented bone. Specifically, class A and class B atrophic ridge defects, with one and two vertical boney walls, respectively, may be considered as more favorable recipient sites than class C defects with flat morphology. This conclusion is based on least MBL around implants placed into initial defect class A and class B augmented sites, and higher MBL in implants placed into class C recipient sites. A randomized controlled trial is warranted to examine these exploratory observations.
Release of nickel and chromium in common foods during cooking in 18/10 (grade 316) stainless steel pots
Authors: Guarneri Fabrizio , Costa Chiara , Cannavò Serafinella P. , Catania Stefania , Bua Giuseppe D. , Fenga Concettina , Dugo Giacomo 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundLiterature data on the release of nickel and chromium from stainless steel cookware during food preparation are contrasting, have often been obtained with uncommon foods and/or procedures, and are thus not widely applicable.ObjectivesTo assess the release of nickel and chromium from 18/10 (grade 316) stainless steel pots in cooking conditions that are common in an urban lifestyle.MethodsTomato sauce and lemon marmalade were cooked for 1 h, alone or with added EDTA, in used or unused stainless steel pots from different manufacturers. Additionally, aqueous solutions at pH 2.3, 7.7 and 9 were boiled for 1 h in the same pots. Metal release was assessed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.ResultsThe release of nickel and chromium increased with cooking/boiling time, was higher with unused pots, at low pH or with EDTA, and was sometimes remarkably different between manufacturers. In all experiments, the amounts released were below known allergy‐triggering thresholds.ConclusionsUnder common conditions, the use of 18/10 stainless steel pots is considered to be safe for the majority of nickel‐allergic and/or chromium‐allergic subjects. However, the total amount of nickel contained in foods and released from pots may exceed the individual threshold for triggering allergy, potentially causing problems for highly sensitive patients, or, conversely, contribute to induction of immunotolerance by oral low‐dose exposure.
The fifth takotsubo variant
Authors: Bridgman Paul G. , Chan Christina W. 
Published: November 2016

We document the fifth pattern of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, in which the mid‐LV is hyperdynamic but the apex and base are akinetic or hypokinetic. This is a reverse mid‐ventricular takotsubo. The patient is a 79‐year‐old woman admitted with chest pain and initially a normal EKG. Her troponin I rose to 5.4 μg/L (0.02‐0.03 μg/L) and she developed QT prolongation and widespread T‐wave inversion. Coronary angiography showed only very mild atheroma. Follow‐up echocardiogram six weeks later showed normal left ventricular function.
Echocardiographic assessment of prosthetic mitral valves in children
Authors: Hayashi Taiyu , Inuzuka Ryo , Ono Hiroshi , Kato Hitoshi 
Published: November 2016

AimsWe studied how Doppler‐derived hemodynamic parameters in children change as the relative prosthetic mitral valve (PMV) size decreases with somatic growth and evaluated the diagnostic utility of the parameters for detecting PMV obstruction in children.Methods and ResultsWe reviewed 26 echocardiographic examination results of 15 mechanical bileaflet PMVs in 12 children. The median age at echocardiographic examination was 6.6 (0.6–18.1) years. The PMV functioned normally in 24 examinations but was obstructed due to thrombosis in two cases. PMV sizes ranged between 16 and 25 mm, which were standardized to body surface area (BSA) at the examination with z‐score calculations. We assessed the peak E velocity, mean pressure gradient (PG), and pressure half time (PHT) of the transprosthetic flow, the velocity–time integral (VTI) ratio of the PMV inflow to the left ventricular outflow, and the BSA‐indexed effective orifice area (iEOA) of the PMV calculated with the continuity equation. Linear regression analysis revealed statistically significant correlations between all parameters of normally functioning PMVs and the PMV size z‐scores (Pearson correlation coefficients: peak E velocity, −0.68; mean PG, −0.71; PHT, −0.82; VTI ratio, −0.76; iEOA, 0.79). Compared with the predictive values derived from the regression equations, the VTI ratio and iEOA exceeded ± 2 standard errors in both patients with obstructive PMVs.ConclusionTo assess PMV function in children, Doppler‐derived hemodynamic parameters should be compared with their predictive values based on relative PMV sizes. The deviation of the VTI ratio and iEOA from their predictive values may indicate prosthetic obstruction.
Hormone replacement therapy with estrogens may reduce lamotrigine serum concentrations: A matched case–control study
Authors: Reimers Arne 
Published: November 2016

SummaryLamotrigine (LTG) is an antiepileptic drug that is metabolized via glucuronidation. Since the glucuronidizing enzyme is inducible by estrogens, LTG serum concentrations may fall by 50–60% when combined with hormonal contraceptives that contain ethinyl estradiol (EE). Little is known about a possible interaction between estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and LTG, and the few available data are conflicting. Data from serum samples analyzed for LTG were therefore retrieved from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring database. Users of HRT and EE were identified and matched with controls for age and dose. No enzyme‐inducing or enzyme‐inhibiting comedication was allowed. LTG serum concentration‐to‐dose ratios (CDRs) were calculated. Case groups and their respective control groups were compared by the Mann‐Whitney U test. Seventy‐nine HRT users (dose range 1–4 mg/day) and 200 EE users (dose range 20–40 μg/day), as well as 158 and 400 matching controls, respectively, could be included. Both EE users and HRT users had significantly lower mean LTG CDRs than their respective matched controls. These results suggest that HRT with estrogens may reduce serum LTG concentrations.
Physicochemical and functional properties of Caryota urens flour as compared to wheat flour
Authors: Gunaratne Anil , Wu Kao , Collado Lilia , Gan Ren‐You , Arachchi Lal Vidhana , Kumara Kapila , Pathirana Sarath Malavi , Corke Harold 
Published: November 2016

SummaryStarch digestibility, thermal, pasting and gelling properties of Caryota urens (CU) flour were investigated using wheat flour as reference. Amylose content of CU and wheat flour was 32.1% and 28.3%, respectively. CU flour had very low content of protein and lipid but had a high content of total starch (98.2%) and resistant starch (RS) [42.5%]. Gelatinisation temperature (78.5 °C) of CU flour was higher than wheat flour. Pasting behaviour of CU flour was similar to that of high swelling tuber and root and waxy starches. CU flour retrograded to a greater extent than wheat flour. Very specific gelling behaviour was noticed for CU flour where it produced significantly harder gel with high paste clarity, fracture ability, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. Expected glycaemic index (eGI) of CU and wheat flour was 92.4 and 100.4, respectively. CU flour had high eGI despite high content of resistant starch.