bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Every Caesarean Section Must Count
Authors: Ellwood D. , Oats J. 
Published: August 2017

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;56(5):450–452)
This opinion piece supports the argument that cesarean section rates (CSR) are an essential indicator of the quality of care and should be monitored. Between 1985 and 2013 the CSR increased from 15% to 32.8%—more than a doubling in <3 decades. Arguments against the monitoring of CSR include the rights of women to opt for the procedure, high intrapartum stillbirth rates, and the preventable burden of lifelong disabilities caused by intrapartum asphyxia and perineal lacerations resulting from vaginal deliveries. Yet, the risks associated with cesarean section (CS) and the potential morbidity as a result of an increased CSR support making sure each CS is indicated.
Toward Normal Birth: But at What Cost?
Authors: Dietz H.P. , Campbell S. 
Published: August 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(4):439–444)
Cesarean delivery (CD) rates have been increasing in both the Western world and other developing countries. Some consistent predictors can be identified across countries and health care systems, such as an increase in maternal age at first delivery, the obesity epidemic and a decline in multiparty among the obstetric population.
Decelerations, Tachycardia, and Decreased Variability: Have We Overlooked the Significance of Longitudinal Fetal Heart Rate Changes for Detecting Intrapartum Fetal Hypoxia?
Authors: Vintzileos A.M. , Smulian J.C. 
Published: August 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(3):261–264)
Fetal asphyxia usually occurs in low-risk pregnancies. This editorial supports the use of longitudinal assessment of fetal heart rate (FHR) changes during labor to emphasize the point that in many cases such as the evolution of category II (indeterminate) FHR patterns, evaluation of fetal status over time should include not only the last 15 to 30 minutes of the FHR tracing, but the entire labor. The high interobserver and intraobserver variabilities in the interpretation and management of the various FHR patterns are major shortcomings of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM).
Why it is Critical to Address the Challenge of Maternal Obesity
Authors: Vinter C.A. , Geirsson R.T. 
Published: August 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(9):965–967)
This editorial addresses the various reasons why maternal obesity is such a challenge. A third of pregnant women in Nordic countries and up to half in the United States are overweight or obese. Even women of normal weight tend to gain excessive amounts of weight during pregnancy and often maintain this weight gain postpartum. In addition, maternal obesity is a major contributor to maternal, fetal and neonatal complications. Pregnancy outcomes, long-term maternal health, and obesity risk for their offspring are all adversely affected. The editorial reviews information and recommendations gathered at the second Nordic Congress on Obesity in Gynecology and Obstetrics (NOCOGO).
Population-based Risk for Peripartum Hysterectomy During Low-risk and Moderate-risk Delivery Hospitalizations
Authors: Friedman A.M. , Wright J.D. , Ananth C.V. , Siddiq Z. , D’Alton M.E. , Bateman B.T. 
Published: August 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(5):640.e1–640.e8)
Peripartum hysterectomy can be a life-saving procedure for women with postpartum hemorrhage when other interventions have failed. The procedure itself, however, can be fatal with the risk of death ranging from 1% to 6%. Women with a suspected placenta accreta/percreta are considered to be at high-risk for peripartum hysterectomy, and are often referred to tertiary centers where this procedure is frequently performed.
Simulation Training in Obstetrics and Gynecology: What’s Happening on the Frontline?
Authors: Wilson E. , Janssens S. , Hewett D.G. , Jolly B. , Beckmann M. 
Published: August 2017

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;56(5):496–502)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the current availability and utilization of simulation training as well as attitudes and perceived barriers and enablers to simulation in Australia and New Zealand, considering there is evidence that experience with surgery is suboptimal in trainees. The study was conducted using a survey that was distributed to obstetrics and gynecology trainees and fellows and collected demographic data, current exposure to simulation, and beliefs about simulation training.
Pregnancy Outcomes Following Maternal Kidney Transplantation: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Majak G.B. , Sandven I. , Lorentzen B. , Vangen S. , Reisaeter A.V. , Henriksen T. , Michelsen T.M. 
Published: August 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(10):1153–1161)
While previous studies have reported increased risks of adverse events in pregnancies following kidney transplantation, the authors of this study noted design flaws and a need for validation. These adverse events, including cesarean section, gestational diabetes, preterm delivery and preeclampsia, are of particular concern because they may be associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury. Previous work on this subject mostly consists of case reports with small sample sizes or single-center studies, and the few studies conducted using national registries have limitations. With preeclampsia as the main outcome, this national retrospective cohort study examined the risks for major obstetrical complications in women who have received kidney transplants (exposed) compared with those who have not (unexposed).
Ultrasound to Identify the Lumbar Space in Women With Impalpable Bony Landmarks Presenting for Elective Caesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anaesthesia: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Creaney M. , Mullane D. , Casby C. , Tan T. 
Published: August 2017

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016;28:12–16)
The use of ultrasound-guided spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in patients with spinous processes that are difficult or impossible to palpate is gaining in popularity. The main aim of this study was to determine whether preprocedural ultrasound scanning would make it easier to locate an appropriate needle insertion point and thereby improve the performance of spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery in patients with impalpable bony landmarks.
Optimal Hand Washing Technique to Minimize Bacterial Contamination Before Neuraxial Anesthesia: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Siddiqui N. , Friedman Z. , McGeer A. , Yousefzadeh A. , Carvalho J.C. , Davies S. 
Published: August 2017

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017;29:39–44)
Despite the fact that infection is the leading cause of injury claims related to neuraxial procedures in obstetric patients in the United States, little has been done to study the aseptic techniques used by anesthesiologists. There are also no guidelines describing optimal hand washing techniques before obstetric epidural procedures. A randomized, controlled investigation was therefore undertaken to assess the effectiveness of 5 different methods of hand washing before insertion of epidural catheters for labor analgesia.
Comparison of Bioreactance and Echocardiographic Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitoring and Myocardial Function Assessment in Primagravida Women
Authors: Doherty A. , El-Khuffash A. , Monteith C. , McSweeney L. , Breatnach C. , Kent E. , Tully E. , Malone F. , Thornton P. 
Published: August 2017

(Br J Anaesth. 2017;118(4):527–532)
Bioreactance (BRT) uses the phase shift or time delay of an applied alternating current traversing the thoracic area to derive stroke volume (SV). Its use has not yet been validated for detailed noninvasive assessment of maternal hemodynamics in the obstetric population. Therefore, the authors of the present study compared simultaneous cardiac output (CO) and SV measurements obtained using a noninvasive CO monitor—NICOM (Cheetah Medical, Newton, MA)—that utilizes BRT and echocardiography in a group of healthy primigravid women. The authors also assessed the relationship between maternal characteristics, such as body mass index, and myocardial performance.
Predicting Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries in a Modern Obstetric Population
Authors: Meister M.R. , Cahill A.G. , Conner S.N. , Woolfolk C.L. , Lowder J.L. 
Published: August 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(3):310.e1–e7)
The main purpose of this nested case control study was to investigate a modern obstetric cohort in order to identify risk factors and develop prediction models for perineal lacerations and obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI, third and fourth degree lacerations) during vaginal delivery. In addition, this study also reevaluated the known risk factors in order to potentially identify new risk factors for any perineal laceration and OASI so as to determine the role of parity in the risk of sustaining any perineal laceration and OASI.
Increasing Incidence of Postpartum Hemorrhage: The Dutch Piece of the Puzzle
Authors: van Stralen G. , von Schmidt Auf Altenstadt J.F. , Bloemenkamp K.W. , van Roosmalen J. , Hukkelhoven C.W. 
Published: August 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(10):1104–1110)
While globally, the maternal mortality ratio has decreased since 1990, the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage has risen in high resource countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Norway. Previous studies have linked the rising incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, to several possible risk factors, including previous cesarean section, emergency or planned cesarean section, and obesity. This study used data from 2000 to 2013 in the Netherlands to examine the incidence of PPH and the relationship between the incidence of PPH and potential causal factors.
Methods to Induce Labour: A Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis and Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Alfirevic Z. , Keeney E. , Dowswell T. , Welton N.J. , Medley N. , Dias S. , Jones L.V. , Caldwell D.M. 
Published: August 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123(9):1462–1470)
Labor induction rates have been on the rise over the past 20 years in many developed countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. Various methods are available for labor induction, and choosing 1 method over another depends on several factors, such as a woman’s obstetric and medical history, national guidelines and local protocols. Techniques also differ in their effectiveness and risk of complications. The present study aimed to assess labor induction methods using a comprehensive review and synthesis of the evidence in order to determine which interventions were most clinically effective and most cost-effective.
Lowering the High Rate of Caesarean Delivery in China: An Experience From Shanghai
Authors: Liu X. , Lynch C.D. , Cheng W.W. , Landon M.B. 
Published: August 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123:1620–1628)
Cesarean delivery (CD) rates have been on the rise in several countries in the world, including China. The CD rate in China has increased from 18% to 50% over the past 20 years. In addition, a World Health Organization survey found that nearly 12% of CDs in China were performed without a medical indication, which was the highest such rate in the world. In response to this information, health care institutions in the country started promoting vaginal deliveries to address this problem. This current article summarizes a retrospective cohort study undertaken at one of the largest obstetric centers in Shanghai which evaluated the impact of this intervention on obstetric practice and trends of CD over time.
Persistent Pain After Cesarean Delivery and Vaginal Delivery: A Prospective Study
Authors: Kainu J.P. , Halmesmäki E. , Korttila K.T. , Sarvela P.J. 
Published: August 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2016;123(6):1535–1545)
Persistent pain after cesarean delivery has been associated with recall of acute pain and history of chronic pain. In an earlier retrospective study, the authors found that the incidence of persistent pain at 1 year after cesarean delivery was 18%, compared with 10% at vaginal delivery (P=0.011). To confirm these findings, the authors evaluated the intensity and characteristics of persistent pain and its association with previous pain and other obstetric factors in this prospective study.
Acidemia in Neonates With a 5-Minute Apgar Score of 7 or Greater: What are the Outcomes?
Authors: Sabol B.A. , Caughey A.B. 
Published: August 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(4):486.e1–e6)
The collection of fetal cord blood gasses at the time of delivery can be useful in the prediction of adverse outcomes associated with acidemia, such as cerebral palsy, long-term neurological deficits, neonatal death, multiorgan dysfunction, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and seizures. However, universal umbilical cord blood gas analysis at the time of delivery is not a standardized practice, and the collection of fetal cord blood gases varies among institutions and providers.
Benefits and Risks of Antiretroviral Therapy for Perinatal HIV Prevention
Authors: Fowler M.G. , Qin M. , Fiscus S.A. , Currier J.S. , Flynn P.M. , Chipato T. , McIntyre J. , Gnanashanmugam D. , Siberry G.K. , Coletti A.S. , Taha T.E. , Klingman K.L. , Martinson F.E. , Owor M. , Violari A. , Moodley D. , Theron G.B. , Bhosale R. , Bobat R. , Chi B.H. , Strehlau R. , Mlay P. , Loftis A.J. , Browning R. , Fenton T. , Purdue L. , Basar M. , Shapiro D.E. , Mofenson L.M. 
Published: August 2017

(N Engl J Med. 2016;375(18):1726–1737)
Although triple-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART) has clear benefits for mothers and infants, studies have shown higher rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes with maternal ART than with regimens containing fewer antiretroviral agents. The Promoting Maternal and Infant Survival Everywhere (PROMISE) trial thus compared the relative efficacy and safety of various open-label antiretroviral strategies and their effect on preventing mother-to-child transmission among asymptomatic HIV-infected pregnant women with high CD4 counts (at least 350 cells/mm3).
Pregnancy as a Window to Future Health: Short-term Costs and Consequences
Authors: Catov J.M. , Margerison-Zilko C. 
Published: August 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(4):406–407)
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality among women, but because CVD presents differently in women than in men, traditional methods of early detection are insufficient. In addition, knowledge of CVD in women of reproductive age is lacking. It is known that women with small for gestational age fetuses, preterm labor or preeclampsia are at increased risk of hypertension and cardiometabolic risk after delivery. However, the study by Cain et al is important because it identified the risk of CVD and the cost associated with it in the 5 years following delivery.
Dural Puncture Epidural Technique Improves Labor Analgesia Quality With Fewer Side Effects Compared With Epidural and Combined Spinal Epidural Techniques: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Chau A. , Bibbo C. , Huang C.C. , Elterman K.G. , Cappiello E.C. , Robinson J.N. , Tsen L.C. 
Published: August 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2017;124(2):560–569)
Epidural (EPL) and combined spinal epidural (CSE) are commonly used and effective labor analgesia neuraxial techniques. EPL has minimal adverse effects, but has a slow onset time and may result in insufficient sacral spread/patchy sensory blockade. In contrast, CSE has rapid onset and excellent sacral coverage but has greater risk of adverse effects. The dural puncture epidural (DPE) technique (passing a spinal needle through the EPL needle, puncturing the dura but not injecting medication into the intrathecal space) has been shown to improve caudal spread of analgesia compared with the EPL technique, without the side effects seen with CSE. In the present study, the authors determined whether or not overall analgesia characteristics and side effects would favor the DPE technique, and hypothesized that onset of labor analgesia is most rapid with CSE, followed by DPE and EPL.
Dose-Response of Intrathecal Morphine When Administered With Intravenous Ketorolac for Postcesarean Analgesia: A 2-Center, Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Trial
Authors: Berger J.S. , Gonzalez A. , Hopkins A. , Alshaeri T. , Jeon D. , Wang S. , Amdur R.L. , Smiley R. 
Published: August 2017

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016;28:3–11)
Postcesarean pain management is very important since women undergoing cesarean delivery need to recover quickly in order to care for their newborns. Intrathecal (IT) morphine is commonly used to provide postcesarean analgesia as it provides effective pain relief without interfering with the ability to safely ambulate. However, the optimal dose of IT morphine that maximizes analgesic effects while minimizing opioid-induced side effects has not been clearly established, especially when used as part of a multimodal analgesic technique. Therefore, the current investigators undertook a 2-center, prospective, randomized, blinded study to determine the dose-response relationship of IT morphine for postcesarean analgesia when administered in combination with intravenous (IV) ketorolac.
The Analgesic Efficacy of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Deliveries: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zeng A.M. , Nami N.F. , Wu C.L. , Murphy J.D. 
Published: August 2017

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(6):763–772)
In 2007, there were 1.4 million cesarean deliveries (1 in 3 live births) in the United States alone. Pain after cesarean delivery can be severe in many patients, with 78% of women undergoing cesarean delivery reporting moderate to severe postoperative pain within the first 24 hours postoperatively. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in the treatment of this postoperative pain despite them being generally viewed as “weak” analgesics. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the analgesic efficacy of NSAIDs in postoperative cesarean delivery patients as well as secondary outcomes such as opioid-related adverse side effects and quality of breastfeeding.
Quadratus Lumborum Block Versus Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Pain After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Blanco R. , Ansari T. , Riad W. , Shetty N. 
Published: August 2017

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(6):757–762)
Pain relief after cesarean section can significantly enhanced early recovery, ambulation, and breastfeeding. A prior study found quadratus lumborum block (QLB) to be superior to patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean delivery. QLB is a posterior abdominal wall block that allows local anesthetic to spread behind the quadratus lumborum muscle and expand past the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia into the lumbar interfacial triangle. The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is another regional block being used with increased frequency for postoperative analgesia. The current investigators compared the efficacy of QLB and TAP blocks for postcesarean analgesia.
Inclusion body myositis: advancements in diagnosis, pathomechanisms, and treatment
Authors: Schmidt Karsten , Schmidt Jens 
Published: August 2017

Purpose of review
To review new advances in inclusion body myositis (IBM) and discuss them in light of current knowledge on diagnosis, pathomechanisms, and treatment perspectives.

Recent findings
IBM is a treatment refractory inflammatory myopathy in middle-aged patients that leads to a slow, relentlessly progressive muscle weakness, and atrophy. Recent data collections suggest that mortality in IBM patients is somewhat elevated compared with the general population. One major risk factor for death is severe dysphagia, which can now be determined by a novel real-time MRI technique. Recently, proposed diagnostic criteria with a combination of clinical and histopathological features have improved sensitivity and specificity. cytosolic 5’-nucleotidase 1A antibodies have been characterized in IBM patients and their pathophysiologic role has recently been studied. New inflammatory pathomechanisms have been identified in IBM muscle and may help to design novel treatment strategies. A broad spectrum of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory trials have been conducted, but – so far– no effective treatment is available. Current therapeutic attempts aim to block the myostatin pathway or restore the protein homeostasis.

Summary
The expanding knowledge of the complex disease, the refinement of diagnostic criteria, and developments in diagnostic procedures are expected to foster the much needed design of new treatment approaches for future clinical trials.
Extrapulmonary Latent Tuberculosis Reactivation After Negative Screening Tests in a Liver Transplant Recipient
Authors: Gonzales Zamora Jose Armando , Patil Sanjeev , Murali Arvind R. , Hoehnen Sarah 
Published: August 2017

Background
Posttransplant tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon complication following liver transplantation (LT). Given its high mortality, it is advocated to screen for latent TB with tuberculin skin test (TST), interferon γ release assay and/or chest radiography before LT.

Case Report
A 52-year-old Filipino gentleman was admitted with an 8-week history of abdominal pain, hematochezia, and weight loss. His pre-LT screening for latent TB with TST and chest radiography was negative. Colonoscopy revealed an ulcerated polypoid lesion in the terminal ileum. The cause of ulceration was histologically indeterminate. Because a lymphoproliferative disorder was suspected, a right hemicolectomy was done during which hard white studding was noted in the distal small bowel. Induration and a mass formation in the terminal ileum and the cecum were also seen. Histopathology showed necrotizing granulomas. Stain for acid–fast bacilli was negative. The strong suspicion for TB prompted us to obtain a chest computed tomography scan, which showed calcified perivascular and left hilar lymph nodes reflecting prior granulomatous disease. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Test was positive. Treatment with standard anti-TB regimen was initiated. Two weeks later, cultures from intestinal tissue grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient reported a complete resolution of his symptoms at 3-month follow-up.

Conclusions
Chest computed tomography scan and interferon γ release assays in conjunction with TST and chest radiograph may improve the detection of latent TB in transplant candidates. Combining these tests to diagnose latent TB is a strategy that needs to be evaluated in future studies.
A Case of Primary Tuberculous Laryngitis in New York City
Authors: Osiro Stephen , Shaik Fatima , Salomon Nadim 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Tuberculous laryngitis occurs in less than 1% of all tuberculosis cases. Patients usually present with dysphonia, but the insidious nature of the disease and the broad differential diagnoses often lead to missed or delayed diagnosis. In the United States, it is rare and regrettably requires several patient visits before the correct diagnosis is made. We report a case of primary tuberculous laryngitis from our hospital, which was successfully diagnosed and treated, but after a delay of more than 2 months. We emphasize that in patients presenting with prolonged dysphonia physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion, obtain a thorough epidemiologic history, and liaise with pathologists in order to correctly diagnose this disease.