bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Gender Equality in Secondary School Enrollment in Africa
Authors: Anyanwu John C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn addition to analyzing the characteristics of gender equality in secondary education enrollment in Africa, this paper empirically studies the key drivers of gender equality in secondary education enrollment, using cross‐sectional time series data from 1970 to 2010. Our results show that the coefficient associated with the level of real GDP per capita is positive and statistically significant in both the overall Africa sample and in the sub‐Saharan and North African samples. But the quadratic term of real GDP per capita is negative in sign and significant in the overall Africa and sub‐Saharan African estimates. These provide evidence of a hump‐shaped relationship between real GDP per capita and gender equality in secondary education enrollment in Africa. Our results also suggest that higher share of female teachers in secondary schools, increased democracy (at a decreasing rate), higher female share of the labor force, Christian dominance in a country, higher domestic investment rate, and being an oil‐exporting country increase gender equality in secondary education enrollment in the continent. However, higher population growth tends to lower it. The policy implications and lessons of these results are discussed.
The Tiebout Hypothesis in Africa: Evidence from Angola
Authors: Barros Carlos P. , Serafim Jelson 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper analyses the Tiebout hypothesis in Angola's provinces from 2004 to 2013, using a spatial panel data model. The Tiebout hypothesis, which states that a country's internal migration is dictated by regional public policy, is tested. Angola's internal inter‐provincial migration is related to gross domestic product per capita, local public expenditure, unemployment, poverty, population density, the number of public employees in the region, and a NGO for civic education. The results reveal that spatial autocorrelation is a reality in the Angolan context, validating the adoption of a spatial model, and that regional migration is explained by the covariates. The general conclusion is that the Tiebout hypothesis is accepted in the Angolan regions, and that the most important cause of migration is regional poverty. Policy implications are derived and it is concluded that an efficient anti‐poverty policy is needed in the Angolan context at regional level in order to decrease internal migration.
Determinants of Bribery: Theory and Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Pelizzo Riccardo , Araral Eduardo , Pak Anton , Xun Wu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe paper investigates the determinants of bribery in sub‐Saharan Africa by using probit models and data from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey of 10,457 firms in 30 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa from 2009 to 2013. By doing so we find that securing a government contract is the most significant motivation for bribery and that overall, the propensity to bribe depends on the size of the firm as well as the predictability of the regulatory environment. Our findings have similarities and differences compared to Asian firms. The paper also highlights that the incidence and the determinants of bribery vary across the four sub‐regions. On the basis of this evidence we suggest that when it comes to anti‐corruption strategies, one size does not fit all and that country‐specific and region‐specific strategies should be adopted to address context‐specific needs and conditions.
Curriculum Mapping: A Method to Assess and Refine Undergraduate Degree Programs
Authors: Joyner (Melito) Helen S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOver the past several decades, there has been increasing interest in program‐ and university‐level assessment and aligning learning outcomes to program content. Curriculum mapping is a tool that creates a visual map of all courses in the curriculum and how they relate to curriculum learning outcomes. Assessment tools/activities are often included in the curriculum map. The School of Food Science, a joint program between the Washington State Univ. and the Univ. of Idaho, recently completed a curriculum mapping and assessment exercise. The goal of this exercise was to determine the alignment of the undergraduate curriculum with program learning outcomes and the degree of student mastery of these outcomes. Curriculum learning outcomes were revised from existing learning outcomes to better align with university learning outcomes and the IFT Core Competencies. All undergraduate courses were mapped to the IFT Core Competencies, and several competencies were assessed to determine student mastery. The mapping and assessment activities revealed potential gaps and redundancies in course content, as well as student ability to meet standards for competency. The results of the mapping and assessment exercises will be used to refine the content delivered to undergraduate students in the School of Food Science, with the overall goal of increasing the quality of the education provided to these students and helping them to be more prepared for a successful career in food science.
Estimated portion size versus actual intake of eight commonly consumed foods by healthy adults
Authors: Nguyen Alexander , Chern Christine , Tan Sze‐Yen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThis study aimed to examine the accuracy of the estimated portion size (EPS) of foods required to reach satiation, and how food characteristics influence food portion estimation in healthy adults.MethodsThis was a randomised, cross‐over feeding trial with eight test sessions. The visual, olfactory and rheological characteristics of common foods were manipulated. Participants determined the portion sizes of eight test foods that need to be consumed to reach satiation, which were then compared with the actual intake (AI) of the same foods. During each session, participants also rated their appetite before and after food consumption, as well as the palatability and acceptability of the test foods.ResultsThirty‐five healthy young adults completed the study. The EPSs were not significantly different from AI of test foods, although there was a tendency to overestimate the amount required to reach satiation. AI of test foods correlated with energy density but not food palatability or acceptance. Hunger and desire‐to‐eat reduced, and fullness increased significantly after test food ingestion. Significant differences were found in hunger (P = 0.041) and desire‐to‐eat (P = 0.007) suppression between test foods. Apple juice suppressed desire‐to‐eat less than solid apple, albeit ingestion of these foods were isoenergetic. Food forms were used to guide portion selection of apple and apple juice.ConclusionAlthough the mean predicted portion was not different from AI, individual discrepancies were large, and a tendency to over‐portion foods may pose a challenge in body weight maintenance.
Implications of caesarean section for children's school achievement: A population‐based study
Authors: Smithers Lisa G. , Mol Ben W. , Wilkinson Chris , Lynch John W. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundCaesarean birth is one of the most frequently performed major obstetrical interventions. Although there is speculation that caesarean at term may have consequences for children's later health and development, longer‐term studies are needed.AimWe aimed to evaluate risks to poor school achievement among children born by caesarean section compared with spontaneous vaginal birth.Materials and MethodsThis population‐based observational study involved linkage of routinely collected perinatal data with children's school assessments. Perinatal data included all children born in South Australia from 1999 to 2005. Participants were children born by elective caesarean (exposed, n = 650) or vaginal birth (unexposed, n = 2959), to women who previously had a caesarean delivery. School assessments were reported via a standardised national assessment program for children attending grade three (at ~eight years of age). Assessments included reading, writing, spelling, grammar and numeracy and were categorised according to performing at above or ≤National Minimum Standards (NMS). Statistical analyses involved augmented inverse probability weighting (apiw) and accounted for a range of maternal, perinatal and sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsChildren performing ≤NMS for vaginal birth versus caesarean section were as follows: reading 144/640 (23%) and 688/2921 (24%), writing 69/636(11%) and 351/2917 (12%), spelling 128/646 (20%) and 684/2937 (23%), grammar 132/646 (20%) and 655/2937 (22%), and numeracy 151/634 (24%) and 729/2922 (25%). Both the raw data and the aipw analyses suggested little differences in school achievement between children born by caesarean versus vaginal birth.ConclusionAnalyses that carefully controlled for a wide range of confounders suggest that caesarean section does not increase the risk of poor school outcomes at age eight.
Reconstruction of limited parotidectomy defects using the dermofat graft
Authors: Pham My , Eviston Timothy J. , Clark Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundRemoval of part or all of the parotid gland may leave a visible contour defect and may also be associated with complications such as Frey's syndrome. These aesthetic and functional issues can be addressed using dermofat graft reconstruction. The aim of this study is to assess patient satisfaction and complications associated with using the dermofat graft for contour restoration in patients undergoing parotidectomy.MethodsTwenty‐four patients who underwent parotidectomy and dermofat graft reconstruction between 2011 and 2015 completed a patient‐reported outcomes instrument. Patient files and operative notes were also reviewed for all complications.ResultsNo major complications were reported. Two patients had parotid wound complications including minor dehiscence and sialocoele. Two patients had donor site wound complications including haematoma and groin seroma. No cases of Frey's syndrome were recorded. Patient's rating of cosmesis and overall health and quality of life were excellent at 1–42 months follow‐up. The main symptom‐specific issues patients reported were xerostomia and altered sensation in the distribution of the great auricular nerve.ConclusionDermofat graft is associated with high rates of patient satisfaction and a low incidence of complications.
Surgery for parathyroid microadenomas: patient characteristics, localization success and operative cures
Authors: Suter Katherine J. L. , Johnson William , Yeung Meei , Serpell Jonathan , Lee James C. , Grodski Simon 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundIn recent years, patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are being diagnosed earlier, with milder elevations in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium. We aimed to investigate whether adenoma size reflects biochemical severity of presentation and influences localization of pre‐operative scans.MethodsA total of 630 consecutive patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHPT were recruited into either the microadenoma (≤200 mg) or macroadenoma (>200 mg) group. Pre‐operative serum calcium, PTH, rates of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy and bilateral neck exploration, localization of adenomas with pre‐operative ultrasound and sestamibi (MIBI) scans, cure rates and other demographic parameters were compared. The data were analysed using Student's t‐test, Chi‐squared test, linear and multiple regression analyses.ResultsPatients in the microadenoma group had significantly lower pre‐operative serum calcium (P < 0.001) and PTH (P < 0.001), less accurate MIBI (P < 0.001) and ultrasound (P < 0.001), lower cure rates (P = 0.04) and were more likely to undergo bilateral neck exploration (P = 0.001). However, multivariate analysis revealed that microadenomas are most strongly associated with the findings of less accurate MIBI (P = 0.03) and lower pre‐operative calcium (P = 0.04).ConclusionIn conclusion, smaller adenomas are strongly associated with biochemically milder PHPT and less accurate localization studies. Therefore, microadenomas continue to present as a challenge in both diagnosis and management.
Absence of accelerations during labor is of little value in interpreting fetal heart rate patterns
Authors: Holzmann Malin , Wretler Stina , Nordström Lennart 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between increasing time since fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations, positive (no acceleration) stimulation tests and fetal acidemia.Material and methodsObservational study of FHR recordings from 1070 laboring women with indication for fetal scalp blood sampling (FBS). FHR traces were scrutinized regarding acceleration at FBS and duration since most recent acceleration. The appraiser was blinded to the FBS result.ResultsAt the first sampling, 8.8% of fetuses had lactate concentration >4.8 mmol/L. There were no differences between those with recent accelerations (≤60 min), and absent accelerations (>60 min or never) prior to FBS (8.3% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.71). Corresponding analyses for subgroups were: fetuses with isolated absence of accelerations, 3.7% vs. 1.5% (p = 0.41), fetuses without decelerations (i.e. reduced variability and/or tachycardia), 6.1% vs. 5.1% (p = 0.81) and fetuses with serious decelerations (i.e. late or complicated variable), 15.0% vs. 16.1% (p = 0.87). Among fetuses with serious decelerations, increasing duration from most recent acceleration had a weak but statistically significant correlation to increased lactate concentration (rs = 0.12, p = 0.03). The positive likelihood ratio for acidemia with no response at FBS was 1.15.ConclusionIn a population with FBS performed upon indication, there was no correlation between duration since last FHR acceleration and increased lactate concentration. The majority of fetuses are not acidemic even when the FHR trace is pathological and stimulation tests are only helpful when accelerations are provoked.
Review article: novel therapies for hepatitis B virus cure – advances and perspectives
Authors: Lin C.‐L. , Kao J.‐H. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundCurrent anti‐viral therapies, interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues, have been proven to reduce the progression of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) persists, resulting in viral relapse after the discontinuation of treatment.AimTo discuss and review novel therapies for chronic hepatitis B infection.MethodsRecent published studies which searched from PubMed were comprehensive reviewed. The key words include chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus cure, covalently closed circular DNA, direct acting anti‐virals and host targeting agents.ResultsSeveral novel agents through viral and host targets approaches are under investigations towards functional cure of HBV. On the one hand, direct acting anti‐virals targeting virus itself, such as HBV new polymerase inhibitor, entry inhibitor, engineered site‐specific nucleases and RNA interference, could inhibit amplification of cccDNA as well as intrahepatic HBV infection and eliminate or silence cccDNA transcription. Inhibitors of HBV nucleocapsid assembly suppress capsid formation and prevent synthesis of HBV DNA. On the other hand, host targeting agents (HTA) include lymphotoxin‐β receptor agonist, toll‐like receptor agonist, immune checkpoint inhibitors and adenovirus‐based therapeutic vaccine. Through enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses, these agents could induce noncytolytic destruction of cccDNA or attack HBV‐infected hepatocytes.ConclusionWith these promising approaches, we hope to reach global hepatitis B virus control in the middle of this century.
A multifaceted view on the impacts of shrub encroachment
Authors: Maestre Fernando T. , Eldridge David J. , Soliveres Santiago 
Published: June 2016

AbstractShrub encroachment, a global phenomenon with management implications, is examined in two papers in the current issue of Applied Vegetation Science. Barbosa da Silva et al. show that encroachment simplifies the herbaceous community, and Pittarello et al. illustrate how pastoral practices can restore encroached grasslands. While detrimental effects of shrub encroachment on grassland vegetation are often reported, we argue for a more holistic view when assessing this land‐cover change.
Multicentre study for validation of the French addictovigilance network reports assessment tool
Authors: Victorri‐Vigneau Caroline , Hardouin Jean Benoit , Rousselet Morgane , Gerardin Marie , Guerlais Marylène , Guillou Morgane , Bronnec Marie , Sébille Véronique , Jolliet Pascale ,   the French Addictovigilance Network
Published: June 2016

AimsThe French health authority (ANSM) is responsible for monitoring medicinal and other drug dependencies. To support these activities, the ANSM manages a network of 13 drug dependence evaluation and information centres (Centres d'Evaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacodépendance ‐ Addictovigilance ‐ CEIP‐A) throughout France. In 2006, the Nantes CEIP‐A created a new tool called the EGAP (Echelle de GrAvité de la Pharmacodépendance‐ drug dependence severity scale) based on DSM IV criteria. This tool allows the creation of a substance use profile that enables the drug dependence severity to be homogeneously quantified by assigning a score to each substance indicated in the reports from health professionals. This article describes the validation and psychometric properties of the drug dependence severity score obtained from the scale ( Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01052675).MethodThe validity of the EGAP construct, the concurrent validity and the discriminative ability of the EGAP score, the consistency of answers to EGAP items, the internal consistency and inter rater reliability of the EGAP score were assessed using statistical methods that are generally used for psychometric tests.ResultsThe total EGAP score was a reliable and precise measure for evaluating drug dependence (Cronbach alpha = 0.84; ASI correlation = 0.70; global ICC = 0.92). In addition to its good psychometric properties, the EGAP is a simple and efficient tool that can be easily specified on the official ANSM notification form.ConclusionThe good psychometric properties of the total EGAP score justify its use for evaluating the severity of drug dependence.
Long‐term durable remission by cladribine followed by rituximab in patients with hairy cell leukaemia: update of a phase II trial
Authors: Chihara Dai , Kantarjian Hagop , O'Brien Susan , Jorgensen Jeffrey , Pierce Sherry , Faderl Stefan , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Poku Rebecca , Jain Preetesh , Thompson Phillip , Brandt Mark , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Burger Jan , Keating Michael , Ravandi Farhad 
Published: June 2016

SummaryNucleoside analogues are highly active in patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL); however, patients continue to relapse. This phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of cladribine followed by rituximab in patients with untreated HCL (N = 59), relapsed HCL (N = 14) and HCL variant (HCLv, N = 7). Cladribine 5·6 mg/m2 was given intravenously (IV) daily for 5 d and was followed approximately 1 month later with rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV weekly for 8 weeks. Complete response rate in patients with untreated HCL, relapsed HCL and HCLv was 100%, 100% and 86%, respectively. With a median follow up of 60 months, 5‐year failure‐free survival (FFS) in patients with untreated HCL, relapsed HCL and HCLv was 95%, 100% and 64%, respectively. Median duration of response to the cladribine followed by rituximab was significantly longer than the first‐line cladribine single agent in patients who received this treatment as second‐line treatment (72 months vs not reached, P = 0·004). Almost all patients (94%) achieved negative minimal residual disease (MRD) after the treatment. Positive MRD during the follow up did not necessarily result in clinically relevant relapse. Cladribine followed by rituximab is highly effective even in patients with relapsed disease and HCLv, and can achieve durable remission.
How I manage patients with grey zone lymphoma
Authors: Kritharis Athena , Pilichowska Monika , Evens Andrew M. 
Published: June 2016

SummarySince grey zone lymphoma (GZL) was originally included in the 2008 World Health Organization classification as a B‐cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), new biological and clinical knowledge have been learned. It is important to highlight that diagnosis of this entity is complex and involvement by haematopathologists with expertise in this disease is recommended. It is recognized now that patients with GZL may present clinically with primary mediastinal localization or systemic disease without mediastinal involvement. Regardless of clinical presentation, patients with GZL have relatively high relapse rates, especially compared with primary mediastinal DLBCL or cHL. Interestingly, relapsed/refractory GZL patients appear to be salvaged fairly successfully, especially with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Off of a clinical trial, we recommend R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin, prednisolone) or dose‐adjusted EPOCH‐R (etoposide, prednisolone, oncovin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, rituximab) for frontline treatment of GZL. Additionally, we advocate use of consolidative radiotherapy for localized and/or bulky disease. For patients with relapsed/refractory GZL, salvage chemotherapy followed by consolidative autologous HSCT should be considered. Finally, continued biological and pathologic examination of this unique disease entity is warranted as well as exploration towards the integration of targeted therapeutic agents (e.g., brentuximab vedotin, programmed cell death 1inhibitors, B‐cell receptor inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, etc.) into the treatment paradigm of GZL.
IMMIGRANT RELATIVE WAGES AT THE GREAT RECESSION: EVIDENCE WITH MATCHED EMPLOYER‐EMPLOYEE DATA FOR SPAIN
Authors: Murillo‐Huertas Inés P. , Simón Hipólito 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe article examines relative wages of immigrants in Spain, with a particular focus on the impact of the Great Recession. The empirical analysis is restricted to men and is based on matched employer‐employee microdata and the decomposition techniques of Juhn et al. (1991, 1993) and Fortin et al. (2011). Our results show that the significant native‐immigrant wage gap that exists both in terms of average wages and of differentials along the wage distribution is essentially explained by differences in the endowments of observed characteristics so that, in general, immigrants tend to receive a similar wage treatment than Spaniards with analogous observed attributes. On the other hand, the Great Recession has had a noticeable impact on the relative wages of immigrants, given that the significant increase of the native‐immigrant wage gap observed during the previous expansionary period was mitigated during the economic downturn due to composition effects arising from the severe employment destruction pattern.
Semantic Structure in Vocabulary Knowledge Interacts With Lexical and Sentence Processing in Infancy
Authors: Borovsky Arielle , Ellis Erica M. , Evans Julia L. , Elman Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2016

Although the size of a child's vocabulary associates with language‐processing skills, little is understood regarding how this relation emerges. This investigation asks whether and how the structure of vocabulary knowledge affects language processing in English‐learning 24‐month‐old children (N = 32; 18 F, 14 M). Parental vocabulary report was used to calculate semantic density in several early‐acquired semantic categories. Performance on two language‐processing tasks (lexical recognition and sentence processing) was compared as a function of semantic density. In both tasks, real‐time comprehension was facilitated for higher density items, whereas lower density items experienced more interference. The findings indicate that language‐processing skills develop heterogeneously and are influenced by the semantic network surrounding a known word.