bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legacy introductions and climatic variation explain spatiotemporal patterns of invasive hybridization in a native trout
Authors: Muhlfeld Clint C. , Kovach Ryan P. , Al‐Chokhachy Robert , Amish Stephen J. , Kershner Jeffrey L. , Leary Robb F. , Lowe Winsor H. , Luikart Gordon , Matson Phil , Schmetterling David A. , Shepard Bradley B. , Westley Peter A. H. , Whited Diane , Whiteley Andrew , Allendorf Fred W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHybridization between invasive and native species, a significant threat to worldwide biodiversity, is predicted to increase due to climate‐induced expansions of invasive species. Long‐term research and monitoring are crucial for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that modulate the effects of invasive species. Using a large, multidecade genetics dataset (N = 582 sites, 12,878 individuals) with high‐resolution climate predictions and extensive stocking records, we evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of hybridization between native cutthroat trout and invasive rainbow trout, the world's most widely introduced invasive fish, across the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Historical effects of stocking and contemporary patterns of climatic variation were strongly related to the spread of hybridization across space and time. The probability of occurrence, extent of, and temporal changes in hybridization increased at sites in close proximity to historical stocking locations with greater rainbow trout propagule pressure, warmer water temperatures, and lower spring precipitation. Although locations with warmer water temperatures were more prone to hybridization, cold sites were not protected from invasion; 58% of hybridized sites had cold mean summer water temperatures (<11°C). Despite cessation of stocking over 40 years ago, hybridization increased over time at half (50%) of the locations with long‐term data, the vast majority of which (74%) were initially nonhybridized, emphasizing the chronic, negative impacts of human‐mediated hybridization. These results show that effects of climate change on biodiversity must be analyzed in the context of historical human impacts that set ecological and evolutionary trajectories.
Mule deer and energy development—Long‐term trends of habituation and abundance
Authors: Sawyer Hall , Korfanta Nicole M. , Nielson Ryan M. , Monteith Kevin L. , Strickland Dale 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAs the extent and intensity of energy development in North America increases, so do disturbances to wildlife and the habitats they rely upon. Impacts to mule deer are of particular concern because some of the largest gas fields in the USA overlap critical winter ranges. Short‐term studies of 2–3 years have shown that mule deer and other ungulates avoid energy infrastructure; however, there remains a common perception that ungulates habituate to energy development, and thus, the potential for a demographic effect is low. We used telemetry data from 187 individual deer across a 17‐year period, including 2 years predevelopment and 15 years during development, to determine whether mule deer habituated to natural gas development and if their response to disturbance varied with winter severity. Concurrently, we measured abundance of mule deer to indirectly link behavior with demography. Mule deer consistently avoided energy infrastructure through the 15‐year period of development and used habitats that were an average of 913 m further from well pads compared with predevelopment patterns of habitat use. Even during the last 3 years of study, when most wells were in production and reclamation efforts underway, mule deer remained >1 km away from well pads. The magnitude of avoidance behavior, however, was mediated by winter severity, where aversion to well pads decreased as winter severity increased. Mule deer abundance declined by 36% during the development period, despite aggressive onsite mitigation efforts (e.g. directional drilling and liquid gathering systems) and a 45% reduction in deer harvest. Our results indicate behavioral effects of energy development on mule deer are long term and may affect population abundance by displacing animals and thereby functionally reducing the amount of available habitat.
Dynamics of soil CO2 efflux under varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations reveal dominance of slow processes
Authors: Kim Dohyoung , Oren Ram , Clark James S. , Palmroth Sari , Oishi A. Christopher , McCarthy Heather R. , Maier Chris A. , Johnsen Kurt 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe evaluated the effect on soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) of sudden changes in photosynthetic rates by altering CO2 concentration in plots subjected to +200 ppmv for 15 years. Five‐day intervals of exposure to elevated CO2 (eCO2) ranging 1.0–1.8 times ambient did not affect FCO2. FCO2 did not decrease until 4 months after termination of the long‐term eCO2 treatment, longer than the 10 days observed for decrease of FCO2 after experimental blocking of C flow to belowground, but shorter than the ~13 months it took for increase of FCO2 following the initiation of eCO2. The reduction of FCO2 upon termination of enrichment (~35%) cannot be explained by the reduction of leaf area (~15%) and associated carbohydrate production and allocation, suggesting a disproportionate contraction of the belowground ecosystem components; this was consistent with the reductions in base respiration and FCO2‐temperature sensitivity. These asymmetric responses pose a tractable challenge to process‐based models attempting to isolate the effect of individual processes on FCO2.
Vertical (arboreality) and horizontal (dispersal) movement increase the resilience of vertebrates to climatic instability
Authors: Scheffers Brett. R. , Shoo Luke , Phillips Ben , Macdonald Stewart L. , Anderson Alex , VanDerWal Jeremy , Storlie Collin , Gourret Arnaud , Williams Stephen E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimSpecies that respond favourably to environmental change tend to be mobile or dispersive. Living within trees has some benefits over life on the ground. Species that move vertically within forest canopies can take advantage of increased complexity and resource availability, which should correspond to increased resilience to environmental variability and change. Here we show that two modes of movement, arboreality and horizontal dispersal, across an entire bioregional vertebrate fauna in the rain forests of Australia are associated with measures of historical environmental stability.LocationWet Tropics, Queensland, Australia.Time periodHistorical (c. 20,000 years ago) and current (1990‐2009).Major taxa studiedMammal, bird, reptile, and frog species.MethodsWe analysed vertebrate distribution for 195 species and trait data from 20 years of standardized sampling. We derived an arboreality index (i.e., the extent of vertical habitat used by each species) from a large database of field observations combined with expert opinion scores on arboreality. We compared community‐wide trends in arboreality and their horizontal dispersal potential with historical climate since the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 20,000 years ago) and current climate over 20 years of the recent past (1990–2009).ResultsVertical (arboreality) and horizontal (dispersal) movement were positively correlated, and both were negatively correlated with environmental stability. We found that arboreal species dominate communities in historically unstable areas, and these areas have both low richness and low endemism. Further, we show that low‐ and high‐altitude arboreal species experience similar thermal regimes, whereas low‐ and high‐altitude ground‐dwelling species experience little overlap in thermal regimes.Main conclusionHigher variability and overlap in temperature among rain forest canopies suggests less geographical separation in tolerable conditions for arboreal taxa when compared with ground‐dwelling taxa. Increased ecological plasticity in horizontal and vertical movement as well as exposure and pre‐selection to high temperature variability appears to allow arboreal species to exploit climatically uncertain areas, a capacity that may serve them well in responding to future climate change.
From traits to life‐history strategies: Deconstructing fish community composition across European seas
Authors: Pecuchet Laurene , Lindegren Martin , Hidalgo Manuel , Delgado Marina , Esteban Antonio , Fock Heino O. , Gil de Sola Luis , Punzón Antonio , Sólmundsson Jón , Payne Mark R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimThe life history of a species is determined by trade‐offs between growth, survival and reproduction to maximize fitness in a given environment. Following a theoretical model, we investigate whether the composition of marine fish communities can be understood in terms of a set of life‐history strategies and whether the prevalence of the strategies follows specific spatial patterns that can be related to the environment.LocationEuropean seas.Time period1980‐2014.Major taxa studiedFish.MethodsAn extensive set of scientific bottom trawl surveys was collected to obtain the species composition of fish communities across European seas. We complemented these data with species‐specific information regarding six life‐history traits, reflecting reproductive, growth and feeding modes. We then calculated the optimal number of strategies needed to summarize the information contained in the traits by using archetypal analysis. The proportion of each obtained strategy in the communities and their spatial patterns were explained as a function of the environment and their temporal changes were investigated.ResultsThe species could be decomposed into a continuum of three life‐history strategies—opportunistic, periodic and equilibrium—resulting from trade‐offs between traits. The marked spatial patterns of these strategies could be explained by depth, temperature and its seasonality, chlorophyll and fishing effort. In recent years, opportunistic and equilibrium strategies significantly increased, probably due to an increase in temperature and decrease in fishing effort.Main conclusionsOur empirical analysis supports a theoretical framework outlining three life‐history strategies of fish. The strategies vary predictably in space and time in response to the environment. This highlights the underlying process whereby fitness is optimized through trade‐offs between growth, feeding and reproduction under different environmental conditions. Due to their response to the environment, life‐history strategies provide a suitable tool for monitoring and understanding community changes in response to natural and anthropogenic stressors, including fishing and climate change.
A single center, open‐label, randomized, parallel group study assessing the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and inflammation in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: Beberashvili Ilia , Golovko Evgeni , Golinsky Liat , Garra Nedal , Sinuani Inna , Feldman Leonid , Gorelik Oleg , Efrati Shai , Stav Kobi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction: The significance of asymptomatic bacteriuria in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients remains controversial. We hypothesized that the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria as a sole clinical manifestation of urinary tract infection (UTI) in asymptomatic MHD patient may contribute to the chronic inflammatory response. Our aim was to explore the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and elevated levels of inflammatory markers in MHD patients.Methods: A randomized open‐label single center study of 114 MHD patients was conducted. Forty‐six patients presented negative urine culture and 41 subjects were excluded due to different reasons. The remaining 27 patients (mean age of 71.5 ± 12.2 years, 63% men), fulfilling the criteria for having asymptomatic bacteriuria, were randomly assigned to either the treatment group (13 patients) or the observational group (14 subjects). The treatment group received 7 days of antibiotic treatment given according to bacteriogram sensitivity. After 3 months of follow‐up all measurements of the study were repeated. The primary end point was change in inflammatory biomarkers from baseline by the end of the study.Findings: There were no statistically significant differences in white blood cell changes (P = 0.27), ferritin (P = 0.09), C‐reactive protein (P = 0.90), and interleukin‐6 (P = 0.14) levels between the groups from baseline to the end of study or at the end of the study. Analyzing cross‐sectional data, asymptomatic bacteriuria was found to not be a predictor of higher levels of inflammatory parameters at baseline.Discussion: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is not a modifiable risk factor for chronic inflammation in the MHD population.
Safety of intravenous iron in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Li Xiaojuan , Kshirsagar Abhijit V. , Brookhart M. Alan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAmong end‐stage renal disease patients maintained by hemodialysis, anemia has been managed primarily through erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) and intravenous (IV) iron. Following concerns about the cardiovascular (CV) safety of ESAs and changes in the reimbursement policies in Medicare's ESRD program, the use of IV iron has increased. IV iron supplementation promotes hemoglobin production and reduces ESA requirements, yet there exists relatively little evidence on the long‐term safety of iron supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Labile iron can induce oxidative stress and is also essential in bacterial growth, leading to concerns about IV iron use and risk of CV events and infections in hemodialysis patients. Existing randomized controlled trials provide little evidence about safety due to insufficient power and short follow‐up; recent observational studies have been inconsistent, but some have associated iron exposure with increased risk of infections and CV events. Given the widespread use and potential safety concerns related to IV iron, well‐designed large prospective studies are needed to assess to identify optimal strategies for iron administration that maximize its benefits while avoiding potential risks.
The role of life context and self‐defined well‐being in the outcomes that matter to people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Authors: Lloyd Helen , Lloyd Joanne , Fitzpatrick Ray , Peters Michele 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveConduct a deep exploration of the outcomes that matter to people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and understand from their perspective how these outcomes can be achieved.Sample and MethodsIn‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 22 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Interviews were analysed using thematic frameworks, and a realist informed theories of change approach.ResultsOur study revealed the potential causal relationships between the context of a person's life, short‐term goals and long‐term outcomes. We provide a nuanced and detailed exploration of outcomes that matter for people with schizophrenia in relation to self‐defined well‐being. Achieving life milestones, feeling safe and outcomes related to improved physical health along with employment, a positive sense of self and psychosocial outcomes, were highly valued. For short‐ and long‐term outcomes to be achieved, individuals required medication with minimal side‐effects, cognitive behavioural therapy, family/social support and meaningful activities in their lives. Well‐being was influenced by life context and short‐ and long‐term outcomes, but in a circular nature also framed what short‐term goals could be achieved.ConclusionsWorking with people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia to identify and achieve better outcomes will necessitate a person‐centred approach. This will require an appreciation of the relationship between the statutory and non‐statutory resources that are available and a consideration of an individual's current well‐being status. This approach acknowledges personal strengths and encourages ownership of goals and supports self‐management.
Incubation capacity contributes to constraints on maximal clutch size in Brent GeeseBranta bernicla nigricans
Authors: Leach Alan G. , van Dellen Amanda W. , Riecke Thomas V. , Sedinger James S. 
Published: April 2017

Lack () proposed that clutch size in species with precocial young was determined by nutrients available to females at the time of egg formation; since then others have suggested that regulation of clutch size in these species may be more complex. We tested whether incubation limitation contributes to ultimate constraints on maximal clutch size in Black Brent Geese (Black Brant)Branta bernicla nigricans. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between clutch size and duration of the nesting period (i.e. days between nest initiation and the first pipped egg) and the number of goslings leaving the nest. We used experimental clutch manipulations to assess these questions because they allowed us to create clutches that were larger than the typical maximum of five eggs in this species. We found that the per‐capita probability of egg success (i.e. the probability an egg hatched and the gosling left the nest) declined from 0.81 for two‐egg clutches to 0.50 for seven‐egg clutches. As a result of declining egg success, clutches containing more than five eggs produced, at best, only marginally more offspring. Manipulating clutch size at the beginning of incubation had no effect on the duration of the nesting period, but the nesting period increased with the number of eggs a female laid naturally prior to manipulation, from 25.4 days (95%CI25.1–25.7) for three‐egg clutches to 27.7 days (95%CI27.3–28.1) for six‐egg clutches. This delay in hatching may result in reduced gosling growth rates due to declining forage quality during the brood rearing period. Our results suggest that the strong right truncation of Brent clutches, which results in few clutches greater than five, is partially explained by the declining incubation capacity of females as clutch size increases and a delay in hatching with each additional egg laid. As a result, females laying clutches with more than five eggs would typically gain little fitness benefit above that associated with a five‐egg clutch.
Making the invisible visible: determining an accurate national distribution of Elater ferrugineus in the United Kingdom using pheromones
Authors: Harvey Deborah J. , Harvey Hannah , Larsson Mattias C. , Svensson Glenn P. , Hedenström Erik , Finch Paul , Gange Alan C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

To date, conservation‐status saproxylic beetle species in the UK have been monitored by chance findings or by monitor‐based observational studies. Here, using Elater ferrugineus as our target species, we present the first national distribution survey carried out in the UK or across mainland Europe on such a species using chemicals produced by the insect.

Over 3 years, mark‐release‐recapture studies were performed across the UK, using 416 lured (pheromone) traps monitored by volunteer recorders; the first survey in Europe to do so. Traps were baited with 7‐methyloctyl‐ (Z)‐4‐decenoate, a compound previously identified as a female sex pheromone.

The results were used to plot a distribution map and investigate factors that may influence the distribution, including summer temperatures, possible habitat availability and larval food source.

The survey revealed a south‐eastern distribution of E. ferrugineus in the UK, which was suggested by previous casual studies.

A correlative model was fitted to the data, indicating that 55% of the variation in the distribution of E. ferrugineus was explained by climatic variables (temperature and wind speed).
A dissociation in judgements of confidence in people with dandruff based on self‐reports compared to reports from other observers
Authors: Godbehere A. , McDonald L. , Baines F. , Sutherland C. A. M. , Andrews T. J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveIt is not clear how well evaluations made by other people correspond with self‐evaluations of esteem or confidence. To address this question, we compared measurements of confidence in participants with and without dandruff.MethodsParticipants with dandruff were significantly different from healthy control participants on a quality of life measure of scalp dermatitis, but not on self‐evaluations of esteem or confidence. To determine whether there were differences in the evaluation of confidence by others, both groups of participants were videoed while they prepared for or gave a presentation in an interview scenario.ResultsRaters, who were unfamiliar with the identities of the participants, evaluated confidence from the muted videos. In contrast to their self‐evaluations, male participants with dandruff were rated as having lower confidence compared to participants who reported a healthy scalp.ConclusionsThese findings reveal a difference between explicit and implicit measures of self‐esteem in men compared to women with dandruff.
Effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on regenerative cell responses in human dental pulp cells
Authors: Luo Z. , Wang Z. , He X. , Liu N. , Liu B. , Sun L. , Wang J. , Ma F. , Duncan H. , He W. , Cooper P. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate the growth, migratory and adhesive effects of trichostatin A (TSA) and valproic acid (VPA), two histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).MethodologyTo verify that TSA or VPA functions as an HDAC inhibitor, the expressions of histones H3 and H4 were examined using Western blotting analysis. hDPSC growth and metabolic activity was evaluated by MTT viability analysis at different time‐points and by cell count experiments. The expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and apoptosis‐associated proteins was examined by Western blot analysis. Migration effects were investigated using wound healing and transwell migration assays. An adhesion assay was also performed in the presence and absence of HDACis. The levels of chemokines and adhesion molecules relevant to repair in hDPSCs were also assessed by qRT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. The data were analysed, where appropriate, using Student's t‐test or one‐way anova followed by the Student–Newman–Keuls test using SPSS software.ResultsTrichostatin A and VPA enhanced acetylation of histones H3 and H4 (P < 0.05). Significant increases (P < 0.05) in MTT levels in hDPSCs were observed after treatment with TSA (2 and 20 nmol L−1) or VPA (1 and 10 mmol L−1). Cell numbers were not significantly affected at the concentration of TSA (0.2–10 nmol L−1) or VPA (0.01–100 mmol L−1) applied compared with the control at 3, 5 or 7 days (P > 0.05). At the same time, the expression of Cdx2 and cyclin A was upregulated by 2 nmol L−1 TSA and 1 mmol L−1 VPA (P < 0.05). Higher TSA or VPA concentrations induced apoptosis in hDPSCs in the cell count and apoptosis experiments (P < 0.05). Moreover, TSA and VPA significantly depressed the expression of Cdx2 and cyclin A (P < 0.05), whilst it significantly improved the level of p21 (P < 0.05). TSA and VPA promoted migration and adhesion of hDPSCs (P < 0.05). The levels of chemokines and adhesion molecules were significantly upregulated after exposure of hDPSCs to 20 nmol L−1 TSA or 1 mmol L−1 VPA (P < 0.05).ConclusionsHistone deacetylase inhibitors at specific concentrations promoted proliferation, migration and adhesion of hDPSCs, which may contribute to novel regenerative therapies for pulpal disease treatment.