bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field background odour should be taken into account when formulating a pest attractant based on plant volatiles
Authors: Cai Xiaoming , Bian Lei , Xu Xiuxiu , Luo Zongxiu , Li Zhaoqun , Chen Zongmao 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAttractants for pest monitoring and controlling can be developed based on plant volatiles. Previously, we showed that tea leafhopper (Empoasca onukii) preferred grapevine, peach plant, and tea plant odours to clean air. In this research, we formulated three blends with similar attractiveness to leafhoppers as peach, grapevine, and tea plant volatiles; these blends were composed of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-ocimene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, benzaldehyde, and ethyl benzoate. Based on these five compounds, we developed two attractants, formula-P and formula-G. The specific component relative to tea plant volatiles in formula-P was benzaldehyde, and that in formula-G was ethyl benzoate. These two compounds played a role in attracting leafhoppers. In laboratory assays, the two attractants were more attractive than tea plant volatiles to the leafhoppers, and had a similar level of attractiveness. However, the leafhoppers were not attracted to formula-P in the field. A high concentration of benzaldehyde was detected in the background odour of the tea plantations. In laboratory tests, benzaldehyde at the field concentration was attractive to leafhoppers. Our results indicate that the field background odour can interfere with a point-releasing attractant when their components overlap, and that a successful attractant must differ from the field background odour.
Astragaloside IV ameliorates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis implicating regulation of energy metabolism
Authors: Jiang Xu-Guang , Sun Kai , Liu Yu-Ying , Yan Li , Wang Ming-Xia , Fan Jing-Yu , Mu Hong-Na , Li Chong , Chen Yuan-Yuan , Wang Chuan-She , Han Jing-Yan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDysfunction of energy metabolism is involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study was designed to investigate the potential of astragaloside IV (ASIV), an active ingredient ofRadix Astragalus, to ameliorate colonic mucosal injury, with focusing on the implication of energy restoration in the underlying mechanism. Experimental colitis model was established in rats by injecting 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) through anus. After 24 hours, ASIV was administrated once daily by gavage for 6 days. On day 1 and day 7, colon tissue was collected for macroscopic and histological examination, ELISA, Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. TNBS impaired colonic mucosa with an injured epithelial architecture, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased colonic blood flow. Lgr5 positive cell number in crypt and β-catenin nuclear translocation were down-regulated by TNBS treatment. TNBS induced epithelial F-actin disruption and junctional protein degradation. Furthermore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and ATP synthase subunit β expression in the colon tissue were significantly decreased after TNBS stimulation. All of the aforementioned alterations were relieved by ASIV post-treatment. The present study revealed that ASIV promoted mucosal healing process in TNBS-induced colitis, which was most likely attributed to regulating energy metabolism.
An inhibitory role of Arg-84 in anion channelrhodopsin-2 expressed in Escherichia coli
Authors: Doi Satoko , Tsukamoto Takashi , Yoshizawa Susumu , Sudo Yuki 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAnion channelrhodopsin-2 (ACR2) was recently identified from the cryptophyte algae Guillardia theta and has become a focus of interest in part because of its novel light-gated anion channel activity and its extremely high neural silencing activity. In this study, we tried to express ACR2 in Escherichia coli cells as a recombinant protein. The E. coli cells expressing ACR2 showed an increase in pH upon blue-light illumination in the presence of monovalent anions and the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), indicating an inward anion channel activity. Then, taking advantage of the E. coli expression system, we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis on conserved basic amino acid residues. One of them, R84A, showed strong signals compared with the wild-type, indicating an inhibitory role of R84 on Cl− transportation. The signal was strongly enhanced in R84E, whereas R84K was less effective than the wild-type (i.e., R84). These results suggest that the positive charge at position 84 is critical for the inhibition. Thus we succeeded in functional expression of ACR2 in E. coli and found the inhibitory role of R84 during the anion transportation.
Low mutual coupling antenna array for WLAN application
Authors: Sun Xu‐bao , Cao Mao Yong 
Published: February 2017

A mutual coupling reduction antenna design for WLAN MIMO application is proposed. The proposed antenna array consists of two rectangular patch antennas, six parallel metal strips, a single substrate layer, and common ground plane. About −42 dB mutual coupling is achieved at the 5.8 GHz resonant frequency. Both simulation and measurement results confirm improvements in mutual coupling at about 30 dB when compared with those without metal strips. The radiation patterns are almost unaffected by adding these metal strips in the proposed antenna.
Calcium signals drive cell shape changes during zebrafish midbrain–hindbrain boundary formation
Authors: Sahu Srishti U. , Visetsouk Mike R. , Garde Ryan J. , Hennes Leah , Kwas Constance , Gutzman Jennifer H. 
Published: February 2017

One of the first morphogenetic events in the vertebrate brain is the formation of the highly conserved midbrain–hindbrain boundary (MHB). Specific cell shape changes occur at the point of deepest constriction of the MHB, the midbrain–hindbrain boundary constriction (MHBC), and are critical for proper MHB formation. These cell shape changes are controlled by nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) motor proteins, which are tightly regulated via the phosphorylation of their associated myosin regulatory light chains (MRLCs). However, the upstream signaling pathways that initiate the regulation of NMII to mediate cell shape changes during MHB morphogenesis are not known. We show that intracellular calcium signals are critical for the regulation of cell shortening during initial MHB formation. We demonstrate that the MHB region is poised to respond to calcium transients that occur in the MHB at the onset of MHB morphogenesis and that calcium mediates phosphorylation of MRLC specifically in MHB tissue. Our results indicate that calmodulin 1a (calm1a), expressed specifically in the MHB, and myosin light chain kinase together mediate MHBC cell length. Our data suggest that modulation of NMII activity by calcium is critical for proper regulation of cell length to determine embryonic brain shape during development.
Impact of technological creep on fishing effort and fishing mortality, for a selection of European fleets
Authors: Marchal Paul , Andersen Bo , Caillart B. , Eigaard Ole , Guyader Olivier , Hovgaard Holger , Iriondo Ane , Le Fur Fanny , Sacchi Jacques , Santurtún Marina 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Marchal, P., Andersen, B., Caillart, B., Eigaard, Guyader, O., Hovgaard, H., Iriondo, A., Le Fur, F., Sacchi, J., and Santurtún, M. 2007. Impact of technological creep on fishing effort and fishing mortality, for a selection of European fleets–ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 192–209. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to identify the main changes in gear and vessel technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of a number of French, Danish, and Basque fleets over the past few decades. Important changes include the gradual appearance of twin trawls (Danish and French trawlers) and trammel-nets (French gillnetters), and the increased polyvalence of Basque bottom trawlers. The results suggest that fishing effort descriptors that are not traditionally measured (gear type, groundrope type, length of net used per day, headline length, crew size, number of winch or net drums) may have a substantial impact on catch rates. Adjusting fishing effort using such descriptors may generally improve the relationship between fishing effort and fishing mortality.
Biophysical and biochemical control of cell expansion in roots and leaves
Authors: Tomos Deri , Pritchard Jeremy 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The endogenous regulation of the extension of cells and tissues appears to be dominated by cell wail mechanics. By simultaneously measuring growth rate at near-single cell resolution and single cell turgor pressure we have begun to chart the behaviour of an expanding cell as it passes from the meristem to the mature region of the roots of maize, wheat, barley, tomato, and Pinus pinaster. A key feature is that turgor pressure is unchanged throughout the development of the cell. Two phases can be distinguished within the expanding zone, (i) An acceleration phase in which the cell walls loosen. The cells of this phase can rapidly alter their wall mechanics following water stress and have the most powerful capacity for osmotic adjustment. This phase is associated with a peak in the activity of the potential cell-wall-loosening enzyme XET. (ii) A decelerating phase in which the walls stiffen. This phase can be initiated prematurely by a number of external factors such as NaCI, high osmotic pressure, galactose and, possibly, soil impedance. The corresponding behaviour of examples of leaf (Lolium, wheat and barley) and stem (Sinapis) growth are discussed. Finally the presence of, and roles for, high concentrations of solutes in the walls of expanding cells are discussed. In this context motor cells that are responsible for reversible movement (e.g. those of Phaseolus pulvini) are compared and contrasted with those undergoing irreversible growth. In the pulvini, movement is due to changes in turgor pressure brought about by changes in the apoplast osmotic pressure.
Dental Enamel as an In Vivo Radiation Dosemeter: Separation of the Diagnostic X Ray Dose from the Dose Due to Natural Sources
Authors: Aldrich J.E. , Pass B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The determination of the radiation exposure history of the population has become increasingly important in the study of the effects of low level radiation. Dental enamel is the only living tissue which retains indefinitely its radiation history, and electron spin resonance measurements have shown that the radiation signal can be resolved down to about 0.1 Gy. Measurements on samples from the general population give radiation exposure estimates that are reasonable, and one measurement on a patient who had radiotherapy to the mouth area showed a good correlation with tumour dose. Recent work by this group has centred on the problem of separating the dose due to natural radiation from that due to medical or dental X rays. By detailed analysis of the energy absorption coefficients and mass attenuation coefficients, and a study of the ESR signal over a wide range of energies we have now been able to separate the two components. The possible areas of application of this technique are discussed.
Instrumentation in Thermoluminescence Dosimetry
Authors: Julius (INVITED) H.W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In the performance of a thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) system the equipment plays an important role. Crucial parameters of instrumentation in TLD are discussed in some detail. A review is given of equipment available on the market today - with some emphasis on automation - which is partly based on information from industry and others involved in research and development.
Detection of Thermal Neutrons by CR-39 Using a Boron Implanted Converter
Authors: Makovicka L. , Barelaud B. , Decossas J.L. , Vareille J.C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
To detect thermal neutrons, we used the (n,a) reaction on 10B. In order to obtain dose equivalent response for thermal neutrons similar to those obtained for fast neutrons with a (CH2)n radiator, we calculated and realised (n,a) converters by implantation of 10B in polyethylene (CH2)n or in iron. These converters were made on the 400 kV H.V.E.E. accelerator of our laboratory. Concentrations of 10B atoms were used between 1014 atoms.cm-2 and 2 x 1015 atoms.cm-2. We compared our theoretical estimates with experimental results from irradiations in C.E.N. Cadarache and A.E.R.E. Harwell, which were obtained using various detectors (CR-39, CAD) behind the converter. Results are given as the number of registered tracks.mSv-1.cm-2. The influence of implantation parameters was also studied. A good agreement exists between calculations and experimental results for both devices; i.e. 10B in (CH2)n and 10B in iron.
The Response of the Alanine Dosemeter to Low Energy Protons and High Energy Heavy Charged Particles
Authors: Olsen K.J. , Hansen J.W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The relative effectiveness, RE, of dose response in the alanine dosemeter has been measured and predicted from track structure theory calculations for 1, 2, 3, 6, and 16 MeV protons as well as 4 MeV.u-116O, 15.4 MeV.u-158Ni, 13.8 MeV.u-1208Pb, and 15 MeV.u-1238U ions. The decay in the dose response that follows heavy ion exposures has been measured and predicted from the theory of track structure for 1, 2, 3, 6, and 16 MeV protons and 4 MeV.u-116O, 15.2 MeV.u-140Ca, 15.4 MeV.u-158Ni, 13.8 MeV.u-1208Pb, and 5.9 MeV.u-1 and 16.5 MeV.u-1238U ions. The decay has also been measured after exposure at high dose rate to 10 MeV electrons at doses up to 4 MGy. The present work shows that the method of using track structure theory for predicting RE and decay rates of the response of the alanine dosemeter is applicable for the lighter ions, Z&lt;30. Heavier ions give higher RE and decay rates than those calculated.
Microdosimetry in Radioimmunotherapy
Authors: Humm J.L. , Chin L.M. , Cobb L. , Begent R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Antibodies are rapidly being developed which target radionuclides to tumour tissue. The MIRD formulation to calculate absorbed dose from internal emitters has limitations in radiation targeted therapy because of the heterogeneity of antibody distribution through the tumour. This heterogeneity results from vascular and tissue penetration barriers as well as variations in antigen concentration. The problems raised in radioimmunotherapy by the dosimetry of these non-uniform source distributions present an interesting challenge to microdosimetry. Calculations of the mean energy deposition with tumour cell nuclei for randomly distributed 131I and 211At are compared with the case of 131I and 211At-labelled antibody uniformly bound to cell surface antigen. The MIRD dosimetric approach does not address the question of energy deposition at the cellular level, and therefore is unable to differentiate the radiation tumour burden from different source distributions at the microscopic level. Considerable increases in the energy deposition to the cell nucleus may arise due to the geometric weighting of the decay site loci to the periphery of the cell nuclei. The magnitude of this geometric enhancement factor is a function of the inter-cellular distances and the range of the radiation, i.e. the tumour histology and the choice of radionuclide. Methods are being investigated to obtain experimental data for microdosimetric calculations directly from patient tumour biopsy material following the administration of radiolabelled antibody. Automated image analysis techniques are being developed to ascertain the location of the sources and cell nuclear targets using autoradiography and histological staining methods respectively. It is the aim of this study to obtain the distribution of energy deposition to individual cell nuclei from small regions of tumour material in order to obtain a more accurate assessment of tumour cell survival.
Progress in Thermoluminescence Dosimetry at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Vinca
Authors: Prokic M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Results are presented on: development of a new MgB4O7 thermoluminescence material with the main TL peak at about 270 oC with extremely stable TL characteristics; improvement of TL sensitivity of graphite-mixed MgB4O7:Dy TL detectors for beta dosimetry; preparation of LiF:Mg,Ti TL dosemeters in the form of sintered pellets, by a simplified preparation method; preparation of thermoluminescent lithium borates doped with manganese or copper, in the form of sintered pellets; production of unique sintered CaSO4:Dy TLD pellets developed at the Institute Vinca. The properties of these TL dosemeters, including sensitivity, reusability and storage characteristics, are presented.
Lyoluminescence of Saccharides as a Tool for Large Scale Dosimetry
Authors: Nickel Th. , Pitt E. , Scharmann A. , Suprihadi T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Lyoluminescence, the radiation induced chemiluminescence of solids like saccharides and salts, has been proposed as a cheap dosemeter for high level dosimetry, i.e. for therapy, accident dosimetry and spice irradiation detection. The tissue-equivalence of materials, as well as the omission of pre- and post-reading handling of those low cost dosemeter materials, may be considered advantageous in comparison with other systems. Up till now one of the factors most inhibiting the introduction of lyoluminescence in routine dosimetry is the insufficiently known role of environmental influences during the solution process, leading to large standard deviations in dose readings. Investigations concerning the behaviour of two typical saccharides and the influence of oxygen on the mechanisms of lyoluminescence are reported here.
Characteristics of a New Type of Vinten Dosemeter for Skin-Extremity Monitoring
Authors: Dutt J.C. , Iles W.J. , Bartlett D.T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A type test has been carried out on a new type of thin TL dosemeter manufactured by Vinten Analytical Systems Ltd of UK. The dosemeter has been tested for its suitability for skin/extremity monitoring in terms of the new ICRU quantity, individual dose equivalent, superficial, Hs (0.07). The new extremity TL dosemeter has a thin cover of 3 mg.cm-2 areal density of an aluminised bilaminar plastic in place of the previous thicker black polyethylene of areal density of ~6 mg.cm-2. The dosemeter is found to be suitable for the measurement of beta ray spectra of mean energies down to 70 keV and for all angles of incidence, but the once-only annealing of these dosemeters may limit the long term field use owing to fading, and sensitivity variations.
TSEE and TL of Li2B407:Cu Single Crystals
Authors: Kutomi Y. , Tomita A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
TSEE and TL from copper-doped lithium tetraborate single crystals irradiated with X rays, at room temperature were measured simultaneously. TSEE glow peaks at about 90 oC(E1), 165 oC(E2) and 255 oC(E3) and TL glow peaks at about 90 oC(L1), 165 oC(L2) and 230 oC(L3) were observed using a heating rate of 15 oC.min-1. All the TL glow peaks show an emission spectrum which peaks at about 360 nm. ESR measurements were also made. The mechanisms of exoelectron emission are discussed based on the results.
Radiofrequency Detection by Bubble Dosemeter Technology
Authors: Olsen R.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In an initial attempt to utilise solid state dosimetric technology for non-ionising radiation, planar bubble type detectors were irradiated with microwave energy at 2.38 GHz. Individual devices were produced as thin discs (8 cm diam. x 0.6 cm) rather than in the normal test-tube configuration. Both aqueous and non-aqueous-based devices were exposed to plane-wave irradiation inside a microwave anechoic chamber at power densities ranging from 40 to 80 mW.cm-2. Specific absorption rate (SAR) in the disc shaped devices was thermometrically determined with the aid of a non-perturbing temperature probe and was approximately 0.3 (W.kg-1)/(mW.cm-2). Results showed the irradiation-induced bubble response to be relatively uniform in both types of devices, but the sensitivity was lower than that needed in a practical microwave dosemeter. We believe that improved sensitivity will be obtained by adding materials with a high microwave absorption cross section.
Afterglow and Thermoluminescence Response of Europium-Doped Alkali Halides Dosemeters
Authors: Meléndrez R. , Pérez R. , Clark A. , Aceves R. , Barboza-Flores M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
It is well known that Eu2+-doped alkali halides show a persistent luminescence, often referred to as afterglow, after being subjected to ionising radiation. Several mechanisms responsible for the observed afterglow and thermoluminescence have been proposed which are dependent on the type of alkali halide crystal, of radiation used and the aggregation - precipitation state of the impurity. We have carried out detailed afterglow and thermoluminescence measurements in europium-doped KC1, irradiated with X rays. Our conclusions support the occurrence of at least two main mechanisms originating in the existence of impurity vacancy dipoles and the recombination of F centres and other defects with interstitial halogen ions.
TSEE, TL and Optical Properties of LiF Single Crystals
Authors: Uchrin G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
LiF:Ti,Mg single crystals, of which the Ti content is 100 µmol.mol-1 and Mg concentration varies between 10 and 1000 µmol.mol-1, LiF single crystals (type DTG-4, Russian) and cold pressed LiF prepared from Harshaw TLD-100 powder were studied. TSEE and TL responses after beta or gamma irradiation were subsequently recorded using computer aided photon counting (Daybreak TL), and a multineedle counter type TSEE reader. TL and TSEE glow curves were studied in the temperature range of 50 to 500 oC. The optical absorbance and its dose dependence was measured in the 200-450 nm range. Properties such as TL and TSEE glow peak positions dose responses were determined and analysed. An explanation of probable TL-TSEE correlation is given with a discussion of the applicability of TL-TSEE readings for personal accident dose evaluation.
A Mathematical Description of Sublethal Damage Repair and Interaction During Continuous Low-Dose Rate Irradiation
Authors: Wuu C.S. , Zaider M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A mathematical formalism that calculates survival probabilities for cells exposed to ionising radiation while progressing through the mitotic cycle is described. The formalism, based on the linear quadratic expression -InS(D) = aD + ßD2, includes phase-specific cellular parameters and recovery constants for sublethal damage, the interaction between sublesions produced at different stages of the cell cycle, and the time spent by cells in each phase of the cycle while being irradiated. Survival curves calculated with this formalism are compared with model calculations where the overall survival probability is obtained (in the authors' view, incorrectly) as a simple product of phase specific probabilities.
Soil Gas and Radon Entry into a Simple Test Structure: Comparison of Experimental and Modelling Results
Authors: Andersen C.E. , Søgaard-Hansen J. , Majborn B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A radon test structure has been established at a field site at Riso National Laboratory. Measurements have been made of soil gas entry rates, pressure couplings and radon depletion. The experimental results have been compared with results obtained from measured soil parameters and a two-dimensional steady-state numerical model of Darcy flow and combined diffusive and advective transport of radon. For most probe locations, the calculated values of the pressure couplings and the radon depletion agree well with the measured values, thus verifying important elements of the Darcy flow approximation, and the ability of the model to treat combined diffusive and advective transport of radon. However, the model gives an underestimation of the soil gas entry rate. Even if it is assumed that the soil has a permeability equal to the highest of the measured values, the model underestimates the soil gas entry rate by a factor of two.