bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topographic and fire weather controls of fire refugia in forested ecosystems of northwestern North America
Authors: Krawchuk Meg A. , Haire Sandra L. , Coop Jonathan , Parisien Marc‐André , Whitman Ellen , Chong Geneva , Miller Carol 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFire refugia, sometimes referred to as fire islands, shadows, skips, residuals, or fire remnants, are an important element of the burn mosaic, but we lack a quantitative framework that links observations of fire refugia from different environmental contexts. Here, we develop and test a conceptual model for how predictability of fire refugia varies according to topographic complexity and fire weather conditions. Refugia were quantified as areas unburned or burned at comparatively low severity based on remotely sensed burn severity data. We assessed the relationship between refugia and a suite of terrain‐related explanatory metrics by fitting a collection of boosted regression tree models. The models were developed for seven study fires that burned in conifer‐dominated forested landscapes of the Western Cordillera of Canada between 2001 and 2014. We fit nine models, each for distinct levels of fire weather and terrain ruggedness. Our framework revealed that the predictability and abundance of fire refugia varied among these environmental settings. We observed highest predictability under moderate fire weather conditions and moderate terrain ruggedness (ROC‐AUC = 0.77), and lowest predictability in flatter landscapes and under high fire weather conditions (ROC‐AUC = 0.63–0.68). Catchment slope, local aspect, relative position, topographic wetness, topographic convergence, and local slope all contributed to discriminating where refugia occur but the relative importance of these topographic controls differed among environments. Our framework allows us to characterize the predictability of contemporary fire refugia across multiple environmental settings and provides important insights for ecosystem resilience, wildfire management, conservation planning, and climate change adaptation.
Highly Sensitive Hydrazine Sensor Based on Co(OH)2 Nanoflakes Electrochemically Deposited on MWCNTs
Authors: Kohila rani Karuppasamy , Devasenathipathy Rajkumar , Wang Sea‐Fue , Subramanian K. Sundara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe delineate the electrochemical preparation of cobalt hydroxide nanoflakes Co(OH)2 NFs on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by potentiostatic methods. The preparation was done on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and X‐ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS). The resulting f‐MWCNTs/Co(OH)2 NFs modified GCE exhibits a good electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of hydrazine in terms of decreasing over potential and increasing peak current. The modified electrode holds good in the linear range from 0.5 to 15.5 μM with limit of detection as 87.5 nM. The sensitivity of our modified electrode is calculated to be 5733 μA/mM cm‐2. Remarkably, the obtained LOD value of our sensor is very lower compared to the recommended concentration of hydrazine in water by World health organization (WHO) and Environmental protective agency (EPA). The modified electrode detects hydrazine selectively even in the presence of common interferants. Various water samples were chosen to study the practical feasibility of our sensor. The sensor also exhibited an appreciable stability, repeatability and reproducibility.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Three Dimensional Graphene‐Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for Enhanced Electro Catalytic Oxidation of Caffeic Acid
Authors: Sakthinathan Subramanian , Kubendhiran Subbiramaniyan , Chen Shen‐Ming 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThree dimensional graphene‐multiwalled carbon nanotube nano composite (3DG/MWCNTs−Nc) was synthesized by simple hydrothermal method for the amperometric determination of caffeic acid (CA). The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopic technique (SEM), ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV), Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Moreover, the interfacial electron transfer properties of the modified electrode were carried out by the electro chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Besides, the electro chemical performance of the modified electrode was carried out by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric (i‐t) technique. The proposed electrode was exhibited an enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the detection of CA. Under the optimal condition, the 3DG/MWCNTs−Nc modified electrode displayed a linear range from 0.2 to 174 μM, detection limit (LOD) 17.8 nM and sensitivity of 5.8308 μA μM−1 cm−2 and on applied potential + 0.2 V. These result showed, 3DG/MWCNTs−Nc modified electrodes showed good repeatability, reproducibility, and higher stability. In addition, the fabricated electrode was then successfully used to determine the CA in real samples with satisfactory recoveries. Which suggests that the 3DG/MWCNTs−Nc as a robust sensing materials for the electrochemical detection of CA.
Characterisation of the genomic landscape of CRLF2‐rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Russell Lisa J. , Jones Lisa , Enshaei Amir , Tonin Stefano , Ryan Sarra L. , Eswaran Jeyanthy , Nakjang Sirintra , Papaemmanuil Elli , Tubio Jose M. C. , Fielding Adele K. , Vora Ajay , Campbell Peter J. , Moorman Anthony V. , Harrison Christine J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDeregulated expression of the type I cytokine receptor, CRLF2, is observed in 5–15% of precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL). We aimed to determine the clinical and genetic landscape of those with IGH‐CRLF2 or P2RY8‐CRLF2 (CRLF2‐r) using multiple genomic approaches. Clinical and demographic features of CRLF2‐r patients were characteristic of B‐ALL. Patients with IGH‐CRLF2 were older (14 y vs. 4 y, P < .001), while the incidence of CRLF2‐r among Down syndrome patients was high (50/161, 31%). CRLF2‐r co‐occurred with primary chromosomal rearrangements but the majority (111/161, 69%) had B‐other ALL. Copy number alteration (CNA) profiles were similar to B‐other ALL, although CRLF2‐r patients harbored higher frequencies of IKZF1 (60/138, 43% vs. 77/1351, 24%) and BTG1 deletions (20/138, 15% vs. 3/1351, 1%). There were significant differences in CNA profiles between IGH‐CRLF2 and P2RY8‐CRLF2 patients: IKZF1 (25/35, 71% vs. 36/108, 33%, P < .001), BTG1 (11/35, 31% vs. 10/108, 9%, P =.004), and ADD3 deletions (9/19, 47% vs. 5/38, 13%, P =.008). A novel gene fusion, USP9X‐DDX3X, was discovered in 10/54 (19%) of patients. Pathway analysis of the mutational profile revealed novel involvement for focal adhesion. Although the functional relevance of many of these abnormalities are unknown, they likely activate additional pathways, which may represent novel therapeutic targets.
Modular‐level alterations of structure–function coupling in schizophrenia connectome
Authors: Sun Yu , Dai Zhongxiang , Li Junhua , Collinson Simon L. , Sim Kang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractConvergent evidences have revealed that schizophrenia is associated with brain dysconnectivity, which leads to abnormal network organization. However, discrepancies were apparent between the structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) studies, and the relationship between structural and functional deficits in schizophrenia remains largely unknown. In this study, resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging and structural diffusion tensor imaging were performed in 20 patients with schizophrenia and 20 matched healthy volunteers (patients/controls = 19/17 after head motion rejection). Functional and structural brain networks were obtained for each participant. Graph theoretical approaches were employed to parcellate the FC networks into functional modules. The relationships between the entries of SC and FC were estimated within each module to identify group differences and their correlations with clinical symptoms. Although five common functional modules (including the default mode, occipital, subcortical, frontoparietal, and central modules) were identified in both groups, the patients showed a significantly reduced modularity in comparison with healthy participants. Furthermore, we found that schizophrenia‐related aberrations of SC–FC coupling exhibited complex patterns among modules. Compared with controls, patients showed an increased SC–FC coupling in the default mode and the central modules. Moreover, significant SC–FC decoupling was demonstrated in the occipital and the subcortical modules, which was associated with longer duration of illness and more severe clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that altered module‐dependent SC–FC coupling may underlie abnormal brain function and clinical symptoms observed in schizophrenia and highlighted the potential for using new multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers for diagnosis and severity evaluation of schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2008–2025, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hippocampal damage and memory impairment in congenital cyanotic heart disease
Authors: Muñoz‐López Mónica , Hoskote Aparna , Chadwick Martin J. , Dzieciol Anna M. , Gadian David G. , Chong Kling , Banks Tina , de Haan Michelle , Baldeweg Torsten , Mishkin Mortimer , Vargha‐Khadem Faraneh 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTNeonatal hypoxia can lead to hippocampal atrophy, which can lead, in turn, to memory impairment. To test the generalizability of this causal sequence, we examined a cohort of 41 children aged 8‐16, who, having received the arterial switch operation to correct for transposition of the great arteries, had sustained significant neonatal cyanosis but were otherwise neurodevelopmentally normal. As predicted, the cohort had significant bilateral reduction of hippocampal volumes relative to the volumes of 64 normal controls. They also had significant, yet selective, impairment of episodic memory as measured by standard tests of memory, despite relatively normal levels of intelligence, academic attainment, and verbal fluency. Across the cohort, degree of memory impairment was correlated with degree of hippocampal atrophy suggesting that even as early as neonatal life no other structure can fully compensate for hippocampal injury and its special role in serving episodic long term memory. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Inspector General Function and Outsourcing: An Introduction
Authors: Shapiro David M. 
Published: December 2016

In light of the apparent lack of success of one‐size‐fits‐all approaches to process improvement generally and the importance of localized conditions to problem solving, the inspector general (IG) function may conceivably be performed, entirely or in part, by the private sector without any clearly obvious detriments in fact; that is, particular circumstances may support the IG as a private‐sector outsourced inspection and oversight unit. As public‐sector budgets become strained and the significance of the independent (not‐for‐profit) sector gains in prominence and influence, the role of the IG may be redesigned and reimplemented as a function within the independent/private sector, separate and apart from the agency under its inspection and oversight responsibilities. Thus, it would be directly subject to the demands and constraints commonly applied to the private sector, including performance measures such as profitability, maintenance of adequate capital reserves, and so on. The relationships among the public, private, and independent sectors, including analysis of the effectiveness of financial and performance standards, as well as potential effects on the IG unit of obligations to stakeholders distinct from the current mix of stakeholders in the provision of public‐sector service such as private shareholders, will form part of this discussion.	© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alternative Earnings Management Techniques: What Audit Committees and Internal Auditors Should Know
Authors: Braswell Mike , Daniels Roger B. 
Published: December 2016

The desire to meet analysts' earnings expectations has driven companies to abandon credible financial reporting by stretching the boundaries of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and even making operational and investment decisions that compromise future financial performance. Although external auditors have made strides in curtailing GAAP‐based earnings management, real earnings management (REM) has been adopted by management who hope to improve reported earnings. Such behavior should be of concern to audit committees (ACs) whose responsibilities extend beyond simple compliance with GAAP, to include ensuring that financial information is credible enough to facilitate risk assessments and to maintain effective internal control systems to monitor the effective use of resources by management to maximize long‐term shareholder wealth.The purpose of this article is to increase awareness about the nature, extent, and consequences of management's use of REM to meet Wall Street expectations. We also discuss company and governance attributes that are associated with REM so that ACs and internal auditors (IAs) are able to identify circumstances in which REM is employed to generate earnings that satisfy Wall Street. Specific techniques to detect REM are provided, as well as disclosure alternatives that the AC may use to assist financial statement users in assessing current‐ and future‐period financial performance. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal Two‐Dimensional Optical Orthogonal Codes with the Best Cross‐Correlation Constraint
Authors: Feng Tao , Wang Lidong , Wang Xiaomiao , Zhao Yancai 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe study of optical orthogonal codes has been motivated by an application in an optical code‐division multiple access system. From a practical point of view, compared to one‐dimensional optical orthogonal codes, two‐dimensional optical orthogonal codes tend to require smaller code length. On the other hand, in some circumstances only with good cross‐correlation one can deal with both synchronization and user identification. These motivate the study of two‐dimensional optical orthogonal codes with better cross‐correlation than auto‐correlation. This paper focuses on optimal two‐dimensional optical orthogonal codes with the auto‐correlationand the best cross‐correlation 1. By examining the structures ofw‐cyclic group divisible designs and semi‐cyclic incomplete holey group divisible designs, we present new combinatorial constructions for two‐dimensional‐optical orthogonal codes. Whenand, the exact number of codewords of an optimal two‐dimensional‐optical orthogonal code is determined for any positive integersnand.
Ecophysiological Indicators to Assess Drought Responses of Arid Zone Native Seedlings in Reconstructed Soils
Authors: Bateman Amber , Lewandrowski Wolfgang , Stevens Jason C. , Muñoz‐Rojas Miriam 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRestoration of degraded arid and semi‐arid land faces the challenge of reinstating vegetation communities exposed to limited and variable rainfall events that in combination with a deficit of original topsoil may exceed thresholds for seedling development. In a series of glasshouse experiments, we evaluated variation in drought responses of (i) 21 arid zone plant species from the mining intensive Pilbara region of Western Australia in an original topsoil substrate and (ii) four selected species (Acacia inaequilatera,Acacia spondylophylla,Eucalyptus leucophloiaandTriodia epactia) in three different soil substrates (topsoil, overburden material and a blend of both soil materials) that may be considered as an alternative substrate for restoration. Seedling drought responses were tested using ecophysiological indicators (e.g. stomatal conductance and leaf water potential (Ψleaf) at the time of stomatal closure, among others) during soil drying. Our results showed that plant life form and morphological traits interact with ecophysiological indicators to show that trees are significantly less tolerant to drought‐related stress than shrubs and herbs (p ≤ 0·05). When grown in overburden material seedlings experienced a decline in overall plant growth (87% inT. epactiaand 62% inE. leucophloia) and ecophysiological drought tolerance. These responses are evidence of the low quality of the overburden substrate, which has a depleted nutrient content and low water retention capacity. Overall, this study highlights the sensitivity of early seedling development and the importance of facilitating seedling recruitment and survival to secure successful arid zone restoration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On quality of radar rainfall with respect to temporal and spatial resolution for application to urban areas
Authors: Yoon Jungsoo , Joo Jingul , Yoo Chulsang , Hwang Seokhwan , Lim Sanghun 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study the quality of radar rainfall with respect to temporal and spatial resolution was examined. Gwangdeoksan Radar and the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) Radar were used for this purpose, along with the automatic weather systems data within Seoul. In addition, several quantitative quality measures were applied to examine the resolution. A negative bias of more than 40% in the radar rainfall of Gwangdeoksan Radar occurred with changes in the temporal and spatial resolution. However, the negative bias in the radar rainfall of KICT Radar was less than 10%. The mean square error in the radar rainfall of Gwangdeoksan Radar ranged from 5.5 to 0.4 mm2 h−2 and the mean square error in the radar rainfall of KICT Radar ranged from 30.2 to 1.5 mm2 h−2. The correlation co‐efficient of the accumulated time of 30 min was more than 0.7, which increased by 30% from the correlation co‐efficient of the accumulated time of 10 min. The bias in the radar rainfall of Gwangdeoksan Radar was still large with changes in the temporal and spatial resolution. However, the radar rainfall of KICT Radar was quantitatively similar to the gauge rainfall, and so the radar rainfall did not need any further quantitative correction.
Analysis of components of variance determining probability of setup errors in CBCT‐guided stereotactic radiotherapy of lung tumors
Authors: Cuijpers Johan P. , Dahele Max , Jonker Marianne , Kraan Bianca , Senan Suresh , Slotman Ben , Verbakel Wilko FAR 
Published: December 2016

PurposeOnline tumor matching for SABR lung setup requires margins for inaccuracies due to intra‐fraction variability of breathing‐averaged tumor position (BATP) and CBCT image guidance. We studied intra‐fraction variability during SABR delivery using VMAT, corrected these for measurement inaccuracies, and quantified the CBCT image‐guidance uncertainties.Materials and methodsFor 193 fractions in 38 patients positioned without immobilization devices, CBCT scans were acquired before and after 2 arcs of a RapidArc treatment. A hidden marker test was performed to determine the accuracy of the CBCT system and an inter‐observer test was performed to measure registration accuracy. Intra‐fraction variability was calculated after correction for these components of variance, and the prediction interval for setup inaccuracies was determined.ResultsCorrection for measurement inaccuracies reduced the intra‐fraction variability of the BATP from 1.9 to 1.6 mm in AP, from 1.7 to 1.4 mm in SI and from 1.5 to 1.1 mm in LR direction (1 SD). Intra‐fraction variability in bony anatomy after correction was ≤ 1 mm (1 SD). The 95% prediction interval to account for CBCT image‐guidance uncertainties and intra‐fraction variability was determined, and was found to be within our institutional PTV margins of 5 mm.ConclusionsOur findings show that it is essential to account for measurement and system inaccuracies when obtaining data for validating PTV margins from online CBCT image guidance.
Evaluating psychological distress data
Authors: McIntosh James 
Published: December 2016

AbstractKessler k6 psychological distress scores are analyzed using a count model and item response theory (IRT) models are applied to the items which produce the k6 score and generate an alternative distress score, θ*. Other ways of utilizing the constituent items are also examined. The data used in the analysis comes from the 2014 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Three important results emerge. First, θ* and k6 are not highly correlated and their distributions are quite different. The k6 score gives a much more favourable picture of mental health than θ*. Second, k6 does a much better job in explaining participation in treatment programs than θ* suggesting a very limited role for IRT methods in the analysis of psychological distress data. As a diagnostic tool k6 is an effective and simple way of summarizing the item data. Third, for researchers interested in which individual characteristics determine psychological distress better results are obtained by analyzing the six constituent items which are used to generate the k6 score using ordered probability models rather than k6 itself.
The varied ways of being male and female
Authors: Schärer Lukas 
Published: December 2016

SUMMARYOur understanding of sexual reproduction is mainly informed by research on gonochorists (i.e., species with separate sexes), including insects, birds, and mammals. But the male and female sexes are not two types of individuals; they actually represent two different reproductive strategies, and in many organisms, these two strategies are distributed among individuals in a population in a variety of ways. For example, sequential hermaphrodites (or sex‐changers) exhibit one strategy early in life and later switch to the other, while simultaneous hermaphrodites exhibit both strategies at the same time. There are also many intermediate sexual systems that mix gonochorists and hermaphrodites in the same species and within many organismal groups, shifts occur between these sexual systems. A fascinating collection of six articles in this special issue on Hermaphroditism & Sex Determination impressively documents some important challenges to our understanding of sex determination, and the specification of male and female reproductive function when these need to occur within the same individual rather than in two separate individuals. Moreover, hermaphroditism changes how we need to think about reproductive allocation to sexual functions, how such allocation can be specified, as well as how the sexual system affects sexual conflict and the resulting antagonistic coevolution. Our understanding of sexual reproduction will profit greatly from exploring the varied ways of being male and female. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 84: 94–104, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A narrative review of musculoskeletal problems of the lower extremity and back associated with the interface between occupational tasks, feet, footwear and flooring
Authors: Anderson Jennifer , Williams Anita E , Nester Christopher J 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAt least 50% of workers are exposed to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) due to spending prolonged hours standing at work. There is a lack of information regarding issues with the feet, solutions to the problem, and links between MSD, feet, footwear and flooring. The present article provides a narrative review of the research in this area, based on 31 papers. Workers who stand for large proportions of the working day had a level of MSD considerably greater than a normal population. Muscle co‐activation, blood pooling, muscle fatigue and individual characteristics are all associated with MSD. Altering flooring provided mixed results, while footwear appeared to have the potential to affect MSD, although the dearth of literature limited the conclusions that could be drawn. Despite their inextricable link, literature regarding the relationship between occupational tasks, MSD, footwear and flooring remains limited and future studies will benefit from rigorously designed protocols.