bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Advances in the Perioperative Period for Older Adults
Authors: Solomon Philip , Calabrese Brooke , LaVine Sean 
Published: January 2018

Background:
As the population of the United States continues to increase, particularly older than 65 years, the number of adults older than 65 years undergoing surgeries should increase as well.

Areas of Uncertainty:
The inpatient perioperative care of the segment of the population older than 65 years has unique challenges that are not currently well studied or outlined.

Therapeutic Advances:
There have been encouraging data on preoperative risk assessments and screening for geriatric patients in recent years. Although younger patients may not have improved outcomes from a full preoperative evaluation, there are potential benefits for elderly population. However, this must be weighed against the risks of overscreening, unnecessary testing, and potentially dangerous delays in time to surgery. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association perioperative guidelines should continue to be used in preoperative evaluation of older adults, as it decreases unnecessary testing. Frailty screening should be done in all geriatric patients to help predict postoperative complications and quality of life. In regards to perioperative medication management, some recommendations are strong and based on high-quality evidence (ie, continuation of beta-blockers) and should be followed in the geriatric population. However, high-quality evidence is lacking for many medication classes, particularly in the geriatric patient population.

Conclusion:
Older adults pose a unique set of challenges during the perioperative period. Therapeutic advances continue to rapidly evolve in the field and should be used in conjunction with a robust individualized risk assessment to help optimize geriatric patients' postoperative outcomes.
Vitamins and Dietary Supplements for the Older Adult: What Works and Why?
Authors: Saad Maha , Fausto Nicolas , Maisch Nicole 
Published: January 2018

Background:
The consumption of dietary supplements (DSs), including vitamins and minerals, is significant in older adults; this may be the result of current regulations and ease of introducing supplements into an ever-growing market.

Areas of Uncertainty:
The use of such supplements is not always effective and has been proven to be sometimes harmful.

Therapeutic Advances:
Current evidence does not support the use of vitamin E, vitamin A, and selenium supplements. The use of folic acid and vitamin B supplements is controversial and is only justified in cases of a deficiency. Calcium supplementation has been linked to an increase in cardiovascular (CV) events; however, supplementation within normal limits provides neither CV benefit nor risk in generally healthy adults. Vitamin D is likely to provide benefit in elderly patients at risk of falls and fractures when given in combination with calcium. The evidence with vitamin D supplements is conflicting regarding its effect on total, cancer, CV mortality, or CV risk. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is reasonable for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease death and in those with reduced ejection fraction heart failure.

Conclusions:
Health care providers need to remain abreast of emerging evidence and recommendations regarding the use of DSs and counsel patients regarding the potential benefits and adverse effects related to vitamins and other supplements. The DSs' effectiveness in relationship to the cost burden to patients, and potential prescription drug supplement interactions need to be considered.
Innovations in Insomnia Management: A Review of Current Approaches and Novel Targets Including Orexin Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Patel Raj , Quinn Ryann , Silver Jonathan 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Sleep disturbances are a source of significant challenge to the care of geriatric hospitalized patients.

Areas of Uncertainty:
Commonly used medications to promote sleep are fraught with side effects especially in the geriatric population. The management of this issue is very important to many patients.

Data Sources:
We reviewed current data on the effectiveness of current pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies to improve insomnia in elderly patients.

Results:
Environmental adjustments to the inpatient setting have been shown to improve sleep with no adverse effects. Cognitive behavioral therapy, has also been shown to improve objective and subjective sleep measures in older patients with similar efficacy to medications. Benzodiazepines are still popular medications despite evidence demonstrating adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, and cognitive decline. Nevertheless they have been shown to have a generally small effect on total sleep time. Nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists have also been demonstrated to pose significant risks of harms to the elderly patient, including delirium and, again, falls and fractures as the price for a small increase in total sleep time. Ramelteon is also shown to have an even smaller effect on sleep time, however, with a more positive side effect profile. Suvorexant is a new agent that works through a novel mechanism inhibiting the orexin activating system. It has been shown to have similar objective efficacy on sleep as other medications mentioned already and was approved by FDA without major warnings. However, more study is required to determine if it will elude the risks of medications already available.

Conclusions:
Given the lack of adverse consequences, a persuasive case can be made for a comprehensive behavioral approach to sleep promotion before pharmacologic agents are attempted. Studies comparing individual medications are unavailable and thus cannot guide therapy further.
New Innovations in Treatment and Monitoring of Heart Failure With Guidelines on the Use of Sacubitril/Valsartan and Ivabradine
Authors: Thampi Shankar , Sheth Shikha , Madu Chinedu , Chionchio Alicia , Loukas Evangelos 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that carries a significant burden of morbidity and is associated with poor long-term prognosis. Treatment of heart failure is constantly evolving, with large amounts of research going into the development of new medications, in the hopes of improving symptom management as well as reducing morbidity and mortality.

Area of Uncertainty:
One of the major areas of uncertainty regarding recent advances in heart failure management is the applicability of data from existing trials to the geriatric population. The majority of current research focuses on patients in a younger age group with a median age around 60, and there is a lack of randomized control trials assessing efficacy in the geriatric population specifically.

Therapeutic Advances:
Three new medications are examined in this review: sacubitril/valsartan, ivabradine, and nesiritide. Sacubitril/valsartan is a combination of neprilysin inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker that acts to increase natriuretic peptides and block the effect of angiotensin, leading to diuresis and vasodilation. The resultant reduction in systemic blood pressure and intravascular volume leads to decreased cardiac stress. This drug has Class 1B recommendation for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, with superior improvement in cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization rate compared with enalapril. Ivabradine is an If channel inhibitor that allows for selective reduction in heart rate without hindering cardiac contractility. This drug has Class IIa-B recommendation for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction with evidence of reduction in hospital admission rate. Nesiritide is a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide that causes arterial and venous dilation and suppression of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Clinical trials have shown that this medication has some positive effect with patients in acute heart failure exacerbation; however, no benefit in long-term management has been shown.

Conclusion:
As the population of the United States continues to age, the number of patients with heart failure will continue to rise. Understanding the wide range of treatment options available to elderly patients is increasingly important for clinicians. Determining whether any of the new therapeutic options is appropriate for a patient will be a collaborative effort between a clinician and patient and will depend heavily on the patient's comorbidities, functional status, and goals of care.
Therapeutic Advances in the Prevention and Treatment of Delirium in the Hospital Setting
Authors: Kluger Courtney , Shah Pooja , Maiti Sutapa , Babalola Olawumi , Mulvany Colm , Sinvani Liron 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Delirium is one of the most common, costly, and devastating complications affecting up to 56% of hospitalized older patients, with an associated hospital mortality rate of 25%–33%, and annual health care expenditures exceeding $152 billion.

Areas of Uncertainty:
Despite its high prevalence and poor outcomes, there is a significant gap in therapeutic interventions for the prevention and treatment of delirium.

Therapeutic Interventions:
Nonpharmacologic multicomponent prevention interventions such as the hospital elder life program (HELP) and early mobilization and reorientation remain first line, and they have consistently demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of delirium. There is currently no evidence to support the use of antipsychotics, cholinesterase inhibitors, or psychostimulants for the prevention of delirium across all health care settings, including the intensive care unit. Avoiding sedation, and specifically benzodiazepines, is an important modality to prevent delirium. Given the lack of evidence to support the use of antipsychotics along with the adverse event profile, including a black box warning for an increase in cardiovascular mortality, these medications should only be used for the treatment of delirium with features of severe agitation and psychosis. In the intensive care unit setting, dexmedetomidine in lieu of propofol or other classic sedatives may prevent and shorten the duration of delirium. Finally, dexmedetomidine and general anesthetics, such as sevoflurane and desflurane, are being evaluated in the prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium.

Conclusion:
Multicomponent nonpharmacologic interventions are currently the most effective modality for the prevention and treatment of delirium.
Untapped Potential
Authors: Lima Julie C. , Ogarek Jessica , Mor Vincent 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Nursing home (NH) care in the United States now includes many short-term admissions to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) for postacute care.

Objective:
To demonstrate the potential of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked to administrative data to study this group.

Research Design:
Descriptive retrospective panel study.

Subjects:
HRS respondents between 2002 and 2010 linked to administrative data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

Measures:
NH use was defined in 3 ways: by survey responses, Medicare SNF claims, and mandatory NH assessments.

Results:
In total, 8.5% of observation periods (ie, time between 2 consecutive survey dates or 2 years before initial survey) reported by the survey and 26.0% reported by administrative data indicated some NH use. There was 98% agreement between survey responses and administrative data when there was no indication of a NH observation in the administrative data. However, there was only 33% agreement between survey responses and administrative data when a NH stay was indicated in the administrative data. NH stays associated with SNF care were responsible for the discrepancy—they were not consistently captured by the HRS survey. Rates of agreement were highest when a proxy respondent was used, and lowest among respondents who rated themselves in excellent overall health. Rates of agreement were higher later in the decade than earlier.

Conclusions:
The HRS-Medicare–linked files enhance the ability of the HRS to examine the growing use of NH for postacute care as well as offer a more comprehensive view of who uses NHs.
Families’ Needs of Patients With Acquired Brain Injury: Acute Phase and Rehabilitation
Authors: de Goumoëns Véronique , Didier Amélia , Mabire Cédric , Shaha Maya , Diserens Karin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to identify and compare the needs of families of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) in acute care and rehabilitation settings.DesignA descriptive exploratory study was conducted.MethodsData were collected in the acute care setting and in the rehabilitation setting during meetings with families (n= 54) of patients with ABI using the Family Needs Questionnaire.FindingsIn both settings, families identified obtaining information about ABI or the patients’ health as the most important need, followed by support from health professionals.ConclusionFor families, accessing information about the disease situation was important regardless of patients being in the acute care or rehabilitation phase. To provide tailored care for these families, it is important to assess information needs systematically early in the acute phase of hospitalization.Clinical RelevanceA paradigm shift is desirable to include families in care, identify their needs, and support them in a more tailored way.
Biochemical analyses reveal amino acid residues critical for cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of human Cdc14A phosphatase by cyclin-dependent kinase 1
Authors: Ovejero Sara , Ayala Patricia , Malumbres Marcos , Pimentel-Muiños Felipe X. , Bueno Avelino , Sacristán María P. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTCdc14 enzymes compose a family of highly conserved phosphatases that are present in a wide range of organisms, including yeast and humans, and that preferentially reverse the phosphorylation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk) substrates. The budding yeast Cdc14 orthologue has essential functions in the control of late mitosis and cytokinesis. In mammals, however, the two Cdc14 homologues, Cdc14A and Cdc14B, do not play a prominent role in controlling late mitotic events, suggesting that some Cdc14 functions are not conserved across species. Moreover, in yeast, Cdc14 is regulated by changes in its subcellular location and by phosphorylation events. In contrast, little is known about the regulation of human Cdc14 phosphatases. Here, we have studied how the human Cdc14A orthologue is regulated during the cell cycle. We found that Cdc14A is phosphorylated on Ser411, Ser453 and Ser549 by Cdk1 early in mitosis and becomes dephosphorylated during late mitotic stages. Interestingly,in vivoandin vitroexperiments revealed that, unlike in yeast, Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of human Cdc14A did not control its catalytic activity but likely modulated its interaction with other proteins in early mitosis. These findings point to differences in Cdk1-mediated mechanisms of regulation between human and yeast Cdc14 orthologues.
Autism spectrum disorder and hate crime
Authors: Chaplin Eddie , Mukhopadhyay Samyukta 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to offer an overview of hate crime relating to people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Design/methodology/approach
This is a discussion outlining some of the key evidence relating to ASD and hate crime.

Findings
For too long the issue of hate crime and autism has been neglected in spite of significant numbers of people with ASDs experiencing hate crime and/or harassment on a regular basis.

Originality/value
Although people with ASD are thought to be subject to high rates of hate crimes the literature is sparse when compared to other strands of hate crime such as race or religion.
Assessing the complexity of adult ASD cases across three areas in Southern England: a service evaluation
Authors: Mukherjee Raja A.S. , Nawaz Minahil , Joseph Terry 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Over the last few years increasing numbers of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) services have been established across the country. The different services use varying models and the level of complexity seen in each is unclear. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
In order to facilitate the development of the next phase of service provision the three geographical areas covered by SABP ASD services were compared. Modified Global Assessment of Functioning (mGAF) scores were calculated for 75 patients from each area before being compared across various domains to identify the complexities in each area covered.

Findings
Overall high levels of complexity were seen, with 85 per cent presenting with a serious or major functional difficulty based on, mGAF scores.

Originality/value
This has planning implications both for commissioners and future service development as previously not identified at a time when services are continuing to expand.
Board independence, state ownership and stock return volatility during Chinese state enterprise reform
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Cheong Kee Cheok , Rasiah Rajah 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This study aimed at investigating the influence of corporate governance on firm risk during the Chinese state enterprise reform. The purposes of this study are to examine the effects of board independence, state ownership and other governance variables on firm risk and to check the influence of controlling shareholder types on firm risk.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses the dynamic and static panel model to estimate the effects of board independence, state ownership and other governance factors on return volatility. To examine the influence of controlling shareholder types on corporate risk-taking, this study further used the treatment effect model (or sample selection model) to analyze the effect of private, state-owned enterprise (SOE) entity, central government and local government controls on corporate risk-taking.

Findings
It was found that the enforcement of board independence significantly increases firm risk. The strategy of decentralizing state enterprises (from central government to local government) is a good way to achieve stable stock returns.

Originality value
This study contributes to existing knowledge in several ways. First, it focused on independent directors rather than on the size of the corporate board. Second, it highlighted the impacts of state ownership and control on corporate risk. Instead of treating all types of state ownership as homogenous, SOEs are further classified into directly controlled and indirectly controlled, in line with prior studies.
Supply chain strategies of manufacturers in Ethiopia
Authors: Birhanu Dagne , Krishnanand L. , Rao A. Neelakanteswara 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to test the supply chain (SC) strategies and the linking of SCs to SC strategies in line with Lee’s (2002) model.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper used an empirical survey of 134 large industries to test the hypothesis suggested and strengthens the existing theories.

Findings
Companies and SC measures are matched distinctively to their respective SC strategies.

Research limitations/implications
Even though the research is only one of the few on case considered, it is not without limitations. The benefits from matching SC measures to the SC strategies are not quantified. Besides, continental wise survey is needed to come with further improved theory.

Practical implications
Different SC types require typical SC measures in order to increase competitiveness. Linking SC performance to the respective SC strategy is compulsory.

Originality/value
The research can be considered the only one of the few in the continent in general and a case country in particular. It is also the first of the type in the world in testing Lee’s model as far as the authors’ knowledge concerns.
Agency theory perspective on public-private-partnerships: international development project
Authors: Parker David W. , Dressel Uwe , Chevers Delroy , Zeppetella Luca 
Published: January 2018

PurposeAgency theory suggests that divergences will occur when a principal, e.g. client, and agent e.g. a project manager, interests are different in the execution of a project. The purpose of this paper is to explore if the agency theory can explain the subtleties integral to the behaviours and relationships between players delivering a public-private-partnership (PPP) in the context of an international development (ID) project. The intra-/interpersonal dynamics include governments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and private commercial service providers. The authors develop a conceptual framework and provide evidence from a case study of the testing of a Road Safety Toolkit in Kenya to explore several propositions.Design/methodology/approachExtant literature identified application of the agency theory, and the development of a conceptual framework. A case study describing an ID project was used to validate the propositions prior to the expansion of a research instrument for data collection in the field.FindingsThrough the lens of the agency theory and the limitations imposed by exploring a series of propositions, several insightful conclusions have been derived from the case. ID projects have particular nuisances that make them unique when compared to the majority of commercial applications. An added dimension and level of complexity is a consequence of the PPP incorporating government, NGOs and private corporations. The case exemplified the need for PPP ID projects to build on partner networks to influence and disseminate outcomes. Some agency problems were far less prominent than would normally be seen in a commercial project.Research limitations/implicationsThe methodologies presented in this paper need to be adapted and practiced in different kinds of ID projects in order to get confirmatory analytical results. The limitations imposed by the use of the single case, whilst drawing insightful conclusions, would necessitate greater testing in the field.Practical implicationsAlthough the problems of the agency theory are well researched in the operations management literature, there is limited application to ID projects and no previous research within the context of a PPP. Therefore, this work is important for greater understanding of the specific issues associated with project delivery of an ID.Social implicationsConflicting goals between principals and agents are common for organisations, which in turn affect inter-relationships on an international footing. The agency theory has had little attention in the project management field, yet is fundamental to relationships and communication.Originality/valueThere has been little research that explores the agency theory in the context of a PPP involving governments, NGOs and private commercial service providers, executed as an ID project. This work, therefore, exhibits new and novel findings.