bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chironomus riparius (Diptera) genome sequencing reveals the impact of minisatellite transposable elements on population divergence
Authors: Oppold Ann‐Marie , Schmidt Hanno , Rose Marcel , Hellmann Sören Lukas , Dolze Florian , Ripp Fabian , Weich Bettina , Schmidt‐Ott Urs , Schmidt Erwin , Kofler Robert , Hankeln Thomas , Pfenninger Markus 
Published: March 2017

AbstractActive transposable elements (TEs) may result in divergent genomic insertion and abundance patterns among conspecific populations. Upon secondary contact, such divergent genetic backgrounds can theoretically give rise to classical Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities (DMI), thus contributing to the evolution of endogenous genetic barriers and eventually causing population divergence. We investigated differential TE abundance among conspecific populations of the nonbiting midge Chironomus riparius and evaluated their potential role in causing endogenous genetic incompatibilities between these populations. We focussed on a Chironomus‐specific TE, the minisatellite‐like Cla‐element, whose activity is associated with speciation in the genus. Using a newly generated and annotated draft genome for a genomic study with five natural C. riparius populations, we found highly population‐specific TE insertion patterns with many private insertions. A significant correlation of the pairwise FST estimated from genomewide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the FST estimated from TEs is consistent with drift as the major force driving TE population differentiation. However, the significantly higher Cla‐element FST level due to a high proportion of differentially fixed Cla‐element insertions also indicates selection against segregating (i.e. heterozygous) insertions. With reciprocal crossing experiments and fluorescent in situ hybridization of Cla‐elements to polytene chromosomes, we documented phenotypic effects on female fertility and chromosomal mispairings. We propose that the inferred negative selection on heterozygous Cla‐element insertions may cause endogenous genetic barriers and therefore acts as DMI among C. riparius populations. The intrinsic genomic turnover exerted by TEs may thus have a direct impact on population divergence that is operationally different from drift and local adaptation.
Melatonin pretreatment improves gastric mucosal blood flow and maintains intestinal barrier function during hemorrhagic shock in dogs
Authors: Vollmer Christian , Weber Andreas P. M. , Wallenfang Martin , Hoffmann Till , Mettler‐Altmann Tabea , Truse Richard , Bauer Inge , Picker Olaf , Mathes Alexander M. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveMelatonin improves hepatic perfusion after hemorrhagic shock and may reduce stress‐induced gastric lesions. This study was designed to investigate whether pretreatment with melatonin may influence gastric mucosal microcirculatory perfusion (μflow), oxygenation (μHbO2), or intestinal barrier function during physiological and hemorrhagic conditions in dogs.MethodsIn a randomized crossover study, five anesthetized foxhounds received melatonin 100 μg kg−1 or vehicle (ethanol 5%) intravenously in the absence or presence of hemorrhagic shock (60 minutes, −20% blood volume). Systemic hemodynamic variables, gastric mucosal perfusion, and oxygenation were recorded continuously; intestinal barrier function was assessed intermittently via xylose absorption.ResultsDuring hemorrhagic shock, melatonin significantly attenuated the decrease in μflow, compared with vehicle (−19±9 vs −43±10 aU, P<.05), without influence on μHbO2. A significant increase in xylose absorption was detected during hemorrhage in vehicle‐treated dogs, compared with sham‐operated animals (13±2 vs 8±1 relative amounts, P<.05); this was absent in melatonin‐treated animals (6±1 relative amounts). Melatonin did not influence macrocirculation.ConclusionsMelatonin improves regional blood flow suggesting improved oxygen delivery in gastric mucosa during hemorrhagic shock. This could provide a mechanism for the observed protection of intestinal barrier function in dogs.
Characterization of the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying RsaL control of phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid biosynthesis in the rhizosphere bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1201
Authors: Sun Shuang , Chen Bo , Jin Zi‐Jing , Zhou Lian , Fang Yun‐Ling , Thawai Chitti , Rampioni Giordano , He Ya‐Wen 
Published: March 2017

SummaryPhenazines are important secondary metabolites that have been found to affect a broad spectrum of organisms. Two almost identical gene clusters phz1 and phz2 are responsible for phenazines biosynthesis in the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1201. Here, we show that the transcriptional regulator RsaL is a potent repressor of phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid (PCA) biosynthesis. RsaL negatively regulates phz1 expression and positively regulates phz2 expression via multiple mechanisms. First, RsaL binds to a 25‐bp DNA region within the phz1 promoter to directly repress phz1 expression. Second, RsaL indirectly regulates the expression of both phz clusters by decreasing the activity of the las and pqs quorum sensing (QS) systems, and by promoting the rhl QS system. Finally, RsaL represses phz1 expression through the downstream transcriptional regulator CdpR. RsaL directly binds to the promoter region of cdpR to positively regulate its expression, and subsequently CdpR regulates phz1 expression in a negative manner. We also show that RsaL represents a new mechanism for the turnover of the QS signal molecule N‐3‐oxododecanoyl‐homoserine lactone (3‐oxo‐C12‐HSL). Overall, this study elucidates RsaL control of phenazines biosynthesis and indicates that a PA1201 strain harboring deletions in both the rsaL and cdpR genes could be used to improve the industrial production of PCA.
Morphology heterogeneity within a Campylobacter jejuni helical population: the use of calcofluor white to generate rod‐shaped C. jejuni 81‐176 clones and the genetic determinants responsible for differences in morphology within 11168 strains
Authors: Frirdich Emilisa , Biboy Jacob , Huynh Steven , Parker Craig T. , Vollmer Waldemar , Gaynor Erin C. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryCampylobacter jejuni helical shape is important for colonization and host interactions with straight mutants having altered biological properties. Passage on calcofluor white (CFW) resulted in C. jejuni 81‐176 isolates with morphology changes: either a straight morphology from frameshift mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in peptidoglycan hydrolase genes pgp1 or pgp2 or a reduction in curvature due a frameshift mutation in cjj81176_1105, a putative peptidoglycan endopeptidase. Shape defects were restored by complementation. Whole genome sequencing of CFW‐passaged strains showed no specific changes correlating to CFW exposure. The cjj81176_1279 (recR; recombinational DNA repair) and cjj81176_1449 (unknown function) genes were highly variable in all 81‐176 strains sequenced. A frameshift mutation in pgp1 of our laboratory isolate of the straight genome sequenced variant of 11168 (11168‐GS) was also identified. The PG muropeptide profile of 11168‐GS was identical to that of Δpgp1 in the original minimally passaged 11168 strain (11168‐O). Introduction of wild type pgp1 into 11168‐GS did not restore helical morphology. The recR gene was also highly variable in 11168 strains. Microbial cell‐to‐cell heterogeneity is proposed as a mechanism of ensuring bacterial survival in sub‐optimal conditions. In certain environments, changes in C. jejuni morphology due to genetic heterogeneity may promote C. jejuni survival.
Freezing of gait is an early clinical feature of progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Osaki Yasushi , Morita Yukari , Miyamoto Yuka , Furuta Kounosuke , Furuya Hirokazu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground and AimEarly clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) remains challenging.AimWe attempted to identify any sign or symptom to diagnose PSP earlier.MethodsA total of 401 patients, 40 with PSP and 361 with other neurodegenerative disorders, were included. We followed these patients for at least 1 year since 2009. We reviewed the signs and symptoms of patients with PSP in a standardized manner, and observed four manifestations: “vertical supranuclear gaze abnormality,” “movement disorders,” “pseudobulbar palsy” and “dementia of frontal type.” Features, such as symmetric parkinsonism, freezing of gait, postural instability, dysarthria and/or dysphagia, or dementia of frontal type, were considered core clinical features.ResultsIn patients with PSP, “movement disorders” was the most common manifestation, whereas “vertical supranuclear gaze abnormality” was uncommon during the early disease course. A total of 16 patients fulfilled the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Society for PSP criteria for possible PSP at their first clinic visit. Of the remaining 24 patients, 15 presented with one or more core clinical features before fulfilling the criteria for possible PSP; nine patients had a clinical diagnosis of PSP but never fulfilled the criteria. A total of 49 of the 361 patients with other neurodegenerative disorders had core clinical features. A comparison showed that freezing of gait differentiated the groups the best over the disease course.ConclusionFreezing of gait is an early feature that might improve the clinical diagnosis of PSP, whereas vertical supranuclear gaze abnormality is not.
Testing for Flexible Nonlinear Trends with an Integrated or Stationary Noise Component
Authors: Perron Pierre , Shintani Mototsugu , Yabu Tomoyoshi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a new test for the presence of a nonlinear deterministic trend approximated by a Fourier expansion in a univariate time series for which there is no prior knowledge as to whether the noise component is stationary or contains an autoregressive unit root. Our approach builds on the work of Perron and Yabu () and is based on a Feasible Generalized Least Squares procedure that uses a super‐efficient estimator of the sum of the autoregressive coefficients α when α = 1. The resulting Wald test statistic asymptotically follows a chi‐square distribution in both the I(0) and I(1) cases. To improve the finite sample properties of the test, we use a bias‐corrected version of the OLS estimator of α proposed by Roy and Fuller (). We show that our procedure is substantially more powerful than currently available alternatives. We illustrate the usefulness of our method via an application to modelling the trend of global and hemispheric temperatures.
Is floral morphology a good predictor of floral visitors to Antirrhineae (snapdragons and relatives)?
Authors: Guzmán B. , Gómez J. M. , Vargas P. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The association between plants and flower visitors has been historically proposed as a main factor driving the evolutionary change of both flower and pollinator phenotypes. The considerable diversity in floral morphology within the tribe Antirrhineae has been traditionally related to pollinator types. We used empirical data on the flower visitors from 59 Antirrhineae taxa from the literature and our own field surveys, which provide an opportunity to test whether flower phenotypes are reliable predictors of visitors and pollinator niches.

The degree of adjustment between eight key floral traits and actual visitors was explored by testing the predictive value of inferred pollinator syndromes (i.e. suites of floral traits that characterise groups of plant species related to pollination). Actual visitors and inferred pollinator niches (categorisation of visitors’ association using a modularity algorithm) were also explored using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA).

The bee pollinator niche is correctly classified for flowers with dull corolla colour, without nectar guides, as the most important predictor. Both predictive value and statistical classification prove useful in classifying Antirrhineae taxa and the bee pollinator niche, mostly as a consequence of the high proportion of genera and taxa with occluded corollas primarily visited by bees. Our predictive approach rendered a high Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of floral traits in the diagnosis of visitors/pollinator niches. In particular, a high PPV was found for bees as both visitors and forming pollinator niches. In addition, LDA showed that four pollinator niches are well defined based on floral traits.

The large number of species visited by bees irrespective of pollinator syndromes leads us to hypothesise their generalist pollinator role, despite the phenotypically specialised flowers of Antirrhineae.
Disagreement, Credences, and Outright Belief
Authors: Palmira Michele 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper addresses a largely neglected question in ongoing debates over disagreement: what is the relation, if any, between disagreements involving credences (call them credal disagreements) and disagreements involving outright beliefs (call them full disagreements)? The first part of the paper offers some desiderata for an adequate account of credal and full disagreement. The second part of the paper argues that both phenomena can be subsumed under a schematic definition which goes as follows: A and B disagree if and only if the accuracy conditions of A's doxastic attitude are such that, if they were fulfilled, this would ipso facto make B's doxastic attitude inaccurate, or vice‐versa.
TV viewing time is associated with increased all‐cause mortality in Brazilian adults independent of physical activity
Authors: Turi B. C. , Monteiro H. L. , Lemes Í. R. , Codogno J. S. , Lynch K. R. , Asahi Mesquita C. A. , Fernandes R. A. 
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between television (TV) viewing and all‐cause mortality among Brazilian adults after 6 years of follow‐up. This longitudinal study started in 2010 in the city of Bauru, SP, Brazil, and involved 970 adults aged ≥50 years. Mortality was reported by relatives and confirmed in medical records of the Brazilian National Health System. Physical activity (PA) and TV viewing were assessed by the Baecke questionnaire. Health status, sociodemographic and behavioral covariates were considered as potential confounders. After 6 years of follow‐up, 89 deaths were registered (9.2% [95% CI=7.4%‐11%]). Type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with higher risk of mortality (P‐value=.012). Deaths correlated significantly with age (ρ=.188; P‐value=.001), overall PA score (ρ=−.128; P‐value=.001) and TV viewing (ρ=.086; P‐value=.007). Lower percentage of participants reported TV viewing time as often (16%) and very often (5.7%), but there was an association between higher TV viewing time (“often” and “very often” grouped together) and increased mortality after 6 years of follow‐up (P‐value=.006). The higher TV viewing time was associated with a 44.7% increase in all‐cause mortality (HR=1.447 [1.019‐2.055]), independently of other potential confounders. In conclusion, the findings from this cohort study identified increased risk of mortality among adults with higher TV viewing time, independently of PA and other variables.
Physical activity, muscular strength, and polypharmacy among older multimorbid persons: Results from the KORA‐Age study
Authors: Volaklis K. A. , Thorand B. , Peters A. , Halle M. , Heier M. , Strasser B. , Amann U. , Ladwig K. H. , Schulz H. , Koenig W. , Meisinger C. 
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical activity (PA) and muscular strength (MS) are related to polypharmacy. Our cross‐sectional analysis was based on 711 patients with multimorbidity (MMB), aged 65‐94 years, who participated in the KORA‐Age study. Participants underwent a face‐to‐face interview and extensive physical examinations including anthropometric measurements, registration of chronic diseases, determination of health‐related behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, etc.), collection of blood samples and measurement of hand‐grip strength. PPha was defined as the use of >4 drugs and MMB as having ≥2 of 13 chronic diseases. Prevalence of PPha was 44.6% (n=317), and a significant difference was found in the number of drugs used between participants with and without PPha (7.2±2.1 vs 2.5±1.2, P<.001). Patients in the lower compared to the upper tertile of physical activity had a significantly increased odds to be on PPha (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.05‐2.56, P=.031) after controlling for age, gender, BMI, family status, education, alcohol intake, smoking habits, number of diseases, hs‐CRP, and telomere length. On the contrary, no significant association between muscular strength and PPha was found (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.66‐1.63, P=.873) after multivariable adjustment. Among older persons with MMB, lower levels of physical activity, but not low muscular strength, are associated with higher odds of PPha. Increasing the levels of physical activity appears to be highly recommended in order to potentially reduce the risk of PPha among multimorbid persons aged 65 and older.
Morphological controls on the dynamics of carbonate landscapes under a mediterranean climate
Authors: Thomas Franck , Godard Vincent , Bellier Olivier , Shabanian Esmaeil , Ollivier Vincent , Benedetti Lucilla , Rizza Magali , Espurt Nicolas , Guillou Valéry , Hollender Fabrice , Molliex Stéphane ,   ASTER Team
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe influence of the morphological setting on the denudation of carbonate landscapes and the respective contributions of mechanical and chemical weathering processes are still debated. We have addressed these questions by measuring 36Cl concentrations in 40 samples from the Luberon mountain, SE France, to constrain the denudation of various landscape elements. We observe a clear contrast between the local denudation rates from the flat summit surface, clustered around 30 mm/ka, and the basin‐average denudation rates across the flanks, ranging from 100 to 200 mm/ka. This difference highlights the transient evolution of the range, whose topography is still adjusting to previous uplift events. Such a pattern also suggests that carbonate dissolution is not the only driver of denudation in this setting, which appears to be significantly controlled by slope‐dependent processes.
Open tensile fractures at depth in anticlines: A case study in the Tarim basin, NW China
Authors: Nian Tao , Wang Guiwen , Song Hongyu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUnderstanding fracture openness in the Earth's crust is crucial for understanding fracture properties and their impact on fluid flow and potentially also in reservoir modelling. Here, we present cases showing the presence of open tensile fractures at depth in anticlines by integrating borehole imaging logs, core observations, casting sections, physical modelling, in‐situ stress analysis and production data in petroleum wells, and analysing the time of fracturing by fluid inclusion analysis. The data come from the Cretaceous Bashejiqike Formation in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim basin; its current depth varies between 6,000 and 8,100 m. The results show that tensile fractures are the main fracture type in the studied formation and that their hydraulic conductivity is poorly affected by the current maximum horizontal stress direction. Furthermore, we find that fracture development is uninterrupted during continued anticline folding, although there is a dominant time of fracturing.
Structure Mapping for Social Learning
Authors: Christie Stella 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAnalogical reasoning is a foundational tool for human learning, allowing learners to recognize relational structures in new events and domains. Here I sketch some grounds for understanding and applying analogical reasoning in social learning. The social world is fundamentally characterized by relations between people, with common relational structures—such as kinships and social hierarchies—forming social units that dictate social behaviors. Just as young learners use analogical reasoning for learning relational structures in other domains—spatial relations, verbs, relational categories—analogical reasoning ought to be a useful cognitive tool for acquiring social relations and structures.
Treatment of subchondral lucencies in the medial proximal radius with a bone screw in 8 horses
Authors: Roquet Imma , Lane Easter J. , Coomer Richard P. C. , Ezquerra Luis J. , Marsh Chad A. , Trostle Steve S. , Santschi Elizabeth M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the results of screw placement through subchondral lucencies (SCL) of the proximal radius in 8 horses.Study designRetrospective clinical study.AnimalsHorses with cubital SCL causing lameness (n=8).MethodsMedical record review and clinical follow‐up.ResultsEight horses with SCL in the proximal radius causing lameness were treated with a screw placed across the lucency. The horses range in age from 1 to 20 years. In 4 of 8 horses, the lameness had been intermittently severe (apparent at the walk). Lameness was isolated to the cubital joint by intra‐articular anesthesia in 5 horses and diagnosed radiographically in all 8. All horses had a 4.5 mm cortical bone screw placed from medial to lateral (6 lag, 2 neutral) across the SCL using fluoroscopic or radiographic control. Postoperative care included stall confinement with hand walking for 30‐60 days, followed by an additional 30‐60 days of pasture turnout. Radiographic SCL healing (reduction in SCL size) was demonstrated at 3‐4 months after surgery in all horses, and 7/8 horses (87.5%) were used as intended (4 performance, 3 pasture turn‐out) within 6 months. Lameness in the remaining horse improved initially (dressage) but returned.ConclusionsA screw placed through the SCL of the proximal‐medial radius was effective in reducing or resolving lameness associated with the elbow joint in 7/8 horses (88%). Screw placement in the proximal radius should be considered for horses with lameness caused by an SCL when a quick return to exercise is desired or conservative therapy is ineffective.
Calcium signalling silencing in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Greiser Maura 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSubcellular calcium signalling silencing is a novel and distinct cellular and molecular adaptive response to rapid cardiac activation. Calcium signalling silencing develops during short‐term sustained rapid atrial activation as seen clinically during paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). It is the first ‘anti‐arrhythmic’ adaptive response in the setting of AF and appears to counteract the maladaptive changes that lead to intracellular Ca2+ signalling instability and Ca2+‐based arrhythmogenicity. Calcium signalling silencing results in a failed propagation of the [Ca2+]i signal to the myocyte centre both in patients with AF and in a rabbit model. This adaptive mechanism leads to a substantial reduction in the expression levels of calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors, RyR2) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the frequency of Ca2+ sparks and arrhythmogenic Ca2+ waves remains low. Less Ca2+ release per [Ca2+]i transient, increased fast Ca2+ buffering strength, shortened action potentials and reduced L‐type Ca2+ current contribute to a substantial reduction of intracellular [Na+]. These features of Ca2+ signalling silencing are distinct and in contrast to the changes attributed to Ca2+‐based arrhythmogenicity. Some features of Ca2+ signalling silencing prevail in human AF suggesting that the Ca2+ signalling ‘phenotype’ in AF is a sum of Ca2+ stabilizing (Ca2+ signalling silencing) and Ca2+ destabilizing (arrhythmogenic unstable Ca2+ signalling) factors. Calcium signalling silencing is a part of the mechanisms that contribute to the natural progression of AF and may limit the role of Ca2+‐based arrhythmogenicity after the onset of AF.
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