bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Transfer Characteristics of Moving Light Signals
Authors: BERKHOUT JAN 
Published: January 2017

Eight different configurations and color combinations of rotating-beam emergency vehicle lights were evaluated in terms of information conveyed about rate and direction of travel when viewed at night. The lights were viewed moving toward or away from stationary observers at rates of 0, 5, and 10 m/s at overall ranges of 300 to 450 m. Differences were found between individual lights in terms of illusions of motion, signal-to-noise ratios, and overall error scores. All-red lights conveyed more information than combinations of red and blue lenses in the same light. Twin lights were superior to single beacons, and twin models with a sequential mirror-generated flash pattern were superior to plain ones. Several of the lights created an illusion of receding motion when actually at rest. This was most severe for a side-to-side alternate flash pattern using red signals. Lights considered to be highly conspicuous were not necessarily those with the best information transfer characteristics. The cues relevant to this perceptual task appeared to be provided by changes in light intensity with distance, rather than changes in angular displacement.
Machine Recognition in Medical Microscopy
Authors: Ward A. , Bantugan G. A. 
Published: January 2017

Some general aspects of machine recognition are discussed. The advantages and limitations of machine systems are compared with those of trained human observers and the problems involved in introducing machines into classification systems designed for human observers are outlined. The present classification system for the cellular components of blood samples is described, with emphasis on the different types of white cell encountered. Cervical samples and chromosomes are described and discussed from the machine recognition point of view. All proposed machine recognition systems in microscopy must satisfy certain technical criteria; these are listed and discussed briefly. A number of earlier attempts to recognise cells are described; the results obtained and the difficulties encountered are outlined. The work of a number of university, medical and industrial research groups actively engaged in this field is described. The likely developments in this field are discussed from the point of view of improvements which may occur in the hardware of scanning and computing and also the better understanding, integration and exploration of machine systems in medical research and in routine medical diagnostic procedures.
Single-Concept Films
Authors: Lawrence Andrea D. 
Published: January 2017

We see short films as being of two types with two purposes: (1) educational films presenting limited topics; and (2) teaching films—discrete clips presenting stimuli and perhaps confirmation of response. It is this latter which we are calling ‘single-concept films,’ and which we feel contribute most effectively to the instructional process. Where do you get single-concept teaching films? First, since there are few available to meet your teaching needs, consider excerpting sequences from longer films; and second, assuming you still have unmet needs, consider the value of producing your own.
Intra-Uterine Transfusion in a County Obstetric Service
Authors: MacDougall Jean Y. , Black M. D. , Dempster W. H. 
Published: January 2017

A review of 46 patients treated by intra-uterine transfusion on account of Rhesus isoimmunisation from a County Obstetric Service is given. The patients treated were those considered to have a very high risk of intra-uterine death before the 34th week of pregnancy. The main criteria for their selection were liquor amnii optical density readings at 450n. in the upper part of a Liley type prediction graph or an initial reading in the upper part of the middle zone with a subsequent reading rising steeply towards or entering the upper zone. Amniocentesis was usually carried out at 29 and 31 weeks' gestation but, in cases with a history of previous stillbirth or neonatal death, it was carried out at 25 weeks and repeated as necessary. The technique which evolved in the light of experience and with a view to minimal radiation exposure is described in detail. There were 18 surviving babies out of 46 cases giving a survival rate of 39.1 per cent. Of these 18 surviving babies 17 were perfectly normal on follow-up but one is spastic, probably due to an anoxic episode during an exchange transfusion. No maternal ill-effects, which could be definitely attributed to the procedure, were encountered.
Uncommon Connective Tissue Disorders in Childhood
Authors: Goel K. M. , Shanks R. A. 
Published: January 2017

Nineteen cases of the rarer connective tissue disorders diagnosed between 1948 and 1972 have been reviewed. Of these 6 were of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 3 of dermatomyositis and 5 each of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Of the 6 cases of SLE, 4 were of true SLE, one of ethosuximide induced lupus syndrome and one newborn with placental transfer of lupus erythematosus factor. Three cases of true SLE died of renal failure. None of the patients with dermatomyositis or PSS died. Of the 5 cases of PAN, 2 died and one could not be traced. The disease is quiescent in the other two.
Human Leucocytes and Infection
Authors: Raeburn J. A. 
Published: January 2017

When infection has occurred almost every type of leucocyte has a function which can contribute to the patient's recovery. Cooperation between different leucocytes takes place, and these cellular activities persist until all microorganisms have been controlled. A deficiency of one particular leucocyte function can often be compensated for by extra activity of another. In the presence of severe infection many leucocyte functions in vitro, have been shown to be altered, often in a direction which might indicate immunodeficiency. These findings are probably secondary phenomena caused by a relative excess of antigen or of particulate debris. Various drugs can also reduce leucocyte function. All these points need consideration during the investigation of children or adults who have chronic refractory infections.
Scottish Health Authorities Revenue Equalisation
Authors: Forwell G. D. 
Published: January 2017

A working party was set up by the Scottish Home and Health Department to consider the system of allocation of money to health boards. The system advocated (SHARE Report) is predictable from the NHS structure and the analogous report (RAWP) in England. The Secretary of State has announced his decision to accept SHARE in general principle. In principle, the Report is to be welcomed as a first step toward rationalising the distribution of health service money. However, work already published suggests the assumptions in SHARE require examination. SHARE would encourage individual health boards to plan for their own populations although thereby the greatest improvement in health services in Scotland may not be achieved. The SHARE objective of equal opportunity of securing access is open to various interpretations. Emphasis is laid on the recommendation in the Report for a comprehensive examination of the inter-relationship of social circumstances (in particular, urban deprivation), morbidity and mortality.
Pre-Operative Assessment for Biliary Tract Surgery
Authors: Shields R. 
Published: January 2017

The pre-operative approach to the patient with prolonged jaundice due to a long-standing obstruction of the bile duct is, we find, very similar to that of the patient with hepatic parenchymal disease who requires surgery for the treatment of portal hypertension. Complex and sophisticated tests of liver function are not required and a reasonable assessment of the patient's ability to withstand operation may be made by estimating the serum ammonia and bilirubin and the plasma glucose and albumin. Particularly useful in this assessment is the Child's classification (Child, 1964). This is based on 3 clinical and 2 laboratory tests. On this basis the patient may be assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Patients who belong to Child's group A have good hepatic reserve and are similar to individuals who have been deprived of no more than 30 per cent of their liver function. Patients of Child's group C, on the other hand, are similar to patients who have lost 90 to 95 per cent of liver function and operation in them carries a considerable risk. Moreover, because of their basic disease, the liver may have no regenerative powers and further improvement in liver function cannot be expected. These patients are hardly ever operable, although certain supportive measures may improve their general status and they may eventually be operated upon but considerable risks must be recognised. In an intermediate position are the patients who belong to group B of the Child's classification. These patients have evidence of hepatic dysfunction and require the energetic and detailed preparation described below.
The Development of Permanent Unidirectional Anterograde Block in the Accessory Pathway of a Patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Observations on the Mechanism of the Ensuing Incessant Circus Tachycardia
Authors: Miller H. C. , Brown G. J. , Lowe K. G. 
Published: January 2017

A case is reported, the sixth in the literature, in which permanent anterograde block occurred in the accessory pathway of a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, so that pre-excitation no longer occurred. Retrograde conduction remained intact and the patient developed incessant tachycardia with ventriculo-atrial conduction occurring over the accessory pathway. Retrogradely conducting pathways are a common cause of supraventricular tachycardia and this case raises the possibility that many of them may previously have had overt pre-excitation.
Antenatal Diagnosis of Placental Sulphatase Deficiency
Authors: Wallace A. M. , Stromberg P. , Rao L. G. S. 
Published: January 2017

A dynamic test for the antenatal diagnosis of placental sulphatase deficiency was examined in ten patients, selected on the basis of low urinary oestrogen levels (i.e. below the 10th centile at between 30 and 40 weeks gestation). The test consisted of measurement of plasma oestradiol levels over a period of 120 min after an i.v. injection of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. The oestradiol response was vigorous in seven patients, absent in two and small, but significant, in one. The three patients with reduced oestradiol response were also found to have raised levels of urinary steroid monosulphates and thus were probably placental sulphatase deficient. The overall clinical importance of placental sulphatase deficiency and the value of the dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate loading test in antenatal diagnosis are discussed.
Superficial Mycoses in the West of Scotland
Authors: Gentles J. C. , Scott Elizabeth 
Published: January 2017

Ringworm formed almost 70 per cent of all superficial mycoses diagnosed. The feet and nails were most frequently affected and a single species, Trichophyton rubrum was responsible for the majority of infections that required specialist attention. Scalp ringworm which, until the middle of this century, was the most common form of the disease now constitutes only 5 per cent of infections and the majority of these are caused by the zoophilic fungus Microsporum canis. The anthropophilic dermatophytes which were once so prevalent as the cause of scalp infections are now rarely encountered. Yeasts, especially Candida albicans were most frequently encountered as a cause of mucosal infections but were not unimportant as a cause of disease of skin and nail.
Silicate Nephrotoxicity in the Experimental Animal: The Missing Factor in Analgesic Nephropathy
Authors: Dobbie J. W. , Smith Mary J. B. 
Published: January 2017

Three silicon-containing compounds (magnesium trisilicate BP, crushed quartz and crushed Arran granite) were added to the drinking water (250 mg/l) of three groups of male guinea pigs for four months. At autopsy all animals receiving magnesium trisilicate showed a focal tubulo-interstitial nephritis mainly affecting the distal nephron. Similar but less intense lesions were encountered in two animals receiving crushed quartz. No renal lesions were found in the control group or in animals receiving crushed Arran granite. The concentration of soluble silicates in drinking water, measured as elemental silicon (Si) by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was determined for twenty-eight locations in different regions of Britain. Following ingestion of magnesium trisilicate, significant increases in urinary excretion of Si were demonstrated in two healthy adults using atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Molecular Biology and the Clinician
Authors: Bostock C. J. , Harding N. G. L. 
Published: January 2017

Molecular biology has uncovered informational processes which broadly apply in medicine. The points of attack range from diagnosis at the most fundamental levels of information flow to the production of therapeutic agents. This is promoting movement from serendipitous strategies of advance to those of predictive rational clinical design. Specific examples show how three principal types of molecular probe are benefitting a wide range of clinical disciplines and thereby blurring interdisciplinary boundaries. There are signs that current medical training is not making the best use of contemporary molecular biology. The identification of areas in which molecular biology can be usefully applied to medicine requires medical practitioners to be aware of its diagnostic and prognostic potential. Equally, advances are delayed by gaps between laboratory workers and their clinical colleagues. The dilemma is that by creating a specialist discipline of clinical molecular biology we risk it becoming isolated and delay the impact of molecular biology in medicine as a whole. An alternative is to find a means for raising molecular consciousness throughout all disciplines in medicine.
Bone and Joint Tuberculosis in Glasgow: The Present Situation
Authors: Sammon D. J. 
Published: January 2017

A retrospective survey of bone and joint tuberculosis in the City of Glasgow over the decade 1966–75 has been carried out. Its object is to chart the changing pattern of clinical presentation of this disease, and details of 129 patients are presented. The numbers of children and adolescents are relatively low: Asian immigrants and the elderly are now the higher risk groups. A positive culture was obtained from 60 per cent of the bone and joint lesions and in every case the organism was human Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis complicating a closed fracture is a very rare occurrence; this series includes one further such case. Delay in diagnosis was evident in a significant number (11%) of patients. We must bear in mind the fact that we still have with us not only the great Victorian architecture, but also the great Victorian disease.
Migraine, Head Trauma and Sport
Authors: Ashworth B. 
Published: January 2017

In some people an attack of migraine may be provoked by heading a football or a blow on the face in a rugby tackle. The attack is sometimes alarming and clearly cannot be explained on a basis of trauma alone. Some people only have attacks in this particular circumstance but the majority have spontaneous episodes at other times. The presentation is usually in childhood or early adult life. The syndrome is discussed in relation to reports of seven patients to illustrate the variations which include migraine without headache and persistent features after the attack. The condition is benign but may cause the patient to give up playing football.
Enalapril following Captopril-Induced Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Webb D.J. , Atkinson A.B. 
Published: January 2017

The development of proteinuria, and more rarely nephrotic syndrome, has been seen with the use of the first orally active converting-enzyme inhibitor captopril. Both of these side effects appear to occur more frequently when the drug is used at higher dose, particularly in the presence of renal impairment. We have used enalapril, a new orally active converting-enzyme inhibitor in the treatment of a patient with drug-resistant hypertension and renal impairment who previously developed nephrotic syndrome with captopril. Recurrence of the nephrotic syndrome was not seen in this patient during a period of 20 months on enalapril. On the contrary, urinary protein excretion over the same period was reduced to around 1 g in 24 hours. Our experience would suggest that enalapril may usefully be substituted for captopril in the treatment of hypertensive patients in whom the latter has caused proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome.
A Review of Caesarean Sections at 30 Weeks Gestation or Less in the West of Scotland 1988–1989
Authors: Dodgson J. , Mackenzie F. , Forrest C.A. 
Published: January 2017

A retrospective study was carried out of caesarean sections at 30 completed weeks of gestation or less between 1/1/88 and 31/12/89 in Glasgow and The West of Scotland. One hundred and thirty-three caesarean sections were carried out resulting in 150 babies. Fifteen (11.3%) of these were classical sections. There were 30 neonatal deaths. The perinatal mortality rate was 170 per 1000. Survival was related to increasing gestation from 27 weeks onwards and also to birthweight from 900 grams onwards. In-utero transfers fared badly with seven out of 21 babies (33%) failing to survive beyond the neonatal period. Although survival continues to improve in newborns, the use of caesarean section should still be viewed with caution as the benefits in the very premature situation with regard to infant survival may be outweighed by the increased maternal morbidity both in the present pregnancy and future pregnancies.
Computerised Tomography and Stroke
Authors: Cassidy T.P. , Lewis S. , Gray C.S. 
Published: January 2017

To evaluate the utilisation of CT diagnostic imaging in patients admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of stroke, and to identify factors which influence the use of CT imaging in stroke. Two hundred and fifty consecutive (155 females) stroke patients were assessed median age 76 years (range 39–95y). Ninety-seven patients underwent CT scanning; median time to scanfrom admission was two days (range 0–43). The time to CT scanning was significantly shorter in patients aged <65 years (p<0.001), and in patients with a non-disabling stroke (p<0.05). The factors (odds ratios and 95% confidence limits) significantly associated with CT scanning were male sex (2.21: 1.31–3.74); normal Glasgow coma score (2.48: 1.59–3.85); Rankin score 1 – 3 (6.40: 1.74–23.56); age <65 years (10.23: 4.49–23.32) and no previous cerebrovascular event (1.97: 1.10–3.51). In this study, those patients who would benefit most from medical intervention with antiplatelet agents to reduce the risk of recurrence were more likely to receive CT diagnostic imaging.
Gliomatosis Cerebri: A Brain Tumour Which is too Difficult to Treat?
Authors: Choi D. , Schulz U. , Seex K. 
Published: January 2017

Gliomatosis cerebri is a rare form of primary diffuse brain tumour first described by Nevin in 1938.1 It was originally considered to be a post-mortem diagnosis before Troost et al reported a clinically diagnosed case in 1987.2 However antemortem diagnosis remains difficult due to vague clinical symptoms and often non-specific findings on CT scanning. Gliomatosis cerebri has been classified by the World Health Organisation as an infiltrative tumoural process, which involves at least two, and usually three, lobes of the brain.3 Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging shows a diffuse infiltrative process with possible mass effect but no necrosis. histology is usually of a low grade astrocytic neoplasm which seemingly infiltrates out of proportion to the degree of anaplasia. We report two patients who presented over the past year, whose clinical and radiological features prompted a preoperative diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri, confirmed by biopsy.
Efficacy of the Comprehensive Objective Mapping, Precise Image Guided Injection, Anti-Reflux Positioning and Sequential Sclerotherapy (COMPASS) Technique in the Management of Greater Saphenous Varicosities with Saphenofemoral Incompetence
Authors: McDonagh B. , Huntley D. E. , Rosenfeld R. , King T. , Harry J. L. , Sorenson S. , Guptan R. C. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the COMPASS technique in the management of greater saphenous varicosities with saphenofemoral incompetence. Design: Prospective open trial (2-6 year follow-up). Patients: One hundred and eighty-six limbs with refluxing greater saphenous vein (5.4–25.4 mm) and incompetent saphenofemoral junction (6.1–31.3 mm). Main outcome measure: Obliteration, recanalisation, residual veins, neovascularisation, venous dysfunction score. Results: Greater saphenous varicosity is commonly a disease of individuals in their forties, with morbid clinical presentations. Three stages of the COMPASS technique achieved 100% and 98% obliteration of the saphenofemoral junction and greater saphenous vein respectively. There was significant improvement in the venous dysfunction score. Residual refluxing veins were easily managed by sequential treatment. The results are sustained in the 3.4 SD 1.7 year follow up. There was no serious adverse experience reported. Conclusion: The COMPASS technique is safe and highly efficacious in the management of extensive large vein varicose disease.
The Saphenofemoral Valve: Gate Keeper Turned into Rear Guard
Authors: Fassiadis N. , Holdstock J. M. , Whiteley M. S. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Trendelenburg's theory was based on the concept of a descending valvular incompetence com mencing at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) with subsequent distal progression of reflux. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of reflux in patients with superficial venous incompetence in order to assess validity of the above hypothesis. Procedures: The superficial and deep venous system of a consecutive series of 443 patients presenting with primary varicose veins was examined by one vascular technologist using colour flow ultrasonography. Results: Six hundred and eleven lower limbs in 443 patients were examined. The distribution of long saphenous vein (LSV) reflux was the following: Of the 611 limbs 454 showed LSV reflux, with 240 legs exhibiting total reflux (SFJ and LSV) and 214 legs exhibiting reflux in evolution (LSV reflux with competent saphenofemoral valve, isolated posterior arch reflux and lateral anterior thigh vein reflux with SFJ reflux). Conclusion: These results suggest that reflux starts distally and progresses proximally, thus throwing the Trendelenburg theory into dispute.