bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen zur Jahresperiodik der Fortpflanzung beim miinnlichen Kammolch, Triturus cristatus cristatus Laurenti, in Abhiingigkeit von Photoperiode und Wassertemperatur
Authors: Steinborn Jörg 
Published: September 2016

Under natural photoperiodic conditions and natural water temperatures, the spermatogenesis and testis cycle of Triturus cristatus cristatus exhibits a clear annual periodicity with one
reproductive period extending from the end of April to the middle of June. This cycle can be divided into three different phases:
1 ) progression with expulsion of ripe sperma and subsequent spermatocytogenesis ; 2) regeneration with spermiohistogenesis and maximum testis' weight; 3) gonadal resting phase. An advance of gonadal activity in winter with premature expulsion of mature sperm a was only possible in LD 16 : 8 at 20 ± 1°C water temperature; complete spermatogenesis can occur after the middle of February.
In the winter and summer, water temperature of 11 ± 1°C combined with long days, LD 12 : 12 , or with short days prevent any gonadal activity. Therefore, water temperature of 20 ± 1°C, combined with long days, are a prerequisite for adequate hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonad-activity.
In a year's study with LD 16 : 8 at 20 ± 1°C water temperature, a more or less pronounced spermiahistogenetic activity without expulsion of sperma was observed.
Analyse expérimentale du déplacement du saurien Bachia cophias (Schneider), microtéiidé a membres réduits. Un modèle simplifié de reptation par ondulations
Authors: Gasc Jean-Pierre 
Published: September 2016

The locomotion of Bachia cophias, a microteid living in the litter of the forest floor in French Guyana, was recorded by sequential photography while the animal moved over a plane surface of low roughness. The excursions of the waves of the trunk are used to generate a simple model for the locomotor method of the snakelike Squamata. The trunk is modelled as an oscillating, linear tensile system. The wave length and the propagation rate increase from front to rear, particularly when one or more limbs are lifted. The improved effectiveness of external force application may reflect modulation of the tensile internal forces which are generated by the plurisegmental muscles.
Résumé. La locomotion de Bachia cophias, microtéiidé vivant dans la litière de la forêt guyanaise, est étudiée dans des conditions expérimentales extrêmes: les mouvements de l’animal, qui est placé sur un espace plan à faible rugosité, sont chronophotographiés. Les caractéristiques de l'onde de flexion latérale du corps et les mouvements des membres réduits permettent de dégager un modèle simple du type de locomotion adopté par un Squamate serpentiforme, le corps étant assimilé à un système linéaire en tension qui entre en vibration. On observe une augmentation de la longueur de l'onde et une accé¬lération de la propagation vers l'arrière en particulier lors du mouvement de levé d'un ou de plusieurs membres. Cet accroissement de l'efficacité dans l'exercice des forces extérieures, paraît dû a une modulation de la tension dans les dispositifs musculaires plurisegmentaires.
Detection, Attribution, and Projection of Regional Rainfall Changes on (Multi-) Decadal Time Scales: A Focus on Southeastern South America
Authors: Zhang Honghai , Delworth Thomas L. , Zeng Fanrong , Vecchi Gabriel , Paffendorf Karen , Jia Liwei 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObserved austral summertime (November through April) rainfall in southeastern South America (SESA)—including northern Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and Paraguay—has exhibited substantial low-frequency variations with a multidecadal moistening trend during the twentieth century and a subsequent decadal drying trend during the current century. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for these variations is essential for predicting long-term rainfall changes. Here with a suite of attribution experiments using a pair of high-resolution global climate models, GFDL CM2.5 and FLOR-FA, the authors investigate the causes of these regional rainfall variations. Both models reproduce the twentieth-century moistening trend, albeit with a weaker magnitude than observed, in response to the radiative forcing associated with increasing greenhouse gases. The increasing greenhouse gases drive tropical expansion; consequently, the subtropical dry branch of Hadley cell moves away from SESA, leading to the rainfall increase. The amplitude discrepancy between the observed and simulated rainfall changes suggests a possible underestimation by the models of the atmospheric response to the radiative forcing, as well as an important role for low-frequency internal variability in the observed moistening trend. Over the current century, increasing greenhouse gases drive a continuous SESA rainfall increase in the models. However, the observed decadal rainfall decline is largely (~60%) reproduced in response to the observed Pacific trade wind strengthening, which is likely associated with natural Pacific decadal variability. These results suggest that the recent summertime rainfall decline in SESA is temporary and that the positive trend will resume in response to both increasing greenhouse gases and a return of Pacific trade winds to normal conditions.
External Validity: The Next Step for Systematic Reviews?
Authors: Avellar Sarah A. , Thomas Jaime , Kleinman Rebecca , Sama-Miller Emily , Woodruff Sara E. , Coughlin Rebecca , Westbrook T’Pring R. 
Published: September 2016

Background: Systematic reviews—which identify, assess, and summarize existing research—are usually designed to determine whether research shows that an intervention has evidence of effectiveness, rather than whether an intervention will work under different circumstances. The reviews typically focus on the internal validity of the research and do not consistently incorporate information on external validity into their conclusions. Objectives: In this article, we focus on how systematic reviews address external validity. Methods: We conducted a brief scan of 19 systematic reviews and a more in-depth examination of information presented in a systematic review of home visiting research. Results: We found that many reviews do not provide information on generalizability, such as statistical representativeness, but focus on factors likely to increase heterogeneity (e.g., numbers of studies or settings) and report on context. The latter may help users decide whether the research characteristics—such as sample demographics or settings—are similar to their own. However, we found that differences in reporting, such as which variables are included and how they are measured, make it difficult to summarize across studies or make basic determinations of sample characteristics, such as whether the majority of a sample was unemployed or married. Conclusion: Evaluation research and systematic reviews would benefit from reporting guidelines for external validity to ensure that key information is reported across studies.
Protective Nature of Platelet-Rich Plasma Against Chondrocyte Death When Combined With Corticosteroids or Local Anesthetics
Authors: Durant Thomas J.S. , Dwyer Corey R. , McCarthy Mary Beth R. , Cote Mark P. , Bradley James P. , Mazzocca Augustus D. 
Published: September 2016

Background: The use of corticosteroids and local anesthetics to treat osteoarthritis has established benefits, including relief of pain and increased range of motion, but may also have the potential to lead to tissue atrophy or degeneration, specifically on chondrocytes. There is growing evidence that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has anti-inflammatory characteristics that can limit the cytotoxic effects of corticosteroids and local anesthetics. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PRP in chondrocyte cultures when combined with corticosteroids or local anesthetics. The hypothesis of this study was that PRP would (1) dampen the negative effects on chondrocyte viability and (2) improve chondrocyte proliferation seen with corticosteroid or local anesthetic treatment alone. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from 8 healthy participants, followed by centrifugation to obtain PRP. Human chondrocytes were treated with PRP alone or in combination with corticosteroids or local anesthetics. Saline (concentration of 0.9%) served as the control. Luminescence and radioactive thymidine assays were performed to examine chondrocyte viability and proliferation, respectively. Cell exposures of 0, 5, 10, and 30 minutes were used for viability and 120 hours for proliferation. Results: The presence of PRP significantly limited the negative effect on chondrocyte viability at tested time points for the examined corticosteroids and local anesthetics ( P < .05). PRP in addition to corticosteroids and local anesthetics significantly improved chondrocyte proliferation ( P < .05). Conclusion: The addition of PRP can significantly reduce the cytotoxic effects of corticosteroids and/or local anesthetics applied to chondrocytes. PRP can improve the proliferation of chondrocytes compared with corticosteroids or local anesthetics alone. Clinical Relevance: With the use of corticosteroids and local anesthetics for temporary symptomatic relief and improvement of function to treat the chronic progressive nature of osteoarthritis, long-term negative effects of these agents can be limited with the parallel use of PRP.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Tunisian Monocenter Study on 160 Patients
Authors: Sassi Samia Ben , Touati Nahla , Baccouche Hela , Drissi Cyrine , Romdhane Neila Ben , Hentati Fayçal 
Published: September 2016

Objective: Data regarding cerebral venous thrombosis in North Africa are scarce. This study aims to identify the clinical features, risk factors, outcome, and prognosis of cerebral venous thrombosis in Tunisia. Methods: Data of 160 patients with radiologically confirmed cerebral venous thrombosis, hospitalized in Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology (Tunis, Tunisia), were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: The mean age was 37.3 years with a female predominance (83.1%). The mode of onset was subacute in most cases (56.2%). Headache was the most common symptom (71.3%), and focal neurologic symptoms were the main clinical presentation (41.8%). The most common sites of thrombosis were the superior sagittal sinus (65%) and the lateral sinus (60.6%). More than 1 sinus was involved in 114 (71.2%) patients. Parenchymal lesions observed in 85 (53.1%) patients did not correlate with cerebral venous thrombosis extent. Major risk factors were obstetric causes (pregnancy and puerperium) found in 46 (38.6% of women aged <50 years) patients, followed by anemia (28.1%) and congenital or acquired thrombophilia (16.2%). Mortality rate was of 6.6%. Good outcome at 6 months (modified Rankin Scale ≤2) was observed in 105 (87.5%)of 120 patients available for follow-up. Predictors of poor outcome were altered consciousness and elevated plasma C-reactive protein levels. Conclusion: Clinical and radiologic presentation of cerebral venous thrombosis in Tunisia was quite similar to other parts of the world with, however, a particularly high frequency of obstetric causes. Plasma C-reactive protein level should be considered as a prognostic factor in CVT.
Proficiency influences orthographic activations during L2 spoken-word recognition
Authors: Mitsugi Sanako 
Published: September 2016

Aims and objectives: Previous research has demonstrated that literate adults activate orthographic representations to map spoken words onto printed referents as they hear a word. This study examined the time course of orthographic activation during spoken-word recognition in L2 context, taking into account of L2 proficiency. Methodology: We used the printed-word visual-world paradigm, in which participants saw four words on a computer screen and clicked on the word that matched spoken input. Twenty-one native Japanese speakers and 55 learners of Japanese with the L1 English background took part in this study. Data and analysis: The eye-movement data were analyzed using time-dependent mixed-effect logistic regression models. Our models included time and proficiency as fixed effects and participants and item as random effects. Findings: The pattern of the results identified the activation of orthography during speech processing by native Japanese speakers. The results from the L2 learner group showed that L2 proficiency was attributed to word recognition efficacy. Originality: This study is the first to employ the printed-word visual-world paradigm to track L2 learners’ real-time orthographic activations of Japanese hiragana. Significance: The pattern of the results confirms the applicability of the printed-word variant of the visual-world paradigm in L2 research, emphasizing L2 proficiency as an important factor in the integration of orthographic and phonological information.
Operative Management of Patellar Instability in the United States
Authors: Arshi Armin , Cohen Jeremiah R. , Wang Jeffrey C. , Hame Sharon L. , McAllister David R. , Jones Kristofer J. 
Published: September 2016

Background: Treatment of patellofemoral instability has evolved as our understanding of the relevant pathoanatomy has improved. In light of these developments, current practice patterns and management trends have likely changed to reflect these advancements; however, this has not been evaluated in a formal study. Purpose: To determine nationwide patient demographics, surgical trends, and postoperative complications associated with the operative management of patellar instability surgery. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: A large private-payer database (PearlDiver) comprising patients covered by Humana and United Healthcare insurance policies was retrospectively reviewed using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes to identify patients who underwent surgery for patellar instability. The study cohort was established by querying for patients billed under CPT codes 27420, 27422, or 27427 while satisfying the diagnostic requirement of patellar instability (International Classification of Diseases–9th Revision codes 718.36, 718.86, or 836.3). Patient demographics, surgical trends, concomitant procedures, and postoperative complications were determined. Results: A total of 6190 patients underwent surgical management for patellar instability. Adolescents (age range, 10-19 years) represented 51.5% of cases, and 59.6% were female. The number of patellar instability procedures increased annually over the study period in both the Humana ( P = .004, R2 = 0.76) and United Healthcare ( P = .097, R2 = 0.54) cohorts. The most common concomitant procedures were lateral retinacular release (43.7%), chondroplasty (31.1%), tibial tubercle osteotomy (13.1%), removal of loose bodies (10.5%), osteochondral grafting (9.5%), and microfracture surgery (9.5%). Manipulation under anesthesia was required in 4.6% of patients within 1 year. Patellar fracture within 1 year and infection within 30 days occurred in 2.1% and 1.2% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: Patellar instability surgery has increased over the past decade. This finding may be attributed to growing clinical evidence to support these procedures as well as increased surgeon familiarity and comfort with these specific techniques. We observed an unexpectedly high rate of concomitant lateral retinacular release. Overall, the rates of commonly recognized complications (stiffness, patellar fracture, and postoperative infection) were similar to those observed in smaller case series.
What type of clinical evidence is needed to assess medical devices?
Authors: Tarricone Rosanna , Boscolo Paola Roberta , Armeni Patrizio 
Published: September 2016

The objective of this mini-review is to discuss the role of real-world studies as a source of clinical evidence when experimental studies, such as randomised controlled trials (RCTs), are not available. Waiting for RCT evidence when the technology is diffusing could be anti-economical, inefficient from the policy perspective and methodologically questionable.We explain how real-world studies could provide relevant evidence to decision makers. Matching techniques are discussed as a viable solution for bias reduction.We describe a case study concerning a cost-effectiveness analysis based on real-world data of a technology already in use: Mitraclip combined with medical therapyversusmedical therapy alone in patients with moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation. The CEA has encountered the scepticism of most reviewers, due not to the statistical methodology but to the fact that the study was observational and not experimental. Editors and reviewers converged in considering real-world economic evaluations premature in the absence of a RCT, even if in the meantime the technology had been implanted >30 000 times. We believe there is a need to acknowledge the importance of real-world studies, and engage the scientific community in the promotion and use of clinical evidence produced through observational studies.
Exertional dyspnoea in chronic heart failure: the role of the lung and respiratory mechanical factors
Authors: Dubé Bruno-Pierre , Agostoni Piergiuseppe , Laveneziana Pierantonio 
Published: September 2016

Exertional dyspnoea is among the dominant symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure and progresses relentlessly as the disease advances, leading to reduced ability to function and engage in activities of daily living. Effective management of this disabling symptom awaits a better understanding of its underlying physiology.Cardiovascular factors are believed to play a major role in dyspnoea in heart failure patients. However, despite pharmacological interventions, such as vasodilators or inotropes that improve central haemodynamics, patients with heart failure still complain of exertional dyspnoea. Clearly, dyspnoea is not determined by cardiac factors alone, but likely depends on complex, integrated cardio-pulmonary interactions.A growing body of evidence suggests that excessively increased ventilatory demand and abnormal “restrictive” constraints on tidal volume expansion with development of critical mechanical limitation of ventilation, contribute to exertional dyspnoea in heart failure. This article will offer new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of exertional dyspnoea in patients with chronic heart failure by exploring the potential role of the various constituents of the physiological response to exercise and particularly the role of abnormal ventilatory and respiratory mechanics responses to exercise in the perception of dyspnoea in patients with heart failure.
PET/CT in nononcological lung diseases: current applications and future perspectives
Authors: Capitanio Selene , Nordin Abdul Jalil , Noraini Abdul Rahim , Rossetti Claudio 
Published: September 2016

Positron emission tomography (PET) combined with computed tomography (CT) is an established diagnostic modality that has become an essential imaging tool in oncological practice. However, thanks to its noninvasive nature and its capability to provide physiological information, the main applications of this technique have significantly expanded.18F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for PET scanning and demonstrates metabolic activity in various tissues. Since activated inflammatory cells, like malignant cells, predominantly metabolise glucose as a source of energy and increase expression of glucose transporters when activated, FDG-PET/CT can be successfully used to detect and monitor a variety of lung diseases, such as infections and several inflammatory conditions.The added value of FDG-PET/CT as a molecular imaging technique relies on its capability to identify disease in very early stages, long before the appearance of structural changes detectable by conventional imaging. Furthermore, by detecting the active phase of infectious or inflammatory processes, disease progression and treatment efficacy can be monitored.This review will focus on the clinical use of FDG-PET/CT in nonmalignant pulmonary diseases.
Immigrant assimilation and male labor market inequality
Authors: Mason Patrick L. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
At the height of the US civil rights movement in the mid-1960s, foreign-born persons were less than 1 % of the African-American population (Kent, Popul Bull, 62:4, 2007). Today, 16 % of America’s African diaspora workforce consists of first- or second-generation immigrants and 4 % is Hispanic. Intergenerational improvement is an important source of wage convergence of black immigrants. Unskilled immigrants who arrive in the USA as children and adolescents experience substantial wage assimilation, especially Caribbean-English and African-English immigrants. But both unskilled immigrants arriving as adults and all skilled immigrants fail to catch up to the wage status of either native-born whites or native-born African-Americans. After living in the USA for 9–15 years, first-generation black immigrants will have wage penalties at least as large as native-born African-Americans. The immigration process selects black immigrants who have or who would have achieved middle income or higher status in their country of origin. As such, black immigrants tend to have above average observable characteristics. Nevertheless, black immigrants do not obtain wage assimilation equal to native-born non-Hispanic white male workers.

JEL Classification: J15, J31, J61, J62, J7
Do interventions reduce the risk of repeat self-harm or suicide in young people?
Authors: Howson Susan , Huline-Dickens Sarah 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAs in adults, self-harm in children and young people is common. It results in much distress to families and carers, and considerable morbidity among children and young people. Although much more common than completed suicide, it is strongly linked to repeated self-harm and suicide. The conclusions in this review are limited by the small number of studies included, no studies of pharmacological interventions at all and most of the included interventions being evaluated in a single study. One moderately sized study of mentalisation in adolescents with comorbid depression showed a significant effect on scores on a self-harm measure, indicating fewer self-reported episodes of self-harm. No other intervention showed a significant reduction in reported self-harm, although trials may have been too small to show statistical significance.
Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: boundaries and uncertainties
Authors: Pina-Camacho Laura , Parellada Mara , Kyriakopoulos Marinos 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAutism and schizophrenia were placed in different diagnostic categories in DSM-III, having previously been considered as related diagnostic entities. New evidence suggests that these disorders show clinical and cognitive deficit overlaps and shared neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, children presenting with both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and psychotic experiences may represent a subgroup of ASD more closely linked to psychosis. The study of ASD and childhood schizophrenia, and their clinical boundaries and overlapping pathophysiological characteristics, may clarify their relationship and lead to more effective interventions. This article discusses the relationship through a critical review of current and historical dilemmas surrounding the phenomenology and pathophysiology of these disorders. It provides a framework for working with children and young people with mixed clinical presentations, illustrated by three brief fictional case vignettes.
Reviving the ‘double jeopardy’ hypothesis: Physical health inequalities, ethnicity and severe mental illness
Authors: Das-Munshi Jayati , Stewart Robert , Morgan Craig , Nazroo James , Thornicroft Graham , Prince Martin 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPeople with severe mental illness (SMI) experience a reduction in life expectancy of 15–20 years. Physical health and mortality experience may be even worse for ethnic minority groups with SMI, but evidence is limited. We suggest clinical, policy and research recommendations to address this inequality.