bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of Vigilance
Authors: Hancock Peter A. 
Published: February 2017

Objective: I explore the origins, theoretical underpinnings, applications, and importance of vigilance in a world ever more dominated by semiautomated, automated, and autonomous machines. Background: The empirical genesis of vigilance is taken as a case study in the etiology of the application of the behavioral sciences to the human culture of technology. The subsequent taxonomic ordering and theoretical clarification of its causal antecedents are set in the overall context of contemporary human–machine systems research. Method: The methods exercised in this work are historical analysis and informational synthesis in combination with projected theoretical implications and impact. Results: The profile of evolution of the concept of vigilance is clarified and cast in the light of critical events, such as the promulgation of the vigilance taxonomy, its linkage to attentional resource theory, and the recognition that the attendant performance decrement is as indicative of iatrogenic sources as it is a shortfall or limitation of the observer’s processing capacity. Conclusion: Vigilance is alive and growing in importance. Understanding sustained attention will become ever more critical in the humanization of automation-dominated systems. Application: The application of vigilance is widespread and potentially ubiquitous for semiautomated, automated, and autonomous system interaction.
Rest Is Still Best
Authors: Helton William S. , Russell Paul N. 
Published: February 2017

Objective: We examined the impact task interruptions of differing qualitative and quantitative load have on visuospatial vigilance sensitivity. Background: The vigilance decrement and attempts to develop countermeasures to the decrement is one of the most important human factors issues. There is an ongoing debate between those who interpret the increase in the rate of failures to detect signals over time as being due to objective task monotony or task underload and those who interpret this increased failure proneness as being predominately due to cognitive-resource depletion and task overload. Method: Participants were assigned at random to one of six interruptions: Participants were given a complete rest (rest); participants completed a 1-back verbal working-memory (WM) task, a 3-back verbal WM task, a 1-back spatial WM task, or a 3-back spatial WM task; or participants performed the primary vigilance task (continuous). Results: Postinterruption performance was best for rest and worst for continuous. A resource theory perspective led us to make two possible predictions of relative interruption effect orders of the six conditions out of 720 possible orderings. We found one of the two orders. Conclusion: Overall, the vigilance sensitivity decrement appears to be due to the recurring use of particular cognitive resources, and resource theorists should explore this more extensively in the future. Application: Countermeasures for the vigilance decrement should be based on clear cognitive-resource considerations. Rest is the best countermeasure. Intervening tasks should be chosen that minimize resource-demand overlap with the vigilance task.
Between Two Worlds
Authors: Hancock Peter A. , Baldwin Carryl L. , Warm Joel S. , Szalma James L. 
Published: February 2017

Objective: To provide an evaluative overview of the life and contributions of Raja Parasuraman. Background: From his earliest contributions in clarifying and explaining the problematic area of vigilance to his most recent interdisciplinary advances in understanding how genotype relates to behavior in complex technical environments, Raja Parasuraman was a giant of human factors and ergonomics. Our present exposition articulates and recounts his many contributions to our science and to science in general beyond the confines of our own discipline. Method: We use the history of scientific contributions, biographical analysis, and reported personal experience to accomplish our overall assessment of the man and his work. Results: We conclude that Parasuraman’s contributions were unique, substantive, and seminal, and will continue to influence our science for many years to come. Application: This work will serve as a record for those to come who look to make significant contributions to the goals, aims, and aspirations that we set ourselves in human factors and ergonomics in seeking to improve the human condition.
Should We Reform the Offences Against the Person Act 1861?
Authors: Eugenicos Alexandra-Maria 
Published: February 2017

In this article, I consider the non-fatal offences central to our criminal justice system and why the proposed reform would increase much needed efficiency and clarity. The legislation governing these offences is over 150 years old and Modern society has evolved since the Victorian era. Many offences have been time restricted, with only judicial interpretation available to tackle this outdated legislation. Another issue is the flawed hierarchy of offences, with an increasing number of litigants-in-person compounded with economic inefficiencies within the system, urgent reform is necessary. Practitioners and academics from various strata have clamoured for reform, one complaint being that the archaic language has created unnecessary procedural complexity. There are also economic arguments for reform, making elements of an offence more clear and succinct could bring many cases in the Crown Court down to the cheaper Magistrates’ Court. Reform would increase cost and time efficiency. The Law Commission and the Home Office have attempted to discuss OAPA reform for over a decade. However, there has been relative silence on this issue from the Ministry of Justice. There is political difficulty which inevitably surrounds any reform of the Criminal Law and others less enthused by reform are discussed. However, it is in the public interest that the piece of legislation affecting the lives of many is efficient and does not alienate anyone to whom it is applicable. The transmission of disease in the context of non-fatal offences is another topic that is discussed within the article.
Association of the Female Athlete Triad Risk Assessment Stratification to the Development of Bone Stress Injuries in Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Tenforde Adam S. , Carlson Jennifer L. , Chang Audrey , Sainani Kristin L. , Shultz Rebecca , Kim Jae Hyung , Cutti Phil , Golden Neville H. , Fredericson Michael 
Published: February 2017

Background: The female athlete triad (referred to as the triad) contributes to adverse health outcomes, including bone stress injuries (BSIs), in female athletes. Guidelines were published in 2014 for clinical management of athletes affected by the triad. Purpose: This study aimed to (1) classify athletes from a collegiate population of 16 sports into low-, moderate-, and high-risk categories using the Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment score and (2) evaluate the predictive value of the risk categories for subsequent BSIs. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 323 athletes completed both electronic preparticipation physical examination and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. Of these, 239 athletes with known oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea status were assigned to a low-, moderate-, or high-risk category. Chart review was used to identify athletes who sustained a subsequent BSI during collegiate sports participation; the injury required a physician diagnosis and imaging confirmation. Results: Of 239 athletes, 61 (25.5%) were classified into moderate-risk and 9 (3.8%) into high-risk categories. Sports with the highest proportion of athletes assigned to the moderate- and high-risk categories included gymnastics (56.3%), lacrosse (50%), cross-country (48.9%), swimming/diving (42.9%), sailing (33%), and volleyball (33%). Twenty-five athletes (10.5%) assigned to risk categories sustained ≥1 BSI. Cross-country runners contributed the majority of BSIs (16; 64%). After adjusting for age and participation in cross-country, we found that moderate-risk athletes were twice as likely as low-risk athletes to sustain a BSI (risk ratio [RR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.3-5.5) and high-risk athletes were nearly 4 times as likely (RR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.8-8.0). When examining the 6 individual components of the triad risk assessment score, both the oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea score ( P = .0069) and the prior stress fracture/reaction score ( P = .0315) were identified as independent predictors for subsequent BSIs (after adjusting for cross-country participation and age). Conclusion: Using published guidelines, 29% of female collegiate athletes in this study were classified into moderate- or high-risk categories using the Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment Score. Moderate- and high-risk athletes were more likely to subsequently sustain a BSI; most BSIs were sustained by cross-country runners.
Timing of Lower Extremity Injuries in Competition and Practice in High School Sports
Authors: Nagle Kyle , Johnson Bernadette , Brou Lina , Landman Tyler , Sochanska Ada , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: February 2017

Background: Laboratory-based experiments demonstrate that fatigue may contribute to lower extremity injury (LEI). Few studies have examined the timing of LEIs during competition and practice, specifically in high school athletes across multiple sports, to consider the possible relationship between fatigue and LEIs during sport events. Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe the timing of LEIs in high school athletes within games and practices across multiple sports, with a hypothesis that more and severe injuries occur later in games and practices. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Using the National High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) sport injury surveillance system, LEI severity and time of occurrence data during practice and competition were extracted for 9 high school sports. Results: During the school years 2005-2006 through 2013-2014, 16,967,702 athlete exposures and 19,676 total LEIs were examined. In all sports surveyed, there was a higher LEI rate, relative risk for LEI, and LEI requiring surgery during competition than practice. During practice, the majority of LEIs occurred over an hour into practice in all sports. In quarter-based competition, more LEIs occurred in the second (31% to 32%) and third quarters (30% to 35%) than in the first (11% to 15%) and fourth quarters (22% to 26%). In games with halves, the majority (53% to 66%) of LEIs occurred in the second half. The greater severity LEIs tended to occur earlier in games. Conclusion: Fatigue may play a role in the predominance of injuries in the second half of games, though various factors may be involved. Greater severity of injuries earlier in games may be because of higher energy injuries when athletes are not fatigued. Clinical Relevance: These findings can help prepare sports medicine personnel and guide further related research to prevent LEIs.
Reducing the blame culture through clinical audit in nuclear medicine: a mixed methods study
Authors: Ross P , Hubert J , Wong WL 
Published: February 2017

Objectives To identify the barriers and facilitators of doctors’ engagement with clinical audit and to explore how and why these factors influenced doctors’ decisions to engage with the NHS National Clinical Audit Programme. Design A single-embedded case study. Mixed methods sequential approach with explorative pilot study and follow-up survey. Pilot study comprised 13 semi-structured interviews with purposefully selected consultant doctors over a six-month period. Interview data coded and analysed using directed thematic content analysis with themes compared against the study’s propositions. Themes derived from the pilot study informed the online survey question items. Exploratory factor analysis using STATA and descriptive statistical methods applied to summarise findings. Data triangulation techniques used to corroborate and validate findings across the different methodological techniques. Setting NHS National PET-CT Clinical Audit Programme. Participants Doctors reporting on the Audit Programme. Main Outcome measures Extent of engagement with clinical audit, factors that influence engagement with clinical audit. Results Online survey: 58/59 doctors responded (98.3%). Audit was found to be initially threatening (79%); audit was reassuring (85%); audit helped validate professional competence (93%); participation in audit improved reporting skills (76%). Three key factors accounted for 97.6% of the variance in survey responses: (1) perception of audit’s usefulness, (2) a common purpose, (3) a supportive blame free culture of trust. Factor 1 influenced medical engagement most. Conclusions The study documents performance feedback as a key facilitator of medical engagement with clinical audit. It found that medical engagement with clinical audit was associated with reduced levels of professional anxiety and higher levels of perceived self-efficacy.
Venous haemodynamics of Jet Impulse Technology within a lower limb fibreglass cast: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Braithwaite Irene , Mackintosh Stephen , Buchanan Samantha , Schwarzenlander Kerstin , De Ruyter Bernadette 
Published: February 2017

Objectives We investigated popliteal venous haemodynamics of the VenaJet Jet Impulse Technology system within a below-knee fibreglass cast. Design Randomized controlled trial. Participants Twenty-four healthy participants aged 18–54 had both feet placed within the Jet Impulse Technology system and were randomised for one or other leg to be within a below-knee fibreglass cast. Setting Pacific Radiology, Lower Hutt, Wellington Main outcome measures The primary outcome variable was peak systolic velocity (cm/s) compared between legs with and without the cast at 60 min (after 10 min Jet Impulse Technology activation), using a mixed linear model and a non-inferiority bound of 4.8 cm/s. Secondary outcome variables were the difference in peak systolic velocity between the casted limb and the non-casted limb at baseline and 40 min after casting, and the difference in mean flow velocity (cm/s), vein diameter (mm), and total volume flow (L/min) between the casted limb and the non-casted limb at baseline, 40 and 60 min. Results The mean (standard deviation) peak systolic velocity was 4.6(1.5), 4.8(1.1), 28.8(16.1), and 4.3(1.2), 4.8(1.4) and 29.3(19.0) cm/s at baseline, 40 and 60 min in the casted and non-casted leg, respectively. The difference (95% confidence interval) between cast and no-cast at 60 min was −0.8 (−6.5 to 4.9) cm/s, P = 0.78. The peak systolic velocity, flow velocity and total volume flow at 40 min were not statistically significantly different from baseline for both casted and non-casted limb. Conclusion In healthy volunteers, the popliteal venous haemodynamics of the Jet Impulse Technology system was similar between the legs with and without a below-knee fibreglass cast. In-cast Jet Impulse Technology may provide a non-pharmacological option for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for lower-limb cast-immobility.
Case Series of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangiomas
Authors: Kim Han , Wang Angeline , Mititelu Mihai 
Published: February 2017

Purpose: To describe circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) management in the era of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 11 patients (4 men and 7 women; mean age: 47 years) who were treated at University of Wisconsin for CCH between January 1, 2009 and June 1, 2015, using photodynamic therapy (PDT), intravitreal bevacizumab, or a combination of both PDT and bevacizumab. We define change in visual acuity with each treatment as change in Snellen visual acuity from the day of treatment compared to the follow-up appointment closest to the 3-month posttreatment time point. We report visual acuity score (VAS) by converting Snellen visual acuity using the formula, VAS = 100 − 50 × logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. Results: We treated 7 eyes with PDT only, 1 eye with bevacizumab only, and 4 eyes with combined PDT and bevacizumab. In the PDT-only group, visual acuity improved in 4 eyes, stabilized in 2 eyes, and worsened in 1 eye (average +7.8 letters by VAS). In the 1 eye treated with bevacizumab alone, visual acuity improved by 2.6 letters by VAS. In the combined group, visual acuity improved in 3 eyes and stabilized in 1 eye (average +6.2 letters by VAS). Conclusion: Our study supports the effectiveness and safety of PDT as a primary treatment modality. In addition, our study suggests the independent efficacy of bevacizumab monotherapy in select patients, the synergistic response to bevacizumab with repeated PDT, and potentially reduction of PDT treatments by adding bevacizumab to the treatment protocol.
Multiple routes of endocytic internalization of PDGFRβ contribute to PDGF-induced STAT3 signaling
Authors: Jastrzębski Kamil , Zdżalik-Bielecka Daria , Mamińska Agnieszka , Kalaidzidis Yannis , Hellberg Carina , Miaczynska Marta 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) is a receptor tyrosine kinase which upon activation by PDGF-BB stimulates cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Ligand binding induces intracellular signaling cascades but also internalization of the receptor, eventually resulting in its lysosomal degradation. However, endocytic trafficking of receptors often modulates their downstream signaling. We previously reported that internalization of PDGFRβ occurs via dynamin-dependent and -independent pathways but their further molecular determinants remained unknown. Here we show that, in human fibroblasts expressing endogenous PDGFRβ and stimulated with 50 ng/ml PDGF-BB, ligand–receptor uptake proceeds via the parallel routes of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE). CME involves the canonical AP2 complex as a clathrin adaptor, while CIE requires RhoA–ROCK, Cdc42 and galectin-3, the latter indicating lectin-mediated internalization via clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs). Although different uptake routes appear to be partly interdependent, they cannot fully substitute for each other. Strikingly, inhibition of any internalization mechanism impaired activation of STAT3 but not of other downstream effectors of PDGFRβ. Our data indicate that multiple routes of internalization of PDGFRβ contribute to a transcriptional and mitogenic response of cells to PDGF.
A high-sensitivity bi-directional reporter to monitor NF-κB activity in cell culture and zebrafish in real time
Authors: Kuri Paola , Ellwanger Kornelia , Kufer Thomas A. , Leptin Maria , Bajoghli Baubak 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factors play major roles in numerous biological processes including development and immunity. Here, we engineered a novel bi-directional NF-κB-responsive reporter, pSGNluc, in which a high-affinity NF-κB promoter fragment simultaneously drives expression of luciferase and GFP. Treatment with TNFα (also known as TNF) induced a strong, dose-dependent luciferase signal in cell culture. The degree of induction over background was comparable to that of other NF-κB-driven luciferase reporters, but the absolute level of expression was at least 20-fold higher. This extends the sensitivity range of otherwise difficult assays mediated exclusively by endogenously expressed receptors, as we show for Nod1 signaling in HEK293 cells. To measure NF-κB activity in the living organism, we established a transgenic zebrafish line carrying the pSGNluc construct. Live in toto imaging of transgenic embryos revealed the activation patterns of NF-κB signaling during embryonic development and as responses to inflammatory stimuli. Taken together, by integrating qualitative and quantitative NF-κB reporter activity, pSGNluc is a valuable tool for studying NF-κB signaling at high spatiotemporal resolution in cultured cells and living animals that goes beyond the possibilities provided by currently available reporters.
Educação em saúde: uma visão desde antropologia
Authors: Castro Jiménez MSc Laura Elizabeth , Rincón Moreno MSc Mauricio , Gómez Rodríguez MSc Dustin Tahisin 
Published: February 2017

Objetivo: Com base na revisão da literatura de 577 artigos dos mais altos revistas de impacto na área da saúde, presentes no banco de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (lilacs, Scielo, entre outros) y PubMed, diferentes ênfases e as tendências teóricas em mostras de discussão relacionados com a saúde doença-cultura. Desenvolvimiento: Estas tendências surgem a partir da interacção de um número de elementos complexos, mediada pelas características do indivíduo, compreendendo-a a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica. A partir do trabalho desenvolvido por Canguilhem para interpretação; os modelos sociais ontológicas e dinâmicas são descritos. Além disso, a situação sócio-política como condição da doença ea forma como eles levou o conceito sociológico mencionado. A seguir, algumas tendências contemporâneas são descritos com base na perspectiva interpretativa da antropologia médica, enfatizando o desenvolvimento dos conceitos de saúde, doença e cultura. Conclusões: No final, ele encontrou um fato determinante que um monte de ações de educação em saúde, enfatizar a importância de explorar as crenças e práticas culturais em relação à saúde. Este item torna-se um ponto de partida para investigações levantadas através do eixo-doença-cultura de saúde.
Strategic Behavior of Suppliers in the Face of Production Disruptions
Authors: Demirel Süleyman , Kapuscinski Roman , Yu Man 
Published: February 2017

To mitigate supply disruption risks, some manufacturers consider a flexible sourcing strategy, where they have an option of sourcing from multiple suppliers, including regular unreliable suppliers and backup reliable ones. Our objective is to evaluate the costs and benefits associated with flexible sourcing when suppliers are strategic price setters. We show that when each supplier announces a single (wholesale) price, such a game leads to a conflict of incentives and is not realistic in most practical settings. Therefore, we focus on a contingent-pricing game, with wholesale prices contingent on the manufacturer’s sourcing strategy. We describe the resulting equilibrium outcomes corresponding to the manufacturer’s different sourcing and inventory strategies. We show that in equilibrium, inventories are carried either by the manufacturer or by the unreliable supplier, but not both. The manufacturer does not necessarily benefit from the existence of a backup supplier and, in fact, is typically worse off. Similarly, supply chain performance may degrade. Thus, an up-front commitment to sole sourcing may be beneficial. Interestingly, suppliers may benefit from flexible sourcing even though the manufacturer does not. The main results extend to cases when partial backup sourcing is allowed, both suppliers are unreliable, recovery times are non-memoryless, an unreliable supplier may provide a richer set of contingent prices, or the supplier may be risk averse. The online supplementary document is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2626 . This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.