bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preceptors' Perceptions of the Preparation and Qualifications for the Preceptor Role
Authors: Nottingham Sara 
Published: September 2016

ContextThe 2012 Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) standards include several changes that allow more institutional autonomy when determining the qualifications and preparation of preceptors. Clinical education coordinators (CECs) must make educated decisions in this area, yet minimal research exists to guide their decisions.ObjectiveTo investigate the preceptor's perceptions regarding the preparation and qualifications for their role.DesignQualitative.SettingThree undergraduate, CAATE-accredited athletic training programs.Patients or Other ParticipantsSeventeen preceptors (8 males, 9 females; 9.88 ± 9.46 years of clinical experience; 5.06 ± 3.92 years of clinical teaching experience) working in the college/university, rehabilitation clinic, and high school settings. Participants were recruited through the CECs of 3 institutions and selected through purposeful sampling. Data were collected until a variety of participant experiences were obtained and data saturation occurred.Main Outcome Measure(s)The researcher interviewed participants using an individual, in-person, and semistructured format. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using inductive coding with ATLAS.ti software. Trustworthiness was established with the use of source and site triangulation, member checking, and peer debriefing.ResultsFour categories emerged from the data, including benefits, preparation, qualifications, and challenges of being a preceptor. While participants described it was beneficial to supervise students, they also faced several challenges, including balancing their responsibilities and keeping their knowledge current. Participants discussed that mentorship from other preceptors and past experiences as students were primary contributors to their roles as preceptors, whereas preceptor training and communication by the CEC could improve. Participants described that clinical experience, willingness to be a preceptor, and confidence were the main qualifications for becoming a preceptor.ConclusionsClinical education coordinators should recruit confident clinicians with sufficient clinical experience to become preceptors along with ensuring adequate preparation of and communication with preceptors. Educators and researchers should consider the challenges faced by preceptors and develop strategies for overcoming these challenges.
Qualitative Examination of Adolescent Health-Related Quality of Life at 1 Year Postconcussion
Authors: Iadevaia Cheree , Roiger Trevor , Zwart Mary Beth 
Published: September 2016

Context
Moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries can negatively influence health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescent patients. The effect of sport-related concussion on adolescent HRQOL remains unclear.

Objective
To investigate the perceptions of adolescent student-athletes and their parents regarding the adolescents' HRQOL 1 year after sport-related concussion.

Design
Qualitative study.

Setting
Secondary school.

Patients or Other Participants
Seven adolescent student-athletes (age range, 12–16 years) who sustained a sport-related concussion at least 1 year (15.3 ± 2.8 months) before the study participated along with their primary care-giving parents (n = 7).

Data Collection and Analysis
Fourteen semistructured face-to-face interviews (7 adolescents, 7 parents) were completed. Interviews were transcribed and inductively analyzed by a team of 3 athletic trainers with 32 combined years of professional experience. Themes were negotiated through a consensual review process. Participant checks were completed to ensure trustworthiness of the results.

Results
Four major themes emerged from the interviews: (1) significant effect of symptoms, (2) feelings of frustration, (3) influence on school attendance and activities, and (4) nature of interpersonal and team relationships. Participants indicated that the physical symptoms of the concussion substantially affected their emotional and academic function. The influence of the concussion on social interactions seemed to depend on the nature of interpersonal relationships.

Conclusions
Sport-related concussion can negatively influence physical and emotional function, academics, and interpersonal interactions as perceived by adolescent student-athletes and their parents. Education of parents and their children, school professionals, coaches, and teammates remains critical to effectively recognize and manage sport-related concussion. Secondary school districts also play a critical role in the concussion-management process by establishing and implementing accommodation policies that alleviate student concerns about falling behind while ensuring a healthy return to normal school routines. Furthermore, adolescent support systems must be considered throughout the recovery process.
Wireless Versus Wired Iontophoresis for Treating Patellar Tendinopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rigby Justin H. , Mortensen Brett B. , Draper David O. 
Published: September 2016

ContextThe efficacy of the relatively new wireless iontophoresis patch compared with the traditional wired dose controller is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the differences among 2 iontophoresis drug-delivery systems (wireless patch versus wired dose controller) and a sham treatment in treating patellar tendinopathy.DesignRandomized controlled clinical trial.SettingPhysical therapy clinic.Patients or Other ParticipantsThirty-one participants diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy (men = 22, women = 9, age = 24.5 ± 5.9 years).Intervention(s)Participants were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 treatment groups: wireless patch, wired dose controller, or sham treatment. Participants in the active treatment groups received six 80 mA/min iontophoresis treatments using 2 mL of 4% dexamethasone sodium phosphate. During each visit, clinical outcome measures were assessed and then the assigned treatment was applied.Main Outcome Measure(s)Clinical outcome measures were Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale, pressure sensitivity, knee-extension force, and sit-to-stand pain assessment using a numeric rating scale. For each clinical outcome measure, we used a repeated-measures analysis of covariance to determine differences among the treatment groups over the treatment period.ResultsParticipants reported a clinically important improvement on the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale across all treatment groups, with no differences among groups (P = .571). A placebo effect was observed with pressure sensitivity (P = .0152); however, the active treatment decreased participants' pain during the sit-to-stand test (P = .042).ConclusionsA placebo effect occurred with the sham treatment group. Generally, improvement was noted in all groups regardless of treatment type, but greater pain reduction during a functional task was evident within the active treatment groups during the sit-to-stand test. The wireless patch and wired dose controller treatments were equivalent across all variables.
Incidence of Patients With Knee Strain and Sprain Occurring at Sports or Recreation Venues and Presenting to United States Emergency Departments
Authors: Gray Aaron M. , Buford William L. 
Published: September 2016

Context
Knee injuries account for a substantial percentage of all athletic injuries. The relative rates of knee injury for a variety of sports by sex and age need to be understood so we can better allocate resources, such as athletic trainers, to properly assess and treat injuries and reduce injury risk.

Objective
To describe the epidemiology of patients with sport-related knee strain and sprain presenting to US emergency departments from 2002 to 2011.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Using the Consumer Products Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and the US Census Bureau, we extracted raw data to estimate national rates of patients with knee strain and sprain presenting to emergency departments.

Patients or Other Participants
Participants were individuals sustaining a knee strain or sprain at sports or recreation venues and presenting to local emergency departments for treatment. We included 12 popular sports for males and 11 for females. Ages were categorized in six 5-year increments for ages 5 to 34 years and one 10-year increment for ages 35 to 44 years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Incidence rates were calculated using weights provided by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and reported with their 95% confidence intervals for sport, sex, and age.

Results
Strain and sprain injury rates varied greatly by sport, sex, and age group. The highest injury rates occurred in football and basketball for males and in soccer and basketball for females. The most at-risk population was 15 to 19 years for both sexes.

Conclusions
Athletes experience different rates of knee strain and sprain according to sport, sex, and age. Increased employment of athletic trainers to care for the highest-risk populations, aged 10 to 19 years, is recommended to reduce emergency department use and implement injury-prevention practices.
Multiplanar Knee Laxity and Perceived Function During Activities of Daily Living and Sport
Authors: Taylor Jeffrey B. , Wang Hsin-Min , Schmitz Randy J. , Rhea Christopher K. , Ross Scott E. , Shultz Sandra J. 
Published: September 2016

Context
Greater knee-joint laxity may lead to a higher risk of knee injury, yet it is unknown whether results of self-reported outcome measures are associated with distinct knee-laxity profiles.

Objective
To identify the extent to which multiplanar knee laxity is associated with patient-reported outcomes of knee function in healthy individuals during activities of daily living and sport.

Design
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting
University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Forty healthy individuals (20 men, 20 women; age = 18–31 years).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
All participants were given the Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADL) and Sports Activities Scale (KOS-SAS) and subsequently measured for knee laxity in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. Separate backward stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine the extent to which multiplanar knee-laxity values predicted KOS-ADL and KOS-SAS scores within each sex.

Results
Women had higher magnitudes of anterior, posterior (POSTLAX), varus (VARLAX), valgus (VALLAX), and internal-rotation laxity than men and trended toward greater external rotation (ERLAX) laxity. Greater POSTLAX, less VALLAX, and greater VARLAX was associated with lower KOS-ADL scores (KOS-ADL = −4.8 [POSTLAX], + 3.3 [VALLAX] − 2.2 [VARLAX] + 100.4, R2 = 0.74, P &lt; .001) and greater POSTLAX and less VALLAX was associated with lower KOS-SAS scores (KOS-SAS = −8.2 [POSTLAX], + 3.6 [VALLAX] + 96.4, R2 = 0.67, P &lt; .001) in women. In men, greater POSTLAX and less ERLAX was associated with lower KOS-SAS scores (KOS-ADL = −4.7 [POSTLAX], + 0.9 [ERLAX] + 96.4, R2 = 0.49, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
The combination of POSTLAX with less relative VALLAX (women) or less relative ERLAX (men) was a strong predictor of KOS scores, suggesting that a self-reported outcome measure may be beneficial as part of a preparticipation screening battery to identify those with perceived functional deficits associated with their knee laxity.
Concussion-Related Protocols and Preparticipation Assessments Used for Incoming Student-Athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association Member Institutions
Authors: Kerr Zachary Y. , Snook Erin M. , Lynall Robert C. , Dompier Thomas P. , Sales Latrice , Parsons John T. , Hainline Brian 
Published: September 2016

Context
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) legislation requires that member institutions have policies to guide the recognition and management of sport-related concussions. Identifying the nature of these policies and the mechanisms of their implementation can help identify areas of needed improvement.

Objective
To estimate the characteristics and prevalence of concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments used for incoming NCAA student-athletes.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Web-based survey.

Patients or Other Participants
Head athletic trainers from all 1113 NCAA member institutions were contacted; 327 (29.4%) completed the survey.

Intervention(s)
Participants received an e-mail link to the Web-based survey. Weekly reminders were sent during the 4-week window.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Respondents described concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments (eg, concussion history, neurocognitive testing, balance testing, symptom checklists). Descriptive statistics were compared by division and football program status.

Results
Most universities provided concussion education to student-athletes (95.4%), had return-to-play policies (96.6%), and obtained the number of previous concussions sustained by incoming student-athletes (97.9%). Fewer had return-to-learn policies (63.3%). Other concussion-history–related information (eg, symptoms, hospitalization) was more often collected by Division I universities. Common preparticipation neurocognitive and balance tests were the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT; 77.1%) and Balance Error Scoring System (46.5%). In total, 43.7% complied with recommendations for preparticipation assessments that included concussion history, neurocognitive testing, balance testing, and symptom checklists. This was due to moderate use of balance testing (56.6%); larger proportions used concussion history (99.7%), neurocognitive testing (83.2%), and symptom checklists (91.7%). More Division I universities (55.2%) complied with baseline assessment recommendations than Division II (38.2%, χ2 = 5.49, P = .02) and Division III (36.1%, χ2 = 9.11, P = .002) universities.

Conclusions
National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions implement numerous strategies to monitor student-athletes. Division II and III universities may need additional assistance to collect in-depth concussion histories and conduct balance testing. Universities should continue developing or adapting (or both) return-to-learn policies.
Staffing Levels at National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision-Level Institutions
Authors: MS Suzie Aparicio , Welch Bacon Cailee E. , Parsons John T. , Bay R. Curtis , Cohen Randy P. , DeZeeuw Terry , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich 
Published: September 2016

Context
The “Appropriate Medical Coverage for Intercollegiate Athletics” (AMCIA) document was created to support assessment and calculation of athletic training personnel requirements. However, little is known regarding disparities between current and recommended staffing practices.

Objective
To identify the staffing and employment characteristics of athletic health care services at Football Bowl Subdivision-level institutions.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Web-based survey.

Patients or Other Participants
Head athletic trainers and athletic training staff members who were knowledgeable about budget and staff.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
The survey, Assessment of Staffing Levels at National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision-Level Institutions, was used to evaluate personal, university, and staff demographics; staffing and employment topics; and AMCIA variables and use.

Results
The survey was accessed and partially completed by 104 individuals (response rate = 84.6%). A total of 79 athletic trainers (response rate = 76%) completed the entire survey. One-third of the respondents (34.2%, n = 26) met the recommended number of full-time equivalents (FTEs) for football, two-thirds of the respondents (65.7%, n = 50) failed to meet the recommendation, and 26.2% (n = 27) were missing data needed for FTE calculation. Among those who did not meet the recommended FTEs (n = 50), 38.0% (n = 19) were within 1 FTE of being compliant, 26.0% (n = 13) were within 2 FTEs, and 24.0% (n = 12) were within 3 FTEs. About one-third of respondents (35.9%, n = 37) reported not using the AMCIA, citing lack of funding (29.7%, n = 11), lack of administrative support (21.6%, n = 8), and other reasons (37.8%, n = 14).

Conclusions
The majority of institutions that used the AMCIA were able to provide justification for staffing. For most of the institutions that failed to meet their recommendation, adding 1–3 FTE athletic trainers for football would change their compliance status. A uniform definition of the term FTE within collegiate athletics is needed to allow for structured assessment and allocation of staffing and workloads.
Joint Kinetics and Kinematics During Common Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exercises
Authors: Comfort Paul , Jones Paul Anthony , Smith Laura Constance , Herrington Lee 
Published: September 2016

Context
Unilateral body-weight exercises are commonly used to strengthen the lower limbs during rehabilitation after injury, but data comparing the loading of the limbs during these tasks are limited.

Objective
To compare joint kinetics and kinematics during 3 commonly used rehabilitation exercises.

Design
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 9 men (age = 22.1 ± 1.3 years, height = 1.76 ± 0.08 m, mass = 80.1 ± 12.2 kg) participated.

Intervention(s)
Participants performed the single-legged squat, forward lunge, and reverse lunge with kinetic data captured via 2 force plates and 3-dimensional kinematic data collected using a motion-capture system.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Peak ground reaction forces, maximum joint angles, and peak sagittal-joint moments.

Results
We observed greater eccentric and concentric peak vertical ground reaction forces during the single-legged squat than during both lunge variations (P ≤ .001). Both lunge variations demonstrated greater knee and hip angles than did the single-legged squat (P &lt; .001), but we observed no differences between lunges (P &gt; .05). Greater dorsiflexion occurred during the single-legged squat than during both lunge variations (P &lt; .05), but we noted no differences between lunge variations (P = .70). Hip-joint moments were greater during the forward lunge than during the reverse lunge (P = .003) and the single-legged squat (P = .011). Knee-joint moments were greater in the single-legged squat than in the reverse lunge (P &lt; .001) but not greater in the single-legged squat than in the forward lunge (P = .41). Ankle-joint moments were greater during the single-legged squat than during the forward lunge (P = .002) and reverse lunge (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Appropriate loading progressions for the hip should begin with the single-legged squat and progress to the reverse lunge and then the forward lunge. In contrast, loading progressions for the knee and ankle should begin with the reverse lunge and progress to the forward lunge and then the single-legged squat.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses
Authors: Casa Douglas J. , DeMartini Julie K. , Bergeron Michael F. , Csillan Dave , Eichner E. Randy , Lopez Rebecca M. , Ferrara Michael S. , Miller Kevin C. , O'Connor Francis , Sawka Michael N. , Yeargin Susan W. 
Published: September 2016

Objective
To present best-practice recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation.

Background
Certified athletic trainers recognize and treat athletes with EHIs, often in high-risk environments. Although the proper recognition and successful treatment strategies are well documented, EHIs continue to plague athletes, and exertional heat stroke remains one of the leading causes of sudden death during sport. The recommendations presented in this document provide athletic trainers and allied health providers with an integrated scientific and clinically applicable approach to the prevention, recognition, treatment of, and return-to-activity guidelines for EHIs. These recommendations are given so that proper recognition and treatment can be accomplished in order to maximize the safety and performance of athletes.

Recommendations
Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals should use these recommendations to establish onsite emergency action plans for their venues and athletes. The primary goal of athlete safety is addressed through the appropriate prevention strategies, proper recognition tactics, and effective treatment plans for EHIs. Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals must be properly educated and prepared to respond in an expedient manner to alleviate symptoms and minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.
Selective Activation of Shoulder, Trunk, and Arm Muscles: A Comparative Analysis of Different Push-Up Variants
Authors: Marcolin Giuseppe , Petrone Nicola , Moro Tatiana , Battaglia Giuseppe , Bianco Antonino , Paoli Antonio 
Published: September 2016

Context
The push-up is a widely used exercise for upper limb strengthening that can be performed with many variants. A comprehensive analysis of muscle activation during the ascendant phase (AP) and descendant phase (DP) in different variants could be useful for trainers and rehabilitators.

Objective
To obtain information on the effect of different push-up variants on the electromyography (EMG) of a large sample of upper limb muscles and to investigate the role of the trunk and abdomen muscles during the AP and DP.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Eight healthy, young volunteers without a history of upper extremity or spine injury.

Intervention(s)
Participants performed a set of 10 repetitions for each push-up variant: standard, wide, narrow, forward (FP), and backward (BP). Surface EMG of 12 selected muscles and kinematics data were synchronously recorded to describe the AP and DP.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Mean EMG activity of the following muscles was analyzed: serratus anterior, deltoideus anterior, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, triceps brachii caput longus, triceps brachii caput lateralis, obliquus externus abdominis, pectoralis major sternal head, pectoralis major clavicular head, trapezius transversalis, and biceps brachii.

Results
The triceps brachii and pectoralis major exhibited greater activation during the narrow-base variant. The highest activation of abdomen and back muscles was recorded for the FP and BP variants. The DP demonstrated the least electrical activity across all muscles, with less marked differences for the abdominal and erector spinae muscles because of their role as stabilizers.

Conclusions
Based on these findings, we suggest the narrow-base variant to emphasize triceps and pectoralis activity and the BP variant for total upper body strength conditioning. The FP and BP variants should be implemented carefully in participants with low back pain because of the greater activation of abdominal and back muscles.