bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mimésis et philosophie : approche du récit philosophique voltairien
Authors: Raynaud Jean-Michel 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Michel Raynaud : Mimesis and philosophy. An approach to Voltairean philosophical narratives.
An analysis of the reader's approach to this ill-defined literary genre, with in particular a discussion of the Relation de la maladie ...du jésuite Bert hier. The problem posed is that of the relation between realistic representation and allegory, between the real and the imaginary, which takes three different forms in Voltaire's stories. In one type (Zadig, l'Ingénu) there is a synthesis of the two, in a second (Candide ) it is possible but not realised, while in the third (Berthier) they are radically separated. The two parts of the title (e.g. Candide ou l'optimisme ) are thus seen to be necessary, to be separate and not interchangeable ; they are an indication of the dialectical nature of the text.
Voltaire et l'affaire Saurin
Authors: Gargett Graham 
Published: June 2016

Graham Gargett : Voltaire and the Saurin affair.
New light is thrown on the Saurin affair by the unpublished minutes of the Colloque of Lausanne ; at its meeting in September 1758 it censured Polier de Bottens and two other pastors for a certificate, published by V. in the 1757 Cramer edition of his Works, to rehabilitate the pastor J. Saurin who had left Vaud in 1689 after an accusation of theft. This certificate denied the existence of a letter by Saurin, supposedly written just before his death and published by the Mercure suisse in 1736, admitting his guilt. The allegation that V. had destroyed the incriminating letter (in Bottens' keeping) is seen to be unfounded. The anonymous author of a letter published in the Mercure suisse in October 1758 attacking Saurin, V. and the three pastors was probably Jean-Pierre Leresche, an important pastor in the Lausanne area. This affair interrupted Bottens' compromising contacts with V.
En guise d'éditorial... Morts parallèles
Authors: Sgard Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard : Parallel deaths.
The development of the parallel drawn between Voltaire and Rousseau since their deaths in 1778 is seen in a study of 22 contemporary periodicals. Immediately the tone adopted for Voltaire was that of poetical apotheosis, while Rousseau's subsequent death prompted prosaic announcements. But soon interest was manifested for the circumstances surrounding the latter's death ; this was followed by parallels drawn between ithe two Philosophes. At first a comparison, the parallel became opposition which reflected the judgements of the two upon each other.
La poésie en 1778
Authors: Guitton Edouard 
Published: June 2016

Edouard Guitton : Poetry in 1778.
The vitality of French poetry in 1778 can be seen in the tables of the Almartach des Muses. The "old" genres were renovated ; the descriptive wave introduced by Saint-Lambert reached a high point with les Fastes and les Mois. This was the golden age of translation, with which A. Chénier began (his first extant attempts date from 1778). Following in the wake of sensualism, there is a new form of personal poetry (Parry, Bertin) which invades all poetical styles. The blending of the individual into the different manifestations of the exterior world is the dominant aesthetic trait, which is particularly visible in Delille's Jardins. Thus, through passing fashions, modern poetry emerges.
Les arts graphiques en France autour de 1778
Authors: Pariset François-Georges 
Published: June 2016

François-Georges Pariset : The graphic arts in France c. 1778.
Around 1778 artistic activity in France was noteworthy for the role of Paris, the Salons, art criticism, and showed both rapid transformation and the persistence of' moderate neo-classicism. Particularly to be noted are technical innovations in engravings, a concern for the people, outline drawing used by David, a new style in portraiture (Chardin). Romantic tendencies appear in the ruins te be seen in landscapes, which accompanied a general return to French history, also seen in the troubadour fashion. The ideal of the Enlightenment is best expressed by David, whose art became more and more philosophical.
Paris en 1778 : l'architecture en question
Authors: Rabreau Daniel , Mosser Monique 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Rabreau & Monique Mosser : Paris in 1778 : architecture.
1978 is also the anniversary of the death of Piranese, whose influence on French architects of the second half of the 18th Century was consi¬derable. Voltaire left Paris' as the monarchy decided the construction of two monumental projects : the Place Louis XV and the Ecole Militaire. In the following years, despite the lack of an urban plan, young architects produced a series of modern public buildings : the Corn Market, the Mint, Saint Philippe du Rouie, the Surgery School, the Vauxhiall. In 1778, on balance, we see that urbanism was subjected to speculation and the greed of shareholders. But finally, with the comte d'Angiviller, an era of reforming projects seems to be beginning, and in 1778 the new plan for the construction of the Odeon was accepted.
La Lisbonne de Pombal en 1778
Authors: França José-Augusto 
Published: June 2016

José-Augusto França : The marquis of Pombal's Lisbon in 1778.
The death of Joseph I in 1777 led to tlie fall of his powerful minister Pombal who was exiled and condemned, but finally pardoned. The pious Queen Mary I provided a symbol for the change in Portuguese society with the church of Estela, consacrated in 1790, the last Old Regime basilica in Europe, built with the trade tax intended for the reconstruction of Lisbon. In 1778 the works of the modem "perverted philosophers", already condemned by Pombal, were banned but they were distributed clandestinely by the French booksellers in Lisbon and the colony of foreign technicians and soldiers. Popular opinion came to regret Pombal.
L'année 1778 dans le Journal encyclopédique
Authors: Wagner Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Wagner : 1778 in the journal encyclopédique.
The Journal encyclopédique represented a resolutely "economistic" ideology. Knowledge is linked to the needs of a society defined in terms of a market economy. There is on the one hand productive work, necessary in a world threatened by death because of the contradiction between human needs and natural scarcity, and the other property, alone able to guarantee the profitability of production. This conception of society, totally opposed to that of the Christian era, which was feudal, has two basic notions, history and the individual. Thus the J.E. looiks forward to a change in the means and relations of production and demands a redefinition of the works of the intellectual. In future men will be esteemed because of the political value of their work.
David Williams, prêtre de la Nature, lecteur de Voltaire et de Rousseau
Authors: France Peter 
Published: June 2016

Peter France : David Williams, priest of nature, reader of Voltaire and Rousseau.
The Welsh author and philanthropist David Williams (1738-1816), a leading London' radical during the last 3 decades of the 18th Century, was known as an educational reformer, the priest' of the first public deistic chapel in Europe, the friend and adviser of Brissot and the Girar-dins, and the founder of the Royal Literary Fund. He provides an interesting example of the way in which the ideas of Voltaire and Rous¬ seau were combined in a synthesis of radical thought. He translated several works of V. and discussed R.'s views in various writings. The former provided a model for the advocacy of free thought and toleration, the latter a stimulus for educational and political reform. Williams took what he needed from both, adapting them to the Engllish tradition and situation.
L'article «Jouissance» et l'idéologie érotique de Diderot
Authors: Benrekassa Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Benrekassa : The article «jouissance » and diderot's erotic ideology.
This article aims to show, by means of a stylistic commentary, that Diderot's article JOUISSANCE in the Encyclopédie is composed of a linguistic fracture which can be seen in an important modification of the system of «shifters » (Jakobson). This modification determines two apparently contradictory ideological aspects, whose relationship poses the problem of Diderot's moral and philosophical language. The solution to this problem is probably to be found, to a certain extent, in Le Père de famille, whose dedication, and even more, scenario, are linked to the Encyclopédie article. Here it becomes apparent on which level Diderot's moral systems are linked, and how they reflect a coherent social practice.
«Prêtons la main à la nature... » I. L'Onanisme de Tissot
Authors: Tarczylo Théodore 
Published: June 2016

Theodore Tarczylo : «Give nature a helping hand... » (1) : Tissot's
«onanism ».
The break with theology, already perceptible in 1710 (Bekker) is definitely established with Tissot, whose work marks the medical monopoly of sexuality. But, by refusing to take account of pleasure, Tissot is unable to form a coherent medical naturalism ; he reproduces theological morality in a secular guise. His consideration of the body is hindered by the fantasm of loss, and the cases described are more appropriate to a chamber of horrors than to clinical analysis. From the individual, the menace extends to the whole social body and to the race. This motley work encouraged, as much as it denounced, the «scourge », that Tissot's followers attempted to limit with a whole arsenal of repressive measures. We are here at the origins of the bourgeois sexual imagination.
Les crimes sexuels dans les «Causes célèbres»
Authors: Lüsebrink Hans-Jürgen 
Published: June 2016

Hans-Jurgen Lusebrink : Sexual crimes in the «causes célèbres».
A quantitative and idelological analysis of the 169 texts in the «Causes célèbres » and «Procès fameux » concerned with sexual crimes (adultery, bigamy, fornication, pimping, public prostitution, incest, rape), shows the importance of this 18th-century «Encyclopaedia of Crime ». The desire to represent, as completely as possible, the interesting, or scandalous, trials undermines these texts' conservative intention, which was to justify the courts' actions and to decide clearly between crime and innocence. By an analysis of the representation of sexual crimes, we can perceive both the contradictions of justice and the social divisions of the Ancien Régime.
Le droit de la filiation légitime à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Allemand-Gay Marie-Thérèse 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Thérèse Allemand : The right of legitimate descendence at the end of the old régime.
Under the Old Régime the Roman adage pater is est quem nuptiae demonstrant is the foundation of the right to legitimate descendence ; Parlements applied it rigorously and only allowed one exception, based on the physical impossibility for the spouses to cohabit. The argument of moral impossibility, based on facts indicating that the husband is not the father of his wife's child, was rarely accepted by courts. The reasons for this prudence are perhaps imputable to the difficulty of defining a system of proof. Nevertheless, on the eve of the Revolution, the courts systematically excluded, for civil cases, recourse to oral proof unaccompanied by any written proof. Yet, differences between courts, or within the same court, are numerous and show, in the absence of any particular legislation, the incomplete nature of the legal edifice in this matter.
Entre peuple et hiérarchie : l'échec d'une pastorale
Authors: Froeschlé-Chopard Marie-Hélène , Bernos Marcel 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Hélène Froeschlé-Chopard and Marcel Bernos : Between people and hierarchy : the failure of a priesthood.
In 1709, Jean-Baptiste Deguignes, vicar of Tourrettes (Alpes-Maritimes), was accused by the Bishop of Vence of both Jansenism and scandalous conduct. Although educated by the Jesuits in Marseilles, he was early on in contact with Jansenist circles. His adherence can be seen less by his preaching, vigorous but orthodox, than by his books, two-thirds of which were Jansenist, and which he lent generously. In fact, what is at stake is his contact with the people. The young priest led lay congregations, took part in or organised «assemblies », which, although pious, were outside the framework of «normal » liturgy, and prayer meetings ; he also spoke Provençal. The people, except for a chosen few from the middle classes, rejected this cleric who did not know his place, which was apart. In the face of this dual opposition, the missionary vicar returned to the fold, and ended an original pastoral experiment.
Le développement du journalisme en Amérique espagnole : la «Gazeta de Guatemala»
Authors: Browning John D. 
Published: June 2016

John D. Browning : The development of modern journalism in spanish
america : The case of the «gazeta de Guatemala ».
Spanish America's newspapers passed through three phases of development before the outbreak of the wars of indépendance. In the early decades of the century, prominent Creoles began to publish regular newsheets. These modest publications sprang from local pride and an awareness of the differences between the Old World and the New. Such chauvinism was evident throughout the Century. After the mid-century, a new breed of publications emerged, expressing the spirit of the Hispanic Enlightenment. In the 1780s and 90s, the discovery of how Buffon and de Pauw had misrepresented America to European readers, and the anxiety over the economy, ushered in the third phase. The little-known Gazeta de Guatemala, with its denunciations of de Pauw, its concern over social problems, and its proposals for saving the economy, is a fine example of Spanish American journalism in its period of maturity.
Etat actuel des recherches sur Diderot
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie , Chouillet Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques and Anne-Marie Chouillet : The present state of diderot studies.
This survey covers the period since 1974 and includes all works known to the authors at the date of writing (end of 1979). In addition, using, on the one hand, information given by scholars concerning their current research, and on the other, the papers read at the Fifth International Congress on the Enlightenment (Pisa, August 1979), we attempt to analyse the present state, and main trends, of present research, and highlight neglected areas.
Le rayonnement de Moïse Mendelssohn hors d'Allemagne
Authors: Meyer Paul Hugo 
Published: June 2016

Moses Mendelssohn's fame outside Germany.
During his lifetime, Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) was best known in Germany as a moral philosopher and «literary critic, the fact that he was Jewish being considered above all as an interesting curiosity. It seems possible that his great reputation was due more to a dearth of contemporary major thinkers than to his intrinsic originality and that may explain why his fame was even more shortlived abroad, although his place in history as the foremost spokesman for his people is secure. From France, where the demands for civil equality of the Jews intensified with the approach of the Revolution, the fame of his works and his personal reputation spread to other countries and indirectly inspired an analogous movement throughout Europe.
L'activité économique des juifs anglais
Authors: Endelman Todd M. 
Published: June 2016

The jewish economic activity in England.
The character of Jewish economic activity in eighteenth-century England was misrepresented in the polemics that accompanied the incorporation of the Jews into English society. Both friends and foes exaggerated the role of the Anglo-Jewish financial and mercantile elite and ignored almost completely the bulk of the Jewish community, who were engaged in a variety of low-status street trades. Most Anglo-Jewish economic activity was non-innovative and unrevolutionary, and had little bearing on the emergence of England as the first industrial nation. Most English Jews followed trades similar to those of Jews in Western and Central Europe, from whence most English Jews, or their immediate ancestors, had emigrated.
La condition historienne à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Gembicki Dieter 
Published: June 2016

The situation of historiography at the end of the Ancien Régime.
This study is based on France and particularly on the historical work going on around the Dépôt des chartes and its leader Jacob-Nicolas Moreau. The situation of the collaborators at the Dépôt is difficult, from both a material and a moral point of view. Whilst research and the copying of original documents are being carried on throughout France, a great number of history manuals tas well as technical treatises appear, whose success is assured. The authorities support this work and even develop the teaching of history : the second Chair in Hebrew at the Collège Royal is replaced by a chair in History. But all that is slight, compared for example with Germany, where the development of scientific history is probably in line with that of law. In France, history is still a literary genre, when it does not fall into the category of pure erudition.
Le discours de Jean-Jacques Rousseau sur les femmes, et sa réception critique
Authors: Piau-Gillot Colette 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's discussion of women and its reception.
In the twentieth century the analysis of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's discussion of women remains very ambiguous. Was Rousseau anti-feminist ? By rejecting masculine authority, paternal or conjugal, by criticising the education of women, and marriages of convenience, he exculpates women ; thanks to him a higher value is attached to their moral force. In those revolutionary times the majority of illiterate women claim social rather than political rights and like Rousseau blame the women of the corrupt upper classes. Though Rousseau refuses women any political rôle, they see him nonetheless as their spokesman not their enemy.
Voltaire et ses sources historiques
Authors: Albina Larissa 
Published: June 2016

Voltaire and his historical sources.
History books in Voltaire's personal library amount to 28 % (1.886 vols) of the total (6.814). Voltaire made use of an impressive number of these in writing most of his historical works (The Essai sur les mœurs, the Siècle de Louis XIV, the Histoire de l'Empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, etc.). The marginal notes and other indications of Voltaire's reading permit a fuller comprehension of his critical method of work. When the Corpus of marginal notes has been published in its entirety, it will be possible to establish the whole range of his sources more accurately and to draw firmer conclusions about Voltaire as an historian.
L'édition des œuvres complètes de Diderot
Authors: Varloot Jean 
Published: June 2016

The edition of Diderot's complete works.
The new edition of Diderot's Œuvres Complètes, despite its quality, is still either known imperfeotly or not at all. J. Varloot, the general editor, traces the history of this enterprise : the difficult initial stages and thie development of the scientific norms which constitutes its originality (the critical apparatus ; the explanatory comment). Varloot presents the volumes that have appeared in 5 years (11 out of 33) and those that have gone to press or are in preparation. He stresses the enthusiasm of the collaborators. Lastly he details the «spin-off » from the collective efforts : discoveries of documents, methodological research on punctuation and textual edition, etc.
Casanova aujourd'hui (1960-1979)
Authors: Luna Marie-Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Casanova today (1960-1979).
Casanova studies were renewed twenty years ago by the efforts of J. Rives Childs and by the first appearance of the original text of the Histoire de ma vie. The text of the Memoirs is still however mishandled by editors (rewritings and selections) despite the efforts of Casanova scholars to bring out serious editions and to make known some other works of the Venetian. Research on Casanova, which is very active, remains essentially historical and biographical though people are beginning to be interested in the writer and his ideas. His works have still, however, not acquired the place they deserve in eighteenth-oentury research as a whole.
Un extrait manuscrit inconnu du Mémoire de Meslier
Authors: Melo António 
Published: June 2016

A new manuscript extract from Meslier's «Mémoire».
In its content, this new manuscript goes beyond the summaries of the first proofs of the Mémoire. Judging by the state of preservation, the careful calligraphy and the richness of the contemporary binding, it must be an exceptionally good copy. This extract entitled, on the spine, Traité de Théolog(ie), is divided up in a particularly interesting way : a Preface followed by 12 chapters. The text is largely given over to the 6th and 7th proofs, which allows for the materialist aspects of the social and political criticism in Meslier's thought to be developed in a way unusual in the existing extracts.
La transition du 18e au 19e siècle
Authors: Mortier Roland 
Published: June 2016

Roland Mortier : The transition from the i8th to the 19th century.
After the hopes raised by the American and French Revolutions, this period was one of reaction against the Terror ; the Enlightenment's message, including its conception of man and the world, was questioned. With the reappearance of the theme of evil, there was a renewal of the concept of the impenetrability of the soul, and a certain difficulty of living and loving. Ancient Greece and the Middle Ages provided refuge for some, while others turned inwards to the heart. The 18th century tradition was continued by the Ideologues, but in the direction of epistemology and anthropology, and the Coppet group developed a liberal European spirit. As for fiction ; it was marked by a feminine invasion, whose importance has still to be analysed.
Oxygène et thérapeutique
Authors: Guillerme Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Guillerme : Oxygen and therapeutics.
The advances of pneumatic chemistry at the end of the century and the emphasis on the preeminence of oxygen inevitably led to creative trends in therapy. Although effective in cases of asphyxia, the stimulating properties of 'vital air' were soon found to be incapable of curing chronic diseases. However, the prestige of its stimulating properties was such that it gave rise to indirect therapy, using oxygenized compounds which were generally ineffective and/or hazardous. Many rationalisations were found, based on Brownian 'Stimulism', and often also on the fact that they followed the pattern of formalisation of applied mathematics. The aim of this article is to retrace the various stages of a therapeutic error which came to an end when rational empiricism was restored, together with a denial of chemistry's ability to account for the mechanism of life.
La Bibliothèque Nationale sous la Révolution
Authors: Thien Ly-Hoang 
Published: June 2016

Ly-Hoang Thien : The Bibliothèque Nationale under the Revolution.
The Royal Library could not remain untouched by the Revolution. Its close links with the Old Regime brought about its downfall ; Le Noir was replaced by d'Ormesson (1789-1792). The first revolutionary measures reduced considerably the library's budget ; this provoked a reaction from the guards who gave a precise description of the threatened institution's workings. After 10th August 1792, the minister Roland appointed Chamfort and Cance as Directors (1792-3), and the library — no longer royal but national — experienced one of the richest periods of its history. In 1793-5, Gregoire brought about the most far-reaching and long-lasting of the library's transformations and drew up its rules. The post of Librarian was replaced by a joint direction — the 'Conservatoire' -set up under the Directory.