bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical organization and genetically separable subfamilies of PSD95 postsynaptic supercomplexes
Authors: Frank René A. W. , Zhu Fei , Komiyama Noboru H , Grant Seth G. N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPSD95 is an abundant postsynaptic scaffold protein in glutamatergic synapses that assembles into supercomplexes composed of over 80 proteins including neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels and adhesion proteins. How these diverse constituents are organized into PSD95 supercomplexes in vivo is poorly understood. Here, we dissected the supercomplexes in mice combining endogenous gene‐tagging, targeted mutations and quantitative biochemical assays. Generating compound heterozygous mice with two different gene‐tags, one on each Psd95 allele, showed that each ~1.5 MDa PSD95‐containing supercomplex contains on average two PSD95 molecules. Gene‐tagging the endogenous GluN1 and PSD95 with identical Flag tags revealed N‐methyl D‐aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) containing supercomplexes that represent only 3% of the total population of PSD95 supercomplexes, suggesting there are many other subtypes. To determine whether this extended population of different PSD95 supercomplexes use genetically defined mechanisms to specify their assembly, we tested the effect of five targeted mouse mutations on the assembly of known PSD95 interactors, Kir2.3, Arc, IQsec2/BRAG1 and Adam22. Unexpectedly, some mutations were highly selective, whereas others caused widespread disruption, indicating that PSD95 interacting proteins are organized hierarchically into distinct subfamilies of ~1.5 MDa supercomplexes, including a subpopulation of Kir2.3‐NMDAR ion channel‐channel supercomplexes. Kir2.3‐NMDAR ion channel‐channel supercomplexes were found to be anatomically restricted to particular brain regions. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms that govern the constituents of postsynaptic supercomplexes and the diversity of synapse types.Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 500.Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13811.
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Effect of Thickness of Zirconia Ceramic on Its Masking Ability: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Tabatabaian Farhad , Dalirani Sara , Namdari Mahshid 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPurposeColor‐masking ability of zirconia ceramics as coping materials has not been clearly understood in zirconia‐based restorations. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of zirconia ceramic thickness on its masking ability, and to define a thickness cutoff for the tested ceramic.Materials and MethodsNinety zirconia disc specimens, in nine thickness groups including 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2 mm were fabricated. A white substrate and a black substrate were prepared. The disc specimens were placed onto the substrates for spectrophotometric measurements. A spectrophotometer measured L*, a*, and b* color attributes for the specimens. ΔE value was calculated to determine the color difference of specimens on the white and black substrate. Then the ΔE values were compared with an acceptable clinical threshold (ΔE = 5.5) and an ideal threshold (ΔE = 2.6). Welch test, Games‐Howell Post Hoc, one‐sample t‐test, and a regression analysis were performed (p < 0.05).ResultsThe means of ΔE values for the thickness groups of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2 mm were 13.0, 11.9, 9.7, 5.0, 4.2, 3.9, 2.2, 1.9, and 1.5, respectively. A significant difference was found in the ΔE value among the groups (p < 0.0001). An exponential relation was detected between the thickness and the ΔE by the regression analysis (∆E = 25.68e−1.45 (thickness)).ConclusionsThe masking ability increased as the zirconia ceramic thickness increased. The tested zirconia ceramic had an acceptable clinical masking ability with a minimum thickness of 1 mm, and an ideal masking ability with a minimum thickness of 1.6 mm.
Consistency stability of water thickened with maltodextrin, xanthan gum and potassium chloride
Authors: Alves Dauana Cássia , Alves Nattália Araujo , Dantas Roberto Oliveira 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThickened water used for hydration of patients with dysphagia and airway aspiration may change its consistency after preparation. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the consistency stability of water thickened with maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride using the method developed by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). The IDDSI flow test consists of placing 10 ml of liquid inside a graduated syringe and measuring how much volume remains after a flow duration of 10 s. Pure and thickened water was tested with 1.2 g (nectar), 2.4 g (honey), and 3.6 g (pudding) of food thickener in 100 ml of water. Each consistency was measured at 8 a.m. ten times immediately after preparation, and hourly for 12 hr (from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.), and every 24 hr for 96 hr, always at 8 a.m. With the thin liquid, nothing was left in the syringe at 10 s (zero), with the consistency nectar, the volume remaining was 5.43(0.64) ml (level 2, mildly thick), with the consistency of honey, 8.14(0.57) ml remained (level 3, moderately thick), and with the consistency pudding 9.48(0.07) ml (level 3, moderately thick). There was a small increase in consistency after 10 hr of the preparation. The consistency changed after 24 hr in preparations with mildly thick consistency (level 2) and after 48 hr with the moderately thick consistency (level 3). In conclusion, there was good stability of the thickened water at least during a 12‐hr period.Practical applicationsThis investigation demonstrated that thickened water with 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g of thickener with maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride in 100 ml of water maintains its consistency for at least 12 hr. The consistency increases after 24 hr of preparation with 1.2 g of thickener, and 48 hr with 2.4 g of thickener. As thickened water is used for treatment of patients with dysphagia and air way aspiration of liquids, it is important to know how long the preparation maintains its consistency. It is practical to prepare the thickened water only once a day for patients use. Change in consistency with time may cause ingestion problems and does not agree with the prescription given by the group of professionals who is in charge to treat the patient. Deficiency in water ingestion causes dehydration and its consequences.
Pond drying cues and their effects on growth and metamorphosis in a fast developing amphibian
Authors: Székely D. , Denoël M. , Székely P. , Cogălniceanu D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe hydroperiod of breeding habitats imposes a strong selection on amphibians and pond‐breeding species usually exhibit a high degree of plasticity in the duration of larval period. However, the potential for phenotypic plasticity in fast developing species was investigated only in a small number of anurans, and the specific response to environmental cues such as low water versus decreasing water level, as well as the effects of such cues on particular developmental stages, are even less understood. In this context, we investigated the plastic response to pond desiccation in a neotropical species (Ceratophrys stolzmanni) by raising tadpoles in three water level treatments: constant high, constant low, and decreasing. The growth rates were the highest reported for amphibian tadpoles (up to 0.3 g day−1) and the time to metamorphosis was short in all treatments, with the fastest developing tadpole metamorphosing in only 16 days after egg deposition. Individuals from the constant high water level treatment had a higher growth rate than those in the other two treatments, whereas decreasing and constant low water levels had similar effects on development, speeding up metamorphosis. In turn, this involved a cost as these tadpoles had a lower body size and mass at metamorphosis than the ones raised in constant high water levels. The final stages of metamorphosis, when tadpoles are the most vulnerable, were shorter in tadpoles exposed to a decreasing water level, allowing them to leave water quickly. Our experiment demonstrates that phenotypic plasticity is maintained even in environments devoid of permanent aquatic habitats. Ceratophryd tadpoles are able to shorten their developmental time when they perceive a risk of desiccation and react similarly to cues coming from the two unfavorable water conditions showing their adaptation to ephemeral and unpredictable breeding habitats.
Congruent population structure across paralogous and nonparalogous loci in Salish Sea chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
Authors: Waples R. K. , Seeb J. E. , Seeb L. W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhole‐genome duplications are major evolutionary events with a lasting impact on genome structure. Duplication events complicate genetic analyses as paralogous sequences are difficult to distinguish; consequently, paralogs are often excluded from studies. The effects of an ancient whole‐genome duplication (approximately 88 MYA) are still evident in salmonids through the persistence of numerous paralogous gene sequences and partial tetrasomic inheritance. We use restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing on 10 collections of chum salmon from the Salish Sea in the USA and Canada to investigate genetic diversity and population structure in both tetrasomic and rediploidized regions of the genome. We use a pedigree and high‐density linkage map to identify paralogous loci and to investigate genetic variation across the genome. By applying multivariate statistical methods, we show that it is possible to characterize paralogous loci and that they display similar patterns of population structure as the diploidized portion of the genome. We find genetic associations with the adaptively important trait of run‐timing in both sets of loci. By including paralogous loci in genome scans, we can observe evolutionary signals in genomic regions that have routinely been excluded from population genetic studies in other polyploid‐derived species.
Brachypodium distachyon as alternative model host system for the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea
Authors: Kind Sabine , Schurack Selma , Hinsch Janine , Tudzynski Paul 
Published: April 2017

SummaryTo investigate its susceptibility to ergot infection, we inoculated Brachypodium distachyon with Claviceps purpurea and compared the infection symptoms with those on rye (Secale cereale). We showed that, after inoculation of Brachypodium with Claviceps, the same disease symptoms occurred in comparable temporal and spatial patterns to those on rye. The infection rate of Claviceps on this host was reduced compared with rye, but the disease could be surveyed by fungal genomic DNA quantification. Mutants of Claviceps which were virulence attenuated on rye were also affected on Brachypodium. We were able to show that pathogenesis‐related gene expression changed in a typical manner for biotrophic pathogen attack. Our results indicated that the Claviceps–Brachypodium interaction was dependent on salicylic acid, cytokinin and auxin. We consider Brachypodium to be a suitable and useful alternative host; the increased sensitivity compared with rye will be valuable for the identification of infection mechanisms. Future progess in understanding the Claviceps–plant interaction will be facilitated by the use of a well‐characterized model host system.
Age‐specific risk of renal graft loss from late acute rejection or non‐compliance in the adolescent and young adult period
Authors: Ritchie Angus G. , Clayton Philip A. , McDonald Stephen P. , Kennedy Sean E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimsThe aims of this study were to identify if an age‐specific high‐risk window for graft loss is present in Australia and New Zealand and identify the aetiology for such graft loss using the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry.MethodsRetrospective cohort analysis of all renal transplants were performed in Australia and New Zealand during 1985–2010 in which the graft survived >3 months and the patient spent at least some time aged 10–30 years inclusive while the graft was functioning. Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for graft loss according to age, sex, race, cause of end‐stage kidney disease, transition, era of transplantation, donor type and human leucocyte antigen mismatch were calculated using an extended Cox proportional hazards model for graft loss from any cause and graft loss from late acute rejection (LAR) or non‐compliance.ResultsA total of 3289 grafts in 3048 recipients were included. A total of 757 grafts failed including 110 (15 %) from LAR or non‐compliance. Age was strongly associated with graft loss from LAR or non‐compliance (p < 0.001). Compared with age 10–12 years, the risk of graft loss from LAR or non‐compliance was significantly increased from 16–24 years, peaking at 19–21 years (aHR 11.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–84.3, p < 0.001). Indigenous race was associated with LAR or non‐compliance (aHR 3.5, 95% CI 2.1–5.6) whereas paediatric‐to‐adult transition with a functioning transplant was not (aHR 1.2, 95% CI 0.4–3.5, p = 0.68).ConclusionThe high risk of graft loss during adolescence and young adulthood is primarily due to LAR or non‐compliance. The elevated risk continues well into the 20s and is independent of paediatric‐to‐adult transition.
N‐acetylcysteine versus ascorbic acid or N‐acetylcysteine plus ascorbic acid in preventing contrast‐induced nephropathy: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Feng Ye , Huang Xing , Li Lin , Chen Zhi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) versus ascorbic acid (VC) or NAC plus (+) VC on the prevention of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing contrast administration.MethodsWe searched databases including Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library up to Feb 22 (th), 2017. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) or weighted mean difference (WMD) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed‐effects model or random‐effects model when appropriate. All analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5.2.ResultsA totalof six randomized controlled trials including 919 patients (478 cases received NAC administration and 441 cases received VC or NAC + VC administration) were considered in the meta‐analysis. Results showed that there was no significant difference in preventing CIN between NAC and NAC + VC administration as well as between NAC and VC administration. In addition, significant difference was found in serum creatinine level between NAC and VC or NAC + VC administration (WMD = −0.31, 95% CI: ‐0.48 to −0.14, P = 0.0003) as well as NAC and VC administration (WMD = −0.05, 95% CI: –0.08 to −0.02, P = 0.002). Besides, NAC and NAC + VC administration also has significant difference (WMD = −0.72, 95% CI: –1.33 to −0.11, P = 0.02).ConclusionIn conclusion, the prevention effect of NAC administration and VC or NAC + VC administration on CIN was similar in patients undergoing contrast administration. But NAC administration was associated with a significantly lower serum creatinine levels compared to VC and NAC + VC administration.
Impact of bradycardia or asystole on neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation at birth
Authors: Kumar Vasantha HS , Skrobacz Annie , Ma Changxing 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundFetal hypoxia from intrapartum events can lead to absent heart rate (HR) or bradycardia at birth requiring aggressive neonatal resuscitation. Neonatal resuscitation guidelines do not differentiate bradycardia (HR <100 beats/min) from absent HR at birth. Given that HR is the primary determinant of resuscitation, we hypothesize that infants with no HR at 1 min would require more extensive resuscitation with worse clinical outcome than infants with bradycardia at 1 min.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed in infants born between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2015 with no HR at 1 min (defined as Apgar score [AS] = 0 at 1 min; absent HR [AHR] group) or bradycardia at 1 min (AS = 1 at 1 min). Patient demographics, resuscitation characteristics and clinical outcomes were analyzed in both the groups.ResultsApgar score was significantly lower in the AHR group over time. The AHR group had significantly higher rates of intubation, chest compression (CC) and i.v. epinephrine (i.v. epi); resulting in longer duration of CC, time to HR > 100 beats/min and duration of resuscitation. Systematic hypotension and death were higher in the AHR group. On logistic regression, CC and cord pH were significantly correlated with AS = 0 at 1 min. Gestational age, birthweight, AS at 5 min, cord pH and first blood gas pH after resuscitation were related to overall mortality.ConclusionsInfants with AHR at 1 min did worse than infants with bradycardia. Education focused on effective positive pressure ventilation and early use of i.v. epinephrine is essential for successful resuscitation of the depressed newborn.
Efficacy and safety of oral propranolol for infantile hemangioma in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Satoru , Baba Naoko , Koh Katsuyoshi , Matsui Kiyoshi , Ohjimi Hiroyuki , Hayashi Nobukazu , Nakano Atsuko , Ohki Kentaro , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Morimoto Akira , Tamaki Zenshiro , Kakazu Mariko , Kishi Kazuo , Oyama Tomoki , Sato Atsushi , Kato Rumiko , Higuchi Takeshi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundThere have been few reports on the efficacy and safety of oral propranolol at 3 mg/kg/day for infantile hemangioma (IH) in Japanese patients.MethodsA multicenter, open‐label phase III study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral propranolol solution in Japanese infants aged 35–150 days with proliferating IH. Thirty‐two patients were enrolled in the study, received propranolol solution for 24 weeks at 3 mg/kg/day, and completed the study.ResultsThe success rate (complete or nearly complete resolution) at week 24 (primary endpoint) was 78% (95%CI: 60–91%). The improvement rate since the previous visit was 100% (32/32) after week 5. Overall, the IH surface area, maximum diameter, and color intensity all decreased over time. Consistency in assessment between the centralized and the investigator on‐site assessments was observed in 26 patients. Of the 32 patients, 11 needed further treatment other than the study drug. The incidence of adverse events (AE) and drug‐related AE was 97% and 31%, respectively. AE that occurred in ≥two patients were either typical of propranolol use (such as blood pressure decrease) or common events in infants. AE that resulted in dose reduction were observed in two patients, but no serious AE or AE that led to study drug discontinuation were observed.ConclusionOral propranolol solution at 3 mg/kg/day is effective and safe in Japanese IH patients.
Kidney transplant after hematopoietic cell transplant in pediatrics: Infectious and immunosuppressive considerations
Authors: Ebens Christen L. , Smith Angela R. , Verghese Priya S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPediatric patients requiring kidney transplant after hematopoietic cell transplant receive multiple courses of immunosuppression placing them at risk for infection. To elucidate potential risk factors for infection, we compared the immunosuppressive regimens and infectious complications of pediatric kidney transplant recipients at a single institution who had previously undergone hematopoietic cell transplant from different donors to similar patients reported in the literature. Among the initial four post‐hematopoietic cell transplant kidney transplant patients reviewed, viremia episodes were universal, including BK virus, Epstein‐Barr virus, and human herpesvirus‐6, with one death from presumed BK virus encephalitis. No viremia was reported in five similar cases in the literature. Risk factors for increased infection include use of lymphodepleting serotherapy in HCT conditioning, multiple HCTs, limited immune reconstitution time between transplants, increased pre‐KTx viral burden, and use of T‐cell‐depleting versus ‐suppressive induction immunosuppression for KTx. These findings suggest that pediatric post‐HCT KTx recipients are at increased risk for viral infections, likely benefitting from thorough pre‐KTx evaluation of immune reconstitution and preferential use of non‐T‐cell‐depleting induction therapy for KTx. We applied these recommendations to one subsequent post‐HCT patient requiring KTx at our institution with excellent outcomes one year post‐KTx.
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid tumour necrosis factor is associated with acute and long‐term neurocognitive impairment in cerebral malaria
Authors: Shabani E. , Ouma B. J. , Idro R. , Bangirana P. , Opoka R. O. , Park G. S. , Conroy A. L. , John C. C. 
Published: April 2017

SummarySystemic tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) may contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM) by promoting endothelial activation and parasite sequestration. However, less is known about the role of central nervous system (CNS) TNF‐α in CM. We assessed plasma (n=249) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n=167) TNF‐α levels in Ugandan children with CM, plasma TNF‐α in Ugandan community control children (n=198) and CSF TNF‐α in North American control children who had recovered from leukaemia (n=13). Plasma and CSF TNF‐α were measured by magnetic bead assay. We compared plasma and CSF TNF‐α levels in children with CM to mortality, acute and chronic neurologic deficits and long‐term neurocognitive impairment. Plasma and CSF TNF‐α levels were higher in CM than control children (P<.0001 for both). CSF TNF‐α levels were higher in children who had neurologic deficits at discharge or 6‐month follow‐up (P≤.05 for both). Elevated CSF but not plasma TNF‐α was associated with longer coma duration (Spearman's rho .18, P=.02) and deficits in overall cognition in children 5 years and older (β coefficient −.74, 95% CI −1.35 to −0.13, P=.02). The study findings suggest that CNS TNF‐α may be involved in the development of acute and chronic neurologic and cognitive sequelae in children with CM.
Description of 15 DNA‐positive and antibody‐negative “window‐period” blood donations identified during prospective screening for Babesia microti
Authors: Moritz Erin D. , Tonnetti Laura , Hewins Mary Ellen , Berardi Victor P. , Dodd Roger Y. , Stramer Susan L. 
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUNDBlood donation screening detecting only antibodies fails to identify donors in the earliest stage of infection, before a detectable immunologic response, that is, the “window period” (WP). We present data on WP donations identified during prospective screening for Babesia microti, a transfusion‐transmissible parasite of increasing concern in the United States.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBlood donations collected in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Wisconsin were screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and arrayed fluorescence immunoassay (AFIA) to detect B. microti DNA and antibodies, respectively. Parasite loads were estimated using quantitative PCR. Red blood cell (RBC) samples were inoculated into hamsters to assess infectivity. Donors screening reactive were indefinitely deferred, tested by supplemental methods, and followed to assess DNA and antibody clearance. Demographic data from WP donors (i.e., those screening PCR positive and AFIA negative) were compared to data from other positive donors.RESULTSOf 220,479 donations screened from June 2012 to August 2016, a total of 700 were positive, of which 15 (2% of positive donations or 1 per 14,699 screened donations) were confirmed WP donations. The median estimated parasite load in WP donations was 350 parasites/mL, no different than AFIA‐positive and PCR‐positive donors. Parasite loads in RBC samples from WP units ranged from 14 to 11,022 parasites/mL; RBC samples from three of 10 (30%) WP donations infected hamsters. The mean age of WP donors was 48 years (range, 17‐75 years); three (20%) were female. WP donor demographics did not differ significantly from demographics of other donors.CONCLUSIONSWe report one per 15,000 B. microti WP infections in blood donors in endemic areas, demonstrating the importance of nucleic acid testing to mitigate the risk of transfusion‐transmitted babesiosis.