bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulus Control of Feeding Behavior in the Grasshopper Mouse
Authors: LANGLEY WILLIAM M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryThis study examined the stimulus control of feeding in the carnivorous grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leucogaster. Quantitative analysis of the actions involved in feeding showed that overall feeding behaviors of lab‐reared and field‐caught mice resembled one another but that the sequence of specific actions was variable. Responses by mice to cotton swabs dipped in solutions showed that after eating several crickets, the presence of prey odor more readily elicited a feeding response. The odor and moisture cues associated with exposed viscera were shown by the use of modified prey to strongly affect the orientation of feeding. Using modified prey without exposed viscera, tactile cues associated with the head and thorax proved to be important guides in the feeding response. Feeding orientation towards the head was independent of that towards the thorax. Together these data showed that the feeding sequence resembled a reaction chain and that much of the stereotypy of the mouse's feeding response resulted from the position and alignment of the cues that orient the feeding response.
The Form of Combative Strategy in Interactions among Wolf Pups (Canis lupus)
Authors: Havkin Zvika , Fentress John C. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryThis study concerns the form of combative interactions between wolf pups and how this form relates to strategy. Filmed records were analysed for dyadic interactions among three pups between the ages of two weeks and five months. By isolating and recombining the variables of body pitch, snout contact placement, and mutual orientation, combative strategies leading to unbalancing (falling) of one partner were evaluated. It was found that consistent dyadic configurations, bite locations and patterns of leg sweeps could be related to three distinct styles of falling (side, back and forward falls). Forward falls developed last, and represent a controlled strategy of active defense. “Top” and “bottom” pups can switch roles but show position–dependent regularities in behavior. These biomechanically defined regularities clarify some problems associated with the constructs of play and dominance–submission.ZusammenfassungUntersucht wurden die aggressiven Handlungen von jungen Wölfen und ihre Kampfstrategie. Die Analyse basiert auf Filmaufnahmen von 2 Wochen bis 5 Monate alten Wolfsjungen. Näher analysiert wurden Interaktionen von Zweiergruppen (dyadic interactions), sofern hierbei eines der Jungen zu Fall gekommen war. Registriert wurden drei Variable: 1. der Vertikalanteil der Körperposition jedes Jungen (body level), 2. die Position der Schnauze auf dem Körper des Gegenübers (snout contact), 3. der Horizontalanteil der Körperposition jedes Jungen in bezug auf seinen Partner (mutual orientation). Aus 62 Interaktionen wird jeweils beschrieben: 1. die Position der Beteiligten vor dem Fall, 2. auf welche Weise eines der beiden Jungen aus dem Gleichgewicht kam, 3. die Reaktion des aus dem Gleichgewicht gekommenen Jungen.Nach der Bildung einer T–ähnlichen Stellung blieb in 90% aller Fälle dasjenige Junge stehen (top pup), das die Basis des T bildete, während das andere Junge zu Boden fiel (bottom pup). Das „top pup” und das „bottom pup” zeigten zudem unterschiedliches Beißverhalten. Mit Hilfe dieser Verhaltensweisen wurden Angriff und Verteidigung definiert. Es gibt drei verschiedene Formen des Fallens, je nachdem, welche(r) Körperteil(e) zuerst den Boden berührt. Nach der Mechanik des Vorganges zu urteilen ist das Fallen, das mit dem Körpervorderteil beginnt, die am weitesten entwickelte schützende Falltechnik. Sie trat als letzte während der Entwicklung auf.Es wurde der Versuch gemacht, biomechanische Grundlagen des beobachteten Verhaltens zu beschreiben, weil wir glauben, daß für jede Kampfsituation zunächst die mechanischen Anforderungen untersucht werden sollten, bevor z. B. soziale Zwänge als Grund für ein bestimmtes Verhalten postuliert werden.Es werden keinerlei Annahmen über „Ernst” oder „Vergnugen” bei diesem Verhalten gemacht, doch sind die Ergebnisse von Bedeutung für Untersuchungen von Kampf und Spiel. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug auf die Hypothese diskutiert, daß Spiel sich als Übung für adulte Aggression entwickelte.
First Birth Stories of Student Midwives: Keys to Professional Affective Socialization
Authors: Ulrich Suzan 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article was to examine the professional affective socialization of midwifery students. Students from the Community‐Based Nurse‐Midwifery Education Program (CNEP) tell about their first births in their Lost My Hat stories posted on the electronic bulletin board of the Frontier School of Midwifery and Family Nursing. Qualitative analysis of 38 of these stories showed internalization of the values and beliefs of the midwifery model of care by students. Themes of the Lost My Hat stories were congruent with some of the aspects of the Model of Exemplary Midwifery Practice developed by Kennedy. Major themes included the circle of safety provided by the preceptor and a woman‐centered approach to care. These findings can help midwifery educators promote socialization of students in the profession.
Pregnancy Outcomes of Adolescents Enrolled in a CenteringPregnancy Program
Authors: Grady Mary Alice , Bloom Kathaleen C. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAdolescent pregnancy remains a significant social, economic, and health issue in the United States. The unique developmental needs of the pregnant adolescent require attention when designing prenatal care services. The CenteringPregnancy model of group prenatal care provides education and support for young women in an active and developmentally appropriate environment. Thirteen groups of adolescents (N = 124) have completed the Centering program at the Teen Pregnancy Center at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Evaluation data suggest that the model has encouraged excellent health care compliance, satisfaction with prenatal care, and low rates of preterm birth and low birth weight infants.
Cytochemical Characterization and Localization of Oligomannosidic Oligosaccharide Receptors on the Normal Human Spermatozoa Using Fluorescent Lectins: Comparison of Different Fixation Procedures
Authors: NARDONE PABLO , CEREZO ALBERTO S. , DE CEREZO JOSEFINA M.S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Similar localizations of the Con A and wheat germ lectin receptors were obtained by using fluorescent lectins, in nonfixed spermatozoa and in spermatozoa fixed with formaldehyde and methanol, showing that in samples with the same previous treatment, worked out by the same operator, in which enough determinations have been performed to eliminate individual variations, the different procedures of fixation produced similar results.The localizations obtained with fluorescent lectins confirm previous results, produced with the peroxidase technique, indicating that the lectins interact with oligomannosidic oligosaccharide receptors situated mainly in the equatorial segment of the acrosome and postnu‐clear cap. They also indicate the presence of similar receptors that were not detected previously on the neck and intermediate segment. The larger size of the lectin‐peroxidase‐diaminebenzidine reagent compared to that of the fluorescent lectins suggests that the new receptors are semicriptic and were not detected by steric effects in the first case, but were able to interact with lower volume, fluorescent probes.It is suggested that these oligomannosidic chains could be recognition signals for the elimination of incompetent sperm during their passage through the female reproductive track. Also these oligosaccharides and its possible metabolic variations could be involved in the interaction between the acrosome‐reacted spermatozoa with the zone pellucida.
An Improved Indirect Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the Detection of Antisperm Antibodies
Authors: Ing Raymond M.Y. , Wang Shi‐Xian , Brennecke Angela M. , Jones Warren R. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: An indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection of antisperm antibodies which provides a sensitivity and ease of quantitation that is not available with conventional bioassay systems.A standardized protocol was developed in which washed whole sperm were coated onto polystyrene microelisa plates at a density of 1 × 105 sperm per well using a commercially available spray fixative. Urease was employed in the enzyme—antiimmunoglobulin conjugate to minimize nonspecific background reactions. Diluted positive and negative human sera were incubated at 37°C and the results were read on an ELISA auto reader.Using mouse antihuman sperm antisera and sera from selected infertile patients, it was found that the ELISA method was significantly more sensitive than the sperm microimmobilization test and the microtray agglutination test. The results also confirmed that the ELISA detected a different spectrum of sperm antibodies compared with the other two techniques.
The Mechanism of the Inhibitory Effect of Progesterone on Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity: II. Relationship Between Cytotoxicity and the Cyclooxygenase Pathway of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
Authors: SZEKERES‐BARTHO JULIA , FALKAY G. , TÖRÖK A. , PACSA A.S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: In the previous paper we have demonstrated that progesterone‐treated lymphocytes of healthy pregnant women produce a 34,000 MW protein that inhibits cytotoxic activity and prostaglandin F2α synthesis. Since recently it has been shown that certain leukotrienes have a stimulatory effect on natural killer activity, in this study an attempt was made to determine whether there is a relationship between cytotoxicity and PGF2α synthesis or if alterations in the values of these parameters are independent.Arachidonic acid increased cytotoxic activity of healthy pregnant women's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a concentration‐dependent manner. Exogenous arachidonic acid was able to counteract the blocking effect of the above‐mentioned protein produced by progesterone‐treated lymphocytes. To determine whether the products of the cyclooxygenase or the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism are responsible for increased cytotoxicity, both enzyme systems were blocked separately. Both indomethacin and the lipoxygenase inhibitor BW 755C reduced cytotoxicity in a dose‐dependent fashion. However, the lipoxygenase inhibitor prevented prostaglandin synthesis to the same extent, or even more than indomethacin, in all concentrations used; so, its blocking effect cannot be considered as supportive evidence for the role of leukotrienes in cytotoxicity. On the other hand, lipopolysaccharide, with a selective stimulatory effect on prostaglandin synthesis, increased cytotoxicity. Lipopolysaccharide had no effect on progesterone‐pretreated PBMC. The above data allow the assumption that besides leukotrienes, cyclooxygenase products may also increase cytotoxicity.
The Legacy Of Emile Durkheim
Authors: Selkin James 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe development of the suicide prevention movement since the 1897 publication of Emile Dukheim's book Suicide is briefly traced. Durkheim's theory of suicide is outlined, and implications for contemporary suicide prevention efforts are identified and discussed. Future trends in the development of suicide prevention centers and in the national organization of suicidology are outlined.
On Precipitating Factors: Cancer as a Cause of Suicide
Authors: Marshall James R. , Burnett William , Brasure John 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis case‐control study provides individual‐based data describing the impact of being a cancer patient on the odds of suicide. 5,009 suicides and 17,064 controls are compared. The data indicate that cancer patients are 50 to 100 percent more likely than nonpatients to commit suicide. This and other studies indicate that health status should be considered in future attempts to relate suicide to social environment.
The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment During the 1950s
Authors: Bailey William C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis investigation examines the deterrence hypothesis of an inverse relationship between state execution rates and homicides. Although this question has received some attention in recent studies, the findings of these investigations are mixed. Cross‐sectional analyses of states have typically shown execution and homicide rates to be positively associated, while at least two national time‐series studies report support for the deterrence hypothesis.To test whether these divergent findings are result of the two different methodologies employed (cross‐sectional vs. time‐series), a methodology that combines the strengths of each is used in the present study. For the period 1950 to 1960, we examine cross‐sectionally for states the relationship between changes in execution rates andd changes in murder rates. This analysis does not find support for the deterrence argument for the certainty of the death penalty when a number of models of the execution rate—murder rate relationship are considered, and when a variety of imprisonment and socio‐demographic factors are considered as control variables.
Homicide Followed by Suicide: Los Angeles, 1970–1979
Authors: Allen Nancy H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA study of 104 homicide‐followed‐by‐suicide events in Los Angeles during 1970–1979 are reported and compared, in part, to the findings of D. J. West for Wales and England, 1954–1961. Variables discussed are age, ethnicity, sex distribution of both offenders and victims, relationship between them, methods by which victims were killed, alcohol content in victims and offenders, suicide notes, depression, and physical illness.
The Significance of Nico Speijer's Suicide: How and When Should Suicide Be Prevented?
Authors: Diekstra René F. W. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: On the morning of September 29, 1981, while attending a meeting of the World Health Organization on suicide, held in Athens, I was suddenly called out of the meeting room. The reason was a telephone call from the Ministry of Health in my country, The Netherlands, announcing that my mentor and friend Professor Nico Speijer had died the night before. He and his wife had put an end to their lives. Apart from my personal feelings, Nico Speijer's way of death touched profoundly upon all of us present at the meeting. Speijer was the grand old man of suicidology in the Netherlands, and, more, he was an outstanding member, even an honorary member, of the International Association for Suicide Prevention. From the birth of this organization in 1960 on, he had been an active and colorful participant in practically all of its meetings.As can be expected in the case of a man of Speijer's status and reputation, his suicide evoked reactions nationwide. The leading newspapers and even the national TV networks made extensive mention of it. Though people's comments on the event were quite diverse, the underlying tone was generally one of understanding and sympathy. At the time of his death Speijer had been very ill with intestinal cancer and had been in great pain. His wife, herself disabled, had preferred to die with him rather than to be left behind.When I returned home from Athens, among the waiting mail, there was a letter written to me in the handwriting that had become so familiar over the previous 10 years. Reading the letter, knowing that he had written it just a few hours before he died, and identifying myself with what he must have felt at that moment, I felt an almost unbearable emotional pain. For the first time I fully realized what it means to be a survivor.
Research Note Gun Control, Gun Ownership, and Suicide Prevention
Authors: Lester David 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe relationship of the extent of gun ownership and the strictness of gun control laws to suicide and homicide rates in the nine major geographic regions of the United States was explored. Gun ownership, rather than the strictness of gun control laws, was found to be the strongest correlate of the rates of suicide and homicide by guns. Regions with a higher extent of gun ownership had higher rates of suicide and homicide by firearms.
Miscounting Suicides
Authors: Kleck Gary 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA review of research on the classification and counting of deaths reveals little hard evidence supporting claims that suicides are seriously underreported in the United States. The literature contains hints that much of what underreporting does occur is counterbalanced by “overcounting” (i.e., erroneous certifications of false suicides). An analysis of detailed cause‐of‐death mortality data for the United States indicates that the maximum likely undercount possible, using generous assumptions concerning misclassification frequency and leaving aside the issue of overcounts, was about 26% for 1980. The maximum likely net undercount, taking compensating overcounts into account, is estimated to be under 10%.
Classification of Suicidal Behavior: A Review and Step toward Integration
Authors: Ellis Thomas E. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe many forms of suicidal phenomena, including contemplated, attempted, and completed suicide, present significant problems to both researchers and practitioners. Although many attempts have been made to develop categories, agreement among the proposed systems has been more the exception than the rule. This article reviews theoretical and empirical efforts to define types of suicidal individuals and attempts to integrate them by means of higher‐order categories of variables. These categories or “dimensions” are as follows: (1) descriptive, (2) situational, (3) psychological/behavioral, and (4) teleological. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Suppression ofBactrocera oleae(Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae by soil arthropods in the olive grove
Authors: Dinis A. M. , Pereira J. A. , Pimenta M. C. , Oliveira J. , Benhadi‐Marín J. , Santos S. A. P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSoil arthropods can provide ecosystem services, such as biological control of crop pests that spend part of their life cycle in the soil. This is the case ofBactrocera oleae(Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), one of the most important pests of olives. The impact of edaphic arthropods on the abundance ofB. oleaepupae was evaluated and their contribution for biological control of the pest was quantified. Exclusion and exposed boxes withB. oleaepupae were installed in olive groves in parallel with pitfall traps used for sampling arthropods and the percentage of pupae suppression was evaluated from January to May 2014. Forficulidae dominated the community during the winter period while Formicidae dominated in spring. Pupae suppression reached the maximum value in the beginning of spring and these results indicate that soil arthropods have strong impact in the decline ofB. oleaepupae in olive groves.
Effects of a medical emergency team follow‐up programme on patients discharged from the medical intensive care unit to the general ward: a single‐centre experience
Authors: Choi Sunhui , Lee Jinmi , Shin Yujung , Lee JuRy , Jung JiYoung , Han Myongja , Son JeongSuk , Jung YounKyung , Lee Soon‐Haeng , Hong Sang‐Bum , Huh Jin‐Won 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the follow‐up programme implemented by the Asan Medical Center Medical Emergency Team (MET).MethodA quasi‐experimental pre–post intervention design was used, retrospectively reviewed. The follow‐up programme includes respiratory care, regular visits and communication between the attending doctors and MET nurse for patients discharged from the medical intensive care unit (MICU) to the general ward. This programme has been implemented since February 2013. Outcomes of patients before and at 1 year after the introduction of the programme were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsA total of 1229 patients were enrolled and divided two groups (Before, n = 624; After the introduction of the programme, n = 625). Forty‐six patients (3.7%) were readmitted to the ICU within 72 hours, and there was no significant difference found between the two groups (3.7% versus 3.7%, P = 0.996). Respiratory distress was the most common reason for readmission (67.4%). Cardiac arrest developed in four (0.6%) Before patients; whereas, no cardiac arrest occurred in the After group (0.0%, P = 0.062) cases. A total of 223 patients were discharged to the step‐down units. The SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score was significantly higher in the step‐down unit patients than general ward patients (4.9 ± 2.8 versus 6.2 ± 3.1, P = 0.000). In the analysis restricted to patients discharged to step‐down units, unplanned ICU readmissions significantly decreased in the After group (9.3% versus 2.6%, P = 0.034).ConclusionsThe implementation of the MET follow‐up programme did not change the rate of ICU readmission and cardiac arrest; however, its introduction was associated with the reduced ICU readmission of the high‐risk patient populations discharged to the step‐down unit.
Regulation of cyclic AMP response element‐binding protein during neuroglial interactions
Authors: Qin LiMei , Bouchard Ron , Pugazhenthi Subbiah 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCommunications between neurons and glial cells play an important role in regulating homeostasis in the central nervous system. cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor, is down‐regulated by neurotoxins, which are known to be released by activated glial cells. To determine the role of CREB signaling in neuroglial interactions, we used three neuroglial coculture models consisting of human neuroprogenitor cell (NPC)‐derived neurons and human microglia. Conditioned medium from the Abeta (Aβ)‐activated microglia decreased CREB phosphorylation and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor promoter activity (47%), whereas the same medium induced (p < 0.01) the promoter of CXCL10, a chemokine, in NPC‐derived neuron‐rich cultures. These effects were reversed when microglia were exposed to Aβ in the presence of minocycline, an anti‐inflammatory agent. The expression of CREB targets, including brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, synapsin‐1, and BIRC3 decreased by 50–65% (p < 0.01) in neurons isolated by laser capture microdissection in close proximity of microglia in neuroglial mixed cultures. Neuronal survival actively modulated microglial behavior when neurons and microglia were cocultured side‐by‐side on semicircles of ACLAR membrane. Neuronal injury, caused by the over‐expression of dominant negative form of CREB, exacerbated Aβ‐mediated microglial activation, whereas CREB over‐expression resulted in decreased microglial activation. Decreases in the levels of neuronal markers were observed when NPCs were differentiated in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor α, or IL‐6. Instead, the NPCs differentiated into a glial phenotype, and these effects were more pronounced in the presence of tumor necrosis factor α. Our findings suggest that CREB down‐regulation is an important component of defective neuroglial communications in the brain during neuroinflammation.
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Neuroglial interactions were examined using coculture models of human neuroprogenitor cell‐derived neurons and microglia isolated from human fetal brain. A novel coculture model of neurons and microglia cultured on ACLAR membranes in the same dish was also included. In this model, over‐expression of the dominant negative mutant form of the transcription factor CREB in neurons induced neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation whereas expression of the wild type form of CREB resulted in protection of neurons and suppressed microglial activity, thereby suggesting that neurons play an active role in neuroglial interactions.