bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilayer hybrid strategy for phishing email zero‐day filtering
Authors: Chowdhury M. U. , Abawajy J. H. , Kelarev A. V. , Hochin T. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe cyber security threats from phishing emails have been growing buoyed by the capacity of their distributors to fine‐tune their trickery and defeat previously known filtering techniques. The detection of novel phishing emails that had not appeared previously, also known as zero‐day phishing emails, remains a particular challenge. This paper proposes a multilayer hybrid strategy (MHS) for zero‐day filtering of phishing emails that appear during a separate time span by using training data collected previously during another time span. This strategy creates a large ensemble of classifiers and then applies a novel method for pruning the ensemble. The majority of known pruning algorithms belong to the following three categories: ranking based, clustering based, and optimization‐based pruning. This paper introduces and investigates a multilayer hybrid pruning. Its application in MHS combines all three approaches in one scheme: ranking, clustering, and optimization. Furthermore, we carry out thorough empirical study of the performance of the MHS for the filtering of phishing emails. Our empirical study compares the performance of MHS strategy with other machine learning classifiers. The results of our empirical study demonstrate that MHS achieved the best outcomes and multilayer hybrid pruning performed better than other pruning techniques. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Habituation reverses fear‐based ecological effects in brown bears (Ursus arctos)
Authors: Wheat Rachel E. , Wilmers Christopher C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFear induced by human activity is increasingly becoming recognized to influence both behavior and population biology of wildlife. Exposure to human activity can cause animals to avoid human‐dominated areas or shift temporal activity patterns, but repeated, benign exposure can also result in habituation of individuals. Habituation is typically viewed as a negative potential consequence of human interactions with wildlife, with effects such as increased vulnerability of habituated animals to predation. Concurrently, the advancement of the understanding of the ecology of fear has shown reduced fitness in species because of behavioral changes in responses to fear of predators—including humans. Here, we test how habituation and fear drive the foraging ecology of brown bears (Ursus arctos) feeding on Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in Southeast Alaska, USA. We used motion‐detecting trail cameras at salmon spawning areas across a gradient of human disturbance to record human and bear activity at fine spatial and extended temporal scales. Higher human activity was associated with increased nocturnality of non‐habituated bears, likely leading to suboptimal foraging, but had no effect on habituated individuals. For the top 20% of sites for which human activity was greatest, an average of 78.7% of the activity of non‐habituated bears was nocturnal, compared with an average of only 10.2% of the activity of habituated individuals. Habituation of brown bears in this system alleviated perceived risk and avoidance of human activity, allowing habituated individuals to overcome their fear of human presence and maximize foraging opportunities. While habituation may lessen some of the deleterious effects of human activity on large carnivores, the long‐term effects of habituation may be negative, as habituated individuals may be at greater risk of depredation. Future research should examine whether habituated bears and their lower perceived risk of human activity ultimately experience smaller population‐level effects of human disturbance than non‐habituated individuals.
Temperature dependence of predation stress and the nutritional ecology of a generalist herbivore
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J. , Rosenblatt Adam E. , Smylie Meredith 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPrey at risk of predation may experience stress and respond physiologically by altering their metabolic rates. Theory predicts that such physiological changes should alter prey nutrient demands from N‐rich to C‐rich macronutrients and shift the balance between maintenance and growth/reproduction. Theory further suggests that for ectotherms, temperature stands to exacerbate this stress. Yet, the interactive effects of predation stress and temperature stress on diet, metabolism, and survival of ectotherms are not well known. This knowledge gap was addressed with a laboratory study in which wild juvenile grasshoppers were collected, assigned to one of three groups, and raised at three different temperatures. All grasshoppers had access to equal quantities of two diets composed of opposite carbohydrate : protein ratios. Half of the individuals in each temperature group were exposed to predation risk cues from spider predators, while the other half were kept in risk free conditions. Grasshoppers consumed more carbohydrates when exposed to predation risk, but consumption favored greater protein intake as temperature increased. Moreover, the difference in carbohydrate intake between risk cue and risk free treatments diminished as temperature increased. Furthermore, variability between individual consumption patterns both within and between treatments decreased markedly as temperature increased, suggesting that higher temperatures promote more consistent individual consumption behaviors. Grasshoppers grew faster and larger as temperature increased, which translated into higher survival rates at higher temperatures. Warmer grasshoppers also did not alter their metabolic rates in response to predation risk cues, in contrast to colder grasshoppers. Digestive efficiency increased with temperature as well ‐‐ further indicating that lower temperatures were much more stressful than higher temperatures for grasshoppers. The study shows that physiological responses of ectothermic herbivores to predation stress are highly plastic and temperature dependent, with higher temperatures promoting increased protein intake, growth, development, survival, and digestive efficiency relative to colder temperatures. These findings help to reconcile why dietary responses (proportion of protein vs. carbohydrate intake) to predation stress may vary among different prey taxa studied previously.
Analysis of Dislocation Structures in 4H‐SiC by Synchrotron X‐Ray Topography
Authors: MATSUHATA HIROHUMI , YAMAGUCHI HIROTAKA , SEKIGUCHI TAKASHI , CHEN BIN , SASAKI MASAYUKI , OHNO TOSHIYUKI , SUZUKI TAKUMA , HATAKEYAMA TETSUO , TSUJI TAKASHI , YONEZAWA YOSHIYUKI , ARAI KAZUO 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYCurrent 4H‐SiC wafers contain certain amount of dislocations, stacking faults, and other lattice‐defects. These defect structures evolve during various processes for power device fabrication. It is very important to examine evolutions of dislocation structures during power device processes, as well as the effect of dislocations on performances of fabricated power devices. Since lattice defects can be observed at only subsurface regions selectively by Berg–Barrett X‐ray topography, we have applied this useful observation technique to 4H‐SiC technology to solve various technological issues. Appearances of scratch‐like surface morphology after epi‐film growth on very flat substrate surface by chemomechanically polish were examined by this technique, and the mechanism was discussed. Analyses of dislocation structure evolutions during epi‐film growth and also basal‐plane dislocation glide by recombination of electrons and holes were discussed. Effects of threading‐screw dislocations on reliability of MOS structures and on current leakage in pn‐junction under reversed bias condition were investigated and discussed. Various important suggestions for 4H‐Sic industries were obtained.
The effect of ultrasound on the hydrolysis of soybean oil catalyzed by phospholipase
Authors: Awadallak Jamal Abd , Reinehr Thiago Olinek , Molinari Deise , Raizer Eduardo , Cardozo‐Filho Lucio , da Silva Edson Antonio , da Silva Camila 
Published: July 2016

In this work, soybean oil enzymatic hydrolysis was studied in several operational and reactional conditions using a phospholipase as catalyst. In a first approach, different ultrasound configurations were evaluated and compared to a control reaction. Direct enzyme exposure to ultrasonic irradiation has shown an increment on initial hydrolysis rate but also led to a great enzymatic deactivation and a lower products yield. Reaction performed in two step has shown better results. In this methodology, substrate was pre‐emulsified under ultrasonic irradiation and after that the enzyme was add to start the reaction. In a second approach, surfactant concentration, pre‐emulsification time, enzyme fraction, and oil/water ratio were evaluated. An unexpected behavior was observed on the oil/water ratio experiments. There was a large decrease on the hydrolysis rate around 0.4 oil/water ratio. This phenomenon was thoroughly investigated and it was correlated to the inversion of the continuous phase on the emulsion.Practical applications: Phospholipases can be used as an alternative to conventional lipases for oil modifications in the food/pharmaceutical industry. These reactions are usually slow and can take up days to complete conversion. Ultrasound technology can highly enhance lipase catalyzed oil reaction kinetics, but its application is not fully developed. This paper presents distinct methods to apply the ultrasound on phospholipase catalyzed oil hydrolysis reaction and evaluates several operational conditions. The results obtained in this study can be used to fix operational parameters and reduce the reaction time on the oil hydrolysis reaction.Effect of ultrasound different treatments on the typical hydrolysis profile of soybean oil.
Hierarchical, virtualised and distributed intelligence 5G architecture for low‐latency and secure applications
Authors: Siddiqui M.S. , Legarrea A. , Escalona E. , Parker M.C. , Koczian G. , Walker S.D. , Lyberopoulos G. , Theodoropoulou E. , Filis K. , Foglar A. , Ulbricht M. , Liu Y. , Point J.C. , Trouva E. , Rokkas Th. , Neokosmidis I. , Kritharidis D. , Katsaros K. , Spirou S. , Habel K. , Jungnickel V. , Canales C. , Lorenzo M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCHARISMA aims to tackle low‐latency and end‐to‐end security for converged fixed/wireless 5G networks in order to meet the complex demands of emerging business paradigms, such as Smart Cities, eHealth and Industry 4.0. In this paper, we present the key drivers and requirements towards a hierarchical, distributed‐intelligence 5G architecture, supporting low latency, security and open access as features intrinsic to its design. We also investigate the business perspective of the proposed 5G solution and the changes that can be foreseen for the telecom ecosystem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free tissue transfer as a vascular source for the vessel‐depleted neck
Authors: Tsao Chung‐Kan , Loh Charles Yuen Yung , Barrera Joaquim Megias 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundReconstructing head and neck defects postoncologic resection can be challenging. This problem is further amplified when tackling the vessel‐depleted or hostile neck. Free flaps still provide the gold standard of reconstructing such defects. However, with increasing reconstructions, recipient vessel options rapidly diminish. This article provides a technique and strategy in managing such difficult cases using previous free flap pedicles. It also highlights the importance of flap selection in paving the way for future successful reconstructions.MethodsWe present a fifth sequential free flap reconstruction postoncologic buccal resection and mention the key steps taken to ensure the safe and successful reuse of previous free flap pedicles.ResultsIntraoperative and postoperative photographs are clearly presented with a particular focus on the management of the recipient pedicle.ConclusionAdequate planning and strategic selection of free flaps with long pedicles can provide the necessary vascular sources needed for future successful free flap head and neck reconstructions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2515–E2518, 2016
A spatially distributed model for assessment of the effects of changing land use and climate on urban stream quality
Authors: Sun Ning , Yearsley John , Baptiste Marisa , Cao Qian , Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Nijssen Bart 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhile the effects of land use change in urban areas have been widely examined, the combined effects of climate and land use change on the quality of urban and urbanizing streams have received much less attention. We describe a modelling framework that is applicable to the evaluation of potential changes in urban water quality and associated hydrologic changes in response to ongoing climate and landscape alteration. The grid‐based spatially distributed model, Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model‐Water Quality (DHSVM‐WQ), is an outgrowth of DHSVM that incorporates modules for assessing hydrology and water quality in urbanized watersheds at a high‐spatial and high‐temporal resolution. DHSVM‐WQ simulates surface run‐off quality and in‐stream processes that control the transport of non‐point source pollutants into urban streams. We configure DHSVM‐WQ for three partially urbanized catchments in the Puget Sound region to evaluate the water quality responses to current conditions and projected changes in climate and/or land use over the next century. Here, we focus on total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) from non‐point sources (run‐off), as well as stream temperature. The projection of future land use is characterized by a combination of densification in existing urban or partially urban areas and expansion of the urban footprint. The climate change scenarios consist of individual and concurrent changes in temperature and precipitation. Future precipitation is projected to increase in winter and decrease in summer, while future temperature is projected to increase throughout the year. Our results show that urbanization has a much greater effect than climate change on both the magnitude and seasonal variability of streamflow, TSS and TP loads largely because of substantially increased streamflow and particularly winter flow peaks. Water temperature is more sensitive to climate warming scenarios than to urbanization and precipitation changes. Future urbanization and climate change together are predicted to significantly increase annual mean streamflow (up to 55%), water temperature (up to 1.9 °C), TSS load (up to 182%) and TP load (up to 74%). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing risk and promoting resilience in radiation health
Authors: Kurth Margaret H , Linkov Igor 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Because risk assessment is fundamentally deficient in the face of unknown or unforeseeable events and disasters such as occurred in 2011 at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in Japan, resilience thinking, which focuses on the ability of both natural and human-made systems to prepare for, absorb, and recover from an adverse event and to adapt to new conditions is an important additional consideration in decision making. Radiation contamination is an impediment to most critical functions of a community; resilience planning considers how those critical functions will be maintained in the event that radiation contamination does occur. Therefore, planning should begin with resilience-based thinking and should be complemented with risk assessment-based tools. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:677–679. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Fracture Rates and Fracture Sites in Patients With Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Nationwide Register-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Folkestad Lars , Hald Jannie Dahl , Ersbøll Annette Kjær , Gram Jeppe , Hermann Anne Pernille , Langdahl Bente , Abrahamsen Bo , Brixen Kim 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary, clinically heterogeneous, connective tissue disorder. The population prevalence of OI in Denmark is 10.6 in 100,000. A hallmark of the disease is frequent fractures that are often precipitated by minimal trauma. The aim of the current study was to compare the fracture rates across the lifespan of patients with OI with that of a reference population from the general population. The present study was a Danish nationwide, population-based, cohort study using register data. We identified 644 (55.6% females) patients in the OI cohort through the Danish National Patient Register and 3361 (55.2% females) persons, randomly selected from the Civil Registry System. A total of 416 patients with OI experienced a total of 1566 fractures during the observation period of median 17.9 years (interquartile range [IQR], 12.4 to 18.0 years), summing to 10137 person years. In comparison, 709 persons in the reference population experienced a total of 1018 fractures during follow-up. Both male and female patients with OI had an increased fracture rate throughout their life. The fracture rate ratio for participants aged 0 to 19 years was 10.7, for participants aged 20 to 54 years 17.2, and for participants aged 55 years and over 4.1 when compared to the reference population. The highest fracture rate was seen in males with OI aged 0 to 19 years (257 fractures per 1000 person-years). The fractures appear to follow the same pattern as in the general population, with a peak during the toddler and adolescent years (incidence rate [IR] 233.9 per 1000 person years), fewer fractures during adulthood (IR 84.5 per 1000 person years), and increased fracture rates in older women (IR 111.9 per 1000 person years). This is the largest register-based nationwide study on the fracture epidemiology of patients with OI. The risk of fractures seems largest in the childhood and adolescent years, and the relative risk of fracture declines with age in patients with OI compared to the general population. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A generalized operational formula based on total electronic densities to obtain 3D pictures of the dual descriptor to reveal nucleophilic and electrophilic sites accurately on closed‐shell molecules
Authors: Martínez‐Araya Jorge I. 
Published: July 2016

By means of the conceptual density functional theory, the so‐called dual descriptor (DD) has been adapted to be used in any closed‐shell molecule that presents degeneracy in its frontier molecular orbitals. The latter is of paramount importance because a correct description of local reactivity will allow to predict the most favorable sites on a molecule to undergo nucleophilic or electrophilic attacks; on the contrary, an incomplete description of local reactivity might have serio	us consequences, particularly for those experimental chemists that have the need of getting an insight about reactivity of chemical reagents before using them in synthesis to obtain a new compound. In the present work, the old approach based only on electronic densities of frontier molecular orbitals is replaced by the most accurate procedure that implies the use of total electronic densities thus keeping consistency with the essential principle of the DFT in which the electronic density is the fundamental variable and not the molecular orbitals. As a result of the present work, the DD will be able to properly describe local reactivities only in terms of total electronic densities. To test the proposed operational formula, 12 very common molecules were selected as the original definition of the DD was not able to describe their local reactivities properly. The ethylene molecule was additionally used to test the capability of the proposed operational formula to reveal a correct local reactivity even in absence of degeneracy in frontier molecular orbitals. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐dimensional shear wave elastography with propagation‐based reliability assessment for grading hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension
Authors: Maruyama Hitoshi , Kobayashi Kazufumi , Kiyono Soichiro , Sekimoto Tadashi , Kanda Tatsuo , Yokosuka Osamu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to examine the diagnostic ability of two‐dimensional shear wave elastography (2D‐SWE) with propagation‐based reliability for grading of hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension.MethodsThis prospective study (UMIN000022838) consisted of 135 subjects. Phase I (n = 40) examined the effect of standard deviation (SD)/median as the reliability criterion of 2D‐SWE, and phase II (n = 95) compared the diagnostic ability of 2D‐SWE under the best SD/median value and transient elastography (TE).ResultsPhase I reported 0.49 as a best cut‐off SD/median value. In phase II, the elasticity showed a correlation between the 2D‐SWE and TE (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was comparable between the 2D‐SWE and TE (0.936 and 0.948 for chronic hepatitis, P = 0.34; 0.939 and 0.956 for cirrhosis, P = 0.25). The hepatic venous pressure gradient showed a positive correlation with the 2D‐SWE (r = 0.435, P = 0.043) and TE (r = 0.378, P = 0.083) in 22 patients. The AUROC was comparable between the 2D‐SWE (0.844 for ≥10 mmHg, 0.838 for ≥12 mmHg) and TE (0.781 for ≥10 mmHg, P = 0.484; 0.800 for ≥12 mmHg, P = 0.589).Conclusions2D‐SWE is promising for the assessment of the grade of hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension, with the SD/median value as a reliability criterion.
Place and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Monson Eva , Paquet Catherine , Daniel Mark , Brunet Alain , Caron Jean 
Published: July 2016

AbstractResearch on traumatic stress has focused largely on individual risk factors. A more thorough understanding of risk factors may require investigation of the contribution of neighborhood context, such as the associations between perceived neighbourhood disorder and social cohesion with reported trauma exposure (yes/no) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic status (past‐year PTSD, remitted). To examine these associations, we used a cross‐sectional analysis of an epidemiological catchment area survey (N = 2,433). Visible cues, indicating a lack of order and social control in the community (neighbourhood disorder), were associated with increased trauma exposure (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.12, 1.31]). For trauma‐exposed individuals, neighbourhood disorder was associated with greater odds of lifetime PTSD (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.10, 1.75]), and the willingness of residents who realize common values to intervene for the common good (social cohesion), was associated with lower likelihood of past‐year PTSD (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI [0.42, 0.97]). For participants with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD (including past‐year), increased social cohesion was associated with higher odds of remission (AOR = 2.59, 95% CI [1.55, 4.30]). Environmental contexts play a role in the development and progression of PTSD. As such, traumatic stress outcomes may be better understood through a perspective that integrates individual and contextual risk factors.