bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Malnutrition among Cancer Patients in a Nigerian Institution
Authors: Atara Isaiah Ntekim  , Oluyemisi Folake Folasire  , Ayorinde Mobolande Folasire  
Published: May 2017

Background: Cancer is a major health problem. Successful management includes adequate supportive care. Nutritional problems are common among cancer patients and these are not routinely addressed by oncologists during oncology care leading to suboptimal outcome even in developed countries. In Nigeria and other low and medium income countries, the situation is worse as nutritional screening and assessment of cancer patients are not routinely carried out. Objectives: To determine the proportion of cancer patients at risk of malnutrition and compare convergence of risk assessment using SGA and MUST tools. Methods: This was a prospective study carried out among cancer patients who presented for cancer care in the Department of Radiation Oncology, University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria. Nutritional assessment tools which included Malnutrition Universal Scoring Tool (MUST) and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) were used to assess the nutritional status of the participants. Results: A total of 89 patients aged between 18 and 85 years participated in the study. The number of males were 13 (15%) while females were 76(85%). In our study 54 (60.8%) of our patients were at risk of malnutrition using the malnutrition universal scoring tool (MUST) scale while 53(60%) were malnourished using the subjective global assessment (SGA) scale. The reliability for the classifications using the MUST and SGA scales was positive (moderate) [Kappa = 0.584 (p<0.0005), 95% CI (0.410, 0.758)]. Conclusion: There is a high proportion of clinical malnutrition among cancer patients in the study population. According to this study, there was similarity between the classifications of nutritional risk, using the MUST and SGA tools.
Lysine to arginine mutagenesis of chlorotoxin enhances its cellular uptake
Authors: Ojeda Paola G. , Henriques Sónia Troeira , Pan Yijun , Nicolazzo Joseph A. , Craik David J. , Wang Conan K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractChlorotoxin (CTX), a disulfide‐rich peptide from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus, has several promising biopharmaceutical properties, including preferential affinity for certain cancer cells, high serum stability, and cell penetration. These properties underpin its potential for use as a drug design scaffold, especially for the treatment of cancer; indeed, several analogs of CTX have reached clinical trials. Here, we focus on its ability to internalize into cells—a trait associated with a privileged subclass of peptides called cell‐penetrating peptides—and whether it can be improved through conservative substitutions. Mutants of CTX were made using solid‐phase peptide synthesis and internalization into human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells was monitored by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. CTX_M1 (ie, [K15R/K23R]CTX) and CTX_M2 (ie, [K15R/K23R/Y29W]CTX) mutants showed at least a twofold improvement in uptake compared to CTX. We further showed that these mutants internalize into HeLa cells largely via an energy‐dependent mechanism. Importantly, the mutants have high stability, remaining intact in serum for over 24 h; thus, retaining the characteristic stability of their parent peptide. Overall, we have shown that simple conservative substitutions can enhance the cellular uptake of CTX, suggesting that such type of mutations might be useful for improving uptake of other peptide toxins.
Hydrophilic zeolite sorbents for In‐situ water removal in high temperature processes
Authors: Ghodhbene Marwa , Bougie Francis , Fongarland Pascal , Iliuta Maria C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn attractive approach to reduce anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be to valorize it into value‐added products (e.g. alcohols or dimethylether) by chemical recycling. However, in most of these important reactions, water is produced as a byproduct that limits CO2 conversion thermodynamically and can lead to the deactivation of catalysts. Water removal in sorption‐enhanced reaction process (SERP) would allow the overcoming of these drawbacks and several zeolites (SOD, LTA, and FAU) have been selected to assess their potential to adsorb water in‐situ at high temperatures. This work aims to study the water adsorption capacity and kinetics in a large temperature range of 25–250 °C and evaluate the potential of the selected adsorbents for in‐situ water removal in the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. For all zeolites, the water uptake showed an important decrease at higher temperatures but the capacity at 250 °C was still significant. While the poor adsorption kinetics of SOD limit its use, FAU‐13X powder gave better results than LTA‐4A, which were confirmed by a more important increase of CO concentration at the exit of the reactor for the RWGS reaction. Transient adsorption data obtained in this study were fitted by a double stretched equation and the kinetic constants were determined. These results are essential to model and design an efficient SERP process and determine the optimal reaction conditions.
Competition drives the response of soil microbial diversity to increased grazing by vertebrate herbivores
Authors: Eldridge David J. , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Travers Samantha K. , Val James , Oliver Ian , Hamonts Kelly , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractScientists have largely neglected the effects of grazing on soil microbial communities despite their importance as drivers of ecosystem functions and services. We hypothesized that changes in soil properties resulting from grazing regulate the diversity of soil microbes by releasing/suppressing subordinate microbial taxa via competition. To test this, we examined how intensity of vertebrate herbivores influences the diversity and composition of soil bacteria and fungi at 216 soil samples from 54 sites across four microsites. Increasing grazing intensity reduced soil carbon, suppressing the dominant bacterial phylum Actinobacteria (indirectly promoting bacterial diversity) and increasing the dominant fungal phylum Ascomycetes (indirectly reducing fungal diversity). Our data provide novel evidence that grazing modulates the diversity and composition of soil microbes via increases or reductions in competition by dominant taxa. Our results suggest that grazing can potentially alter soil function by altering microbial community composition, providing a clear link between grazing management, carbon availability and ecosystem functions.
Mechanism of Generation of Oxidative Stress and Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: How Are They Interlinked?
Authors: Rehman Kanwal , Akash Muhammad Sajid Hamid 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTOxidative stress has been considered as a major hallmark for the pathogenesis and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but still it is debatable whether it is a mere aggregation of inflammatory‐induced responses or clinical entity that underlies with various pathophysiological factors. In this regard, the latest studies have shown the increasing trends for the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and development of T2DM. ROS are highly reactive species and almost all cellular components are chemically changed due to the influence of ROS that ultimately results in the production of lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is a major causative factor for the development of oxidative stress that leads to overt T2DM and its associated micro‐ and macro‐vascular complications. In this article, we have briefly described the role of various causative factors, transcriptional and metabolic pathways which are responsible to increase the production of oxidative stress, a most pivotal factor for the pathogenesis and development of T2DM. Therefore, we conclude that measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers may be one of the optional tool for the diagnosis and prediction of T2DM. Moreover, the key findings described in this article also provides a new conceptual framework for forthcoming investigations on the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of T2DM and drug discovery. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3577–3585, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in young women: Comparison between anorexia nervosa and nonanorexic patients
Authors: Kuroiwa Maiko , Kita Keiichiro , Wakakuri Akira , Sekijima Azusa , Takibayashi Masahiro , Watanabe Fumiko , Miura Taro , Koura Tomoyuki , Yoshida Kiichiro , Yamashiro Seiji 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSpontaneous pneumomediastinum is a benign, self‐limited condition that mainly affects young people. In this report, we present four cases of this uncommon condition and a review of the current literature. Two cases had no prior significant medical history: one had a history of asthma and the other underwent regular outpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa. The three patients who were not anorexic spontaneously improved within a few days. However, the patient with anorexia nervosa took 2 months to recover. It appears that spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an intractable complication of anorexia nervosa, and the improvement of nutritional status in the patient is essential to manage this condition.
Democratisation in Britain
Authors: Garrard John 
Published: May 2017

Democratisation in Britain is a novel reinterpretation of British social and political history since 1800 in light of the continuing debate about democratisation. As such, the book goes far beyond standard histories of political reform. In common with the politics in Northern Europe, North America and Australasia, Britain’s democratisation began early and in highly favourable circumstances. The process took place in stages, only half-consciously and in the context of a generally benign economic cycle. The country possessed a vibrant civil society at most levels of its adult population, along with a flexible, competitive and opportunistic set of political elites. Partly as a result, the popular expectations and demands released by democratisation were modest and untroublesome. Countries undergoing democratisation since 1918 have been far less fortunate, and the process in thereby much more difficult. Thus this book may be seen as portraying an ‘ideal type’ against which to compare and contrast these later experiences.
Democratisation in Britain combines the disciplines of political science and history, and will be of interest to scholars and students in both fields.
Clinical Assessment of Reconstruction Involving Gastric Pull‐Up Combined with Free Jejunal Graft After Total Pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy
Authors: Miyata Hiroshi , Sugimura Keijiro , Motoori Masaaki , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Omori Takeshi , Mun Masahiro , Ohue Masayuki , Yasui Masayoshi , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Fujii Takashi , Tajima Hiroki , Kurita Tomoyuki , Yano Masahiko 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundTotal pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy (PLE) is used as a curative treatment for synchronous laryngopharyngeal and thoracic esophageal cancer or for multiple cancers in the cervical and thoracic esophagus. Gastric pull‐up is commonly used after PLE, but postoperative complications are common. The present study evaluated these procedures in patients with esophageal cancer.MethodsFourteen patients (7 with synchronous pharyngeal and thoracic esophageal cancer, 4 with synchronous cervical and thoracic esophageal cancer, and 3 with cervicothoracic esophageal cancer) underwent reconstructive surgery after PLE involving gastric pull‐up combined with free jejunal graft between 2004 and 2015.ResultsEsophagectomy via right thoracotomy was performed in 9 patients, and transhiatal esophagectomy was used in 5. The posterior mediastinal route was used in 13 patients, excluding one patient with early gastric cancer. Interposition of a free jejunal graft included microvascular anastomosis using two arteries and two veins in all patients. Anastomotic leakage and graft necrosis did not occur in any of the 14 patients who underwent the above surgical procedures. Tracheal ischemia close to the tracheostomy orifice occurred in 4 patients (28.6%), but none of these patients developed pneumonia. No hospital deaths were recorded.ConclusionsThe results indicate that gastric pull‐up combined with free jejunal graft is a feasible reconstructive surgery after PLE. This procedure is a promising treatment strategy for synchronous pharyngeal and thoracic esophageal cancer or multiple cancers in the cervical and thoracic esophagus. Larger series are needed to show the distinct advantages of this procedure in comparison with conventional methods of reconstruction after PLE.
Some reflections on Stoker William Lashly, A.M., R.N. on the 150th anniversary of his birth
Authors: Skinner George David 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTOn the 150th anniversary of the birth of William Lashly, this paper explores what may be deduced about this stoker, who accompanied Scott on both his expeditions, from archived unpublished correspondence and artefacts. It draws particularly on letters he wrote to Reginald Skelton and Robert Gibbings and concludes that Lashly, in addition to being a physically strong member of Scott's teams, was also a thoughtful and perceptive man with the ability to report and reflect beyond what might have been expected of someone of his background and education. Though modest, Lashly was proud of what the he and his colleagues had achieved and remained an enthusiast for Antarctic matters all his life.
Healthy cooking classes at a children’s cancer hospital and patient/survivor summer camps: initial reactions and feasibility
Authors: Raber Margaret , Crawford Karla , Chandra Joya 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveChildhood cancer survivors (CCS) have been shown to practise suboptimal dietary intake and may benefit from nutrition interventions during and after treatment. Cooking classes have become popular for encouraging healthy eating behaviours in community-based programming and academic research; however, literature on teaching cooking classes in CCS is limited. The purpose of the present study was to address the development and implementation of classes for CCS based on a recently developed framework of healthy cooking behaviour.DesignA conceptual framework was developed from a systematic literature review and used to guide healthy cooking classes for CCS in different settings.SettingOne paediatric cancer hospital inpatient unit, one paediatric cancer in-hospital camp programme and two off-site paediatric cancer summer camp programmes.SubjectsOne hundred and eighty-nine CCS of varying ages and thirteen parents of CCS.ResultsSeventeen classes were taught at camps and seven classes in the hospital inpatient unit. Healthy cooking classes based on the conceptual framework are feasible and were well received by CCS.ConclusionsCooking classes for CCS, both at the hospital and at camp, reinforced the principles of the conceptual framework. Future trials should assess the dietary and anthropometric impact of evidence-based healthy cooking classes in CCS.
Initial Assessment and Implications for Surgery: The Missed Diagnosis of Irreducible Knee Dislocation
Authors: Xu Honggang , Tu Jun , Xu Bin , Guo Ruipeng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIrreducible knee dislocation is a rare but devastating orthopedic emergency. Limited discussion about its characteristics has been undertaken due to its low incidence. The purpose of this study was to present a series of irreducible dislocated knees and cumulatively reviewed all existing publications in this filed. A retrospective case series study was undertaken in patients with irreducible knee dislocation. Patients' data were carefully collected and presented. Historical cases of irreducible knee dislocation in published papers were reviewed, and their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were summarized. Six patients with six irreducible knee dislocations were enrolled with an average age of 51.2 ± 9.7 years. Patterns of injuries were classified into KD-III M (three cases), KD-IV (two cases), and KD-V (one case). Dimple sign was presented in all cases on both physical examination and MRI. All patients received single-stage arthrotomy together with cruciate ligament reconstruction acutely. In cumulative literature review, 34 papers with 45 irreducible knee dislocations were included. KD-III M was the most familiar type of ligamentous injury (75.0%). Dimple sign was recorded in 83.7% occasions and the most frequent two trapped structures were medial retinaculum (31.8%) and MCL (43.1%). Open reduction was conducted in all cases to reduce the knee, and the prognosis of 88.0% cases was considered to be acceptable after different staged surgery. The “dimple” sign is pathognomonic but not necessary for diagnosis of irreducible knee dislocations. The general consensus for treatment is immediate neurovascular status assessment and acute open reduction.
Tranexamic Acid Reduces Occult Blood Loss, Blood Transfusion, and Improves Recovery of Knee Function after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study
Authors: Yang Chunmei , Huang Xiujun , Liu Ruizhong , Liu Wei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study intends to explore the effects of tranexamic acid (TA) on occult blood loss, blood transfusion, and recovery of knee function in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). From October 2013 to April 2015, 224 patients undergoing TKA were enrolled in this study. These patients were randomly assigned into the control group (intravenous infusion of normal saline), 10 mg/kg TA group (intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg TA) and 15 mg/kg TA group (intravenous infusion of 15 mg/kg TA). Compared with the control group, the 10 and 15 mg/kg TA groups were lower in postoperative blood loss, occult blood loss, blood transfusion rate, and volume. In comparison to the control group, hemoglobin levels were lower and the number of red blood cells was higher at 7 days after surgery in the 10 and 15 mg/kg TA groups. Higher fibrinogen levels and lower prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer levels, thrombin time, lower the visual analog scale/score, and circumference diameter of knee joint were observed in the 10 and 15 mg/kg TA groups compared with the control group at 7 and 14 days after surgery. At 1 and 3 months after surgery, the knee joint range of motion scores, Hospital for Special Surgery scores, and Knee Society Score were increased in 10 and 15 mg/kg TA groups in comparison to the control group. TA could reduce occult blood loss and blood transfusion rate and improve recovery of knee function in patients undergoing TKA.
On the African origin(s) of Palenquero
Authors: Schwegler Armin 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This article examines African influences on Palenquero, a creole language spoken in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). The introduction offers an explanation as to why investigations into the (African) origins of Palenque and its creole have presented special challenges. The study then turns to the reigning hypothesis, according to which Kikongo is the sole substrate of Palenquero. Language-internal data (taken from the lexicon, phonology, and morphosyntax) as well as language-external information are examined to show that these are mutually complementary and confirm Kikongo as the dominant (if not sole) African substrate. Three fundamental conclusions will be reached: (1) Kikongo-speakers must indeed have been a dominant force in the early Palenque (ca. 1670–1725); (2) lacunae in our historical and linguistic knowledge are, however, so great that we should keep a guarded attitude toward the current substrate hypothesis; and (3) there are multiple reasons to be very optimistic about future attempts to refine substratist investigations into the creole. Part of that optimism rests on DNA research (based on comparison of the DNA of Palenqueros and Central West Africans), as well as on an astonishing turnaround of sociolinguistic attitudes in 21st-century Palenque. This turnaround has prompted a rapid re-evaluation and never-before seen appreciation of local Africanisms. At present, this enthusiasm is helping to reveal previously undocumented lexical Africanisms, which may soon shed additional light on Palenqueros’ Subsaharan provenance.
San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia)
Authors: Ferrari Ludmila 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This article studies the configuration of representations of identity in San Basilio de Palenque (henceforth Palenque) by examining how the community has interacted with academia, international institutions (UNESCO), and the media. Such representations are typically organized around three main topics: “Palenque as the first free people in Latin America,” “Africa in America,” and “Palenque as a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity” (UNESCO). The first part of the essay examines how the concept of intangible heritage serves as an observational “ground zero,” a locus from which “the world” is “recognized,” collected, and safeguarded. The study then proceeds to analyze recent processes of self-representation employed by the Palenquero community, and how these have been used to interact with official entities. I claim that such “performances” of self-representation subvert the interactions between the observer and the observed. Finally, the essay will demonstrate how the monument of Benkos Bioho, Palenque’s supposed founder, symbolically synthesizes relations of power and meaning in present-day Palenque.
Cultural Text, Aesthetic Resistance, and Oral Literature in San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia)
Authors: Maglia Graciela 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This article offers an interdisciplinary approach to the oral tradition of San Basilio de Palenque (henceforth Palenque). Seeking to establish relationships between the oral literature and the culture of Palenque, this paper analyzes textual productions collected during fieldwork between 2008 and 2010. These texts are considered in terms of their cultural and geohistorical meanings, their locus of enunciation (eccentric, invisibilized, and exoticized by Colombia’s white/lettered discourse), as well as their relationship to Colombia’s national literary production and postcolonial Afrodiasporic discourses in the Americas. The study examines texts obtained by the author in Palenque. This corpus is complemented by secondary published sources in the fields of linguistics and literature. These include autobiographic testimonies, traditional stories, songs, as well as performances by native singers (popular songs). The article then studies how Palenque’s oral literature problematizes the canonic concept of Literature and Authorship, and how this literature can serve as an example of intellectual maroonage when local oral literature transgresses the colonial codes in an attempt to establish its own concept of freedom. This study also shows how certain aspects of peripheral Latin American modernity are superimposed on a basic pre-modern organization. It concludes by arguing that the oral literature of Palenque can be analyzed as a creolized expression of the colonial encounter. Palenque’s most visible cultural product is its unique Afro-Hispanic creole language – the vivid voice of a hybrid Latin America.