bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derived nouns: quality, collective, and other abstracts
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with affixes whose primary purpose is to derive nouns other than event/state/result nouns or personal/participant nouns. Among these are affixes that create abstract and collective nouns of various sorts, including -ness, -ity, -dom, -ship, -hood, -ery, -ia, -y, -ana,and -age. The chapter also looks at the suffix -ism, which has a more specific meaning than the purely abstract or collective-forming affixes, but which nevertheless forms nouns that denote neither events nor participants in events. The first part of the chapter summarizes the formal properties of these derived nouns while the second part focuses on semantic issues.
Derived verbs
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter first discusses the verb-forming prefixes a‑, be‑, fore‑, and en‑. This is followed by a description of verbal suffixation by ‑ize, ‑ify, and ‑ate, conversion into verbs, back-formation, and other processes. The first part of the chapter covers formal properties and considers the phonological characteristics of the different types of affixed forms. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the semantic characteristics of the various kinds of derived verb. Finally, the competition between the different verb-deriving processes is summarized.
Locatives of time and space
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter surveys the affixes used in English to express spatial and temporal concepts. All such affixes are prefixal, and many of them do double duty with spatial or temporal readings depending on context. English has two cohorts of such prefixes, non-native ones and native ones, and there are generally pairs (or sets) that overlap in meaning, with only subtle differences apparent. Several of the prefixes (super-, sur-, extra-, over-, under-) mix spatial readings with quantitative (or at least scalar) readings. Issues of polysemy are discussed.
Combination of affixes
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses complex words that have more than one affix. First it looks at combinations of suffixes and combinations of prefixes, the areas on which research on affix combination has traditionally focused. Then it discusses types of derivative that have received little attention in the literature, those in which a prefix and a suffix are found in a single word, considering the issue of parasynthetic affixation as well. It also takes up the intersection of conversion with affixation, combinations including inflections, and derivatives involving more than two affixes. This chapter focuses on the extent to which a complexity-based approach predicts the behaviour of complex words in English.
Affixation on compounds and phrases
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of derivation on bases that are compounds or phrases. It is shown that it is not at all rare to find derivational affixes in English appearing on compound bases, and that phrasal bases are also not as rare as intuitions or the literature might suggest. First the data are reviewed, much of which can be found in previous chapters treating specific types of derivation. Then the factors are considered that might contribute to the ability of an affix to take a compound or phrasal base. Finally, the chapter raises the issue of whether affixation to compounds and phrases is restricted to those structures that are highly lexicalized, and concludes that this is not the case.
Paradigmatic processes
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter takes up the vexed question of the difference between inflection and derivation as it applies to English. It considers the kinds of criteria that might distinguish between inflection and derivation, the value of the distinction where English is concerned, and features of English that make applying the distinction awkward. Special attention is paid to the cases of plural-marking, adverbial marking with ‑ly, the status of ordinal ‑th and other number-forming affixes, as well as to participles. It is concluded that the distinction is not very helpful in understanding other aspects of the morphology of English.
English morphology and theories of morphology
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This last chapter takes a broader view of what the English data tell us about morphological theory in general. First a range of theoretical models are considered (Item and Arrangement, Item and Process, Word and Paradigm), and it is concluded that the facts of English morphology do not allow us to argue strongly for or against most extant frameworks. The chapter then looks at a variety of theoretical principles that are relatively independent of broader frameworks. Here it is argued that the corpus data provide strong arguments against many of the specific claims or principles that have been proposedin the literature such as the righthandhead rule, the unitary base, hypothesis, theunitary output hypotheses, blocking, lexical phonology and morphology, the monosuffixconstraint, the first sister principle, and the lexical integrity hypothesis. Finally, the chapter turns to what we do know, and how that knowledge should help us to frame new theoretical models.
Angular momentum and spherical symmetry
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents orbital angular momentum as the generator or rotations in space. The operators which carry out rotations in space form a group, which is a symmetry group of the Hamiltonian when the interaction is spherically symmetric. In such a case, there are certain useful statements which we can make about the role of invariant and irreducible subspaces of the Hilbert space under the group operations and how to calculate matrix elements of tensor operators within such spaces, that is, the Wigner-Eckart theorem.
Elementary relativistic quantum mechanics
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter is seeking relativistic wave equations, which are invariant under Lorentz transformations, in an attempt to obtain a quantum mechanical description of relativistic particles. First, the chapter starts with the Klein–Gordon equation and then it discusses the Dirac equation. It also takes the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation to derive the Schrödinger equation with two additional terms, the Zeeman term and the spin–orbit coupling term. These two terms emerge naturally from the Dirac equation, and thus the spin, as an internal quantum number which behaves like angular momentum, is clearly identified. Finally, the existence of antimatter is clearly supported by the nature of the solutions to the Dirac equation.
Introduction
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter is, on the one hand, a very brief introduction to Latin, including information on the sources and the diversity of the corpus used, the language’s regional and historical variation, and the periodization used in the work, On the other hand, it provides a description of the methodological approach of the work, its structure and organization and some technical information concerning text editions used, translations and the selection of examples.
Latin word classes and inflectional categories
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide those who are not well acquainted with Latin with an overview of the main Latin word classes and their morphology. It is divided into three sections: (i) nominal word classes, (ii) verbs, and (iii) non-nominal, non-verbal word classes. The first–nominal word classes–deals with the inflectional categories of number, case, and gender of nouns, and with adjectives, pronouns/determiners, and numerals. The section on verbs deals with the inflectional categories of tense and mood as well as the various verbal forms; the distinction between finite and non-finite verb forms (including substantival and adjectival verb forms and supines) receives special attention. The third main section includes adverbs, prepositions, particles and clitics.
Active/passive, reflexivity, and intransitivization
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this chapter three uses of the verbs that are normally treated in different chapters are discussed together. It is shown that from a semantic point of view the passive, reflexive, and intransitive uses of verbs overlap. In the section on the passive a distinction is made between true passive, decausative and autocausative uses, which also applies to reflexive uses. A further distinction is made between agentful and agentless use of the passive. The degree to which these distinctions are relevant differs from text type to text type. Deponent verbs receive a separate discussion. The voice value of the gerund and the gerundive verb forms are also discussed.
Sentence type and illocutionary force
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Four sentence types are distinguished: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences. The form of negation is the main formal criterion to distinguish imperative sentences (negation ne) from the others (negation non). Each sentence type has a basic illocutionary force, but may be used with a different illocutionary force (the so-called indirect illocutionary force). Further subtypes of the four sentence types are discussed in detail. For imperative sentences a distinction can be made between wishes and orders, depending on whether the agent of the sentence is supposed to control the event the sentence refers to. For interrogative sentences a distinction is made between sentence questions and constituent questions. Additional attention is given to responses.
Syntactic functions of arguments and the categories of constituents that may fulfil them
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter contains a detailed survey of the types of constituents that may function in one of the argument positions of a clause: subject, object, indirect object, other third arguments, subject complement, and object complement. The two main types of constituents found in these positions are noun phrases (including nouns and pronouns) and clauses (which are dealt with in detail in Vol. II). Subject constituents are often not expressed. Attention is paid to the conditions determining this situation. In the section on the object, constituents functioning as ‘pseudo-objects’ are discussed as well. The number of types of constituent that may function as subject and object complement is higher, including also adjectives, numerals, determiners and noun phrases in the genitive, dative, and ablative case.
The noun phrase
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
‘Noun phrase’ is used in a broad sense, including nouns, noun phrases proper, and pronouns. Furthermore, attention is paid to the internal structure of adjective phrases. Typical noun phrases consist of a head and a modifier. The function of head can be fulfilled by various constituents, the most frequent being common nouns, but many other categories can be used ‘substantively’, such as adjectives and infinitives. With some nouns a modifier is required (an adnominal argument). All nouns can be modified by one or more optional attributes, the range of which is very wide including adjectives, determiners, quantifiers and others. Noun phrases are either referring or non-referring. Referring noun phrases are either specific or generic, and if specific, either definite or indefinite. In Latin there is often no formal marking corresponding to these distinctions. The traditional category of pronouns contains in reality pronouns proper and determiners, which have very diverse properties.
Buddhist Permutations and Symbolism of Fire
Authors: Skorupski Tadeusz 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of fire-related ritual practices and symbolism starting from the earliest period of religious history in the Indian subcontinent, the Vedic hymns and Upaniṣads. The variety of symbolic characterizations includes fire as a natural phenomenon, as a cosmic force, as the fire of digestion, and as a key element of Brahmanic ritual. Fire is also personified as Agni, who in addition to all of these different forms is also the ritual intermediary, purifying the offerings made by humans and carrying them to the gods. Buddhism reinterpreted and adapted this fire symbolism and yogic practices employing fire symbolism were integrated into Buddhism. This study includes meditative practices, such as the kasiṇas, and esoteric physiological interpretations of fire, relating to the psycho-physical internalization of ritual practice. Fire is identified with bodhicitta, the luminous consciousness of the Buddhist practitioner.
Ritual Subjects
Authors: Orzech Charles D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates the ongoing relation between India and China, in which changes to the practice of the homa in China are the consequence of developments in India. Although mentioned earlier, in conjunction with image consecration, the homa is described in detail around the end of the sixth century. It is then only in the middle of the next century that forms comparable to contemporary homas—including for example evocations of Agni and the summoning and enthronement of deities in a maṇ ḍala—make their first appearance. More fully developed forms were introduced by Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra in the eighth century. This chapter also examines key differences in the social context of the ritual in China and Japan, indicating that the use of the homa in the two was actually significantly different. The theoretical issue it addresses following the historical inquiry is the role of ritual practice in subject formation.
Citizen Makers
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The question whether the majority has a right to defend its culture has not been the subject of much discussion in law and political liberalism. Theories of cultural minority rights have been put forward, but it has been generally assumed by most thinkers either that the majority culture is not threatened, or that liberal states should not attempt to promote a particular culture but instead should remain neutral in the public sphere. Reality, however, has changed. The changing patterns of immigration and the changing face of the West have generated a form of majority nationalism and given rise to a series of new questions. The book addresses one of the most divisive questions—is it justified for a liberal state to restrict immigration in order to protect the culture of majority groups? It seeks to offer a form of cultural defense that is morally defensible and politically wise.
New Challenge
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter argues that contemporary global migration presents a new challenge. It challenges a fundamental premise in liberal thought under which majority groups can perpetuate their culture by controlling entry into the state. Grouping together nine macro and micro—level changes, the chapter traces a transformation in the relationship between majority groups and minority groups. The nine changes occur in migration patterns (scale, character, intensity), in Western society (population decline, changing lifestyles, new human rights regime), and in the world (geopolitics, technology, globalization). Each of these changes, individually, may not be entirely new, yet the combination of them all together at one time has no historical precedent. This reality brings about political and legal responses and raises normative questions. The aim of this chapter is to document the changing reality and show that it is not adequately addressed by political theory and international human rights law.
CG2AA: backmapping protein coarse-grained structures
Authors: Lombardi Leandro E. , Martí Marcelo A. , Capece Luciana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSummary: Coarse grain (CG) models allow long-scale simulations with a much lower computational cost than that of all-atom simulations. However, the absence of atomistic detail impedes the analysis of specific atomic interactions that are determinant in most interesting biomolecular processes. In order to study these phenomena, it is necessary to reconstruct the atomistic structure from the CG representation. This structure can be analyzed by itself or be used as an onset for atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. In this work, we present a computer program that accurately reconstructs the atomistic structure from a CG model for proteins, using a simple geometrical algorithm.Availability and implementation: The software is free and available online at http://www.ic.fcen.uba.ar/cg2aa/cg2aa.pySupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.Contact: lula@qi.fcen.uba.ar
Testing Antarctic resilience: the effects of elevated seawater temperature and decreased pH on two gastropod species
Authors: Schram Julie B. , Schoenrock Kathryn M. , McClintock James B. , Amsler Charles D. , Angus Robert A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOcean acidification has been hypothesized to increase stress and decrease shell calcification in gastropods, particularly in cold water habitats like the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). There is limited information on how calcified marine benthic invertebrates in this region will respond to these rapidly changing conditions. The present study investigated the effects of elevated seawater temperature and decreased pH on growth (wet mass and shell morphometrics), net calcification, and proximate body composition (protein and lipid) of body tissues in two common benthic gastropods. Individuals of the limpet Nacella concinna and the snail Margarella antarctica collected from the WAP were exposed to seawater in one of four treatment combinations: current ambient conditions (1.5°C, pH 8.0), near-future decreased pH (1.5°C, pH 7.8), near-future elevated temperature (3.5°C, pH 8.0), or combination of decreased pH and elevated temperature (3.5°C, pH 7.8). Following a 6-week exposure, limpets showed no temperature or pH effects on whole body mass or net calcification. Despite no significant differences in whole body mass, the shell length and width of limpets at elevated temperature tended to grow less than those at ambient temperature. There was a significant interaction between the sex of limpets and pH. There were no significant temperature or pH effects on growth, net calcification, shell morphologies, or proximate body composition of snails. Our findings suggest that both gastropod species demonstrate resilience to initial exposure to temperature and pH changes predicted to occur over the next several hundred years globally and perhaps sooner along the WAP. Despite few significant impacts of elevated temperature or decreased pH, any response to either abiotic variable in species with relatively slow growth and long lifespan is of note. In particular, we detected modest impacts of reduced pH on lipid allocation in the reproductive organs of the limpet N. concinna that warrants further study.
Why No Signals? Cerebral Anatomy Predicts Success of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring During Correction of Scoliosis Secondary to Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Mo Andrew Z. , Asemota Anthony O. , Venkatesan Arun , Ritzl Eva K. , Njoku Dolores B. , Sponseller Paul D. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is widely used to reduce postoperative neurological complications during scoliosis correction. IONM allows intraoperative detection of neurological insults to the spinal cord and enables surgeons to react in real time. IONM failure rates can reach 61% in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Factors decreasing the quality of IONM signals or making IONM impossible in CP patients undergoing scoliosis correction have not been well described.

Methods:
We categorized IONM data from 206 children with CP who underwent surgical scoliosis correction at a single institution from 2002 through 2013 into 3 groups: (1) “no signals,” if neither somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) nor transcranial motor-evoked potentials (TcMEP) could be obtained; (2) “no sensory,” if no interpretable SSEP were obtained regardless of interpretable TcMEP; and (3) “no motor,” if no interpretable TcMEP were obtained regardless of interpretable SSEP. We analyzed preexisting neuroimaging, available for 93 patients, and neurological status of the full cohort against these categories. Statistical analysis of univariate and multivariate associations was performed using logistic regression. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with significance set at P<0.05.

Results:
Multivariate analysis showed significant associations of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), hydrocephalus, and encephalomalacia with lack of meaningful and interpretable signals. Focal PVL (Fig. 1) was associated with no motor (OR=39.95; P=0.04). Moderate hydrocephalus was associated with no signals (OR=32.35; P<0.01), no motor (OR=10.14; P=0.04), and no sensory (OR=8.44; P=0.03). Marked hydrocephalus (Fig. 2) was associated with no motor (OR=20.46; P<0.01) and no signals (OR=8.83; P=0.01). Finally, encephalomalacia (Fig. 3) was associated with no motor (OR=6.99; P=0.01) and no signals (OR=4.26; P=0.03).

Conclusion:
Neuroanatomic findings of PVL, hydrocephalus, and encephalomalacia are significant predictors of limited IONM signals, especially TcMEP.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
BrowseVCF: a web-based application and workflow to quickly prioritise disease-causative variants in VCF files
Authors: Salatino Silvia , Ramraj Varun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs sequencing costs associated with fast advancing Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies continue to decrease, variant discovery is becoming a more affordable and popular analysis method among research laboratories. Following variant calling and annotation, accurate variant filtering is a crucial step to extract meaningful biological information from sequencing data and to investigate disease etiology. However, the standard variant call file format (VCF) used to store this valuable information is not easy to handle without bioinformatics skills, thus preventing many investigators from directly analysing their data. Here, we present BrowseVCF, an easy-to-use stand-alone software that enables researchers to browse, query and filter millions of variants in a few seconds. Key features include the possibility to store intermediate search results, to query user-defined gene lists, to group samples for family or tumour/normal studies, to download a report of the filters applied, and to export the filtered variants in spreadsheet format. Additionally, BrowseVCF is suitable for any DNA variant analysis (exome, whole-genome and targeted sequencing), can be used also for non-diploid genomes, and is able to discriminate between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Insertions/Deletions (InDels), and Multiple Nucleotide Polymorphisms (MNPs). Owing to its portable implementation, BrowseVCF can be used either on personal computers or as part of automated analysis pipelines. The software can be initialised with a few clicks on any operating system without any special administrative or installation permissions. It is actively developed and maintained, and freely available for download fromhttps://github.com/BSGOxford/BrowseVCF/releases/latest.