bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discontinuation of peri‐operative gentamicin use for indwelling urinary catheter manipulation in orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Bond Stuart E. , Boutlis Craig S. , Jansen Stuart G. , Miyakis Spiros 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundGentamicin has historically been used prior to insertion and removal of indwelling urinary catheters (IDCs) around elective joint replacement surgery to prevent infection; however, this indication is not recognized in the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic and the paradigm for safe use of gentamicin has shifted.MethodsThe antimicrobial stewardship team of a 500 bed tertiary regional hospital performed a retrospective clinical study of gentamicin IDC prophylaxis around total hip and knee arthroplasties. Results were presented to the orthopaedic surgeons. A literature review identified no guidelines to support gentamicin prophylaxis and only a very low risk of bacteraemia associated with IDC insertion/removal in patients with established bacteriuria. Consensus was reached with the surgeons to discontinue this practice. Subsequent prospective data collection was commenced to determine effectiveness, with weekly feedback to the Department Head of Orthopaedics.ResultsData from 137 operations pre‐intervention (6 months) were compared with 205 operations post‐intervention (12 months). The median patient age was 72 years in both groups. Following the intervention, reductions in gentamicin use were demonstrated for IDC insertion (59/137 (42%) to 4/205 (2%), P < 0.01) and removal (39/137 (28%) to 6/205 (3%), P < 0.01). No gentamicin use was observed during the final 40 weeks of the post‐intervention period. There were no significant differences between the groups for pre‐operative bacteriuria, surgical site infections or acute kidney injury.ConclusionA collaborative approach using quality improvement methodology can lead to an evidence‐based reappraisal of established practice. Regular rolling audits and timely feedback were useful in sustaining change.
Treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy in order to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery – a clinical recommendation
Authors: Haahr Thor , Ersbøll Anne S. , Karlsen Mona A. , Svare Jens , Sneider Kirstine , Hee Lene , Weile Louise K. , Ziobrowska‐Bech Agnes , Østergaard Claus , Jensen Jørgen S. , Helmig Rikke B. , Uldbjerg Niels 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionBacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota with a depletion of Lactobacillus spp. In pregnancy, prevalence's between 7 and 30% have been reported depending on the study population and the definition. BV may be associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm delivery (sPTD). However, it is controversial whether or not BV‐positive pregnant women will benefit from treatment to reduce the risk of sPTD. We could not identify any good‐quality guideline addressing this issue. Consequently we aimed to produce this clinical recommendation based on GRADE.Material and methodsSystematic literature searches were conducted in the following databases: Guidelines International Network: G‐I‐N, Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science and http://www.clinicaltrials.gov from 1999 to 3 October 2014. Hence, nine guidelines, 34 reviews, 18 randomized controlled trials and 12 observational studies were included.ResultsThe GRADE quality of evidence was consistently low or very low, primarily because none of the risk ratios (RR) for the risk of sPTD at <37 weeks were statistically significant. Concerning treatment with metronidazole, RR was 1.11 (95% CI 0.93–1.34) in low‐risk pregnancies and 0.96 (95% CI 0.78–1.18) in high risk pregnancies. Concerning treatment with clindamycin at any gestational age, the RR was 0.87 (95% CI 0.73–1.05).ConclusionThis systematic review gives a strong recommendation against treatment with metronidazole and a weak recommendation against treatment with clindamycin to reduce the sPTD rate in both high‐risk and low‐risk pregnancies with BV.
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation among alternatives for fertility preservation in the Nordic countries – compilation of 20 years of multicenter experience
Authors: Rodriguez‐Wallberg Kenny A. , Tanbo Tom , Tinkanen Helena , Thurin‐Kjellberg Ann , Nedstrand Elizabeth , Kitlinski Margareta Laczna , Macklon Kirsten T. , Ernst Erik , Fedder Jens , Tiitinen Aila , Morin‐Papunen Laure , Einarsson Snorri , Jokimaa Varpu , Hippeläinen Maritta , Lood Mikael , Gudmundsson Johannes , Olofsson Jan I. , Andersen Claus Yding 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study is to report the current status of ovarian tissue cryopreservation among alternatives for fertility preservation in the Nordic countries.Material and methodsA questionnaire was sent to 14 Nordic academic reproductive centers with established fertility preservation programs. It covered fertility preservation cases performed up to December 2014, standard procedures for ovarian tissue cryopreservation and oocyte cryopreservation and reproductive outcomes following ovarian tissue transplantation.ResultsAmong the Nordic countries, Denmark and Norway practice ovarian tissue cryopreservation as a clinical treatment (822 and 164 cases, respectively) and their programs are centralized. In Sweden (457 cases), ovarian tissue cryopreservation is practiced at five of six centers and in Finland at all five centers (145 cases). Nearly all considered ovarian tissue cryopreservation to be experimental. In Iceland, embryo cryopreservation is the only option for fertility preservation. Most centers use slow‐freezing methods for ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Most patients selected for ovarian tissue cryopreservation were newly diagnosed with cancer and the tissue was predominantly retrieved laparoscopically by unilateral oophorectomy. Only minor complications were reported. In total, 46 women have undergone ovarian tissue transplantation aiming at recovering fertility, 17 healthy children have been born and several additional pregnancies are currently ongoing. Whenever patients’ clinical condition is permissive, oocyte cryopreservation after hormonal stimulation is preferred for fertility preservation. Between 2012 and 2014, a smaller proportion of females have undergone fertility preservation in the Nordic centers, in comparison to males (1:3).ConclusionsOverall, ovarian tissue cryopreservation was reported to be safe. Slow freezing methods are still preferred. Promising results of recovery of fertility have been reported in Nordic countries that have initiated ovarian tissue transplantation procedures.
Cataract surgery in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Kessel Line , Koefoed Theil Pernille , Lykke Sørensen Torben , Munch Inger Christine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPurposeTo examine the outcome after cataract surgery in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) treated with intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections in routine clinical practice.MethodsWe extracted information about patients recorded in electronic databases managing anti‐VEGF injections and cataract surgery. We compared Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity and frequency of anti‐VEGF injections before and after cataract surgery.ResultsWe identified 89 eyes from 89 patients who had cataract surgery after being treated with a median of 10 (range 3–36) anti‐VEGF injections for neovascular AMD. Visual acuity improved by a mean of 7.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6–9.6] ETDRS letters in the first 6 months after cataract surgery. The need of anti‐VEGF injections did not change after cataract surgery with an average of 1.5 in the 6 months before surgery versus 1.7 in the 6 months after surgery (p = 0.25). Visual improvement was greater in patients when the time from latest injection to cataract surgery was lower.ConclusionsCataract surgery improves vision in patients undergoing treatment for neovascular AMD. Cataract surgery was not associated with an increased need for anti‐VEGF treatment and patients who were in active anti‐VEGF treatment had better visual outcomes than patients who had cataract surgery after long injection‐free periods.
Cost‐effectiveness of zoledronic acid and strontium‐89 as bone protecting treatments in addition to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castrate‐refractory prostate cancer: results from theTRAPEZEtrial (ISRCTN12808747)
Authors: Andronis Lazaros , Goranitis Ilias , Pirrie Sarah , Pope Ann , Barton Darren , Collins Stuart , Daunton Adam , McLaren Duncan , O'Sullivan Joe M. , Parker Chris , Porfiri Emilio , Staffurth John , Stanley Andrew , Wylie James , Beesley Sharon , Birtle Alison , Brown Janet E. , Chakraborti Prabir , Hussain Syed A. , Russell J. Martin , Billingham Lucinda J. , James Nicholas D. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of adding zoledronic acid or strontium‐89 to standard docetaxel chemotherapy for patients with castrate‐refractory prostate cancer (CRPC).Patients and methodsData on resource use and quality of life for 707 patients collected prospectively in theTRAPEZE2 × 2 factorial randomised trial (ISRCTN12808747) were used to assess the cost‐effectiveness of i) zoledronic acid versus no zoledronic acid (ZA vs. no ZA), and ii) strontium‐89 versus no strontium‐89 (Sr89 vs. no Sr89). Costs were estimated from the perspective of the National Health Service in theUKand included expenditures for trial treatments, concomitant medications, and use of related hospital and primary care services. Quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) were calculated according to patients' responses to the generic EuroQolEQ‐5D‐3L instrument, which evaluates health status. Results are expressed as incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves.ResultsThe per‐patient cost forZAwas £12 667, £251 higher than the equivalent cost in the noZAgroup. Patients in theZAgroup had on average 0.03QALYs more than their counterparts in noZAgroup. TheICERfor this comparison was £8 005. Sr89 was associated with a cost of £13 230, £1365 higher than no Sr89, and a gain of 0.08QALYs compared to no Sr89. TheICERfor Sr89 was £16 884. The probabilities ofZAand Sr89 being cost‐effective were 0.64 and 0.60, respectively.ConclusionsThe addition of bone‐targeting treatments to standard chemotherapy led to a small improvement inQALYs for a modest increase in cost (or cost‐savings).ZAand Sr89 resulted inICERs below conventional willingness‐to‐pay perQALYthresholds, suggesting that their addition to chemotherapy may represent a cost‐effective use of resources.
GCK gene mutations are a common cause of childhood‐onset MODY (maturity‐onset diabetes of the young) in Turkey
Authors: Haliloglu Belma , Hysenaj Gerald , Atay Zeynep , Guran Tulay , Abalı Saygın , Turan Serap , Bereket Abdullah , Ellard Sian 
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectiveInactivating heterozygous mutations in the GCK gene are a common cause of MODY and result in mild fasting hyperglycaemia, which does not require treatment. We aimed to identify the frequency, clinical and molecular features of GCK mutations in a Turkish paediatric cohort.Design and PatientsFifty‐four unrelated probands were selected based on the following criteria: age of diagnosis ≤17 years, family history of diabetes in at least two generations, anti‐GAD/ICA negative, BMI<95.p and follow‐up with diet, oral antidiabetic drug or low‐dose insulin treatment (≤0·5U/kg/d). A MODY probability score (www.diabetesgenes.org) was calculated and 21 patients with a score ≥75%, HbA1c levels ≤7·5% (58·5 mmol/mol) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels 99–145 mg/dl (5·5–8·0 mmol/l) were selected for Sanger sequencing of the GCK gene. Targeted next‐generation sequencing for all known monogenic diabetes genes was undertaken for any patient without a GCK gene mutation.ResultsGCK gene mutations (pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants) and a novel intronic variant of uncertain significance (c.208 + 3A>T) were identified in 13/54 probands (24%). Twelve of these patients had a MODY probability score ≥75%. FBG level and 2‐h glucose level in OGTT were 123 ± 14 mg/dl (6·8 ± 0·7 mmol/l) (107–157 mg/dl) and 181 ± 30 mg/dl (10·1 ± 1·6 mmol/l) (136–247 mg/dl), respectively. Average of glucose increment in OGTT was 58 ± 27 mg/dl (3·2 ± 1·5 mmol/l) (19–120 mg/dl), and mean HbA1c level was 6·5 ± 0·5% (47·5 ± 5·5 mmol/mol) (5·9–7·6%). Five novel missense mutations were identified (p.F123S, p.L58P, p.G246A, p.F419C, and p.S151C). Two patients treated with low‐dose insulin before the molecular analysis were able to stop treatment.ConclusionsApproximately 1 in 4 MODY cases in this Turkish paediatric cohort have a GCK mutation. Selection of patients for GCK gene analysis using the MODY probability score was an effective way of identifying most (11/12) patients with a GCK mutation.
Comparative proteomic analysis of tear fluid in Graves' disease with and without orbitopathy
Authors: Aass C. , Norheim I. , Eriksen E. F. , Børnick E. C. , Thorsby P. M. , Pepaj M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundGraves' orbitopathy (GO) is a severe organ‐specific autoimmune inflammatory ocular complication most often associated with Graves' disease (GD). Besides the cosmetic problems these patients develop,GOmay also cause severe, sight‐threatening complications. Additionally,GOcomplicates the treatment of patients withGD, making the identification of Graves patients at risk for eye disease before they develop symptoms a critical step in the clinical management and quality of life of these patients. The high concentration of proteins in tear fluid makes it an important source for studying potential protein biomarkers forGO.Patients and methodsThe aim of this study was to quantitatively compare tear fluid fromGDpatients with moderate/severeGO(GO) and patients withGDwithoutGO(controls) using untargeted quantitative proteomics based on dimethyl labelling in combination with two‐dimensional liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsAmong the 1212 proteins identified, 16 showed significant alterations in abundance between the two groups. Thus, in this study, we reveal a number of novel dysregulated proteins inGOwhich may contribute to a better understanding of the disease. In particular, upregulation of lacrimal gland proteins such as lysozyme C, lacritin, antileukoproteinase and zinc‐alpha‐2‐glycoprotein 1 suggests involvement of the lacrimal gland in the pathogenesis ofGO.ConclusionsIt remains to be elucidated whether some of these proteins can be used as markers for patients at risk for developingGOas well as useful indicators for disease activity.
Analysis of gene copy number changes in head and neck cancer
Authors: Baltaci E. , Karaman E. , Dalay N. , Buyru N. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveChromosomal alterations and copy number changes are frequent events in tumours, leading to amplification of focal regions containing several oncogenes. Gains and losses of several regions have been reported in head and neck cancer (HNC), but the copy number changes of the individual genes located in these regions have not been analysed so far. In this study, we aimed to analyse the copy number variations in patients with HNC.DesignProspective study.SettingUniversity hospital.ParticipantsFifty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.MethodsCopy number changes and amplifications of 22 genes in tumours and matched tissue were analysed by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) which allows simultaneous analysis of gene copy numbers in multiple genetic regions.ResultsAmplifications were observed in 52%, and losses were detected in 20% of the samples. Chromosome 8 was found to harbour the most frequent copy number alterations. The most frequently amplified genes were CCND1 and the MED1 genes followed by the MTDH and MYC genes on the long arm and ZNF703 on the short arm of chromosome 8. Amplification of the ZNF703, PRDM14 and MYC genes was highly correlated suggesting that the genes displaying high copy number changes on chromosome 8 collaborate during carcinogenesis.ConclusionsThe alterations found in our study support the contribution of gene amplifications and indicate cooperation between certain oncogenes in the pathogenesis of HNSCC. Correlations between amplification of less familiar genes and known oncogenes warrant further investigation.
Morphological features that can predictBRAFV600E‐mutated carcinoma in paediatric thyroid cytology
Authors: Rossi E. D. , Bizzarro T. , Martini M. , Capodimonti S. , Cenci T. , Fadda G. , Schmitt F. , Larocca L. M. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveBRAFV600Erepresents the most common diagnostic marker in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A few papers have demonstrated the correlation betweenBRAFV600Eand specific morphological findings onPTCs in the adult population. This is the first reported series investigating cytological morphological parameters in paediatric thyroid carcinoma.MethodsOne hundred and nineteen paediatric samples (56 male and 63 female patients), diagnosed in the period between April 2013 and July 2015, were enrolled in the study. Fifteen patients with inadequate results were excluded. Cytological cases were processed with liquid‐based cytology (LBC).BRAFV600Eand immunocytochemistry for theVE1 antibody were performed onLBC.ResultsThe diagnostic series included 10 mutated and 94 wild‐type (WT) cases. Twenty two percent surgical samples showed 96% cytohistological concordance. The morphological analysis revealed plump cells (abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm andPTCnuclei) in all 10 mutated cases with only four cases showing a focal (less than 20% of the cells) plump component. None of theWTshowed plump cells. A sickle nuclear shape was seen only in the mutated cases.VE1 yielded 100% positivity on mutated cases with three cytohistological discrepancies.ConclusionsTheBRAFV600Emutation is also seen in paediatric cytology and the morphological features showed a high accuracy as both predictive mutational parameters and a helpful aid in management mainly of the aggressiveBRAFV600Emutated carcinomas.
Adaptive specialization in position encoding while learning to read
Authors: Tóth Dénes , Csépe Valéria 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe present experiments focused on how orthographic processing develops during reading acquisition. Specifically, a large, cross‐sectional sample of children from grade 2 to grade 4 was exposed to pairs of words, pseudowords, digit strings, and pseudo‐letter (Armenian) strings while their sensitivity to transpositions (T) and substitutions (S) of internal characters was investigated in a perceptual matching task. The results showed that the development of identity and position decoding diverged between the four stimulus categories. Most importantly, sensitivity improved with longer exposure to formal education and higher reading level to both S and T pairs for digit strings, but only to S pairs for words and pseudowords. The results were successfully reproduced in two small independent samples. We propose a general framework, the Adaptive Specialization Hypothesis, to accommodate the results. According to this hypothesis, the transposed‐letter effect is not a hard‐wired feature of the orthographic processing system but an adaptive response of the developing orthographic system to the constraints of lexical access in several orthographies.
On the domain‐specificity of the visual and non‐visual face‐selective regions
Authors: Axelrod Vadim 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhat happens in our brains when we see a face? The neural mechanisms of face processing – namely, the face‐selective regions – have been extensively explored. Research has traditionally focused on visual cortex face‐regions; more recently, the role of face‐regions outside the visual cortex (i.e., non‐visual‐cortex face‐regions) has been acknowledged as well. The major quest today is to reveal the functional role of each this region in face processing. To make progress in this direction, it is essential to understand the extent to which the face‐regions, and particularly the non‐visual‐cortex face‐regions, process only faces (i.e., face‐specific, domain‐specific processing) or rather are involved in a more domain‐general cognitive processing. In the current functional MRI study, we systematically examined the activity of the whole face‐network during face‐unrelated reading task (i.e., written meaningful sentences with content unrelated to faces/people and non‐words). We found that the non‐visual‐cortex (i.e., right lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus), but not the visual cortex face‐regions, responded significantly stronger to sentences than to non‐words. In general, some degree of sentence selectivity was found in all non‐visual‐cortex cortex. Present result highlights the possibility that the processing in the non‐visual‐cortex face‐selective regions might not be exclusively face‐specific, but rather more or even fully domain‐general. In this paper, we illustrate how the knowledge about domain‐general processing in face‐regions can help to advance our general understanding of face processing mechanisms. Our results therefore suggest that the problem of face processing should be approached in the broader scope of cognition in general.
Endogenous Credit Spreads and Optimal Debt Financing Structure in the Presence of Liquidity Risk
Authors: Lütkebohmert Eva , Oeltz Daniel , Xiao Yajun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present a structural model that allows a firm to effectively manage its exposure to both insolvency and illiquidity risk inherent in its financing structure. Besides insolvency risk, the firm is exposed to rollover risk through possible runs by short‐term creditors. Moreover, asset price volatilities are subject to macroeconomic shocks and influence creditors' risk attitudes and margin requirements. Credit spreads are derived endogenously depending on the firm's total default risk. Equity holders have to bear the rollover losses. An optimal debt structure that maximises the firm's equity value is determined by trading off lower financing costs and higher rollover risk.
Exploring the Geographies of Privileged Childhoods
Authors: Sparks Hayley 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChildren are widely recognised as active agents in the world, whose perspectives, experiences, and identities are worthy of attention. From this consciousness, it is also noted that childhoods are situated within, and shaped by the broader social, economic, and cultural context. An extensive body of literature has considered the experiences and identities of children in the Global North and other privileged groups. However, there has been limited engagement to explicitly acknowledge and explore what privilege means within the context of childhood. Unpacking the conceptual dimensions of privilege, rather than seeing it as a taken for granted factor shaping young people's experiences is critical. A geographical approach, which acknowledges the mutually constitutive relationship between society and space, has the potential to enable a greater understanding of privileged childhoods, both in terms of the implications for young people's lived realities, but also extending conceptualisations of privilege. Thus, this paper calls for more direct research examining socially consequential discourses that affect privileged childhoods. Potential research agendas for further geographical research exploring privileged childhoods are proposed, including examination of spatialised elements of children's everyday lives including the home, mobilities, and consumption practices.