bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyvinylchlorid (PVC),[MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Polyvinylchloride (PVC)The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemicals in the Work Area has re‐evaluated polyvinylchloride since a new maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for poorly soluble dusts was established in 2011.Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is a biopersistent granular dust. It is therefore classified in Carcinogen Category 4 and a MAK value of 0.3 mg/m3× material density for the respirable dust is established in analogy to biopersistent granular dusts. This value is valid for PVC containing no additives and having a monomer content of < 1%. The classification is based on animal data that showed increased tumour incidences in rats exposed to biopersistent granular dusts in the high dose range. These tumours are regarded to be a consequence of the inflammatory mechanism of action, for which thresholds can be defined. Direct genotoxic effects appear to be of subordinate relevance for the carcinogenicity of biopersistent granular dusts. In analogy to biopersistent granular dusts, Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 8 was established for PVC. Since PVC is not distributed systemically and accumulates only locally in the lungs, no developmental effects due to this dust are expected to occur at the MAK value of 0.3 mg/m3× material density. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed.
ortho‐Phenylphenol (OPP) und ortho‐Phenylphenol‐Natrium (OPP‐Na) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of o‐phenylphenol (OPP) and sodium o‐phenylphenol (OPP‐Na), considering all endpoints.Bladder tumours were observed in rats after supplementation of food with OPP and OPP‐Na. The cause of these is regarded to be a cytotoxic effect in combination with species or gender‐specific factors and the effect is seen especially at high dosages at a saturation range in metabolism. A specific genotoxic effect could not be detected. OPP and OPP‐Na are therefore classified into Carcinogen Category 4; this means if the MAK value is observed, no carcinogenic effects are to be expected. The liver tumours which were observed in male mice are not taken into consideration for this evaluation due to their debatable relevance for humans.After long‐term administration of 40 mg OPP/kg body weight and day via food supplements, rats showed no adverse effects. This NOAEL is equal to an air concentration of 98 mg/m3. In establishing the MAK value one must take into consideration the systemic effects and additionally the irritant effects of OPP or the corrosive effects of OPP‐Na. There are no data relevant to an evaluation of the local effects on the upper respiratory tract after repeated exposure either for humans or animals. Therefore a comparative structure analysis has been made for OPP to bisphenol A and a MAK value of 5 mg/m3I established. For OPP‐Na, a structure analogy to calcium hydroxide was considered, based on its alkali strength, and a MAK value of 2 mg/m3I was set.Due to irritative effects, Peak Limitation Category I is established for both OPP and OPP‐Na. OPP was assigned an excursion factor of 1 based on the comparative analysis to bisphenol A. For OPP‐Na with its higher water solubility, a comparative analysis based on its alkali strength was made to calcium hydroxide and an excursion factor of 1 was also set.As the NOAEL for developmentally toxic effects at workplace air concentrations is higher than the MAK value for OPP and OPP‐Na by a factor of 105 and 146, respectively, both substances are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.Skin contact with either OPP or OPP‐Na is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions of Diynes with Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts: A Stereoselective Entry to Densely Functionalized Cyclohexadiene Scaffolds
Authors: Fernández Martí , Parera Magda , Parella Teodor , Lledó Agustí , Le Bras Jean , Muzart Jacques , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Roglans Anna 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of 5,5‐disubstituted cyclohexa‐1,3‐dienes has been achieved by [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions between diynes and Morita–Baylis–Hillman (M‐B‐H) adducts as unsaturated substrates. Products containing two adjacent chiral centres (quaternary and tertiary, respectively) were obtained with complete diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity (84–97%) through a kinetic resolution of the M‐B‐H adduct. Furthermore, these highly substituted cyclohexadienes reacted with dienophiles to afford the corresponding Diels–Alder cycloadducts in good yields.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed C−N Bond Formation via Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Amines with α‐Aminocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Liu Xing‐Xing , Wu Zhao‐Yang , He Yong‐Qin , Zhou Xiao‐Qiang , Hu Ting , Ma Chao‐Wei , Huang Guo‐Sheng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA novel and selective method for the simple copper‐catalyzed α‐amination of α‐aminocarbonyl compounds to afford 2‐amino‐2‐iminocarbonyl and 2‐amino‐2‐oxocarbonyl compounds is reported. This transformation is achieved by C(sp3)−H and N−H bond oxidative cross‐coupling and selective C−N bond oxidative cleavage. This reaction system has a broad reaction scope, providing a facile pathway for the α‐functionalization of α‐amino ketones.magnified image
One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Heteroaryl‐Substituted Pyrazoles: A Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidation/1,2‐Heteroaryl Migration Cascade Constitutes the Key Step
Authors: Yao Xinbo , Wang Tao , Zhang Xi , Wang Ping , Zhang Bing , Wei Junfa , Zhang Zunting 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn efficient gold‐catalyzed oxidation/1,2‐ heteroaryl migration cascade leading to 2‐heteroaryl‐substituted 1,3‐diketones and its further application in the one‐pot synthesis of 4‐heteroaryl‐substituted pyrazoles and the preparation of 4‐heteroaryl‐substituted isoxazoles are reported. A wide variety of 4‐heteroaryl‐substituted pyrazoles were obtained, indicating the broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance of this method.magnified image
Three‐Way‐Switchable (Right/Left/OFF) Selective Reflection of Circularly Polarized Light on Solid Thin Films of Helical Polymer Blends
Authors: Nagata Yuuya , Uno Makoto , Suginome Michinori 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTwo poly(quinoxaline‐2,3‐diyl) copolymers bearing miscibility‐enhancing 8‐chlorooctyloxy and (S)‐2‐methylbutoxy or n‐butoxy side chains were synthesized. After annealing in CHCl3 vapor, a polymer‐blend film of these copolymers exhibited selective reflection of right‐handed circularly polarized light (CPL) in the visible region. The handedness of the CPL reflected was completely inverted upon annealing of the film in THF vapor. Annealing in n‐hexane vapor resulted in the phase separation of the polymer blend, which turned the selective reflection off. This three‐way‐switchable reflection, that is, reflection of right‐handed or left‐handed CPL, together with an OFF state, could be observed visually through right‐ and left‐handed CPL filters.
What We Can Really Do with Bioresponsive MRI Contrast Agents
Authors: Angelovski Goran 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBioresponsive MRI contrast agents hold great promise for monitoring major physiological and pathological processes in a non‐invasive manner. They are capable of altering the acquired MRI signal as a consequence of changes in their microenvironment, thus allowing real‐time functional reporting in living organisms. Importantly, chemistry offers diverse solutions for the design of agents which respond to a great number of specific targets. However, the path to the successful utilization of these biomarkers in the desired functional MRI studies involves careful consideration of multiple scientific, technical, and practical issues across various research disciplines. This Minireview highlights the critical steps for planning and executing such multidisciplinary projects with an aim to substantially improve our knowledge of essential biological processes.
Control of Julia Sets in Generalized Alternated System
Authors: Wang Pei , Liu Shutang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we first introduce the generalized alternated system. The definition of the Julia set in the generalized alternated system is given, which is called a generalized alternated Julia set. Then, we achieve the control of generalized alternated Julia sets by applying the classic control methods, which are gradient control and optimal control. In addition, the synchronization between two different generalized alternated Julia sets is implemented using gradient control and optimal control. The simulations illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of these two control methods, and the results are displayed in 2D computer graphics.
The times they are a‐changing: Making the transition toward a sustainable economy
Authors: Morone Piergiuseppe 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSignificant changes are ahead of us: most notably, the world's population is projected to increase by almost one billion people within the next decade and the global middle class is expected to nearly triple by 2030. These trends add pressure to the world economic system and environment: greenhouse gas emissions keep growing at global scale, materials and energy sources are fast approaching their physical limits, and the amount of waste produced under the current system seems to be reaching a new peak. Against this background, a transition from a society heavily based on mass consumption, uncontrolled waste generation, and heavy fossil‐fuels exploitation toward one based on resource‐efficiency, new production and consumption behaviours, waste reduction, reuse, and valorization, seems a desirable and much‐needed feat. This change involves a paradigm shift, which goes beyond technological change – it involves big societal and institutional changes as much as the development of radically new technologies and would give rise, in a long‐term perspective, to the beginning of a new long wave of sustained (and sustainable) growth. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Impact of elective termination on the occurrence of severe birth defects identified in a hospital‐based active malformations surveillance program (1999 to 2002)
Authors: Thomas Emma G. , Toufaily M. Hassan , Westgate Marie‐Noel , Hunt Anne‐Therese , Lin Angela E. , Holmes Lewis B. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundThe number of affected infants and the types of malformations identified by a malformation surveillance programs can be impacted if elective terminations for malformations are not included.MethodsThe occurrence of malformations in all newborn infants was determined in a daily review of the findings in the pediatricians' examinations and those of all consultants. In addition, the findings in autopsies of all elective terminations were reviewed to identify all fetuses with structural abnormalities. A severity scale was used to subdivide the malformations. To establish the impact of elective termination, the malformed infants identified in the Active Malformations Surveillance Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston were analyzed for the 2 years before and after the hospital decreased significantly the number of elective terminations temporarily (1999–2000 vs. 2001–2002). The effect on the number of malformations identified at birth, as well as malformations of greater severity, was determined.ResultsThe number of terminated fetuses with malformations decreased dramatically after termination services were interrupted (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in the prevalence rates of all malformations in the 2 years before and after the change in access to elective terminations. However, there were significant decreases in the number of infants identified with lethal/life‐limiting and severe/handicapping malformations.ConclusionIn the surveillance for malformations among newborn infants, the inclusion of malformed fetuses from elective terminations had a significant effect on the number of infants with the more severe malformations identified. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:659–666, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Over‐expression of fHbp in Arabdopsis for development of meningococcal serogroup B subunit vaccine
Authors: Xu Nuo , Wang Yunpeng , Ma Jisheng , Jin Libo , Xing Shaochen , Jiang Chao , Li Xiaokun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDue to lack of commercial vaccine against the serogroup B (MenB) of Neisseria meningitides, the incidence of meningococcal disease remains high. To solve the issue, transgenic plants are used as bioreactors to produce a plant‐derived fHbp subunit vaccine. In this study, the fHbp gene was optimized according to the codon usage bias of Arabidopsis thaliana, synthesized artificially, cloned into an expression vector, driven by a seed‐specific promoter, and introduced into A. thaliana by Agrobacterium‐mediated floral‐dip transformation. Transgenic plants were identified by glufosinate selection, quickstix strips for PAT/bar tests and PCR analysis. The five plants showing higher expression of recombinant fHbp were screened through indirect ELISA. Southern blot analysis showed that the transgenic line rHF‐22 had a single‐copy integration and the highest expression of fHbp. Recombinant fHbp was purified from seeds of rHF‐22 by nitrilotriacetic acid‐mediated affinity chromatography, and the purity was 82.5%. BALB/c mice were tested for fHbp vaccine protection from lethal MenB infection, and the relative percent survival was found to be 80%. This study indicates that the recombinant fHbp produced from seeds of rHF‐22 is a potential candidate for commercial MenB vaccine. It also provides a reference for safe, cheap and large‐scale production of other plant‐made vaccines.
Influence of precipitating agents on thermodynamic parameters of protein crystallization solutions
Authors: Stavros Philemon , Saridakis Emmanuel , Nounesis George 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTX‐ray crystallography is the most powerful method for determining three‐dimensional structures of proteins to (near‐)atomic resolution, but protein crystallization is a poorly explained and often intractable phenomenon. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used to measure the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) of temperature‐driven unfolding of two globular proteins, lysozyme, and ribonuclease A, in various salt solutions. The mixtures were categorized into those that were conducive to crystallization of the protein and those that were not. It was found that even fairly low salt concentrations had very large effects on thermodynamic parameters. High concentrations of salts conducive to crystallization stabilized the native folded forms of proteins, whereas high concentrations of salts that did not crystallize them tended to destabilize them. Considering the ΔH and TΔS contributions to the ΔG of unfolding separately, high concentrations of crystallizing salts were found to enthalpically stabilize and entropically destabilize the protein, and vice‐versa for the noncrystallizing salts. These observations suggest an explanation, in terms of protein stability and entropy of hydration, of why some salts are good crystallization agents for a given protein and others are not. This in turn provides theoretical insight into the process of protein crystallization, suggesting ways of predicting and controlling it. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 642–652, 2016.
Review: Mechanochemistry of the kinesin‐1 ATPase
Authors: Cross R. A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTKinesins are P‐loop NTPases that can do mechanical work. Like small G‐proteins, to which they are related, kinesins execute a program of active site conformational changes that cleaves the terminal phosphate from an NTP substrate. But unlike small G‐proteins, kinesins can amplify and harness these conformational changes in order to exert force. In this short review I summarize current ideas about how the kinesin active site works and outline how the active site chemistry is coupled to the larger‐scale structural cycle of the kinesin motor domain. Focusing largely on kinesin‐1, the best‐studied kinesin, I discuss how the active site switch machinery of kinesin cycles between three distinct states, how docking of the neck linker stabilizes two of these states, and how tension‐sensitive and position‐sensitive neck linker docking may modulate both the hydrolysis step of ATP turnover and the trapping of product ADP in the active site. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 476–482, 2016.
Getting to Know You: Familiarity, Stereotypes, and Children's Eyewitness Memory
Authors: Cordón Ingrid M. , Silberkleit Gent , Goodman Gail S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe present study concerned how the acquisition of social information, specifically knowledge about personal characteristics, influences young children's memory and suggestibility. Effects of two sources of knowledge about a target person were systematically examined: familiarity and stereotypes. Children, aged 4–5 and 7–9 years (N = 145), were randomly assigned, per age group, to experimental conditions based on a familiarity (6 hours vs. no prior exposure) × stereotype (negative depiction as messy and clumsy vs. no stereotype) factorial design. Children then watched the target person engage in a target event (a series of contests) at a preschool (“Camp Ingrid”). The children's memory and suggestibility about the target person and target event were tested after a delay of 2 weeks. Results indicated that the negative stereotype resulted in an increase in children's correct responses both to free‐recall stereotype‐related questions (when children were unfamiliar with the target person) and to closed‐ended questions overall (for younger children). However, the stereotype was associated with greater error to stereotype‐related closed‐ended questions. Moreover, familiarity increased children's accuracy to closed‐ended questions. Implications for theory and application are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximity Effect using a Nanocage Structure: Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane‐Imidazolium Tetrachloro‐ palladate Salt as a Precatalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction in Water
Authors: Bivona Lucia Anna , Giacalone Francesco , Carbonell Esther , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Aprile Carmela 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane‐imidazolium tetrachloropalladate salt (POSS‐Imi‐PdCl4) was prepared by the reaction of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane‐imidazolium chloride salt (POSS‐Imi‐Cl) with PdCl2 and used as a pre‐catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in water at 100 °C at a low loading (0.08–0.16 mol %). Biphenyl compounds were isolated in high to excellent yields. A comparison of the POSS‐based catalyst with the corresponding catalyst without the nanocage structure (i.e., 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrachloropalladate) highlighted the role of the POSS structure to reach higher yields in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. This result is ascribed to a proximity effect of the imidazolium moieties linked to the nanocage structure. Fresh and used catalytic materials were characterised by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and TEM.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF OXOPLUMBATES(II). I. LEAD ALUMINUM OXIDE (PB9AL8O21)
Authors: PLOETZ K.‐B. + , MUELLER‐BUSCHBAUM HK. + 
Published: April 2016

Abstract, eine bislang unbekannte Verbindung, bildet sich aus einer Schmelze von 90 mol‐% PbO und 10 mol% Al2O3 bei 850‐950 °C (72 h) in einkristalliner Form.
ChemInform Abstract: THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EUROPIUM RUTHENIUM HYDRIDE (EU2RUH6) BELOW 77 K
Authors: LINDSAY R. , MOYER R. O. JUN. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMessungen der magnetischen Suszeptibilität von Eu2RuH6 bei Temp. bis herab auf 7 Kwerdenals Bestätigung für ferromagnetisches Verhalten (Curie‐Temp.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF HYDROGEN ABSORPTION OF TANTALUM COATED WITH THIN FILMS OF PALLADIUM, IRON, NICKEL, COPPER AND SILVER
Authors: NAKAMURA K. , UCHIDA H. , FROMM E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDünne Pd‐Beschichtungen haben den größten Einfluß auf die Kinetik der H‐Atomabsorption durch Ta‐Drähte im Temperaturbereich 300‐700 K und führen zu Absorptionsgeschwindigkeiten, die nahe an den theoretischen Wert für einen diffusionsbestimmten Reaktionsmechanismus heranreichen.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROSYLTETRACHLORO(DICHLOROPHOSPHATO)MOLYBDATE(II); PREPARATION, IR SPECTRUM AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (ASPH4)2(MO(NO)CL4(O2PCL2))
Authors: LIEBELT A. , WELLER F. , DEHNICKE K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie gemäß Reaktion Adargestellte Titelverbindung kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe Pl mit Z=2.
ChemInform Abstract: CHIRAL DISCRIMINATION IN FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING
Authors: YOROZU T. , HAYASHI K. , IRIE M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFür die Löschung der (R)‐(‐)‐ 1,1 ′‐Binaphthyl‐Fluoreszenz in Hexan durch (S)‐(‐)‐ oder (R)‐(+)‐N,N‐Dimethyl‐1‐phenyl‐ethylamin, bzw. ‐2‐methyl‐ oder ‐2,2‐dimethylpropylamin ergeben sich unterschiedliche Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, je nachdem ob diese mit dem (S)‐(‐)‐ oder (R)‐(+)‐ Amin durchgeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF OLEFINS INTO EPOXIDES, BROMOHYDRINS, AND DIBROMIDES WITH SODIUM BROMIDE IN WATER‐ORGANIC SOLVENT ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEMS
Authors: TORII S. , UNEYAMA K. , TANAKA H. , YAMANAKA T. , YASUDA T. , ONO M. , KOHMOTO Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCyclohexen‐dicarbonsäuremethylester (II) wird in Gegenwart von Natriumbromid in Acetonitril‐Wasser‐ Gemischen als Lösungsmittel, ggf. unter Zusatz von (Schwefel) Säure der Elektrolyse unterworfen wobei je nach den Bedingungen das Epoxid (I), die Bromhydrine (III) oder die stereoisomeren Dibromide (IV) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PRESSURE‐INDUCED SYNTHESIS OF AN N‐SULFONYL‐1H‐AZEPINE BY SULFONYL‐NITRENE INSERTION INTO BENZENE
Authors: AYYANGAR N. R. , BAMBAL R. B. , LUGADE A. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Thermolyse des Tosylazids (I) in überschüssigem Benzol und unter Stickstoff ergibt die Verbindungen (II)‐(IV), wobei die Ausbeute des Azepins (II) mit steigendem Stickstoffdruck wächst.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF THE NATURE OF A SOLVENT ON THE RATE AND MECHANISM OF CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF DIFURFURYLIDENEACETONE
Authors: MAT'YAKUBOV R. , MAMATOV YU. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Hydrierung von Difurfurylidenaceton (I) über einem Ni‐Ti‐Al‐Skelettkatalysator liefert bei Atmosphärendruck in aprotischen und protischen Lösungsmitteln nichtselektiv Gemische der verschiedenen Hydrierungsstufen.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROATOMIC AZIRIDINE DERIVATIVES. 12. REACTION OF 1‐(CARBOMETHOXYALKYL)AZIRIDINES WITH THIOLS AND MERCAPTO ACIDS
Authors: VORONKOV M. G. , KNUTOV V. I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion der Aziridine (I) mit Thiolen und Mercaptocarbonsäuren (II) erfolgt unter Ringöffnung.
ChemInform Abstract: CLEAVAGE OF ARYL‐TIN BONDS WITH ELEMENTAL FLUORIDE: RAPID SYNTHESIS OF FLUOROBENZENE‐18F
Authors: ADAM M. J. , PATE B. D. , RUTH T. J. , BERRY J. M. , HALL L. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Organo‐Zinnverbindungen (I) reagieren mit Fluor in Trichlorfluormethan bei ‐78°C oder in Tetrachlormethan bei 0°C zu Fluorbenzol (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ASSIGNMENT OF REGIOCHEMISTRY TO SUBSTITUTED NAPHTHOQUINONES BY CHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD; AMINO‐, HYDROXY‐, AND BROMOJUGLONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: PARKER K. A. , SWORIN M. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Reaktion von 5‐Methoxy‐1,4‐naphthochinon (I) mit Natriumazid und Eisessig erhält man die beiden Aminoverbindungen (IIa) und (IIIa), die mit Schwefelsäure zu den Hydroxyverbindungen (IIb) und (IIIb) hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 5,6,11,12‐TETRAHYDRO‐5,12;6,11‐DIETHENODIBENZO(A,E)CYCLOOCTENE (PP′‐DINAPHTHALENE)
Authors: TOBE Y. , HIRATA F. , NISHIDA K. , FUJITA H. , KIMURA K. , ODAIRA Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Käfigverbindung (Ia) wird über (Ib) und (Ic) in die Verbindung (Id) umgewandelt, die einen Rhodium‐Komplex (II) bildet.