bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Look into the Future
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Patton P. C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe up-to-date engineer or scientist would not challenge the growing importance of the modern large-scale digital computer in research and development. Yet, while we all agree that computers are important and useful, we disagree from one discipline to another and often within the same discipline on just what the computer contributes or can possibly contribute to research and development endeavours. The difference in approach to computer usage is more one of philosophy than of technique. Indications are given from our recent work that some philosophies of computer utilisation may be more fruitful than others. The availability of the large-scale digital computer has not only facilitated, but directly inspired and shaped the matrix methods for analysis of continuous media and structures, both in the linear and non-linear regimes. Without the availability of a modern computer all this work is literally meaningless.
Twenty-Second British Commonwealth Lecture
Authors: Dhawan S. 
Published: July 2016

The Twenty-Second British Commonwealth Lecture, “Aeronautical Research in India”, was given by Dr. S. Dhawan, MA, BSc(Eng), MS, FRAeS, Director of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, on 3rd November 1966. The Chair was taken by the President, Mr. A. D. Baxter, MEng, FRAeS, and the distinguished audience included His Excellency Dr. J. Mehta, High Commissioner for India.Before the Lecture the President introduced Lord Caldecote, DSC, MA, FRAeS, immediate Past President of the Society of British Aerospace Companies Limited, who presented the four SB AC Scholarship Awards for 1966 to the recipients.Introducing the Lecturer, Mr. Baxter said that the British Commonwealth Lecture had been established immediately after the Second World War to foster interest and understanding in aeronautical developments between Great Britain and her partners in the Commonwealth. He thought that object had been successfully achieved by the efforts of a long and distinguished list of lecturers, both from home and overseas; now they were to add another distinguished name to that list. Dr. Dhawan had taken his first degree in mathematics and physics at Lahore in 1938; in 1941 he obtained his MA from the Punjab University and, from the same university, his BSc in Engineering in 1944. After a period as an Assistant Supervisor with the Hindustan Aircraft Company, he was selected by the Government of India for advanced studies abroad in aeronautics. Dr. Dhawan had gone to the United States where he took a Masters Degree in Aeronautics at the University of Minnesota and a PhD in Aeronautics at the Californian Institute of Technology. Returning to India in 1951, he joined the Department of Aeronautics at the Indian Institute of Science, becoming Assistant Professor in 1952 and Professor and Head of the Department in 1955 and, since 1963 Director of the Institute.
Practical Applications of Planning Development Programmes and New Management Techniques
Authors: Dollimore G. P. 
Published: July 2016

Present aerospace development work is done in an environment which demands success. This has stimulated interest in methods of planning and controlling project development and costs more positively.While some developers continue to hold the view that planning other than in the broadest terms is not compatible with high novelty development, the importance of new planning attitudes has been recognised. However, the very magnitude of a major aerospace project is such that the application of new planning and control procedures may in itself constitute a significant development programme, and it is not surprising that the industry has shown caution in introducing major changes of method.
The Art of Aeronautics
Authors: Webb G. F. 
Published: July 2016

As the Society's Centenary celebrations have shown, man first flew by sheer enthusiasm (and very little else). Many successful pioneers of aeronautics were untrained as engineers or scientists but—if art is the creation of form symbolic of feeling by “selection, not alteration”, then they were indeed artists.By what means were their dynamic visions engendered?—how was their faith sustained? —and by what near-magical process of innovation was the utter beauty of man's flight attained? Although most of aviation is now engineering, the best of that remains an art. Where the engineer's factual experience nears its limits he relies for many of his ideas, attitudes and motivations on such everyday services as books, films, plays, newspapers and so on. The availability of relevant information at appropriate times has a critical bearing on the success of any project.The efficient presentation of information is in itself an art, and the part played by those other artists who feed the aviation community with data—labouring to meet press dates, struggling on location, painting pictures or drawing cartoons—remains a vital force in the growth of aeronautics. Centenary Year would be incomplete without due acknowledgment of their efforts, and here are recorded a few examples of their achievements.
The Plate Buckling Coefficient
Authors: Bulson P. S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe stability of a compressed plate is examined, using the energy method, with transverse deflections defined by a function giving the exact shape, but never specified. By this means it is possible to make observations about the form of the plate buckling coefficient. This form is examined tor two cases of loading, and it is demonstrated that a close approximation to the complete curve linking the buckling coefficient with plate aspect ratio can be deduced. The method is applicable to single plates or thin walled members consisting of an assembly of plates, and enables families of curves connecting buckling coefficients with aspect ratios to be summarised in a single relationship.
Boundary Shear Stress in Turbulent Boundary Layers on Smooth Boundaries
Authors: Rajaratnam Dr. N. , Froelich C. R. 
Published: July 2016

It is well known that in the case of turbulent flow over smooth boundaries, the velocity distribution in the neigh- i bourhood of the wall is given by the law of the wall, c written aswhereuis the turbulent mean velocity at a normal distance of y from the boundary,u*is the shear velocity equal tobeing the boundary shear stress andρthe mass density of the fluid andvis the coefficient of kinematic viscosity. In the viscous sublayer, eqn. (1) becomesand in the turbulent flow region above the sublayer and the transition region, foryu*/v> 30, eqn. (1) becomeswhereAandBare coefficients.
An Approach to Economic Space Transportation
Authors: Smith T. W. 
Published: July 2016

This paper represents the personal views of the author and the objectives do not necessarily form any part of current official thinking.Sooner or later, Europe is going to accept that it must indulge in space exploration and subsequent exploitation if it is not to lose its position as a principal technical community. While it may be conceivable that exploration may be undertaken by “small scale” activities, it is certain that exploitation will require a substantially greater capacity to deploy men and materials in space. This paper demonstrates the approach we would make to the problem of transportation of such payloads, which will be a basic part of such a venture, and the philosophy which leads to this approach.
Non-Destructive Testing in Aircraft Servicing
Authors: Murden M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDuring recent years, with the introduction of more complex aircraft structures, new techniques of aircraft servicing have been needed. It is essential to find even the smallest defects at a very early stage, but costly strip-examination must be avoided so far as possible.Non-destructive testing is now playing an important part in this field, but many aeronautical engineers are unaware of the capabilities and limitations of the main methods.This paper sets out to explain the basic principles of radiography, ultrasonic testing and eddy current testing. Since sampling inspections using these methods are now a mandatory requirement on all civil aircraft the paper should be of interest to all readers.
The Reliability of Military Aircraft—A User's Point of View
Authors: Mackenzie J. 
Published: July 2016

I have been asked to express a user's viewpoint of what is required to ensure the adequate Reliability of military aircraft before their introduction into service, and to outline briefly what the Operational Requirements staff of the Royal Air Force are now doing to assist in this.The problem of unreliability arises, particularly for military aircraft, from the increasingly complex systems which are needed to meet our stringent performance requirements. The reliability of equipment has not kept pace, and this has led to difficult and costly maintenance problems. These difficulties are further emphasised by tactical requirements which demand minimum maintenance in the field. The nature of STOL/VTOL operational aircraft and the need to deploy them with minimum support facilities is a special case where reliability is of outstanding importance.
Responsibilities of User Personnel
Authors: Coles R. B. 
Published: July 2016

If You take a quick look at the subjects chosen for this Colloquium you will see that all except one have been, or will be, given by specialists and on their own subjects. In being invited to comment on the responsibilities of the user I have been presented with the unique task in this Colloquium of telling someone else what his job is. It is hoped, therefore, that the next ten minutes may provoke some lively discussion and will be taken in good part by anyone implicated.Since the two speakers who follow are dealing with the way in which the user handles defects and defect records, it seems fitting to open with one or two comments on the user's responsibilities for this function, as seen by the manufacturer
A Resume of MoA Procedure
Authors: Butler A. R. 
Published: July 2016

Group Captain de la Plain has said that certain defects are reported formally to MoA as the Supply Department. This paper outlines briefly some of the procedures involved in dealing with these reports, particularly those aimed at improving Reliability and mentions some forthcoming changes which have the same aim in view.In the course of each year some 25 000 of these reports are handled by RDA (Defects) and in spite of “weapon concept” philosophies, some 200 different investigating authorities are involved. Since the capacity for investigation and re-design is limited, and because the traditional system for reporting does not discriminate sufficiently between important and less important defects, this mass of reports may prevent some defects from receiving the urgent attention they deserve. The Services have agreed therefore, to be more selective in their reporting since it is not possible to remedy every defect in existing aircraft and available effort must be directed into areas where the maximum improvement in aircraft safety, availability and reliability will result.
Operational Research and Aviation Management
Authors: Jackson R. R. P. , Loncton P. A. 
Published: July 2016

It is a sign of the present needs of the aviation industry that the Twentieth British Commonwealth Lecture, delivered by Mr. J. T. Dyment, Chief Engineer of Air Canada, was devoted to “Tools of Airline Management”.In his lecture, Mr. Dyment pointed out that competition is too keen to permit Management to continue with methods satisfactory five or ten years ago and he reviewed some typical modern tools of Management. He mentioned a wide variety of tools both for the day-by-day control of airline activities, such as crew scheduling and for such strategic problems as the nurturing of the company image presented to the public. He paid especial attention to the way in which operational research in Air Canada has been able to assist Management in raising the efficiency of the airline.
Some Effects of Design Load Distribution on the Off-design Behaviour of Slender Wings
Authors: Squire L. C. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:In order to trim a supersonic aircraft in the cruise condition it is often most efficient from the viewpoint of economic performance, for which a low drag is necessary, to use a cambered wing. The camber is designed to produce a chosen load distribution, but there is a wide range of suitable distributions. In view of this freedom of choice an investigation of the variation of Cm0 with design load has been made for a particular family of cambered delta wings. The calculations show that from the range of possible design load distributions it should be possible to choose one which results in Cm0 varying approximately in some desired way. Thus In principle It should be possible to choose a load distribution which satisfies the design requirements and results in improved off-design behaviour.
Bilateral Agreements
Authors: Jack Peter 
Published: July 2016

In speaking to the Air Law Group of this Society, I speak as no lawyer and offer no legal profundities. I speak as an airline man, with some experience in bilaterals. I propose to talk upon some practical aspects of bilaterals as they appear to an airline man and to touch little upon “-isms” and “-ologies”. The philosophical profundities matter only if they help an airline to trade where it wishes and to plan ahead with some hope of continuity and flexibility of routeing.I would like first to pay a tribute to the “only true begetter” of British policy in the bilateral field—Sir George Cribbett. It can have fallen to few Civil Servants to have had such influence on the commercial side of a great industry; it must be unique for such a man never even to have reached the principal post in his own Ministry. The very qualities which made his name so revered in the world at large were probably those which blocked his path at home. Our worldwide networks of today are his memorial. In the civil aviation field his epitaph might well be that on Wren's tomb in St. Paul's Cathedral—“Si monumentum requiris, circumspice”: if you seek his memorial, look around.
The Impact of VTOL on the Air Transport System
Authors: Chichester-Miles I. 
Published: July 2016

In comparison with the previous papers, this one is somewhat speculative in tone. In discussing commercial VTOL there is little hard fact to form a sound basis for extrapolation as there is with conventional aviation.But we do know that relatively fast VTOL aircraft can now be engineered around the jet, the fan and the propeller. It also seems that VTOL may offer some peculiar advantages and bring about a significant increase in the capacity of the air transport system as a whole.So it should be useful now to discuss in pretty broad terms the impact of the higher performance type of VTOL on the system: it will certainly be invaluable to the aircraft constructor to try to find out the influence of the whole air transport environment upon the design of the vehicle itself.
Ice From a Cloudless Sky
Authors: Carte A. E. 
Published: July 2016

A large lump of ice fell from a cloudless sky one morning in September 1964 and landed only ten yards from a farmer in the Brits district of the Transvaal, South Africa. A whirring sound shortly before the impact alerted the farmer so that he saw the ice as it struck the ground.The lump was flattish-shaped and irregular, estimated at 11 x 9 x 6 inches, and gave off a peculiar odour. The farmer also observed that the ice was composed of numerous layers and that parts of its interior were brownish-coloured. He did not recall noticing aircraft in the vicinity at the time of the incident.
Problems of Guided Weapons Development
Authors: Caldecote Lord 
Published: July 2016

Development is the process by which a design conceived to meet a practical requirement is transformed from drawings, and perhaps a working prototype, to a piece of fully engineered hardware suitable for production which will meet the original requirement for performance (including reliability) and cost in a time-scale which makes it useful.There are thus three main parameters in development: performance, cost and time, which are inextricably related to each other, and which must be constantly in mind during a development programme.The technical aspect of development consists largely of optimising a basic design, making and proving individual parts of it, particularly where new technology is involved, and finally making and proving the complete equipment.
Aviation in Perspective
Authors: Heinemann Edward H. 
Published: July 2016

To have been chosen to deliver the 53rd Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture is an honour of which I am very conscious and deeply appreciative.Upon such an occasion I think it is appropriate that we pause to consider the truly great contributions made to aviation by Wilbur Wright, his brother Orville and the many pioneers who followed them, and to consider the effects of their contributions upon our lives.I doubt very much if the Wright brothers in their most optimistic dreams could have imagined the tremendous progress aviation would make following their first powered flight 61 years ago.
Instrument Displays for Blind Flying
Authors: Green D. S. , Priestley E. , Holden K. J. 
Published: July 2016

On behalf of my Company, which manufactures the RAE Head-up Display Equipment referred to in K. J. Holden's paper in the December 1964 issue of the Journal (pp 833-6), I would like to correct some misunderstandings which seem to exist and to amplify certain statements in this otherwise interesting and informative contribution to the techniques of instrument displays.Dr. Holden states: “The essence of the (RAE) display is an attempt to reproduce the appearance of the runway as it would appear to the pilot.” This statement is incorrect as the flight director symbol to which he refers, is made up of a “target spot” (a’) and associated director lines (a) in Fig. 1. This symbol is a pure integrated flight director and is not and never has been intended to represent the runway.
Atmospheric Gusts
Authors: Zbrożek J. K. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:—Starting with atmospheric motions on a global scale, different categories of atmospheric turbulence are discussed. It is pointed out that the turbulence within the earth’s boundary layer is comparatively better understood than any other type of turbulence, due to a concerted effort by meteorologists and by aircraft engineers. Clear air turbulence, turbulence in clouds and storms are subjects of active research, but we are still at the beginning of the understanding of these phenomena.The influence of atmospheric turbulence on some aspects of aircraft engineering is mentioned and the problem of the calculation or turbulence-induced loads is discussed in some detail. It is pointed out that the estimation of turbulence loads is a transposition of experience gained on one aircraft to another. The most simple technique of doing so is to assume that the atmospheric turbulence can be represented by a collection of single, isolated gusts and by making very simplifying assumptions about the dynamics of aircraft response. This technique, the discrete gust approach, in spite of serious theoretical reservations, has worked admirably well, but it appears that in many applications the limits of usefulness of the discrete gust approach have been reached. The alternative way of dealing with gusts is to treat them as a basically continuous phenomenon using the comparatively recently developed spectral technique. This technique not only permits the aircraft dynamics to be properly accounted for, but also describes the atmospheric turbulence in more realistic fashion, understandable not only to aircraft engineers but also to meteorologists and students of fluid dynamics.
The Initial Buckling of Slightly Curved Panels Under Combined Longitudinal and Circumferential Direct Stresses
Authors: Sayers K. H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe initial buckling stresses of rectangular panels under applied axial loads are in general increased both by circumferential tensile stresses and by the curvature of the panel. The present Note gives theory to estimate these stresses for panels forming part of an unstiffened cylindrical shell. All edges are free to rotate. This condition is often closer to the actual rotational edge restraint of curved panels in conventional stressed-skin construction than the clamped condition, especially in the case of lightly-reinforced shells. The axial generators in the mid-plane of the panels are held straight at the longitudinal edges. All other axial generators are also assumed to remain straight before buckling (no “mattress effect”). The middle surface is restrained at the curved edges of the panel against radial deformation during and after buckling.Design curves are presented for several values of the parameter (ab/Rt), followed by a typical example.
Wind-Tunnel Screens: Flow Instability and its Effect on Aerofoil Boundary Layers
Authors: Bradshaw P. 
Published: July 2016

Morgan has described a spatial instability in the flow through screens or grids of small open-area ratio. Head and Rechenberg and others have observed large span-wise variations in the thickness and shear stress of nominally two-dimensional boundary layers on flat plates and aerofoils in wind tunnels. It now appears that these spanwise variations are caused by the instability of flow through the screens. The jets of air issuing from the pores of the screen attempt to entrain more air by the usual mixing processes, but can only entrain it from each other, so that groups of jets coalesce in rather random (steady) patterns determined by small irregularities in the weave. The resulting variations in axial velocity are virtually eliminated by the wind tunnel contraction, but variations in flow direction are not so greatly reduced: a theoretical analysis shows that the observed variations of boundary-layer thickness, which often reach ±	10 per cent of the mean, can be produced by directional variations in the working section of the order of ±	1/20 deg, with a spanwise wavelength of the same order as the boundary-layer thickness.
The Determination of Maximum Range for an Unpowered Atmospheric Vehicle
Authors: Bell D. J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe problem of maximising the range of a given unpowered, air-launched vehicle is formed as one of Mayer type in the calculus of variations. Eulers’ necessary conditions for the existence of an extremal are stated together with the natural end conditions. The problem reduces to finding the incidence programme which will give the greatest range.The vehicle is assumed to be an air-to-ground, winged unpowered vehicle flying in an isothermal atmosphere above a flat earth. It is also assumed to be a point mass acted upon by the forces of lift, drag and weight. The acceleration due to gravity is assumed constant.The fundamental constraints of the problem and the Euler-Lagrange equations are programmed for an automatic digital computer. By considering the Lagrange multipliers involved in the problem a method of search is devised based on finding flight paths with maximum range for specified final velocities. It is shown that this method leads to trajectories which are sufficiently close to the “best” trajectory for most practical purposes.It is concluded that such a method is practical and is particularly useful in obtaining the optimum incidence programme during the initial portion of the flight path.
Night Spraying
Authors: Ripper W. E. 
Published: July 2016

My Subiect is a highly specialised and rather adventurous one—the practice of night spraying of trees and agricultural crops from aircraft.It may sound hazardous, as it is, and of course it is at present only attempted when biological or climatic factors make spraying by daylight undesirable or ineffective. It is also dependent on a favourable terrain, and the development of better equipment. Where these conditions are fulfilled, in certain cases night spraying may become part of the armoury of a number of spraying contractors, mainly in Africa and America.