bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Diagnostic Utility of Electrophysiological Techniques in Assessment of Patients With Disorders of Consciousness Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hauger S. L. , Schanke A.-K. , Andersson S. , Chatelle C. , Schnakers C. , Løvstad M. 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
To investigate the diagnostic utility of electrophysiological recordings during active cognitive tasks in detecting residual cognitive capacities in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) after severe acquired brain injury.

Design:
Systematic review of empirical research in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane from January 2002 to March 2016.

Main Measures:
Data extracted included sample size, type of electrophysiological technique and task design, rate of cognitive responders, false negatives and positives, and excluded subjects from the study analysis. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies–2 (QUADAS-2) was used for quality appraisal of the retrieved literature.

Results:
Twenty-four studies examining electrophysiological signs of command-following in patients with DoC were identified. Sensitivity rates in healthy controls demonstrated variable accuracy across the studies, ranging from 71% to 100%. In patients with DoC, specificity and sensitivity rates varied in the included studies, ranging from 0% to 100%. Pronounced heterogeneity was found between studies regarding methodological approaches, task design, and procedures of analysis, rendering comparison between studies challenging.

Conclusion:
We are still far from establishing precise recommendations for standardized electrophysiological diagnostic procedures in DoC, but electrophysiological methods may add supplemental diagnostic information of covert cognition in some patients with DoC.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) knockout mice as a model of trichotillomania
Authors: Casarotto PC , Biojone C , Montezuma K , Cunha FQ , Joca SRL , Castren E , Guimaraes FS 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTrichotillomania (TTM) is an impulse control disorder characterized by repetitive hair pulling/trimming. Barbering behavior (BB) has been observed in laboratory animals and proposed as TTM model. The neurobiological basis of TTM is not clear, but it seems to involve striatal hyperactivity parallel to hypoactivation of prefrontal cortex. In this study we observed that knockout mice to the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) exhibit exacerbated BB following the 4th week of age, as well as increased repetitive movements compared to wild-type mice (WT). These behaviors are associated to decreased levels of NMDA receptor subunit (NR1) in prefrontal cortex, while an increase was observed in striatum of NOS2KO compared to WT. Striatal neurons from NOS2KO also exhibited increased number of branches compared to WT. The repeated treatment with clomipramine, a clinically approved drug to treat TTM in humans, or memantine, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, as well as partial rescue of NOS2 expression in haploinsufficient animals, attenuated the expression of BB. The silencing of NOS2 expression reduced the MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2) levels in activity-induced differentiated PC12 cells. Our data led us to propose that NOS2 regulates the neuronal maturation of the inhibitory afferent pathways to striatum during neurodevelopment, and such inadequate inhibition of striatal motor programs might be associated to the observed phenotype.
How lizards fly: A novel type of wing in animals
Authors: Dehling J. Maximilian 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTFlying lizards of the genusDracoare famous for their gliding ability, using an aerofoil formed by winglike patagial membranes and supported by elongated thoracic ribs. It has remained unknown, however, how the lizards manoeuvre during flight. Here, I show that the patagium is deliberately grasped and controlled by the forelimbs while airborne. This type of composite wing is unique inasmuch as the lift-generating and the controlling units are formed independently by different parts of the body and are connected to each other only for the duration of the flight. The major advantage for the lizards is that the forelimbs keep their entire movement range and functionality for climbing and running when they are not used as the controlling unit of the wing. These findings not only shed a new light on the flight ofDracolizards but also have implications for the interpretation of gliding performance in fossil species.
Optimizing complex phenotypes through model-guided multiplex genome engineering
Authors: Kuznetsov Gleb , Goodman Daniel B. , Filsinger Gabriel T. , Landon Matthieu , Rohland Nadin , Aach John , Lajoie Marc J. , Church George M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOptimization of complex phenotypes in engineered microbial strains has traditionally been accomplished by laboratory evolution. However, only a subset of the resulting mutations may affect the phenotype of interest and many others may have unintended effects. Multiplexed genome editing can complement evolutionary approaches by creating diverse combinations of targeted changes, but in both cases it remains challenging to identify which alleles influence the desired phenotype. We present a method for identifying a minimal set of genomic modifications that optimizes a complex phenotype by combining iterative cycles of multiplex genome engineering and predictive modeling. We applied our method to the 63-codonE. colistrain C321.ΔA, which has 676 mutations relative to its wild-type ancestor, and identified six single nucleotide mutations that together recover 59% of the fitness defect exhibited by the strain. The resulting optimized strain, C321.DA.opt, is an improved chassis for production of proteins containing non-standard amino acids. Our data reveal how multiple cycles of multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) and inexpensive sequencing can generate rich genotypic and phenotypic diversity that can be combined with linear regression techniques to quantify individual allelic effects. While laboratory evolution relies on enrichment as a proxy for allelic effect, our model-guided approach is less susceptible than enrichment to bias from population dynamics and recombination efficiency. We also show that the method can identify beneficialde novomutations that arise adventitiously. Beyond improving the fitness of C321, ΔA, our work provides a proof-of-principle for high-throughput quantification of individual allelic effects which can be used with any method for generating targeted genotypic diversity.
A mixture of sparse coding models explaining properties of face neurons related to holistic and parts-based processing
Authors: Hosoya Haruo , Hyvärinen Aapo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractExperimental studies have revealed evidence of both parts-based and holistic representations of objects and faces in the primate visual system. However, it is still a mystery how such seemingly contradictory types of processing can coexist within a single system. Here, we propose a novel theory called mixture of sparse coding models, inspired by the formation of category-specific subregions in the inferotemporal (IT) cortex. We developed a hierarchical network that constructed a mixture of two sparse coding submodels on top of a simple Gabor analysis. The submodels were each trained with face or non-face object images, which resulted in separate representations of facial parts and object parts. Importantly, evoked neural activities were modeled by Bayesian inference, which had a top-down explaining-away effect that enabled recognition of an individual part to depend strongly on the category of the whole input. We show that this explaining-away effect was indeed crucial for the units in the face submodel to exhibit significant selectivity to face images over object images in a similar way to actual face-selective neurons in the macaque IT cortex. Furthermore, the model explained, qualitatively and quantitatively, several tuning properties to facial features found in the middle patch of face processing in IT as documented by Freiwald, Tsao, and Livingstone (2009). These included, in particular, tuning to only a small number of facial features that were often related to geometrically large parts like face outline and hair, preference and anti-preference of extreme facial features (e.g., very large/small inter-eye distance), and reduction of the gain of feature tuning for partial face stimuli compared to whole face stimuli. Thus, we hypothesize that the coding principle of facial features in the middle patch of face processing in the macaque IT cortex may be closely related to mixture of sparse coding models.
De novotranscriptome characterization of a sterilizing trematode parasite (Microphallussp.) from two species of New Zealand snails
Authors: Bankers Laura , Neiman Maurine 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSnail-borne trematodes represent a large, diverse, and evolutionarily, ecologically, and medically important group of parasites, often imposing strong selection on their hosts and causing host morbidity and mortality. Even so, there are very few genomic and transcriptomic resources available for this important animal group. We help to fill this gap by providing transcriptome resources from trematode metacercariae infecting two congeneric snail species,Potamopyrgus antipodarumandP.estuarinus. This genus of New Zealand snails has gained prominence in large part through the development of P. antipodarum and its sterilizing trematode parasiteMicrophallus livelyiinto a textbook model for host-parasite coevolutionary interactions in nature. By contrast, the interactions betweenMicrophallustrematodes andP. estuarinus, an estuary-inhabiting species closely related to the freshwaterP. antipodarum, are relatively unstudied. Here, we provide the first annotated transcriptome assemblies fromMicrophallusisolated fromP.antipodarumandP.estuarinus. We also use these transcriptomes to produce genomic resources that will be broadly useful to those interested in host-parasite coevolution, local adaption, and molecular evolution and phylogenetics of this and other snail-trematode systems. Analyses of the twoMicrophallustranscriptomes revealed that the two trematode isolates are more genetically differentiated from one another than areM. livelyiinfecting different populations ofP. antipodarum, suggesting that theMicrophallusinfectingP.estuarinusrepresent a distinct lineage. We also provide a promising set of candidate genes likely involved in parasitic infection and response to salinity stress.
Bring Your Own Devices classroom
Authors: Adhikari Janak , Mathrani Anuradha , Scogings Chris 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
Over the past few years, technology-mediated learning has established itself as a valuable pathway towards learners’ academic and social development. However, within the adoption stages of information and communications technology-enabled education, further questions have been raised in terms of equity of information literacy and learning outcomes. For the past three years, the authors have been working with one of the earliest secondary schools in New Zealand to introduce a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy. In this paper, the authors present the findings of a longitudinal investigation into the BYOD project, which offers new insights into the digital divide issues in the context of evolving teaching and learning practices across three levels, namely, digital access, digital capability and digital outcome.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is an empirically grounded longitudinal case research conducted over a three-year period in one secondary school in New Zealand. This research has included a number of methods, including surveys, interviews and classroom observations, to gather qualitative data from various stakeholders (teachers, students and parents).

Findings
The findings from the study of the BYOD project inform of digital divide issues in the context of evolving teaching and learning practices across formal and informal spaces. The authors explored how the BYOD policy has influenced existing divides in the learning process across three levels, namely, digital access, digital capability and digital outcome. The result sheds light on key issues affecting the learning process to contextualise factors in the three-level digital divide for the BYOD technology adoption process in classroom settings.

Research limitations/implications
The study presents findings from an ongoing investigation of one secondary school, an early adopter of the BYOD policy. While the authors have followed the school for three years, more in-depth studies on how teaching and learning practices are evolving across formal and informal spaces will be further qualified in the next stages of data collection.

Originality/value
The study contributes to new knowledge on how digital inclusion can be supported beyond mere access to meaningful use of technology to reinforce student learning and their overall skill development.
Do consumers dig it all? The interplay of digital and print formats in media
Authors: Krishen Anjala S. , Kachen Sheen , Kraussman Michael , Haniff Zeenath 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This study aims to explore consumers’ motivations in the adoption of either print or digital forms of media, given the fluctuation of trends and attitudes in magazine consumption in the USA. This paper utilizes cognitive lock-in and the power law of practice to further the understanding of digital adoption through an interdisciplinary lens.

Design/methodology/approach
In this study, initially, five focus group sessions, including 53 qualifying non-student participants randomly placed into groups of 10 or 11, were held. Next, a 2 × 2 between-subjects quasi-experiment, using 163 undergraduate students at a large public university, was conducted.

Findings
The findings show that although the digital medium is considered less expensive, more convenient and more environmentally friendly, the print medium is regarded as more familiar, personal and visual. Further, whether the media type is a book or a magazine, consumers report higher perceived value, hedonic value and attitude toward print versus digital media.

Practical implications
The potential to digitally attract and lock-in consumers in the media industry has immense implications. Individuals consume media because of fashion marketing, personal space and advertisements, among other reasons.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to existing research by uncovering qualitative and quantitative insights into media consumption through a multilayered analysis of focus group participants and a quantitative experiment. The findings indicate that both the power law of practice theory and cognitive lock-in are plausible explanations for the choice of print over digital media format.
Brave new World of Warcraft: a conceptual framework for active escapism
Authors: Kuo Andrew , Lutz Richard J. , Hiler Jacob L. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the phenomenon of active escapism – a unique form of experiential consumption that engages fantasy and role-play as a means of coping. In contrast with passive forms of escapism, whereby consumers act as observers (e.g. watching a movie), active escapism provides consumers with the opportunity to directly interact with mediated realities, whether constructed in a virtual space (e.g. a video game) or the real world.

Design/methodology/approach
Within the context of video game consumption, a conceptual framework for active escapism comprised antecedents, processes and consequences is established through literature review, depth interviews and naturalistic inquiry.

Findings
The findings suggest that active escapism functions as a coping mechanism when consumers are confronted with external stressors that threaten either their sense of identity or control. While other forms of emotion-focused coping relieve stress through psychological avoidance (i.e. refocusing of attention away from stressors), active escapism provides the benefits of affirmation and empowerment through projective fantasy (i.e. role-play) and presence (i.e. immersion into a mediated reality).

Originality/value
The conceptual framework established by this analysis gives insight into the structure of active escapism as a theoretical construct, providing a foundation for future research. Managerial implications for consumer escapism (e.g. branded in-game content) are discussed.
Accessing the Urban Commons Through the Mediation of Information: The Eliana Silva Occupation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Authors: Morado Nascimento Denise 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis essay demonstrates how mediations (called Dialogues) between the University of Belo Horizonte and the residents of the Eliana Silva Occupation in that city have secured not only the right to urban land and constitutional rights that have been historically violated in Brazil, but also the right to that which is of common interest. The essay speaks to Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's contention that what is common goes far beyond the provision of public services. This starting point allows us to see that urban occupations are politically empowered, to the extent that poor people consciously violate the Brazilian law governing the right of possession and ownership over urban land through creative and cooperative actions that are undertaken and extended across networks. This essay will focus on the centrality of the struggle to build a common communication platform serving to nourish social ties and sociability among those social actors who share the same human deprivation—lack of access to what should be widely available to all citizens. On the theoretical side, the essay takes Pierre Bourdieu, Bruno Latour and Milton Santos as its guides to understanding how social actors act in the struggle for socio‐spatial coexistence and urbanity.
Clinical and genetic association, radiological findings and response to biological therapy in seven children from Qatar with non‐bacterial osteomyelitis
Authors: Moussa Taha , Bhat Venkatraman , Kini Vishwanatha , Fathalla Basil M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimWe aim to report the clinical manifestations, genetic testing results, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and biologics used in the management of non‐bacterial osteomyelitis in our center.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of medical records. A previously proposed classification was implemented as follows: chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), chronic non‐bacterial osteomyelitis (CNBO) and acute non‐bacterial osteomyelitis.ResultsFour females and three males with a median age at presentation of 6 years (6 months–14 years) presented with arthralgia (7/7), back pain (4/7), arthritis (4/7) and bone pain (2/7). Six patients had CRMO and one patient had CNBO. Genetic testing revealed an apparent homozygote p.S734L LPIN2 mutation in two siblings, a heterozygote p.M694V MEFV mutation in one patient with familial Mediterranean fever and heterozygote p.Q219H PSTPIPI variant of unknown significance in one patient. The most common lesions on MRI involved the tibia (6/7), talar bones (5/7), fibula (4/7) and sacroiliac joints (4/7). Three patients received infliximab. Two are in remission after 2 and 5 years, and the third was advanced after 5 years to canakinumab. Two other patients received canakinumab first. One patient with Majeed syndrome and dyserythropoietic anemia exhibited evidence of improvement, and one had partial improvement and was then treated with infliximab.ConclusionNon‐bacterial osteomyelitis may coexist with other autoinflammatory diseases. MRI remains a favorable diagnostic tool and genetic testing may have a limited role in selected cases. Infliximab and canakinumab are associated with variable outcomes, and 6‐week or less dosing intervals for both medications may be more effective.
Occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea reported as adverse events in clinical trials studying glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists: A systematic analysis of published clinical trials
Authors: Bettge Karolin , Kahle Melanie , Abd El Aziz Mirna S. , Meier Juris J. , Nauck Michael A. 
Published: November 2016

Aim
GLP‐1 receptor agonists (RAs) may cause nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of adverse events (AEs) with GLP‐1 RAs and their relation to dose, background medication and duration of action.Research design and methodsThe PubMed database was searched and 32 clinical trials with GLP‐1 RAs (phase 3) were selected. We performed a systematic analysis and compared the proportion of patients reporting nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea, for different doses and glucose‐lowering background medications, and relative to a reference compound within the subclasses of short‐ (exenatide b.i.d.) and long‐acting (liraglutide) GLP‐1 RAs, calculating the relative risks ± 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe risk of nausea was dose‐dependent for long‐acting (P = .0063) and across all GLP‐1 RAs (P = .0017), and a similar trend was observed for vomiting (P = .23). Diarrhoea was dose‐dependent (P = .031). Background treatment with metformin was associated with more nausea (P = .04) and vomiting (P = .0009). Compared to exenatide b.i.d., there was less nausea and diarrhoea with lixisenatide. Compared to liraglutide, there was a similar risk associated with dulaglutide, and less with exenatide q.w. and albiglutide. Long‐acting GLP‐1 RAs were associated with less nausea and vomiting, but with more diarrhoea than short‐acting agents.ConclusionsGLP‐1 RAs are associated with gastrointestinal AEs that are related to dose and background medications (especially metformin) and may vary in a compound‐specific manner. Long‐acting agents are associated with less nausea and vomiting but with more diarrhoea.
Ecology shapes metabolic and life history scalings in termites
Authors: PEQUENO PEDRO A. C. L. , BACCARO FABRICIO B. , SOUZA JORGE L. P. , FRANKLIN ELIZABETH 
Published: November 2016

1. Metabolic rate (B) is a fundamental property of organisms, and scales with body mass (M) as B = αMβ. There has been much debate on whether scaling parameters should be viewed as constants or variables. However, there is increasing evidence that ecological differentiation can affect both α and β.2. In colonial organisms such as social insects, individual metabolism is integrated at the colony level. Theory and data suggest that whole‐colony metabolism partly reflects individual‐level metabolic and life‐history scalings, but whether these have been affected by ecological diversification is little known.3. Here, this issue was addressed using termites. Data from the literature were assembled to assess the interspecific scalings of individual metabolic rate with individual mass, and of individual mass with colony mass. Concurrently, it was tested whether such scalings were affected by two key ecological traits: lifestyle and diet.4. Individual‐level metabolic scaling was affected by diet, with β = 1.02 in wood feeders and 0.60 in soil feeders. However, there was no difference in α. Further, individual mass scaled to the 0.25 power with colony mass, but forager species had larger colonies and smaller individuals relative to wood‐dwelling, sedentary ones, thus producing a grade shift.5. Our results show that ecological diversification has affected fundamental metabolic and life‐history scalings in termites. Thus, theory on the energetics and evolution of colonial life should account for this variability.