bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of biomass-burning aerosol size distributions due to coagulation: dependence on fire and meteorological details and parameterization
Authors: Sakamoto Kimiko M. , Laing James R. , Stevens Robin G. , Jaffe Daniel A. , Pierce Jeffrey R. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Biomass-burning aerosols have a significant effect on global and regional aerosol climate forcings. To model the magnitude of these effects accurately requires knowledge of the size distribution of the emitted and evolving aerosol particles. Current biomass-burning inventories do not include size distributions, and global and regional models generally assume a fixed size distribution from all biomass-burning emissions. However, biomass-burning size distributions evolve in the plume due to coagulation and net organic aerosol (OA) evaporation or formation, and the plume processes occur on spacial scales smaller than global/regional-model grid boxes. The extent of this size-distribution evolution is dependent on a variety of factors relating to the emission source and atmospheric conditions. Therefore, accurately accounting for biomass-burning aerosol size in global models requires an effective aerosol size distribution that accounts for this sub-grid evolution and can be derived from available emission-inventory and meteorological parameters. In this paper, we perform a detailed investigation of the effects of coagulation on the aerosol size distribution in biomass-burning plumes. We compare the effect of coagulation to that of OA evaporation and formation. We develop coagulation-only parameterizations for effective biomass-burning size distributions using the SAM-TOMAS large-eddy simulation plume model. For the most-sophisticated parameterization, we use the Gaussian Emulation Machine for Sensitivity Analysis (GEM-SA) to build a parameterization of the aged size distribution based on the SAM-TOMAS output and seven inputs: emission median dry diameter, emission distribution modal width, mass emissions flux, fire area, mean boundary-layer wind speed, plume mixing depth, and time/distance since emission. This parameterization was tested against an independent set of SAM-TOMAS simulations and yields R2 values of 0.83 and 0.89 for Dpm and modal width, respectively. The size distribution is particularly sensitive to the mass emissions flux, fire area, wind speed, and time, and we provide simplified fits of the aged size distribution to just these input variables. The simplified fits were tested against 11 aged biomass-burning size distributions observed at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory in August 2015. The simple fits captured over half of the variability in observed Dpm and modal width even though the freshly emitted Dpm and modal widths were unknown. These fits may be used in global and regional aerosol models. Finally, we show that coagulation generally leads to greater changes in the particle size distribution than OA evaporation/formation does, using estimates of OA production/loss from the literature.
What would dense atmospheric observation networks bring to the quantification of city CO2 emissions?
Authors: Wu Lin , Broquet Grégoire , Ciais Philippe , Bellassen Valentin , Vogel Felix , Chevallier Frédéric , Xueref-Remy Irène , Wang Yilong 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Cities currently covering only a very small portion ( <  3 %) of the world's land surface directly release to the atmosphere about 44 % of global energy-related CO2, but they are associated with 71–76 % of CO2 emissions from global final energy use. Although many cities have set voluntary climate plans, their CO2 emissions are not evaluated by the monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) procedures that play a key role for market- or policy-based mitigation actions. Here we analyze the potential of a monitoring tool that could support the development of such procedures at the city scale. It is based on an atmospheric inversion method that exploits inventory data and continuous atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements from a network of stations within and around cities to estimate city CO2 emissions. This monitoring tool is configured for the quantification of the total and sectoral CO2 emissions in the Paris metropolitan area (∼  12 million inhabitants and 11.4 TgC emitted in 2010) during the month of January 2011. Its performances are evaluated in terms of uncertainty reduction based on observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). They are analyzed as a function of the number of sampling sites (measuring at 25 m a.g.l.) and as a function of the network design. The instruments presently used to measure CO2 concentrations at research stations are expensive (typically ∼  EUR 50 k per sensor), which has limited the few current pilot city networks to around 10 sites. Larger theoretical networks are studied here to assess the potential benefit of hypothetical operational lower-cost sensors. The setup of our inversion system is based on a number of diagnostics and assumptions from previous city-scale inversion experiences with real data. We find that, given our assumptions underlying the configuration of the OSSEs, with 10 stations only the uncertainty for the total city CO2 emission during 1 month is significantly reduced by the inversion by ∼  42 %. It can be further reduced by extending the network, e.g., from 10 to 70 stations, which is promising for MRV applications in the Paris metropolitan area. With 70 stations, the uncertainties in the inverted emissions are reduced significantly over those obtained using 10 stations: by 32 % for commercial and residential buildings, by 33 % for road transport, by 18 % for the production of energy by power plants, and by 31 % for total emissions. These results indicate that such a high number of stations would be likely required for the monitoring of sectoral emissions in Paris using this observation–model framework. They demonstrate some high potential that atmospheric inversions can contribute to the monitoring and/or the verification of city CO2 emissions (baseline) and CO2 emission reductions (commitments) and the advantage that could be brought by the current developments of lower-cost medium precision (LCMP) sensors.
From meteorological to hydrological drought using standardised indicators
Authors: Barker Lucy J. , Hannaford Jamie , Chiverton Andrew , Svensson Cecilia 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Drought monitoring and early warning (M &amp; EW) systems are a crucial component of drought preparedness. M &amp; EW systems typically make use of drought indicators such as the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), but such indicators are not widely used in the UK. More generally, such tools have not been well developed for hydrological (i.e. streamflow) drought. To fill these research gaps, this paper characterises meteorological and hydrological droughts, and the propagation from one to the other, using the SPI and the related Standardised Streamflow Index (SSI), with the objective of improving understanding of the drought hazard in the UK. SPI and SSI time series were calculated for 121 near-natural catchments in the UK for accumulation periods of 1–24 months. From these time series, drought events were identified and for each event, the duration and severity were calculated. The relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought was examined by cross-correlating the 1-month SSI with various SPI accumulation periods. Finally, the influence of climate and catchment properties on the hydrological drought characteristics and propagation was investigated. Results showed that at short accumulation periods meteorological drought characteristics showed little spatial variability, whilst hydrological drought characteristics showed fewer but longer and more severe droughts in the south and east than in the north and west of the UK. Propagation characteristics showed a similar spatial pattern with catchments underlain by productive aquifers, mostly in the south and east, having longer SPI accumulation periods strongly correlated with the 1-month SSI. For catchments in the north and west of the UK, which typically have little catchment storage, standard-period average annual rainfall was strongly correlated with hydrological drought and propagation characteristics. However, in the south and east, catchment properties describing storage (such as base flow index, the percentage of highly productive fractured rock and typical soil wetness) were more influential on hydrological drought characteristics. This knowledge forms a basis for more informed application of standardised indicators in the UK in the future, which could aid in the development of improved M &amp; EW systems. Given the lack of studies applying standardised indicators to hydrological droughts, and the diversity of catchment types encompassed here, the findings could prove valuable for enhancing the hydrological aspects of drought M &amp; EW systems in both the UK and elsewhere.
EFFECT OF DEVULCANIZATION ON CROSSLINK DENSITY AND CROSSLINK DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATES
Authors: Joseph Anu Mary , George Benny , K. N. Madhusoodanan , Alex Rosamma 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTCarbon black filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were devulcanized at ambient temperature in a two roll mill. The effect of cure system, that is, conventional vulcanization (CV), semiefficient vulcanization (semi EV), and efficient vulcanization (EV) systems, used for vulcanization of the original sample, on the efficiency of devulcanization was studied. The efficiency of devulcanization expressed as percentage devulcanization of the samples calculated from residual crosslink density measurements was correlated with the sol fraction of the devulcanized samples based on Horikx analysis. Using chemical probe analysis, we determined (i) the crosslink distribution pattern of the original sample, (ii) the extent to which the different types of crosslinks—that is, polysulfidic, disulfidic, and monosulfidic crosslinks—have been debonded or broken during the shearing process in the two roll mill, and (iii) the pattern of bond formation during revulcanization. Mechanical shearing predominantly breaks the majority crosslink type (polysulfidic crosslinks in CV and semi EV cure systems and disulfidic crosslinks in EV samples). Irrespective of the significant reduction in total crosslink density in all three sets of samples, chain shortening reactions similar to the post-crosslinking chemical reactions at curing temperatures also occur during mechanical shear at ambient conditions, which increased the absolute value of monosulfidic links in CV and semi EV systems. However, in the devulcanized EV system, the absolute value of polysulfidic crosslinks increased, which might be due to the re-crosslinking of the cleaved bonds. All the devulcanized samples were revulcanized, and the mechanical and morphological properties were analyzed. The percentage retention of the vulcanizate properties after revulcanization of the devulcanized samples correlated very well with efficiency of devulcanization.
Main Reasons against Unnatural Marriage and Its Wreckful Role in the Institution of Marriage and Family
Authors: Rasolipour Rasoul , Roshan Mohammd , Nikandam Shapour 
Published: June 2016

<p>The role of marriage and family strengthening with regard to religious commandments and ethics is not concealed from people who follow the divine commands and basic teachings of the Holy books and prophets. However, nowadays in many western societies, the principles of natural marriage are violated. The new forms of marriage are called abnormal, unnatural, and unusual forms of marriage among individuals including the same or opposite sex. Unnatural marriage can’t be classified as a natural and legal contract. Note that both natural and unnatural forms of marriage have their own principles. Therefore, the recent research aims at analyzing the main reasons against unnatural marriage using analytical and library methods with regard to the fact that unnatural marriage has threatened standard marriage and family foundation. In this research, we rely on verses of Quran. All the data have been gathered by experts in the field of family affairs especially those who witnessed homosexual marriage and observed both personal and social difficulties of homosexual individuals. </p>
A importância relativa da densidade da madeira e do teor de carboidratos no rendimento de polpa e na qualidade do produto.
Authors: Mokfienski Alfredo , Colodette Jorge Luiz , Gomide José Lívio , Carvalho Ana Márcia M. Ladeira 
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a densidade básica, a composição química e as dimensões de fibras de dez amostras de madeira de Eucalyptus spp. e, verificar o impacto desse conjunto de parâmetros e sua combinação no rendimento do processo de polpação kraft e na qualidade da polpa branqueada. A madeira de dez espécies de eucalipto, com densidade básica variando entre 365 a 544 kg/m3 e teores de carboidratos totais variando entre 70,0 a 74,5% foi transformada em polpa Kraft, com número kappa 15,5-16,7 e branqueada a 90% ISO por uma seqüência de quatro estágios (OD(PO)D) composta de deslignificação com oxigênio (O), deslignificação com dióxido de cloro (D), extração alcalina com peróxido pressurizado (PO) e branqueamento com dióxido de cloro (D). A densidade básica da madeira mostrou melhor correlação com as dimensões da fibra e qualidade da polpa que a sua composição química. Porém o rendimento depurado foi mais influenciado pela composição química da madeira do que pela densidade básica. Madeiras de menor densidade apresentaram maiores rendimentos de polpação, mas o consumo específico de madeira foi mais baixo para as madeiras mais densas. Os resultados de qualidade de polpa sugerem que madeiras com densidade mais baixa devam ser direcionadas à fabricação de papel refinado (impressão e de escrita), enquanto que as mais densas sejam destinadas ao segmento de papéis sanitários (tissue).
Crescimento de espécies nativas da Amazônia submetidas ao plantio no estado de Roraima.
Authors: Tonini Helio , Oliveira Junior Moisés Mourão Cordeiro de , Schwengber Dalton 
Published: June 2016

Um importante desafio para a pesquisa florestal na Amazônia é o de encontrar formas de reflorestar áreas degradadas com a utilização de um maior número de espécies nativas e identificar espécies tropicais comercialmente atrativas adaptadas a plantios a pleno sol. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento inicial em diâmetro e altura de seis espécies nativas da Amazônia em um ensaio preliminar de espécies. Os dados para a realização deste estudo foram oriundos de remedições de 72 árvores em um período de 9 anos. As espécies selecionadas para este trabalho foram a cupiúba (Goupia glabra), o cumaru (Dipterix odorata), a andiroba (Carapa guianensis), a castanheira-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa), o pará-pará (Jacaranda copaia) e a tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis). As curvas cumulativas de crescimento em diâmetro e altura foram obtidas pelo ajuste da função de Chapman-Richards. Apesar da pouca idade dos plantios, obteve-se bom ajuste da função para as espécies estudadas, sendo o pará-pará a espécie que apresentou maior crescimento em diâmetro e altura em todas as idades. A análise do incremento médio anual em diâmetro indicou que, com exceção da cupiúba, pode-se esperar incrementos médios superiores a 2 cm, mediante a adoção de espaçamentos e programas de desbaste adequados.
Florística e classificação da regeneração natural em Floresta Ombrófila Mista na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS.
Authors: Narvaes Igor da Silva , Longhi Solon Jonas , Brena Doádi Antônio 
Published: June 2016

Na floresta Ombrófila Mista, a regeneração natural é pouco estudada. No Rio Grande do Sul, em conseqüência da ação antrópica, essas florestas se encontram sob diferentes condições de alteração, em alguns casos formando fragmentos. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a florística da regeneração natural e verificar a ocorrência de grupos florísticos de uma área onde não foram constatadas alterações intensas. A área com 1606,69 ha localiza-se na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (entre 29° 23' e 29° 27' S; 50° 23' e 50° 25' W), no município de São Francisco de Paula, RS. No estudo, foram selecionadas seis parcelas permanentes de crescimento do PELD (Projeto Ecológico de Longa Duração) cuja vegetação foi inventariada, utilizando-se dez faixas paralelas entre si e perpendiculares à direção da posição topográfica, as quais apresentaram 10 m de largura e 100 m de comprimento, subdivididas em dez unidades de 100 m² onde foram sorteadas três unidades amostrais por faixa para identificação e medição (altura e circunferência) de indivíduos com Cap maior ou igual a 3 cm e menor de 30 cm. Os cipós, trepadeiras e ervas também tiveram suas circunferências medidas e identificados até o nível de espécie, quando possível. Os dados de densidade por espécie formaram uma matriz (180x70) utilizada na análise multivariada. A presença de agrupamento de vegetação em estado de regeneração natural no interior da floresta foi testada pelo Método TWINSPAN (Two-way indicator species analysis). Constatou-se a existência de três grupos ecológicos (G-1, G-2 e G-3). O G-1 foi caracterizado por boa disponibilidade hídrica, por possuir características ambientais intermediárias e por situar-se na posição topográfica referente à encosta média; G-2 ocorreu na encosta inferior da floresta, apresentando forte influência da umidade e sujeita a alagamentos esporádicos; e G-3, na posição topográfica da encosta superior/platô, que, por conseguinte, não sofre influência da elevação da umidade. As espécies indicadoras dos grupos foram: Sebastiania brasiliensis Spreng. (G-1); Matayba elaeagnoides Radek., Myrceugenia myrcioides Cambess O. Berg, Myrceugenia oxysepala (Burret) D. Legrand et Kausel e Cinnamomum glaziovii (Mez) Kosterm. (G-2); e Zanthoxylum petiolare A. St.-Hil & Tul. (G-3).
Classificação e crescimento de unidades de vegetação em Floresta Ombrófila Mista, São Francisco de Paula, RS.
Authors: Gomes Juliana Fernandes , Longhi Solon Jonas , Araújo Maristela Machado , Brena Doádi Antônio 
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo estudar diferentes grupos ecológicos presentes na Floresta Ombrófila Mista da FLONA de São Francisco de Paula, RS, e descrever sua composição e dinâmica de crescimento nas quatro estações do ano. Na avaliação, foram utilizados dez conglomerados permanentes de 1 ha cada (100 x 100 m), os quais foram divididos em dez faixas de 10 x 100 m (1000 m2) e estas subdivididas em dez subunidades de 10 x 10 m (100 m2). Para a pesquisa, foi sorteada uma faixa de 10 x 100 m em cada conglomerado, totalizando cem unidades amostrais em que foram instaladas, na altura do DAP, bandas dendrométricas em todas as árvores com CAP ≥ 30 cm, para acompanhar o crescimento anual e nas quatro estações do ano. Os dados de densidade por espécie formaram uma matriz (parcela x espécie), que foi utilizada na análise de agrupamento da vegetação pelo do método de TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicador Species Analisys) na qual foi constatada a presença de três grupos ecológicos. O grupo 1 foi identificado como floresta primária, o grupo 2 floresta de locais úmidos e o grupo 3 floresta secundária. O incremento médio anual foi maior para floresta primária, seguido por floresta secundária e floresta de locais úmidos. Em ordem decrescente, o incremento médio periódico foi maior no verão, primavera, outono e inverno. As espécies que se destacaram em termos de densidade e incremento foram Cupania vernalis e Nectandra megapotamica.
Identifier les individus créatifs par leur capacité d’imagerie mentale
Authors: Vellera Cyrielle , Gavard-Perret Marie-Laure 
Published: June 2016

Le repérage des individus créatifs, notamment parmi les consommateurs de plus en plus souvent sollicités par les entreprises dans leurs processus d’innovation, s’avère difficile. Or, l’imagerie mentale semble être fortement liée à la créativité. Une première étude montre que des créatifs avérés (artistes et inventeurs) ont une capacité individuelle d’imagerie mentale supérieure à des individus « ordinaires » (sans capacité créative avérée). Une seconde étude souligne que des étudiants présentant une forte capacité individuelle d’imagerie mentale réussissent mieux des tâches créatives que ceux ayant une faible capacité d’imagerie mentale. La capacité d’imagerie apparait donc comme un moyen simple et rapide d’identification des individus créatifs et comme une opportunité pour améliorer la créativité.
Les jugements critiques du luxe : une approche par la légitimité
Authors: Roux Dominique , El Euch Maalej Mariem , Boyer Julie 
Published: June 2016

Sur quoi portent les jugements des consommateurs qui se disent réfractaires au luxe et comment sont-ils fondés ? C’est ce que cet article se propose d’examiner à partir d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de vingt répondants affichant une posture critique à l’égard du luxe. Les résultats montrent que celle-ci s’articule autour de la notion de légitimité du luxe et engage des processus de jugement cognitif, pragmatique et moral, portant sur les entreprises/marques, leurs pratiques et les comportements de leur clientèle. Cette recherche illustre également le caractère contingent de la critique selon le contexte et la situation, ouvrant ainsi une série de recommandations sur les formes de légitimité dans ce secteur.
Destruction of giant cluster-like vesicles by an ultrasonically activated device
Authors: Yahagi Ryosuke , Yoshida Kenji , Zhang Yiting , Ebata Masahiko , Toyota Taro , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Hayashi Hideki 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a technically simple method of destroying a tissue marker composed of giant cluster-like vesicles (GCVs) to facilitate laparoscopic surgeries; the method releases various biological tracers contained in GCVs. An ultrasonically activated device (USAD) emitting 55.5 kHz ultrasound was employed for this purpose. Optical microscopy and fluorospectrophotometry revealed the destruction of GCVs after ultrasound irradiation when the blade tip was set 1.0 mm or closer to, but not directly in contact with, a GCV-containing cell. This means that USAD could be safely used for destroying this GCV tissue marker in clinical settings.