bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes comparison of long-acting injectable antipsychotic initiation in treatment-naïve veterans in the inpatient versus outpatient setting
Authors: Romstadt Nicole , Wonson Erica 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics have become an integral component in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Long-acting injectables may be initiated in either the inpatient or outpatient setting; however, there have been no studies to evaluate whether LAI treatment initiation setting impacts patient outcomes. This study sought to assess whether outcomes, specifically psychiatric hospitalization rates, time to hospitalization, and adherence with injections, differed between patients started on LAIs in the inpatient versus outpatient setting.

Methods:
The electronic medical records of all veterans prescribed an LAI at the McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center from September 2009 through September 2014 were reviewed in this retrospective study. Veterans met inclusion criteria if they were prescribed an LAI during the study period and were excluded if they had received an LAI prior to September 2009 or if the LAI was started at an outside facility. Patients were separated into treatment groups according to initiation location. The primary outcomes included psychiatric hospitalization rates and time to hospitalization. The secondary outcome measured the proportion of LAI injections received.

Results:
Fifty-five LAI treatment-naïve veterans were included in this study. No statistically significant differences were found in psychiatric hospitalization rates, time to hospitalization, or proportion of LAI injections received when comparing the inpatient and outpatient treatment initiation groups.

Discussion:
Psychiatric hospitalization rates, time to hospitalization, and adherence to LAIs did not differ between the inpatient and outpatient treatment groups, suggesting that treatment initiation location does not have an effect on patient outcomes.
Diuretics: A possible keystone in upholding cognitive health
Authors: DeLoach Tyler , Beall Jennifer 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Dementia encompasses diseases of progressive memory loss and neurological alterations, including Alzheimer disease. Hypertension is one risk factor proposed for development of Alzheimer disease. The objective is to evaluate the current literature for use of diuretics in the prevention of dementia.

Methods:
Literature was not considered if published before January 1, 2000, or after May 31, 2015. PubMed was used to locate sources. Four search terms were used to find data: Alzheimer disease, antihypertensive agents, diuretics, and dementia.

Results:
Four studies of efficacy of diuretic usage in the prevention against dementia met criteria. Potassium-sparing diuretics displayed risk reduction of Alzheimer disease and maintenance of cognitive function. Risk reduction was demonstrated when used alone (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.41) as compared to use of other antihypertensives without potassium-sparing diuretics (aHR 0.76, 95% CI 0.49-1.15). Other antihypertensive drug classes did show some benefit, however. Diuretic and angiotensin receptor blocker users had a lower Alzheimer disease risk versus those with no antihypertensive use (hazard ratio 0.40, 95% CI 0.26-0.61) and (hazard ratio 0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.72), respectively. Additionally, thiazide diuretics were also shown to reduce Alzheimer risk. Thiazide and potassium-sparing combination significantly reduced risk versus non-antihypertensive users (aHR 0.63, 95% CI 0.42-0.94).

Discussion:
Available research demonstrates an inverse association between diuretic use and the incident rate of dementia. Specifically, this has been found with thiazide and potassium-sparing diuretics when used alone or in combination. This review suggests that patients receiving diuretics for hypertension may receive an added neuroprotective effect.
Outcomes of patient education practices to optimize the safe use of lithium: A literature review
Authors: Zolezzi Monica , Eltorki Yassin Hassan , Almaamoon Mahmoud , Fathy Mahmoud , Omar Nabil E. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Lithium is commonly used to treat various psychiatric disorders and is particularly effective in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder. Unfortunately, this drug has a narrow therapeutic index and, if not monitored regularly, can result in toxicity. Therefore, for lithium to be prescribed safely, clinicians must ensure that patients are well educated on lithium toxicity, its prevention, and symptom recognition. This article summarizes studies that investigated lithium education strategies to help promote the safe use of lithium.

Methods:
Four electronic databases were searched using key terms and subject headings. Reference lists of relevant papers were also reviewed. The search was limited to literature published in English, without year limits. Eligible studies examined lithium patient education and the impact on patients' knowledge of safe lithium use.

Results:
Of a total of 517 citations that were retrieved from the electronic database search, 12 were selected for inclusion in this review. Most of the studies included assessed the effect of lithium education on various aspects of patients' knowledge, including but not limited to, lithium toxicity. Of the studies assessing the correlation between lithium knowledge and lithium levels, most demonstrated a positive correlation between lithium knowledge and lithium levels that were more stable and within the higher end of the recommended therapeutic range.

Conclusions:
Studies evaluating lithium patient education and its effect on improving the safe use of lithium are limited. Nevertheless, this literature review highlights that lithium patient education is critical to promote its safe use.
The Influence of Eurasian Snow Extent on the Northern Extratropical Stratosphere in a QBO Resolving Model
Authors: Tyrrell Nicholas L. , Karpechko Alexey Y. , Räisänen Petri 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe European Centre/Hamburg version 6 atmospheric model with a well‐defined stratosphere and an internally generated Quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) was used to study the relationship between the autumn Eurasian snow extent and the wintertime climate of the northern hemisphere. A positive snow cover anomaly was imposed over Eurasia in early autumn and held constant until spring. One hundred years of the snow anomaly run was compared with a 100 year control run. A dynamical response to the snow anomaly is seen in the northern polar stratosphere and troposphere during autumn and early winter, in line with previous modeling studies, and the monthly progression of the atmospheric anomalies follows the size of the surface forcing. However, this response is weaker, and occurs earlier in season, than that seen in observations. Considering the effect of QBO, we find a stratospheric vortex weakening during the easterly phase; however, the effect is weaker than that seen in observations. The strongest response of the polar vortex is found when both factors—the snow anomaly and the QBO phase—are considered together, with the response being close to an additive combination of the responses to the individual forcings. Although our study confirms the ability of snow cover variability to significantly influence the large‐scale circulation, it also demonstrates that the inclusion of a well‐resolved stratosphere is not a sufficient condition for reproducing the intensity and timing of the circulation response appearing in observations.
Generating Focused 3D Perfect Vortex Beams By Plasmonic Metasurfaces
Authors: Zhang Yuchao , Liu Weiwei , Gao Jie , Yang Xiaodong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPerfect vortex (PV) beams possessing annular intensity profiles independent of topological charges promise significant advances in particle manipulation, fiber communication, and quantum optics. The PV beam is typically generated from the Fourier transformation of the Bessel–Gauss beam. However, the conventional method to produce PV beams requires a series of bulky optical components, which greatly increases the system complexity and also hinders the photonic device integration. Here, plasmonic metasurfaces made of rectangular‐hole nanoantennas as integrated beam converters are designed and demonstrated to generate focused 3D PV beams in a broad wavelength range, by combining the phase profiles of axicon, spiral phase plate, and Fourier transform lens simultaneously based on the Pancharatnam–Berry phase. It is demonstrated that the PV beam structures can be adjusted by varying several control parameters in the metasurface design. Moreover, multiple PV beams with arbitrary arrangement and topological charges are also produced. These results have the promising potential for enabling new types of compact optical devices for tailoring complex light beams and advancing metasurface‐based functional integrated photonic chips.
Periodically Self‐Pulsating Microcapsule as Programmed Microseparator via ATP‐Regulated Energy Dissipation
Authors: Hao Xiang , Chen Liang , Sang Wei , Yan Qiang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLiving systems can experience time‐dependent dynamic self‐assembly for periodic, adaptive behavior via energy dissipation pathway. Creating in vitro mimics is a daunting mission. Here a “living” giant vesicle system that can perform a periodic pulsating motion using adenosine‐5'‐triphosphate (ATP)‐fuelled dissipative self‐assembly is described. This dynamic system is built on transient supramolecular interactions between the polymer and cellular energy currency ATP. The vesicles capturing ATPs will deviate away from equilibrium, leading to an energy ascent that drives a continuous vesicular expansion, until a competitive ATP hydrolysis predominates to break the ATP–polymer interactions and deplete the energy stored in the vesicles, leading to an opposing vesicular contraction. The input of ATP energy can sustain that these vesicles run periodically along this reciprocating expansile–contractile process, resembling a “pulsating” behavior. ATP level can orchestrate the rhythm, amplitude, and lifetime of this biomimetic pulsation. By pre‐programming the ATP stimulation protocol, this kind of adaptive microcapsules can function as high‐performance microseparators to perform size‐selective sieving of different nanoparticles through ATP‐mediated transmembrane traffic. This man‐made system offers a primitive model of time‐dependent dynamic self‐assembly and may offer new ways to build life‐like materials with biomimetic functions.
Population‐level assessment of genetic diversity and habitat fragmentation in critically endangered Grauer's gorillas
Authors: Baas Pauline , van der Valk Tom , Vigilant Linda , Ngobobo Urbain , Binyinyi Escobar , Nishuli Radar , Caillaud Damien , Guschanski Katerina 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe critically endangered Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) has experienced an estimated 77% population decline within a single generation. Although crucial for informed conservation decisions, there is no clear understanding about population structure and distribution of genetic diversity across the species' highly fragmented range. We fill this gap by studying several core and peripheral Grauer's gorilla populations throughout their distribution range.Materials and MethodsWe generated genetic profiles for a sampling of an unstudied population of Grauer's gorillas from within the species' core range at 13 autosomal microsatellite loci and combined them with previously published and newly generated data from four other Grauer's gorilla populations, two mountain gorilla populations, and one western lowland gorilla population.ResultsIn agreement with previous studies, the genetic diversity of Grauer's gorillas is intermediate, falling between western lowland and mountain gorillas. Among Grauer's gorilla populations, we observe lower genetic diversity and high differentiation in peripheral compared with central populations, indicating a strong effect of genetic drift and limited gene flow among small, isolated forest fragments.DiscussionAlthough genetically less diverse, peripheral populations are frequently essential for the long‐term persistence of a species and migration between peripheral and core populations may significantly enrich the overall species genetic diversity. Thus, in addition to central Grauer's gorilla populations from the core of the distribution range that clearly deserve conservation attention, we argue that conservation strategies aiming to ensure long‐term species viability should include preserving peripheral populations and enhancing habitat connectivity.
Great ape walking kinematics: Implications for hominoid evolution
Authors: Finestone Emma M. , Brown Mary H. , Ross Stephen R. , Pontzer Herman 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectivesGreat apes provide a point of reference for understanding the evolution of locomotion in hominoids and early hominins. We assessed (1) the extent to which great apes use diagonal sequence, diagonal couplet gaits, like other primates, (2) the extent to which gait and posture vary across great apes, and (3) the role of body mass and limb proportions on ape quadrupedal kinematics.MethodsHigh‐speed digital video of zoo‐housed bonobos (Pan paniscus, N = 8), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes, N = 13), lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla, N = 13), and orangutans (Pongo spp. N = 6) walking over‐ground at self‐selected speeds were used to determine the timing of limb touch‐down, take‐off, and to measure joint and segment angles at touch‐down, midstance, and take‐off.ResultsThe great apes in our study showed broad kinematic and spatiotemporal similarity in quadrupedal walking. Size‐adjusted walking speed was the strongest predictor of gait variables. Body mass had a negligible effect on variation in joint and segment angles, but stride frequency did trend higher among larger apes in analyses including size‐adjusted speed. In contrast to most other primates, great apes did not favor diagonal sequence footfall patterns, but exhibited variable gait patterns that frequently shifted between diagonal and lateral sequences.ConclusionSimilarities in the terrestrial walking kinematics of extant great apes likely reflect their similar post‐cranial anatomy and proportions. Our results suggest that the walking kinematics of orthograde, suspensory Miocene ape species were likely similar to living great apes, and highlight the utility of videographic and behavioral data in interpreting primate skeletal morphology.
Application of the endoscopic prelacrimal recess approach to the maxillary sinus in unilateral maxillary diseases
Authors: Lin Yi‐Tsen , Lin Chih‐Feng , Yeh Te‐Huei 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundThe endoscopic endonasal prelacrimal recess approach to the maxillary sinus provides wide access to the walls and recesses of the maxillary sinus, and its use has been reported in many maxillary sinus and skull base diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the indication and feasibility of endoscopic sinus surgery using the prelacrimal recess approach in unilateral maxillary sinus diseases.MethodsWe reviewed 192 cases of unilateral maxillary sinus diseases; over 2 years, 15 cases underwent endoscopic surgery via the prelacrimal recess approach. Data regarding preoperative computed tomography scans, operative findings, postoperative pathological diagnoses, postoperative complications, and disease recurrences were obtained from medical records.ResultsPatients who underwent surgery via the prelacrimal recess approach did so mostly because tumors were present in the maxillary sinuses (12/15; 80%), while most of the patients in this study underwent surgery because of chronic inflammation (122/177; 68.9%) and fungal infections (40/177; 22.6%). Among 15 patients undergoing surgery via the prelacrimal recess approach, 9 were cases of inverted papilloma. The mean follow‐up period was 16.5 months (range, 6 to 28 months). No postoperative complications occurred after the prelacrimal recess approach. One out of the 15 cases undergoing the prelacrimal recess approach had tumor recurrenceConclusionMost chronic inflammation and fungal infections of the unilateral maxillary sinuses can be managed through a middle meatal antrostomy. The endoscopic prelacrimal recess approach is a reliable and effective method used to approach maxillary sinus diseases.
On the Upper Limits of Oxidation States in Chemistry
Authors: Hu Shu‐Xian , Li Wan‐Lu , Lu Jun‐Bo , Bao Junwei Lucas , Yu Haoyu S. , Truhlar Donald G. , Gibson John K. , Marçalo Joaquim , Zhou Mingfei , Riedel Sebastian , Schwarz W. H. Eugen , Li Jun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe concept of oxidation state (OS) is based on the concept of Lewis electron pairs, in which the bonding electrons are assigned to the more electronegative element. This approach is useful for keeping track of the electrons, predicting chemical trends, and guiding syntheses. Experimental and quantum‐chemical results reveal a limit near +8 for the highest OS in stable neutral chemical substances under ambient conditions. OS=+9 was observed for the isolated [IrO4]+ cation in vacuum. The prediction of OS=+10 for isolated [PtO4]2+ cations is confirmed computationally for low temperatures only, but hasn't yet been experimentally verified. For high OS species, oxidation of the ligands, for example, of O−2 with formation of .O−1 and O−O bonds, and partial reduction of the metal center may be favorable, possibly leading to non‐Lewis type structures.
Modulation of saturation and chain length of fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of cocoa butter‐like lipids
Authors: Bergenholm David , Gossing Michael , Wei Yongjun , Siewers Verena , Nielsen Jens 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChain length and degree of saturation plays an important role for the characteristics of various products derived from fatty acids, such as fuels, cosmetics, and food additives. The seeds of Theobroma cacao are the source of cocoa butter, a natural lipid of high interest for the food and cosmetics industry. Cocoa butter is rich in saturated fatty acids that are stored in the form of triacylglycerides (TAGs). One of the major TAG species of cocoa butter, consisting of two stearic acid molecules and one oleic acid molecule (stearic acid‐oleic acid‐stearic acid, sn‐SOS), is particularly rare in nature as the saturated fatty acid stearic acid is typically found only in low abundance. Demand for cocoa butter is increasing, yet T. cacao can only be cultivated in some parts of the tropics. Alternative means of production of cocoa butter lipids (CBLs) are, therefore, sought after. Yeasts also store fatty acids in the form of TAGs, but these are typically not rich in saturated fatty acids. To make yeast an attractive host for microbial production of CBLs, its fatty acid composition needs to be optimized. We engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains toward a modified fatty acid synthesis. Analysis of the fatty acid profile of the modified strains showed that the fatty acid content as well as the titers of saturated fatty acids and the titers of TAGs were increased. The relative content of potential CBLs in the TAG pool reached up to 22% in our engineered strains, which is a 5.8‐fold increase over the wild‐type. SOS content reached a level of 9.8% in our engineered strains, which is a 48‐fold increase over the wild type.
Approaching the thermodynamic view of protein folding through the reproduction of Anfinsen's experiment by undergraduate physical biochemistry students
Authors: Fernandez‐Reche Andres , Cobos Eva S. , Luque Irene , Ruiz‐Sanz Javier , Martinez Jose C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “…his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation.” The understanding of this principle is crucial for physical biochemistry students, since protein folding studies, bio‐computing sciences and protein design approaches are founded on such a well‐demonstrated connection. Herein, we describe a detailed and easy‐to‐follow experiment to reproduce the most relevant assays carried out at Anfinsen's laboratory in the 60s. This experiment provides students with a platform to interpret by themselves the structural and kinetic experiments conceived to understand the protein folding problem. In addition, this three‐day experiment brings students a nice opportunity for protein manipulation as well as for the setting up of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(3):262–269, 2018.
Robotic‐assisted transradial diagnostic coronary angiography
Authors: Swaminathan Rajesh V. , Rao Sunil V. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRobotic percutaneous coronary interventions have recently been introduced in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Robotics offers benefits of greater precision for stent placement and occupational hazard protection for operators and staff. First generation systems were able to advance and retract coronary wires, balloons, and stents, but did not have guide control functions. The second‐generation robotic system (CorPath GRX) has an active guide management function offering the ability to move guide catheters. Expanding utilization of robotics to perform diagnostic coronary angiography would further reduce radiation scatter exposure and other occupational hazards to operators. This approach is particularly appealing in the setting of radial access, as universal radial diagnostic catheters can engage both the right and left coronary arteries without exchange. We describe here, the first two cases of such a procedure with the CorPath GRX robotic system.
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Authors: Koratala Abhilash , Malpartida Freddy R. , Zeng Xu 
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical MessageEmphysematous pyelonephritis is a gas‐producing, necrotizing infection involving the renal parenchyma and surrounding tissue that is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Common causative organisms include Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. While most patients are being managed conservatively these days, nephrectomy may be needed in severe cases.
Azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava with segmental aneurysm, lung lobe torsion and pulmonary thromboembolism in a dog
Authors: Lockwood Ashley J. , Sinnott‐Stutzman Virginia B. , Mouser Pamela J. , Tsai Steven L. 
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical MessageThis case highlights the management and diagnostic evaluation of a dog with two individually rare conditions (lung lobe torsion and vena cava aneurysm) that ultimately resulted in fatal pulmonary thromboembolism.
Porous Organic Polymers Constructed from Tröger's Base as Efficient Carbon Dioxide Adsorbents and Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Dai Zhifeng , Tang Yongquan , Sun Qi , Liu Xiaolong , Meng Xiangju , Deng Feng , Xiao Feng‐Shou 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThrough a radical solvothermal polymerization method, we synthesized two porous organic polymers based on Tröger's base (POP‐TB and POP‐Me‐TB) from the corresponding vinyl‐functionalized monomers (2,8‐divinyl‐6H,12H‐5,11‐methanodibenzo[b,f]diazocine and 2,8‐divinyl‐4,10‐dimethly‐6H,12H‐5,11‐ethanodibenzo[b,f]diazocine; v‐TB and v‐Me‐TB). The structure and porosity of these polymers are verified by using solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, SEM, TEM, N2 sorption isotherms, and CO2 sorption tests. They exhibit high surface areas and moderate pore volumes, which give high CO2 adsorption capacities (90 and 71 mg
g−1 at 273 K and 60 and 44 mg
g−1 at 298 K for POP‐TB and POP‐Me‐TB, respectively) under a CO2 pressure of 1 bar. In addition, they display excellent catalytic activities together with highly stability as heterogeneous catalysts in the benchmark Knoevenagel reactions.