Abstract A82: Ovarian cancer cells hijack immune functions of omental milky spots for metastatic colonization.
Authors: Krishnan Venkatesh , Mitchell Kelly , Miska Jason , George Sophia , Shaw Patricia , Seewaldt Victoria , Lesniak Maciej , Chekmareva Marina , Becker Lev , Parkash Vinita , Miranti Cindy , Rinker-Schaeffer Carrie 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Introduction: The omentum is the primary site of metastasis in both ovarian cancer models and clinical disease. It is composed predominantly of adipose studded with lymphoreticular organs (milky spots), distinguishing it from other peritoneal adipose. Milky spots are specialized for immune cell trafficking and peritoneal surveillance. We and others have shown that ovarian cancer cells exploit the physiologic function(s) of these structures for omental metastatic colonization. The purpose of this study was to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for ovarian cancer homing to and growth within milky spot structures.
Experimental Procedures: Quantitative in vivo and ex vivo assays were used to evaluate human (SKOV3ip.1, HEYA8, and CaOV3) and murine (ID8) ovarian cancer cell localization to milky spots on the murine omental fat band. Assays were conducted using C57/Bl6 mice or those lacking B cells (Igh6-/-); T cells (Nude); B and T cells (Rag1-/-); or B, T, and NK cells (BN XID). In vitro assays were used to assess the migration-promoting activity of omentum- and macrophage-conditioned media. Standard approaches were used to assess protein expression, cell growth and viability, etc.
Rationale: Milky spots provide resident tissue macrophages and lymphocytes needed for peritoneal homeostasis. Macrophages and stromal cells secrete chemokines promoting peritoneal lymphocyte homing to the omentum. In response to peritoneal irritants, activated CD11b+ milky spot macrophages organize coordinated expansion of vascular and stromal compartments. The increase in both the number and size of milky spots is needed to process particulates, resolve infections, and encapsulate foreign bodies.
Hypothesis: CD11b+ cells secrete homeostatic chemokines promoting G-protein-dependent migration of ovarian cancer cells to milky spots. Ovarian cancer cell binding to adhesion molecules on the milky spot surface activates CD11b+ cell-dependent tissue remodeling, creating a microenvironment promoting ovarian cancer growth.
New Findings: Consistent with our hypothesis, in vivo assays showed that macrophage depletion prior to injection of ID8 and SKOV3ip.1 cells prevented microscopic metastasis formation. In vitro assays found that macrophages are required for ovarian cancer cell localization to milky spots. These data prompt the hypothesis that CD11b+ cells produce a factor(s) responsible for the migration-promoting ability of omentum-conditioned media.
To test this, media was conditioned by omental adipose isolated from mice after macrophage depletion. In support of our hypothesis, the migration-promoting activity of macrophage-depleted omentum-conditioned media was on a par with that of media conditioned by milky spot-deficient adipose. Further, media conditioned by CD11b+ cells recapitulates the migration-promoting activity exhibited by omentum-conditioned media.
In vitro and ex vivo assays were used to test whether ovarian cancer cells utilize mechanisms analogous to lymphocyte trafficking for milky spot homing. Specifically, cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin or vehicle alone, and then evaluated for migration in response to omentum-conditioned media and milky spot localization ex vivo. Consistent with data reported for lymphocyte homing, pertussis toxin pre-treatment caused a 40% to 50% reduction in ovarian cancer cell homing.
Conclusions and Current Efforts: Our data support a model in which CD11b+ macrophages secrete one or more chemokines promoting G-protein receptor-dependent ovarian cancer cell migration, and potentially integrin activation, which mediate milky spot homing. Current experiments focus on identification of integrin-ligand interactions, CD11b+ cell activation, and defining the link between ovarian cancer cell growth and increase in milky spot size and number.
Citation Format: Venkatesh Krishnan, Kelly Mitchell, Jason Miska, Sophia George, Patricia Shaw, Victoria Seewaldt, Maciej Lesniak, Marina Chekmareva, Lev Becker, Vinita Parkash, Cindy Miranti, Carrie Rinker-Schaeffer. Ovarian cancer cells hijack immune functions of omental milky spots for metastatic colonization. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A82.