bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surfactants
Authors: Langevin Dominique 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article discusses the principles and action of surfactants, with particular emphasis on the most general case of small surfactant molecules with long hydrocarbon chains. Surfactants, also called amphiphilic molecules, are an essential part of many soft condensed matter systems where their basic role is to stabilize interfaces between different component materials. These molecules have a tendency to adsorb at interfaces between water and apolar media, solids, liquids, or air. This article begins with an overview of surface tension and surface rheology before turning to bulk aggregates such as micelles. It then describes microemulsions, non-equilibrium systems, emulsions and foams as well as the structure and mechanical characteristics of interfaces, individually and macroscopically (in emulsions and foams), and on the structures formed by surfactant aggregation into micelles and microemulsions. It also examines the case of adsorption at fluid surfaces, such as air–water and oil–water interfaces.
Liquid Crystals
Authors: Lavrentovich Oleg D. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article discusses modern directions of research in liquid crystals (LCs). LCs represent one of the best studied classes of soft matter, along with colloids, polymer solutions and melts, gels, and foams. Phenomena observed in LCs and approaches developed for their description become of heuristic value in other branches of science. This article considers the basic properties of low-molecular weight thermotropic LCs, with an additional emphasis on the developments of the last decade, such as LC colloids. It begins with an overview of thermotropic and lyotropic systems, followed by a review of the concept of order parameter, elasticity, surface anchoring, and topological defects. It also evaluates hybrid systems combining LCs with polymers or colloids, along with new ways of creating mesomorphic systems and the dynamics of LCs, including anisotropic viscosity, director dynamics and the Frederiks transition, and flow induced by thermal expansion. Finally, it describes various applications of LCs.
Physics of Granular Systems
Authors: Blumenfeld Raphael , Edwards Sam F. , Walley Stephen M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article discusses the fundamental physics of granular systems. It begins with an overview of the science of granular matter, followed by a description of the ‘micro’-structure on the granular level. It then considers stress transmission in mechanically equilibrated granular assemblies, focusing on conditions for marginal rigidity, isostaticity theory, and limitations of linear stress theories. It also examines the use of statistical mechanics to analyse and classify granular materials, taking into account the micro-canonical volume ensemble, structural degrees of freedom, the canonical volume ensemble and the quasi-particles of the volume ensemble, the stress ensemble, and the relationship between the volume and stress ensembles. The article concludes with an assessment of recent advances in the ongoing attempt to construct a statistical mechanical theory of granular systems.
Dynamics of Entangled Polymers
Authors: Larson Ronald G. , Wang Zuowei 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article explores the dynamics of entangled polymers, with particular emphasis on how the unusual and often dramatic mechanical properties of concentrated polymer systems are determined by the physics of entanglements. It begins with an overview of the foundations of entangled polymer dynamics, organized around tubes and slip links used in modeling entanglements, the packing length and concentration effects, the results of computer simulations on entanglements, topological contacts, and the effects of large deformations. The focus is on the nature of ‘entanglement’, both from a bottom-up molecular view, and from a phenomenological one. The discussion then turns to the linear viscoelasticity of entangled polymer solutions and melts, along with nonlinear viscoelasticity. Models of polymer dynamics in the linear regime are also described, including the ‘standard tube model’. The article concludes with suggestions for future work.
Locomotor Training and Strength and Balance Exercises for Walking Recovery After Stroke: Response to Number of Training Sessions
Authors: Rose Dorian K. , Nadeau Stephen E. , Wu Samuel S. , Tilson Julie K. , Dobkin Bruce H. , Pei Qinglin , Duncan Pamela W. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
Evidence-based guidelines are needed to inform rehabilitation practice, including the effect of number of exercise training sessions on recovery of walking ability after stroke.

Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the response to increasing number of training sessions of 2 interventions—locomotor training and strength and balance exercises—on poststroke walking recovery.

Design
This is a secondary analysis of the Locomotor Experience Applied Post-Stroke (LEAPS) randomized controlled trial.

Setting
Six rehabilitation sites in California and Florida and participants’ homes were used.

Participants
Participants were adults who dwelled in the community (N=347), had had a stroke, were able to walk at least 3 m (10 ft) with assistance, and had completed the required number of intervention sessions.

Intervention
Participants received 36 sessions (3 times per week for 12 weeks), 90 minutes in duration, of locomotor training (gait training on a treadmill with body-weight support and overground training) or strength and balance training.

Measurements
Talking speed, as measured by the 10-Meter Walk Test, and 6-minute walking distance were assessed before training and following 12, 24, and 36 intervention sessions.

Results
Participants at 2 and 6 months after stroke gained in gait speed and walking endurance after up to 36 sessions of treatment, but the rate of gain diminished steadily and, on average, was very low during the 25- to 36-session epoch, regardless of treatment type or severity of impairment.

Limitations
Results may not generalize to people who are unable to initiate a step at 2 months after stroke or people with severe cardiac disease.

Conclusions
In general, people who dwelled in the community showed improvements in gait speed and walking distance with up to 36 sessions of locomotor training or strength and balance exercises at both 2 and 6 months after stroke. However, gains beyond 24 sessions tended to be very modest. The tracking of individual response trajectories is imperative in planning treatment.
Unexpected mixed-mode transmission and moderate genetic regulation ofSymbiodiniumcommunities in a brooding coral
Authors: Quigley Kate M. , Warner Patricia A. , Bay Line K. , Willis Bette L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDetermining the extent to whichSymbiodiniumcommunities in corals are inherited versus environmentally-acquired is fundamental to understanding coral resilience and to predicting coral responses to stressors like warming oceans that disrupt this critical endosymbiosis. We examined the fidelity with whichSymbiodiniumcommunities in the brooding coralSeriatopora hystrixare vertically transmitted and the extent to which communities are genetically regulated, by genotyping 60 larvae and their parents (9 maternal and 45 paternal colonies) using high throughput sequencing of the ITS-2 locus. Unexpectedly,Symbiodiniumcommunities associated with brooded larvae were distinct from those within parent colonies, including the presence of types not detected in adults. Bayesian heritability (h2) analysis revealed that 33% of variability in larvalSymbiodiniumcommunities was genetically controlled. Results highlight flexibility in the establishment of larval communities and overturn the paradigm that symbiont transmission is exclusively vertical in brooding corals. Instead, we show thatSymbiodiniumtransmission inS. hystrixinvolves a mixed-mode strategy, similar to many terrestrial invertebrate symbioses. Also, variation in the abundances of commonSymbiodiniumtypes among adult communities suggests that microhabitat differences influence the structure ofin hospite Symbiodiniumcommunities. Partial genetic regulation coupled with flexibility in the environmentally-acquired component of larvalSymbiodiniumcommunities implies that corals with vertical transmission, likeS. hystrix,may be more resilient to environmental change than previously thought.
SureMap: Versatile, Error Tolerant, and High Sensitive Read Mapper
Authors: Seraji MohammadJavad Rezaei , Motahari Seyed Abolfazl 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSureMap is a versatile, error tolerant and high sensitive read mapper which is able to map “difficult” reads, those requiring many edit operations to be mapped to the reference genome, with acceptable time complexity. Mapping real datasets reveal that many variants unidentifiable by other mappers can be called using Suremap. Moreover SureMap has a very good running time and accuracy in aligning very long and noisy reads like PacBio and Nanopore against reference genome.
Three-dimensional texture visualization approaches: applications to nickel and titanium alloys
Authors: Callahan Patrick G. , Echlin McLean P. , Stinville Jean Charles , Pollock Tresa M. , Singh Saransh , Ram Farangis , De Graef Marc 
Published: August 2017

This paper applies the three-dimensional visualization techniques explored theoretically by Callahan, Echlin, Pollock, Singh & De Graef [J. Appl. Cryst.(2017),50, 430–440] to a series of experimentally acquired texture data sets, namely a sharp cube texture in a single-crystal Ni-based superalloy, a sharp Goss texture in single-crystal Nb, a random texture in a powder metallurgy polycrystalline René 88-DT alloy and a rolled plate texture in Ti-6Al-4V. Three-dimensional visualizations are shown (and made available as movies as supplementary material) using the Rodrigues, Euler and three-dimensional stereographic projection representations. In addition, it is shown that the true symmetry of Euler space, as derived from a mapping onto quaternion space, is described by the monoclinic color space groupPccin the Opechowski and Guccione nomenclature.
Unlocking hospitality managers career transitions through applying Schein’s career anchors theory
Authors: McGuire David , Polla Giovana , Heidl Britta 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
This paper seeks to unlock the career transitions of hospitality managers through applying Schein’s career anchors theory. It seeks to understand how Schein’s Career Anchors help explain the career transitions of managers in the Scottish hospitality industry.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper adopts a non-sequential multi-method design. All 22 hospitality managers who participated in the study completed an online version of Schein’s Career Anchors containing 40 items covering all eight career anchors. The career histories of participants were then gathered through use of a semi-structured interview. Comparisons were then drawn across the career anchor classification and the data on career transitions collected from participants.

Findings
The results highlight the continued relevance of Schein’s career anchors theory and indicate that Schein’s career anchors theory may constitute a useful tool for understanding hospitality managers’ career needs and engaging in meaningful career planning.

Originality/value
The study provides a useful insight into hospitality managers’ career motivations, and knowledge of career anchors will help hospitality organisations more effectively engage, recruit and retain hospitality managers.
US REITs capital structure determinants and financial economic crisis effects
Authors: Morri Giacomo , Parri Edoardo 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the capital structure determinants through an analysis of 74 All-Equity REITs listed in the US market from 2005 to 2014. Furthermore, the paper aims at understanding the impact of the financial economic crisis (FEC) among the identified explanatory variables.

Design/methodology/approach
A fixed effect panel regression model is performed based on Trade-off Theory (TOT) and Pecking Order Theory as a starting point to provide expectations on the relationships incurring among the identified variables.

Findings
First, while tangibility of assets and crisis evidenced a positive relationship with REITs’ financial leverage, operating risk and growth opportunities variables displayed a negative relationship. Meanwhile, size and profitability did not appear to influence the capital structure. Second, it appears that the positive effects of tangibility of assets and profitability variables on US REITs’ capital structure increased as a consequence of the FEC. Operating risk and growth opportunities variables slightly increased their negative relationship with US REITs’ capital structure after the FEC. The TOT prevails when explaining the economic reality underlying US REITs.

Practical implications
The paper contributes to the understanding of US REITs’ financing decisions within the US market. The FEC also had a substantial indirect impact on the financial leverage determinants of US REITs, the latter being nowadays more oriented to maintaining a flexible capital structure.

Originality/value
The paper provides a comprehensive view of the medium-term effect of the FEC on US REITs’ capital structure.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel antibacterial monoazo disperse dyes based on sulfonamide derivatives on polyester
Authors: Mokhtari Javad , Babaii Bahareh , Akbarzadeh Abolfath , Ferdowsi Parnian 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to present the design and synthesis of a series of novel antibacterial monoazo disperse dyes based on sulfonamide derivatives to combine the dyeing and functional finishing steps on polyester into one process.

Design/methodology/approach
The diazoniom salts of sulfonamides, namely, 4-amino-N-(2-pyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-N-(4-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide and 4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide were prepared and then coupled to N,N-diethyl aniline, N,N-dicyanoethyl aniline and N,N-dihydroxy ethyl aniline, respectively, to produce the dyes.

Findings
The structures of the dyes were characterized using their spectral data (FTIR, 1H-NMR, UV-Vis) and elemental analysis. The results indicated that all the dyes exhibit positive solvatochromism in more polar solvents. Dispersion of the dyes was prepared in water and applied to polyester fabrics. The synthesized dye 3a which had good exhaustion on the fabric (89.98 per cent) and were tinctorially stronger (28899 l/mol.cm) showed higher visual colour yield (16.51). The antibacterial efficacy of the dyes was assessed, and they showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but in different levels depending on their structures.

Research limitations/implications
A simple way to combing functional finishing and dyeing in one process was successfully performed via design and synthesis of disperse dyes with an antibacterial moiety incorporated into dye molecules. The dyes were fully charaterized and evaluated on polyester.

Originality/value
A series of novel antibacterial monoazo disperse dyes based on sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized. The authors studied their application for dyeing of polyester fabric. The dyes offered good results in terms of preparation, yield, purity, visual colour yield, fastness properties and activity against bacteria.
Synthesis of novel dyes based on curcumin for the creation of antibacterial silk fabrics
Authors: Gaffer Hatem , Mashaly Hamada , Abdel-Rhman Shaymaa Hassan , Hammouda Mamdouh 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The study reported in this paper aims to synthesize some new curcumin containing sulphadiazine and sulphathiazole dyestuffs and study their application in dyeing silk fabrics rendering the dyed fabric antibacterial.

Design/methodology/approach
Simultaneous dyeing and antibacterial finishing for silk fabric using a new antibacterial acid dye having a modified chemical structure to curcumin were conducted. This modification of curcumin dye was carried out by introducing sulphonamide containing heterocyclic rings sulphadiazine and sulfathiazole through coupling with curcumin. All newly synthesized dyes were characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, 1H-NMR and MS). The dyeing characteristics of these dyestuffs were evaluated at optimum conditions. Antibacterial activities of the dyed samples at different concentrations of both dyes were studied against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium) bacteria.

Findings
The synthesized curcumin-containing sulphonamide dyes were applied on silk fabrics. The modified dyes exhibited good fastness properties compared to curcumin dye at optimum conditions. It was found that synthesized dyes exhibit good fastness and antibacterial properties efficient against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The dyed silk fabrics showed higher antibacterial efficacy after many times of washing.

Originality/value
Curcumin, a common natural dye used for fabric and food colouration, was used as an antimicrobial finish due to its bactericidal properties on dyed textiles. A common dyeing process could provide textiles with colour as well as antimicrobial properties. Novel antibacterial dyestuff containing curcumin moieties with sulphonamide coupler components were shown to be an interesting natural colorant for silk with high antimicrobial ability of the dyed silk fabrics. This work has afforded a new acid dye that can be used in medical textile.
Physico-chemical characterisation of epoxy acrylate resin from jatropha seed oil
Authors: Jusoh Taib Emiliana Rose , Abdullah Luqman Chuah , Aung Min Min , Basri Mahiran , Salleh Mek Zah , Saalah Sariah , Mamat Suhaini , Chee Ching Yern , Wong Jia Li 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to demonstrate the synthesis of polyesterification reaction of non-edible jatropha seed oil (JO) and acrylic acid, which leads to the production of acrylated epoxidised-based resin. To understand the physico-chemical characteristics when synthesis the JO-based epoxy acrylate, the effect of temperature on the reaction, concentration of acrylic acid and role of catalyst on reaction time and acid value were studied.

Design/methodology/approach
First, the double bond in JO was functionalised by epoxidation using the solvent-free performic method. The subsequent process was acrylation with acrylic acid using the base catalyst triethylamine and 4-methoxyphenol as an inhibitor respectively. The physico-chemical characteristics during the synthesis of the epoxy acrylate such as acid value was monitored and analysed. The formation of the epoxy and acrylate group was confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

Findings
The optimum reaction condition was achieved at a ratio of epoxidised JO to acrylic acid of 1:1.5 and the reaction temperature of 110°C. This was indicated by the acid value reduction from 86 to 15 mg KOH/g sample at 6 hours.

Practical implications
The JO-based epoxy acrylate synthesised has a potential to be used in formulations the prepolymer resin for UV curable coating applications. The JO which is from natural resources and is sustainable raw materials that possible reduce the dependency on petroleum-based coating.

Originality/value
The epoxidised jatropha seed oil epoxy acrylate was synthesised, as a new type of oligomer resin that contains a reactive acrylate group, which can be alternative to petroleum-based coating and can used further in the formulation of the radiation curable coating.
Ecological factors influencing the beneficial endosymbionts of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)
Authors: Mech Angela M. , Harper Sherilyn J. , Havill Nathan P. , von Dohlen Carol D. , Burke Gaelen R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBacterial endosymbionts of sap‐sucking insects provide their host with a number of beneficial qualities, including the supply of nutrition, defense against parasitoids, and protection from heat stress. Damage to these bacterial associates can therefore have a negative impact on the fitness of their insect host. We evaluated observational and experimental factors regarding the nonnative hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugaeAnnand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) to help understand the roles of its three recently identified symbionts, including under heat stress conditions. The prevalence ofA. tsugae’s facultative symbiont (Serratia symbiotica) was examined at different spatial scales to determine how variable infection rates are for this symbiont. There was no significant difference found in infection rates between adelgids on a tree, within a plot, or within a state. However, significantly more adelgids in Georgia (95%) hadS. symbioticacompared to those in New York (68%). Microsatellite genotyping of the adelgids found that this difference was most likely not the result of a second introduction ofA. tsugaeinto eastern North America. Comparison ofS. symbioticaproportions between first and fourth instars showed that symbiont absence did not affect the ability ofA. tsugaeto survive aestivation. Evaluations of symbiont densities within each adelgid found that whenS. symbioticawas absent, the density of obligate symbionts was significantly higher. Exposure to heat stress (32.5 °C) was not consistently correlated with changes in symbiont densities over a 4‐d period. Overall, we have shown that symbiont prevalence and densities vary within the broad population ofA. tsugaein eastern North America, with potentially significant effects upon the ecology of this important pest.
Building the Ties that Bind, Breaking the Ties that Don't
Authors: Boman John H. , Mowen Thomas J. 
Published: August 2017

Research SummaryAlthough family support is an important protective factor against recidivism, less is known about how the domain of family works with other elements of the risk–need–responsivity model. By using the Serious and Violent Offenders Reentry Initiative (SVORI) data, we explore whether family and criminal peers have (a) independent and (b) interdependent effects on substance abuse and crime after release from prison. The outcomes of multilevel models demonstrate that the risk factor of criminal peers is as strong, or stronger, of a predictor of substance abuse and crime as is the protective factor of family support for offenders during reentry.Policy ImplicationsInstitution‐based policies aimed primarily at improving family ties for reentering offenders must begin focusing as much on peers as they do on family. These programs should instead focus on improving family ties (thereby increasing a protective factor) while focusing on severing the offender's relationships with criminally inclined friends (thereby decreasing a risk factor).