bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application to the Reciprocating Compressor Condition Monitoring Using Vibration Models
Authors: Mori Yoshifumi , Saito Takashi , Nakamura Takenori , Fujita Katsuhide 
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study is to establish a new monitoring technique to detect the state of sliding portion and connecting portion, where it is known that some failure often occurs.
In this paper, we examined the feasibility of estimation for the state in which the support rigidity of the sliding portion using the vibration characteristics in the experiment for a small experimental equipment and in the eigenvalue analysis based on the mathematical model. To simulate the change of the rigidity for the sliding portion, we employ two kinds of material, carbon and molybdenum steel as the ring bush of the ground support. To obtain the natural frequencies and modes for both the case, the impact tests are carried out for several crank angles in the small experimental apparatus as the vibration characteristics is depend upon the crank angle. Based on the obtained natural frequencies, the parameter identification was carried out. As a result, it showed the possibility of estimating the characteristics of the sliding portion by focusing on the natural vibration characteristics.
Numerical Modeling for the Energy Conversion and Thermal Transmission Accompanying the Process of Oily Cuttings Agitation
Authors: Sun Zhipeng , Zhu Hongwu , Hua Jian 
Published: February 2017

As a kind of unconventional gas reservoirs, shale gas reservoirs are full of potential to develop and have attracted global attention. Accompanying the exploiting of shale gas, a large amount of drilling cuttings contaminated by the oil-based drilling fluid are generated inevitably. How to deal with the drilling cuttings in a environmental-friendly way is tough especially for offshore oilfield. So it is important to investigate this aspect deeply and develop methods to clean the contaminated drilling cuttings. As is known to all, the thermal desorption technology has outstanding performance in oily cuttings cleaning. This paper bases on a kind of mechanical-thermal cuttings cleaning apparatus where the contaminated drilling cuttings are heated up by friction heat produced by the friction between the cuttings and the agitating vanes. And the harmful substance is separated from the cuttings in the agitated and high temperature flow field. This thesis investigates the fundamental of the energy conversion in the frictional process, infer formulas analyzing the thermo-physical phenomena and quantitatively model the energy conversion and thermal transmission accompanying the friction.
Firstly, the principle of heat transfer and the law of conservation of energy are employed to investigate the natural law of the energy conversion in the frictional process. Based on the investigation, taking the liquid bridge between the oily cuttings and the agitating vane into account, this paper deduces the physical equations and the frictional energy model to calculate the total frictional heat, heat density and temperature distribution.
Following up the frictional model, in the Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling framework, this paper develops a parallel numerical platform of computational fluid dynamics combined with discrete element method (CFD-DEM). In the coupling approach, the gas motion is solved at the computational grid level while the solid motion is resolved at the particle-scale level. Furthermore, the coupling approach is extended with the frictional energy model. The numerical platform can calculate the dense gas-solid motion in the fluidizing apparatus, the convective heat transfer between gas and solid phase, and the conductive heat transfer between particles. Based on the platform, the mechanical-thermal energy conversion and the convective heat transfer between gas and oily cuttings, and the conductive heat transfer between cuttings and the agitating vanes are investigated. Meanwhile an experiment is conducted. By comparing the numerical results with the experiment data, the paper can come to the conclusion that how to dispose the nonlinear parameters such as the friction contact area, the friction coefficient and the normal pressure is the key to accurately model the energy conversion and the heat transmission. What’s more, it can be understood that the convective heat transfer between gas and solid phase play an important role in the heat transmission.
Thermal Enhancement of an LED Light Engine for Automotive Exterior Lighting With Advanced Heat Spreader Technology
Authors: Uras Umut Zeynep , Tamdoğan Enes , Arık Mehmet 
Published: February 2017

In recent years, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have become an attractive technology for general and automotive illumination systems. LEDs have been preferable for automobile lighting due to its numerous advantages such as long life, low power consumption, optical control and light quality as well as robustness for high vibration. Thermal management is one of the main issues due to severe ambient conditions and compact volume. Conventionally, tightly packaged double sided FR4 based printed circuit boards are utilized for both driver electronics components and LEDs. In fact, this approach will be a leading trend for advanced Internet of Things (IOT) applications in near future.
A series of numerical models are developed to determine the local temperature distribution on both sides of a light engine. Results showed that FR4 PCB has a temperature gradient of over 63°C while the maximum temperature is 105°C. This causes a significant degradation of lifetime and lumen extraction as many LEDs are recommended to be operated below 100°C. In addition to FR4, Aluminum metal core and vapor chamber based advanced heat spreader substrates are developed to obtain thermal impact on the substrate due to a wide range of thermal conductivity of three boards. To mimic real application, two special flex circuits are developed for LEDs and driver circuit. 10 red and 6 amber LEDs at one flex-PCB, and driver components are populated on the other flex-PCB are mounted. Both flex circuits are attached each side of the substrate. Experimental results showed that the local hotspots occurred at FR4 PCB due to low thermal conductivity. Later, a metal core printed circuit board is investigated to minimalize local hot spots. High conductivity metal core PCB showed a 19.9% improvement over FR4 based board. A further study has been performed with an advanced heat spreader based on vapor chamber technology. Results showed that a thermal enhancement of 7.4% and 25.8% over Al metal core and FR4 based boards with an advanced vapor chamber substrate.
Integrated Computational Approach for Heat Exchangers Design
Authors: Goh Chung-Hyun , Fumo Nelson , Ming Zhenjun 
Published: February 2017

Heat exchangers are present in a variety of processes and industries. Increasing system efficiency is the most effective method and one of the greatest concerns in reducing energy consumption. In this paper we applied an integrated design approach to heat exchangers design, which combines the Integrated Multi-Scale Robust Design (IMRD) with the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). As a case study, a double-pipe heat exchanger was used.
The IMRD performs the horizontal integration in the Process-Structure-Property-Performance (P-S-P-P) relationship through forward modeling and inductive exploration processes, while the vertical integration in the P-S-P-P relationship is accomplished by adopting localization and homogenization concepts.
For the proposed application into heat exchangers, the IMRD explores solution spaces and suggests feasible solution ranges for improving the thermal-hydraulic performance, while the GRA evaluates the relative importance of design variables in the heat exchanger.
In the preliminary study, it is found that the feasible solution range is significantly reduced for maximizing the heat transfer rate, compared to the equally balanced function, while the feasible solution range is less sensitive in minimizing annular pump power. To validate the IMRD simulation results from a CFD model are used.
A Methodological Approach to Support the Design of Induction Hobs
Authors: Landi Daniele , Cicconi Paolo , Germani Michele , Russo Anna Costanza 
Published: February 2017

Nowadays in many industrial applications, i.e. electrical household appliances, it is necessary to have a robust and safe control for some variables involved in the analysis of the performances of different products. In addition, the recent eco-design directives require products increasingly eco-friendly and eco-efficient, preserving high-performance but a low power consumption. For these reasons, the physical prototypes of products require many expensive and complex tests in term of time, resources and qualified personnel involved. To overcome these limitations, the proposed approach is focused on the use of virtual prototyping tools, which support and reduce the expensive physical experiments.
The main objective of this paper is the development, implementation and testing of an innovative methodology, which could be an improvement for the sustainable design of induction hobs.
Induction heating applied to the domestic cooking has significantly evolved since the first cooking hobs appeared. Different issues such as maximum power available for heating a pot, dimensional compactness of the hobs, or inverter electronics efficiency have achieved a great development.
The proposed methodology provides the development of a multi-physic model which is able to estimate the efficiency of the induction hobs starting from the design data of the project. In particular, the multi-physic model is composed by an electromagnetic simulation and a thermal simulation. The electromagnetic simulation, starting from electrical values such as voltage, current and frequency, is able to simulate the eddy current induced in the bottom of the pot, and resistance leads to the Joulean heating of the material. The thermal simulation is able to measure the energy consumption during the operational phase and the temperature reached by the materials. Therefore, the thermal power obtained by the Joulean heating is, at the same time, the output of the electromagnetic simulation and the input of the thermal one.
The proposed model can be applied to design product and simulate the performance considering different operating conditions such as different types of cookers, different coils and different materials. Through the use of virtual prototyping tools is possible to control the heat flux on the whole system (stove, pot, water), and to evaluate the energy efficiency during the operational phase. The proposed tool makes the product-engineer more aware about decision-making strategies in order to achieve an energy saving, calculated over the whole life cycle.
Correlation of Strain on Instrumentation to Simulated Posterolateral Lumbar Fusion in a Sheep Model
Authors: Munro Deborah S. , Gupta Munish C. 
Published: February 2017

Determining the stability and integrity of posterolateral lumbar spinal fusions continues to be one of the leading challenges facing surgeons today. Radiographs have long been the gold standard for evaluating spinal fusion, but they often give delayed or inaccurate results.
It is the goal of this research to develop a new method for determining the strength and stability of a posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion using a sensor based on two strain gauges attached to a spinal rod. It was hypothesized that the spinal implants, in particular the plates or rods, would respond to this change in strain as the stiffness of the fusion increased.
To investigate this hypothesis, an in vitro sheep model of the lumbar spine was developed and bony fusion was simulated with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), also known as bone cement. Eight sheep spines were prepared for use in a test fixture that applied a physiological moment of 5 Nm in flexion. One of the spinal rods was instrumented with two strain gauges in a Wheatstone half bridge, and all of the results were ported directly to a data collection system on a dynamic fatigue test machine.
For each spine, the magnitude of the strain was plotted versus amount of simulated fusion. To evaluate the effect of simulated fusion, a moving average of the slope of three sequential strain values was used.
The results showed there is a strong correlation between strain and spinal fusion and that a computer algorithm could be developed that would be more accurate than current techniques in predicting when a spinal fusion is mature enough for a patient to resume normal activities.
Effect of Chemical Fuel Additives on Liquid Fuel Saving, and Emissions for Heavy Fuel Oil
Authors: Emara Ahmed 
Published: February 2017

As fossil fuel resources are considered non-renewable sources of fuel, they will be totally consumed in the near or far future. Due to the intensive and extensive consumption of these fossil fuels in all life sectors such as transportation, power generation, industrial processes, and residential consumption, it is important to find other new methods to cover this fuel demand. Fuel additives are chemicals used to enhance fuel combustion performance, save fuel amounts required for combustion, and correct deficiencies in power and efficiency during consumption. The fuel additives are blended with the traditional fuel even by parts per million range for controlling chemical contaminants and emission reduction.
In the present work, the experimental measurements were done, to evaluate the effect of fuel additive blending with the raw heavy fuel oil (Mazut) on fuel saving which is of a great significance, emissions control, and combustion characteristics as well as the combustion efficiency. These measurements are as follows: initial temperature of Mazut, exhaust gas temperature at the end of combustor, air and fuel mass flow rates to determine the heat load, inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water, mass flow rate of water, concentration of different exhaust gases, acoustic (noise level) measurements, smoke number, and flame length. These measurements are performed using swirled vanes, co-axial, and double heavy fuel nozzle (1.5 gal/hr for each one) burner with maximum heating load of 550 kW.
GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis was performed by using Hewlett Packard model 5890 equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) to identify the fuel additives substances within the tested samples.
The results reveal that the use of fuel additives improves the combustion characteristics and play an important role in fuel saving as well as emission and combustion process.
Differences in Predicted Flow-Induced Vibration of Submarine Pipelines Considering Cross-Flow and Inline Oscillations and its Influence in Fatigue-Life
Authors: Dominguez Anthony , Blanco Armando , Casanova Euro , Loaiza Nelson , García Janneth 
Published: February 2017

In offshore facilities, the most widely spread way to transport fluids in relatively short distances is through submarine pipelines. These structures are subject to internal and external forces. Nowadays, most of the proposed models to study submarine pipelines subjected to vortex induced vibrations feature a circular cylinder, submitted to a cross-flow, and are able to display oscillations in just the transverse direction to the fluid flow velocity.
In this paper three different models that consider a two-dimensional fluid flow around a pipeline were studied via ANSYS CFX®, for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 700, with the purpose of determining the limitations of the 1-DOF models based on the Strouhal number and lift and drag coefficients and account its influence in fatigue lifespan. These models consisted of a static cylinder — i.e. no oscillations —, a cylinder with 1-DOF — i.e. cross-flow oscillations — and a cylinder with 2-DOF — i.e. cross-flow and inline oscillations —.
It was found that, although fluid flow Reynolds numbers were very small as to make the submarine pipeline models fall within the finite-life region, a 1-DOF model is accurate enough to predict fatigue lifespan, since it presents respect to the 2-DOF model little deviation in the chosen comparison parameters.
Three Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Particle Deposition in Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Process
Authors: Jen Tien-Chien , Pan Yen-Ting , Zhu Lin , Chen Qinghua 
Published: February 2017

Cold gas dynamics spraying (CGDS) is a process employing aerodynamics particle acceleration and high-speed impact dynamics surface-coating technology. The main advantages of CGDS include : (1) A low level of residual stresses; (2) CGDS can collect and reuse the undeposited particle more efficient than thermal spray processes; (3) Coatings can be deposited on materials that are temperature-sensitive; (4) Thick coatings can be produced to allow for free-standing structures or for rapid prototyping; (5) CGDS is safer because it is operated in low temperatures and low noise levels (6) Easy implementation due to its simplicity of technical design; (7). CGDS could produce high thermal and electrical conductivity of coatings.
In the CGDS process, a high-pressure gas stream (generally 20–30 atm) carries metal particles (usually 1–50 μm in diameter) through a DeLaval type nozzle to reach a supersonic velocity before impact on the substrate. Typically, the impact velocities in the CGDS process range from 300 to 1200 m/s. When the particle exceeds the minimum deposition speed, adiabatic shear instabilities occur. This minimum deposition speed is also called critical velocity. In this paper, single particle impact simulations were performed to investigate the critical velocities of different particle sizes on the bonding process. This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical analysis of the particle critical velocity on the bonding efficiency in Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS) process by using ABAQUS/CAE 6.9-EF1. The particle impact temperature in CGDS is one of the most important factors that can determine the properties of the bonding strength to the substrate. In the CGDS process, bonding occurs when the impact velocity of particles exceed a critical velocity, which can reach minimum interface temperature of 60% of melting temperature in °C. The critical velocity depends not only on the particle size, but also the particle material. Therefore, critical velocity should have a strong effect on the coating quality. In the present numerical analysis, impact velocities were increased in steps of 100 m/s from the lowest simulated impact velocity of 300 m/s. This study illustrates the substrate deformations and the transient impact temperature distribution between particle(s) and substrate. In this paper, an explicit numerical scheme was used to investigate the critical velocity of different sizes of particle during the bonding process. Finally, the computed results are compared with the experimental data. Copper particles (Cu) and Aluminum substrate (Al) were chosen as the materials of simulation.
The Effect of Interfacial Microstructures on Joining Strength of Polymer-Metal Hybrid Interface
Authors: Shen Le , Sun Lingyu , Li Lijun , Huang Bincheng , Ye Xiao 
Published: February 2017

The high strength steel (HSS) material has high stiffness and strength, which is usually applied in load-bearing structures, but its density is also high. Although the glass fiber-reinforced polymer material has low density and excellent designability, they couldn’t be used as a structural element solely due to their low absolute stiffness and strength. Polymer Metal Hybrid (PMH) structure combines polymer with metal and take the advantages of both materials, that could achieve both the light weight and excellent mechanical properties. The main problem of this technology is that the connection strength of the two materials is possibly insufficient.
This paper takes the polypropylene/HSS hybrid structure as an example, and studies the influence of interface microstructure on the bonding strength. Four kinds of micro-scale interfacial geometry, the smooth plane, the triangular serrated, the rectangular serrated and the mechanical interlocking, were modeled and compared with each other. Under the bending, tension and shear loads, respectively, the bonding strength were studied using analytical method and finite element simulation. It is found that the microstructure geometry has important effect on bonding strength. When the ratio of polymer modulus to HSS modulus rises, the interfacial strength and ultra load-bearing capability increase. The optimal interfacial microstructure for different loading type will be suggested, which is very useful to the design of PMH structures.
Designing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Specific Aerial Applications of Insecticides and Herbicides
Authors: Mayeed Mohammed S. , Darveau Gabriel 
Published: February 2017

In this study a gasoline powered hexa-copter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been designed as a solution to farmers’ need for a low cost, easy to maintain, long flight duration, and multi-purpose means of specific aerial applications for insecticides and herbicides.
Application of herbicides and pesticides by airplane is an example of how farmers have used technology to improve their bottom line and overall quality of life. Fields can now be sprayed in under an hour instead of consuming an entire day. However, if a producer has noxious weeds in only a small area, fixed-wing aerial application cannot be used as it is only accurate enough to do an entire field. Currently there is no solution for small scale, accurate, aerial herbicide application to meet this need. The currently available Yamaha Rmax UAV costs a tremendous amount of money and also requires a lot of money to maintain. Though it may be useful in large scale aerial spraying on the farm land, it would not be used in targeted specific areas as it is not efficient in specific applications.
The gasoline powered hexacopter UAV designed in this study is a low cost solution to farmers’ need for specific aerial applications of insecticides and herbicides. The UAV design can carry 2–3 gallons of herbicide (16.7–25.0 lbs.) for a flight time of more than 30 minutes without refueling. The design could be transported in a 60.3in × 56.7in pickup bed.
Structural and fatigue analyses are performed on the complete structure using state of the art software SolidWorks Simulation. The minimum factor of safety is obtained to be 10 based on maximum von Mises stress failure criteria. Under normal conditions with an estimated commercial use of 100 cycles per day it is observed that the design would survive for about 13 years without any fatigue failure. A drop test analysis is performed to ensure the design can survive a 5 feet freefall and a frequency analysis is also performed to observe the critical natural frequency of the structure. Flow simulations are performed on the 6 propellers/blades model using state of the art software SolidWorks Flow Simulation to observe the effect of vorticity interactions on the lift force. The design has been reasonably optimized based on maximizing the lift force.
With this new UAV design small scale and substantial farmers could afford a personal UAV for aerial applications with a small amount of capital whose absence hindered efficient and effective specific aerial application for many years.