bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Is a Critical Downstream Mediator for Hypoxia-Induced Mitogenic Factor (FIZZ1/RELMα)–Induced Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Johns Roger A. , Takimoto Eiki , Meuchel Lucas W. , Elsaigh Esra , Zhang Ailan , Heller Nicola M. , Semenza Gregg L. , Yamaji-Kegan Kazuyo 
Published: December 2015

Objective—
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by progressive elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure, and ultimately death. We have shown that in rodents, hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF; also known as FIZZ1 or resistin-like molecule-β) causes PH by initiating lung vascular inflammation. We hypothesized that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a critical downstream signal mediator of HIMF during PH development.

Approach and Results—

In this study, we compared the degree of HIMF-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH development in wild-type (HIF-1α
+/+
) and HIF-1α heterozygous null (HIF-1α
+/−
) mice. HIMF-induced PH was significantly diminished in HIF-1α
+/−
mice and was accompanied by a dysregulated vascular endothelial growth factor-A–vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 pathway. HIF-1α was critical for bone marrow–derived cell migration and vascular tube formation in response to HIMF. Furthermore, HIMF and its human homolog, resistin-like molecule-β, significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6 in macrophages and lung resident cells through a mechanism dependent on HIF-1α and, at least to some extent, on nuclear factor κB.

Conclusions—
Our results suggest that HIF-1α is a critical downstream transcription factor for HIMF-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH development. Importantly, both HIMF and human resistin-like molecule-β significantly increased IL-6 in lung resident cells and increased perivascular accumulation of IL-6–expressing macrophages in the lungs of mice. These data suggest that HIMF can induce HIF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and interleukin-6, which are critical mediators of both hypoxic inflammation and PH pathophysiology.
Quality of Life With Ivabradine in Patients With Angina Pectoris
Authors: Tendera Michal , Chassany Olivier , Ferrari Roberto , Ford Ian , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Tardif Jean-Claude , Fox Kim 
Published: December 2015

Background—

To explore the effect of ivabradine on angina-related quality of life (QoL) in patients participating in the Study Assessing the Morbidity–Mortality Benefits of the
I
f
Inhibitor Ivabradine in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (SIGNIFY) QoL substudy.

Methods and Results—

QoL was evaluated in a prespecified subgroup of SIGNIFY patients with angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society class score, ≥2 at baseline) using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire and a generic visual analogue scale on health status. Data were available for 4187 patients (2084 ivabradine and 2103 placebo). There were improvements in QoL in both treatment groups. The primary outcome of change in physical limitation score at 12 months was 4.56 points for ivabradine versus 3.40 points for placebo (
E
, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, –0.14 to 2.05;
P
=0.085). The ivabradine−placebo difference in physical limitation score was significant at 6 months (
P
=0.048). At 12 months, the visual analogue scale and the other Seattle Angina Questionnaire dimensions were higher among ivabradine-treated patients, notably angina frequency (
P
<0.001) and disease perception (
P
=0.006). Patients with the worst QoL at baseline (ie, those in the lowest tertile of score) had the best improvement in QoL for 12 months, with improvements in physical limitation and a significant reduction in angina frequency (
P
=0.034). The effect on QoL was maintained over the study duration, and ivabradine patients had better scores on angina frequency at every visit to 36 months.

Conclusions—
Treatment with ivabradine did not affect the primary outcome of change in physical limitation score at 12 months. It did produce consistent improvements in other self-reported QoL parameters related to angina pectoris, notably in terms of angina frequency and disease perception.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.isrctn.com
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN61576291.
Improved Neurological Outcome With Mild Hypothermia in Surviving Patients With Massive Cerebral Hemispheric Infarction
Authors: Su Yingying , Fan Linlin , Zhang Yunzhou , Zhang Yan , Ye Hong , Gao Daiquan , Chen Weibi , Liu Gang 
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose—
We conducted this randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of therapeutic hypothermia on mortality and neurological outcome in patients with massive cerebral hemispheric infarction.

Methods—
Patients within 48 hours of symptom onset were randomized to either a hypothermia group or a control group. Patients in the hypothermia group were given standard medical treatment plus endovascular hypothermia with a target temperature of 33 or 34°C. Hypothermia was maintained for a minimum of 24 hours. Patients in the control group were given standard medical treatment only with a target temperature of normothermia. The primary end points were mortality and the modified Rankin Scale score at 6 months.

Results—

There were 16 patients in the hypothermia group and 17 patients in the control group. At 6 months, 8 patients had died in the hypothermia group versus 7 patients in the control group (
P
=0.732). The main cause of death was fatal herniation caused by a pronounced rise in intracranial pressure. Seven patients (43.8%) had a modified Rankin Scale of 1 to 3 in the hypothermia group versus 4 patients (23.5%) in the control group (
P
=0.282). Additionally, of the survivors, patients in the hypothermia group achieved better neurological outcomes compared with those in the control group (7/8, 87.5% versus 4/10, 40.0%;
P
=0.066; odds ratio=10.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.9–121.4).

Conclusions—
Mild hypothermia seems to not reduce mortality in patients with massive cerebral hemispheric infarction but may improve the neurological outcome in survivors. An adequately powered multicenter randomized controlled trial seems warranted.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.chictr.org.cn
. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-TCS-12002680.
Timing Matters? Learning of Complex Spatiotemporal Sequences in Left-hemisphere Stroke Patients
Authors: Dovern Anna , Fink Gereon R. , Timpert David C. , Saliger Jochen , Karbe Hans , Weiss Peter H. , Koch Iring 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
During rehabilitation after stroke motor sequence learning is of particular importance because considerable effort is devoted to (re)acquiring lost motor skills. Previous studies suggest that implicit motor sequence learning is preserved in stroke patients but were restricted to the spatial dimension, although the timing of single action components is as important as their spatial order. As the left parietal cortex is known to play a critical role in implicit timing and spatiotemporal integration, in this study we applied an adapted version of the SRT task designed to assess both spatial (different stimulus locations) and temporal (different response–stimulus intervals) aspects of motor learning to 24 right-handed patients with a single left-hemisphere (LH) stroke and 24 age-matched healthy controls. Implicit retrieval of sequence knowledge was tested both at Day 1 and after 24 hr (Day 2). Additionally, voxel-based lesion symptom mapping was used to investigate the neurobiological substrates of the behavioral effects. Although LH stroke patients showed a combined spatiotemporal learning effect that was comparable to that observed in controls, LH stroke patients did not show learning effects for the learning probes in which only one type of sequence information was maintained whereas the other one was randomized. Particularly on Day 2, patients showed significantly smaller learning scores for these two learning probes than controls. Voxel-based lesion symptom mapping analyses revealed for all learning probes that diminished learning scores on Day 2 were associated with lesions of the striatum. This might be attributed to its role in motor chunking and offline consolidation as group differences occurred on Day 2 only. The current results suggest that LH stroke patients rely on multimodal information (here: temporal and spatial information) when retrieving motor sequence knowledge and are very sensitive to any disruption of the learnt sequence information as they seem to build very rigid chunks preventing them from forming independent spatial and temporal sequence representations.
The Speed of Serial Attention Shifts in Visual Search: Evidence from the N2pc Component
Authors: Grubert Anna , Eimer Martin 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Finding target objects among distractors in visual search display is often assumed to be based on sequential movements of attention between different objects. However, the speed of such serial attention shifts is still under dispute. We employed a search task that encouraged the successive allocation of attention to two target objects in the same search display and measured N2pc components to determine how fast attention moved between these objects. Each display contained one digit in a known color (fixed-color target) and another digit whose color changed unpredictably across trials (variable-color target) together with two gray distractor digits. Participants' task was to find the fixed-color digit and compare its numerical value with that of the variable-color digit. N2pc components to fixed-color targets preceded N2pc components to variable-color digits, demonstrating that these two targets were indeed selected in a fixed serial order. The N2pc to variable-color digits emerged approximately 60 msec after the N2pc to fixed-color digits, which shows that attention can be reallocated very rapidly between different target objects in the visual field. When search display durations were increased, thereby relaxing the temporal demands on serial selection, the two N2pc components to fixed-color and variable-color targets were elicited within 90 msec of each other. Results demonstrate that sequential shifts of attention between different target locations can operate very rapidly at speeds that are in line with the assumptions of serial selection models of visual search.
Information Processing in the Mental Workspace Is Fundamentally Distributed
Authors: Schlegel Alexander , Alexander Prescott , Tse Peter U. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The brain is a complex, interconnected information processing network. In humans, this network supports a mental workspace that enables high-level abilities such as scientific and artistic creativity. Do the component processes underlying these abilities occur in discrete anatomical modules, or are they distributed widely throughout the brain? How does the flow of information within this network support specific cognitive functions? Current approaches have limited ability to answer such questions. Here, we report novel multivariate methods to analyze information flow within the mental workspace during visual imagery manipulation. We find that mental imagery entails distributed information flow and shared representations throughout the cortex. These findings challenge existing, anatomically modular models of the neural basis of higher-order mental functions, suggesting that such processes may occur at least in part at a fundamentally distributed level of organization. The novel methods we report may be useful in studying other similarly complex, high-level informational processes.
Visual Cortical Representation of Whole Words and Hemifield-split Word Parts
Authors: Strother Lars , Coros Alexandra M. , Vilis Tutis 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Reading requires the neural integration of visual word form information that is split between our retinal hemifields. We examined multiple visual cortical areas involved in this process by measuring fMRI responses while observers viewed words that changed or repeated in one or both hemifields. We were specifically interested in identifying brain areas that exhibit decreased fMRI responses as a result of repeated versus changing visual word form information in each visual hemifield. Our method yielded highly significant effects of word repetition in a previously reported visual word form area (VWFA) in occipitotemporal cortex, which represents hemifield-split words as whole units. We also identified a more posterior occipital word form area (OWFA), which represents word form information in the right and left hemifields independently and is thus both functionally and anatomically distinct from the VWFA. Both the VWFA and the OWFA were left-lateralized in our study and strikingly symmetric in anatomical location relative to known face-selective visual cortical areas in the right hemisphere. Our findings are consistent with the observation that category-selective visual areas come in pairs and support the view that neural mechanisms in left visual cortex—especially those that evolved to support the visual processing of faces—are developmentally malleable and become incorporated into a left-lateralized visual word form network that supports rapid word recognition and reading.
Oreocharis pilosopetiolata, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southeastern Guangdong, China
Authors: Yang Li-Hua , Zhou Ji-Gang , Xu Ping , Chen Zhi-Tao , Lu Yong-Hui , Kang Ming 
Published: December 2015

Oreocharis pilosopetiolata, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southeastern Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated. This species resembles O. benthamii var. benthamii, O. benthamii var. reticulata and O. xiangguiensis, but it differs from these species by its leaf and indumentum characters, which are discussed in this paper.
Microelectrode Velocity Effects and Aquatic Eddy Covariance Measurements under Waves
Authors: Reimers Clare E. , Özkan-Haller H. Tuba , Albright Andrea T. , Berg Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInterest in validating the eddy covariance (EC) technique under wave-induced flows led to a series of experiments in a 104-m-long large wave flume (LWF) using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and two oxygen microelectrodes (tips ~2 mm apart) mounted on a sturdy tripod. Four additional ADVs positioned within the flume provided comparative near-bed velocity measurements during experiments with irregular waves over a sand bed. These measurements revealed that modifications of local turbulence by the tripod frame were insignificant. However, errors in velocity measurements were at times observed for setups where the microelectrode tips protruded into the ADV’s measurement volume. Disparate oxygen microelectrode velocity effects (stirring sensitivities) combined with response time offsets were also identified as problems, adding biases to EC flux derivations. Microelectrode velocity effects were further investigated through modeling designed to mimic the LWF data, and through examination of a 12-h dataset from the Oregon shelf. The modeling showed that under progressive waves, an artificial EC flux, or bias, arises most severely when the velocity sensitivity of the microelectrode is unequal in opposing flow directions or augmented by horizontal currents, and the velocity and oxygen data are not perfectly aligned in time. Sensitivities to wave motions were seen in the oxygen measurements from the Oregon shelf, contributing to an average flux of +2.7 ± 0.6 mmol m−2day−1(SE,n= 22) at wave frequencies. Since overall EC fluxes equaled only −4.1 ± 1.8 mmol m−2day−1(SE,n= 22), sources of EC biasing coupled to waves cannot be ruled out as potential problems for estimating exact benthic oxygen fluxes under common continental shelf field conditions.
Sex Differences in Knee Flexion Angle During a Rapid Change of Direction While Running
Authors: Sheu Christopher L. , Gray Aaron M. , Brown David , Smith Brian A. 
Published: December 2015

Background: Females experience greater overall rates of athletic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than males. The specific mechanisms of the predisposition remain unclear. Hypothesis: Modeling of knee kinematics has shown that the more extended the knee joint, the greater the strain on the ACL. The authors hypothesized that female athletes would have a lesser degree of knee flexion than male athletes at initial ground contact while performing change-of-direction cutting maneuvers. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty female and 20 male high school soccer athletes with at least 1 year of experience were recruited for the study. Athletes were excluded if they had a history of any major lower limb injury or current knee pain causing a reduction in training and/or competition. Reflective markers were attached at the greater trochanter of the femur, the lateral epicondyle of the knee, and the lateral malleolus of the ankle to enable motion capture. Each athlete performed 6 change-of-direction maneuvers in random order in front of 2 cameras. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine differences between the sexes from the motion data captured; P < .05 defined significance. Results: Statistically significant differences existed in knee flexion angles between male and female participants at the 90° and 135° cutting angles. At 90°, males and females showed initial contact knee flexion angles (mean ± SD) of 39.0° ± 6.8° and 29.3° ± 6.2°, respectively ( P < .0001), and mean maximum flexion angles of 56.4° ± 6.9° and 49.7° ± 7.0°, respectively ( P = .0036). At 135°, males and females showed mean initial contact knee flexion angles of 36.8° ± 7.9° and 29.7° ± 7.8°, respectively ( P = .0053), and mean maximum flexion angles of 60.7° ± 8.1° and 51.6° ± 9.4°, respectively ( P = .0017). Conclusion: The research conducted is intended to foster an awareness of injury disposition in female athletes and guide future endeavors to develop, test, and implement a proactive approach in lowering female noncontact athletic ACL injury rates. This project adds to the literature as wider side-cut maneuvers (≥90°) were studied, as compared with previous studies using small side-cut angles (<90°), offering a model for alternative sports actions.
Fluid overload and acute kidney injury: cause or consequence?
Authors: Ostermann Marlies , Straaten Heleen M. Oudemans-van , Forni Lui G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that fluid overload and acute kidney injury (AKI) are associated but the exact cause-effect relationship remains unclear. Wang and colleagues analysed patients admitted to 30 intensive care units in China and found that fluid accumulation was independently associated with an increased risk of AKI and mortality. This commentary focuses on the close pathophysiological link between AKI and fluid overload and discusses the implications for clinical practice. It outlines some of the challenges, including the difficulty in diagnosing fluid overload reliably with current methods, and stresses the importance of personalised fluid therapy with physiological end-points to avoid the deleterious effects of fluid overload.
Is the “golden age” of the “golden hour” in sepsis over?
Authors: Wheeler Derek S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe so-called “golden hour” of trauma resuscitation has been applied to a number of disease conditions in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. For example, the “golden hour” as applied to the treatment of critically children and adults with severe sepsis and septic shock is based upon early recognition, early administration of antibiotics, and early reversal of the shock state. However, several clinical studies published over the last decade have called into question this time-honored approach and suggest that overly aggressive fluid resuscitation may cause more harm than good. Perhaps we are finally leaving the “Golden Age” of the “golden hour” and entering a new age in which we are able to use a more personalized approach to fluid management for patients with severe sepsis/septic shock.
On ϕ-contractions in partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces
Authors: Wang Shuang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnder some weaker conditions, some coincidence point and common fixed point theorems are established in partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces using weakly compatible mappings. By using the theorems, we obtain some coupled and multidimensional fixed point results, which are generalization and improvement of very recent theorems in the corresponding literature. In order to illustrate our main results, we give three examples.
Diaspididae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) in sori of two fern species
Authors: Santos Marcelo Guerra , Wolff Vera Regina dos Santos 
Published: December 2015

Abstract. This note reports the presence of two scale insects species Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) and Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Coccoidea, Diaspididae), associated respectively with Asplenium serratum L. (Aspleniaceae) and Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger (Polypodiaceae). It is the first record of a fern species as host plant of Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell). In both fern species, the diaspidids were found nearby the sori.Duas Espécies de Cochonilhas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Associadas com Soros de Samambaias Resumo. A presente comunicação relata a presença de duas espécies de cochonilhas Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) e Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Coccoidea, Diaspididae), associadas respectivamente com Asplenium serratum L. (Aspleniaceae) e Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger (Polypodiaceae). É o primeiro registro de uma samambaia como planta hospedeira de Hemiberlesia palmae. Nas duas espécies de samambaias, os diaspidídeos encontravam-se concentrados principalmente ao redor dos soros.
Why Do Borrowers Make Mortgage Refinancing Mistakes?
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Rosen Richard J. , Yao Vincent 
Published: December 2015

Refinancing a mortgage is often one of the most important financial decisions people make. Borrowers choose the interest rate differential at which to refinance, and when that differential is reached, they need to take the steps to refinance before rates change again. Using a simple closed-form solution approximation of the optimal refinancing rule and a unique panel data set including information from a large secondary market participant on refinancing, we find that approximately 57% of borrowers refinance suboptimally—50% choose the wrong rate, 17% wait too long to refinance, and 10% do both. Financially sophisticated borrowers make smaller mistakes, refinancing at rates closer to optimal and waiting less after mortgage rates reach their trigger rates. Evidence suggests borrowers learn from their refinancing experiences. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.