bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxygen – the forgotten nutrient
Authors: Trayhurn Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractO2 is essential for the maintenance and growth of aerobic animals, similar to the essentiality of what are classically considered nutrients. Nevertheless, O2 is not customarily regarded as a nutrient, this reflecting the route by which it enters the body – through the lungs or gills in vertebrates, rather than via the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. A relative deficiency of O2 occurs at high altitudes and during deep-sea diving, to which distinct adaptations occur. Deficiency is also evident in lung diseases such as emphysema. Without O2, mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation cannot take place. At a molecular level, cells adapt to O2 deficiency by switching from oxidative metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis and there are changes in the expression of a multiplicity of genes, driven by hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors, particularly hypoxia-inducible factor-1. It is argued that O2 should be fully included within the remit of nutritional science alongside the other essential macronutrients.
A new generation computerised metacognitive cognitive remediation programme for schizophrenia (CIRCuiTS): a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Reeder C. , Huddy V. , Cella M. , Taylor R. , Greenwood K. , Landau S. , Wykes T. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundCognitive remediation (CR) is a psychological therapy, which improves cognitive and social functioning in people with schizophrenia. It is now being implemented within routine clinical services and mechanisms of change are being explored. We designed a new generation computerised CR programme, CIRCuiTS (Computerised Interactive Remediation of Cognition – a Training for Schizophrenia), to enhance strategic and metacognitive processing, with an integrated focus on the transfer of cognitive skills to daily living. This large trial tested its feasibility to be delivered in therapist-led and independent sessions, and its efficacy for improved cognitive and social functioning.MethodsA two arm single blind randomised superiority trial comparing CIRCuiTS plus treatment-as-usual (TAU) with TAU alone in 93 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Cognitive, social functioning and symptom outcomes were assessed at pre- and post-therapy and 3 months later.Results85% adhered to CIRCuiTS, completing a median of 28 sessions. There were significant improvements in visual memory at post-treatment (p = 0.009) and follow-up (p = 0.001), and a trend for improvements in executive function at post-treatment (p = 0.056) in favour of the CIRCuiTS group. Community function was also differentially and significantly improved in the CIRCuiTS group at post-treatment (p = 0.003) but not follow-up, and was specifically predicted by improved executive functions.ConclusionsCIRCuiTS was beneficial for improving memory and social functioning. Improved executive functioning emerges as a consistent predictor of functional gains and should be considered an important CR target to achieve functional change. A larger-scale effectiveness trial of CIRCuiTS is now indicated.
It is logically impossible for everlasting God to fall into boredom
Authors: GELLMAN JEROME 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article argues that everlasting God can be in boredom, but cannot fall into boredom. Hence, the argument by Andric and Tanyi (2017) in this journal that God could not be everlasting in time, because God would fall into boredom, is shown to be unsound, since it is logically impossible for God to fall into boredom.
Evaluating the quality of care received in long-term care facilities from a consumer perspective: development and construct validity of the Consumer Choice Index – Six Dimension instrument
Authors: MILTE RACHEL , RATCLIFFE JULIE , BRADLEY CLARE , SHULVER WENDY , CROTTY MARIA 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe Consumer Choice Index – Six Dimension (CCI-6D) is a new instrument designed specifically to evaluate the quality of care received in long-term care from a consumer perspective. This study aims to demonstrate the construct validity of the CCI-6D. Older residents living in long-term care facilities and proxy family carers (where severely impaired cognition precluded resident consent) participated as consumers of long-term care. Data collected included the CCI-6D instrument, quality of life, physical function and characteristics of the care facility. Relationships between these variables and the CCI-6D dimensions were assessed and analysed through chi-squared and Kruskal–Wallis tests to assess the construct validity of each dimension. Of 430 eligible consumers, a total of 253 completed the questionnaire, of whom 68 (27%) were residents and 185 (73%) were informal carer proxy participants. There was strong evidence of construct validity of the dimensions relating to adequacy of individual care time, access to outside and gardens, access to meaningful activities and flexibility of care. There was more moderate evidence of validity of the home-like own room and shared spaces items, which may be in part due to difficulty in identifying strong discriminatory variables for comparison with these items. The results also indicate a strong association between ‘processes’ of care delivery (as measured by the CCI-6D) and quality of life of care recipients.
Trapping and acceleration of short electron bunches in the laser wakefields
Authors: Andreev N.E. , Baranov V.E. , Matevosyan H.H. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe processes of trapping, compression, and acceleration of short electron bunches externally injected into the wakefields generated by intense femtosecond laser pulse in a plasma channel are analyzed and optimized. The influence of the laser non-linear dynamics to the longitudinal bunch compression and impact of the beam loading effect (self-action of the bunch charge) to the finite energy and the energy spread of the accelerated electrons are investigated. The limitations to the charge of accelerated electron bunch determined by the requirement of a small width of the electron energy distribution of the bunch are found.
The World Court's Jurisdictional Formalism and its Lost Market Share: TheMarshall IslandsDecisions and the Quest for a Suitable Dispute Settlement Forum for Multilateral Disputes
Authors: PROULX VINCENT-JOËL 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOn 5 October 2016, the International Court of Justice (ICJ, the Court) rendered three judgments declining to take jurisdiction in theMarshall Islandscases, in which that state alleged that India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom violated their nuclear disarmament obligations under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and customary international law. In declining to take jurisdiction, the Court further confirmed its recent shift to jurisdictional formalism, initiated inGeorgiav.Russiaand confirmed in bothBelgiumv.Senegaland theAlleged Violations (Nicaraguav.Colombia)judgment. What is more, the Court heightened the burden of proving the existence of a dispute by incorporating an ‘objective awareness’ requirement in its analysis. The present contribution critically situates the Court's judgments within the context of the law of state responsibility and global security, with particular emphasis on the broader implications going forward. It first explores the principal features of the Court's formalistic shift on jurisdictional matters in the cases, setting the stage for the subsequent discussion. The article then turns to the broader implications of these decisions for state responsibility, taking into consideration that the ‘disputes’ submitted to the Court are not strictly bilateral in nature. My ambition is also to highlight the nexus between jurisdictional issues, state responsibility law, and broader questions of access to justice in multilateral disputes. By way of conclusion, the article highlights the importance of identifying creative solutions in a post-Marshall Islandsworld, suggesting the UN General Assembly as a law-making facilitator and the UN Security Council as an alternate – albeit imperfect – dispute settlement forum to tackle multilateral disputes with global security implications.
CCG supertagging with bidirectional long short-term memory networks
Authors: KADARI REKIA , ZHANG YU , ZHANG WEINAN , LIU TING 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNeural Network-based approaches have recently produced good performances in Natural language tasks, such as Supertagging. In the supertagging task, a Supertag (Lexical category) is assigned to each word in an input sequence. Combinatory Categorial Grammar Supertagging is a more challenging problem than various sequence-tagging problems, such as part-of-speech (POS) tagging and named entity recognition due to the large number of the lexical categories. Specifically, simple Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) has shown to significantly outperform the previous state-of-the-art feed-forward neural networks. On the other hand, it is well known that Recurrent Networks fail to learn long dependencies. In this paper, we introduce a new neural network architecture based on backward and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) Networks that has the ability to memorize information for long dependencies and benefit from both past and future information. State-of-the-art methods focus on previous information, whereas BLSTM has access to information in both previous and future directions. Our main findings are that bidirectional networks outperform unidirectional ones, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks are more precise and successful than both unidirectional and bidirectional standard RNNs. Experiment results reveal the effectiveness of our proposed method on both in-domain and out-of-domain datasets. Experiments show improvements about (1.2 per cent) over standard RNN.
The mismatch between observational measures and residents’ perspectives on the retail food environment: a mixed-methods approach in the Heart Healthy Hoods study
Authors: Díez Julia , Valiente Roberto , Ramos Carmen , García Reyes , Gittelsohn Joel , Franco Manuel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo gain a deeper understanding of the retail food environment by investigating similarities and differences between objective measures and residents’ perspectives.DesignThe study incorporated Geographic Information System (GIS)-based measures, in-store surveys and the results from a larger photovoice project. We combined these data using a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach.SettingWe conducted this study in a low-income neighbourhood in Madrid (Spain) in 2016.SubjectsWe assessed healthy food availability, accessibility and affordability using GIS-based measures and in-store audits. We also analysed the photographs and discussions from twelve participants who engaged in a photovoice project on their food environment.ResultsQuantitative results depicted a widely served and highly accessible retail food environment, in which supermarkets scored highest in terms of healthy food availability (36·5 out of 39) and 98·9 % of residents could access a healthy food store within a walking travel distance of less than 15 min. Qualitative results showed that participants preferred small local businesses over supermarkets, and revealed built environment obstacles for elderly residents. They also highlighted how the socio-economic context constrained residents’ food choices.ConclusionsPeople’s experienced retail food environment is different from the one quantitatively analysed. Results show the potential of using a mixed-methods approach to enrich food environment research and enhance public health interventions.
Well-founded operators for normal hybrid MKNF knowledge bases
Authors: JI JIANMIN , LIU FANGFANG , YOU JIA-HUAI 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHybrid MKNF knowledge bases have been considered one of the dominant approaches to combining open world ontology languages with closed world rule-based languages. Currently, the only known inference methods are based on the approach of guess-and-verify, while most modern SAT/ASP solvers are built under the DPLL architecture. The central impediment here is that it is not clear what constitutes a constraint propagator, a key component employed in any DPLL-based solver. In this paper, we address this problem by formulating the notion of unfounded sets for non-disjunctive hybrid MKNF knowledge bases, based on which we propose and study two new well-founded operators. We show that by employing a well-founded operator as a constraint propagator, a sound and complete DPLL search engine can be readily defined. We compare our approach with the operator based on the alternating fixpoint construction by Knorr et al. (2011. Artificial Intelligence 175, 9, 1528–1554) and show that, when applied to arbitrary partial partitions, the new well-founded operators not only propagate more truth values but also circumvent the non-converging behavior of the latter. In addition, we study the possibility of simplifying a given hybrid MKNF knowledge base by employing a well-founded operator and show that, out of the two operators proposed in this paper, the weaker one can be applied for this purpose and the stronger one cannot. These observations are useful in implementing a grounder for hybrid MKNF knowledge bases, which can be applied before the computation of MKNF models.
Bottom-up or top-down? The origins of the Industrial Revolution
Authors: MOKYR JOEL 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWas technological progress during and after the Industrial Revolution top-down or bottom-up? The technology that created the great inventions was driven by a combination of pathbreaking ideas and the dexterity and skills of trained artisans. While those forms of human capital were quite different, they both came out of small elites of intellectuals and craftsmen, what are rapidly becoming known as “upper-tail human capital.” I analyze the institutions that drove the incentives for both, and show that they came together to produce the Great Enrichment. These incentives were both material and social: between 1500 and 1700, the search for financial security and reputation cooperated in producing a unique institutional environment in which the elites in Western Europe produced the three legged-stool of European modernity: the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. Once these three movements had succeeded, the foundation for modern economic growth had been laid.
Optimal reinsurance: a reinsurer’s perspective
Authors: Huang Fei , Yu Honglin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper, the optimal safety loading that the reinsurer should set in the reinsurance pricing is studied, which is novel in the literature. It is first assumed that the insurer will choose the form of the reinsurance contract by following the results derived in Cai et al. Different optimality criteria from the reinsurer’s perspective are then studied, such as maximising the expectation of the profit, maximising the utility of the profit and minimising the value-at-risk of the reinsurer’s total loss. By applying the concept of comonotonicity, the problem in which the reinsurer is facing two risks with unknown dependency structure is also solved. Closed-form solutions are obtained when the underlying losses are zero-modified exponentially distributed. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results derived.
Religious, Political, and Geographical Determinants of Attitudes to Protestant Parades in Northern Ireland
Authors: Evans Jocelyn , Tonge Jonathan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Although violence over Northern Ireland's constitutional position has largely subsided, the problem of sectarian animosity between sections of the Protestant Unionist British and Catholic Irish Nationalist population remains. One such area of communal contestation is attitudes to Protestant parades, organized mainly by the Orange Order. For many Protestants, Orange Order marches are legitimate cultural, religious, and political expressions of Protestant culture, loyalty to the British Crown and a pro-United Kingdom position. For many Catholics, the Orange Order is seen as a sectarian and anti-Catholic organization, which prohibits its members marrying Catholics or attending Catholic Church services. The Parades Commission was established two decades ago to adjudicate on Orange Order parading routes. Its decisions have sometimes involved re-routing marches away from Catholic areas and the inability to satisfy both sides has been followed by riots on several occasions at the annual height of the Protestant “marching season.” This article examines levels of support or antipathy toward Orange Order marching rights among Protestants and Catholics. Drawing upon evidence from the most extensive recent study of public opinion in Northern Ireland, the 2015 Economic and Social Research Council general election study, the piece tests the importance of demographic, religious, political, and geographical variables in conditioning attitudes towards Orange parades.
Restrictions on the use of force at sea: An environmental protection perspective
Authors: Ma Jinxing , Sun Shiyan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe restrictions on the use of force at sea exist in different branches of international law: the law of the sea and environmental law, mainly applicable during peacetime, and international humanitarian law (IHL), as the law applicable in times of armed conflict. Different rules from these areas must be compared and analyzed to determine the common principles applicable to restricting the use of force at sea for the purposes of environmental protection. Taking into account the particular problems of protecting the marine environment in the context of the use of force, the law of the sea and international environmental law should be applied to restrict means and methods of using force at sea during armed conflict. The detailed concepts and approaches in the law of the sea and environmental law may complement IHL, and the precautionary principle of international environmental law should be triggered to address the lacunae in IHL protecting the marine environmental during armed conflict.
The Relationship Between Use of Social Network Sites, Online Social	Support, and Well-Being
Authors: Utz Sonja , Breuer Johannes 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Existing work on the effects of social network sites (SNS) on well-being has often stressed that SNS can help people gain social support from their online networks, which positively affects their well-being. However, the majority of studies in this area have been cross-sectional in nature and/or relied on student samples. Using data from six waves of a longitudinal study with a representative sample of Dutch Internet users, we first examined whether users and nonusers of SNS differ in online social support and well-being (as indicated by life satisfaction and stress). In a second step, we investigated in more detail how SNS use – more specifically, asking for advice and the number of strong ties on these SNS – are related to online social support, stress, and satisfaction with life. Overall, our results provide no evidence for SNS use and online social support affecting either stress or life satisfaction. SNS users reported more online social support than nonusers did, but also higher levels of stress; the two groups did not differ in overall life satisfaction. With regard to the underlying processes, we found positive cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between asking for advice on SNS and online social support, indicating that SNS can be an effective tool for receiving social support. However, online social support was not related to higher life satisfaction or reduced stress 6 months later; instead, it seems that SNS users with lower life satisfaction and/or higher stress seek more social support online by asking for advice on SNS.
Nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1 (NOLC1) regulates the nucleolar retention of TRF2
Authors: Yuan Fuwen , Li Guodong , Tong Tanjun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTelomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2) was reported to localize in the nucleolus of human cells in a cell cycle-dependent manner; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1 (NOLC1) interacted with TRF2 and mediated the shuttling of TRF2 between the nucleolus and nucleus in human 293T and HepG2 cells. Ablation of NOLC1 expression increased the number of nuclear TRF2 foci and decreased the nucleolar level of TRF2. Conversely, NOLC1 overexpression promoted the nucleolar accumulation of TRF2. NOLC1 overexpression also increased the number of 53BP1 foci and induced the DNA damage response. In addition, co-expression of TRF2 rescued NOLC1 overexpression-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
BRCA1 regulation on β-hCG: a mechanism for tumorigenicity in BRCA1 defective breast cancer
Authors: Sengodan S K , Nadhan R , Nair R S , Hemalatha S K , Somasundaram V , Sushama R R , Rajan A , Latha N R , Varghese G R , Thankappan R k , Kumar J M , Chil A , Anilkumar T V , Srinivas P 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHuman chorionic gonadotropin β (β-hCG) has been implicated in breast tumorigenesis. However, the role of this hormone is highly controversial as certain studies suggest it has anti-tumor properties while others have found it to be pro-tumorigenic. To unveil the truth, we have analyzed the expression of β-hCG in breast cancer. We identified for the first time that β-hCG expression is linked to BRCA1 status and its overexpression is seen in BRCA1 mutated breast cancer cells, BRCA1 conditional knockout mouse breast cancer tissues and BRCA1 floxed basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tissues. An analysis of three large, transcriptomic data sets from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) expression profile confirmed the inverse correlation between BRCA1 and β-hCG in human breast cancer. Using ChIP and luciferase assays, we also demonstrated that the cancer cells with wild-type but not mutant BRCA1 directly repress the expression of β-hCG by binding to its promoter. Further, β-hCG promotes migration and invasion predominantly in BRCA1 mutant breast cancer cells. Interestingly, stable overexpression of β-hCG in BRCA1 mutant but not wild-type breast cancer cells results in the formation of spheres even on monolayer cultures. The cells of these spheres show high expression of both EMT and stem cell markers. Since β-hCG belongs to a cysteine knot family of proteins like TGFβ and TGFβ signaling is deregulated in BRCA1 defective tumors, we checked whether β-hCG can mediate signaling through TGFβRII in BRCA1 mutated cells. We found for the first time that β-hCG can bind and phosphorylate TGFβRII, irrespective of LHCGR status and induce proliferation in BRCA1 defective cells. Our results confirmed that there exists a transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 on β-hCG and BRCA1 mutation promotes β-hCG mediated tumorigenesis through TGFβRII signaling. Thus inhibiting β-hCG-TGFβRII could prove an effective treatment strategy for BRCA1 mutated tumors.