bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution of deep eudicot phylogeny and their temporal diversification using nuclear genes from transcriptomic and genomic datasets
Authors: Zeng Liping , Zhang Ning , Zhang Qiang , Endress Peter K. , Huang Jie , Ma Hong 
Published: March 2017

Summary

Explosive diversification is widespread in eukaryotes, making it difficult to resolve phylogenetic relationships. Eudicots contain c. 75% of extant flowering plants, are important for human livelihood and terrestrial ecosystems, and have probably experienced explosive diversifications. The eudicot phylogenetic relationships, especially among those of the Pentapetalae, remain unresolved.

Here, we present a highly supported eudicot phylogeny and diversification rate shifts using 31 newly generated transcriptomes and 88 other datasets covering 70% of eudicot orders.

A highly supported eudicot phylogeny divided Pentapetalae into two groups: one with rosids, Saxifragales, Vitales and Santalales; the other containing asterids, Caryophyllales and Dilleniaceae, with uncertainty for Berberidopsidales. Molecular clock analysis estimated that crown eudicots originated c. 146 Ma, considerably earlier than earliest tricolpate pollen fossils and most other molecular clock estimates, and Pentapetalae sequentially diverged into eight major lineages within c. 15 Myr. Two identified increases of diversification rate are located in the stems leading to Pentapetalae and asterids, and lagged behind the gamma hexaploidization.

The nuclear genes from newly generated transcriptomes revealed a well‐resolved eudicot phylogeny, sequential separation of major core eudicot lineages and temporal mode of diversifications, providing new insights into the evolutionary trend of morphologies and contributions to the diversification of eudicots.
Portosystemic shunt as a bridge to liver transplantation in infants: A comparison of two techniques
Authors: Yoeli Dor , Galván N. Thao N. , Ashton Daniel J. , Kumm Kayla R. , Kueht Michael L. , Witte Ellen D. , Miloh Tamir A. , Cotton Ronald T. , Rana Abbas , O'Mahony Christine A. , Goss John A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPortosystemic shunts can serve as a bridge to liver transplantation in patients with end‐stage liver disease by providing portal decompression to treat life‐threatening variceal bleeding and prevent recurrent episodes until an organ becomes available. The conventional TIPS procedure, however, is technically challenging to perform in infants due to the small size of their intrahepatic vasculature. We report two cases of emergent creation of portosystemic shunts as a bridge to liver transplantation in infants with life‐threatening variceal bleeding using a conventional TIPS technique in the first case and a percutaneous DIPS technique in the other. Both procedures were successful at reducing the portosystemic pressure gradient and preventing further variceal bleeds until a liver transplant could be performed. The novel percutaneous DIPS procedure is a valuable alternative to the conventional TIPS in infants, as it is better suited for small or challenging intrahepatic vascular anatomy.
Relationship Between Hydrothermal Alteration Index and Geological Attributes at Chuquicamata Cu–Mo Porphyry Deposit, Chile
Authors: Véliz Héctor , Campos Eduardo , Menzies Andrew , Valdivia Ljubitza 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe distribution of mineral zones, hydrothermal alteration assemblages and ore associations are important geological attributes of the Chuquicamata Porphyry Cu–Mo deposit. The development and morphology of these attributes were influenced by syn‐mineralization structures with later modification of post‐mineralization tectonism to yield the present day form. In this work we evaluate the elemental mass transfer index due to hydrothermalism by using Pearce Element Ratios, using a database of 1110 samples consisting of elemental concentrations by chemical analysis. We study the relationship of the aforementioned index with the geological attributes in the porphyry as well as evaluate the type of information that the index provides according to its distribution, magnitude and variability. The magnitudes of the alteration index are organized into deciles, each of which represents a source of information, or macrostate. Within these, the geological attribute, or microstate, has a probability to participate that depends on the possible categorization of a particular attributes. The amount of information or uncertainty that each geological attribute provides to each decile of the distribution of the alteration index is determined by measuring the value of entropy. The results indicate that this distribution is controlled by the geometric–kinematic properties of syn‐mineralization structures that generate the primary pattern related to potassic alteration that develops in the hanging wall of the East Shear Zone. Subsequently the shape of the potassic alteration is modified by the kinematic effect imposed by the Americana and Estanques Blancos faults, and this broadly defines the geometry of the Qz–Mo event and the shape of the phyllic alteration. In addition, the sinistral‐inverse shear of the West Fault Zone allows the construction of an enriched blanket and also generates the drag fold that is characteristically observed in the south wall of the mine. All of the above events combine to yield the final geometry of the geological attributes that controls the shape and magnitude of the alteration index in the porphyry. The magnitude of the alteration index is mainly driven by the potassic and phyllic alteration stages. Potassic alteration is dominant in the first four deciles, while phyllic alteration is dominant in the last six deciles. Supergene mineralization attributes contribute discreetly to the average magnitude of the alteration index for each decile. The distribution of the probability of participation of the geological attributes in the distribution of the alteration index suggests that in the potassic alteration, biotite and green‐gray sericite facies contribute to strengthen the index in an associated manner, while in the phyllic alteration, the Qz–Ser textural type is the most significant.
Expert Views on Biological Threat Characterization for the U.S. Government: A Delphi Study
Authors: Watson Crystal R. , Watson Matthew C. , Ackerman Gary , Gronvall Gigi Kwik 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBiological threat characterization (BTC) involves laboratory research conducted for the purpose of biological defense. BTC research is important for improving biological risk assessment and informing resource prioritization. However, there are also risks involved in BTC work, including potential for escape from the laboratory or the misuse of research results. Using a modified Delphi study to gather opinions from U.S. experts in biosecurity and biodefense, this analysis explores what principles and safeguards can maximize the benefits of BTC research and ensure that it is conducted safely and securely. Delphi participants were asked to give their opinions about the need for BTC research by the U.S. government (USG); risks of conducting this research; rules or guidelines that should be in place to ensure that the work is safe and accurate; components of an effective review and prioritization process; rules for when characterization of a pathogen can be discontinued; and recommendations about who in the USG should be responsible for BTC prioritization decisions. The findings from this research reinforce the need for BTC research at the federal level as well as a need for continued review and oversight of this research to maximize its effectiveness and reduce the risks involved. It also demonstrates the need for further discussion of what would constitute a “red line” for biothreat characterization research—research that should not be performed for safety, ethical, or practical reasons—and guidelines for when there is sufficient research in a given topic area so that the research can be considered completed.
Bayesian Model Selection for the Glacial–Interglacial Cycle
Authors: Carson Jake , Crucifix Michel , Preston Simon , Wilkinson Richard D. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryA prevailing viewpoint in paleoclimate science is that a single paleoclimate record contains insufficient information to discriminate between typical competing explanatory models. Here we show that, by using the algorithm SMC2 (‘sequential Monte Carlo squared’) combined with novel Brownian-bridge-type proposals for the state trajectories, it is possible to estimate Bayes factors to sufficient accuracy to be able to select between competing models, even with relatively short time series. The results show that Monte Carlo methodology and computer power have now advanced to the point where a full Bayesian analysis for a wide class of conceptual climate models is possible. The results also highlight a problem with estimating the chronology of the climate record before further statistical analysis: a practice which is common in paleoclimate science. Using two data sets based on the same record but with different estimated chronologies results in conflicting conclusions about the importance of the astronomical forcing on the glacial cycle, and about the internal dynamics generating the glacial cycle, even though the difference between the two estimated chronologies is consistent with dating uncertainty. This highlights a need for chronology estimation and other inferential questions to be addressed in a joint statistical procedure.
In situ characterization of dolomite crystals: Evaluation of dolomitization process and its effect on zoning
Authors: Olanipekun Babatunde John , Azmy Karem 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDolomitization is a dissolution–re‐precipitation process which proceeds via micrometre‐scale interface reaction horizons. However, the effect of this fundamental local medium of replacement process on precipitated dolomite crystals is rarely investigated. For this purpose, dolomite samples of Ordovician Boat Harbour Formation carbonates (Newfoundland, Canada) from Main Brook and Daniel's Harbour (about 150 km apart) were studied. The investigation used high‐resolution approaches to carry out imaging and elemental analyses of individual dolomite crystals, including scanning electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy‐based cathodoluminescence, secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microprobe analysis. The purpose was to better understand geochemical variations across the crystal traverses and their association with dolomite replacement processes and conditions. The scanning electron microscopy‐based cathodoluminescence‐zoning character reveals three major crystal facies. Distinctly (planar boundaries) zoned core and indistinctly zoned core are zoned dolomite crystal facies in burial dolomite from Main Brook. Relatively unzoned crystal facies was identified in that of Daniel's Harbour. Compositionally zoned dolomite crystals are characterized by decreasing Sr, Na, Y and ∑REE but increasing Mn and Fe from core to rim sections. ‘Core to rim’ zoning was not found for major (Mg and Ca) elements. The zoning exhibited by the replacive dolomite crystals is interpreted to be, principally, a result of limited exchange between solutes of the bulk pore fluid and those of dissolving precursor marine carbonate. In tandem with petrographic features, the systematic compositional zoning character demonstrates that the effectiveness of the dolomitization process grades from indistinctly zoned core to relatively unzoned crystal facies via interface reaction horizons. Homogenization of major elements of core and rim sections, seen in distinctly zoned core crystal facies and to a much greater extent in relatively unzoned crystal facies, via a secondary reaction interface, is the first recognized stage of the ‘maturation process’ followed by homogenization of the trace elements seen largely in relatively unzoned crystal facies.
High physical fitness is associated with reduction in basal‐ and exercise‐induced inflammation
Authors: Kleiven Ø. , Bjørkavoll‐Bergseth M. , Melberg T. , Skadberg Ø. , Bergseth R. , Selvåg J. , Auestad B. , Aukrust P. , Aarsland T. , Ørn S. 
Published: March 2017

C‐reactive protein (CRP) increases after strenuous exercise. It has been a concern that prolonged strenuous exercise may be harmful and induce a deleterious inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to (a) assess and quantify the magnitude of CRP response following an endurance cycling competition in healthy middle‐aged recreational cyclists. (b) Identify important determinants of this response. (c) Identify the relationship between CRP, myocardial damage (cardiac Troponin I (cTnI)), and myocardial strain (B‐type natriuretic peptide [BNP]). (d) Identify the relationship between CRP and clinical events, defined as utilization of healthcare services or self‐reported unusual discomfort. Race time was used as a measure of physical fitness. A total of 97 individuals (43±10 years of age, 74 [76%] males) were assessed prior to and 0, 3, and 24 hours following the 91‐km mountain bike race “Nordsjørittet” (Sandnes, Norway, June 2013). There was a highly significant increase in CRP from baseline to 24 hours (0.9 (0.5‐1.8) mg/L vs. 11.6 (6.0‐17.5) mg/L (median[IQR]), P<.001), with no correlation of CRP to cTnI and BNP at any time‐point. CRP was strongly correlated to race time at baseline (r=.38, P<.001) and at 24 hours following the race (r=.43, P<.001), In multivariate models, race time was an independent predictor of CRP both at baseline and at 24 hours (P<.01). There was no relationship between CRP levels and clinical events. In conclusion, high physical fitness was associated with reduction in both basal‐ and exercise‐induced CRP. No adverse relationship was found between high intensity physical exercise, CRP levels, and outcomes.
Prevalence, age at onset, and risk factors of self‐reported asthma among Swedish adolescent elite cross‐country skiers
Authors: Eriksson L. M. , Irewall T. , Lindberg A. , Stenfors N. 
Published: March 2017

The objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of self‐reported physician‐diagnosed asthma and age at asthma onset between Swedish adolescent elite skiers and a reference group and to assess risk factors associated with asthma. Postal questionnaires were sent to 253 pupils at the Swedish National Elite Sport Schools for cross‐country skiing, biathlon, and ski‐orienteering (“skiers”) and a random sample of 500 adolescents aged 16‐20, matched for sport school municipalities (“reference”). The response rate was 96% among the skiers and 48% in the reference group. The proportion of participants with self‐reported physician‐diagnosed asthma was higher among skiers than in the reference group (27 vs 19%, P=.046). Female skiers reported a higher prevalence of physician‐diagnosed asthma compared to male skiers (34 vs 20%, P=.021). The median age at asthma onset was higher among skiers (12.0 vs 8.0 years; P<.001). Female sex, family history of asthma, nasal allergy, and being a skier were risk factors associated with self‐reported physician‐diagnosed asthma. Swedish adolescent elite cross‐country skiers have a higher asthma prevalence and later age at asthma onset compared to a reference population. Being an adolescent, elite skier is an independent risk factor associated with asthma.
Localization of muscle damage within the quadriceps femoris induced by different types of eccentric exercises
Authors: Maeo S. , Saito A. , Otsuka S. , Shan X. , Kanehisa H. , Kawakami Y. 
Published: March 2017

This study examined localization of muscle damage within the quadriceps femoris induced by different types of eccentric exercises by using transverse relaxation time (T2)‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirty‐three young males performed either of the following three exercises: single‐joint eccentric contraction of the knee extensors (KE), eccentric squat (S), or downhill walking (DW) (n=11/exercise). KE and S consisted of 5‐set×10‐lowering of 90% one‐repetition maximum load. DW was performed for 60 minutes with −10% slope, 6 km/h velocity, and 20% body mass load carried. At pre‐ and 24‐, 48‐, and 72‐hours post‐exercise, T2‐MRI was scanned and T2 values for the rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) at proximal, middle, and distal sites were calculated. Additionally, soreness felt when static pressure was applied to these sites and maximal isometric knee extension torque were measured. Maximal torque significantly (P<.05) decreased (7%‐15%) at 24‐48 hours after all exercises. T2 significantly increased (3%‐9%) at 24‐72 hours after all exercises, with heterogeneities within the muscles found in each exercise. Effect size and peak change of T2, as well as soreness, overall indicated that the proximal RF after KE and middle VM after S and DW were most affected by these exercises. The VL did not show any significant T2 increase after all exercises. These results suggest that muscle damage specifically localizes at the proximal RF by KE and at the middle VM by S and DW, while the VL is least damaged regardless of the exercises.
Externalizing an ‘Asset Model’ of Activation: Creative Institutional Work by Frontline Workers in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service
Authors: Håvold Ole Kristian Sandnes , Harsløf Ivan , Andreassen Tone Alm 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe past two decades have brought significant shifts in Norwegian activation policy towards a joined‐up and employability‐enhancing approach to labour market inclusion in order to promote return‐to‐work despite health problems or disabilities. Utilizing a concept from health promotion, we term this approach an ‘asset model’ of activation. The Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service (NAV) and its local offices are the main agents implementing the new policy. This article aims to investigate the strategies that the frontline workers of NAV engage in, in order to externalize an ‘asset model’ in the adjacent medical field and to the general practitioners (GPs) in particular. We analyze these strategies as forms of creative institutional work – the purposive actions undertaken to change existing presumptions and opinions among relevant actors. We argue that although the new activation policy is not theirs to develop, in order to bring about changes in practice, ‘creating’ institutional work by the frontline workers is required. Our findings show that the frontline workers develop strategies in order to externalize an asset model to the GPs, as part of operationalizing an ‘activation’ reform into practice. We identify four forms of ‘creating’ institutional work undertaken by the frontline workers: ‘defining’ – enacting legislation and regulation in relation to GPs; ‘constructing normative networks’ – creating a more collaborative relationship with the GPs; ‘educating’ – teaching the GPs about the rules and regulations, and the opportunities and assistive measures they can offer to the injured; and thereby also ‘changing normative associations’ of GPs towards the activation policy.
The effect of polydioxanone hemicerclage suture on the occurrence of fracture during tibial tuberosity advancement with an elongated bi‐directional hinged osteotomy
Authors: Bleakley Seth , Palmer Ross H. , Bresina Stephen , Roca Sy Ping , Tepic Slobodan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of hemicerclage suture on the occurrence of fractures during advancement of an elongated bi‐directional hinged osteotomy (EBHO) for tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) in dogs.Study designExperimental ex vivo study.AnimalsCanine cadavers (n = 14)MethodsA uniform EBHO was performed in 28 cadaveric hind limbs (n = 28) from 14 skeletally mature, medium‐sized, mixed breed dogs. Paired limbs were randomly assigned with or without hemicerclage suture. The osteotomy was slowly spread (TTA) at a rate 1.5 mm every 15 seconds to a maximum distance of 24 mm or until a fracture was detected as an audible crack, visible propagation of the distal osteotomy or transverse fracture of the cortical bridge. The occurrence of fractures was compared between limbs with hemicerclage and without hemicerclage (control) suture using a chi‐square analysis. The advancement distance at the time of fracture was compared using a paired t test. A P value <.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe cumulative occurrence of intraoperative fracture was significantly greater without hemicerclage than with hemicerclage at advancements of 12, 15, 18, and 24 mm. The mean (SD) spreading distance at the time of fracture was significantly less without hemicerclage at 16.85 (4.10) mm with a range of 12‐24 mm, than with hemicerclage at 20.62 (2.39) mm with a range of 18‐24 mm (P = .029).ConclusionThe occurrence of immediate intraoperative fracture during advancement of an EBHO of the tibial tuberosity is less when a hemicerclage suture is placed.
Human IL‐6, IL‐17, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α differently regulate the expression of pro‐inflammatory related genes, tissue factor, and swine leukocyte antigen class I in porcine aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Gao Hanchao , Liu Lu , Zhao Yanli , Hara Hidetaka , Chen Pengfei , Xu Jia , Tang Jia , Wei Ling , Li Zesong , Cooper David K.C. , Cai Zhiming , Mou Lisha 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundPro‐inflammatory cytokines play important pathological effects in various diseases and allotransplantation; however, their pathological role in xenotransplantation remains elusive. In pig‐to‐human cell or organ transplantation, whether porcine cells or organs are activated by human cytokines or not as an important question needs to be investigated.MethodsWe investigated the effect of human IL‐6, IFN‐γ, IL‐17, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α in xenotransplantation using several in vitro models and porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) as target cells. The downstream signaling pathways activated by these cytokines were studied with Western blotting, the regulation of the pro‐inflammatory related genes and pro‐coagulation factor were assessed using real‐time PCR or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I and SLA class II DR were analyzed by flow cytometry.ResultsWe found that NF‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were activated by recombinant human IL‐17 (rhIL‐17), rhIL‐1β, and rhTNF‐α, while rhIL‐6 activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in PAECs. The adhesion molecules (E‐selectin, VCAM‐1, and ICAM‐1), pro‐inflammatory gene (IL‐6), chemokines (IL‐8 and MCP‐1), and the pro‐coagulation factor (tissue factor) were induced by rhIL‐17, rhIL‐1β, and rhTNF‐α, while rhIL‐6 only increased the expression of MCP‐1 and tissue factor. Using flow cytometry analysis, SLA class I was upregulated in PAECs after exposure to rhIL‐1β and rhTNF‐α, but not rhIL‐6 or rhIL‐17, whereas SLA class II DR could not be induced by rhIL‐6, rhIL‐17, rhIL‐1β, or rhTNF‐α, although it could by recombinant porcine IFN‐γ (rpIFN‐γ). Although activation of PAECs by rhIL‐17 alone was not strong, rhIL‐17 combined with rhTNF‐α amplified the expression of E‐selectin, IL‐6, and IL‐8. Unexpectedly, we found that tocilizumab, a humanized anti‐human IL‐6 receptor antibody, could not block rhIL‐6‐mediated STAT3 activation in PAECs. Human IFN‐γ could not activate STAT1 or induce the downstream gene expression in PAECs, which was consistent with a previous report.ConclusionIn conclusion, our data suggest that human IL‐6, IL‐17, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α significantly activate PAECs and are likely to promote inflammation and coagulation reaction in response to xenograft.