bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tone, Terminology, and Technical Aspects of Scientific Writing
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. , Flanagin Annette 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The goal of scientific writing is the clear communication of information. This chapter emphasizes that the content of a scientific manuscript must be precise and unambiguous, language and terminology must be carefully chosen and specific, and information must be conveyed effectively, accurately, and in an easy-to-comprehend manner. Brevity and clarity in the presentation of ideas lead to effective and efficient scientific writing. This chapter also focuses on the importance of scholarly tone; emphasizes the use of accurate, appropriate, and unambiguous terminology; highlights some technical aspects of writing, including effective composition of sentences and paragraphs; and explains that authors should be aware of the style and format for articles that various biomedical journals prefer or require.
Creating an Informative and Effective Title
Authors: Zylke Jody W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The title of a scientific report is important for attracting attention and convincing a reader to invest time in the article. As this chapter explains, the importance of creating an effective title has increased as journals have moved from print to electronic formats, with many journals disseminating an electronic table of contents with article titles, and for retrieving articles when searching for a topic in bibliometric databases and websites. In these cases, the title of an article may be the only information available and additional actions may be required to access an abstract or the full article. This chapter presents recommendations and practices for creating a concise and accurate title and includes key concepts to help enable the article to be discovered in web-based searches. The importance and effective use of subtitles are also addressed, as well as the kinds of titles that are appropriate for different types of articles.
Writing an Informative Abstract
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The abstract of a scientific report may be an important factor for determining whether an article will be read and is an important entry point in the editorial evaluation of the manuscript. This chapter provides guidance for how to develop a well-prepared abstract that reports the main results and presents the take-home message of the study in a clear, concise, and efficient manner. This chapter addresses general principles, as well as specific components and abstract sections. Depending on the journal, these sections may include the importance (or background), objective, design, setting, participants, interventions or exposures, main outcome and measures, results, and conclusions and relevance.
Writing the Methods Section
Authors: Golub Robert M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Methods section is used for critical appraisal of the manuscript by editors and reviewers in deciding whether to consider a manuscript for publication, and as such, is one of the most important sections in an article. This chapter emphasizes that the Methods section of a scientific manuscript should be complete, with too much information preferable to too little (other researchers should be able to use this section to replicate the study) and should have a logical and coherent organization. This chapter also addresses general principles involved in writing the Methods section; suggests organization using subsections if the journal to which an author is submitting the manuscript does not have a recommended template; and includes overall advice to help prepare an effective Methods section.
Effective Use of Figures and Tables in Scientific Articles
Authors: Schriger David L. , Schenkel Stephen M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Figures and tables are essential elements of scientific articles and can effectively and efficiently present scientific data and other information. This chapter describes the theoretical principles and pragmatic considerations authors should keep in mind when creating figures and tables and provides recommendations for determining which visual elements to use for specific informational aims by considering the type, purpose, and complexity of the information and data being presented and the concepts being conveyed. Three examples illustrate the elements of various types of figures and tables used in scientific reports, specifically a box plot, a table and forest plot, and a binary comparison of 2 cohorts. Practical details also are addressed, such as following a journal’s guidelines and writing effective titles, legends, and footnotes for figures and tables.
Meta-Analyses
Authors: Muth Christopher C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Meta-analysis should be reserved for scenarios in which uncertainty exists after considering the individual studies available and when combining data from studies could potentially generate new information that might help resolve this uncertainty. This chapter examines why and when a meta-analysis should be conducted, and equally important, when conducting a meta-analysis may be less informative. Methodological and reporting details and appropriate interpretation of study results are discussed. The chapter also describes how to avoid common problems and errors in manuscripts reporting meta-analyses, which may include failure to prospectively register the study, not using reporting guidelines to ensure relevant aspects are addressed, not including details about study selection criteria and quality and risk of bias assessment, unwarranted pooling of data (as can occur with studies that are too heterogenous), failure to perform appropriate sensitivity analyses, and overinterpretation of results. A figure is included that shows a forest plot for a meta-analysis.
Editorials
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Editorials are published by virtually every scientific journal and are designed to present cogent, cohesive, and compelling discussions or important insights that advance understanding of an article the Editorial is accompanying. This chapter provides guidance for writing effective and informative Editorials in biomedical journals. As discussed in the chapter, Editorials may be solicited by journal editors and written by external authors or may be written by the editors of the journal and used to communicate information about the journal, including policies, new initiatives or developments, or other issues. In all instances, authors should follow the journal guidelines for tone, content, length, and number of references, and meet agreed on timelines for preparing and submitting the Editorial.
Pet Peeves of Editors
Authors: Zylke Jody W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Everyone, including some editors of biomedical journals, has pet peeves—those minor annoyances that an individual finds particularly irritating or vexing. This chapter describes some of the most common pet peeves of journal editors, ranging from those that are minor annoyances to those that are irritating or vexing, and includes advice on how authors can avoid them. Common annoyances of editors are discussed, including those involving language, such as too many abbreviations; failure to follow a journal’s instructions for authors; incomplete or unclear reporting of methods and results or interpretation of data that may require substantial revision; and requests or demands for exceptions or preferential treatment. These pet peeves most likely will not result in rejection of an author’s manuscript, but avoiding them may help an author achieve a favorable editorial decision.
Ethical Issues in Biomedical Publication
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. , Bauchner Howard , Flanagin Annette 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Biomedical researchers must adhere to the highest ethical standards for research integrity as they pursue an unbiased search for scientific truth and new knowledge, and authors must adhere to sound ethical standards when they report the results of their studies and communicate them to the scientific and clinical communities. This chapter discusses several ethical issues that researchers and authors should understand, including research misconduct, issues with research oversight (which may include ethical approval, informed consent, and confidentiality), issues related to scientific reporting, authors’ discovery of previously undetected errors that have implications for the content of their published article, and how journal editors evaluate and investigate allegations of scientific misconduct and other ethical concerns. The recommendations in this chapter underscore the importance of following ethical principles of honesty, integrity, and trust in the conduct and publication of biomedical research.
Conflict of Interest and Biomedical Publication
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. , Bauchner Howard , Flanagin Annette 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Conflicts of interest (COIs) are common among authors of articles in biomedical journals, and it is critical that authors report COI information accurately, completely, and transparently so editors, reviewers, and readers can evaluate whether the information in the article could possibly be influenced or biased because of authors’ COIs. This chapter reviews the responsibilities of authors for disclosing relationships, activities, and interests (financial and nonfinancial) that may represent COI, the editorial evaluation of COI related to research reports and opinion articles, approaches to safeguard against COI in the editorial decision process (including during peer review), and recent developments related to COI reporting and management in biomedical journals. Editorial management of allegations of undisclosed COI also is addressed.
Interacting With the News Media
Authors: Bellandi Deanna , Greenland Philip 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Having a manuscript accepted for publication is an exciting event for authors. In addition to communicating study results or other information to the scientific community, authors may have the opportunity to interact with news media to disseminate the study findings via various news outlets, such as newspapers, television, radio, websites, blogs, and others. This chapter provides guidance for interacting with the news media, including details about journal embargo policies and helpful suggestions for interacting with reporters. Authors should be aware that journals have policies for interactions with news media and information dissemination before publication and, while these policies may differ among journals, the 2 most important are journal embargo policies (which govern the timing of release of information to the public) and rules around the timing of media outreach. When interacting with reporters and media representatives, authors should be prepared to educate, communicate clearly, and keep to the article’s message.
ATOMS: ALMA three-millimeter observations of massive star-forming regions – XVIII. On the origin and evolution of dense gas fragments in molecular shells of compact H ii regions
Authors: Zhang Siju , Liu Tie , Wang Ke , Zavagno Annie , Garay Guido , Liu Hongli , Xu Fengwei , Liu Xunchuan , Sanhueza Patricio , Soam Archana , Zhou Jian-wen , Li Shanghuo , Goldsmith Paul F , Zhang Yong , Chibueze James O , Lee Chang Won , Hwang Jihye , Bronfman Leonardo , Dewangan Lokesh K 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Fragmentation and evolution for the molecular shells of the compact H ii regions are less explored compared to their evolved counterparts. We map nine compact H ii regions with a typical diameter of 0.4 pc that are surrounded by molecular shells traced by CCH. Several to a dozen dense gas fragments probed by H$^{13}$CO$^+$ are embedded in these molecular shells. These gas fragments, strongly affected by the H ii region, have a higher surface density, mass, and turbulence than those outside the shells but within the same pc-scale natal clump. These features suggest that the shells swept up by the early H ii regions can enhance the formation of massive dense structures that may host the birth of higher mass stars. We examine the formation of fragments and find that fragmentation of the swept-up shell is unlikely to occur in these early H ii regions, by comparing the expected time scale of shell fragmentation with the age of H ii region. We propose that the appearance of gas fragments in these shells is probably the result of sweeping up pre-existing fragments into the molecular shell that has not yet fragmented. Taken together, this work provides a basis for understanding the interplay of star-forming sites with an intricate environment containing ionization feedback such as those observed in starburst regions.
Judea under Greek and Roman Rule
Authors: deSilva David A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This volume provides a reconstruction of the history of Judea and its neighboring regions from 334 bce, when Alexander’s eastward conquests brought Judea into the Greek empire, through 135 ce, when Hadrian refounded Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina and banished Jews from the city limits—a formative period both for early Judaism and the Christian movement. This history unfolds against the backdrop of the international politics that largely constrained developments within Judea, including the wars between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires for control of Palestine, the internal wars that led to the decline of the Seleucid empire, and the eastward expansion and consolidation of Roman rule with its own history of civil wars. Particular attention is given to the Hellenizing Reform that precipitated the Maccabean Revolt, the establishment of an independent kingdom under the Hasmonean Dynasty, the rule of Herod and transition to Roman rule, the circumstances that precipitated two devastating revolts against Roman domination, and constructive responses (both literary and practical) within Judaism to both revolts and their consequences. Attention is given throughout to economic and social conditions as well as religious developments and movements. The reconstruction relies on the critical analysis of a wide range of ancient literary sources, the archaeological and inscriptional record, numismatics, and modern scholarship.
The King of the Jews
Authors: deSilva David A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the rise of Antipater and his son Herod as Hyrcanus II proves increasingly unable to maintain control over the Judean state in the face of repeated attempts by his brother and nephews to take power. Against the backdrop of Rome’s eastward expansion and its own internal strife, Herod emerges as king of Judea and inaugurates a period of stability and prosperity for his kingdom, manifested most dramatically in his transformation of the landscape through his many building programs throughout his realm and beyond. The chapter covers the rule, more or less successful, of Herod’s sons, Antipas and Philip, and the introduction of Judea to direct Roman rule after the removal of Archelaus in 6 ce. Attention is also given to the demographics and economic circumstances of Galilee and the development of the institution of the synagogue.
A New Dimension
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter explains the development of the Minnesota Model for alcohol and drug treatment and how a small private school evolved into the state’s first recovery high school. Carol and Sheridan Robson created the “New Dimensions School,” a private alternative school, to provide services for children like their son, who had cerebral palsy. The school was housed in a St. Louis Park community center, and the chapter describes how that school operated and grew under the influence of its second teacher, Bruce McLean, who had taught in a treatment center prior to New Dimensions. Adolescent treatment had emerged in Minnesota during the 1970s and 1980s, and after treatment, youths were typically released into traditional school environments, where most returned to use. McLean felt New Dimensions could provide a more supportive option, and he ultimately suggested the Robsons start focusing on enrolling teens who had received treatment.
All Things Are Connected
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ken Simon and Howard Pearson were staff members at the Summit House group home, operated by Carol and Sheridan Robson. Simon was working on his teaching certificate when he and Pearson visited the Robsons’ school, New Dimensions/Sobriety High, which had recently begun focusing on substance use recovery. They had observed Bruce McLean teaching, and Simon and Pearson felt they could create a better school. Simon was also teaching at a middle school, and when he mentioned the idea to a fellow schoolteacher, Barbara Schmidt, she began working with them on starting a school. Schmidt took the lead and infused the concept with ideas such as holistic learning, consciousness studies, and connectedness. This chapter explains how they created an organization, designed a school, found a facility, hired staff, enrolled students, and began operation as a contract alternative school called “Holos” in January 1989.
Introduction: The Music between Us
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The rise of sixties British pop is linked to Britain’s recovery from World War II, London’s role in a postcolonial world, and the birth of the Bulge Generation. Behind its emergence as an important player in transatlantic pop culture, English behavior (as outlined by Kate Fox) shaped attitudes toward humor, class, gender, ethnicity, age, and fairness. Musicians and producers arrived in London from across the UK and the world to create recordings that redefined pop music. Although the American press described this phase as a “British Invasion,” postwar technologies brought cultures into contact in ways the world had not previously experienced. Cosmopolitan culture attracted suburban youth into clubs, dance halls, and theaters, and each of these spaces shaped the music created in them and the experiences of musicians and audiences. The structure of recording studios, perhaps the most important of these spaces, reflected British class hierarchy.
First Responders
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The 2i’s, a subterranean Soho space, hosted early British attempts at copying American rock ’n’ roll. EMI’s Norrie Paramor produced bands such as Tony Crombie and His Rockets who brought their jazz sensibilities to their interpretations. More successfully, Tommy Steele brought a country sensibility and humor to his performances with help from Decca producer Hugh Mendl. Back at EMI, however, Paramor launched Britain’s first rock ’n’ roll star. Cliff Richard would prove to be one of the most successful British singers of the sixties.
Channeling English Pop
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Televisions invaded British homes in the 1950s, first the BBC and then ITV. Two promoters of British rock ’n’ roll played powerful roles in establishing pop television in the UK. Jack Good created the television shows Six-Five Special, Oh Boy!, Boy Meets Girls, and Wham!! Providing him with talent, Larry Parnes found artists such as Marty Wilde, Billy Fury, and Joe Brown. Adam Faith and Johnny Leyton, aided by managers Eve Taylor and Robert Stigwood, also used television to promote their recordings. The British artist with the biggest UK hits of 1961, however, would be Helen Shapiro. John Schroeder, Norrie Paramor’s assistant, discovered her, and with Mike Hawker wrote her first successes.
Beatle Beginnings
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
John Lennon described the Beatles as “just a band.” Their Liverpool origins offer an example of how London attracted talent into the city to feed popular culture’s insatiable appetite for new content. The stories of how Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Pete Best, Stuart Sutcliffe, and Ringo Starr brought their individual talents to the task of providing dance music in Liverpool and Hamburg and of how Brian Epstein and George Martin transformed them offer examples of the role class and region played in this music culture.
Meet the Rolling Stones
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
When Andrew Oldham took over managing the Rolling Stones, he applied proven methods for advancing their professional status by dressing them in matching suits. They complied at first, but middle-class Mick Jagger and Brian Jones preferred the role of professional amateur. Doffing the suits, they opted for a “scruffy” presentation that defied pop convention, bothered adults, and endeared them to adolescents. This approach reached its zenith at the conclusion of their hastily organized American tour, when Oldham and Jagger realized that adolescent fans reacted to them as alternatives to the Beatles. Presenting themselves as the anti-Beatles, they began to incorporate misogynistic elements into their recordings and performances.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The “high sixties” (1964–1969) saw British artists combining different genres to create hybrid forms of pop that critics called “rock.” Audio technologies enhanced concert amplification, multitrack recording, and home listening and made albums a preferred mode for consuming music. To feed this market, artists and production crews created complex audioscapes that encouraged deep listener engagement. Driving this shift in music consumption, the Bulge Generation began entering adulthood and shaping pop culture. Men’s fashion became brighter, with new patterns, while women entering a hostile workplace adopted more sexually suggestive clothing. Government programs encouraged the working class and lower middle class to enter higher education, and campuses became important music sites whose audiences demanded more sophisticated lyrics and music. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical developments drove a deeper wedge between the Establishment and youth culture.
The Art of Pop
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
As the Bulge Generation entered adulthood, they encountered pushback from an Establishment intent on preserving its privileges. Pop composers, recognizing the growing maturity of their audiences, began to create increasingly sophisticated songs with musical ideas that pushed the envelope. Manchester teenager Graham Gouldman’s material for the Yardbirds, the Hollies, Herman’s Hermits, Wayne Fontana, and others combined ideas from the blues, Indian music, Jewish liturgical music, and other sources. In these experiments, he realized aspects of Englishness that had previously been suppressed. For the Beatles, listening to Bob Dylan and reacting to the chaos of large concerts, John Lennon and Paul McCartney began introducing adult concepts into their songs while George Harrison’s interest in the sitar emerged in his work. Consequently, their albums grew more sophisticated.
Finding England
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
English songwriters went about creating English pop songs by referencing the past. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards wrote ballads while Herman’s Hermits embraced music-hall sentimentality and humor. Geoff Stephens found inspiration in early twentieth-century pop songs to write about failed love while mocking institutional religion as exemplified by Winchester Cathedral. And a national fascination with American gangsters of the 1930s led to Mitch Murray and Peter Callander writing a period piece for Georgie Fame about Bonnie and Clyde. The songwriter who perhaps most channeled English identity, Ray Davies, wrote songs satirizing the businessmen who rode trains into the City every day, the dandies dedicated to Carnaby Street fashion, and the idle rich. And when the UK faced a currency crisis in 1966, Davies turned his attention to the poor, the simple pleasure of watching a sunset over the Thames River, and the activities of a gardener cleaning up autumnal detritus.