bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining trends in type 2 diabetes incidence, prevalence and mortality in the UK between 2004 and 2014
Authors: Zghebi Salwa S. , Steinke Douglas T. , Carr Matthew J. , Rutter Martin K. , Emsley Richard A. , Ashcroft Darren M. 
Published: April 2017

AimsContemporary data describing type 2 diabetes prevalence, incidence and mortality are limited. We aimed to (1) estimate annual incidence and prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes in the UK between 2004 and 2014, (2) examine relationships between observed rates with age, gender, socio‐economic status and geographic region, and (3) assess how temporal changes in incidence and all‐cause mortality rates influence changes in prevalence.Methods
Type 2 diabetes patients aged ≥16 years between January 2004 and December 2014 were identified using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Up to 5 individuals without diabetes were matched to diabetes patients based on age, gender and the general practice. Annual incidence, prevalence and mortality rates were calculated per 10 000 person‐years at risk (95% CI). Survival models compared mortality rates in patients with and without type 2 diabetes.ResultsPrevalence rates of type 2 diabetes increased from 3.21% (3.19; 3.22) in 2004 to 5.26% (5.24; 5.29) in 2014. Incidence rates remained stable, overall, throughout the study period. Higher incidence and prevalence rates were related to male gender and deprivation. Individuals with type 2 diabetes were associated with higher risk of mortality (Hazard ratio 1.26 [1.20; 1.32]). Mortality rates declined in patients with and without diabetes throughout the study period. The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in patients aged 16 to 34 years increased over time.ConclusionsThe rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the UK over the last decade is probably explained by patients living longer rather than by increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Maximal systolic excursion of the tricuspid annulus is independent of right atrial size and function in chronic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Hernandez‐Suarez Dagmar F. , López Menéndez Francisco , López‐Candales Angel 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundEven though the tricuspid annulus (TA) is anatomically and functionally related to right atrioventricular dependence and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is a well‐known measure of right ventricular (RV) systolic function, there is paucity of data regarding the potential impact that right atrial (RA) size and function have on TAPSE. Hence, we sought to determine whether RA volumetric and longitudinal measures affect TAPSE in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension (cPH).MethodsIn this retrospective study, echocardiographic data from 110 patients were reviewed and the studied population was divided into Group I consisting of 50 patients (50±11 years) without PH and Group II that included 60 patients (55±14 years) with cPH.ResultsEven though RA areas, RA fractional area change, and maximal long‐axis length measurements were abnormal in cPH patients, TA tissue Doppler imaging systolic velocity and RV fractional area change were the only useful variables in identifying patients with abnormal TAPSE (P<.0001 and P=.018, respectively). Additionally, TAPSE was independent of all RA measures, left ventricular ejection fraction, and age (P>.05).ConclusionsBased on these results, TAPSE does not appear to be influenced by either RA size or function. Additional studies using strain echocardiography to interrogate RA mechanics might now be very useful to advance our understanding of TA motion in cPH patients given recent data showing that RA function accounts for a significantly greater proportion of total right heart function in patients with cPH than in normal subjects.
Learning from the past to prepare for the future: felids face continued threat from declining prey
Authors: Sandom C. J. , Faurby S. , Svenning J.‐C. , Burnham D. , Dickman A. , Hinks A. E. , Macdonald E. A. , Ripple W. J. , Williams J. , Macdonald D. W. 
Published: April 2017

Many contemporary species of large‐felids (≥ 15 kg) feed upon prey that are endangered, raising concern that prey population declines (defaunation) will further threaten felids. We assess the threat that defaunation presents by investigating a late Quaternary (LQ), ‘present‐natural’ counterfactual scenario. Our present‐natural counterfactual is based on predicted ranges of mammals today in the absence of any impacts of modern humans Homo sapiens through time. Data from our present‐natural counterfactual are used to understand firstly how megafauna extinction has impacted felid communities to date and secondly to quantify the threat to large‐felid communities posed by further declines in prey richness in the future. Our purpose is to identify imminent risks to biodiversity conservation and their cascading consequences and, specifically, to indicate the importance of preserving prey diversity.We pursue two lines of enquiry; first, we test whether the loss of prey species richness is a potential cause of large‐felid extinction and range loss. Second, we explore what can be learnt from the large‐scale large‐mammal LQ losses, particularly in the Americas and Europe, to assess the threat any further decline in prey species presents to large‐felids today, particularly in Africa and Asia.Large‐felid species richness was considerably greater under our present‐natural counterfactual scenario compared to the current reality. In total, 86% of cells recorded at least one additional felid species in our present‐natural counterfactual, and up to 4–5 more large‐felid species in 10% of the cells. A significant positive correlation was recorded between the number of prey species lost and the number of large‐felid species lost from a cell. Extant felids most at risk include lion and Sunda clouded leopard, as well as leopard and cheetah in parts of their range. Our results draw attention to the continuation of a trend of megafauna decline that began with the emergence of hominins in the Pleistocene.
Microsurgical techniques in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Alonso Vanegas Mario A. , Lew Sean M. , Morino Michiharu , Sarmento Stenio A. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryTemporal lobe resection is the most prevalent epilepsy surgery procedure. However, there is no consensus on the best surgical approach to treat temporal lobe epilepsy. Complication rates are low and efficacy is very high regarding seizures after such procedures. However, there is still ample controversy regarding the best surgical approach to warrant maximum seizure control with minimal functional deficits. We describe the most frequently used microsurgical techniques for removal of both the lateral and mesial temporal lobe structures in the treatment of medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to mesial temporal sclerosis (corticoamygdalohippocampectomy and selective amygdalohippocampectomy). The choice of surgical technique appears to remain a surgeon's preference for the near future. Meticulous surgical technique and thorough three‐dimensional microsurgical knowledge are essentials for obtaining the best results.
Subdural grid and depth electrode monitoring in pediatric patients
Authors: Skoch Jesse , Adelson P. David , Bhatia Sanjiv , Greiner Hansel M. , Rydenhag Bertil , Scavarda Didier , Mangano Francesco T. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryInvasive electroencephalographic monitoring with implantable subdural electrodes and intraparenchymal depth electrodes has become a basic tenet of epilepsy surgery. Improved localization of epileptic foci justifies the secondary procedure and monitoring period in many patients. Informed use of invasive monitoring in conjunction with imaging and functional studies makes epilepsy surgery a smaller, safer, and more effective endeavor. Herein we review the history, indications, implementation, and foreseeable future of grid, strip, and depth electrode use.
WONOEP appraisal: Development of epilepsy biomarkers—What we can learn from our patients?
Authors: Jozwiak Sergiusz , Becker Albert , Cepeda Carlos , Engel Jerome , Gnatkovsky Vadym , Huberfeld Gilles , Kaya Mehmet , Kobow Katja , Simonato Michele , Loeb Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryObjectiveCurrent medications for patients with epilepsy work in only two of three patients. For those medications that do work, they only suppress seizures. They treat the symptoms, but do not modify the underlying disease, forcing patients to take these drugs with significant side effects, often for the rest of their lives. A major limitation in our ability to advance new therapeutics that permanently prevent, reduce the frequency of, or cure epilepsy comes from a lack of understanding of the disease coupled with a lack of reliable biomarkers that can predict who has or who will get epilepsy.MethodsThe main goal of this report is to present a number of approaches for identifying reliable biomarkers from observing patients with brain disorders that have a high probability of producing epilepsy.ResultsA given biomarker, or more likely a profile of biomarkers, will have both a quantity and a time course during epileptogenesis that can be used to predict who will get the disease, to confirm epilepsy as a diagnosis, to identify coexisting pathologies, and to monitor the course of treatments.SignificanceAdditional studies in patients and animal models could identify common and clinically valuable biomarkers to successfully translate animal studies into new and effective clinical trials.
Heritability of behavioural tolerance to high CO2 in a coral reef fish is masked by nonadaptive phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Welch Megan J. , Munday Philip L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated limited potential for acclimation of adversely affected olfactory behaviours in reef fishes under elevated CO2, indicating that genetic adaptation will be required to maintain behavioural performance in the future. Adaptation depends on the presence of heritable phenotypic variation in the trait, which may differ between populations and environments. We used parent–offspring regressions to estimate the heritability (h2) of variation in behavioural tolerance to high CO2 (754 μatm) in both field‐collected and laboratory‐reared families of Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Tolerance to elevated CO2 was measured by determining the behavioural response of individuals to chemical alarm cues. Both populations exhibited high heritability of olfactory behaviour phenotype (father–mid‐offspring h2 = 0.56 & 0.65, respectively) when offspring were acutely exposed to high CO2 for 4 days. However, there was no heritability in the behavioural phenotype when juveniles were chronically exposed to high CO2 for 6 weeks in the laboratory‐reared families. Parental exposure to high CO2 during the breeding season did not alter this relationship between heritability and length of juvenile exposure to high CO2. These results demonstrate that variation in behavioural tolerance to high CO2 is heritable, but adaptive potential may be constrained by a loss of phenotypic variation when juveniles permanently experience a high‐CO2 environment, as will occur with rising CO2 levels in the ocean.
Controls on the evolution of Ediacaran metazoan ecosystems: A redox perspective
Authors: Bowyer F. , Wood R. A. , Poulton S. W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA growing number of detailed geochemical studies of Ediacaran (635–541 Ma) marine successions have provided snapshots into the redox environments that played host to the earliest known metazoans. Whilst previous compilations have focused on the global evolution of Ediacaran water column redox chemistry, the inherent heterogeneity evident in palaeogeographically distinct environments demands a more dissected approach to better understand the nature, interactions and evolution of extrinsic controls on the development of early macrobenthic ecosystems. Here, we review available data of local‐scale redox conditions within a palaeogeographic and sequence stratigraphic framework, to explore the mechanisms controlling water column redox conditions and their potential impact on the record of metazoans. The openly connected Laurentian margin, North America (632–540 Ma) and Nama basin, Namibia (550–538 Ma), and the variably restricted Yangtze Block, South China (635–520 Ma), show continued redox instability after the first fossil evidence for metazoans. This may support opportunistic benthic colonisation during periods of transient oxygenation amidst episodic upwelling of anoxic waters beneath a very shallow, fluctuating chemocline. The first skeletal metazoans appeared under conditions of continued redox stratification, such as those which characterise the Dengying Formation of the Yangtze Block and the Kuibis Subgroup of the Nama basin. Current data, however, suggests that successful metazoan reef‐building demanded more persistent oxia. We propose that cratonic positioning and migration throughout the Ediacaran Period, in combination with gradually increasing dissolved oxygen loading, may have provided a first‐order control on redox evolution through regulating circulation mechanisms in the Mirovian Ocean. Some unrestricted lower slope environments from mid‐high latitudes benefited from sustained oxygenation via downwelling, whilst transit of isolated cratons towards more equatorial positions stifled pervasive ventilation either through ineffective surface ocean mixing, Ekman‐induced upwelling, elevated surface ocean productivity or a combination of these processes.
Paleoecology and paleoceanography of the Athel silicilyte, Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary, Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Stolper D. A. , Love G. D. , Bates S. , Lyons T. W. , Young E. , Sessions A. L. , Grotzinger J. P. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Athel silicilyte is an enigmatic, hundreds of meters thick, finely laminated quartz deposit, in which silica precipitated in deep water (>~100–200 m) at the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary in the South Oman Salt Basin. In contrast, Meso‐Neoproterozoic sinks for marine silica were dominantly restricted to peritidal settings. The silicilyte is known to contain sterane biomarkers for demosponges, which today are benthic, obligately aerobic organisms. However, the basin has previously been described as permanently sulfidic and time‐equivalent shallow‐water carbonate platform and evaporitic facies lack silica. The Athel silicilyte thus represents a unique and poorly understood depositional system with implications for late Ediacaran marine chemistry and paleoecology. To address these issues, we made petrographic observations, analyzed biomarkers in the solvent‐extractable bitumen, and measured whole‐rock iron speciation and oxygen and silicon isotopes. These data indicate that the silicilyte is a distinct rock type both in its sedimentology and geochemistry and in the original biology present as compared to other facies from the same time period in Oman. The depositional environment of the silicilyte, as compared to the bounding shales, appears to have been more reducing at depth in sediments and possibly bottom waters with a significantly different biological community contributing to the preserved biomarkers. We propose a conceptual model for this system in which deeper, nutrient‐rich waters mixed with surface seawater via episodic mixing, which stimulated primary production. The silica nucleated on this organic matter and then sank to the seafloor, forming the silicilyte in a sediment‐starved system. We propose that the silicilyte may represent a type of environment that existed elsewhere during the Neoproterozoic. These environments may have represented an important locus for silica removal from the oceans.
Circumpolar dynamics of a marine top‐predator track ocean warming rates
Authors: Descamps Sébastien , Anker‐Nilssen Tycho , Barrett Robert T. , Irons David B. , Merkel Flemming , Robertson Gregory J. , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Mallory Mark L. , Montevecchi William A. , Boertmann David , Artukhin Yuri , Christensen‐Dalsgaard Signe , Erikstad Kjell‐Einar , Gilchrist H. Grant , Labansen Aili L. , Lorentsen Svein‐Håkon , Mosbech Anders , Olsen Bergur , Petersen Aevar , Rail Jean‐Francois , Renner Heather M. , Strøm Hallvard , Systad Geir H. , Wilhelm Sabina I. , Zelenskaya Larisa 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGlobal warming is a nonlinear process, and temperature may increase in a stepwise manner. Periods of abrupt warming can trigger persistent changes in the state of ecosystems, also called regime shifts. The responses of organisms to abrupt warming and associated regime shifts can be unlike responses to periods of slow or moderate change. Understanding of nonlinearity in the biological responses to climate warming is needed to assess the consequences of ongoing climate change. Here, we demonstrate that the population dynamics of a long‐lived, wide‐ranging marine predator are associated with changes in the rate of ocean warming. Data from 556 colonies of black‐legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla distributed throughout its breeding range revealed that an abrupt warming of sea‐surface temperature in the 1990s coincided with steep kittiwake population decline. Periods of moderate warming in sea temperatures did not seem to affect kittiwake dynamics. The rapid warming observed in the 1990s may have driven large‐scale, circumpolar marine ecosystem shifts that strongly affected kittiwakes through bottom‐up effects. Our study sheds light on the nonlinear response of a circumpolar seabird to large‐scale changes in oceanographic conditions and indicates that marine top predators may be more sensitive to the rate of ocean warming rather than to warming itself.
Natural colorant enrichment of apple tissue with black carrot concentrate using vacuum impregnation
Authors: Yılmaz Fatih Mehmet , Ersus Bilek Seda 
Published: April 2017

SummaryColoured apple discs containing black carrot concentrate (BCC), calcium lactate and lactic acid were formulated and produced as a new functional fresh fruit product using vacuum impregnation. Sensory test was conducted to select the most preferred impregnation formulation containing an addition of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% BCC, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% calcium lactate and 2.0%, 3.0% and 4.0% lactic acid. Results indicated that the formulation with the addition of 3% Ca‐lactate, 3% lactic acid and 0.8% BCC within 0.2 m mannitol solution was significantly preferred. The optimum vacuum pressure (211 mm Hg), vacuum time (3 min) and restoration time (20 min) according to highest colorant transfer, while the minimum cellular disruption occurs were estimated using response surface methodology. The use of Ca‐lactate and BCC contributed the treated apple to resemble untreated apple properties in terms of texture, total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity.
Child protection in China: Changing policies and reactions from the field of social work
Authors: Zhao Fang , Hämäläinen Juha Erkki Antero , Chen Honglin L. 
Published: April 2017

This article offers a general review of the development of national policies on child protection in China. It offers an in‐depth analysis of related legislation enacted between 2010 and 2015 that have had an impact on child protection and related historical, cultural and legal issues. Furthermore, in the study we examined the emerging role of social work in preventing and responding to child abuse and neglect in China. Major findings of the research include: (i) policies concerning child protection have been highly influenced by Confucianism and its perspective of the child as family property; (ii) child protection regulations on accident reporting, custody transfer, and surrogate care are gradually being refined and improved, although the legal system for child protection is still incomplete and needs further substantiation; and (iii) the involvement of non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and social workers has enhanced the child protection system.Key Practitioner Message: • Policies concerning child protection have been subject to an immense impact by Confucianism, placing strong responsibility on family members in providing childcare although the child is viewed as part of the family's property; • After 1949, the newly founded socialist political structure began to exert a significant influence on welfare and child welfare policies. Because the Confucian perspective emphasised family and parental responsibility, government in China has traditionally not been heavily involved in policies that interfere in the internal workings of families; • Since the shift toward an open‐door policy in 1979, child protection policies in China have begun to develop, with a child welfare network gradually spreading to cover the majority of children. Moreover, child protection is generally supported by the legal system, within which regulations on accident reporting, custody transfer and surrogate care are gradually being refined and improved. However, despite the huge progress achieved in recent years, there are significant deficits in its implementation and monitoring; • The involvement of non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and professional social work services has promoted a child protection system.
Psychometric study of the pain drawing
Authors: Trahan Lisa H. , Cox‐Martin Emily , Johnson Carrie E. , Dougherty Patrick M. , Yu Jun , Feng Lei , Cook Christina , Novy Diane M. 
Published: April 2017

The objectives of the study were to (1) assess the extent to which interrater reliability of pain drawing location and dispersion scoring methods are similar across pain disciplines in a sample of patients with cancer treatment‐induced neuropathic pain (N = 56); and (2) investigate indicators of validity of the pain drawing in this unique sample. Patients undergoing cancer therapy completed the Brief Pain Inventory Body Map, the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Intraclass correlation coefficients among medical and psychology professionals ranged from .93 to 99. Correlations between pain drawing score and symptom burden severity ranged from .29 to 39; correlations between pain drawing score and symptom burden interference ranged from .28 to 34. Patients who endorsed pain in the hands and feet more often described their pain as electric, numb, and shooting than patients without pain in the hands and feet. They also endorsed significantly more descriptors of neuropathic pain. Results suggest a similar understanding among members of a multidisciplinary pain team as to the location and dispersion of pain as represented by patients’ pain drawings. In addition, pain drawing scores were related to symptom burden severity and interference and descriptors of neuropathic pain in expected ways.
Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?
Authors: Tausz M. , Norton R. M. , Tausz‐Posch S. , Löw M. , Seneweera S. , O'Leary G. , Armstrong R. , Fitzgerald G. J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractElevated CO2 stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO2 increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO2. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO2. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO2, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.