bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organ donation and transplantation: Awareness and roles of healthcare professionals—A systematic literature review
Authors: Jawoniyi Oluwafunmilayo , Gormley Kevin , McGleenan Emma , Noble Helen Rose 
Published: November 2017

Aims and objectivesTo examine the role of healthcare professionals in the organ donation and transplantation process.BackgroundGlobally, there remains a perennial disequilibrium between organ donation and organ transplantation. Several factors account for this disequilibrium; however, as healthcare professionals are not only strategically positioned as the primary intermediaries between organ donors and transplant recipients, but also professionally situated as the implementers of organ donation and transplantation processes, they are often blamed for the global organ shortage.DesignMixed‐method systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta‐Analysis Protocols 2015 checklist.MethodsDatabases were searched including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE using the search terms “organ donation,” “healthcare professionals,” “awareness” and “roles” to retrieve relevant publications.ResultsThirteen publications met the inclusion criteria. The global organ shortage is neither contingent upon unavailability of suitable organs nor exclusively dependent upon healthcare professionals. Instead, the existence of disequilibrium between organ donation and transplantation is necessitated by a web of factors. These include the following: healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards, and experience of, the organ donation and transplantation process, underpinned by professional education, specialist clinical area and duration of professional practice; conflicts of interests; ethical dilemmas; altruistic values towards organ donation; and varied organ donation legislations in different legal jurisdictions.ConclusionThis review maintains that if this web of factors is to be adequately addressed by healthcare systems in different global and legal jurisdictions, there should be sufficient organs voluntarily donated to meet all transplantation needs.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is a suggestion that healthcare professionals partly account for the global shortage in organ donation, but there is a need to examine how healthcare professionals’ roles, knowledge, awareness, skills and competencies might impact upon the organ donation and transplantation process.
Breaking Boundaries: Exploring the Process of Intersective Market Activity of Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the Context of High Economic Inequality
Authors: Griffin‐EL Eliada Wosu , Olabisi Joy 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe explore immigrant entrepreneurship using structuration theory to understand how migrant‐led venture creation conducts socially‐intersective market activity in the host country of high economic inequality and social exclusion. Applying Gidden's structuration theory to immigrant entrepreneurship (1994), we unravel the co‐evolutionary process of both the entrepreneurial agent and the social structure of the host country via three phases of venture creation. We collected and examined original and longitudinal empirical data of eight South African‐based immigrant entrepreneurs using a process‐oriented theory‐building approach. Our findings unveil a process by which home and host institutions shape immigrant entrepreneurial agency to identify non‐ethnic business opportunities and to form relationships across diverse actors that counter existing norms of intergroup segregation and hostility. The process illustrates how an immigrant's social orientation to his/her host country's structure changes over time, and symbiotically, how the immigrant entrepreneur's actions – which break socially constructed boundaries – also change the social structure.
Glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the chickens with dexamethasone‐induced oxidative stress
Authors: Lv Z.‐P. , Peng Y.‐Z. , Zhang B.‐B. , Fan H. , Liu D. , Guo Y.‐M. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long‐term treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) on the antioxidation and nutrition metabolism in broiler chickens. Broilers were placed on a high‐nutrient diet for 41 days, and half were given orally DEX‐supplemented water at 20 mg/L every other day from 19 to 41 days of age. DEX treatment downregulated superoxide dismutase activity as well as the mRNA expression of CuZn‐superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase with a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio and an increase in malondialdehyde level in the liver of broilers. DEX treatment aggravated oxidative damage in the liver and, therefore, increased the sensitivity of broilers to ascites syndrome with higher mortality and reduced growth performance. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that DEX treatment significantly increased the levels of glucose, intermediates in protein metabolism (valine, proline, serine, threonine and urea) and lipid metabolism‐related products (palmitic acid, stearic acid and cholesterol) while decreasing the levels of β‐hydroxy butyric acid, succinic acid and malic acid, demonstrating that DEX treatment inhibited the Krebs cycle and the oxidation of fatty acids, and promoted the de novo synthesis of fatty acids as well as protein decomposition in the liver of broilers. Additionally, detection of metabolism‐related enzymes revealed that DEX treatment inhibited glycolysis and promoted glycogen decomposition. In summary, DEX treatment resulted in oxidative stress and glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the broilers.
How useful is abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with diarrhoea?
Authors: Mapletoft E. K. , Allenspach K. , Lamb C. R. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the utility of abdominal ultrasonography in the diagnostic work‐up of dogs with diarrhoea.MethodsRetrospective cross‐sectional study based on a referral population of dogs with diarrhoea. Associations between the clinical signs, use of abdominal ultrasonography, results of abdominal ultrasonography and subsequent work‐up were examined. The utility of abdominal ultrasonography was scored as high, moderate, none or counterproductive based on review of medical records.ResultsMedical records of 269 dogs were reviewed, of which 149 (55%) had abdominal ultrasonography. The most frequent result was no ultrasonographic abnormalities affecting the intestine in 65 (44%) dogs. Ultrasonography results were associated with subsequent work‐up as follows: (1) no detected abnormalities and dietary trial; (2) focal thickening of the intestinal wall, loss of intestinal wall layers or enlarged abdominal lymph nodes and ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirates; (3) diffuse thickening of the intestinal wall or hyperechoic striations in the small intestinal mucosa and endoscopy; and (4) small intestinal foreign body and coeliotomy. Abdominal ultrasonography was considered to be diagnostic without further testing in only four (3%) dogs: two had a portosystemic shunt identified ultrasonographically, one had a linear foreign body and one had a perforated pyloric ulcer. Abdominal ultrasonography had moderate utility in 56 (38%) dogs and no utility in 79 (53%) dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography was considered counterproductive in 10 (7%) dogs because results were either falsely negative or falsely positive.Clinical SignificanceThese results should prompt clinicians to reconsider routine use of abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with diarrhoea.
Work stressors, depressive symptoms and sleep quality among US Navy members: a parallel process latent growth modelling approach across deployment
Authors: Bravo Adrian J. , Kelley Michelle L. , Swinkels Cindy M. , Ulmer Christi S. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe present study examined whether work stressors contribute to sleep problems and depressive symptoms over the course of deployment (i.e. pre‐deployment, post‐deployment and 6‐month reintegration) among US Navy members. Specifically, we examined whether depressive symptoms or sleep quality mediate the relationships between work stressors and these outcomes. Participants were 101 US Navy members who experienced an 8‐month deployment after Operational Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. Using piecewise latent growth models, we found that increased work stressors were linked to increased depressive symptoms and decreased sleep quality across all three deployment stages. Further, increases in work stressors from pre‐ to post‐deployment contributed to poorer sleep quality post‐deployment via increasing depressive symptoms. Moreover, sleep quality mediated the association between increases in work stressors and increases in depressive symptoms from pre‐ to post‐deployment. These effects were maintained from post‐deployment through the 6‐month reintegration. Although preliminary, our results suggest that changes in work stressors may have small, but significant implications for both depressive symptoms and quality of sleep over time, and a bi‐directional relationship persists between sleep quality and depression across deployment. Strategies that target both stress and sleep could address both precipitating and perpetuating factors that affect sleep and depressive symptoms.
Molecular investigation of genetic assimilation during the rapid adaptive radiations of East African cichlid fishes
Authors: Gunter Helen M. , Schneider Ralf F. , Karner Immanuel , Sturmbauer Christian , Meyer Axel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAdaptive radiations are characterized by adaptive diversification intertwined with rapid speciation within a lineage resulting in many ecologically specialized, phenotypically diverse species. It has been proposed that adaptive radiations can originate from ancestral lineages with pronounced phenotypic plasticity in adaptive traits, facilitating ecologically driven phenotypic diversification that is ultimately fixed through genetic assimilation of gene regulatory regions. This study aimed to investigate how phenotypic plasticity is reflected in gene expression patterns in the trophic apparatus of several lineages of East African cichlid fishes, and whether the observed patterns support genetic assimilation. This investigation used a split brood experimental design to compare adaptive plasticity in species from within and outside of adaptive radiations. The plastic response was induced in the crushing pharyngeal jaws through feeding individuals either a hard or soft diet. We find that nonradiating, basal lineages show higher levels of adaptive morphological plasticity than the derived, radiated lineages, suggesting that these differences have become partially genetically fixed during the formation of the adaptive radiations. Two candidate genes that may have undergone genetic assimilation,gifandalas1,were identified, in addition to alterations in the wiring ofLPJpatterning networks. Taken together, our results suggest that genetic assimilation may have dampened the inducibility of plasticity related genes during the adaptive radiations of East African cichlids, flattening the reaction norms and canalizing their feeding phenotypes, driving adaptation to progressively more narrow ecological niches.
WRINKLED1 and ACYL‐COA:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 regulate tocochromanol metabolism in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pellaud Sébastien , Bory Alexandre , Chabert Valentin , Romanens Joëlle , Chaisse‐Leal Laurie , Doan Anh Vu , Frey Lucas , Gust Andrea , Fromm Katharina M. , Mène‐Saffrané Laurent 
Published: November 2017

Summary

Photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae and some cyanobacteria synthesize tocochromanols, a group of compounds that encompasses tocopherols and tocotrienols and that exhibits vitamin E activity in animals. While most vitamin E biosynthetic genes have been identified in plant genomes, regulatory genes controlling tocopherol accumulation are currently unknown.

We isolated by forward genetics Arabidopsis enhanced vitamin E (eve) mutants that overaccumulate the classic tocopherols and plastochromanol‐8, and a tocochromanol unknown in this species. We mapped eve1 and eve4, and identified the unknown Arabidopsis tocochromanol by using a combination of analytical tools. In addition, we determined its biosynthetic pathway with a series of tocochromanol biosynthetic mutants and transgenic lines.

eve1 and eve4 are two seed lipid mutants affecting the WRINKLED1 (WRI1) and ACYL‐COA:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (DGAT1) genes, respectively. The unknown tocochromanol is 11′‐12′ γ‐tocomonoenol, whose biosynthesis is VITAMIN E 1 (VTE1) ‐ and VTE2‐dependent and is initiated by the condensation of homogentisate (HGA) and tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.

This study identifies the first two regulatory genes, WRI1 and DGAT1, that control the synthesis of all tocochromanol forms in seeds, and shows the existence of a metabolic trade‐off between lipid and tocochromanol metabolisms. Moreover, it shows that Arabidopsis possesses a tocomonoenol biosynthetic pathway that competes with tocopherol synthesis.
Evaluation and development of flood‐tolerant soybean cultivars
Authors: Wu Chengjun , Zeng Ailan , Chen Pengyin , Hummer Wade , Mokua Jane , Shannon J. Grover , Nguyen Henry T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivars are generally sensitive to flooding stress. The plant growth is severely affected and grain yield is largely reduced in the flooded field. It is important to develop flood‐tolerant soybean cultivars for grain production in regions of heavy rainfalls worldwide. In this study, a total of 722 soybean genotypes were evaluated for flooding tolerance at R1 stages (first flower at any node) in the 5‐year flooding screening tests. Differential soybean genotypes exhibited diverse responses to flooding stress with that plant foliar damage score (FDS) and plant survival rate (PSR) ranged from 1.9 to 8.8 and 3.4% to 81.7%, respectively (p < .0001). Based on our standard of flooding evaluation, most genotypes were sensitive to flooding with 6.0 of average FDS and 38.7% of PSR. Fifty‐two soybean genotypes showed flooding tolerance and 11 genotypes were with consistent flooding tolerance during 4‐ to 5‐year continual evaluations. In the meantime, six genotypes were identified with consistent high sensitivity to flooding. The group analysis showed that genotypes from different sources had distinguishable responses to flooding stress (p < .0001). The interacting analysis of year and flooding tolerance indicated that FDS and PSR means were significantly different among 5 years due to weather temperature and flooding treatment time influences of each year (p < .0001). Furthermore, five breeding lines with high‐yielding and flood‐tolerant traits were developed using selected consistent flood‐tolerant and high‐yielding genotypes through conventional breeding approach.
Development of a molecular marker for self‐compatible S4′ haplotype in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) using high‐resolution melting
Authors: Muñoz‐Espinoza Claudia , Espinosa Evelyn , Bascuñán Roberto , Tapia Sebastián , Meneses Claudio , Almeida Andréa Miyasaka 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) has stylar gametophytic self‐incompatibility, which is controlled by the multi‐allelic S‐locus and encompasses the highly polymorphic genes for the S‐ribonuclease (S‐RNase) and S‐haplotype‐specific F‐box (SFB), which are female and male determinants, respectively. The self‐compatible mutant SFB4′ corresponds to an allele variant of SFB4 and presents a frameshift mutation. Even though male‐determinant molecular markers can discriminate between SFB4 and SFB4′ alleles, the methods required are laborious, time‐consuming and expensive, and not suitable for massive analysis and integration into breeding programmes. Our aim was to develop molecular markers for the evaluation of self‐compatibility alleles in sweet cherry, that could be used as a high‐throughput screening strategy to identify SFB4 and SFB4′ alleles, based on a marker for male determinacy. Our results were consistent using primers flanking the mutation responsible for the SFB4′ allele. We designed a specific molecular marker and confirmed it in sweet cherry commercial varieties. This new molecular marker is feasible for self‐compatibility alleles in the male determinant in sweet cherry‐assisted breeding programs.
The Cancer Risk Associated with Residential Exposure to Soil Containing Radioactive Coal Combustion Residuals
Authors: Towle Kevin M. , Jacobs Neva F. B. , Keenan James J. , Monnot Andrew D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCoal combustion residuals (CCRs) are composed of various constituents, including radioactive materials. The objective of this study was to utilize methodology on radionuclide risk assessment from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to estimate the potential cancer risks associated with residential exposure to CCR‐containing soil. We evaluated potential radionuclide exposure via soil ingestion, inhalation of soil particulates, and external exposure to ionizing radiation using published CCR radioactivity values for 232Th, 228Ra, 238U, and 226Ra from the Appalachia, Illinois, and Powder River coal basins. Mean and upper‐bound cancer risks were estimated individually for each radionuclide, exposure pathway, and coal basin. For each radionuclide at each coal basin, external exposure to ionizing radiation contributed the greatest to the overall risk estimate, followed by incidental ingestion of soil and inhalation of soil particulates. The mean cancer risks by route of exposure were 2.01 × 10−6 (ingestion), 6.80 × 10−9 (inhalation), and 3.66 × 10−5 (external), while the upper bound cancer risks were 3.70 × 10−6 (ingestion), 1.18 × 10−8 (inhalation), and 6.15 × 10−5 (external), using summed radionuclide‐specific data from all locations. The upper bound cancer risk from all routes of exposure was 6.52 × 10−5. These estimated cancer risks were within the EPA's acceptable cancer risk range of 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4. If the CCR radioactivity values used in this analysis are generally representative of CCR waste streams, then our findings suggest that CCRs would not be expected to pose a significant radiological risk to residents living in areas where contact with CCR‐containing soils might occur.
Risk Assessment of Human Toxoplasmosis Associated with the Consumption of Pork Meat in Italy
Authors: Condoleo Roberto , Rinaldi Laura , Sette Stefania , Mezher Ziad 
Published: November 2017

AbstractToxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan disease and has a broad range of hosts, including humans and several wild and domestic animals. The human infection is mostly acquired through the consumption of contaminated food and pork meat has been recognized as one of the major sources of transmission. There are, however, certain fundamental differences between countries; therefore, the present study specifically aims to evaluate the exposure of the Italian population to Toxoplasma gondii through the ingestion of several types of pork meat products habitually consumed in Italy and to estimate the annual number of human infections within two subgroups of the population. A quantitative risk assessment model was built for this reason and was enriched with new elements in comparison to other similar risk assessments in order to enhance its accuracy. Sensitivity analysis and two alternative scenarios were implemented to identify the factors that have the highest impact on risk and to simulate different plausible conditions, respectively. The estimated overall average number of new infections per year among adults is 12,513 and 92 for pregnant women. The baseline model showed that almost all these infections are associated with the consumption of fresh meat cuts and preparations (mean risk of infection varied between 4.5 × 10−5 and 5.5 × 10−5) and only a small percentage is due to fermented sausages/salami. On the contrary, salt‐cured meat products seem to pose minor risk but further investigations are needed to clarify still unclear aspects. Among all the considered variables, cooking temperature and bradyzoites’ concentration in muscle impacted most the risk.
Improving wellbeing in patients undergoing dialysis: Can meditation help?
Authors: Bennett Paul N , Ngo Trey , Kalife Christine , Schiller Brigitte 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCoping with the stress and anxiety caused by end stage kidney disease (ESKD) symptoms, treatment, restrictions, and social, financial and family stressors, consumes many afflicted with kidney disease. Meditation has been shown to decrease anxiety and stress, and improve wellbeing and quality of life of people with chronic disease. However, the clinical uptake of meditation is low in the ESKD dialysis population. This review describes what meditation and mindful meditation are and how they have been used for people with ESKD. Further research, using active control conditions and larger sample size, is required to identify effective meditation interventions that can improve the wellbeing of our patients and their ability to cope with the demands of ESKD.
First Encounters: Repair Sequences in Cross‐Signing
Authors: Byun Kang‐Suk , de Vos Connie , Bradford Anastasia , Zeshan Ulrike , Levinson Stephen C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMost human communication is between people who speak or sign the same languages. Nevertheless, communication is to some extent possible where there is no language in common, as every tourist knows. How this works is of some theoretical interest (Levinson, ). A nice arena to explore this capacity is when deaf signers of different languages meet for the first time and are able to use the iconic affordances of sign to begin communication. Here we focus on other‐initiated repair (OIR), that is, where one signer makes clear he or she does not understand, thus initiating repair of the prior conversational turn. OIR sequences are typically of a three‐turn structure (Schegloff ), including the problem source turn (T−1), the initiation of repair (T0), and the turn offering a problem solution (T+1). These sequences seem to have a universal structure (Dingemanse et al. 2013). We find that in most cases where such OIR occur, the signer of the troublesome turn (T−1) foresees potential difficulty and marks the utterance with “try markers” (Moerman, ; Sacks & Schegloff, ) which pause to invite recognition. The signers use repetition, gestural holds, prosodic lengthening, and eyegaze at the addressee as such try‐markers. Moreover, when T−1 is try‐marked this allows for faster response times of T+1 with respect to T0. This finding suggests that signers in these “first encounter” situations actively anticipate potential trouble and, through try‐marking, mobilize and facilitate OIRs. The suggestion is that heightened meta‐linguistic awareness can be utilized to deal with these problems at the limits of our communicational ability.