bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Gold and Selenium Chemistry for Selective Transformations of Lignin Model Compounds
Authors: Santos Wagner C. C. , Dias Kevin A. , Santos Leidaiany P. , Kisukuri Camila M. , Rodrigues Thenner S. , Geonmonond Rafael S. , Camargo Pedro H. C. , Andrade Leandro H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractApplications of gold and selenium chemistry are reported as novel approaches to promote lignin depolymerization into more valuable chemicals via selective oxidation reactions (alcohol oxidations and Baeyer‐Villiger reactions). In this study, we proposed two different oxidative methodologies using Au/SiO2 and phenylseleninic acid resin (PAR) as stable and reusable catalysts to promote selective transformations of the β‐O‐4 linkage of lignin model compounds. After evaluating the catalytic systems under batch conditions, they were both applied in a packed‐bed reactor for continuous flow operations. By using Au/SiO2 as a catalyst under flow conditions, ketones were efficiently obtained (up to 86% conversion) from the oxidation of alcohols with a residence time (tR) of 30 min. In the case of Baeyer‐Villiger oxidations catalyzed by phenylseleninic acid resin, the corresponding esters were obtained in up to 91% conversion (tR=30 min). Both systems efficiently catalyzed the conversion of the lignin model compounds.magnified image
AIBN‐Initiated Denitrative Cross‐Coupling Reactions of β‐Nitrostyrenes with Sulfonyl Hydrazides/Disulfides: A Metal‐free Approach towards Vinyl Sulfones
Authors: Kumar Saurabh , Singh Rahul , Singh Krishna Nand 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA practical approach involving denitrative coupling of β‐nitrostyrenes and sulfonyl hydrazides/disulfides by AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile) has been developed to accomplish the synthesis of vinyl sulfones. The method employs easily accessible starting materials, and is endowed with a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance.
Relationship between body mass, lean mass, fat mass, and limb bone cross‐sectional geometry: Implications for estimating body mass and physique from the skeleton
Authors: Pomeroy Emma , Macintosh Alison , Wells Jonathan C.K. , Cole Tim J. , Stock Jay T. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectivesEstimating body mass from skeletal dimensions is widely practiced, but methods for estimating its components (lean and fat mass) are poorly developed. The ability to estimate these characteristics would offer new insights into the evolution of body composition and its variation relative to past and present health. This study investigates the potential of long bone cross‐sectional properties as predictors of body, lean, and fat mass.Materials and MethodsHumerus, femur and tibia midshaft cross‐sectional properties were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography in sample of young adult women (n = 105) characterized by a range of activity levels. Body composition was estimated from bioimpedance analysis.ResultsLean mass correlated most strongly with both upper and lower limb bone properties (r values up to 0.74), while fat mass showed weak correlations (r ≤ 0.29). Estimation equations generated from tibial midshaft properties indicated that lean mass could be estimated relatively reliably, with some improvement using logged data and including bone length in the models (minimum standard error of estimate = 8.9%). Body mass prediction was less reliable and fat mass only poorly predicted (standard errors of estimate ≥11.9% and >33%, respectively).DiscussionLean mass can be predicted more reliably than body mass from limb bone cross‐sectional properties. The results highlight the potential for studying evolutionary trends in lean mass from skeletal remains, and have implications for understanding the relationship between bone morphology and body mass or composition.
Elucidation of the Oxygen Reduction Volcano in Alkaline Media using a Copper–Platinum(111) Alloy
Authors: Jensen Kim D. , Tymoczko Jakub , Rossmeisl Jan , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. , Chorkendorff Ib , Escudero‐Escribano María , Stephens Ifan E. L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe relationship between the binding of the reaction intermediates and oxygen reduction activity in alkaline media was experimentally explored. By introducing Cu into the 2nd surface layer of a Pt(111) single crystal, the surface reactivity was tuned. In both 0.1 m NaOH and 0.1 m KOH, the optimal catalyst should exhibit OH binding circa 0.1 eV weaker than Pt(111), via a Sabatier volcano; this observation suggests that the reaction is mediated via the same surface bound intermediates as in acid, in contrast to previous reports. In 0.1 m KOH, the alloy catalyst at the peak of the volcano exhibits a maximum activity of 101±8 mA cm−2 at 0.9 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). This activity constitutes a circa 60‐fold increase over Pt(111) in 0.1 m HClO4.
Stable and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Production of Formic Acid from Carbon Dioxide Using Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Natsui Keisuke , Iwakawa Hitomi , Ikemiya Norihito , Nakata Kazuya , Einaga Yasuaki 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHigh faradaic efficiencies can be achieved in the production of formic acid (HCOOH) by metal electrodes, such as Sn or Pb, in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, the stability and environmental load in using them are problematic. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to HCOOH was investigated in a flow cell using boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. BDD electrodes have superior electrochemical properties to metal electrodes, and, moreover, are highly durable. The faradaic efficiency for the production of HCOOH was as high as 94.7 %. Furthermore, the selectivity for the production of HCOOH was more than 99 %. The rate of the production was increased to 473 μmol m−2 s−1 at a current density of 15 mA cm−2 with a faradaic efficiency of 61 %. The faradaic efficiency and the production rate are almost the same as or larger than those achieved using Sn and Pb electrodes. Furthermore, the stability of the BDD electrodes was confirmed by 24 h operation.
Monitoring of the discoloration on γ‐irradiated PE and EVA films to evaluate antioxidant stability
Authors: Gaston Fanny , Dupuy Nathalie , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Gigmes Didier , Dorey Samuel 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTγ‐Irradiated films could provoke unexpected interaction with proteins for instance just after irradiation and not necessarily after 12 months indicating there is no more reactive species. The optical properties of two multilayer films [polyethylene (PE)/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)/PE and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/EVOH/EVA] after different γ‐irradiation doses is then studied in this work. The investigation on these films, either non‐irradiated or γ‐irradiated (up to 270 kGy), is performed by colorimetry measurement over time (up to 12 months) to assess the generation of new species inside the materials. The color change is directly correlated with absorbed γ‐doses. Over time, the color decreases and goes back to its initial time level. This discoloration evolution could be therefore used as an indication of the completion of the generated species reactions induced by γ‐irradiation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46114.
Strain rate dependent mechanical properties of a high‐strength poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Fan Jitang 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTStrain rate dependency is an important issue for the mechanical response of materials in impact events. Dynamic mechanical properties of a high‐strength poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were studied by using split Hopkinson pressure bar technology. The maximum stress is enhanced with the increase of strain rate, and then keeps a constant with the further increase of strain rate, which is accompanied with a linear increase of fracture energy density. The critical data of strain rate and maximum stress were determined. Eyring's equation was applied for analyzing the influence factors, which relate to the hardening induced by strain rate and softening caused by adiabatic temperature rise. Inherent physical mechanisms were clarified and the strategies for designing advanced impact‐resistant polymers were proposed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46189.
Efficacy and Safety of Cyclophosphamide Treatment in Severe Juvenile Dermatomyositis Shown by Marginal Structural Modeling
Authors: Deakin Claire T. , Campanilho‐Marques Raquel , Simou Stefania , Moraitis Elena , Wedderburn Lucy R. , Pullenayegum Eleanor , Pilkington Clarissa A. ,   the Juvenile Dermatomyositis Research Group
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveIn patients with severe or refractory juvenile dermatomyositis (DM), second‐line treatments may be required. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is used to treat some connective tissue diseases, but evidence of its efficacy in juvenile DM is limited. This study was undertaken to describe clinical improvement in juvenile DM patients treated with CYC and model the efficacy of CYC treatment compared to no CYC treatment.MethodsClinical data on skin, global, and muscle disease for patients recruited to the Juvenile DM Cohort and Biomarker Study were analyzed. Clinical improvement following CYC treatment was described using unadjusted analysis. Marginal structural models (MSMs) were used to model treatment efficacy and adjust for confounding by indication.ResultsCompared to the start of CYC treatment, there were reductions at 6, 12, and 24 months in skin disease (P = 1.3 × 10‐10), global disease (P = 2.4 × 10‐8), and muscle disease (P = 8.0 × 10‐10) for 56 patients treated with CYC in unadjusted analysis. Limited evidence suggested a reduction in glucocorticoid dose (P = 0.047) in patients treated with CYC. MSM analysis showed reduced global disease and skin disease in patients who started an ~6‐month course of CYC treatment >12 months ago compared to patients never or not yet treated with CYC. In the treated patients, the modified skin Disease Activity Score for juvenile DM was 1.19 units lower (P = 0.0085) and the physician's global assessment was 0.66 units lower (P = 0.027). Minor adverse events were reported in 3 patients within 1 year of stopping CYC.ConclusionOur findings indicate that CYC is efficacious with no short‐term side effects. Improvements in skin, global, and muscle disease were observed. Further studies are required to evaluate longer‐term side effects.
[CH3NH3]4Ga4SbS9S0.28O0.72H: A Three‐Dimensionally Open‐Framework Heterometallic Chalcogenidoantimonate Exhibiting Ni2+ Ion‐Exchange Property
Authors: Zhang Bo , Li Wei‐An , Liao Yi‐Yu , Zhang Chen , Feng Mei‐Ling , Huang Xiao‐Ying 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn open‐framework chalcogenidoantimonate, namely, [CH3NH3]4Ga4SbS9S0.28O0.72H (1), has been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. Interestingly, 1 showed Ni2+ ion‐exchange properties and wide pH resistance, with a maximum exchange capacity of 76.9 mg g−1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of amine‐directed three‐dimensional (3D) heterometallic chalcogenidometalates for highly selective Ni2+ ion capture with a high distribution coefficient (Kd=1.65×105 mL g−1).
A Self‐Growing Strategy for Large‐Scale Crystal Assembly Tubes
Authors: Li Huizeng , Li Mingzhu , Yang Qiang , Sun Xiaoli , Guan Bo , Song Yanlin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAssembled tubular materials have attracted widespread attention due to their potential applications in catalysis, bionics, and optic‐electronics. Many versatile methods, including template assistance and self‐assembly, have been developed for fabrication of tubular materials. Here we demonstrate a self‐growing strategy to prepare large‐scale crystal assembly tubes. Addition of the template and the need for the sophisticated equipment are avoided with this method. The sidewall of the tubes is composed of a layer of polyhedral crystals that are connected together through grain coalescence. We demonstrate that the assembled tubular structure is obtained by the synergetic effect of the passivation layer and the dissolution‐recrystallization process. This facile one‐step strategy and the formation mechanism will offer guidance for fabrication of new superstructures.
Association between gluten protein composition and breadmaking quality characteristics in historical and modern spring wheat
Authors: Malalgoda Maneka , Ohm Jae‐Bom , Meinhardt Steven , Simsek Senay 
Published: January 2018

Background and objectivesThirty hard red spring wheat cultivars released between 1910 and 2013 were studied to determine the changes in quality characteristics that occurred over time, and to determine their association with protein composition.FindingsSignificant positive correlations (p ≤ .01) were found between release year and dough quality characteristics, such as farinograph peak time and stability. In size‐exclusion HPLC analysis of proteins, significant positive correlations (p ≤ .01) were observed between release year, glutenin polymeric proteins, and the ω‐gliadin fraction, which also showed significant positive correlations (p ≤ .01) with dough properties. In reverse‐phase HPLC analysis of gliadins, five ω‐gliadin peaks showed significant correlations (p ≤ .05) with year and farinograph characteristics. Mass spectrometry was performed to identify the proteins in these peaks.ConclusionsOverall, the results indicated that breeding efforts improved dough properties, which could be associated with quantitative variations in glutenin polymeric proteins, and certain subfractions of ω‐gliadins.Significance and noveltyGlutenin polymeric proteins, together with specific ω‐gliadin proteins, may play an important role in baking quality of spring wheat.
Pd‐Tipped Au Nanorods for Plasmon‐Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution with Photoelectric and Photothermal Effects
Authors: Wei Yan , Zhao Zhenlu , Yang Ping 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPlasmonic bimetallic structures have been wildly used in photocatalysis, owing to their tunable optical properties and desirable catalytic activities. However, it is still a challenge to realize the enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using these structures with electric, photo‐, and thermal effects. Herein, we report that Pd‐tipped Au nanorods (NRs) were prepared for electrochemical water splitting in the visible and near‐infrared region. The NRs exhibited a lower onset overpotential (40 mV) and high exchange current density (1.585 mA/cm2), which was largely ascribed to the increased carrier density in Pd induced by photo‐excited Au NRs, and further enhancement of Pd catalytic activity resulted from the photothermal effect of Au NRs. As the hot electron transport channel was hindered by excess Pd nanoparticles, it was found that the HER performance of tipped NRs was much higher than that of fully covered ones. This study extends enhanced electrocatalytic HER activity with plasmonic bimetallic structures by taking full advantage of the synergy between photoelectric and photothermal effects.
Rewiring Chemical Networks Based on Dynamic Dithioacetal and Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Orrillo A. Gastón , La‐Venia Agustina , Escalante Andrea M. , Furlan Ricardo L. E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe control of the connectivity between nodes of synthetic networks is still largely unexplored. To address this point we take advantage of a simple dynamic chemical system with two exchange levels that are mutually connected and can be activated simultaneously or sequentially. Dithioacetals and disulfides can be exchanged simultaneously under UV light in the presence of a sensitizer. Crossover reactions between both exchange processes produce a fully connected chemical network. On the other hand, the use of acid, base or UV light connects different nodes allowing network rewiring.
Lasers for Flow Cytometry: Current and Future Trends
Authors: Shapiro Howard M. , Telford William G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLasers are the principal light sources for flow cytometers. Virtually all cytometers are equipped with at least one (and often many more) lasers. This unit covers the various types of lasers available and the qualities that make them suitable or unsuitable for use in flow cytometers. Also included is a discussion of future directions, particularly in the area of tunable laser development. Practical tips are provided for building multilaser cytometer systems. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basics of Digital Microscopy
Authors: Wallace Callen T. , Jessup Morgan , Bernas Tytus , Peña Karina A. , Calderon Michael J. , Loughran Patricia A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractModern digital microscopy combines the equipment of classical light microscopy with a computerized imaging system. The technique comprises image formation by optics, image registration by a camera, and saving of image data in a computer file. This chapter describes limitations that are particular to each of these processes, including optical resolution, efficiency of image registration, characteristics of image file formats, and data management. Further suggestions are given which serve, in turn, to help construct a set of guidelines aimed at optimization of digital microscopic imaging. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deep Eutectic Solvent Aqueous Solutions as Efficient Media for the Solubilization of Hardwood Xylans
Authors: Morais Eduarda S. , Mendonça Patrícia V. , Coelho Jorge F. J. , Freire Mara G. , Freire Carmen S. R. , Coutinho João A. P. , Silvestre Armando J. D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis work contributes to the development of integrated lignocellulosic‐based biorefineries by the pioneering exploitation of hardwood xylans by solubilization and extraction in deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES formed by choline chloride and urea or acetic acid were initially evaluated as solvents for commercial xylan as a model compound. The effects of temperature, molar ratio, and concentration of the DES aqueous solutions were evaluated and optimized by using a response surface methodology. The results obtained demonstrated the potential of these solvents, with 328.23 g L−1 of xylan solubilization using 66.7 wt % DES in water at 80 °C. Furthermore, xylans could be recovered by precipitation from the DES aqueous media in yields above 90 %. The detailed characterization of the xylans recovered after solubilization in aqueous DES demonstrated that 4‐O‐methyl groups were eliminated from the 4‐O‐methylglucuronic acids moieties and uronic acids (15 %) were cleaved from the xylan backbone during this process. The similar Mw values of both pristine and recovered xylans confirmed the success of the reported procedure. DES recovery in four additional extraction cycles was also demonstrated. Finally, the successful extraction of xylans from Eucalyptus globulus wood by using aqueous solutions of DES was demonstrated.
Spark‐generated microbubble cell sorter for microfluidic flow cytometry
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , You Zheng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHigh‐speed and accurate cell sorting is of great significance for cell analysis regarding both bioresearch and clinical application. Different from the jet‐in‐air sorting of commercial flow cytometers, sorting in fully enclosed and disposal microfluidic chips can avoid aerosols and crosscontamination, thus contributing to the improvement of biosafety and test accuracy. However, current microfluidic sorters usually require complicated structures, or otherwise cannot attain high throughput. In this article, a sorting mechanism for microfluidics is proposed for the first time based on the jet flow induced by the spark‐generated cavitation microbubble that can be easily realized by a pair of electrodes. The sorter was integrated into a microfluidic chip based on three‐dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing and a binary optical element (BOE) for laser illumination. Besides, several aspects of the sorting mechanism were studied to optimize the device. It achieved a switching time of 250 μs at the sample flow velocity of 5 m/s and performed the continuous operation at 200 Hz. Both the stability of fluorescence signals and the viability of cells were basically maintained. To conclude, this work explores a new on‐chip sorting mechanism which possesses the merits of simple structure, easy control, and fast switching. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Maternal prenatal stress and infant DNA methylation: A systematic review
Authors: Sosnowski David W. , Booth Carolyn , York Timothy P. , Amstadter Ananda B. , Kliewer Wendy 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMaternal prenatal stress has been linked to a variety of infant postnatal outcomes, partially through alterations in fetal HPA axis functioning; yet the underlying pathobiology remains elusive. Current literature posits DNA methylation as a candidate mechanism through which maternal prenatal stress can influence fetal HPA axis functioning. The goal of this systematic review was to summarize the literature examining the associations among maternal prenatal stress, DNA methylation of commonly studied HPA axis candidate genes, and infant HPA axis functioning. Results from the review provided evidence for a link between various maternal prenatal stressors, NR3C1 methylation, and infant stress reactivity, but findings among other genes were limited, with mixed results. An original study quality review tool revealed that a majority of studies in the review are adequate, and emphasizes the need for future research to consider study quality when interpreting research findings.
Land surveys show regional variability of historical fire regimes and dry forest structure of the western United States
Authors: Baker William L. , Williams Mark A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn understanding of how historical fire and structure in dry forests (ponderosa pine, dry mixed conifer) varied across the western United States remains incomplete. Yet, fire strongly affects ecosystem services, and forest restoration programs are underway. We used General Land Office survey reconstructions from the late 1800s across 11 landscapes covering ~1.9 million ha in four states to analyze spatial variation in fire regimes and forest structure. We first synthesized the state of validation of our methods using 20 modern validations, 53 historical cross‐validations, and corroborating evidence. These show our method creates accurate reconstructions with low errors. One independent modern test reported high error, but did not replicate our method and made many calculation errors. Using reconstructed parameters of historical fire regimes and forest structure from our validated methods, forests were found to be non‐uniform across the 11 landscapes, but grouped together in three geographical areas. Each had a mixture of fire severities, but dominated by low‐severity fire and low median tree density in Arizona, mixed‐severity fire and intermediate to high median tree density in Oregon‐California, and high‐severity fire and intermediate median tree density in Colorado. Programs to restore fire and forest structure could benefit from regional frameworks, rather than one size fits all.