bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance to linezolid in Staphylococcus aureus by mutation, modification, and acquisition of genes
Authors: Yang Wenjing , Chen Taoran , Zhou Qi , Xu Jiancheng 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLinezolid binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by preventing the formation of the initiation complex. Oxazolidinone antimicrobial drugs represent the last line of defense in treating Staphylococcus aureus infections; thus, resistance to linezolid in S. aureus warrants high priority. This article examines the major mechanisms of resistance to linezolid in S. aureus, which include: mutations in the domain V of 23S rRNA (primarily G2576); chromosomal mutations in the rplC, rplD, and rplV genes (encoding the ribosomal uL3, uL4, and uL22 proteins, respectively); the exogenous acquisition of the methylase encoded by the chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance (cfr) gene; the endogenous methylation or demethylation of 23S rRNA; the acquisition of optrA and poxtA resistance genes; and the existence of the LmrS multidrug efflux pump. In conclusion, these mechanisms mediate resistance through mutations or modifications to the bacterial target, thereby reducing the affinity of linezolid for the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) binding site or by preventing the binding of linezolid to the PTC through a ribosomal protective effect. The existence of additional, unexplained resistance mechanisms requires further investigation and verification.
Plasma and serum volume remain unchanged following a 12-h fast from food and drink despite changes in blood and urinary hydration markers
Authors: Morgan Jessica E. , Dunning Olivia N. , Tocci Nicholas D. , Mauney Erica L. , Yazell Aidan S. , Rogatzki Matthew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives
The effect of mild dehydration on plasma and serum volume has not been well established. Furthermore, the ability of urinary and blood biomarkers to monitor small hydration changes have not been solidified. There were two objectives of this research: 1. Determine if mild dehydration affects plasma and serum volume; 2. Determine if mild dehydration can be detected better by urinary or blood biomarkers.

Subjects/Methods
47 subjects were recruited; 10 subjects were removed from the study and 37 subjects (27% male) completed the study. This was a crossover study design such that each subject underwent all protocols in a counterbalanced order. Protocols consisted of 12-h dehydration, 12-h hydration, and control.

Results
Neither plasma volume (p = 0.914), plasma volume status (p = 0.649), nor serum volume (p = 0.273) were different among protocols. Body mass (p < 0.001) was lower following the dehydration protocol. Urine color (p < 0.001), urine osmolality (p < 0.001), urine specific gravity (p < 0.001), serum osmolality (p < 0.001), and plasma osmolality (p < 0.001) were all lower following the hydration protocol. Hematocrit (p = 0.842) and hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.558) were not different among protocols.

Conclusions
Dehydration did not affect plasma or serum volume. Therefore, a 12-h fast from food and water as done in this study will not likely affect laboratory test results of biomarker concentration. All 3 urinary measures were able to detect changes in hydration status, whereas only 2 blood measures were able to detect changes in hydration status. This may indicate that urinary measures are best at detecting small changes in hydration status.
Computational approaches for identifications of altered ion channels in keratoconus
Authors: Gaikwad Kiran Bharat , Babu Jayavigneeswari Suresh , Parthasarathi K. T. Shreya , Narayanan Janakiraman , Padmanabhan Prema , Pandey Akhilesh , Gundimeda Seetaramanjaneyulu , Elchuri Sailaja V. , Sharma Jyoti 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Keratoconus is an etiologically complex, degenerative corneal disease that eventually leads to loss of corneal integrity. Cells in corneal epithelium and endothelium express various types of ion channels that play important roles in ocular pathology. This emphasizes the need of understanding alterations of ion channels in keratoconus.

Method
Differential gene expression analysis was performed to identify deregulated ion channels in keratoconus patients using transcriptomic data. Thereafter correlation analysis of ion channel expression was performed to obtain the changed correlation between ion channels’ expression in keratoconus patients versus control samples. Moreover, Protein-protein interaction networks and a pathway map was constructed to identify cellular processes altered due to the deregulation of ion channels. Furthermore, drugs interacting with deregulated ion channels were identified.

Results
Total 75 ion channels were found to be deregulated in keratoconus, of which 12 were upregulated and 63 were downregulated. Correlations between ion channel expressions found to be different in control and keratoconus samples. Thereafter, protein-protein interactions network was generated to identify hub ion channels in network. Furthermore, the pathway map was constructed to depict calcium signalling, MAPK signalling, synthesis and secretion of cortisol, and cAMP signalling. The 19 FDA- approved drugs that interact with the 5 deregulated ion channels were identified.

Conclusion
Down-regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels can be attributed to reduced cell proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, deregulated ion channels in 3’,5’- cyclic adenosine monophosphate signalling may be responsible for elevated cortisol level in progressive keratoconus patients.
A zircon case for super-wet arc magmas
Authors: Nathwani Chetan , Blundy Jon , Large Simon J. E. , Wilkinson Jamie J. , Buret Yannick , Loader Matthew A. , Tavazzani Lorenzo , Chelle-Michou Cyril 
Published: October 2024

AbstractArc magmas have higher water contents (2-6 wt.% H2O) than magmas generated in other tectonic environments, with a growing body of evidence suggesting that some deep arc magmas may be ‘super-wet’ (>6 wt.% H2O). Here, we use thermodynamic modelling to show that the behaviour of zirconium during magmatic differentiation is strongly sensitive to melt water contents. We demonstrate that super-wet magmas crystallise zircon with low, homogeneous titanium concentrations (75th percentile <10 ppm) due to a decrease in zircon saturation temperatures with increasing melt H2O. We find that zircon titanium concentrations record a transition to super-wet magmatism in Central Chile immediately before the formation of the world’s largest porphyry copper deposit cluster at Río Blanco-Los Bronces. Broader analysis shows that low, homogeneous zircon titanium concentrations are present in many magmatic systems. Our study suggests that super-wet magmas are more common than previously envisaged and are fundamental to porphyry copper deposit mineralisation.
Preserving precise choreography of bonds in Z-stereoretentive olefin metathesis by using quinoxaline-2,3-dithiolate ligand
Authors: Grzesiński Łukasz , Nadirova Maryana , Guschlbauer Jannick , Brotons-Rufes Artur , Poater Albert , Kajetanowicz Anna , Grela Karol 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Z-alkene geometry is prevalent in various chemical compounds, including numerous building blocks, fine chemicals, and natural products. Unfortunately, established Mo, W, and Ru Z-selective catalysts lose their selectivity at high temperatures required for industrial processes like reactive distillation, which limits their synthetic applications. To address this issue, we develop a catalyst capable of providing Z-alkenes with high selectivity under harsh conditions. Our research reveals a dithiolate ligand that, stabilised by resonance, delivers high selectivity at temperatures up to 150 °C in concentrated mixtures. This distinguishes the dithioquinoxaline complex from existing Z-selective catalysts. Notably, this trait does not compromise the new catalyst’s usability under classical conditions, matching the activity of known stereoretentive catalysts. Density Functional Theory calculations were employed to understand the reaction mechanism and selectivity, and to investigate the poisoning that the catalyst may undergo and how it competes with catalytic activity. Furthermore, the quinoxaline-based catalyst enables the valorisation of bio-sourced alkene feedstocks and the production of agricultural sex pheromones for pest control.
All-to-all reconfigurability with sparse and higher-order Ising machines
Authors: Nikhar Srijan , Kannan Sidharth , Aadit Navid Anjum , Chowdhury Shuvro , Camsari Kerem Y. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDomain-specific hardware to solve computationally hard optimization problems has generated tremendous excitement. Here, we evaluate probabilistic bit (p-bit) based Ising Machines (IM) on the 3-Regular 3-Exclusive OR Satisfiability (3R3X), as a representative hard optimization problem. We first introduce a multiplexed architecture that emulates all-to-all network functionality while maintaining highly parallelized chromatic Gibbs sampling. We implement this architecture in a single Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and show that running the adaptive parallel tempering algorithm demonstrates competitive algorithmic and prefactor advantages over alternative IMs by D-Wave, Toshiba, and Fujitsu. We also implement higher-order interactions that lead to better prefactors without changing algorithmic scaling for the XORSAT problem. Even though FPGA implementations of p-bits are still not quite as fast as the best possible greedy algorithms accelerated on Graphics Processing Units (GPU), scaled magnetic versions of p-bit IMs could lead to orders of magnitude improvements over the state of the art for generic optimization.
Raman-phonon-polariton condensation in a transversely pumped cavity
Authors: Bourzutschky Alexander N. , Lev Benjamin L. , Keeling Jonathan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPhonon polaritons are hybrid states of light and matter that are typically realised when optically active phonons couple strongly to photons. We suggest a new approach to realising phonon polaritons, by employing a transverse-pumping Raman scheme, as used in experiments on cold atoms in optical cavities. This approach allows hybridisation between an optical cavity mode and any Raman-active phonon mode. Moreover, this approach enables one to tune the effective phonon–photon coupling by changing the strength of the transverse pumping light. We show that such a system may realise a phonon-polariton condensate. To do this, we find the stationary states and use Floquet theory to determine their stability. We thus identify distinct superradiant and lasing states in which the polariton modes are macroscopically populated. We map out the phase diagram of these states as a function of pump frequencies and strengths. Using parameters for transition metal dichalcogenides, we show that realisation of these phases may be practicably obtainable. The ability to manipulate phonon mode frequencies and attain steady-state populations of selected phonon modes provides a new tool for engineering correlated states of electrons.
Exposure of elementary school-aged Brazilian children to bisphenol A: association with demographic, social, and behavioral factors, and a worldwide comparison
Authors: Rocha Priscilla R. S. , Moura Hadassa S. R. P. , Silva Nadyellem G. , Neves Francisco A. R. , Sodré Fernando F. , Amato Angélica A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA) is a plasticizer used to synthesize polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and is well-known for its endocrine-disrupting action. BPA occurrence in the environment is widespread, and there is a growing concern regarding exposure to this chemical during childhood, given the findings indicating the long-lasting hazards associated with exposure during early life compared to adulthood. We examined urinary BPA concentrations from 319 elementary school-aged Brazilian children, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found that urinary BPA was detectable in the majority of children, and that urinary BPA levels were higher among children with lower family income and lower maternal educational levels. BPA levels found herein were compared with those from countries with different regulation policies concerning exposure to BPA. They were similar to those reported from studies conducted in Egypt and Australia. Despite more protective regulatory policies in the European Union, they were similar or lower than those reported in European studies. Our findings indicate that exposure of Brazilian children to BPA is widespread and comparable to or even lower than that of countries with stricter regulatory policies.
Energy management system for multi interconnected microgrids during grid connected and autonomous operation modes considering load management
Authors: Shaker H. K. , Keshta H. E. , Mosa Magdi A. , Ali A. A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study focuses on improving power system grid performance and efficiency through the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs). The study proposes an artificial intelligence (AI) based effective approach for economic dispatch and load management for three linked microgrids (MGs) that operate in both grid-connected and autonomous modes. A day-ahead scheduling method is suggested to calculate the optimal set points for various energy sources in MGs considering various system constraints for safe operation. In addition, a load management approach that shifts the controllable loads from one interval to another is applied to reduce the operating cost of MG. To handle the optimization challenges of energy scheduling and load shifting such complexity and non-linearity, an advanced meta-heuristic method known as the one-to-one based optimizer (OOBO) is used. Overall, the paper proposes a viable and efficient methodology for economical distribution in linked microgrids, which takes advantage of renewable energy resources and incorporates scheduling optimization via the OOBO algorithm. The proposed energy management strategy enhances the system performance, increases energy efficiency, and reduces the daily operational cost by 1.6% for grid connected mode and by 0.47% for islanded operation mode.
Multi-scale correlation of impact-induced defects in carbon fiber composites using X-ray scattering and machine learning
Authors: Sexton Alexander H. , Suhonen Heikki , Huss-Hansen Mathias K. , Demchenko Hanna , Kjelstrup-Hansen Jakob , Schwartzkopf Matthias , Knaapila Matti 
Published: October 2024

AbstractImpact-induced defects in carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs)-spanning from nanometer to macroscopic length scales-can be monitored using an aggregate of X-ray-based methods, but this is impractical in typical field conditions. We report on a low-velocity impacted CFRP, which is mapped using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray computed tomography, and employ machine learning for correlating material parameterizations derived from these techniques. The observed 1 $$\mu$$
μ
m to 1 mm-sized defects are parameterized in terms of relative density and fiber orientation indicative of fiber failures (kink bands), and the nanometer sized defects in terms of crystal size and unit cell frustration. The 30 to 300 nm defects are parameterized by a power-law scattering decay, differentiating fractal-like behaviors. We find three spatial domains experimentally and by K-means Clustering: Domains of severe damage (with a visual dent), intact domains (without visual or measurable defects) and a transition domain (defects measurable by X-rays). How the parameters are correlated and how they overlap between the domains are discussed. All parameters are able to point to the detrimental fiber breakage in the severe damage domain, and scattering decay also in the transition domain, for example. How individual parameters determined from one experimental technique can be predicted from that of another is also described.
Observations indicate regionally misleading wetting and drying trends in CMIP6
Authors: Jensen Laura , Gerdener Helena , Eicker Annette , Kusche Jürgen , Fiedler Stephanie 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe evaluate trends in terrestrial water storage over 1950–2100 in CMIP6 climate models against a new global reanalysis from assimilating GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite observations into a hydrological model. To account for different timescales in our analysis, we select regions in which the influence of interannual variability is relatively small and observed trends are assumed to be representative of the development over longer periods. Our results reveal distinct biases in drying and wetting trends in CMIP6 models for several world regions. Specifically, we see high model consensus for drying in the Amazon, which disagrees with the observed wetting. Other regions show a high consensus of models and observations suggesting qualitatively correctly simulated trends, e.g., for the Mediterranean and parts of Central Africa. A high model agreement might therefore falsely indicate a robust trend in water storage if it is not assessed in light of the observed developments. This underlines the potential use of maintaining an adequate observational capacity of water storage for climate change assessments.
Addressing fairness issues in deep learning-based medical image analysis: a systematic review
Authors: Xu Zikang , Li Jun , Yao Qingsong , Li Han , Zhao Mingyue , Zhou S. Kevin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDeep learning algorithms have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various medical image analysis (MedIA) applications. However, recent research highlights a performance disparity in these algorithms when applied to specific subgroups, such as exhibiting poorer predictive performance in elderly females. Addressing this fairness issue has become a collaborative effort involving AI scientists and clinicians seeking to understand its origins and develop solutions for mitigation within MedIA. In this survey, we thoroughly examine the current advancements in addressing fairness issues in MedIA, focusing on methodological approaches. We introduce the basics of group fairness and subsequently categorize studies on fair MedIA into fairness evaluation and unfairness mitigation. Detailed methods employed in these studies are presented too. Our survey concludes with a discussion of existing challenges and opportunities in establishing a fair MedIA and healthcare system. By offering this comprehensive review, we aim to foster a shared understanding of fairness among AI researchers and clinicians, enhance the development of unfairness mitigation methods, and contribute to the creation of an equitable MedIA society.
pH Adaptation stabilizes bacterial communities
Authors: Mougi Akihiko 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDiverse microbes in nature play an important role in ecosystem functioning and human health. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how microbial communities are maintained. This study proposes that evolutionary changes in the pH niche of bacteria can promote bacterial coexistence. Bacteria modify the pH environment and also react to it. The optimal environmental pH level for a given species or pH niche can adaptively change in response to the changes in environmental pH caused by the bacteria themselves. Theory shows that the evolutionary changes in the pH niche can stabilize otherwise unstable large bacterial communities, particularly when the evolution occurs rapidly and diverse bacteria modifying pH in different directions coexist in balance. The stabilization is sufficiently strong to mitigate the inherent instability of system complexity with many species and interactions. This model can show a relationship between pH and diversity in natural bacterial systems.
Hybrid care in mental health: a framework for understanding care, research, and future opportunities
Authors: Chen Kelly , Huang Jack J. , Torous John 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTechnology is playing an increasing role in healthcare, especially in mental health. Traditional mental healthcare, whether in-person or via telehealth, cannot by itself address the massive need for services. Standalone technology such as smartphone apps, while easily accessible, have seen limited engagement and efficacy on their own. Hybrid care – the combination of synchronous in-person or telehealth appointments with the use of asynchronous digital tools such as smartphone applications, wearable devices, or digital therapeutics – has the potential to offer the best of both worlds, providing both increased access and higher engagement and efficacy. In this paper, we present a framework highlighting the key components of hybrid care models: digital intervention, human support, and target population. This framework can be used to evaluate existing models in the literature and in practice, identify areas of need and opportunity, and serve as a blueprint for key elements to consider when designing new hybrid care models.
Effect of Level and Frequency of Forward Masker on Auditory Brainstem Response
Authors: Kumar Durga S. , Konadath Sreeraj 
Published: October 2024

Purpose:
Forward masking (FM) is characterized by the perception of a signal being reduced or wholly masked due to a preceding sound (masker) of the same or different frequencies that offers a challenge for the auditory system to resolve. Considering that the off-frequency masker is expected to undergo linear processing compared to the on-frequency masker at the signal place, it reflects the peripheral auditory systems' compressive response. Thus, the present study focused on employing FM electrophysiological analogous such as auditory brainstem responses (ABR) to the behavioral masking experiments to objectively measure the frequency and level of processing in the auditory system, from the periphery to the brainstem level.

Method:

The study was an observational research on 21 female volunteers. ABR was obtained using a tone-on-tone FM paradigm for 1000- and 4000-Hz probe stimuli. An experiment used two forward maskers, on-frequency and off-frequency, with varying levels from 50 to 70 dB SPL
.

Results:

A progressive shift for V
th
peak latency and reduction in response amplitude was observed in proportion to the increase of masker level for both the probe stimuli and the masking experiments. However, ABR responses in neither masking condition were observed to differ between 60 and 70 dB SPL
.

Conclusion:
FM ABR experiments are an assessment tool for estimating frequency and level processing in the auditory system, providing good efficiency, reliability, and less subject bias compared to behavioral measures.