bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls of diagnosing urinary tract infection in infants and young children
Authors: Yamasaki Yasuhito , Uemura Osamu , Nagai Takuhito , Yamakawa Satoshi , Hibi Yoshiko , Yamamoto Masaki , Nakano Masaru , Kasahara Katsuaki , Bo Zhang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of pyuria‐based diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in urine collected by transurethral catheterization, and the reliability of diagnosis of pyuria in urine collected in a perineal bag. The gold standard for UTI diagnosis is significant colony counts of a single organism in urine obtained in a sterile manner.MethodsWe enrolled 301 patients who underwent medical examination at the present hospital for possible UTI between January 2005 and December 2009. We collected 438 urine samples by transurethral catheterization. We investigated the accuracy of pyuria‐based diagnosis of UTI using transurethral catheterization urine specimens, and the reliability of diagnosis of pyuria using bag‐collected urine specimens.ResultsThe false‐negative rate of UTI diagnosis based on pyuria in transurethral catheterization urine sediments was 9.0%; there was no significant difference in the false‐negative rate of UTI diagnosis between boys and girls. Approximately 28% of pyuria‐positive bag‐collected urine specimens were pyuria negative on transurethral catheterization; this rate was significantly higher in girls than in boys (56.7% vs. 8.9%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe absence of pyuria in transurethral catheterization urine sediments does not rule out UTI. Pyuria in bag‐collected urine specimens frequently consists of urine leukocytes from external genitalia as well as from the urinary tract.
Acute effects of exercise posture on executive function in transient ischemic attack patients
Authors: Faulkner James , Stoner Lee , Grigg Rebecca , Fryer Simon , Stone Keeron , Lambrick Danielle 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn patients with stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIA), a decline in executive function may limit an individual's ability to process motor tasks and relearn motor skills. The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effect of exercise posture (seated vs. supine cycle ergometry) on executive function and prefrontal cortex perfusion in patients with TIA. Eleven TIA patients (65 ± 10 years) and 15 age‐matched, healthy controls (HC; 62 ± 7 years) completed two exercise tests to maximal capacity (one seated, one supine) and two 30‐min submaximal exercise tests (one seated, one supine). Executive function was assessed prior to and following (1.5 min post, 15 min post) the submaximal exercise tests using a Stroop task. Prefrontal cortex perfusion (total hemoglobin) was continuously recorded using near‐infrared spectroscopy. There was no Posture (seated, supine) × Group (TIA, HC) interaction for the Stroop task (p > .05). HC completed Stroop tasks significantly faster than TIA (51.9[SD = 10.3] vs. 64.2[8.5] s, respectively), while Stroop completion time significantly improved between baseline and 1.5 min post (61.3[10] vs. 58.1[9.4] s, respectively) and 1.5 min post and 15 min post (54.8[8.9] s). Posture and group had no significant influence on prefrontal cortex perfusion (p > .05). In summary, executive function improves to a similar extent in TIA and age‐matched, healthy controls following an acute bout of exercise, regardless of exercise posture. As acute improvements in executive function were maintained for 15 min, there could be an important window of opportunity for assigning executive tasks following exercise rehabilitation for patients with TIA.
Prepotent motor activity and inhibitory control demands in different variants of the go/no‐go paradigm
Authors: Wessel Jan R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractInhibitory control enables humans to stop prepotent motor activity, and is commonly studied using go/no‐go or stop‐signal tasks. In stop‐signal tasks, prepotent motor activity is elicited by delaying stop signals relative to go signals. In go/no‐go tasks, however, trials include only one signal—go or no‐go. Hence, prepotent motor activity has to be ensured differently—for example, by using rare no‐go trials and short trial durations. However, a literature survey shows that ∼40% of studies use equiprobable go/no‐go trials and ∼20% use long stimulus‐stimulus intervals (> 4 s). It is unclear whether such slow‐paced, equiprobable go/no‐go tasks elicit prepotent motor activity and probe inhibitory control. We recorded EEG during four go/no‐go tasks, varying in no‐go probability and trial duration. We quantified prepotent motor activity on successfully inhibited no‐go trials using the lateralized readiness potential. Only fast‐paced go/no‐go tasks with rare no‐go trials reliably evoked such activity. We then used a stop‐signal task and independent component analysis to isolate an established neural signature of inhibitory control, and investigated this signature's activity across the go/no‐go tasks. Across tasks, increased prepotent motor activity on individual no‐go trials was accompanied by greater frontocentral P3 amplitudes, confirming it as an index of inhibition. Crucially, this inhibition‐related activity showed a 75% reduction in slow‐paced, equiprobable go/no‐go tasks compared to fast‐paced, rare no‐go versions. Therefore, since many common go/no‐go task configurations do not reliably evoke prepotent motor activity, their inhibitory requirements are greatly reduced. This has major implications for the usage of go/no‐go tasks in psychological experiments.
The Embodied Countryside: Methodological Reflections in Place
Authors: Rodriguez Castro Laura 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article contributes to conceptualisations of the countryside as an embodied space through a reflective engagement with the use of participatory methods with the campesinas (peasant women) of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range in Colombia. The key aim of the article is to explore how the embodied everyday experiences of the field and the methodologies associated to these are marked by place. To do so, I focus on two empirical aspects of my research. Firstly, I examine how engaging with place is pivotal to understanding the countryside as a relational and embodied space. Secondly, I demonstrate how the participatory methods I engaged with can provide place‐based insights to understanding the rural as embodied. Overall, this article contributes to the literature on how researchers perform and enact rural research, while aiming to de(s)colonise knowledge production.
Sugar and hexokinase suppress expression of PIP aquaporins and reduce leaf hydraulics that preserves leaf water potential
Authors: Kelly Gilor , Sade Nir , Doron‐Faigenboim Adi , Lerner Stephen , Shatil‐Cohen Arava , Yeselson Yelena , Egbaria Aiman , Kottapalli Jayaram , Schaffer Arthur A. , Moshelion Menachem , Granot David 
Published: April 2017

SummarySugars affect central aspects of plant physiology, including photosynthesis, stomatal behavior and the loss of water through the stomata. Yet, the potential effects of sugars on plant aquaporins (AQPs) and water conductance have not been examined. We used database and transcriptional analyses, as well as cellular and whole‐plant functional techniques to examine the link between sugar‐related genes and AQPs. Database analyses revealed a high level of correlation between the expression of AQPs and that of sugar‐related genes, including the Arabidopsis hexokinases 1 (AtHXK1). Increased expression of AtHXK1, as well as the addition of its primary substrate, glucose (Glc), repressed the expression of 10 AQPs from the plasma membrane‐intrinsic proteins (PIP) subfamily (PIP‐AQPs) and induced the expression of two stress‐related PIP‐AQPs. The osmotic water permeability of mesophyll protoplasts of AtHXK1‐expressing plants and the leaf hydraulic conductance of those plants were significantly reduced, in line with the decreased expression of PIP‐AQPs. Conversely, hxk1 mutants demonstrated a higher level of hydraulic conductance, with increased water potential in their leaves. In addition, the presence of Glc reduced leaf water potential, as compared with an osmotic control, indicating that Glc reduces the movement of water from the xylem into the mesophyll. The production of sugars entails a significant loss of water and these results suggest that sugars and AtHXK1 affect the expression of AQP genes and reduce leaf water conductance, to coordinate sugar levels with the loss of water through transpiration.
Surgical management of ectopic ureters in dogs: Clinical outcome and prognostic factors for long‐term continence*
Authors: Noël Stéphanie M. , Claeys Stéphanie , Hamaide Annick J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine outcomes after surgical correction of ectopic ureters (EU) and identify prognostic factors for long‐term continence.Study designRetrospective study.AnimalsForty‐seven dogs (36 females and 11 males).MethodsMedical records (1999‐2016) of dogs with surgical correction of EU were reviewed. A continence score (1 = incontinent, 2 = sporadic incontinence, 3 = continent) was attributed preoperatively, at discharge, 1 month postoperatively, and at long‐term evaluation.ResultsTwenty‐eight dogs had unilateral and 19 dogs had bilateral EU (57 intramural and 9 extramural). Nineteen dogs had a pelvic bladder. Neoureterostomy with dissection (n = 50), ureteroneocystotomy (n = 9), or nephroureterectomy (n = 7) were performed. Thirty‐three dogs were neutered: 32 before or during the surgery and 1 after surgery. Colposuspension was performed during surgical correction in 15 dogs. Adjuvant medical treatment improved postoperative continence scores. Median continence scores were greater at discharge (3), at 1 month postoperatively (3), and at long‐term evaluation (3) than before surgery (1). At long‐term evaluation (mean 46.1 months), a score of 1 was observed in 19%, a score of 2 in 7%, and a score of 3 in 74% of the dogs.ConclusionOverall, good (score 2) to excellent (score 3) long‐term outcome was achieved in 81% of dogs. Long‐term continence was improved with medical treatment and neutering was not associated with an increased risk of recurrence of incontinence in this population of dogs.
Outcome of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for resection of unilateral noninvasive adrenocortical tumors in 11 cats
Authors: Mitchell Jeffrey W. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Culp William T. N. , Brad Case J. , Singh Ameet , Fuller Mark C. , Della Maggiore Ann 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the technique and outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) in cats with adrenocortical neoplasia.Study designRetrospective case series.AnimalsEleven client‐owned cats with unilateral adrenal tumors.MethodsMedical records of cats that underwent LA for unilateral functional adrenal tumors at 3 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic imaging results, preoperative laboratory tests, laparoscopic port placement and techniques, duration of anesthesia and surgery, complications, concomitant procedures, need for conversion to an open celiotomy, histopathological diagnosis, and postoperative survival.ResultsEleven cats were included, 5 with right‐sided and 6 with left‐sided tumors. Tumors were aldosterone‐secreting (n = 8), progesterone‐secreting (n = 2), or testosterone‐secreting (n = 1). Adrenalectomy was successfully performed in all 11 cats although 4 cases required conversion to an open celiotomy, due to poor visualization (n = 2), close adherence of the tumor to the caudal vena cava (n = 1), and inability to maintain adequate pneumoperitoneum (n = 1). Ten of the 11 cats were discharged from the hospital, with a median survival time of 803 days (range 467‐1123 days). One cat died from severe pancreatitis and cardiogenic pulmonary edema.ConclusionAdrenalectomy can be performed in cats via laparoscopy but is technically challenging, and associated with a relatively high conversion rate (36%).
Mechanical properties of 6 finger‐trap suture techniques*
Authors: Earley Naomi F. , Meakin Lee B. , Parsons Kevin J. , Tarlton John , Hall Jon L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the most common methods used by surgeons to place finger‐trap sutures (FTS), and determine their influence on the biomechanical properties of constructs.Study designQuestionnaire and experimental study.MethodsSix commonly used FTS methods (A‐F) were identified from literature review and questionnaire. Constructs made with 3‐metric nylon suture and 18‐French polyurethane esophagostomy tubing were tested in axial loading to failure. Two patterns (B and D) selected based on common use and biomechanical performance were further tested, with 2, 4, and 8 repeats along the tube. Displacement, load, and energy at failure were compared between constructs, and failure mode was video recorded.ResultsPatterns E and F were susceptible to slipping (P < .001). Patterns A and D were stiffer than pattern E, and patterns A‐D were stiffer than pattern F (P = .012). Patterns A and B had less extension than pattern E and F, and patterns A‐D had less extension than pattern F (P = .002). 87.5% of FTS failed by breaking at the first suture knot. The number of repeats had no effect on FTS performance, but catastrophic failure occurred in 2 constructs with 2 repeats.ConclusionThe mechanical behavior of suture‐tube constructs and failure mode is affected by the FTS pattern. Patterns E and F are not advocated due to suture slippage. The number of repeats may not affect the FTS performance, but a minimum of 4 repeats is recommended. Overall, patterns B, C, and D performed the best in axial loading.
Five Fatty Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enzymes from Marinobacter and Acinetobacter spp. and Structural Insights into the Aldehyde Binding Pocket
Authors: Bertram Jonathan H. , Mulliner Kalene M. , Shi Ke , Plunkett Mary H. , Nixon Peter , Serratore Nicholas A. , Douglas Christopher J. , Aihara Hideki , Barney Brett M. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism play an important role in energy conversion and storage and in the function of structural components such as cell membranes. The fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAldDH) plays a central function in the metabolism of lipid intermediates, oxidizing fatty aldehydes to the corresponding fatty acid and competing with pathways that would further reduce the fatty aldehydes to fatty alcohols or require the fatty aldehydes to produce alkanes. In this report, the genes for four putative FAldDH enzymes from
Marinobacter aquaeolei
VT8 and an additional enzyme from
Acinetobacter baylyi
were heterologously expressed in
Escherichia coli
and shown to display FAldDH activity. Five enzymes (Maqu_0438, Maqu_3316, Maqu_3410, Maqu_3572, and the enzyme reported under RefSeq accession no.
WP_004927398
) were found to act on aldehydes ranging from acetaldehyde to hexadecanal and also acted on the unsaturated long-chain palmitoleyl and oleyl aldehydes. A comparison of the specificities of these enzymes with various aldehydes is presented. Crystallization trials yielded diffraction-quality crystals of one particular FAldDH (Maqu_3316) from
M. aquaeolei
VT8. Crystals were independently treated with both the NAD
+
cofactor and the aldehyde substrate decanal, revealing specific details of the likely substrate binding pocket for this class of enzymes. A likely model for how catalysis by the enzyme is accomplished is also provided.

IMPORTANCE
This study provides a comparison of multiple enzymes with the ability to oxidize fatty aldehydes to fatty acids and provides a likely picture of how the fatty aldehyde and NAD
+
are bound to the enzyme to facilitate catalysis. Based on the information obtained from this structural analysis and comparisons of specificities for the five enzymes that were characterized, correlations to the potential roles played by specific residues within the structure may be drawn.
Experimental Evaluation of Host Adaptation of Lactobacillus reuteri to Different Vertebrate Species
Authors: Duar Rebbeca M. , Frese Steven A. , Lin Xiaoxi B. , Fernando Samodha C. , Burkey Thomas E. , Tasseva Guergana , Peterson Daniel A. , Blom Jochen , Wenzel Cory Q. , Szymanski Christine M. , Walter Jens 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

The species
Lactobacillus reuteri
has diversified into host-specific lineages, implying a long-term association with different vertebrates. Strains from rodent lineages show specific adaptations to mice, but the processes underlying the evolution of
L. reuteri
in other hosts remain unknown. We administered three standardized inocula composed of strains from different host-confined lineages to mice, pigs, chickens, and humans. The ecological performance of each strain in the gastrointestinal tract of each host was determined by typing random colonies recovered from fecal samples collected over five consecutive days postadministration. Results revealed that rodent strains were predominant in mice, confirming previous findings of host adaptation. In chickens, poultry strains of the lineage VI (poultry VI) and human isolates from the same lineage (human VI) were recovered at the highest and second highest rates, respectively. Interestingly, human VI strains were virtually undetected in human feces. These findings, together with ancestral state reconstructions, indicate poultry VI and human VI strains share an evolutionary history with chickens. Genomic analysis revealed that poultry VI strains possess a large and variable accessory genome, whereas human VI strains display low genetic diversity and possess genes encoding antibiotic resistance and capsular polysaccharide synthesis, which might have allowed temporal colonization of humans. Experiments in pigs and humans did not provide evidence of host adaptation of
L. reuteri
to these hosts. Overall, our findings demonstrate host adaptation of
L. reuteri
to rodents and chickens, supporting a joint evolution of this bacterial species with several vertebrate hosts, although questions remain about its natural history in humans and pigs.

IMPORTANCE
Gut microbes are often hypothesized to have coevolved with their vertebrate hosts. However, the evidence is sparse and the evolutionary mechanisms have not been identified. We developed and applied an experimental approach to determine host adaptation of
L. reuteri
to different hosts. Our findings confirmed adaptation to rodents and provided evidence of adaptation to poultry, suggesting that
L. reuteri
evolved via natural selection in different hosts. By complementing phylogenetic analyses with experimental evidence, this study provides novel information about the mechanisms driving host-microbe coevolution with vertebrates and serve as a basis to inform the application of
L. reuteri
as a probiotic for different host species.
Airborne Pathogens inside Automobiles for Domestic Use: Assessing In-Car Air Decontamination Devices Using Staphylococcus aureus as the Challenge Bacterium
Authors: Sattar Syed A. , Zargar Bahram , Wright Kathryn E. , Rubino Joseph R. , Ijaz M. Khalid 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Family cars represent ∼74% of the yearly global output of motorized vehicles. With a life expectancy of ∼8 decades in many countries, the average person spends >100 min daily inside the confined and often shared space of the car, with exposure to a mix of potentially harmful microbes. Can commercial in-car microbial air decontamination devices mitigate the risk? Three such devices (designated devices 1 to 3) with HEPA filters were tested in the modified passenger cabin (3.25 m
3
) of a four-door sedan housed within a biosafety level 3 containment facility.
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 6538) was suspended in a soil load to simulate the presence of body fluids and aerosolized into the car's cabin with a 6-jet Collison nebulizer. A muffin fan (80 mm by 80 mm, with an output of 0.17 m
3
/min) circulated the air inside. Plates (150 mm diameter) of Trypticase soy agar (TSA), placed inside a programmable slit-to-agar sampler, were held at 36 ± 1°C for 18 to 24 h and examined for CFU. The input dose of the test bacterium, its rate of biological decay, and the log
10
reductions by the test devices were analyzed. The arbitrarily set performance criterion was the time in hours a device took for a 3-log
10
reduction in the level of airborne challenge bacterium. On average, the level of
S. aureus
challenge in the air varied between 4.2 log
10
CFU/m
3
and 5.5 log
10
CFU/m
3
, and its rate of biological decay was −0.0213 ± 0.0021 log
10
CFU/m
3
/min. Devices 1 to 3 took 2.3, 1.5, and 9.7 h, respectively, to meet the performance criterion. While the experimental setup was tested using
S. aureus
as an archetypical airborne pathogen, it can be readily adapted to test other types of pathogens and technologies.

IMPORTANCE
This study was designed to test the survival of airborne pathogens in the confined and shared space of a family automobile as well as to assess claims of devices marketed for in-car air decontamination. The basic experimental setup and the test protocols reported are versatile enough for work with all major types of airborne human pathogens and for testing a wide variety of air decontamination technologies. This study could also lay the foundation for a standardized test protocol for use by device makers as well as regulators for the registration of such devices.