bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oblique Intrathecal Injection in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Technical Note
Authors: Jewett Gordon A.E. , Yavin Daniel , Dhaliwal Perry , Whittaker Tara , Krupa JoyAnne , Du Plessis Stephan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectives:Intrathecal morphine (ITM) is an efficacious method of providing postoperative analgesia and reducing pain associated complications. Despite adoption in many surgical fields, ITM has yet to become a standard of care in lumbar spine surgery. Spine surgeons’ reticence to make use of the technique may in part be attributed to concerns of precipitating a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.Methods:Herein we describe a method for oblique intrathecal injection during lumbar spine surgery to minimize risk of CSF leak. The dural sac is penetrated obliquely at a 30° angle to offset dural and arachnoid puncture sites. Oblique injection in instances of limited dural exposure is made possible by introducing a 60° bend to a standard 30-gauge needle.Results:The technique was applied for injection of ITM or placebo in 104 cases of lumbar surgery in the setting of a randomized controlled trial. Injection was not performed in two cases (2/104, 1.9%) following preinjection dural tear. In the remaining 102 cases no instances of postoperative CSF leakage attributable to oblique intrathecal injection occurred. Three cases (3/102, 2.9%) of transient CSF leakage were observed immediately following intrathecal injection with no associated sequelae or requirement for postsurgical intervention. In two cases, the observed leak was repaired by sealing with fibrin glue, whereas in a single case the leak was self-limited requiring no intervention.Conclusions:Oblique dural puncture was not associated with increased incidence of postoperative CSF leakage. This safe and reliable method of delivery of ITM should therefore be routinely considered in lumbar spine surgery.
HAVING A SECOND CHILD AND ACCESS TO CHILDCARE: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: d’Albis Hippolyte , Gobbi Paula E. , Greulich Angela 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper shows that differences in fertility across European countries mainly emerge due to fewer women having two children in low-fertility countries. It further suggests that childcare services are an important determinant for the transition to a second child to occur. The theoretical framework we propose suggests that (i) in countries where childcare coverage is low, there is a U-shaped relationship between a couple’s probability of having a second child and the woman’s potential wage, whereas (ii) in countries with easy access to childcare, this probability is positively related with the woman’s potential wage. Data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) confirm these implications when estimating a woman’s probability of having a second child as a function of education. This implies that middle-income women are the most affected ones by the lack of access to formal and subsidized childcare.
CHILDHOOD MORTALITY, CHILDHOOD MORBIDITY, AND SUBSEQUENT FERTILITY DECISIONS
Authors: Bousmah Marwân-al-Qays 
Published: May 2017

Abstract:The effects of childhood mortality and morbidity on the fertility decision-making process are analyzed using longitudinal micro data from a Senegalese rural community, for the period 1984–2011. I attempt to identify the effect of individual child mortality, and also that of community child mortality and morbidity, on subsequent fertility choices. The results provide consistent support for both the child-replacement hypothesis and the precautionary demand for children. I find that community child mortality and morbidity attributable to malaria, which capture changes in the epidemiological context, exert a joint influence on fertility behaviors. Community-level malaria incidence among children has a positive effect on subsequent fertility choices, and this positive effect is stronger the more the disease is fatal to children who are infected. This study highlights the role of morbidity, acting through the relative risk of dying from the disease, on the slow fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa.
ON TARSKI’S AXIOMATIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE CALCULUS OF RELATIONS
Authors: ANDRÉKA HAJNAL , GIVANT STEVEN , JIPSEN PETER , NÉMETI ISTVÁN 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIt is shown that Tarski’s set of ten axioms for the calculus of relations is independent in the sense that no axiom can be derived from the remaining axioms. It is also shown that by modifying one of Tarski’s axioms slightly, and in fact by replacing the right-hand distributive law for relative multiplication with its left-hand version, we arrive at an equivalent set of axioms which is redundant in the sense that one of the axioms, namely the second involution law, is derivable from the other axioms. The set of remaining axioms is independent. Finally, it is shown that if both the left-hand and right-hand distributive laws for relative multiplication are included in the set of axioms, then two of Tarski’s other axioms become redundant, namely the second involution law and the distributive law for converse. The set of remaining axioms is independent and equivalent to Tarski’s axiom system.
Protecting Animals from Mistreatment through Private Prosecutions in South Africa: A Comment on National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development 2016 1 SACR 308 (SCA)
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe general rule in South Africa is that, when an offence is committed, the suspect has to be prosecuted by a public prosecutor. However, there is an exception whereby a victim of crime is permitted to institute a private prosecution if the prosecutor has declined to prosecute. South African law allows natural, but not juristic, persons to institute private prosecutions. In the case examined in this note, the appellant argued that the law prohibiting juristic persons from instituting private prosecutions is discriminatory. The Supreme Court of Appeal held that private prosecutions are only permitted on grounds of direct infringement of human dignity. This note argues that section 7 of the Criminal Procedure Act is unconstitutional for excluding juristic persons from instituting private prosecutions and recommends steps the appellant could take to institute private prosecutions against those who mistreat animals.
Size isn't everything: narratives of scale and viability in a Tanzanian irrigation scheme
Authors: Harrison Elizabeth , Mdee Anna 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper explores tensions over scale and viability in irrigated agricultural development in Tanzania. A revival of ambition to transform African agriculture has reawakened debate over what type of agriculture can best deliver increased production and poverty reduction for rural populations. This paper examines these debates through the lens of an ethnographic study of an irrigated rice farm in Tanzania. With a chequered history of state and donor intervention management, Dakawa, Rice Farm in Mvomero District is now collectively farmed by a cooperative society of ‘small farmers’. It is widely hailed as a success, both of irrigation production, and of ‘small farmers’ in delivering this. However, such narratives of smallness and success obscure a more complex reality in which smallness of scale may be more of a discursive tool than a reflection of empirical reality. Although notions of ‘viability’ and ‘success’ in such development interventions are themselves also contested and depend on perspective, there is evidence that there are fundamental problems of both short- and long-term viability.
Long-term in vitro cultivation of Histomonas meleagridis coincides with the dominance of a very distinct phenotype of the parasite exhibiting increased tenacity and improved cell yields
Authors: GRUBER JANINE , GANAS PETRA , HESS MICHAEL 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYThe majority of research on Histomonas meleagridis was performed in the first half of the last century, especially those on morphological aspects. In the present study identical monoxenic settings for cultures of the same H. meleagridis clonal strain in its virulent low passage and attenuated high passage form enabled a comparative analysis of parasite characteristics. For the first time, it could be shown that long-term in vitro cultivation led to a severe shift in cell morphology, with the occurrence of a very distinct phenotype expressing a flagellated and highly amoebic cell morphology. Furthermore, the attenuated parasites showed better growth rates and a higher tenacity when confronted with adverse conditions. During these experiments up to 100% of the parasites, both virulent and attenuated, assumed a completely rounded morphology elucidated by electron microscopy. The findings indicate that such previously reported cyst-like stages are a defence strategy of H. meleagridis, independent of the passage level in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo. In conclusion, long-term in vitro passaging of H. meleagridis led not only to an attenuation of the parasite, as previously demonstrated, but also to a shift in the parasite's phenotype regarding morphology, growth behaviour and a higher level of tenacity.
Effect of uniform magnetic field on laser-produced Cu plasma and the deposited particles on the target surface
Authors: Singh K.S. , Khare A. , Sharma A.K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLaser-produced copper plasma in the presence of variable transverse external magnetic field in air is investigated using optical emission spectroscopy. As the magnetic field increases from 0 to 0.5 T, the intensity of Cu I lines initially increases and then decreases slightly at a 0.5 T. The maximum intensity enhancement of all five Cu I lines occurs at a magnetic field of 0.3 T. The increase in intensity is attributed to an increase in the electron impact excitation of Cu. With increase in magnetic field, the electron density and temperature were found to increase due to increase in the confinement of plasma. The difference in intensity enhancement factor is due to the difference in excitation rate coefficients. The surface morphology of irradiated copper target is also analyzed at 0.3 T magnetic field at which the density is maximum and reveals the formation of Cu/Cu2O/CuO nanoparticles (NPs). More NPs are formed at the peripheral region than at the central region of the ablated crater and is due to the oxidation of Cu atom in the plasma–ambient interface. The larger grain size of nanostructures in the presence of magnetic field is due to an increase in the inverse pulsed laser deposition. The intensity of Raman peak of Cu2O decreases in the presence of magnetic field and that of CuO increases which is more likely due to conversion of Cu2O to CuO. The photoluminescence intensity of CuO increases in the presence of magnetic field due to the phase transformation of Cu2O to CuO in agreement with the result of Raman spectroscopy.
Selection of trajectory parameters for dynamic pouring tasks based on exploitation-driven updates of local metamodels
Authors: Langsfeld Joshua D. , Kaipa Krishnanand N. , Gupta Satyandra K. 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYWe present an approach that allows a robot to generate trajectories to perform a set of instances of a task using few physical trials. Specifically, we address manipulation tasks which are highly challenging to simulate due to complex dynamics. Our approach allows a robot to create a model from initial exploratory experiments and subsequently improve it to find trajectory parameters to successfully perform a given task instance. First, in a model generation phase, local models are constructed in the vicinity of previously conducted experiments that explain both task function behavior and estimated divergence of the generated model from the true model when moving within the neighborhood of each experiment. Second, in an exploitation-driven updating phase, these generated models are used to guide parameter selection given a desired task outcome and the models are updated based on the actual outcome of the task execution. The local models are built within adaptively chosen neighborhoods, thereby allowing the algorithm to capture arbitrarily complex function landscapes. We first validate our approach by testing it on a synthetic non-linear function approximation problem, where we also analyze the benefit of the core approach features. We then show results with a physical robot performing a dynamic fluid pouring task. Real robot results reveal that the correct pouring parameters for a new pour volume can be learned quite rapidly, with a limited number of exploratory experiments.
INCENTIVES, OFFERS, AND COMMUNITY
Authors: Frye Harrison P. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract:A common justification offered for unequal pay is that it encourages socially beneficial productivity. G. A. Cohen famously criticizes this argument for not questioning the behaviour and attitudes that make those incentives necessary. I defend the communal status of incentives against Cohen's challenge. I argue that Cohen's criticism fails to appreciate two different contexts in which we might grant incentives. We might grant unequal payment to someone because they demand it. However, unequal payment might be an offer instead. I claim that incentives as offers promote the ideal of society as a cooperative venture for mutual advantage.
Thought Work Contested: Ideology and Journalism Education in China
Authors: Repnikova Maria 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article examines the dynamic evolution of China's ideology work through the prism of journalism education. Official sensitivity about both student activism and the media makes journalism education a critical sector for observing how the Party attempts to instil ideology. The article interrogates the process of negotiation of official ideology among authorities, educators and students at elite journalism schools. It demonstrates that alongside state-sanctioned media commercialization and globalization, official influence still looms large in journalism training. Ideological teachings continue to occupy a core place in the curricula, and the authorities deploy a mix of structural oversight, ad hoc surveillance and coercion to keep the educators in check. The effects of the official ideology work, however, are ambivalent, as educators and students engage in the active reinterpretation of the Party's media principles. While these practices do not directly undermine the Party's legitimacy, they demonstrate that official ideology has merely constructed what Yurchak terms a “hegemony of form,” highlighting a degree of vulnerability in China's mode of adaptive authoritarianism.
Clinical presentation of invasive disease caused byNeisseria meningitidisserogroup Y in Sweden, 1995 to 2012
Authors: SÄLL O. , STENMARK B. , GLIMÅKER M. , JACOBSSON S. , MÖLLING P. , OLCÉN P. , FREDLUND H. 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYOver the period 1995–2012, the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused byNeisseria meningitidisserogroup Y (NmY) increased significantly in Sweden. This is mainly due to the emergence of a predominant cluster named strain type YI subtype 1, belonging to the ST-23 clonal complex (cc). The aim of this study was to examine the clinical picture of patients with invasive disease caused by NmY and to analyse whether the predominant cluster exhibits certain clinical characteristics that might explain the increased incidence. In this retrospective observational study, the medical records available from patients with IMD caused by Nm serogroup Y in Sweden between 1995 and 2012 were systematically reviewed. Patient characteristics, in-hospital findings and outcome were studied and differences between the dominating cluster and other isolates were analysed. Medical records from 175 of 191 patients were retrieved. The median age was 62 years. The all-cause mortality within 30 days of admission was 9% (15/175) in the whole material; 4% (2/54) in the cohort with strain type YI subtype 1 and 11% (12/121) among patients with other isolates. Thirty-three per cent of the patients were diagnosed with meningitis, 19% with pneumonia, 10% with arthritis and 35% were found to have bacteraemia but no apparent organ manifestation. This survey included cases with an aggressive clinical course as well as cases with a relatively mild clinical presentation. There was a trend towards lower mortality and less-severe disease in the cohort with strain type YI subtype 1 compared with the group with other isolates.
INEQUALITY, INCENTIVES, CRIMINALITY, AND BLAME
Authors: Lewis Christopher 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe disadvantaged have incentives to commit crime, and to develop criminogenic dispositions, that limit the extent to which their co-citizens can blame them for breaking the law. This is true regardless of whether the causes of criminality are mainly “structural” or “cultural.” We need not assume that society as a whole is unjust in order to accept this conclusion. And doing so would neither stigmatize nor otherwise disrespect the disadvantaged.
Dissociations between Spatial and Temporal Order Memory: A Neuropsychological Patient Study
Authors: Kant Neeltje , van Zandvoort Martine J.E. , van den Berg Esther , Frijns Catharina J.M. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Postma Albert 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectives:In complex real life situations, memories for temporal and spatial information are naturally linked since sequential events coincide in time and space. Whether this connection is inseparable or instead whether these processes are functionally dissociable was investigated in this patient study.Methods:Spatial object-location and temporal order memory tasks were administered to 36 stroke patients and 44 healthy control participants.Results:On group level, patients with a stroke in the left hemisphere performed worse on temporal order memory, compared to the control participants. On individual level, using a multiple case-study approach, a clear pattern of dissociations was found between memory for temporal and for spatial features.Conclusions:These findings indicate that location and temporal order memory contain functionally separable processes. This adds to our understanding of how context information is processed in human memory. (JINS, 2017,23, 421–430)
Translating the ‘Other’: Early-Modern Muslim Understandings of Hinduism
Authors: TAREEN SHER ALI 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis essay examines the theme of inter-religious translation in the context of early modern India. More specifically, it considers the prominent 18thcentury Sufi master and scholar Mirzā Maẓhar Jān-i Jānān's (d.1781) translation of Hindu thought and practice as reflected in his Persian letters on this subject. Through a close reading of the content and context of his translation project, I show that while according the Hindu ‘other’ remarkable doctrinal hospitality, Jān-i Jānān's view of translation was firmly tethered to an imperial Muslim political theology committed to upholding the exceptionality of Muslim normative authority. Interrogating his negotiation of hospitality and exceptionality and the notions of time that undergirded that negotiation occupies much of this essay. I also explore ways in which Jān-i Jānān's translation of Hinduism might engage ongoing scholarly conversations regarding the rupture of colonial modernity in the discursive career of religion in South Asia. In the Euro-American study of religion, many scholars have shown the intimacy of modern secular power and the reconfiguration of religion as a universally translatable category. But what conceptual and historiographical gains might one derive by shifting the camera of analysis from the colonial reification of religion to the inter-religious translation efforts of a late 18thcentury thinker like Jān-i Jānān who wrote at the cusp of colonial modernity? This question hovers over the problem-space of this essay.
Accupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy success using a commercially available unit 8 years post-radiation for xerostomia: a case report
Authors: Iovoli Austin J. , Singh Anurag K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundAccupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ALTENS) therapy has been shown in prospective studies to be effective in the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. Those studies treated patients within 27 months from end of radiation with ALTENS delivered in the clinic using a Codetron unit. However, that unit is no longer produced and there is limited data on success of ALTENS when delivered at home.MethodsA 50-year old man with xerostomia, 8 years post-radiation for T4N1 squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa, was given ALTENS with a currently commercially available unit from Girish Surgical. He used the unit at home, 20 minutes daily for 8 weeks.ResultsAfter 8 weeks of ALTENS therapy the patient saw a reduction in the Self-Reported University of Michigan Xerostomia-Related Quality of Life Scale from 20 to 1.ConclusionThis case report demonstrates (1) the Girish Surgical unit is effective, (2) self-administration of ALTENS in patients who cannot come to clinic regularly may be practical and (3) ALTENS can still offer durable benefit to patients even 8 years after chemoradiation therapy.
“The Problem of Aërial Navigation”
Authors: Barry E. A. 
Published: May 2017

France, the country where the balloon was invented, owing to the genius of its people and the liberality and foresight of its Government, still keeps the lead over other nations in Aëronautics, and it is to Paris that we must look in order to find out how the problem of Aërial Navigation has been treated.In the year 1884 the most important experiment which has taken place in Aëronautics since the invention and first ascension of the balloon was made near Paris. A fish–shaped balloon, fitted with a screw driven by electricity, and with a rudder, ascended at Meudon; and for the first time in history with intent to effect it, actually returned to and descended at the place from which it had started. This balloon was the one manned by MM. Renard and Krebs, and represents at present the highest point to which the science of Aërial Navigation has attained.
A Paper on the Sustentation of Weight by Mechanical Flight
Authors: Phillips Horatio 
Published: May 2017

In the following remarks I shall endeavour to point out the principles underlying the art of mechanical flight, and by a plain statement of the facts, hope to clear away the mystery which to a great many minds seems to surround the subject, and thereby induce engineers to give serious attention to the matter.In order to sustain weight in the atmosphere, it is absolutely necessary to deliver air downwards, and in order to ascertain the weight of air acted upon, and the speed with which it must be moved, the following formula, so well known to marine engineers, is perfectly applicable where W is the weight of the mass of fluid acted upon in lbs. per sec, and S is the downward velocity in ft. per sec,G is 32.2ft. per sec.