bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of histone deacetylase 3 as a therapeutic target in castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: McLeod Abigail B. , Stice James P. , Wardell Suzanne E. , Alley Holly M. , Chang Ching‐yi , McDonnell Donald P. 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundWhereas the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis remains a therapeutic target in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the emergence of AR mutations and splice variants as mechanisms underlying resistance to contemporary inhibitors of this pathway highlights the need for new therapeutic approaches to target this disease. Of significance in this regard is the considerable preclinical data, indicating that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors may have utility in the treatment of CRPC. However, the results of clinical studies using HDAC inhibitors (directed against HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8) in CRPC are equivocal, a result that some have attributed to their ability to induce an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and neuroendocrine differentiation. We posited that it might be possible to uncouple the beneficial effects of HDAC inhibitors on AR signaling from their undesired activities by targeting specific HDACs as opposed to using the pan‐inhibitor strategy that has been employed to date.MethodsThe relative abilities of pan‐ and selective‐Class I HDAC inhibitors to attenuate AR‐mediated target gene expression and proliferation were assessed in several prostate cancer cell lines. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐mediated knockdown approaches were used to confirm the importance of of HDAC 1, 2, and 3 expression in these processes. Further, the ability of each HDAC inhibitor to induce the expression of EMT markers (RNA and protein) and EMT‐like phenotype(s) (migration) were also assessed. The anti‐tumor efficacy of a HDAC3‐selective inhibitor, RGFP966, was compared to the pan‐HDAC inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) in the 22Rv1 xenograft model.ResultsUsing genetic and pharmacological approaches we demonstrated that a useful inhibition of AR transcriptional activity, absent the induction of EMT, could be achieved by specifically inhibiting HDAC3. Significantly, we also determined that HDAC3 inhibitors blocked the activity of the constitutively active AR V7‐splice variant and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors expressing this protein.ConclusionsOur studies provide strong rationale for the near‐term development of specific HDAC3 inhibitors for the treatment of CRPC.
Onion Thrips Control, 1993
Authors: Davis M. , Grafius E. , Sirota J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Spartan Banner 80’ onions were direct seeded on 13 May at the Michigan State University Muck Research Farm, Laingsburg, MI. Plots were 3 ft long non-adjacent sections of single rows (16 inch spacing between rows), separated by 8 untreated rows, with five replications in a randomized complete block arrangement. A natural population of thrips present in the field was augmented with thrips introduced on onion tops from a heavily infested commercial field. For each plot, five onion tops were inverted and placed in close contact with the hearts of the onions for 3 days and removed just prior to spray application. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a flat fan nozzle at 40 psi and 50 gal per acre on 18 Aug. Due to a rain, heavy winds and the stage of the onions, plants had begun to lay down by 26 Aug when post-treatment sampling was done. Five standing plants were randomly selected in each plot and thrips were counted. Data were log transformed before analysis.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Andover, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , dMiller Jennifer 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Failure of most labeled insecticides at this location in 1992 stimulated this evaluation. The experiment was located in a commercial dry land peat soil field. Individual plots were 4 rows × 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. The grower had the entire field, including plots, treated with Guthion 3F 0.75 lb AI/ acre on 3 Jul, and again on 14 July using Thiodan 3E a 1.0 lb Al/acre. Plots were treated with a hand held CO2 spray using a 40 psi nozzle pressure. Approximately 10 gpa total material was applied to each plot on 21, 28 Jun; 7, 31 Jul and 2 Aug. Larval ratings and estimated defoliation were recorded on 29 Jun and 7, 20, 31 Jul. Plants senesced and dried naturally, and yields were measured on 9 Sept using the center two rows of each plot. Yields are reported on a cwt/acre basis.
Potato Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 1 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 1 Jul. CPB densities on 4 Jun were 1.2 adults, 50 eggs, 0.3 early instars per plant, and CPB densities on 15 Jun were 3.3 adults, 167 eggs, 6 early instars and 1.7 late instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area between plots. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Jun and 13 and 24 Jul. In the first treatment, Asana XL was applied on 15 Jun followed by four applications of M-Trak. This treatment was designed to use a pyrethroid first at a time of the season when it is generally too cool to effectively use the Bt materials.
Use of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Kryocide to Control Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) in Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 15 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 10 inches with 36 inches between rows. Treatments were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using three hollow cone (D4-45) nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Peak CPB egg hatch occurred on 17 May. Sprays were applied on 21, 31 May, 7 and 15 Jun. Cygon 400 (.25 lb Al/acre) was added to all treatments on 7 and 15 Jun to control potato leafhoppers. On 21 Jun, the entire test was sprayed out with Vydate L (2 qt product/acre) in order to prevent complete defoliation by emerging, first generation CPB adults. Rainfall from Mar until the second week in Jun resulted in a delayed planting date and difficulty in applying the critical, early season sprays. The delayed planting date and the drought from mid-Jun until harvest resulted in lower than average yields. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen stems/ plot, defoliation ratings on 11 and 23 Jun, and yield data.
Use of Fipronil 80Wg Foliar Sprays for Insect Control in Potatoes, Spring, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 16 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 25 ft. long rows, replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied beginning on 17 May through 23 Jun using a propane compressed gas back pack sprayer delivering 40 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A total of three Fipronil 80WG applications was made every two weeks, and Asana XL + PBO was applied weekly. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all CPB life stages present on 5 randomly chosen stems/plot 3 or 4, 7, and 14 days after each Fipronil 80WG application. Aphids and leafhoppers were sampled on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot on the dates indicated, and estimates were taken on hopper burn and defoliation. The plots were harvested and graded to determine yields.
Response of Melon Aphid to Rates of Admire and CGA 215944 on Watermelon, 1993
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘All Sweet’ watermelon were seeded in 4-inch pots with Metro Mix® Redi Earth growing medium (40-50% peat moss; 50-60% medium vermiculite) on 18 Jun and maintained in a greenhouse at 65°F a 85°F during the trial. Plants were placed outside the greenhouse two weeks prior to treatment to allow natural colonization by melon aphids. Forty-four plants of uniform size and initial aphid numbers were selected for use in the study. Plants were transplanted into 6-inch pots and returned to the greenhouse. Peters general purpose fertilizer was applied at the recommended greenhouse rate on 22 Jul and plants were irrigated as needed by adding water to plastic trays used to hold each pot. All treatments were replicated 4 times in a RBC block design. Eleven treatments, five serial dilutions of two aphicides and an untreated control, were applied as a soil drench around the base of each plant on 27 Jul after pretreatment counts. Four oz total volume was used for each treatment and the untreated control received 4 oz of water alone. The total number of melon aphids was counted on 3 leaves per plant 6, 10, and 14 DAT. Linear regression analysis was used to determine relationships between aphicide rate and mean number of aphids per leaf. Analyses of variance were used to distinguish differences in aphid numbers and among aphicide rates. Means were separated with Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range tests (P ≤ 0.10).
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1993
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA, on the second and third alfalfa crops. Plots of 40 × 40 ft were arranged in a RCBD with an untreated check in each of the 4 replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 17 Jun (1st experiment) from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch diam insect beating net taken randomly across each plot. All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 18 Jun. Alfalfa height at spraying was 4-6 inches. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 22, 25 Jun and 6, 9, and 16 Jul (i.e. 4, 7, 18, 21 and 28 DAT). Densities reported represent combined adult and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Insecticides were applied in 25 gal of water per acre at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom containing 80° flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined on 11 Jul from two 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot using a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Insecticide treatments in the second experiment were similarly applied on 4 Aug. Potato leafhopper density was determined from sweep samples on 3 Aug before the foliar spray was applied and thereafter on 6, 10, 18, 25 Aug and 2 Sept (i.e. 2, 6, 14, 21 and 29 DAT). Alfalfa yield was determined as in experiment one on 8 Sep.
Alfalfa Insect Control on Spring Regrowth in Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 1-year-old alfalfa stand located at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount. Plots measuring 20 × 40 ft were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. A single treatment was applied 29 May using a tractor-drawn FMC sprayer with 25-ft boom, delivering 20 gpa at 40 psi. All treatments were applied between 1 100-1300 h; wind speed was ≤6 mph and ambient temperature averaged 70°F. Insect populations were monitored 1 Jun (3 DAT), 5 Jun (7 DAT) and 12 Jun (14 DAT) by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot with a 15-in diameter sweep net.
Insecticidal Control of Cabbage Seedpod Weevil in Winter Canola, 1993
Authors: David Buntin G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of CSPW in winter canola at the Bledsoe Research Farm near Griffin, GA. Canola was planted on 14 Oct in 7 inch rows with a grain drill. Treatments were applied at 50% bloom on 7 Apr and 7 d later at full bloom using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer (20 psi) equipped with 003 flatfan nozzles which delivered 27 gal/acre. Plots measured 30 × 30 ft and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. CSPW adults were sampled at 0 (pretreatment), 3, 7, 10 and 14 DAT by taking 6 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam sweep-net. The percentage of CSPW infested pods was measured by inspecting 200 pods/plot on 25 May. The center 2 drill passes were harvested on 11 Jun with a small-plot combine. Grain weight and test weight were measured, and yields were adjusted to 8% moisture content.
Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota Using Planting-Time Soil Insecticide Applications, 1993
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three studies were conducted at 3 SD sites (Delmont, Garretson, and Sinai) to evaluate insecticide application rates and techniques (hand and in-furrow) for control of NCR and WCR larvae. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used in these studies. Individual treatment plots were single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were then washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1993
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Wildman L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Currie R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rootworm damage to corn was evaluated in plots established on 17 May in furrow irrigated corn at the Southwest Research-Extension Center, in Finney County, KS. The soil type was a Richfield silt loam with a pH of 7.5 and an organic matter content of 1.5%. Plots were 3 rows (7.5 ft) by 30 ft, arranged in a RCBD, and replicated 4 times. Treatments were either applied as a 7 inch T-band over the open seed-furrow or into the open seed-furrow with planter-mounted granule applicators. The experiment included several herbicide treatments to evaluate possible interactions between soil insecticides and post-emergence herbicides. Most of the plots received an application of Accent (0.67 oz/acre) on 15 Jun, but one set of the Counter 20CR treatments and one set of untreated plots received an application of Beacon (0.76 oz/acre). Rootworm damage was rated on 4 plants per plot on 7 Jul using the 6 point Iowa scale.
Efficacy Evaluation of Furadan 4F Applied Post-Emergence for Corn Rootworm Control, 1993
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A site near Sinai, in east-central SD was chosen for an evaluation of Furadan 4F applied post-emergence to corn in comparison to at-plant applications of standard granular insecticide compounds for control of NCR and WCR larvae. Insecticide treatments included at-planting applications of Dyfonate 20GM, Furadan 15G, and Lorsban 15G applied in an 18-cm band, and Furadan 4F applied post-emergence in a broadcast, a 38.1-cm band, and an 18-cm sidedress on either side of the row, all applied at 1.0 lb [AI]/acre. Experimental design was a randomized complete block replicated 4 times. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to applications. At-plant granular treatments were banded in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre. Five roots per replicate were dug from each treatment plot. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. The study site corn rootworm infestation was rather low. Below-normal temperatures and above-normal moisture prevailed throughout the growing season, which delayed planting, corn maturation, and peak larval damage. However, root evaluations were delayed for a period of ca. 3 wks to allow peak larval damage.
Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1993
Authors: Witkowski John F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experimental design was a RCB with 27 insecticide treatments and a control, replicated 4 times. Single row plots were 50 ft in length and 30 inch spacings. Corn was planted no-till into soybean stubble on 6 May. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7 inch band with cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer in 24 gal of water/acre at 30 psi. Application date was 6 Jul. Five days prior to insecticide application 6 black headed ECB egg masses were infested in marked plants for later evaluation. On 30 Jul, the 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer, 1993
Authors: Witkowski J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for 2nd generation ECB were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 12 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn hi-boy calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn hi-boy with 10 inch row banders. Twenty-four h prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate per treatment. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. On 17 Sep, 10 marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of ECB larvae recorded.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in Mississippi Cotton, 1993
Authors: Layton Blake , Varner Doyle 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 30 Jul using a COr powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 40 psi. The crop had been planted on rows spaced 38 inches from center to center. The plots, which were located in Tallahatchie County, were 8 rows wide × 50 ft long and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Counts were made at 4 DAT by searching the terminal area of 25 plants per plot for larvae. No rainfall occurred prior to the 4 DAT count, but heavy rainfall beginning 5 DAT prevented a scheduled 2nd application of the treatments. Pretreatment infestation level within the plot area was 24% eggs and 44% small larvae.
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Graves J. B. , Martin S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil in nonirrigated cotton planted 15 Apr. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 in centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jun and 2, 6, 9, 12, 15 Jul with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 36 psi. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton squares per plot for evidence of damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. No rainfall occurred during this test
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
At-plant, in-furrow applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on 36 inch rows on May 11 at approx. 100 lb of seed/acre. Soil temperature was 74°F and the soil was moist (0.8% H.M. and 5.7 pH). Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide × 50 ft long and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. Plots were separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole® planter and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with the seed using electric Gandy® boxes. The in-furrow application of the Orthene was applied by mounting spray nozzles directly behind the seed tube and connecting these to a COz sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa. Treatments, rates, and application techniques were listed. Peanuts were managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot on 25 May and 1,8, 16 Jun. Twenty-five, newly-opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded. All data were transformed (square root of X + 0.5) prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in tables.
Soil Insecticide and Fungicide Treatment Effects on Lesser Cornstalk Borer Injury, White Mold Incidence, and Peanut Yield, 1993
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Granular soil insecticides were evaluated in standard (Bravo) and developmental (Folicur or Moncut) fungicide programs for effects on LCB damage, disease incidence, and yield. The test was conducted on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 25 ft (8 rows on 38-inch spacing). Granular insecticides were applied with a 2-row electric Gandy applicator, using 5-inch banders centered over the row. Foliar fungicides were applied with a tractor-mounted 8-row boom (8003 nozzles, 40 psi, 20.8 gal/acre for first 3 appl. dates; TX6 nozzles, 60 psi, 12 gal/acre for last 4 appl. dates). Traffic lanes were confined to rows 1-2 and 7-8 of each plot so there was no traffic on yield rows after granular insecticide applications. LCB damage counts were taken on 19 Jul by uprooting 2 plant clumps (1-4 plants/clump) per plot, and counting LCB feeding sites on plant crowns and laterals. LCB damage was evaluated again on 30 Aug by uprooting 1 row ft at 2 sites per plot, and counting LCB scarified pods. Pod damage was evaluated at harvest by counting external and internal pod injury on four 25-pod samples per plot within 24 h of digging. Disease incidence was evaluated within 1 h of digging by scanning 100 row ft per plot and estimating total row ft with white mold symptoms at the plant crown. Yields were taken from 100 row ft per plot.