bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Evaluation of the Levelness Parameters of Natural Dyes on Natural Fabrics
Authors: Osman E.M. , El-Ebissy A.A. , Michael M.N. 
Published: April 2016

The objective of this paper is to establish a quantitative method to determine the levelness (L) of coloration by spectrophotometric measurements. Previously, the L of coloration is mainly evaluated by visual assessment.
Hence, we are not able to produce quantitative L data because the visual evaluation of the same colored material obtained from different observers can be quite different. Color levelness is actually a description of the uniformity of color shade in different places of the fabric. It is a very important parameter for the quality of textile coloration, quality control, and communication between laboratories.
Thus, this research work evaluates the L parameters by using different variables, including: a) three different natural fabrics; namely, wool, silk and cotton dyed with yellow natural dye from onion skins under the effect of different mordants, and b) three different natural dyes; namely, onion skins, turmeric and madder applied on wool fabric samples under the effect of different mordants.
The obtained results show that dyed samples with the highest color strength (K/S) have the highest unlevelness (U) and the lowest color difference (ΔE) values (i.e. the highest light fastness). These results are obtained regardless of the fabric type or dye used.
Anchoring of Monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin onto Cotton Fabrics and Use of its Inclusion Ability to Impart Durable Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Abdel-Halim Essam S. , Fouda Moustafa M.G. , El-Sawy Sanaa M. , Hamdy Ibrahim A. , Abdel-Mohdy Fikry A. 
Published: April 2016

Glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin mixture (GMA/MCT-β-CD) is grafted onto cotton fabric by an irradiation technique that uses linear electron beam radiation for initiating the grafting reaction. The obtained grafted fabric (cell-g-GMA/MCT-β-CD) is loaded with chlorohexidin diacetate (an antimicrobial agent) and subjected to several washing cycles. Grafted cotton fabrics (before and after loading with the antimicrobial agent) and control cotton fabrics are characterized for antimicrobial activity against different kinds of bacteria and fungi by using the diffusion disk method.
Grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent show very good antimicrobial activity in comparison with control and grafted fabrics which are not loaded with an antimicrobial agent. The results in this study also demonstrate that GMA/MCT-β-CD grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent retain a good deal of their antimicrobial activity after five washings. Good retention of antimicrobial activity is due to the cavities that are present in the cyclodextrin moieties which are used to host and keep the antimicrobial agent.
Russian Roulette at the Trade Table: A Specific Factors CGE Analysis of an Agri‐food Import Ban
Authors: Boulanger Pierre , Dudu Hasan , Ferrari Emanuele , Philippidis George 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn the summer of 2014 Russia imposed a ban on most agri‐food products from countries enforcing Ukraine‐related sanctions against Russia. We use a specific factors computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the short‐run impact of this retaliatory policy. The baseline is carefully designed to isolate the impacts of the ban on the European Union (EU), Russia itself and a selection of key trade partners. The modelling of the ban follows a novel approach, where it is treated as a loss of established trade preferences via reductions in consumer utility in the Armington import function. Not surprisingly, the results indicate that Russia bears the highest income loss (about €3.4 billion) while the EU recovers part of its lost trade through expansion of exports to other markets. Anex‐postcomparison between simulation results and observed trade data reveals the model predictions to be broadly accurate, thereby validating the robustness of the modelling approach.
The marine ‘great wall’ of China: local‐ and broad‐scale ecological impacts of coastal infrastructure on intertidal macrobenthic communities
Authors: Dong Yun‐wei , Huang Xiong‐wei , Wang Wei , Li Yan , Wang Jie 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimIncreasing areas of artificial infrastructure are being built along coastlines for purposes of land reclamation and coastal defences. Impacts of these structures on intertidal communities could be severe. Here, we tested the hypothesis that artificial structures can alter intertidal community composition by providing hard substrata for rocky intertidal species, and can serve as ‘stepping stones’ that facilitate broad‐scale migration of rocky intertidal species and may weaken a phylogeographic transition.LocationChinese intertidal ecosystem.MethodsThree‐year field ecological survey of macrobenthic species and phylogeographic analyses of three common species found on artificial structures and nearby natural rocky shores.Results(1) Artificial substrata were rapidly colonized by rocky intertidal species, and in the mid‐ and high‐intertidal zone, habitats were occupied by some widely distributed rocky intertidal species. (2) Distance to the nearest rocky shore and age of the artificial structures were important for species richness and community composition on the artificial structures. (3) Both ecological and genetic data showed that most populations on the artificial structures north of the Yangtze River estuary were derived by migration from natural rocky shores south of the Yangtze River estuary. This estuary formed a phylogeographic and biogeographic transition for intertidal species along China's coastline.Main conclusions(1) Artificial structures associated with large‐scale land reclamation along China's coastline provide appropriate habitats for rocky shore species; (2) because artificial structures are ubiquitous world‐wide, the biogeography of rocky shore species and other ecological impacts of this infrastructure along global coastlines should be reconsidered under the coupled impacts of climate change and human activities.
Mirror therapy in children with hemiparesis: a randomized observer‐blinded trial
Authors: Bruchez Roselyn , Jequier Gygax Marine , Roches Sylvie , Fluss Joel , Jacquier David , Ballabeni Pierluigi , Grunt Sebastian , Newman Christopher J 
Published: April 2016

AimTo determine the efficacy of mirror therapy in children with hemiparesis.MethodThe design was an observer‐blinded parallel‐group randomized controlled trial (International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number 48748291). Randomization was computer‐generated, 1:1 allocation to mirror therapy or comparison groups. The settings were home‐based intervention and tertiary centre assessments. Participants were 90 children with hemiparesis aged 7 to 17 years. Intervention was 15 minutes per day of simultaneous arm training, 5 days a week, for 5 weeks. The mirror therapy group used a mirror; those in the comparison group looked at their paretic limb. Assessments comprised measures of upper limb strength, function (Melbourne Assessment 2), daily performance (ABILHAND‐Kids), and sensory function at weeks 0 (T0), 5 (T1), and 10 (T2).ResultsThere were no significant differences in outcomes and their progression over time between the mirror therapy and comparison groups. Post‐hoc intention‐to‐treat analyses showed significant improvements in both groups for grasp strength (T0−T1+12.6%), pinch strength (T0−T2+9.1%), upper limb function in terms of accuracy (T0−T2+2.7%) and fluency (T0−T2+5.0%), as well as daily performance (T0−T2+16.6%). Per protocol analyses showed additional improvements in dexterity (T0−T2+4.0%).InterpretationThe use of the mirror illusion during therapy had no significant effect on treatment outcomes. However, 5 weeks of daily simultaneous arm training significantly improved paretic upper limb strength, function, and daily use.
Evaluation of the discrete element method (DEM) and of the experimental evidence on concrete behaviour under static 3D compression
Authors: Riera J. D. , Miguel L. F. F. , Iturrioz I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe authors successfully employed the discrete element method (DEM) in numerical determinations of the response up to and beyond failure of reinforced concrete structures subjected to impact and impulsive loadings in which tensile fracture, which is reliably predicted by DEM models, often controls the dominant failure modes. However, in impact problems when penetration occurs, the reliability of the approach in predictions of the structural response of the 3D compression zone that develops at the tip of the projectile has not yet been explicitly confirmed. In this context, in view of its complexity, the performance of the method is herein assessed and compared with available experimental results in static tests. By means of numerical simulations, it was previously verified that DEM models do predict, but overestimate, the strength increase observed on concrete cubes subjected to static multiaxial compression in relation with the unconfined strength, for confining (lateral) pressures up to about 20% of the unconfined compressive stress. For higher confining stresses, however, the DEM formulation underestimates the compressive strength increase observed in cubic and cylindrical samples, for the reasons examined in the paper, in which limitations of both the numerical predictions and experimental observations are thoroughly discussed.
Mitigation of unwanted direct and indirect land‐use change – an integrated approach illustrated for palm oil, pulpwood, rubber and rice production in North and East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Van der Laan Carina , Wicke Birka , Verweij Pita A. , Faaij André P. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe widespread production of cash crops can result in the decline of forests, peatlands, rice fields and local community land. Such unwanted land‐use and land‐cover (LULC) change can lead to decreased carbon stocks, diminished biodiversity, displaced communities and reduced local food production. In this study, we analysed to what extent four main commodities, namely, palm oil, pulpwood, rice and rubber, can be produced in North and East Kalimantan in Indonesia without such unwanted LULC change. We investigated the technical potential of four measures to mitigate unwanted LULC change between 2008 and 2020 under low, medium and high scenarios, referring to the intensities of the mitigation measures compared with those implemented in 2008. These measures are related to land sparing through (i) the improvements of yields, (ii) chain efficiencies, (iii) chain integration and (iv) the steering of any expansion of these commodities to suitable and available underutilised (potentially degraded) lands. Our analyses resulted in a land‐sparing potential of 0.4–1.2 Mha (i.e. 24–62% of the total land demand of the commodities) between 2008 and 2020, depending on the land‐use projection of the four commodities and the scenario for implementing the mitigation measures. Additional expansion on underutilised land is the most important mitigation measure (45–62% of the total potential), followed by yield improvements as the second most important mitigation measure (32–46% of the total potential). Our study shows that reconciling the production of palm oil, pulpwood, rice and rubber with the maintenance of existing agricultural lands, forests and peatlands is technically possible only (i) under a scenario of limited agricultural expansion, (ii) if responsible land zoning is applied and enforced and (iii) if the yields and chain efficiencies are strongly improved.
Digestive sensitivity varies according to size of dogs: a review
Authors: Weber M. P. , Biourge V. C. , Nguyen P. G. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryField observations on food tolerance have repeatedly shown that when fed an identical diet, large breed (>25 kg) dogs present softer and moister faeces than small breed ones (<15 kg). The purpose of this review is to highlight the findings of four PhD theses, carried out between 1998 and 2013, whose objectives were to investigate the anatomical and physiological peculiarities that would explain, at least in part, this observation, as well as their nutritional implication. This work showed that large breed dogs, in contrast with smaller breeds, present a highly developed caecum and colon, which could explain the relatively longer colonic transit time. A prolonged colonic transit time could explain higher colonic fermentative activity, as supported by higher faecal concentrations of fermentative by‐products. This effect would be reinforced by increased intestinal permeability and reduced sodium net‐absorption. Taken together, these elements could be a possible cause of higher digestive sensitivity in large breed dogs. When prescribing a diet to a small or large breed dog, several aspects of the formulation must be taken into account. For a large breed dog, the general goal is to limit any ingredient that could increase the level of fermentable undigested residues and, in fine, exacerbate colonic fermentation. Highly digestible sources of proteins and starches are therefore strongly recommended to maintain an optimal digestive tolerance. Fermentable fibre sources (i.e. beet pulp and FOS) must also be used in limited quantity in their diet. Conversely, the incorporation of non‐fermentable fibre (i.e. cellulose) appears useful to increase their stool quality. For a small breed dog, the general objective is to minimize any ingredient that could excessively limit colonic fermentation and induce in fine constipation. Purified starches and cellulose are therefore not really suitable for them. In contrast, cereals flours as well as non‐fermentable fibre provided by cereals are recommended.
Deep sequencing of hepatitis C virus reveals genetic compartmentalization in cerebrospinal fluid from cognitively impaired patients
Authors: Tully Damien C. , Hjerrild Simon , Leutscher Peter D. , Renvillard Signe G. , Ogilvie Colin B. , Bean David J. , Videbech Poul , Allen Todd M. , McKeating Jane A. , Fletcher Nicola F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatitis C virus (HCV) causes neuropsychiatric impairment and fatigue with recent studies suggesting HCV invasion of the central nervous system (CNS). Our previous finding that endothelial cells from the blood–brain barrier support HCV infection warrants further investigation to elucidate whether the CNS can serve as a reservoir for independent HCV evolution.MethodsCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from six HCV‐infected patients without liver disease or co‐morbidities together with plasma from six healthy subjects were profiled for markers of immune activation and viral quasispecies measured by deep sequencing. Unsupervised data analyses were used to identify any associations between cytokine activation markers and clinical outcomes.ResultsFour of six HCV‐infected patients showed significant evidence of cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Deep sequencing revealed independent viral evolution within the CNS of two cognitively impaired patients. Principal component analysis of peripheral cytokines demonstrated that individuals without cognitive impairment clustered together while a distinct cytokine pattern emerged with patients exhibiting cognitive dysfunction and fatigue.ConclusionsDeep sequencing demonstrated unique viral variants in the CSF of two cognitively impaired patients consistent with CNS replication or sequestration. Meanwhile, compartmentalization was absent in infected patients with no neurocognitive impairment. Examination of cytokine profiles in HCV‐infected patients with cognitive dysfunction revealed elevated peripheral cytokine levels resulting in a distinct cytokine profile that may be related to cognitive impairment or viral penetration into the CNS. Further studies to determine the significance of unique HCV variants within the CNS are warranted.
Management and prevention of gingival recession
Authors: Merijohn George K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGingival recession is highly prevalent worldwide. It increases the risk for root caries and can interfere with patient comfort, function and esthetics. Progressive gingival recession also increases the risk of tooth loss secondary to clinical attachment loss. Although mitigating the causes of gingival recession decreases its incidence and severity, implementing practical management and prevention strategies in the clinical setting can be challenging. Identification of susceptible patients and evaluating them for the presence of modifiable risk exposures are essential first steps in developing action plans for appropriate interventions. This article reviews these steps and introduces chairside tools that can help in the selection of interventions designed to reduce the risk of future gingival recession and may also facilitate patient communication. Practical decision‐making criteria are proposed for when and how to monitor gingival recession, for deciding when a patient is a candidate for surgical evaluation or referral to a periodontist, and, if surgery is the treatment of choice, what should be considered as key surgical outcome objectives.
Post‐treatment supportive care for the natural dentition and dental implants
Authors: Armitage Gary C. , Xenoudi Pinelopi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLong‐term successful treatment of chronic periodontitis requires placement of patients on post‐treatment recall programs known as either periodontal maintenance therapy or supportive periodontal therapy. Selection of the recall intervals must be based on the specific needs of individual patients. A single recall interval (e.g. 6 months) is not suitable for all patients. The main purpose of these programs is to prevent the recurrence of periodontitis. The components of every periodontal maintenance therapy program include: review of medical/dental histories; complete oral examination with an emphasis on the detection of gingival inflammation; establishing whether the maintenance program is working by monitoring clinical attachment levels; evaluation of oral hygiene; and full‐mouth supragingival and subgingival debridement (i.e. biofilm removal). Long‐term post‐insertion care for dental implants also requires a similar patient‐specific recall program of supportive implant therapy. The main purposes of a supportive implant therapy program are to maintain a healthy peri‐implant mucosa and thereby prevent the development of peri‐implantitis. In cases in which plaque‐induced peri‐implant mucositis has occurred, a well‐designed supportive implant therapy program can help return the mucosa to a healthy state. At the current time there is no consensus on the optimal interventions for the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis. However, all effective supportive implant therapy programs emphasize meticulous oral hygiene practices, careful peri‐implant examination, thoughtful analysis of risk factors and periodic removal of microbial deposits from the implants.
Lasers in minimally invasive periodontal and peri‐implant therapy
Authors: Mizutani Koji , Aoki Akira , Coluzzi Donald , Yukna Raymond , Wang Chen‐Ying , Pavlic Verica , Izumi Yuichi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLaser therapy has the potential to be an effective, minimally invasive procedure in periodontal therapy. The aim of the present review was to survey the relevant literature on the clinical application of lasers as a minimally invasive treatment for periodontitis and peri‐implant disease. Currently, there are a large number of published clinical studies and case reports that evaluate the adjunctive use of diode, carbon dioxide, neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG), erbium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) and erbium, chromium‐doped: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers or antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for nonsurgical and minimally invasive surgical treatment of periodontal pockets. These procedures are expected not only to control inflammation but also to provide biostimulation effects with photonic energy. Recent meta‐analyses did not show statistically significant differences in pocket reduction and clinical attachment gain compared with mechanical debridement alone, although limited positive effects of adjunctive laser therapy were reported. At present, systematic literature approaches suggest that more evidence‐based studies need to be performed to support the integration of various laser therapies into the treatment of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. The disparity between previous statistical analyses and individual successful clinical outcomes of laser applications might reveal the necessity of developing optimal laser‐treatment modalities of different wavelengths and better‐defined indications for each protocol.
Risk assessment and periodontal prevention in primary care
Authors: Garcia Raul I. , Compton Robert , Dietrich Thomas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe role of risk factors and risk assessment in the prediction of clinical periodontal outcomes, and thus in patient management, continues to be a subject of high professional interest and clinical relevance globally. Advances in our understanding of periodontal disease causality and the role of risk factors as predictors of future disease risk have led to the development of various quantitative tools to calculate risk and inform clinical decision‐making. We review the conceptual basis for periodontal risk calculation and frame its potential, as well as its limitations, in the context of similar advances in medical care. Lastly, we discuss how broader health‐policy changes are taking place that will probably lead to incorporation of risk‐factor assessments in periodontal treatment planning and care management.
Minimally invasive periodontal therapy for general practitioners
Authors: Ryder Mark I. , Armitage Gary C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThere remains a high prevalence of mild‐to‐moderate forms of periodontal diseases in both developed and developing countries. Although many periodontal specialty practices currently place strong emphasis on implant surgery, periodontal plastic surgery and esthetics, general dentists and hygienists have often assumed more responsibility than periodontal specialty practices for the diagnosis, treatment, assessment and maintenance, and possible referral, of their patients. To address these current trends and challenges, this volume of Periodontology 2000 presents a series of topics on the basic biological principles of periodontal disease, as well as on approaches to diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment, in what is called ‘conservative’ or ‘noninvasive’ periodontal therapy. These topics include risk assessment of the periodontal condition; reduction, elimination and/or control of etiologies and risk factors, including mechanical, antimicrobial and host‐modulation approaches; considerations for evaluation of clinical outcomes based on treatment approaches; and selected topics in laser therapy, halitosis and gingival recession.
Delirium associated with concomitant use of duloxetine and bupropion in an elderly patient
Authors: Ma Szu‐Pin , Tsai Chia‐Jui , Chang Cheng‐Chen , Hsu Wen‐Yu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDelirium is common in daily practice. Drug‐induced delirium constitutes approximately one‐third of all cases of delirium. In cases characterized by the limited efficacy of a single antidepressant, a combination of two antidepressants is required, which may induce a complex drug–drug interaction. We reviewed a case of duloxetine‐ and bupropion‐related delirium in an elderly male patient in our clinical practice. The patient was diagnosed with major depressive disorder and was treated with duloxetine. However, he developed delirium 10 days after bupropion was added to his treatment regimen. Three days after the cessation of bupropion, his delirious condition gradually improved. Duloxetine and bupropion are both cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors that may result in a higher level of hydroxybupropion. An increased level of hydroxybupropion may cause the elevation of dopamine and a risk of subsequent delirium. We should be aware of the risk of delirium induced by drug–drug interactions.