bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction‐ and Control‐Based Strategies in Entrepreneurship: The Role of Information
Authors: Kuechle Graciela , Boulu‐Reshef Beatrice , Carr Sean D. 
Published: March 2016

Research summaryPrediction‐ and control‐based strategies are the two main hypotheses of how entrepreneurs deal with uncertainty in theories of entrepreneurship. Prediction‐based strategies focus on estimating unknowns via sampling methods, whereas control‐based strategies focus on shaping unknowns via proactive behavior. These strategies may lead to different propensities to undertake uncertain prospects, as they differ in terms of cognition and involvement. In an experimental test, we study the conditions under which prediction‐ and control‐based strategies lead subjects to accept bets in ambiguous environments. Individuals who use control methods to mitigate uncertainty are more likely to accept the bet after a favorable outcome compared to those who use predictive methods. These results revert in the presence of unfavorable outcomes. We discuss the implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice.Managerial summaryEntrepreneurs often adopt prediction‐ and control‐based strategies in order to reduce uncertainty. Prediction‐based strategies focus on gathering information to estimate future outcomes, whereas control‐based strategies concentrate on taking actions to create a more favorable environment for the venture. Results from an experimental test show that these strategies can affect behavior differently. In particular, when the decision maker receives favorable information, control‐based strategies are more likely to lead to the acceptance of an uncertain prospect than prediction‐based strategies. This effect reverts when the decision maker receives unfavorable information. Our findings are valuable for entrepreneurs, investors, and policy makers. Understanding the distinctive impact of strategy on behavior may help entrepreneurs and investors calibrate the potential of a venture, thereby avoiding the misallocation of valuable resources. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
2D Squaraine‐Bridged Covalent Organic Polymers with Promising CO2 Storage and Separation Properties
Authors: Huang Ling , Cao Gengyu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThree hypothetical 2D porous covalent organic polymers, named SQ‐COPs (i. e., SQ‐COP‐1, SQ‐COP‐2 and SQ‐COP‐3), have been proposed via the combination of linear squaraine unit and heterocyclic molecules (H3B3O3, H3B3N3 and H3C3N3). By using the first principle methods and grand cannonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations, these SQ‐COPs are predicted to possess big pore sizes (13.8‐15.0 Å), large free volumes (5.07‐10.94 cm3 g−1) and high BET specific surface areas (8585‐8938 m2 g−1), which even exceed those of MOF‐210 and PAF‐1. As is expected, these SQ‐COPs show promising gas storage and separation properties of H2, CH4, N2 and CO2 at ambient conditions. Especially at 298 K and 30 bar, their CO2 uptake reaches 804, 575 and 633 mg/g respectively, significantly higher than those of zeolites. Meanwhile, for separation of binary gas mixtures CO2/H2, CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/H2, SQ‐COPs are comparable with most of COFs and MOFs. These porous SQ‐COPs materials are not only environmental‐friendly (metal‐free), but also promising candidates for CO2 capture.
Formation of Hollow Co3O4 Nanoparticles on Nitrogen–doped Porous Carbons for Highly Capacitive Performance
Authors: Kim Gi Mihn , Park Jae Hyun , Lee Jae W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCo3O4 nanoparticles are incorporated into nitrogen‐doped porous carbons to investigate their potential as supercapacitors. The nano‐sized Co3O4 particles grow and their morphology becomes hollow on the carbon support, which is attributed to the atomic diffusion (the Kirkendall effect) during the annealing. The cobalt‐doped composites have high BET surface areas of about 3000 m2 g−1 and possess mesopore‐dominant structures caused by the hollow Co3O4 nanoparticles. As a result, the hollow Co3O4 in the composites simultaneously induces both enhanced pseudo‐capacitance and efficient pore structure for energy storage. The specific capacitance of the composites is as high as 300 F g−1 in an aqueous solution of 6 M KOH at 1 A g−1, and the material shows competitive specific capacitance of 210 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 for a high power density. The present study provides a unique insight into the synthesis of hollow nanoparticles on a porous substrate material for high‐performance supercapacitance.
Historical, ecological, and governance aspects of intensive forest biomass harvesting in Denmark
Authors: Stupak Inge , Raulund‐Rasmussen Karsten 
Published: March 2016

Intensive forest harvesting has increased in Fennoscandia over the last few decades. Similar developments may follow throughout Europe as renewable energy replaces fossil fuels. The international literature suggests that intensive harvesting could increase ecological risks to yield, carbon stores, soil fertility, and biodiversity, but geographically specific knowledge is sparse in many countries, and results do not extend beyond 5–30 years after harvesting. We use Denmark as a case for discussing future directions. Forest history is described, and research on ecological effects and their inclusion in governance is reviewed. Denmark was almost completely deforested by the early 1800s, but centuries of afforestation have resulted in a current forest cover of 14.3%. Research commonly uses stem‐only harvesting as a reference against which to compare intensive harvesting impacts, but pristine forests would be a more useful reference for ecological processes and biodiversity. However, pristine forests are almost non‐existent in Europe, and non‐intervention, self‐regulating forests provide an alternative. Governance and positions of non‐governmental organizations in Denmark focus more on general forest management impacts and conservation of light‐demanding biodiversity associated with historic coppicing and grazing than on intensive harvesting. The energy sector drives the development of new governance to verify forest biomass sustainability, but the national knowledge base for such verification is limited. As part of a larger solution, we suggest establishing a network of non‐intervention, self‐regulating forests that can serve as a reference for long‐term research and monitoring of intensive harvesting impacts. This would support the application of adaptive management strategies, and continuous improvements of best management practice guidelines. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:588–610. doi: 10.1002/wene.206This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Economics and Policy
Bioenergy > Climate and Environment
Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Lead extractions in patients with cardiac implantable electronic device infections: Single center experience
Authors: Goya Masahiko , Nagashima Michio , Hiroshima Ken‐ichi , Hayashi Kentaro , Makihara Yu , Fukunaga Masato , An Yoshimori , Ohe Masatsugu , Yamazato So‐ichiro , Sonoda Ko‐ichiro , Yamashita Kennosuke , Katayama Kouji , Ito Tomoaki , Niu Harushi , Ando Kenji , Yokoi Hiroyoshi , Iwabuchi Masashi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundLead extraction using laser sheaths is performed mainly for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections. However, there are few reports concerning the management of CIED infections in Japan.Methods and resultsLead extraction procedures were performed in 183 patients targeting 450 leads (atrial leads: 170, ventricular: 181, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs): 79, and coronary sinus: 20). One hundred twenty patients (65.6%) presented with pocket infections without the presentation of an endovascular infection. Blood cultures were positive at least once in 63 patients (34.4%). Complete procedure success was achieved for 437 leads (97.1%) while partial removal occurred in nine, and failure in four leads. Major complications directly related to the procedure occurred in five patients (2.7%). Two of the four patients with a cardiac tamponade required a surgical repair. All patients received intravenous antibiotics, at least, one week after the procedure. Pocket or systemic infections were successfully controlled in 181 patients (98.9%). Coagulase‐negative staphylococci (30.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (37.1%) were the most common causes of CIED infections.ConclusionThe current status of CIED infections in Japan seems to be similar to that previously reported from foreign countries. The optimal treatment of CIED infections involves the complete explantation of all hardware, followed by antibiotic therapy.
What Matters: Quantity or Quality of Pornography Use? Psychological and Behavioral Factors of Seeking Treatment for Problematic Pornography Use
Authors: Gola Mateusz , Lewczuk Karol , Skorko Maciej 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionPornography has become popular with Internet technology. For most people, pornography use (PU) is entertainment; for some, it can result in seeking treatment for out-of-control behavior. Previous studies have suggested that PU can influence sexual behaviors, but the direct relation between frequency of PU and treatment-seeking behaviors has not been examined.AimsTo investigate whether individuals seeking treatment as a consequence of their problematic PU do so because of their quantity of pornography consumption or because of more complex psychological and behavioral factors related to PU, such as the severity of negative symptoms associated with PU and/or subjective feeling of loss of control over one's behavior.MethodsA survey study was conducted of 569 heterosexual Caucasian men 18 to 68 years old, including 132 seeking treatment for problematic PU (referred by psychotherapists after their initial visit).Main Outcomes MeasuresThe main outcome measures were self-reported PU, its negative symptoms, and actual treatment-seeking behavior.ResultsWe tested models explaining sources of seeking treatment for problematic PU with negative symptoms associated with PU and additional factors (eg, onset and number of years of PU, religiosity, age, dyadic sexual activity, and relationship status). Seeking treatment was significantly, yet weakly, correlated solely with the frequency of PU (r = 0.21, P &lt; .05) and this relation was significantly mediated by negative symptoms associated with PU (strong, nearly full mediation effect size; k2 = 0.266). The relation between PU and negative symptoms was significant and mediated by self-reported subjective religiosity (weak, partial mediation; k2 = 0.066) in those not seeking treatment. Onset of PU and age appeared to be insignificant. Our model was fairly fitted (comparative fit index = 0.989; root mean square error of approximation = 0.06; standardized root mean square residual = 0.035) and explained 43% of the variance in treatment-seeking behavior (1% was explained by frequency of PU and 42% was explained by negative symptoms associated with PU).ConclusionNegative symptoms associated with PU more strongly predict seeking treatment than mere quantity of pornography consumption. Thus, treatment of problematic PU should address qualitative factors, rather than merely mitigating the frequency of the behavior, because frequency of PU might not be a core issue for all patients. Future diagnostic criteria for problematic PU should consider the complexity of this issue.
Another global history of science: making space for India and China
Authors: SIDDIQI ASIF 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDrawing from recent theoretical insights on the circulation of knowledge, this article, grounded in real-world examples, illustrates the importance of ‘the site’ as an analytical heuristic for revealing processes, movements and connections illegible within either nation-centred histories or comparative national studies. By investigating place instead of project, the study reframes the birth of modern rocket developments in both China and India as fundamentally intertwined within common global networks of science. I investigate four seemingly disconnected sites in the US, India, China and Ukraine, each separated by politics but connected and embedded in conduits that enabled the flow of expertise during (and in some cases despite) the Cold War. By doing so, it is possible to reconstruct an exemplar of a kind of global history of science, some of which takes place in China, some in India, and some elsewhere, but all of it connected. There are no discrete beginnings or endings here, merely points of intervention to take stock of processes in action. Each site produces objects and knowledge that contribute to our understanding of the other sites, furthering the overall narrative on Chinese and Indian efforts to formalize a ‘national’ space programme. The focus on these four sites reveals a global network of science in motion, linked by the common goals of building powerful rockets to explore space.
Absorption of plant lignans from cereals in an experimental pig model
Authors: Bolvig Anne Katrine , Adlercreutz Herman , Theil Peter Kappel , Jørgensen Henry , Bach Knudsen Knud Erik 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPlant lignans are diphenolic compounds ingested with whole grains and seeds and converted to enterolignans by the colonic microbiota. In the present study, we investigated absorption and metabolism of plant lignans and enterolignansin vivoafter consumption of cereal-based diets. Six pigs fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and portal vein and with a flow probe attached to the portal vein along with twenty pigs for quantitative collection of urine were used for this study. The animals were fed bread based on wheat flour low in plant lignans and three lignan-rich breads based on whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone flour or rye aleurone flour. Plant lignans and enterolignans in plasma were monitored daily at fast after 0–3 d of lignan-rich intake, and on the 4th day of lignan-rich intake a 10-h profile was completed. Urine samples were collected after 11 d of lignan-rich diet consumption. The concentrations of plant lignans were low at fast, and was 1·2–2·6 nmol/l after switching from the low-lignan diet to the lignan-rich diets. However, on the profile day, the concentration and quantitative absorption of plant lignans increased significantly from 33 nmol/h at fast to 310 nmol/h 0–2·5 h after ingestion with a gradual increase in the following periods. Quantitatively, the absorption of plant lignans across diets amounted to 7 % of ingested plant lignans, whereas the urinary excretion of plant lignans was 3 % across diets. In conclusion, there is a substantial postprandial uptake of plant lignans from cereals, suggesting that plant lignans are absorbed from the small intestine.
The social composition of the senior officers of the Royal Irish Constabulary, 1881–1911
Authors: Campbell Fergus 
Published: March 2016

In an influential article, William Lowe and Elizabeth Malcolm have argued that the Royal Irish Constabulary (R.I.C.) became ‘domesticated’ between its formation in 1836 and its disbandment in 1922:[I]t was naturalised by becoming in its composition more truly representative of the Irish population; it was attached to home as its duties became more routine, more akin to housekeeping than to peace-keeping; and it was tamed because its ability to use force was greatly diminished ... [T]he RIC was by the early years of the twentieth century very much a civil police force, reflecting very accurately in its composition the socio-economic structure of Irish society and in its operations the needs of small, relatively law-abiding, rural communities.
The United Irishmen and social reform
Authors: Quinn James 
Published: March 2016

When questioned by a parliamentary committee after the rebellion of 1798, the United Irish leader Thomas Addis Emmet predicted that ‘if a revolution ever takes place, a very different system of political economy will be established from what has hitherto prevailed here’. Was there any real substance to this claim? Did Emmet’s words indicate that the republican leadership genuinely sought a radical reshaping of society, or was he simply indulging in empty rhetoric that a broken United Irish movement could never make good?
It has always been difficult to pin down the United Irishmen’s socio-economic views: their pronouncements in this area were few and were generally couched in vague terms. This is hardly surprising. Given that the society’s membership was far from socially homogeneous, the leadership no doubt recognised the difficulties involved in trying to produce an agreed programme of social reform. In an organisation one of whose earliest rules had been ‘to attend to those things in which we agree, to exclude from our thoughts those in which we differ’, it was generally judged prudent to steer clear of such a potentially divisive subject. Moreover, the readiness with which the government instigated prosecutions of outspoken radicals, particularly after the outbreak of war in 1793, made advisable a degree of caution in any statements which could be construed as threatening the established social order. Nevertheless, the society did address the issue of social reform from time to time, and individual United Irishmen also espoused a variety of proposals. This article will attempt to examine some of the strands of United Irish social thinking and to determine if the movement had such a thing as a coherent programme of social reform.
Who fears to speak of politics? John Kells Ingram and hypothetical nationalism
Authors: Peatling G.K. 
Published: March 2016

John Kells Ingram was born in County Donegal in 1823. His ancestry was Scottish Presbyterian, but his grandparents had converted to Anglicanism. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, the most prestigious academic institution in nineteenth-century Ireland. In a brilliant academic career spanning over fifty years he proceeded to occupy a succession of chairs at the college. His published work included an important History of political economy (1888), and he delivered a significant presidential address to the economics and statistics section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1878). Ingram influenced, and was respected by, many contemporary social and economic thinkers in the British Isles and elsewhere. In an obituary one of Ingram’s friends exaggerated only slightly in describing him as ‘probably the best educated man in the world’.
Yet contemporary perspectives on Ingram’s career were warped by one act of his youth which was to create a curious disjunction in his life. In 1843, when only nineteen years old, Ingram was a sympathiser with the nationalist Young Ireland movement. One night, stirred by the lack of regard shown for the Irish rebels of 1798 by the contemporary O’Connellite nationalist movement, he wrote a poem entitled ‘The memory of the dead’, eulogising these ‘patriots’. Apparently without much thought, Ingram submitted the poem anonymously to the Nation newspaper. It appeared in print on 1 April 1843 and, better known by its first line, ‘Who fears to speak of ’Ninety-Eight?’, became a popular Irish nationalist anthem.
Women and the Irish chancery court in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
Authors: O’Dowd Mary 
Published: March 2016

Of all the crown courts in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ireland, the chancery court has received the most favourable judgement from historians. Through its exercise of equity, the chancery court has been perceived as a mediator between English common law and Gaelic customary law. Equity provided the chancellor with the possibility of considering a judgement from the point of view of ‘reason and conscience’, to ensure what W. J. Jones has called the ‘protection of the innocent from the ruthless specifications’ of common law courts. In Irish terms this meant that the chancellor was prepared to consider Gaelic forms of partible inheritance from the standpoint of equity. In Gaelic society land descended according to a variety of customs which, it was argued in chancery, had been observed ‘time out of mind’ in a particular family or region and therefore in fairness or equity might be upheld even if they were contrary to common law practice.This benign view of the Irish chancery court’s attitude to Gaelic customary law has much in common with the attitude of the English chancery court towards women. Historians of early modern England have portrayed chancery as a judicial forum which provided women with legal redress which would have been denied them at common law. Female litigants in the sixteenth-century English chancery court included single, widowed and married women. Under common law, only single women and widows were entitled to legal representation in their own right. Married women, as femmes couvertes, were legally merged with their husbands on marriage, and so could not bring cases in their own name at common law. In the English chancery court, however, a small number of married women were permitted at the discretion of the chancellor to sue on their own without their husbands. In the course of the sixteenth century the English chancery also contributed to the extension of the legal franchise of women.
The lost origins of Ireland’s involvement in Europe: the Irish response to the Briand Plan, 1929–30
Authors: Geiger Till , Kennedy Michael 
Published: March 2016

In a collected volume assessing Ireland’s involvement in European integration Gearóid Mac Niocaill and Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh wrote that
With the establishment of an Irish National State in 1922 the opportunities for expanding Irish links with Europe seemed greatly enhanced. It remained to be seen if these opportunities would be taken.However, Patrick Keatinge reminded readers of the same volume that ‘Up to the late 1950s Ireland’s diplomatic persona was only slightly “European”.’ Most Irish diplomatic historians would agree with this interpretation, arguing that Britain, the Commonwealth and the League of Nations remained the primary focus of Irish foreign policy in the inter-war period. Supporting Keatinge’s interpretation, the existing historical literature suggests that Irish diplomats were rather slow in renewing the perceived longstanding contacts with continental Europe before the Second World War. Indeed, Roy Foster has criticised the discursive claim of Ireland’s longstanding contacts with continental Europe, made by many Irish policy-makers at the time of Ireland’s entry into the European Economic Community in 1973, as a ‘grandiose self-delusion’. Most historical accounts, therefore, suggest that Ireland’s involvement in Europe tentatively started with the involvement in the Marshall Plan and participation in the Council of Europe.