bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsiciva Byzantina nova
Authors: Schminck Andreas 
Published: December 2015

I	Ἐπερώτησις – In his proem to the Eisagoge of the year 886 the patriarch of Constantinople Photios uses the word ‘eperotesis’, the Greek equivalent to the Latin terminus tech­nicus ‘stipulatio’. The author examines the application of the term in the text of the law book and establishes that Photios himself (or a collaborator on his behalf) introduced some chapters containing this word. They show that Photios didn’t understand the juristic meaning of the term. Also the chapters were not integrated in the Basilika and the Prochiron, because their sources couldn’t be traced in the Corpus iuris civilis. II	Κεντουκλάδοι – Chapter 34.6 of the Eisagoge of the year 886 consists of a long extract from Justinian’s novel 115 (3,14), but there is an interpolation concerning the therein mentioned heretics. One of these five heterodox groups are the enigmatic ‘Kendouklades’. The author suggests that their real name was ‘Kentoukladoi’ (‘branches of centum [= hundred]’) and that the patriarch Photios invented this name in order to designate his enemies, the followers of the Roman Pope, alluding to the 100th and last heresy in John Damascene’s Treatise on heretics. III	Εὐσεβεῖς πιστοὶ αὔγουστοι – In the Intitulatio of the Prochiron the three emperors Basil, Constantine and Leo bear among others the triumphal titles ‘eusebeis pistoi augoustoi’ (‘pious, devouts Augusti’). The use of the two synonyms ‘eusebeis’ and ‘pistoi” is noteworthy and a peculiarity of the later period of Leo VI’s reign (886–912). This fact is one of many indications for a dating of the Prochiron to the year 907 and not in the reign of Basil i (867–886).
The Formation of Small-Scale Atmospheric Vortices via Baroclinic Horizontal Shearing Instability
Authors: Buban Michael S. , Ziegler Conrad L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This study presents a series of idealized simulations that attempt to replicate shear zones typical of drylines and other near-surface boundaries in the presence of horizontal virtual density gradients. The series of dry simulations are initialized to contain a north–south-oriented potential temperature gradient collocated with a constant-vorticity shear zone and employ north–south periodic boundary conditions. In all simulations, the shear zones frontogenetically collapse as wavelike perturbations develop that eventually roll up into discrete vortices. Convergence associated with the developing solenoidally forced secondary vertical circulation induces an accumulative shear zone contraction, which in turn increases the vertical vorticity of both the shear zone and the intensifying vortices, owing primarily to stretching that is partially offset by tilting of the vertical vorticity into the horizontal by the secondary circulation. The simulated vortices bear strong morphological resemblance to vortices reported in many earlier laboratory and numerical studies. To assess hypothesized baroclinic effects on the instability mechanism, the present results are compared to a previous study of barotropic horizontal shearing instability (HSI). Linear theory has been modified for the baroclinic cases by introducing a parametric model of frontal contraction, according to which the growth rate expressions incorporate model-prescribed, continuously varying shear zone widths. This modified parametric model is found to provide excellent agreement with the growth rates computed from the present simulations, suggesting that HSI can be extended to the baroclinic shear zone cases to a very good approximation over a range of near-surface boundary types.
Severe Weather Prediction Using Storm Surrogates from an Ensemble Forecasting System
Authors: Sobash Ryan A. , Schwartz Craig S. , Romine Glen S. , Fossell Kathryn R. , Weisman Morris L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Probabilistic severe weather forecasts for days 1 and 2 were produced using 30-member convection-allowing ensemble forecasts initialized by an ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation system during a 32-day period coinciding with the Mesoscale Predictability Experiment. The forecasts were generated by smoothing the locations where model output indicated extreme values of updraft helicity, a surrogate for rotating thunderstorms in model output. The day 1 surrogate severe probability forecasts (SSPFs) produced skillful and reliable predictions of severe weather during this period, after an appropriate calibration of the smoothing kernel. The ensemble SSPFs exceeded the skill of SSPFs derived from two benchmark deterministic forecasts, with the largest differences occurring on the mesoscale, while all SSPFs produced similar forecasts on synoptic scales. While the deterministic SSPFs often overforecasted high probabilities, the ensemble improved the reliability of these probabilities, at the expense of producing fewer high-probability values. For the day 2 period, the SSPFs provided competitive guidance compared to the day 1 forecasts, although additional smoothing was needed to produce the same level of skill, reducing the forecast sharpness. Results were similar using 10 ensemble members, suggesting value exists when running a smaller ensemble if computational resources are limited. Finally, the SSPFs were compared to severe weather risk areas identified in Storm Prediction Center (SPC) convective outlooks. The SSPF skill was comparable to the SPC outlook skill in identifying regions where severe weather would occur, although performance varied on a day-to-day basis.
Impact of meteorological factors on lower respiratory tract infections in children
Authors: Liu Yonglin , Liu Juan , Chen Fenglian , Shamsi Bilal Haider , Wang Qiang , Jiao Fuyong , Qiao Yanmei , Shi Yanhua 
Published: December 2015

Objective To evaluate retrospectively the relationship between meteorological factors in Shenmu County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China and the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Methods Meteorological data (air temperature, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, hours of sunlight, wind speed and relative humidity) for Shenmu County and medical data from hospitalized patients aged ≤16 years were collected between January 2009 and December 2012. The association between meteorological factors and rate of hospitalization due to lower respiratory tract infections was investigated; the total hospitalization rate was compared with the rate of lower respiratory tract disease-related hospitalizations. Results The leading bacterial causes of lower respiratory tract infections were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B; the main viral cause was respiratory syncytial virus. Lower respiratory tract infection hospitalization rate was significantly correlated with air temperature ( R = −0.651), atmospheric pressure ( R = 0.560), rainfall ( R = −0.614) and relative humidity ( R = −0.470), but not with hours of sunlight ( R = −0.210) or wind speed ( R = 0.258). Using multiple linear regression, lower respiratory tract infection hospitalization rate decreased with a gradual increase in air temperature ( F = 38.30) and relative humidity ( F = 15.58). Conclusion Air temperature and relative humidity were major influencing meteorological factors for hospital admissions in children due to lower respiratory tract infections.
Application of spectral computed tomography dual-substance separation technology for diagnosing left ventricular thrombus
Authors: Zeng Hong , Zhang Meng-Chao , He Yu-Quan , Liu Lin , Tong Ya-Liang , Yang Ping 
Published: December 2015

Objective To investigate the value of spectral computed tomography (CT) dual-substance separation technology for diagnosing left ventricular (LV) thrombus. Methods In this observational case–control study, spectral CT scans were conducted in patients with and without LV thrombi. Densities in the regions of the LV cavity, papillary muscles and LV thrombus were observed on 140kVp mixed-energy and 70 keV single-energy images. Iodine and blood were chosen as the base material pair, the densities were observed and the iodine and blood concentrations were quantitatively measured. Results A total of 24 patients were enrolled in this study. On iodine-based density images, both the LV thrombus and papillary muscles showed low-attenuation shadows. On blood-based density images, comparable high-density attenuation was found in the LV thrombus and LV cavity, while relative hypodensity was noted in the papillary muscles. Iodine and blood densities were significantly lower in papillary muscles than in the LV cavity. Iodine densities were significantly lower in the LV thrombus than the LV cavity, whereas blood densities in the two areas did not differ significantly. Conclusions Spectral CT dual-substance separation technology and its derived images of iodine- and blood- based densities provide a new, simple, and feasible semiquantitative method to detect LV thrombus that warrants further investigation.
Medial Femoral Condyle Cartilage Defect Biomechanics
Authors: Lacy Kyle W. , Cracchiolo Allison , Yu Stephen , Goitz Henry 
Published: December 2015

Background: Medial femoral condyle (MFC) chondral defects cause knee pain. Clinical studies have shown worse functional outcomes and cartilage defect fill rates after microfracture in obese patients (BMI ≥30) and for defects with size ≥2 cm2. Purpose: To determine the effect of obesity, defect size, and cartilage thickness on the force sustained at the base of full-thickness MFC cartilage defects during weightbearing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight human cadaveric knees were loaded in 15° of flexion. A sensor measured force across the medial compartment. The area at the base of the defect protected from load, termed the “area of containment,” was quantified, and loads simulating weightbearing for BMIs of 20, 30, and 40 were applied. A full-thickness cartilage defect was created on the MFC. Cycles of loads were applied for defect sizes with diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 mm. A second sensor recorded force at the base of the defect for defects with diameters of 14, 16, 18, and 20 mm. Results: Loads simulating BMI ≥30 led to a decrease in the area of containment for all defects ≥14 mm in diameter ( P ≤ .038). Base of defect force increased for defects ≥16 mm in diameter (area, ≥2 cm2) between loaded and unloaded states ( P ≤ .042) and for loads simulating BMI ≥30 ( P ≤ .045). Cartilage rim thickness <2 mm showed higher base of defect force than did thickness ≥2 mm, for all BMI groups ( P ≤ .025). Conclusion: Increased force at the base of MFC cartilage defects was observed for weightbearing loads simulating BMI ≥30, for defect size ≥2 cm2, and for rim thickness <2 mm. This may lead to a biomechanically unfavorable environment after microfracture in these patient subsets. Clinical Relevance: These biomechanical findings corroborate clinical studies that have noted worse outcomes after microfracture in patients with BMI ≥30 and cartilage defects of size ≥2 cm2. Further clinical studies are needed to compare microfracture with other cartilage restoration procedures in these patient subsets.
The Role of the Anterolateral Structures and the ACL in Controlling Laxity of the Intact and ACL-Deficient Knee
Authors: Kittl Christoph , El-Daou Hadi , Athwal Kiron K. , Gupte Chinmay M. , Weiler Andreas , Williams Andy , Amis Andrew A. 
Published: December 2015

Background: Anterolateral rotatory instability (ALRI) may result from combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and lateral extra-articular lesions, but the roles of the anterolateral structures remain controversial. Purpose: To determine the contribution of each anterolateral structure and the ACL in restraining simulated clinical laxity in both the intact and ACL-deficient knee. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 16 knees were tested using a 6 degrees of freedom robot with a universal force-moment sensor. The system automatically defined the path of unloaded flexion/extension. At different flexion angles, anterior-posterior, internal-external, and internal rotational laxity in response to a simulated pivot shift were tested. Eight ACL-intact and 8 ACL-deficient knees were tested. The kinematics of the intact/deficient knee was replayed after transecting/resecting each structure of interest; therefore, the decrease in force/torque reflected the contribution of the transected/resected structure in restraining laxity. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analyses of variance and paired t tests. Results: For anterior translation, the intact ACL was clearly the primary restraint. The iliotibial tract (ITT) resisted 31% ± 6% of the drawer force with the ACL cut at 30° of flexion; the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and anterolateral capsule resisted 4%. For internal rotation, the superficial layer of the ITT significantly restrained internal rotation at higher flexion angles: 56% ± 20% and 56% ± 16% at 90° for the ACL-intact and ACL-deficient groups, respectively. The deep layer of the ITT restrained internal rotation at lower flexion angles, with 26% ± 9% and 33% ± 12% at 30° for the ACL-intact and ACL-deficient groups, respectively. The other anterolateral structures provided no significant contribution. During the pivot-shift test, the ITT provided 72% ± 14% of the restraint at 45° for the ACL-deficient group. The ACL and other anterolateral structures made only a small contribution in restraining the pivot shift. Conclusion: The ALL and anterolateral capsule had a minor role in restraining internal rotation; the ITT was the primary restraint at 30° to 90° of flexion. Clinical Relevance: The ITT showed large contributions in restraining anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau and tibial internal rotation, which constitute pathological laxity in ALRI. In cases with ALRI, an ITT injury should be suspected and kept in mind if an extra-articular procedure is performed.
The Functional Movement Screen and Injury Risk
Authors: Bushman Timothy T. , Grier Tyson L. , Canham-Chervak Michelle , Anderson Morgan K. , North William J. , Jones Bruce H. 
Published: December 2015

Background: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a series of 7 tests used to assess the injury risk in active populations. Purpose: To determine the association of the FMS with the injury risk, assess predictive values, and identify optimal cut points using 3 injury types. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Physically active male soldiers aged 18 to 57 years (N = 2476) completed the FMS. Demographic and fitness data were collected by survey. Medical record data for overuse injuries, traumatic injuries, and any injury 6 months after the FMS assessment were obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated along with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to determine the area under the curve (AUC) and identify optimal cut points for the risk assessment. Risks, risk ratios (RRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% CIs were calculated to assess injury risks. Results: Soldiers who scored ≤14 were at a greater risk for injuries compared with those who scored >14 using the composite score for overuse injuries (RR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.63-2.09), traumatic injuries (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.54), and any injury (RR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.45-1.77). When controlling for other known injury risk factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified poor FMS performance (OR [score ≤14/19-21], 2.00; 95% CI, 1.42-2.81) as an independent risk factor for injuries. A cut point of ≤14 registered low measures of predictive value for all 3 injury types (sensitivity, 28%-37%; PPV, 19%-52%; AUC, 54%-61%). Shifting the injury risk cut point of ≤14 to the optimal cut points indicated by the ROC did not appreciably improve sensitivity or the PPV. Conclusion: Although poor FMS performance was associated with a higher risk of injuries, it displayed low sensitivity, PPV, and AUC. On the basis of these findings, the use of the FMS to screen for the injury risk is not recommended in this population because of the low predictive value and misclassification of the injury risk.
Signs of impaired immunoregulation and enhanced effector T-cell responses in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Jakiela B , Iwaniec T , Plutecka H , Celinska-Lowenhoff M , Dziedzina S , Musial J 
Published: December 2015

Introduction We investigated whether primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) is characterized by a deficiency in immunoregulatory pathways, a phenomenon recently implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Methods Serum levels of immunoregulatory (e.g. IL-10 and TGF-β1) and proinflammatory (e.g. IL-17A) cytokines were measured in PAPS, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with secondary APS (SAPS), or without APS, and in healthy controls ( n = 40 in each group). In a subgroup of PAPS patients we also compared phenotype and function (flow cytometry) of regulatory T-cells (Treg) and cytokine production by effector T-cells. Results Our major finding was decreased levels of TGF-β1 in PAPS and SAPS as compared to SLE without APS and controls. TGF-β1 was the lowest in PAPS patients showing high levels of aPL IgG with significant negative correlation with the titer. SLE patients were characterized by lower serum levels of IL-2 and increased IL-17A, as compared to the other groups. The numbers of circulating Treg cells and their phenotype (e.g. FoxP3 isoforms) were not disturbed in PAPS. However, surface expression of latency associated peptide (binds TGF-β) in activated FoxP3 + cells and in vitro production of TGF-β1 were decreased in PAPS patients with high titers of aPL IgG. Moreover, frequencies of cytokine producing effector T-helper cells (including Th17) were significantly elevated in this group. Conclusions PAPS patients with high titers of aPL IgG antibodies were characterized by decreased systemic levels of TGF-β1 and its impaired production in vitro, suggesting impaired immunoregulation and enhanced adaptive autoimmune responses leading to the production of aPL antibodies.
Economic Burden of Diabetes Management in the University Teaching Hospital in South India
Authors: Singh Sanjeev , Govindan Unnikrishnan Ananth , Unnikrishnan Vinya , Raghav Vishnu , Thakadiyal Shijo 
Published: December 2015

Introduction: India is the ‘Diabetes Capital’ of the world. The number of cases of diabetes is sharply increasing and so are the complications from diabetes. Owing to the chronic nature of the disease, cost of care is a cause of concern. Methods: It is a prospective study designed at a 1,350-bed university teaching hospital in South India. A total of 300 patients from outpatients and in-patients were included in the study. Direct and indirect cost of diabetes management was derived from each individual bill. Cost of illness for a patient was calculated to understand the economic burden. Results: Average direct cost of a single visit of a podiatry patient in OP was ₹1,594 and for a diabetes patient was ₹1,400. Cost of hospitalization of a podiatry patient was ₹52,574 and for a diabetes patient was ₹31,999. Conclusion: High cost of care of diabetes and diabetes-related complications by both direct and indirect costs drive the urgency to have governmental/insurance support for chronic disease management for better living.
First-Year Analysis of a New, Home-Based Palliative Care Program Offered Jointly by a Community Hospital and Local Visiting Nurse Service
Authors: Pouliot Katherine , Weisse Carol S. , Pratt David S. , DiSorbo Philip 
Published: December 2015

Background: There is a growing need for home-based palliative care services, especially for seriously ill individuals who want to avoid hospitalizations and remain with their regular outside care providers. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of Care Choices, a new in-home palliative care program provided by the Visiting Nurse Services of Northeastern New York and Ellis Medicine’s community hospital serving New York’s Capital District. Methods: This prospective cohort study assessed patient outcomes over the course of 1 year for 123 patients (49 men and 74 women) with serious illnesses who were new enrollees in the program. Quality of life was assessed at baseline and after 1 month on service. Satisfaction with care was measured after 1 and 3 months on service. The number of emergency department visits and inpatient hospitalizations pre- and postenrollment was measured for all enrollees. Results: Patients were highly satisfied (72.7%-100%) with their initial care and reported greater satisfaction ( P < .05) and stable symptom management over time. Fewer emergency department ( P < .001) and inpatient hospital admissions ( P < .001) occurred among enrollees while on the palliative care service. Conclusion: An in-home palliative care program offered jointly through a visiting nurse service and community hospital may be a successful model for providing quality care that satisfies chronically ill patients’ desire to remain at home and avoid hospital admissions.
Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Treatment of Intercostal Nerves for the Prevention of Incidental Pain Arising Due to Rib Metastasis
Authors: Ahmed Arif , Bhatnagar Sushma , khurana Deepa , Joshi Saurabh , Thulkar Sanjay 
Published: December 2015

Background: Breakthrough pain (BTP) arising due to rib metastasis is very distressing and often very difficult to manage by titration of traditional analgesics. This study is undertaken to determine the efficacy of radiofrequency (RF) treatment of intercostal nerves for the prevention of BTP. Methods: The RF treatment of the intercostal nerves was carried out in 25 patients with uncontrolled BTP arising out of the rib metastasis. The intensity and episode of BTP, background pain, opioid dose, functional status (Karnofky score), and quality of life (Short-Form Health Survey [SF-36]) were noted at baseline visit and subsequently after the RF treatment. Results: After the RF treatment, there was more than 50% decrease in both intensity and frequency of BTP in more than 50% of patients for 3 months, and there was more than 50% decrease in BTP opioid dose in more than 50% of patients throughout the study period. There was also significant improvement in background pain, functional status, and the quality of life after the RF. Interestingly, pain relief, lowering of opioid dose, and functional status improvement were found mostly in patients with mixed and neuropathic type of pain and in patients in whom the metastasis were confined to the ribs only. Conclusion: RF of the intercostal nerves is effective in preventing and deceasing the severity of BTP arising due to rib metastasis in selected group of patients with mixed and neuropathic type of pain and with the metastasis involving the ribs only.
A composite anti-disturbance control scheme for attitude stabilization and vibration suppression of flexible spacecrafts
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wu Zhong , Li Lijun , Yuan Jun 
Published: December 2015

Abstract: There exist multiple disturbances resulting from the structural vibrations of flexible appendages, unknown external and internal disturbances, and parameter uncertainties, which affect the attitude control performance seriously. To enhance the disturbance attenuation performance and vibration suppression ability, a composite anti-disturbance control scheme (CADCS) based on disturbance observer is proposed for attitude stabilization and vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft. The CADCS combines a composite disturbance observer (CDO) and a PD controller with feedforward. The multiple disturbances are equivalent to slowly varying disturbance and harmonic disturbance. The CDO can estimate two types of disturbance and compensate for them through feedforward. The PD controller realizes the asymptotic convergence by compensating the disturbance from CDO. The CADCS based on CDO and PD controller is not only simple and easy to realize, but also yields better vibration suppression and anti-disturbance performance. Simulation results of a certain spacecraft demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CADCS.