bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of early influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviors of preschool‐age children in high‐income countries
Authors: Lindsay Ana Cristina , Greaney Mary L. , Wallington Sherrie F. , Mesa Tatiana , Salas Carlos F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPurposePromoting physical activity (PA) is a key component of preventing and controlling childhood obesity. Despite well‐documented benefits of PA, globally, rates of PA among young children have declined over the past decades, and most children are not accruing sufficient PA daily. Helping children develop the foundation for PA habits early in life is critical for the promotion of health in childhood and prevention of chronic diseases later in life, and will ultimately promote longer and healthier lives for individuals and the general population. The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of current evidence on influences on PA and sedentary behaviors of preschool‐age children in high‐income countries.Design and MethodsA systematic review of three databases was performed. Studies conducted in high‐income countries and published from 2000 onward that addressed influences on PA and sedentary behaviors of preschool‐age children were identified and reviewed. Additionally, reference lists of identified articles and relevant published reviews were reviewed. Studies that met the following inclusion criteria were considered: (a) sample included preschoolers (age ≤5 years); (b) PA and/or sedentary behaviors or factors associated with PA and/or sedentary behaviors was assessed; (c) published in English; (d) used either quantitative or qualitative methods; and (e) conducted in a high‐income country. Data were extracted from selected studies to identify influences on PA and sedentary behaviors of preschool‐age children and organized using the social–ecological model according to multiple levels of influence.ResultsResults from included studies identify multiple factors that influence PA and sedentary behaviors of young children in high‐income countries at the various levels of the social–ecological model including intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental, organizational, and policy.Practice ImplicationsGiven pediatric nurses’ role as primary care providers, and their frequent and continued contact with parents and their children throughout childhood through well‐child visits, immunization, and minor acute illnesses, they are well positioned to promote and support the development of early healthful PA habits of children starting in early childhood.
Effect of Intravenous or Perivascular Injection of Synthetic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Stimulation Test Results in Dogs
Authors: Johnson C.M. , Kass P.H. , Cohen T.A. , Feldman E.C. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundStandard protocols for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing (ACTHst) often involve intravenous (IV) injection of corticotropin.ACTHmight be unintentionally injected into the perivascular (PV) space.ObjectiveTo compare stimulation test results afterIVandPVinjections ofACTH.AnimalsTwenty privately owned dogs were studied: 10 healthy and 10 with trilostane‐treated naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism (HAC).MethodsProspective study. Each of 20 dogs underwent 2ACTHst not <4 nor more than 14 days apart. Five healthy and 5HACdogs had anIV ACTHst first andPVsecond; 5 healthy and 5HACdogs had aPV ACTHst first andIVsecond. Blood samples for measurement of serum cortisol concentration were collected before and 1 hour afterACTHadministration.ResultsNo significant difference in results was demonstrated when comparing serum cortisol concentrations afterIVandPV ACTHadministration in all 20 dogs (median μg/dL; interval μg/dL: 8.2; 1.4–17.4 versus 7.8; 0.9–16.9;P= .23). No significant difference in results was demonstrated when comparing serum cortisol concentrations afterIVandPV ACTHadministration in the 10 healthy dogs (median μg/dL; interval μg/dL: 10.9; 7.3–17.4 versus 10.6; 7.1–16.9;P= .54) or in the 10HACdogs (median μg/dL; interval μg/dL: 6.3; 1.4–8.6 versus 5.2; 0.9–8.7;P= .061).Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePerivascular administration ofACTHdoes not significantly alter stimulation test results in healthy dogs or in dogs withHACundergoing therapy with trilostane.
Effect of Intravenous Small‐Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea
Authors: Trefz F.M. , Constable P.D. , Lorenz I. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundHyperkalemia is a frequently observed electrolyte imbalance in dehydrated neonatal diarrheic calves that can result in skeletal muscle weakness and life‐threatening cardiac conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias.HypothesisIntravenous administration of a small‐volume hypertonic NaHCO3solution is clinically more effective in decreasing the plasma potassium concentration (cK) in hyperkalemic diarrheic calves than hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.AnimalsTwenty‐two neonatal diarrheic calves withcK >5.8 mmol/L.MethodsProspective randomized clinical trial. Calves randomly received either 8.4% NaHCO3(6.4 mL/kg BW; n = 7), 7.5% NaCl (5 mL/kg BW; n = 8), or 46.2% glucose (5 mL/kg BW; n = 7) IV over 5 minutes and were subsequently allowed to suckle 2 L of an electrolyte solution. Infusions with NaHCO3and NaCl provided an identical sodium load of 6.4 mmol/kg BW.ResultsHypertonic NaHCO3infusions produced an immediate and sustained decrease in plasmacK. Hypertonic glucose infusions resulted in marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, butcK remained unchanged for 20 minutes. Between 30 and 120 minutes after initiation of treatment, the most marked decrements incK from baseline occurred in group NaHCO3, which were significantly (P< .05) larger during this period of time than in calves in group NaCl, but not group glucose. After 120 minutes, the mean decrease incK from baseline was −26 ± 10%, −9 ± 8%, and −22 ± 6% in groups NaHCO3, NaCl, and glucose, respectively.Conclusions/Clinical ImportanceSmall‐volume hypertonic NaHCO3infusions appear to have clinical advantages for the rapid resuscitation of hyperkalemic diarrheic calves, compared to hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.
Biological Variability in Serum Cortisol Concentration Post‐adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Gal A. , Weidgraaf K. , Bowden J.P. , Lopez‐Villalobos N. , Cave N.J. , Chambers J.P. , Castillo‐Alcala F. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundThe ACTH stimulation has low sensitivity for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism possibly as a result of biological and analytical variability.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo report the components of biological and analytical variability in serum cortisol concentration post‐ACTH stimulation ([cortisol]) in healthy dogs.AnimalsFourteen healthy harrier hound dogs.MethodsThe data were extracted from a separate, prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, controlled discovery study in which dogs treated with vehicle control and 4 different doses of cortisone acetate (CA) for 7 days had an ACTH stimulation test performed to confirm the dose‐dependent effect of CA. The index of individuality (IoI), the critical difference between sequential measurements (CD), and the number of measurements required to assess the homeostatic set point (HSP) of [cortisol] with confidence intervals (CI) of 90 and 95% were estimated.ResultsThe IoI was equal to 1.1 and the CD was 3.3 μg/dL (92 nmol/L). The number of measurements required to assess the HSP of [cortisol] with CI of 90 and 95% were 3 and 15, respectively. Additionally, mean [cortisol] was higher in males than in females (13.3 ± 4 μg/dL [366 ± 114 nmol/L] vs. 11.5 ± 2.5 μg/dL [318 ± 65 nmol/L], respectively; P = .046). As expected, treatment with CA resulted in a dose‐dependent suppression of [cortisol].Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFalse‐negative test results in hypercortisolism could occur when [cortisol] is outside of the individual's HSP and within the reference interval. The large CD emphasizes the importance of assessing clinically relevant parameters in the diagnosis and monitoring of HC.
Pharmacokinetics and Acid Suppressant Efficacy of Esomeprazole after Intravenous, Oral, and Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Beagle Dogs
Authors: Hwang J.‐H. , Jeong J.‐W. , Song G.‐H. , Koo T.‐S. , Seo K.‐W. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundEsomeprazole is an S‐enantiomer of omeprazole that has favorable pharmacokinetics and efficacious acid suppressant properties in humans. However, the pharmacokinetics and effects on intragastric pH of esomeprazole in dogs have not been reported.ObjectiveTo determine the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole administered via various routes (PK study) and to investigate the effect of esomeprazole on intragastric pH with a Bravo pH monitoring system (PD study).AnimalsSeven adult male Beagle dogs and 5 adult male Beagle dogs were used for PK and PD study, respectively.MethodsBoth studies used an open, randomized, and crossover design. In the PK study, 7 dogs received intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral doses (PO) of esomeprazole (1 mg/kg). Each treatment period was separated by a washout period of at least 10 days. Esomeprazole plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC/MS/MS. In the efficacy study, intragastric pH was recorded without medication (baseline pH) and following IV, SC, and PO esomeprazole dosing regimens (1 mg/kg) in 5 dogs.ResultsThe bioavailability of esomeprazole administered as PO enteric‐coated granules and as SC injections was 71.4 and 106%, respectively. The half‐life was approximately 1 hour. Mean ± SD percent time intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 was 58.9 ± 21.1% and 40.9 ± 17.3% for IV group, 75.8 ± 16.4% and 62.7 ± 17.7% for SC group, 88.2 ± 8.9% and 82.5 ± 7.7% for PO group, and 12.5 ± 3.6% and 3.7 ± 1.8% for baseline. The mean percent time with intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 was significantly increased regardless of the dosing route (P < .05).ConclusionThe PK parameters for PO and SC esomeprazole administration were favorable, and esomeprazole significantly increased intragastric pH after IV, PO, and SC administration. IV and SC administration of esomeprazole might be useful when PO administration is not possible. No significant adverse effects were observed.
Validation of the BioPRYN enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of pregnancy‐specific protein‐B (PSPB) and diagnosis of pregnancy in American bison (Bison bison)
Authors: Love DM , Mefford MT , Ramer JC 
Published: April 2017

ContentsThis study assessed the accuracy of the commercial BioPRYN® ELISA for the detection of pregnancy‐specific protein‐B (PSPB) using a single blood sample to determine pregnancy status in American bison (Bison bison). A total of 49 bison cows were used in the study, and sampled at two time‐points during the gestation period, fall and spring, correlating with early‐ to mid‐term gestation (average 62.9 days post‐mating) and mid‐ to late‐term gestation (average 229.2 days post‐mating), respectively. Sensitivity of the test during early‐ to mid‐term gestation sampling period (fall) was 87.1%, while specificity was 100%; sensitivity of the test during late‐term gestation sampling period (spring) was 96.3%, while specificity remained at 100%. In total, the test showed a total sensitivity of 91.4%, specificity of 100% and total accuracy of 93.8%, similar to domestic cattle. Use of the single‐sample BioPRYN® ELISA in American Bison for pregnancy diagnosis is economical and practical, minimizing animal handling time, frequency and subsequent stress while providing accurate results for pregnancy diagnosis at 62 days post‐mating. This method should be considered over more traditional pregnancy diagnosis methods for use in managed bison herds.
Optimal antiretroviral therapy adherence as evaluated by CASE index score tool is associated with virological suppression in HIV‐infected adults in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Byabene A. K. , Fortes‐Déguénonvo L. , Niang K. , Manga M. N. , Bulabula A. N. H. , Nachega J. B. , Seydi M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and factors associated with optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and virological failure (VLF) among HIV‐infected adults enrolled in the national ART programme at the teaching hospital of Fann, Dakar, Senegal.MethodsCross‐sectional study from 1 September 2013 to 30 January 2014. Outcomes: (1) optimal ART adherence by the Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE) Index Score (>10) and (2) VLF (HIV RNA > 1000 copies/ml). Diagnostic accuracy of CASE Index Score assessed using sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with optimal adherence and VLF.ResultsOf 98 HIV‐infected patients on ART, 68% were female. The median (IQR) age was 42 (20–50) years. A total of 57 of 98 (60%) were on ART more than 3 years, and majority (88%) were on NNRTI‐based first‐line ART regimen. A total of 79 of 98 (80%) patients reported optimal ART adherence, and only five of 84 (5.9%) had documented VLF. Patients with VLF were significantly more likely to have suboptimal ART adherence (17.7% vs. 2.9%; P = 0.02). CASE Index Score showed the best trade‐off in Se (78.9%, 95% CI: 54.4–93.9%), Sp (20.0%, 95% CI: 11.1–31.7), PPV (22.4, 95% CI: 13.1–34.2%) and NPV (76.5%, 95% CI: 50.1–93.2), when used VLF threshold of HIV RNA >50 copies/ml. Factors independently associated with VLF were CASE Index Score <10 ([aOR] = 13.0, 95% CI: 1.1–147.9; P = 0.04) and being a boosted PI‐based ART regimen ([aOR] = 27.0, 95% CI: 2.4–309.4; P = 0.008).ConclusionsOptimal ART adherence is achievable in a high proportion of HIV‐infected adults in this study population. CASE Index Score was independently associated with virological outcomes, supporting usefulness of this low‐cost ART adherence monitoring tool in this setting.
N‐glycan maturation mutants in Lotus japonicus for basic and applied glycoprotein research
Authors: Pedersen Carina T. , Loke Ian , Lorentzen Andrea , Wolf Sara , Kamble Manoj , Kristensen Sebastian K. , Munch David , Radutoiu Simona , Spillner Edzard , Roepstorff Peter , Thaysen‐Andersen Morten , Stougaard Jens , Dam Svend 
Published: April 2017

SummaryStudies of protein N‐glycosylation are important for answering fundamental questions on the diverse functions of glycoproteins in plant growth and development. Here we generated and characterised a comprehensive collection of Lotus japonicusLORE1 insertion mutants, each lacking the activity of one of the 12 enzymes required for normal N‐glycan maturation in the glycosylation machinery. The inactivation of the individual genes resulted in altered N‐glycan patterns as documented using mass spectrometry and glycan‐recognising antibodies, indicating successful identification of null mutations in the target glyco‐genes. For example, both mass spectrometry and immunoblotting experiments suggest that proteins derived from the α1,3‐fucosyltransferase (Lj3fuct) mutant completely lacked α1,3‐core fucosylation. Mass spectrometry also suggested that the Lotus japonicus convicilin 2 was one of the main glycoproteins undergoing differential expression/N‐glycosylation in the mutants. Demonstrating the functional importance of glycosylation, reduced growth and seed production phenotypes were observed for the mutant plants lacking functional mannosidase I, N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase I, and α1,3‐fucosyltransferase, even though the relative protein composition and abundance appeared unaffected. The strength of our N‐glycosylation mutant platform is the broad spectrum of resulting glycoprotein profiles and altered physiological phenotypes that can be produced from single, double, triple and quadruple mutants. This platform will serve as a valuable tool for elucidating the functional role of protein N‐glycosylation in plants. Furthermore, this technology can be used to generate stable plant mutant lines for biopharmaceutical production of glycoproteins displaying relative homogeneous and mammalian‐like N‐glycosylation features.
MSH1 maintains organelle genome stability and genetically interacts with RECA and RECG in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Odahara Masaki , Kishita Yoshihito , Sekine Yasuhiko 
Published: April 2017

SummaryChloroplast and mitochondrial DNA encodes genes that are essential for photosynthesis and respiration, respectively. Thus, loss of integrity of the genomic DNA of organelles leads to a decline in organelle function and alteration of organelle genetic information. RECA (RECA1 and RECA2) and RECG, which are homologs of bacterial homologous recombination repair (HRR) factors RecA and RecG, respectively, play an important role in the maintenance of integrity of the organelle genome by suppressing aberrant recombination between short dispersed repeats (SDRs) in the moss Physcomitrella patens. On the other hand, MutS homolog 1 (MSH1), a plant‐specific MSH with a C‐terminal GIY‐YIG endonuclease domain, is involved in the maintenance of integrity of the organelle genome in the angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we address the role of the duplicated MSH1 genes, MSH1A and MSH1B, in P. patens, in which MSH1A lacks the C‐terminal endonuclease domain. MSH1A and MSH1B localized to both chloroplast and mitochondrial nucleoids in protoplast cells. Single and double knockout (KO) mutants of MSH1A and MSH1B showed no obvious morphological defects; however, MSH1B KO and double KO mutants, as well as MSH1B GIY‐YIG deletion mutants, exhibited genomic instability due to recombination between SDRs in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Creating double KO mutations of each combination of MSH1B, RECA2 and RECG synergistically increased recombination between SDRs in chloroplasts and mitochondria. These results show the role of MSH1 in the maintenance of integrity of the organelle genome and the genetic interaction between MSH1 and homologs of HRR factors in the basal land plant P. patens.
ToxoplasmaEffectors Targeting Host Signaling and Transcription
Authors: Hakimi Mohamed-Ali , Olias Philipp , Sibley L. David 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYEarly electron microscopy studies revealed the elaborate cellular features that define the unique adaptations of apicomplexan parasites. Among these were bulbous rhoptry (ROP) organelles and small, dense granules (GRAs), both of which are secreted during invasion of host cells. These early morphological studies were followed by the exploration of the cellular contents of these secretory organelles, revealing them to be comprised of highly divergent protein families with few conserved domains or predicted functions. In parallel, studies on host-pathogen interactions identified many host signaling pathways that were mysteriously altered by infection. It was only with the advent of forward and reverse genetic strategies that the connections between individual parasite effectors and the specific host pathways that they targeted finally became clear. The current repertoire of parasite effectors includes ROP kinases and pseudokinases that are secreted during invasion and that block host immune pathways. Similarly, many secretory GRA proteins alter host gene expression by activating host transcription factors, through modification of chromatin, or by inducing small noncoding RNAs. These effectors highlight novel mechanisms by whichT. gondiihas learned to harness host signaling to favor intracellular survival and will guide future studies designed to uncover the additional complexity of this intricate host-pathogen interaction.
Development and Validation of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of NDM-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Boutal Hervé , Naas Thierry , Devilliers Karine , Oueslati Saoussen , Dortet Laurent , Bernabeu Sandrine , Simon Stéphanie , Volland Hervé 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

The global spread of carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
(CPE) that are often resistant to most, if not all, classes of antibiotics is a major public health concern. The NDM-1 carbapenemase is among the most worrisome carbapenemases given its rapid worldwide spread. We have developed and evaluated a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) (called the NDM LFIA) for the rapid and reliable detection of NDM-like carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
from culture colonies. We evaluated the NDM LFIA using 175 reference enterobacterial isolates with characterized β-lactamase gene content and 74 nonduplicate consecutive carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates referred for expertise to the French National Reference Center (NRC) for Antibiotic Resistance during a 1-week period (in June 2016). The reference collection included 55 non-carbapenemase producers and 120 carbapenemase producers, including 27 NDM producers. All 27 NDM-like carbapenemase producers of the reference collection were correctly detected in less than 15 min by the NDM LFIA, including 22 strains producing NDM-1, 2 producing NDM-4, 1 producing NDM-5, 1 producing NDM-7, and 1 producing NDM-9. All non-NDM-1 producers gave a negative result with the NDM LFIA. No cross-reaction was observed with carbapenemases (VIM, IMP, NDM, KPC, and OXA-48-like), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) (TEM, SHV, and CTX-M), AmpCs (CMY-2, DHA-2, and ACC-1), and oxacillinases (OXA-1, -2, -9, and -10). Similarly, among the 74 referred nonduplicate consecutive clinical isolates, all 7 NDM-like producers were identified. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 100% for NDM-like carbapenemase detection with strains cultured on agar. The NDM LFIA was efficient, rapid, and easy to implement in the routine workflow of a clinical microbiology laboratory for the confirmation of NDM-like carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Aspergillus spp. by Using a Composite Correlation Index (CCI)-Based Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Method Appears To Not Offer Benefit over Traditional Broth Microdilution Testing
Authors: Gitman Melissa R. , McTaggart Lisa , Spinato Joanna , Poopalarajah Rahgavi , Lister Erin , Husain Shahid , Kus Julianne V. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Aspergillus
spp. cause serious invasive lung infections, and
Aspergillus fumigatus
is the most commonly encountered clinically significant species. Voriconazole is considered to be the drug of choice for treating
A. fumigatus
infections; however, rising resistance rates have been reported. We evaluated a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based method for the differentiation between wild-type and non-wild-type isolates of 20
Aspergillus
spp. (including 2 isolates of
Aspergillus ustus
and 1 of
Aspergillus calidoustus
that were used as controls due their intrinsic low azole susceptibility with respect to the
in vitro
response to voriconazole). At 30 and 48 h of incubation, there was complete agreement between Cyp51A sequence analysis, broth microdilution, and MALDI-TOF MS classification of isolates as wild type or non-wild type. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated that MALDI-TOF MS can be used to accurately detect
A. fumigatus
strains with reduced voriconazole susceptibility. However, rather than proving to be a rapid and simple method for antifungal susceptibility testing, this particular MS-based method showed no benefit over conventional testing methods.