bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A self-testing cloud model for multi-criteria group decision making
Authors: Chang Ting-Cheng , Wang Hui 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to select the best scaling coefficient during the quantitative-qualitative conversion.

Design/methodology/approach
– Cloud model can describe the qualitative concept of randomness and fuzziness, achieve uncertain transition between qualitative and quantitative in the field of multi-criteria group decision and has been receiving widespread attention. This paper discusses scale conversion issues of the cloud model when evaluating qualitative information. In order to improve the accuracy of the evaluation on multi-attribute decision problems based on uncertainty of natural linguistic information, this paper proposes a method of self-testing cloud model based on a composite scale (with the exponential scale and the scale as a basis).

Findings
– Through experimental verification results show that under composite scale, the best suitable selection of can effectively improve the accuracy and reliability of decision results.

Originality/value
– This research presents a new approach to determine the suitable value for coefficient based on uncertain knowledge of natural multi-criteria group decision making, and gives concrete steps and examples. This method has positive significance to improve the quality of qualitative and quantitative conversion based on cloud model.
State‐space modelling of geolocation data reveals sex differences in the use of management areas by breeding northern fulmars
Authors: Edwards Ewan W. J. , Quinn Lucy R. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Effective management and conservation of terrestrially breeding marine predators requires information on connectivity between specific breeding sites and at‐sea foraging areas. In the north‐east Atlantic, efforts to monitor and manage the impacts of bycatch or pollution events within different Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North‐East Atlantic (OSPAR) management regions are currently constrained by uncertainty over the origins of seabirds occurring in each area.

Whilst Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers can now provide high resolution data on seabird foraging characteristics, their use is largely restricted to the chick‐rearing period. Smaller light‐based Global Location Sensors (geolocators) could provide valuable data during earlier phases of the breeding season, but additional information on their accuracy is required to assess this potential.

We used incubation trip tracking data from 11 double‐tagged (GPS/geolocator) northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis L. within a state‐space modelling (SSM) framework to estimate errors around geolocator locations. The SSM was then fitted to a larger sample of geolocator data from the pre‐laying exodus using the mean of these error estimates. Geolocator data were first used to compare the trip durations of males and females during this critical pre‐laying period. Outputs from the SSM were then used to characterize their spatial distribution and assess the extent of within‐colony variation in the use of different OSPAR management regions.

During the pre‐laying exodus, fulmars from a single colony in the north‐east of the United Kingdom foraged widely across several biogeographical regions, up to 2900 km from the colony. Most (60%) males remained within the North Sea region, whereas most (68%) females flew north, foraging within the Norwegian and Barents Sea. A small subset of birds (15%) travelled to the central North Atlantic. Foraging trips by males appeared to be shorter (x = 18 days, n = 20) than by females (x = 25 days, n = 19).

Policy implications. Our results of state‐space modelling of geolocation data collected from northern fulmars show that within‐colony variation in ranging behaviour during the breeding season results in sex differences in exposure to threats such as fisheries bycatch and marine plastics. Birds from a single colony dispersed over several north‐east Atlantic management areas. These patterns have implications for interpreting trends in colony‐based monitoring schemes, and European Union Marine Strategy Framework programmes using these seabirds as an indicator species for monitoring trends in marine litter and prioritizing efforts to mitigate its impact.
Keep wetlands wet: the myth of sustainable development of tropical peatlands – implications for policies and management
Authors: Evers Stephanie , Yule Catherine M. , Padfield Rory , O'Reilly Patrick , Varkkey Helena 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPristine tropical peat swamp forests (PSFs) represent a unique wetland ecosystem of distinctive hydrology which support unique biodiversity and globally significant stores of soil carbon. Yet in Indonesia and Malaysia, home to 56% of the world's tropical peatland, they are subject to considerable developmental pressures, including widespread drainage to support agricultural needs. In this article, we review the ecology behind the functioning and ecosystem services provided by PSFs, with a particular focus on hydrological processes as well as the role of the forest itself in maintaining those services. Drawing on this, we review the suitability of current policy frameworks and consider the efficacy of their implementation. We suggest that policies in Malaysia and Indonesia are often based around the narrative of oil palm and other major monocrops as drivers of prosperity and development. However, we also argue that this narrative is also being supported by a priori claims concerning the possibility of sustainability of peat swamp exploitation via drainage‐based agriculture through the adherence to best management practices. We discuss how this limits their efficacy, uptake and the political will towards enforcement. Further, we consider how both narratives (prosperity and sustainability) clearly exclude important considerations concerning the ecosystem value of tropical PSFs which are dependent on their unimpacted hydrology. Current research clearly shows that the actual debate should be focused not on how to develop drainage‐based plantations sustainably, but on whether the sustainable conversion to drainage‐based systems is possible at all.
Revisiting the cost of carnivory in mammals
Authors: Tucker M. A. , Ord T. J. , Rogers T. L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPredator–prey relationships play a key role in the evolution and ecology of carnivores. An understanding of predator–prey relationships and how this differs across species and environments provides information on how carnivorous strategies have evolved and how they may change in response to environmental change. We aim to determine how mammals overcame the challenges of living within the marine environment; specifically, how this altered predator–prey body mass relationships relative to terrestrial mammals. Using predator and prey mass data collected from the literature, we applied phylogenetic piecewise regressions to investigate the relationship between predator and prey size across carnivorous mammals (51 terrestrial and 56 marine mammals). We demonstrate that carnivorous mammals have four broad dietary groups: small marine carnivores (< 11 000 kg) and small terrestrial carnivores (< 11 kg) feed on prey less than 5 kg and 2 kg, respectively. On average, large marine carnivores (> 11 000 kg) feed on prey equal to 0.01% of the carnivore's body size, compared to 45% or greater in large terrestrial carnivores (> 11 kg). We propose that differences in prey availability, and the relative ease of processing large prey in the terrestrial environment and small prey in marine environment, have led to the evolution of these novel foraging behaviours. Our results provide important insights into the selection pressures that may have been faced by early marine mammals and ultimately led to the evolution of a range of feeding strategies and predatory behaviours.
Size Matters: The Effect of the Size of Ethnic Groups on Development
Authors: Dimico Arcangelo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe share of ethnic groups is one of the most important features of African politics. It affects civil wars, representation in government positions, distributive and allocative policies. In this paper, we use the partition of ethnic groups as a natural experiment in order to estimate the effect of the share of these ethnic groups on development. We show that larger groups have an advantage in terms of development and that the partition in itself does not matter for development. This result is explained by the fact that the partition matters only when the resulting groups are relatively small, since their lack of political representation may weaken support for institutions, may bias policies and the provision of ethnic/regional public goods.
Simulated Frequency Dependence of Radar Observations of Tornadoes
Authors: Bodine David J. , Palmer Robert D. , Maruyama Takashi , Fulton Caleb J. , Zhu Ye , Cheong Boon Leng 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo obtain accurate radar-measured wind measurements in tornadoes, differences between air and Doppler velocities must be corrected. These differences can cause large errors in radar estimates of maximum tangential wind speeds, and large errors in single-Doppler retrievals of radial and vertical velocities. Since larger scatterers (e.g., debris) exhibit larger differences from air velocities compared to small scatterers (e.g., raindrops), the dominant scatterer type affecting radar measurements is examined. In this study, radar variables are simulated for common weather radar frequencies using debris and raindrop trajectories computed with a large-eddy simulation model and two electromagnetic scattering models. These simulations include a large range of raindrop and wood board sizes and concentrations, and reveal the significant frequency dependence of the equivalent reflectivity factor and Doppler velocity. At S band, dominant scatterers are wood boards, except when wood board concentrations are very low. In contrast, raindrops are the dominant scatterers at Ka and W bands even when large concentrations of wood boards are present, except for low raindrop concentrations. Dual-wavelength velocity differences exhibit high correlation with air and Doppler velocity differences for most cases, which may enable direct measurements of scatterer-induced Doppler velocity bias in tornadoes. Moreover, dual-wavelength ratios are shown to exhibit strong correlations with dominant scatterer size, except when Rayleigh scatterers are dominant. Finally, vertical velocity retrievals are shown to exhibit lower errors at high frequencies, and large errors remain at centimeter wavelengths even after debris centrifuging corrections are applied in cases with high debris concentration.
O imaginário feminino e sua invisibilidade no aleitamento materno exclusivo: estudo expliratório
Authors: Alves Tássia Regine de Morais , Miranda Francisco Arnoldo Nunes de , Silva Glauber Weder dos Santos , Carvalho Jovanka Bittencourt Leite de , Valença Cecília Nogueira , Cavalcante Rosangela Diniz 
Published: July 2016

Objetivo: compreender a importância e as dificuldades que as mulheres encontram na adesão ao aleitamento materno exclusivo. Método: estudo de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo exploratório e descritivo. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 14 mulheres. O tratamento dos dados se deu mediante a análise de conteúdo, na modalidade da análise temática. Resultados: a maioria das mulheres revelou conhecer a importância e os benefícios do aleitamento materno, por ser uma prática importante e por proporcionar uma boa condição de saúde e desenvolvimento ao filho. Aspectos que beneficiam a mulher que amamenta foram explicitados, porém, em menor intensidade quando comparável às relacionadas à saúde do bebê. Conclusão: Acentua-se a necessidade de incorporar práticas além da dimensão biológica, compreender as particularidades de cada mulher e incentivar o cuidar-se como importante para si.
Las organizaciones intermedias en los procesos de innovación en México
Authors: Pérez Hernández Maria del Pilar Monserrat 
Published: July 2016

La actividad innovadora depende de los vínculos o mediación que exista entre los actores que generan la tecnología y el conocimiento y los usuarios finales de una y otro; este papel lo cumplen diversas organizaciones intermedias (OI), las cuales traducen las necesidades de los usuarios de tecnologías en desarrollo. Este trabajo analiza el papel de dichas organizaciones intermedias en los procesos de innovación en México. Así, se distingue que existen tres vacíos estructurales: en la negociación y el patrocinio, en la comercialización y explotación de los resultados, y en la regulación y arbitraje, mismos que inhiben la apropiación de los beneficios derivados de la actividad innovadora.
O presente como problema historiográfico na Primeira República em dois manuais escolares
Authors: De Souza Magalhães Marcelo , Gontijo Rebeca 
Published: July 2016

O artigo busca analisar alguns usos do presentee seus desafios no que diz respeito ao ensino escolar da história. Nesse sentido, focaliza um período no qual a experiência dos homens em seu próprio tempo foi abalada por incertezas quanto ao futuro e ao passado: a primeira década da República no Brasil (1889-1899). Supostamente, naquele momento o presente assumiu um lugar importante nas narrativas da história destinadas ao uso escolar, ainda que impondo muitas dificuldades a seus autores.
TESTING THE WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT DOWN TO Δz ∼ 10−6
Authors: Ferreras Ignacio , Trujillo Ignacio 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
At the core of the standard cosmological model lies the assumption that the redshift of distant galaxies is independent of photon wavelength. This invariance of cosmological redshift with wavelength is routinely found in all galaxy spectra with a precision of Δz ∼ 10−4. The combined use of approximately half a million high-quality galaxy spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) allows us to explore this invariance down to a nominal precision in redshift of 10−6 (statistical). Our analysis is performed over the redshift interval 0.02 < z < 0.25. We use the centroids of spectral lines over the 3700–6800 Å rest-frame optical window. We do not find any difference in redshift between the blue and red sides down to a precision of 10−6 at z ≲ 0.1 and 10−5 at 0.1 ≲ z ≲ 0.25 (i.e., at least an order of magnitude better than with single galaxy spectra). This is the first time the wavelength-independence of the (1 + z) redshift law is confirmed over a wide spectral window at this precision level. This result holds independently of the stellar population of the galaxies and their kinematical properties. This result is also robust against wavelength calibration issues. The limited spectral resolution (R ∼ 2000) of the SDSS data, combined with the asymmetric wavelength sampling of the spectral features in the observed restframe due to the (1 + z) stretching of the lines, prevent our methodology from achieving a precision higher than 10−5, at z > 0.1. Future attempts to constrain this law will require high quality galaxy spectra at higher resolution (R ≳ 10,000).
POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY OF FLUCTUATIONS OF BULK AND THERMAL SPEEDS IN THE SOLAR WIND
Authors: Šafránková J. , Němeček Z. , Němec F. , Přech L. , Chen C. H. K. , Zastenker G. N. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes solar wind power spectra of bulk and thermal speed fluctuations that are computed with a time resolution of 32 ms in the frequency range of 0.001–2 Hz. The analysis uses measurements of the Bright Monitor of the Solar Wind on board the Spektr-R spacecraft that are limited to 570 km s−1 bulk speed. The statistics, based on more than 42,000 individual spectra, show that: (1) the spectra of bulk and thermal speeds can be fitted by two power-law segments; (2) despite their large variations, the parameters characterizing frequency spectrum fits computed on each particular time interval are very similar for both quantities; (3) the median slopes of the bulk and thermal speeds of the segment attributed to the MHD scale are −1.43 and −1.38, respectively, whereas they are −3.08 and −2.43 in the kinetic range; (4) the kinetic range slopes of bulk and thermal speed spectra become equal when either the ion density or magnetic field strength are high; (5) the break between MHD and kinetic scales seems to be controlled by the ion β parameter; (6) the best scaling parameter for bulk and thermal speed variations is a sum of the inertial length and proton thermal gyroradius; and (7) the above conclusions can be applied to the density variations if the background magnetic field is very low.
Modeling the influence of deep water application of dispersants on the surface expression of oil: A sensitivity study
Authors: Testa Jeremy M. , Eric Adams E. , North Elizabeth W. , He Ruoying 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough the effects of chemical dispersants on oil droplet sizes and ascent speeds are well‐known, the fate and transport of dispersed oil droplets of different sizes under varying hydrodynamic conditions can be difficult to assess with observations alone. We used a particle tracking model to evaluate the effect of changes in droplet sizes due to dispersant application on the short‐term transport and surface expression of oil released under conditions similar to those following the 3 June 2010 riser cutting during the Deepwater Horizon event. We used simulated injections of oil droplets of varying size and number under conditions associated with no dispersant application and with dispersant application at 50% and 100% efficiency. Due to larger droplet sizes in the no‐dispersant scenario, all of the simulated oil reached the surface within 7 h, while only 61% and 28% of the oil reached the surface after 12 h in the 50% and 100% dispersant efficiency cases, respectively. The length of the surface slick after 6 h was ∼2 km in the no‐dispersant case whereas there was no surface slick after 6 h in the 100% dispersant case, because the smaller oil droplets which resulted from dispersant application had not yet reached the surface. Model results suggest that the application of dispersants at the well head had the following effects: (1) less oil reached the surface in the 6‐12 h after application, (2) oil had a longer residence time in the water‐column, and (3) oil was more highly influenced by subsurface transport.
Probability distributions of bed load particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and travel times informed by Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Schmeeckle Mark W. , Schumer Rina , Fathel Siobhan L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe describe the most likely forms of the probability distributions of bed load particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and travel times, in a manner that formally appeals to inferential statistics while honoring mechanical and kinematic constraints imposed by equilibrium transport conditions. The analysis is based on E. Jaynes's elaboration of the implications of the similarity between the Gibbs entropy in statistical mechanics and the Shannon entropy in information theory. By maximizing the information entropy of a distribution subject to known constraints on its moments, our choice of the form of the distribution is unbiased. The analysis suggests that particle velocities and travel times are exponentially distributed and that particle accelerations follow a Laplace distribution with zero mean. Particle hop distances, viewed alone, ought to be distributed exponentially. However, the covariance between hop distances and travel times precludes this result. Instead, the covariance structure suggests that hop distances follow a Weibull distribution. These distributions are consistent with high‐resolution measurements obtained from high‐speed imaging of bed load particle motions. The analysis brings us closer to choosing distributions based on our mechanical insight.
Solvent‐Free Photooxidation of Alkanes by Dioxygen with 2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone via Photoinduced Electron Transfer
Authors: Ohkubo Kei , Hirose Kensaku , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhotooxidation of alkanes by dioxygen occurred under visible light irradiation of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone (DDQ) which acts as a super photooxidant. Solvent‐free hydroxylation of cyclohexane and alkanes is initiated by electron transfer from alkanes to the singlet and triplet excited states of DDQ to afford the corresponding radical cations and DDQ⋅−, as revealed by femtosecond laser‐induced transient absorption measurements. Alkane radical cations readily deprotonate to produce alkyl radicals, which react with dioxygen to afford alkylperoxyl radicals. Alkylperoxyl radicals abstract hydrogen atoms from alkanes to yield alkyl hydroperoxides, accompanied by regeneration of alkyl radicals to constitute the radical chain reactions, so called autoxidation. The radical chain is terminated in the bimolecular reactions of alkylperoxyl radicals to yield the corresponding alcohols and ketones. DDQ⋅−, produced by the photoinduced electron transfer from alkanes to the excited state of DDQ, disproportionates with protons to yield DDQH2.
Improved Performance of Electroplated CZTS Thin‐Film Solar Cells with Bifacial Configuration
Authors: Ge Jie , Yu Yue , Ke Weijun , Li Jian , Tan Xinxuan , Wang Zhiwei , Chu Junhao , Yan Yanfa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAnnealing in S vapor greatly improves the performance of electroplated Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells based on the bifacial configuration of Al‐doped ZnO (AZO, front contact)/ZnO/CdS/CZTS/indium tin oxide (ITO, back contact), as compared to H2S annealing in our previous works. S‐vapor annealing does not cause severe damage to the conductivity of the ITO back contact. The highest device efficiency of 5.8 % was reached under 1 sun illumination from the AZO side. The well‐preformed devices based on the ITO back contact demonstrate smaller series resistances and better fill factors, as compared to our substrate‐type devices using Mo back contacts. An interfacial reaction at the ITO back contact has been revealed in experiments, which contributes to the formation of SnO2‐enriched interfacial layer and diffusion of In from ITO into CZTS through the Sn sites. Incorporation of In does not significantly change the optical and structural properties or the grain size of CZTS absorbers.
One‐Pot Conversion of Carbohydrates into Furan Derivatives via Furfural and 5‐Hydroxylmethylfurfural as Intermediates
Authors: Liu Bing , Zhang Zehui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecently, there has been growing interest in the transformation of renewable biomass into value‐added fuels and chemicals. The catalytic conversion of naturally abundant carbohydrates can generate two‐important furan chemicals: 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from C6 carbohydrates and furfural from C5 carbohydrates. Both HMF and furfural have received great interest as precursors in the synthesis of commodity chemicals and liquid fuels. In recent years, a trend has emerged to integrate sequential catalytic processes involving multistep reactions for the direct one‐pot transformation of carbohydrates into the aimed fuels and chemicals. One‐pot reactions have remarkably unique and environmentally friendly benefits, including the fact that isolation and purification of intermediate compounds can be avoided. Herein, the present article aims to review recent advances in the one‐pot conversion of carbohydrates into furan derivatives via furfural and HMF as intermediates. Special attention will be paid to the catalytic systems, mechanistic insight, reaction pathways, and catalyst stability. It is expected that this review will guide researchers to develop effective catalytic systems for the one‐pot transformation of carbohydrates into furan derivatives.