bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons from nature: signalling cascades associated with vertebrate brain anoxic survival
Authors: Nayak Gauri , Prentice Howard M. , Milton Sarah L. 
Published: March 2016

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
Although the mammalian brain is exquisitely sensitive to hypoxia, some turtles survive complete anoxia by decreasing metabolic demand to match reduced energy supply. These animal models may help to elucidate neuroprotective mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic targets for diseases of oxygen deprivation.

What advances does it highlight?
The mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are part of the suite of adaptive responses to anoxia that are modulated by adenosine, a ‘retaliatory metabolite’ released in early anoxia. In anoxic turtle neurons, upregulation of pro‐survival Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways promote cell survival, as does the anoxic‐ and post‐anoxic upregulation of the antioxidant methionine sulfoxide reductase.

Mammalian neurons undergo rapid degeneration when oxygen supply is curtailed. Neuroprotective pathways are induced during hypoxia/ischaemia, but their analysis is complicated by concurrent pathological events. Survival mechanisms can be investigated in anoxia‐tolerant freshwater turtle species, which survive oxygen deprivation and post‐anoxic reoxygenation by entrance into a state of reversible hypometabolism. Many energy‐demanding processes are suppressed, including ion flux and neurotransmitter release, whereas cellular protective mechanisms, including certain mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), are upregulated. This superfamily of serine/threonine kinases plays a significant role in vital cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, stress adaptation and apoptosis in response to external stimuli. Here, we report that neuronal survival relies on robust co‐ordination between the major signalling cascades, with upregulation of the pro‐survival Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways. Other protective responses, including the upregulation of heat shock proteins and antioxidants, allow the turtle brain to abrogate potential oxidative stress upon reoxygenation.
Superinfection Exclusion of the Ruminant Pathogen Anaplasma marginale in Its Tick Vector Is Dependent on the Time between Exposures to the Strains
Authors: Noh Susan M. , Dark Michael J. , Reif Kathryn E. , Ueti Massaro W. , Kappmeyer Lowell S. , Scoles Glen A. , Palmer Guy H. , Brayton Kelly A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The remarkable genetic diversity of vector-borne pathogens allows for the establishment of superinfection in the mammalian host. To have a long-term impact on population strain structure, the introduced strains must also be transmitted by a vector population that has been exposed to the existing primary strain. The sequential exposure of the vector to multiple strains frequently prevents establishment of the second strain, a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion. As a consequence, superinfection exclusion may greatly limit genetic diversity in the host population, which is difficult to reconcile with the high degree of genetic diversity maintained among vector-borne pathogens. Using
Anaplasma marginale
, a tick-borne bacterial pathogen of ruminants, we hypothesized that superinfection exclusion is temporally dependent and that longer intervals between strain exposures allow successful acquisition and transmission of a superinfecting strain. To test this hypothesis, we sequentially exposed
Dermacentor andersoni
ticks to two readily tick-transmissible strains of
A. marginale
. The tick feedings were either immediately sequential or 28 days apart. Ticks were allowed to transmission feed and were individually assessed to determine if they were infected with one or both strains. The second strain was excluded from the tick when the exposure interval was brief but not when it was prolonged. Midguts and salivary glands of individual ticks were superinfected and transmission of both strains occurred only when the exposure interval was prolonged. These findings indicate that superinfection exclusion is temporally dependent, which helps to account for the differences in pathogen strain structure in tropical compared to temperate regions.

IMPORTANCE
Many vector-borne pathogens have marked genetic diversity, which influences pathogen traits such as transmissibility and virulence. The most successful strains are those that are preferentially transmitted by the vector. However, the factors that determine successful transmission of a particular strain are unknown. In the case of intracellular, bacterial, tick-borne pathogens, one potential factor is superinfection exclusion, in which colonization of ticks by the first strain of a pathogen it encounters prevents the transmission of a second strain. Using
A. marginale
, the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle worldwide, and its natural tick vector, we determined that superinfection exclusion occurs when the time between exposures to two strains is brief but not when it is prolonged. These findings suggest that superinfection exclusion may influence strain transmission in temperate regions, where tick activity is limited by season, but not in tropical regions, where ticks are active for long periods.
Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces
Authors: Perry K. A. , Coulliette A. D. , Rose L. J. , Shams A. M. , Edwards J. R. , Noble-Wang J. A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

As annual influenza epidemics continue to cause significant morbidity and economic burden, an understanding of viral persistence and transmission is critical for public health officials and health care workers to better protect patients and their family members from infection. The infectivity and persistence of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains (A/New Caledonia/20/1999 and A/Brisbane/59/2007) on stainless steel (SS) surfaces were evaluated using three different surface matrices (2% fetal bovine serum, 5 mg/ml mucin, and viral medium) under various absolute humidity conditions (4.1 × 10
5
mPa, 6.5 × 10
5
mPa, 7.1 × 10
5
mPa, 11.4 × 10
5
mPa, 11.2 × 10
5
mPa, and 17.9 × 10
5
mPa) for up to 7 days. Influenza A virus was deposited onto SS coupons (7.07 cm
2
) and recovered by agitation and sonication in viral medium. Viral persistence was quantified using a tissue culture-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the median (50%) tissue culture infective dose (TCID
50
) of infectious virus per coupon. Overall, both strains of influenza A virus remained infectious on SS coupons, with an approximate 2 log
10
loss over 7 days. Factors that influenced viral persistence included absolute humidity, strain-absolute humidity interaction, and time (
P
≤ 0.01). Further studies on the transfer of influenza A virus from fomites by hand and the impact of inanimate surface contamination on transmission should be performed, as this study demonstrates prolonged persistence on nonporous surfaces.

IMPORTANCE
This study tested the ability of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains to persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces under various environmental conditions. It demonstrated that influenza A (H1N1) viruses can persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces for 7 days. Additional studies should be conducted to assess the role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of influenza A virus.
Virulence Gene-Associated Mutant Bacterial Colonies Generate Differentiating Two-Dimensional Laser Scatter Fingerprints
Authors: Singh Atul K. , Leprun Lena , Drolia Rishi , Bai Xingjian , Kim Huisung , Aroonnual Amornrat , Bae Euiwon , Mishra Krishna K. , Bhunia Arun K. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated whether a laser scatterometer designated BARDOT (bacterialrapiddetection usingoptical scatteringtechnology) could be used to directly screen colonies ofListeria monocytogenes, a model pathogen, with mutations in several known virulence genes, including the genes encodingListeriaadhesion protein (LAP;lapmutant), internalin A (ΔinlAstrain), and an accessory secretory protein (ΔsecA2strain). Here we show that the scatter patterns oflapmutant, ΔinlA, and ΔsecA2colonies were markedly different from that of the wild type (WT), with >95% positive predictive values (PPVs), whereas for the complemented mutant strains, scatter patterns were restored to that of the WT. The scatter image library successfully distinguished thelapmutant and ΔinlAmutant strains from the WT in mixed-culture experiments, including a coinfection study using the Caco-2 cell line. Among the biophysical parameters examined, the colony height and optical density did not reveal any discernible differences between the mutant and WT strains. We also found that differential LAP expression inL. monocytogenesserotype 4b strains also affected the scatter patterns of the colonies. The results from this study suggest that BARDOT can be used to screen and enumerate mutant strains separately from the WT based on differential colony scatter patterns.IMPORTANCEIn studies of microbial pathogenesis, virulence-encoding genes are routinely disrupted by deletion or insertion to create mutant strains. Screening of mutant strains is an arduous process involving plating on selective growth media, replica plating, colony hybridization, DNA isolation, and PCR or immunoassays. We applied a noninvasive laser scatterometer to differentiate mutant bacterial colonies from WT colonies based on forward optical scatter patterns. This study demonstrates that BARDOT can be used as a novel, label-free, real-time tool to aid researchers in screening virulence gene-associated mutant colonies during microbial pathogenesis, coinfection, and genetic manipulation studies.
Validity of breast, lung and colorectal cancer diagnoses in administrative databases: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Abraha Iosief , Giovannini Gianni , Serraino Diego , Fusco Mario , Montedori Alessandro 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionBreast, lung and colorectal cancers constitute the most common cancers worldwide and their epidemiology, related health outcomes and quality indicators can be studied using administrative healthcare databases. To constitute a reliable source for research, administrative healthcare databases need to be validated. The aim of this protocol is to perform the first systematic review of studies reporting the validation of International Classification of Diseases 9th and 10th revision codes to identify breast, lung and colorectal cancer diagnoses in administrative healthcare databases.Methods and analysisThis review protocol has been developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. We will search the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library, using appropriate search strategies. We will include validation studies that used administrative data to identify breast, lung and colorectal cancer diagnoses or studies that evaluated the validity of breast, lung and colorectal cancer codes in administrative data. The following inclusion criteria will be used: (1) the presence of a reference standard case definition for the disease of interest; (2) the presence of at least one test measure (eg, sensitivity, positive predictive values, etc) and (3) the use of data source from an administrative database. Pairs of reviewers will independently abstract data using standardised forms and will assess quality using a checklist based on the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy (STARD) criteria.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required. We will submit results of this study to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. The results will serve as a guide to identify appropriate case definitions and algorithms of breast, lung and colorectal cancers for researchers involved in validating administrative healthcare databases as well as for outcome research on these conditions that used administrative healthcare databases.Trial registration numberCRD42015026881.
HOTVOLC: a web-based monitoring system for volcanic hot spots
Authors: Gouhier M. , Guéhenneux Y. , Labazuy P. , Cacault P. , Decriem J. , Rivet S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Infrared (IR) satellite-based sensors allow the detection and quantification of volcanic hot spots. Sensors flown on geostationary satellites are particularly helpful in the early warning and continuous tracking of effusive activity. Development of operational monitoring and dissemination systems is essential to achieve the real-time ingestion and processing of IR data for a timely response during volcanic crises. HOTVOLC is a web-based satellite-data-driven monitoring system developed at the Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (Clermont-Ferrand), designed to achieve near-real-time monitoring of volcanic activity using on-site ingestion of geostationary satellite data (e.g. MSG-SEVIRI, MTSAT, GOES-Imager). Here we present the characteristics of the HOTVOLC system for the monitoring of effusive activity. The system comprises two acquisition stations and secure databases (i.e. mirrored archives). The detection of volcanic hot spots uses a contextual algorithm that is based on a modified form of the Normalized Thermal Index (NTI*) and VAST. Raster images and numerical data are available to open-access on a Web-GIS interface. Tests are carried out and presented here, particularly for the 12–13 January 2011 eruption of Mount Etna, to show the capability of the system to provide quantitative information such as lava volume and time-averaged discharge rate. Examples of operational application reveal the ability of the HOTVOLC system to provide timely thermal information about volcanic hot spot activity.
Effects of estrogen on cerebrovascular function: age-dependent shifts from beneficial to detrimental in small cerebral arteries of the rat
Authors: Deer Rachel R. , Stallone John N. 
Published: March 2016

In the present study, interactions of age and estrogen in the modulation of cerebrovascular function were examined in small arteries <150 μM. The hypothesis tested was that age enhances deleterious effects of exogenous estrogen by augmenting constrictor prostanoid (CP)-potentiated reactivity of the female (F) cerebrovasculature. F Sprague-Dawley rats approximating key stages of “hormonal aging” in humans were studied: perimenopausal (mature multi-gravid, MA, cyclic, 5–6 mo of age) and postmenopausal (reproductively senescent, RS, acyclic 10–12 mo of age). Rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy and were given estrogen replacement therapy (E) or placebo (O) for 14–21 days. Vasopressin reactivity (VP, 10−12–10−7M) was measured in pressurized middle cerebral artery segments, alone or in the presence of COX-1- (SC560, 1 μM) or COX-2- (NS398, 10 μM) selective inhibitors. VP-stimulated release of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2) were assessed by radioimmunoassay of 6-keto-PGF1αand TXB2(stable metabolites). VP-induced vasoconstriction was attenuated in ovariectomized + estrogen-replaced, multigravid adult rats (5–6 mo; MAE) but potentiated in older ovariectomized + estrogen-replaced, reproductively senescent rats (12–14 mo; RSE). SC560 and NS398 reduced reactivity similarly in ovariectomized multigravid adult rats (5–6 mo; MAO) and ovariectomized reproductively senescent rat (12–14 mo; RSO). In MAE, reactivity to VP was reduced to a greater extent by SC560 than by NS398; however, in RSE, this effect was reversed. VP-stimulated PGI2was increased by estrogen, yet reduced by age. VP-stimulated TXA2was increased by estrogen and age in RSE but did not differ in MAO and RSO. Taken together, these data reveal that the vascular effects of estrogen are distinctly age-dependent in F rats. In younger MA, beneficial and protective effects of estrogen are evident (decreased vasoconstriction, increased dilator prostanoid function). Conversely, in older RS, detrimental effects of estrogen begin to be manifested (enhanced vasoconstriction and CP function). These findings may lead to age-specific estrogen replacement therapies that maximize beneficial and minimize detrimental effects of this hormone on small cerebral arteries that regulate blood flow.Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/effects-of-age-and-estrogen-on-cerebrovascular-function/ .
Comparison of Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes of Lesions Exhibiting Focal and Segmental Peri‐Stent Contrast Staining
Authors: Tokuda Takahiro , Yamawaki Masahiro , Takahara Mitsuyohi , Mori Shinsuke , Makino Kenji , Honda Yosuke , Takafuji Hiroya , Takama Takuro , Tsutsumi Masakazu , Sakamoto Yasunari , Takimura Hideyuki , Kobayashi Norihiro , Araki Motoharu , Hirano Keisuke , Ito Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2016

Background

Peri‐stent contrast staining (
PSS
) after metallic drug‐eluting stent deployment is associated with target lesion revascularization and very late stent thrombosis. However, the type of
PSS
that influences the clinical outcomes is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to reveal which
PSS
type was influencing clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results

This study included 5580 de novo lesions of 4405 patients who were implanted with a first‐ or second‐generation drug‐eluting stent and who were evaluated using follow‐up angiography within 12 months after stent implantation. We compared the clinical outcomes of patients divided into focal
PSS
and segmental
PSS
groups for 6 years after stent implantation. Total
PSS
was observed in 97 lesions (2.2%), of which 42 and 55 lesions were focal and segmental
PSS
, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, except for intraoperative chronic total occlusion (segmental
PSS
=47.3% versus focal
PSS
=11.9%,
P
=0.0001). The incidence of segmental
PSS
tended to be higher in patients with a first‐generation drug‐eluting stent (83.6% versus 16.4%,
P
=0.05). The cumulative incidence of stent thrombosis in the 6 years of segmental
PSS
group was significantly higher than that of the focal
PSS
group (13.9% versus 0%,
P
=0.04). The cumulative incidence of overall target lesion revascularization for restenosis, excluding target lesion revascularization procedures for stent thrombosis, was significantly higher in the segmental
PSS
group (38.0% versus 0%,
P
=0.01).

Conclusions

The incidence of segmental
PSS
tended to be higher in patients with a first‐generation drug‐eluting stent and appeared to be significantly associated with target lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis.
Incidence and Prognostic Significance of Depressive Symptoms in Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: McDermott Mary M. , Guralnik Jack M. , Tian Lu , Kibbe Melina R. , Ferrucci Luigi , Zhao Lihui , Liu Kiang , Liao Yihua , Gao Ying , Criqui Michael H. 
Published: March 2016

Background

We compared the incidence of depression, defined by a Geriatric Depression Score (
GDS
) ≥6, between people with versus without peripheral artery disease (
PAD
). We determined whether depressive symptoms were associated with increased mortality in people with and without
PAD
.

Methods and Results

Nine hundred and fifty‐one
PAD
patients and 478 non‐
PAD
patients were recruited from Chicago medical centers and followed prospectively. At baseline and annually, participants completed the
GDS
(0–15 scale, score ≥6=depression) and 6‐minute walk. Cause of death was confirmed with death certificates. The prevalence of a
GDS
≥6 at baseline was 186/951 (19.6%) among
PAD
versus 63/478 (13.2%) among non‐
PAD
participants (
P
=0.003). During a mean follow‐up of 2.7±1.2 years, 122/712 (17.1%) of participants with
PAD
versus 51/403 (12.7%) without
PAD
developed a
GDS
≥6 (
P
=0.047). Adjusting for age, sex, race, comorbidities, and other confounders,
PAD
participants had an increased rate of developing a
GDS
≥6 compared to non‐
PAD
participants (hazard ratio=1.54 (95%
CI
=1.05–2.25,
P
=0.026). This association was not statistically significant after adjusting for 6‐minute walk (
P
=0.258). Among
PAD
participants, a baseline
GDS
≥6 was associated with increased all‐cause mortality, adjusting for confounders (hazard ratio=1.57, 95%
CI
=1.12–2.21,
P
=0.009). This association was not significant after adjusting for 6‐minute walk (
P
=0.224).

Conclusions

People with
PAD
have a higher incidence of depressive symptoms than people without
PAD
. In
PAD
, depressive symptoms are associated with increased all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality. These associations are explained in part by poorer 6‐minute walk among people with
PAD
and among depressed people with
PAD
, respectively.
Off‐Hour Admission and Mortality Risk for 28 Specific Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of 251 Cohorts
Authors: Zhou Yanfeng , Li Wenzhen , Herath Chulani , Xia Jiahong , Hu Bo , Song Fujian , Cao Shiyi , Lu Zuxun 
Published: March 2016

Background
A considerable amount of studies have examined the relationship between off‐hours (weekends and nights) admission and mortality risk for various diseases, but the results remain equivocal.

Methods and Results

Through a search of
EMBASE
,
PUBMED
, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, we identified cohort studies that evaluated the association between off‐hour admission and mortality risk for disease. In a random effects meta‐analysis of 140 identified articles (251 cohorts), off‐hour admission was strongly associated with increased mortality for aortic aneurysm (odds ratio, 1.52; 95%
CI
, 1.30–1.77), breast cancer (1.50, 1.21–1.86), leukemia (1.45, 1.17–1.79), respiratory neoplasm (1.32, 1.20–1.26), pancreatic cancer (1.32, 1.12–1.56), malignant neoplasm of genitourinary organs (1.27, 1.08–1.49), colorectal cancer (1.26, 1.07–1.49), pulmonary embolism (1.20, 1.13–1.28), arrhythmia and cardiac arrest (1.19, 1.09–1.29), and lymphoma (1.19, 1.06–1.34). Weaker (odds ratio <1.19) but statistically significant association was noted for renal failure, traumatic brain injury, heart failure, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bloodstream infections. No association was found for hip fracture, pneumonia, intestinal obstruction, aspiration pneumonia, peptic ulcer, trauma, diverticulitis, and neonatal mortality. Overall, off‐hour admission was associated with increased mortality for 28 diseases combined (odds ratio, 1.11; 95%
CI
, 1.10–1.13).

Conclusions
Off‐hour admission is associated with increased mortality risk, and the associations varied substantially for different diseases. Specialists, nurses, as well as hospital administrators and health policymakers can take these findings into consideration to improve the quality and continuity of medical services.
Political Participation of Pentecostal Minorities in Chile, 1937–1989
Authors: Mansilla Miguel Ángel , Orellana Luis Alberto 
Published: March 2016

Chilean Pentecostals have been described as passive and politically conformist in their relations with the military government. Instead, there is historical evidence that they have been an active and interactive minority. Pentecostal denominations have participated in political projects associated with leftist political parties. Pentecostal leaders have associated themselves with various political parties as a form of political struggle for recognition, and active Pentecostal organizations resisted and protested during the military government. Se han calificado a los pentecostales chilenos de pasivos y conformistas políticamente en sus relaciones con el gobierno militar. En cambio, hay evidencia histórica que han sido una minoría activa e interactiva. Las denominaciones pentecostales han participado en proyectos políticos asociados con partidos políticos de izquierda. Los dirigentes pentecostales se han plegado a varios partidos políticos como forma de lucha política por el reconocimiento, y organizaciones pentecostales activas han resistido y protestado durante el gobierno militar.