bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Cardamom Encapsulated Alginate–Whey Protein Concentrates Microcapsule Release Kinetics and Mechanism during Storage, Stew Process and Oral Consumption
Authors: Zandi M. , Dardmeh N. , Pirsa S. , Almasi H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this paper, cardamom (CM) encapsulated alginate–whey protein concentrates microcapsule was fabricated using emulsification/internal gelation technique. Release profile was obtained at different conditions, including storage, stew processing and simulated mouth situations. Release kinetic was investigated by various kinetic models, and then diffusion coefficient was obtained for all conditions. Finally, release behaviors of CM through microcapsule were investigated via the agent‐based modeling in NetLogo platform. It was found that the release media temperature, pH and shear force were significantly affected by the release rate and diffusion coefficient. The CM release data fit well to the First‐order model, Korsmeyer–Peppas model and First‐order models at consumption, storage time and stew process conditions, respectively, with correlation coefficient values greater than 0.93. Our findings corroborated that classical Fickian diffusion is the main mechanism for CM release at all conditions. Results also showed that we can easily use designed agent‐based model for flavor release.Practical ApplicationsCardamom has antiviral, antispasmodic, analgesic, antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and antifungal activities; it is used for flavoring, drug or perfume. Because the availability and stability of cardamom essential oils are affected by processing, storage and consumption condition it is important to encapsulate cardamom essential oil in order to increase the stability and limit the degradation. The ultimate purpose of this research is to investigate the CM release from microcapsule at the special product (especially black tea, sour tea, green tea, cowslip tea, etc.) during a stew process or drug delivery. In summary, this research suggested that this microcapsule can protect cardamom essential oil for a long time in aqueous phase; on the other hand, the better release of CM occurred at above temperatures.
Development of A Real‐Time PCR Assay for the Detection ofTrichinella Spiralisin Muscle Tissue of Swine and Derivatives
Authors: Quintana S. , Recavarren M. , Scialfa E. , Viera I. , Rivero M. , Krivokapich S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTrichinellosis is an emergent zoonosis in several regions of the world and it is considered a public health problem. Trichinellosis represent one of the most important zoonotic diseases in Argentina. The purpose of this study was to develop a real‐time PCR assay with internal control to detectTrichinella spiralisDNA in samples of swine muscles and its derivatives. PCR amplification of DNA from muscle samples was performed by real‐time PCR with an internal porcine DNA amplification control. The developed PCR assay specifically detectsT. spiralisshowing no amplification with otherTrichinellagenotypes and showed an estimated sensitivity of 0.024 larvae per gram in swine muscle samples. From the 21 samples analyzed, five samples negative by enzymatic digestion were positive by real‐time PCR, which demonstrates that this technique is capable of detectingT. spiralisin cases when enzymatic digestion cannot. In this work, a new molecular assay with internal control forT. spiralisdetection was successfully developed.Practical ApplicationsTrichinellosis is considered a public health problem in Argentina and also represents an economic problem in porcine animal production and food safety. Due to the predominantly zoonotic importance of infection, the main efforts have focused on the control ofTrichinellaor the elimination ofTrichinellafrom the food chain. In our country, most human infections are caused byTrichinella spiralis, which is transmitted mainly by the ingestion of raw or undercooked infected swine meat or its derivative products. New controls in order to improve food safety for consumers should be developed. This new real‐time PCR assay with internal control shows a substantial increase in diagnostic sensitivity in comparison with muscle artificial digestion and the possibility to avoid false negative results. This specific PCR forT. spiralismay be useful for detection of infection at early stages in humans and food animals.
Dynamics and Diversity of Microbial Community Succession of Surimi During Fermentation with Next‐Generation Sequencing
Authors: Zhao Dandan , Lu Fei , Qiu Mengting , DING YUTING , Zhou Xuxia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDynamics and diversity of microbial community succession of surimi during fermentation with Actinomucor elegans were analyzed by high‐throughput sequencing. The results showed that Cyanobacteria represented by Streptophyta were found to have the highest diversity at the beginning of fermentation and then decreased sharply with the fermentation proceeded. Then, Proteobacteria became the most dominant phylum followed by Firmicutes with a relative abundance of 77.77% after 48 h of fermentation. Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were occasionally present. Enterobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Bacillaceae and Enterococcaceae were found to account for almost all the diversity during fermentation. Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter and Enterococcus were three dominant genera that were classified with the relative abundance of 18.19, 19.76 and 7.74% after 36 h of fermentation, respectively. The bacterial diversity of surimi decreased after 48 h of fermentation as some species gradually became dominant and some were almost undetectable. In addition, from the results of traditional microbiological analysis, counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total enterobacteria, enterococci and Pseudomonas all increased with the change in pH value of surimi, which decreased from 7.16 to 5.93 during fermentation.Practical ApplicationsData about dynamics and diversity of microbial community succession in surimi during fermentation will provide theoretical basis for controlling of pathogenic microorganisms, and ensuring the safety of the fermented surimi product.
Predictors of Mortality Up to 1 Year After Emergency Major Abdominal Surgery in Older Adults
Authors: Cooper Zara , Mitchell Susan L. , Gorges Rebecca J. , Rosenthal Ronnie A. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Kelley Amy S. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo identify factors associated with mortality in older adults 30, 180, and 365 days after emergency major abdominal surgery.DesignA retrospective study linked to Medicare claims from 2000 to 2010.SettingHealth and Retirement Study (HRS).ParticipantsMedicare beneficiaries aged 65.5 enrolled in the HRS from 2000 to 2010 with at least one urgent or emergency major abdominal surgery and a core interview from the HRS within 3 years before surgery.MeasurementsSurvival analysis was used to describe all‐cause mortality 30, 180, and 365 days after surgery. Complementary log–log regression was used to identify participant characteristics and postoperative events associated with poorer survival.ResultsFour hundred individuals had one of the urgent or emergency surgeries of interest, 24% of whom were aged 85 and older, 50% had coronary artery disease, 48% had cancer, 33% had congestive heart failure, and 37% experienced a postoperative complication. Postoperative mortality was 20% at 30 days, 31% at 180 days, and 34% at 365 days. Of those aged 85 and older, 50% were dead 1 year after surgery. After multivariate adjustment including postoperative complications, dementia (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.24–3.31), hospitalization within 6 months before surgery (HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.12–2.28), and complications (HR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.32–5.13) were independently associated with worse 1‐year survival.ConclusionOverall mortality is high in many older adults up to 1 year after undergoing emergency major abdominal surgery. The occurrence of a complication is the clinical factor most strongly associated with worse survival.
Correlation Between Use of Zopiclone and Risk of Hip Fracture in Elderly Adults: A Case–Control Study in Taiwan
Authors: Lai Shih‐Wei , Lin Cheng‐Li , Chen Wen‐Chi , Liao Kuan‐Fu 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo investigate the correlation between zopiclone use and risk of hip fracture in elderly adults.DesignCase–control study.SettingClaim data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older who experienced their first episode of hip fracture between 1998 and 2011 were enrolled as the case group (n = 10,996). Randomly selected subjects aged 65 and older without hip fracture were enrolled as controls (n = 9,081). Case and control groups were matched according to sex, comorbidities, and index year of hip fracture diagnosis.MeasurementsCurrent users of zopiclone were defined as those whose last remaining tablet of zopiclone was detected within 7 days or less before the date of hip fracture diagnosis. Late users of zopiclone were defined as those whose last remaining tablet of zopiclone was detected more than 7 days before the date of hip fracture diagnosis. Subjects who never received a prescription of zopiclone were defined as nonusers of zopiclone. A multivariable unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to investigate the correlation between zopiclone use and risk of hip fracture.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that current users of zopiclone were three and a half times as likely as nonusers to experience a hip fracture (adjusted OR = 3.56, 95% CI = 2.33–4.84), whereas late users were essentially equally as likely as nonusers to experience a hip fracture (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.94–1.18).ConclusionCurrent use of zopiclone was associated with greater risk of hip fracture in the elderly adults studied. Clinicians should alert elderly people to the risk of hip fracture when prescribing zopiclone.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Use and Health in Community‐Dwelling Chinese‐American Older Adults in Chicago
Authors: Dong XinQi , Bergren Stephanie M. , Chang E‐Shien 
Published: December 2015

Chinese people have practiced traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years, but there is a paucity of research regarding TCM use in Chinese older adult immigrants in the United States. This study aims to provide an overall estimate of TCM use for Chinese older adults in the United States and to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics, health measures, and TCM use. Data were collected through the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago, a community‐based participant research study that surveyed 3,158 Chinese older adults aged 60 and older. TCM use was measured using an eight‐item scale that examined eight kinds of TCM. Seventy‐six percent of participants reported any use of TCM within the past year. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, health status was associated with greater use of acupuncture (odds ratio (OR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06–1.68) and massage therapy (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.21–1.93), and quality of life was associated with less use of prescribed herbal products (OR 0.69, 95% CI = 0.55–0.87), tai chi (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.50–0.78), and other traditional medicine (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.40–0.56). These findings call for further investigation of TCM use by Chinese older adults, especially those with poor health and those with better quality of life. In the clinical setting, physicians should have awareness of TCM when treating Chinese older adults and look toward possible integration with Western medicine for more culturally appropriate, patient‐centered care.
A Model Program of Community‐Based Supports for Older Adults at Risk of Nursing Facility Placement
Authors: Stevens Alan B. , Hochhalter Angela K. , Basu Rashmita , Smith Emily R. , Thorud Jennifer L. , Jo Chanhee , McGhee Richard 
Published: December 2015

Transitioning an older adult into a nursing facility is a major life event for older adults (care recipients, CRs) and their family caregivers (CGs). This article describes the implementation of a community living program and presents findings on important health and well‐being indicators. One hundred ninety‐one participants aged 60 and older not eligible for or currently enrolled in Medicaid and meeting four risk domains (functional, health, cognitive/emotional, informal support system) were enrolled for the 10‐month program. Two evidence‐based interventions were blended into a comprehensive community‐based approach to long‐term care that included $750 per month for home care services. Measures were conducted at baseline and 6 and 12 months. Nine (6%) participants did not complete the program because of nursing facility admission. CRs had fewer physician visits (4.1 vs 7.3, P < .001), emergency department visits (0.3 vs 1.4, P < .001), hospital stays (0.4 vs 0.9, P < .001), and total nights in the hospital (0.8 vs 5.1, P < .001) at 12 months than at baseline. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) scores also improved significantly (6.8 vs 9.4, P < .001). CGs had improvements in CES‐D scores (5.9 vs 3.9, P < .001) and CG burden (14.7 s 12.6, P = .01) from baseline to 12 months. This multicomponent program improved the physical and mental health of CGs and CRs at risk of nursing facility placement. Future studies are needed to compare the overall placement rate to determine the success of diverting nursing facility placement in this population of older adults.
The Evolution of Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation in Older Adults
Authors: Rowe Theresa A. , Huded Jill , McElroy Lisa , Ladner Daniela P. , Lindquist Lee A. 
Published: December 2015

Kidney transplantation is a good option for adults aged 65 and older with end‐stage renal disease because it has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality, improve quality of life, and is more cost‐effective than other renal replacement options. However, older age has been a deterrent to access to the deceased donor waiting list, and individuals aged 65 and older have a lower probability of being referred to and listed for transplantation compared to younger adults. Because the deceased organ supply is limited, living donor kidney transplantation offers an effective alternative for older adults facing long waiting times for cadaveric organs. This article describes the evolution of living kidney donation and transplantation in older adults over 15 years using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database. Between 1997 and 2011, 28,034 kidney transplantations were performed in adults aged 65 and older. Living‐donor and cadaveric kidney transplantation increased in older adults over the 15‐year period. Offspring are the most common living donors in this age group, followed by unrelated donors (e.g., friends), whereas the most common donors in younger transplant recipients are spouses, siblings, and parents. The number of living kidney donors aged 65 and older is slowly increasing, although the total number of transplants in this age group remains low. The expansion of living‐donor kidney transplantation in the aging population may offer a solution for organ shortage and thereby improve the quality of life of older adults. More research is needed to understand the older donor–recipient relationship and barriers to transplantation in this population.
When your strength threatens me: Supervisors show less social comparison bias than subordinates
Authors: Jia Huiyuan , Lu Jingyi , Xie Xiaofei , Huang Tao 
Published: December 2015

Employee referral programmes encourage employees to recommend outstanding candidates to their organizations. However, a superior candidate can be a threat to a referee. People tend to not recommend higher performing candidates who have the same strengths as themselves because these candidates can be a threat to their self‐positivity. This is known as social comparison bias (Garcia et al., 2010, Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process., 113, 97) and has a tendency to hinder the effectiveness of employee referral programmes. We propose that supervisors will show less social comparison bias than their subordinates. Data taken from the results of three experiments and a field study show that supervisors (vs. subordinates) exhibit less social comparison bias (Studies 1a, 1b, and 2), and we learn that self‐threat account for the difference between supervisors and subordinates (Study 2). Moreover, we verify that the difference between supervisors and subordinates in terms of their willingness to provide a recommendation reflects social comparison bias rather than a complementarity concern (Study 3).Practitioner points

Positions influence the willingness to provide a recommendation.

Supervisors (vs. subordinates) are less threatened by a higher performing other who has the same strength.
MULTIPLE REFERENCE POINTSANDTHE DEMANDFOR PRINCIPAL‐PROTECTED LIFE ANNUITIES: An EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Knoller Christian 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTWe conducted an experiment in which participants were confronted with an experimental annuitization decision. Previous research has argued in favor of the hypothesis that a combination of mental accounting and prospect theory can explain why annuities containing a capital guarantee are preferred to standard annuities. However, from this perspective people would not annuitize their assets at all, but rather invest the money in a risk‐free alternative. Recent research has also suggested a “cushion effect.” When all possible outcomes of two options are above a certain goal, this goal serves as a cushion in case of unfavorable outcomes. Hence, individuals might have a higher propensity to exhibit risk‐seeking behavior. We find that individuals were indeed more willing to choose the annuity option if it contained a capital guarantee and that individuals using this guarantee as a cushion were even more willing to choose the annuity. Thus, the cushion effect can partially explain the high demand for guarantee features in annuity contracts.
USE OF X‐RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TO QUANTIFY THE PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS: A CASE STUDY FROM TENERIFE, CANARY ISLANDS
Authors: Couves C. , Roberts S. , Racey A. , Troth I. , Best A. 
Published: December 2015

Basaltic lava flows and ignimbrite units around Puerto de Santiago, SW Tenerife, were investigated as potential analogues for hydrocarbon‐bearing volcanic reservoir rocks. Conventional helium porosity and air permeability measurements together with the results of a micro‐focus X‐ray computed tomography study were integrated with field observations on flow morphology and the continuity of defined internal lava flow zones.Individual lava flows typically comprise distinct tops, cores and bases, with lava piles showing repeated cycles of these three internal zones. Reservoir quality is best in the flow tops (mean ϕ = 23.14%, k = 5.622mD) where vesicular porosity dominates. Flow cores are relatively tight with primary porosity mainly controlled by cooling joints, fractures and intercrystalline microporosity (mean ϕ = 2.40%, k = 0.001mD). Flow bases show variable reservoir potential due to the presence of breccia and/or vesiculation (mean ϕ = 11.77%, k = 0.001mD). By contrast, ignimbrites show the highest porosities but have low permeabilities (mean ϕ = 35.64%, k = 0.0056mD). In all cases, the primary porosity and permeability may have been modified to create additional secondary porosity and permeability as a result of fracturing and mineral dissolution during burial or weathering, although porosity may also be occluded through the precipitation of secondary minerals or the alteration of primary minerals.The new porosity data presented demonstrates that pyroclastics and basaltic lava flow tops have the best reservoir properties, with the flow tops having sufficient porosity and permeability to transmit fluids and gas. In contrast, flow cores are relatively tight (impermeable), and would act as seals to potential hydrocarbon accumulations when fractures and cooling joints are absent. The reservoir potential can be high where vesicles and fractures are present (i.e. in lava flow tops), although there is uncertainty whether flow tops could be connected to each other vertically to form a potentially exploitable hydrocarbon reservoir. Although in some areas such volcanic rocks can be primary targets for hydrocarbon exploration (e.g. onshore China), in many others they are considered to be a secondary target, adding incremental resources to hydrocarbons produced from more conventional sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.
Annual economic burden of hepatitis B virus‐related diseases among hospitalized patients in twelve cities in China
Authors: Zhang S. , Ma Q. , Liang S. , Xiao H. , Zhuang G. , Zou Y. , Tan H. , Liu J. , Zhang Y. , Zhang L. , Feng X. , Xue L. , Hu D. , Cui F. , Liang X. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA nationwide survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐associated economic burden has not previously been performed in China. The purpose of this study was to examine the direct, indirect, and intangible costs of HBV‐related diseases within the span of one year. A random sample was taken from specialty and general hospitals across 12 cities in six provinces of China. Intangible costs were estimated based on willingness to pay or open‐ended answers provided by patients. The results showed that 27 hospitals were enrolled, with a sample population of 4726 patients (77.7% response rate). The average annual costs were $4454.0 (direct), $924.3 (indirect), and $6611.10 (intangible), corresponding to 37.3%, 7.7%, and 55.1% of the total costs, respectively. The direct medical fees were substantially greater than the non‐medical fees. Annual indirect costs were divided into outpatient ($112.9) and inpatient ($811.40) loss of income. The intangible costs of chronic HBV were notably higher than either the direct or indirect costs, consistent with the social stigma in China. The comparison amongst individual cities for the average ratio of direct to indirect costs revealed that the sizes of ratios were negatively correlated with the socioeconomic status of the regions. This study suggested that as a whole in China, the HBV‐related diseases caused a heavy financial burden which was positively associated with disease severity. Although the intangible costs coincided with a high prevalence of discrimination against CHB patients in Chinese society, our study may serve as future reference for detailed exploration.
Prey capture and processing behaviors vary with prey size and shape in Australian and subantarctic fur seals
Authors: Hocking David P. , Fitzgerald Erich M. G. , Salverson Marcia , Evans Alistair R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhen hunting at sea, pinnipeds should adapt their foraging behaviors to suit the prey they are targeting. We performed captive feeding trials with two species of otariid seal, Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis). This allowed us to record detailed observations of how their foraging behaviors vary when presented with prey items that cover the full range of body shapes and sizes encountered in the wild. Small prey were captured using suction alone, while larger prey items were caught in the teeth using raptorial biting. Small fish and long skinny prey items could then be swallowed whole or processed by shaking, while all prey items with body depths greater than 7.5 cm were processed by shaking at the water's surface. This matched opportunistic observations of feeding in wild Australian fur seals. Use of “shake feeding” as the main prey processing tactic also matches predictions that this method would be one of the only tactics available to aquatic tetrapods that are unable to secure prey using their forelimbs.