bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine-dependent phasic dopamine activity signals exploratory locomotion and choices
Authors: Naudé J. , Didienne S. , Takillah S. , Prévost-Solié C. , Maskos U. , Faurej P. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTDopamine neurons from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) switch from tonic to phasic burst firing in response to reward-predictive cues and actions. Bursting is influenced by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are not implicated in reinforcement learning, but rather in exploration and uncertainty-seeking. The leading model assigns these functions to tonic dopamine firing. To investigate this paradox, we recorded the activity of VTA dopamine neurons during a spatial decision-making task. When reward was certain, mice adopted a stereotyped behavior, and dopamine neurons signaled reward. When confronted with uncertain rewards or a novel environment, mice exhibited exploration. Modulation of phasic, but not tonic, dopamine activity predicted uncertainty-seeking and locomotor exploration. Deletion of nAChRs disrupted the influence of uncertainty and novelty on dopamine firing and behavior, sparing reward signaling and learning. Hence, nAChR modulation of dopamine neurons can influence cognitive functions on a short timescale, through the modulation of phasic, synchronous bursting.
The extent of B-form structure in a 6S RNA variant that mimics DNA to bind to the Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase
Authors: Banavali Nilesh K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn a recent article by Darst and coworkers, it was found that a non-coding 6S RNA variant regulates a bacterial RNA polymerase by mimicking B-Form DNA, and a few different nucleic acid duplex parameters were analyzed to understand the extent of B-form RNA structure. In this manuscript, a different structural analysis based on conformational distance from canonical A-form and B-form single-strand structures is presented. This analysis addresses the occurrence and extent of both local and global B-form structure in the published 6S RNA variant model.
Dissociation of immediate and delayed effects of emotional arousal on episodic memory
Authors: Schümann Dirk , Bayer Janine , Talmi Deborah , Sommer Tobias 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEmotionally arousing events are usually better remembered than neutral ones. This phenomenon is in humans mostly studied by presenting mixed lists of neutral and emotional items. An emotional enhancement of memory is observed in these studies often already immediately after encoding and increases with longer delays and consolidation. A large body of animal research showed that the more efficient consolidation of emotionally arousing events is based on an activation of the central noradrenergic system and the amygdala (Modulation Hypothesis; Roozendaal & McGaugh, 2011). The immediately superior recognition of emotional items is attributed primarily to their attraction of attention during encoding which is also thought to be based on the amygdala and the central noradrenergic system. To investigate whether the amygdala and noradrenergic system support memory encoding and consolidation via shared neural substrates and processes a large sample of participants (n = 690) encoded neutral and arousing pictures. Their memory was tested immediately and after a consolidation delay. In addition, they were genotyped in two relevant polymorphisms (α2B-adrenergic receptor and serotonin transporter). Memory for negative and positive emotional pictures was enhanced at both time points where these enhancements were correlated (immediate r = 0.60 and delayed test r = 0.46). Critically, the effects of emotional arousal on encoding and consolidation correlated only very low (negative r = 0.14 and positive r = 0.03 pictures) suggesting partly distinct underlying processes consistent with a functional heterogeneity of the central noradrenergic system. No effect of genotype on either effect was observed.
B cell defects observed in Nod2 knockout mice are a consequence of a Dock2 mutation frequently found in inbred strains
Authors: Wong Serre-Yu , Coffre Maryaline , Ramanan Deepshika , Gomez Luis E. , Peters Lauren , Schadt Eric , Koralov Sergei , Cadwell Ken 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTPhenotypic differences among substrains of laboratory mice due to spontaneous mutations or pre-existing genetic variation confound the interpretation of targeted mutagenesis experiments, and contribute to challenges with reproducibility across institutions. Notably, C57BL/6NHsd mice and gene-targeted mice that have been backcrossed to this substrain have been reported to harbor a duplication in exons 28 and 29 of Dock2. Here, we demonstrate the presence of this Dock2 variant in the widely used Nod2−/− mice. NOD2 is a cytosolic innate immune receptor that has been the subject of intense investigation due to its association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. Consistent with a role of NOD2 in an immunological disorder, Nod2−/− mice bred at our institution displayed multiple B cell defects including deficiencies in recirculating B cells, marginal zone B cells and B1a cells. However, we found that these effects are due to the Dock2 variant and are independent of Nod2 deletion. Despite originating from the same gene-targeted founder mice, Nod2−/− mice from another source did not harbor the Dock2 variant or B cell defects. Finally, we show that Dock2−/− mice display the same B cell defects as mice harboring the Dock2 variant, confirming that the variant is a loss-of-function mutation and is sufficient to explain the alterations to the B cell compartment observed in Nod2−/− mice. Our findings highlight the effects of confounding mutations from widely-used inbred strains on gene-targeted mice and reveal new functions of DOCK2 in B cells.
Ongoing, rational calibration of reward-driven perceptual biases
Authors: Fan Yunshu , Gold Joshua I. , Ding Long 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDecision-making is often interpreted in terms of normative computations that maximize a particular reward function for stable, average behaviors. Aberrations from the reward-maximizing solutions, either across subjects or across different sessions for the same subject, are often interpreted as reflecting poor learning or physical limitations. Here we show that such aberrations may instead reflect the involvement of additional satisficing and heuristic principles. For an asymmetric-reward perceptual decision-making task, three monkeys produced adaptive biases in response to changes in reward asymmetries and perceptual sensitivity. Their choices and response times were consistent with a normative accumulate-to-bound process. However, their context-dependent adjustments to this process deviated slightly but systematically from the reward-maximizing solutions. These adjustments were instead consistent with a rational process to find satisficing solutions based on the gradient of each monkey’s reward-rate function. These results suggest new dimensions for assessing the rational and idiosyncratic aspects of flexible decision-making.
Differential regulation of microRNA-15a by radiation affects angiogenesis and tumor growth via modulation of acid sphingomyelinase
Authors: Rana Shushan , Espinosa-Diez Cristina , Ruhl Rebecca , Thomas Charles R , Anand Sudarshan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractActivation of acid sphingomyelinase (SMPD1) and the generation of ceramide is a critical regulator of apoptosis in response to cellular stress including radiation. Endothelial SMPD1 has been shown to regulate tumor responses to radiation therapy. We show here that the SMPD1 gene is regulated by a microRNA (miR), miR-15a, in endothelial cells (ECs). Standard low dose radiation (2 Gy) upregulates miR-15a and decreases SMPD1 levels. In contrast, high dose radiation (10 Gy and above) decreases miR-15a and increases SMPD1. Ectopic expression of miR-15a decreases both mRNA and protein levels of SMPD1. Mimicking the effects of high dose radiation with a miR-15a inhibitor decreases cell proliferation and increases active Caspase-3 & 7. Mechanistically, inhibition of miR-15a increases inflammatory cytokines, such as IP10, activates caspase-1 inflammasome and increases Gasdermin D, an effector of pyroptosis. Importantly, both systemic and vascular-targeted delivery of miR-15a inhibitor decreases angiogenesis and tumor growth in a CT26 murine colorectal carcinoma model. Taken together, our findings highlight a novel role for miR mediated regulation of SMPD1 during radiation responses and establish proof-of-concept that this pathway can be targeted with a miR inhibitor.
Chromatin Functional States Correlate with HIV Latency Reversal in Infected Primary CD4+T cells
Authors: Battivelli Emilie , Dahabieh Matthew S. , Abdel-Mohsen Mohamed , Svensson J. Peter , Tojal Da Silva Israel , Cohn Lilian B. , Gramatica Andrea , Deeks Steven , Greene Warner , Pillai Satish K. , Verdin Eric 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection cannot be cured due to a small reservoir of latently infected CD4+T cells in treated patients. The “shock and kill” approach proposes to eliminate the reservoir by inducing its activation and the direct or indirect killing of infected cells. Current latency reversing agents (LRAs) do not reduce the viral reservoir in treated patients.We use a novel dual-fluorescent HIV reporter to identify and purify latent cells, and to determine the fraction of latent cells that undergo viral reactivation after infection of primary CD4+T cells. Unexpectedly, LRAs reactivate less than 5% of latent proviruses. Analysis of HIV integration sites from induced and non-induced latent populations reveals distinct provirus integration sites between these two populations in terms of chromatin functional states.These findings challenge “shock and kill”, and suggest the need of more potent LRAs in combination with immunomodulatory approaches to eradicate HIV reservoir.
Peripheral, intrareceptor inhibition in mosquito olfaction
Authors: Xu Pingxi , Choo Young-Moo , Chen Zhou , Zeng Fangfang , Tan Kaiming , Chen Tsung-Yu , Cornel Anthony J. , Liu Nannan , Leal Walter S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHow chemical signals are integrated at the peripheral sensory system of insects is still an enigma. Here we show that when coexpressed with Orco in Xenopus oocytes, an odorant receptor from the southern house mosquito, CquiOR32, generated inward (regular) currents when challenged with cyclohexanone and methyl salicylate, whereas eucalyptol and fenchone elicited inhibitory (upward) currents. Responses of CquiOR32-CquiOrco-expressing oocytes to odorants were reduced in a dose-dependent fashion by coapplication of inhibitors. This intrareceptor inhibition was also manifested in vivo in fruit flies expressing the mosquito receptor CquiOR32, as well in neurons on the antennae of the southern house mosquito. Likewise, an orthologue from the yellow fever mosquito, AaegOR71, showed intrareceptor inhibition in the Xenopus oocyte recording system and corresponding inhibition in antennal neurons. Intrareceptor inhibition was also manifested in mosquito behavior. Blood-seeking females were repelled by methyl salicylate, but repellence was significantly reduced when methyl salicylate was coapplied with eucalyptol.One Sentence SummaryIntrareceptor inhibition was observed in mosquito odorant receptors expressed in heterologous systems, in vivo, and manifested in behavioral responses.
YouTube science channel video presenters and comments: female friendly or vestiges of sexism?
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Mas-Bleda Amalia 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse popular YouTube science video channels for evidence of attractiveness to a female audience.Design/methodology/approachThe influence of presenter gender and commenter sentiment towards males and females is investigated for 50 YouTube science channels with a combined view-count approaching ten billion. This is cross-referenced with commenter gender as a proxy for audience gender.FindingsThe ratio of male to female commenters varies between 1 and 39 to 1, but the low proportions of females seem to be due to the topic or presentation style rather than the gender of the presenter or the attitudes of the commenters. Although male commenters were more hostile to other males than to females, a few posted inappropriate sexual references that may alienate females.Research limitations/implicationsComments reflect a tiny and biased sample of YouTube science channel viewers and so their analysis provides weak evidence.Practical implicationsSexist behaviour in YouTube commenting needs to be combatted but the data suggest that gender balance in online science presenters should not be the primary concern of channel owners.Originality/valueThis is the largest scale analysis of gender in YouTube science communication.
University students’ heuristic usability ınspection of the national library of Turkey website
Authors: Inal Yavuz 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the usability of the National Library of Turkey website developed for all citizens in the country to retrieve information available in a wide range of areas.

Design/methodology/approach
The evaluation performed by 57 undergraduate university students involved the identification and analysis of usability problems in the selected website. The assessment process was mainly based on Nielsen’s Heuristics. The data obtained in the evaluation process were enriched using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the Net Promoter Score (NPS) to conduct a more detailed analysis.

Findings
The participants identified many usability problems concerning the evaluated website and considered it as having low usability characteristics. The most violated heuristic item was found to be “consistency and standards” whereas the least violated heuristic item was “match between system and the real world.” The total number of the usability problems in heuristic evaluation correlated significantly and negatively with the SUS and the NPS results indicating that the more participants identified usability problems, the less they considered the website as usable and recommendable.

Research limitations/implications
The participants were not usability experts, however they were selected from among the students who received the Human Computer Interaction course to ensure that they had sufficient information and experience concerning the evaluation of a website with heuristics. Besides, the study was limited to a small number of university students. The implication is that results of this study have potential to guide libraries, which plan to adapt themselves to the digital world by delivering web services, by addressing critical points influencing users’ points of views toward library websites and their usability evaluation result.

Practical implications
Depending on the changes in user habits regarding the retrieval of information, libraries have made considerable investments in web technologies to meet their users’ demands, and recently, digital libraries have begun to take over physical libraries. Users always need to perform tasks efficiently, effectively and satisfactorily when using websites. As one of the most crucial sources of digital materials, library websites are expected to have usable characteristics that satisfactorily meet user requirements. Therefore, the practical implication is that the findings of the study will guide designers, developers and practitioners in the development of library websites.

Originality/value
In the context of usability evaluation of digital libraries, this is the first study to analyze effects of usability problems identified by users during the heuristic inspection on their overall evaluation score and willingness to recommend the website to their friends or colleagues.
Streaming video at the University at Albany Libraries
Authors: VanUllen Mary K. , Mock Emily , Rogers Emmalyn 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the options for streaming video service available to libraries and determine which platform would best fit the needs of the University at Albany Libraries.

Design/methodology/approach
Usage data and faculty and student feedback about the streaming video collections already in use by the libraries were compiled to evaluate current needs, and information was gathered about a selection of additional streaming video platforms to be considered.

Findings
It was determined that a multi-disciplinary collection with a patron-driven-style subscription model would be the best choice to add to the libraries streaming video offerings.

Research limitations/implications
This study focuses on the needs and experiences of the University at Albany Libraries, but the methodology can be used by other institutions assessing their own collections.

Originality/value
Most of the current literature related to streaming video in libraries focuses on building new collections, with little discussion of adding to existing collections – a gap which this study aims to fill.
Recent philosophy and the fiction/non-fiction distinction
Authors: Matravers Derek 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of recent philosophical argument concerning the distinction between fiction and non-fiction.

Design/methodology/approach
A critical view of the literature.

Findings
A consensus that had emerged that defined fiction in terms of the imagination, and imagination in terms of its functional role, has recently been questioned.

Research limitations/implications
The overview was written by a contributor to the field, and so may be considered partial.

Practical implications
There might be some implications regarding the ways books are classified.

Originality/value
The paper is not original, in that it puts forward points made elsewhere, however it is a completely up-to-date review of the field.
Thinking in space
Authors: Troiano Laura 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This paper is an exploration of the potential impact of narrative writing and creative non-fiction on historical scholarship. Framed by the question of where a manuscript would be shelved in the library, this paper aims to survey the role of space, physical and metaphorical, in how we categorize, curate, cultivate and present narrative scholarship.

Design/methodology/approach
Using primary source material related to Newark stadium building and a broad-range scholarship concerning space, the author will place them in conversation with historian John Demos’ autobiographical narrative writing style.

Findings
The author hopes this paper furthers the conversation on the impact of narrative on scholarly writing and literacy.

Originality/value
By advancing this conversation, the author’s hope is that scholars will expand the possibilities of topics, sources, analysis, narrative styles and presentation of the information they both find and produce.
Transcollegial leadership: a new paradigm for leadership
Authors: Burns David J. , Mooney Debra 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe increasing complexity of higher education has led to the need for a different type of leader that transcends traditional boundaries and individual self-interest. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative form of leadership consistent with the unique challenges faced by institutions of higher education today.Design/methodology/approachFirst, existing research on leadership is explored. Particular attention is placed on identifying the applicability of the primary leadership approaches to the unique organizational environment typically found in institutions of higher education. Transcollegial leadership is then developed as an alternative form of leadership better suited to colleges and universities in today’s dynamic environment.FindingsAfter examining the inadequacies of existing forms of leadership in higher education, transcollegial leadership is introduced as the process involved in leaders systematically, but informally, relating to persons and groups of equivalent authority in different areas of an institution of higher education for its betterment and the advancement of its mission, not for person gain.Practical implicationsIt appears that transcollegial leadership may be specifically suited for institutions of higher education given their unique organizational structure. Transcollegial leadership permits colleges and universities to better utilize the skills and expertise of their members. The skills and expertise of transcollegial leaders not only benefit their home organizational units, but can benefit the entire organization.Originality/valueThe paper examines a different approach to leadership to aid colleges and universities in facing the challenges of a rapidly changing and increasingly competitive environment.
Developing internationalisation strategies, University of Winchester, UK
Authors: Neale Richard Hugh , Spark Alasdair , Carter Joy 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Internationalisation has been a theme in UK higher education for a decade or more. The review of this paper, a practice-based case study, is to find how Winchester formulated two successive internationalisation strategies.

Design/methodology/approach
The strategies were developed using a research-oriented method: grounded in the literature and an institutional development model, the work included a comprehensive survey of the university’s existing international engagement, two rounds of structured discussions with senior staff, and a formal organisational development process.

Findings
The survey of the university’s international engagement was a most useful exercise. It revealed a substantial and diverse range of engagement which provided confidence that the aim to be a “fully internationalised university” was realistic. There was general agreement that Winchester must demonstrate strong levels of engagement through five strategic priorities related to: curriculum and student mobility; European Union/international staff and students; collaboration with international organisations; academic and social integration of students and staff; coordination of practices and processes.

Research limitations/implications
This is a case study of one UK university.

Practical implications
The process by which the strategies were developed should be relevant to other universities.

Social implications
Winchester is “Values Driven University”: “We value freedom, justice, truth, human rights and collective effort for the common good”. Internationalisation is consistent with these values, fostering an understanding of diverse cultures and an awareness of global issues.

Originality/value
The authors found no published work describing such a structured and participative process for developing internationalisation strategies within a university.