bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using photovoice to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in inclusive research
Authors: Cluley Victoria 
Published: August 2016

Accessible summary

Many researches now include people with learning disabilities, which is really positive, but people with profound and multiple learning disabilities are often left out.

It is important to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in research to make sure all voices are represented.

This article talks about how a research method called photovoice can be used to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.

AbstractBackground: It is now expected that projects addressing the lives of people with learning disabilities include people with learning disabilities in the research process. In the past, such research often excluded people with learning disabilities, favouring the opinions of family members, carers and professionals. The inclusion of the voices of people with learning disabilities is a welcome and much needed change. While there has been many valuable inclusive researches carried out in the past 10–15 years, much of this research has included people with mild and/or moderate learning disabilities. Far less published research has included people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.Materials and Methods: This research article outlines how the visual method ‘photovoice’ can be successfully used to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in the research process.Results and discussion: It is argued that inclusive research is often limited by the choice of research methods, which result in the exclusion of people with profound and multiple learning disabilities from the research process. The article advocates a mediated and flexible approach to inclusive research that embraces and supports the needs of all involved. A practical example of photovoice research with people with learning disabilities demonstrates how this can be achieved.Conclusion: When planning inclusive research, researchers should be mindful of both the variety of needs that people with learning disabilities can bring to the research process and the need to tailor methods to these needs. Such action requires a flexible approach to the inclusive research process.
TDP‐43 pathology in Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and ageing
Authors: McAleese Kirsty E. , Walker Lauren , Erskine Daniel , Thomas Alan J. , McKeith Ian G. , Attems Johannes 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntracellular inclusions consisting of TAR DNA binding protein‐43 (TDP‐43 pathology) are present in up to 57% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and follow a distinct topographical pattern of progression described in the TDP‐43 in AD staging scheme. This scheme has not been applied to the assessment of TDP‐43 pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and aged controls. We investigated TDP‐43 pathology prevalence and severity in AD, DLB, mixed AD/DLB (Mx AD/DLB) and aged controls. One hundred and nineteen human post‐mortem brains were included, neuropathologically diagnosed as AD: 46, DLB: 15, Mx AD/DLB: 19 and aged controls: 39. Paraffin sections inclusive of the amygdala, hippocampus, striatum and neocortex were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against phosphorylated TDP‐43 and staged according to the TDP‐43 in AD staging scheme. TDP‐43 pathology was present in all groups: AD: 73.9%, DLB: 33.3%, Mx AD/DLB: 52.6% and controls: 17.9%. Prevalence of TDP‐43 pathology was significantly higher in AD and Mx AD/DLB compared to controls. In controls, higher age at death was associated with prevalence of TDP‐43 pathology and higher TDP‐43 in AD stage, suggesting that this type of TDP‐43 pathology may partly be an age‐associated phenomenon. Significantly higher prevalence of TDP‐43 pathology in the AD group indicates that AD pathology possibly triggers and aggravates TDP‐43 pathology. The validity of the TDP‐43 in AD staging scheme is not limited to AD and should be applied to assess TDP‐43 pathology in post mortem brains of aged individuals to further elucidate the role of TDP‐43 pathology in age associated neurodegeneration.
The inhibitor of semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidase, PXS‐4728A, ameliorates key features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a mouse model
Authors: Jarnicki A G , Schilter H , Liu G , Wheeldon K , Essilfie A‐T , Foot J S , Yow T T , Jarolimek W , Hansbro P M 
Published: August 2016

Background and PurposeChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of illness and death, often induced by cigarette smoking (CS). It is characterized by pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis that impairs lung function. Existing treatments aim to control symptoms but have low efficacy, and there are no broadly effective treatments. A new potential target is the ectoenzyme, semicarbazide‐sensitive mono‐amine oxidase (SSAO; also known as vascular adhesion protein‐1). SSAO is elevated in smokers' serum and is a pro‐inflammatory enzyme facilitating adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes from the vasculature to sites of inflammation.Experimental ApproachPXS‐4728A was developed as a low MW inhibitor of SSAO. A model of COPD induced by CS in mice reproduces key aspects of human COPD, including chronic airway inflammation, fibrosis and impaired lung function. This model was used to assess suppression of SSAO activity and amelioration of inflammation and other characteristic features of COPD.Key ResultsTreatment with PXS‐4728A completely inhibited lung and systemic SSAO activity induced by acute and chronic CS‐exposure. Daily oral treatment inhibited airway inflammation (immune cell influx and inflammatory factors) induced by acute CS‐exposure. Therapeutic treatment during chronic CS‐exposure, when the key features of experimental COPD develop and progress, substantially suppressed inflammatory cell influx and fibrosis in the airways and improved lung function.Conclusions and ImplicationsTreatment with a low MW inhibitor of SSAO, PXS‐4728A, suppressed airway inflammation and fibrosis and improved lung function in experimental COPD, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of PXS‐4728A for this debilitating disease.
Anticancer activity of gallic acid template‐based benzylidene indanone derivative as microtubule destabilizer
Authors: Singh Aastha , Fatima Kaneez , Srivastava Ankita , Khwaja Sadiya , Priya Dev , Singh Arjun , Mahajan Girish , Alam Sarfaraz , Saxena Ajit K. , Mondhe D. M. , Luqman Suaib , Chanda Debabrata , Khan Feroz , Negi Arvind S. 
Published: August 2016

Benzylidene indanones have been designed and synthesized from gallic acid, a plant phenolic acid as possible anticancer agent. The best analogue of the series, that is, 3‐(3′,4′,5′‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐4,5,6‐trimethoxy‐2‐(4˝‐nitrobenzylidene)‐indan‐1‐one (8) exhibited potent cytotoxicity (IC50=3–10 μm) against several human cancer cell lines through microtubule destabilization (IC50=1.54 μm) after occupying colchicine‐binding site of β‐tubulin. In cell cycle analysis, compound 8 exerted G2/M phase arrest in both MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells and induced apoptosis. It reduced 34.8% solid tumor in in vivo Ehrlich ascite carcinoma in Swiss albino mice at 30 mg/kg dose. In acute oral toxicity experiment, it was tolerable up to 300 mg/kg doses in Swiss albino mice. The lead compound 8 needs to be optimized for better activity.
Monitoring children's health and well‐being by indicators and index: apples and oranges or fruit salad?
Authors: Köhler L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe use of indicators is a fast and widely spread way to monitor groups of children's health and well‐being. Indicators are useful in research; but they are also important tools for planners and politicians. Although they are constructed to simplify reality, in many reports they still offer a complex and confusing picture, not least by their sheer numbers. Although they are constructed to simplify reality, in many reports, they still offer a complex and confusing picture, not least by their sheer numbers. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for even further simplifications, where the indicators are combined into single summary numbers, composite indices. At the same time, as a composite index summarizes a complex and sometimes elusive process, making it more accessible for advocacy and political interventions, the combining of very dissimilar components makes the results difficult to interpret and use. There is an obvious dilemma between the need for rigour and evidence, the research orientation, and the wish for a simple and summarizing overview of the findings, the policy orientation.Models have been created to form indicator sets, either by combining them by simple addition or by weighting them or by just leaving them as separate indicators. Most index systems in operation use an equal weighting system after standardization, once the components have been selected.Examples of these models are described as well as their pros and cons, and a summary of suitable ways of handling the problems of indicators and composite indices is offered.Some surveys have taken the best from different approaches, presenting the results as a summary index for the great picture, as subindices for the various domains of child health and as separate indicators for the detailed study of the basic components. A Swedish Child Health Index is presented as an example of such a solution.
Performance of real‐world functional vision tasks by blind subjects improves after implantation with the Argus® II retinal prosthesis system
Authors: Dagnelie Gislin , Christopher Punita , Arditi Aries , da Cruz Lyndon , Duncan Jacque L , Ho Allen C , Olmos de Koo Lisa C , Sahel José‐Alain , Stanga Paulo E , Thumann Gabriele , Wang Yizhong , Arsiero Maura , Dorn Jessy D , Greenberg Robert J ,   the Argus® II Study Group
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe main objective of this study was to test Argus II subjects on three real‐world functional vision tasks.DesignThe study was designed to be randomized and prospective. Testing was conducted in a hospital/research laboratory setting at the various participating centres.ParticipantsTwenty eight Argus II subjects, all profoundly blind, participated in this study.MethodsSubjects were tested on the three real‐world functional vision tasks: Sock Sorting, Sidewalk Tracking and Walking Direction Discrimination taskMain Outcome MeasuresFor the Sock Sorting task, percentage correct was computed based on how accurately subjects sorted the piles on a cloth‐covered table and on a bare table. In the Sidewalk Tracking task, an ‘out of bounds’ count was recorded, signifying how often the subject veered away from the test course. During the Walking Direction Discrimination task, subjects were tested on the number of times they correctly identified the direction of testers walking across their field of view.ResultsThe mean percentage correct OFF versus ON for the Sock Sorting task was found to be significantly different for both testing conditions (t‐test, P < 0.01). On the Sidewalk Tracking task, subjects performed significantly better with the system ON than they did with the system OFF (t‐test, P < 0.05). Eighteen (18) of 27 subjects (67%) performed above chance with the system ON, and 6 (22%) did so with system OFF on the Walking Direction Discrimination task.ConclusionsArgus II subjects performed better on all three tasks with their systems ON than they did with their systems OFF.
Restorative proctocolectomy with two different pouch designs: few complications with good function
Authors: Sunde M. L. , Øresland T. , Færden A. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimThe object of this study was to compare function and quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery having two different pouch designs.MethodPatients having RPC in an academic unit from 2000 who had had the loop‐ileostomy closed by June 2013 were identified from the hospital medical records. They were sent a questionnaire regarding quality of life and interviewed using a pouch function score (PFS) described by Oresland (score 0–16, higher scores denote worse function).ResultsOne hundred and three patients underwent surgery, of whom 56 had a J‐pouch design and 47 a K‐pouch design, this being a double‐folded Kock pouch without the nipple valve. No patients have had the pouch removed or defunctioned due to failure at a mean of 8 years. The reoperation rate was 11.6%. The mean PFS was 5.43 and 5.27 for J‐ and K‐pouches, respectively (P = 0.766). More patients with a J‐pouch reported a social handicap due to poor bowel function (P = 0.041). Patients with a PFS ≥ 8 had a poorer quality of life. A score of ≥ 8 was reported by 16% of K‐pouch and 25% of J‐pouch patients (P = 0.29).ConclusionRPC is a safe procedure with a low complication rate and good functional outcome. Small improvements in function have an impact on a patient's quality of life. Although the J‐pouch is the most commonly used, the K‐pouch has some advantages. Other pouch designs deserve further evaluation.
Cutaneous manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: a single institutional study of non‐neoplastic biopsies over 13 years
Authors: Ko Jennifer S. , Uberti Georgina , Napekoski Karl , Patil Deepa T. , Billings Steven D. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundSkin is commonly affected by extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but a controlled, systematic histopathologic analysis of cutaneous lesions is lacking.MethodsA total of 4147 classified IBD [Crohn disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC); 2000–2013] resections were cross referenced with skin biopsies. Associated non‐neoplastic skin biopsies were categorized by basic reaction pattern and neutrophilic vs. granulomatous.ResultsOf 4147 patients, 133 had non‐neoplastic skin biopsies (106/2772, 3.7% CD; 27/1375, 2% UC). Overall, miscellaneous > nodular and diffuse dermal > spongiotic dermatitides were most common (31.6, 21.8 and 15%, respectively). Spongiotic dermatitis, vasculitis, panniculitis and infections showed CD bias. Psoriasiform, perivascular, nodular/diffuse dermal and bullous categories, as well as neutrophilic processes, showed UC bias. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, panniculitis and pyoderma gangrenosum were exclusive to CD and psoriasis vulgaris to UC. One CD patient had inverse psoriasis.ConclusionsOur findings show the majority of dermatopathologic manifestations of IBD to have overlapping histology or pathophysiology to intestinal disease; with a wider spectrum of histologic patterns than typically discussed. Diseases ‘classically’ associated with IBD are relatively rare biopsy specimens. Cutaneous manifestations of IBD are more common in CD than UC and should be considered when reviewing an unexplained skin lesion in an IBD patient.
Genetic and environmental influences on early literacy skills across school grade contexts
Authors: Haughbrook Rasheda , Hart Sara A. , Schatschneider Christopher , Taylor Jeanette 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent research suggests that the etiology of reading achievement can differ across environmental contexts. In theUS, schools are commonly assigned grades (e.g. ‘A’, ‘B’) often interpreted to indicate school quality. This study explored differences in the etiology of early literacy skills for students based on these school grades. Participants included twins drawn from the Florida Twin Project on Reading (n= 1313 pairs) aged 4 to 10 years during the 2006–07 school year. Early literacy skills were assessed withDIBELSsubtests: Oral Reading Fluency (ORF), Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF), Initial Sound Fluency (ISF), Letter Naming Fluency (LNF), and Phoneme Segmentation Fluency (PSF). School grade data were retrieved from the Florida Department of Education. Multi‐group analyses were conducted separately for subsamples defined by ‘A’ or ‘non‐A’ schools, controlling for school‐level socioeconomic status. Results indicated significant etiological differences on pre‐reading skills (ISF,LNF, andPSF), but not word‐level reading skills (ORFandNWF). There was a consistent trend of greater environmental influences on pre‐reading skills in non‐A schools, arguably representing ‘poorer’ environmental contexts than the A schools. Importantly, this is the case outside of resources linked with school‐levelSES, indicating that something about the direct environment on pre‐reading skills in the non‐A school context is more variable than for A schools.
Children on the autism spectrum update their behaviour in response to a volatile environment
Authors: Manning Catherine , Kilner James , Neil Louise , Karaminis Themelis , Pellicano Elizabeth 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTypical adults can track reward probabilities across trials to estimate the volatility of the environment and use this information to modify their learning rate (Behrens et al., 2007). In a stable environment, it is advantageous to take account of outcomes over many trials, whereas in a volatile environment, recent experience should be more strongly weighted than distant experience. Recent predictive coding accounts of autism propose that autistic individuals will demonstrate atypical updating of their behaviour in response to the statistics of the reward environment. To rigorously test this hypothesis, we administered a developmentally appropriate version of Behrens et al.'s (2007) task to 34 cognitively able children on the autism spectrum aged between 6 and 14 years, 32 age‐ and ability‐matched typically developing children and 19 typical adults. Participants were required to choose between a green and a blue pirate chest, each associated with a randomly determined reward value between 0 and 100 points, with a combined total of 100 points. On each trial, the reward was given for one stimulus only. In the stable condition, the ratio of the blue or green response being rewarded was fixed at 75:25. In the volatile condition, the ratio alternated between 80:20 and 20:80 every 20 trials. We estimated the learning rate for each participant by fitting a delta rule model and compared this rate across conditions and groups. All groups increased their learning rate in the volatile condition compared to the stable condition. Unexpectedly, there was no effect of group and no interaction between group and condition. Thus, autistic children used information about the statistics of the reward environment to guide their decisions to a similar extent as typically developing children and adults. These results help constrain predictive coding accounts of autism by demonstrating that autism is not characterized by uniform differences in the weighting of prediction error.
Intergenerational associations in numerical approximation and mathematical abilities
Authors: Braham Emily J. , Libertus Melissa E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlthough growing evidence suggests a link between children's math skills and their ability to estimate numerical quantities using the approximate number system (ANS), little is known about the sources underlying individual differences in ANS acuity and their relation with specific mathematical skills. To examine the role of intergenerational transmission of these abilities from parents to children, the current study assessed the ANS acuities and math abilities of 54 children (5–8 years old) and their parents, as well as parents' expectations about children's math skills. Children's ANS acuity positively correlated with their parents' ANS acuity, and children's math abilities were predicted by unique combinations of parents' ANS acuity and math ability depending on the specific math skill in question. These findings provide the first evidence of intergenerational transmission of an unlearned, non‐verbal numerical competence and are an important step toward understanding the multifaceted parental influences on children's math abilities.
Students’ perceptions of pre‐clinical endodontic training with artificial teeth compared to extracted human teeth
Authors: Al‐Sudani D. I. , Basudan S. O. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurposeArtificial teeth have several advantages in pre‐clinical endodontics training. This study aimed to compare artificial resin teeth with extracted human teeth, from a student's perspective, during a pre‐clinical undergraduate endodontic course for three consecutive academic years (2011—2014).MethodsAt the end of the course, students completed a questionnaire that included questions about their perceptions of the difficulty of artificial teeth vs. natural teeth and ranked the perceived advantages of artificial teeth.ResultsParticipants expressed that all procedures, except obturation, were more difficult to perform on artificial teeth than on natural teeth, a result that was due to the hardness of the resin. They ranked the fairness and availability as the best advantages.ConclusionArtificial teeth have multiple advantages but cannot replace natural teeth. The physical characteristics through the manufacturing material of artificial teeth should be enhanced to increase wider use and acceptance.
A review of teaching ethics in the dental curriculum: challenges and future developments
Authors: Patrick A. C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study considers the role and status of the teaching of ethics on the dental undergraduate curriculum. The study reviews current developments in the delivery of dental ethics education and in particular focuses on the development of new pedagogies and curricula content. The study then critically considers the consequences of a squeezed curricula and the consequent reliance on professional regulation as shorthand for the ethical development of students. The study concludes that, although great strides have been made in improving the teaching of ethics in dental education, further dialogue is needed to better include patient views and develop a more theoretically robust approach to self‐reflection.
The progression of electrophysiologic abnormalities during epileptogenesis after experimental traumatic brain injury
Authors: Reid Aylin Y. , Bragin Anatol , Giza Christopher C. , Staba Richard J. , Engel Jerome 
Published: August 2016

SummaryObjectivePosttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) accounts for 20% of acquired epilepsies. Experimental models are important for studying epileptogenesis. We previously reported that repetitive high‐frequency oscillations with spikes (rHFOSs) occur early after lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) and may be a biomarker for PTE. The objective of this study was to use multiple electrodes in rat hippocampal and neocortical regions to describe the long‐term electroencephalographic and behavioral evolution of rHFOSs and epileptic seizures after traumatic brain injury (TBI).MethodsAdult male rats underwent mild, moderate, or severe FPI or sham injury followed by video–electroencephalography (EEG) recordings with a combination of 16 neocortical and hippocampal electrodes at an early, intermediate, or late time‐point after injury, up to 52 weeks. Recordings were analyzed for the presence of rHFOSs and seizures.ResultsAnalysis was done on 28 rats with FPI and 7 shams. Perilesional rHFOSs were recorded in significantly more rats after severe (70.3%) than mild (20%) injury or shams (14.3%). Frequency of occurrence was significantly highest in the early (10.8/h) versus late group (3.2/h). Late focal seizures originating from the same electrodes were recorded in significantly more rats in the late (87.5%) versus early period (22.2%), occurring almost exclusively in injured rats. Seizure duration increased significantly over time, averaging 19 s at the beginning of the early period and 27 s at the end of the late period. Seizure frequency also increased significantly over time, from 4.4 per week in the early group to 26.4 per week in the late group. Rarely, rats displayed early seizures or generalized seizures.SignificanceFPI results in early rHFOSs and later spontaneous focal seizures arising from peri‐lesional neocortex, supporting its use as a model for PTE. Epilepsy severity increased over time and was related to injury severity. The association between early rHFOSs and later focal seizures suggests that rHFOSs may be a potential noninvasive biomarker of PTE.