bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic dental injuries and socioeconomic position – findings from the Children's Dental Health Survey 2013
Authors: Blokland Alex , Watt Richard G. , Tsakos Georgios , Heilmann Anja 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess whether traumatic dental injuries (TDI) were socially graded among children and adolescents in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, using nationally representative data from the Children's Dental Health Survey (CDHS) 2013.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study used data from the Children's Dental Health Survey 2013 which was conducted among a nationally representative sample of schoolchildren in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Children's family socioeconomic position (SEP) was measured through free school meal eligibility and relative area deprivation using the Indices of Multiple Deprivation. The analytical sample included 6707 schoolchildren aged 8, 12 and 15. Multiple logistic regression was used to model the associations between experience of TDI and the two markers of SEP, after adjusting for sex and age.ResultsThe overall prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to permanent incisors was 9% (n = 590). There were no statistically significant associations between TDI and either SEP measure. Further subgroup analyses (n = 2650) showed also no significant associations between TDI and additional SEP markers (parental education and social class). The odds of having sustained a traumatic dental injury were higher for boys than for girls and were greater in older age groups.ConclusionsThis study found no significant relationships between the experience of traumatic dental injuries and two markers of family socioeconomic position among children living in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. This implies that rather than specifically targeting the more deprived sectors of society, TDI prevention policies should use upstream public health strategies incorporating a whole‐population approach.
Higher maternal serum concentrations of nicotinamide and related metabolites in late pregnancy are associated with a lower risk of offspring atopic eczema at age 12 months
Authors: El‐Heis S. , Crozier S. R. , Robinson S. M. , Harvey N. C. , Cooper C. , Inskip H. M. ,   Southampton Women's Survey Study Group, Godfrey K. M. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundEvidence that atopic eczema partly originates in utero is increasing, with some studies linking the risk of developing the condition with aspects of maternal diet during pregnancy. Nicotinamide, a naturally occurring nutrient that is maintained through the dietary intakes of vitamin B3 and tryptophan, has been used in the treatment of some skin conditions including atopic eczema.ObjectiveTo examine the relation of maternal serum concentrations of nicotinamide and related tryptophan metabolites to the risk of atopic eczema in the offspring.MethodsWithin the UK Southampton Women Survey, infantile atopic eczema at ages 6 and 12 months was ascertained (modified UK Working Party Criteria for the Definition of Atopic Dermatitis). Maternal serum levels of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, tryptophan, nicotinamide and N1‐methylnicotinamide were measured in late pregnancy by mass spectrometry (n = 497) and related to the odds ratio of infantile atopic eczema.ResultsMaternal nicotinamide and related metabolite concentrations were not associated with offspring atopic eczema at age 6 months. Higher concentrations of nicotinamide and anthranilic acid were, however, associated with a lower risk of eczema at age 12 months (odds ratios 0.69, 95% CI 0.53–0.91/SD change, P = 0.007 and 0.63, 0.48–0.83, P = 0.001, respectively). The associations were robust to adjustment for potentially confounding variables.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThis is the first study linking maternal serum concentrations of nicotinamide and related metabolites to the risk of atopic eczema in the offspring. The findings point to potentially modifiable maternal influences on this complex and highly prevalent condition.
Large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin: ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings
Authors: Nagase Kotaro , Kimura Hiromi , Yonekura Naomi , Koba Shinichi , Inoue Takuya , Narisawa Yutaka 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLarge‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is an uncommon and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor, found mainly in the lung. Although LCNEC has been reported in various organs, LCNEC of the skin is extremely rare, poorly recognized and probably underestimated. Here we report a case of LCNEC of the skin, focusing on the histopathological and ultrastructural findings in detail. The patient was an 85‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with a mass on her right upper eyelid. Biopsy specimen showed an infiltrative mass with extension into the subcutis. Tumor cells were arranged in organoid and trabecular patterns with sheets, nests and trabecular cords. Extensive necrotic areas were observed. Most of the tumor cells were characterized by large cell size, polygonal shape, low nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio, coarse nuclear chromatin and frequent nucleoli. They were positive for CD56, NSE, AE1/AE3, CK7, and negative for CK20, TTF‐1, synaptophysin and chromogranin A. A systematic radiographic examination revealed no additional neoplastic lesions other than the right upper eyelid mass. These findings suggest that the present case is a LCNEC of the skin. The existence of LCNEC in the skin should be recognized, as it is a rare variant of carcinoma that can potentially be misconstrued as a metastasis or as Merkel cell carcinoma.
Diagnosis and management of proximal sesamoid bone fractures in the horse
Authors: Schnabel L. V. , Redding W. R. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryFractures of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) range in severity from simple to complex and comminuted and can be articular or nonarticular. The majority of PSB fractures are diagnosed in racehorses, but PSB fractures, especially simple ones, do occur in sport horses undertaking various disciplines. For simple apical, basilar and abaxial articular PSB fractures, surgical removal via arthroscopy carries the best prognosis for return to athletic performance. Removal of apical and abaxial PSB fractures generally result in a favourable prognosis for return to racing but are dependent on the amount of suspensory ligament injury. Removal of basilar PSB fracture fragments results in a less favourable or fair prognosis for return to racing. Mid‐body PSB fractures typically require (lag screw) surgical fixation preferably with arthroscopic guidance and carry a fair to guarded prognosis for return to racing.
Seed dispersal potential by wild mallard duck as estimated from digestive tract analysis
Authors: Kleyheeg Erik , Klaassen Marcel , Soons Merel B. 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Dispersal of plant seeds by ducks and other waterbirds is of great importance to the ecology of freshwater habitats. To unravel the mechanisms of waterbird‐mediated seed dispersal, numerous laboratory experiments have been conducted, but effects of seed and waterbird traits on dispersal potential have rarely been investigated under field conditions.

Through analysis of the digestive tracts of 100 wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) across a winter season in the Netherlands, we assessed (i) the inter‐individual and seasonal variability of seeds in the digestive tract, (ii) the variability of digestive tract organ size and gizzard grit mass, and (iii) the potential effects of seed species traits and gut traits on the survival potential of ingested seeds.

We found 4548 ingested seeds of at least 66 plant species from a wide range of habitats, most of which were retained in the gizzard. Nineteen species had not previously been reported from mallard diets. Individual tracts contained anywhere between 0 and 1048 seeds, of up to 14 species (median of three species). Diet composition and digestive tract size varied substantially between individuals and over the course of the winter season. As predicted from controlled feeding studies, we found that also in wild mallards, size‐dependent gut passage survival favours the dispersal of small‐seeded species. Despite the large variation in gizzard and small intestine size in this study, their effect on the dispersal potential of ingested seeds in the field remains unclear. We found no difference in dispersal potential between plants species growing in wet or dry habitats.

This study demonstrates that wild mallards are opportunistic seed consumers with a very diverse diet as reflected by seed species composition in both the foregut and hindgut. However, we also show that serious limitations of field‐based analyses compared to controlled experiments can impede drawing conclusions about gut passage survival of seeds. The large variability in diet composition among individuals and over time indicates high endozoochorous dispersal potential for a wide range of plant species by wild mallard in aquatic and wetland, as well as surrounding terrestrial habitats.
Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen in a mid‐latitude forest driven by soil microorganisms and plants
Authors: Meredith Laura K. , Commane Róisín , Keenan Trevor F. , Klosterman Stephen T. , Munger J. William , Templer Pamela H. , Tang Jianwu , Wofsy Steven C. , Prinn Ronald G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMolecular hydrogen (H2) is an atmospheric trace gas with a large microbe‐mediated soil sink, yet cycling of this compound throughout ecosystems is poorly understood. Measurements of the sources and sinks of H2 in various ecosystems are sparse, resulting in large uncertainties in the global H2 budget. Constraining the H2 cycle is critical to understanding its role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We measured H2 fluxes at high frequency in a temperate mixed deciduous forest for 15 months using a tower‐based flux‐gradient approach to determine both the soil‐atmosphere and the net ecosystem flux of H2. We found that Harvard Forest is a net H2 sink (−1.4 ± 1.1 kg H2 ha−1) with soils as the dominant H2 sink (−2.0 ± 1.0 kg H2 ha−1) and aboveground canopy emissions as the dominant H2 source (+0.6 ± 0.8 kg H2 ha−1). Aboveground emissions of H2 were an unexpected and substantial component of the ecosystem H2 flux, reducing net ecosystem uptake by 30% of that calculated from soil uptake alone. Soil uptake was highly seasonal (July maximum, February minimum), positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with environmental variables relevant to diffusion into soils (i.e., soil moisture, snow depth, snow density). Soil microbial H2 uptake was correlated with rhizosphere respiration rates (r = 0.8, P < 0.001), and H2 metabolism yielded up to 2% of the energy gleaned by microbes from carbon substrate respiration. Here, we elucidate key processes controlling the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of H2 and raise new questions regarding the role of aboveground biomass as a source of atmospheric H2 and mechanisms linking soil H2 and carbon cycling. Results from this study should be incorporated into modeling efforts to predict the response of the H2 soil sink to changes in anthropogenic H2 emissions and shifting soil conditions with climate and land‐use change.
Mapping gains and losses in woody vegetation across global tropical drylands
Authors: Tian Feng , Brandt Martin , Liu Yi Y. , Rasmussen Kjeld , Fensholt Rasmus 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWoody vegetation in global tropical drylands is of significant importance for both the interannual variability of the carbon cycle and local livelihoods. Satellite observations over the past decades provide a unique way to assess the vegetation long‐term dynamics across biomes worldwide. Yet, the actual changes in the woody vegetation are always hidden by interannual fluctuations of the leaf density, because the most widely used remote sensing data are primarily related to the photosynthetically active vegetation components. Here, we quantify the temporal trends of the nonphotosynthetic woody components (i.e., stems and branches) in global tropical drylands during 2000–2012 using the vegetation optical depth (VOD), retrieved from passive microwave observations. This is achieved by a novel method focusing on the dry season period to minimize the influence of herbaceous vegetation and using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to remove the interannual fluctuations of the woody leaf component. We revealed significant trends (P < 0.05) in the woody component (VODwood) in 35% of the areas characterized by a nonsignificant trend in the leaf component (VODleaf modeled from NDVI), indicating pronounced gradual growth/decline in woody vegetation not captured by traditional assessments. The method is validated using a unique record of ground measurements from the semiarid Sahel and shows a strong agreement between changes in VODwood and changes in ground observed woody cover (r2 = 0.78). Reliability of the obtained woody component trends is also supported by a review of relevant literatures for eight hot spot regions of change. The proposed approach is expected to contribute to an improved assessment of, for example, changes in dryland carbon pools.
Mothers’ self‐efficacy and children's oral health
Authors: Anaya‐Morales M , Villanueva‐Vilchis MC , Aleksejūnienė J , De la Fuente Hernández J 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo (i) test the validity of the Spanish Self‐Efficacy Scale for Maternal Oral Care (SESMO), (ii) compare SESMO scores among socio‐demographic groups and (iii) relate mothers’ SESMO to children's dental status.MethodsA limited census sample included 130 children and their mothers. The SESMO was applied through an interview, and the children's DMFT/dmft (number of decayed, missing and filled teeth) and OHI‐S (oral hygiene score) were assessed through clinical examinations. To test the internal consistency and validity, the Spanish and English SESMO versions were compared. Dental status and oral hygiene were examined in different socio‐demographic groups.ResultsMost of the families were from the middle socio‐economic class, and the majority of children (65%) were ≤6 years of age. Cronbach's α was 0.82 for the English SESMO and 0.86 for the Spanish SESMO; both versions had a three‐factor structure (one for each self‐efficacy subscale). Overall, the factor loadings of the total and its subscale items were similar between the two SESMO versions. There was a correlation between the mothers’ self‐efficacy and the children's dental health status in deciduous dentition.ConclusionsThe Spanish SESMO scale had similar internal consistency and validity as the previously validated English SESMO scale. Mothers’ self‐efficacy was associated with children's dental status in deciduous dentition but not with children's status in permanent dentition.
Ion transport peptide (ITP) regulates wing expansion and cuticle melanism in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Yu B. , Li D.‐T. , Wang S.‐L. , Xu H.‐J. , Bao Y.‐Y. , Zhang C.‐X. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIon transport peptide (ITP) and its alternatively spliced homologous ITP‐like (ITPL) products play important roles in various insect developmental processes. We found for the first time that alternative 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) of ITPL (NilluITPLs‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4) control spatiotemporal expression in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, as demonstrated by reverse‐transcription quantitative PCR. By using an alternative 5' UTR, NilluITPL‐1 was expressed exclusively in the male reproductive system, resulting in the production of the NilluITPL seminal fluid protein. Interestingly, NilluITPLs‐3 and −4 were expressed exclusively in the integument, indicating a specialized function for NilluITPL during ecdysis and eclosion. We investigated the functions of NilluITP and NilluITPL using RNA interference (RNAi). We did not observe apparent phenotypes when expression of NilluITPLs was suppressed. However, when NilluITP expression was suppressed, the insect exhibited melanism and failed wing expansion, indicating that NilluITP is a neuropeptide associated with wing expansion in addition to bursicon. Additionally, in contrast to bursicon, the insects showed increased melanism when NilluITP was eliminated by RNAi. Unlike previous studies of ITP/ITPL in other species, NilluITP was very important in the control of N. lugens postecdysial behaviours but was not critical during ecdysis. Thus, the functions of ITP and ITPL are more complex in insects than previously thought.
Market disruptions in supply chains: a review of operational models
Authors: Shen Bin , Li Qingying 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMarket disruptions are unplanned and unanticipated events, which may further influence the flow of goods and materials within a supply chain. In view of the increasing significance of market disruptions in industries, in this paper, we review a selection of related papers that focus on market disruptions in the supply chain. We classify the literature into three aspects, namely, demand disruption, supply disruption, and supply chain disruption risk. We review the representative operational models in each aspect. We derive insights into the current state of knowledge in each area. We suggest three future research directions: (a) Can supply chain structure help reduce disruption risk? (b) How does information asymmetry influence the supply chain in the presence of disruption? (c) How does social welfare vary in the presence of disruption? In conclusion, this paper provides up‐to‐date information to both researchers and practitioners to better identify, manage, and control market disruptions.
When War Adversaries Talk: The Experimental Effect of Engagement Rules on Postconflict Deliberation
Authors: Ugarriza Juan E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA set of discussion groups including leftist ex-guerrillas and rightist ex-paramilitaries in Colombia shows the limits for democratic deliberation in postconflict societies, but also points to ways that outcomes closer to the deliberative ideal might be obtained. A total of 342 ex-combatants agreed to sit down and talk politics under a number of experimental conditions, using three different protocols of engagement. Results show that consensus rule fosters simultaneously a more reasoned and common-good–oriented, and less self-interested type of discussion when compared to majority rule and unstructured “free talk.” Nevertheless, while it might be desirable to promote a better quality of deliberation in divided societies, it does not necessarily prevent antagonists’ tendency to polarize.
Impact of Wood Biochar and Its Interactions with Mycorrhizal Fungi, Phosphorus Fertilization and Irrigation Strategies on Potato Growth
Authors: Liu C. , Liu F. , Ravnskov S. , Rubæk G. H. , Sun Z. , Andersen M. N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBiochar amendment to soil has the potential to improve soil quality and increase crop yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide beneficial plant services of stress alleviation with respect to phosphorus (P) deficiency and drought. The aim of this study was to explore interactive effects of biochar with AMF, P fertilization levels and irrigation strategies on growth of potato plants. Potato plants were amended with wood biochar of 0.74 % w/w (B+) or not (B−), fertilized with phosphorus of 0.11 mg P g−1 soil (P1) or not (P0), irrigated with full irrigation (FI) or partial root‐zone drying irrigation (PRD) and inoculated with AMF of Rhizophagus irregularis (M+) or not (M−) in split‐root pots in a sandy loam soil. Plants were analysed for growth performance, P and nitrogen (N) uptake and water use efficiency (WUE). Biochar adsorption of mineral P and N in aqueous solution was tested in subexperiment. B+ significantly decreased plant biomass production except under P0 FI M−, where B+ increased plant biomass. This growth stimulation was counteracted by treatments of P1, PRD and M+. B+ significantly decreased plant leaf area, P and N uptake and WUE, but had no significant effect on root biomass and soil pH. The positive plant growth response to AMF was substantially reduced by biochar amendment. The wood biochar had no adsorption for mineral N, and it had 0.96 % adsorption for mineral P in aqueous solution. The results suggested that the negative effect of wood biochar application on plant growth may due to the reduced plant uptake of P and N and the possibility of phytotoxic effects of wood biochar on potato growth. It was concluded that the wood biochar used in current study had negative impact on plant growth and P/N uptake and it is not recommendable to apply this wood biochar to mycorrhizal agro‐system, to soil fertilized with high rate of P or to soil suffering water deficiency.
Dual colonization of the Palaearctic from different regions in the Afrotropics by Senecio
Authors: Kandziora Martha , Kadereit Joachim W. , Gehrke Berit 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimInvestigation of the geographical origin of Senecio and the colonization of the Palaearctic including the relationship of life‐history strategy and elevational distribution in the source area and the colonized area.LocationWorldwide with a focus on the Afrotropic and the Palaearctic.MethodsSampling focused on adding species from the Afrotropic to existing datasets of Senecio. Two nuclear markers and three chloroplast markers were amplified and sequenced. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used to infer phylogeny, divergence times, biogeographical history and life‐history strategy evolution.ResultsSenecio originated most likely during the Mid to Late Miocene in western southern Africa (WSA). Colonization of the Palaearctic probably started from two different areas. One lineage of mostly annual lowland species seems to have originated in WSA, whereas the other lineage of perennial mountain species originated in mountainous areas of eastern southern Africa or tropical/subtropical East Africa.Main conclusionsSenecio evolved in arid or semi‐arid regions in WSA during a period of ongoing aridification and broad‐scale biome changes at the onset of a winter rainfall regime in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. Life‐history strategy and elevational distribution of the two Palaearctic lineages did not change between the source areas and the colonized areas.