bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genital Human Papillomavirus Infections: Correlation of Cytological, Colposcopic and Histological Features with Viral Types in Women and Their Male Partners
Authors: Monsonego J , Zerat L , Catalan F , Coscas Y 
Published: January 2017

To determine the incidence of anogenital papillomavirus infections and to assess the value of available diagnostic methods, we compared the cytological, colposcopic and histological features of anogenital papillomavirus-related lesions with their associated human papillomavirus types (HPV) in 300 women and in their male partners. HPV-type deoxyribonucleic acid was detected by blot hybridization in 398 out of 624 subclinical and clinically defined anogenital lesions. Whatever the site of the lesion, condylomas and low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) were found in 84% of lesions associated with HPV 6–11, compared with 32% of lesions containing HPV 16–18 ( P<0.001). Among the HPV 16–18 associated lesions, high-grade cervical, vaginal, vulvar and anal intraepithelial neoplasias represented 45% ( P<0.001) of the lesions. In 65% of 23 cases of squamous anogenital cancer, HPV 16–18 and mixed types were present ( P<0.001). In 54% (161/300) of cases, the lesions were multicentric (161/300). On cytological examination, 27% of the samples gave false negative results. In cervical lesions, there was a good correlation between virological and colposcopic findings, but this was not true for extracervical mucous epithelia in the vagina or on the vulva. With peniscopy in the male partners 220 out of 410 had penile condylomatous lesions and more than half of the 350 male specimens examined by molecular hybridization contained HPV DNA. A correlation was found between the virus types in penile lesions or in cells of the distal urethra and in the cervical lesions of the sexual partner. We concluded that in the majority of cases of cervical lesions there is a correlation between the type of HPV DNA identified by blot hybridization and the cytohistocolposcopic findings. In practice, viral typing may be indicated in cases of colpohistologic discordance and in condyloma low-grade CIN that cannot be distinguished from presumably innocuous human papillomavirus infection.
Human Papillomaviruses, Tumour Suppressor Genes and Cervical Cancer
Authors: Inman G J , Cook I D , Lau R K W 
Published: January 2017

There is now a considerable body of evidence that links HPV infection with anogenital squamous carcinoma, particularly for specific ‘high risk’ HPV types (HPV16 and 18) and invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Recent advances in the molecular study of these viruses have elucidated some potential mechanisms by which they may contribute to the development of these diseases. In this review we concentrate on the interactions of 2 of the HPV encoded proteins, E6 and E7, with cellular tumour suppressor gene products. We provide a model of how these interactions may be important in tumourigenesis and draw together current knowledge of this exciting and rapidly evolving field.
The Potential Requirement for HIV Counselling and Voluntary Testing in Women of Childbearing Age
Authors: Low Anne M , Lacey Charles JN , Buchan Peter C , Franks Antony J , Waugh Michael A 
Published: January 2017

This paper compares estimates of the potential HIV counselling and testing requirements in a genito-urinary medicine (GUM) clinic, where a formal HIV counselling service is provided, and in an antenatal clinic (ANC), where there is no formal HIV counselling service. Data were collected by means of questionnaires completed by women attending both clinics. Only 31% and 16% of counselling needs were being met at the GUM clinic and antenatal clinic respectively. At the GUM clinic 11% of respondents had had an HIV antibody test, and at the antenatal clinic 1% had been tested. In contrast 68% and 58% of respondents at the GUM and antenatal clinics respectively would accept the offer of an HIV antibody test. In low prevalence areas the universal offer of testing would greatly increase specialist counselling requirements, but alternative models of provision and selective testing may lead to a more efficient use of resources.
Ondansetron Usage in HIV Positive Patients: A Pilot Study on the Control of Nausea and Vomiting in Patients on High Dose Co-Trimoxazole for Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
Authors: Gompels M , McWilliams S , O'Hare M , Harris J R W , Pinching A J , Main J 
Published: January 2017

This was an open, single centre study, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ondansetron in the treatment of co-trimoxazole associated nausea and vomiting in AIDS patients. Sixteen patients presenting with their first episode of HIV-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) on high dose co-trimoxazole were given ondansetron 8 mg orally, every 8h. Measurements were made from data recorded by each patient on diary cards. In this study 11 out of 16 (69%) patients on ondansetron experienced good control of emesis (2 or less emetic episodes) on their ‘worst day’ of therapy and 8 out of 16 (50%) of patients demonstrated good control of emesis throughout their treatment with co-trimoxazole. Good control of nausea (mild or none) was achieved in 7 out of 16 (47%) patients. A total of 7 patients were able to complete the full course of co-trimoxazole whilst on ondansetron. One serious adverse event (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) was reported and felt to be unrelated to ondansetron. If conventional anti-emetics fail to achieve control of symptoms or have unacceptable side effects, ondansetron may represent a possible alternative.
A Study Comparing Cervical Cytology Results from a Genitourinary Medicine Department with Those of Two other Local Populations
Authors: Young S M , Malet R M 
Published: January 2017

A retrospective study compared one year's cervical smear results from 4920 women from the following 3 populations in Leicestershire; the Genitourinary Medicine (GUM) Departments; the city family planning clinic (FPC); and a general practice (GP) in a local University town. The results were standardized for age by logistic regression. Cytological abnormality was divided into: dyskaryosis (all grades), borderline, and inflammatory changes. The GUM attenders had an excess of total cervical smear abnormalities compared to both the FPC ( P<0.001) and GP population ( P<0.001) after adjusting for age. The FPC and GP rates of smear abnormality were similar at 60 and 63 per 1000 women screened, respectively, while the rate for the GUM clinic was 155 per 1000 women screened.
Chlamydial Urethritis in Heterosexual Men Attending a Genitourinary Medicine Clinic: Prevalence, Symptoms, Condom Usage and Partner Change
Authors: Zelin J M , Robinson A J , Ridgway G L , Allason-Jones E , Williams P 
Published: January 2017

A prospective study of 356 consecutive heterosexual male patients attending the Department of Genitourinary Medicine at University College Hospital was carried out to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis. Patients were asked about their symptoms, use of condoms and change of sexual partner. The prevalence of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU—chlamydia positive and negative urethritis) was 37% (131 of 356). C. trachomatis was shown to be the causative organism in 24% (31 of 131) of patients with NGU. The prevalence of other STDs in men with C. trachomatis and with non-chlamydial urethritis was 15% and 10% respectively. Men with C. trachomatis were significantly more likely than men with non-chlamydial urethritis to be asymptomatic (56% vs 35%). The prevalence of C. trachomatis was highest in men who had changed partner in the previous 3 months (20 of 32 men). A third of men never used condoms in the first 3 months of a new relationship and over half failed to use them after 3 months. There was no evidence that the reported use of condoms reduced the rate of infection with C. trachomatis.
Are You Sure It's Syphilis? A Review of False Positive Serology
Authors: Nandwani R , Evans D T P 
Published: January 2017

Summary: This article on false positive serological reactions for syphilis reviews the rapid developments which have taken place in the serodiagnosis of syphilis in recent years since the advent of the AIDS epidemic. An overview of non-specific and specific treponemal serological tests in relation to acute and chronic biological false positive reactions is followed by closer consideration of syphilis serology in the context of HIV infection, pregnancy and other conditions which may produce false positive reactions.
Self-Treatment of Female External Genital Warts with 0.5% Podophyllotoxin Cream (Condyline®) vs Weekly Applications of 20% Podophyllin Solution
Authors: Hellberg Dan , Svarrer Tove , Nilsson Staffan , Valentin Jack 
Published: January 2017

Summary: Sixty women with genital warts were randomly allocated to treatment with either weekly application of 20% podophyllin solution or self-treatment with 0.5% podophyllotoxin cream twice daily for three days in weekly intervals. After a maximum of 4 treatment cycles a final assessment was carried out after 3 months. Primary clearance after termination of treatment was 82% for podophyllotoxin and 59% for podophyllin solution. After excluding relapses at the 3-month follow-up, final clearance for podophyllotoxin (71%) was significantly better ( P < 0.05) than that for podophyllin solution (48%). The total frequency of warts eradicated was 94% with podophyllotoxin and 74% with podophyllin solution ( P < 0.001). Local adverse effects were generally mild or moderate. Podophyllotoxin cream provides a mode of easy application for women with external genital warts and had in this study a significantly better effect than podophyllin solution.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Women with Genital Infections in Burkina Faso
Authors: Meda N , Ledru S , Fofana M , Lankoandé S , Soula G , Bazié A J , Chiron J P 
Published: January 2017

Summary: This study reports the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among gynaecological outpatients presenting at the Bobo-Dioulasso Hospital (Burkina Faso) with genital infections and examines the factors associated with HIV infection in this population. Of 245 eligible non-pregnant women, 220 consented to participate in the study. Seventy-seven per cent had sexually transmitted infections. The most common were: Trichomonas vaginalis (28%), Chlamydia trachomatis (27%), bacterial vaginosis (20%), Candida albicans (17%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (11%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 42% (95% ci. 35.3, 48.3). Logistic regression analyses revealed Neisseria gonorrhoeae to be the only STD significantly associated with infection with HIV ( P = 0.04). A sedimentation rate greater than or equal to 100 mm in the first hour was also associated with HIV infection ( P < 0.001). Women consulting for genital infections constitute a high risk group for HIV infection and other STDs. Management of these women should focus on the early diagnosis and treatment of STDs.
Chlamydia Trachomatis as a Possible Cofactor for Kaposi's Sarcoma in AIDS
Authors: Peters B S , Thomas B J , Yi C , Beck E J , Weber J , Pinching A J , Taylor-Robinson D 
Published: January 2017

Summary: AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is much more frequent in patients acquiring HIV infection via the sexual route. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the likely involvement of a sexually acquired cofactor in the pathogenesis of this form of KS. We have formulated a set of postulates, epidemiological and experimental, to fit a single unifying hypothetical agent. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of 3 agents to fit the epidemiological criteria. Our data suggest a possible association between increased IgG serum antibody to C. trachomatis and the occurrence of KS. Conversely, higher titres of IgG serum antibody to C. pneumoniae were associated with the absence of KS. We feel that it is important to study further the relationship between C. trachomatis and KS.
Psychosocial Differences between Recently HIV Tested and Non-Tested Gay Men Who Reside in Smaller US Cities
Authors: Heckman T G , Kelly J A , Roffman R A , Sikkema K J , Perry M J , Solomon L J , Winett R A , Norman A D , Hoffmann R G , Stevenson L Y 
Published: January 2017

Summary: While a number of studies have examined behavioural and psychosocial correlates of HIV test seeking, most of this research has relied on samples of urban gay men. Less is known about HIV testing rates and factors associated with testing among gay and bisexual men who live in smaller cities. The present research administered surveys to 3969 non-exclusively partnered gay and bisexual men attending gay bars in small American cities to determine (a) rates of HIV test seeking, and (b) how tested and non-tested men differed on a battery of psychosocial indices. A total of 68% of men had been tested for antibodies to HIV-50% in the past year. Men tested for HIV in the past year, compared to men never tested for HIV, knew more people who were HIV positive or were diagnosed with AIDS, had a closer relationship with someone who had died of AIDS, were more likely to be ethnic minorities, reported more conversations with friends about safer sex, and had stronger intentions to use condoms during their next intercourse occasion. Our results indicate that HIV counselling and testing programmes comprise an important component of HIV prevention efforts assisting gay men residing in smaller USA cities.
Prevalence of Blood-Borne Viruses among Intravenous Drug Users and Alcoholics in Hiroshima, Japan
Authors: Ichimura Hiroshi , Kurimura Osamu , Tamura Ikuo , Tsukue Ichiro , Tsuchie Hideaki , Kurimura Takashi 
Published: January 2017

Summary: We investigated the prevalence of human immunodeficiency viruses-1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), human T-lymphotropic virus type I and II, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus among intravenous drug users (IVDU) in Hiroshima, Japan, where little is known about their present levels. From June to December 1993, serum samples were collected from 47 IVDU and 98 alcoholics in Hiroshima, Japan, and examined for markers of virus infection. The prevalence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) and/or HCV-RNA was significantly higher in IVDU than alcoholics (74.5% vs 20.4%, 44.7% vs 10.2% respectively, P < 0.001). In contrast, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen and/or core antigen (anti-HBs and/or anti-HBc) showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (57.4% vs 66.3%). HIV-1 infection was found in one (2.1%) IVDU and genome analysis indicated that it was subtype B according to Myers' classification. Thus, an extremely low level of HIV infection and a high level of HCV infection was found in IVDU. Careful follow-up of this group is thought to be needed to minimize an outbreak of HIV-1 infection in Japan.
Lifetime Cost of Treating a Person with HIV Infection
Authors: Jebakumar S P R , Woolley P D , Curless E 
Published: January 2017

Summary: A study was conducted to examine the inpatient, outpatient and drug therapy costs incurred from initial presentation with HIV infection or AIDS to death, where death occurred between 1990 and 1994. The average lifetime cost per patient was £18,729 being made up of £8428 for inpatient care, £2086 for outpatient care and £8215 for drug therapy. Sixty per cent of patients died at home. Active cytomegalovirus infection was the most common condition encountered in the high cost patients. Escalating drug costs may eventually lead to priority setting for the management of certain opportunistic infections.
Possibilities and Limits in The Monetarisation of External Costs of Energy Use
Authors: Schlomann Barbara 
Published: January 2017

The use of energy leads to so-called external costs and benefits which are not covered by the present energy prices. A major part of the energy-related external costs is caused by damage from environmental pollution stemming from energy conversion and energy use. In order to internalise these costs into the energy prices (e.g. by emission standards or energy taxes), it is necessary to identify, quantify, and also monetarise them. This paper is an overview of attempts to monetarise energy-related environmental costs in the FRG, clearly showing the limited state of art in this field. Also, methodological problems of monetarisation are referred to showing different methods (damage cost approach, control cost approach, willingness-to-pay approach) which all have their specific drawbacks. One insufficiency associated with all approaches applied is the long-term impacts of environmental damage not being adequately reflected.
Composition and toxicity of petroleum products and their additives
Authors: Henry John A 
Published: January 2017

1 All petroleum based products are highly complex chemical mixtures. Although almost exclusively composed of hydrocarbons, the composition varies with the crude oil source. 2 Their toxicity for man is generally low but there are exceptions. Although irritancy and sensitization to specific ingredients may be demonstrated in animals, animal experiments are not a reliable indicator of sensitization potential in man. 3 Both product complexity and commercial considerations can make acceptable and meaningful compositional disclosures difficult. A nomenclature system exists which solves these problems. 4 Frame formulations would have some value to poisons centres dealing with petroleum product enquiries. 5 As legislation for the European Union is developed, the balance must be reached between disclosure of the (often confidential) precise chemical composition of products and a practical and useful composition for the guidance of users and medical personnel. This is a key issue with some petroleum products, mainly due to the additives used in them. 6 For several reasons, such as climatic conditions or logistics of supply, the various components, including additives, used in a branded product may vary because the final product composition is determined not by chemistry but by performance in service. 7 Lubricants may contain between 10 and 20% of additives; fuels contain additives only at parts per million levels. However, for both fuels and lubricants, toxicity from additives is rarely a matter of concern.
Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: A preliminary study
Authors: Wafa E W , Yahya R S , Sobh M A , Eraky I , El-Baz M , El-Gayar H AM , Betbeder A M , Creppy E E 
Published: January 2017

This preliminary study was designed in a trial to delineate the size of the problem of ochratoxicosis and its relation to genesis of lesions mounting to end stage renal disease (ESRD) or urothelial tumors in Egypt. This study comprised five groups of patients having renal diseases of different presentations; they are: patients with (ESRD) under conservative medical treatment (group 1), patients with (ESRD) under treatment with regular hemodialysis (group 2), renal allograft recipients (group 3), patients with nephrotic syndrome (group 4) and patients with urothelial tumors (group 5). In addition, two reference groups: potential related donors for renal transplantation (group 6) and healthy control with negative family history of renal disease (group 7). For all groups, laboratory, radiological and histopatho-logical evaluation of kidney status were carried out coupled with determination of ochratoxin A level in serum, in urine and in biopsy specimens of patients with urothelial tumors. High ochratoxin serum levels were found in patients with ESRD (groups 1 and 2) (P50.01), higher serum levels were detected in the group without dialysis (group 1) in comparison with the reference groups possibly due to ochratoxin. A clearance by dialysis. Ochratoxin A was detected in serum and urine of renal transplant recipients (group 3) (P50.01) and especially higher levels were found in patients with nephrotic syndrome (group 4) (P50.001). For the group with urothelial tumor (group 5), positive serum, urine and tissue biopsy specimens for ochratoxin levels were found (P50.01). The results could lead to the conclusion that ochratoxin A could be correlated to the genesis of renal disease leading to (ESRD) or causing urothelial cancer. A thorough and in depth study of the problem of ochratoxicosis and renal disease causation in Egypt is now recommended.
Determination of The Scattering Parameters of Fittings in Industrial Buildings for Use in Computer Based Factory Noise Prediction Models: Part 2 – Scale Model Experiments
Authors: Akil H.A. , Oldham D.J 
Published: January 2017

In a companion paper results obtained from computer simulation1 have demonstrated that the sound propagation characteristics of disproportionate rooms are determined by the product of the fitting parameters scattering cross-section (Q) and absorption coefficient (αobst) of fittings. It was also proposed that the absorption of a fitting as measured in a conventional reverberation chamber is equivalent to four times the product of those two parameters. This suggests that measurement of fitting absorption in a conventional reverberation chamber could provide the data required for input into current computer based factory noise prediction models. Since both parameters are required as inputs to computer models it would be necessary to separate them in some way from the data obtained in the reverberation chamber. In this paper two methods for determining the scattering parameters of fittings in industrial buildings based upon acoustical measurements are described. The accuracy of these is compared with that resulting from the application of a geometrical measurement method to determine the scattering cross-section (Q) of various shapes of model scatterers employed in experimental work employing 1:20 acoustic scale models. The values of Q obtained from each method were used to predict sound characteristics a model disproportionate chamber using RAYSCAT. The predicted results obtained from the computer model by inputting the values of Q determined using the acoustical measurement methods were found to be more accurate than those using the geometrical measurement method.
The Effect of Design Changes on Sound Transmission through a Building
Authors: Craik Robert J.M. 
Published: January 2017

A statistical energy analysis model of a building was used to assess the effect of design changes on sound transmission. Systematic changes were made to the material properties (density, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal loss factor) and to the dimensions (thickness and room size). These changes resulted in a redistribution of the energy throughout the building causing the noise level to go up in some rooms and to go down in others. For each case examined it was found that the effect of several changes could be estimated from the sum of the individual changes. Thus a change of 20% in the density resulted in approximately double the change in DnTw that was obtained from a 10% change in density. The same additive effect was also found to apply if more than one variable was changed at the same time. Thus the change in DnTw resulting from a small change in Young's modulus for the floors and a small change in the density of the walls can be estimated from the sum of the two individual effects. Changes to the thickness and density of the walls and floors have the greatest effect on sound transmission whilst changes to Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio have a much smaller effect. Damping can also have a significant effect on transmission particularly far from the source.