bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Shear Wave Elastography Provide Additional Value in the Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules That Are Suspicious for Malignancy?
Authors: Wang Fen , Chang Cai , Gao Yi , Chen Ya Ling , Chen Min , Feng Li Qing 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine whether the integration of shear wave elastography (SWE) with conventional ultrasonography (US) improves diagnostic performance for suspicious thyroid lesions.MethodsFor 215 thyroid lesions in 185 patients classified as Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4 or 5 according to the findings of conventional US, SWE elasticity indices were automatically calculated. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the threshold. Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System categories were upgraded for high‐stiffness nodules and unchanged for low‐ and normal‐stiffness nodules. The diagnostic performances were assessed and compared with histologic findings. Intraobserver and interobserver variability of SWE was assessed.ResultsElasticity indices were significantly higher in malignant versus benign nodules (P≤ .001). The minimum elasticity index (cutoff, 40.7 kPa) of the stiffest part combined with conventional US showed the highest area under the curve (0.774; 95% confidence interval, 0.682–0.866) but was not superior to conventional US (0.791; 95% confidence interval, 0.706–0.876; P = .48). Combined with the standard deviation of the elasticity index for the whole lesion (cutoff, 6.8 kPa), US yielded the highest sensitivity (95.5%; P < .001) and lowest specificity (42.1%; P < .001). Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased by adding any other SWE elasticity index. The intraobserver and interobserver reliability of SWE was fair to excellent according to the interclass correlation coefficients, with correlation coefficients of 0.765 to 0.846 (all P < .001).ConclusionsThe SWE elasticity indices of malignant thyroid nodules were significantly high. Adding SWE to conventional US did not improve diagnostic performance.
Clinicopathologic Factors and Thyroid Nodule Sonographic Features for Predicting Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Authors: Wang Wen-Han , Xu Shang-Yan , Zhan Wei-Wei 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesPreoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis is of clinical importance for the surgical treatment of thyroid tumor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features predictive of central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.MethodsClinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features of 1204 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed from January 2014 to June 2015. Central lymph node dissection was performed on each patient. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features associated with central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the relevance of all potential predictive factors.ResultsCentral lymph node metastasis was detected in 395 of the 1204 patients (32.81%). By univariate and multivariate analyses, younger age (≤43 years), male sex, larger tumor size (≥7 mm), multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and microcalcification were independently associated with central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (P < .05). The ORs were 1.920 (95% CI, 1.476–2.499), 1.665 (95% CI, 1.234–2.247), 1.534 (95% CI, 1.177–2.000), 2.120 (95% CI, 1.563–2.877), and 4.109 (95% CI, 3.118–5.414), respectively.ConclusionsCentral lymph node metastasis is highly prevalent in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Younger age (≤43 years), male sex, larger tumor size (≥7 mm), multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, and microcalcification were independent predictors of central lymph node metastasis. Surgeons and radiologists need to pay more attention to patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma who have these risk predictors.
Estimation of Viscoelastic Properties of Cells Using Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry
Authors: Yang Chunmei , Chen Di , Hong Xiaowei 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesRecently developed acoustic tweezing cytometry uses ultrasound‐responsive targeted microbubbles for biomechanical stimulation of live cells at the subcellular level. The purpose of this research was to estimate the viscoelastic characteristics of cells from the displacements of cell‐bound microbubbles in response to ultrasound pulses on acoustic tweezing cytometry.MethodsMicrobubbles were bound to NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and ATDC5 cells through an integrin‐cytoskeleton linkage. The evolution of microbubble behaviors under irradiation by ultrasound pulses was captured by a high‐speed camera and tracked by a customized algorithm. The total damping constant, stiffness, and rigidity of the cells were estimated by fitting the measured temporal displacement profiles to a Kelvin‐Voigt–based model.ResultsThe mean maximum displacement of the microbubbles attached to NIH/3T3 fibroblasts was much greater than that for ATDC5 cells. The mean fitted damping constant and stiffness ± SD for ATDC5 cells were 28.16 ± 7.08 mg/s and 0.5041 ± 0.1381 mN/m, respectively, and the values for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were 13.12 ± 4.23 mg/s and 0.2591 ± 0.0715 mN/m. The rigidity for ATDC5 cells was 331.46 ± 106.50 MPa, whereas that for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts was 117.92 ± 34.83 MPa.ConclusionsThe Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐integrin‐cytoskeleton system of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts appears to be softer than that of ATDC5 cells. The rigidity of ATDC5 cells was significantly greater than that of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts at the 95% confidence level. This strategy provides a novel way to determine the viscoelastic properties of the live cells.
Initial Experience With Ultrasound Elastography for Diagnosis of Major Salivary Gland Lesions
Authors: Zhou Hang , Zhou Xian-Li , Xu Hui-Xiong , He Ya-Ping , Bo Xiao-Wan , Li Xiao-Long , Liu Bo-Ji , Li Dan-Dan , Wang Dan 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound elastography, including conventional strain elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)‐induced strain elastography, and point shear wave elastography (SWE) for diagnosis of major salivary gland lesions.MethodsForty major salivary gland lesions underwent conventional sonography, conventional strain elastography, ARFI strain elastography, and point SWE before surgery or biopsy. The diagnostic performances of the sonographic and elastographic techniques were assessed with reference to histopathologic results.ResultsThere were 32 benign (7 Warthin tumors, 17 pleomorphic adenomas, and 8 other benign lesions) and 8 malignant (1 squamous carcinoma, 2 metastases, 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 1 anaplastic carcinoma, and 2 malignant lymphomas) major salivary gland lesions on pathologic analysis. No conventional sonographic features or conventional strain elastographic scores were found to be associated with malignancy (all P > .05). The ARFI strain elastographic scores between benign and malignant lesions were statistically different (P = .032) and an ARFI strain elastographic score of 4 or greater was highly predictive of malignancy (P= .025). An ARFI strain elastographic score of greater than 3 achieved specificity of 81.3% (26 of 32) and sensitivity of 62.5% (5 of 8) in differentiating benign from malignant lesions. The shear wave velocity on point SWE did not show a significant difference in distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions (6.07 versus 4.43 m/s; P > .05). However, Warthin tumors had a trend to show lower shear wave velocities compared with pleomorphic adenomas (2.84 versus 5.27 m/s; P = .024).ConclusionsAcoustic radiation force impulse strain elastography may be potentially useful for diagnosing major salivary gland lesions, whereas conventional strain elastography and point SWE are not helpful.
Is There Any Difference Between Seminomas and Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors on Shear Wave Elastography?
Authors: Dikici Atilla Suleyman , Er Mehmet Emin , Alis Deniz , Samanci Cesur , Ustabasioglu Fethi Emre , Demirdag Cetin , Durak Haydar , Kantarci Fatih , Mihmanli Ismail 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of shear wave elastography (SWE) to differentiate seminomas from nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.MethodsApproval for this retrospective study was obtained from the local Ethics Committee of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School. Fifteen patients with malignant testicular lesions were examined by grayscale sonography, color or power Doppler sonography, and SWE between February 2011 and October 2015. The size of each lesion, Doppler signal parameters, echogenicity, presence of microlithiasis, unifocality or multifocality, and histopathologic findings were the main factors evaluated.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 33 years (range, 25–55 years). There were no differences between seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors in terms of Doppler signals, echogenicity, microlithiasis, or focality. Only the homogeneous and heterogeneous echogenicity patterns differed significantly. However, a significant difference was evident in SWE‐derived quantitative data.ConclusionsSeminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors do not differ significantly on grayscale or Doppler sonography, except in terms of homogeneity. However, SWE seems to differentiate seminomas from nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
Effect of Low‐Dose Aspirin on Midluteal Phase Uterine Artery Blood Flow in Patients With Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Kang Xiaomin , Wang Tongfei , He Liyin , Xu Haijing , Liu Zhilan , Zhao Aimin 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in uterine artery blood flow parameters and pregnancy outcomes, if any. An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of low‐dose aspirin on uterine artery blood flow indices in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss.MethodsThis observational study included 353 Chinese women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss and 85 women without a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (control group) from Ren Ji Hospital. All patients were scanned transvaginally with transvaginal Doppler sonography 6 to 8 days after ovulation to measure the pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI), and systolic‐to‐diastolic ratio (S/D) of the left and right main uterine arteries. Low‐dose aspirin at a dose of 50 mg/d was administered orally in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss for 2 months, and the blood flow indices were measured subsequently. The Student t test was used for analysis of the results, P < .05 was considered significant.ResultsThe mean PI and S/D of the uterine arteries in the recurrent pregnancy loss group were significantly higher than in the control group. Although not statistically significant, the RI was higher in the recurrent pregnancy loss group than the control group. Moreover, the PI and S/D increased as the number of pregnancy losses increased. Significant enhancements of the PI and S/D were observed in patients with 4 or more consecutive abortions. After low‐dose aspirin supplementation, patients with recurrent pregnancy loss showed a highly significant reduction in the PI and S/D.ConclusionsUterine blood flow decreased during the luteal phase in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. Low‐dose aspirin induced a reversible increase in uterine blood flow and may be of therapeutic value.
High‐precision U‐Pb geochronology of the Jurassic Yanliao Biota from Jianchang (western Liaoning Province, China): Age constraints on the rise of feathered dinosaurs and eutherian mammals
Authors: Chu Zhuyin , He Huaiyu , Ramezani Jahandar , Bowring Samuel A. , Hu Dongyu , Zhang Lijun , Zheng Shaolin , Wang Xiaolin , Zhou Zhonghe , Deng Chenglong , Guo Jinghui 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Yanliao Biota of northeastern China comprises the oldest feathered dinosaurs, transitional pterosaurs, as well as the earliest eutherian mammals, multituberculate mammals, and new euharamiyidan species that are key elements of the Mesozoic biotic record. Recent discovery of the Yanliao Biota in the Daxishan section near the town of Linglongta, Jianchang County in western Liaoning Province have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the transition from dinosaurs to birds, primitive to derived pterosaurs, and the early evolution of mammals. Nevertheless, fundamental questions regarding the correlation of fossil‐bearing strata, rates of dinosaur and mammalian evolution, and their relationship to environmental change in deep time remain unresolved due to the paucity of precise and accurate temporal constraints. These limitations underscore the importance of placing the rich fossil record of Jianchang within a high‐resolution chronostratigraphic framework that has thus far been hampered by the relatively low precision of in situ radioisotopic dating techniques. Here we present high‐precision U‐Pb zircon geochronology by the chemical abrasion isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA‐ID‐TIMS) from three interstratified ash beds previously dated by secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique. The results constrain the key fossil horizons of the Daxishan section to an interval spanning 160.89 to 160.25 Ma with 2σ analytical uncertainties that range from ±46 to ±69 kyr. These data place the Yanliao Biota from Jianchang in the Oxfordian Stage of the Late Jurassic, and mark the Daxishan section as the site of Earth's oldest precisely dated feathered dinosaurs and eutherian mammals.
Unraveling El Niño's impact on the East Asian Monsoon and Yangtze River summer flooding
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Jin Fei‐Fei , Stuecker Malte F. , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Timmermann Axel , Ren Hong‐Li , Kug Jong‐Seong , Cai Wenju , Cane Mark 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStrong El Niño events are followed by massive summer monsoon flooding over the Yangtze River basin (YRB), home to about a third of the population in China. Although the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provides the main source of seasonal climate predictability for many parts of the Earth, the mechanisms of its connection to the East Asian monsoon remain largely elusive. For instance, the traditional Niño3.4 ENSO index only captures precipitation anomalies over East Asia in boreal winter but not during the summer. Here we show that there exists a robust year‐round and predictable relationship between ENSO and the Asian monsoon. This connection is revealed by combining equatorial (Niño3.4) and off‐equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (Niño‐A index) into a new metric that captures ENSO's various aspects, such as its interaction with the annual cycle and its different flavors. This extended view of ENSO complexity improves predictability of YRB summer flooding events.
First observations of super plasma bubbles in Europe
Authors: Cherniak Iurii , Zakharenkova Irina 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIonospheric plasma bubbles of equatorial origin have never been registered at midlatitudes in Europe. During the 22–23 June 2015 geomagnetic storm the prompt penetration electric fields caused the occurrence of plasma bite‐outs in the postsunset sector over low latitudes of Western Africa and large‐scale plasma bubbles extended toward Europe. For the first time, using multisite GPS and Global Navigation Satellite System observations (~1500 stations), the super plasma bubble signatures were registered in Europe. They were observed more than 8 h (20–04 UT) and covered a broad area within 30°–40°N and 20°W–10°E. These unique results were confirmed by measurements on board Swarm and DMSP satellites and ground‐based absolute total electron content observations. Occurrence of the super plasma bubbles in Europe affected Global Navigation Satellite Systems measurements over a number of stations in Spain, Portugal, southern France, and Italy and led to performance degradation of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service.
B
urke,
K
enneth
Authors: Zappen James P. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Kenneth Burke's concept of communication spans multiple disciplines, ranging from rhetoric to literary theory to sociology to philosophy, but is focused on bridging multiple and competing points of view. Widely regarded as the most important rhetorician of the 20th century, Burke is equally a dialectician: a Socratic midwife who seeks to unsettle and then bridge partial and partisan perspectives. He captures these partial perspectives in creative concepts such as perspective by incongruity, frames of acceptance and rejection, dramatism, the pentad, the human barnyard, the parliamentary wrangle, and terministic screens and seeks to bridge them via identification—the concept for which he is most famous; the human drama of the unending conversation; and dialectical processes of transcendence.
B
arthes,
R
oland
Authors: Ott Brian L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Roland Barthes (1915–1980) was among the most important French intellectuals of the postwar era. Through his scholarship on myth, semiology, the Text, and pleasure, he made significant contributions to the fields of literature, philosophy, communication, media studies, and cultural studies. Barthes's work was unified by a concern with writing (
écriture
), a concept whose suppleness he demonstrated both in theory and practice.
B
ateson,
G
regory
Authors: Leeds‐Hurwitz Wendy 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
An original and synthetic thinker, Gregory Bateson's ideas about such basic matters as communication, information, thinking, and learning are today well established. A grand social theorist, he worked at the highest level of abstraction to establish fundamental principles, always providing concrete examples. In addition to a concern for humans and their social structures, his early training in science led to a comparable concern for the natural world and animal communication, as well as information and learning theory across these contexts. Among the major concepts generally associated with his name are framing, metacommunication, cybernetics, double bind, feedback, schismogenesis, abduction, difference, deutero‐learning, mind, natural history, context, and pattern. These are most adequately understood as a system of ideas rather than discrete units since Bateson viewed knowledge as integrated.
Anthropology
Authors: Dayan Daniel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
There exists a two‐way circulation between anthropology and media research. Many anthropological concepts were imported by media studies, while media studies and communication have challenged anthropology with original questions. Rather than presupposing the existence of a homogeneous discipline called “anthropology,” contributions by significant authors are discussed in reference to four questions: What are the major anthropological influences on media studies? How did media help steer anthropology to particular issues? Are there themes shared by anthropology and media research despite different vocabularies? Which major questions should be addressed by both disciplines today? In the anthropological tradition, the entry focuses on Lévi‐Strauss, Turner, Geertz, and Appadurai. Special attention is paid to the notion of media events.
A
dorno,
T
heodor
W
.
Authors: Garlitz Dustin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The entry focuses on the scholarly career of German sociologist, philosopher, and musicologist Theodor W. Adorno. Examined are his leading publications, his notable teachers and collaborators, and his time in exile in the United States, among other places. Special emphasis is placed on his negative dialectics, including how this perspective formed a method of communication in itself. Adorno's contributions to the Frankfurt School, and to 20th‐century Continental philosophy, sociology, and musicology, are also covered.
Cyborg
Authors: Giddings Seth 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

The term cyborg, derived from “cybernetic organism,” refers to a diverse range of fictional and actual creatures, hybrids of biological bodies and technological augmentations. In science‐fiction film and literature cyborgs are most commonly depicted as technologically enhanced humans, but actual everyday examples would include the heart patient with a pacemaker. The term and its instantiations in popular culture, in pieces such as
Robocop
and
The Terminator
, have been influential in communication and cultural studies approaches to technology, culture, and the body, particularly through the work of Donna Haraway, the feminist theorist of science and culture.
Cultural Studies
Authors: Kagan Dion 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Cultural studies is a field of politically engaged scholarly inquiry, established in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, that dramatically transformed approaches to studying culture—including media and communications culture—in the humanities and social sciences. Its development is intimately tied to the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) in Birmingham and to neo‐Marxist thought among British intellectual and New Left movements. Cultural studies understands culture as a “whole way of life,” an approach that was distinct from traditional understandings of culture as the best or most worthy works of a civilization. This expanded definition of culture has enabled cultural studies to investigate previously ignored arenas, including everyday‐life practices, marginal or marginalized groups, and popular and mass media culture. By reframing media artifacts, habits, and institutions as a set of embedded cultural practices, cultural studies helped to transform the way scholars think about media and communications.
Critical Race Theory
Authors: Tomas De La Garza Antonio , Ono Kent A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Critical race theory (CRT) is an intellectual movement that seeks to understand how white supremacy as a legal, cultural, and political condition is reproduced and maintained, primarily in the US context. Key to CRT is an emphasis on social change; thus, scholars within CRT not only attempt to understand race and racism but also to remedy their effects. Within the field of communication, CRT has been taken up by only a few scholars; yet CRT's overarching emphasis on the study of race pervades the field of communication.