bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guest Editorial: Incentivizing Energy and Climate Innovation
Authors: Extavour Marcius , Bunje Paul 
Published: January 2017

Guest editorial
In a quiet industrial park in suburban Toronto, there is a machine that eats carbon dioxide (CO2) and spits out fuel. This place, typically associated with its strip malls, ethnic and cultural diversity, and peaceful middle class life, might also soon be known as a hotbed of energy innovation. The project’s code name is “Pond.”
A world away, at a world-class research institute in Bangalore, India, engineers have developed a completely different technology to convert CO2 into industrial chemicals. They are motivated by the desire to begin tackling rising global CO2 emissions. Their project code name is “Breathe.”
Aside from a healthy obsession with carbon, what these two efforts have in common might surprise you. Rather than collaborating on an international science project or with a company’s industrial research and development, both are competing to win a global competition to transform CO2 from a liability into an asset and, in so doing, create a paradigm shift in the energy space. Both are competitors in the NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE. And the competition is just getting started.
The XPRIZE Foundation relies on the growing power of exponential technologies and revolutionary science to catalyze radical breakthroughs. This means developments in science and technology such as robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, big data, and other disruptive forces have the potential to show exponential impact on grand challenges such as sustainable energy and climate change. By offering a suite of incentives in a prize competition, XPRIZE seeks to inspire the world’s scientists, technologists, and innovators to tackle seemingly intractable challenges.
Transforming our energy systems may be the 21st century’s greatest challenge. Articulating a grand challenge does not solve any problems, but a clear and deep articulation of the problem demands an understanding of the complexity and nuance involved in the problem itself and in a vision for defining characteristics of a solution. In our approach to energy innovation, XPRIZE recognizes that the technological, sociopolitical, and economic changes occurring globally present innovators with a rare opportunity to apply truly groundbreaking research to challenges of worldwide importance. We operate at the intersection of audacious and achievable.
The Carbon XPRIZE is a USD 20 million global competition to incentivize technologies that convert CO2 emissions into valuable products. The winning teams will convert the largest quantity of CO2 from actual flue gas from coal or natural gas power plants into one or more products with the highest net value. The 10 teams that survive the first two elimination rounds (proposal evaluation was in summer of 2016, and lab-scale demonstration from late 2016 through 2017) will use two brand new test centers adjacent to operating power plants in western Canada and the US state of Wyoming to demonstrate their solutions at industrial scale.
Ośrodki protonoterapii w Polsce i na świecie.
Authors: Nowak Agata 
Published: January 2017

Protonoterapia, jako jedna z form leczenia nowotworów gwarantuje dostarczenie wysokiej dawki do zadanej objętości, przy dokładnej ochronie tkanek zdrowych. W związku z tym, iż następuje ciągły rozwój tej metody leczenia, powstaje również coraz więcej placówek oferujących pacjentom leczenie nowotworów przy użyciu protonów. Zastosowanie kliniczne obejmuje coraz większe spektrum dotyczy leczenia przede wszystkim takich lokalizacji jak: gałka oczna czy mózg. Protonoterapia jest wyjątkowo dobra metodą leczenia zmian nowotworowych u dzieci, ze względu na maksymalną ochronę tkanek zdrowych. W pracy opisano wybrane ośrodki protonoterapii w Polsce i na Świecie. W naszym kraju obecnie działa jeden ośrodek – Centrum Cyklotronowe w Bronowicach, który zajmuje się przede wszystkim leczeniem zmian zlokalizowanych w gałce ocznej. Rozpoczęto również działania w ramach projektu INPRONKO, który w dużej mierze przyczyni się do znacznego rozwoju protnoterapii w Polsce. W pracy opisano również takie placówki jak Paul Scherrer Institute, gdzie poraz pierwszy zastosowano dynamiczną wiązkę skanującą, Zjednoczony Instytut Badań w Dubnej, prywatny ośrodek Rinecer Proton Therapy Center, gdzie do leczenia wykorzystuje się trójwymiarową wiązkę protnów. Kolejną opisaną w pracy placówką jest MD Anderson Cancer Center specjalizujący się w leczeniu zmian nowotworowych przy pomocy techniki IMPT. Proton Medical Research Center w Tsukuba to ośrodek, w którym oprócz gałki ocznej naprmieniania się takie lokalizacje jak wątroba, gruczoł krokowy czy przełyk.
LEGISLAÇÃO AMBIENTAL, FORMA URBANA E ESPAÇOS LIVRES
Authors: De Oliveira Lima Angélica Dayane Sena , Benfatti Denio Munia 
Published: January 2017

Esta reflexão envolve dois termos distintos e interdependentes: espaço livre público e forma urbana, sob a perspectiva das legislações ambientais: Plano Diretor, Planos Locais de Gestão Urbana e a Legislação Ambiental. Partindo desses referenciais, o trabalho pretende colocar sob os refletores a utilização do conceito de parques lineares como solução padrão e generalizada para as restrições regulamentares decorrentes de interpretações da legislação ambiental. O trabalho, tomando como objeto a cidade de Campinas, traz para análise duas situações urbanas distintas. A macrozona 5, situada na região sudoeste da cidade e ocupada majoritariamente por uma população de classe de renda média e média baixa, e com grande incidência de ocupações irregulares ocorridas nas últimas três décadas. Como contraponto, a macrozona 8, ocupada majoritariamente por loteamentos fechados, destinados a uma população de classe de renda média e média alta. Esses extremos serão importantes para demonstrar as particularidades de cada paisagem e sobretudo as relações entre os espaços construídos e os espaços livres públicos determinados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE | parques lineares, legislação ambiental, planos locais, Campinas.
Comparison of penetrating and nonpenetrating captive bolt methods in horned goats
Authors: Collins Samantha L. , Caldwell Marc , Hecht Silke , Whitlock Brian K. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use MRI and CT to compare the amount of tissue damage (soft tissue and bone) to the heads of goats after administration of a nonpenetrating or penetrating captive bolt.
ANIMALS Cadavers of twelve 1- to 5-year-old mixed-breed goats that had been euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital as part of an unrelated study.
PROCEDURES Cadavers were randomly assigned to receive a nonpenetrating (n = 6) or penetrating (6) captive bolt. The head of 1 cadaver was imaged via CT and MRI. The muzzle of a device designed to administer either a penetrating or nonpenetrating captive bolt was then placed flush on the dorsal midline of each head at the level of the external occipital protuberance (poll) and aimed downward toward the cranialmost portion of the intermandibular space, and the assigned bolt was administered. Heads were removed, and CT and MRI of each head were performed. After imaging, each skull was transected along the sagittal plane to permit gross evaluation of central nervous tissue and obtain digital photographic images. In addition, 1 head that received a nonpenetrating captive bolt was further evaluated via blunt dissection and removal of adnexa from the external surface of the calvarium.
RESULTS MRI, CT, and dissection of skulls revealed severe skeletal and soft tissue damage after impact with the penetrating and nonpenetrating captive bolts.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The nonpenetrating captive bolt appeared to cause damage similar to that of the penetrating captive bolt in the cranium and soft tissues of the head in caprine cadavers. This damage suggested that administration of a nonpenetrating captive bolt as described here may be an acceptable method of euthanasia in goats.
Serologic survey for antibodies against three genotypes of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in unvaccinated ungulates in Alabama
Authors: Newcomer Benjamin W. , Neill John D. , Galik Patricia K. , Riddell Kay P. , Zhang Yijing , Passler Thomas , Velayudhan Binu T. , Walz Paul H. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine titers of serum antibodies against 3 genotypes of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPI3V) in unvaccinated ungulates in Alabama.
ANIMALS 62 cattle, goats, and New World camelids from 5 distinct herds and 21 captured white-tailed deer.
PROCEDURES Serum samples were obtained from all animals for determination of anti-BPI3V antibody titers, which were measured by virus neutralization assays that used indicator (reference) viruses from each of the 3 BPI3V genotypes (BPI3V-A, BPI3V-B, and BPI3V-C). The reference strains were recent clinical isolates from US cattle. Each sample was assayed in triplicate for each genotype. Animals with a mean antibody titer ≤ 2 for a particular genotype were considered seronegative for that genotype.
RESULTS Animals seropositive for antibodies against BPI3V were identified in 2 of 3 groups of cattle and the group of New World camelids. The geometric mean antibody titer against BPI3V-B was significantly greater than that for BPI3V-A and BPI3V-C in all 3 groups. All goats, captive white-tailed deer, and cattle in the third cattle group were seronegative for all 3 genotypes of the virus.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that BPI3V-A may no longer be the predominant genotype circulating among ungulates in Alabama. This may be clinically relevant because BPI3V is frequently involved in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease complex, current vaccines contain antigens against BPI3V-A only, and the extent of cross-protection among antibodies against the various BPI3V genotypes is unknown.
Positive identification of CA215 pan cancer biomarker from serum specimens of cancer patients
Authors: Lee Gregory , Ge Bixia , Huang Teng-Kai , Zheng Gary , Duan Jiantao , Wang Ida Hsiao Yun 
Published: January 2017

Background: Background: To evaluate the clinical utility of CA215 as a pan cancer biomarker, serum levels of CA215 were determined with clinically defined serum specimens from over 500 cancer patients and compared with results obtained by other nine established cancer markers. The molecular nature of this cancer-associated antigen from selected patients' sera was determined. Methods: Methods: By using improved immunoassays, serum levels of CA215 and other known biomarkers were determined for respective positive detection rates. The molecular size of CA215 from cancer patients was determined by Western blot assay. Results: Results: By using 0.1 AU/ml as the normal cut-off value, the positive rates of CA215 for different cancers were shown to be 52% (lung), 74% (liver), 44% (colon), 61% (esophagus), 60% (stomach), 59% (ovary), 40% (prostate), 71% (breast), 38% (kidney), 41% (pancreas), 51% (cervix), and 83% (lymphoma), respectively. Other cancer markers including AFP, CEA, CA125, CA19-9, CA15-3, Cyfra21-1, Ferritin, β2 microglobulin and PSA were also parallelly compared. A combination of CA215 with other tissue-associated cancer markers generally resulted in much higher cancer detection rates. CA215 detected from cancer patients was confirmed to be human immunoglobulins that contain common RP215-specific carbohydrate-associated epitope. Conclusion: Conclusion: Through clinical evaluations of serum specimens of various cancer patients, CA215 was confirmed to be human cancer cell-derived immunoglobulins. CA215 is apparently comparable to or better than other known biomarkers for the positive detection and monitoring of many types of human cancers.
Lung cancer — major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual
Authors: Rami‐Porta Ramón , Asamura Hisao , Travis William D. , Rusch Valerie W. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
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The revision for the eighth edition of the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification of lung cancer was based on analyses of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer database, which included 77,156 evaluable patients diagnosed with lung cancer from 1999 to 2010. Among tumor (T) descriptors, the following new tumor‐size groups were created: T1a, ≤1 cm; T1b, >1 to 2 cm; T1c, >2 to 3 cm; T2a, >3 to 4 cm; T2b, >4 to 5 cm; T3, >5 to 7 cm; and T4, >7 cm. Tis and T1mi were introduced for adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, respectively. Endobronchial tumors located <2 cm from the carina have better prognosis than those with any other T3 descriptor and were classified as T2. Total atelectasis/pneumonitis was classified as a T2 descriptor, because it has a T2 prognosis. Diaphragmatic invasion is now T4. Visceral pleural invasion remains unchanged, and mediastinal pleura invasion, which is seldom used, disappears as a T descriptor. The lymph node (N) component descriptors are unchanged, but the number of involved nodal stations has prognostic impact. For the metastasis (M) component, M1a (intrathoracic metastases) remains unchanged, but extrathoracic metastases are divided into a single extrathoracic metastasis (new M1b) and multiple extrathoracic metastases in a single organ or multiple organs (M1c). Stage IA is now divided into IA1, IA2, and IA3 to accommodate T1a, T1b, and T1cN0M0 tumors, respectively; all N1 disease is stage IIB except for T3‐T4N1M0 tumors, which are stage IIIA; a new stage IIIC is created for T3‐T4N3M0 tumors; and stage IV is divided into IVA (M1a and M1b) and IVB (M1c). This revision enhances our capacity for prognostication and will have an important impact in the management of patients with lung cancer and in future research. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:138–155. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Juggling confidentiality and safety: a qualitative study of how general practice clinicians document domestic violence in families with children
Authors: Drinkwater Jessica , Stanley Nicky , Szilassy Eszter , Larkins Cath , Hester Marianne , Feder Gene 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundDomestic violence and abuse (DVA) and child safeguarding are interlinked problems, impacting on all family members. Documenting in electronic patient records (EPRs) is an important part of managing these families. Current evidence and guidance, however, treats DVA and child safeguarding separately. This does not reflect the complexity clinicians face when documenting both issues in one family.AimTo explore how and why general practice clinicians document DVA in families with children.Design and settingA qualitative interview study using vignettes with GPs and practice nurses (PNs) in England.MethodSemi-structured telephone interviews with 54 clinicians (42 GPs and 12 PNs) were conducted across six sites in England. Data were analysed thematically using a coding frame incorporating concepts from the literature and emerging themes.ResultsMost clinicians recognised DVA and its impact on child safeguarding, but struggled to work out the best way to document it. They described tensions among the different roles of the EPR: a legal document; providing continuity of care; information sharing to improve safety; and a patient-owned record. This led to strategies to hide information, so that it was only available to other clinicians.ConclusionManaging DVA in families with children is complex and challenging for general practice clinicians. National integrated guidance is urgently needed regarding how clinicians should manage the competing roles of the EPR, while maintaining safety of the whole family, especially in the context of online EPRs and patient access.
KIC 11401845: An Eclipsing Binary with Multiperiodic Pulsations and Light-travel Time
Authors: Lee Jae Woo , Hong Kyeongsoo , Kim Seung-Lee , Koo Jae-Rim 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We report the

photometry of KIC 11401845 displaying multiperiodic pulsations, superimposed on binary effects. Light-curve synthesis shows that the binary star is a short-period detached system with a very low mass ratio of q = 0.070 and filling factors of F
1 = 45% and F
2 = 99%. Multiple-frequency analyses were applied to the light residuals after subtracting the synthetic eclipsing curve from the observed data. We detected 23 frequencies with signal-to-noise ratios larger than 4.0, of which the orbital harmonics (f
4, f
6, f
9, f
15) in the low-frequency domain may originate from tidally excited modes. For the high frequencies of 13.7–23.8 day−1, the period ratios and pulsation constants are in the ranges of

and Q = 0.018–0.031 days, respectively. These values and the position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram demonstrate that the primary component is a δ Sct pulsating star. We examined the eclipse timing variation of KIC 11401845 from the pulsation-subtracted data and found a delay of 56 ± 17 s in the arrival times of the secondary eclipses relative to the primary eclipses. A possible explanation of the time shift may be some combination of a light-travel-time delay of about 34 s and a very small eccentricity of

. This result represents the first measurement of the Rømer delay in noncompact binaries.
Thermal Pressure in the Cold Neutral Medium of Nearby Galaxies
Authors: Herrera-Camus R. , Bolatto A. , Wolfire M. , Ostriker E. , Draine B. , Leroy A. , Sandstrom K. , Hunt L. , Kennicutt R. , Calzetti D. , Smith J. D. , Croxall K. , Galametz M. , de Looze I. , Dale D. , Crocker A. , Groves B. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Dynamic and thermal processes regulate the structure of the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM), and ultimately establish how galaxies evolve through star formation. Thus, to constrain ISM models and better understand the interplay of these processes, it is of great interest to measure the thermal pressure (

) of the diffuse, neutral gas. By combining [C ii] 158 μm, H i, and CO data from 31 galaxies selected from the Herschel KINGFISH sample, we have measured thermal pressures in 534 predominantly atomic regions with typical sizes of ∼1 kiloparsec. We find a distribution of thermal pressures in the

K cm−3 range. For a sub-sample of regions with conditions similar to those of the diffuse, neutral gas in the Galactic plane, we find thermal pressures that follow a log-normal distribution with a median value of P
th/k ≈ 3600 K cm−3. These results are consistent with thermal pressure measurements using other observational methods. We find that

increases with radiation field strength and star formation activity, as expected from the close link between the heating of the gas and the star formation rate. Our thermal pressure measurements fall in the regime where a two-phase ISM with cold and warm neutral media could exist in pressure equilibrium. Finally, we find that the midplane thermal pressure of the diffuse gas is about ∼30% of the vertical weight of the overlying ISM, consistent with results from hydrodynamical simulations of self-regulated star formation in galactic disks.
Stochastic Fermi Energization of Coronal Plasma during Explosive Magnetic Energy Release
Authors: Pisokas Theophilos , Vlahos Loukas , Isliker Heinz , Tsiolis Vassilis , Anastasiadis Anastasios 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction of charged particles (ions and electrons) with randomly formed particle scatterers (e.g., large-scale local “magnetic fluctuations” or “coherent magnetic irregularities”) using the setup proposed initially by Fermi. These scatterers are formed by the explosive magnetic energy release and propagate with the Alfvén speed along the irregular magnetic fields. They are large-scale local fluctuations (δB/B ≈ 1) randomly distributed inside the unstable magnetic topology and will here be called Alfvénic Scatterers (AS). We constructed a 3D grid on which a small fraction of randomly chosen grid points are acting as AS. In particular, we study how a large number of test particles evolves inside a collection of AS, analyzing the evolution of their energy distribution and their escape-time distribution. We use a well-established method to estimate the transport coefficients directly from the trajectories of the particles. Using the estimated transport coefficients and solving the Fokker–Planck equation numerically, we can recover the energy distribution of the particles. We have shown that the stochastic Fermi energization of mildly relativistic and relativistic plasma can heat and accelerate the tail of the ambient particle distribution as predicted by Parker & Tidman and Ramaty. The temperature of the hot plasma and the tail of the energetic particles depend on the mean free path (λ
sc) of the particles between the scatterers inside the energization volume.
Electron Acceleration at Pulsar Wind Termination Shocks
Authors: Giacchè S. , Kirk John G. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We study the acceleration of electrons and positrons at an electromagnetically modified, ultrarelativistic shock in the context of pulsar wind nebulae. We simulate the outflow produced by an obliquely rotating pulsar in proximity of its termination shock with a two-fluid code that uses a magnetic shear wave to mimic the properties of the wind. We integrate electron trajectories in the test-particle limit in the resulting background electromagnetic fields to analyze the injection mechanism. We find that the shock-precursor structure energizes and reflects a sizable fraction of particles, which becomes available for further acceleration. We investigate the subsequent first-order Fermi process sustained by small-scale magnetic fluctuations with a Monte Carlo code. We find that the acceleration proceeds in two distinct regimes: when the gyroradius

exceeds the wavelength of the shear λ, the process is remarkably similar to first-order Fermi acceleration at relativistic, parallel shocks. This regime corresponds to a low-density wind that allows the propagation of superluminal waves. When

which corresponds to the scenario of driven reconnection, the spectrum is softer.
Chromospheric Plasma Ejections in a Light Bridge of a Sunspot
Authors: Song Donguk , Chae Jongchul , Yurchyshyn Vasyl , Lim Eun-Kyung , Cho Kyung-Suk , Yang Heesu , Cho Kyuhyoun , Kwak Hannah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
It is well-known that light bridges (LBs) inside a sunspot produce small-scale plasma ejections and transient brightenings in the chromosphere, but the nature and origin of such phenomena are still unclear. Utilizing the high-spatial and high-temporal resolution spectral data taken with the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph and the TiO 7057 Å broadband filter images installed at the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope of Big Bear Solar Observatory, we report arcsecond-scale chromospheric plasma ejections (1.″7) inside a LB. Interestingly, the ejections are found to be a manifestation of upwardly propagating shock waves as evidenced by the sawtooth patterns seen in the temporal-spectral plots of the Ca ii 8542 Å and Hα intensities. We also found a fine-scale photospheric pattern (1″) diverging with a speed of about 2 km s−1 two minutes before the plasma ejections, which seems to be a manifestation of magnetic flux emergence. As a response to the plasma ejections, the corona displayed small-scale transient brightenings. Based on our findings, we suggest that the shock waves can be excited by the local disturbance caused by magnetic reconnection between the emerging flux inside the LB and the adjacent umbral magnetic field. The disturbance generates slow-mode waves, which soon develop into shock waves, and manifest themselves as the arcsecond-scale plasma ejections. It also appears that the dissipation of mechanical energy in the shock waves can heat the local corona.