bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silylating Agents
Authors: Pape Peter G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSilylating agents are silicon‐based chemicals that are used to modify organic and inorganic substrates to impart physical and chemical modifications to those substrates. Once those substrates are modified by silylation, the silane‐treated chemical exhibits varying changes in physical and chemical properties such as changes in volatility, altered chemical reactivity, enabling analytical procedure, changes in chemical properties, effects on solubility phenomena, change in organic reactivity of inorganic substrates, and other property changes. The goal of this article is to describe the various methods and materials used in silylation, describe many of the various technologies that silylation enables, and provide references to support the many documented procedures.
Ionospheric data assimilation applied to HF geolocation in the presence of traveling ionospheric disturbances
Authors: Mitchell C. N. , Rankov N. R. , Bust G. S. , Miller E. , Gaussiran T. , Calfas R. , Doyle J. D. , Teig L. J. , Werth J. L. , Dekine I. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIonospheric data assimilation is a technique to evaluate the 3‐D time varying distribution of electron density using a combination of a physics‐based model and observations. A new ionospheric data assimilation method is introduced that has the capability to resolve traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). TIDs are important because they cause strong delay and refraction to radio signals that are detrimental to the accuracy of high‐frequency (HF) geolocation systems. The capability to accurately specify the ionosphere through data assimilation can correct systems for the error caused by the unknown ionospheric refraction. The new data assimilation method introduced here uses ionospheric models in combination with observations of HF signals from known transmitters. The assimilation methodology was tested by the ability to predict the incoming angles of HF signals from transmitters at a set of nonassimilated test locations. The technique is demonstrated and validated using observations collected during 2 days of a dedicated campaign of ionospheric measurements at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico in January 2014. This is the first time that full HF ionospheric data assimilation using an ensemble run of a physics‐based model of ionospheric TIDs has been demonstrated. The results show a significant improvement over HF angle‐of‐arrival prediction using an empirical model and also over the classic method of single‐site location using an ionosonde close to the midpoint of the path. The assimilative approach is extendable to include other types of ionospheric measurements.
Radial solute transport in highly heterogeneous aquifers: Modeling and experimental comparison
Authors: Di Dato Mariaines , Fiori Aldo , de Barros Felipe P. J. , Bellin Alberto 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe analyze solute transport in a radially converging 3‐D flow field in a porous medium with spatially heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity (K). The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of heterogeneity and the mode of injection on BreakThrough Curves (BTCs) detected at a well pumping a contaminated aquifer. The aquifer is conceptualized as an ensemble of blocks of uniform but contrasting K and the analysis makes use of the travel time approach. Despite the approximations introduced, the model reproduces a laboratory experiment without calibration of transport parameters. Our results also show excellent agreement with numerical simulations for different levels of heterogeneity. We focus on the impact on the BTC of both heterogeneity in K and solute release conditions. It is shown that the injection mode matters, and the differences in the BTCs between uniform and flux‐proportional injection increase with the heterogeneity of the K‐field. Furthermore, we study the effect of heterogeneity and mode of injection on early and late arrivals at the well.
A revised radiation package of G‐packed McICA and two‐stream approximation: Performance evaluation in a global weather forecasting model
Authors: Baek Sunghye 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFor more efficient and accurate computation of radiative flux, improvements have been achieved in two aspects, integration of the radiative transfer equation over space and angle. First, the treatment of the Monte Carlo‐independent column approximation (MCICA) is modified focusing on efficiency using a reduced number of random samples (“G‐packed”) within a reconstructed and unified radiation package. The original McICA takes 20% of CPU time of radiation in the Global/Regional Integrated Model systems (GRIMs). The CPU time consumption of McICA is reduced by 70% without compromising accuracy. Second, parameterizations of shortwave two‐stream approximations are revised to reduce errors with respect to the 16‐stream discrete ordinate method. Delta‐scaled two‐stream approximation (TSA) is almost unanimously used in Global Circulation Model (GCM) but contains systematic errors which overestimate forward peak scattering as solar elevation decreases. These errors are alleviated by adjusting the parameterizations of each scattering element—aerosol, liquid, ice and snow cloud particles. Parameterizations are determined with 20,129 atmospheric columns of the GRIMs data and tested with 13,422 independent data columns. The result shows that the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) over the all atmospheric layers is decreased by 39% on average without significant increase in computational time. Revised TSA developed and validated with a separate one‐dimensional model is mounted on GRIMs for mid‐term numerical weather forecasting. Monthly averaged global forecast skill scores are unchanged with revised TSA but the temperature at lower levels of the atmosphere (pressure
700 hPa) is slightly increased (< 0.5 K) with corrected atmospheric absorption.
Small‐scale distributions in an indoor environment at 94 GHz
Authors: Reig J. , Martinez‐Ingles M. T. , Molina‐Garcia‐Pardo J. M. , Rubio L. , Rodrigo‐Peñarrocha V. M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn this paper, an extensive multiple‐input multiple‐output measurement campaign in a lab environment has been conducted at the 94 GHz band. Using a vector network analyzer, updown converters, and omnidirectional antennas displaced in virtual arrays, we have obtained an estimation of the distribution parameters for the most usual distributions employed in the small‐scale fading modeling, i.e., Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami‐m and α‐μ, by using statistical inference techniques. Moreover, in this scenario the best fit distribution to the experimental data is the Weibull distribution, using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test. However, the α‐μ distribution provides the best fitting to the experimental results in terms of the lower tails of the distributions.
The foam drainage equation for drainage dynamics in unsaturated porous media
Authors: Lehmann P. , Hoogland F. , Assouline S. , Or D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSimilarity in liquid‐phase configuration and drainage dynamics of wet foam and gravity drainage from unsaturated porous media expands modeling capabilities for capillary flows and supplements the standard Richards equation representation. The governing equation for draining foam (or a soil variant termed the soil foam drainage equation—SFDE) obviates the need for macroscopic unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function by an explicit account of diminishing flow pathway sizes as the medium gradually drains. The study provides new and simple analytical expressions for drainage rates and volumes from unsaturated porous media subjected to different boundary conditions. Two novel analytical solutions for saturation profile evolution were derived and tested in good agreement with a numerical solution of the SFDE. The study and the proposed solutions rectify the original formulation of foam drainage dynamics of Or and Assouline (2013). The new framework broadens the scope of methods available for quantifying unsaturated flow in porous media, where the intrinsic conductivity and geometrical representation of capillary drainage could improve understanding of colloid and pathogen transport. The explicit geometrical interpretation of flow pathways underlying the hydraulic functions used by the Richards equation offers new insights that benefit both approaches.
Chemometrics for Food Quality Control and Authentication
Authors: Cocchi Marina 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe concern of society about food nowadays extends to the several aspects linked to food consumption encompassing nutritional value, health, safety, and quality, as well as ethics, sustainability, tradition, communication, marketing, and so on. The increased information available to the consumers, the awareness of the impact of diet on healthiness, and the issues brought by globalization of the food market on one hand and the institution of the Common Market (European Union (EU) countries) and its regulations on the other hand have progressively changed the leading paradigms in food science and the essential topics for the food industry. Undoubtedly, ‘quality’ is a primary criterion to access the market. However, quality is a multifaceted concept including both aspects, the set of identifiable features of a product and accountability, trustiness linked to it. Thus, quality is usually an integrated measure of several characteristics deliberately produced (sophistication, adulteration, counterfeit, appearance, etc.) or not (purity, contamination, degradation, etc.) and also of the subjective consumer's perception of the worth of the product (to which issues such as terroir, authenticity, origin, and production practice contribute). In this context, quality control and authentication require a step beyond traditional chemical analysis and characterization, which focuses mainly on single classes of constituents/properties, moving to fingerprinting, fast, nondestructive techniques. In this perspective, the role of chemometrics is of paramount importance to efficiently extract the relevant information and by providing tailored tools that allow exploratory data analysis, graphical representation, and validation of the models during all steps of data processing as well as efficient storage, retrieval, and sharing of information.
C
haucer: Translations
Authors: Machan Tim William 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Translation was crucial to Chaucer's work as a literary artist. Whether rendering the works of Antique authors like Ovid or modern ones like Boccaccio, Chaucer drew on source texts for much of his literary production. At the same time, the role of the translator offered Chaucer a way to fashion his own role as a literary artist. In that role he could defer to authority of established writers, even as his reworking of plots and amplification of stylistic nuances enabled him to express his own creative individuality.
Metabolomics: Integrating the Metabolome and the Proteome for Systems Biology
Authors: Weckwerth Wolfram 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe term ‘metabolome’ was coined in analogy to ‘genome’ and ‘proteome’ and relates to the metabolism. The metabolome contains all the characteristic metabolic activities of a cell or tissue and can be described on the basis of conversion rates, enzyme activities and intermediates, the set of metabolites. In order to study a cell, tissue or an organism in its entirety it is not sufficient to merely consider its metabolome alone. Only the interactions and synergisms between the transcriptome, the proteome and finally the metabolome will furnish the key to a functioning living system. This approach does not only promise to provide an improved picture of the metabolic processes and the interaction. In this way, we also hope to understand the function of hitherto unknown genes representing a large proportion of all so far published genomes. Finally, computer models for making predictions of the metabolic network and their iterative linkage to experimental data via the interaction of proteins and metabolic processes may contribute to studying fundamental mechanisms of metabolism.
Lateral Root Formation
Authors: Malamy Jocelyn E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe plant root system is formed through continuous production of lateral roots. Lateral root formation can be divided into several discrete developmental stages. Correct progression through each stage is regulated by intrinsic developmental pathways and environmental response pathways. Similarly, the spacing and position of lateral roots in the root system are constrained by intrinsic developmental pathways, but are also responsive to environmental cues. Studies inArabidopsisand other plants have provided extensive information about the hormones and genes that regulate lateral root formation, and these studies are reviewed, with an emphasis on the role of the phytohormone auxin. The overall architecture of the root system, which is primarily determined by the number and placement of lateral roots, is a key determinant of plant survival and crop yield, particularly under conditions of water or nutrient stress. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control lateral root formation has important applications to agriculture. Our progress in leveraging our molecular understanding of lateral root formation to improve crops is discussed.
Studying Root Development Using a Genomic Approach
Authors: Dinneny Jose R. , Benfey Philip N. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The completion of the
Arabidopsis thaliana
genome sequencing project represented the beginning of a new way to approach biological questions in plants (The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000). At a basic level, a fully sequenced genome makes it possible to predict the identity and structure of most genes. This information, in conjunction with recent advances in technology to quantitatively detect the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously, has greatly expanded the number of genes a biologist can study. Thus, the postgenome era is characterized by a wealth of data, but also by new challenges. Large data sets require analytical methods such as statistical analysis and computationally intensive methods, with which most biologists are not necessarily familiar. To address these challenges, the new biologist must collaborate with researchers from other fields such as computer science and engineering, to design experiments, interpret data, generate models and build bioinformatics infrastructure to share data. While large data sets facilitate rapid progress using traditional reductionist approaches to answering biological questions, they also enable a new approach termed
systems biology
that aims to understand the structure of large‐scale phenomena not easily studied through the examination of individual genes. In this chapter, we will give an overview of the technologies that allow the root developmental biologist to acquire large data sets and examine how these techniques have been used to study root development. Finally, we will explore the types of questions that remain in root developmental biology for which genomic approaches are likely to provide useful insights.
The self‐healing cross‐linked polyurethane by Diels–Alder polymerization
Authors: Wei Yanyan , Ma Xiaoyue 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPolymer materials containing Diels–Alder (abbreviated DA) groups show good self‐healing ability under certain conditions. In this study, the thermal reversible DA bond was introduced into polyurethane by the design of molecular chain to obtain the self‐healing properties. The pre‐polyurethane (HTK) end‐capped with furan rings was synthesized by hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer and furfuryl alcohol firstly. Then, HTK was mixed with bismaleimide (BMI) to synthesize the cross‐linked polyurethane HTK‐PU. Finally, the properties of the HTK‐PU were characterized. It can be observed from DSC that the DA reaction occurred at 76°C and the r‐DA reaction occurred at 109.5°C. This cross‐linked polyurethane shows a remarkable high hardness (shore D80). When preserved at 80°C for 6 hr, the self‐healing efficiency of the HTK‐PU was 53.75% known from tensile test, and cracks on it virtually disappeared as observed from polarizing microscope (POM). When preserved at 80°C for 12 hr, the self‐healing efficiency was 67.56%.
Predictive validity of body fat percentage by bioimpedance compared with deuterium oxide dilution in Costa Rican schoolchildren
Authors: Zamora Salas Juan Diego , Laclé‐Murray Adriana 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to verify the validity of body fat percentage (BF%) by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in a sample of Costa Rican schoolchildren.METHODSThe sample consisted of 52 male (mean age 8.1 ± 0.9 years) and 49 female (mean age 7.5 ± 1.0 years) schoolchildren. Deuterium oxide dilution was the reference method used as the “gold standard” to determine the fat mass (FM) expressed as BF%. Linear regression analyses and paired sample t‐tests were used to test the association and mean differences between BIA and deuterium oxide dilution BF%. Concordance between BIA and deuterium oxide dilution BF% was determined by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Measurement of agreement between the two methods was analyzed using the Bland‐Altman procedure.RESULTSSignificant associations between BIA and deuterium oxide dilution BF% were found in males (R = 0.97, R2 = 0.95, P < .0001) and in females (R = 0.98, R2 = .96, P < .0001). The measurements of BF% (mean ± SD) were not significantly different between males (BIA 31.1 ± 7.6% vs. deuterium oxide dilution 31.0 ± 7.4%) and females (BIA 25.9 ± 7.9% vs. deuterium oxide dilution 26.3 ± 7.8%) by t‐test. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient identified an almost perfect strength of agreement between males and females. Bland‐Altman plots showed that the Bodystat measured similar BF% compared to the deuterium oxide dilution in both males and females.CONCLUSIONSBIA Bodystat presented high agreement with BF% measured by deuterium oxide dilution; therefore BIA Bodystat is recommended for estimating BF% in Costa Rican schoolchildren.
Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1/CASPR2‐IgG–positive patients
Authors: Gadoth Avi , Pittock Sean J. , Dubey Divyanshu , McKeon Andrew , Britton Jeff W. , Schmeling John E. , Smith Aurelia , Kotsenas Amy L. , Watson Robert E. , Lachance Daniel H. , Flanagan Eoin P. , Lennon Vanda A. , Klein Christopher J. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo describe an expanded phenotypic spectrum and longitudinal outcome in 256 LGI1‐IgG–seropositive and/or CASPR2‐IgG–seropositive patients.MethodsPatients were identified through service neural autoantibody evaluation. Ninety‐five had longitudinal follow‐up (7–456 months; median = 35).ResultsAmong 3,910 patients tested, 196 were LGI1‐IgG positive, 51 were CASPR2‐IgG positive, and 9 were dual positive. Cerebrospinal fluid testing was less sensitive than serum testing, detecting only 24 of 38 (63%) LGI1‐IgG–positive and 5 of 6 (83%) CASPR2‐IgG–positive patients. LGI1‐IgG–positive specimens had higher voltage‐gated potassium channel–IgG immunoprecipitation values (0.33nmol/l, range = 0.02–5.14) than CASPR2‐IgG–positive specimens (0.10nmol/l, range = 0.00–0.45, p < 0.001). Of patients presenting with pain or peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations, 39% were LGI1‐IgG seropositive (7% had solely neuropathy or pain). Multivariate analysis identified age as the only significant predictor of central nervous system (CNS) versus PNS involvement (>50 years; odds ratio = 15, p < 0.001). Paroxysmal dizziness spells (PDS), a unique LGI1‐IgG accompaniment (14% of patients), frequently delayed the diagnosis. T2‐mesiotemporal hyperintensity was more common in LGI1‐IgG–positive (41%) than in CASPR2‐IgG–positive patients (p = 0.033). T1‐bright basal ganglia were confined to LGI1‐IgG–positive patients with faciobrachial–dystonic seizures (9 of 39, 31%). Cancer was found in 44% of LGI1‐IgG/CASPR2‐IgG dual seropositive patients (one‐third thymoma). Response to initial immunotherapy was favorable in 97%; mean modified Rankin score was 3 (range = 1–5) at onset and 1.74 (range = 0–6) at last follow‐up, with 9% having severe refractory disability, 20% being asymptomatic, 28% receiving immunotherapy, and 58% receiving antiepileptic medication.InterpretationOlder age is a strong predictor of CNS involvement in patients seropositive for CASPR2‐IgG or LGI1‐IgG. Pain, peripheral manifestations, and stereotypic paroxysmal dizziness spells are common with LGI1‐IgG. Response to initial immunotherapy is often favorable, but some patients remain severely disabled, requiring long‐term immunotherapy and/or antiepileptic medications. Ann Neurol 2017;82:79–92
Catalytic Enantioselective Reaction of Allenylnitriles with Imines Using Chiral Bis(imidazoline)s Palladium(II) Pincer Complexes
Authors: Kondo Masaru , Omori Masashi , Hatanaka Tsubasa , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Nakamura Shuichi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe first highly enantioselective reaction of allenylnitriles with imines has been developed. Excellent yields and enantioselectivities were observed for the reaction with various imines using chiral Phebim‐PdII complexes. This process offers a simple and efficient synthetic route for various functionalized α‐vinylidene‐β‐aminonitriles and their derivatives.
Von Lithium‐ zu Natriumionenbatterien: Vorteile, Herausforderungen und Überraschendes
Authors: Nayak Prasant Kumar , Yang Liangtao , Brehm Wolfgang , Adelhelm Philipp 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDie mobile und stationäre Energiespeicherung durch wiederaufladbare Batterien ist ein Thema von breiter gesellschaftlicher und ökonomischer Bedeutung. Die wichtigste Technologie in diesem Bereich ist die Lithiumionenbatterie (LIB), jedoch muss man davon ausgehen, dass ein massiv wachsender LIB‐Markt ernsten Druck auf Ressourcen und Lieferketten ausüben wird. Seit kurzem richtet sich die Aufmerksamkeit daher auch wieder auf die Natriumionenbatterie (SIB), die eine preisgünstige Alternative darstellen könnte, die weniger anfällig für Ressourcen‐ und Versorgungsrisiken ist. Auf dem Papier scheint der Austausch von Lithium durch Natrium in einer Batterie unkompliziert, jedoch erlebt man in der Praxis oft unvorhersehbare Überraschungen. Was geschieht, wenn in Elektrodenreaktionen Lithium durch Natrium ersetzt wird? Dieser Aufsatz bietet einen aktuellen Überblick über das Redoxverhalten von Materialien bei ihrer Verwendung als Elektroden in LIBs bzw. SIBs. Die Vorteile und Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Natrium anstelle von Lithium werden diskutiert.
Cation‐Driven Self‐Assembly of a Gold(I)‐Based Metallo‐Tweezer
Authors: Ibáñez Susana , Poyatos Macarena , Peris Eduardo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA combination of self‐complementary π–π‐stacking interactions and metallophilic interactions triggered the self‐assembly of a new digold(I) metallo‐tweezer in the presence of several types of M+ ions. Titrations by fluorescence spectroscopy enabled the determination of the association constants of the resulting inclusion duplex complexes.