bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atrophy of amygdala and abnormal memory-related alpha oscillations over posterior cingulate predict conversion to Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Prieto del Val Laura , Cantero Jose L. , Atienza Mercedes 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSynaptic dysfunction, a key pathophysiological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), may account for abnormal memory-related EEG patterns in prodromal AD. Here, we investigate to what extent oscillatory EEG changes during memory encoding and/or retrieval enhance the accuracy of medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy in predicting conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to AD. As expected, aMCI individuals that, within a 2-year follow-up period, developed dementia (N = 16) compared to healthy older (HO) (N = 26) and stable aMCI (N = 18) showed poorer associative memory, greater MTL atrophy and lower capacity to recruit alpha oscillatory cortical networks. Interestingly, encoding-induced abnormal alpha desynchronized activity over the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) at baseline showed significantly higher accuracy in predicting AD than the magnitude of amygdala atrophy. Nevertheless, the best accuracy was obtained when the two markers were fitted into the model (sensitivity = 78%, specificity = 82%). These results support the idea that synaptic integrity/function in the PCC is affected during prodromal AD and has the potential of improving early detection when combined with MRI biomarkers.
Pichia pastoris Fep1 is a [2Fe-2S] protein with a Zn finger that displays an unusual oxygen-dependent role in cluster binding
Authors: Cutone Antimo , Howes Barry D. , Miele Adriana E. , Miele Rossella , Giorgi Alessandra , Battistoni Andrea , Smulevich Giulietta , Musci Giovanni , di Patti Maria Carmela Bonaccorsi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFep1, the iron-responsive GATA factor from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, has been characterised both in vivo and in vitro. This protein has two Cys2-Cys2 type zinc fingers and a set of four conserved cysteines arranged in a Cys-X5-Cys-X8-Cys-X2-Cys motif located between the two zinc fingers. Electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopic analyses in anaerobic and aerobic conditions indicate that Fep1 binds iron in the form of a [2Fe-2S] cluster. Site-directed mutagenesis shows that replacement of the four cysteines with serine inactivates this transcriptional repressor. Unexpectedly, the inactive mutant is still able to bind a [2Fe-2S] cluster, employing two cysteine residues belonging to the first zinc finger. These two cysteine residues can act as alternative cluster ligands selectively in aerobically purified Fep1 wild type, suggesting that oxygen could play a role in Fep1 function by causing differential localization of the [Fe-S] cluster.
Impact of CD200-Fc on dendritic cells in lupus-prone NZB/WF1 mice
Authors: Yin Yufeng , Zhao Lidan , Zhang Fengchun , Zhang Xuan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAbnormal expression of CD200/CD200R1 may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to assess the function of CD200/CD200R1and impact of CD200-Fc on dendritic cells in lupus-prone NZB/WF1 mice. Female NZB/WF1 mice were treated with CD200-Fc or control for 4 weeks. Plasma samples were collected to measure autoantibody levels. The expression levels of CD200/CD200R1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and splenocytes were examined. The percentage of CD200/CD200R1-positive cells in splenocytes from NZB/WF1 mice was lower than that of C57BL/6 mice (p < 0.05). The plasma level of anti-dsDNA was significantly higher in NZB/WF1 mice than C57BL/6 mice (p < 0.001). However, the anti-dsDNA levels decreased (p = 0.047) after CD200-Fc treatment. Finally, CD200-Fc reduced the levels of IL-6 (p = 0.017) and IL-10 (p = 0.03) in the dendritic cell culture supernatant. This study suggests that the immunosuppressive CD200/CD200R1 signaling pathway might be involved in the immunopathology of NZB/WF1 mice; the present results merit further exploration of agents that can modulate the CD200/CD200FR1 pathway as a therapy for human lupus.
Fluorescence-excitation and Emission Spectroscopy on Single FMO Complexes
Authors: Löhner Alexander , Ashraf Khuram , Cogdell Richard J. , Köhler Jürgen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn green-sulfur bacteria sunlight is absorbed by antenna structures termed chlorosomes and transferred to the RC via the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) complex. FMO consists of three monomers arranged in C3 symmetry where each monomer accommodates eight Bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) molecules. It was the first pigment-protein complex for which the structure has been determined with high resolution and since then this complex has been the subject of numerous studies both experimentally and theoretically. Here we report about fluorescence-excitation spectroscopy as well as emission spectroscopy from individual FMO complexes at low temperatures. The individual FMO complexes are subjected to very fast spectral fluctuations smearing out any possible different information from the ensemble data that were recorded under the same experimental conditions. In other words, on the time scales that are experimentally accessible by single-molecule techniques, the FMO complex exhibits ergodic behaviour.
Body mass index and waist circumference combined predicts obesity-related hypertension better than either alone in a rural Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Ming , Zhao Yang , Wang Guoan , Zhang Hongyan , Ren Yongcheng , Wang Bingyuan , Zhang Lu , Yang Xiangyu , Han Chengyi , Pang Chao , Yin Lei , Zhao Jingzhi , Hu Dongsheng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLimited information is available on the association of obesity defined by both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with incident hypertension in rural China. A total of 9,174 participants ≥18 years old from rural areas in middle of China, free of hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction and stroke, were selected in this cohort study. Questionnaire interview and anthropometric and laboratory measurements were performed at baseline (2007–2008) and follow-up (2013–2014). During the 6 years of follow-up, hypertension developed in 733/3,620 men and 1,051/5,554 women. After controlling for age, education level, smoking, drinking, physical activity and family history of hypertension, the relative risk of hypertension was lower for participants with high BMI but normal WC than those with both BMI and WC obesity for men 18–39 and 40–59 years old. Women 18–39 years old with normal BMI but high WC showed a 1.96-fold risk of hypertension and being female with age 40–59 years and high BMI but normal WC was independently associated with hypertension incidence as compared with both normal BMI and WC. BMI is more associated with hypertension as compared with WC in both genders. High WC tends to add additional risk of hypertension in young women.
Spin-Hall-Effect-Assisted Electroresistance in Antiferromagnets via 105 A/cm2 dc Current
Authors: Han Jiahao , Wang Yuyan , Pan Feng , Song Cheng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAntiferromagnet (AFM) spintronics with reduced electrical current is greatly expected to process information with high integration and low power consumption. In Pt/FeMn and Ta/FeMn hybrids, we observe significant resistance variation (up to 7% of the total resistance) manipulated by 105 A/cm2dc current. We have excluded the contribution of isotropic structural effects, and confirmed the critical role of the spin Hall injection from Pt (or Ta) to FeMn. This electrical current-manipulated resistance (i.e. electroresistance) is proposed to be attributed to the spin-Hall-effect-induced spin-orbit torque in FeMn. Similar results have also been detected in plain IrMn films, where the charge current generates spin current via the spin Hall effect with the existence of Ir atoms. All the measurements are free from external magnetic fields and ferromagnets. Our findings present an interesting step towards high-efficiency spintronic devices.
ECIL guidelines for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected haematology patients
Authors: Maschmeyer Georg , Helweg-Larsen Jannik , Pagano Livio , Robin Christine , Cordonnier Catherine , Schellongowski Peter 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe initiation of systemic antimicrobial treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is triggered by clinical signs and symptoms, typical radiological and occasionally laboratory findings in patients at risk of this infection. Diagnostic proof by bronchoalveolar lavage should not delay the start of treatment. Most patients with haematological malignancies present with a severe PCP; therefore, antimicrobial therapy should be started intravenously. High-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the treatment of choice. In patients with documented intolerance to this regimen, the preferred alternative is the combination of primaquine plus clindamycin. Treatment success should be first evaluated after 1 week, and in case of clinical non-response, pulmonary CT scan and bronchoalveolar lavage should be repeated to look for secondary or co-infections. Treatment duration typically is 3 weeks and secondary anti-PCP prophylaxis is indicated in all patients thereafter. In patients with critical respiratory failure, non-invasive ventilation is not significantly superior to intubation and mechanical ventilation. The administration of glucocorticoids must be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Anatomy of the thorax
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The skeleton of the thorax, commonly referred to as the thoracic cage, is an osseo-cartilaginous framework in the shape of an irregular cone; being narrow superiorly, and broad, inferiorly, and somewhat flattened from front to back. Besides enclosing the thoracic cavity, the thoracic cage also surrounds the upper part of the abdominal cavity, and is limited inferiorly by the upper surface of the diaphragm, a musculotendinous dome-shaped partition. The central region of the thoracic cavity flanked by the right and left pleural sacs (each enclosing the corresponding lung) is called the mediastinum. Besides containing the heart, thymus, and lymph nodes, the mediastinum serves as a thoroughfare for major nerves, vessels, and viscera travelling from the neck to the abdomen or vice versa. A proper and comprehensive appreciation of intrathoracic anatomy is fundamental to good clinical examination and to the optimal clinical management of a variety of pathological thoracic conditions.
Head and neck anatomy
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In a conceptual sense, the neck may be divided into two regions: a posterior cervical region and an anterior cervical region. The posterior cervical region includes the cervical vertebral column and the post-vertebral soft tissues. The anterior cervical region consists of the anterior and anterolateral cervical muscles, the cervical viscera, and the major blood vessels of the head and neck. For all practical purposes, the anterior region may be said to extend from the skull base above, to the root of the neck below. It is the anterior cervical region that is considered in detail in this chapter, as it is in this region that most pathological conditions of interest to the head and neck surgeon are encountered. The cranium itself is architecturally complex and houses the cranial cavity, the orbital cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the nasal cavity, and the auditory apparatus bilaterally. The cranial vault (roof of the cranial cavity) is draped by the scalp, a multilayered structure.
Blood loss, hypovolaemic shock, and septic shock
Authors: Topping Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Shock is an abnormality of the circulatory system that results in inadequate organ perfusion and tissue oxygenation, such that metabolic needs are not met. Causes of shock can be categorized according to effect on cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, and can be classified as hypovolaemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive. Hypovolaemic shock refers to tissue hypoperfusion that results from the loss of intravascular fluid. Physiological responses to hypovolaemia and hypovolaemic shock are complex and involve immediate and delayed responses that in turn involve both sympathoadrenal and neuroendocrine components. A patient with hypovolaemic shock will classically present with cold, clammy peripheries, tachycardia and hypotension, reduced urine output, altered mental status, and elevated serum lactate. However, individual responses to hypovolaemia vary. Management should focus on prevention of further losses and restoration of intravascular volume, the fluid chosen to achieve this reflecting the cause of the hypovolaemia. Severe sepsis and septic shock affect millions worldwide each year, killing at least one in four. Septic shock produces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability so that a state of relative hypovolaemia is produced. The pathophysiology of sepsis is complex and involves the activation of a pro-inflammatory cascade by infectious pathogens. Patients may initially be hypotensive but with warm peripheries, but will quickly deteriorate and may develop multiple organ failure. Management priorities include early recognition and resuscitation; early, appropriate use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (once specimens have been obtained for culture); source control; and support of failing organ systems.
Fluid and electrolyte balance and replacement: acid–base balance
Authors: Kelly Catriona , O’ Reilly Rosalind , Mullan Brian 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The correct management of fluid balance in the perioperative period can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of the surgical patient. Surgery, trauma, anaesthesia, and sepsis all have a role to play in causing a stress response that can upset this delicate physiological balance. The balance of fluids and electrolytes affects all organ systems and therefore it is important to manage them appropriately. Maintenance of normal body pH is essential for cell function. Under normal conditions, pH is regulated within a narrow range by various buffer systems and renal and respiratory mechanisms. Acidosis is caused by extra acid load or failure of acid secretion and alkalosis is caused by loss of acid or extra ingestion of alkali. Renal and respiratory mechanisms can compensate or partially compensate for these abnormalities. Analysis of arterial blood can aid in the determination of the cause of the abnormality and therefore guide treatment and management.
Haemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: Cox Dermot 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A nightmare scenario for any surgeon is uncontrolled bleeding in a patient either during surgery or post surgery. This often leads to surgeons delaying surgery in patients with a perceived high risk of bleeding, such as coronary by-pass surgery in patients on antiplatelet agents. However, another potential complication of surgery is inappropriate clotting such as deep vein thrombosis, which can be overlooked as it is often dealt with by physicians rather than the original surgeon. An understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of thrombosis and haemostasis will help prevent problems from arising and provide solutions to these problems when they arise. This chapter deals with the natural factors involved with haemostasis and fibrinolysis, and the abnormalities that can occur, the laboratory tests that are available to measure them, and the pharmacological preparations available to treat these problems.
Gastrointestinal
Authors: Bradford Aidan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The chapter begins with a description of the salivary glands, the composition of saliva, and the control of secretion by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal phases of swallowing are described including the underlying structural characteristics that govern this process such as the upper and lower oesophageal sphincters. The causes and mechanism of vomiting are outlined along with the processes involved in gastric motility and secretion such as receptive relaxation, mixing, emptying, composition of gastric juice, gastrin secretion and effects, and the mechanism of gastric acid secretion and its control through enterogastrones and the enterogastric reflex. Intrinsic and extrinsic control mechanisms of intestinal motility and secretion are explained including the role of Auerbach’s and Meissner’s plexuses, interstitial cells of Cajal, segmentation, peristalsis, migrating motor complex, haustrations, mass movement, and defaecation. Water and electrolyte exchange is detailed including the mechanism of chloride secretion by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator in the crypts of Lieberkuhn, sodium and glucose co-transport, the role of the sodium/potassium pump, and the secretion of bicarbonate and potassium in the large intestine. The chapter ends with an outline of the processes involved in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats with carbohydrate digestion beginning with salivary amylase and being completed by pancreatic amylase; protein digestion beginning with pepsin in the stomach and being completed by pancreatic peptidases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin; and fat digestion/absorption involving pancreatic lipases, the formation of emulsion droplets, micelles, bile salts, the enterohepatic circulation, and formation of chylomicrons.
Endocrine
Authors: Jeevaratnam Kamalan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The endocrine system involves a complex interconnection of cellular, chemical, and neural pathways that work together to produce a desired physiological effect. The chief endocrine gland is the hypothalamus as it secretes hypophysiotropic hormones whose primary function is to promote the production of hormones in other target endocrine glands, particularly the pituitary gland. The pituitary is also often considered the chief endocrine gland since upon stimulation from hypophysiotropic hormones, it produces stimulating hormones that target glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, testes, and ovary. Due to the complex interaction of these stimulating and releasing hormones, any hypersecretion or hyposecretion that occurs will lead to an imbalance in hormone production leading to endocrine disorders. The pancreas is independent of the hypothalamus and pituitary and also plays both an endocrine as well as an exocrine role. This chapter primarily focuses on the endocrine glands of importance.
Skin and soft tissue infections
Authors: Moore Jonathan , Narayanan Manjusha 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections can be superficial and easy to treat, or may involve deeper tissue and spread with necrotizing character that responds to a combination of surgical debridement and antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria are the usual pathogens but high-risk groups of patients, such as people with diabetes and those with underlying immunodeficiencies, can have infections with polymicrobial pathogens including anaerobes. Although penicillin/beta-lactam group of antibiotics or clindamycin (if allergic to penicillin or beta-lactam group of antibiotics) are the first choice for treatment, there are a wide variety of newer agents to choose from. Surgical site infections can be complicated by multidrug-resistant bacteria and infection of prosthetic material which may or may not respond to surgical debridement. These infections can increase duration of hospital stay and increase morbidity for the patients.
Nuclear medicine for surgeons
Authors: Minty Ian L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Nuclear medicine is a type of molecular imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive tracers to provide exquisitely sensitive and complementary information on function alongside other imaging modalities. Widely used in oncology to detect and monitor the spread of disease in bone and sentinel lymph nodes, other established applications include evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract (biliary function, Meckel’s diverticulum, small bowel disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastric emptying), urinary tract imaging (renal scarring, obstruction, and function), skeletal system (prosthetic infection, stress fractures, and osteomyelitis), lung (pulmonary embolism), cardiac (perfusion and functional assessment), and prosthetic vascular graft infection. Abnormal molecular activity can be pinpointed at very early pathological stages and immediate response to therapy may be assessed.
Positron emission tomography–computed tomography for surgeons
Authors: Minty Ian L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Common indications and the basic principles for positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging are outlined in this chapter with a focus on application to the surgical management of cancer patients. The imaging physics is unique owing to the use of antimatter (positrons). Clinical effectiveness of PET-CT has been clearly demonstrated in re-staging of non-small cell lung carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, recurrent colorectal cancer, and in the characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules. Other important areas include ear, nose, and throat and breast cancers and a developing role in therapeutic response assessment.
Principles of magnetic resonance scanning and its use in surgical practice
Authors: Chasi Ishmael 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging has an important role in the local and regional staging of some cancers and in the analysis of inflammatory or neurological lesions. The advantage of examining with non-ionizing radiation is partially offset by the effects of the strong magnetic fields on any ferromagnetic objects within or on the patient with potential risk of injury due to movement or heating. As well as overt claustrophobia, the relatively long sequencing time can cause patient-movement artefact and acquired intolerance of the procedure. This chapter discusses the basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging, safety concerns, the problems caused by artefacts, and common body areas and indications for scanning.
Principles of computed tomography: advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Mehrotra Pallavi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) now has an even more central role in imaging many acute and elective conditions. CT colonography, urography, and cardiovascular angiography are now standard techniques while CT-guided biopsies and drainages have continued to decrease the need for more invasive techniques. CT is now first line in head trauma. CT for the acute abdomen is becoming more relied upon in surgical admissions units and the use of CT is a keystone in oncological staging and follow-up. However, clinicians must be mindful that modern CT scanners impart relatively high doses of ionizing radiation and can induce malignancy with a much higher lifetime risk in younger patients, particularly with serial examinations. Contrast media may still cause serious allergic reactions and remain nephrotoxic.
Ultrasound for surgeons
Authors: Kent Robert D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Ultrasound has been used safely in the forefront of medicine and surgery for decades, helped by the development of increasingly sophisticated and miniaturized machines. As an ultrasound scan is relatively cheap and does not use ionizing radiation, it remains a first-line imaging tool in most aspects of general surgery and increasingly within emergency departments and other non-radiological clinical settings. Interpretation of ultrasound images is heavily operator dependent with pathology-mimicking image artefacts creating many pitfalls for the untrained operator. Ultrasound guidance for biopsies is now standard practice giving improved accuracy and yields. In this chapter, basic physical principles are discussed followed by descriptions of some of the many applications of ultrasound to surgical practice with strengths and weaknesses highlighted.