bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aposematic signals in North American black widows are more conspicuous to predators than to prey
Authors: Brandley Nicholas , Johnson Matthew , Johnsen Sönke 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The iconic red hourglass of the black widow spiders (genus Latrodectus) is traditionally considered an aposematic signal, yet experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we present data that suggest that black widow coloration may have evolved to be an aposematic signal that is more conspicuous to their vertebrate predators than to their insect prey. In choice experiments with wild birds, we found that the red-and-black coloration deters potential predators: Wild birds were ~3 times less likely to attack a black widow model with an hourglass than one without. Using visual-system appropriate models, we also found that a black widow’s red-and-black color combo is more apparent to a typical bird than a typical insect. Additionally, an ancestral reconstruction reveals that red dorsal coloration is ancestral in black widows and that at some point some North American widows lost their red dorsal coloration. Behaviorally, differences in red dorsal coloration between 2 North American species are accompanied by differences in microhabitat that affects how often a bird will view a black widow’s dorsal region. All observations are consistent with a cost–benefit trade-off of being more conspicuous to predators than to prey. We suggest that limiting detection by prey may help explain why red and black aposematic signals occur frequently in nature.
Railroads and American Economic Growth: A “Market Access” Approach
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Authors: Donaldson Dave , Hornbeck Richard 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This article examines the historical impact of railroads on the U.S. economy, with a focus on quantifying the aggregate impact on the agricultural sector in 1890. Expansion of the railroad network may have affected all counties directly or indirectly—an econometric challenge that arises in many empirical settings. However, the total impact on each county is captured by changes in that county’s “market access,” a reduced-form expression derived from general equilibrium trade theory. We measure counties’ market access by constructing a network database of railroads and waterways and calculating lowest-cost county-to-county freight routes. We estimate that county agricultural land values increased substantially with increases in county market access, as the railroad network expanded from 1870 to 1890. Removing all railroads in 1890 is estimated to decrease the total value of U.S. agricultural land by 60%, with limited potential for mitigating these losses through feasible extensions to the canal network or improvements to country roads.
Evaluation of the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship Program Participants’ Scholarly Activity and Career Choices
Authors: Toledo Paloma , McLean Shakir , Duce Lorent , Wong Cynthia A. , Schubert Armin , Ward Denham S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbstract
Thirty percent of all the Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship participants were authors on a subsequent publication. Among participants for whom residency information was available, 58% matched into an anesthesiology program.

Background
The Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship (MSARF) program is an 8-week program that pairs medical students with anesthesiologists performing anesthesia-related research. This study evaluated the proportion of students who published an article from their work, as well as the percentage of students who entered anesthesiology residency programs.

Methods
A list of previous MSARF participants (2005 to 2012), site, and project information was obtained. Searches for publications were performed using PubMed. The primary outcome was the publication rate for MSARF projects. The MSARF abstract-to-publication ratio was compared with the percentage of abstracts presented at biomedical meetings that resulted in publication as estimated by a Cochrane review (44%). For students who had graduated from medical school, match lists from the students’ medical schools were reviewed for specialty choice.

Results
Forty-two percent of the 346 MSARF projects were subsequently published. There was no difference between the MSARF abstract-to-publication ratio and the publication rate of articles from abstracts presented at scientific meetings (P = 0.57). Thirty percent (n = 105; 95% CI, 25 to 35%) of all the MSARF students were authors on a publication. Fifty-eight percent of the students for whom residency match data (n = 255) were available matched into anesthesiology residencies (95% CI, 52 to 64%).

Conclusions
The MSARF program resulted in many students being included as a co-author on a published article; the majority of these students entered anesthesiology residency programs. Future research should determine whether the program has a long-term impact on the development of academic anesthesiologists.
Trait Heritability in Major Transitions
Authors: Herron M. D. , Zamani-Dahaj S. A. , Ratcliff W. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA crucial component of major transitions theory is that after the transition, adaptation occurs primarily at the level of the new, higher-level unit. For collective-level adaptations to occur, though, collective-level traits must be heritable. Since collective-level trait values are functions of lower-level trait values, collective-level heritability is related to particle-level heritability. However, the nature of this relationship has rarely been explored in the context of major transitions. We examine relationships between particle-level heritability and collective-level heritability for several functions that express collective-level trait values in terms of particle-level trait values. When a collective-level trait value is a linear function of particle-level trait values and collective size is fixed, the heritability of a collective-level trait is never less than that of the corresponding particle-level trait and is higher under most conditions. For more complicated functions, collective-level heritability is higher under most conditions, but can be lower when the environment experienced by collectives is heterogeneous. Within-genotype variation in collective size reduces collective-level heritability, but it can still exceed particle-level heritability when phenotypic variance among particles within collectives is large. These results hold for a diverse sample of biologically relevant traits. Rather than being an impediment to major transitions, we show that collective-level heritability superior to that of the lower-level units can often arise ‘for free’, simply as a byproduct of collective formation.
Lubrication film thickness calculation from contact resistance measurement in point contact
Authors: Liu De-Liang , Cao Shu-hua , Zhang Shi-feng , Xu Jiu-jun 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to solve this problem. Different lubrication states play a huge role in friction, wear and service life of parts. To ensure the reliability and power of the internal combustion engine, it is necessary to ensure that the friction pair has been in the best lubrication state. One of the key problems of lubrication state and transformation characteristics is to achieve real-time measurement of lubrication state.Design/methodology/approach– Previous studies show that the contact resistance method is very effective in the qualitative analysis of lubrication state test. The circuit is simple and does not require expensive test equipment. But this method could not accurately reflect the film thickness ratio. Through a combination of experimental and theoretical analysis methods, the limitation of the contact resistance method could be overcome.Findings– The relationship between the point contact film-thickness ratio and contact resistance was established, then the film-thickness ratio could be obtained through the contact resistance, thus providing the basis for determining the point contact lubrication state.Research limitations/implications– According to existing research, the lubrication state of the friction pair mainly was determined through two methods, the friction coefficient and film-thickness ratio. But there are limitations on either using Stribeck curves or optical interference methods. The method used in this paper not only provides a verified way of design theory and model, but is also beneficial to the formation of a new design theory.Originality/value– A new real-time measurement method of lubrication state based on contact resistance is established and its practicability and veracity are verified by series experiments.
Friction and wear behavior of electroless nick coating used for spindle of cotton picker
Authors: Meng Fanming , Chen Yuanpei , Yang Yang , Chen Zhiwei 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The severe friction and wear of the spindle in a cotton picker often occur in a picking cotton, which affects the spindle lifetime and its efficiency of picking cottons. This paper aims to investigate the effect of an electroless nick coating on the spindle performances to avoid its abnormal phenomena.

Design/methodology/approach
– First, it is coated on the surface of the test specimen with the material same as that of the spindle. Then, the friction coefficient and wear for the coating are measured under oil lubrication to evaluate its effect in improving the tribological performances for the spindle.

Findings
– The stabilized friction coefficient of the electroless nick coating decreases with increasing reciprocating frequency of specimen and increasing applied load. There exists a critical coating thickness yielding the smallest friction coefficient. Moreover, this coating has a property of the smaller friction coefficient in comparison with a hard chromium coating.

Originality/value
– The research about the electroless nick effect on the spindle’s tribological performances is not found yet to date. To avoid severe friction and wear of the spindle, this paper investigated how the reciprocating frequency of specimen, applied load and coating thickness affect the spindle’s tribological performances. The associated conclusions can provide a reference to enhance the spindle lifetime and its transmission efficiency.
Tribological behavior of hybrid PTFE/Kevlar fabric composites with different weave densities
Authors: Li HuLin , Yin Zhongwei , Jiang Dan , Li YongJin 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to achieve attractive fabric composites with excellent tribological performance and investigate the wear mechanisms of these fabric composites sliding against bearing steel pins under dry sliding process.

Design/methodology/approach
– Five different weave density composites were prepared, and the tribological behaviors of these composites were studied at different testing conditions. Scanning electron microscopy, laser microscopy (three-dimensional profile measurements) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry were used to analyze the worn surface morphology, wear volume and elemental content of the transfer films, respectively.

Findings
– The composite weave density serves an important influence on tribological behavior. Generally, the wear rate of each composite increased with increasing weave density, and the friction coefficient of each composite decreased with increasing weave density.

Originality/value
– Nanoparticle-filled hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene/Kevlar fabric composites with proper weave density have exhibited superior tribological properties in dry sliding conditions. The results that obtained in this paper may offer a reference for others who intend to achieve attractive fabric composites with excellent tribological performance.
Assessing Differences between Early and Later Adopters of Accountable Care Organizations Using Taxonomic Analysis
Authors: Wu Frances M. , Shortell Stephen M. , Lewis Valerie A. , Colla Carrie H. , Fisher Elliott S. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo compare early and later adopters of the accountable care organization (ACO) model, using the taxonomy of larger, integrated system; smaller, physician‐led; and hybrid ACOs.Data sourcesThe National Survey of ACOs, Waves 1 and 2.Study designCluster analysis using the two‐step clustering approach, validated using discriminant analysis. Wave 2 data analyzed separately to assess differences from Wave 1 and then data pooled across waves.FindingsCompared to early ACOs, later adopter ACOs included a greater breadth of provider group types and a greater proportion self‐reported as integrated delivery systems. When data from the two time periods were combined, a three‐cluster solution similar to the original cluster solution emerged. Of the 251 ACOs, 31.1 percent were larger, integrated system ACOs; 45.0 percent were smaller physician‐led ACOs; and 23.9 percent were hybrid ACOs—compared to 40.1 percent, 34.0 percent, and 25.9 percent from Wave 1 clusters, respectively.ConclusionsWhile there are some differences between ACOs formed prior to August 2012 and those formed in the following year, the three‐cluster taxonomy appears to best describe the types of ACOs in existence as of July 2013. The updated taxonomy can be used by researchers, policy makers, and health care organizations to support evaluation and continued development of ACOs.
Temporal trends in ischemic stroke and anticoagulation therapy for non‐valvular atrial fibrillation: effect of diabetes
Authors: Shroff Gautam R. , Solid Craig A. , Bloomgarden Zachary , Halperin Jonathan L. , Herzog Charles A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes is an important risk factor for ischemic stroke in non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the present study was to evaluate temporal trends in ischemic stroke and warfarin use among US Medicare patients with and without diabetes.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, 1‐year cohorts of patients with Medicare as the primary payer over the period 1992–2010 were created using the Medicare 5% sample (excluding patients with valvular disease and end‐stage renal disease). International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) codes were used to identify AF, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and diabetes; three or more consecutive prothrombin time claims were used to identify warfarin use.ResultsDemographic characteristics of subjects in 1992 (n = 40 255) and 2010 (n = 80 314), respectively, were as follows: age 65–74 years, 37% and 32%; age >85 years, 20% and 25%; White, 94% and 93%; hypertension, 46% and 80%; diabetes, 20% and 32%; and chronic kidney disease, 5% and 18%. Among Medicare AF patients with diabetes, ischemic stroke decreased by 71% (1992–2010) from 65 to 19 per 1000 patient‐years; warfarin use increased from 28% to 62%. Among patients without diabetes, ischemic stroke decreased by 68% from 44 to 14 per 1000 patient‐years, whereas warfarin use increased from 26% to 59%. Approximately 38% of Medicare AF patients with diabetes did not receive anticoagulation in 2010.ConclusionsIschemic stroke declined and warfarin use increased similarly in Medicare patients with and without diabetes. Ischemic stroke rates were consistently higher in diabetes patients, validating the inclusion of diabetes in risk calculators. The population of Medicare patients with diabetes who did not receive warfarin deserves future attention.
Epidemiology and outcomes of traumatic dental injuries: a review of the literature
Authors: Lam R 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDental trauma is a significant public health problem because of its frequency, impact on economic productivity and quality of life. It is not a disease and no individual is ever at zero risk of sustaining these potentially life‐changing injuries. The aim of this article was to review the literature on the prevalence, incidence, aetiology, prognosis and outcomes of dental trauma. The importance of standardized reporting, oral health policy, adjunctive research methods, prevention and education will also be discussed. A search for relevant articles appearing in databases such as Medline, Cochrane and SSCI formed the basis of this review. Epidemiological studies indicate the annual incidence of dental trauma globally is at about 4.5%. Approximately one‐third of children and toddlers (primary teeth) and one‐fifth of adolescents and adults (permanent teeth) sustained a traumatic dental injury. The majority involved the maxillary central incisors, mainly from falls in toddlers at home and contact sport in adolescents. Despite these trends, there is considerable variation between studies within and across jurisdictions. There is a need to standardize research with a consistent approach to reporting, classification and methodology. This will improve research and form a greater basis for predicting prognosis. This research basis will assist in consent and clinical management.
Output‐Sensitive Filtering of Streaming Volume Data
Authors: Solteszova Veronika , Birkeland Åsmund , Stoppel Sergej , Viola Ivan , Bruckner Stefan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReal‐time volume data acquisition poses substantial challenges for the traditional visualization pipeline where data enhancement is typically seen as a pre‐processing step. In the case of 4D ultrasound data, for instance, costly processing operations to reduce noise and to remove artefacts need to be executed for every frame. To enable the use of high‐quality filtering operations in such scenarios, we propose an output‐sensitive approach to the visualization of streaming volume data. Our method evaluates the potential contribution of all voxels to the final image, allowing us to skip expensive processing operations that have little or no effect on the visualization. As filtering operations modify the data values which may affect the visibility, our main contribution is a fast scheme to predict their maximum effect on the final image. Our approach prioritizes filtering of voxels with high contribution to the final visualization based on a maximal permissible error per pixel. With zero permissible error, the optimized filtering will yield a result that is identical to filtering of the entire volume. We provide a thorough technical evaluation of the approach and demonstrate it on several typical scenarios that require on‐the‐fly processing.
Atomoxetine Increased Effect over Time in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treated for up to 6 Months: Pooled Analysis of Two Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Randomized Trials
Authors: Wietecha Linda A. , Clemow David B. , Buchanan Andrew S. , Young Joel L. , Sarkis Elias H. , Findling Robert L. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryIntroductionChanges in the magnitude of efficacy throughout 26 weeks of atomoxetine treatment, along with impact of dosing, were evaluated in adults with ADHD from two randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies.AimsPooled placebo (n = 485) and atomoxetine (n = 518) patients, dosed 25, 40, 60, 80 (target dose), or 100 mg daily, were assessed. Change from baseline in Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale–Investigator Rated Scale: Screening Version (CAARS) total ADHD symptoms score and Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) total score were analyzed using mixed‐model repeated measures, with least squares mean change, effect size, and response rate calculated at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, and 26 weeks.ResultsDecreases on CAARS for atomoxetine‐ versus placebo‐treated patients were consistently statistically significantly greater at every time point beginning at one week (P ≤ 0.006, 0.28 effect size). By 4 weeks, comparison was −13.19 compared with −8.84 (P < 0.0001, 0.45 effect size). By 26 weeks, mean change was −15.42 versus −9.71 (0.52 effect size); increase in effect size over time was most pronounced in the 80 mg group (0.82 effect size). AISRS demonstrated similar results. Atomoxetine response rate (CAARS 50% decrease) continued to increase throughout 26 weeks.ConclusionsAtomoxetine treatment in adults with ADHD was associated with small effect sizes after 4 weeks and moderate effect sizes by 6 months of treatment. The data support increased effect size and response rate over time during longer‐term treatment at target dose.
Head Transplants and Personal Identity: A Philosophical and Literary Survey
Authors: Mori Giuliano 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe criterion of personal identity is clearly called into question by the project to perform a human head transplant. Is identity provided by psychological continuity alone, or does it depend on bodily continuity as well? And how do these different perspectives interface with our notion of mind and mind–body relationship? The reader will be provided with a discussion concerning these problems, together with a philosophical and literary survey about the conception of body–mind relationship from the Greek thought to contemporary philosophy. The analysis will conclude with a discussion concerning the possibility to consider the issue of personal identity from a statistic point of view, which privileges the general perception of identity, so as it has been shaped by the cultural trends of the last four centuries. It could hence be argued that personal identity is not something which can be defined once and for all. On the contrary, the general perception of identity is subject to significant alterations resulting from one's cultural environment. However, the cultural environment itself can be changed by particularly notable events, such as, hypothetically, the successful outcome of a human head transplant.
A patient navigator and education program for increasing potential living donors: a comparative observational study
Authors: Marlow Nicole M. , Kazley Abby S. , Chavin Kenneth D. , Simpson Kit N. , Balliet Wendy , Baliga Prabhakar K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPerson‐centered clinical environments may promote living donation for patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). We implemented an observational study design to explore whether a patient navigator (PN) program with person‐centered education in nephrology practice settings could increase potential living donors (PLDs) and, subsequently, increase living transplantation.Design, setting, participants, and measuresPatients referred to (N = 4621) and/or transplanted at (N = 950) our transplant center during 2007–2012 were eligible for inclusion. Two analytical study populations were derived from propensity score matched patient groups. Outcomes comprised total PLDs per candidate and living vs. deceased transplantation for recipients.ResultsMultivariable generalized estimating equations logistic regression showed that PN practice candidates were significantly more likely to have an initial inquiry PLD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.44) and a preliminary screening PLD (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.05–1.54), while there were no significant differences observed in evaluated PLD (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.61–1.45).ConclusionsOur results suggest that our person‐centered PN program stimulated willingness to seek living transplantation and was associated with a trend toward increased LD.
How the Market Became Divine
Authors: Cox Harvey 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe have moved beyond a “market economy” to what some have called a “market society,” one in which everything seems to be for sale. We also now see the advent of a “market religion,” in which the values and life meanings of consumer culture have become dominant. This new religion has its own doctrines, rituals, priesthood, and mission to “go into all the world.” It has its own narratives of creation, fall, and redemption, and its own saints and heroes. But because its underlying thrust is endless growth, and we live on a finite planet, it is carrying us toward destruction. Some parts of Christianity are opposing what Pope Francis has called “idolatry,” but unfortunately most parts are being swept into its new dispensation.