bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing returns to scale: The solution to the second-order social dilemma
Authors: Ye Hang , Chen Shu , Luo Jun , Tan Fei , Jia Yongmin , Chen Yefeng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHumans benefit from extensive cooperation; however, the existence of free-riders may cause cooperation to collapse. This is called the social dilemma. It has been shown that punishing free-riders is an effective way of resolving this problem. Because punishment is costly, this gives rise to the second-order social dilemma. Without exception, existing solutions rely on some stringent assumptions. This paper proposes, under very mild conditions, a simple model of a public goods game featuring increasing returns to scale. We find that punishers stand out and even dominate the population provided that the degree of increasing returns to scale is large enough; consequently, the second-order social dilemma dissipates. Historical evidence shows that people are more willing to cooperate with others and punish defectors when they suffer from either internal or external menaces. During the prehistoric age, the abundance of contributors was decisive in joint endeavours such as fighting floods, defending territory, and hunting. These situations serve as favourable examples of public goods games in which the degrees of increasing returns to scale are undoubtedly very large. Our findings show that natural selection has endowed human kind with a tendency to pursue justice and punish defection that deviates from social norms.
Statistical clumped isotope signatures
Authors: Röckmann T. , Popa M. E. , Krol M. C. , Hofmann M. E. G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHigh precision measurements of molecules containing more than one heavy isotope may provide novel constraints on element cycles in nature. These so-called clumped isotope signatures are reported relative to the random (stochastic) distribution of heavy isotopes over all available isotopocules of a molecule, which is the conventional reference. When multiple indistinguishable atoms of the same element are present in a molecule, this reference is calculated from the bulk (≈average) isotopic composition of the involved atoms. We show here that this referencing convention leads to apparent negative clumped isotope anomalies (anti-clumping) when the indistinguishable atoms originate from isotopically different populations. Such statistical clumped isotope anomalies must occur in any system where two or more indistinguishable atoms of the same element, but with different isotopic composition, combine in a molecule. The size of the anti-clumping signal is closely related to the difference of the initial isotope ratios of the indistinguishable atoms that have combined. Therefore, a measured statistical clumped isotope anomaly, relative to an expected (e.g. thermodynamical) clumped isotope composition, may allow assessment of the heterogeneity of the isotopic pools of atoms that are the substrate for formation of molecules.
Probing the Fractal Pattern of Heartbeats in Drosophila Pupae by Visible Optical Recording System
Authors: Lin Chen , Chang Yi-Chung , Cheng Ya-Chen , Lai Po-Jung , Yeh Chien-Hung , Hsieh Wan-Hsin , Hu Kun , Wu June-Tai , Lee Hsiu-Hsiang , Lo Men-Tzung , Ho Yi-Lwun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractJudiciously tuning heart rates is critical for regular cardiovascular function. The fractal pattern of heartbeats — a multiscale regulation in instantaneous fluctuations — is well known for vertebrates. The most primitive heart system of the Drosophila provides a useful model to understand the evolutional origin of such a fractal pattern as well as the alterations of fractal pattern during diseased statuses. We developed a non-invasive visible optical heart rate recording system especially suitable for long-term recording by using principal component analysis (PCA) instead of fluorescence recording system to avoid the confounding effect from intense light irradiation. To deplete intracellular Ca2+ levels, the expression of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) was tissue-specifically knocked down. The SERCA group shows longer heart beat intervals (Mean ± SD: 1009.7 ± 151.6 ms) as compared to the control group (545.5 ± 45.4 ms, p < 0.001). The multiscale correlation of SERCA group (scaling exponent: 0.77 ± 0.07), on the other hand, is weaker than that of the control Drosophila (scaling exponent: 0.85 ± 0.03) (p = 0.016).
The Q-rich/PST domain of the AHR regulates both ligand-induced nuclear transport and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling
Authors: Tkachenko Anna , Henkler Frank , Brinkmann Joep , Sowada Juliane , Genkinger Doris , Kern Christian , Tralau Tewes , Luch Andreas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) shuttles continuously between cytoplasm and nucleus, unless ligand-binding triggers association with the AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and subsequent binding to cognate DNA motifs. We have now identified Val 647 as mandatory residue for export from the nucleus and AHR-function. This residue prevents inactivation of the receptor as a consequence of nuclear sequestration via constitutive import. Concomitantly mutants lacking this residue are exclusively localised in the nucleus. Although ligands accelerate nuclear import transiently, stable nuclear transition depends on a motif adjacent to Val 647 that comprises residues 650–661. Together, this defined region within the Q-rich domain regulates intracellular trafficking of the AHR in context of both nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and receptor activation. Nuclear export therefore depends on the previously characterised N-terminal NES and the newly identified motif that includes V647. Nucleocytoplasmic distribution of full-length human AHR is further affected by a section of the PST domain that shows sequence similarities with nuclear export signals. In concert, these motifs maintain a predominant cytoplasmic compartmentalisation, receptive for ligand binding.
Specific polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate lipid delivery and oocyte development in C. elegans revealed by molecular-selective label-free imaging
Authors: Chen Wei-Wen , Yi Yung-Hsiang , Chien Cheng-Hao , Hsiung Kuei-Ching , Ma Tian-Hsiang , Lin Yi-Chun , Lo Szecheng J. , Chang Ta-Chau 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit critical functions in biological systems and their importance during animal oocyte maturation has been increasingly recognized. However, the detailed mechanism of lipid transportation for oocyte development remains largely unknown. In this study, the transportation of yolk lipoprotein (lipid carrier) and the rate of lipid delivery into oocytes in liveC. eleganswere examined for the first time by using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. The accumulation of secreted yolk lipoprotein in the pseudocoelom of liveC. eleganscan be detected by CARS microscopy at both protein (~1665 cm−1) and lipid (~2845 cm−1) Raman bands. In addition, an image analysis protocol was established to quantitatively measure the levels of secreted yolk lipoprotein aberrantly accumulated in PUFA-deficientfatmutants (fat-1,fat-2,fat-3,fat-4) and PUFA-supplementedfat-2worms (the PUFA add-back experiments). Our results revealed that the omega-6 PUFAs, not omega-3 PUFAs, play a critical role in modulating lipid/yolk level in the oocytes and regulating reproductive efficiency ofC. elegans. This work demonstrates the value of using CARS microscopy as a molecular-selective label-free imaging technique for the study of PUFA regulation and oocyte development inC. elegans.
Direct visualization of both DNA and RNA quadruplexes in human cells via an uncommon spectroscopic method
Authors: Laguerre Aurélien , Wong Judy M. Y. , Monchaud David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractGuanine-rich DNA or RNA sequences can fold into higher-order, four-stranded structures termed quadruplexes that are suspected to play pivotal roles in cellular mechanisms including the control of the genome integrity and gene expression. However, the biological relevance of quadruplexes is still a matter of debate owing to the paucity of unbiased evidences of their existence in cells. Recent reports on quadruplex-specific antibodies and small-molecule fluorescent probes help dispel reservations and accumulating evidences now pointing towards the cellular relevance of quadruplexes. To better assess and comprehend their biology, developing new versatile tools to detect both DNA and RNA quadruplexes in cells is essential. We report here a smart fluorescent probe that allows for the simple detection of quadruplexes thanks to an uncommon spectroscopic mechanism known as the red-edge effect (REE). We demonstrate that this effect could open avenues to greatly enhance the ability to visualize both DNA and RNA quadruplexes in human cells, using simple protocols and fluorescence detection facilities.
Knockdown of GSK3β increases basal autophagy and AMPK signalling in nutrient-laden human aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Weikel Karen A. , Cacicedo José M. , Ruderman Neil B. , Ido Yasuo 
Published: August 2016

High concentrations of glucose and palmitate increase endothelial cell inflammation and apoptosis, events that often precede atherogenesis. They may do so by decreasing basal autophagy and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not clear. Decreased function of the lysosome, an organelle required for autophagy and AMPK, have been associated with hyperactivity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). To determine whether GSK3β affects nutrient-induced changes in autophagy and AMPK activity, we used a primary human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) model of type 2 diabetes that we had previously characterized with impaired AMPK activity and autophagy [Weikel et al. (2015) Am. J. Phys. Cell Physiol. 308, C249–C263]. Presently, we found that incubation of HAECs with excess nutrients (25 mM glucose and 0.4 mM palmitate) increased GSK3β activity and impaired lysosome acidification. Suppression of GSK3β in these cells by treatment with a chemical inhibitor or overexpression of kinase-dead GSK3β attenuated these lysosomal changes. Under control and excess nutrient conditions, knockdown of GSK3β increased autophagosome formation, forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) activity and AMPK signalling and decreased Akt signalling. Similar changes in autophagy, AMPK and Akt signalling were observed in aortas from mice treated with the GSK3β inhibitor CHIR 99021. Thus, increasing basal autophagy and AMPK activity by inhibiting GSK3β may be an effective strategy in the setting of hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia for restoring endothelial cell health and reducing atherogenesis.
A Tutorial on Expository Discourse: Structure, Development, and Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lundine Jennifer P. , McCauley Rebecca J. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
With the adoption of the Common Core State Standards, expository texts gain prominence at all grade levels and for all disciplines. Although the linguistic and cognitive complexities of exposition pose challenges for all children, they may create additional challenges for children and adolescents with language difficulties. Therefore, this tutorial provides background information for clinicians regarding the structure, development, and specific difficulties associated with exposition across the 4 modalities of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This background is intended to help direct the attention of researchers and clinicians to needed advances in knowledge and skill if the profession is to adequately support the population of children and adolescents who struggle with language.

Method
This tutorial is based on an extensive narrative review of articles identified using a systematic search process. Cited research studies are discussed qualitatively, but intervention studies are also characterized in terms of the strength of their research designs. This method is undertaken to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of research on these topics.

Conclusions
Future research needs are proposed to promote discussion among researchers and to prepare clinicians for the kinds of evidence they should be demanding as a basis for their practice.
Lysine methylation represses p53 activity in teratocarcinoma cancer cells
Authors: Zhu Jiajun , Dou Zhixun , Sammons Morgan A. , Levine Arnold J. , Berger Shelley L. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Cancer progression typically involves inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor. In testicular teratocarcinoma, there exist unusually high protein levels of wild-type p53, but strikingly, without normal activation of genes up-regulated by p53, such as cell cycle arrest and DNA repair pathways. This suggests that posttranslational mechanisms, such as protein modification, may repress activity of the high levels of wild-type p53. Our findings demonstrate an important role in teratocarcinoma of previously characterized repressive p53 methylation, which down-regulates normal p53 activation functions. The results suggest the potential for novel approaches to reactivate wild-type p53 in teratocarcinoma via therapeutic inhibition of the methyltransferase enzymes that modify p53, which could be similarly appropriate for treatment of other cancers expressing high levels of wild-type p53.
Contextualizing the “Black Box”
Authors: Dumas Tao L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractScholars sometimes refer to the civil jury decision-making process as a “black box,” because researchers cannot view juries’ interior workings. However, state institutions structure the environment in which disputes arise and determine the rules courts apply, while environmental factors condition courts’ responses to claims. This article utilizes an original data set of civil jury verdicts in five states to examine the influence of cross-state institutional variation and trial location on courts’ dispute resolution and resource allocation functions. The results indicate that institutions and trial location significantly influence patterns of winners and losers, while case-specific factors predict the amount awarded.
Frame the Problem
Authors: Chevallier Arnaud 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The second chapter, “Frame the problem,” provides tools to understand and define the problem in a constructive way. It proposes ways to identify and focus on the critical issue, as opposed to one of its symptoms or a real-but-less-important issue. The chapter also demonstrates how to describe the resolution process and capture this description in a what card. A key element of this chapter focuses on starting the diagnostic stage. It introduces the concept of a key question: the one overriding question that the problem solver should answer in a given project phase. It explains the attributes of good key questions—type, topic, scope, and phrasing—and provides a technique to develop a good key question. It also explains how to set the key question in an introductory flow that includes a situation and a complication and shows how to capture the vital information about the diagnostic in a why card.
Habitat change: loss, fragmentation, and degradation
Authors: Irwin Mitchell 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, habitat change is broken down into three components: habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and habitat degradation. For each, the nature and extent of the pressure is described, exactly how it threatens primates, and what is known about how primates respond. Theoretical frameworks (e.g. species–area relationships, metapopulation dynamics) that can be useful in modelling primate declines are covered; only when empirical data are used to build and test such frameworks can primate conservation biologists make specific, useful conservation recommendations. In the real world, all three components of habitat change often act synergistically, leaving us with reduced, fragmented, and degraded primate habitat—often it is hard to ascribe primates’ reactions to a particular force. More work is urgently needed, both to understand how habitat change contributes to primate declines (so that conservation practitioners can guide land-use practices and conservation interventions), and to reduce the rate of habitat change itself.
Health Impacts of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
HIV/AIDS is not associated with low levels of economic development to the same extent as diseases like malaria or tuberculosis. However, it stands out as HIV/AIDS is highly concentrated. In terms of the severity of health shocks at the country level recorded since 1950, HIV/AIDS is topped only by two episodes of extreme violence (Rwanda, Cambodia), and has been much more persistent than shocks related to violence or famine. The impact of HIV/AIDS on mortality, though, have declined steeply in recent years across developing countries, reflecting vast improvements in access to treatment. Globally, HIV/AIDS has therefore become a chronic disease (following a similar shift in the most advanced economies). Together with declining HIV incidence (in part a consequences of the HIV/AIDS response), this means that HIV/AIDS is also in transition to becoming a disease affecting mainly older adults.
Early evidence and sources
Authors: Frank-Job Barbara , Selig Maria 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter critically reviews the nature of early textual evidence and metalinguistic sources for the emergence of the Romance languages, including social variation in (late/medieval) Latin; the methods of internal and comparative reconstruction; the emergence of early vernacular textual traditions (including scriptae and koinés) and their relationship to medieval Latin textual practices; and the contribution of sociohistorical investigations to our understanding of the relationship between Latin and the emergent vernaculars in the Romània. Specific topics dealt with include: ‘pathways’ to vernacular writing traditions; in-scripturation (inserting Romance utterances in Latin texts); in-scripturalization (pragmatic texts in professional contexts, and discourse traditions and cultural memory); writing without focused norms; pragmatic and sociolinguistic recontextualization.
Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Aromanian
Authors: Maiden Martin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter covers history and major dialects divisions; vowels; consonants; prosody and syllable structure; orthography and writing systems; forms and functions of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs; inflectional morphology of nouns and verbs; patterns of allomorphy; nominal inflection ; case- and number-marking; gender, gender-marking, the ‘neuter’; vocative; morphology of personal pronouns; clitics and their collocation; address pronouns and related phenomena; demonstratives and articles; forms and functions of verbs; inflection classes; tense, mood, person, and number; synthetic and periphrastic forms; aspect-marking in Istro-Romanian and other sub-Danubian dialects; Megleno-Romanian evidentials; non-finite forms and their functions: past participles, supines, gerunds, infinitives; ‘feminization’ of the non-finite; derivational morphology; comparatives and superlatives; syntax of the noun phrase; adjective position; possessive constructions and ‘possessive’ article al; word order in the sentence; negation; interrogation; subordination and complementizers; infinitives vs subjunctives in subordinate clauses; relative clauses; causatives; object marking; coordinators; adverb position.
Dalmatian
Authors: Maiden Martin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history of this now extinct branch of Romance (including some observations on the medieval Ragusan variety, and the possible influence of Venetan varieties), the chapter surveys the principal aspects of the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the various attested varieties of Dalmatian, notably Vegliote as revealed by its last speaker, Tuone Udaina (Antonio Udina). It particularly discusses the dramatic and unusual development of the Vegliote verb morphology, including the collapse of morphological tense distinctions and the special development of future tense forms.
Southern Gallo-Romance (Occitan)
Authors: Oliviéri Michèle , Sauzet Patrick 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Occitan (including Gascon and other southern Gallo-Romance dialects). Specific topics dealt with include: geography, history, and dialect areas; vowel system (stressed vowels; diphthongs; unstressed vowels); consonant system; syllabic structure; syllable templates; syllable structure and sentence phonetics; stress; nominal morphology (gender, number, case), adjectives; pronouns and determiners; derivational morphology; verb morphology (verb classes, person marking, verb stems); tenses formed on the present indicative stem; infinitive and future and conditional; preterite and forms built on the preterite; present subjunctive; syntax of ssubject clitics; constituent order; subject inversion; topicalization and focalization; enunciatives; subordination and the complementizer que; alternative subordination types; object clitics; negation; agreement; sequences of mood and tenses.
Lexical stability and shared lexicon
Authors: Dworkin Steven N. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter surveys some of the most important issues in Romance lexical stability and shared lexicon. It covers semantic fields, numerals, kinship terminology; colour terms; body parts; calendar terms; animal names; Latinisms. Specific topics dealt with include: pan-Romance survivals and shared lexicon; nouns in DÉRom list; adjectives in DéRom list; lexical stability, shared lexicon, and semantic fields (numerals, kinship terminology, colour terms, body parts, calendar terms, domestic and wild animals), relic words, Latinisms.
Clausal complementation
Authors: Ledgeway Adam 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to provide a descriptive and critical overview of the some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to issues in Romance complementation and its development from Latin, covering such as areas as finite and non-finite complementation; loss of accusative with infinitive construction; distribution of full, reduced and VP clausal complements and their differing structural and semantic interpretations (such as clitic climbing and auxiliary selection); control (obligatory and non-obligatory control); restructuring; distribution and syntax of personal and inflected infinitives; avoidance of infinitive in southern Italo-Romance dialects and Daco-Romanian and competition with finite structures; dual complementizer systems; recomplementation; paratactic complementation (including asyndeton, ac-coordination and et-coordination).
Relative clauses
Authors: Stark Elisabeth 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to provide a descriptive and critical overview of the some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to issues in Romance relative clause formation, covering such areas as the distribution of relativizers, including pronouns, zero forms (gapping), particles and complementizers (agreeing or uninflected); the use of resumptive pronouns and its stylistic status; diachronic shifts up and down the Accessibility Hierarchy; formal distinctions in marking the restrictive vs non-restrictive distinction; stylistic and register variation. Specific topics dealt with include: paradigms of relativizers across Romance; development of relativizers in different Romance varieties; gap and resumptive pronoun strategies.