bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods of the Detection and Identification of Structural Defects in Saturated Metallic Composite Castings
Authors: Gawdzińska K. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Diagnostics of composite castings, due to their complex structure, requires that their characteristics are tested by an appropriate description method. Any deviation from the specific characteristic will be regarded as a material defect. The detection of defects in composite castings sometimes is not sufficient and the defects have to be identified. This study classifies defects found in the structures of saturated metallic composite castings and indicates those stages of the process where such defects are likely to be formed. Not only does the author determine the causes of structural defects, describe methods of their detection and identification, but also proposes a schematic procedure to be followed during detection and identification of structural defects of castings made from saturated reinforcement metallic composites. Alloys examination was conducted after technological process, while using destructive (macroscopic tests, light and scanning electron microscopy) and non-destructive (ultrasonic and X-ray defectoscopy, tomography, gravimetric method) methods. Research presented in this article are part of author’s work on castings quality.
The Effect of Type of Welding Sequence During Hardfacing Chromium Cast Iron for Erosion Resistance
Authors: Gucwa M. , Bęczkowski R. , Winczek J. , Wyleciał T. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The paper presents the capabilities of welding techniques to creating properties of wear resistant high chromium cast iron alloy. The use of the right kind of welding sequence allows you to change the structure and properties of the obtained welds. Tests were conducted for one type of additive material in the form of self shielded core wire. In order to determine the effect of the type of welding sequence on the properties of welds performed welding using string bead and weave bead. The resulting weld was tested on hardness and research structure in an optical microscope. In the following studies have been made erosive tests wear of made hardfacing. String beads gave structure rich in carbides and harder about 270 HV of the weld with weave bead. Also, wear resistance was nearly twice as better for welds made with string beads. In the experiment a decisive role in the resistance to wear plays a high hardness of the deposit and the presence of carbides in its structure. Changes in the basic parameters of the deposition process allows for the formation of structure and properties of hardfacing welds in a wide range.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Content of the Carbide Phases in the Microstructure of High-Speed Steel
Authors: Jaworski J. , Kluz R. , Trzepieciński T. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This article presents the results of investigations of the effect of heat treatment temperature on the content of the carbide phase of HS3-1-2 and HS6-5-2 low-alloy high-speed steel. Analysis of the phase composition of carbides is carried out using the diffraction method. It is determined that with increasing austenitising temperature, the intensification of dissolution of M6C carbide increases. As a result, an increase in the grain size of the austenite and the amount of retained austenite causes a significant reduction in the hardness of hardened steel HS3-1-2 to be observed. The results of diffraction investigations showed that M7C3 carbides containing mainly Cr and Fe carbides and M6C carbides containing mainly Mo and W carbides are dissolved during austenitisation. During austenitisation of HS3-1-2 steel, the silicon is transferred from the matrix to carbides, thus replacing carbide-forming elements. An increase in a degree of tempering leads to intensification of carbide separation and this process reduce the grindability of tested steels.
Intergranular Corrosion of the as Cast Hypoeutectic Zinc-Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Lachowicz M.M. , Lachowicz M.B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe paper presents the research results of the solenoid housing made of the Zn4Al1Cu alloy that was destroyed as a result of corrosion. Surface of the tested part showed macroscopically the features typical for white corrosion, and the resulting corrosion changes led to a disturbance of the alloy cohesion. The research performed have shown that the tested solenoid valve has intergranular corrosion as a reaction of the environment containing road salt. The corrosion was initiated in the areas of the alfa phase existence appearing in the eutectic areas which propagated over dendritic areas of the alloy. Initiation of the corrosion followed as a result of the galvanic effect of the alfa phase reach in aluminium showing higher electrochemical potential, in contact with the eta phase reach in zinc. The impact of the phase reach in lead present in the microstructure on the corrosion processes run was not found.
Comparative Studies of Microstructure and Fatigue Life of Selected Lead-free Alloys
Authors: Pietrzak K. , Klasik A. , Maj M. , Sobczak N. , Wojciechowski A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Lead-free alloys containing various amounts of zinc (4.5%, 9%, 13%) and constant copper addition (1%) were discussed. The results of microstructure examinations carried out by light microscopy (qualitative and quantitative) and by SEM were presented. In the light microscopy, a combinatorial method was used for the quantitative evaluation of microstructure. In general, this method is based on the phase quanta theory according to which every microstructure can be treated as an arrangement of phases/structural components in the matrix material. Based on this method, selected geometrical parameters of the alloy microstructure were determined. SEM examinations were based on chemical analyses carried out in microregions by EDS technique. The aim of the analyses was to identify the intermetallic phases/compounds occurring in the examined alloys. In fatigue testing, a modified low cycle fatigue test method (MLCF) was used. Its undeniable advantage is the fact that each time, using one sample only, several mechanical parameters can be estimated. As a result of structure examinations, the effect of alloying elements on the formation of intermetallic phases and compounds identified in the examined lead-free alloys was determined. In turn, the results of mechanical tests showed the effect of intermetallic phases identified in the examined alloys on their fatigue life. Some concepts and advantages of the use of the combinatorial and MLCF methods in materials research were also presented.
Coordinated Production Planning and Scheduling Problem in a Foundry
Authors: Stawowy A. , Duda J. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In the paper, we present a coordinated production planning and scheduling problem for three major shops in a typical alloy casting foundry, i.e. a melting shop, molding shop with automatic line and a core shop. The castings, prepared from different metal, have different weight and different number of cores. Although core preparation does not required as strict coordination with molding plan as metal preparation in furnaces, some cores may have limited shelf life, depending on the material used, or at least it is usually not the best organizational practice to prepare them long in advance. Core shop have limited capacity, so the cores for castings that require multiple cores should be prepared earlier. We present a mixed integer programming model for the coordinated production planning and scheduling problem of the shops. Then we propose a simple Lagrangian relaxation heuristic and evolutionary based heuristic to solve the coordinated problem. The applicability of the proposed solution in industrial practice is verified on large instances of the problem with the data simulating actual production parameters in one of the medium size foundry.
Improvement of Artistic Cast Production System
Authors: Władysiak R. , Pacyniak T. , Trzoska J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe paper presents the technology and organization of the artistic cast production. On the basis of the actual cast production system, the manufacturing process was shown, in particular sand–piece moulding, which is a very important process and a time-consuming part of the entire manufacture of the casts. The current state of the production process as well as the organization of the work and production technology were analysed with the use of methods and techniques of production improvement, the Lean Manufacturing concept and computer systems. The results of the analysis and studies were shown with use of schemes and graphs of the layout of the production resources, a flow chart of the production process, value stream mapping, and a costs table for the production and modernization of the moulding stage. The work has shown that there are possibilities to improve the artistic cast production system. This improvement leads to increased productivity, lower production costs of artistic casts and increased competitiveness of the foundry.
Strength of the Bond of Structural Steel S235JR to Bronze SAE660 Produced by Casting in Pre-Mold
Authors: Zaheri M. , Vahdat S.E. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Different methods are used for production of bronze bearings. In terms of technical specifications, the success of each of these methods depends on the bond’s strength and in terms of economic, the production method is important. In this study, the aim is to study the strength and microstructure of steel-bronze thrust bearing bond that has been produced through the casting using pre-mold. In this study, in order to bond, the raw metals are chemically washed with sulfuric acid solution for five minutes at first. Then, the molten bronze SAE660 is cast in a structural steel S235JR pre-mold. The bond’s strength has been measured using the shear test three times; the measurement of bond’s length has been done using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The results indicate that the strength of the bond is at least 94.8 MPa and bond’s length is 0.45 micrometers. Therefore, this method was successful for trust bearing application.
Phase Field Study of Microstructure Evolution in Eutectoid Phase Transformation – I Nucleation
Authors: Zhang Dongqiao , Yin Yajun , Zhou Jianxin , Tu Zhixin 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Eutectoid growth, as the important reaction mechanism of the carbon steel heat treatment, is the basis to control the microstructure and performance. At present, most studies have focused on lamellar growth, and did not consider the nucleation process. Mainly due to the nucleation theory is inconclusive, a lot of research can support their own theory in a certain range. Based on the existing nucleation theory, this paper proposes a cooperative nucleation model to simulate the nucleation process of eutectoid growth. In order to ensure that the nucleation process is more suitable to the theoretical results, different correction methods were used to amend the model respectively. The results of numerical simulation show that when the model is unmodified, the lateral growth of single phase is faster than that of longitudinal growth, so the morphology is oval. Then, the effects of diffusion correction, mobility correction and ledges nucleation mechanism correction on the morphology of nucleation and the nucleation rate were studied respectively. It was found that the introduction of boundary diffusion and the nucleation mechanism of the ledges could lead to a more realistic pearlite.
Friction and Wear Properties of Plasma Sprayed YSZ/Ni-Cr-Al Coated 6063-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Erzi E. , Dispinar D. , Yilmaz S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this study T6 heat treated 6063 aluminum alloys were used as substrate material. In order to form a bond between the substrate and the main coating, all samples were coated with Ni-Cr-Al powders. 8 wt% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia powders (YSZ) were coated with plasma spray technique. Thickness of YSZ was 150 μm and bond coating was 36 m. XRD and SEM-EDS analyses were performed to characterize the coating layers. These YSZ coated and uncoated samples were subjected to wear testing under different spindle speed, loading and working distance. Wear test results were compared with the kinetic friction coefficients and weight loss values. Wear marks on YSZ coated and uncoated samples were investigated by SEM analysis. By coating with plasma spray technique, the wear resistance of Al alloys was increased without changing the friction coefficient. It was found that spindle speed had significant effect over the wear properties than the load applied. By YSZ coating, wear properties were increased 10 times.
Assessment of the Harmfulness of the Slags from Copper Smelting Processes, in an Aspect of their Management
Authors: Holtzer M. , Bydałek A. , Wołczyński W. , Kmita A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThere are two methods to produce primary copper: hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Copper concentrates, from which copper matte is melted, constitute the charge at melting primary copper in the pyrometallurgical process. This process consists of a few stages, of which the basic ones are roasting and smelting. Smelting process may be bath and flash. Slag from copper production, on the end of process contain less 0,8%. It is treat as a waste or used other field, but only in a few friction. The slag amount for waste management or storage equaled 11 741 – 16 011 million tons in 2011. This is a serious ecological problem. The following slags were investigated: slag originated from the primary copper production process in the flash furnace of the Outtokumpuja Company in HM Głogów 2 (Sample S2): the same slag after the copper removal performed according the up to now technology (Sample S1): slag originated from the primary copper production process in the flash furnace of the Outtokumpuja Company in HM Głogów 2, after the copper removal performed according the new technology (Sample S3). In practice, all tested slags satisfy the allowance criteria of storing on the dumping grounds of wastes other than hazardous and neutral.
Tribological Response of Heat Treated AISI 52100 Steels Against Steel and Ceramic Counterparts
Authors: Türedi E. , Yilmaz M. , Senol V. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
AISI 52100 bearing steels are commonly used in applications requiring high hardness and abrasion resistance. The bearing steels are working under dynamic loads in service conditions and their toughness properties become important. In order to provide the desired mechanical properties, various heat treatments (austenizing, quenching and tempering) are usually applied. In this study, AISI 52100 bearing steel samples were austenized at 900°C for ½ h and water quenched to room temperature. Then tempering was carried out at 795°C, 400°C and 200°C for ½ h. In order to investigate the effect of heat treatment conditions on wear behavior, dry friction tests were performed according to ASTM G99-05 Standard with a ‘ball-on-disk’ type tribometer. The samples were tested against steel and ceramic counterparts using the parameters of 100 m distance and 30 N load and 0.063 m/s rotational speed. After wear test, the surface characterization was carried out using microscopy. Wear loss values were calculated using a novel optical method on both flat and counterpart specimens.
The Analysis of AISI A3 Type Ferritic-Austenitic Cast Steel Crystallization Mechanism
Authors: Stradomski G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHigh-alloy corrosion-resistant ferritic-austenitic steels and cast steels are a group of high potential construction materials. This is evidenced by the development of new alloys both low alloys grades such as the ASTM 2101 series or high alloy like super or hyper duplex series 2507 or 2707 [1-5]. The potential of these materials is also presented by the increasing frequency of sintered components made both from duplex steel powders as well as mixtures of austenitic and ferritic steels [6, 7]. This article is a continuation of the problems presented in earlier works [5, 8, 9] and its inspiration were technological observed problems related to the production of duplex cast steel.The analyzed AISI A3 type cast steel is widely used in both wet exhaust gas desulphurisation systems in coal fired power plants as well as in aggressive working environments. Technological problems such as hot cracking presented in works [5, 8], with are effects of the rich chemical composition and phenomena occurring during crystallization, must be known to the technologists.The presented in this work phenomena which occur during the crystallization and cooling of ferritic-austenitic cast steel were investigated using numerical methods with use of the ThermoCalc and FactSage® software, as well with use of experimental thermal-derivative analysis.
Assessment of Changes in Sod Under Intensive Use
Authors: Czarnecki Jarosław , Cudzik Anna , Brennensthul Marek , Białczyk Włodzimierz , Wolski Karol , Świerszcz Sebastian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe paper presents research results which aimed at evaluation of the change in the sodding degree and selected strength parameters of sod used with varied intensity; additionally sod was modified through administration of biopreparation. Measurements were taken on two types of sod. The first one was formed from perennial rye grass, the second one from orchard grass. It was proved that the use of the investigated facilities resulted in reduction of sodding, which was related to the sod forming species. No impact of biopreparation use on the sodding degree was proved. Intensive use affected the increase of the value of the analysed strength parameters; at low soil moisture (5.0-5.5%) considerable compaction in the surface layer of soil was reported.
Impact of Feed Mixture on Kinetic Strength of Pellets for Poultry
Authors: Sobol Zygmunt , Baran Dariusz , Major Marcin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe paper presents the impact of feed mixtures for poultry on their kinetic strength determined with Holmen's method. Research material came from a production line and 9 pelleted feed mixtures for poultry with diameter of 3.2 mm were accepted for the research. Feed was prepared, pelleted and cooled with the use of the same devices and their exploitation settings were comparable with regard to the investigated feed pellet. The obtained research results proved that kinetic strength of the investigated feed pellets was statistically significant in relation to the composition of the feed mixture. Relations of kinetic strength of pellets to the composition of the feed mixtures were determined with the multiple regression method. From the determined models the highest utilitarian value may occur in case of a model with four explanatory variables: corn (x1), wheat (x2), soya meal (x4) and fat (x5).
Modelling of Beetroot Seedlings with Modified Generalized Logistic Functions
Authors: Szparaga Agnieszka , Czerwińska Ewa 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Modified generalized logistic functions (also known as Koya-Goshu functions) were used for mathematical description of germination. These functions constitute natural modification of traditionally used Richards' function for description of plants germination that introduces a non-linear time increase in exponent and an element related to time shift. Curves were adjusted to experimental data based on minimization of the square sum of difference between experimental data and a mathematical model (the smallest squares method). Results of simulation research show that the determined parameters of curves (e.g., values of the growth parameter, time shift or upper limit of population) describing the number of seedlings as a time function stay compliant to interpretation with regard to biology of the investigated processes. Based on the research, it was stated that for control and application of plant extracts to soil, Koyu-Gosha model has better adjustment to experimental data in comparison to the generalized logistic model.
Secret Image Enhanced Sharing Using Visual Cryptography
Authors: Brindha K. , Jeyanthi N. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In the conventional visual cryptographic scheme, an image is divided into several image shares, which are distributed among the members of a group, and the original image is retrieved by combining the shares of all the members. This secret image becomes accessible to every individual member and there is an inherent risk of any one of the members in the group using the valuable information for illegal purposes as an intruder. To overcome this problem, the proposed algorithm Secret Image Enhanced Sharing using Visual Cryptography (SIESVC) diligently facilitates any member in the group to retrieve either only a part or the complete secret image based purely on his access privilege rights only.
Stress corrosion characteristics of AL-Li-X alloys: role of GB precipitate size and spacing
Authors: Vasudevan A.K. , Sadananda K. , Ramgopal Thodla 
Published: October 2017

AbstractStress corrosion characteristics of three alloys, AL-3Li, AL-2Li-3Cu, and 5083, were analyzed. All three alloys have anodic grain boundary (GB) precipitates (ppts) (δ, T1, and β, respectively) that show different corrosion rates with respect to the lattice H diffusion. These GB phases grow with heat treatment time. These phases affect room-temperature fracture toughness in AL-3Li and AL-2Li-3Cu alloys but not in 5083 alloy. When exposed to NaCl solution, all three GB phases dissolve. Under an applied stress, the resulting stress corrosion threshold stress intensity K1sccvaries inversely with size and spacing, when the local crack tip environmental condition is established. The mechanism involved is mostly anodic dissolution with a secondary effect from hydrogen.
Pre-exposure embrittlement of a commercial Al-Mg-Mn alloy, AA5083-H131
Authors: Holroyd N. J. Henry , Burnett Timothy L. , Seifi Mohsen , Lewandowski John J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTwo distinct modes of environment-induce cracking (EIC) can initiate in AA5083-H131 during slow strain rate testing (SSRT) in laboratory air (50% RH) at nominal strain rates around 10−6/s, for material either sensitized in distilled water (DW) at 80°C or when material sensitized in dry air is subsequently pre-exposed to DW at room temperature. Type-1 EIC is the “classic” form of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC), which during SSRT in laboratory air, initiates at intergranular corrosion (IGC) sites promoted during exposure to DW and provides the prerequisite local stress intensity factor of around 5 MNm−3/2required for crack initiation. When Type-1 EIC cracks become sufficiently deep for local plane-strain stress intensity factors to exceed 12–15 MNm−3/2, Type-2 EIC initiation triggers a series of sudden large load-drops and SSRT failures with extremely low fracture stresses (30–65 MPa). Pre-exposure to DW at room temperature can enhance propensity to both Type-1 and Type-2 EIC. SSRT in dry air, as opposed to humid laboratory air, exhibits failure consistently as a 45° slant failure via a predominantly ductile microvoid coalescence fracture mode, with Type-1 EIC very rarely initiating and any Type-2 EIC restricted to isolated internal patches that only form when relative elongations exceed ~9%.