bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air Pollution and Birth Weight Among Term Infants in California
Authors: Parker Jennifer D. , Woodruff Tracey J. , Basu Rupa , Schoendorf Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. To examine associations between birth weight and air pollution among full-term infants in California.
Methods. We matched exposure data collected from air pollution monitors for small particles (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) to California birth records for singleton births delivered at 40 weeks' gestation in 2000 using the locations of the monitors and mother's residence. Pollution measurements collected within 5 miles of the mother's residence, averaged for the time period corresponding to the duration of pregnancy and each trimester, were used as exposure variables. Logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between the pollution measures and 2 pregnancy outcomes: small for gestational age (SGA) and birth weight. Variations of the models were used to examine the robustness of the findings.
Results. The adjusted odds ratio for SGA for exposure in the highest compared with lowest quartile of PM2.5 was 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.50). We found no association between CO and birth weight or SGA after controlling for maternal factors and PM2.5 (mean birth weight difference: 2.6 g; 95% CI: −20.6 to 25.8). The difference in mean birth weight for infants with a 9-month exposure in the highest quartile of PM2.5 compared with that of infants who were exposed in the lowest quartile was −36.1 g (95% CI: −16.5 g to −55.8 g); this difference was similar after controlling for CO. We did not find PM2.5 exposure during a particular trimester most important for assessing birth weight; trimester-level associations were similar to those found using the 9-month exposure variable.
Conclusions. We found an increased odds of SGA and a small difference in mean birth weight between infants with the highest and lowest exposures to PM2.5 but not CO. These findings have important implications for infant health because of the ubiquitous exposure to fine particulate air pollution across the United States.
Prevalence of Scalp Scaling in Prepubertal Children
Authors: Williams Judith V. , Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Burke Bonnie L. , Barnes-Eley Myra , Friedlander Sheila F. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. To determine the prevalence and most common etiologies of scalp scaling in infants and prepubertal children and the specificity of head and neck lymphadenopathy for the diagnosis of tinea capitis associated with scalp scaling.Design/Methods. A cross-sectional study of 300 children, 200 from an urban general pediatric practice and 100 from 2 urban pediatric dermatology practices, was conducted. Half of the subjects were &lt;2 years old, and half were 2 to 10 years old. Demographic data, medical history, and clinical data noting the presence of scalp scaling and other scalp signs and symptoms, as well as adenopathy of the head and neck, were collected.Results. Scalp scaling was seen in 66 (22%) children. There was an insignificantly higher prevalence of scalp scaling in those &lt;2 years old compared with the 2- to 10-year-old group. In those &lt;2 years old with scalp scaling, the most common diagnoses were seborrheic dermatitis (thick, adherent, greasy scale predominantly in the frontal and/or vertex areas of the scalp) and atopic dermatitis/eczema. Among those 2 to 10 years old with scalp scaling, the most common diagnoses were nonspecific (fine, white) scaling, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis/eczema. Nine (3%) patients were culture-positive for a dermatophyte, all of whom were black, and grew Trichophyton tonsurans. More than half (52.7%) of all patients had head and neck adenopathy. The presence of posterior nodes was significantly associated with atopic dermatitis/eczema and marginally associated with a positive dermatophyte culture. The presence of scalp scaling plus posterior adenopathy was significantly associated with seborrheic dermatitis and a positive dermatophyte culture in the entire study population and with atopic dermatitis in the pediatric dermatology clinics.Conclusions. Scalp scaling was common in children 0 to 10 years old. Infantile-type seborrheic dermatitis was noted in both age groups: it was 3 times as likely in children &lt;2 years old (18%) than in those 2 to 10 years old (6%). Contrary to traditional teaching, seborrheic dermatitis can be found in preadolescent children. Atopic dermatitis/eczema was associated with scalp scaling in both age groups. Head and neck adenopathy was very common and nonspecific for any 1 diagnosis. Posterior adenopathy with concurrent scalp scaling was significantly associated with seborrheic dermatitis, a positive dermatophyte culture, and atopic dermatitis. In this nonselected pediatric population, scalp scaling with adenopathy was not associated exclusively with tinea capitis.
The Effect of Acute and Chronic Asthma Severity on Pediatric Emergency Department Utilization
Authors: Macias Charles G. , Caviness A. Chantal , Sockrider Marianna , Brooks Edward , Kronfol Rana , Bartholomew L. Kay , Abramson Stuart , Shearer William 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to teach emergency department (ED) physicians how to use standardized criteria for diagnosing and classifying asthma severity and to describe the patterns of pediatric ED utilization of these criteria for classification of both acute and chronic severity.
METHOD. A health care provider education module was developed and implemented in 4 participating EDs in southeast Texas to educate ED physicians and health care providers on the diagnosis and acute and chronic severity classification of pediatric asthma patients. We undertook both retrospective (medical chart extraction) and prospective surveillance over a 2-year period of all children presenting to 1 of 4 EDs with acute asthma. Demographic characteristics, classification of severity, health care resource utilization, and primary physician contact information were collected.
RESULTS. The health care provider educational intervention was provided for 84 different physicians. A subset of 16 physicians was randomly tested preintervention and postintervention. Mean mock-scenario scores at 2 weeks showed an improvement of 55.6%, which was sustained at retesting at 6 months. Over the 2-year period, 6222 individual pediatric ED encounters were entered into the surveillance database. The median age of presentation was 5 years. More than 32% of the patients in the study were uninsured. The majority of the patients in each category had asthma of mild severity: mild intermittent chronic (58.7%) and mild acute (53.9%).
CONCLUSIONS. Physicians who completed a health care provider education module learned to effectively diagnose asthma and recognize standardized acute and chronic severity classifications. The majority of children with asthma who presented to the Texas Emergency Department Asthma Surveillance project's participating EDs were classified as having mild acute severity and mild intermittent chronic disease. Almost one third of these patients did not have health insurance.
Using Billing Data to Describe Patterns in Asthma-Related Emergency Department Visits in Children
Authors: Reeves Mathew J. , Lyon-Callo Sarah , Brown Michael D. , Rosenman Ken , Wasilevich Elizabeth , Williams Seymour G. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVES. To describe the development and evaluation of a pilot emergency department (ED)-based asthma surveillance system for childhood asthma visits based on billing data and to illustrate how the data can be used to document trends and patterns in ED visits for asthma in children.METHODS. During 2001 and 2002, aggregate reports based on ED billing data from 3 hospitals in western Michigan were obtained from a single physician billing company. Data were tabulated and graphed to show trends in the monthly number of ED visits for asthma in children. Comparisons were made by age, gender, and site. We evaluated the system by using established guidelines.RESULTS. The data illustrated strong seasonal trends, as well as marked differences in ED use according to age and gender. The total numbers of asthma ED visits were remarkably similar between the 2 years evaluated; however, the timing and duration of the seasonal peaks differed. Our evaluation of the system found that it met many of the characteristics that define successful surveillance systems, including simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity and positive predictive value, timeliness, and stability. However, the surveillance system's representativeness was limited by the inability to calculate valid population-based ED-visit rates. Despite this limitation, the data provided useful information by documenting the burden and demographic profile of children who use the ED for asthma care and in identifying seasonal and time-related trends.CONCLUSIONS. We were able to successfully implement a pilot ED-based surveillance system for childhood asthma visits by using billing data. This system promotes the understanding of the burden of asthma among children visiting the ED. The development of an ED-based surveillance system for childhood asthma visits using billing data is recommended, particularly when there is a desire to understand the characteristics of children with asthma who use the ED and/or a need to understand the impact of local asthma quality-improvement programs.
Asthma Care and Management Before an Emergency Department Visit in Children in Western Michigan: How Well Does Care Adhere to Guidelines?
Authors: Reeves Mathew J. , Bohm Susan R. , Korzeniewski Steven J. , Brown Michael D. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVES. Asthma is one of the more common reasons for children's visits to the emergency departments (EDs). Many studies show that the level of asthma care and self-management in children before an ED visit for asthma is often inadequate; however, most of these studies have been conducted in the inner cities of large urban areas. Our objectives were to describe asthma care and management in children treated for asthma in 3 EDs located in an urban, suburban, or rural setting.METHODS. We studied a prospective patient cohort consisting of children aged 2 to 17 years who presented with an acute asthma exacerbation at 3 EDs in western Michigan. An in-person questionnaire was administered to the parent or guardian during the ED visit. Information was collected on demographics; asthma history; usual asthma care; frequency of symptoms during the last 4 weeks; current asthma treatment, management, and control; and past emergency asthma care. A telephone interview conducted 2 weeks after the ED visit obtained follow-up information. The 8 quality indicators of asthma care and management were defined based on recommendations from national guidelines.RESULTS. Of 197 children, 70% were enrolled at the urban site, 18% at the suburban site, and 12% at the rural site. The average age was 7.9 years; 60% were male, and 33% were black. At presentation, nearly half (46%) of the children had mild intermittent asthma, 20% had mild persistent asthma, 15% had moderate persistent asthma, and 19% had severe persistent asthma. One quarter of the children had been hospitalized for asthma, and two thirds had at least 1 previous ED visit in the past year. At least 94% had health insurance coverage and 95% reported having a primary care provider.Less than half of the children had attended at least 2 scheduled asthma appointments with their regular asthma care provider in the past year. Although only 5% of the subjects reported that the ED was their only source of asthma care, at least 30% reported that they always went directly to the ED when they needed urgent asthma care. Only 3 in 5 children possessed either a spacer or a peak-flow meter, whereas ∼2 in 5 reported having a written asthma action plan. Among those with persistent asthma, there was considerable evidence of undertreatment, with 36% not on either an inhaled corticosteroid or a suitable long-term control medication. Only 20% completed a visit with their regular asthma care provider within 1 week of their ED visit.CONCLUSIONS. Despite very high levels of health care coverage and access to primary care, the overall quality of asthma care and management fell well short of that recommended by national guidelines.
Emergency Department Allies: A Controlled Trial of Two Emergency Department–Based Follow-up Interventions to Improve Asthma Outcomes in Children
Authors: Gorelick Marc H. , Meurer John R. , Walsh-Kelly Christine M. , Brousseau David C. , Grabowski Laura , Cohn Jennifer , Kuhn Evelyn M. , Kelly Kevin J. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE. We sought to study the impact of emergency department (ED)–based intensive primary care linkage and initiation of asthma case management on long-term, patient-oriented outcomes for children with an asthma exacerbation.METHODS. Our study was a randomized, 3-arm, parallel-group, single-blind clinical trial. Children aged 2 through 17 years treated in a pediatric ED for acute asthma were randomly assigned to standard care (group 1), including patient education, a written care plan, and instructions to follow up with the primary care provider within 7 days, or 1 of 2 interventions. Group 2 received standard care plus assistance with scheduling follow-up, while group 3 received the above interventions, plus enrollment in a case management program.OUTCOMES. The primary outcome was the proportion of children having an ED visit for asthma within 6 months. Other outcomes included change in quality-of-life score and controller-medication use.RESULTS. Three hundred fifty-two children were enrolled; 78% completed follow-up, 69% were black, and 70% had persistent asthma. Of the children, 37.8% had a subsequent ED visit for asthma, with no difference among the treatment groups (group 1: 38.4%; group 2, 39.2%; group 3, 35.8%). Children in all groups had a substantial, but similar, increase in their quality-of-life score. Controller-medication use increased from 69.4% to 81.4%, with no difference among the groups.CONCLUSION. ED-based attempts to improve primary care linkage or initiate case management are no more effective than our standard ED care in improving subsequent asthma outcomes over a 6-month period.
Change in Approach and Delivery of Medical Care in Children With Asthma: Results From a Multicenter Emergency Department Educational Asthma Management Program
Authors: Boychuk Rodney B. , DeMesa Charles J. , Kiyabu Kristi M. , Yamamoto Franklin , Yamamoto Loren G. , Sanderson Ron , Gartner Brenda , Donovan Rebecca , Beckham Sheila , Pang Corilyn , Fanucchi Rebecca , Chong Valerie 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVES. The Hawaii Child Asthma Research to Elevate Standards (CARES) Program implemented an emergency department (ED)-based education and management program to facilitate National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) guideline understanding among asthmatic children and their families, ED staff, and health care providers.
METHODS. The multipronged approach used: (1) 2-phased prospective tracking system of ED asthma patients; (2) ED-based educational intervention for patients/families; and (3) asthma education for ED staff and community-based health care providers. Data were collected across 4 EDs during phase I (October 8, 2002, to October 1, 2003) and phase II (October 1, 2003, to July 8, 2004). Follow-up data were collected by telephone 3 weeks (phase I), and 3 weeks and 3 months (phase II) after the ED encounter. The patient/family intervention was delivered throughout phase II. During phase I, ED and community-based health care professionals developed strategies for building an integrated asthma care system. ED staff training was delivered before phase II. Continuing medical education for health care providers was delivered before and during the first month of phase II.
RESULTS. Tracking data on 706 phase I and 353 phase II patient encounters revealed that the majority of patients with persistent asthma did not use long-term controller medications and did not possess a written asthma action plan. From preintervention to postintervention, the number of patients possessing a written asthma action plan increased from 48 to 322. Of 186 persistent asthmatics, 34 were using controller medications daily, 34 as needed, and 118 not at all. Daily use increased to 80 3 weeks postintervention and to 68 3 months postintervention.
CONCLUSION. An ED-based childhood asthma tracking system can serve as a basis for designing and implementing an ED-based educational intervention. ED staff, primary care providers, and others can work together to promote asthma care.
ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DOS MECANISMOS SELETIVOS PARA INGRESSO NOS CURSOS SUPERIORES NO BRASIL: revisitando o passado
Authors: Lima Lucinete Marques , Lima Francisca das Chagas Silva , Cardozo Maria José Pires Barros 
Published: January 2017

Este artigo objetiva reconstruir a história dos mecanismos seletivos para ingresso na educação superior do Império à década de 90 do século XX, para apreender as contradições, continuidades, rupturas e sentidos na democratização de oportunidades educacionais, considerando suas mediações e resulta de estudos preliminares de um projeto de pesquisa sobre Educação Superior. Foi realizado com base em estudos bibliográficos e documentais (textos normativos). O estudo evidencia, nas diversas iniciativas reformistas da educação superior, a presença da tendência elitista, do esforço de ajustamento aos interesses capitalistas, com tímidas assimilações das reivindicações de movimentos sociais e da academia, dificultando a democratização das oportunidades educacionais. Palavras-chave: Políticas educacionais. Educação superior. Seletividade no ingresso.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SELECTIVE MECHANISMS FOR ENTRY IN THE HIGHER COURSES IN BRAZIL: revisiting the pastAbstract: This article aims to reconstruct the history of selective mechanisms for entering higher education in the Empire in the 1990s in order to understand the contradictions, continuities, ruptures and meanings in democratization of educational opportunities, considering their mediations and results in preliminary studies of a research project on Higher Education. It was carried out based on bibliographical and document studies (normative texts). The study shows, in diverse reformist initiatives in higher education, presence of elitist tendencies with slight assimilations of social movement and academia revindications, hindering democratization of educational opportunities.Keywords: Educational policies. College education. Admissions selectivity. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DE LOS MECANISMOS SELECTIVOS PARA ADMISIÓN EN LOS CURSOS SUPERIORES EN BRASIL: encuentro con el pasadoResumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo reconstruir la historia de mecanismos selectivos para el ingreso a la educación superior del Imperio a los años 90 del siglo XX, para entender las contradicciones, continuidades, rupturas y sentidos en la democratización de las oportunidades de educación, teniendo en cuenta sus mediaciones y los resultados de los estudios preliminares de un proyecto de investigación sobre la Educación Superior. Fue realizado con base en estudios bibliográficos y documentales (textos normativos). El estudio muestra, en las diversas iniciativas reformistas de la educación superior, la presencia de tendencia elitista, del esfuerzo de ajuste a los intereses capitalistas, con tímidas asimilaciones de las reivindicaciones de los movimientos sociales y el mundo académico, dificultando la democratización de las oportunidades educativas. Palabras clave: Políticas educacionales. Educación universitaria. Selectividad en la admisión.
Teoria da Ação Comunicativa: considerações sobre interdisciplinaridade na educação profissional
Authors: Peralta Deise Aparecida , Gonçalves Harryson Junio Lessa 
Published: January 2017

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar algumas considerações, segundo os princípios habermasianos da Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, sobre ensino de Matemática em cursos de Educação Profissional no que se refere à aspectos e práticas interdisciplinares. A aproximação da problemática foi feita por meio de análises de prescrições curriculares de cursos de Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio. Observa-se que o pressuposto de abordagem interdisciplinar da Matemática é essencial para a formação dos profissionais técnicos, contudo constata-se a visão funcionalista de interdisciplinaridade, eminentemente pautada em racionalidade técnica, onde as tentativas de articulações entre os diversos componentes curriculares prescindem de fomento à atividade coletiva pressuposto basilar da racionalidade comunicativa.
Evaluation of Simulated Transpiration from Maize Plants on Lysimeters
Authors: Heinlein Florian , Biernath Christian , Klein Christian , Thieme Christoph , Priesack Eckart 
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas
The heat ratio method can determine transpiration of larger maize plants.
Root and leave simulations are crucial to model transpiration and evapotranspiration.
Lysimeters are very suitable for model testing.
Simulations of drought periods and rewet events are challenging.
In central Europe expected climate change will lead to strongly changing regional water availability and will affect future crop production systems and yields. To adapt these production systems and estimate the irrigation necessity for yield optimization—today and in the future—crop water demand as a function of its environment and development stage must be understood. Crop models are often applied to simulate water demands, but the accuracy of the simulations and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We therefore grew maize (Zea mays L.) in field lysimeters in 2013 and tested the ability of six model configurations (two crop models CERES (Crop Environment Resource Synthesis) and SPASS (Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System Simulation) combined with three evapotranspiration models) to simulate measured sap flow and components of the water balance. Sap flow measurements (i.e., heat ratio method [HRM]) determined transpiration. All models simulated the measured diurnal cycles of sap flow rates. Higher simulated leaf area indices by the CERES model runs caused an overestimation of transpiration in the beginning of the measurement period. The models overestimated daily actual evapotranspiration when water input was high due to an overestimation of actual evaporation and transpiration resulting from high water contents at the top soil layers. All models simulated the occurrence of measured percolation peaks, but only partly captured their intensities. Soil water contents in the 50‐ and 80‐cm depths and the daily water content change of the whole lysimeter were well simulated by the models. Deviations between models and measurements might have been caused by the so‐called pot effect and by drought stress influencing the root distribution in the lysimeter.
Dwie wizje człowieka - dwie wizje Europy
Authors: Gierycz Michał , Mazurkiewicz Ks. Piotr 
Published: January 2017

Artykuł broni tezy, iż współczesne spory o kształt Europy związane są ze sporem dwóch antropologii. Pierwsza z nich, określana tutaj jako antropologia ograniczona, pojmuje człowieka jako stworzenie, a zatem byt w swojej naturze ograniczony i niedoskonały. Na przeciwnym biegunie sytuuje się antropologia nieograniczona, zgodnie z którą byt ludzki jest moralnie i epistemicznie doskonały; stwarzający niejako sam siebie. Autorzy, wykorzystując wiele przykładów z zakresu polityk UE, dowodzą, iż zarysowany spór antropologiczny jest kluczowy dla zrozumienia współczesnej polityki Unii Europejskiej, a zwłaszcza jej „morality policy”, zdradzającej inklinacje do rozmaitych transgresji