bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Pressure Perovskite: Synthesis, Structure, and Phase Relation
Authors: Inaguma Yoshiyuki 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA huge number of compounds with chemical formula ABX3adopt the perovskite (Pv)‐type structure or its distorted derivatives. Studies on Pv‐type and related compounds synthesized under high pressures and high temperatures or stable under high pressure have been developed by large contributions of earth science as well as materials science and engineering. In the field of solid‐state chemistry, the stabilization of Pv‐phase by high pressure, the phase relation under various pressure‐temperature conditions, and the structure and properties of obtained metastable Pv phases have been elucidated. This chapter reviews syntheses of high‐pressure Pv in terms of synthetic methods, phase stability, structure, and chemical bonding. Synthetic methods of Pvs aided by pressure, from relative low gas pressure of ∼1 MPa to hydrostatic pressure in solid medium on the order of 10 GPa and the examples.
Sol–Gel Synthesis of Solid‐State Materials
Authors: Kickelbick Guido , Wenderoth Patrick 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Sol–gel synthesis is one of the most important techniques for the preparation of solid‐state compounds from molecular precursors under wet‐chemistry conditions. Due to the mild reaction conditions, the plethora of chemical compositions possible, and its various processing options it became one of the major tools in modern materials fabrication. In this chapter, we will introduce this technique based on its molecular mechanisms and the parameter field, which can be used to tailor the final materials. Different precursors lead to materials compositions from pure silica, over metal oxides, sulfides, and fluorides, to hybrid inorganic–organic materials. Not only the composition, but also the morphology of the final materials can be controlled from bulk‐ to nanoscale, and even the tailoring of porosity is easily possible. Based on the broad synthetic strategies it becomes clear that also many applications are under development or are even in market. Selected examples will also be presented.
Particle‐Mediated Crystal Growth
Authors: Penn R. Lee 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

The structure, microstructure, size, and shape of nanocrystals are strongly path‐dependent. However, rational and tight control over these same properties remains an ongoing challenge in materials synthesis. The crystal growth literature contains many reports describing crystals with textures, morphologies, and microstructures that cannot be explained by classical crystal growth. There are myriad examples of crystals that have features that are consistent with formation by nonclassical crystal growth, such as oriented attachment or other particle‐mediated crystal growth mechanisms. This chapter's primary focus is on solid‐phase particle‐mediated crystal growth. A particularly challenging aspect of elucidating crystal growth mechanisms is that multiple mechanisms often operate simultaneously. Thus, time‐resolved methods that enable characterization of crystals as they exist in their growth media across growth stages are essential to elucidating and quantifying crystal growth.
High‐Throughput Synthesis Under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Aoki Nobuaki , Seong Gimyeong , Aida Tsutomu , Hojo Daisuke , Takami Seiichi , Adschiri Tadafumi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the specific features of continuous flow‐type reaction system, which enables high‐throughput synthesis of nanoparticles. First, the mechanism of the hydrothermal synthesis method is summarized with reviewing the water properties, solubility, and reaction rate and equilibrium. Nanoparticles synthesis, metallic nanoparticles formation, and organic modification are explained. Next, phenomena in the reactor are described, including mixing of fluids, kinetics of reaction, which is essential to design the flow reactors. Then, the applications of the methods are illustrated, which covers catalyst, metamaterials, medical applications, semiconductor applications, and hybrid materials.
Bio‐Inspired Synthesis and Application of Functional Inorganic Materials by Polymer‐Controlled Crystallization
Authors: Liu Lei , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBiominerals present in organisms are typically inorganic–organic hybrid materials with unique complex form, hierarchically ordered superstructures, and superior materials properties. Bio‐inspired polymer‐controlled crystallization approaches, aiming to transform the optimized designs and formation mechanisms lurking in biominerals to artificial systems, have been successfully applied to the synthesis of a wide range of inorganic materials. In order to avoid duplication with previous reviews, in this chapter we only focus on the new branches of polymer‐controlled crystallization for the design and preparation of functional inorganic materials with novel structures and improved resulting properties. For clear understanding of the interactions between added polymers and growing crystals and their mediation over the final crystal structures, some basic principles of crystallization involving classical and nonclassical pathways are first introduced. Emphasis will be laid on latest developments and important advances of bio‐inspired synthesis of various kinds of functional inorganic materials via polymer‐controlled crystallization. Their resulting improvements in different properties and potential applications in diverse fields of energy transformation and storage, catalysis, sensing, environmental management, (bio)medical science, and so on are subsequently discussed and highlighted. The challenges of current studies and prospects for future research about this new branch topic are finally suggested.
Single‐CrystalX‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Englert Ulli 
Published: August 2017

AbstractX‐ray diffraction experiments on single crystals represent one of the most relevant characterization techniques. They continue to provide us with a plethora of structural details and invaluable structure–property relationships in many fields of natural sciences. The overview in this chapter will follow the sequence of a classical diffraction experiment: Symmetry plays a decisive role for understanding crystal chemistry and relationships between crystal structures. Diffraction will be addressed within the limits of kinematic theory, and a very short overview of instrumentation will be given. It will be followed by strategies to solve the phase problem and quality criteria for the structure model. We will then address the interpretation of the structure model and its documentation in databases, and we will conclude with suggestions for further reading. The subject of this chapter is slightly broader than the title might suggest: Twinned crystals will be covered together with single crystals, and a few benefits of synchrotron radiation will be mentioned. Powder diffraction and experiments with neutrons will be covered elsewhere in this handbook.
Laboratory and Synchrotron Powder Diffraction
Authors: Dinnebier R.E. , Etter M. , Runcevski T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter focuses on high‐resolution powder diffraction, which is a prerequisite for structure determination and refinement from powder diffraction data. It starts with a brief history and basics of (powder) diffraction, followed by a condensed description of the typical geometry of state‐of‐the‐art high‐resolution powder diffractometers in the laboratory and at synchrotrons. In correspondence to its importance, the chapter explains the Rietveld method in more detail, in particular mentioning alternative descriptions of crystal structures using symmetry modes, which are particularly suitable for the description of structural phase transitions. Among the many existing methods for structure determination from powder diffraction data, two established methods, one working in real space, the other in reciprocal space are exemplarily described. Finally, the chapter presents four research projects conducted by the authors that have been selected as case studies, as they allow tracing the process of powder diffraction data evaluation for typical problems in modern solid‐state chemistry.
Macroscopic Magnetic Behavior: Spontaneous Magnetic Ordering
Authors: Lueken Heiko , Speldrich Manfred 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAutomated, high‐accuracy measurements are state of the art in today's magnetic materials sciences. The measurements serve to determine electronic configurations of magnetically active ions, interatomic exchange interactions, diamagnetic contributions, metallic character, magnetic anisotropy, superparamagnetism, single‐molecule magnetism, delocalization of electrons in mixed valence systems, and multiferroic properties. In practical operation, the magnetic properties of compounds are examined as function of temperature (T) and the applied magnetic field (B). When considering magnetic properties, it is first necessary to define quantities that represent the response of these materials to the field. These quantities are magnetic moment (m) and magnetization (M). This chapter introduces crystal field theory (CFT) to describe the spectroscopic properties of transition metal complexes. CFT is based primarily on symmetry of ligands around a transition metal center and how this anisotropic (properties depending on direction) crystal field affects the atomic orbitals of the metal.
Porous Coordination Polymers/Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Ryo Ohtani , Susumu Kitagawa 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Porous frameworks that consist of metal‐complex components and adsorbed gas molecules were first observed in 1997, when porous coordination polymer/metal‐organic framework (PCP/MOF) chemistry began. This chapter describes fundamental synthetic procedures for PCP/MOF compounds, and subsequently introduces hot topics relating to both "porous" and "framework" functions, including important subjects such as "crystal engineering" and "physical chemistry" for PCPs/MOFs, with reference to representative works. Crystal engineering of PCPs/MOFs includes the preparation of hybrid crystals such as core‐shell‐type and solid‐solution‐type hybrid crystals, control of crystal sizes or crystal morphologies, crystal growth on substrates, and control of crystal assembly structures. The strength and stability of coordination networks are related to the durability and mechanical properties of PCPs/MOFs. In order to probe these properties in PCPs/MOFs, structural transformation, thermal expansion, crystal‐amorphous transition, and melting by heat and pressure have been investigated.
Materials for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Vallet‐Regí María , Salinas Antonio J. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Surgical procedures based on tissue engineering (
TE
) are used every day to reconstruct damaged or diseased tissues. These approaches look for the regeneration of living tissues by combining cells from the body with highly porous scaffold biomaterials decorated with biologically active molecules, signals, which act as templates for tissue regeneration to guide the growth of new tissue. This chapter describes the general concepts and main applications in which
TE
is based. Then, the requirements and types of scaffolds, cells, and signals used for bone tissue engineering (
BTE
) applications are described. The challenges and future research in this growing area are also presented.
Optical Properties of Hybrid Organic–inorganic Materials and their Applications – Part
II
: Nonlinear Optics and Plasmonics
Authors: Parola Stephane , Julián‐López Beatriz , Carlos Luís D. , Sanchez Clément 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Research on hybrid inorganic–organic materials has experienced an explosive growth since the 1980s, with the expansion of soft inorganic chemistry based processes. Indeed, mild synthetic conditions, low processing temperatures provided by “chimie douce” and the versatility of the colloidal state allow for the mixing of the organic and inorganic components at the nanometer scale in virtually any ratio to produce the so‐called hybrid materials. Today, a high degree of control over both composition and nanostructure of these hybrids can be achieved allowing tunable structure–property relationships. This, in turn, makes it possible to tailor and fine‐tune many properties (mechanical, optical, electronic, thermal, chemical…) in very broad ranges, and to design specific multifunctional systems for applications. In particular, the field of “hybrid‐optics” has been very productive not only scientifically but also in terms of applications. Indeed, numerous optical devices based on hybrids are already in, or very close, to the market. This review describes most of the recent advances performed in this field. Emphasis will be given to luminescent, photochromic,
NLO
, and plasmonic properties. As an Outlook, we show that the controlled coupling between plasmonics and luminescence is opening a land of opportunities in the field of “hybrids‐optics.”
Chemical Bonding in Solids
Authors: Miller Gordon J. , Zhang Yuemei , Wagner Frank R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSolids are typically identified by their physical properties, which originate from the nature of the forces holding atoms or molecules together in the condensed phase. As a result, an understanding of chemical bonding in solids lies at the heart of solid state chemistry. The idealized cohesive forces lead to four main types of solids:ionic,covalent,metallic, andmolecular. The first three of these categories also describe their corresponding bonding limits, whereas molecular solids rely on van der Waals forces or anisotropic electrostatic interactions, such as dipole‐dipole or hydrogen bonding forces, to condense individual atoms or molecules into the solid state. However, very few solids exclusively exhibit one kind of cohesive force. Most of them engender multiple bonding modes.If solid‐state structures are viewed as molecules with quasi‐infinite numbers of atoms, then the same bonding concepts used in molecular chemistry should be appropriate for solid state chemistry. The atomic scale of solids, however, as compared to a single molecule, can bring about new collective features that lead to physical properties useful for technological applications. To reconcile these two extremes of atomic scale, quantum mechanics and the steady growth of computational capabilities have led to tremendous advances in how chemical bonding in solids, especially crystalline solids, can be analyzed and interpreted using localized and delocalized pictures of electronic structure. Yet, the experimental chemist relies significantly on simple valence electron counting rules to identify new synthetic targets, whereas the materials scientist and condensed matter physicist strive to relate the electronic structure of a solid to its measured properties. Both outlooks must be grounded in the computational results. With the goal of addressing these issues concerning chemical bonding in the solid state, this chapter is organized as follows: (1) a brief overview of fundamental characteristics and descriptions of chemical bonds in matter; (2) a summary of the types of solids and bonding motifs; (3) a description of how quantum mechanics is used to analyze chemical bonding in solids; (4) descriptions of important electron counting rules that are useful for experimentalists; and (5) selected examples of the synergies among chemical bonding, atomic structures, and properties.
Functional Materials for Gas Storage. PartI: Carbon Dioxide and Toxic Compounds
Authors: Reguera L. , Reguera E. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe first part of this overview on functional materials for gas storage is mainly focused on environmental applications, which include the separation and capture of carbon dioxide and air purification where adsorbent materials play a decisive role to remove a large diversity of toxic compounds. The exploitation of fossil fuels has generated huge amounts of gaseous pollutants, namely,CO2,NOx, and countless volatile organic compounds (VOCs), among others, which urge capture and reuse whenever possible. In many industrial processes, emission of harmful gases and vapors are common, which require their removal for personnel protection and odor control. This part of overview includes a brief discussion on the fundamentals of gases and vapors' adsorption. During the past decades, tens of thousands of porous solids have been prepared and evaluated as absorbents. To rationalize that huge volume of information, the available data are critically reviewed according to the nature of the guest–host interactions that determine the adsorption forces and the related adsorption heats. Carbon dioxide can be captured and stored by clathrate formation, which is also briefly discussed.
Nanocatalysis: Catalysis with Nanoscale Materials
Authors: Asefa Tewodros , Huang Xiaoxi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

This chapter is intended to provide readers with basic information on the synthesis, characterization, and potential applications of nanostructured catalysts. The chapter starts with a brief introduction of nanomaterials and catalysis. It then introduces nanocatalysis. The chapter then delves into discussions of the different types of nanocatalytic materials and the notable synthetic methods used for making them, followed by the fundamental aspects of their size‐ and shape‐dependent catalytic properties and structure–catalytic property relationships. The chapter also includes discussion on the properties of various nanostructured catalysts. In each topic, there are mentions of the various applications or potential applications of nanoscale materials for catalysis of numerous important chemical reactions, ranging from those that enable the efficient production of commodity and value‐added chemical products to those that allow the generation of renewable energy. Finally, the chapter outlines the authors' opinions on the future outlooks of the field of nanocatalysis. Most of the discussions will rely on notable, but not exhaustive, examples from the literature.
Effects of gelling bath on the physical properties of alginate gel beads and the biological characteristics of entrapped HepG2 cells
Authors: Sun Dongsheng , Liu Yang , Wu Hao , Ren Ying , Ma Xiaojun , Wu Huijian , Sun Guangwei 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOptimizing alginate gel beads is necessary to support the survival, proliferation, and function of entrapped hepatocytes. In this study, gelling bath was modified by decreasing calcium ion concentration and increasing sodium ion concentration. Alginate gel beads (using 36% G sodium alginate) prepared in the modified gelling bath had more homogeneous structure and better mass transfer properties compared with the traditional gelling bath that contains only calcium ions. Moreover, alginate gel beads generated in the modified gelling bath could significantly promote the HepG2 cell proliferation and the growth of cell spheroids, and maintain the albumin secretion ability similar to alginate gel beads prepared in the traditional gelling bath with only calcium ions. The mass transfer properties and cell proliferation were similar in ALG beads with different M/G ratio (36% G and 55% G) generated in the modified gelling bath, whereas they were significantly increased compared with alginate gel beads (55% G) in traditional gelling bath. These results indicated that adjusting the gelling bath was a simple and convenient method to enhance the mass transfer properties of alginate gel beads for 3D hepatocyte culture, which might provide more hepatocytes for the bioartificial liver support system.
The anti‐proliferative effects of oleanolic acid on A7r5 cells—Role of UCP2 and downstream FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1
Authors: Han Yantao , Jiang Qixiao , Wang Yu , Li Wenqian , Geng Min , Han Zhiwu , Chen Xuehong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractVascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a major contributor to atherosclerosis. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of oleanolic acid (OA) against oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL)‐induced VSMC proliferation in A7r5 cells and explored underlying molecular mechanism. The cell proliferation was quantified with cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8), in which ox‐LDL significantly increased A7r5 cells proliferation, while OA pretreatment effectively alleviated such changes without inducing overt cytotoxicity, as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and Western blotting revealed increased UCP2 and FGF‐2 expression levels as well as decreased p53 and TSP‐1 expression levels in A7r5 cells following ox‐LDL exposure, while OA pretreatment reversed such changes. Furthermore, inhibiting UCP2 with genipin remarkably reversed the changes in the expression levels of FGF‐2, p53, and TSP‐1 induced by ox‐LDL exposure; silencing FGF‐2 with siRNA did not significantly change the expression levels of UCP2 but effectively reversed the changes in the expression levels of p53 and TSP‐1, and activation of p53 with PRIMA‐1 only significantly affected the changes in the expression levels of TSP‐1, but not in UCP2 or FGF‐2, suggesting a UCP‐2/FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1 signaling in A7r5 cells response to ox‐LDL exposure. Additionally, co‐treatment of OA and genipin exhibited similar effects to the expression levels of UCP2, FGF‐2, p53, and TSP‐1 as OA or genipin solo treatment in ox‐LDL‐exposed A7r5 cells, suggesting the involvement of UCP‐2/FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1 in the mechanism of OA. In conclusion, OA inhibits ox‐LDL‐induced VSMC proliferation in A7r5 cells, the mechanism involves the changes in UCP‐2/FGF‐2/p53/TSP‐1.
Facile Solvothermal Synthesis of Pt4Co Multi‐dendrites: An Effective Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Glycerol Oxidation
Authors: Jiang Liu‐Ying , Wang Ai‐Jun , Li Xin‐Sheng , Yuan Junhua , Feng Jiu‐Ju 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this work, hierarchical Pt4Co multi‐dendrites (MDs) with abundant active sites were synthesized by using a one‐pot solvothermal co‐reduction approach, where cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), citric acid, and oleylamine served as the structure director, eco‐friendly reducing agent, and co‐reductant, respectively. The architectures were mainly characterized by using a series of characterization techniques, demonstrating the enlarged electrochemically active surface area of 28.27 m2 g−1, much enhanced mass activity and specific activity for oxygen reduction reaction (279.14 mA mg−1Pt and 0.89 mA cm−2) and glycerol oxidation reaction (1422.56 mA mg−1Pt, 4.58 mA cm−2) comparable with commercial Pt black, along with the superior durability. These results demonstrate the potential applications of the synthesized Pt4Co MDs catalyst in energy storage and transformation.