bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focus group interviews examining the contribution of intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists in Ireland
Authors: Doody Owen , Slevin Eamonn , Taggart Laurence 
Published: November 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore the contribution of clinical nurse specialists in intellectual disability nursing in Ireland.BackgroundWhile clinical nurse specialists exist since the 1940s, they have only been a reality in Ireland since 2001. While the role of clinical nurse specialist has developed over the years, it still however is often seen as a complex multifaceted role that causes confusion, frustration and controversy.DesignA exploratory qualitative approach using focus groups with Irish intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists (n = 31).MethodsFive focus group interviews were conducted to gather qualitative data to gain insight into the attitudes, perceptions and opinions of the participants. Data were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using Burnard's (Vital Notes for Nurses: Research for Evidence‐Based Practice in Healthcare, 2011, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford) framework. Ethical approval was gained from the researcher's university and access granted by the national council for the professional development of nursing/midwifery in Ireland.ResultsThe study highlights that intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists contribute to and support care delivery across a range of areas including client‐focused and family‐centred care, staff support, organisation support, community support and supporting other agencies.ConclusionsOverall, the study shows the importance of intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists and their contribution across a range of services, care environments and the support they offer to clients/families/staff/multidisciplinary team members and outside agencies.Relevance to clinical practiceIreland is in a unique position to develop knowledge regarding specialist care for people with intellectual disability that can be shared and adapted by other healthcare professionals in other countries that do not have specialised intellectual disability nurses.
The relationships between odd‐ and branched‐chain fatty acids to ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial populations with different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate
Authors: Zhang Y. , Liu K. , Hao X. , Xin H. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate (F:C) on ruminal odd‐ and branched‐chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) contents and to evaluate the relationships between OBCFA and ruminal fermentation parameters as well as bacterial populations tested by real‐time PCR technique. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 Latin square. Three rumen‐fistulated dry Holstein cows were fed three rations with different dietary F:C ratios (F:C; 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30). The rumen samples were collected every two hours (0600, 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 0200 and 0400 h) over three consecutive days in each sampling period. The results showed that rumen OBCFA profiles are significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the dietary F:C ratios. The concentrations of C11:0, C13:0, iso‐C15:0, iso‐C16:0, iso‐C17:0 and C17:0 were higher in the cows fed dietary F:C ratio of 70:30 than those fed with other two rations. However, the concentrations of anteiso‐C15:0, C15:0 and total OBCFA were on the lowest level in the high forage diet. Correlation and regression analysis showed that ruminal OBCFAs had strong relationships with ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial populations. In particular, the iso‐fatty acids had potential power to predict butyrate and isoacids metabolized in the rumen, whereas the fatty acids with 17 carbon atoms correlated with ruminal NH3‐N content. The OBCFA contents have different relationships with fibrolytic and starch bacteria in the rumen. C17:0 and its isomers might be used to predict populations of fibrolytic bacteria.
No detectable carotenoid concentrations in serum of llamas and alpacas
Authors: Raila J. , Schweigert F. J. , Stanitznig A. , Lambacher B. , Franz S. , Baldermann S. , Wittek T. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryCarotenoids are lipid‐soluble pigments and important for a variety of physiological functions. They are major dietary vitamin A precursors and act as lipophilic antioxidants in a variety of tissues and are associated with important health benefits in humans and animals. All animals must acquire carotenoids from their diet, but to our knowledge, there are no studies investigating the intestinal carotenoid absorption and their blood concentrations in New World camelids. The present study aimed to assess the serum concentrations of selected carotenoids in llamas (n = 13) and alpacas (n = 27). Serum carotenoids as well as retinol (vitamin A) andα‐tocopherol (vitamin E) were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and these were unable to detect any carotenoids (α‐ andβ‐carotene,α‐ andβ‐cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene) in the samples. The concentrations of retinol in alpacas (2.89 ± 1.13 μmol/l; mean ± SD) were higher (p = 0.024) than those found in llamas (2.05 ± 0.87 μmol/l); however, the concentrations ofα‐tocopherol were not significantly (p = 0.166) different (llamas: 3.98 ± 1.83 μmol/l; alpacas: 4.95 ± 2.14 μmol/l). The results show that both llamas and alpacas are not able to absorb intact carotenoids, but efficiently convert provitamin A carotenoids to retinol.
Multiple calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis (MCAPNON): Distinct entity, CAPNON variant, or old neurocysticercosis?
Authors: Abdaljaleel Maram , Mazumder Rajarshi , Patel Chirag B. , Im Kyuseok , Pope Whitney , Liau Linda M. , Vinters Harry V. , Yong William H. 
Published: November 2016

We report a case of multiple calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis (MCAPNON) with associated multifocal perivascular microcalcifications and vascular calcinosis. Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON) is a very rare condition that may arise in extra‐axial and occasionally, in intra‐axial locations. Moreover, it is nearly always a solitary mass with only one case with two lesions reported. While the etiology and pathogenesis of CAPNON remains unclear, the histopathology findings of this entity have been well described. We report a case of a 62‐year‐old woman with 18 calcifying radiologic lesions involving bilateral cerebral hemispheres. Histologically, these lesions have features similar to that reported for CAPNON, including nodular calcification with fibro‐osseous components and peripheral histiocytic reaction. The patient had a poorly documented diagnosis of neurocyticercosis 32 years prior, although without tissue confirmation. The lack of detectable cysticercus serum antibody titers, and absence of residual larval or cyst wall tissue render multifocal calcific involution of that parasite unprovable although still plausible. We also raise the possibility of a blood–brain barrier derangement and/or a metabolic disorder as an alternative etiology. Whether this case of MCAPNON shares the same pathogenesis as the usual solitary CAPNON is unclear.
Parental attachment, romantic competence, relationship satisfaction, and psychosocial adjustment in emerging adulthood
Authors: KUMAR SHAINA A. , MATTANAH JONATHAN F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractResearch has found significant relations between attachment to parents and psychosocial adjustment. This study explored parental attachment and psychosocial adjustment during emerging adulthood with romantic competence and relationship satisfaction as mediators. In a sample of 188 emerging adult college students, results revealed that mother and father attachment uniquely predicted greater life satisfaction and less distress. Regression analyses showed that romantic competence predicted better psychosocial adjustment, controlling for attachment style and mutuality, and significantly mediated, along with relationship satisfaction, the link between mother attachment and psychosocial adjustment. Additionally, patterns of secure parental attachment, when compared with avoidant or ambivalent attachment, were associated with better psychosocial adjustment. Clearly, secure attachment provides a template for successful romantic relationship development and thereby contributes to greater psychosocial adjustment.
Freedom and the incarnation
Authors: Pawl Timothy , Timpe Kevin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we explore how free will should be understood within the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation, particularly on the assumption of traditional Christology. We focus on two issues: (i) reconciling Christ's free will with the claim that Christ's human will was subjected to the divine will in the Incarnation; and (ii) reconciling the claims that Christ was fully human and free with the belief that Christ, since God, could not sin.
Invasive pneumococcal infections in children following transplantation in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era
Authors: Olarte Liset , Lin Philana Ling , Barson William J. , Romero Jose R. , Tan Tina Q. , Givner Laurence B. , Hoffman Jill A. , Bradley John S. , Hultén Kristina G. , Mason Edward O. , Kaplan Sheldon L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundPediatric recipients of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplants are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal infections (IPI). Data on IPI in this population are scarce. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the epidemiology of IPI among pediatric transplant recipients in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era.MethodsWe identified transplant recipients with IPI at 8 children's hospitals in the U.S. from our surveillance database (2000‐2014). Pneumococcal isolates were collected prospectively. Serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility were performed in a central laboratory. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and continuous variables with nonparametric tests. Indirect cohort study design was used to calculate vaccine effectiveness.ResultsWe identified 65 episodes of IPI in transplant recipients. Recurrent IPI was observed in 10% of transplant recipients. The IPI crude incidence rate in solid organ transplant recipients was higher than in the general population. Most IPI episodes occurred >6 months after transplantation. Bacteremia and pneumonia were the most common presentations. Meningitis was unusual. No case fatalities were observed. Serotype 19A was the most common serotype (n=10), followed by 6C (n=7). In 2010‐2014, 37% of IPI was caused by PCV13 serotypes. Four cases of vaccine breakthrough were identified. Most isolates were susceptible to penicillin and ceftriaxone. Pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide immunization rates were low.ConclusionPediatric transplant recipients remain at increased risk of IPI in the vaccine era. Most cases presented as a late post‐transplant infection. The interval between transplantation and IPI may allow adequate time for pneumococcal immunization.
Anopheles plumbeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany: updated geographic distribution and public health impact of a nuisance and vector mosquito
Authors: Heym Eva C. , Kampen Helge , Fahle Marcus , Hohenbrink Tobias L. , Schäfer Mandy , Scheuch Dorothee E. , Walther Doreen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to map the current spatial distribution of Anopheles plumbeus in Germany, a potential vector of malaria parasites and West Nile virus. Reports of mass occurrence and nuisance connected with artificial breeding site usage by this species were analysed.MethodsDistribution data were collected from 2011 to 2014 mainly through trapping and submissions of adult mosquito specimens to a citizen science project. In the framework of the latter, additional information was gathered on recent nuisance incidents caused by An. plumbeus, including a longitudinal analysis of mosquito occurrence and the impact of management measures at a nuisance site in south‐western Germany.ResultsBased on the most comprehensive set of collection data obtained during the last decades, An. plumbeus is shown to be widely distributed over Germany. The data also indicate a continuing extension of the breeding site repertoire of the species from natural to artificial habitats that facilitate mass development. Increasing incidents of persistent nuisance suggest that this mosquito species is rarely diagnosed correctly and managed adequately.ConclusionsAs An. plumbeus is both a serious nuisance pest and a potential vector species, awareness of this species and the public health problems linked to it should be raised among pest managers and public health personnel.
European Union Market Access Conditions and Africa's Extensive Margin of Food Trade
Authors: Kareem Fatima Olanike , Brümmer Bernhard , Martinez‐Zarzoso Inmaculada 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of two European Union (EU) market access regulations in the food sector presumed to simultaneously affect firms’ decisions to export food products to the EU. We analysed EU pesticide standards on African exports alongside a complementary non‐tariff measure in the form of a minimum entry price regulation, which aims to protect EU growers of certain fruits and vegetables against international competition. Analysis was based on Africa's exports of tomatoes, oranges, and lime and lemon to the EU between 2008 and 2013, using the gravity model of trade. Our results show that EU market access conditions constitute significant barrier to the formation of new trade relation between the EU and Africa. In addition, initiation of trade relationships is contingent not only on market access conditions but also on domestic market constraints in Africa. These results imply that negotiating preferential entry prices duties and the removal of domestic market restraints as well as strengthening domestic capacity to comply with EU standards to enhance continuous market access for the continent could stimulate food trade along the extensive margin.
Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation
Authors: Evans Mark , Cogan Karl E. , Egan Brendan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOptimising training and performance through nutrition strategies is central to supporting elite sportspeople, much of which has focused on manipulating the relative intake of carbohydrate and fat and their contributions as fuels for energy provision. The ketone bodies, namely acetoacetate, acetone and β‐hydroxybutyrate (βHB), are produced in the liver during conditions of reduced carbohydrate availability and serve as an alternative fuel source for peripheral tissues including brain, heart and skeletal muscle. Ketone bodies are oxidised as a fuel source during exercise, are markedly elevated during the post‐exercise recovery period, and the ability to utilise ketone bodies is higher in exercise‐trained skeletal muscle. The metabolic actions of ketone bodies can alter fuel selection through attenuating glucose utilisation in peripheral tissues, anti‐lipolytic effects on adipose tissue, and attenuation of proteolysis in skeletal muscle. Moreover, ketone bodies can act as signalling metabolites, with βHB acting as an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, an important regulator of the adaptive response to exercise in skeletal muscle. Recent development of ketone esters facilitates acute ingestion of βHB that results in nutritional ketosis without necessitating restrictive dietary practices. Initial reports suggest this strategy alters the metabolic response to exercise and improves exercise performance, while other lines of evidence suggest roles in recovery from exercise. The present review focuses on the physiology of ketone bodies during and after exercise and in response to training, with specific interest in exploring the physiological basis for exogenous ketone supplementation and potential benefits for performance and recovery in athletes.
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Numerical Simulations of Burst of Corroded Pipes With Thermally Induced Compressive Axial Strain
Authors: Cunha Sérgio B. , Pacheco Mauricio , da Silva Amanda B. 
Published: November 2016

Some onshore pipelines conduct fluids that are too viscous to be conducted at ambient temperature; they must be heated to enable efficient pumping and flow. These pipelines present a failure rate that is many times larger than those that operate at ambient temperature. The prevailing failure mode for these pipelines is external corrosion: the external thermal insulating coating can give rise to a very severe corrosion process.
Although corrosion is a significant threat for pipelines that operate with heated fluids, the available corrosion assessment methodologies might not be appropriate for this situation. Several studies have been conducted considering a pipeline with a corrosion flaw with axial stress (or load) plus pressure. But a heated pipeline with axial restraint — as caused by the soil friction in a buried pipeline — imparts a compressive axial strain, not a stress. Although in the elastic regimen the thermally induced axial strain generates significant axial stress, it can be expected some level of decrease in the axial stress after yielding, due to the large reduction in the material stiffness and the increase in Poison’s ratio. Since localized yield in the flaws is allowed in the assessment of a corrosion flaw, it seems too conservative to use the elastic axial stress in this assessment.
In this article a numerical study of the effects of the temperature in the burst pressure of a pipeline with axial restraint and thermal expansion is presented. Finite element simulations were conducted using actual tensile test curves for two pipeline steel grades, API 5L Gr B and X70. The boundary conditions assumed axial restraint with free radial displacement. The loading comprised an initial heat of the pipe’s material and, afterwards, gradual increase of the pressure until burst, assumed to occur by plastic instability. Two diameter to thickness ratio and several flaw geometries were studied.
Initially, the effect of the temperature was evaluated for pipes without defect. Afterwards, numerical simulations of the burst of pipe sections with volumetric flaws of various depth and length were conducted. For both the cases of pipes with and without defect, the simulations were carried out comparing the cases of heated and not heated pipes.
It was found that although the thermal effect causes a large compressive axial stress in the elastic regimen, this stress is almost completely relaxed after yielding. No effect of the temperature in the burst pressure was observed in the numerical simulations.
Applying Corrosion Growth Rates Derived From Repeat ILI Runs to Predict Future Severity
Authors: Dawson Jane , Ganim Lautaro 
Published: November 2016

Corrosion is still one of the major threats to the integrity of onshore and offshore pipelines. Realistic corrosion growth rates are essential inputs to safe and effective pipeline integrity management decisions. For example, corrosion rates are needed to predict pipeline reliability as a function of time, to identify the need for and timing of field investigations and/or repairs and to determine optimum re-inspection intervals to name just a few applications. The consequences associated with using wrong corrosion growth rates range from the inefficient use of resources (time, people and money) on unnecessary repairs and/or inspections to unexpected pipeline releases. The identification of where corrosion is active on a pipeline and how fast it is growing is a complex process which is understood in the general sense but is highly variable. Corrosion is therefore difficult to predict due to the very localised nature of its behaviour and the many parameters that influence the corrosion reaction.
Running an in-line inspection (ILI) tool in a pipeline identifies the internal and/or external corrosion located along the full length of the pipeline. The ILI inspection also determines the depth, length and width measurements for each corrosion site and for the overall feature. The use of repeat ILI data to match and compare metal loss sites in order to estimate the corrosion growth rates at individual defects along a pipeline is a well-used and established practice in the industry. The use of such corrosion rates to make predictions of the future integrity of a pipeline started in earnest approximately 5 to 10 years ago and over that time considerable experience has been gained. Now that we are starting to collect 3, 4 or even 5 or more ILI data sets for the same pipelines we are able to test and validate our earlier ILI based growth rate predictions versus what actually occurred in the pipeline over time. With the benefit of this hindsight, the methodologies employed for evaluating and applying ILI based corrosion rates can be further improved and refined to give more accurate predictions of the future pipeline condition, the response schedule and for setting the timing of re-inspections.
This paper shares the experience gained and the improvements that can be made to the determination of corrosion rates and application of these rates in a pipeline integrity assessment. These topics are illustrated and investigated via the use of case studies on real ILI data sets.
Circumferential Crack Detection: Challenges, Solutions, and Results
Authors: Brimacombe Mark , Hennig Thomas , Wargacky Cory 
Published: November 2016

Within the last decade, axial cracking became a significant and well-known threat to pipeline systems. The defects are commonly in/at the longitudinal welds or in combination with external corrosion/coating disbondment (SCC). Inline Inspection (ILI) service providers developed inspection technologies for liquid and gas lines that are now utilized regularly. In comparison to axial cracking, circumferential cracking does not yet show a significant role in pipeline integrity. Nevertheless, pipeline operators observe these defects, often in combination with circumferential welds and/or local stress/strain accumulation. Such features are often caused by soil movement, which may occur more readily in mountainous areas.
Over the course of the 2014/2015 calendar years, NDT Global inspected 12” pipeline segments for circumferentially oriented crack-like indications. The pipeline segments totaled 814 km in length and transported light crude oil. The 6 pipeline segments range in length from 61 km to 251 km each. The pipelines were considered to be susceptible to axial stresses (both in the base material as well in the girth welds) due to slope subsidence and outside forces acting on the pipe. In previous integrity digs, circumferential crack-like indications were found in conjunction with slope movement and these segments needed to be further investigated.
This paper provides information on the challenges solved during the course of the project. Lessons learned from previously inspected sections have been applied to future inspections. The authors will provide information on the inspection campaign, a discussion regarding field verification findings and ILI results, and project conclusions.