bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Attitude Towards Antibiotic Usage Among General Public in Shah Alam, Malaysia
Authors: Muhammad Qamar  , NurulHidayah Sheikh Abdullah  , Jiyauddin Khan  , Ahmad Mahmud  , Amiruddin Ahmad  
Published: February 2016

The emergence of superbugs and antibiotic resistance bacteria nowadays make a limited choice of antibiotic available for treatment. This circumstance is an alarming to public health. Thus, public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic usage play an important role in the success of treatment process. This study aimed to evaluate public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic utilization and the association of knowledge with demographic variables. A self-administered cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 380 respondents by using a pre-validate questionnaire at public places in Shah Alam, Malaysia from January 2014 to April 2014.
From this study, it was analyzed that 43% of respondents have good knowledge towards antibiotic. Majority of the respondents knew antibiotic is used for bacterial infection. However, 40% of respondents misunderstood that antibiotic is indicated for viral infection. Half of the respondents know how to differentiate antibiotic with other drugs. High number of respondents, 63.2% knows that they need to complete full course of antibiotic, however in the attitude statement; only 57.9% of respondents complete their antibiotic course.Based on the percentage of correct response on the attitude statement positive attitude was observed. However, 57.4% still expect antibiotic to be prescribed for common cold. Demographic characteristics such as gender, race, educational level and healthcare occupation were found significant association with knowledge of antibiotic usage. It has been concluded that although knowledge of public is good, public should be stressed out of the importance of correct usage of antibiotic and promote changes in their attitude towards antibiotic usage.
Disability and Risk of Recent Sexual Violence in the United States
Authors: Basile Kathleen C. , Breiding Matthew J. , Smith Sharon G. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To examine the relative prevalence of recent (past 12 months) penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual violence comparing men and women with and without a disability. Methods. Data are from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a national telephone survey of US adults, and includes an expansive measure of sexual violence victimization. A total of 9086 women and 7421 men completed the telephone survey in 2010. Results. Compared with persons without a disability, persons with a disability were at increased risk for recent rape for women (adjusted odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 6.7), and being made to penetrate a perpetrator for men (adjusted odds ratio = 4.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 10.8). An estimated 39% of women raped in the 12 months preceding the survey had a disability at the time of the rape. For women and men, having a disability was associated with an increased risk of sexual coercion and noncontact unwanted sexual experiences. Conclusions. In this nationally representative sample, men and women with a disability were at increased risk for recent sexual violence, compared to those without a disability.
Comparison of Commercial and Self-Initiated Weight Loss Programs in People With Prediabetes: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Marrero David G. , Palmer Kelly N. B. , Phillips Erin O. , Miller-Kovach Karen , Foster Gary D. , Saha Chandan K. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To determine if a widely available weight-management program (Weight Watchers) could achieve sufficient weight loss in persons with prediabetes compared with a Diabetes Prevention Program–based individual counseling program supported by National Diabetes Education Program materials.Methods. We conducted an individual, randomized intervention trial in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2013 to 2014, in 225 persons with prediabetes. We compared the Weight Watchers weight-management program (n = 112) with Your Game Plan to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes, a program developed by the National Diabetes Education Program. Outcomes were weight and metabolic markers measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.Results. Intervention participants lost significantly more weight than controls at 6 months (5.5% vs 0.8%) and 12 months (5.5% vs 0.2%; both P < .001). The intervention group also had significantly greater improvements in hemoglobin A1c and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level than did controls.Conclusions. A large weight-management program is effective for achieving lifestyle changes associated with diabetes prevention. Such programs could significantly increase the availability of diabetes prevention programs worldwide making an immediate and significant public health impact.
Quantifying Distance Overestimation From Global Positioning System in Urban Spaces
Authors: Mooney Stephen J , Sheehan Daniel M , Zulaika Garazi , Rundle Andrew G , McGill Kevin , Behrooz Melika R , Lovasi Gina Schellenbaum 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To investigate accuracy of distance measures computed from Global Positioning System (GPS) points in New York City. Methods. We performed structured walks along urban streets carrying Globalsat DG-100 GPS Data Logger devices in highest and lowest quartiles of building height and tree canopy cover. We used ArcGIS version 10.1 to select walks and compute the straight-line distance (Geographic Information System–measured) and sum of distances between consecutive GPS waypoints (GPS-measured) for each walk. Results. GPS distance overestimates were associated with building height (median overestimate = 97% for high vs 14% for low building height) and to a lesser extent tree canopy (43% for high vs 28% for low tree canopy). Conclusions. Algorithms using distances between successive GPS points to infer speed or travel mode may misclassify trips differentially by context. Researchers studying urban spaces may prefer alternative mode identification techniques.
National Needs of Family Planning Among US Men Aged 15 to 44 Years
Authors: Marcell Arik V. , Gibbs Susannah E. , Choiriyyah Ifta , Sonenstein Freya L. , Astone Nan M. , Pleck Joseph H. , Dariotis Jacinda K. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To estimate national need for family planning services among men in the United States according to background characteristics, access to care, receipt of services, and contraception use. Methods. We used weighted data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth to estimate the percentage of men aged 15 to 44 years (n = 10 395) in need of family planning, based on sexual behavior, fecundity, and not trying to get pregnant with his partner. Results. Overall, 60% of men were in need of family planning, defined as those who ever had vaginal sex, were fecund, and had fecund partner(s) who were not trying to get pregnant with partner or partner(s) were not currently pregnant. The greatest need was among young and unmarried men. Most men in need of family planning had access to care, but few reported receiving family planning services (< 19%), consistently using condoms (26%), or having partners consistently using contraception (41%). Conclusions. The need for engaging men aged 15 to 44 years in family planning education and care is substantial and largely unmet despite national public health priorities to include men in reducing unintended pregnancies.
Community Health Center Utilization Following the 2008 Medicaid Expansion in Oregon: Implications for the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Hatch Brigit , Bailey Steffani R. , Cowburn Stuart , Marino Miguel , Angier Heather , DeVoe Jennifer E. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To assess longitudinal patterns of community health center (CHC) utilization and the effect of insurance discontinuity after Oregon’s 2008 Medicaid expansion (the Oregon Experiment). Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with electronic health records and Medicaid data. We divided individuals who gained Medicaid in the Oregon Experiment into those who maintained (n = 788) or lost (n = 944) insurance coverage. We compared these groups with continuously insured (n = 921) and continuously uninsured (n = 5416) reference groups for community health center utilization rates over a 36-month period. Results. Both newly insured groups increased utilization in the first 6 months. After 6 months, use among those who maintained coverage stabilized at a level consistent with the continuously insured, whereas it returned to baseline for those who lost coverage. Conclusions. Individuals who maintained coverage through Oregon’s Medicaid expansion increased long-term utilization of CHCs, whereas those with unstable coverage did not. Policy implications. This study predicts long-term increase in CHC utilization following Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion and emphasizes the need for policies that support insurance retention.
Corporate Funding for Schools of Public Health: Confronting the Ethical and Economic Challenges
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Sampat Bhaven N. 
Published: February 2016

We discuss the public and private sponsoring of university research and the issues it raises in a context of diminished federal funding. We consider research funding at schools of public health and why these schools have historically had weaker links to industry than have other academic units. We argue that the possibility of enhanced links with industry at schools of public health may raise specific concerns beyond those facing universities generally. Six issues should be considered before entering into these relationships: (1) the effects on research orientation, (2) unacceptability of some funders, (3) potential threats to objectivity and academic freedom, (4) effects on academic standards, (5) the effects on dissemination of knowledge, and (6) reputational risks.
Soybean Yield Components and Seed Potassium Concentration Responses among Nodes to Potassium Fertility
Authors: Parvej Md. Rasel , Slaton Nathan A. , Purcell Larry C. , Roberts Trenton L. 
Published: February 2016

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss by K deficiency has been reported extensively, but very little research has evaluated how the yield loss is distributed among nodes. We evaluated soybean seed yield, individual seed weight, pod and seed numbers, seed abortion, and seed‐K concentration among nodes of an indeterminate and determinate cultivar grown under three K fertility levels (low, medium, and high represented by 0, 75, and 150 kg K ha−1 yr−1, respectively). Chlorosis along upper leaf margin was observed during seed‐filling period in every low K fertility plot. Soybean grown with medium and high K fertility averaged 28 and 43%, respectively, greater predicted seed yield on the top seven (of 10) node segments for the indeterminate soybean and 72 and 101% greater seed yield on the node segments 2, 3, 4, and 7 (of seven) for the determinate soybean than plants having low K fertility. Yield loss was attributed to reduced individual seed weight, fewer pod and seed numbers, and increased seed abortion. The seed‐K concentration of soybean grown with low K fertility was lowest (11.6 [indeterminate] and 15.2 [determinate] g K kg−1) for seeds located on the top nodes and increased (17.8 g K kg−1) quadratically to the bottom of the plant. The largest proportion of seed yield and the greatest yield loss from K deficiency come from the middle and upper nodes of indeterminate plants and the combination of the bottom nodes, due to branching, plus the upper‐middle nodes of determinate plants.Core Ideas

The greatest proportion of soybean yield, regardless of K fertility level, was produced by nodes on the top two‐thirds of the indeterminate cultivar and the combination of the bottom node, due to branching, plus the nodes on the top one‐half of the determinate cultivar.
The yield loss from K deficiency was greatest on the nodes that produced the largest proportion of seed yield for each growth habit. The yield loss on the top nodes was from reduced individual seed weight, fewer numbers of pods and seeds, and increased seed abortion.
For K‐deficient soybean there would be a large seed‐K concentration gradient from the top to bottom of the plant with seed‐K being greatest for seed produced on the bottom nodes and least for seed produced by the top nodes. The K concentration of seed collected from the upper nodes or the seed‐K concentration gradient between the top and bottom nodes might be useful in diagnosing K deficiency at maturity in fields that showed no visible K deficiency symptoms (i.e., hidden hunger) during the growing season.
Predicted Yield and Nutritive Value of an Alfalfa–Timothy Mixture under Climate Change and Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Thivierge Marie‐Noëlle , Jégo Guillaume , Bélanger Gilles , Bertrand Annick , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Rotz C. Alan , Qian Budong 
Published: February 2016

Climate change studies have often focused on individual forage species although legume‐grass mixtures are predominant on dairy farms in northern areas of North America. We assessed the effect of (i) future climate conditions (temperature and precipitation) and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), separately and together, on yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.), grown alone or in mixture, and (ii) an adaptation strategy (timing and number of harvests) on future yield and nutritive value of an alfalfa–timothy mixture. Forage dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value for two contrasting climate areas in eastern Canada were simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model over two future periods (2020–2049 and 2050–2079) using three climate models and two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) of greenhouse gas emissions. Under projected future climate and without adaptation, annual forage yield of both species and the mixture increased in the colder area and decreased in the warmer area. In both areas, first‐cut yield increased due to faster growing degree‐day accumulation, while regrowth yield decreased due to greater water and temperature stresses. Under elevated [CO2], annual yield and the alfalfa percentage in the mixture increased. When combining climate change and elevated [CO2], yield increased, except with the more drastic scenario (RCP 8.5, 2050–2079) in the warmer area, and forage nutritive value was reduced. With adaptation, the mixture yield was increased from 5 to 35%, while nutritive value was generally maintained under all future scenarios, mostly because of additional cuts.Core Ideas

In eastern Canada, colder areas will benefit the most from climate change.
In future climate, water and temperature stresses will reduce forage summer regrowth.
Elevated CO2 will result in a higher yield increase in alfalfa than in timothy.
When adapting harvest timing and number, annual forage mixture yield will increase.
When adapting harvest timing and number, forage nutritive value will be maintained.
The Interplay of Client Management and the Audit Committee on Auditor Performance
Authors: Brown J. Owen , Popova Velina K. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARY
This article summarizes “The Interplay of Management Incentives and Audit Committee Communication on Auditor Judgment” (Brown and Popova 2016), which investigates the influence that client management and the audit committee have on auditor judgments and behavior. We find that additional, informal audit committee communication with the auditor, as directed under the recently issued Auditing Standard No. 16, Communications with Audit Committees, has a significant and positive impact on auditors' evidence evaluation and related judgments under certain conditions. Specifically, when client management has greater incentives to try to unduly influence the auditor, this additional communication has a significant, positive impact on auditors' evidence evaluation and related judgments. However, when client management is perceived as having lower incentives, management becomes more persuasive than the audit committee and is able to influence the auditors into accepting an aggressive, management-preferred accounting outcome. We discuss the implications of our findings for auditors, companies, and regulators who are interested in the role of corporate governance and, more specifically, the interrelationships required among management, the auditor, and the audit committee for enhancing financial reporting quality.
Interaction between deglutition, tongue posture, and malocclusion: A comparison of intraoral compartment formation in subjects with neutral occlusion or different types of malocclusion
Authors: Knösel Michael , Nüser Carolin , Jung Klaus , Helms Hans-Joachim , Engelke Wilfried , Sandoval Paulo 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To test the null hypothesis of no significant difference in terms of intraoral pressure curve characteristics assessed simultaneously at the subpalatal space (SPS) and the vestibular space (VS), during different oral postures, between four groups with either an Angle Class II/1 (II1), Angle Class II/2 (II2), anterior open bite (O) malocclusion, or a neutral occlusion control group (I).

Materials and Methods:
Intraoral pressure recordings were performed simultaneously in the VS and SPS of 69 consecutive subjects (nII1  =  15; nII2  =  17; nO  =  17; nI  =  20; mean age/standard deviation 18.43/6.60 years). Assessments included defined sections of open mouth posture (OMP, 30 seconds), anteriorly closed mouth condition (60 seconds), dynamics by a tongue-repositioning maneuver (TRM, 60 seconds), swallowing, and positive pressure generation (PP, 10 seconds). Interactions of malocclusion, compartment location, and posture on pressure curve characteristics were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests, adopting an α level of 5%.

Results:
Globally significant group differences were detected at the VS (plateau duration and median peak heights during TRM; area under pressure curve [AUC] during PP) and SPS (AUC during TRM and PP). Subjects with anteriorly nonopen dental configurations (groups I and II2) were able to keep negative pressure levels at the VS for longer time periods during TRM, compared to groups O and II1.

Conclusions:
The null hypothesis was rejected for mean VS plateau durations and peak heights and for SPS AUC. Negative pressures at the VS may stabilize outer soft tissues passively and may explain the dental arch form shaping effect by mimic muscles.
Alkaloid Composition of the Nicotiana Species
Authors: Sisson VA , Severson RF 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Plants from 64 Nicotiana species were sampled in the greenhouse in 1983 and 1984 and from the field in 1985 and 1986 for the purpose of developing a chemical profile of each species. Mature green leaves were harvested at flowering, freeze-dried and ground to pass a 1 mm screen prior to chemical analysis. In this study we report the type and amounts of nicotinoid alkaloids. Alkaloid values were determined by glass-capillary gas chromatography and were averaged over the two years for each environment. Both total alkaloids (mg g-1 dry weight) and the distribution (percentage composition) of nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine were highly correlated between years for greenhouse and field samples. Greenhouse and field data were highly correlated, although total-alkaloid levels were significantly higher from field-grown plants. All of the Nicotiana species tested contained a measurable alkaloid fraction (at least 10 µg g-1). There was a wide range in total-alkaloid levels with nearly a 200-fold difference among greenhouse-grown samples and a 400-fold difference among field-grown species. In general, total-alkaloid levels among the species were found to be relatively low. Eleven species were found to have a different alkaloid composition when green leaf and air-dried samples were compared. Evidence is presented for the association between alkaloid characteristics and the phylogenetic classification of the species in the genus.
Practical Modeling of Filter Filtration Efficiency
Authors: Kao J 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A simple and general mathematical model has been developed to calculate filter-filtration efficiency, which is based on practical design parameters: pressure drop, filter dimension, flow rate, and filament denier. This model has been verified by examining published experimental data, which include a broad range of design parameters. This model surpasses other models currently described in the literature in terms of accuracy. The drag force of the filter (which is accounted for by the pressure drop times the circumference squared, DP • C2) appears to be the most important contribution to filter-filtration efficiency, but its contribution can be drastically reduced by varying design parameters.
Therapists' Perceptions of Application and Implementation of AM-PAC “6-Clicks” Functional Measures in Acute Care: Qualitative Study
Authors: Dewhirst Regan C. , Ellis Daniel P. , Mandara Emily A. , Jette Diane U. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) “6-Clicks” tools are functional measures used in acute care. No studies have identified reactions and perceptions of therapists in implementing these measures.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to explore therapists' perceptions regarding the application and implementation of AM-PAC “6-Clicks” tools.

Design
This study used a qualitative design with thematic analysis.

Methods
A convenience sample of 13 physical therapists and occupational therapists participated in semistructured telephone interviews. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded, after which thematic analysis was used to determine common themes.

Results
Five themes were identified: (1) unclear purpose, (2) lack of confidence in scoring, (3) too simple for decision making or generalizing patient function, (4) no effect on clinical routine, and (5) potential for communicating patient function across disciplines.

Limitations
Participants came from one health care system. A relatively small percentage of staff agreed to participate in this study, and additional interviews might have revealed new themes.

Conclusions
As participants in this study implemented the AM-PAC “6-Clicks” tools, they considered the role of the measures, how they fit within the context of practice, and their value. They also were concerned with the accuracy and feasibility of the tools. The tools were accepted as potentially valuable to assist administrative decisions and research; however, they were not perceived as particularly useful for routine patient care. Participants lacked complete confidence in the reliability of their scoring and expressed concern that the scores might be substituted for their clinical decision making. They also felt that the tools were too simple to fully reflect patients' overall function and were not useful alone for discharge planning. Participants believed the tools had the potential to be used for communication among colleagues about patients' physical function.