bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital data processor for tracking the partially illuminated moon
Authors: Wilcox H. James 
Published: July 2002

A study of lunar tracking techniques and fabrication of a breadboard to assess the feasibility of the best technique selected was conducted to define a tracking system for observation of the sightline to the center of a partially illuminated moon. The data processing portion of the system is presented in detail and then described in general are the operation of the tracker head assembly for data readout, the operation of the entire system and the effect data processing considerations have on the design of the tracker system.
The system basically consists of an optical sensor, digital computer and tracker drive mechanism. The three system units, connected in cascade, comprise the control loop. For this application, an optical telescope with a radial mechanical scanning mechanism was used that read out lunar sightline measurement information. This information is sequentially read into a special purpose digital computer that extracts the measurements and computes the error signals that drive the tracker to the appropriate attitude.
The structure of programming languages
Authors: Raphael Bertram 
Published: July 2002

The following are identified as major components of every programming language: (1) the elementary program statement, (2) mechanisms for linking elementary statements together, (3) the means by which a program can obtain data inputs. Several alternative forms of each of these components are described, compared and evaluated. Many examples, frequently from list processing languages, illustrate the forms described.

Elementary program statements usually take the form of
commands
,
requirements
, or
implicit specifications
. A
command
is an imperative statement that commands the action to be taken. A
requirement
describes the effect to be achieved without saying anything about the actions to be taken. An
implicit specification
is similar to a requirement, but the programmer must understand what actions will be taken to achieve the desired effect.

Subroutines may be entered
explicitly
, by
execute call
, or by
function composition
. Explicitly called subroutines generally require special linkage conventions. An
execute
subroutine call is syntactically indistinguishable from a basic instruction of the programming language.
Function composition
is a convenient alternative to the explicit call.

The three principal ways of getting inputs for routines are (1) by referring to the data itself, (2) by referring to the data by a “name”, and (3) by referring to it implicitly by means of variables or functions. Names are useful entry points into permanent data structures, but can be error-causing distractions in other contexts.
The author discusses advantages, disadvantages, and factors influencing the choice of a form of component for a language. He concludes by suggesting the evolution of programming languages toward one which will permit all
The next 700 programming languages
Authors: Landin P. J. 
Published: July 2002

A family of unimplemented computing languages is described that is intended to span differences of application area by a unified framework. This framework dictates the rules about the uses of user-coined names, and the conventions about characterizing functional relationships. Within this framework the design of a specific language splits into two independent parts. One is the choice of written appearances of programs (or more generally, their physical representation). The other is the choice of the abstract entities (such as numbers, character-strings, list of them, functional relations among them) that can be referred to in the language.
The system is biased towards “expressions” rather than “statements.” It includes a nonprocedural (purely functional) subsystem that aims to expand the class of users' needs that can be met by a single print-instruction, without sacrificing the important properties that make conventional right-hand-side expressions easy to construct and understand.
A simple user-oriented compiler source language for programming automatic test equipment
Authors: Scheff Benson H. 
Published: July 2002

For the nonprogrammer, difficulty in using a language increases rapidly with the number of nonproblem-oriented conventions. A simple language, even if inelegant, which considers the user's background as part of the problem may be more effective than a source language containing subtle and more powerful capabilities.
The language described in this paper is used to write computer programs which test electronic equipment. Because this testing process contains few complex ideas, there is little need for the elegance and redundancy of a highly syntax-oriented language. A simple and direct language will suffice for the problem. The eventual users of this language are military depot personnel who cannot be expected to have computer programming skill or significant programming training. For this nonprogramming-oriented user, it was essential to create a language using familiar engineering statements; programming-oriented conventions would have unnecessarily complicated his task.
FLOWTRACE, a computer program for flowcharting programs
Authors: Sherman Philip M. 
Published: July 2002

The FLOWTRACE system produces flowcharts of programs written in “almost any” programming language. One must describe the syntax of the control statements in his language; for this purpose a metalanguage is available. The resultant object deck is used to flowchart any programs in the language described.
Several examples of FAP and SNOBOL flowcharts are given. However, it is not necessary to confine one's scope to existing languages. One may define his own language in any “well-structured” manner. This feature is particularly useful when it is desirable to chart only comments within a program. Such an approach permits the documentation of descriptive remarks and avoids the inclusion of coding details.
Levels of computer systems
Authors: Bryant Peter 
Published: July 2002

In building current computer systems, we tend to break them down into “levels” of control, command and communication; in using the system, we break our problems down correspondingly.
The continued use of such a structure raises questions about its effects on the usefulness of future systems, particularly with regard to such trends as time sharing, parallel programming, and, eventually, systems which learn. In this essay some of these questions are posed, and the general attitude we must take in pursuing the problem further is discussed.
Digital simulation of discrete flow systems0
Authors: Moore C. J. , Lewis T. S. 
Published: July 2002

The discrete flow systems discussed are characterized by the movement of randomly arriving items along interacting channels. Programming a digital computer to simulate such systems utilizes some techniques not common in other approaches to physical problems.
The principal portion of the paper is a discussion of two simulation studies that illustrate some of the programming problems involved. One is of an extensive package-handling plant, with the objective being optimization of parameters such as storage capacities and processing rates. In the other, air traffic flow and control procedures are simulated to compare the effects of alternative control decisions.
USA participation in an international standard glossary on information processing
Authors: Traub J. F. 
Published: July 2002

A considerable number of glossaries in the area of information processing have been produced in the USA in the last ten years [1, 2]. In some cases the glossaries were reworked versions of earlier glossaries, while in other cases major new contributions were made. All told, the glossary effort has cost thousands of man-hours of work.
Several years ago the ASA X3 sectional committee sponsored by BEMA was established to prepare standards for the USA in the information processing field. (See Appendix 1 for the meaning of abbreviations and acronyms. See also [3].) ASA X3.5 was assigned the double scope of advising the other X3.n subcommittees on the establishment of definitions required for their proposed standards and of establishing a standard glossary, pASGIP, for general use.
At the same time there was important British standardization activity. After reworking a number of earlier drafts, the BSI released the “Glossary of Terms Used in Automatic Data Processing,” British Standard 3527: 1962. The British effort differed in at least one very important respect from the USA glossaries. It was organized along subject rather than alphabetical lines. This was to have important consequences, as we shall see.
ASK is transportable in half a dozen ways
Authors: Thompson Bozena H. , Thompson Frederick B. 
Published: July 2002

This paper is a discussion of the technical issues and solutions encountered in making the ASK System transportable. A natural language system can be “transportable” in a number of ways. Although transportability to a new domain is most prominent, other ways are also important if the system is to have viability in the commercial marketplace.
On the one hand, transporting a system to a new domain may start with the system prior to adding any domain of knowledge and extend it to incorporate the new domain. On the other hand, one may wish to add to a system that already has knowledge of one domain the knowledge concerning a second domain, that is, to extend the system to cover this second domain. In the context of ASK, it has been natural to implement extending and then achieve transportability as a special case.
In this paper, we consider six ways in which the ASK System can be extended to include new capabilities:
Special-purpose applications, such as those to accommodate standard office tasks, would make use of these various means of extension.
Viewpoint Dependency in Visual Object Recognition Does Not Necessarily Imply Viewer-Centered Representation
Authors: Bar Moshe 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The nature of visual object representation in the brain is the subject of a prolonged debate. One set of theories asserts that objects are represented by their structural description and the representation is “object-centered.” Theories from the other side of the debate suggest that humans store multiple “snapshots” for each object, depicting it as seen under various conditions, and the representation is therefore “viewer-centered.” The principal tool that has been used to support and criticize each of these hypotheses is subjects' performance in recognizing objects under novel viewing conditions. For example, if subjects take more time in recognizing an object from an unfamiliar viewpoint, it is common to claim that the representation of that object is viewpoint-dependent and therefore viewer-centered. It is suggested here, however, that performance cost in recognition of objects under novel conditions may be misleading when studying the nature of object representation. Specifically, it is argued that viewpoint-dependent performance is not necessarily an indication of viewer-centered representation. An account for the neural basis of perceptual priming is first provided. In light of this account, it is conceivable that viewpoint dependency reflects the utilization of neural paths with different levels of sensitivity en route to the same representation, rather than the existence of viewpoint-specific representations. New experimental paradigms are required to study the validity of the viewer-centered approach.
Does the Medial Temporal Lobe Bind Phonological Memories?
Authors: Knott Raymond , Marslen-Wilson William 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The medial temporal lobes play a central role in the consolidation of new memories. Medial temporal lesions impair episodic learning in amnesia, and disrupt vocabulary acquisition. To investigate the role of consolidation processes in phonological memory and to understand where and how, in amnesia, these processes begin to fail, we reexamined phonological memory in the amnesic patient HM. While HM's word span performance was normal, his supraspan recall was shown to be markedly impaired, with his recall characterized by a distinctive pattern of phonological errors, where he recombined phonemes from the original list to form new response words. These were similar to errors observed earlier for patients with specifically semantic deficits. Amnesic Korsakoff's patients showed a similar, though much less marked, pattern. We interpret the data in terms of a model of lexical representation where temporal lobe damage disrupts the processes that normally bind semantic and phonological representations.
Spatial S-R Compatibility with Centrally Presented Stimuli: An Event-Related Asymmetry Study on Dimensional Overlap
Authors: Wascher Edmund , Reinhard Meike , Wauschkuhn Bernd , Verleger Rolf 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Lateral presentation of relevant information facilitates manual responses if the side of relevant information corresponds to the side of the response. Recently, temporally overlapping EEG asymmetries over the central motor cortex and posterior sites were reported as a possible correlate of the sensory-motor integration of spatial information. The present study investigated whether sensory-motor integration of spatial information can occur with symbolic spatial information the same way as with laterally presented stimuli. The task required participants to respond to arrows (target stimuli), which were “flanked” (from above and below) by neutral stimuli or by other arrows (compatible or not). In Experiment 1, this task was compared to the same task with letters as stimuli and to an incompatible task where participants had to respond “against” the arrow direction. The effect of the flankers on response times was largest if subjects had to respond to the arrows in the common way. This was also the only task of Experiment 1 for which marked EEG asymmetries related to the direction of the flankers were observed. In Experiment 2, the onsets of target stimulus and flankers differed in time. Event-related lateralizations of the EEG over sensory and primary motor areas—as a lateralized readiness potential—were always, apparently automatically, evoked by flanking arrows, indicating automatic response activation evoked by symbolic spatial information. In accordance to recent theories of temporally decaying response activation, manual responses were affected only if the target was either shortly preceded by or appeared simultaneously with the flankers. The temporal overlap of EEG asymmetries related to direction encoding, automatic response activation, and to response preparation indicated that a widespread cortical network is activated by any salient directional information that enables subjects to respond quickly if the directional code of the stimulus overlaps with the directional code of the response.
Activation of Cortical and Cerebellar Motor Areas during Executed and Imagined Hand Movements: An fMRI Study
Authors: Lotze Martin , Montoya Pedro , Erb Michael , Hülsmann Ernst , Flor Herta , Klose Uwe , Birbaumer Niels , Grodd Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Brain activation during executed (EM) and imagined movements (IM) of the right and left hand was studied in 10 healthy right-handed subjects using functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI). Low electromyographic (EMG) activity of the musculi flexor digitorum superficialis and high vividness of the imagined movements were trained prior to image acquisition. Regional cerebral activation was measured by fMRI during EM and IM and compared to resting conditions. Anatomically selected regions of interest (ROIs) were marked interactively over the entire brain. In each ROI activated pixels above a t value of 2.45 (p &lt; 0.01) were counted and analyzed. In all subjects the supplementary motor area (SMA), the premotor cortex (PMC), and the primary motor cortex (M1) showed significant activation during both EM and IM; the somatosensory cortex (S1) was significantly activated only during EM. Ipsilateral cerebellar activation was decreased during IM compared to EM. In the cerebellum, IM and EM differed in their foci of maximal activation: Highest ipsilateral activation of the cerebellum was observed in the anterior lobe (Larsell lobule H IV) during EM, whereas a lower maximum was found about 2-cm dorsolateral (Larsell lobule H VII) during IM. The prefrontal and parietal regions revealed no significant changes during both conditions. The results of cortical activity support the hypothesis that motor imagery and motor performance possess similar neural substrates. The differential activation in the cerebellum during EM and IM is in accordance with the assumption that the posterior cerebellum is involved in the inhibition of movement execution during imagination.
The IPAT Equation and Its Variants
Authors: Chertow Marian R. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn the early 1970s Ehrlich and Holdren devised a simple equation in dialogue with Commoner identifying three factors that created environmental impact. Thus, impact (I) was expressed as the product of (1) population, (P); (2) affluence, (A); and (3) technology, (T). This article tracks the various forms the IPAT equation has taken over 30 years as a means of examining an underlying shift among many environmentalists toward a more accepting view of the role technology can play in sustainable development. Although the IPAT equation was once used to determine which single variable was the most damaging to the environment, an industrial ecology view reverses this usage, recognizing that increases in population and affluence can, in many cases, be balanced by improvements to the environment offered by technological systems.
Market Processes and the Closing of ’Industrial Loops’
Authors: Desrochers Pierre 
Published: July 2002

SummaryMany industrial ecologists assume that traditional economic development was characterized by a linear approach in which materials and energy were extracted, processed, used, and dumped in a linear flow into, through, and out of the economy. Much historical evidence, however, indicates that industrial resource recovery was much more widespread than currently thought. This article reviews the available evidence by introducing the reader to earlier literature on the topic and by providing a short case study of animal by‐products recovery from the Neolithic period to the middle of the twentieth century. The main finding of this article is that the belief that market actors systematically failed to close “industrial loops” in earlier eras is inaccurate. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the industrial ecology metaphor was actually well understood in the middle of the nineteenth century.
DIONYSOS' ROLES IN ARISTOPHANES' FROGS
Authors: Habash Martha 
Published: July 2002

In
Frogs
Aristophanes both tests new parameters of Old Comedy and also strengthens existing ones. From the start, Dionysos is preoccupied with literary technique, style, and content. While Dionysos is a common and suitable figure in Old Comedy, the poet is not satisfied just to explore the comic possibilities of god
qua
comic hero/actor. Instead, Aristophanes has Dionysos exchange acting and festival roles while remaining visibly as the god Dionysos, and thereby essentially celebrate his own festival. As such, the god by playing the various roles of the participants of his festival provides unity to the seemingly disparate structure of the play. Furthermore, by bringing the patron of drama onto the stage in this comedy so concerned with literary techniques and merit, Aristophanes adds some authority to his own ideas, spoken or enacted by the god in his various roles, concerning literature.
UNIVERSALS, GENERAL TERMS AND THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELIGION
Authors: Jensen Jeppe Sinding 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA comparative study of religion rests on comparison and generalization. Both require that the object of study, the subject matters of various religions have something in common - certain properties that warrant their juxtaposition in analyses. If they had nothing in common, "the study" of religion would not make any sense. But it seemingly does, thus "religions" presumably form a subject matter with certain regularities. Such regularities may be "emic universals" on the level of socio-cultural formations and they may be "etic universals" on the levels of the analysts' stock of general terms - and the two levels are connected. This article focuses mainly on the role of universals as general concepts in method and theory, i.e., on the status and use of etic level generalizations such as models, maps, metaphors that are constructed in order to explain and make sense, as general terms, of emic level entities, properties, functions, structures etc. The last part concerns the use of universals in four modes of comparison of material, cognitive and symbolic matters.
FILIAL SOCIAL BOND FORMATION IN FRY OF THE MATERNAL MOUTHBROODING TILAPIA (PISCES: CICHLIDAE): A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Russock Howard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mother - fry relationship in the maternal mouthbrooding species of tilapia has become a model of social bond formation in fish because of the relatively extensive care given to the young. This relationship has been extensively studied in Oreochromis mossambicus. In order to determine if the response pattern observed in O. mossambicus fry has broader applications, the critical experiments of these studies were replicated in two closely related species of maternal mouthbrooding tilapia, O. niloticus and O. esculentus. All fry used in the study were removed from their mother's mouth as eggs and hatched artificially in groups. The fry were also exposed to maternal models in groups, but all fry in the study were tested for their responsiveness or preferential behaviour to maternal models individually. Experiment I determined the responsiveness of fry naive to maternal models in order to establish a baseline for future comparisons. O. niloticus fry exhibited a significant decline in responsiveness to models between days 11 and 12 post-hatching while O. esculentus fry exhibited a significant decline between days 16 and 18, suggesting the possible existence of a sensitive period in these two species. In order to obtain evidence for the existence of a sensitive period, naive fry of both species in Experiment II were exposed to maternal models at their peak of responsiveness and then tested at a later age at which responsiveness in naive fry had fallen significantly. In 15 of the 18 comparisons involving the two species, exposure to a maternal model at the peak of responsiveness for naive fry prevented the later decline in responsiveness. Experiment III examined whether experience with maternal models effected how exclusively fry responded to such models in the future. It was predicted that, like O. mossambicus fry, experienced fry of both species would exhibit a decline in responsiveness to models that formed at least a partial mismatch with the fry's initial schema for maternal stimuli. This prediction was not supported. Experiment IV examined preferential behaviour. It was predicted that fry exposed to a maternal model would later behave preferentially toward whichever model of a pair formed a closer match with their schema, and not necessarily toward the model to which they had been previously exposed. Maternally naive fry were not expected to behave preferentially. These predictions were generally supported, although the effect was less vigorous or consistent than in O. mossambicus. Filial social bond formation in these species of maternal mouthbrooding tilapia appears to be characterized by strong predispositions for maternally relevant visual stimuli which require appropriate experience for their maintenance and for the induction of preferences. Since a similar developmental pattern in seen in (e.g.) song learning in passerine birds, imprinting in precocial birds and filial following in substrate spawning cichlid fish, the phenomenon appears to be of broad significance.