bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of ocular disorders presumed to be inherited in three large Italian dog breeds in Italy
Authors: Guandalini Adolfo , Di Girolamo Nicola , Santillo Daniele , Andreani Valentina , Corvi Roberta , Bandini Marina , Peruccio Claudio 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology and the types of eye disorders that are presumed to be inherited (PIED) in three large Italian dog breeds.AnimalsThree large Italian dog breeds: Neapolitan Mastiff (FCI code: 197), Maremma Sheepdog (FCI code: 201), and Italian Corso dog (FCI code: 343).ProceduresAll dogs that underwent a complete ophthalmic examination between 1992 and 2012 were included in this prospective observational study. The prevalence of eye disorders with 95% confidence intervals was reported for presumed healthy dogs and for dogs referred to a veterinary center for an ophthalmic consultation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to generate odds ratios.ResultsOf 605 dogs examined during the study period, 351 dogs were affected by at least one PIED (58%; 95% CI: 54–62%). The prevalence of PIED was significantly lower in dogs presented for ophthalmic examination (53.8%) as compared to presumed healthy dogs (62.2%)(OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.02–1.9; P = 0.037). Also after multivariate adjustment for the period of observation, the odds of Neapolitan Mastiff (92.1%; OR: 21.4; 95% CI: 11.1–41.4) and of Cane Corso (57.7%; OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.7–3.6) suffering a PIED were greater than the Maremma Sheepdog (35.4%). The most common PIED in each breed were entropion (24.3% of all the PIED) in the Neapolitan Mastiff, ectropion (36.6%) in the Corso dog, and cataract (27.9%) in the Maremma Sheepdog.ConclusionsClinicians should be aware that three large Italian dog breeds frequently suffer PIED. Breed standards should be reconsidered, and breeding programs should be directed at limiting such disorders.
Effectiveness of a red cell antigen‐matching transfusion protocol in sickle cell disease patients
Authors: Dezan M. R. , Oliveira V. B. , Bianchi J. V. S. , Rodrigues V. , Solano J. H. , Gomes F. C. , Bonifácio S. L. , Levi J. E. , Guallandro S. F. M. , Krieger J. E. , Pereira A. C. , Sabino E. C. , Mendrone‐Júnior A. , Dinardo C. L. 
Published: November 2016

Background and objectivesTo date, it is unclear whether antigen matching is effective in reducing antibody development and whether transfusing blood from non‐Caucasian donors reduces alloimmunization in sickle cell disease patients (SCP). This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an antigen‐matching strategy supplied by a mixed donor population, in reducing alloimmunization in SCPs.MethodsEighty SCPs transfused with C‐, E‐ and K‐matched units and 2000 donors were genotyped for the most relevant RBC antigens, and resulting genotypic frequencies were compared. Also, alloantibodies specificity and clinical complications were evaluated in SCPs.ResultsA high alloimmunization rate was observed despite the prophylaxis protocol (62·1%). The main cause underlying lack of effectiveness was transfusion of non‐matched units in external hospitals. Even though our donor population was ethnically mixed, it still exhibited antigenic differences in relation to SCPs (C and Fya). Frequency of clinical complications was similar between alloimmunized and non‐alloimmunized patients.ConclusionsProspective antigen matching is an unattractive alloimmunization prophylaxis for SCPs if not associated with strategies to minimize the hazards related to transfusions at non‐index hospitals. Even in a highly mixed donor population, antigenic discrepancies in SCPs are high, increasing the risk of antibody development.
BK polyomavirus‐neutralizing activity of intravenous immunoglobulin products derived from donated blood in Japan
Authors: Urayama T. , Takahashi K. , Ideno S. , Yunoki M. , Saito M. , Numakura K. , Inoue T. , Satoh S. , Sakai K. 
Published: November 2016

Background and ObjectivesBK polyomavirus (BKV) causes BKV‐associated nephropathy and haemorrhagic cystitis, subsequent to BKV reactivation. Intravenous immunoglobulin products (IVIg), manufactured from the plasma of over ten thousand donors, may contain antibodies against BKV. However, the antibody titres and batch‐to‐batch variations in IVIg across the manufacturing year are unknown. This study aims to determine the BKV‐neutralizing activity of IVIg from donated blood in Japan and its trend over the past several years.Materials and MethodsA reliable measurement method was established to quantitatively determine neutralizing activity using the human lung (carcinoma) cell line, A549 and the Gardner strain of BKV. Six lots of IVIg and four lots of pooled plasma were used as the source material for this study.ResultsThe mean neutralizing titre against BKV in pooled plasma was 3·4 ± 0·1 log10 and that in IVIg was 4·1 ± 0·1 log10. The titres of IVIg lots manufactured from 1999 to 2010 were stable.ConclusionIVIg derived from donated blood in Japan demonstrated high neutralizing activity against BKV, and its titre was maintained over the duration of 10 years, suggesting high prevalence of BKV among the donor population in Japan. Further studies are required to clarify the clinical implications of this neutralizing activity in IVIg.
Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Client‐Owned Dogs and Cats, and Retail Raw Meat Pet Food in the Manawatu, New Zealand
Authors: Bojanić K. , Midwinter A. C. , Marshall J. C. , Rogers L. E. , Biggs P. J. , Acke E. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryCampylobacter causes acute gastroenteritis in people worldwide and is frequently isolated from food, animals and the environment. The disease is predominately food‐borne but many routes of transmission and sources of infection have been described, including contact with pets. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats varies widely, and data on New Zealand pets are limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs, cats and retail raw meat pet food products in New Zealand and to characterize Campylobacter jejuni isolates using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Ninety dogs and 110 cats examined at the Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for elective procedures, and fifty locally purchased retail raw meat pet diets were sampled. Two culture protocols combining Bolton broth enrichment and mCCDA and CAT agars in a microaerobic atmosphere at 42°C and 37°C with species identification using PCR were performed. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni, Campylobacter upsaliensis and Campylobacter helveticus was 36%, 13%, 23% and 1% in dogs and 16%, 5%, 5% and 7% in cats, respectively. One dog had Campylobacter lari confirmed, and three dogs and one cat had multiple Campylobacter spp. detected. Significantly more animals tested positive using CAT than mCCDA agar (P < 0.001). Being neutered, vaccinated for Bordetella bronchiseptica, fed dry diets and brought in for neutering were protective factors for dogs, whereas attendance for dental treatment was a risk factor for cats. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 28%, C. jejuni 22%, C. lari 6% and Campylobacter coli 6% of food samples. Six isolates positive by Campylobacter genus PCR were identified as Arcobacter butzleri. Poultry meat was more likely to be positive than non‐poultry meat (P = 0.006). Of the 13 C. jejuni pet isolates with full MLST profiles, eight were of different sequence types (ST) and all nine food isolates were of different STs.
Results From Nigeria’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Adeniyi Ade F. , Odukoya Olukemi O. , Oyeyemi Adewale L. , Adedoyin Rufus A. , Ojo Olatunde S. , Metseagharun Edirin , Akinroye Kingsley K. 
Published: November 2016

Background:The Nigerian Report card on Physical Activity (PA) in Children and Youth was first developed in 2013 to inform practice and policy on healthy living and prevention of noncommunicable diseases among Nigerian children and youth. This article summarizes the results of the 2016 report card and provides updated evidence on the current situation in Nigeria.Methods:A comprehensive review of literature was undertaken by the Report Card Working Group. Grades were assigned to 10 PA indicators based on the criteria used for the 2013 edition.Results:Grades assigned to the indicators were Overall PA, D; Active Play and Leisure, C; Active Transportation, B; Sedentary Behaviors (screen-based, F and nonscreen-based, D); Overweight and Obesity, A; PA in Schools, C-; Government/Nongovernment Organizations/Private Sector/Policy, B. The following indicators were graded as Incomplete: Organized Sport and PA, Community and Built Environment, and Family and Peers.Conclusions:The overall PA levels of Nigerian children and youth seemed to be declining compared with the 2013 Report card but with slight improvement in active play and leisure, and PA in school settings. A substantial number of Nigerian children and youth still have high sedentary behaviors, overweight and obesity. Efforts are needed to promote PA among them.
Results From Sweden’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Nyström Christine Delisle , Larsson Christel , Ehrenblad Bettina , Eneroth Hanna , Eriksson Ulf , Friberg Marita , Hagströmer Maria , Lindroos Anna Karin , Reilly John J. , Löf Marie 
Published: November 2016

Background:The 2016 Swedish Report Card on Physical Activity (PA) for Children and Youth is a unique compilation of the existing physical and health related data in Sweden. The aim of this article is to summarize the procedure and results from the report card.Methods:Nationally representative surveys and individual studies published between 2005–2015 were included. Eleven PA and health indicators were graded using the Active Healthy Kids Canada grading system. Grades were assigned based on the percentage of children/youth meeting a defined benchmark (A: 81% to 100%, B: 61% to 80%, C: 41% to 60%, D: 21% to 40%, F: 0% to 20%, or incomplete (INC).Results:The assigned grades were Overall Physical Activity, D; Organized Sport Participation, B+; Active Play, INC; Active Transportation, C+; Sedentary Behaviors, C; Family and Peers, INC; School, C+; Community and the Built Environment, B; Government Strategies and Investments, B; Diet, C-; and Obesity, D.Conclusions:The included data provides some support that overall PA is too low and sedentary behavior is too high for almost all age groups in Sweden, even with the many national policies as well as an environment that is favorable to the promotion of PA.
Results From India’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Katapally Tarun Reddy , Goenka Shifalika , Bhawra Jasmin , Mani Subha , Krishnaveni Ghattu V , Kehoe Sarah Helen , Lamkang Anjana Sankhil , Raj Manu , McNutt Kathleen 
Published: November 2016

Background:Physical inactivity in children and youth in India is a major public health problem. The 2016 Indian Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth has been conceptualized to highlight this epidemic by appraising behaviors, contexts, strategies, and investments related to physical activity of Indian children and youth.Methods:An international research collaboration resulted in the formation of a Research Working Group (RWG). RWG determined key indicators; identified, synthesized, and analyzed existing evidence; developed criteria for assigning grades; and, finally, assigned grades to indicators based on consensus.Results:Overall Physical Activity Levels were assigned a grade of C-. Active Transportation and Sedentary Behaviors were both assigned a grade of C. Government Strategies and Investments was assigned a grade of D. Six other indicators, including the country-specific indicator Physical Fitness, were graded as INC (incomplete) due to the lack of nationally representative evidence.Conclusions:Based on existing evidence, it appears that most Indian children do not achieve recommended levels of physical activity and spend most of their day in sedentary pursuits. The report card identifies gaps in both investments and research that need to be addressed before understanding the complete picture of active living in children and youth in India.
Results From Malaysia’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sharif Razinah , Chong Kar Hau , Zakaria Nur Hadiyani , Ong Min Li , Reilly John J. , Wong Jyh Eiin , Saad Hazizi Abu , Poh Bee Koon 
Published: November 2016

Background:The 2016 Malaysia Active Healthy Kids Report Card aims to collect, assess, and grade current and comprehensive data on physical activity (PA) and associated factors in Malaysian children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years.Methods:This report card was developed following the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card protocol. The Research Working Group identified the core matrices, assessed the key data sources, and evaluated the evidence gathered for grade assignments. A grade was assigned to each indicator by comparing the best available evidence against relevant benchmark using a standardized grading scheme.Results:Overall Physical Activity, Active Transportation, and Sedentary Behavior were assigned the D grade. The lowest grade of F was assigned to Diet, while School and Government Strategies and Investments were graded higher with a B. Five indicators were assigned INC (incomplete) due to a lack of representative data.Conclusions:The report card demonstrates that Malaysian children and adolescents are engaging in low levels of PA and active commuting, high levels of screen time, and have extremely low compliance with dietary recommendations. More efforts are needed to address the root causes of physical inactivity while increasing the opportunities for children and adolescents to be more physically active.
Results From South Africa’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Uys Monika , Bassett Susan , Draper Catherine E. , Micklesfield Lisa , Monyeki Andries , de Villiers Anniza , Lambert Estelle V. , _ _ 
Published: November 2016

Background:We present results of the 2016 Healthy Active Kids South Africa (HAKSA) Report Card on the current status of physical activity (PA) and nutrition in South African youth. The context in which we interpret the findings is that participation in PA is a fundamental human right, along with the right to “attainment of the highest standard of health.”Methods:The HAKSA 2016 Writing Group was comprised of 33 authorities in physical education, exercise science, nutrition, public health, and journalism. The search strategy was based on peer-reviewed manuscripts, dissertations, and ‘gray’ literature. The core PA indicators are Overall Physical Activity Level; Organized Sport Participation; Active and Outdoor Play; Active Transportation; Sedentary Behaviors; Family and Peer Influences; School; Community and the Built Environment; and National Government Policy, Strategies, and Investment. In addition, we reported on Physical Fitness and Motor Proficiency separately. We also reported on nutrition indicators including Overweight and Under-nutrition along with certain key behaviors such as Fruit and Vegetable Intake, and policies and programs including School Nutrition Programs and Tuck Shops. Data were extracted and grades assigned after consensus was reached. Grades were assigned to each indicator ranging from an A, succeeding with a large majority of children and youth (81% to 100%); B, succeeding with well over half of children and youth (61% to 80%); C, succeeding with about half of children and youth (41% to 60%); D, succeeding with less than half but some children and youth (21% to 40%); and F, succeeding with very few children and youth (0% to 20%); INC is inconclusive.Results:Overall PA levels received a C grade, as we are succeeding with more than 50% of children meeting recommendations. Organized Sports Participation also received a C, and Government Policies remain promising, receiving a B. Screen time and sedentary behavior were a major concern. Under- and over-weight were highlighted and, as overweight is on the rise, received a D grade.Conclusions:In particular, issues of food security, obesogenic environments, and access to activity-supportive environments should guide social mobilization downstream and policy upstream. There is an urgent need for practice-based evidence based on evaluation of existing, scaled up interventions.
Results From the Mozambique 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Prista António , Daca Timoteo , Tchonga Francisco , Machava Eduardo , Macucule Cremildo , Ribeiro Edmundo 
Published: November 2016

Background:This article describes the procedures and development of the 2016 Mozambican Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents.Methods:Following the procedures adopted in 2014 for that year’s report card, comprehensive searches on new data related to indicators of physical activity (PA) were done. A committee composed of physical activity and sports specialists graded each indicator consistent with the process and methodology outlined by the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card model.Results:Nine indicators of PA were graded. Compared with 2014 there were several differences which were caused by changes in the country as well as a more effective evaluation from the committee. The following grades were assigned: Overall Physical Activity Levels, C; Organized Sport Participation, F; Active Play, D; Active Transportation, C; Schools, D; Community and the Built Environment, F; and Government, F. Sedentary Behaviors and Family and Peers were graded Incomplete due to the lack of available information.Conclusions:The decline of the PA habits in urban centers reported in 2014 are accentuated and is influencing the rural areas in several ways. At present, there is no strategy or effective action from authorities to reverse this negative trend.
Results From Venezuela’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Herrera-Cuenca Marianella , Méndez-Perez Betty , Morales Vanessa Castro , Martín-Rojo Joana , Tristan Bianca , Bandy Amilid Torín , Landaeta-Jiménez Maritza , Macías-Tomei Coromoto , López-Blanco Mercedes 
Published: November 2016

Background:The Venezuelan Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the first assessment of information related to physical activity in Venezuela. It provides a compilation of existing information throughout the country and assesses how well it is doing at promoting opportunities for children and youth. The aim of this article is to summarize the information available.Methods:Thirteen physical activity indicators were graded by a committee of experts using letters A to F (A, the highest, to F, the lowest) based on national surveys, peer review studies, and policy documents.Results:Some indicators report incomplete information or a lack of data. Overweight and Obesity were classified as A; Body Composition and Nongovernmental Organization Policies as B; Municipal Level Policies as C; and Overall Physical Activity Levels and National Level Policies as D.Conclusions:63% of children and youth have low physical activity levels. Venezuela needs to undergo a process of articulation between the several existing initiatives, and for said purposes, political will and a methodological effort is required. Investments, infrastructure, and opportunities will be more equal for all children and youth if more cooperation between institutions is developed and communication strategies are applied.
Viral DNA Sensors IFI16 and Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Possess Distinct Functions in Regulating Viral Gene Expression, Immune Defenses, and Apoptotic Responses during Herpesvirus Infection
Authors: Diner Benjamin A. , Lum Krystal K. , Toettcher Jared E. , Cristea Ileana M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
The human interferon-inducible protein IFI16 is an important antiviral factor that binds nuclear viral DNA and promotes antiviral responses. Here, we define IFI16 dynamics in space and time and its distinct functions from the DNA sensor cyclic dinucleotide GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Live-cell imaging reveals a multiphasic IFI16 redistribution, first to viral entry sites at the nuclear periphery and then to nucleoplasmic puncta upon herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. Optogenetics and live-cell microscopy establish the IFI16 pyrin domain as required for nuclear periphery localization and oligomerization. Furthermore, using proteomics, we define the signature protein interactions of the IFI16 pyrin and HIN200 domains and demonstrate the necessity of pyrin for IFI16 interactions with antiviral proteins PML and cGAS. We probe signaling pathways engaged by IFI16, cGAS, and PML using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated knockouts in primary fibroblasts. While IFI16 induces cytokines, only cGAS activates STING/TBK-1/IRF3 and apoptotic responses upon HSV-1 and HCMV infections. cGAS-dependent apoptosis upon DNA stimulation requires both the enzymatic production of cyclic dinucleotides and STING. We show that IFI16, not cGAS or PML, represses HSV-1 gene expression, reducing virus titers. This indicates that regulation of viral gene expression may function as a greater barrier to viral replication than the induction of antiviral cytokines. Altogether, our findings establish coordinated and distinct antiviral functions for IFI16 and cGAS against herpesviruses.

IMPORTANCE
How mammalian cells detect and respond to DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus is poorly understood. Here, we decipher the distinct functions of two viral DNA sensors, IFI16 and cGAS, during active immune signaling upon infection with two herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We show that IFI16 rapidly oligomerizes at incoming herpesvirus genomes at the nuclear periphery to transcriptionally repress viral gene expression and limit viral replicative capacity. We further demonstrate that IFI16 does not initiate upstream activation of the canonical STING/TBK-1/IRF3 signaling pathway but is required for downstream antiviral cytokine expression. In contrast, we find that, upon DNA sensing during herpesvirus infection, cGAS triggers apoptosis in a STING-dependent manner. Our live-cell imaging, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, CRISPR-based cellular assays, and optogenetics underscore the value of integrative approaches to uncover complex cellular responses against pathogens.