bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Extremely Premature Infants at Low Risk for Early-Onset Sepsis
Authors: Puopolo Karen M. , Mukhopadhyay Sagori , Hansen Nellie I. , Cotten C. Michael , Stoll Barbara J. , Sanchez Pablo J. , Bell Edward F. , Das Abhik , Hensman Angelita M. , Van Meurs Krisa P. , Wyckoff Myra H. ,   on behalf of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND:
Premature infants are at high risk of early-onset sepsis (EOS) relative to term infants, and most are administered empirical antibiotics after birth. We aimed to determine if factors evident at birth could be used to identify premature infants at lower risk of EOS.

METHODS:
Study infants were born at 22 to 28 weeks’ gestation in Neonatal Research Network centers from 2006 to 2014. EOS was defined by isolation of pathogenic species from blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture at ≤72 hours age. Infants were hypothesized as “low risk” for EOS when delivered via cesarean delivery, with membrane rupture at delivery, and absence of clinical chorioamnionitis. Frequency of prolonged antibiotics (≥5 days) was compared between low-risk infants and all others. Risks of mortality, EOS, and other morbidities were assessed by using regression models adjusted for center, race, antenatal steroid use, multiple birth, sex, gestation, and birth weight.

RESULTS:
Of 15 433 infants, 5759 (37%) met low-risk criteria. EOS incidence among infants surviving &gt;12 hours was 29 out of 5640 (0.5%) in the low-risk group versus 209 out of 8422 (2.5%) in the comparison group (adjusted relative risk = 0.24 [95% confidence interval, 0.16–0.36]). Low-risk infants also had significantly lower combined risk of EOS or death ≤12 hours. Prolonged antibiotics were administered to 34% of low-risk infants versus 47% of comparison infants without EOS.

CONCLUSIONS:
Delivery characteristics of extremely preterm infants can be used to identify those with significantly lower incidence of EOS. Recognition of differential risk may help guide decisions to limit early antibiotic use among approximately one-third of these infants.
PREPARATION OF THE CORE OF WALNUT FOR USE IN THE COMPOSITION OF SOFT DRINKS
Authors: Dyakonova A. , Stepanova V. , Shtepa E. 
Published: October 2017

In work it is considered conditions of preparation of a core of the Walnut for the following use as a prescription component of soft drinks of improvement. It is provided the analysis of patent and literary source in which are explained the existing productions technology of soft drinks on the basis of nut raw materials. It is considered influence on fatty acids compound of nucleus of Walnut by high temperatures, frying at 200 °C, damp-thermal treatment, by soaking in water and boiling during 60 seconds. It is scientifically argues that the most optimum method of preparation of a core of the Walnut which allows to inactivate an undesirable microflora and to raise physical and chemical indicators of nut is the method of damp-thermal processing of raw materials. It is designated influence of the long-lived soaking on durability of a core of nut and content of the free phosphorus in its structure which characterizes amount of phytin substances in raw materials. It is proved that the long-lived soaking destroys complexes of phytin acid with phosphorus release. After 10 clocks of soaking, the amount of the free phosphorus in the studied exemplars of the Walnut increases to 55 %. It is established technological parameters of preparation of nut extract by selection of its optimum hydro module. It is developed nut drink with the balanced composition of fatty acids. It was investigated chemical composition of nut drink which is characterized by content of 40 % of fats, 18 % ‒ proteins and near 37 % of carbohydrates. It is analyzed possible influence of nut drink on the needs of a human body for biologically valuable substances, and established that the developed drink satisfies the need of an organism for essence of fatty acids more than for 30 %. It is carried out the production approbation of the developed product that confirms practicality of the designed technology and high organoleptic rates of nut drink.
SUBSTANTIATION OF STORAGE PARAMETERS OF THE SOUR-MILK INFANT DRINK «BIOLAKT»
Authors: Tkachenko N. , Nekrasov P. , Avershina A. , Ukrainceva Ju. 
Published: October 2017

Changes in the quality indicators of sour-milk infant drink «Biolakt» characterized by high probiotic and immunomodulatory properties and low allergic effect that were made according to the improved technology and stored in sealed-off containers at temperature (4±2) ºС during 28 days have been studied: organoleptic properties of taste and odour, consistency and appearance; physical and chemical properties – titrated acidity, ºТ; active acidity, pH units; moisture retention property, %; microbiological properties – number of living cells of mixed cultures B. bifidum 1 + B. longum Я3 + B. infantis 512, CFU/cm3; the most probable number of living cells of monocultures L. acidophilus La-5, CFU/cm3; presence of coli form bacteria in 0.3 cm3; presence of Salmonella in 50 cm3; biochemical properties – antioxidant activity, activity units; and maximum possible content of malondialdehyde at complete oxidation of the product ingredients, mg/100 g. It is proved that under indicated conditions in the course of 24 days the studied samples of target products possess high organoleptic and standardized for sour-milk infant drinks physical, chemical, biochemical and microbiological indicators and are, also, characterized by high content of probiotics: (0.43…8.60)∙109 and (0.25…1.10)∙109 CFU/cm3 of living cells of bifidus bacteria and lactobacilli, accordingly.It has been established that the limit storage period of sour-milk infant drink «Biolakt» produced according to the improved technology and stored at temperature (4±2) ºС should not exceed 12 days with due account of the safety margin for sour-milk infant drinks (provided they are kept in sealed-off containers).It has been proved that the target product formulas should include lactulose, polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 FT EU of «Fortitech» company (Denmark), vitamin complex FT 041081EU of «Fortitech» company (Denmark) and/or complex of mineral substances FT 042836EU of «Fortitech» company (Denmark).
The Public Good Created by Higher Education Institutions in Russia
Authors: Marginson Simon 
Published: October 2017

The public/private distinction is central to higher education but there is no consensus on the meaning of ‘public’. Two different meanings are in use. Economic theory distinguishes non market goods (public) that cannot be produced for profit, from market-based activity (private). This provides a basis for identifying the minimum necessary public expenditure, but does not effectively encompass collective goods. In political theory ‘public’ is often understood as state ownership and/ or control. This is more inclusive than the economic definition, and recognizes the scope for norms and policies, but lacks clear boundaries. The first part of the article synthesizes these two approaches, developing an analytical framework with four quadrants (civil society, social democracy, state quasi-market, commercial market) that can be used to categorise activities in higher education and research. The second part summarises the findings of 30 semi-structured interviews in the Russian government and two universities, conducted in 2013, concerning perceptions of public goods produced in Russian higher education. While most interviewees saw research as a global public good, they were divided in relation to teaching and learning. Some understood the education function as a public good in both the economic and political sense and wanted the government to take greater responsibility for improvement in higher education. Others saw higher education as a private good in the economic sense, and while they acknowledged the need for government because of market failure, wanted public intervention and regulation to be reduced. This division in thought about public/private paralleled the larger division between Soviet and neoliberal thinking in the Russian polity, and also the divided character of higher education, which is evenly split between free government administered places and a fee-paying student market.
Libre circulación de personas y Derecho Internacional Privado: un análisis a la luz de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea = Free movement of persons and International Private Law: an analysis in the light of the case law of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Blázquez Rodríguez Irene 
Published: October 2017

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la interacción entre la libre circulación de per-sonas y el Derecho internacional privado. Mediante esta dimensión se profundiza en la esencia de esta movilidad intra-UE, al tiempo que se calibra el alcance del status civitatis europeo. Este estudio se sus-tenta en una jurisprudencia reciente –si bien consolidada– del TJUE en la que se garantiza no sólo el desplazamiento sino también el reconocimiento de situaciones privadas en el espacio europeo, y ello con independencia de la regulación material o conflictual del Estado miembro de acogida. En esta acción, la persona tanto física como jurídica trasciende su propio Derecho nacional y adquiere una auténtica dimensión “europea”.Palabras clave: libre circulación de personas, ciudadanía de la Unión, Derecho internacional pri-vado, estatuto personal.Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyse the interaction between the free movement of persons and private international law. This dimension deepens in the essence of this intra-EU mobility, at the same time as measuring the scope of the European status civitatis. This study is based on recent –yet already well defined– case law of the CJEU, guaranteeing not only the movement but also the mutual recognition of civil situations into the common European space, independent of substantive or conflict rules of the host member state. With this action, both natural and legal person go beyond their own na-tional law in order to acquire a truly “European” dimension.Keywords: free movement of persons, European citizenship, Private International Law, personal status.
Algunas consideraciones sobre el régimen de la responsabilidad civil del porteador en la legislación marítima de Emiratos Árabes Unidos = Some considerations regarding the maritime carrier liability under the United Arab Emirates maritime law
Authors: Badiola Coca Silvia Pilar 
Published: October 2017

Resumen: En los últimos años Emiratos Árabes Unidos se ha consolidado como centro marítimo global, siendo Dubai una de las ciudades portuarias más importantes del mundo. La posición estratégica de Emiratos entre Europa, Asia y África, junto con sus capacidades de logística y comerciales hacen que medida que el comercio se globaliza, las empresas transnacionales continúen creciendo, y las conexiones marítimas, terrestres y aéreas proliferen. Por ese motivo, debido al auge y crecimiento imparable del transporte marítimo de mercancías la presente investigación tiene como finalidad realizar un breve análisis sobre el régimen de responsabilidad del porteador marítimo vigente bajo la regulación marítima vigente en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos.Palabras clave: Responsabilidad, porteador marítimo, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, causas de exoneración, limitación. Abstract: During the last years, United Arab Emirates has been consolidated as maritime global center, being Dubai one of the most important port cities of the world. The strategic position of Emirates between Europe, Asia and Africa, together with his capacities of logistics and commercial make the globalization of trade, transnational corporations continue to grow, maritime, land and air connections proliferate. Therefore, due to the summit and unstoppable growth of the maritime carriage of goods this paper has as purpose to present a brief analysis on the regime of liability of the maritime carrier under the Federal Maritime Law in force in the United Arab Emirates.Keywords: Liability, maritime carrier, United Arab Emirates, excepted perils, limitation.
MAPEAMENTO GEOMORFOLÓGICO DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
Authors: Diniz Marco Túlio Mendonça , Oliveira George Pereira de , Maia Rúbson Pinehiro , Ferreira Bruno 
Published: October 2017

O mapeamento geomorfológico do estado do Rio Grande do Norte procurou seguir em grande parte a metodologia adotada por Santos et. al. (2006) para o estado do Paraná, a fim de atualizar os conhecimentos da cartografia geomorfológica regional. A escala adotada foi 1:250.000, que permitiu a utilização dos três primeiros taxons, ou seja, representação cartográfica das Unidades Morfoestruturais, Unidades Morfoesculturais e Sub-unidades Morfoesculturais. No 1º taxon foram identificadas as unidades morfoestruturais: Cinturão Orogênico Brasiliano; Bacias Sedimentares Marginais; Vulcanismo e/ou Plutonismo Cenozoico; e Coberturas Sedimentares Quaternárias. No 2º taxon foram identificadas as unidades morfoesculturais: Depressão Sertaneja; Planalto da Borborema; Maciços e Planaltos Interiores; Planaltos e Tabuleiros Costeiros; Relevos Tectônicos nas Bacias Marginais; Relevos Associados ao Vulcanismo/Plutonismo Neógeno; e Planícies Costeiras e Fluviais. No 3º taxon foram trinta e quatro subunidades morfoesculturais. Este trabalho objetiva deve servir de subsídio ao planejamento e ordenamento do território do estado do Rio Grande do Norte.
Yield, Nutritive Value, and Profitability of Direct‐Seeded Annual Forages following Spring‐Terminated Alfalfa
Authors: Noland Reagan L. , Sheaffer Craig C. , Coulter Jeffrey A. , Becker Roger L. , Wells M. Scott 
Published: October 2017

Core IdeasForage yield increased with fertilizer N only when conditions were cool and wet.Weed biomass was frequently increased with the addition of fertilizer N.Fertilizer N did not increase economic net return in 2 of 3 site‐years.Annual ryegrass often resulted in consistent establishment and greatest economic return.Winter‐kill of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) causes substantial yield losses in northern environments, requiring alternative forages to meet livestock needs. This study explores the forage yield, nutritive value, and N response of seven annual forage species and one grass–legume biculture, no‐till planted into spring‐terminated alfalfa. Forages were planted in late May at Rosemount, MN, in 2014 and 2015 and at Waseca, MN, in 2015 with split‐plot factors of three N fertilizer rates (0, 56, and 112 kg N ha−1) and were harvested on approximately 30‐d intervals. When successfully established, teff [Eragrotis tef(Zuccagni) ‘Summer Lovegrass’] and sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor(L.) subsp.drummondii(Nees ex Steud.) ‘PCS 3010’] were among the highest‐yielding species, with yields ranging from 4.2 to 9.9 Mg DM ha−1and 6.8 to 8.9 Mg DM ha−1, respectively. Fertilizer N increased yields of all species at Rosemount in 2014; however, N needs were met by terminated alfalfa at both locations in 2015. Weed biomass increased with added fertilizer N in site‐years when weeds were present. Nitrogen fertilization improved forage nutritive value through decreased neutral detergent fiber concentration and increased crude protein concentration and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (48‐h in‐vitro) in all site‐years. However, N fertilization had no effect on economic net return in 2 of 3 site‐years. Annual ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum(Lam.) ‘Jumbo’] most consistently resulted in the greatest net return. No‐till planting annual forages into terminated alfalfa can provide forage to offset losses and utilize alfalfa N in situations of alfalfa winter‐kill.
Three‐Dimensional Simulation of Land Drains as a Preferential Pathway for Vapor Intrusion into Buildings
Authors: Yao Yijun , Mao Fang , Ma Shuaishuai , Yao Yihong , Suuberg Eric M. , Tang Xianjin 
Published: October 2017

Preferential pathways can be significant vapor intrusion (VI) contributors, causing potentially higher inhalation risk to residents of affected buildings than that arising through traditional intrusion pathways. To assess land drains as a preferential pathway, a three‐dimensional model, validated using data from a 4‐yr field study, was used to study the roles of subfoundation soil permeability on soil gas flow and indoor depressurization. Results indicated that it is almost impossible for an indirect preferential pathway like a land drain ending in subfoundation soils with a permeability <10−11 m2 to affect indoor air quality if the land drain connects to a source with the same vapor concentration as that of the groundwater source beneath the building. An equation was developed to estimate the threshold permeability. We also found that even after the preferential pathway was identified using indoor depressurization (also known as controlled pressure method [CPM]) and then turned off, the influence of the preferential pathway and indoor depressurization on indoor concentration might last for months, although it may not be significant (i.e., may not exceed one order of magnitude, in this study). In the absence of such a preferential VI pathway, CPM may actually reduce indoor air concentrations of contaminants below those present under natural indoor pressure conditions, due to the emission rate limit determined by the upward diffusion rate from the vapor source. Our study highlights the role of measuring subfoundation soil permeability to soil gas flow in site investigations and warns practitioners about the possible mischaracterization of indoor air concentration after applying CPM in the absence of a preferential pathway.Core Ideas
The influences of land drain depend on subfoundation soil permeability.
An equation was developed to estimate the threshold soil permeability.
The influences on indoor air may last for months after the pathway is turned off.
CPM might cause lower instead of higher indoor concentration.
Factors Controlling Temporal Stability of Surface Soil Moisture: A Watershed‐Scale Modeling Study
Authors: Wei Lingna , Dong Jianzhi , Gao Man , Chen Xi 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Soil moisture data at a watershed scale can be derived from distributed land surface modeling.
Factors controlling soil moisture temporal stability can be studied using model simulations.
Soil moisture estimation accuracy is improved when dominant factors are considered a priori.
The minimum number of sampling points and the shortest sampling periods were investigated.
The spatial variability of soil moisture makes it difficult to represent watershed‐scale soil moisture using traditional point‐scale soil moisture sensors. In the temporal stability method, the spatial pattern of soil moisture is assumed to persist with time. Hence, measurements at a representative point can be used to represent the mean soil moisture. We investigated the factors that determine temporal stability and attempted to locate these representative points. Long‐term simulated high‐resolution soil moisture data, at a watershed scale, were used. Results showed that locations with a dominant vegetation cover and a low topographic wetness index (TI) can provide reasonable mean soil moisture estimates. Using vegetation cover and TI information, we minimized the number of the sampling locations needed for identifying the best estimate of the true watershed‐scale mean. The sampling period duration is also a key factor. Using random combination tests, the minimum number of required sampling points and shortest sampling time were estimated. When 10 sampling points were used, a sampling period of 10 mo was required for accurately determining the representative point. Our study results will help apply the temporal stability method to the estimation of areal soil moisture and the calibration and validation of remote sensing data.
Resolving Infiltration‐Induced Water Content Profiles by Inversion of Dispersive Ground‐Penetrating Radar Data
Authors: Mangel Adam R. , Moysey Stephen M.J. , van der Kruk Jan 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Dispersive GPR data can resolve 1D water content distributions in waveguide layers.
Blocky‐layer model inversions of the data provide good data fit.
Blocky‐layer model inversions are unrealistic in a hydrologic framework.
Independent piecewise‐linear model inversions provide improved data fit.
Piecewise‐linear models honor smooth distributions of water content.
Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data were collected before, during, and after a 24‐min‐long forced infiltration event in a large sand tank. High spatial and temporal resolution were achieved by automation of the radar system, thereby allowing these data to be collected during the course of the experiment while continuously changing the distance between the antennas through offsets ranging between 0.17 and 2.17 m. These multi‐offset data showed evidence of a phenomenon known as waveguide dispersion during early infiltration times (5–10 min), indicating that a shallow layer of high water content was present. The GPR data exhibiting this dispersive behavior were used to fit water content profiles for the wetting front, i.e., the waveguide, with time using either a blocky‐layer model or a piecewise linear function. Results from the separate inversions showed good agreement with in situ soil moisture measurements and a calibrated unsaturated flow model. The piecewise linear model, however, was able to honor the gradational nature of the hydrologically induced waveguide and was in better agreement with the observed soil moisture data. Furthermore, the piecewise linear model returned a water content profile that showed a consistent progression of the wetting front with time, whereas a less consistent progression of the wetting front was observed for the blocky‐layer model.
Comparison of Three Methods for Vertical Extrapolation of Soil Moisture in Oklahoma
Authors: Zhang Ning , Quiring Steven , Ochsner Tyson , Ford Trent 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Exponential filter performs better than LR and ANN for SWI vertical extrapolation.
Adding meteorological variables does not improve model accuracy.
Soil properties can improve the linear regression model.
ExpF and general LR are two potential general methods for SWI extrapolation.
Soil moisture monitoring networks can provide real‐time and accurate soil moisture measurements; however, missing values and the lack of unified measurement depths across different networks impedes soil moisture applications at regional and national scales. Therefore, methods for vertical extrapolation of soil moisture, i.e., using shallow soil moisture measurements to estimate deeper soil moisture, are needed for standardizing measurements to a set of common depths. This study compared three methods, artificial neural network (ANN), linear regression (LR), and exponential filter (ExpF), for vertical extrapolation of soil moisture using data from the Oklahoma Mesonet. Based on our analysis of intra‐annual variations in soil moisture, we divided each year into two seasons, warm and cool. Our results demonstrate that all methods perform better in the warm season than in the cool season, especially at deeper depths. The Kling–Gupta efficiency was used to assess the performance of each method. All methods had similar performance for near‐surface extrapolation of soil moisture (top 25 cm). Although the accuracy of all models tended to decrease with depth, the ExpF outperformed the other methods at deeper depths. The soil water index (SWI) is preferred over volumetric water content as input to the ExpF. Incorporating air temperature and an antecedent precipitation index into the ANN and LR methods did not significantly improve their accuracy. We demonstrated that both ExpF and general LR can be used for SWI extrapolation at sites where only surface soil moisture data are available. Soil properties may be useful for further improving the accuracy of the general LR method.