bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Annual Balance of North Cascade Glaciers, Washington, U.S.A., Measured and Predicted Using An Activity-Index Method
Authors: Pelto Mauri S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe annual balance has been measured for ten North Cascade glaciers in 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, and 1986–87 (1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987). Based on these data, an annual balance prediction method was designed and tested. Comparison of measured versus predicted annual balances indicates an accuracy of ±0.22–0.30 m. The method is based on annual measurement of the accumulation area ratio (AAR), and determination of the perennially constant activity index and area-altitude distribution on each glacier. The accumulation area ratio is determined from aerial and ground photographs at the end of the ablation season. The activity index is identified from observation of the rise of the snow line with time, compared to measured snow depths above the snow line. The AAR-activity index method was used to calculate the annual balance of 47 North Cascade glaciers in 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987. The mean balance during the 4 year period was —0.33 m.From the mass-balance records, it is apparent that North Cascade glaciers can be divided into six climatic sensitivity groups. Each glacier type responds differently to specific climatic conditions. The mass-balance variation for glaciers of the same type is small.Since 1977, warmer, drier climatic conditions have prevailed in the North Cascades, resulting in the retreat of 42 of the 47 glaciers examined.
Effect of Glaciers on Annual Run-Off, Johan Dahl Land, South Greenland
Authors: Braithwaite R. J. , Olesen Ole B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRun-off data for two basins in south Greenland, one of which contains glaciers, are compared with precipitation at a nearby weather station and with ablation measured in the glacier basin. Seasonal variations of run-off for the two basins are broadly similar while run-off from the glacier basin has smaller year-to-year variations. A simple statistical model shows that this is the result of a negative correlation between ablation and precipitation, which has the effect of reducing run-off variations in basins with a moderate amount of glacier cover although run-off variations may become large again for highly glacierized basins. The model also predicts an increasing run-off with ablation correlation and a decreasing run-off with precipitation correlation as the amount of glacier cover increases. Although there are still too few data sets from other parts of Greenland for final conclusions, there are indications that the present findings may be applicable to other Greenland basins.
Character of the Englacial and Subglacial Drainage System in the Upper Part of the Ablation Area of Storglaciären, Sweden
Authors: Hooke Roger Leb. , Miller Sarah B. , Kohler Jack 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOn 4 July 1986, dye was injected at a point slightly above the equilibrium line on Storglaciären, a small valley glacier in northern Sweden. Just below the equilibrium line, the glacier bed is over-deepened. The dye re-appeared in a stream at the glacier terminus over the next 35 d. This stream normally carries relatively little sediment, in constrast to the situation in another nearby stream that also emerges from the glacier. This suggests that the dye traveled in englacial rather than subglacial conduits. Tracer tests utilizing salt in bore holes in the overdeepening support this interpretation, as the bore holes were draining well above the bed. The dye appeared during three distinct events, suggesting that it became divided into at least three separate parcels shortly after injection. This probably occurred in the crevassed area in the vicinity of the injection point.The englacial location of the drainage may be explained by the fact that, in order to remain at the pressure melting-point, water in subglacial conduits coming out of the overdeepening may have had to warm up faster than would be possible by viscous heating alone. Such conduits would thus tend to freeze closed.
Acoustic Emission Methods Applied to Avalanche-Formation Studies
Authors: Yepifanov V. P. , Kuz'menko V. P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe relationship between the intensity of snow acoustic emission impulses and snow-cover stability is revealed by measuring the physical and mechanical properties of the snow cover in the starting zones of avalanches. This relationship is fundamental to the remote identification of an avalanche-hazard period.In order to estimate the mechanical properties of a snow layer, a method of applying a rigid penetrometer equipped with a piezo-electric accelerometer is used. The viscosity coefficients of snow under destruction and the specific energy of destruction are determined. The overall effect of different elements of destruction is assessed using both structural investigations and acoustic methods (acoustic emissions).
Internal Geometry and Evolution of Moulins, Storglaciären, Sweden
Authors: Holmlund Per 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe initial conditions needed for formation of moulins are crevasses and a supply of melt water. Water pouring into a crevasse may fill it until it overflows at the lowest point, which is normally near the margin. However, as the crevasse deepens, it intersects englacial channels through which the water can drain. These channels may be finger-tip tributaries in a dendritic system such as that described by Shreve (1972) and observed by Raymond and Harrison (1975). When the crevasse closes, heat in the melt water keeps the connection open and a moulin is formed. The englacial channel enlarges rapidly by melting, utilizing mechanical energy released by the descending water.Descents into moulins, and mapping of structures exposed at the surface after many years of melting, demonstrate that the drainage channels leading down from the bottoms of the moulins have inclinations of 0–45° from the vertical. These channels trend in the direction of the original crevasse but appear to be deeper than the expected depth of the crevasse. They have not, even at depths of 50–60 m, become normal to the equipotential planes described by Shreve.
Microcomputer-Based Image-Processing System
Authors: Perovich Donald K. , Hirai Akira 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInexpensive add-on boards are currently available that enable personal computers to be used as digital image-processing systems. The capabilities of one such system are illustrated by two specific cases examining the surface characterization of a sea-ice cover and the statistical description of sea-ice structure. The unit discussed digitizes video input into a 512 × 512 array of pixels, assigning each a gray shade from 0 to 255. A key feature of the system is that the primitive commands of the board can be accessed through higher-level programming languages. This allows users to customize easily the system for their own needs.
The Mechanics of Glacier Flow
Authors: Nye J. F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe flow of valley glaciers is examined in the light of recent laboratory experiments on the behaviour of ice under load. Simple expressions are given for the velocity distributions in some cases of laminar flow, and the modification of a pure laminar flow theory necessary to explain the formation of transverse crevasses and thrust planes is considered. The paper ends with some remarks about the formation of crevasse patterns on the surfaces of glaciers. The statical equilibrium of a circular ice cap is discussed in an appendix.
Observations on the Quasi-Viscous Behaviour of Ice in a Tunnel in the Z’mutt Glacier
Authors: Haefeli R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIt is suggested that both discontinuous shearing and continuous flow (creep) may coexist in one and the same glacier, provided the stress is high enough for the shear resistance to be reached. Experiments made in a tunnel in the Z’Mutt Glacier suggest that all the motion here observed was continuous, and also show that the viscosity is influenced by the stress conditions. A series of tests made by forcing a ball into the ice also enabled estimates of the viscosity and melting pressure to be made and emphasized the importance of melting in glacier flow.
Experiments on the Deformation of Ice
Authors: Glen J. W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper describes compression tests at −1.5° C. on blocks of ice containing many small crystals in random orientation. Results show that ice does not possess a constant coefficient of viscosity, but obeys a more complicated relation between compressive stress u and strain rate . For the stress range 1.5–10 Kg. cm−2 this relation is approximately of the form , where n is a constant equal to about 4. A method of preparing small cylindrical single crystals of ice of a desired orientation is also described.
The Internal Structure of a Cirque Glacier: Report on Studies of the Englacial Movements and Temperatures
Authors: McCall J. G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis report is of a preliminary nature; detailed analyses are being carried on at the present time. The tunnel project on a small cirque glacier in the Jotunheim area of Norway, made possible observations of englacial movements in August and December of 1951 which are correlated with surface movements. Emphasis was placed on detailed three-dimensional studies. A marked divergence of flow lines was noted in both the vertical and horizontal planes. Bands previously thought to be thrust planes were found to be of sedimentary origin and not to be discrete planes of shear. Rates of contractions of tunnel sections up to a depth of 50 m. were observed and the englacial temperature distributions were taken in both zones of ablation and accumulation.
Assembly of the Arctic flora: Highly parallel and recurrent patterns in sedges (Carex)
Authors: Hoffmann Matthias H. , Gebauer Sebastian , von Rozycki Torsten 
Published: September 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Understanding the origin of ecosystems and their changes through time is important. Two mutually contrasting types of grasslands existed in the Arctic: dry‐ and cold‐adapted grasslands of the Pleistocene dominated by Poaceae species, and presently dominating graminoid grasslands composed of sedges and rushes. We studied the taxon recruitment of the Arctic flora for Carex, the most species‐rich and widespread genus of the Arctic. In this study we explore the possible geographical and altitudinal origins of the species, their ecological provenance in terms of soil moisture and light requirements, and salt tolerance.METHODS:We addressed these questions in a phylogenetic context using the latest megaphylogeny of Carex comprising almost all Arctic species and about half of the genus’ total species diversity. Ecological data were extracted from the literature and analyzed for each clade comprising Arctic species.KEY RESULTS:Arctic Carex species were observed in 48 independent lineages. Almost all areas north of the meridional zone of the Northern Hemisphere may have served as sources of Arctic lineages. Source areas are unrelated to the distribution within the Arctic. Arctic species evolved in lowland and high mountain clades; mostly in wet, rarely in dry adapted clades that occur principally in open conditions. Salt tolerant Arctic species occur in five clades.CONCLUSIONS:Many independent lineages of different geographical areas and ecological backgrounds provided species for the northernmost ecosystem; clear main sources were not discernible. Carex shows the whole dynamic of ecosystem assembly from a seemingly simple immigration of preadapted species, evolution in geographical distant areas, to species radiations in the North.
Learning the High-Dimensional Immunogenomic Features That Predict Public and Private Antibody Repertoires
Authors: Greiff Victor , Weber Cédric R. , Palme Johannes , Bodenhofer Ulrich , Miho Enkelejda , Menzel Ulrike , Reddy Sai T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRecent studies have revealed that immune repertoires contain a substantial fraction of public clones, which may be defined as Ab or TCR clonal sequences shared across individuals. It has remained unclear whether public clones possess predictable sequence features that differentiate them from private clones, which are believed to be generated largely stochastically. This knowledge gap represents a lack of insight into the shaping of immune repertoire diversity. Leveraging a machine learning approach capable of capturing the high-dimensional compositional information of each clonal sequence (defined by CDR3), we detected predictive public clone and private clone–specific immunogenomic differences concentrated in CDR3’s N1–D–N2 region, which allowed the prediction of public and private status with 80% accuracy in humans and mice. Our results unexpectedly demonstrate that public, as well as private, clones possess predictable high-dimensional immunogenomic features. Our support vector machine model could be trained effectively on large published datasets (3 million clonal sequences) and was sufficiently robust for public clone prediction across individuals and studies prepared with different library preparation and high-throughput sequencing protocols. In summary, we have uncovered the existence of high-dimensional immunogenomic rules that shape immune repertoire diversity in a predictable fashion. Our approach may pave the way for the construction of a comprehensive atlas of public mouse and human immune repertoires with potential applications in rational vaccine design and immunotherapeutics.
Effect of Ultrasonic Instrumentation in Treatment of Primary Molars
Authors: Barua Pranamee , Singh Rishav , Safaya Romil , Monajemi Hooman , Monajemi Hootan 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of this study is to describe the protocol used in the treatment of pulpally necrosed primary molars and to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasonic instrumentation technique in primary dentition.Materials and methodsA total of 50 primary molars in 40 children, ranging from 8 to 10 years of age, were endodontically treated using standard protocols and ultrasonic instrumentation. The follow-up was done for each case ranging from 1 to 2½ years.ResultsClinical and radiographic controls showed a success rate of 97.5%, considering an evaluation time of 19 ± 9.02 months.ConclusionThe use of ultrasonic instrumentation in primary molars with pulpal necrosis succeeded in reducing appointment time and showed a high success rate.Clinical significanceUltrasonic instrumentation should be used as a standard protocol in instrumentation of endodontic treatment of primary molars so as to increase the success rate of primary teeth pulpectomies.How to cite this articleSingh R, Barua P, Kumar M, Safaya R, Monajemi H, Monajemi H. Effect of Ultrasonic Instrumentation in Treatment of Primary Molars. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):750-753.
Growth and Development of Dentofacial Complex influenced by Genetic and Environmental Factors using Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Manjusha KK , Jyothindrakumar K , Nishad A , Manoj K Madhav 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The purpose of this study was to determine the possible effects of genetic and environmental factors on dentofacial complex using monozygotic twins.

Materials and methods
The study sample was made of 21 pairs of monozygotic twins (14 female pairs and seven male pairs) between 10 and 25 years. Pretreatment lateral cephalograms were used which were traced and digitized, and various landmarks to determine the anteroposterior and vertical proportions were marked. Samples were divided into two groups. The correlation between groups was found by calculating Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients.

Results
The range of the correlation coefficient was from 0.705 to 0.952. Gonial angle showed the highest correlation coefficient (0.952), while saddle angle showed the lowest correlation coefficient (0.705).

Conclusion
The growth and development of craniofacial complex is under mutifactorial control. However, genetic influences do tend to play a dominant role.

Clinical significance
By studying identical twins, we can study about the interaction of the environment with the genes and how it affects the growth and development of the body in general and dentofacial complex in particular. By utilizing twin studies, we can identify whether a particular trait, disease, or disorder is influenced more strongly by genetics or by the environment. Success of orthodontic treatment depends on a proper diagnosis of the problem including its etiological factors. Genetic studies let the orthodontists to understand the effects of genetic and environmental factors in the growth and development of dentofacial complex better and allows to prevent or treat malocclusions and skeletal anomalies in better ways.

How to cite this article
Manjusha KK, Jyothindrakumar K, Nishad A, Manoj KM. Growth and Development of Dentofacial Complex influenced by Genetic and Environmental Factors using Monozygotic Twins. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):754-758.
Readiness of Accredited Social Health Activist Workers for Tobacco Cessation Counseling after a Brief Intervention in Odisha, India: A Quasi-experimental Study
Authors: Sudhakar KNV , Raju PV Krishnam , Pathi Jugajyothi , Avinash J , Sureshan Vinay , Vidya KC 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of the study was (1) to explore the baseline beliefs and practices of accredited social health activist (ASHA) workers of Khurda district of Orissa with respect to tobacco cessation and (2) to assess whether a brief intervention will be effective in improving the beliefs and practices of ASHA workers. The results of this study could be utilized by policy makers for framing important strategies for tobacco cessation in rural areas utilizing ASHA workers.

Materials and methods
A quasi-experimental study (before and after comparison) was performed in Khurda district of Orissa to find out whether a brief intervention could improve the beliefs and practices of ASHA workers related to antitobacco counseling in rural areas. A 14-item structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, written in English (translated in Odiya), was used. The final sample size was estimated as 135. Data were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 21) for analysis.

Results
All the mean belief items, practice items, degree of preparedness, and interest in training scores of study population increased significantly from baseline to postintervention. The study population showed a statistically significant improvement in postintervention composite belief and composite practices score.

Conclusion
The majority of ASHA workers had positive beliefs and favorable practices after attending a brief intervention toward smoking cessation in their community. After attending the intervention, nearly half of the respondents felt either somewhat or very well prepared for tobacco cessation. Most of them showed their interest toward getting further training in the field.

Clinical significance
Training programs and regular tobacco cessation activities should be planned in the primary health-care delivery system of India.

How to cite this article
Sudhakar KNV, Pathi J, Avinash J, Raju PVK, Sureshan V, Vidya KC. Readiness of Accredited Social Health Activist Workers for Tobacco Cessation Counseling after a Brief Intervention in Odisha, India: A Quasi-experimental Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):759-764.
Factors affecting Clinical Outcomes after Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia with CO2 and Diode Laser
Authors: Migliari Dante , Galletta Vivian , Azevedo Luciane 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
To analyze factors that may affect recurrence, development of new lesions, and malignant transformation in patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) following surgical treatment with lasers.

Materials and methods
A total of 40 patients were enrolled in this study, 17 females (mean age of 64.5 years; 33–88 years) and 23 males (mean age of 56.6 years; 28–84 years) with an overall mean age of 60.5 years. A total of 49 lesions were diagnosed and treated; 9 patients had more than one site affected. Mean time of follow-up was 22 months (6–71 months). Data were assessed by univariate Cox and multivariate Cox regression analyses.

Results
Recurrence (OL at the same site of the initial lesion) was observed in 11 patients (27.5%) while 4 patients (10%) developed new lesions, and 2 patients (5%) experienced malignant transformation. Only two clinical factors were statistically associated with the outcome for the development of new lesions: patients . 60 years and female gender (p < 0.1). Neither of the outcomes of recurrences and malignant transformations was significantly correlated with any of the risk factors analyzed.

Conclusion
Surgical laser is not a deterrent for the outcomes evaluated; additionally, the design of this study did not allow us to determine whether the laser treatment had provided a great benefit by significantly reducing the rate of malignant transformation among the patients.

Clinical significance
It is highly important to inform patients with OL that their condition can be treated, when possible, surgical laser, and that this treatment may be helpful in bringing down the odds of malignant transformation of their lesions. In addition, the patients should also be brought to the attention of the necessity of a continued clinical monitoring regardless of the outcome following a surgical intervention.

How to cite this article
Galletta V, Azevedo L, Lodi G, Migliari D. Factors affecting Clinical Outcomes after Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia with CO2 and Diode Laser. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):775-780.