bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of experimental design methodology in preparation and characterization of zolmitriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles
Authors: Mandlik Satish K. , Ranpise Nisharani S. 
Published: May 2017

The present study investigated the implementation of 32 factorial design of experiment and statistical analysis for the optimization of chitosan nanoparticles containing zolmitriptan an antimigraine drug. The influence of chitosan concentration (X1) and sodium tripoly phosphate (X2) on responses namely nanoparticle size (Y1), and entrapment efficiency (Y2), was studied. As per design, nine runs of nanoparticles were prepared by modified ionic gelation method using high speed vortex mixing. The particle size was found in the range of 151-880 nm and entrapment efficiency was 72.3-81.2%. A statistical analysis was performed using licensed design expert software V.8.0 with respect to ANOVA, regression analysis. The contour plots and response surface plots showed visual representation of relationship between the experimental responses and the set of independent variables. Regression model equations were validated by a numerical and graphical optimization method. Further, optimized drug loaded nanoparticles showed +23.7mV zeta potential indicating storage stability, electron micrograph reflects spherical shape and mixed type of drug release followed by Fickian diffusion (n=0.266) was observed. Thus, using systematic factorial design approach, desirable goals can be achieved in shortest possible time with lesser number of experiments which was proven to be an effective tool in quality by design.Mandlik and Ranpise, International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2017, 6(3): 16-22http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol6Issue3/01.pdf
Chapitre 5. L’éthique en santé au Bénin et le vih-sida : quels enjeux ?
Authors: Capo-Chichi V. , Ouendo E. , Champagne F. 
Published: May 2017

Dans le cadre de la lutte contre le vih-sida, un effort a été fait au niveau du volet éthique, à savoir qu’il existe des textes juridiques, institutionnels et éthiques. Il existe des comités d’éthique (trois) qui donnent des avis motivés sur les protocoles d’études et s’attèlent à la sensibilisation des acteurs. Mais nous notons qu’il n’y a pas encore une adoption et une appropriation réelle de la pratique de l’éthique par ces derniers. La présente étude a ciblé les projets de recherche sur le vih-sida et les centres de prises en charge des PVVIH afin d’y analyser les enjeux éthiques relatifs : 1) au mode de recrutement des participants et des bénéficiaires ; 2) à l’obtention du consentement libre éclairé de ceux-ci ; 2) aux mesures de confidentialité et d’anonymat ; 3) à l’intégrité du personnel desdits projets et centres et aux conflits d’intérêts. Une analyse thématique des données collectées suite à des entretiens semi structurés, a permis de mettre en exergue les enjeux liés au mode de recrutement, à l’obtention du consentement libre éclairé, aux mesures de confidentialité et d’anonymat, à l’intégrité et aux conflits d’intérêts. Retenons que, ce qui se fait, ne se fait pas toujours pas dans les formes de l’art. Une veille constante est donc de mise, avec comme chefs de file les comités d’éthique. Ces derniers sont censés jouer pleinement les rôles qui sont les leurs.
Autour de la « prose musicale »
Authors: Imperiali Christophe 
Published: May 2017

Le présent article s’attache à montrer la façon dont la notion de « prose musicale » a été investie de valeurs très différentes, selon le cadre esthétique dans lequel elle a été employée. L’idée est de partir d’un moment où deux paradigmes opposés se croisent : le début du xix e siècle. On peut observer à ce moment la concomitance de vives critiques adressées à des compositeurs accusés de faire de la « prose » parce qu’ils sont incapables d’écrire de belles mélodies, et d’autre part la recherche d’un idiome musical plus libre, plus naturel, auquel la prose servirait de modèle. Ces considérations sur la musique seront mises en perspective avec quelques réflexions sur l’art des vers, dans la France de ces mêmes années.
Images et syntaxe du jazz dans le style de Paul Morand
Authors: Charbonnier Gil 
Published: May 2017

Le jazz fut introduit en France pendant la Grande Guerre, c’est Jean Cocteau qui fut le premier à reconnaître l’importance de cette musique. Comme le révèle son Journal d’un attaché d’ambassade 1916-1917 , Paul Morand, très proche dans ces années-là du milieu Cocteau, partageait le même engouement. Cependant, il découvrit le jazz avant la guerre et avant même Cocteau lors de sa première mission diplomatique à Londres en fréquentant le célèbre club, le Murray’s . Dès lors, le jazz, emblème musical de son cosmopolitisme, fera partie intégrante de son esthétique narrative, à travers un style qui « boxe » les mots. Dans cette optique d’intégration littéraire d’un modèle musical, l’étude porte sur des questions d’analogie : dans quelle mesure les combinaisons syntaxiques inspirées du jazz créent une nouvelle rhétorique de l’image ?
Traduction et altérité chez Paul Ricœur : enjeux pour l’éducation
Authors: Vergnon Marie 
Published: May 2017

Résumé	La question de la traduction a traversé l’œuvre de Paul Ricœur, développée progressivement dans ses travaux à partir des années 1950, jusqu’à la publication en 2004 d’un ouvrage dédié intitulé Sur la traduction . S’il ne la mit jamais explicitement en perspective avec les questions éducatives, ses réflexions sur l’humanité, l’altérité, les cultures et l’hospitalité langagière dans ce contexte trouvent écho dans des enjeux éducatifs mis en évidence par Ricœur lui-même et ouvrent à une réflexion sur l’éthique du rapport à autrui et sur le rôle de l’éducation.
Quasi-12 h inertia–gravity waves in the lower mesosphere observed by the PANSY radar at Syowa Station (39.6° E, 69.0° S)
Authors: Shibuya Ryosuke , Sato Kaoru , Tsutsumi Masaki , Sato Toru , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Nishimura Koji , Kohma Masashi 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The first observations made by a complete PANSY radar system (Program of the Antarctic Syowa MST/IS Radar) installed at Syowa Station (39.6° E, 69.0° S) were successfully performed from 16 to 24 March 2015. Over this period, quasi-half-day period (12 h) disturbances in the lower mesosphere at heights of 70 to 80 km were observed. Estimated vertical wavelengths, wave periods and vertical phase velocities of the disturbances were approximately 13.7 km, 12.3 h and −0.3 m s−1, respectively. Under the working hypothesis that such disturbances are attributable to inertia–gravity waves, wave parameters are estimated using a hodograph analysis. The estimated horizontal wavelengths are longer than 1100 km, and the wavenumber vectors tend to point northeastward or southwestward. Using the nonhydrostatic numerical model with a model top of 87 km, quasi-12 h disturbances in the mesosphere were successfully simulated. We show that quasi-12 h disturbances are due to wave-like disturbances with horizontal wavelengths longer than 1400 km and are not due to semidiurnal migrating tides. Wave parameters, such as horizontal wavelengths, vertical wavelengths and wave periods, simulated by the model agree well with those estimated by the PANSY radar observations under the abovementioned assumption. The parameters of the simulated waves are consistent with the dispersion relationship of the inertia–gravity wave. These results indicate that the quasi-12 h disturbances observed by the PANSY radar are attributable to large-scale inertia–gravity waves. By examining a residual of the nonlinear balance equation, it is inferred that the inertia–gravity waves are likely generated by the spontaneous radiation mechanism of two different jet streams. One is the midlatitude tropospheric jet around the tropopause while the other is the polar night jet. Large vertical fluxes of zonal and meridional momentum associated with large-scale inertia–gravity waves are distributed across a slanted region from the midlatitude lower stratosphere to the polar mesosphere in the meridional cross section. Moreover, the vertical flux of the zonal momentum has a strong negative peak in the mesosphere, suggesting that some large-scale inertia–gravity waves originate in the upper stratosphere.
Cryostratigraphy, sedimentology, and the late Quaternary evolution of the Zackenberg River delta, northeast Greenland
Authors: Gilbert Graham L. , Cable Stefanie , Thiel Christine , Christiansen Hanne H. , Elberling Bo 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The Zackenberg River delta is located in northeast Greenland (74°30′ N, 20°30′ E) at the outlet of the Zackenberg fjord valley. The fjord-valley fill consists of a series of terraced deltaic deposits (ca. 2 km2) formed during relative sea-level (RSL) fall. We investigated the deposits using sedimentological and cryostratigraphic techniques together with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. We identify four facies associations in sections (4 to 22 m in height) exposed along the modern Zackenberg River and coast. Facies associations relate to (I) overriding glaciers, (II) retreating glaciers and quiescent glaciomarine conditions, (III) delta progradation in a fjord valley, and (IV) fluvial activity and niveo-aeolian processes. Pore, layered, and suspended cryofacies are identified in two 20 m deep ice-bonded sediment cores. The cryofacies distribution, together with low overall ground-ice content, indicates that permafrost is predominately epigenetic in these deposits. Fourteen OSL ages constrain the deposition of the cored deposits to between approximately 13 and 11 ka, immediately following deglaciation. The timing of permafrost aggradation was closely related to delta progradation and began following the subaerial exposure of the delta plain (ca. 11 ka). Our results reveal information concerning the interplay between deglaciation, RSL change, sedimentation, permafrost aggradation, and the timing of these events. These findings have implications for the timing and mode of permafrost aggradation in other fjord valleys in northeast Greenland.
Smart building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) for Qatar
Authors: Mühlbauer Maria 
Published: May 2017

The consumption of electricity in residential buildings in Qatar is on the rise. According to Kahramaa (Qatar General Electricity and Water Company), the factors leading to this increased demand include urbanization and growth of population.1 Government institutions in Qatar want solar power to be the country's key energy source and have built up large photovoltaic (PV) systems for this purpose. These large PV power plants contribute to a certain proportion of the country's electrical energy supply. This also ensures reasonable utilization of free and usually unprofitable areas, for example on large utility buildings.
Small and middle-sized PV systems integrated into private buildings could fulfill more functions. These PV systems could also produce a significant proportion of electrical energy for places where electricity is consumed and could also provide the citizens of Qatar the opportunity to participate in the renewable energy age.
This article presents a comprehensive strategy for the integration of solar energy into the private residential buildings area. The strategy describes the provision of adapted PV systems suitable for Middle East's climatic conditions and Arabic architecture, and provides advice regarding how to deal with the climatic hurdles. The main focus of this compilation paper is to figure out how to overcome the economical handicap of minimal electricity price. With the help of Smart building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems, owners of private residential houses could participate in the production of renewable energy, thereby improving their social prestige. These Smart BIPV systems possess the ability to visualize the entire energy flow in the connected buildings, making the residents aware of their energy demands, in addition to providing tools to replace conventionally produced energy by self-produced solar energy as far as possible. Furthermore, the integrated house management system can control individual room functions to improve the living comfort of the residents in a way that matches their lifestyle.
Towards a more sustainable waste management in Qatar: Retrofitting mindsets and changing behaviours
Authors: Clarke Sarah F. , Nawaz Waqas , Skelhorn Cynthia , Amato Alex 
Published: May 2017

Historically, the peoples of Arabia have had a strong affinity with and respect for nature, recognising that their life depended on a mutually supportive relationship. The intertwined connections between people and nature included a reverence for camels that provide a dependable mode of transport across the harsh desert landscape; a deep affection for the majestic falcons that soared high above vast sand dunes in search of prey and a great pride in the saluki dog breed as a loyal and skilful hunting companion. Through the generations, nomadic and static tribes in the Gulf have learned to coexist with their hostile desert environment, following nature's path to water and fertile plains. And, while this bond endures, with the advent of oil wealth, which has brought with it unprecedented rates of development, it is a connection that at best is under strain and at worst on a catastrophic path as much desired rapid development brings with it demands on the environment and incursions into the landscape as never before: dredging, which destroys sea grass plains and their associated wildlife; agriculture, which requires ever more water, thereby depleting natural aquifers and necessitating higher levels of energy-consuming desalination and skyscraper cities, which demand increasing amounts of electricity for lighting, air-conditioning and residential comfort. Furthermore, an ever-growing mound of waste generated by a swelling population and increased consumerism do not seem favourable for the GCC region.What will it take to restore the human–environment balance? What needs to be retrofitted? Is it simply a matter of technical fixes, add-ons or replacements? Or is a more fundamental change needed? Do we need to retrofit mindsets, both individual and organisational, with a new set of overarching socially and environmentally driven principles that will allow Qatar to continue along its developmental path while enhancing its historical ties with the environment? In short, is it possible to design or retrofit our way towards a sustainable Qatar?It is argued in this paper that not only technological solutions and retrofits but also an associated change in mindsets and behaviours at all levels and in all communities will solve the waste management problems faced by Qatar. Drawing on examples from individual, organisational and community-driven initiatives in solid waste management in Qatar and a survey or attitudes towards waste, in this paper, we illustrate the complexity of the task ahead, the obstacles faced and the need for a “retrofit” of mindsets and behavioural change in order to achieve a transformation in solid waste management in Qatar.
The Gold Standard Paradox in Digital Image Analysis: Manual Versus Automated Scoring as Ground Truth
Authors: Aeffner Famke , Wilson Kristin , Martin Nathan T. , Black Joshua C. , Hendriks Cris L. Luengo , Bolon Brad , Rudmann Daniel G. , Gianani Roberto , Koegler Sally R. , Krueger Joseph , Young G. Dave 
Published: May 2017

Context.—Novel therapeutics often target complex cellular mechanisms. Increasingly, quantitative methods like digital tissue image analysis (tIA) are required to evaluate correspondingly complex biomarkers to elucidate subtle phenotypes that can inform treatment decisions with these targeted therapies. These tIA systems need a gold standard, or reference method, to establish analytical validity. Conventional, subjective histopathologic scores assigned by an experienced pathologist are the gold standard in anatomic pathology and are an attractive reference method. The pathologist's score can establish the ground truth to assess a tIA solution's analytical performance. The paradox of this validation strategy, however, is that tIA is often used to assist pathologists to score complex biomarkers because it is more objective and reproducible than manual evaluation alone by overcoming known biases in a human's visual evaluation of tissue, and because it can generate endpoints that cannot be generated by a human observer.Objective.—To discuss common visual and cognitive traps known in traditional pathology-based scoring paradigms that may impact characterization of tIA-assisted scoring accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.Data Sources.—This manuscript reviews the current literature from the past decades available for traditional subjective pathology scoring paradigms and known cognitive and visual traps relevant to these scoring paradigms.Conclusions.—Awareness of the gold standard paradox is necessary when using traditional pathologist scores to analytically validate a tIA tool because image analysis is used specifically to overcome known sources of bias in visual assessment of tissue sections.
A note on holomorphic functions and the Fourier-Laplace transform
Authors: Carlsson Marcus , Wittsten Jens 
Published: May 2017

We revisit the classical problem of when a given function, which is analytic in the upper half plane $\mathbb{C} _+$, can be written as the Fourier transform of a function or distribution with support on a half axis $(-\infty ,b]$, $b\in \mathbb{R} $. We derive slight improvements of the classical Paley-Wiener-Schwartz Theorem, as well as softer conditions for verifying membership in classical function spaces such as $H^p(\mathbb{C} _+)$.
A function on the set of isomorphism classes in the stable category of maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules over a Gorenstein ring: with applications to liaison theory
Authors: Puthenpurakal Tony J. 
Published: May 2017

Let $(A,\mathfrak{m})$ be a Gorenstein local ring of dimension $d \geq 1$. Let $\operatorname{\underline{CM}}(A)$ be the stable category of maximal Cohen-Macauley $A$-modules and let $\operatorname{\underline{ICM}}(A)$ denote the set of isomorphism classes in $\operatorname{\underline{CM}}(A)$. We define a function $\xi \colon \operatorname{\underline{ICM}}(A) \to \mathbb{Z}$ which behaves well with respect to exact triangles in $\operatorname{\underline{CM}}(A)$. We then apply this to (Gorenstein) liaison theory. We prove that if $\dim A \geq 2$ and $A$ is not regular then the even liaison classes of $\{\,\mathfrak{m}^n \mid n\geq 1 \,\}$ is an infinite set. We also prove that if $A$ is Henselian with finite representation type with $A/\mathfrak{m}$ uncountable then for each $m \geq 1$ the set $\mathcal {C}_m = \{\, I \mid I \text { is a codim $2$ CM-ideal with } e_0(A/I) \leq m \,\}$ is contained in finitely many even liaison classes $L_1,\dots ,L_r$ (here $r$ may depend on $m$).
Standardized testing and the promise of progress
Authors: Stromquist Nelly P 
Published: May 2017

Abstract In light of the constantly expanding use of standardized tests (STs) not only in industrialized countries but also in developing nations, this article seeks to offer some reflections on the assessment path that educational systems across the world are taking. In unpacking the STs we must not take for granted a number of aspects of standardized tests—from their construction and application to their unintended consequences. The article proceeds in four distinct but interrelated parts: (1) understanding the assumptions and process in the development of STs, (2) probing the assumptions underlying the use of STs, (3) recognizing that STs are limited in what they can tell teachers about how to improve their instructional practices, and (4) forming a broader philosophical critique about how knowledge transmission should be measured and by whom. There are multiple procedures and features that render STs an easy–to-use assessment tool for student learning. However, assumptions used test design create considerable distance between their construction and any measurement of ability to teach. This distance impedes the use of STs as practical tools to improve instruction. Nonetheless, the testing industry in the US is solid and there are global efforts underway not only to expand the application from pre-Kindergarten to secondary schools but also to the university level.
TESTED: Una reflexión sobre medir en educación
Authors: Carmona Rodríguez Carmen 
Published: May 2017

Hace décadas el debate educativo estaba centrado, principalmente, en la cobertura y el acceso a la educación básica para todos los niños y niñas, aspecto que en algunos países todavía es un reto a conseguir. Sin embargo, actualmente se presta mayor atención a los resultados de aprendizaje alcanzados por los estudiantes. Resultados que en algunos países provienen de pruebas estandarizadas que están diseñadas para seleccionar y no para incluir. Por ello, es necesario considerar la influencia del contexto como factor de segregación en los centros educativos, hecho que puede de forma indirecta fomentar la desigualdad de oportunidades en el alumnado. El objetivo del presente artículo es reflexionar sobre los factores y consecuencias que tiene la realización de evaluaciones al alumnado, especialmente cuando están estandarizadas. Se analizan aspectos a considerar cuando se interpretan los resultados de pruebas estandarizadas, así como la relevancia de las variables de contexto. En particular, se profundizará a través del documental TESTED (2015) en el proceso de preparación, consecución y consecuencias del polémico Specialized High School Admission Test (SHSAT) que puede marcar el futuro de los estudiantes de entre 12-13 años de la ciudad de Nueva York. El análisis del documental con el propio director visibiliza una realidad de desigualad a partir de los resultados de un test, algo que también podría llegar a ocurrir en otros países sino se tiene en cuenta que la educación es un proceso permanente que facilita el aprendizaje, el desarrollo de competencias, la experiencia y la incorporación plena de los valores tanto individuales como sociales.