bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Regulation through Competition: A Response to Rapidly Evolving Markets
Authors: Baum Ido 
Published: May 2016

How can regulators keep up with sea changes in dynamic markets? This article proposes the use of competitive forces to generate innovative regulation. In markets where national, social, cultural, economic or other interests must be maintained in the face of evolving risks, heightened uncertainties and dynamic technological developments, regulators have to learn by doing.This article proposes the novel concept of intra-regulatory competition (IRC), a powerful method for developing innovative regulatory solutions by staging a contest between different regulatory regimes imposed simultaneously on market participants in a given jurisdiction. The article describes the principles of and justifications for IRC, conditions for its effective implementation, its potential benefits and drawbacks. IRC is analysed against the backdrop of similar concepts such as randomised law, experimental law and inter-jurisdictional competition. Finally, the article argues that the regulation of media content in order to promote cultural pluralism and the regulation of computerised trading in securities and futures markets are fields that are ripe for and compatible with the application of IRC.
Levoatriocardinal vein in D-transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Moodley Shreya , Duncan Walter , Gandhi Sanjiv 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe levoatriocardinal vein is the embryological remnant of the connection between the pulmonary and systemic venous systems. It is a rare lesion that usually occurs in the presence of left-sided obstruction, developing as a pathway for decompression of the pulmonary veins. We report the first case of a levoatriocardinal vein in a patient with D-transposition of the great arteries.
Bringing Objectification into Social Relationships Research: Is Self-Objectification Harmful for Authenticity?
Authors: Rollero Chiara 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSelf-objectification is a pervasive process in contemporary Western societies and psychological literature has largely shown its negative consequences in terms of body shame, appearance anxiety, mental health and performance. Mass media play a key role in promoting such process through the extensive sexualization of individuals’ body and the separation of sexualized body parts from the rest of the body. The purpose of the present study was to extend past research by examining the effects of self-objectification in the context of social relationships among young adults. Participants were 235 undergraduates (55.7% females). A three-step model was successfully tested: results showed that internalization of media standards is related to increased self-objectification (β = .33, SE = .08, p = .01), which in turn is associated with authenticity, being high self-objectifiers less devoted to authentic living (β = –.21, SE = .09, p = .01) and more self-alienated (β = .14, SE = .08, p = .04) and dependent on others’ influence (β = .50, SE = .01, p = .01). The pattern of these relationships did not significantly vary across gender (χ2 = 6.29; p = .18). Implications concerning the impact of self-objectification in the domain of social relationships are discussed.
Stereotype Threat in der Grundschule
Authors: Hermann Johanna Maria , Vollmeyer Regina 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel der Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob bereits Grundschulkinder von Stereotype-Threat- beziehungsweise Lift-Effekten in ihrer Mathematikleistung beeinflusst werden. Dazu wurde auf eine implizite Manipulation zurückgegriffen, um Geschlechtsstereotype zu aktivieren, bevor ein Mathematiktest absolviert wurde. Bei Mädchen sollte die Aktivierung zu einer schlechteren Leistung führen, während für Jungen ein Leistungsvorsprung erwartet wurde. An der Untersuchung nahmen 120 Viertklässler teil (66 männlich, 54 weiblich, Alter M = 9.24, SD = 0.61). Hypothesenkonform ergab sich eine signifikante Interaktion zwischen Geschlecht und Stereotypaktivierung bei schwierigen Aufgaben. Während Mädchen in der Stereotypgruppe schlechter abschnitten als Mädchen in der Kontrollgruppe, konnte bei den Jungen kein Leistungsunterschied beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass Geschlechtsstereotype implizit bereits in der Grundschule die Mathematikleistung von Mädchen beeinträchtigen können.
Generating giant and tunable nonlinearity in a macroscopic mechanical resonator from a single chemical bond
Authors: Huang Pu , Zhou Jingwei , Zhang Liang , Hou Dong , Lin Shaochun , Deng Wen , Meng Chao , Duan Changkui , Ju Chenyong , Zheng Xiao , Xue Fei , Du Jiangfeng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNonlinearity in macroscopic mechanical systems may lead to abundant phenomena for fundamental studies and potential applications. However, it is difficult to generate nonlinearity due to the fact that macroscopic mechanical systems follow Hooke’s law and respond linearly to external force, unless strong drive is used. Here we propose and experimentally realize high cubic nonlinear response in a macroscopic mechanical system by exploring the anharmonicity in chemical bonding interactions. We demonstrate the high tunability of nonlinear response by precisely controlling the chemical bonding interaction, and realize, at the single-bond limit, a cubic elastic constant of 1 × 1020 N m−3. This enables us to observe the resonator’s vibrational bi-states transitions driven by the weak Brownian thermal noise at 6 K. This method can be flexibly applied to a variety of mechanical systems to improve nonlinear responses, and can be used, with further improvements, to explore macroscopic quantum mechanics.
Dynamic heterogeneity and non-Gaussian statistics for acetylcholine receptors on live cell membrane
Authors: He W. , Song H. , Su Y. , Geng L. , Ackerson B. J. , Peng H. B. , Tong P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Brownian motion of molecules at thermal equilibrium usually has a finite correlation time and will eventually be randomized after a long delay time, so that their displacement follows the Gaussian statistics. This is true even when the molecules have experienced a complex environment with a finite correlation time. Here, we report that the lateral motion of the acetylcholine receptors on live muscle cell membranes does not follow the Gaussian statistics for normal Brownian diffusion. From a careful analysis of a large volume of the protein trajectories obtained over a wide range of sampling rates and long durations, we find that the normalized histogram of the protein displacements shows an exponential tail, which is robust and universal for cells under different conditions. The experiment indicates that the observed non-Gaussian statistics and dynamic heterogeneity are inherently linked to the slow-active remodelling of the underlying cortical actin network.
Store-independent modulation of Ca2+ entry through Orai by Septin 7
Authors: Deb Bipan Kumar , Pathak Trayambak , Hasan Gaiti 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOrai channels are required for store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in multiple cell types. Septins are a class of GTP-binding proteins that function as diffusion barriers in cells. Here we show that Septin 7 acts as a ‘molecular brake’ on activation of Orai channels in Drosophila neurons. Lowering Septin 7 levels results in dOrai-mediated Ca2+ entry and higher cytosolic Ca2+ in resting neurons. This Ca2+ entry is independent of depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ release through the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Importantly, store-independent Ca2+ entry through Orai compensates for reduced SOCE in the Drosophila flight circuit. Moreover, overexpression of Septin 7 reduces both SOCE and flight duration, supporting its role as a negative regulator of Orai channel function in vivo. Septin 7 levels in neurons can, therefore, alter neural circuit function by modulating Orai function and Ca2+ homeostasis.
Stigmergy co-ordinates multicellular collective behaviours during Myxococcus xanthus surface migration
Authors: Gloag Erin S. , Turnbull Lynne , Javed Muhammad A. , Wang Huabin , Gee Michelle L. , Wade Scott A. , Whitchurch Cynthia B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSurface translocation by the soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus is a complex multicellular phenomenon that entails two motility systems. However, the mechanisms by which the activities of individual cells are coordinated to manifest this collective behaviour are currently unclear. Here we have developed a novel assay that enables detailed microscopic examination of M. xanthus motility at the interstitial interface between solidified nutrient medium and a glass coverslip. Under these conditions, M. xanthus motility is characterised by extensive micro-morphological patterning that is considerably more elaborate than occurs at an air-surface interface. We have found that during motility on solidified nutrient medium, M. xanthus forges an interconnected furrow network that is lined with an extracellular matrix comprised of exopolysaccharides, extracellular lipids, membrane vesicles and an unidentified slime. Our observations have revealed that M. xanthus motility on solidified nutrient medium is a stigmergic phenomenon in which multi-cellular collective behaviours are co-ordinated through trail-following that is guided by physical furrows and extracellular matrix materials.
Dynamic spatial patterns of leaf traits affect total respiration on the crown scale
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Zhou Hongxuan , Han Fengsen , Li Yuanzheng , Hu Dan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTemporal and spatial variations of leaf traits caused conflicting conclusions and great estimating errors of total carbon budget on crown scales. However, there is no effective method to quantitatively describe and study heterogeneous patterns of crowns yet. In this study, dynamic spatial patterns of typical ecological factors on crown scales were investigated during two sky conditions, and CEZs (crown ecological zones) method was developed for spatial crown zoning, within which leaf traits were statistically unchanged. The influencing factors on hourly and spatial variations of leaf dark respiration (Rd) were analysed, and total crown respiration (Rt) was estimated based on patterns of CEZs. The results showed that dynamic spatial patterns of air temperature and light intensity changed significantly by CEZs in special periods and positions, but not continuously. The contributions of influencing factors on variations of Rd changed with crown depth and sky conditions, and total contributions of leaf structural and chemical traits were higher during sunny days than ecological factors, but lower during cloudy days. The estimated errors of Rt may be obviously reduced with CEZs. These results provided some references for scaling from leaves to crown, and technical foundations for expanding lab-control experiments to open field ones.
The control of hyperglycemia by a novel trypsin resistant oral insulin preparation in alloxan induced type I diabetic mice
Authors: Bank Sarbashri , Ghosh Arjun , Bhattacharya Suman , Maiti Smarajit , Khan Gausal A. , Sinha Asru K 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA trypsin resistant oral insulin preparation was made by incubating insulin for 2 h at 23 °C with previously boiled cow milk at 100 °C that was coagulated with 0.6 M acetic acid. The precipitate was resuspended in the same volume of milk. The immunoblot analysis of the suspended proteins treated with 200 ng of trypsin/ml for 3 h demonstrated that the 80.1% of the insulin in the suspension survived the proteolytic degradation compared to 0% of the hormone survived in the control. The feeding of 0.4 ml (0.08 unit of insulin) of the resuspended proteins followed by 0.2 ml of the same protein to alloxan induced diabetic mice maximally decreased the blood glucose level from 508 ± 10 mg/dl to 130 ± 10 mg/dl in 7 h with simultaneous increase of the basal plasma concentration of insulin from 3 ± 1.1 μunits/ml to 18 ± 1.5 μunits/ml. In control experiment the absence of insulin in the identical milk suspension produced no hypoglycemic effect suggesting milk was not responsible for the hypoglycemic effect of milk-insulin complex. Coming out of insulin-casein complex from the intestinal gut to the circulation was spontaneous and facilitated diffusion transportation which was found from Gibbs free energy reaction.
Cops2 promotes pluripotency maintenance by Stabilizing Nanog Protein and Repressing Transcription
Authors: Zhang Weiyu , Ni Peiling , Mou Chunlin , Zhang Yanqin , Guo Hongchao , Zhao Tong , Loh Yuin-Han , Chen Lingyi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe COP9 signalosome has been implicated in pluripotency maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Yet, the mechanism for the COP9 signalosome to regulate pluripotency remains elusive. Through knocking down individual COP9 subunits, we demonstrate that Cops2, but not the whole COP9 signalosome, is essential for pluripotency maintenance in mouse embryonic stem cells. Down-regulation of Cops2 leads to reduced expression of pluripotency genes, slower proliferation rate, G2/M cell cycle arrest and compromised embryoid differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Cops2 also facilitates somatic cell reprogramming. We further show that Cops2 binds to Nanog protein and prevent the degradation of Nanog by proteasome. Moreover, Cops2 functions as transcriptional corepressor to facilitate pluripotency maintenance. Altogether, our data reveal the essential role and novel mechanisms of Cops2 in pluripotency maintenance.
Creation of localized spins in graphene by ring-opening of epoxy derived hydroxyl
Authors: Chen Jie , Zhang Weili , Sun Yuanyuan , Zheng Yongping , Tang Nujiang , Du Youwei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCreation of high-density localized spins in the basal plane of graphene sheet by introduction of sp3-type defects is considered to be a potential route for the realization of high-magnetization graphene. Theoretical and experimental studies confirmed that hydroxyl can be an effective sp3-type candidate for inducing robust magnetic moment. However, the artificial generation of hydroxyl groups for creating high-density spins on the basal plane of graphene sheet is very scarce. Here we demonstrate that high-content hydroxyl groups can be generated on the basal plane of graphene oxide (GO) sheet by ring opening of epoxy groups. We show that by introduction of 10.74 at.% hydroxyl groups, the density of localized spins of GO can be significantly increased from 0.4 to 5.17 μB/1000 C. Thus, this study provided an effective method to obtain graphene with high-density localized spins.
Infrequent (and Mostly Unfamiliar) Complications After Thrombolysis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only acute intervention proven to improve outcomes after ischemic stroke. Major complications are rarely encountered but some are very serious, requiring action. This chapter reviews the potentially life-threatening complications of rtPA treatment, including intracranial hemorrhage and the more unusual complications such as lingual hematoma and oropharyngeal angioedema. If angioedema is suspected, empiric treatment with intravenous corticosteroids and antihistamines should be started and the airway should be closely monitored. When a hemorrhage is suspected the infusion of intravenous rtPA should be stopped immediately and a CT scan obtained.
Swollen Ischemic Brain and When to Call the Neurosurgeon
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Large hemispheric strokes may swell, and decompressive craniectomy is the only way to prevent mortality from mass effect. Medical management with osmotic diuretics is often unhelpful. Decompressive craniectomy should be considered in patients less than 60 years of age, with mass effect on CT scan and evidence of early neurological decline. But after this procedure severe disability remains, an issue of utmost importance to address with a proxy. Not everyone is persuaded of the value of this last-resort measure. It is important to consider who benefits and how much disability can be expected and tolerated.
When Status Epilepticus Does Not Respond to First Treatment
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Many seizures stop with treatment with benzodiazepines and fosphenytoin, but what if seizures return? Seizures become more resistant to antiepileptics over time, and prolonged status epilepticus can produce irreversible brain damage. What are then the available treatment choices? There is no shortage of treatment algorithms; this chapter presents the authors’ preferred approaches to treatment-refractory seizures. Generally, it is best to use a treatment protocol and to decisively progress from step to step. It is also important to make sure the right drugs and the right doses are being used. These are discussed in this chapter. Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring can be used to intubate the patient for continuous drug infusion. In the most recalcitrant cases, inhaled gases, such as isoflurane, and moderate hypothermia may be valuable therapeutic alternatives.
Urgent Options in Brain Metastasis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Deterioration of patients with metastasis or malignant brain tumor in close proximity to the brainstem may be due to hemorrhage or brain edema. Precipitating causes (such as seizures, hypoventilation, and hyponatremia) need to be recognized and treated without delay. Options for stabilization and indications for urgent debulking are discussed in this chapter. Glucocorticosteroids are the best medical treatment for vasogenic edema. Surgical treatment (tumor removal or debulking) becomes urgent or emergent in rapidly deteriorating patients, with presence of a large hemorrhage, and in patients refractory to medical treatments. When offering surgery as a life-saving intervention, the future prognosis and wishes of the patient need to be discussed in detail.
Acute Fever and Shock After Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The sudden appearance of fever and hypotension in any patient with an acute brain injury requires a quick evaluation and intervention. How to successfully approach this problem is illustrated in this chapter by a typical case scenario and discussed in broader terms. Although components of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (e.g., persistent fever, tachycardia) can be attributed to the brain injury in acute neurological patients, their association with sudden hypotension should activate a septic shock protocol. It is important to obtain samples for pancultures immediately, including cerebral spinal fluid. The brain is at risk for additional injury from systemic complications, and swift initiation of fluid resuscitation, vasopressors and inotropes, broad coverage with antibiotics, blood transfusion, and glucose control are crucial first measures.
When Blood Pressure Needs Control After Stroke
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Blood pressure goals after acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are commonly established early on. The rationale for treatment but also the uncertainties of when to treat are discussed in detail in this chapter. Treatment of hypertension in acute stroke patients depends on the type of stroke and the time from symptom onset. Patients with an ischemic stroke receiving thrombolysis need strict and consistent control of hypertension to avoid hemorrhagic complications. Patients with an ischemic stroke who are not candidates for endovascular recanalization should have their hypertension managed more conservatively. In patients with an intracerebral hemorrhage, moderate reduction of blood pressure is safe and may reduce the chances of hematoma expansion. In patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, blood pressure should be reduced gradually during the first few hours.
A Common Cardiac Arrhythmia After Stroke
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
EKG changes are common and vary from simple S-T segment changes to new complex cardiac arrhythmias. New EKG changes in critically ill neurological patients could indicate acute myocardial ischemia or pulmonary emboli. Critically ill patients often have underlying cardiac disease and the most common problem is flaring up of atrial fibrillation, often with a rapid ventricular response. Sudden discontinuation of antiarrhythmic drugs can lead to this response. The pharmacological choices to initially treat the increased heart rate and options for long-term control are discussed in this chapter. Diltiazem infusion may control rapid ventricular response in atrial fibrillation or even convert atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm.
The contribution of chemical abundances in nova ejecta to the interstellar medium
Authors: Li Fanger , Zhu Chunhua , Lü Guoliang , Wang Zhaojun 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
According to the nova model from Yaron et al. (2005, ApJ, 418, 794) and José and Hernanz (1998, ApJ, 494, 680), and using a Monte Carlo simulation method, we investigate the contribution of chemical abundances in nova ejecta to the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Galaxy. We find that the mass ejected from classical novae is about 2.7 × 10−3 M⊙ yr−1. In the nova ejecta, the isotopic ratios of C, N, and O, that is, 13C/12C, 15N/14N, and 17O/16O, are higher by about one order of magnitude than those in red giants. We estimate that about 10%, 5%, and 20% of 13C, 15N, and 17O in the ISM of the Galaxy come from nova ejecta, respectively. However, the chemical abundances of C, N, and O calculated by our model cannot cover all observational values. This means that there is still a long way to go to understand novae.
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparison of Tumors With or Without Horn Presentation Based on Age, Sex, Anatomic Site, Tumor Diameter, Depth of Invasion, and Grade of Differentiation in 1,666 Cases
Authors: Pyne John H. , Myint Esther , Barr Elizabeth , Clark Simon P. , Na Renhua 
Published: May 2016

INTRODUCTION
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may present clinically with or without a horn.

OBJECTIVE
To compare invasive SCC with or without horn presentation by anatomic site, tumor diameter, depth, and grade of differentiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The above characteristics of invasive SCC with or without horns were compared using a logistic regression model adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS
There were 7.0% horns (n = 116) and 93.0% nonhorns (n = 1,550) in 1,666 cases. The median tumor diameter was 6 mm for horns, and 8 mm for nonhorn cases, p < .001. The median depth of invasion was 0.8 mm for horn cases and 1.3 mm for nonhorns, p < .001. Most cases were well-differentiated SCC for both horns (n = 102, 87.9%) and nonhorns (n = 1,265, 81.6%) p = .07. Horn cases had a borderline significant shift to well differentiation with moderate differentiation in 11.2% of cases (n = 13) and poor differentiation in 0.9% (n = 1).

CONCLUSION
Horns presented on invasive SCC with reduced tumor diameters and reduced invasion depths compared to nonhorns. Horns presenting on invasive SCC were usually well differentiated. However, moderate and even poor differentiation can occur within a horn base.