bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Broadband Excitation of 3‐D Alfvén Resonances in a MHD Waveguide
Authors: Elsden T. , Wright A. N. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper considers the resonant coupling of fast and Alfvén magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves. We perform numerical simulations of the time‐dependent excitation of Alfvén resonances in a dipole magnetic field, with nonuniform density providing a 3‐D equilibrium. Wright and Elsden (2016) showed that in such a system where the poloidal and toroidal Alfvén eigenfrequencies are different, the resonance can have an intermediate polarization, between poloidal and toroidal. We extend this work by driving the system with a broadband rather than monochromatic source. Further, we investigate the effect of azimuthal inhomogeneity on the resonance path. It is found that when exposed to a broadband driver, the dominant frequencies are the fast waveguide eigenfrequencies, which act as the drivers of Alfvén resonances. We demonstrate how resonances can still form efficiently with significant amplitudes, even when forced by the medium to have a far from toroidal polarization. Indeed, larger‐amplitude resonances can be generated with an intermediate polarization, rather than purely toroidal, as a result of larger gradients in the magnetic pressure formed by the azimuthal inhomogeneity. Importantly, the resonance structure is shown to be independent of the different forms of driving, meaning their locations and orientations may be used to infer properties of the equilibrium. However, the amplitude of the FLRs are sensitive to the spatial structure and frequency spectrum of the magnetopause driving. These results have implications for the structure of field line resonances (FLRs) in Earth's magnetosphere, although the focus of this paper is on the underlying physics involved.
Incorporating GOES Satellite Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Retrievals to Improve Biogenic Emission Estimates in Texas
Authors: Zhang Rui , White Andrew T. , Pour Biazar Arastoo , McNider Richard T. , Cohan Daniel S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis study examines the influence of insolation and cloud retrieval products from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system on biogenic emission estimates and ozone simulations in Texas. Compared to surface pyranometer observations, satellite‐retrieved insolation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values tend to systematically correct the overestimation of downwelling shortwave radiation in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The correlation coefficient increases from 0.93 to 0.97, and the normalized mean error decreases from 36% to 21%. The isoprene and monoterpene emissions estimated by the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature are on average 20% and 5% less, respectively, when PAR from the direct satellite retrieval is used rather than the control WRF run. The reduction in biogenic emission rates using satellite PAR reduced the predicted maximum daily 8 h ozone concentration by up to 5.3 ppbV over the Dallas‐Fort Worth (DFW) region on some days. However, episode average ozone response is less sensitive, with a 0.6 ppbV decrease near DFW and 0.3 ppbV increase over East Texas. The systematic overestimation of isoprene concentrations in a WRF control case is partially corrected by using satellite PAR, which observes more clouds than are simulated by WRF. Further, assimilation of GOES‐derived cloud fields in WRF improved CAMx model performance for ground‐level ozone over Texas. Additionally, it was found that using satellite PAR improved the model's ability to replicate the spatial pattern of satellite‐derived formaldehyde columns and aircraft‐observed vertical profiles of isoprene.
Development of future weather data using global warming projection: Research on future weather data for designing building and equipment which are adaptable to climate change
Authors: Soga Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt would be useful for building designers to consider future climate change by using building thermal simulations to construct a building adaptable to global warming. Future weather data including future changes to climate are needed as input data to conduct building thermal simulations. In this report, a method to produce hourly future weather data is presented. The method combines real current hourly weather data with results from climate models. Hourly future weather data at 833 stations for 2040s and 2090s have been developed and applied to heat load calculations of office buildings.
Medical Devices
Authors: Campbell Gregory , Li Heng , Pennello Gene , Yue Lilly Q. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA medical device is any item that treats or diagnoses a health condition whose action is not primarily chemical or biological. The main focus of this article is the design and evaluation of clinical studies to establish the safety and effectiveness of different kinds of medical devices. Among nondiagnostic devices, therapeutic and aesthetic devices, including implants, are considered. Among diagnostic devices,in vitrodiagnostic tests and diagnostic imaging systems are considered. Given their increasing importance for precision medicine, molecular diagnostic tests are given special attention. Clinical studies of medical devices pose unique statistical challenges in design and analysis. Statistical issues for therapeutic devices include the placebo effect, sham controls, inability to perform blinded studies, noninferiority, survival analysis, repeated measures, and historical controls. Diagnostic devices pose a very diverse set of statistical challenges, with markedly different design and analysis considerations than therapeutic devices. Given their prevalence and applicability, adaptive designs and Bayesian approaches to medical device studies are also discussed.
Test Score Equating
Authors: Kolen Michael J. , Tong Ye 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Test equating procedures are statistical score adjustment procedures that are used when alternate forms of educational and psychological tests are constructed with a common set of content and statistical specifications. Alternate forms enhance the security of tests and allow for examinees to be tested more than one time with a different set of test questions. Even though efforts are made by test developers for the alternate forms to be equivalent, such forms differ somewhat in difficulty. A data collection design is necessary for conducting equating. Equating also involves application of statistical methodologies. In this article, equating designs and equating methods are described. Error in equating is considered. Selected practical issues are also discussed.
Stochastic Models for Rust Formation
Authors: Calin Ovidiu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDeterministic methods involving ODEs and PDEs have been used to model chemical reactions for a long time. However, these methods do not provide accurate results when the number of molecules involved is small. In this case, stochastic methods are a better fit. This article presents a few stochastic methods for the study of rust formation, with the emphasis on closed‐form formulas.Mathematics Subject Classification (2000):92B99, 92B05
Empirical Likelihood Approaches under Complex Sampling Designs
Authors: Berger Yves G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThere are two different empirical likelihood approaches for complex sampling designs: “pseudoempirical likelihood” and “unequal probability empirical likelihood”. Both approaches are described and reviewed critically. The key difference is the fact that the self‐normalization property of the pseudoempirical likelihood approach is limited to unidimensional parameters. This property holds for multidimensional parameters, with the unequal probability empirical likelihood approach. This manuscript is a brief description of the key empirical likelihood approaches for complex sampling. This is not an exhaustive account of all the applications of empirical likelihood in survey sampling.
Ultrafast Laser‐Shock‐Induced Confined Metaphase Transformation for Direct Writing of Black Phosphorus Thin Films
Authors: Qiu Gang , Nian Qiong , Motlag Maithilee , Jin Shengyu , Deng Biwei , Deng Yexin , Charnas Adam R. , Ye Peide D. , Cheng Gary J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFew‐layer black phosphorus (BP) has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for post‐silicon electronic materials due to its outstanding electrical and optical properties. However, lack of large‐scale BP thin films is still a major roadblock to further applications. The most widely used methods for obtaining BP thin films are mechanical exfoliation and liquid exfoliation. Herein, a method of directly synthesizing continuous BP thin films with the capability of patterning arbitrary shapes by employing ultrafast laser writing with confinement is reported. The physical mechanism of confined laser metaphase transformation is understood by molecular dynamics simulation. Ultrafast laser ablation of BP layer under confinement can induce transient nonequilibrium high‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions for a few picoseconds. Under optimized laser intensity, this process induces a metaphase transformation to form a crystalline BP thin film on the substrate. Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques are utilized to characterize the morphology of the resulting BP thin films. Field‐effect transistors are fabricated on the BP films to study their electrical properties. This unique approach offers a general methodology to mass produce large‐scale patterned BP films with a one‐step manufacturing process that has the potential to be applied to other 2D materials.
Addition Theorem for Digital Coding Metamaterials
Authors: Wu Rui Yuan , Shi Chuan Bo , Liu Shuo , Wu Wei , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCoding representation of metamaterials builds up a bridge between the physical world and the digital world, making it possible to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves by digital coding sequences and reach field‐programmable metamaterials. Here, the coding space is extended to complex domain and proposed complex digital codes to provide closer essence of EM‐wave propagation. Based on the analytic geometry and complex variable functions, an addition theorem on complex coding is established, which reveals inherent connections among digital codes with different bits and enables all higher‐bit digital codes to be represented by the 1‐bit complex codes. According to the complex coding and addition theorem, multifunctional metamaterials can be directly designed and realized without considering mutual coupling. When two different coding patterns with different functions are added together via the addition theorem in complex form, the combined coding pattern will directly generate the two functions simultaneously without any perturbations. A series of realistic coding metasurfaces is presented to demonstrate the powerful and flexible performance of the complex coding and addition theorem for independent controls of EM waves to reach multiple functions. Good agreements between numerical simulations and experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed concept and theorem in practical applications.
Prussian Blue‐Derived Iron Phosphide Nanoparticles in a Porous Graphene Aerogel as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Venugopal Narendra Kumar Alam , Yin Shuli , Li Yinghao , Xue Hairong , Xu You , Li Xiaonian , Wang Hongjing , Wang Liang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTailoring of new hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst with earth abundant elements is important for large scale water splitting and hydrogen production. In this work, we present a simple synthetic method for incorporating iron phosphide (FeP) particles into three‐dimensional (3D) porous graphene aerogel (GA) structure. The FeP formed in porous 3D GA (FeP/GA) is derived from electroactive Fe hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF). The advantage of incorporating FeP, in the porous 3D graphene network enables high accessibility for HER. As synthesized FeP/GA catalyst shows good electrocatalytic activity for HER in both acidic and alkaline solutions. The developed method can be useful for synthesizing metal hexacyanoferrate derived mono/bimetal phosphide catalyst in porous 3D graphene aerogels.
A Systematic Review of the Use of Organization and Management Theories in Climate Change Studies
Authors: Daddi Tiberio , Todaro Niccolò Maria , De Giacomo Maria Rosa , Frey Marco 
Published: January 2018

AbstractClimate change studies have been gaining increasing importance in the academic debate, and also in the field of organizations and management. Scholars have contributed to this field by borrowing approaches from sustainable business research. However, some authors have raised unanswered questions about the contribution of these studies to the management theories. According to them, climate change studies have failed to provide theoretical insights and too often they have adopted a descriptive and practical approach. Our review describes the theoretical contribution of the climate change papers, identifying the most often used management theories. The analysis results for 28 different management theories indicate that, while some theories such as the institutional and stakeholder theories have been widely debated, the relation between business climate change strategies and other organization theories still appears to be unexplored. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Determinants of Conflict Minerals Disclosure Under the Dodd–Frank Act
Authors: Dalla Via Nicola , Perego Paolo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper examines conflict minerals disclosure (CMD) as mandated by the Dodd–Frank Act. We rely on a thorough content analysis conducted by the Responsible Sourcing Network on a sample of 122 firms that filed CMDs with the US Securities and Exchange Commission in 2015. We document that firms with long‐term oriented incentives, a greater number of board meetings, strong corporate governance systems and inclusion in a sustainability index are associated with higher levels of CMD. Our results suggest that in the presence of enforcement leniency, both internal and external firm‐specific factors affect strategic (non‐)compliance with a mandatory social disclosure regime. We provide implications for supply chain managers, corporate reporters and policy‐makers involved in the adoption of responsible sourcing strategies. © 2018 The Authors. Business Strategy and The Environment published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Improvement of Current Efficiency in Anodic Chlorination of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) by using a Boron Trifluoride‐Diethyl Ether Complex
Authors: Kurioka Tomoyuki , Nishiyama Hiroki , Tomita Ikuyoshi , Inagi Shinsuke 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe report that the use of a boron trifluoride‐diethyl ether complex (BFEE) as an electrolyte greatly improves the current efficiency in the anodic chlorination of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) compared to the conventional electrochemical post‐functionalization method using an acetonitrile (MeCN) solution. The oxidation potential of P3HT is successfully decreased, whereas that of a chloride ion (Cl−) can be significantly increased in BFEE, as evidenced by cyclic voltammetry. Given these findings, we investigated the anodic chlorination of P3HT films in the presence of Cl− as a nucleophile in BFEE and a mixed solution of BFEE/MeCN, thereby suppressing undesirable oxidation of Cl−. Characterization and optoelectronic property studies of the obtained chlorinated P3HT were carried out.
Establishing the Critical Role of Oriented Aggregation in Molecular Solid State Fluorescence Enhancement
Authors: Srujana P. , Radhakrishnan T. P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe general occurrence of fluorescence emission quenching in molecular aggregates is circumvented in select classes of molecules. This has largely been attributed to the rigidification of the molecule and its environment, which hinders non‐radiative excited state energy loss through structural relaxation; since such an effect should in principle apply to most aggregates and crystals, there must clearly be other critical factors that make the select molecules exceptional. Discovery of three crystalline structures of a new push–pull molecule in its enantiomorphic and racemic forms, exhibiting not only very high, but distinctly different solid state fluorescence enhancements, has now allowed a systematic investigation of the role of intramolecular and intermolecular excited state energy loss pathways. Crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational investigations provide a detailed appraisal of the assembly patterns in the crystals, and rigorous establishment of an inverse correlation between intermolecular energy transfer and solid state fluorescence. The study provides a clear visualization of the critical role of oriented molecular aggregation in solid state fluorescence efficiency enhancement.
Hierarchical N‐Rich Carbon Sponge with Excellent Cycling Performance for Lithium‐Sulfur Battery at High Rates
Authors: Zhen Mengmeng , Wang Juan , Wang Xin , Wang Cheng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are receiving extensive attention because of their high theoretical energy density. However, practical applications of LSBs are still hindered by their rapid capacity decay and short cycle life, especially at high rates. Herein, a highly N‐doped (≈13.42 at %) hierarchical carbon sponge (HNCS) with strong chemical adsorption for lithium polysulfide is fabricated through a simple sol‐gel route followed by carbonization. Upon using the HNCS as the sulfur host material in the cathode and an HNCS‐coated separator, the battery delivers an excellent cycling stability with high specific capacities of 424 and 326 mA h g−1 and low capacity fading rates of 0.033 % and 0.030 % per cycle after 1000 cycles under high rates of 5 and 10 C, respectively, which are superior to those of other reported carbonaceous materials. These impressive cycling performances indicate that such a battery could promote the practical application prospects of LSBs.
Reactions of an Aluminium/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: FLPs as Efficient Two‐Electron Reductants with the Formation of Enolates, a cis‐Enediolate, and an Allene
Authors: Lange Merten , Tendyck Jonas C. , Wegener Philipp , Hepp Alexander , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich , Uhl Werner 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Al/P‐based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2P−C(AltBu)2=C(H)Ph (1; Mes=mesityl) reacted as an efficient two‐electron reductant with benzil to afford a cis‐enediolate that was coordinated to the FLP through P−O and Al−O bonds and the formation of a seven‐membered heterocycle (2). The phosphorus atom is oxidised from +III to +V. Similar heterocycles (3 a to 3 f) were formed if 1 was treated with various enones (acrolein, acrylate, acrylamide). The resulting enolates are bound to the FLP through P−C and Al−O bonds. Cyclopropenone gave an adduct (4) with the C=O bond coordinated by P and Al. Ynones gave a fascinating variety of different structures. 1,3‐Diphenylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐one afforded a remarkable allene‐type moiety with two cumulated C=C bonds (5); 3‐hexyn‐2‐one yielded a ligand with two conjugated C=C bonds by C−H bond activation at the carbonyl methyl group (7); and 4‐(trimethylsilyl)‐3‐butyn‐2‐one reacted by C−H bond cleavage, formation of an enolate group with a terminal C=C bond, and shift of the proton to the P atom (8). The C≡C bond was not affected. Allene compound 5 rearranged at elevated temperature and in daylight through the formation of a tricyclic compound by C−H bond activation and C−C bond formation. DFT calculations on this unusual rearrangement suggest insertion of the central allene C atom into the C−H bond of a methyl group and the intermediate formation of a C3 ring.
Outcomes of patients diagnosed with carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown primary source and treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Kamal Mona , Mohamed Abdallah S. R. , Fuller Clifton David , Sturgis Erich M. , Johnson Faye M. , Morrison William H. , Gunn G. Brandon , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Phan Jack , Volpe Stefania , Ng Sweet Ping , Ferrarotto Renata , Frank Steven J. , Skinner Heath D. , Rosenthal David I. , Garden Adam S. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUNDThere are few published studies to guide the treatment of carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown primary (CUP). In this regard, the objective of the current study was to share the authors' current experience treating patients with CUP using intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), which principally targeted both sides of the neck, the nasopharynx, and the oropharynx.METHODSThis was a retrospective study in which an institutional database search was conducted to identify patients with CUP who received IMRT. Data analysis included frequency tabulation, survival analysis, and multivariable analysis.RESULTSTwo‐hundred sixty patients met inclusion criteria. The most common lymph node category was N2b (54%). IMRT volumes included the entire pharyngolaryngeal mucosa in 78 patients, the nasopharynx and oropharynx in 167 patients, and treatment limited to the involved neck in 11 patients. Eighty‐four patients underwent neck dissections. The 5‐year overall survival, regional control, and distant metastases‐free survival rates were 84%, 91%, and 94%, respectively. Over 40% of patients had gastrostomy tubes during therapy, and 7% patients were diagnosed with chronic radiation‐associated dysphagia. Higher lymph node burden was associated with worse disease‐related outcomes, and in subgroup analysis, patients with human papillomavirus‐associated disease had better outcomes. No therapeutic modality was statistically associated with either disease‐related outcomes or toxicity.CONCLUSIONSComprehensive IMRT with treatment to both sides of the neck and to the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal mucosa results in high rates of disease control and survival. The investigators were unable to demonstrate that treatment intensification with chemotherapy or surgery added benefit or excessive toxicity. Cancer 2018;124:1415‐27. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Fundamental Understanding of Nanostructured Si Electrodes: Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Ryu Jaegeon , Bok Taesoo , Kim Sungho , Park Soojin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe capabilities of lithium‐ion batteries have considerably advanced through the utilization of Si anodes because silicon is abundant, features low operating voltage, and has high theoretical capacity. However, unavoidable structural failures caused by large volume changes and sluggish lithium‐ion transport pose significant challenges to the technology and hinder its widespread utilization in practical applications. Therefore, various nanostructures for Si anodes with corresponding synthetic methods have been proposed. Considering the unique features of nanostructured Si anodes, analytical techniques for in‐situ monitoring during electrochemical reactions have been studied, and many interesting results have been published. Herein, we review a scheme for preparing nanostructured Si and advanced characterization techniques. By elaborating practical approaches, we seek to aid the future design of nanostructured Si anodes by a detailed understanding of previous in‐situ measurements.