bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hvad blev der egentlig af bredbåndsnettet - og informationssamfundet?
Authors: Poulsen Jørgen 
Published: March 2016

I begyndelsen af 80'erne blev der talt meget om, at vi var på vej ind i in-
formationssamfundet og derfor havde brug for et landsdækkende bred-
båndsnet. Man forestillede sig, at det skulle overføre data og billeder
overalt i landet. Begejstringen var så stor, at regeringen på et forslag
fra mediekommisionen faktisk vedtog, at det skulle vi ha'. Man undgik
at diskutere, hvad det egentlig skulle bruges til og talte ikke om prisen.
Men det var noget med lysledere til alle hjem i Danmark. Som overgangs-
løsning skulle der etableres et hybridnet, som en sammenkobling af
TV-fællesantenneanlæggene og telefonnettet.

Efter nogle års tumulter i den offentlige debat blev hybridnettet vedtaget
af folketinget i juni 86. Telefonselskaberne gik igang med at sælge det,
loven blev revideret i 87 og nu er der stille om det altsammen. Hvad
skete der egentlig med det bredbåndsnet, som det hele skulle ende
med? Og hvad blev der af de informationsbehov, de samfundsutopier,
og hele den teknologiske udvikling, som startede sagen i 80´ernes
begyndelse? Var det et blufnummer iscenesat af smarte embedsmænd,
telefonselskaberne og EDB-industrien? - Denne artikel ser på, hvad der
faktisk skete og hvilke forestillinger og interessemodsætninger, der
prægede beslutningerne. Til slut antydes, hvor telepolitikken har sine
ømme tæer idag.
Interaktiv video i kulturelt perspektiv. En dialog
Authors: Brask Anette , Juel Henrik 
Published: March 2016

Interaktiv video er én af grundpillerne i den undervisningsteknologi, der
er under udvikling i disse år. Anette Brask og Henrik Juel giver i denne
artikel en introduktion til fænomenet med eksempler på anvendelsen og
en diskussion af perspektiverne i interaktiv video. Emnet har tillige inspi-
reret forfatterne til et eksperiment med fremstillingsformen: en dialog om
et dialogmedie.
Det gamle guld og det ny glimmer. Internationalisering af dansk nationalfølelse. En replik til Gunhild Agger
Authors: Schou Søren 
Published: March 2016

Denne artikel er en replik til Gunhild Aggers "Gensyn med Guldalderen" og
bør læses i forlængelse heraf.
Søren Schou gendriver ikke Gunhild Aggers synspunkt, at fortidsskildring-
erne i dansk populærkultur stadig bærer præg af guldalderkonstruktionen,
men han påpeger, at den internationale påvirkning og især amerikanise-
ringen, udgør et nødvendigt supplement for en dansk historieforståelse.
Gennem en række eksempler fra dansk populærkultur og dansk film viser
han, hvordan det æstetiske formsprog og langt hen tillige de bærende
temaer, er i overensstemmelse med tendenserne på det internationale
marked.
I sidste del af artiklen præsenterer Søren Schou den engelske massekom-
munikationsforsker Duncan Websters bog "Looka Yonder!", om det imagi-
nære Amerikabillede i amerikansk populærkultur og relaterer hans problem-
stilling til den danske diskussion om nationale og internationale forbilleder.
Radiolytning i tal - og lytterundersøgelser
Authors: Dahl Henrik 
Published: March 2016

Mange tror, at radioen som medie er på vej ud. Hvis man ser på lytter-
tallene, er dette ingenlunde tilfældet. Henrik Dahl, der er tidligere forsk-
ningskonsulent i Danmarks Radio, gennemgår her dels de metoder der
anvendes ved indsamling af lyttertal og dels udviklingen i radiolytning fra
85-89. I denne periode er radiolytningen totalt set øget ganske betydeligt,
dog især pga. lokal(nær-)radioerne. Men jvf. Stefan Samsøe-Petersens
artikel i dette nummer, så har DR især mistet unge lyttere.
Dahls artikel berører ikke ændringer i lytteomstændighederne, dvs. lyt-
ningens "kvalitet". I dag høres radio - modsat tidligere - først og fremmest
sammen med andre gøremål. Dette forhold kan belyses ved at sammen-
holde DR´s lyttertal med de fritidsundersøgelser som Socialforsknings-
instituttet har foretaget i 1964, 75 og 87. De viser et stærkt faldende tids-
forbrug, for radioen som primær aktivitet.
Forholdet mellem public relations og marketing som ledelsesfunktioner
Authors: Grunig James E. 
Published: March 2016

I forsommeren 1993 tildelte Dansk Public Relations Forening årets PR-
pris til mesterkommunikatøren Lars Larsen, Jysk Sengetøjslager/Larsen
Rejser. I motiveringen hedder det, at Lars Larsen hædres for "en prisvær-
dig Public Relations indsats, der kan motivere til en øget anvendelse af
Public Relations i den danske forretningsverden". Blandt PR-foreningens
medlemmer vakte pristildelingen en vis furore; et indlæg i foreningens blad
PRspektiv invendte, at Lars Larsen driver "publicity" (dvs. et reklame-
værktøj) - "Præcis den slags PR, som vi i mange år har arbejdet på at
distancere Public Relation-begrebet fra". Lars Larsen selv sagde, at han
slet ikke skelner mellem Public Relations, PR og markedsføring. Et andet
indlæg i bladet argumenterede for, at det ikke længere giver mening at
adskille begreberne Public Relations og markedsføring, fordi grænsen
mellem det offentlige og det private ude i virkeligheden er mere og mere
flydende. James Grunigs artikel, der søger at afklare forholdet mellem PR
og marketing teoretisk og praktisk, er derfor brændende aktuelt, ikke
mindst for PR-fagets bestræbelser på at blive anerkendt som en respek-
tabel profession. Den blev præsenteret som foredrag under Grunigs Dan-
marksbesøg i marts 1993, er redigeret af Kim Schrøder og oversat fra
engelsk af Kenja Henriksen.
Den professionelle kommunikations renæssance
Authors: Nielsen Niels Chr. 
Published: March 2016

Mens hovedparten af den nyere PR-litteratur bevæger sig "på kommu-
nikations niveau", og blot beskriver fremtidens virksomhedskommuni-
kation i forhold til fortidens og nutidens kommunikationsformer, så gra-
ver Niels Chr. Nielsen i denne artikel et par spadestik dybere. Han
beskriver kort den igangværende erhvervsstrukturelle og teknologiske
udvikling og trækker dernæst paralleller til kravene til virksomhedernes
professionelle kommunikationsarbejde. Det er hans tese, at den tekno-
logiske og erhvervsstukturelle udvikling ikke, som ofte påstået, fører til
mere og mere sofistikeret manipulation med modtagerne; tværtimod vil
det der ske en forskydning i argumentets og den ægte dialogs retning.
Niels Chr. Nielsen, der er cand.mag i filosofi og idehistorie, skriver fra en
position som udviklingsdirektør ved Dansk Teknologisk Institut. Artiklen
er et bearbejdet oplæg fra konferencen "Excellent Public Relations", 18.
marts 1993.
Tekst og kontekst i etnografiske film. Eller - "To whom it may concern"
Authors: Crawford Peter Ian 
Published: March 2016

Mens medieforskere i stigende grad anvender etnografisk inspireret
teori og metodologi, vender fagantropologer sig med interesse mod
den sålaldte "visuelle antropologi". Peter Ian Crawford analyserer i
artiklen udviklingen af dette begreb og diskuterer to af dets hoved-
former. Crawford fremhæver, at den visuelle antropologi tidligt har
medtænkt publikum i sin formidlingslogik, og han mener, at dette
forhold giver visuel antropologi en central placering idag, hvor den
trykte antropologi står i en repræsentationskrise, der tvinger for-
skerne til at revurdere begreber om objektivitet og henvendelses-
former. Herudfra bestemmer og beskriver forfatteren to modaliteter
i visuel antropologi, nemlig hvad han kalder den "utvetydige" form,
som navnlig kendetegenr f.eks. biograf- og museumsfilm beregnet
for et mere specialiseret publikum. Medieforskere vil her finde para-
leller til Ecos´ og Barthes´ tekstteorier. Crawford noterer afslutnings-
vis, at det hidtil er forblevet ved den gensidige inspiration mellem
antrooploger og medieforskere og opfordrer til mere konkrete pub-
likumsundersøgelser inden for antropologien.
Hverdagsliv og telenovelaer - et etnografisk studie af brasilianske kvinders brug af telenovelaer
Authors: Tufte Thomas 
Published: March 2016

I den internationale medieetnografiske diskussion står begrebet om hver-
dagslivet (everyday life) centralt, men er sjældent teoretisk defineret eller
begrundet. Ud fra kulturteoretiske teorier om hverdagslivet og egne em-
piriske undersøgelser beskriver Thomas Tufte telenovelaen, som er Syd-
amerikas svar på soap-operaen. Han analyserer, hvorledes genren ind-
går i brasilianske kvinders organisering af tid, rum og sociale relationer.
Undervejs udvikler han begrebet "gråzone" til at forklare telenovelaens
sociale betydning og funktion i et medieetnografisk perspektiv. Artiklen er
et eksempel på, hvorledes et sådant perspektiv kobler teoretisk reflek-
sion med konkret empirisk indsigt. En sådan indsigt, betoner Tufte, kræ-
ver længerevarende ophold for at blive til medieetnografi.
Deltagerobservation - TV: det elektroniske familiemedlem
Authors: Løngreen Hanne , Sørensen Birgitte Holm 
Published: March 2016

At børn - også små børn - bruger TV aktivt og betydningsdannende
viser mange receptionsstudier. Men hvordan indgår små børns TV-
sening i familiens hverdag: Hvilke ritualer og seermønstre findes i
familier med små børn? Hvem bestemmer, hvornår der må ses TV og
hvorlænge? Og hvilke funktioner har TV-seningen for familien og for bør-
nene? I denne artikel giver Hanne Løngreen og Birgitte Holm Sørensen
ikke svarene, men beskriver et igangværende forskningsprojekt, der
undersøger 3-6 årige børns TV-sening i en familiemæssig sammenhæng.
Forskerne præsenterer de metodiske overvejelser og valg, der finder
sted i forskningsprocessen. De argumenterer for deltagerobservation
som en egnet metode til at opfange kompleksiteten i børns TV-sening i
familien, og diskuterer erfaringer med at benytte deltagerobservation i
småbørnsfamilier.
Immunology knowledge as one of the basic sciences that forms the foundations to developing sound clinicians
Authors: Armson Anthony J. , Meyer Amanda J. , Losco Barrett E. , Ardakani Emad M. , Walker Bruce F. 
Published: March 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to (1) generate a valid questionnaire to determine immunology knowledge, (2) compare immunology knowledge across 3 different cohorts of chiropractic students that had already studied immunology, (3) examine the attitudes of chiropractic students to the study of immunology, and (4) examine whether students' attitudes affected their knowledge levels.
Methods: Factor analysis was used to refine an immunology knowledge and perceptions questionnaire that was generated by a group of experts that was then completed by 90 students. Immunology knowledge level of each of the cohorts was compared using a 1-way analysis of variance. Kappa statistics were used to measure agreement between 2 statements, and logistic regression was used to determine whether students' attitudes were associated with their knowledge levels.
Results: There was a significant difference in the immunology knowledge levels across the 3 year groups (F[2, 87] = 4.78, p = .011). Fifth-year students (n = 26) demonstrated 25% less immunology knowledge than third-year students (n = 35; p = .005). Of 90 students, 64 agreed that immunology knowledge was important to chiropractors, and 53 agreed that immunology knowledge was important for the average person. No relationship existed between their value of immunology knowledge and their score on the multiple-choice questions.
Conclusion: Third-year students' immunology knowledge was significantly higher than that of the fifth-year students. Students value immunology knowledge, but this does not translate to retention of this knowledge. The validated questionnaire is a useful tool for assessing immunology knowledge retention for undergraduate students.
Contributions of organic and inorganic matter to sediment volume and accretion in tidal wetlands at steady state
Authors: Morris James T. , Barber Donald C. , Callaway John C. , Chambers Randy , Hagen Scott C. , Hopkinson Charles S. , Johnson Beverly J. , Megonigal Patrick , Neubauer Scott C. , Troxler Tiffany , Wigand Cathleen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA mixing model derived from first principles describes the bulk density (BD) of intertidal wetland sediments as a function of loss on ignition (LOI). The model assumes that the bulk volume of sediment equates to the sum of self‐packing volumes of organic and mineral components or BD = 1/[LOI/k1 + (1‐LOI)/k2], where k1 and k2 are the self‐packing densities of the pure organic and inorganic components, respectively. The model explained 78% of the variability in total BD when fitted to 5075 measurements drawn from 33 wetlands distributed around the conterminous United States. The values of k1 and k2 were estimated to be 0.085 ± 0.0007 g cm−3 and 1.99 ± 0.028 g cm−3, respectively. Based on the fitted organic density (k1) and constrained by primary production, the model suggests that the maximum steady state accretion arising from the sequestration of refractory organic matter is ≤ 0.3 cm yr−1. Thus, tidal peatlands are unlikely to indefinitely survive a higher rate of sea‐level rise in the absence of a significant source of mineral sediment. Application of k2 to a mineral sediment load typical of East and eastern Gulf Coast estuaries gives a vertical accretion rate from inorganic sediment of 0.2 cm yr−1. Total steady state accretion is the sum of the parts and therefore should not be greater than 0.5 cm yr−1 under the assumptions of the model. Accretion rates could deviate from this value depending on variation in plant productivity, root:shoot ratio, suspended sediment concentration, sediment‐capture efficiency, and episodic events.
InSAR processing for volcano monitoring and other near‐real time applications
Authors: Spaans Karsten , Hooper Andrew 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRadar interferometry (InSAR, interferometric synthetic aperture radar) is routinely used to measure surface deformation prior to, during, and after volcanic events, although not in a monitoring capacity. The improved data availability of some current satellite missions presents us with the opportunity to do just that. We present here a fast and flexible algorithm to estimate coherence and select points on an interferogram‐by‐interferogram basis, which overcomes limitations of the conventional boxcar ensemble method in areas of marginal coherence. Time series methods, which offer an alternative way to select coherent points, are typically slow, and do not allow for insertion of new data without reprocessing the entire data set. Our new algorithm calculates the coherence for each point based on an ensemble of points with similar amplitude behavior throughout the data set. The points that behave similarly are selected prior to new images being acquired, on the assumption that the behavior of these nearby points does not change rapidly through time. The resulting coherence estimate is superior in resolution and noise level to the boxcar method. In contrast to most other time series methods, we select a different set of coherent points for each interferogram, avoiding the selection compromise inherent to other time series methods. The relative simplicity of this strategy compared to other time series techniques means we can process new images in about 1 h for a typical setup.
Trend and uncertainty in spatial‐temporal patterns of hydrological droughts in the Amazon basin
Authors: Lopes A. V. , Chiang J. C. H. , Thompson S. A. , Dracup J. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpatial‐temporal patterns of hydrological droughts in the Amazon basin are derived from drought indices computed from existing streamflow data. Principal component analysis and Monte Carlo simulations are employed to account for the uncertainty and overcome the limitations of missing data in streamflow records. Results show that northern and southern subbasins differ in drought trends and in patterns of correlation between drought indices and climate anomalies originating from the Pacific (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and Atlantic (differences in sea surface temperature across the equator) Oceans. A significant trend toward more intense droughts is found in the southern subbasins, which is highly correlated to tropical Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies. That drying trend might have distinct causes in each subbasin and can lead to potential intensification of regional impacts.
Breastfeeding in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Holcomb Jeanne 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Breastfeeding is widely regarded as the optimal method of infant feeding. Despite the widespread dissemination of the “breast is best” message, breastfeeding rates continue to fall below national goals. The social context of breastfeeding, including mixed support for breastfeeding in public, difficulties of combining work and breastfeeding, distrust of the female body, and the promotion of formula, complicates what is often assumed to be an individual decision.
Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
Authors: Qiu Hanyao 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Age, period, and cohort (APC) are the time dimensions that characterize social and demographic phenomena such as birth, death, disease incidence, divorce, suicide, and crime. Among them, cohort receives the largest amount of attention from sociologists due to its close connection with social change. While social change is a major driving force behind cohort differences, cohort replacements also allow the occurrence of social change. Intuitively, it is hard to identify precisely which time dimension is the major driving force behind a given sociohistorical trend because both age and period effects are confounded in the cohort effect. While remarkable progress in APC statistical models has been made, developments in this field are still needed.
A
frica, Families in
Authors: Akinyemi Akanni Ibukun , Kupoluyi Joseph Ayodeji , Omoluabi Elizabeth 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Africa is characterized by highly varied sociocultural, ethnic, and economic configurations. Family systems, however, remain the major bedrock of social life. The African family system is dynamic and evolving, yet there are clear constellations of a basic, similar pattern as well as distinct characteristics in regional poles. Family's common features are entrenched in the culture of high fertility, patriarchy, kinship solidarity, and polygyny. High fertility is maintained by universal and early age at marriage and a low prevalence of contraceptives. These strong values have likely been a survival strategy in the face of a harsh environment, low‐performance subsistence technologies, and vulnerability to external invasion. Modernization, especially increasing urbanization and female education, is modifying the African family, affecting traditional gender roles, values, and responsibilities and weakening the power of elders and the extended family. In this environment youth and women can begin to negotiate better roles for themselves within the family.
Bride Price
Authors: Ebere Charles 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Bride price is an essential component of the marriage institution that exists in different forms in many regions of the developing parts of the world, and is widely practiced in sub‐Saharan Africa. While several hypotheses have been advanced to explain its existence and processes, some are very critical of the practice, arguing that the outcomes – apart from being gendered and bent toward reinforcing masculinities and femininities – also create and reinforce male dominance. Further to this is the contention that the practice has been commercialized to the extent of becoming an issue for legislative control and reform across many regions.
The influence of birth season on mortality in the United States
Authors: Sohn Kitae 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesBirth season is related to a variety of later outcomes. Among them, mortality is of great interest because it represents lifetime health outcomes. We examined the relationship between birth season and mortality in the US.MethodsWe merged the US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and NHIS public‐use linked mortality files and analyzed 17,082 men and 19,075 women who were followed for 20 years from 1986 to 2006. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to relate birth quarter to mortality, controlling for birth year fixed effects.ResultsAfter controlling for years of schooling and birth year fixed effects, we found that, relative to men born in the first quarter, men born in the fourth quarter were 11% less likely to die. For women, the benefit was the largest for women born in the third quarter who were 14% less likely to die than women born in the first quarter. In the relationship between birth season and mortality, cardiovascular diseases played a noticeable role for men and malignant neoplasms for women.ConclusionsThese results were consistent with those for some developed countries, but not entirely with those for contemporary developing countries and developed countries of the past. Simple mechanisms based on the perinatal environment cannot account for the inconsistent results. We suggest that family background may play some, but not an exhaustive, role in the relationship between birth season and mortality. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:662–670, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Konditionale Kontrolle der CRISPR/Cas9‐Funktion
Authors: Zhou Wenyuan , Deiters Alexander 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas CRISPR/Cas9‐Endonukleasesystem, das aus einer Guide‐RNA zur Erkennung einer Zielsequenz der DNA und dem Cas9‐Nukleaseprotein zur Bindung und Prozessierung der Ziel‐DNA besteht, wurde intensiv erforscht und findet bereits breite Anwendung im Gen‐Editing, der Synthesebiologie und der transkriptionellen Modulation in Zellen und Tieren. Mit dem Ziel einer präziseren Genmodifizierung und der Weiterentwicklung des CRISPR/Cas9‐Systems zu einem räumlich‐zeitlich kontrollierbaren Genregulationssystem wurden kürzlich mehrere Ansätze zur konditionalen Aktivierung der Cas9‐Funktion durch niedermolekulare Verbindungen (“kleine Moleküle”) oder Licht entwickelt. Diese Methoden führten zu einer verbesserten Spezifität des CRISPR/Cas9‐Systems im Gen‐Editing und ermöglichten dessen Aktivierung mit zeitlicher und räumlicher Präzision.
Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Ugi Reaction by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of the Primary Multicomponent Adduct
Authors: Zhang Yun , Ao Yu‐Fei , Huang Zhi‐Tang , Wang De‐Xian , Wang Mei‐Xiang , Zhu Jieping 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReaction of isonitriles with 3‐(arylamino)isobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐ones in the presence of a catalytic amount of an octahydro (R)‐binol‐derived chiral phosphoric acid afforded 3‐oxo‐2‐arylisoindoline‐1‐carboxamides in high yields with good to high enantioselectivities. An enantioselective Ugi four‐center three‐component reaction of 2‐formylbenzoic acids, anilines, and isonitriles was subsequently developed for the synthesis of the same heterocycle. Mechanistic studies indicate that the enantioselectivity results from the dynamic kinetic resolution of the primary Ugi adduct, rather than from the C−C bond‐forming process. The resulting heterocycle products are of significant medicinal importance.