bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure of the Lateral Extremity of the Internal Auditory Canal through the Retrosigmoid Approach: A Radioanatomic Study
Authors: Blevins Nikolas H. , Jackler Robert K. 
Published: November 2015

The recent trend toward earlier diagnosis of acoustic neuroma has substantially increased the number of candidates suitable for surgery with an attempt at hearing preservation. Although the retrosigmoid approach affords the possibility of saving hearing in selected cases, it is associated with a somewhat greater morbidity that other approaches, in terms of persistent headache, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and cerebellar dysfunction. For this reason, it is best used selectively, when the probability of success in hearing conservation is high. Only a portion of the internal auditory canal can be exposed through the retrosigmoid approach without violating the inner ear, a maneuver that greatly reduces the chance of preserving residual hearing. Substantial variability exists between individuals as to just how far laterally the internal auditory canal may be opened without compromising labyrinthine integrity. To assess the magnitude of this variability, measurements were obtained from 60 high‐resolution temporal bone computed tomography scans with a schema intended to model the surgical angle of view used during the retrosigmoid procedure. Intraoperative measurements in a series of cases established that the actual surgical point of view is situated along a line that passes approximately 1.5 cm behind the sigmoid sinus. In this typical surgical position, these data predict that an average of 3.0 mm (32% of the internal auditory canal length) must be left unexposed to avoid labyrinthine injury, with a range between 1.1 mm and 5.3 mm (9% to 58% of the internal auditory canal). Each additional 1‐cm retraction on the cerebellum beyond that customarily used affords approximately 1 mm (10% of the internal auditory canal) further exposure of the canal. When considering the retrosigmoid approach to an acoustic neuroma, the clinician is urged to evaluate each patient individually to estimate the amount of internal auditory canal accessible without the removal of a portion of the inner ear. This can be ascertained from an axially oriented, gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scan in the internal auditory canal plane by drawing a line that originates 1.5 cm behind the posterior margin of the sigmoid sinus and passes tangential to the most medial extent of the labyrinth. If this line intersects the posterior margin of the internal auditory canal at least 2 mm lateral to the deepest point of tumor penetration, then adequate exposure with preservation of the labyrinth is likely an achievable goal.
Validation and internal consistency of the Swedish version of the Valued Life Activities scale
Authors: Björk Mathilda , Thyberg Mikael , Valtersson Eva , Katz Patricia 
Published: November 2015

Objective: The objective was to create a linguistically and culturally validated Swedish version of the Valued Life Activities scale. The aim was also to describe its content and concurrent validity and its internal consistency in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The Valued Life Activities scale was translated to Swedish and culturally adapted. In order to describe the content validity, both the Swedish and original Valued Life Activities scale were linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The concurrent validity and internal consistency were evaluated in 737 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. To establish concurrent validity, the scale was correlated to disease activity, activity limitations, and life satisfaction. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Results: The equivalence of meaning between the Swedish and the original Valued Life Activities scale was ensured by harmonization review. Content validity was high when linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Concurrent validity showed a strong correlation with the activity limitations (r = 0.87), moderate with life satisfaction (r = –0.61), and weak with disease activity (r = 0.38). Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.97). Conclusions: The Swedish Valued Life Activities scale has been tested in a large and well-characterized sample and found to be a linguistically valid and culturally adapted self-reported measure of participation. Content validity of the Valued Life Activities scale was excellent, concurrent validity strong, and the internal consistency excellent. Since both individual preferences and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health concepts of disability are taken into account, the Swedish Valued Life Activities scale appears to be a promising new scale addressing important aspects of participation.
Ketamine Injection Used Orally
Authors: Broadley KE , Kurowska A , Tookman A 
Published: November 2015

Ketamine has been used parenterally for pain unresponsive to opioids, including neuropathic pain, and has also been used as an alternative analgesic agent after surgery. Although oral administration of ketamine has been used for some time as a single dose, it has not been given by this route on a regular basis. The use of ketamine administered orally is described for two patients with severe neuropathic pain who were intolerant of, or whose pain was unrelieved by, more commonly used agents. Pain relief was achieved without significant side effects.
Prevalence, Lesions, and Differential Diagnosis of Ollulanus Tricuspis Infection in Cats
Authors: Hargis A.M. , Prieur D.J. , Blanchard J.L. 
Published: November 2015

Ollulanus tricuspis were found in the stomachs of 26 of 201 cats which were mainly from Washington and Idaho. Twenty-four of the cats were from research or commercial breeding colonies (catteries) and two were pets. Twenty-seven percent of colony cats were infected with O. tricuspis, whereas only 2% of the pet cats were infected. No consistent clinical signs were seen. Histologically there was a significant increase in fibrous connective tissue in the lamina propria and in the number of lymphoid follicles and globule leukocytes in the gastric mucosa of infected cats. Histologic examination revealed no parasites in 13 of the 26 infected cats. The 26 infected cats were identified by examination of stomach washings. An additional 21 cats had larvae of other nematodes in their stomachs. These nematode larvae need to be differentiated from O. tricuspis.
An Immunopathologic Study of the Bovine Prepuce
Authors: Flower P. J. , Ladds P. W. , Thomas A. D. , Watson D. L. 
Published: November 2015

The prepuces of 83 bulls with macroscopically normal reproductive tracts were obtained at slaughter and microbiological, immunological, and histologic studies were done and the findings were correlated. Some bulls had been vaccinated on several occasions against Campylobacter fetus. Mean concentrations of intrapreputial immunoglobulins (Ig) in 27 bulls were IgG1 — 1.8 ± 5.2; IgA — 0.16 ± 0.15; and IgM — 0.24 ± 0.24 mg/ml. High concentrations of IgG2 in some bulls precluded precise estimation but mean concentration was in excess of 11.0 mg/ml (range 0 to 20+ mg/ml). Differences between these concentrations were significant (P < 0.005). Mean prevalences of class specific, immunoperoxidase-labeled plasma cells in the preputial dermis of 35 bulls were IgG — 39.0 ± 9.3; IgA — 16.6 ± 6.6; and IgM — 2.2 ± 1.8 labeled cells/100 nuclei (P < 0.001). The prevalence of IgG labeled cells in the preputial dermis was, however, negatively correlated with the concentration of intrapreputial IgG (IgG1 + IgG2) (r = −0.4; P < 0.05). Except for an apparently lower intrapreputial Ig concentration in Trichomonas foetus-infected bulls than in negative ones, there were no significant correlations between intrapreputial immunoglobulin concentration, histologic findings, and age, infection, or vaccination status of the bulls.
Conceptualizing RTI in 21st-Century Secondary Science Classrooms: Video Games' Potential to Provide Tiered Support and Progress Monitoring for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Marino Matthew T. , Beecher Constance C. 
Published: November 2015

Secondary schools across the United States are adopting response to intervention (RTI) as a means to identify students with learning disabilities (LD) and provide tiered instructional interventions that benefit all students. The majority of current RTI research focuses on students with reading difficulties in elementary school classrooms. Recommendations for practice that stem from this empirical work are not generalizable to high school classrooms, where adolescents with LD experience unique learning challenges. This is especially true in secondary science classes, where an emphasis on complex vocabulary and sophisticated phenomenological investigations places added cognitive requirements on these students. This article presents a foundation for conceptualizing the role of technology in RTI implementation at the secondary level. We examine how video games can enhance RTI instructional practices by providing multiple tiers of academic supports and realtime progress monitoring in secondary science classrooms. The article illustrates how evidence-based practices can be included in the games in a manner that increases intervention fidelity and assessment reliability. While this article focuses on science video games, we contend that there is considerable conceptual overlap among high school science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses that will allow for further expansion of this discussion. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.
The Inflammatory Response
Authors: Williams John G. , Maier Ronald V. 
Published: November 2015

Inflammation is a critical component of the normal healing process. In the patient with extensive injury or infection, however, this same process may lead to organ dysfunction and failure as seen in adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure syndrome. In this article we review: (1) the evolution of current concepts of inflammation; (2) individual elements of the host response to inflammatory stimuli; and (3) current strategies for the prevention and treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure syndrome. From the Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Pathophysiology, Management and Complications
Authors: Bratton Susan L. , Krane Elliot J. 
Published: November 2015

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, the second most common chronic childhood disease [1]. Prior to the introduction of insulin to clinical medicine by Banting and Best in 1922, DKA had a mortality rate greater than 60% [2]. As insulin was introduced into clinical practice, there was a gradual decrease in mortality associated with DKA over the subsequent 30 years. Recent epidemiological data reveal current mortality varies from 0 to 19% [3,4]. DKA continues to be the most common cause of death in patients younger than 24 years of age; it accounts for as many as 50% of deaths of young diabetic patients [5–7]. In elderly diabetics who have coexisting diseases, DKA carries a high mortality [8]. Despite many advances in the care of diabetic patients, the prevalence of DKA is not declining; it accounts for 14% of all diabetes-related hospital admissions [3, 4, 9]. The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus continues to increase worldwide and has roughly doubled in each recent decade [10–13]. Because insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is increasing, and preventative measures to avoid DKA in diabetic patients have not been successful, the incidence of DKA can also be expected to increase in coming years. Prevention of DKA is the ultimate goal (80% of hospital admissions for DKA occur in treated diabetics) [3,8]. It is necessary for clinicians to understand the pathophysiology and treatment of DKA to care for this increasing diabetic population. We discuss the pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis, its management, and its complications.
Organic Farming
Authors: Ghulati Suraj Prakash 
Published: November 2015

Organic Farming is recognized by FAO as suitable for sustainable agriculture. The reasons for adopting Organic Farming world wide are discussed in the paper. It is explained how in the Indian context Organic Farming is most suited for small and marginal farmers. A brief description is also given of the various Organic Farming protocols. Economic implications and export potentials are also discussed. Exponents of Organic Farming have given it various names such as Biological Farming, Regenerative Farming, Low Input Sustainable Agriculture (LISA) Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA). Steiner's Biodynamic Farming. Mollison's ‘Permaculture’, Fukouka's Natural Farming and late Prof D. Dabholkar's ‘Paryag Pariwar’ and the Vedic based Homa Farming. The Underlying principle behind all of them is providing integrated efforts to maintain the agro eco-system in a sustainable manner. The FAO's Codex Alimentarius Commission (June 1999) stated “Organic Agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil, biological activity’ The founder of Cuba's Organic Farming Association has beautifully described Organic Farming. ’Many people think that farming is a simple and mundane act, but they are wrong. It is the soul of any great culture, because it requires not only a great deal of accumulated knowledge but also putting this knowledge to use every single day. Knowledge of the weather, the soil, plants, animals, the cycles of nature: all of this is used everyday by a farmer to make decisions that have to be made in order to produce the food that we eat. To us it may seem like food comes from a factory, but in reality it comes from a culture that generations have created to produce that food”.
Leverage of Knowledge for the Indian Banking Sector
Authors: Singh R.P. 
Published: November 2015

The banking system is undergoing drastic changes at technological level to ensure a better role in the emerging knowledge economy of India. The concern for quality has become vital and it has increased dynamism and competitiveness in the economy. For a service industry like bank, the issue of quality is more crucial due to intangible, personal and varied nature of services. The commercial banks are incorporating technological changes like remote banking (ATM, phone, electronic, collaboration and mobile banking), plastic money, BPR, etc. The developments in information technology have opened new vistas for creativity and widened its space. The world has moved from data processing (DP) era to IT and information management era, then further to networking era (with a human requirement of better networking intelligence) and now to bio-informatics, bio-electronics and human computing/informatics. Knowledge management is critical to the banking services with frequent and diversified human contact at both deposit and withdrawal stages.
Attitude Change Through Training : A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Singh Rajesh 
Published: November 2015

The article highlights the role of training in bringing about attitude change. It focusses upon the impact of imparting behavioural skills through a training programme to bring about attitude change leading to better performance with specific reference to three work related attitudes: Positive Attitude towards work, Personalised Attitude and Cooperative Attitude. The study was conducted on 35 (Thirty Five) officers belonging to different Central/State Government/PSU/Nationalised Banks etc. The results showed that training does bring about a change in attitudes. Credibility of the communicator; Experience based training through Management Games/Exercises and Group Discussion emerged as factors fascilitating the attitude change. The implications of the study are also discussed.
Managing Currency Risk
Authors: Singh Devi 
Published: November 2015

With market frontiers expanding and financial price volatility and risk going up, management of foreign exchange risk assumes importance. The implications of increased involvement of Indian companies in international trade and finance require managers to measure the foreign exchange exposure and manage it to maximise profitability, net cash flow and the market value of the firm. An analysis of the foreign risk management practices of some Indian companies reveals that they neither have a model for forecasting foreign exchange rate movement nor a detailed mechanism to evaluate the effectiveness of their foreign exchange risk management practices. The general perception among the managers of these companies is that Indian companies are small players in the foreign exchange market and better management practices would evolve only after the Indian market for hedging products fully developed and experience gained in this regard.
Ethnic Identity and Humanitarian Intervention: The Case of Kosovo
Authors: Shrivastava B. K. , Agrawal Manmohan 
Published: November 2015

In this paper we look at the background of the Kosovo problem, its intensification since the 1980s in particular, the response of the international community leading finally to bombing. We also look at whether the international community was able to achieve its objective of preventing ethnic violence and cleansing. Yugoslavia had been a mosaic of ethnic groups with long histories of conflict but without segregated housing patterns. While the other ethnic groups feared Serbian domination in Yugoslavia where the Serbs were the largest ethnic group, the Serbs feared domination in the regions where they were in a minority. Ethnic conflict was aggravated by the economic crisis in the 80s which widened economic disparities, and also because of differences about the relative importance of the state and the market in economic management. The Serbs favoured a more controlled economy and the others a more liberal economy. The conflict in Kosovo flared up with the Serbs trying to limit Kosovar autonomy; the Kosovars retaliated by demanding greater autonomy initially and independence later. The resulting armed conflict led to considerable killing. The international community leaned heavily on the Serbs and their leader Milosevic to stop the repression, but failed. Ultimately the western countries had to resort to bombing. While this resulted in the capitulation by the Serbs, the problem was not solved as now the Kosovars started purging the Serbs. If the objective was to preserve a multi-ethnic Yugoslavia, the Western powers seemed to have failed.
Tourism Careers in Trinidad and Tobago: Perceptions of Secondary School Students
Authors: Lewis Acolla , Airey David 
Published: November 2015

Tourism development in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) is a strategic economic priority in the new millennium. The tourism industry in T&T is still in its embryonic stage, and one of the fundamental challenges facing the industry is the attraction and retention of the necessary number and quality of young people in highly competitive employment markets. Against this background, this paper seeks to examine the attitudes of potential recruits towards working in the tourism industry in T&T. Following a review of the occupational decision-making process, the concept of work values and attitudes towards tourism employment, 120 questionnaires were distributed to high school students in T&T to determine their attitudes towards careers in tourism. The main finding is that secondary school students in both Trinidad and Tobago have a favourable attitude towards tourism employment, which is strongly influenced by their work values and their sources of information about the industry. Students who are interested in ‘self-development’ and ‘working with friendly people’ see tourism as providing good career opportunities; a lack of knowledge tends to be associated with positive, perhaps unrealistically glamorous views of tourism employment. These findings present a challenge to stakeholders in the industry to nurture this favourable attitude and to provide these young leaders with adequate and accurate information and training, without dampening their enthusiasm, to take the industry into the future.
The Show Must Not Go on
Authors: Poria Yaniv 
Published: November 2015

When considering tourism as a way to build a culture of peace, there is a need to know how to deal with the presentation of the past. The Middle East is presently engaged in an ongoing political process for peace. Peace would allow the opportunity for people who were injured (physically and/or emotionally) during the past conflicts to visit sites of the former enemies. The question that should be asked is how to present this shared heritage? At present the use of heritage in tourism is a sensitive and dynamic area of development, and there is a critical need to know how to manage this phenomenon, especially in the context of communities which have moved from war to non-war and were involved in violent conflicts. In order to clarify and discuss the re-use of heritage in this context, there is first a need to understand the nature of heritage and heritage tourism (Poria et al., 2000), and then to clarify its relationship with the fact that the enemy of yesterday may be today's neighbour/tourist. This paper contributes to this debate by clarifying heritage tourism, and emphasising different characteristics of heritage that are essential for the management (marketing, production, reuse etc) of heritage attractions, especially in the context of tourists visiting common areas of prior conflicts. The paper presents different definitions and descriptions of the concept of heritage. Following this, issues relevant to the understanding of the nature of heritage and its characteristics are classified. In the second part of the paper, heritage is explored in the context of tourism. Finally, implications are suggested for sites presenting different aspects of a common previously violent heritage. This paper is based on PhD research dealing with tourists' behaviour in heritage sites.
An Analysis of Their Essential Qualities
Authors: Jesty L. C. , Winch G. T. 
Published: November 2015

The subject is introduced by a brief reference to the general principles of television, and the work which has already been done in the photographic and cinematographic field to establish the requirements of a “good picture.” The main treatment deals with the practical limitations to the realisation of the ideal picture imposed by the characteristics of the television system. Picture contrast, range, brightness, definition, size, presentation, colour or tint, and flicker are dealt with. New and accurate methods of measurement of these characteristics are described, and results given. Cathode ray tube receivers are generally dealt with, but the results are considered to be applicable to other methods of Television reception. Finally reference is made to possible future developments in television picture reproduction.
Discomfort Glare in Lighted Streets
Authors: Hopkinson R. G. 
Published: November 2015

Glare which affects comfort or causes distraction is distinguished from glare which affects the ability to see. The results of an investigation to determine the factors which cause discomfort glare in lighted streets are summarised, and the influence of these factors on problems of street lighting design is studied. Discomfort glare was found to be influenced by the general brightness of the scene, by the angle between the direction of a glare source with the line of sight, and, under street lighting conditions, by both the intensity and intrinsic brightness of the source. The glaring effects of a number of sources were found to be additive. No difference in the glaring effects of yellowish, bluish, and white light could be detected. It has been found possible to express the results in a form easily applicable to problems of street lighting design.