bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes Reduces the Rate of Sputum Culture Conversion in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Salindri Argita D. , Kipiani Maia , Kempker Russell R. , Gandhi Neel R. , Darchia Lasha , Tukvadze Nestani , Blumberg Henry M. , Magee Matthew J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground.  Diabetes is a risk factor for active tuberculosis (TB), but little is known about the relationship between diabetes and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. We aimed to assess risk factors for primary MDR TB, including diabetes, and determine whether diabetes reduced the rate of sputum culture conversion among patients with MDR TB.Methods.  From 2011 to 2014, we conducted a cohort study at the National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Tbilisi, Georgia. Adult (≥35 years) patients with primary TB were eligible. Multidrug-resistant TB was defined as resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid. Patients with capillary glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% or previous diagnosis were defined to have diabetes. Polytomous regression was used to estimate the association of patient characteristics with drug resistance. Cox regression was used to compare rates of sputum culture conversion in patients with and without diabetes.Results.  Among 318 patients with TB, 268 had drug-susceptibility test (DST) results. Among patients with DST results, 19.4% (52 of 268) had primary MDR TB and 13.4% (36 of 268) had diabetes. In multivariable analyses, diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–6.31) and lower socioeconomic status (aOR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.56–8.20) were associated with primary MDR TB. Among patients with primary MDR TB, 44 (84.6%) converted sputum cultures to negative. The rate of sputum culture conversion was lower among patients with diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.34; 95% CI, .13–.87) and among smokers (aHR, 0.16; 95% CI, .04–.61).Conclusions.  We found diabetes was associated with an increased risk of primary MDR TB; both diabetes and smoking were associated with a longer time to sputum culture conversion.
Social Work–Business Sector Collaboration in Pursuit of Economic Justice
Authors: Lee Wonhyung 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines social workers’ perceptions, experiences, and prospects regarding working in the business sector after participating in an MSW field practicum with a local microlending program. Social workers’ insights suggest that cross-sector collaboration leads to vast opportunities not only for the populations served by the collaborative efforts, but also for social work as a profession. However, several challenges are revealed, including social workers’ unfamiliarity with business operations, the business sector’s narrow understanding of social workers’ roles, and divisions between participants in interprofessional collaboration. This article calls for enhancing the role of social work to maximize its impact on economic development through further research and tangible cross-sector projects.
Feminist Social Work: Practice and Theory of Practice
Authors: Eyal-Lubling Roni , Krumer-Nevo Michal 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlthough feminist social work has been practiced in Israel since the 1970s, little has been written about it. This qualitative study aims to fill this gap by documenting and conceptualizing feminist theory of practice and actual practice based on interviews with 12 feminist social workers. Findings reveal that the interviewees perceive feminist practice as significantly different from traditional social work practice based on four analytical principles: (1) gender analysis, (2) awareness of power relations, (3) analysis of welfare services as structures of oppression, and (4) utilization of feminist language, as well as 10 principles of action. The principles are discussed in the context of feminist social work in Israel and in light of feminist principles described in international literature.
Activity Pacing is Associated With Better and Worse Symptoms for Patients With Long-term Conditions
Authors: Antcliff Deborah , Campbell Malcolm , Woby Steve , Keeley Philip 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Activity pacing has been associated with both improved and worsened symptoms, and its role in reducing disability among patients with long-term conditions has been questioned. However, existing studies have measured pacing according to unidimensional subscales, and therefore the empirical evidence for pacing as a multifaceted construct remains unclear. We have developed a 26-item Activity Pacing Questionnaire (APQ-26) for chronic pain/fatigue containing 5 themes of pacing: activity adjustment, activity consistency, activity progression, activity planning, and activity acceptance.

Objective:
To assess the associations between the 5 APQ-26 pacing themes and symptoms of pain, physical fatigue, depression, avoidance, and physical function.

Methods:
Cross-sectional questionnaire study design. Data analyzed using multiple regression.

Participants:
A total of 257 adult patients with diagnoses of chronic low back pain, chronic widespread pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis.

Results:
Hierarchical multiple regression showed that activity adjustment was significantly associated with increased physical fatigue, depression, and avoidance, but decreased physical function (all Ps≤0.030). Activity consistency was associated with decreased pain, physical fatigue, depression, and avoidance, but increased physical function (all Ps≤0.003). Activity planning was associated with reduced physical fatigue (Ps=0.025) and activity acceptance was associated with increased avoidance (Ps=0.036).

Conclusions:
Some APQ-26 pacing themes were associated with worse symptoms and others with symptom improvement. Specifically, pacing themes involving adjusting/reducing activities were associated with worse symptoms, whereas pacing themes involving undertaking consistent activities were associated with improved symptoms. Future study will explore the causality of these associations to add clarification regarding the effects of pacing on patients’ symptoms.
Pulse Pressure Variation and Weight-Loss Percentage Predict Hypotension After Anesthesia Induction in Neurosurgery Patients: A Prospective, Observational, Blinded Study
Authors: Ali Achmet , Altiparmak Oguzhan , Tetik Aylin , Altun Demet , Sivrikoz Nukhet , Buget Mehmet , Bolsoy Sahika , Yaman Nihan , Akinci Ibrahim O. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Hypotension after anesthesia induction is a common problem and is partly related to patient volume status. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between blood pressure change and pulse pressure variation (PPV), and percentage of weight loss while determining threshold for hypotension by receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Methods:
We analyzed 231 neurosurgery patients. In all patients, propofol was used for standard anesthesia induction. Patient demographics, medical histories, fasting duration, percentage weight loss, baseline blood pressure, and PPV during normal tidal volume breathing and that during forced inspiratory breathing (PPVfi) were recorded. Hemodynamic changes within 10 minutes of intubation were observed. Patients developing hypotension and severe hypotension were determined; lowest mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) values were recorded, and their differences relative to baseline values were calculated.

Results:
The incidence of hypotension was 18.6%. Both percentage weight loss and PPVfi were correlated with the changes in MAP and SAP. A PPVfi>14 identified all observed hypotensive episodes with 86% sensitivity and 86.2% specificity, whereas percentage weight loss >1.75% identified all observed hypotensive episodes with 81.4% sensitivity and 70.7% specificity. Furthermore, PPVfi>16.5 identified severe hypotension with 85% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity, whereas percentage weight loss >1.95% identified severe hypotension with 85% sensitivity and 73% specificity.

Conclusions:
Percentage weight loss and PPVfi are good predictors of hypotension after anesthesia induction and, thus, may allow anesthesiologists to adopt preventative measures and ensure safer anesthesia induction.
Relationship Between African-American Race and Delirium in the ICU
Authors: Khan Babar A. , Perkins Anthony , Hui Siu L. , Gao Sujuan , Campbell Noll L. , Farber Mark O. , Boustani Malaz A. 
Published: June 2016

Objectives:
Delirium is a highly prevalent syndrome of acute brain dysfunction among critically ill patients that has been linked to multiple risk factors, such as age, preexisting cognitive impairment, and use of sedatives; but to date, the relationship between race and delirium is unclear. We conducted this study to identify whether African-American race is a risk factor for developing ICU delirium.

Design:
A prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Medical and surgical ICUs of a university-affiliated, safety net hospital in Indianapolis, IN.

Patients:
A total of 2,087 consecutive admissions with 1,008 African Americans admitted to the ICU services from May 2009 to August 2012.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Incident delirium was defined as first positive Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU result after an initial negative Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU; and prevalent delirium was defined as positive Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU on first Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU assessment. The overall incident delirium rate in African Americans was 8.7% compared with 10.4% in Caucasians (p = 0.26). The prevalent delirium rate was 14% in both African Americans and Caucasians (p = 0.95). Significant age and race interactions were detected for incident delirium (p = 0.02) but not for prevalent delirium (p = 0.3). The hazard ratio for incident delirium for African Americans in the 18–49 years age group compared with Caucasians of similar age was 0.4 (0.1–0.9). The hazard and odds ratios for incident and prevalent delirium in other groups were not different.

Conclusions:
African-American race does not confer any additional risk for developing incident or prevalent delirium in the ICU. Instead, younger African Americans tend to have lower rates of incident delirium compared with Caucasians of similar age.
Fatal Case of Primary Cutaneous Aggressive T-Cell Lymphoma Switching From a CD4+ to a CD8+ Phenotype: Progressive Disease With Bexarotene and Romidepsin Treatment
Authors: Johnson William T. , Leeman-Neill Rebecca J. , Patel Parth , Ho Jonhan , Grandinetti Lisa M. , Jedrych Jaroslaw , Craig Fiona E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract:
A 77-year-old white male presented to the clinic with two isolated cutaneous tumors on his forehead. A cutaneous biopsy showed a focally folliculotropic CD4+ cutaneous lymphoma. The tumors were irradiated with a complete response, and he was started on oral bexarotene. He experienced localized cutaneous relapse 3 months into treatment. These new tumors now revealed a surprisingly CD8+ cytotoxic phenotype, but with the same clone. A systemic workup was negative. His regimen was switched to romidepsin, and he was treated with local radiation again. Another 3.5 months passed in remission until he developed widespread cutaneous tumors. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed multifocal systemic disease involving his diaphragm, liver, distal duodenum, proximal jejunum, anterior chest wall including pectoral muscles, and lungs without significant adenopathy. He died a few days later. Given his full clinical and pathological course, he was given the diagnosis of an aggressive primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, unspecified.
Pycnogenol Reduces Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Atherosclerosis Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice
Authors: Liu Rui , Fan Bin , Cong Huiying , Ikuyama Shoichiro , Guan Haixia , Gu Jianqiu 
Published: June 2016

Abstract:
Pycnogenol (PYC) is an extract from French maritime pine bark. Its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects have been shown to be beneficial for atherosclerosis. Here, we tested whether PYC could suppress high cholesterol and fat diet (HCD)-induced atherosclerosis formation in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. In our study, PYC suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced lipid accumulation in peritoneal macrophages. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were orally administered PYC or a control solvent for ten weeks, and these mice were fed a standard diet or high cholesterol and fat diet during the latter eight weeks. Pycnogenol markedly decreased the size of atherosclerotic lesions induced by high cholesterol and fat diet compared with the nontreated controls. In addition, TLR4 expression in aortic sinus was stimulated by high cholesterol and fat diet feeding and was significantly reduced by PYC. A mechanistic analysis indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased expression of fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and macrophage scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), which were blocked by a JNK inhibitor. Furthermore, PYC inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of aP2 and scavenger receptor class A via the JNK pathway. In conclusion, PYC administration effectively attenuates atherosclerosis through the TLR4-JNK pathway. Our results suggest that PYC could be a potential prophylaxis or treatment for atherosclerosis in humans.
Seizure Prophylaxis Guidelines Following Traumatic Brain Injury: An Evaluation of Compliance
Authors: Zaman Anwar , Dubiel Randi , Driver Simon , Bennett Monica , Diggs Vincent , Callender Librada 
Published: June 2016

Objective:
To determine degree of adherence to guidelines for seizure prophylaxis following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting:
Tertiary care level 1 trauma center and affiliated inpatient rehabilitation facility.

Participants:
A total of 173 individuals with TBI who required inpatient rehabilitation from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2013.

Design:
Retrospective medical record review.

Main Measures:
Overutilization rate of prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs); failure to stop rate of AED utilization upon admission to and during inpatient rehabilitation; and duration of overutilization.

Results:
Of the 173 participants included, 77 were started on seizure prophylaxis at hospital presentation and 96 were not. Of the 77 participants, 11 had a posttraumatic seizure. Of the 66 remaining, 18 participants (10.4%) were continued on AEDs for more than 7 days after injury. Of these 18 participants, 12 were continued on AEDs without indication upon admission to inpatient rehabilitation. Finally, 8 of the 12 were continued on AEDs at discharge from rehabilitation, resulting in a failure to stop rate of 66.67%.

Conclusion:
Despite existing guidelines for stopping seizure prophylaxis after TBI, some patients remain on AEDs and may be inappropriately exposed to possible medication side effects. These findings highlight the importance of communication at the time of rehabilitation transfer and the need for ongoing education about AED guidelines.
The gut in trauma
Authors: Patel Jayshil J. , Rosenthal Martin D. , Miller Keith R. , Martindale Robert G. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to describe established and emerging mechanisms of gut injury and dysfunction in trauma, describe emerging strategies to improve gut dysfunction, detail the effect of trauma on the gut microbiome, and describe the gut–brain connection in traumatic brain injury.

Recent findings
Newer data suggest intraluminal contents, pancreatic enzymes, and hepatobiliary factors disrupt the intestinal mucosal layer. These mechanisms serve to perpetuate the inflammatory response leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). To date, therapies to mitigate acute gut dysfunction have included enteral nutrition and immunonutrition; emerging therapies aimed to intestinal mucosal layer disruption, however, include protease inhibitors such as tranexamic acid, parenteral nutrition-supplemented bombesin, and hypothermia. Clinical trials to demonstrate benefit in humans are needed before widespread applications can be recommended.

Summary
Despite resuscitation, gut dysfunction promotes distant organ injury. In addition, postresuscitation nosocomial and iatrogenic ‘hits’ exaggerate the immune response, contributing to MODS. This was a provocative concept, suggesting infectious and noninfectious causes of inflammation may trigger, heighten, and perpetuate an inflammatory response culminating in MODS and death. Emerging evidence suggests posttraumatic injury mechanisms, such as intestinal mucosal disruption and shifting of the gut microbiome to a pathobiome. In addition, traumatic brain injury activates the gut–brain axis and increases intestinal permeability.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Syphilis Screening Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Exploratory Modeling Analysis
Authors: Chesson Harrell W. , Kidd Sarah , Bernstein Kyle T. , Fanfair Robyn Neblett , Gift Thomas L. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We adapted a published model to estimate the costs and benefits of screening men who have sex with men for syphilis, including the benefits of preventing syphilis-attributable human immunodeficiency virus. The cost per quality-adjusted life year gained by screening was <US $0 (cost-saving) and US $16,100 in the dynamic and static versions of the model, respectively.
Monogamy promotes worker sterility in insect societies
Authors: Davies Nicholas G. , Gardner Andy 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInclusive-fitness theory highlights monogamy as a key driver of altruistic sib-rearing. Accordingly, monogamy should promote the evolution of worker sterility in social insects when sterile workers make for better helpers. However, a recent population-genetics analysis (Olejarzet al.2015) found no clear effect of monogamy on worker sterility. Here, we revisit this analysis. First, we relax genetic assumptions, considering not only alleles of extreme effect—encoding either no sterility or complete sterility—but also alleles with intermediate worker-sterility effects. Second, we broaden the stability analysis—which focused on the invasibility of populations where either all workers are fully-sterile or all workers are fully-reproductive—to identify where intermediate pure or mixed evolutionarily-stable states may occur. Finally, we consider additional, demographically-explicit ecological scenarios relevant to worker non-reproduction. This extended analysis demonstrates that an exact population-genetics approach strongly supports the prediction of inclusive-fitness theory that monogamy promotes sib-directed altruism in social insects.
Scanning the Horizon: Towards transparent and reproducible neuroimaging research
Authors: Poldrack Russell A. , Baker Chris I. , Durnez Joke , Gorgolewski Krzysztof J. , Matthews Paul M. , Munafò Marcus , Nichols Thomas E. , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Vul Edward , Yarkoni Tal 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFunctional neuroimaging techniques have transformed our ability to probe the neurobiological basis of behaviour and are increasingly being applied by the wider neuroscience community. However, concerns have recently been raised that the conclusions drawn from some human neuroimaging studies are either spurious or not generalizable. Problems such as low statistical power, flexibility in data analysis, software errors, and lack of direct replication apply to many fields, but perhaps particularly to fMRI. Here we discuss these problems, outline current and suggested best practices, and describe how we think the field should evolve to produce the most meaningful answers to neuroscientific questions.
microRNA-mRNA interaction identification in Wilms tumor using principal component analysis based unsupervised feature extraction
Authors: Taguchi Y-h. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWilms tumor is one of lethal child renal cancers, for which no known disease causing mechanisms exist. In this paper, we tried to identify possible disease causing microRNA(miRNA)-mRNA pairs (interactions) by analyzing (partially matched) miRNA/mRNA gene expression profiles with the recently proposed principal component analysis based unsupervised feature extraction. It successfully identified multiple miRNA-mRNA pairs whose biological natures are convincing. Correlation coefficients between miRNA and mRNA expression in matched parts of profiles turned out to be significantly negative. Constructed miRNA-mRNA network will be a key to understand Wilms tumor causing mechanisms.
A probabilistic framework to dissect functional cell-type-specific regulatory elements and risk loci underlying the genetics of complex traits
Authors: Li Yue , Davila-Velderrain Jose , Kellis Manolis 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDissecting the physiological circuitry underlying diverse human complex traits associated with heritable common mutations is an ongoing effort. The primary challenge involves identifying the relevant cell types and the causal variants among the vast majority of the associated mutations in the noncoding regions. To address this challenge, we developed an efficient probabilistic framework. First, we propose a sparse group-guided learning algorithm to infer cell-type-specific enrichments. Second, we propose a fine-mapping Bayesian model that incorporates as Bayesian priors the sparse enrichments to infer risk variants. Using the proposed framework to analyze 32 complex human traits revealed meaningful tissue-specific epigenomic enrichments indicative of the relevant disease pathologies. The prioritized variants exhibit prominent tissue-specific epigenomic signatures and significant enrichments for eQTL and conserved elements. Together, we demonstrate the general benefits of the proposed integrative framework in elucidating meaningful tissue-specific epigenomic elements from large-scale correlated annotations and the implicated functional variants for future experimental interrogation.
Auditory Nerve Stochasticity Impedes Auditory Category Learning: Learning: a Computational Account of the Role of Cochlear Nucleus and Inferior Colliculus in Stabilising Auditory Nerve Firing
Authors: Higgins Irina , Stringer Simon , Schnupp Jan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt is well known that auditory nerve (AN) fibers overcome bandwidth limitations through the “volley principle”, a form of multiplexing. What is less well known is that the volley principle introduces a degree of unpredictability into AN neural firing patterns which makes even simple stimulus categorization tasks difficult. We use a physiologically grounded, unsupervised spiking neural network model of the auditory brain with STDP learning to demonstrate that plastic auditory cortex is unable to learn even simple auditory object categories when exposed to the raw AN firing input without subcortical preprocessing. We then demonstrate the importance of non-plastic subcortical preprocessing within the cochlear nucleus (CN) and the inferior colliculus (IC) for stabilising and denoising AN responses. Such preprocessing enables the plastic auditory cortex to learn efficient robust representations of the auditory object categories. The biological realism of our model makes it suitable for generating neurophysiologically testable hypotheses.