bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved donor safety in high‐volume apheresis collections
Authors: Vassallo Ralph R. , Bravo Marjorie D. , Kamel Hany 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUNDSeparators use 1960s sex‐based nomograms to estimate apheresis donor blood volume and to calculate the 15% maximum extracorporeal and collection volumes. As US body habitus changes, proportional overestimation of the maximum safe collection volume may become clinically significant with large‐volume collections. We correlated 2 years of vasovagal reaction (VVR) data with 148,416 Trima apheresis procedure parameters to identify trends.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSOnly platelet/plasma with or without red blood cell (RBC) procedures yielded collection volumes of at least 900 mL with no saline replacement. Vasovagal events of any severity were correlated by sex with actual collection volume and donor estimated blood volume (EBV). We performed multivariable analysis incorporating the factors that influence VVR rates to assess the significance of EBV and collection volume.RESULTSVVR rates nearly doubled in male donors who had collection volumes greater than 1050 mL. No reaction threshold could be identified in female donors. This was confirmed in multivariable analysis that included donor sex, age, donation experience, draw time, and reporting location.CONCLUSIONLimiting apheresis collections to the lesser of 1050 mL or 15% EBV may reduce VVR rates. Further confirmation of this finding by other collection centers is desirable.
Multidrug‐Resistant Outbreak‐Associated Salmonella Strains in Irrigation Water from the Metropolitan Region, Chile
Authors: Martínez M. C. , Retamal P. , Rojas‐Aedo J. F. , Fernández J. , Fernández A. , Lapierre L. 
Published: November 2016

SummarySalmonella enterica (S. enterica) is the main cause of foodborne diseases in the Chilean population. With the aim of characterizing the presence of S. enterica in bodies of water, samples from 40 sources were obtained, including rivers and irrigation canals used by agricultural farms in the most populated regions of Chile. As result, 35 S. enterica isolates belonging to several serotypes were detected, with the highest frequency represented by Typhimurium and Enteritidis. All strains showed phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, and most of them were multiresistant to critically important antimicrobials. In addition, the pulse‐field gel electrophoresis analysis using XbaI and BlnI endonucleases showed that seven Salmonella isolates belonging to serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Infantis had identical pulsotypes to outbreak‐associated clinical isolates detected in the Chilean population, suggesting a public health risk of water pollution in this region. Among sampling sites, the higher detection rates were observed in rural than urban and peri‐urban areas, suggesting that the animal husbandry might contribute for environmental dispersion of this pathogen. Future efforts should address the characterization of cause‐and‐effect relationship between water contamination and foodborne disease, including the implementation of surveillance programmes to tackle potential risks for both human and animal populations.
Effectiveness of weight management, smoking cessation and alcohol reduction interventions in changing behaviors during pregnancy: an umbrella review protocol
Authors: Dinsdale Sarah , Azevedo Liane Beretta , Shucksmith Janet , Newham James , Ells Louisa Jane , Jones Dan , Heslehurst Nicola 
Published: November 2016

Review objective/question
The objective of this umbrella review is to examine the effectiveness of different types of weight management, smoking cessation and alcohol reduction interventions in producing explicitly measured behavior change or proxy measures of behavior change in pregnant women.
Specifically the review question is: are weight management, smoking cessation and alcohol reduction interventions effective in producing behavior change in pregnant women?
Gross anatomy curricula and pedagogical approaches for undergraduate physiotherapy students: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Shead Dorothy , Roos Ronel , Olivier Benita , Ihunwo Amadi O. 
Published: November 2016

Review question/objective:This scoping review seeks to collate and describe the body of existing literature pertaining to curricula and pedagogies used in the gross anatomy education of undergraduate physiotherapy students.Specifically, the review questions are as follows:What approaches to gross anatomy curricula and pedagogies used to teach undergraduate physiotherapy students have been documented in available literature?What are the outcomes associated with the various approaches to anatomy curricula and pedagogies used to teach undergraduate physiotherapy students?
Implementation of the American Society of Anesthesiology's guidelines to reduce prolonged fasting times in pediatric preoperative patients: a best practice implementation project
Authors: Costello Carol M. 
Published: November 2016

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background:
The American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) guidelines for pediatric preoperative fasting have been a standard for well over a decade. However, use of protocols involving an excessive fasting duration exposes patients to the physiological impacts of fluid volume loss.

Objectives:
The current project aimed to improve fluid supplementation during presurgical fasting in pediatric patients at an academic medical center. Specific objectives were to increase clinical staff knowledge regarding ASA fasting standards and implement them in specific pediatric patient populations.

Methods:
The Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System and Getting Research into Practice tools were used. A baseline audit assessed compliance with best practice criteria regarding staff education, patient/family instruction and preoperative fasting times. Intervention outcomes were evaluated in a post implementation criteria audit.

Results:
Although compliance with fasting less than 12 hours more than doubled, only half of these patients/parents adhered to the guidelines. No excessive fasting events were attributed to a language barrier. There were no insufficient fasting events.

Conclusion:
Moderate success with fasting compliance was demonstrated when patients/parents were taught the multi-step ASA non per os (nothing by mouth) instructions. This complexity may have contributed to non-compliance and pointed to the need for enhanced teaching strategies. No operative start delays related to insufficient fasting indicated surgical scheduling flexibility was not at risk, and anesthesia providers had adopted the guidelines. Interdisciplinary engagement in this project was significantly impacted by director level communication which will be a key strategy for future implementations.
Results From Shanghai’s (China) 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Liu Yang , Tang Yan , Cao Zhen-Bo , Chen Pei-Jie , Zhang Jia-Lin , Zhu Zheng , Zhuang Jie , Yang Yang , Hu Yue-Ying 
Published: November 2016

Background:Internationally comparable evidence is important to advocate for young people’s physical activity. The aim of this article is to present the inaugural Shanghai (China) Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.Methods:Since no national data are available, the working group developed the survey questionnaire and carried out the school surveys for students (n = 71,404), parents (n = 70,346), and school administrators and teachers (n = 1398). The grades of 9 report card indicators were assigned in accordance with the survey results against a defined benchmark: A is 81% to 100%; B is 61% to 80%; C is 41% to 60%, D is 21% to 40%; F is 0% to 20%.Results:The 9 indicators were graded as follows: Overall Physical Activity Levels (F), Organized Sport Participation (F), Active Play (D-), Active Transportation (C-), Sedentary Behavior (F), Family and Peers (B), School (B+), Community and the Built Environment (D+), and Government (D).Conclusions:Levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior were low and below the respective recommended guidelines. Interventions and policies at the community level should be encouraged to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior. Future national surveys should be encouraged to strengthen Shanghai’s Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.
High Frequency of OXA-253-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Different Hospitals in Recife, Brazil
Authors: de Sá Cavalcanti Felipe Lira , Mendes-Marques Carina Lucena , Vasconcelos Crhisllane Rafaele dos Santos , de Lima Campos Túlio , Rezende Antonio Mauro , Xavier Danilo Elias , Leal Nilma Cintra , de-Melo-Neto Osvaldo Pompilio , de Morais Marcia Maria Camargo , Leal-Balbino Tereza Cristina 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the isolation of 31
Acinetobacter baumannii
strains producing OXA-253 in a single large Brazilian city. These strains belonged to five different sequence types (STs), including 4 STs not previously associated with
bla
OXA-253
. In all strains, the
bla
OXA-253
gene was located in a plasmid within a genetic environment similar to what was found previously in Brazil and Italy. The reported data emphasize the successful transmission of the
bla
OXA-253
gene through a large area and the tendency for this resistance determinant to remain in the
A. baumannii
population.
Low Caspofungin Exposure in Patients in Intensive Care Units
Authors: van der Elst Kim C. M. , Veringa Anette , Zijlstra Jan G. , Beishuizen Albertus , Klont Rob , Brummelhuis-Visser Petra , Uges Donald R. A. , Touw Daan J. , Kosterink Jos G. W. , van der Werf Tjip S. , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

In critically ill patients, drug exposure may be influenced by altered drug distribution and clearance. Earlier studies showed that the variability in caspofungin exposure was high in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The primary objective of this study was to determine if the standard dose of caspofungin resulted in adequate exposure in critically ill patients. A multicenter prospective study in ICU patients with (suspected) invasive candidiasis was conducted in the Netherlands from November 2013 to October 2015. Patients received standard caspofungin treatment, and the exposure was determined on day 3 of treatment. An area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC
0–24
) of 98 mg · h/liter was considered adequate exposure. In case of low exposure (i.e., <79 mg · h/liter, a ≥20% lower AUC
0–24
), the caspofungin dose was increased and the exposure reevaluated. Twenty patients were included in the study, of whom 5 had a positive blood culture. The median caspofungin AUC
0–24
at day 3 was 78 mg · h/liter (interquartile range [IQR], 69 to 97 mg · h/liter). A low AUC
0–24
(<79 mg · h/liter) was seen in 10 patients. The AUC
0–24
was significantly and positively correlated with the caspofungin dose in mg/kg/day (
P
= 0.011). The median AUC
0–24
with a caspofungin dose of 1 mg/kg was estimated using a pharmacokinetic model and was 114.9 mg · h/liter (IQR, 103.2 to 143.5 mg · h/liter). In conclusion, the caspofungin exposure in ICU patients in this study was low compared with that in healthy volunteers and other (non)critically ill patients, most likely due to a larger volume of distribution. A weight-based dose regimen is probably more suitable for patients with substantially altered drug distribution. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01994096.)
Tigecycline Nonsusceptibility Occurs Exclusively in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates, Including the Major Multidrug-Resistant Lineages O25b:H4-ST131-H
30
R and O1-ST648
Authors: Sato Toyotaka , Suzuki Yuuki , Shiraishi Tsukasa , Honda Hiroyuki , Shinagawa Masaaki , Yamamoto Soh , Ogasawara Noriko , Takahashi Hiroki , Takahashi Satoshi , Tamura Yutaka , Yokota Shin-ichi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Tigecycline (TGC) is a last-line drug for multidrug-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
. We investigated the mechanism(s) underlying TGC nonsusceptibility (TGC resistant/intermediate) in
Escherichia coli
clinical isolates. The MIC of TGC was determined for 277 fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates (ciprofloxacin [CIP] MIC, <0.125 mg/liter) and 194 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (CIP MIC, >2 mg/liter). The MIC
50
and MIC
90
for TGC in fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were 2-fold higher than those in fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates (MIC
50
, 0.5 mg/liter versus 0.25 mg/liter; MIC
90
, 1 mg/liter versus 0.5 mg/liter, respectively). Two fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (O25b:H4-ST131-
H
30R and O125:H37-ST48) were TGC resistant (MICs of 4 and 16 mg/liter, respectively), and four other isolates of O25b:H4-ST131-
H
30R and an isolate of O1-ST648 showed an intermediate interpretation (MIC, 2 mg/liter). No TGC-resistant/intermediate strains were found among the fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates. The TGC-resistant/intermediate isolates expressed higher levels of
acrA
and
acrB
and had lower intracellular TGC concentrations than susceptible isolates, and they possessed mutations in
acrR
and/or
marR
. The MICs of
acrAB
-deficient mutants were markedly lower (0.25 mg/liter) than those of the parental strain. After continuous stepwise exposure to CIP
in vitro
, six of eight TGC-susceptible isolates had reduced TGC susceptibility. Two of them acquired TGC resistance (TGC MIC, 4 mg/liter) and exhibited expression of
acrA
and
acrB
and mutations in
acrR
and/or
marR
. In conclusion, a population of fluoroquinolone-resistant
E. coli
isolates, including major extraintestinal pathogenic lineages O25b:H4-ST131-
H
30R and O1-ST648, showed reduced susceptibility to TGC due to overexpression of the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC, leading to decreased intracellular concentrations of the antibiotics that may be associated with the development of fluoroquinolone resistance.
Prevalence of Colistin Resistance Gene
mcr-1
and Absence of
mcr-2
in Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Food-Producing Animals in Japan
Authors: Kawanishi Michiko , Abo Hitoshi , Ozawa Manao , Uchiyama Mariko , Shirakawa Takahiro , Suzuki Satowa , Shima Ayaka , Yamashita Akifumi , Sekizuka Tsuyoshi , Kato Kengo , Kuroda Makoto , Koike Ryoji , Kijima Mayumi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

We screened
mcr-1
and
mcr-2
genes in 9,306
Escherichia coli
strains isolated from healthy animals in the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring (JVARM) system.
mcr-1
was detected in 39 strains (5, 20, and 14 strains isolated from cattle, swine, and broilers, respectively), whereas
mcr-2
was not detected.
mcr-2
was also not detected with the investigation sequence homology search against our curated GenEpid-J database.
Both
adhE
and a Separate NADPH-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene,
adhA
, Are Necessary for High Ethanol Production in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum
Authors: Zheng Tianyong , Olson Daniel G. , Murphy Sean J. , Shao Xiongjun , Tian Liang , Lynd Lee R. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum
has been engineered to produce ethanol at about 90% of the theoretical maximum yield (2 ethanol molecules per glucose equivalent) and a titer of 70 g/liter. Its ethanol-producing ability has drawn attention to its metabolic pathways, which could potentially be transferred to other organisms of interest. Here, we report that the iron-containing AdhA is important for ethanol production in the high-ethanol strain of
T. saccharolyticum
(LL1049). A single-gene deletion of
adhA
in LL1049 reduced ethanol production by ∼50%, whereas multiple gene deletions of all annotated alcohol dehydrogenase genes except
adhA
and
adhE
did not affect ethanol production. Deletion of
adhA
in wild-type
T.
saccharolyticum
reduced NADPH-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity (acetaldehyde-reducing direction) by 93%.

IMPORTANCE
In this study, we set out to identify the alcohol dehydrogenases necessary for high ethanol production in
T. saccharolyticum
. Based on previous work, we had assumed that
adhE
was the primary alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Here, we show that both
adhA
and
adhE
are needed for high ethanol yield in the engineered strain LL1049. This is the first report showing
adhA
is important for ethanol production in a native
adhA
host, which has important implications for achieving higher ethanol yields in other microorganisms.
Imaging the Motility and Chemotaxis Machineries in Helicobacter pylori by Cryo-Electron Tomography
Authors: Qin Zhuan , Lin Wei-ting , Zhu Shiwei , Franco Aime T. , Liu Jun 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori
is a bacterial pathogen that can cause many gastrointestinal diseases, including ulcers and gastric cancer. A unique chemotaxis-mediated motility is critical for
H. pylori
to colonize in the human stomach and to establish chronic infection, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we employ cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to reveal detailed structures of the
H. pylori
cell envelope, including the sheathed flagella and chemotaxis arrays. Notably,
H. pylori
possesses a distinctive periplasmic cage-like structure with 18-fold symmetry. We propose that this structure forms a robust platform for recruiting 18 torque generators, which likely provide the higher torque needed for swimming in high-viscosity environments. We also reveal a series of key flagellar assembly intermediates, providing structural evidence that flagellar assembly is tightly coupled with the biogenesis of the membrane sheath. Finally, we determine the structure of putative chemotaxis arrays at the flagellar pole, which have implications for how the direction of flagellar rotation is regulated. Together, our pilot cryo-ET studies provide novel structural insights into the unipolar flagella of
H. pylori
and lay a foundation for a better understanding of the unique motility of this organism.

IMPORTANCE
Helicobacter pylori
is a highly motile bacterial pathogen that colonizes approximately 50% of the world's population.
H. pylori
can move readily within the viscous mucosal layer of the stomach. It has become increasingly clear that its unique flagella-driven motility is essential for successful gastric colonization and pathogenesis. Here, we use advanced imaging techniques to visualize novel
in situ
structures with unprecedented detail in intact
H. pylori
cells. Remarkably,
H. pylori
possesses multiple unipolar flagella, which are driven by one of the largest flagellar motors found in bacteria. These large motors presumably provide the higher torque needed by the bacterial pathogens to navigate in the viscous environment of the human stomach.
Do smokers have greater risk of delayed and non-union after fracture, osteotomy and arthrodesis? A systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Pearson R G , Clement R G E , Edwards K L , Scammell B E 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesSystematic review and meta-analysis of published observational cohort studies. To quantify the increased risk smokers have of experiencing a delayed and/or non-union in fractures, spinal fusion, osteotomy, arthrodesis or established non-unions.SettingMedical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) and Web of Science Core Collection from 1966 to 2015.Study eligibility criteria, participants and interventionsObservational cohort studies that reported adult smokers and non-smokers with delayed and/or non-union or time to union of the fracture, spinal fusion, osteotomy, arthrodesis or established non-union were eligible.Data extraction and outcome measures2 authors screen titles, abstracts and full papers. Data were extracted by 1 author and checked independently by a second. The relative risk ratios of smoking versus non-smoking and the mean difference in time to union patients developing a delayed and/or non-union were calculated.ResultsThe search identified 3013 articles; of which, 40 studies were included. The meta-analysis of 7516 procedures revealed that smoking is linked to an increased risk of delayed and/or non-union. When considered collectively, smokers have 2.2 (1.9 to 2.6) times the risk of experiencing delayed and/or non-union. In all the subgroups, the increased risk was always ≥1.6 times that of non-smokers. In the patients where union did occur, it was a longer process in the smokers. The data from 923 procedures were included and revealed an increase in time to union of 27.7 days (14.2 to 41.3).ConclusionsSmokers have twice the risk of experiencing a non-union after fracture, spinal fusion, osteotomy, arthrodesis or treatment of non-union. Time to union following fracture, osteotomy, arthrodesis or treatment of an established non-union is longer in smokers. Smokers should be encouraged to abstain from smoking to improve the outcome of these orthopaedic treatments.
Tunable power splitter based on MIM waveguide-rectangle cavity system with Kerr material
Authors: Chen Fang , Xu Yiping 
Published: November 2016

A tunable power splitter based on metal-dielectric metal (MDM) waveguide coupled with rectangle cavity with Kerr nonlinear material is proposed. The power splitter properties are simulated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [Y. H. Guo et al., Opt. Express 19 (2011) 13831–13838]. Simple theoretically analysis and numerically calculation demonstrate that the waveguide-rectangle cavity coupled system performs a tunable plasmonic power splitter. Additionally, the output power ratio can be efficiency tuned by varying the control light intensity. Results obtained by the coupled mode theory are consistent with those from the FDTD simulation. The plasmonic splitter may become a choice for the highly integrated optical circuits.
Parrondo Games with Two-Dimensional Spatial Dependence
Authors: Ethier S. N. , Lee Jiyeon 
Published: November 2016

Parrondo games with one-dimensional (1D) spatial dependence were introduced by Toral and extended to the two-dimensional (2D) setting by Mihailović and Rajković. [Formula: see text] players are arranged in an [Formula: see text] array. There are three games, the fair, spatially independent game [Formula: see text], the spatially dependent game [Formula: see text], and game [Formula: see text], which is a random mixture or non-random pattern of games [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Of interest is [Formula: see text] (or [Formula: see text]), the mean profit per turn at equilibrium to the set of [Formula: see text] players playing game [Formula: see text] (or game [Formula: see text]). Game [Formula: see text] is fair, so if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], then we say the Parrondo effect is present. We obtain a strong law of large numbers (SLLN) and a central limit theorem (CLT) for the sequence of profits of the set of [Formula: see text] players playing game [Formula: see text] (or game [Formula: see text]). The mean and variance parameters are computable for small arrays and can be simulated otherwise. The SLLN justifies the use of simulation to estimate the mean. The CLT permits evaluation of the standard error of a simulated estimate. We investigate the presence of the Parrondo effect for both small arrays and large ones. One of the findings of Mihailović and Rajković was that “capital evolution depends to a large degree on the lattice size.” We provide evidence that this conclusion is partly incorrect. A paradoxical feature of the 2D game [Formula: see text] that does not appear in the 1D setting is that, for fixed [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the mean function [Formula: see text] is not necessarily a monotone function of its parameters.