bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Correlates of Nonpsychotic Psychiatric Symptoms in the General Population
Authors: D'Arcy Carl 
Published: April 2017

This paper reports on the results of a large scale mail questionnaire survey of the prevalence, as well as some social/psychological correlates, of nonpsychotic psychiatric symptoms in the general population of the Province of Saskatchewan. The level of nonpsychotic psychiatric symptoms was measured using the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) developed by Goldberg. The respondent group (2000+, 53% of the available sample) was reasonably representative of the provincial population and forms a good basis for generalization. Data analysis shows that women report a higher level of symptoms than men. There were also significant age variations:for women there was a general decline in mean scores from younger to older age categories with the possible exception of the oldest age group, over 70, in which we see a slight increase; for men, there was a pronounced U-shaped distribution with both younger and older age groups exhibiting high levels of symptomatology. In addition to age and sex, general health, relationships with spouse and others, and a sense of control over one's life experiences were found to be correlated with symptom reporting, underscoring the negative effects of ill health and the inequities in social systems as well as the positive value of good interpersonal relationships. Saskatchewan symptom reporting levels were found to be similar to those reported in Australian and British population samples. These other studies also showed higher levels of symptom reporting infernales than in males. The GHQ data were also factor analyzed to reveal sets or clusters of symptoms. The analysis showed that “anxiety” and “depression” were the major dimensions of the GHQ lending credence to the suggestion that psychiatric screening scales tend to measure “de-morale-ization,” that is, anxiety, sadness, helplessness/hopelessness and a lack of self-esteem.
Forensic Psychiatric Assessment in Selected Canadian Cities
Authors: Webster C.D. , Menzies R.J. , Butler B.T. , Turner R.E. 
Published: April 2017

Forensic psychiatrists in six Canadian municipalities completed a single-page form following each court-ordered assessment conducted during the month of July 1978. A total of 248 cases accumulated during the study period. During the following 18 months researchers collected court dispositions on the sample. With data from all six cities pooled, 85% of patients were found fit to stand trial. Almost all, 96%, were accorded a diagnosis with 39% classified as psychotic. Overall the examining psychiatrists considered 36% to be dangerous to others in the future. When psychiatrists recommended a custodial setting, in 73% of cases the person was incarcerated. Recommendations for hospitalization were observed in 59% of cases. Although the data would seem to suggest that judges take psychiatrists’ recommendations into account, the investigators were nonetheless struck by the general lack of communication between clinic and court. They offer a number of suggestions for improvement.
Psychiatrie Patients who Discharge Themselves against Medical Advice*
Authors: Phillips M.S. , Ali H. 
Published: April 2017

Hospital treatment staff are constantly faced with the problem of psychiatric patients who discharge themselves against medical advice before their treatment is completed. A total of 50 patients who signed themselves out of the 9th floor service of the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, over a two year period, were analyzed. When compared with a random sample of patients who remained for the duration of their treatment, the authors found the A MA patients to have the following characteristics: The patient is likely to be a young male, admitted as an emergency, remain in hospital for three days or less and have a diagnosis of personality disorder or schizophrenia. The authors conclude with a number of recommendations to assist in dealing with the problem.
Effect inattendu de la répétition de comportement imaginée*
Authors: Griez E. , Callens Et J. 
Published: April 2017

En vue de tester l'efficacité de la répétition de comportement imaginée, 33 sujets répartis en trois groupes furent soumis à une tâche dans une situation de stress de type social. Pour réduire l'anxiété due au stress, les participants du premier groupe avaient été préparés sous relaxation par une répétition de comportement imaginée. Ceux du second groupe n'avaient eu que la relaxation et ceux du troisième aucune préparation. Non seulement la répétition de comportement n'a pas eu d'influence favorable sur l'efficacité d'exécution de la tâche mais un effet négatif est apparu. Ces résultats sont discutés.
Briquet and Briquet's Syndrome Viewed from France*
Authors: Dongier Maurice 
Published: April 2017

Briquet's contributions to the description of hysteria have been almost completely forgotten in France. One may wonder how he, as well as contemporary French psychiatrists, would react to the approach to hysteria introduced and officialized by DSM III. In particular, its fragmentation into syndromes without apparent link to each other (psychogenic amnesia, conversion disorders, histrionic personality disorder, etc.) and its psychological causation, unbalanced by the consideration of organic factors in etiology, may raise questions. The correlation of conversion disorders with hysterical personality remains a feature of the WHO classification (ICD 9), as well as a feature of French contemporary texts, although it is no longer viewed as a regular association by American psychiatry. It may be that cultural factors lead, as suggested by Brisset, to a repression of conversion phenomena and of hyperexpressivity of affects replaced by more psychosomatic disorders in many contemporary societies. Finally, one may question whether the choice of the term “Briquet Syndrome” is appropriate, as many of the patients described by him did not have the chronic and malignant course described by Guze: It tends to limit hysteria to one end (the most severe one) of a spectrum of disorders.
Termination of Pregnancy in Teenagers*
Authors: Krishnamoni D. , Jain S.C. 
Published: April 2017

This is a study of some epidemiological aspects of fifty-three unmarried girls, aged sixteen years and under, who were referred for therapeutic termination of pregnancy during the year 1976. Although the results showed that the overall abortion rate in Canada is much higher than in Newfoundland, the abortion rate in the 14–16 year age group is higher in the Province than in the rest of Canada. Secondly, the abortion rate for the fifteen year age group in this Province is higher than that for the sixteen year old girls, suggesting that more pregnancies in the older age group go to term. The rate of abortions among some religious denominations is significantly higher than in others. Urban living does not appear to produce an increase in abortion rates in these age groups. Interruption of schooling due to the occurrence of pregnancy is not a cause for concern in about half of this group. There is some evidence in support of the contention that precocious maturation is related to early pregnancy.
Gas Sniffing as a Form of Substance Abuse
Authors: Remington Gary , Hoffman Brian F. 
Published: April 2017

The authors review the existing literature on inhalation of gasoline fumes, highlighting the acute and chronic physical and psychological effects. The clinical picture of gas sniffing includes visual hallucinations, changes in consciousness, euphoria, nystagmus, dizziness, weakness and tremors. There is the possibility of rapid recovery, sudden death or brain damage with chronic abuse. When leaded gasoline is abused then blood and urine lead levels and erythrocytic delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) levels may be helpful. Although the treatment of acute and chronic gas sniffing syndromes is often supportive and non-specific, when lead levels are high chelated therapy is indicated including British anti-lewisite, calcium disodium versenate or D-penicillamine.We also report our findings on an isolated native Indian population where intentional gas sniffing has reached epidemic proportions. Ten percent of the total population and 25% of the children between 5 and 15 years of age had been identified as gasoline inhalation abusers. In this population, the most important etiological factors included environmental, family and cultural components. The authors emphasize the need to correct the family and social deficiencies in such communities if the incidence of gas sniffing is to be decreased.
Behavioural Assessment of Disturbed, Institutionalized Retardates
Authors: Coons W.H. , Haley G.A. , Maharaj N.R. 
Published: April 2017

While behavioural assessment has had wide application in a number of educational and treatment settings, relatively little has been done to develop programmes specifically/or use with retardates who have been institutionalized/or the treatment of disturbed behaviour. As a result, the development of appropriate procedures for the latter group requires extrapolation from the use of behavioural techniques in other settings. The current literature on behavioural assessment stresses the importance of identifying meaningful response units and their controlling variables, if efficacious treatment programmes are to be mounted. To be maximally useful, assessment must provide a relatively simple description in objective, non-inferential terms of how a patient responds to the demands of daily living. While many reports of treatment programmes focus on the assessment of a single, narrowly defined variable, the occurrence of which can be readily counted, this is not appropriate for the initial assessment procedures of a residential treatment centre. What is required is an omnibus approach which samples the patient's responses to a broad array of environmental situations which are relevant to the centre and its population. A review of available behavioural scales reveals that there are very few reliable omnibus scales available for use with retardates and none which adequately assesses the behavioural concommitants of disturbed retardates. To deal with this group of patients, it is proposed that, initially, two scales be used to sample both normal and maladaptive behaviour. A number of suggestions have been made for implementing behavioural assessment procedures in residential treatment centres, especially for disturbed retardates.
The Re-Establishment of Trust through Psychotherapy
Authors: Greben Stanley E. 
Published: April 2017

In the course of life's experiences mistrust develops in childhood and adulthood. Clinical manifestations of mistrustfulness in patients are discussed. Successful psychotherapy has as one of its principal goals the re-establishment of trust within the patient. This takes place through the development of trust toward the therapist. This experience serves as a bridge to the re-establishment of trust in others. Those personal qualities in the therapist which are of the greatest importance in this area are reliability and realistic hopefulness. Being taken seriously and the opportunity to attach to the therapist are also very significant. The place of the therapist's interventions as well as the relevant significant qualities in the patient are also discussed. Trust breeds trust, connection with others and, thence personal security. This is a basic goal of psychotherapy.
An Effective Therapeutic Intervention with Adolescent In-Patients in Love
Authors: Collins Rex 
Published: April 2017

Easson noted in 1967 how little had been published on intimate (frequently sexual) involvements between adolescents in in-patient settings and remarked how staff attitudes and countertransference feelings frequently resulted in an unsatisfactory resolution of such occurrences. Since that time the literature has remained sparse, yet the phenomenon and the problem of how best to deal with it persists. The present case study of two female in-patients “in love” attempts to demonstrate the usefulness of a simple and presumably infrequently used mode of intervention in promoting therapeutic growth and facilitating ward management. Rather than attempting to separate the two patients and deal with issues of their relationship individually, the existence of the relationship was acknowledged and accepted, and conjoint meetings which explored its troublesome aspects were held with them and their respective therapists. Provocative behaviour on the ward diminished, some insights were gained and their separation due to the discharge of one of them was effected with minimum turmoil. While certain factors specific to the case may have contributed to the outcome, the success of the intervention, nonetheless, warrants further application and study in the clinical arena.
Barriers to Care
Authors: Eisenberg Leon 
Published: April 2017

In elevating cost containment to a first principle, the current political debate about health policy in the U.S. and Canada has lost sight of what should be its primary concern: the health status of the population. The two need not be incompatible. Many current medical procedures are of uncertain value for health and entail sizable costs. The application of the knowledge obtained through randomized clinical trials to the practice of medicine can improve public health and at the same time save money for needed health purposes.Technology has come to dominate medical vision and has created conceptual barriers to responsive medical care. Doctors must attend to the illness experience of the patient as well as disease in organs and tissues. The limits of the biomedical model in psychiatry are illustrated by means of a hypothetical instrument: the PET/NMR cephaloscope. Clinical experience in psychiatry makes it abundantly clear that family and cultural environment are decisive determinants of functional status, even in disease conditions with a major organic component.
Abortion and Subsequent Pregnancy
Authors: Bradley Christine F. 
Published: April 2017

Two hundred and fifty-four women were followed from the second trimester of pregnancy until twelve months postpartum. Of these women, twenty-eight had had a prior therapeutic abortion and 216 women had no previous abortion. During their pregnancy and the postpartum period, the women completed a series of psychological and attitudinal measures. Analysis revealed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of their demographic status, their obstetric experience or attitudes towards labour and birth. The study failed to demonstrate a relationship between anxiety during pregnancy and a prior abortion, nor were there any indications of inadequate maternal functioning. Women who had a prior abortion scored higher on the autonomy and nurturance subscales of the Personality Research Form, and had higher levels of depressive affect in the third trimester of pregnancy and in the postpartum period.
Countertransference and Supervision: A Discussion of Some Dynamics from the Point of View of the Supervisee*
Authors: Gauthier M. 
Published: April 2017

Although the important role of supervision in the training of psychotherapists is generally well recognized, it does remain a neglected topic in daily psychiatric practice. An overview of the abundant literature written on the subject shows the paucity of papers that take the perspective of the supervisee and subjectively describe the experience. A common difficulty of the supervisory process appears to be the management of the therapist's feelings both in his relationship with the patient and with the supervisor. This problem is approached from the point of view of the supervisee, using a group perspective. A clinical vignette, from a supervised individual psychotherapy process illustrates how supervision is a mourning process where frustrations and losses abound. The difficult task of working through these conflictual feelings is fundamental for the supervisee if he wants to learn from the experience. Within this painful process (and to avoid it) many defensive mechanisms are often used and are described by the author along with some of their possible psycho dynamics.
The Teaching of Psychotherapy in Canadian Psychiatric Residency Programs: Residents’ Perceptions
Authors: Pérez E.L. , Krul L.E. , Kapoor R. 
Published: April 2017

In order to determine the residents’ perceptions toward their psychotherapy training, a questionnaire was distributed to 400 residents in the 16 Canadian psychiatric residency programs. The main areas studied were: i) the resident's demographic and educational characteristics; ii) the residency program characteristics; iii) the type of training available in different psychotherapeutic modalities; iv) the analysis of quality and quantity of attention given to different elements of psychotherapy supervision (patient assessment, diagnostic formulation of treatment approach and goals); v) the degree of importance attributed by the residents to the above mentioned elements of psychotherapy supervision; and vi) the residents’ perception of their supervisor's attributes (examples: teaching ability and rapport). Forty-two percent of the residents completed the questionnaire. Residents mentioned that the most adequate supervision was for long-term individual psychotherapy cases and that behavioral and group therapy supervision was the least adequate. The three most essential qualities in a supervisor's profile were judged to be: a) capacity for the development of a good rapport with the trainee; b) ability to pinpoint residents’ psychotherapy shortcomings and his willingness to help residents to overcome them; c) ability to teach. Three factors that significantly influenced the trainees perception of their psychotherapy training were: i) resident's age, ii) a seminar in individual psychotherapy in the residency core program; iii) having received more than one hour weekly of psychotherapy supervision. The understanding of patient's psychodynamics was the most adequately taught element during psychotherapy supervision. The authors discuss briefly some recommendations for the teaching of psychotherapy in Canadian residency programs.
Boom Town Mental Health
Authors: Bland Roger C. , Orn Helene , Sinha Birendra 
Published: April 2017

Population surveys were conducted, examining non-psychotic psychiatric symptoms, life events, and problems in community living in Primrose, a community experiencing rapid growth in anticipation of the construction of a heavy oil extraction plant, and in Wolf Creek, a stable rural town. Psychiatric symptom levels were lower in the boom town than in Wolf Creek, but the Primrose symptom levels were comparable to those in Saskatchewan. More life events were experienced by Primrose residents who, despite lower symptom levels, had seen their physician more often for minor illnesses. The complaints about living in the town of Primrose matched those of boom town residents from elsewhere. There was no evidence to support the popular view that living in a boom town creates more nonpsychotic psychiatric symptomatology. The higher proportion of the boom town population using physician services for minor illnesses, the higher level of life events reported, and the high frequency of reported problems for families living in the boom town support suggestions that stress is associated with these conditions.
Combining Motherhood with Psychiatric Training and Practice
Authors: Stewart Donna E. , Robinson Gail Erlick 
Published: April 2017

Psychiatric residency or practice is difficult to combine with motherhood. The experiences of 82 women psychiatrists surveyed in the last year (47 residents and 35 staff doctors) are reviewed in a number of related areas — the difficulties of pregnancy, maternity leave, child rearing and the conflicts between motherhood and practicing psychiatry. Part-time residency is explored from both the resident's and hospital's perspective. Suggestions to make practice or residency more compatible with child rearing are discussed. Other issues such as work-based day care, realistic tax credit for child care expenses, and the difficulties of obtaining reliable and good home help and child care are reviewed. There are numerous conflicts for women psychiatrists who work while their children are young and these problems need to be acknowledged and addressed by the profession. It is noteworthy that as well as a supportive spouse and good child care, the attitudes of colleagues and supervisors and the need for good role models were frequently cited as being critical to the success of combining a psychiatric career with motherhood. As more women enter the profession (approximately 50% of psychiatric residents in Canada are now female, and more than 50% of them plan to combine children with their profession at some stage of their career) the need to find creative and workable solutions to these problems becomes more pressing.
Psychothérapie: La confusion des langues
Authors: Montgrain Noël 
Published: April 2017

Psychiatry has to make choices in the wide range of psychotherapies. A good classification however permits to distinguish those that are of personal development, those that have mainly a political significance of those that have really a clinical use. The psychoanalytic model keeps being the most useful one for understanding the psychiatric patients and for their treatment. Researches should be undertaken to adapt the model to more realistic issues. Short-term analytic psychotherapies should be tested in adapted settings, with emphasis on focal problems, present unconscious stresses and limited goals.
ECT in an Acutely Psychotic Pregnant Woman with Actively Aggressive (Homicidal) Impulses
Authors: Varan Lily R. , Gillieson Martin S. , Skene D.S. , Sarwer-Foner Gerald J. 
Published: April 2017

The specific use of ECT to control homicidal impulses in a pregnant, acutely psychotic schizophrenic patient is described, with no adverse effects to the mother or the baby. Besides the relative safety of the procedure during pregnancy, the need for monitoring foetal effects is stressed. Although literature is abundant on various aspects of ECT (1–3) there has been little written on its use in pregnancy (4–6) for its value in treating severe depressive illness or certain types of schizophrenia; without adverse effect to the mother and the baby, and where there is a risk-benefit advantage to its use. Nineteen hundred and eighty-four marked 50 years in the history of the use of convulsive therapy (Metrazol) since its introduction into the realm of psychiatry by the Hungarian psychiatrist, Ladislas Meduna. Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) has been the subject of much controversy among the lay public and some professionals alike in recent years, even though it is generally considered to be one of the most effective treatments available in psychiatry. The Canadian Psychiatric Association (7), the American Psychiatric Association (8), and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (U.K.) (9) have made their position clear on the issue. In a recent Canadian survey of the use of ECT, Smith concluded, “Some of the reported rates are below the predicted minimum levels” indicating that “certain patients have been deprived of the most effective treatment available” (10).