bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐fire recovery of litter detritivores is limited by distance from burn edge
Authors: Arnold Kate T. , Murphy Nicholas P. , Gibb Heloise 
Published: June 2016

AbstractClimate change is likely to result in an increased frequency of extreme fire events, including more large‐extent wildfires. The effects of fire extent on post‐fire faunal recovery are poorly understood. Effects on invertebrate detritivores are of particular interest due to their functional importance in litter breakdown. We asked if distance from fire edge affected the composition and morphological traits of a key group of large invertebrate detritivores: cockroaches (Blattodea) 6 years after fire. We used six replicate transects in herb‐rich foothill habitat in areas that were severely burnt during the 2009 Black Saturday fires, north‐east of Melbourne, Australia. Transects extended from unburnt controls up to 5 km into large extent burns. Habitat variables were measured and cockroach abundances were recorded using artificial habitats comprised of stacked egg trays. Cockroach morphological traits were recorded in the laboratory. Multivariate generalized linear models revealed that habitats varied with transect, but not distance into the burn, suggesting recovery of habitat features relevant to cockroaches. Distance from burn did not affect the species richness or abundance of cockroaches, but both richness and abundance increased with bark and litter cover and decreased at lower temperatures. Cockroach assemblage composition responded significantly to distance into burn, transect and habitat variables, although only Platyzosteria similis was negatively associated with distance into the burn. Fourth corner models including traits did not provide greater predictive power than models including only species abundances and environmental variables. Wing presence, which was associated with smaller body size, did not affect site occupancy. Although species traits did not predict cockroach responses, our work shows that distance into a fire, a surrogate for fire extent, continued to be an important determinant of post‐fire assemblages 6 years after fire. An increase in large‐extent fires may reduce the recolonization potential of some cockroach species, potentially limiting their functional importance in litter breakdown.
Does cardiotocography have a role in the antenatal management of pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus?
Authors: Jeffery Timothy , Petersen Rodney , Quinlivan Julie 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundControversy surrounds the role of fetal cardiotocography (CTG) in the antenatal management of pregnancy complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).AimThe aim was to investigate whether antenatal CTG aids management in pregnancy complicated by GDM.Materials and methodsA prospective audit of 1404 consecutive antenatal CTG in women diagnosed with GDM. Outcomes for all CTG were audited to determine whether CTG altered pregnancy management.ResultsIn women requiring combination therapy (diet and medication), 43 CTG were required to change management of a pregnancy. In women managed by diet alone with a secondary pregnancy complication, 161 CTG were required to change management. In women managed by diet alone with no secondary pregnancy complication, CTG did not change management.ConclusionsAntenatal CTG is not recommended in women with GDM managed by diet alone with no secondary pregnancy complication. Antenatal CTG is recommended in women with GDM who require combination therapy (diet and medication). The role of CTG in women managed by diet alone with a secondary pregnancy complication should be based upon the nature of the complication.
Antimicrobial resistance genes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis and Pasteurella multocida isolated from Australian pigs
Authors: Dayao DAE , Gibson JS , Blackall PJ , Turni C 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo identify genes associated with the observed antimicrobial resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis and Pasteurella multocida isolated from Australian pigs.DesignIsolates with known phenotypic resistance to β‐lactams, macrolides and tetracycline were screened for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes.ProcedureA total of 68 A. pleuropneumoniae, 62 H. parasuis and 20 P. multocida isolates exhibiting phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida) or elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (H. parasuis) to any of the following antimicrobial agents − ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin, tetracycline, tilmicosin and tulathromycin − were screened for a total of 19 associated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) by PCR.ResultsThe gene bla
ROB‐1 was found in all ampicillin‐ and penicillin‐resistant isolates, but none harboured the bla
TEM‐1 gene. The tetB gene was found in 76% (74/97) of tetracycline‐resistant isolates, 49/53 A. pleuropneumoniae, 17/30 H. parasuis and 8/14 P. multocida. One A. pleuropneumoniae isolate harboured the tetH gene, but none of the 97 isolates had tetA, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetL, tetM or tetO. A total of 92 isolates were screened for the presence of macrolide resistance genes. None was found to have ermA, ermB, ermC, erm42, mphE, mefA, msrA or msrE.ConclusionThe current study has provided a genetic explanation for the resistance or elevated MIC of the majority of isolates of Australian porcine respiratory pathogens to ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline. However, the macrolide resistance observed by phenotypic testing remains genetically unexplained and further studies are required.
Transitioning care‐leavers with mental health needs: ‘they set you up to fail!’
Authors: Butterworth Sarah , Singh Swaran P. , Birchwood Max , Islam Zoebia , Munro Emily R. , Vostanis Panos , Paul Moli , Khan Alia , Simkiss Douglas 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundChildren in the UK care system often face multiple disadvantages in terms of health, education and future employment. This is especially true of mental health where they present with greater mental health needs than other children. Although transition from care – the process of leaving the local authority as a child‐in‐care to independence – is a key juncture for young people, it is often experienced negatively with inconsistency in care and exacerbation of existing mental illness. Those receiving support from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), often experience an additional, concurrent transfer to adult services (AMHS), which are guided by different service models which can create a care gap between services.MethodThis qualitative study explored care‐leavers’ experiences of mental illness, and transition in social care and mental health services. Twelve care‐leavers with mental health needs were interviewed and data analysed using framework analysis.ResultsSixteen individual themes were grouped into four superordinate themes: overarching attitudes towards the care journey, experience of social care, experience of mental health services and recommendations.ConclusionsExisting social care and mental health teams can improve the care of care‐leavers navigating multiple personal, practical and service transitions. Recommendations include effective Pathway Planning, multiagency coordination, and stating who is responsible for mental health care and its coordination. Participants asked that youth mental health services span the social care transition; and provide continuity of mental health provision when care‐leavers are at risk of feeling abandoned and isolated, suffering deteriorating mental health and struggling to establish new relationships with professionals. Young people say that the key to successful transition and achieving independence is maintaining trust and support from services.
Synthesis of Human Skin Pigmentation Disorders
Authors: Barros R. S. , Walter M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChanges in the human pigmentary system can lead to imbalances in the distribution of melanin in the skin resulting in artefacts known as pigmented lesions. Our work takes as departing point biological data regarding human skin, the pigmentary system and the melanocytes life cycle and presents a reaction–diffusion model for the simulation of the shape features of human‐pigmented lesions. The simulation of such disorders has many applications in dermatology, for instance, to assist dermatologists in diagnosis and training related to pigmentation disorders. Our study focuses, however, on applications related to computer graphics. Thus, we also present a method to seamless blend the results of our simulation model in images of healthy human skin. In this context, our model contributes to the generation of more realistic skin textures and therefore more realistic human models. In order to assess the quality of our results, we measured and compared the characteristics of the shape of real and synthesized pigmented lesions. We show that synthesized and real lesions have no statistically significant differences in their shape features. Visually, our results also compare favourably with images of real lesions, being virtually indistinguishable from real images.
Morphometric evaluation of the early stages of healing at cortical and marrow compartments at titanium implants: an experimental study in the dog
Authors: Caroprese Marino , Lang Niklaus P. , Rossi Fabio , Ricci Sara , Favero Riccardo , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo study the early sequential stages of tissue composition in the cortical and marrow compartments of the alveolar bone crest at implants with a moderately rough surface.Materials and methodsThree month after tooth extraction in 12 Labrador dogs, full‐thickness flaps were elevated in the edentulous region of the right side of the mandible and one implant was installed. The flaps were sutured to allow a fully submerged healing. The timing of the installations in the left side of the mandible and of sacrifices were scheduled in such a way to obtained biopsies representing the healing after 5, 10, 20, and 30 days. Ground sections (n = 6 per each healing period) were prepared, and the percentages of osteoid/new bone, old bone, new soft tissues (provisional matrix and primitive marrow), mature bone marrow, vessels, and other tissues (bone debris/particles and clot) were evaluated laterally to the implant surface up to a distance of about 0.4 mm from it.ResultsOsteoid/new bone was found after 5 days at percentages of 10.8 ± 4.3% at the marrow and 0.6 ± 0.6% at the cortical compartments. After 30 days, these percentages increased up to 56.4 ± 4.0% and 23.3 ± 6.1%, respectively. Old parent bone was resorbed between 5 and 30 days from 28.7 ± 10.9% to 14.9 ± 3.4% at the marrow (~48% of resorption) and from 81.2 ± 9.4% to 67.6 ± 5.6% at the cortical (~17% of resorption) compartments. All differences were statistically significant.ConclusionBone apposition to an implant surface followed a significantly different pattern in the compact and the marrow compartments around the implants. While in the compact compartments, bone apposition had to develop through the BMUs following resorption, it developed in very dense layers through an early apposition in the marrow compartments.
Colorectal cancer resection in the Australian nonagenarian patient
Authors: Schlichtemeier S. , Logaraj A. , Gill A. J. , Engel A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe nonagenarian population is a rapidly growing segment of the Australian population. Surgical resection continues to offer the best chance of long‐term survival in colorectal cancer. The primary aims of the present study were to evaluate the 30‐day mortality and survival of Australian patients ≥ 90 years of age undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer in our health service. The secondary aims were to examine the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients and their tumours.MethodAll patients ≥ 90 years of age undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer from 1998 to 2012 were identified in a centralized multihospital database. Key clinicopathological data, 30‐day mortality and long‐term overall survival were recorded for each patient.ResultsThere were 121 patients identified of median age 91 years, 74% of whom were female. The median tumour size was 40 mm, and 51% of operations were carried out as an emergency. The TNM stage was Stage I/II in 57%, Stage III in 40% and Stage IV in 3%. The 30‐day mortality was 6.6% (eight of 121) and the 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year overall survival rates were 82.6%, 50.2% and 32.3%, respectively.ConclusionSurgical resection in the nonagenarian patient has an acceptable mortality and offers good overall survival.
The macroecology of infectious diseases: a new perspective on global‐scale drivers of pathogen distributions and impacts
Authors: Stephens Patrick R. , Altizer Sonia , Smith Katherine F. , Alonso Aguirre A. , Brown James H. , Budischak Sarah A. , Byers James E. , Dallas Tad A. , Jonathan Davies T. , Drake John M. , Ezenwa Vanessa O. , Farrell Maxwell J. , Gittleman John L. , Han Barbara A. , Huang Shan , Hutchinson Rebecca A. , Johnson Pieter , Nunn Charles L. , Onstad David , Park Andrew , Vazquez‐Prokopec Gonzalo M. , Schmidt John P. , Poulin Robert 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIdentifying drivers of infectious disease patterns and impacts at the broadest scales of organisation is one of the most crucial challenges for modern science, yet answers to many fundamental questions remain elusive. These include what factors commonly facilitate transmission of pathogens to novel host species, what drives variation in immune investment among host species, and more generally what drives global patterns of parasite diversity and distribution? Here we consider how the perspectives and tools of macroecology, a field that investigates patterns and processes at broad spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, are expanding scientific understanding of global infectious disease ecology. In particular, emerging approaches are providing new insights about scaling properties across all living taxa, and new strategies for mapping pathogen biodiversity and infection risk. Ultimately, macroecology is establishing a framework to more accurately predict global patterns of infectious disease distribution and emergence.
Efficient representative pattern mining based on weight and maximality conditions
Authors: Yun Unil , Lee Gangin , Lee Kyung‐Min 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAs a core area in data mining, frequent pattern (or itemset) mining has been studied for a long time. Weighted frequent pattern mining prunes unimportant patterns and maximal frequent pattern mining discovers compact frequent patterns. These approaches contribute to improving mining performance by reducing the search space. However, we need to consider both the downward closure property and patterns' subset checking process when integrating these different methods in order to prevent unintended pattern losses. Moreover, it is also essential to extract valid patterns with faster runtime and less memory consumption. For this reason, in this paper, we propose more efficient maximal weighted frequent pattern (MWFP) mining approaches based on tree and array structures. We describe how to handle these problems more efficiently, maintaining the correctness of our method. We develop two types of maximal weighted frequent mining algorithms based on weight ascending order and support descending order and compare these two algorithms to conclude which is more suitable for MWFP mining. In addition, comprehensive tests in this paper show that our algorithms are more efficient and scalable than state‐of‐the‐art algorithms, and they also have the correctness of the MWFP mining in terms of their pattern generation results.
Cyclic hysteresis of AZ31B extrusion under load‐control tests using embedded sensor technology
Authors: Marzbanrad B , Toyserkani E , Jahed H 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe fatigue behaviour of AZ31B extrusion magnesium alloy under load‐control cyclic test conditions is estimated using a combination of simulation and experimental results. The strain measurement of this asymmetric material is found experimentally using a Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor during rotating bending tests. Then, to analyse applied stresses in the sample – particularly in the plastic deformation range – the Variable Material Property (VMP) method is employed. Using this simulation method, the hysteresis loops of two critical top and bottom elements of the sample's cross section under different bending moments are obtained. Finally, the strain of the sample during rotating bending, as measured by the embedded FBG sensor, is related to the stresses obtained from the modeling using a mapping function. The hystereses obtained from this combination of the modeling and experimental results are compared with the results of a companion strain‐control pull–push test in which the input strain history was that of measured by the FBG sensor. Observations verify that the stresses of the combined VMP‐FBG hysteresis loops have good compatibility with the stress responses obtained through the experiment. The hybrid model introduced in this work can be employed to capture cyclic hysteresis, and hence estimate the fatigue life, under load‐controlled rotating bending tests.
Effects of silver nanoparticles on bacterioplankton in a boreal lake
Authors: Blakelock Graham C. , Xenopoulos Marguerite A. , Norman Beth C. , Vincent Jennifer L. , Frost Paul C. 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used antimicrobial agents and a growing body of evidence suggests that their release into aquatic environments threatens natural bacterial communities and whole ecosystems. However, a knowledge gap exists between the toxic effects of AgNPs found in laboratory studies and their potential impacts in natural environments.

In an enclosure experiment conducted in a boreal lake, we exposed natural bacterial communities to AgNPs with two common types of coatings (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and citrate) under two different exposure regimes, a one‐time (pulse) and a continuous (chronic) addition. AgNP additions increased Ag concentrations to nearly 50 μg L−1 in the highest treatments. We examined bacterial responses (abundance, biomass, production, chlorophyll‐a content and nutrient stoichiometry) over the course of 6 weeks in the summer of 2012.

Bacterioplankton exposed to AgNPs initially accumulated Ag over the experimental period regardless of AgNP concentration or coating. After the initial period of increase, Ag in the bacterial size fraction changed largely in concert with bacterial biomass.

We found no toxic effects of AgNPs on bacterioplankton abundance, biomass, production or chlorophyll‐a content throughout the experiment. Bacterial production was greater after the pulse addition of PVP‐coated AgNPs and in the chronic addition of PVP‐coated AgNPs at the highest concentrations. Furthermore, AgNPs produced no significant changes in nutrient stoichiometry of the bacterioplankton size fraction.

This lack of effects of AgNPs on lake bacterioplankton observed under the natural conditions studied here differs from results of short‐term and laboratory studies of single‐species bacterial cultures. Our results thus indicate AgNP effects in lakes may be less than expected based on standard laboratory experiments, and that additional studies are needed to understand AgNP toxicity under realistic natural conditions in lakes and other ecosystems.
Environment and predation govern fish community assembly in temperate streams
Authors: Giam Xingli , Olden Julian D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe elucidation of patterns and drivers of community assembly remains a fundamental issue in ecology. Past studies have focused on a limited number of communities at local or regional scales, thus precluding a comprehensive examination of assembly rules. We addressed this challenge by examining stream fish community assembly within numerous independent watersheds spanning a broad environmental gradient. We aimed to answer the following questions: (1) are fish communities structured non‐randomly, and (2) what is the relative importance of environmental filtering, predator–prey interactions and interspecific competition in driving species associations?LocationThe conterminous USA.MethodsWe used null models to analyse species associations in streams. Non‐random communities were defined as those where the summed number of segregated and aggregated species pairs exceeded the number expected by chance. We used species traits to characterize species dissimilarity in environmental requirements (ENV), identify potential predator–prey interactions (PRED) and estimate likely degree of competition based on species similarity in body size, feeding strategies and phylogeny (COMP). To evaluate the effect of environmental filtering, predation and competition on species associations, we related ENV, PRED and COMP to the degree of species segregation.ResultsThe majority (75–85%) of watersheds had non‐random fish communities. Species segregation increased with species dissimilarity in environmental requirements (ENV). An increase in competition strength (COMP) did not appear to increase segregation. Species pairs engaging in predator–prey interactions (PRED) were more segregated than non‐predator–prey pairs. ENV was more predictive of the degree of species segregation than PRED.Main conclusionsWe provide compelling evidence for widespread non‐random structure in US stream fish communities. Community assembly is governed largely by environmental filtering, followed by predator–prey interactions, whereas the influence of interspecific competition appears minimal. Applying a traits‐based approach to continent‐wide datasets provides a powerful approach for examining the existence of assembly rules in nature.
A comparison between physicians and computer algorithms for form CMS‐2728 data reporting
Authors: Malas Mohammed Said , Wish Jay , Moorthi Ranjani , Grannis Shaun , Dexter Paul , Duke Jon , Moe Sharon 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroduction: CMS‐2728 form (Medical Evidence Report) assesses 23 comorbidities chosen to reflect poor outcomes and increased mortality risk. Previous studies questioned the validity of physician reporting on forms CMS‐2728. We hypothesize that reporting of comorbidities by computer algorithms identifies more comorbidities than physician completion, and, therefore, is more reflective of underlying disease burden. Methods: We collected data from CMS‐2728 forms for all 296 patients who had incident ESRD diagnosis and received chronic dialysis from 2005 through 2014 at Indiana University outpatient dialysis centers. We analyzed patients' data from electronic medical records systems that collated information from multiple health care sources. Previously utilized algorithms or natural language processing was used to extract data on 10 comorbidities for a period of up to 10 years prior to ESRD incidence. These algorithms incorporate billing codes, prescriptions, and other relevant elements. We compared the presence or unchecked status of these comorbidities on the forms to the presence or absence according to the algorithms. Findings: Computer algorithms had higher reporting of comorbidities compared to forms completion by physicians. This remained true when decreasing data span to one year and using only a single health center source. The algorithms determination was well accepted by a physician panel. Importantly, algorithms use significantly increased the expected deaths and lowered the standardized mortality ratios. Discussion: Using computer algorithms showed superior identification of comorbidities for form CMS‐2728 and altered standardized mortality ratios. Adapting similar algorithms in available EMR systems may offer more thorough evaluation of comorbidities and improve quality reporting.