bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing HIV transition services for young adults
Authors: Foster Caroline , Fidler Sarah 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
A total of 1.8 million adolescents live with HIV and constitute the only age group in which HIV-associated mortality continues to rise. Meeting their healthcare needs as they transition from paediatric services to adult care is vital for their own health and in prevention of onward transmission to partners and offspring. In this review, we discuss the issues around transition, both within HIV health care and the wider transitions adolescents negotiate as they move out of childhood and into adult life.

Recent findings
Although transition models vary widely across the globe, the difficulties faced in gathering robust outcome data following transition to adult care and in linkage between paediatric and adult cohorts are universal. Data are particularly sparse for behaviourally infected adolescents outside North America and for key population groups. Poorer health outcomes universal to adolescents may reflect the complex multisystem developmental transition from childhood-to-adulthood, of which transition of healthcare services is a small part.

Summary
The complex needs of this generation are well described and whilst examples of good practice are emerging, how best to support their transition to adulthood requires carefully tailored studies of cost-effective interventions that can be up scaled in resource limited settings.
Electrodiagnostic Evidence of Berrettini Anastomosis
Authors: Seidel Madeleine E. , Seidel Geoffrey K. , Hakopian David , Hornbach Erich , Andary Michael 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
Cadaveric palmar dissections reveal an ulnar sensory crossover (Berrettini anastomosis) to the third common palmar nerve so frequently that this crossover is considered a normal part of the anatomy. No literature has documented electrophysiologic evidence of the Berrettini anastomosis (BA). Presentation of third digit ulnar sensory crossover waveforms.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review case series. Clinical office. Nerve conduction waveforms and data.

Results:
Ulnar stimulation sensory crossover waveforms to digit three consistent with BA are presented.

Conclusions:
Third digit BA is measurable in routine electrodiagnostic nerve conduction study in some patients. The observed BA latency is the same and the amplitude is smaller (25% to 33%) than the ulnar sensory response. The clinical significance of the BA sensory response is unclear. The presence of a BA in severe carpal tunnel syndrome may give a small amplitude normal latency sensory response that could be misinterpreted and lead to a false negative result.
Dissecting FcγR Regulation Through a Multivalent Binding Model
Authors: Robinett Ryan A. , Guan Ning , Lux Anja , Biburger Markus , Nimmerjahn Falk , Meyer Aaron S 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMany immune receptors transduce activation across the plasma membrane through their clustering. With Fcγ receptors, this clustering is driven by binding to antibodies of differing affinities that are in turn bound to multivalent antigen. As a consequence of this activation mechanism, accounting for and rationally manipulating IgG effector function is complicated by, among other factors, differing affinities between FcγR species and changes in the valency of antigen binding. In this study, we show that a model of multivalent receptor-ligand binding can effectively account for the contribution of IgG-FcγR affinity and immune complex valency. This model in turn enables us to make specific predictions about the effect of immune complexes of defined composition. In total, these results enable both rational immune complex design for a desired IgG effector function and the deconvolution of effector function by immune complexes.Summary pointsAvidity most prominently modulates low-affinity FcγR-immune complex bindingA multivalent binding model can quantitatively predict FcγR-immune complex bindingImmune complex avidity has an outsized contribution to FcγR multimerizationas compared to bindingA binding model deconvoles and predicts the influence of interventions modulatingin vivoFcγR-driven effector function
A single cycle influenza virus coated in H7 hemagglutinin provides heterotypic protection and neutralising antibody responses to both glycoproteins
Authors: Powell Timothy J , Rijal Pramila , McEwen-Smith Rosanna M , Byun Haewon , Hardwick Marc , Schimanski Lisa M , Huang Kuan-Ying A , Daniels Rodney S , Townsend Alain R M 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA non-replicating form of pseudotyped influenza virus, inactivated by suppression of the hemagglutinin signal sequence (S-FLU), can act as a broadly protective vaccine. S-FLU can infect for a single round only, and induces heterotypic protection predominantly through activation of cross-reactive T cells in the lung. Unlike the licensed live attenuated virus, it cannot reassort a pandemic HA into seasonal influenza. Here we present data on four new forms of S-FLU coated with the H7 hemagglutinins from A/Anhui/1/2013 and A/Shanghai/1/2013, H7N9 viruses that emerged recently in China, and A/Netherlands/219/2003 and A/New York/107/2003. We show that vaccination in the lung induced a strong local CD8 T cell response and protected against heterosubtypic X31 (H3N2) virus and highly virulent PR8 (H1N1), but not influenza B virus. Lung vaccination also induced a strong neutralising antibody response to the encoded neuraminidase. If given at higher dose in the periphery, H7 S-FLU induced a specific neutralising antibody response to H7 hemagglutinin coating the particle. Polyvalent vaccination with mixed H7 S-FLU induced a broadly neutralising antibody response to all four H7 strains. S-FLU is a versatile vaccine candidate that could be rapidly mobilized ahead of a new pandemic threat.
Paramecium Learning: New Insights and Modifications
Authors: Alipour Abolfazl , Dorvash Mohammadreza , Yeganeh Yasaman , Hatam Gholamreza 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLearning is a fundamental process in neural systems. However, microorganisms without a nervous system have been shown to possess learning abilities. Specifically,Paramecium caudatumhas been previously reported to be able to form associations between lighting conditions and cathodal shocks in its swimming medium. We have replicated previous reports on this phenomenon and tested the predictions of a molecular pathway hypothesis on paramecium learning. Our results indicated that in contrast to the previous reports, paramecium can only associate higher light intensities with cathodal stimulation and it cannot associate lower light intensities with cathodal stimulation. These results found to be in line with the predictions of the previously proposed model for the molecular mechanisms of learning in paramecium which depends on the effects of cathodal shocks on the interplay between Cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration and phototactic behavior of paramecium.
Failure through expanding voids in bacterial streamers
Authors: Biswas Ishita , Ghosh Ranajay , Sadrzadeh Mohtada , Kumar Aloke 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe investigate the failure of thick bacterial floc-mediated streamers in a microfluidic device with micro-pillars. We found that streamers could fail due to the growth of voids in the biomass that originate near the pillar walls. The quantification of void growth was made possible by the use of 200 nm fluorescent polystyrene beads. The beads get trapped in the extra-cellular matrix of the streamer biomass and act as tracers. Void growth time-scales could be characterized into short-time scales and long time-scales and the crack/void propagation showed several instances of fracture-arrest ultimately leading to a catastrophic failure of the entire streamer structure. This mode of fracture stands in strong contrast to necking-type instability observed before in streamers.
Functional Parcellation of the Default Mode Network: A Large-Scale Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Shaoming , Tepfer Lindsey J. , Taren Adrienne A. , Smith David V. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe default mode network (DMN) consists of several regions that selectively interact to support distinct domains of cognition. Of the various sites that partake in DMN function, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), temporal parietal junction (TPJ), and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) are frequently identified as key contributors. Yet, it remains unclear whether these subcomponents of the DMN make unique contributions to specific cognitive processes and health conditions. To address this issue, we applied a meta-analytic parcellation approach used in prior work. This approach used the Neurosynth database and classification methods to quantify the association between PCC, TPJ, and MPFC activation and specific topics related to cognition and health (e.g., decision making and smoking). Our analyses replicated prior observations that the PCC, TPJ, and MPFC collectively support multiple cognitive functions such as decision making, memory, and awareness. To gain insight into the functional organization of each region, we parceled each region based on its coactivation pattern with the rest of the brain. This analysis indicated that each region could be further subdivided into functionally distinct subcomponents. Taken together, we further delineate DMN function by demonstrating the relative strengths of association among subcomponents across a range of cognitive processes and health conditions. A continued attentiveness to the specialization within the DMN allows future work to consider the nuances in sub-regional contributions necessary for healthy cognition, as well as create the potential for more targeted treatment protocols in various health conditions.
Androgen receptor binding sites are highly mutated in prostate cancer
Authors: Morova Tunç , Gönen Mehmet , Gursoy Attila , Keskin Özlem , Lack Nathan A. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTAndrogen receptor (AR) signalling is essential to nearly all prostate cancer cells. Any alterations to AR-mediated transcription can have a profound effect on prostate carcinogenesis and tumour growth. While the AR protein has been extensively studied, little is know about mutations to the non-coding regions where AR binds to DNA. Using clinical whole genome sequencing, we demonstrate that AR binding sites have a dramatically increased rate of mutations that is greater than any other transcription factor and specific to only prostate cancer. Demonstrating this may be common to lineage-specific transcription factors, estrogen receptor binding sites had an elevated rate of mutations in breast cancer. Based on the mutations observed at the binding site of AR and other related transcription factors, we proposed that AR occupancy impairs access of base excision repair enzymes to endogenous DNA damage. Overall, this work demonstrates that non-coding AR binding sites are frequently mutated in prostate cancer and may potentially act as driver mutations.
EASI-tag enables accurate multiplexed and interference-free MS2-based proteome quantification
Authors: Winter Sebastian Virreira , Meier Florian , Wichmann Christoph , Cox Juergen , Mann Matthias , Meissner Felix 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe developed EASI-tag (Easily Abstractable Sulfoxide-based Isobaric tag), a new generation of amine-derivatizing and sulfoxide-containing isobaric labelling reagents, which dissociate at low collision energy and generate peptide-coupled, interference-free reporter ions with high yield. Efficient isolation of 12C precursors and quantification at the MS2 level enable accurate determination of quantitative differences between multiplexed samples. EASI-tag makes isobaric labeling applicable to any bottom up proteomics workflow and to benchtop mass spectrometers.
What goes up must come down Biomechanical impact analysis of jumping locusts
Authors: Reichel Simon V. , Labisch Susanna , Dirks Jan-Henning 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMany insects are able to precisely control their jumping movements. Previous studies have shown that many falling insects have some degree of control of their landing-orientation, indicating a possible significant biomechanical role of the exoskeleton in air righting mechanisms. Once in the air, the properties of the actual landing site are almost impossible to predict. Falling insects thus have to cope mostly with the situation at impact. What exactly happens at the impact? Do locusts actively ‘prepare for landing’ while falling, or do they just ‘crash’ into the substrate?Detailed impact analyses of free falling Schistocerca gregaria locusts show that most insects typically crashed onto the substrate. There was no notable impact-reducing behaviour (protrusion of legs, etc.). Independent of dropping angle, both warm and cooled locusts mostly fell onto head and thorax first. Our results also show that alive warm locusts fell significantly faster than inactive or dead locusts. This indicates a possible tradeoff between active control vs. reduced speed. Looking at the morphology of the head-thorax connection in locusts, we propose that the anterior margin of the pronotum might function as a ‘toby collar’ structure, reducing the risk of impact damage to the neck joint. Interestingly, at impact alive insects also tended to perform a bending movement of the body.This biomechanical adaptation might reduce the rebound and shorten the time to recover. The adhesive pads also play an important role to reduce the time to recover by anchoring the insect to the substrate.
Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Murray Graham K , Knolle Franziska , Ersche Karen D , Craig Kevin J , Abbott Sanja , Shabbir Shaila S , Fineberg Naomi A. , Suckling John , Sahakian Barbara J , Bullmore Edward T , Robbins Trevor W 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRationalePatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been found to show exaggerated error responses and prediction error learning signals in a variety of EEG and fMRI tasks, with data converging on the anterior cingulate cortex as a key locus of dysfunction. Considerable evidence has linked prediction error processing to dopaminergic function.ObjectiveIn this study we investigate potential dopaminergic dysfunction during reward processing in the context of OCD.MethodsWe studied OCD patients (n=18) and controls (n=18) whilst they learned probabilistic associations between abstract stimuli and monetary rewards in the fMRI scanner involving administration (on separate visits) of: a dopamine receptor agonist, pramipexole 0.5mg; a dopamine receptor antagonist, amisulpride 400mg, and placebo. We fitted a Q-learning computational model to fMRI prediction error responses; group differences were examined in anterior cingulate and nucleus accumbens regions of interest.ResultsThere were no significant group, drug or interaction effects in number of correct choices; computational modeling suggested a marginally significant difference in learning rates between groups (p=0.089, partial ⍰2=0.1). In the imaging results, there was a significant interaction of group by drug (p=0.013, partial ⍰2=0.13). OCD patients showed abnormally strong cingulate signaling of prediction errors during omission of an expected reward, with unexpected reduction by both pramipexole and amisulpride (p=0.014, partial ⍰2=0.26, 1-β error probability=0.94). Exaggerated cingulate prediction error signaling to omitted reward in placebo was related to trait subjective difficulty in self-regulating behavior in OCD.ConclusionsOur data support cingulate dysfunction during reward processing in OCD, and bidirectional remediation by dopaminergic modulation, suggesting that exaggerated cingulate error signals in OCD may be of dopaminergic origin. The results help to illuminate the mechanisms through which dopamine receptor antagonists achieve therapeutic benefit in OCD. Further research is needed to disentangle the different functions of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists during bidirectional modulation of cingulate activation.
Bounded rationality and the adoption of weather index insurance
Authors: Mußhoff Oliver , Hirschauer Norbert , Grüner Sven , Pielsticker Stefan 
Published: November 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to check which role-bounded rationality might play as an explanation for farmers’ missing willingness to adopt weather index insurance (WII). WII is an innovative risk management instrument that causes low administration and regulation costs. Moreover, index insurance is plagued neither by moral hazard nor by adverse selection. Nonetheless, WII has been little used to date in agriculture.Design/methodology/approachAn extra-laboratory experiment in the form of a multi-period, single-person business simulation game is conducted with farmers as experimental subjects to investigate the reasons for the low willingness to adopt WII.FindingsFirst, the demand for WII decreases as the premium loading increases. Second, a transparent communication of the loading reduces demand, indicating that farmers refrain from transactions if they feel that the other party earns (too) much money. Third, communicating to farmers that the index insurance has been subsidized raises demand even though insurance costs in terms of loading are kept constant. This can be taken as an indication that farmers interpret subsidies as a signal for profitable action.Originality/valueUsing an experimental approach and going beyond observational research, this study investigates the prominent question of farmers’ risk management and innovation adoption behavior, and, in particular, the behavioral effect of subsidies. Using a randomized controlled trial, the real behavior of real subjects with real incentives is studied under controlled experimental conditions. Compared to prior studies, the external validity of the experiment is improved by recruiting farmers instead of a convenience group of students.
Excess overdose mortality immediately following transfer of patients and their care as well as after cessation of opioid substitution therapy
Authors: Bogdanowicz Karolina M. , Stewart Robert , Chang Chin‐Kuo , Shetty Hitesh , Khondoker Mizanur , Day Edward , Hayes Richard D. , Strang John 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimsTo investigate clustering of all‐cause and overdose deaths after a transfer of patients and their care to alternative treatment provider and after the end of opioid substitution therapy (OST) in opioid‐dependent individuals in specialist addiction treatment.Design, Setting and ParticipantsMortality data were identified within a sample of 5335 patients with opioid use disorder who had received OST treatment between 1 April 2008 and 31 December 2013 from a large mental health‐care provider in the United Kingdom. We investigated the circumstances and distribution of the 332 deaths identified within the observation window with a specific focus on overdose deaths (n = 103) after a planned discharge, dropout and transfer between services.MeasurementsCrude mortality rates for overdose mortality 14 days, 28 days and more than 1 month after the end of treatment/transfer for overdose mortality.FindingsOf 47 individuals who died from overdose after having been transferred between services, nine died during the first 2 weeks [crude mortality rate (CMR) = 136.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 64.3–243.1] and a further five died during the first month post‐transfer (CMR= 79.5, 95% CI = 44.2–129.7). Of the 32 individuals who died from overdose after planned OST cessation, five died during the first 2 weeks (CMR = 151.5, 95% CI = 51.1–319.0) and a further four died during the first month post‐discharge (CMR = 82.6, 95% CI = 38.4–151.0).ConclusionsIn the United Kingdom, opioid‐dependent people who are transferred to an alternative treatment provider for continuation of their opioid substitution therapy experience high overdose mortality rates, with substantially higher rates during the first month (especially during the first 14 days) following transfer.
Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide protects dopaminergic neurons from apoptosis in Parkinson's disease models both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Peng Su , Wang Caiping , Ma Jinyu , Jiang Ketao , Jiang Yuhui , Gu Xiaosong , Sun Cheng 
Published: November 2017

Background and PurposeParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder closely associated with dopaminergic neuron loss. It is well documented that Achyranthes bidentata polypeptides (ABPP) are potent neuroprotective agents in several kinds of neurons. Therefore, we proposed that ABPP might play a beneficial role against PD by protecting dopaminergic neurons from apoptosis.Experimental ApproachSH‐SY5Y cells and primary rat dopaminergic neurons were pretreated with ABPP fraction k (ABPPk), a purified fraction of ABPP, and then the cells were exposed to 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+) to induce apoptosis. Cell viability, LDH activity, a Tunel assay and protein levels of Bcl‐2 and Bax were analysed. In an in vivo PD model induced by MPTP, ABPPk was intranasally delivered to mice. Behavioural tests, immunohistochemistry, immunostaining, Nissl staining, qRT‐PCR and Western blot were employed to evaluate the potential effects of ABPPk on PD in mice.Key ResultsThe application of ABPPk markedly enhanced the viability of SH‐SY5Y cells and primary dopaminergic neurons treated with neurotoxic agent MPP+. In an in vivo MPTP‐induced PD model, ABPPk significantly improved behavioural performances and prevented tyrosine hydroxylase loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum. Furthermore, we showed that MPTP‐induced astrocyte and microglia activation were largely attenuated by ABPPk, leading to low levels of neuroinflammation and a downregulation of the apoptotic signalling pathway.Conclusion and ImplicationsTaken together, our data show that ABPPk protects dopaminergic neurons from apoptosis, suggesting that ABPPk might be an effective intervention for treating the neuron loss associated with disorders such as PD.
Optimal injection solution for endoscopic submucosal dissection: A randomized controlled trial of Western solutions in a porcine model
Authors: Mehta Neal , Strong Andrew T. , Franco Matheus , Stevens Tyler , Chahal Prabhleen , Jang Sunguk , Lopez Rocio , Patil Deepa , Abe Seichiiro , Saito Yutaka , Uraoka Toshio , Vargo John , Bhatt Amit 
Published: November 2017

Background and AimWhen carrying out endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), procedural safety increases with greater tissue elevation and efficiency increases with longer‐lasting submucosal cushion. Fluids specifically developed for ESD in Asia are not commercially available in the West, leaving endoscopists to use a variety of injectable fluids off‐label. To determine the optimal fluid available in the West, we compared commonly used fluids for Western ESD.MethodsAll phases were carried out in an ex vivo porcine stomach model. Phase 1 compared tissue elevation and duration of submucosal cushions produced by various standard volumes of various injectable solutions used for ESD. The two best‐performing solutions used off‐label were tested head‐to‐head in ESD in Phase 2. Phase 3 compared the best solution from Phase 2 to Eleview®, currently the only submucosal injection fluid approved in the USA. In Phases 2 and 3, five ESD were carried out with each solution. The solutions were randomized and the endoscopist blinded to the solution.ResultsThe best‐performing solutions in Phase 1 were 0.4% hyaluronic acid, 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and Eleview®. Phase 2 compared 6% HES and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), showing that ESD with 6% HES was easier (P = 0.007), faster (P = 0.041) and required less injection volume (P = 0.003). In Phase 3, resection speed, ease of ESD and total volume per area resected were comparable between 6% HES and Eleview®.ConclusionsOf the submucosal injection fluids currently available in the West, Eleview® and 6% HES are the best‐performing solutions for ESD in a porcine model.