bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Tell me what they do to my body”: A survey to find out what information people with learning disabilities want with their medications
Authors: Fish Rebecca , Hatton Chris , Chauhan Umesh 
Published: July 2017

Accessible summary

We gave a questionnaire to self‐advocates who were attending a conference. The questionnaire asked them how they felt about the information they get with their medicine.

Fifty‐eight people completed the questionnaire. Many of them said they did not get enough information about their medicine. Most people wanted easy‐read leaflets and pictures.

There are many different places to find easy‐read information on the internet. We think they should be collected and checked. We also think that doctors and chemists need to spend more time with people to explain about medicines.

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has found that people with learning disabilities are not given prescription information that is tailored to their needs. We wanted to find out people’s information requirements.Materials and MethodsA questionnaire was co‐produced by the authors and consultants with learning disabilities. It asked what information people received from their GP and pharmacist about medications. The questionnaire was circulated at a self‐advocacy conference in the North of England. Fifty‐eight self‐advocates completed the questionnaire.ResultsInformation from GPs and pharmacists was mainly instructional, referring to when and how to take the medicine and dosage. Most respondents struggled to read the leaflets and remember verbal information. Many wanted the information in easy‐read format, and some wanted pictures or diagrams as well. A key theme was that health professionals often talked only to carers or support workers rather than involving the patient directly, and some respondents disclosed that they were not informed about side effects or alternative medications.ConclusionsHealth professionals should take time to discuss health issues and medication with the individual rather than only with carers. This could be facilitated by providing information in an accessible format.
Exogenic forcing and autogenic processes on continental divide location and mobility
Authors: Moodie Andrew J. , Pazzaglia Frank J. , Berti Claudio 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe position and mobility of drainage divides is an expression of exogenic landscape forcing and autogenic channel network processes integrated across a range of scales. At the large scale, represented by major rivers and continental drainage divides, the organization of drainage patterns and divide migration reflects the long‐wavelength gradients of the topography, which are exogenically influenced by tectonics, isostasy, and/or dynamic topography. This analysis utilizes long‐wavelength topography synthesized by a low‐pass filter, which provides a novel framework for predicting the direction of divide movement as well as an estimate of the ultimate divide location that is complementary to recent studies that have focused on the χ channel metric. The Gibraltar Arc active plate boundary and Appalachian stable plate interior, two tectonically diverse settings with ongoing drainage system reorganization, are chosen to explore the length scales of exogenic forcings that influence continental drainage divide location and migration. The major watersheds draining both the active‐ and decay‐phase orogens studied here are organized by topographic gradients that are expressed in long‐wavelength low‐pass filtered topography (λ ≥ 100 km). In contrast, the river network and divide location is insensitive to topographic gradients measured over filtered wavelengths <100 km that are set by local crustal structures and rock type. The lag time between exogenic forcing and geomorphic response and feedbacks cause divide migration to be unsteady, and occur through pulses of drainage capture and drainage network reorganization that are recorded in sedimentological, geomorphic, or denudation data.
Practice‐based spillover effects: Evidence from Calgary's municipal food and yard waste recycling pilot
Authors: Wonneck Luke A. , Hobson Kersty 
Published: July 2017

Analyzing the spillover effects of environmental interventions is vital for understanding how they contribute to broader societal transitions towards or away from sustainability. Past research analyzing spillover effects has produced inconsistent results, which we argue is in part due to its assumption that social life consists of rational and autonomous individuals. By contrast, we place practices as central units of inquiry, arguing that social practice theory opens up promising alternative sets of theoretical and methodological possibilities for analyzing spillover effects. Using the City of Calgary's municipal food and yard waste recycling pilot program known as the “Green Cart Pilot” (GCP) as a case study, we adopt a mixed methods approach to analyze practice‐based spillover effects (PSEs). The results suggest that the GCP had positive PSEs on dry recycling and food shopping, and negative PSEs on home composting. These PSEs could be tracked through the shared elements and geographies of mutually evolving practices, providing opportunities to respond with further interventions informed by social practice theory.Effets d'entraînement fondés sur la pratique : Preuve du programme pilote municipal de recyclage des déchets de cuisine et des résidus de jardin de CalgaryL'analyse des effets d'entraînement des interventions environnementales est essentielle pour comprendre la façon dont ils contribuent à des transitions sociales plus importantes vers ou à l'encontre de la durabilité. Les recherches antérieures analysant les effets d'entraînement ont produit des résultats contradictoires qui, faisons‐nous valoir, sont dus en partie à leur postulat d'une vie sociale formée de personnes autonomes et rationnelles. À titre de comparaison, nous plaçons les pratiques comme unités centrales de l'enquête, affirmant que la théorie de la pratique sociale dégage une série de possibilités théoriques et méthodologiques différentes et prometteuses pour l'analyse des effets d'entraînement. En utilisant le programme pilote municipal de recyclage des déchets de cuisine et des résidus de jardin de la ville de Calgary connu sous le nom de « Green Cart Pilot » comme étude de cas, nous adoptons une approche de méthodes mixtes à l'égard de l'analyse des effets d'entraînement fondés sur la pratique (EE). Les résultats suggèrent que ce programme a eu des EE positifs sur le recyclage des matériaux secs et l'achat d'aliments et des EE négatifs sur le compostage domestique. Ces EE pourraient faire l'objet d'un suivi au moyen de géographies et d'éléments partagés de pratiques mutuellement changeantes, offrant des possibilités de répondre au moyen d'autres interventions documentées par la théorie de la pratique sociale.
Regulating clinical trials in India: The economics of ethics
Authors: Porter Gerard 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe relationship between the ethical standards for the governance of clinical trials and market forces can be complex and problematic. This article uses India as a case study to explore this nexus. From the mid‐2000s, India became a popular destination for foreign‐sponsored clinical trials. The Indian government had sought to both attract clinical trials and ensure these would be run in line with internationally accepted ethical norms. Reports of controversial medical research, however, triggered debate about the robustness and suitability of India's regulatory system. In response to civil society pressure and interventions by the Supreme Court, the Indian government proposed additional measures aimed at strengthening protections for clinical trial participants. Whilst the reforms can be seen as a victory for human rights activists, they have also been criticised as being overly burdensome for sponsors. Indeed, their announcement prompted an exodus of clinical trials from India. Fearful of losing business to ‘rival’ countries, the Indian government is revisiting some of its proposals.The Indian example suggests that research ethics frameworks and national policies for economic development are increasingly intertwined. Host countries are in theory free to improve the lot of research participants, but doing so may make them appear less attractive to foreign sponsors, who can simply shift their activities to more industry‐friendly jurisdictions. Although these economic pressures are unlikely to lead to a regulatory ‘race to the bottom’, they may limit host countries' ability to enact socially desirable reforms.
Relationships as Indirect Intensifiers: Solving the Puzzle of Partiality
Authors: Löschke Jörg 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTwo intuitions are important to commonsense morality: the claim that all persons have equal moral worth and the claim that persons have associative duties. These intuitions seem to contradict each other, and there has been extensive discussion concerning their reconciliation. The most widely held view claims that associative duties arise because relationships generate moral reasons to benefit our loved ones. However, such a view cannot account for the phenomenon that some acts are supererogatory when performed on behalf of a stranger but obligatory when performed on behalf of a loved one. This paper offers a novel view of associative duties, according to which such duties arise because relationships serve as indirect intensifiers of moral reasons: they decrease the cost to the agent that certain acts imply, and this increases the relative weight of the reasons that speak in favour of the act in an all‐things‐considered judgement. This reconciles moral egalitarianism and associative duties in a promising way: the moral worth of a person always generates the same moral reasons, but due to differences in the cost to the agent, these reasons sometimes amount to obligations and sometimes do not.
What Kind of Reformation?: The 500th Anniversary of the Reformation and Today
Authors: Raiser Konrad 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhile Luther did not intend to start a Reformation with his 95 Theses, the increasingly sharp conflict with the ecclesiastical authorities led to a separation between Luther and his followers and the Catholic Church of the time. Nevertheless, while the focal point for the 500th anniversary commemorations is Germany, even in the 16th century the Reformation had more centres than Wittenberg, such as Zürich, where Zwingli was active, and particularly Geneva. From here the impulse of Calvin's Reformation together with Free Church traditions prepared the way for the development of the culture of modernity in its various social and political manifestations. In view of the contemporary cultural conflicts in the globalized world, the churches of historic Protestantism should use the anniversary celebrations as an occasion to reappropriate the Protestant principle as a dynamic force, to search for a transformed embodiment of grace in the contemporary situation of cultural conflict, and to contribute to the shaping of a new culture of life.
The Protestant Reformation and Social Justice in Latin America
Authors: Cervantes‐Ortiz Leopoldo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe political effects of the 16th‐century religious reformations have never been in doubt. What is debatable, however, is how these effects have been felt in different contexts. In what is now Latin America, their influence was kept at a distance to avoid the changes in Europe from taking place on the other side of the Atlantic. This article examines Latin American writers to demonstrate how, in the different cultural and geographical contexts of the sub‐continent, the social and political imprint of the Reformation and its emancipating and libertarian emphasis has been perceived.
A case study of duplications detection for educational domain thorough ad hoc search and identification NLP‐based method
Authors: Mikhaylov S.N. , Chuikova V.V. , Sokolova Marina V. , Potapenko A.M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDuring the organization and planning of lecture courses for a discipline, its content may be overlapped and partially delivered in more than one course. Sometimes this action causes time loss through unnecessary repeating. This paper introduces an automated tool for duplications detections adapting methods of natural language processing used for Web search. The experiment for unstructured electronic document repositories clustering for thematic duplicate identification in different documents in the case of educational domain is presented. A prototype of this Web service‐based software search engine is being designed and discussed. The experiment aimed to identify thematic duplicates of various courses within one of the teaching disciplines is also presented.
Analysis and recognition of operations using SEMG from upper arm muscles
Authors: Veer Karan , Vig Renu 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAccurate muscular force estimation (from upper arm muscles) based on surface electromyogram forms an important issue in upper limb prosthetic design applications. The whole system consists of surface electrodes, signal acquisition protocols, and signal conditioning at different levels. Labview soft scope was used to acquire the surface electromyogram signal from the designed hardware. The study is concerned with the estimation of characteristics of recorded signals, and for that, statistical techniques of PCA were exercised for verifying the effectiveness of the processed signal against different upper arm motions before its classification. Thereafter, artificial neural network classifier was implemented for the classification surface electromyogram signals with best classification rate of 89.30%. Finally, the processing technique was used to significantly (p < .05) improve classification rate, without much loss of information.
Pretreatment with melatonin protects against cyclophosphamide‐induced oxidative stress and renal damage in mice
Authors: Goudarzi Mehdi , Khodayar Mohammad Javad , Hosseini Tabatabaei Seyed Mohammad Taghi , Ghaznavi Habib , Fatemi Iman , Mehrzadi Saeed 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCyclophosphamide (CP) is widely used in treatment of different cancers. Nephrotoxicity is one of the dose‐limiting side effects of CP. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of melatonin (MEL) on CP‐induced nephrotoxicity in mice. In this study, 50 Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) were randomly divided into five groups. Mice were pretreated with MEL intraperitoneally (i.p) in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg for five consecutive days, and CP (200 mg/kg, i.p) was administrated on the 5th day 1 h after the last dose of MEL. Then on day 6, blood samples were collected to determine serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The kidneys were used for histological examination, biochemical assays and real‐time PCR studies. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), protein carbonyl (PC), nitric oxide (NO) level, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assessed in renal tissue. In addition, the expression of SOD2 and PGx1 was measured using real‐time PCR method in renal tissue. Results showed that CP administration significantly increases Cr, BUN, MDA, PC, NO level and MPO activity. It also decreases renal GSH level, SOD, GPx and CAT activity. Pretreatment with MEL (especially 20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days prevented these changes; however, it did not affect the SOD activity. Our results revealed that MEL might be useful for prevention of the nephrotoxicity induced by CP through ameliorative effects on biochemical indices and oxidative stress parameters.
Effects of inclusions on the very high cycle fatigue behaviour of steels
Authors: Pineau André , Forest Samuel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe very high cycle fatigue of high‐strength steels and many other alloys is controlled by the initiation and the propagation of cracks initiated at nonmetallic inclusions. Tiny cracks are early initiated from these inclusions. They propagate very slowly in a specific zone located close to the inclusion and called the fine‐grained area (FGA) or optical dark area. This area has a size of the order of that of the inclusion. The FGA is followed by the formation of conventional crack propagation area with the presence of striations in many cases. The details of initiation of these very high cycle fatigue cracks depend on the relative elastic and thermal properties of inclusions and matrix. The specificities of the FGA zone are dependent on the hydrogen segregated at the interface of the inclusions. An elasto‐plastic finite element calculation is performed to determine the residual stresses in the vicinity of the inclusions and to evaluate the effect of residual stresses.
Experimental study of the effect of pre‐bond contamination with de‐icing fluid and ageing on the fracture toughness of composite bonded joints
Authors: Moutsompegka E. , Tserpes K.I. , Polydoropoulou P. , Tornow C. , Schlag M. , Brune K. , Mayer B. , Pantelakis S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe scope of the present work is to experimentally investigate the effect of pre‐bond contamination with de‐icing (DI) fluid and the combined effect of DI fluid and hygrothermal ageing on the fracture toughness of carbon fibre reinforced plastic bonded joints. These scenarios could occur in the implementation of an adhesively bonded patch repair in a composite aircraft structural part. To this end, mode I and mode II fracture toughness tests were conducted on contaminated specimens and mode II fracture toughness tests on contaminated/aged specimens. Three levels of contamination with a de‐icer were considered. The hygrothermal ageing conditions applied until saturation are 70°C/85% relative humidity. The experimental results reveal a detrimental effect of DI fluid on both mode I and mode II fracture toughness of the bonded joints. With increasing the contamination level, the mode I and mode II critical energy release rates decrease. Under mode I loading, the specimens failed mainly in light‐fibre‐tear mode, while under mode II loading, in adhesive failure mode. Hygrothermal ageing decreased further the mode II fracture toughness of the specimens and increased the adhesive failure mode. The present study reveals that the pre‐bond DI contamination and after‐bond ageing could critically degrade the strength of adhesively bonded patch repairs.
Tangential strain‐based criteria for mixed‐mode I/II fracture toughness of cement concrete
Authors: Mirsayar M.M. , Razmi A. , Berto F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractExperimental and theoretical works are performed on the mixed‐mode I/II brittle fracture of cement concrete tested by edge cracked semicircular bend specimens. Theoretical background of the traditional fracture criteria including strain energy density, maximum tangential stress, and maximum tangential strain (MTSN) are introduced. The ability of each fracture criterion in prediction of the fracture test data is investigated. The comparison between the evaluations by the traditional criteria and the experimental data shows that none of them are capable of successfully estimating the fracture resistance of cement concrete. An enhanced version of the MTSN criterion is then employed to predict the test data. It is demonstrated that the extended MTSN criterion can successfully predict the test data in a higher accuracy than traditional criteria.
Synthesis of well‐dispersed β‐Si3N4 with equiaxed structures using carbothermal reduction–nitridation method
Authors: Sun Si‐Yuan , Ge Yi‐Yao , Tian Zhao‐Bo , Zhang Jie , Chen Ke‐Xin , Xie Zhi‐peng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWell‐dispersed β‐Si3N4 powders with a novel equiaxed structure and eminent crystal integrity were prepared by carbothermal reduction–nitridation (CRN) strategy with the assistance of CaF2 additive. The growth mechanism of Si3N4 particles in the CRN process was elucidated. It is proposed that the liquid phase formed by SiO2 and CaF2 additive is crucial to the formation of equiaxed β‐Si3N4, and with an appropriate content of CaF2, Si3N4 powders with pure β phase, superior dispersity and crystal integrity can be obtained.
Effectiveness of speech therapy in adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Terband Hayo , Coppens‐Hofman Marjolein C. , Reffeltrath Maaike , Maassen Ben A. M. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThis study investigated the effect of speech therapy in a heterogeneous group of adults with intellectual disability.MethodThirty‐six adults with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities (IQs 40–70; age 18–40 years) with reported poor speech intelligibility received tailored training in articulation and listening skills delivered in two 3‐month periods. Pre‐ to post‐changes in speech intelligibility and receptive vocabulary were assessed using standardized tasks.ResultsThe results showed a positive effect of treatment on speech intelligibility and receptive vocabulary, irrespective of severity of intellectual disability, hearing loss and intellectual disability aetiology.ConclusionsSpeech therapy for people with intellectual disability can be effective at adult age and hearing loss should not prevent treatment. Continued attention to speech can help augment verbal communication skills in this population.
Divergence of a Tandem Duplication of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Nosema bombycis
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhang Ruizhi , Barandun Jonas , Du Huihui , Chen Deming , Jia Yuping , Song Yue , Vossbrinck Bettina , Li Chong , Zhou Zeyang , Vossbrinck Charles R. , Xiang Heng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractManganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a key enzyme in the protection of cells from oxidative stress. A tandem duplication of the MnSOD gene (NbMnSOD1 and NbMnSOD2) in the genome of Nosema bombycis, a parasite of the silkworm Bombyx mori, was previously identified. Here, we compare the protein structures of NbMnSOD1 and NbMnSOD2 and characterize these two proteins in terms of cellular localization, timing of transcription, protein structure, and enzyme activity. Despite a similarity in the primary sequence of NbMnSOD1 and NbMnSOD2, the latter shows a remarkable degree of amino acid sequence difference on the protein's surface and in the active site, where there is a substitution of a phenylalanine for a histidine in NbMnSOD2. Immuno‐electron microscopy demonstrates that NbMnSOD1 is present in the cytosol of mature spores, whereas NbMnSOD2 is localized on the polar tube and the spore wall. Immunofluorescence confirms the localization of NbMnSOD2 on the polar tube of the germinated spore. Quantitative measurement of gene expression (qRT‐PCR) demonstrates production of both alleles during the first day of infection followed by a dramatic decrease during the second to fourth day of infection. From the fifth day onward, the two alleles show a complementary pattern of expression. The qRT‐PCR of the host manganese superoxide dismutase (BmMnSOD) shows a notable increase in transcription upon infection, leading to a three‐fold spike by the first day of infection, followed by a decrease in transcription. Measurement of overall MnSOD activity shows a similar peak at day 1 followed by a decrease to a constant rate of enzyme activity. The differences in cellular localization and pattern of gene expression of NbMnSOD2 compared to NbMnSOD1, as well as the differences in protein structure seen for NbMnSOD2 compared to other microsporidial MnSODs, strongly suggest a unique, recently evolved role for NbMnSOD2.