bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digitale Inklusion: Zur sozialen Öffnung des Wissenschaftssystems / Digital Inclusion: The Social Implications of Open Science
Authors: Dickel Sascha , Franzen Martina 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Aus dem Blickwinkel der Systemtheorie gilt die Wissenschaft prototypisch als ein selbstreferentielles Funktionssystem, das eine soziale Distanz zur Öffentlichkeit unterhält. In der funktional differenzierten Gesellschaft ist die Inklusionsordnung der Wissenschaft strikt an verberuflichte Leistungsrollen gebunden, während alle übrigen Gesellschaftsmitglieder weitgehend exkludiert werden. Unsere These ist, dass im Zuge des digitalen Wandels neue Inklusionsmuster entstehen. Wir beobachten die Verbreitung funktionalisierter Subrollen, in denen die professionelle Rolle des Wissenschaftlers dekomponiert wird. Eine gesellschaftstheoretisch informierte Beschreibung dieser neuen digitalen Inklusionsprofile leistet zweierlei: Zum einen wird dadurch ein differenzierungstheoretischer Konservatismus überwunden, der Diagnosen einer Öffnung der Wissenschaft lediglich als semantische Oberflächenphänomene deutet. Zum anderen lässt sich analytische Distanz zu dominanten Selbst- und Fremdbeschreibungen gewinnen, die diese Entwicklung als Demokratisierung der Wissenschaft rhetorisch überhöhen.
Hochschulrankings als Kriterium für neue soziale Ungleichheit im tertiären Bildungssystem? / University Rankings as a New Criterion of Social Inequality in Higher Education?
Authors: Weiss Felix , Schindler Steffen , Gerth Maria 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag untersucht, ob die Ausdifferenzierung der Hochschulen durch Rankings seit Beginn der 1990er-Jahre zu sozialer Selektivität in der Hochschulwahl geführt hat. Dabei werden die Entwicklungen in zwei Fachbereichen gezielt beschrieben: den Wirtschafts- und den Ingenieurwissenschaften. Den empirischen Analysen liegen Studienanfängerbefragungen des Deutschen Zentrums für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung (DZHW) aus den Jahren 1993, 1996, 2000 und 2005 zugrunde. Es zeigt sich ein leichter Trend hin zu sozialer Selektivität bei der Wahl einer hoch gerankten Hochschule, der jedoch bereits einsetzt, bevor die Hochschulrankings populär wurden.
Erzielen Studierende ohne Abitur geringeren Studienerfolg? Befunde einer quantitativen Fallstudie / Do Students without a General Qualification for University Entrance Show Lower Academic Performance? Findings from a Quantitative Case Study
Authors: Brändle Tobias , Lengfeld Holger 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Im Jahr 2009 sind die deutschen Hochschulen für beruflich qualifizierte Bewerber ohne schulische Hochschulzugangsberechtigung geöffnet worden. Inwiefern unterscheiden sich diese Studierenden hinsichtlich des Studienerfolgs von traditionellen Studierenden mit Abitur? Auf der Basis von Überlegungen zu Kompetenzunterschieden aufgrund verschiedener Bildungsverläufe, zur kulturellen Schließung des akademischen Feldes für Personen mit niedrigerer sozialer Herkunft und zu unterschiedlichen Lebensumständen bilden wir Hypothesen zu Leistungsunterschieden. Diese überprüfen wir anhand von Prüfungsleistungsdaten von bis zu 1.142 Bachelor-Studierenden eines Fachbereichs einer deutschen Universität. Die Analysen zeigen, dass nicht-traditionelle Studierende im Vergleich zu Personen mit Abitur im ersten Studienjahr 8,4 Prozentpunkte weniger Lehrveranstaltungen erfolgreich absolvieren, eine um 19,9 Prozentpunkte geringere Wahrscheinlichkeit aufweisen, das Studium innerhalb von mindestens neun Semestern zu beenden und ein um durchschnittlich 0,15 Notenpunkte schlechteres Endergebnis erzielen.
The Role of the Trunk Control in Athletic Performance of a Reactive Change-of-Direction Task
Authors: Edwards Suzi , Austin Aaron P. , Bird Stephen P. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Edwards, S, Austin, AP, and Bird, SP. The role of the trunk control in athletic performance of a reactive change-of-direction task. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 126–139, 2017—Agility is vital to success in team sport competition with the trunk argued to play a key role in sport performance. This study explored the role of trunk control during a reactive change-of-direction task (R-COD) and field-based measures of athletic performance. Twenty male players completed field-based athletic performance assessments (modified Illinois agility test [mIAT], 3 repetition maximum back squat, and 5 countermovement jumps [CMJ]) and R-CODs, during which 3-dimensional ground reaction forces and kinematics were recorded. Trunk control was assessed as the sum of the trunk relative to the pelvis range of motion (ROM) in all 3 planes during the R-COD. Participants with the highest (HIGH, n = 7) and lowest (LOW, n = 7) trunk ROM values were grouped. The HIGH group achieved significantly shorter mIAT time duration, higher CMJ height, and lower knee flexion angles, greater trunk lateral flexion and rotation relative to pelvis, and greater angular momentum during the R-COD compared with the LOW group. Superior athletic performance was associated with decreased trunk control (high trunk ROM) during the R-COD. Although this study suggested that trunk control is a vital component of performance, it is unknown whether this trunk control is inherent or an effect of training history, nor does not support current optimal athletic performance recommendation of decreased trunk motion during R-COD.
Modifiable Anthropometric Characteristics Are Associated With Unilateral and Bilateral Carry Performance
Authors: Beck Ben , Carstairs Greg L. , Billing Daniel C. , Caldwell Joanne N. , Middleton Kane J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Beck, B, Carstairs, GL, Billing, DC, Caldwell, JN, and Middleton, KJ. Modifiable anthropometric characteristics are associated with unilateral and bilateral carry performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 489–494, 2017—A mismatch between physical ability and task requirements can increase the risk of on-the-job injury. Therefore, understanding key anthropometric characteristics associated with job performance is important in developing targeted training programs and selecting employees in physically demanding occupations. The aims of this study were to understand which anthropometric and demographic (age/sex) characteristics were associated with performance in a unilateral stretcher carry and bilateral jerry can and kettle bell carries. Sixty-seven enlisted Australian Army soldiers (46 men and 21 women) participated in this investigation. Body composition was quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Univariate and multivariable regression techniques were used to quantify correlations between anthropometric characteristics and carry performance. Median carry distance was 650 m (interquartile range [IQR] = 425–1,025 m) in the stretcher carry, 300 m (IQR = 215–445 m) in the jerry can carry, and 265 m (IQR = 200–400 m) in the kettle bell carry. Univariate analyses demonstrated that whole body, trunk, upper arm, forearm, and leg lean mass, as well as stature and body mass were associated with performance across the 3 carry tasks. Of these, leg lean mass was shown to be a key characteristic associated with carry performance. Subsequently, it is suggested that training programs focus on whole-body lean mass with specific emphasis on leg lean mass. Additionally, we demonstrated that age and sex were not significantly associated with carry performance when controlling for leg lean mass, indicating that modifiable factors can be targeted in training programs to improve job performance.
Quantification of Accelerometer Derived Impacts Associated With Competitive Games in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I College Football Players
Authors: Wellman Aaron D. , Coad Sam C. , Goulet Grant C. , McLellan Christopher P. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Wellman, AD, Coad, SC, Goulet, GC, and McLellan, CP. Quantification of accelerometer derived impacts associated with competitive games in National Collegiate Athletic Association division I college football players. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 330–338, 2017—The aims of the present study were to (a) examine positional impact profiles of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division I college football players using global positioning system (GPS) and integrated accelerometry (IA) technology and (b) determine if positional differences in impact profiles during competition exist within offensive and defensive teams. Thirty-three NCAA division I Football Bowl Subdivision players were monitored using GPS and IA (GPSports) during 12 regular season games throughout the 2014 season. Individual player data sets (n = 294) were divided into offensive and defensive teams, and positional subgroups. The intensity, number, and distribution of impact forces experienced by players during competition were recorded. Positional differences were found for the distribution of impacts within offensive and defensive teams. Wide receivers sustained more very light and light to moderate (5–6.5 G force) impacts than other position groups, whereas the running backs were involved in more severe (>10 G force) impacts than all offensive position groups, with the exception of the quarterbacks (p ≤ 0.05). The defensive back and linebacker groups were subject to more very light (5.0–6.0 G force) impacts, and the defensive tackle group sustained more heavy and very heavy (7.1–10 G force) impacts than other defensive positions (p ≤ 0.05). Data from the present study provide novel quantification of positional impact profiles related to the physical demands of college football games and highlight the need for position-specific monitoring and training in the preparation for the impact loads experienced during NCAA division I football competition.
Sox11 Balances Dendritic Morphogenesis with Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Hoshiba Yoshio , Toda Tomohisa , Ebisu Haruka , Wakimoto Mayu , Yanagi Shigeru , Kawasaki Hiroshi 
Published: May 2016

The coordinated mechanisms balancing promotion and suppression of dendritic morphogenesis are crucial for the development of the cerebral cortex. Although previous studies have revealed important transcription factors that promote dendritic morphogenesis during development, those that suppress dendritic morphogenesis are still largely unknown. Here we found that the expression levels of the transcription factor Sox11 decreased dramatically during dendritic morphogenesis. Our loss- and gain-of-function studies using postnatal electroporation andin uteroelectroporation indicate that Sox11 is necessary and sufficient for inhibiting dendritic morphogenesis of excitatory neurons in the mouse cerebral cortex during development. Interestingly, we found that precocious suppression of Sox11 expression caused precocious branching of neurites and a neuronal migration defect. We also found that the end of radial migration induced the reduction of Sox11 expression. These findings indicate that suppression of dendritic morphogenesis by Sox11 during radial migration is crucial for the formation of the cerebral cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBecause dendritic morphology has profound impacts on neuronal information processing, the mechanisms underlying dendritic morphogenesis during development are of great interest. Our loss- and gain-of-function studies indicate that Sox11 is necessary and sufficient for inhibiting dendritic morphogenesis of excitatory neurons in the mouse cerebral cortex during development. Interestingly, we found that precocious suppression of Sox11 expression caused a neuronal migration defect. These findings indicate that suppression of dendritic morphogenesis by Sox11 during radial migration is crucial for the formation of the cerebral cortex.
Retinal Circuitry Balances Contrast Tuning of Excitation and Inhibition to Enable Reliable Computation of Direction Selectivity
Authors: Poleg-Polsky Alon , Diamond Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2016

Feedforward (FF) inhibition is a common motif in many neural networks. Typically, excitatory inputs drive both principal neurons and interneurons; the interneurons then inhibit the principal neurons, thereby regulating the strength and timing of the FF signal. The interneurons introduce a likely nonlinear processing step that could distort the excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio in the principal neuron, potentially degrading the reliability of computation in the circuit. In the retina, FF inhibition is an essential feature of the circuitry underlying direction selectivity (DS): glutamatergic bipolar cells (BCs) provide excitatory input to direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) and GABAergic starburst amacrine cells (SACs), and the SACs then provide FF inhibition onto DSGCs. Robust DS computation requires a consistent synaptic E/I ratio in the DSGC in various visual conditions. Here, we show in mouse retina that the E/I ratio is maintained in DSGCs over a wide stimulus contrast range due to compensatory mechanisms in the diverse population of presynaptic BCs. BC inputs to SACs exhibit higher contrast sensitivity, so that the subsequent nonlinear transformation in SACs reduces the contrast sensitivity of FF inhibition to match the sensitivity of direct excitatory inputs onto DSGCs. Measurements of light-evoked responses from individual BC synaptic terminals suggest that the distinct sensitivity of BC inputs reflects different contrast sensitivity between BC subtypes. Numerical simulations suggest that this network arrangement is crucial for reliable DS computation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProperly balanced excitation and inhibition are essential for many neuronal computations across brain regions. Feedforward inhibition circuitry, in which a common excitatory source drives both the principal cell and an interneuron, is a typical mechanism by which neural networks maintain this balance. Feedforward circuits may become imbalanced at low stimulation levels, however, if the excitatory drive is too weak to overcome the activation threshold in the interneuron. Here we reveal how excitation and inhibition remain balanced in direction selective ganglion cells in the mouse retina over a wide visual stimulus range.
Optogenetic Visualization of Presynaptic Tonic Inhibition of Cerebellar Parallel Fibers
Authors: Berglund Ken , Wen Lei , Dunbar Robert L. , Feng Guoping , Augustine George J. 
Published: May 2016

Tonic inhibition was imaged in cerebellar granule cells of transgenic mice expressing the optogenetic chloride indicator, Clomeleon. Blockade of GABAAreceptors substantially reduced chloride concentration in granule cells due to block of tonic inhibition. This indicates that tonic inhibition is a significant contributor to the resting chloride concentration of these cells. Tonic inhibition was observed not only in granule cell bodies, but also in their axons, the parallel fibers (PFs). This presynaptic tonic inhibition could be observed in slices both at room and physiological temperatures, as well asin vivo, and has many of the same properties as tonic inhibition measured in granule cell bodies. GABA application revealed that PFs possess at least two types of GABAAreceptor: one high-affinity receptor that is activated by ambient GABA and causes a chloride influx that mediates tonic inhibition, and a second with a low affinity for GABA that causes a chloride efflux that excites PFs. Presynaptic tonic inhibition regulates glutamate release from PFs because GABAAreceptor blockade enhanced both the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs and the amplitude of evoked EPSCs at the PF-Purkinje cell synapse. We conclude that tonic inhibition of PFs could play an important role in regulating information flow though cerebellar synaptic circuits. Such cross talk between phasic and tonic signaling could be a general mechanism for fine tuning of synaptic circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis paper demonstrates that an unconventional form of signaling, known as tonic inhibition, is found in presynaptic terminals and affects conventional synaptic communication. Our results establish the basic characteristics and mechanisms of presynaptic tonic inhibition and show that it occursin vivoas well as in isolated brain tissue.
Efeitos do Plano de Desenvolvimento da Escola nos resultados escolares
Authors: Alves Fatima , Elacqua Gregory , Martínez Matías , Santos Humberto 
Published: May 2016

<p>O Plano de Desenvolvimento da Escola (PDE-Escola) é um instrumento de planejamento para escolas que recebem capacitação técnica e apoio financeiro do MEC para elaborar um plano de melhoria nas dimensões de gestão, relação com a comunidade, projeto político-pedagógico e infraestrutura. Para avaliar se o PDE-Escola tem efeito no desempenho acadêmico das escolas foram utilizados os dados administrativos e da Prova Brasil entre os anos de 2005 a 2012 e a estimação de modelos fixo no nível da escola e por ano. Foram construídos três grupos que permitiu verificar qual o componente que possui efeito na melhoria dos resultados: apenas planejar, planejar e receber recursos e se os resultados encontrados se mantinham ao longo do tempo. Os resultados apontam que PDE-Escola só tem efeito quando associado ao repasse de recursos. Os resultados foram bastante heterogêneos entre os estados brasileiros o que sugere que o desenho e o contexto da implementação do programa importa. </p>
Investigação das atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana de duas espécies arbóreas ocorrentes no bioma caatinga
Authors: Nunes Fábio Rogério Santos , Dias Hosana Maria Cordeiro , Cavalcante Giani Maria 
Published: May 2016

<p>O bioma caatinga é um bioma brasileiro predominante e único no Nordeste do Brasil. Esse bioma abriga uma impressionante biodiversidade florística com espécies ricas em moléculas bioativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana de duas espécies vegetais arbóreas ocorrentes na caatinga. Nos ensaios de atividade antioxidante dos extratos etanólicos da casca do caule das espécies <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em> e <em>Cnidoscolus quercifolius</em> foram avaliados o teor de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante pelos métodos de captura dos radicais livres DPPH (radical 1,1-diphenil-2-picrilhydrazil) e ABTS (radical 2,2’azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). A atividade antimicrobiana desses extratos foi avaliada frente às espécies bacterianas <em>Enterococcus faecales</em> (ATCC 29212), <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae </em>(ATCC 49619) e <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (ATCC 25923), através do ensaio de difusão em poço e determinação de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). Os teores de fenólicos totais encontrados na espécie <em>L. leucocephala</em> exibiram quantidades relevantes de polifenóis, resultado não observado na espécie <em>C. quercifolius.</em> Foi observado existir uma correlação direta entre a quantidade de fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante das espécies testadas. Nenhuma das espécies apresentou atividade antimicrobiana significativa. </p>
Dissolved organic carbon modulates mercury concentrations in insect subsidies from streams to terrestrial consumers
Authors: Chaves‐Ulloa Ramsa , Taylor Brad W. , Broadley Hannah J. , Cottingham Kathryn L. , Baer Nicholas A. , Weathers Kathleen C. , Ewing Holly A. , Chen Celia Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMercury (Hg) concentrations in aquatic environments have increased globally, exposing consumers of aquatic organisms to high Hg levels. For both aquatic and terrestrial consumers, exposure to Hg depends on their food sources as well as environmental factors influencing Hg bioavailability. The majority of the research on the transfer of methylmercury (MeHg), a toxic and bioaccumulating form of Hg, between aquatic and terrestrial food webs has focused on terrestrial piscivores. However, a gap exists in our understanding of the factors regulating MeHg bioaccumulation by non‐piscivorous terrestrial predators, specifically consumers of adult aquatic insects. Because dissolved organic carbon (DOC) binds tightly to MeHg, affecting its transport and availability in aquatic food webs, we hypothesized that DOC affects MeHg transfer from stream food webs to terrestrial predators feeding on emerging adult insects. We tested this hypothesis by collecting data over 2 years from 10 low‐order streams spanning a broad DOC gradient in the Lake Sunapee watershed in New Hampshire, USA. We found that streamwater MeHg concentration increased linearly with DOC concentration. However, streams with the highest DOC concentrations had emerging stream prey and spiders with lower MeHg concentrations than streams with intermediate DOC concentrations; a pattern that is similar to fish and larval aquatic insects. Furthermore, high MeHg concentrations found in spiders show that MeHg transfer in adult aquatic insects is an overlooked but potentially significant pathway of MeHg bioaccumulation in terrestrial food webs. Our results suggest that although MeHg in water increases with DOC, MeHg concentrations in stream and terrestrial consumers did not consistently increase with increases in streamwater MeHg concentrations. In fact, there was a change from a positive to a negative relationship between aqueous exposure and bioaccumulation at streamwater MeHg concentrations associated with DOC above ~5 mg/L. Thus, our study highlights the importance of stream DOC for MeHg dynamics beyond stream boundaries, and shows that factors modulating MeHg bioavailability in aquatic systems can affect the transfer of MeHg to terrestrial predators via aquatic subsidies.
Estimating population density and connectivity of American mink using spatial capture–recapture
Authors: Fuller Angela K. , Sutherland Chris S. , Royle J. Andrew , Hare Matthew P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEstimating the abundance or density of populations is fundamental to the conservation and management of species, and as landscapes become more fragmented, maintaining landscape connectivity has become one of the most important challenges for biodiversity conservation. Yet these two issues have never been formally integrated together in a model that simultaneously models abundance while accounting for connectivity of a landscape. We demonstrate an application of using capture–recapture to develop a model of animal density using a least‐cost path model for individual encounter probability that accounts for non‐Euclidean connectivity in a highly structured network. We utilized scat detection dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as a means of collecting non‐invasive genetic samples of American mink (Neovison vison) individuals and used spatial capture–recapture models (SCR) to gain inferences about mink population density and connectivity. Density of mink was not constant across the landscape, but rather increased with increasing distance from city, town, or village centers, and mink activity was associated with water. TheSCRmodel allowed us to estimate the density and spatial distribution of individuals across a 388 km2area. The model was used to investigate patterns of space usage and to evaluate covariate effects on encounter probabilities, including differences between sexes. This study provides an application of capture–recapture models based on ecological distance, allowing us to directly estimate landscape connectivity. This approach should be widely applicable to provide simultaneous direct estimates of density, space usage, and landscape connectivity for many species.