bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Combining dynamic models with deep learning through time series analysis
Authors: Rekabdarkolaee Hossein Moradi , Menendez Hector M , Brennan Jameson R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Time series analysis is a traditional approach to analyzing a sequence of data. This approach allows us to study the trend over time, discover the temporal dependencies, and analyze the fluctuations within the data. An understanding of the underlying data generative process can lead to better forecast and decision-making. The time series application can be found across diverse domains including animal sciences, economics, and environmental sciences. In this talk, we will present the fundamental concepts of time series and traditional and state-of-the-art approaches for analyzing such data. By providing a comprehensive overview of time series analysis, this talk aims to equip the audience with a foundational understanding and practical insights into harnessing the power of temporal data and the use of mathematical models that inform and improve decision-making in animal production settings.
18 Impacts of supplementing sulfate vs. hydroxychloride sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn on heifer growth performance and physiology during feed restriction and high-starch challenge periods
Authors: Souza Isabella , Moriel Philipe , Monar Gabriel , Lima Pedro , Carvalho Andre , Oliva Guilherme , Augusto Karolina , de Porcionato Marco Felício , De Araujo Davi Brito , Vasconcelos Jose 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing different sources (sulfate vs. hydroxychloride) of Cu, Mn, and Zn during feed restriction and high-starch challenge periods on heifer growth performance and physiology. On d 0, Nelore heifers (n = 40) were stratified by body weight (BW = 238 ± 38 kg) and age (21 ± 1 mo), and individually allocated into 1 of 40 drylot pens. The study was divided: washout (d 0 to 27), nutrient surplus (d 28 to 55), nutrient restriction (d 56 to 83), and high-starch challenge (d 84 to 112). The washout period consisted of limit-feeding Tifton hay (2.5% of BW; DM basis) and providing free choice access to white salt only. On d 28, heifers were randomly assigned to receive protein DM supplementation (0.10 to 0.20% of BW) added with sulfate (SUL) or hydroxychloride (HYD) sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn (≥ 260, 200, and 960 mg of Cu, Mn, and Zn per kg of supplement DM) from d 28 to 112 (n = 20 heifers/treatment). From d 28 to 55, heifers were offered ad libitum Tifton hay. From d 56 to 83, heifers were limit-fed 50% of average hay DM intake consumed in the last 6 d of the previous phase (d 50 to 55). From d 84 to 112, each respective protein supplement was mixed with a starch-based total mixed ration (TMR). Heifers were gradually adapted to the starch-based TMR by increasing the concentrate DM amount while simultaneously decreasing the hay DM amount by 20% every 7 d (starting with 35% concentrate and 65% hay on d 84 and ending with 80% concentrate and 20% hay from day 106 to 112). Individual heifer shrunk BW were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112, following 12 h of feed and water withdrawal. Effects of treatment × day and treatment were not detected (P ≥ 0.37) for heifer BW, average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter (DM) intake, except for ADG from d 28 to 56, which was less (P = 0.05) for SUL vs. HYD heifers (-0.21 ± 0.05 vs. -0.10 ± 0.05 kg/day, respectively). Effects of day, but not treatment × day and treatment (P ≥ 0.43), were detected for fecal pH, which remained relatively constant from d 0 to 84, and then decreased (P &lt; 0.01) from 7.2 on d 84 to 5.8-6.0 on d 110. Overall, protein supplementation added with hydroxychloride sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn had minor positive effects on heifer growth performance immediately following a washout period, but did not improve heifer growth performance and fecal pH during nutrient restriction and high-starch challenge periods, compared with protein supplementation added with sulfate sources of same metals.
24 Maternal supplementation with different sources of trace minerals to beef cattle and its effects on postweaning responses of the offspring
Authors: Cruz Vinicius Alves , Marques Rodrigo , Kvamme Keenan , Limede Arnaldo C Cintra , Ogg Makayla A , McCoski Sarah , Posbergh Christian , Bradbery Amanda N , Mercadante Vitor R G , Mackey Shea , Pickett Autumn , Cooke Reinaldo F , Farmer Chance G , Heldt Jeff S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The goal of this trial was to evaluate the effects of different sources of trace minerals on fetal programing and their impact on cow reproductive and postweaning offspring performance until slaughter. Seventy-two non-lactating, pregnant Angus cows [initial body weight (BW) = 637 ± 13 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 5.5 ± 0.07; and age = 6.1 ± 0.57; exposed to artificial insemination (AI) = 54 and bull = 18] were ranked by BW and BCS and assigned to receive a supplement containing: 1) Cu, Mn, and Zn from sulfate source (INR; n = 24), 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn from organic source (ORG; n = 24), or 3) Cu, Mn, and Zn from hydroxychloride source (HXD; n = 24). From d 0 to calving, cows remained on the same pasture and were fed individually three times a week. After calving, pairs were assigned to the general herd management, including inorganic mineral supplementation. Calves were weaned at 6 mo of age and were managed as a single group on a backgrounding period for 85 d. Calf blood samples were collected on d -15, 0, 4, 8, 15, 20, and 28 relative to weaning to evaluate stress-related markers. After this period, calves were fed to finish in a commercial feedyard. Cattle were then harvested, and carcass data were recorded. Though not the focus of this trial, there was a numerical improvement (P = 0.22) in overall subsequent pregnancy rate for the HDX (92.1%) compared with the ING (74.3%) and ORG (75.2%) cows. Also, the HDX had a tendency (P = 0.07) for improvement in liver Cu status compared with the other treatments. At weaning, no treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.88) in calf weaning BW and average daily gain from weaning to feedyard receiving. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.22) in the blood stress-related enzymes and metabolites. However, there was a tendency for a decrease in plasma haptoglobin at day 15 post-weaning (P = 0.07) for the calves from HDX supplemented cows relative to other treatments (Figure 1). Which might indicate potential amelioration of inflammation for the calves from cows supplemented with HDX trace minerals during pregnancy. Feedyard growth performance were similar (P ≥ 0.35) across treatments for the offspring (Table 1). No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.17) for carcass traits between treatments (Table 2). Overall, different sources of trace minerals supplemented to late gestating beef cows yield similar effects on offspring performance from weaning and background period until slaughter, whereas a potential amelioration of inflammation was observed in calves born to HDX cows.
23 Physiological and health implications of trace mineral nutrition
Authors: Marques Rodrigo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trace minerals are often recommended to avoid possible implications for beef cattle productivity. Trace minerals have several roles in livestock species, such as protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and immune functions. The primary trace minerals for cattle include zinc, copper, selenium, iron, manganese, cobalt, and iodine. These minerals serve as cofactors for numerous enzymes involved in metabolic pathways crucial for growth, reproduction, and immune function. Trace minerals such as zinc, copper, and manganese serve as cofactors for enzymes involved in metabolism. They have crucial roles in carbohydrates, protein, and lipid metabolism, facilitating energy production and nutrient utilization. Additionally, zinc, selenium and copper, are essential for maintaining a robust immune system. They are involved in the production and function of immune cells, antibody response, and the regulation of inflammation, thus aiding in the body’s defense against pathogens and diseases. Selenium, copper, and manganese act as cofactors for antioxidant enzymes that help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. By scavenging free radicals, these trace minerals protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and aging-related disorders. Cattle obtain trace minerals from various sources, including forages, grains, supplements, and water. However, the bioavailability of these minerals can be influenced by factors such as soil composition, forage type, and dietary interactions. Therefore, careful attention to mineral supplementation and management practices is necessary to meet the specific requirements of cattle at different stages of life and production. Furthermore, research continues to elucidate the complex interactions among trace minerals and their effects on cattle health and performance. Strategies such as targeted supplementation, mineral source selection, and dietary manipulation are being explored to optimize trace mineral nutrition in cattle production systems while minimizing environmental impact and economic costs. However, trace mineral sources might vary in water solubility and bioavailability, affecting their reactivity with antagonists and microorganisms in the rumen. Hence, understanding the importance of these micronutrients and implementing appropriate management practices can help ensure optimal performance and well-being of cattle herds, ultimately contributing to the efficiency and profitability of livestock operations.
53 Relationship of Angus yearling bull pulmonary arterial pressure estimates with birth weight, gestation length and growth traits
Authors: Stearns Kaylen A , DelCurto-Wyffels Hannah , Wyffels Sam , Sitz Taylre , Bigler Lauren , DelCurto Timothy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), determines the susceptibility to High Altitude Disease (HAD) of an animal, which causes pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. Cattle that reside in elevations greater than 1,500 m are more susceptible to HAD. PAP measures the resistance of blood flow through the lungs and can be used as an indicator of the susceptibility of an animal to HAD. It is estimated that 1.5 million head of cattle are raised in high altitude environments (above 1,500 m) and HAD accounts for 3 to 5% of calf death loss yearly. The objectives of this study were to model the relationship of PAP estimates with birth weight, gestation length and growth traits of developing bulls. PAP estimates were collected from Angus yearling bulls ranging in age from 12 to 18-mo of age from a Montana-based Angus operation (&gt; 1,600 m elevation, 5,400 yearlings/18-mo-old bulls from 2016 – 2023). We hypothesized that the relationship between PAP and performance traits could be described with linear or asymptotic models. We used Akaike’s Information Criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (AICc) to evaluate support for competing models reflecting hypotheses about the effects of bull age at time of testing and performance traits. Models containing an asymptotic relationship between PAP and all measured variables were the best supported from the candidate model sets. Bull age at time of PAP testing was not supported in model selection for any of the performance traits measured. PAP was greater for bulls with greater birth weight (P &lt; 0.01; β = 2.86 ± 0.81; R2marginal = 0.25 %; R2conditional = 0.77 %). PAP was greater for bulls that had greater gestation lengths (P &lt; 0.01; β = 33.74 ± 11.25; R2marginal = 1.40 %; R2conditional = 27.37 %). There were no observed relationships between bull PAP and weaning weight (P = 0.26). PAP was less for bulls that had greater yearling weights (P = 0.04; β = -2.16 ± 1.05; R2marginal = 0.09 %; R2conditional = 0.65 %). In addition, PAP was less for bulls that had greater weaning to yearling gains (P = 0.02; β = -1.21 ± 0.54; R2marginal = 0.12 %; R2conditional = 0.79 %). In summary, PAP was related to birth weight, gestation length, yearling weight, and growth between weaning and yearling; however, these relationships explain very little of the variation of PAP estimates.
260 Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) supplementation improved plasma antioxidant enzymes and stress hormones in beef cattle
Authors: Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Simpson Monya , AbdelRahim Gamal Eden , Cebert Ernst , Boateng Judith 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Industrial hemp is a rich source of antioxidants due to its high CBD but there is little information known about its impact on plasma antioxidant enzyme activity and stress hormone in beef cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of industrial hemp supplementation on plasma antioxidant enzymes and stress hormone of Angus cattle. Black Angus heifers (n = 20) were completely randomized into either control (CON: n = 10, receiving 0 g of hemp) or hemp (HEMP: n = 10, receiving 30 g of hemp in 200 g of commercial concentrate) in a trial that lasted for 6 wk. Each group was replicated twice. Hay and water were offered ad libitum, experimental diets were offered o700 h daily. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 of the experiment for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine enzyme activity using standard kits. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure for repeated measure in SAS 9.4 with Compound symmetry as covariance structure while means were separated with Tukey at 5% alpha. There was significant (P &lt; 0.05) difference in cortisol with HEMP group having 97.54 ng/mL and 122.23 ng/mL for CON. There was treatment x time interaction in total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and malondialdehyde, TAOC range was 7.26 to 13.95 U/mL in HEMP group and 7.56 to 11.80 U/mL in CON. In conclusion, industrial hemp improved plasma antioxidant status, reduced lipid peroxidation and decreased stress level thereby improving the performance and welfare of beef cattle
266 Breed differences in feeding behavior measured by two remote monitoring technologies in feedlot steers
Authors: Luke Madison M E , Burgess Jillian E M , Gonzalez Luciano A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Estimation of individual dry matter intake (DMI) is required to optimize feed efficiency, carcass endpoint and profitability of feedlot cattle. However, measuring individual DMI is not practical or economically viable in a commercial setting. It is suggested that feeding behavior measured by remote monitoring technologies could be used to predict DMI of feedlot steers in real-time. However, inherent differences between breeds could influence DMI and feeding behavior and therefore these may need to be considered to predict DMI from feeding behavior. The objective of the present study was to assess differences between breeds in DMI and feeding behavior using data collected from radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags linked to electronic feeders and smart ear tags with accelerometers. Twenty-four steers from each breed [Angus, Brahman and Charolais; initial body weight (BW) = 335 ± 25.0 kg/steer) were fed using 10 electronic feeders in a serial slaughter trial for up to 200 d with 50 d slaughter intervals. Data were averaged per animal and ANOVA was performed with fixed effects of breed and length of the feeding period. There was no interaction between breed and length of feeding period (P &gt; 0.05). DMI, feeding time and visit length measured by RFID, were less in Brahman compared with Angus and Charolais steers (P &lt; 0.05). Eating rate (g/min) was not affected by breeds (P &gt; 0.05); however, Brahmans ate faster compared with the other two breeds when expressed as gּ min-1ּ kg BW-1 (P ≤ 0.001). Smart tags showed that daily eating and ruminating times were longest in Charolais and shortest in Brahman (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, time spent not active was longest in Brahman and shortest in Charolais (P ≤ 0.001). Daily ‘active’ time was longer and ‘highly active’ shorter in Angus and Brahman compared with Charolais (P &lt; 0.001). Differences in feeding behavior suggest that breed should be considered to predict DMI from RFID and smart ear tag technologies.
268 Assessment of antimicrobial exposure on generic Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. concentration, prevalence, and resistance to antimicrobials in beef cattle raised with or without antimicrobials
Authors: Dornbach Colten W , Wells Jim E , Broadway Rand R , Hales Kristin E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
To investigate the effects of antimicrobial exposure, Angus steers [n = 288; initial body weight (BW) = 314 and 300 kg) were sorted into 1 of 2 treatments over 2 consecutive years: steers raised without antimicrobials (NAT) and conventionally raised steers exposed to antimicrobials (CONV). Pens within treatment were adjacent and separated via empty pens from the other treatment. Before cattle arrival, pens were renovated, and soil was replaced from an area not subjected to livestock production. Monensin and tylosin were included in CONV steer diets targeting 250 and 85 mg/steer daily, respectively. On d 123, CONV steers received a metaphylactic antimicrobial; NAT steers received a sterile saline injection. From d 0 to 168, diet and rectal fecal samples were collected longitudinally at 5 timepoints to determine E. coli and Enterococcus spp. concentration, prevalence, and resistance patterns. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used with fixed effects of treatment, day, and treatment × day interaction, and random effect of pen nested within a treatment × year interaction. Feed E. coli and Enterococcus spp. concentrations were greater in NAT diets than CONV diets (P &lt; 0.01). Erythromycin (8ERYR; 128ERYR), tetracycline (TETR), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (COTR), and cefotaxime (CTXR) resistant E. coli concentrations and prevalence were greater in NAT diets than CONV diets (P &lt; 0.02). Fecal E. coli concentrations tended to be greater in NAT steers than CON steers (P = 0.07). A treatment × day tendency was detected for 8ERYRE. coli concentrations (P = 0.06), with NAT steers tending to have greater concentrations on d 64 and 130. Conversely, CONV steers had greater 128ERYRE. coli concentrations on d 130 and 168 than NAT steers (P &lt; 0.01). Fecal TETRE. coli concentrations were greater in CONV steers than NAT steers (P = 0.03). Fecal COTR and CTXRE. coli prevalence had a treatment × day interaction (P &lt; 0.01), with CONV steers having greater prevalence at the beginning of the finishing phase (d 0). Conversely, NAT steers had greater COTR (d 123 and 130) and CTXR (d 130 and 168) E. coli prevalence towards the end of the finishing phase than CONV steers. Fecal Enterococcus spp. concentrations did not differ between treatments (P = 0.11). A treatment × day interaction was detected for 8ERYR and 128ERYREnterococcus spp. concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), with CONV steers having greater concentrations on d 64, 130, and 168 than NAT steers. Overall, these data suggest that antimicrobial exposure does not inherently increase E. coli and Enterococcus spp. concentrations. Treatment differences observed for ERYREnterococcus spp. concentrations are likely a result of tylosin exposure whereas differences in 128ERYR and TETRE. coli concentrations are likely an effect of metaphylactic administration. USDA is an equal opportunity employer.
364 Genetics: How long does it take for genetics to improve carcass characteristics
Authors: Engle Bailey N , Thallman Mark , Snelling Warren M , Wheeler Tommy L , Shackelford Steven , King Andy , Kuehn Larry A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Beginning with a large push from consumers to improve meat and carcass quality in the 1990s, through selection, the beef industry has successfully made significant genetic gains towards achieving these improvements. For producers looking to increase the genetic potential of their own herds for carcass quality there are multiple considerations that will inform the time it takes to see improvement. Some of the primary factors influencing the rate of genetic gain for carcass quality phenotypes include: 1) available selection candidates, 2) trait heritability, 3) selection accuracy, and 4) selection intensity. Using the Germplasm Evaluation beef herd at the US Meat Animal Research Center, many of the possible factors influencing this timeline have been evaluated. Collection of carcass quality phenotypes has been an ongoing, long-term objective of the project and has allowed for the estimation of trait heritabilities, breed differences, heterosis effects, and genetic trends over time for this trait complex. Additionally, this herd facilitated the development of decision support tools for creating selection indices and breeding programs, representing the culmination of many of these research outcomes. There are multiple ways to achieve genetic improvement for carcass quality, and our primary objective is to equip producers and other stakeholders with the necessary information to make informed selection decisions. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
406 Impacts of drought on long term cow-calf productivity and potential management strategies for producers to overcome these challenges
Authors: Beck Paul A , Beck Matthew R , Gunter Stacey A , Lalman David L , Prather Richard 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Our climate in North America has shifted to what appears to be a dry cycle reminiscent of the 1930s and 1950s. There are predictions of extended periods of drought and other climate perturbations interspersed with short periods of respite. Drought conditions in the High Plains and Southeastern U. S. in 2011 and 2012 resulted in destocking of cow-calf operations leading to shortages in feeder cattle supplies and record prices in 2015 and 2016, but these high prices were short lived with rapid rebuilding of the cowherd and return to stable cattle numbers. The drought that started in areas of the High Plains in 2021 and intensified throughout the region in 2022 and 2023, has again resulted in massive culling and destocking of the cowherd. Today the U.S. beef cowherd, estimated at just over 28 million cows, is the lowest since 1961. Relief from the low cattle numbers is not in sight because heifer retention numbers are also the lowest since 1950. The reduced cow numbers limit the potential calf crop and available feeder cattle supplies, but the issues can be more intrusive and have long term implications. Data from multiple cowherds in Northwestern Oklahoma (R. Prather, DVM; Ellis County Hospital, Shattuck, OK) shows reductions in AI and overall pregnancy rates as body condition decreases after timed artificial insemination and during natural service breeding in range cows. There are also indications of reduced fertility of replacement heifers retained from these cows in the subsequent year following nutritional and heat stress during pregnancy. Decreasing body condition of cows during late pregnancy decreases the volume and concentration of immunoglobulins in the colostrum, leading to long term health consequences on the offspring. With limited forage resources, calves tend to skip the stocker phase of production and enter feedlots for finishing at younger ages and lighter bodyweights. Research has shown that feeding younger calves decreases performance and body weight at slaughter and produces lighter fatter carcasses. Cows maintained on western rangelands with limited hay feeding are much more susceptible to changing forage conditions than cows maintained in more intensive operations in the eastern U. S., but mature weight of cows is increasing in all regions of the U. S., effectively increasing stocking rates and reducing resilience. Research in Arkansas showed that smaller cows weaned heavier calves and produced more weaning weight per hectare than larger cows during dry years with limited forage availability. Pasture and livestock management plans and nutritional intervention need to be in place in a timely manner to prevent swings in cattle numbers and negative impacts on long-term productivity of feeder calves in response to drought and other climate stressors.