bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of the Greek novel on the Life and Miracles of Saint Thecla
Authors: Narro Ángel 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Life and Miracles of Saint Thecla, a 5th-century hagiographical work, feature many elements recalling the ancient novel. Even if the first part of the text, the Life, must be considered a novel itself due to its dependence on the model of the Acts of Paul and Thecla, some novelistic motifs - especially the use of descriptions, digressions and first-person narrations − appear throughout the whole text. In addition, we also examine the textual evidence of the influence of the ancient novel on this hagiographical text through the analysis of some lexical details which suggest the reading of the ancient novels. The hagiographer uses these elements to rewrite in same cases the original scene of the Acts of Paul and Thecla or to evoke in other scenes the universe of the ancient novel in order to delight his readers.
Der wissende Pilger und der unwissende Reisende. Eine kursorische Lektüre des XXVI. Gesangs von Dantes Inferno
Authors: Huss Bernhard 
Published: August 2016

Riassunto
Questa lettura cursoria si propone di trattare il fondamentale problema del giudizio etico sul viaggio atlantico di Ulisse partendo dall’assunto che lo stesso Ulisse viene destinato da Dante alla condanna infernale e che le ragioni di tale scelta punitiva sono tuttora estremamente discusse dalla critica. Dal racconto autodiegetico dell’ultima azione della sua vita emerge l’immagine di un Ulisse viaggiatore ›inconsapevole‹: un uomo temerario di epoca precristiana, a cui manca necessariamente, così come al suo interlocutore Virgilio, qualsiasi tipo di ancoraggio teologico e di fede nella salvezza ultraterrena. Sulla base soprattutto della situazione comunicativa instauratasi nel canto XXVI, che esclude ›Dante‹, pellegrino consapevole, dal colloquio del poeta epico pagano con gli eroi epici dell’antichità precristiana, si mette qui in evidenza come il canto intenda fornire l’esplicita rappresentazione di un dislivello informativo escatologicamente determinato (ed escatologicamente determinante). Soltanto all’orizzonte conoscitivo cristiano si dischiude la consapevolezza che il pagano Ulisse, scaltrito e abilissimo negli inganni, si converte con la sua traversata marittima in un uomo ingannato e fuorviato, al quale la cognizione del vero significato del proprio agire rimane costantemente inattingibile persino nell’inferno.
Stefan Zweig und Dante Alighieri
Authors: Larcati Arturo 
Published: August 2016

Riassunto
In questo saggio si ricostruisce per la prima volta l’interesse di Stefan Zweig per Dante, che è rimasto costante durante tutta la sua vita. Lo scrittore austriaco, che aveva intenzione di tradurre in tedesco la Vita Nova, non solo imita lo stile di Dante in una composizione giovanile dal titolo »Tal der Trauer« (»Valle della tristezza«, 1905), ma promuove anche una nuova edizione delle sue opere in lingua originale (col commento di Croce) presso la casa editrice Insel di Lipsia nel 1921 e più tardi esalta il poeta italiano come sostenitore di valori umanistici. Negli anni in cui Zweig è costretto a lasciare l’Austria a causa del Nazismo (1934-1942), l’autore della Commedia diventa uno dei punti di riferimento più importanti per una nuova concezione della letteratura d’esilio.
Compact Dual-band Bandpass Filter Based on HMSIW and DS-CSRR
Authors: Kang Hong Yi , Song Jing Pan , Li Jiao , Wei Feng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA compact dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) based on a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) and double-side complementary split-ring resonators (DS-CSRR) is investigated in this paper. The proposed DS-CSRR consists of two complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) with different sizes. One is etched on the top surface of HMSIW, the other is on the ground. By changing the parameters of DS-CSRR, both the center frequencies and the bandwidths can be controlled independently, respectively. In order to validate its practicability, a dual-band BPF centered at 3.5 GHz/5.2 GHz is designed and demonstrated. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement with each other.
Analysis, Simulation and Optimization of the Milking Process in a Cowshed for the Production of Parmigiano Reggiano
Authors: Armenzoni Mattia , Bottani Eleonora , Rinaldi Marta , Gallo Sergio Amedeo , Montanari Roberto 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study is to optimize the milking process of a cowshed, located near Parma (Italy), which provides milk to some dairy companies, for the production of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. The ultimate goal of the analysis is to reduce the time required for milking operations, thus optimizing the whole management of the farm processes. A discrete-event simulation model is designed under Simul8™ to reproduce the main processes of the cowshed and the movements of the animals inside the cowshed, before and after milking. The model exploits real data collected from the direct observation of the farm and is validated by comparing the results provided with the real performance of the milking activities. Then, it is used to test two new configurations of the cowshed layout and to assess their performance, in terms of the total time required for milking. Interesting savings in the total milking time are found.
From the de Broglie to Visible Wavelengths: Manipulating Electrons and Photons With Colloids
Authors: van Blaaderen Alfons 
Published: August 2016

Because of their size and ability to selforganize, colloidal particles are ideal building blocks for the creation of three-dimensional (3D) structures that can have feature sizes of the order of the wavelength of electrons, photons, or both. This article is too short to provide an extensive literature survey but instead will give some illustrative examples, based on work of the author and co-workers, of how specially developed core-shell particles might be organized on a 3D lattice. These examples are only intended to give an impression of how colloidal-particle systems can be used in the design of new materials with interesting photonic properties.Generally particles are considered colloidal if their size is between several nm and several μm. This range is more or less defined by the importance of Brownian motion—that is, the irregular, overdamped, random displacements the particles make as a result of the not completely averaged-out bombardment of solvent (or gas) molecules. Consequently the lower size range is determined by the size of the solvent molecules. Compared to the particle size, the solvent molecules need to be so small that the time scales of the solvent molecules and particles are so far apart that the solvent molecules can be “integrated out” in a description of the particles. If such a description holds, the solvent can be approximated well by a continuum. The upper size limit is determined by the size at which external fields, like gravity, start to overshadow the effects of Brownian motion.
Historical Note: Bicycles Roll Along from Wooden Wagon Wheel to Alloy Tubing
Authors: McMahon C.J. 
Published: August 2016

The evolution of the bicycle provides a good history of structural materials since the 1850s. The first machine that resembled a bicycle was made of a wooden beam with a wooden wagon wheel at each end. This presumably inspired the Hobby Horse, which had a forged iron beam for a frame, along with wooden wheels. The next step was the “boneshaker,” still with wooden wheels, but with the innovation of pedals, which allowed riders to keep their feet off the ground. Major reductions in weight came with the introduction of steel tubing for the frame and tensioned wire-spoke wheels, as in the high-wheelers of the 1880s. These breakthroughs came on the heels of the development of tube drawing and wire drawing in the new steel industry. With the introduction of the Humber “safety bicycle” in 1890, the evolution of the present-day diamond-frame configuration of the bicycle was completed. By this time, hardened steel components were available for the chain, cogs, bearings, and the chain wheel. In the previous year, John Dunlop had patented the pneumatic tire, and this invention took over the market for bicycle tires by 1895. The cotton-fiber-strengthened rubber-matrix tire was probably one of the earliest fabricated composite materials.The use of brazing to join the cold-drawn steel tubes led to the development of the diamond frame. Lugs held the ends of the tubes in place. The brazing alloys were, and still are, based on Cu-40%Zn and on the Ag-Cu eutectic alloy. Wood and bamboo were tried as substitutes for steel tubes in diamond frames during the past century, but the lack of an available method for joining the pieces together defeated these attempts to save weight. The main materials developments in bicycles over the next 80 or 90 years after the Humber safety were the introduction of low-alloy steels for tubing, primarily the Cr-Mo-0.3%C 4130-type steel, the substitution of aluminum-alloy extrusions for steel tubing for wheel rims after the 1950s, and the use of stainless-steel spokes instead of carbon steel.
Silicon-Based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Detectors
Authors: Buchal Ch. , Löken M. 
Published: August 2016

Photodetectors must provide fast and efficient conversion of photons to charge carriers. When considering semiconductor light sources, the indirect bandgap of silicon and germanium represents a serious obstacle to radiative electron-hole recombinations. Momentum conservation demands the simultaneous interaction of the electron-hole pair with a momentum-matching phonon. As a consequence, radiative recombinations are five orders of magnitude less probable in Si if compared to a direct semiconductor such as GaAs.Although the absorption of a photon and the generation of an electron-hole pair may be considered as the inverse process to emission, photon absorption within indirect semiconductors is a highly probable process if the photon energy is sufficient to bridge the energy gap in a direct process. The resulting electronhole pair is created in an excited state and relaxes sequentially. The ubiquitous-silicon solar cells operate this way. In the visible spectral range, Si photodetectors have demonstrated fast and efficient performance, being readily adapted for opto electronic applications and being fully compatible to standard-silicon processing schemes.
Fundamentals of Friction
Authors: Krim Jacqueline 
Published: August 2016

By most recent estimates, improved attention to friction and wear would save developed countries up to 1.6% of their gross national product—over $100 billion annually in the United States alone. It is thus not surprising that tribomaterials, materials designed for use in moving contact (sliding, rolling, abrasive, etc.) have for decades attracted the interests of materials scientists and mechanical and chemical engineers. However the field of tribology is hardly a recent one. Such tribological advances as Leonardo da Vinci's design of intricate gears and bearings (some of which were not built until the Industrial Revolution provided sufficiently strong materials) and the landmark 18th century development of a timepiece allowing accurate longitudinal positioning of ships at sea (accomplished via a self-lubricating wooden gear) could easily be termed “modern,” given the overall longevity of the field.As important as tribomaterials are to technology, their discovery has usually been serendipitous. Materials scientists have frequently been able to provide explanations for why tribomaterials perform as well as they do. They have also been able to substantially improve the performance of tribomaterials through the development of new alloys, composites, and/or improved surface-engineering methods. They have however been far less successful at a priori design of tribomaterials with improved performance, largely because friction and wear processes have not been understood at the fundamental level.The late 1980s marked the advent of renewed interest in fundamental areas of tribology, sparked by a number of new experimental and theoretical techniques that made it possible to study the force of friction in geometries that are well-defined at the nanometer scale.
Friction in the Presence of Molecular Lubricants and Solid/Hard Coatings
Authors: Harrison Judith A. , Perry Scott S. 
Published: August 2016

Two of the most widely employed approaches for enhancing the lifetime and tribological performance of mechanical devices involve the introduction of lubricants and solid/hard coatings to the interface between two contacting surfaces. These approaches have been employed for centuries, and their design has been widely accomplished through empirical methods. In the last 20 years however, the general trend of device miniaturization and the development of advanced technology applications have placed more stringent demands on the performance of many tribological interfaces. For example, many of the hard-disk storage products now shipped in computers rely upon a single layer of lubricant molecules adsorbed on a submicron-thick layer of amorphous carbon to control the static friction and wear between the read/write head and the disk surface. In other advanced technologies, hard-coating materials are introduced into tribological interfaces that will operate in remote or harsh environments to improve the durability and lifetime of the devices. In the previous examples, the introduction of a thin coating or a change in surface composition dramatically influences the tribological properties and indicates that many tribological interfaces can be understood and described on a molecular scale. This article will review recent progress made in understanding the molecular events associated with tribological phenomena from both experimental and theoretical approaches.In general, advances in experimental studies have been realized through developing a greater sensitivity to the relatively few number of species found within a tribological contact.
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Individual Quantum Dots in Wells
Authors: Gammon Daniel 
Published: August 2016

Currently spectroscopists are studying many semiconductor quantum-dot (QD) systems in great detail because of their scientific and technological importance. However as in all nanostructure systems in which significant confinement energies exist, size fluctuations lead to inhomogeneous broadening of the spectral lines. This blurring of the spectra severely reduces the amount of information obtainable from spectroscopy. The finding has initiated an effort to isolate optically and study spectroscopically individual QDs. Studies involving individual QDs in most QD systems have been published. Here the results of a series of experiments are reviewed on GaAs QDs defined by interface fluctuations in narrow GaAs quantum wells. These experiments demonstrate the elegance and potential of single-QD spectroscopy.An example of single-QD photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy appears in Figure 1. The spectra shown were obtained at a temperature of 6 K by successively reducing the size of the laser spot on a GaAs quantum-well sample through the use of small apertures in a metal mask. The bottom trace is a PL spectrum obtained with a macroscopic laser spot diameter of 25μm. The spectrum shows two broad peaks corresponding to the recombination of excitons in parts of the quantum well that are either 10 or 11 monolayers wide (2.8 or 3.1 nm). The spectrum is strongly inhomogeneously broadened as shown most directly by a reduction in the aperture size. The relatively broad lines break up into a decreasing number of extraordinarily narrow PL spikes as the aperture is reduced to submicroscopic dimensions. These PL spikes arise from excitons localized in individual QD potentials. Remarkably the linewidth decreases from several meV in the ensemble-averaged spectrum (25-μm aperture) to 10s of μeV in the single QD spectra, corresponding to an effective improvement in resolution of two orders in magnitude. By probing individual QDs, it becomes possible to resolve directly a number of phenomena that previously were hidden in the inhomogeneous linewidth.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Surfaces and Interphases
Authors: Rokhlin Stanislav I. , Matikas Theodore E. 
Published: August 2016

Ultrasonic waves have been used extensively for material characterization and for sensing in material process control. The waves produce small-amplitude mechanical vibrations and, depending on the mode being used, may induce both longitudinal and shear stresses in the solid. Information on the structural properties of a substance can be obtained by measuring both the velocity and the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave. The phase velocity of the wave depends on the elastic constants and density of the body while attenuation depends on microstructure and crystalline defects.In an isotropic solid medium, which has only two independent elastic moduli, there exist two elastic waves: the longitudinal and the shear. Three kinds of bulk elastic waves may propagate in an anisotropic solid: a quasilongitudinal and two quasitransverse waves, differing in polarization and velocity. To determine the set of elastic constants, one must measure the phase velocity in several different directions relative to the crystallographic axes.The attenuation of an ultrasonic wave is associated with absorption of elastic waves (inelastic effect) and the scattering of elastic waves by structural inhomogeneities. Scattering may be the governing attenuation mechanism in polycrystalline, composite, and ceramic materials. As a result of scattering, elastic energy is lost by the prime ultrasonic beam in the form of a stochastically scattered field, which is gradually absorbed in the material. The latter is associated with conversion of elastic into thermal energy as a result of various inelastic effects termed internal friction.
Tissue-Engineering Strategies for Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Dunn Michael G. 
Published: August 2016

The majority of musculoskeletal injuries involve the soft connective tissues including cartilage, meniscus, tendon, and ligament. In contrast to bone tissue, which regenerates after injury, these soft tissues tend to heal poorly through formation of weak, disorganized scar tissue. In fact certain soft-tissue injuries cannot heal on their own so surgical repair or complete reconstruction is required to restore function. Biological grafts (autografts and allografts) and “permanent” synthetic prostheses are currently used to reconstruct large soft-tissue defects. Autografts (a patient's own tissue transferred to another site) can be successful, but as you “rob Peter to pay Paul,” complications at the donor site can be significant. Allografts (transplants from another human) are in short supply and carry the risk of rejection or disease transmission. In general, permanent synthetic prostheses fail to withstand long-term mechanical loading associated with the musculoskeletal system. New strategies are clearly needed to manage musculoskeletal soft-tissue reconstruction.Several tissue-engineering strategies are potentially useful to enhance repair of these troublesome injuries or to induce regeneration. One interesting approach (developed for skin and cartilage regeneration) combines scaffolds, cells, and cell signals to grow living tissue analogues in the laboratory. Scaffolds are natural or synthetic biomaterials upon which the cells attach and grow. The cells may be fibroblasts, chondrocytes, etc., depending on the specific application. Influential cell signals can include attachment factors, growth factors, and mechanical loads.Our laboratory is developing a similar approach for ligament reconstruction. Ligaments are the strong, flexible bands of collagenous tissue that connect bone-to-bone to provide a delicate balance of stability and flexibility to the joints of the body. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the primary stabilizer of the knee and is frequently injured in sporting activities and accidents. Serious ACL injuries can lead to disability and progressive degeneration of cartilage and meniscus that normally serve as shock absorbers in the joint. Anterior-cruciate-ligament ruptures do not heal without surgical intervention, due to a poor intrinsic healing response and poor vascularity. To restore normal joint function, ruptured ACLs can be surgically reconstructed using a patellar-tendon autograft or allograft. While significant progress has been made in understanding ACL anatomy, structure, biomechanics, and healing, there is still no biological graft or biomaterial ideally suited for ACL reconstruction.
Materials Performance in a Radiation Environment
Authors: Clinard Frank W. 
Published: August 2016

An important part of materials science is the study of the behavior of materials under difficult environmental conditions. Some operating conditions have been traditional objects of study—for example, high temperatures and corrosive atmospheres. The study of materials in radiation environments gained particular significance after the advent of nuclear reactors, and radiation has joined the list of insults to which materials are subjected. Technological applications that involve significant levels of radiation include but are not limited to fission reactors, proposed fusion reactors, nuclear waste, ion accelerators, and spacecraft, with types of radiation encompassing thermal and fast neutrons, light and heavy ions, and energetic photons. More detailed information on applications and accompanying radiation fields appears in the articles published in this issue of MRS Bulletin and in the references listed under Further Reading.The four theme articles in this issue focus on radiation effects in four families of materials commonly used in radiation environments: metals, ceramics, graphite and carbon-based materials, and polymers.
Radiation Damage in Metallic Materials
Authors: Ullmaier H. 
Published: August 2016

Radiation-damage research started with the installation of the first nuclear reactors in the United States. In 1946 Wigner pointed out that energetic neutrons would displace atoms from their regular lattice sites and thus change the properties of irradiated materials—a prediction that was soon confirmed experimentally. Most of these changes are unfavorable for the performance of materials, justifying the influence of radiation being referred to as “radiation damage.”Since radiation-induced materials degradation can have a drastic impact on the safe and economic operation of present fission reactors and, probably even more, on future fusion reactors, radiation-damage research comprised a large part of the research-and-development programs for nuclear materials. As a result of this effort, a broad database is now available, and materials have been developed that fulfill practically all requirements being encountered in present nuclear technology.Besides this applied work, extensive fundamental research on radiation effects has been carried out because physicists soon recognized that bombardment with energetic particles offered a unique method to create controlled populations of defects in solids. Whereas the cross-linking between basic and applied research was rather weak in the early stages, a convergence of the two branches has been clearly noticeable during the last decade. This welcome development occurred for a variety of reasons. Examples are the need to employ simulation irradiations in cases where no prototypic devices exist (fusion reactors, high-power spallation neutron sources) and the increasing application of ion-beam techniques in microelectronics, thin-film technology, and metallurgy where the damage produced by the implanted ions needs clarification.