bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection To Increase Expression, Not Sequence Diversity, Precedes Gene Family Origin and Expansion in Rattlesnake Venom
Authors: Margres Mark J , Bigelow Alyssa T , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Lemmon Alan R , Rokyta Darin R 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Gene duplication is the primary mechanism leading to new genes and phenotypic novelty, but the proximate evolutionary processes underlying gene family origin, maintenance, and expansion are poorly understood. Although sub- and neofunctionalization provide clear long-term advantages, selection does not act with foresight, and unless a redundant gene copy provides an immediate fitness advantage, the copy will most likely be lost. Many models for the evolution of genes immediately following duplication have been proposed, but the robustness and applicability of these models is unclear because of the lack of data at the population level. We used qPCR, protein expression data, genome sequencing, and hybrid enrichment to test three competing models that differ in whether selection favoring the spread of duplicates acts primarily on expression level or sequence diversity for specific toxin-encoding loci in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). We sampled 178 individuals and identified significant inter- and intrapopulation variation in copy number, demonstrated that copy number was significantly and positively correlated with protein expression, and found little to no sequence variation across paralogs in all populations. Collectively, these results demonstrate that selection for increased expression, not sequence diversity, was the proximate evolutionary process underlying gene family origin and expansion, providing data needed to resolve the debate over which evolutionary processes govern the fates of gene copies immediately following duplication.
Efectos No Genéticos sobre la Reproducción en Vacas Mestizas con Predominio Bos indicus en el Municipio de Arauca, Colombia
Authors: Salamanca Carreño Arcesio , Vélez T. Mauricio , Bentez M. Jannet 
Published: May 2017

<p>Los factores no genéticos o ambientales son la principal causa de variación de los parámetros reproductivos en vacas mestizas en regiones tropicales. El objetivo fue determinar algunos factores no genéticos que afectan la edad al primer parto (EPP) y el intervalo entre partos (IEP) en vacas doble propósito en el municipio de Arauca, Colombia. Se analizó la información de 176 y 110 datos de EPP e IEP de vacas con predominio de razas <em>indicus</em>. Se consideró el efecto de los factores fijos para EPP: Finca (FIN: 1, 2, 3), época de primer parto (EPPP: seca, lluviosa), año de primer parto (APP: 1992….2011), sexo de la cría (SCR: M, H). Para IEP: finca (FIN), época de intervalo entre partos (EIP), año de intervalo entre partos (AIEP), sexo de la cría (SCR) y numero de parto (NP: 1…5). Los datos se analizaron utilizando los procedimientos GLM de SAS y para la comparación de medias se usó el test Duncan con un nivel de significancia 5%. La media estimada para la EPP fue de 1243,56±160,3 días y para el IEP fue de 608,03 ±165,4 días. La FIN y el APP fue un factor de variación significativo (p&lt;0,05) para la EPP, mientras que El NP y el AIEP fue un factor de variación significativo (p&lt;0,05) para el IEP. Los demás factores no fueron significativos (p&gt;0,05) para los parámetros analizados. Se concluye que la influencia ambiental sobre los parámetros reproductivos depende de la región donde se localice el sistema de producción y se relaciona con el manejo técnico y productivo propio de cada finca. Los valores encontrados se consideran adecuados para el sistema de producción dada las condiciones de manejo en la sabana inundable y está dentro del rango establecido para los grupos raciales con predominio de las razas cebuinas.</p>
Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Substance Use: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Earnshaw Valerie A. , Elliott Marc N. , Reisner Sari L. , Mrug Sylvie , Windle Michael , Emery Susan Tortolero , Peskin Melissa F. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND:
Peer victimization is common among youth and associated with substance use. Yet, few studies have examined these associations longitudinally or the psychological processes whereby peer victimization leads to substance use. The current study examined whether peer victimization in early adolescence is associated with alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use in mid- to late adolescence, as well as the role of depressive symptoms in these associations.

METHODS:
Longitudinal data were collected between 2004 and 2011 from 4297 youth in Birmingham, Alabama; Houston, Texas; and Los Angeles County, California. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling.

RESULTS:
The hypothesized model fit the data well (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.02; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.95). More frequent experiences of peer victimization in the fifth grade were associated with greater depressive symptoms in the seventh grade (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P &lt; .001), which, in turn, were associated with a greater likelihood of alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P = .003), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P &lt; .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P &lt; .001) in the tenth grade. Moreover, fifth-grade peer victimization was indirectly associated with tenth-grade substance use via the mediator of seventh-grade depressive symptoms, including alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P = .006), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P &lt; .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.02[0.01]; P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Youth who experienced more frequent peer victimization in the fifth grade were more likely to use substances in the tenth grade, showing that experiences of peer victimization in early adolescence may have a lasting impact by affecting substance use behaviors during mid- to late adolescence. Interventions are needed to reduce peer victimization among youth and to support youth who have experienced victimization.
Identification and utilization of informative EST-SSR markers for genetic purity testing of coconut hybrids
Authors: B.A. Jerard, K. Samsudeen P.Preethi, M.K.Rajesh, C.U.Rahul, , A. Karun R.J. Thomas 
Published: May 2017

<p>Coconut palms are categorized into two forms, <em>viz</em>., ‘talls’ and ‘dwarfs’ which are being utilized to produce hybrids through the process of inter-varietal or intra-varietal crosses. Hybrid coconut seedlings are generally identified and selected based on morphological traits by plant breeders, which is quite difficult and requires expertise. Even minor errors in identification may adversely affect breeding programs in coconut, which is spread over many decades. In this study, we have utilized thirty EST-SSR markers, derived from existing coconut leaf transcriptome data, for screening polymorphism between eighteen coconut parental lines. The polymorphic primers capable of differentiating the parental palms were then utilized successfully for assessment of purity of hybrids derived from these parents. Thus, the current study demonstrates the utility of EST-SSR markers in determining<br />the genetic purity of hybrids in coconut.</p>
Performance of black pepper in coconut based high density multi-species cropping system under different nutrient managements
Authors: H.P. Maheswarappa, P. Subramanian, , R. Surekha T.J. Zachariah , Ravi Bhat V. Selvamani, 
Published: May 2017

Coconut based high density multi-species cropping system (HDMSCS) is recommended to obtain maximum income and better utilization of resources. The crops grown under HDMSCS include fruits, vegetables, spices etc. Black pepper (<em>Piper nigrum</em> L.), an important spice crop, is generally a component under coconut based cropping systems. In the present study, the performance of black pepper under coconut based HDMSCS involving banana, nutmeg, cinnamon, and other annuals <em>viz</em>., turmeric, ginger and elephant foot yam as intercrops, was evaluated, in terms of yield and quality of black pepper. The observations, recorded for four years (2009-10 to 2012-13) under three different nutrient management practices, indicated no significant difference in yield and quality parameters of black pepper. The pooled data of four years indicated a mean pepper yield of 2.4 kg vine<sup>-1</sup>, and quality parameters <em>viz</em>., per cent of oil, oleoresin, piperine and bulk density (g L<sup>-1</sup>) were 2.3, 9.8, 3.1 and 500.7, respectively. Under different nutrient management practices, the yield of both black pepper and coconut increased by 166 and 9 per cent, respectively, compared to the pre-treatment period (2005-07). The present study indicated that there was no reduction in yield of coconut when black pepper was grown in the basin and depending upon the availability of resources, farmers can follow the nutrient management practices.
Effect of moisture content on physical properties of cashew nut of different varieties
Authors: Swami Shrikant Baslingappa , A.M. Gawai N.J. Thakor 
Published: May 2017

<p>The physical properties, viz., geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, bulk density, true density and angle of repose was measured for four cashew varieties <em>viz</em>., <em>Vengurle 1, Vengurle 3, Vengurle 4</em> and <em>Vengurle 7</em> at different moisture content (15 to 87% db). For <em>Vengurle</em> 1 as the moisture content increased, the physical properties i.e., geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 20.8 to 22.1 mm, 3485 to 4416 mm<sup>3</sup>, 1355 to 1540 mm<sup>2</sup>, 984 to 1030 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 32 to 37˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 74.2 to 71.4 per cent and 490 to 418 kg m<sup>-3</sup> respectively. For <em>Vengurle 3</em> geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 27.2 to 28.6 mm, 7912 to 9169 mm<sup>3</sup>, 2320 to 2567 mm<sup>2</sup>, 1020 to 1048 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 33 to 35.5˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 75.5 to 75.2 per cent and 531 to 470 kg m<sup>-3</sup> respectively. For <em>Vengurle 4</em> the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 21.0 to 24.1mm, 3362 to 5113 mm<sup>3</sup>, 1391 to 1828 mm<sup>2</sup>, 970 to 1030 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 32.5 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.8 to 66.8 per cent, 517 to 462 kg m<sup>-3</sup>, respectively. For <em>Vengurle 7</em> the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 24.2 to 24.9 mm, 5102 to 5547 mm<sup>3</sup>, 1840 to 1941 mm<sup>2</sup>, 998 to 1045 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 33 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.4 to 65.8 per cent, 518 to 438 kg m<sup>-3</sup>, respectively.</p>
Risk and Reward: Joining Forces for Sustainable Communities
Authors: Judah Janeen 
Published: May 2017

President's column
Several years ago, I was at a Texas A&M University football game in a suite sponsored by the dean of the College of Agriculture, so not my usual engineer crowd. I introduced myself around, and one of the other guests said something I still remember, “I work for the Gates Foundation. My job is to give away Bill Gates’ money.” I remember thinking what a great job! Wouldn’t everyone love to play Santa Claus with Bill Gates’ billions? Wouldn’t we all love to be able to have Bill Gates’ impact on the world as his foundation invests in global development, health initiatives, and US education?
In a way, we do. Global, multinational companies often make commitments for local infrastructure as a condition to do business in host countries. These infrastructure projects often require companies to build clinics, schools, roads, and power and water supplies in areas where the local government cannot or does not provide them. Oil and service companies are not different—we often build community projects, but they don’t always last. I have traveled extensively in Africa, and in more than one country, I have seen faded USAID signs on dilapidated clinics and schools. US tax dollars set up this needed infrastructure, but the projects are not sustainable because there aren’t local agencies with the ability to run them. These development projects are part of the risk our companies take to do business in developing nations, and we all hope for a reward for the local communities with real, sustainable improvements in their lives because we were there. But these development projects don’t always work as planned.
I first realized the power of oil company cooperation with local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) many years ago in Latin America. An oil field was located in a rural area about 40 km from a large city. The community had a local elementary school; but for high school, students had to travel into the big city. As a result, many local kids didn’t attend high school. Girls were especially likely to drop out because their parents were concerned about safety and traveling home often after dark. There was a real need for a high school in the village near the oil field.
Guest Editorial: Needed: Radical Efficiencies
Authors: Craighead Martin 
Published: May 2017

Guest editorial
During my 35 years in the upstream oil and gas business, I have seen firsthand the tremendous gains in efficiency, productivity, and cost reduction that the industry has achieved through innovation and technology. Drilling and completion times have been shortened dramatically, wells perform much better than they used to, we are drilling even-longer laterals, and we are able to operate in increasingly hostile conditions. As we have seen during the current downturn, these types of gains have been critical to survival for many operators.
Despite our progress, we face a pressing need to close the sizable efficiency and productivity gaps that continue to hinder performance and value creation industrywide. These gaps limit profitability during growth cycles and exacerbate vulnerability during downturns. We must fundamentally change the way we operate to be sustainably successful going forward.
The good news is that we have a very powerful tool in our arsenal to reset the bar in these areas. That tool is technology. It can lead us to what we at Baker Hughes like to call “radical efficiencies” in well construction and oil and gas production that will create a more profitable and resilient industry—one that is less vulnerable to the cycles and volatility we constantly experience.
The Gaps
To put context around the efficiency and productivity gaps that currently exist in our industry, we need look no further than hydrocarbon recovery factors. There are currently 1.5 trillion bbl of proven reserves globally. Yet average recovery factors are less than 30% across all operating environments, and less than 10% in deep water—shocking statistics. We are leaving a lot of value in the ground.
Equally shocking is that, by some estimates, the industry is at best 50% efficient along the entire spectrum of E&P costs when nonproductive time (NPT) is taken into account. NPT continues to be one of the largest challenges facing operators. Although many gains have been made in this space, delving into the details reveals that the cumulative NPT, as well as the invisible lost time of all participants in a particular project, are significant. This takes into account the efficiency performance of all players involved in the value chain. What is more, performance may vary at the country or even basin level for similar customers or service providers.
Technology Development in Upstream Division of Gazprom Neft
Authors: Yakovlev V. V. , Khasanov M. M. , Prokofiev D. O. , Filimonova V. R. , Shushkov A. V. 
Published: May 2017

Management
To enhance its technology management model and planning, the Gazprom Neft Company formulated a technology strategy, which focuses on moving from a “smart buyer” approach to a “strategic goal-setter” effort that emphasizes technological development through partnerships. The company is now focusing on a fast search, adaptation, and adoption of new technology strategy, which is a priority of the company. To gain that, it was necessary to realize our technological challenges in order to expand resource portfolio access and maximize invested assets.
These efforts are based on the underlying principles of technological development created by the upstream division. The technological strategy is a vital element of the Technology Management System (TMS), an integrated system used by the company to manage the processes of search, selection, trial, introduction, and replication of technologies. Currently, about 80% of the entire project portfolio involves purchasing and adapting ready-made technological solutions.
From Production to Implementation of Project Portfolio
Know-how and competencies in technology management are the keys to profitability and competitiveness of the industry’s market players. All international oil companies (IOCs) have long realized the value of technology as key to determining economic performance and the degree of access to the resource base.
Despite the fact that IOC investments in technological development continuously grow and reach billions of dollars, the focus on optimizing the technology projects portfolio increases. Forming a consolidated approach to technology management and maximizing return on investment have now become key to realizing the most value from technology. At the same time, as noted in the research, there is no direct correlation between shareholder return and expenditure on research and development (R&D). The implication is that a company’s ability to correctly identify priorities and challenges in technological development is more important than the amount of investment. In other words, “the way you invest is more important than how much you invest.”
First Expandable Liner-Hanger Installation in UAE in an HP/HT Well
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 183489, “First Expandable-Liner-Hanger Installation in the United Arab Emirates in an HP/HT Well,” by Eric Ragsdale, Zeid Mohamed, and Rami Samir ElSin, Halliburton, and J.C. Monneyron and Christophe Roy, Total, prepared for the 2016 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 7–10 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper discusses the planning and deployment of an expandable-liner-hanger (ELH) system in an offshore high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) well for the first time in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This paper also describes issues faced in terms of liner deployment in HP/HT wells in UAE waters and a reliable solution that saved time and material costs.
Introduction
The ELH system contains no setting mechanism or external components, such as slips, hydraulic cylinders, or pistons. The hydraulic-setting mechanism is contained in the setting-tool assembly and is completely retrieved, thus eliminating a potential leak path in the flowstream. The liner can be rotated and reciprocated in the hole or during cementing operations as necessary, which is not possible for conventional hangers. Furthermore, the selected ELH is manufactured from a material meeting critical specifications for maximum expandability and performance. This design incorporates several bonded elastomeric sections for HT and performance requirements. The elastomers supply both the sealing and the hanging capacity for the hanger. The differential-pressure ratings across the packer elements are related to the actual size of the tool and the casing through which they are being set. The hanger expansion (setting) is accomplished with a hydraulically actuated liner-running/setting-tool assembly. That assembly features a primary and secondary releasing system for maximum reliability.
The ELH design upon which the large-bore hanger was based consists of a hanger assembly and a service tool used to deploy and set the hanger. Methods of isolating the liner to pressure up and expand the hanger involve either a ball or a flapper system. Upon completion of the downward stroke, the cone will hit a bypass sleeve, allowing the fluid behind the cone to travel up the center of the service tool and vent to the annulus above the hanger. The corresponding pressure drop observed on the rig floor is an indication that expansion is complete. Once the hanger is expanded, the rig will conduct an overpull test to verify that the hanger is holding load before detaching the running tool from the hanger. The running tool is released from the hanger by downward movement that, after expansion has occurred, allows a collet assembly to release the service tool from the setting sleeve at the bottom of the hanger assembly.
The setting tool was strategically designed with modular features that, when reconfigured, could accommodate different system sizes.
Os Romanos nos sessenta e cinco primeiros títulos das Leis Sálicas e a especificidade do Manuscrito A2
Authors: Da Costa Silveira Verônica 
Published: May 2017

O significado dos termos romani e franci nas Leis Sálicas fomenta debates entre os historiadores desde o século XIX até os nossos dias, de maneira a consistir numa questão de grande importância justamente por versar sobre as possíveis relações travadas entre as populações designadas pelo termo genérico “bárbaro” e os habitantes do Ocidente de origem romana. O presente artigo objetivo estudar especificamente o termo romani com vistas à especificidade apresentada pelo manuscrito categorizado como o A2 na edição de K.A. Eckhardt. Mediante essa abordagem intentamos indicar que é imperativo levar em consideração a tradição dos manuscritos e as diferenças apresentadas por eles para a compreensão dos significados desses termos uma vez que os manuscritos nem sempre são unânimes nas informações que registraram.
A Função Moduladora e os Diferentes Graus de Ornamentação no Beatus de Facundos
Authors: Pedroni Fabiana 
Published: May 2017

Dentro de uma perspectiva tradicional na teoria do ornamento, sobretudo aquela que herda reflexos das restrições modernistas, é comum associar o ornamento a um complemento de beleza, reduzido ao seu aspecto decorativo. No entanto, servir de decoração é apenas uma das funções que o ornamento pode assumir quando se insere em uma imagem. Para frisar a potencialidade funcional do ornamento, utilizam-se atualmente os termos ornamental e ornamentalidade. Aqui buscaremos fazer uso destes termos para o estudo da função moduladora do ornamental. Sob o aporte de um conjunto de miniaturas do Beatus de Facundus, manuscrito de 1047, o ornamental é observado como uma ferramenta tonal. Os diferentes graus de ornamentação de uma imagem criam modulações, intensidades e diferenciações hierárquicas entre elementos e imagens. Encontra-se na função moduladora consonâncias entre o tratamento ornamental de uma imagem e seu status no conjunto do manuscrito.
LUGARES DO DESERTO NOS APOTEGMAS DO FLOS SANCTORUM TRECENTISTA
Authors: Machado Ana 
Published: May 2017

Com base nos apotegmas incluídos no Flos sanctorum do séc XIV (UdB Central 142, Seção de Obras Raras, Cofre, Brasília), editado por Américo Venâncio Machado Filho, em 2009, estudam-se as deambulações dos eremitas no deserto com o objetivo de perceber o sentido das referências a um espaço, comummente considerado vazio e desabitado. Neste conjunto de textos, o deserto revela-se mais preenchido e dinâmico, ou, no mínimo, com uma surpreendente riqueza sugestiva. Genericamente, o ermo é representado em termos realistas e em registo minimalista; porém, no habitat dos anacoretas mais radicais e, sobretudo, no imaginário do além, este espaço é objeto de uma transfiguração maravilhosa progressiva que o aproxima de uma antecâmara do paraíso. Desta forma, à verticalidade dominante na espacialização medieval, justapõe-se uma lateralidade que favorece a interação porosa tanto com a transcendência como com o mundo.