bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Fraud Examinations: A Contingent Approach to Private Internal Investigations
Authors: Gottschalk Petter 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The business of private internal investigations by external fraud examiners has grown remarkably in recent decades. Law firms and auditing firms are hired by private and public organizations to reconstruct the past when there is suspicion of misconduct and potential financial crime. This article has presented an empirical study of 49 private internal investigations in Norway that were publicly available. A contingent approach to investigations was applied, where private investigations at later stages are facing different mandates than investigations at earlier stages in the criminal justice system. This research has been exploratory by indicating that fraud examiners make a higher level contribution at later stages in the criminal justice system.
Cardiac Auscultation for Noncardiologists: Application in Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs
Authors: Compostella Leonida , Russo Nicola , Compostella Caterina , Setzu Tiziana , Iliceto Sabino , Bellotto Fabio 
Published: August 2017

This clinical skills review describes the most common cardiac auscultatory findings in adults after heart surgery and correlates them with prognostic indicators. It was written for noncardiologist health care providers who work in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programs.
Mechanical prosthetic valves produce typical closing and opening clicks. Listening to their timing and features, as well as to presence and quality of murmurs, contributes to the awareness of potential prosthesis malfunction before other dramatic clinical signs or symptoms become evident. In patients with biological prostheses, murmurs should be carefully evaluated to rule out both valve malfunction and degeneration. Rubs of post-pericardiotomy pericarditis should prompt further investigation for early signs of cardiac tamponade. Third and fourth heart sounds and systolic murmurs in anemic patients should be differentiated from pathological conditions. Relatively new groups of heart surgery patients are those with chronic heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricle assist devices. These devices produce characteristic continuous noise that may suddenly disappear or vary in quality and intensity with device malfunction. After heart transplantation, a carefully performed and regularly repeated cardiac auscultation may contribute to suspicion of impending acute rejection. During cardiac rehabilitation, periodic cardiac auscultation may provide useful information regarding clinical-hemodynamic status and allow detection of heralding signs of possible complications in an efficient and low-cost manner.
Anti-diabetic drug binding site in KATPchannels revealed by Cryo-EM
Authors: Martin Gregory M. , Kandasamy Balamurugan , DiMaio Frank , Yoshioka Craig , Shyng Show-Ling 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSulfonylureas are anti-diabetic medications that act by inhibiting pancreatic KATPchannels composed of SUR1 and Kir6.2. The mechanism by which these drugs interact with and inhibit the channel has been extensively investigated, yet it remains unclear where the drug binding pocket resides. Here, we present a cryo-EM structure of the channel bound to a high-affinity sulfonylurea drug glibenclamide and ATP at 3.8Å resolution, which reveals in unprecedented details of the ATP and glibenclamide binding sites. Importantly, the structure shows for the first time that glibenclamide is lodged in the transmembrane bundle of the SUR1-ABC core connected to the first nucleotide binding domain near the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Mutation of residues predicted to interact with glibenclamide in our model led to reduced sensitivity to glibenclamide. Our structure provides novel mechanistic insights of how sulfonylureas and ATP interact with the KATPchannel complex to inhibit channel activity.
The diversity, distribution and conservation status of the tree‐cavity‐nesting birds of the world
Authors: van der Hoek Yntze , Gaona Gabriel V. , Martin Kathy 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimGlobally, many bird species nest in tree cavities that are either excavated or formed through decay or damage processes. We assembled an overview of all tree‐cavity nesters (excavators and non‐excavators) in the world, analysed their geographic distribution and listed the conservation status of all species.LocationThis is a global analysis of species from every continent except for Antarctica where the lack of trees precludes the occurrence of this group.MethodsWe reviewed the online version of the Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive,http://www.hbw.com/, and primary literature for species known to nest in tree cavities, with tree cavities defined as holes that a bird can enter such that it is not visible from the outside. We classified species by nester type (excavator or non‐excavator, and obligate or facultative where possible), conservation threat status and zoogeographic region, and tested for statistical differences in species distributions across realms using chi‐square tests.ResultsAt least 1878 species (18.1% of all bird species in the world) nest in tree cavities, of which we considered 355 to be primary excavators, 126 facultative excavators and 1357 non‐excavators (we were unable to classify nesting type for 40 species). At least 338 species use cavities created by woodpeckers (Picidae), excluding reuse by woodpeckers themselves. About 13% (249 species) of tree‐cavity nesters experience major threats (i.e., status of vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered). The highest richness of tree‐cavity nesters is found in the Neotropical (678 species) and Oriental (453) regions, and the highest proportion of threatened species in Australasia (17%).Main conclusionMaintenance of a continual supply of cavities, a process in which woodpeckers and the processes of decay play critical roles, is a global conservation priority as tree cavities provide important nesting sites for many bird species.
Changes in haematopoietic progenitor colony differentiation and proliferation and the production of different abzymes in EAE mice treated with DNA
Authors: Aulova Kseniya S. , Toporkova Ludmila B. , Lopatnikova Julia A. , Alshevskaya Alina A. , Sennikov Sergei V. , Buneva Valentina N. , Budde Thomas , Meuth Sven G. , Popova Nelly A. , Orlovskaya Irina A. , Nevinsky Georgy A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractImmunization of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)‐prone C57BL/6 mice with MOG35‐55 (a model used to study aspects of human multiple sclerosis) is known to lead to the production of various abzymes. The production of catalytic IgGs that can efficiently hydrolyse myelin basic protein (MBP), MOG and DNA is associated with changes in the profile of differentiation and level of proliferation of mice bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). As MOG simulates the production of abzymes with high DNase activity, we compared the effects of DNA and MOG immunization on EAE‐prone mice. In contrast to MOG, immunization with DNA leads to a suppression of proteinuria, a decrease in the concentrations of antibodies to MOG and DNA and a reduction in abzyme production. Immunization with DNA only resulted in a significant increase in DNase activity over 40 days where it became 122‐fold higher than before immunization, and fivefold higher when comparing to the maximal activity obtained after MOG treatment. DNA and MOG immunization had different effects on the differentiation profiles of HSCs, lymphocyte proliferation, and the level of apoptosis in bone marrow and other organs of mice. The data indicate that for C57BL/6 mice, DNA may have antagonistic effects with respect to MOG immunization. The usually fast immune response following MOG injection in C57BL/6 mice is strongly delayed after immunization with DNA, which is probably due to a rearrangement of the immune system following the response to DNA.
Population-based study of cognitive outcomes in congenital heart defects
Authors: Calderon Johanna , Willaime Marion , Lelong Nathalie , Bonnet Damien , Houyel Lucile , Ballon Morgane , Goffinet François , Khoshnood Babak 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo characterise and compare cognitive outcomes in children with operated (open-heart surgery) and non-operated (catheter-based interventions only or no intervention) congenital heart defects (CHD) and to determine associated risk factors.DesignThis prospective population-based study reports outcomes of 3-year-old children with CHD with or without open-heart surgery.Main outcome measuresStandardised cognitive scores (mean scores and proportions below normative values) were assessed with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children II. We analysed demographic, perinatal and operative variables as predictors of cognitive outcomes.Results419 children participated (154 with open-heart surgery; 265 without surgery). Global cognitive scores did not differ between the groups. Compared with the non-operated group, children who underwent surgery obtained lower scores in expressive language (p=0.03) and logical reasoning (p=0.05). When compared with test norms, the frequency of global cognitive scores >1 SDs below the expected mean was higher in the surgical group (25% vs 16% in the general population) (p=0.03). A higher-than-expected proportion of children in the non-operated group scored >2 SDs below the expected mean (7% vs 2%) (p=0.05). Being small for gestational age (SGA) significantly increased the risk of cognitive impairment in the surgical group, after adjustments for multiple covariates including maternal education, complexity of the CHD and operative-related variables (adjusted OR=5.9; 95% CI (1.7 to 20.1)).ConclusionsDespite mean scores within the normative range, a high proportion of preschool children with CHD with or without surgery are at early cognitive risk. SGA is a strong predictor of the neurodevelopmental prognosis in CHD.
Implantable cardiac defibrillator and mortality in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Alba Ana C , Foroutan Farid , Duero Posada Juan , Battioni Luciano , Schofield Toni , Alhussein Mosaad , Agoritsas Thomas , Spencer Frederick A , Guyatt Gordon 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesThe benefit of implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) in symptomatic patients with systolic dysfunction and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of ICD in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy on (1) all-cause mortality, (2) cardiovascular mortality and (3) sudden cardiac death.MethodsWe searched citations in meta-analyses published until 2012, and in MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane databases from 2012 to October 2016. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of ICD therapy on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Independent reviewers evaluated study eligibility, abstracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicate. We used random-effect models to meta-analyse relative risks (RR) and hazard ratios (HR) across studies, the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to quantify absolute effects and quality of evidence, and I2 to evaluate heterogeneity.ResultsWe identified six RCTs including 1715 patients experiencing 421 deaths. ICD therapy was associated with reduced overall mortality (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.92, I2 = 0%, risk difference 4.7%, high quality), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.98, I2 = 39%, risk difference 3.3%, high quality) and sudden cardiac death (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.70, I2 = 0%, risk difference 4.1%, high quality). The benefit of ICD was not influenced by the use of amiodarone in the comparison group, the duration of follow-up, by use of Î²-blockers and ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker or cardiac resynchronisation therapy.ConclusionPrimary prevention ICD therapy reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy.
Drug treatment effects on outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zheng Sean Lee , Chan Fiona T , Nabeebaccus Adam A , Shah Ajay M , McDonagh Theresa , Okonko Darlington O , Ayis Salma 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundClinical drug trials in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction have failed to demonstrate improvements in mortality.MethodsWe systematically searched Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomised controlled trials (RCT) assessing pharmacological treatments in patients with heart failure with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction≥40% from January 1996 to May 2016. The primary efficacy outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were cardiovascular mortality, heart failure hospitalisation, exercise capacity (6-min walk distance, exercise duration, VO2max), quality of life and biomarkers (B-type natriuretic peptide, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide). Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled relative risks (RR) for the binary outcomes, and weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes, with 95% CI.ResultsWe included data from 25 RCTs comprising data for 18101 patients. All-cause mortality was reduced with beta-blocker therapy compared with placebo (RR: 0.78, 95%CI 0.65 to 0.94, p=0.008). There was no effect seen with ACE inhibitors, aldosterone receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and other drug classes, compared with placebo. Similar results were observed for cardiovascular mortality. No single drug class reduced heart failure hospitalisation compared with placebo.ConclusionThe efficacy of treatments in patients with heart failure and an LV ejection fraction≥40% differ depending on the type of therapy, with beta-blockers demonstrating reductions in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Further trials are warranted to confirm treatment effects of beta-blockers in this patient group.
Association between childhood health, socioeconomic and school-related factors and effort-reward imbalance at work: a 25-year follow-up study
Authors: Wang Shuo , Sanderson Kristy , Venn Alison , Dwyer Terence , Gall Seana 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesStress pathways can have origins in childhood, but few early predictors have been explored in relation to adult job stress. This study examined whether childhood school, health or socioeconomic factors were associated with adult job stress.MethodsData came from the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health study that began in 1985 with children aged 7–15 years who reported effortreward imbalance (ERI) scales at ages 31–41 years. Linear regression assessed the association between childhood factors and adult ERI adjusted for age and socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood and adulthood.ResultsThere were between 999 and 1390 participants in each analysis. Lower adulthood ERI, indicating less job stress, was predicted by several school-related factors in men. For example, each higher category of learner self-concept was associated with a 19% (95% CI – 32% to 6%) reduction in adult ERI, and each unit increase in academic attainment was associated with a 15% (95% CI –28% to 3%) reduction in adult ERI. Childhood health was associated with adult ERI. For example, in women, overweight children had 14% (95% CI 5% to 22%) higher adult ERI scores compared with healthy weight children, and each unit of negative affect was associated with 2% (95% CI 1% to 4%) increase in adult ERI. Adult SEP had no effect on these associations for men but explained some of the effect in women. Childhood SEP had inconsistent associations with adult ERI.ConclusionOur findings suggest that a range of childhood socioeconomic, school- and health-related factors might contribute to the development of job stress in adulthood.
Intensive versus standard physical rehabilitation therapy in the critically ill (EPICC): a multicentre, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Wright Stephen E , Thomas Kirsty , Watson Gillian , Baker Catherine , Bryant Andrew , Chadwick Thomas J , Shen Jing , Wood Ruth , Wilkinson Jennifer , Mansfield Leigh , Stafford Victoria , Wade Clare , Furneval Julie , Henderson Andrea , Hugill Keith , Howard Philip , Roy Alistair , Bonner Stephen , Baudouin Simon 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEarly physical rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been shown to improve short-term clinical outcomes but long-term benefit has not been proven and the optimum intensity of rehabilitation is not known.MethodsWe conducted a randomised, parallel-group, allocation-concealed, assessor-blinded, controlled trial in patients who had received at least 48 hours of invasive or non-invasive ventilation. Participants were randomised in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by admitting ICU, admission type and level of independence. The intervention group had a target of 90 min physical rehabilitation per day, the control group a target of 30 min per day (both Monday to Friday). The primary outcome was the Physical Component Summary (PCS) measure of SF-36 at 6 months.ResultsWe recruited 308 participants over 34 months: 150 assigned to the intervention and 158 to the control group. The intervention group received a median (IQR) of 161 (67–273) min of physical rehabilitation on ICU compared with 86 (31–139) min in the control group. At 6 months, 62 participants in the intervention group and 54 participants in the control group contributed primary outcome data. In the intervention group, 43 had died, 11 had withdrawn and 34 were lost to follow-up, while in the control group, 56 had died, 5 had withdrawn and 43 were lost to follow-up. There was no difference in the primary outcome at 6 months, mean (SD) PCS 37 (12.2) in the intervention group and 37 (11.3) in the control group.ConclusionsIn this study, ICU-based physical rehabilitation did not appear to improve physical outcomes at 6 months compared with standard physical rehabilitation.Trial registration numberISRCTN 20436833.
Optical Axis Identification Technique for Free Space Optics Transmission
Authors: Tashiro Yuki , Shimada Yuta , Izumi Kiyotaka , Tsujimura Takeshi , Yoshida Koichi 
Published: August 2017

This paper describes optical axis adjustment technique for an active free space optics transmission system. This system precisely controls the direction of a collimated thin laser beam using a motor driven laser emitting mechanism and positioning photodiodes. Before beginning laser beam feedback control, it is required to guide the laser beam within the range of the positioning photodiodes for initial laser beam alignment. This paper proposes an arrival position presumption method of laser beam traveling along the long distance from transmitter. A positioning sensor containing several photodiodes measures laser luminescence distribution, and analytically calculates the optical axis of laser beam according to the modified Gaussian beam optics based on four or five distributed local intensity of laser luminescence. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the presumption, and results reveal that the method is effective in leading the laser beam onto a distant receiver.
Rehospitalizations Following Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Results From a Multi‐Center Randomized Trial
Authors: Spitzer Ernest , Frei Martina , Zaugg Serge , Hadorn Susanne , Kelbaek Henning , Ostojic Miodrag , Baumbach Andreas , Tüller David , Roffi Marco , Engstrom Thomas , Pedrazzini Giovanni , Vukcevic Vladan , Magro Michael , Kornowski Ran , Lüscher Thomas F. , von Birgelen Clemens , Heg Dik , Windecker Stephan , Räber Lorenz 
Published: August 2017

Background

Rehospitalizations (
RH
s) after
ST
‐elevation myocardial infarction carry a high economic burden and may deteriorate quality of life. Characterizing patients at higher risk may allow the design of preventive measures. We studied the frequency, reasons, and predictors for unplanned cardiac and noncardiac
RH
s in
ST
‐elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods and Results

In this post‐hoc analysis of the
COMFORTABLE
AMI (Comparison of Biolimus Eluted From an Erodible Stent Coating With Bare Metal Stents in Acute ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction; NCT00962416) trial including 1137 patients, unplanned cardiac and noncardiac
RH
s occurred in 133 (11.7%) and in 79 patients (6.9%), respectively, at 1 year. The most frequent reasons for unplanned cardiac
RH
s were recurrent chest pain without evidence of ischemia (20.4%), recurrent chest pain with ischemia and coronary intervention (16.9%), and ischemic events (16.9%). Unplanned noncardiac
RH
s occurred most frequently attributed to bleeding (24.5%), infections (14.3%), and cancer (9.1%). On multivariate analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction (22% increase in the rate of
RH
s per 10% decrease;
P
=0.03) and angiographic myocardial infarction Syntax score (34% increase per 10‐point increase;
P
=0.01) were independent predictors of unplanned cardiac
RH
s. Age emerged as the only independent predictor of unplanned noncardiac
RH
s. Regional differences for unplanned cardiac
RH
s were observed.

Conclusions

Among
ST
‐elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the setting of a randomized, clinical trial, unplanned cardiac
RH
s occurred in 12% with recurrent chest pain being the foremost reason. Unplanned noncardiac
RH
s occurred in 7% with bleeding as the leading cause. Left ventricular ejection fraction and Syntax score were independent predictors of unplanned cardiac
RH
s and identified patient subgroups in need for improved secondary prevention.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00962416.
Reduced Antiplatelet Effect of Aspirin Does Not Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Larsen Sanne Bøjet , Grove Erik Lerkevang , Neergaard‐Petersen Søs , Würtz Morten , Hvas Anne‐Mette , Kristensen Steen Dalby 
Published: August 2017

Background
Increased platelet aggregation during antiplatelet therapy may predict cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. The majority of these patients receive aspirin monotherapy. We aimed to investigate whether high platelet‐aggregation levels predict cardiovascular events in stable coronary artery disease patients treated with aspirin.

Methods and Results

We included 900 stable coronary artery disease patients with either previous myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or both. All patients received single antithrombotic therapy with 75 mg aspirin daily. Platelet aggregation was evaluated 1 hour after aspirin intake using the VerifyNow Aspirin Assay (Accriva Diagnostics) and Multiplate Analyzer (Roche; agonists: arachidonic acid and collagen). Adherence to aspirin was confirmed by serum thromboxane B
2
. The primary end point was the composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death. At 3‐year follow‐up, 78 primary end points were registered. The primary end point did not occur more frequently in patients with high platelet‐aggregation levels (first versus fourth quartile) assessed by VerifyNow (hazard ratio: 0.5 [95% CI, 0.3–1.1],
P
=0.08) or Multiplate using arachidonic acid (hazard ratio: 1.0 [95% CI, 0.5–2.1],
P
=0.92) or collagen (hazard ratio: 1.4 [95% CI, 0.7–2.8],
P
=0.38). Similar results were found for the composite secondary end point (nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, stent thrombosis, and all‐cause death) and the single end points. Thromboxane B
2
levels did not predict any end points. Renal insufficiency was the only clinical risk factor predicting the primary and secondary end points.

Conclusions
This study is the largest to investigate platelet aggregation in stable coronary artery disease patients receiving aspirin as single antithrombotic therapy. We found that high platelet‐aggregation levels did not predict cardiovascular events.