bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetry and automaticity in translation
Authors: Deckert Mikołaj 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach to integrate insights from cognitive psychology and Cognitive Linguistics into translational inquiry by modeling the translator’s operations as alternating between System 1 and System 2 thinking. We analyze trainee output to investigate translatorial decision-making in scenarios employing instances of basic cross-linguistic asymmetry in the partitioning of conceptual material. The objective is to better understand the role that automaticity plays in those contexts: how pronounced it is, how it influences translation output, and to what extent the skill of monitoring it can be regarded a component of translation competence. The study also tests, in one condition, whether the translator trainer can induce System 2 processing in trainees by issuing extra pre-task instruction, thereby helping optimize their performance.
Conflicting goals of educational action: a study of teacher agency from a transactional realism perspective
Authors: Bergh Andreas , Wahlström Ninni 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the different ways in which teachers relate their situational agency and professional assignment to the national curriculum content and curriculum dilemmas. It builds theoretically on transactional realism and empirically on analyses of interviews with teachers, exploring the nature of teacher agency during the enactment of a new Swedish curriculum reform. To uphold a dual perspective of teachers’ relation to the curriculum as both collectively and individually experienced and as both an ideal and realistic–practical relation, we term the future as ‘projective experiences’, the presence as ‘practical‐evaluative experiences’ and the past ‘iterational experiences’ in relation to agency. Especially, we are interested in the ‘what’ in the curriculum – what the teachers find intriguing, important or impossible and what affects how they relate to the curriculum as part of the multidimensional structures influencing their agency. This approach reveals that the crucial issue of teacher agency is related to the policy discourse on knowledge and equity as standards and the uniformity of assessment and its pedagogical consequences.
Catalysing social change in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: evaluating the LIN model of participatory community development
Authors: Doan-Bao Chau , Papoutsaki Evangelia , Dodson Giles 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In communication for social change, a catalyst can play an important role in creating dialogue within the community, leading to collective actions and providing solutions for common problems. In urban communities of developing countries, this role is more essential because of the complexities of urban social issues and often the absence of traditional community structures. This research evaluated the LIN model of participatory community development in Ho Chi Minh City and demonstrates how urban NPOs have altered their self-perception from being ‘charity organizations’ to be a part of the community development process in HCMC as a result of LIN’s work. However, LIN’s catalyst model faces some challenges, particularly in applying Western concepts of community development and tenets of participatory social change in the Vietnamese context. As a result, a revised catalyst model of urban community development in Vietnam is suggested with three additional elements: leadership strategy for catalyst and NPOs, context understanding (local context and stakeholders’ characteristics) and impact evaluation framework based on the local context.
Reversible Notch1 acetylation tunes proliferative signalling in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Collesi Chiara , Felician Giulia , Secco Ilaria , Gutierrez Maria Ines , Martelletti Elisa , Ali Hashim , Zentilin Lorena , Myers Michael P , Giacca Mauro 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimsThe Notch signalling pathway regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in several tissues, including the heart. Our previous work has demonstrated that the proliferative potential of neonatal cardiomyocytes relies on Notch1 activity. A deep investigation on the biochemical regulation of the Notch signalling in cardiomyocytes is the focus of the current research.Methods and resultsWe show that the Notch1 intracellular domain is acetylated in proliferating neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and that acetylation tightly controls the amplitude and duration of Notch signalling. We found that acetylation extends the half-life of the protein, and enhanced its transcriptional activity, therefore counteracting apoptosis and sustaining cardiomyocyte proliferation. Sirt1 acted as a negative modulator of Notch1 signalling; its overexpression in cardiomyocytes reverted Notch acetylation and dampened its stability. A constitutively acetylated fusion protein between Notch1 and the acetyltransferase domain of p300 promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation, which was remarkably sustained over time. Viral vector-mediated expression of this protein enhanced heart regeneration after apical resection in neonatal mice.ConclusionThese results identify the reversible acetylation of Notch1 as a novel mechanism to modulate its signalling in the heart and tune the proliferative potential of cardiomyocytes.
Leisure centre entrance charges and physical activity participation in England
Authors: Ward F , Halliday E C , Barr B , Higgerson J , Holt V 
Published: November 2017

Summary
Reducing or eliminating the cost to the public of using leisure facilities is one tool that local authorities have available to reduce inequalities in physical activity (PA). There is limited evidence about the effect of leisure entrance charges and their impact on participation. This study aimed to ascertain how facility pricing influenced the decisions people made about how to pay and what to pay for and how, in turn, these decisions impacted on participation for different groups. A total of 83 members of the public living in 4 local authorities in the North West of England were involved in focus groups or individual interviews. The results show that cost was a key factor which influenced PA participation in low income neighbourhoods. In practise, however, the majority of service users navigated the range of prices or payment options to find one that was suitable rather than simply reporting whether leisure was affordable or not. Whilst pre-paid options (e.g. direct debit memberships) encouraged participation, entrance charges incurred each time an individual participated had a negative impact on frequency but were a convenient way of paying for occasional use or for people who were unable to afford a pre-paid option. Free access also helped people who could not afford pre-paid membership to exercise regularly as well as incentivizing non-users to try activities. The research concluded that policies that include components of free access and offer more flexible payment options are most likely to contribute to reducing inequalities in PA.
Bass–Serre Trees of Amalgamated Free Product C*-algebras
Authors: Hasegawa Kei 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
For any reduced amalgamated free product C*-algebra (A, E) = (A1, E1) *D(A2, E2), we introduce and study a canonical ambient C*-algebra ΔT (A, E) of A which generalizes the crossed product arising from the canonical action of an amalgamated free product group on the compactification of the associated Bass–Serre tree. Using an explicit identification of ΔT (A, E) with a Cuntz–Pimsner algebra we prove two kinds of “amenability” results for ΔT (A, E); nuclearity and universality. As applications of our framework, we provide new conceptual, and simpler proofs of several known theorems on approximation properties, embeddability, and KK-theory for reduced amalgamated free product C*-algebras.
International Criminal Courts and the Right to Information
Authors: Kavran Olga 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Transparency of criminal proceedings is enshrined in international human rights instruments and the statutes of international criminal courts and tribunals. It is one of the fundamental rights of the accused and also a right of the public to be informed about the work of international judicial institutions. This article considers the rights at issue and looks at how international courts have discharged their duty to provide information to those interested in their work. It discusses freedom of information and what it means to conduct public trials at the international level. It analyses the public’s right to know and how it should apply to international judicial institutions. The article provides concrete proposals for measures that could be adopted to ensure full compliance with the freedom of information guarantees.
Neuroprotection for Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ahuja Christopher S. , Fehlings Michael 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) often have a devastating impact on quality of life for patients and their families. Neuroprotection for spinal cord injury is aimed at improving functional outcomes by limiting secondary injury processes that occur within the first minutes, hours, and days following the primary injury. The primary mechanical trauma initiates a secondary injury cascade where ischemia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytotoxic changes in the microenvironment cause further cell death and loss of function. Time-sensitive neuroprotective measures targeting these secondary insults have emerged as key therapeutic strategies. This chapter summarizes current evidence-based neuroprotective treatments, such as blood pressure augmentation, early surgical decompression, and intravenous methylprednisolone, as well as important emerging interventions, including therapeutic hypothermia, sodium channel blockade using riluzole, and the anti-inflammatory actions of minocycline. The chapter concludes by summarizing the current guidelines that all practitioners should be well-versed in prior to providing care for patients with SCI.
Neuroprotection for Spine Surgery
Authors: Brallier Jess W. , Gal Jonathan S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Perioperative neurologic injury related to spine surgery, albeit rare, can result in devastating functional loss. As the number of spine operations has increased, so has the need for strategies designed to avoid and protect against such injury. This chapter reviews the common etiologies of neurologic deficits secondary to spine surgery and the factors that place patients at increased risk for developing these complications. The use of intraoperative neuromonitoring, including somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), electromyography (EMG), and transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs), to detect surgical trespass of neuronal elements is also reviewed. The authors also summarize the role of physiologic parameter optimization, including mean arterial blood pressure and body temperature, and pharmacologic interventions, should an injury occur. Current practice guidelines for preventing and managing perioperative neurologic injury are described.
miR-16 Suppresses Growth of Rhabdoid Tumor Cells
Authors: Stroup Emily Kunce , Yeu Yunku , Budhipramono Albert , Hwang Tae Hyun , Rakheja Dinesh , Erdreich-Epstein Anat , Laetsch Theodore W. , Amatruda James F. , Chen Kenneth S. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundRhabdoid tumor is a highly aggressive pediatric cancer characterized by biallelic loss and/or mutation of SMARCB1. Outcomes remain poor, and there are no established ways to target the tumorigenic pathways driven by SMARCB1 inactivation. SMARCB1 loss leads to an increase in cyclin D transcription.ProcedureWe characterized the cell line WT-CLS1, which has been described previously as Wilms tumor, by whole-exome sequencing, RNA-seq, and xenograft histology. We measured the effect of microRNA overexpression on WT-CLS1, BT-12, and CHLA-06-ATRT.ResultsWe found that WT-CLS1 demonstrates the histological, mutational, and transcriptional hallmarks of rhabdoid tumor. Because the microRNAs let-7 and miR-16 can target cyclin D genes, we next overexpressed each of these microRNAs in WT-CLS1. We found that miR-16 reduced cell accumulation. This was accompanied by a decrease in proliferation markers and an increase in apoptosis markers. These results were replicated in the BT-12 and CHLA-06-ATRT cell lines.ConclusionsThe loss-of-function SMARCB1 mutation found in WT-CLS1, in conjunction with immunohistochemical and gene expression analysis, warrants reclassification of this cell line as rhabdoid tumor. Proliferation of WT-CLS1 and other rhabdoid tumor cell lines is significantly abrogated by miR-16 overexpression. Further studies are necessary to gain insight into the potential for miR-16 to be used as a novel therapeutic in rhabdoid tumor.Abbreviations(ATRT)atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor(miRNA)microRNA(dox)doxycycline(OD595)optical density at 595 nm(CDK4)cyclin-dependent kinase 4
Molecular and pharmacological modulators of the tumor immune contexture revealed by deconvolution of RNA-seq data
Authors: Finotello Francesca , Mayer Clemens , Plattner Christina , Laschober Gerhard , Rieder Dietmar , Hackl Hubert , Krogsdam Anne , Loncova Zuzana , Posch Wilfried , Wilflingseder Doris , Sopper Sieghart , Ijsselsteijn Marieke , Johnson Douglas , Xu Yaomin , Wang Yu , Sanders Melinda E. , Estrada Monica V. , Ericsson-Gonzalez Paula , Balko Justin , Miranda Noel de , Trajanoski Zlatko 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe immune contexture has a prognostic value in several cancers and the study of its pharmacological modulation could identify drugs acting synergistically with immune checkpoint blockers. However, the quantification of the immune contexture is hampered by the lack of simple and efficient methods. We developed quanTIseq, a deconvolution method that quantifies the densities of ten immune cell types from bulk RNA sequencing data and tissue imaging data. We performed extensive validation using simulated data, flow cytometry data, and immunohistochemistry data from three cancer cohorts.Analysis of 8,000 samples showed that the activation of the CXCR3/CXCL9 axis, rather than the mutational load is associated with cytotoxic T cell infiltration. We also show the prognostic value of deconvolution-based immunoscore and T cell/B cell score in several solid cancers. Finally, we used quanTIseq to show how kinase inhibitors modulate the immune contexture, and we suggest that it might have predictive value for immunotherapy.
Prediction of Acute Kidney Injury with a Machine Learning Algorithm using Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Mohamadlou Hamid , Lynn-Palevsky Anna , Barton Christopher , Chettipally Uli , Shieh Lisa , Calvert Jacob , Das Ritankar 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundA major problem in treating acute kidney injury (AKI) is that clinical criteria for recognition are markers of established kidney damage or impaired function; treatment before such damage manifests is desirable. Clinicians could intervene during what may be a crucial stage for preventing permanent kidney injury if patients with incipient AKI and those at high risk of developing AKI could be identified.MethodsWe used a machine learning technique, boosted ensembles of decision trees, to train an AKI prediction tool on retrospective data from inpatients at Stanford Medical Center and intensive care unit patients at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. We tested the algorithm’s ability to detect AKI at onset, and to predict AKI 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours before onset, and compared its 3-fold cross-validation performance to the SOFA score for AKI identification in terms of Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC).ResultsThe prediction algorithm achieves AUROC of 0.872 (95% CI 0.867, 0.878) for AKI onset detection, superior to the SOFA score AUROC of 0.815 (P < 0.01). At 72 hours before onset, the algorithm achieves AUROC of 0.728 (95% CI 0.719, 0.737), compared to the SOFA score AUROC of 0.720 (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe results of these experiments suggest that a machine-learning-based AKI prediction tool may offer important prognostic capabilities for determining which patients are likely to suffer AKI, potentially allowing clinicians to intervene before kidney damage manifests.
Skeletal muscle fibro-adipogenic progenitors of dystrophic mice are insensitive to NOTCH-dependent regulation of adipogenesis
Authors: Marinkovic Milica , Sacco Francesca , Spada Filomena , Petrilli Lucia Lisa , Fuoco Claudia , Micarelli Elisa , Pavlidou Theodora , Castagnoli Luisa , Mann Matthias , Gargioli Cesare , Cesareni Gianni 
Published: November 2017

SummaryFibro adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) promote satellite cell differentiation in adult skeletal muscle regeneration. However, in pathological conditions, FAPs are responsible for fibrosis and fat infiltrations. Here we show that the NOTCH pathway negatively modulates FAP differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. However, FAPs isolated from young dystrophin-deficient mdx mice are insensitive to this control mechanism. Nonetheless, factors released by hematopoietic cells restore the sensitivity to NOTCH adipogenic inhibition. An unbiased mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of FAPs from muscles of wild type and mdx mice, revealed that the synergistic cooperation between NOTCH and inflammatory signals controls FAP differentiation. These results offer a basis for rationalizing the pathological outcomes of fat infiltrations in skeletal muscle and may suggest new therapeutic strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of fatty depositions in muscles of dystrophic patients.HighlightsSingle-cell mass cytometry reveals that wt and mdx FAPs are in different cell states.Activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway negatively regulates adipogenesis of wt but not mdx FAPs.Deep proteomics suggests a mechanism explaining the different sensitivity of mdx- FAPs to NOTCH.TNF-a stimulation restores the anti-adipogenic effect of NOTCH in mdx FAPs.
Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile Virus in Maricopa County, Arizona: Evidence for dynamic behavior of strains in two major lineages in the American Southwest
Authors: Hepp Crystal M. , Cocking Jill Hager , Valentine Michael , Young Steven J. , Damien Dan , Sheridan Krystal , Fofanov Viacheslav Y. , Busch Joseph D. , Erickson Daryn E. , Lancione Ryan C. , Smith Kirk , Will James , Townsend John , Keim Paul S. , Engelthaler David M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWest Nile Virus (WNV) has been detected annually in Maricopa County, Arizona, since 2003. With this in mind, we sought to determine if contemporary strains are established within the county or are annually imported. As part of this effort, we developed a new protocol for tiled amplicon sequencing of WNV to efficiently attain greater than 99% coverage of 14 WNV genomes collected directly from positive mosquito pools distributed throughout Maricopa County between 2014 and 2017. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses revealed that the contemporary genomes fall within two major lineages, NA/WN02 and SW/WN03. We found that all of the Arizona strains possessed a mutation known to be under positive selection (NS5-K314R), which has arisen independently four times. The SW/WN03 strains exhibited transient behavior, with at least 10 separate introductions into Arizona when considering both historical and contemporary strains. However, NA/WN02 strains are geographically differentiated and appear to be established in Arizona, with likely origins in New York. The clade of New York and Arizona strains looks to be the most ancestral extant lineage of WNV still circulating in the United States. The establishment of WNV strains in Maricopa County provides the first evidence of local overwintering by a WNV strain over the course of several years in Arizona.
Regulatory mechanisms are revealed by the distribution of transcription initiation times in single microbial cells
Authors: Choubey Sandeep , Kondev Jane , Sanchez Alvaro 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTranscription is the dominant point of control of gene expression. Biochemical studies have revealed key molecular components of transcription and their interactions, but the dynamics of transcription initiation in cells is still poorly understood. This state of affairs is being remedied with experiments that observe transcriptional dynamics in single cells using fluorescent reporters. Quantitative information about transcription initiation dynamics can also be extracted from experiments that use electron micrographs of RNA polymerases caught in the act of transcribing a gene (Miller spreads). Inspired by these data we analyze a general stochastic model of transcription initiation and elongation, and compute the distribution of transcription initiation times. We show that different mechanisms of initiation leave distinct signatures in the distribution of initiation times that can be compared to experiments. We analyze published micrographs of RNA polymerases transcribing ribosomal RNA genes inE.coliand compare the observed distributions of inter-polymerase distances with the predictions from previously hypothesized mechanisms for the regulation of these genes. Our analysis demonstrates the potential of measuring the distribution of time intervals between initiation events as a probe for dissecting mechanisms of transcription initiation in live cells.
Fast voltage sensitivity in retinal pigment epithelium: sodium channels and their novel role in phagocytosis
Authors: Johansson Julia K. , Ihalainen Teemu O. , Skottman Heli , Nymark Soile 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDespite the discoveries of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) from a number of non-excitable cell types, the presence of Nav-mediated currents in cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been dismissed as a cell culture artifact. Here, we challenge this notion by demonstrating functional Nav1.4-Nav1.6 and Nav1.8 channels in human embryonic stem cell derived and mouse RPE. Importantly, we show that Navs are involved in photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis: blocking their activity significantly reduces the efficiency of this process. Consistent with this role, Nav1.8 co-localizes with the endosomal marker Rab7 and, during phagocytosis, with opsin. Nav1.4 localizes strongly to the cell-cell junctions together with the gap junction protein Connexin 43. During phagocytosis, both are localized to the phagosomes with a concurrent decrease in the junctional localization. Our study demonstrates that Navs give the capacity of fast electrical signaling to RPE and that Navs play a novel role in photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis.
Quantifying relationships between chromosome organization and chromosomal aberrations
Authors: Eidelman Y.A. , Slanina S.V. , Andreev S.G. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe question of to what extent large scale structure of interphase chromosomes contributes to chromosomal exchange aberrations is discussed for a long time but still remains unclear. We designed the polymer model of 3D organization of a mouse chromosome and simulated X-ray induced chromosomal aberrations exploring two alternative hypotheses: the probability of contacted damaged loci entailing a chromosomal rearrangement is (a) a constant value or (b) not constant, depending on the distribution of DNAsel-hypersensitivity peaks along the chromosome. The latter hypothesis proved to explain the experimental data better than the former, meaning that not only large-scale structure but also local chromatin alterations play a role.