bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Property Measurement and Computer Simulated Performance Prediction of Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foam at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Harris M. S. , Nightingale C. , McDonald P. C. , Keary A. 
Published: July 2017

The use of rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam for the insulation of pipework, vessels, equipment, etc., running at cryogenic temperatures has increased slowly over recent years as the advantages of polyisocyanurate (e.g., ease of installation, low thermal conductivity, light weight, etc.) over traditional methods such as cellular glass have become apparent. A major drawback preventing a more rapid acceptance of PIR is that it has not been possible to accurately test key cryogenic properties such as Poisson's ratio and tensile modulus. As a result, accurate modeling of stresses at cryogenic temperatures has not been possible, and some inservice failures have taken place. This paper presents cryogenic test data on PIR foam, including tensile modulus and Poisson's ratio data which has been measured using a novel technique that allows the precise measurement of these key physical properties. The stresses expected in operation at cryogenic temperatures have been modeled with a view to confirming the technical performance of the PIR foam. The paper focuses on the use of PIR for LNG (liquified natural gas) projects operating at -160°C. It is believed that this work will give users/specifiers the confidence in the suitability of PIR foams to withstand stresses at cryogenic temperatures. It also gives the foam manufacturer a method of evaluating and optimizing different foam formulations.
Double-Blind Study of Children with Hyperkinetic Syndrome Treated with Multi-Allergen Extract Sublingually
Authors: O'Shea James A. , Porter Seymour F. 
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this research was to determine, by double-blind studies, whether the hyperkinetic syndrome is due, in part, to certain foods, food colors, and inhalant allergens and, if so, whether it can be treated by specific immunotherapy sublingually. The children were tested by the provocative intradermal and sublingual method, and an optimal or neutralizing dose was obtained that was included in a multiallergen extract for sublingual treatment. The study was conducted over a six-week period-three weeks of treatment with the allergen extract and three weeks with a placebo. Each child's behavior was monitored weekly by parents, teachers, and a psychologist. Significant improvement was reported in 11 of 14 participants during the three weeks of treatment vs placebo. One child did not complete the study. Possible reasons for failure will be discussed.
Judgement of the Vowel Colour of Natural and Artificial Sounds
Authors: Morton John , Carpenter Alan 
Published: July 2017

Five vowel sounds, each produced in five different ways, were presented to subjects with widely differing experience of tasks of this type for identification. The vowels were the last five of the standard set of eight cardinal vowels, and were presented to subjects with no experience of phonetics as belonging to the words bat, bart, bought, boat and boot. Each vowel was (a) spoken by a phonetician, (b) synthesized by adding individual harmonics in direct imitation of the spoken sounds, (c) represented by two pure tone components only, (d) synthesized by a talking machine (P.A.T.) and (e) imitated by selecting harmonics with a low-pass filter. All these sounds were categorised more or less “correctly” by skilled subjects; and, although there were wide and systematic differences in accuracy with untrained subjects, these performed consistently better than chance. The experiment showed (a) that the selection of harmonics according to formant theory is not the only, and perhaps not always the best means of synthesizing isolated vowels, (b) that even sounds which are poor representations of vowels can still be categorised with some consistency even by untrained subjects and (c) that a simple “percent correct” score is less sensitive than other measures.
Intelligent clothing: first and second generation clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties
Authors: Firšt Rogale Snježana , Rogale Dubravko , Nikolić Gojko 
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with the idea that one of the inner thermal insulation layers of a garment may be replaced by expanding the air chambers in the form of an expanding thermal insert, which is inflated with air causing the chamber thickness and thermal insulation properties to change. The chambers are controllable so that the thermal insulation properties can be changed, and by connecting with an appropriate control, the architecture of an article of clothing can be designed such that it can independently monitor changes in its environment and change its thermal insulation properties in accordance with changes in its external and internal environment. In this way, it acquires the characteristics of intelligent clothing. The paper presents idea concepts, development, structural architecture and general characteristics of two generations of intelligent clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties. The expanding thermal inserts are situated between the outer shell and the lining and are the key element of this type of new clothing. In the first generation of intelligent clothing the expanding inserts were designed in combination with three horizontal chambers that can be sealed in three horizontal layers, whereby it is possible to make six adaptable discontinuous levels of thermal insulation. In the second generation, ribbed expandable chambers were used. Their thickness is continuously changeable according to the pressure change in the chambers, whereby the value of thermal insulation of the chambers can be continuously adapted. The functioning of this clothing is based on the integration of sensors for internal and external temperature and air pressure in the chambers, on a microcontroller with regulation software and actuators to control the expanding insert. When wearing this kind of clothing, the microcontroller system monitors changes in ambient temperature and clothing microclimate depending on the wearer’s physical activity, compares them with the achieved thermal protection and makes autonomous decisions on the required increase or decrease in thermal protection. Since this clothing follows changes in its internal and external environment, estimates the real and necessary state, makes decisions and independently performs the adaptation of thermal insulation to a level that it ensures constant thermal comfort, it can be claimed that such a garment has the basic attributes of intelligent clothing. The paper describes the functioning of two types of thermal insulation chambers, the sensor system used, micropneumatic components, the microcomputer system, the flow chart of the algorithm of intelligent behavior, the complete built-in architecture of all technical subsystems, features of the first and second generation and the observed good and bad points of the conceptual approach to the development of intelligent clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties.
A Vapor-Phase Technique for Radiation-Induced Grafting of Vinyl Monomers to Fibers
Authors: Armstrong Arthur A. , Rutherford Henry A. 
Published: July 2017

A technique for the radiation grafting of volatile vinyl monomers to fiber substrates is described. The monomer is applied from the vapor phase while the samples are exposed to gamma radiation from Cobalt-60. The fibrous materials that are relatively unstable toward radiation are the ones that add the vinyl compounds the most readily. These are the cellulosics (cotton and rayon), cellulose esters (acetate), polyamides (nylon 66), and polypropylene fibers. The polyesters and the acrylics show little tendency to undergo graft polymerization. The monomers that have been studied are methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, butadiene, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl chloride, styrene, ethylene, propylene, and divinyl sulfone. The most successful experiments have been conducted with the first five of these monomers, and acetate and polypropylene fibers take part in the grafting process most readily. The rate of grafting of the monomers to many of the substrates can be materially increased by the addition of a third material to the system. Water, methanol, and acetic acid vapors accelerate the rate of grafting to cotton, rayon, and nylon. The modification of cotton by the radiation addition of acrylonitrile results in a fiber almost completely resistant to microorganisms. This effect can be achieved by the deposition of only 3.5% of the monomer (as polymer), and the fiber retains the appearance and feel of untreated cotton. The product is superior in these respects to that made by the addition of acrylonitrile from the iron-peroxide catalyst system.
Incremental Frictional Abrasion
Authors: Elias Dorothy K. , Warfield Carol L. , Galbraith Ruth L. 
Published: July 2017

Three pairs of matched fabrics, 100% cotton broadcloth, 50% polyester/50% cotton broadcloth, and 65% polyester/ 35% cotton printcloth, were abraded in an Accelerotor. One fabric of each pair had a pure finish and one had a creaseresistant finish. Eight levels of abrasion were used in the study. Fiber length distributions and fiber tensile properties were analyzed before and after abrasion to determine the effect of the abrasion on these fiber properties and to determine the mechanism by which any damage occurred. The cotton fibers tended to break into shorter lengths as a result of abrasion. This tendency was most pronounced in the resin-finished polyester/cotton printcloth, which lost virtually all of its cotton fiber content. It appeared to be least pronounced in the resin-finished cotton broadcloth, which lost many of its shortest fibers but showed no significant decrease in the number of longer fibers. The polyester fibers in the blended broadcloths showed some reductions in fiber length as a result of abrasion, while those in the printcloths did not. There were progressively greater losses in strength of the remaining fibers for both polyester and cotton fibers as a result of increasing levels of abrasion. However, much of the abrasion damage sustained by the resin-finished blended fabrics appeared to be caused by cotton fiber fracture within the internal structure of the yarn because of the unequal elongation characteristics of the cotton and polyester fibers.
Incremental Frictional Abrasion
Authors: Warfield Carol L. , Elias Dorothy K. , Galbraith Ruth L. 
Published: July 2017

Fabric and yarn damage caused by small increments of frictional abrasion in an Accelerotor were evaluated for three pairs of matched fabrics. Variables investigated were fiber content, blend level, weave, finish, and amount of abrasion. Quantitative measures of changes in yam and fabric properties were evaluated. Photomicrographs of fabric surfaces, yarns removed from fabrics, and of fabric cross sections were also evaluated. Fabrics with crease-resistant finishes tended to rank higher in appearance characteristics, while those with the pure finishes tended to rank higher in performance factors related to strength. Crease-resistant finishes did not necessarily accelerate abrasion damage. Evaluation of abrasion damage generally showed a relationship between increased yarn crimp and increased thread count, between loss in yarn tex and loss in yarn strength, and between loss in fabric strength and loss in yarn strength. A double rupture was observed in the breaking-strength behavior of the durable-press polyester/cotton fabrics after low levels of abrasion. This double rupture disappeared after higher abrasion levels.
The Reduction of Consumption in Two Cohorts of Italian Men: Some Interpretations
Authors: Scarscelli Daniele 
Published: July 2017

The majority of the interviewees in two cohorts of Italian men, aged 40–45 and 65–70, believed that their consumption patterns were similar to those they knew (who belonged to the same age group), so the lifetime consumption patterns also tended to be similar. The members of each group considered certain aspects of the consumption model to be particular to their age group, the “peak consumption model” for the younger age group, the “no-peak consumption model” for the older age group: they recognized that the factors inducing them to modify their consumption habits were common to other members of their generation. Both models allowed us to explain the different mechanisms behind a specific course of action. In substance, the individual's choice to modify his/her own consumption style by reducing the quantity of alcohol consumed could be influenced by a status transition or need to protect his/her own health. However, the differences between the two models were explained only by adopting a historic interpretation. The situational mechanisms did not influence alcoholic behavior in different social and cultural contexts.
The Araguaia Guerrilla War (1972–1974): Armed Resistance to the Brazilian Dictatorship
Authors: de Almeida Teles Janaína 
Published: July 2017

The Araguaia guerrilla war (1972–1974) was an attempt to reconcile armed struggle and political awareness that became a sort of “guerrilla focus” with roots in the peasant population, which assumed a decisive role in the resistance to military repression. This period was characterized by the centralization of operations of information and repression, consolidating the tactic of “political disappearance” in Brazil. The military occupation terrorized the population to mitigate any multiplier effect of the insurgency, and its success reverberated throughout the continent. At the same time, denunciations of its human rights abuses helped to erode the dictatorship. A guerrilha do Araguaia (1972–1974) representou um esforço para reconciliar a luta armada e a consciência política que se tornou uma espécie de foco de guerrilha com raízes na população campesina, que por sua vez desempenhou papel decisivo na resistência à opressão militar. Esse período caracterizou-se pela centralização das operações de informação e repressão, consolidando a tática de “desaparecimento político” no Brasil. A ocupação militar aterrorizou a população com o propósito de reduzir a possibilidade de insurgência e nesse sentido alcançou sucesso que reverberou por todo continente. Contudo, denúncias das violações de direitos humanos contribuíram para a erosão da ditadura.
Economic Extractivism and Agrarian Social Movements: Perspectives on Low-Intensity Democracy in the Face of the Colombian Conflict
Authors: Celis Leila 
Published: July 2017

During the mid-1980s, Colombia joined the neoliberal global economy in two ways: (1) by implementing a “low-intensity democracy” made up of reforms intended to institutionalize the social protests as a response to the crisis of governance and to promote investor security and (2) by exchanging a protectionist industrialization economic model for an extractivist neoliberal one. The new progressive legislation created inclusive institutions and recognized multiculturalism and social and political rights, but these very rights are denied by the neoliberal economy, which favors big transnational capital and the physical and legal coercion that this model requires. These two pivotal elements of neoliberalism (governance and the economy) are pragmatically incompatible. The dominant class has favored the interests of powerful transnational elites and employed both legal and military avenues. Consequently, 30 years later, the social movements have been only partially and temporarily institutionalized. Active rejection of the economic model is growing. Social organizations have appropriated the concept of human rights and adapted it to their social project, the construction of a peasant economy that opposes the neoliberal one. A mediados de los ochenta, Colombia se unió a la economía neoliberal de dos maneras importantes: (1) implementando una “democracia de baja intensidad” compuesta por reformas que pretendían institucionalizar las protestas sociales como una respuesta a la crisis de gobernabilidad y promover la seguridad de las inversiones, y (2) intercambiando un modelo económico de proteccionismo industrial por uno neoliberal y extractivista. La nueva legislación progresista creó instituciones inclusivas y reconoció el multiculturalismo y los derechos políticos y sociales, pero estos mismos derechos son denegados por la economía neoliberal, que favorece al gran capital transnacional y ejerce la coerción legal y física que requiere dicho modelo. Estos dos elementos esenciales del neoliberalismo (la gobernabilidad y la economía) son incompatibles a nivel pragmático. La clase dominante ha favorecido los intereses de poderosas elites internacionales y empleado vías tanto legales como militares. Como consecuencia, 30 años después, los movimientos sociales sólo han sido parcial y temporalmente institucionalizados. Las organizaciones sociales se han apropiado el concepto de los derechos humanos y lo han adaptado a su proyecto social: la construcción de una economía campesina opuesta a la neoliberal.
Polymeric Composites Containing Alumina Trihydrate and Silica
Authors: Mansour S. H. 
Published: July 2017

Unsaturated polyester resin based on poly [1,2-propylene-maleate-phthalate] was used with styrene monomer (35% by weight) as a binder and alumina trihydrate (ATH) (Al2O3.3H2O) or silica ((SiO2), to produce polymeric composites. The effect of type and concentration of the two fillers on the physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the crosslinked (styrenated) polyester (SP) and its composites have been tested. The fire retardant efficiency of the prepared composites was also investigated. The results indicated that the use of ATH or SiO2 as a filler reduces flammability and enhances electrical characteristics of the composites as compared to the styrenated polyester resin alone.
Characteristics of Water Extended Polyester as a Function of Basic Emulsifiers, Initiators and Contained Water
Authors: Ikladious N. E. , Doss N. L. , Mansour S. H. , Asaad J. N. 
Published: July 2017

Water extended polyester emulsions based on poly (ethylene-propylene-maleate-adipate-phthalate) were prepared. The emulsion stability of the water extended polyester, using two different water percentages of 42.86 and 50 wt% with different emulsifying agents, was determined. The stable emulsions obtained for each emulsifier with water content of 50 wt% were hardened by the addition of varying concentrations of different types of radical initiators and accelerators. The water content, compressive strength and chemical resistance of the cured water composites were also studied. It was found that the compressive strength is not only a function of percent water contained but also a function of initiator and base used.
The Influence of Cation in Organometallic Boroacylate Adhesion Promoters on Physico-Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Steel Cord Skim Rubber Compound
Authors: Chandra Arup K. , Mukhopadhyay R. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: July 2017

In steel cord reinforced radial tyres, mainly a silica-resorcinol-hexamethyl melamine (SRH) system and an organometallic salt (generally boroacylate salts which are the best performers among all anions) are incorporated in order to obtain adequate adhesion and reduce the deleterious effects of the corrosion process encountered by brass coating under different hostile environments. This paper is a report of studies on the effect of nature and concentration of the cations associated with organometallic boroacylate salts on the process-ability and physico-mechanical properties under different ageing conditions, as well as dynamic mechanical properties of steel cord skim formulations. The boroacylate salt of cobalt, nickel and zinc have been chosen for this purpose. In general, the addition of an organometallic adhesion promoter helps in achieving a higher level of curing, enhances crosslink density, and reduces the thermal and oxidative stability of the compound. All the viscoelastic properties, viz., storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E") and loss tangent (tan γ) are influenced by the presence of these adhesion promoters to different extents depending on the nature of the cation. Irrespective of the test frequency and temperature, cobalt boroacylate exhibits the lowest tan γ. These viscoelastic properties are also influenced by the variation of zinc ion concentration. Tan γ shows a maxima at 0.35 pphr of zinc ion. These promoters are unable to resist the compound degradation due to steam ageing. However, cobalt and nickel salts offer a degree of protection against salt ageing.
Computer‐Assisted Frontal Sinusotomy
Authors: Carrau Ricardo L. , Snyderman Carl H. , Curtin Hugh B. , Weissman Jane L. 
Published: July 2017

An osteoplastic frontal sinus flap with flat obliteration is the “gold” standard for the management of chronic frontal sinus inflammatory disease caused by obstruction of the nasofrontal duct. Frontal sinusotomy, with an osteoplastic technique, call for osteotomies, guided by a template obtained from a Caldwell radiographic view taken at a distance of 6 feet. The reliability of the template depends on the position of the patient, distance at which the radiograph is taken, penetration of the x‐rays, and other technical aspects. Therefore the template is a potential source of error. We present the use of a computer‐assisted frontal sinusotomy as a method to corroborate the shape and margins of the frontal sinus in six patients undergoing obilterative frontal sinus surgery. In our hands, this technique has proved more reliable than the radiographic template to corroborate the positioning of the osteotomies.
Caregiver burden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review
Authors: de Wit Jessica , Bakker Leonhard A , van Groenestijn Annerieke C , van den Berg Leonard H , Schröder Carin D , Visser-Meily Johanna MA , Beelen Anita 
Published: July 2017

Background: Informal caregivers of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis experience increased levels of caregiver burden as the disease progresses. Insight in the factors related to caregiver burden is needed in order to develop supportive interventions. Aim: To evaluate the evidence on patient and caregiver factors associated with caregiver burden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis informal caregivers. Design: A systematic review. Data sources: Four electronic databases were searched up to 2017. Studies that investigated quantitative relations between patient or caregiver factors and caregiver burden were included. The overall quality of evidence for factors was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: A total of 25 articles were included. High quality of evidence was found for the relation between caregiver burden and the factor “behavioral impairments.” Moderate quality of evidence was found for the relations between caregiver burden and the factors “feelings of depression” of the caregiver and “physical functioning” of the patient. The remaining rated caregiver factors—“feelings of anxiety,” “distress,” “social support,” “family functioning,” and “age”—and patient factors—“bulbar function,” “motor function,” “respiratory function,” “disease duration,” “disinhibition,” “executive functioning,” “cognitive functioning,” “feelings of depression,” and “age”—showed low to very low quality of evidence for their association with caregiver burden. Conclusion: Higher caregiver burden is associated with greater behavioral and physical impairment of the patient and with more depressive feelings of the caregiver. This knowledge enables the identification of caregivers at risk for caregiver burden and guides the development of interventions to diminish caregiver burden.