bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutionalised conflict, subaltern worker rebellions and insurgent unionism: casual workers’ organisation and power resources in the South African Post Office
Authors: Dickinson David 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTAcross the globe, the increasing number of precarious workers has (re)created bifurcated labour markets. This paper looks at casual worker mobilisation in the South African Post Office. Attention is paid to one group of workers, the Mabarete, and the way they projected power in a classification struggle pursued though violence and intimidation, rather than moral or symbolic power. Their struggle was spatially and morally sculpted by the communities in which they lived, but was not social movement unionism. Why the Mabarete transformed – from the successful organisation structure that had evolved to registered union – is addressed through two alternative models of industrial engagement: the use of official, legal frameworks in which conflict is institutionalised and that of subaltern worker rebellions in which extra-legal, covert forms of power are mobilised. Insurgent unionism, it is argued, can be understood as the combination of, or oscillation between, these two alternatives.
Electrochemically applied potentials induce growth and metabolic shift changes in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima MSB8
Authors: Hirano Shin-ichi , Matsumoto Norio 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Bioelectrochemical systems are an attractive technology for regulating microbial activity. The effect of an applied potential on hydrolysis of starch in Thermotoga maritima as a model bacterium was investigated in this study. A cathodic potential (−0.6 and −0.8 V) induced 5-h earlier growth initiation of T. maritima with starch as the polymeric substrate than that without electrochemical regulation. Moreover, metabolic patterns of starch consumption were altered by the cathodic potential. While acetate, H2, and CO2 were the major products of starch consumption in the control experiment without electrolysis, lactate accumulation was detected rather than decreased acetate and H2 levels in the bioelectrochemical system experiments with the cathodic potential. These results indicate that the applied potential could control microbial activities related to the hydrolysis of polymeric organic substances and shift carbon and electron flux to a lactate-producing reaction in T. maritima.
Validating a Diabetic Glucose Meter to Assess Walleye Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Ball Emily , Weber Michael John 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Fisheries biologists have long been interested in monitoring stress in fish by observing changes in glucose concentrations. However, measuring glucose in the field is difficult, time consuming, and expensive. Diabetic glucose meters may provide a rapid, cost-effective monitoring tool that can be used in the field or laboratory, but they need to be evaluated for a particular species before they can be integrated into monitoring programs. Our objective was to evaluate the FreeStyle Lite diabetic glucose meter across a broad range of glucose concentrations exhibited by advanced fingerling Walleyes Sander vitreus (197 ± 20 mm [mean ± SD]; 73.5 ± 18.8 g). Eleven groups of five advanced fingerling Walleyes were chased for up to 10 min with a dip net, sequentially removed at 5-min intervals, and blood samples were collected. Glucose concentrations were determined using both the FreeStyle Lite diabetic glucose meter and the traditional colorimetric laboratory method for individual samples. The percent difference in glucose concentrations (glucose meter minus colorimetric laboratory glucose) was nearly always (95% of observations) within 2 SDs of the average glucose concentration reported by both methods. Costs associated with the use of the glucose meter as well as the required sample size were less for the glucose meter than the colorimetric laboratory method. Combined, results from this study suggest the glucose meter detected changes in glucose concentrations of advanced fingerling Walleyes and offers an alternative method that is cheaper, faster, and less invasive than the traditional colorimetric laboratory method.
Micron-scale Raman amplifier: another progressive step towards the maturity of silicon photonics
Authors: DATTA TANMOY , Sen Mrinal 
Published: May 2017

Notice of redundant publication
"Micron-scale Raman amplifier: another progressive step towards the maturity of silicon photonics"
It has been brought to the attention of the editors that this article contains redundancies when compared with an earlier article published by the authors in Datta T and Sen M 2017 Superlattices Microstruct.

109 107–16. The original article was not referenced. These concerns were identified after the article appeared as accepted but before publication of the final version. As a member of COPE this was been investigated in accordance with the COPE guidelines and it was agreed a notice of redundant publication should be applied.
A new model for micron scale all-silicon amplifier has been proposed based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a slotted photonic crystal waveguide (SPCW). Silicon nanocrystal material is considered to be embedded in the slot of the SPCW to exploit its giant Raman gain coefficient. Moreover, the gain has further been enhanced by using the ultra-high optical confinement of the SPCW. Results of simulations show that the threshold power of a 3 μm long SPCW based Raman amplifier is in the order of merely 500 μW, while the CW Stokes is launched with a power of 50 μW. The simulations also show that a merely 1.5 μm long SPCW can offer ≈3 dB gain even at the 400 Gbps pulse repetition rate. However, pulse shape becomes disrupted by the SRS induced temporal broadening which has further been reduced considerably by operating the Stokes at a different resonance peak in the SRS gain spectrum. With these tremendous performances, the SPCW based Raman amplifier proves its potentiality for application in on-chip optical interconnects and also opens up a pavement for realizing the long desired micron-scale all-silicon Raman laser.
Ecotypes and evolutionary significant units in endangered North African gazelles
Authors: Silva Teresa L , Vale Cândida G , Godinho Raquel , Fellous Amina , Hingrat Yves , Alves Paulo C , Abáigar Teresa , Brito José C 
Published: May 2017

AbstractConservation planning of threatened taxa relies upon accurate data on systematics, ecological traits and suitable habitats. The genus Gazella includes taxa with distinct morphologies and ecological traits, but close phylogenetic relationships. The North African Gazella cuvieri and Gazella leptoceros loderi share morphological and physiological characters but the former is darker and found in mountain areas, while the latter is lighter and associated with sand dunes. Here we aim to assess the genetic distinctiveness of these taxa, to characterize their ecological niches and to identify potential occurrence areas, by analysing 327 samples across North-West Africa. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial (CYTB) and five nuclear gene fragments (KCAS, LAC, SPTBN1, PRKCI and THYR) show that both taxa comprise a single monophyletic group. However, ecological niche-based modelling suggests that populations of these taxa occupy distinct geographic areas and specific environments. Predicted areas of sympatry were restricted, as a consequence of local sharp transitions in climatic traits. The lack of genetic differentiation between these taxa suggests they should be lumped into G. cuvieri, while ecological and morphological differences indicate they correspond to distinct ecotypes. Conservation planning of G. cuvieri should consider the preservation of both mountain and lowland ecotypes to maintain the overall adaptive potential of the species. This integrative approach provides valuable insights in identifying evolutionary units and should be extended to other gazelles.
Observational hints of a real age spread in the young LMC star cluster NGC 1971
Authors: Piatti Andrés E. , Cole Andrew 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
We report that the serendipitous young Large Magellanic Cloud cluster NGC 1971 exhibits an extended main-sequence turn-off (eMSTO) possibly originated mostly by a real age spread. We used CT1 Washington photometry to produce a colour–magnitude diagram (CMD) with the fiducial cluster features. From its eMSTO, we estimated an age spread of ∼170 Myr (observed age range 100–280 Myr), once observational errors, stellar binarity, overall metallicity variations and stellar rotation effects were subtracted in quadrature from the observed age width.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Hypofractionated Radiotherapy for Glioblastoma
Authors: Shah Jennifer L , Li Gordon , Shaffer Jenny L , Azoulay Melissa I , Gibbs Iris C , Nagpal Seema , Soltys Scott G 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Standard therapy depends on patient age and performance status but principally involves surgical resection followed by a 6-wk course of radiation therapy given concurrently with temozolomide chemotherapy. Despite such treatment, prognosis remains poor, with a median survival of 16 mo. Challenges in achieving local control, maintaining quality of life, and limiting toxicity plague treatment strategies for this disease. Radiotherapy dose intensification through hypofractionation and stereotactic radiosurgery is a promising strategy that has been explored to meet these challenges. We review the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma.
Surgical Treatment of Mesiotemporal Lobe Epilepsy: Which Approach is Favorable?
Authors: Schmeiser Barbara , Wagner Kathrin , Schulze-Bonhage Andreas , Mader Irina , Wendling Anne-Sophie , Steinhoff Bernhard Jochen , Prinz Marco , Scheiwe Christian , Weyerbrock Astrid , Zentner Josef 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy is one of the most frequent causes for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Different surgical approaches to the mesiotemporal area are used.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze epileptological and neuropsychological results as well as complications of different surgical strategies.

METHODS
This retrospective study is based on a consecutive series of 458 patients all harboring pharmacoresistant mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy. Following procedures were performed: standard anterior temporal lobectomy, anterior temporal or key-hole resection, extended lesionectomy, and transsylvian and subtemporal selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Postoperative outcome was evaluated according to different surgical procedures.

RESULTS
Overall, 1 yr after surgery 315 of 432 patients (72.9%) were classified Engel I; in particular, 72.8% were seizure-free after anterior temporal lobectomy, 76.9% after key-hole resection, 84.4% after extended lesionectomy, 70.3% after transylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy, and 59.1% after subtemporal selective amygdalohippocampectomy. No significant differences in seizure outcome were found between different resective procedures, neither in short-term nor long-term follow-up. There was no perioperative mortality. Permanent morbidity was encountered in 4.4%. There were no significant differences in complications between different resection types. In the majority of patients, selective attention improved following surgery. Patients after left-sided operations performed significantly worse regarding verbal memory as compared to right-sided procedures. However, surgical approach had no significant effect on memory outcome.

CONCLUSION
Different surgical approaches for mesiotemporal epilepsy analyzed resulted in similar epileptological, neuropsychological results, and complication rates. Therefore, the approach for the individual patient does not only depend on the specific localization of the epileptogenic area, but also on the experience of the surgeon.
Berlin Grading System Can Stratify the Onset and Predict Perioperative Complications in Adult Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Kashiwazaki Daina , Akioka Naoki , Kuwayama Naoya , Houkin Kiyohiro , Czabanka Marcus , Vajkoczy Peter , Kuroda Satoshi 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The grading system for moyamoya disease is not established.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the usefulness of a recently proposed grading system for stratifying the clinical severity and predicting postoperative morbidity in adult moyamoya disease.

METHODS
We investigated 176 hemispheres from 89 adult patients who were diagnosed with moyamoya disease in Japan. Their data were analyzed using the Berlin grading system with minor modifications. After summarizing the numerical values for digital subtraction angiography (1-3 points), magnetic resonance imaging (0-1 points), and single-photon emission computed tomography (0-2 points), 3 grades of moyamoya disease were defined: mild (grade I) = 1 to 2 points, moderate (grade II) = 3 to 4 points, and severe (grade III) = 5 to 6 points. In total, 82 of 161 hemispheres underwent superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery anastomosis and indirect synangiosis. Postoperative neurological morbidity was included within 30 d after surgery.

RESULTS
Preoperative examinations categorized 87 hemispheres as grade I, 39 as grade II, and 50 as grade III. There was a significant correlation between the Berlin grading system and clinical severity (P < .001). Perioperative complications occurred in 12 of 82 (14.6%) hemispheres, including transient ischemic attack in 3 hemispheres, ischemic stroke in 4 hemispheres, symptomatic hyperperfusion in 4 hemispheres, and intracerebral hemorrhage in 1 hemisphere. The Berlin grading system was related to their occurrence (P < .001).

CONCLUSION
The Berlin grading system facilitates the stratification of clinical severity and predicting postoperative neurological morbidity in adult moyamoya disease, thereby suggesting its general usage in clinical practice.
Aneurysm Morphology and Prediction of Rupture: An International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Analysis
Authors: Mocco J , Brown Robert D , Torner James C , Capuano Ana W , Fargen Kyle M , Raghavan Madhavan L , Piepgras David G , Meissner Irene , III John Huston ,   on behalf of the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
There are conflicting data between natural history studies suggesting a very low risk of rupture for small, unruptured intracranial aneurysms and retrospective studies that have identified a much higher frequency of small, ruptured aneurysms than expected.

OBJECTIVE
To use the prospective International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms cohort to identify morphological characteristics predictive of unruptured intracranial aneurysm rupture.

METHODS
A case-control design was used to analyze morphological characteristics associated with aneurysm rupture in the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms database. Fifty-seven patients with ruptured aneurysms during follow-up were matched (by size and location) with 198 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms without rupture during follow-up. Twelve morphological metrics were measured from cerebral angiograms in a blinded fashion.

RESULTS
Perpendicular height (P = .008) and size ratio (ratio of maximum diameter to the parent vessel diameter; P = .01) were predictors of aneurysm rupture on univariate analysis. Aspect ratio, daughter sacs, multiple lobes, aneurysm angle, neck diameter, parent vessel diameter, and calculated aneurysm volume were not statistically significant predictors of rupture. On multivariate analysis, perpendicular height was the only significant predictor of rupture (Chi-square 7.1, P-value .008).

CONCLUSION
This study underscores the importance of other morphological factors, such as perpendicular height and size ratio, that may influence unruptured intracranial aneurysm rupture risk in addition to greatest diameter and anterior vs posterior location.
ASPECTS, Large Vessel Occlusion, and Time of Symptom Onset: Estimation of Eligibility for Endovascular Therapy
Authors: Mokin Maxim , Pendurthi Aparna , Ljubimov Vladimir , Burgin William S , Siddiqui Adnan H , Levy Elad I , Primiani Christopher T 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Understanding how many patients are eligible for endovascular therapy can help develop more effective stroke systems of care.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the proportion of patients eligible for endovascular therapy.

METHODS
In this single center retrospective cohort study, we identified patients with acute ischemic stroke from large vessel occlusion (LVO) from January 2014 to December 2015. Selection criteria including LVO location, Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score (ASPECTS) range, hospital arrival time, and the use of intravenous thrombolysis were applied to calculate proportions of patients eligible for endovascular therapy.

RESULTS
Of 989 patients with acute ischemic stroke, LVO was identified in 224 (23%) cases. Eighty-four percent of patients admitted within 6 h, 75% of patients admitted within 6 to 12 h, and 77% of patients with M1 and internal carotid artery occlusions admitted within 12 to 24 h had favorable ASPECTS for thrombectomy, defined as ASPECTS ≥ 6. Severity of NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) was predictive of favorable ASPECTS (odds ratio [OR] 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.74; P = .014 for NIHSS > 10 and OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.80; P = .014 for NIHSS > 20), whereas time of hospital arrival was not (OR 1.73, 95% CI 0.76-4.03; P = .26). Using all class I, Level of Evidence A American Heart Association guidelines criteria, 4% of patients with acute ischemic stroke were eligible for endovascular therapy. Up to 20% of patients were eligible for endovascular therapy with less restrictive criteria (Class IIb; Level of Evidence C).

CONCLUSION
Depending on the sets of selection criteria, between 4% (the most restrictive criteria) and 20% (the least restrictive criteria) of patients with LVO are potentially eligible for endovascular therapy.
Return on investment of advanced practice medical degrees
Authors: Craig Christopher K. , Holmes James H. , Carter Jeffery E. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
As the United States faces a predicted physician shortage over the next 2 decades, physician assistants (PAs) and NPs are expected to fill the void. At the same time, because education is expensive, student loan and tuition increases have many potential applicants assessing differences in reimbursement and wondering about their return on investment (ROI). An analysis compared PA and NP salaries by incorporating national salary data, federal income tax, and student loans for a comparative analysis of each career pathway.

Methods:
Salaries were abstracted from the 2012 Bureau of Labor Statistics database. The net present value (NPV) of PA and NP salaries was calculated with a 5% discount rate. Principal and interest for student loans was calculated at a 6% interest fixed-rate loan over 30 years. NPVs were then compared with projected ROI at retirement age. Relative career values were also given to each career choice, based on a retirement age of 65 years, which translates to about 41 years of employment for both PAs and NPs.

Results:
PAs' and NPs' educational loans both equalled $129,484 on total repayment. The median annual salary of a PA was $90,930 and $89,960 for an NP. PA data yielded a 5% NPV of $781,323 compared with $764,348 for NPs. Of note, the 5% NPV of a 4-year nursing degree is $728,436.

Conclusion:
PAs have a slightly higher ROI compared with NPs. These findings may change due to adjustments in nursing training models. Many PA programs allow matriculation immediately after obtaining a bachelor's degree. NP schools often require nursing experience before entering their program. Some schools are considering an accelerated NP program, allowing immediate matriculation after obtaining a bachelor's degree. Because many NP programs have become doctoral degrees, the increased duration of training, higher tuition, and fewer years worked before retirement lower the overall NP ROI. A similar reduction in ROI was considered marginal in PAs who attend residency programs—though these programs are not required for PAs to practice. Comparison of an RN with a 4-year degree to an NP shows little increase in ROI. If interest rates rise, it will become fiscally preferable to remain in a nursing position. Other intangible qualities exist and need further research (for example, weighing the financial aspects with lifestyle or professional satisfaction).
Combination Drug Therapy of Pioglitazone and D-cycloserine Attenuates Chronic Orofacial Neuropathic Pain and Anxiety by Improving Mitochondrial Function Following Trigeminal Nerve Injury
Authors: Lyons Danielle N. , Zhang Liping , Pandya Jignesh D. , Danaher Robert J. , Ma Fei , Miller Craig S. , Sullivan Patrick G. , Sirbu Cristian , Westlund Karin N. 
Published: May 2017

Objectives:The study aim was to determine how peripheral trigeminal nerve injury affects mitochondrial respiration and to test efficacy of combined treatment with 2 Federal Drug Administration approved drugs with potential for improving mitochondrial bioenergetics, pain and anxiety–related behaviors in a chronic orofacial neuropathic pain mouse model.Methods:Efficacy of (R)-(+)-4-amino-3-isoxazolidinone (D-cycloserine, DCS), an N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonist/agonist, and Pioglitazone (PIO), a selective agonist of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma was investigate in the trigeminal inflammatory compression (TIC) neuropathic nerve injury mouse model. Combined low doses of these drugs (80 mg/kg DCS and 100 mg/kg PIO) were given as a single bolus or daily for 7 days post-TIC to test ability to attenuate neuropathic nociceptive and associated cognitive dependent anxiety behaviors. In addition, beneficial effects of the DCS/PIO drug combination were explored ex vivo in isolated cortex/brainstem mitochondria at 28 weeks post-TIC.Results:The DCS/PIO combination not only attenuated orofacial neuropathic pain and anxiety–related behaviors associated with trigeminal nerve injury, but it also improved mitochondrial bioenergetics.Discussion:The DCS/PIO combination uncoupled mitochondrial respiration in the TIC model to improve cortical mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as reduced nociceptive and anxiety behaviors present in mice with centralized chronic neuropathic nerve injury. Combining these drugs could be a beneficial treatment for patients with depression, anxiety, or other psychological conditions due to their chronic pain status.