bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungal parasites infect marine diatoms in the upwelling ecosystem of the Humboldt current system off central Chile
Authors: Gutiérrez Marcelo H. , Jara Ana M. , Pantoja Silvio 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThis is the first report of fungal parasitism of diatoms in a highly productive coastal upwelling ecosystem, based on a year‐round time series of diatom and parasitic Chytridiomycota abundance in the Humboldt Current System off Chile (36°30.80'S‐73°07.70'W). Our results show co‐variation in the presence of Skeletonema, Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros diatoms with attached and detached chytrid sporangia. High abundance of attached sporangia was observed during the austral spring, coinciding with a predominance of Thalassiosira and Skeletonema under active upwelling conditions. Towards the end of austral spring, a decreasing proportion of attached sporangia was accompanied by a decline in abundance of Skeletonema and Thalassiosira and the predominance of Chaetoceros, suggesting specificity and host density dependence of chytrid infection. The new findings on fungal parasitism of diatoms provide further support for the inclusion of Fungi in the current model of the role played by the marine microbial community in the coastal ocean. We propose a conceptual model where Fungi contribute to controlling the dynamics of phytoplankton populations, as well as the release of organic matter and the transfer of organic carbon through the pelagic trophic web in coastal upwelling ecosystems.
Functional interactions of archaea, bacteria and viruses in a hypersaline endolithic community
Authors: Crits‐Christoph Alexander , Gelsinger Diego R. , Ma Bing , Wierzchos Jacek , Ravel Jacques , Davila Alfonso , Casero M. Cristina , DiRuggiero Jocelyne 
Published: February 2016

SummaryHalite endoliths in the Atacama Desert represent one of the most extreme ecosystems on Earth. Cultivation‐independent methods were used to examine the functional adaptations of the microbial consortia inhabiting halite nodules. The community was dominated by haloarchaea and functional analysis attributed most of the autotrophic CO2 fixation to one unique cyanobacterium. The assembled 1.1 Mbp genome of a novel nanohaloarchaeon, Candidatus Nanopetramus SG9, revealed a photoheterotrophic life style and a low median isoelectric point (pI) for all predicted proteins, suggesting a ‘salt‐in’ strategy for osmotic balance. Predicted proteins of the algae identified in the community also had pI distributions similar to ‘salt‐in’ strategists. The Nanopetramus genome contained a unique CRISPR/Cas system with a spacer that matched a partial viral genome from the metagenome. A combination of reference‐independent methods identified over 30 complete or near complete viral or proviral genomes with diverse genome structure, genome size, gene content and hosts. Putative hosts included Halobacteriaceae, Nanohaloarchaea and Cyanobacteria. Despite the dependence of the halite community on deliquescence for liquid water availability, this study exposed an ecosystem spanning three phylogenetic domains, containing a large diversity of viruses and predominance of a ‘salt‐in’ strategy to balance the high osmotic pressure of the environment.
Subterranean Commodification: Informal Housing and the Legalization of Basement Suites in Vancouver from 1928 to 2009
Authors: Mendez Pablo , Quastel Noah 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article draws on Margaret Radin's theorization of ‘contested commodities' to explore the process whereby informal housing becomes formalized while also being shaped by legal regulation. In seeking to move once‐informal housing into the domain of official legality, cities can seldom rely on a simple legal framework of private‐law principles of property and contract. Instead, they face complex trade‐offs between providing basic needs and affordability and meeting public‐law norms around living standards, traditional neighbourhood feel and the environment. This article highlights these issues through an examination of the uneven process of legal formalization of basement apartments in Vancouver, Canada. We chose a lengthy period—from 1928 to 2009—to explore how basement apartments became a vital source of housing often at odds with city planning that has long favoured a low‐density residential built form. We suggest that Radin's theoretical account makes it possible to link legalization and official market construction with two questions: whether to permit commodification and how to permit commodification. Real‐world commodification processes—including legal sanction—reflect hybridization, pragmatic decision making and regulatory compromise. The resolution of questions concerning how to legalize commodification are also intertwined with processes of market expansion.
Burden and Prevention of Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients with Concomitant Chronic Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease: A Literature Review
Authors: Lavoie Louis , Khoury Hanane , Welner Sharon , Briere Jean‐Baptiste 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundChronic heart failure (HF) or coronary artery disease (CAD) confers risk for thromboembolism and secondary adverse cardiac events (ACEs) (e.g., mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke). When HF and CAD occur concomitantly, ACE risk is reported to be elevated. We investigated ACEs, their epidemiology, and the resulting burden among patients with concomitant HF and CAD through a structured review of recent literature. Antithrombotic treatment for ACE prevention was assessed.MethodsPertinent databases (PubMed, other) were searched for relevant articles published from January 2004 to March 2015. Data collected included ACE incidence, healthcare resource use, costs, change in quality of life attributed to ACEs, and treatment practice for prevention of ACEs in patients with concomitant HF and CAD.ResultsMortality rates for patients with both HF and CAD ranged from 4.9–12.3% at 30 days to 13.7–86% for periods between 9.9 months and 10 years. Incidence of ACEs among HF patients with CAD is, respectively, at least 82% and 15% higher than for patients without HF or without CAD, except for stroke investigated in two studies. All‐cause and HF‐related hospitalization is the main driver of the economic burden in patients with HF, the majority of whom had CAD origin. Despite high prevalence of ischemic complications, there is limited evidence to support the use of warfarin‐type antithrombotics among HF patients.ConclusionThis study confirms that patients with concomitant HF and CAD are at elevated risk for ACEs and suggests the need for effective new antithrombotic treatments to further decrease ischemic complication rates in this population.
Capacity Building in Cyberspace as an Instrument of Foreign Policy
Authors: Pawlak Patryk 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe positive impact of the Internet on human development depends on security and safety of the digital environment. With the share of developing countries in the global Internet population increasing rapidly, addressing the threats posed by malicious cyber activities is a clear priority. The purpose of this article is to explore the linkages between international debates on cyber‐related issues (i.e. Internet governance, cybercrime, cybersecurity, or international norms) and cyber capacity building. Specifically, the article analyses capacity building projects by the Council of Europe and International Telecommunication Union to answer if and how they can be used as a tool in foreign policy. This question stems from the assumption that capacity building as a process focused on human resources development, organisational arrangements and legal and institutional frameworks is ultimately aimed at deep societal and political transformation.
The Opportunity Space of Overlapping Trade Regimes: Turkey, the Customs Union, and TTIP
Authors: Long Catherine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Republic of Turkey (RoT) is closely observing negotiations of the first three mega‐regional preferential trade agreements. Of greatest concern to the Republic is the US–EU Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), intended to establish the standards for preferential regimes beyond ambitious next generation free trade areas (FTAs). The Republic's primary concern is TTIP's potential impact on the Turkish economy given interaction with the RoT–EU Customs Union (CU). This interaction reflects the problem of outdated trade agreements’ overlap with the spaghetti bowls of next generation and now mega‐regional agreements. Although immediate Turkish TTIP inclusion is unlikely, TTIP triggered a critical juncture for the Republic given the agreement's potential interaction with the CU's outdated features and hub‐and‐spoke structure. This juncture provides the Republic with strategic leverage to pursue the CU's review and possible revision. The RoT's strategic sequencing of its CU review with TTIP engagement may prove advantageous by altering its structural relationship with its hub and primary economic anchor of the EU as well as facilitating its entry into ambitious mega‐regional agreements and contributing to its EU accession process. It also highlights the way in which states may strategically consolidate their particular cases of overlapping preferential trade agreements (PTAs).
Efficacy of sodium and stannous fluoride mouthrinses when used before single and multiple erosive challenges.
Authors: O'Toole S , Bartlett DW , Moazzez R 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundApplication of fluoride mouthrinse before an acidic challenge may decrease enamel erosion. This paper compares the efficacy of stannous (SnF2) and sodium (NaF) fluoride when facing single and multiple erosive cycles in vitro.MethodsHuman enamel samples (N = 60) were randomly assigned to groups testing SnF2 and NaF mouthrinses (225 p.p.m.) and a water control. Samples were allocated into subgroups testing one or five erosive cycles. Samples were immersed in test solution for 1 min prior to citric acid immersion (0.3%, pH 3.2, 10 min), and the cycle repeated either one or five times. Analysis was done using profilometry and microhardness change.ResultsAfter one cycle, SnF2 resulted in least step height followed by NaF and water (1.3 μm (0.63), 2.3 μm (0.39), 4.3 μm (0.41) respectively; P < 0.0001). After five cycles SnF2 continued to reduce step height but pre‐application of NaF was no different to water (4.6 μm (0.7), 10.5 μm (1.1) and 11.1 μm (0.38) respectively; P < 0.0001). There were no statistical differences in microhardness change between fluorides. After one erosive cycle, fluoride application resulted in statistically softer enamel compared with water.ConclusionsBoth SnF2 and NaF reduced erosion after one cycle. After five cycles, SnF2 continued to offer protection whereas NaF was statistically comparable with water. Softening of enamel may not imply less erosion has occurred.
Predator‐induced phenotypic plasticity in an arid‐adapted tropical tadpole
Authors: Schalk Christopher M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAdaptive phenotypic plasticity is widespread and involves diverse phenotypes. Key environmental stressors, such as predation risk, can simultaneously induce changes in multiple traits, but the magnitude of response is dependent upon the environmental conditions. Species that utilize temporary ponds are expected to exhibit stronger predator‐induced responses in the form of morphology than behaviour (i.e. reduced activity) to meet the demands of rapid development by maintaining high foraging activity while reducing predation risk via morphologically plastic traits. In a laboratory experiment, I examined the effects of predator chemical cues and conspecific alarm cues on activity, development and morphology on Leptodactylus bufonius tadpoles. This species has terrestrial oviposition and completes the early part of its development outside of ephemeral and temporary ponds in the Gran Chaco ecoregion of South America. Tadpoles in the predator treatments exhibited both behavioural and morphological predator‐induced plastic responses. Tadpoles tended to possess shorter, deeper tails when exposed to predators. The greatest reduction in activity was observed in tadpoles exposed to both predator and conspecific alarm cues, which subsequently resulted in the slowest development. Temporary and ephemeral pond adapted species with terrestrial oviposition may capitalize on a head start in development by being able to afford reduced growth rates via a reduction in activity. This may occur when the constraints imposed by pond hydroperiod (e.g. risk of pond drying) are relaxed when compared with species with aquatic oviposition, which must undergo all stages of development during the pond's hydroperiod. Thus, in addition to the predator and hydroperiod gradients, examining phenotypically plastic responses along a ‘terrestriality gradient’ in a comparative framework would provide insights as to the costs and benefits of increasing terrestriality in anuran reproductive modes to environmental stressors.
Plant community resilience in the face of fire: experimental evidence from a semi‐arid shrubland
Authors: Lipoma M. Lucrecia , Gurvich Diego E. , Urcelay Carlos , Díaz Sandra 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe ability of communities or ecosystems to recover their structure and function after a disturbance is known as resilience. According to different views, resilience can be influenced by the resource‐use strategies of the plant functional types that dominate the community or by the existence of functional redundancy within plant functional types. We investigated how the dominance of different plant functional types and species affected the resilience of a mountain shrubland after an intense fire. We took advantage from a pre‐existing long‐term removal experiment in which either whole plant functional types (deciduous shrubs, graminoids, perennial forbs and annual forbs) or the dominant species within each plant functional type were removed for 10 years. We sampled species and plant functional types cover during the first growing season after the fire. First, to test whether functional redundancy increased resilience, we analyzed the existence of functional compensation inside plant functional types. Second, to test whether the dominance of plant functional types with different resource‐use strategies affected recovery, we compared resilience at the levels of species, plant functional types and total cover, estimated on the basis of a change index and multivariate Euclidean distances. No compensation was observed in any of the plant functional types. At the level of species, we found that the assemblages dominated by conservative resource‐use strategies were the ones showing higher resilience. This was due to the high recovery of the dominant species of shrubs plant functional type. The opposite (lowest recovery of conservative resource‐use strategies) was found at the plant functional type and total cover‐levels. Our study did not support the hypothesis of resilience by functional redundancy. Instead, regeneration by buried meristems from the pre‐fire stage appeared to be the factor that most influenced recovery. Resource‐use strategies explained resilience of vegetation cover, but not of floristic composition. Regeneration traits, rather than vegetative traits or mechanism of functional compensation, appeared as the most relevant to explain the response of this system after fire.
Factors affecting choice of repair in Mohs micrographic surgery for non‐melanoma skin cancer of the head
Authors: Thomas Charlotte L , Lam Alvin , Lam Janice , Paver Robert , Storey Leslie , Fernandez‐Peñas Pablo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesIn Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) the dermatologist serves as surgeon, pathologist and reconstructive surgeon. Analysis of the factors that play a part in determining defect size and closure type may result in better patient outcomes. The objective was to identify factors contributing to the defect size and closure method employed inMMS.MethodsRetrospective analysis of allMMSperformed for non‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) of the head at the Skin and Cancer Foundation Australia, Westmead, between 1 January and 31 December 2007.ResultsTumor size was the main factor involved in the final defect size (r2: 0.60,P< 0.001), but the sex and age of the patient, tumour pathology, site and surgeon were also significantly associated with the final defect size. In a multivariate analysis, only sex did not remain as an independent factor. Regarding closure method, the age of the patient, defect size, site and surgeon were significantly associated, but patient's age did not remain significant in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionOur study has demonstrated that the performing surgeon is a relevant factor in the determination of defect size and repair methods inMMS. The factors underlying this variability require further study as decisions on closure method should be made objectively, based on patient‐related and tumour‐related factors. As expected, the location and size of the defect are the other factors that determine the chosen method of repair.
Perineal tap water burns in the elderly: at what cost?
Authors: Potter Michael D. E. , Maitz Peter K. M. , Kennedy Peter J. , Goltsman David 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundBurn injuries are expensive to treat. Burn injuries have been found to be difficult to treat in elderly patients than their younger counterparts. This is likely to result in higher financial burden on the healthcare system; however, no population‐specific study has been conducted to ascertain the inpatient treatment costs of elderly patients with hot tap water burns.MethodsSix elderly patients (75–92 years) were admitted for tap water burns at Concord Hospital during 2010. All costs incurred during their hospitalization were followed prospectively, and were apportioned into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ costs. Direct costs encompassed directly measurable costs, such as consumables used on the ward or in theatres, and indirect costs included hospital overheads, such as bed and theatre costs.ResultsThree males and three females admitted with burns to the buttocks, legs or feet. Total burn surface area (TBSA) ranged from 9–21% (mean 12.8%). Length of stay ranged from 26–98 days (mean 46 days). One patient died, and four required surgical management or grafting. Total inpatient costs ranged from $69 782.33 to $254 652.70 per patient (mean $122 800.20, standard deviation $67 484.46). TBSA was directly correlated with length of stay (P < 0.01) and total cost (P < 0.01).ConclusionHot water burns among the elderly are associated with high treatment costs, which are proportional to the size of the burn. The cost of treating this cohort is higher than previously reported in a general Australian burn cohort.
Determinants of underage induced abortion – the 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort study
Authors: Leppälahti Suvi , Heikinheimo Oskari , Paananen Reija , Santalahti Päivi , Merikukka Marko , Gissler Mika 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroductionAlthough underage pregnancies often end in induced abortion, data on girls who undergo termination of pregnancy are lacking. Our aim was to identify determinants of underage induced abortion and compare them with those of childbirth.Material and methodsAll girls born in 1987 in Finland surviving the perinatal period (n = 29 041) were included in the study and divided into three study groups: Girls undergoing induced abortion (n = 1041, 3.6%) or childbirth (n = 395, 1.4%) at <18 years of age and girls with no underage pregnancies (n = 27 605, 95.0%).ResultsShared risk factors of underage induced abortion and childbirth included early onset behavioral and emotional disorders [adjusted OR 1.9 (1.4–2.5) and 2.7 (95% CI 1.8–3.9)], a history of foster care [1.5 [1.1–1.9] and 3.0 [2.3–4.1)], and socioeconomic factors, including living in a family receiving income support [1.8 (1.5–2.1) and 3.4 (2.7–4.4)], respectively. Specific risk factors of underage induced abortion were psychoactive substance use disorders [2.2 (1.3–3.5)], having a mother who smoked during pregnancy [1.5 (1.3–1.8)] or had undergone induced abortion [1.8 (1.5–2.2)]. Coping with a chronic physical illness [0.7 (0.5–0.9)], and perinatal problems [0.6 (0.4–0.7)] were inversely associated with underage induced abortion.ConclusionsThe traditionally acknowledged determinants of underage childbirth played a less prominent role in induced abortion. Novel risk factors of underage induced abortion were found, including severe substance abuse and adverse maternal reproductive history, and should be addressed at all levels offering youth healthcare and social welfare services.
Red light of the visual spectrum attenuates cell death in culture and retinal ganglion cell death in situ
Authors: del Olmo‐Aguado Susana , Núñez‐Álvarez Claudia , Osborne Neville N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeTo ascertain whether red light, known to enhance mitochondrial function, can blunt chemical insults to cell cultures and ischaemic insults to the rat retina.MethodsRaised intraocular pressure (IOP, 140 mmHg, 60 min) or ischaemia was delivered in complete darkness or in the presence of low intensity red light (16.5 watts/m2, 3000 lux, 625–635 nm) to one eye of each rat. Animals were killed at specific times after ischemia and retinas analysis for ganglion cell numbers, the localization of specific antigens or for changes in defined RNAs. RGC‐5 cell cultures were also exposed to various chemical insults in the presence or absence of red light. Significant differences were determined by t‐test and anova.ResultsElevation of IOP causes changes in the localization of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), calretinin, calbindin, choline acetyltransferase, ganglion cell numbers and an elevation (GFAP, vimentin, HO‐1 and mTORC1) or reduction (Thy‐1 and Brn3a) of mRNAs in the rat retina. These negative effects to the rat retina caused by ischaemia are reduced by red light. Moreover, chemical insults to cell cultures are blunted by red light.ConclusionsLow, non‐toxic levels of red light focussed on the retina for a short period of time are sufficient to attenuate an insult of raised IOP to the rat retina. Since mitochondrial dysfunctions are thought to play a major role in ganglion cell death in glaucoma, we propose the potential use of red light therapy for the treatment of the disease.
Using text messaging to obtain weekly data on infant feeding in a Danish birth cohort resulted in high participation rates
Authors: Bruun Signe , Wedderkopp Niels , Mølgaard Christian , Kyhl Henriette B , Zachariassen Gitte , Husby Steffen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimOur aim was to use text message questions to obtain prospective, real‐time data on exclusive and partial breastfeeding and introduction to complementary foods in a Danish birth cohort. We also wanted to identify factors influencing breastfeeding initiation and cessation.MethodsThis study formed part of the Odense Child Cohort and focused on mothers who gave birth to full‐term singletons between April and October 2012. They received the same three to five questions, about breastfeeding, infant formula and introduction to complementary food, three days after birth and then at weekly intervals.ResultsWe recruited 499 mothers, and the response rate to the first of the weekly questions was ≥89.4% during the study. Three days after birth, 96.7% of mothers were breastfeeding, 61.2% exclusively and 30.2% partially, and 26 weeks after birth 60.2% of mothers were breastfeeding, 1.1% exclusively. Complementary food was introduced at an average age of 20 weeks. Breastfeeding cessation was associated with maternal smoking, lower maternal age and supplementation with infant formula in the first days after birth (all p < 0.05).ConclusionMost mothers initiated breastfeeding, but only 1.1% were exclusively breastfeeding at 26 weeks. Text messaging resulted in high response rates and was a feasible data collection method.