bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
People’s attitudes toward Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Hyaenidae) conservation in lowland Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Shivish , Chalise Mukesh Kumar 
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to explore people’s attitudes toward Striped Hyaena conservation in lowland Nepal. Structured questionnaire sheets were used to collect information on major threats, human casualties, and people’s perception towards Hyaenas and other carnivores. People’s perceptions toward Hyaenas and conservation were overall positive. During the study, 400 people were interviewed and questionnaire sheets were filled. It was discovered that 63% had a positive attitude toward the Hyaenas. On the other hand, 37% of the people had a negative attitude regarding the species’ conservation. It was found that local people had understood various aspects of Hyaena ecology. Sixty-five percent of the people responded that the Hyaena entered human populated areas due to an absence of food in the natural forests and habitat degradation. A total of 19% of the respondents reported killing carnivores including the Hyaena due to human-carnivore conflicts.
New records of polypores (Basidiomycota: Aphyllophorales) from the southern Western Ghats with an identification key for polypores in Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India
Authors: Iqbal A. Muhammed , Vidyasagaran Kattany , Ganesh P. Narayan 
Published: August 2016

The present study reports new distribution records of two species of polypores; Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. Karst. and Datronia mollis (Sommerf.) Donk under family polyporaceae from the moist deciduous forests of southern Western Ghats, Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. This paper also provides detailed macro-morphology and micro-morphology of newly recorded fungi and key for identification of polypores reported from the study area. An opportunistic sampling was carried out along with the plot based sampling in order to maximize the documentation of polypore distribution. A total of 36 polypore species in 21 genera belonging to six families were recorded throughout the entire study period of 2012–2014. Out of these, 26 species were annuals and 10 species perennials. Thirty-four polypores were identified as white rotting and two species were brown rotting.
On the status of the Long-tailed Marmot Marmota caudata (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Kargil, Ladakh (Indian Trans-Himalaya)
Authors: Ahmed Tanveer , Shoeb Mohammad , Chandan Pankaj , Khan Afifullah 
Published: August 2016

Two species of marmots occur in India, the Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana and the Long-tailed Marmot or Golden Marmot Marmota caudata. Marmots constitute part of the diet of some globally endangered carnivores in the Trans-Himalaya, yet studies on marmots in India are scanty. Besides, the status of the Long-tailed Marmot is still unknown in India. Considering this, a survey was carried out in Rangdum Valley, Kargil between May and July 2011 to collect baseline information on the Long-tailed Marmot. Trails and roads were explored through walk and slow moving vehicle, respectively. The Long-tailed Marmot was found to have a density of 14.31±2.10 per sq.km. and an encounter rate of 2.86±0.42 per km. Most of the observations of Long-tailed Marmot were in hilly areas (77.7%), lower slope (48.8%) and herbaceous meadow (38.0%). The current information is expected to bring concern towards this lesser known species in India.
GLP-1–Based Therapies Have No Microvascular Effects in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Smits Mark M. , Tonneijck Lennart , Muskiet Marcel H.A. , Hoekstra Trynke , Kramer Mark H.H. , Diamant Michaela , Serné Erik H. , van Raalte Daniël H. 
Published: August 2016

Objective—
To assess the effects of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1–based therapies (ie, GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) on microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Approach and Results—

We studied 57 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean±SD age: 62.8±6.9 years; body mass index: 31.8±4.1 kg/m
2
; HbA
1c
[glycated hemoglobin] 7.3±0.6%) in an acute and 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted at the Diabetes Center of the VU University Medical Center. In the acute study, the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide (therapeutic concentrations) or placebo (saline 0.9%) was administered intravenously. During the 12-week study, patients received the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide (1.8 mg daily), the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin (100 mg daily), or matching placebos. Capillary perfusion was assessed by nailfold skin capillary videomicroscopy and vasomotion by laser Doppler fluxmetry, in the fasting state and after a high-fat mixed meal. In neither study, treatment affected fasting or postprandial capillary perfusion compared with placebo (
P
>0.05). In the fasting state, acute exenatide infusion increased neurogenic vasomotion domain power, while reducing myogenic domain power (both
P
<0.05). After the meal, exenatide increased endothelial domain power (
P
<0.05). In the 12-week study, no effects on vasomotion were observed.

Conclusions—
Despite modest changes in vasomotion, suggestive of sympathetic nervous system activation and improved endothelial function, acute exenatide infusion does not affect skin capillary perfusion in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Twelve-week treatment with liraglutide or sitagliptin has no effect on capillary perfusion or vasomotion in these patients. Our data suggest that the effects of GLP-1–based therapies on glucose are not mediated through microvascular responses.
Autotaxin–Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis Acts Downstream of Apoprotein B Lipoproteins in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Gibbs-Bar Liron , Tempelhof Hanoch , Ben-Hamo Rotem , Ely Yona , Brandis Alexander , Hofi Roy , Almog Gabriella , Braun Tslil , Feldmesser Ester , Efroni Sol , Yaniv Karina 
Published: August 2016

Objective—
As they travel through the blood stream, plasma lipoproteins interact continuously with endothelial cells (ECs). Although the focus of research has mostly been guided by the importance of lipoproteins as risk factors for atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular diseases, little is known about the mechanisms linking lipoproteins and angiogenesis under physiological conditions, and particularly, during embryonic development. In this work, we performed global mRNA expression profiling of endothelial cells from hypo-, and hyperlipidemic zebrafish embryos with the goal of uncovering novel mediators of lipoprotein signaling in the endothelium.

Approach and Results—

Microarray analysis was conducted on fluorescence-activated cell sorting–isolated
fli1:EGFP
+
ECs from normal, hypo-, and hyperlipidemic zebrafish embryos. We found that opposed levels of apoprotein B lipoproteins result in differential expression of the secreted enzyme autotaxin in ECs, which in turn affects EC sprouting and angiogenesis. We further demonstrate that the effects of autotaxin in vivo are mediated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)—a well-known autotaxin activity product—and that LPA and LPA receptors participate as well in the response of ECs to lipoprotein levels.

Conclusions—
Our findings provide the first in vivo gene expression profiling of ECs facing different levels of plasma apoprotein B lipoproteins and uncover a novel lipoprotein–autotaxin–LPA axis as regulator of EC behavior. These results highlight new roles for lipoproteins as signaling molecules, which are independent of their canonical function as cholesterol transporters.
Induction of Therapeutic Hypothermia During Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Using a Rapid Infusion of Cold Saline
Authors: Bernard Stephen A. , Smith Karen , Finn Judith , Hein Cindy , Grantham Hugh , Bray Janet E. , Deasy Conor , Stephenson Michael , Williams Teresa A. , Straney Lahn D. , Brink Deon , Larsen Richard , Cotton Chris , Cameron Peter 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Patients successfully resuscitated by paramedics from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest often have severe neurologic injury. Laboratory and observational clinical reports have suggested that induction of therapeutic hypothermia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may improve neurologic outcomes. One technique for induction of mild therapeutic hypothermia during CPR is a rapid infusion of large-volume cold crystalloid fluid.

Methods:
In this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial we assigned adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest undergoing CPR to either a rapid intravenous infusion of up to 2 L of cold saline or standard care. The primary outcome measure was survival at hospital discharge; secondary end points included return of a spontaneous circulation. The trial was closed early (at 48% recruitment target) due to changes in temperature management at major receiving hospitals.

Results:

A total of 1198 patients were assigned to either therapeutic hypothermia during CPR (618 patients) or standard prehospital care (580 patients). Patients allocated to therapeutic hypothermia received a mean (SD) of 1193 (647) mL cold saline. For patients with an initial shockable cardiac rhythm, there was a decrease in the rate of return of a spontaneous circulation in patients who received cold saline compared with standard care (41.2% compared with 50.6%,
P
=0.03). Overall 10.2% of patients allocated to therapeutic hypothermia during CPR were alive at hospital discharge compared with 11.4% who received standard care (
P
=0.71).

Conclusions:
In adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, induction of mild therapeutic hypothermia using a rapid infusion of large-volume, intravenous cold saline during CPR may decrease the rate of return of a spontaneous circulation in patients with an initial shockable rhythm and produced no trend toward improved outcomes at hospital discharge.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01173393.
Discovery and Clinical Evaluation of MK‐8150, A Novel Nitric Oxide Donor With a Unique Mechanism of Nitric Oxide Release
Authors: Knox Clayton D. , de Kam Pieter‐Jan , Azer Karim , Wong Peggy , Ederveen Antwan G. , Shevell Diane , Morabito Christopher , Meehan Alan G. , Liu Wen , Reynders Tom , Denef Jean Francois , Mitselos Anna , Jonathan Daniel , Gutstein David E. , Mitra Kaushik , Sun Shu Yu , Lo Michael Man‐Chu , Cully Doris , Ali Amjad 
Published: August 2016

Background

Nitric oxide donors are widely used to treat cardiovascular disease, but their major limitation is the development of tolerance, a multifactorial process to which the in vivo release of nitric oxide is thought to contribute. Here we describe the preclinical and clinical results of a translational drug development effort to create a next‐generation nitric oxide donor with improved pharmacokinetic properties and a unique mechanism of nitric oxide release through
CYP
3A4 metabolism that was designed to circumvent the development of tolerance.

Methods and Results

Single‐ and multiple‐dose studies in telemetered dogs showed that
MK
‐8150 induced robust blood‐pressure lowering that was sustained over 14 days. The molecule was safe and well tolerated in humans, and single doses reduced systolic blood pressure by 5 to 20 mm Hg in hypertensive patients. Multiple‐dose studies in hypertensive patients showed that the blood‐pressure–lowering effect diminished after 10 days, and 28‐day studies showed that the hemodynamic effects were completely lost by day 28, even when the dose of
MK
‐8150 was increased during the dosing period.

Conclusions

The novel nitric oxide donor
MK
‐8150 induced significant blood‐pressure lowering in dogs and humans for up to 14 days. However, despite a unique mechanism of nitric oxide release mediated by
CYP
3A4 metabolism, tolerance developed over 28 days, suggesting that tolerance to nitric oxide donors is multifactorial and cannot be overcome solely through altered in vivo release of nitric oxide.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers:
NCT
01590810 and
NCT
01656408.
Evaluation of Beamforming and Direction Finding for a Phased Array HF Ocean Current Radar
Authors: Wang Wei , Gill Eric W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe errors in the current radial velocity measurements are examined using Bartlett beamforming and Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) direction-finding algorithms with a linear phased array antenna system. A variety of radar and environmental parameters are examined. Suggestions for the optimal choice of operating parameters are proposed. The MUSIC algorithm has shown promising performance in current measurement when beamforming is used to first establish the maximum current velocity. Comparisons of radar field data and current meter measurements show RMS radial velocity differences in magnitude of 7.44 and 6.64 cm s−1 for the Bartlett beamforming and MUSIC–Bartlett algorithms, respectively. The results indicate that there are advantages to using a MUSIC–Bartlett approach in operational applications.
Effects of Urban Vegetation on Mitigating Exposure of Vulnerable Populations to Excessive Heat in Cleveland, Ohio
Authors: Declet-Barreto Juan , Knowlton Kim , Jenerette G. Darrel , Buyantuev Alexander 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Hot weather is a threat to human health, especially in cities, where urban heat islands (UHIs) are elevating temperatures already on the rise from global climate change. Increased vegetation can help reduce temperatures and exposure to heat hazards. Here, an ensemble of geographically weighted regressions (GWR) on land surface temperature (LST) is conducted for May–October to estimate potential LST reductions from increased vegetation and to assess the effect of temperature reductions among vulnerable populations in Cleveland, Ohio. Possible tree canopy increases are applied to the results, and it is found that LST reductions can range from 6.4° to 0.5°C for May–October and are strongest from May to July. Potential LST reductions vary spatially according to possible canopy increases and are highest in suburban fringe neighborhoods and lower in downtown areas. Among populations at high heat-related health risks, the percentage of the population 65 years of age or older in Cleveland is negatively associated with LST, while percentages of Hispanics and those with low educational achievement are most positively associated with higher LST. The areas that have a high percentage of Hispanic also have the lowest potential temperature reductions from increased vegetation. Neighborhoods with the highest potential temperature reductions had the highest percentages of whites. Three subpopulations associated with high heat health risks are negatively correlated (African Americans and the elderly) or not correlated (persons living in poverty) with LST, and the relationships to LST reduction potential for all three are not statistically significant. Estimates of the effect of vegetation increases on LST can be used to target specific neighborhoods for UHI mitigation under possible and achievable policy-prescribed tree canopy scenarios in Cleveland.
Quantifying Phishing Susceptibility for Detection and Behavior Decisions
Authors: Canfield Casey Inez , Fischhoff Baruch , Davis Alex 
Published: August 2016

Objective: We use signal detection theory to measure vulnerability to phishing attacks, including variation in performance across task conditions. Background: Phishing attacks are difficult to prevent with technology alone, as long as technology is operated by people. Those responsible for managing security risks must understand user decision making in order to create and evaluate potential solutions. Method: Using a scenario-based online task, we performed two experiments comparing performance on two tasks: detection, deciding whether an e-mail is phishing, and behavior, deciding what to do with an e-mail. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the order of the tasks and notification of the phishing base rate. In Experiment 2, we varied which task participants performed. Results: In both experiments, despite exhibiting cautious behavior, participants’ limited detection ability left them vulnerable to phishing attacks. Greater sensitivity was positively correlated with confidence. Greater willingness to treat e-mails as legitimate was negatively correlated with perceived consequences from their actions and positively correlated with confidence. These patterns were robust across experimental conditions. Conclusion: Phishing-related decisions are sensitive to individuals’ detection ability, response bias, confidence, and perception of consequences. Performance differs when people evaluate messages or respond to them but not when their task varies in other ways. Application: Based on these results, potential interventions include providing users with feedback on their abilities and information about the consequences of phishing, perhaps targeting those with the worst performance. Signal detection methods offer system operators quantitative assessments of the impacts of interventions and their residual vulnerability.
Are the unenhanced and excretory CT phases necessary for the evaluation of acute pyelonephritis?
Authors: Taniguchi Lincoln S , Torres Ulysses S , Souza Saulo M , Torres Lucas R , D’Ippolito Giuseppe 
Published: August 2016

Background The most widely accepted computed tomography (CT) protocol for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis (APN) includes at least a pre- and post-contrast scan, which may expose patients to higher doses of ionizing radiation. Purpose To establish the accuracy, reproducibility, and degree of confidence in CT diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis (APN) and urolithiasis using only images obtained during the nephrographic phase. Material and Methods A retrospective study of 100 consecutive patients (88 women; age range, 19–70 years) with clinical and laboratory suspicion of APN and who underwent triphasic abdominal CT scans (non-contrast, nephrographic, and excretory phases) was performed. Two readers first evaluated independently only the nephrographic phase of scans, and, in a second session, the entire study. The diagnostic reference standard was settled by a third experienced radiologist who reviewed all triphasic scans and clinical data. Results The accuracy of only nephrographic phase for diagnosis of APN and urolithiasis was in the range of 90.3–91.78% and 96.27–99.25%, respectively. There was no significant difference in comparison with the triphasic reading (z: −0.4 – 0.2; P = 0.34–0.83). The average degree of confidence for APN also showed no significant variation for both readers ( P = 0.4 and 0.08). Almost perfect inter-observer agreements for the diagnosis of APN (k = 0.86, P < 0.001) and for urolithiasis (k = 0.84, P < 0.001) were observed when considering only the nephrographic phase. Conclusion CT assessment of APN and urolithiasis can be accurately performed using only the late nephrographic phase, with consequent dose reduction.
Forgiveness Working: Forgiveness, Health, and Productivity in the Workplace
Authors: Toussaint Loren , Worthington Everett L. , Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Hook Joshua , Berry Jack W. , Shivy Victoria A. , Miller Andrea J. , Davis Don E. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose: Associations between forgiveness and health promotion in the workplace were examined as mediating effects of workplace interpersonal stress. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Multiple Washington, DC, office-based and Midwestern manufacturing workplaces. Participants: Study 1: 108 employees (40 males and 68 females); mean age was 32.4 years. Study 2: 154 employees (14 males and 140 females); mean age was 43.9 years. Measures: Questionnaires measured forgiveness, unproductivity, absenteeism, stress, and health problems. Analysis: Bivariate and multiple correlation/regression and structural equation models were used. Indirect effects were estimated with bootstrapping methods. Results: In study 1, forgiveness of a specific workplace offense was inversely associated with unproductivity ( r = −.35, P < .001) and mental ( r = −.32, P = .001) and physical ( r = −.19, P = .044) health problems. In study 2, trait forgiveness was inversely associated with unproductivity (β = −.20, P = .016) and mental (β = −.31, P < .001) and physical health problems (β = −.28, P = .001), and workplace interpersonal stress partially mediated these associations (indirect effects = −.03, −.04, −.05, respectively). Conclusion: The association of forgiveness and occupational outcomes is robust. Forgiveness may be associated with outcomes by (at least partially) reducing stress related to workplace offenses. Forgiveness may be an effective means of coping following being emotionally hurt on the job that may promote good health, well-being, and productivity.
Maternal Buprenorphine Maintenance and Lactation
Authors: Jansson Lauren M. , Spencer Nancy , McConnell Krystle , Velez Martha , Tuten Michelle , Harrow Cheryl A. , Jones Hendrée E. , Swortwood Madeleine J. , Barnes Allan J. , Scheidweiler Karl B. , Huestis Marilyn A. 
Published: August 2016

Background: In addition to the well-known benefits of human milk and breastfeeding for the mother and infant, breastfeeding may mitigate neonatal abstinence syndrome severity in prenatally opioid-exposed infants. However, lack of conclusive data regarding the extent of the presence of buprenorphine and active metabolites in human milk makes the recommendation of breastfeeding for buprenorphine-maintained women difficult for many providers. Objective: This study seeks to determine the concentrations of buprenorphine and its active metabolites (norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine-glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide) in human milk, maternal plasma, and infant plasma of buprenorphine-maintained women and their infants. Methods: Up to 10 buprenorphine-maintained women provided paired breast milk and plasma samples at 2, 3, 4, 14, and 30 days postdelivery, and 9 infants provided plasma samples on day 14 of life. All samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to determine concentrations of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine-glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide by a fully validated method. Results: Concentrations of buprenorphine and metabolites are low in human milk and maternal plasma. Breastfed infant plasma concentrations of buprenorphine were low or undetectable and metabolite concentrations undetectable at 14 days of infant age. There were significant correlations between maternal buprenorphine dose and maternal plasma and human milk buprenorphine concentrations. Conclusion: These data find low concentrations of buprenorphine and metabolites in human milk and lend support to the recommendation for lactation among stable buprenorphine-maintained women. However, the correlation between maternal dose and maternal plasma and human milk buprenorphine concentrations bears further study.
Rapid amelioration of severe manic episodes with right unilateral ultrabrief pulse ECT: a case series of four patients
Authors: Sidorov Alexey , Mayur Prashanth 
Published: August 2016

Objective: The aim of this small case series is to describe four cases of severe mania, where ultrabrief pulse electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was used as a primary mode of treatment. Methods: A retrospective file review was undertaken of four patients identified as having received ultrabrief pulse ECT for severe mania. The outcome measures for treatment efficacy were the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Results: All the patients showed significant clinical improvement. A comparison of pre- and post-treatment YMRS and CGI scores showed a dramatic decrease in all four cases. However, one patient was shifted to brief pulse ECT due to inadequate response. Conclusions: Ultrabrief pulse ECT may be an effective treatment in cases of severe mania. Due to the very small number of cases in the current case series, no specific conclusions regarding efficacy may be drawn; however, larger, controlled studies would be indicated.