bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-6 Canopy height as a predictor of forage biomass in native rangelands and bermudagrass pastures
Authors: Congio Guilhermo F S , Hale Taner , James Thomas , Araujo Eloa M , Sparks Maira , Chi Myoung-Hwan , Maciel Isabella C F 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Accurate and less laborious estimates of forage biomass are needed for research and management decisions in grazing lands. Our objective was to develop linear regressions to estimate forage biomass using canopy height in both native rangelands and introduced bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures in the Cross Timbers and Southern Tallgrass Prairie Ecoregion. Twelve pastures averaging 26 acres each were equally distributed in two ranches located in the Love County, Southern Oklahoma. The native rangelands comprise native tall- and mid-grasses along with forbs and some woody shrub species. Little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash] is the dominant species, with brome (Bromus L.), broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus L.), ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya DC.), purpletop tridens [Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc.), dropseed (Sporobolus R. Br.), and Indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] commonly found. The introduced pastures are dominated by bermudagrass with cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist] commonly found as well. Samples occurred at pre- and post-grazing conditions from summer 2022 to fall 2023. Measurements included canopy height and hand-clipping all herbaceous vegetation in a 0.25-m2 frame. Forage samples were fresh weighed then dried for 72 h at 60°C and reweighed. There were 760 and 786 samples collected at native and introduced pastures, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) including canopy height (cm) and forage biomass [kg of dry matter (DM)/ha] as independent and dependent variables, respectively. Only regressions including all parameters as significant (P &lt; 0.05) were selected, and coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the predictive ability of the regressions. There was a pasture type (native or introduced) × season interaction (P &lt; 0.001). This interaction is likely explained by the dominant species in each pasture type across seasons as well as their phenological stage. For the native rangeland, the spring linear regression including the quadratic term had the best fit with the greatest R2 (0.56) and the least RMSE (944 kg DM/ha; Table 1). Summer and fall regressions had R2 of 0.45 and 0.24 and RMSE of 1139 and 1343, respectively. No regressions were selected for winter because parameters were not significant (P = 0.53 and P = 0.18). For the introduced bermudagrass pasture, regressions presented R2 ranging from 0.24 and 0.30 except during the winter (R2 = 0.09). These results indicate that forage biomass can be acceptably estimated using canopy height only during spring in the native rangeland.
PSXII-3 Amino acid profile of warm-season perennial grass-legume mixed pasture continuously stocked by horses
Authors: Vasco Carol , Santos Erick , Dubeux José C B , Wallau Marcelo , Sollenberger Lynn , Warren Lori K , Wickens Carissa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Providing an ideal amino acid profile to horses improves nitrogen (N) utilization and reduces N excretion. This 2-yr study investigated protein concentration and amino acid profile of forages during 84 d of continuous stocking of mixed pastures of rhizoma peanut (RP; Arachis glabrataBenth) and bahiagrass (BG; Paspalum notatumFlüggé) receiving 30 kg N/ha (RP-BG) compared with BG pastures fertilized with 120 kg N/ha (BG-N) or with no nitrogen fertilizer (BG-U). Forage samples were collected on d 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84. All data were reported as percent of crude protein on a dry matter basis. Histidine and phenylalanine were affected by an interaction between pasture and day (P = 0.023 and P = 0.044, respectively). Mixed pastures resulted in greater histidine than BG-N at d 56 (P = 0.016) and 70 (P = 0.002) and greater than BG-U at d 70 (P = 0.005). Phenylalanine did not present any clear pattern and was similar across pastures throughout most of the grazing season. RP-BG provided greater lysine (P &lt; 0.01) than monoculture pastures (6.24 vs. 6.00), and arginine was greater (P = 0.007) in RP-BG than BG-U (5.24 vs. 5.12). RP-BG, however, resulted in lesser threonine (P = 0.017) than BG-U (4.76 vs. 4.86) and lesser methionine (P = 0.016) than BG-N (1.89 vs. 1.94). Regardless of the fertilization level, monoculture bahiagrass had greater (P = 0.015) leucine than RP-BG (9.48 vs. 9.29). There was a day effect on arginine (P &lt; 0.001), isoleucine (P &lt; 0.001), leucine (P &lt; 0.001), lysine (P = 0.009), methionine (P = 0.005) and threonine (P &lt; 0.001). Concentrations of all amino acids varied throughout the grazing season, with most peaking at d 14 and returning to initial values late in the grazing season. Threonine, however, increased (P = 0.001) by 5.4% from d 28 to d 84 (4.67 vs. 4.92). Results of this study indicate that intercropping rhizoma peanut into bahiagrass pastures may reduce environmental impacts by reducing nitrogen fertilization needs and improves lysine concentration. Greater lysine in forages is beneficial as lysine is the first limiting amino acid in horse diets.
PSXIII-3 Regrowth interval and propionic acid effects on warm-season grass silage nutritive value and fermentation characteristics
Authors: Anderson Chadwade , Vendramini Joao M B , Moriel Philipe , Sollenberger Lynn , da silva Hiran , Garzon Jaime , Lazarin Joao V L , Sinisicalchi Debora , Miranda Andre 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Warm-season perennial grass species are the main forages preserved as silage or haylage by livestock producers in Florida; however, the nutritive value and silage fermentation parameters are often less than desirable. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of regrowth interval, propionic acid, and forage species on silage nutritive value and fermentation parameters. The study was conducted in Ona, FL in July and August 2021 and 2022. Treatments were the factorial combination of three forage species [Jiggs bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), ‘Camello’ brachiariagrass (Urochloa spp.), or Spain guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs)], two regrowth intervals (3 or 6 wk), and propionic acid [0.5% or 0 (control)], distributed in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Forage was harvested and immediately packed into a mini-silo at a density of approximately 190 kg DM/m3. Camello and Spain had less DM (24 vs. 30%; P &lt; 0.01), CP (8.0 vs. 10.7%; P &lt; 0.01), but greater NDF (70 vs. 68%; P &lt; 0.01), ADF (41 vs. 38%; P &lt; 0.01), and in vitro digestible OM concentration (57 vs. 52%; P = 0.04) than Jiggs. There were no differences in fermentation characteristics among species. Forage harvested at 3-wk regrowth interval had less DM (24 vs. 29%; P &lt; 0.01), NDF (68 vs. 71%; P &lt; 0.01), ADF (38 vs. 40%; P &lt; 0.01) but greater CP (10.8 vs. 8.3%; P &lt; 0.01) and in vitro digestible OM (56 vs. 52%; P = 0.03) than 6 wk. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of regrowth interval on fermentation characteristics. Forage treated with propionic acid had greater DM (27 vs. 25%; P &lt; 0.01), CP (9.6 vs. 9.0%; P &lt; 0.01), lactic acid (4.3 vs. 3.1%; P &lt; 0.01), and propionic acid concentrations (1.8 vs 0.1%; P &lt; 0.01) but decreased pH (4.2 vs. 4.6; P &lt; 0.01), ammonia (12 vs. 18% CP; P &lt; 0.01), acetic acid (1.5 vs. 2.0%; P &lt; 0.01), and butyric acid concentrations (0.2 vs. 1.5%; P &lt; 0.01). Propionic acid affected bacterial population abundance by decreasing Clostridium (0.6 vs. 5.3%; P &lt; 0.01) and Enterobacteria (3.0 vs. 11.1%; P &lt; 0.01) and increasing Lactobacillus (45.0 vs. 32.7%; P = 0.04) and Bacillus (0.35 vs. 0.15%; P &lt; 0.01). Forage species and regrowth interval were influential on silage nutritive value while propionic acid improved fermentation characteristics.
PSXIII-2 Does choice of apparatus affect detergent fiber fractions across forage types?
Authors: Sagastume Cecilia N , Espino Berman E , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Hines Abbigail R , Smith W Brandon B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Since the 1960s, detergent fiber fractions have had a fundamental role in animal nutrition. Not only was this system an improvement on measurement of cell wall material, it has also helped advance our understanding and prediction of forage intake and digestibility. The ANKOM fiber analyzer, introduced in the 1990s, streamlined the assay, and multiple technical improvements have been introduced that increased the level of automation in the procedure. To date, however, there has not been an evaluation of the influence the choice of apparatus has on the results. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fiber analyzer apparatus on recovery of detergent fiber fractions of various forage species. The study was designed as a randomized complete block design with a two-factor factorial treatment structure. The first treatment factor was fiber analyzer (ANKOM 200, ANKOM 2000, or ANKOM Delta), and the second treatment factor was forage (n = 12). Forages were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen and sealed in F57 fiber bags. All bags were subjected to neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) assays according to manufacturer instructions in their designated fiber analyzer. After the ADF assay, samples were subjected to the acid detergent lignin (ADL) assay using the ANKOM DaisyII incubator. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. Across forage species, NDF concentrations were less (P = 0.02) from the manual ANKOM 200 (61.4%) than from ANKOM Delta or ANKOM 2000 (63.3 and 63.1%, respectively). Across forages, ADF was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) from ANKOM 2000 (37.8%), followed by ANKOM Delta (36.2%), and least from ANKOM 200 (34.8%). However, these differences did not carry through as there was no effect of fiber analyzer on ADL concentrations (P = 0.67). Results are interpreted to mean that, across forage species, choice of fiber analyzer may have an influence on detergent fiber concentrations. However, these differences are minimized in the automated systems relative to the older, more manual apparatus.
PSXIII-8 Determining the effects of selenium content of high-selenium forages on weight gain in growing lambs
Authors: Davis T Zane 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
High selenium (Se) forages grow on seleniferous soils in many parts of the world and upon Se-contaminated rangelands such as in the Western Phosphate Resource Area in the western United States. When consumed in large enough amounts or for extended durations, animals can be poisoned, developing acute or chronic selenosis. Naïve livestock will indiscriminately consume forage with increased concentrations of Se if available. However, most animals upon ingesting a sublethal Se dose will become averted to Se-rich plants and select forages with decreased Se concentrations. The purpose of this study was to determine Se concentrations in feed that cause reduced feed intake and decreased body weight (BW) gain in growing lambs (6 to 8 mo of age). Lambs (n = 5) were randomly divided into four groups and were fed a control pellet (&lt; 1 ppm Se) at 1.5% of their BW and had free choice to a custom Se alfalfa pellet containing &lt; 1 (control), 10, 20, or 40 ppm Se for 8 wk. During the 8 wk period the lambs gained 32.9 ± 4.1, 27.8 ± 1.8, 18.9 ± 9.2, and 7.4 ± 2.8% (mean ±SD) of their initial BW in the &lt; 1 (control), 10, 20, or 40 ppm Se groups, respectively. After the 8 wk were completed, the lambs were fed only the custom Se alfalfa pellets, with &lt; 1 (control), 10, 20, or 40 ppm Se, free choice for four additional weeks. As Se concentration in the pellets fed increased, the feed intake and BW gains significantly decreased. Lambs in the control and 10 ppm Se groups ate approximately 2-fold more than the lambs in the 40 ppm Se group, which lost over 3% of their initial BW. Understanding the concentration of Se in forages and how it affects appetite and BW gain allows range managers to better manage seleniferous or Se-contaminated ranges to safely use sheep on these types of rangelands. Additional work is needed to better understand the management of other livestock species grazing on high Se-containing ranges and pastures.
PSVII-16 Recombinant bovine lactoferrin expressed in Schizochytrium sp. alleviates inflammation and oxidative damage in calf intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Zhu Yingkun , Meade Kieran , Bu Dengpan , Ma Lu 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aims to generate recombinant bovine lactoferrin (rbLF) by expressing it in Schizochytrium sp. (SZ) and evaluate its effects on calf intestinal epithelial cells (CIECs) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide-induced damage. The bovine lactoferrin expression cassette was transfected into Schizochytrium sp. via 18s rRNA gene recombination. Primary CIECs were utilized in this investigation, and the optimal dose of rbLF was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay after being treated with different concentrations of rbLF for 24 h. The optimal dose of rbLF was then used as a medium supplement before or after 24 h of 80 μg/mL LPS challenge or 4 h of 400 μM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) challenge. Cell viability, gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, toll-like receptor (TLR) -4, interleukin (IL) -17A, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and claudin-1, as well as protein levels of TNF-α, IL-17A, ZO-1, and claudin-1, were assessed to elucidate the preventive and therapeutic effects of rbLF. Data analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 by F-test, The statistical significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05. Results indicate that rbLF demonstrated no cytotoxicity within the 50 to 1,000 μg/mL range on CIECs. Treatment with 175 μg/mL rbLF for 24 h increased cell viability, expression, and protein concentrations of ZO-1 and claudin following hydrogen peroxide challenge (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, rbLF pretreatment for 24 hours, despite decreasing cell viability after the H2O2 challenge, increased the expression and protein concentrations of ZO-1 and claudin-1 compared with non-rbLF-treated groups (P &lt; 0.05). When used to prevent LPS-induced inflammation, rbLF enhanced the gene expression and protein concentrations of TNF-α, ZO-1, and claudin-1 compared with controls (P &lt; 0.05). As a treatment for LPS-induced inflammation, rbLF decreased TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-17A expression levels (P &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that SZ-expressed rbLF is safe for calve intestinal cells and 175 μg/mL of rbLF may mitigate inflammation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.
PSLBI-16 Arginine requirements of young adult and senior Labrador retrievers
Authors: Dickerson Sarah M , Timlin Claire L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Consumer demand for diets that meet the age-appropriate nutritional needs of their pets has steadily risen in recent years as senior dogs represent an increasing proportion of the pet population. However, few studies have targeted the specific amino acid requirements of the aging canine. In this study, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was used to compare the arginine (Arg) requirements of young adult and senior Labrador retrievers. After 2-d adaptation to Arg-adequate basal diet (Arg = 0.82% dry matter), dogs underwent individual IAOO studies. In brief, all dogs were randomly fed one of six test diets with varying levels of arginine ranging from deficient to sufficient (final Arg content in experimental diets was 0.25, 0.29, 0.33, 0.71, 0.77 and 0.82% dry matter. Test diet was divided into 13 equal meals; at the 5th meal, a tracer amino acid was supplied (a bolus L-[1-13C] phenylalanine based on body weight was first given, followed by [1-13C] Phe doses every 30 min spanning a 4-h period), and breath samples were collected via respiration mask every 30 min. Total production of 13CO2 during isotopic steady state was determined by enrichment of 13CO2 in breath samples and total CO2 production was measured via indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS data were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using segmented linear regression. The Four Rivers mean and population requirements for arginine were 1,004 ± 90.5 mg/1,000 kcal ME (mean ± 2 SD) in young adults and 919 ± 69.9 mg/1,000 kcal ME for senior dogs, which are slightly greater than the currently recommended amounts by NRC. As the pet food industry offers more specialized diets for aging canines, updating the amino acid requirements for such animals is increasingly important.
PSLBI-19 Utilization of infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for assessing short-term heat stress in Florida Cracker sheep
Authors: Ikuejamoye-Omotore Sola , Harrison Makenzie , Mills-Widemon Anijia , Reyes Zaira M Estrada , Terrill Thomas H 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Florida Cracker sheep is a wool sheep breed that was developed under natural selection in Florida, US for more than 5 centuries. The objective of this study was to utilize infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for assessing heat stress in this breed. A total of 14 ewes were allocated to heat stress (HT, n = 7) or cooling (CTL, n = 7) conditions for 6 wk during the summer season. Treatment groups were grouped in concrete floor pens with similar dimensions and characteristics. The HT pen was exposed to regular ambient temperatures and had access to shelter, feed, and freshwater ad libitum. For the cooling pen, an evaporative cooling fan was used. Data for ambient temperature and relative humidity of HT and CTL pens were recorded on a weekly basis to estimate the temperature humidity index (THI). Rectal temperature and infrared images were taken every week with the help of a veterinary thermometer and a handheld portable infrared thermal camera, respectively. For IRT, images of the eye area, forehead, legs (left and right) and flanks (left and right) were taken. A mixed model with repeated measures was used. Fixed effects included treatment (HT or CTL), week (1 to 6), and the treatment x week interaction. Animal was fitted as a random effect and the baseline data were used as a covariate. The THI for the HT group ranged from 81.3 to 89.5. For the CTL group, the THI ranged from 73.5 to 75.6. No significant changes were observed for rectal temperature in the experimental groups. For IRT, significant differences were observed for the forehead, the eye area, and the flanks. In conclusion, IRT can be utilized as a non-invasive method to evaluate short-term heat stress in Florida Cracker sheep.
PSLBI-14 Assessment of the effective tissue concentrations of injectable lidocaine and a lidocaine-impregnated latex band for castration in calves and lambs
Authors: Allan Nick , Ross Joe , Roche Steven , Beaugrand Kendall , Schatz Crystal , Hammad Ann , Ralston Brenda , Hanson Andrea M , Olson Merle 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Tail docking in lambs and castration in lambs and calves are common husbandry practices, both of which cause pain and discomfort, for which many industries recommend or require pain management. The purpose of this study was to assess the effective tissue concentrations of the current standard of care for pain mitigation in calves and lambs during castration or tail docking (injectable lidocaine) and to assess the ability of a lidocaine-loaded elastration band (LLB) to deliver effective concentrations into the scrotal or tail tissues over time. This work comprised four different field trials (n = 50/trial): 1) effective concentrations of injectable lidocaine in the scrotal tissue of dairy calves; 2) the in vivo delivery of effective concentrations of lidocaine from LLBs placed on the calf scrotums; 3) effective concentrations of injectable lidocaine in the scrotal and tail tissue of lambs; and 4) the in vivo delivery of effective concentrations of lidocaine from LLBs placed on the lamb scrotums and tails. Sensation in the tissue of interest was assessed by electrocutaneous stimulation. Sensation was correlated to tissue concentrations of lidocaine by analyzing sampled tissue for lidocaine content by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Injectable lidocaine allowed for short-term anesthesia for up to 60 min calves, highlighting the importance of finding additional strategies to mitigate long-term pain. An effective concentration (EC) yielding 50% reduction in tissue sensation (EC50) of 0.635 (95% CI 0.462 to 0.829) mg/g was calculated for calf scrotal tissue. Based on HPLC data of processed biopsy samples taken over time, the LLBs yielded tissue concentartions of lidocaine that approached EC50 and exceeded EC95 at 2 and 72 h following application, respectively, and remained above those concentartions for at least 28 d after application. In lambs, injectable lidocaine allowed for short-term anesthesia for up to 180 min following injection. An EC50 of 0.174 (95% CI 0.125 to 0.248) mg/g was calculated for lamb scrotal tissue and an EC50 of 0.0765 (95% CI 0.0533 to 0.113) mg/g was calculated for lamb tail tissue. The use of the LLB provided tissue lidocaine concentrations that met or exceeded the EC50 for at least 21 to 28 d and, based on electrostimulation data, provided local anesthesia for at least 3 d when compared with a control band. The use of an LLB could provide a practical, long-duration alternative to injectable lidocaine for pain mitigation during castration and tail docking. Further studies are warranted to compare the use of LLBs to injectable local anesthetics.