bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of High-Dose Epinephrine Versus Standard-Dose Epinephrine in Adult Cardiac Arrest in the Prehospital Setting
Authors: Carvolth Richard D. , Hamilton Ardith J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjective:To compare the efficacy of high-dose epinephrine (HDE) with standard-dose epinephrine (SDE) in the management of cardiac arrest in adults in the prehospital setting.Hypothesis:The use of HDE will improve the outcome of adult patients in cardiac arrest.Methods:In a general population of 700,000 persons, in a mixed geographical area of 2,200 square miles, a 12-month retrospective study of SDE and a 12-month prospective trial of HDE were conducted involving adult patients in cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting. Treatment was provided by paramedic-level clinicians. In the control group, patients were treated according to existing American Heart Association cardiac resuscitation guidelines using SDE (defined as 1.0 mg boluses to a maximum dose of 4 mg). In the test group, the same guidelines were revised to use HDE (defined as a rapid sequence of 5, 10, and 15 mg boluses to a total dose of 30 mg).Results:The control group included 594 patients; the test group consisted of 580 patients. The overall survival rate to hospital admission in the control group was 14.5% (84 patients) and in the test group 15.3% (89 patients). The survival rate to hospital discharge in the control group was 4.9% (29 patients) versus 4.8% (28 patients) in the test group. For patients whose initial rhythms were ventricular fibrillation, survival to admission in the control group was 20.4% (39 patients) versus 24.4% (43 patients) in the test group. Survival to discharge for patients with ventricular fibrillation in the control group was 8.9% (17 patients) versus 10.8% (19 patients) in the test group.Conclusion:There was no statistically significant difference in overall rate of survival to hospital admission or discharge between patients treated with SDE and those treated with HDE, regardless of the initial rhythm.
Enhancing the Quality of Humanitarian Assistance: Taking Stock and Future Initiatives
Authors: Griekspoor Andre , Sondorp Egbert 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDuring the last five years, the debate on the performance of humanitarian assistance has intensified. The motivation to “do better” has come both from within the humanitarian agencies as well as from pressure exerted by the donors and the media. Paradoxically, until now, the voice of those who are to benefit from this assistance has not been heard.This paper is an overview of the most important initiatives to increase the quality of humanitarian assistance. The introduction of the logical framework and the increasing body of knowledge made available through guidelines have improved project management by measuring process and outcomes. Increasingly, evaluations are used to give account and to learn from experiences. But, current evaluation practice must develop in a wider variety of approaches more appropriate to create change of the operations in the field. Some agencies oppose new developments like the Sphere and the Humanitarian Accountability Projects, arguing that standards and regulation would undermine necessary flexibility to adjust responses to the local context, or be a threat to their independence. Nonetheless, standards are considered to be a prerequisite as reference to assess performance. Furthermore, it is hoped that a new breakthrough will be achieved by improved accountability towards beneficiaries.An option to address some of the gaps in the current quality assessment tools was to widen the perspective on performance from projects to the organisations behind them. Quality management models may provide the required framework, and they also can be used to embed current initiatives by organisations. Humanitarian organisations may want to develop forms of self-regulation rather than waiting for accreditation by donors. Another area in which progress is needed is a system-wide approach to performance. At this level, the influence of political actors, donors, national governments, and other representatives of the parties in a conflict also should be assessed. It is their legal obligation to protect the basic right to assistance of persons affected by disasters, as enshrined in international law.
Coronary Care by Nurses in the PreHospital Phase
Authors: Hart Henry N. 
Published: July 2016

The Netherlands, due to its density of population (415 residents per square kilometer) has ambulance services organized under municipal and district health departments (emergency services) or private services (routine transportation). The law requires that each patient be reached by an ambulance within 15 minutes everywhere in the country.Emergency services are generally performed by the health departments, whereas more routine patient transport is carried out by private firms. In the Netherlands, it is usual that emergency complaints are first directed to the family physician who makes further decisions concerning the use of ambulance services. All ambulance services are coordinated from central district ambulance posts.
Equipment of a Mobile Unit of Pediatric Reanimation
Authors: Tonellot J. L. , Gippet J. , Blanc J. F. , Valat J. , Olivier P. , Mille C. , Benatia P. , Kassim S. , Garcia F. , Serre L. M. , Soubrillard C. 
Published: July 2016

In view of the increasing importance of the transportation of newborn and premature infants in distress, we have felt the need to create a mobile unit for pediatric reanimation. Therefore, it was important to build a very well-defined and specially adapted mobile unit for these kinds of particularly delicate transportations.For this purpose, and with the agreement of the pediatricians, we have adopted a solution that seems compatible with this kind of work.
Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Intensive Therapy in the USSR
Authors: Damir Elena A. 
Published: July 2016

Prehospital emergency medicine in the USSR is one of the most widespread aspects of our medical system. The structure is extremely simple. The country is divided into regions, which in turn are divided into districts. Each district has a definite population and a fixed number of physicians, hospital beds and stations for first aid and urgent care. The system has to provide adequate medical attention without delay for every severely ill or injured patient.In the prehospital emergency system, there are standard and specialized intensive therapy teams and equipment. For all emergency calls we have teams, which include a physician, a medical assistant(feldsher)and attendants. Specialized intensive therapy teams usually include two physicians, two feldshers and laboratory assistants.
The Club of Rome
Authors: Lesh Donald R. 
Published: July 2016

The Club of Rome is limited to 100 persons around the world, representing more than 35 countries, and a very wide spectrum of experiences, professions, backgrounds, and views.With such a small organization, it should be obvious that its power – if, indeed, it has any power – derives not from the size of its membership or the imposing structure of the institution supporting it, for there is none. To the extent that The Club of Rome exerts any power, it is the power of ideas to more individuals, societies, and governments. And that is precisely what The Club of Rome has styled itself as acatalyst of ideas. (See references.)The members of The Club of Rome around the world represent no single social, political, economic, geographic, or ideological viewpoint. But they are united in the belief that the societies and governments can, and must, do a much better job of preparing themselves to deal effectively with the multiple crises that many agree are emerging on the global horizon.
The International Academy of Astronautics Studies Committee on Worldwide Disaster and Emergency Response Employing Space-Borne Systems
Authors: Heath Gloria W. , Freibaum Jerry , Richards Paul B. 
Published: July 2016

The objectives of the Second World Congress on Emergency and Disaster Medicine are closely aligned with those of the International Academy of Astronautics' Studies Committee. The fundamental concern that we share is that of reducing human suffering in the wake of life-threatening natural forces, man-made disasters, or emergencies experienced in the course of daily life. The overarching objective is to reduce to a minimum a population's vulnerability to disasterous occurrences by anticipating exposures accurately and setting in place wise precautionary systems.The contribution made by space-borne systems is essentially that they can provide accurate information rapidly, clearly and dependably over wide areas.
Life Saving Potentials in Mass Emergencies
Authors: Frey Rudolf 
Published: July 2016

The dangers of mass emergencies are greater today than ever before in the history of man. The reasons are:1) The exponential growth of the world population from 2 billion in 1925 to 4 billion today and to an expected 8 billion in the year 2025. This growing population is badly in need of more and more food and energy to sustain itself.2) The increasingly severe competition world-wide for the available supplies of food and energy will precipitate mass emergencies and even mass disasters. Some of these mass disasters, such as nuclear war, have the potential to destroy entire countries…or even the human race itself.No matter how gloomy the outlook is, however, it is still the task of the medical profession to recognize this growing danger and to do everything possible to be prepared for and treat not only individual emergencies, but mass disasters as well.
Organization in Australia—A Vast Continent with a Low Incidence of Disasters
Authors: Beard Donald 
Published: July 2016

At the Second World Congress on Emergency and Disaster Medicine there were many presentations of drama and disaster from all over the world. This article is unusual in that no major disasters are discussed.Australia is a huge island continent with many of its cities separated by over 3000 kilometres. The dense settlement is in the southeast, but the greatest disaster potential is in the sparsely populated northwest.This country is fortunate to have been spared from calamities during the documented history of the 200 years of European settlement. Previous Aboriginal history is sketchy, due to the absence of a written language. A history of the disasters includes earthquakes, cyclone, floods and bushfires. There are no volcanoes in Australia. Earthquake fault lines do exist, but there have been no incidents accompanied by great loss of life and property. Cyclones are frequent, but they usually wear themselves out on sparsely populated northern coastlines.
Mass Casualty Response to San Antonio Sniper Incident
Authors: Vaughn Prentis B. 
Published: July 2016

A widely attended, well-publicized annual event in San Antonio, Texas each spring is Fiesta Week. Fiesta Week begins with the Battle of Flowers parade. In April 1979, a deranged gunman began to fire upon parade participants and bystanders. The area-wide disaster plan was activated in order to deal with the many casualties resulting from his actions. This paper provides a description of the disaster situation and describes the implementation of the mass casualty plan.Over 300,000 people lined the parade route as the parade began. Gunfire erupted shortly after the start of the parade in an area where approximately 4,000 people had moved to observe the festivities. The first casualties included police and several parade spectators. Instinctively, onlookers sought cover behind cars, barrels and other parade barricades. Authorities estimated that about 500 people were pinned down by the gunfire.
Anesthesia for Victims of the Earthquake in Iran 1978
Authors: Madjidi A. , Frey R. 
Published: July 2016

Anesthesia in disaster medicine, especially as practiced in developing countries, is fundamentally different from the anesthesia that is practiced during normal situations. Anesthetic procedures suitable for disaster situations must often take place under minimal conditions of instrumental availability and in a setting of less than modern technology. Such conditions, of course, limit the use of inhalatory anesthetics.The key factor present in disaster situations is the disturbed relationship between the number of injured, on the one hand, and the available resources to treat them, on the other. This includes medical personnel—both professional and para-professional. This has been substantiated by the earthquakes in Iran, Guatemala, China and Turkey. The earthquake which occurred in Tabas, Iran in December 1978, for example, lasted only thirty seconds, but left behind more than 20,000 dead and countless thousands of injured.
Nanoscale Three-Dimensional Microstructural Characterization of an Sn-Rich Solder Alloy Using High-Resolution Transmission X-Ray Microscopy (TXM)
Authors: Kaira Chandrashekara S. , Mayer Carl R. , De Andrade V. , De Carlo Francesco , Chawla Nikhilesh 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) nondestructive microstructural characterization was performed using full-field transmission X-ray microscopy on an Sn-rich alloy, at a spatial resolution of 60 nm. This study highlights the use of synchrotron radiation along with Fresnel zone plate optics to perform absorption contrast tomography for analyzing nanoscale features of fine second phase particles distributed in the tin matrix, which are representative of the bulk microstructure. The 3D reconstruction was also used to quantify microstructural details of the analyzed volume.
A transgenic approach for controlling Lygus in cotton
Authors: Gowda Anilkumar , Rydel Timothy J. , Wollacott Andrew M. , Brown Robert S. , Akbar Waseem , Clark Thomas L. , Flasinski Stanislaw , Nageotte Jeffrey R. , Read Andrew C. , Shi Xiaohong , Werner Brent J. , Pleau Michael J. , Baum James A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLygus species of plant-feeding insects have emerged as economically important pests of cotton in the United States. These species are not controlled by commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton varieties resulting in economic losses and increased application of insecticide. Previously, a Bt crystal protein (Cry51Aa2) was reported with insecticidal activity against Lygus spp. However, transgenic cotton plants expressing this protein did not exhibit effective protection from Lygus feeding damage. Here we employ various optimization strategies, informed in part by protein crystallography and modelling, to identify limited amino-acid substitutions in Cry51Aa2 that increase insecticidal activity towards Lygus spp. by >200-fold. Transgenic cotton expressing the variant protein, Cry51Aa2.834_16, reduce populations of Lygus spp. up to 30-fold in whole-plant caged field trials. One transgenic event, designated MON88702, has been selected for further development of cotton varieties that could potentially reduce or eliminate insecticide application for control of Lygus and the associated environmental impacts.
Comparison of visceral fat mass measurement by dual-X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging in a multiethnic cohort: the Dallas Heart Study
Authors: Neeland I J , Grundy S M , Li X , Adams-Huet B , Vega G L 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Background/Objectives:
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass, a risk factor for cardiometabolic complications of obesity, is usually measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but this method is not practical in a clinical setting. In contrast, measurement of VAT by dual-x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) appears to circumvent the limitations of MRI. In this study, we compared measurements of VAT mass by MRI and DXA in the large, multiethnic cohort of the Dallas Heart Study (DHS).

Subjects/Methods:
About 2689 DHS participants underwent paired measurement of VAT by MRI and DXA. Sex-stratified analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation and agreement between DXA and MRI. Model validation was performed using bootstrapping and inter-reader variability was assessed.

Results:
Mean age of the cohort was 44 years, with 55% female, 48% Black and 75% overweight/obese participants. Regression analysis showed a linear relationship between DXA and MRI with R2=0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81–0.84) for females and R2=0.86 (95% CI 0.85–0.88) for males. Mean difference between methods was 0.01 kg for females and 0.09 kg for males. Bland–Altman analysis showed that DXA tended to modestly underestimate VAT compared with MRI at lower VAT levels and overestimate it compared with MRI at higher VAT levels. Results were consistent in analyses stratified by race, body mass index status, waist girth and body fat. Inter-individual reader correlation among 50 randomly selected scans was excellent (inter-class correlation coefficient=0.997).

Conclusions:
VAT mass quantification by DXA was both accurate and valid among a large, multiethnic cohort within a wide range of body fatness. Further studies including repeat assessments over time will help determine its long-term applicability.
A comprehensive database of quality-rated fossil ages for Sahul’s Quaternary vertebrates
Authors: Rodríguez-Rey Marta , Herrando-Pérez Salvador , Brook Barry W. , Saltré Frédérik , Alroy John , Beeton Nicholas , Bird Michael I. , Cooper Alan , Gillespie Richard , Jacobs Zenobia , Johnson Christopher N. , Miller Gifford H. , Prideaux Gavin J. , Roberts Richard G. , Turney Chris S.M. , Bradshaw Corey J.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe study of palaeo-chronologies using fossil data provides evidence for past ecological and evolutionary processes, and is therefore useful for predicting patterns and impacts of future environmental change. However, the robustness of inferences made from fossil ages relies heavily on both the quantity and quality of available data. We compiled Quaternary non-human vertebrate fossil ages from Sahul published up to 2013. This, theFosSahuldatabase, includes 9,302 fossil records from 363 deposits, for a total of 478 species within 215 genera, of which 27 are from extinct and extant megafaunal species (2,559 records). We also provide a rating of reliability of individual absolute age based on the dating protocols and association between the dated materials and the fossil remains. Our proposed rating system identified 2,422 records with high-quality ages (i.e., a reduction of 74%). There are many applications of the database, including disentangling the confounding influences of hypothetical extinction drivers, better spatial distribution estimates of species relative to palaeo-climates, and potentially identifying new areas for fossil discovery.
CO2 and fire influence tropical ecosystem stability in response to climate change
Authors: Shanahan Timothy M. , Hughen Konrad A. , McKay Nicholas P. , Overpeck Jonathan T. , Scholz Christopher A. , Gosling William D. , Miller Charlotte S. , Peck John A. , King John W. , Heil Clifford W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInteractions between climate, fire and CO2 are believed to play a crucial role in controlling the distributions of tropical woodlands and savannas, but our understanding of these processes is limited by the paucity of data from undisturbed tropical ecosystems. Here we use a 28,000-year integrated record of vegetation, climate and fire from West Africa to examine the role of these interactions on tropical ecosystem stability. We find that increased aridity between 28–15 kyr B.P. led to the widespread expansion of tropical grasslands, but that frequent fires and low CO2 played a crucial role in stabilizing these ecosystems, even as humidity changed. This resulted in an unstable ecosystem state, which transitioned abruptly from grassland to woodlands as gradual changes in CO2 and fire shifted the balance in favor of woody plants. Since then, high atmospheric CO2 has stabilized tropical forests by promoting woody plant growth, despite increased aridity. Our results indicate that the interactions between climate, CO2 and fire can make tropical ecosystems more resilient to change, but that these systems are dynamically unstable and potentially susceptible to abrupt shifts between woodland and grassland dominated states in the future.
Glaucoma related Proteomic Alterations in Human Retina Samples
Authors: Funke Sebastian , Perumal Natarajan , Beck Sabine , Gabel-Scheurich Silke , Schmelter Carsten , Teister Julia , Gerbig Claudia , Gramlich Oliver W. , Pfeiffer Norbert , Grus Franz H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGlaucoma related proteomic changes have been documented in cell and animal models. However, proteomic studies investigating on human retina samples are still rare. In the present work, retina samples of glaucoma and non-glaucoma control donors have been examined by a state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS) workflow to uncover glaucoma related proteomic changes. More than 600 proteins could be identified with high confidence (FDR < 1%) in human retina samples. Distinct proteomic changes have been observed in 10% of proteins encircling mitochondrial and nucleus species. Numerous proteins showed a significant glaucoma related level change (p < 0.05) or distinct tendency of alteration (p < 0.1). Candidates were documented to be involved in cellular development, stress and cell death. Increase of stress related proteins and decrease of new glaucoma related candidates, ADP/ATP translocase 3 (ANT3), PC4 and SRFS1-interacting protein 1 (DFS70) and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCp2) could be documented by MS. Moreover, candidates could be validated by Accurate Inclusion Mass Screening (AIMS) and immunostaining and supported for the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) by laser capture microdissection (LCM) in porcine and human eye cryosections. The workflow allowed a detailed view into the human retina proteome highlighting new molecular players ANT3, DFS70 and MeCp2 associated to glaucoma.
Effect of Antifibrotic MicroRNAs Crosstalk on the Action of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in Diabetes-related Kidney Fibrosis
Authors: Srivastava Swayam Prakash , Shi Sen , Kanasaki Megumi , Nagai Takako , Kitada Munehiro , He Jianhua , Nakamura Yuka , Ishigaki Yasuhito , Kanasaki Keizo , Koya Daisuke 
Published: July 2016

AbstractN-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) is an endogenous antifibrotic peptide. We found that suppression of AcSDKP and induction of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which is associated with insufficient levels of antifibrotic microRNA (miR)s in kidneys, were imperative to understand the mechanisms of fibrosis in the diabetic kidneys. Analyzing streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse strains, diabetic CD-1 mice with fibrotic kidneys could be differentiated from less-fibrotic diabetic 129Sv mice by suppressing AcSDKP and antifibrotic miRs (miR-29s and miR-let-7s), as well as by the prominent induction of DPP-4 protein expression/activity and endothelial to mesenchymal transition. In diabetic CD-1 mice, these alterations were all reversed by AcSDKP treatment. Transfection studies in culture endothelial cells demonstrated crosstalk regulation of miR-29s and miR-let-7s against mesenchymal activation program; such bidirectional regulation could play an essential role in maintaining the antifibrotic program of AcSDKP. Finally, we observed that AcSDKP suppression in fibrotic mice was associated with induction of both interferon-γ and transforming growth factor-β signaling, crucial molecular pathways that disrupt antifibrotic miRs crosstalk. The present study provides insight into the physiologically relevant antifibrotic actions of AcSDKP via antifibrotic miRs; restoring such antifibrotic programs could demonstrate potential utility in combating kidney fibrosis in diabetes.