bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fat Studies
Authors: Jennings Laura 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Fat studies is a relatively new interdisciplinary field characterized by its critical approach to western society's views of fatness and fat people. Fat studies research projects vary widely but share some basic tenets. First, societies' attitudes toward fatness are socially constructed. Second, antifat constructions cause great harm to fat people and constitute discrimination against them. Third, some groups benefit from these constructions and actively work to maintain and spread them. Fourth, all claims and assumptions about fatness are suspect, as is any terminology coined as part of antifat constructions. Fat studies is therefore a political project as well as an academic field.
Credentialing
Authors: Brown David K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCredentialing is defined first in its broader societal context, then in terms of its primary research locus in the sociology of education. The relative authority of third parties in producing credibility in social relationships of various kinds is critical to credentialing processes. The history of the sociological study of credentialing is traced through major theoretical and empirical contributions to the topic. Potential areas of future research are outlined.
Proletariat
Authors: Beilharz Peter 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
“Proletariat” is a dead word – for some. Like others of its kind, it keeps coming back, as changing forms of inequality impress themselves on analysts and critics. The proletariat remains a feature of contemporary life even as its representations shift from industry and revolution (Marx) to casualized workers in service capitalism, where the new specter is that of the precariat. The world over, most people still are compelled to sell their labor power: here things both change and remain the same. The workers still toil on.
S
heng Chih

, Original Domicile
Authors: Wang Fu‐chang 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

This entry traces the historical meaning of
Sheng chih
, “original domicile,” in Chinese society before 1950 and its social and political functions in Taiwan after 1950.
Sheng chih
, which literally refers to one's ancestral native place in terms of province, not only has been important for personal identity since imperial times, but also became a basis of the state's institutional design of national power allocation and political representation in the Republic of China's Constitution, enacted in 1947.
Sheng chih
took on a new meaning in postwar Taiwan, however, and became an important source of tension between local Taiwanese and migrants from the Chinese Mainland, who relocated under the Kuomintang (KMT) regime after 1949. National political institutions representing all Chinese provinces were rebuilt in Taiwan to sustain the migrant regime's claim of being the only legitimate government of China, and this led to the Mainlanders' domination in Taiwan's national politics.
Sheng chih
eventually lost its political function as a result of the democratizing transition, which effectively eliminated past political discriminations on ethnic grounds. After the 1992 amendment of the Household Registration Act, one's original domicile was replaced by birthplace in the official registration.
General Social Survey
Authors: Schutt Russell K. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The National Opinion Research Corporation (NORC) at the University of Chicago initiated the General Social Survey (GSS), which is funded by the National Science Foundation's Sociology Program and other sources, to allow analysis of social trends by supplying replicated longitudinal measures over as many as 42 years (1972–2014) and to provide social scientists and their students with ready access to high quality data and the opportunity to propose their own research questions for inclusion in the national GSS survey. Administered annually until 1994 and in English until 2006, the GSS is now conducted biennially, in both English and Spanish versions. Since 2010 the GSS sample has used a three‐wave, rotating panel design: respondents participate in three waves of the GSS for a total of four years. By 2012 the GSS had collected extensive survey data on 57,061 individuals; it had an annual sample size of 1,500 through 1992 and double that upon its biennial administration, which began in 1994. The value of the GSS has been enhanced through survey questions that are also used in comparable survey programs in 57 other countries. GSS data are widely available to universities, instructors, and students. The value of the data set is reflected in thousands of publications.
Lustration and Transitional Justice
Authors: David Roman 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLustration encompasses a set of transitional justice measures, which use different methods to address the presence of persons associated with undemocratic regimes in the state apparatus of transitional countries. Three major lustration systems – exclusive, inclusive, and reconciliatory – are based on three specific methods –exclusion, exposure, and confession – that mirror three major clusters of transitional justice – retributive, revelatory, and reconciliatory. Lustration cannot be reduced to a mere instrumental process of transitional justice; it carries profound symbolic meanings in transitional societies, affecting both trust in government and interpersonal trust.
Ebayization
Authors: Madik Vladimir , Ahuvia Aaron C. , Izberk‐Bilgin Elif 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

eBayization
is an alternative theoretical lens to George Ritzer's McDonaldization thesis to describe the economic practices and consumer trends in today's information‐driven, postindustrial societies. While the McDonaldization thesis holds that many aspects of American society have become increasingly structured around principles of
efficiency
,
calculability
,
predictability
, and
control
that make society resemble a McDonald's restaurant, and lead to a culture characterized by homogeneity and predictability, Ahuvia and Izberk‐Bilgin suggest that today's postmodern form of economic and social organization is better characterized by the processes of
eBayization
. In this view, v
ariety
,
unpredictability
, and
market‐mediated control
rather than
efficiency
,
calculability
, and
predictability
seem to be the new organizing principles of postindustrial societies.
Suicide Bombing
Authors: Hassan Riaz 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSuicide bombing is lethal violence involving the targeted use of self‐destructing humans against a perceived enemy to create fear and mayhem in order to undermine the state's ability to maintain public order. It is associated with endemic and protracted conflicts caused mainly by territorial occupation, dispossession, and citizenship rights. It is a weapon of the militarily challenged in asymmetrical conflicts between state and nonstate actors and is becoming a weapon of choice among terrorist groups because of its lethality and its effectiveness.
Ie
‐Society
Authors: Yonemura Chiyo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

A society comprised of
ie
units, such as village communities, feudal clans in shogunate society, and the state is known as an “
ie
‐society.”
Ie
is usually translated as “a Japanese family or house”; however,
ie
has a broader meaning.
Ie
goes further than just a transient collectivity, and represents an institutionalized body that is believed to maintain its identity across generations. In this unit the perpetual endurance of the family name, family property, and family business have priority.
Ie
has, at its core, the stem family and also includes collateral members, such as adopted children and servants.
Ie
is the fundamental nucleus of Japanese society, in premodern and modern times, and is interlinked with other
ie
to form
ie
‐alliances. Likewise, the bonding principle of the
ie
also embraces the family business entity, the wider society, and the state.
One Laptop per Child (OLPC)
Authors: Ames Morgan G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOne Laptop per Child (OLPC) was a nonprofit initiative (active 2005–2013) that was established with the goal of creating and distributing educational devices for children in the global south. Based on research from the MIT Media Lab, OLPC oversaw manufacture of one laptop and developed specifications for several more. This approach of this controversial project has been critiqued as technologically deterministic, imperialist, and utopian. Its projects have struggled with breakage, lack of infrastructure, and disengagement.
Digital Labor
Authors: Gregory Karen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDigital labor is an umbrella term for a range of both compensated and uncompensated activities that take place in and through digital and mobile technologies. Digital labor may specifically relate to formally recognized work that takes place in the digital economy – work such as coding, programming, and platform development – as well as to the support economies that make such formal work possible. However, the phrase “digital labor” is also used in a more provocative manner, to point to a myriad of obscured or hidden value‐generating digital practices that have extended the experience, time, and space of work. In this regard, the term “digital labor” draws attention to digital practices that blur easy distinctions between work, nonwork, play, leisure, and even life itself.
Internet Governance
Authors: Merrill Kenneth 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInternet governance is generally understood as the coordination of technical resources, policies, and norms that determine how information is exchanged on the Internet. While the practice of Internet governance predates its study, the spread of the Internet globally and into seemingly every aspect of modern life has caused the field to become an arena where a much broader set of social, political, economic, and cultural issues are negotiated.
Cyberfeminism
Authors: Casanova Gloria 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This entry provides a definition of and a historical perspective on cyberfeminism, the digital feminist movement that arose in Australia, Canada, and England at the beginning of the 1990s and expanded thereafter. This movement promoted the need for women to interact through the World Wide Web to achieve gender equality in the access and production of Web‐based content. However, cyberfeminism also embraced the broader context of women‐oriented technology, including the biomedical realm and its implications for the modification of the traditional conception of a woman's body and identity. The article also provides a concise summary of the main ideas put forward by Sadie Plant, Donna J. Haraway, and Virginia Berret, some of the major contributors to the development of cyberfeminist thought.
Symbolic Capital
Authors: Tlili Anwar 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Bourdieu's concept of symbolic capital aims to capture and explain the unequally distributed symbolic resources in society that usually go by the names of social esteem, credit, and honour. Unlike other forms of capital theorized by Bourdieu, symbolic capital forms within the intersection of relations and perceptions. To that extent, nothing in itself constitutes symbolic capital; rather, it is generated when a property, trait, or aspect of lifestyle is recognized – within interpersonal and intergroup relations – as a sign of social esteem and credit, individual and/or collective. While Bourdieu's symbolic capital echoes and incorporates several influences from classical anthropology (Mauss and Lévi‐Strauss) and sociology (in particular, Weber and Goffman), its analytic originality and usefulness reside in its relational and polyvalent edge, which can track and uncover the subtle workings of symbolic power that can come in multiple misrecognized and mystified forms attached to various manifestations of inequality, power, and privilege.
Black Immigrant andAfricanAmerican Relations in theUnitedStates
Authors: Brewton‐Tiayon Shanna 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRelations between black immigrants and African Americans are largely shaped by three elements: (1) the immigrants' country of origin which shapes their socialization about race, (2) the racial hierarchy in the United States that subjugates blacks, and (3) immigrant generation, which impacts early experiences with African Americans and social identity processes. The literature primarily discusses relations between black immigrants and African Americans as one of social distancing, competition, and division, however there is also evidence of solidarity and shared experiences.
Addiction and Dependency
Authors: Wincup Emma 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Terms such as “addiction” and “dependency” are frequently used to describe patterns of illicit drug use, but there are no universal definitions of these terms. Addiction tends to refer to dependence on a particular drug or drugs which has developed to the extent that it has a severe and harmful impact on an individual drug user. Drug dependency can refer to physical and/or emotional dependency, and drug users may experience one or both forms. However, as a result of the inconsistent use of the terms, it is difficult to estimate the number of drug users who can be described as addicted or dependent.
Al‐Biruni (973–1048)
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al‐Biruni was born in the city of Khwarazm (modern Khiva) in what is today known as Uzbekistan; during his youth this city was part of the Iranian Samanid Empire. He spent his early years under the patronage of various rulers until he finally joined the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi, the ruler of an empire that included parts of what is now known as Afghanistan, Iran, and northern India. Al‐Biruni went to India with the troops of Mahmud and remained there for many years. During this time he studied Sanskrit, translated a number of Indian religious texts, and conducted research on Indian religions and their doctrines. Al‐Biruni was the first Muslim and probably the first scholar to provide a systematic account of the religions of India from a sociological point of view. Furthermore, his work is considered to be a vital source of knowledge of Indian history and society in the eleventh century, as it provides details of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy, customs, laws, and astrology of India.
Annales School
Authors: Hall John R. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The interdisciplinary history movement named for the journal now called
Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociale
emerged in France in the early twentieth century. The Annales School connects radically different approaches, for example, geography, economics, sociology, and anthropology. It displaces traditional narrative history centered on political, military, and religious elites, and embraces wide‐ranging theories, methodologies, and sources of data. The Annales School poses a continuing challenge for historical sociology and for sociology more generally: how to conduct social
science
under (historicist) conditions in a world where enduring traditions, practices, social institutions, and structures of life frame both everyday and “historic” events.
Captive Mind
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The concept of the captive mind was created by the Malaysian sociologist Syed Hussein Alatas; it was intended to conceptualize the nature of scholarship in the developing world, particularly in relation to western dominance in the social sciences and humanities. The captive mind is defined as an uncritical and imitative mind dominated by an external source, whose thinking is deflected from an independent perspective. The external source is western social science and humanities – source of the uncritical imitation that influences all the constituents of scientific activity such as problem selection, conceptualization, analysis, generalization, description, explanation, and interpretation.
Church
Authors: Diotallevi Luca 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Sociology provides analytic perspectives for understanding specific ecclesiastic religious phenomena: that is, churches and church‐oriented religions. The first definition, dating back to Weber is that of church as a specific kind of religious organization which enforces its decisions by means of psychic coercion, granting, and withholding religious benefits (“hierocratic coercion”), in a regime of territorial monopoly. Over time, the sociological idea of church as a specific kind of religious organization has encountered problems and limits. The ecclesiological question appears characterized by both the need to – and the difficulty of – accounting for very high degrees of complexity and for the equally high degrees and multiple forms of differentiation. Finally, this question shows the double requirement of not ignoring the organizational dimension and not reducing church to this. This last point is assuming a more and more crucial importance. On the one hand, the changing climate of the church–state relationship and returning to a sort of moderate secularism asks that more attention should be paid to the renegotiations of the structural coupling of religion and politics. On the other hand, the new secularization trend implies ecclesiastical religious organizations have to face more dramatic challenges than other kinds of religious organizations.
Collective Consciousness
Authors: Wortmann Susan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractÉmile Durkheim sought to establish sociology as a discipline in its own right, distinct from psychology, and to understand and demonstrate the dependence of human beings upon their societies. These come together in Durkheim'sl'âme collective(collective mind). This concept, commonly referred to by sociologists as the “collective consciousness” or “conscience collective,” exemplifies the crucial role that society plays in human behavior. While theorists disagree about the ultimate role of the collective consciousness in Durkheim's oeuvre, it still provokes discussion, critique, and theoretical, empirical, and historical application.
Consumers, Flawed
Authors: Pugh Allison J. , Miller Candace N. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFlawed consumers is a term coined by Zygmunt Bauman to capture how ideas about the poor have changed as societies in the contemporary west transformed from production to consumer economies.This entry defines and explains the concept and explores its implications for scholarship on family consumption, inequality, and consumer politics. It concludes by suggesting ways in which the term can be refined and extended and identifying areas of profitable future research.
Consumption, Food and Cultural
Authors: Blank Grant 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Everybody eats to live but food is more than nutrition. Food is a powerful carrier of cultural meaning. Food touches many core issues in sociology and social life, like social stratification, poverty, and prestige, class, gender roles, consumption, nationalism, and globalization. These cross‐pressures generate rich collections of meaning. Local meanings as they are modified by culture, institutional context, class, politics, and history make food a rewarding research subject.
Consumption of Sport
Authors: Crawford Garry 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Sport is hard to avoid. Sport‐related television shows and channels, magazines, newspapers, Internet sites, films, fiction and nonfiction books, advertising campaigns, and videogames saturate our everyday lives. Sport is also a regular conversation topic for many families, friends, and work colleagues, and sport‐related goods (often demonstrating sporting allegiances), such as jerseys, scarves, hats, badges, jackets, ties, cups, mouse mats, pennants, and much more, are commonplace in homes and places of work. It is evident that consumption does not necessarily have to be about economic exchange. Much of what makes someone a fan is what is located within her or his personal identity, memories, thoughts, and social interactions. Consumption has always been a part of sport support. Watching and following sport is in itself an act of consumption, but, moreover, throughout much of its history, sport support has involved other related acts of consumption. However, the question of whether sport audiences can be defined as “consumers” is fraught with controversy, and continues to be an ongoing debate.
Contention, Tactical Repertoires of
Authors: Taylor Verta 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Social movement scholars use the concept of tactical repertoires of contention to refer to the actions and strategies used by collective actors to persuade or coerce authorities to support their claims. The notion of repertoires of contention grows out of the work of Charles Tilly, who introduced the concept to explain historical variations in forms of political contention used by challenging groups. The tactical repertoires of social movements include political persuasion, such as lobbying, voting, and petitioning; confrontational tactics such as marches, strikes, and public demonstrations that disrupt day‐to‐day life; and cultural forms of political expression such as rituals, music, art, theater, street performance, and practices of everyday life that inspire solidarity and oppositional consciousness. Protest tactics are one of the principle strategies used by challenging groups to mobilize constituencies and to forge solidarity, oppositional consciousness, and collective identity.
Culture, the State and
Authors: Mukerji Chandra 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn studies of nationalist movements in politics, national cultures of political practice, cultural institutions and the state, national media and popular culture in politics, collective memory and national identity, and cultural sources of state power, cultural sociologists help to explain how states work: what forces shift political allegiances, how states enroll citizens into the political process, when and how national identities are formed around regimes, and by what means states exercise power.
Cyberculture
Authors: Esposti Piergiorgio Degli 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCyberculture is an ever‐changing concept, which is increasingly dominating modern society. This entry aims to shed some light on the contemporary meaning of this omnipresent term, whilst also drawing on some of its roots. The subject of cyberculture is of great interest for sociologists, computer scientists, and scholars in several other fields; the main themes of cyberculture explored in this entry are the creation of virtual communities, community networks, and virtual identities. The entry concludes with an emerging field of cyberculture study concerning the creation of a new political economy, which separates those with or without access to and knowledge of cyberspace – another layer of growing inequality within society.
Digital Sexualities, Cybersexualities, and Virtual Sexuality
Authors: Plummer Ken 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe new language of digital sexualities is introduced and the forms it takes discussed. After a discussion of terminologies, digital sexualities are seen to have an impact on information, networking, representations, embodiment, and politics. Empirical studies of this field are briefly reviewed. Theoretical concerns are linked to change in time and space and global shifts in body and representations. The entry ends by raising some of the ethical and political issues of the new digital sexualities.