bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in the cardiovascular system
Authors: Xia Ning , Daiber Andreas , Förstermann Ulrich , Li Huige 
Published: April 2016

The antioxidant effects of resveratrol (3,5,4'‐trihydroxy‐trans‐stilbene) contribute substantially to the health benefits of this compound. Resveratrol has been shown to be a scavenger of a number of free radicals. However, the direct scavenging activities of resveratrol are relatively poor. The antioxidant properties of resveratrol in vivo are more likely to be attributable to its effect as a gene regulator. Resveratrol inhibits NADPH oxidase‐mediated production of ROS by down‐regulating the expression and activity of the oxidase. This polyphenolic compound reduces mitochondrial superoxide generation by stimulating mitochondria biogenesis. Resveratrol prevents superoxide production from uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase by up‐regulating the tetrahydrobiopterin‐synthesizing enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I. In addition, resveratrol increases the expression of various antioxidant enzymes. Some of the gene‐regulating effects of resveratrol are mediated by the histone/protein deacetylase sirtuin 1 or by the nuclear factor‐E2‐related factor‐2. In this review article, we have also summarized the cardiovascular effects of resveratrol observed in clinical trials.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
The key role of the largest extant Neotropical frugivore (Tapirus terrestris) in promoting admixture of plant genotypes across the landscape
Authors: Giombini Mariano I. , Bravo Susana P. , Tosto Daniela S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe historical and contemporary loss of large‐bodied frugivores has disrupted many plant‐disperser mutualisms, with potentially profound consequences for plants. Although several aspects of seed dispersal by megafrugivores have already been examined, the role of these species in promoting seed‐mediated gene flow has remained unexplored. We evaluated the role of the Amazonian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), the largest Neotropical frugivore, in shaping plant genetic structure through seed‐mediated gene flow. We used microsatellites to analyze the genetic patterns of Syagrus romanzoffiana seedlings recruited in tapir latrines and around conspecific adult palms, the two sites where seeds and seedlings are most frequently found in this species. While the genetic diversity of seedlings was rather similar in both sites, the kinship structure was substantially weaker in latrines. Most seedlings recruited around adult palms were half‐ or full‐sibs originating from those adults. In contrast, seedlings recruited in latrines came from several (>5, on average) contributing mothers other than the nearest adult (95%) and were mostly non‐sibs (72%). Kinship patterns indicated that tapir‐mediated dispersal promotes the admixture of genotypes across space. Also, our results suggested that genetic diversity and the number of contributing mothers in latrines increase with the number of fruiting adults visited by tapirs before defecating and with the accumulation of feces over time. We provide evidence of the relevance of tapirs in mobilizing maternal progenies (and genotypes) across the landscape and recruiting clusters of unrelated seedlings. This study suggests a key role for plant–megafrugivore interactions in seed‐mediated gene flow and emphasizes the importance of preserving such mutualisms.
Obesity leads to declines in motor skills across childhood
Authors: Cheng J. , East P. , Blanco E. , Kang Sim E. , Castillo M. , Lozoff B. , Gahagan S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundPoor motor skills have been consistently linked with a higher body weight in childhood, but the causal direction of this association is not fully understood. This study investigated the temporal ordering between children's motor skills and weight status at 5 and 10 years.MethodsParticipants were 668 children (54% male) who were studied from infancy as part of an iron deficiency anaemia preventive trial and follow‐up study in Santiago, Chile. All were healthy, full‐term and weighing 3 kg or more at birth. Cross‐lagged panel modelling was conducted to understand the temporal precedence between children's weight status and motor proficiency. Analyses also examined differences in gross and fine motor skills among healthy weight, overweight, and obese children.ResultsA higher BMI at 5 years contributed to declines in motor proficiency from 5 to 10 years. There was no support for the reverse, that is, poor motor skills at 5 years did not predict increases in relative weight from 5 to 10 years. Obesity at 5 years also predicted declines in motor proficiency. When compared with normal weight children, obese children had significantly poorer total and gross motor skills at both 5 and 10 years. Overweight children had poorer total and gross motor skills at 10 years only. The differences in total and gross motor skills among normal weight, overweight and obese children appear to increase with age. There were small differences in fine motor skill between obese and non‐obese children at 5 years only.ConclusionsObesity preceded declines in motor skills and not the reverse. Study findings suggest that early childhood obesity intervention efforts might help prevent declines in motor proficiency that, in turn, may positively impact children's physical activity and overall fitness levels.
Introducing Remote Enculturation: Learning Your Heritage Culture From Afar
Authors: Ferguson Gail M. , Costigan Catherine L. , Clarke Christy V. , Ge Julianna S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCan youth living outside their heritage country become enculturated from afar via avenues of modern globalization? In this article, we expand the theory of how heritage cultural socialization occurs in transnational families by introducing the construct of remote enculturation as a modern form of cultural transmission. Remote enculturation falls within the cultural socialization category of ethnic/racial socialization and is a form of enculturation that involves learning aspects of one's heritage culture via indirect or intermittent exposure, or both. We compare and contrast remote enculturation with traditional enculturation, proposing that self‐initiated remote enculturation, in particular, has strong ties with the development of identity. Research on immigrants’ consumption of foreign media and on parenting international adoptees supports remote enculturation as a distinct avenue of cultural learning, as do the experiences of youth from immigrant families. We conclude with a research agenda to empirically evaluate the construct of remote enculturation.
What families in poverty consider supportive: welfare strategies of parents with young children in relation to (child and family) social work
Authors: Schiettecat Tineke , Roets Griet , Vandenbroeck Michel 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn current European Welfare states, Child and Family Social Work has been assigned a pivotal role in constructing a route out of (child) poverty. The direction, processes and outcomes of these interventions are, however, rarely negotiated with the families involved. Based on a retrospective biographical research with parents of young children who experienced financial difficulties over time, this paper therefore seeks to uncover and understand how parents give meaning to welfare which strategies they accordingly develop and how these perspectives and welfare strategies interact with Child and Family Social Work interventions. We aim to acquire knowledge about how interventions are constructed, interpreted and being used as potentially supportive levers in realizing the well‐being of parents and children in poverty situations and explore how they may influence families' routes out of poverty. Drawing on Lister's analytical framework of agency within the bounds of structural constraints, our research provides insights in the essentially complex, multi‐layered and paradoxical nature of support and suggests that support cannot simply be perceived as synonymous to mobility out of poverty.
Vesico‐amniotic shunting for lower urinary tract obstruction in a fetus with VACTERL association
Authors: Kanasugi Tomonobu , Kikuchi Akihiko , Haba Gen , Sasaki Yuri , Isurugi Chizuko , Oyama Rie , Sugiyama Toru 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNewborn cases of VACTERL association with lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) are rare and there have been no reports on those patients undergoing fetal therapy in English literature. We successfully performed vesico‐amniotic shunting in a fetus having LUTO caused by abnormality of the external genitalia at 16 weeks’ gestation. Although fetal karyotype was normal 46XY, follow‐up fetal ultrasound examinations revealed ventriculomegaly in the brain, a small stomach and a right multicystic dysplastic kidney. MRI at 31 weeks’ gestation suggested lobar type holoprosencephaly. Diagnosis of VACTERL association was confirmed postnatally. We consider that vesico‐amniotic shunting is indicated for a fetus of VACTERL association with LUTO if the parents wish the procedure after genetic counseling and explanations about the fetal conditions.
Diagnosing active and latent tuberculosis among Iranian HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Baghaei Parvaneh , Esmaeili Shahrbanou , Farshidpour Maham , Javanmard Pedram , Marjani Majid , Moniri Afshin , Nemati Kambiz , Tabarsi Payam 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo screen for Tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) people in an effort to improve early TB diagnosis and reduce TB transmission.MethodsA prospective study was conducted on adult HIV people from 2008 to 2011. Three samples of sputum, cell blood count, tuberculin skin test (TST) and chest X‐ray were obtained from all patients. The characteristics of HIV patients with TB and HIV patients without TB were compared to each other.ResultsOf the 154 HIV patients included, 58 (38%) had tuberculosis with a mean CD4 cell count of 68 cells/mm3. Active TB was found in 56 (47%) patients with a history of intravenous drug use. Cough (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.2–7.79), positive TST (OR = 8.15, 95% CI 3.28–20.25) and an abnormal chest X‐ray (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 1.84–14.2) were the predicting factors for detecting active TB among HIV patients. The sensitivity and specificity of a combination of any symptoms with chest X‐ray, smear, TST or all of these were 96.5% and 86.5%, respectively. CD4 cell count <100 (OR = 2.67; 95% CI 1.23–5.78) and smoking (OR = 13.4; 95% CI 3.04–59.4) remained independently associated with TB in a multivariate analysis.ConclusionThere was a high prevalence of TB within the HIV population. Screening for TB among these patients can be carried out at every clinic or health facility using a combination of symptoms, TST, chest X‐ray and smear sample.
The Gown Must Go To Town
Authors: Essel Osuanyi Quaicoo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article reviews the “The Gown Must Go to Town” exhibition staged in the Museum of Science and Technology, Accra, highlighting its theme as well as the Afrocentric philosophical messaging of the exhibits. Centered on the dynamism of the city, the exhibits carried conceptual information tailored to comment on the disastrous environmental consequences of the twenty‐first century inventive technological hardware, fibers, and plastic waste (and its mismanagement) that plagues the city. It made powerful visual statements, in an artistic way, of how to control these problems. However, I argue that because of the limitations placed on Ghana, Ghanaian art should pay more focused attention on industrial art instead of conceptual art. This review by no means brands conceptual art as inferior to industrialized art, but it maintains that it is through a focus on industrial art that the nation could meet its own functional and decorative needs, and cease doing so by extensive importation. This argument is based on the fact that conceptual art took its root from Africa in a non‐academic format that has long been practiced in the continent for centuries, and therefore not an emergent art in the African artistic milieu—as it is perceived to be.
The Museum Profession: Protecting and Promoting Professional Commitments
Authors: Mancino Susan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThroughout their history, museums have performed diverse public services: from preservation, collection, and exhibition, to interpretation, education, and civic engagement. As Stephen E. Weil () explains, since the mid‐twentieth century, museums have experienced two major revolutions. First, a revolution in focus from collection‐oriented to visitor‐oriented practices, and second, a revolution in public expectations as museums secured a position within the nonprofit sector (81–82). With competition for public, private, and philanthropic support resting upon measurable results, the evaluation of museums depends upon its ability to “accomplish its purpose” (5). However, the question remains: what is the museum's purpose? Which is the more important: collection and artifact preservation, or public engagement and education? An overview of museum practices reveals a multiplicity of professional tasks distributed among three imperatives: preservation, scholarship, and programming (Weil , 11). The competition for resources devoted to each of these imperatives can spark controversy—particularly if museum professionals answer the question of the purpose of museums differently. Organizational communication scholar, Janie M. Harden Fritz, developed a theoretical framework that seeks to respond to such controversies in Professional Civility: Communicating Virtue at Work. This essay considers Fritz's “professional civility” in the context of the American museum sector, lending insight to the question of museum purpose and function.
Eye blink rate predicts reward decisions in adolescents
Authors: Barkley‐Levenson Emily , Galván Adriana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe ventral striatum displays hyper‐responsiveness to reward in adolescents relative to other age groups, and animal research on the developmental trajectory of the dopaminergic system suggests that dopamine may underlie adolescent sensitivity to reward. However, practical limitations prevent the direct measurement of dopamine in healthy adolescents. Eye blink rate (EBR) shows promise as a proxy measure of striatal dopamine D2 receptor function. We investigated developmental differences in the relationship between EBR and reward‐seeking behavior on a risky decision‐making task. Increasing EBR was associated with greater reward maximization on the task for adolescent but not adult participants. Furthermore, adolescents demonstrated greater sensitivity to reward value than adults, as evinced by shifts in decision patterns based on increasing potential reward. These findings suggest that previously observed adolescent behavioral and neural hypersensitivity to reward may in fact be due to greater dopamine receptor activity, as represented by the relationship of blink rate and reward‐seeking behavior. They also demonstrate the feasibility and utility of using EBR as a proxy for dopamine in healthy youth in whom direct measurements of dopamine are prohibitively invasive.
Optimal heating condition of mouthguard sheet in vacuum–pressure formation: part 3 styrene‐based thermoplastic elastomer
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Satoh Yoshihide , Iwasaki Shin‐ichi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to identify suitable heating conditions of polyolefin–polystyrene co‐polymer sheets in vacuum–pressure formation, monitor the sheet temperature during molding, and examine the thickness of the fabricated mouthguard.Materials and MethodsMouthguards were fabricated with polyolefin–polystyrene co‐polymer sheets (4.0‐mm thick) utilizing a vacuum/pressure‐forming device, which was subjected to vacuum forming for 10 s and pressure molding for 2 min. Four heating conditions were compared, defined by the amount of sag distance of 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm from the center of the softened sheet below the clamp. The working model was trimmed to a height of 20 mm at the cutting edge of the maxillary central incisor and to a height of 15 mm at the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar. The radiation thermometer was used to measure the sheet temperatures of the center of the heated and non‐heated surfaces under each condition. The sheet thickness after fabrication was determined for the incisal and the molar portions, and dimensional measurements were obtained using a measuring device. The differences in the sheet thickness produced by the different heating conditions were analyzed by Games–Howell's multiple comparison tests.ResultsFor condition of 5 mm sagged, the temperature on the non‐heated surface did not reach a sufficient softening temperature and the thickness was smallest. Mouthguard thickness was largest in the order of 15 mm sagged condition, followed by 20 mm sagged condition and then by 10 mm sagged condition, but a statistical difference was not observed in the labial and the buccal surface among the three conditions.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that for sufficient softening, it was necessary to heat the sheet to obtain a sag of 10 mm or more, and that the mouthguard thickness decreased as the sag increased.
RARS2 mutations in a sibship with infantile spasms
Authors: Ngoh Adeline , Bras Jose , Guerreiro Rita , Meyer Esther , McTague Amy , Dawson Eleanor , Mankad Kshitij , Gunny Roxana , Clayton Peter , Mills Philippa B. , Thornton Rachel , Lai Ming , Forsyth Robert , Kurian Manju A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryPontocerebellar hypoplasia is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by reduced volume of the brainstem and cerebellum. We report two male siblings who presented with early infantile clonic seizures, and then developed infantile spasms associated with prominent isolated cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using whole exome sequencing techniques, both were found to be compound heterozygotes for one previously reported and one novel mutation in the gene encoding mitochondrial arginyl‐tRNA synthetase 2 (RARS2). Mutations in this gene have been classically described in pontocerebellar hypoplasia type six (PCH6), a phenotype characterized by early (often intractable) seizures, profound developmental delay, and progressive pontocerebellar atrophy. The electroclinical spectrum of PCH6 is broad and includes a number of seizure types: myoclonic, generalized tonic–clonic, and focal clonic seizures. Our report expands the characterization of the PCH6 disease spectrum and presents infantile spasms as an associated electroclinical phenotype.
S100A7 (psoriasin) inhibits human epidermal differentiation by enhanced IL‐6 secretion through IκB/NF‐κB signalling
Authors: Son Eui Dong , Kim Hyoung‐June , Kim Kyu Han , Bin Bum Ho , Bae IL‐Hong , Lim Kyung‐Min , Yu Seok Jong , Cho Eun‐Gyung , Lee Tae Ryong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPsoriasin (S100A7), a member of the S100 protein family, is a well‐known antimicrobial peptide and a signalling molecule which regulates cellular function and is highly expressed in hyperproliferative skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis with disrupted skin barrier function. However, its role in epidermal differentiation remains unknown. We examined the effect of S100A7 on epidermal differentiation in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) and on a reconstituted human epidermis model. When NHKs were exposed to disruptive stimuli such as Staphylococcus aureus, ultraviolet irradiation and retinoic acid, the secretion of S100A7 into the culture medium increased and the expression of epidermal differentiation markers decreased. Treatment of NHKs with S100A7 significantly inhibited epidermal differentiation by reducing the expression of keratin 1, keratin 10, involucrin and loricrin and by increasing the expression of abnormal differentiation markers (keratin 6 and keratin 16). We verified that the MyD88‐IκB/NF‐κB signal cascade was activated via RAGE after S100A7 treatment, resulting in the upregulation of interleukin‐6. Finally, we confirmed that S100A7 is a negative regulator of epidermal differentiation using a reconstituted human epidermis model. This study suggests that S100A7‐related signalling molecules could be potent targets for recovering skin barrier function in AD and psoriasis where S100A7 is accumulated excessively.
Increasing fish taxonomic and functional richness affects ecosystem properties of small headwater prairie streams
Authors: Martin Erika C. , Gido Keith B. , Bello Nora , Dodds Walter K. , Veach Allison 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Stream fish can regulate their environment through direct and indirect pathways, and the relative influence of communities with different taxonomic and functional richness on ecosystem properties likely depends on habitat structure. Given this complexity, it is not surprising that observational studies of how stream fish communities influence ecosystems have shown mixed results.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of an observed gradient of taxonomic (zero, one, two or three species) and functional (zero, one or two groups) richness of fishes on several key ecosystem properties in experimental stream mesocosms. Our study simulated small (less than two metres wide) headwater prairie streams with a succession of three pool‐riffle structures (upstream, middle and downstream) per mesocosm. Ecosystem responses included chlorophyll a from floating algal mats and benthic algae, benthic organic matter, macroinvertebrates (all as mass per unit area), algal filament length and stream metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration rate). Ecosystem responses were analysed individually using general linear mixed models.

Significant treatment (taxonomic and functional richness) by habitat (pools and riffles) interactions were found for all but one ecosystem response variable. After accounting for location (upstream, middle and downstream) effects, the presence of one or two grazers resulted in shorter mean algal filament lengths in pools compared to no‐fish controls. These observations suggest grazers can maintain short algal filaments in pools, which may inhibit long filaments from reaching the surface. Accordingly, floating algal mats decreased in mid‐ and downstream locations in grazer treatment relative to no‐fish controls.

At the scale of the entire reach, gross primary productivity and respiration were greater in treatments with two grazer species compared to mixed grazer/insectivore or control treatments.

The distribution of stream resources across habitat types and locations within a reach can therefore be influenced by the taxonomic and functional composition of fishes in small prairie streams. Thus, disturbances that alter diversity of these systems might have unexpected ecosystem‐level consequences.