bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Naked” Speech in Late Republican Rome
Authors: Goodman Rob 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Cicero and his contemporaries to offer evidence for the existence and distinctiveness of populist rhetoric in the late Roman republic. In contrast to the claim of an “ideological monotony” in the republic, this chapter argues we can trace the outlines not only of a popularis ideology, but of a popularis style—a style grounded in key assumptions about the relationship between orator and audience. Cicero characterizes the speech of his popularis adversaries as “naked,” casting it as lacking in artifice and control. That assessment, however polemical, points to a recognizable difference in the rhetorical styles on offer to the Roman public. The chapter argues that Cicero conceived of stylistic diversity as a means by which the orator demonstrated responsiveness to the audience. For the populares, by contrast, unaffected speech signaled that the speaker’s identification with the people was so complete that no accommodation was required.
Democracy, Plutocracy, and the Populist Cry of Pain
Authors: McCormick John P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
As this chapter shows, plutocracy and populism are phenomena endemic to electoral democracy and not in any way peculiar to representative government. As contemporary democracies succumb to plutocratic usurpation, populism has re-emerged as a powerful political force. However, while right-wing populism has done nothing to ameliorate the problem of inequality, it remains to be seen whether more inclusive, egalitarian populist movements will gain the momentum necessary to propel a reversal. Thus far, progressive movements have proven much less effective than have right-wing ones. But, the chapter contends, one should not give up on populism as such: if properly understood, it is the necessary vehicle for realizing the effective reform of contemporary democracy. The chapter specifies criteria to distinguish right-wing from progressive populism and, drawing on Machiavelli, sketches the kinds of institutional reforms that progressive populist movements should pursue in efforts to counteract economic and political inequality.
Fans as Critics and Material Culture Makers
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how teenage girls interacted with popular music within the relative privacy of their fan club communities. Contextualizing this examination in the history of music criticism, it considers the female fans of Frank Sinatra as music critics. Both in commercial fan magazines such as Modern Screen and in Frank Sinatra fan club journals, teenage girls recorded their opinions on cultural topics using many different formats, including traditional review-based music criticism, but also original poetry, essays, and artwork. In Frank Sinatra fan clubs, fans even developed their own unique ways of recording elements of Sinatra’s musical style in prose.
Looking for Sowbugs
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Most people in the developed world pay little attention to biology and nature. Humans live a sheltered existence. When they do “interact” with nature, it is typically at a zoo or park or in breathtakingly beautiful movies and television series. The setting is nearly always an exotic location (e.g., the Kalahari Desert, the Antarctic), subconsciously reinforcing the concept that biology happens somewhere else. Yet, humans are animals too, and are still part of the natural world. Nature is all around and on and in them. Psychologists have noted the benefits of interacting with nature. E.O. Wilson referred to it as “biophilia.” Increasing the appreciation of our place in nature is a desirable goal.
Supermarket Systematics
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Supermarkets contain a wide variety of foods, and those foods are organisms, living or previously living. In fact, a supermarket is a great place to learn about biology. The vegetables, fruits, and fungi demonstrate the key features of those organisms, such as the stems, roots, leaves, fruits, and flowers. The meat section includes organs and tissues that are similar to those of humans. It also includes fish, fowl, and invertebrates (e.g., lobsters, clams, crabs). Even better, at the supermarket, we can take things home and examine them close up and even take them apart before cooking and eating them.
Blunt Tars
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The 1760s were miserable years for Bristol’s working poor. Jobs were few and food was scarce. Wealthy merchants offered charity, but they required those receiving alms to wear badges indicating their indigency. The poor responded by stealing. As a result, merchants installed lighting around the docks, increased funding for the police, and expanded the use of work-houses to curb vagrancy. African workers were especially vulnerable. Authorities arrested African beggars, dispatched them to overseas plantations, and even threatened to use their bodies for medical experiments. Sailors fought back against frequent ill treatment. In 1768 they took collective action against their bosses, engaging in violent strikes. When merchants met sailor wage demands, the sailors abandoned striking coal heavers and performed scab labor. Like upwardly mobile merchants, sailors aspired to achieve greater individual economic freedom, and they were willing to do whatever it took to realize that goal.
Old Calabar
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
During the 1760s, tensions mounted between rival factions in the West African port of Old Calabar, each vying for the spoils of the British slave trade. These conflicts exploded in 1767 when the residents of Duke Town conspired with British slave traders to ambush and murder more than 300 of their African merchant rivals. The Old Calabar massacre is crucial for understanding the Black Prince’s voyage there the following year. John Fowler owned interests in several of the ships involved in the massacre. Sailors returned to Bristol and shared lurid tales of what they witnessed during the massacre. And most crucially, warfare continued in Old Calabar for several years, as African merchants stole British cargo, attacked ships, and killed crew members. Despite clear dangers, Fowler and Laroche still sent their ship into the teeth of this African war.
Liberty?
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
As the Black Prince continued its voyage into the Caribbean, crew members persisted in defining their liberty within the structures of the mercantile state. Under the command of Thomas Austin, they vied to gain shipboard officer status, conducted a “court-martial” with a twelve-man jury, carried out a public execution, and negotiated with foreign powers. Meanwhile, Austin commanded in an autocratic fashion, forcing any man who defied him to “walk the plank.” Slave traders employed this practice with captive Africans as a means to collect insurance money. Austin merely followed their example, invoking walking the plank as a strategy to avoid murder charges. When the mutiny ended on Hispaniola, the rebels scattered across the Atlantic world. In response, John Fowler exerted pressure on the British Crown, taking control of state surveillance, policing, and judicial procedure to round up mutineers and send them to the gallows.
The Groundwork for an Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Defence
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The use of AI technologies for national defence poses important ethical problems that combine ethical risks related to the use of these technologies —for example, enabling human wrongdoing, reducing human control, removing human responsibility, devaluing human skills, and eroding human self-determination—with those that follow the use of force in warfare, like violating human dignity and breaching the principles of Just War Theory. Because of the range of possible applications and of the set of ethical risks and opportunities to address, it is difficult to develop a coherent and systemic ethical analysis of AI in defence. The goal of this chapter is to clarify how this book will do so, by outlining the methodology and the scope of the analysis proposed here. Three aspects are crucial to this end: the definition of AI, the methodology of levels of abstraction, and the identification of three categories of use of AI in defence: sustainment and support, adversarial and non-kinetic, and adversarial and kinetic.
Adversarial and Non-kinetic Uses of AI: Conceptual and Ethical Challenges
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the use of AI for adversarial and non-kinetic purposes, like cyberwarfare. This is the most challenging of the three categories of use of AI in defence to analyse from an ethical perspective. This is because this category of use hinges on a series of conceptual changes prompted by the digital revolution. Understanding the nature of this changes is crucial to address their ethical implications adequately. The goals of this chapter are to analyse the nature of cyberwarfare and how it differs from kinetic one, and to develop a theory of just cyberwarfare, by merging Just War Theory and information ethics.
Taking a Moral Gambit: Accepting Moral Responsibility for the Actions of Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the challenge of attributing moral responsibility for the actions of AWS. It argues that these challenges can be surmounted if human agents assume meaningful moral responsibility for AWS actions. This responsibility, justified and fair, reflects an individual's moral character. Human agents can choose to design, develop, and deploy AWS despite uncertainties about potential outcomes, accepting the responsibility and blame for any unintended, unwanted, or unforeseen consequences. Given the inherent unpredictability of AWS, human agents who take such a responsibility take a moral gambit. The chapter concludes that while a moral gambit is acceptable for non-lethal AWS, it is not permissible for lethal autonomous weapon systems.
Introduction
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the book’s focus on the effects of cognitive aging on federal circuit court judges. It starts by providing several poignant examples of aged judges whose behavior has been called into question. It reports data on the increased age of federal judges, the fact that they are serving for longer periods of time, and that usage of so-called senior judges has also increased dramatically in recent years. The chapter also introduces cognitive aging, which is the key theoretical concept for the entire book. The chapter summarizes the broader importance of the inquiry and outlines the book’s content.
How Cognitive Aging Applies to Judges
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 applies neuroscience research on cognitive aging to political science and the practice of judging in the United States Courts of Appeals. The chapter begins with an overview of how federal circuit courts operate and the state of scholarly knowledge on circuit judge behavior. It then engages in the process of theory building by describing a host of observable empirical consequences of cognitive aging among circuit court judges. Later chapters will then rigorously test these hypotheses using quantitative data and statistical methods. These expectations include: older judges require more time to accomplish their tasks, they rely more on heuristics, and their decisions exhibit diminished legal influence.
Social Origins
Authors: Keister Lisa A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Social origins interact with each other in complex ways over time to create the life trajectories on which people travel matter for much of what people do, accomplish, and believe over their lives. This chapter shows that Catholics are diverse on four primary types of social origins: birth cohort, gender, ancestry and race/ethnicity, and class background. This chapter underscores the importance of differences between white and Latino Catholics for understanding Catholics in the United States. The author builds on this premise in subsequent chapters by focusing on differences between white and Latino Catholics in other behaviors and attitudes and by comparing these two large Catholic ethnic groups to other American faith groups.
Family
Authors: Keister Lisa A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Family events and processes are critical to understanding a wide range of behaviors, outcomes, and attitudes, including those that define who is Catholic. Overall high marriage rates, low divorce rates, and shrinking fertility are the hallmarks of today’s U.S. Catholic family. However, today’s white and Latino Catholic families look different from each other, with white Catholics resembling mainline Protestants more now than in the past. This chapter explores variations among Catholics and differences between Catholics and other Americans in their patterns of marriage, divorce, and fertility.
Achievements
Authors: Keister Lisa A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Catholics were historically some of the poorest families in America, but they are now among the country’s highest-achieving religious groups. This chapter documents the work behavior, income, and wealth of today’s Catholic and shows that they are, indeed, much higher on the socioeconomic ladder than they once were. However, the author found dramatic and consistent socioeconomic status (SES) differences between white and Latino Catholics. Latino Catholics—regardless of immigrant status—lag behind white Catholics on nearly all of the SES measures studied: educational attainment, full-time work, having two incomes, income poverty, high income, investment income, net worth poverty, high net worth, homeownership, and inheritance, whereas white Catholics are notably similar to white mainline Protestants on these outcomes.
Layered Meanings of Lion Dance
Authors: McGuire Colin P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The third chapter discusses Hong Luck’s most important public performances, which are the annual Chinese New Year parade through Toronto’s Spadina/Dundas Chinatown. By interpreting numerous ethnographic vignettes, this chapter shows how ritual and social protocols are negotiated. It also engages with the multiple, at times contested, meanings of lion dance and its percussion in Toronto, going beyond the ritual symbolism of using martial energy to exorcise negative vibes to delve into its role as entertainment as well as builder of both identity and community. The omnipresence of lion dance imagery and its association with important calendrical events led to the claim that it is actually part of creating Chinatown as a space.
Kung Fu Apprenticeship and Embodiment
Authors: McGuire Colin P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The fourth chapter is about what happens inside Hong Luck’s training hall. It describes the experiences of going through a training process that ostensibly transmits embodied knowledge of fighting skills and the lion dance ritual. It turns out that drumming is not really taught, but rather that it is learned through the other practices. The diasporic context and multiethnic environment made clear that Chinese-ness was also a key focus of transmission. This chapter also addresses patriarchal power structures that traditionally prevented women from lion dancing. Through the logic of ritual efficacy, it interrogates the right to embody martial virtue that was previously the exclusive domain of men.
Inequality, Shame, Envy, and Admiration
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to the key emotions of shame, envy, and admiration and builds on Smith to explain the role they play in capitalism’s emotional regime. It analyses how the poor are told to be ashamed of their poverty and how that harms their well-being. It provides philosophical, sociological, and psychological support for Smith’s claim that people have a natural tendency to admire the rich and connects it to Veblen’s insights into the desire to emulate them. Like shame, admiration for and envy towards the rich are key components of the emotional regimes of societies and the (false) narratives about social mobility and merit. The chapter discusses the potential of “outlaw emotions” in envisioning novel, more just conceptions of our social world.
No Ordinary Crimes, 1971–1972
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In 1971 and 1972, more attacks followed. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) carried out a spectacular act of sabotage at Gulf Oil (March 1971), the Jewish Defense League attacked the Russian Trade Delegation in Amsterdam (April 1971), the Rode Jeugd launched sabotage actions (July 1971), the Irish Republican Army smuggled weapons (October 1971), and the Rode Jeugd launched a bombing campaign between February and October 1972. This chapter analyzes how the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) looked upon these acts and what they did in response, but also discusses how the BVD construed a coherent narrative of all the groups and attacks so far (they all spoke “Desperanto,” the language of violence). The service also reflected on the nature of political terrorism and offered a categorization of purely political crimes (hijackings of airplanes, attacks on buildings, and kidnapping of important persons), instrumental political crimes such as bank robberies, and “toss-ups,” in which criminal and political motivations were not easily separated from one another.
Traces of the Rode Jeugd, Rode Hulp, and Rood Verzetsfront
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
One of the Dutch groups the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) concentrated on was the Rode Jeugd (Red Youth). In 1971, this group bombed the car of the chief of the Eindhoven police force. Although the BVD considered their early activities forms of sabotage, the Rode Jeugd’s Marxist-Leninist ideology and international network inspired the BVD to dedicate vast resources to collecting intelligence on the organization and their members. This vignette explores two examples of the BVD’s operational activities against the Rode Jeugd and their successor organizations Rode Hulp and Rood Verzetsfront. The first involved a true “ticking bomb” scenario in which a suspected member was arrested with a suitcase full of explosives. In the second topical scenario, a suspected member of a terrorist organization visited a training camp in the Middle East. On 24 September 1976, Israeli authorities announced that they had detained a Dutch woman, twenty-three-year-old Ludwina Janssen from Breda.
Munich and Two Years of Talking About Terrorism, 1972–1973
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For many Western countries, the events at the Olympic Games in Munich, in the Summer of 1972, were a catalyst for their counterterrorism efforts. While most countries had been confronted with terrorism from very diverse angles—domestic left- and right-wing groups, Jewish activism, Palestinian groups—the attacks (and their violent ending) showed the destructive consequences of terrorism. Any group with a few organizational skills could copy this armed attack on a group of people. In the Netherlands, counterterrorism became a more important societal and political issue. A judicial approach was chosen, which fit the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s supporting, advising, and expert role well. Intelligence liaison flourished while the BVD’s counterterrorism effort instantly became a more bureaucratic effort, too. The BVD joined an endless succession of meetings with other partners in government, predominantly the police and the Justice Department. They also more often had encounters with the police in their agent operations.
Toward the Paradigm of Prevention, 1978–Present
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the changing ways in which the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) folded the future into the present between 1978 and today. Whereas the BVD’s attitude in the 1980s was characterized by a wait-and-see attitude, the end of the Cold War had a profound effect on the perceived core functions of intelligence in the Dutch case. The “paradigm of prevention” was on the rise. In the domain of terrorism, too, intelligence was now expected to be in time, to arrive before certain individuals could carry out their plans. With jihadi terrorism on the rise well in the 1990s, but even more so after 9/11 and the Madrid bombings of 2004, the core function of intelligence had fundamentally changed. Preventing jihadis from carrying out attacks had become the main core function of intelligence—it even legitimated a “broad approach,” so that radicalizing youth also became the object of intelligence collection.
Fatalism and the Causal Structure of Time
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This part argues that the causal arrow of time has problems parallel to the problems in the modal arrow. There is an inconsistency between the causal arrow and entailment relations between past and future. The well-known consequence argument that determinism entails fatalism has defects that should lead one to reject it. The causal closure of the past when conjoined with entailment between past and future has the unwanted consequence that the future is uncausable as well as unpreventable. The possibility of backward causation is one way the causal arrow would be false, but it damages the psychological arrow. The rejection of the counterfactual arrow is more plausible. But if the modal arrow, the causal arrow, and the counterfactual arrow are broken, where does that leave the psychological arrow of time? Is it an arrow of the same thing as the other arrows?
Defending the Status Quo
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Defending the Status Quo explores political elites’ resistance to electoral gender quota reforms—one of the most widespread electoral reforms of recent decades—to increase understanding of the significant variation in this policy and its impact. The book conceptualizes resistance and develops an original theoretical framework for studying resistance to gender-equality policy: the resistance stage framework. Anchored in feminist institutionalism and mapped onto the policy process, it outlines how status quo defenders adapt their resistance strategies to accommodate institutional and ideational changes across agenda setting, policy formulation, decision-making, and implementation phases. The resistance stage framework is developed in conjunction with a thick description of a 30-year-long process to adopt and implement electoral gender quotas in Uruguay. While Uruguay was a vanguard in the strife for women’s rights, men’s political dominance has been pervasive in this country. The struggle to introduce a gender quota has been marked by repeated reform attempts, pervasive resistance, and a wide variation in the responses of the Uruguayan political parties, making this case apt for developing theory and shedding light on the adaptive nature of resistance. Drawing on a large number of interviews with Uruguayan political elites, three extensive quota debates, and party electoral lists, this book carefully examines the power struggle over reform in this country. It shows how powerful status quo defenders, seeking to ignore, stall, and undermine gendered institutional change, adapt their resistance strategies across different political parties and over time, as quota advocates make advances and manage to change the institutional and ideational context.