bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A propos de l'adaptation de la fortification à l'artillerie vers les années 1400 : quelques remarques sur les problèmes de vocabulaire, de typologie et de méthode
Authors: Salamagne Alain 
Published: February 2016

L'étude de l'architecture médiévale ne peut se passer du recours aux sources. L'analyse de ces dernières, confrontée à celle des monuments subsistants, doit nous amener à nous interroger sur la fiabilité des termes typologiques qui y sont employés. En partant de la problématique posée par les embrasures de tir, il semble bien qu'au-delà d'apparentes imprécisions le vocabulaire médiéval réponde assez bien aux formes qu'il entend décrire. L'apparition autour des années 1390 des premières embrasures adaptées aux armes à feu — des archères-canonnières — devait entraîner logiquement l'utilisation de termes nouveaux les désignant. La conception de ces embrasures, dont l'origine doit être recherchée sur les fortifications provisoires, résulta fréquemment au cours du XVe siècle de la collaboration entre maîtres-maçons et canonniers.
Diffusées précocement dans les anciens Pays-Bas bourguignons à la fin du XIVe siècle, puis très rapidement au cours des décennies suivantes dans les principales régions touchées par les conflits de la guerre de Cent Ans, les embrasures à feu attestaient de l'adaptation de l'architecture militaire aux nouvelles composantes poliorcétiques dès le début du XVe siècle et non pas dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle comme on le pensait.
ZODIACAL EXOPLANETS IN TIME (ZEIT). I. A NEPTUNE-SIZED PLANET ORBITING AN M4.5 DWARF IN THE HYADES STAR CLUSTER
Authors: Mann Andrew W. , Gaidos Eric , Mace Gregory N. , Johnson Marshall C. , Bowler Brendan P. , LaCourse Daryll , Jacobs Thomas L. , Vanderburg Andrew , Kraus Adam L. , Kaplan Kyle F. , Jaffe Daniel T. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Studying the properties of young planetary systems can shed light on how the dynamics and structure of planets evolve during their most formative years. Recent K2 observations of nearby young clusters (10–800 Myr) have facilitated the discovery of such planetary systems. Here we report the discovery of a Neptune-sized planet transiting an M4.5 dwarf (K2-25) in the Hyades cluster (650–800 Myr). The light curve shows a strong periodic signal at 1.88 days, which we attribute to spot coverage and rotation. We confirm that the planet host is a member of the Hyades by measuring the radial velocity of the system with the high-resolution near-infrared spectrograph Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrometer. This enables us to calculate a distance based on K2-25's kinematics and membership to the Hyades, which in turn provides a stellar radius and mass to ≃5%–10%, better than what is currently possible for most Kepler M dwarfs (12%–20%). We use the derived stellar density as a prior on fitting the K2 transit photometry, which provides weak constraints on eccentricity. Utilizing a combination of adaptive optics imaging and high-resolution spectra, we rule out the possibility that the signal is due to a bound or background eclipsing binary, confirming the transits’ planetary origin. K2-25b has a radius (

R
⊕) much larger than older Kepler planets with similar orbital periods (3.485 days) and host-star masses (0.29 M
⊙). This suggests that close-in planets lose some of their atmospheres past the first few hundred million years. Additional transiting planets around the Hyades, Pleiades, and Praesepe clusters from K2 will help confirm whether this planet is atypical or representative of other close-in planets of similar age.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPINDOWN OF A TRANSIENT ACCRETING MILLISECOND PULSAR DURING QUIESCENCE
Authors: Melatos A. , Mastrano A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The measured spindown rates in quiescence of the transient accreting millisecond pulsars IGR J00291+5934, XTE J1751–305, SAX J1808.4–3658, and Swift J1756.9–2508 have been used to estimate the magnetic moments of these objects assuming standard magnetic dipole braking. It is shown that this approach leads to an overestimate if the amount of residual accretion is enough to distort the magnetosphere away from a force-free configuration through magnetospheric mass loading or crushing, so that the lever arm of the braking torque migrates inside the light cylinder. We derive an alternative spindown formula and calculate the residual accretion rates where the formula is applicable. As a demonstration we apply the alternative spindown formula to produce updated magnetic moment estimates for the four objects above. We note that based on current uncertain observations of quiescent accretion rates, magnetospheric mass loading and crushing are neither firmly indicated nor ruled out in these four objects. Because quiescent accretion rates are not measured directly (only upper limits are placed), without more data it is impossible to be confident about whether the thresholds for magnetospheric mass loading or crushing are reached or not.
ENERGETIC GAMMA RADIATION FROM RAPIDLY ROTATING BLACK HOLES
Authors: Hirotani Kouichi , Pu Hung-Yi 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Supermassive black holes (BHs) are believed to be the central powerhouse of active galactic nuclei. Applying the pulsar outer-magnetospheric particle accelerator theory to BH magnetospheres, we demonstrate that an electric field is exerted along the magnetic field lines near the event horizon of a rotating BH. In this particle accelerator (or a gap), electrons and positrons are created by photon–photon collisions and accelerated in the opposite directions by this electric field, efficiently emitting gamma-rays via curvature and inverse-Compton processes. It is shown that a gap arises around the null-charge surface formed by the frame-dragging effect, provided that there is no current injection across the gap boundaries. The gap is dissipating a part of the hole’s rotational energy, and the resultant gamma-ray luminosity increases with decreasing plasma accretion from the surroundings. Considering an extremely rotating supermassive BH, we show that such a gap reproduces the significant very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray flux observed from the radio galaxy IC 310, provided that the accretion rate becomes much less than the Eddington rate particularly during its flare phase. It is found that the curvature process dominates the inverse-Compton process in the magnetosphere of IC 310, and that the observed power-law-like spectrum in VHE gamma-rays can be explained to some extent by a superposition of the curvature emissions with varying curvature radius. It is predicted that the VHE spectrum extends into higher energies with increasing VHE photon flux.
IMPULSIVITY PARAMETER FOR SOLAR FLARES
Authors: Fajardo-Mendieta W. G. , Martínez-Oliveros J. C. , Alvarado-Gómez J. D. , Calvo-Mozo B. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Three phases are typically observed during solar flares: the preflare, impulsive, and decay phases. During the impulsive phase, it is believed that the electrons and other particles are accelerated after the stored energy in the magnetic field is released by reconnection. The impulsivity of a solar flare is a quantifiable property that shows how quickly this initial energy release occurs. It is measured via the impulsivity parameter, which we define as the inverse of the overall duration of the impulsive phase. We take the latter as the raw width of the most prominent nonthermal emission of the flare. We computed this observable over a work sample of 48 M-class events that occurred during the current Solar Cycle 24 by using three different methods. The first method takes into account all of the nonthermal flare emission and gives very accurate results, while the other two just cover fixed energy intervals (30–40 keV and 25–50 keV) and are useful for fast calculations. We propose an alternative way to classify solar flares according to their impulsivity parameter values, defining three different types of impulsivity, namely, high, medium, and low. This system of classification is independent of the manner used to calculated the impulsivity parameter. Lastly, we show the relevance of this tool as a discriminator of different HXR generation processes.
Two new bee-killing flies from Brazil (Insecta: Diptera: Phoridae: Melaloncha)
Authors: Brown Brian 
Published: February 2016

The genus Melaloncha is a large group of species of parasitoid phorid flies that attack Hymenoptera, mostly stingless bees (Meliponinae, Apidae) in the Neotropical Region.
Two new Brazilian species, Melaloncha (Melaloncha) peacockorum sp. n. and Melaloncha (Udamochiras) nielsi sp. n., are described and their identification clarified.
Théories féministes de l’éducation : où est le care ?
Authors: Mozziconacci Vanina 
Published: February 2016

Bien qu’elle ne s’y réduise pas, la pensée du care apparaît, dans les années 1980, dans un contexte théorique marqué par la variété des pensées féministes. Le traitement de la question éducative porte l’empreinte de cette diversité ; les termes des débats entre les représentant·e·s de chaque courant féministe sur l’éducation informent ainsi sa genèse et son développement. Nous voudrions poser ici les jalons d’une cartographie des paradigmes féministes en matière d’éducation au tournant des années 1980-1990 aux États-Unis, afin de resituer la question du care en son sein. Ce travail s’avère d’autant plus nécessaire que le care occupe une place incertaine sur la carte des différentes prises de positions, entre pédagogie critique et pédagogie « féminine ». Cette ambiguïté met en jeu son statut théorique même : s’agit-il d’un modèle, d’un outil ou d’une valeur ?
Penser l’apport du care à l’évaluation et à la gestion des pratiques enseignantes
Authors: Bouchareu Manon 
Published: February 2016

Cette recherche doctorale tente de mettre en lumière ce qu’une pensée de la vulnérabilité et de l’interdépendance des sujets peut apporter à la politique à visée égalitaire et démocratique de l’Éducation nationale française. Suite à un travail antérieur en études de genre, nous postulons que le pouvoir d’agir de professionnels remplissant une mission d’éducation peut être revitalisé grâce à la mobilisation de l’éthique du care, champ de référence aujourd’hui sous-estimé au sein du système éducatif. Cet article prend appui sur une analyse de Pascale Molinier et propose une analogie entre les modes de gestion à l’œuvre dans les secteurs hospitaliers et scolaires. Il s’attache à démontrer que l’articulation de la gestion administrative et du « souci de l’autre » est complexe tant pour l’institution que pour ses agents, mais qu’il est cependant essentiel de parvenir à concilier voire intégrer ces logiques en apparence contradictoire. Essentiel dans l’optique du développement d’un agir pédagogique visant l’émancipation de sujets relationnels : élèves bien sûr, mais également enseignant•es.
« Ethnographies » au service du développement de compétences scientifiques dans l’éducation préscolaire et l’enseignement de premier cycle dans la région des Açores
Authors: Egounleti Ludivine 
Published: February 2016

Cet article a pour objet de questionner la méthodologie utilisée par les enseignants en formation en master d’enseignement premier degré et enseignement maternel à l’Université des Açores, pour évaluer le développement de compétences scientifiques chez les enfants en cycle primaire et préscolaire. Le « registre ethnographique » nommé ainsi par les étudiants et professeurs impliqués dans cette recherche, sera analysé en tant qu’outil scientifique permettant de lire des indices de développement de compétences scientifiques. L’utilisation des guillemets dans le titre et dans le texte fait référence aux différentes utilisations du terme ethnographie. Il s’agira donc de mettre en perspective, tant l’utilisation faite par les étudiants de ce qu’ils appellent le « registre ethnographique », que la méthodologie ethnographique même en tant qu’outil scientifique d’analyse des comportements des enfants.
Évaluation des pratiques psychoéducatives et résilience : influences des ressources psychosociales et du climat social scolaire
Authors: Talavera Christiam , Molina Guylaine , Mallet Jeanne 
Published: February 2016

Les recherches actuelles sur la résilience s’intéressent à l’intervention psychoéducative sur des facteurs de risque, passant d’une résilience naturelle à une résilience assistée : nous considérons la promotion des pratiques de résilience comme un facteur de développement des capacités psychologiques des enfants. Dans ce sens, le milieu scolaire est susceptible de constituer un espace d’interaction sociale favorisant l’émergence de ressources socio-affectives, cognitives et conatives. Comment les pratiques scolaires peuvent-elles inclure la formation des capacités de résilience ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons travaillé auprès d’un échantillon de 109 enfants à haut risque d’écoles défavorisées du Pérou. Notre approche méthodologique a pris en compte la perception du climat social scolaire des enseignants et des élèves, en particulier (1) les relations entre élèves, entre enseignants, et entre élèves et enseignants, (2) l’organisation et (3) le développement des activités périscolaires. D’autre part, nous avons identifié les besoins psychosociaux des élèves sur la base de leurs discours. Ces analyses apportent des éléments de réponse pour proposer des pratiques psychoéducatives de résilience et des formations destinées aux enseignants.
Correlation between cyclin D1 expression and standard clinicopathological variables in invasive breast cancer in Eastern India
Authors: Sarkar Santanu , Kanoi Aditya , Bain Jayanta , Gayen Rajarshi , Das Kashi Nath 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading oncogenic threat in South-East Asian women showing an inexplicable biological aggressiveness. High expression of cyclin D1, a key molecule in breast cancer pathogenesis, has been shown by previous studies in the Western world to be associated with favorable tumoral characteristics. Apart from determining the correlation between cyclin D1 expression and standard clinicopathological variables in invasive breast cancer in Eastern India, questions that we aimed to answer through this study included: Is there a significant regional difference in expression patterns of this protein? And if yes, can it possibly account for the epidemiological differences in breast cancer occurrence and biological behavior? Finally, is testing for overexpression of this protein in regions with limited resources beneficial? Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 110 previously untreated, female patients with primary breast carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry using specific anti-cyclin D1 monoclonal antibodies. Results: Overexpression of cyclin Dl was found in 78 of 110 cases (70.9%). High expression of cyclin D1 showed a significant negative correlation with tumor size (P = 0.023) and tumor grade (P = 0.045). Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive cases showed a significantly positive correlation with cyclin D1 overexpression (P = 0.026 and 0.046, respectively). Interestingly, cyclin D1 positivity showed a strong correlation with the type of surgical procedure performed (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Cyclin D1 overexpression in breast cancer is associated with less aggressive tumoral characteristics. Furthermore, its potential epidemiological role and utility as a prognostic marker have been discussed.
To evaluate disparity between clinical and pathological tumor-node-metastasis staging in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients and its impact on overall survival: An institutional study
Authors: Gupta Karan , Panda Naresh K , Bakshi Jaimanti , Das Ashim 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background: Accurate clinical staging is important for patient counseling, treatment planning, prognostication, and rational design of clinical trials. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, discrepancy between clinical and pathological staging has been reported. Objective: To evaluate any disparity between clinical and pathological tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) patients and any impact of the same on survival. Materials and Methods: Retrospective chart review from year 2007 to 2013, at a tertiary care center. Statistical Analysis: All survival analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 15 (Chicago, IL, USA). Disease-free survival curves were generated using Kaplan-Meier algorithm. Results: One hundred and twenty-seven patients with OCSCC were analyzed. Seventy-nine (62.2%) were males and 48 (37.8%) females with a mean age at presentation 43.6 years (29-79 years). The highest congruence between clinical and pathological T-staging seen for clinical stage T1 and T4 at 76.9% and 73.4% with pathological T-stage. Similarly, the highest congruence between clinical and pathological N-stage seen for clinical N0 and N3 at 86.4% and 91.7% with pathological N-stage. Of clinically early stage patients, 67.5% remained early stage, and 32.5% were upstaged to advanced stage following pathological analysis. Of the clinically advanced stage patients, 75% remained advanced, and 25% were pathologically downstaged. This staging discrepancy did not significantly alter the survival. Conclusion: Some disparity exists in clinical and pathological TNM staging of OCSCC, which could affect treatment planning and survival of patients. Hence, more unified and even system of staging for the disease is required for proper decision-making.
Comparison of Choroidal Thickness Changes following Intravitreal Dexamethasone, Ranibizumab, and Triamcinolone in Eyes with Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Yumusak Erhan , Ornek Kemal , Dikel Nevin H. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose To evaluate short-term choroidal thickness changes following intravitreal dexamethasone implant (DEX), ranibizumab (RAN), and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and macular edema (ME). Methods In this prospective study, 35 eyes of 35 patients with RVO and ME who were treated with intravitreal injections of DEX, RAN, and TA were included. Choroidal thickness was measured using semiautomated segmentation of enhanced depth imaging with optical coherence tomography at fovea and parafoveal areas. Changes in choroidal thickness following treatment were compared statistically. Results Choroidal thickness decreased following DEX, RAN, and TA treatments (all p>0.05). In the DEX group, at the first month nasal 1,500 µm (N11,500) and at the third month subfoveal (SF3) and nasal 500 µm (N3500) choroidal thickness revealed a significant reduction compared to RAN and TA groups (all p<0.05). In the TA group, choroidal thickness showed a significant reduction only at nasal 1,500 µm (N31,500) at the third month (p<0.05). Conclusions Choroidal thickness was decreased in all 3 groups. The DEX and TA groups showed a significant reduction at some areas. Ranibizumab had the smallest effect on choroidal thickness after 3 months among all groups.
Dislocation after Total HIP Replacement – There is no Such Thing as a Safe Zone for Socket Placement with the Posterior Approach
Authors: Timperley Andrew John , Biau David , Chew David , Whitehouse Sarah L. 
Published: February 2016

Introduction Malorientation of the socket contributes to instability after hip arthroplasty but the optimal orientation of the cup in relation to the pelvis has not been unequivocally described. Large radiological studies are few and problems occur with film standardisation, measurement methodology used and alternative definitions of describing acetabular orientation. Methods A cohort of 1,578 patients from a single institution is studied where all patient data was collected prospectively. Risk factors for patients undergoing surgery are analysed. Radiological data was compared between a series of non-dislocating hips and dislocating cases matched 2:1 by operation type, age and diagnosis. Results The overall dislocation rate for all 1,578 cases was 3.23% but the rate varied according to the type of surgery performed. The rate in uncomplicated primary cases was 2.4% which increased to 9.3% for second stage implantation for a two stage procedure for infection. There was no significant difference in the variability of the dislocating and non-dislocating groups for either inclination (p = 0.393) or anteversion (p = 0.661). Conclusions A “safe zone” for socket orientation to avoid dislocation could not be defined. The cause of dislocation is multifactorial, re-establishing the anatomic centre of rotation, balancing soft tissues and avoidance of impingement around the hip are important considerations.
Veno-veno-arterial ECMO Support for Acute Myocarditis Combined with ARDS: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Jae Ha , Park Jin Han , Min Ho Ki , Seo Guang-Won , Song Pil-Sang , Her Charles , Jang Hang Jea 
Published: February 2016

Background In patients who developed a combined situation of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with refractory hypoxemia and acute cardiac failure with circulatory collapse, traditional veno-venous or veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation approach alone may not be sufficient enough to maintain both an acceptable range of gas exchange and a hemodynamic stability. Case report A 27-year-old male patient was suffering from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by community-acquired pneumonia and acute myocarditis with circulatory shock. After mechnical ventilation for respiratory support, he was in a persistently refractory shock state. Veno-veno-arterial mode of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was thus applied to provide both respiratory and circulatory support simultaneously, with good success. Discussion Modifying to a veno-veno-arterial mode can be another alternative strategy in a combined situation of refractory respiratory and cardiac failure, thus providing not only respiratory support but also circulatory support. In veno-veno-arterial mode, the returning circuit from the pump was divided with a Y connector into 2 reinfusion circuits; each reinfusion circuit was connected to the contralateral side femoral vein and artery, respectively. The distribution of reinfusion flow was adjusted depending on the patient's cardiopulmonary status. Conclusions Although there is no consensus about the veno-veno-arterial mode of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, this combined mode can be helpful in patients with acute refractory respiratory and cardiac failure, as shown in the present case. We need further experience and improvements in the circuit system used in the veno-veno-arterial mode of ECMO.