bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origins and Development of Judicial Recusal in Texas
Authors: Domino John C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In 21st century Texas, a judge’s decision to recuse from a case is based on a complex set of norms, codes and procedures intended to promote impartiality. For most of the state’s history, however, the sole ground for the removal of a judge from a case was not recusal for bias but disqualification based on rigid conditions set out in the Texas Constitution. This article examines the foundations and emergence of the modern concept of judicial recusal in Texas with the intent to illustrate a shift from rigid constitutional grounds to a more fluid approach based on judicial interpretation of a code of conduct. The author concludes that while Texas disqualification and recusal jurisprudence is conservative and restrained, it remains to be seen whether this restraint can continue unchanged in a post-Caperton era. The Caperton probability of bias standard has become part of the dialogue on recusal and disqualification in Texas, but Caperton-based challenges are unlikely to prevail in the near future because many members of the bench and bar share the belief that the state’s judicial campaign contribution restrictions and recusal jurisprudence create a firewall against violations of the Due Process Clause. The risk, however, is that continued resistance to change may further erode public confidence in existing ethical safeguards and fall short of assuaging concerns that wealthy donors continue to exercise disproportionate influence on the judiciary.
Cleaning the Muck of Ages from the Windows into the Soul of Tax
Authors: Passant John 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide readers with an insight into Marx’s methods as a first step to understanding income tax more generally but with specific reference to Australia’s income tax system. I do this by introducing readers to the ideas about the totality, that is, capitalism, appearance, and form, and the dialectic in Marx’s hands. This will involve looking at income tax as part of the bigger picture of capitalism and understanding that all things are related and changes in one produce changes in all. Appearances can be deceptive, and we need to delve below the surface to understand the reality or essence of income and, hence, of income tax. Dialectics is the study of change. By developing an understanding of the processes of contradiction and change in society, the totality, we can then start to understand income tax and its role in our current society more deeply. To do that, we need to understand the ways of thinking and approaches that Marx and others have used. Only then, armed with the tools that we have uncovered, we can begin the process of cleaning the muck of ages from the windows into the soul of tax and move from the world of appearance to the essence of tax.
To Have, to Hold, and to Vanquish: Property and Inheritance in the History of Marriage and Surnames
Authors: Anthony Deborah J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Surnames, introduced to England with the Norman Conquest of 1066, became commonly hereditary from parent to child around the fifteenth century. Yet during that time and beyond, women sometimes retained their birth names at marriage, men sometimes adopted the surnames of their wives, and children and grandchildren adopted the surnames of their mothers or grandmothers. Surnames became closely tied to the concept of property, such that the person with the property was the holder and creator of the family name. That person was more often the man, but not always. As women’s property ownership became more severely restricted over time, these diverse surname practices eventually disappeared. The connections between the operation of the surname as a socio-legal function and property law and practice will be analyzed in this paper. Important in this analysis is the legal recognition of personhood implicit in the concept of property ownership; “legal personhood” for women was minimal during the period in which surnames became most restrictive for women. Yet prior to that, both the property rights and the surname options for women were more expansive, suggesting that the legal identities of women were more developed in earlier centuries and experienced a significant retrenchment in more modern times. The causes and implications of these historical developments will be analyzed.
A Historical Perspective on Administrative Jurisdiction in Latin America: Continental European Tradition versus U.S. Influence
Authors: Perlingeiro Ricardo 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
From the perspective of U.S. influence, this text analyses the history of administrative jurisdiction, starting from the 19th Century, in the 19 Latin American countries of Iberian origin (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela). The analysis includes the U.S. unified judicial system (generalized courts) and procedural due process of law to decisions by the administrative authorities, the fertile field of primary jurisdiction, which is in conflict with the Continental European tradition firmly established in Latin American administrative law. While setting out the contradictions of administrative jurisdiction in Latin American countries that result from importing rules without putting them in the proper context, the text seeks to identify trends and create perspective to build a model of administrative justice specific to Latin America, drawing on the accumulated experience of the United States and Continental Europe.
Photosynthesis and calcification in two Halimeda species from Phuket, Thailand
Authors: Kaewsrikhaw Ratchanee , Prathep Anchana , Darakrai Anuchit , Beer Sven 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Calcification rates, as well as rates of photosynthetic inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake and relative electron transport (rETR), were measured by alkalinity titrations and pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry in a simple experimental set up for Halimeda macroloba and Halimeda borneensis from Tangkhen Bay, Phuket, Thailand. While calcification was saturated at bulk seawater concentrations of ~0.3 and ~0.2 mm CO3
2-, respectively, for the two species, photosynthetic Ci uptake was saturated at ~1.0 and 0.6 mm HCO3
-, respectively. Thus, the normal seawater concentrations of these two Ci forms (0.3 mm CO3
2- and 1.7 mm HCO3
-) were viewed as saturating for both processes. rETR increased towards the end of the incubations as a function of irradiance despite the decrease in Ci uptake. This implies that part of the photosynthetic electron flow was diverted to processes other than CO2 reduction under Ci-limiting conditions, and shows that fluorometry is not a good way to estimate photosynthetic efficiencies under such conditions. Based on the responses to pH and Ci reported here, we estimate that the predicted range of ocean acidification for 2100 will still allow for positive rates of calcification in these two Halimeda species.
Hemolysis rates in blood samples: differences between blood collected by clinicians and nurses and the effect of phlebotomy training
Authors: Cadamuro Janne , von Meyer Alexander , Wiedemann Helmut , Klaus Felder Thomas , Moser Franziska , Kipman Ulrike , Haschke-Becher Elisabeth , Mrazek Cornelia , Simundic Ana-Maria 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background:
Hemolytic samples are one of the most challenging preanalytical issues in laboratory medicine. Even causes leading to hemolytic specimen are various, including phlebotomy practices. Respective educational interventions as well as the reduction of the number of people involved in blood collections are claimed to influence the sample quality for the better. In our hospital 70 junior doctors were in charge of routine phlebotomy until 2012, when this task was shifted to 874 nurses, including a preceding training in phlebotomy and preanalytics. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of this training effect and the increase of people involved on sample quality.

Methods:
The hemolysis index (HI) of 43,875 samples was measured before (n=21,512) and after (n=22,363) the switch of blood collection responsibilities. Differences in overall hemolysis rates and the amount of plasma samples with a concentration of free hemoglobin (fHb) above 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L were calculated.

Results:
Overall HI as well as the percentage of samples with an fHb concentration >0.5 g/L decreased after the responsibility for phlebotomy changed. The rate of samples with an fHb concentration >1 g/L remained unchanged.

Conclusions:
Hemolysis rates were reduced upon passing phlebotomy tasks from untrained physicians on to a trained nursing staff. We therefore conclude that the number of people performing phlebotomy seems to play a minor role, compared to the effect of a standardized training. However, whether a reduction in the number of people involved in blood collection could lead to further improvement of sample quality, remains to be investigated in future studies.
A Simulation of Claus Process Via Aspen Hysys for Sulfur Recovery
Authors: Nabgan Walid , Abdullah Tuan Amran Tuan , Nabgan Bahador , Ripin Adnan , Kidam Kamarizan Bin , Saeh Ibrahim , Moghadamian Kamal 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In refineries, due to the environmental pollutions, sulfur content in petroleum need be reduced. The incineration process is used for sulfur recovery system which is not friendly process to the environment and needs high temperature. This actual process exhaust high amount of SO2 from the incinerator stack to the environment. The Claus process is the best method to recover sulfur from acid gases that contain hydrogen sulfide. The particular reaction for sulfur removal from sour gas is hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sulfur dioxide (SO2) reformation (2H2S+O2=S2+2H2O). The aim of this study is to get a simulation that is suitable for the characterization of sulfur recovery units. The experimental design for this study was collected from a petroleum refinery located in Iran. This experimental relation supports us to gather with definite consistency that is normally not available online for such process. Aspen HYSYS v8.8 software was used to simulate the Claus process by reactors and component splitters. The result shows the complete conversion of sour gas to product. The simulation protects the environmental impact by SO2 emission. This behavior can be reproduced by this HYSYS design very well. It was found that the BURNAIR feed composition and molar flow is the only factors which can affect the hydrogen sulfide conversion. The sulfur mole fraction increased only in the range of 0.94 to 0.98 by increasing N2 from 0.7 to 0.9.
Determination of the elasto-plastic material characteristics of Norway spruce and European beech wood by experimental and numerical analyses
Authors: Milch Jaromír , Tippner Jan , Sebera Václav , Brabec Martin 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Experimental and numerical analyses are presented concerning of compression tests parallel and perpendicular to the grain, three-point bending, and double-shear joints in compliance with the relevant test standards (ASTM D2395, BS 373, EN 383 and EN 26891). Woods of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were tested to describe their non-linear behavior. Elasto-plastic material models were the basis for the finite-element (FE) analyses with the input of own experimental data and those of the literature. The elasto-plastic material model with non-linear isotropic hardening was applied based on the Hill yield criterion in regions of uniaxial compression. The material characteristics were first optimized and validated by means of basic 3D FE models under the same conditions as applied for the experiments. Afterwards, the validated material models were implemented into the solver with more complex numerical analyses of wooden dowel joints. Concurrently, the digital image correlation (DIC) served for verification of the numerical wooden joint models. A good agreement (with a relative error up to 16%) was found between numerically predicted and experimentally measured data. The differences may be mainly attributed to some natural characteristics of wood which were not considered in the proposed material models. The proposed elasto-plastic material models are capable of predicting the wood’s ultimate strength, and therefore could contribute to a more reliable design of wood structures and their performance.
The role of ghrelin in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
Authors: Alamri Bader N. , Shin Kyungsoo , Chappe Valerie , Anini Younes 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid (aa) stomach-derived peptide discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R). Ghrelin-producing cells constitute a distinct group of endocrine cells dispersed throughout the gastric mucosa and to a lesser extent in the small intestine and the endocrine pancreas. Ghrelin plasma levels rise during fasting and chronic caloric restriction to stimulate food intake and fat storage and to prevent life-threatening falls in blood glucose. Plasma ghrelin levels decrease after a meal is consumed and in conditions of energy surplus (such as obesity). Ghrelin has emerged as a key player in the regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis. Ghrelin achieves these functions through binding the ghrelin receptor GHS-R in appetite-regulating neurons and in peripheral metabolic organs including the endocrine pancreas. Ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance. In addition, ghrelin secretion is impaired in obesity and insulin resistance. Several studies highlight an important role for ghrelin in glucose homeostasis. Genetic, immunological, and pharmacological blockade of ghrelin signaling resulted in improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, exogenous ghrelin administration was shown to decrease glucose-induced insulin release and increase glucose level in both humans and rodents. GHS-R was shown to be expressed in pancreatic β-cells and ghrelin suppressed insulin release via a Ca2+-mediated pathway. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of recent advances in the field that focuses on the role of insulin and insulin resistance in the regulation of ghrelin secretion and on the role of ghrelin in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).
Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene in a Micro Trickle Bed Catalytic Reactor under Operating Conditions from Reactive Distillation
Authors: García-Martínez J. C. , Dutta A. , Chávez G. , De los Reyes J. A. , Castillo-Araiza C. O. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) is investigated over a commercial NiMoP/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in a micro trickled bed reactor (Micro-TBR) at operating conditions of a reactive distillation (RD) column. An analysis with and without reaction is carried out to have a first understanding on the complex interaction between kinetics and transport phenomena. A set of well-accepted criteria is evaluated to elucidate the presence of heat and mass transport limitations. Residence time distribution (RTD) experiments are performed to evaluate axial dispersion through the estimation of axial dispersion coefficient (Daxial,L) from a convection-dispersion model. Experiments with reaction are carried out using hydrogen and DBT as feedstock at reaction temperatures from 533 to 599 K, pressures from 1.5 to 2.5 MPa and inlet molar flow of DBT from 4 to 12×10–8 mol.s–1. A pseudo heterogeneous model accounting for mass transport limitations is used to describe experiments under reaction conditions. The main findings can be summarized as follows: most of RD operating conditions lead to the presence of interfacial mass transport limitations at both interfaces L-S and G-L; convection-dispersion model is able to describe satisfactorily RTD observations, suggesting that axial dispersion phenomena are negligible; conversion of DBT ranges from ca. 22 to 90% having a selectivity to by-product molecules from 30 to 80%, respectively; and the pseudo heterogeneous reaction model describes observations adequately obtaining activation energies ranging from 49 to 62 kJ mol–1 at pressures from 1.5 to 2.5 MPa, respectively. Estimated activation energies are comparatively lower than the activation energies reported in literature for the conventional HDS process, i.e. 40–160 kJ.mol–1, thereby suggesting an apparent catalytic energy savings by using RD technology.
Surface Modification of the ZnO Nanoparticles with γ-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane and Study of Their Photocatalytic Activity, Optical Properties and Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Rabin Nurun Nahar , Morshed Jannatul , Akhter Hashi , Islam Md. Saidul , Hossain Md. Asjad , Elias Md , Alam Md. Mahbubul , Karim M R , Hasnat M A , uddin Md. Nizam , Siddiquey Iqbal Ahmed 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Surface modification of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) with γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES) was investigated. Successful surface modification of the nanoparticles was confirmed experimentally by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effect of the surface modifier concentration on the grafting density and surface area was studied by CHN elemental analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The photocatalytic activity and UV shielding ability of the surface-modified particles prepared in water-ethanol solvent in the presence of the surface modifiers were compared to those of non-modified particles. As a case study, It was observed by methylene blue (MB) dye degradation experiment that the photocatalytic activity in the presence of modified nanoparticles was lower than that observed with non-modified ZnO nanoparticles. Dispersion stability tests visually showed that APTES grafted nanoparticles had acquired better stability than non-modified ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous solution.
Clear and positive identity as an attribute of an effective leader
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Wu Florence K.Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn many adolescent developmental models, it is proposed that having a clear and positive identity is an important developmental task for adolescents. In this paper, the conception of positive and healthy identity and the related theories are outlined and the determinants and effects of having a positive and healthy identity are presented. The relationship between healthy and positive identity and leadership is then explored. Finally, the question of knowing how positive and healthy identity can be promoted is examined. Issues surrounding the ways of how to teach students to develop the attribute of having a clear and positive identity as a leader are discussed.
Resilience as a focus of a subject on leadership and intrapersonal development
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Leung Hildie 
Published: May 2016

AbstractResilience is an important construct in the positive youth development literature. In this paper, the definition and concept of resilience are introduced. The relationships between resilience and adolescent development as well as leadership are also addressed. To help students develop qualities on resilience, a lecture on resilience is developed in a subject entitled “Tomorrow’s Leaders”. The objectives, intended learning outcomes, lecture outline and lecture materials are presented in this paper. Some issues surrounding the teaching of this lecture are discussed.
Developing self-leadership and responsibility and moving away from egocentrism
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Leung Hildie 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo lead others, successful leaders must first, be able to lead themselves. Hence, self-leadership is an important element of leadership development for university students. In this paper, the definitions of self-leadership and responsibility are introduced. Their impacts on effective leadership are also addressed. In addition, the concept of egocentrism as a barrier to effective leadership and adolescent development is highlighted. To facilitate the development of self-leadership and responsibility in adolescents, a lecture on self-leadership, responsibility, and egocentrism is designed in the curriculum of a university subject entitled “Tomorrow’s Leaders”. The objectives, intended learning outcomes, lecture outline and materials are presented in this paper. Issues surrounding this lecture are discussed.
Levels of reflection on teaching a leadership and positive youth development subject
Authors: Leung Hildie 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo promote holistic development in Chinese university students in Hong Kong, a general education subject entitled “Tomorrow’s Leaders” was developed and has been fully implemented in the new 4-year university curriculum since 2012. In the present article, the Onion Model is used as a framework for conducting systematic teacher reflection to enhance professional development. Challenges and issues central to the environment, behavior, competencies, beliefs, identity, and mission, as experienced and observed by a teacher of a leadership and positive youth development subject in Hong Kong, are discussed. Issues include the Hong Kong education environment, the impact of reinforcement, and the role of culture in teaching and learning, as well as postulations on leadership and human development. The article concludes with implications of the core reflection on my personal development.
Subjective outcome evaluation of a university subject on leadership and intrapersonal development
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Liang Jianqiang , Law Moon Y.M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFirst-year undergraduate students (n=890) responded to a 48-item subjective outcome evaluation scale (SOES) after taking a leadership subject at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in the second semester of the 2012–2013 academic year. Consistent with our expectation, factor analyses showed that the scale contains three dimensions (program, instructor and benefits). Results showed that students had positive perceptions of the program contents and the instructors, and most of the students perceived the subject to be beneficial to their development in different areas. As predicted, perceived qualities of the program and instructors were significant predictors of the perceived effectiveness of the program. Perceived qualities of the program, instructors and benefits predicted student’s overall satisfaction with the program.
Non-diabetic clinical applications of insulin
Authors: Benni Jyoti M. , Patil Paragouda A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background:
Introducing a new drug to the market is a time-consuming process, is complex, and involves consumption of a lot of resources. Therefore, discovering new uses for the old drugs (i.e. drug repurposing) benefits the patients by providing them time-tested drugs. With developments in insulin therapy still happening, it is worth keeping up to date on trends in the use of this powerful glucose-lowering agent. The aim of this article is to explore the potential non-diabetic clinical applications of insulin.

Methods:
Literature survey was carried out through the various scientific journals publishing experimental and clinical research papers regarding the diverse applications of insulin other than in diabetes mellitus. These applications include both therapeutic as well as diagnostic uses of insulin. The relevant information collected from these publications was paraphrased in the present paper.

Results:
On studying the literature, the non-diabetic uses of insulin include the following: wound healing, parenteral nutrition, antiaging, body building, cardioprotection in acute coronary syndromes, insulin tolerance test to test the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, cell culture, cancer treatment, organ preservation, and management of septic shock, calcium channel, β-blocker overdose and other critical illnesses in intensive care units.

Conclusions:
This review attempts to survey some interesting new applications of insulin other than in diabetes mellitus.