bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of increased tropical moisture in southeast Australian alpine precipitation during ENSO
Authors: Theobald Alison , McGowan Hamish 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn understanding of past atmospheric variability during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is critical for informing debate on current and future changes in precipitation in a warming world. Here we show that atmospheric moisture content over much of Australia during inflow‐generating precipitation days (≥10 mm d−1) associated with La Niña (El Niño) events has increased (decreased) over the period 1958–2015. This is most notable in tropical latitudes which are the source of moisture of most precipitation ≥ 10 mm in southeast Australia (SEA). These trends are consistent with climate model projections and increases in tropical sea surface temperatures since the 1950s. They confirm that enhanced tropical ocean forcing of interannual climate variability through ENSO due to global warming is changing the hydroclimate of midlatitudes and in‐turn will require major changes to water resource use and management.
Under ice habitats for Antarctic krill larvae: Could less mean more under climate warming?
Authors: Melbourne‐Thomas J. , Corney S. P. , Trebilco R. , Meiners K. M. , Stevens R. P. , Kawaguchi S. , Sumner M. D. , Constable A. J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOverwintering of larvae underneath Antarctic pack ice is a critical stage in the life cycle of Antarctic krill. However, there are no circumpolar assessments of available habitat for larval krill, making it difficult to evaluate how climate change may impact this life stage. We use outputs from a circumpolar sea ice model, together with a set of simple assumptions regarding key habitat features, to identify possible regions of larval krill habitat around Antarctica during winter. We assume that the location and suitability of habitat is determined by both food availability and three‐dimensional complexity of the sea ice. A comparison of the combined area of these regions under current conditions with a warm climate scenario indicates that while total areal sea ice extent decreases, there is a consistently larger area of potential larval krill habitat under warm conditions. These findings suggest that decreases in sea ice extent may not necessarily be detrimental for krill populations.
Impact of model resolution for on‐shelf heat transport along the West Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Graham Jennifer A , Dinniman Michael S , Klinck John M 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe flux of warm deep water onto Antarctic continental shelves plays a vital role in determining water mass properties adjacent to the continent. A regional model, with two different grid resolutions, has been used to simulate ocean processes along the West Antarctic Peninsula. At both 4 km and 1.5 km resolution, the model reproduces the locations of warm intrusions, as shown through comparison with observations from instrumented seals. However, the 1.5 km simulation shows greater on‐shelf heat transport, leading to improved representation of heat content on the shelf. This increased heat transport is associated with increased eddy activity, both at the shelf‐break and in the deep ocean off‐shore. Cross‐shelf troughs are key locations of on‐shelf heat transport. Comparison of two troughs, Belgica and Marguerite, shows differing responses to increased resolution. At higher resolution, there is an increased on‐shelf volume transport at Belgica Trough, but not at Marguerite Trough. This is likely related to the differing structure of the shelf‐break jet between these two locations. The increased heat flux at Marguerite Trough is attributed to increased heat content in the on‐shelf transport. Increased eddy activity off‐shelf may lead to greater cross‐front heat transport, and therefore increased heat available above the continental slope. While these simulations differ in their magnitude of heat transport, both show similar patterns of variability. Variations in wind stress lead to variations in speed of the shelf‐break jet, and therefore on‐shelf heat transport. These results demonstrate the importance of model resolution for understanding cross‐shelf transport around Antarctica.
Observations and modeling of a tidal inlet dye tracer plume
Authors: Feddersen Falk , Olabarrieta Maitane , Guza R. T. , Winters D. , Raubenheimer Britt , Elgar Steve 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA 9 km long tracer plume was created by continuously releasing Rhodamine WT dye for 2.2 h during ebb tide within the southern edge of the main tidal channel at New River Inlet, NC on 7 May 2012, with highly obliquely incident waves and alongshore winds. Over 6 h from release, COAWST (coupled ROMS and SWAN, including wave, wind, and tidal forcing) modeled dye compares well with (aerial hyperspectral and in situ) observed dye concentration. Dye first was transported rapidly seaward along the main channel and partially advected across the ebb‐tidal shoal until reaching the offshore edge of the shoal. Dye did not eject offshore in an ebb‐tidal jet because the obliquely incident breaking waves retarded the inlet‐mouth ebb‐tidal flow and forced currents along the ebb shoal. The dye plume largely was confined to <4 m depth. Dye was then transported downcoast in the narrow (few 100 m wide) surfzone of the beach bordering the inlet at 0.3
driven by wave breaking. Over 6 h, the dye plume is not significantly affected by buoyancy. Observed dye mass balances close indicating all released dye is accounted for. Modeled and observed dye behaviors are qualitatively similar. The model simulates well the evolution of the dye center of mass, lateral spreading, surface area, and maximum concentration, as well as regional (“inlet” and “ocean”) dye mass balances. This indicates that the model represents well the dynamics of the ebb‐tidal dye plume. Details of the dye transport pathways across the ebb shoal are modeled poorly perhaps owing to low‐resolution and smoothed model bathymetry. Wave forcing effects have a large impact on the dye transport.
Precipitation microphysics characteristics of a Typhoon Matmo (2014) rainband after landfall over eastern China based on polarimetric radar observations
Authors: Wang Mingjun , Zhao Kun , Xue Ming , Zhang Guifu , Liu Su , Wen Long , Chen Gang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe evolution of microphysical characteristics of a rainband in Typhoon Matmo (2014) over eastern China, through its onset, developing, mature, and dissipating stages, is documented using observations from an S band polarimetric Doppler radar and a two‐dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD). The drop size distributions observed by the 2DVD and retrieved from the polarimetric radar measurements indicate that the convection in the rainband generally contains smaller drops and higher number concentrations than the typical maritime type convection described in Bringi et al. (2003). The average mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm) of convective precipitation in the rainband is about 1.41 mm, and the average logarithmic normalized intercept (Nw) is 4.67 log10 mm−1 m−3. To further investigate the dominant microphysical processes, the evolution of the vertical structures of polarimetric variables is examined. Results show that complex ice processes are involved above the freezing level, while it is most likely that the accretion and/or coalescence processes dominate below the freezing level throughout the rainband life cycle. A combined examination of the polarimetric measurements and profiles of estimated vertical liquid and ice water contents indicates that the conversion of cloud water into rainwater through cloud water accretion by raindrops plays a dominant role in producing heavy rainfall. The high estimated precipitation efficiency of 50% also suggests that cloud water accretion is the dominant mechanism for producing heavy rainfall. This study represents the first time that radar and 2DVD observations are used together to characterize the microphysical characteristics and precipitation efficiency for typhoon rainbands in China.
Manipulation of Amorphous‐to‐Crystalline Transformation: Towards the Construction of Covalent Organic Framework Hybrid Microspheres with NIR Photothermal Conversion Ability
Authors: Tan Jing , Namuangruk Supawadee , Kong Weifu , Kungwan Nawee , Guo Jia , Wang Changchun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn approach to transforming amorphous organic networks into crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with retention of the colloidal nanosize and uniform morphology is presented. Specifically, Fe3O4 nanoclusters are encapsulated by a disordering polyimine network via the Schiff‐base reaction. The formed imine bonds could be reconstructed under thermodynamic control to reform the polyimine networks into imine‐linked COFs in situ. Such a core–shell microsphere exhibits the uniform size and spherical shape, controllable COF shell thickness, accessible surface modification, and improved solution dispersibility as well as maintenance of high surface area, periodic micropores, and superior magnetic responsiveness. Additionally, the photothermal conversion effect is demonstrated for the first time on the nanoCOF layers upon exposure to near infrared light, providing convincing evidence for potential use in phototherapy.
Atom‐Efficient Synthesis of Alkynylfluoroborates Using BF3‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Iashin Vladimir , Chernichenko Konstantin , Pápai Imre , Repo Timo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA sterically demanding amine, 1,2,2,6,6‐pentamethylpiperidine (PMP), forms a highly reactive Lewis acid–base pair with boron trifluoride. This pair reacts with terminal acetylenes to give the products of C(sp)−H borylation, previously unknown tri‐ and tetraalkynylboron compounds. Trialkynylfluoroborates can serve as surrogates of alkynyltrifluoroborates for C−C coupling reactions. Using aqueous NaOH, PMP can be recovered from its tetrafluoroborate salt, which is formed as a C−H borylation byproduct. Combining the discovered borylation reactivity with the PMP recovery provides a straightforward and atom‐efficient approach to synthetically useful alkynylfluoroborates.
Nickel‐ and Photoredox‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides with 4‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines as Formal Nucleophilic Alkylation Reagents
Authors: Nakajima Kazunari , Nojima Sunao , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA combination of nickel and photoredox catalysts promoted novel cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with 4‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines. 4‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines act as formal nucleophilic alkylation reagents through a photoredox‐catalyzed carbon–carbon (C−C) bond‐cleavage process. The present strategy provides an alternative to classical carbon‐centered nucleophiles, such as organometallic reagents.
Octulene: A Hyperbolic Molecular Belt that Binds Chloride Anions
Authors: Majewski Marcin A. , Hong Yongseok , Lis Tadeusz , Gregoliński Janusz , Chmielewski Piotr J. , Cybińska Joanna , Kim Dongho , Stępień Marcin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOctulene, the higher homologue of kekulene and septulene, was synthesized using the fold‐in method. This new hydrocarbon macrocycle contains a large 24‐membered inner circuit, which is peripherally fused to 24 benzene rings. Such an arrangement produces considerable hyperbolic distortion of the π‐conjugated surface. The consequences of distortion in octulene were explored using photophysical methods, which revealed a reduced electronic band gap and greater flexibility of the π system. Octulene contains a functional cavity with a diameter larger than 5.5 Å that is capable of efficiently binding the chloride anion in a nonpolar solvent (Ka= 2.2(4)×104 m−1, 1 % dichloromethane (DCM) in benzene). The octulene–chloride interaction is stabilized by eight weak C(sp2)H⋅⋅⋅Cl bonds, providing the first example of a hydrocarbon‐based anion receptor.
Alternative technology for reducing bromine index value of industrial benzene feedstock
Authors: Suriye Kongkiat 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAlternative technology for reducing the bromine index value, which represents trace impurity of unsaturated hydrocarbon, in the industrial benzene feedstock was systematically developed in this study using the adsorption approach. Effects of different physicochemical properties of MCM‐22, Na‐Y, HY, and ZSM‐5 on the reduction of the bromine index value were investigated under ambient temperature and pressure. It was found that the molecular sieve approach by using the medium pore size zeolite and strong interaction between the adsorbent and unsaturated hydrocarbon by using the lower SiO2:Al2O3 molar ratio were the key factors for designing the right adsorbent for this industrial application. Most of unsaturated hydrocarbon impurity was finally removed from the industrial benzene feedstock resulting in nearly zero of the bromine index value after passed through the right adsorbent with maximum adsorption capacity of 78.6 wt%. Adsorption's active site was also determined in this study revealing that this adsorption technology was active site insensitive process. This adsorption technology has been started up in the commercial scale by SCG Chemicals since 2010 which can overcome various drawbacks of the existing technology. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental investigation of continuous conductivity measurements during emulsion polymerizations having unstable/high‐fouling reaction mixture
Authors: Farshchi Tabrizi Farshad , Fadaee Mohammad Mahdi 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTConductimetry is one of the online monitoring techniques employed for emulsion polymerization reactions, which can give continuous information about nucleation and growth of particles. The most important factor affecting conductivity sensors performance especially contacting (resistance) types is fouling. To investigate the consequences of fouling, four monomers with different tendencies for fouling were selected: methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, styrene, and butadiene. Two types of conductivity sensors were also selected to continuously measure conductivity: a two‐electrode sensor and an inductive sensor, and the performance of these sensors were evaluated based on some criteria such as conductivity behavior, amount of fluctuation, change in cell constant, repeatability, and status of the minimum of conductivity. The results obtained from the contacting sensor showed that fouling significantly decreased the performance of this sensor in different ways even in reaction mixtures having moderate fouling rates. However, the inductive conductivity sensor provided the possibility of reliably measuring conductivity during very high‐fouling and highly unstable emulsion polymerizations with very good repeatability. The capabilities of this sensor also allowed an exact recognition of the important points in the conductivity curves particularly the minimum of conductivity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44446.
Synthesis of solvatochromic merocyanine dyes and their immobilization to polymers
Authors: Nordhaus Mark A. , Krongauz Vadim V. , Hai Ton That 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTSolvatochromic merocyanine dyes were immobilized onto polymer surfaces and copolymerized with acrylic resins, yielding novel reversibly solvatochromic polymers, which were used as solvent polarity indicators that exhibited different colors in water and alcohols. To generate solvatochromic polymer for solvent polarity indication, two solvatochromic merocyanine dyes containing moieties, which allow their immobilization onto polymer surfaces, or copolymerization with acrylic and vinyl monomers, were sequentially synthesized in four and six steps. Merocyanine dye (E)‐2‐(2‐(1‐(6‐aminohexyl)pyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl)‐4,6‐dichlorophenolate (AHPVD) was prepared with a terminal aminohexyl group which allowed covalent bonding to activated carboxylated or sulfonated polymeric materials. The dyes were covalently bonded to the polymer surfaces, such as, nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, and silicone. Solvatochromic merocyanine dye (E)‐2‐(2‐(1‐(6‐acrylamidohexyl)pyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl)‐4,6‐dichlorophenolate (AAPVD) was synthesized for radical copolymerization with acrylate and vinyl monomers and oligomers. Side‐chain solvatochromic merocyanine‐containing hydrophilic polymers with differential water and alcohol absorption were obtained upon photoinitiated radical copolymerization with specially formulated acrylated resins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44451.
A molecular imprinted polymer on the surface of superparamagnetic Fe3O4–graphene oxide (MIP@Fe3O4@GO) for simultaneous recognition and enrichment of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in Evodiae fructus
Authors: Fan Jie‐Ping , Liao Dan‐Dan , Xie Yan‐Long , Zheng Bing , Yu Jia‐Xin , Cao Ya‐Hui , Zhang Xue‐Hong , Peng Hai‐Long 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTA composite material (MIP@Fe3O4@GO) based on molecular imprinted polymer (MIP), superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles and graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the chemical coprecipitation method, and used to simultaneously separate and enrich two alkaloids (evodiamine and rutaecarpine) in the extract of Evodiae fructus. The as‐prepared MIP@Fe3O4@GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, competitive adsorption, and reusability of MIP@Fe3O4@GO were also investigated. The results revealed that MIP@Fe3O4@GO was sensitive to the magnetic field and could be easily separated using an external magnet; MIP@Fe3O4@GO showed good recognition selectivity, as well as simultaneous enrichment and separation abilities for evodiamine and rutaecarpine in the extract of E. fructus with satisfactory recoveries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44465.
Synthesis and properties of ultralow dielectric constant porous polyimide films containing trifluoromethyl groups
Authors: Li Jianwei , Zhang Guangcheng , Zhu Qi , Li Jiantong , Zhang Hongming , Jing Zhanxin 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTIn this research, a series of porous copolyimide (co‐PI) films containing trifluoromethyl group (CF3) were facilely prepared via a phase separation process. The co‐PI were synthesized by the reaction of benzophenone‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) with two diamines of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) and 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4,4'‐diaminodiphenyl ether (FODA) with various molar ratios. The flexible and tough porous co‐PI films with about 300 μm thickness and 8∼10 μm average diameter could be obtained by solution casting conveniently. The thermal properties of the obtained porous co‐PI films were excellent with a glass transition temperature at 270 °C ∼ 280 °C and only 5% weight loss in temperature from 530 °C to 560 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, the dielectric and hydrophobic properties of porous co‐PI films were remarkably improved owing to the presence of trifluoromethyl groups (CF3) in the polymer chains. Moreover, our synthesized porous co‐PI films also showed good mechanical properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44494.
Toward a sustainable biorefinery using high‐gravity technology
Authors: Xiros Charilaos , Janssen Matty , Byström Roberth , Børresen Børre T. , Cannella David , Jørgensen Henning , Koppram Rakesh , Larsson Christer , Olsson Lisbeth , Tillman Anne‐Marie , Wännström Sune 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe realization of process solutions for a sustainable bioeconomy depends on the efficient processing of biomass. High‐gravity technology is one important alternative to realizing such solutions. The aims of this work were to expand the knowledge‐base on lignocellulosic bioconversion processes at high solids content, to advance the current technologies for production of second‐generation liquid biofuels, to evaluate the environmental impact of the proposed process by using life cycle assessment (LCA), and to develop and present a technically, economically, and environmentally sound process at high gravity, i.e., a process operating at the highest possible concentrations of raw material. The results and opinions presented here are the result of a Nordic collaborative study within the framework of the HG Biofuels project. Processes with bioethanol or biobutanol as target products were studied using wheat straw and spruce as interesting Nordic raw materials. During the project, the main scientific, economic, and technical challenges of such a process were identified. Integrated solutions to these challenges were proposed and tested experimentally, using wheat straw and spruce wood at a dry matter content of 30% (w/w) as model substrates. The LCA performed revealed the environmental impact of each of the process steps, highlighting the importance of the enzyme dose used for the hydrolysis of the plant biomass, as well as the importance of the fermentation yield. © 2016 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efavirenz does not meaningfully affect the single dose pharmacokinetics of 1200 mg raltegravir
Authors: Krishna Rajesh , East Lilly , Larson Patrick , Siringhaus Tara , Herpok Lisa , Bethel‐Brown Crystal , Manthos Helen , Brejda John , Gartner Michael 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRaltegravir is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor currently marketed at a dose of 400 mg twice daily (BID). Raltegravir for once daily regimen (QD) at a dose of 1200 mg (2 x 600 mg) is under development and offers a new treatment option for HIV‐1 infected treatment‐naive subjects. Since raltegravir is eliminated mainly by metabolism via an UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1 A1‐mediated glucuronidation pathway, co‐administration of UGT1A1 inducers may alter plasma levels of raltegravir. Efavirenz, an UGT1A1 inducer, was used to assess the impact of altered UGT activity on a 1200 mg QD dose of raltegravir. An open label, randomized, 2‐period fixed‐sequence Phase 1 study was performed in adult healthy male and female subjects (non‐childbearing potential) ≥ 19 and ≤55 years of age, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 and ≤32.0 kg/m2. Subjects (n = 21) received a single oral dose of 1200 mg raltegravir at bedtime on an empty stomach on Day 1 in Period 1. After a washout period of at least 7 days, subjects received oral doses of 600 mg efavirenz QD at bedtime for 14 consecutive days in Period 2. Subjects received a single oral dose of 1200 mg raltegravir co‐administered with 600 mg efavirenz on Day 12 of Period 2. Pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected for 72 hours following raltegravir dosing and analyzed using a validated bioanalytical method to quantify raltegravir plasma concentrations. PK parameters were estimated using non‐compartmental analysis. Administration of single 1200 mg oral doses of raltegravir alone and co‐administered with multiple oral doses of efavirenz were generally well tolerated in healthy subjects. Co‐administration with efavirenz yielded geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and their associated 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs) for raltegravir AUC0‐∞, Cmax, and C24 of 0.86 (0.73, 1.01), 0.91 (0.70, 1.17), and 0.94 (0.76, 1.17), respectively. The results show that efavirenz modestly reduced the exposure of raltegravir. The reduction in raltegravir exposure is not considered clinically meaningful. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.