bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alteraciones en la superficie ocular y en la película lagrimal en fumadores activos
Authors: Ramírez Paola , Rodríguez Martha Fabiola 
Published: November 2015

<p>El consumo de cigarrillo es un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares, pulmonares, de piel y mucosas. Objetivo: evaluar las alteraciones en la calidad y en la cantidad de la película lagrimal, así como en la superficie ocular, en sujetos fumadores activos y en no fumadores. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional-transversal. Se incluyeron 30 sujetos fumadores y 30 no fumadores, con edades entre los 18 y los 40 años. Se aplicó una encuesta de antecedentes. Quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión firmaron el consentimiento informado y se les realizó BUT, Schirmer con anestesia, tinción con fluoresceína y citología de impresión. Se usaron la prueba de Mann-Whitney, chi cuadrado y la razón de prevalencia (RP). Resultados: en el grupo de fumadores se encontró una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la calidad de la película lagrimal (p = 0,000) y aumento significativo en el grado de metaplasia escamosa (p = 0,001), con respecto al grupo de no fumadores. La prevalencia de alteraciones en la película lagrimal fue del 76,7 % en los fumadores (cantidad: 20 % y calidad: 76,7 %). El 60 % presentó algún cambio en la superficie ocular (córnea: 10 % y metaplasia escamosa: 56,7 %). Se estableció una RP de 1,5 (IC 95 %: 0,94-2,0) entre el hábito de fumar y el BUT, y una RP = 2,3 (IC 95 %: 1,8-2,9) entre el hábito de fumar y el grado de metaplasia escamosa conjuntival. Conclusiones: el consumo de cigarrillo mostró una asociación con la disminución en la calidad de la película lagrimal y el aumento en el grado de metaplasia escamosa conjuntival.</p>
Manejo optométrico de baja visión asociada a macroadenoma hipofisiario
Authors: Gutiérrez Melgarejo Diana 
Published: November 2015

<p>El macroadenoma hipofisiario es un tumor de diámetro superior a 10 mm ubicado en la hipófisis, con una prevalencia del 0,20 % en población viva no seleccionada. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen alteraciones visuales tales como defectos en el campo visual (CV) debidos al desplazamiento del quiasma óptico de su posición inicial. La prevalencia de los defectos del CV varía del 32 % al 96 % y generalmente se encuentra hemianopsia bitemporal. Estos pacientes raramente se manejan de manera itegral y son considerados como pacientes con baja visión según la OMS. De aquí la importancia del conocimiento del manejo optpmétrico integral en estos casos</p>
Lente escleral en paciente con quemadura ocular por álcalis
Authors: Alfonso Rojas Carlos Augusto , Pizza Barrios Rosario 
Published: November 2015

<p>Se presenta el caso de un paciente que sufrió una quemadura química ocular con álcalis (cal) en el ojo derecho y que fue tratado por el servicio de córnea y enfermedades externas con inyección subconjuntival de bevacizumab y posterior transplante de células limbales de tipo autólogo. En la evaluación por el servicio de contactología, 4 años después, se presentó agudeza visual isminuida, con astigmatismo irregular alto y aberraciones corneanas de alto orden elevadas que no podían ser corregidas con anteojos; así mismo, en la biomicroscopía se observó conjuntivilización entre las 3 y las 9 en la región superior, con opacidad difusa de la córnea y neovascularización y disfunción severa del sistema lagrimal. Por lo anterior, como tratamiento se realizó una adaptación de lente de soporte escleral en el ojo afectado, que logró recuperación en la agudeza visual, disminución de las aberraciones ópticas corneanas de alto orden y formación de una cámara húmeda por la interfase lente-córnea, que mejoró la regularización óptica de la superficie ocular. El paciente se rehabilitó funcional y terapéuticamente por medio de la adaptación del lente escleral, llamado también queratoprótesis de superficie ocular tipo Boston.</p>
Prevalencia de las disfunciones en los movimientos sacádicos, habilidades perceptuales visuales e integración visomotora en niños emétropes entre seis y siete años de estratos 1 y 2 de la ciudad de Bogotá
Authors: Durán Sandra , Martínez Garay Catalina , Camacho Montoya Marcela 
Published: November 2015

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p>Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de disfunciones en los movimientos sacádicos, habilidades perceptuales visuales e integración visomotora en niños emétropes entre seis y siete años de estratos 1 y 2 de la ciudad de Bogotá. Este estudio hace parte del macro proyecto Influencia de las habilidades perceptuales visuales, la integración visomotora y los movimientos sacádicos en el proceso de lectoescritura. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional. Se evaluaron pacientes con edades entre seis y siete años. A los clínicamente emétropes se les aplicaron las pruebas TVPS-3 (habilidades visoperceptuales), Beery VMI (integración visomotora) y DEM (movimientos sacádicos). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó una base de datos en Excel para registrar los resultados de los test, y para el análisis bivariado se utilizaron pruebas de correlación en el programa SPSS. Resultados: en los niños de seis años se encontró prevalencia en disfunción visoperceptual en un 42,89 % (41/91), disfunción visomotora en 97,39 % (89/91) y disfunción en los movimientos sacádicos en 80,14 % (73/91). En los niños de siete años se encontró disfunción visoperceptual en 36,74 % (43/117), disfunción visomotora en un 100 % (117/117) y disfunción en los movimientos sacádicos en 61,19 % (81/117). Conclusiones: los niños de seis y siete años tienen una baja prevalencia de alteraciones de habilidades visoperceptuales, una alta prevalencia de disfunciones en la integración visomotora y una alta prevalencia de disfunciones en los movimientos sacádicos medidos por el DEM, donde predominan los tipos 3 y 4.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> </p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>
Ausentismo laboral en el centro de atención médica inmediata Vista Hermosa I nivel, empresa social del Estado
Authors: Bonilla Serrano Diana Carolina , Carrasco Espitia Lina Marcela , Florez Angélica Maria , Martínez Barbosa Lina Paola , Pardo Fagua Claudia Marcela , Jiménez Barbosa Wilson Giovanni 
Published: November 2015

<p>El ausentismo laboral es un fenómeno frecuente en las empresas, que se deriva de diversas causas y que genera un impacto negativo en el área económica y en el desarrollo de las actividades normales de los trabajadores, lo que da como resultado aumento en los costos y sobrecarga laboral para los demás empleados. Objetivo: establecer cuáles son las motivaciones de los profesionales de la salud en el Hospital Vista Hermosa nivel I, entidad de salud del Estado para ausentarse de sus turnos programados. Materiales y métodos: este estudio pretende un alcance técnico, requiere del análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de las variables que intervienen en la satisfacción laboral de los empleados del centro de atención médica inmediata (CAMI) Vista Hermosa. Resultados: existe un alto índice de permanencia del vínculo profesional con la empresa, que se representa en un 42 % de tiempo trabajado entre dos años y diez años, seguido de un 33 % de tiempo trabajado por más de diez años, lo que refleja estabilidad laboral y el interés de la entidad por mantener al personal de salud. Se encontró un alto grado de satisfacción, con un 42 %, seguido de un 25 % de empleados muy satisfechos. Este hallazgo se relaciona con las motivaciones y garantías que presta el hospital a sus empleados, representadas en el salario, facilidades para cambios de turno y bonificaciones anuales, entre otras. Conclusiones: en este estudio se conoció que las principales causas de ausentismo en el CAMI Vista Hermosa fueron incapacidad por enfermedad, retraso o ausencia por trabajo adicional y calamidad doméstica, lo que se asocia directamente con el hecho de que la empresa pertenece al sector salud, donde existe una carga laboral alta y una cultura de tener uno o más trabajos simultáneamente.</p><p> </p>
Extended Reach Drilling Solutions for 16-in. Versus 17 ½-in. Hole Size
Authors: Kasumov Ruslan , Sandy Adam , Shmakov Alexander 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
An operator is delivering complex extended-reach drilling (ERD) wells from an offshore platform and experiencing up to three weeks of nonproductive time (NPT) to pull out of hole (POOH) bottomhole assembly (BHA). Multiple BHA’s have been lost in the 17 ½-in. hole section in faults, and packing-off in unstable formations. Initially the root cause was identified to be hole cleaning, in particular, in the "heel" of the section-avalanche zone-extending 400m below the 18 5/8-in. casing shoe. Cleaning an ERD high angle (&gt;70°), large hole well is a well-known challenge. The initial solution was to reduce the hole size from 17 ½-in. to 16-in. while running the same casing string. This was done primarily to increase the annular velocity to improve hole cleaning. As we will see, as the Operator continued to analyze the problems, the root cause changed, as did the solutions, but 16-in. hole size was still the preferred hole size for the many benefits it brings. All risks associated with the change in hole size had to be understood and managed.
Solutions that were executed, included: trajectory optimization based on updated Geomechanics modelling, Extended Leak-off-tests, flat rheology drilling fluid, mud additives, cementing recipes, "fit for purpose" BHA design, Drilling/POOH/Casing running pre-job modeling and real time monitoring. All this helped to optimize the delivery of a "cemented-in-place 13 3/8-in." production casing for the most recent well in the Lunskoye gas field.
The optimized high angle 16-in. hole section was drilled from 1264m to 3806m Measured Depth (MD) (2542m length) at over 80° inclination. The 13 3/8-in. production casing was then run and cemented without any issues to the planned depth in this reduced hole size. Previously, the same size production casing was run on the project in 17 ½-in. sections. On this particular well the hole section was delivered 29 days ahead of the planned approved for expenditure (AFE) time of 55 days. Additional benefits gained by drilling a smaller hole size were savings of 67 m3 of cement and 110 m3 of drilling fluid. Two logistic boat trips were also saved due to fewer materials required. The method also increases the cuttings re-injection (CRI) capability and longevity, bringing additional long-term savings.
The successful drilling of this well shows the benefits and qualitative acceptance of downsizing the hole for this major Sakhalin offshore project. The well also provides a basis for the oil and gas industry population to consider the possibility and benefits of drilling a 16-in. extended reach hole size instead of a 17 ½-in. hole and cementing in place the 13 3/8-in. casing string.
High-Strength Lightweight Cement Optimized for Weak Formations - Use of Local Raw Material Improves Performance and Operational Latitude
Authors: Sarmah Pranjal , Yadav Prahlad , Agrawal Gaurav 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The use of lightweight cement systems to plug loss zones, reinforce wells in weak formations, and enforce zonal isolation is well established. Performance failure is costly and undesirable. Remedial work could result in both high costs and nonproductive time. In extreme cases, an entire well could be lost. Performance of a lightweight cement system is limited by its design strength, which directly affects the maximum placement depth. Conventional water-extended cement slurries are not considered adequate for unconventional reservoirs such as shale and sandstone. Use of ceramic microsphere and glass beads in cement formulations with reduced slurry densities has steadily increased over time. However, in cases where formulation stability is compromised, field application of these slurries is challenging because of the limits in operational latitude. In fact, density segregation due the use of glass beads is one cause of formulation instability.
Locally available raw materials have been found to combine with carefully selected glass microspheres in lightweight cement tested at nearly double the mechanical strength of a conventional control formulation. The resulting slurry showed improved rheology and fluid loss control for optimal performance in the well under bottomhole conditions. Because the combined material improves predictability of downhole density, complete circulation can be achieved when deploying this slurry. The new slurry design should enable placement of lightweight cement in deeper wells, with improved pumpability and on-location rheology and set time control.
This paper describes the formulation, lab test results and postulates the mineralogy differentiation through use of XRD testing.
Use of Micronized Particle Drilling Fluid in Narrow PP-FG Margin Wells - A Case Study of RX-11
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Agarwal Chakshu , Lang Clifford , Lobo Monali , Brickell Nigel , Chakraborty Biswajit , Elliott Tom 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In Cairn India’s first ultra HPHT well RX-11, the biggest challenge was the narrow margin between pore and fracture pressures in the deeper HPHT sections of the well. In HPHT wells, high annular frictional losses while pumping causes increase in ECD, thus inducing lost circulation because of narrow pressure margins and, in very severe cases it can even lead to well control events. Such problems were experienced extensively in offset wells and therefore to reduce the annular frictional losses, the use of micronized particle drilling fluid was thought of & introduced in Cairn for RX-11.
Extensive research went into the application aspect of Micronized particle drilling fluid as various simulations & lab tests were done at the time of contract award. HSE risks owing to the suspension tendency of micronized barite in air were identified & mitigated. One big challenge lay in the mixing of mud at rig site as large volumes were required for drilling (due to hole size) and accordingly mud mixing plan was formulated to ensure uninterrupted supply at rig site.
Post all the planning, the micronized particle drilling fluid was used to drill the last three HPHT sections of the well and it proved highly successful in reducing the ECDs as well as providing good hole cleaning (at low flow rates) with minimal maintenance, which enabled drilling to continue through the narrow pressure margin sections of the well. In high temperature conditions, the drilling fluid was found to be stable & undegraded even after 10 days of static condition with no change in hole condition upon re-entry. In addition, caliper log recorded a ‘gun barrel’ 12.1/4″ hole drilled using the same drilling fluid and further it contributed in a near perfect 9.7/8″ casing cementation recorded by CBL-VDL log.
This paper via a case study showcases the concept, project planning & successful implementation of Micronized particle drilling fluid in RX-11 well & makes recommendations for its use in similar projects.
Flow Assurance Strategies in Indian Deepwaters: Issues and Means of Mitigation
Authors: Rathod P.Ramulu. Ramulu , Sinha N. , Ravishankar B. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The relentless exploitation of hydrocarbon resources to meet ever increasing demand has compelled upstream companies to focus on deep and ultra-deepwater. Flow assurance is one of the most critical aspects in field development. The hydrocarbon product needs to be transported from a remote well to the process facility, without experiencing significant energy losses to the environment. Some of the oil discoveries in Indian deepwater are having high wax content; high Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) and pour point flow assurance is a major challenge in low ambient temperatures.
A number of solutions like chemical injection (CI), mechanical insulation (Vacuum Insulated Tubing (VIT), Pipe-in-Pipe (PIP) etc.), Pigging, Piggy back line (PBL) and Electrical heating of flowline (EHFL) are the available means of mitigation to address these flow assurance challenges. In addition to high ‘steady state’ thermal insulation performance, the system has to provide good transient cool down behavior to prevent wax or hydrate formation during shut down and to minimize the time required for start-up. Through this paper an attempt has been made to generate a matrix for identifying the likely option for the means of mitigation individually or in combination, both for steady state and transient scenarios.
The various options have been studied for suitability for flowline under different flow scenarios like steady state, shutdown, restart, and turndown and for redundancy. Emerging options are further technically analyzed qualitatively, based on the extent of field use, robustness, tangible & intangible benefits etc. and evaluated to arrive at a suitable flow assurance strategy. For field X located in 600–700 meters of water depth, the combination of PIP and CI with EHFL as a fall back is emerging as the most suitable option. During initial start-up, the flowline can be preheated using electrical heating and the sample taken for identification of suitable inhibitors and for arriving at the required dosage. During shutdown and restart scenarios electrical heating of flowlines can be adopted to prevent the fluid from gelling.
The solution matrix presented in this paper will help in evaluating the available options and to arrive at the best suitable flow assurance strategy and means of mitigation, to any field during all operating scenarios.
Application of Integrated Reservoir Geomechanics for Well Planning and Drilling of Nearly Horizontal Wells in a Depleted Reservoir of Offshore Krishna-Godavari Basin, India
Authors: Dutta Jayanta , Kumar Ashutosh 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The study area is part of a producing field where the reservoir pressure has been depleted to 3450 psi from virgin reservoir pressure of 5235psi at top of gas reservoir due to production. This paper represents how the integrated reservoir geomechanics was used for efficient well planning and safe drilling of two very first nearly horizontal wells (78° - 82° Inclination) through this depleted sandstone gas reservoir of Cretaceous age in offshore deep water (1175m TVDSS) Krishna-Godavari basin, East Coast of India.
Stress changes due to pressure depletion in reservoir causes horizontal stresses to decrease, whereas shear failure gradient (minimum mud weight requirement to prevent borehole collapse or breakouts) may still remain higher depending on stress magnitudes, strength of sandstone reservoir, intra-reservoir shale and wellbore trajectory. Thus, drilling a very high angle well through depleted reservoir in an offshore deepwater condition generates big challenges compare to drilling in pre-production stage of field. An integrated reservoir geomechanics methodology were used to minimized the uncertainties of different geomechanical parameters in order to accurate estimation of shear failure gradient and horizontal stress reductions. The Geomechanical model built by integrating rock mechanical (Lab test data), geological (3-D Reservoir model), petrophysical (raw logs, processed logs), reservoir (pressure behaviour), drilling data and production data has lowered the uncertainty in model and reduced risks associated for drilling.
This integrated reservoir geomechanics approach results in optimum drilling plan mud weight window in the depleted (depleted by ~ 1800psi) reservoir section for the planned well (78° Inclination) and well was drilled successfully without any drilling complications/events. After verifying the applicability of the Mechanical Earth Model, another near-horizontal well (82° Inclination) through depleted reservoir of this field was drilled successfully. Methodology adopted in this paper also highlights how a reliable geomechanical model can be built for a field which having geomechanical parameters related data constraint. Approach adopted in this paper can be used for well planning and drilling of future virgin as well as depleted vertical or deviated wells in East Coast of India.
Paper illustrates the advantages of using 3-D Reservoir model based seismic attributes (P-Impedance) derived porosity and facies data for more reliable estimation of rock strength in the reservoir rocks encountered along the well path rather than directly using offset well porosity data. MCC (Mechanical Consolidation Curve) for clean sandstone (Porosity &gt; 0.2) has been generated for East Coast of India to reduce uncertainty on rock strength estimation. This MCC will be an effective alternative tool to predict reliable rock strength values in any reservoir section of Krishna-Godavari basin.
The First Worldwide Deployment of a Pulsed Neutron Tool with Coiled Tubing Fiber-Optic Real-Time Telemetry
Authors: Saldeev R. , Al-Mulhim A. A. , Atwi M. A. , Al-Obaid H. , Brown G. , Ahmed D. , Malik S. M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Production logging in horizontal wells presents particular challenges, especially when they are completed uncemented using prepacked screens or slotted liners. These challenges are attributed to well geometry, i.e., the existence of severe doglegs and undulations, where trapped fluids that could directly affect and influence data readings from the tools, such as stagnant water, may lie either inside or outside the liner in low areas at the bottom of the well, or stagnant gas that may accumulate on the high side of drain-hole undulations.
Considering the challenges mentioned above, an integrated horizontal multiphase production logging tool (IHMPLT) is usually required, and in many cases this tool needs to be complimented with a pulsed neutron logging tool (PNLT) to have a more accurate reading of fluid entries.
Over the last 20-years, coiled tubing (CT) equipped with electric cable has been widely used to conduct production logging in horizontal wells, and more recently, CT equipped with an optical fiber has eliminated the restrictions associated with CT equipped with electric cable while enabling several advantages, such as distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to compliment production profiles from IHMPLT. The previous system was unable to run PNLT.
To tackle the above described limitations, and having a more robust portfolio of production logging available, a new solution of real-time downhole measurements via CT equipped with fiber optics has been introduced to enable real-time data acquisition of DTS, IHMPLT, and PNLT logs.
This paper discusses the case history of this first worldwide application. It also provides lessons learned and perspectives for this technology.
Key Considerations & Trade Off's in The Selection of Subsea Field Distribution Scheme
Authors: Addala Ravi 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Selection of Subsea Distribution philosophy is one of the biggest trade off decision to be taken by operators. Each decision will have implication in the upfront Capex, or the opex cost and also on the life of field investment. In case of Deep water field development these decision will play even more important, its because not only of the cost involved, but also due to the technical challenges in terms of the longer offset and the depths at which the systems are located and meant to be operational.
The decision of distribution needs to take into account various factors that include the Field distribution (Distribution of wells), distance between each cluster of wells, future scope of expansion, the flow assurance data etc. In this paper we discuss about few such scenario where operator needs to take decision keeping in mind the impact of cost and the future expansion needs.