bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of cardanol-based cationic surfactants and their use in emulsion polymerisation
Authors: Wang Rui , Luo Yuna , Cheng Chuan-Jie , Huang Qing-Hua , Huang Hua-Shan , Qin Shuang-Lin , Tu Yuan-Ming 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSix quaternary ammonium salts were designed and synthesised with moderate to high yields in three steps, based on cardanol, a low-cost and abundant renewable resource. The new ammonium salts can act as reactive surfactants due to their having both a hydrophilic ammonium group and a hydrophobic unsaturated alkyl chain. The gemini surfactants with a linker of a linear saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain exhibited a relatively low CMC value(≤ 0.2 mmol L
A rare case of acrocephaly: Saethre-Chotzen syndrome or Crouzon?
Authors: Molpeceres Rebeca Garrote , Rodriguez Elena Urbaneja , García Hemenegildo González , Pino Vázquez María Asunción , Hernanz Sanz José Luis , Álvarez Guisasola Francisco Javier 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Acrocephaly is a common neonatal craniofacial malformation. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS) is one of the acrocephaly related syndromes less frequently described in the literature. A female newborn term was admitted to our Neonatal Unit to study craniofacial dysmorphia without family history of interest. Pregnancy, childbirth and the neonatal period were uneventful. She had exotropia, short anterior-posterior cranial diameter, flat occiput and wide normotensive anterior fontanelle (beginning at the nose root, continuing through the sagittal suture with the posterior fontanelle) without syndactyly. The scanner imaging confirmed an acrocephaly with fusion of bilateral coronal sutures. We initially suspected a cranyosinostosis due to a Crouzon syndrome or SCS. After differential diagnosis and genetic study the patient was diagnosed as having SCS due to a de novo TWIST1 gene mutation. The craniofacial dysmorphias were corrected early by neurosurgical with good results. This case shows a new example of the phenotypic and genotypic variability of these TWIST1 gene mutations.
A note on multiplicative (generalized) derivations with annihilator conditions
Authors: Dhara Basudeb , Pradhan Krishna Gopal 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Let R be a prime ring with center Z(R), a ∈ R (a ≠ 0) and I
a nonzero ideal of R.
Suppose that

F
,
d
:
R
→
R

${F,d\colon R\rightarrow R}$

are any two mappings such that

F
(
x
y
)
=
F
(
x
)
y
+
x
d
(
y
)

${F(xy) = F(x)y+xd(y)}$

for all

x
,
y
∈
R

${x, y
\in R}$

. For all

x
,
y
∈
I

${x,y\in I}$

, we investigate the identities

a
(
F
(
x
y
)
±
x
y
)
=
0

${a(F(xy)\pm xy)=0}$

,

a
(
F
(
x
y
)
±
y
x
)
=
0

${a(F(xy)\pm yx)=0}$

,

a
(
F
(
x
)
F
(
y
)
±
x
y
)
=
0

${a(F(x)F(y)\pm xy)=0}$

,

a
(
F
(
x
)
F
(
y
)
±
y
x
)
=
0

${a(F(x)F(y)\pm yx)=0}$

,

a
(
d
(
x
)
F
(
y
)
±
x
y
)
∈
Z
(
R
)

${a(d(x)F(y)\pm xy)\in Z(R)}$

,

a
(
d
(
x
)
F
(
y
)
±
y
x
)
∈
Z
(
R
)

${a(d(x)F(y)\pm yx)\in Z(R)}$

and

a
(
F
(
x
y
)
±
F
(
x
)
F
(
y
)
)
=
0

${a(F(xy)\pm F(x)F(y))=0}$

.
Serotonin in Trichinella pseudospiralis: An immunocytochemical study
Authors: Terenina N. B. , Mochalova N. B. , Odoevskaya I. M. , Kreshchenko N. D. , Gustafsson M. K. S. , Fagerholm H-P. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This is the first report on the presence and localization of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) in the nervous system of the nematode Trichinella pseudospiralis, the causative agent of trichinellosis. The orientation of the 5-HT-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) nerve cells in the adult worm is described. In the anterior region of the worm 5-HT-IR occurs in 7 neurons. Longitudinal nerve cords extend posteriorly from the anterior end. They are connected by transverse commissures. The vulval area is intensively supplied with 5-HT-IR nerve cells and fibres forming a plexus. Two rows of small 5HT-IR structures, hypodermal glands, are visible along the whole nematode body. Because of the conserved structural features among nematodes the 5-HT-IR neurons observed are likely to have counterparts in the model worm, Caenorhabditis elegans. Some basic differences are evident and demand further study.
Description and developmental biology of the predatory diplogastridAcrostichus nudicapitatus(Steiner, 1914) Massey, 1962 (Nematoda: Rhabditida)
Authors: Ahlawat S. , Tahseen Q. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryAcrostichus nudicapitatus(Steiner, 1914) Massey, 1962 is redescribed and illustrated along with observations on its developmental biology. Most morphometrics of the present population agree well with those ofA. nudicapitatus(Steiner, 1914) Massey, 1962. The largely oviparous females ofA. nudicapitatuslay eggs in single-celled or two-celled stage, 1.5 – 2 h after fertilization. In cultured females, the uterine tract was observed to accommodate occasionally as many as 4 – 6 eggs. The eggs are smooth-shelled, oval in shape measuring 45 – 48 x 23 – 26 μm in dimension. The pole of entry of sperm marks the posterior end of the developing embryo. The embryonation time has been recorded to be 20 – 25 h at 25 ± 2 °C. The first moult occurs inside the egg and the juvenile hatches as second stage juvenile. The gonad development follows the trends found in most rhabditids, however, three prime cells of the 12 vulval precursor cells have been observed to be involved in vulva formation.
Some epidemiological and serological studies on schistosomiasis in Najran area, Saudi Arabia
Authors: El-Shahawy I. S. , Khalil M. I. , Adail A. S. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and has been estimated to infect over 200 million people. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis by detection of specific antibodies is likely to be more sensitive than the traditional method of diagnosis by detection of eggs in stool or urine. Therefore the present study was the first attempt to highlight the seroepidemiology of schistosomiasis among the general population of Najran City, southern of Saudi Arabia, as well as to achieve the performance of the diagnostic tests used. A total of 180 participants attending King Khaled hospital in Najran Province, Saudi Arabia, over a one year period, from September 2013 to September 2014 were screened for the presence of Schistosoma antibody in their blood serum using an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Out of the 180 samples of sera tested using IHA, 32 (20 %) were found to be positive with a titer ranging from 1:160 to 1:1280, while 42(23.2 %) revealed Schistosoma IgG. A positive relationship was found between the seroprevalence of schistosomiasis and age of tested participants, especially in the age group of 20-40 years old. Additionally, prevalence of infection was more in males (36 %) than females (7.5 %), and showed statistical significance (P < 0.001). Similarly, there was significant association between the presence of Schistosoma antibodies and the nationality of residence, and education of participants (P < 0.05). The current investigation reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of schistosomiasis among participants in Najran, southern region of Saudi Arabia and this supports an urgent need to re-evaluate the current control measures and implement an integrated, targeted and effective schistosomiasis control measures.
Assessing the usefulness of mineral licks containing herbal extracts with anti-parasitic properties for the control of gastrointestinal helminths in grazing sheep – a field trial
Authors: Nosal P. , Murawski M. , Bartlewski P. M. , Kowal J. , Skalska M. , Zięba D. A 
Published: April 2016

Summary
One of the alternative methods of parasite control, of particular importance in sustainable farming, is the use of medicinal plants. The specific aim of the present field trial was to assess the anti-parasitic effects of herbal extracts contained in a commercially available lick formulation for sheep. At the outset of this study conducted during the grazing season, all animals were de-wormed and then randomly assigned to one of the two separately kept groups (treatment and control), each consisting of 25 animals (11 ewes and 14 lambs). The treatment group received mineral licks containing the extracts of the plants with anti-parasitic properties, while control animals received standard mineral licks ad libitum. Rectal fecal samples were collected monthly from all animals for the McMaster analyses. There were no significant differences in the prevalence and intensity of helminth infections between the treatment and control groups. Thus, we were not able to ascertain the efficacy of the commercial herbal de-wormer tested for the control of gastrointestinal helminths in grazing ewes and their lambs.
Parasitological examination of northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups for presence of hookworms (Uncinariaspp.) on San Miguel Island, California
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Kuzmina T. A. , Spraker T. R. , Delong R. L. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryNecropsy and extensive parasitological examination of dead northern elephant seal (NES) pups was done on San Miguel Island, California, in February, 2015. The main interest in the current study was to determine if hookworms were present in NESs on San Miguel Island where two hookworm species of the genusUncinariaare known to be present -Uncinaria lyonsiin California sea lions andUncinaria lucasiin northern fur seals. Hookworms were not detected in any of the NESs examined: stomachs or intestines of 16 pups, blubber of 13 pups and blubber of one bull. The results obtained in the present study of NESs on San Miguel Island plus similar finding on Año Nuevo State Reserve and The Marine Mammal Center provide strong indication that NES are not appropriate hosts forUncinariaspp. Hookworm free-living third stage larvae, developed from eggs of California sea lions and northern fur seals, were recovered from sand. It seems that at this time, further search for hookworms in NESs would be nonproductive.
A helminthological research on three Lacertid lizards species:Acanthodactylus harranensisBaranetal, 2005,Acanthodactylus schreiberiBoulenger, 1878, andMesalina brevirostrisBlanford, 1874, collected from South and South-eastern regions of Turkey
Authors: Düşen S. , Kumlutaş Y , Ilgaz Ç , Avci A , Yakagül C 
Published: April 2016

SummaryA total of 45 lizards(Acanthodactylus harranensis[n = 15],Acanthodacthylus schreiberi[n = 9] andMesalina brevirostris[n = 21]) were collected from South and Southeastern Regions of Turkey and examined for helminth fauna.Acanthodactylus harranensisharbored 1 species of Nematoda(Skrjabinodonsp.), 1 species of Cestoda(Oochoristica tuberculata)and 1 species of Acanthocephala(Centrorhynchussp. [cystacanth]).Acanthodactylus schreiberiharbored unidentified cysticercoids.Mesalina brevirostrisharbored 1 species of Nematoda(Spauligodon saxicolae). All lizards represents new host records for the helminths reported in this study.
Helminth fauna of Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) in the south of Espírito Santo State in Brasil
Authors: Binoti E. , Gomes M. C. , De Calais Junior A. , Werneck M. R. , Martins I. V. F. , Boeloni J. N. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Due to an inadequate knowledge about threats to the sea turtle, we aimed to evaluate the helminth fauna of Chelonia mydas which had died on the southern coast of Espirito Santo, Brasil and described the associated tissue pathological lesions. Retrospective and prospective studies on turtle parasites were conducted and tissues samples were collected. 106 of 212 of sea turtles (50 %) were parasitized, and 47 of 106 of infected animals 43.0 % (47/106) were in poor health condition. Seven trematoda families covering 19 different helminths species were identified. Turtles were inhabited with one or more species of parasites, and there was no significant association between parasitism and weakness of the animals. Trematode eggs, with or without giant cells in tissues of various organs were observed.
Molecular and ultrastructure characterization of two nematodes(Thelandros scleratus and Physalopteroides dactyluris)based on ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: Goswami U , Chaudhary A , Verma C , Singh H.S. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe phylogenetic relationships of the nematode speciesThelandros scleratus(Oxyurida: Pharyn-godonidae) andPhysalopteroides dactyluris(Spirurida: Physalopteridae) were analyzed using the ribosomal 18S rRNAand the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit genes. The nematodes were recovered from Brook's house gecko,Hemidactylus brooki(Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Hast-inapur, Meerut (U.P.), India. The results demonstrated thatT. scleratusshows 100% similarity with another sequence available from the same species and a close relationship (98-99%) with species ofParapharyngodonin both 18S rRNAand cox 1 regions. Regarding the nematodePhysalopteroides. analysis showed a close phylogenetic relationship betweenP. dactylurisand several species ofPhy-saloptera. This is the first sequence of 18S available for any species of the genusPhysalopteroides
Differences in solubility parameters and susceptibility to salting-out between softwood and hardwood lignosulfonates
Authors: Myrvold Bernt O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe salting-out of lignosulfonates (LSs) follows the Hofmeister series, but different LSs show different susceptibility to salting-out. By comparing results for a large number of LSs from different plant species, pulping conditions, and post-treatment of the LS, it was found that the salting-out concentration for different LSs is mainly due to differences in the plant species with guaiacyl LS being much more salt-tolerant than guaiacyl-syringyl LS. The pulping conditions have only a minor effect on the salt tolerance of the different LSs. Post-treatment that increases the molecular weight or reduces the sulfonation also reduces the salt tolerance.
Semitransparent, durable superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane/SiO2 nanocomposite coatings on varnished wood
Authors: Tu Kunkun , Kong Lizhuo , Wang Xiaoqing , Liu Junliang 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A superhydrophobic surface on wood can prevent water adhesion and absorption. However, the practical applications of such a non-wetting surface are hindered by the fragility of the microscopic roughness features that are essential for superhydrophobicity. In this study, semitransparent, mechanically durable superhydrophobic coating was successfully deposited on varnished wood via a simple dip-coating method based on polydimethysiloxane (PDMS)/silica (SiO2) nanocomposites. The surface microstructure and roughness of the hybrid coatings on wood are governed by the mass ratio of SiO2 to PDMS. When the nano-SiO2 particle content reaches a critical level, dual-scale features with micro-scale roughness superimposed with a nanostructure can be formed in the surface coatings, resulting in excellent water-repellency with a contact angle above 150° and a sliding angle below 10°. The coated wood surface maintained essentially the original colour and aesthetic appearance despite slightly declined optical transparency of the hybrid coating caused by aggregation of silica nanoparticles. Sandpaper abrasion tests revealed that the superhydrophobic PDMS/SiO2 hybrid coating on wood retained its microstructure and superhydrophobicity after being repeatedly abraded.
Hydrotreatment of Light Cycle Oil Over a Dispersed MoS2 Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Haiping , Lin Hongfei , Zheng Ying 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Examination of the hydrotreatment of light cycle oil over a dispersed MoS2 catalyst was conducted in a batch reactor at 375 °C and 1,500 psi. Hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, hydrogenation of aromatics, and hydrocracking activity were all analyzed. Diaromatics are more reactive than monoaromatics. Different sulfur compounds have experimental rates of elimination following the trend of BT>1MBT>> 2MBT>3MBT>4MBT>>DBT≈1MDBT≈2MDBT≈3MDBT. BT and its derivatives are very reactive and easy to eliminate, but become harder to convert as they gain methyl groups. DBTs are harder to eliminate than BTs, and don’t experience significant changes in reactivity as they gain methyl groups. This difference indicates that steric hindrance is more significant in supported catalysts than in unsupported catalysts. Different nitrogen compounds have experimental rates of elimination following the trend of Anilines> Indoles> Carbazoles.
One-Dimensional Model Incorporated with Mechanical Loss and Auxiliary Power for Evaluating Thermodynamic Performance of Stirling Engine
Authors: Li Daijin , Luo Kai 
Published: April 2016

AbstractStirling engines are regarded as an efficient and promising power system for underwater devices. Currently, many models have been used to evaluate thermodynamic performance of Stirling engine, but in which mechanical loss and auxiliary power still cannot be modeled with proper mathematical models. A four-cylinder double-acting Stirling engine for Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) is discussed in this paper. Referring to the Stirling engine experimental results from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a one-dimensional model incorporated with empirical equations of mechanical loss and auxiliary power obtained from experiments is presented. The P-40 Stirling engine with sufficient testing results from NASA is utilized to validate the accuracy of the modified one-dimensional model. And the comparison results suggest good agreement between testing and simulation results. The output power maximum error of theoretical analysis results is less than 18 % over testing results, and the maximum error of input power is no more than 9 %. In short, the one-dimensional model is adequate to evaluate the thermodynamic performance of the Stirling engine.
Direktinvestitionen, Exportströme und Beschäftigungseffekte. Gepoolte Regressionen mit Daten aus der amtlichen Statistik für die Schweiz 1985-1997 unter Berücksichtigung branchenspezifischer Besonderheiten / Foreign Direct Investment, Exports and Employment Effects. Pooled Regressions using Official Data for Switzerland 1985-1997 with Emphasis on Sectoral Differences
Authors: Henneberger Fred , Ziegler Alexandre 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Eine Sonderauswertung der Schweizerischen Nationalbank zu den Direktinvestitionen schweizerischer Unternehmen desaggregiert nach Zielländern und Branchen erlaubt erstmals für den langen Zeitraum von 1985 bis 1997 sowohl für die Gesamtwirtschaft als auch für die zentralen Branchen der schweizerischen Industrie eine Analyse der Auswirkungen der Direktinvestitionstätigkeit auf die Güter- und damit Arbeitsnachfrage in der Schweiz.
Für den gesamten Industriesektor weisen die Ergebnisse der gepoolten Regressionen für die Gruppe der 21 Industrieländer auf eine schwache Substitutionsbeziehung zwischen der Entwicklung der Direktinvestitionen und derjenigen der Exporte hin, nicht jedoch für die Gruppe der 35 Entwicklungsländer. Nach Branchen desaggregiert zeigt sich aber ein weitaus differenzierteres Bild.
Blood, Sweat, and Tears: The Rise and Decline of the East German Economy, 1949–1988 / Blut, Schweiß, Tränen: Aufstieg und Niedergang der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft, 1949–1988
Authors: Blum Ulrich , Dudley Leonard 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The rise of the East-German economy in the 1950s and 1960s and its decline in the 1970s and 1980s is difficult to explain by neoclassical economics. However; the observed life cycle may be explained by the inclusion of concepts from old and new institutional economics and from functional economics. Three distinct periods may be identified. During the “blood” period of forced development and autocratic rule, the information system and the system of property rights were roughly compatible with the economic structure. Then, in the “sweat” period, an attempt to overtake the capitalistic societies failed. Finally, in the “tears” period, economic decline could only be disguised by unsustainable inflows of foreign capital. This institutional explanation of the East-German collapse is tested with data for the period 1949-1988 and cannot be rejected.
Deskriptive und induktive Eigenschaften zweier Streuungsmaße für nominale Merkmale / Descriptive and Inferential Properties of Two Measures of Dispersion for Nominal Variables
Authors: Vogel Friedrich , Kiesl Hans 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
In dieser Arbeit werden zunächst die deskriptiven Eigenschaften zweier Streuungsmaße für nominale Merkmale, der Entropie und eines neueren Positionsmaßes, erörtert und die Art der Streuungsmessung anhand graphischer Darstellungen verglichen. Darauf aufbauend wird gezeigt, daß - für beide Maße - Schätzfunktionen konstruiert werden können und daß diese Schätzfunktionen asymptotisch erwartungstreu und asymptotisch normalverteilt sind. Diese Eigenschaften liefern die Grundlage für die Konstruktion von approximativen Test- und Schätzverfahren.
Veränderungsraten und ihre statistische Messung. Reminiszenzen und erneuerte Betrachtung / Statistical Measurement of Growth Rates. Reminiscence and the Problem Revisited
Authors: Wiegert Rolf 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
In den Jahrbüchern für Nationalökonomie und Statistik ist in den Jahren 1964-66 eine denkwürdige Kontroverse um die zureichende Schätzung mittlerer Wachstumsraten ausgetragen worden. Eine Klärung der damit verbundenen Probleme wurde durch die schriftlichen Verlautbarungen nicht bewirkt, weil nur inferentielle und pragmatisch-deskriptive Überzeugungen konträr gegeneinander geführt wurden, ohne die eigentliche Frage der Adäquatheit des jeweiligen Vorgehens zu untersuchen und sachlich zu begründen. Diese Diskussion war ein Anlaß, erneut die bleibend aktuellen Fragen der Adäquation von Zielen und Methoden zu diskutieren. In der angewandten Wirtschaftsforschung sind sie unverändert bedeutsam und nicht zu vernachlässigen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die inhärenten Sach- und Formalprobleme bei der Berechnung/ Schätzung mittlerer Veränderungsraten und bemüht sich um Transparenz. Zugleich befaßt sich der Beitrag mit der stets aktuellen Hintergrundfrage nach der Angemessenheit der Modelle und stellt abschließend einen neuartigen Lösungsansatz für die Schätzung vor, den man sowohl deskriptiv wie auch inferentiell je nach Charakter der verfügbaren Daten verstehen und interpretieren kann.
Is There a Size Gap in Corporate Leverage?. A European Comparison / Gibt es eine Kluft im Leverage europäischer Unternehmen?. Ein europäischer Vergleich
Authors: Coeurderoy Régis 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate corporate debt ratios by size classes in Continental Europe. Evidence is given on a sample of firms in manufacturing industry for ten European countries, all of them being in Euroland apart from Denmark (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain). The descriptive analysis shows a 15 % point size gap in corporate leverage between small and large companies on average. Even after adjusting for structural factors, the size gap remains at 10 %. Yet, an overall assessment should not lead us to overlook national features when comparing small and large companies. In particular, three main groups emerge: in Germanic countries (Austria and Germany), the gap is the largest, mainly because of regulatory specificities. In a second cluster, companies from Denmark, France and Portugal exhibit significant differences in averages across sizes but at a lower extent than in the first group. As regards the other countries, even though the size gap is still the dominant pattern, the situation is less definite and deserves case by case analysis.