bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unelected does not Equate with Undemocratic: Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Role of the Judiciary
Authors: Warren Marilyn 
Published: April 2016

<p>One feature of judicial life that strikes most appointees to judicial office early on is the silence of the Judiciary outside our judgments and statements in court. We are also struck, when we deliver our first judgment that raises controversy or higher public interest, by the vulnerability of the Judiciary to<br />criticism, sometimes vehement and trenchant. Judges do not answer back. With the exception of Chief Justices, judges are generally only heard in court, unless the speaking occasion involves an extra-curial or academic discussion on the law or judicial life. This is properly so. Yet, when the criticism comes, it is troubling. Judges understand the constitutional and<br />governmental conventions that operate and within which they work. The conventions are not complicated, in fact quite simple. The only regret is that they are forgotten or overlooked when the criticism is made. For this<br />evening’s purpose I would wish to reflect on the conventions that judges work within. I will set out the traditional and modern views on parliamentary sovereignty. I will address the doctrine of separation of powers and the role of judicial power. I will postulate that, in modern government, it is the rule of law that is sovereign. I will consider the judicial role and the development of the common law. I will address the topics of<br />judicial activism, the election of judges and judicial accountability. I will conclude with the view that the complaint of judicial activism is misplaced and involves a misapprehension of the judicial function. For some, the high<br />water mark of judicial activism was Mabo.1 For some, the nadir of judicial ‘inactivism’ was Al Kateb.2 These swings of the pendulum in the discussion of judges’ work are not new. In 1956, Boilermakers’3 was an unsatisfactory outcome for some. Similarly, in 1948, the Bank Nationalisation4 decision provoked criticism. When Chief Justice Dixon restrained the Victorian Government from carrying out the execution in Tait,5 criticism ensued. However, each time judicial power prevailed over parliamentary and executive power. Was that undemocratic? My discussion does not say anything new. It has been said before. But, it needs to be said again. I turn then to the topic for consideration.</p>
Hollow Avowals of Human Rights Protection - Time for an Australian Federal Bill of Rights?
Authors: Cassidy Julie 
Published: April 2016

<p>Unlike the constitutions of many nations, such as the United States of America and the Republic of South Africa, the constitutions of the Australian States and Territories and the Commonwealth Constitution Act 1901 (UK) contain no bill of rights. Australia is the only western democracy without a federal bill of rights. The debate regarding the need for a bill of rights necessitates an understanding of what human rights the people of Australia already enjoy. If sufficient protection can be found in existing sources, does Australia really need a federal bill of rights? Opponents of a bill of rights state that we have sufficient protection from arbitrary government intervention in our personal affairs and thus a bill of rights is<br />unnecessary. There are a number of potential sources of human rights in Australia that might provide the suggested existing protection, including the common law, specific domestic legislation, international law and constitutional law. Each of these sources of human rights has, however,<br />important limitations. The focus of this article is on the inadequacy of the Australian constitutions as a source of purported protection. This in turn suggests that an alternative source of rights is needed – a federal bill of rights? In the course of this analysis the author makes suggestions for<br />reform; specifically how a federal bill of rights may address the paucity of constitutional protection.</p>
Why Military Matters: Re Colonel Arid; Ex parte Alpert and the 'Service Connection' Test versus the 'Service Status' Test: Competing Approaches to the Triggering of the Defence Power
Authors: Guy Scott , Hocking Barbara Ann 
Published: April 2016

<p>With political changes afoot in both Australia and the United States, it is timely to review military regimes and remind ourselves how greatly they matter. Section 51(vi) of the Constitution authorises the Commonwealth Parliament to legislate with respect to: ‘The naval and military defence of<br />the Commonwealth and of the several States and the control of the forces to execute and maintain the laws of the Commonwealth…’ One of the concerns in relation to s 51(vi) has been whether this provision supports the establishment of military tribunals and, further, whether these tribunals can<br />be regarded as exercising judicial power of the Commonwealth and thus be regarded as properly constituted courts for the purposes of Ch III of the Australian Constitution. The High Court’s 2004 decision in Re Colonel Aird; Ex parte Alpert has established that military tribunals and, more generally, the military discipline system will be regarded as constitutionally<br />valid and a properly constituted court for the purposes of Ch III provided that it is applied to conduct which can be regarded as ‘service connected’ or invoked for the purposes of enforcing and maintaining discipline among the defence forces. This article examines the decision in Aird’s Case and the associated ‘service connection’ test as a basis for supporting the constitutional validity of the military tribunal system. The concluding section of the article develops some further observations on the newly created Australian Military Court.</p>
Unconventional Reservoir Model Predictions Using Massively-Parallel Flow-Simulation: Bakken/Three Forks Reservoir Development Cases and SRV Testing
Authors: Shahvali M. , Gilman J. R. , Angola O. , Uland M. , Meng H. , Esler K. , Mukundakrishnan K. , Ghasemi M. , Natoli V. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper discusses the application of massively-parallel GPU flow-simulation to rapidly compare alternate reservoir development cases in the Bakken/Three Forks using vertically offset stacks of horizontal wells. Compared with conventional CPU flow simulation, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) used as general purpose processors allow much faster run times and larger models (10+ million cells). Larger flow simulation models can retain important details of reservoir characterization (hydro-frac SRV + natural fractures + matrix), allowing investigation of many alternative development cases such as closely spaced, vertically offset stacked wells with interfering hydro-frac stages. These multi-pad horizontal well cases are often difficult to simulate due to model active cell size limits or impractical due to project time constraints.
This study aims to investigate three key what-if scenarios that are of current operational and economic significance. In particular, we investigate the impact of hydraulic fracture height, delayed drilling of the vertically offset horizontal wells, as well as horizontal well interference between Middle Bakken and Three Forks. The simulations are run on a GPU based simulator allowing us to take advantage of its high computational efficiency and reduced simulation run times, and to retain geomodel geological detail.
For the flow-sim examples presented in this work, we use a detailed Bakken and Three Forks geomodel based on NDIC public data. We demonstrate how the optimized GPU formulation provides the ability to run multiple fine-scale realizations with offset stacked groups of Bakken and Three Forks horizontal well sets to address vertical hydro-frac SRV uncertainty. Furthermore, we investigate several development cases that provide economic scenarios for future production from Bakken/Three Forks play.
Multi-million cell GPU flow-sim models are shown to run at least an order of magnitude faster than current parallel CPU algorithms for the same large Bakken/Three Forks combined models. Our fast full-physics simulations enable investigation of a wide range of what-if scenarios, thereby providing a better insight into several aspects of production from the complex Bakken/Three Forks play including hydraulic fracture interactions.
Enhanced Versus Conventional Sludge Anaerobic Processes: Performances and Techno‐Economic Assessment
Authors: Gianico Andrea , Bertanza Giorgio , Braguglia Camilla M. , Canato Matteo , Gallipoli Agata , Laera Giuseppe , Levantesi Caterina , Mininni Giuseppe 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: Sewage sludge processing is a key issue in water resource recovery facilities due to the inefficacy of conventional treatments to produce high quality biosolids to be safely used in agriculture. Under this framework, the performances of several enhanced stabilization processes, namely ultrasound‐pretreated Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion (US+MAD), thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD), thermal‐pretreated TAD (TH+TAD) and ultrasound‐pretreated inverse Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion (US+iTPAD) have been investigated. Such enhanced processes resulted in higher biogas yields and higher destruction of pathogens with respect to conventional MAD process, thus suggesting their feasibility in full‐scale implementation perspectives. A procedure for technical‐economic comparison of new sludge processing lines against conventional ones (benchmarking) was developed, based on the definition of technical issues (e.g. reliability, complexity, etc.) which are rated for each situation. Moreover, capital and operating costs were estimated. The enhanced processes analyzed in this work showed some potentially critical items, mainly related to energy balance and reagent consumption.
SUPERNOVA DRIVING. I. THE ORIGIN OF MOLECULAR CLOUD TURBULENCE
Authors: Padoan Paolo , Pan Liubin , Haugbølle Troels , Nordlund Åke 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Turbulence is ubiquitous in molecular clouds (MCs), but its origin is still unclear because MCs are usually assumed to live longer than the turbulence dissipation time. Interstellar medium (ISM) turbulence is likely driven by supernova (SN) explosions, but it has never been demonstrated that SN explosions can establish and maintain a turbulent cascade inside MCs consistent with the observations. In this work, we carry out a simulation of SN-driven turbulence in a volume of (250 pc)3, specifically designed to test if SN driving alone can be responsible for the observed turbulence inside MCs. We find that SN driving establishes a velocity scaling consistent with the usual scaling laws of supersonic turbulence, suggesting that previous idealized simulations of MC turbulence, driven with a random, large-scale volume force, were correctly adopted as appropriate models for MC turbulence, despite the artificial driving. We also find that the same scaling laws extend to the interiors of MCs, and that the velocity–size relation of the MCs selected from our simulation is consistent with that of MCs from the Outer-Galaxy Survey, the largest MC sample available. The mass–size relation and the mass and size probability distributions also compare successfully with those of the Outer Galaxy Survey. Finally, we show that MC turbulence is super-Alfvénic with respect to both the mean and rms magnetic-field strength. We conclude that MC structure and dynamics are the natural result of SN-driven turbulence.
CHARACTERIZING THE SHARDS OF DISRUPTED MILKY WAY SATELLITES WITH LAMOST
Authors: Carlin Jeffrey L. , Liu Chao , Newberg Heidi Jo , Beers Timothy C. , Deng Licai , Guhathakurta Puragra , Cao Zihuang , Hou Yonghui , Wang Yuefei , Wu Yue , Zhang Yong 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We derive the fraction of substructure in the Galactic halo using a sample of over 10,000 spectroscopically confirmed halo giant stars from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) spectroscopic survey. By observing 100 synthetic models along each line of sight with the LAMOST selection function in that sky area, we statistically characterize the expected halo populations. We define as Stellar Halo Accretion Related Debris Structures (SHARDS) any stars in

excesses above the model predictions. We find that at least 10% of the Milky Way (MW) halo stars from LAMOST are part of SHARDS. By running our algorithm on smooth halos observed with the LAMOST selection function, we show that the LAMOST data contain excess substructure over all Galactocentric radii

kpc, beyond what is expected due to statistical fluctuations and incomplete sampling of a smooth halo. The level of substructure is consistent with the fraction of stars in SHARDS in model halos created entirely from accreted satellites. This work illustrates the potential of vast spectroscopic surveys with high filling factors over large sky areas to recreate the merging history of the MW.
THE COOL SURGE FOLLOWING FLUX EMERGENCE IN A RADIATION-MHD EXPERIMENT
Authors: Nóbrega-Siverio D. , Moreno-Insertis F. , Martínez-Sykora J. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Cool and dense ejections, typically Hα surges, often appear alongside EUV or X-ray coronal jets as a result of the emergence of magnetized plasma from the solar interior. Idealized numerical experiments explain those ejections as being indirectly associated with the magnetic reconnection taking place between the emerging and preexisting systems. However, those experiments miss basic elements that can importantly affect the surge phenomenon. In this paper we study the cool surges using a realistic treatment of the radiation transfer and material plasma properties. To that end, the Bifrost code is used, which has advanced modules for the equation of state of the plasma, photospheric and chromospheric radiation transfer, heat conduction, and optically thin radiative cooling. We carry out a 2.5D experiment of the emergence of magnetized plasma through (meso) granular convection cells and the low atmosphere to the corona. Through detailed Lagrange tracing we study the formation and evolution of the cool ejection and, in particular, the role of the entropy sources; this allows us to discern families of evolutionary patterns for the plasma elements. In the launch phase, many elements suffer accelerations well in excess of gravity; when nearing the apex of their individual trajectories, instead, the plasma elements follow quasi-parabolic trajectories with accelerations close to

. We show how the formation of the cool ejection is mediated by a wedge-like structure composed of two shocks, one of which leads to the detachment of the surge from the original emerged plasma dome.
THE ROTATION OF THE HOT GAS AROUND THE MILKY WAY
Authors: Hodges-Kluck Edmund J. , Miller Matthew J. , Bregman Joel N. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The hot gaseous halos of galaxies likely contain a large amount of mass and are an integral part of galaxy formation and evolution. The Milky Way has a

K halo that is detected in emission and by absorption in the O vii resonance line against bright background active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and for which the best current model is an extended spherical distribution. Using XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer data, we measure the Doppler shifts of the O vii absorption-line centroids toward an ensemble of AGNs. These Doppler shifts constrain the dynamics of the hot halo, ruling out a stationary halo at about

and a co-rotating halo at

, and leading to a best-fit rotational velocity of

km s−1 for an extended halo model. These results suggest that the hot gas rotates and that it contains an amount of angular momentum comparable to that in the stellar disk. We examined the possibility of a model with a kinematically distinct disk and spherical halo. To be consistent with the emission-line X-ray data, the disk must contribute less than 10% of the column density, implying that the Doppler shifts probe motion in the extended hot halo.
Les destins contrariés de l’amour. l’agressivité et la haine chez Winnicott
Authors: Dupuis-Gauthier Catherine 
Published: April 2016

L’œuvre de D.W. Winnicott interroge les origines et la fonction de l’agressivité et de la haine dans le développement psychique précoce. S’il admet que l’agressivité soit présente, in utero déjà, à travers la mobilité et la motilité du fœtus, il ne peut la confondre avec la haine au sens du sadisme primaire de Mélanie Klein. L’opposition de Winnicott au concept de « pulsion de mort » freudien sous-tend sa critique manifeste des perspectives kleiniennes d’une haine primordiale. Mais la lecture chronologique de ces écrits confirme surtout la spécificité de son point de vue quant à la préséance du couple « individu-environnement » sur l’existence de l’objet dès le début de la vie.
Note sur le « Sense of being » de D.W. Winnicott au regard de l’intersubjectivité et de la subjectivation
Authors: Golse Bernard 
Published: April 2016

Après avoir rappelé quelques points principaux concernant l’intersubjectivité, la subjectivation et leurs rapports réciproques, l’auteur présente brièvement quatre pistes de réflexion chères à D.W. Winnicott et qui convergent toutes vers le « sense of being » : l’être et le faire, la question du jeu, la question du vrai Self et celle de l’objet transitionnel enfin.	À partir de là, en s’appuyant sur un article d’André Green, il tente de montrer comment s’articule le « sense of being » avec la notion de créativité en tenant compte du fait que le « sense of being » winnicottien se situe en deçà de l’intersubjectivité et de la subjectivation.
Three-dimensional HDlive Thick-Slice Silhouette of Fetal Brain
Authors: Pooh Ritsuko K 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound have improved our knowledge regarding the development of the embryo and fetus and of a great number of fetal anomalies. The great achievement in the field of 3D/4D ultrasound is high definition live (HDlive) technology and HDlive silhouette/flow technology. HDlive silhouette emphasizes the borderlines between organs with different echogenicity and it can be appropriately named as ‘see-through fashion’. However, it occasionally appears to demonstrate too many inner structures overlapping one another to understand their relations. The author has cut the volume dataset with a rectangle cube and rendered the cut slice with silhouette ultrasound and called as ‘thick-slice silhouette’. Normal brain image in the coronal cutting section by thick-slice silhouette imaging is the picture of the month. This method is useful to identify the inner structure of the organs.

How to cite this article
Pooh RK. Three-dimensional HDlive Thick-Slice Silhouette of Fetal Brain. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):1-2.
The solar activity dependence of nonmigrating tides in electron density at low and middle latitudes observed by CHAMP and GRACE
Authors: Zhou Yun-Liang , Wang Li , Xiong Chao , Lühr Hermann , Ma Shu-Ying 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In this paper we use more than a decade of in situ electron density observations from CHAMP and GRACE satellites to investigate the solar activity dependence of nonmigrating tides at both low and middle latitudes. The results indicate that the longitudinal patterns of F region electron density vary with season and latitude, which are exhibiting a wavenumber 4 (WN4) pattern around September equinox at low latitudes and WN1/WN2 patterns during local summer at the southern/northern middle latitudes. These wave patterns in the F region ionosphere can clearly be seen during both solar maximum and minimum years. At low latitudes the absolute amplitudes of DE3 (contributing to the WN4 pattern) are found to be highly related to the solar activity, showing larger amplitudes during solar maximum years. Similarly a solar activity dependence can also be found for the absolute amplitudes of D0, DW2 and DE1 (contributing to the WN1 and WN2 pattern) at middle latitudes. The relative amplitudes (normalized by the zonal mean) of these nonmigrating tides at both low and middle altitudes show little dependence on solar activity. We further found a clear modulation by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the relative DE3 amplitudes in both satellite observations, which is consistent with the QBO dependence as reported for the E region temperatures and zonal wind. It also supports the strong coupling of the low-latitude nonmigrating tidal activity between the E and F regions. However, the QBO dependence cannot be found for the relative amplitudes of the nonmigrating tides at middle latitudes, which implies that these tides are generated in situ at F region altitudes.
FUNCIONALIDADE ECOLÓGICA DE SISTEMAS AGROFLORESTAIS BIODIVERSOS: USO DA SERAPILHEIRA COMO INDICADOR DA RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE
Authors: De Souza Márcia Cristina Soares , Piña-Rodrigues Fatima Conceição Márquez , Casagrande José Carlos , Da Silva Simone Ferreira , Scoriza Rafael Nogueira 
Published: April 2016

As recentes alterações na legislação brasileira incentivam a utilização de sistemas produtivos em áreas de preservação. Para avaliar a funcionalidade ecológica quanto ao aporte de biomassa e nutrientes, foi feito estudo de uma área de floresta e de quatro modelos de sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) biodiversos e multiestratificados, com plantio de uma (solteira) a duas (casada) mudas por cova e com e sem consórcio de leguminosas, em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) no município de Paraty, RJ. A produção e o aporte de nutrientes foram maiores na área da floresta (7,47 Mg.ha-1.ano-1), sendo de 5,4 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 nas unidades de SAFs biodiversos. O sistema de plantio e o uso de leguminosas não promoveram incrementos no aporte de biomassa, sendo influenciados pelo manejo, que também afetou a sazonalidade da deposição. O aporte de serapilheira foi um eficiente indicador, sendo sensível para detectar alterações temporais e de manejo nas áreas dos sistemas agroflorestais estudados.
GERMINAÇÃO E CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE Machaerium brasiliense VOGEL (FABACEAE) EM CASA DE VEGETAÇÃO
Authors: Pastorini Lindamir Hernandez , Romagnolo Mariza Barion , Barbeiro Caroline , Guerreiro Renata Gomes de Oliveira , Costa Priscila Marques , Sert Maria Aparecida , Souza Luiz Antonio 
Published: April 2016

Machaerium brasiliense Vogel é uma espécie arbórea, conhecida popularmente como pau-sangue, jacarandá-bico-de-pato e sapuva. Com o objetivo de verificar a germinação, sementes de M. brasiliense foram mantidas sob temperatura de 20°, 25° e 30 °C, em câmara de germinação com fotoperíodo de 12h ou escuro contínuo. Para análise do crescimento inicial, avaliaram-se, aos 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após o transplante (DAT), a altura, o comprimento da raiz, a massa seca da parte aérea, da raiz e total e o número de folhas de plantas mantidas em casa de vegetação. A presença ou ausência de luz não influenciou o desempenho das sementes, observando-se maior porcentagem de germinação (PG) para as sementes submetidas a 20 e 25 °C, o mesmo sendo verificado para o parâmetro índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). O menor tempo médio de germinação (TMG) foi observado a 30 °C. Em relação aos parâmetros de crescimento, os maiores valores foram obtidos aos 270 e 360 DAT, não ocorrendo diferença estatística entre esses dois períodos de avaliação. A presença de nódulos radiculares foi observada a partir dos 180 DAT.