bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene Discovery in Lethal Foetal Disorders
Authors: Filges Isabel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPrenatal ultrasonography identifies an increasing number of foetal malformation phenotypes of unknown cause. For a significant number of these often lethal phenotypes, the underlying causal mutations are not identified yet, but animal data predict that up to 30% of the protein‐coding genes of our genome are implicated in embryonic development. Little attention has been paid to gene identification in these disorders, which often may present with a specific but so far unrecognised phenotype during foetal life. Counselling in prenatal diagnosis clinics to inform prognosis and management decisions but also recurrence risk in these situations remains unsatisfactory. Next‐generation sequencing offers unprecedented opportunities and perspectives to unravel the Mendelian basis of foetal disorders.Key ConceptsMalformations and genetic disorders are the leading cause of infant mortality in the developed countries accounting for more than one third of cases.Foetal structural anomalies, often serious or lethal and of unknown cause despite current diagnostic genetic testing available, are increasingly identified at earlier gestational ages due to advancing ultrasound techniques.Counselling to inform prognosis and management decisions but also recurrence risk in these situations remains unsatisfactory.By identification of rare variants through whole exome or genome sequencing, many mutations in additional genes have been discovered to cause postnatal disease phenotypes.Next‐generation sequencing technologies have rarely been used to discover genes in which mutations cause early embryonic and foetal maldevelopment.On the basis of analysis of knockout and spontaneous mouse models, loss‐of‐function variants in up to 30% of genes could result in embryonic lethality in humans.Studying genes implicated in embryonic and foetal development and their phenotypes reveals important biological information on early errors in human morphogenesis and will contribute to annotate the function of relevant protein‐coding genes in our genome.Reliable applications of NGS strategies in future prenatal diagnosis will depend on our knowledge on specific foetal genotype–phenotype correlations.
Stability of a novel corticosteroid nasal irrigation solution: betamethasone 17‐valerate added to extemporaneously prepared nasal irrigation solutions
Authors: Ong Kheng Yong , Lim Wei Ching , Ooi Shing Ming , Loh Zhi Hui , Kong Ming Chai , Chan Lai Wah , Heng Paul Wan Sia 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundThere are no commercially available nasal irrigation solutions containing corticosteroids. Instead, such preparations are extemporaneously prepared by adding existing corticosteroid formulations to nasal irrigation solutions. The stability of the corticosteroid betamethasone 17‐valerate (B17V), in nasal irrigation solutions of different compositions and pH and stored under different temperatures, was studied to determine the optimal choice of solution and storage conditions.MethodsTriplicate extemporaneous preparations made with B17V were prepared by adding a predetermined volume of B17V lotion to each nasal irrigation solution: normal saline (NS), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) powder dissolved in tap water, and a commercially available powder mixture (FLO Sinus Care Powder), dissolved in tap water or pre‐boiled tap water. Preparations were stored at 30°C and 4°C. Sampling was carried out at 0, 1, 2, 6, and 24 hours. The concentrations of B17V and its degradation compound, betamethasone 21‐valerate (B21V), were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsPreparations stored at 30°C contained a lower amount of B17V and higher amount of B21V than those stored at 4°C. B17V stability in nasal irrigation solutions decreased in the following order: NS, FLO in fresh tap water, FLO in pre‐boiled tap water, and NaHCO3. The degradation rate of B17V increased with higher storage temperature and higher pH.ConclusionB17V is most stable when added to NS and least stable in NaHCO3 solution. FLO solution prepared with either cooled boiled water or tap water is an alternative if administered immediately. Storage at 4°C can better preserve stability of B17V, over a period of 24 hours.
Non‐Aqueous Microwave‐Assisted Syntheses of Deca‐ and Hexa‐Molybdovanadates
Authors: Spillane Samuel , Sharma Rupali , Zavras Athanasios , Mulder Roger , Ohlin C. André , Goerigk Lars , O'Hair Richard A. J. , Ritchie Chris 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe report a new approach for the synthesis of heterohexa‐ and heterodecametalates via the use of non‐aqueous, microwave‐assisted reaction conditions. The two novel molybdovanadates have been isolated and characterized in the solid and solution states using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR, UV/Vis, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and ESI‐MS. The relative stabilities of the possible structural isomers were probed using dispersion‐corrected DFT calculations for both polyoxometalate systems.
Organoselenium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C−H Pyridination of 1,3‐Dienes and Alkenes
Authors: Liao Lihao , Guo Ruizhi , Zhao Xiaodan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn efficient approach for organoselenium‐catalyzed regioselective C−H pyridination of 1,3‐dienes to form pyridinium salts has been developed. This method was also successfully applied to direct C−H pyridination of alkenes. Fluoropyridinium reagents, or initially loaded pyridine derivatives, acted as pyridine sources in the pyridination reactions. The obtained pyridinium salts could be further converted under different conditions. This work is the first example of catalytic C‐2 direct C−H functionalization of 1,3‐dienes and the first case of organoselenium‐catalyzed C−H pyridination.
Experimental and numerical analysis of conductive ternary polymer blend composites
Authors: Brigandi Paul J. , Carolan Declan , Cogen Jeffrey M. , Pearson Raymond A. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTExperimental and theoretical analysis of the phase morphology and electrical conductivity of a carbon black (CB)‐filled polypropylene /poly(methyl methacrylate) /ethylene acrylic acid copolymer ternary system were compared. The Cahn‐Hilliard theory was used to model and predict the phase morphology and electrical conductivity as a function of the constituents' characteristics of the ternary system. A method for generating statistically representative microstructures of a co‐continuous ternary polymer system and a numerical method for calculating the resultant electrical conductivity of these ternary polymer systems are presented. Excellent agreement between numerically calculated and experimentally measured results was observed. The developed analytical and numerical models were able to successfully predict the electrical percolation threshold with that of ternary polymer composites containing CB as a conductive medium with minimal experimental input. The combination of experimental and numerical results presented suggests the optimization of the conductive minor phase includes having a conductivity beyond the critical percolation threshold, is at least three orders of magnitude greater than either of the two nonconductive phases, and has a lower viscosity than the other two major phases in order to maximize the phase separation kinetics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44749.
Effect of hygroscopic materials on water vapor permeation and dehumidification performance of poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes
Authors: Bui T.D. , Wong Y. , Thu K. , Oh S.J. , Kum Ja M. , Ng K.C. , Raisul I. , Chua K.J. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, two hygroscopic materials, inorganic lithium chloride (LiCl) and organic triethylene glycol (TEG) were separately added to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to form blend membranes for air dehumidification. Water vapor permeation, dehumidification performance and long‐term durability of the membranes were studied systematically. Membrane hydrophilicity and water vapor sorbability increased significantly with higher the hygroscopic material contents. Water vapor permeance of the membranes increased with both added hygroscopic material and absorbed water. Water permeation energy varied from positive to negative with higher hygroscopic content. This observation is attributed to a lower diffusion energy and a relatively constant sorption energy when hygroscopic content increases. Comparatively, PVA/TEG has less corrosive problems and is more environmentally friendly than PVA/LiCl. A membrane with PVA/TEG is observed to be highly durable and is suitable for dehumidification applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44765.
Morphologies and mechanical properties of polyethersulfone modified epoxy blends through multifunctional epoxy composition
Authors: Cheng Xiaole , Wu Qi , Morgan Sarah E. , Wiggins Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThermoplastic polyethersulfone (PES) modified multifunctional tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) and triglycidyl para‐aminophenol (TGAP) epoxy prepolymers cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (44DDS) were prepared using a continuous reactor method and their reaction‐induced phase separated morphologies and mechanical properties were measured and correlated with chemical compositions. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) were used to quantify the chemical network formation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with nanomechanical mapping was employed to resolve the nanoscale phase‐separated morphologies. The extent of phase separation in cured networks and resultant domain sizes were determined to be controllable depending upon the multifunctional epoxy compositions. The results obtained from mechanical studies further indicated that tensile modulus was not largely affected by multifunctional epoxy compositions while fracture toughness increased with increase of TGAP content. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44775.
Effects of hollow microspheres on the thermal insulation of polysiloxane foam
Authors: Zhang Chunling , Zhang Chunyu , Huang Rong , Gu Xiaoyan 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTPolysiloxane foam (SIF) was prepared through foaming and crosslinking processes and reinforced with modified hollow microspheres (HMs). The HM filler was modified with vinyl trimethoxysilane to improve the compatibility between the vinyl trimethoxysilane modified hollow microsphere (VMS–HM) and the matrix. The treated HMs were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectroscopy. The thermal stability and insulation of the composites were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermal conductivity. SIF with 5% VMS–HMs yielded a minimum thermal conductivity of 0.078 W/mK. The thermal stability was improved by the addition of HM, and the mechanical properties were significantly enhanced. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 133, 44778.
Vertically oriented polyaniline‐graphene nanocomposite based on functionalized graphene for supercapacitor electrode
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Chen Junhua , Luo Fubin , Shen Lu , Wang Ying , Wu Kun , Lu Mangeng 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTPolyaniline functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PORGO) is prepared by interfacial polymerization and then vertically oriented polyaniline‐graphene (PANI‐PORGO) nanocomposites based on PORGO are developed successfully by in situ polymerization. The morphology and structure are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR), Raman spectra and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical tests indicate that the specific capacitance of PORGO and PANI‐PORGO is as high as 291 and 369 F/g, respectively, at the current density of 1 A/g. PANI—PORGO nanocomposite exhibits high electrochemical activity and enhanced cycle stability with a capacitance retention of 81.2% after 500 cycles at 10 A/g. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44808.
Absorption, distribution and excretion of the anti‐tuberculosis drug delamanid in rats: Extensive tissue distribution suggests potential therapeutic value for extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Shibata Masakazu , Shimokawa Yoshihiko , Sasahara Katsunori , Yoda Noriaki , Sasabe Hiroyuki , Suzuki Mitsunari , Umehara Ken 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDelamanid (OPC‐67683, Deltyba™, nitro‐dihydro‐imidazooxazoles derivative) is approved for the treatment of adult pulmonary multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis. The absorption, distribution and excretion of delamanid‐derived radioactivity were investigated after a single oral administration of 14C–delamanid at 3 mg/kg to rats. In both male and female rats, radioactivity in blood and all tissues reached peak levels by 8 or 24 h post‐dose, and thereafter decreased slowly. Radioactivity levels were 3‐ to 5‐fold higher in lung tissue at time to maximum concentration compared with plasma. In addition, radioactivity was broadly distributed in various tissues, including the central nervous system, eyeball, placenta and fetus, indicating that 14C–delamanid permeated the brain, retinal and placental blood barriers. By 168 h post‐dose, radioactivity in almost all the tissues was higher than that in the plasma. Radioactivity was also transferred into the milk of lactating rats. Approximately 6% and 92% of radioactivity was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively, indicating that the absorbed radioactivity was primarily excreted via the biliary route. No significant differences in the absorption, distribution and excretion of 14C–delamanid were observed between male and female rats. The pharmacokinetic results suggested that delamanid was broadly distributed to the lungs and various tissues for a prolonged duration of time at concentrations expected to effectively target tuberculosis bacteria. These data indicate that delamanid, in addition to its previously demonstrated efficacy in pulmonary tuberculosis, might be an effective therapeutic approach to treating extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elucidation of stress‐induced degradation products of mangiferin: Method development and validation
Authors: Khurana Rajneet Kaur , Kaur Satvinder , Kaur Jasleen , Singh Bhupinder 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe degradation behavior of mangiferin, under various ICH Q1A(R2) recommended stress conditions, was studied using an isocratic elution with mobile phase (pH 2.4), composed of acetonitrile and 1% orthophosphoric acid (12:88 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with λmax 262 nm. It was suitably adapted for LC–MS studies by replacing with 1% acetic acid (ACN–1% acetic acid; 18:82) and the pH was adjusted to 3.0. Extensive degradation was found to occur during alkaline medium stress studies at 2.31 min of retention time at λmax of 235 nm. The mass spectrum of mangiferin, 3 h after treatment with 0.1 M NaOH, clearly shows the rupture of the tricyclic ring, indicating that a fragment at m/z − 269 was formed. Furthermore, the results were supported by nuclear magnetic resonance as well. However, no degradation was observed in other stress conditions.
SmartBiomassHeat – Heat from Solid Biofuels as an Integral Part of a Future Energy System Based on Renewables
Authors: Lenz Volker , Ortwein Andreas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSince the global climate agreement of Paris 2015, backed by scientific facts and adopted on highest political level, the world's population has to redirect its energy supply from coal, gas, and oil towards renewables. Germany is one of the leading countries in transitioning its energy system, which resulted in a new term called “Energiewende”. A transition to renewable energies will result in a more decentralized system with more local fluctuation in supply, worldwide. In order to provide a guaranteed supply at the required level, new technologies of energy conversion, storage, and utilization are required, especially when looking at the heating sector and heat from solid biofuels. Two types of technology fulfilling the future requirements for a smart bioenergy usage stand out: integrated back‐up stoves with few kW of thermal output and mini‐ and micro‐combined heat and power (CHP) units with less than 50 kW electrical output.
Desulfurization of Biogas via Dielectric Barrier Discharges
Authors: Unseld Marina , Szepanski Christian , Lindermeir Andreas , Maus‐Friedrichs Wolfgang , Dahle Sebastian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe use of CaCO3, FeCl3, and FeOOH as powder sorbents for a plasma‐based hydrogen sulfide removal from biogas mixtures was investigated. No plasma‐enhanced surface reactions were observed during the processing. However, the high surface area provided by the powders led to an increased deposition of atomic sulfur. The dissociation of H2S in dielectric barrier discharges was found to be effective for gas purification purposes, but limited by the backwards reaction. Medium high gas velocities in a nozzle‐like plasma reactor and high retention times in a subsequent expansion vessel thus further improved the desulfurization efficiencies. Furthermore, methane production was observed, whereas the sources could not yet be fully identified.
Poly(benzoxazine) as an Immobilization Matrix for Miniaturized ATP and Glucose Biosensors
Authors: Ziller Charlotte , Lin Jing , Knittel Peter , Friedrich Laura , Andronescu Corina , Pöller Sascha , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Kranz Christine 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe reproducible immobilization of enzymes represents a key requirement in developing sensitive and fast‐responding amperometric microbiosensors. A microbiosensor for the respective detection of glucose and adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) is presented by using a poly(benzoxazine) derivative for the entrapment of the enzymes glucose oxidase (GOD) and hexokinase (HEX) at platinum (Pt) microelectrodes (MEs). For glucose, a sensitivity of 123.05±10.78 pA/mM (n=5) was obtained, which shows twice as high sensitivity compared to microbiosensors that use electrophoretic paints as the immobilization matrix for the same size ME (radius: 25 μm). For the determination of ATP, a sensitivity of 48.47±5.12 pA/μM and a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 40 at physiological pH values were obtained. Apart from their enhanced sensitivity, a significant improvement of these sensors is related to their improved mechanical stability. The applicability of these poly(benzoxine)‐based microbiosensors for ATP detection was demonstrated with measurements at receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPRζ) osteoblastic cells during mechanical stimulation.
Interlayer‐Expanded Vanadium Oxychloride as an Electrode Material for Magnesium‐Based Batteries
Authors: Minella Christian Bonatto , Gao Ping , Zhao‐Karger Zhirong , Mu Xiaoke , Diemant Thomas , Pfeifer Maxim , Chakravadhanula Venkata S. K. , Behm R. Juergen , Fichtner Maximilian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMg‐based batteries, which use the Mg2+ shuttle, theoretically offer several advantages compared to the Li technology, such as higher theoretical volumetric capacity (3833 mA h cm−3) of the Mg‐metal anode, the possibility to be safely handled in air, and dendrite‐free electrodeposition. In this study, vanadium oxychloride was employed as an electrode material in a Mg‐based battery. As the cell delivered just 45 mA h g−1 in the first cycle, we tried to improve the delivered capacity through preliminary cycling of the VOCl electrode with Li. The strategy is based on the ability of VOCl to expand its interlayer spacing upon intercalation of ions or molecules within them. In fact, a VOCl electrode with expanded interlayer spacing should facilitate the intercalation of Mg2+, thus leading to higher specific capacities. The Li pretreatment was able to promote the specific capacity by a factor of four (170 mA h g−1) after the first discharge at 298 K. Over 130 mA h g−1 was retained at 5 mA g−1 after 70 cycles. Structural and electrochemical characterization was carried out by means of galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry, ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of lithium in the electrode.
Rückgewinnung anorganischer Wertstoffe mit Bordotierten Diamantelektroden
Authors: Weidlich Claudia , Greb Valentin , Fröhlich Peter , Bertau Martin , Mangold Klaus‐Michael 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAufgrund begrenzter Primärvorkommen bei gleichzeitig steigendem Bedarf an verschiedenen Metallen wird die Nutzung von Sekundärrohstoffen zunehmend wichtiger. Mit einem neuen, elektrochemischen Verfahren können aus verschiedenen Abfällen und Rückständen, wie z. B. Klärschlammaschen, Verbrennungsschlacken und Haldenmaterialien, metallische Wertstoffe wie Kupfer, Zink und Nickel gelöst und zurückgewonnen werden. Dazu werden in Mineralsäuren mit bordotierten Diamantelektroden Persäuren erzeugt, die eine signifikant höhere Mobilisierung der Wertstoffe ermöglichen.
An effective pseudospectral optimization approach with sparse variable time nodes for maximum production of chemical engineering problems
Authors: Xiao Long , Liu Xinggao 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn effective pseudospectral method is proposed for dynamic optimization problems, the aim of which is to maximize production of these problems in chemical engineering. Several variable time nodes are considered to be optimization variables in the whole time horizon to obtain a precise localization of the switching points of the optimal control profiles. To ensure accuracy, the intervals between the variable time nodes are further divided into multiple subintervals uniformly. Then the state and the control vector are all parameterized. To improve the efficiency, the sensitivities of the states with respect to the controls and the variable time nodes are derived from the solution of the discretized dynamic system. Three chemical dynamic optimization problems are tested as an illustration. The detailed comparisons between the proposed method and the methods reported in the literature are also carried out. The research results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Why Are Dithienylethene‐Linked Biscobaltocenes so Hard to Photoswitch?
Authors: Escribano Alejandra , Steenbock Torben , Stork Conrad , Herrmann Carmen , Heck Jürgen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAttaching an organometallic unit to a dithienylethene (DTE) molecular switch can allow one to vary its switching and spectroscopic properties, and to create switchable magnetic properties. In this work, two different dithienylethene molecular switches are used as a bridge between two cobalt sandwich units. The only difference between the switching cores is in the size of the cycloalkene ring connecting both thiophene rings. The complexes present different oxidation states for the cobalt atoms, which are demonstrated to determine the switching reaction. The UV/Vis measurements show that while the Co(I) complexes undergo the switching reaction, the Co(II,III) complexes switch poorly. Kohn–Sham density functional theory calculations indicate diabatic ring‐closure mechanisms and a large number of excited states hindering the cyclization reaction and favoring the relaxation to the open form of the molecular switch.