bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pedagogical Questions in Parent–Child Conversations
Authors: Yu Yue , Bonawitz Elizabeth , Shafto Patrick 
Published: June 2017

Questioning is a core component of formal pedagogy. Parents commonly question children, but do they use questions to teach? This article defines “pedagogical questions” as questions for which the questioner already knows the answer and intended to help the questionee learn. Transcripts of parent–child conversations were collected from the CHILDES database to examine the frequency and distribution of pedagogical questions. Analysis of 2,166 questions from 166 mother–child dyads and 64 father–child dyads (child's age between 2 and 6 years) showed that pedagogical questions are commonplace during day‐to‐day parent–child conversations and vary based on child's age, family environment, and historical era. The results serve as a first step toward understanding the role of parent–child questions in facilitating children's learning.
Mechanisms underlying induction of allergic sensitization by Pru p 3
Authors: Tordesillas L. , Cubells‐Baeza N. , Gómez‐Casado C. , Berin C. , Esteban V. , Barcik W. , O'Mahony L. , Ramirez C. , Pacios L. F. , Garrido‐Arandia M. , Díaz‐Perales A. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryBackgroundRecently, the nature of the lipid‐ligand of Pru p 3, one of the most common plant food allergens in southern Europe, has been identified as a derivative of the alkaloid camptothecin bound to phytosphingosine. However, the origin of its immunological activity is still unknown.ObjectiveWe sought to evaluate the role of the Pru p 3 lipid‐ligand in the immunogenic activity of Pru p 3.MethodsIn vitro cultures of different cell types (monocyte‐derived dendritic cells [moDCs], PBMCs [peripheral blood mononuclear cells] and epithelial and iNKT‐hybridoma cell lines) have been used to determine the immunological capacity of the ligand, by measuring cell proliferation, maturation markers and cytokine production. To study the capacity of the lipid‐ligand to promote sensitization to Pru p 3 in vivo, a mouse model of anaphylaxis to peach has been produced and changes in the humoral and basophil responses have been analysed.ResultsThe lipid‐ligand of Pru p 3 induced maturation of moDCsc and proliferation of PBMCs. Its immunological activity resided in the phytosphingosine tail of the ligand. The adjuvant activity of the ligand was also confirmed in vivo, where the complex of Pru p 3‐ligand induced higher levels of IgE than Pru p 3 alone. The immunological capacity of the Pru p 3 ligand was mediated by CD1d, as maturation of moDCs was inhibited by anti‐CD1d antibodies and Pru p 3‐ligand co‐localized with CD1d on epithelial cells. Finally, Pru p 3‐ligand presented by CD1d was able to interact with iNKTs.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThe Pru p 3 lipid‐ligand could act as an adjuvant to promote sensitization to Pru p 3, through its recognition by CD1d receptors. This intrinsic adjuvant activity of the accompanying lipid cargo could be a general essential feature of the mechanism underlying the phenomenon of allergenicity.
Association of immunoglobulin G4 and free light chain with idiopathic pleural effusion
Authors: Murata Y , Aoe K , Mimura-Kimura Y , Murakami T , Oishi K , Matsumoto T , Ueoka H , Matsunaga K , Yano M , Mimura Y 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThe cause of pleural effusion remains uncertain in approximately 15% of patients despite exhaustive evaluation. As recently described immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related disease is a fibroinflammatory disorder that can affect various organs, including the lungs, we investigate whether idiopathic pleural effusion includes IgG4-associated etiology. Between 2000 and 2012, we collected 830 pleural fluid samples and reviewed 35 patients with pleural effusions undiagnosed after pleural biopsy at Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center. Importantly, IgG4 immunostaining revealed infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells in the pleura of 12 patients (34%, IgG4+ group). The median effusion IgG4 level was 41 mg/dl in the IgG4+ group and 27 mg/dl in the IgG4− group (P &lt; 0·01). The light and heavy chains of effusion IgG4 antibodies of patients in the IgG4+ group were heterogeneous by two-dimensional electrophoresis, indicating the absence of clonality of the IgG4 antibodies. Interestingly, the κ light chains were more heterogeneous than the λ light chains. The measurement of the κ and λ free light chain (FLC) levels in the pleural fluids showed significantly different κ FLC levels (median: 28·0 versus 9·1 mg/dl, P &lt; 0·01) and κ/λ ratios (median: 2·0 versus 1·2, P &lt; 0·001) between the IgG4+ and IgG4− groups. Furthermore, the κ/λ ratios were correlated with the IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cell ratios in the pleura of the IgG4+ group. Taken together, these results demonstrate the involvement of IgG4 in certain idiopathic pleural effusions and provide insights into the diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities of IgG4-associated pleural effusion.
Utility of a formatted pathologic reporting system in thyroid core needle biopsy: A validation study of 1998 consecutive cases
Authors: Choe Ji‐Young , Kwak Yoonjin , Kim Mimi , Chung Yul Ri , Kim Hyun Jeong , Kim Yeo Koon , Park So Yeon 
Published: June 2017

SummaryObjectiveThyroid core needle biopsy (CNB) is increasingly being used as a tool for evaluating thyroid nodules; thus, standardization of its diagnostic terminology is called for. We aimed to analyse the pathologic reporting system of thyroid CNB based on the recently proposed protocol by the Korean Endocrine Pathology Thyroid Core Needle Biopsy Study Group and evaluate its usefulness.Design/MethodsA total of 1998 consecutive cases of thyroid CNBs were reviewed and divided into six categories according to the protocol. Malignancy rate in each category and the diagnostic performance of thyroid CNB were calculated using 705 resected cases.ResultsThyroid CNB yielded 132 nondiagnostic (6.6%), 791 benign (39.6%), 328 indeterminate (16.4%), 227 follicular neoplasm (11.4%), 69 suspicious for malignancy (3.5%) and 451 malignant lesions (22.6%). In resected specimens, all of the cases designated as suspicious for malignancy and malignant categories in CNB were proven to be true malignant lesions. Lesions diagnosed with follicular neoplasm in CNB were identified as malignant lesions in 57.0%. Malignancy rate was significantly higher in indeterminate lesions with nuclear atypia compared to those with architectural atypia (80.0% vs 28.2%). When CNB diagnoses of indeterminate lesions or higher categories were considered positive, the sensitivity and positive predictive value for final malignant diagnoses were 99.2% and 81.3%, respectively.ConclusionsCNB is an accurate method of evaluating thyroid nodules and can serve as an alternative to fine needle aspiration when it is used and reported according to standardized diagnostic categories.
Prospects for stakeholder coordination by protected‐area managers in Europe
Authors: Mattsson Brady J. , Vacik Harald 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGrowing resource demands by humans, invasive species, natural hazards, and a changing climate have created broad‐scale impacts and the need for broader‐extent conservation activities that span ownerships and even political borders. Implementing regional‐scale conservation brings great challenges, and learning how to overcome these challenges is essential for maintaining biodiversity (i.e., richness and evenness of biological communities) and ecosystem functions and services across scales and borders in the face of system change. We administered an online survey to examine factors potentially driving perspectives of protected‐area (PA) managers regarding coordination with neighboring PAs and other stakeholders (i.e., stakeholder coordination) for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services during the next decade within diverse regions across Europe. Although >70% (n = 58) of responding PA managers indicated that climate change and invasive species are relevant for their PAs, they gave <50% probability that these threats could be mitigated through stakeholder coordination. They thought there was a >60% probability (n = 85) that stakeholder coordination would take place with the aim to improve conservation outcomes. Consistent with the foundation on which many European PAs were established, managers viewed maintaining or enhancing biodiversity as the most important (>70%; n = 61) expected benefit. Other benefits included maintaining or enhancing human resources and environmental education (range of Bayesian credibility intervals [CIs] 57–93%). They thought the main barriers to stakeholder coordination were the lack of human and economic resources (CI 59–67% chance of hindering; n = 64) followed by communication and interstakeholder differences in political structures and laws (CI 51–64% probability of hindering). European policies and strategies that address these hindering factors could be particularly effective means of enabling implementation of green infrastructure networks in which PAs are the nodes.
Murine melanoma cells incomplete reprogramming using non‐viral vector
Authors: Câmara D.A.D. , Porcacchia A.S. , Costa A.S. , Azevedo R.A. , Kerkis I. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe reprogramming of cancer cells into induced pluripotent stem cells or less aggressive cancer cells can provide a modern platform to study cancer‐related genes and their interactions with cell environment before and after reprogramming. Herein, we aimed to investigate the reprogramming capacity of murine melanoma B16F10 cells.Materials and methodsThe B16F10 was transfected using non‐viral circular DNA plasmid containing the genes Sox‐2, Oct4, Nanog, Lin28 and green fluorescent protein (GFP). These cells were characterized by immunofluorescence, analysis RT‐PCR and cell cycle.ResultsOur results demonstrated for the first time that reprogramming of B16F10 may be induced using non‐viral minicircle DNA containing the four reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Lin 28, Nanog (OSLN) and the GFP reporter gene. The resulting clones are composed by epithelioid cells. These cells display characteristics of cancer stem cells, thus expressing pluripotent stem cell markers and dividing asymmetrically and symmetrically. Reprogrammed B16F10 cells did not form teratomas; however, they showed the suppression of tumourigenic abilities characterized by a reduced tumour size, when compared with parental B16F10 cell line. In contrast to parental cell line that showed accumulation of the cells in S phase of cell cycle, the cells of reprogrammed clones are accumulated in G1 phase. Long‐term cultivation of reprogrammed B16F10 cells induces regression of their reprogramming.ConclusionsOur data imply that in result of reprogramming of B16F10 cells less aggressive Murine Melanoma Reprogrammed Cancer Cells may be obtained. These cells represent an interesting model to study mechanism of cells malignancy as well as provide a novel tool for anti‐cancer drugs screening.
Future geographic patterns of novel and disappearing assemblages across three dimensions of diversity: A case study with Ecuadorian hummingbirds
Authors: Graham Laura J. , Weinstein Ben G. , Supp Sarah R. , Graham Catherine H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimUnder climate change, it is likely that as species reshuffle based on their environmental tolerances, novel assemblages will form and some current assemblages will disappear. It is important for future monitoring and conservation that we understand where these novel and disappearing assemblages occur and how they differ among dimensions (taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional) of diversity. Here we investigate the geographical and environmental patterns of novel and disappearing assemblages; whether these patterns hold across dimensions of diversity; and how these assemblages are characterized in trait space.LocationEcuador.MethodsWe used ensemble species distribution modelling to estimate the distributions of 151 hummingbird species into the projected climate for 2070. Using standard beta diversity measures, we identified novel and disappearing taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional assemblages.ResultsWe found that novel and disappearing hummingbird assemblages are likely under climate change, particularly in extreme environments and with novel assemblages replacing disappearing assemblages. Although the patterns of novel and disappearing assemblages were similar among dimensions of diversity, we found that there were fewest novel and disappearing functional assemblages. The future assemblages were characterized by an increase in functional space, which is counter to typical predictions of trait homogenization under climate change.Main conclusionsNovel and disappearing assemblages are likely to pose management challenges for future conservation. Here we present an approach to identify such assemblages. By considering the geographic and environmental context of novel and disappearing assemblages for different dimensions of diversity, we can start to identify the mechanisms behind these patterns.
Detection of iron restriction in anaemic and non‐anaemic patients: New diagnostic approaches
Authors: Thomas Lothar , Thomas Christian 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to detect iron restriction in non‐anaemic patients and iron‐restricted erythropoiesis (IRE) in patients with anaemia.MethodHaematologic indices and biochemical markers of iron deficiency (ID) were determined using the clinically accepted cut‐off level for serum ferritin of ≤30 μg/L as reference of ID. To evaluate the prevalence of iron restriction and IRE in patients with higher ferritin levels, we used the thresholds of the markers of ID as reference.ResultsIn the anaemic group, 17.1% of patients with ferritin levels >30 μg/L had IRE. The number of patients with IRE declined with increasing ferritin concentration. Approximately 14% of patients without anaemia and ferritin levels >30 μg/L had iron restriction because of iron‐sequestration syndromes. About 30% of the anaemic patients with IRE had ferritin concentrations in the range >300 μg/L, but no patient of the non‐anaemic group.ConclusionsDetection of iron restriction and IRE in patients with ferritin levels >30 μg/L is not possible with a single test used in isolation. Based on the results, we have developed a scoring system to provide optimal guidance for the evaluation of iron restriction in non‐anaemic patients and iron‐restricted erythropoiesis (IRE) in patients with anaemia.
Mixed mode fracture analysis of CCBD specimens based on the extended maximum tangential strain criterion
Authors: Hua W. , Dong S. , Pan X. , Wang Q. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe maximum tangential strain (MTSN) criterion has been modified to include the effects of T‐stress and stress intensity factors in conditions of both plane stress and plane strain. Further, both the T‐stress and Poisson's ratio affecting the crack propagation are also discussed according to the extended MTSN (EMTSN) criterion, which is a modified MTSN criterion. Finally, the generalized maximum tangential stress (GMTS) criterion and the EMTSN criterion are used to predict the test results obtained with central cracked Brazilian disc (CCBD) specimens. The results indicate that the T‐stress and Poisson's ratio have a remarkable influence on the mixed mode fracture resistance based on the EMTSN criterion. Theoretical values of both the EMTSN and the GMTS criteria are in very good agreement with the test results. Moreover, the EMTSN criterion provides a better prediction for pure mode II.
Corporate Cash Holdings and Acquisitions
Authors: Lie Erik , Liu Yixin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe find that acquirers’ announcement returns decline with their cash holdings, but only when at least part of the payment is in the form of stock. We further find evidence that acquirers that use stock payment are overvalued, especially when they have excess cash that they could have used instead. Collectively, our results suggest that investors interpret announcements of stock acquisitions as a signal that the acquirers’ equity is overvalued and that high cash holdings intensify this signal. However, our results are inconsistent with the common belief that cash holdings induce value‐destroying acquisitions.
Opportunistic top predators partition food resources in a tropical freshwater ecosystem
Authors: Villamarín Francisco , Jardine Timothy D. , Bunn Stuart E. , Marioni Boris , Magnusson William E. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The structure of food webs may be strongly influenced by the distribution of top predators in space and time. The Amazon biome is the only region in the world where four alligatorid species are known to occur in sympatry, and they attain high densities in some regions. As top predators with a diverse range of prey species occupying different trophic levels, their impact upon food webs should be substantial, but the degree to which crocodilians differ in their food sources, and potentially avoid competitive exclusion where they occur syntopically is not well understood.

Although most crocodilians are considered generalist opportunistic predators that feed on any source of protein available in the environment, Amazonian crocodilians show broad differences in the proportions of prey items they consume. It is believed that these differences may in part reflect habitat use, but it is unknown to what extent they represent interspecific differences in prey preferences or are a direct function of habitat selection.

Stable carbon isotope data (δ13C) of crocodilians and their potential prey were used to assess differences in reliance on terrestrial versus aquatic resources. These data were then placed in a spatial context using classified maps that reflect habitat types (headwater streams, mid‐order flooded‐forest streams and várzea floodplains) to elucidate whether dietary differences are explained by habitat selection or are more likely a reflection of prey preferences.

We found evidence for differences in types of basal resources supporting these crocodilians. Mean δ13C values were highest in Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider's dwarf caiman, −25.7 ± 1.2‰), intermediate in Caiman crocodilus (spectacled caiman, −27.4 ± 1.2‰) and Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier's dwarf caiman, −27.7 ± 1.1‰) and lowest in Melanosuchus niger (black caiman, −29.9 ± 1.3‰).

A progressive decrease in δ13C values of crocodilian tissues occurred from headwaters to floodplains, which most likely reflects a progressive increase in autochthonous over allochthonous inputs in lower reaches of streams. The shift from terrestrial to aquatic resources sustaining these sympatric predators mirrors their spatial distribution along this ecotone. However, after taking into account the habitat in which pairs of syntopic individuals of distinct species occurred, significant differences in δ13C values suggest that P. trigonatus and P. palpebrosus have different prey bases. Thus, despite being opportunistic predators, our results show that differences in crocodilian diets likely result from prey preferences and not only from habitat selection. These findings suggest that some species of crocodilians may be less generalist than traditionally thought and their influence on terrestrial or aquatic food webs might be species specific.
Temporal scale dependent interactions between multiple environmental disturbances in microcosm ecosystems
Authors: Garnier Aurélie , Pennekamp Frank , Lemoine Mélissa , Petchey Owen L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGlobal environmental change has negative impacts on ecological systems, impacting the stable provision of functions, goods, and services. Whereas effects of individual environmental changes (e.g. temperature change or change in resource availability) are reasonably well understood, we lack information about if and how multiple changes interact. We examined interactions among four types of environmental disturbance (temperature, nutrient ratio, carbon enrichment, and light) in a fully factorial design using a microbial aquatic ecosystem and observed responses of dissolved oxygen saturation at three temporal scales (resistance, resilience, and return time). We tested whether multiple disturbances combine in a dominant, additive, or interactive fashion, and compared the predictability of dissolved oxygen across scales. Carbon enrichment and shading reduced oxygen concentration in the short term (i.e. resistance); although no other effects or interactions were statistically significant, resistance decreased as the number of disturbances increased. In the medium term, only enrichment accelerated recovery, but none of the other effects (including interactions) were significant. In the long term, enrichment and shading lengthened return times, and we found significant two‐way synergistic interactions between disturbances. The best performing model (dominant, additive, or interactive) depended on the temporal scale of response. In the short term (i.e. for resistance), the dominance model predicted resistance of dissolved oxygen best, due to a large effect of carbon enrichment, whereas none of the models could predict the medium term (i.e. resilience). The long‐term response was best predicted by models including interactions among disturbances. Our results indicate the importance of accounting for the temporal scale of responses when researching the effects of environmental disturbances on ecosystems.
Hosts, parasites and their interactions respond to different climatic variables
Authors: Poisot Timothée , Guéveneux‐Julien Cynthia , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Gravel Dominique , Legendre Pierre 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimAlthough there is a vast body of literature on the causes of variation in species composition in ecological communities, less effort has been invested in understanding how interactions between these species vary. Given that interactions are crucial to the structure and functioning of ecological communities, we need to develop a better understanding of their spatial distribution. Here, we investigate whether species interactions vary more in response to different climate variables than do individual species.LocationEurasia.Time period2000s.Major taxaAnimalia.MethodsWe used a measure of local contribution to β‐diversity to evaluate the compositional uniqueness of 51 host–parasite communities of rodents and their ectoparasitic fleas across Eurasia, using publicly available data. We measured uniqueness based on the species composition and based on potential and realized biotic interactions (here, host–parasite interactions).ResultsWe show that species interactions vary more, across space, than do species. In particular, we show that species interactions respond to some climatic variables that have no effect on species distributions or dissimilarity.Main conclusionsSpecies interactions capture some degree of variation that is not apparent when looking at species occurrences only. In this system, this appeared as hosts and parasites interacting in different ways as a response to different environmental factors, especially the temperature and dryness. We discuss the implications of this finding for the amount of information that should be considered when measuring community dissimilarity.