bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supererogation
Authors: Heyd David 
Published: January 2017

Etymologically, the term “supererogation” refers to paying more than is due. Philosophically, it relates to the category of actions that lie beyond the call of duty. Historically, the concept was formed in Roman Catholic theology in the times of the Church Fathers but, following the fierce attacks on it by theologians of the Reformation, has almost become out of use. It was revived by J. O. Urmson in his article “On Saints and Heroes” (see Urmson 1958, cited under the Deontic Structure) and since then has played a major role in (nonreligious) ethical theory. Supererogation serves as a significant challenge to major ethical theories: Can utilitarians accept that obligatory action may be suboptimal (and that the very best action possible for an agent may often be supererogatory)? Can deontologists acknowledge the privileged moral value of actions that are not part of one’s duty but rather lie beyond it? Can virtue ethicists relate supererogatory action to a particular character disposition? Adherents to strict versions of these traditional ethical theories typically indeed deny the very possibility of supererogatory action (as did the Lutheran Reformers). Supporters of the idea of supererogation hold that ethical guidance to action has a double-tier structure: what one must do (the obligatory) and what one can only be encouraged to do (the supererogatory), the latter being concerned with nonobligatory yet (often highly) valuable action. Possible justifications of this two-tier structure lie within a wide spectrum of arguments and distinctions: what can or cannot be expected of average moral agents (on the basis of the “ought-implies-can” principle), accepting omissions of optimal action in terms of excuse, the value of leaving some space in moral action to free personal choice to go beyond given norms, basic conditions of social cooperation versus personal expressions of sympathy and solidarity, the moral as distinct from the rational, maximizing in contrast with satisficing, enforceable as against nonenforceable norms, universalizable norms versus self-imposed ideals, and the general gap between duty and (moral) value. The contested category of supererogation is often discussed through typical examples such as heroic actions, self-sacrifice, volunteering, forgiveness and pardon, and gifts and charity, as well as favors. The discussion of these examples exposes the two levels of the debate about the concept of supererogation: the first, which is mostly conceptual (although informed by normative concerns), relates to the issue of whether we need such a concept at all; the second, which is straightforwardly moral, focuses on the disputed demarcation line between the obligatory and the supererogatory.
Rethinking the Institutional Foundations of China’s Hypergrowth
Authors: Su Fubing , Tao Ran , Yang Dali L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article examines the institutional foundations of the remarkable growth of the Chinese economy, paying particular attention to official incentives, institutional constraints, and local developmentalism. It begins by outlining two approaches that explain the role of local officials as agents of economic growth: the fiscal incentives approach, which views local officials as revenue maximizers; and the fiscal federalism approach, which views officials as promotion maximizers. It then discusses the tournament thesis based on Chinese policy and empirical data before proposing a three-pronged framework that analyzes China’s political economy and explains why the country’s revenue-maximizing local officials have pursued a particular form of developmentalism since the early 1990s. This framework takes into account a number of phenomena in China’s economic development and transition, including massive industrialization and urbanization, local protectionism, the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the rise of TVEs (township and village enterprises).
Re-enacting Historic Jazz Performances
Authors: McMullen Tracy 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This article examines contemporary jazz reenactment in the context of the rise of live musical reenactments since the 1990s. The growth of tribute bands in popular music fulfills a long-standing cultural appetite for music that “repeats with a signal difference” through ironic tributes, but the growing prevalence of “clone” bands that depict the past with “painstaking precision” also reveals a yearning for repetition without a difference. Jazz, perhaps the musical archetype of repeating with a signal difference, has been increasingly repeated without a difference in this era. In order to understand this phenomenon and its ramifications, this article argues for the necessity to clearly recognize the different traditions of repetition that have accompanied jazz since its inception: a liberal humanist European tradition that supports our modern-day museum culture of “naming and taming” and an African American tradition that has not sought to locate objects and authors so precisely.
Noël Coward
Authors: McHugh Dominic 
Published: January 2017

Although dubbed ‘The Master’ by his admirers, Noël Coward was seen by his detractors as a ‘jack of all trades, master of none’, giving rise to a hermeneutic problem in categorizing the character and meaning of his output. Genre becomes a fallible tool in the exegesis of Coward’s musicals. He flitted deftly from revue to operetta, from original comedy to adaptation, from British to American models. Yet just as genre is often retrospectively extrapolated from key works to provide a framework for the scholar rather than a tangible taxonomy from the point of view of the artist, for Coward it might be argued that genre was a loose mode of reference rather than the essence of his musicals. This chapter proposes alternative strategies for analysing Coward’s work, referring to his life and overall output to argue that Coward’s musicals shaped his identity as much as his identity shaped his musicals.
The Charter on Professionalism for Health Care Organizations
Authors: Egener Barry E. , Mason Diana J. , McDonald Walter J. , Okun Sally , Gaines Martha E. , Fleming David A. , Rosof Bernie M. , Gullen David , Andresen May-Lynn 
Published: January 2017

In 2002, the Physician Charter on Medical Professionalism was published to provide physicians with guidance for decision making in a rapidly changing environment. Feedback from physicians indicated that they were unable to fully live up to the principles in the 2002 charter partly because of their employing or affiliated health care organizations. A multistakeholder group has developed a Charter on Professionalism for Health Care Organizations, which may provide more guidance than charters for individual disciplines, given the current structure of health care delivery systems.
This article contains the Charter on Professionalism for Health Care Organizations, as well as the process and rationale for its development. For hospitals and hospital systems to effectively care for patients, maintain a healthy workforce, and improve the health of populations, they must attend to the four domains addressed by the Charter: patient partnerships, organizational culture, community partnerships, and operations and business practices. Impacting the social determinants of health will require collaboration among health care organizations, government, and communities.
Transitioning to the model hospital described by the Charter will challenge historical roles and assumptions of both its leadership and staff. While the Charter is aspirational, it also outlines specific institutional behaviors that will benefit both patients and workers. Lastly, this article considers obstacles to implementing the Charter and explores avenues to facilitate its dissemination.
Surveying Resident and Faculty Physician Knowledge, Attitudes, and Experiences in Response to Public Lead Contamination
Authors: Taylor D. Kay , Lepisto Brenda Lovegrove , Lecea Nicolas , Ghamrawi Ranine , Bachuwa Ghassan , LaChance Jenny , Hanna-Attisha Mona 
Published: January 2017

Environmental health crises can appear anywhere and without warning. After research revealed a significant incidence of elevated pediatric blood lead levels following a water source change, Genesee County declared a public health emergency in Flint, Michigan. Hospital patients and family members began approaching Hurley Medical Center’s physicians with questions regarding the health implications of the lead contamination. Many of the physicians voiced concerns about responding appropriately to patient needs and increasing demands for information. As a result, a Hurley research team decided to conduct an informal survey across training programs to determine the need for added education.
Because of heightened patient anxiety, it was necessary for the timeline to progress quickly. In creating the survey, the team’s objective was to assess resident and faculty physician knowledge, attitudes, and experiences concerning lead contamination. The results revealed a critical need for supplementary training. Therefore, Hurley embarked on an education campaign for its graduate medical education programs, benefiting physicians and patients alike.
Patient and physician needs may change drastically following an environmental health emergency. It is the duty of medical centers to ensure their clinicians are well equipped to confront such threats. As prompt treatment is often a key to positive health outcomes, the authors stress the importance of acting quickly and suggest conducting informal surveys to identify gaps in physician knowledge. Likewise, the authors encourage medical educators nationwide to examine their environmental health curricula. It appears lead-contaminated water is not just a Flint problem but may have far-reaching implications for many cities.
Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE): A Pilot Study in Alcohol-dependent Women
Authors: Persson Anna , Back Sudie E. , Killeen Therese K. , Brady Kathleen T. , Schwandt Melanie L. , Heilig Markus , Magnusson Åsa 
Published: January 2017

Objectives:Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders are highly comorbid. Effective treatments are largely lacking. This pilot study evaluated the safety and feasibility of a novel intervention, Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE), in preparation for a randomized controlled trial.Methods:Twenty-two treatment-seeking women with current DSM-IV-TR PTSD and alcohol dependence (AD) were recruited. Participants received COPE. Safety and feasibility were evaluated, as were efficacy-related outcomes: PTSD and depression symptom severity, alcohol use, craving, and dependence severity.Results:No adverse events occurred. COPE was implemented in routine clinical practice. Among the assessed women, 95.8% were eligible to participate. Treatment attendance and completion were higher than in previous studies. Post treatment, all efficacy-related outcomes, including PTSD and depression symptom severity, alcohol use, craving, and dependence severity, were significantly reduced.Conclusions:COPE was safe and feasible to use. Concerns that trauma-focused, exposure-based therapy might promote relapse in this population appear unwarranted. Our findings provide initial evidence suggestive of COPE efficacy for comorbid PTSD and AD in women. These results provide a strong rationale for investigating the efficacy of COPE for comorbid PTSD and AD in women in a randomized controlled trial.
Attempted and Successful Vacuum-Assisted Vaginal Delivery by Prepregnancy Body Mass Index
Authors: Ramos Sebastian Z. , Waring Molly E. , Leung Katherine , Amir Nili S. , Bannon Annika L. , Moore Simas Tiffany A. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To examine rates of attempted and successful vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI).

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2,084 women with singleton gestations needing operative delivery assistance and vacuum-eligible (fully dilated, +2 station or greater, 34 weeks of gestation or greater) using 2006–2014 inpatient records. Prepregnancy BMI was categorized as underweight (less than 18.5), normal weight (18.5 to less than 25), overweight (25 to less than 30), or obese (30 or greater). Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of attempted and successful vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery by prepregnancy BMI adjusted for age, race, marital status, parity, diabetes, labor induction–augmentation, episiotomy, gestational age, and neonatal birth weight.

RESULTS:
Thirty-nine percent of women requiring delivery assistance and eligible for a vacuum were overweight or obese, 79% had vacuum attempts, and 95.3% of attempted vacuum-assisted vaginal deliveries were successful. Compared with women who were normal weight prepregnancy (82.8%), women who were overweight or obese were less likely to have vacuum attempted (75.8%, OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53–0.96 and 71.2%, OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39–0.74, respectively). Among women with attempted vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery, successful delivery did not differ by prepregnancy BMI (92.6%, OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.21–1.37 for underweight; 94.5%, OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.57–2.00 for overweight; 96.3%, OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.51–2.33 for obese compared with 95.6% among normal-weight women).

CONCLUSION:
Among women in need of operative delivery assistance, prepregnancy obesity was associated with lower likelihood of attempted vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery but, if attempted, success rates were similar to rates among normal-weight women. With significant morbidity of second-stage cesarean delivery in obese women, research should examine whether vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery may be appropriate for additional obese patients.
Internal Jugular Vein Compression: A Novel Approach to Mitigate Blast Induced Hearing Injury
Authors: Sindelar Brian , Shinners Michael , Sherman Sydney , Novak Kevin , Erickson Kristine , Patel Vimal , Kubilis Paul , Smith David , Finan John , Bailes Julian E. 
Published: January 2017

Hypothesis:
Internal jugular vein (IJV) compression before blast injury will lead to reduced risk of traumatic hearing injury following exposure to a blast injury.

Background:
IJV compression and its effects on not only intracranial, but also intracochlear pressure may potentiate blast induced hearing injury, therefore, precluding its use as a prophylactic therapy for blast induced traumatic brain injury.

Methods:
Twenty Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a 17.9 ± 0.4 PSI (195.8 dB SPL) right sided shock wave in which 10 had application of a custom IJV compression collar before injury. All rodents received baseline and post blast injury otoacoustic emission (OAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing followed by cochlear histology.

Results:
IJV compression was shown to significantly reduce ABR and OAE threshold shifts in comparison to the non-intervention group by: 14.9 ± 4.8 dB (right ear ABR 0.5 kHz Day 1 post blast, p = 0.01), 13.1 ± 4.9 dB (right ear ABR 4 kHz Day 1 post blast, p = 0.04), 16.5 ± 4.5 dB (right ear ABR click Day 1 post blast, p = 0.003), 12.1 ± 4.6 dB (right ear ABR click Day 6 post blast, p = 0.04), and 14.0 ± 3.2 dB (both ears OAE 3.2–10 kHz, p < 0.0001). Also, those animals with collar application had a greater number of total hair cells per mm from 70 to 100% distance from the cochlear apex following blast injury in comparison to those without intervention (blast: 211.8 ± 27.5 versus blast+collar: 355.5 ± 39.5 [p = 0.0002]).

Conclusion:
This study supports the use of IJV compression in a pre-clinical model as a new prophylactic mechanism to combat blast induced hearing injury.
Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill
Authors: Gunst Jan , Van den Berghe Greet 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
Feeding guidelines have recommended early, full nutritional support in critically ill patients to prevent hypercatabolism and muscle weakness. Early enteral nutrition was suggested to be superior to early parenteral nutrition. When enteral nutrition fails to meet nutritional target, it was recommended to administer supplemental parenteral nutrition, albeit with a varying starting point. Sufficient amounts of amino acids were recommended, with addition of glutamine in subgroups. Recently, several large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have yielded important new insights. This review summarizes recent evidence with regard to the indication, timing, and dosing of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients.

Recent findings
One large RCT revealed no difference between early enteral nutrition and early parenteral nutrition. Two large multicenter RCTs showed harm by early supplementation of insufficient enteral nutrition with parenteral nutrition, which could be explained by feeding-induced suppression of autophagy. Several RCTs found either no benefit or harm with a higher amino acid or caloric intake, as well as harm by administration of glutamine.

Summary
Although unanswered questions remain, current evidence supports accepting low macronutrient intake during the acute phase of critical illness and does not support use of early parenteral nutrition. The timing when parenteral nutrition can be initiated safely and effectively is unclear.
Should Female Partners of Men With Non-Gonococcal Urethritis, Negative for Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, Be Informed and Treated? Clinical Outcomes From a Partner Study of Heterosexual Men With NGU
Authors: Ong Jason J. , Sarumpaet Angela , Chow Eric P.F. , Bradshaw Catriona , Chen Marcus , Read Tim , Fairley Christopher K. 
Published: January 2017

Background
To determine if female partners of men with pathogen-negative non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) are at risk of genital infection.

Methods
Secondary data analysis using health records from a large sexually transmitted disease clinic in Melbourne of 1710 men and their female partners attending on the same day from January 2006 to April 2015. Proportions of female partners with symptoms suggesting genital infection or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were determined for: (1) men with NGU and no Chlamydia trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium (referred to as pathogen-negative NGU) (n = 91); 2) men with urethral C. trachomatis (n = 176); 3) men with urethral M. genitalium (n = 26); and 4) asymptomatic men (n = 652).

Results
Female partners of men with pathogen-negative NGU experienced deep pelvic pain (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–4.4), post coital bleeding (AOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2–4.9), and dysuria (AOR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.6–8.6) more commonly and were diagnosed with PID more commonly (AOR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.1–11.3) than the female partners of asymptomatic men. Pelvic inflammatory disease was not more likely to be diagnosed in the female partners of men with genital warts (AOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.5–4.4) or candidiasis (AOR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4–3.5) than the female partners of asymptomatic men. The female partners of men with chlamydia experienced post coital bleeding more (AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0–3.6) and were more likely to be diagnosed with PID (AOR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.6–8.0).

Conclusions
The female partners of men with pathogen-negative NGU may be at increased risk of genital infection, even if a recognised pathogen is not identified in the man.
Longitudinal HIV Care Trajectories in North Carolina
Authors: Powers Kimberly A. , Samoff Erika , Weaver Mark A. , Sampson Lynne A. , Miller William C. , Leone Peter A. , Swygard Heidi 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Long-term HIV care and treatment engagement is required for maximal clinical and prevention benefits, but longitudinal care patterns are poorly understood. We used the last 10 years' worth of HIV surveillance data from North Carolina to describe longitudinal HIV care trajectories from diagnosis.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of all persons newly diagnosed with HIV in North Carolina between March 31, 2006 and March 31, 2015 (N = 16,207). We defined HIV care attendance in each 3-month and 6-month interval after diagnosis as the presence of viral load and/or CD4 records (care visit proxies) in the interval. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify common care trajectories and baseline predictors thereof.

Results:
A predicted 26% of newly HIV-diagnosed persons showed consistently high care attendance over time; ∼16% exhibited steadily declining attendance; ∼26% showed consistently low attendance; ∼17% had initially weak attendance with an increase starting ∼1.5 year later; and ∼15% showed initially weak attendance with an increase starting ∼3 years later. Older age at diagnosis was protective against all suboptimal trajectories (with the “consistently high” pattern as referent), and being a man who has sex with men was protective against 3 of the 4 suboptimal patterns.

Conclusions:
As measured by surveillance-based laboratory proxies, most newly HIV-diagnosed persons exhibited suboptimal care trajectories, but there was wide variation in the particular pathways followed. The insights provided by this analytical approach can help to inform the design of epidemic models and tailored interventions, with the ultimate goal of improving HIV care engagement and transmission prevention.
¡Sólo Se Vive Una Vez! (You Only Live Once): A Pilot Evaluation of Individually Tailored Video Modules Aiming to Increase HIV Testing Among Foreign-Born Latino Men
Authors: Dolwick Grieb Suzanne M. , Flores-Miller Alejandra , Page Kathleen R. 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Although Latinos living in the United States are disproportionately affected by HIV, the development, implementation, and evaluation of HIV prevention, testing, and linkage to care interventions lag behind efforts occurring in other communities. To address sociocultural barriers to testing, we developed a multilevel intervention. This study is a pilot evaluation of the individual-level component of the intervention—animated video modules that address specific barriers to HIV testing common among foreign-born Latino men.

Methods:
We conducted a survey assessing HIV risk and barriers to testing with a convenience sample of 104 foreign-born Latino men in Baltimore, MD, who had not tested for HIV within the past year. Intention to test in the next 3 months was measured before and after viewing an intervention module selected based on survey responses.

Results:
Fifty-two (50.0%) participants had never tested for HIV. Of the participants who had previously tested for HIV, the mean time since their last test was 3.48 years (SD = 3.55). Participants' intention to test for HIV significantly increased after watching the module (t = −8.28, P < 0.001). Increased intention to test was not associated with any socio-demographic characteristics (ie, age, country of origin) or reported sexual behaviors (ie, number of sex partners in the past year).

Discussion:
These results suggest that our culturally sensitive, individually tailored intervention can be an additional tool to encourage HIV testing among previously untested foreign-born Latino men, one of the demographic groups at highest risk for delayed HIV diagnosis in the United States.