bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial disparities in preventable risk factors for head and neck cancer
Authors: Dwojak Sunshine , Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: February 2017

Objectives/HypothesisTo demonstrate racial differences in preventable risk behaviors/practices that contribute to head and neck cancer (HNCA).Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of large national risk factor survey.MethodsThe Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 2013 was analyzed. Demographic data were extracted, including age, sex, and race. Social habits considered risk factors for HNCA were also extracted, including alcohol consumption, smoking, and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status. Statistical comparisons were conducted according to race for each risk factor, and additional comparisons were conducted within the American Indian population subgroup for risk factors according to sex.ResultsA total of 238.6 million Americans were surveyed. American Indians reported higher rates of binge drinking (19.0%) than whites (17.3%), blacks (12.4%), and Asian Americans (13.1%; P < .001). This rate was significantly higher for American Indian males (23.5%) versus females (13.7%; P < .001). Mean total drinks per month was higher for whites and American Indians (13.5 and 13.5; P < .001). American Indians reported the highest rates of current smoking (28.1%), followed by blacks (20.1%), whites (18.3%), and Asians (10.2%; P < .001). American Indians also reported the highest rates of every day smoking (18.2%), versus whites (13.3%), blacks (13.1%), and Asians (6.1%; P < .001). Rates of HPV vaccination were lowest for American Indians (11.7%), compared to whites (14.6%), blacks (13.6%), and Asians (12%; P = 0.618).ConclusionsThere are striking racial disparities in the prevalence of preventable risk factors for HNCA. These data highlight the need for targeted education and prevention programs in particular racial groups.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 127:1068–1072, 2017
Pharyngeal swallowing pressures in the base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions identified with three‐dimensional manometry
Authors: Rosen Sarah P. , Jones Corinne A. , McCulloch Timothy M. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesThis study aims to use three‐dimensional (3D) high‐resolution manometry to identify circumferential pressure patterns generated within the asymmetrical base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions of the pharynx during deglutition.Study DesignCase series.MethodsRadial pressures in the regions of interest were evaluated during swallowing events in 12 healthy subjects using 3D high‐resolution manometry.ResultsRepeated measures analysis of variance revealed asymmetrical pharyngeal clearance pressures in the base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions during swallowing. A significant main effect of direction on pressure was found at the time point of average maximum pressure (P < 0.001) and for pressure integral (P < 0.001), with pressure primarily generated from the posterior direction. An interaction was noted between direction and location when comparing maximum directional pressures, regardless of time (P =0.045), highlighting the differences in anterior pressure production between regions. In contrast to the high posterior pressures produced in the base‐of‐tongue region, an anteroposterior dominant pressure pattern was observed in the hypopharynx. Pressure waveform complexity in the hypopharynx also is likely attributed to activity in the anterior and posterior directions. Symmetrical pressure generation was observed during intrabolus flow within the hypopharynx.ConclusionThis study shows that pressure is asymmetrically generated in the base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions during swallowing of a 10‐mL bolus, reflecting the complex anatomy within the pharynx. Understanding of these complex pressure patterns aids in the interpretation of high‐resolution manometry and can help guide further study in the clinical assessment and treatment of pharyngeal pathology.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 127:1989–1995, 2017
Genome‐resolved metagenomics of a bioremediation system for degradation of thiocyanate in mine water containing suspended solid tailings
Authors: Rahman Sumayah F. , Kantor Rose S. , Huddy Robert , Thomas Brian C. , van Zyl Andries W. , Harrison Susan T.L. , Banfield Jillian F. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThiocyanate (SCN−) is a toxic compound that forms when cyanide (CN−), used to recover gold, reacts with sulfur species. SCN−‐degrading microbial communities have been studied, using bioreactors fed synthetic wastewater. The inclusion of suspended solids in the form of mineral tailings, during the development of the acclimatized microbial consortium, led to the selection of an active planktonic microbial community. Preliminary analysis of the community composition revealed reduced microbial diversity relative to the laboratory‐based reactors operated without suspended solids. Despite minor upsets during the acclimation period, the SCN− degradation performance was largely unchanged under stable operating conditions. Here, we characterized the microbial community in the SCN− degrading bioreactor that included solid particulate tailings and determined how it differed from the biofilm‐based communities in solids‐free reactor systems inoculated from the same source. Genome‐based analysis revealed that the presence of solids decreased microbial diversity, selected for different strains, suppressed growth of thiobacilli inferred to be primarily responsible for SCN− degradation, and promoted growth of Trupera, an organism not detected in the reactors without solids. In the solids reactor community, heterotrophy and aerobic respiration represent the dominant metabolisms. Many organisms have genes for denitrification and sulfur oxidation, but only one Thiobacillus sp. in the solids reactor has SCN− degradation genes. The presence of the solids prevented floc and biofilm formation, leading to the observed reduced microbial diversity. Collectively the presence of the solids and lack of biofilm community may result in a process with reduced resilience to process perturbations, including fluctuations in the influent composition and pH. The results from this investigation have provided novel insights into the community composition of this industrially relevant community, giving potential for improved process control and operation through ongoing process monitoring.
Early and continued manual stimulation is required for long‐term recovery after facial nerve injury
Authors: Grosheva Maria , Rink Svenja , Jansen Ramona , Bendella Habib , Pavlov Stoyan P. , Sarikcioglu Levent , Angelov Doychin N. , Dunlop Sarah A. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We previously have shown that manual stimulation (MS) of vibrissal muscles for 2 months after facial nerve injury in rats improves whisking and reduces motor end plate polyinnervation. Here, we seek to determine whether discontinuing or delaying MS after facial–facial anastomosis (FFA) leads to similar results. Methods: Rats were subjected to FFA and received MS for (1) 4 months (early and continued), (2) the first but not the last 2 months (discontinued), or (3) the last 2 months (delayed). Intact animals and those not receiving MS (no MS) were also examined. Results: Early and continued MS restored whisking amplitude to 43°, a value significantly higher compared with the discontinued, delayed, and no MS groups (32°, 24°, and 10°, respectively). Motor end plate polyinnervation occurred in all experimental groups but was significantly higher in the delayed group. Discussion: Early and continued MS results in better recovery than when it is either discontinued or delayed. Muscle Nerve 57: 100–106, 2018
High‐resolution ultrasound visualization of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve
Authors: Riegler Georg , Lieba‐Samal Doris , Brugger Peter C. , Pivec Christopher , Platzgummer Hannes , Vierhapper Martin , Muschitz Gabriela , Jengojan Suren , Bodner Gerd 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The value of imaging the deep branch of the ulnar nerve (DBUN) over its entire course has not been clarified. Therefore, this study evaluates the feasibility of visualizing the DBUN from its origin to the most distal point. Methods: We performed high‐resolution ultrasound (HRUS) with high‐frequency probes (18–22 MHZ), HRUS‐guided ink marking, and consecutive dissection in 8 fresh cadaver hands. In both hands of 10 healthy volunteers (n = 20), the cross‐sectional area (CSA) was measured at 2 different locations (R1 and R2). Results: The DBUN was clearly visible in all anatomical specimens and in healthy volunteers. Dissection confirmed HRUS findings in all anatomical specimens. The mean CSA was 1.8 ± 0.5 mm2 at R1 and 1.6 ± 0.4 mm2 at R2. Discussion: This study confirms that the DBUN can be reliably visualized over its entire course with HRUS in anatomical specimens and in healthy volunteers. Muscle Nerve 56: 1101–1107, 2017
Blood flow restriction increases metabolic stress but decreases muscle activation during high‐load resistance exercise
Authors: Teixeira Emerson L. , Barroso Renato , Silva‐Batista Carla , Laurentino Gilberto C. , Loenneke Jeremy P. , Roschel Hamilton , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Tricoli Valmor 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We investigated differences in metabolic stress (lactate) and muscle activation (electromyography; EMG) when high‐load resistance exercise (HL) is compared with a condition in which blood flow restriction (BFR) is applied during the exercise or during the rest interval. Methods: Twelve participants performed HL with BFR during the intervals (BFR‐I), during the set (BFR‐S), and without BFR. Each condition consisted of 3 sets of 8 repetitions with knee extension at 70% of 1‐repetition maximum. Lactate and root mean square (RMS) from the surface EMG of the vastus lateralis were calculated. Results: Lactate increased in all protocols but was higher with BFR‐I than with BFR‐S and HL. RMS decreased under all conditions, with a larger effect size in BFR‐I (1.47) than in BFR‐S (0.66) and HL (0.59). Discussion: BFR‐I increases lactate, possibly as a result of reduced restoration of ATP. Muscle activation seems to be impacted by mechanical stress but may be reduced by metabolic stress. Muscle Nerve 57: 107–111, 2018
Ultrahigh‐frequency ultrasound of fascicles in the median nerve at the wrist
Authors: Cartwright Michael S. , Baute Vanessa , Caress James B. , Walker Francis O. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionAn ultrahigh‐frequency (70 MHZ) ultrasound device has recently been approved for human use. This study seeks to determine whether this device facilitates counting of fascicles within the median nerve at the wrist.MethodsTwenty healthy volunteers underwent imaging of the median nerve at the wrist bilaterally. The number of fascicles in each nerve was counted by two independent raters.ResultsThe mean fascicle number was 22.68. Correlation was strong between the two raters (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). Age, sex, body mass index, and nerve area did not predict fascicle number. Those with bifid median nerves and persistent median arteries had lower fascicle density than those without anatomic anomalies (1.79 vs. 2.29; P = 0.01).DiscussionFascicles within the median nerve at the wrist can be readily imaged. Ultrahigh‐frequency ultrasound technology may be informative in a variety of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Muscle Nerve 56: 819–822, 2017
Bone health in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chagarlamudi Hema , Corbett Alastair , Stoll Marion , Bibat Genila , Grosmann Carla , Matichak Stock Carly , Stinson Nikia , Shapiro Jay , Wagner Kathryn R. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Herein we provide a comprehensive overview of bone health in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Methods: Ninety‐four adult individuals with FSHD type 1 from 2 sites were included in this cross‐sectional study. Clinical characteristics and determinants of bone health were examined. Relationships between bone mineral density (BMD), strength, and function were explored. Results: Nearly a third of subjects were deficient in vitamin D3. Mean whole‐body BMD z‐score was −0.7; 11% of subjects had greater than age‐related reductions in whole‐body BMD (z‐score < −2.0). Whole‐body and regional BMDs were associated with strength and function. Thirty‐six percent had a history of fractures. Likelihood of fractures was reduced for those with normal whole‐body BMD (odds ratio = 0.25, 95% confidence interval 0.04–0.78). Discussion: A diagnosis of FSHD is not necessarily predictive of reduced BMD or increased fracture rate. Given the considerable variability of bone health in the FSHD population, strength and function can serve as predictors of BMD. Muscle Nerve 56: 1108–1113, 2017
Advancing neuromuscular ultrasound through research: Finding common sound
Authors: Hobson‐Webb Lisa D. , Cartwright Michael S. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) is an accepted, but underutilized, diagnostic tool in the evaluation of neuromuscular disorders. The lack of uniform high‐quality standards in published research and in clinical practice has been a limitation to its growth.Methods:In this article we address the shortcomings of NMUS research and establish basic standards to guide further work in the field.Results:A review of the basic types of NMUS research studies is presented, along with the elements that each should include. Basic standards for this imaging technique are also presented. An explanation of common data elements (CDEs) is provided with discussion of how NMUS may benefit from their creation.Conclusions:High‐quality NMUS research is needed to advance the field. Assuring that publications meet basic standards is essential. In addition, the creation of CDEs specific for NMUS is proposed. Muscle Nerve 56: 375–378, 2017
Prescription profile of pyridostigmine use in a population of patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Machado‐Alba Jorge Enrique , Calvo‐Torres Luis Felipe , Gaviria‐Mendoza Andrés , Augusto MejíA‐Vélez César 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTWe determined the pyridostigmine prescription pattern in a population of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted by using a prescription database of 3.5 million individuals from which patients who had been diagnosed with MG and for whom pyridostigmine had been prescribed were selected. A total of 306 outpatients with MG were found, and 258 were receiving pyridostigmine (mean age 53.0 ± 18.0 years). The calculated prevalence of MG was 86.7 cases per million persons. Monotherapy was used by 53.1% of the patients, prednisolone was used by 21.7%, and 30.2% used other immunomodulators. Medications for other comorbidities were taken by 74.8% of the patients, and 43.4% had prescriptions that could potentially trigger worsening symptoms. Pyridostigmine is being prescribed at doses close to the defined daily doses predominantly as monotherapy. A high proportion of patients were also prescribed a medication that could aggravate their condition, including some that can trigger a myasthenic crisis. Muscle Nerve 56: 1041–1046, 2017
Efficacy and Safety of Immuno-Magnetically Sorted Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Restoring Urethral Sphincter Function
Authors: Li Yanhui , Green Morgaine , Wen Yan , Wei Yi , Wani Prachi , Wang Zhe , Reijo Pera Renee , Chen Bertha 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHuman-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-based cell therapy holds promise for treating stress urinary incontinence (SUI). However, safety concerns, especially tumorgenic potential of residual undifferentiated cells in hiPSC derivatives, are major barriers for its clinical translation. An efficient, fast and clinical-scale strategy for purifying committed cells is also required. Our previous studies demonstrated the regenerative effects of hiPSC-derived smooth muscle progenitor cells (pSMCs) on the injured urethral sphincter in SUI, but the differentiation protocol required fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) which is not practical for autologous clinical applications. In this study, we examined the efficacy and safety of hiPSC-derived pSMC populations sorted by FDA-approved magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) using cell-surface marker CD34 for restoring urethral sphincter function. Although the heterogeneity of MACS-sorted pSMCs was higher than that of FACS-sorted pSMCs, the percentage of undifferentiated cells dramatically decreased after directed differentiation in vitro. In vivo studies demonstrated long-term cell integration and no tumor formation of MACS-sorted pSMCs after transplantation. Furthermore, transplantation of MACS-sorted pSMCs into immunodeficient SUI rats was comparable to transplantation with FACS-sorted pSMCs for restoration of the extracellular matrix metabolism and function of the urethral sphincter. In summary, purification of hiPSC derivatives using MACS sorting for CD34 expression represent an efficient approach for production of clinical-scale pSMCs for autologous stem cell therapy for regeneration of smooth muscle tissues.
MMP-2 and MMP-14 Silencing Inhibits VEGFR2 Cleavage and Induces the Differentiation of Porcine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Endothelial Cells
Authors: Almalki Sami G. , Llamas Valle Yovani , Agrawal Devendra K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that control the ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) to remodel three-dimensional extracellular matrix barriers during differentiation are not clearly understood. Herein, we studied the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during the differentiation of AMSCs to endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. MSCs were isolated from porcine abdominal adipose tissue, and characterized by immunopositivity to CD44, CD90, CD105, and immunonegativity to CD14 and CD45. Plasticity of AMSCs was confirmed by multilineage differentiation. The mRNA transcripts for MMPs and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and protein expression of EC markers were analyzed. The enzyme activity and protein expression were analyzed by gelatin zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot. The differentiation of AMSCs to ECs was confirmed by mRNA and protein expressions of the endothelial markers. The mRNA transcripts for MMP-2 and MMP-14 were significantly increased during the differentiation of MSCs into ECs. Findings revealed an elevated MMP-14 and MMP-2 expression, and MMP2 enzyme activity. Silencing of MMP-2 and MMP-14 significantly increased the expression of EC markers, formation of capillary tubes, and acetylated-low-density lipoprotein uptake, and decreased the cleavage of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2). Inhibition of VEGFR2 significantly decreased the expression of EC markers. These novel findings demonstrate that the upregulation of MMP2 and MMP14 has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of AMSCs to ECs, and silencing these MMPs inhibit the cleavage of VEGFR2 and stimulate the differentiation of AMSCs to ECs. These findings provide a potential mechanism for the regulatory role of MMP-2 and MMP-14 in the re-endothelialization of coronary arteries following intervention.
“Genes of Happiness and Well Being” in the Context of Search Activity Concept
Authors: Rotenberg Vadim S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The goal of this article is to discuss that the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene that was considered in some publications to be a gene of “happiness” and “well-being” is actually a gene that is responsible for the predisposition to the search activity that by itself contains positive emotional feelings. This statement is confirmed by the comparison of the results of different investigations and helps to solve many contradictions in psychobiology of emotional sensitivity, fear, depression, suicide attempts, of relationships between stressful conditions and well-being.
Splitting of the Mind and Unconscious Dynamics
Authors: Jiraskova Terezie 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Freud and Breuer proposed the concept of splitting of the mind and described it in various clinical cases and the concept was later developed in studies by Klein, Kohut, Kernberg and others. These basic clinical findings were also confirmed by later studies using Rorschach projective test documenting that splitting in mental structures may be observed in phantasies and associations reflecting cognitive and affective contents related to conflicting interpretations of objects, other persons and the self. Altogether these data indicate that splitting represents a specific form of dissociation resulting from a conflict that leads to splitting of the ego and other parts of the psychic apparatus into separated subsystems. In this context, splitting and dissociation do not mean different terms even they are used in different contexts for description of specific conditions that may occur in various mental disorders.
Deformation, failure and removal mechanisms of thin film structures in abrasive machining
Authors: Kang Cheng-Wei , Huang Han 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thin film structures are becoming increasingly more important for industrial applications such as the making of solar panels, microelectronic devices and micro systems. However, the challenges encountered in the machining of thin film structures have been a bottleneck that impedes further wide spread uses of such structures. The development of material removal processes that are capable of producing a damage free surface at high removal rates is critical for cost effective production. Such development relies highly on a comprehensive understanding of the deformation, failure and removal mechanisms of thin film structures involved in mechanical loading. In this paper, the current understanding of the deformation characteristics of thin film systems was reviewed to provide important insights into the interfacial failure under mechanical loading, with focuses on the interfacial failure mechanisms and existing problems in the machining of thin film structures. The key characterization techniques were outlined. In particular, the recent progress in the abrasive machining of a thin film multilayer structure was summarized. The potential research directions were also presented in the end of the review.
The association between macronutrient intake and the metabolic syndrome and its components in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Ahola Aila J. , Harjutsalo Valma , Thorn Lena M. , Freese Riitta , Forsblom Carol , Mäkimattila Sari , Groop Per-Henrik 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDiet is a major modifiable lifestyle factor that may affect the components of the metabolic syndrome. We aimed to investigate the association between relative proportions of macronutrients and the components of the metabolic syndrome in a population of individuals with type 1 diabetes. In all, 791 individuals without nephropathy, with plausible energy intake and known metabolic syndrome status, taking part in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study were included in the analyses. Dietary data were collected with a diet record. The association between the relative macronutrient intake and the outcome variables were analysed using multivariable nutrient density substitution models. The relative proportions of dietary macronutrients or fatty acids were not associated with the presence of the metabolic syndrome. In men, however, favouring carbohydrates over fats was associated with lower odds of the waist component, whereas favouring either carbohydrates or fats over proteins was associated with lower odds of the blood pressure component of the metabolic syndrome. In women, substituting carbohydrates for fats was associated with lower HDL-cholesterol concentration. Substituting carbohydrates or fats for alcohol or protein was, in men, associated with lower systolic blood pressure. To conclude, the relative distribution of macronutrients may have some relevance for the metabolic syndrome.