bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio‐legal Studies in France: Beyond the Law Faculty
Authors: Colson Renaud , Field Stewart 
Published: May 2016

This article is the third in an occasional series dealing with the development, current status, and future of socio‐legal studies in selected countries. It follows articles by Kim Economides (Aotearoa/New Zealand) and Harry Arthurs and Annie Bunting (Canada).In this article we argue that in France one can identify work that corresponds to the key strands of socio‐legal research in Anglo‐American societies but that ‘socio‐legal’ as a category of research and scholarship does not have the presence it has in the United Kingdom. French law faculties continue to be strongly shaped by a traditional disciplinary orthodoxy rooted in a highly and distinctively structured form of doctrinal analysis. In the first part, we explain the relatively limited presence of socio‐legal studies in French law faculties in terms of the historical and institutional mechanisms by which disciplinary closure has been created and maintained around traditional orthodoxies. But in the second part we will trace the presence – predominantly outside law faculties – of significant fragments of socio‐legal practice in the scholarship of law and allied disciplines.
The human gut microbiota and its interactive connections to diet
Authors: Milani C. , Ferrario C. , Turroni F. , Duranti S. , Mangifesta M. , van Sinderen D. , Ventura M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in human health. In addition to their metabolic interactions with dietary constituents, gut bacteria may also be involved in more complex host interactions, such as modulation of the immune system. Furthermore, the composition of the gut microbiota may be important in reducing the risk of contracting particular gut infections. Changes in the microbiota during an individual's lifespan are accompanied by modifications in multiple health parameters, and such observations have prompted intense scientific efforts aiming to understand the complex interactions between the microbiota and its human host, as well as how this may be influenced by diet.
Veneered Zirconia‐Based Restorations Fracture Resistance Analysis
Authors: Al‐Wahadni Ahed , Shahin Ahmad , Kurtz Kenneth S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPurposeTo examine the effects of the veneering technique on the fracture resistance of zirconia‐based crowns.Materials and MethodsAn artificial tooth was prepared with a 1.2 mm heavy chamfer finish line and 8° taper. The prepared tooth was scanned using CAD/CAM technology to fabricate 45 cobalt chromium (CoCr) testing dies. One CoCr die was scanned, and 45 zirconia copings were milled and divided according to the veneering technique into three groups of 15 specimens each: layering veneering (LV) using Vita Vm9, overpressing veneering (OV) using Vita Pm9, and digital veneering (DV) using Vita Triluxe forte. The crowns were cemented onto the testing dies using glass ionomer cement. The specimens were thermocycled (3000 cycles, 5° to 55°) then statically loaded (3.7 mm ball, 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed) until failure. Failed crowns were inspected using a magnifier, and failure patterns were identified. One‐way ANOVA and multiple comparison Bonferroni tests were applied for statistical analysis of the results.ResultsMeans and standard deviations of failure loads were 1200 ± 306 N for the LV group, 857 ± 188 N for the OV group, and 638 ± 194 N for the DV group. The differences in failure loads were statistically significant between all groups (p < 0.05). Failure mode was predominantly cohesive for LV and OV groups, whereas it was predominantly adhesive for the DV group.ConclusionsThe LV group was superior to other groups in terms of fracture resistance, while the DV group was inferior to the other groups in the same aspect.
Why God Had to Have an Immaculate Mother
Authors: Epsen Edward 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAnselm's argument for the salvific necessity of the Incarnation in his Cur Deus Homo is justly famous and elegantly simple: only man ought; only God can; therefore, only a God-man both ought and can (atone for sin). Unfortunately it is a paralogism, trading on an equivocal use of ‘ought’. It is not difficult, however, to reconceive the meaning of the terms ‘ought’ and ‘can’ in a way that both renders the argument formally valid and deepens our christology. Sin may be conceived, per Anselm's own insistence, as a condition of the human soul in its relation to God, a failure of the human will to establish itself in harmonious union with the divine will. If the integrity of created human nature requires that its psychological conditions are propagated together with it, then one who has both the duty and ability to atone for sin must be descended from Adam but must enjoy the original justice of the soul that Adam rejected and deformed in himself. Thus, systematically reconstructing Anselm's argument has the surprising consequence of enabling us to posit an argument for the salvific necessity of the Immaculate Conception as a preparatory stage in the hypostatic union of the Incarnation.
Complementary feeding: Vegetables first, frequently and in variety
Authors: Chambers L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDiets rich in fruit and vegetables are associated with lower risk of a number of chronic health problems, but the majority of people do not consume enough of these foods. The main predictor of fruit and vegetable intake is enjoyment of these foods, but vegetables are often disliked, especially by children. Food preferences developed in the early years track throughout childhood and beyond and, therefore, it is critical that vegetable liking is promoted at the very earliest opportunity. The start of complementary feeding is a sensitive period for the development of food preferences, as infants will readily accept new foods and quickly learn to like them. Repeated exposure to a variety of vegetables during complementary feeding is an effective way to encourage infants to accept these foods. Recent research has suggested that offering vegetables exclusively for the first few weeks of complementary feeding offers additional benefits, but survey data indicate that this is not yet commonly practised in the UK. Encouraging UK parents to adopt a ‘vegetables first, frequently and in variety’ approach to complementary feeding is likely to steer children towards a lifelong preference for these foods and all the associated health benefits.
Can sulforaphane prevent the onset or slow the progression of osteoarthritis?
Authors: Davidson R. K. , Jupp O. , Bao Y. , MacGregor A. J. , Donell S. T. , Cassidy A. , Clark I. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterised in part by destruction of articular cartilage. There are currently no disease‐modifying drugs to treat OA, with joint replacement the only treatment offered to patients at end‐stage disease. With age the major risk factor for OA, the number of patients is predicted to double by 2030. An understanding of the role of bioactive molecules from the habitual diet on joint health offers a novel way in which to prevent the onset or slow the progression of OA. Our research has indicated that sulforaphane (SFN), gained from the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli, could impact upon articular cartilage in laboratory models of OA because (1) it decreased the cytokine‐induced expression of cartilage‐degrading proteinases from chondrocytes (cartilage cells); (2) it prevented the cytokine‐induced degradation of cartilage explants; and (3) it attenuated cartilage destruction in a murine model of OA. The major mechanism of action for SFN in human articular chondrocytes was inhibition of NFκB, not activation of Nrf2 nor inhibition of histone deacetylases. A proof‐of‐principle human trial was performed to measure uptake of SFN, or its metabolites, in the human knee joint following a broccoli‐rich diet, and the expression or levels of several genes and proteins in cartilage, fat and synovial fluid were also measured. Data from this trial are about to be published. Overall, these findings support the utility of SFN in the prevention or treatment of OA. The proof of this requires an appropriately designed clinical trial of pain and function which we are currently pursuing.
Decline in measured glomerular filtration rate is associated with a decrease in endurance, strength, balance and fine motor skills
Authors: Hellberg Matthias , Höglund Peter , Svensson Philippa , Abdulahi Huda , Clyne Naomi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimPhysical performance in chronic kidney disease affects morbidity and mortality. The aim was to find out which measures of physical performance are important in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and if there are associations with declining measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR).MethodsEndurance was assessed by 6 min walk test (6‐MWT) and stair climbing, muscular endurance by 30 s sit to stand, heel rises and toe lifts, strength by quadriceps‐ and handgrip‐strength, balance by functional reach and Berg's balance scale, and fine motor skills by Moberg's picking‐up test. GFR was measured by Iohexol clearance.ResultsThe study comprised 101 patients with CKD 3b‐5 not started dialysis, 40 women and 61 men, with a mean age of 67 ± 13 (range: 22 – 87) years. All measures of physical performance were impaired. A decrease in GFR of 10 mL/min per 1.73 m2 corresponded to a 35 metre shorter walking distance in the 6‐MWT. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed significant relationships between decline in GFR and the 6‐MWT (P = 0.04), isometric quadriceps strength left (P = 0.04), balance measured as functional reach (P = 0.02) and fine motor skills in the left hand as measured by Moberg's picking‐up test (P = 0.01), respectively, after sex, age, comorbidity and the interaction between sex and age had been taken into account.ConclusionEndurance, muscular endurance, strength, balance and fine motor skills were impaired in patients with CKD 3b‐5. Walking capacity, isometric quadriceps strength, balance, and fine motor skills were associated with declining GFR. The left extremities were more susceptible to GFR, ageing and comorbidities and seem thus to be more sensitive.
The effect of holiday haemodialysis treatments on patient mood, adverse symptoms and subjective wellbeing using the Big Red Kidney Bus
Authors: Sims Jane , Bennett Paul N , Ockerby Cherene , Ludlow Marie , Fairbairn Jo , Wilson Anne , Kerr Peter G 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and AimsPeople with end‐stage kidney disease receiving haemodialysis are restricted to holidays where dialysis services are readily available. Holiday dialysis in regional, rural and remote areas is particularly challenging. The aims of this study were to evaluate the wellbeing of those who received dialysis in a holiday haemodialysis bus and to measure patient well‐being with that of a comparable cohort of haemodialysis patients.MethodsA three machine haemodialysis bus, the Big Red Kidney Bus, was built to enable people, their families and carers to take holidays across a range of tourist destinations in Victoria, Australia. Measures included pre‐post subjective well‐being, dialysis symptoms and mood questionnaires complemented by post semi‐structured telephone interviews.ResultsParticipating holidaymakers were positive about the haemodialysis bus service and the standard of care experienced. They reported decreased dialysis side effects of fatigue, muscle cramp and dry skin. The overall number of reported symptoms decreased, and the perceived level of bother associated with symptoms also decreased. No changes in subjective well‐being and mood were detected. Mean Personal Wellbeing Index scores were significantly higher than in a comparative haemodialysis sample.ConclusionThe Big Red Kidney Bus provided a safe and feasible holiday dialysis service. Holidaymakers' well‐being was reflected by the decreased dialysis patient side effects.
Psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the Suicidal Ideation Scale in mentally ill patients living in the community
Authors: Han Jin Sil , Lee Eun‐Hyun , Suh Tongwoo , Hong Chang Hyung 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to translate the Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS) into Korean (SIS‐K) and then evaluate its psychometric properties in mentally ill Korean patients living in the community.MethodsThe SIS‐K was translated into Korean using a translation and back‐translation technique. A sample of 396 patients with mental disorders was recruited from regional mental health centres in Korea. Factorial‐construct validity was tested using both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The data were randomly split into two subsamples: one used for EFA to identify the underlying structure of the items, and the other used for CFA to test whether the underlying structure was supported by actual data. Convergent validity, known‐groups validity and internal‐consistency reliability were tested.ResultsExploratory factor analysis extracted nine items clustered into two subscales that accounted for 68.59% of the variance. One item (‘I feel there is no solution to my problems other than taking my own life’) was deleted. The structure of the two subscales was supported by CFA. The SIS‐K score was moderately correlated with depression, and the scale demonstrated convergent validity. The SIS‐K scores were significantly higher in patients who had attempted suicide, implying the presence of satisfactory known‐groups validity. Cronbach's alpha of the total SIS‐K was 0.91.ConclusionsThe study has demonstrated the excellent psychometric properties of the SIS‐K. The SIS‐K is brief and easy to complete, and so it can be applied in both practice and research to patients with mental disorders. This cultural validation of the SIS‐K will promote both domestic and international studies of suicidal ideation.
American Identity, Congress, and the Puerto Rico Statehood Debate
Authors: Barreto Amílcar Antonio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIs the essence of American identity civic, ethnic, or a combination of the two? The 2010 debate in the U.S. House of Representatives on a bill to hold a referendum on the Puerto Rico status question provided a unique opportunity to shed light on these approaches. House Resolution 2499 would have asked the island's electorate whether they preferred remaining a Commonwealth, become an independent country, or the fifty‐first state. Despite three choices, House members overwhelming focused on one: statehood. Effectively this bill asked lawmakers, in keeping with the civic identity thesis, whether they were willing to accept a culturally and linguistically distinct territory as an equal partner in the federation. These deliberations divulge much about congressional views on the official, civic, American identity and its alternatives. At another level this debate questions the assumption that the stability and consolidation of national identities cannot proceed with clearly and consistently defined boundary markers. That clarity, some contend, is imperative on the part of government leaders. This article argues that significant differences in how the nation is objectified may be overlooked in the short run, but may incur significant long‐term instability.
Role of Temperament, Parenting Behaviors, and Stress on Turkish Preschoolers’ Internalizing Symptoms
Authors: Melis Yavuz H. , Selcuk Bilge , Corapci Feyza , Aksan Nazan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractChild‐ and family‐related factors that predict internalizing symptoms are understudied in preschool years and have a negative influence on children's functioning. We examined observational assessments of preschoolers' temperamental fearfulness and exuberance, mother reports of negative control, warmth, and parenting stress in a sample of 109 Turkish preschoolers. High temperamental fearfulness and low joyful/exuberant positive affectivity in addition to low warmth and high parenting stress had significant effects on internalizing symptoms. Parenting stress had both direct and indirect relations to internalizing symptoms via lower maternal warmth. When comorbid elevations in externalizing symptoms were controlled, the results were consistent with the interpretation that poor parenting practices and stress associated with the parenting role predict maladaptation in general but that the specific form of maladaptation may be best predicted by individual differences in children's temperamental characteristics. This study contributes to our understanding of risk and protective factors that predict preschoolers' internalizing symptoms with a sample from a non‐Western population. These findings can guide early prevention and intervention programs to address internalizing problems in a culturally‐sensitive way.
Affective Social Competence in Adolescence: Current Findings and Future Directions
Authors: Booker Jordan A. , Dunsmore Julie C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAffective Social Competence (ASC) is a conceptual framework describing complementary processes of sending, receiving, and experiencing emotions in dynamic interactions. This framework may be applied across the lifespan. To date, however, empirical studies addressing ASC have focused predominantly on childhood samples. In this review, we examine empirical evidence relevant to ASC in adolescence in comparison with childhood. We then discuss future directions that may promote understanding of Affective Social Competence among adolescent samples: the use of person‐oriented analyses to integrate all three components of ASC; consideration of understudied social contexts that may influence and be influenced by ASC; and use of microgenetic designs to examine growth across transitions during early, middle, and late adolescence.
The Disulfide Bond of the Peptide Thanatin Is Dispensible for Its Antimicrobial Activity
In Vivo
and
In Vitro
Authors: Ma Bo , Niu Chao , Zhou Ying , Xue Xiaoyan , Meng Jingru , Luo Xiaoxing , Hou Zheng 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Thanatin (THA) displays potent antibiotic activity, especially against extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Escherichia coli
both
in vitro
and
in vivo
, with minimal hemolytic toxicity and satisfactory stability in plasma. However, the high cost of thanatin significantly limits its development and clinical application. To reduce the cost of peptide synthesis, a formulation of cyclic thanatin (C-thanatin) called linear thanatin (L-thanatin) was synthesized and its activity was evaluated
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Results showed that C-thanatin and L-thanatin MICs did not differ against eight Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. Furthermore, the survival rates of ESBL-producing-
E. coli
-infected mice were consistent after C-thanatin or L-thanatin treatment at 5 or 10 mg/kg of body weight. Neither C-thanatin nor L-thanatin showed toxicity for human red blood cells (hRBCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at a concentration as high as 256 μg/ml. Results of circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the secondary structure of L-thanatin is extremely similar to that of C-thanatin. Membrane permeabilization and depolarization assays showed that C-thanatin and L-thanatin have similar abilities to permeabilize the outer and inner membranes and to induce membrane depolarization in ESBL-producing
E. coli
. However, neither of them caused significant HUVEC membrane permeability. These findings indicate that the two peptides have similar effects on bacterial cell membranes and that the disulfide bond in thanatin is not essential for its antimicrobial activities
in vivo
and
in vitro
. L-thanatin is thus a promising low-cost peptide candidate for treating ESBL-producing
E. coli
infections.
Global Dissemination of
bla
KPC
into Bacterial Species beyond Klebsiella pneumoniae and
In Vitro
Susceptibility to Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Aztreonam-Avibactam
Authors: Kazmierczak Krystyna M. , Biedenbach Douglas J. , Hackel Meredith , Rabine Sharon , de Jonge Boudewijn L. M. , Bouchillon Samuel K. , Sahm Daniel F. , Bradford Patricia A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC), first described in the United States in 1996, is now a widespread global problem in several Gram-negative species. A worldwide surveillance study collected Gram-negative pathogens from 202 global sites in 40 countries during 2012 to 2014 and determined susceptibility to β-lactams and other class agents by broth microdilution testing. Molecular mechanisms of β-lactam resistance among carbapenem-nonsusceptible
Enterobacteriaceae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were determined using PCR and sequencing. Genes encoding KPC enzymes were found in 586 isolates from 22 countries (76 medical centers), including countries in the Asia-Pacific region (32 isolates), Europe (264 isolates), Latin America (210 isolates), and the Middle East (19 isolates, Israel only) and the United States (61 isolates). The majority of isolates were
K. pneumoniae
(83.4%); however, KPC was detected in 13 additional species. KPC-2 (69.6%) was more common than KPC-3 (29.5%), with regional variation observed. A novel KPC variant, KPC-18 (KPC-3[V8I]), was identified during the study. Few antimicrobial agents tested remained effective
in vitro
against KPC-producing isolates, with ceftazidime-avibactam (MIC
90
, 4 μg/ml), aztreonam-avibactam (MIC
90
, 0.5 μg/ml), and tigecycline (MIC
90
, 2 μg/ml) retaining the greatest activity against
Enterobacteriaceae
cocarrying KPC and other β-lactamases, whereas colistin (MIC
90
, 2 μg/ml) demonstrated the greatest
in vitro
activity against KPC-positive
P. aeruginosa
. This analysis of surveillance data demonstrated that KPC is widely disseminated. KPC was found in multiple species of
Enterobacteriaceae
and
P. aeruginosa
and has now become a global problem.
Combining the FtsZ-Targeting Prodrug TXA709 and the Cephalosporin Cefdinir Confers Synergy and Reduces the Frequency of Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kaul Malvika , Mark Lilly , Parhi Ajit K. , LaVoie Edmond J. , Pilch Daniel S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Combination therapy of bacterial infections with synergistic drug partners offers distinct advantages over monotherapy. Among these advantages are (i) a reduction of the drug dose required for efficacy, (ii) a reduced potential for drug-induced toxicity, and (iii) a reduced potential for the emergence of resistance. Here, we describe the synergistic actions of the third-generation oral cephalosporin cefdinir and TXA709, a new, FtsZ-targeting prodrug that we have developed with improved pharmacokinetics and enhanced
in vivo
efficacy against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) relative to earlier agents. We show that the active product of TXA709 (TXA707) acts synergistically with cefdinir
in vitro
against clinical isolates of MRSA, vancomycin-intermediate
S. aureus
(VISA), vancomycin-resistant
S. aureus
(VRSA), and linezolid-resistant
S. aureus
(LRSA). In addition, relative to TXA707 alone, the combination of TXA707 and cefdinir significantly reduces or eliminates the detectable emergence of resistance. We also demonstrate synergy
in vivo
with oral administration of the prodrug TXA709 and cefdinir in mouse models of both systemic and tissue (thigh) infections with MRSA. This synergy reduces the dose of TXA709 required for efficacy 3-fold. Viewed as a whole, our results highlight the potential of TXA709 and cefdinir as a promising combination for the treatment of drug-resistant staphylococcal infections.