bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of African American Children's Performances on a Minimal Competence Core for Morphosyntax and the Index of Productive Syntax
Authors: Stockman Ida J. , Newkirk-Turner Brandi L. , Swartzlander Elaina , Morris Lekeitha R. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
This study is a response to the need for evidence-based measures of spontaneous oral language to assess African American children under the age of 4 years. We determined if pass/fail status on a minimal competence core for morphosyntax (MCC-MS) was more highly related to scores on the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn)—the measure of convergent criterion validity—than to scores on 3 measures of divergent validity: number of different words (Watkins, Kelly, Harbers, & Hollis, 1995), Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (Shriberg, Austin, Lewis, McSweeney, & Wilson, 1997), and the Leiter International Performance Scale–Revised (Roid & Miller, 1997).

Method
Archival language samples for 68 African American 3-year-olds were analyzed to determine MCC-MS pass/fail status and the scores on measures of convergent and divergent validity.

Results

Higher IPSyn scores were observed for 60 children who passed the MCC-MS than for 8 children who did not. A significant positive correlation,
r

pb

= .73, between MCC-MS pass/fail status and IPSyn scores was observed. This coefficient was higher than MCC-MS correlations with measures of divergent validity:
r

pb

= .13 (Leiter International Performance Scale–Revised),
r

pb

= .42 (number of different words in 100 utterances), and
r

pb

= .46 (Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised).

Conclusion
The MCC-MS has convergent criterion validity with the IPSyn. Although more research is warranted, both measures can be potentially used in oral language assessments of African American 3-year-olds.
English Language Learners' Nonword Repetition Performance: The Influence of Age, L2 Vocabulary Size, Length of L2 Exposure, and L1 Phonology
Authors: Duncan Tamara Sorenson , Paradis Johanne 
Published: November 2015

PurposeThis study examined individual differences in English language learners' (ELLs) nonword repetition (NWR) accuracy, focusing on the effects of age, English vocabulary size, length of exposure to English, and first-language (L1) phonology.MethodParticipants were 75 typically developing ELLs (mean age 5;8 [years;months]) whose exposure to English began on average at age 4;4. Children spoke either a Chinese language or South Asian language as an L1 and were given English standardized tests for NWR and receptive vocabulary.ResultsAlthough the majority of ELLs scored within or above the monolingual normal range (71%), 29% scored below. Mixed logistic regression modeling revealed that a larger English vocabulary, longer English exposure, South Asian L1, and older age all had significant and positive effects on ELLs' NWR accuracy. Error analyses revealed the following L1 effect: onset consonants were produced more accurately than codas overall, but this effect was stronger for the Chinese group whose L1s have a more limited coda inventory compared with English.ConclusionELLs' NWR performance is influenced by a number of factors. Consideration of these factors is important in deciding whether monolingual norm referencing is appropriate for ELL children.
Parent Reports of Young Spanish–English Bilingual Children's Productive Vocabulary: A Development and Validation Study
Authors: Mancilla-Martinez Jeannette , Gámez Perla B. , Vagh Shaher Banu , Lesaux Nonie K. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose

This 2-phase study aims to extend research on parent report measures of children's productive vocabulary by investigating the development (
n
= 38) of the Spanish Vocabulary Extension and validity (
n
= 194) of the 100-item Spanish and English MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories Toddler Short Forms and Upward Extension (Fenson et al., 2000, 2007; Jackson-Maldonado, Marchman, & Fernald, 2013) and the Spanish Vocabulary Extension for use with parents from low-income homes and their 24- to 48-month-old Spanish–English bilingual children.

Method
Study participants were drawn from Early Head Start and Head Start collaborative programs in the Northeastern United States in which English was the primary language used in the classroom. All families reported Spanish or Spanish–English as their home language(s). The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories as well as the researcher-designed Spanish Vocabulary Extension were used as measures of children's English and Spanish productive vocabularies.

Results
Findings revealed the forms' concurrent and discriminant validity, on the basis of standardized measures of vocabulary, as measures of productive vocabulary for this growing bilingual population.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that parent reports, including our researcher-designed form, represent a valid, cost-effective mechanism for vocabulary monitoring purposes in early childhood education settings.
Wideband frequency‐scanning phased‐array feed network using novel composite right/left‐handed unit cell
Authors: Zong Bin‐Feng , Wang Guangming , Liang JiangGang , Zhang XuChun , Wang D. 
Published: November 2015

Based on a novel composite right/left‐handed unit cell, a wideband frequency‐scanning network with a large scanning angle ranging towards both negative and positive elevation angles is proposed. The measured results show that the insertion loss variation of the designed frequency‐scanning network is 7.2 ± 1 dB when the frequency ranges from 4.33 to 8.53 GHz and the phase differences of adjacent output ports scan from −50° to 50° when the frequency ranges from 4.76 to 8.26 GHz (53.8%). The proposed network can be used in wideband systems that require a large scanning angle range.
Subtype Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism: Approach to Different
Clinical Scenarios
Authors: Burrello J. , Monticone S. , Tetti M. , Rossato D. , Versace K. , Castellano I. , Williams T. A. , Veglio F. , Mulatero P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIdentification and management of patients with primary aldosteronism are of
utmost importance because it is a frequent cause of endocrine hypertension, and
affected patients display an increase of cardio- and cerebro-vascular events,
compared to essential hypertensives. Distinction of primary aldosteronism
subtypes is of particular relevance to allocate the patients to the appropriate
treatment, represented by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for bilateral
forms and unilateral adrenalectomy for patients with unilateral aldosterone
secretion. Subtype differentiation of confirmed hyperaldosteronism comprises
adrenal CT scanning and adrenal venous sampling. In this review, we will discuss
different clinical scenarios where execution, interpretation of adrenal vein
sampling and subsequent patient management might be challenging, providing the
clinician with useful information to help the interpretation of controversial
procedures.
Glycosylation inhibition reduces cholesterol accumulation in NPC1 protein-deficient cells
Authors: Li Jian , Deffieu Maika S. , Lee Peter L. , Saha Piyali , Pfeffer Suzanne R. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Plasma lipoproteins carrying cholesteryl esters are taken up by low density lipoprotein receptors and delivered to lysosomes, where cholesterol is released and then exported for cellular use. Although cholesterol can partition freely between membranes, it does not freely partition out of lysosomes—Niemann-Pick type C 1 (NPC1) protein is required for cholesterol export. We show here that the requirement for NPC1 is decreased in cells containing lower levels of protein glycosylation. These data support a model in which NPC1 protein helps transfer cholesterol past the glycocalyx barrier that lines the interior of lysosomes.
Genetic polymorphism directs IL-6 expression in fibroblasts but not selected other cell types
Authors: Noss Erika H. , Nguyen Hung N. , Chang Sook Kyung , Watts Gerald F. M. , Brenner Michael B. 
Published: November 2015

SignificanceIL-6 is an important inflammatory cytokine and treatment target in rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic variation in the IL-6 proximal promoter is well-described, but its contribution to IL-6 regulation is uncertain. Numerous studies have shown contradictory associations between disease states and IL-6 promoter polymorphisms. Synovial fibroblasts are a major IL-6 producer in rheumatoid arthritis. We report a striking association between increased fibroblast IL-6 production and the IL-6 proximal promoter single nucleotide polymorphism rs1800795 minor allele genotype. In stark contrast, no association between human monocyte or HeLa cell IL-6 production and rs1800795 association was observed. These results point to fibroblast-specific pathways in IL-6 regulation and highlight that full understanding of the effects of genetic variation requires examination across cell types.
Ferroelectric characterization and growth optimization of thermally evaporated vinylidene fluoride thin films
Authors: Foreman K , Hong N , Labedz C , Shearer M , Ducharme Stephen , Adenwalla S 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Organic thin films have numerous advantages over inorganics in device processing and price. The large polarization of the organic ferroelectric oligomer vinylidene fluoride (VDF) could prove useful for both device applications and the investigation of fundamental physical phenomena. A VDF oligomer thin film vacuum deposition process, such as thermal evaporation, preserves film and interface cleanliness, but is challenging, with successful deposition occurring only within a narrow parameter space. We report on the optimal deposition parameters for VDF oligomer thin films, refining the parameter space for successful deposition, resulting in a high yield of robust ferroelectric films. In particular, we investigate the influence of deposition parameters on surface roughness, and the role that roughness plays in sample yield. The reliable production of ferroelectric films allowed us to perform detailed measurements of previously unreported properties, including the Curie temperature, the temperature and thickness dependence of the coercive field, the melting temperature, and the index of refraction. The ability to successfully grow robust, switchable, well-characterized films makes VDF oligomer a viable candidate in the field of organic ferroelectrics.
The Grip of the Given
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe thesis of Non-Conceptualism about mental content says that not all mental contents in the intentional or representational acts or states of minded animals are necessarily or constitutively determined by their conceptual capacities, and that at least some mental contents are necessarily or constitutively determined by their non-conceptual capacities. Non-Conceptualism is sometimes, but not always, combined with the further thesis that non-conceptual capacities and contents can be shared by rational human animals, non-rational human minded animals, and non-human minded animals alike. Chapter 2 analyzes the general theory of non-conceptual content and conceptual content. Highlights of the account include, first, a defense of Non-Conceptualism by means of an extended, step-by-step argument for the existence, concept-autonomy, and concept-independence of essentially non-conceptual content; second, a corresponding refutation of Conceptualism; and third, an application of the doctrine that necessarily whatever is mental is conscious—The Deep Consciousness Thesis—to essentially non-conceptual content.
Radically Naïve Realism
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhat is rational human sense perception? Can we correctly sense-perceive our world, and thereby know it? And if the answer to both of those questions is “yes,” then how is this possible? Chapter 3 provides an analysis of these questions, with the lofty goal of changing the way we normally think about our perceptual engagement with the world. In addition, the chapter uses the theory of non-conceptual content developed in chapter 2 as the basis of a new theory of direct or naïve realism about sense perception, including a new solution to Molyneux’s problem, and a theory of perceptual self-knowledge. A central feature of the account is its radical version of metaphysical disjunctivism, the doctrine that all sense perception is veridical and categorically different from hallucination and illusion.
Truth in Virtue of Intentionality,Or, The Return of the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhat is the analytic-synthetic distinction? According to the contemporary Kantian conception offered in this book, it is the categorically sharp contrast between two fundamentally different kinds of truth, distinguished in terms of what each kind is “true-in-virtue-of.” Chapter 4 tells the thrilling three-part story of how the analytic-synthetic distinction departed from mainstream Analytic philosophy, not with a bang but a whimper, why the analytic-synthetic distinction must now return with a bang, and what that bang must sound like. In so doing, the chapter deploys the earlier accounts of conceptual content and non-conceptual content in order to provide a full explanation and vindication of the analytic-synthetic distinction, including a theory of synthetic a priori truth. This vindication includes an extended critique of Quine’s critique of the analytic-synthetic distinction, and also an explicit argument against the Kripke-Putnam conceptions of the necessary a posteriori and the contingent a priori.
The Morality of Logic
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhat is the nature of logic? According to one very plausible and widely accepted definition, logic is the science of the necessary relation of consequence between the premises and the conclusion of a valid argument. In keeping with this characterization, chapter 5 works out an argument for the categorical normativity of logic and its intrinsic role in rational mental representation or intentionality per se, including all modes of rational human cognition and intentional action. A central pay-off of this argument is that it can be used to solve the problems of the explanatory and justificatory status of logic (the logocentric predicament), the epistemic status of logic, and, finally, Quine’s Predicament (that every truth is fallible, but “sheer logic” is infallible).
Rationalism Regained 2
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractChapter 7 presents an account of the nature of a priori knowledge specifically, in three steps: a discussion of the nature of apriority; a consideration of the a priori–a posteriori distinction and its eleven major varieties; and an examination of the nature of transcendental idealism as the metaphysical foundation of an adequate theory of a priori knowledge. The majority of the chapter is devoted to critically clearing a place in logical space for a contemporary Kantian theory of rational intuitions, Kantian Intuitionism, as the core of the book’s account of a priori knowledge. Furthermore, in the context of working out solutions to the three versions of The Benacerraf Dilemma, this chapter discusses the nature and epistemic status of intuitions, with special reference to rational intuitions, and offers a corresponding critique of the contemporary critique of intuitions by Experimental Philosophy.
Rationalism Regained 3
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractChapter 8 presents solutions to all three versions of The Benacerraf Dilemma—namely, The Original Benacerraf Dilemma, The Extended Benacerraf Dilemma, and The Generalized Benacerraf Dilemma—and develops a new structuralist account of the nature of mathematics and logic (Kantian Structuralism) alongside a new rational-intuition-based account of the nature of mathematical and logical a priori knowledge (Kantian Intuitionism), comparing and contrasting the two differing accounts with Charles Parsons’s theory. The chapter then moves on to work out a positive or anti-skeptical, innatist, rational-intuition-based solution to The Extended Benacerraf Dilemma. Following this, it then goes on to generalize that solution to The Generalized Benacerraf Dilemma. These solutions and accounts, in turn, presuppose and indirectly vindicate a Kant-inspired rational-intuition-based approach to meta-philosophy.
Investor–State Arbitration and the Argentine Cases
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter first discusses the most important characteristics of the current system of investor–State arbitrations and the developments that led up to it. It then presents a series of cases that have fuelled the debate on the legitimacy of investor–State arbitration: the arbitral jurisprudence arising from the 2001–3 Argentine financial crisis. This jurisprudence demonstrates how tribunals handle conflicts between investor rights and the public interest in the context of certain treaty provisions and other concepts that frequently lie at the core of investor–State arbitrations.
Real Exchange Rate Undervaluation and Poverty
Authors: Elbadawi Ibrahim A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The recent growth literature suggests that countries that have managed to engineer real exchange rate (RER) undervaluation episodes have been able to achieve stable growth transitions. This chapter provides evidence on the direct poverty-reducing impact of such a strategy, beyond its indirect effect through the growth channel. Controlling for household consumption growth and initial inequality, RER undervaluation was found to be negatively but non-monotonically associated with poverty. Specifically, an RER undervaluation below 50 per cent will likely have a direct poverty-reducing effect. This is not a binding constraint for most countries, since the median country in the sample of the poverty spells was undervalued at only 12 per cent. In view of this finding and the evidence from the macroeconomic literature on the relative exogeneity of the real exchange rate, it is argued that real currency undervaluation might be a viable public policy instrument for poverty reduction for most developing countries.
Introduction
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter introduces the analysis of Italian contrastive focus developed in the rest of the book. Besides functioning as a shortened summary of the main arguments in the book, briefly describing the focus evacuation analysis and the role of prosody, it explains why a new analysis of Italian focalization is necessary and theoretically relevant beyond the specific language at hand. It does so by briefly introducing the current mainstream view based on the presence of a unique left-peripheral focus projection and providing a first set of arguments from Italian showing why such an analysis is untenable. This chapter also characterizes the type of focalization under scrutiny in the rest of the book and briefly describes the possible analyses available for right dislocation and why one was favoured over the other.
Contrastive focus and right dislocation
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the interaction of focalization and right dislocation. It first shows that right dislocation can displace higher constituents to the right of lower foci, giving the false impression that these foci have moved upwards. It then examines cases where right dislocation targets constituents containing a focus, showing how such focus is obligatorily evacuated from these phrases. As a result, evacuated foci—including Rizzi’s left-peripheral foci—are preceded by hanging and CLLD topics located at the left-periphery of the clause and only followed by right-dislocated phrases. Furthermore, and in sharp contrast with Rizzi’s analysis, evacuated foci do not c-command the constituents following them, as expected if these are right-dislocated phrases moved to a TP-external position as claimed here. Finally, the chapter also examines the co‑occurrence of wh-phrases and left-peripheral foci, showing how the right-dislocated nature of the constituents following left-peripheral foci correctly predicts when co-occurrence is grammatical or ungrammatical.
The role of prosody
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines how the syntax–prosody interface, and specifically how prosodic constraints governing the position of Italian stress determine the in-situ location of Italian contrastive focalization as well as the optional raising of lower unfocused constituents immediately before a higher focused phrase. Both phenomena are shown to maximize the alignment of main stress with the right edge of the clause, as required by the prosodic constraints. Focus occurs in situ because any movement upwards would move the focused constituent and the associated stress further away from the clause right edge. Similarly, lower unfocused phrases moving before focus enhance the right alignment of the associated main stress. The same constraints and constraint conflicts are shown to account for how the internal structure of post-focal constituents determines which of its parts may move above a preceding focus and which cannot.
Focus structure
Authors: Cruschina Silvio 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of the focus structure of four types of Italo-Romance there sentence: existentials, inverse locatives, deictic locatives, and presentationals. In contrast with traditional approaches which have focused on the pragmatic and discourse status of the existential pivot, the chapter takes an approach that considers both the construction as a whole and its individual components, thus shedding light on a number of subtle differences between the four types of there sentence, which would otherwise have gone unnoticed. At the same time, it is suggested that the shared morphosyntactic properties of there sentences are motivated by their not being predicate focus structures. In particular, it is claimed that existential sentences typically occur in sentence focus, while inverse and deictic locatives are most typically associated with argument focus. Lastly, presentational there sentences share the sentence focus character of existentials, but have distinct semantic and syntactic properties, and occur in different discourse contexts.
Predication and argument realization
Authors: Bentley Delia 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyses predication and argument realization in existentials and other there sentences. After testing against the dialect findings the hypothesis that existentials are locatives and the alternative view that the existential pivot is the predicate of existential constructions, the former analysis is ruled out and the latter adopted. The chapter draws a distinction between existential constructions with referential and non-referential pivots, and advances a proposal on predication and argument realization in each of these existential types. While the pivot is the predicate in both cases, it is proposed here that referential pivots take an argument position in the semantics of the construction, which explains why they exhibit patterns of argument behaviour. The chapter then revisits the key insight of the locative hypothesis, making an alternative proposal, which captures the relatedness of existentials and locatives. A detailed analysis of argument structure and predication in locative and presentational there sentences follows.
The beginning
Authors: Blood Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This short chapter traces the historical development of the laser diode from the original concept of stimulated emission by Einstein, realised by Maiman in the ruby laser via the maser of Charles Townes, through the first homojunction semiconductor laser diodes to the heterostructure laser diode proposed by Kroemer and Alferov. This led to the double-heterostructure laser diode, which is the basis of modern diode lasers, providing both the optical waveguide and confinement in quantum wells and quantum dots.