bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron‐Irradiated Polymer Brushes for Hollow Carbon Nanosphere Arrays
Authors: Kim Deul , Kirakosyan Artavazd , Choi Jihoon 
Published: July 2016

A thermally stable 2D array of spheres and their morphology control become important for the fabrication of novel nanostructures. Here, a simple method is presented for fabrication of large‐area and well‐ordered arrays of carbonized polystyrene (PS) hollow spheres with a controlled (close‐packed or non‐close‐packed hexagonal) morphology, prepared by combining the self‐assembly of PS‐grafted silica nanoparticles, etching, electron irradiation, and subsequent thermal annealing. Fine control in the 2D or 3D nanostructure of carbon materials can open up new opportunities for high‐performance nanoscale applications that require an efficient fabrication method for preparation of the porous carbon array.image
Preparation of Janus Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanosheets Based on Electrostatic Assembly of GO Nanosheets and Polystyrene Microspheres
Authors: Yang Yongfang , Zhang Lei , Ji Xiaotian , Zhang Lixin , Wang Hefang , Zhao Hanying 
Published: July 2016

A facile and versatile method for the synthesis of Janus graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with different structures is reported. Based on electrostatic assembly, Janus GO nanosheets can be easily functionalized with a template polymer or be defunctionalized by altering the ionic strength. By using this approach, Janus GO nanosheets are prepared successfully with hydrophobic polystyrene chains on one side and hydrophilic poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) chains on the other side.
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Analysis of the displacement error of the WRF–ARW model in predicting tropical cyclone tracks over the Philippines
Authors: Aragon Larry Ger B. , Pura Alvin G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe direct positional errors (DPEs) in tropical cyclone (TC) track predictions over the Philippine domain of the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model's Advance Research WRF (ARW) was studied. The 3 year dataset (i.e. 2012–2014) was categorized (i.e. tropical storm (TS), severe tropical storm (STS), typhoon (TY)) and the marginal distributions of the DPEs over the short‐range (i.e. 84 h) prognosis of the model were analysed.The decreasing magnitudes and spread of DPEs at increasing TC intensity were determined. The median DPEs for the model initialization were 70 km (TS), 40 km (STS), 30 km (TY) which progressively increased by 50–90% (all subsets), 130–220% (TS and TY), 430% (TY) for the 1, 2 and 3 day forecasts, respectively. The variations in timing, frequency and length of significant DPE increments for successive lead time levels, as well as the daily significant DPE increments from the model initialization on the TC subsets were also studied. The formulations of the forecast cone of uncertainty (CONU) were likewise incorporated.
A case study of sulphur dioxide identification in three different volcanic eruptions, using Infrared satellite observations (IASI)
Authors: Athanassiadou Maria , Francis Peter N. , Saunders Roger W. , Atkinson Nigel C. , Hort Matthew C. , Havemann Stephan , Thelen Jean‐Claude , Bush Mike 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTVolcanic eruptions are natural hazards with dire consequences to life and economy. As most volcanoes are in remote areas, satellites play a vital role in providing observations and input to models used for forecasting volcanic plume evolution. Radiances from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on board the MetOp polar orbiting meteorological satellites were used to detect sulphur dioxide (SO2) from three volcanic eruptions in 2014, in different meteorological situations. Two of these eruption cases, Mount Sinabung in January and Kelut in February, are in the tropics, whereas the case in October from Bárðarbunga, is at a higher latitude. The SO2 plumes from these volcanic eruptions were identified easily and tracked using established methods from the literature, that are based on the principle that areas of increased SO2 from the volcano produce a reduction in the spectrum of the observed radiances (in the relevant absorption bands of IASI), whereas areas outside the volcanic plume do not. An estimate of the plume height was obtained in the first two cases by examination of the winds from an NWP model at different heights, and in the third, where the meteorological pattern is more complicated, by using trajectories from a Lagrangian model and matching their position with satellite observations of the plume at different times. The importance of meteorology in the detection and evolution of volcanic plumes, especially at low levels, is especially well demonstrated by the Bárðarbunga eruption. Estimates of the plume concentrations were obtained from explicit line‐by‐line calculations.
Pulsed and oscillating gradient MRI for assessment of cell size and extracellular space (POMACE) in mouse gliomas
Authors: Reynaud Olivier , Winters Kerryanne Veronica , Hoang Dung Minh , Wadghiri Youssef Zaim , Novikov Dmitry S. , Kim Sungheon Gene 
Published: July 2016

Solid tumor microstructure is related to the aggressiveness of the tumor, interstitial pressure and drug delivery pathways, which are closely associated with treatment response, metastatic spread and prognosis. In this study, we introduce a novel diffusion MRI data analysis framework, pulsed and oscillating gradient MRI for assessment of cell size and extracellular space (POMACE), and demonstrate its feasibility in a mouse tumor model.In vivo and ex vivo POMACE experiments were performed on mice bearing the GL261 murine glioma model (n = 8). Since the complete diffusion time dependence is in general non‐analytical, the tumor microstructure was modeled in an appropriate time/frequency regime by impermeable spheres (radius Rcell, intracellular diffusivity Dics) surrounded by extracellular space (ECS) (approximated by constant apparent diffusivity Decs in volume fraction ECS). POMACE parametric maps (ECS, Rcell, Dics, Decs) were compared with conventional diffusion‐weighted imaging metrics, electron microscopy (EM), alternative ECS determination based on effective medium theory (EMT), and optical microscopy performed on the same samples.It was shown that Decs can be approximated by its long time tortuosity limit in the range [1/(88 Hz)–31 ms]. ECS estimations (44 ± 7% in vivo and 54 ± 11% ex vivo) were in agreement with EMT‐based ECS and literature on brain gliomas. Ex vivo, ECS maps correlated well with optical microscopy. Cell sizes (Rcell = 4.8 ± 1.3 in vivo and 4.3 ± 1.4 µm ex vivo) were consistent with EM measurements (4.7 ± 1.8 µm).In conclusion, Rcell and ECS can be quantified and mapped in vivo and ex vivo in brain tumors using the proposed POMACE method. Our experimental results support the view that POMACE provides a way to interpret the frequency or time dependence of the diffusion coefficient in tumors in terms of objective biophysical parameters of neuronal tissue, which can be used for non‐invasive monitoring of preclinical cancer studies and treatment efficacy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FFT‐based homogenization for microstructures discretized by linear hexahedral elements
Authors: Schneider Matti , Merkert Dennis , Kabel Matthias 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe FFT‐based homogenization method of Moulinec–Suquet has recently emerged as a powerful tool for computing the macroscopic response of complex microstructures for elastic and inelastic problems. In this work, we generalize the method to problems discretized by trilinear hexahedral elements on Cartesian grids and physically nonlinear elasticity problems. We present an implementation of the basic scheme that reduces the memory requirements by a factor of four and of the conjugate gradient scheme that reduces the storage necessary by a factor of nine compared with a naive implementation.For benchmark problems in linear elasticity, the solver exhibits mesh‐ and contrast‐independent convergence behavior and enables the computational homogenization of complex structures, for instance, arising from computed tomography computed tomography (CT) imaging techniques. There exist 3D microstructures involving pores and defects, for which the original FFT‐based homogenization scheme does not converge. In contrast, for the proposed scheme, convergence is ensured. Also, the solution fields are devoid of the spurious oscillations and checkerboarding artifacts associated to conventional schemes. We demonstrate the power of the approach by computing the elasto‐plastic response of a long‐fiber reinforced thermoplastic material with 172 × 106 (displacement) degrees of freedom. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leukemic blasts are present at low levels in spinal fluid in one‐third of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases
Authors: Levinsen Mette , Marquart Hanne V. , Groth‐Pedersen Line , Abrahamsson Jonas , Albertsen Birgitte K. , Andersen Mette K. , Frandsen Thomas L. , Harila‐Saari Arja , Pronk Cornelis , Ulvmoen Aina , Vaitkevičienė Goda , Lähteenmäki Päivi M. , Niinimäki Riitta , Taskinen Mervi , Jeppesen Maria , Schmiegelow Kjeld ,   for the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO)
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundCentral nervous system (CNS) involvement is associated with relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is a diagnostic challenge.ProcedureIn a Nordic/Baltic prospective study, we assessed centralized flow cytometry (FCM) of locally fixed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples versus local conventional cytospin‐based cytology (CC) for detecting leukemic cells and evaluating kinetics of elimination of leukemic cells in CSF.ResultsAmong 300 patients with newly diagnosed ALL, 87 (29%) had CSF involvement by FCM, while CC was positive in 30 (10%) of 299 patients with available CC data (P < 0.001). Patients with FCM+/CC+ had higher CSF leukemic blast counts compared to patients positive by FCM only (medians: 0.10 vs. 0.017 leukemic blasts/μl, P = 0.006). Patients positive by FCM had higher white blood cell counts in peripheral blood than patients negative by FCM (medians: 45 × 109/l vs. 10 × 109/l, P < 0.001), were younger (medians: 3 years vs. 4 years, P = 0.03), and more frequently had T‐cell ALL (18/87 vs. 16/213, P = 0.001). At treatment day 15, five of 52 patients (10%) who had CSF positive by FCM at diagnosis remained so despite at least two doses of weekly intrathecal chemotherapy.ConclusionsLonger follow‐up is needed to clarify whether FCM positivity has prognostic significance and is an indicator for intensified CNS‐directed therapy.
Maintenance therapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia revisited—Should drug doses be adjusted by white blood cell, neutrophil, or lymphocyte counts?
Authors: Schmiegelow Kjeld , Nersting Jacob , Nielsen Stine Nygaard , Heyman Mats , Wesenberg Finn , Kristinsson Jon , Vettenranta Kim , Schrøeder Henrik , Weinshilboum Richard , Jensen Katrine Lykke , Grell Kathrine , Rosthoej Susanne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground6‐Mercaptopurine (6MP) and methotrexate (MTX) based maintenance therapy is a critical phase of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. Wide interindividual variations in drug disposition warrant frequent doses adjustments, but there is a lack of international consensus on dose adjustment guidelines.ProcedureTo identify relapse predictors, we collected 28,255 data sets on drug doses and blood counts (median: 47/patient) and analyzed erythrocyte (Ery) levels of cytotoxic 6MP/MTX metabolites in 9,182 blood samples (median: 14 samples/patient) from 532 children on MTX/6MP maintenance therapy targeted to a white blood cell count (WBC) of 1.5–3.5 × 109/l.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 13.8 years for patients in remission, stepwise Cox regression analysis did not find age, average doses of 6MP and MTX, hemoglobin, absolute lymphocyte counts, thrombocyte counts, or Ery levels of 6‐thioguanine nucleotides or MTX (including its polyglutamates) to be significant relapse predictors. The parameters significantly associated with risk of relapse (N = 83) were male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 2.0 [1.3–3.1], P = 0.003), WBC at diagnosis (HR = 1.04 per 10 × 109/l rise [1.00–1.09], P = 0.048), the absolute neutrophil count (ANC; HR = 1.7 per 109/l rise [1.3–2.4], P = 0.0007), and Ery thiopurine methyltransferase activity (HR = 2.7 per IU/ml rise [1.1–6.7], P = 0.03). WBC was significantly related to ANC (Spearman correlation coefficient, rs = 0.77; P < 0.001), and only a borderline significant risk factor for relapse (HR = 1.28 [95% CI: 1.00–1.64], P = 0.046) when ANC was excluded from the Cox model.ConclusionsThis study indicates that a low neutrophil count is likely to be the best hematological target for dose adjustments of maintenance therapy.
High Safety and Reliability Electric Detonator
Authors: Fousson Eric , Ritter Auguste , Arnold Thomas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe entry into force of the REACH regulation implies a modification of the low‐cost detonators manufacturing by finding new substances to replace common primary explosives that contain restricted chemicals. Herein, an alternative solution with a two‐stage electric detonator that contains only secondary high explosive is proposed. It is based on a two steps process, first a combustion, then a shock to detonation transition. This initiator shows high safety level and is compliant with the STANAGs and the REACH regulation. Contrarily to the EBW detonators, it can be initiated using low voltage and low current. Power supply system can be therefore very compact that is of great advantage for designing pyrotechnical train that have to be integrated into small pyrotechnical mechanisms.
Theoretical Study of Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reaction of NO2 with s‐Triazine
Authors: Zhang Ji‐Dong , Kang Li‐Hua , Cheng Xin‐Lu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe decomposition of nitramines explosives have been of great interest for a long time. However, theoretical investigations have concentrated mainly on unimolecular decomposition whereas bimolecular reactions have received only little attention. In this paper, the bimolecular reaction between NO2 with s‐triazine (TAZ), which is an initial product during the decomposition process of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) is investigated. The structures and potential energy surface (PES) are explored at B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) and B3P86/6‐31G(d,p) levels, and the energies are refined using the CCSD(T)/cc‐pVTZ methods. The mechanism of the reaction is analyzed. Quantum chemistry calculations reveal that the title reactions possess small barriers that can be similar to, or smaller than that of initial decomposition reactions of RDX, which suggests that bimolecular reactions are also of great importance, and should be further investigated. Moreover, the kinetics were investigated to verify the proposed mechanism of the reaction.
QM/MM studies on the calcium‐assisted β‐elimination mechanism of pectate lyase from bacillus subtilis
Authors: Ma Guangcai , Zhu Wenyou , Liu Yongjun 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTPectate lyase utilizes the anti‐β‐elimination chemistry to catalyze the cleavage of α‐1,4 glycosidic bond between D‐galacturonate regions during the degradation of plant polysaccharide pectin. We report here detailed mechanistic studies of the Bacillus subtilis pectate lyase (BsPel) using QM/MM calculations. It was found that the residue Arg279 serves as the catalytic base to abstract the α‐proton from C52 atom of substrate Ada2 subsite, forming an unstable carbanion intermediate. The glycosidic bond of this intermediate is scissile to generate the 4,5‐unsaturated digalacturonate product and a negatively charged β‐leaving group. Two active site residues (Lys247 and Arg279) and two Ca2+ ions (Ca2 and Ca3) form hydrogen‐bonding and coordination interactions with C52COO− of Ada2, respectively, which facilitate the proton abstraction and stabilize the generated carbanion intermediates. Arg284 is not the potential proton donor to saturate the leaving group. Actually, the proton source of leaving group is the solvent water molecule rather than any active site acidic residues. In addition, the calculation results suggest that careful selections of QM‐ and Active‐regions are essential to accurately explore the enzymatic reactions. Proteins 2016; 84:1606–1615. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization and systematic comparison of FITC‐labelled GnRH‐I, ‐II and ‐III analogues on various tumour cells
Authors: Murányi József , Gyulavári Pál , Varga Attila , Bökönyi Györgyi , Tanai Henriette , Vántus Tibor , Pap Domonkos , Ludányi Krisztina , Mező Gábor , Kéri György 
Published: July 2016

Targeted tumour therapy is the focus of recent cancer research. Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues are able to deliver anticancer agents selectively into tumour cells, which highly express GnRH receptors. However, the effectiveness of different analogues as targeting moiety in drug delivery systems is rarely compared, and the investigated types of cancer are also limited. Therefore, we prepared selectively labelled, fluorescent derivatives of GnRH‐I, ‐II and ‐III analogues, which were successfully used for drug targeting. In this manuscript, we investigated these analogues' solubility, stability and passive membrane permeability and compared their cellular uptake by various cancer cells.We found that these labelled GnRH conjugates provide great detectability, without undesired cytotoxicity and passive membrane permeability. The introduced experiments with these conjugates proved their reliable tracking, quantification and comparison. Cellular uptake efficiency was studied on human breast, colon, pancreas and prostate cancer cells (MCF‐7, HT‐29, BxPC‐3, LNCaP) and on dog kidney cells (Madin–Darby canine kidney). Each of the three conjugates was taken up by GnRH‐I receptor‐expressing cells, but the different cells preferred different analogues. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time the high cell surface expression of GnRH‐I receptors and the effective cellular uptake of GnRH analogues on human pharynx tumour (Detroit‐562) cells.In summary, our presented results detail that the introduced conjugates could be innovative tools for the examination of the GnRH‐based drug delivery systems on various cells and offer novel information about these peptides. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment Pulse Behaviour Following Dam Removal in Gravel‐Bed Rivers
Authors: Pace Kylie Marie , Tullos Desiree , Walter Cara , Lancaster Stephen , Segura Catalina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAs dams approach the end of their useful life, there is need to predict where and how accumulated sediment will move following dam removal to estimate and mitigate the impacts of this process on aquatic habitat and infrastructure. Flume studies suggest that sediment pulses disperse in place for most dams, but it is hypothesized that certain conditions (e.g., low Froude number, fine pulse grain size, small pulse sizes, and large peak discharge) may characterize pulses that translate downstream. However, quantitative analyses of sediment pulse behavior have not been widely conducted in field settings. We thus analyzed bathymetric data from four field sites in Oregon to investigate the reliability of flume‐derived hypotheses (1) whether dispersion or translation dominates across a range of dam removal physiographies using multiple methods of evaluation and (2) if Froude number, pulse material grain size, relative pulse size, and discharge can predict reservoir sediment movement mode. Results indicated that dispersion generally dominated pulse behavior in the field setting, with some limited evidence of translational movement in individual years. The Froude number appeared to be the most reliable for anticipating pulse behavior. Further work is needed to link generalized sediment pulse behavior to sediment mobilization and transport processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cluster‐based test cases prioritization and selection technique for agile regression testing
Authors: Kandil Passant , Moussa Sherin , Badr Nagwa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRegression testing repeatedly executes test cases of previous builds to validate that the original features are not affected with any new changes. In recent years, regression testing has seen a remarkable progress with the increasing popularity of agile methods, which stress the central role of regression testing in maintaining software quality. The optimum case for regression testing in agile context is to run regression set at the end of each sprint and release, which requires a lot of cost and time. In this paper, we present an automated agile regression testing approach on both the sprints and release levels. The proposed approach addresses both weighted sprint test cases prioritization technique, which prioritizes test cases based on several parameters having real practical weight for testers, and Cluster‐based Release Test cases Selection technique that clusters user stories based on the similarity of covered modules to solve the scalability issue. Test cases are then selected based on issues logged for failed test cases using text mining techniques. The proposed approach achieves enhancement for both the prioritization and selection of test cases for agile regression testing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐fidelity linear time‐invariant model of a smart rotor with adaptive trailing edge flaps
Authors: Bergami Leonardo , Hansen Morten H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA high‐fidelity linear time‐invariant model of the aero‐servo‐elastic response of a wind turbine with trailing‐edge flaps is presented and used for systematic tuning of an individual flap controller. The model includes the quasi‐steady aerodynamic effects of trailing‐edge flaps on wind turbine blades and is integrated in the linear aeroelastic code HAWCStab2. The dynamic response predicted by the linear model is validated against non‐linear simulations, and the quasi‐steady assumption does not cause any significant response bias for flap deflection with frequencies up to 2–3 Hz. The linear aero‐servo‐elastic model support the design, systematic tuning and model synthesis of smart rotor control systems. As an example application, the gains of an individual flap controller are tuned using the Ziegler–Nichols method for the full‐order poles. The flap controller is based on feedback of inverse Coleman transformed and low‐pass filtered flapwise blade root moments to the cyclic flap angles through two proportional‐integral controllers. The load alleviation potential of the active flap control, anticipated by the frequency response of the linear closed‐loop model, is also confirmed by non‐linear time simulations. The simulations report reductions of lifetime fatigue damage up to 17% at the blade root and up to 4% at the tower bottom. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.