bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Physical Activity and Overweight and Obesity in Children: Findings From the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey
Authors: Hong Ickpyo , Coker-Bolt Patty , Anderson Kelly R. , Lee Danbi , Velozo Craig A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study examined the relationship between childhood obesity and overweight and functional activity and its enjoyment.
METHOD. A cross-sectional design was used to analyze data from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were used.
RESULTS. Data for 1,640 children ages 3–15 yr were retrieved. Physical activity was negatively associated with risk of obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.87, 0.98]). Although children who were obese and overweight were more likely to have functional limitations (ORs = 1.58–1.61), their enjoyment of physical activity participation was not significantly different from that of the healthy-weight group.
CONCLUSION. Physical activity lowered the risk of obesity. Children who were obese had functional limitations compared with healthy-weight children, but both groups enjoyed physical activity equally. Future studies are needed to determine barriers to participation among these children in recreation and sporting activities.
Interventions to Promote Diabetes Self-Management in Children and Youth: A Scoping Review
Authors: Cahill Susan M. , Polo Katie M. , Egan Brad E. , Marasti Nadia 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
As children and youth with diabetes grow up, they become increasingly responsible for controlling and monitoring their condition. We conducted a scoping review to explore the research literature on self-management interventions for children and youth with diabetes. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Some of the studies reviewed combined the participant population so that children with Type 1 as well as children with Type 2 diabetes were included. The majority of the studies focused on children age 14 yr or older and provided self-management education, self-management support, or both. Parent involvement was a key component of the majority of the interventions, and the use of technology was evident in 3 studies. The findings highlight factors that occupational therapy practitioners should consider when working with pediatric diabetes teams to select self-management interventions.
Impact of crop field burning and mountains on heavy haze in the North China
Plain: a case study
Authors: Long Xin , Tie Xuexi , Cao Junji , Huang Rujin , Feng Tian , Li Nan , Zhao Suyu , Tian Jie , Li Guohui , Zhang Qiang 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. With the provincial statistical data and crop field burning (CFB) activities captured by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), we extracted a detailed CFB emission inventory in the North China Plain (NCP). The WRF-CHEM model was applied to investigate the impact of CFB on air pollution during the period from 6 to 12 October 2014, corresponding to a heavy haze incident with high concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm). The WRF-CHEM model generally performed well in simulating the surface species concentrations of PM2.5, O3 and NO2 compared to the observations; in addition, it reasonably reproduced the observed temporal variations of wind speed, wind direction and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH). It was found that the CFB that occurred in southern NCP (SNCP) had a significant effect on PM2.5 concentrations locally, causing a maximum of 34 % PM2.5 increase. Under continuous southerly wind conditions, the CFB pollution plume went through a long-range transport to northern NCP (NNCP; with several mega cities, including Beijing, the capital city of China), where few CFBs occurred, resulting in a maximum of 32 % PM2.5 increase. As a result, the heavy haze in Beijing was enhanced by the CFB, which occurred in SNCP. Mountains also play significant roles in enhancing the PM2.5 pollution in NNCP through the blocking effect. The mountains blocked and redirected the airflows, causing the pollutant accumulations along the foothills of mountains. This study suggests that the prohibition of CFB should be strict not only in or around Beijing, but also on the ulterior crop growth areas of SNCP. PM2.5 emissions in SNCP should be significantly limited in order to reduce the occurrences of heavy haze events in the NNCP region.
Spectral characteristics of high-latitude raw 40 MHz cosmic noise signals
Authors: Hall Chris M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Cosmic noise at 40 MHz is measured at Ny-Ålesund (79° N, 12° E) using a relative ionospheric opacity meter ("riometer"). A riometer is normally used to determine the degree to which cosmic noise is absorbed by the intervening ionosphere, giving an indication of ionisation of the atmosphere at altitudes lower than generally monitored by other instruments. The usual course is to determine a "quiet-day" variation, this representing the galactic noise signal itself in the absence of absorption; the current signal is then subtracted from this to arrive at absorption expressed in decibels (dB). By a variety of means and assumptions, it is thereafter possible to estimate electron density profiles in the very lowest reaches of the ionosphere. Here however, the entire signal, i.e. including the cosmic noise itself, will be examined and spectral characteristics identified. It will be seen that distinct spectral subranges are evident which can, in turn, be identified with non-Gaussian processes characterised by generalised Hurst exponents, α. Considering all periods greater than 1 h, α ≈ 24, an indication of fractional Brownian motion, whereas for periods greater than 1 day α ≈ 0.9 – approximately pink noise and just in the domain of fractional Gaussian noise. The results are compared with other physical processes, suggesting that absorption of cosmic noise is characterised by a generalised Hurst exponent  ≈ 1.24 and thus non-persistent fractional Brownian motion, whereas generation of cosmic noise is characterised by a generalised Hurst exponent  ≈ 1. The technique unfortunately did not result in clear physical understanding of the ionospheric phenomena, and thus, in this respect, the application was not successful; the analysis could, however, be used as a tool for instrument validation.
Greenland annual accumulation along the EGIG line, 1959–2004, from ASIRAS
airborne radar and neutron-probe density measurements
Authors: Overly Thomas B. , Hawley Robert L. , Helm Veit , Morris Elizabeth M. , Chaudhary Rohan N. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We report annual snow accumulation rates from 1959 to 2004 along a 250 km segment of the Expéditions Glaciologiques Internationales au Groenland (EGIG) line across central Greenland using Airborne SAR/Interferometric Radar Altimeter System (ASIRAS) radar layers and high resolution neutron-probe (NP) density profiles. ASIRAS-NP-derived accumulation rates are not statistically different (95 % confidence interval) from in situ EGIG accumulation measurements from 1985 to 2004. ASIRAS-NP-derived accumulation increases by 20 % below 3000 m elevation, and increases by 13 % above 3000 m elevation for the period 1995 to 2004 compared to 1985 to 1994. Three Regional Climate Models (PolarMM5, RACMO2.3, MAR) underestimate snow accumulation below 3000 m by 16–20 % compared to ASIRAS-NP from 1985 to 2004. We test radar-derived accumulation rates sensitivity to density using modeled density profiles in place of NP densities. ASIRAS radar layers combined with Herron and Langway (1980) model density profiles (ASIRAS-HL) produce accumulation rates within 3.5 % of ASIRAS-NP estimates in the dry snow region. We suggest using Herron and Langway (1980) density profiles to calibrate radar layers detected in dry snow regions of ice sheets lacking detailed in situ density measurements, such as those observed by the Operation IceBridge campaign.
Seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad, Pakistan
Authors: Farooq Umer , Ullah Aman , Irshad Hamid , Latif Asma , Naeem Khalid , Zahur Aamer Bin , Ahmad Zaheer , Rodriguez Luis L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an enzootic viral disease affecting livestock in Pakistan.

Objectives
To determine the seroprevalence of FMD in large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad.

Methods
Serum samples were collected from 636 large ruminants during 2011 to 2012; 584 (92%) were buffaloes (Bos bubalis bubalis) and 52 (18%) were cattle (Bos taurus indicus). The population sampled was mainly adult (n = 514) and female (n = 596). Sera were assayed for antibodies against a nonstructural protein of the FMD virus using a Chekit FMD-3ABC bo-ov enzyme immunoassay Kit (Idexx Laboratories). Data were analyzed using a χ2 test and multiple logistic regression.

Results
The seroprevalence of FMD in the ruminants was 46% (n = 293, 95% confidence interval (CI); 42.18- 49.95) and was significantly higher in buffaloes (285, 97%; χ2 = 21.46; P < 0.001) than in cattle (8, 3%). The risk of seropositivity increased significantly with age (χ2 = 72.71; P < 0.001); adult animals were 7.05 times more likely (odds ratio (OR) 7.05, 95% CI 3.60-13.79; P < 0.001) to be seropositive after adjusting for the effect of species. Buffaloes were more likely to be seropositive (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.78-8.92, P = 0.001). Sex was not significantly associated with FMD seropositivity (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.17-1.95, P = 0.38).

Conclusions
Large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad have a high FMD virus seroprevalence and play a potential role in the persistence and transmission of FMD in Pakistan.
A secondary analysis of atypical presentations of older patients with infection in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in Thailand
Authors: Limpawattana Panita , Mitsungnern Thapanawong , Phungoen Pariwat , Tansangworn Natthida , Laosuangkoon Wannisa 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Classic symptoms of illness are often absent in older adults, delaying diagnosis and management, and resulting in unfavorable outcomes.

Objectives
To determine the prevalence of atypical presentations by older Thai adults with infections in the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care hospital, and to identify factors associated with atypical presentations in such patients.

Methods
We performed a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort observational study of atypical presentations of patients aged ≥65 years in the ED using a subset of data first reported in the Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics in 2015; 62:97-102.

Results
The prevalence of atypical presentations was 35% of those with infectious diseases (64 of 183 cases). Pneumonia was the most common (30%). We identified 4 associated risk factors: complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) (odds ratio (OR) 4.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75,11. 78; P = 0.002), cancer (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.07, 6.53; P = 0.04), dementia (OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.47, 30.11; P = 0.01), and pulse rate >90 beats/min (OR 2.06; 95% CI 1.01, 4.22; P = 0.04). Infective diarrhea was protective (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.09, 0.8; P = 0.02).

Conclusions
Atypical presentations of infectious diseases by older Thai patients in the ED accounted for about one third of those with infectious disease. Associated risk factors were complicated UTI, cancer, dementia, and increased pulse rate. Older patients with these factors who have uncertain diagnoses should be considered for hospitalization because the absence of classic symptoms does not exclude life-threatening infections.
Improvement Of Orchid Vanda Hybrid (Vanda limbata Blume X Vanda tricolor Lindl. var. suavis) By Colchicines Treatment In Vitro
Authors: Tuwo Mustika , Indrianto Ari 
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the growth phase of orchid Vanda hybrid (Vanda limbata Blume X Vanda tricolor Lindl. var. suavis) response with colchicines treatment, to determine precise effective concentration of colchicines and duration of treatment to induce polyploidy. This research used variation of colchicines concentration which were 0.01%; 0.05%; 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% and 0% and incubation for 6 hours; 12 hours; 18 hours; 24 hours; and 4 days. Treatment was done in aseptic condition using protocorm aged 7 week after sowing. After treatments, plants were planted on Vacint and Went (VW) medium supplemented with of 150 ml/l coconut water. After four months, they were subcultured in medium VW + 150 ml/l + 150g/l banana extract. The results showed that the orchid Vanda hybrid was intolerant to colchicine concentration of 0.1; 0.5 and 1% by death protocorm was more than 50%. Concentration of 0,5% with 6 hours soaking time is the most effective to induced tetraploid in orchid Vanda hybrid. Morphological characters of tetraploid plantlets had lower average number and length of roots, the number, length, and width of the leaves than those of control. Anatomical characters of the tetraploid plantlets revealed the highest stomatal size and had smaller of stomatal index than controls. This evident indicated a negative correlation between stomatal index and ploidy level. Cytological analysis with flow cytometry revealed that tetraploid plantlets (2n=4x=76) stained with DAPI showed the chromosome number more than those of control (2n=2x=38).Key words : polyploidization, colchicine, vanda orchid, chromosome number
A hybrid silicon evanescent quantum dot laser
Authors: Jang Bongyong , Tanabe Katsuaki , Kako Satoshi , Iwamoto Satoshi , Tsuchizawa Tai , Nishi Hidetaka , Hatori Nobuaki , Noguchi Masataka , Nakamura Takahiro , Takemasa Keizo , Sugawara Mitsuru , Arakawa Yasuhiko 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We report the first demonstration of a hybrid silicon quantum dot (QD) laser, evanescently coupled to a silicon waveguide. InAs/GaAs QD laser structures with thin AlGaAs lower cladding layers were transferred by direct wafer bonding onto silicon waveguides defining cavities with adiabatic taper structures and distributed Bragg reflectors. The laser operates at temperatures up to 115 °C under pulsed current conditions, with a characteristic temperature T
0 of 303 K near room temperature. Furthermore, by reducing the width of the GaAs/AlGaAs mesa down to 8 µm, continuous-wave operation is realized at 25 °C.
Probabilistic point source inversion of strong‐motion data in 3‐D media using pattern recognition: A case study for the 2008Mw5.4 Chino Hills earthquake
Authors: Käufl Paul , Valentine Andrew P. , Trampert Jeannot 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite the ever increasing availability of computational power, real‐time source inversions based on physical modeling of wave propagation in realistic media remain challenging. We investigate how a nonlinear Bayesian approach based on pattern recognition and synthetic 3‐D Green's functions can be used to rapidly invert strong‐motion data for point source parameters by means of a case study for a fault system in the Los Angeles Basin. The probabilistic inverse mapping is represented in compact form by a neural network which yields probability distributions over source parameters. It can therefore be evaluated rapidly and with very moderate CPU and memory requirements. We present a simulated real‐time inversion of data for the 2008Mw5.4 Chino Hills event. Initial estimates of epicentral location and magnitude are available ∼14 s after origin time. The estimate can be refined as more data arrive: by ∼40 s, fault strike and source depth can also be determined with relatively high certainty.
Van Allen Probes observations of oxygen cyclotron harmonic waves in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Usanova M. E. , Malaspina D. M. , Jaynes A. N. , Bruder R. J. , Mann I. R. , Wygant J. R. , Ergun R. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWaves with frequencies in the vicinity of the oxygen cyclotron frequency and its harmonics have been regularly observed on the Van Allen Probes satellites during geomagnetic storms. We focus on properties of these waves and present events from the main phase of two storms on 1 November 2012 and 17 March 2013 and associated dropouts of a few MeV electron fluxes. They are electromagnetic, in the frequency range ~0.5 to several Hz, and amplitude ~0.1 to a few nT in magnetic and ~0.1 to a few mV/m in electric field, with both the wave velocity and the Poynting vector directed almost parallel to the background magnetic field. These properties are very similar to those of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, which are believed to contribute to loss of ring current ions and radiation belt electrons and therefore can be also important for inner magnetosphere dynamics.
Correcting moments of in situ particle distribution functions for spacecraft electrostatic charging
Authors: Lavraud Benoit , Larson Davin E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe first introduce previous works on spacecraft electrostatic charging and its effects on particle measurements and the calculation of moments from three‐dimensional distribution functions. We illustrate the fact that the lack of use, or misuse, of Liouville's theorem may lead to misinterpretations and inappropriate corrections to those effects. We emphasize in particular that its appropriate use naturally accounts for what is often called the “sheath focusing effect” in moment calculation. In the case of a “perfect” particle detector we show that there exists a trivial and essentially exact formulation for the calculation of moments of particle distribution functions that accounts for the spacecraft potential and that is particularly useful for onboard moment calculations. The main limitations, but that are not specific to this formulation, are inaccuracies in angle information (from blurring of acceptance angles at low energies or spacecraft‐skimming trajectory effects) and those arising from the detector properties (resolution, cutoffs, photoelectrons, etc.). We discuss this correction in the context of previous works and remind that it primarily affects low‐energy measurements and for populations whose temperature is comparable to the potential. Based on spacecraft observations, we show that this correction is most needed for regimes such as that of solar wind electrons but also for cold ions as often observed, for instance, in the magnetosphere near the Earth's magnetopause.
Spatiotemporal evolution of slow slip events in a nonplanar fault model for northern Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Li Duo , Liu Yajing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSlow slip events (SSEs) are identified as the quasi‐stable fault deformation in the deep transition zone from locked to continuous sliding in many subduction zones. In the well‐instrumented Cascadia margin, a class of Mw6.0 slow slip events arise beneath Port Angeles every ∼14 months, as inferred from two decades of continuous geodetic monitoring. The along‐strike bending of the incoming oceanic plate beneath north Washington is a unique geometric feature whose influence on slow slip processes is still unknown. Here we incorporate a realistic fault geometry of northern Cascadia in the framework of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law, to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution of slow slip events on a nonplanar subduction fault. The modeled SSEs capture the major characteristics revealed by GPS observations. The central 150 km long fault segment beneath Port Angeles acts as a repetitive slip patch, where SSEs appear every ∼1.5 years with a maximum slip of ∼2.5 cm. Two minor slip patches with smaller areas and cumulative slips straddle this central slip patch. The along‐strike segmentation of slow slip is inversely related to the local fault dip and strike angles of the slow slip zone, suggesting strong geometrical control on the slow slip process. This correlation holds even after removing the effect of W/h∗, ratio between velocity‐weakening SSE fault width and characteristic nucleation size. Besides the GPS‐detectable fast‐spreading phase, we find that each SSE cycle consists of deep pre‐SSE preparation and post‐SSE relaxation phases, which may be the driving mechanism for the deep tremor activity between major SSE episodes discovered in Cascadia.
Elasticity of single‐crystal NAL phase at high pressure: A potential source of the seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle
Authors: Wu Ye , Yang Jing , Wu Xiang , Song Maoshuang , Yoshino Takashi , Zhai Shuangmeng , Qin Shan , Huang Haijun , Lin Jung‐Fu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe new hexagonal aluminous phase, named the NAL phase, is expected to be stable at depths of <1200 km in subducted slabs and believed to constitute 10~30 wt% of subducted mid‐ocean ridge basalt together with the CaFe2O4‐type aluminous phase. Here elasticity of the single‐crystal NAL phase is investigated using Brillouin light scattering coupled with diamond anvil cells up to 20 GPa at room temperature. Analysis of the results shows that the substitution of iron lowers the shear modulus of the NAL phase by ~5% (~6 GPa) but does not significantly affect the adiabatic bulk modulus. The NAL phase exhibits high‐velocity anisotropies with AVP = 14.7% and AVS = 15.12% for the Fe‐bearing phase at ambient conditions. The high AVS of the NAL phase mainly results from the high anisotropy of the faster VS1 (13.9~15.8%), while the slower VS2 appears almost isotropic (0.1~2.8%) at ambient and high pressures. The AVP and AVS of the NAL phase decrease with increasing pressure but still have large values with AVP = 11.4% and AVS = 14.12% for the Fe‐bearing sample at 20.4 GPa. The extrapolated AVP and AVS of the Fe‐free and Fe‐bearing NAL phases at 40 GPa are larger than those of bridgmanite at the same pressure. Together with its spin transition of iron and structural transition to the CF phase, the presence of the NAL phase with high‐velocity anisotropies may contribute to the observed seismic anisotropy around subducted slabs in the uppermost lower mantle.
The relative influence of ENSO and SAM on Antarctic Peninsula climate
Authors: Clem Kyle R. , Renwick James A. , McGregor James , Fogt Ryan L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent warming of the Antarctic Peninsula during austral autumn, winter, and spring has been linked to sea surface temperature (SST) trends in the tropical Pacific and tropical Atlantic, while warming of the northeast Peninsula during summer has been linked to a strengthening of westerly winds traversing the Peninsula associated with a positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Here we demonstrate that circulation changes associated with the SAM dominate interannual temperature variability across the entire Antarctic Peninsula during both summer and autumn, while relationships with tropical Pacific SST variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are strongest and statistically significant primarily during winter and spring only. We find the ENSO‐Peninsula temperature relationship during autumn to be weak on interannual time scales and regional circulation anomalies associated with the SAM more important for interannual temperature variability across the Peninsula during autumn. Consistent with previous studies, western Peninsula temperatures during autumn, winter, and spring are closely tied to changes in the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) and associated meridional wind anomalies. The interannual variability of ASL depth is most strongly correlated with the SAM index during autumn, while the ENSO relationship is strongest during winter and spring. Investigation of western and northeast Peninsula temperatures separately reveals that interannual variability of northeast Peninsula temperatures is primarily sensitive to zonal wind anomalies crossing the Peninsula and resultant leeside adiabatic warming rather than to meridional wind anomalies, which is closely tied to variability in the zonal portion of the SAM pattern.