bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A conceptual view at microtubule plus end dynamics in neuronal axons
Authors: Voelzmann André , Hahn Ines , Pearce Simon P. , Sánchez-Soriano Natalia , Prokop Andreas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAxons are the cable-like protrusions of neurons which wire up the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) constitute their structural backbones and are highways for life-sustaining transport between proximal cell bodies and distal synapses. Any morphogenetic changes of axons during development, plastic rearrangement, regeneration or degeneration depend on dynamic changes of these MT bundles. A key mechanism for implementing such changes is the coordinated polymerisation and depolymerisation at the plus ends of MTs within these bundles. To gain an understanding of how such regulation can be achieved at the cellular level, we provide here an integrated overview of the extensive knowledge we have about the molecular mechanisms regulating MT de/polymerisation. We first summarise insights gained from workin vitro, then describe the machinery which supplies the essential tubulin building blocks, the protein complexes associating with MT plus ends, and MT shaft-based mechanisms that influence plus end dynamics. We briefly summarise the contribution of MT plus end dynamics to important cellular functions in axons, and conclude by discussing the challenges and potential strategies of integrating the existing molecular knowledge into conceptual understanding at the level of axons.
Designing incentive pay practices to motivate not alienate: why firms adopt different payment practice configurations in different countries
Authors: Drury Pauline 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Examines the reward structures used by private-sector firms in different locations.

Design/methodology/approach
Analyzes the prevailing incentive pay practice configurations in 14 countries over four continents. Investigates the extent to which local factors constrain firms’ use of personal and team bonuses or profit-sharing.

Findings
“When in Rome, do as the Romans do” – an old saying but still relevant for the growing number of firms operating in several countries. A well-thought-out incentive scheme encourages employees to think and act in ways that support company objectives. But people in different places can have different ideas about what is fair and appropriate. Human resource professionals have to decide whether to follow the local norms or to introduce the firm’s established practices – and an informed decision can make the difference between having a motivated workforce or making an expensive mistake.

Practical implications
Observes that organizations in some countries show a strong preference for a particular bundle of incentive options. Warns that introducing a different approach may prove counter-productive unless combined with a careful process of change management.

Social implications
Highlights the importance of institutional context and social norms in determining the incentive pay configurations adopted in different countries.

Originality/value
Provides an international guide to prevailing patterns of incentive payment adoption. Shows that external constraints specific to individual countries can have a significant impact on the flexibility of incentive system design.
It isn’t all about the money
Authors: Wheatcroft John 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Aims to shed light on non-monetary awards as incentives. Explores whether they can be used to motivate higher performance in academia and volunteering and how they are used in the voluntary sector.

Design/methodology/approach
Theoretical analysis and analytical methods, such as a new matching technique, randomization in the field, and the survey approach.

Findings
Awards might substantially increase performance, yet they are less frequently used in the Swiss voluntary sector than theory suggests. Practitioners should perhaps give more consideration to awards as an important motivational instrument to be used more widely.

Originality/value
Originality lies in considering a generally under-researched area.
REITs and the Taper Tantrum
Authors: Lee Stephen 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the effect on US stock, bond and real estate investment trust (REIT) prices triggered by the US Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke’s announcement of a possible intent to unwind, or taper, quantitative easing (QE). In particular, the author assessed whether the effect of the “Taper Tantrum” was fundamental or financial on financial markets.

Design/methodology/approach
– The methodology used to determine whether the effect of the “Taper Tantrum” was fundamental or purely financial is that suggested by French and Roll (1986) as extended by Tuluca et al. (2003). The analysis is based on daily data for large cap stocks, small cap stocks, long-term bonds and REITs for 18 months before Ben Bernanke’s announcement and for 18 months after the announcement.

Findings
– The results show that the “Taper Tantrum” had a fundamental, rather than a financial effect on all asset classes, especially so for REITs.

Practical implications
– The author also found that in the post-taper period following Ben Bernanke’s announcement the correlation of REITs with stocks decreased compared with pre-taper period, whereas the correlation of REITS with bonds increased substantially. In other words, the “Taper Tantrum” had a profound effect on the risk/return benefits of including REITs in the US mixed-asset portfolio.

Originality/value
– This is the first paper to examine the effect of the “Taper Tantrum” on REITs.
Impact of connective leadership on employees’ goal commitment during M & A integration
Authors: Yan Shimei , Wu Shan , Zhang Gang 
Published: July 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of connective leadership in the promotion of employee goal commitment, and to determine whether conflict can mediate the relationship between connective leadership and goal commitment during the integration of mergers and acquisitions (M & A).Design/methodology/approach– The study draws on survey data (n=255) from Chinese employees who work for 12 native M & A enterprises. Structural equation modeling and regression analysis are applied to analyze the data.Findings– The results show that connective leadership is positively related to employee goal commitment (p< 0.01). In addition, relationship conflict partially mediates the relationship between connective leadership and employee goal commitment. Task conflict fully mediates the relationship between connective leadership and employee goal commitment.Originality/value– This study introduces connective leadership into M & A and may contribute to the literature related to connective leadership and M & A integration as well as the literature focussed on goal commitment, especially antecedents of goal commitment.
Consistent scaling of population structure across landscapes despite intraspecific variation in movement and connectivity
Authors: Reichert Brian E. , Fletcher Robert J. , Cattau Christopher E. , Kitchens Wiley M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryUnderstanding the spatial scale of population structure is fundamental to long‐standing tenets of population biology, landscape ecology and conservation. Nonetheless, identifying such scales has been challenging because a key factor that influences scaling – movement among patches or local populations – is a multicausal process with substantial phenotypic and temporal variation.We resolve this problem via a novel application of network modularity. When applied to movements, modularity provides a formal description of the functional aggregation of populations and identifies potentially critical scales for ecological and evolutionary dynamics. We first test for modularity using several different types of biologically relevant movements across the entire geographic range of an endangered bird, the snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus). We then ask whether variation in movement based on (i) age, (ii) sex and (iii) time (annual, seasonal and within‐season movements) influences spatial population structure (i.e. modularity) in snail kites.We identified significant modularity in annual dispersal of snail kites (all adults, males only, females only, and juveniles only) and in within‐breeding season movements of adults, yet no evidence of modularity in seasonal (non‐breeding) movements. For those movements with observed modular structure, we found striking similarities in the spatial configuration of population structure, even though movement properties varied considerably among these different types of movements.Our results suggest that the emergence of modularity in population networks can be robust despite movement heterogeneity and differences in patch‐based measures of connectivity. Furthermore, our comparison of the population structure and connectivity across multiple movement phases helps to identify wetland patches most critical to population connectivity at multiple spatiotemporal scales.We argue that understanding modularity in populations may provide a robust complement to existing measures of population structure and connectivity and will help to clarify the limiting roles of movement for populations. Such information is increasingly needed for interpreting population persistence and guiding effective conservation strategies with ongoing environmental change.
Why still marry? The role of feelings in the persistence of marriage as an institution1
Authors: Billari Francesco C. , Liefbroer Aart C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDespite cohabitation becoming increasingly equivalent to marriage in some of the most ‘advanced’ Western European societies, the vast majority of people still marry. Why so? Existing theories, mostly based on various approaches tied to cognitive decision‐making, do not provide a sufficient explanation of the persistence of marriage. In this article, we argue that feelings attached to marriage, i.e. the affective evaluation of those involved in a partner relationship concerning marriage as opposed to cohabitation, explain the persistent importance of marriage as an institution. We argue that socialization, biological and social‐structural factors affect these affective evaluations. We provide a test of our hypotheses using a longitudinal study of young adults in the Netherlands. The results of our analyses are consistent with a central role of feelings in the decision to marry, as well as with a role for key moderating factors such as gender.
Chemical Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity of Blueberry Extracts (cv. Misty) Cultivated in Brazil
Authors: Massarotto Giovana , Barcellos Thiago , Garcia Charlene Silvestrin Celi , Brandalize Ana Paula Carneiro , Moura Sidnei , Schwambach Joséli , Henriques João Antonio Pêgas , Roesch‐Ely Mariana 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVaccinium corymbosum (L.) varieties cultivation is relatively recent in Brazil, but its production has been intensified given its good adaptability to the Southern Brazil climate. Blueberries are a rich source of phenolic compounds and contain significant levels of anthocyanins, flavonols, chlorogenic acids, and procyanidins, which lead to different biological activities. Chemical identification of skin and whole hydroalcoholic blueberry extracts (ExtSB and ExtWB) revealed the presence of anthocyanins concentrated in the skin and others chemicals compounds as quercetin glycosides, proanthocyanins dimers, citric, and chlorogenic acid in the pulp. Selectivity for tumor cell lines (Hep‐2, HeLa, HT‐29) using ExtSB and ExtWB extracts was observed through MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay after 24 h of treatment when compared to nontumor cells (MRC‐5). Morphological changes and late stages of apoptotic and necrosis process were seen in HT‐29 cell line after ExtWB treatment, compared to nontumor cell line MRC‐5. These results are in agreement with other studies that indicate the activity of compounds such as anthocyanins and other molecules found in Southern Highbush blueberry variety, attributed to promote beneficial effects on health that may respond as cytotoxic natural agent and contribute to cancer treatment.
Counter‐terrorism, Smart Power and the United States
Authors: Eadie Pauline 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article examines smart power, specifically in relation to US counter‐terrorism initiatives, focusing on US foreign aid as a soft power instrument. Economic aid and military aid are disbursed under the auspices of USAID and the military is tasked with soft and hard power strategies that have proven problematic to manage as ‘an integrated grand strategy’. Identifying variables that accurately indicate the success or otherwise of smart power as a counter‐terror strategy is problematic. Nevertheless a tentative correlation can be drawn between high levels of US aid and low levels of trust in the US in frontline Islamic states. This has led to slippage between hard and soft power and un‐smart policy. Consequently a gap has emerged between what the US hopes that the international community will respond to in terms of smart power as a counter‐terror initiative and what actually happens. The US has tended to revert to hard power tools in the face of this gap. I argue that foreign aid must not only be soft but ‘sticky’ in order for smart power strategies to succeed.
Moderate‐ to long‐term periodontal outcomes of subjects failing to complete a course of periodontal therapy
Authors: Goh V , Hackmack PP , Corbet EF , Leung WK 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe current retrospective cross‐sectional study investigated 5–18‐year treatment outcomes in subjects who did not complete a recommended course of periodontal therapy.MethodsSixty‐five subjects who voluntarily discontinued therapy were recalled. The subjects’ demographic data and dental history since discontinuation of periodontal treatment were collected via questionnaires. The subjects’ periodontal condition, radiographic data and individual tooth‐based prognosis at pre‐discontinuation and recall were compared.ResultsA total of 229 teeth had been lost over time, mainly due to periodontal reasons. Upper and lower molars were most frequently lost. Rate of tooth loss (0.38/patient per year) was comparable to untreated patients. Deterioration in periodontal health in terms of increased percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) and sites with probing pocket depths (PPD) of 6 mm or more at re‐examination was observed. Positive correlations were found between tooth loss and: (i) years since therapy discontinued; (ii) percentage of sites with PPD of 6 mm or more at pre‐discontinuation; and (iii) at re‐examination. Percentage of sites with PPD of 6 mm or more at recall was positively correlated with periodontal tooth loss and negatively correlated with percentage of sites without BOP.ConclusionsPatients not completing a course of periodontal therapy are at risk of further tooth loss and deterioration in periodontal conditions over time.
Elevated transaminase levels among overweight adolescents in eastern China
Authors: Shi Zumin , Chen Wenying , Taylor Anne , Burt Alastair 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimWe aim to investigate the prevalence and correlates of suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among adolescents in eastern China.MethodsThe study uses data from the annual health examination among all students finishing high school who applied for university entrance in Changzhou City between 2012 and 2014 (n = 19 162). Suspected NAFLD was defined as overweight plus elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (males >25.8 U/L; females >22.1 U/L).ResultsThe prevalence of suspected NAFLD was 6.9% (11.1% in males and 2.6% in females). Students from medium and high socio‐economic status (SES) schools had a higher prevalence of suspected NAFLD than those from low SES schools. Prehypertension had similar odds ratios (ORs, above four) for suspected NAFLD in both genders. The positive association between impaired fasting glucose/diabetes and suspected NAFLD was stronger in females than males. Compared with those born in autumn, these born in spring (OR 1.39; 95% CI, 1.16–1.67) and winter (OR 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04–1.49) had increased odds to have suspected NAFLD in males but not in females.ConclusionSuspected NAFLD was prevalent among urban university applicants especially in males and those of high SES. Prehypertension was positively related to suspected NAFLD. Season of birth was related to suspected NAFLD in males but not in females.
What is known and unknown about chemotherapy‐related cognitive impairment in patients with haematological malignancies and areas of needed research
Authors: Williams Annalynn M. , Zent Clive S. , Janelsins Michelle C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryCancer‐related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is an important clinical problem for cancer patients and survivors. In this review, we summarize studies investigating the occurrence of impaired cognition in patients with haematological malignancies. Most published studies focus on survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and primary central nervous system lymphoma. We also discuss studies conducted in acute myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloid leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non‐HL and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Although research in this area is still emerging, it appears that a subset of chemotherapy‐treated haematological malignancy survivors experience CRCI. Future research should focus on expanding the literature reviewed here with larger studies appropriately powered to assess cognition via objective and subjective measures in a longitudinal fashion to tease apart the impact of disease and the various forms of cancer treatment.
Phase I metabolites of mephedrone display biological activity as substrates at monoamine transporters
Authors: Mayer F P , Wimmer L , Dillon‐Carter O , Partilla J S , Burchardt N V , Mihovilovic M D , Baumann M H , Sitte H H 
Published: July 2016

Background and Purpose4‐Methyl‐N‐methylcathinone (mephedrone) is a synthetic stimulant that acts as a substrate‐type releaser at transporters for dopamine (DAT), noradrenaline (NET) and 5‐HT (SERT). Upon systemic administration, mephedrone is metabolized to several phase I compounds: the N‐demethylated metabolite, 4‐methylcathinone (nor‐mephedrone); the ring‐hydroxylated metabolite, 4‐hydroxytolylmephedrone (4‐OH‐mephedrone); and the reduced keto‐metabolite, dihydromephedrone.Experimental ApproachWe used in vitro assays to compare the effects of mephedrone and synthetically prepared metabolites on transporter‐mediated uptake and release in HEK293 cells expressing human monoamine transporters and in rat brain synaptosomes. In vivo microdialysis was employed to examine the effects of i.v. metabolite injection (1 and 3 mg·kg−1) on extracellular dopamine and 5‐HT levels in rat nucleus accumbens.Key ResultsIn cells expressing transporters, mephedrone and its metabolites inhibited uptake, although dihydromephedrone was weak overall. In cells and synaptosomes, nor‐mephedrone and 4‐OH‐mephedrone served as transportable substrates, inducing release via monoamine transporters. When administered to rats, mephedrone and nor‐mephedrone produced elevations in extracellular dopamine and 5‐HT, whereas 4‐OH‐mephedrone did not. Mephedrone and nor‐mephedrone, but not 4‐OH‐mephedrone, induced locomotor activity.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur results demonstrate that phase I metabolites of mephedrone are transporter substrates (i.e. releasers) at DAT, NET and SERT, but dihydromephedrone is weak in this regard. When administered in vivo, nor‐mephedrone increases extracellular dopamine and 5‐HT in the brain whereas 4‐OH‐mephedrone does not, suggesting the latter metabolite does not penetrate the blood–brain barrier. Future studies should examine the pharmacokinetics of nor‐mephedrone to determine its possible contribution to the in vivo effects produced by mephedrone.
Reducing Children's Implicit Racial Bias Through Exposure to Positive Out‐Group Exemplars
Authors: Gonzalez Antonya M. , Steele Jennifer R. , Baron Andrew S. 
Published: July 2016

Studies with adults suggest that implicit preferences favoring White versus Black individuals can be reduced through exposure to positive Black exemplars. However, it remains unclear whether developmental differences exist in the capacity for these biases to be changed. This study included 369 children and examined whether their implicit racial bias would be reduced following exposure to positive Black exemplars. Results showed that children's implicit pro‐White bias was reduced following exposure to positive Black exemplars, but only for older children (Mage = ~10 years). Younger children's (Mage = ~7 years) implicit bias was not affected by this intervention. These results suggest developmental differences in the malleability of implicit racial biases and point to possible age differences in intervention effectiveness.
Clinical Investigation and Patient Satisfaction of Short Implants Versus Longer Implants with Osteotome Sinus Floor Elevation in Atrophic Posterior Maxillae: A Pilot Randomized Trial
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Meng , Shi Jun‐Yu , Gu Ying‐Xin , Qiao Shi‐Chong , Mo Jia‐Ji , Lai Hong‐Chang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical parameters and patient satisfaction of the treatments with short implants compared to longer implants with osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) in atrophic posterior maxillae.Materials and MethodThe patient data were retrieved from an ongoing randomized controlled trial (NCT02350075). Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: (group1: short‐6 mm implant, group 2: short‐8‐mm implant with OSFE, group 3: standard‐10 mm implant with OSFE). Early implant failure, complications, implant stability quotient (ISQ) and patient satisfaction by means of visual analogue scale (VAS) were evaluated. ANOVA analysis was performed for the data comparison.ResultsFifty‐six patients were enrolled in the present study. No implant loss was found by the end of the restoration placement. No significant difference of ISQ values was found among three groups at the time of implant surgery and impression taking (p = .67 and.54, respectively). VAS values regarding intraoperative vibratory sense in group 1 were significantly higher than those in group 3 (p = .01).ConclusionAll three treatments were safe in atrophic posterior maxilla (6 mm ≤ residual bone height < 8 mm). Patients were satisfied with all three treatments, while the malleting during the osteotome procedure could make patients feel uncomfortable.
Three Misunderstandings of Plato's Theory of Moral Education
Authors: Jonas Mark E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this essay, Mark Jonas argues that there are three broadly held misconceptions of Plato's philosophy that work against his relevance for contemporary moral education. The first is that he is an intellectualist who is concerned only with the cognitive aspect of moral development and does not sufficiently emphasize the affective and conative aspects; the second is that he is an elitist who believes that only philosopher‐kings can attain true knowledge of virtue and it is they who should govern society; the third is that he affirms the realm of the Forms as a literal metaphysical reality and believes that for individuals to attain virtue they must access this realm through contemplation. The goal of this essay is to correct these misconceptions. The rehabilitation of Plato's reputation may enable future researchers in moral education to discover in his philosophy new avenues for exploring how best to cultivate virtues in students.