bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global patterns of mammalian co‐occurrence: phylogenetic and body size structure within species ranges
Authors: Villalobos Fabricio , Olalla‐Tárraga Miguel Á. , Cianciaruso Marcus V. , Rangel Thiago F. , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimTo analyse the geographical co‐occurrence among mammal species based on their complete geographical distributions, considering their phylogenetic relationships and body size data. We describe species‐level patterns and test the relative effects of ecological and evolutionary processes in determining species co‐occurrence under the phylogenetic field framework.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe gathered distributional, phylogenetic and body size information for 3697 mammal species. We defined phylogenetic fields of species by estimating the phylogenetic structure of species co‐occurrence within a focal species' range. Likewise, body size structure within focal species' ranges was defined as body size fields. We applied a spatial‐phylogenetic statistical framework to evaluate geographical variation on species fields. Also, we tested the significance of phylogenetic and body size fields based on biogeographically informed null models. Analyses were done for all mammal species as a whole and within particular taxonomic orders.ResultsPhylogenetic and body size fields of mammal species showed significant geographical patterning beyond their spatial and phylogenetic dependence. Phylogenetic fields were strikingly different between the New and Old World, with mammals co‐occurring with more closely related species in the New World and more distantly related species in the Old World. Clustered phylogenetic and body size fields showed geographically congruent patterns. Similar findings were obtained within particular mammalian orders.Main conclusionsGeographical co‐occurrence among mammal species reveals the imprint of historical origins and dispersal of mammalian lineages. Phylogenetic and body size structure within mammalian ranges is driven by the distinct histories among biogeographical regions and mainly between the New and Old World. We demonstrate the usefulness of a new protocol integrating species' distributional, phylogenetic and body size information for linking evolutionary and ecological approaches to understand geographical patterns of biodiversity.
Sticky trap monitoring of a pest–predator system in glasshouse tomato crops: are available trap colours sufficient?
Authors: Böckmann E. , Meyhöfer R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMonitoring of pest presence and population development in the crop during the season is essential for integrated pest management. Although many tools, for instance coloured sticky traps, have been developed, the full advantage of available information is rarely taken into account in decision‐making. The reasons behind include high workload in practice but also the poorly studied relationships between trap catches and populations in the crop. Here, we investigate whether commercially available coloured sticky traps can be used as tool to monitor population densities of a pest–predator system in glasshouse tomato. The response of Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) (Hemiptera, Miridae) to blue and yellow sticky traps was tested in laboratory and glasshouse experiments. The results indicate that M. pygmaeus can be monitored equally well with both trap colours. The number of trapped insects showed good correlation with the population densities on the crop. Under growing conditions, more M. pygmaeus were trapped on blue compared with yellow sticky traps. However, due to the known preference of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae), yellow traps should be used for a combined pest–predator monitoring.
Treatment Patterns with Antidementia Drugs in the United States: Medicare Cohort Study
Authors: Koller Daniela , Hua Tammy , Bynum Julie P.W. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate frequency of use of two anti‐dementia drug classes approved for treatment of symptoms, whether populations most likely to benefit are treated, and correlates of treatment initiation.DesignNationally representative cohort study.SettingFee‐for‐service Medicare.ParticipantsElderly adults with dementia enrolled in Medicare Parts A, B, and D in 2009 (N = 433,559) and a subset with incident dementia (n = 185,449).MeasurementsMain outcome was any prescription fill for antidementia drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) or memantine) within 1 year.ResultsTreatment with antidementia drugs occurred in 55.8% of all participants with dementia and 49.3% of those with incident dementia. There was no difference between ChEIs and memantine use according to dementia severity (measured as death within first year or living in residential care vs in a community setting) even though memantine is not indicated in mild disease. In incident cases, initiation of treatment was lower in residential care (relative risk (RR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.81–0.83) and with more comorbidities (RR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.96–0.96). Sixty percent of participants were managed in primary care alone. Seeing a neurologist (RR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.06–1.09) or psychiatrist (RR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.16–1.19) was associated with higher likelihood of treatment than seeing a primary care provider alone, and seeing geriatrician was associated with with lower likelihood (RR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93–0.99). Across the United States, the proportion of newly diagnosed individuals started on antidementia treatment varied from 32% to 66% across hospital referral regions.ConclusionAntidementia drugs are used less often in people with late disease, but there is no differentiation in medication choice. Although primary care providers most often prescribe antidementia medication without specialty support, differences in practice between specialties are evident.
Associations Between Delirium and Preoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid C‐Reactive Protein, Interleukin‐6, and Interleukin‐6 Receptor in Individuals with Acute Hip Fracture
Authors: Neerland Bjørn Erik , Hall Roanna J. , Seljeflot Ingebjørg , Frihagen Frede , MacLullich Alasdair M. J. , Ræder Johan , Wyller Torgeir Bruun , Watne Leiv Otto 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo examine whether delirium in individuals with hip fracture is associated with high C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and soluble IL‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTwo university hospitals in Oslo, Norway, and Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ParticipantsIndividuals admitted with acute hip fracture (N = 151).MeasurementsParticipants were assessed for delirium pre‐ and postoperatively using the Confusion Assessment Method. Prefracture cognitive impairment was detected using the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Serum was collected preoperatively and CSF just before the onset of spinal anesthesia. Cytokine levels in serum and CSF samples were determined using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Student t‐tests or Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used for between‐group comparisons. Spearman rho was used for correlations.ResultsSixty participants had prior cognitive impairment (IQCODE score ≥3.44). Delirium was diagnosed in 46 participants (77%) with prior cognitive impairment and 25 (29%) without. In participants without prior cognitive impairment, CSF CRP levels were higher in participants with delirium (median 0.05 μg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) 0.02–0.12 μg/mL) than in those without delirium (median 0.01 μg/mL, IQR 0.00–0.06 μg/mL) (P = .01); there were no differences in participants with prior cognitive impairment. In secondary analyses, in participants with prior cognitive impairment, the concentration of CSF sIL‐6R was higher in those participants who developed delirium than in the other subgroups, but this difference was not statistically significant. Serum levels of CRP, IL‐6, and sIL‐6R were not different according to delirium in participants with or without prefracture cognitive impairment.ConclusionHigh CSF levels of CRP and sIL‐6R may be associated with delirium. Different pathophysiological mechanisms may operate in different subgroups, notably in relation to the presence of prior cognitive impairment.
ZONING A CROSS‐BORDER CITY
Authors: Bárcena‐Ruiz Juan Carlos , Casado‐Izaga F. Javier 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates zoning in a cross‐border linear city that consists of two bordering towns. In each town, a local regulator has a say in the location of the local firm. We find that local regulators may use zoning strategically. The incentive to gain consumers from the other town, or not to lose local consumers, may push regulators to approve only locations for firms close enough to the frontier. When zoning is costly an asymmetric equilibrium may emerge: only one regulator resorts to zoning. In the case of towns of different sizes, the regulator of the larger town is the only one that zones in an asymmetric equilibrium.
An Early Literacy Program for Young Children with Down Syndrome: Changes Observed over One Year
Authors: Colozzo Paola , McKeil Leah , Petersen Jill M. , Szabo Amanda 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlthough much individual variability exists, most persons with Down syndrome (DS) experience marked expressive language delays and challenges with speech production, hearing, and verbal memory that may negatively affect literacy development. There is, however, a paucity of research with respect to early intervention literacy programs with this population. The authors describe an early intervention literacy program that used a hybrid approach to reading instruction combining whole‐word (i.e., visual) and analytic (i.e., phonic or sound‐based) reading strategies. They also detail the changes observed in the literacy and language abilities of the participants over 1 year. The participants were 15 English speaking Canadian students with DS aged 3–6 years (M age 4;11, pretreatment) who took part in a 45‐week program. Weekly individual sessions with a certified teacher were augmented by regular homework. Each student's literacy and language abilities were assessed immediately pretreatment and posttreatment. Measures of letter name identification, letter sound identification, print concepts, and identification of taught sight words showed statistically significant changes. Letter name identification, letter sound identification, and number of sight words read pretreatment were all positively and significantly correlated with gains in word identification. There was also a clear difference regarding how many new sight words students were able to read posttreatment depending on whether they used abstract symbols to communicate (i.e., unprompted spoken words or signs) pretreatment. The authors note that this study provides support for literacy interventions that combine phonological awareness, word analysis, sight word training, and shared book reading with children with DS as young as 3 years of age with varying levels of language development.
Investigating the Lived Experience of People with Down Syndrome with Dementia: Overcoming Methodological and Ethical Challenges
Authors: Watchman Karen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAdults with Down syndrome are at increased risk of dementia at a significantly younger age and remain under‐represented as participants in dementia‐related research. Because little is known about their personal experiences either immediately postdiagnosis or as dementia progresses, there is little opportunity that shared individual experiences can shape future policy and practice. To remedy this omission, the author examined methodological and ethical challenges identified as part of a research study that included people with Down syndrome affected by dementia. It has been contended that traditional qualitative approaches are less effective when participants are affected by changing cognitive functioning and reduced verbal communication. To counteract this contention overt participant observation and an adapted narrative research method were used as part of a three‐year longitudinal study to help better understand the lived experiences of three adults with Down syndrome affected by dementia. Methodological and ethical challenges were shown to collide, and factors contributing to this effect included identifying process consent, accurate representation of participants, the role of and relationship with the researcher, participants, lack of awareness of their diagnosis of dementia, and need to recognize the importance of social interaction while maintaining academic rigor. Reflections are proffered on two conceptual and practice issues, with a call for both to be recognized and addressed in terms of future policy and practice. First is a lack of awareness of a sense of “self” or identity, resulting in individuals with Down syndrome and dementia being defined by their situation rather than individual preference or need. Second is the lack of information postdiagnosis about dementia being shared with people who have Down syndrome.
Information Frictions in Uncertain Regulatory Environments: Evidence from U.S. Commercial Banks
Authors: Wilson Kristin , Veuger Stan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInformation frictions between firms and regulators are typically seen as a means by which firms evade enforcement. In contrast, we argue that information frictions between firms and regulators can reduce the efficiency of firms’ compliance efforts when the interpretation of regulatory standards is uncertain. We exploit plausibly exogenous variation in distance between firms and their regulators to demonstrate this for a panel of community banks in the US. We find that banks located at greater distance from regulatory field offices face significantly higher administrative costs, at a rate of 20% of administrative costs per hour of travel time. These differences do not come with reduced compliance, are not driven by endogenous regulator choice, and are stable over time. Further, the costs borne by distant firms are negatively related to the scale of the jurisdiction in which they operate, suggesting that information spillovers between firms limit uncertainty about regulatory expectations.
Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species
Authors: Wright Mitchell H. , Farooqui Saad M. , White Alan R. , Greene Anthony C. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Several species of the bacterial genus
Shewanella
are well-known dissimilatory reducers of manganese under anaerobic conditions. In fact,
Shewanella oneidensis
is one of the most well studied of all metal-reducing bacteria. In the current study, a number of
Shewanella
strains were tested for manganese-oxidizing capacity under aerobic conditions. All were able to oxidize Mn(II) and to produce solid dark brown manganese oxides.
Shewanella
loihica
strain PV-4 was the strongest oxidizer, producing oxides at a rate of 20.3 mg/liter/day and oxidizing Mn(II) concentrations of up to 9 mM. In contrast,
S. oneidensis
MR-1 was the weakest oxidizer tested, producing oxides at 4.4 mg/liter/day and oxidizing up to 4 mM Mn(II). Analysis of products from the strongest oxidizers, i.e.,
S
.
loihica
PV-4 and
Shewanella putrefaciens
CN-32, revealed finely grained, nanosize, poorly crystalline oxide particles with identical Mn oxidation states of 3.86. The biogenic manganese oxide products could be subsequently reduced within 2 days by all of the
Shewanella
strains when culture conditions were made anoxic and an appropriate nutrient (lactate) was added. While
Shewanella
species were detected previously as part of manganese-oxidizing consortia in natural environments, the current study has clearly shown manganese-reducing
Shewanella
species bacteria that are able to oxidize manganese in aerobic cultures.

IMPORTANCE
Members of the genus
Shewanella
are well known as dissimilatory manganese-reducing bacteria. This study shows that a number of species from
Shewanella
are also capable of manganese oxidation under aerobic conditions. Characterization of the products of the two most efficient oxidizers,
S. loihica
and
S. putrefaciens
, revealed finely grained, nanosize oxide particles. With a change in culture conditions, the manganese oxide products could be subsequently reduced by the same bacteria. The ability of
Shewanella
species both to oxidize and to reduce manganese indicates that the genus plays a significant role in the geochemical cycling of manganese. Due to the high affinity of manganese oxides for binding other metals, these bacteria may also contribute to the immobilization and release of other metals in the environment.
Factors Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding by Dairy and Beef Cattle
Authors: Venegas-Vargas Cristina , Henderson Scott , Khare Akanksha , Mosci Rebekah E. , Lehnert Jonathan D. , Singh Pallavi , Ouellette Lindsey M. , Norby Bo , Funk Julie A. , Rust Steven , Bartlett Paul C. , Grooms Daniel , Manning Shannon D. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC, and food or water contaminated with cattle feces is the most common source of infections in humans. Consequently, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,096 cattle in six dairy herds (
n =
718 animals) and five beef herds (
n =
378 animals) in the summers of 2011 and 2012 to identify epidemiological factors associated with shedding. Fecal samples were obtained from each animal and cultured for STEC. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with STEC positivity. The prevalence of STEC was higher in beef cattle (21%) than dairy cattle (13%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25, 2.47), with considerable variation occurring across herds (range, 6% to 54%). Dairy cattle were significantly more likely to shed STEC when the average temperature was >28.9°C 1 to 5 days prior to sampling (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.25, 4.91), during their first lactation (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.8), and when they were <30 days in milk (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 7.2). These data suggest that the stress or the negative energy balance associated with lactation may result in increased STEC shedding frequencies in Michigan during the warm summer months. Future prevention strategies aimed at reducing stress during lactation or isolating high-risk animals could be implemented to reduce herd-level shedding levels and avoid transmission of STEC to susceptible animals and people.

IMPORTANCE
STEC shedding frequencies vary considerably across cattle herds in Michigan, and the shedding frequency of strains belonging to non-O157 serotypes far exceeds the shedding frequency of O157 strains, which is congruent with human infections in the state. Dairy cattle sampled at higher temperatures, in their first lactation, and early in the milk production stage were significantly more likely to shed STEC, which could be due to stress or a negative energy balance. Future studies should focus on the isolation of high-risk animals to decrease herd shedding levels and the potential for contamination of the food supply.
Phage Therapy Is Effective in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Equine Keratitis
Authors: Furusawa Takaaki , Iwano Hidetomo , Hiyashimizu Yutaro , Matsubara Kazuki , Higuchi Hidetoshi , Nagahata Hajime , Niwa Hidekazu , Katayama Yoshinari , Kinoshita Yuta , Hagiwara Katsuro , Iwasaki Tomohito , Tanji Yasunori , Yokota Hiroshi , Tamura Yutaka 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTBacterial keratitis of the horse is mainly caused by staphylococci, streptococci, and pseudomonads. Of these bacteria,Pseudomonas aeruginosasometimes causes rapid corneal corruption and, in some cases, blindness. Antimicrobial resistance can make treatment very difficult. Therefore, new strategies to control bacterial infection are required. A bacteriophage (phage) is a virus that specifically infects and kills bacteria. Since phage often can lyse antibiotic-resistant bacteria because the killing mechanism is different, we examined the use of phage to treat horse bacterial keratitis. We isolatedMyoviridaeorPodoviridaephages, which together have a broad host range. They adsorb efficiently to host bacteria; more than 80% of the ΦR18 phage were adsorbed to host cells after 30 s. In our keratitis mouse model, the administration of phage within 3 h also could kill bacteria and suppress keratitis. A phage multiplicity of infection of 100 times the host bacterial number could kill host bacteria effectively. A cocktail of two phages suppressed bacteria in the keratitis model mouse. These data demonstrated that the phages in this study could completely prevent the keratitis caused byP. aeruginosain a keratitis mouse model. Furthermore, these results suggest that phage may be a more effective prophylaxis for horse keratitis than the current preventive use of antibiotics. Such treatment may reduce the use of antibiotics and therefore antibiotic resistance. Further studies are required to assess phage therapy as a candidate for treatment of horse keratitis.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic-resistant bacteria are emerging all over the world. Bacteriophages have great potential for resolution of this problem. A bacteriophage, or phage, is a virus that infects bacteria specifically. As a novel therapeutic strategy against racehorse keratitis caused byPseudomonas aeruginosa, we propose the application of phages for treatment. Phages isolated in this work hadin vitroeffectiveness for a broad range ofP. aeruginosastrains. Indeed, a great reduction of bacterial proliferation was shown in phage therapy for mouse models ofP. aeruginosakeratitis. Therefore, to reduce antibiotic usage, phage therapy should be investigated and developed further.
Wolbachia Endosymbionts Modify Drosophila Ovary Protein Levels in a Context-Dependent Manner
Authors: Christensen Steen , Pérez Dulzaides Ricardo , Hedrick Victoria E. , Momtaz A. J. M. Zehadee , Nakayasu Ernesto S. , Paul Lake N. , Serbus Laura R. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTEndosymbiosis is a unique form of interaction between organisms, with one organism dwelling inside the other. One of the most widespread endosymbionts isWolbachia pipientis, a maternally transmitted bacterium carried by insects, crustaceans, mites, and filarial nematodes. Although candidate proteins that contribute to maternal transmission have been identified, the molecular basis for maternalWolbachiatransmission remains largely unknown. To investigate transmission-related processes in response toWolbachiainfection, ovarian proteomes were analyzed fromWolbachia-infectedDrosophila melanogasterandD. simulans.Endogenous and variant host-strain combinations were investigated. Significant and differentially abundant ovarian proteins were detected, indicating substantial regulatory changes in response toWolbachia. VariantWolbachiastrains were associated with a broader impact on the ovary proteome than endogenousWolbachiastrains. TheD. melanogasterovarian environment also exhibited a higher level of diversity of proteomic responses toWolbachiathanD. simulans.Overall, manyWolbachia-responsive ovarian proteins detected in this study were consistent with expectations from the experimental literature. This suggests that context-specific changes in protein abundance contribute toWolbachiamanipulation of transmission-related mechanisms in oogenesis.IMPORTANCEMillions of insect species naturally carry bacterial endosymbionts calledWolbachia. Wolbachiabacteria are transmitted by females to their offspring through a robust egg-loading mechanism. The molecular basis forWolbachiatransmission remains poorly understood at this time, however. This proteomic study identified specific fruit fly ovarian proteins as being upregulated or downregulated in response toWolbachiainfection. The majority of these protein responses correlated specifically with the type of host andWolbachiastrain involved. This work corroborates previously identified factors and mechanisms while also framing the broader context of ovarian manipulation byWolbachia.