bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Providing Morphological Information for SMT Using Neural Networks
Authors: Passban Peyman , Liu Qun , Way Andy 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Treating morphologically complex words (MCWs) as atomic units in translation would not yield a desirable result. Such words are complicated constituents with meaningful subunits. A complex word in a morphologically rich language (MRL) could be associated with a number of words or even a full sentence in a simpler language, which means the surface form of complex words should be accompanied with auxiliary morphological information in order to provide a precise translation and a better alignment. In this paper we follow this idea and propose two different methods to convey such information for statistical machine translation (SMT) models. In the first model we enrich factored SMT engines by introducing a new morphological factor which relies on subword-aware word embeddings. In the second model we focus on the language-modeling component. We explore a subword-level neural language model (NLM) to capture sequence-, word- and subword-level dependencies. Our NLM is able to approximate better scores for conditional word probabilities, so the decoder generates more fluent translations. We studied two languages Farsi and German in our experiments and observed significant improvements for both of them.
Biomarkers in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Assessment
Authors: Voskresenska Natalja , Babikovs Sergejs , Voicehovska Jūlija , Šķesters Andrejs , Silova Alise , Voicehovskis Vladimirs , Aleksejeva Renija , Lejnieks Aivars , Karpovs Jurijs 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The paper presents information on pneumonia (P) patients with features of oxidative stress (OS). Identifying features of OS in patients with P is of interest not only for diagnosis, but also for monitoring of treatment efficiency. We recruited 73 patients with community-acquired P (CAP), previously healthy adults, both males and females with mean age of 68.0 ± 15.2, hospitalised, and 61 healthy control patients matched for age. For quantitative evaluation of lipid peroxidation in CAP patients, the levels of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products like malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4- hydroxynon-2-enal (HNE) were quantified. Furthermore, concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and several antioxidant enzymes and selenium in plasma were determined. In CAP patients, decreased levels of GSH and plasma selenium were observed. Plasma levels of MDA, and HNE did significantly differ between patient and control groups. We also noted reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely, glutation peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Low antioxidant enzymes activity was associated with a more severe CAP pattern. Both GSH and antioxidant enzymes may serve as markers for inflammation-related OS in CAP patients, and measurement of these biomarkers may be a valid indentifier for its management.
Risk Factors Affect Long-Term Compliance to Coumadin Treatment (Self-Reporting)
Authors: Tzivian Lilian , Folkmanis Valdis , Warshawsky-Livne Lora , Waldman Maor , Friger Michael , Reuveni Haim , Yerushalmi Ronit 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Low compliance to a prescribed Coumadin treatment can result in negative health outcomes. In this study we aimed to evaluate risk factors affecting patient compliance to Coumadin. For this purpose, two study phases were performed: Phase 1: a retrospective eight-year follow-up of databases from health care services; and Phase 2: a cross-sectional study with telephone interviews. A Total Compliance Index was constructed using the number of Coumadin purchases (40%), international standardised ratio (INR) tests (40%), and average INR values (20%). Multiple models for the Total Compliance Index were constructed using socio-demographic, treatment-related, and health care utilisation variables, use of drugs, patient-physician relationships and patient’s quality of life. 78.5 ± 3.4% of patients in the total population were non-compliant in the retrospective phase of the study, and 53.2% in the second, cross-sectional phase. Total Compliance Index was significantly associated with older age, number of doctor visits, and drugs from group C. We suggest that the Total Compliance Index for other drugs can be utilised as well.
Visual Acuity in Myopes with Standard and Reversed Contrast Optotypes
Authors: Ikaunieks Gatis , Petrova Anete , Panke Karola , Krūmiņa Gunta 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the visual acuity of myopes with standard and reversed contrast optotypes and to determine how the visual acuity of myopes is affected by optical defocus and the type of optical correction, either contact lenses or spectacles. Twenty-three myopic subjects (18 and 23 years old) with uncorrected vision had their visual acuity assessed with both standard and reversed contrast optotypes. The study also included 10 myopes with contact lens as well as habitual spectacle correction. The visual acuity for myopes with uncorrected vision was better with reversed than standard contrast optotypes. Better reversed contrast than standard contrast visual acuity was obtained also with spectacle and contact lens correction. This result could be due in part to low order aberrations (optical defocus) in myopes spectacle or contact lenses correction.
Performance of Eucalyptus Clones in Auto and Allocompetition
Authors: Martins Gustavo Salgado , Moura G. P. L. , Ramalho M. A. P. , Gonçalves F. M. A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This study was performed to estimate the abilities of eucalyptus clones to exercise as well as to tolerate competition and to compare their behaviors under auto- or allocompetition. Six commercial clones, belonging to PLANTAR S/A enterprise were evaluated for breast height circumference (BHC), total height (TH) and volume (VOL). At three locations of Minas Gerais, Brazil (two in Curvelo and one in Felixlândia) the clones were planted in two spaces. At 36 months of age each clone was evaluated for exercising and toleration competition amongst each other. The design for each experiment was similar to that of the nine-hole system; the center clone being under competition and the eight surrounding the center clone exercising competition. Each clone under competition was repeated eight times; therefore, for each spacing and location, six contiguous experiments were conducted. From the mean values; the parameters of ability to exercise competition (ci), ability to tolerate competition (tj), the specific competitive ability (sij) and the performance per se of the clones (aj) were estimated using a model similar to that of diallel crosses. The clones differed as to their ci, tj and aj. No one clone exhibited high and positive ci and tj. Regardless of location, spacing, or clone, the performance of autocompetition is similar to that of allocompetition. This indicates that a mixture of clones, if advantageous from the management or industrial point of view, may be performed without harm to the volume of wood produced.
Clonal Variation of Eucalypts in Susceptibility to Bacterial Wilt Detected by Using Different Inoculation Methods
Authors: Wei Run-Peng , Luo Z. , Fang B. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryFour inoculation methods were investigated for assessing the clonal variation of eucalypts in susceptibility to bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum). The results showed that these inoculation methods obviously differed in the disease infection process, clonal variation and clonal mean repeatability in susceptibility of stock materials inoculated. For each inoculation method, the clonal effect was consistently significant over the assessment period. Root-collar suspension injection method (RSI) yielded the highest relative clonal variation (0.67±0.086) and clonal mean repeatability (0.92±0.038) in both disease infected incidence and severity at the end of assessment, attributable to the enhanced genetic variation or low environment effect. For a given inoculation method, an early assessment time might exist for maximizing relative clonal variation or repeatability. It is desirable in breeding to adopt an inoculation method and/or efficient assessment time with high clonal variance component, which would in turn improve the efficiency of clonal screening.
Experimental strategies for clonal eucalyptus
Authors: Mendes Matheus Henrique Silveira , Rosse Leonardo Novaes , Toledo Fernando Henrique Ribeiro , Ramalho Magno Antônio Patto 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The success of any forestry operation depends on the careful choice of the clones to be planted. At existing yield levels, the differences among clones are becoming smaller, leading to the need to use experimental strategies for a more successful choice. To obtain information in regard to better experimental strategies, data from two clonal tests of eucalyptus were used. One of the tests consisted of 35 clones and another of 48 clones. In both tests, the experimental plot consisted of 100 plants at commercial spacing (12 m2 per plant). The trait wood volume was evaluated, taking the relative position of the plant in the plot as a reference. The data were evaluated by different means, and it was observed that the use of border plot in clonal tests in eucalyptus is not necessary. Experimental accuracy with 15 to 20 plants is similar in comparison to the plot with 100 plants.
Comparative assessment of SSR, ISSR and AFLP markers for characterization of selected genotypes of Himalayan Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) based on resin yield
Authors: Rawat A. , Barthwal S. , Ginwal H. S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA set of 19 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats), 9 ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) and 5 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) primer combinations were used to evaluate the variability among 53 genotypes of Pinus roxburghii selected based on resin yield from the natural zone of occurrence of this species in Uttarakhand, India. The selected trees of pine varied in resin yield from 0.25 to 8 kg/year/tree. Based on the comparative assessment of SSR, ISSR and AFLP markers, SSR markers were found most polymorphic with an average PIC value of 0.327 and 2.42 alleles per marker, while ISSR markers showed the highest effective multiplex ratio (15.536) and marker index (4.958). AFLP markers showed the maximum resolving power (8.099) which was comparable to the resolving power (8.059) of ISSR markers. UPGMA-based dendrogram using SSR markers revealed more distinct grouping of genotypes on the basis of resin yield as compared to ISSR and AFLP markers. AMOVA by collection site revealed no significant variation among the populations. Whereas, AMOVA by resin yield using SSR, ISSR and AFLP markers revealed FSTvalues to be 0.1096, 0.0483 and 0.2422 indicating moderate, low and great genetic differentiation among the groups. This clearly indicated that the variation at the molecular level was attributed to the resin yield and not the site of collection.
Visible and near infrared hyperspectral imaging reveals significant differences in needle reflectance among Scots pine provenances
Authors: Danusevicius Darius , Masaitis G. , Mozgeris G. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Genetic diversity is an important indicator of forest sustainability requiring particular attention and new methods to obtain fast and cheap estimates of genetic diversity. We assessed the differences in visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) spectral reflectance properties of detached shoots of several distant Scots pine provenances aiming to identify the most informative spectral wavebands and the seasonal time for the genetic diversity scoring. Shoots of five trees per provenance were sampled at two week intervals during the active growth and fall. The samples were scanned using a hyperspectral camera, equipped with a highly sensitive spectrometer capable of covering the spectral range of 400-1000 nm with a sampling interval of 0.6 nm. The ANOVAs revealed significant provenance effects on the spectral reflectance at variable spectral intervals depending on the sampling occasion. During the active growth, PCA identified the most informative wavebands over whole spectral range investigated. During the shoot/needle hardiness development, NIR was the most informative. Provenance ranking in spectral reflectance returned geographically interpretable pattern. We conclude that there are significant provenance attributable and interpretable differences in spectral reflectance of Scots pine needles providing a good opportunity for detecting this spectral variation with the hyperspectral imaging technique.
Genetic analysis of European common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations affected by ash dieback
Authors: Fussi Barbara , Konnert M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEuropean common ash is an important component of mixed forest ecosystems in Bavaria and is considered a valuable tree species under climate change. The first aim of the present study was to assess the genetic diversity within and between ash populations in Bavaria in comparison with neighboring regions. Because ash stands have been heavily attacked by ash shoot disease in the last few years, the second aim of the study was to detect genetic differences between susceptible and less susceptible trees (trees with defoliation up to 30%) within populations. Altogether 41 populations were investigated using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites. The results showed high genetic variation within and high genetic differentiation between ash populations. Higher chloroplast microsatellite variation was detected instead populations from south-eastern Bavaria compared to other regions. The comparison of susceptible and less susceptible groups of individuals within each population revealed medium to high genetic differences in some cases. For the observed heterozygosity, higher values were found for the group of less susceptible trees compared to the group of all trees or to the group of susceptible trees within populations. This could be a first indication that individuals with a higher heterozygosity might be able to withstand ash dieback in a better way compared to homozygotic individuals. Within the group of less susceptible trees a relatively wide genetic base exists whereupon a future breeding programme can be built. Thus it is of utmost importance for the species to maintain less affected trees in order to keep the genetic potential for future adaptation processes within ash populations, seed production and regeneration.
Investigation of gas exchange and biometric parameters in isogenic lines of poplar differing in ploidy
Authors: Alía Lucía Atanet , Lüttschwager Dietmar , Ewald Dietrich 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Three poplar clones of section Populus (Brauna 11 [Populus tremula], L447 [Populus canescens] and Esch 5 [Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides]) were used to analyse the effects of ploidy levels on primary productivity and water use efficiency. The clones were established in tissue culture (2N) and lines with different ploidy levels (2N/4N and 4N) were generated via colchicine treatment. Light response curves were modelled based on gas exchange measurements carried out three times during the growing season on the 1st fully developed leaf under controlled conditions. The plants were harvested in September to analyse biometric parameters. The photosynthetic capacity was greatest in May, decreased throughout the season and increased slightly again in September. The decrease in Brauna 11 and Esch 5 varied from 20-50% compared with values in May and it was not as pronounced in L 447. Photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency differed between clones, but not among the single isogenic lines within each clone. The seasons in which the experiments were conducted influenced the rankings of the 9 variants in physiological measurements, but these rankings were not uniform during the growing period. Differences in biometric parameters were detected between the clones and variants, e.g.; leaf masses were greater in all of the polyploid variants and lowest in the diploid variants. All of the L 447 lines showed the highest wood densities, which were higher in the mixoploid and lower in the tetraploid variants within each clone. A compact wood structure could prevent damage to the water-conducting system under drought stress.
Five Years Performance of New Introduced Salt Tolerant Hybrid Poplar clones (Mofid and P. × albaeuphratica) In Iran (West Azar-Bayjan)
Authors: Mofidabadi Ali Jafari , Ghmeri-Zareh A. , Salari A. 
Published: June 2017

Summary
In order to introduce new hybrids poplar clones (“Mofide” and P. × albaeuphratica) for commercial wood production in different part of country, ecological range of productivity have to be determined. Therefore, adaptability of two hybrid clones “Mofide”and its reciprocal crosses hybrid (P. × albaeuphratica), along with Populus alba L. as local clone (Kaboodeh) were tested in Rasol Abad Salty-soil Research station during 2004-2009. The experiment was conducted through randomized complete block design (RCBD). Twenty five individual cuttings of three clones (two hybrids and one local clone) planted in 100 square m as an experimental plot at spacing (2 × 2 m distance) and replicated three. Analyses of collected data have been done based on quantities and qualitative characters during five years. The results indicated that there were highly significant differences between clones at the 0.01 level. Populus euphratica Oliv. × P. alba L. hybrid (Mofid) showed highest diameter at breast height (11.30 cm), and total height (10 m) than the others two. Low level of breast diameter height (4.15 cm) and total height (5.5 m) were observed for Populus alba L. (Kaboodeh) clone as a local poplar clone.
Provenance by site interaction and stability analysis of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances grown in common garden experiments
Authors: Stojnić Srđan , Orlović S. , Ballian D. , Ivankovic M. , Šijačić-Nikolić M. , Pilipović A. , Bogdan S. , Kvesić S. , Mataruga M. , Daničić V. , Cvjetković B. , Miljković D. , Wuehlisch G. von 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFifteen provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were evaluated for stability and adaptability by height growth at four test sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1), Croatia (1) and Serbia (2). Provenance trials were established in spring 2007 by planting 2- and 3-yearold seedlings and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The data from seven 6- year-old and eight 5-year-old provenances were obtained in 2009 and analyzed separately. Finlay and Wilkinson’s regression analysis and Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI model) were used to assess provenance by site interaction (P × S) and to identify beech provenances that have high and stable performance in different environments, at the juvenile stage of development. Analysis of variance showed that effects of provenance, site, and P×S interaction are highly significant (p<0.001) in both age groups. Linear regression model evidenced that most of the provenances had regression coefficients not significantly different from unity (b=1.0), except for provenances Sjeverni Dilj Caglinski (HR24) and Vranica-Bistrica (BA59). The partitioning of the total sum of squares (SS) exhibited that the site effect was the predominant source of variation in both age groups of provenances (50.7% and 38.5%, respectively). Additionally, regression analysis explained 15.8% and 33.2% of provenance by site interaction terms, in provenances age six and five years, respectively, while the AMMI analysis accounted for 62.2% and 78.7% in P×S interaction. The results of AMMI showed that the first principal component (PC1) was statistically significant in both age groups. Adaptability and stability of provenances to the test sites were estimated with AMMI1 and AMMI2 biplots. Provenance Sjeverni Dilj Caglinski (HR24) showed constant performance over tested sites, characterizing with aboveaverage height growth at low yielding environments. Provenances HR25 and BA61 showed the opposite type of adaptation, being adapted to high yielding sites. Provenance Valkonya (HU42) was characterized by IPCA1 score close to zero and above average mean height growth, suggesting general adaptation to the tested environments. The implication of P×S was discussed in light of impact of climate change on beech and selection of most suitable provenances for future reforestation programs.
Effects of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on the Performance of Biceps Brachii Muscle of Young Healthy Males After 8 Weeks of Strength Training: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Vieira Kamila V.S.G. , Ciol Marcia A. , Azevedo Paulo H. , Pinfildi Carlos E. , Renno Ana C.M. , Colantonio Emilson , Tucci Helga T. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Vieira, KVSG, Ciol, MA, Azevedo, PH, Pinfildi, CE, Renno, ACM, Colantonio, E, and Tucci, HT. Effects of light-emitting diode therapy on the performance of biceps brachii muscle of young healthy males after 8 weeks of strength training: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 433–442, 2019—We assessed the effect of adding light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) to an 8-week strength training of biceps brachii in healthy young males. Forty-five participants were randomized into training plus LEDT, training plus sham LEDT, and control groups (n = 15 each). Individuals in the LEDT groups participated in strength training performed in a Scott machine at their maximum number of elbow flexion-extension repetitions. The LEDT was applied to biceps brachii of dominant limb at the end of training sessions (device “on” for LEDT and “off” for sham LEDT). Training loads were re-evaluated every 2 weeks. Controls did not receive training during 8 weeks. All groups were evaluated for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and fatigue at baseline and 8 weeks. Additionally, the 2 LEDT groups were evaluated every 2 weeks for 1-RM and number of elbow flexion-extension repetitions. The groups were statistically different in mean difference and mean percent change of 1-RM from baseline to week 8 (p < 0.001). Analyzing the 2 LEDT groups, we found an interaction between group and time (p = 0.02), with a slightly faster increase in 1-RM for the LEDT than the sham LEDT. Over time, both groups decreased the number of repetitions of elbow flexion-extension (differences not statistically significant), possibly because of the increase of load over time. We found no difference in change of fatigue index among the 3 groups. Our study showed potential benefits to 1RM when LEDT is applied after a strength training session. Future studies might assess whether different doses of LEDT can reduce fatigue in strength training.