bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific variation shapes community‐level behavioral responses to urbanization in spiders
Authors: Dahirel Maxime , Dierick Jasper , De Cock Maarten , Bonte Dries 
Published: June 2017

AbstractUrban areas are an extreme example of human‐changed environments, exposing organisms to multiple and strong selection pressures. Adaptive behavioral responses are thought to play a major role in animals’ success or failure in such new environments. Approaches based on functional traits have proven especially valuable to understand how species communities respond to environmental gradients. Until recently, they have, however, often ignored the potential consequences of intraspecific trait variation (ITV). When ITV is prevalent, it may highly impact ecological processes and resilience against stressors. This may be especially relevant in animals, in which behavioral traits can be altered very flexibly at the individual level to track environmental changes. We investigated how species turnover and ITV influenced community‐level behavioral responses in a set of 62 sites of varying levels of urbanization, using orb web spiders and their webs as models of foraging behavior. ITV alone explained around one‐third of the total trait variation observed among communities. Spider web structure changed according to urbanization, in ways that increase the capture efficiency of webs in a context of smaller urban prey. These trait shifts were partly mediated by species turnover, but ITV increased their magnitude, potentially helping to buffer the effects of environmental changes on communities. The importance of ITV varied depending on traits and on the spatial scale at which urbanization was considered. Despite being neglected from community‐level analyses in animals, our results highlight the importance of accounting for intraspecific trait variation to fully understand trait responses to (human‐induced) environmental changes and their impact on ecosystem functioning.
Toward a community ecology of landscapes: predicting multiple predator–prey interactions across geographic space
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J. , Miller Jennifer R. B. , Trainor Anne M. , Abrahms Briana 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCommunity ecology was traditionally an integrative science devoted to studying interactions between species and their abiotic environments in order to predict species’ geographic distributions and abundances. Yet for philosophical and methodological reasons, it has become divided into two enterprises: one devoted to local experimentation on species interactions to predict community dynamics; the other devoted to statistical analyses of abiotic and biotic information to describe geographic distribution. Our goal here is to instigate thinking about ways to reconnect the two enterprises and thereby return to a tradition to do integrative science. We focus specifically on the community ecology of predators and prey, which is ripe for integration. This is because there is active, simultaneous interest in experimentally resolving the nature and strength of predator–prey interactions as well as explaining patterns across landscapes and seascapes. We begin by describing a conceptual theory rooted in classical analyses of non‐spatial food web modules used to predict species interactions. We show how such modules can be extended to consideration of spatial context using the concept of habitat domain. Habitat domain describes the spatial extent of habitat space that predators and prey use while foraging, which differs from home range, the spatial extent used by an animal to meet all of its daily needs. This conceptual theory can be used to predict how different spatial relations of predators and prey could lead to different emergent multiple predator–prey interactions such as whether predator consumptive or non‐consumptive effects should dominate, and whether intraguild predation, predator interference or predator complementarity are expected. We then review the literature on studies of large predator–prey interactions that make conclusions about the nature of multiple predator–prey interactions. This analysis reveals that while many studies provide sufficient information about predator or prey spatial locations, and thus meet necessary conditions of the habitat domain conceptual theory for drawing conclusions about the nature of the predator–prey interactions, several studies do not. We therefore elaborate how modern technology and statistical approaches for animal movement analysis could be used to test the conceptual theory, using experimental or quasi‐experimental analyses at landscape scales.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) extracts during preservation of refrigerated salmon paste
Authors: Ortiz‐Viedma Jaime , Romero Nalda , Puente Luís , Burgos Katherine , Toro María , Ramirez Leslie , Rodriguez Alicia , Barros‐Velazquez Jorge , Aubourg Santiago P. 
Published: June 2017

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) is a relevant source of natural phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of crude stevia extracts on the quality and shelf‐life of salmon (Salmo salar) paste. For this, polyphenol extracts obtained by water extraction, ethanol/water extraction and supercritical CO2 with ethanol extraction were evaluated in preserving salmon paste. Salmon paste was stored under refrigerated conditions (5°C) for 21 days, being primary, secondary, and total lipid oxidations monitored along storage by means of peroxide, p‐anisidine, and TOTOX indices, respectively. In addition, ω3/ω6 ratio, polyene index, and α‐tocopherol were monitored. Microbiological analysis comprised the investigation of aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophes. Salmon paste samples treated with ethanol/water and supercritical CO2‐ethanol stevia extracts exhibited the highest (p < 0.05) ω3/ω6 ratio and α‐tocopherol content. Besides, partial inhibition of both primary and secondary lipid oxidation events and aerobes and psychrotroph growth was also observed in both samples. These results correlated with the fact that ethanol/water and supercritical CO2‐ethanol extracts provided the highest DPPH and FRAP values. These results open the way to the utilization of bioactive compounds from stevia leaves for the preservation of foods derived from salmon.Practical applications: The results obtained in this research show the possibility of using stevia and/or its derivatives of the sweetener industry as an alternative source of natural antioxidants in refrigerated fatty fish paste. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain advantages in the refrigerated salmon paste, based on the use of some extracts of stevia, which can help to inhibit lipid oxidation and development of pathogenic microorganisms. Further studies on the use of stevia and its derivatives should focus on the application of clean separation technologies such as supercritical fluid extraction.Stevia extracts obtained by extraction with water (W), ethanol‐water mixture (E/W, 50:50 v/v) and extraction with supercritical CO2 and ethanol (SCE; scCO2/E, 95: 5 v/v) previously elimination of the steviosides demonstrates a conservative effect of refrigerated salmon paste. The SCE and E/W extracts provides better control of primary and secondary lipid oxidation compounds and moderate inhibition of aerobes and psychrotrophs.
Feasibility Study of Biosensors Based on Polymelamine‐modified Screen‐printed Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Tsai Hweiyan , Chang Che‐Wei , Wu Luo‐Xian , Hsieh Chih‐Chung , Chiou Ming‐Da , Fuh Chwan Bor 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe herein report the use of melamine and a low‐cost screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as the base matrices for the preparation of an electrochemical biosensor. Following the electrochemical polymerization of melamine, the resulting polymelamine was deposited on the SPCE surface to give layers bearing –NH2 functional groups, which allowed the attachment of anti‐IgE (immunoglobulin E) antibodies. The resulting anti‐IgE‐labeled SPCEs were then incubated with IgE solutions of various concentrations prior to analysis by chronoamperometry using Ru(NH3)63+ as an electrochemical mediator. A logarithmic relationship was observed between the chronoamperometric current and the IgE concentration between 5.3 and 530 fM (i. e. over 2 orders of magnitude). In addition, a detection limit of 0.64 fM was achieved in addition to a recovery of 114 ± 14 % for a fetal bovine serum sample spiked with 16 fM IgE. Furthermore, only a small quantity of sample was required for analysis, and the IgE assay was suitable for use in a complex serum matrix without interference. We therefore expect that this novel system will be useful for monitoring the changes in blood IgE levels during the clinical treatment of allergic asthma and rhinitis.
Electroanalytical Study of Macluraxanthone: A Natural Product with a Strong Antioxidant and Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Teixeira Jorge Ginja , Veiga Alfredina , Dias Cristina Barrocas , Teixeira Dora Martins 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe electrochemical behaviour of macluraxanthone (McX), a natural compound with significant antioxidant and anti‐malarial properties, is reported here for the first time. The anodic behaviour of McX is related with its chemical reducing power, and both redox properties are compared with the ones of osajaxanthone (OjX), a similar molecule with non‐antioxidant activity. Based on cyclic voltammetric technique, it was observed that the electrooxidation of McX at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is quasireversible and pH dependent, occurring easily at pH ≥ 7. The anodic behaviour of McX correlates well with its antioxidant/reducing activity (evaluated by the DPPH method), being both redox processes attributed to the oxidation of the catechol moiety of McX. The electron transfer processes between the catechol/o‐quinone redox function of McX and the GCE are simultaneously diffusion‐ and adsorption‐controlled and blocked by the adsorption of some inactive products. The achieved results are very useful for understanding and predicting the oxidative behaviour of other xanthones with biological properties. The main anodic process of McX at GCE yields a well‐defined and sensitive DPV response, which can be easily used for the analytical determination of this natural xanthone in real samples, namely in physiological infusions to be used in biological and clinical trials.
Artificial consortium that produces riboflavin regulates distribution of acetoin and 2,3‐butanediol by Paenibacillus polymyxa CJX518
Authors: Liu Lei , Xu Qiu‐Man , Chen Tao , Cheng Jing‐Sheng , Yuan Ying‐Jin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe introduction of an NADH/NAD+ regeneration system can regulate the distribution between acetoin and 2,3‐butanediol. NADH regeneration can also enhance butanol production in coculture fermentation. In this work, a novel artificial consortium of Paenibacillus polymyxa CJX518 and recombinant Escherichia coli LS02T that produces riboflavin (VB2) was used to regulate the NADH/NAD+ ratio and, consequently, the distribution of acetoin and 2,3‐butanediol by P. polymyxa. Compared with a pure culture of P. polymyxa, the level of acetoin was increased 76.7% in the P. polymyxa and recombinant E. coli coculture. Meanwhile, the maximum production and yield of acetoin in an artificial consortium with fed‐batch fermentation were 57.2 g/L and 0.4 g/g glucose, respectively. Additionally, the VB2 production of recombinant E. coli could maintain a relatively low NADH/NAD+ ratio by changing NADH dehydrogenase activity. It was also found that 2,3‐butanediol dehydrogenase activity was enhanced and improved acetoin production by the addition of exogenous VB2 or by being in the artificial consortium that produces VB2. These results illustrate that the coculture of P. polymyxa and recombinant E. coli has enormous potential to improve acetoin production. It was also a novel strategy to regulate the NADH/NAD+ ratio to improve the acetoin production of P. polymyxa.
Daily Changes in Composition and Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiota in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: A Series of Three Cases
Authors: Kleiman Susan C. , Glenny Elaine M. , Bulik‐Sullivan Emily C. , Huh Eun Young , Tsilimigras Matthew C.B. , Fodor Anthony A. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Carroll Ian M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAnorexia nervosa, a severe psychiatric illness, is associated with an intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Individual microbial signatures dominate in healthy samples, even over time and under controlled conditions, but whether microbial markers of the disorder overcome inter‐individual variation during the acute stage of illness or renourishment is unknown. We characterized daily changes in the intestinal microbiota in three acutely ill patients with anorexia nervosa over the entire course of hospital‐based renourishment and found significant, patient‐specific changes in microbial composition and diversity. This preliminary case series suggests that even in a state of pathology, individual microbial signatures persist in accounting for the majority of intestinal microbial variation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The Abrams geriatric self‐neglect scale: introduction, validation and psychometric properties
Authors: Abrams Robert C. , Reid M. Carrington , Lien Cynthia , Pavlou Maria , Rosen Anthony , Needell Nancy , Eimicke Joseph , Teresi Jeanne 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveSelf‐neglect is an imprecisely defined entity with multiple clinical expressions and adverse health consequences, especially in the elderly. However, research has been limited by the absence of a measurement instrument that is both inclusive and specific. Our goal was to establish the psychometric properties of a quantitative instrument, the Abrams Geriatric Self‐Neglect Scale (AGSS).MethodsWe analyzed data from a 2007 case–control study of 71 cognitively intact community‐dwelling older self‐neglectors that had used the AGSS. The AGSS was validated against two “gold standards”: a categorical definition of self‐neglect developed by expert consensus; and the clinical judgment of a geriatric psychiatrist using chart review. Frequencies were examined for the six scale domains by source (Subject, Observer, and Overall Impression). Internal consistency was estimated for each source, and associations among the sources were evaluated.ResultsInternal consistency estimates for the AGSS were rated as “good,” with the Subject responses having the lowest alpha and omega (0.681 and 0.692) and the Observer responses the highest (0.758 and 0.765). Subject and Observer scores had the lowest association (0.578, p < 0.001). Using expert consensus criteria as the primary “gold standard,” the Observer and Overall Impression subscales were “good” at classifying self‐neglect, while the Subject subscale was “fair.”ConclusionsThe AGSS correctly classified and quantified self‐neglect against two “gold standards.” Sufficient correlations among multiple sources of information allow investigators and clinicians to choose flexibly from Subject, Observer, or Overall Impression. The lower internal consistency estimates for Subject responses are consistent with self‐neglectors' propensity to disavow symptoms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Let him speak:” a descriptive qualitative study of the roles and behaviors of family companions in primary care visits among older adults with cognitive impairment
Authors: Vick Judith B. , Amjad Halima , Smith Katherine C. , Boyd Cynthia M. , Gitlin Laura N. , Roth David L. , Roter Debra L. , Wolff Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveCognitive impairment poses communication challenges in primary care. Although family “companions” commonly attend primary care visits of older adults with cognitive impairment, little is known about how their involvement affects communication. Therefore, we sought to understand how companion involvement affects the quality of primary care visit communication for older adults with cognitive impairment.MethodsCross‐sectional, descriptive qualitative study participants were as follows: (1) English‐speaking adults age 65 or older with mild, moderate, or severe cognitive impairment; (2) family members or other unpaid companions who accompany older adults to primary care visits; and (3) primary care clinicians. Twenty semi‐structured and in‐depth qualitative interviews of older adults and their companions (N = 20 dyads) and two focus groups (N = 10 primary care clinicians) were conducted. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed and analyzed thematically.ResultsFamily companions commonly facilitate communication by advocating for patients, ensuring the accuracy of information exchange and understanding, and preserving rapport. Significant communication challenges were also identified, including patient and companion role ambiguity, competing visit agendas, and primary care clinician confusion regarding the most accurate source of information. Patients, companions, and clinicians each identified strategies to improve communication, chief among them being to identify, differentiate, and respect both patient and companion priorities and perspectives.ConclusionsFamily companions actively participate in primary care visits of older adults with cognitive impairment in ways that promote and inhibit effective communication. Findings suggest the need for strategies that more effectively and purposefully involve family in the care of primary care patients with cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of complications associated with induction by misoprostol versus dilation and evacuation for second‐trimester abortion
Authors: Sonalkar Sarita , Ogden Shannon N. , Tran Linda K. , Chen Angela Y. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the frequency of complications between medical induction with misoprostol and dilation and evacuation (D&E) for second‐trimester uterine evacuation.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, records were reviewed from all women who underwent second‐trimester uterine evacuation between 14 and 24 weeks of pregnancy at an academic hospital in the USA from January 2007 to December 2008. Total complications and serious complications were compared between medical induction and D&E, and clinical covariates associated with complications were assessed.ResultsOverall, 465 women were included. At least one complication occurred in 28 (23.0%) of 122 women in the medical induction group, and 24 (7.0%) of 343 women in the D&E group (P<0.001). One or more serious complications occurred in 4 (3.3%) women undergoing medical induction and 5 (1.5%) undergoing D&E (P=0.251). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that increasing pregnancy length (P=0.003) and medical induction (as compared with D&E; P=0.004) were associated with complications.ConclusionAlthough D&E resulted in fewer overall complications as compared with medical induction, the rate of serious complications did not differ between the two procedures.
The RhoGAP Myo9b Promotes Bone Growth by Mediating Osteoblastic Responsiveness to IGF-1
Authors: McMichael Brooke K , Jeong Yong-Hoon , Auerbach Justin A , Han Cheol-Min , Sedlar Ryan , Shettigar Vikram , Bähler Martin , Agarwal Sudha , Kim Do-Gyoon , Lee Beth S 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

The Ras homolog A (RhoA) subfamily of Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulates actin-based cellular functions in bone such as differentiation, migration, and mechanotransduction. Polymorphisms or genetic ablation of RHOA and some of its regulatory guanine exchange factors (GEFs) have been linked to poor bone health in humans and mice, but the effects of RhoA-specific GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) on bone quality have not yet been identified. Therefore, we examined the consequences of RhoGAP Myo9b gene knockout on bone growth, phenotype, and cellular activity. Male and female mice lacking both alleles demonstrated growth retardation and decreased bone formation rates during early puberty. These mice had smaller, weaker bones by 4 weeks of age, but only female KOs had altered cellular numbers, with fewer osteoblasts and more osteoclasts. By 12 weeks of age, bone quality in KOs worsened. In contrast, 4-week-old heterozygotes demonstrated bone defects that resolved by 12 weeks of age. Throughout, Myo9b ablation affected females more than males. Osteoclast activity appeared unaffected. In primary osteogenic cells, Myo9b was distributed in stress fibers and focal adhesions, and its absence resulted in poor spreading and eventual detachment from culture dishes. Similarly, MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts with transiently suppressed Myo9b levels spread poorly and contained decreased numbers of focal adhesions. These cells also demonstrated reduced ability to undergo IGF-1–induced spreading or chemotaxis toward IGF-1, though responses to PDGF and BMP-2 were unaffected. IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) activation was normal in cells with diminished Myo9b levels, but the activated receptor was redistributed from stress fibers and focal adhesions into nuclei, potentially affecting receptor accessibility and gene expression. These results demonstrate that Myo9b regulates a subset of RhoA-activated processes necessary for IGF-1 responsiveness in osteogenic cells, and is critical for normal bone formation in growing mice. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Therapeutic Potential of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in Breast Cancer
Authors: Radisky Evette S. , Raeeszadeh‐Sarmazdeh Maryam , Radisky Derek C. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc endopeptidases that cleave nearly all components of the extracellular matrix as well as many other soluble and cell‐associated proteins. MMPs have been implicated in normal physiological processes, including development, and in the acquisition and progression of the malignant phenotype. Disappointing results from a series of clinical trials testing small molecule, broad spectrum MMP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics led to a re‐evaluation of how MMPs function in the tumor microenvironment, and ongoing research continues to reveal that these proteins play complex roles in cancer development and progression. It is now clear that effective targeting of MMPs for therapeutic benefit will require selective inhibition of specific MMPs. Here, we provide an overview of the MMP family and its biological regulators, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We then summarize recent research from model systems that elucidate how specific MMPs drive the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells, including acquisition of cancer stem cell features and induction of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and we also outline clinical studies that implicate specific MMPs in breast cancer outcomes. We conclude by discussing ongoing strategies for development of inhibitors with therapeutic potential that are capable of selectively targeting the MMPs most responsible for tumor promotion, with special consideration of the potential of biologics including antibodies and engineered proteins based on the TIMP scaffold. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3531–3548, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.