bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rush hours in flower visitors over a day–night cycle
Authors: Knop Eva , Gerpe Christopher , Ryser Remo , Hofmann Fabian , Menz Myles H. M. , Trösch Sandra , Ursenbacher Stefan , Zoller Leana , Fontaine Colin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Most research on pollination has focussed on a subset of insect taxa within a narrow time window during daylight hours. As a consequence, we have a limited understanding of the diversity and activity of flower visitors during the night or belonging to taxa other than bees or syrphid flies. Here, we quantified the abundance and species richness of flower visitors in ruderal meadows over repeated 24‐h cycles (i.e. day and night), and identified abiotic factors influencing these patterns. From the plant perspective, we investigated the likelihood of being visited by an insect across a 24‐h cycle.

Activity of flower‐visiting insects never dropped to zero over 24‐h. During the day, non‐syrphid Diptera and Hymenoptera were the most abundant, and species‐rich groups of flower visitors, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera during night. While two of the seven most frequently visited plant species were most likely to be visited during the day, five also had a high likelihood to be visited during the night.

The abundance and species richness of flower visitors was positively related to temperature during both the day and the night, whereas there was only a positive relationship with brightness during the day.

We conclude that non‐syrphid Diptera and nocturnal flower visitors are currently underappreciated. As the latter seem to respond differently to abiotic factors compared to diurnal species, they may potentially increase response diversity and resilience of plant‐pollinator communities. There is an urgent need to improve our understanding of their ecological role and potential decline due to global change.
Androgen and oestrogen receptors as potential prognostic markers for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with surgery and radiotherapy
Authors: Ravaioli Sara , Tumedei Maria Maddalena , Foca Flavia , Maltoni Roberta , Rocca Andrea , Massa Ilaria , Pietri Elisabetta , Bravaccini Sara 
Published: November 2017

SummaryDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a heterogeneous disease that has been investigated less extensively than invasive breast cancer. Women with DCIS are mainly treated with conservative surgery almost exclusively followed by radiotherapy. However, as radiation treatment is not always effective, the search for biomarkers capable of identifying DCIS lesions that could progress to invasive cancer is ongoing. Although conventional biomarkers have been thoroughly studied in invasive tumours, little is known about the role played by androgen receptor (AR), widely expressed in DCIS. A series of 42 DCIS patients treated with quadrantectomy and radiotherapy were followed for a period of up to 95 months. Of these, 11 had recurrent DCIS or progressed to invasive cancer. All tumours were analysed for clinical pathological features. Conventional biomarkers and androgen receptor expression were determined by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that AR was higher in tumours of relapsed patients than non‐relapsed patients (P value: 0.0005). Conversely, oestrogen receptor (ER) was higher, albeit not significantly, in non‐relapsed patients than in relapsed patients. AR/ER ratio was considerably different in the two subgroups (P value: 0.0033). Area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.85 for AR and 0.80 for the AR/ER ratio. These preliminary results highlight the potentially important role of both AR and the AR/ER ratio as prognostic markers in DCIS.
Early nurse attrition in New Zealand and associated policy implications
Authors: Walker L. , Clendon J. 
Published: November 2017

AimTo examine the factors contributing to nurses choosing to exit the nursing profession before retirement age.BackgroundPopulation growth, ageing and growing demand for health services mean increased demand for nurses. Better retention could help meet this demand, yet little work has been done in New Zealand to understand early attrition.MethodsAn online survey of registered and enrolled nurses and nurse practitioners who had left nursing was used. This study reports analysis of responses from 285 ex‐nurses aged under 55.FindingsThe primary reasons nurses left the profession were as follows: workplace concerns; personal challenges; career factors; family reasons; lack of confidence; leaving for overseas; unwillingness to complete educational requirements; poor work–life balance; and inability to find suitable nursing work. Most nurses discussed their intentions to leave with a family member or manager and most reported gaining transferrable skills through nursing.ConclusionsNurses leave for many reasons. Implementing positive practice environments and individualized approaches to retaining staff may help reduce this attrition. Generational changes in the nature of work and careers mean that nurses may continue to leave the profession sooner than anticipated by policymakers.Implications for policyIf the nursing workforce is to be able to meet projected need, education, recruitment and retention policies must urgently address issues leading to early attrition. In particular, policies improving the wider environmental context of nursing practice and ensuring that working environments are safe and nurses are well supported must be developed and implemented. Equally, national nursing workforce planning must take into account that nursing is no longer viewed as a career for life.
The electrical activity of the masticatory muscles in children with cleft lip and palate
Authors: Szyszka‐Sommerfeld Liliana , Woźniak Krzysztof , Matthews‐Brzozowska Teresa , Kawala Beata , Mikulewicz Marcin , Machoy Monika 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundInformation regarding masticatory muscle function in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) is limited. As a consequence, research on masticatory muscle activity in cleft subjects is needed.AimTo assess masticatory muscle activity in children surgically treated for CLP as well as identify the possible factors associated with this activity.DesignThe sample comprised 82 children with mixed dentition and Class I occlusions (25 children with unilateral CLP and 57 subjects with no cleft abnormalities). A DAB‐Bluetooth Instrument (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) was used to take electromyographical (EMG) recordings of the temporal and masseter muscles both in the mandibular rest position and during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC).ResultsPatients with clefts showed a significant increase in temporal muscle activity at rest compared with the controls. The presence of clefts and unilateral posterior crossbites are factors strongly associated with increased temporal muscle EMG potentials during rest position.ConclusionsChildren with clefts have altered temporal muscle function. The presence of posterior crossbites affects the temporal muscle activity in cleft subjects. Early diagnosis and orthodontic treatment of malocclusions are necessary to achieve functional improvement in these patients.
Influenza‐associated mortality in Yancheng, China, 2011‐15
Authors: Zhang Hongjun , Xiong Qian , Wu Peng , Chen Yuyun , Leung Nancy H. L. , Cowling Benjamin J. 
Published: November 2017

IntroductionThe Yangtze river delta in eastern China, centered on Shanghai, is one of the most populated regions of the world with more than 100 million residents. We examined the impact of influenza on excess mortality in Yancheng, a prefecture‐level city with 8.2 million population located 250 km north of Shanghai, during 2011‐2015.MethodsWe obtained individual data on deaths by date, age, sex, and cause in Yancheng from the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and used these to derive weekly rates of mortality from respiratory causes, respiratory and cardiovascular causes combined, and all causes. We used data on influenza‐like illnesses and laboratory detections of influenza to construct a proxy measure of the weekly incidence of influenza virus infections in the community. We used regression models to estimate the association of influenza activity with mortality and excess mortality by age, cause, and influenza type/subtype.ResultsWe estimated that an annual average of 4.59 (95% confidence interval: 3.94, 7.41) excess respiratory deaths per 100 000 persons were associated with influenza, which was 4.6% of all respiratory deaths in the years studied. Almost all influenza‐associated excess deaths occurred in persons ≥65 years. Influenza A(H3N2) had the greatest impact on mortality and was associated with around 50% of the influenza‐associated respiratory deaths in the 5 years studied.ConclusionsInfluenza has a substantial impact on respiratory mortality in Yancheng, mainly in older adults. Influenza vaccination has the potential to reduce disease burden, and cost‐effectiveness analysis could be used to compare policy options.
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae uses XopL effector to suppress pomegranate immunity
Authors: Soni Madhvi , Mondal Kalyan K. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractXanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) causing bacterial blight is an important pathogen that incurs significant losses to the exportability of pomegranate. Xap uses the Xop TTSS‐effector, via the type three secretion system, to suppress pomegranate immunity. Here, we investigate the role of XopL during blight pathogenesis. We observed that XopL is essential for its in planta growth and full virulence. Leaves inoculated with Xap ΔxopL produced restricted water‐soaked lesions compared to those inoculated with wild‐type Xap. XopL supports Xap for its sustained multiplication in pomegranate by suppressing the plant cell death (PCD) event. We further demonstrated that XopL suppresses immune responses, such as callose deposition and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RT‐qPCR analysis revealed that immune responsive genes were upregulated when challenged with Xap ΔxopL, whereas upregulation of such genes was compromised in the complemented strain containing the xopL gene. The transiently expressed XopL::EYFP fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane, indicating the possible site of its action. Altogether, this study highlights that XopL is an important TTSS‐effector of Xap that suppresses plant immune responses, including PCD, presumably to support the multiplication of Xap for a sufficient time‐period during blight disease development.
Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages: anatomical considerations for clinical practice
Authors: Hita‐Contreras Fidel , Sánchez‐Montesinos Indalecio , Martínez‐Amat Antonio , Cruz‐Díaz David , Barranco Rafael J. , Roda Olga 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAlthough several studies have been published regarding the morphology and anatomical variations of the human shoulder joint, most have dealt with adult individuals. Those looking into the development of the joint have been focused on specific structures or have observed specimens in advanced gestational stages. The goal of this paper is to perform a complete analysis of the embryonic and early fetal development of the elements in the shoulder joint, and to clarify some contradictory data in the literature. In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16–23) and 26 fetuses (9–13 weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24‐mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10. The results of this study provide a detailed description of the morphogenesis, origin and chronological order of appearance of the main intrinsic structures of the human shoulder joint during late embryonic and early fetal development. We expect these results to help explain several functional aspects of the shoulder joint, and to clarify some contradictory data in the literature regarding this complex anatomical and biomechanical structure, helping future researchers in their efforts.
A structural model of family empowerment for families of children with special needs
Authors: Han Kuem Sun , Yang Yunkyung , Hong Yeong Seon 
Published: November 2017

Aims and objectivesTo explain and predict family empowerment in families of children with special needs.BackgroundFamily empowerment of families of children with special needs can be explained using the Double ABCX model. Although constant stressors such as parenting stress and family demands can have negative effects on family empowerment, family resources and parenting efficacy can mediate the negative effect through effective coping strategies.DesignA cross‐sectional research design was employed.MethodsA survey was conducted with 240 parents of children with special needs. Upon exclusion of four responses deemed inadequate to the statistics process, 236 responses were selected for the analysis. Based on the items used in the previous research, we used the scale of family demands 38, the scale of parenting stress 24, the scale of parenting efficacy 37, the scale of pattern of organisation 30, the scale of communication process 16 and the scale of family empowerment 32.ResultsIn families of children with special needs, parenting stress had a negative effect on parenting efficacy and family resources, namely, pattern of organisation and communication process. Family needs had a positive effect on parenting efficacy. Parenting stress and family demands influenced family empowerment through parenting efficacy and family resources (pattern of organisation and communication process), while parenting efficacy contributed to family empowerment.ConclusionsThis study empirically analysed the usefulness of the Double ABCX model in predicting family empowerment. Family resource factors (organisation pattern and communication process) and perception or judgement factors (such as parenting efficacy) were found to mediate the negative impact of various stressors experienced by families of children with special needs.Relevance to clinical practiceThe study findings suggest that clinical practice and management should focus on providing efficient intervention methods to lower stress in families of children with special needs. Reinforcing factors contributing to family empowerment, such as parenting efficacy, organisation pattern and communication process, will alleviate families’ stress, resulting in a positive educational and developmental impact on children with special needs.
IFN‐free therapy is associated with restoration of type I IFN response in HIV‐1 patients with acute HCV infection who achieve SVR
Authors: Carlton‐Smith C. , Holmes J. A. , Naggie S. , Lidofsky A. , Lauer G. M. , Kim A. Y. , Chung R. T. ,   of the ACTG A5327 study group
Published: November 2017

SummaryInterferon (IFN)‐free direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have revolutionized chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment; early studies suggest excellent efficacy in acute HCV. However, changes in innate immune responses during DAA therapy for acute HCV are unknown. We studied interferon‐stimulated gene (ISG) expression and related cytokines/chemokines in HIV‐infected patients with acute HCV receiving sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SOF+RBV) as part of the A5327 clinical trial. ISG expression was determined from PBMCs, and circulating cytokines/chemokines were quantified from serum from study participants. The overall sustained virologic response (SVR) was 57%; all treatment failures were due to virologic relapse. Apart from NOS2a, baseline ISG/chemokine/cytokine levels were similar irrespective of treatment outcome. Downregulation of ISGs was observed at treatment week four and end of treatment (EOT), implicating HCV in establishing elevated ISGs early during HCV infection. Levels of many of these ISGs increased at post‐treatment week 12 (PTW12) in relapsers only, coinciding with recurrent HCV RNA. Eleven ISGs were differentially expressed in responders vs relapsers. On‐treatment viral suppression was also associated with a reduction in IP‐10, CXCL11 and MIP‐1β levels. In contrast, circulating IFN‐α levels were significantly higher at EOT and PTW12 in responders vs relapsers. Upregulation of peripheral ISG expression is established early in the course of HCV infection during acute HCV infection, but did not predict subsequent treatment outcome with SOF+RBV. ISGs were downregulated during therapy and increased post‐therapy in relapsers. IFN‐α levels were higher in responders at EOT/PTW12, suggesting that impaired type I IFN production/secretion may contribute to relapse.
Evidence for interannual variation in genetic structure of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along the California Current System
Authors: Jackson Tyler M. , Roegner G. Curtis , O'Malley Kathleen G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUsing a combination of population‐ and individual‐based analytical approaches, we provide a comprehensive examination of genetic connectivity of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along ~1,200 km of the California Current System (CCS). We sampled individuals at 33 sites in 2012 to establish a baseline of genetic diversity and hierarchal population genetic structure and then assessed interannual variability in our estimates by sampling again in 2014. Genetic diversity showed little variation among sites or across years. In 2012, we observed weak genetic differentiation among sites (FSTrange = −0.005–0.014) following a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD) and significantly high relatedness among individuals within nine sampling sites. In 2014, pairwiseFSTestimates were lower (FSTrange = −0.014–0.007), there was no spatial autocorrelation, and fewer sites had significant evidence of relatedness. Based on these findings, we propose that interannual variation in the physical oceanographic conditions of theCCSinfluences larval recruitment and thus gene flow, contributing to interannual variation in population genetic structure. Estimates of effective population size (Ne) were large in both 2012 and 2014. Together, our results suggest that Dungeness crab in theCCSmay constitute a single evolutionary population, although geographically limited dispersal results in an ephemeral signal of IBD. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that populations of marine organisms may be susceptible to temporal changes in population genetic structure over short time periods; thus, interannual variability in population genetic measures should be considered.
Autonomous Structural Visual Inspection Using Region‐Based Deep Learning for Detecting Multiple Damage Types
Authors: Cha Young‐Jin , Choi Wooram , Suh Gahyun , Mahmoudkhani Sadegh , Büyüköztürk Oral 
Published: November 2017

AbstractComputer vision‐based techniques were developed to overcome the limitations of visual inspection by trained human resources and to detect structural damage in images remotely, but most methods detect only specific types of damage, such as concrete or steel cracks. To provide quasi real‐time simultaneous detection of multiple types of damages, a Faster Region‐based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R‐CNN)‐based structural visual inspection method is proposed. To realize this, a database including 2,366 images (with 500 × 375 pixels) labeled for five types of damages—concrete crack, steel corrosion with two levels (medium and high), bolt corrosion, and steel delamination—is developed. Then, the architecture of the Faster R‐CNN is modified, trained, validated, and tested using this database. Results show 90.6%, 83.4%, 82.1%, 98.1%, and 84.7% average precision (AP) ratings for the five damage types, respectively, with a mean AP of 87.8%. The robustness of the trained Faster R‐CNN is evaluated and demonstrated using 11 new 6,000 × 4,000‐pixel images taken of different structures. Its performance is also compared to that of the traditional CNN‐based method. Considering that the proposed method provides a remarkably fast test speed (0.03 seconds per image with 500 × 375 resolution), a framework for quasi real‐time damage detection on video using the trained networks is developed.
Spatial separation of FtsZ and FtsN during cell division
Authors: Söderström Bill , Chan Helena , Shilling Patrick J. , Skoglund Ulf , Daley Daniel O. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe division of Escherichia coli is mediated by a collection of some 34 different proteins that are recruited to the division septum and are thought to assemble into a macromolecular complex known as ‘the divisome’. Herein, we have endeavored to better understand the structure of the divisome by imaging two of its core components; FtsZ and FtsN. Super resolution microscopy (SIM and gSTED) indicated that both proteins are localized in large assemblies, which are distributed around the division septum (i.e., forming a discontinuous ring). Although the rings had similar radii prior to constriction, the individual densities were often spatially separated circumferentially. As the cell envelope constricted, the discontinuous ring formed by FtsZ moved inside the discontinuous ring formed by FtsN. The radial and circumferential separation observed in our images indicates that the majority of FtsZ and FtsN molecules are organized in different macromolecular assemblies, rather than in a large super‐complex. This conclusion was supported by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements, which indicated that the dynamic behavior of the two macromolecular assemblies was also fundamentally different. Taken together, the data indicates that constriction of the cell envelope is brought about by (at least) two spatially separated complexes.