bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oyster reef restoration: substrate suitability may depend on specific restoration goals
Authors: Graham Patrick M. , Palmer Terence A. , Beseres Pollack Jennifer 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA limited supply of oyster shell for restoration practices has prompted investigations of alternative substrates used in construction of artificial oyster reefs. The success of oyster reef restoration projects is increasingly focused not only on oyster densities, but also on habitat provisioning for associated fauna. A subtidal oyster reef complex (0.24 km2) was restored in the Mission‐Aransas Estuary, Texas, U.S.A., in July 2013 using replicated mounds of concrete, limestone, river rock, and oyster shell substrates. Oyster and reef‐associated fauna characteristics were quantified quarterly for 15 months, using sampling trays that were deployed 3 months after construction. The highest densities of oyster spat occurred 9 months after tray deployment (July 2014, 1,264/m2), whereas juvenile oyster densities increased throughout the study period to 283/m2. Concrete (1,022/m2) and limestone (939/m2) supported the highest number of oysters over all dates. Oyster shell (1,533/m2) and concrete (1,047/m2) substrates supported the highest densities of associated motile fauna. Faunal diversity (Hill's N1) did not vary by substrate material, but did show seasonal variation. A simple benefit–cost ratio was used to indicate the localized monetary value for each of the substrates. Oyster shell and concrete substrates returned the highest benefit–cost ratio for motile fauna, while concrete yielded the highest benefit–cost ratio for oyster abundance. Incorporating benefit–cost ratios in restoration planning will allow practitioners to better integrate substrate‐specific ecological values with economic considerations and project goals to maximize return on restoration investments.
Assisted migration within species range ignores biotic interactions and lacks evidence
Authors: Bucharova Anna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the context of climate change, many plant species may have problems adapting or dispersing rapidly enough to keep pace with changing environmental conditions. Given these potential problems, some experts argue against using local plant ecotypes for ecosystem restoration. Instead, they propose to use foreign ecotypes that are adapted to the predicted climate in an approach called assisted migration within species range or predictive provenancing. I argue that such actions may cause a mismatch in biotic interactions and have negative effects on other organisms. As such, assisted migration should only be considered in cases when the local ecotypes would fail to ensure ecosystem services. In fact, there is little experimental evidence on the assisted migration approach so far, and what little there is does not seem to support its use. Even in altered climates, local ecotypes mostly performed equally well or better than foreign ones selected for their adaptations to these climates. The reason is that even if adaptation to climate plays a role, this factor may be overridden by other drivers of local adaptation, such as soil or biotic interactions. Despite assisted migration being a popular concept that is repeatedly commended in scientific literature and propagated among practitioners, it should not be considered a universal tool to improve restoration outcomes during climate change. Given the lack of hard experimental data, I call for large‐scale multispecies experimental studies that will provide the necessary evidence to derive general guidelines and recommendations for management of ecosystems during climate change.
Patient versus proxy‐reported problematic activities of daily life in patients with COPD
Authors: Nakken Nienke , Janssen Daisy J.A. , van den Bogaart Esther H.A. , van Vliet Monique , de Vries Geeuwke J. , Bootsma Gerben P. , Gronenschild Michiel H.M. , Delbressine Jeannet M.L. , Muris Jean W.M. , Wouters Emiel F.M. , Spruit Martijn A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveLoved ones (proxies) of patients with COPD are confronted with the patients’ limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs). However, it remains unknown whether proxies are able to correctly estimate the problematic ADLs of the patient. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the level of agreement between patient‐reported and proxy‐reported problematic ADLs of the patient.MethodsStable outpatients with moderate to very severe COPD (n = 194) and their resident proxies (n = 194) were included in this cross‐sectional study. Patients’ problematic ADLs were assessed in the domains ‘self‐care’, ‘mobility’, ‘productivity’ and ‘leisure’ using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) in both patients and resident proxies. Furthermore, the perceived performance and satisfaction for important problematic ADLs were rated on a 10‐point scale.ResultsIn total, 830 problematic ADLs were reported by patients, and 735 by proxies. Agreement in reporting problematic ADLs within a domain was poor (productivity and leisure; κ; = 0.20 and 0.16, respectively) to fair (self‐care and mobility; κ = 0.32 and 0.22, respectively). Similar performance and satisfaction scores, for equally reported problematic ADLs, were given by 24.0% and 17.6% of the pairs, respectively.ConclusionProxies were often not able to identify the patients’ most important problematic ADLs. Moreover, when patient and proxy agreed about the presence of a specific problematic ADL, the perception of the performance and the satisfaction with that performance differed within most pairs. This emphasizes the importance of involving proxies, besides patients alone, in identifying patients’ problematic ADLs.
Characteristics of sarcoidosis in Maori and Pacific Islanders
Authors: Wilsher Margaret L. , Young Lisa M. , Hopkins Raewyn , Cornere Megan 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveEthnicity is strongly associated with variable clinical presentation in sarcoidosis but the association between ethnicity and clinical characteristics has not previously been described in patients of Polynesian ancestry, Maori and Pacific Islander (PI). The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of sarcoidosis in Maori and PI patients and determine if those were different to European patients.MethodsA retrospective review of the medical records of 406 patients (69 Maori/PI) attending a specialist interstitial lung disease (ILD) clinic.ResultsThe population (207 females, mean age at presentation: 36) reflected the current New Zealand census data (2013) with only people of Indian ethnicity over‐represented. Parenchymal lung involvement was uncommon in Maori and PI patients (21% Scadding stage 2, 2% stage 3), and no patient had extensive pulmonary fibrosis (stage 4). Computed tomography (CT) patterns of sarcoid parenchymal lung involvement were less commonly reported for Maori/PI. There were no differences in respect of baseline lung function or requirement for treatment. Ocular and skin involvement occurred more frequently in Maori and PI (P = 0.0045, P = 0.03), and erythema nodosum was more common in Caucasians (P = 0.0008).ConclusionPeople of Polynesian ancestry appear to have less pulmonary and more extra‐pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis. This adds to our knowledge that sarcoidosis heterogeneity is influenced by ethnicity.
Causal Inference by using Invariant Prediction: Identification and Confidence Intervals
Authors: Peters Jonas , Bühlmann Peter , Meinshausen Nicolai 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWhat is the difference between a prediction that is made with a causal model and that with a non-causal model? Suppose that we intervene on the predictor variables or change the whole environment. The predictions from a causal model will in general work as well under interventions as for observational data. In contrast, predictions from a non-causal model can potentially be very wrong if we actively intervene on variables. Here, we propose to exploit this invariance of a prediction under a causal model for causal inference: given different experimental settings (e.g. various interventions) we collect all models that do show invariance in their predictive accuracy across settings and interventions. The causal model will be a member of this set of models with high probability. This approach yields valid confidence intervals for the causal relationships in quite general scenarios. We examine the example of structural equation models in more detail and provide sufficient assumptions under which the set of causal predictors becomes identifiable. We further investigate robustness properties of our approach under model misspecification and discuss possible extensions. The empirical properties are studied for various data sets, including large-scale gene perturbation experiments.
An educational programme to improve acute care nurses' knowledge, attitudes and family caregiver involvement in care of people with cognitive impairment
Authors: Kang Yun , Moyle Wendy , Cooke Marie , O'Dwyer Siobhan T. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe population is ageing in South Korea, increasing the incidence of dementia and delirium. Despite this, registered nurses in South Korea tend to have poor understanding and limited involvement in the assessment of delirium.AimTo evaluate the effect of an educational programme on acute care nurses' knowledge, attitudes and the potential for family caregiver involvement in care for older adults with cognitive impairment.MethodsA mixed‐methods study that included a single group, pre–post design and individual interviews was used. Forty registered nurses were recruited from four medical wards of one regional general hospital in South Korea. A 3‐month educational programme on care for older adults with cognitive impairment tailored to the specific learning needs of nurses and guided by adult learning principles was provided to participants. A purposive sample of 12 registered nurses who participated in the quantitative component, and a nominated sample of six family caregivers whose older family members were cared for by participating nurses, joined individual interviews.ResultsThe educational programme had a positive impact on nurses' knowledge of cognitive impairment and attitudes towards older adults. The qualitative data indicated that the educational programme improved nurses' knowledge of cognitive impairment and their attitudes towards older adults with cognitive impairment. It also increased nurses' initial efforts to involve family caregivers in cognitive impairment care.ConclusionEducational programmes are an effective means of improving nurses' knowledge and attitudes, but more research is required to explore the impact of such a programme on practice change and patient health‐related outcomes including incidence of delirium, length of hospital stay and hospital‐acquired complications.
Response of unconfined turbidity current to normal‐fault topography
Authors: Ge Zhiyuan , Nemec Wojciech , Gawthorpe Rob L. , Hansen Ernst W.M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTurbidity currents descending the slopes of deep‐water extensional basins or passive continental margins commonly encounter normal‐fault escarpments, but such large‐magnitude phenomena are hydraulically difficult to replicate at small scale in the laboratory. This study uses advanced computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations to monitor the response of large, natural‐scale unconfined turbidity currents (100 m thick and 2000 m wide at the inlet gate) to normal‐fault topography with a maximum relief of nearly 300 m. For comparative purposes, the turbidity current is first released on a non‐faulted pristine slope of 1·5° (simulation model 1). The expanding and waxing flow bypasses the slope without recognizable deposition within the visibility limit of 8 vol.% sand grain packing. Similar flow is then released towards the tip (model 2) and towards the centre (model 3) of a normal‐fault escarpment. In both of these latter models, the sand carried by flow tends to be entrapped in four distinct depozones: an upslope near‐gate zone of flow abrupt expansion and self‐regulation; a flow‐transverse zone at the fault footwall edge; a flow‐transverse zone at the immediate hangingwall; and a similar transverse zone near the crest of the hangingwall counter‐slope, where some of the deposited sand also tends to be reshuffled to the previous zone by a secondary reverse underflow. The near‐bottom reverse flow appears to be generated on a counter‐slope of 1·1°, increased to 2·0° by deposition. The Kelvin–Helmholtz interface instability plays an important role by causing three‐dimensional fluctuations in the flow velocity magnitude and sediment concentration. The thick deposits of large single‐surge flows may thus show hydraulic fluctuations resembling those widely ascribed to hyperpycnal flows. The study indicates further that the turbiditic slope fans formed on such fault topographies are likely to be patchy and hence may differ considerably from the existing slope‐fan conceptual models when it comes to the spatial prediction of main sand depozones.
Palm Distributions for Log Gaussian Cox Processes
Authors: Coeurjolly Jean‐François , Møller Jesper , Waagepetersen Rasmus 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper establishes a remarkable result regarding Palm distributions for a log Gaussian Cox process: the reduced Palm distribution for a log Gaussian Cox process is itself a log Gaussian Cox process that only differs from the original log Gaussian Cox process in the intensity function. This new result is used to study functional summaries for log Gaussian Cox processes.
Changes in leisure‐time physical activity and physical and mental health functioning: a follow‐up study
Authors: Holstila A. , Mänty M. , Rahkonen O. , Lahelma E. , Lahti J. 
Published: October 2016

Functioning will be an increasingly important issue in Finland over the coming decades as the proportion of the population aged 65 and older is growing significantly. However, the associations between changes in physical activity and subsequent health functioning are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine how changes in physical activity relate to concurrent and prospective levels of health functioning. Cohort data from the Helsinki Health Study were used. Phase 1 (n = 8960, response rate 67%, 80% women) was conducted among 40‐ to 60‐year‐old employees of the City of Helsinki in 2000–2002, phase 2 in 2007 (n = 7332, response rate 83%), and phase 3 in 2012 (n = 6814, response rate 79%). Linear mixed models were used as the main statistical method. Increasing physical activity was associated with higher concurrent and prospective levels of physical health functioning, whereas decreasing activity was associated with lower levels of physical health functioning. The associations were stronger with physical than with mental health functioning. Promoting physical activity among aging people may help to maintain their level of health functioning.
Physical fitness and academic performance in youth: A systematic review
Authors: Santana C. C. A. , Azevedo L. B. , Cattuzzo M. T. , Hill J. O. , Andrade L. P. , Prado W. L. 
Published: October 2016

Physical fitness (PF) is a construct of health‐ and skill‐related attributes which have been associated with academic performance (AP) in youth. This study aimed to review the scientific evidence on the association among components of PF and AP in children and adolescents. A systematic review of articles using databases PubMed/Medline, ERIC, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science was undertaken. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies examining the association between at least one component of PF and AP in children and adolescents, published between 1990 and June 2016, were included. Independent extraction of articles was carried out by the two authors using predefined data fields. From a total of 45 studies included, 25 report a positive association between components of PF with AP and 20 describe a single association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and AP. According to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines: 12 were classified as low, 32 as medium risk, and 1 as high risk of bias. Thirty‐one studies reported a positive association between AP and CRF, six studies with muscular strength, three studies with flexibility, and seven studies reported a positive association between clustered of PF components and AP. The magnitude of the associations is weak to moderate (β = 0.10–0.42 and odds = 1.01–4.14). There is strong evidence for a positive association between CRF and cluster of PF with AP in cross‐sectional studies; and evidence from longitudinal studies for a positive association between cluster of PF and AP; the relationship between muscular strength and flexibility with AP remains uncertain.
Acute and long‐term effects of blood flow restricted training on heat shock proteins and endogenous antioxidant systems
Authors: Cumming K. T. , Ellefsen S. , Rønnestad B. R. , Ugelstad I. , Raastad T. 
Published: October 2016

Blood flow restricted exercise (BFRE) with low loads has been demonstrated to induce considerable stress to exercising muscles. Muscle cells have developed a series of defensive systems against exercise‐induced stress. However, little is known about acute and long‐term effects of BFRE training on these systems. Nine previously untrained females trained low‐load BFRE and heavy load strength training (HLS) on separate legs and on separate days to investigate acute and long‐term effects on heat shock proteins (HSP) and endogenous antioxidant systems in skeletal muscles. BFRE and HLS increased muscle strength similarly by 12 ± 7% and 12 ± 6%, respectively, after 12 weeks of training. Acutely after the first BFRE and HLS exercise session, αB‐crystallin and HSP27 content increased in cytoskeletal structures, accompanied by increased expression of several HSP genes. After 12 weeks of training, this acute HSP response was absent. Basal levels of αB‐crystallin, HSP27, HSP70, mnSOD, or GPx1 remained unchanged after 12 weeks of training, but HSP27 levels increased in the cytoskeleton. Marked translocation of HSP to cytoskeletal structures at the commencement of training indicates that these structures are highly stressed from BFRE and HLS. However, as the muscle gets used to this type of exercise, this response is abolished.
Two's company, three's a crowd: new insights on spruce budworm species boundaries using genotyping‐by‐sequencing in an integrative species assessment (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: BRUNET BRYAN M. T. , BLACKBURN GWYLIM S. , MUIRHEAD KEVIN , LUMLEY LISA M. , BOYLE BRIAN , LÉVESQUE ROGER C. , CUSSON MICHEL , SPERLING FELIX A. H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSpecies delimitation requires an assessment of varied traits that can contribute to reproductive isolation, as well as of the permanence of evolutionary differentiation among closely related lineages. Integrative taxonomy, including the combination of genome‐wide molecular data with ecological data, offers an effective approach to this issue. We use genotyping‐by‐sequencing together with a review of ecological divergence to assess the traditionally recognized species status of three closely related members of the spruce budworm species complex,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens),C. occidentalisFreeman (=C. freemaniRazowski) andC. biennisFreeman, each of which is a major defoliator of conifer forests. We sampled a broad region of overlap between these three taxa in Alberta and British Columbia (Canada) where potential for gene flow provides a strong test of the durability of divergence among lineages. A total of 2218 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assayed, and patterns of differentiation were evaluated under the biological, ecological, genotypic cluster and phylogenetic species concepts.Choristoneura fumiferanawas genetically distinct with substantial barriers to genetic exchange withC. occidentalisandC. biennis. Conversely, divergence betweenC. occidentalisandC. bienniswas limited to a small subset of outlier loci and was within the range observed within any one of the taxa. Considering both population genetic and ecological patterns of divergence,C. fumiferanashould continue to be recognized as a distinct species, andC. biennis(syn.n.) should be treated as a subspecies (C. occidentalis biennisFreeman, 1967) ofC. occidentalis,thereby automatically establishing the nominate nameC. occidentalis occidentalisFreeman, 1967 for univoltine populations of this species.
Associations between TNFAIP3 gene polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus risk: an updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang M.‐Y. , Yang X.‐K. , Pan H.‐F. , Ye D.‐Q. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn order to determine whether tumor necrosis factor alpha inducible protein 3 (TNFAIP3) gene polymorphisms confers susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in ethnically different populations. A meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the association between TNFAIP3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to SLE. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. A total of 23 studies from 20 articles, involving 18,501 patients with SLE and 30,435 healthy controls were included in this meta‐analysis. Overall, we found significant association between SLE and the TNFAIP3 rs2230926, rs5029937, rs5029939, and rs3757173 polymorphisms (all P < 0.001). Stratification by ethnicity indicated that rs5029939 polymorphism was associated with SLE in Europeans, while rs2230926, rs5029937, and rs3757173 polymorphisms were associated with SLE both in Europeans and Asians (all P < 0.001). The results of our meta‐analysis suggest that TNFAIP3 (rs2230926, rs5029937, rs5029939, and rs3757173) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to SLE.
Frequency and reasons of donor deferral prior to blood donation process: a single centre experience
Authors: Khurram S. , Borhany M. , Anwar N. , Naseer I. , Boota S. , Mirza I. , Nadeem M. , Shamsi T. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYObjectiveThe aim of the study was to determine the frequency and reasons for donor deferral prior to the blood donation process in our population.BackgroundTransfusion is an irreversible event that carries potential risks as well as benefits to the recipient. Therefore, donor selection prior to blood donation is one of the most important steps in ensuring the safety of blood and blood products.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out at the blood bank department in our hospital from January 2012 to December 2014. All the blood donors who visited our department in the study period were included in this study.ResultsA total of 25 901 potential donations were recorded during the study period, comprising 24 309 (93·8%) replacement and 1592 (6·2%) voluntary donations. Females accounted for only 222 (0·9%) of potential donations. Deferral occurred in 3156 (12·2%) of attempts; 280 (1·1%) were permanently deferred, while 2876 (11·1%) were temporarily deferred. The most common reason for permanent deferral was a history of hepatitis B infection (n = 147, 4·7% of all deferrals). Major reasons for temporary donor deferral were low levels of haemoglobin (n = 971, 30·76%), low levels of platelets (n = 611, 19·35%) and previous history of jaundice (n = 192, 6·1%).ConclusionsThis study reported a fairly similar pattern of donor deferrals as in other regional studies. Low haemoglobin levels and a history of hepatitis B infection were the most common factors for temporary and permanent donor deferrals, respectively.