bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Output Feedback Controller for Improved Dynamic Stability in Power Systems
Authors: Min Lim Choo , Elangovan S. 
Published: December 2017

Output feedback controller for improved dynamic stability in power systems The design of controllers to improve dynamic stability of a single machine infinite-bus power system is described. The controllers are so designed that only some or all of the closed-loop system eigenvalues have pre-assigned locations in the s-plane. The effectiveness of each controller thus designed is evaluated using a non-linear test.
A Unified Approach to the Teaching of Electromagnetic Heating of Industrial Materials
Authors: Metaxas A. C. 
Published: December 2017

A unified approach to the teaching of electromagnetic heating of industrial materials Electroheat is a multi-disciplinary subject comprising a number of seemingly diverse techniques. A unified approach has been put forward which links the fundamental electromagnetic principles of some parts of electroheat, such as direct resistance, induction, radio frequency and microwave heating.
Microprocessor-Based Interactive PWM Inverter
Authors: Chan F. H. Y. , Cheng K. H. 
Published: December 2017

Microprocessor-based interactive PWM inverter A novel method of implementing an on-line interactive PWM inverter controller is presented. It uses a real-time operating system with an active and standby memory band concept. Only the active band is used in the actual control and the standby band is for editing. After updating, the two bands are flipped.
Methods of Generating Switching Surges Using a Distribution-Type Transformer
Authors: Raghuveer M. R. , Krishnamurthy K. A. , Mathur R. M. 
Published: December 2017

Methods of generating switching surges using a distribution type transformer Three methods, two conventional and a proposed method, are compared with regard to their effectiveness in generating ‘switching surge’ waveforms of magnitudes normally required in laboratory insulation testing. The results of theoretical computations show that the original proposed method has some advantages to offer over the other two.
Development toward School Readiness: A Holistic Model
Authors: Gaynor Alan Kibbe 
Published: December 2017

This article describes a systemic analysis of the early childhood development factors that explain the variance in readiness for school among representative 5-year-olds in the United States. The model expresses a theory that incorporates a broad set of causally interactive endogenous variables that are hypothesized to be driven by the effects of three exogenous variables: parental education, immigrant status and racial/ethnic identity, and single-parent/divorced/remarried vs. stable-marriage family status. While exogenous is generally defined as “outside,” for the purposes of this analysis, racial/ethnic identity is exogenous in that, in contrast to the endogenous variables in the model, it is not influenced–-and does not change–-in interaction with other variables in the model. The model was run in computer simulation mode. The results are compatible with what is known about school readiness patterns. While this finding does not establish validity per se, it does suggest that the model provides a reasonable multivariate, systemic description of factors that determine readiness for school at the age of 5 and that offer a reasonable explanation for the variance in school readiness among 5-year-olds. Finally, the model was run in experimental computer simulation mode to evaluate the likely effects of five interventions that relate to: (1) cognitive and academic factors, (2) health care and nutrition, (3) income, (4) reducing the effect of low income on family stress, and (5) a combination of all these types. All the interventions were simulated by modifying the structure of the model to moderate the effects of low parental education and low income on other key variables in the system of early childhood development. As expected, combining the interventions related to cognitive and academic factors, health and nutrition, and family stress with straightforward increases in low family income had a very substantial effect on the relative age of school readiness of children of parents with very low educational attainment (from a relative age of 2.9 years to a relative age of 4.3 years)–-with very modest improvements in school readiness for children whose parents did not graduate from college. It is acknowledged that such a set of comprehensive interventions would be very costly and, probably, politically infeasible. The more limited and less costly interventions–-e.g., cognitive and academic–-vary in their likely effectiveness; the least effective interventions are those that affect only health and nutrition. The findings of this systemic analysis are generally consistent with the literature, at the same time emphasizing the weaknesses in the current knowledge base, which is largely based on correlational research. What is needed–-although difficult to do–-is bivariate experimental research that would provide the effect sizes that are needed for more precise systemic analysis.
“Habits of Mind” as an Organizer for the Curriculum
Authors: Goldenberg E. Paul 
Published: December 2017

The call for “mathematics for all” requires serving students who will never use even the rudiments of what we today call high school mathematics, as well as those who must be prepared for advanced study: To craft a sensible “mathematics for all,” one must therefore make decisions based on something other than which particular concepts, skills, or facts to include—for virtually none fit the test of utility “for all”—without sacrificing the needs of students who will pursue advanced study or sacrificing the time, effort, and self-esteem of those who won't. One approach, suitable for other disciplines as well as mathematics, involves taking particular ways of thinking seriously and giving them top priority among the various principles one needs for organizing the curriculum. By doing so in any one discipline, one can directly help students acquire the selected thinking skills and, at the same time, aid the acquisition of domain-specific concepts, skills, and facts in the content area. Further, by doing this across disciplines, one may increase the likelihood that students will see interconnections in the thinking—even as the facts and contexts differ—and become more flexible in applying the reasoning they learn across domains. This article explains the idea and the method as they apply to mathematics teaching, from elementary school up through early college and teacher education.
The Jewish Ethical Tradition in the Modern University
Authors: Novak David 
Published: December 2017

Here proposed is an interpretation of pluralism and multiculturalism that separates these concepts from the notion of relativism. David Novak sees multiculturalism as a promising context for exploring human nature and discovering or affirming certain truths about it. He asserts that the inclusion of formerly excluded cultural traditions such as Judaism in the universities of North America has been been a give-and-take enterprise, benefiting both tradition and university. The Jewish ethical tradition was absent from medieval universities, as were Jews themselves—universities had their beginnings as theological seminaries in a totally Christian society and culture. Only with the rise of the nation-state and the modern secularized university was there any attention to Judaism, usually treated as part of someone else's history, e.g., “Ancient Middle East.” It wasn't until the 1960s that the advent of multiculturalism led to an opening for Jewish Studies. The author believes that the best hope for university and society is the move toward interculturalism, which he sees happening in Canada. The intercultural society is one in which a moral consensus might be reached “by rational discussion of the approaches of a variety of cultures.”
Impact of temperature on the Narcotrend Index during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in children with sevoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Dennhardt Nils , Beck Christiane , Boethig Dietmar , Heiderich Sebastian , Horke Alexander , Tiedge Sebastian , Boehne Martin , Sümpelmann Robert 
Published: December 2017

Background: During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children, anesthesia maintained by sevoflurane administered via the oxygenator is increasingly common. Anesthetic uptake and requirement may be influenced by the non-physiological conditions during hypothermic CPB. Narcotrend-processed EEG monitoring may, therefore, be useful to guide the administration of sevoflurane during this phase. Objective: The objective of this prospective, clinical, observational study was to assess the correlation between body temperature, Narcotrend Index (NI) and administered sevoflurane in children during CPB. Methods: Forty-four children aged 0 to 10 years undergoing hypothermic cardiac surgery were studied. On bypass, anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane administered via the oxygenator of the heart-lung machine. Nasopharyngeal temperature, NI and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane were recorded in intervals of 10 minutes. Expiratory gas was sampled from the oxygenator’s sole expiratory port via a separate connecting line and the MAC was measured by the agent analyzer of the anesthesia machine. Results: Raw (r = 0.74) and corrected (r = 0.73) r-values show that narcosis depth (as indicated by NI) can primarily be explained by the interaction of MAC and temperature. The analysis of variance (without the interaction term) confirms the significant and independent association of both factors, MAC (p<0.004, 95%CI: 0.19 to 0.46) and temperature (p<0.0001, 95%CI: 0.68 to 0.78), with the NI. During hypothermia, sevoflurane had been reduced significantly (r = 0.41, p<0.0001, 95%CI: 0.33 to 0.48). Conclusion: Perfusionists and anesthetists should be aware of the results of processed electroencephalograph (EEG) monitoring during CPB. Sevoflurane requirements differ inter-individually; they may decrease during cooling and increase during rewarming. Therefore, it seems reasonable to include the results of processed EEG monitoring when administering sevoflurane during CPB in children, but further studies are necessary to confirm this thesis.
Evaluation of the coronary flow by the coronary clearance time in patients with cardiac syndrome X
Authors: Yildirim Erkan , Yuksel Uygar Cagdas , Celik Murat , Bugan Baris , Gungor Mutlu , Gokoglan Yalcin , Koklu Mustafa , Gormel Suat , Yasar Salim , Barcin Cem 
Published: December 2017

Objective The vessels involved in the microcirculation are too small to be visualized by conventional angiography and no tools are currently available that can directly evaluate the coronary microcirculation. This study evaluated the coronary clearance frame count (CCFC) in patients with cardiac syndrome X (CSX). Methods The retrospective study enrolled patients with angina, who had a positive nuclear imaging test and normal coronary angiography; and a control group consisting of patients who underwent an angiogram to exclude coronary artery disease. Thrombosis in myocardial infarction frame count (TFC) and CCFC for each coronary artery (left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD], circumflex coronary artery [CFX] and right coronary artery [RCA]) were calculated offline. Results A total of 71 patients with CSX and 61 control patients were enrolled in the study. No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the baseline demographic and clinical variables. The TFC of LAD, CFX and RCA were similar between the two groups. The mean CCFC-LAD, CCFC-CFX and CCFC-RCA were significantly longer in the CSX group compared with the control group. Conclusion CCFC is a simple, quantitative and highly reproducible method that might be used as a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction.
Cluster headache and middle meningeal artery dural arteriovenous fistulas: A case report
Authors: Chang Yu-Han , Luo Chao-Bao , Wang Shuu-Jiun , Chen Shih-Pin 
Published: December 2017

Background Of the multiple etiologies identified for symptomatic cluster headache, vascular origin is common; however, there are no known reports of arteriovenous (AV) fistulas. Here we report a case with typical presentation of cluster headache, which might be associated with middle meningeal AV fistulas. Case report The subject is a 49-year-old man with a 7-year history of episodic left-side cluster headache, consistent with the criteria in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, beta version (ICHD-3β). Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) demonstrated dural arteriovenous fistulas at the left posterior fossa, which is supplied mainly by the left middle meningeal artery. After endovascular balloon-assisted embolization, his symptoms have disappeared without relapse for 1.5 years. Discussion We suggest that middle meningeal arteriovenous fistulas should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis of secondary cluster headache, even when the initial clinical manifestations and treatment response are typical for primary cluster headache.
Characteristics and Role Demands of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Timmons Jeffry A. 
Published: December 2017

In the past decade interest in teaching and research on entrepreneurship has grown dramatically. More than one hundred universities now offer new venture creation and entrepreneurship courses that did not previously. Since 1973 we have seen nearly a dozen new books designed for college courses on the subject, the birth of the American Journal of Small Business, an International Symposium on Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development (ISEED) and the emergence of numerous other activities, such as the Academy of Management Entrepreneurship Interest Group. A continuing area of research and practical interest is the personality and make-up of the entrepreneur: who are they? what are they like? how do they differ? This article attempts to summarize much of the research done on the personal characteristics and role demands of entrepreneurship.
Owner Advances: The Debt — Equity Dilemma
Authors: Boyer Patricia A. 
Published: December 2017

It is common practice for owners of small business to make advances to the firm with the intent that these advances be considered debt. However, the Courts have carefully scrutinized these types of arrangements when bad debts are claimed and have frequently judged them to be equity investments. The intent of this article is to present characteristics which will infer favorably toward a debt determination. These factors are discussed in relationship to the court cases which lend their support.
IRS Rulemaking: Drawing the Fine Line between Debt and Equity
Authors: Ewing Reid H. 
Published: December 2017

The Internal Revenue Service has in the last year proposed a number of rules potentially damaging to small businesses. Perhaps the most damaging rule, as proposed initially, is one distinguishing for tax purposes between debt and equity contributions to a corporation's capital. The proposed rule would reduce the potential for tax abuse and litigation, but would also eliminate legitimate tax deductions claimed by small businesses in the past. The “debt-equity” rule is analyzed below, and refinements are proposed for IRS consideration. These refinements would moderate the adverse effects of this rule on small businesses without compromising its basic objectives.
Technology Transfer to Minority Business: Results of a Pilot Program
Authors: Herrmann John F. 
Published: December 2017

The Minority Industrial Assistance Research Project was a pilot program which provided technical assistance to minority-owned industrial firms. It was designed to investigate how NASA technology can be helpful in solving technical problems in small businesses. The Project's main research hypothesis was that problem-solving assistance from highly qualified scientists and engineers could be used to facilitate the transfer of NASA technology to minority-owned businesses. The Project's primary research finding is that it does not appear that technical problem-solving assistance will significantly enhance the likelihood that technology transfers to minority-owned firms will occur. Issues related to this finding are the following: (1) There are very limited numbers of technically oriented, minority-owned firms that have the capability and resources necessary for accomplishing transfers of technology. (2) Technical problems that are encountered when assistance is offered on a reactive basis typically have little relationship to NASA technology. (3) Implementation of problem solutions usually have fundamental business consequences for small firms and therefore are likely to be accompanied by high risk. This paper provides an overview of the Project's findings by reference to the demographics of minority-owned businesses, characteristics of participating companies and their technical problems, and selected aspects of technology transfer processes. Recommendations for future assistance in technology transfer are also provided.
The Impact of Electric Rates on Small Business
Authors: Davidson Jeff , Geissler Rich 
Published: December 2017

Electricity is, for many small businesses, the major source of energy. Consumption patterns are primarily determined by external market forces, which small businesses have little ability to change. Small business is paying markedly higher rates per kilowatt hour (kwh) of electricity than either residential or industrial users. These discriminatory rates have a significant negative impact on small business operations. The rate of return earned by electric utilities from sales to small business is greater than that earned from the residential or industrial sectors. This substantiates the charge that small business in effect subsidizes the cost of electricity to other classes of end users. Electricity costs faced by small business are rising at an increasing rate relative to other sectors, foreboding an accelerating discriminatory impact. Ironically, the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA), enacted to promote more equitable rates to all classes of consumers, may exacerbate the problem.
Contract Negotiation Hints for the Small Businessman
Authors: Holoviak Stephen J. , De Cenzo David A. 
Published: December 2017

The importance and legal ramifications of signing a labor agreement have a great impact upon any business. Whereas many larger organizations are financially capable of having specialists prepare for the negotiations, many of the small business enterprises do not have that luxury. This paper is an attempt to familiarize the small business manager with some aspects that are required for contract negotiations. While negotiation sessions in each company have their own peculiarities, certain items are contained in all contracts. This article examines these items and identifies those factors that every small business manager should include in a labor-management agreement. Also highlighted in this article is the factor that permits the proper negotiation climate: preparation. Described within this section are policies and procedures for the small business person to follow. Lastly, this paper provides avenues to aid the small business manager in seeking wage data in an effort to facilitate the negotiations. Internal and external wage data are defined, and procedures to obtain this information are offered.
Small Business Institute Economic Impact Evaluation
Authors: Solomon George T. , Weaver K. Mark 
Published: December 2017

Since the inception of the Small Business Institute (SBI) Program in 1972, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) has conducted numerous client reaction and/or perceived value analysis evaluations. However, both the SBA and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) were more interested in evaluating the objective utility and economic impact of the SBI Program. This article shares with the readers the results of the first national pilot survey of the Economic Impact of the SBI Program on client small businesses. This initial study not only examined the economic impact of the SBI Program but also introduced and tested new methodologies which might be useful in developing a generally accepted technique to collect and analyze the level of economic impact on client businesses assisted by the SBI program. The results of the study indicate that those small businesses receiving counseling assitance from the SBI Program showed more positive increases in their employment and financial profiles than comparable small businesses. Finally, the scope and depth of the SBI consultant teams recommendations directly affected the level and intensity of the positive changes.
Management Practices of Successful Female Business Owners
Authors: Cuba Richard , Decenzo David , Anish Andrea 
Published: December 2017

This research project examines management techniques used by 58 female owners of small businesses in three eastern metropolitan areas. Data indicate that financially successful women owners delegate certain key tasks to employees, are more highly educated, and have more prior work experience than less successful females. The primary inadequacies reported by the women were difficulties in leading others and inability to delegate tasks. In addition to a lack of formal planning and policy setting, other seemingly important management functions did not materially affect sales or profit. Moreover, the level of mental and physical effort and degree of participative management were not significant criteria for success.
Comparison of Intercuneiform 1-2 Joint Mobility Between Hallux Valgus and Normal Feet Using Weightbearing Computed Tomography and 3-Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Kimura Tadashi , Kubota Makoto , Suzuki Naoki , Hattori Asaki , Marumo Keishi 
Published: December 2017

Background: An association has been reported between hallux valgus and hypermobility of the first ray, but subluxation of the intercuneiform 1-2 joint was also suspected in some cases. However, dynamics of the intercuneiform 1-2 joint has seldom been investigated. This study used weightbearing computed tomography (CT) and a 3-dimensional (3D) analysis system to evaluate displacement of the intercuneiform 1-2 joint, intercuneiform 2-3 joint, and second cuneonavicular joint due to weightbearing in hallux valgus and normal feet. Methods: Patients were 11 women with hallux valgus (mean age, 56 years; mean hallux valgus angle, 43 degrees; mean first-second intermetatarsal angle, 22 degrees) and 11 women with normal feet (mean age, 57 years; mean hallux valgus angle, 14 degrees; mean first-second intermetatarsal angle, 9 degrees). Each patient was placed supine with the lower limbs extended, and CT was performed under nonweightbearing and weightbearing conditions (load equivalent to body weight). 3D models reconstructed from CT images were used to compare displacement of the intermediate cuneiform relative to the medial cuneiform under nonweightbearing and weightbearing conditions. Results: Relative to the medial cuneiform, the middle cuneiform was displaced by 0.1 and 0.8 degrees due to dorsiflexion, 0.2 and 1.0 degrees due to inversion, and 0.7 and 0.7 degrees due to abduction in normal feet and feet with hallux valgus, respectively, with the latter having significantly greater dorsiflexion ( P = .0067) and inversion ( P = .0019). There was no significant intergroup difference at the intercuneiform 2-3 joint and second cuneonavicular joint. Conclusion: This study clarified the detailed load-induced displacement of the cuneiform 3-dimensionally. Compared with normal feet, hallux valgus feet had significantly greater mobility of the intercuneiform 1-2 joint, suggesting hypermobility of this joint. Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control study.