bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency‐tunable patch antenna with liquid‐metal‐actuated loading slot
Authors: Moorefield M.R. , Gough R.C. , Morishita A.M. , Dang J.H. , Ohta A.T. , Shiroma W.A. 
Published: February 2016

A frequency‐tunable microstrip patch antenna with a liquid‐metal‐actuated loading slot is presented. The electrical length of the loading slot located beneath the resonating patch is altered by filling and evacuating liquid metal from fluidic channels along the ground plane. The slot reactively loads the antenna, altering the resonant frequency as its length is changed. Frequency tuning is achieved from 1.85 to 2.07 GHz, corresponding to an 11.2% tuning bandwidth.
Dual‐band dual‐sense circularly polarised square slot antenna with simple structure
Authors: Rui Xu , Li Jianying , Wei Kun 
Published: February 2016

A dual‐band dual‐sense circularly polarised (CP) square slot antenna is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a L‐shape patch and two rectangular strips around two opposite corners on the lower ground. By adjusting the size of them, a broadband dual‐band dual‐sense CP antenna can be obtained. It can radiate right‐hand circular polarisation at 3.0 GHz and left‐hand circular polarisation at 5.5 GHz at +z direction. The measured results of impedance bandwidths for S11 < −10 dB are 38.8% (2.51–3.72 GHz) and 27.5% (4.83–6.37 GHz). The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths are 37.4% (2.50–3.65 GHz) and 16.3% (5.02–5.91 GHz).
Digital beamforming antenna array with polarisation multiplexing for mobile high‐speed satellite terminals at Ka‐band
Authors: Rohrdantz Benjamin , Kuhlmann Karsten , Stark Alexander , Geise Alexander , Jacob Arne F. 
Published: February 2016

In this contribution, a planar antenna array terminal for mobile satellite communications at Ka‐band is proposed. This Earth station on mobile platform uses separate transmit and receive apertures to obtain a flat design well suited for aeronautical applications. Digital beamforming is applied for fast beam scanning, tracking, and enhanced post‐processing capabilities. The active antenna elements exhibit dual polarisation to comply with a four‐colour spot beam arrangement commonly used by high‐throughput satellites. Advanced frontend packaging concepts for a high integration density enable half wavelength element spacing. This prevents grating lobes and yields a large scanning range. A modular approach allows to flexibly adapt the array size to the application specific needs. An 8 × 8 receiver (Rx) array at 20 GHz and a 16 × 3 transmitter array at 30 GHz are demonstrated. The measured results obtained in conjunction with inter‐element decoupling validate the approach. The principal suitability of the Rx array for the intended application is tested in a field experiment.
Asymmetric lightly doped Schottky barrier CNTFET
Authors: Ghasemi Nejad Raeini Amin , Kordrostami Zoheir 
Published: February 2016

For the first time, an asymmetric lightly doped Schottky barrier carbon nanotube field effect transistor (SB_CNTFETs) is proposed and simulated using quantum simulations. Comparisons are made among four SB_CNTFETs structures for electrical characteristics. One is the conventional SB_CNTFET with an intrinsic channel. The other proposed and studied designations are an asymmetrically doped SB_CNTFET with a doped region near the source only, a symmetrically doped source and drain SB_CNTFETand an asymmetric lightly doped SB_CNTFET which shows the ultimate performance among all. The results show that the new asymmetric lightly doped design decreases significantly the leakage current and thus increases on/off ratio as well as cutoff frequency. It is also demonstrated that this structure possesses two perceivable steps in potential profile of the channel, which lead to another lateral electric field peak inside the channel which leads to the immunity against short‐channel effects. The cutoff frequency characteristics of the four structures of SB_CNTFETs have been discussed. Results show that for channel lengths >30 nm cutoff frequency of the asymmetric lightly doped SB_CNTFETis greater than others. The effect of different doped region lengths in a 30 nm SB_CNTFET has been discussed as well. The proposed new design is promising from several points of view discussed in the study.
Flexible route to fabricate excellent adsorbents for vitamin B12 by specially designed oil‐drop process
Authors: Guo Bingzhi , Huang Yilun , Gong Qianming , Wang Junjie , Zhuang Daming , Liang Ji 
Published: February 2016

This work presented the preparation of an excellent adsorbent composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and activated carbon (AC) with hierarchical porous structure by specially designed oil‐drop process. In this process, CNTs were pre‐dispersed in the ethanol diluted phenolic formaldehyde resin and subsequently, the uniform suspension was injected dropwise into the stratified liquids. These liquids were composed of paraffin, polydimethyl siloxane and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐6000 aqueous solution with different densities. After being semi‐cured in the three‐layered liquids at 70°C, the spheres were carbonised at 600°C and further activated at 800°C with steam. Scanning electron microscope observations indicated that compared with those prepared by two‐layered oil bath in the authors’ previous work, the CNTs/phenolic resin spheres acquired by the modified oil‐drop method would absorb PEG‐6000 instead of polydimethyl siloxane and hence no residue of silica spheres produced in the final CNTs/AC spheres. Meanwhile, pore structure analyses indicated that the average diameter of the pores in the CNTs/AC spheres increased from 8.1 to 23.3 nm, which could be ascribed to the pore forming effect of PEG‐6000. The adsorption capacity for vitamin B12 by the porous CNTs/AC spheres reached 52.98 mg/g, which was much higher than commercial AC beads and macroporous resin spheres. This implied that the CNTs/AC spheres could have potential applications in hemoperfusion.
Investigation on the effect of sintering under oxygen atmosphere on microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of ZnNb2O6 ceramics
Authors: Shahgholi Nafiseh , Asadian Keivan 
Published: February 2016

The effect of sintering in air and oxygen atmospheres on microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of ZnNb2O6 ceramics has been investigated and compared. For most cases samples sintered in oxygen atmosphere exhibited higher density than those sintered in air atmosphere. The highest densities obtained for samples sintered in air and oxygen atmospheres were 93.6 and 95.2% of the theoretical value, respectively. The variation of relative permittivity (εr) values with temperature for samples sintered in air and oxygen atmospheres followed the variation in the density values. The highest values of εr for samples sintered in air and oxygen atmospheres were 22.6 and 23.5, respectively. A considerable improvement in Q × f (Q and f are quality factor and resonant frequency, respectively) was obtained for most sintering temperatures when sintering was performed in oxygen atmosphere. The highest Q × f obtained for samples sintered in air and oxygen atmospheres were 82,688 and 81,204 GHz, respectively. Temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) values closer to the ideal value (0 ppm/°C) was exhibited by samples sintered in oxygen atmosphere. The best values of τf for air and oxygen sintering atmospheres are −59.4 and −48.6 ppm/°C, respectively.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dextran‐graft‐polyacrylamide as template
Authors: Kutsevol Nataliya , Chumachenko Vasyl , Rawiso Michel , Shyichuk Alexander 
Published: February 2016

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs) has been performed using partially hydrolysed star‐shaped graft copolymer of polyacrylamide to dextran as auxiliary capping agent. The star‐branched copolymer proved to be a very good template for NP synthesis due to high local concentration of functional groups. Good biocompatibility of the copolymer was confirmed by phagocytic index value equal to 84%. In addition to this, the green synthesis approach was ensured using glucose as non‐toxic reducing agent. Surface plasmon resonance spectra of the obtained NPs contained two characteristic bands situated at 270–300 and 420–450 nm. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that NPs synthesised in neutral solution (pH = 7) have average diameters equal 10–60 nm with a small portion of NP aggregates. Synthesis carried out at pH = 12 resulted in increased yield of NPs probably due to increased reducing power of glucose in alkaline medium. NPs synthesised in alkaline solution were sized from 20 to 300 nm and contained a large portion of NP aggregates.
Discourse level processing
Authors: Kaiser Elsi 
Published: February 2016

This chapter provides an overview of how the visual-world eye-tracking paradigm has been used to investigate the processing and representation of discourse-level information. The chapter starts by reviewing some theoretical approaches to information structure, and then turns to visual-world experiments on the prosodic and syntactic reflexes of information structure, as well as the consequences of information structure for reference resolution. The notion of ‘prominence’ plays a central role in many of these investigations, in the shape of prosodic prominence (associated with new information), syntactic prominence (often associated with given or topical information) and representational prominence / accessibility in the domain of reference resolution. Comprehenders use prominence-related information to guide discourse-level aspects of processing, but prosodic prominence and syntactic prominence have different information-structural correlates. Furthermore, if we want to conceptualize reference resolution as a process sensitive to the prominence of mental representations, our view of what factors influence referential prominence needs to include not only entity-related factors (e.g. givenness), but also event-related factors (e.g. verb semantics and coherence relations between events). As a whole, the findings discussed in this chapter highlight the rapidity with which the human language processing system uses of discourse-level information, whether it be encoded in pitch accents, word order or the form of referring expressions. These findings suggest that discourse-level comprehension should not be relegated to a secondary stage of processing and instead occurs in tandem with other aspects of language comprehension, such as lexical access and syntactic processing.
The 1D Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation: Height distribution and universality
Authors: Sasamoto Tomohiro 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The Kardar–Parisi–Zhang (KPZ) equation, which was introduced in 1986 as a model equation to describe the dynamics of an interface motion, has been attracting renewed interest in recent years. In particular, the height distribution of its 1D version was determined exactly for a few special initial conditions. Its relevance in experiments was demonstrated and our understanding of the mathematical structures behind its tractability has deepened considerably. There are also new developments in the applicability of the KPZ universality in wider contexts. This paper is a short introductory review on the basics of the equation and on a few recent topics.
Evolution of HIV virulence in response to widespread scale up of antiretroviral therapy: a modeling study
Authors: Herbeck Joshua , Mittler John E. , Gottlieb Geoffrey S. , Goodreau Steven , Murphy James T. , Cori Anne , Pickles Michael , Fraser Christophe 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThere are global increases in the use of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART), guided by clinical benefits of early ART initiation, and the efficacy of treatment as prevention of transmission. Separately, it has been shown theoretically and empirically that HIV virulence can evolve over time. Observed virulence levels may reflect an adaptive balance between infected lifespan and per-contact transmission rate. Critically, the potential effects of widespread ART on HIV virulence are unknown. To predict these effects, we used an agent-based stochastic model to simulate changes in HIV virulence, using set point viral load as a virulence proxy. We calibrated our epidemic model to the prevalence and incidence trends of South Africa. We repeated our analysis using a separate calibration, as a sensitivity analysis, and found that predicted impact of ART on virulence was relatively insensitive to calibration. We explored two ART scenarios, at increasing coverage : ART initiation based on patients reaching a CD4 cell count threshold, or based on time elapsed since infection (a scenario that mimics the “universal testing and treatment” aspirations). We found that HIV virulence is generally unchanged in scenarios of CD4-based initiation. However, with ART initiation based on time since infection, virulence can increase moderately within several years of ART rollout, under high coverage and early treatment initiation, albeit within the context of rapidly shrinking epidemics. Our modeling study suggests that increasing virulence driven by universal test and treat is likely not a major public health concern, but could be monitored in sentinel surveillance, in a manner similar to transmitted drug resistance.
Identifying Network Perturbation in Cancer
Authors: Grechkin Maxim , Logsdon Benjamin , Gentles Andrew , Lee Su-In 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe present a computational framework, called DISCERN (DIfferentialSparsE RegulatoryNetwork), to identify informative topological changes in gene-regulator dependence networks inferred on the basis of mRNA expression datasets within distinct biological states. DISCERN takes two expression datasets as input: an expression dataset of diseased tissues from patients with a disease of interest and another expression dataset from matching normal tissues. DISCERN estimates the extent to which each gene isperturbed– having distinct regulator connectivity in the inferred gene-regulatory dependencies between the disease and normal conditions. This approach has distinct advantages over existing methods. First, DISCERN infersconditional dependenciesbetween candidate regulators and genes, where conditional dependence relationships discriminate the evidence for direct interactions from indirect interactions more precisely than pairwise correlation. Second, DISCERN uses a new likelihood-based scoring function to alleviate concerns about accuracy of the specific edges inferred in a particular network. DISCERN identifies perturbed genes more accurately in synthetic data than existing methods to identify perturbed genes between distinct states. In expression datasets from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), breast cancer and lung cancer, genes with high DISCERN scores in each cancer are enriched for known tumor drivers, genes associated with the biological processes known to be important in the disease, and genes associated with patient prognosis, in the respective cancer. Finally, we show that DISCERN can uncover potential mechanisms underlying network perturbation by explaining observed epigenomic activity patterns in cancer and normal tissue types more accurately than alternative methods, based on the available epigenomic from the ENCODE project.
Enabling the democratization of the genomics revolution with a fully integrated web-based bioinformatics platform
Authors: Li Po-E , Lo Chien-Chi , Anderson Joseph J. , Davenport Karen W. , Bishop-Lilly Kimberly A. , Xu Yan , Ahmed Sanaa , Feng Shihai , Mokashi Vishwesh P. , Chain Patrick S. G. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTContinued advancements in sequencing technologies have fueled the development of new sequencing applications and promise to flood current databases with raw data. A number of factors prevent the seamless and easy use of these data, including the breadth of project goals, the wide array of tools that individually perform fractions of any given analysis, the large number of associated software/hardware dependencies, and the detailed expertise required to perform these analyses. To address these issues, we have developed an intuitive web-based environment with a wide assortment of integrated and cutting-edge bioinformatics tools. These preconfigured workflows provide even novice next-generation sequencing users with the ability to perform many complex analyses with only a few mouse clicks, and, within the context of the same environment, to visualize and further interrogate their results. This bioinformatics platform is an initial attempt at Empowering the Development of Genomics Expertise (EDGE) in a wide range of applications.
Microarray analysis identifies malignant field signatures in biopsy samples at diagnosis predicting the likelihood of lethal disease in patients with localized Gleason 6 and 7 prostate cancer
Authors: Glinsky Gennadi V. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOvertreatment of early-stage low-risk prostate cancer patients represents a significant problem in disease management and has significant socio-economic implications. Development of genetic and molecular markers of clinically significant disease in patients diagnosed with low grade localized prostate cancer would have a major impact in disease management. A gene expression signature (GES) is reported for lethal prostate cancer in biopsy specimens obtained at the time of diagnosis from patients with Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors in a Swedish watchful waiting cohort with up to 30 years follow-up. A 98-genes GES identified 89% and 100% of all death events 4 years after diagnosis in Gleason 7 and Gleason 6 patients, respectively; at 6 years follow-up, 83% and 100% of all deaths events were captured in Gleason 7 and Gleason 6 patients, respectively. Remarkably, the 98-genes GES appears to perform successfully in patients stratification with as little as 2% of cancer cells in a specimen, strongly indicating that it captures a malignant field effect in human prostates harboring cancer cells of different degrees of aggressiveness. In Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors from prostate cancer patients of age 65 or younger, GES identified 86% of all death events during the entire follow-up period. In Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors from prostate cancer patients of age 70 or younger, GES identified 90% of all death events 6 years after diagnosis. Classification performance of the reported in this study 98-genes GES of lethal prostate cancer appeared suitable to meet design and feasibility requirements of a prospective 4 to 6 years clinical trial, which is essential for regulatory approval of diagnostic and prognostic tests in clinical setting. Prospectively validated GES of lethal PC in biopsy specimens of Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors will help physicians to identify, at the time of diagnosis, patients who should be considered for exclusion from active surveillance programs and who would most likely benefit from immediate curative interventions.
A trait‐mediated, neighbourhood approach to quantify climate impacts on successional dynamics of tropical rainforests
Authors: Uriarte María , Lasky Jesse R. , Boukili Vanessa K. , Chazdon Robin L. 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Second‐growth forests account for 40% of the terrestrial forest carbon sink and represent the dominant forest cover in tropical regions. Uncertainties in predicting responses of these ecosystems to climate change arise from high tree species diversity, complex links between eco‐physiology and demography, and the role of ontogeny and competition in mediating individual tree responses to climate. The dynamic nature of second‐growth forests adds further uncertainty to our ability to quantify the relative importance of climate in mediating successional trajectories.

To address these uncertainties, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian neighbourhood modelling approach that quantifies how the joint response of two key functional axes, wood density and specific leaf area (SLA), modulate impacts of inter‐annual variation in seasonal water stress (number of days during dry season > 1 kPa vapour pressure deficit) and night‐time temperature on growth and survival of small (5–10 cm dbh) and large (≥ 10 cm dbh) trees for 171 rainforest species in 6 s‐growth and 2 old‐growth 1‐ha mapped stands. We use model results to examine potential climate impacts on the successional trajectories of these stands.

High water stress reduced large tree growth but favoured growth of small trees. Drought also reduced tree survival for both large and small trees. Tree species with high wood density suffered lower growth reductions and had higher survival under water stress. High SLA magnified the negative effects of water stress on tree growth and survival. Across all tree sizes, high night‐time temperatures did not influence growth or survival. Simulated successional trajectories under different climate scenarios using these results suggest that multi‐annual droughts will have substantial impacts of the successional trajectories of tropical forests, leading to lower stem numbers, basal area and biomass. Sustained drought will also shift functional composition of second‐growth forest by favouring species with low SLA which tend to dominate in late stages of succession.

By incorporating trait‐mediated effects on key drivers of tree demography and successional dynamics, our approach provides an integrated perspective on interspecific variation in vulnerability to drought and consequences for successional trajectories in tropical rainforests. Our results suggest that multi‐annual drought stress will significantly alter structure, composition and dynamics of second‐growth forests and, from a functional perspective, accelerate succession. However, this effect may be hampered by dispersal limitation of old‐growth species into second‐growth forests.