bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Partitioning of Synaptic Vesicle Pools by the SNARE-Binding Protein Tomosyn
Authors: Cazares Victor A. , Njus Meredith M. , Manly Amanda , Saldate Johnny J. , Subramani Arasakumar , Ben-Simon Yoav , Sutton Michael A. , Ashery Uri , Stuenkel Edward L. 
Published: November 2016

Neural networks engaged in high-frequency activity rely on sustained synaptic vesicle recycling and coordinated recruitment from functionally distinct synaptic vesicle (SV) pools. However, the molecular pathways matching neural activity to SV dynamics and release requirements remain unclear. Here we identify unique roles of SNARE-binding Tomosyn1 (Tomo1) proteins as activity-dependent substrates that regulate dynamics of SV pool partitioning at rat hippocampal synapses. Our analysis is based on monitoring changes in distinct functionally defined SV pools via V-Glut1-pHluorin fluorescence in cultured hippocampal neurons in response to alterations in presynaptic protein expression. Specifically, we find knockdown of Tomo1 facilitates release efficacy from the Readily Releasable Pool (RRP), and regulates SV distribution to the Total Recycling Pool (TRP), which is matched by a decrease in the SV Resting Pool. Notably, these effects were reversed by Tomo1 rescue and overexpression. Further, we identify that these actions of Tomo1 are regulated via activity-dependent phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Assessment of molecular interactions that may contribute to these actions identified Tomo1 interaction with the GTP-bound state of Rab3A, an SV GTPase involved in SV targeting and presynaptic membrane tethering. In addition, Tomo1 via Rab3A-GTP was also observed to interact with Synapsin 1a/b cytoskeletal interacting proteins. Finally, our data indicate that Tomo1 regulation of SV pool sizes serves to adapt presynaptic neurotransmitter release to chronic silencing of network activity. Overall, the results establish Tomo1 proteins as central mediators in neural activity-dependent changes in SV distribution among SV pools.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlthough information transfer at central synapses via sustained high-frequency neural activity requires coordinated synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling, the mechanism(s) by which synapses sense and dynamically modify SV pools to match network demands remains poorly defined. To advance understanding, we quantified SV pool sizes and their sensitivity to neural activity while altering Tomo1 expression, a putative regulator of the presynaptic Readily Releasable Pool. Remarkably, we find Tomo1 actions to extend beyond the Readily Releasable Pool to mediate the Total Recycling Pool and SV Resting Pool distribution, and this action is sensitive to neural activity through Cdk5 phosphorylation of Tomo1. Moreover, Tomo1 appears to exert these actions through interaction with Rab3A-GTP and synapsin proteins. Together, our results argue that Tomo1 is a central mediator of SV availability for neurotransmission.
A Two-Stage Process Model of Sensory Discrimination: An Alternative to Drift-Diffusion
Authors: Sun Peng , Landy Michael S. 
Published: November 2016

Discrimination of the direction of motion of a noisy stimulus is an example of sensory discrimination under uncertainty. For stimuli that are extended in time, reaction time is quicker for larger signal values (e.g., discrimination of opposite directions of motion compared with neighboring orientations) and larger signal strength (e.g., stimuli with higher contrast or motion coherence, that is, lower noise). The standard model of neural responses (e.g., in lateral intraparietal cortex) and reaction time for discrimination is drift-diffusion. This model makes two clear predictions. (1) The effects of signal strength and value on reaction time should interact multiplicatively because the diffusion process depends on the signal-to-noise ratio. (2) If the diffusion process is interrupted, as in a cued-response task, the time to decision after the cue should be independent of the strength of accumulated sensory evidence. In two experiments with human participants, we show that neither prediction holds. A simple alternative model is developed that is consistent with the results. In this estimate-then-decide model, evidence is accumulated until estimation precision reaches a threshold value. Then, a decision is made with duration that depends on the signal-to-noise ratio achieved by the first stage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSensory decision-making under uncertainty is usually modeled as the slow accumulation of noisy sensory evidence until a threshold amount of evidence supporting one of the possible decision outcomes is reached. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this accumulation process is reflected in neural responses, e.g., in lateral intraparietal cortex. We derive two behavioral predictions of this model and show that neither prediction holds. We introduce a simple alternative model in which evidence is accumulated until a sufficiently precise estimate of the stimulus is achieved, and then that estimate is used to guide the discrimination decision. This model is consistent with the behavioral data.
Rule Encoding in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Striatum Guides Selection
Authors: Sleezer Brianna J. , Castagno Meghan D. , Hayden Benjamin Y. 
Published: November 2016

Active maintenance of rules, like other executive functions, is often thought to be the domain of a discrete executive system. An alternative view is that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed function relying on widespread cortical and subcortical circuits. Tentative evidence supporting this view comes from research showing some rule selectivity in the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. We recorded in these regions and in the ventral striatum, which has not been associated previously with rule representation, as macaques performed a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. We found robust encoding of rule category (color vs shape) and rule identity (six possible rules) in all three regions. Rule identity modulated responses to potential choice targets, suggesting that rule information guides behavior by highlighting choice targets. The effects that we observed were not explained by differences in behavioral performance across rules and thus cannot be attributed to reward expectation. Our results suggest that rule maintenance and rule-guided selection of options are distributed processes and provide new insight into orbital and striatal contributions to executive control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRule maintenance, an important executive function, is generally thought to rely on dorsolateral brain regions. In this study, we examined activity of single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex and in ventral and dorsal striatum of macaques in a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Neurons in all three areas encoded rules and rule categories robustly. Rule identity also affected neural responses to potential choice options, suggesting that stored information is used to influence decisions. These results endorse the hypothesis that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed mental operation.
An Inhibitory Septum to Lateral Hypothalamus Circuit That Suppresses Feeding
Authors: Sweeney Patrick , Yang Yunlei 
Published: November 2016

Feeding behavior is orchestrated by neural circuits primarily residing in the hypothalamus and hindbrain. However, the relative influence of cognitive and emotional brain circuits to the feeding circuitry in the hypothalamus and hindbrain remains unclear. Here, using the cell-type selectivity of genetic methods, circuit mapping, and behavior assays, we sought to decipher neural circuits emanating from the septal nucleus to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) that contribute to neural regulation of food intake in mice. We found that chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of septal vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT)-containing neurons or their projections in the LH reduced food intake in mice. Consistently, chemogenetic inhibition of septal vGAT neurons increased food intake. Furthermore, we investigated a previously unknown neural circuit originating from septal vGAT neurons to a subset of vGAT neurons in the LH, an area involved in homeostatic and hedonic control of energy states. Collectively, our data reveal an inhibitory septohypothalamic feeding circuit that might serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur results demonstrate that top-down projections from the septum to the hypothalamus control food intake negatively. Given the known role for both of these brain regions in the control of feeding and emotion-related behaviors, these findings reveal previously unknown neural circuitry that is likely implicated in emotional aspects of food intake and provide new insights into the development of therapeutic targets for the treatment of eating disorders.
Correlation between Pupil Size and Subjective Passage of Time in Non-Human Primates
Authors: Suzuki Tomoki W. , Kunimatsu Jun , Tanaka Masaki 
Published: November 2016

Our daily experience of time is strongly influenced by internal states, such as arousal, attention, and mood. However, the underlying neuronal mechanism remains largely unknown. To investigate this, we recorded pupil diameter, which is closely linked to internal factors and neuromodulatory signaling, in monkeys performing the oculomotor version of the time production paradigm. In the self-timed saccade task, animals were required to make a memory-guided saccade during a predetermined time interval following a visual cue. We found that pupil diameter was negatively correlated with trial-by-trial latency of self-timed saccades. Because no significant correlation was found for visually guided saccades, correlation of self-timed saccades could not be explained solely by the facilitation of saccade execution. As the reward amount was manipulated, pupil diameter and saccade latency altered in opposite directions and the magnitudes of modulation correlated strongly across sessions, further supporting the close link between pupil diameter and the subjective passage of time. When the animals were trained to produce two different intervals depending on the instruction, the pupil size again correlated with the trial-by-trial variation of saccade latency in each condition; however, pupil diameter differed significantly for saccades with similar latencies generated under different conditions. Our results indicate that internal brain states indexed by pupil diameter, which parallel noradrenergic neuronal activity (Aston-Jones and Cohen, 2005), may bias trial-by-trial variation in the subjective passage of time.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDaily experience of time is strongly influenced by our internal state, but the underlying neuronal mechanism remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that pupil diameter is negatively correlated with subjective elapsed time in monkeys performing an oculomotor version of the time production task. When the animals reported two different intervals depending on the instruction, pupil size was correlated with reported timing in each condition but differed for similar timing under different conditions. Given the close correlation between pupil diameter and noradrenergic signaling reported previously, our data indicate that brain states probed by pupil diameter and noradrenergic neuronal activity might modulate subjective passage of time.
Association of Gestational Age With Verbal Ability and Spatial Working Memory at Age 11
Authors: Fitzpatrick Alyssa , Carter Jennifer , Quigley Maria A. 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:
Although children born very preterm (gestation &lt;32 weeks) have an increased risk of cognitive impairment compared with full-term children (39–41 weeks), the risk for children born moderately (32–33 weeks) to late preterm (34–36 weeks) and early term (37–38 weeks) is unclear. This study describes the relationship between gestational age and cognitive outcomes at 11 years and the trajectory of deficits in verbal ability from age 3 to 11 years.

METHODS:
Cognitive ability was assessed by using the Spatial Working Memory test from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Working Battery (n = 11 395) and British Ability Scale Verbal Similarities test (n = 11 889) in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Each gestational group was compared with the full-term group by using differences in z scores and odds ratios for delay (scoring ≥1 SD below the mean).

RESULTS:
Very and moderately preterm children demonstrated significantly lower working memory scores compared with full-term children (adjusted difference –0.2 to –0.6) and were more likely to be delayed. There was no significant relationship between late-preterm or early-term birth and working memory (adjusted differences &lt; –0.1), or between gestational age and verbal ability at 11 years. There appears to be a general attenuation in odds ratios as the child ages.

CONCLUSIONS:
Very preterm children exhibited working memory deficits at 11 years. However, the absence of delayed verbal skills at 11 years despite earlier delays could indicate “catch-up” effects.
Make a choice! Visual attention and choice behaviour in multialternative food choice situations
Authors: Danner L. , de Antoni N. , Gere A. , Sipos L. , Kovács S. , Dürrschmid K. 
Published: November 2016

This study investigates the relationship between gazing behaviour and choice decision in multialternative forced choice tasks, focusing on the consistency across different food product groups including apple, beer, bread, chocolate, instant soup, salad, sausage, and soft drink. Each choice task consisted of pictures of four alternatives, similar in familiarity and liking ratings, of the corresponding product group. A Tobii T60 eye-tracker was used to present the stimuli and to analyse the gazing behaviour of 59 participants during decision-making.
The results showed strong correlations between choice and gazing behaviour, in forms of more fixation counts, longer total dwell duration, and more dwell counts on the chosen alternative. No correlations for first fixation, time to first fixation, and first fixation duration were observed. These results were consistent across the eight tested product groups.
Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia – correlation between clinical symptoms, hematological parameters and lifespan
Authors: Junge Vivian , Jaśkowski Jędrzej M. , Polak Mirosław P. , Urbaniak Krzysztof , Żuraw Aleksandra , Gehrke Marek 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Objective: To compare the hematological parameters and clinical symptoms between Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP) diseased calves dying before and after 14 days of life. Material and methods: Clinical observations included 47 calves from dams which underwent a 3-year vaccination program with the inactivated PregSure® BVD vaccine. In 25 of these 47 BNP affected calves blood examinations were performed and in 22 dead calves diagnosis was mainly based on post-mortem findings. Results: Cutaneous bleeding was the predominant clinical manifestation in 32 from 47 calves (68.1%). Seven from 47 calves (14.9%) developed cutaneous bleeding as the only symptom and 17 from 47 calves (36.2%) demonstrated these alterations in combination with hemorrhagic lesions of the oral mucosa. In 66.0% (31/47) of calves petechiae of the oral mucosa were seen and petechiation without any other BNP related symptoms occurred in eight from 47 calves (17.0%). The hematological analysis revealed thrombocytopenia in all 25 cases (n = 23: PLT < 60 × 109/l, n = 2: PLT 139–164 × 109/l). Nineteen from 25 calves (76.0%) developed thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia (WBC <3.5 × 109/l). In nine of them a decrease of erythrocyte count (RBC < 4.5 × 109/l), hemoglobin concentration (Hb < 8 g/dl) and packed cell volume (PCV < 24%) was measured. Three BNP affected calves without clinical symptoms were identified by hematological examination. The average life time of BNP affected calves was 14.7 ± 6.2 days. Clinical findings, especially multifocal cutaneous hemorrhages were more frequently recognized in calves living longer than 14 days. Conclusion and clinical relevance: At the time of falling ill with BNP, older calves displayed more numerous symptoms, especially bleeding in the skin. Thrombocytopenia and erythropenia occur as well as a decreased hemoglobin concentration and a low PCV. The time between outbreak of symptoms and death of calves which fell ill later, did not differ from the survival time of BNP calves, which displayed symptoms at a younger age. A decrease of thrombocytes was the cardinal laboratory finding.
Nachweis von Salmonella Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf bei einem Mastschwein mit septikämischer Salmonellose
Authors: Hausleitner Regina , Eddicks Lina , Blutke Andreas , Straubinger Reinhard K. , Wolf Georg , Szabo Istvan , Heizer Christian , Hermanns Walter , Ritzmann Mathias , Eddicks Matthias 
Published: November 2016

ZusammenfassungBeschrieben wird ein Fall der septikämischen Salmonellose und des Porzinen Dermatitis-und-Nephropathie-Syndroms (PDNS) mit Nachweis von Salmonella (S.) Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf und dem porzinen Circovirus Typ 2 (PCV2) bei einem Mastschwein aus einem Bio - betrieb. Auf diesem biologisch wirtschaftenden Schweinemastbetrieb traten 6 Wochen nach dem Einstallen der Tiere vermehrt Todesfälle sowie Durchfall und Husten auf. Das identifizierte Salmonellen-Serovar wurde in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren vor allem bei Wildschweinen nachgewiesen, während der Erreger bei Hausschweinen in Westeuropa keine nennenswerte Rolle mehr spielte. Eine direkte Erregerübertragung von Wildschweinen auf die Hausschweine lässt sich im vorliegenden Fall nicht nachweisen. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass Wildschweine als Erregerreservoir für Tierseuchenerreger eine bedeutende Rolle spielen, unterstreicht dieser Fall jedoch, wie wichtig es ist, epidemiologische Zusammenhänge zu berücksichtigen und die Schweinehaltungshygieneverordnung zur Vermeidung von direkten oder indirekten Kontaktmöglichkeiten zwischen Haus- und Wildschweinen einzuhalten.
Entwicklung einer Farbkarte zur Unterscheidung von Lochien bei Kühen mit und ohne Störung der Uterusinvolution
Authors: Kuzerbayeva Aisulu , Karabayeva Zhanargul , Jakupov Issatay 
Published: November 2016

ZusammenfassungGegenstand und Ziel: Die Unterschiede in der Farbe von Lochien bei Kühen mit ungestörter und gestörter Uterusinvolution post partum sollten beschrieben und zur Krankheitserkennung herangezogen werden. Material und Methoden: Im Zeitraum vom 1. bis zum 16. Tag post partum wurden 10 Kühe mit ungestörter Uterusinvolution und 15 Kühe mit gestörter Uterusinvolution untersucht. Dokumentiert wurde die Farbe der Lochien. Ergebnisse: Anhand der Unterschiede der Lochienfarbe von Kühen mit und ohne Uterusinvolutionsstörungen konnte eine Farbkarte erstellt werden. Klinische Relevanz: Die Farbkarte ermöglicht es, die Farbe der Lochien objektiver zu erfassen und zur Krankheitserkennung heranzuziehen.
COMPLICAÇÕES DA SÍNDROME FALCIFORME
Authors: Cardoso Sisnayra Cavalcante , Barbosa Anny Caroline Chaves de Souza , Pinheiro Stephany Nayara Araújo , Martins Larissa Nathyelle 
Published: November 2016

O presente artigo de revisão integrativa aborda e ressalta as principais complicações da anemia falciforme da criança ao adulto. A Síndrome Falciforme é uma importante hemoglobinopatia genética, um tipo de patologia peculiar pela produção de eritrócitos com deformidades falcêmicas, que ocasiona complicações como litíase biliar, crise álgica, crise do sequestro esplênico, acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, alterações oculares, alterações retinianas. Objetivo: Destacar as principais complicações da anemia falciforme na criança, no adolescente e adultos auxiliando os profissionais de saúde na assistência ao paciente que apresenta essa patologia. Metodologia do estudo: Com a utilização do meio de informação acadêmico via internet de artigos encontrados na (BVS) Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: Anemia falciforme AND complicações, Doença Falciforme, Anemia Falciforme e Complicações. Pesquisados 7.544 artigos relacionados às complicações da anemia falciforme, na qual 11 são abordados no presente trabalho, com a utilização bibliográfica do Manual de Hematologia, autor Hamerschlak, Nelson e no Manejo das complicações agudas da doença falciforme conforme Brunetta et al. Resultados: As complicações que predominaram em crianças no presente estudo foi a hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva acometendo mais de 55% e em adolescentes e adultos foram as alterações oculares com mais de 73% dos clientes. Conclusão: Embora a patologia falciforme seja pouco discutida e de grande prevalência no Brasil devido a miscigenação racial, o presente estudo ressalta as principais complicações causadas pela mesma, tendo as crianças que apresentam uma prevalência de hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva acima de 55% mostrado no seguinte estudo, na qual o profissional de saúde deve estar atento a sintomatologia para que haja o tratamento adequado e as informações fornecidas aos pais ou responsáveis sejam adequadas para cada cliente. O adulto portador da anemia falciforme tem como principal complicação alterações oculares 73%, na qual o cuidador deve ter atenção a essas ocorrências.
Retrograde intramedullary nailing for fractures of distal femur: a prospective study
Authors: K. S. Dileep , K Mahesha 
Published: November 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The objective of the present study was <span lang="EN-IN">to evaluate the clinical and functional outcome of retrograde intramedullary interlocking nailing for fractures of distal femur.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This two-year prospective observational study includes all patients with fractures of distal femur who underwent retrograde intramedullary interlocking nailing. The patient was placed supine on fracture table with the affected limb flexed to 60<sup>o</sup>. Through a transpatellar approach, the nail was introduced in a retrograde method after serial reaming. Postoperatively knee range of motion was started immediately and weight-bearing was progressed after signs of fracture union were noted on x-rays. The outcome was evaluated for time taken for fracture union, complications and secondary procedures, knee range of motion and function at 1 year follow up using modified knee-rating scale of the hospital for special surgery.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">There were 21 patients who underwent retrograde intramedullary nailing for fractures of distal femur during the study period. According to AO/ASIF system, fractures were classified as A1 (n=15), A2 (n=3), and A3 (n=3). In 17 patients, fracture united without complications or secondary procedures. Fractures united at a mean time of 19.4 weeks. There were no varus or valgus malalignments but one patient had significant limb shortening. At the end of 1 year, excellent to good functional outcome was noted in 81% of patients. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Retrograde intramedullary nail fixation is a reliable method for treatment of fractures of distal femur. It promotes high rates of fracture union with minimal complications. This method does not interfere significantly with the knee function postoperatively.</span></p>