bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUBFOVEAL NODULE IN COATS' DISEASE
Authors: Daruich Alejandra L. , Moulin Alexandre P. , Tran Hoai V. , Matet Alexandre , Munier Francis L. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics and nature of subfoveal nodules in Coats' disease and the associated impact on the long-term visual outcome.

Methods:
Consecutive cases of Coats' disease with foveal exudation were retrospectively reviewed. The presence of a subfoveal nodule or macular fibrosis was recorded. Clinical characteristics, retinal imaging, and outcome were analyzed by comparative analysis. The histopathological description of an enucleated eye with subfoveal nodule was performed.

Results:
Among 40 patients presenting unilateral Stage 2B or 3A1 Coats' disease, a subfoveal nodule was detected in 21 patients (52.5%). The median follow-up was 4.7 years. Nineteen patients (47.5%) did not present a subfoveal nodule. Three patients (15.8%) without subfoveal nodule and 21 patients (100%) with subfoveal nodule progressed to a macular fibrotic scar (P < 0.0001), and the mean time of macular fibrosis onset was 11.0 ± 2.6 months. Final visual acuity was significantly worse in patients who presented a subfoveal nodule at diagnosis (P = 0.01). Of 18 cases with subfoveal nodule who underwent fluorescein angiography, retinal–retinal anastomosis and neovascularization were detected in 13 (72.2%) and 2 eyes (11.1%), respectively. Histopathological analysis of a subfoveal nodule revealed an aggregate of proteinaceous material including fibrin, spindle cells, macrophages, and pigmented cells.

Conclusion:
The presence of a subfoveal nodule at presentation is a predictive factor for macular fibrosis development and worse visual outcome in patients with Coats' disease. These observations suggest an updated classification introducing two subcategories within Stage 2B: without subfoveal nodule (Stage 2B1) and with subfoveal nodule (Stage 2B2).
LONGITUDINAL MICROPERIMETRY EVALUATION AFTER INTRAVITREAL OCRIPLASMIN INJECTION FOR VITREOMACULAR TRACTION
Authors: Cacciamani Andrea , Gelso Aldo , Simonett Joseph M. , Ripandelli Guido , Pileri Marco , Stirpe Mario , Scarinci Fabio 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
To determine whether improvements in microperimetry testing are associated with anatomic resolution after ocriplasmin treatment in patients with symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)/vitreomacular traction and relatively preserved baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).

Methods:
Patients with vitreomacular traction received a single 125-μg intravitreal ocriplasmin injection and were followed longitudinally for 6 months with optical coherence tomography, BCVA testing, and microperimetry. Visual function changes were compared between eyes with and without VMA resolution on optical coherence tomography.

Results:
Eleven of 16 eyes (68.8%) achieved VMA resolution after treatment. Mean baseline BCVA was relatively good (79 ± 3 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters; 20/52); no patients had a ≥2-line improvement in BCVA over the 6-month follow-up period. In the group with VMA resolution, mean retinal sensitivity significantly increased in the central 4° (15.2 ± 1.9 dB vs. 18.9 ± 0.7 dB, P < 0.001) when comparing baseline and final follow-up microperimetry testing. No change in mean retinal sensitivity was found in the group without VMA resolution.

Conclusion:
Microperimetry demonstrates a significant gain in retinal sensitivity, particularly in the central 4° area, in eyes with anatomic resolution after treatment of vitreomacular traction with intravitreal ocriplasmin injection, even when no significant gain in BCVA is seen.
FACTORS INFLUENCING VISUAL ACUITY IN PATIENTS RECEIVING ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR FOR MYOPIC CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION
Authors: Iacono Pierluigi , Battaglia Parodi Maurizio , Selvi Federico , Parravano MARIA Cristina , Chiaravalloti Adele , Varano Monica , Bandello Francesco 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
To identify the prognostic variables relative to myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) treated with intravitreal ranibizumab/bevacizumab.

Methods:
Forty-eight patients with myopic CNV were enrolled in a prospective, interventional, non-randomized 12-month study. Intravitreal ranibizumab/bevacizumab was administered in a pro-re-nata regimen and re-treatment was performed in the presence of angiographic leakage, intraretinal/subretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography, new hemorrhages, five-letter decrease and increased metamorphosia. The primary outcome measures were the identification of the predictive value of symptom duration, patient's age, refractive error, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), CNV area, CNV location, retinal hemorrhages, atrophy, lacquer cracks, and CNV-fundus autofluorescence pattern (hyper-fundus autofluorescence/patchy pattern). The secondary outcomes were patients requiring either one or two injections to achieve CNV stabilization.

Results:
The mean BCVA improved from 0.49 ± 0.30 (logarithm of minimal angle resolution, Snellen equivalent 20/63) to 0.39 ± 0.32 (20/49) at 1-year follow-up (P = 0.043). Univariate and multiple stepwise linear regression analysis identified baseline BCVA (P = 0.0003), symptom duration (P = 0.005), CMT (P = 0.02), and fundus autofluorescence pattern (P = 0.005) as the explanatory variables on the final BCVA and the change in the mean BCVA. Overall, patients with better baseline BCVA, early diagnosis, lower CMT, or disclosing a hyperfundus autofluorescence CNV pattern achieved better visual outcomes. Patients responding with just one to two intravitreal injections (45.8%) obtained better visual outcomes compared with patients receiving three or more injections, and this group consisted of younger patients with lesser CMT, smaller CNV area, and fewer baseline hemorrhages.

Conclusion:
Ranibizumab/bevacizumab therapy was effective in improving and maintaining visual acuity in myopic choroidal neovascularization. Early diagnosis, better baseline BCVA, and hyperfundus autofluorescence CNV pattern were strongly associated with better functional outcomes. Moreover, CNV distinguished by its small size and low CMT responded more favorably, achieving a better visual outcome.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Testing Among Pregnant Women, United States 2014
Authors: Kolasa Maureen S. , Tsai Yuping , Xu Jing , Fenlon Nancy , Schillie Sarah 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Post-exposure prophylaxis administered to infants shortly after birth prevents approximately 90% of cases of perinatal hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that all pregnant women be tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at an early prenatal visit during each pregnancy to detect active infection with HBV. This study sought to determine the proportion and characteristics of pregnant women tested\not tested according to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations.

Methods:
We analyzed MarketScan databases to assess prenatal HBsAg testing among women with commercial and Medicaid health care coverage according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Pregnant women 15–44 years of age continuously enrolled in a health plan in the MarketScan database during 2013 and 2014 and with a live birth in 2014 were included.

Results:
Among commercially insured women, 239,955 (87.7%) received HBsAg testing and 59.6% were tested during their first trimester. Among Medicaid-enrolled women, 57,268 (83.6%) received HBsAg testing and 39.4% were tested during their first trimester. Among women with high risk pregnancies, HBsAg testing occurred in 87.3% of those with commercial insurance and 84.8% with Medicaid. Testing also varied by maternal age; among women with commercial insurance, testing was greatest among women 26–44 years of age, and among women with Medicaid, testing was greatest among younger women (15–25 years). Testing was lowest among women residing in the Northeast (commercial insurance only).

Conclusions:
Prenatal HBsAg testing identifies HBV-infected pregnant women so their infants can receive timely immunoprophylaxis. Efforts to optimize HBsAg testing among all pregnant women are needed to further prevent perinatal HBV transmission.
Financial, Resource Utilization and Mortality Impacts of Teaching Hospital Status on Pediatric Patients Admitted for Sepsis
Authors: Hsu Benson S. , Meyer Benjamin D. , Lakhani Saquib A. 
Published: December 2016

Background:
With the changing healthcare landscape in the United States, teaching hospitals face increasing pressure to provide medical education as well as cost–effective care. Our study investigated the financial, resource utilization and mortality impact of teaching hospital status on pediatric patients admitted with sepsis.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective, weighted statistical analysis of hospitalized children with the diagnosis of sepsis. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2009 Kids’ Inpatient Database provided the data for analysis. Diagnosis of sepsis and severity of illness levels were based on All Patient Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups of 720: Septicemia and Disseminated Infections. Teaching hospital status was based on presence of training programs. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA 12.1 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX).

Results:
Weighted analysis revealed 17,461 patients with sepsis—9982 in teaching and 7479 in nonteaching hospitals. When comparing all patients, length of stay (8.2 vs. 4.8, P < 0.001), number of procedures received (2.03 vs. 0.87, P < 0.001), mortality (4.7% vs. 1.6%, P < 0.001), costs per day ($2326 vs. $1736, P < 0.001) and total costs ($20,428 vs. $7960, P < 0.001) were higher in teaching hospitals. Even when stratified by severity classes, length of stay, number of procedures received and total costs were higher in teaching hospitals with no difference in mortality.

Conclusions:
Our study suggested that teaching hospitals provide pediatric inpatient care for sepsis at greater costs and resource utilization without a clear improvement in overall mortality rates in comparison with nonteaching hospitals.
Risk Factors Associated With Bordetella pertussis Among Infants ≤4 Months of Age in the Pre-Tdap Era
Authors: Curtis Christine Robinette , Baughman Andrew L. , DeBolt Chas , Goodykoontz Susan , Kenyon Cynthia , Watson Barbara , Cassiday Pamela K. , Miller Claudia , Pawloski Lucia C. , Tondella Maria-Lucia C. , Bisgard Kristine M. 
Published: December 2016

Background:
In the United States, infants have the highest reported pertussis incidence and death rates. Improved understanding of infant risk factors is needed to optimize prevention strategies.

Methods
We prospectively enrolled infants ≤4 months of age with incident-confirmed pertussis from 4 sites during 2002–2005 (preceding pertussis antigen-containing vaccination recommendations for adolescents/adults); each case-patient was age and site matched with 2 control subjects. Caregivers completed structured interviews. Infants and their contacts ≥11 years of age were offered serologic testing for IgG; being seropositive was defined as ≥94 antipertussis toxin IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units per milliliter.

Results:
Enrolled subjects (115 case-patients; 230 control subjects) had 4396 contacts during incubation periods; 83 (72%) case-patients had ≥1 contact with prolonged (≥5 days) new cough in primary or secondary households. In multivariable analysis, the odds for pertussis were higher for infants with primary/secondary household contacts who had a prolonged new cough, compared with infants who did not. These contacts included mother [adjusted matched odds ratio (aMOR), 43.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.45–298.0] and ≥1 nonmother contact (aMOR, 20.1; 95% CI, 6.48–62.7). Infants receiving breast milk with 0–1 formula feedings daily had decreased pertussis odds (aMOR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08–0.89), compared with those receiving more formula. Of 41 tested case-patients, 37 (90%) were seropositive.

Conclusions:
Pertussis in infants was associated with prolonged new cough (≥5 days) in infants’ household contacts. Findings suggest that breastfeeding protects against pertussis and warrants recommendation with pertussis prevention strategies, which currently include pertussis vaccination of pregnant mothers and infants’ close contacts.
Staged Suprapectoral Expander/Implant Reconstruction without Acellular Dermal Matrix following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy
Authors: Salibian Arthur H. , Harness Jay K. , Mowlds Donald S. 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Since the introduction of nipple-sparing mastectomy as an oncologically safe procedure for the treatment of breast cancer, reconstructive efforts for immediate staged expander/implant reconstruction have focused on submuscular implantation with or without acellular dermal matrix. Suprapectoral reconstruction without acellular dermal matrix has received little attention in the reconstructive literature of nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Methods:
Between 2005 and 2015, 155 patients (250 breasts) underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy with prepectoral staged expander/implant reconstruction using thick mastectomy skin flaps without acellular dermal matrix. Patients with different breast sizes, including those patients with very large breasts who required a primary mastopexy, were considered candidates for the suprapectoral reconstruction. Tumor-related data, comorbidities, and preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy were evaluated for correlation with the final outcome.

Results:
Patients were followed up for an average of 55.5 months (range, 138.1 to 23.6 months). The tumor recurrence rate was 2.6 percent. Adverse outcomes such as capsular contracture, implant dystopia, and rippling were studied. Aesthetic outcome, based on a three-point evaluation scale, showed 53.6 percent of patients as having a very good result, 31.6 percent showing a good result, 9 percent showing a fair result, and 5.8 percent showing a poor result.

Conclusions:
The suprapectoral two-stage expander/implant reconstruction without acellular dermal matrix in nipple-sparing mastectomy has certain advantages with respect to breast shape, less morbidity related to expansion, ease of reconstruction, and cost effectiveness. These advantages have to be weighed against those of subpectoral reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix to determine the method of choice.

CLINCAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Improving Results in Closed Nasal Reduction: A Protocol for Reducing Secondary Deformity
Authors: Farber Scott J. , Nguyen Dennis C. , Parikh Rajiv P. , Jang Judy L. , Woo Albert S. 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Nasal fractures are the most common facial fracture. Improper reduction is a common occurrence, resulting in a residual deformity that requires secondary surgery. A treatment protocol for nasal fracture management is presented with the aim of reducing secondary deformities requiring corrective surgery.

Methods:
After institutional review board approval, a retrospective review of all closed nasal reductions performed by a single surgeon between 2006 and 2015 was conducted. Patient age, sex, presence of secondary deformity, and need for a correctional operation were recorded. Clinical records were analyzed for evidence of postoperative deformity and need for subsequent manipulation or surgery.

Results:
A total of 90 patients with nasal bone fractures who underwent closed nasal reduction were identified. The mean age of patients was 24.9 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.2:1. Postoperative deformity was reported in 14 patients (15.6 percent). Four of the 90 patients (4.4 percent) were found to have avulsion of their upper lateral cartilage from the nasal bone. Nine of the 14 subjects (64.3 percent) presenting with secondary deformity were managed with external manipulation, avoiding a secondary operation. Five patients (5.5 percent) from the original cohort of 90 underwent revision surgery.

Conclusions:
By using the described protocol to treat nasal fractures, we have seen a low rate of postreduction deformity and a small percentage of need for secondary operation. The overall success rate of closed nasal reduction with postoperative manipulation (when necessary) was identified to be 94.5 percent. Using this protocol, surgeons may see a decrease in secondary deformities following closed nasal reduction procedures.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Face Lift
Authors: Derby Brian M. , Codner Mark A. 
Published: December 2016

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participants should be able to: 1. Describe pertinent surgical anatomy relevant to safe and effective face-lifting techniques. 2. Identify key aspects of facial aging. 3. Incorporate risk-reduction strategies during preoperative assessment. 4. Tailor their approach to face lifting based on patient anatomy. 5. Identify and treat complications after face-lift surgery. 6. Incorporate use of valid patient outcomes assessment tools in their practice to facilitate standardized outcomes reporting in the face-lift literature.

Summary:
Treating the aged face requires an understanding of bone and soft-tissue anatomy, including the analogous lamellar layers of the face and neck, and the techniques designed to restore youthful skin tone and facial contours. Although volume restoration with fillers is effective for restoring youthful facial contours, the power of face lifting is unmatched in its ability to rejuvenate a sagging facial shape. Standard face-lifting techniques are described, along with the authors’ preferred approach, supplemented by video demonstration of the high–superficial musculoaponeurotic system technique. Complications, along with their prevention and treatment, are reviewed. Currently available comparative studies of face-lifting outcomes consider surgeon opinion and postoperative complications rates. A valid, standardized, patient-reported outcome tool, the FACE-Q, has been available since 2010, and should be a component of any comparative discussion of face-lifting techniques in the future.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Cleft Palate
Authors: Woo Albert S. 
Published: December 2016

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the incidence of cleft palate and risk factors associated with development of an orofacial cleft. 2. Understand differences among several techniques to repair clefts of both the hard and soft palates. 3. Discuss risk factors for development of postoperative fistulas, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and facial growth problems. 4. Establish a treatment plan for individualized care of a cleft palate patient.

Summary:
Orofacial clefts are the most common congenital malformations of the head and neck region, and approximately three-quarters of these patients have some form of cleft palate deformity. Cleft palate repair is generally performed in children between 6 and 12 months of age. The goals of palate repair are to minimize the occurrence of fistulas, establish a normal velopharyngeal mechanism, and optimize facial growth. This Maintenance of Certification review discusses the incidence and epidemiology associated with cleft palate deformity and specifics associated with patient care, including analgesia, surgical repair techniques, and complications associated with repair of the cleft palate.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Autologous Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Macadam Sheina A. , Bovill Esta S. , Buchel Edward W. , Lennox Peter A. 
Published: December 2016

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Gain an understanding of the different methods of autologous reconstruction available. 2. Understand the timing of autologous breast reconstruction and the impact of adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments. 3 Understand the factors necessary for a comprehensive patient assessment. 4. Gain knowledge of patient factors that will affect autologous reconstruction and potential contraindications. 5. Summarize the patient-reported and clinical outcomes of autologous breast reconstruction.

Summary:
This article was prepared to accompany practice-based assessment with ongoing surgical education for the Maintenance of Certification for the American Board of Plastic Surgery. It is structured to outline the care of the patient with the postmastectomy breast deformity.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Liposuction
Authors: Chia Christopher T. , Neinstein Ryan M. , Theodorou Spero J. 
Published: December 2016

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Review the appropriate indications and techniques for suction-assisted lipectomy body contouring surgery. 2. Accurately calculate the patient limits of lidocaine for safe dosing during the tumescent infiltration phase of liposuction. 3. Determine preoperatively possible “red flags” or symptoms and signs in the patient history and physical examination that may indicate a heightened risk profile for a liposuction procedure. 4. Provide an introduction to adjunctive techniques to liposuction such as energy-assisted liposuction and to determine whether or not the reader may decide to add them to his or her practice.

Summary:
With increased focus on one’s aesthetic appearance, liposuction has become the most popular cosmetic procedure in the world since its introduction in the 1980s. As it has become more refined with experience, safety, patient selection, preoperative assessment, fluid management, proper technique, and overall care of the patient have been emphasized and improved. For the present article, a systematic review of the relevant literature regarding patient workup, tumescent fluid techniques, medication overview, and operative technique was conducted with a practical approach that the reader will possibly find clinically applicable. Recent trends regarding energy-assisted liposuction and body contouring local anesthesia use are addressed. Deep venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is mentioned, as are other common and less common possible complications. The article provides a literature-supported overview on liposuction techniques with an emphasis on preoperative assessment, medicines used, operative technique, and outcomes.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Management of Acute Lower Extremity Trauma
Authors: Lachica Roberto D. 
Published: December 2016

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Select and design flaps for the acutely injured lower limb based on wound location, size, and complexity. 2. Select and design tissue-specific flaps based on the functional demand of the zone of injury. 3. Understand the indications for using a flap with a skin component versus a muscle-only flap. 4. Understand the preoperative vascular assessment for lower extremity flap reconstruction. 5. Recognize and manage risk factors to decrease complications and improve flap survival.

Summary:
The Maintenance of Certification series is designed to help the experienced surgeon structure the study of specific areas appropriate to his or her clinical practice. This article is designed to accompany practice-based evaluation of preoperative assessment, surgical treatment plan, and outcomes. In this format, he or she is invited to compare his or her methods with authoritative, information-based references. This information base is then used for self-assessment and benchmarking in Parts II and IV of the Maintenance of Certification process used by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. This article is not meant to be an exhaustive treatise on the subject, but rather designed to serve as a reference point for further in-depth study by review of the articles referenced. The goal of this article is to present evidence that may serve as practice-changing information. Furthermore, this article is designed with the recognition that participants may have different backgrounds, experience, expertise, and resources. The breadth of the topics discussed is designed to accommodate these differences.