bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real Estate, Public Works, and Political Organization in Winnipeg, 1870–1885
Authors: Velasco Gustavo F. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe second half of the 19th century represented an era of great territorial expansion in almost all the countries of “recent settlement.” In Canada, Winnipeg, the capital of the Province of Manitoba, went from a small hamlet located at the confluence of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers to become the third largest Canadian city at the turn of the century. I argue that the development of a real estate market and the organization of the local political institutions in Winnipeg were interconnected mechanisms that the emerging business elite used to obtain political and economic power during the years of city organization (1870–1885). The disputes over land ownership and the uncertain distribution of land titles among parties related by business and family ties showed how individuals exploited the weakness of the state to secure personal benefits. In this era, old settlers, newcomers, speculators, and business representatives of central Canada and British firms, acting alone or in partnership, attempted to obtain political control of a city in its making and to acquire power and economic benefits through the commodification of urban land. After a period of corruption and mismanagement, a new group organized within the Board of Trade obtained political control of the city and initiated a new cycle of political stability.
Social Relations of Landed Property: Gentrification of a Polish Enclave in Brooklyn
Authors: Stabrowski Filip 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDespite the extensive literature on ethnic enclaves in American cities, the role of landed property in ethnic enclave formation and transformation has received no attention to date. Drawing upon nearly four years of work as a tenant organizer, I address this issue by examining how the social relations of landed property have been integral to the formation, transformation, and deterioration of ethnic ties among Polish migrants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Specifically, I argue that the social relations of property among Polish migrants—what I call “enclave property”—have enabled the acquisition, maintenance, and improvement of landed property in and through the production of ethnicity. With the gentrification of the neighborhood, however, the social relations of immigrant housing that helped produce the enclave in the 1980s and 1990s have been strained, and rising property values have transformed relations of ethnicity among Polish migrants into mechanisms for property accumulation by dispossession. The upshot has been the “hollowing out” of the enclave, as Polish migrant tenants have been displaced from Greenpoint, leaving behind a co‐ethnic landlord class and their wealthier American tenants.
John Dewey and Henry George: The Socialization of Land as a Prerequisite for a Democratic Public
Authors: England Christopher 
Published: January 2018

AbstractJohn Dewey frequently praised Henry George, author of a plan to confiscate land values with a “single tax.” Scholars have failed to account for Dewey's support of George. Some have argued that it should not be taken seriously because it is at odds with their interpretation of Dewey's philosophy. This article demonstrates that Dewey perceived the socialization of land values as an essential step toward creating a true democracy. Furthermore, Dewey's interest in George was not an aberration; it was exemplary of his faith in ideology, theory, and transformative social policy. Despite contentions to the contrary, pragmatists of the early 20th century never emphasized skepticism, moderation, or rote empiricism. In fact, Dewey embraced the philosophy of Henry George as a general theory of history of society. During the Great Depression, Dewey attacked the piecemeal reformism of the New Deal in favor of the comprehensive vision of Henry George.
Clinical guideline and recommendations on pre‐operative exercise training in patients awaiting major non‐cardiac surgery
Authors: Tew G. A. , Ayyash R. , Durrand J. , Danjoux G. R. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryDespite calls for the routine implementation of pre‐operative exercise programmes to optimise patient fitness before elective major surgery, there is no practical guidance for providing safe and effective exercise in this specific context. The following clinical guideline was developed following a review of the evidence on the effects of pre‐operative exercise interventions. We developed a series of best‐practice and, where possible, evidence‐based statements to advise on patient care with respect to exercise training in the peri‐operative period. These statements cover: patient selection for exercise training in surgical patients; integration of exercise training into multi‐modal prehabilitation programmes; and advice on exercise prescription factors and follow‐up. Although we acknowledge that further research is needed to identify the optimal exercise prescription in different clinical scenarios, we urge peri‐operative teams to make use of these recommendations.
Combined spinal‐epidural vs. spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: meta‐analysis and trial‐sequential analysis
Authors: Klimek M. , Rossaint R. , van de Velde M. , Heesen M. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryCombined spinal‐epidural and single‐shot spinal anaesthesia are both used for caesarean section. It has been claimed in individual trials that combined spinal‐epidural is associated with higher sensory spread and greater cardiovascular stability. We set out to gather all available evidence. We performed: a systematic literature search to identify randomised controlled trials comparing combined spinal‐epidural with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: conventional meta‐analysis; trial‐sequential analysis; and assessment of trial quality using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Fifteen trials with high heterogeneity, including 1015 patients, were analysed. There was no significant difference between combined spinal‐epidural and spinal anaesthesia for our primary outcomes maximum sensory height and vasopressor use (mg ephedrine equivalents). However, trial‐sequential analysis suggested insufficient data and the GRADE scores showed ‘very low’ quality of evidence for these outcomes. The secondary outcomes hypotension, time for sensory block to recede to the level of T10, and the combined outcome of nausea and vomiting, did not differ significantly between the interventions. The block times were statistically significantly longer for combined spinal‐epidural in individual trials, but only one trial showed a clinically meaningful difference (11 min). Based on this analysis, and taking into consideration all comparisons irrespective of whether drugs had been applied via the epidural route, there is not enough evidence to postulate any advantage compared with the spinal technique. Future analyses and studies need to examine the potential advantages of the combined spinal‐epidural technique by using the epidural route intra‐ and/or postoperatively.
Transnasal humidified rapid‐insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) vs. facemask breathing pre‐oxygenation for rapid sequence induction in adults: a prospective randomised non‐blinded clinical trial
Authors: Lodenius Å. , Piehl J. , Östlund A. , Ullman J. , Jonsson Fagerlund M. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryTransnasal humidified rapid‐insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) can prolong apnoea time in adults. Therefore, THRIVE used for pre‐oxygenation in rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia could extend safe apnoea time during prolonged laryngoscopy and intubation. In this randomised controlled trial, we compared the lowest peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) during intubation when pre‐oxygenating with either traditional facemask or THRIVE. Eighty adult patients, undergoing rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia for emergency surgery, were randomly allocated to pre‐oxygenation with 100% oxygen with facemask or with THRIVE. Median (IQR [range]) lowest SpO2 until 1 min after intubation was 99% (97–100 [70–100]%) for the facemask group vs. 99% (99–100 [96–100]%) for the THRIVE group (p = 0.097). Five patients (12.5%) desaturated below 93% when pre‐oxygenated with the facemask vs. none in the THRIVE group (p = 0.019). There were no differences in intubation time or apnoea time between the groups. Median intubation time was 51 (34–66 [22–261]) s in the facemask group vs. 48 (38–63 [10–146]) s in the THRIVE group (p = 0.99). Median apnoea time was 109 (86–142 [37–291]) s and 116 (92–146 [63–249]) s when using facemask and THRIVE, respectively (p = 0.49). No signs of regurgitation of gastric content were detected. The data on desaturation indicate potential benefits of oxygenation with THRIVE for rapid sequence induction compared with facemask pre‐oxygenation.
Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome in early childhood can be successfully treated with interleukin‐1 blockades
Authors: Eskola Vesa , Pohjankoski Heini , Kröger Liisa , Aalto Kristiina , Latva Katariina , Korppi Matti 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is caused by a mutation in the NLRP3 gene encoding cryopyrin production. Overproduction of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) leads to symptoms that are associated with elevated inflammatory markers, including periodic fever and a rash. We provide a clinical overview of CAPS in children, including three Finnish case studies.ConclusionWhen CAPS has been diagnosed, an IL‐1 blockade with biological should be introduced to lessen the symptoms and to prevent the progression of organ damage.
Dog bites in a U.S. county: age, body part and breed in paediatric dog bites
Authors: Ramgopal Sriram , Brungo Lauren Bealafeld , Bykowski Michael R. , Pitetti Raymond D. , Hickey Robert W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimTo compare characteristics of gender, age, body part and breed in dog bites.MethodsWe reviewed 14 956 dog bites (4195 paediatric) reported to the Allegheny County Health Department, USA, between 2007 and 2015. Using predefined age groups, we performed linear regression to assess for subject age and bite frequency and used binary logistic regression to evaluate for differences in gender and body part. We used chi‐squared test with Bonferroni correction to evaluate for differences in reported breeds with age.ResultsThere was a negative correlation (−0.80, r2 = 0.64) between age and bite frequency. Children 0–3 years had a higher odds ratio (OR) of bites to the face [21.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.61–25.33] and a lower OR of bites to the upper (OR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.12–0.18) and lower (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.14–0.27) extremities. ‘Pit bulls’ accounted for 27.2% of dog bites and were more common in children 13–18 years (p < 0.01). Shih‐Tzu bites were more common in children three years of age and younger (p < 0.01).ConclusionDog bites occur with higher frequency at younger ages, and head and neck injuries are more common in younger children. Pit bull bites are more common in adolescents and Shih‐Tzu bites more common in younger children.
Cyclosporine A induces endothelin‐converting enzyme‐1: Studies in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Heyman S. N. , Abassi Z. , Rosenberger C. , Yaseen H. , Skarjinski G. , Shina A. , Mathia S. , Krits N. , Khamaisi M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimCyclosporine A (CsA) induces renal vasoconstriction and hypoxia and enhances the expression of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) pro‐hormone (pre‐pro‐ET‐1), plausibly leading to a feed‐forward loop of renal vasoconstriction, hypoxia and enhanced synthesis of the potent vasoconstrictor ET‐1. Endothelin‐converting enzyme (ECE)‐1 cleaves big endothelin to generate endothelin (ET)‐1 and is upregulated by hypoxia via hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF). We hypothesized that in addition to the direct induction of ET‐1 synthesis, CsA might also intensify renal ECE‐1 expression, thus contributing to enhanced ET‐1 synthesis following CsA.MethodsCsA was administered to Sprague Dawley rats (120 mg/kg/SC) for 4 days, and renal HIF and ECE‐1 expression were assessed with Western blots and immunostaining. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and proximal tubular cell line (HK‐2) were subjected to CsA, and ECE‐1 induction was evaluated using real‐time mRNA PCR and Western blots.ResultsCyclosporine A intensified renal parenchymal ECE‐1 expression in the rat kidney, particularly in distal nephron segments, along with renal hypoxia (detected by pimonidazole adducts) and HIF expression, in line with our recent observations showing episodic hypoxia in mice subjected to CsA. Furthermore, in cultured normoxic HUVEC and HK‐2 cells, CsA dose‐dependently induced both pre‐pro‐ET‐1 and ECE‐1 mRNA and protein expression, with enhanced ET‐1 generation.ConclusionCsA induces ECE‐1 via both hypoxic and non‐hypoxic pathways. ECE‐1 may contribute to increased renal ET‐1 generation following CsA, participating in a feed‐forward loop of renal parenchymal hypoxia and ET synthesis.
Specific labelling of myonuclei by an antibody against pericentriolar material 1 on skeletal muscle tissue sections
Authors: Winje I. M. , Bengtsen M. , Eftestøl E. , Juvkam I. , Bruusgaard J. C. , Gundersen K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimSkeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue containing several different cell types, and only about 40%‐50% of the cell nuclei within the tissue belong to myofibres. Existing technology, attempting to distinguish myonuclei from other nuclei at the light microscopy level, has led to controversies in our understanding of the basic cell biology of muscle plasticity. This study aims at demonstrating that an antibody against the protein pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) can be used to reliably identify myonuclei on histological cross sections from humans, mice and rats.MethodsCryosections were labelled with a polyclonal antibody against PCM1. The specificity of the labelling for myonuclei was verified using 3D reconstructions of confocal z‐stacks triple‐labelled for DNA, dystrophin and PCM1, and by co‐localization with nuclear mCherry driven by the muscle‐specific Alpha‐Actin‐1 promoter after viral transduction.ResultsThe PCM1 antibody specifically labelled all myonuclei, and myonuclei only, in cryosections of muscles from rats, mice and men. Nuclei in other cell types including satellite cells were not labelled. Both normal muscles and hypertrophic muscles after synergist ablation were investigated.ConclusionPericentriolar material 1 can be used as a specific histological marker for myonuclei in skeletal muscle tissue without relying on counterstaining of other structures or cumbersome and subjective analysis of nuclear positioning.
Editorial: the role of colonic inflammation in the progression of liver disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Sabino J. , Torres J. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Nordenvall et al and Nordenvall and Bergquist papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14393 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14468.
Letter: the effects of colectomy prior to the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis on prognosis may have been overestimated
Authors: Tao P. , Wang S. Y. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Nordenvall et al and Nordenvall and Bergquist papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14393 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14468.
Editorial: irritable bowel syndrome—in addition to having properly‐trained dietitians, is it time to add a yoga teacher to our multidisciplinary team?
Authors: Muir J. G. , Iacovou M. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Schumann et al and Schumann and Cramer papers. To view these articles please visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14400 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14470.
Letter: irritable bowel syndrome—how a low‐FODMAP diet or yoga might help. Authors’ reply
Authors: Schumann D. , Cramer H. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Schumann et al and Uno papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14400 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14433.
Editorial: irritable bowel syndrome—in addition to having properly‐trained dietitians, is it time to add a yoga teacher to our multidisciplinary team? Authors’ reply
Authors: Schumann D. , Cramer H. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Schumann et al and Muir and Iacovou papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14400 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14448.
Tutoring online tutors: Using digital badges to encourage the development of online tutoring skills
Authors: Hrastinski Stefan , Cleveland‐Innes Martha , Stenbom Stefan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOnline tutors play a critical role in e‐learning and need to have an appropriate set of skills in addition to subject matter expertise. This paper explores how digital badges can be used to encourage the development of online tutoring skills. Based on previous research, we defined three digital badges, which are examples of essential tutoring skills. These skills were self‐assessed during two weeks by online tutors in K‐12 mathematics, who also wrote a self‐reflection based on their experience. The digital badges motivated tutors to reflect on online tutoring practices. The tutors described that they gained a more detailed understanding of the tutoring process when continuously analyzing ongoing conversations. However, it was a challenge for the tutors to balance the private activity, reflection on tutoring skills, and the social activity, communication with the K‐12 students. It is essential to take into account when tutors will have time to reflect, for example, by scheduling time for reflection or enabling opportunities for reflection that is flexible in time. A challenge for further research is to better understand the potential benefits of different types of badges.
Inventing new therapies without reinventing the wheel: the power of drug repurposing
Authors: Papapetropoulos Andreas , Szabo Csaba 
Published: January 2018

Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc
Sustained plasma hepcidin suppression and iron elevation by Anticalin‐derived hepcidin antagonist in cynomolgus monkey
Authors: Hohlbaum Andreas M , Gille Hendrik , Trentmann Stefan , Kolodziejczyk Maria , Rattenstetter Barbara , Laarakkers Coby M , Katzmann Galina , Christian Hans Jürgen , Andersen Nicole , Allersdorfer Andrea , Olwill Shane A , Meibohm Bernd , Audoly Laurent P , Swinkels Dorine W , van Swelm Rachel P L 
Published: January 2018

Background and PurposeAnaemia of chronic disease (ACD) has been linked to iron‐restricted erythropoiesis imposed by high circulating levels of hepcidin, a 25 amino acid hepatocyte‐derived peptide that controls systemic iron homeostasis. Here, we report the engineering of the human lipocalin‐derived, small protein‐based anticalin PRS‐080 hepcidin antagonist with high affinity and selectivity.Experimental ApproachAnticalin‐ and hepcidin‐specific pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic modelling (PD) was used to design and select the suitable drug candidate based on t1/2 extension and duration of hepcidin suppression. The development of a novel free hepcidin assay enabled accurate analysis of bioactive hepcidin suppression and elucidation of the observed plasma iron levels after PRS‐080‐PEG30 administration in vivo.Key ResultsPRS‐080 had a hepcidin‐binding affinity of 0.07 nM and, after coupling to 30 kD PEG (PRS‐080‐PEG30), a t1/2 of 43 h in cynomolgus monkeys. Dose‐dependent iron mobilization and hepcidin suppression were observed after a single i.v. dose of PRS‐080‐PEG30 in cynomolgus monkeys. Importantly, in these animals, suppression of free hepcidin and subsequent plasma iron elevation were sustained during repeated s.c. dosing. After repeated dosing and followed by a treatment‐free interval, all iron parameters returned to pre‐dose values.Conclusions and ImplicationsIn conclusion, we developed a dose‐dependent and safe approach for the direct suppression of hepcidin, resulting in prolonged iron mobilization to alleviate iron‐restricted erythropoiesis that can address the root cause of ACD. PRS‐080‐PEG30 is currently in early clinical development.
Gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity as a predictive marker for severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and concomitant hypertension
Authors: Bozkus Fulsen , Dikmen Nursel , Demir Lutfu Saltuk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundChronic intermittent hypia, inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in resultant obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), which may affect numerous regulatory mechanisms that play a role in the regulation of blood pressure. Gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a novel marker in the prediction of cardiovascular risk.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the correlation of serum levels of GGT with hypertension and the degree of the upper airway obstruction in subjects with OSAS.MethodsA total of 270 subjects that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. The subjects were divided into four separate groups according to the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) scores as the control group (AHI < 5), mild OSAS group (AHI 5‐15), moderate OSAS group (AHI 16‐30) and severe OSAS group (AHI >30). A further classification of the OSAS subjects was made in two groups based on the presence of hypertension.ResultsThe study included 43 control individuals and 59 subjects with mild, 54 subjects with moderate and 114 subjects with severe OSAS. The serum levels of GGT were found to be significantly correlated with OSAS severity (control group: 18 ± 3.3, mild OSAS: 23.6 ± 7.3, moderate OSAS: 26.4 ± 7.5 and severe OSAS: 39.8 ± 12). Serum levels of GGT were found to be significantly higher in OSAS subjects with concomitant hypertension than in the group without associated hypertension (P < .05). The results showed that the adjusted mean GGT under OSA without hypertension (Madj = 28.76, SE = 0.71) was significantly lower than in cases with OSA with hypertension (Madj = 42.79, SE = 1.19).ConclusionThe present study indicated a strong correlation between high serum levels of GGT and concomitant hypertension in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. This biomarker may be helpful in grading the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and correlated with hypertension in this population.
Mastocytosis – pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and treatment
Authors: Wagner Nicola , Staubach Petra 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe term mastocytosis designates a group of rare disorders characterized by typical skin lesions, frequently associated episodes of anaphylaxis, and clinical symptoms related to the release of various mediators. Dermatologists/allergists are frequently the first to establish the diagnosis. The condition is based on clonal mast cell proliferation, usually in the skin or bone marrow and only rarely in the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues. In general, mastocytosis has a good prognosis in terms of life expectancy. Rare variants – including mast cell leukemia, aggressive mastocytosis, and the exceedingly rare mast cell sarcoma – require cytoreductive therapy. In cases associated with hematological neoplasms, the prognosis depends on the underlying hematologic disorder.