bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teacher Affinity Seeking
Authors: McCroskey Linda L. 
Published: September 2017

McCroskey and Wheeless, the first to introduce the concept of “affinity” in the communication literature, defined it as “a positive attitude toward another person” (1976, 231). Bell and Daly expanded research in the area of affinity seeking in interpersonal communication. They defined “affinity seeking” as “the active social communicative process by which individuals attempt to get others to like and feel positive toward them” (1984, 91). These pioneers pursued this research stream as it gained momentum, clearing, defining, and redefining a swath so significant that not only did their efforts spawn decades of affinity research, but these early efforts appeared to support the idea that gaining “affinity” may be the single most important reason why we engage in → Interpersonal Communication (→ Interpersonal Attraction). That the fledgling discipline could assert a simple explanation for what motivates communication interaction is impressive. A more far‐reaching impact was felt as interpersonal communication research shifted focus to specialized contexts such as the classroom or workplace. Because the seminal affinity research was conducted by scholars interested in communication education and instruction, affinity research in the instructional context set the agenda for its application to other interpersonal contexts.
Technology as Fashion
Authors: Bull Michael 
Published: September 2017

In 1957 Vance Packard complained that the manufacturers of typewriters and telephones had recently begun producing models in a wide range of colors rather than in their traditional black. He critically surmised that the sole motive for this innovation was “to make owners dissatisfied with their plain old black models” (Packard

, 72). Packard understood that the introduction of color into the appearance of these technologies added nothing to their functionality, that color was ephemeral and external to the workings of these technologies. The ephemeral was merely “fashionable.” That owners of traditional black models might become dissatisfied with their “old” models was, he thought, attributable to the workings of those in the → advertising industries (→ Advertising; Advertising: Global Industry) who would work their sophistries upon a naïve public.
Television Networks
Authors: Compton James R. 
Published: September 2017

Television networks are organizations that produce or acquire the rights to TV programs, which are centrally distributed to affiliated stations where they are scheduled at uniform time slots. The distribution of content to geographically dispersed stations can occur using a variety of technical systems, involving traditional over‐the‐air electromagnetic broadcasting, cable, satellite, and now digital transmission. The history of television networks has been influenced by two principal broadcast network models: the public service broadcasting (PSB) model (→ Public Broadcasting Systems; Public Broadcasting, History of), epitomized in the English speaking world by the British Broadcasting Corporation (→ BBC), and by the for‐profit commercial model, associated with television networks in the United States.
Television News, Visual Components of
Authors: Dahlgren Peter 
Published: September 2017

The emergence of television news programs in the late 1940s in the US marked a major historical development in the history of journalism (→ news; Television News; Journalism, History of). Combining the broadcast auditory flow of radio (→ Radio Technology) with the moving images (→ Film Theory) of the movie → newsreels shown in the → cinema, television news was able to provide the public with a new experience in journalism. In the context of American commercial broadcasting, television journalism – more than any previous form of news – was shaped by the economic demands of entertainment and advertising (→ Advertising, Economics of), not least on account of the compelling visual dimension (→ Commercialization: Impact on Media Content). The American model of television news was quickly exported, and has become the global norm for how it is done. The visual elements are a part of the taken‐for‐granted professional routines, yet continue to evolve as the genre develops, and they remain of important analytic concern (→ News Routines).
Television as Popular Culture
Authors: Miller Toby 
Published: September 2017

“Television” refers to “seeing from afar.” It describes a physical device, a cultural system, and a labor process that brings the two together and embeds them in the daily experience of half the world's population (→ Television). “Popular” signifies of, by, and for the people, offering transcendence through pleasure, but doing so by referring to the everyday (→ Popular Communication). “Culture” derives from agriculture (→ Culture: Definitions and Concepts). With the emergence of capitalism, it embodied instrumentalism and abjured it, via the industrialization of farming and the cultivation of taste.
Terrorism and Communication Technologies
Authors: Sonwalkar Prasun 
Published: September 2017

Communication and communication technologies are intrinsic to the idea of terrorism as formulated and understood from the nineteenth century onwards (→ Technology and Communication). The discourse of terrorism has come to be symbiotically linked to communication technologies as state and nonstate actors across the globe use and exploit technological advances to further their causes. Schmid & de Graaf (1982, 9) observed that, “without communication there can be no terrorism,” while for Wilkinson (2001, 177), “when one says ‘terrorism’ in a democratic society, one also says ‘media.’”
Text Analysis, Computer‐Aided
Authors: Schweiger Wolfgang 
Published: September 2017

The basic medium of interpersonal and mass communication is text (→ Text and Intertextuality). Analyzing text helps in understanding the meanings of mass media messages and their potential effects, observing strategies and developments of rhetoric, identifying rules and structures of social communication, etc. Thus text analysis, comprising all kinds of qualitative and quantitative techniques of media content, discourse, and linguistic analysis, is an indispensable methodological field for all social sciences (→ Content Analysis, Qualitative; Content Analysis, Quantitative; Discourse Analysis; Linguistics). But as communicators' encoding of → meaning and ideas (semantics) in text (syntax) does not always follow a straight logic and is heavily influenced by social and cultural context (→ Linguistic Pragmatics), the analysis of large text corpuses is a complicated and laborious endeavor. Therefore, from the beginning of computer science, scholars have tried to develop automated tools for understanding, abstracting, and classifying texts.
Transactional Models
Authors: Wünsch Carsten 
Published: September 2017

Representation and explanation of complex communication phenomena are goals of communication research and theory building. To reach these goals, communication science uses simplified representations, also known as scientific models. Scientific models describe, in simplified form, the order of elements in a system and their relations to each other. These relations can be described as temporal, spatial, causal, correlative, interactive, or transactional. A model of our solar system, for example, describes the spatial arrangement of the planets. The Lasswell formula describes the central protagonists of the communication process (communicators, recipients, media, etc.) and their temporal and causal relations in a communication model (→ Lasswell, Harold D.; Models of Communication).
Transportation Theory
Authors: Green Melanie C. 
Published: September 2017

Transportation into a narrative world refers to the feeling of being lost in the world of a narrative, of being completely immersed in a story and leaving the real world behind. This experience is a key mechanism underlying the influence of stories or narratives on individuals' attitudes and beliefs, and is also associated with media enjoyment. Although transportation has long been used as a metaphor for narrative experience, psychologists have conceptualized transportation into a narrative world as a distinct mental process, an integrative melding of → attention, imagery, and → emotions (Gerrig; Green & Brock, 701; see also Nell). Transportation is a form of experiential response to narratives. It is psychologically similar to flow (Csikszentmihalyi) or absorption, although both flow and absorption are more general concepts (individuals can experience flow in a variety of activities; absorption is a dispositional tendency to become immersed in experiences). Transportation is also similar to Vorderer's high involvement (→ Involvement with Media Content).
Two‐Step Flow of Communication
Authors: Maurer Marcus 
Published: September 2017

The two‐step flow of communication hypothesis was first formulated by → Paul F. Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in their classical study on the 1940 American presidential election (1944). It states that there is usually no direct influence of the mass media on the general public. Rather, “ideas often flow from radio and print to the opinion leaders and from them to the less active sections of the population” (Lazarsfeld et al., 151). This assumption, challenging the popular idea of strong direct media effects on the public (→ Stimulus–Response Model), turned out to be one of the most influential ideas in communication research from the 1940s to at least the 1960s. While recent research has contradicted the original hypothesis in its rigid form, many of its underlying ideas have stimulated fruitful further research. This holds especially true for the concept of opinion leadership and the analysis of social networks (→ Network Analysis; Opinion Leader).
Triplet Harvesting from Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Polytetracene
Authors: Pun Andrew B. , Sanders Samuel N. , Kumarasamy Elango , Sfeir Matthew Y. , Congreve Daniel N. , Campos Luis M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSinglet fission (SF), a promising mechanism of multiple exciton generation, has only recently been engineered as a fast, efficient, intramolecular process (iSF). The challenge now lies in designing and optimizing iSF materials that can be practically applied in high‐performance optoelectronic devices. However, most of the reported iSF systems, such as those based on donor–acceptor polymers or pentacene, have low triplet energies, which limits their applications. Tetracene‐based materials can overcome significant challenges, as the tetracene triplet state is practically useful, ≈1.2 eV. Here, the synthesis and excited state dynamics of a conjugated tetracene homopolymer are studied. This polymer undergoes ultrafast iSF in solution, generating high‐energy triplets on a sub‐picosecond time scale. Magnetic‐field‐dependent photocurrent measurements of polytetracene‐based devices demonstrate the first example of iSF‐generated triplet extraction in devices, exhibiting the potential of iSF materials for use in next‐generation devices.
Multifunctional Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives to Realize High‐Performance Deep‐Blue and White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Du Xiaoyang , Li Guang , Zhao Juewen , Tao Silu , Zheng Caijun , Lin Hui , Tong Qingxiao , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDeep blue emitters with high quantum yield, good stability, and multifunctionality are still the key technology for white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs). To address this, two multifunctional deep‐blue materials 4‐{2‐[4′‐(1,4,5‐triphenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)‐biphenyl‐4‐yl]‐3a,11b‐dihydro‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazol‐1‐yl}‐benzonitrile (CPD) and 4‐(2‐{4′‐[1‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl)‐4,5‐diphenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl]‐biphenyl‐4‐yl}‐3a,11b‐dihydro‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazol‐1‐yl)‐benzonitrile (tCPD) based on phenanthroimidazole units are designed, synthesized, and characterized. Both the materials show high quantum yields and good stabilities. The deep‐blue fluorescent devices using CPD and tCPD as emitters show maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.80% and 4.71% along with Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.15, 0.07) and (0.15, 0.09), respectively. Two‐color based WOLEDs are demonstrated by doping Ir(MDQ)2acac into CPD and tCPD with a low doping concentration, both devices show high EQEs of 16.4% and 16.6% and CIEs of (0.49, 0.34) and (0.48, 0.32), respectively. Furthermore, three‐color based fluorescence/phosphorescence‐WOLEDs (F/P‐WOLEDs), with reasonable exciton management, are fabricated to enhance exciton utilization and improve device performance. CPD‐based WOLED shows high efficiencies of 49.4 cd A−1, 53.5 lm W−1, 19.0%, and CIE coordinate of (0.46, 0.46). With the same structure, tCPD‐based device also shows high efficiencies of 40.6 cd A−1, 47.2 lm W−1, 19.4% along with CIE coordinate of (0.43, 0.45). These results are among the best of reported deep‐blue OLEDs and F/P‐WOLEDs.
P‐Stereogenic Chiral Phosphine−Palladium Complex Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Phosphoryl‐Substituted Atropisomeric Vinylarenes
Authors: Wu Hao , Han Zhengxu S. , Qu Bo , Wang Dan , Zhang Yongda , Xu Yibo , Grinberg Nelu , Lee Heewon , Song Jinhua J. , Roschangar Frank , Wang Guijun , Senanayake Chris H. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractP‐Stereogenic chiral phosphine BI‐BOP is employed for the first time as ligand to promote catalytic enantioselective synthesis of phosphoryl‐substituted atropisomeric vinylarenes through a palladium−carbene pathway. This strategy utilizes 10 mol% palladium(II) acetate, 10 mol% phosphine ligand as well as a variety of N‐tosylhydrazones and phosphoryl‐substituted aryl bromides as the reaction partners. The desired axially chiral vinylarenes were isolated with up to 80% yield and 96:4 er, and can be further converted effectively and stereoselectively into dialkylphosphoryl‐substituted atropisomeric arenes through a Grignard reaction. This protocol offers a general approach to synthesize phosphoryl‐substituted atropisomeric vinylarenes with high enantiomeric purities.magnified image
The Base‐Promoted Annulation of 2‐Hydrazinyl Pyridine and CO2 toward Triazolones
Authors: Wu Xiaopeng , Sun Song , Wang Bingbing , Cheng Jiang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA base‐promoted annulation of 2‐hydrazinyl pyridine and atmospheric pressure of CO2 has been developed in the presence of silane as reducing reagent, affording a series of triazolones in moderate to excellent yields. CO2 served as a carbonyl source in this transfomation. Moreover, benzamidrazones also worked well under this procedure. Thus, it represents a green, sustainable and straightforward pathway to access triazolone frameworks.magnified image
Engineering Temperature‐Dependent Carrier Concentration in Bulk Composite Materials via Temperature‐Dependent Fermi Level Offset
Authors: Hui Si , Gao Wenpei , Lu Xu , Panda Anurag , Bailey Trevor P. , Page Alexander A. , Forrest Stephen R. , Morelli Donald T. , Pan Xiaoqing , Pipe Kevin P. , Uher Ctirad 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPrecise control of carrier concentration in both bulk and thin‐film materials is crucial for many solid‐state devices, including photovoltaic cells, superconductors, and high mobility transistors. For applications that span a wide temperature range (thermoelectric power generation being a prime example) the optimal carrier concentration varies as a function of temperature. This work presents a modified modulation doping method to engineer the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration by incorporating a nanosize secondary phase that controls the temperature‐dependent doping in the bulk matrix. This study demonstrates this technique by de‐doping the heavily defect‐doped degenerate semiconductor GeTe, thereby enhancing its average power factor by 100% at low temperatures, with no deterioration at high temperatures. This can be a general method to improve the average thermoelectric performance of many other materials.
Child fosterage and sex‐biased nutritional outcomes among Namibian pastoralists
Authors: Prall Sean P. , Scelza Brooke A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesAcross cultures, fosterage has been shown to impact child health. Contextual factors, such as the reason for fosterage and the relationship between foster parent and child, are known to magnify variance in nutritional outcomes for foster children. Another important, but less studied, factor is the role of gender. Sex‐biases in physiology and cultural norms are both known to affect child nutrition, and we posit these effects might be magnified in the presence of fosterage. In this study, we investigate how sex interacts with fosterage to affect nutritional outcomes among Namibian pastoralists.MethodsAnthropometrics for children and adults were collected using standard procedures, and linear models were used to predict the effects of age, sex, and fosterage on height, weight, and body mass index Z‐scores. Semi‐structured interviews with adults provided context for understanding sex specific reasons for fosterage and biases in investment.ResultsBoys in this population have lower nutritional scores than girls, and fostered boys have lower weight and BMI Z‐scores than nonfostered boys. Fostered girls have lower height Z‐scores and are more likely to be stunted and underweight than nonfostered girls. These effects extend into adulthood, with fostered women being shorter than their nonfostered counterparts.ConclusionsSex plays a role in the nutritional impact of fosterage among Himba children. These differences could be related to differential child labor demands, investment patterns, and the divergent reasons girls and boys are placed into fosterage. Future studies should consider how fosterage can magnify existing biases, like sex, when studying its impact on child health.
Vollautomatisierte quantenchemische Berechnung von Spin‐Spin‐ gekoppelten magnetischen Kernspinresonanzspektren
Authors: Grimme Stefan , Bannwarth Christoph , Dohm Sebastian , Hansen Andreas , Pisarek Jana , Pracht Philipp , Seibert Jakob , Neese Frank 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEine allgemein anwendbare, quantenchemische Kompositmethode zur Berechnung von Spin‐Spin‐gekoppelten 1H‐NMR‐Spektren flexibler Moleküle in Lösung wird vorgestellt. Sie besteht aus vier Stufen: der Generierung des Konformer/Rotamer‐Ensembles (CRE) unter Verwendung der schnellen Tight‐Binding‐Methode GFN‐xTB mit einem neu entwickelten Suchalgorithmus, der Berechnung von freien Konformationsenthalpien, der Berechnung der NMR‐Parameter sowie der Lösung des Spinsystems. Auf diese Weise werden das NMR‐spezifische Problem austauschender Kerne gelöst und die korrekten Spinsymmetrien erhalten. Die Energien, die Abschirmungskonstanten und Spin‐Spin‐Kopplungen werden mit modernen DFT‐Methoden und Kontinuumsmodellen für Lösungsmitteleffekte berechnet. Für die hier berücksichtigten (an)organischen Moleküle und Übergangsmetallkomplexe wird eine bis dato nicht zugängliche Übereinstimmung zwischen theoretischen und experimentellen Spektren erreicht. Der vorgestellte Ansatz ist routinemäßig auf Systeme mit 100–150 Atomen anwendbar und ermöglicht eine detaillierte (Konformations‐)Strukturaufklärung z. B. von Naturstoffen oder Wirkstoffmolekülen.
Ring Expansion, Photoisomerization, and Retrocyclization of 1,4,2‐Diazaboroles
Authors: Su Bochao , Li Yongxin , Ganguly Rakesh , Kinjo Rei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDiverse skeletal transformations of 1,4,2‐diazaboroles through ring expansion, photoisomerization, and retrocyclization led to the isolation of various B,N‐dihydroindole (compounds 3 and 6), 1,3‐azaborolidin‐2‐imine (compound 7), and 1,4,2‐diazaborol‐3‐imine derivatives (compound 11).
Colloidal Synthesis and Photophysics of M3Sb2I9 (M=Cs and Rb) Nanocrystals: Lead‐Free Perovskites
Authors: Pal Jaya , Manna Suman , Mondal Anirban , Das Shyamashis , Adarsh K. V. , Nag Angshuman 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHerein we report the colloidal synthesis of Cs3Sb2I9 and Rb3Sb2I9 perovskite nanocrystals, and explore their potential for optoelectronic applications. Different morphologies, such as nanoplatelets and nanorods of Cs3Sb2I9, and spherical Rb3Sb2I9 nanocrystals were prepared. All these samples show band‐edge emissions in the yellow–red region. Exciton many‐body interactions studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of Cs3Sb2I9 nanorods reveals characteristic second‐derivative‐type spectral features, suggesting red‐shifted excitons by as much as 79 meV. A high absorption cross‐section of ca. 10−15 cm2 was estimated. The results suggest that colloidal Cs3Sb2I9 and Rb3Sb2I9 nanocrystals are potential candidates for optical and optoelectronic applications in the visible region, though a better control of defect chemistry is required for efficient applications.
Stabilization of Low‐Valent Iron(I) in a High‐Valent Vanadium(V) Oxide Cluster
Authors: Anjass Montaha H. , Kastner Katharina , Nägele Florian , Ringenberg Mark , Boas John F. , Zhang Jie , Bond Alan M. , Jacob Timo , Streb Carsten 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLow‐valent iron centers are critical intermediates in chemical and bio‐chemical processes. Herein, we show the first example of a low‐valent FeI center stabilized in a high‐valent polyoxometalate framework. Electrochemical studies show that the FeIII‐functionalized molecular vanadium(V) oxide (DMA)[FeIIIClVV12O32Cl]3− (DMA=dimethylammonium) features two well‐defined, reversible, iron‐based electrochemical reductions which cleanly yield the FeI species (DMA)[FeIClVV12O32Cl]5−. Experimental and theoretical studies including electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and density functional theory computations verify the formation of the FeI species. The study presents the first example for the seemingly paradoxical embedding of low‐valent metal species in high‐valent metal oxide anions and opens new avenues for reductive electron transfer catalysis by polyoxometalates.
Distribution of Amyloid‐Like and Oligomeric Species from Protein Aggregation Kinetics
Authors: Silva Alexandra , Almeida Bruno , Fraga Joana S. , Taboada Pablo , Martins Pedro M. , Macedo‐Ribeiro Sandra 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAmyloid fibrils and soluble oligomers are two types of protein aggregates associated with neurodegeneration. Classic therapeutic strategies try to prevent the nucleation and spread of amyloid fibrils, whilst diffusible oligomers have emerged as promising drug targets affecting downstream pathogenic processes. We developed a generic protein aggregation model and validate it against measured compositions of fibrillar and non‐fibrillar assemblies of ataxin‐3, a protein implicated in Machado–Joseph disease. The derived analytic rate‐law equations can be used to 1) identify the presence of parallel aggregation pathways and 2) estimate the critical sizes of amyloid fibrils. The discretized population balance supporting our model is the first to quantitatively fit time‐resolved measurements of size and composition of both amyloid‐like and oligomeric species. The new theoretical framework can be used to screen a new class of drugs specifically targeting toxic oligomers.