bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electric vehicle adoption: An analysis of best practice and pitfalls for policy making from experiences of Europe and the US
Authors: Broadbent Gail Helen , Drozdzewski Danielle , Metternicht Graciela 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAccelerating the rate of electric vehicle (EV) adoption is an objective of many countries to mitigate and ameliorate negative externalities arising from the use of fossil fuels for personal motorised transportation including: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution and noise, as well as increasing energy security and reducing budget deficits. Within the dynamic field of EVs, this paper highlights strategic directions for policy makers to increase EV uptake. The paper critically reviews measures adopted by some industrialised countries to motivate consumer purchase of EVs rather than conventional internal combustion vehicles (ICVs). A key focus is the role of financial and soft incentives to encourage EV adoption. The analysis reveals that not all incentives are equally effective; an adequate recharger network appears to be a common concerning factor for EV adoption due to customer anxiety and vehicle limitations. Best practice strategies that could foster a faster transition to EV adoption include appropriate legislation, installation and maintenance of an adequate public recharger network, government procurement programs, and investment in information programs to accelerate the transition towards fossil free driving. The paper evidences how implementation of these strategies can affect overall adoption rates.
Effect of compaction, delayed sealing and aerobic exposure on forage choice and short‐term intake of maize silage by goats
Authors: Brüning D. , Gerlach K. , Weiß K. , Südekum K.‐H. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractForage choice and intake by ruminants depend on various factors. This study aimed to determine the effects of compaction, delayed sealing and aerobic exposure on forage choice and short‐term dry‐matter intake (DMI) of maize silage by goats. Whole‐crop maize (277 g/kg dry matter [DM]) in 120‐L silos was compacted at either low (194 kg DM/m3) or high (234 kg DM/m3) density, and sealed immediately at day 0 or with a delay at day 2 or day 4 post‐filling, making a total of six treatments. After ensiling for at least 175 days, silages were exposed to air for 6 days. In 2‐day intervals, silages were sampled for chemical analyses and were vacuum‐stored for use in preference trials. During the experimental phase, each possible two‐way combination of the aerobically exposed silages (days 0, 2, 4 and 6 post‐opening) of the treatments and lucerne hay was offered as free choice to goats (n = 5) for 3 hr. Exposing silages to air for >4 days post‐opening caused strong avoidance and lowest intakes. Under the conditions of the study, aerobic exposure after ensiling had a more pronounced effect on silage preference and short‐time DMI than compaction and delayed sealing. Increasing fibre fractions, a deteriorating microbial status and poor silage sensory properties, probably caused by a combination of different fermentation products, can be considered for decrease in preference.
Host‐parasitoid relationships within figs of an invasive fig tree: a fig wasp community structured by gall size
Authors: Compton Stephen G. , Chen Xiao‐Yong , Chen Yan , Hatcher Melanie J. , Peng Yan‐Qiong , Quinnell Rupert J. , Rodriguez Lillian J. , Yu Hui , Ouyang Ao , Wei Fang‐Lu , Cai Zhe‐Ting , Wang Rong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRevealing the host specificity of the predators/parasitoids of invasive species is a prerequisite when assessing the suitability of biocontrol agents, while the host ranges of top predators are likely to vary among communities comprising different species.Ficus microcarpais a native plant in Asia and Australasia and has invaded in sometropical and subtropical areas. Besides its species‐specific pollinator, its figs also support many ovule‐galling and parasitoid non‐pollinating fig wasps.Here, based on a global collection of fig wasps associated withF. microcarpafigs, we used path analysis, supplemented by within‐fig spatial distributions and natal gall sizes to reveal food web structure of its associated fig wasps and the factors forming host ranges of parasitoids.The fig wasp community was species‐rich, and parasitoids were far rarer in the plant's introduced range. Parasitoids exhibited some host specificity, and four specific natural enemies of the plant's pollinator were identified with various intensities of effects on pollinator abundance. Parasitoid host ranges were consistent in both ranges of the plant, and mainly restricted by the size and the locations of host galls. No parasitoids were found associated with a unique seed predator.Our results showed how a large number of fig wasp species partition one host fig tree's figs and identified the species that have potential to control the sexual reproduction ofF. microcarpa.
Branch‐and‐bound approach for optima localization in scheduling multiprocessor jobs
Authors: Kononov Alexander , Kononova Polina , Gordeev Alexander 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe consider multiprocessor task scheduling problems with dedicated processors. We determine the tight optima localization intervals for different subproblems of the basic problem. Based on the ideas of a computer‐aided technique developed by Sevastianov and Tchernykh for shop scheduling problems, we elaborate a similar method for the multiprocessor task scheduling problem. Our method allows us to find an upper bound for the length of the optimal schedule in terms of natural lower bound. As a byproduct of our results, a family of linear‐time approximation algorithms with a constant ratio performance guarantee is designed for the NP‐hard subproblems of the basic problem, and new polynomially solvable classes of problems are found.
CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein β overexpression alleviates myocardial remodelling by regulating angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 expression in diabetes
Authors: Tie Yuanyuan , Zhai Chungang , Zhang Ya , Qin Xiaoteng , Yu Fangpu , Li Hongxuan , Shan MeiRong , Zhang Cheng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDiabetic cardiomyopathy, a major cardiac complication, contributes to heart remodelling and heart failure. Our previous study discovered that CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a transcription factor that belongs to a family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors, interacts with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) promoter sequence in other disease models. Here, we aimed to determine the role of C/EBPβ in diabetes and whether ACE2 expression is regulated by C/EBPβ. A type 1 diabetic mouse model was generated by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic mice were injected with a lentivirus expressing either C/EBPβ or sh‐C/EBPβ or treated with valsartan after 12 weeks to observe the effects of C/EBPβ. In vitro, cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes were treated with high glucose (HG) to investigate the anti‐fibrosis, anti‐apoptosis and regulatory mechanisms of C/EBPβ. C/EBPβ expression was down‐regulated in diabetic mice and HG‐induced cardiac neonatal cells. C/EBPβ overexpression significantly attenuated collagen deposition and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by up‐regulating ACE2 expression. The molecular mechanism involved the binding of C/EBPβ to the ACE2 promoter sequence. Although valsartan, a classic angiotensin receptor blocker, relieved diabetic complications, the up‐regulation of ACE2 expression by C/EBPβ overexpression may exert greater beneficial effects on patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Implementing a pain management nursing protocol for orthopaedic surgical patients: Results from a PAIN OUT project
Authors: Cui Cui , Wang Ling‐Xiao , Li Qi , Zaslansky Ruth , Li Li 
Published: December 2017

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the effect of introducing a standardised pain management nursing protocol in orthopaedic patients undergoing surgery.BackgroundPostoperative pain is a common phenomenon but is still undertreated in hospitalised patients. Nurses’ lack of sufficient knowledge and skills about pain management may be a contributing factor to poor outcomes.DesignAn interventional, separate sample pre‐ and post‐test.MethodsA pain management nursing protocol was introduced and a handbook and training sessions regarding management of postsurgical pain were provided to the nurses on a Joint Orthopaedic ward at a university‐affiliated general hospital in Guangzhou, China. Before and after the intervention, nurses’ knowledge about pain management and attitudes were assessed, and perioperative management practices and pain‐related patient‐reported outcomes were evaluated.ResultsSixteen and 15 registered nurses, and 77 and 71 patients participated in the study before and after the intervention, respectively. Nurses’ scores related to knowledge and skills increased significantly after the protocol was introduced but were still insufficient with regard to pharmacological‐related items. The proportion of patients receiving a combined opioid and nonopioid increased after the intervention. Clinically significant changes were observed in some patient‐reported outcomes, such as worst pain since surgery, percentage of time experiencing severe pain, and pain interference with activities out of bed. There were significant changes in nonpharmacological methods administered by nurses to patients or used by patients to relieve pain.ConclusionsImplementation of a pain management nursing protocol combined with education in one surgical ward was associated with nurses’ increased knowledge and attitudes regarding pain, a change in some management practices, and improvement in a number of pain‐related patient‐reported outcomes.Relevance to clinical practiceIt was feasible to develop and implement a standardised pain management nursing protocol and use it in the clinical routine. The intervention had an effect on changing some features of care, with an improvement in patient‐reported outcomes. Support by leaders and medical team facilitated the process of the implementation.
The relationship between intention to leave the hospital and coping methods of emergency nurses after workplace violence
Authors: Jeong In‐Young , Kim Ji‐Soo 
Published: December 2017

Aims and objectivesTo identify the relationship between emergency nurses’ intention to leave the hospital and their coping methods following workplace violence.BackgroundEmergency departments report a high prevalence of workplace violence, with nurses being at particular risk of violence from patients and patients’ relatives. Violence negatively influences nurses’ personal and professional lives and increases their turnover.DesignThis is a cross‐sectional, descriptive survey study.MethodsParticipants were nurses (n = 214) with over one year of experience of working in an emergency department. We measured workplace violence, coping after workplace violence experiences and job satisfaction using scales validated through a preliminary survey. Questionnaires were distributed to all nurses who signed informed consent forms. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the relationships between nurses’ intention to leave the hospital and their coping methods after workplace violence.ResultsVerbal abuse was the most frequent violence experience and more often originated from patients’ relatives than from patients. Of the nurses who experienced violence, 61.0% considered leaving the hospital. As for coping, nurses who employed problem‐focused coping most frequently sought to identify the problems that cause violence, while nurses who employed emotion‐focused coping primarily attempted to endure the situation. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that female sex, emotion‐focused coping and job satisfaction were significantly related to emergency nurses’ intention to leave.ConclusionsEmotion‐focused coping seems to have a stronger effect on intention to leave after experiencing violence than does job satisfaction.Relevance to clinical practiceNurse managers should begin providing emergency nurses with useful information to guide their management of violence experiences. Nurse managers should also encourage nurses to report violent experiences to the administrative department rather than resorting to emotion‐focused coping. Nurses should be provided with the opportunity to communicate their feelings to their colleagues.
Infant and young child feeding practices and nutritional status in Bhutan
Authors: Campbell Rebecca K. , Aguayo Victor M. , Kang Yunhee , Dzed Laigden , Joshi Vandana , Waid Jillian , Gupta Suvadra Datta , Haselow Nancy , West Keith P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn South Asia, childhood undernutrition persists while overweight is increasing. Internationally recommended infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices promote healthy nutritional status; however, little is known about IYCF in Bhutan, investigated here using 2015 National Nutrition Survey data. WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators, anthropometry and household socio‐economic status were available for 441 children <24 months. Stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence (<−2Z length‐for‐age [LAZ], weight‐for‐age, [WAZ] and weight‐for‐length [WLZ], respectively) were 15%, 9%, and 5%, respectively, whereas overweight (WLZ >2) prevalence was 6%. In survey‐design‐adjusted analyses, 52% of mothers of 0‐ to 5‐month olds reported exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), with EBF less common for girls than boys (OR: 0.2 [95% CI: 0.1–0.9]). Although 61% of children were breastfed at 2 years and 75% of children >6 months met a minimum daily meal frequency, only 18% of children 6–23 months met minimum dietary diversity. IYCF was unassociated with risk of stunting, wasting, or underweight, possibly due to relatively low prevalence of anthropometric failure and small sample size. However, currently‐breastfed children were less often overweight [OR: ~0.1 (95% upper limit ≤1.0)]. Neither breastfeeding nor most complementary feeding practices differed by socio‐economic status, but children in the highest two fifth of a wealth index had 7.8 (1.3–46.9) and 5.3 (1.1–25.2) times greater odds than children in the lowest fifth of meeting minimum dietary diversity criteria. Low rates of EBF, given possible protection of breastfeeding against overweight, and inadequate dietary diversity offer evidence to guide future program interventions to improve nutritional status of young children.
Esophagogastric junction and esophageal body contraction metrics on high‐resolution manometry predict esophageal acid burden
Authors: Rengarajan A. , Bolkhir A. , Gor P. , Wang D. , Munigala S. , Gyawali C. P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundDistal contractile integral (DCI) and esophagogastric junction contractile integral (EGJ‐CI) are high‐resolution manometry (HRM) software metrics assessing esophageal motor function in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).MethodsPatients undergoing HRM and ambulatory pH monitoring off antisecretory therapy prospectively completed symptom questionnaires assessing symptom burden and a global symptom score (GSS) at baseline and after GERD therapy. DCI<450 mm Hg/cm/s in ≥5 swallows diagnosed ineffective esophageal motility (IEM); proportions of failed (DCI<100 mm Hg/cm/s) and weak (DCI 100‐450 mm Hg/cm/s) sequences were separately assessed. EGJ‐CI assessed vigor of the EGJ barrier. Univariate and multivariate analyses addressed performance of esophageal body and EGJ metrics in predicting abnormal esophageal reflux burden, and symptom outcome from antireflux therapy.Key ResultsOf 188 patients (55.2 ± 0.9 year, 64% F), 42.6% had low EGJ‐CI, and 25.0% had IEM. While low EGJ‐CI was associated with abnormal reflux burden (P = 0.003), IEM alone was not (P = 0.2). Increasing proportions of failed swallows predicted abnormal AET better than the current IEM definition. Combined low EGJ‐CI and IEM segregated abnormal total and supine acid burden compared to patients with normal EGJ‐CI and no IEM (P ≤ 0.007 for each comparison). Medical therapy and surgical antireflux therapy were similarly effective in improving symptom burden; surgery resulted in better outcomes with low EGJ‐CI (P ≤ 0.04), especially with intact esophageal body motor function (P = 0.02).Conclusions & InferencesWhile abnormal EGJ and esophageal body metrics are collectively associated with elevated esophageal reflux burden, increasing proportions of failed swallows are better predictors of reflux burden and outcome compared to the current IEM definition.
Clinical utility of gastric emptying scintigraphy: Patient and physician perspectives
Authors: Tseng A. S. , Crowell M. D. , DiBaise J. K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe use of gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) in the evaluation of patients with dyspeptic symptoms is controversial. Our aim was to investigate objective and subjective parameters of clinical utility of GES from the perspectives of both the patient and the ordering physician.MethodsSocio‐demographic features, healthcare resource utilization, gastroparetic symptoms and quality of life (QoL) were obtained from consecutive patients referred for GES immediately prior to GES and again 4 months later. The ordering physician received a brief survey 2 weeks after the GES regarding their perceptions on whether the test provided them with clinically useful information.Key ResultsOne hundred and seventy‐two (mean age ± SD 52.0 ± 17.9; 78% female) of 266 patients enrolled completed both the baseline and follow‐up questionnaires and comprised our study population. At baseline, patients with abnormal GES had significantly higher gastroparesis symptom scores and reduced QoL. At the 4‐month follow‐up, an improvement in symptoms and QoL was seen, but the degree of improvement was not significantly different between those with a normal or abnormal GES. One hundred and ninety‐seven ordering physicians completed the survey and perceived that GES, particularly when abnormal, provided new information (91%) and resulted in a change in diagnosis (58%) and management (60%).Conclusions & InferencesAlthough patients with an abnormal GES generally had worse symptoms and lower QoL, the results of GES did not help to identify those with improved or worsened symptoms or QoL at follow‐up. Nevertheless, the ordering physicians generally felt that the results of GES were helpful in managing these patients.
Long‐term risk of diabetes in women at varying durations after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis with more than 2 million women
Authors: Song C. , Lyu Y. , Li C. , Liu P. , Li J. , Ma R. C. , Yang X. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThis study aims to investigate the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the long‐term risks of diabetes in women with prior GDM, including the effect at different time periods after GDM. We searched PubMed and other databases to retrieve articles which were published prior to February 28, 2017. Cohort studies which evaluated the risk and time of onset of diabetes postpartum in women with and without GDM were included. Meta‐analysis with random effects models was used to obtain pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of diabetes. Subgroup analyses were performed to check for different effect sizes as well as consistency across groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders. Thirty cohort studies with 2,626,905 pregnant women were included. Women with prior GDM had 7.76‐fold (95% confidence intervals: 5.10–11.81) unadjusted pooled risk of diabetes as compared with women without GDM, whilst the adjusted risk was 17.92‐fold (16.96–18.94). The adjusted ORs of GDM for diabetes among women at <3, ≥3 – <6 and ≥6 – <10 years after GDM were 5.37 (3.51–9.34), 16.55 (16.08–17.04) and 8.20 (4.53–14.86), respectively. Women with prior GDM had substantially increased risk of diabetes, with the risk highest during the 3–6 years after GDM.
The pharmacokinetics of intravenous ketorolac in children aged 2 months to 16 years: A population analysis
Authors: McLay James S. , Engelhardt Thomas , Mohammed Baba S. , Cameron Gary , Cohen Mindy N. , Galinkin Jeffrey L. , Christians Uwe , Avram Michael J. , Henthorn Thomas K. , Dsida Richard M. , Hawwa Ahmed F. , Anderson Brian J. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryBackgroundIntravenous ketorolac is commonly administered to children for the control of postoperative pain. An effect site EC50 for analgesia of 0.37 mg.L−1 is described in adults.AimsThe aim of this study was to review age‐ and weight‐related effects on ketorolac pharmacokinetic parameters in children and current dosing schedules.MethodsPooled intravenous ketorolac (0.5 mg.kg−1) concentration‐time data in children aged 2 months to 16 years were analyzed using nonlinear mixed‐effects models. Allometry was used to scale to a 70 kg person.ResultsThere were 64 children aged 2 months to 16 years (641 plasma concentrations) available for analysis. A two‐compartment mammillary model was used to describe pharmacokinetics. Clearance was 2.53 (CV 45.9%) L.h−1.70 kg−1 and intercompartment clearance was 4.43 (CV 95.6%) L.h−1.70 kg−1. Both central (V1) and peripheral (V2) volumes of distribution decreased with age over the first few years of postnatal life to reach V1 6.89 (CV 30.3%) L.70 kg−1 and V2 5.53 (CV 47.6%) L.70 kg−1.ConclusionClearance, expressed as L.h−1.kg−1, decreased with age from infancy. A dosing regimen of 0.5 mg.kg−1 every 6 hours maintains a trough concentration larger than 0.37 mg.L−1 in children 9 months to 16 years of age. This dosing regimen is consistent with current recommendations.
Emotional imagery and pupil diameter
Authors: Henderson Robert R. , Bradley Margaret M. , Lang Peter J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPupil diameter is enhanced in a variety of emotional contexts, including viewing pictures, listening to sounds, and during threat of shock. In this study, we investigated pupil diameter changes during emotional imagery. Participants imagined scenes describing pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral events while pupil diameter was continuously recorded. Second by second changes in pupil diameter were analyzed to determine whether, and when, modulation of the pupil as a function of hedonic content is found. Results indicated a significant effect of hedonic content beginning shortly after script onset, with enhanced pupil diameter when imagining emotional (pleasant or unpleasant), compared to neutral, scenes. Pupil diameter during imagery covaried with rated emotional arousal, consistent with an interpretation that changes in pupil diameter during emotional imagery reflect sympathetic nervous system activity. Because emotional imagery is a key element in clinical assessment and treatment, pupil diameter could prove a useful index of emotional engagement in a variety of clinically pertinent contexts.
Asylum applications respond to temperature fluctuations
Authors: Missirian Anouch , Schlenker Wolfram 
Published: December 2017

Warming stresses developing countries
Weather-induced conflicts in developing countries spill over to developed countries through asylum applications. One approach to estimating the future impacts of climate change is to look at the effects of weather fluctuations. These transient shocks can be interpreted analytically as randomly distributed treatments applied to countries around the world. Missirian and Schlenker analyzed the relation between these localized shocks to agriculture and applications by that country's migrants for asylum in the European Union. When temperatures in the source country deviated from a moderate optimum around 20°C that is best for agriculture, asylum applications increased. Thus, the net forecast is for asylum applications to increase as global temperatures rise.

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