bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geotechnical Interpretative Report
Authors: Joer Hackmet 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A geotechnical interpretative report (GIR) provides a vital link between the factual laboratory and site investigation data and the analyses performed during geotechnical engineering design. A good GIR brings together all available data sets to form a coherent ground model that provides geotechnical values for the intended design purpose or purposes. Consequently, the GIR must be prepared by a qualified and experienced team of geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, and geophysicists. Unlike other engineering material such as steel and concrete, the strength of a soil is highly dependent on the direction of shearing, the rate of loading, and the drainage conditions during loading; to make things even more complicated, the stiffness of soil is also highly nonlinear. Unfortunately, this complex variability makes it commercially impractical to develop a generic GIR that covers all potential design scenarios—instead, GIRs tend to be produced for a defined range of purposes or even a single purpose. The complexity of GIRs depends significantly on the design purpose—for example, the design of a noncritical lightly loaded structure in uniform soils would require a much simpler GIR than the design of a heavily loaded critical structure in complex soils.
Spudcan–Seabed Interaction
Authors: Bienen Britta , Hossain Muhammad S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMost offshore drilling in shallow to moderate water depths is performed from self‐elevating jack‐up rigs due to their proven flexibility, mobility, and cost‐effectiveness. Today's jack‐ups typically consist of a buoyant triangular platform supported by three independent truss legs, each attached to a large 10–20 m diameter spudcan, which are jacked into the seabed. These transfer the loads from the platform to the seabed soil. This article provides an overview of the state of practice of geotechnical design considerations for spudcan–seabed interaction, covering the full life cycle including (i) installation, (ii) operation, and (iii) demobilization.
Numerical Modeling for Geotechnical Design
Authors: Wang Dong 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Although the limit equilibrium methods and mixed empirical–numerical methods are widely used in routine design of offshore geotechnical engineering, the finite element (FE) approaches have become the routine “calculator” for greater challenges. The key questions of FE modeling are discussed, including (i) the soil models in terms of monotonic and cyclic loadings; (ii) drained, undrained, or partially drained conditions; (iii) the influence of inertia; and (iv) the selection between small strain and large deformation analyses. Popular commercial FE programs and several typical offshore applications are addressed as well.
Seabed Processes: Sediment Transport, Scour, and Sedimentation
Authors: Draper Scott , Harris John M. , Cheng Liang , White David J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn many offshore locations the seabed is mobile due to the action of currents and/or waves. The criteria for mobility (sediment transport) is that the shear stress imparted by the currents and/or waves exceeds the resisting forces holding the sediment in place.When a temporary or permanent structure is placed onto the seabed, its presence disturbs the natural flows in a way that can result in spatial variations in sediment transport close to the structure. This can result in net erosion (i.e., scour) or accumulation (i.e., sedimentation) of sediment in the vicinity of the structure. The extent and rate of scour and sedimentation are dependent on a number of factors, including the near bed flow conditions, the local sediment properties, and the structure geometry. Model scale experiments, field data, and numerical models may be used to develop predictions of scour and sedimentation.Scour and sedimentation may be problematic or beneficial for the stability of offshore structures. For offshore platforms, for example, scour can lead to undermining and instability. In this scenario, scour protection is often used to mitigate scour. Alternatively, for subsea pipelines, scour may lead to self‐burial and improved stability. In this scenario, actions may be undertaken to enhance seabed mobility.
Ultrasound
Authors: Vervloesem, (FNI) Walter 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
For many years, SDT International has been pioneering ultrasound applications and providing solutions for both the marine and shore‐based industry. Based on the fact that friction, impact or turbulent flow generate ultrasound, many shipboard equipment related failures can be detected in an infant stage and well before the equipment will suffer permanent damage. State of the art technology allows to monitor the condition of shipboard equipment in the manual, automatic and even on‐line mode and data produced allow for further and in‐depth study, analysis and failure finding. Using the correct ultrasonic equipment, monitoring techniques and appropriate software suites allows ship owners and managers to analyze data and boost their on board maintenance program, improve safety, enhance reliability and guarantee availability. The proven track record of ultrasound for many applications makes that ultrasound monitoring equipment should be in the toolbox of those in charge of the ship's maintenance program.
Internal Corrosion Considerations for Offshore Oil and Gas Production (Downhole and Production)
Authors: Caldwell Eric 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The topic of subsea internal downhole and production corrosion is a major problem area since direct inspection or monitoring is complex and very costly and in some deep water cases virtually impossible. Additionally, there are no completely accepted codes, standards, or recommended practices. In contrast to external sea water corrosion, where code‐driven cathodic protection, coatings, and inspection surveys can be very successful, the internal corrosion is heavily reliant on the selection of good materials and performance under steady and nonsteady multiphase fluid flows. For the favored steel‐ based solutions, corrosion assessment and control are dependent on a corrosion allowance plus reliable inhibitors and monitoring. If the fluids are too corrosive, the selection of appropriate corrosion‐resistant alloys (CRAs) can be applied. This section presents the various understandings and options available to practicing engineers and technologists. The complexities and differences between vertical downhole pipe and essentially horizontal lines and equipment are discerned. Guidelines are given to help describing and controlling the most common challenges, namely, general and localized corrosion mechanisms, erosion, degradation, and environmental cracking issues faced by the industry.
Suction Caisson Anchors
Authors: Gourvenec Susan , Clukey Ed 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSuction caissons are a class of embedment anchor used to secure floating facilities to the seabed. They comprise large diameter cylinders, typically in the range of 3–8 m, open at the bottom and closed at the top, and generally with a length to diameter ratio L/D in the range 3–6. Suction caissons are so called due to the use of suction to achieve installation to the target depth of penetration over that achievable with the caisson dead weight. This article outlines the types and applications of suction caisson anchors used offshore; the basis of design, including installation and in‐service conditions and mooring chain response; formal design guidance and factor of safety approaches. A wide range of issues that need to be considered for suction caisson anchors is discussed in this article, however, no attempt is made to provide detailed solutions for the different aspects that need to be considered, since these are well documented in industry design guidelines and the wider literature.
Trafficability of Seafloor Vehicles
Authors: Machin Jon 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article discusses key aspects of mobility and trafficability applicable to the operation of the tracked mining vehicle on very soft clays. Good mobility requires both sufficient traction and sufficient bearing capacity if the vehicle is to progress steadily. Lack of mobility and/or total immobilization would require recovery and repositioning the vehicle with an associated negative impact on productivity. Historically, mobility problems with tracked subsea vehicles (such as trenching machines) have been a common occurrence in the offshore industry. As a result, an understanding of the terramechanics involved has evolved, and significant improvements in tracked vehicle reliability and productivity are definitely seen during the past 5–10 years. Based on such recent advances, it is recommended to develop a modern mobility envelope approach such that the operation can be defined for particular conditions based on the resultsof high quality seabed survey data. Such an approach is discussed in the following article in more detail.
System Design and Integration
Authors: Twomey Bernard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe promise of improved features, performance, and efficiency for ship operation from higher levels of integration of ship's systems has come with the unwelcome side effect of increasing instances of compromised and lost ship's capability.The main problem stems from general misunderstanding and poor implementation of system design and integration processes. This is made worse by the procurement and supply chain arrangements of a marine industry, which is still procuring on the basis of discrete subsystems and not following good system design and integration principles.Other industries have sought the benefits from highly integrated systems, and there are some lessons to be learnt by the marine sector from their experience.This article gives examples of problems that are typical in the marine sector now that suppliers are providing systems with the provision for, and the expectation that their products will form part of, complex integrated solutions. It then gives examples of system design and integration approaches taken by other industries where the use of large‐scale integrated systems is a normal part of design solutions.The challenge for the marine sector is discussed, specifically using principles for integrated systems that have been defined by the Royal Academy of Engineering as a benchmark, drawing on conclusions and recommendations made recently by Charles Haddon‐Cave QC in his review of the 2006 RAF Nimrod crash in Afghanistan. In respect of the challenges for the marine sector, particular attention has been given to how change must be embraced if it is to maintain its ability to provide assurance that modern ships meet an acceptable level of safety throughout their operational life.
Configuration Management as a Risk‐Based Tool in Managing Dependability of Complex Software‐Based Systems
Authors: Twomey Bernard J 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe increasing reliance upon complex systems in marine operations brings a corresponding need to ensure that these systems are demonstrably dependable in use. Furthermore, in order to be truly effective, integrated systems must be developed such that they function as a seamless whole fulfilling operational needs. Ensuring that the integrated systems are traceable throughout the systems lifecycle has been addressed in numerous standards, but the application in the marine sector has been limited, resulting in significant financial loss to the client. This article will emphasize the importance of shipowners' configuration management (CM) during a systems lifecycle and identifies benefits of having a CM discipline in place to help manage the risks associated with software maintenance.Numerous standards have been produced to deal with CM, and the article will look at CM with respect to the International Standards ISO 17894 “General Principles for the Development and Use of Programmable Electronic Systems in Marine Applications,” and BS ISO 10007:2003, Quality management systems—Guidelines for CM.From the platform of these standards, the article promotes good systems engineering practice, in managing the risks associated with through life software maintenance and seeks to rationalize the ideals with the current practices of the marine sector. In adopting the methodology, it is contended that the goal of effectively managing the automation systems now found in the marine sector can be realistically achieved.Key CM functions (i.e., CM planning, CM identification, change control, impact analysis, and CM audit) and their respective roles for new build and existing ship implementation are described. In addition, this article identifies some new opportunities in identifying future risks associated with obsolescence of the programmable electronic systems.
Knowledge Management and Practical Safety
Authors: Wittkower Robert S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractKnowledge management and practical safety with its related accident investigation process remain prominent in the oil and gas industry, especially offshore. Historically, these topics come into focus during times of catastrophe. The Piper Alpha incident for the UK Health and Safety Executive and recent events in USA demonstrate how regulatory changes are forefront in times of crisis. The safety case regime and the SEMS (Safety Environmental Management System) regulations changed the landscape of offshore safety. Historically the past proclaims the future over a period of decades so that a “Wake‐Up” call is for program gap analysis to detect which is unknown and proceed forward with continuous improvement. Program fundamentals, resources, key aspects, and the role of the executive in leadership and accountability are stated. Accident investigation plays a supporting role, and significant advances in the field are available and are often used; yet, the industry fundamentals in this area remain viable and cost‐effective. Active engagement, leadership, processes, risk assessment, and knowledge management remain as program essentials.
Photogenerated Free Carrier‐Induced Symmetry Breaking in Spherical Silicon Nanoparticle
Authors: Rudenko Anton , Ladutenko Konstantin , Makarov Sergey , Itina Tatiana E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAll‐dielectric nonlinear nanophotonic devices are extremely prospective for ultrafast optical signal processing at the nanoscale. High refractive index (e.g., silicon) nanoparticles supporting magnetic optical response are shown to be suitable for ultrafast all‐optical modulation. A strong modulation of the dielectric permittivity is achieved via photogeneration of free carriers in the regime of simultaneous excitation of both the electric and magnetic Mie resonances and the off‐resonant regimes, resulting in an effective transient reconfiguration of nanoparticle scattering properties. Here, the effects of the related optical inhomogeneities in 3D are examined by coupling numerical electrodynamics with material ionization. Based on the computational results, the possibility of a deeply subwavelength transient refractive index reconfiguration inside spherical silicon nanoparticles is proposed. In particular, a symmetry breaking in the initially symmetrical nanoparticle is revealed, arising during ultrafast photoexcitation below and near the magnetic dipole resonance. The proposed ultrafast breaking of the nanoparticle symmetry paves the way to novel opportunities for nonlinear optical nanodevices.
Cyclopropenylgold(I) Complexes as Aurated Carbenoids or Quasi‐Carbenes
Authors: Mulks Florian F. , Antoni Patrick W. , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHighly strained hydrocarbons have always been a research target of high interest. Due to their untypical electronic structure, they show interesting reactivity patterns and can easily be activated by π‐coordination to or insertion reactions with metal complexes. Herein we report the synthesis of a range of 3,3‐disubstituted cyclopropenylgold(I) complexes. The synthesis of such compounds with a metal, which usually easily activate cyclopropenes is a double‐edged sword. We found σ‐bound vinylic gold to generally have a strong stabilizing effect in terms of ring strain. The complexes show a strong distortion, preactivating the cyclopropenyls towards the ring‐opening mode which thermally generates 1‐aurated vinylcarbenes which is reflected by a much faster conversion (Ea of 10 kcal/mol instead of 40 kcal/mol, the reaction proceeds at temperatures as low as −20 °C instead of 200 °C reported in the literature). In 3‐phenyl‐cyclopropenyl complexes, these could be trapped intramolecularly to give indenylgold(I) complexes. The properties of these highly strained complexes were investigated, utilizing a range of analytical and experimental procedures and Kohn‐Sham density functional theoretic methods.magnified image
Runx2/Osterix and Zinc Uptake Synergize to Orchestrate Osteogenic Differentiation and Citrate Containing Bone Apatite Formation
Authors: Fu Xuekun , Li Yunyan , Huang Tongling , Yu Zhiwu , Ma Kun , Yang Meng , Liu Qingli , Pan Haobo , Wang Huaiyu , Wang Junfeng , Guan Min 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCitrate is essential to biomineralization of the bone especially as an integral part of apatite nanocomposite. Citrate precipitate of apatite is hypothesized to be derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) upon differentiation into mature osteoblasts. Based on 13C‐labeled signals identified by solid‐state multinuclear magnetic resonance analysis, boosted mitochondrial activity and carbon‐source replenishment of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates coordinate to feed forward mitochondrial anabolism and deposition of citrate. Moreover, zinc (Zn2+) is identified playing dual functions: (i) Zn2+ influx is influenced by ZIP1 which is regulated by Runx2 and Osterix to form a zinc‐Runx2/Osterix‐ZIP1 regulation axis promoting osteogenic differentiation; (ii) Zn2+ enhances citrate accumulation and deposition in bone apatite. Furthermore, age‐related bone loss is associated with Zn2+ and citrate homeostasis; whereas, restoration of Zn2+ uptake alleviates age‐associated declining osteogenic capacity and amount of citrate deposition. Together, these results indicate that citrate is not only a key metabolic intermediate meeting the emerging energy demand of differentiating MSCs but also participates in extracellular matrix mineralization, providing mechanistic insight into Zn2+ homeostasis and bone formation.
The Physics of Small Molecule Acceptors for Efficient and Stable Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Gasparini Nicola , Wadsworth Andrew , Moser Maximilian , Baran Derya , McCulloch Iain , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganic bulk heterojunction solar cells based on small molecule acceptors have recently seen a rapid rise in the power conversion efficiency with values exceeding 13%. This impressive achievement has been obtained by simultaneous reduction of voltage and charge recombination losses within this class of materials as compared to fullerene‐based solar cells. In this contribution, the authors review the current understanding of the relevant photophysical processes in highly efficient nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) small molecules. Charge generation, recombination, and charge transport is discussed in comparison to fullerene‐based composites. Finally, the authors review the superior light and thermal stability of nonfullerene small molecule acceptor based solar cells, and highlight the importance of NFA‐based composites that enable devices without early performance loss, thus resembling so‐called burn‐in free devices.
The Chern‐Simons Current in Systems of DNA‐RNA Transcriptions
Authors: Capozziello Salvatore , Pincak Richard , Kanjamapornkul Kabin , Saridakis Emmanuel N. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA Chern‐Simons current, coming from ghost and anti‐ghost fields of supersymmetry theory, can be used to define a spectrum of gene expression in new time series data where a spinor field, as alternative representation of a gene, is adopted instead of using the standard alphabet sequence of bases. After a general discussion on the use of supersymmetry in biological systems, we give examples of the use of supersymmetry for living organism, discuss the codon and anti‐codon ghost fields and develop an algebraic construction for the trash DNA, the DNA area which does not seem active in biological systems. As a general result, all hidden states of codon can be computed by Chern‐Simons 3 forms. Finally, we plot a time series of genetic variations of viral glycoprotein gene and host T‐cell receptor gene by using a gene tensor correlation network related to the Chern‐Simons current. An empirical analysis of genetic shift, in host cell receptor genes with separated cluster of gene and genetic drift in viral gene, is obtained by using a tensor correlation plot over time series data derived as the empirical mode decomposition of Chern‐Simons current.
Efficient production and characterization of homopolymeric poly(3‐hydroxyvalerate) produced by Bacillus strain PJC48
Authors: Gu Jin‐Jin , Zhou Ying , Tong Yan‐Bin , Lu Jian‐Jiang , Ye Bang‐Ce 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAliphatic polyester, poly(3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHV), is commonly produced as a granular component in bacterial cells of various species. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, strain PJC48 was identified as a Bacillus species. The current study is aimed to screen for a high‐yield strain that can produce PHV efficiently and to increase PHV product yield by optimizing the fermentative process. We identified a high‐producer strain based on Nile red staining. Characterization of the PHV produced by PJC48 by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that it consisted of (R)‐3‐hydroxyvalerate monomers. The suggested model was validated by response surface methodology. Optimization of the PHV yield resulted in an increase of 32.75% compared to control, with a maximum production of 1.64 g/L after 48 H.
Stillborn Infants: Associated Malformations
Authors: Holmes Lewis B. , Nasri Hanah , Beroukhim Rebecca , Hunt Anne‐Therese , Roberts Drucilla J. , Toufaily M. Hassan , Westgate Marie‐Noel 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundStillbirth, defined as death of a fetus in utero after 20 weeks of gestation, occurs in 1 to 2% of pregnancies in the United States. Many of these stillborn infants have associated malformations, including chromosome abnormalities, neural tube defects, and malformation syndromes. Other causes are abnormalities of the placenta and maternal conditions, such as pre‐eclampsia and obesity. A consecutive sample of malformed stillborn infants can establish the relative frequency and severity of the associated malformations.MethodsStillbirths were identified in the Active Malformations Surveillance Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital (1972–2012). The findings at autopsy, including the findings in the placenta and the results of diagnostic studies, were compiled.ResultsOne hundred twenty‐seven stillborn infants with malformations were identified at autopsy among 289,365 pregnancies, including trisomies 21, 18, and 13; 45,X; triploidy; anencephaly; lower urinary tract obstruction; holoprosencephaly and severe heart defects, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. The severity of the abnormalities in stillborn infants was more severe than the spectrum of abnormalities identified in live‐born infants.ConclusionAn autopsy of the stillborn fetus, including chromosome microarray and an examination of the placenta, can identify the underlying causes of the stillbirth. This review of stillborn fetuses with malformations showed that several different lethal malformations and heart defects are more common than among live‐born infants. These postmortem examinations can improve the counseling of the parents about risks in future pregnancies. Birth Defects Research 110:114–121, 2018.© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.