bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of cash flows metrics in CEO compensation and the design of loan contracts
Authors: Gong Guojin , Jiang Xin Daniel , Xie Biqin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study examines whether using cash‐flow‐based performance metrics (CFM) in CEO compensation contracts affects the design of loan contracts. Cash‐flow‐based performance evaluation explicitly motivates the CEO to improve the firm's cash flows, which may enhance debt repayment ability and reduce credit risk. We thus hypothesize that lenders, anticipating this incentive effect, offer lower loan spreads and reduce cash‐flow‐based performance covenants when firms use CFM in CEO compensation contracts. Consistent with our expectation, the use of CFM is associated with lower loan spreads and less use of cash‐flow‐based performance covenants. These findings remain robust after we account for endogeneity. Furthermore, these results are more pronounced in firms with higher credit risk or risk of cash flow shortfalls, suggesting that lenders consider internally generated cash flows more valuable when borrowers face higher external financing costs or have greater liquidity concerns. Additionally, we find that using CFM is associated with improved cash flow performance and enhanced creditworthiness, which supports the notion that CFM is an effective incentive mechanism. Overall, our evidence suggests that lenders consider the incentive effect of cash‐flow‐based performance evaluation in the debt contracting process.
‘A life in the shadows’: Australian women and family business succession, 1910–2018
Authors: Wright Claire E. F. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis article examines gendered succession of Australia's large family companies between 1910 and 2018. It finds that female family members were not prepared to succeed, and their role in family companies was restricted by expectations of gender and class, and ideals of male lineage. As such, women were expected to perform social, domestic and philanthropic labour in service of the company, but were consistently overlooked for succession. This highlights the way family companies conferred both wealth and inequality to women, as well as the intersection between gendered succession decisions and the structures of Australian society.
Trends in racial/ethnic and geographic disparities in substance use disorders mortality in the United States, 2000–2019
Authors: Bhagavathula Akshaya S. , Daglis Theodoros , Nishimura Yoshito 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSubstance use disorders (SUD) are a major public health concern in the United States. This study examined racial/ethnic and state‐level disparities in SUD mortality in the United States from 2000 to 2019.MethodsAge‐standardized mortality rates for SUD were obtained for 5 racial/ethnic groups (White respondents, Black respondents, Latino, Asian‐Pacific Islander [API], American Indian/Alaska Native [AIAN]) by state and sex from 2000 to 2019. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to model temporal trends overall and by demographic factors.ResultsFrom 2000 to 2019, the overall mortality rate increased from 8.0 to 28.8 deaths per 100,000 population across all groups. AIANs had the highest mortality in 2019 (57.8 per 100,000), followed by Black respondents, White respondents, Latinos, and APIs. Significant increases occurred across all racial/ethnic groups, with the greatest average annual percentage change (AAPC2000–2019) among White respondents (6.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.2%–7.3%), APIs (6.0%, 95% CI: 5.6%–6.2%), and AIANs (5.9%, 95% CI: 5.6%–6.2%). Mortality rates increased more rapidly for females than males among White respondents, AIANs, Black respondents, and Latinos. Substantial state‐level variation emerged, with the highest mortality rates in 2019 seen in West Virginia, the District of Columbia, Delaware, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.Discussion and ConclusionsRacial/ethnic and geographic disparities in SUD mortality have widened significantly from 2000 to 2019, highlighting priority areas for prevention efforts.Scientific SignificanceThis study provides detailed insights into long‐term trends in racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities in SUD mortality across the United States, informing targeted prevention and intervention strategies.
Single‐arm study of testosterone gel replacement therapy and ambulatory blood pressure outcomes in men with hypogonadism
Authors: Weber Michael A. , Aslam Shamaila , Efros Mitchell D. , Chan Anna , Khan Nader , Li Xue , Dubcenco Elena , Miller Michael G. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveStudies examining ambulatory blood pressure (BP) response to testosterone replacement therapy are needed owing to inconsistent prior findings across formulations. This study assessed testosterone gel 1.62% and 24‐h ambulatory BP.Materials and MethodsSingle‐arm non‐inferiority trial (NCT04274894) conducted at 36 US sites enrolled 246 men with hypogonadism (mean age, 57.6 years; mean office systolic/diastolic BP [SBP/DBP], 129.8/79.5 mm Hg) who were treated for 16 weeks with once‐daily testosterone gel treatment (starting dose, 40.5 mg/day; min, max dose, 20.25, 81.0 mg/day) to achieve testosterone concentration of 350–750 ng/dL. Main outcome measures included mean change in 24‐h average SBP (primary endpoint) and DBP from baseline to week 16. The non‐inferiority threshold was a two‐sided 95% confidence interval (CI) upper limit <3.0 mm Hg for 24‐h average SBP.ResultsIncrease in mean ± SD serum testosterone concentration to a physiologic level (baseline, 244.4 ± 93.9 ng/dL; week 16, 502.5 ± 394.4 ng/dL) was associated with a 1.9‐mm Hg mean change in 24‐h average SBP observed in the primary analysis (baseline, 123.5 mm Hg; week 16, 125.4 mm Hg; 95% CI, 0.63–3.13 mm Hg; n = 169). As the upper CI limit modestly exceeded the non‐inferiority margin (3 mm Hg), study drug effect on SBP could not be ruled out. Non‐inferiority was observed in subgroups without hypertension or diabetes (95% CI, upper limit <3.0 mm Hg) and was not observed in those with hypertension or diabetes. Daytime SBP and DBP changes were larger compared with nighttime. No clear cardiovascular adverse events or new safety signals were identified.Discussion and ConclusionsWhile the effect of testosterone gel 1.62% on 24‐h average SBP could not be ruled out based on the study's non‐inferiority margin, the clinical relevance of the small‐magnitude mean increase of 1.9 mm Hg is anticipated to be minimal considering the results of the TRAVERSE study of testosterone gel 1.62% and major adverse cardiac events.Clinical Trial InformationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04274894 (registered February 17, 2020)
Ruxolitinib‐based regimen in children with autoimmune disease or autoinflammatory disease‐related haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Fang Zishi , Wang Dong , Ge Jian , Zhao Yunze , Lian Hongyun , Ma Honghao , Yao Jiafeng , Zhang Qing , Zhou Chenxin , Wang Wenqian , Wang Tianyou , Li Zhigang , Zhang Rui 
Published: October 2024

SummaryFor autoimmune disease (AD) and autoinflammatory disease (AID)‐related haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) (AD/AID‐HLH), there is still a lack of standardized treatment. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the main treatment currently; however, 37.9% to 61% of patients fail to achieve effective control of HLH, making it urgent to find novel treatment strategies. We conducted a retrospective, single‐centre study examining ruxolitinib (RUX)‐based regimen in children with AD/AID‐HLH. Patients were first treated with RUX monotherapy, and additional treatments including methylprednisolone and etoposide were added sequentially when the disease could not be controlled. The study included 26 patients with a median follow‐up of 23.9 months, of whom 15 had prior treatments. The overall response rate at week 8 with the RUX‐based regimen was 96.2%, with 92.3% attaining complete response (CR) and 3.9% attaining partial response. The 2‐year overall survival rate was 96.2% (95% CI, 80.4% to 99.9%). During RUX monotherapy, 46.1% of patients achieved CR as the best response, with a median first response time to RUX of 2 days. Additionally, 53.8% of patients required additional GCs and 23.1% required etoposide chemotherapy. All observed adverse events were manageable and acceptable. Overall, our study supports the efficacy and safety of the RUX‐based regimen in children with AD/AID‐HLH.
Multi‐mode gravity tectonics during northern North Sea rifting: the Snorre fault block case
Authors: Fossen Haakon 
Published: October 2024

AbstractContinental rifts are characterized by up to 30 km wide rotated fault blocks with stratigraphic dip away from the central rift axis. Although gravity‐induced mass movements are well known features of collapsed fault block crests, I here demonstrate the occurrence of polymodal gravity‐driven mass transport down the back slope of a first‐order rift fault block. I identify (1) early sliding related to syntectonic crestal collapse of second‐order rift faults, (2) large‐scale bed‐parallel sliding of the L‐M Jurassic sedimentary package, and (3) the accumulation of two 7 km long, 1–2 km wide and up to 750 m thick volumes of complexly slumped material in the hanging walls of two ramp‐forming faults. Early sliding is documented by 100 m of repeated Brent Group stratigraphy in a cored well in the study area (well 34/4‐15A). These smaller slides have intact internal stratigraphy but show elevated deformation band densities. The seismic data also show evidence for ca. 2 km of massive translational sliding of the ca. 400 m thick and ca. 300 km2 large Jurassic section above a lowermost Jurassic bedding‐parallel detachment. This translational slide did not deform much internally, except for ductile folding where it slid over underlying active rift faults. Chaotic seismic facies in fault hanging walls are interpreted as contorted Jurassic beds, formed by multiple slumping and sliding events that stacked mobilized sediments into a 750 m thick column. These complex slump volumes occur where fault displacement is highest along two relayed faults. A model is favoured where the large translational slide ruptured with an opening of space against the fault that was progressively filled with slumped material from the footwall. While the large‐scale translational sliding only caused moderate internal subseismic deformation, early sliding and, particularly, the complex slumping caused significant internal deformation. This study shows the importance of carefully searching for and distinguishing between different types of mass movement in rift systems.
Prevalence and outcomes of germline pathogenic variants of homologous recombination repair genes in ovarian cancer
Authors: Miwa Maiko , Kitagawa Masakazu , Asami Yuka , Kobayashi‐Kato Mayumi , Watanabe Takafumi , Ogasawara Aiko , Hiranuma Kengo , Kato Hisamori , Saito Motonobu , Miyagi Yohei , Kato Tomoyasu , Yoshida Hiroshi , Momozawa Yukihide , Kohno Takashi , Shiraishi Kouya , Hasegawa Kosei 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGermline pathogenic variants (PVs) are pivotal in gynecological oncology. We focused on the prevalence, clinicopathological features, and survival impact of homologous recombination repair (HRR) PVs in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study, and 1248 patients with EOC were registered. Eligible patients (n = 1112) underwent germline DNA analysis for 26 cancer predisposition genes, including nine HRR‐related genes, such as BRCA1/2, BRIP1, PALB2, RAD51C/D, and ATM. The associations between clinicopathological factors and HRR‐related PVs were examined. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were conducted. Among 1091 analyzed patients, 153 (14.0%) carried PVs and 140 (12.8%) were HRR‐related. HRR‐PV‐positive status significantly correlated with serous carcinoma (22.9% vs. 4.8%, P < 0.0001) and advanced disease (18.5% vs. 5.9%, P < 0.0001). The HRR‐PV‐positive group exhibited higher prevalence of personal breast (12.9%) and familial breast/ovarian (29.2%) cancer history. HRR status independently improved overall survival in stage III/IV disease (P = 0.04) but not progression‐free survival. HRR‐related germline PVs exhibit distinct clinicopathological features with survival implications. Variants were significantly associated with serous carcinoma and advanced disease, underscoring the importance of genetic testing to develop individualized EOC treatment strategies. Considering the study period (2000–2019), the limited use of bevacizumab and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors as maintenance therapy should be recognized.
Development of auditory cognition in 5‐ to 10‐year‐old children: Focus on speech‐in‐babble‐noise perception
Authors: Ginzburg Jérémie , Fornoni Lesly , Aguera P. E. , Pierre Caroline , Caclin Anne , Moulin Annie 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSpeech‐in‐noise perception is consistently reported to be impaired in learning disorders, which stresses the importance of documenting its developmental course in young children. In this cross‐sectional study, ninety children (41 females, 5.5–11.6 years old) and nineteen normal‐hearing adults (15 females, 20–30 years old) were tested with a newly developed closed‐set speech perception in babble‐noise test, combining two levels of phonological difficulty and two noise levels. Results showed that speech‐in‐babble‐noise perception takes a definite maturation step around 7 years of age (d = 1.17, grade effect) and is not mature at 10 years of age when compared to young adults (d = 0.94, group effect). Developmental trajectories of both accuracy and response times were evaluated, with influences of psycholinguistic factors, to foster the development of adequate screening tests.
Prenatal and Pregnancy Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Nowotny Hanna Franziska , Tschaidse Lea , Auer Matthias K. , Reisch Nicole 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTManagement of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) poses challenges during pregnancy and prenatal stages, impacting fertility differently in men and women. Women with CAH experience menstrual irregularities due to androgen and glucocorticoid precursor interference with endometrial development and ovulation. Genital surgeries for virilization and urogenital anomalies further impact fertility and sexual function, leading to reduced heterosexual relationships among affected women. Fertility rates vary, with a lower prevalence of motherhood, primarily among those with classic CAH, necessitating optimized hormonal therapy for conception. Monitoring optimal disease control during pregnancy poses challenges due to hormonal fluctuations. Men with CAH often experience hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and complications like testicular adrenal rest tissue, impacting fertility. Regular monitoring and intensified glucocorticoid therapy may restore spermatogenesis. Genetic counselling is vital to comprehend transmission risks and prenatal implications. Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in affected female fetuses prevents virilization but raises ethical and safety concerns, necessitating careful consideration and further research. The international “PREDICT” study aims to establish safer and more effective prenatal therapy in CAH, evaluating dosage, safety, and long‐term effects.
Comparative analysis of medical treatments for long‐term control of normal tension glaucoma: A systematic review and model‐based network meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Ting‐Kai , Kuo Hou‐Ting , Ju Yuh‐Jen , Chen Chun‐Yi , Chen Wen‐Hsien , Wu Albert Y. , Lin Chun‐Ju , Lee Chien‐Chang , Ho Jennifer Hui‐Chun 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate and compare the long‐term efficacy of medical treatments for normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in controlling intraocular pressure (IOP), and establish a hierarchical ranking based on their effectiveness. ‘Long‐term’ is defined as a treatment duration of over 12 weeks in randomised controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsThis systematic review and model‐based network meta‐analysis (MBNMA) collected data of 795 patients with 997 eyes from RCTs. Patients with NTG were selected based on strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, with randomsation procedures and masking as reported in the individual trials. Eight different medications were compared, including prostaglandin analogues, beta‐blockers, brimonidine, unoprostone isopropyl, brovincamine, and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Notably, PEA is an oral medication, while other drugs are topical agents.ResultsPrimary outcome is the long‐term efficacy of IOP control across medications with different follow‐up durations. Among the eight medications, PEA demonstrates the highest efficacy (Surface under the cumulative ranking, SUCRA = 7.46%), followed by two prostaglandin analogues: travoprost (SUCRA = 6.86%) and latanoprost (SUCRA = 6.76%), then two beta‐blockers: nipradilol (SUCRA = 4.90%) and timolol (SUCRA = 4.89%). Both brimonidine and unoprostone isopropyl have SUCRA scores below 4.0%, indicating modest but limited efficacy. Brovincamine has the lowest SUCRA score (1.32%), reflecting minimal effectiveness.ConclusionsThis study revealed PEA as a promising agent for long‐term IOP control in NTG patients, suggesting potential use as primary or adjunctive therapy. The outcomes call for PEA's consideration in clinical practice and highlight the need for further research into its long‐term efficacy and safety for NTG.
Osseointegration of Anodized vs. Sandblasted Implant Surfaces in a Guided Bone Regeneration Acute Dehiscence‐Type Defect: An In Vivo Experimental Mandibular Minipig Model
Authors: Shahdad Shakeel , Rawlinson Simon , Razaghi Nahal , Patankar Anuya , Patel Mital , Roccuzzo Mario , Gill Thomas 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis controlled preclinical study analyzed the effect of implant surface characteristics on osseointegration and crestal bone formation in a grafted dehiscence defect minipig model.Material and MethodsA standardized 3 mm × 3 mm acute‐type buccal dehiscence minipig model grafted with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and covered with a porcine collagen membrane after 2 and 8 weeks of healing was utilized. Crestal bone formation was analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically to compare three implant groups: (1) a novel, commercially available, gradient anodized (NGA) implant, to two custom‐made geometric replicas of implant “1,” (2) a superhydrophilic micro‐rough large‐grit sandblasted and acid‐etched surface, and (3) a relatively hydrophobic micro‐rough large‐grit sandblasted and acid‐etched surface.ResultsAt 2 and 8 weeks, there was no difference between the amount and height of newly formed bone (NBH, new bone height; BATA, bone area to total area) for any of the groups (p > 0.05). First bone‐to‐implant contact (fBIC) and vertical bone creep (VBC) at 2 and 8 weeks were significantly increased for Groups 2 and 3 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.05). At 8 weeks, osseointegration in the dehiscence (dehiscence bone‐implant‐contact; dBIC) was significantly higher for Groups 2 and 3 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe amount of newly formed bone (BATA) and NBH was not influenced by surface type. However, moderately rough surfaces demonstrated significantly superior levels of osseointegration (dBIC) and coronal bone apposition (fBIC) in the dehiscence defect compared to the NGA surface at 2 and 8 weeks.Trial RegistrationFor this type of study, clinical trial registration is not required. This study was conducted at the Biomedical Department of Lund University (Lund, Sweden) and approved by the local Ethics Committee of the University (M‐192‐14)
Aetiology of Pleural Effusions in a Large Multicentre Cohort: Variation Between Outpatients and Inpatients
Authors: Yousuf Asfandyar , Holland Sophie , Zhang Junyi , Hardy Cheryl , Charles‐Rudwick Madeline , Vivian Fredrik , Denniston Poppy , Thoppuram Nithin , Kisseljov Andrei , Panchal Rakesh K. , Mishra Eleanor K. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis multi‐centre retrospective cohort study aimed to determine whether the cause of an undiagnosed pleural effusion differed depending on if a patient presented as an outpatient or inpatient.MethodsA total of 1080 adult patients (556 inpatients and 524 outpatients) presenting primarily with an undiagnosed pleural effusion from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2022 from four UK hospitals were included.ResultsWe found malignant effusions were more common in outpatients compared to inpatients (48.3% vs. 36.0% p < 0.0001). Infection was common in inpatients but uncommon in outpatients (36.2% vs. 5.0% p < 0.0001). Other causes in all patients included heart and/or renal failure (13.1%) and non‐specific pleuritis (5.6%). No diagnosis was possible in 11.8% of patients referred.ConclusionInvestigative pathways should vary depending on whether patients present as an inpatient or outpatient.
Solitary Renal Metastases From Stage IA Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma With Co‐Alteration of EGFR, RB1, and MAP3K1: A Case Report
Authors: Qin Zhu , Xin Chen , Zhenzhen He , Liang Xie , Wei Yi , Shuben Li 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTWe report a case of 59‐year‐old female with solitary bilateral renal metastases after surgery of stage IA primary lung adenocarcinoma who underwent next‐generation sequencing (NGS) of both lesions. The patient received right upper lobectomy and lymph node dissection, which revealed primary invasive lung adenocarcinoma (pT1cN0M0, stage IA3). Two years following this, positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) revealed multiple masses in both kidneys without other distant metastases, and ultrasonography‐guided puncture biopsy indicated the presence of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. The NGS of both the primary and metastatic lesions revealed the co‐alteration of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), RB transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1), and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1), which is potentially associated with the risk of renal metastasis in early postoperative non‐small cell lung cancer.
Changes in Medication Adherence Across the Posttransplant Period in Pediatric Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Killian Michael O. , Little Callie W. , Mayewski Sonnie E. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionLimited research has explored immunosuppressant medication adherence over time in pediatric transplant patients, who often struggle with posttransplant regimen adherence, resulting in poor outcomes.MethodsThis study investigated the longitudinal growth in immunosuppressive medication levels following transplantation. Medication level variability index (MLVI) scores from tacrolimus blood levels of pediatric organ transplant recipients at a major medical center were analyzed. Linear mixed effect models (LMEM) assessed individual MLVI change trajectories and predictors of growth, exploring both linear and curvilinear growth patterns posttransplant.ResultsA sample of 181 patients with at least 4 years of MLVI data were analyzed. Growth curve modeling identified the cubic model as the best fit for the quarterly MLVI values, which significantly decreased within the first 2 years posttransplant before stabilizing. Gender significantly predicted MLVI change, with females showing greater MLVI decreases, while age at transplant did not significantly predict changes. Significant variation in MLVI among individual patients was found in all models.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated a significant decrease in MLVI values over time, indicating improved medication adherence in pediatric transplant patients, with females exhibiting more adherent growth patterns than males. Future research should aim to identify pediatric patients at high risk of nonadherence.