bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sketching the Invisible to Predict the Visible: From Drawing to Modeling in Chemistry
Authors: Cooper Melanie M. , Stieff Mike , DeSutter Dane 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSketching as a scientific practice goes beyond the simple act of inscribing diagrams onto paper. Scientists produce a wide range of representations through sketching, as it is tightly coupled to model‐based reasoning. Chemists in particular make extensive use of sketches to reason about chemical phenomena and to communicate their ideas. However, the chemical sciences have a unique problem in that chemists deal with the unseen world of the atomic‐molecular level. Using sketches, chemists strive to develop causal mechanisms that emerge from the structure and behavior of molecular‐level entities, to explain observations of the macroscopic visible world. Interpreting these representations and constructing sketches of molecular‐level processes is a crucial component of student learning in the modern chemistry classroom. Sketches also serve as an important component of assessment in the chemistry classroom as student sketches give insight into developing mental models, which allows instructors to observe how students are thinking about a process. In this paper we discuss how sketching can be used to promote such model‐based reasoning in chemistry and discuss two case studies of curricular projects,CLUEandThe Connected Chemistry Curriculum,that have demonstrated a benefit of this approach. We show how sketching activities can be centrally integrated into classroom norms to promote model‐based reasoning both with and without component visualizations. Importantly, each of these projects deploys sketching in support of other types of inquiry activities, such as making predictions or depicting models to support a claim; sketching is not an isolated activity but is used as a tool to support model‐based reasoning in the discipline.
The gene expression landscape of pine seedling tissues
Authors: Cañas Rafael A. , Li Zhen , Pascual M. Belén , Castro‐Rodríguez Vanessa , Ávila Concepción , Sterck Lieven , Van de Peer Yves , Cánovas Francisco M. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryConifers dominate vast regions of the Northern hemisphere. They are the main source of raw materials for timber industry as well as a wide range of biomaterials. Despite their inherent difficulties as experimental models for classical plant biology research, the technological advances in genomics research are enabling fundamental studies on these plants. The use of laser capture microdissection followed by transcriptomic analysis is a powerful tool for unravelling the molecular and functional organization of conifer tissues and specialized cells. In the present work, 14 different tissues from 1‐month‐old maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seedlings have been isolated and their transcriptomes analysed. The results increased the sequence information and number of full‐length transcripts from a previous reference transcriptome and added 39 841 new transcripts. In total, 2376 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all of the examined tissues. These transcripts could be considered the core ‘housekeeping genes’ in pine. The genes have been clustered in function to their expression profiles. This analysis reduced the number of profiles to 38, most of these defined by their expression in a unique tissue that is much higher than in the other tissues. The expression and localization data are accessible at ConGenIE.org (http://v22.popgenie.org/microdisection/). This study presents an overview of the gene expression distribution in different pine tissues, specifically highlighting the relationships between tissue gene expression and function. This transcriptome atlas is a valuable resource for functional genomics research in conifers.
The Dual Activity Responsible for the Elongation and Branching of β-(1,3)-Glucan in the Fungal Cell Wall
Authors: Aimanianda Vishukumar , Simenel Catherine , Garnaud Cecile , Clavaud Cecile , Tada Rui , Barbin Lise , Mouyna Isabelle , Heddergott Christoph , Popolo Laura , Ohya Yoshikazu , Delepierre Muriel , Latge Jean-Paul 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTβ-(1,3)-Glucan, the major fungal cell wall component, ramifies through β-(1,6)-glycosidic linkages, which facilitates its binding with other cell wall components contributing to proper cell wall assembly. UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas a model, we developed a protocol to quantify β-(1,6)-branching on β-(1,3)-glucan. PermeabilizedS. cerevisiaeand radiolabeled substrate UDP-(14C)glucose allowed us to determine branching kinetics. A screening aimed at identifying deletion mutants with reduced branching among them revealed only two, thebgl2Δ andgas1Δ mutants, showing 15% and 70% reductions in the branching, respectively, compared to the wild-type strain. Interestingly, a recombinant Gas1p introduced β-(1,6)-branching on the β-(1,3)-oligomers following its β-(1,3)-elongase activity. Sequential elongation and branching activity of Gas1p occurred on linear β-(1,3)-oligomers as well as Bgl2p-catalyzed products [short β-(1,3)-oligomers linked by a linear β-(1,6)-linkage]. The doubleS. cerevisiae gas1Δbgl2Δ mutant showed a drastically sick phenotype. AnScGas1p ortholog, Gel4p fromAspergillus fumigatus, also showed dual β-(1,3)-glucan elongating and branching activity. BothScGas1p andA. fumigatusGel4p sequences are endowed with a carbohydrate binding module (CBM), CBM43, which was required for the dual β-(1,3)-glucan elongating and branching activity. Our report unravels the β-(1,3)-glucan branching mechanism, a phenomenon occurring during construction of the cell wall which is essential for fungal life.IMPORTANCEThe fungal cell wall is essential for growth, morphogenesis, protection, and survival. In spite of being essential, cell wall biogenesis, especially the core β-(1,3)-glucan ramification, is poorly understood; the ramified β-(1,3)-glucan interconnects other cell wall components. Once linear β-(1,3)-glucan is synthesized by plasma membrane-bound glucan synthase, the subsequent event is its branching event in the cell wall space. UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas a model, we identified GH72 and GH17 family glycosyltransferases, Gas1p and Bgl2p, respectively, involved in the β-(1,3)-glucan branching. The sick phenotype of the doubleScgas1Δbgl2Δ mutant suggested that β-(1,3)-glucan branching is essential. In addition toScGas1p, GH72 familyScGas2p andAspergillus fumigatusGel4p, having CBM43 in their sequences, showed dual β-(1,3)-glucan elongating and branching activity. Our report identifies the fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan branching mechanism. The essentiality of β-(1,3)-glucan branching suggests that enzymes involved in the glucan branching could be exploited as antifungal targets.
Respecting patient choices: using the ’Go Wish' cards as a teaching tool
Authors: Osman Hibah , El Jurdi Katia , Sabra Ramzi , Arawi Thalia 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundIndividuals have different values and priorities that can have an important impact on their medical management. Understanding this concept can help physicians provide medical care that is in line with the goals of their patients. Communicating this message effectively to students is challenging.ObjectiveTo report our experience with using Go Wish cards in the medical education setting.DesignA thematic analysis of student reflection papers using grounded theory.Setting/SubjectsSecond-year medical students participated in an activity using the Go Wish cards as part of a course module on palliative care. The activity aimed to encourage students to reflect on their own choices at the end of life and to highlight that different people have different priorities.ResultsForty-two students (42%) mentioned the Go Wish activity in their reflections on the module. They reported that the activity demonstrated the different priorities at the end of life, it illustrated the importance of providing personalised care, it promoted self-discovery, it transformed their view of death and dying, and it increased their appreciation of the importance of palliative care.ConclusionGo Wish cards can be used to help illustrate the variability in priorities of patients. They can be used as an effective to teach medical students about the importance of considering patient preferences when illness progresses.
Relationships between psychological state, abuse, somatization and visceral pain sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Grinsvall Cecilia , Törnblom Hans , Tack Jan , Van Oudenhove Lukas , Simrén Magnus 
Published: June 2017

Background and objectivePsychological states may interfere with visceral sensitivity. Here we investigate associations between psychosocial factors and visceral sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).MethodsTwo IBS patient cohorts (Cohort 1: n  = 231, Rome II; Cohort 2: n  = 141, Rome III) underwent rectal barostat testing, and completed questionnaires for anxiety, depression, somatization, and abuse. The associations between questionnaire measures and visceral sensitivity parameters were analyzed in three‐step general linear models (step1: demographic and abuse variables; step 2: anxiety and depression; step 3: somatization).ResultsCohort 1. Pain threshold was positively associated with age and female gender, and negatively with adult sexual abuse and somatization. Pain referral area was negatively associated with age and positively with somatization and GI‐specific anxiety, the latter effect mediated by somatization. Cohort 2. Pain threshold was positively associated with age and male gender, and negatively with adult sexual abuse. Pain intensity ratings were positively associated with somatization, female gender and depression, the latter effect mediated by somatization.ConclusionSomatization is associated with most visceral sensitivity parameters, and mediates the effect of some psychological factors on visceral sensitivity. It may reflect a psychobiological sensitization process driving symptom generation in IBS. In addition, abuse history was found to independently affect some visceral sensitivity parameters.
Polymer application for separation/filtration of biological active compounds
Authors: Tylkowski B. , Tsibranska I. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMembrane technology is an important part of the engineer’s toolbox. This is especially true for industries that process food and other products with their primary source from nature. This review is focused on ongoing development work using membrane technologies for concentration and separation of biologically active compounds, such as polyphenols and flavonoids. We provide the readers not only with the last results achieve in this field but also, we deliver detailed information about the membrane types and polymers used for their preparation.
ФЕРРОМАГНИТНЫЕ МИКРОТРЕЙСЕРЫ КАК ИНДИКАТОРЫ КАЧЕСТВА ОДНОРОДНОСТИ КОМБИКОРМОВ ДЛЯ ЖИВОДНОВОДСТВА И ПТИЦЕВОДСТВА
Authors: БАРАШКОВ Николай , ПИСАРЕНКО Павел 
Published: June 2017

Мировой объем производства комбикормов в настоящее время составляет более 900 миллионов тонн в год. Качество перемешивания комбикормов чрезвычайно важно, и нередко их производители, стараясь достичь полноты смешивания, необдуманно расходуют электроэнергию, трудозатраты и капиталовложения в процессе чрезмерной продолжительности перемешивания. Кроме того, избыточное перемешивание может приводить к частичному распаду витаминов и лекарственных препаратов, добавляемых к комбикормам. В случае, когда продолжительность смешивания недостаточна, концентрация отдельных ингредиентов может быть слишком низкой или, наоборот, слишком высокой. Неоправданный разброс в концентрации ингредиентов комбикормов, как правило, приводит к экономическим потерям. Периодическая и планомерная проверка качества смешивания вполне логична и оправдана экономически. Начиная с середины 90-х годов, ветеринарные службы ряда стран проявляют значительный интерес к гарантии того, что комбикорма, содержащие лекарственные препараты, были перемешаны весьма равномерно. Производители комбикормов несут прямую ответственность за качество своей продукции. Покупатели комбикормов, так же, как и их производители заинтересованы в поддержании высокого качества комбикормов. Поэтому для оценки качества перемешивания необходима разработка детального плана по отбору образцов в процессе перемешивания и анализу этих образцов. Контроль производства комбикормов является обязательным элементом проверки качества пищевых продуктов. Данная статья посвящена ферромагнитным микротрейсерам, которые используются для оценки однородности смешивания компонентов комбикормов. Проанализированы их преимущества в сравнении с другими типами трейсеров. Микротрейсеры могут использоваться для маркировки витаминных, минеральных или лекарственных препаратов, добавляемых в комбикорма. Качественные результаты по определению и идентификации микротрейсеров могут быть получены с использованием банки Мейсона. Для количественной оценки качества смешивания и оценки уровня контаминации рекомендовано использования вращательного детектора. Методика обсчета экспериментальных данных включает применение статистики Пуассона и расчет значений Хи квадрат.
ТРЕХКОМПОНЕНТНЫЕ СМЕСИ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЗЕРНОВОГО ХЛЕБА
Authors: МАКАРОВА О. В. , ИВАНОВА А. С. , СОКОЛОВА Н. Ю. 
Published: June 2017

Статья посвящена обоснованию целесообразности производства зернового хлеба на основе трехкомпонентных смесей из диспергированной зерновой массы, муки из крошки пшеничных хлопьев с внесением измельченных семян кунжута. Показана актуальность расширения ассортимента изделий специального назначения, создания продукции повышенной пищевой ценности, обогащения базовых продуктов массового потребления, особенно хлебобулочных, дефицитными для организма человека нутриентами, что позволит решить проблему дисбаланса современного питания. При этом необходимым условием является использование для его производства рецептурных ингредиентов только натурального происхождения и обеспечение высокого качества продукции. Одним из путей решения данных задач является использование для производства хлеба, в том числе на основе целого зерна, смесей из различных продуктов переработки зерновых, бобовых и масличных культур. На основе изучения структурно-механических свойств теста на трехкомпонентных смесях, влияния соотношения их составляющих на ход технологического процесса и качество хлеба установлено, что увеличение доли в смесях измельченного кунжута сопровождается некоторым снижением газообразования и кислотонакопления при брожении теста, но при этом увеличивается его газоудерживающая способность. При внесении измельченного кунжута в смеси наблюдается большее увеличение диаметра шарика теста при брожении и снижается его прочность, что обусловлено пластификацией теста вследствие увеличения в нем массовой доли жира. Определено, что хлеб на смесях, в состав которых вносили кунжут измельченный, обладал лучшими качественными характеристиками – более высокими пористостью и удельным объемом, органолептическими показателями. Зерновой хлеб с использованием для его приготовления кунжута измельченного имел более приятный ореховый вкус и аромат, хрустящую корочку, характеризовался более светлым, хорошо пропеченным и сухим на ощупь мякишем с равномерно развитой тонкостенной пористостью. Использование предложенных смесей при производстве зернового хлеба позволяет увеличить степень удовлетворения суточной потребности человека в таких дефицитных нутриентах как полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты, пищевые волокна и минеральные вещества – магний, железо и кальций.
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ АУДИТ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ВОЛОГИХ КОРМОВИХ ТРАВ
Authors: БУРДО О. Г. , ХОРЕНЖИЙ Н. В. 
Published: June 2017

Серед багатьох технологічних процесів, що застосовують як у харчовій промисловості, так і кормовиробництві, одним із найпоширеніших є енергоємний процес сушіння. Загальний потенціал енергоефективності при сушінні кормових трав, який визначається різницею між фактичними та теоретичними витратами палива на випаровування 1 кг води, коливається у діапазоні 0,86 – 1,3 МДж/кг. В сучасних умовах зростаючого дефіциту комбікормової сировини та енергетичної кризи не втрачає актуальності пошук шляхів зниження витрат на паливно-енергетичні ресурси шляхом реалізації інноваційних технологій екструдування вологих кормових засобів у суміші з іншими компонентами комбікорму. Мета роботи полягає у визначенні внутрішнього потенціалу енергоефективності у комбікормовому виробництві при використанні у якості сировини вологих кормових засобів без їх попереднього або наступного сушіння на прикладі кормової трави люцерни. Об’єктом дослідження є технологічний процес переробки вологих кормових трав у складі комбікормів. Визначено, що в базовій, так і традиційній технології найбільш енергоємним є процес ектрудування, оскільки він споживає енергію у кількості 500 МДж/т, за новою – 423 МДж/т. При чому у новій технології на цей процес припадає 57 % від загальних витрат на електрику, а у базовій – 49 %, що пояснюється додатковим навантаженням на екструдер – зневодненням. На випаровування 1 кг води при екструдуванні витрачається енергія 2,94 МДж/кг, що максимально наближається до теоретичного значення 2,7 МДж/ кг. Таким чином потенціал енергоефективності (0,24 МДж/т) у цьому випадку мінімізований. Проведений енергетичний аудит базової (традиційної) та нової технології виробництва комбікормової продукції з включенням кормових трав довів, що в результаті застосування процесу екструдування з метою зневоднення нова технологія є енергоефективною у порівнянні з традиційною технологією сушіння кормових трав та подальшого виробництва продукції з включенням трав’яної муки, а значить і економічно доцільною, оскільки відбувається загальна економія паливноенергетичних ресурсів 714 МДж/т (47 %)
The Binding Effect of the Constitutive Documents of Companies: The 1973 and 2008 Companies Acts of South Africa
Authors: Morajane Tebogo 
Published: June 2017

This contribution examines the provisions of the constitutive documents of companies under two specific provisions, namely s 65(2) of the Companies Act 61 of 1973 and s 15(6) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. The aim is to determine who is bound by these provisions, the circumstances which give rise to being bound by them, and the possible effect thereof on various parties.

The provisions of the constitutive documents under section 65(2) of the 1973 Companies Act are interpreted by courts and academic writers to amount to a statutory contract between a company and its members and between members inter se. The members are said to be bound by the provisions of these documents only in their capacity as members. It is submitted, however, that the rights and obligations are granted to members in their capacity as such if they are membership rights which are granted by virtue on one’s membership.

So far the courts have failed to provide a logical explanation of the concept “capacity of a member as such”. This failure and the “qua membership test” resulted in limitations in the interpretation of section 65(2): for example, the exclusion of persons who are regarded as outsiders. The directors, despite the fact that numerous provisions of the applicable article provides for their rights, have rights that are unenforceable via the articles, for being regarded as outsiders. The company on the other hand can enforce the obligations against the directors on the basis of breach of their fiduciary duties. These limitations called for a redraft of section 65(2).

This contribution raises the legal challenges raised by the above. It arrives inter alia at the conclusion that the “qua membership test” may find application under the 2008 Companies Act, since members/shareholders may be allowed to exercise rights that are membership rights granted to them by virtue of their membership, and directors may be allowed to exercise rights that are granted to them in their official capacities as such.
Ethics, Justice and the Sale of Kidneys for Transplantation Purposes
Authors: Slabbert Magda 
Published: June 2017

Living kidney donor transplantations are complex; add to that financial compensation to the donor and one enters an ethical maze. Debates on whether the buying and selling of kidneys should be allowed are mainly between utilitarians, deontologists and virtue ethicists as legal transplants are more common in the Western world. The pros and cons of each theory in relation to the sale of human organs are analysed, after which the foundational principles for all bio-ethical judgments; beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice are also scrutinised in seeking to justify the sale of human kidneys for transplantation purposes in a country with a human rights culture.
What Should the Board of Management of a Pension Fund Consider when Dealing with Death Claims Involving Surviving Cohabitants
Authors: Mhango Mtendeweka Owen 
Published: June 2017

This note argues that the Adjudicator’s determination Hlathi should be welcomed by the pension funds industry because it clarifies the uncertain legal position that emerged in the wake of the judgment in Volks. It comments on the requirements in and implications of Hlathi for the pension funds industry and pension beneficiaries, and criticises the Adjudicator's determination as failing to expressly incorporate the emotional and intimate or sexual bond requirement in the new factual dependency test. It argues that while Hlathi appears to have reverted to the legal position that prevailed prior to Van der Merwe, the new test does not expressly incorporate the relevant requirement that a relationship of mutual dependence involves an emotional and intimate or sexual bond. As a result, the note is critical of this omission because it creates a potentially new uncertainty in the law, and calls on the current Adjudicator to clarify this matter.
Editorial
Authors: Venter Francois 
Published: June 2017

This edition is wholly composed of selected and peer-reviewed contributions made in a specialist scholarly conference on Traditional Knowledge in Legal Context held at Potchefstroom on 17-18 March 2009 at Potchefstroom.
Oratio

Andre van der Merwe a Senior Director of DM Kisch Incorporated and practising Intellectual and Patent attorney, delivered the key-note address (here published as an oratio), posing the question whether traditional knowledge, for which there is no unambiguous definition, can effectively be protected under a single umbrella." After considering the matter from inter alia historical, philosophical and legal perspectives, he suggests a solution based on a multi-disciplinary approach.
Study of Predatory Lady Beetles Fauna (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Associated with Pomegranate Orchards on <I>Aphis punicae</I> Passerini in the Najafabad Region (Isfahan Province), Iran
Authors: Fattah-Almanan Zahra , Jalali-Zand Alireza , Hatami Bijan 
Published: June 2017

Lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as a biological control agent are a group of beetles with a considerable diversity and adaptation in different habitats. Among aphids, <em>Aphis punicae</em> Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most important pests of pomegranate orchards in Iran. This pest reduces plant vigor, facilitate the growth of mold on leaves, and consequently influences crop quality and yield. Study on the fauna of predatory ladybugs associated with pomegranate orchards was conducted that were feeding on <em>Aphis punicae</em> in the Najafabad region (Isfahan province, Iran). Twelve species of 8 genera were collected Sampled specimens were identified according to their morphological, male and female genitalia characters using identification keys. The identified species were as follow: <em>Adalia bipunctata</em> (Linnaeus, 1758), <em>Coccinella septempunctata</em> Linnaeus, 1758, <em>Coccinella undecimpunctata</em> Linnaeus, 1758, <em>Exochomus undulates</em> Weise, 1878, <em>Hippodamia variegate</em> (Goeze, 1777), <em>Hippodamia tredecimpunctata</em><em> (</em>Linnaeus, 1758), <em>Oenopia conglobata</em> (Linnaeus, 1758), <em>Oenopia oncina</em> (Olivier, 1808), <em>Propylea quatuordecimpuctata</em> (Linnaeus, 1758), <em>Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata</em> (Linnaeus, 1758), <em>Scymnus syriacus</em> (Marseul, 1868), <em>Scymnus mongolicus </em>(Weise, 1890).