bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxoplasma gondiireorganizes the host cell architecture during spontaneous cyst formationin vitro
Authors: Paredes-Santos T. C. , Martins-Duarte E. S. , de Souza W. , Attias M. , Vommaro R. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractToxoplasma gondiiis an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a prevalent infection related to abortion, ocular diseases and encephalitis in immuno-compromised individuals. In the untreatable (and life-long) chronic stage of toxoplasmosis, parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs, containingT. gondiitachyzoites) transform into tissue cysts, containing slow-dividing bradyzoite forms. While acute-stage infection with tachyzoites involves global rearrangement of the host cell cytoplasm, focused on favouring tachyzoite replication, the cytoplasmic architecture of cells infected with cysts had not been described. Here, we characterized (by fluorescence and electron microscopy) the redistribution of host cell structures aroundT. gondiicysts, using aT. gondiistrain (EGS) with high rates of spontaneous cystogenesisin vitro. Microtubules and intermediate filaments (but not actin microfilaments) formed a ‘cage’ around the cyst, and treatment with taxol (to inhibit microtubule dynamics) favoured cystogenesis. Mitochondria, which appeared adhered to the PV membrane, were less closely associated with the cyst wall. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) profiles were intimately associated with folds in the cyst wall membrane. However, the Golgi complex was not preferentially localized relative to the cyst, and treatment with tunicamycin or brefeldin A (to disrupt Golgi or ER function, respectively) had no significant effect on cystogenesis. Lysosomes accumulated around cysts, while early and late endosomes were more evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. The endocytosis tracer HRP (but not BSA or transferrin) reached bradyzoites after uptake by infected host cells. These results suggest thatT. gondiicysts reorganize the host cell cytoplasm, which may fulfil specific requirements of the chronic stage of infection.
A highly transmissible tuberculosis outbreak: the importance of bars
Authors: GODOY P. , ALSEDÀ M. , FALGUERA M. , PUIG T. , BACH P. , MONRABÀ M. , MANONELLES A. 
Published: November 2017

SUMMARYThe transmission of tuberculosis (TB) in bars is difficult to study. The objective was to describe a large TB outbreak in a company's bar and other leisure settings. A descriptive study of a TB outbreak was carried out. Contacts were studied in the index case's workplace bar (five circles of contacts) and other recreational areas (social network of three bars in the index case's neighbourhood). Chest X-rays were recommended to contacts with positive tuberculin skin tests (TST) (⩾5 mm). The risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was determined using an adjusted odds ratio. The dose–response relationship was determined using the chi-square test for linear trend. We studied 316 contacts at the index case's workplace and detected five new cases of TB. The prevalence of LTBI was 57·9% (183/316) and was higher in the first circle, 96·0% (24/25), and lower in the fifth, 46·5% (20/43) (P < 0·0001). Among 58 contacts in the three neighbourhood bars, two TB cases were detected and the LTBI prevalence was 51·7% (30/58). Two children of one secondary TB company patient became ill. Bars may be transmission locations for TB and, as they are popular venues for social events, should be considered as potential areas of exposure.
Aerobic environment ensures viability and anti-oxidant capacity when seeds are wet with negative effect when moist: implications for persistence in the soil
Authors: Carta Angelino , Bottega Stefania , Spanò Carmelina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInterchangeable effects of temperature, moisture content and oxygen on seed longevity have been mostly examined to estimate seed viability during long-term dry storage, whereas few experiments have studied seed viability under near-natural conditions to evaluate seed persistence in the soil. To this end, we artificially aged seeds ofRanunculus baudotii, a hydrophyte widely distributed in temporary ponds constituting an abundant soil seed bank. Seeds were exposed to controlled ageing at three different relative humidities (RH) under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. Their viability, water content, membrane damage, oxidative stress and anti-oxidant enzymatic defence activity were evaluated. Seed survival was longer at higher relative humidity (97% RH), and lowest at a relative humidity (90% RH) simulating moist but not waterlogged soils. Anoxic conditions showed a protective role on viability at lower moisture contents (70% RH). Seed viability was negatively associated with hydrogen peroxide content and correlated with anti-oxidant enzyme activities, but not with membrane damage. Altogether, these results suggest negative roles for moist soils and anoxia in determining seed persistence in the field, but at higher moisture contents the negative effects of anaerobia diminished. The anti-oxidant system activation, even under unfavourable conditions, might recover seeds once all protective processes can operate, pointing out the plasticity of mechanisms involved in seed loss viability.
A chemical compound based on methylxanthine–polyphenols lowers nitric oxide levels and increases post-thaw human sperm viability
Authors: Werner Cleiton , Cadoná Francine Carla , da Cruz Ivana Beatrice Mânica , Flôres Eliza Ribas da Silveira , Machado Alencar Kolinski , Fantinel Mara Rejane , Weis Grazielle Castagna Cezimbra , Assmann Charles Elias , Alves Audrei de Oliveira , Bonadiman Beatriz da Silva Rosa , Ribeiro Euler Esteves , Montano Marco Aurélio Echart 
Published: November 2017

SummaryWe produced a new chemical compound based on methylxanthines and polyphenols (CCMP) present in the chemical matrix of guaraná (Paullinia cupana), a seed extract with antioxidant properties. After supplementation with the standard extract of resveratrol, a well documented antioxidant found in other plant sources, we investigated whether this resveratrol-enriched compound could improve sperm viability and modulate differentially reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in thawed sperm. Sperm samples obtained from healthy young donors were treated with different concentrations of guaraná extract (0.1, 1, 5 or 10 mg/ml) and cells were frozen at −80°C for 24 h. In addition, the potential protective effects of guaraná treatment on sperm treated with pro-oxidant compound (200 µM hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) were assessed. Samples were also exposed to three concentrations of CCMP before being frozen in liquid nitrogen (−196°C) or in an ultrafreezer (−80°C) for 24 h, and both pre-freezing and post-thaw measurements of viability and oxidative stress were performed. Guaraná supplementation at 10 mg/ml significantly increased post-thaw viability and decreased oxidative metabolism of the sperm. Moreover, selected concentrations of CCMP improved viability and oxidative metabolism in sperm samples pre-freezing. Furthermore, CCMP showed cryoprotective activity by increasing viability and decreasing oxidative stress in post-thaw samples. In summary, these findings suggested that CCMP supplementation acts as a cryoprotectant to modulate ROS and NO levels in thawed sperm. CCMP could be used to enhance sperm quality and reproductive success.
Three Ways to Improve Religious Epistemology
Authors: Schellenberg J. L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReligious epistemology is widely regarded as being in a flourishing condition. It is true that some very sharp analytical work on religion has been produced by philosophers in the past few decades. But this work, for various cultural and historical reasons, has been kept within excessively narrow bounds, and the result is that the appearance of flourishing is to a considerable extent illusory. Here I discuss three important ways in which improvements to this situation might be made.
To each their own: case studies of four successful, small-scale organic vegetable farmers with distinct weed management strategies
Authors: Brown Bryan , Gallandt Eric R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOrganic vegetable farmers execute weed management using many overall philosophies, including focusing management during the early-season critical period, managing the weed seedbank with a ‘zero seed rain’ strategy, or physically suppressing weeds with plastic or natural mulches. While these strategies vary in their ecological and economic implications, farmers’ reasons for adopting specific weed management approaches, and the related practical implications of each approach remain unclear. To better understand farmer motivations and ecological impacts of broad weed management philosophies, we conducted case studies of four successful organic vegetable farmers with specialization in different management approaches. The farmers were interviewed about their experiences and soil samples were collected for weed community and soil organic matter (SOM) analysis. The farmer who controls weed seedlings primarily during the critical period has appreciated the associated weeding labor savings, but late-season weeds have contributed to a large weed seedbank (38,482 seeds m−2), which is necessitating a change in his management. Conversely, the zero seed rain strategy of another farmer required a large amount of labor in the initial years, but weeding labor requirements have lessened every year due to decreased weed emergence from his diminishing weed seedbank (3065 seeds m−2). Another farmer utilizes plastic mulch in many crops in order to reduce weeding labor during the busy spring planting season. Finally, the farmer that uses natural mulches has high labor costs, but they are offset by the benefits of weed suppression, soil moisture conservation and increases to SOM. The two farmers utilizing mulch had the greatest portion of monocotyledonous weeds, perhaps relating to their morphology allowing them to emerge through the mulch. In ranking management criteria based on their importance, the case study farmers generally valued the criteria that are benefited by their strategy, indicating a strong relationship between their priorities and their management. Overall, there was no ‘best’ weed management strategy, but farmers may benefit from the consideration of how their management priorities match the practical tradeoffs of each strategy.
Defining and delivering minimum incomes in China
Authors: Adler Michael 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper combines an empirical analysis of national and international attempts to deal with the problem of poverty in China with a normative analysis of capability theory, as developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. In this way, it attempts to highlight the centrality of normative approaches to poverty and its elimination. The paper is in five parts. Section I analyses the history, development and effectiveness of social assistance under the Minimum Living Standards Scheme (MLSS) in China; Section II provides an outline of capability theory; Section III analyses the history, development and effectiveness of the United Nations Development Program's (UNDP) Millennium Development Goals, with a focus on the elimination of poverty in China; Section IV emphasises the importance of a capability approach to the measurement of poverty and outlines what needs to be done to reduce poverty in China; while Section V discusses what still needs to be done to promote an effective anti-poverty strategy in China.
Geschlechts- und situationsspezifische Stressverarbeitung und Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Hampel Petra , Petermann Franz 
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie sollten insbesondere die wenigen Befunde zum alleinigen Einfluss der Art der Belastungssituation und dessen kombinierte Einflüsse mit dem Geschlecht auf die Stressverarbeitung erweitert werden. Hierfür bearbeiteten N = 1 087 Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 7 und 16 Jahren den Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche (SVF-KJ). Darüber hinaus wurde die Vorhersagekraft der situationsspezifischen Stressverarbeitung auf die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität an einer Teilstichprobe von N = 442 Kindern und Jugendlichen zwischen 9 und 16 Jahren untersucht. Die alleinigen Situationseinflüsse sprechen für erhöhte Ausprägungen in der Ablenkung, Situationskontrolle und Aggression für soziale Belastungssituationen. Mädchen verarbeiteten vor allem soziale Belastungssituationen ungünstig. Die Stressverarbeitung konnte die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität unter Kontrolle des Alters, Geschlechts, chronischer Erkrankungen und der psychischen Stressreaktivität signifikant vorhersagen. Die Befunde unterstützen erneut, geschlechtssensible, altersangepasste Gesundheitsförderprogramme im Kindes- und Jugendalter zu implementieren, die insbesondere die Bagatellisierung, positiven Selbstinstruktionen, Vermeidung und Resignation modifizieren sollten.
Do They Rate in the Same Way?
Authors: Rogge Jana , Koglin Ute , Petermann Franz 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The internal structure of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has been widely discussed in the literature. The first purpose of this study was, therefore, to analyze the internal structure of the SDQ as completed by German parents and teachers. Parents and teachers of 1,135 children between the ages of 3 and 6 years in German daycare facilities were asked to complete the SDQ. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), we found that the original five-factor model with added correlations between items with similar content and allowing cross-loads of reverse-worded items to the prosocial behavior factor is the model that fits the data the best. Additionally, we found significant mean differences between parents and teachers in four of the five SDQ subscales. Nevertheless, to compare the scores across both groups, it is necessary that the SDQ measures social-emotional and behavioral difficulties for both parents and teachers in the same way. Hence, the second purpose of this study was to test for measurement invariance of the SDQ across both groups. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA), we found that strict measurement invariance is tenable. Therefore, the observed means of the SDQ scores from parents and teachers are readily comparable and interpretable.
Measurement Invariance of a Universal Behavioral Screener Across	Samples From the USA and Germany
Authors: Casale Gino , Volpe Robert J. , Daniels Brian , Hennemann Thomas , Briesch Amy M. , Grosche Michael 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The current study examines the item and scalar equivalence of an abbreviated school-based universal screener that was cross-culturally translated and adapted from English into German. The instrument was designed to assess student behavior problems that impact classroom learning. Participants were 1,346 K-6 grade students from the US (n = 390, Mage = 9.23, 38.5% female) and Germany (n = 956, Mage = 8.04, 40.1% female). Measurement invariance was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) across students from the US and Germany. Results support full scalar invariance between students from the US and Germany (df = 266, χ2 = 790.141, Δχ2 = 6.9, p < .001, CFI = 0.976, ΔCFI = 0.000, RMSEA = 0.052, ΔRMSEA = −0.003) indicating that the factor structure, the factor loadings, and the item thresholds are comparable across samples. This finding implies that a full cross-cultural comparison including latent factor means and structural coefficients between the US and the German version of the abbreviated screener is possible. Therefore, the tool can be used in German schools as well as for cross-cultural research purposes between the US and Germany.
IFT proteins spatially control the geometry of cleavage furrow ingression and lumen positioning
Authors: Taulet Nicolas , Vitre Benjamin , Anguille Christelle , Douanier Audrey , Rocancourt Murielle , Taschner Michael , Lorentzen Esben , Echard Arnaud , Delaval Benedicte 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCytokinesis mediates the physical separation of dividing cells and, in 3D epithelia, provides a spatial landmark for lumen formation. Here, we unravel an unexpected role in cytokinesis for proteins of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery, initially characterized for their ciliary role and their link to polycystic kidney disease. Using 2D and 3D cultures of renal cells, we show that IFT proteins are required to correctly shape the central spindle, to control symmetric cleavage furrow ingression and to ensure central lumen positioning. Mechanistically, IFT88 directly interacts with the kinesin MKLP2 and is essential for the correct relocalization of the Aurora B/MKLP2 complex to the central spindle. IFT88 is thus required for proper centralspindlin distribution and central spindle microtubule organization. Overall, this work unravels a novel non-ciliary mechanism for IFT proteins at the central spindle, which could contribute to kidney cyst formation by affecting lumen positioning.
Distributed neural representation of saliency controlled value and category during anticipation of rewards and punishments
Authors: Zhang Zhihao , Fanning Jennifer , Ehrlich Daniel B. , Chen Wenting , Lee Daeyeol , Levy Ifat 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn extensive literature from cognitive neuroscience examines the neural representation of value, but interpretations of these existing results are often complicated by the potential confound of saliency. At the same time, recent attempts to dissociate neural signals of value and saliency have not addressed their relationship with category information. Using a multi-category valuation task that incorporates rewards and punishments of different nature, we identify distributed neural representation of value, saliency, and category during outcome anticipation. Moreover, we reveal category encoding in multi-voxel blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity patterns of the vmPFC and the striatum that coexist with value signals. These results help clarify ambiguities regarding value and saliency encoding in the human brain and their category independence, lending strong support to the neural “common currency” hypothesis. Our results also point to potential novel mechanisms of integrating multiple aspects of decision-related information.
The anthelmintic praziquantel is a human serotoninergic G-protein-coupled receptor ligand
Authors: Chan John D. , Cupit Pauline M. , Gunaratne Gihan S. , McCorvy John D. , Yang Yang , Stoltz Kristen , Webb Thomas R. , Dosa Peter I. , Roth Bryan L. , Abagyan Ruben , Cunningham Charles , Marchant Jonathan S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSchistosomiasis is a debilitating tropical disease caused by infection with parasitic blood flukes. Approximately 260 million people are infected worldwide, underscoring the clinical and socioeconomic impact of this chronic infection. Schistosomiasis is treated with the drug praziquantel (PZQ), which has proved the therapeutic mainstay for over three decades of clinical use. However, the molecular target(s) of PZQ remain undefined. Here we identify a molecular target for the antischistosomal eutomer — (R)-PZQ — which functions as a partial agonist of the human serotoninergic 5HT2B receptor. (R)-PZQ modulation of serotoninergic signaling occurs over a concentration range sufficient to regulate vascular tone of the mesenteric blood vessels where the adult parasites reside within their host. These data establish (R)-PZQ as a G-protein-coupled receptor ligand and suggest that the efficacy of this clinically important anthelmintic is supported by a broad, cross species polypharmacology with PZQ modulating signaling events in both host and parasite.
Van der Waals epitaxial growth and optoelectronics of large-scale WSe2/SnS2 vertical bilayer p–n junctions
Authors: Yang Tiefeng , Zheng Biyuan , Wang Zhen , Xu Tao , Pan Chen , Zou Juan , Zhang Xuehong , Qi Zhaoyang , Liu Hongjun , Feng Yexin , Hu Weida , Miao Feng , Sun Litao , Duan Xiangfeng , Pan Anlian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHigh-quality two-dimensional atomic layered p–n heterostructures are essential for high-performance integrated optoelectronics. The studies to date have been largely limited to exfoliated and restacked flakes, and the controlled growth of such heterostructures remains a significant challenge. Here we report the direct van der Waals epitaxial growth of large-scale WSe2/SnS2 vertical bilayer p–n junctions on SiO2/Si substrates, with the lateral sizes reaching up to millimeter scale. Multi-electrode field-effect transistors have been integrated on a single heterostructure bilayer. Electrical transport measurements indicate that the field-effect transistors of the junction show an ultra-low off-state leakage current of 10−14 A and a highest on–off ratio of up to 107. Optoelectronic characterizations show prominent photoresponse, with a fast response time of 500 μs, faster than all the directly grown vertical 2D heterostructures. The direct growth of high-quality van der Waals junctions marks an important step toward high-performance integrated optoelectronic devices and systems.
ATM and CDK2 control chromatin remodeler CSB to inhibit RIF1 in DSB repair pathway choice
Authors: Batenburg Nicole L. , Walker John R. , Noordermeer Sylvie M. , Moatti Nathalie , Durocher Daniel , Zhu Xu-Dong 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCSB, a member of the SWI2/SNF2 superfamily, is implicated in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. However, how it regulates this repair process is poorly understood. Here we uncover that CSB interacts via its newly identified winged helix domain with RIF1, an effector of 53BP1, and that this interaction mediates CSB recruitment to DSBs in S phase. At DSBs, CSB remodels chromatin by evicting histones, which limits RIF1 and its effector MAD2L2 but promotes BRCA1 accumulation. The chromatin remodeling activity of CSB requires not only damage-induced phosphorylation on S10 by ATM but also cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation on S158 by cyclin A-CDK2. Both modifications modulate the interaction of the CSB N-terminal region with its ATPase domain, the activity of which has been previously reported to be autorepressed by the N-terminal region. These results suggest that ATM and CDK2 control the chromatin remodeling activity of CSB in the regulation of DSB repair pathway choice.
Targeted kinase inhibition relieves slowness and tremor in a Drosophila model of LRRK2 Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Cording Amy C. , Shiaelis Nicolas , Petridi Stavroula , Middleton C. Adam , Wilson Laurence G. , Elliott Christopher J. H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn a number of Drosophila models of genetic Parkinson’s disease (PD) flies climb more slowly than wild-type controls. However, this assay does not distinguish effects of PD-related genes on gravity sensation, “arousal”, central pattern generation of leg movements, or muscle. To address this problem, we have developed an assay for the fly proboscis extension response (PER). This is attractive because the PER has a simple, well-identified reflex neural circuit, in which sucrose sensing neurons activate a pair of “command interneurons”, and thence motoneurons whose activity contracts the proboscis muscle. This circuit is modulated by a single dopaminergic neuron (TH-VUM). We find that expressing either the G2019S or I2020T (but not R1441C, or kinase dead) forms of human LRRK2 in dopaminergic neurons reduces the percentage of flies that initially respond to sucrose stimulation. This is rescued fully by feeding l-DOPA and partially by feeding kinase inhibitors, targeted to LRRK2 (LRRK2-IN-1 and BMPPB-32). High-speed video shows that G2019S expression in dopaminergic neurons slows the speed of proboscis extension, makes its duration more variable, and increases the tremor. Testing subsets of dopaminergic neurons suggests that the single TH-VUM neuron is likely most important in this phenotype. We conclude the Drosophila PER provides an excellent model of LRRK2 motor deficits showing bradykinesia, akinesia, hypokinesia, and increased tremor, with the possibility to localize changes in neural signaling.