bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fan-Out Wafer-Level-Packaging: Market and Technology Trends
Authors: Azémar Jérôme 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The semiconductor industry is facing a new era in which device scaling and cost reduction will not continue on the path they followed for the past few decades, with Moore's law in its foundation. Advanced nodes do not bring the desired cost benefit anymore and R&D investments in new lithography solutions and devices below 10nm nodes are rising substantially. In order to answer market demands, the industry seeks further performance and functionality boosts in integration. While scaling options remain uncertain in the shorter term and continue to be investigated, the spotlight turns to advanced packages. Emerging packages such as fan-out wafer level packages and 2.5D/3D IC solutions together with more conventional but upgraded flip chip BGAs aim to bridge the gap and revive the cost/performance curve while at the same time adding more functionality through integration.
Embedded packages are nowadays not anymore just an interesting approach for specific applications. Benefiting from 3D TSV high cost, these packages could fit the high expectations of the industry. Indeed, added value of embedded packages in terms of integration, reliability and even cost at system level is already clear for manufacturers. Embedded packages lacked success until 2013–2014 because of long time of qualification, few players involved and customer convincing time. The situation changed with new product announcements and strong involvement of some key players, lately most notably TSMC.
In this work we will focus on one main type of embedded package of most interest at the moment: Fan-Out wafer level package. The principle of Fan-Out technology is to embed products in a mold compound and allow redistribution layer pitch to be independent from die size. This approach is already mature enough to have high volume products claimed by Nanium and JCET/Stats ChipPAC using eWLB type of Fan-Out, with many other developments from OSATs and an aggressive technology from TSMC (inFO). The market for Fan-Out packages in 2015 almost reached $500M, with potential breakthrough events in store in 2016 that could triple the 2015 market and continue further with more than 30% growth. Understanding the potential of that market and the high demand from telecom industry for a thin and cheap package, other important OSATs like Powertech or Amkor are willing to enter the market with their own technologies. TSMC is also proposing its inFO process to its customers, confirming that foundries could look at the OSATs reserved market through wafer-level packages. Each player has its own view on how to gain market share and meet the challenges such as cost reduction, panel manufacturing, yield improvement, die shift…
The presentation will provide an overview of the products announcements, commercialization roadmaps as well as market forecasts per application. Insights and trends into the different fan-out packaging approaches by applications, business models and major players will be reviewed.
PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY ALIGNMENT MARK TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR LOW COST ADVANCED PACKAGING AND BONDED WAFER APPLICATIONS
Authors: Best Keith , Gardner Steve , Donaher Casey 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Advanced packaging technologies continue to enable the semiconductor industry to meet the needs for ever thinner, smaller and faster components required in mobile devices and other high performance applications. However, the increase in chip I/O count, driven by Moore's law, and the ability to produce FinFETs below 10nm have presented numerous additional challenges to the existing advanced packaging processes.
Furthermore, unlike Moore's law, which predicted the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit to double approximately every two years, advanced packaging is experiencing an alternate “law”; where instead of the number of transistors increasing, it is the number of functions increasing, within the ever decreasing volume constraints of the final product that drives the technology roadmap.
Inevitably, as functionality increases, so does the process complexity and cost. In this very cost sensitive advanced packaging arena, outsourced semiconductor assembly and test suppliers (OSATs) need to compensate by reducing their manufacturing costs. This requires the OSAT to reduce material costs, increase throughput, yield, and look for new ways to reduce the number of process steps.
One of the ways in which the OSATs have reduced the cost of materials is by removing the silicon wafer from back-end processing altogether; using epoxy mold compound (EMC) to create reconstituted wafers, or by using glass carriers. In the case of glass carriers, it is often the case, that the dice are attached face down on the carrier and subsequent processing prevents the front side patterns from being visible from the top side of the composite stack, even with infrared (IR) imaging. In this particular case, an additional lithography “clear out” window is defined in photoresist over the alignment mark so the opaque film can be etched away from the alignment mark, the resist stripped, and the lithography layer reworked. This additional processing is obviously costly and time consuming.
This paper specifically focuses on the concepts, methodology, and performance of a stepper-based photolithography solution that utilizes a photoresist latent image to provide temporary alignment marks for the lithography process, removing the need for the additional patterning and etching steps. This revolutionary system employs a backside camera, to align to die through the carrier. A separate exposure unit, calibrated to the alignment camera center, exposes temporary latent image targets which are then detected by the system's regular alignment system during the normal stepper lithography operation.
The performance data for the alignment, overlay, and latent image depth control are discussed in detail. The final analysis proves that overlay of &lt; 2μm is readily achievable, with no impact on system throughput.
RXRα is upregulated in first trimester endometrial glands of spontaneous abortions unlike LXR and PPARγ
Authors: Knabl J. , Vattai A. , Hüttenbrenner R. , Hutter S. , Karsten M. , Jeschke U. 
Published: November 2016

Nuclear receptors are necessary for uterine invasion of the trophoblast and therefore important for maintaining a viable pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern and frequency of LXR, PPARγ and RXRα under physiological circumstances and in spontaneous abortions in endometrial glands and decidual tissue cells. A total of 28 (14 physiologic pregnancies/14 spontaneous abortion) human pregnancies in first trimester were analysed for expression of the nuclear receptors LXR, RXRα and PPARγ. Expression changes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in decidual tissue and endometrial glands of the decidua. RXRα expression was up-regulated in the endometrial glands of spontaneous abortion (P<0.015). Similar up regulation of RXRα was found in decidual tissue (P<0.05). LXR and PPARγ expression was unchanged in spontaneous abortion. Via Correlation analysis we found a trend to positive correlation of LXR and PPARγ (Spearman correlation coefficient r=0.56 P=0.07) in endometrial glands. In decidual tissue, we found significant negative correlation in the control group, for the combination of RXRα and PPARγ (Spearman correlation coefficient r=0.913, P=0.03). Our data show that RXRα expression is increased in miscarriage in endometrial glands and correlation analysis showed that negative correlation between RXRα and PPARγ disappears in miscarriage. This shift is supposable responsible for the loss of regular function in trophoblast and embryonic tissue.
Numerical simulation of the vertical migration of Microcystis (cyanobacteria) colonies based on turbulence drag
Authors: Zhao Hongru , Zhu Wei , Chen Huaimin , Zhou Xiaohua , Wang Ruochen , Li Ming 
Published: November 2016

<p>The vertical migration and accumulation of <em>Microcystis</em> is an important process in water blooms, and colony migration is influenced by colony size and wind-wave disturbance. The vertical migration of <em>Microcystis</em> colonies in turbulence can be simulated in a numerical model. In this study, we model such migration by coupling the colony size and hydrodynamics, including the gravity, colony buoyancy, and the viscous drag force of turbulence. The turbulence intensity was represented by the turbulent kinetic energy<em> </em>(<em>K<sub>Z</sub></em>); the larger the <em>K<sub>Z</sub></em>, the stronger the wind-wave disturbance. The simulated vertical distribution of <em>Microcystis</em> well agreed with the measured values in a laboratory experiment indicating that our model can simulate the vertical distribution of <em>Microcystis</em> under different hydrodynamic conditions. We also found a size-dependent critical turbulent kinetic energy (T<em>K<sub>Z</sub></em>), such that if the turbulent kinetic energy of water exceeds the critical value (i.e., <em>K<sub>Z </sub></em>&gt; T<em>K<sub>Z</sub></em>), the colonies sink under the drag forces of turbulence; conversely, if <em>K<sub>Z </sub></em>&lt; T<em>K<sub>Z</sub></em>, the colonies can overcome the turbulent mixing and float. The T<em>K<sub>Z</sub></em> of each colony was linearly related to colony diameter. The model is crucial for prediction and prevention of water blooms. The simulated threshold turbulent kinetic energy, at which water blooms disappear in Lake Taihu (a large freshwater lake in the Yangtze Delta, Jiangsu Province, China), was 55.5 cm<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−2</sup>. </p>
Virtual reassembly and completion of a fragmentary drinking vessel
Authors: Tsiafaki Despoina , Koutsoudis Anestis , Arnaoutoglou Fotis , Michailidou Natasa 
Published: November 2016

<p class="VARAbstract">A key issue in the study of cultural assets is theiroften fragmentary condition. This causes serious problems and questions regarding theirstudy and presentation. Pottery fragments are the most numerous findings in every excavation. Furthermore, pottery plays an essential role for the reconstruction of the past, since it providesinformation for all aspects of life (private, public, religion, death, economy, society, trade,etc.). Therefore,a thorough study and presentation of pottery fragments contribute to a better knowledge of the past.The focus of this work is the visualisation of an ancient Greek drinking vase, a kantharos, which was unearthed during the excavations at the settlement of Karabournaki (ancient Therme) in the area of Thessaloniki (Greece). It dates to the Archaic period (7th-6thc. B.C.) and it was found in fragments among the settlement's architectural remains. The vase is of great archaeological significance due to its peculiarities in terms of shape, decoration and function. Therefore,its digital completion and 3D reconstruction willcontribute to its betterstudy and scholarly publication along with a general contribution to the field of pottery studies.We discuss on the 3D digitisation of the kantharosfragments that werebased onStructure from Motion/Multiple View Stereovision (SfM/MVS) and a custom automated data collection system. A detailed description of the digitisation pipeline is given along with details related to the quality of the 3D digital replicas of the sherds. Furthermore, we presentour manual virtual reassembly and reconstruction pipelineof the kantharosby describing the challenges, issues and ambiguities discovered while analysing the geometrical features of each sherd. A number of photorealistic reconstruction visualisations of the artefact are presented in order to question the applicability of the solution for the actual reconstruction</p>
In vitro exposure to isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol by direct deposition and its effects on COX-2 and IL-8 gene expression
Authors: Arashiro Maiko , Lin Ying-Hsuan , Sexton Kenneth G. , Zhang Zhenfa , Jaspers Ilona , Fry Rebecca C. , Vizuete William G. , Gold Avram , Surratt Jason D. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene, the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbon emitted into Earth's atmosphere primarily from terrestrial vegetation, is now recognized as a major contributor to the global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) burden. Anthropogenic pollutants significantly enhance isoprene SOA formation through acid-catalyzed heterogeneous chemistry of epoxide products. Since isoprene SOA formation as a source of fine aerosol is a relatively recent discovery, research is lacking on evaluating its potential adverse effects on human health. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of isoprene-derived SOA on inflammation-associated gene expression in human lung cells using a direct deposition exposure method. We assessed altered expression of inflammation-related genes in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to isoprene-derived SOA generated in an outdoor chamber facility. Measurements of gene expression of known inflammatory biomarkers interleukin 8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in exposed cells, together with complementary chemical measurements, showed that a dose of 0.067 µg cm−2 of SOA from isoprene photooxidation leads to statistically significant increases in IL-8 and COX-2 mRNA levels. Resuspension exposures using aerosol filter extracts corroborated these findings, supporting the conclusion that isoprene-derived SOA constituents induce the observed changes in mRNA levels. The present study is an attempt to examine the early biological responses of isoprene SOA exposure in human lung cells.
Ocean acidification challenges copepod phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Vehmaa Anu , Almén Anna-Karin , Brutemark Andreas , Paul Allanah , Riebesell Ulf , Furuhagen Sara , Engström-Öst Jonna 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Ocean acidification is challenging phenotypic plasticity of individuals and populations. Calanoid copepods (zooplankton) are shown to be fairly plastic against altered pH conditions, and laboratory studies indicate that transgenerational effects are one mechanism behind this plasticity. We studied phenotypic plasticity of the copepod Acartia sp. in the course of a pelagic, large-volume mesocosm study that was conducted to investigate ecosystem and biogeochemical responses to ocean acidification. We measured copepod egg production rate, egg-hatching success, adult female size and adult female antioxidant capacity (ORAC) as a function of acidification (fCO2  ∼  365–1231 µatm) and as a function of quantity and quality of their diet. We used an egg transplant experiment to reveal whether transgenerational effects can alleviate the possible negative effects of ocean acidification on offspring development. We found significant negative effects of ocean acidification on adult female size. In addition, we found signs of a possible threshold at high fCO2, above which adaptive maternal effects cannot alleviate the negative effects of acidification on egg-hatching and nauplii development. We did not find support for the hypothesis that insufficient food quantity (total particulate carbon < 55 µm) or quality (C : N) weakens the transgenerational effects. However, females with high-ORAC-produced eggs with high hatching success. Overall, these results indicate that Acartia sp. could be affected by projected near-future CO2 levels.
Sub-basin-scale sea level budgets from satellite altimetry, Argo floats and satellite gravimetry: a case study in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Kleinherenbrink Marcel , Riva Riccardo , Sun Yu 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. In this study, for the first time, an attempt is made to close the sea level budget on a sub-basin scale in terms of trend and amplitude of the annual cycle. We also compare the residual time series after removing the trend, the semiannual and the annual signals. To obtain errors for altimetry and Argo, full variance–covariance matrices are computed using correlation functions and their errors are fully propagated. For altimetry, we apply a geographically dependent intermission bias [Ablain et al.(2015)], which leads to differences in trends up to 0.8 mm yr−1. Since Argo float measurements are non-homogeneously spaced, steric sea levels are first objectively interpolated onto a grid before averaging. For the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), gravity fields full variance–covariance matrices are used to propagate errors and statistically filter the gravity fields. We use four different filtered gravity field solutions and determine which post-processing strategy is best for budget closure. As a reference, the standard 96 degree Dense Decorrelation Kernel-5 (DDK5)-filtered Center for Space Research (CSR) solution is used to compute the mass component (MC). A comparison is made with two anisotropic Wiener-filtered CSR solutions up to degree and order 60 and 96 and a Wiener-filtered 90 degree ITSG solution. Budgets are computed for 10 polygons in the North Atlantic Ocean, defined in a way that the error on the trend of the MC plus steric sea level remains within 1 mm yr−1. Using the anisotropic Wiener filter on CSR gravity fields expanded up to spherical harmonic degree 96, it is possible to close the sea level budget in 9 of 10 sub-basins in terms of trend. Wiener-filtered Institute of Theoretical geodesy and Satellite Geodesy (ITSG) and the standard DDK5-filtered CSR solutions also close the trend budget if a glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) correction error of 10–20 % is applied; however, the performance of the DDK5-filtered solution strongly depends on the orientation of the polygon due to residual striping. In 7 of 10 sub-basins, the budget of the annual cycle is closed, using the DDK5-filtered CSR or the Wiener-filtered ITSG solutions. The Wiener-filtered 60 and 96 degree CSR solutions, in combination with Argo, lack amplitude and suffer from what appears to be hydrological leakage in the Amazon and Sahel regions. After reducing the trend, the semiannual and the annual signals, 24–53 % of the residual variance in altimetry-derived sea level time series is explained by the combination of Argo steric sea levels and the Wiener-filtered ITSG MC. Based on this, we believe that the best overall solution for the MC of the sub-basin-scale budgets is the Wiener-filtered ITSG gravity fields. The interannual variability is primarily a steric signal in the North Atlantic Ocean, so for this the choice of filter and gravity field solution is not really significant.
Philistine Names and Terms Once Again: A Recent Perspective
Authors: Maeir Aren M. , Davis Brent , Hitchcock Louise A. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn the last decade or so, new data and interpretations on the onomastics of Iron Age Philistia have appeared. In this article, we review, discuss, and suggest some insights regarding some of these Philistine personal names (e.g., Goliath), names of deities (e.g., PTGYH), and terms (e.g., seren). We assess them from linguistic, cultural, anthropological, and historical points of view. We then propose how they can be understood within the wider socio-cultural context(s) of Iron Age Philistia specifically and the wider eastern Mediterranean in general, and how they can be incorporated into efforts to understand the origins, development, and transformation of the Philistines and their culture(s).
Blended Learning Experience of Students Participating Pedagogical Formation Program: Advantages and Limitation of Blended Education
Authors: Saltan Fatih 
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the learning experience of students studying pedagogic formation in blended design with regard to attendance, self confidence, and attitudes toward both Pedagogic Formation Program (PFP) and the teaching profession. In order to achieve this aim, a qualitative case study approach was carried out. The participants of this study consisted of 154 graduated Faculty of Arts and Sciences students who were enrolled in the first blended PFP in Turkey. A qualitative case study was conducted. Data were obtained through an open-ended questionnaire (n=154) and focus group interviews (n=8). The qualitative data were analyzed by using content analysis techniques. Overall, the results indicated that blended PFP was highly promising regarding professional development, self-confidence, accessibility and eliminating some disadvantages of distance education. Specifically, inherent problems of online education continued to take place in blended design but a balanced blended approach could minimize these weaknesses. Participants indicated that face-to-face sections were more applied, authentic and effective than the online part. On the other hand, most of the participants preferred to attend the online lessons regularly. It was mainly because of availability concerns, travelling, and comfort of their home.
KEI en ODR: hand in hand vooruit
Authors: Verdonschot Jin Ho 
Published: November 2016

KEI and ODR: forward in cooperation
Is online dispute resolution (ODR) the way to organise 100% access to justice? Or is it more of a bubble-solution looking for a problem? Experiences are mixed but there are reasons to be optimistic. A Dutch example of an online divorce platform show how technology can better serve the justice needs of citizens. But for that we need to stop thinking in terms of ADR, ODR and court litigation but rather design more hybrid processes.
Memory and language in Hiromi Goto’s Chorus of Mushrooms
Authors: Pich Ponce Eva 
Published: November 2016

Author/s
Eva Pich PonceUniversidad de Sevilla, Spain

ABSTRACT
Hiromi Goto’s Chorus of Mushrooms (1994) highlights the difficulties encountered by Japanese when immigrating and living in Canada. This essay focuses on how Hiromi Goto uses linguistic codes to construct cultural identities and to stress the arbitrary nature of stereotypes. It analyzes the importance of memory and translation, which can be seen as both necessary and alienating. It also examines the importance of language and storytelling in the process of constructing one’s identity.
The voice of the cypresses: Cyrus Cassells and the poetry of Salvador Espriu
Authors: Llorens Cubedo Dídac 
Published: November 2016

Author/s
Dídac Llorens CubedoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain

ABSTRACT
“To the cypress again and again” is Cyrus Cassells’s poetic response to the work of Salvador Espriu, a poet whose reception has been limited by his belonging to a minority culture and his commitment to the Catalan language. In its first eight sections, the poem reads as a dramatic monologue: its author adopts Espriu’s voice, successfully evoking his poetic world. In what could be considered the second part of the poem, a different poetic speaker  identifiable with Cassells  shares personal memories of Espriu: the man, his nation and his culture. At the end of the poem, the emblematic cypresses are identified with the Catalan people and their voice is heard. The poem is an example of epistolary elegy, a mode that allows Cassells to enter into dialogue with deceased personalities who have had artistic or historical relevance. In so doing, the American poet shows, like Espriu did, an acute sense of cultural tradition.
From the editors
Authors: Value Language 
Published: November 2016

From the Editors
CLIL AT UNIVERSITY: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS
In recent times, the relevance of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) at most educational levels, especially in the university world, has experienced an exponential increase, as recent publications show (Doiz et al. 2013, Fortanet-Gómez 2013, Llinares et al. 2012, or Smit and Dafouz 2012a, among others). Teaching in English seems to be a popular topic nowadays, but it is also a need. The articles included in this issue show three main common features of CLIL and its role in today’s higher education: the process of internationalization of the educational system, the need for a language policy, and the fact that English for Specific Purposes (ESP) as a field of research and teaching as well as ESP practitioners are all very much concerned with CLIL.