bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver fibrosis and fatty liver in Asian HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Lui G. , Wong V. W.‐S. , Wong G. L.‐H. , Chu W. C.‐W. , Wong C.‐K. , Yung I. M. H. , Wong R. Y. K. , Yeung S.‐L. , Yeung D. K.‐W. , Cheung C. S. K. , Chan H.‐Y. , Chan H. L.‐Y. , Lee N. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundLittle is known about the importance of liver fibrosis and fatty liver in HIV‐monoinfected individuals without hepatitis virus co‐infection, particularly among the Asian population.AimTo evaluate prevalence and risk factors for liver fibrosis and fatty liver in Asian HIV‐monoinfected individuals.MethodsEighty asymptomatic HIV‐monoinfected individuals (tested negative for HBV/HCV) were compared with 160 matched HIV‐uninfected healthy controls. Transient elastography and proton‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) were performed to measure liver stiffness and hepatic steatosis respectively. Blood samples were analysed for metabolic profiles and markers of steatohepatitis (e.g. cytokeratin‐18).ResultsAll HIV‐infected individuals (mean ± s.d. age 54 ± 11 years, male 93%, Chinese 94%; diagnosis median duration 8 (IQR 4–13 years) were stable on anti‐retrovirals (PI‐based 58.7%, NNRTI‐based 25.0% integrase‐inhibitors 16.3%); diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and metabolic syndrome were common. Fatty liver disease was detected in 28.7%. There was significantly higher degree of liver stiffness [4.9 (IQR 4.1–6.2) kPa vs. 4.2 (IQR 3.6–5.0) kPa, P < 0.001], and greater proportions developed significant fibrosis (7.0 kPa, 14.3% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.001) and cirrhosis (10.3 kPa, 5.2% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.040) compared with controls. HIV infection was an independent risk factor for significant fibrosis (adjusted OR 4.00, 95% CI 1.29–12.41, P = 0.016). HIV‐infected individuals with fatty liver had excessive liver stiffness and fibrosis. Two cases of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma were detected.ConclusionsHIV‐monoinfected patients are at risk for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. HIV‐related mechanisms and fatty liver disease may play important roles. Screening and intervention to prevent severe outcomes should be considered.
Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of the Factors Underlying Multiracial Person Perception
Authors: Chen Jacqueline M. , Norman Jasmine B. 
Published: June 2016

Young and colleagues’ recent article substantially contributes to the understanding of multiracial perception generally and in the context of affirmative action. Their introduction of socioeconomic status as a relevant factor in the perception of Latino‐White biracials highlights our need for additional research identifying which target characteristics and perceiver motives influence the perception of multiracials and under what conditions these relationships occur. We outline how future research can incorporate and expand on Young et al.’s work to better understand multiracial person perception and specify the most appropriate contexts in which these findings could be applied by practitioners.
Evaluation of B cell maturation antigen as a target for antibody drug conjugate mediated cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma
Authors: Lee Lydia , Bounds Danton , Paterson Jennifer , Herledan Gaelle , Sully Katherine , Seestaller‐Wehr Laura M. , Fieles William E. , Tunstead James , McCahon Lee , Germaschewski Fiona M. , Mayes Patrick A , Craigen Jenny L. , Rodriguez‐Justo Manuel , Yong Kwee L. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryB‐cell maturation antigen (BCMA, also termed TNFRSF17) is an attractive therapeutic target due to its restricted expression on normal and malignant plasma cells (PC). GSK2857916 (or J6M0‐MMAF) is a BCMA‐specific antibody conjugated to the microtubule‐disrupting agent monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) via a protease‐resistant linker. To evaluate the clinical potential of this agent, tumour cells from seventy multiple myeloma (MM) patients were assessed for BCMA expression by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. All patients tested expressed BCMA, at varying levels, and both surface and intracellular expression were observed. BCMA expression is maintained through relapse, extramedullary spread and in residual disease post therapy. BCMA levels may also be prognostically useful as higher levels of BCMA were associated with poorer outcomes, even taking into account genetic risk. We observed rapid internalization of surface BCMA and newly expressed protein by 1 h, suggesting a mechanism for J6M0‐MMAF activity even with low surface antigen. J6M0‐MMAF mediated cytotoxicity of MM cells varied with dose and antigen levels, with clonogenic progenitors killed at lower doses than mature cells. In comparison, J6M0‐MMAF killing of primary CD138+ myeloma cells occurred with slower kinetics. Our observations support BCMA to be a promising therapeutic target in MM for novel therapies such as J6M0‐MMAF.
Characteristics of young adults of Belarus with post‐Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma: a long‐term follow‐up of patients with early exposure to radiation at the 30th anniversary of the accident
Authors: Fridman Mikhail , Lam Alfred King‐yin , Krasko Olga 
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectivesStudies of thyroid cancer related to the Chernobyl accident have focused on children as they are the most vulnerable group with the highest risk of developing radiation‐associated cancer. In contrast, our research aimed to look at the clinical and pathological features of patients with post‐Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma that were 2 years old or less at the time of the Chernobyl accident.DesignThe study subjects were patients (n = 359) aged 0 to 2 at the time of the Chernobyl accident and aged ≥19 years at presentation/surgery who were treated in Belarus for papillary thyroid carcinoma during the period 2003–2013.ResultsIn conventional or oncocytic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, the prevalence of extra‐thyroidal extension, nodal disease, infiltrative growth or lymphatic vessel invasion was above 50%. These features were less pronounced when compared to tall cell or diffuse sclerosing variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The highest frequency of central lymph node metastases was found in patients aged 1–2 years at exposure (P = 0·004). Subjects exposed in utero were characterized by absent/insignificant lymphocytic infiltration around the carcinoma (P = 0·025), predominance of conventional papillary architecture and an association with lymphocytic thyroiditis.ConclusionsA number of features were associated with this group of patients that were very young at the time of radiation exposure. In addition, the incidence and basic characteristics of adult papillary thyroid carcinoma varied depending on the types of exposure conditions.
Materials in the vitreous during cataract surgery: nature and incidence, with two cases of histological confirmation
Authors: Kam Andrew W , Chen Tony S , Wang Sarah B , Jain Neeranjali S , Goh Aaron YJ , Douglas Christopher P , McKelvie Penny A , Agar Ashish , Osher Robert H , Francis Ian C 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundTo identify and classify materials in the vitreous observed during phacoemulsification cataract surgery (phaco).DesignProspective, consecutive, observational case series at one ophthalmic day surgery in Sydney, Australia.ParticipantsA total of 767 consecutive phaco cases. Cases were excluded if there was posterior capsule rupture or vitreous loss intraoperatively.MethodsFor each patient, age, gender, baseline corrected distance visual acuity, presence of pseudoexfoliation, nuclear sclerosis grade and phacoemulsification ultrasound time were recorded. The relationship between these variables and materials in the vitreous was evaluated with regression analysis. Two patients with materials in the vitreous developed an acute intraoperative rock‐hard eye syndrome. In these two patients, pars plana needle aspiration of retrolenticular fluid was performed to re‐establish normal intraocular pressure. Histology was undertaken to compare this fluid with known lens material retrieved from the Fluid Management System bags in two unrelated cases.Main Outcome MeasurementsPresence of materials in the vitreous during phaco.ResultsMaterials in the vitreous were observed in either Berger's space or the anterior vitreous in 386 eyes (50.3% of cases); the majority was putatively lens material (46.5% of all cases). Pigment and ophthalmic viscoelastic device were seen in the anterior vitreous in 9.8% and 1.7% of cases, respectively. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher nuclear sclerosis grade (P = 0.025), male gender (P = 0.003) and greater age (P = 0.016) were predictive of the presence of materials in the vitreous. Histological assessment with light microscopy and birefringence techniques identified the materials in the vitreous as lens material.ConclusionMaterials in the vitreous were seen in 50.3% of phaco cases. It has been histologically demonstrated that lens materials can be introduced into the anterior vitreous during phaco.
Effects of past and present livestock grazing on herpetofauna in a landscape‐scale experiment
Authors: Kay Geoffrey M. , Mortelliti Alessio , Tulloch Ayesha , Barton Philip , Florance Daniel , Cunningham Saul A. , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLivestock grazing is the most widespread land use on Earth and can have negative effects on biodiversity. Yet, many of the mechanisms by which grazing leads to changes in biodiversity remain unresolved. One reason is that conventional grazing studies often target broad treatments rather than specific parameters of grazing (e.g., intensity, duration, and frequency) or fail to account for historical grazing effects. We conducted a landscape‐scale replicated grazing experiment (15,000 km2, 97 sites) to examine the impact of past grazing management and current grazing regimes (intensity, duration, and frequency) on a community of ground‐dwelling herpetofauna (39 species). We analyzed community variables (species richness and composition) for all species and built multiseason patch‐occupancy models to predict local colonization and extinction for the 7 most abundant species. Past grazing practices did not influence community richness but did affect community composition and patch colonization and extinction for 4 of 7 species. Present grazing parameters did not influence community richness or composition, but 6 of the 7 target species were affected by at least one grazing parameter. Grazing frequency had the most consistent influence, positively affecting 3 of 7 species (increased colonization or decreased extinction). Past grazing practice affected community composition and population dynamics in some species in different ways, which suggests that conservation planners should examine the different grazing histories of an area. Species responded differently to specific current grazing practices; thus, incentive programs that apply a diversity of approaches rather than focusing on a change such as reduced grazing intensity should be considered. Based on our findings, we suggest that determining fine‐scale grazing attributes is essential for advancing grazing as a conservation strategy.
miRNA‐34a promotes proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by targeting PDGFRA
Authors: Wang Peng , Xu Jie , Hou Zhiling , Wang Fangfang , Song Yingli , Wang Jiao , Zhu Hui , Jin Hongbo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fast progressing vascular disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Some studies have suggested that PAH and cancers share an apoptosis‐resistant state, featuring excessive cell proliferation. The miR‐34 family consists of tumour‐suppressive miRNAs, and its reduced expression has been reported in numerous cancers; however, its role in hypoxia‐induced PAH has not been previously studied.Materials and methodsmiR‐34 family expression was evaluated in a rat model with hypoxia and in cultured hypoxic PASMCs, using real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR). Function of miR‐34 family was assessed by transfecting miR‐34 mimics and inhibitors. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays, RT‐qPCR and Western blotting were performed to validate target genes of miR‐34.ResultsSignificant down‐regulation of miR‐34a in hypoxic lung tissue, pulmonary artery and PASMCs was identified and then effects of miR‐34a in modulating cell proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs) was investigated in vitro. Reduction of miR‐34a levels in hPASMCs caused increased proliferation and these effects were reversed by overexpression of miR‐34a. miR‐34a overexpression down‐regulated platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) expression, which is a key factor in PAH development. These results suggest that miR‐34a is a potential regulator of proliferation in PASMCs, and that it could be used as a novel treatment strategy in PAH.
Leucocyte‐bound apolipoprotein B in the circulation is inversely associated with the presence of clinical and subclinical atherosclerosis
Authors: de Vries Marijke A. , Klop Boudewijn , van der Meulen Noëlle , van de Geijn Gert‐Jan M. , Prinzen Lenneke , van der Zwan Ellen , Birnie Erwin , Cohen Tervaert Jan W. , Liem Anho H. , de Herder Wouter W. , Castro Cabezas Manuel 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundAtherosclerosis is a pro‐inflammatory condition, in which leucocyte activation plays an important role. The interaction between circulating leucocytes and apolipoprotein (apo) B‐containing lipoproteins results in pro‐inflammatory changes of these cells. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between apo B bound to circulating leucocytes and atherosclerosis.MethodsApo B on circulating leucocytes was measured by flow cytometry in subjects with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD), expressed as mean fluorescent intensity in arbitrary units (au). Carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) was measured using B‐mode ultrasound. Data are given as median (interquartile range).ResultsA total of 396 subjects were included, of whom 183 had a history of CVD. Compared to subjects without CVD, patients with CVD had lower apo B bound to neutrophils (12·7 au (9·8–16·2) and 14·2 au (10·1–17·5), respectively, P = 0·038) and to monocytes (2·5 au (1·7–3·1) and 2·7 (1·9–3·6) au, respectively, P = 0·025). No differences were found for lymphocyte‐bound apo B. Neutrophil‐ and monocyte‐bound apo B were inversely correlated with cIMT (Spearman's rho: −0·123, P = 0·017 and −0·108, P = 0·035, respectively). Both monocyte‐ and neutrophil‐bound apo B were inversely associated with different factors related to the metabolic syndrome, such as body mass index, triglycerides and complement C3. There was a positive association between erythrocyte‐bound apo B and apo B bound to each of the leucocyte classes, possibly reflecting a similar mechanism. Discontinuation of statins in 54 subjects did not influence leucocyte‐bound apo B.ConclusionUnexpectedly, the presence of noninternalized apo B‐containing lipoproteins on circulating neutrophil and monocyte membranes may represent a protective mechanism against atherosclerosis.
Expression of possible targets for new proteasome inhibitors in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Delforoush Maryam , Berglund Mattias , Edqvist Per‐Henrik , Sundström Christer , Gullbo Joachim , Enblad Gunilla 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesInvestigating expression of possible targets for proteasome inhibitors in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and correlating the findings to clinical parameters and outcome.MethodsTumour material from 92 patients with DLBCL treated with either R‐CHOP like (n = 69) or CHOP like (n = 23) regimens were stained for possible targets of proteasome inhibitors.ResultsThe primary target molecule of bortezomib, proteasome subunit beta, type 5 (PSMB5), was not detected in the tumour cells in any of the cases but showed an abundant expression in cells in the microenvironment. However, the deubiquitinases (DUBs) of the proteasome, the ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase L5 (UCHL5) and the ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (USP14), were detected in the cytoplasm of the tumour cells in 77% and 74% of the cases, respectively. The adhesion regulating molecule 1 (ADRM1) was detected in 98% of the cases. There was no correlation between the expression of any of the studied markers and clinical outcome or GC/non‐GC phenotype.ConclusionsWe suggest that UCHL5 and/or USP14 should be further evaluated as new targets for proteasome inhibitors in DLBCL. The lack of expression of PSMB5 on the tumour cells might provide an explanation of the relatively poor results of bortezomib in DLBCL.
Review of the genus Eumonopyta (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Sohn Jae‐Cheon 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe yponomeutid genus Eumonopyta is reviewed by examination of the type species, E. unicornis, from Japan and Taiwan and descriptions of two new congeners, E. tucki from India and E. viridigigas from Thailand. Eumonopyta unicornis is first reported from Taiwan. The previously proposed diagnostic characters for Eumonopyta are re‐evaluated. The female genitalia of Eumonopyta are described for the first time, based on E. unicornis and E. viridigigas. Photographs of imagoes and genitalia, if available, are provided for all three species of Eumonopyta.
Monopathogenic vs multipathogenic explanations of pemphigus pathophysiology
Authors: Ahmed A. Razzaque , Carrozzo Marco , Caux Frédéric , Cirillo Nicola , Dmochowski Marian , Alonso Agustín España , Gniadecki Robert , Hertl Michael , López‐Zabalza Maria J. , Lotti Roberta , Pincelli Carlo , Pittelkow Mark , Schmidt Enno , Sinha Animesh A. , Sprecher Eli , Grando Sergei A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis viewpoint highlights major, partly controversial concepts about the pathogenesis of pemphigus. The monopathogenic theory explains intra‐epidermal blistering through the “desmoglein (Dsg) compensation” hypothesis, according to which an antibody‐dependent disabling of Dsg 1‐ and/or Dsg 3‐mediated cell–cell attachments of keratinocytes (KCs) is sufficient to disrupt epidermal integrity and cause blistering. The multipathogenic theory explains intra‐epidermal blistering through the “multiple hit” hypothesis stating that a simultaneous and synchronized inactivation of the physiological mechanisms regulating and/or mediating intercellular adhesion of KCs is necessary to disrupt epidermal integrity. The major premise for a multipathogenic theory is that a single type of autoantibody induces only reversible changes, so that affected KCs can recover due to a self‐repair. The damage, however, becomes irreversible when the salvage pathway and/or other cell functions are altered by a partnering autoantibody and/or other pathogenic factors. Future studies are needed to (i) corroborate these findings, (ii) characterize in detail patient populations with non‐Dsg‐specific autoantibodies, and (iii) determine the extent of the contribution of non‐Dsg antibodies in disease pathophysiology.
Microscale decoupling of sediment oxygen consumption and microbial biomass in an oligotrophic lake
Authors: Jeske Jan Torsten , Müller Roger A. , Wendeberg Annelie , Bertilsson Stefan 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Sediments of aquatic ecosystems are hotspots for biological activity. Here, we address the question if, within surface sediments, oxygen consumption is linearly related to cell abundance. In addition, we identify habitat‐specific factors influencing underlying microbial processes.

Sediment microcosms were established from three sites within oligotrophic Lake Ånnsjön, Sweden, to use microsensors for measuring oxygen profiles and estimate spatially resolved oxygen consumption rates at the water–sediment interfaces. To evaluate differences between habitats, we measured sediment carbon content and C : N : P as a proxy for diagenetic state and organic matter bioavailability. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to assess the microscale distribution and size of surface‐colonising microorganisms.

There was no linear correlation between oxygen consumption rates and microbial cell abundances. Cell‐specific respiration rates were highest in the profundal compared to the littoral‐ and inflow‐sediment microcosms, whereas vertical variability in all these parameters was highest at the inflow, intermediate in the littoral and least variable in profundal sediments.

Illumina sequencing of spatially resolved 16SrRNA genes was used to test for possible influence of bacterial diversity on spatially resolved oxygen consumption rates. Bacterial α‐diversity decreased over depth at each site, but was also lower in sediments from the most active profundal zones of the lake compared to the inflow.

We suggest that bacteria in profundal sediments mainly use highly oxidised organic compounds, resulting in overall low growth yield despite high metabolic activity. In the lake inflow and the littoral, more reduced organic substrates of terrestrial origin are used at lower rates but with higher yield.
Prevalence and prognostic influence of bacterial pyuria in elderly patients with pneumonia: A retrospective study
Authors: Oka Hiroaki , Komiya Kosaku , Ohama Minoru , Kawano Yoshiyuki , Uchida Masahiro , Miyajima Hajime , Iwashita Tomohiko , Okabe Eiji , Kawamura Tadao , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Matsumoto Taisuke , Kadota Jun‐ichi 
Published: June 2016

AimThe number of elderly patients with pneumonia is significantly increasing as the populations in many countries age. Although elderly patients with pneumonia are at risk of developing urinary tract infections, no studies have examined the prevalence or the prognostic impact of this complication. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of comorbid bacterial pyuria and the impact on the prognosis of elderly patients with pneumonia.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 132 patients aged >65 years who were hospitalized for pneumonia and who underwent a urinary sediment test on admission. The background characteristics, laboratory results and treatment regimens were documented, and the risk factors for the complication of bacterial pyuria and its association with 90‐day mortality in pneumonia patients were elucidated.ResultsA total of 37 (28%) of 132 patients were complicated by bacterial pyuria. The patients with bacterial pyuria were more often women, showed a poorer performance status, were more frequently fed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and more frequently used diapers and/or a bladder catheter. Regarding first‐line drugs, 82.6% of the patients received beta‐lactamase inhibitors and extended‐spectrum penicillins. The use of a bladder catheter and a poor performance status were associated with bacterial pyuria. A multivariate analysis showed that a poor performance status was the only factor associated with 90‐day mortality.ConclusionsBacterial pyuria did not affect the prognosis of patients who were treated with penicillin‐based regimens. Thus, broad‐spectrum antibiotics are not necessarily required for elderly patients with pneumonia complicated by urinary tract infection. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1076–1080.