bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small fish use the hypoxic pelagic zone as a refuge from predators
Authors: Vejřík Lukáš , Matějíčková Ivana , Jůza Tomáš , Frouzová Jaroslava , Seďa Jaromír , Blabolil Petr , Ricard Daniel , Vašek Mojmír , Kubečka Jan , Říha Milan , Čech Martin 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis) often inhabit deep zones of lakes or reservoirs (metalimnion to hypolimnion). Using fry trawling and hydroacoustic measurements, we studied perch distribution to determine if juveniles are using deep hypoxic waters (oxygen concentration ≤3.5 mg L−1) as a refuge from predation.

We found a heterogeneous depth distribution of perch, with the highest abundance of juveniles in the hypoxic pelagic zones. Distributions were better correlated with oxygen concentration than with depth or temperature.

Densities of Daphnia spp. were high in the deep hypoxic zones, likely related to avoidance of predation from zooplanktivorous cyprinid fish. Furthermore, Daphnia was found to be the dominant food source for juvenile perch in hypoxic zones and gut fullness was highest in areas with maximum hypoxia. Contrary to earlier studies suggesting a dietary advantage of fish inhabiting cooler hypoxic zones, our study, considering physiological benefits and limitations of juvenile perch digestion, found no support for temperature caused substantial changes in gastric evacuation rates.

Our finding that high juvenile perch abundance was associated with low oxygen concentration suggests that juvenile perch are mainly using deep hypoxic waters as a refuge from large predators. This behaviour is reinforced by the presence of zooplankton prey in this zone.
Early life stages of exotic gobiids as new hosts for unionid glochidia
Authors: Šlapanský Luděk , Jurajda Pavel , Janáč Michal 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Introduction of an exotic species has the potential to alter interactions between fish and bivalves; yet our knowledge in this field is limited, not least by lack of studies involving fish early life stages (ELS).

Here, for the first time, we examine glochidial infection of fish ELS by native and exotic bivalves in a system recently colonised by two exotic gobiid species (round goby Neogobius melanostomus, tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris) and the exotic Chinese pond mussel Anodonta woodiana.

The ELS of native fish were only rarely infected by native glochidia. By contrast, exotic fish displayed significantly higher native glochidia prevalence and mean intensity of infection than native fish (17 versus 2% and 3.3 versus 1.4 respectively), inferring potential for a parasite spillback/dilution effect. Exotic fish also displayed a higher parasitic load for exotic glochidia, inferring potential for invasional meltdown. Compared to native fish, presence of gobiids increased the total number of glochidia transported downstream on drifting fish by approximately 900%.

We show that gobiid ELS are a novel, numerous and ‘attractive’ resource for unionid glochidia. As such, unionids could negatively affect gobiid recruitment through infection‐related mortality of gobiid ELS and/or reinforce downstream unionid populations through transport on drifting gobiid ELS. These implications go beyond what is suggested in studies of older life stages, thereby stressing the importance of an holistic ontogenetic approach in ecological studies.
Light and dissolved phosphorus interactively affect microbial metabolism, stoichiometry and decomposition of leaf litter
Authors: Halvorson Halvor M. , Scott Erin E. , Entrekin Sally A. , Evans‐White Michelle A. , Scott J. Thad 
Published: April 2016

Summary

In aquatic settings, light can stimulate algal growth to affect microbial transformation of organic substrates. These effects may depend on dissolved nutrients that differentially constrain microbial autotrophy and heterotrophy to drive contrasting carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) dynamics during decomposition.

We incubated sugar maple (Acer saccharum) litter under three dissolved P amendments (0, 50 or 500 μg L−1 P) and two light levels (14 or 475 μmol photons m−2 s−1) in laboratory microcosms. We measured litter chlorophyll a, microbial respiration and net metabolism, carbon:nitrogen (C:N) and C:P content, microbial P uptake and release and litter decomposition over 134 days.

Elevated dissolved P increased algal biomass in the high‐light treatment and magnified net heterotrophy and autotrophy in the low‐ and high‐light treatments, respectively. Litter C:P and C:N declined as dissolved P increased, and litter C:P was further reduced by high light only in the highest P treatment.

Microbial P uptake fluxes peaked under moderate P and high light, whereas P release fluxes were consistently low throughout the experiment. The percent of P uptake that was released was significantly higher under low light.

High light stimulated decomposition under low P but slowed decomposition under high P, suggesting increased nutrients weakened algal priming of litter decomposition.

Our study suggests factors controlling the degree of autotrophy versus heterotrophy on organic matter, such as light and nutrient availability, may interactively shift litter C and P dynamics during decomposition.
Declining water yield from forested mountain watersheds in response to climate change and forest mesophication
Authors: Caldwell Peter V. , Miniat Chelcy F. , Elliott Katherine J. , Swank Wayne T. , Brantley Steven T. , Laseter Stephanie H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractClimate change and forest disturbances are threatening the ability of forested mountain watersheds to provide the clean, reliable, and abundant fresh water necessary to support aquatic ecosystems and a growing human population. Here, we used 76 years of water yield, climate, and field plot vegetation measurements in six unmanaged, reference watersheds in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina,USAto determine whether water yield has changed over time, and to examine and attribute the causal mechanisms of change. We found that annual water yield increased in some watersheds from 1938 to the mid‐1970s by as much as 55%, but this was followed by decreases up to 22% by 2013. Changes in forest evapotranspiration were consistent with, but opposite in direction to the changes in water yield, with decreases in evapotranspiration up to 31% by the mid‐1970s followed by increases up to 29% until 2013. Vegetation survey data showed commensurate reductions in forest basal area until the mid‐1970s and increases since that time accompanied by a shift in dominance from xerophytic oak and hickory species to several mesophytic species (i.e., mesophication) that use relatively more water. These changes in forest structure and species composition may have decreased water yield by as much as 18% in a given year since the mid‐1970s after accounting for climate. Our results suggest that changes in climate and forest structure and species composition in unmanaged forests brought about by disturbance and natural community dynamics over time can result in large changes in water supply.
Niche expansion and temperature sensitivity of tropical African montane forests
Authors: Ivory Sarah J. , Early Regan , Sax Dov F. , Russell James 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAim Climate and land‐use change will have a dramatic impact on future ecosystems through alterations to species ranges and community composition. When forming conservation strategies, correlative species distribution models are often created to assess risks for individual species. These models are based on the assumption of climatic equilibrium, such that the modern range is representative of the full range of conditions under which species could thrive. However, the palaeo‐ecological record illustrates examples of disequilibrium in species today, and recent studies suggest that many species could occur in much broader climatic settings than previously thought. Montane ecosystems are thought to be at disproportionate risk due to temperature sensitivity and restricted geographical ranges. However, in the Afrotropics the palaeo‐ecological record shows that montane forest taxa expanded into the lowlands numerous times, suggesting a possible tolerance to warm temperatures.Location Africa.Methods We integrate palaeo‐ecological and palaeo‐climatic data in order to compare climate conditions in which species are currently found with those in the past. We use species distribution models to construct potential modern ranges for Afromontane species based on modern distributions and distributions in the palaeo‐ecological record in order to evaluate the equilibrium of species ranges.Results We show that many Afromontane trees have occupied warmer climates in the past, which suggests that the current low‐elevation boundaries are not set by climate. Interestingly, the species with the largest disequilibrium between palaeo‐ and modern distributions are those whose modern distributions show the least temperature sensitivity. Mapping of species potential ranges based on modern and palaeo‐ distributions clearly shows that suitable climate conditions exist today in the lowlands for less temperature‐sensitive species.Main conclusions These results imply that the current range of these forest trees does not necessarily inform risk from climatic change, and that human land use may be the major pressure for many species in the future.
A migraine management training program for primary care providers: An overview of a survey and pilot study findings, lessons learned, and considerations for further research
Authors: Minen Mia , Shome Ashna , Halpern Audrey , Tishler Lori , Brennan K.C. , Loder Elizabeth , Lipton Richard , Silbersweig David 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundThere are five to nine million primary care office visits a year for migraine in the United States. However, migraine care is often suboptimal in the primary care setting. A prior study indicated that primary care physicians (PCPs) wanted direct contact with headache specialists to improve the migraine care they provide.ObjectiveWe sought to further examine PCPs' knowledge of migraine management and assess the feasibility of a multimodal migraine education program for PCPs.MethodsWe conducted a survey assessing PCPs' knowledge about migraine. We then held three live educational sessions and developed an email consultative service for PCPs to submit questions they had about migraine. We report both quantitative and qualitative findings.ResultsTwenty‐one PCPs completed the survey. They were generally familiar with the epidemiology of migraine (mean prevalence of migraine reported was 12.6%±10.1), the psychiatric comorbidities (mean prevalence of comorbid depression was 24.5% ± 16.7, mean prevalence of comorbid anxiety was 24.6% ± 18.3), and evidence‐based behavioral treatments. Fifty‐six percent cited cognitive behavioral therapy, 78% cited biofeedback, and 61% cited relaxation therapy as evidence based treatments. Though most were aware of the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities, they did not routinely assess for them (43% did not routinely assess for anxiety, 29% did not routinely assess for depression). PCPs reported frequently referring patients for non‐level A evidence based treatments: special diets (60%), acupuncture (50%), physical therapy (30%), and psychoanalysis (20%). Relaxation therapy was a therapy recommended by 40% of the PCPs. Only 10% reported referring for cognitive behavioral therapy or biofeedback. Nineteen percent made minimal or no use of migraine preventive medications. Seventy‐two percent were unaware of or only slightly aware of the American Academy of Neurology guidelines for migraine. There was variable attendance at the educational sessions (N=22 at 1st session, 6 at 2nd session, 15 at 3rd session). Very few PCPs used the email consultative service (N=4).ConclusionsThough PCPs are familiar with many aspects of migraine care, there is a need and opportunity for improvement. The three live sessions were poorly attended and the email consultative service was rarely used. We provide an in depth discussion of targeted areas for educational intervention, of the challenges in developing a migraine educational program for PCPs, and areas for future study.
Follow‐up with primary care providers for elevated glycated haemoglobin identified at the dental visit
Authors: Rosedale MT , Strauss SM , Kaur N , Knight C , Malaspina D 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis study examined patient experiences after receiving elevated diabetes screening values using blood collected at a dental clinic. It explores patients' reactions to screening, whether or not they sought recommended medical follow‐up, and facilitating factors and barriers to obtaining follow‐up care.MethodsAt the comprehensive care clinics at a large, urban College of Dentistry in the United States, haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values were obtained from 379 study participants who had not been previously diagnosed with diabetes. In all, 169 (44.6%) had elevated HbA1C values. We analysed quantitative and qualitative data concerning these patients' follow‐up with primary care providers (PCPs).ResultsWe were able to contact 112 (66.3%) of the 169 study participants who had an elevated HbA1C reading. Of that group, 61 (54.5%) received recommended follow‐up care from a PCP within 3 months, and an additional 28 (25.0%) said they intended to seek such care. Qualitative themes included the following: the screening letter – opportunity or burden, appreciation for the 3‐month follow‐up call and barriers to medical follow‐up that included the following: lack of knowledge about diabetes, not understanding the importance of follow‐up, busyness, financial concerns, fear and denial.ConclusionsQuantitative and qualitative data demonstrate that dentists, dental hygienists and nurses are well poised to discover and translate new models of patient‐centred, comprehensive care to patients with oral and systemic illness.
Pathological characterization and morphometric analysis of hepatic lesions in SHRSP5/Dmcr, an experimental non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis model, induced by high‐fat and high‐cholesterol diet
Authors: Horai Yasushi , Utsumi Hiroyuki , Ono Yuko , Kishimoto Toshimitsu , Ono Yuuichi , Fukunari Atsushi 
Published: April 2016

SummarySHRSP5/Dmcr is a newly established substrain of stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP). Recently, high‐fat and high‐cholesterol (HFC) diet‐fed SHRSP5/Dmcr has been reported as a novel rat model of developing hepatic lesions similar to human non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this study was to investigate the detailed pathological conditions induced by HFC diet in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats using molecular biological methods and morphometric analysis. SHRSP5/Dmcr rats at 6 weeks of age were fed on either HFC diet or stroke‐prone (SP) diet for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 16 weeks and histopathological changes in the liver, blood chemistry and mRNA expression levels in the liver were investigated. As evidenced by the histopathological examination of the liver of the SHRSP5/Dmcr rats, hepatic steatosis and lobular inflammation were present, with gradual increasing severity from 2 weeks after the introduction of the HFC diet. Partial hepatic fibrosis was detected at 6 weeks and spread over the entire region of the liver with more severe bridging formation by 16 weeks. The degrees of NASH‐like hepatic lesions such as steatosis (the size distribution of lipid droplets), inflammation and fibrosis were quantified by morphometric analysis. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies encountered in the hepatocytes had immunoreactivity with Cox‐4 and double‐membrane walls, identified as mega‐mitochondria. Serum ALT and bilirubins, and the mRNA expression levels related to fibrosis were closely correlated with hepatic histopathological changes. The clear feeding time‐dependent progression of NASH‐like hepatic lesion in HFC diet‐fed SHRSP5/Dmcr rats reinforced the conclusion that this strain might be a useful model of NASH and of inflammatory fibrotic liver disease.
Robotic transmural ablation of bladder tumors using high‐intensity focused ultrasound: Experimental study
Authors: de Castro Abreu Andre Luis , Ukimura Osamu , Shoji Sunao , Leslie Scott , Chopra Sameer , Marien Arnaud , Matsugasumi Toru , Dharmaraja Arjuna , Wong Kelvin , Zaba Natalie , Ma Yanling , Desai Mihir M , Gill Inderbir S 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility of robot‐assisted laparoscopic high‐intensity focused ultrasound for targeted, extravesical, transmural, full‐thickness ablation of intact bladder wall and tumor.MethodsIn three fresh cadavers and one acute porcine model, the transperitoneal robotic approach was used to mobilize the bladder and create a midline cystotomy. “Mimic” bladder tumors (2 tumors/case) were created by robotically suturing a piece of striated muscle (2.5 × 2.5 cm) to the luminal, urothelial surface of the bladder wall. The cystotomy was suture‐repaired and bladder distended with 250 mL saline. A laparoscopic high‐intensity focused ultrasound probe was robotically placed extravesically in direct contact with the serosal surface of the bladder wall to image the “mimic” tumor. Targeted, transmural, full‐thickness high‐intensity focus ultrasound ablation of the “mimic” tumor and adjacent bladder was carried out under real‐time ultrasound and robotic monitoring. Untreated areas of the bladder served as a comparison. Post‐procedure, gross and microscopic examinations were carried out.ResultsLaparoscopic high‐intensity focused ultrasound ablation was feasible for all “mimic” tumors (100%). Real‐time ultrasound clearly visualized the “mimic” tumor. Simultaneous display of the pre‐planning and real‐time treatment ultrasound images confirmed targeting precision. Mean operative room times for ultrasound localization, laparoscopic high‐intensity focused ultrasound probe coupling, high‐intensity focus ultrasound ablation, and total procedure were 3, 5, 6 and 60 min, respectively. On necropsy, no thermal/mechanical injuries occurred to the untreated bladder wall, adjacent organs or ureters. Gross inspection distinguished the treated from untreated areas. Histopathology confirmed sharply demarcated thermal coagulative necrosis and shrinkage effects between the treated and untreated areas.ConclusionsLaparoscopic extravesical high‐intensity focus ultrasound for transmural, full‐thickness targeted ablation of intact bladder wall and tumor is feasible. This has implications for bladder‐sparing surgery in select patients with solitary muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.
Home Environment, But Not Socioeconomic Status, is Linked to Differences in Early Phonetic Perception Ability
Authors: Melvin Samantha A. , Brito Natalie H. , Mack Luke J. , Engelhardt Laura E. , Fifer William P. , Elliott Amy J. , Noble Kimberly G. 
Published: April 2016

Infants perceptually tune to the phonemes of their native languages in the first year of life, thereby losing the ability to discriminate non‐native phonemes. Infants who perceptually tune earlier have been shown to develop stronger language skills later in childhood. We hypothesized that socioeconomic disparities, which have been associated with differences in the quality and quantity of language in the home, would contribute to individual differences in phonetic discrimination. Seventy‐five infants were assessed on measures of phonetic discrimination at 9 months, on the quality of the home environment at 15 months, and on language abilities at both ages. Phonetic discrimination did not vary according to socioeconomic status (SES), but was significantly associated with the quality of the home environment. This association persisted when controlling for 9‐month expressive language abilities, rendering it less likely that infants with better expressive language skills were simply engendering higher quality home interactions. This suggests that infants from linguistically richer home environments may be more tuned to their native language and therefore less able to discriminate non‐native contrasts at 9 months relative to infants whose home environments are less responsive. These findings indicate that home language environments may be more critical than SES in contributing to early language perception, with possible implications for language development more broadly.
Interior point methods for power flow optimization with security constraints
Authors: Casacio L. , Lyra C. , Oliveira A.R.L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper deals with power flow optimization with security constraints, focusing on the problem of short‐term hydroelectric scheduling, called predispatch. Since the energy demand varies throughout the day, the generation must satisfy daily targets, established by long‐term scheduling models. This study considers that the hydroelectric plants and transmission systems must provide an optimal flow of energy under security constraints that allow meeting energy demands for normal operating conditions and when disturbances happen. Algebraic techniques are used to exploit the sparse structure of the problem, targeting the design of an interior point algorithm, efficient in terms of robustness and computational time. Case studies compare the proposed approach with a general purpose optimization solver for quadratic problems and an algorithm for the predispatch problem that does not consider security constraints. The results show the benefits of using the method proposed in the paper, obtaining optimal power flow that is suitable to consider contingencies, with numerical stability and appropriate computational time.
Household Wealth in Great Britain: Distribution, Composition and Changes 2006–12
Authors: Crawford Rowena , Innes Dave , O'Dea Cormac 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFor many years, survey data on household wealth have been somewhat limited, but the situation is improving in the UK and internationally. This paper uses the new Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS) to document some key features of the distribution of household wealth in Great Britain. We quantify the extent of inequality in total wealth and in its broad components (financial wealth, housing wealth and pension wealth). Exploiting the fact that WAS is a longitudinal survey, we show trajectories of wealth and its components over the period 2006 to 2012 for different birth cohorts. Total wealth on average increased in real terms over this period for working‐age households and fell for retirement‐age households. However, wealth held outside pensions fell on average over this period for all except the youngest cohort.
The Challenge of Measuring UK Wealth Inequality in the 2000s
Authors: Alvaredo Facundo , Atkinson Anthony B. , Morelli Salvatore 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe concentration of personal wealth is now receiving a great deal of attention – after having been neglected for many years. One reason is the growing recognition that, in seeking explanations for rising income inequality, we need to look not only at wages and earned income but also at income from capital, particularly at the top of the distribution. In this paper, we use evidence from existing data sources to attempt to answer three questions: (i) What is the share of total personal wealth that is owned by the top 1 per cent, or the top 0.1 per cent? (ii) Is wealth much more unequally distributed than income? (iii) Is the concentration of wealth at the top increasing over time? The main conclusion of the paper is that the evidence about the UK concentration of wealth post‐2000 is seriously incomplete and significant investment in a variety of sources is necessary if we are to provide satisfactory answers to the three questions.