bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faunal Responses to Fire in Chaparral and Sage Scrub in California, USA
Authors: van Mantgem Elizabeth F. , Keeley Jon E. , Witter Marti 
Published: March 2017

AbstractImpact of fire on California shrublands has been well studied but nearly all of this work has focused on plant communities. Impact on and recovery of the chaparral fauna has received only scattered attention; this paper synthesizes what is known in this regard for the diversity of animal taxa associated with California shrublands and outlines the primary differences between plant and animal responses to fire. We evaluated the primary faunal modes of resisting fire effects in three categories: 1) endogenous survival in a diapause or diapause-like stage, 2) sheltering in place within unburned refugia, or 3) fleeing and recolonizing. Utilizing these patterns in chaparral and sage scrub, as well as some studies on animals in other mediterranean-climate ecosystems, we derived generalizations about how plants and animals differ in their responses to fire impacts and their postfire recovery. One consequence of these differences is that variation in fire behavior has a much greater potential to affect animals than plants. For example, plants recover from fire endogenously from soil-stored seeds and resprouts, so fire size plays a limited role in determining recovery patterns. However, animals that depend on recolonization of burned sites from metapopulations may be greatly affected by fire size. Animal recolonization may also be greatly affected by regional land use patterns that affect colonization corridors, whereas such regional factors play a minimal role in plant community recovery. Fire characteristics such as rate of spread and fire intensity do not appear to play an important role in determining patterns of chaparral and sage scrub plant recovery after fire. However, these fire behavior characteristics may have a profound role in determining survivorship of some animal populations as slow-moving, smoldering combustion may limit survivorship of animals in burrows, whereas fast-moving, high intensity fires may affect survivorship of animals in aboveground refugia or those attempting to flee. Thus, fire regime characteristics may have a much greater effect on postfire recovery of animal communities than plant communities in these shrubland ecosystems.
Interpreting the 13C  ∕ 12C ratio of carbon dioxide in an urban airshed in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Xu Jiaping , Lee Xuhui , Xiao Wei , Cao Chang , Liu Shoudong , Wen Xuefa , Xu Jingzheng , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Jiayu 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Observations of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction and the 13C ∕ 12C ratio (expressed as δ13C) in urban airsheds provide constraints on the roles of anthropogenic and natural sources and sinks in local and regional carbon cycles. In this study, we report observations of these quantities in Nanjing at hourly intervals from March 2013 to August 2015, using a laser-based optical instrument. Nanjing is the second largest city located in the highly industrialized Yangtze River Delta (YRD), eastern China. The mean CO2 mole fraction and δ13C were (439.7 ± 7.5) µmol mol−1 and (−8.48 ± 0.56) ‰ over this observational period. The peak monthly mean δ13C (−7.44 ‰, July 2013) was 0.74 ‰ higher than that observed at Mount Waliguan, a WMO (World Meteorological Organization) baseline site on the Tibetan Plateau and upwind of the YRD region. The highly 13C-enriched signal was partly attributed to the influence of cement production in the region. By applying the Miller–Tans method to nighttime and daytime observations to represent signals from the city of Nanjing and the YRD, respectively, we showed that the 13C ∕ 12C ratio of CO2 sources in the Nanjing municipality was (0.21 ± 0.53) ‰ lower than that in the YRD. Flux partitioning calculations revealed that natural ecosystems in the YRD were a negligibly small source of atmospheric CO2.
Aerosol optical depth determination in the UV using a four-channel precision filter radiometer
Authors: Carlund Thomas , Kouremeti Natalia , Kazadzis Stelios , Gröbner Julian 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The determination of aerosol properties, especially the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength region, is of great importance for understanding the climatological variability of UV radiation. However, operational retrievals of AOD at the biologically most harmful wavelengths in the UVB are currently only made at very few places. This paper reports on the UVPFR (UV precision filter radiometer) sunphotometer, a stable and robust instrument that can be used for AOD retrievals at four UV wavelengths. Instrument characteristics and results of Langley calibrations at a high-altitude site were presented. It was shown that due to the relatively wide spectral response functions of the UVPFR, the calibration constants (V0) derived from Langley plot calibrations underestimate the true extraterrestrial signals. Accordingly, correction factors were introduced. In addition, the instrument's spectral response functions also result in an apparent air-mass-dependent decrease in ozone optical depth used in the AOD determinations. An adjusted formula for the calculation of AOD, with a correction term dependent on total column ozone amount and ozone air mass, was therefore introduced. Langley calibrations performed 13–14 months apart resulted in sensitivity changes of ≤ 1.1 %, indicating good instrument stability. Comparison with a high-accuracy standard precision filter radiometer, measuring AOD at 368–862 nm wavelengths, showed consistent results. Also, very good agreement was achieved by comparing the UVPFR with AOD at UVB wavelengths derived with a Brewer spectrophotometer, which was calibrated against the UVPFR at an earlier date. Mainly due to non-instrumental uncertainties connected with ozone optical depth, the total uncertainty of AOD in the UVB is higher than that reported from AOD instruments measuring in UVA and visible ranges. However, the precision can be high among instruments using harmonized algorithms for ozone and Rayleigh optical depth as well as for air mass terms. For 4 months of comparison measurements with the UVPFR and a Brewer, the root mean squared AOD differences were found < 0.01 at all the 306–320 nm Brewer wavelengths.
A Likely Jew: Magneto, the Holocaust, and Comic-Book History
Authors: Smith Scott Thompson 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
This article examines the appropriation of the Holocaust as an “origin story” for the character of Magneto from the X-Men comics. The traumatic origin is a common trope in superhero comics, but the case of Magneto is significant for several reasons. The X-Men comics in the late 1970s and 1980s used the legacy of the Holocaust as a means to transform the Magneto character from villain to hero. This inclusion of the Holocaust was partly a response to contemporary developments in American observances of the Holocaust (creative and institutional). Even though this conflation of history and fiction was meant to facilitate a new identity, it yielded a vexed identity politics that endured in the comics for decades. Magneto had originally been a villain, defined by his notions of genetic supremacy and his willingness to employ mass violence against those he deemed genetically inferior. These early associations remained in the character even as they were insistently overwritten by his (new) past as a Holocaust survivor. At the same time, the comics refrained from identifying Magneto as a Jew—that identity was suggested but never stated. The result was a controversial paradox, a character who was both Nazi and Jew.
Bernard Malamud in Italy: Moral Courage and the Choice of Being Jewish in “The Lady of the Lake”
Authors: Joseph Kessler Samuel 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Examined as a whole, Bernard Malamud’s short story collection The Magic Barrel is more cosmopolitan moralism than ghetto tale, where Jews remain central protagonists but the particularities of Jewish life and suffering lose much of their cultural identification as Malamud reaches toward a universal ethical truth. I argue here that through the close reading of one those short stories, “The Lady of the Lake,” we can complement the general scholarly assessment of Malamud’s vision (of “Jews” as universals) with another, this one of Jews and Jewishness as in themselves the pathway to morality. “The Lady of the Lake” reveals Malamud at his most attuned to the complexities of Jewish self-recognition, where he thought that the ethical lay in the act of affirming one’s Jewish self-being.
Sayed Kashua’s Complaint against Philip Roth: Authorial Networking between East Jerusalem and Manhattan’s Upper West Side
Authors: Hadar David 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
This paper highlights what seems to the author an insufficiently examined way of relating one writer to another: a writer’s decision to textually align him- or herself with another author. Intertextuality is usually not thought of as connecting two people or two authors, but rather two texts. This paper does the former by looking at how Sayed Kashua, an Israeli Arab author and journalist, uses the image of Philip Roth in his newspaper columns. First, Kashua establishes Roth’s status as an author who was maligned by his community and presented an inspiration for Kashua, who has himself been accused of self-hatred. Second, Kashua presents Roth as a merciless satirist, especially of Jewish life, and thus presents himself as a much milder, forgiving writer. Third, Kashua stresses that Roth is Jewish but not Israeli, while Kashua is Israeli but not Jewish. Roth’s position is only partially familiar and related to the Jewish Israeli public. Kashua stresses this position to foreground the way he too, as an Israeli Arab, is only half-familiar to this same audience.
A computational guide to the dichotomy of features and constraints
Authors: Graf Thomas 
Published: March 2017

A contentious issue in the Minimalist literature is whether certain phenomena are best described in terms of features or constraints. Building on recent work in mathematical linguistics, I argue that constraints and features are interchangeable in Minimalist syntax. This does not invalidate the feature-constraint debate, though. Rather, the interdefinability of the two points out an unexpected loophole in the formalism that allows for massive overgeneration and produces incorrect typological predictions. At the same time, the feature-constraint equivalence can be helpful in plugging this loophole.This article is part of Special Collection: What drives syntactic computation?
The Aggregation of Suffering in the Regulatory Context: Scientific Experimentation, Animals, and Intrinsic Value
Authors: Calley Darren 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
If (and it is recognized that this is in itself a very contentious “if”) humans subject animals to painful, damaging, or frightening procedures to achieve scientific progress, then the very least that humankind can do is to insist that regulations be put in place to protect animals and that they be properly implemented and enforced. However, recent practice in the United Kingdom suggests that this is not the case. Europe’s new regime on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes—Directive 2010/63—must act as a catalyst for significant change and is a significant recognition of the intrinsic value of animals. Before this Directive, the cost/benefit analysis undertaken in the United Kingdom allowed for a large margin of error so that animal welfare was an aggregated concept, and any aggregated finding of “adequate” animal welfare was not militated by individual cases of exacerbated animal detriment. The recognition that each animal has value as an individual means that the levels of animal welfare or protection expected of scientific establishments can no longer simply be those that are, in generic terms, appropriate for the aggregated mass of animals. Instead, the welfare standards applied are appropriate and rendered effectual for all individual animals.
Why Eating Animals Is Not Good for Us
Authors: Gullone Eleonora 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This article focuses on the animal cruelty, health, psychological and social consequences, as well as environmental consequences of an animal-based diet. Animals are intensively bred and raised in factory farms in the most inhumane ways. By far, the greatest numbers of animals reared and killed by humans every year is for human consumption. The numbers are estimated to be greater than 56 billion animals globally. The cruelty involved in the intensive farming of animals is the most widespread form of cruelty imposed by humans on other species. This has significant implications for who we are as a species. Moreover, the belief that humans need to consume animal products to maintain good health has been seriously questioned over the past few decades. It is also a lifestyle choice that is responsible for significant damage to the environment. In contrast, a strong evidence base exists to show that a plant-based diet is health promoting and sustainable. Thus, by cultivating a culture of compassion toward nonhuman animals, current and future generations will benefit through better physical and psychological health and through markedly reduced damage to the planet and all of its inhabitants.
Scholar and Athlete: Homage to Allen Guttmann
Authors: Porter Horace 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This autobiographical essay recalls Allen Guttmann’s early career as an American studies scholar, his influential role as a mentor, and his dedication as a professor of American literature and a teacher of English composition at Amherst College. The essay captures his shift from American studies to sport studies, focusing on the seminal impact of From Ritual to Record (1978), Guttmann’s first book about sport. The essay also provides a brief eyewitness, anecdotal account (covering several decades) of Guttmann’s own athletic activities, including tennis and jogging.
Gram negative rod meningitis due to Strongyloides stercoralis
Authors: Hendren Nicholas S. , Chindhy Shahzad , Shepard Kaylee 
Published: March 2017

A 57-year-old male Mexican immigrant living in Dallas presented with altered mental status, progressive confusion, mild headache and fevers. He was diagnosed with embryonal liver sarcoma one year prior to admission and had recently started dexamethasone therapy for metastatic spinal lesions. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures from a lumbar puncture were both positive for Escherichia coli. He was diagnosed with spontaneous gram negative rod (GNR) meningitis. Given his travel history, immunosuppression and GNR meningitis, a stool ova and parasite sample was obtained to screen for Strongyloides stercoralis. His stool was markedly positive for Strongyloides stercoralis larvae and he was further diagnosed with Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome. Strongyloides is capable of chronically re-infecting human hosts without an external life cycle via autoinfection. In chronic infections, hyperinfection can be triggered with immunosuppressive medications, especially steroids. Disseminated Strongyloides should be considered as the source for unexplained GNR bacteremia or meningitis especially in immunosuppressed patients. Our patient likely had a chronic asymptomatic Strongyloides infection acquired in Mexico that became a hyperinfection resulting in GNR meningitis after starting high doses of dexamethasone.
Verdampende jeugdcriminaliteit
Authors: Berghuis A.C. , de Waard J. 
Published: March 2017

The evaporation of juvenile crime. Explaining the international downward trend
Registered youth crime figures in the Netherlands show a spectacular downward trend from 2007 (minus 60%). In this article the authors show that this trend can be observed in a lot of other countries. They argue that a number of international developments has created a climate favorable for juvenile crime reduction: more (situational) crime prevention, less use of alcohol, more commitment to schooling, more satisfaction with living conditions, and changing activity patterns during leisure time. For the Netherlands this coincides with a diminished willingness of the Dutch police to follow up on suspicions that a youngster has committed a minor offense. The authors discuss the worldwide dissemination of smartphones and online games that started in 2006/2007, as well as the subsequent changes in the use of free time, which might have contributed to juvenile crime reduction.
Trends in de overrepresentatie van jongens en jongemannen met een Marokkaanse achtergrond in de verdachtenstatistiek
Authors: Jennissen R. 
Published: March 2017

Trends in overrepresentation of boys and young adult men with a Moroccan background in the statistics on suspects of crime
Similar to the total youth crime, the share of Moroccan boys and men who are suspected of committing a crime is decreasing. The percentage of suspects among male Moroccan teens and early twenties declined with as much as 35% in the period from 2005 to 2015. However, the share of 12- to 24-year-old males with a Dutch background who were suspected of committing a crime, declined even more sharply. Therefore, the overrepresentation of Moroccans increased. The increased amount of cultural dissonance among Moroccan boys and young adults seems to be the most probable explanation for the increased overrepresentation of this group in recorded crime. Cultural dissonance is where migrants have to steer a middle course between two highly contrasting cultures, namely the culture of their country of origin (of their parents) and that of the country in which they are residing.
Social media en smartphones als verklaring voor de daling in jeugdcriminaliteit?
Authors: Weerman F. 
Published: March 2017

Can social media and smartphones explain the decrease in juvenile offending?
This contribution explores the hypothesis that the rise of social media use and smartphone possession since 2007 contributed substantially to the international decrease in juvenile crime. The author addresses three processes that aid in understanding how social media and smartphones may have contributed to decreasing juvenile crime statistics. First, activity patterns of young people may have been altered in such a way that substantial less time is spent with unstructured socializing in public places. Second, the rise of social media may have led to additional and alternative possibilities to fulfill psychological and social needs of adolescents, taking away many immaterial motivations for juvenile crime. Third, it is possible that social media and smartphone use have facilitated a shift from offline to online juvenile crime, which is less detected and visible in official crime figures. While these theoretical arguments make the hypothesis plausible, research is needed to provide empirical evidence on the role of social media and smartphones in juvenile crime.
Jongeren op school houden, helpt dat tegen criminaliteit?
Authors: Marie O. , Paulovic T. 
Published: March 2017

Can keeping kids at school reduce crime?
The authors discuss the effects on criminal participation of the 2007 Dutch educational reform which forced individuals between age 16 and 18 to stay in school if they had not attained startkwalificatie level. By comparing the arrest rate of individuals born just before and after the reform, the authors estimate the potential incapacitation effect of education on crime. Their results suggest that this exogenous change in education policy significantly reduced criminal participation among youths affected by the policy. The authors conclude that forcing youths most at risk of leaving school without any qualification to stay longer in education has positive immediate effects on youth crime reduction, that are beyond the potential educational benefits of such policies.
Media Use:
J
apan
Authors: Inoue Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
On a week day, Japanese watch television for an average of 3 hours and 28 minutes. The majority of Japanese regard television as the most important medium, followed by websites and newspapers. However, people tend to watch television while they are doing something else such as net surfing and household work. The level of attention paid to television is assumed to have decreased, especially due to the diffusion of the Internet. Although Japanese people spend much less time reading newspapers than watching television and using the Internet, newspapers in general are highly trusted and appreciated due to the world highest newspaper penetration rate and newspaper companies' public contributions. Internet use has changed the ways people use traditional media and added totally new forms of media use.
Media Use:
S
outhern
E
urope
Authors: Splendore Sergio 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Media systems in southern Europe share three major features. First, they are characterized by extensive commercialization and a high degree of state interference. Second, media uses have been crucial in shaping media systems and their contents. Third, most have a decent but not a solid level of freedom of the press. Similar to the Mediterranean countries, the Balkan countries are usually regard as a whole. The two groups share some media use strands, especially the low circulation of newspapers and the heavy use of electronic media for news on current affairs. The use of social media is growing impressively, although the Internet is not displacing conventional media altogether. Overall is hard to determine the effects of this change (and it is also hard methodologically and theoretically to investigate the consequences).
Future: Global Development in Media Uses and Effects
Authors: Bruns Axel 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Changing technological, economic, and social contexts for media production and usage, associated not least with the continuing transition of media to digital formats and platforms, are causing significant disruptions and transformations in how media are used and what implications for individuals and society result from such usage. Although specific developments are difficult to predict, this entry outlines a number of broad trends that are likely to affect global practices.
Media Effects: Accounts, Nature, and History of
Authors: Neuendorf Kimberly A. , Jeffres Leo W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry traces the history of media effects scholarship, including key instances of public concern over the impact of the media that have motivated scholarly scrutiny and advancement, the changing assumptions about the nature and strength of media influence over time, the variety of theoretical approaches that have been applied to the study of mass communication outcomes, and issues of contestation over the received view of the history of media effects.
Media Effects: Dynamics and Transactions
Authors: Schönbach Klaus 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Since the late 1950s, there have been a number of attempts to create more realistic models of the media effects process. For this purpose, transactional concepts have combined the stimulus–response paradigm and the uses and gratifications approach. This entry traces how those models have developed. Reasons for a major standstill since the 1980s in building general models for media effects are discussed.
Media Effects: Comprehensive Theories
Authors: Finklea Bruce W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Researchers have long sought to understand how the media affects people both cognitively and on a societal level. This entry is divided into two sections, one on theories of cognition and behavior and one on theories of information transmission and communication technologies. Comprehensive theories of cognition and behavior discussed in this entry include Bandura's social cognitive theory, Habermas's theory of communicative action, and schema and disposition theories. Theories of information transmission and communication technology include information theory, systems theory, and the theory of the global network society. The historical impacts of the hypodermic needle theory are also discussed.