bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A window into the transcriptomic basis of genotype‐by‐genotype interactions in the legume–rhizobia mutualism
Authors: Wood Corlett W. , Stinchcombe John R. 
Published: November 2017

The maintenance of genetic variation in the benefits provided by mutualists is an evolutionary puzzle (Heath & Stinchcombe, ). Over time, natural selection should favour the benefit strategy that confers the highest fitness, eroding genetic variation in partner quality. Yet abundant genetic variation in partner quality exists in many systems (Heath & Stinchcombe, ). One possible resolution to this puzzle is that the genetic identity of both a host and its partner affects the benefits each mutualist provides to the other, a pattern known as a genotype‐by‐genotype interaction (Figure ). Mounting evidence suggests that genotype‐by‐genotype interactions between partners are pervasive at the phenotypic level (Barrett, Zee, Bever, Miller, & Thrall, ; Heath, ; Hoeksema & Thompson, ). Ultimately, however, to link these phenotypic patterns to the maintenance of genetic variation in mutualisms we need to answer two questions: How much variation in mutualism phenotypes is attributable to genotype‐by‐genotype interactions, and what mutualistic functions are influenced by each partner and by the interaction between their genomes? In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Burghardt et al. (2017) use transcriptomics to address both questions in the legume–rhizobia mutualism.
Randomized, 8‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of vortioxetine in Japanese adults with major depressive disorder, followed by a 52‐week open‐label extension trial
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Nishimura Akira , Sasai Kiyofumi , Kitagawa Tadayuki 
Published: November 2017

AimSafety and efficacy of vortioxetine (5–20 mg/day) in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder were evaluated in two phase 3 studies consisting of a short‐term, 8‐week, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study followed by a long‐term, 52‐week, open‐label extension study.MethodsThe primary end‐point of the short‐term study was change from baseline in Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score at week 8. The primary objective of the extension study was vortioxetine's long‐term safety; efficacy end‐points included change in MADRS total score, Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI)–Severity (S) score from the long‐term study baseline, and CGI–Improvement (CGI‐I) score over 52 weeks.ResultsOf the 366 randomized patients, 338 completed the short‐term study, and 119 patients continued into the extension study. Primary (analysis of covariance) and secondary (mixed model for repeated measurements) analyses in the short‐term study showed numerically greater, but not statistically significant, decreases in change in MADRS total score from baseline between the vortioxetine and placebo groups at week 8. In the long‐term study, 86.6% of patients reported at least one treatment‐emergent adverse event, with the most common being nasopharyngitis (40.3%) and nausea (21%). MADRS total score and CGI‐I and CGI‐S scores improved with continued vortioxetine treatment from baseline of the open‐label study to week 52.ConclusionVortioxetine failed to meet significance versus placebo in the primary efficacy analysis at week 8 in the short‐term study. The extension trial indicated continued improvement of depressive symptoms from baseline of this study throughout the 52‐week treatment period. Vortioxetine treatment was safe and well tolerated in both studies.
Characterization of children with recurrent eczema herpeticum and response to treatment with interferon‐gamma
Authors: Darji Kavita , Frisch Stephanie , Adjei Boakye Eric , Siegfried Elaine 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesInterferon gamma (IFN‐γ) has been used treat severe atopic dermatitis, with equivocal results. Recurrent eczema herpeticum is an underappreciated, therapeutically challenging complication of severe atopic dermatitis. Defects in IFN‐γ and other cytokine pathways have been identified in individuals with confirmed eczema herpeticum. This suggests possible benefit from IFN‐γ treatment for confirmed eczema herpeticum. The objective of the current study was to evaluate immunologic and microbial parameters and response to IFN‐γ treatment in children with confirmed eczema herpeticum.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of medical records from eight children with confirmed eczema herpeticum and two children with severe atopic dermatitis without a history of eczema herpeticum treated with subcutaneous IFN‐γ.ResultsOur cohort of children with confirmed eczema herpeticum was predominantly male and had high total serum immunoglobulin E, evidence of insufficient toll‐like receptor responses, and streptococcal skin and pharyngeal colonization. The duration of IFN‐γ administration was 4.5‐25 months. Five children had initial control and then relapse. Three had interval flares. Two had no improvement. Injections were well tolerated, without significant adverse effects. Treatment was associated with an increase in total immunoglobulin E. Poor adherence complicated therapy in five patients. All 10 discontinued IFN‐γ for poor perceived efficacy.ConclusionChildren with confirmed eczema herpeticum have evidence of impaired innate and adaptive immunity. IFN‐γ did not result in dramatic improvement in either subset. Specific evaluation for IFN‐γ production, function, or receptor defects may help predict response.
The triad of pruritus, xanthomas, and cholestasis: Two cases and a brief review of the literature
Authors: Pearson Hadley J. , Mosser Joy L. , Jacks Stephanie K. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWhen encountered in children, xanthomas are most commonly associated with a group of disorders known as familial hyperlipidemias. Aside from cosmetic concerns, these xanthomas are typically asymptomatic, but when generalized pruritus is a prominent associated symptom, clinicians should consider a different set of diagnoses that includes cholestasis of the liver. In this article we present two illustrative cases of children with cholestatic disease, pruritus, and xanthomas and discuss other disorders that may include this triad.
On the Possibility of Imagining an Open Border
Authors: Yeh Rihan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn Tijuana, Mexico, middle‐class desires for an open border with neighboring San Diego, California, are riddled with tensions and contradictions that derive from the way in which local ideals of citizenship are entangled with securitized US entry protocols: legal access to the US is basic for local belonging. This article examines the limitations that haunt both these tijuanenses’ nostalgic memories of free passage in the past and their projects to reestablish it in the future. The most glaring contradiction, I argue, lies in the forgetting of the predicament of those without authorization to cross the border, even as expedited legal passage is invested with political hopes for a more just future. The article focuses on young, highly binational professionals, whose socioeconomic and legal privilege puts them in the vanguard of the tensions of an emerging global regime of citizenship to which “flexible” borders are key.
Fiscal policy under a minimum‐time objective
Authors: Dai Darong 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn an endogenous growth model, we characterize the fiscal policy driven by a minimum‐time objective of economic development. We find that in equilibrium government should levy the highest possible consumption taxes, reduce public expenditures to the lowest possible level, and keep labor income tax rate and capital income tax rate satisfy a substitution relationship at the balanced budget constraint. We also identify the condition under which income tax rate should be set to zero. We further find that the equilibrium fiscal policy is equivalent to the growth‐maximizing fiscal policy, whereas it generally deviates from the welfare‐maximizing fiscal policy. We hence identify a circumstance where setting the policy goal of reaching an economic‐performance target as soon as possible cannot be justified in the sense of maximizing the welfare of households.
Kinematic analysis of pressing situations in female collegiate football games: New insight into anterior cruciate ligament injury causation
Authors: Sasaki S. , Koga H. , Krosshaug T. , Kaneko S. , Fukubayashi T. 
Published: November 2017

The most common events during which anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in football are pressing situations. This study aimed to describe the knee and hip joint kinematics during pressing situations in football games to identify kinematic patterns in actions with a high risk for ACL injuries. We filmed 5 female collegiate football matches and identified 66 pressing situations. Five situations with a large distance between the trunk and foot placements in the sagittal plane were analyzed using a model‐based image‐matching technique. The mean knee flexion angle at initial contact (IC) was 13° (range, 8°‐28°) and increased by 11° (95% confidence interval [CI], 3°‐14°) at 40 ms after IC. As for knee adduction and rotation angles, the knee positions were close to neutral at IC, and only minor knee angular changes occurred later in the sequences. The mean hip flexion was 25° (range, 8°‐43°) at IC and increased by 22° (95% CI, 11°‐32°) after 100 ms. The hip was also externally rotated by 7° (range, −19° to 3°) at IC, and gradually rotated internally, reaching 10° of internal rotation (range, −5° to 27°) at 100 ms after IC. This study suggests that the observed knee valgus, internal hip and knee rotation, and static hip flexion previously reported in non‐contact ACL injury events are unique to injury situations. In contrast, neither rapid knee valgus nor increased internal rotation was seen in non‐injury pressing maneuvers.
Do animal exhibitors support and follow recommendations to prevent transmission of variant influenza at agricultural fairs? A survey of animal exhibitor households after a variant influenza virus outbreak in Michigan
Authors: Stewart R. J. , Rossow J. , Conover J. T. , Lobelo E. E. , Eckel S. , Signs K. , Stobierski M. G. , Trock S. C. , Fry A. M. , Olsen S. J. , Biggerstaff M. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryInfluenza A viruses circulate in swine and can spread rapidly among swine when housed in close proximity, such as at agricultural fairs. Youth who have close and prolonged contact with influenza‐infected swine at agricultural fairs may be at increased risk of acquiring influenza virus infection from swine. Animal and human health officials have issued written measures to minimize influenza transmission at agricultural exhibitions; however, there is little information on the knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of these measures among animal exhibitors. After an August 2016 outbreak of influenza A(H3N2) variant (“H3N2v”) virus infections (i.e., humans infected with swine influenza viruses) in Michigan, we surveyed households of animal exhibitors at eight fairs (including one with known H3N2v infections) to assess their KAP related to variant virus infections and their support for prevention measures. Among 170 households interviewed, most (90%, 151/167) perceived their risk of acquiring influenza from swine to be low or very low. Animal exhibitor households reported high levels of behaviours that put them at increased risk of variant influenza virus infections, including eating or drinking in swine barns (43%, 66/154) and hugging, kissing or snuggling with swine at agricultural fairs (31%, 48/157). Among several recommendations, including limiting the duration of swine exhibits and restricting eating and drinking in the animal barns, the only recommendation supported by a majority of households was the presence of prominent hand‐washing stations with a person to monitor hand‐washing behaviour (76%, 129/170). This is a unique study of KAP among animal exhibitors and highlights that animal exhibitor households engage in behaviours that could increase their risk of variant virus infections and have low support for currently recommended measures to minimize infection transmission. Further efforts are needed to understand the lack of support for recommended measures and to encourage healthy behaviours at fairs.
Short‐term high‐fat diet primes excitatory synapses for long‐term depression in orexin neurons
Authors: Linehan Victoria , Fang Lisa Z. , Hirasawa Michiru 
Published: November 2017

Key points
High‐fat diet consumption is a major cause of obesity.
Orexin neurons are known to be activated by a high‐fat diet and in turn promote further consumption of a high‐fat diet.
Our study shows that excitatory synapses to orexin neurons become amenable to long‐term depression (LTD) after 1 week of high‐fat diet feeding. However, this effect reverses after 4 weeks of a high‐fat diet.
This LTD may be a homeostatic response to a high‐fat diet to curb the activity of orexin neurons and hence caloric consumption. Adaptation seen after prolonged high‐fat diet intake may contribute to the development of obesity.
AbstractOverconsumption of high‐fat diets is one of the strongest contributing factors to the rise of obesity rates. Orexin neurons are known to be activated by a palatable high‐fat diet and mediate the activation of the mesolimbic reward pathway, resulting in further food intake. While short‐term exposure to a high‐fat diet is known to induce synaptic plasticity within the mesolimbic pathway, it is unknown if such changes occur in orexin neurons. To investigate this, 3‐week‐old male rats were fed a palatable high‐fat western diet (WD) or control chow for 1 week and then in vitro patch clamp recording was performed. In the WD condition, an activity‐dependent long‐term depression (LTD) of excitatory synapses was observed in orexin neurons, but not in chow controls. This LTD was presynaptic and depended on postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and retrograde endocannabinoid signalling. WD also increased extracellular glutamate levels, suggesting that glutamate spillover and subsequent activation of perisynaptic mGluR5 may occur more readily in the WD condition. In support of this, pharmacological inhibition of glutamate uptake was sufficient to prime chow control synapses to undergo a presynaptic LTD. Interestingly, these WD effects are transient, as extracellular glutamate levels were similar to controls and LTD was no longer observed in orexin neurons after 4 weeks of WD. In summary, excitatory synapses to orexin neurons become amenable to LTD under a palatable high‐fat diet, which may represent a homeostatic mechanism to prevent overactivation of these neurons and to curtail high‐fat diet consumption.
Cognitive trajectories from infancy to early adulthood following birth before 26 weeks of gestation: a prospective, population-based cohort study
Authors: Linsell Louise , Johnson Samantha , Wolke Dieter , O’Reilly Helen , Morris Joan K , Kurinczuk Jennifer J , Marlow Neil 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo determine the trajectory of cognitive test scores from infancy to adulthood in individuals born extremely preterm compared with term-born individuals.DesignA prospective, population-based cohort study.Setting276 maternity units in the UK and Ireland.Patients315 surviving infants born less than 26 completed weeks of gestation recruited at birth in 1995 and 160 term-born classroom controls recruited at age 6.Main outcome measuresBayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition (age 2.5); Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (ages 6/11); Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition (age 19).ResultsThe mean cognitive scores of extremely preterm individuals over the period were on average 25.2 points below their term-born peers (95% CI −27.8 to −22.6) and remained significantly lower at every assessment. Cognitive trajectories in term-born boys and girls did not differ significantly, but the scores of extremely preterm boys were on average 8.8 points below those of extremely preterm girls (95% CI −13.6 to −4.0). Higher maternal education elevated scores in both groups by 3.2 points (95% CI 0.8 to 5.7). Within the extremely preterm group, moderate/severe neonatal brain injury (mean difference: −10.9, 95% CI −15.5 to −6.3) and gestational age less than 25 weeks (mean difference: −4.4, 95% CI −8.4 to −0.4) also had an adverse impact on cognitive function.ConclusionsThere is no evidence that impaired cognitive function in extremely preterm individuals materially recovers or deteriorates from infancy through to 19 years. Cognitive test scores in infancy and early childhood reflect early adult outcomes.
Physical activity and cancer: an umbrella review of the literature including 22 major anatomical sites and 770 000 cancer cases
Authors: Rezende Leandro Fórnias Machado de , Sá Thiago Hérick de , Markozannes Georgios , Rey-López Juan Pablo , Lee I-Min , Tsilidis Konstantinos K , Ioannidis John P A , Eluf-Neto José 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo provide an overview of the breadth and validity of claimed associations between physical activity and risk of developing or dying from cancer.DesignUmbrella review.Data sourcesWe searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database and Web of Science.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesSystematic reviews about physical activity and cancer incidence and cancer mortality in different body sites among general population.ResultsWe included 19 reviews covering 22 cancer sites, 26 exposure-outcome pairs meta-analyses and 541 original studies. Physical activity was associated with lower risk of seven cancer sites (colon, breast, endometrial, lung, oesophageal, pancreas and meningioma). Only colon (a protective association with recreational physical activity) and breast cancer (a protective association with overall physical activity) were supported by strong evidence and highly suggestive evidence, respectively. Evidence from endometrial, lung, oesophageal, pancreas and meningioma presented hints of uncertainty and bias in the literature (eg,not reaching P values<10-6) showing large between-study heterogeneity and/or not demonstrating a definite direction for the effect when 95% prediction intervals were considered. Four of the 26 meta-analyses showed small study effects and 4 showed excess significance.ConclusionPhysical activity is associated with a lower risk of several cancers, but only colon and breast cancer associations were supported by strong or highly suggestive evidence, respectively. Evidence from other cancer sites was less consistent, presenting hints of uncertainty and/or bias.
Identifying bioethical issues in biostatistical consulting: findings from a US national pilot survey of biostatisticians
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Yan Alice F , Katz Ralph V 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesThe overall purposes of this first US national pilot study were to (1) test the feasibility of online administration of the Bioethical Issues in Biostatistical Consulting (BIBC) Questionnaire to a random sample of American Statistical Association (ASA) members; (2) determine the prevalence and relative severity of a broad array of bioethical violations requests that are presented to biostatisticians by investigators seeking biostatistical consultations; and (3) establish the sample size needed for a full-size phase II study.DesignA descriptive survey as approved and endorsed by the ASA.ParticipantsAdministered to a randomly drawn sample of 112 professional biostatisticians who were ASA members.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe 18 bioethical violations were first ranked by perceived severity scores, then categorised into three perceived severity subcategories in order to identify seven ‘top tier concern violations’ and seven ‘second tier concern violations’.ResultsMethodologically, this phase I pilot study demonstrated that the BIBC Questionnaire, as administered online to a random sample of ASA members, served to identify bioethical violations that occurred during biostatistical consultations, and provided data needed to establish the sample size needed for a full-scale phase II study. The No. 1 top tier concern was ‘remove or alter some data records in order to better support the research hypothesis’. The No. 2 top tier concern was ‘interpret the statistical findings based on expectation, not based on actual results’. In total, 14 of the 18 BIBC Questionnaire items, as judged by a combination of ‘severity of violation’ and ‘frequency of occurrence over past 5 years’, were rated by biostatisticians as ‘top tier’ or ‘second tier’ bioethical concerns.ConclusionThis pilot study gives clear evidence that researchers make requests of their biostatistical consultants that are not only rated as severe violations, but further that these requests occur quite frequently.
Measuring and understanding the attitudes of Australian gay and bisexual men towards biomedical HIV prevention using cross-sectional data and factor analyses
Authors: Wilkinson Anna L , Draper Bridget L , Pedrana Alisa E , Asselin Jason , Holt Martin , Hellard Margaret E , Stoové Mark 
Published: November 2017

IntroductionContemporary responses to HIV embrace biomedical prevention, particularly treatment as prevention (TasP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, large-scale implementation of biomedical prevention should be ideally preceded by assessments of their community acceptability. We aimed to understand contemporary attitudes of gay and bisexual men (GBM) in Australia towards biomedical-based HIV prevention and propose a framework for their measurement and ongoing monitoring.MethodsA cross-sectional, online survey of GBM ≥18 years has been conducted annually in Victoria, Australia, since 2008. In 2016, 35 attitudinal items on biomedical HIV prevention were added. Items were scored on five-point Likert scales. We used principal factor analysis to identify key constructs related to GBM’s attitudes to biomedical HIV prevention and use these to characterise levels of support for TasP and PrEP.ResultsA total of 462 HIV-negative or HIV-status-unknown men, not using PrEP, provided valid responses for all 35 attitudinal items. We extracted four distinct and interpretable factors we named: ‘Confidence in PrEP’, ‘Judicious approach to PrEP’, ‘Treatment as prevention optimism’ and ‘Support for early treatment’. High levels of agreement were seen across PrEP-related items; 77.9% of men agreed that PrEP prevented HIV acquisition and 83.6% of men agreed that users were protecting themselves. However, the agreement levels for HIV TasP items were considerably lower, with <20% of men agreeing treatment (undetectable viral load) reduced HIV transmission risk.ConclusionsBetter understanding of community attitudes is crucial for shaping policy and informing initiatives that aim to improve knowledge, acceptance and uptake of biomedical prevention. Our analyses suggest confidence in, acceptability of and community support for PrEP among GBM. However, strategies to address scepticism towards HIV treatment when used for prevention may be needed to optimise combination biomedical HIV prevention.