bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroporation and GFP-labelled transplantation of testicular cells in Nile tilapia
Authors: Barades Epro , Alimuddin , , Sudrajat Agus Oman 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT Transplantation technology can be applied to generate fish surrogate broodstock. A donor germinal cells that was used in transplantation are labeled to distinguish it with endogenous cells. Donor cells are generally derived from transgenic fish carrying a marker or cells labeled by PKH-26. This study was performed to obtain an alternative method of cell labelling using electroporation. Testicular cells were taken from 4-months old Nile tilapia as a model. Electroporation was performed with testicular cell density of 104 cells/µL, pJfKer-GFP concentration of 50 ng/µL, and a pulse length of 20 ms at 0, 100, 200, and 300 volts. At amount of 5x103 cells/0.5µL electroporated testicular cells were then injected into the intraperitoneal cavity of 3-day-old Nile tilapia larva. The results showed that survival of the electroporated cells of 100 and 200 volt-treatments was similar (P>0.05), and higher than 300 volt (P<0.05). Number of fluorescent cells was not significantly different among treatments. The highest cell colonization in transplanted fish was obtained in 200-volt treatment (66.67%). As conclusion, 200-volt electroporation with was a suitable tool to label testicular cells for transplantation. Keyword: electroporation, GFP, label, Nile tilapia, transplantation ABSTRAK Teknologi transplantasi merupakan suatu teknologi yang dapat menghasilkan induk pengganti. Sel donor berupa sel germinal yang akan digunakan dalam transplantasi diberi label agar dapat dibedakan dengan sel resipien. Umumnya sel donor diperoleh dari ikan transgenik yang membawa marka atau diwarnai dengan PKH-26. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari metode alternatif dalam pemberian label pada sel dengan elektroporasi. Sel testikular diperoleh dari ikan nila berumur empat bulan sebagai model. Elektroporasi dilakukan dengan kepadatan sel 104 sel/µL, konsentrasi pJfKer-GFP 50 ng/µL, dan panjang kejut 20 ms pada 0, 100, 200, dan 300 volt. Sebanyak 5x103 sel dalam 0,5 µL larutan hasil elektroporasi disuntikkan ke dalam rongga intraperitoneal larva berumur tiga hari setelah menetas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelangsungan hidup sel pada kejut 100 dan 200 volt tidak signifikan (P<0,05), akan tetapi lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan perlakuan 300 volt (P<0,05). Jumlah sel yang berpendar tidak berbeda antara perlakuan. Persentase kolonisasi sel pada ikan hasil transplan tertinggi pada perlakuan 200 volt (66,67%). Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian adalah perlakuan elektroporasi dengan kejut listrik 200 volt dapat digunakan untuk memberi label pada sel testikular yang akan ditransplantasikan. Kata kunci : elektroporasi, GFP, label, ikan nila, transplantasi
The growth of red tilapia fed on organic-selenium supplemented diet
Authors: Suprayudi Muhammad Agus , Faisal Burhanudin , Setiawati Mia 
Published: February 2017

<p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">The experiment was conducted to evaluate the level of organic selenium in the diet on the growth performance of red tilapia <em>Oreochromis</em> sp. Four levels of organic selenium namely 0, 1, 2, and 4 g Se/kg diet were used as a treatment, and the selenium content on the diets are 0.12, 0.19, 1.05, and 1.42 mg Se/kg respectively. This experiment were used randomized design with four treatments and two replications. All the diet was formulated to have similar protein and energy. Juvenile red tilapia with average body weight of 9.49±0.94 g were reared in the 80×40×40 cm<sup>3</sup> aquarium with density of 10 fish/aquarium. Fish were reared for 40 days and feed four times daily at satiation levels. The result of this study showed that fish fed diet containing 4 g organic Se/kg diet (1,42 mg Se/kg) had the best growth performance.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Keywords: organic selenium, growth, red tilapia</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dosis selenium organik pada pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan ikan nila merah <em>Oreochromis</em> sp. Empat macam dosis selenium organik yang digunakan adalah 0, 1, 2, dan 4 g Se/kg pakan. Kandungan selenium pada setiap pakan berturut-turut adalah 0,12; 0,19; 1,05; dan 1,42 mg Se/kg pakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak dengan empat perlakuan dan dua ulangan. Semua pakan diformulasikan memiliki protein dan energi yang sama. Ikan yang digunakan adalah juvenil nila merah dengan bobot rata-rata 9,49±0,95 g yang dipelihara dalam akuarium berukuran 80×40×40 cm<sup>3</sup> dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/akuarium. Ikan tersebut dipelihara selama 40 hari dengan frekuensi pemberian pakan empat kali sehari secara <em>at satiation</em>. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ikan yang diberi pakan yang mengandung 4 g Se organik/kg pakan (1,42 mg Se/kg) memperlihatkan kinerja pertumbuhan terbaik.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p>Kata kunci: selenium organik, pertumbuhan, nila merah</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p>
Prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic to control Vibrio harveyi and IMNV co-infection in Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Widanarni , , Noermala Jeanni Indah , Sukenda , 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the effects of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic in survival and immune response of white shrimp against co-infection of Vibrio harveyi and infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The shrimps used had a body weigth of 2.04±0.20 g/individual, the shrimps were reared at a density of 20 shrimps in 60x30x35 cm3 sized aquarium. The study was conducted with five treatments consisting K(+) (without the addition of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic with co-infection), K(-) (without the addition of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic, and without co-infection), P1 (the addition of prebiotic with co-infection), P2 (the addition of probiotic with co-infection), and P3 (the addition of synbiotic with co-infection). The results showed that the addition of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic could increase survival and immune response of white shrimp towards co-infection of Vibrio harveyi and IMNV. The best survival was obtained in probiotic treatment (79.17%), followed by prebiotic treatment (75%), synbiotic treatment (70.83%), while the positive control was only 50%. Keywords: white shrimp, prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, IMNV, Vibrio harveyi ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, dan sinbiotik terhadap sintasan dan respons imun udang vaname dengan ko-infeksi Vibrio harveyi dan IMNV (infectious myonecrosis virus). Udang yang digunakan memiliki bobot 2,04±0,20 g/ekor, dipelihara sebanyak 20 ekor dalam akuarium berukuran 60x30x35 cm3. Penelitian dilakukan dengan lima perlakuan yaitu K(+) (tanpa pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, dan sinbiotik dengan ko-infeksi), K(-) (tanpa pemberian prebiotik, probiotik dan sinbiotik tanpa ko-infeksi), P1 (pemberian prebiotik dengan ko-infeksi), P2 (pemberian probiotik dengan ko-infeksi), dan P3 (pemberian sinbiotik dengan ko-infeksi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, dan sinbiotik mampu meningkatkan sintasan dan respons imun udang vaname terhadap ko-infeksi V. harveyi dan IMNV. Sintasan terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan probiotik sebesar 79,17%, diikuti perlakuan prebiotik sebesar 75%, perlakuan sinbiotik sebesar 70,83%, sedangkan pada kontrol positif hanya mencapai 50%. Kata kunci: udang vaname, prebiotik, probiotik, sinbiotik, IMNV, Vibrio harveyi
Evaluation of integrated sludge worm and catfish farming with biofloc system
Authors: Pardiansyah Dedi , Supriyono Eddy , Djokosetianto Daniel 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTCurrently, supply of sludge worm (Tubifex sp.) merely came from wild, so that it could not meet demand for fish hatchery. Additionally, harvest from the wild did not have a quality assurance, due to the possibility of sludge worm becoming an agent of disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the production of sludge worm culture by utilizing catfish culture waste (Clarias sp. ) in bioflok system. In this system, water from catfish culture media flowed into sludge worm culture media using recirculation systems. This study used a completely randomized design with four treatments and two replications, in which treatment A (addition of catfish culture waste from intensive system), treatment B (addition of catfish culture waste from biofloc system), treatment C (the addition of fermented chicken manure at the beginning of experiment as negative control), and treatment D (addition of fermented chicken manure at the beginning of experiment and then every five days as positive control). The results showed that the highest production was obtained by treatment B at biomass growth of 0.97 kg/m2 and sludge worm density of 388.000 individu/m2. Keywords: sludge worm, biofloc, chicken manure, catfish, catfish culture waste ABSTRAK Saat ini pasokan cacing sutra (Tubifex sp.) hanya berasal dari alam, sehingga belum mencukupi permintaan untuk kegiatan pembenihan ikan. Selain itu, hasil tangkapan dari alam tidak memiliki jaminan kualitas, karena cacing sutra dapat menjadi agen penyakit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi hasil produksi budidaya cacing sutra dengan memanfaatkan limbah budidaya ikan lele (Clarias sp.) sistem bioflok. Pada sistem ini, air dari media budidaya ikan lele dialirkan ke media pemeliharaan cacing sutra menggunakan sistem resirkulasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan dua ulangan, yaitu perlakuan A (pemberian limbah ikan lele sistem intensif), perlakuan B (pemberian limbah ikan lele sistem bioflok), perlakuan C (penambahan fermentasi kotoran ayam pada awal penelitian sebagai kontrol negatif), serta perlakuan D (penambahan fermentasi kotoran ayam pada awal penelitian yang dilanjutkan setiap lima hari sekali sebagai kontrol positif). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi cacing sutra tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan B dengan pertumbuhan bobot sebesar 0,97 kg/m2 dan kepadatan cacing sutra sebesar 388.000 individu/m2. Kata kunci : cacing sutra, bioflok, kotoran ayam, ikan lele, limbah budidaya ikan lele
Fish oil supplementation in commercial diet on growth of Anguilla bicolor bicolor
Authors: Mukti Retno Cahya , Utomo Nur Bambang Priyo , Affandi Ridwan 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT This study was aimed to determine the effect of fish oil addition on growth performance and fatty acid composition of eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor. Freswater eel at an initial body weight of 9.90± 0.05 g were maintained in aquarium with volume of 120 L at stocking density of 1 g/L for 40 days. This research applied complete randomized design with four treatments addition of fish oil, i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. All treatments were carried out in triplicate. Feed given as much as 3% of the fish biomass a day for four times at 06:00, 11:00, 16:00, and 21:00. The results showed that the addition of fish oil in the diet have different effects (P<0.05) on specific growth (0.88–1.36%), feed efficiency (30.18–48.53%), protein retention (14.57–20.24%), fat retention (16.77–52.49%), energy retention (12.38–20.20%), and hepatosomatic index (1.72–2.72%) whereas the survival showed no difference (P>0.05) at 100%. In the fatty acid composition total of unsaturated fatty acid composition was 30.91–40.95%, n-3 fatty acids was 6.10–8.19%, and n-6 fatty acids were 6.18–8.19%. In conclusion, the addition of fish oil in the diet of freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor can be done up to 5% (13% fat content of diet). Keywords: Anguilla bicolor bicolor, fish oil, growth performance, fatty acid composition ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh penambahan minyak ikan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan komposisi asam lemak ikan sidat Anguilla bicolor bicolor. Ikan sidat dengan bobot 9,90±0,05 g dipelihara dalam akuarium dengan volume 120 L pada padat tebar 1 g/L selama 40 hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap terdiri atas empat perlakuan penambahan minyak ikan pada pakan sebesar 0%, 5%, 15%, dan 15%. Semua perlakuan terdiri atas tiga ulangan. Pakan diberikan sebanyak 3% dari biomassa ikan dan diberikan sebanyak empat kali sehari yaitu pukul 06.00, 11.00, 16.00 dan 21.00. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan minyak ikan dalam pakan memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda (P<0,05) terhadap spesific growth rate (0,88– 1,36%), efisiensi pakan (30,18–48,53%), retensi protein (14,57–20,24%), retensi lemak (16,77–52,49%), retensi energi (12,38–20,10%), dan indeks hepatosomatik (1,72–2,72%). Sintasan tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan (P>0,05) yaitu 100%. Pada komposisi asam lemak dihasilkan total komposisi asam lemak tidak jenuh 30,91– 40,95%, asam lemak n-3 6,10–8,19%, dan asam lemak n-6 6,18–8,19%. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan minyak ikan dalam pakan ikan sidat Anguilla bicolor bicolor dapat dilakukan sampai dengan 5% (kadar lemak pakan 13%). Kata kunci: Anguilla bicolor bicolor, minyak ikan, kinerja pertumbuhan, komposisi asam lemak
Effectiveness of sinbiotic at different doses in Pacific white shrimp pond culture
Authors: Sukenda , , Praseto Rizki , Widanarni , 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT The increasing demand of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei requires the application of intensive culture system. However, intensive culture system of white shrimp could increase the risk of disease outbreak. The application of sinbiotic may provide solution to the problem. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of technical sinbiotic on the survival and growth of white shrimp in ponds. This study consisted of four treatments; treatment K (control), treatment A (probiotic 0.5% and prebiotic 1%), treatment B (probiotic 1% and prebiotic 2%), and treatment C (probiotic 2% and prebiotic 4%). The results showed that administration of sinbiotic had no significant differences on survival rate, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, size, and biomass of shrimp (P>0.05). However, based on analysis of business, sinbiotic A provided higher profits to the farmer (Rp10.230) compared to other symbiotic treatments and control. Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei, sinbiotic, technical media ABSTRAK Permintaan terhadap udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang semakin meningkat membuat sistem budidaya udang sebaiknya menggunakan sistem budidaya intensif. Namun demikian sistem intensif pada budidaya udang vaname dapat meningkatkan risiko timbulnya penyakit. Penggunaan sinbiotik diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas penggunaan sinbiotik teknis terhadap sintasan, pertumbuhan, dan keuntungan usaha udang vaname yang dipelihara di tambak. Penelitian ini terdiri atas empat perlakuan, yaitu perlakuan K (kontrol), perlakuan A (probiotik 0,5% dan prebiotik 1%), perlakuan B (probiotik 1% dan prebiotik 2%), dan perlakuan C (probiotik 2% dan prebiotik 4%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sinbiotik tidak berbeda nyata dalam nilai sintasan, laju pertumbuhan, rasio konversi pakan, size, dan biomassa udang (P>0,05). Namun demikian, berdasarkan analisis usaha perlakuan A memberikan keuntungan lebih tinggi (Rp10.230) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan sinbiotik lainnya serta kontrol. Kata kunci: Litopenaeus vannamei, sinbiotik, media teknis
Combination of garlic - shatterstone herb powder to control Streptococcus agalactiae infection in tilapia
Authors: Fauziah Ririn Nurul , Wahjuningrum Dinamella , Sukenda , , Ranta , 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT This study was aimed at determining potential of combination powder of garlic Allium sativum-shatterstone herb Phyllanthus niruri supplemented in feed against S. agalactiae infection in tilapia. Four concentrations of combination powder of A. sativum-P. Niruri; 20+5, 20+10, 20+15 and 20+20 ppt respectively were investigated for their ability to inhibit bacterial fish pathogen. Combination dose of 20+15 ppt produced the highest inhibitory zones in in vitro test. In vivo test consisted of three treatments with three replications, namely positive control (K+), negative control (K-) and the treatment of A. sativum-P. niruri suplemented in feed (BM). The test perfomed on tilapia with weight of 10.33 ± 1.63 g and were reared at density of 10 ind/aquarium. The fish was fed for 14 days, then injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL S. agalactiae at concentration of 105 cfu/mL for positive control and BM groups. Survival, growth rate, feed response, hematological and water quality parameters were observed for 10 days. This study showed that the suplemented-feed-fish (BM) showed better growth rate, feed response, and survival (83.3%) than positive control (36.7%) at P<0.05. In addition, A. sativum-P. niruri suplemented in feed was also able to enhance the immune response by increasing phagocytic activity. Keywords: Streptococcus agalactiae, phytopharmacy, Allium sativum-Phyllanthus niruri, tilapia ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi campuran tepung bawang putih Allium sativum-meniran Phyllanthus niruri dalam pakan terhadap pencegahan infeksi bakteri S. agalactiae pada ikan nila. Empat konsentrasi campuran tepung bawang putih-meniran yaitu 20+5 ppt, 20+10 ppt, 20+15 ppt dan 20+20 ppt masing-masing diuji kemampuannya dalam menghambat bakteri patogen pada ikan. Campuran dosis 20+15 ppt menghasilkan zona hambat terbaik dalam uji in vitro. Uji in vivo terdiri atas tiga perlakuan dengan tiga ulangan yaitu kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, dan perlakuan pakan yang mengandung bawang putih-meniran (BM). Uji ini dilakukan pada ikan nila berbobot 10,33±1,63 g yang dipelihara di akuarium dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/akuarium. Ikan diberi pakan perlakuan selama 14 hari kemudian diinjeksi secara intraperitoneal dengan bakteri S. agalactiae sebanyak 0,1 mL dengan kepadatan 105 cfu/mL pada perlakuan kontrol positif dan perlakuan BM. Parameter kelangsungan hidup, laju pertumbuhan, respons pakan, parameter hematologi, dan kualitas air diamati selama sepuluh hari. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian BM dalam pakan memberikan laju pertumbuhan, respons pakan, dan sintasan (83,3%) yang lebih baik daripada kontrol positif (36,7%) pada P<0,05. Pakan yang mengandung campuran bawang putih-meniran ini juga mampu meningkatkan respons imun dengan adanya peningkatan aktivitas fagositosis. Kata kunci: Streptococcus agalactiae, fitofarmaka, Allium sativum-Phyllanthus niruri, ikan nila
Optimation of Production Input in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Culture: A Case Study in UD. Jasa Hasil Diri at Desa Lamaran Tarung, Kecamatan Cantigi, Kabupaten Indramayu
Authors: Diatin I. , Arifianty S. , Farmayanti N. 
Published: February 2017

<p>UD Jasa Hasil Diri (UD JHD) is a company in Indramayu which culture the white shrimp. UD JHD started this culture in 2003, and now UD JHD's dam out area has reach 26 ha. Total production of white shrimp in 2006 was 125,854.5 kg. The production cost of white shrimp culture that must be spending by UD JHD reached IDR 2,842,427,294. This production cost was allocated to get all variable input such as: seed, food, calcium, fertilizer, vitamin, probiotic, medicine, labor, diesel fuel, and gasoline. The used of production input already in optimum condition. Based on the result of linear study for seed used was optimum at 7,830,667 tails, foods at 204,387.7 kg, calcium at 25,170.9 kg, fertilizer at 503.4 kg, vitamins at 75.5 kg, probiotic at 683.4 kg, medicines at 4,279.1 kg, harvests at 1,258.5 hours, diesel fuel at 104,459.2 liters, and gasoline at 1,200 liters. The cost of production input based on linear study was IDR 2,403,220,000. Thus, UD JHD could reduce this cost by IDR 439,207,294 to get 125,854.5 kg shrimps.</p> <p>Keywords: optimum, production input, cost, white shrimp</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>UD Jasa Hasil Diri (UD JHD) merupakan sebuah perusahan yang membudidayakan udang vaname di Indramayu. Perusahaan ini memulai usahanya sejak tahun 2003, dan saat ini memiliki tambak seluas 26 ha. Total produksi udang vaname pada tahun 2006 adalah 125.854,5 kg. Biaya yang harus dikelurkan oleh UD JHD untuk memproduksi budidaya udang vaname mencapai Rp. 2.842.427.294. Biaya produksi ini dialokasikan untuk memperoleh berbagai input produksi seperti benur, pakan, kalsium, pupuk, vitamin, probiotik, obat-obatan, tenaga kerja, solar dan bensin. Penggunaan input produksi telah mencapai kondisi optimum. Berdasarkan hasil uji linier, kondisi optimum untuk benih yang ditebar adalah 7.830.667 ekor, pakan sebanyak 204.387,7 kg, kalsium 25.170,9 kg, pupuk 503,4 kg, vitamin 75,5 kg, probiotik 683,4 kg, obat-obatan 4.279,1 kg, masa pemeliharaan 1.258,5 jam, solar 104.459,2 liter, and bensin 1.200 liter. Berdasarkan analisis linier, biaya input produksi adalah Rp. 2.403.220.000. Dengan demikian, UD JHD dapat menurunkan biaya menjadi Rp. 439,207,294 untuk memperoleh 125.854,5 kg udang vaname.</p> <p>Kata kunci: optimum, input produksi, biaya , udang vaname</p>
Feed efficiency improvement and aquaculture waste conversion to economically valuable product
Authors: Harris Enang 
Published: February 2017

<p>Fish farmer cannot reduce feed price, however they can reduce feed cost for fish producing. Feed cost is highly determined by feeding rate (FR); whether in maximum FR or restricted FR, and dissolved oxygen level in water. The present paper reviews a detail explanation concerning both factors on feed efficiency. Amongst other water quality parameters, oxygen is the most important factor and therefore must be closely monitored. Moreover, dissolved oxygen cannot be detected only by visual observation. Biofloc technology and PAS (partitioned aquaculture system) can change waste into bacteria and phytoplankton biomass which can be further utilized as fish feed. The major difference between these systems is in the oxygen requirement. This paper also presents some experiment results and preliminary applications in field scale that have been performed in Indonesia.<br /><br />Keywords: feeding rate, oxygen, feed efficiency.</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRAK<br /><br />Pembudidaya ikan tidak bisa menurunkan harga pakan, tetapi dapat menurunkan biaya pakan untuk memproduksi ikan. Biaya pakan sangat ditentukan oleh feeding rate (FR); apakah ”maksimum FR” atau ”restricted FR”, dan oksigen terlarut dalam air. Dalam artikel ini diuraikan secara rinci mengenai pengaruh kedua faktor tersebut terhadap efisiensi pakan. Oksigen merupakan faktor yang paling penting di antara kualitas air, oleh karena itu kadar oksigen terlarut harus diukur. Oksigen terlarut tidak dapat dideteksi dengan panca indera manusia. Teknologi biofloc dan PAS (partitioned aquaculture system) mampu mengubah limbah jadi bakteri dan fitoplankton yang siap untuk menjadi makanan ikan. Perbedaannya antara kedua sistem terletak pada kebutuhan oksigen. Artikel ini juga memuat hasil percobaan dan praktik rintisan skala lapangan yang telah dilaksanakan di Indonesia.<br /><br />Kata kunci: feeding rate, oksigen, efisiensi pakan.<br /></p>