Abstract 2962: Mechanobiology of epithelia on native basement membrane and relevance for cancer invasion
Authors: Plodinec Marija , Oertle Philipp , Assgeirson Daphne , Halfter Willi , Castori Serenella Eppenberger , Obermann Ellen C. , Glentis Alexandre , LIM Roderick Y. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The onset of metastasis occurs when cancer cells invade and breach the basement membrane (BM) that provides mechanical support to epithelial tissues. Yet, it remains unclear what triggers cancer cells to breach the BM, and how ‘triggered’ cells in fact breach the BM. We have established an in vitro assay using native BM interface for culturing epithelial cells. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) with other high-resolution microscopies and TER (trans-epithelial resistance), we have correlated the mechano-cellular attributes of the BM/epithelium interface to its biochemical and structural properties. We demonstrated that the internal limiting membrane (ILM) isolated from human retinas acts as a native substrate for culturing epithelial cells in terms of BM composition, architecture and stiffness. These are required to act jointly in order to achieve apico-basal polarity, tissue barrier formation and stiffness properties of the epithelial layer similarly to secretory epithelia in vivo. The native BM serves several advantageous over reconstituted Matrigel, an ECM extracts that originates from mouse tumor ascites. Besides variations in thickness and biochemical composition, we find that Matrigel is mechanically 100-fold more compliant (i.e., softer) than native BMs. When tumorigenic variants of cells are used, we demonstrated that cancer cell invasion is associated with a decrease in cellular stiffness correlated to changes in cell and BM morphology. In addition, we showed that activation of ß1 integrin by the stiffness and architecture of the native alpha - 5 laminin chain has a key role, not only as previously thought for maintenance of cell polarity but also for the establishment of a physiological mechanophenotype. On the other hand it is well know that during cancer progression in vivo, cancer cells can perforate the BM using proteolysis. Whether stromal cells also play a role and what kind of role in this process is unclear. Therefore, we asked if carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) isolated from cancer patients promote cancer cell invasion through a BM. In the presence of CAFs, moderately invasive cancer cells invade in a matrix metalloproteinase-independent manner. Using live imaging and atomic force microscopy, we showed that CAFs actively pull, stretch and soften the BM, forming gaps through which cancer cells can migrate. By exerting contractile forces, CAFs alter the organization and the physical properties of the BM, making it permissive for cancer cell invasion. Finally, we propose that, in addition to proteolysis, mechanical interactions between CAFs and BM represent an alternative mechanism of BM breaching. Given their mechano-biological relevance, native BMs allow us to further understand how mechanosignaling occurs between the epithelia and the surrounding stromal layers at the BM interface during cancer invasion and progression.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Marija Plodinec, Philipp Oertle, Daphne Assgeirson, Willi Halfter, Serenella Eppenberger Castori, Ellen C. Obermann, Alexandre Glentis, Roderick Y. LIM. Mechanobiology of epithelia on native basement membrane and relevance for cancer invasion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2962. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2962