bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the Amorphous to Microcrystalline Phase Transition in Silicon Films Deposited by Sif4-H2-He Plasmas
Authors: Cicalai G. , Losurdo M. , Capezzuto P. , Bruno G. , Ligonzo T. , Schiavulli L. , Minarini C. , Rossi M. C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) thin films have been obtained by plasma decomposition of SiF4-H2-He mixtures at low temperature (120 °C). The size of crystalline grain and their volume fraction with respect to the amorphous phase have been found dependent on the r.f. power as evaluated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, microRaman and ellipsometry measurements. Chemical and electrical properties change according to the microcrystallinity. Pure and/or highly microcrystalline silicon has been obtained at temperature and r.f. power as low as 120 °C and 15 Watt.
Optical Analysis of Plasma Enhanced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Films
Authors: Montès L. , Tsybeskov L. , Fauchet P. M. , Pangal K. , Sturm J. C. , Wagner S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLow-temperature crystallization of a-Si is important for display and Silicon-On- Insulator (SOT) technologies. We present optical characterization (Raman scattering and photoluminescence) of H2 and O2 plasma enhanced crystallization of a-Si:H films. H2 plasma treatment is shown to be the most efficient, leading to larger grain sizes, and both H2 and O2 plasma lead to visible photoluminescence (PL). Recently, the PL of re-crystallized a-Si films has been explained in terms of quantum confinement [1]. The mean size of the crystallites in our re-crystallized films is determined by Raman scattering for different treatments parameters. No correlation between size and the photon energy of the visible emission is found. However, we can clearly distinguish between the PL from purely amorphous and re-crystallized a-Si:H films: Their PL temperature dependence and spectra are very different. The origin of the visible PL in re-crystallized thin Si films is discussed.
Robust Exciton Polariton in a Quantum-Well Waveguide
Authors: Shirai M. , Hosomi K. , Mishima T. , Katsuyama T. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe refractive index change of polariton propagation in a GaAs quantum-well waveguide was measured as a function of the electric field. Its temperature dependence was also measured. The experimental results showed that the refractive index change of the polariton propagation was at least three times as large as that of the conventional light propagation. This effect remains up to 40 K, and coincides with the temperature dependence of the rate of polariton scattering by phonons. We also Fabricated directional-coupler-type switching devices to apply this large refractive index change, and were able to demonstrate the operation in a single quantum-well waveguide. Our results indicate that extremely small and low driving voltage switching devices may be feasible.
Theoretical Investigation of Effective Quantum Dots Induced by Strain in Semiconductor Wires
Authors: Shiraishi Kenji , Nagase Masao , Horiguchi Seiji , Kageshima Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA new fabrication technique for quantum dots is proposed on the basis of theoretical studies. It is known that the self-limiting phenomena of silicon oxidation are governed by the large stress induced by the volume expansion. We estimated the change in the band parameter of the silicon under the stress induced by the oxidation. The results show that the band-gap of the silicon considerably decreases under two-dimensional compressive strain. Accordingly, introducing strain to a small part of a Si wire results in the formation of a “strain-induced effective quantum dot”. Moreover, we also propose theoretically a new procedure for fabricating a silicon single electron transistor by the combination of silicon oxidation and nitridation techniques.
Formation and Luminescent Properties of Oxidized Porous Silicon Doped with Erbium by Electrochemical Procedure
Authors: Bondarenko V. , Vorozov N. , Dolgyi L. , Yakovtseva V. , Petrovich V. , Volchek S. , Kazuchits N. , Grom G. , Lopez H. A. , Tsybeskov L. , Fauchet P. M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe present work is concerned with Er-doped oxidized porous silicon (PS). The characteristic feature of the work is that PS doping has been realized by an electrochemical procedure followed by a high temperature treatment. 5-μm thick PS layers were formed on p-type Si of 0.3-Ohm-cm resistivity. Er incorporation was performed by a cathodic polarization of PS in a 0.1 M Er(NO3)3 aqueous solution. A high temperature treatment in an oxidizing ambient at 500-1000°C was utilized to provide either partial or total oxidation of PS:Er layers. X-ray microanalysis was used to study chemical composition of the samples. Photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra were investigated. After the partial oxidation (in the temperature range of 600-800°C), weak Er3+-related PL at 1.53 ptm was observed. A high temperature anneal in Ar atmosphere at the temperature of 1100°C caused a significant increase in the Er3+-related PL intensity. Resonant features were observed in PLE spectra of fully oxidized PS. Five peaks at 381, 492, 523, 654 and 980 nm were revealed. The strongest excitation occurred at 381 and 523 nm. The excitation of different Er3+ energy levels, cross-relaxation interactions and emission due to the 4I13/2→4I15/2 transitions were considered. Application of the Er-doped oxidized PS for integrated optical waveguides is presented.
Long Luminescence Lifetime of 1.54 μ m Er3+ Luminescence from Erbium Doped Silicon Rich Silicon Oxide and its Origin
Authors: Seo Se-Young , Shin Jung H. , Lee Choochon 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe photoluminescent properties of erbium doped silicon rich silicon oxide (SRSO) is investigated. The silicon content of SRSO was varied from 43 to 33 at. % and Er concentration was 0.4–0.7 at. % in all cases. We observe strong 1.54 μ m luminescence due to 4I13/2⇒4I15/2 Er3+ 4f transition, excited via energy transfer from carrier recombination in silicon nanoclusters to Er 4f shells. The luminescent lifetimes at the room temperature are found to be 4–7 msec, which is longer than that reported from Er in any semiconducting host material, and comparable to that of Er doped SiO2 and A12O3. The dependence of the Er3+ luminescent intensities and lifetimes on temperature, pump power and on background illumination shows that by using SRSO, almost all non-radiative decay paths of excited Er3+ can be effectively suppressed, and that such suppression is more important than increasing excitation rate of Er3+. A planar waveguide using Er doped SRSO is also demonstrated.
Perspectives of Porous Silicon Multilayer Technology
Authors: Thönissen M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe exact control and adjustment of the etch parameters is important for the fabrication of well defined and reproducible devices based on porous silicon (PS) multilayers. In this paper the etch parameters “electrolyte volume” and “diffusion in the electrolyte” will be discussed as specific problems during a commercial fabrication of multilayer applications. Additionally the stability of the filter characteristics of multilayer systems will be analyzed by changing the climatic environments. New perspectives of multilayer applications will be given, e. g. the electrical control of filters, spatially graded interference filters and multiple interference filters on one sample.
Gesondheidsorg vir Kinders: Voldoen Suid-Afrikaanse Wetgewing Aan die Land se Verpligtinge Ingevolge die Konvensie Oor die Regte van die Kind en die Grondwet?
Authors: Büchner-Eveleigh Mariana , Nienaber Annelize 
Published: May 2017

Included in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (UN Children's Convention) is the right of children to the highest attainable standard of health. In terms of article 4 of the UN Children's Convention, in implementing the UN Children's Convention state parties must "undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognised in the present Convention". South Africa showed its commitment to protecting and promoting children's health when it ratified the UN Children's Convention and subsequently adopted the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, which includes provisions guaranteeing the health rights of children. South Africa also showed commitment to giving legislative effect to the protection and promotion of children's health by promulgating the National Health Act 61 of 2003, the Children's Act 38 of 2005 and the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002. The article evaluates existing policy and legislation affecting child health in order to assess how well South African legislation addresses the issue of children's healthcare rights and whether or not it complies with its international law and constitutional obligations in this regard. The article concludes that although much legislation exists, none provides comprehensively for children's healthcare rights, and there are many gaps in existing legislation. Most importantly, there is no reference to the core minimum requirements for the state in providing for the health of children, particularly in the way of healthcare services and nutrition. Further, there is a complete lack of legislation which protects the health needs of children with disabilities. In order to ensure that the health rights of children are protected and promoted, we propose more comprehensive legislative protection.
"Child Divorce": A Break from Parental Responsibilities and Rights Due to the Traditional Socio-Cultural Practices and Beliefs of the Parents
Authors: Bekink Mildred 
Published: May 2017

In a recent ground-breaking case the South African courts were for the first time requested to use their discretion to interfere in the parent-child relationship due to the traditional socio-cultural beliefs of the parents. In what has been described as "every parent's nightmare; the fancy of many teenagers", a 16 year-old schoolgirl from Milerton in the Western Cape asked to be "freed" from her parents to live semi-independently from them because of her unhappiness with the conservative manner in which her parents treated her. After considering the matter the judge assigned to the case granted her request to live semi-independently with a school friend and her family (called by the judge the host family) until she reaches the age of 18 (her majority). Her parents were accorded permission to have limited contact with her. This case represents an example of the difficulties involved when balancing the rights of a teenager against those of the parents in matters of socio-cultural practice and belief. In a multi-cultural society such as South Africa the case raises numerous serious questions for other families. For instance, what standards will a court use to determine if parents are too conservative in bringing up their children and what factors will be taken into account? How much freedom and autonomy should children be given? How will courts prevent children from misusing the system just to get what their friends have, and - the ultimate question - are the rights of children superior to the traditional rights of parents in matters of socio-cultural practice, with specific reference to their upbringing?

In this context it is the aim of this contribution to focus primarily on the questions asked above. Possible solutions for striking a balance between the rights of children and their parents are explored. The submission is made that the best interests principle is still the most important factor to be taken into account when balancing or weighing competing rights and interests concerning children. The principle of the best interests of the child, the founding principle of children's rights, however, is anchored in the family, and any break between the two should be carefully considered. It is concluded that in an attempt to resolve disputes between parents and their children the relevant provisions of the Constitution and the Children's Act must be considered and must be balanced and tested in relation to each other for constitutional consistency and compliance. It is also submitted that caution should be taken by the legislative framework not to encourage children to break the parent-child relationship on a mere whim, as an overemphasis of children's rights might result in the dilution of the sense of the value of the family in society.
Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, and Mineral Content of Marine Worm From South East Sulawesi
Authors: Nurhikma Nurhikma , Nurhayati Tati , Purwaningsih Sri 
Published: May 2017

The coastal communities of Kendari believe that sea worm as traditional drug can cure a wound, because some chemical compounds that exist in sea worms are suspected to have the compound. The aims of this study were to determine chemical compound, amino acid, fatty acid content, and mineral of flesh<br />sea worm (Siphonosoma australe-australe) from Toronipa Aquatic Province Sulawesi Southeast. The higest essential amino acid content on fresh sea worm was arginin (3.04%), and freeze dry was 5.52%. The higest non-essential amino acid content on fresh sea worm and freeze dry were glutamic acid 6.53% and 8.53% for <br />product resulted by freeze dry. The higest saturated attyacid (SF) content of fresh sea worm and freeze dry were palmatic acid (1.96% and 2.64%). The higest MUFA fatty acid content of fresh sea worm and freeze dry were plamitoleat acid 0.31% and 0.27%. The higest poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of fresh sea worm and freeze dry were were aracidonat 2.80% and oleat acid 1.97%. The higest mineral content of wet sea worm and frezee dry were Natrium 43,700 mg/kg and 127,334 mg/kg.
Sardine Fish Oil By Sentrifugation and Adsorbent for Emulsion
Authors: Haryati Kristina , Suseno Sugeng Heri , Nurjanah Nurjanah 
Published: May 2017

Sardine fish meal by-product contain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) and it can be made as emulsion. The purpose of this study were to determine the best fish oil emulsion by mixing<br />the oil phase (lecithin 3% and oil) and water phase (carboxymethyl cellulose/CMC 2% and fruit juice) and then stored until creaming, and the emulsion is analyzed their viscosity, pH, percent of stability and long<br />separation. Sardine oil is separated from the emulsion and tested oxidation parameters. The best emulsion was fish oil emulsion after refined without citric acid (RTS) with viscosity (2470.31 cP), pH (5.64), percent of stability (56.14%) and long separation (14 days). Primary and secondary oxidation parameters of RTS were FFA (14.87%), PV (14.43 meq/kg), AV (32.57 meq KOH/g), AnV (17.3 meq/kg), and Totox (46.16 meq/kg).
Fortification of Sardine Fish Oil from By-product of Canning Processing into Beef Meatball and Chicken Nugget
Authors: Estiasih Teti , Trowulan Endang , Rukmi Widya Dwi 
Published: May 2017

One source of ω-3 fatty acids is a by-product of lemuru canning processing that can be used for fortification. Generally, fortification uses fish oil microcapsule but it is more expensive than direct fortification. In this study, fish oil from a by-product of lemuru canning processing was directly fortified into beef meatball and chicken nugget at concentration of 0, 2, 4, and 6% (w/w). Oxidation level, free fatty acid content, colour, lightness, texture, and sensory acceptance by triangle difference test were analyzed. The results showed that oxidation level of nugget was higher than meatball. Free fatty acid content increased in nugget by increasing fortification level, but it was decrease in meatball. Texture of both was relatively unchanged, with a tendency to increase in nugget and decrease in meatball. Lightness (L) of meatball surface was higher than nugget surface. Lightness did not significantly change by increasing fortification level. Redness (+a) and yellowness (+b) of meatball and nugget changed significantly by fortification. Difference test showed that fortification level of 2% was the highest level of fortification that taste and odor could not be distinguished with control by panelists. Best level of fish oil fortification was 2%. At 2% fortification, EPA was 2.85% for meatball, and 2.22% for nugget. Sharp decline was occured in EPA and the decrease was<br />higher in nugget than meatball.
Non habemus papam – the Abdication of Benedict XVI as Depicted in Polish Realisations of the Big Picture Report (Genealogical Contexts)
Authors: Worsowicz Monika 
Published: May 2017

This article is devoted to outlining characteristics of the big picture report on the basis of publications focusing on the abdication of Pope Benedict XVI. The analysis of this content enables us to determine how the genre functions as a form of media communication relying on exchange of news, and how it exploits the specificity of the internet as a means of transmission. An attempt is made to show how this form of journalistic expression may evolve and to describe its usefulness from the point of view of the audience.
Uso de la plataforma Moodle como apoyo a la docencia presencial universitaria
Authors: Mirabal Montes de Oca Ángel Ramón , Gómez Zermeño Marcela Georgina , González Gailbraith Leticia Amelia 
Published: May 2017

<p>Este estudio buscó identificar las competencias tecnológicas de los docentes de una Universidad al utilizar <em>Moodle </em>como complemento a sus clases presenciales. Se analizó el uso de dicha plataforma mediante un enfoque cualitativo-descriptivo, con la participación de cinco docentes. Se realizaron entrevistas y análisis de la utilización de la plataforma, como resultado se identificaron las competencias tecnológicas asociadas al uso de <em>Moodle. </em>Se concluye que las herramientas tecnológicas no son utilizadas a su máxima eficacia para mejorar la práctica del docente, por lo que se recomienda capacitación sobre su uso y beneficios.</p>
Valoraciones del profesorado universitario sobre la integración de las TIC en el aula
Authors: Marín Díaz Verónica , Ramírez Hernández Moises , Maldonado Berea Guadalupe Aurora 
Published: May 2017

<p>Este artículo reporta resultados parciales de una investigación de posgrado en transcurso, cuyo objetivo es conocer el uso que hacen de las TIC en el proceso de enseñanza el profesorado universitario. En relación a la metodología empleada mantiene un carácter mixto. Para el enfoque cuantitativo se aplicó un cuestionario a 44 profesores, 88% de la población que integra la planta académica y con la finalidad de profundizar en la información se realizó un grupo de discusión estructurado por 8 profesores. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizaron los softwares SPSS en su versión 22 y el Atlas TI versión 6.2. Los resultados hacen alusión a las valoraciones del profesorado sobre las ventajas y desventajas del empleo de TIC en la labor docente. Los principales hallazgos muestran un impacto positivo en su uso, pero también la existencia de miedo a los cambios. Finalmente este artículo da pautas a nuevas líneas de investigación en este ámbito de actuación -TIC, educación y profesorado. </p>
Estrategias para mejorar la comprensión lectora a través de las TIC
Authors: Montoya Álvarez Oscar Julián , Gómez Zermeño Marcela Georgina , García Vázquez Nancy Janett 
Published: May 2017

<p>Esta investigación estudia la eficacia de la modalidad B-learning para contribuir al mejoramiento de los niveles de compresión lectora en estudiantes de modalidad presencial de grado sexto de bachillerato de una institución colombiana. Se utilizó como herramienta didáctica un curso virtual en la plataforma Moodle y se implementó una estrategia de lectura en tres momentos: pre-lectura, lectura y post-lectura. Se comparan los resultados por medio de la prueba t-student para una muestra dependiente a través de un pre-test y un post-test aplicado a un grupo experimental. Se estimaron las variaciones en los resultados del grupo experimental respecto al grupo control. Los resultados mostraron el impacto positivo en el grupo experimental quienes utilizaron el recurso pedagógico.</p>
Treatment of arsenic-contaminated water using in-line electrolysis, co-precipitation and filtration in Costa Rica
Authors: Kunz Sylvie , Romero-Esquivel Luis G. , Otter Philipp , Feistel Ulrike , Grischek Thomas , Valverde-Cerdas Johnny , Feller Jörg 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A novel treatment was tested with groundwater to investigate its arsenic removal under natural conditions. The system utilised in-line electrochlorination to oxidise water constituents without the need for external chemical supply. The oxidised arsenic and iron co-precipitated and were filtered via Greensand Plus™. The filter was catalytically active and provided an emergency oxidant. The system had only a few maintenance requirements due to online water quality monitoring. The contaminant removal during the field test in Costa Rica was impaired by strong fluctuations in water quality including low iron concentrations. However, the system removed on average 68% of the arsenic. Mean values of arsenic were 40 ± 23 μg/L in groundwater and 13 ± 6 μg/L in treated water. Iron was removed from an average of 2.8 ± 2.4 mg/L to 0.2 ± 0.2 mg/L (93% removal). Free chlorine produced and available in the treated water tank had a mean concentration of 1.25 mg/L and 0.64 mg/L, respectively.
Implementasi Algoritma Harmony Search untuk Penjadwalan Produksi
Authors: Setiawan Hendry , Hendra Kelana Oesman , Gunawan Dennys 
Published: May 2017

Permasalahan yang sering terjadi pada perusahaan yang bekerja di bidang produksi kantong plastik adalah masih tingginya kerusakan hasil produksi (afal). Hal ini dikarenakan operator yang bertugas untuk menjadwalkan produksi masih kurang memiliki kemampuan dan pengalaman yang mencukupi untuk menjadwalkan produksi, sehingga menyebabkan kemungkinan terjadinya kesalahan penjadwalan yang tinggi. Untuk memecahkan permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menciptakan sebuah aplikasi yang dapat merekomendasikan jadwal produksi. Algoritma yang digunakan untuk membuat aplikasi ini menggunakan algoritma harmony search. Solusi penjadwalan produksi ini akan direpresentasikan dalam bentuk nada-nada. Setiap nada akan di-­improvisasi terus menerus hingga mencapai nada terbaik yang mampu memberikan rekomendasi jadwal yang terbaik. Proses pengujian yang dilakukan terhadap aplikasi dengan menggunakan data sebanyak 28 order memberikan hasil bahwa aplikasi ini dapat melakukan penjadwalan dengan tingkat keakuratan mencapai 98%.
Diseño y Construcción de Equipo para Realizar Prospección Geofísica Aplicando el Método VDE Tomografía Eléctrica
Authors: Giraldo Sánchez Fabio Héctor , Sendoya Losada Fernando Diego 
Published: May 2017

Outlines the procedure for the design and construction of electric equipment for geophysical prospecting through electrical tomography method. The team is of average power, ensuring exploration depths quite suitable for applications and commercial and geotechnical studies. The device is essentially a DC voltage source of 500 volts that is able to provide a maximum current of 1 amp. It also contains a small charge current source of electrical currents counteract naturally found in the subsoil and are manifested as a difference in the surface potential. A general explanation of the geophysical method in question, helps to understand the basic principles of operation of the equipment and functions to be fulfilled.
After building the team, we conducted a field data acquisition, in area near the town of Gachancipa Cundinamarca. The data from this equipment are processed with specialized software. The images obtained with the software presents the distributions of subsurface resistivity can be associated with the possible structures and geology of the study area.