bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ice Mechanics and Structures
Authors: Stössel Achim 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Icebergs and sea ice constitute a major hazard to marine and offshore operations. This contribution is to provide a brief overview on the main features and issues associated with marine ice, in particular sea ice, both from the practical perspective of navigating through ice and from the viewpoint of its role as a physical component in the Earth's climate system. In terms of ice structures, thermodynamically grown level ice is principally different from dynamically (mechanically) formed pressure ridges. The latter constitute major obstacles for navigation. For easy navigation, ship routing follows open water within sea ice (leads and polynyas). From the climate system perspective, these are major sites of air–sea interaction and deep‐ocean ventilation. Sea ice is routinely being monitored through satellite remote sensing, products of which are used for ice forecasting as well as for verification of large‐scale numerical models used for climate studies. As a result of fossil fuel burning, Arctic sea ice is trending downward such that the Arctic Ocean will become more accessible in summer and fall over the next decades. Even though the fraction of multiyear ice is expected to decrease, winter and spring conditions will presumably remain severe throughout this century.
Acoustic Emission Techniques and Application
Authors: Rogers Len 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article focuses on in‐service acoustic emission (AE) monitoring for detection of active cracks and damage evolution in structures and machinery. When combined with strain monitoring and the latest developments in fracture mechanics analysis, it is a powerful tool for fatigue crack detection and through life damage assessment. Examples are given of (i) in‐service global AE surveillance of node joints in a floating production platform and major segment of a ship's hull and (ii) bearing condition monitoring in marine azipod propulsors. Also covered briefly is the detection of onset of cavitation erosion in ship rudders and location of secondary barrier leakage in LNG cargo tanks. New analytical software for modeling fatigue crack growth and the associated acoustic emission is described, based on the consolidation of classical fracture mechanics and particle wave mechanics. Consideration is given to the maximum acceptable defect size and the minimum detectable defect size. In nondestructive testing (NDT), defect determination and the evaluation of its significance on a structure are separate issues, whereas with acoustic emission monitoring they are interrelated by the very nature of the phenomenon. As acoustic emission monitoring relates to crack growth, a minimum amount of growth is necessary for crack detection and evaluation purposes, which considers the stress level and the rate of crack growth steps. These factors determine the required duration of monitoring to achieve the specified “detectability” for the test. The detectability decides the sensor spacing and duration of monitoring for reliable crack detection, location, and evaluation purposes. Important additional information for fatigue structural damage assessment and crack life prediction is the nominal cyclic strain at key locations in the structure. These aspects are covered in detail in this article.
Acceptability of Risk
Authors: Tulsyan Bharat 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Risks and Hazards are part of everyone's daily lives and we manage and accept these risks via the decision we take in our lives. In extreme environments such as offshore and marine conditions, risk management plays an even pivotal role as failures may lead to loss to lives or extensive harm to the environment. This article aims at introducing some basic concepts of risk by discussing examples from our daily lives to techniques such as inherent safe design and ALARP which are being used in the offshore industry for risk assessment and management.
Port Planning: A Case Study Applied to Iron Ore Port Terminal
Authors: Pereira Newton Narciso , Netto João F. , Botter Rui C. , Medina Afonso C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The concept of port terminal capacity associated with service level and systemic vision that have been used to simulation in logistic projects and commercial planning of organizations. It enables a practical understanding of real system behaviour and the existent bottleneck comprehensions. Then, this paper presents a port terminal capacity evaluation by use of a discrete events simulation model developed in software ARENA. This model enables to determinate the service level to an iron ore port terminal and identify of practical way the operational bottleneck.
Liquid Bulk and Oil Terminals
Authors: Lun Yun H. Venus , Zhu Wenting 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Oil globally persists as the leading energy source in terms of global energy consumption with a usage rate of 32.6% compared to all of the other energy sources, such as natural gas, hydroelectricity, coal, nuclear energy, and renewables. Oil dominates in maritime shipping in terms of volume among all main types of liquid bulk cargo including chemicals, gas, and oil. 2826 million tons of oil products were carried using tankers as part of the seaborne trade in 2014. Maritime oil transportation, thus, plays a critical role in the moving of this energy source throughout the world. This article focuses on maritime oil transportation. After a preliminary discussion on liquid bulk cargo, the demand for oil transportation and its supply are discussed, respectively. The characteristics, operation process, and relevant safety guidelines of oil terminals, which are designed for loading, unloading, storing, and transferring of oil, are also presented.
Transport Modes and Intermodality
Authors: Hilmola Olli‐Pekka 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThere is a growing concern and global awareness that transportation sector and transportation chains need to considerably decrease their environmental load. All different parties of transport sector, whether it is consumer or business customer, have used to have short lead times, high delivery precision, and valuable services offered by reasonable or cheap prices. However, most of this comes with cost, and that is increasing the dependency on diesel oil and increasing amount of global CO2emissions. In this article, intermodal transport solutions in general are reviewed to illustrate remedies to current situation. Both continental and shorter distance hinterland transportation chains are being reviewed. Special focus is given for railway sector, which plays a key role in the oil independent and CO2neutral transportation chains. As this article illustrates, oil supply globally is tight and consumption is increasing in emerging markets, like China and among major oil producers. In addition, in some areas, like Europe Union, domestic oil supply has dramatically declined after early 2000, illustrating case for peak oil theory.
Dry Ports and Logistics Platforms
Authors: Roso Violeta , Andersson Dan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA dry port is an inland intermodal terminal connected to a seaport by rail where customers can leave/pick up their standardized units, as if directly at/from a seaport, and get access to a variety of value‐adding services. A dry port is a special kind of inland terminal, which can be described as a type of logistics platform. There is a common understanding that the successful implementation of a dry port lowers congestion and environmental impact through modal shift; however, the benefits for the actors of the transport system can include other aspects, such as increase in seaports' terminal capacity and productivity, regional development, and better customer service. The development of a dry port includes three phases: the pre‐phase, the start‐up phase, and the growth phase. There are a number of factors that influence the implementation of a dry port, one being the cooperation between the actors of the transport system, and in the future, the inclusion of different value‐added services could become an important factor. As a response to the challenges facing the transport sector, and in particular ports and their hinterlands, the dry port concept will continue to grow.
Machinery Loading and Protection
Authors: Smith Andrew 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Ships operating in Polar regions, or the Baltic Sea, will be subjected to harsh environmental conditions; namely low temperatures and external loading. The prime area of concern is the external loading on the propeller from operating in ice. Ice properties vary dependent on the region and time of year of operation. The design of the propeller, and the shaft line has to accommodate the additional loading without catastrophic failure such as to immobilise the ship endangering the personnel. Low temperatures are important in designing the machinery support systems.
This article gives the reader an overview of the current requirements based on extensive research such that risk of failure is minimised.
Introduction—What Makes a Warship?
Authors: Pawling Rachel J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWarships are perhaps the ultimate service vessels, representing small, mobile pieces of sovereign territory utilized to carry out a range of tasks at sea. Government ownership and operation makes warship design a complex sociotechnical problem, as the key objective will be changing over the span of the procurement process itself. This same uncertainty and changeability continues to affect warships in operation. Warships are designed to fight and, importantly, to take damage and continue fighting. This impacts all levels of design, from overall arrangement to equipment selection and detail design. The internal relationships between systems and components are both complicated and complex.Warships are highly versatile assets, with not only weapons but also skilled and versatile personnel. Warships are thus engaged in a wide spectrum of operations from peacetime patrol and disaster relief, through times of increased tension to outright conflict, involving such tasks as amphibious operations and antisubmarine warfare. Maritime forces vary worldwide in terms of their nomenclature, structure, and capabilities, and similarly the classification and categorization of warships is a difficult task. Warships can generally be classified by size and primary role, and general examples of the various categories are provided.
Warship Design
Authors: Andrews David 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article addresses the unique nature of warships and their design processes and driving issues. The characteristics that make surface warships distinct are outlined (submarine design is covered in a separate chapter). This is followed by discussion of the issues particular to warship design, as an exemplar of the design of physically large and complex systems. Aspects such as their diversity, autonomy, mobility, multirole capability, and the overarching political nature of their acquisition process are highlighted. Major general design issues are addressed under the following headings: speed, stability, seakeeping, strength, and style, where for warships there are distinct drivers, when compared to most commercial shipping. The issue of integrating complex combat systems (including sensors and communication systems as well as weapons), alongside the human factors, concerns of accommodating and enabling large numbers of personnel to operate and live in relatively small spaces for long periods is seen as a further complication in design.The article addresses the warship design process with a particular emphasis on the crucial early stages of the concept phase, which is seen to be quite unlike commercial vessels in being particularly extensive and protracted. The article concludes by addressing specialist naval vessels, such as aircraft carriers and amphibious warfare vessels, before looking at possible future trends in warship design. Two particular potential developments, those of directed energy weapons and all electric powered warships, are considered.
Safety of Risers, Pipelines, and Subsea Facilities
Authors: Bai Yong , Bai Qiang 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The exploration and production of oil and gas resources include a variety of risks, which, if not adequately managed, will have a potential to result in a major incident and hazard. Subsea risers, pipelines, and subsea facilities are the main parts of subsea production system. The safety of the system involves all procedures of the field development of subsea production system in the design, manufacture, installation, and operation. The equipment reliability of exploration and production is one of the control factors of risk control, safety, production availability, and maintenance costs.
This article presents a recommended systematic risk management and further describes a methodology of analyzing subsea risers, pipelines, and subsea facilities to improve the reliability of system design and reduce the risk and operating expense using reliability engineering tools. It also includes examples of pipeline risk assessment, including qualitative and quantitative assessments.
Safety of Dynamic Positioning
Authors: Haugen Odd I. , Smogeli Øyvind R. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the context of dynamic positioning (DP), loss of position and/or heading, meaning that the vessel no longer is capable of maintaining its desired position, is the most serious safety breach.
Loss of position and/or heading may result from a drive‐off or drift‐off. A drive‐off is considered the most dangerous situation, where the thruster forces the vessel off position. A drift‐off occurs if the weather forces drive the vessel off position, usually due to lost thrust capacity.
Safety of dynamic positioning (DP safety) relies upon system aspects such as equipment and component selection, design, architecture, functionality, integration, and verification. In addition, operational planning and procedures, training of personnel, company safety policies, and finally local governmental rules and regulations including the enforcement of those also contribute to DP safety. Although all these aspects are important to the overall safety of the DP, this article will focus on the system design and architecture, system functionality, and finally system verification.
DP system safety design elements like redundancy and grouping of components into redundant groups, independence, and interfaces to external components will be discussed, including error detection and handling principles.
Verification regimes implemented by the class societies, failure mode and effect analysis companies, and independent hardware‐in‐the‐loop testing of control system software are also discussed.
Safe Evacuation and Rescue
Authors: Nwose Gina , Sofyan Stannia 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Escape, evacuation, and rescue (EER) execution plays a very important role in personnel safety in an offshore environment. EER facilities such as lifeboats, personal protective equipment (PPE), marine radio, and so on, are required to be provided on offshore installations to help personnel onboard these installations evacuate safely, should the need arise. In order to use these facilities as intended, offshore installations typically have documented procedures for emergency situations. Training programs and frequent drills are also provided to ensure that personnel on an offshore installation are equipped with the knowledge and ability to protect themselves in case of an emergency. This article gives an overview of offshore evacuation and rescue activities, including qualitative and quantitative analyses that can be performed to ensure the adequacy of EER arrangements on an installation, and systems or configurations to be considered for EER to be successful.
Statutory Framework for Safety and Environmental Protection for Offshore Petroleum Operations for the
UK
Continental Shelf
Authors: Roopchand Maxxine 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A summary of the statutory framework for safety and environmental protection for offshore petroleum operations for the UK Continental Shelf is provided, which includes (i) Basic philosophy and mechanism by which safety and environmental protection are intended to be achieved. (ii) A list of relevant laws and regulations. (iii) Necessary approvals by regulatory authorities through the lifecycle of a typical offshore development project, documents to be prepared to obtain such approvals, and timing and process of said approvals. (iv) Means of law enforcement available to regulators. (v) List of provisions contained within the laws and regulations specifically addressing safety and environmental hazards in the operations of facilities in remote sea areas.
Topsides Facilities Design
Authors: Knoll David , Baxter Gail 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Topsides facilities design for offshore platforms requires integration with a broad range of disciplines to ensure a safe and functional system for hydrocarbon production. The major issues related to the topsides configuration selection and design are discussed in this article. The physical interface with the supporting substructure platform and the functional interface with other design disciplines dominate the general topsides configuration selection. Design load cases are selected based on operational requirements and environmental conditions. The effects of fabrication and integration activities on the topsides design, structure analysis, and a range of design issues are summarized.
Jack‐Up Risk and Reliability
Authors: Frieze Paul A. , Morandi Alberto 
Published: April 2017

AbstractJack‐up risk and structural reliability studies from the late 1980s and onward are critiqued. They are few in number, particularly risk assessments, and of those available, the findings are presented in incompatible formats making direct comparisons challenging. Notwithstanding, valuable trends are identified. Early reliability analyses are found to ignore the possibility of windward leg uplift, which has a significant effect on the outcome. Few component reliability results are reported and although more system results are found, the modeling differences are significant making comparisons difficult.
Naval Architecture
Authors: Sen Debabrata 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article provides fundamental naval architectural aspects of floating platforms. Naval architecture is primarily concerned with weight and buoyancy, hydrostatic equilibrium and stability in both intact and damaged conditions, standards of stability, and dynamic response characteristics under environmental conditions in which these platforms are required to operate. Considering the wide variety of floating platforms with different arrangements of mooring lines, risers, and other constraints, all of these topics including basic hydrostatic stability aspects and in particular evaluation/assessment of the dynamic behavior under the prevailing wave, current, and wind conditions are vast subjects by themselves. Here, only a very basic overview of hydrostatic stability and some preliminary observations on dynamic response characteristics for different floater types are discussed, details of which will be available in the other sections in this volume.
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
Authors: Muehlner Edmund 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTension leg platforms (TLPs) are floating structures moored to the seabed by multiple vertically arranged tension members calledtendons. TLPs are mainly used as production and drilling platforms for offshore oil and gas field developments. Since the first TLP was put into service in the North Sea in 1984, a total of 26 TLPs have been installed in water depths ranging from 147 to 1425 m. TLPs are currently not considered viable beyond about 1800 m water depth due to the size and cost of the tendon system required for deeper water. Tendons are kept under tension by excess buoyancy of the hull. Their stiffness restrains the heave and pitch motions of the platform to a large extent. Due to the restrained heave and pitch motions, the main well control valves (i.e., the production trees) can be located on the platform. For most other floating platforms, the production trees have to be located on the seabed.
Buoy Technology
Authors: Mazallon Julien 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) buoy is a mooring system suitable for the open sea, used to either load a tanker from shore and/or unload its cargo to shore. CALM buoys have been widely used since the 1950s as a cost‐effective alternative to jetties fitted with rigid loading arms.
The main purpose of this article is to give the reader a general overview of the offloading buoy technology. Buoys used in deepwater application and their specific engineering challenges are also briefly covered.
The article starts with the historical background and key principles of this technology. Then, further to an overview of the design methodology in use, a detailed description of the system is given. The technical differentiators of loading buoys used in harsh environment and nonstandard applications (liquefied petroleum gas, slurry, viscous or waxy products) are also explained.
To conclude, a review of the technological evolution and what the industry should expect as future trend is presented.
Structural Integrity Management (
SIM
): Offshore Structures
Authors: O'Connor Pat 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Structural integrity management (SIM) is an ongoing life cycle process for ensuring the continued fitness‐for‐service of offshore structures. Structural integrity can be defined as the ability of an asset to perform its required function effectively and efficiently, in accordance with the requirements and assumptions made in design, whilst protecting health, safety, and the environment. SIM is a four‐step process around data, evaluation, strategy, and program operating within a management framework to ensure owner commitment, with defined roles and responsibilities and competencies of all parties involved. SIM improves operational effectiveness by enhanced HSE performance and improved business returns through increased availability of the facility and provides the opportunity to adopt risk principles for developing SIM strategies. It is important to note that the benefits resulting from SIM should not be available without the owner/operator's commitment to the SIM process for the life of the structure. In other words, the management framework requirements must be verified and committed to.
Ultimate Strength Analysis
Authors: Holmas Tore , Amdahl Jørgen 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Strength (resistance) has historically been measured by experiments, either controlled in laboratories or by trial‐and‐failure. For full‐scale offshore structures, however, numerical tools have to be used.
Prediction of the ultimate strength is often uncertain. It is recommended to start with simple models and establish lower‐ and upper‐bound capacities using the sub‐models. If necessary, more detailed and complex models are introduced later when the governing parameters are identified.
The ultimate capacity of a structure depends on the chosen acceptance criteria and safety factors.