bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood Socioeconomic Position and Pubertal Onset: Implications for Breast Cancer
Authors: Hiatt RA , Stewart SL , Hoeft KS , Kushi LH , Windham G , Biro FM , Pinney SM , Wolff M , Teitelbaum S , Braithwaite D 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Higher socioeconomic position (SEP) has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Its relationship with the age of menarche, which is inversely associated with risk of breast cancer, and to the age of pubertal onset, is less clear. We studied the relationship of SEP to pubertal onset in a multiethnic cohort of girls aged 6–8 years at baseline and followed for 5–8 years in the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program in three study sites across the United States that included annual clinical examinations performed from 2004 to 2012. Analyses were conducted with accelerated failure time models using a Weibull distribution, with left, right and interval censoring. Among 1059 girls, an index of SEP comprised of household family income, mother's education and whether the home was owned or rented was assessed for associations with pubertal onset, measured by breast budding (Tanner Stage B2) and pubic hair development (Tanner Stage PH2). Girl's BMI% at entry to the study and black or Hispanic race/ethnicity were the strongest predictors of age at pubertal onset by both measurements, but the SEP index was an independent predictor in adjusted models. Girls from the lowest quintile of SEP entered puberty on average 6% earlier (6.0–7.5 months) than girls from the highest quintile (time ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.91–0.97) adjusted for BMI%, race/ethnicity and their interaction. The meaning of SEP in this relationship bears further study, but our results suggest that early life social circumstances beyond race/ethnicity and body size may influence the timing of pubertal development.
Trial-to-trial Adaptation: Parsing out the Roles of Cerebellum and BG in Predictive Motor Timing
Authors: Lungu Ovidiu V. , Bares Martin , Liu Tao , Gomez Christopher M. , Cechova Ivica , Ashe James 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We previously demonstrated that predictive motor timing (i.e., timing requiring visuomotor coordination in anticipation of a future event, such as catching or batting a ball) is impaired in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 6 and 8 relative to healthy controls. Specifically, SCA patients had difficulties postponing their motor response while estimating the target kinematics. This behavioral difference relied on the activation of both cerebellum and striatum in healthy controls, but not in cerebellar patients, despite both groups activating certain parts of cerebellum during the task. However, the role of these two key structures in the dynamic adaptation of the motor timing to target kinematic properties remained unexplored. In the current paper, we analyzed these data with the aim of characterizing the trial-by-trial changes in brain activation. We found that in healthy controls alone, and in comparison with SCA patients, the activation in bilateral striatum was exclusively associated with past successes and that in the left putamen, with maintaining a successful performance across successive trials. In healthy controls, relative to SCA patients, a larger network was involved in maintaining a successful trial-by-trial strategy; this included cerebellum and fronto-parieto-temporo-occipital regions that are typically part of attentional network and action monitoring. Cerebellum was also part of a network of regions activated when healthy participants postponed their motor response from one trial to the next; SCA patients showed reduced activation relative to healthy controls in both cerebellum and striatum in the same contrast. These findings support the idea that cerebellum and striatum play complementary roles in the trial-by-trial adaptation in predictive motor timing. In addition to expanding our knowledge of brain structures involved in time processing, our results have implications for the understanding of BG disorders, such as Parkinson disease where feedback processing or reward learning is affected.
VRK2 gene expression in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and healthy controls
Authors: Tesli Martin , Wirgenes Katrine Verena , Hughes Timothy , Bettella Francesco , Athanasiu Lavinia , Hoseth Eva S. , Nerhus Mari , Lagerberg Trine V. , Steen Nils E. , Agartz Ingrid , Melle Ingrid , Dieset Ingrid , Djurovic Srdjan , Andreassen Ole A. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundCommon variants in the Vaccinia-related kinase 2 (VRK2) gene have been associated with schizophrenia, but the relevance of its encoded protein VRK2 in the disorder remains unclear.AimsTo identify potential differences in VRK2 gene expression levels between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychosis not otherwise specified (PNOS) and healthy controls.MethodVRK2 mRNA level was measured in whole blood in 652 individuals (schizophrenia, n = 201; bipolar disorder, n = 167; PNOS, n = 61; healthy controls, n = 223), and compared across diagnostic categories and subcategories. Additionally, we analysed for association between 1566 VRK2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and mRNA levels.ResultsWe found lower VRK2 mRNA levels in schizophrenia compared with healthy controls (P<10–12), bipolar disorder (P<10–12) and PNOS (P = 0.0011), and lower levels in PNOS than in healthy controls (P = 0.0042) and bipolar disorder (P = 0.00026). Expression quantitative trait loci in close proximity to the transcription start site of the short isoforms of the VRK2 gene were identified.ConclusionsAltered VRK2 gene expression seems specific for schizophrenia and PNOS, which is in accordance with findings from genome-wide association studies. These results suggest that reduced VRK2 mRNA levels are involved in the underlying mechanisms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Risk of falling for people with venous leg ulcers: a literature review
Authors: Humphreys Catriona , Moffatt Christine , Hood Victoria 
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Little is known about the risk of falling for people with venous leg ulcers (VLUs), and this subject has not been considered in UK populations. Many problems associated with living with VLUs are also known risk factors for sustaining a fall. This literature review considered the question: ‘Do community-dwelling older adults with VLUs have different outcomes in physical function measures used to assess the risk of falling compared with those without VLUs?’ Method: A review of quantitative literature relating to measures of physical function in people with and without VLUs was undertaken, the development of which was guided by the PRISMA guidelines. Findings: People with VLUs have poorer scores in measures of physical function than in people without. Reliability of studies included in the review was hampered by small sample sizes and threats to internal validity and generalisability. Conclusions: People with VLUs may be at a greater risk of falling owing to limitations in balance and mobility. Improving physical function may result in ulcer healing and better quality of life. Reducing falls risk may also lead to improved patient safety and enhanced care outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand the problem.
Erosion processes initialized by use of heavy equipment in mountain forests of the Wilczy Potok catchment, Silesian Beskids
Authors: Łukasik Włodzimierz , Kubiesa Piotr , Staszewski Tomasz 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Forest stand decomposition of the Silesian Beskids which is followed by the tree cutting has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century. Changes in forest management due to the introduction of heavy machines for forest work mainly for skidding have been observed in the Silesian Beskids for the last decade. The paper presents results of a three-year investigation of erosion gullies forming in mountain forest after the skidding performed with use of heavy equipment. In the Wilczy Potok catchment comprising an area of above 100 ha 40 gullies were identified. The measurement of the length and depth of gullies showed that the total volume of soil and rock material removed from the catchment area due to erosion accelerated by skidding exceeded 9 000 m3. The year erosion rate for deep gullies was found to be 10%. The presented results show that necessary protective actions and preventive measures should be taken to mitigate the soil degradation processes.
Copyright and Free Speech: The Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Krisjanis Buss 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The relationship between copyright and freedom of expression has long been debated. Unlike the legal discourse in other jurisdictions, most notably the United States, where it is assumed that free speech and copyright do not collide, in Europe both rights have separate legal effect and are considered to be of equal importance. As a result, when an individual refers to the human right of free speech to hold and impart copyright protected material, it triggers the collision between the two rights. This paper highlights and explores these relationships between copyright and freedom of expression in Europe, offering an in-depth analysis of the human rights scope of copyright and free speech, as well as examining the circumstances under which each conflicting right should prevail.
Founders in the Living-Dead Trap: A Theoretical Exploration at Entrepreneurship’s Dark Core
Authors: Casas Tomas , Hilb Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the concept of the living-dead trap (LDT), a pervasive state of entrepreneurship resulting from the decision to persevere in the operation of a venture in the face of sustained financial underperformance and personal psychological disutility. Financially underperforming firms can survive for long periods, usually with injections of sweat equity and debt, often decimating in the process the capital of their founders and investors as well as the obligations incurred to employees and other creditors. More specifically, this paper suggests a personal composite of specific cognitive and affective processes that leads entrepreneurs to commit to “failing but not failed” projects. That is, to fall into a trap known as the living-dead trap. We posit the living-dead phenomenon as a most pervasive state in firm founding drawing on cognitive and affective perspectives to model the attendant decision-making processes.
Female Sex Tourism in the Caribbean – A “Fair Trade” or a New Kind of Colonial Exploitation? – Tanika Gupta’s Sugar Mummies and Debbie Tucker Green’s Trade
Authors: Klein Hildegard 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The above-mentioned authors offer a challenging and revealing study of the enjoyments and drawbacks of female sex tourism. I examine the interactions between white female tourists and local black men from the context of post-colonialism, asking whether these encounters can be considered a “fair trade” or whether they are the neo-colonising of people in this ex-slave society.
The FGF23/Klotho axis in the regulation of mineral and metabolic homeostasis
Authors: Kawai Masanobu 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The function of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 has been suggested to be multifaceted beyond its canonical function as a regulator of mineral metabolism. FGF23 was originally shown to play a central role in phosphate (Pi) and vitamin D metabolism, and a number of diseases associated with dysregulated Pi metabolism have been attributed to abnormal FGF23 signaling activities. The discovery of Klotho as a co-receptor for FGF23 signaling has also accelerated understanding on the molecular mechanisms underlying Pi and vitamin D metabolism. In addition to these canonical functions, FGF23 has recently been implicated in a number of metabolic diseases including chronic kidney disease-associated complications, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity-related disorders; however, the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms of these emerging roles of FGF23 remain largely unknown. Molecular and functional insights into the FGF23 pathway will be discussed in the present review, with an emphasis on its role in human disorders related to dysregulated Pi metabolism as well as metabolic disorders.
Effect of Stirring Speed in Hot Mixing Process of Modified Asphalt with SBS Copolymer on Polymeric Distribution and its Rheological Properties
Authors: González García Esteban Alberto , Herrera Nájera Rafael 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe current work reports the effect of particle size on the rheological behavior of polymer modified asphalt PMA. The modified asphalt was generated with AC-20 asphalt precursor provided by Pemex Salamanca and Solprene® 416 provided by Dynasol Mexico. Solprene® 416 is a SBS star-type copolymer with 4 poly(b-styrene-b-butadiene) arms and Mw = 2.36X105g/gmole. Modified asphalt samples were prepared with 3 wt % of SBS via hot mix process. Mixing time and temperature were kept constant at 4h and 180 °C. This study also varied the agitation in the mixing process: 500, 1000 and 1500 rpm. All PMAs shown sphere-shaped polymer particles as observed via fluorescent microscopy using a Carl Zeiss KS-300 system. Base asphalt and PMAs were also characterized through rheological measurements using a TA Instruments AR-G2 rheometer. Shear viscosity (η) and tan δ data shown that the flow resistance of the PMA increases as the size its polymer particles decreases. Since the size of the polymer particles decreases with the increase of the stirring speed, it is concluded that the stirring speed of the process determines the size of the polymer particles and so the mechanical resistance of the PMA.
A ABRANGÊNCIA DA CONTABILIDADE GERENCIAL SEGUNDO OS DOCENTES DAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO SUPERIOR DO ESTADO DA PARAÍBA
Authors: Carlos Filho Francisco de Assis , Cravo Teixeira Lagioia Umbelina , Matos de Meira Juliana , Nonato Rodrigues Raimundo 
Published: March 2016

<p>Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a área de abrangência da contabilidade gerencial segundo a percepção dos docentes de contabilidade vinculados às Instituições de Ensino Superior do Estado da Paraíba. Para o alcance do objetivo foram aplicados questionários com perguntas fechadas. A população compreende docentes do curso de ciências contábeis das 11 universidades/faculdades autorizadas pelo Ministério da Educação a ofertar o curso de ciências contábeis do tipo presencial e a amostra compreende 48 docentes dessas instituições. Os itens técnicas de contabilidade gerencial estratégica, informações contábeis para tomada de decisões e custos para controle, avaliação e tomada de decisão, são os únicos itens dentre os 31 analisados que são considerados muito importantes dentro da abrangência da contabilidade gerencial. Comparando com estudos idênticos realizados nos estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina, verificou-se que 7 itens se apresentam convergentes, são eles: informações contábeis para tomada de decisões e custos para controle, avaliação e tomada de decisão são considerados muito importantes, custeio-padrão e análise das variações = custos para controle, formação do preço de venda, planejamento (estratégico, tático e operacional), orçamento operacional, são considerados importantes e implicações comportamentais é considerado sem nenhuma importância nos três estados comparados. As maiores divergências encontradas são os itens avaliação de patrimônio e planejamento e controle tributário, com classificações distintas nos três estados comparados.</p>
Teletrabalho e sociedade da informação: modalidades e jornada de trabalho
Authors: Barreto Junior Irineu Francisco , Da Silva Josiane Machado 
Published: March 2016

Este artigo trata do surgimento de nova modalidade laboral, denominada teletrabalho, enfoca aspectos relacionados às suas diferentes modalidades e analisa o problema da delimitação da jornada de trabalho. A abordagem é inserida no contexto do novo patamar de sociabilidade humana mediado pelas tecnologias de comunicação e internet, denominado Sociedade da Informação. A pesquisa conceitua, preliminarmente, o teletrabalho como trabalho a distância realizado através de meios informáticos e telemáticose, para maior alcance, busca no Direito Comparado amparo epistemológico e analítico para esta denominação. Não obstante aos avanços tecnológicos, a nova modalidade laboral coloca em risco as garantias clássicas asseguradas pelo Direito brasileiro aos trabalhadores, ao estabelecer novos patamares de meio ambiente laboral, subordinação e outros paradigmas tradicionais na caracterização do vínculo trabalhista. Concluímos com uma análise jurisprudencial relacionada a esta última questão. Finalmente, percebemosque o trabalho a distância não se realiza apenas no domicílio do empregadoe sim em qualquer lugar no qual ele esteja: centros satélites; Telecentros;telecottages; nômade ou móvel, online ou offline, desde que utilizadas atecnologia e a informática.
Microsofts Monopoly: Anti-Competitive Behavior, Predatory Tactics, And The Failure Of Governmental Will
Authors: Jenkins Gregory T. , Bing Robert W. 
Published: March 2016

Thirty years ago, Microsoft Corp. was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. To understand how the company has gained competitive advantage we examine how the company used unfair, anti-competitive, and predatory approaches in their business. We discuss how we have come to the belief that the government settlement in United States and State of New York, et al., v. Microsoft Corporation imposing restrictions on Microsoft’s behavior and monitoring its actions for compliance is not enough to keep it from abusing its monopolistic power and does too little to prevent it from dominating the software and operating system industry today.
Voice-Over-Internet Protocol (VOIP) Cost Efficiencies And The Decision To Implement
Authors: Nunn Les , McGuire Brian , Crowe Brian 
Published: March 2016

The following study will discuss the quantitative and non-quantitative methodologies applicable to the cost and profitability of VoIP in the business environment. Furthermore, the study will examine recent regulation topics surrounding VoIP technology and provide examples of current applications.
Outpatient brain tumor craniotomy under general anesthesia
Authors: Au Karolyn , Bharadwaj Suparna , Venkatraghavan Lashmi , Bernstein Mark 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
Outpatient craniotomy has many advantages to the psychological and physical well-being of patients, as well as benefits to the health care system. Its efficacy and safety have been well demonstrated, but barriers to its widespread adoption remain. Among the challenges is a perception that its application is limited to cases performed under conscious sedation, which is not always feasible given certain patient or surgeon factors. The object of this study was to characterize the rate of patient discharge from the day surgery unit (DSU) following craniotomy for tumor resection in a patient under general anesthesia. The authors identify postoperative complications and discuss appropriate patient selection for day surgery craniotomy.

METHODS
Patients undergoing elective craniotomy for supratentorial tumors between January 2010 and June 2014 were prospectively considered for outpatient management. Authors of the present study performed a retrospective chart review of these patients, analyzing cases by intention to treat.

RESULTS
Of 318 craniotomies undertaken in the study period, 141 were performed with the patient under general anesthesia. The day surgery protocol was initiated in 44 cases and completed in 38 (86%). Five patients required admission from the DSU, and 1 was discharged but admitted within the 1st postoperative day. In-hospital medical complications were fewer in the outpatient group, and no patients experienced an adverse outcome due to early discharge.

CONCLUSIONS
Close clinical and imaging surveillance in the early postoperative period allows for safe discharge of patients following craniotomy for tumor resection performed under general anesthesia. Therefore, general anesthesia does not preclude the application of outpatient craniotomy.
Inpatient morbidity and mortality after adult spinal deformity surgery in teaching versus nonteaching hospitals
Authors: De la Garza-Ramos Rafael , Jain Amit , Kebaish Khaled M. , Bydon Ali , Passias Peter G. , Sciubba Daniel M. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to compare inpatient morbidity and mortality after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery in teaching versus nonteaching hospitals in the US.

METHODS
The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify surgical patients with ASD between 2002 and 2011. Only patients > 21 years old and elective cases were included. Patient characteristics, inpatient morbidity, and inpatient mortality were compared between teaching and nonteaching hospitals. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of hospital teaching status on surgical outcomes.

RESULTS
A total of 7603 patients were identified, with 61.2% (n = 4650) in the teaching hospital group and 38.8% (n = 2953) in the nonteaching hospital group. The proportion of patients undergoing revision procedures was significantly different between groups (5.2% in teaching hospitals vs 3.9% in nonteaching hospitals, p = 0.008). Likewise, complex procedures (defined as fusion of 8 or more segments and/or osteotomy) were more common in teaching hospitals (27.3% vs 21.7%, p < 0.001). Crude overall complication rates were similar in teaching hospitals (47.9%) compared with nonteaching hospitals (49.8%, p = 0.114). After controlling for patient characteristics, case complexity, and revision status, patients treated at teaching hospitals were significantly less likely to develop a complication when compared with patients treated at a nonteaching hospital (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.82–0.98). The mortality rate was 0.4% in teaching hospitals and < 0.4% in nonteaching hospitals (p = 0.210).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients who undergo surgery for ASD at a teaching hospital may have significantly lower odds of complication development compared with patients treated at a nonteaching hospital.
Ermittlung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung von Bäumen im Siedlungsgebiet am Beispiel der Stadt Bern
Authors: Gardi Oliver , Schaller Guillaume , Neuner Matthias , Mack Sophia 
Published: March 2016

Determining the carbon storage of trees in urban areas of the city of Bern
While the amount carbon stored in tree biomass within Swiss forests is well studied, many uncertainties remain for estimating the carbon stored by trees in settlements. As a part of the project «Urban Green and Climate», various existing biomass models were compared with the measured aboveground biomass of 21 trees within the city of Bern. Traditional forestry models that estimate the biomass based on the diameter at breast height only have a limited capacity to accurately predict the biomass of single urban trees. Good predictions are however achieved by using a biomass model that additionally includes tree height (R2 = 0.96). This model was then used to determine the aboveground tree biomass at 179 sample plots in Bern. The carbon densities (t C/ha) of the plots were used to calibrate a model predicting the carbon storage in the aboveground biomass for urban tree populations based on LiDAR data (R2 = 0.84). A value of 14.9 ± 0.5 t C/ha was obtained for the developed area of Bern (i.e. areas without water, forest and agricultural land). With this model and available LiDAR data, the carbon stored in the aboveground biomass of trees outside forests and its change over time could be determined with high accuracy for all of Switzerland.