bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White locoweed (Oxytropis sericea Nutt.) ingestion by naïve stockers: diet preference patterns of natural "eaters" and "avoiders".
Authors: Jackson K. T. , Cibils A. F. , Graham J. D. , Gould W. R. , Allison C. D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in white locoweed preferences exhibited by heifers classified as locoweed eaters or avoiders were dependent on the quality of alternative food choices. Locoweed eaters and avoiders were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: WS, locoweed offered with either high or low availability of low quality food (ground wheat straw) or AL, locoweed offered with either high or low availability of high quality food lucerne hay. The diets were placed in 6-litre rubber bowls in an arena at 50 g per diet. Each heifer was exposed to the arena individually for 10 min daily. The order in which heifers were led into the arena was randomized. It was shown that locoweed eaters had a significantly higher preference for white locoweed than avoiders when the availability of the alternative food choice was high. Locoweed preference was not affected by the quality of the alternative food. Locoweed eaters showed a high preference for locoweed when the quality of the alternative food was low. On the other hand, locoweed avoiders showed a higher preference for locoweed when the quality of the alternative food was high. Intake of alternative foods was similar across treatments except for locoweed eaters, which tended to consume less WS than avoiders. In conclusion, white locoweed preference of heifers classified as natural eaters is higher compared to avoiders, regardless of the quality and availability of alternative food choices.
Water deficit effects on Astragalus mollissimus and Oxytropis sericea swainsonine content, physiology, and growth.
Authors: Vallotton A. D. , Sterling T. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Astragalus mollissimus bigelovii (Amb), Astragalus mollissimus mollissimus (Amm), Astragalus mollissimus thompsonae (Amt) and Oxytropis sericea (Os) were transplanted into pots, thereafter acclimatized in a greenhouse and replanted into larger pots. Approximately 4 months after collection, they were subjected to two 21-day drought recovery cycles, followed by a final 14-day drought period. There was no species by water interaction for relative water content (RWC). Leaf RWC did not differ between water-deficit vs. well-watered plants, except in Amt, where RWC was reduced 10% under water stress. Under well-watered conditions, photosynthesis was reduced in Amb. Photosynthesis for drought vs. well-watered plants increased in Amb, but decreased in Amm and Amt, and was the same in Os. Under well-watered conditions, transpiration was highest in Amt. Under water-deficit conditions, transpiration increased in Amb, but remained the same in Amm, Amt and Os. Under both water-deficit and well-watered conditions, water use was highest in Amt and lowest in Os. Across both water treatments, water use efficiency was highest in Os. Root:shoot ratio increased with water-deficit stress across all species. Under well-watered conditions, Amb had the lowest root:shoot ratio. Under water-deficit conditions, root:shoot ratio increased in Amb and Os. Regardless of water treatment, Amm and Amt root:shoot ratio remained the same. For any of the species, total dry weight remained the same between water treatments. In water-deficit vs. well-watered plants, Amb and Amm had higher swainsonine, while Os and Amt were unaffected by water treatment. Regardless of water level, Amm produced 4- to 155-fold higher swainsonine than the other species.
The use of fecal NIRS to identify levels of consumption of the toxic shrub juniper in a selective breeding program with goats.
Authors: Campbell E. S. , Engdahl B. S. , Lupton C. J. , Scott C. B. , Taylor C. A., Jr. , Waldron D. F. , Walker J. W. , Whitworth W. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper describes a project which aims to investigate the use of selective breeding to improve the use of goats as biological control agents for juniper (primarily Juniperus pinchotii and J. ashei) control in the Edwards Plateau region Texas, USA. The research involves the use of faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to predict juniper consumption in free-ranging goats, and the prediction of the genetic merit for juniper consumption for individual animals in Boer × Spanish and Angora goat herds in order to divergently select for high and low juniper consumption. NIRS calibration; effect of breed, gender and age of goats and heritability studies were also conducted. It was shown that goats of different genders and ages had different faecal NIRS spectra even when fed the same diet (juniper or pelleted feed). The effect of breed was relatively insignificant. There was a significant difference in high and low juniper-consuming goats, especially in December and January compared to October and November. There was a moderate level of heritability for juniper consumption in Boer × Spanish goats and a lower value in Angora goats based on faecal NIRS. These results show that faecal NIRS technology allows the identification of superior juniper eating goats, monitor their consumption of juniper and predict genetic merit for juniper consumption for use in breeding programmes.
Body condition affects blood alkaloid and monoterpene kinetics and voluntary intake of chemically-defended plants by livestock.
Authors: Launchbaugh K. , Pfister J. , Lopez-Ortiz S. , Frost R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Several studies were conducted in cattle consuming Lupinus leucophyllus and Pinus ponderosa, goats consuming Juniperus coahuilensis and sheep consuming L. argenteus to determine whether a high or low body condition in these animals would affect consumption of poisonous plants and detoxification of plant secondary metabolites. It was shown that animals in low body condition were more likely to consume greater quantities of these plants compared to those with a higher body condition. In sheep, the overall disposition of lupine alkaloids, especially anagyrine, was altered significantly based on body condition. These findings suggest that livestock managers should monitor body condition to mitigate the consumption and effects of poisonous plants on grazing animals.
Cattle grazing velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus): influence of associated forages, alkaloid levels and population cycles.
Authors: Ralphs M. H. , Panter K. E. , Gay C. , Motteram E. , Lee S. T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine when cattle graze velvet lupine (L. leucophyllus) in the channel scabland region of eastern Washington, USA, and to determine whether cows that had crooked calves had a propensity to consume more lupine than those with normal calves. The study began in 2001 with 5 mature cows with crooked calves and 6 cows with normal calves. The seasonal palatability of lupine was also determined in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Cows were grazed on pastures containing lupine and other forages each year and mated with a bull. The susceptible period of gestation was compared to the periods of lupine consumption to predict the incidence of crooked calves. It was shown that there was no difference in lupine consumption between cows with crooked and normal calves. In the first part of the study, although lupine was the most nutritious forage throughout the season, cattle did not graze it until the other forages were depleted or matured. Anagyrine concentration in lupine leaves and stems decreased during the growing season, and was highest in the seeds. The breeding season of the cows in this study was during 1 May-30 July. Since the cows began to consume lupine during July and August, ingestion of the teratogenic alkaloids will likely occur during the critical period of gestation. Management recommendations including changing the breeding/calving season and pasture management to avoid lupine intoxication by cattle are given.
Effects of experience and lactation on lupine consumption by cattle.
Authors: Pfister J. A. , Lee S. T. , Panter K. E. , Motteram E. S. , Gay C. C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Two trials were conducted in the Channel Scablands of eastern Washington, USA, in 2003 and 2004 to determine the effects of lactation and experience on the consumption of lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) by cattle. Naive cows and those which had grazed lupine-infested rangelands were placed in the pasture (2003). Lactating and non-lactating cows which also had experience in grazing lupine were also placed in the pasture (2004). Although cattle first grazed other forages until they were depleted, there was no difference in lupine consumption in 2003 by both naive and experienced cows. Similarly, there was no difference in lupine consumption between lactating and dry cows in 2004, even though other forage was abundant. In conclusion, there is no evidence that naive or lactating cattle eat more lupine compared to experienced or dry cows.
Effect of shade on alkaloid content of Lupinus leucophyllus.
Authors: Gay C. C. , Panter K. E. , Motteram E. S. , Gay J. M. , Wierenga T. , Platt T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

On a pasture in Washington, USA, with a historically high incidence of crooked calf (lupine-induced arthrogryposis), the north-facing half of each of five plants of Lupinus leucophyllus was shaded by constructing a tent with black 4-mm plastic stretching from the centre of the plant clump over to its north edge. The shading was left in place for 7 days, and thereafter, the shaded and unshaded halves of the lupine plants were harvested at midday, dried and stored at room temperature until analysis. There was no significant effect of the shade on the concentration of the teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine, but a significant difference was observed with 5,6-dehydrolupanine. A significant difference was also observed with unknown alkaloid F and total alkaloids. Given the small sample size, these results suggest further studies on the effects of shade on alkaloid concentration and plant palatability are warranted.
Year-to-year variation in alkaloid concentration in Lupinus leucophyllus growing on the scablands of Central Washington.
Authors: Gay C. C. , Motteram E. S. , Panter K. E. , Wierenga T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Monitoring transects were established at sites in Washington, USA, on four ranches with a historically high risk for crooked calf. Samples of lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) were collected during late mornings in mid-May (when ∼25% of the lupines were in early flower). There was substantial year-to-year variation in total alkaloid concentration of lupines at all sites. Total alkaloid concentration over the 5-year period (1998 to 2002) varied from a minimum of two-fold at one site to a maximum of eight-fold at another site. In any one year, the change-trend in total alkaloid concentration was the same at each site and there were years where all sites had high alkaloid concentration and years where all sites had low alkaloid concentrations. Alkaloid concentration was moderately high in young leaf materials, decreased in the more mature leaf growth, high in flower buds and highest in seeds. There was also marked year-to-year variation in the proportion of the total alkaloids represented by any one individual alkaloid and a marked variation in the proportion represented by anagyrine. Percent anagryine in total alkaloid varied from 8 to 62%, 22 to 84%, 31 to 67% and 15 to 70% at the four sites over 5 years. There was a modest increase in crooked calf disease incidence in 2000, representing pastures consumed in 1999. At all sites, lupines in 1999 had the lowest concentration of total alkaloids and the highest percentage (62-84%) of anagyrine compared with other years.
Conditioned feed aversion as a means to prevent tulp (Moraea simulans and Moraea pallida) poisoning of cattle under natural grazing conditions.
Authors: Snyman L. D. , Schultz R. A. , Joubert J. P. J. , Labuschagne L. , Basson K. M. , Molefe M. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In this study, 6 averted and 6 control steers not previously exposed to tulp (M. simulans or M. pallida) were adapted to filed grazing or harvested maize land by grazing tulp-free sites for 2 days. The next day, one group was aversion treated by administration of an aqueous solution of lithium chloride followed by epoxyscillirosidin and tulp hexane extract by stomach tube. Averted and control steers then grazed the tulp-infested field for 5 days and tulp-infested maize land for 4 days after treatment. It was shown that 5 of the control steers were poisoned on the M. simulans-infested field compared to 2 of the averted steers. All 6 control steers were also poisoned on the M. pallida-infested harvested maize land, while none of the averted animals were affected. In conclusion, condition feed aversion is effective in reducing or preventing tulp poisoning in cattle grazing tulp-infested pastures.
Poisonous range plants on the Fort Hall Reservation in Southeastern Idaho.
Authors: Gunn D. , Panter K. E. , Gardner D. R. , Pfister J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter presents the characteristics of poisonous range plants (bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus [Ceratocephala testiculata]), milkvetch (Astragalus sp.), houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale), leaf spurge (Euphorbia esula), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), Kochia (Kochia scoparia [Bassia scoparia]), Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens), black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and horsetail (Equisetum laevigatum)) in Fort Hall Indian Reservation in Idaho, USA and the effects of these plants on animal health, some of the most significant infestations in Fort Hall (poison-hemlock (Conium maculatum), water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii), deathcamas (Zigadenus spp.), lupine (Lupinus spp.), tall larkspur (Delphinium occidentale and Delphinium geyeri), and low larkspurs (Delphinium andersonii and Delphinium nuttallianum)), and the available management options for their control.
Population cycles of poisonous plants.
Authors: Ralphs M. H. , Jensen D. T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter presents examples of population cycles of important poisonous plants (locoweeds and milkvetches (including Astragalus lentiginosus, Astragalus pubentissimus, Astragalus amphioxys, Astragalus mollissimus, Astragalus wootonii, Oxytropis sericea and Astragalus emoryanus), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), and lupines (Lupinus leucophyllus)) in the western USA, relates them to precipitation patterns and presents management strategies to deal with their fluctuating populations.
Grape and raisin (Vitis spp.) toxicosis in dogs.
Authors: Means C. , Eubig P. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The medical records of grape and raisin poisoning in dogs in North America from 1987 to 2002 were evaluated to determine clinical, laboratory, toxicological and histopathological signs and treatment and outcome. It was shown that the main clinical signs included vomiting, anorexia, lethargy and diarrhoea within the first 24 h after ingestion, followed by decreased urine output, abdominal pain, ataxia and weakness in 1-5 days. Serum creatinine, phosphorus, calcium and phosphorus levels increased within 24 h or less. Hyperkalaemia, hypokaliaemia and hypercalcaemia were also observed. The most consistent histopathologic lesion in biopsy or necropsy from dogs with acute renal failure after grape/raisin ingestion was renal tubular injury. Mineralization of the kidney and other tissues was also frequently present. Most dogs received fluid therapy, agents to increase urine production (furosemide, dopamine and/or mannitol), gastrointestinal protectants, antiemetics, antibacterial agents, corticosteroids and heparin. Blood transfusions and dialysis were also performed. 23 of the 43 cases evaluated in this study survived, 5 died and 15 were euthanized. The clinical signs resolved in the dogs that survived. More treatment recommendations are also given.
Flixweed (Descurainia sophia): a goitrogenic plant.
Authors: Knight A. P. , Stegelmeier B. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A herd of 28 pregnant Boer goats fed grass hay containing 10-15% flixweed produced 59 kids, of which 40.7% (17 males and 7 females) were either born dead, or died shortly after birth. Many of the affected kids (6 male and 5 females) were hairless with obvious thyroid hyperplasia and had abnormally large birth weights (7.0-7.5 kg). Glucosinolate analysis of the flixweed found in the hay revealed significant levels of 3-butenyl (gluconapin) and allyl (sinigrin) glucosinolate. Subsequent removal of the flixweed from the goat's diet and providing an iodine-containing mineral prevented further occurrence of goitre in the herd. Plants that are goitrogenic contain glucosinolates, a group of sulfur-containing glucosides found throughout the plant but especially in the seeds. Few glucosinolates are goitrogenic and the one that is most goitrogenic is 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate (gluconapin), which is the primary glucosinolate isolated from flixweed. The glucosinolate-derived thiocyanates inhibit the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland and at high doses over prolonged periods, decrease thyroid hormones (thyroxine T3 and T4).
Pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis) toxicity in livestock and rodents.
Authors: Stegelmeier B. L. , Hall J. O. , Lee S. T. , James L. F. , Gardner D. R. , Panter K. E. , Ralphs M. H. , Pfister J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A. aestivalis collected from Utah, USA, was frozen, freeze dried, ground and administered by gavage to 3 groups of Syrian hamsters each at 0, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight 4 times a day for 7 days. Serum and tissues were collected after euthanasia. It was shown that clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters in the control and low (250 mg/kg) groups were unchanged. However, the high dose (500 mg/kg) group developed diarrhoea, anorexia and were reluctant to move. They also had significantly higher serum creatine phosphokinase activities, hyperglycaemia, mild hyponatraemia, hypercreatinaemia and decreased blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. These animals also had extensive haemorrhagic gastroenteritis at necropsy. The stomach, small intestine, colon, caecum and had patchy haemorrhagic and necrotizing enterocolitis. These results indicate that A. aestivalis is also toxic to hamsters as well as livestock.
Separation and isolation of teratogenic piperidine enantiomers from Nicotiana and Lupinus species.
Authors: Lee S. T. , Panter K. E. , Molyneux R. J. , Chang C. W. T. , Gardner D. R. , Pfister J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The toxicity of anabasine and ammodendrine enantiomers was evaluated in a mouse bioassay. The LD50 of the L-anabasine fraction in mice was 16.2±1.0 mg/kg, n=26 and that of the D-anabasine fraction was 10.9±0.8 mg/kg, n=26. The LD50 of L-ammodendrine in mice was 115.0±7.0 mg/kg, n=20, and that of D-ammodendrine was 94.1±7.8 mg/kg, n=23. The similarities in toxicity between the enantiomeric pairs of anabasine and ammodendrine indicate that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, both enantiomers should be taken into account in predicting the toxicity of plant samples to livestock.
Heliotropium europaeum alkaloids: a quaternary pyrrolizidine alkaloid approach to ELISA development.
Authors: Lee S. T. , Knill A. M. , Michalewicz A. , Stevens V. , Colegate S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to produce antibodies that could be used in an ELISA format to detect the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides of H. europaeum simultaneously. The cross-reactivity of various pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides, using the optimized ELISA conditions. The best response was observed when the lasiocarpine-based OVA conjugate was immobilized on the ELISA plate at 25 ng per well. The levels of analytes required to cause a 20% inhibition of binding were: heleurine-N-oxide (20 ng); heleurine (18 ng); lasiocarpine-N-oxide (10 ng), lasiocarpine (1.9 ng), heliotrine-N-oxide (60 ng) and heliotrine (20 ng). Despite the similarity between supinine and heleurine, neither supinine-N-oxide nor supinine cross-reacted with the antisera. The objective of increasing the relative cross-reactivity of N-oxides compared to their parent tertiary bases was achieved by immunizing with a quaternary hapten. By rational selection of the ELISA conditions, the major heliotropic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides are detected.
The influence of pavetamine on gene expression in the rat heart.
Authors: Ellis C. E. , Schultz R. A. , Basson K. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Ten rats were equally divided into two groups which received 9 mg/kg pavetamine from Pavetta harborri intraperitoneally, while the second group received saline. The rats were euthanized after 23 h and the hearts were collected to analyse cardiac protein gene expression using immunolabelling and microarray techniques. It was shown that there was no difference in the expression of the myocardial protein titin between groups. Immunolabelling showed that actin expression was not changed, while differences were obtained for myosin. In conclusion, the gene expression of some of the cardiac proteins of rats are affected by pavetamine intoxication.
N-alkylated derivatives of swainsonine.
Authors: Garrossian M. , Lee S. T. , Molyneux R. J. , Gardner D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Locoweeds (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) continue to be a significant rangeland poisonous plant problem. The toxin in the plant has been identified as the polyhydroxy indoziline alkaloid names swainsonin. The overall reaction scheme is summarized. Initially, all reactions were conducted using swainsonine acetonide to enhance solubility in organic solvents and for protection of the hydroxyl groups. A number of N-alkylated derivatives of swainsonine could be produced by the reaction of swainsonine acetonide with 1,4-dibromo-2-butene and 1,4-diiodobutane. Alkyl addition on the nitrogen did occur, as evidenced by completed acetylation of the unprotected swainsonine derivatives (compounds 4 and 9) to give the corresponding triacetate compounds. Two possible isomers are produced, which are the cis and trans (relative to H-8a) adducts on the nitrogen, in a ratio of approximately 3:1. Both isomers were observed in LC/MS analysis of the product. Compounds 4 and 9 were reacted to yield multiple functional groups on the end of the alkyl chain, thus providing multiple chemistry options to be used later in conjugation with the carrier molecules. In general, the bromo derivatives were more reactive to a variety of functional groups than the iodo derivatives. However, the bromo reactions seemed reversible and the starting material was regenerated. The iodo derivative appeared to be more stable, but also less reactive towards OH and NH functional groups. N-iodobutane swainsonine did seem reactive towards SH groups as evidenced by the reaction with glutathione.
Dermal toxicity of the tropical cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
Authors: Stewart I. , Shen X. , Seawright A. A. , Shaw G. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter describes the sequence of microscopic changes seen in the abdominal skin of Balb/C mice following a single exposure to cylindrospermopsin, as well as the approximate no effect concentration of cylindrospermopsin for dermatological effect.