bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acquisition of the weaker language
Authors: Antonova Ünlü Elena , Li Wei 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This study contributes to the discussion about the status of the weaker language (WL) by investigating whether reduced input in
Russian in a Turkish-dominant environment is sufficient for monolingual-like acquisition of the WL. We focus on the acquisition of
Russian cases by a Turkish-Russian child who has acquired his Russian in the Turkish-dominant environment mainly through
interaction with his multilingual mother. The data were collected via video/audio recordings, covering the period of between two
years and eleven months and four years of the participant. First, the data were examined in terms of the availability of Russian
cases and their functions. Then, we looked into whether the data were marked with deviations from monolingual norms in terms of
error rates and patterns. The findings suggested that despite the reduced input, the acquisition of Russian cases by the
Turkish-Russian participant follows the same pattern as monolingual acquisition does.
Perceptual mapping between Arabic and English consonants
Authors: Lababidi Zafer , Park Hanyong 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The current study attempts to establish perceptual category mapping between Arabic and English consonants in the minds of native speakers of American English who have no experience or exposure to Arabic. American listeners participated in an identification task and goodness-of-fit rating task to establish perceptual category mappings between the tested Arabic consonants and the English categories. Prosodic location and vowel effects (quality and duration) were considered as factors that might affect the perception of Arabic consonants. The results show no prosodic location effect between the two tested syllable structures, CV and VCV. However, a vowel effect is shown for some of the tested Arabic consonants, which affected the English category selection and the degrees of fit.1
Arabic first conjunct agreement and the interaction between constraints on agree & movement
Authors: Crone Phil 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
I argue that Arabic first conjunct agreement (FCA) is the result of interaction between independently motivated constraints on the operation agree and on movement. This analysis compares favorably to recent proposals of FCA that must stipulate that particular syntactic operations may occur late in syntactic derivation. The current proposal renders such assumptions about late operations unnecessary, while also demonstrating that analyses that rely on such operations fail to account for cases in which FCA and full agreement are realized on distinct inflection-bearing elements within the same clause. The analysis presented here is based primarily on data from Lebanese Arabic, although thoughts are also offered on the applicability of the analysis to Standard Arabic.
Diversity of RNA silencing pathways in plants.
Authors: Elvira-Matelot E. , Martínez de Alba Á. E. , Vaucheret H. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This chapter is dedicated to describe the diversity of RNA silencing pathways in plants. Regulatory mechanisms have been put in place to control invading nucleic acids from endogenous (mainly transposons) or exogenous (mainly viruses) origins. Silencing is mediated by siRNAs, and can occur at either transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. From these defence mechanisms, specialized pathways have emerged to control certain endogenous genes through the action of new classes of small RNAs: miRNA, ta-siRNA or nat-siRNA. The development of transformation methods has revealed that transgenes are more prone to silencing than are endogenous genes, suggesting that the position and arrangement of genes within the genome is not random, and that genes cannot be moved around without perturbing expression.
Induction and suppression of silencing by plant viruses.
Authors: Mingot A. , Valli A. , López-Moya J. J. , García J. A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

It is a generally accepted view that gene silencing has evolved in plants as a defence mechanism against viruses, therefore this chapter 2 discusses the 'arms race' between plants and viruses, how viruses trigger silencing and also evolved proteins that can suppress it. Evidence of more general crosstalk between RNA silencing and other well-described regulatory networks, not only those involved in defence against pathogens, have started to emerge. It will be exciting to elucidate how these networks are distorted in plants suffering attacks. Future studies will help to provide insights that assist scientists in designing resistant varieties of plants, and reduce economic losses caused by diseases.
Artificial induction and maintenance of epigenetic variations in plants.
Authors: Soumita Das Soumita Das , Singh R. R. , Shivaprasad P. V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Some of the studies initiated a decade ago to understand the behaviour of transgenes have provided the first clear evidence for transgene-mediated induction and subsequent inheritance of epigenetic marks in plants. Now there is enough proof to show that it is possible to induce methylation of DNA and histones and also to maintain them during subsequent generations without the need for the inducer. This chapter brings together recent advances in such artificial induction and suggests ways forward to make this technology an equivalent, if not better, strategy than genetic modification, which is clouded with never-ending controversies.
Gene silencing in fungi: a diversity of pathways and functions.
Authors: Torres-Martínez S. , Ruiz-Vázquez R. M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Although RNAi has been described in many fungal species, most of the knowledge on sRNA and RNAi pathways in fungi is centred in two reference organisms: the ascomycete Neurospora crassa and the opportunistic human pathogen Mucor circinelloides, a basal fungus belonging to the subphylum Mucoromycotina. This chapter focuses on RNAi pathways and their functions in Neurospora and Mucor, and describes the different classes of sRNAs produced by these and other filamentous fungi and yeasts that participate in transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene silencing. It discusses RNAi triggered by integrative and non-integrative transgenes, viruses and transposons, as well as by unpaired DNA, during both vegetative and sexual cycles.
RNA-based control of plant diseases: a case study with Fusarium graminearum.
Authors: Koch A. , Kogel K. H. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses recent work conducted to assess the potential of double-stranded (ds)RNA targeting essential fungal ergosterol biosynthesis genes to control the infection of barley by the necrotrophic pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Regardless of how dsRNA is applied - by transgene expression (host-induced gene silencing, HIGS) or spray application (spray-induced gene silencing, SIGS) - the use of target-specific inhibitory RNA to mediate protection against fungal infection is a potential alternative to conventional chemicals, though many questions concerning field application of the novel technique remain unresolved.
Targeting nematode genes by RNA silencing.
Authors: Fosu-Nyarko J. , Iqbal S. , Jones M. G. K. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Despite prominent differences in lifestyles of obligate parasitic and free-living nematodes, the intensive research in characterizing genes and proteins of Caenorhabditis elegans using RNA silencing has inspired research and technological applications for parasitic nematodes. This is exemplified in dsRNA-mediated silencing of plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) genes to study their function, and demonstration of the existence of similar functional mechanisms of RNA silencing in these species. Armed with this knowledge, it then became possible to explore and identify appropriate genes of PPNs as targets for new strategies of nematode control. This chapter focuses on the methods and applications of RNA silencing to PPNs. There is no doubt that commercial implementation of biotechnology-based control strategies for nematode pests via host-induced gene silencing, for example, is now closer to reality. This advance is based on RNA silencing technology, in which research into the free-living nematode C. elegans has played a major role. Intensive efforts to address practical issues of implementation will make gene silencing technology capable of delivering effective nematode resistance for crops, either as a stand-alone approach, or in combination with alternative nematode control options.
Introduction and overview of lime.
Authors: Khan M. M. , Al-Yahyai R. , Al-Said F. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the lime crop (Rutaceae), discussing its taxonomy, history, origin, distribution, global production, plant description, propagation, cultivars, pests, diseases, and uses. Although the documented history of limes is more than 700 years old, the parentage and origin of limes is not clear. Advancement of biotechnological and molecular tools can aid in resolving these issues. Lime plants are facing a number of problems across the world, including excessive attacks from insect pests. The emerging threats to the lime industry are climate change impact and new diseases. Substantial work on rootstock intervention on other closely related citrus fruits (e.g. oranges, mandarins and grapefruit) has led to remarkable achievements. However, very little work has been reported on rootstock scion interaction on lime, and it is hard to find standard rootstocks being used for limes. Lime genetic resources are eroding and face serious threats and losses. These valuable resources need to be preserved and broadened for future crop improvement programmes by the breeders and geneticists. Keeping in view the customer and industry demands, new lime cultivars/hybrids are expected to emerge to meet the demands of different countries across the world. Conventional and emerging biotechnological tools are creating interesting new lime genotypes, which will include biotic/abiotic resistance as well as possessing health/ornamental values.
Advances in lime breeding and genetics.
Authors: Ali M. A. , Nawaz M. A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides an account of germplasm and genetic diversity, and advancement in lime (Rutaceae) breeding and genetics. It also discusses the use of various classical and modern strategies (such as biotechnology and genetic transformation) used for improvements in lime scions and rootstocks. Altogether, by using cutting edge technologies and recent developments such as protoplast fusion, polyploidization, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and genetic engineering, scion and rootstock cultivars in acid limes could be improved. This will ultimately lead to better fruit and plant characteristics, along with enhanced shelf life and tolerance to multiple biotic (such as diseases) and abiotic (including chilling) stresses.
Growth, development and reproductive physiology of the Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm (Swingle)).
Authors: Almaguer-Vargas G. , Márquez-Berber S. R. , González-Hernández V. , Cruz-Huerta N. , Ramírez-Ramírez I. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Lime trees develop as shrubs, with a dense canopy and small, abundant sharp spines on all their branches. If lime trees are allowed to grow freely in deep, sandy, loam soil, with ample nutrient availability, they can reach up to 8 m tall in 12 years. Lime trees are evergreen and have functional leaves all year round. The distance between two leaves is the internode. When there is strong branch growth, internodes tend to be longer. When a terminal bud appears on a branch, thus halting new leaf production and growth of any existing ones, internodes become shorter. These are fundamental concepts that aid differentiation of the kinds of lime branches. This chapter describes the Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia [C. aurantiifolia]) branches with different types of buds and leaves, as well as the tree phenology, focusing on vegetative sprouting, flower sprouting, fruit development and maturation, and flowering management.
Planning and orchard establishment.
Authors: Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman , Khan M. M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

A well established successful commercial orchard depends on better selection of plant material and successful initial establishment. Proper orchard establishment followed by better and timely cultural practices helps avoid many risks and reduces losses. This chapter discusses planning to establish a commercial lime (Rutaceae) orchard, which involves site selection, selection of rootstock and scion cultivars, selection of proper orchard design and layout, irrigation systems, selection and planting of the plant material, post-planting care and orchard hygiene.
Cultural practices.
Authors: Siqueira D. L. de , Salomão L. C. C. , Aquino C. F. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia) is a widely cultivated species among all lime species, therefore, the information presented in this chapter is mainly focused on this species. Some cultural practices are described, including planting density, types of pruning (tree training, cleaning and rejuvenation), weed management (using mechanical, green manure, mulching and chemical control methods), intercropping, and fertilizer management.
Exploring Social Work Student Education: The Effect of a Harm Reduction Curriculum on Student Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Opioid use Disorders
Authors: Estreet Anthony , Archibald Paul , Tirmazi M. Taqi , Goodman Sapphire , Cudjoe Tracy 
Published: June 2017

Background This study evaluates the degree to which a harm reduction intervention course module impacted Master of Social Work (MSW) students’ knowledge and attitudes towards addressing opioid use disorder issues and clients. Methods Using a mixed-methods approach, data from 124 MSW students were collected between 2011 and 2015. Students completed a 3-hour course module that focused on harm reduction philosophy and interventions specifically for opioid use disorders. Students completed pre- and posttest of the Harm Reduction Attitude Scale. Students were also engaged in focus groups to gain a better understanding of how and if their knowledge and attitudes changed. Results Overall, attitudes towards harm reduction approaches for opioid use disorder shifted favorably following the course module. Paired t-test results show a statistically significant difference in the mean scores for pretest attitudes ( M = 2.64, SD = 0.16) and posttest attitudes ( M = 2.86, SD = 0.12) among social work students. This trend remained consistent despite treatment orientation and having a family history of substance use. Conclusion Given the increased capacity for social work students to encounter clients with opioid use disorders, it is important to ensure that students are provided with relevant and accurate information related to client-centered approaches such as the harm reduction model to address opioid use disorders. Moreover, given the dearth of social work programs that have and required substance use disorder courses, it is imperative for schools of social work to ensure that students are provided with more than practical information, which is often gained during field placement.
The socio-political dynamics of secularism and epistemological injustice in global justice theory and practice
Authors: Wilson Erin K. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
This article explores the potential implications for the pursuit of global justice if certain non-secular ways of thinking, being in and responding to the world are devalued, marginalized and excluded by dominant secular norms that presently guide global justice theory and practice. I argue that pervasive assumptions about the nature of religion and the role that it should (or should not) play in public life undermine existing approaches to the pursuit of global justice in theory and practice. Specifically, I suggest that this dominance of secular assumptions constitutes a form of epistemological injustice that contributes to undermining efforts to address material injustices. I explore these issues through an examination of research and practice on global justice, utilizing specific examples from human rights, humanitarian aid and development, and forced migration. I conclude by considering some possible alternatives to dominant secular frames, though argue that these is still in need of further research and development to offer a useful alternative.
Biases introduced by filtering electronic health records for patients with “complete data”
Authors: Weber Griffin M , Adams William G , Bernstam Elmer V , Bickel Jonathan P , Fox Kathe P , Marsolo Keith , Raghavan Vijay A , Turchin Alexander , Zhou Xiaobo , Murphy Shawn N , Mandl Kenneth D 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Objective
One promise of nationwide adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) is the availability of data for large-scale clinical research studies. However, because the same patient could be treated at multiple health care institutions, data from only a single site might not contain the complete medical history for that patient, meaning that critical events could be missing. In this study, we evaluate how simple heuristic checks for data “completeness” affect the number of patients in the resulting cohort and introduce potential biases.

Materials and Methods
We began with a set of 16 filters that check for the presence of demographics, laboratory tests, and other types of data, and then systematically applied all 216 possible combinations of these filters to the EHR data for 12 million patients at 7 health care systems and a separate payor claims database of 7 million members.

Results
EHR data showed considerable variability in data completeness across sites and high correlation between data types. For example, the fraction of patients with diagnoses increased from 35.0% in all patients to 90.9% in those with at least 1 medication. An unrelated claims dataset independently showed that most filters select members who are older and more likely female and can eliminate large portions of the population whose data are actually complete.

Discussion and Conclusion
As investigators design studies, they need to balance their confidence in the completeness of the data with the effects of placing requirements on the data on the resulting patient cohort.
The CD44 standard isoform contributes to radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Tsubouchi Kento , Minami Kazumasa , Hayashi Naoki , Yokoyama Yuhki , Mori Seiji , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Koizumi Masahiko 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Resistance to chemoradiotherapy is one reason for the increased recurrence rate of pancreatic cancer after these therapies. These cells change the expression levels of several proteins, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), while acquiring the chemo- or radio-resistance. In this study, we focused on CD44, a pancreatic cancer stem cell marker. CD44 has isoforms with different functions: standard isoform (CD44s) and several variant isoforms (CD44v). However, little is known about the roles of these isoforms after ionizing irradiation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CD44 isoforms in radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. AsPC-1 (a human pancreatic cancer cell line) was irradiated with 4 MV X-rays. The mRNA and protein levels of CD44s were strongly upregulated, dose dependently, compared with CD44v after irradiation. Thus, we further investigated CD44s at the point of cell proliferation. We evaluated cell proliferation and survival, using CD44s knockdown cells. CD44s knockdown did not change the proliferation rate for up to 72 h after the irradiation, but decreased cell viability in the colony formation assay. As one of the reasons for these effects, we found downregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase (Erk; which is involved with cell proliferation) by CD44s knockdown, time dependently. Moreover, radiation-induced EMT-like expression changes were detected and suppressed by CD44s knockdown. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that CD44 standard isoform was especially upregulated after high-dose X-ray irradiation in several isoforms of CD44 and contributed to longer-term cell survival after the irradiation through the maintenance of Erk phosphorylation and radiation-induced EMT.
The Rome Statute and the Attempted Corseting of the Interpretative Judicial Function
Authors: Powderly Joseph 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
At the Rome Conference, states sought to curtail judicial interpretation through the inclusion of a set of specific disciplining rules, enshrined in the provisions of Articles 21 and 22 of the Rome Statute on the applicable law and nullum crimen sine lege respectively. This chapter examines the law and practice of the ICC with respect to these two provisions, with a view to determining whether or not they are effectively corseting the interpretative freedom of the bench as intended by the drafters of the Rome Statute. It is argued that Article 21 constitutes much more than a mere provision delineating the sources of law, and should be viewed as being akin to a general interpretative provision. It is suggested that Article 22, and in particular the provision of strict construction under Article 22(2), do not necessarily prohibit progressive interpretation and judicial creativity in all circumstances.
Debt Restructuring
Authors: Olivares-Caminal Rodrigo , Kornberg Alan , Paterson Sarah , Douglas John , Guynn Randall , Singh Dalvinder 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The US and English models for financial restructurings of companies in financial difficulties are fundamentally different. The first edition of this book was written in the wave of restructurings precipitated by the credit crisis which brought into the spotlight arguments that the principles behind the US chapter 11 regime ought to be imported into a UK statutory scheme. Since then, the American Bankruptcy Institute Commission to Study Reform of Chapter 11 has reported, and the European Commission has issued a recommendation on a new approach to business failure and insolvency. Creditors increasingly have security over the debtor’s assets in the US, whilst the very nature of the finance market is changing in the UK. Across much of Europe reform of restructuring procedures is underway or under consideration. This edition is written against a backdrop of reflection and revision, and the corporate chapters seek to contribute three things. First, they seek to identify a coherent body of UK restructuring law from the disparate sources which provide it. Secondly, they provide a comparative functional account of restructuring law in the US and the UK so that each jurisdiction can learn from the other with a view to the development of an effective debt restructuring regime. Finally, they consider the different normative concerns and assumptions of fact which have contributed to the development of law in both jurisdictions, the extent to which these require reconsideration in today’s finance markets, and the implications for restructuring law and practice in the twenty-first century.
Out-of-Court vs Court-Supervised Restructurings
Authors: Olivares-Caminal Rodrigo , Douglas John , Guynn Randall , Kornberg Alan , Paterson Sarah , Singh Dalvinder 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter looks at the advantages and disadvantages of out-of-court workouts in both the US and UK. It starts by looking at the reasons for which companies seek reorganization relief. When considering the advantages, it shows how in many instances an out-of-court workout may be a more efficient method of debt restructuring than a court-supervised bankruptcy proceeding. The chapter then looks at the considerations that are fundamental to the workout process, irrespective of the restructuring process that a debtor might choose. It also considers typical out-of-court approaches. Successful execution of an out-of-court restructuring begins with an analysis of the debtor’s business. Such analysis should identify the specific problems that led to the necessity of a restructuring and should address the company’s financial prospects on a realistic basis.