bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dizziness in the emergency department: an update on diagnosis
Authors: Spiegel Rainer , Kirsch Mark , Rosin Christiane , Rust Heiko , Baumann Thomas , Sutter Raoul , Hergen Friedrich , Göldin Martina , Müri René , Kalla Roger , Bingisser Roland , Mantokoudis Giorgios 
Published: December 2017

This review aims to assist emergency physicians in finding the underlying aetiology when a patient presents with dizziness to the emergency department. After reading this review, the emergency physician will be able to consider the most relevant differential diagnoses and have an idea about dangerous aetiologies that require immediate action. The emergency physician will also know what diagnostic steps need to be taken at what time, such as the three-component HINTS Test (Head Impulse, Nystagmus, and Test-of-Skew), which helps with distinguishing central from peripheral causes of the acute vestibular syndrome. Furthermore, episodic vestibular syndromes and chronic vestibular syndromes are discussed in detail. The five most frequent categories of dizziness are vasovagal syncope / orthostatic hypotension (22.3%), vestibular causes (19.9%), fluid and electrolyte disorders (17.5%), circulatory/pulmonary causes (14.8%) and central vascular causes (6.4%).Given that it would neither be economical nor practical to send all patients to specialists from the start, we present general guidelines for the diagnostic workup of patients presenting with dizziness to the emergency department. This review will focus on epidemiology, aetiologies, differential diagnoses and diagnostics. Treatment is described in a separate article.
Ionizing Radiations (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) Effects on CdS / P-Si Heterojunction Solar Cell for Electrical and Optical Properties
Authors: El-Amin Ayman A. , Saad Magdi H. 
Published: December 2017

The effect of ionizing radiations (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) in CdS/p-Si heterojunction solar cells are discussed in this paper. The short-circuit current density parameters before Gamma irradiation conditions have been improved up to 35 mA/cm2 and after Gamma irradiation was 30 mA/cm2. The open circuit voltage before Gamma irradiation was 0.59 and 0.565 V after Gamma irradiation. The limitations of these devices were discussed by investigating the dependence of electrical and efficiency parameters in function of radiation time. The efficiency of the cell before radiation was equal to (11.2%) whenever, after the impact of both Alpha, Beta, and Gamma was follows, 4.7, 4.9, and 5.1% respectively. The fill factor before and after Gamma irradiation was 54.5 and 53 %. Studying and analyzing the cells using the I-V, with the change of time rate of Gamma radiation played a critical role in reducing the efficiency of solar cells. The campaign was carried out with different doses of a series of solar cells by exposing them to different time. The deterioration parameters of CdS/p-Si solar cells by Gamma radiation led to strongly supports the results of minority carrier lifetime, which clearly showed diminishing minority carrier lifetime with increasing radiation dose.
Restoration of cellulase activity in the inactive cellulosomal protein Cel9V from Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum
Authors: Vita Nicolas , Ravachol Julie , Franche Nathalie , Borne Romain , Tardif Chantal , Pagès Sandrine , Fierobe Henri‐Pierre 
Published: December 2017

Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum produces extracellular cellulosomes which contain interalia numerous family‐9 glycoside hydrolases, including the inactive Cel9V. The latter shares the same organization and 79% sequence identity with the active cellulase Cel9E. Nevertheless, two aromatic residues and a four‐residue stretch putatively critical for the activity are missing in Cel9V. Introduction of one Trytophan and the four‐residue stretch restored some weak activity in Cel9V, whereas the replacement of its catalytic domain by that of Cel9E generated a fully active cellulase. Altogether our data indicate that a series of mutations in the catalytic domain of Cel9V lead to an essentially inactive cellulase.
Uplift of the Western Transverse Ranges and Ventura Area of Southern California: A Four‐Technique Geodetic Study Combining GPS, InSAR, Leveling, and Tide Gauges
Authors: Hammond William C. , Burgette Reed J. , Johnson Kaj M. , Blewitt Geoffrey 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe estimate the rate of vertical land motion (VLM) in the region around the Western Transverse Ranges (WTR), Ventura, and Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) of southern California using data from four geodetic techniques: GPS, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), leveling, and tide gauges. We use a new analysis technique called GPS Imaging to combine the techniques and leverage the synergy between (1) high geographic resolution of InSAR, (2) precision, stability, and geocentric reference frame of GPS, (3) decades long observation of VLM with respect to the sea surface from tide gauges, and (4) relative VLM along dense leveling lines. The uncertainty in the overall rate field is ~1 mm/yr, though some individual techniques have uncertainties as small as 0.2 mm/yr. The most rapid signals are attributable to subsidence in aquifers and groundwater changes. Uplift of the WTR is geographically continuous, adjacent to the SAF and appears related to active crustal contraction across Pacific/North America plate boundary fault system. Uplift of the WTR and San Gabriel Mountains is ~2 mm/yr and is asymmetrically focused west of the SAF, consistent with interseismic strain accumulation across thrust faults in the Ventura area and Santa Barbara channel that accommodate contraction against the near vertical SAF.
Post‐rift Tectonic History of the Songliao Basin, NE China: Cooling Events and Post‐rift Unconformities Driven by Orogenic Pulses From Plate Boundaries
Authors: Song Ying , Stepashko Andrei , Liu Keyu , He Qingkun , Shen Chuanbo , Shi Bingjie , Ren Jianye 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe classic lithosphere‐stretching model predicts that the post‐rift evolution of extensional basin should be exclusively controlled by decaying thermal subsidence. However, the stratigraphy of the Songliao Basin in northeastern China shows that the post‐rift evolution was punctuated by multiple episodes of uplift and exhumation events, commonly attributed to the response to regional tectonic events, including the far‐field compression from plate margins. Three prominent tectonostratigraphic post‐rift unconformities are recognized in the Late Cretaceous strata of the basin: T11, T03, and T02. The subsequent Cenozoic history is less constrained due to the incomplete record of younger deposits. In this paper, we utilize detrital apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology to unravel the enigmatic timing and origin of post‐rift unconformities. Relating the AFT results to the unconformities and other geological data, we conclude that in the post‐rift stage, the basin experienced a multiepisodic tectonic evolution with four distinct cooling and exhumation events. The thermal history and age pattern document the timing of the unconformities in the Cretaceous succession: the T11 unconformity at ~88–86 Ma, the T03 unconformity at ~79–75 Ma, and the T02 unconformity at ~65–50 Ma. A previously unrecognized Oligocene unconformity is also defined by a ~32–24 Ma cooling event. Tectonically, all the cooling episodes were regional, controlled by plate boundary stresses. We propose that Pacific dynamics influenced the wider part of eastern Asia during the Late Cretaceous until Cenozoic, whereas the far‐field effects of the Neo‐Tethys subduction and collision processes became another tectonic driver in the later Cenozoic.
“3D_Fault_Offsets,” a Matlab Code to Automatically Measure Lateral and Vertical Fault Offsets in Topographic Data: Application to San Andreas, Owens Valley, and Hope Faults
Authors: Stewart N. , Gaudemer Y. , Manighetti I. , Serreau L. , Vincendeau A. , Dominguez S. , Mattéo L. , Malavieille J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMeasuring fault offsets preserved at the ground surface is of primary importance to recover earthquake and long‐term slip distributions and understand fault mechanics. The recent explosion of high‐resolution topographic data, such as Lidar and photogrammetric digital elevation models, offers an unprecedented opportunity to measure dense collections of fault offsets. We have developed a new Matlab code, 3D_Fault_Offsets, to automate these measurements. In topographic data, 3D_Fault_Offsets mathematically identifies and represents nine of the most prominent geometric characteristics of common sublinear markers along faults (especially strike slip) in 3‐D, such as the streambed (minimum elevation), top, free face and base of channel banks or scarps (minimum Laplacian, maximum gradient, and maximum Laplacian), and ridges (maximum elevation). By calculating best fit lines through the nine point clouds on either side of the fault, the code computes the lateral and vertical offsets between the piercing points of these lines onto the fault plane, providing nine lateral and nine vertical offset measures per marker. Through a Monte Carlo approach, the code calculates the total uncertainty on each offset. It then provides tools to statistically analyze the dense collection of measures and to reconstruct the prefaulted marker geometry in the horizontal and vertical planes. We applied 3D_Fault_Offsets to remeasure previously published offsets across 88 markers on the San Andreas, Owens Valley, and Hope faults. We obtained 5,454 lateral and vertical offset measures. These automatic measures compare well to prior ones, field and remote, while their rich record provides new insights on the preservation of fault displacements in the morphology.
Pore Fluid Pressure Development in Compacting Fault Gouge in Theory, Experiments, and Nature
Authors: Faulkner D. R. , Sanchez‐Roa C. , Boulton C. , den Hartog S. A. M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe strength of fault zones is strongly dependent on pore fluid pressures within them. Moreover, transient changes in pore fluid pressure can lead to a variety of slip behavior from creep to unstable slip manifested as earthquakes or slow slip events. The frictional properties of low‐permeability fault gouge in nature and experiment can be affected by pore fluid pressure development through compaction within the gouge layer, even when the boundaries are drained. Here the conditions under which significant pore fluid pressures develop are analyzed analytically, numerically, and experimentally. Friction experiments on low‐permeability fault gouge at different sliding velocities show progressive weakening as slip rate is increased, indicating that faster experiments are incapable of draining the pore fluid pressure produced by compaction. Experiments are used to constrain the evolution of the permeability and pore volume needed for numerical modeling of pore fluid pressure build up. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experiments, indicating that the principal physical processes have been considered. The model is used to analyze the effect of pore fluid pressure transients on the determination of the frictional properties, illustrating that intrinsic velocity‐strengthening behavior can appear velocity weakening if pore fluid pressure is not given sufficient time to equilibrate. The results illustrate that care must be taken when measuring experimentally the frictional characteristics of low‐permeability fault gouge. The contribution of compaction‐induced pore fluid pressurization leading to weakening of natural faults is considered. Cyclic pressurization of pore fluid within fault gouge during successive earthquakes on larger faults may reset porosity and hence the capacity for compaction weakening.
Imaging the Mudurnu Segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone From Waveforms of Small Earthquakes
Authors: Najdahmadi Bita , Hrubcová Pavla , Vavryčuk Václav , Bohnhoff Marco 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe analyze waveforms of local earthquakes occurring before, between, and after the two consecutive 1999 Mw > 7 İzmit and Düzce earthquakes in NW Turkey. The waveforms were recorded at three seismic stations DOK, EKI, and GOK located around the Mudurnu segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. We focus on the interpretation of a distinct secondary phase contained in the P wave coda that is well separated from the direct P wave. The phase is visible in many waveforms of most seismicity clusters and has a specific constant time delay after the direct P wave arrivals at each station, irrespective of epicentral distance, hypocentral depth, or back azimuth. Based on a polarization analysis of records at station GOK, this secondary phase is interpreted as a PS wave converted at an interface near the stations. Its particle motion is consistent with the direct S wave and displays S wave splitting produced by the anisotropic upper crust. Synthetic modeling indicates that this PS phase can be converted either at a horizontal interface or at a steeply inclined interface. The steep Mudurnu fault zone with the near‐surface setting indicating a juvenile pull‐apart structure fits well into these interpretations, which are in agreement with the eastward progressing transtensional tectonics known for the region.
Physical and Biological Drivers of Biogeochemical Tracers Within the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone of the Southern Ocean From Profiling Floats
Authors: Briggs Ellen M. , Martz Todd R. , Talley Lynne D. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Johnson Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHere we present initial findings from nine profiling floats equipped with pH, O2,
, and other biogeochemical sensors that were deployed in the seasonal ice zone (SIZ) of the Southern Ocean in 2014 and 2015 through the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modelling (SOCCOM) project. A large springtime phytoplankton bloom was observed that coincided with sea ice melt for all nine floats. We argue this bloom results from a shoaling of the mixed layer depth, increased vertical stability, and enhanced nutrient and light availability as the sea ice melts. This interpretation is supported by the absence of a springtime bloom when one of the floats left the SIZ in the second year of observations. During the sea ice covered period, net heterotrophic conditions were observed. The rate of uptake of O2 and release of dissolved inorganic carbon (derived from pH and estimated total alkalinity) and
is reminiscent of biological respiration and is nearly Redfieldian for the nine floats. A simple model of mixed layer physics was developed to separate the physical and biological components of the signal in pH and O2 over one annual cycle for a float in the Ross Sea SIZ. The resulting annual net community production suggests that seasonal respiration during the ice covered period of the year nearly balances the production in the euphotic layer of up to 5 mol C m−2 during the ice free period leading to a net of near zero carbon exported to depth for this one float.
The Effect of Alongcoast Advection on Pacific Northwest Shelf and Slope Water Properties in Relation to Upwelling Variability
Authors: Stone Hally B. , Banas Neil S. , MacCready Parker 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Northern California Current System experiences highly variable seasonal upwelling in addition to larger basin‐scale variability, both of which can significantly affect its water chemistry. Salinity and temperature fields from a 7 year ROMS hindcast model of this region (43°N–50°N), along with extensive particle tracking, were used to study interannual variability in water properties over both the upper slope and the midshelf bottom. Variation in slope water properties was an order of magnitude smaller than on the shelf. Furthermore, the primary relationship between temperature and salinity anomalies in midshelf bottom water consisted of variation in density (cold/salty versus warm/fresh), nearly orthogonal to the anomalies along density levels (cold/fresh versus warm/salty) observed on the upper slope. These midshelf anomalies were well‐explained (R2 = 0.6) by the combination of interannual variability in local and remote alongshore wind stress, and depth of the California Undercurrent (CUC) core. Lagrangian analysis of upper slope and midshelf bottom water shows that both are affected simultaneously by large‐scale alongcoast advection of water through the northern and southern boundaries. The amplitude of anomalies in bottom oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on the shelf associated with upwelling variability are larger than those associated with typical variation in alongcoast advection, and are comparable to observed anomalies in this region. However, a large northern intrusion event in 2004 illustrates that particular, large‐scale alongcoast advection anomalies can be just as effective as upwelling variability in changing shelf water properties on the interannual scale.
Suspended Sediment Dynamics in the Macrotidal Seine Estuary (France): 1. Numerical Modeling of Turbidity Maximum Dynamics
Authors: Grasso F. , Verney R. , Le Hir P. , Thouvenin B. , Schulz E. , Kervella Y. , Khojasteh Pour Fard I. , Lemoine J.‐P. , Dumas F. , Garnier V. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTidal pumping, baroclinic circulation, and vertical mixing are known to be the main mechanisms responsible for the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) formation. However, the influence of hydro‐meteorological conditions on ETM dynamics is still not properly grasped and requires further investigation to be quantified. Based on a realistic three‐dimensional numerical model of the macrotidal Seine Estuary (France) that accounts for mud and sand transport processes, the objective of this study is to quantify the influence of the main forcing (river flow, tides, and waves) on the ETM location and mass changes. As expected, the ETM location is strongly modulated by semidiurnal tidal cycles and fortnightly time scales with a high sensitivity to river flow variations. The ETM mass is clearly driven by the tidal range, characteristic of the tidal pumping mechanism. However, it is not significantly affected by the river flow. Energetic wave conditions substantially influence the ETM mass by contributing up to 44% of the maximum mass observed during spring tides and by increasing the mass by a factor of 3 during mean tides compared to calm wave conditions. This means that neglecting wave forcing can result in significantly underestimating the ETM mass in estuarine environments. In addition, neap‐to‐spring phasing has a strong influence on ETM location and mass through a hysteresis response associated with the delay for tidal pumping and stratification to fully develop. Finally, simulations show that the uppermost limit of the Seine ETM location did not change notably during the last 35 years; however, the seaward limit migrated few kilometers upstream.
Quantifying Diapycnal Mixing in an Energetic Ocean
Authors: Ivey Gregory N. , Bluteau Cynthia E. , Jones Nicole L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTurbulent diapycnal mixing controls global circulation and the distribution of tracers in the ocean. For turbulence in stratified shear flows, we introduce a new turbulent length scale
dependent on χ. We show the flux Richardson number Rif is determined by the dimensionless ratio of three length scales: the Ozmidov scale LO, the Corrsin shear scale LS, and
. This new model predicts that Rif varies from 0 to 0.5, which we test primarily against energetic field observations collected in 100 m of water on the Australian North West Shelf (NWS), in addition to laboratory observations. The field observations consisted of turbulence microstructure vertical profiles taken near moored temperature and velocity turbulence time series. Irrespective of the value of the gradient Richardson number Ri, both instruments yielded a median
, while the observed Rif ranged from 0.01 to 0.50, in agreement with the predicted range of Rif. Using a Prandtl mixing length model, we show that diapycnal mixing
can be predicted from
and the background vertical shear S. Using field and laboratory observations, we show that
where LE is the Ellison length scale. The diapycnal diffusivity can thus be calculated from
. This prediction agrees very well with the diapycnal mixing estimates obtained from our moored turbulence instruments for observed diffusivities as large as
m2s−1. Moorings with relatively low sampling rates can thus provide long time series estimates of diapycnal mixing rates, significantly increasing the number of diapycnal mixing estimates in the ocean.
Nitrate Sources, Supply, and Phytoplankton Growth in the Great Australian Bight: An Eulerian‐Lagrangian Modeling Approach
Authors: Cetina‐Heredia Paulina , van Sebille Erik , Matear Richard J. , Roughan Moninya 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Great Australian Bight (GAB), a coastal sea bordered by the Pacific, Southern, and Indian Oceans, sustains one of the largest fisheries in Australia but the geographical origin of nutrients that maintain its productivity is not fully known. We use 12 years of modeled data from a coupled hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model and an Eulerian‐Lagrangian approach to quantify nitrate supply to the GAB and the region between the GAB and the Subantarctic Australian Front (GAB‐SAFn), identify phytoplankton growth within the GAB, and ascertain the source of nitrate that fuels it. We find that nitrate concentrations have a decorrelation timescale of ∼60 days; since most of the water from surrounding oceans takes longer than 60 days to reach the GAB, 23% and 75% of nitrate used by phytoplankton to grow are sourced within the GAB and from the GAB‐SAFn, respectively. Thus, most of the nitrate is recycled locally. Although nitrate concentrations and fluxes into the GAB are greater below 100 m than above, 79% of the nitrate fueling phytoplankton growth is sourced from above 100 m. Our findings suggest that topographical uplift and stratification erosion are key mechanisms delivering nutrients from below the nutricline into the euphotic zone and triggering large phytoplankton growth. We find annual and semiannual periodicities in phytoplankton growth, peaking in the austral spring and autumn when the mixed layer deepens leading to a subsurface maximum of phytoplankton growth. This study highlights the importance of examining phytoplankton growth at depth and the utility of Lagrangian approaches.
Entropy‐Aided Evaluation of Meteorological Droughts Over China
Authors: Sang Yan‐Fang , Singh Vijay P. , Hu Zengyun , Xie Ping , Li Xinxin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEvaluation of drought and its spatial distribution is essential to develop mitigation measures. In this study, we employed the entropy index to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of meteorological droughts over China. Entropy values, with a reliable hydrological and geographical basis, are closely related to the months of precipitation deficit and its mean magnitude and can thus represent the physical formation of droughts. The value of entropy index can be roughly classified as <0.35, 0.36–0.90, and >0.90, reflecting high, middle, and low occurrence probabilities of droughts. The accumulated precipitation deficits, based on the standardized precipitation‐evapotranspiration index at the 1, 3, 6, and 12 month scales, consistently increase with entropy decrease, no matter considering the moderately, severely, or extremely dry conditions. Therefore, Northwest China and North China, with smaller entropy values, have higher occurrence probability of droughts than South China, with a break at 38°N latitude. The aggravating droughts in North China and Southwest China over recent decades are represented by the increase in both the occurrence frequency and the magnitude. The entropy, determined by absolute magnitude of the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, as well as its scatter and skewness characteristics, is easily calculated and can be an effective index for evaluating drought and its spatial distribution. We therefore identified dominant thresholds for entropy values and statistical characteristics of precipitation deficit, which would help evaluate the occurrence probability of droughts worldwide.