bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EN FACE IMAGING OF RETINAL ARTERY MACROANEURYSMS USING SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Hanhart Joel , Strassman Israel , Rozenman Yaakov 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
To describe the advantages of en face view with swept-source optical coherence tomography in assessing the morphologic features of retinal arterial macroaneurysms, their consequences on adjacent retina, planning laser treatment, and evaluating its effects.

Methods:
Three eyes were treated for retinal arterial macroaneurysms and followed by swept-source optical coherence tomography in 2014-2015. En face images of the retina and choroid were obtained by EnView, a swept-source optical coherence tomography program.

Results:
Retinal arterial macroaneurysms have a typical optical coherence tomography appearance. En face view allows delineation of the macroaneurysm wall, thrombotic components within the dilation, and lumen measurement. Hemorrhage, lipids, and fluids can be precisely described in terms of amount and extent over the macula and depth. This technique is also practical for planning focal laser treatment and determining its effects.

Conclusion:
En face swept-source optical coherence tomography is a rapid, noninvasive, high-resolution, promising technology, which allows excellent visualization of retinal arterial macroaneurysms and their consequences on surrounding tissues. It could make angiography with intravenous injection redundant in planning and assessing therapy.
TATTOO-ASSOCIATED UVEITIS WITH CHOROIDAL GRANULOMA: A RARE PRESENTATION OF SYSTEMIC SARCOIDOSIS
Authors: Pandya Vivek B. , Hooper Claire Y. , Merani Rohan , McCluskey Peter 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
The authors report a rare case of systemic sarcoidosis manifesting as bilateral granulomatous panuveitis and multiple tattoo granulomas.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 30-year-old man presented with headaches, ocular pain, photophobia, and blurred vision. He was found to have significant skin inflammation, predominantly involving areas of tattoos. Fundoscopic examination revealed bilateral granulomatous panuveitis with small focal choroidal lesions. Skin biopsy demonstrated granulomatous inflammation of the dermis with tattoo pigment evident in numerous histiocytes. He was diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis.

Conclusion:
The authors report another rare case of tattoo-associated uveitis, in which inflammation is limited to tattooed skin and the uvea. This uncommon presentation may prove informative in elucidating the pathogenesis of systemic sarcoidosis.
Spontaneous Resolution of Presumed Idiopathic Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure
Authors: Breazzano Mark P. , Mawn Louise A. , Kuchtey Rachel W. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of presumed idiopathic elevated episcleral venous pressure (EVP) initially requiring medical management.

Methods:
We present a case report of a 28-year-old white man presenting with eye redness and soreness as a referral to the glaucoma service. He was diagnosed with idiopathic elevated EVP after systematic workup.

Results:
Unilateral elevated intraocular pressure was detected along with dilated episcleral vessels, mild cupping of optic nerve head, and blood in Schlemm’s canal, yet negative angiographic imaging and hypercoagulable labs. Topical antiglaucoma medication normalized intraocular pressure, which then maintained with resolution of episcleral vessel caliper and blood in Schlemm’s canal after discontinuation of medication.

Conclusions:
This is the first reported case of spontaneous resolution of presumed idiopathic elevated EVP, persisting after discontinuation of medical therapy and without surgical intervention.
Consistency of Bruch Membrane Opening Detection as Determined by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Hwang Young Hoon , Kim Min K. , Ahn Sang I. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
To investigate the consistency of Bruch membrane opening (BMO) detection as determined by Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Materials and Methods:
This study enrolled 106 healthy eyes and 194 glaucomatous eyes who underwent OCT examinations. The location of BMO was evaluated by inspecting 72 cross-sectional optic nerve head (ONH) images (5 degrees intervals for 360 degrees) per eye in which BMO location is automatically detected by the OCT algorithm. The consistency of BMO detection was investigated by comparing consecutive cross-sectional ONH images. If the location of the BMO margin did not agree between images, it was considered as inconsistent BMO detection.

Results:
Among 300 eyes, 21 (7.0%) showed inconsistent BMO detection. Inconsistency in BMO detection was associated with a higher degree of myopia (P<0.001). All inconsistent BMO detection was found in areas with β-zone peripapillary atrophy. Eyes with inconsistent BMO detection showed greater changes in ONH parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness than eyes with consistent BMO detection (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
Although BMO locations were consistent in most cases, in some cases, there were inconsistencies in BMO locations determined by OCT, especially in myopic eyes with peripapillary atrophy. Inconsistency in BMO detection resulted in changes in ONH parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. These finding should be considered when assessing glaucoma by using OCT.
Long-term Follow-up of a Case of Gold Shunt Surgery for Refractory Silicone Oil–induced Glaucoma
Authors: Le Ryan , Berger Alan R. , Gupta Neeru 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
To report the first case of gold shunt surgery for treatment of silicone oil–induced refractory glaucoma in a tertiary care academic center, with 5-year follow-up.

Design:
The study design is a case report.

Participants:
The participant was a patient who underwent gold shunt surgery.

Methods:
Institutional Research Ethics Board approval for the study was obtained. A diabetic patient was referred for refractory glaucoma with a history of proliferative diabetic retinal detachment, and surgery with silicone oil. She was uncontrolled on maximal medical therapy and following informed consent, gold shunt surgery was performed. Ocular outcomes and number of medications were reviewed over a 5-year period.

Results:
Following uncomplicated surgery, intraocular pressure was reduced from 41 to 14 mm Hg, and the number of medications was reduced from 4 to 1. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy remained stable.

Conclusions:
Gold shunt surgery in this challenging case of silicone oil refractory glaucoma provided long-term intraocular pressure control and reduced need for medication over a 5-year period.
Hyperostosis Following Orbital Exenteration
Authors: Elkhamary Sahar M. , Galindo-Ferreiro Alicia , Akaishi Patricia , Muiños-Diaz Yerena , Cechetti Sheila P. , Cintra Murilo B. , Cruz Antonio Augusto V. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:To describe CT scan findings following orbital exenteration in 27 patients and to identify the factors involved in the development of post exenteration hyperostosis.Methods:Noncomparative case series. The authors reviewed the charts of 27 patients ranging in age from 33 to 99 years, who underwent unilateral exenteration at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and at the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Data regarding patient demographics, surgical procedure, clinical diagnosis, and preoperative and postoperative CT imaging of the orbits were obtained. The relationship between hyperostosis and postoperative time, gender, age, adjuvant radiotherapy, and cavity coverage was evaluated by multivariate stepwise logistic regression.Results:Seventeen (73.9 %) orbits had postoperative orbital hyperostosis. No soft tissue masses were detected in the affected orbits except in 2 cases with tumor recurrence. The only factor associated with hyperostosis was immediate intraoperative socket rehabilitation (odds ratio = 0.13, 95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.89). There was an 87.0% lower chance of hyperostosis in patients whose socket was covered with musculocutaneous flaps. Sequential CT scans showed that orbital hyperostosis followed a specific pattern. Initially, bone thickening appeared as either uniform or undulating endo-osteal minimal thickening along the roof and then on the lateral and medial walls. More advanced hyperostosis had a laminated/lamellated appearance progressing to homogeneous and diffuse circumferential bone thickening. New bone formation and bone overgrowth were late findings. Hyperostosis extended to involve the adjacent facial bone, more obviously on the maxilla. Some patients had minimal thickening of the adjacent frontal and squamous temporal bone. Over-pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses was evident in all cases of hyperostosis.Conclusions:Development of hyperostosis following exenteration is not rare. Radiologists and surgeons should be aware of the need to monitor the orbital healing process closely to avoid misdiagnoses of tumor recurrence/radionecrosis or infection. Obliteration of the orbital cavity with musculocutaneous flaps significantly reduces the chances of bone hyperostosis.
The effect of pain on task switching: pain reduces accuracy and increases reaction times across multiple switching paradigms
Authors: Attridge Nina , Keogh Edmund , Eccleston Christopher 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Pain disrupts attention, which may have negative consequences for daily life for people with acute or chronic pain. It has been suggested that switching between tasks may leave us particularly susceptible to pain-related attentional disruption, because we need to disengage our attention from one task before shifting it onto another. Switching tasks typically elicit lower accuracies and/or longer reaction times when participants switch to a new task compared with repeating the same task, and pain may exacerbate this effect. We present 3 studies to test this hypothesis. In study 1, participants completed 2 versions of an alternating runs switching task under pain-free and thermal pain–induction conditions. Pain did not affect performance on either task. In studies 2 and 3, we examined 7 versions of the switching task using large general population samples, experiencing a variety of naturally occurring pain conditions, recruited and tested on the internet. On all tasks, participants with pain had longer reaction times on both switch and repeat trials compared with participants without pain, but pain did not increase switch costs. In studies 2 and 3, we also investigated the effects of type of pain, duration of pain, and analgesics on task performance. We conclude that pain has a small dampening effect on performance overall on switching tasks. This suggests that pain interrupts attention even when participants are engaged in a trial, not only when attention has been disengaged for shifting to a new task set.
Sustained relief of ongoing experimental neuropathic pain by a CRMP2 peptide aptamer with low abuse potential
Authors: Xie Jennifer Y. , Chew Lindsey A. , Yang Xiaofang , Wang Yuying , Qu Chaoling , Wang Yue , Federici Lauren M. , Fitz Stephanie D. , Ripsch Matthew S. , Due Michael R. , Moutal Aubin , Khanna May , White Fletcher A. , Vanderah Todd W. , Johnson Philip L. , Porreca Frank , Khanna Rajesh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUncoupling the protein–protein interaction between collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV2.2) with an allosteric CRMP2-derived peptide (CBD3) is antinociceptive in rodent models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We investigated the efficacy, duration of action, abuse potential, and neurobehavioral toxicity of an improved mutant CRMP2 peptide. A homopolyarginine (R9)-conjugated CBD3-A6K (R9-CBD3-A6K) peptide inhibited the CaV2.2–CRMP2 interaction in a concentration-dependent fashion and diminished surface expression of CaV2.2 and depolarization-evoked Ca2+influx in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons. In vitro studies demonstrated suppression of excitability of small-to-medium diameter dorsal root ganglion and inhibition of subtypes of voltage-gated Ca2+channels. Sprague-Dawley rats with tibial nerve injury had profound and long-lasting tactile allodynia and ongoing pain. Immediate administration of R9-CBD3-A6K produced enhanced dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens shell selectively in injured animals, consistent with relief of ongoing pain. R9-CBD3-A6K, when administered repeatedly into the central nervous system ventricles of naive rats, did not result in a positive conditioned place preference demonstrating a lack of abusive liability. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of R9-CBD3-A6K over a 24- to 72-hour period reversed tactile allodynia and ongoing pain, demonstrating a lack of tolerance over this time course. Importantly, continuous infusion of R9-CBD3-A6K did not affect motor activity, anxiety, depression, or memory and learning. Collectively, these results validate the potential therapeutic significance of targeting the CaV-CRMP2 axis for treatment of neuropathic pain.
A novel intrinsic analgesic mechanism: the enhancement of the conduction failure along polymodal nociceptive C-fibers
Authors: Wang Xiuchao , Wang Shan , Wang Wenting , Duan Jianhong , Zhang Ming , Lv Xiaohua , Niu Chunxiao , Tan Chao , Wu Yuanbin , Yang Jing , Hu Sanjue , Xing Junling 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Although conduction failure has been observed in nociceptive C-fibers, little is known regarding its significance or therapeutic potential. In a previous study, we demonstrated that C-fiber conduction failure, which is regarded as an intrinsic self-inhibition mechanism, was reduced in circumstances of painful diabetic neuropathy. In this study, we extend this finding in the complete Freund's adjuvant model of inflammatory pain and validate that the degree of conduction failure decreased and led to a greater amount of pain signals conveyed to the central nervous system. In complete Freund's adjuvant–injected animals, conduction failure occurred in a C-fiber-selective, activity-dependent manner and was associated with an increase in the rising slope of the C-fiber after-hyperpolarization potential. To target conduction failure in a therapeutic modality, we used ZD7288, an antagonist of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide–modulated channels which are activated by hyperpolarization and play a pivotal role in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. ZD7288 promoted conduction failure by suppressing I
h as a mechanism to reduce the rising slope of the after-hyperpolarization potential. Moreover, perineuronal injection of ZD7288 inhibited abnormal mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia without affecting motor function or heart rate. Our data highlight the analgesic potential of local ZD7288 application and identify conduction failure as a novel target for analgesic therapeutic development.
Update on childhood craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Cohen Laurie E. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
Craniopharyngioma location impacts treatment approach. Imaging advances allow for better anatomical localization, which can help determine the best surgical plan. Recent discoveries have also led to a better understanding of craniopharyngioma development and potential treatments. This review includes publications January 2015 through March 2016 and prior key reports.

Recent findings
Recent findings confirm that third ventricular and hypothalamic involvement are associated with highest risk of hypothalamic dysfunction after surgery. Both presentation and MRI can aid in presurgical grading to try to limit development of hypothalamic obesity, somnolence, neurocognitive dysfunction, decreased quality of life, and other morbidities. Targeted therapies may also prove useful in avoiding treatment complications. In total, 14–50% of adult-onset craniopharyngioma are papillary; the majority with a mutation in exon 3 of BRAF and may respond to BRAF inhibitors and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. The remaining adult-onset and majority of childhood-onset are adamantinomatous; often with mutations in CTNNB1, which encodes β-catenin, leading to overactivation of the WNT signaling pathway.

Summary
Significant morbidities are associated with craniopharyngioma. Targeted medical therapies are on the horizon. Until that time, the surgical approach and decision for radiation therapy should be chosen to limit long-term sequelae.
Molecular markers in pituitary tumors
Authors: Robertson Asha M. , Heaney Anthony P. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms and factors involved in pituitary tumorigenesis. It provides a comprehensive review on the role of genetic mutations, epigenetics, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle deregulation, and highlights recent findings of altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors.

Recent findings
This article provides a concise summary of our knowledge regarding oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cell cycle deregulation in pituitary tumors. Additionally, it highlights new findings in epigenetics and altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors.

Summary
Improved understanding of the mechanism(s) and candidates implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis may result in the identification of new therapeutic targets in pituitary tumors.
Pediatric Gastrojejunostomy Tube Replacement
Authors: Sharafinski Mark E. , Sehnert Elizabeth , Moe David , Zhang Liyun , Simpson Pippa , Vo Nghia J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to determine whether embedding into the radiology report a patient‐specific plan in the event of gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tube dysfunction reduces the need for after‐hours utilization of pediatric interventional radiology resources for the replacement of GJ tubes.Materials and Methods:This is a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant, institutional review board–approved retrospective repeated cross‐sectional study of patients requiring after‐hours (5 PM–7 AM) or weekend (Saturday and Sunday) GJ tube replacement at a dedicated children's hospital, before and after the inclusion of a patient‐specific plan in the radiology report as part of the electronic medical record.Results:During a 6‐month period before the inclusion of a patient‐specific plan, there were 242 total GJ tube changes performed by the pediatric interventional radiology service under image guidance. Twenty‐six (10.7%) of these procedures were performed outside of standard operating hours at the request of the emergency department (ED) (6/26), inpatient service (8/26), or patient/caregiver (12/26). Of the 8 inpatients, 3 were admitted from the ED for the sole purpose of tube replacement. Data were again collected for 6 months following inclusion of a patient‐specific plan during the same seasonal period of the following year. During this period, 240 total image‐guided changes were performed. Fifteen (6.2%) were performed outside of standard operating hours at the request of the ED (2/15), inpatient service (4/15), or patient/caregiver (9/15). No patients were admitted for GJ tube replacement procedures following implementation of the enhanced reporting policy. These data indicate a trend toward reduced after‐hours resource utilization for GJ tube replacement requests by the ED (23.1%–13.3%), inpatient service (30.8%–26.7%), and all patients (14.7%–11%). Fewer after‐hours GJ tube changes reduced cost by proportionately reducing hourly compensation for interventional radiology nurses and technicians.Conclusions:Our single‐center data suggest that the inclusion of patient‐specific recommendations at the end of each radiology GJ tube procedure note, generated in collaboration with the feeding service or primary medical provider, reduces off‐hour resource utilization in patients who could otherwise have their tubes replaced during standard operating hours with image guidance. Avoidance of tube‐related admissions is likely the greatest source of cost savings, followed by lower radiology technical support costs. Cost savings related to improved ED workflow and reduced patient/family anxiety are difficult to quantify, but likely significant. Future studies should be designed to quantify these savings and to assess the effect of this intervention on patient/caregiver satisfaction.
Pediatric Crohn Disease Clinical Outcome Assessments and Biomarkers
Authors: Sun Haihao , Vesely Richard , Lee Kerry Jo , Klein Agnes , Ikima Mutsuhiro , Mulberg Andrew E. ,   International Inflammatory Bowel Disease (i‐IBD) Working Group
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTObjective:There is a pressing need for drug development in pediatric Crohn disease (CD). Our aim was to provide strategic approaches toward harmonization of current thinking about clinical outcome assessments (COAs) and biomarkers to facilitate drug development in pediatric CD.Methods:Scientists from the United States Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, Health Canada, and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan had monthly teleconferences from January 2014 through May 2015. A literature review was conducted to assess the measurement properties of all existing COA tools and to evaluate the current landscape of biomarkers used in pediatric CD. Based on the findings of literature review, we reached the consensus on the strategic approaches for evaluating outcomes in pediatric CD trials.Results:The pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index, Crohn's Disease Activity Index, and Harvey‐Bradshaw's index were used in pediatric CD clinical studies. But they lack adequate measurement properties (validity, reliability, and ability to detect change of the treatment) that are required to support approval of products intended to treat pediatric CD. Biomarkers (ie, fecal lactoferrin, osteoprotegerin, and calprotectin) have shown some promise for their potential as noninvasive surrogate endpoints in CD.Conclusions:Lack of well‐defined and reliable COAs presents a hurdle for global drug development in pediatric CD. It is essential to develop well‐defined and reliable COAs that can measure meaningful clinical benefit for patients in terms of how they feel, function, and survive. Development of noninvasive biomarkers as reliable surrogate endpoints needs to be further explored.
Features of Prolonged Grief Symptoms in Chinese and Swiss Bereaved Parents
Authors: Xiu Daiming , Maercker Andreas , Woynar Stefanie , Geirhofer Bettina , Yang Yuting , Jia Xiaoming 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This study investigates clinical expressions of prolonged grief in samples of 32 Chinese and 33 Swiss bereaved parents, according to the proposed International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision model of prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Sex differences and predictors (cultural attitudes, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth) of PGD were analyzed. In result, after controlling for sociodemographic and loss-related sample differences, both samples showed similar PGD symptom profiles, with Swiss parents exhibiting more severe grief-related preoccupation and Chinese parents exhibiting some accessory symptoms and functional impairment to a greater extent. Multivariate analyses revealed for the Chinese sample primary predictions of PGD by life satisfaction, general health and one’s world view (social cynicism) and for the Swiss sample by female sex, sense of coherence, and life satisfaction. The findings substantiate the basic appropriateness of the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision PGD in distinct cultural groups and may contribute to a better understanding of grief expression and its potential predictors across different cultures.