bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Varieties of Today’s English
Authors: El-Sayed Ali M. 
Published: December 2016

Today’s English refers to a state or states of the English language as used by its speakers. There are many varieties of English spoken throughout the world. Today’s English is a term that does not describe a single regional or national variety of English, but a language that extends beyond the national borders of native speakers to include second and foreign language speakers. Recent research focuses on the state of the language, the diversity of its users, the contexts of its use, and the effects on the communities using it.
It has been the practice of those in authority in the Ministries of Education and universities in the Arab World in general and the Arabian Gulf in particular to hire many native speakers of English to teach English in schools and universities. The assumption was that natives with native speakers’ accent are more effective teachers than teachers of English whose native language is Arabic.
Why should an Arab student learn, for instance RP and not any other variety? The writer advocates the practice of hiring a greater percentage of Arabic speaking teachers to teach English in Arab schools and universities. Hiring a particular native speaker of English to teach English to Arab students forces those students to listen and be exposed to a particular variety instead of an international variety that is intelligible and international enough to be accepted by every one. Besides, listening and speaking to a Britisher more an American are not of great importance to Arab students. What is more important are the two skills of reading and writing since they are the only two channels through which western science and technology could be transferred to Arabs. Because of the nature of Arab students’ motivation, the writer advocates the use of more suitable cultural materials.
The Multiple-Choice Cloze Test as a General Language Proficiency Test
Authors: Jochems Wim , Montens Frans 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This article presents axsd discusses a number of empirical findings conœroing the validity of multiple-choice cloze tests as tests of general language proficiency. Foreign students of Dutch at Delft University of Technology were given both a series of separate proficiency tests in nstemng, speaking, reading, writing and text comprehension, and a series of multiple-choice cloze tests. Scores on the multiple-choice cloze tests were found to correlate significantly with each of the proficiency tests. In addition, scores made on the multiple-choice cloze tests appeared to form a solid basis for predictions of the total scores for listening, speaking, reading and writing taken together. Finally, a close structural similarity was found to exist between curves of average scores on successive multiple-choice cloze tests and the presupposed growth of vocabulary during the language learning process. Together, these findings tend to show that multiple-choice cloze tests constitute a valid instrument for measuring general language proficiency.
Code-Switching or Borrowing? English Elements in the Dutch of Dutch-American Immigrants
Authors: Schatz Henriette F. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Scholarly publications about Dutch immigrant speech are practically non-existent -- excepting the work of Clyne (1967, 1972, 1985, 1987). This applies particularly to Dutch speakers who immigrated in the 19th and the early 20th Century. A 75-hour corpus of language data from Dutch immigrants to the United States is currently being investigated systematically at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences' Institute for Dialectology. The general purpose of the project is to gain more insight in the nature of Dutch language and dialect maintenance or loss and of English influence on the language of these Dutch immigrants. This paper will focus specifically on English lexical elements in the speech of the first-generation immigrants (appr. 12,000 English elements in the Dutch of 97 speakers).
First a diagnostic set of characteristics for code-switching, borrowing and nonce borrowing will be presented, based in part on discussions in the recent literature on other-language lexical elements in speech in contact situations and in part on a thorough review of the Dutch-American data. These characteristics do not only concern the formal linguistic level, but also the discourse, processing and extralin-guistic levels. They form the basis of a systematic classification of the various types of English elements found in the data. Next, a number of problem cases will be discussed -- with examples -- which defy easy classification in one of the three categories of other-language elements. Finally, an attempt will be made to formulate a more generalized model for the analysis of other-language lexical elements, consisting of a diagnostic and an analytic layer. The diagnostic layer assigns an element to one of the three categories of other-language elements. The analytic layer is specifically concerned with the analysis of code-switching, comprising not only a categorization of formal linguistic phenomena, but also a categorization of functional sociolinguistic factors determining the use of switched elements. Given the variety of linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects which apparently determine the use of switched elements, it seems unlikely that one single set of constraints could be refined enough to fully account for linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects of code-switching. Therefore, a case will be made for the establishment of more than one set of constraining factors on the use of switched elements. Instead of limiting constraints on code-switching to the formal linguistic -- in particular the syntactic -- level, separate constraining factors for the discourse, processing, functional, and motivational level might be formulated, in order to gain full insight in the process of code-switching.
Linguistic Awareness and second Language Learning
Authors: Masny Diana 
Published: December 2016

The present paper is an attempt to gain a better understanding of the role of linguistic awareness in second language learning by studying the relationship between linguistic awareness and significant aspects of formal language learning : the learner, the classroom, and the curriculum. Accordingly, this paper examines the contribution of linguistic awareness to second language development and aims to show that classroom intervention in heightening linguistic awareness can be beneficial to the learner in the process of acquiring a second language. In addition, arguments are presented to point out that linguistic awareness can play a vital role within the framework of communicative language teaching. Finally, individual differences in language and language-related behaviour are examined in relationship to individual variation in linguistic awareness.This research was supported in part by a grant from the Quebec Ministry of Education (F.C.A.R. 86-AR-0274).
Whose Standard, Which Model? Towards the Definition of a Standard Nigerian Spoken English for Teaching, Learning and Testing in Nigerian Schools
Authors: Awonusi V.O. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The adoption of RP as a model of teaching in non-native speaker English societies such as Nigeria seems to have come to say. However, the accent of English that emerged in Nigeria, over the years, (to some linguists) is anything but RP (although some hold the view that there are a few RP speakers in Nigeria). We are, therefore, forced to ask the question: What is RP?; or better still: what are its defining characteristics, particularly in relation to non-native varieties of English? Consequently, were are motivated to search for, and identify alternative local (standard) accents for teaching purposes. This paper attempts to identify the Nigerian standard accent of English that is appropriate for adoption as a model for teaching English pronunciation. It examines the problems associated with the identification of a standard form in the light of variables such as international intelligibility local acceptability, a real and social variation, in native and non-native speaker communities alike. On the basis of socio-linguistic realities it recommends an accent for teaching, learning and testing in Nigerian schools.
Error Elimination and Error Fossilisation
Authors: Lennon Paul 
Published: December 2016

This paper reports a longitudinal study of an advanced learner over a six months' stay in England under conditions of initial exposure to the L2 community.
Fifteen interviews of an unstructured nature were conducted over the period, and these serve as a data base.
Performance was analysed in five areas where the subject made frequent error in order to assess to what extent errors were eliminated and to what extent there might be evidence for the onset of fossilisation.
Host Tissue Environment Directs Activities of an Epichloë Endophyte, While It Induces Systemic Hormone and Defense Responses in Its Native Perennial Ryegrass Host
Authors: Schmid Jan , Day Robert , Zhang Ningxin , Dupont Pierre-Yves , Cox Murray P. , Schardl Christopher L. , Minards Niki , Truglio Mauro , Moore Neil , Harris Daniel R. , Zhou Yanfei 
Published: December 2016

Increased resilience of pasture grasses mediated by fungal Epichloë endophytes is crucial to pastoral industries. The underlying mechanisms are only partially understood and likely involve very different activities of the endophyte in different plant tissues and responses of the plant to these. We analyzed the transcriptomes of Epichloë festucae and its host, Lolium perenne, in host tissues of different function and developmental stages. The endophyte contributed approximately 10× more to the transcriptomes than to the biomass of infected tissues. Proliferating mycelium in growing host tissues highly expressed genes involved in hyphal growth. Nonproliferating mycelium in mature plant tissues, transcriptionally equally active, highly expressed genes involved in synthesizing antiherbivore compounds. Transcripts from the latter accounted for 4% of fungal transcripts. Endophyte infection systemically but moderately increased transcription of L. perenne genes with roles in hormone biosynthesis and perception as well as stress and pathogen resistance while reducing expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. There was a good correlation between transcriptome-based observations and physiological observations. Our data indicate that the fitness-enhancing effects of the endophyte are based both on its biosynthetic activities, predominantly in mature host tissues, and also on systemic alteration of the host’s hormonal responses and induction of stress response genes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
The effect of rock particles and D
2
O replacement on the flow behaviour of ice
Authors: Middleton Ceri A. , Grindrod Peter M. , Sammonds Peter R. 
Published: December 2016

Ice–rock mixtures are found in a range of natural terrestrial and planetary environments. To understand how flow processes occur in these environments, laboratory-derived properties can be extrapolated to natural conditions through flow laws. Here, deformation experiments have been carried out on polycrystalline samples of pure ice, ice–rock and D
2
O-ice–rock mixtures at temperatures of 263, 253 and 233 K, confining pressure of 0 and 48 MPa, rock fraction of 0–50 vol.% and strain-rates of 5 × 10
−7
to 5 × 10
−5
s
−1
. Both the presence of rock particles and replacement of H
2
O by D
2
O increase bulk strength. Calculated flow law parameters for ice and H
2
O-ice–rock are similar to literature values at equivalent conditions, except for the value of the rock fraction exponent, here found to be 1. D
2
O samples are 1.8 times stronger than H
2
O samples, probably due to the higher mass of deuterons when compared with protons. A gradual transition between dislocation creep and grain-size-sensitive deformation at the lowest strain-rates in ice and ice–rock samples is suggested. These results demonstrate that flow laws can be found to describe ice–rock behaviour, and should be used in modelling of natural processes, but that further work is required to constrain parameters and mechanisms for the observed strength enhancement.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
Linking scales in sea ice mechanics
Authors: Weiss Jérôme , Dansereau Véronique 
Published: December 2016

Mechanics plays a key role in the evolution of the sea ice cover through its control on drift, on momentum and thermal energy exchanges between the polar oceans and the atmosphere along cracks and faults, and on ice thickness distribution through opening and ridging processes. At the local scale, a significant variability of the mechanical strength is associated with the microstructural heterogeneity of saline ice, however characterized by a small correlation length, below the ice thickness scale. Conversely, the sea ice mechanical fields (velocity, strain and stress) are characterized by long-ranged (more than 1000 km) and long-lasting (approx. few months) correlations. The associated space and time scaling laws are the signature of the brittle character of sea ice mechanics, with deformation resulting from a multi-scale accumulation of episodic fracturing and faulting events. To translate the short-range-correlated disorder on strength into long-range-correlated mechanical fields, several key ingredients are identified: long-ranged elastic interactions, slow driving conditions, a slow viscous-like relaxation of elastic stresses and a restoring/healing mechanism. These ingredients constrained the development of a new continuum mechanics modelling framework for the sea ice cover, called Maxwell–elasto-brittle. Idealized simulations without advection demonstrate that this rheological framework reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics, including anisotropy, spatial localization and intermittency, as well as the associated scaling laws.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
Clinical features of Korean patients with rhinophyma
Authors: Kim Na Hee , Yun Sook Jung , Lee Jee‐Bum 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRhinophyma results from hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands and connective tissue. Clinical features in Asian rhinophyma patients are largely underreported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical features of rhinophyma in Korean patients. We reviewed clinical photos and medical records of 39 Korean patients diagnosed with rhinophyma and assessed the severity and clinical course by using the classical National Rosacea Society index. The male : female ratio was 6.8:1, and over 90% of the patients were older than 40 years. The mild‐grade rhinophyma was the most dominant (46.1%), followed by the moderate (41.0%) and severe (12.8%) grades. Disease progression to severe grade occurred over an average of 8.2 years. Furthermore, 70% of all cases revealed lesion distribution limited to the nose. As disease severity progressed to higher grades, the extent of nasal involvement increased (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.685). Rhinophyma is a slowly progressing disease showing male predominance unrelated to specific trigger factors. In many cases, this disease often exclusively affects the nose in Asian patients.
Positive correlation of vanilloid receptor subtype1 and prostaglandin E2 expression with pain in leiomyomas
Authors: Kagimoto Yoshiko , Yamasaki Kenshi , Shimada‐Ohmori Ryoko , Nan Liu , Numata Yukikazu , Aiba Setsuya 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCutaneous leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that are occasionally painful. The mechanism of pain related to leiomyoma is not fully understood. To investigate the possible involvement of algoneic factors in pain from cutaneous leiomyomas. We present a case of cutaneous leiomyoma with severe, diffused pain in a large area and collected 10 more specimens of cutaneous leiomyoma with or without pain in patient histories. We immunohistochemiacally examined the expression of algoneic factors: serotonin, histamin, Substance P, PGE2, BDKRB2, VR1 and CGRP. We compared the pain area and expression of algoneic factors to reveal possible correlations. We describe here a patient with a cutaneous leiomyoma 1‐cm in diameter, which caused severe pain diffused throughout an area of 20‐cm around the tumor. The pain completely resolved after surgical excision of the leiomyoma. We observed that the leiomyoma cells expressed CGRP, PGE2 and VR1 in this case. We found a positive correlation between VR1 and PGE2 expression in the leiomyoma cells and areas with pain around the tumors among 11 specimens in total. VR1 and PGE2 might be key algogenic substances in painful leiomyoma.
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are a biological disturbance to Western Lake Erie bacterial communities
Authors: Berry Michelle A. , Davis Timothy W. , Cory Rose M. , Duhaime Melissa B. , Johengen Thomas H. , Kling George W. , Marino John A. , Den Uyl Paul A. , Gossiaux Duane , Dick Gregory J. , Denef Vincent J. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryHuman activities are causing a global proliferation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs), yet we have limited understanding of how these events affect freshwater bacterial communities. Using weekly data from western Lake Erie in 2014, we investigated how the cyanobacterial community varied over space and time, and whether the bloom affected non‐cyanobacterial (nc‐bacterial) diversity and composition. Cyanobacterial community composition fluctuated dynamically during the bloom, but was dominated byMicrocystisandSynechococcusOTUs. The bloom's progression revealed potential impacts to nc‐bacterial diversity. Nc‐bacterial evenness displayed linear, unimodal, or no response to algal pigment levels, depending on the taxonomic group. In addition, the bloom coincided with a large shift in nc‐bacterial community composition. These shifts could be partitioned into components predicted by pH, chlorophylla, temperature, and water mass movements.ActinobacteriaOTUs showed particularly strong correlations to bloom dynamics. AcI‐C OTUs became more abundant, while acI‐A and acI‐B OTUs declined during the bloom, providing evidence of niche partitioning at the sub‐clade level. Thus, our observations in western Lake Erie support a link between CHABs and disturbances to bacterial community diversity and composition. Additionally, the short recovery of many taxa after the bloom indicates that bacterial communities may exhibit resilience to CHABs.
Uptake‐release dynamics of the inorganic and organic carbon pool mediated by planktonic prokaryotes in the deep Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Celussi Mauro , Malfatti Francesca , Ziveri Patrizia , Giani Michele , Del Negro Paola 
Published: December 2016

SummaryUnderstanding the ecosystem functioning in the dark portion of the ocean is a challenge that microbial ecologists are still facing. Due to the large volume, the global deep Ocean plays a central role in the regulation of climate, possibly buffering the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide if processes of CO2 fixation compensate for respiration. We investigated the rates of several prokaryotic activities (dissolved and particulate primary production, heterotrophic carbon production and respiration) in meso‐ and bathypelagic waters of the Mediterranean Sea, covering all sub‐basins. Chemosynthesis was the main process for C uptake. The rates of organic C (OC) excretion (or viral‐induced cell lysis) inferred from the dissolved primary production measurements were noteworthy, being comparable to particulate primary production, and possibly contributing to the formation of non‐sinking particulate organic matter. Inorganic C fixation rates were significantly higher than those reported for other deep‐sea systems, probably as a consequence of the persistently higher temperature of dark Mediterranean waters or to phylogenetically diverse communities involved in the process. Primary production was negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon concentration and showed an inverse pattern to heterotrophic carbon production, indicating a niche partitioning between heterotrophs and autotrophs. In sum, the deep Mediterranean Sea harbors active autotrophic communities able to fix inorganic carbon faster than the heterotrophic carbon production rates.
Embodiment and reflective practices: conjoint therapy for psychological intimate partner violence
Authors: Vall Berta , Seikkula Jaakko , Laitila Aarno , Holma Juha 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe idea of meta‐dialogue has evolved over the past twenty years. The study reported here focuses on meta‐dialogue, analysing the importance of reflective practices for thoughtfulness and embodiment in couple therapy for psychological Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). The study also sought to determine whether, in a case of psychological IPV, reflective practices helped the couple to acquire a new, shared understanding of violence. The results showed that the use of both meta‐dialogue and of a reflective team was related to clients' use of the reflexive mode. Moreover, embodiment could be understood as a precursor of reflectivity and reflective practices. Finally, the results indicated that it was possible to discuss the issue of violence through the use of meta‐dialogue, and that, through the therapists' reflective dialogue, the clients were able to reflect on their own relational patterns. The importance of meta‐dialogue and embodiment for conjoint therapy in psychological IPV is discussed.Practitioner points

Meta‐dialogue is present in therapy as: (a) reflective practices (therapists' strategies to promote a reflective stance); and (b) reflectivity (i.e. action of reflecting)
Consider the importance of therapist sensitivity to embodiment in conjoint therapy for IPV in helping to reflect on what is happening in therapy, thus promoting use of meta‐dialogue
A brief family intervention for depression in primary care
Authors: Niv Noosha , Frousakis Nikki , Zucker Bonnie G. , Glynn Shirley , Dixon Lisa 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study tested the feasibility and outcomes of a brief psychoeducational intervention for family members of depressed veterans in primary care. Family members of veterans enrolled in TIDES, a VA collaborative care programme for depression in primary care, were invited to participate. High enrolment rates, high treatment retention and completion, and high levels of satisfaction with the intervention indicate that the programme is feasible and acceptable to family members. Veterans showed a decrease in depression severity, improvements in symptom and occupational global functioning, and an increase in general life satisfaction. Family members' attitudes about antidepressant medication use became more positive, and their knowledge of depression increased. There were no changes in behavioural activation or in family functioning. Overall, family members and clinical staff rated the intervention very positively. Staff members did note some obstacles to implementation and made suggestions to overcome identified obstacles.Practitioner points

The use of Motivational Interviewing was an important contributor to generating interest in the family programme
Family members involved in depression treatment evidence gains in positive attitudes towards medication use and an increased knowledge of depression
Systematic training and ongoing contact with clinicians are key factors in improving their confidence and skills in working with families and increasing their commitment to implementing the intervention