bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schuldenbremse oder Schuldenschranke für die deutschen Bundesländer?
Authors: Groneck Max , Plachta Robert C. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper studies two alternative budget rules to overcome the shortcomings of the current laws for the German Länder: The Swiss debt brake as well as a version incorporating a golden rule presented by the German Council of Economic Experts. A simulation analysis reveals the necessary consolidation path, the loss of benefits, and the recursive development of public debt. Extending the standard simulation method we present a politico-economic approach considering the budget rules in their full complexity. The Swiss debt brake yields stronger restrictions on public debt than the version incorporating the golden rule. Yet applying the simulation to both Länder and their municipalities leads to contrasting results.
Zwischen Marktabgrenzung und Wettbewerbsanalyse
Authors: Briglauer Wolfgang 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The European Commission introduced the so-called „three criteria test” which was designed to serve as an analytical filtering tool when considering whether electronic communications markets should be regulated by competition law alone, or whether the markets are susceptible to ex ante regulation. This paper gives a critical appraisal on the theoretical justification of the three criteria test in conjunction with the market analyses carried out periodically by national regulators. From a conceptual point of view our analysis finds that the three criteria test is already part of a proper and in-depth market analysis. In other words, the three criteria test appears to be a rather reduced form and redundant with regard to a full scale analysis. Apart from that, the test gives rise to misunderstandings and factually creates a built-in bias for national regulators to adopt the Commissions definition on relevant communications markets (susceptible to ex ante regulation). But, seen pragmatically and interpreted in positive terms, the three criteria test might be also regarded as an effective harmonization strategy at the European level.
Verschärfen multinationale Unternehmen den Steuerwettbewerb?
Authors: Becker Johannes , Riedel Nadine 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag werden anhand eines einfachen Modells des Steuerwettbewerbs aktuelle empirische Studien zu Steuerwirkungen auf unternehmerische Entscheidungen diskutiert. Insbesondere die Rolle multinationaler Unternehmen steht dabei im Fokus der Untersuchung, sowie die Frage, ob und inwiefern multinationale Unternehmen den Steuerwettbewerb zwischen Staaten verschärfen. Neuere empirische Analysen zeigen, dass sich der Steuerwettbewerb mit der Zunahme international tätiger Firmen eher abschwächen als verschärfen könnte.
Der Bestattungsmarkt in Deutschland
Authors: Daumann Frank , Breuer Markus 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Despite its market volume of more than four billion EUR p. a. (in Germany) the market for funerals has been disregarded by economists so far. Nevertheless a burial is a high complex product involving not only an undertaker and a cemetery but also several other market actors like stone cutters, crematories and public authorities. Indeed, the providers find themselves in different market forms like a wide oligopoly in the case of funeral homes or a regional monopoly in the case of cemeteries. The abolition of legal conditions, changes in the individual way of life (e. g. a minor concentration on afterlife) and the consequences of the global financial crisis led to several changes and innovations in the market within the last years: E. g. caskets made of paper, an increasing market share of cremation in Germany and discount-funerals can be noticed. For the future we estimate a different role of the mortician. As the central protagonist he might become some kind of ‘manager’ being responsible for the complete funeral and acting as a grief counsellor for the surviving members of the family.
Die Handelskosten von Deutschland
Authors: Broll Udo , Förster Andreas , Rudolph Stephan 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The gravity equation for international trade is probably the most important tool in international economics to explain and estimate trade ﬂows. In its simplest form, it states that the exports between any two given countries are a multiplicative function of these countries’ economic size, as measured by GDP, and their bilateral trade costs. The idea and the name is going back from the similarity to Isaac Newton’s law of gravity where the attraction force between two physical bodies equals the product of their masses divided by the squared distance between the bodies. The gravity equation in international economics becomes estimable after log-linearizing and parameterizing it. Export and GDP data are broadly available in several databases. Trade costs are not directly measurable and are therefore usually proxied by geographic distance and a set of further proxy variables like: access to the sea, common border, common language, membership in a certain group of countries, membership in a country union, and others. Trade costs proxies can be subdivided into geographical and political variables. Geographical properties of a country can hardly be changed by policy. However policymakers can influence trade costs through tariff rates, currency unions, free trade agreements, membership in certain country groups and many other measures. Since trade costs are not directly measureable, we will use a novel index of comprehensive trade costs to estimate a simultaneous system, first of a gravity equation and second of a trade cost equation for Germany. In our study, we demonstrate a new way to solve the complex equation system of multilateral resistances and compute them for a set of OECD countries.
Inter-Firm Labor Mobility and Wages
Authors: Schneck Stefan 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Individuals who want to leave their employer usually raise the question whether mobility to a new employer pays off in the future. The paper contributes to this question by examining the consequences of labor market mobility in the medium term. Conclusions regarding whether an individual’s wage trajectory at the new employer exceeds the one of the previous employer are drawn by application of an innovative procedure which involves the simultaneous investigation of wage trajectories at different employers. The main finding is that a considerable number of workers experience wage cuts which are of permanent nature. Only few of the transitions to lower wages pay off because of the steeper wage growth in the new job.
Politische Kartelle
Authors: Schäfer Wolf 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The article focuses on political cartels with special reference to the EU. It is argued that political cartels are harmful principally not less than are economic cartels of private companies because both impede or do away with competition. It is often argued that political cartels - contrary to economic cartels - are beneficial because political agents principally act benevolently. But, as is known, Public Choice and empiricism evidently tell the opposite: Politicians - like private agents - are self-interested agents. This is the reason for arguing that political cartels, by analogy to economic cartels, need a supervisory authority for sanctioning strategies against political competition in the EU. These strategies are manifold of which this article focuses on two: the late “rescue screen” for Greece (and the Euro) of May 2010 and the creeping tendency towards harmonization and centralization in the EU-governance.
It is argued that the rescue package is pure political cartelizing at the disadvantage of the European tax payer to whom - off from the creditor banks - the risk of ultimately paying the bill for insolvent countries is transferred. This has been done by neglecting especially article 125 of the Lisbon-Treaty which strictly outlaws to bail out encumbered countries. Contrary to the political agents’ official announcements that there was “no alternative” to their rescue package, in this article some incentivecompatible non-cartel alternatives are presented.
The political cartelization implied in the creeping tendency towards harmonization and centralization in the EU is controversial to the application and enforcement of the basic principle of subsidiarity in the Lisbon-Treaty. It is argued that a supervisory authority (“Senate for Political Competition”) should be established to control political cartelization in the EU as regards their doing away with political competition by neglecting the essential subsidiarity principle.
Ökonomische Wirkungen der Fußball-WM 2010
Authors: Plessis Stan du , Maennig Wolfgang 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Without a doubt, the 2010 World Cup of soccer in South Africa was a great experience for both soccer fans, who enjoyed a safe and efficiently-run tournament, and their South African hosts. The sporting and social spectacle was broadcast around the world and focused unprecedented media attention on South Africa. Despite the manifest success of the tournament, its short-term effects on international tourism, which are the nucleus of all other short-term positive effects on economic variables such as employment, income and taxes, have turned out to be of a much smaller magnitude than expected or even as reported during the tournament. This may be attributable to self-defeating prophecy effects. This study is a warning against the abuse of economic impact studies, especially those pertaining to major sporting events. It is also a call to use the “correct” arguments of measurable awareness effects and potential long-term development effects in discussing major sporting events. Methodologically, this study is innovative in its economic analysis of major sporting events because it (i) uses data from social networks and (ii) uses high-frequency daily data on tourism.
Capital inflows, Current Accounts, and Exchange Rate Regimes in Central East Europe during and after the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Brezinski Horst , Stephan Johannes 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This contribution is concerned with the real economy effects of the current global crisis in Central East Europe. It analyses the way that the global financial crisis has transmitted into Central East Europe (contagion) by focussing on the drying up of capital inflows (in particular foreign direct investment), the worsening of current account imbalances, the role of the exchange rate regimes, and of increasing foreign currency borrowing during the years before the crisis. The analysis shows that the growth and development model of the region, which featured current account deficits financed by capital inflows, served as an accelerator for the adverse effects of contagion in Central East Europe. Countries with a fixed exchange rate to the euro proved to be the countries in the region hit hardest, whereas a flexible exchange rate appears to have acted as a shield against contagion. This casts doubts on the preferability of the planned rapid adoption of the euro in some of the countries in Central East Europe.
Bankenrettung, „constructive ambiguity“ und moralisches Risiko
Authors: Vollmer Uwe , Diemer Michael 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Based on the model of Cordella and Yeyati (2003) this paper compares the effect of several bailout strategies of a „lender of last resort“ (LoLR) on a bank’s risk behaviour. We show that both „constructed ambiguity“, defined as a properly mixed strategy, and a pure strategy where a LoLR rescues always or never are not the optimal strategies. The LoLR should rather apply a contingent rule which means that he should announce and commit ex ante to a bailout policy depending on a verifiable state of nature. For this reason the optimal bailout policy should not be case by case, but follow an ex ante defined rule. Consequently, there is no contradiction between incentive efficiency and transparency of an efficient LoLR-policy.
Output Growth and Output Variability: Quantifying Connections and Tradeoffs
Authors: Rötheli Tobias F. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
We study the historical trends in the coverage of the related topics growth and stability in the field of macroeconomics. It is argued that over the past 25 years research on growth has quantitatively dominated research on output variability. The article seeks to make a contribution to an integrated study of output growth and output volatility. This integration builds on ideas proposed by Fischer Black. We clarify Black’s contribution and show that the variability of output depends on the level of output as well as on the growth rate of output. The study then focuses on the experience of OECD countries since 1970. Based on statistical estimates we document the minimal (or efficient) level of output variability that a country could have achieved over the last four decades. This normative benchmark is similar to the notion of a tradeoff between portfolio return and portfolio variance known from the field of finance. A country’s excessive level of output variability suggests necessary improvements in the design of stabilization and regulation policies. The international comparison of countries based on this approach indicates that many (although not all) of the high growth economies have experienced output variability significantly above the efficient level.
Die Europäische Schuldenkrise: Ursachen und Lösungsstrategien
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This contribution highlights the complex causes of the European debt crisis and discusses available options for a solution. Relevant causes included are debt incentives which are effective permanently, the lacking optimality of the European currency area and deficient institutional debt brakes. Furthermore, the acute dimension of the crisis as a self-fulfilling crisis of confidence with a highly destructive potential is stressed. All solution strategies face the challenge that a self-fulfilling confidence crisis cannot be contained through an improvement of long-run fundamentals alone. Based on this analysis the crisis management is assessed. One insight is that the often criticized cautious and muddling-through approach towards a permanent solution is adequate. In contrast to that, allegedly courageous solutions like the introduction of eurobonds or the quick exclusion of crisis countries from the euro zone are unconvincing. Links to the economic literature of the early 1990s prove that the risk of a debt crisis has clearly been identified and analyzed as a particular risk of the European Monetary Union well before its start.
Regionale Bildungsrenditen – von der Methode zur Rendite
Authors: Reilich Julia 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The paper shows an empirical analysis of regional returns to education in Germany. Therefore the returns to education are estimated for Germany as a whole and for the eastern and western part seperately. Additionally the analysis examines the returns for each federal state. For the estimations it is necessary to identify an efficient method and the best estimable model. It can be shown that the Three-Stage-Least-Squares-method yields the best results. For Germany the regression shows an average return for an additional year of education of about 10 %. By comparing the eastern and western part, it can be shown that in the east german states - the New Länder - employees get a much higher return. A further separation of states verifies the heterogeneities of the regions.
Trading many goods with many countries: Exporters and importers from German manufacturing industries
Authors: Wagner Joachim 
Published: April 2016

Summary
In Germany, for the reporting year 2009 transaction-level data on exports and imports of goods have been aggregated at the level of the exporting or importing firm for the first time. In these data the number of goods exported and imported and the number of countries exported to and imported from is reported, together with the values of these cross-border transactions. This paper uses these newly available data for firms from manufacturing industries to uncover new facts and to test theoretical hypotheses of the relationship between a core dimension of firm performance, namely productivity, and the number of goods traded and countries traded with.
EWU-Krisenmanagement: Warum die Politik auf dem richtigen Weg ist
Authors: Becker Werner , Löchel Horst 
Published: April 2016

Summary
With troubles in the European Monetary Union (EMU) showing great persistence, the emergency measures and ad-hoc crisis management of European authorities has been subject to harsh criticism. The current fierce debate among economists and the broad public has given rise to two camps advocating fundamentally different approaches how to exit the sustained crisis. While according to the Integrationists′ view, the only viable way to get rid of pressing debt problems and to restore confidence in the Euro area lies in a common guarantee for national debt obligations, so-called Minimalists advocate a strict return to the cornerstones of the Maastricht Treaty, in particular strict compliance with the debt and deficit limits laid out by the Treaty as well as a credible application of the ‚no-bail-out‘ rule. However, in their pure form, both strategies do not serve for a timely and effective crisis management as they either require a level of supranational integration that - given the still prevalent Westphalian order - cannot be attained in the short run nor is it on the agenda of European policy, or essentially deny the significant flaws within the EMU architecture that failed to prevent current fiscal woes.
The current crisis management of European authorities has followed neither of the two extremes but has taken a viable middle-of-the-road approach that resulted in useful and necessary repairs to the institutional architecture of the Euro area, most notably the establishment of the commonly guaranteed stability mechanisms EFSF and ESM as well as the first steps taken towards a European banking union. Hence, in contrast to most observers, we argue that the European authorities, by operating a prudent stepby- step approach, are on the right track towards solving the current crisis. As a result, European Central Bank could move back to its original approach of monetary policy.
Dutch Disease – Ökonomische Prozesse und Implikationen für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
Authors: Liebig Klaus , Ressel Gerhard , Rondorf Ulrike 
Published: April 2016

Summary
We analyze some potential adverse macroeconomic side-effects of aid transfers: Real appreciation of the recipient′s currency may impair the aggregate output via crowding-out productive export sectors, the so-called Dutch Disease.
We use simplified balance sheets to elucidate the effects of four typical combinations of the following actions: The government may or may not spend the value of the aid transfer for nontradable goods. The central bank may or may not sell the respective reserves.
If the loss of competitiveness induced by the appreciation is over-compensated by the improved productivity induced by the use of the transfer, then there is no need to worry about the Dutch Disease.
Ovarian Dysgerminoma / Disgerminom Jajnika
Authors: Devic Ana , Vasiljevic Mladenko , Devic Aleksandar , Sorak Marija 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Ovarian dysgerminoma (OD) is one of the most common malignant tumours of the ovarian germ cells, comprising 1-2% of all malignant ovarian tumours. It most commonly occurs between the ages of 10 and 30. The treatment is primarily surgical; however, in the advanced stages of the disease, surgical treatment is followed by chemotherapy.
We report a case of a 19-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with bilateral ovarian dysgerminoma. The patient was first operated for dysgerminoma on the left ovary and an ovariectomy was performed. A month later, she underwent surgery again because of the appearance of a residual tumour in the lodge of the removed ovary; the rest of the tumour was removed at that time. The histological finding was dysgerminoma ovarii, FIGO stage 1c. As agreed on by the consulting team, the patient returned for a follow-up ultrasound examination every three months. Nevertheless, nine months after the operation, she was diagnosed with dysgerminoma of the right ovary. Surgical treatment was performed again, and the tumour was removed. The histological finding on the second occasion was dysgerminoma ovarii, FIGO stage IIa, according to the TNM classification T2aNxMx. To preserve the reproductive capacity of the patient, the consulting team agreed to treat the patient with chemotherapy, i.e., 3 cycles of BEP [Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin (Platinum)]. Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and clinical examination after the therapy were normal. The patient is monitored in regular intervals, feels good and has no signs of the disease after five years.
Zinc and Gold Complexes in the Treatment of Breast Cancer / Kompleksi Cinka I Zlata U Lecenju Karcinoma Dojke
Authors: Benazic Sasa , Silconi Zana Besser , Milovanovic Jelena , Arsenijevic Aleksandar , Stojanovic Bojana , Milovanovic Marija , Kanjevac Tatjana 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Metals are essential components in indispensable biochemical processes for living organisms. This review article highlights the metals zinc and gold in the development and treatment of breast cancer. Metal compounds off er many advantages as therapeutics due to their ability to coordinate ligands in a three-dimensional configuration. In aqueous solution, they form positively charged ions that can bind to negatively charged biological molecules. Metal complexes that contain metal ions such as zinc(II) and gold have received considerable attention as potential anticancer agents. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in a wide range of cellular processes that include structural, signalling, catalytic and regulatory functions. Zinc acts as a key structural component in many proteins and enzymes, including transcription factors, cellular signalling proteins, and DNA repair enzymes, and perturbed levels of zinc in tissues may play a role in cancer aetiology and outcome. Unlike zinc, gold is feasible as a component of compounds for effective anticancer therapy. Some progress in anticancer therapy may include interactions between zinc and gold.