bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between job strain and coronary heart disease: evidence from an English sample of the working male population
Authors: SACKER A. , BARTLEY M. J. , FRITH D. , FITZPATRICK R. M. , MARMOT M. G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Many, but not all, studies have reported that job strain is related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To date, this relationship has not been tested on an English full population sample. This study examines whether the demand–control model of job strain contributes to our understanding of the determinants of coronary heart disease.Methods. The analysis uses data from 4350 working men aged 20–64 in the 1993 Health Survey for England. Job demand and control characteristics were determined by questionnaire. Several health outcomes were examined: self-rated health; psychiatric health; angina and possible myocardial infarction, measured by the Rose questionnaire; doctor-diagnosed heart disease; any heart disease. The relationship between job strain and the health outcomes was determined by logistic regression analyses after controlling for known confounders.Results. Those in high strain jobs consistently reported poorer health on all measures than men with lower strain. Similarly, men reporting low job strain were least likely to report poor health in 5/6 health outcomes. Those with intermediate levels of strain tended to have intermediate prevalence rates for poor health. The pattern of association between job strain and the CHD was independent of coronary risk factors.Conclusions. The analyses broadly support Karasek's demand–control model of job strain. Health selection into low strain jobs may account for the lack of an association between job strain and doctor diagnosed heart disease while independent associations between job strain and all CHD measures considered together indicate that job strain may have aetiological significance for heart disease.
The incidence of first-onset depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85
Authors: PÁLSSON S. P. , ÖSTLING S. , SKOOG I. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Due to the limited data available, it is not clear whether the incidence of first-onset depression varies with age in the elderly.Methods. A representative sample of individuals born 1901–2 (N = 392) was examined at the ages of 70, 75, 79, 81, 83 and 85 years by psychiatrists using a semi-structured schedule. Information on depressive episodes was also collected from self-report and examination of case records. Depression was diagnosed according to the DSM-III-R criteria.Results. The incidence of depression was 12 per 1000 person-years in men and 30 per 1000 person-years in women between the ages of 70 and 85 (sex difference P = 0·001). The incidence increased from 17 per 1000 person-years (men 8·7, women 23·2, P = 0·007) between the ages of 70 and 79 to 44 per 1000 person years (men 27·0, women 52·8, P = 0·166) between 79 and 85 (age difference: RR 2·6, P < 0·001; men RR 3·1, P = 0·036; women RR 2·3, P = 0·003) . A diagnosis of depression was associated with increased mortality and refusal rate during the 15-year follow-up. Previous episodes of depression were associated with an increased risk of further episodes. The prevalence of depression increased from 5·6% at the age of 70 to 13·0% at the age of 85. The lifetime prevalence of depression was 23% in men and 45% in women.Conclusions. Both the incidence and prevalence of depression increased with age in this longitudinally followed birth cohort, and the incidence was higher in women than in men.
Use of formal and informal sources of mental health
care among older African-American public-housing residents
Authors: BLACK B. S. , RABINS P. V. , GERMAN P. , ROCA R. , McGUIRE M. , BRANT L. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Elderly residents of public housing have
high rates of psychiatric disorders, but most
of those in need of care do not use any mental health service. This study
examines the use of
formal and alternative informal sources of mental health care in a sample
of elderly
African-American public-housing residents.Method. Data from an epidemiological survey of six Baltimore

public-housing developments for the
elderly (weighted N=818) were analysed to examine the utilization

of mental health services by
older African-American residents. Logistic regression analyses were used

to determine correlates of
using formal and informal sources by those needing mental health care.Results. Thirty-five per cent of subjects needed mental health

care. Less than half (47%) of those
in need received any mental health care in the previous 6 months.
Residents in need were more likely
to use formal (38·5%) than informal sources (18·6%) for care.

The strongest correlates of using
formal providers were substance use disorder (OR=15·62), Medicare

insurance (OR=10·31) and
psychological distress (OR=10·27). The strongest correlates of
using informal sources were
perceiving little or no support from religious/spiritual beliefs
(OR=21·65), cognitive disorder
(OR=19·71) and having a confidant (OR=15·07).Conclusions. Contrary to elderly African-Americans in general,

those in public housing rely more
on formal than informal sources for mental health problems. Nevertheless,

both sources fail to fill
the gap between need and met need. Interventions to increase identification,

referral and treatment
of elderly public-housing residents in need should target general
medical providers and clergy and
include assertive outreach by mental health specialists.
The generation of life events in recurrent and
non-recurrent depression
Authors: HARKNESS K. L. , MONROE S. M. , SIMONS A. D. , THASE M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The stress generation hypothesis proposed
by Hammen (1991) holds that depressed
individuals generate stressful conditions for themselves, which lead to
recurrence. The original test
of this hypothesis compared dependent life events in women with recurrent
depression to medical
and normal controls. Two further research questions emerged from this work:
(a) do individuals
with a history of many depressive episodes generate more dependent life
events than depressives
with fewer episodes?; and (b) what is the aetiological relevance
of any stress that may be generated?Methods. The present research tested differences in dependent
and independent events between
depressed individuals who had experienced: (a) no previous major
depressive episodes; (b) one
previous episode; and (c) two or more previous episodes. We predicted
that, based on the stress
generation hypothesis, recurrent depressives would show more dependent
events than people
without a depression history, and that these generated stressors would
be of aetiological importance
for precipitating recurrence (i.e. severe events in the 3 months preceding
recurrence).Results. Recurrent depressives experienced significantly more
total dependent events than first-onset depressives in the 12 months, but
not the 3 months, preceding their episode.Conclusions. Although the findings supported the general premise of stress
generation, the
aetiological relevance of the generated stress for recurrence requires
further study.
Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion in patients with
seasonal affective disorder in natural summer remission
Authors: LAM R. W. , BOWERING T. A. , TAM E. M. , GREWAL A. , YATHAM L. N. , SHIAH I. S. , ZIS A. P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Serotonergic mechanisms have been proposed for the pathophysiology of seasonal
affective disorder (SAD) and the therapeutic effect of bright-light treatment. Previously, we showed
that SAD patients, in clinical remission with light therapy during the winter, experienced transient
depressive relapses after a rapid tryptophan depletion (RTD) technique, which results in decreased
brain serotonin levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of RTD in SAD
patients who were in natural summer remission.Methods. Twelve drug-free patients with SAD by DSM-IV criteria and 10 normal subjects
participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. SAD patients were in natural
summer remission for at least 8 weeks. Behavioural ratings and plasma tryptophan levels were
obtained before, and 5 h after, ingesting an amino acid (AA) mixture±tryptophan. Experimental
RTD and control sessions were scheduled 1 week apart.Results. The RTD session resulted in significant reduction in total and free plasma tryptophan
levels compared to the control session. The behavioural data were analysed using repeated measures
analysis of variance. This analysis found significant main effects of time (higher scores after AA
ingestion) and diagnosis (higher scores in SAD patients), but no main effect of session or significant
interaction effects between the three factors. Thus, there were no significant behavioural effects of
RTD compared to the sham depletion control session.Conclusions. The summer remission experienced by SAD patients is not dependent on plasma
tryptophan levels (and presumably brain serotonin function) in the same manner as that of
remission after light therapy. These results conflict with those of other laboratories, perhaps because
of differences in study samples.
The general practitioner as the first contacted health
professional by patients with psychosocial problems:
a European study
Authors: BOERMA WIENKE G. W. , VERHAAK PETER F. M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There are considerable differences between and within countries in the involvement of
general practitioners (GPs) in psychosocial care. This study aimed to describe the self-perceived role
of GPs in 30 European countries as the first contacted professional for patients with psychosocial
problems, and to examine the relationship with characteristics of the health care system, practice
organization and doctors.Methods. Data collected in the European Study of GP Task Profiles were analysed in relation to
the self-perceived involvement of GPs in psychosocial care. In 30 countries 7233 GPs answered
standardized questionnaires in their own languages about seven brief case scenarios. The questions
focused on care given as the first health care professional contacted, and were answered in a scored
scale (1–4) ranging from ‘never’ to ‘almost always’. Independent variables examined were both on
a national level and on an individual level, including: listed practice population, referral system,
employment status of GPs, workload, measures of practice organization, contacts with social
workers and urbanization of practice area. Data were analysed using multi-level techniques.Results. Self-perceived involvement in psychosocial care was much higher in Western than in
Eastern Europe and also in countries with a referral system. Cooperation with social workers, rural
practice, keeping medical records, presence of an appointment system and high workload were
positively associated with this perceived involvement.Conclusions. In countries with self-employed doctors and a referral system, GPs are in a better
position to provide psychosocial care. GPs should be encouraged to cooperate with social workers
and to keep medical records of their patient contacts routinely.
Biophysical and biochemical investigations of RNA catalysis in the hammerhead ribozyme
Authors: Scott William G. 
Published: July 2002

1. How do ribozymes work? 2412. The hammerhead RNA as a prototype ribozyme 2422.1 RNA enzymes 2422.2 Satellite self-cleaving RNAs 2422.3 Hammerhead RNAs and hammerhead ribozymes 2443. The chemical mechanism of hammerhead RNA self-cleavage 2463.1 Phosphodiester isomerization via an SN2(P) reaction 2473.2 The canonical role of divalent metal ions in the hammerhead ribozyme reaction 2513.3 The hammerhead ribozyme does not actually require metal ions for catalysis 2543.4 Hammerhead RNA enzyme kinetics 2574. Sequence requirements for hammerhead RNA self-cleavage 2604.1 The conserved core, mutagenesis and functional group modifications 2604.2 Ground-state vs. transition-state effects 2615. The three-dimensional structure of the hammerhead ribozyme 2625.1 Enzyme–inhibitor complexes 2625.2 Enzyme–substrate complex in the initial state 2645.3 Hammerhead ribozyme self-cleavage in the crystal 2645.4 The requirement for a conformational change 2655.5 Capture of conformational intermediates using crystallographic freeze-trapping 2665.6 The structure of a hammerhead ribozyme ‘early’ conformational intermediate 2675.7 The structure of a hammerhead ribozyme ‘later’ conformational intermediate 2685.8 Is the conformational change pH dependent? 2695.9 Isolating the structure of the cleavage product 2715.10 Evidence for and against additional large-scale conformation changes 2745.11 NMR spectroscopic studies of the hammerhead ribozyme 2786. Concluding remarks 2807. Acknowledgements 2818. References 2811. How do ribozymes work? 241The discovery that RNA can be an enzyme (Guerrier-Takada et al. 1983; Zaug & Cech, 1986)
has created the fundamental question of how RNA enzymes work. Before this discovery, it
was generally assumed that proteins were the only biopolymers that had sufficient complexity
and chemical heterogeneity to catalyze biochemical reactions. Clearly, RNA can adopt
sufficiently complex tertiary structures that make catalysis possible. How does the three-
dimensional structure of an RNA endow it with catalytic activity? What structural and
functional principles are unique to RNA enzymes (or ribozymes), and what principles are so
fundamental that they are shared with protein enzymes?
ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION: NAPLES 1799
Authors: Robertson John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTWO hundred years ago today, on 22 January 1799, French troops forced their way into the city of Naples. In doing so, they confirmed the authority of the Neapolitan Republic which had been proclaimed, one and indivisible, the day before by a group of patriots who had taken control of the Castel Sant'Elmo, the fortress on the hill immediately above the centre of the city. Thus began the last of the revolutions which can be regarded as the offspring of the great French Revolution of 1789. There is no denying that the Neapolitan Revolution, like its predecessors in northern Italy and elsewhere, depended on French military intervention. The patriots were not in control of the city before 22 January, and needed the French to quell the popular violence and disorder which had swept the city for the previous week. And when, after three months, the French withdrew their forces, the republicans' hold on the city was too precarious to last more than a few weeks.
All rock and roll is homosocial: the representation of women in the British rock music press
Authors: Davies Helen 
Published: July 2002

The British rock music press prides itself on its liberalism and radicalism, yet the discourses employed in music journalism exclude women from serious discussion both as musicians and as fans. In particular, the notion of credibility, which is of vital importance to the ‘serious’ rock music press, is constructed in such a way that it is almost completely unattainable for women.The most important and influential part of the British music press was until recently its two weekly music papers, Melody Maker (MM) and the New Musical Express (NME), both published by IPC magazines. The NME, launched in 1949, contains reviews, concert information and interviews with performers and describes itself as ‘a unique blend of irreverent journalism and musical expertise’ (www.ipc.co.uk). MM, which started life in 1926 as a paper for jazz musicians, had similar content but a greater emphasis on rock, as opposed to pop, music. It was relaunched in 1999 as a glossy magazine, before ceasing publication or, as IPC put it, merging with the NME, in December 2000.
THE USE OF TECHNOLOGIES TO MINIMIZE EXPOSURE TO PERIOPERATIVE ALLOGENEIC
BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN ELECTIVE SURGERY
Authors: Graham Ian D. , Fergusson Dean , McAuley Laura , Laupacis Andreas 
Published: July 2002

Background: Despite the growing medical and public interest in
reducing exposure to allogeneic blood, little is known about the use of
alternatives to allogeneic transfusion. This study was conducted to determine
the availability of these technologies in Canadian hospitals and was
undertaken under the auspices of the International Study of Peri-Operative
Transfusion (ISPOT), a 10-country study of the effectiveness of, attitudes
toward, and practices related to the use of alternatives to allogeneic
transfusion.Methods: A cross-sectional national mail survey of Canadian
hospitals with greater than 50 medical/surgical beds. Chiefs of
anesthesia, surgery, and the divisions of cardiac, orthopedic, vascular, and
urology were initially mailed a brief postcard asking which of seven
technologies were used in their center. This was then followed up with a
one-page questionnaire asking how frequently the technologies were used, their
thoughts on the appropriateness of the use of the technologies, barriers to
their greater use, and reasons for nonuse of the technologies.Results: Response rates to the postcard survey ranged from
70%–98%, depending on the technology and type of surgery, and ranged
from 27%–53% for the follow-up questionnaire. All technologies were used
most frequently in cardiac surgery. Aprotinin, tranexamic acid, aminocaproic
acid, desmopressin, and cell salvage were reported used in over 70% of cardiac
surgery centers. Of these, tranexamic acid and cell salvage were the only ones
used routinely in some centers. Acute normovolemic hemodilution and
erythropoietin were used in 45% and 20% of cardiac centers, respectively. The
drugs were used in less than 15% of orthopedic, vascular, and urologic
divisions, with the exception of desmopressin in urologic and vascular surgery
and aminocaproic acid in urologic surgery. The techniques of cell salvage and
acute normovolemic hemodilution were used in 30%–45% of these divisions,
with the exception of cell salvage, which was used in less than 15% of urology
units. In more than 60% of cases, the technologies were considered to be used
“about right,” although an important minority felt that they were
underused.Conclusions: In general, alternatives to perioperative allogeneic
transfusion were rarely used except in cardiac surgery.
Was women's work bad for babies? A view from the 1911 census
of England and Wales
Authors: GARRETT EILIDH M. 
Published: July 2002

Comments penned in the late-Victorian and Edwardian eras leave
few
doubts that many contemporaries believed that women's work (in the
sense of paid employment), particularly that of married women, was bad
for babies. Mothers who were employed in industry received particular
condemnation, accused by their critics of abandoning their children with
the most inadequate of childcare arrangements. As H. Jones, a doctor, put
it in 1894:The children of women engaged in industrial occupations suffer from
the effects of maternal
neglect. They are handicapped from the moment of their birth in the struggle
for existence,
and have to contend not only against the inevitable perils of infancy but
also against perils
due to their neglect by their mothers, and the ignorance of those to whose
care they are
entrusted.Such views did not go unchallenged, however, even at the turn of the
century. Some of Jones's critics, for instance, noting his particular
antipathy to women undertaking industrial occupations, argued that it
was the generally insanitary condition of the towns where women found
industrial employment which underlay the poor survival of their infants,
rather than their mothers' employment per se.
Reproductive suppression and pituitary sensitivity to exogenous GnRH in the highveld mole‐rat (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae)
Authors: van der Walt L. , Bennett N. C. , Schoeman S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe highveld mole‐rat Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae exhibits an extreme reproductive division of labour. Reproduction in this seasonally breeding social mole‐rat is restricted to a breeding pair. The non‐reproductive females seem to be physiologically suppressed from reproducing, whereas the non‐reproductive males are restricted from sexual activity through incest avoidance. Circulating basal concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) between reproductive and non‐reproductive females were not significantly different, yet the response to an exogenous gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) challenge was significantly lower in non‐reproductive females when compared to reproductive females. The mean basal LH concentration in non‐reproductive females was not significantly different in and out of the breeding season. However, the magnitude of the LH response in non‐reproductive females out of the breeding season was greater than in the breeding season. The ovaries of reproductive females showed little change with respect to season. However, reproductive females had enhanced follicular activity in comparison to their non‐reproductive counterparts. This suggests that non‐reproductive females are under stricter control from the reproductive female when she is pregnant. The tropical African mole‐rats exhibit a continuum of socially induced infertility with differing social species inhabiting regions of varying degrees of aridity. In this spectrum, a predominantly behavioural repression is found amongst non‐reproductive females in social mesic‐adapted species, whereas a strictly physiological suppression is operative amongst non‐reproductive females in arid‐adapted social species. Here we show that the mesic‐adapted highveld mole‐rat does not fit this trend in that the non‐reproductive females seem to be physiologically suppressed. We discuss this in light of the seasonality of breeding and the ecological constraints that may operate during times of drought.
Integrating climate forecasts and natural gas supply information into a natural gas purchasing decision
Authors: Changnon David , Ritsche Michael , Elyea Karen , Shelton Steve , Schramm Kevin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper illustrates a key lesson related to most uses of long‐range climate forecast information, namely that effective weather‐related decision‐making requires understanding and integration of weather information with other, often complex factors. Northern Illinois University's heating plant manager and staff meteorologist, along with a group of meteorology students, worked together to assess different types of available information that could be used in an autumn natural gas purchasing decision. Weather information assessed included the impact of ENSO events on winters in northern Illinois and the Climate Prediction Center's (CPC) long‐range climate outlooks. Non‐weather factors, such as the cost and available supplies of natural gas prior to the heating season, contribute to the complexity of the natural gas purchase decision. A decision tree was developed and it incorporated three parts: (a) natural gas supply levels, (b) the CPC long‐lead climate outlooks for the region, and (c) an ENSO model developed for DeKalb. The results were used to decide in autumn whether to lock in a price or ride the market each winter. The decision tree was tested for the period 1995–99, and returned a cost‐effective decision in three of the four winters. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Remarks on Salkie and Reed's (1997) ‘pragmatic hypothesis’ of tense in reported speech
Authors: Declerck Renaat 
Published: July 2002

Salkie & Reed (1997) offer a ‘pragmatic hypothesis’ of tense in reported speech which runs counter to Jespersen's & Comrie's quotative or ‘sequence of tenses’ analysis as well as to the more semantically based analysis proposed by Declerck (1990b, 1991a). In doing so they also cast doubt on the model of the English tense system which was proposed by Declerck (1991a) and has since been further refined and elaborated in a number of articles and in Declerck (1997).The present article goes into the many arguments that S&R advance, refutes them, and adduces additional evidence for D's theory and against S&R's ‘pragmatic hypothesis’.