bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicidal Behaviours in Affective Disorders: A Defcit of Cognitive Inhibition?
Authors: Richard-Devantoy Stéphane , Gorwood Philip , Annweiler Cédric , Olié Jean-Pierre , Le Gall Didier , Beauchet Olivier 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Suicide has been related to affective disorders. We hypothesized that suicide could be associated with cognitive inhibition deficit. Our study aimed to systematically review all published articles that examined the relation between cognitive inhibition defcit and suicidal behaviours (that is, suicide attempt or suicidal ideation) in patients with affective disorders. Method: We performed an English and French MEDLINE and EMBASE search, ranging from 1970 to 2010, indexed under the MeSH terms of suicide, neuropsychology, neuropsychological tests, and executive function, combined with the following title and abstract terms: neuropsychological functions, executive functioning, and executive performance. Results: Among the 164 selected studies, 9 observational studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final analysis. The number of participants ranged from 57 to 244 (28% to 66%, respectively, were men). Executive dysfunction was more frequently found among patients with suicidal behaviours. In particular, higher cognitive inhibition deficit was observed in depressed subjects with suicide behaviours, compared with depressed subjects without any suicidal behaviour. The results of the meta-analysis showed a higher impairment in inhibition score, according to the number of perseverations in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Cohen d = 0.68) than in inhibition according to the time needed to perform the Trail-Making Test part B ( d = 0.01) among patients with suicidal behaviour, compared with patients with no suicidal behaviour. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis showed a positive association between cognitive inhibition defcit and suicide attempts in patients with affective disorders. Future research should examine whether cognitive inhibition deficit precedes the suicidal behaviour.
The Enablers and Barriers to the Use of Direct Observation of Trainee Clinical Skills by Supervising Faculty in a Psychiatry Residency Program
Authors: Madan Robert , Conn David , Dubo Elyse , Voore Peter , Wiesenfeld Leslie 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Studies have reported that medical trainees do not get sufficient direct observation. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of direct observation and the enablers and barriers to direct observation in the department of psychiatry at a large Canadian university. Method: Focus groups and interviews explored the role and use of direct observation, followed by a survey both of faculty and of residents. Results: Direct observation was used in various contexts in the residents' last rotation. Missed opportunities are identified. Enablers include financial compensation, guidelines, and a discussion at the beginning of each clinical rotation. Barriers are identified at the resident, faculty, and administrative levels. Conclusions: Direct observation is used in many contexts in psychiatric training. While there are barriers which limit its use, our data indicate numerous potential enablers and missed opportunities for more observation.
Treatment of Psychopathology in People with Intellectual and other Disabilities
Authors: Sturmey Peter 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the psychosocial, pharmacological, and other treatments of psychopathology in people with intellectual disabilities (IDs), autism, and other developmental disabilities (DDs). Method: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of psychosocial, pharmacological, and other treatments for people with DDs are reviewed. Results: There is strong evidence for applied behaviour analysis (ABA) and other behavioural treatments of some forms of psychopathology. There is little good evidence to support the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy, cognitive therapy, sensory interventions, and other forms of psychosocial interventions. Recently, more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychopharmacology have been published, especially with people with autism spectrum disorders. Most RCTs were for externalizing behaviour problems, rather than for psychopathology. These RCTs offer only preliminary support for the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. No evidence was found for the effectiveness of other biological treatments. Conclusions: Current research supports the use of ABA and other behavioural interventions for some forms of psychopathology. Evidence for the effectiveness of other interventions is limited or absent.
Racial Discrimination Experienced by Aboriginal University Students in Canada
Authors: Currie Cheryl L , Wild T Cameron , Schopflocher Donald P , Laing Lory , Veugelers Paul 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Racial discrimination is an established life course social determinant of health associated with adverse psychological outcomes among minority populations. However, little is known about the extent to which Aboriginal people in Canada may experience racial discrimination and consequent adverse psychological effects. This study sought to measure the extent to which Aboriginal university students living in an urban area of Canada experienced racism, to triangulate this evidence with US data and qualitative findings, and to examine the impact of these experiences on mental health. Methods: Data for this mixed method study were collected via in-person surveys with a volunteer sample of Aboriginal university students ( n = 60) living in a mid-sized city in central Canada in 2008–2009. Results: Results indicate Aboriginal university students experienced more frequent racism across a greater number of life situations than African- and Latino-American adults in the United States. Student reactions to these experiences were symptomatic of what has been termed racial battle fatigue in the United States. Students who considered themselves traditional or cultural Aboriginal persons were significantly more likely to experience discrimination. Conclusions: Results underline the need for policies aimed at reducing racism directed at Aboriginal people in urban areas and the growth of services to help Aboriginal people cope with these experiences. Results highlight the need for further research to determine the potential pathogenic consequences of racial discrimination for Aboriginal people in Canada.
The Incidence of First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychosis in Adolescents and Young Adults in Montreal: An Estimate from an Administrative Claims Database
Authors: Anderson Kelly K , Fuhrer Rebecca , Abrahamowicz Michal , Malla Ashok K 
Published: January 2017

Objective: There has been increasing interest in the psychiatric literature on research and service delivery focused on first-episode psychosis (FEP), and accurate information on the incidence of FEP is crucial for the development of services targeting patients in the early stages of illness. We sought to obtain a population-based estimate of the incidence of first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis (SSP) among adolescents and young adults in Montreal. Methods: Population-based administrative data from physician billings, hospitalizations, pharmacies, and public health clinics were used to estimate the incidence of first-episode SSP in Montreal. A 3-year period (2004–2006) was used to identify patients with SSP aged 14 to 25 years. We used a 4- to 6-year clearance period to remove patients with a history of any psychotic disorder or prescription for an antipsychotic. Results: We identified 456 patients with SSP, yielding a standardized annual incidence of 82.9 per 100 000 for males (95% CI 73.7 to 92.1), and 32.2 per 100 000 for females (95% CI 26.7 to 37.8). Using ecologic indicators of material and social deprivation, we found a higher-incidence proportion of SSP among people living in the most deprived areas, relative to people living in the least deprived areas. Conclusions: Clinical samples obtained from psychiatric services are unlikely to capture all treatment-seeking patients, and epidemiologic surveys have resource-intensive constraints, making this approach challenging for rare forms of psychopathology; therefore, population-based administrative data may be a useful tool for studying the frequency of psychotic disorders.
Predicting Hospital Length of Stay for Geriatric Patients with Mood Disorders
Authors: Ismail Zahinoor , Arenovich Tamara , Grieve Charlotte , Willett Peggie , Sajeev Gautam , Mamo David C , MacQueen Glenda M , Mulsant Benoit H 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine predictors of hospital length of stay (LOS) for adult and geriatric patients with mood disorders admitted to inpatient psychiatric beds. Method: Admission and discharge data from a large urban mental health centre, from 2005 to 2010 inclusive, were retrospectively analyzed. Using the Resident Assessment Instrument—Mental Health, an assessment that is used to collect demographic and clinical information within 72 hours of hospital admission, 199 geriatric mood disorder admissions were compared with 570 adult mood disorder admissions. Predictors of hospital LOS were determined using a series of general linear models. Results: Living alone, number of recent psychiatric admissions, involuntary admission, and close or constant observation level predict longer hospital LOS in geriatric, but not in adult mood disorder, patients. Conversely, pain on admission predicts shorter hospital LOS in geriatric, but not among adult, mood disorder patients. Predictors of longer hospital LOS, irrespective of admission group (adult, compared with geriatric), include incapacity, negative symptoms, and increased dependence for instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusions: Addressing these predictive factors early on during admission and in the community may result in shorter hospital LOS and more optimal use of resources.
The Impact of Winning and Losing on Family Interactions: A Biological Approach to Family Therapy
Authors: Sloman Leon , Sturman Edward D 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the connection between winning and losing and family functioning. We do this by hypothesizing a link between successful outcomes in individual competition and in functional family interaction. This enables us to show how therapeutic interventions can be directed toward the attachment system, by lowering anxiety and fostering mutual trust, and toward the social rank system, by promoting success and feelings of empowerment. Method: A search of online databases was conducted with key search terms related to winning and losing, and their effects on attachment patterns and family interactions. Results: Winning in agonistic encounters has been associated with lowered dysphoria, anxiety, and hostility. These affective states trigger positive patterns of family interaction through their effect on the social rank and attachment systems. Conclusion: Continued success promotes adaptive cycles of interaction, whereas inability to accept loss has the reverse effect. Early humans, who were more successful in competition, were better able to promote the survival and well-being of other family members, which would have accelerated our phylogenetic adaptation.
The Significance of At-Risk or Prodromal Symptoms for Bipolar I Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Hauser Marta , Correll Christoph U 
Published: January 2017

While in the early identification and intervention of psychosis-specific instruments and risk criteria have been generated and validated, research into indicated preventive strategies for bipolar I disorder (BD I) has only recently gained momentum. As the first signs of BD I often start before adulthood, such efforts are especially important in the vulnerable pediatric population. Data are summarized regarding the presence and nature of potentially prodromal, that is, subsyndromal, symptoms prior to BD I, defined by first-episode mania, focusing on pediatric patients. Research indicates the possibility of early identification of youth at clinical high risk for BD. Support for this proposition comes from retrospective studies of BD I patients, as well as prospective studies of community samples, offspring of BD I subjects, youth with depressive disorders, and patients at high risk for psychosis or with bipolar spectrum disorders without lifetime history of mania. These data provide essential insight into potential signs and symptoms that may enable presyndromal identification of BD I in youth. However, except for offspring studies, broader prospective approaches that focus on youth at clinical high risk for BD I and on developing specific interviews and (or) rating scales and risk criteria are mostly missing, or in their early stage. More work is needed to determine valid and sufficiently specific clinical high-risk criteria, to distinguish risk factors, endophenotypes, and comorbidities from prodromal symptomatology, and to develop phase-specific interventions that titrate the risk of intervention to the risk of transition to mania and to functional impairment or distress. Moreover, studies are needed that determine potential differences in prodromal symptoms and trajectories between children, adolescents, and adults, and the best phase-specific interventions.
The Influence of Perceived Social Support on Medication Adherence in First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Rabinovitch Mark , Cassidy Clifford , Schmitz Norbert , Joober Ridha , Malla Ashok 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Our study examines the unique influence of social and family support on adherence to medication in a sample of patients treated for first-episode psychosis (FEP). Method: Social and family support using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and medication adherence (consensus of subjective and objective data) were evaluated on a monthly basis during a 6-month period in a sample of 82 FEP patients. The relation between social support and adherence was evaluated using correlational and linear regression analyses, controlling for other relevant variables. A longitudinal analysis using hierarchical linear models was conducted to model change in adherence over time. Results: Monthly correlations between social support and adherence were significant at 4 of 7 time points during a 6-month period. There was a modest correlation between the percentage of months of good adherence and the average level of family support across the study period. The linear regression failed to demonstrate a significant relation between baseline social support and overall adherence during the entire study period. Change in social support over time was inversely associated with change in adherence. Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the concurrent influence of social (mostly family) support on adherence but this effect does not persist over time. Changes in the degree of social support may have a complex effect on changes in adherence.
Risk Factors for Progression of Alzheimer Disease in a Canadian Population: The Canadian Outcomes Study in Dementia (COSID)
Authors: Herrmann Nathan , Harimoto Tetsuhiro , Balshaw Robert , Lanctôt Krista L ,   The Canadian Outcomes Study in Dementia (COSID) Investigators (members)5
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine risk factors for clinically significant progression during 12 months in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease. Method: Community-dwelling patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease were enrolled in a 3–year prospective study, the Canadian Outcomes Study in Dementia (commonly referred to as COSID), at 32 Canadian sites. Assessments included the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) for disease severity, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognition, the Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF) for daily functioning, and the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI) for behaviour, measured at baseline and at 12 months. Logistic regression identified factors associated with GDS decline, and subsequent stepwise regression identified key independent predictors. Area under the curve (AUC) was then calculated for the model. Results: Among 488 patients (mean age 76.5 years [SD 6.4], MMSE 22.1 [SD4.6], 44.1% male), 225 (46%) showed GDS decline. After adjusting for age, baseline risk factors for deterioration included the following: poorer cognition (lower MMSE score, OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.72 per 5 points, P = 0.001), greater dependence (lower SMAF, OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.83 per 5 points, P = 0.001), and more neuropsychiatric symptoms (higher NPI, OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.2 per 5 points, P = 0.02), with a protective effect of male sex (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.9, P = 0.02), and higher (worse) GDS score (very mild, compared with mild OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.70, P = 0.01; compared with moderate, OR 0.08; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.23, P < 0.001; compared with moderately severe, OR 0.03; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.11, P < 0.001). The AUC was 73% ( P < 0.001) (sensitivity 90% and specificity 33%). Conclusion: The progression of Alzheimer disease in Canada can be predicted using readily available clinical information.
Poverty and Mental Illness
Authors: Saraceno Benedetto , Barbui Corrado 
Published: January 2017

Objective To assess the relationship between poverty and mental illness in order to stimulate debate on future international cooperation programs in mental health. Method Epidemiological data in the international literature addressing the issue of material poverty as a risk factor for the development of mental illness and as a prognostic factor for the outcome of mental illness were reviewed. Results The international literature reviewed supports the notion that material poverty is a risk factor for a negative outcome among mentally ill people. In addition, preliminary epidemiological data suggest that service-related variables may be determinants of outcome of mental illnesses. In our view, cooperation with developing countries is a great opportunity to evaluate mental health services in a natural setting. Conclusions A new generation of programs for international cooperation in mental health is needed, in which knowledge and technology transfer is based on a service-research attitude. Attention should be focused on variables related to the poverty of services that might be linked to the course and outcome of mental illnesses.
Are Dependency and Self-Criticism Risk Factors for Major Depressive Disorder?
Authors: Zaretsky Ari E , Fava Maurizio , Davidson Katharine G , Pava Joel A , Matthews John , Rosenbaum Jerrold F 
Published: January 2017

Objective To determine whether dependent and self-critical personality traits are associated with specific types of life events and whether these traits change with pharmacotherapy. Method Overall, 142 depressed outpatients completing 8 weeks of fluoxetine treatment were administered the Life Experiences Survey (LES) at baseline and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) at baseline and endpoint. Results The DAS dependency subscale, but not the self-criticism subscale, showed significant correlations with life events regardless of congruency. Baseline HDRS scores were positively correlated with both DAS subscales and total score. The DAS subscales, the total DAS score, and the HDRS all improved significantly with treatment. Conclusions These results confirm a growing body of research that has found an association between sociotropic or dependent personality traits and life events.
The Self-Mutilative Nature of Severe Onychophagia: A Comparison with Self-Cutting
Authors: Wells Jennifer H , Haines Janet , Williams Christopher L , Brain Kerryn L 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To investigate the psychophysiological pattern associated with severe and mild onychophagia, and to compare this pattern with that demonstrated by previous research on self-cutting. Method: Comparisons between the psychophysiological responses accompanying 3 behaviours were made using a guided imagery methodology. Imagery ofnail-related, skin-cutting, and neutral events were presented in 4 stages. Results: Experiment I distinguished participants exhibiting severe and mild onychophagia by the severity and frequency of nail-biting and by the pattern of psychophysiological response across the stages. Experiment II indicated that the change in psychophysiological arousal accompanying severe onychophagia was not as dramatic as that demonstrated for skin-cutting. The behaviour seems to be less effective in reducing tension. Conclusion: Severe onychophagia appears to manage the level of tension experienced by an individual, instead of dramatically reducing it in times of crisis. Such a process is consistent with that demonstrated in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Paternal Filicide: A Study of 10 Men
Authors: Marleau Jacques D , Poulin Bernard , Webanck Thierry , Roy Renée , Laporte Line 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To describe the psychiatric and sociodemographic profiles of 10 men who killed 1 or more of their children. Method: Data were gathered from psychiatric, psychological, and criminological assessments found in the files of 10 filicidal men hospitalized at the Institut Philippe Pinel de Montréal between 1982 and 1994. Results: Many situational factors were present during the period preceding the offence (such as the possibility of a separation or financial problems). Most of these homicides have been classified as pathological filicides. At the time of the offence, the most frequent diagnoses were mood disorders. Eight subjects had personality disorders, one-half of which were borderline personality disorders. Four men had psychotic symptoms at the time of the offence. Six of the 10 men also killed or attempted to kill their spouses. Conclusion: Many factors are involved in the dynamics of a filicidal situation. It is therefore difficult to identify specific warning signals for the prevention of this type of homicide. However, mental health professionals and the general population must be made aware of the importance of early assessment of possible filicidal tendencies when a man verbalizes delusional ideas about his child and/or if he manifests disorganized and bizarre behaviour.
A New Factor in Youth Suicide: The Relative Age Effect
Authors: Thompson Angus H , Barnsley Roger H , Dyck Ronald J 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine whether youth in Alberta who had completed suicide were more likely to be younger than their classmates on entering grade 1 (that is, showed a relative age effect). Method: Records were obtained for all deaths by suicide by individuals under the age of 20 years in Alberta during the years 1979–1992. The relative age of each of these persons was determined by comparing his or her month of birth to the birth months of the appropriate school-grade cohort. Results: A disproportionate number of the subjects were born in the second half of the “school eligibility year,” indicating a higher probability that those who completed suicide were younger than their classmates. Conclusions: Previous research indicates that relative age is strongly related to school performance and success in sports. The present study demonstrates that the relative age effect is also a factor in youth suicide. It is suggested that the higher incidence of youth suicide in the group of relatively younger school children may have resulted from poorer school performance, which in turn led to lowered confidence and self esteem. Past research suggests that these conditions may predispose children to hopelessness and depression, which are often thought to be essential components of suicide. Research aimed at neutralizing the negative effects of relative age should have important personal and social consequences.