bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed Seismicity Rate Changes Controlled by Static Stress Transfer
Authors: Kroll Kayla A. , Richards‐Dinger Keith B. , Dieterich James H. , Cochran Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOn 15 June 2010, aMw5.7 earthquake occurred near Ocotillo, California, in the Yuha Desert. This event was the largest aftershock of the 4 April 2010Mw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (EMC) earthquake in this region. The EMC mainshock and subsequent Ocotillo aftershock provide an opportunity to test the Coulomb failure hypothesis (CFS). We explore the spatiotemporal correlation between seismicity rate changes and regions of positive and negative CFS change imparted by the Ocotillo event. Based on simple CFS calculations we divide the Yuha Desert into three subregions, one triggering zone and two stress shadow zones. We find the nominal triggering zone displays immediate triggering, one stress shadowed region experiences immediate quiescence, and the other nominal stress shadow undergoes an immediate rate increase followed by a delayed shutdown. We quantitatively model the spatiotemporal variation of earthquake rates by combining calculations of CFS change with the rate‐state earthquake rate formulation of Dieterich (1994), assuming that each subregion contains a mixture of nucleation sources that experienced a CFS change of differing signs. Our modeling reproduces the observations, including the observed delay in the stress shadow effect in the third region following the Ocotillo aftershock. The delayed shadow effect occurs because of intrinsic differences in the amplitude of the rate response to positive and negative stress changes and the time constants for return to background rates for the two populations. We find that rate‐state models of time‐dependent earthquake rates are in good agreement with the observed rates and thus explain the complex spatiotemporal patterns of seismicity.
An Investigation of the Accuracy of Coulomb Stress Changes Inferred From Geodetic Observations Following Subduction Zone Earthquakes
Authors: Stressler Bryan J. , Barnhart William D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEarthquake clustering along plate boundaries suggests that earthquakes may interact, and static Coulomb stress change (CSC) is commonly invoked as one possible mechanism for stress transfer between earthquakes and nearby faults. Previous work has addressed the precision of CSC predictions that are influenced by observational noise, inversion regularization, and simplified modeling assumptions. Here we address the accuracy of CSC predictions informed by geodetic observations in subduction zones where inversion model resolution is poor. We conduct synthetic tests to quantify the degree to which the sign and magnitude of CSC can be reliably inferred from slip distributions inverted from various geodetic observations (interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), GPS, and seafloor observations). We find that in an idealized subduction zone, CSC can only be confidently inferred for receiver faults far (tens of kilometers) from the earthquake source, though this distance shortens with the addition of synthetic seafloor observations. We apply this methodology to the 2010Mw8.8 Maule earthquake and identify 13 aftershocks from a population of 475 documented events for which we can confidently resolve coseismic stress changes. These results demonstrate that the low model resolution of fault slip inversions in subduction zones limits our ability to address fundamental questions about earthquake sources and stress interactions. Nonetheless, our results highlight that stress change predictions are considerably more accurate after the introduction of seafloor geodetic observations. Additionally, we show that InSAR observations are not required to substantially improve stress change approximations in regions where GPS may be the only viable observation, such as in island arcs settings.
Three‐Dimensional Crustal Architecture Beneath the Sikkim Himalaya and Its Relationship to Active Deformation
Authors: Paul Himangshu , Mitra Supriyo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe study the 3‐D variation of the crustal structure of the Sikkim Himalaya using broadband seismological data acquired from a focused network of seven stations spanning the Lesser, Higher, and Tethyan Himalaya. Common conversion point stacking of receiver functions recorded along an across‐strike profile of the Himalaya reveals first‐order northward dip on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), a midcrustal discontinuity and the Moho, along with higher‐order lateral variations. Three‐dimensional images generated from joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersions show that the MHT has a ramp‐flat‐ramp geometry. The ramps are located beneath the Lesser Himalaya and the Tethyan Himalaya with dips of ∼7∘ and ∼15∘, respectively, connected by flat segments. The ramp beneath the Lesser Himalaya forms a dome structure, upwarping the thrust sheets associated with the Peling and Main Central Thrust. The erosional surface of this dome forms the arcuate geometry of thrusts observed in the Lesser Himalaya. The thickness of the underthrust Indian crust is 35–42 km and has an average VS of 3.63 km/s, similar to that of the Indian Shield crust. The Moho also has dome‐like structures separated by elongated, deeper sections trending NW‐SE. These are intersected by steeply dipping transverse low‐velocity zones, oblique to the strike of the Himalaya. We conjecture that these low‐velocity zones are the dextral‐strike slip faults known to be active beneath the Sikkim Himalaya. The observed alternate shallow and deep segments of the Moho must be a consequence of several cycles of strike‐slip displacement on these transverse faults.
Modeling Arctic sea‐ice algae: Physical drivers of spatial distribution and algae phenology
Authors: Castellani Giulia , Losch Martin , Lange Benjamin A. , Flores Hauke 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAlgae growing in sea ice represent a source of carbon for sympagic and pelagic ecosystems and contribute to the biological carbon pump. The biophysical habitat of sea ice on large scales and the physical drivers of algae phenology are key to understanding Arctic ecosystem dynamics and for predicting its response to ongoing Arctic climate change. In addition, quantifying potential feedback mechanisms between algae and physical processes is particularly important during a time of great change. These mechanisms include a shading effect due to the presence of algae and increased basal ice melt. The present study shows pan‐Arctic results obtained from a new Sea Ice Model for Bottom Algae (SIMBA) coupled with a 3‐D sea‐ice–ocean model. The model is evaluated with data collected during a ship‐based campaign to the Eastern Central Arctic in summer 2012. The algal bloom is triggered by light and shows a latitudinal dependency. Snow and ice also play a key role in ice algal growth. Simulations show that after the spring bloom, algae are nutrient limited before the end of summer and finally they leave the ice habitat during ice melt. The spatial distribution of ice algae at the end of summer agrees with available observations, and it emphasizes the importance of thicker sea‐ice regions for hosting biomass. Particular attention is given to the distinction between level ice and ridged ice. Ridge‐associated algae are strongly light limited, but they can thrive toward the end of summer, and represent an additional carbon source during the transition into polar night.
Effects of topography and Earth's rotation on the oblique interaction of internal solitary‐like waves in the Andaman Sea
Authors: Shimizu Kenji , Nakayama Keisuke 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHigh‐resolution three‐dimensional MITgcm simulations and an extended Miles theory are used to investigate the oblique interaction of internal solitary‐like waves (ISWs) in the Andaman Sea. Oblique solitary‐wave interaction is well studied in various fields of physics; however, this process in the ocean has seldom been investigated, despite the observations of its surface signature by remote sensing and potential fourfold increase of ISW amplitude by the development of a (Mach) stem. This study confirms the development of stem‐like ISWs under realistic oceanic conditions. The modeled interaction is found to be approximately consistent with the Miles theory extended to unequal incident‐wave amplitudes and small‐but‐finite incident angles. Although topography does not appear to affect the process in the deep part of the Andaman Sea, substantial topographic amplitude variation along the wave trough needs to be adjusted before comparisons with the theory. Earth's rotation has a small effect on ISW propagation due to the low latitude (≈9°N), but it does slow down the growth of stem‐like ISWs. Potential observation of the process by the next‐generation wide‐swath satellite altimeter is discussed.
Projections of Future Precipitation Extremes Over Europe: A Multimodel Assessment of Climate Simulations
Authors: Rajczak Jan , Schär Christoph 
Published: August 2017

AbstractProjections of precipitation and its extremes over the European continent are analyzed in an extensive multimodel ensemble of 12 and 50 km resolution EURO‐CORDEX Regional Climate Models (RCMs) forced by RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) aerosol and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. A systematic intercomparison with ENSEMBLES RCMs is carried out, such that in total information is provided for an unprecedentedly large data set of 100 RCM simulations. An evaluation finds very reasonable skill for the EURO‐CORDEX models in simulating temporal and geographical variations of (mean and heavy) precipitation at both horizontal resolutions. Heavy and extreme precipitation events are projected to intensify across most of Europe throughout the whole year. All considered models agree on a distinct intensification of extremes by often more than +20% in winter and fall and over central and northern Europe. A reduction of rainy days and mean precipitation in summer is simulated by a large majority of models in the Mediterranean area, but intermodel spread between the simulations is large. In central Europe and France during summer, models project decreases in precipitation but more intense heavy and extreme rainfalls. Comparison to previous RCM projections from ENSEMBLES reveals consistency but slight differences in summer, where reductions in southern European precipitation are not as pronounced as previously projected. The projected changes of the European hydrological cycle may have substantial impact on environmental and anthropogenic systems. In particular, the simulations indicate a rising probability of summertime drought in southern Europe and more frequent and intense heavy rainfall across all of Europe.
Diurnal Convection‐Wind Coupling in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas , Xie Shang‐Ping , Nasuno Tomoe 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSatellite observations of infrared brightness temperature and rainfall have shown offshore propagation of diurnal rainfall signals in some coastal areas of the tropics, suggesting that diurnal rainfall is coupled to land‐sea breeze circulations. Here we utilize satellite observations of surface winds and rainfall to show the offshore copropagation of land breeze and diurnal rainfall signals for 300–400 km from the east coast of India into the Bay of Bengal. The wind observations are from the 2003 Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)‐SeaWinds “tandem mission” and from 17 years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI); the rainfall observations are from the TRMM 3B42 product and from TMI. The surface wind convergence maximum leads the rainfall maximum by 1–2 h in the western part of the bay, implying that the land breeze forces the diurnal cycle of rainfall. The phase speed of the offshore propagation is approximately 18 m s−1, consistent with a deep hydrostatic gravity wave forced by diurnal heating over India. Comparisons with a cloud system‐resolving atmospheric model and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis indicate that the models realistically simulate the surface land breeze but greatly underestimate the amplitude of the rainfall diurnal cycle. The satellite observations presented in this study therefore provide a benchmark for model representation of this important atmosphere‐ocean‐land surface interaction.
Assessment of PlanIQ Feasibility DVH for head and neck treatment planning
Authors: Fried David V. , Chera Bhishamjit S. , Das Shiva K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionDesigning a radiation plan that optimally delivers both target coverage and normal tissue sparing is challenging. There are limited tools to determine what is dosimetrically achievable and frequently the experience of the planner/physician is relied upon to make these determinations. PlanIQ software provides a tool that uses target and organ at risk (OAR) geometry to indicate the difficulty of achieving different points for organ dose–volume histograms (DVH). We hypothesized that PlanIQ Feasibility DVH may aid planners in reducing dose to OARs.Methods and materialsClinically delivered head and neck treatments (clinical plan) were re‐planned (re‐plan) putting high emphasis on maximally sparing the contralateral parotid gland, contralateral submandibular gland, and larynx while maintaining routine clinical dosimetric objectives. The planner was blinded to the results of the clinically delivered plan as well as the Feasibility DVHs from PlanIQ. The re‐plan treatments were designed using 3‐arc VMAT in Raystation (RaySearch Laboratories, Sweden). The planner was then given the results from the PlanIQ Feasibility DVH analysis and developed an additional plan incorporating this information using 4‐arc VMAT (IQ plan). The DVHs across the three treatment plans were compared with what was deemed “impossible” by PlanIQ's Feasibility DVH (Impossible DVH). The impossible DVH (red) is defined as the DVH generated using the minimal dose that any voxel outside the targets must receive given 100% target coverage.ResultsThe re‐plans performed blinded to PlanIQ Feasibilty DVH achieved superior sparing of aforementioned OARs compared to the clinically delivered plans and resulted in discrepancies from the impossible DVHs by an average of 200–700 cGy. Using the PlanIQ Feasibility DVH led to additionalOAR sparing compared to both the re‐plans and clinical plans and reduced the discrepancies from the impossible DVHs to an average of approximately 100 cGy. The dose reduction from clinical to re‐plan and re‐plan to IQ plan were significantly different even when taking into account multiple hypothesis testing for both the contralateral parotid and the larynx (P < 0.004 for all comparisons). No significant differences were observed between the three plans for the contralateral parotid when considering multiple hypothesis testing.ConclusionsClinical treatment plans and blinded re‐plans were found to suboptimally spare OARs. PlanIQ could aid planners in generating treatment plans that push the limits of OAR sparing while maintaining routine clinical target coverage goals.
LMI‐based adaptive output feedback fault‐tolerant controller design for nonlinear systems
Authors: Azmi Hadi , Khosrowjerdi Mohammad Javad 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThis paper presents 2‐novel linear matrix inequality (LMI)‐based adaptive output feedback fault‐tolerant control strategies for the class of nonlinear Lipschitz systems in the presence of bounded matched or mismatched disturbances and simultaneous occurrence of actuator faults, including failure, loss of effectiveness, and stuck. The constructive algorithms based on LMI with creatively using Lyapunov stability theory and without the need for an explicit information about mode of actuator faults or fault detection and isolation mechanism are developed for online tuning of adaptive and fixed output‐feedback gains to stabilize the closed‐loop control system asymptotically. The proposed controllers guarantee to compensate actuator faults effects and to attenuate disturbance effects. The resulting control methods have simpler structure, as compared with most existing recent methods and more suitable for practical systems. The merits of the proposed fault‐tolerant control scheme have been verified by the simulation on nonlinear Boeing 747 lateral motion dynamic model subjected to actuator faults.
Integrated design of fault detection, isolation, and control for continuous‐time Markovian jump systems
Authors: Davoodi M. , Meskin N. , Khorasani K. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryIn this paper, the problem of integrated fault detection, isolation, and control design of continuous‐time Markovian jump linear systems with uncertain transition probabilities is introduced and addressed for the first time in the literature. A single Markovian jump module designated as the integrated fault detection, isolation, and control under a mixed robust
framework is considered to simultaneously achieve the desired detection, isolation, and control objectives. Conventional mixed robust
approaches to the fault detection and isolation problem lead to conservative results due to the selection of identical Lyapunov matrices. Consequently, the extended linear matrix inequality methodology is utilized in this work to reduce the conservativeness of standard approaches by introducing additional matrix variables so that the coupling of Lyapunov matrices with the system matrices is eliminated. Simulation results for an application to the GE F‐404 aircraft engine system illustrate the effectiveness and capabilities of our proposed design methodologies. Comparisons with relevant work in the literature are also provided to demonstrate the advantages of our proposed solutions.
Robust Fe3Mo3C Supported IrMn Clusters as Highly Efficient Bifunctional Air Electrode for Metal–Air Battery
Authors: Cui Zhiming , Li Yutao , Fu Gengtao , Li Xiang , Goodenough John B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCatalysts at the air cathode for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions are central to the stability of rechargeable metal–air batteries, an issue that is gaining increasing interest in recent years. Herein, a highly durable and efficient carbide‐based bifunctional catalyst consisting of iron–molybdenum carbide (Fe3Mo3C) and IrMn nanoalloys is demonstratred. This carbide is chemically stable in alkaline media and over the potential range of an air cathode. More importantly, Fe3Mo3C is very active for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Fe3Mo3C supported IrMn as a bifunictional catalysts exhibits superior catalytic performance than the state of the art ORR catalyst (Pt/C) and the oxygen evolution reaction catalyst (Ir/C). IrMn/Fe3Mo3C enables Zn–air batteries to achieve long‐term cycling performance over 200 h with high efficiency. The extraordinarily high performance of IrMn/Fe3Mo3C bifunictional catalyst provides a very promising alternative to the conventional Pt/C and Ir/C catalyst for an air cathode in alkaline electrolyte.
Single‐Mode Distributed Feedback Laser Operation in Solution‐Processed Halide Perovskite Alloy System
Authors: Cha Hyungrae , Bae Seunghwan , Jung Hyunho , Ko Min Jae , Jeon Heonsu 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA single‐mode laser operation from a solution‐processed halide perovskite alloy system, CH(NH2)2Pb(I1−xBrx)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), is reported. Despite its simplicity, the solution process results in halide perovskite alloy films of smooth and uniform surface morphology that exhibits characteristics of bandgap engineering, where t he bandgap and thus emission wavelength can be tuned (from near‐infrared to green) by controlling the anion composition ratio x. A set of thin films of the halide perovskite alloy are coated on top of the fused quartz substrates with engraved surface gratings and are optically excited to induce distributed feedback lasing action. Laser devices operate in single modes over a wide range of wavelengths, depending on the composition ratio, up to room temperature for x = 0 and 1 and up to 200 K for alloys. This study demonstrates control of the polarization of the single‐mode laser output by carefully choosing the grating period. The achievement is an important milestone toward the advancement in the applicability of halide perovskite materials to optoelectronic devices.
Sexual assault in the US military: A comparison of risk in deployed and non‐deployed locations among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom active component and Reserve/National Guard servicewomen
Authors: Sadler Anne G. , Booth Brenda M. , Torner James C. , Mengeling Michelle A. 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundTo determine whether sexual assault in the military (SAIM) among active component and Reserve/National Guard servicewomen is more likely to occur in deployed or non‐deployed locations; and which location poses greater risk for SAIM when time spent in‐location is considered.MethodsA total of 1337 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom era servicewomen completed telephone interviews eliciting socio‐demographics, military and sexual assault histories, including attempted and completed sexual assault.ResultsHalf of the sample had been deployed (58%). Overall 16% (N = 245) experienced SAIM; a higher proportion while not deployed (15%; n = 208) than while deployed (4%; n = 52). However, the incidence of SAIM per 100 person‐years was higher in deployed than in non‐deployed locations: 3.5 vs 2.4. Active component and Reserve/National Guard had similar deployment lengths, but Reserve/National Guard had higher SAIM incidence rates/100 person‐years (2.8 vs 4.0).ConclusionsA higher proportion of servicewomen experienced SAIM while not deployed; however, adjusting for time in each location, servicewomen were at greater risk during deployment.
Significance of human papillomavirus positivity in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kılıç Suat , Kılıç Sarah S. , Kim Emilie S. , Baredes Soly , Mahmoud Omar , Gray Stacey T. , Eloy Jean Anderson 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is not well understood.MethodsThe National Cancer Database was queried for cases of SNSCC with known HPV status. Demographics, socioeconomic variables, TNM stage, histology, grade, treatment modalities, and overall survival (OS) through 5 years were compared between HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative tumors. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed.ResultsSeven hundred seventy (770) cases were identified; 526 were HPV‐negative (68.3%) and 244 (31.7%) were HPV‐positive. Patients with HPV‐positive tumors were younger (58.0 vs 63.7 years, p < 0.0001). Nasal cavity (49.4%) tumors were more likely to be HPV‐positive (p < 0.05) than maxillary (18.8%), ethmoid (18.8%), and frontal (18.2%) sinus tumors. Large cell nonkeratinizing (42.4%), papillary (42.1%), and basaloid (56.5%) tumors were more likely than keratinizing (25.2%) tumors to be HPV‐positive (p < 0.05). Well‐differentiated (grade I) tumors (9.0%) were less likely than higher grade tumors to be HPV‐positive (p < 0.05). Gender, race, facility type, insurance type, median income, education level, Charlson‐Deyo comorbidity score, overall stage, T stage, N stage, M stage, tumor size, treatment modality, surgical approach, and surgical margins did not vary by HPV status (p ≥ 0.05). HPV‐positive tumors had higher OS than HPV‐negative tumors (p < 0.0001). At 5 years, OS was 68.1% and 51.5% for HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative tumors, respectively. On multivariate analyses, HPV positivity remained a favorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.34‐0.70).ConclusionHPV positivity is more common in nasal cavity SCC and nonkeratinizing SNSCC. It is also a favorable prognostic factor in SNSCC. Future studies on SNSCC should take HPV positivity into consideration.