bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robot-Assisted and Device-Based Rehabilitation of the Upper Extremity
Authors: Sailer Michael , Sweeney-Reed Catherine , Lamprecht Juliane 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNeurorehabilitation of patients with upper limb motor dysfunction due to central nervous system damage still lacks adequate standardization. During the last decade, robot- and device-assisted rehabilitation has become more feasible for the treatment of functional disorders of the upper limb after stroke. Here we present an overview of technological aspects and differential use of devices for upper limb rehabilitation as well as a review of relevant clinical studies. We also discuss the potential for standardized evaluation in the context of limited health care resources. The effectiveness of device-assisted therapy, in comparison to conventional approaches, remains a matter of debate, largely due to the heterogeneous design of the available clinical studies. However, we believe that a better understanding of the timing, intensity, and quality of upper limb rehabilitation, as well as technological progress, will lead to the establishment of a central role for robot- and device-assisted rehabilitation in the next decade.
Perspectives and the Patron: Paul Fromm, Benjamin Boretz and Perspectives of New Music
Authors: Vandagriff Rachel S. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTOne of the less studied aspects of post-war musical life is private sponsorship of American modernist composers, such as that by the Fromm Music Foundation (FMF) established in 1952. Using unpublished letters and documents from the FMF archives at Harvard and interviews with people who worked with the founder, Paul Fromm, this article discusses how Fromm's involvement in his foundation led to ventures that were influential on the development of American contemporary music and its relationship to academia. Unlike the Ford or Rockefeller foundations, Fromm sought the role of patron, fostering close relationships with composers and accepting their advice. Yet composers in Fromm's network often had aesthetic visions that were different from his. This article discusses Fromm's sponsorship of the Princeton Seminar in Advanced Musical Studies and the journal Perspectives of New Music, and how the different, complex and contradictory visions held by Fromm and his advisers were representative of those in the larger American music scene.
Valency–Actuality–Meaning: A Peircean Semiotic Approach to Music
Authors: Curry Ben 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTPeircean semiotics has retained a place in the study of music for more than 40 years. Few studies, however, have focused upon arguably the most important aspects of Peirce's thought: his contribution to logic and his development of a pragmatic approach to epistemology. This article develops a theory of Peircean semiotics in music that is rigorously derived from the key insights Peirce offered to philosophy. It focuses upon his theory of the proposition and posits an approach to music analysis that is sensitive to the importance of music's internal structure while recognizing the enormously significant role played by cultural contexts and social forces in the development of musical meanings. The article introduces Peircean semiotics and develops a theory of musical valency with particular reference to the Allegro of Mozart's ‘Prague’ Symphony. It concludes by theorizing the role of cultural and ideological forces in articulating and saturating a music's valency.
Revisiting RuBisCO
Authors: Yokota Akiho 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Since the discovery of its role in the CO2 fixation reaction in photosynthesis, RuBisCO has been one of the most extensively researched enzymes in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, and molecular genetics as well as conventional plant physiology, agricultural chemistry, and crop science. In addition, the RuBisCO and RuBisCO-like genes of more than 2000 organisms have been sequenced during the past 20 years. During the course of those studies, the origin of the RuBisCO gene began to be discussed. Recent studies have reported that the RuBisCO gene emerged in methanogenic bacteria long before photosynthetic organisms appeared. The origin of similar early genes might have allowed this gene to overcome changes in global environments during ancient and recent eras and to participate in the fixation of 200 GT of CO2 annually. In this review, I focus on several points that have not been discussed at length in the literature thus far.
Advanced capabilities for materials modelling with Quantum ESPRESSO
Authors: Giannozzi P , Andreussi O , Brumme T , Bunau O , Buongiorno Nardelli M , Calandra M , Car R , Cavazzoni C , Ceresoli D , Cococcioni M , Colonna N , Carnimeo I , Dal Corso A , de Gironcoli S , Delugas P , DiStasio R A , Ferretti A , Floris A , Fratesi G , Fugallo G , Gebauer R , Gerstmann U , Giustino F , Gorni T , Jia J , Kawamura M , Ko H-Y , Kokalj A , Küçükbenli E , Lazzeri M , Marsili M , Marzari N , Mauri F , Nguyen N L , Nguyen H-V , Otero-de-la-Roza A , Paulatto L , Poncé S , Rocca D , Sabatini R , Santra B , Schlipf M , Seitsonen A P , Smogunov A , Timrov I , Thonhauser T , Umari P , Vast N , Wu X , Baroni S 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Quantum ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of open-source computer codes for quantum simulations of materials using state-of-the-art electronic-structure techniques, based on density-functional theory, density-functional perturbation theory, and many-body perturbation theory, within the plane-wave pseudopotential and projector-augmented-wave approaches. Quantum ESPRESSO owes its popularity to the wide variety of properties and processes it allows to simulate, to its performance on an increasingly broad array of hardware architectures, and to a community of researchers that rely on its capabilities as a core open-source development platform to implement their ideas. In this paper we describe recent extensions and improvements, covering new methodologies and property calculators, improved parallelization, code modularization, and extended interoperability both within the distribution and with external software.
Longitudinal Blood Pressure Changes and Kidney Function Decline in Persons Without Chronic Kidney Disease: Findings From the MESA Study
Authors: Judson Gregory L , Rubinsky Anna D , Shlipak Michael G , Katz Ronit , Kramer Holly , Jacobs David R , Odden Michelle C , Peralta Carmen A 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
While changes in blood pressure (BP) are independently associated with cardiovascular events, less is known about the association between changes in BP and subsequent changes in renal function in adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of &gt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2.

METHODS
The present study included 3,920 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study who had ≥2 BP measurements during the first 5 years of MESA and had eGFR measurements at both year 5 and 10. Change in BP was estimated as the annualized slope of BP between year 0 and 5 based on linear mixed models (mean number of measurements = 4.0). Participants were then grouped into 1 of 3 categories based on the distribution of systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) change (top 20%, middle 21–79%, bottom 20%). We calculated eGFR from cystatin C (ml/min/1.73 m2), estimated annual change in eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2/year), and defined rapid kidney function decline as a &gt;30% decrease in eGFR from year 5 to 10. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusting for year 0 demographic and clinical characteristics, including eGFR and BP, to determine associations of BP change with rapid kidney function decline.

RESULTS
Median age was 59 [interquartile range (IQR): 52, 67] and median eGFR at year 0 was 95.5 (IQR: 81.7, 105.9) ml/min/1.73 m2. Median SBP at year 0 was 111, 121, and 147 mm Hg for increasing, stable, and decreasing SBP change, respectively. Increasing SBP and widening PP change were each associated with higher odds of rapid kidney function decline compared with stable SBP and PP groups, respectively [odds ratio, OR 1.7 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.3, 2.4) for SBP; OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.9) for PP]. Decreasing SBP was associated with rapid kidney function decline after adjusting for all covariates except for year 0 BP [OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.0, 1.8)], but this association was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for year 0 BP. There were no significant associations between DBP change and rapid decline in the fully adjusted models. Similar findings were seen with annual change in eGFR.

CONCLUSIONS
Increasing SBP and widening PP over time were associated with greater risk for accelerated kidney function decline even at BP levels below established hypertension thresholds.
The intelligibility of moral intransigence: A dilemma for cognitivism about moral judgment
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Many have argued that various features of moral disagreements create problems for cognitivism about moral judgment, but these arguments have been shown to fail. In this paper, I articulate a new problem for cognitivism that derives from features of our responses to moral disagreement. I argue that cognitivism entails that one of the following two claims is false: (1) a mental state is a belief only if it tracks changes in perceived evidence; (2) it is intelligible to make moral judgments that do not track changes in perceived evidence. I explain that there is a good case that (1) holds such that we should prefer theories that do not entail the negation of (1). And I argue that the seeming intelligibility of entirely intransigent responses to peer disagreement about moral issues shows us that there is a good case that (2) holds.
Some Things I Have Learned About Aging by Studying the Life Course
Authors: Settersten Richard A 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
“Aging” and the “life course” are distinct but complementary phenomena that inform one another. Building on this insight, this essay conveys some lessons the author has learned about aging by studying the life course. These include that (1) age is a salient dimension of individual identity and social organization; (2) a reconfigured life course brings reconfigured aging; (3) old age is a highly precarious phase of life; (4) difference and inequality are not the same, but both can accumulate over time; (5) aging is gendered; (6) aging is interpersonal, and “independence” is an illusion; (7) “choice” and “responsibility” can be dirty words; (8) much of aging is in the mind—it is imagined and anticipated; and (9) history leaves its footprints on aging, and the future of aging is already here. These lessons culminate in a final insight: that to understand personal aging, gerontologists must look beyond the personal, for much of the relevant action is to be found in social experience.
Anti-tumor immunity via the superoxide-eosinophil axis induced by a lipophilic component ofMycobacteriumlipomannan
Authors: Ito Toshihiro , Hirahara Kiyoshi , Onodera Atsushi , Koyama-Nasu Ryo , Yano Ikuya , Nakayama Toshinori 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) has been shown to possess potent anti-tumor activity particularly in various animal models, while the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its activity are not well understood. We found that lipomannan (BCG-LM), a lipophilic component of the mycobacterial cell envelope, specifically inhibits tumor growth and induces the infiltration of eosinophils at local tumor invasion sites. In contrast, neither lipoarabinomannan (BCG-LAM) nor the cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CW) exerted anti-tumor immunity. BCG-LM enhances cytotoxic activity of eosinophils via the increased production of superoxide. Global transcriptomic analyses of BCG-LM-pulsed dendritic cells identified C-C motif ligand (CCL) 5 as a crucial chemokine for the anti-tumor immunity induced by BCG-LM, indicating that CCL5 plays an important role for the accumulation of eosinophils in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, BCG-LM and memory Th2 cells exerted a synergetic effect on tumor progression by cooperatively enhancing the eosinophil function. Thus, this study revealed an un-identified BCG-LM-mediated anti-tumor mechanism via superoxide produced by infiltrated eosinophils in the tumor microenvironment. Since BCG-LM activates this unique pathway, it may have potent therapeutic potential as immune cell therapy for cancer patients.
The Effect of Metformin on Mortality Among Diabetic Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cao Xun , Wu Yaopan , Wang Jing , Liu Kuiyuan , Wang Xin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundMost data suggest that cancer patients with diabetes have worse outcomes, which may be reversed with metformin. Metformin might modulate the clinical outcomes of diabetic cancer patients. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis based on published studies over the past five years to summarize the effects of metformin on diabetic cancer patients.MethodsWe systematically searched for studies that were published over the past five years. Then, we evaluated these studies for inclusion and extracted the relevant data. The summary risk estimates for the association between metformin treatment and all-cause mortality (ACM) and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) were analyzed using random or fixed-effects models. Stratified analyses by cancer site and country were also conducted.ResultsBased on the 42 studies included in our analysis (37 015 diabetic cancer patients), we found a significant benefit associated with metformin treatment on survival corresponding to 27% and 26% reductions in ACM (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68 to 0.79, P < .001) and CSM (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.86, P < .001), respectively. The ACM rates for colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer showed significant benefits associated with metformin treatment in our stratified analyses by cancer site. Stratified analyses by cancer site also showed a significant reduction in CSM for breast cancer. This association between metformin treatment and reduced CSM for diabetic breast cancer patients was also observed in our country subgroup analyses.ConclusionsWe found an association between metformin exposure and reduced ACM and CSM in diabetic patients with cancer. Our findings suggest that metformin treatment could be an effective treatment option for diabetic cancer patients.
Development of a Whole-Task Simulator for Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Santangelo Gabrielle , Mix Doran , Ghazi Ahmed , Stoner Michael , Vates G Edward , Stone Jonathan J 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Surgical education relies on operative exposure with live patients. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) demands an experienced surgeon with a very low complication rate. The high-risk nature of this procedure and the decline in number of CEAs performed annually has created a gap in residency training.

OBJECTIVE
To develop a high-fidelity whole-task simulation for CEA that demonstrates content, construct, and face validity.

METHODS
Anatomically accurate models of the human neck were created using multilayered poly-vinyl alcohol hydrogels. Graded polymerization of the hydrogel was achieved by inducing crosslinks during freeze/thaw cycles, stiffening the simulated tissues to achieve realistic tactile properties. Venous bleeding was simulated using pressure bags and a ventricular assistive device created pulsatile flow in the carotid. Ten surgeons performed the simulation under operating room conditions, and metrics were compared among experience levels to determine construct validity. Participants completed surveys about realism and usefulness to evaluate face validity.

RESULTS
A significant difference was found in operative measures between attending and resident physicians. The mean operative time for the expert group was 63.6 min vs 138.8 for the resident group (P = .002). There was a difference in mean internal carotid artery clamp time of 43.4 vs 83.2 min (P = .04). There were only 2 hypoglossal nerve injuries, both in the resident group (P = .009).

CONCLUSION
The whole-task CEA simulator is a realistic, inexpensive model that offers comprehensive training and allows residents to master skills prior to operating on live patients. Overall, the model demonstrated face and construct validity among neurosurgery and vascular surgeons.
Balancing Barriers to Entry and Administrative Burden in Voluntary Regulation
Authors: Carter David P , Scott Tyler A , Mahallati Nadia 
Published: September 2017

AbstractVoluntary programs have become a recognized instrument for achieving public and private governance goals. As a governance instrument, these programs face a design challenge: to generate societal benefits, a voluntary program must establish stringent standards that support the program’s environmental or social goals, and at the same time program costs that may deter program participation. We argue that the theoretical framework of administrative burden provides a means to consider how voluntary programs may set and adjust entry barriers to motivate participation while maintaining credibility. The framework’s applicability is illustrated through an examination of National Organic Program initiatives to reduce the administrative burden faced by agricultural producers seeking organic certification. Through a discussion drawing on the case, we identify three questions and a series of theoretical expectations for research contributing to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of voluntary program administrative burden.
PA student assessment of body mass index in children using visual cues
Authors: Berg Gina M. , Casper Paul , Ohlman Evan , Schulte Justin , Ahlers-Schmidt Carolyn R. , Nyberg Sue , Ekengren Francie 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Pediatric weight or body mass index often is underestimated by providers when relying solely upon visual cues. This study sought to determine physician assistant (PA) students' and recent graduates' ability to accurately assess BMI for age in patients ages 3 to 5 years using visual cues.

Methods:
PA students and recent graduates visually assessed pictures of three children ages 3 to 5 years—one obese, one overweight, and one with healthy weight—for BMI categorization via online survey. Responses were scored for accuracy.

Results:
Ninety-eight PA students and recent graduates completed the assessment. Accuracy for BMI categorization was low, especially in the obese and overweight children for visual assessment alone. Accuracy improved slightly when height and weight data were provided.

Conclusions:
PA student and recent graduate visual assessment for categorization of BMI is unreliable, similar to studies with other providers. PAs should be aware of discrepancy and not rely on visual assessment to determine weight-related interventions.
PAs
Authors: Mandel Ellen D. , North Shannon 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
The PA profession is 50 years young. Practicing PAs and current students hail from several generational categories ranging from Builders to Generation Z. This article reviews how different generations may have experienced PA program expansion, professional identity, state licensing, and prescription delegation. The authors sampled a cohort of PA program applicants about their views on what evokes optimism and concern for the PA profession. These themes mirror the recently paved professional road, while posing the all-important question: What construction lies on the horizon?
Severe type IV hiatal hernia secondary to congenital shortened esophagus
Authors: Weller Samantha , Powers Christin , Sly Bethany , Parnes Nata , Ciani Mario James 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
In patients with severe type IV hiatal hernias, clinicians should consider congenital shortened esophagus. This article reviews the causes of shortened esophagus and its clinical manifestations.
Meeting the Late-Career Needs of Faculty Transitioning Through Retirement: One Institution’s Approach
Authors: Cain Joanna M. , Felice Marianne E. , Ockene Judith K. , Milner Robert J. , Congdon John L. , Tosi Stephen , Thorndyke Luanne E. 
Published: September 2017

Problem
Medical school faculty are aging, but few academic health centers are adequately prepared with policies, programs, and resources (PPR) to assist late-career faculty. The authors sought to examine cultural barriers to successful retirement and create alignment between individual and institutional needs and tasks through PPR that embrace the contributions of senior faculty while enabling retirement transitions at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, 2013–2017.

Approach
Faculty 50 or older were surveyed, programs at other institutions and from the literature (multiple fields) were reviewed, and senior faculty and leaders, including retired faculty, were engaged to develop and implement PPR. Cultural barriers were found to be significant, and a multipronged, multiyear strategy to address these barriers, which sequentially added PPR to support faculty, was put in place. A comprehensive framework of sequenced PPR was developed to address the needs and tasks of late-career transitions within three distinct phases: pre-retirement, retirement, and post-retirement.

Outcomes
This sequential introduction approach has led to important outcomes for all three of the retirement phases, including reduction of cultural barriers, a policy that has been useful in assessing viability of proposed phased retirement plans, transparent and realistic discussions about financial issues, and consideration of roles that retired faculty can provide.

Next Steps
The authors are tracking the issues mentioned in consultations and efficacy of succession planning, and will be resurveying faculty to further refine their work. This framework approach could serve as a template for other academic health centers to address late-career faculty development.
The Adoption of Surgical Innovations at Academic Versus Nonacademic Health Centers
Authors: Yeo Heather L. , Kaushal Rainu , Kern Lisa M. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
The value of the health care services provided by academic health centers (AHCs) in the United States increasingly is being questioned. AHCs play a prominent role in developing new surgical innovations, including new minimally invasive techniques, which are costly up front but can lead to significant benefits like decreased morbidity and lengths of stays. This study explored the role of AHCs in the adoption of these surgical innovations as a novel measure of their value.

Method
The authors combined data from the American Hospital Association and the State Inpatient Databases from California, Florida, Washington State, and New York. They compared the number and percentage of patients who received four new, innovative surgical procedures (vs. those who received the traditional procedures) at Council of Teaching Hospitals (COTH) hospitals to those at non-COTH hospitals from 2009 to 2011.

Results
Overall, 61.1% (27,175) of the procedures performed at COTH hospitals used new techniques, compared with 47.2% (41,680) at non-COTH hospitals, across all years (P < .0001). The number and percentage of procedures using the new techniques increased in all years and for all procedures.

Conclusions
Not only do AHCs play a role in developing surgical innovations but they also adopt these new techniques more quickly than other hospitals, and thereby they provide additional benefits to patients. These findings provide an important and understudied perspective on the value of AHCs.