bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution à l'étude écologique des fleuves côtiers du Liban : 2. Cours moyen et inférieur du Nahr Ibrahim
Authors: Khalaf Gaby 
Published: February 2017

Après celle du Nahr-el-Kalb (Khalaf et Lahoud, 1983), l'auteur entreprend l'étude physico-chimique et zoocénotique du Nahr Ibrahim, fleuve côtier libanais de 27 km. L'importance de cette étude découle du fait que, d'une part le cours d'eau est interrompu par trois barrages qui alimentent trois centrales électriques, ce qui pourrait modifier la qualité physico-chimique de l'eau, d'autre part une énorme carrière se dresse sur son trajet et déverse d'importantes quantités de sédiments fins qui modifient la structure biocénique du fleuve. En plus, cette étude est intéressante dans la mesure où un aménagement de la vallée du Nahr Ibrahim est en projet.
Les valeurs de la turbidité et de l'indice biotique de Verneaux et Tuffery rendent bien mieux compte des effets de la carrière que l'indice de diversité de la faune.
Incremental value of 99mTc-HYNICTOC SPECT/CT over whole-body planar scintigraphy and SPECT in patients with neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Težak Stanko , Trogrlic Mate 
Published: February 2017

SummaryAim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the additional value of 99mTc-HYNIC-TOC SPECT/CT over planar whole-body (WB) scintigraphy and SPECT alone in the detection and accurate localisation of neuroendocrine tumour (NET) lesions. Methods: This study included 65 patients with a definitive histological diagnosis of NET prior to scintigraphy. Planar WB scintigraphy, SPECT, and SPECT/CT images were acquired at 4 h postadministration of 670 MBq 99mTc-HYNIC- TOC. Additional SPECT images at 10 min after tracer administration were also acquired. Clinical and imaging follow-up findings were considered as the reference standards (minimum follow-up period, 15 months). Patient and lesion-based analyses of the efficacies of the imaging modalities were performed. Results: While 38 patients exhibited metastasis of NETs, 27 presented no evidence of metastasis. Upon patient- based analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of SPECT/CT were found to be 88.9 and 79.3 %, respectively. The diagnostic accuracies of WB scintigraphy, 4h-SPECT, and SPECT/CT were 72.3, 73.8, and 84.6 %o, respectively. The area under curve (AUC) value for SPECT/CT (0.84) was the highest, followed by those for 4h-SPECT (0.75) and WB scintigraphy (0.74). The accuracy and AUC values of SPECT/CT were significantly better compared to those of WB scintigraphy (p < 0.001), 10 min-SPECT (p < 0.001), and 4 h-SPECT (p = 0.001). The findings of SPECT/CT led to the change in treatment plan of 11 patients (16.9 %o). Conclusion: The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of SPECT/CT in the evaluation of NET lesions outperforms planar WB imaging or SPECT alone.
The Atmospheric Response to High Nonthermal Electron Beam Fluxes in Solar Flares. I. Modeling the Brightest NUV Footpoints in the X1 Solar Flare of 2014 March 29
Authors: Kowalski Adam F. , Allred Joel C. , Daw Adrian , Cauzzi Gianna , Carlsson Mats 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The 2014 March 29 X1 solar flare (SOL20140329T17:48) produced bright continuum emission in the far- and near-ultraviolet (NUV) and highly asymmetric chromospheric emission lines, providing long-sought constraints on the heating mechanisms of the lower atmosphere in solar flares. We analyze the continuum and emission line data from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) of the brightest flaring magnetic footpoints in this flare. We compare the NUV spectra of the brightest pixels to new radiative-hydrodynamic predictions calculated with the RADYN code using constraints on a nonthermal electron beam inferred from the collisional thick-target modeling of hard X-ray data from Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager. We show that the atmospheric response to a high beam flux density satisfactorily achieves the observed continuum brightness in the NUV. The NUV continuum emission in this flare is consistent with hydrogen (Balmer) recombination radiation that originates from low optical depth in a dense chromospheric condensation and from the stationary beam-heated layers just below the condensation. A model producing two flaring regions (a condensation and stationary layers) in the lower atmosphere is also consistent with the asymmetric Fe ii chromospheric emission line profiles observed in the impulsive phase.
Doubly Imaged Quasar SDSS J1515+1511: Time Delay and Lensing Galaxies
Authors: Shalyapin Vyacheslav N. , Goicoechea Luis J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We analyze new optical observations of the gravitational lens system SDSS J1515+1511. These include a 2.6-year photometric monitoring with the Liverpool Telescope (LT) in the r band, as well as a spectroscopic follow-up with the LT and the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). Our r-band LT light curves cover a quiescent microlensing period of the doubly imaged quasar at

= 2.049, which permits us to robustly estimate the time delay between the two images A and B: 211 ± 5 days (1σ confidence interval; A is leading). Unfortunately, the main lensing galaxy (G1) is so faint and close to the bright quasar that it is not feasible to accurately extract its spectrum through the GTC data. However, assuming the putative redshift

= 0.742, the GTC and LT spectra of the distant quasar are used to discuss the macrolens magnification, and the extinction and microlensing effects in G1. The new constraints on the time delay and macrolens magnification ratio essentially do not change previous findings on the mass scale of G1 and external shear, while the redshift of the lensing mass is found to be consistent with the assumed value of

. This is clear evidence that G1 is indeed located at

= 0.742. From the GTC data, we also obtain the redshift of two additional objects (the secondary galaxy G2 and a new absorption system) and discuss their possible roles in the lens scenario.
Photospheric Origin of Three-minute Oscillations in a Sunspot
Authors: Chae Jongchul , Lee Jeongwoo , Cho Kyuhyoun , Song Donguk , Cho Kyungsuk , Yurchyshyn Vasyl 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The origin of the three-minute oscillations of intensity and velocity observed in the chromosphere of sunspot umbrae is still unclear. We investigated the spatio-spectral properties of the 3 minute oscillations of velocity in the photosphere of a sunspot umbra as well as those in the low chromosphere using the spectral data of the Ni i
λ5436, Fe i
λ5435, and Na i D2
λ5890 lines taken by the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph of the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. As a result, we found a local enhancement of the 3 minute oscillation power in the vicinities of a light bridge (LB) and numerous umbral dots (UDs) in the photosphere. These 3 minute oscillations occurred independently of the 5 minute oscillations. Through wavelet analysis, we determined the amplitudes and phases of the 3 minute oscillations at the formation heights of the spectral lines, and they were found to be consistent with the upwardly propagating slow magnetoacoustic waves in the photosphere with energy flux large enough to explain the chromospheric oscillations. Our results suggest that the 3 minute chromospheric oscillations in this sunspot may have been generated by magnetoconvection occurring in the LB and UDs.
X-Ray and Ultraviolet Properties of AGNs in Nearby Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Baldassare Vivienne F. , Reines Amy E. , Gallo Elena , Greene Jenny E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We present new Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope observations of eight optically selected broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidates in nearby dwarf galaxies (z < 0.055). Including archival Chandra observations of three additional sources, our sample contains all 10 galaxies from Reines et al. (2013) with both broad Hα emission and narrow-line AGN ratios (six AGNs, four composites), as well as one low-metallicity dwarf galaxy with broad Hα and narrow-line ratios characteristic of star formation. All 11 galaxies are detected in X-rays. Nuclear X-ray luminosities range from L
0.5–7keV ≈ 5 × 1039 to 1 × 1042 ergs−1. In all cases except for the star-forming galaxy, the nuclear X-ray luminosities are significantly higher than would be expected from X-ray binaries, providing strong confirmation that AGNs and composite dwarf galaxies do indeed host actively accreting black holes (BHs). Using our estimated BH masses (which range from ∼7 × 104 to 1 × 106
M
⊙), we find inferred Eddington fractions ranging from ∼0.1% to 50%, i.e., comparable to massive broad-line quasars at higher redshift. We use the HST imaging to determine the ratio of UV to X-ray emission for these AGNs, finding that they appear to be less X-ray luminous with respect to their UV emission than more massive quasars (i.e., α
OX values an average of 0.36 lower than expected based on the relation between α
OX and 2500 Å luminosity). Finally, we discuss our results in the context of different accretion models onto nuclear BHs.
Gamma-ray Observations of Tycho’s Supernova Remnant with VERITAS and Fermi
Authors: Archambault S. , Archer A. , Benbow W. , Bird R. , Bourbeau E. , Buchovecky M. , Buckley J. H. , Bugaev V. , Cerruti M. , Connolly M. P. , Cui W. , Dwarkadas V. V. , Errando M. , Falcone A. , Feng Q. , Finley J. P. , Fleischhack H. , Fortson L. , Furniss A. , Griffin S. , Hütten M. , Hanna D. , Holder J. , Johnson C. A. , Kaaret P. , Kar P. , Kelley-Hoskins N. , Kertzman M. , Kieda D. , Krause M. , Kumar S. , Lang M. J. , Maier G. , McArthur S. , McCann A. , Moriarty P. , Mukherjee R. , Nieto D. , O’Brien S. , Ong R. A. , Otte A. N. , Park N. , Pohl M. , Popkow A. , Pueschel E. , Quinn J. , Ragan K. , Reynolds P. T. , Richards G. T. , Roache E. , Sadeh I. , Santander M. , Sembroski G. H. , Shahinyan K. , Slane P. , Staszak D. , Telezhinsky I. , Trepanier S. , Tyler J. , Wakely S. P. , Weinstein A. , Weisgarber T. , Wilcox P. , Wilhelm A. , Williams D. A. , Zitzer B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
High-energy gamma-ray emission from supernova remnants (SNRs) has provided a unique perspective for studies of Galactic cosmic-ray acceleration. Tycho’s SNR is a particularly good target because it is a young, type Ia SNR that has been well-studied over a wide range of energies and located in a relatively clean environment. Since the detection of gamma-ray emission from Tycho’s SNR by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT, there have been several theoretical models proposed to explain its broadband emission and high-energy morphology. We report on an update to the gamma-ray measurements of Tycho’s SNR with 147 hr of VERITAS and 84 months of Fermi-LAT observations, which represent about a factor of two increase in exposure over previously published data. About half of the VERITAS data benefited from a camera upgrade, which has made it possible to extend the TeV measurements toward lower energies. The TeV spectral index measured by VERITAS is consistent with previous results, but the expanded energy range softens a straight power-law fit. At energies higher than 400 GeV, the power-law index is 2.92 ± 0.42stat ± 0.20sys. It is also softer than the spectral index in the GeV energy range, 2.14 ± 0.09stat ± 0.02sys, measured in this study using Fermi-LAT data. The centroid position of the gamma-ray emission is coincident with the center of the remnant, as well as with the centroid measurement of Fermi-LAT above 1 GeV. The results are consistent with an SNR shell origin of the emission, as many models assume. The updated spectrum points to a lower maximum particle energy than has been suggested previously.
X-Rays from the Location of the Double-humped Transient ASASSN-15lh
Authors: Margutti R. , Metzger B. D. , Chornock R. , Milisavljevic D. , Berger E. , Blanchard P. K. , Guidorzi C. , Migliori G. , Kamble A. , Lunnan R. , Nicholl M. , Coppejans D. L. , Dall’Osso S. , Drout M. R. , Perna R. , Sbarufatti B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We present the detection of persistent soft X-ray radiation with

–1042 erg s–1 at the location of the extremely luminous, double-humped transient ASASSN-15lh as revealed by Chandra and Swift. We interpret this finding in the context of observations from our multiwavelength campaign, which revealed the presence of weak narrow nebular emission features from the host-galaxy nucleus and clear differences with respect to superluminous supernova optical spectra. Significant UV flux variability on short timescales detected at the time of the rebrightening disfavors the shock interaction scenario as the source of energy powering the long-lived UV emission, while deep radio limits exclude the presence of relativistic jets propagating into a low-density environment. We propose a model where the extreme luminosity and double-peaked temporal structure of ASASSN-15lh is powered by a central source of ionizing radiation that produces a sudden change in the ejecta opacity at later times. As a result, UV radiation can more easily escape, producing the second bump in the light curve. We discuss different interpretations for the intrinsic nature of the ionizing source. We conclude that, if the X-ray source is physically associated with the optical–UV transient, then ASASSN-15lh most likely represents the tidal disruption of a main-sequence star by the most massive spinning black hole detected to date. In this case, ASASSN-15lh and similar events discovered in the future would constitute the most direct probes of very massive, dormant, spinning, supermassive black holes in galaxies. Future monitoring of the X-rays may allow us to distinguish between the supernova hypothesis and the hypothesis of a tidal disruption event.
The Dynamics of Very High Alfvén Mach Number Shocks in Space Plasmas
Authors: Sundberg Torbjörn , Burgess David , Scholer Manfred , Masters Adam , Sulaiman Ali H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Astrophysical shocks, such as planetary bow shocks or supernova remnant shocks, are often in the high or very-high Mach number regime, and the structure of such shocks is crucial for understanding particle acceleration and plasma heating, as well inherently interesting. Recent magnetic field observations at Saturn’s bow shock, for Alfvén Mach numbers greater than about 25, have provided evidence for periodic non-stationarity, although the details of the ion- and electron-scale processes remain unclear due to limited plasma data. High-resolution, multi-spacecraft data are available for the terrestrial bow shock, but here the very high Mach number regime is only attained on extremely rare occasions. Here we present magnetic field and particle data from three such quasi-perpendicular shock crossings observed by the four-spacecraft Cluster mission. Although both ion reflection and the shock profile are modulated at the upstream ion gyroperiod timescale, the dominant wave growth in the foot takes place at sub-proton length scales and is consistent with being driven by the ion Weibel instability. The observed large-scale behavior depends strongly on cross-scale coupling between ion and electron processes, with ion reflection never fully suppressed, and this suggests a model of the shock dynamics that is in conflict with previous models of non-stationarity. Thus, the observations offer insight into the conditions prevalent in many inaccessible astrophysical environments, and provide important constraints for acceleration processes at such shocks.
ITPase Activity Modulates the Severity of Anaemia in HCV-Related Cirrhosis Treated with Ribavirin-Containing Interferon-Free Regimens
Authors: Coppola Nicola , De Pascalis Stefania , Messina Vincenzo , Di Caprio Giovanni , Martini Salvatore , De Stefano Giorgio , Starace Mario , Stornaiuolo Gianfranca , Stanzione Maria , Ascione Tiziana , Minichini Carmine , Sangiovanni Vincenzo , Zampino Rosa , Calò Federica , Rinaldi Luca , Persico Marcello , Federico Alessandro , Buonomo Antonio Riccardo , Borgia Guglielmo , Gaeta Giovanni Battista , Filippini Pietro , Gentile Ivan 
Published: February 2017

Background To investigate the association between inosine triphosphatase (ITPase) activity and the degree of anaemia occurring during direct-acting antiviral (DAA)/ribavirin (RBV)-based therapy in patients with cirrhosis. Methods In a multicentre, prospective study 227 patients with HCV-related cirrhosis treated with DAA and RBV were enrolled. All patients were screened for the rs1127354 and rs7270101 ITPA single nucleotide polymorphisms using direct sequencing. Results 150 (66.1%) patients had normal (100%) ITPase activity, 48 (21.1%) had moderate (60%) activity and 29 (12.8%) minimal (≤30%) activity. The ITPase activity significantly influenced the haemoglobin concentration: at day 15 it was -1.248 (sd ±0.978) in the 150 patients with an ITPase activity of 100% and -0.616 (±0.862) in the 77 patients with an ITPase activity less than 100% ( P <0.000), and at day 30 it was -1.941 ±1.218 versus -1.11 ±1.218 ( P <0.000). The 63 patients with a severe (at least 3/dl) haemoglobin decline, compared to those without, more frequently had an ITPase activity of 100% (82.1% versus 62.8%; P=0.021), were older (mean age ±sd: 66.7 ±8.2 versus 61.4 ±9.7 years; P=0.004) and were treated with a higher ribavirin dose (13.7 ±2.1 versus 12.8 ±2.5 mg/ kg/day; P=0.008). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, the ITPase activity of 100% (OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.12, 7.10), male gender (OR: 3.22; 95% CI: 1.35, 7.66), body mass index (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.34) and dose of ribavirin (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.47) were independent predictors of a severe decline in haemoglobin ( P<0.0001). Conclusions This study suggests that the polymorphisms in the ITPA gene influence the severity of anaemia during the first month of a DAA/RBV-based treatment in HCV-related cirrhosis.
Efferocytosis Signaling in the Regulation of Macrophage Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Elliott Michael R. , Koster Kyle M. , Murphy Patrick S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Since the pioneering work of Elie Metchnikoff and the discovery of cellular immunity, the phagocytic clearance of cellular debris has been considered an integral component of resolving inflammation and restoring function of damaged and infected tissues. We now know that the phagocytic clearance of dying cells (efferocytosis), particularly by macrophages and other immune phagocytes, has profound consequences on innate and adaptive immune responses in inflamed tissues. These immunomodulatory effects result from an array of molecular signaling events between macrophages, dying cells, and other tissue-resident cells. In recent years, many of these molecular pathways have been identified and studied in the context of tissue inflammation, helping us better understand the relationship between efferocytosis and inflammation. We review specific types of efferocytosis-related signals that can impact macrophage immune responses and discuss their relevance to inflammation-related diseases.
Contact, Collaboration, and Conflict: Signal Integration of Syk-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors
Authors: Ostrop Jenny , Lang Roland 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSeveral spleen tyrosine kinase–coupled C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have emerged as important pattern recognition receptors for infectious danger. Because encounter with microbial pathogens leads to the simultaneous ligation of several CLRs and TLRs, the signals emanating from different pattern recognition receptors have to be integrated to achieve appropriate biological responses. In this review, we briefly summarize current knowledge about ligand recognition and core signaling by Syk-coupled CLRs. We then address mechanisms of synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between different CLRs and with TLRs. Emerging evidence suggests that signal integration occurs through 1) direct interaction between receptors, 2) regulation of expression levels and localization, and 3) collaborative or conflicting signaling interference. Accordingly, we aim to provide a conceptual framework for the complex and sometimes unexpected outcome of CLR ligation in bacterial and fungal infection.
Internal Medicine Program Directors' Perceptions of the “All In” Match Rule: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Alweis Richard , Khan Muhammad Sohail , Kuehl Sapna , Wasser Thomas , Donato Anthony 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
Since 2013, the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) has asked all programs to declare themselves to be “all in” or “all out” for the NRMP. Before this rule was enacted, program directors who were surveyed expressed concerns about what they anticipated with the change, including resources for increased applications and potential delays with residency start times.

Objective
This study investigated the positive and negative effects of the rule change on recruiting seen from the perspective of internal medicine (IM) program directors.

Methods
In this mixed model cross-sectional survey, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited IM program directors were surveyed regarding their impressions of the impact of the policy change. Data were aggregated using constant comparative analysis.

Results
A total of 127 of 396 (32%) IM program directors responded, and 122 of 127 (96%) identified their program as “all in.” A total of 110 respondents expressed impressions of the rule change, with 48% (53 of 111) reporting positive responses, 28% (31 of 111) neutral responses, and 24% (27 of 111) negative responses. Programs with higher percentages of visa-holding residents had lower positive responses (37% [22 of 60] versus 61% [31 of 51]). Resident quality was felt to be unchanged or improved by most program directors (93%, 103 of 111), yet 24% (27 of 112) reported increases in delayed start times for visa-holding residents. Qualitative analysis identified increased fairness, at the expense of an increase in program resources as a result of the change.

Conclusions
A slight majority of residency programs reported a neutral or negative impression of the rule change. Since the rule change, program directors noted increased application volume and delayed residency starts for visa-holding residents.
Uwagi do komentarza prof. Michała Kokowskiego o badaniach życiorysu Jana Czochralskiego
Authors: Tomaszewski Paweł E. 
Published: February 2017

Prezentowane uwagi są kolejnym (trzecim) etapem polemiki na temat faktów z życia Jana Czochralskiego i różnic w sposobie ich przedstawiania przez amatora i profesjonalnego historyka. Źródłem kontrowersji jest obszerna biografia pt. Powrót. Rzecz o Janie Czochralskim (2012), edycja w języku angielskim: Jan Czochralski restored (2013).