bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifelong Voluntary Exercise Modulates Age-Related Changes in Oxidative Stress
Authors: Bouzid Mohamed , Filaire Edith , Matran Régis , Robin Sophie , Fabre Claudine 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe hypothesis that aging and regular physical activity could influence oxidative stress has been studied by comparing antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid and α-Tocopherol) and malondialdehyde level (MDA) in four groups: young sedentary (n=15; age: 20.3±2.8 years; YS), young active (n=16; age: 21.4±1.9 years; YA), old sedentary (n=15; age: 65.1±3.5 years; OS) and old active (n=17; age: 67.2±4.8 years; OA). Antioxidant activities and MDA level were assessed at rest and after an incremental exercise. There was no difference in resting antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation between YS and OS. However, resting SOD and GR activities were higher in YA compared to OA (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) and resting MDA level was higher in OA compared to YA (p<0.01). After exercise, a significant increase in SOD and GPX activities was observed in YS, YA and OA (p<0.01). Likewise, after exercise a significant increase of MDA level in YA, OS and OA (p<0.01) was observed. In addition, the comparison of YA to OA and YS to OA revealed similar antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation between YS and OA, whereas antioxidant activities were higher in YA compared to OA. These data suggest that beneficial effects of regular physical activity in antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation damage could be impaired by the aging process and that regular physical activity in older adults could maintain age-related decreases in antioxidant defense.
Epidemiologie chronischer Nierenerkrankungen - Werden es immer mehr Patienten?
Authors: Kraus Daniel , Wanner Christoph 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungDie chronische Niereninsuffizienz ist häufig eine Folge von Diabetes, Adipositas, Hypertonie oder Herzinsuffizienz. Definiert ist die Erkrankung anhand einer Koinzidenz dreier Kriterien: einer reduzierten glomerulären Filtrationsrate, anatomischer Läsionen und einer Dauer von mindestens 3 Monaten. Die altersbedingte stetige Reduktion der glomerulären Filtrationsrate alleine reicht nicht aus, um eine Nierenerkrankung zu erklären. Überraschenderweise verweisen groß angelegte statistische Modellanalysen wie die „Global Burden of Disease Study“ auf eine weltweit sinkende Prävalenz der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz. Da in Deutschland keine longitudinalen Registerdaten zur Verfügung stehen, lassen sich diesbezüglich keine klaren Aussagen treffen. Querschnittsanalysen legen abhängig von Alter, Komorbiditäten und geografischen Regionen Prävalenzraten zwischen 6 und 26 % nahe. Für die Zukunft lassen eine bessere Kontrolle von Risikofaktoren einen Rückgang der CKD-Inzidenz bei stabilen Prävalenzraten aufgrund einer besseren medizinischen Versorgung und einer besseren Überlebensrate möglich erscheinen.
Alle Jahre wieder - Update Diabetes und Grippeimpfung
Authors: Leippert Claudia 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungEs müssen nicht immer die topaktuellen Daten sein! Es ist durchaus gewinnbringend, schlummerndes Wissen wieder in Erinnerung zu rufen – wie beispielsweise im Herbst die Grippeimpfung, an die Sie spätestens jetzt nicht nur bei Ihren Diabetespatienten, sondern auch bei sich selbst als potenzielle „Influenza-Verbreitungspersonen“ denken sollten.
Sex-Dependent Effect of Metformin on Serum Prolactin Levels In Hyperprolactinemic Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Szkróbka Witold , Okopień Bogusław 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Background Metformin was found to reduce circulating levels of pituitary hormones.
Objective The purpose of this study was to assess whether sex determines the effect of metformin on lactotroph secretory function.
Methods The study population included 25 women and 12 men with mildly elevated serum prolactin levels (25–75 ng/mL). Because of concomitant type 2 diabetes, all participants were treated with metformin (3 g daily). Plasma levels of glucose and lipids, HOMA1-IR, serum levels of prolactin, thyrotropin and free thyroid hormones, as well as Jostel’s, SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD indices were assessed at baseline and at the end of metformin treatment.
Results The study completed 24 women and 11 men. At baseline, there were no significant differences in circulating levels of glucose and lipids, insulin sensitivity, hormones, Jostel’s, SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD indices between women and men. In both men and women, metformin reduced fasting glucose levels and HOMA1-IR. However, only in women metformin decreased elevated prolactin levels and this effect correlated with an improvement insulin sensitivity, as well as with the impact on SPINA-GT.
Conclusions The results of the study suggest that the effect of metformin on serum prolactin levels is sex-dependent.
Measurement of Basal Serum Calcitonin for the Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Allelein Stephanie , Ehlers Margret , Morneau Corinna , Schwartz Katharina , Goretzki Peter , Seppel Thomas , Feldkamp Joachim , Krieg Andreas , Knoefel Wolfram , Kuebart Anne , Haase Matthias , Dringenberg Till , Schmid Christine , Schott Matthias 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCalcitonin (CT), a tumor marker for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), can be stimulated with pentagastrin or calcium. Because of the unavailability of pentagastrin, basal CT measurement is frequently used for the preoperative diagnosis of MTC. The aim of the study was to define basal serum calcitonin (bCT) cut-off thresholds for diagnosing MTC. Within a retrospective analysis, 114 patients (51 males) were included fulfilling the criteria of an increased preoperative bCT level (>10 pg/ml) and the criteria of an available postoperative histology analysis. Based on a ROC plot analysis, the cut-off values for the diagnosis of MTC vs. non-malignancy (C cell hyperplasia and goiter) were identified. The most precise bCT thresholds for the identification of MTC were ≥46 pg/ml for males (sensitivity: 93.6%, specificity: 95.0%, PPV: 97%, NPV: 90%) and ≥35 pg/ml for females (sensitivity: 87.3%, specificity: 87.5%, PPV: 98%, NPV: 50%). Using these cut-offs, only 6% of male patients were not identified of having MTC, whereas 5% were false positive (having instead C cell hyperplasia). In females, the discrepancy was higher since 13% of female MTC patients were false negative by using the cut-off of ≥35 pg/ml, and 13% had false positive results (suffering from C cell hyperplasia). Gender-specific bCT cut-offs for the identification of MTC vs. C cell hyperplasia and non-malignancy were defined, which can be used in clinical routine. In female patients, however, the accuracy is much lower compared to males.
1.6.9 Organometallic Complexes of Iridium (Update 2015)
Authors: Li H. , Mazet C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 1.6) that covers literature from 1999 to the first half of 2013. While Section 1.6 provided a fantastic overview of the different types of organometallic complexes of iridium and their preparation, this contribution aims at focusing more on their applications in homogeneous catalysis.
2.11.15 C(sp3)—H Functionalization by Allylic C—H Activation of Zirconocene Complexes
Authors: Vasseur A. , Bruffaerts J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractZirconocene-assisted allylic C(sp3)—H activation allows the remote functionalization of alkenes through multipositional migration of the olefinic double bond as a communicative process between two distant sites. The transformation involves the successive formation of zirconacyclopropane species along an alkyl chain. This C—H activation promoted migration proceeds rapidly under mild conditions. Moreover, it occurs in a unidirectional manner if associated with thermodynamically favored termination steps such as elimination, selective carbon–carbon bond activation, or ring expansion. The remotely formed zirconocene species can subsequently react with a variety of electrophilic carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen reagents to give a wide range of added-value products from simple substrates. Transmetalation processes further increase the synthetic potential by allowing the remote formation of a new carbon–carbon bond. The global transformation is not only stereo- and regioselective, but also enables the relay of stereochemical information. Alternatively, a ziconacyclopropane/crotylzirconocene hydride equilibrium can be promoted under particular reaction conditions, leading to direct regio- and stereoselective allylation reactions with acid chloride, aldehyde, diketone and imine derivatives.
2.11.16 Synthesis and Reactivity of Heteroatom-Substituted Vinylzirconocene Derivatives and Hetarylzirconocenes
Authors: Bruffaerts J. , Vasseur A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReactive and stereodefined vinylzirconocene derivatives are efficiently prepared from a variety of different heterosubstituted alkenes in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of the Negishi reagent. This chapter describes the synthesis of these compounds along with their applications in the synthesis of various substituted alkenes.
2.12.17 The Role of Solvents and Additives in Reactions of Samarium(II) Iodide and Related Reductants
Authors: Chciuk T. , Flowers R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe use of additives with samarium(II) iodide (SmI2) greatly impacts the rate, diastereoselectivity, and chemoselectivity of its reactions. Additives that are commonly utilized with samarium(II) iodide and other samarium(II)-based reductants can be classified into three major groups: (1) Lewis bases such as hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) and other electron-donor ligands and chelating ethers; (2) proton donors, such as water, alcohols, and glycols; and (3) inorganic additives such as nickel(II) iodide, iron(III) chloride, and lithium chloride. In addition, the solvent milieu can also play an important role in the reactivity of samarium(II) reductants, predominantly through changes in the coordination sphere of the metal. The main focus of this chapter is on the use of additives and solvent milieu to provide selective and efficient reactions, with at least one example being given for each subclass of samarium(II)-promoted reaction.
13.13.6 1,2,3-Triazoles (Update 2015)
Authors: Tomé A. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 13.13) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. Recent interest in this area has mainly been generated by the discovery that copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and ruthenium(II)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) regioselectively afford 1,4- or 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in high yields under mild conditions. This review focuses on the contributions published between 2002 and 2013.
24.4.5.3 1-Phosphorus-Functionalized Alk-1-ynes (Update 2015)
Authors: Cacciarini M. , Larsen M. H. , Brønsted Nielsen M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 24.4.5) describing methods for the synthesis of 1-phosphorus-functionalized alk-1-ynes. The focus is on the literature published in the period 2006–2014.
24.4.4.4 1-Nitrogen-Functionalized Alk-1-ynes (Update 2015)
Authors: Banert K. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update of the earlier Science of Synthesis contributions (Sections 24.4.4.1–24.4.4.3) describing methods for the synthesis of ynamines, and especially those alk-1-yn-1-amines that bear electron-withdrawing units such as N-acyl and N-sulfonyl groups. Compounds with C≡C bonds directly connected to azido or nitro functionalities are likewise updated, whereas the chemistry of N-alk-1-ynyl-substituted sulfoximines and isocyanates is described for the first time. The update focuses on new developments published in the period 2004–2014.
30.1.3 Carbohydrate Derivatives (Including Nucleosides)
Authors: Nokami T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractO,N-Acetals are found in various types of organic molecules and are core motifs in carbohydrates, including nucleosides. This chapter summarizes the synthetic methods to prepare N-linked glycopeptides, ribonucleosides, 2-deoxyribonucleosides, and others. Glycosylation between the anomeric carbon and the nitrogen atom of a nucleophile is a conventional method for the synthesis of these molecules, but stereoselectivity highly depends on the structures of the substrates. Glycosylamines are also important precursors for the stereoselective synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides and ribonucleosides.
30.2.3 O,P-Acetals (Update 2016)
Authors: Murai K. , Fujioka H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.2) describing methods for the synthesis of O,P-acetals. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2006–2015. Key methods covered include the addition of phosphorus compounds to carbonyl groups (including enantioselective variations), kinetic resolution of α-hydroxyphosphonates, oxidation of α, β-unsaturated phosphorus compounds, addition of phosphorus compounds to O,O-acetals, reduction of acylphosphonates and related compounds, and aldol-type reactions of keto phosphonates.
30.3.1.3 Acyclic S,S-Acetals (Update 2016)
Authors: Tsubouchi A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.3.1) describing methods for the preparation of acyclic S,S-acetals. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2006–2014, presenting complementary information with respect to new developments and transformations. It also contains an important extension of the coverage of the previous contribution. Key methods covered include the thioacetalization of carbonyl compounds using a variety of catalysts, conversion of O,O-acetals, addition of thiols to C—C multiple bonds, addition of disulfides to methylenecyclopropanes, and ring opening of 1,2-cyclopropanated 3-oxo sugars with thiols.
30.3.6.3 Acyclic and Cyclic S,S-Acetal S-Oxides and S,S′-Dioxides (Update 2016)
Authors: Ishii A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.3.6) published in 2007. S,S-Acetal S-oxides and S,S′-dioxides are synthesized by the reaction of sulfanyl- or sulfinyl-stabilized carbanions with electrophiles or by the (asymmetric) oxidation of S,S-acetals. Reaction of a carbanion with an aldehyde or ketone followed by dehydration provides ketene S,S-acetal oxides. Recent advances in synthetic application have been seen in conjugate additions of nucleophiles or radicals to ketene S,S-acetal oxides and in reactions utilizing reactive sulfonium intermediates generated by treatment with acid anhydrides (Pummerer conditions).
33.5.7.2 1,2-Dihydrophosphetes and Derivatives (Update 2015)
Authors: Keglevich Gy. , Grün A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 33.5.7) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,2-dihydrophosphetes. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2004–2015.
35.1.1.1.9 Synthesis by Substitution of Hydrogen (Update 2015)
Authors: Iskra J. , Murphree S.S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 35.1.1.1) summarizing methodology for the chlorination of non-activated C—H bonds, with a particular focus on regioselectivity.
35.3.5.1.5 Synthesis by Addition across C=C Bonds (Update 2015)
Authors: Hennecke U. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 35.3.5.1) describing methods for the synthesis of 1-iodo-2-heteroatom-substituted alkanes by addition reactions across C=C bonds. The chapter also covers the synthesis of 1-iodo-3-heteroatom-substituted alkanes including saturated 3-iodo-substituted heterocycles. It focuses mainly on the literature published in the period 2007–2014.
2.2 Metal-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation
Authors: Garve L. , Werz D. B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes the most important metal-catalyzed methods to generate cyclopropanes, the smallest class of cycloalkanes. In the past fifty years, the use of metals in combination with chiral ligands for diastereo- and enantiodiscrimination in cyclopropane synthesis has been intensively studied. Two main approaches have emerged. Utilizing carbenes in the form of metal–carbene complexes has led to a renaissance of three-membered-rings in organic synthesis. In another approach, metal cations such as gold(I) and platinum(II) interact with alkynes, forming novel cyclopropane motifs. Finally, further metal-catalyzed cyclopropanations are mentioned.
2.4 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions Involving Carbonyl or Azomethine Ylides
Authors: Xu X. , Hu W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCarbonyl ylides, which behave as active 1,3-dipole species, have found numerous applications in organic synthesis, especially in the formation of five-membered heterocycles. Among the versatile transformations of carbonyl ylides, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with π-bonds, including (3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions with carbon–carbon π-bonds, aldehydes, and imines, are ubiquitous and important reactions. This chapter focuses on recent advances in these catalytic (3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions and the examples presented emphasize the chemo-, diastereo-, and enantiocontrol that can be achieved. Also described are selected examples of cycloaddition reactions with azomethine ylides, which behave with similar reactivity to carbonyl ylides, to give the corresponding N-heterocycles. In addition, some selected applications of these (3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions in natural product synthesis are highlighted.
2.5 Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels–Alder and Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Du H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter focuses on asymmetric Diels–Alder, oxa-Diels–Alder, and aza-Diels–Alder reactions promoted by various chiral, Lewis acidic metal catalysts. As well as describing the different approaches and catalysts, selected examples of these reactions in the synthesis of natural products and drug molecules are presented.
2.6 Metal-Catalyzed (2 + 2 + 2) Cycloadditions
Authors: Tanaka K. , Shibata Y. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe transition-metal-catalyzed (2 + 2 + 2) cycloaddition is a useful and atom-economical method for the synthesis of substituted six-membered-ring molecules. In this chapter, standard procedures for the transition-metal-catalyzed (2 + 2 + 2) cycloaddition involving not only alkynes but also nitriles, heterocumulenes, alkenes, and carbonyl compounds are presented. Applications in the synthesis of chiral aromatic molecules (biaryls, cyclophanes, and helicenes) and biologically active molecules are also described.
2.8 Metal-Catalyzed (5 + 1), (5 + 2), and (5 + 2 + 1) Cycloadditions
Authors: Li X. , Tang W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMetal-catalyzed (5 + n) cycloaddition is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of six-, seven-, and eight-membered carbocycles and heterocycles. These cycloadditions usually involve oxidative cyclization to a metallacycle; insertion into the C—M bond (e.g., by carbon monoxide, an alkene, alkyne, or allene, or a combination thereof); and reductive elimination. Vinylcyclopropanes and 3-acyloxy-1,4-enynes are the most common five-carbon synthons. Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed (5 + 1), (5 + 2), and (5 + 2 + 1) cycloadditions including their development, mechanistic studies, and applications are reviewed in this chapter.
2.9 Intramolecular Free-Radical Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Mondal M. , Bora U. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOver the past five decades, the metal-mediated intramolecular free-radical cyclization strategy has developed into a widely applicable synthetic methodology. With properties including wide functional-group tolerance, selectivity, and spatial retention, radical chemistry has attracted considerable attention from chemists dealing with the synthesis and functionalization of diverse organic compounds. The coverage of this chapter is limited to the best methods available for the metal-mediated synthesis of cyclic organic and biomolecular species for practical use in both an academic setting and in industry.
“A great and beautiful wall”
Authors: Demata Massimiliano 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper focuses on Trump’s aggressive language on immigration. By analyzing a data set made of public speeches, interviews, and statements from Trump’s official website, the paper will look at how certain lexico-grammatical and intertextual choices in Trump’s representation of immigration display all the typical features of a populist agenda. Trump’s texts will be analyzed according to Wodak’s Discourse-Historical approach: Trump’s own “politics of fear” and language on immigration are evidence of the strong currency held by values associated with right-wing, ethno-nationalist populism, once the core ideological tenets only of certain fringe movements such as the Tea Party, but now firmly established in mainstream politics.
Effects of exposure to literary narrative fiction
Authors: De Mulder Hannah N. M. , Hakemulder Frank , van den Berghe Rianne , Klaassen Fayette , van Berkum Jos J. A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLiterary narrative fiction may be particularly effective in enhancing Theory of Mind (ToM), as it requires readers to contemplate author and character intentions in filling the literary ‘gaps’ that have been suggested to characterise this fiction type. The current study investigates direct and cumulative effects of reading literature on ToM using confirmatory Bayesian analyses. Direct effects were assessed by comparing the ToM skills of participants who read texts that were manipulated to differ in the amount of gap filling they required. Cumulative effects were assessed by considering the relationship between lifetime literary fiction exposure and ToM. Results showed no evidence for direct effects of reading literature on ToM. However, lifetime literary fiction exposure was associated with higher ToM, particularly cognitive ToM. Although reading a specific piece of literary fiction may thus not have immediately measurable effects on ToM, lifetime exposure to this fiction type is associated with more advanced ToM.
“There is always some spatial limitation”
Authors: Pokorn Nike K. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe article focuses on the issue of spatial positioning of healthcare interpreters. Contemporary research and guidelines for healthcare interpreters recommend either a triadic position or parallel positioning, or else suggest that the position of the interpreter should be defined primarily by the situation. Based on the responses gathered by a nationwide online questionnaire sent to interpreters who work in healthcare settings in the Republic of Slovenia, the article establishes that a triangular position is the spatial positioning the untrained interpreters working in healthcare settings most often assume and find most appropriate. The interpreters prefer this position because they believe that primary role should be granted to the patient and that the interpreters should be regarded as mere conduits, and second, that there is a considerable gap between what the interpreters think they should do and what they actually do. The article concludes with some proposals how to narrow this gap.