bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Livestock tracks transform resource distribution on terracette landscapes of the Loess Plateau
Authors: Jin Baocheng , Sun Guojun , Zhang Ying , Zou Mei , Ni Xiaofeng , Luo Kai , Zhang Xueli , Cheng Hua , Li Fengmin , Wu X. Ben 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStriking networks of livestock tracks, or terracettes, molded to the contours are a common feature on hilly rangelands of the semiarid Loess Plateau, one of the regions with the most severe soil erosion in the world. The formation of livestock tracks results in modified micro‐topography and ecological processes and leads to strong patterns in spatial distribution of vegetation, water, and nutrients. We investigated the spatial pattern of the topo‐edaphic, hydrological, biogeochemical, and biological attributes of these terracette landscapes and explored their potential implications to ecosystem functions. The results showed strong spatial heterogeneity in topo‐edaphic and biological structure of these landscapes, organized with three segments of a basic landscape unit—track, shoulder, and interslope. The above‐ and below‐ground biomass and soil nutrients concentrated in the shoulder segment forming a “band of fertility”. The network of livestock tracks likely reduced surface runoff and erosion by intercepting runoff and facilitate infiltration, while posing little risk of increasing shallow slope failures given the structure of loess soil. There appears a positive feedback loop for maintaining the structure of terracette landscapes. Trampling by goats maintains the tracks, which leads to spatial heterogeneity in biophysical structure and processes. The network of tracks enabled the goats to travel and graze in ways that reduce energy expenditure and increase foraging efficiency, which leads to strongly preferential use of the tracks by the goats. There are also evidence of a possible process resemble a slope parallel retreat at a micro‐scale, which may result in upslope movement of the terracettes. There may be important functional differences between landscapes with and without networks of livestock tracks, in regulating water runoff and soil erosion, forage production, and soil carbon storage. These functional differences may have significant implications to land use policies and practices aiming at soil and water conservation and socioecological sustainability of the Loess Plateau.
Bad neighbors: how spatially disjunct habitat degradation can cause system‐wide population collapse
Authors: Noonburg Erik G. , Byers James E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMovement of individuals links the effects of local variation in habitat quality with growth and persistence of populations at the landscape scale. When the populations themselves are linked by interspecific interactions, such as predation, differential movement between habitats may lead to counterintuitive system‐wide dynamics. Understanding the interaction between local drivers and dynamics of widely dispersed species is necessary to predict the impacts of habitat fragmentation and degradation, which may be transmitted across habitat boundaries by species' movements. Here we model predator–prey interactions across unaltered and degraded habitat areas, and we explore the additional effects of adaptive habitat choice by predators on the resilience of prey populations. We show how movement between habitats can produce the “bad neighbor effect,” in which predators' response to localized habitat degradation causes system‐wide loss of prey populations. This effect arises because adaptive foraging results in the concentration of predators in the more productive unaltered habitat, even when this habitat can not support the increased prey mortality. The mechanisms underlying this effect are especially sensitive to prey dispersal rate and adaptive predator behavior.
Poly(vinylpylrrolidone) as Surfactant in the Sol–Gel Preparation of Lithium Iron Phospate/Carbon Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Fan Changling , Li Qiyuan , Chen Shilin , Fan Jiwei , Wen Zheng , Zeng Taotao , Zhang Xiang , Han Shaochang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLithium iron phosphate/carbon (LiFePO4/C) is synthesized by a modified sol–gel method, in which the nonionic surfactant poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is used. PVP plays a dual roles in the preparation of LiFePO4/C: it is used as surfactant to prevent the colloid particles and carbon source from aggregating, and is a carbon source. The carbon contents and conductivities of LiFePO4/C increase with increasing of PVP. When the ratio of PVP to LiFePO4 reaches 1 ‰, the conductivity of LiFePO4/C reaches its optimal value of 2.67×10−2 S cm−1 and its discharge capacity at 1 C is 131.0 mAh g−1. This is because the use of PVP leads particles that are small and have a homogeneous size distribution, which is due to dispersion by PVP. Titanium (Ti4+)‐doped samples, obtained from a sol–gel method, possess even better performances. The discharge capacities of this sample is 111.1 mAh g−1at 5 C and 87.3 mAh g−1 at 8 C. The gap in potential between the oxidative and reductive peaks is as low as 0.2053 V, which shows its reversibility is excellent.
Adverse effect of smoking on prognosis in human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Liskamp Carmen P. , Janssens Geert O. , Bussink Johan , Melchers Willem J. , Kaanders Johannes H. , Verhoef Cornelia G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this retrospective study was to identify prognostic factors in a cohort of patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).MethodsMedical records of 142 patients treated with (chemo)radiotherapy between September 2005 and September 2011 were reviewed and the human papillomavirus (HPV) status was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Potential prognostic factors for 3‐year locoregional control and overall survival (OS) were evaluated.ResultsHPV‐positive patients (n = 82) had locoregional control and OS of 78% and 79%, respectively. Significant prognostic factors on multivariate analysis were smoking (p = .03) for locoregional control and OS, and comorbidity (p = .04) for OS. Further stratification was done according to smoking behavior in HPV‐positive patients. Locoregional control in current smokers was 67% compared to 86% in never smokers and former smokers, respectively (p = .02).ConclusionSmoking was the only modifiable prognostic factor in HPV‐positive patients. Therefore, active stop‐smoking programs must be integrated in the routine management of patients to maximize treatment results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1780–1787, 2016
A general risk-based adaptive management scheme incorporating the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model with the South River, Virginia, as case study
Authors: Landis Wayne G , Markiewicz April J , Ayre Kim K , Johns Annie F , Harris Meagan J , Stinson Jonah M , Summers Heather M 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Adaptive management has been presented as a method for the remediation, restoration, and protection of ecological systems. Recent reviews have found that the implementation of adaptive management has been unsuccessful in many instances. We present a modification of the model first formulated by Wyant and colleagues that puts ecological risk assessment into a central role in the adaptive management process. This construction has 3 overarching segments. Public engagement and governance determine the goals of society by identifying endpoints and specifying constraints such as costs. The research, engineering, risk assessment, and management section contains the decision loop estimating risk, evaluating options, specifying the monitoring program, and incorporating the data to re-evaluate risk. The 3rd component is the recognition that risk and public engagement can be altered by various externalities such as climate change, economics, technological developments, and population growth. We use the South River, Virginia, USA, study area and our previous research to illustrate each of these components. In our example, we use the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model to estimate risks, evaluate remediation options, and provide lists of monitoring priorities. The research, engineering, risk assessment, and management loop also provides a structure in which data and the records of what worked and what did not, the learning process, can be stored. The learning process is a central part of adaptive management. We conclude that risk assessment can and should become an integral part of the adaptive management process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:115–126. © 2016 SETAC.

Key Points
Ecological risk assessment will enhance the adaptive management process and provide a structure for learning and communication. We have proposed an adaptive management structure that incorporates risk assessment, the inclusion of governance and public engagement, and recognizes that externalities will change the parameters and decisions to be made. The South River is a case study that incorporates each of the components of the adaptive management process and explicitly uses risk assessment as a critical part of the remediation plan.
Paddy Field Modelling System For Water Quality Management
Authors: Song Jung‐Hun , Ryu Jeong Hoon , Park Jihoon , Jun Sang Min , Song Inhong , Jang Jeongryeol , Kim Sang Min , Kang Moon Seong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop a paddy field modelling system for predicting pollutant (nutrient) loads and evaluating various best management practices (BMPs) on paddy fields. The system consists of a pre‐processing component, the CREAMS‐PADDY (Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems for PADDY) model, and a post‐processing component. The CREAMS‐PADDY was selected as the core model. The pre‐processing component included manipulation of meteorological data, management of input parameters such as spatial characteristics and farming methods, batch running, and implementing various scenarios. The post‐processing component contained visualization of water and nutrient balance components and statistical analyses for calibration, validation and application. To evaluate the applicability of the developed system, reduction effects on water control methods in paddy fields were simulated. Model parameters related to hydrology and water quality were calibrated and validated by comparing model predictions with field data collected over 2 years. The simulation results indicated that reducing nutrient loss through surface drainage by water‐saving irrigation and raising drainage outlet heights could protect downstream water quality. The simulation system will be a useful tool for planning BMPs to reduce nutrient loads from paddy fields in various regions including Korea. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pro‐osteoclastic in vitro effect of Polyethylene‐like nanoparticles: Involvement in the pathogenesis of implant aseptic loosening
Authors: Brulefert Kevin , Córdova Luis A. , Brulin Bénédicte , Faucon Adrien , Hulin Philipe , Nedellec Steven , Gouin François , Passuti Norbert , Ishow Eléna , Heymann Dominique 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPolyethylene micro‐sized wear particles released from orthopedic implants promote inflammation and osteolysis; however, less is known about the bioactivity of polyethylene nanosized wear particles released from the last generation of polymer‐bearing surfaces. We aim to assess the internalization of fluorescent polyethylene‐like nanoparticles by both human macrophages and osteoclasts and also, to determine their effects in osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Human macrophages and osteoclasts were incubated with several ratios of fluorescent polyethylene‐like nanoparticles between 1 and 72 h, and 4 h, 2, 4, 6, and 9 days, respectively. The internalization of nanoparticles was quantified by flow cytometry and followed by both confocal and video time‐lapse microscopy. Osteoclast differentiation and activity was semiquantified by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, TRAP mRNA relative expression, and pit resorption assay, respectively. Macrophages, osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts internalized nanoparticles in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner and maintained their resorptive activity. In addition, nanoparticles significantly increased the osteoclastogenesis as shown by upregulation of the TRAP expressing cell number. We conclude that polyethylene‐like nanosized wear particles promote osteoclast differentiation without alteration of bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts and they could be considered as important actors in periprosthetic osteolysis of the last new generation of polymer‐bearing surfaces. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2649–2657, 2016.
Influence of nitrite on the degradation of atrazine by ozonation
Authors: Yang Jingxin , Li Ji , Dong Wenyi , Ma Jun , Li Jiayin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBACKGROUDNitrite is ubiquitous in natural water and wastewater. It is generally accepted that nitrite is an ozone consumer and has a negative influence on contaminants degradation during ozonation. Recently, nitrite was found to react with ozone to produce ·OH. However, the potential positive effect of nitrite on the degradation of ozone refractory compounds has never been recognized previously during ozonation. Herein, the influence of nitrite on the degradation of atrazine by ozonation is evaluated.RESULTSThe presence of nitrite was found to enhance atrazine degradation during ozonation. The enhancing effect of nitrite was attributed to ·OH formation with a yield of 8.4% in the reaction of ozone with nitrite, which was demonstrated in scavenging experiments with tert‐butyl alcohol. The maximum atrazine degradation was observed at the nitrite dose of 10 µmol L−1, when the ozone dose was 20 µmol L−1. The enhancing effect of nitrite on atrazine degradation by ozonation was more pronounced at lower pHs. The enhancing effect of nitrite on atrazine degradation by ozonation was still observed in surface water, especially at acidic pH. Six transformation products of atrazine were identified in the ozone/nitrite system, and the degradation mechanism is discussed.CONCLUSIONSThis study is the first to demonstrate that nitrite not only acts as an ozone consumer, but may also have a positive effect on the degradation of ozone refractory contaminants by activating ozone to produce ·OH. It provides a more comprehensive understanding to the role of nitrite in ozonation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of S. mutans biofilms attached to relevant dental materials
Authors: Zoccolillo Michelle L. , Rogers Stephen C. , Mang Thomas S. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundAntimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has demonstrated efficacy in situations where conventional antibiotic therapies can be challenged such as biofilms, gram‐negative bacteria, and antimicrobial resistant organisms. Surface characteristics can affect biofilm adherence and integrity and so may modify the effectiveness of aPDT. This study investigates the killing efficacy of aPDT on S. mutans biofilms grown on relevant dental substrata, examining the killing efficacy and specifically the effects of aPDT on the biofilm matrix architecture.Materials and MethodsS. mutans (NCTC 10449) was grown in 48 hours biofilms on different substrata, specifically glass, titanium, and denture acrylic. During aPDT assays, the biofilms were treated with a purpurin based sensitizer ([25 ug/ml] in DMSO) for 30 minutes, then exposed to a 664 nm diode laser at light doses of 15, 30, and 45 J/cm2. Colony forming unit assays were performed to determine survival following treatment. Controls for comparison in survival assays consisted of (No light/No PS; No light/PS; and No light/DMSO). MAIR‐IR spectroscopy analysis was performed to investigate aPDT effects on biofilm composition before and after jet impingement.ResultsSurvival was greatly reduced in the biofilm cultures following the aPDT assays. All light doses achieved a greater then 3‐log inactivation on 48 hours biofilms grown on polished denture acrylic. The higher light doses (45 and 30 J) achieved greater than 3‐log inactivation in 48 hours biofilms grown on glass. The higher light doses (30 and 45 J/cm2) produced a 2‐log inactivation in 48 hours biofilms grown on titanium. Multiple attenuated internal reflection infrared (MAIR‐IR) spectroscopy data demonstrates enhanced loss of exopolysaccharide (EPS) and Amide in the aPDT treated biofilms following jet impingement.ConclusionAntimicrobial PDT experiments using a purpurin based sensitizer and laser light doses of 15, 30, and 45 J/cm2, against S. mutans biofilm grown on different surfaces, show the effectiveness of this therapy. In CFU survival assays, a dose response to the laser is evident. While considerable disinfection was achieved on all surfaces compared to the controls, not all surfaces could be disinfected equally. MAIR‐IR spectroscopy showed that aPDT groups lost more EPS and Amide versus controls, suggesting aPDT induced biofilm embrittlement, which was revealed by jet impingement. With demonstrated efficacy against various microbes and on different substrata, antimicrobial aPDT shows potential for clinical application in biofilm‐mediated diseases such as peri‐implantitis and periodontitis. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:995–1005, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Facile Strategy to Fabricate Multishape Memory Polymers with Controllable Mechanical Properties
Authors: Zhang Qinglong , Hua Wenqiang , Feng Jiachun 
Published: June 2016

A facile blending strategy to fabricate multishape memory polymers (SMPs) with only one sort of phase transition material has been reported. In this work, olefin block copolymer (OBC) and styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene (SEBS), which are both physically crosslinked, are blended with crystalline paraffin together. Due to the different interactions between polymer matrices and paraffin, the paraffin penetrated in OBC and SEBS exhibit separated melting transitions. It is quite interesting that merely paraffin distributed in OBC also shows two distinct melting transitions with enough OBC content in composites. Therefore, excellent quadruple shape memory effect can be achieved with a maximum of three melting transitions. Furthermore, through adjusting the polymer species and content, the mechanical and rheological properties can be conveniently tuned to a great extent. Compared with the reported strategies, this simple and controllable method sheds light on rapid design of multi‐SMPs using inexpensive raw materials, which greatly paves the way for multi‐SMPs from laboratory to factory.
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Structural Defect Evolution of TATB‐Based Compounds Induced by Processing Operations and Thermal Treatments
Authors: Guerain Mathieu , Forzy Alexandre , Lecardeur Alexandre , Trumel Hervé 
Published: June 2016

Abstract2,4,6‐Triamino‐1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) compounds are commonly used in high performance explosives because of their thermal stability and high detonation velocities compared to other materials. The insensitivity and mechanical properties are related to the stability of their crystalline structure. Crystallographic structure and structural defects evolution of TATB and TATB‐based compounds were studied by X‐ray diffraction for powders, molding powders, and pressed compounds, using Rietveld refinement. The effects of synthesis conditions, thermal treatments, coating and pressing operations on the structure of TATB compounds were evaluated. The results show that the pressing operation results in anisotropic crystallite size, leading to an increase of the structural defects density. It could be due to the anisotropic mechanical response of the TATB crystal under pressure, possibly plasticity. Finally, it is shown that increasing thermal treatment temperature on TATB powders decreases the structural defects density.
Review of anthraquinone applications for pest management and agricultural crop protection
Authors: DeLiberto Shelagh T , Werner Scott J 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe have reviewed published anthraquinone applications for international pest management and agricultural crop protection from 1943 to 2016. Anthraquinone (AQ) is commonly found in dyes, pigments and many plants and organisms. Avian repellent research withAQbegan in the 1940s. In the context of pest management,AQis currently used as a chemical repellent, perch deterrent, insecticide and feeding deterrent in many wild birds, and in some mammals, insects and fishes. Criteria for evaluation of effective chemical repellents include efficacy, potential for wildlife hazards, phytotoxicity and environmental persistence. As a biopesticide,AQoften meets these criteria of efficacy for the non‐lethal management of agricultural depredation caused by wildlife. We summarize published applications ofAQfor the protection of newly planted and maturing crops from pest birds. Conventional applications ofAQ‐based repellents include preplant seed treatments [e.g. corn (Zea maysL.), rice (Oryza sativaL.), sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.), wheat (Triticumspp.), millet (Panicumspp.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.), pelletized feed and forest tree species] and foliar applications for rice, sunflower, lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.), turf, sugar beets (Beta vulgarisL.), soybean (Glycine maxL.), sweet corn and nursery, fruit and nut crops. In addition to agricultural repellent applications,AQhas also been used to treat toxicants for the protection of non‐target birds. Few studies have demonstratedAQrepellency in mammals, including wild boar (Sus scrofa, L.), thirteen‐lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, Mitchill), black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cyomys ludovicainus, Ord.), common voles (Microtus arvalis, Pallas), house mice (Mus musculus, L.), Tristram's jirds (Meriones tristrami, Thomas) and black rats (Rattus rattusL.). Natural sources ofAQand its derivatives have also been identified as insecticides and insect repellents. As a natural or synthetic biopesticide,AQis a promising candidate for many contexts of non‐lethal and insecticidal pest management. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 and Histone Deacetylase 9c Regulate Age-Dependent Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation into Osteoblasts and Adipocytes
Authors: Chen Ya-Huey , Chung Chiao-Chen , Liu Yu-Chia , Yeh Su-Peng , Hsu Jennifer L. , Hung Mien-Chie , Su Hong-Lin , Li Long-Yuan 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent precursors that can undergo multilineage differentiation, including osteogenesis and adipogenesis, which are two mutually exclusive events. Previously, we demonstrated that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic component of the Polycomb-repressive complex 2, mediates epigenetic silencing of histone deacetylase 9c (HDAC9c) in adipocytes but not in osteoblasts and that HDAC9c accelerates osteogenesis while attenuating adipogenesis of MSCs through inactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 activity. Importantly, disrupting the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis can lead to age-associated bone loss (osteoporosis) and obesity. Here, we investigated the relationship between age, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential of MSCs by comparing EZH2 and HDAC9c expression in osteoblasts and adipocytes of both human and mice origins to determine whether the EZH2-HDAC9c axis regulates age-associated osteoporosis and obesity. Our findings indicated that a decline in HDAC9c expression over time was accompanied by increased EZH2 expression and suggested that a therapeutic intervention for age-associated osteoporosis and obesity may be feasible by targeting the EZH2-HDAC9c axis.