bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Activity on Mcf7 Cell from Ethanolic Extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Aglaia elliptica Blume. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Authors: Agustini Kurnia , Churiyah Churiyah , Wibowo Agung Eru 
Published: January 2018

Indonesian medicinal herbs have so many biological activity, including anticancer activity. This assay aims to evaluate three Indonesian medicinal plants (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (TFG), Aglaia elliptica Blume. (AE) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (FV)) which have potency in anticancer activity. The experiment was done by MTT assay to observe the cytotoxicity activity on breast cancer cell lines MCF7. Apoptotic potency was evaluated based on % population of MCF7 cell in subG0/G1 phase. The results showed that IC50 from ethanolic extract of TFG was 241.24 ppm, ethanolic extract of AE was 19.442 ppm and ethanolic extract of FV was 69.41 ppm. Apoptotic potency for TFG was 6.46%, AE was 11.94% and for FV was 8.73%. Thus, it is concluded that ethanolic extract of AE gives the lowest IC50 and the higher potency of apoptotic by significantly (p<0.05) increase % population of cells in subG0/G1 phase on 100ppm concentration.Keywords : Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Aglaia elliptica Blume. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill., MCF-7, Apoptotic, Cytotoxic
Antiproliferative Effect of Secang Heartwood Ethanolic Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Rachmady Rahmawaty , Muntafiah Laely , Rosyadi Fahmi , Sholihah Imroatus , Handayani Sri , Jenie Riris Istighfari 
Published: January 2018

Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) plays critical role in the initiation of breast cancer cell proliferation. Inhibition of HER2 overexpression is a promising strategy in the treatment of breast cancer. One of the potential natural substances that possess cytotoxic in cancer cells is Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.). Ethanolic extract of secang heartwood containing brazilein and brazilin shows cytotoxic effect on various cancer cells. Thus this research aims to determine the proliferative inhibition activity of secang heartwood ethanolic extract (SEE) through HER2 expression on MCF-7/HER2 positive. Cytotoxic activity of SEE on MCF-7/HER2 positive cells was observed by MTT assay, meanwhile the inhibition activity of HER2 on MCF-7/HER2 cells was determined by immunofluoresence assay. Furthermore, to confirm the possible mechanism of brazilein and brazilin for its cytotoxic activity was studied through molecular docking using PLANTS software. Based on this study, SEE exhibited cytotoxic effect on MCF-7/HER2 positive cells with IC50 value of 25 µg/ml, and EES also inhibited HER2 expression, indicated that the antiproliferative effect of SEE was possible through the inhibition of HER2. Docking score of brazilein, brazilin, and native ligand on HER2 were -77; -73; -120 respectively, showed the affinity of brazilein in HER2 was lower than affinity of native ligand, but they had specific amino acid to interaction. Hence, SEE can be developed as one of promising chemopreventive agent from natural products.Keywords: Caesalpinia sappan L., cytotoxic, immunofluorescence, molecular docking, MCF7/HER2 cells
Acute Toxicity Effect of The Ethanolic Extract of Watercress Herb (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) in Mice
Authors: Ginting Herawaty , Dalimunthe Aminah , Reveny Julia 
Published: January 2018

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is an annual plant of the Brasicaceae family. Watercress has efficacy in the treatment of a hypo-allergenic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, and treatment of tuberculosis.The purpose of this research was to determine the potential for acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of watercress. This study aims to observe the histopathology liver , kidney , heart mice and to determine the LD50. Test animals used were 40 male mice and 40 female mice were divided into 8 groups. Group 1 as the control group were given Na – CMC 0,5 % b/v and groups 2-8 were given ethanol extract of watercress herb with a doses of 0,5; 5; 50 ; 500 ; 1000 ; 2000; and 4000 mg/kg bw . LD50 test is determined by the number of deaths in the test group during the 14 days of treatment in the form of one administration of the test materials. Histopathological results at the highest doses showed necrosis and hydropic degeneration of the liver, serosis the kidneys, and the heart inflammation with myofibril irregular heart. LD50 test demonstrated the practical test material is not toxic because no test animals died.Keywords: acute toxicity, Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Ethanolic extract
Different 4T1 Cells Migration under Caesalpinia sappan L. and Ficus septica Burm.f Ethanolic Extracts
Authors: Haryanti Sari , Murwanti Retno , Putri Herwandhani , Ilmawati Gagas Pradani Nur , Pramono Suwijiyo , Meiyanto Edy 
Published: January 2018

Secang (C. sappan L.) and awar (F. septica Burm.f) are known of Indonesian traditional medicine that highly consumed throughout centuries in order to cure various diseases. Recently, researchers also concern about its effects as anti-cancer on various cell types. This study was conducted to understand the ethanolic extract of C. sappan L. (ECS) and F. septica Burm.f (EFS) effects on 4T1 cells migration at various concentrations. Firstly, we examine cell proliferation profile with MTT assay under treatment with the extracts and obtained the IC50 value of ECS (20 μg/mL) and EFS (15 μg/mL). Subsequent assay conducted was to examine the cells migration under low concentration resulting in the migration inhibitory effect of both EFS and ECS with different intensity. EFS performed better migration inhibitory effect than ECS. Finally, we conducted gelatin zymography and western blot and revealed that the migration inhibitory effect of EFS may correlate to the lowering of protein expression of MMP9 and Rac-1 after 24 hours of treatment. We conclude that both extracts are potential to be developed as anticancer agent and EFS is more potent for anti-metastasis.Keywords: C. sappan L., F. septica Burm.f, 4T1, anti-migration
Jamu as Alternative Therapy to Improve Quality of Life (QoL) of Benign Breast Tumor Patients at Rumah Riset Jamu “Hortus Medicus”
Authors: Zulkarnain Zuraida , Triyono Agus 
Published: January 2018

Women with benign breast tumors could experience decreased in quality of life (QoL) due to pain and fear over the disease. This study aimed to investigate the QoL outcome in benign breast tumor patients who receive alternative treatment with jamu. A total of 26 female patients who came to Rumah Riset Jamu (RRJ) "Hortus Medicus" Tawangmangu in the period of September-December 2013 with complaints of breast tumor and met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. They were given Jamu formula for breast tumor and drank its water infusion twice daily for 16 weeks. Short Form-36 (SF-36) scores was measure at baseline, middle and the end of study. SF-36 is a tool to assess the QoL that has been widely used in health research. The mean scores of SF-36 is elevated in middle and the end of study compare to baseline. There were significant differences between the mean scores before and after treatment (paired t test, p< 0,05). The results showed that Jamu had the potential to improve quality of life in patients with benign breast tumor.Keywords : benign breast tumor, Jamu, QoL, SF-36
Introduction to a special issue entitled Perspectives on Implementing Benefit-Cost Analysis in Climate Assessment
Authors: Sussman Fran , Grambsch Anne , Li Jia , Weaver Christopher P. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract:Over the past half-century or more, economists have developed a robust literature on the theory and practice of benefit-cost analysis (BCA) as applied to diverse projects and policies. Recent years have seen a growing demand for practical applications of BCA to climate change policy questions. As economists seek to meet this demand, they face challenges that arise from the nature of climate change impacts, such as the long time frame and the potential for non-marginal changes, the importance of intangible effects, and the need to grapple with Knightian uncertainty. As a result of these and other characteristics of climate change, many of the fundamental tenets of BCA are coming under scrutiny and the limits of BCA’s methodological and practical boundaries are being tested. This special issue assembles a set of papers that review the growing body of literature on the economics of climate change. The papers describe the state of the literature valuing climate change impacts, both globally and at more disaggregated levels. The papers also discuss the challenges economists face in applying BCA to support climate change decision making and adaptation planning. This introduction provides background and context on the current use of BCA in climate change analysis, and sets each paper firmly in that context, identifying also areas for future research. While the challenges in conducting BCA and interpreting its results are significant, across the papers it becomes clear that economic analysis in general, and the tools and methods of BCA in particular, have a central role to play in supporting decision-making about how to respond to climate change.
Challenges in applying the paradigm of
welfare economics to climate change
Authors: Sussman Fran , Weaver Christopher P. , Grambsch Anne 
Published: January 2018

Abstract:
This paper discusses the challenges
inherent in developing benefit-cost analysis
(BCAs) of climate change. Challenges are explored
from three perspectives: meeting the foundational
premises for conducting BCA within the framework
of welfare economics, methodological
considerations that affect the application of the
tools and techniques of BCA, and practical
limitations that arise out of resource constraints
and the nature of the question, project, or policy
being evaluated. Although economic analysts
frequently face – and overcome – conceptual and
practical complications in developing BCAs,
climate change presents difficulties beyond those
posed by more conventional environmental problems.
Five characteristics of the climate system and
associated impacts on human and natural systems
are identified that pose particular challenges to
BCA of climate change, including ubiquity of
impacts, intangibility, non-marginal changes, long
timeframes, and uncertainty. These characteristics
interact with traditional economic challenges,
such as valuing non-market impact, addressing
non-marginal changes, accounting for
low-probability but high-impact events, and the
eternal issue of appropriately discounting the
future. A mapping between the characteristics of
climate change and traditional economic challenges
highlights the difficulties analysts are likely to
encounter in conducting BCA. Despite these
challenges, the paper argues that the fundamental
ability of economic analysis to evaluate
alternatives and tradeoffs is vital to decision
making. Climate-related decisions span a wide
range in terms of their scope, complexity, and
depth, and for many applications of economic
analyses the issues associated with climate change
are tractable. In other cases it may require
improved economic techniques or taking steps to
ensure uncertainty is more fully addressed.
Augmenting economic analysis with distribution
analysis or an account of physical effects, and
exploring how economic benefit and cost estimates
can be incorporated into broader decision making
frameworks have also been suggested. The paper
concludes that there are opportunities for BCA to
play a key role in informing climate change
decision-making.
Integrated assessment of climate change: state of the literature
Authors: Weyant John 
Published: January 2018

Abstract:This paper reviews applications of benefit-cost analysis (BCA) in climate policy assessment at the US national and global scales. Two different but related major application types are addressed. First there are global-scale analyses that focus on calculating optimal global carbon emissions trajectories and carbon prices that maximize global welfare. The second application is the use of the same tools to compute the social cost of carbon (SCC) for use in US regulatory processes. The SCC is defined as the climate damages attributable to an increase of one metric ton of carbon dioxide emissions above a baseline emissions trajectory that assumes no new climate policies. The paper describes the three main quantitative models that have been used in the optimal carbon policy and SCC calculations and then summarizes the range of results that have been produced using them. The results span an extremely broad range (up to an order of magnitude) across modeling platforms as well as across the plausible ranges of input assumptions to a single model. This broad range of results sets the stage for a discussion of the five key challenges that face BCA practitioners participating in the national and global climate change policy analysis arenas: (1) including the possibility of catastrophic outcomes; (2) factoring in equity and income distribution considerations; (3) addressing intertemporal discounting and intergenerational equity; (4) projecting baseline demographics, technological change, and policies inside and outside the energy sector; and (5) characterizing the full set of uncertainties to be dealt with and designing a decision-making process that updates and adapts new scientific and economic information into that process in a timely and productive manner. The paper closes by describing how the BCA models have been useful in climate policy discussions to date despite the uncertainties that pervade the results that have been produced.
Improving the practice of economic analysis of climate change adaptation
Authors: Li Jia , Mullan Michael , Helgeson Jennifer 
Published: January 2018

Abstract:The development of national and sectoral climate change adaptation strategies is burgeoning in the US and elsewhere in response to damages from extreme events and projected future risks from climate change. Increasingly, decision makers are requesting information on the economic damages of climate change as well as costs, benefits, and tradeoffs of alternative actions to inform climate adaptation decisions. This paper provides a practical view of the applications of economic analysis to aid climate change adaptation decision making, with a focus on benefit-cost analysis (BCA). We review the recent developments and applications of BCA with implications for climate risk management and adaptation decision making, both in the US and other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. We found that BCA is still in early stages of development for evaluating adaptation decisions, and to date is mostly being applied to investment project-based appraisals. Moreover, the best practices of economic analysis are not fully reflected in the BCAs of climate adaptation-relevant decisions. The diversity of adaptation measures and decision-making contexts suggest that evaluation of adaptation measures may require multiple analytical methods. The economic tools and information would need to be transparent, accessible, and match with the decision contexts to be effective in enhancing decision making. Based on the current evidence, a set of analytical considerations is proposed for improving economic analysis of climate adaptation that includes the need to better address uncertainty and to understand the cross-sector and general equilibrium effects of sectoral and national adaptation policy.
Nonlinear Relationship Between Spike-Dependent Calcium Influx and TRPC Channel Activation Enables Robust Persistent Spiking in Neurons of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Ratté Stéphanie , Karnup Sergei , Prescott Steven A. 
Published: January 2018

Continuation of spiking after a stimulus ends (i.e. persistent spiking) is thought to support working memory. Muscarinic receptor activation enables persistent spiking among synaptically isolated pyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), but a detailed characterization of that spiking is lacking and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the rate of persistent spiking in ACC neurons is insensitive to the intensity and number of triggers, but can be modulated by injected current, and that persistent spiking can resume after several seconds of hyperpolarization-imposed quiescence. Using electrophysiology and calcium imaging in brain slices from male rats, we determined that canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels are necessary for persistent spiking and that TRPC-activating calcium enters in a spike-dependent manner via voltage-gated calcium channels. Constrained by these biophysical details, we built a computational model that reproduced the observed pattern of persistent spiking. Nonlinear dynamical analysis of that model revealed that TRPC channels become fully activated by the small rise in intracellular calcium caused by evoked spikes. Calcium continues to rise during persistent spiking, but because TRPC channel activation saturates, firing rate stabilizes. By calcium rising higher than required for maximal TRPC channel activation, TRPC channels are able to remain active during periods of hyperpolarization-imposed quiescence (until calcium drops below saturating levels) such that persistent spiking can resume when hyperpolarization is discontinued. Our results thus reveal that the robust intrinsic bistability exhibited by ACC neurons emerges from the nonlinear positive feedback relationship between spike-dependent calcium influx and TRPC channel activation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurons use action potentials, or spikes, to encode information. Some neurons can store information for short periods (seconds to minutes) by continuing to spike after a stimulus ends, thus enabling working memory. This so-called “persistent” spiking occurs in many brain areas and has been linked to activation of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels. However, TRPC activation alone is insufficient to explain many aspects of persistent spiking such as resumption of spiking after periods of imposed quiescence. Using experiments and simulations, we show that calcium influx caused by spiking is necessary and sufficient to activate TRPC channels and that the ensuing positive feedback interaction between intracellular calcium and TRPC channel activation can account for many hitherto unexplained aspects of persistent spiking.
Activity in the Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex Is Necessary for the Therapeutic Effects of Extinction in Rats
Authors: Fucich Elizabeth A. , Paredes Denisse , Saunders Madeleine O. , Morilak David A. 
Published: January 2018

Poor response and high relapse rates remain problematic in the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Although mechanisms of pharmacotherapies are intensely studied, little is known about mechanisms of behavioral therapy that could inform improved treatments. We have previously demonstrated the therapeutic effects of extinction learning as a behavioral intervention modeling exposure therapy in rats. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during extinction is necessary for its therapeutic effects. The inhibitory Gi-coupled designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug CaMKIIα-hM4Di was expressed in vmPFC before administering chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). vmPFC projection neurons were then inhibited during extinction treatment by administering clozapine-N-oxide. Coping behavior and cognitive flexibility were assessed 24 h later on the shock-probe defensive burying test and attentional set-shifting test, respectively. Replicating previous results, extinction reversed the CUS-induced deficits in coping behavior and cognitive flexibility. Inhibiting vmPFC during extinction blocked these therapeutic effects. Further, increasing vmPFC activity with the excitatory Gq-coupled designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug hM3Dq 24 h before testing was sufficient to reverse the CUS-induced deficits. CUS reduced mPFC responsivity, assessed by measuring afferent-evoked field potentials in the mPFC, and this reduction was reversed by extinction treatment 24 h before testing. These results demonstrate the necessity of vmPFC activity in the therapeutic effects of extinction as a model of exposure therapy, and suggest that increased vmPFC activity induced by extinction is sufficient to produce lasting plastic changes that underlie its beneficial effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStress-related psychiatric disorders remain poorly treated. Psychotherapies can be effective, but their mechanisms remain unknown, hindering progress toward improved treatment. We used a rat model of behavioral therapy to identify potential targets for enhancing treatment. Fear extinction as a therapeutic behavioral intervention reversed stress-induced cognitive dysfunction and passive coping in rats, modeling components of stress-related psychiatric disease. Extinction also reversed stress-induced attenuation of mPFC responsivity. The therapeutic effects were prevented by blocking activity of glutamatergic neurons in the mPFC during extinction, and were mimicked by inducing activity in lieu of extinction. Thus, activity and plasticity in the mPFC underlie the beneficial effects of extinction on cognitive flexibility and coping behavior compromised by stress, and could be targets to enhance behavioral therapy.