bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equivalent Sensitivity Setting During Ultrasonic Inspection of Steel Butt Welded Joints
Authors: Киреев  , Kireev Andrey 
Published: September 2016

Introduction. The echo-pulse technique is commonly used for welded joints ultrasonic testing. The first step of the technique is setting the ultrasonic flaw detector sensitivity. For this purpose NDT-operators usually use calibration blocks with a flat cylindrical or hemispherical reflectors, which are to be manufactured and metrologically certified for every weld joint size and transducer angle. The objective of this work was to develop a sensitivity setting technique using the CO-2 reference block, which could take into account the equivivalent area of the flat cilindrical reflector (as a model of a point-planar flaw) and the equivivalent area of the hemispherical reflector (as a model of a point-bulk flaw).
Method. The paper analyzes methods of ultrasonic flaw detector sensitivity setting while testing of butt welded joints with the use of samples and reference reflectors of different types. The theoretical studies using beam acoustics and the Kirchhoff method, were carried out.
Results. The analytical dependences for calculation of the sensitivity correction factors have been presented for the equivalent sensitivity setting on a side cylindrical reflector of 6 mm in diameter with the center line location at a depth of 15 mm within the CO-2 reference block. For automation of calculations the NDTRT-20.01 software has been developed and implemented. The sensitivity setting procedures with the use of the NDTRT-20.01 software and without it are given.
Discussion. The offered technique has the following advantages: for different thicknesses of welded sheets with different requirements to the minimum acceptable defect the only CO-2 reference block is needed; the sensitivity can be adjusted on both the flat cilindrical reflector and the hemispherical reflector; the NDTRT-20.01 software allows automating the calculations of sensitivity correction factors and flaw detector sweep parameters.
Influence of Heavy Metals on the Environmental from Tarnita Mining Area
Authors: Jucan Victor , Dumitrescu Mihaela , Iordan Alexandra Raluca , Palamaru Mircea Nicolae 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper presents aspects related to water pollution with heavy metals from the Tarnita mining area before and after the cessation of the mining activity. The impact of heavy metals on waters is important because these metals have a negative impact on both human health and aquatic ecosystems. All research data showed that, even the mining activities from this area were suspended, the sterile still pollutes the soil and water
Relative ∞-capacity and its affinization
Authors: Jiang Renjin , Xiao Jie , Yang Dachun 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the so-called relative

∞

{\infty}

-capacity is introduced and investigated in a close connection to the viscosity solution of the

∞

{\infty}

-Laplace equation. We not only show that the relative

∞

{\infty}

-capacity equals the limit of the p-th root of the relative p-capacity as

p
→
∞

{p\to\infty}

and hence has a simple geometric characterization in terms of the Euclidean distance, but also establish several basic properties for the relative

∞

{\infty}

-capacity. Consequently, we apply the relative

∞

{\infty}

-capacity to the embedding theory of the

∞

{\infty}

-Sobolev space. More geometrically, we affinize the relative

∞

{\infty}

-capacity and its fundamental features as much as possible.
Weighted composition operators between weak spaces of vector-valued analytic functions
Authors: Hassanlou Mostafa , Laitila Jussi , Vaezi Hamid 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We consider weighted composition operators

W

ψ
,
φ

:

f
↦

ψ
⁢

(

f
∘
φ

)

${W_{\psi,\varphi}\colon f\mapsto\psi(f\circ\varphi)}$

on spaces of analytic functions on the unit disc, which take values in some complex Banach space. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness and (weak) compactness of

W

ψ
,
φ

${W_{\psi,\varphi}}$

on general function spaces, and in particular on weak vector-valued spaces. As an application, we characterize the weak compactness of

W

ψ
,
φ

${W_{\psi,\varphi}}$

between two different vector-valued Bloch-type spaces. This characterization appears to be new also in the scalar-valued case.
Desiccation tolerance and underlying mechanisms for the recovery of the photosynthetic efficiency in the tropical intertidal seagrasses Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii
Authors: Wuthirak Tharawit , Kongnual Rapeepan , Buapet Pimchanok 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The seagrasses Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii commonly occur in the upper-intertidal zone where they are subjected to prolonged desiccation during low tides. This study investigated their desiccation tolerance and the mechanisms underlying their eventual recovery. Halophila ovalis exhibited a faster decline in photosynthetic efficiency, measured as effective quantum yield of photosystem II (φPSII), during 90 min of desiccation and did not recover when rehydrated. Thalassia hemprichii, however, showed a nearly full recovery. Desiccation also imposed greater membrane damage on H. ovalis as indicated by a higher electrolyte leakage. In a subsequent experiment, seagrasses were desiccated for 60 min before being rehydrated with seawater containing either chloramphenicol (CMP), cycloheximide (CHX), dithiothreitol (DTT) or no metabolic inhibitor (control). Recovery of φPSII of H. ovalis was hindered by CMP and DTT while CHX had little effect. Recovery of φPSII of T. hemprichii, however, was partially affected by both CMP and CHX to a similar extent and not by DTT. The results indicate that H. ovalis relies substantially on the synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins and excess energy dissipation by the xanthophyll cycle whereas T. hemprichii requires limited protein synthesis in both chloroplast and cytoplasm to completely recover their photosynthetic function from desiccation stress.
A new genus Phyllophorella gen. nov. (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) from central Peru, including Phyllophorella peruviana comb. nov., Phyllophorella humboldtiana sp. nov., and Phyllophorella limaensis sp. nov.
Authors: Calderon Martha S. , Boo Sung Min 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We investigated fresh collections and an isotype of Phyllophora peruviana from central Peru using morphology and sequencing the plastid rbcL gene. In the rbcL phylogenetic tree, P. peruviana consisted of three genetic groups, forming a clade. As this P. peruviana clade was distantly related to Phyllophora including the generitype Phyllophora crispa and also distinct from other genera in the Phyllophoraceae, we describe Phyllophorella peruviana gen. et comb. nov. and two new species, Phyllophorella humboldtiana sp. nov. and Phyllophorella limaensis sp. nov. The genus Phyllophorella is distinguished from Phyllophora by a compressed stipe rather than a terete stipe, and tetrasporangia in nemathecia rather than sori scattered over the thallus surface. Phyllophorella
humboldtiana sp. nov. is characterized by broad blades with slightly lobate margins. Phyllophorella limaensis sp. nov. is recognized by its small, ligulate blades. Phyllophorella peruviana is distinguished by dichotomo-flabellate blades that arise from a short compressed stipe. All three species of Phyllophorella are currently known only from Peru but may be more widely distributed.
The Art of Building Small
Authors: Feringa Ben L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBeginning a fantastic voyage beyond the frontiers of contemporary chemical sciences, the creative power of synthetic chemistry imbues chemists with the confidence needed to enter many unknown molecular worlds. The beauty of Nature’s functional molecular structures offers, of course, a fantastic source of inspiration, yet chemists are not limited by the molecular building blocks selected by evolution to sustain the intricate systems of a living organism. Nature has developed on the principle of the minimal chemistry set—imagine what we can achieve with the whole of chemistry available to us.
The Discovery of Phytochrome
Authors: Poulos James A. , Griesbach Robert J. , Hapeman Cathleen J. , Duke Stephen O. , Armbrust Kevin L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) in Beltsville, Maryland, USA was recently designated an American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmark for the seminal work of USDA scientists in the discovery of phytochrome, the ubiquitous plant pigment that controls plant growth and development in response to light. The discovery team was inspired by the work of Harry A. Borthwick and Marion W. Parker in the 1930s, which quantified photoperiodic phenomena and recruited Sterling B. Hendricks into the search for a chemical basis for non-photosynthetic responses of plants to light. Hendricks was a world famous soil chemist and member of the National Academy of Sciences before he became engaged in plant science. He hypothesized the existence of a photoreversible pigment that controls photoperiodism in flowering, seed germination, and many photomorphogenic processes in plants. Karl Norris and Warren Butler created the specialized spectrophotometer that was needed to detect the pigment in vivo. Harold W. (Bill) Siegleman provided the biochemical expertise to isolate the pigment. The scientific stars aligned in one place, as they rarely do, to make the discovery complete.
Problem-based L2 learning: self-negotiated linguistic cognition
Authors: Xiaowei Ding 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The existing literature has revealed that Problem-based Learning (PBL) can improve the cognitive competence of learners, but few studies focus on L2 learning from the perspective of students, or on the relationship between PBL and linguistic cognition. Based on students’ reflective journals, the researcher’s observation notes, and interviews with teachers and students, this case study describes the individual and collective self-negotiations during a Problem-Based L2 Learning (PBLL) practice of 157 non-English majors at three universities in Beijing. The current study makes a distinction between surface and deep self-negotiations, and confirms the conception of the self-negotiated L2 cognition of PBLL learners. The research results show (1) that the self-negotiation is a consistent feature of PBLL because the whole PBLL process comprises the cyclic intertwining of individual and collective self-negotiations, (2) that L2 learners manage to achieve individual and collective self-negotiations through cognitive mechanisms of linking, riffling and converging, and (3) that deep self-negotiations in PBLL are more dynamic, interactive, and generative. Pedagogical implications, research limitations, and future directions are also discussed.
Non-word repetition performance in Mandarin-speaking preschool children with and without specific language impairment (SLI)
Authors: Xiaoqing Wang , Jiandan Huang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractChildhood is a critical period for language development, and it is of great importance to discover normal language development and any specific language impairment (SLI) in child language acquisition and then to give them timely diagnosis and treatment. Also it has been previously shown that the non-word repetition task is an efficient assessment tool to screen out those children suspected with SLI. Based on this premise, the present study examined whether the non-word repetition task can be a suitable screening tool to detect language disorders for preschool children in Mandarin Chinese in China. A non-word repetition task was adapted specifically for this purpose. This study examined differences in non-word repetition performance of Mandarin-speaking preschool children screened by a criterion-referenced diagnostic test of specific language impairment (SLI) (the value of Cronbach Alpha at 0.86). A sample of 282 children were administered the diagnostic test, and a total of 23 SLI suspects were screened out as their language ability measures deviated from the mean by 1.5 SDs. Results indicated that children with SLI made no error with respect to tone in Mandarin, but they showed great difficulty in non-word repetition skills compared to age-matched controls. The findings confirmed that the non-word repetition task is a culturally nonbiased index of language disorders, and that two syllable non-words can be used to identify language disorder.
How teachers’ beliefs are in accordance with major SLA notions
Authors: Chaochang Wang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCurrent SLA theories have delivered important language-learning notions. This paper will report the results of a study into 64 high school English teachers’ beliefs about language learning and their instructional practices, with a focus on two of them. A questionnaire was developed on the basis of major tenets of second language learning and administered to the 64 participants. In addition, classroom observations and interviews were employed to explore the two focal teachers’ beliefs and their actual classroom instruction practices. Results show both consistencies and inconsistencies between the participants’ beliefs and major SLA notions and between the two focal participants’ beliefs and their classroom practices.
The volume of wet and dry atmospheric deposition in the area around Goczałkowice Reservoir between 2011–2013
Authors: Leśniok Mieczysław , Zimnol Jan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractResearch on wet and dry pollution deposition was carried out at two measurement points situated on opposite sides of the Goczałkowice Reservoir. On the east side was a station in Goczałkowice and on the west side was a station in Frelichów. Meteorological monitoring was conducted at four points situated in the vicinity of the reservoir. On the basis of the research carried out between 2011–2013 it was concluded that the size of dry and wet deposition in the area of the Goczałkowice Reservoir is diversified in particular years, seasons and months. Due to high precipitation and biological processes (activity of flora and fauna) the pollutant loads in the form of biogenic compounds (nitrogen and phosphorus) are the highest in the summer season. Whereas pollutant inputs in the form of dry deposition are highest in the winter season (heating season), which in the case of a thick ice and snow cover in the spring time causes their accumulation and increased input into the reservoir water (thawing weather, snow-melt season). In relation to the 1970s the size of the deposition became smaller, but in the case of biogenic compounds it was diversified. A decrease was observed in the case of total nitrogen but an increase in the case of phosphorus. On the basis of a comparison of the received results with the data provided by the Provincial Inspector for Environmental Protection and calculated for the annual area deposition of the Pszczyna district in 2011 it appears that deposition of total nitrogen in the reservoir area slightly exceeded the area value. In the case of total phosphorus in relation to the area data the deposition was over twice as high, which indicates that biogenic compounds are still a significant load of atmospheric deposition in the reservoir area.
Structural composition of organic matter in particle-size fractions of soils along a climo-biosequence in the main range of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Jafarzadeh-Haghighi Amir Hossein , Shamshuddin Jusop , Hamdan Jol , Zainuddin Norhazlin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInformation on structural composition of organic matter (OM) in particle-size fractions of soils along a climo-biosequence is sparse. The objective of this study was to examine structural composition and morphological characteristics of OM in particle-size fractions of soils along a climo-biosequence in order to better understand the factors and processes affecting structural composition of soil organic matter. To explore changes in structural composition of OM in soils with different pedogenesis, the A-horizon was considered for further analyses including particle-size fractionation, solid-state13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Due to the increase in the thickness of organic layer with increasing elevation, the A-horizon was situated at greater depth in soils of higher elevation. The relationship between relative abundances of carbon (C) structures and particle-size fractions was examined using principal component analysis (PCA). It was found that alkyl C (20.1-73.4%) and O-alkyl C (16.8-67.7%) dominated particle-size fractions. The proportion of alkyl C increased with increasing elevation, while O-alkyl C showed an opposite trend. Results of PCA confirmed this finding and showed the relative enrichment of alkyl C in soils of higher elevation. Increase in the proportion of alkyl C in 250-2000 μm fraction is linked to selective preservation of aliphatic compounds derived from root litter. SEM results showed an increase in root contribution to the 250-2000 μm fraction with increasing elevation. For the <53 μm fraction, pedogenic process of podzolization is responsible for the relative enrichment of alkyl C. This study demonstrates that changes in structural composition of OM in particle-size fractions of soils along the studied climo-biosequence are attributed to site-specific differences in pedogenesis as a function of climate and vegetation.
Mineralogy and technology of bricks used for the construction of the XII century ducal castle on the island of Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław (SW Poland)
Authors: Bartz W. , Chorowska M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The historic bricks from the ducal castle on Ostrów Tumski (Wrocław), one of the first brickwork structures in the Lower Silesia, which dates back to the XII and XIII century, were studied and characterised by a combination of classical petrographic studies (polarising microscopy), scanning microscopy, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The combined results of these methods suggest that the firing temperature ranges from 950°C, through the most common temperatures of 850–900°C, to the infrequent temperatures below 750°C. Most of the bricks were fired under oxidising conditions, occasionally over a sequence of oxidising and reducing steps, resulting in a sandwich structure. The results indicate, that low-calcareous raw materials were used, presumably Miocene-Pliocene ‘flamy clays’, exploited a few kilometres away from the castle and tempered with locally obtained sand from the Odra river. Only small differences have been recognized in: 1) clay to aplastic material ratio, 2) amount of accessory minerals, 3) grain-size distribution of aplastic materials, but no significant changes in the brick technology were observed. The observed variability corresponds well to the different constructing phases, identified previously on the basis of archaeological work. Thus, our work proves that a detailed mineralogical and petrological study may help to identify different construction phases in historic monuments.
Investigation on drying characteristics of high titanium slag using microwave heating
Authors: Liao Xuefeng , Chen Guo , Liu Qianqian , Chen Jin , Peng Jinhui 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In the present study, the moisture of high titanium slag was chosen as the research object. Taking advantage of selective heating of microwave and the specific inductive capacity of water, the drying experiment of high titanium slag using microwave heating have been carried out. The results revealed that the presence of moisture in the form of high titanium slag was adsorbed water, and the wet sample possesses excellent wave-adsorbing performance; the bed depth preferred was no larger than 10 mm, with moisture content at around 3%. The microwave drying process was divided into two stages: the constant-stage and the deceleration-stage. The optimum conditions were identified to be microwave power of 700 W, sample mass of 200 g, bed depth of 10 mm and drying time of 50 s. The dehydration extent can reach 90% and moisture content remains at 0.3% under the optimum conditions. The demonstration of microwave drying techniques can be applied effectively and efficiently into the treatment processing of drying of the raw materials of metallurgy and chemical industry with the theoretical and scientific basis.
Statistical analysis and optimization of recovering indium from jarosite residue with vacuum carbothermic reduction by response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Ma Hongzhou , Yan Chao , Wang Yaoning , Xie Hongwei 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Vast jarosite residue was produced from traditional zinc hydrometallurgy process in China. It is necessary to recover valuable metals from the jarosite residue. Indium is the one of them. Recovering indium from jarosite residues with carbon reduction method under the condition of vacuum was investigated. The analysis of variance was used to evaluate the influence of different factors on the volatilizing rate of indium, indicating that the influence of temperature on the volatilizing rate of indium is statistically significant. Other factors have no significant influence. Response surface methodology was used to explore the best combination of four variables and to study the effects of their interactions on the indium volatilizing rate. The results showed that there was an obvious interaction between the percent content of carbon and temperature and between the percent content of carbon and hold time, and the selected optimal conditions were 30% carbon, 13% CaO, 1000°C temperature, and 60 min hold time. Under these conditions, the indium volatilization rate was up to 98.2%.
Emma Nozzi, School Teacher and Provincial Collector (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Authors: Pupio María Alejandra 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The practice of archaeology in Argentina involved the participation of provincial amateurs who played a relevant role in the search, collection and exhibition of findings until the mid-twentieth century. This paper analyses Emma Nozzi’s practices as a collector and provincial amateur scientist during the decades of the 1940s and 1950s, focusing especially on her gender and the less frequent participation of women in the social network of collectors in the province of Buenos Aires at that time.
Strong pH dependence of coupling efficiency of the Na+ – translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) of Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Toulouse Charlotte , Claussen Björn , Muras Valentin , Fritz Günter , Steuber Julia 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) is the entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. NQR couples the electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone to the translocation of sodium ions across the membrane. We investigated the pH dependence of electron transfer and generation of a transmembrane voltage (ΔΨ) by NQR reconstituted in liposomes with Na+ or Li+ as coupling cation. ΔΨ formation was followed with the voltage-sensitive dye oxonol. With Na+, ΔΨ was barely influenced by pH (6.5–8.5), while Q reduction activity exhibited a maximum at pH 7.5–8.0. With Li+, ΔΨ was generally lower, and the pH profile of electron transfer activity did not reveal a pronounced maximum. We conclude that the coupling efficiency of NQR is influenced by the nature of the transported cation, and by the concentration of protons. The 3D structure of NQR reveals a transmembrane channel in subunit NqrB. It is proposed that partial uncoupling of the NQR observed with the smaller Li+, or with Na+ at pH 7.5–8.0, is caused by the backflow of the coupling cation through the channel in NqrB.