bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postavení parlamentních jednacích řádů a přezkoumání jejich dodržování ústavními soudy v Rakousku a České republice
Authors: Syllová Jindřiška 
Published: December 2016

Parlamentní pravidla a jednací řády jsou zvláštními druhy norem. To, zda se osoba řídí podle těchto pravidel, není kontrolovatelné ze strany žádných kontrolních mechanismů. Kromě toho, chování poslanců je chráněno poslaneckou imunitou. Pokud jsou parlamentní pravidla upravena rigidní formou, tedy zákonem, jako je tomu v České republice a v Rakousku, je velmi obtížné je změnit. V obou uvedených státech jsou tato pravidla kontrolovatelná ústavním soudem. V Rakousku je dosavadní judikatura ústavního soudu založena na jednoduchém principu správného vyjádření vůle zákonodárců. Ústavní soud České republiky přijal podstatně komplikovanější přístup, který dovoluje použití testu proporcionality.
K osvojení dítěte registrovanými partnery
Authors: Pospíšil Vojtěch 
Published: December 2016

Článek se zabývá problematikou osvojení dětí registrovanými partnery z pohledu práva na rovné zacházení. Problematiku osvojení registrovanými partnery lze rozlišit do tří kategorií, a to individuální nebo společné osvojení cizího dítěte a při osvojení dítěte partner či partnerky. Pozornost je věnována všem těmto situacím. Článek se zabývá také nedávným nálezem Ústavního soudu, kterým byl zrušen § 13 odst. 2 zákona o registrovaném partnerství, který registrovaným partnerům znemožňoval osvojit dítě. Vzhledem k tomu, že tato otázka se netýká pouze České republiky, čtenář bude ve stručnosti seznámen také s evropskými kontexty otázky osvojení dětí registrovanými partnery.
Le programme d’aide pour la chasse, la pêche et le piégeage
Authors: Marquis Jean-Philippe 
Published: December 2016

Il existe peu d’études sur les Naskapis de Kawawachikamach et encore moins sur leur programme d’aide pour la chasse, la pêche et le piégeage. Pourtant, cela fait presque quatre décennies que ce programme aide et soutient les Naskapis qui n’ont pas les moyens de pratiquer des activités de subsistance traditionnelles, en plus d’approvisionner les membres de la communauté en gibier et en poisson. Son fonctionnement et ses activités ont-ils changé au cours des années ? Est-il toujours un élément clé de leur stratégie identitaire ? Cet article répond à ces questions en présentant un portrait du programme.
Interdiffusion in epitaxial ultrathin Co2FeAl/MgO heterostructures with interface-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Wen Zhenchao , Hadorn Jason Paul , Okabayashi Jun , Sukegawa Hiroaki , Ohkubo Tadakatsu , Inomata Koichiro , Mitani Seiji , Hono Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The interfacial atomic structure of epitaxial ultrathin Co2FeAl/MgO(001) heterostructures, which is related to the interface-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. Al atoms from the Co2FeAl layer significantly interdiffused into MgO, forming an Al-deficient Co–Fe–Al/Mg–Al–O structure near the Co2FeAl/MgO interface. This atomic replacement may have enhanced the PMA, which is consistent with the observed large perpendicular orbital magnetic moments of Fe atoms at the interface. This work suggests that control of interdiffusion at ferromagnet/barrier interfaces is critical for designing an interface-induced PMA system.
Growth and characterization of wurtzite InP/AlGaP core–multishell nanowires with AlGaP quantum well structures
Authors: Ishizaka Fumiya , Hiraya Yoshihiro , Tomioka Katsuhiro , Motohisa Junichi , Fukui Takashi 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We report on the selective-area growth and characterization of wurtzite (WZ) InP/AlGaP core–multishell nanowires. Quantum well (QW) structures were fabricated in AlGaP multishells by changing the alloy composition. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the AlGaP multishells were grown with a WZ structure on the side of the WZ InP core. The lattice constants of the WZ InP core and WZ AlGaP shell were determined by X-ray diffraction. Cathodoluminescence studies showed that the WZ AlGaP QW with an Al composition of 20% exhibited green emissions at 2.37 eV. These results open the possibility of fabricating green light-emitting diodes using WZ AlGaP-based materials.
Regulation of S1P receptors and sphingosine kinases expression in acute pulmonary endothelial cell injury
Authors: Liu Huiying , Zhang Zili , Li Puyuan , Yuan Xin , Zheng Jing , Liu Jinwen , Bai Changqing , Niu Wenkai 
Published: December 2016

Background
Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a severe clinical syndrome with mortality rate as high as 30–40%. There is no treatment yet to improve pulmonary endothelial barrier function in patients with severe pulmonary edema. Developing therapies to protect endothelial barrier integrity and stabilizing gas exchange is getting more and more attention. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is able to enhance the resistance of endothelial cell barrier. S1P at physiological concentrations plays an important role in maintaining endothelial barrier function. Proliferation, regeneration and anti-inflammatory activity that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit make it possible to regulate the homeostatic control of S1P.

Methods
By building a pulmonary endothelial cell model of acute injury, we investigated the regulation of S1P receptors and sphingosine kinases expression by MSCs during the treatment of acute lung injury using RT-PCR, and investigated the HPAECs Micro-electronics impedance using Real Time Cellular Analysis.

Results
It was found that the down-regulation of TNF-α expression was more significant when MSC was used in combination with S1P. The combination effection mainly worked on S1PR2, S1PR3 and SphK2. The results show that when MSCs were used in combination with S1P, the selectivity of S1P receptors was increased and the homeostatic control of S1P concentration was improved through regulation of expression of S1P metabolic enzymes.

Discussions
The study found that, as a potential treatment, MSCs could work on multiple S1P related genes simultaneously. When it was used in combination with S1P, the expression regulation result of related genes was not simply the superposition of each other, but more significant outcome was obtained. This study establishes the experimental basis for further exploring the efficacy of improving endothelial barrier function in acute lung injury, using MSCs in combination with S1P and their possible synergistic mechanism.
Pursuing the quest for better understanding the taxonomic distribution of the system of doubly uniparental inheritance of mtDNA
Authors: Gusman Arthur , Lecomte Sophia , Stewart Donald T. , Passamonti Marco , Breton Sophie 
Published: December 2016

There is only one exception to strict maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the animal kingdom: a system named doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI), which is found in several bivalve species. Why and how such a radically different system of mitochondrial transmission evolved in bivalve remains obscure. Obtaining a more complete taxonomic distribution of DUI in the Bivalvia may help to better understand its origin and function. In this study we provide evidence for the presence of sex-linked heteroplasmy (thus the possible presence of DUI) in two bivalve species, i.e., the nuculanoidYoldia hyperborea(Gould, 1841)and the veneroidScrobicularia plana(Da Costa,1778), increasing the number of families in which DUI has been found by two. An update on the taxonomic distribution of DUI in the Bivalvia is also presented.
Electron currents supporting the near‐Earth magnetotail during current sheet thinning
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Liu J. , Runov A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFormation of intense, thin current sheets (i.e., current sheet thinning) is a critical process for magnetospheric substorms, but the kinetic physics of this process remains poorly understood. Using a triangular configuration of the three Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft at the end of 2015 we investigate field‐aligned and transverse currents in the magnetotail current sheet around 12 Earth radii downtail. Combining the curlometer technique with direct measurements of ion and electron velocities, we demonstrate that intense, thin current sheets supported by strong electron currents form in this region. Electron field‐aligned currents maximize near the neutral plane Bx∼0, attaining magnitudes of ∼20 nA/m2. Carried by hot (>1 keV) electrons, they generate strong magnetic shear, which contributes up to 20% of the vertical (along the normal direction to the equatorial plane) pressure balance. Electron transverse currents, on the other hand, are carried by the curvature drift of anisotropic, colder (<1 keV) electrons and gradually increase during the current sheet thinning. In the events under consideration the thinning process was abruptly terminated by earthward reconnection fronts which have been previously associated with tail reconnection further downtail. It is likely that the thin current sheet properties described herein are similar to conditions further downtail and are linked to the loss of stability and onset of reconnection there. Our findings are likely applicable to thin current sheets in other geophysical and astrophysical settings.
The structure and variability of Mars dayside thermosphere from MAVEN NGIMS and IUVS measurements: Seasonal and solar activity trends in scale heights and temperatures
Authors: Bougher Stephen W. , Roeten Kali J. , Olsen Kirk , Mahaffy Paul R. , Benna Mehdi , Elrod Meredith , Jain Sonal K. , Schneider Nicholas M. , Deighan Justin , Thiemann Ed , Eparvier Francis G. , Stiepen Arnaud , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMars dayside thermospheric temperature and scale height trends were examined using measurements from the Neutral Gas Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) and the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) on the Mars Atmosphere Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. Average scale heights (over 150–180 km for solar zenith angles ≤75°) from several different sampling periods were obtained from each instrument. NGIMS and IUVS scale height trends were found to be in good agreement, with both showing scale heights decreasing after perihelion and reaching a low value near aphelion (13.6 to 9.4 km). Between these two seasonal extremes, the temperature decreased by ∼70 K (from 240 to 170 K). These trends were also analyzed with respect to the changing solar flux reaching the planet, using the Lyman alpha irradiance measured by the Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor (EUVM) on MAVEN. Scale heights responded strongly to the changing solar flux. During this part of the MAVEN mission (October 2014 to May 2016), it was concluded that over longer timescales (at least several months), dayside thermospheric temperatures are chiefly driven by changing solar forcing, although it is the effects of changing heliocentric distance rather than changing solar activity which seem to have the greatest impact. Furthermore, effects of solar forcing were not observed on shorter timescales (less than a month), suggesting local wave effects may dominate solar forcing on these timescales. Finally, temperatures from two NGIMS sampling periods were compared to temperatures from the Mars Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (M‐GITM) and found to be in good agreement.
Combined observations of Arctic sea ice with near‐coincident colocated X‐band, C‐band, and L‐band SAR satellite remote sensing and helicopter‐borne measurements
Authors: Johansson A. M. , King J. A. , Doulgeris A. P. , Gerland S. , Singha S. , Spreen G. , Busche T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this study, we compare colocated near‐coincident X‐, C‐, and L‐band fully polarimetry SAR satellite images with helicopter‐borne ice thickness measurements acquired during the Norwegian Young sea ICE 2015 (N‐ICE2015) expedition in the region of the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard in April 2015. The air‐borne surveys provide near‐coincident snow plus ice thickness, surface roughness data, and photographs. This unique data set allows us to investigate how the different frequencies can complement one another for sea ice studies, but also to raise awareness of limitations. X‐band and L‐band satellite scenes were shown to be a useful complement to the standard SAR frequency for sea ice monitoring (C‐band) for lead ice and newly formed sea ice identification. This may be in part be due to the frequency but also the high spatial resolution of these sensors. We found a relatively low correlation between snow plus ice thickness and surface roughness. Therefore, in our dataset ice thickness cannot directly be observed by SAR which has important implications for operational ice charting based on automatic segmentation.
A comparison of the two Arctic atmospheric winter states observed during N‐ICE2015 and SHEBA
Authors: Graham Robert M. , Rinke Annette , Cohen Lana , Hudson Stephen R. , Walden Von P. , Granskog Mats A. , Dorn Wolfgang , Kayser Markus , Maturilli Marion 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWinter time atmospheric observations from the 2015 Norwegian young sea‐ICE campaign (N‐ICE2015) are compared with data from the 1997–1998 Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) campaign. Both data sets have a bimodal distribution of the net longwave radiative flux for January–February, with modal values of −40 W m−2 and 0 W m−2. These values correspond to the radiatively clear and opaquely cloudy states, respectively, and are likely to be representative of the wider Arctic. The new N‐ICE2015 observations demonstrate that the two winter states operate in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic and regions of thin sea ice. We compare the N‐ICE2015 and SHEBA data with ERA‐Interim and output from the coupled Arctic regional climate model HIRHAM‐NAOSIM. ERA‐Interim simulates two Arctic winter states well and captures the timing of transitions from one state to the other, despite underestimating the cloud liquid water path. HIRHAM‐NAOSIM has more cloud liquid water compared with ERA‐Interim but simulates the two states poorly. Our results demonstrate that models must simulate realistic synoptic forcing and temperature profiles to accurately capture the two Arctic winter states, and not only the presence of mixed‐phase clouds. Using ERA‐Interim, we find a positive trend in the number of opaquely cloudy days in the western Atlantic sector of the Arctic, and a strong correlation with the mean winter temperature over much of the Arctic Basin. Hence, the two Arctic winter states are important for understanding interannual variability in the Arctic. The N‐ICE2015 data set will help improve our understanding of these relationships.
Challenges and perspectives for large‐scale temperature reconstructions of the past two millennia
Authors: Christiansen Bo , Ljungqvist Fredrik Charpentier 
Published: December 2016

AbstractKnowledge of the temperature variability during the last one to two millennia is important for providing a perspective to present‐day climate excursions, for assessing the sensitivity of the climate to different forcings, and for providing a test bed for climate models. Since systematic instrumental temperature records only extend back to the nineteenth century, such knowledge mainly relies on climate‐sensitive proxy data. Here we critically assess some of the many challenges related to large‐scale multiproxy temperature reconstructions. We begin with a review of available large‐scale temperature reconstructions, focusing on the differences in low‐frequency variability and the response to natural forcings such as major volcanic eruptions and changes in total solar irradiance. Then, we discuss different proxy selection strategies, review previously used reconstruction methods, and discuss their ability to reconstruct the amplitude of the low‐frequency variability. To shed additional light on the challenges of large‐scale reconstructions, we investigate the spatial and temporal correlation structures in the observed temperature field and discuss the implications of these correlation structures regarding the required number and positions of proxies. We demonstrate how the unavoidable uncertainty related to noisy proxies will show up as bias and variance in the reconstruction and that the partition between these forms of errors depends on the reconstruction method. Pseudo‐proxy experiments are conducted to further discuss the influence of noise and the requirements regarding the geographical location and number of proxies necessary for reliably reconstructing the low‐frequency variability. We conclude with recommendations for future large‐scale temperature reconstructions.
A Dinuclear Cobalt Cryptate as a Homogeneous Photocatalyst for Highly Selective and Efficient Visible‐Light Driven CO2 Reduction to CO in CH3CN/H2O Solution
Authors: Ouyang Ting , Huang Hai‐Hua , Wang Jia‐Wei , Zhong Di‐Chang , Lu Tong‐Bu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA dinuclear cobalt complex [Co2(OH)L1](ClO4)3 (1, L1=N[(CH2)2NHCH2(m‐C6H4)CH2NH(CH2)2]3N) displays high selectivity and efficiency for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO in CH3CN/H2O (v/v=4:1) under a 450 nm LED light irradiation, with a light intensity of 100 mW cm−2. The selectivity reaches as high as 98 %, and the turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequencies (TOF) reach as high as 16896 and 0.47 s−1, respectively, with the calculated quantum yield of 0.04 %. Such high activity can be attributed to the synergistic catalysis effect between two CoII ions within 1, which is strongly supported by the results of control experiments and DFT calculations.
Degradation of phytosterols in tobacco waste extract by a novel Paenibacillus sp.
Authors: Ye Jianbin , Zhang Zhan , Yan Ji , Hao Hui , Liu Xiangzhen , Yang Zongcan , Ma Ke , Yang Xuepeng , Mao Duobin , Zhou Hao 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPhytosterols have been demonstrated to be precursors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed during biomass pyrolysis. Here, a novel Paenibacillus sp. was evaluated for its ability to degrade phytosterols in tobacco waste extract (TWE). The optimal conditions for cell growth and stigmasterol (a representative of phytosterols) degradation were 37 °C, pH 7.0, 1.0 g/L yeast extract, and 6.0 g/L glucose. Paenibacillus sp. could degrade stigmasterol under high concentrations of glucose (up to 130 g/L) and tolerate wide pH (5.0–9.0) and temperature (25–42 °C) ranges. The new strain could degrade stigmasterol completely into CO2 and H2O, and no intermediate steroids were detected during the degradation process. Phytosterol degradation in TWE was demonstrated by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Under optimal conditions (37 °C, pH 7.0, with the exponential‐phase cells), the total degradation ratio of phytosterols reached 38.5% in TWE, including 45.2% of stigmasterol, 37.4% of β‐sitosterol, 27.3% of campesterol, and 28.7% of cholesterol. These results showed that Paenibacillus sp. is a candidate for phytosterol degradation in TWE and other biomass and is potentially useful in reducing the PAHs generated from biomass pyrolysis.
Beet molasses–based feeding strategy enhances recombinant thermostable glucose isomerase production by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)
Authors: Yaman Sena , Çalık Pınar 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop an effective fed‐batch feeding strategy to enhance recombinant glucose isomerase (r‐GI) production by recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS on an industrially relevant feedstock without the application of an exogenous inducer. Following the batch operation (0 < t < 7 H), the effects of pulse and/or continuous feeding of hydrolyzed beet molasses were investigated under five different feeding strategies. The two most promising strategies with respect to r‐GI activity were (i) PM‐0.05, designed with one pulse feed (t = 7 H) followed by a continuous feed and (ii) 2PMF‐0.05, designed with two consecutive pulse feeds (t = 7 and 10 H) followed by a continuous feed. The continuous feeding of molasses for both fermentation strategies employed the same precalculated feeding rate, μo = 0.05 H−1. The maximum r‐GI activities exhibited by PM‐0.05 and 2PMF‐0.05 were 29,050 and 30,642 U dm–3, respectively. On the one hand, compared to PM‐0.05 r‐GI activity reached its maximum within a shorter cultivation time (∆tmax = 2 H) at 2PMF‐0.05, which could be preferable in terms of manufacturing costs and possible risks; on the other hand, PM‐0.05 is a simpler fermentation regime compared to 2PMF‐0.05 with respect to manipulations that should be considered in large‐scale production.
Dünnwandige, mikrobewehrte Betonbauteile unter Querkraftbeanspruchung
Authors: Busse Daniel , Empelmann Martin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIm Rahmen der 2. Förderperiode des DFG‐Schwerpunktprogramms 1542 „Leicht Bauen mit Beton” werden am IBMB, Fachgebiet Massivbau der TU Braunschweig Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten „Ultraleichter, dünnwandiger stabförmiger Betonhohlbauteile” durchgeführt. Aufgrund der aktuell nicht in ausreichendem Umfang vorliegenden Untersuchungen zum Querkrafttragverhalten von mikrobewehrten Betonbauteilen wurden zunächst grundlegende Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Diese beinhalten experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum Querkrafttragverhalten profilierter, dünnwandiger Träger mit mikrobewehrten Stegen. Mit den durchgeführten Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit einer Mikrobewehrung ausgeführte, dünnwandige Bauteile hohe Tragfähigkeiten erreichen können und gegenüber konventionell bewehrten Bauteilen ein verbessertes Rissverhalten und eine verbesserte Versagensvorankündigung aufweisen. Zudem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Tragfähigkeit von dünnwandigen, mikrobewehrten Bauteilen mit den aktuellen Berechnungsansätzen nach EC2+NA oder ACI 318 konservativ und damit auf der sicheren Seite liegend ermittelt werden kann.
Von der Bauteilfügung zu leichten Tragwerken: Trocken gefügte Flächenelemente aus UHPFRC
Authors: Lehmberg Sven , Ledderose Lukas , Wirth Franz , Budelmann Harald , Kloft Harald 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMit der Entwicklung von neuartig gefügten, dünnwandigen und damit leichten Bauteilen soll der ressourceneffiziente Einsatz von ultrahochfestem faserverstärkten Feinkornbeton in Tragwerken ermöglicht werden. Die Herstellung von modularen, leistungsfähigen UHPFRC‐Bauteilen wird durch den „Digital Workflow” aus digitaler Planung, Berechnung und CNC‐gesteuerter Fertigungstechnik ermöglicht. Durch die Verbindung von leichten Betonelementen mittels neuer hochpräziser Non‐Standard‐Fügeprinzipien können diese material‐ und kraftflussgerecht miteinander verbunden werden. Die Ergebnisse trocken gefügter Plattenbalken zeigen die Herstellbarkeit und das Potenzial der Trockenstoßverbindungen im realen Maßstab. Beim Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit von dünnwandigen Bauelementen zeigt sich, dass der Einfluss der Faserbewehrung zusätzlich beachtet werden muss.
Non‐Waste‐Wachsschalungen: Neuartige Präzisionsschalungen aus recycelbaren Industriewachsen
Authors: Mainka Jeldrik , Kloft Harald , Baron Sarah , Hoffmeister Hans‐Werner , Dröder Klaus 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDie heutigen Möglichkeiten, im Stahlbetonbau komplexe Freiformen, geschwungene Wandungen und filigrane Details zu realisieren, bedingen Schalungstechnologien, die diesen Entwicklungen gerecht werden. Hohe Präzision bei maximaler Formfreiheit ist dabei ein wesentliches Anforderungskriterium für den Schalungsbau der neuen, sogenannten Freiformarchitekturen. Die Voraussetzungen für die Formfreiheit sind digitale 3D‐Planungs‐ und Fertigungstechnologien, mit deren Hilfe Schalungen mit hoher Präzision und beliebigen Freiheitsgraden entworfen und gefertigt werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt einen Forschungsansatz, in dem Industriewachse als Schalungsmaterialien verwendet werden. Diese stellen durch die Wiederverwendbarkeit der Wachse einen ökonomischen und ökologischen Fertigungsprozess für individuelle Beton‐Freiformen dar.