bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Mass Modern Education, Religion, and Human Capital in Twentieth-Century Egypt
Authors: Saleh Mohamed 
Published: August 2016

Public mass modern education was a major pillar of state-led development in the post-Colonial period. I examine the impact of Egypt's transformation in 1951–1953 of traditional elementary schools (kuttabs) into modern primary schools on the Christian-Muslim educational and occupational differentials, which were in favor of Christians. The reform grantedkuttabs' graduates (where Muslim students were over-represented) access to higher stages of education that were previously confined to primary schools' graduates. Exploiting the variation in exposure to the reform across cohorts and districts of birth among males in 1986, I find that the reform benefited Muslims but not Christians.What Europe is suffering from is the result of generalizing education among all levels of society… they have no chance of avoiding what happened[Europe's 1848 revolutions].So if this is an example in front of us, our duty is simply to teach them how to read and write to a certain limit in order to encourage satisfactory work and not to spread education beyond that point.Muhammad Ali Pasha, Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt (1805–1848), in a private letter to his son, Ibrahim Pasha (in Judith Cochran 1986, p. 6)Education is like the water we drink and the air we breathe.Taha Hussein, Egyptian liberal intellectual and Egypt's Minister of Education (1950–1952)The poor go to heaven, but can't they have a share on Earth too? They are willing to give up a share in heaven in exchange for a share on Earth.Gamal Abdul-Nasser, President of Egypt (1956–1970) (Excerpt from a public speech)
Current status and clinical association of beta-catenin with juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Authors: Mishra A , Singh V , Verma V , Pandey S , Trivedi R , Singh H P , Kumar S , Dwivedi R C , Mishra S C 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective:A possible role of the APC/beta-catenin pathway in the pathogenesis of sporadic juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma has been suggested. This paper presents its current status and clinical association in our patients.Method:A prospective observational study was conducted at King George Medical University and Central Drug Research Institute, in Lucknow, India. Western blot analysis was undertaken in 16 cases to examine beta-catenin expression. The clinical details were recorded along with follow up observations, to determine associations.Results:Up-regulation of beta-catenin expression was seen in 69 per cent of cases. The clinical variables did not reveal significant differences between patients with extremes of expression (extreme under-vsover-expression). However, absent expression was shown exclusively in young adults aged over 18 years, while enhanced expression was associated with an altered facial profile.Conclusion:Although a beta-catenin association was seen in a subset of our sporadic juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma cases, its expression was not homogeneous. This is in contrast to the Western literature that suggests a universal (homogenous) enhanced expression in the majority. Hence, further research is required to better define its molecular cascade.
Is hyperbaric oxygen therapy a salvage treatment option for sudden sensorineural hearing loss?
Authors: Alimoglu Y , Inci E 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective:To investigate of the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a salvage treatment after unsuccessful oral corticosteroid therapy.Methods:Case notes of patients who were followed up because of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss between 2005 and 2011 in a tertiary care centre were examined retrospectively. Audiograms from before and after hyperbaric oxygen therapy were examined in terms of mean gains in pure tone average and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kHz. In addition, recovery according to Siegel's criteria was noted.Results:Mean gain in pure tone average was 10.55 ± 13.56 dB. Mean gains at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kHz were 16.66 ± 18.43 dB, 16.94 ± 19.93 dB, 12.63 ± 16.71 dB, 7.36 ± 15.28 dB, 5.27 ± 11.58 dB and 2.91 ± 12.44 dB, respectively. Three patients had complete recovery, 1 had partial recovery, 5 had slight recovery and 25 had no improvement.Conclusion:Hyperbaric oxygen utilised as a salvage therapy after failed corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial in some patients. Studies with more patients are needed.
Harvesting Cholera: Fruit, Disease and Governance in the Cholera Epidemic of Tucumán, Argentina, 1867–68
Authors: DIMAS CARLOS S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn 1868 a cholera epidemic erupted in the north-western Argentine province of Tucumán. Urban-based doctors and politicians argued that fruit cultivated primarily in the south of the province was responsible for the spread of cholera. Hoping to avoid cholera, they advocated the complete prohibition and destruction of fruit in Tucumán as both a prophylactic measure, but also to prepare new land for sugar cultivation. Through a reading of governmental memos, medical journals, and public health reports, this article examines how agriculture, disease, and contagion mediated the interaction between Tucumán's urban minority and rural majority. This article offers a window into grassroots politics and state formation during one of Argentina's most formative periods.
Metamorphosis of the Pedunculate BarnacleCapitulum mitellaLinnaeus, 1758 (Cirripedia: Scalpelliformes)
Authors: Lin Gang , Rao Xiaozhen 
Published: August 2016

In this paper, metamorphosis of laboratory-reared cyprids of the pedunculate cirripede,Capitulum mitellawas successfully induced. A timeline and a detailed description of morphological events during metamorphosis were derived from light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The metamorphic process of cyprids involves five main events. (1) Triggering of metamorphosis: after 0–6 h of reagent exposure, the epidermis ventral to the compound eyes gradually invaginates. (2) Invagination and separation of epidermis: after 6–36 h, the invagination bypasses the compound eyes, the cypris epidermis separates slightly from the carapace and the nauplius eye gradually migrates ventrally. (3) Formation of juvenile rudiment: after 36–72 h, the metamorphosing specimen shape slightly resembles that of a juvenile. (4) Shedding of thoracopodal exuvium: after 72–96 h, the cyprid finally sheds the thoracopodal exuvium and metamorphoses into a juvenile barnacle. (5) Early development of juvenile barnacle: the juvenile shed the cirrum cuticle for the first, second, third and fourth time at 1.5–2, 1.5–2, 4–5 and 5–6 days, respectively. The newly formed juvenile completely assumes the shape and armature of all shell-plates found in adult barnacle. Rostro-carnal length of the juvenile is 240–260 μm. Tergum, scutum and upper latus are paired, and carina and rostrum are unpaired. Uniform circular depressions are dispersed on the surface of the tergum, scutum and carina. The rostrum and upper latus, which have the shape of small triangle, are not clear. The entire surface of the peduncle is covered with convoluted cuticular ridges. The metamorphosis ofC. mitellais similar to that ofLepas.
Standing stock variations, growth and CaCO3 production by the calcareous green alga Halimeda opuntia
Authors: Carneiro Pedro Bastos De Macedo , Pereira Jamile Ulisses , Matthews-Cascon Helena 
Published: August 2016

The present paper investigates standing stock variations of Halimeda opuntia on a sandstone reef of the South-west Atlantic Ocean, in order to better understand the role of this seaweed as a CaCO3 producer. The study was conducted over two 3-month periods, using photo quadrats to analyse the coverage area, and destructive sampling to quantify area-specific biomass and CaCO3 percentage. The alga occupied 2.4% of the substrate (4464 m2), growing as clumps with an average biomass of 1.59 kg m−2, resulting in a standing stock of 7097.8 kg of alga. This standing stock varied with environmental conditions, particularly wind speed. Assuming an exponential model for these variations, H. opuntia produced at least 13,050.14 kg (54.37 g m−2 day−1) of carbonate sediments. There was a positive correlation between changes in standing stock and coverage, but not with area-specific biomass. This suggests that net algal growth results in the occupation of new spaces, with minimal increases in height or segment density. Therefore monitoring coverage should complement traditional individual-based methods for estimating Halimeda growth and production. Combined, these approaches should result in more accurate models of the role of this alga on marine carbonate budgets.
Species delimitation in trematodes using DNA sequences: Middle-American Clinostomum as a case study
Authors: PÉREZ-PONCE DE LEÓN GERARDO , GARCÍA-VARELA MARTÍN , PINACHO-PINACHO CARLOS D. , SERENO-URIBE ANA L. , POULIN ROBERT 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYThe recent development of genetic methods allows the delineation of species boundaries, especially in organisms where morphological characters are not reliable to differentiate species. However, few empirical studies have used these tools to delineate species among parasitic metazoans. Here we investigate the species boundaries of Clinostomum, a cosmopolitan trematode genus with complex life cycle. We sequenced a mitochondrial [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] gene for multiple individuals (adults and metacercariae) from Middle-America. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the COI uncovered five reciprocally monophyletic clades. COI sequences were then explored using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery to identify putative species; this species delimitation method recognized six species. A subsample was sequenced for a nuclear gene (ITS1, 5·8S, ITS2), and a concatenated phylogenetic analysis was performed through Bayesian inference. The species delimitation of Middle-American Clinostomum was finally validated using a multispecies coalescent analysis (species tree). In total, five putative species are recognized among our samples. Mapping the second intermediate hosts (fish) onto the species tree suggests that metacercariae of these five species exhibit some level of host specificity towards their fish intermediate host (at the family level), irrespective of geographical distribution.
Delay discounting and response disinhibition under acute experimental stress in women with borderline personality disorder and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Krause-Utz A. , Cackowski S. , Daffner S. , Sobanski Esther , Plichta Michael M. , Bohus M. , Ende G. , Schmahl C. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundImpulsivity is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In BPD, impulsive behavior primarily occurs under acute stress; impulse control deficits under non-stress conditions may be partly related to co-morbid ADHD. We aimed to investigate whether acute experimental stress has an impact on self-reported impulsivity, response inhibition (action withholding, action cancelation) and delay discounting in BPD compared to ADHD.MethodThirty female BPD patients, 28 female ADHD patients (excluding patients with co-morbid BPD and ADHD), and 30 female healthy controls (HC) completed self-reports and behavioral measures of impulsivity (IMT, assessing action withholding; GoStop, measuring action cancelation, Delay Discounting Task) under baseline conditions and after an experimental stress induction (Mannheim Multicomponent Stress Test).ResultsBoth patient groups reported higher impulsivity than HC, ADHD reported higher trait impulsivity than BPD. On the IMT, ADHD showed significant action-withholding deficits under both conditions, while BPD performed significantly worse than HC under stress. In BPD but not ADHD and HC, action-withholding deficits (IMT) were significantly increased under stress compared to baseline, while no group/stress effects were found for action cancelation (GoStop). Delay discounting was significantly more pronounced in BPD than in HC (no stress effect was found).ConclusionsIn BPD, behavioral deficits in action withholding (but not in action cancelation) appear to be influenced by acute experimental stress. Delay discounting seems to be a general feature of BPD, independent of co-morbid ADHD and acute stress, possibly underlying typical expressions of behavioral impulsivity in the disorder.
Associations between mood instability and emotional processing in a large cohort of bipolar patients
Authors: Bilderbeck A. C. , Reed Z. E. , McMahon H. C. , Atkinson L. Z. , Price J. , Geddes J. R. , Goodwin G. M. , Harmer C. J. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundAberrant emotional biases have been reported in bipolar disorder (BD), but results are inconsistent. Despite the clinical relevance of chronic mood variability in BD, there is no previous research investigating how the extent of symptom fluctuations in bipolar disorder might relate to emotional biases. This exploratory study investigated, in a large cohort of bipolar patients, whether instability in weekly mood episode symptoms and other clinical and demographic factors were related to emotional bias as measured in a simple laboratory task.MethodParticipants (N = 271, BDI = 206, BDII = 121) completed an ‘emotional categorization and memory’ task. Weekly self-reported symptoms of depression and mania were collected prospectively. In linear regression analyses, associations between cognitive bias and mood variability were explored together with the influence of demographic and clinical factors, including current medication.ResultsGreater accuracy in the classification of negative words relative to positive words was associated with greater instability in depressive symptoms. Furthermore, greater negative bias in free recall was associated with higher instability in manic symptoms. Participants diagnosed with BDII, compared with BDI, showed overall better word recognition and recall. Current antipsychotic use was associated with reduced instability in manic symptoms but this did not impact on emotional processing performance.ConclusionsEmotional processing biases in bipolar disorder are related to instability in mood. These findings prompt further investigation into the underpinnings as well as clinical significance of mood instability.
The cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder
Authors: Scott K. M. , Lim C. C. W. , Hwang I. , Adamowski T. , Al-Hamzawi A. , Bromet E. , Bunting B. , Ferrand M. P. , Florescu S. , Gureje O. , Hinkov H. , Hu C. , Karam E. , Lee S. , Posada-Villa J. , Stein D. , Tachimori H. , Viana M. C. , Xavier M. , Kessler R. C. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThis is the first cross-national study of intermittent explosive disorder (IED).MethodA total of 17 face-to-face cross-sectional household surveys of adults were conducted in 16 countries (n = 88 063) as part of the World Mental Health Surveys initiative. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) assessed DSM-IV IED, using a conservative definition.ResultsLifetime prevalence of IED ranged across countries from 0.1 to 2.7% with a weighted average of 0.8%; 0.4 and 0.3% met criteria for 12-month and 30-day prevalence, respectively. Sociodemographic correlates of lifetime risk of IED were being male, young, unemployed, divorced or separated, and having less education. The median age of onset of IED was 17 years with an interquartile range across countries of 13–23 years. The vast majority (81.7%) of those with lifetime IED met criteria for at least one other lifetime disorder; co-morbidity was highest with alcohol abuse and depression. Of those with 12-month IED, 39% reported severe impairment in at least one domain, most commonly social or relationship functioning. Prior traumatic experiences involving physical (non-combat) or sexual violence were associated with increased risk of IED onset.ConclusionsConservatively defined, IED is a low prevalence disorder but this belies the true societal costs of IED in terms of the effects of explosive anger attacks on families and relationships. IED is more common among males, the young, the socially disadvantaged and among those with prior exposure to violence, especially in childhood.
Differential effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on intrinsic brain activity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Shang C. Y. , Yan C. G. , Lin H. Y. , Tseng W. Y. , Castellanos F. X. , Gau S. S. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundMethylphenidate and atomoxetine are commonly prescribed for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, their therapeutic neural mechanisms remain unclear.MethodAfter baseline evaluation including cognitive testing of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), drug-naive children with ADHD (n = 46), aged 7–17 years, were randomly assigned to a 12-week treatment with methylphenidate (n = 22) or atomoxetine (n = 24). Intrinsic brain activity, including the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo), was quantified via resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and week 12.ResultsReductions in inattentive symptoms were related to increased fALFF in the left superior temporal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule for ADHD children treated with methylphenidate, and in the left lingual gyrus and left inferior occipital gyrus for ADHD children treated with atomoxetine. Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom reductions were differentially related to increased fALFF in the methylphenidate group and to decreased fALFF in the atomoxetine group in bilateral precentral and postcentral gyri. Prediction analyses in the atomoxetine group revealed negative correlations between pre-treatment CANTAB simple reaction time and fALFF change in the left lingual gyrus and left inferior occipital gyrus, and positive correlations between pre-treatment CANTAB simple movement time and fALFF change in bilateral precentral and postcentral gyri and left precuneus, with a negative correlation between movement time and the fALFF change in the left lingual gyrus and the inferior occipital gyrus.ConclusionsOur findings suggest differential neurophysiological mechanisms for the treatment effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in children with ADHD.
Disability trends among older adults in ten European countries over 2004–2013, using various indicators and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data
Authors: VERROPOULOU GEORGIA , TSIMBOS CLEON 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn the context of the prospective increase in the numbers of older adults in Europe and of conflicting findings regarding recent disability trends, the present study uses cross-sectional data from four waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), covering the period 2004–2013, and aims at the assessment of trends in disability by sex and broad age group (50–64 and 65 and over) for the ten countries participating in all waves, based on four different measures: limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs), limitations in instrumental ADLs, mobility difficulties and the Global Activity Limitation Indicator. The analysis uses logistic regression models adjusted for age and, subsequently, also for chronic conditions. The findings indicate improvements both in mild/moderate activity restrictions and in functional limitations for several countries, especially among men and women aged 65 and over. Regarding severe disability (ADLs) there is mostly a lack of any significant trend and only a few declines. In several instances, the observed trends are linked to changes in chronic conditions; significant improvements net of chronic conditions are found mainly in Sweden but also in the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Italy and France. Overall, the estimated trends often differentiate by country, age group and sex while they depend upon the specificities of the measures used in the analysis.
Quality of urban life among older adults in the world major metropolises: a cross-cultural comparative study
Authors: PAN XI , CHAHAL JASLEEN K. , MARIE WARD ROSE 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe concept of quality of urban life (QoUL) can be interpreted quite differently across different cultures. Little evidence has shown that the measure of QoUL, which is based on Western culture, can be applied to populations cross-culturally. In the current study, we use data from the 2006 Assessing Happiness and Competitiveness of World Major Metropolises study to identify underlying factors associated with QoUL as well as assess the consistency of the QoUL measurement among adults, aged 60 and older, in ten world major metropolises (i.e. New York City, Toronto, London, Paris, Milan, Berlin, Stockholm, Beijing, Tokyo and Seoul). Exploratory factor analysis and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are used to analyse the data. Findings of the study suggest that the measure of QoUL is sensitive to socio-cultural differences. Community factor and intrapersonal factor are two underlying structures that are related to QoUL among older adults in ten metropolises cross-culturally. Results from the CFA indicate that Toronto is comparable with Beijing, New York City, Paris, Milan and Stockholm in QoUL, while other cities are not. The results provide insights into the development of current urban policy and promotion of quality of life among older residents in major metropolitan areas. Future researchers should continue to explore the relationship between QoUL and socio-cultural differences within international urban settings, while remaining cautious when making cross-cultural comparisons.
Measure theory over boolean toposes
Authors: HENRY SIMON 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this paper we develop a notion of measure theory over boolean toposes reminiscent of the theory of von Neumann algebras. This is part of a larger project to study relations between topos theory and noncommutative geometry. The main result is a topos theoretic version of the modular time evolution of von Neumann algebras which take the form of a canonical$\mathbb{R}^{>0}$-principal bundle over any integrable locally separated boolean topos.
La mémoire autobiographique à travers le parcours de vie: évaluation rétrospective du bonheur et de la vulnérabilité
Authors: Dasoki Nora , Morselli Davide , Spini Dario 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTOur research is interested in understanding how the elderly evaluate their past, so the aims of this study are, first, to understand if there are age differences within the older population in terms of positivity effect, and second, to test if perception of happiness and vulnerability are two independent recall systems. To test our hypotheses, we used the Vivre / Leben / Vivere survey on a population of 65 years and older (n=4200), in Switzerland. Findings show that happiness depends on social and cultural norms, while there is an age effect for vulnerability. For happiness, there are no age differences, but this is not the case for vulnerability: the oldest age groups are less likely to report episodes of vulnerability during most of their lives.