bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Feedback Control to Improve Biohydrogen Production by Desulfovibrio alaskensis
Authors: Velázquez-Sánchez H. I. , Puebla-Nuñez H. F. , Aguilar-López R. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this paper, a novel control algorithm to increase biohydrogen production in a continuous reactor using the sulphate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio alaskensis with lactate as carbon source is proposed. This work was conducted via numerical simulations, based on an experimentally corroborated kinetic model, considered as a benchmark of the system. A bifurcation analysis to identify the reactor’s steady-state performance was done in order to identify feasible operating regions. The proposed controller cancels the upper bounds of the reactor, imposing a finite-time convergence to the selected set point. The closed-loop stability of the reactor is analysed via the dynamic of the regulation error. Finally, numerical experiments were conducted in order to compare the dynamic behaviour of the proposed closed-loop system versus its open-loop counterpart and a well-tuned classical PI controller one. The proposed methodology increases the hydrogen productivity controlling with a satisfactory performance the biomass concentration, which is considered as the control output.
An Examination of the Implementation of Risk Based Approaches in Military Operations
Authors: Liwång Hans , Ericson Marika , Bang Martin 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Today several nations utilise risk based approaches in military planning. However, the discussion on limitations with the approaches in regard to aspects such as uncertainties, the nature of the threat and risk to civilians is limited.
The aim of this work is to identify important challenges when applying risk based approaches to military activity. This article discusses risk based approaches in general and their military applications. Five generic quality requirements on risk analysis are presented from research in risk philosophy. Two military application areas for risk analysis: military intelligence, and risk management in legal assessments are analysed in relation to the presented quality requirements on risk analysis.
From the analysis it is clear that risk analysis is an integral part of the decision-making analysis and cannot be separated in time, space or organisationally from the decision-making process in general. Defining the scenario to analyse, including the time span, is a central task in risk analysis and will affect every aspect of the risk estimation. Therefore, the principles for scenario definition must be communicated and continuously updated throughout the organisation. Handling the uncertainties throughout the process is also important, especially if the aim is a resilient military system.
A Two Person Zero Sum Game Oriented to Integration of Objectives
Authors: Aplak Hakan , Kabak Mehmet , Köse Erkan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Decision making process is a process which includes decision makers, actors, environmental factors, objectives, strategies and criteria. In competitive environments, effectiveness of decision process depends on determining all environmental factors and evaluating them according to objectives. Decision makers aim to find optimal strategies for conflicting objectives. Game theory is an approach based on mathematics in which strategies of players are evaluated reciprocally by considering environmental effects.
In this study, a two-person zero-sum game approach is presented for choosing optimal strategies of actors in competitive environment by balancing objectives reciprocally. This approach refers to evaluation of each objective, creation of decision payoff matrixes by using fuzzy logic mathematical applications and their transformation to final decision payoff matrix subsequently. Finally, optimal strategies and their probabilities are found. A military case study is presented for illustrating the application of proposed approach.
The Dilemmas of the Developmental State: Democracy and Economic Development in Brazil
Authors: Prado Mariana Mota , Schapiro Mario , Coutinho Diogo R. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Is it possible to reconcile one of the institutional strategies to promote development, known in the literature as “the developmental state”, with contemporary democratic systems of government? If so, what are the challenges, trade-offs and potential gains that such an effort may entail? The vast literature on “the developmental state” claims that it is more likely to succeed under autocratic regimes. While a “democratic developmental state” seems possible in theory, there is very little empirical evidence to show how it would work in practice. This article tries to contribute to this debate by analyzing the case of Brazil, a country that transitioned from a military dictatorship to a democratic regime in the late 1980s, and has been moving towards increasing state interventionism since 2002. While the policies implemented by the “New Developmental State” in Brazil have been explored in the academic literature, their democratic dimensions remain unchartered. There has not been a detailed analysis about how the autocratic features that characterized the developmental states in Latin America from the 1950s to the end of the 1980s (i. e. political exclusion of the majority of groups, and control of economic policies by an elite) have played out in its renewed version. Understanding the interactions between the New Developmental State and the democratic system not only allows for a better understanding of the Brazilian case, but it also sheds light on one of the most important theoretical questions raised by the development literature: is a democratic developmental state possible? Based on the Brazilian case study, we argue that it is not hard to reconcile “the developmental state” with a thin conception of democracy, i. e. with free and fair elections. In contrast, the picture is more complex if the question is whether it is possible to reconcile developmental policies with a thicker conception of democracy that includes demands for transparency, protection of minority groups, a system of checks and balances, and due process. To develop this argument, this article is divided in three parts. In the first part, we provide an overview of the literature, outlining the concept of developmental state, and the tensions that the developmental state policies may create in a democratic setting. In the second part, we focus on the Brazilian case (the “new developmental state”), exploring how these tensions played out in three concrete settings: industrial policy, infrastructure sectors, and social policies. In the third part, we identify some of the research implications of the challenges identified in the Brazilian case, especially for future law and development scholarship.
Religion as Identity
Authors: Eisenberg Avigail 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper examines the shift in how religious freedom is understood from a matter of protecting individual choice to a matter identity. According to the choice approach, the state must protect the individual’s freedom to choose but it cannot be expected to bear the costs of the religious choices citizens make. The identity approach treats the claims individuals and groups make about their religious commitments as non-negotiable facts rather than choices and considers the failure of the state to protect these commitments as unjust because it exposes the individual to disrespect and disadvantage, and stigmatizes and excludes them from full membership in the polity. This paper examines the political context in which the identity approach has emerged in the last 50 years. It then examines three implications of this shift from choice to identity for the protection of religious freedom. Such a shift 1) enhances the capacity of courts to address claims of historical injustice, 2) leads courts to focus on the religious practices of groups rather than individuals, and 3) increases the pressure on courts to assess the authenticity of religious beliefs and practices. These implications lead to significant challenges for public institutions, which are discussed in the final section of the paper.
Multiculturalism, Identity Claims, and Human Rights: From Politics to Courts
Authors: Torbisco-Casals Neus 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Across Europe, courts (both domestic and international) are increasingly playing a central role in dealing with identity-driven conflicts across deeply entrenched ethnocultural divides. At the outset, many of these controversies are seemingly religious or cultural disputes, involving the interpretation of individual rights such as freedom of conscience, freedom of association, and freedom of religion. Yet if we scratch beyond the surface, there is much more at stake in these disputes, or so this paper contends. Broader disagreements that confront majority and minority cultures regarding group rights and the shifting intersections between religion, ethnicity, and gender are played out in these judicial battles. The paper traces the so-called “crisis of multiculturalism” in the European political rhetoric and practice and highlights its impact on the de-juridification of cultural rights and on the tendency to seek accommodation through litigation (typically by minority litigants increasingly frustrated with the political backlash against their rights). It then inquires into the prospects of this strategy, pointing out the limitations courts face when adjudicating identity conflicts pertaining to minority groups traditionally disadvantaged in mainstream political processes. These concerns are illustrated through revisiting a number of controversies over Muslim veils that have been resolved by the European Court of Human Rights. The paper cautiously concludes that a shift toward more participatory political processes is more likely to mitigate the decline of progressive forms of multiculturalism and consolidate minority rights.
Discourse attention during utterance planning affects referential form choice
Authors: Zerkle Sandra A. , Arnold Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
An unstudied source of linguistic variation is the use of discourse-appropriate language. Sometimes individuals use linguistic devices (anaphors, connectors) to connect utterances to the discourse context, and sometimes not. We asked how this variation is related to utterance planning, using eyetracking with a narrative production task. Participants saw picture pairs depicting two events. They heard a description of the first event (Context picture), then added to the story by describing the second event (Target picture). We found that one group of participants produced utterances that connected with the discourse context (Context-Users), using pronouns/zeros and connectors (and/then) as appropriate, while another group consistently used definite NP descriptions and virtually no connectors (Context-Ignorers). Eyetracking measures reflected utterance planning within a discourse context: all participants shifted their attention from the Context picture to the Target picture throughout a trial. We also observed group differences: Context-Users directed their attention in a more systematic way than Context-Ignorers. At trial onset, Context-Users looked more at the Context picture than Context-Ignorers. Right before speaking, they looked more at the Target picture than Context-Ignorers. The Context-Users also had shorter latency to begin speaking. This study provides a first step toward characterizing individual differences in terms of utterance planning.
Learning Strategies Facilitating the Processes of Language Learning in Adult Education
Authors: Gunišová Denisa 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe issue of learning must be based on the latest knowledge of various sciences and also respond to the needs of society. The meaning of life of adults lies in satisfying their needs as well as their self-realization in personal and career direction. In this paper, we focus on the issue of adult language education. Success in acquiring foreign language skills of adults depends on several factors, the level of cognitive functions is different from children, and therefore it is necessary to respect this fact when teaching adults. The way to succeed in this is to teach how to search for information, to sort and use them logically in practice. A precondition is to teach how to learn, how to use metacognitive strategies and learn how to plan the learning. The aim of this paper is to point to learning strategies, such as concept maps through which it comes to the development of metacognition and building a comprehensive knowledge structure in adult education.
The Aspects of Civic Consciousness in Georgian Literature
Authors: Tsiklauri Marine 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOnly society, equipped with civic consciousness will retain identity and take a stand in the modern global world. The research aims at revealing distinctive characters of Georgian way of thinking based on the examples from scientific works and fiction.Interesting explanation regarding the essence of citizenship is given by a great Georgian scientist Saint Grigol Peradze in his series of letters “Content of real citizenship” (interpretation of The Lord’s Prayer - Our Father). He postulates:” Aim of citizen’s life and of citizenship itself should be God”. Civic Consciousness in the history of Georgian literature originates from hagiography and immediately comprises double service. Hagiography hero serves for conversion of physical and spiritual “desert” into “city”.The poetry of great Georgian poet Vazha-Pshavela possesses all characteristics of highly developed civic consciousness. Vazha-Pshavela is considered to be “a poet of future” (critic Tamaz Chkhenkeli), also “a poet of soul” (Grigol Kiknadze), because his creative work is directed towards spiritual forces of a human and serve for spiritual prosperity.
Results of the Ongoing Monitoring of the Position of a Geostationary Telecommunication Satellite by the Method of Spatially Separated Basis Receiving of Digital Satellite Television Signals
Authors: Bushuev F. , Kaliuzhnyi M. , Sybiryakova Y. , Shulga O. , Moskalenko S. , Balagura O. , Kulishenko V. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The results of the ongoing monitoring of the position of geostationary telecommunication satellite Eutelsat-13B (13° East) are presented in the article. The results were obtained using a radio engineering complex (RC) of four stations receiving digital satellite television and a data processing centre. The stations are located in Kyiv, Mukachevo, Kharkiv and Mykolaiv.
The equipment of each station allows synchronous recording (by the GPS) of fragments of DVB-S signal from the quadrature detector output of the satellite television receiver. Samples of the complex signal are archived and sent to the data processing center through the Internet. Here three linearly independent slant range differences (Δr) for three pairs of the stations are determined as a result of correlation processing of received signals. Every second measured values of Δr are used to calculate Cartesian coordinates (XYZ) of the satellite in the coordinate system WGS84 by multilateration method.
The time series of Δr, X, Y and Z obtained during continuous observations from March to May 2015 are presented in the article. Single-measurement errors of Δr, X, Y and Z are equal to 2.6 m, 3540 m, 705 m and 455 m, respectively. The complex is compared with known analogues. Ways of reduction of measurement errors of satellite coordinates are considered.
The radio engineering complex could be considered a prototype of a system of independent ongoing monitoring of the position of geostationary telecommunication satellites.
Using Carbon-Based Composite Materials for Manufacturing C-range Antenna Devices
Authors: Dugin N. , Zaboronkova T. , Myasnikov E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
C-range horn antenna made of a graphene-containing carbon-based composite material has been developed. Electrodynamic characteristics of the developed antenna and the identical metal antenna have been measured in the frequency range of 4.6–4.9 GHz. We have created two prototypes of horn antennas made of (i) carbon fiber and (ii) carbon fabric. It has been shown that the horn antenna made of graphene-containing composite material is capable of efficiently operating in the C-range frequency and possesses almost the same electrodynamic characteristics as the conventional metal antenna of the same geometry and size. However, the carbon-based antenna has enhanced stability in the wide range of temperatures to compare with the corresponding metal antenna.
Mathematical Estimation of Mobility of Peasants in Vilnius Governorate in the 19th Century
Authors: Kanišauskas Vaidotas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The article deals with the problem of local mobility of peasants in Vilnius Governorate in the nineteenth century. To solve the problem, statistical-demographical data from the “Memory Books” permanently issued by the Tsarist Russian government was used. Pure demographic data brings little information, unless it is properly mathematically processed. Such processing leads to the discovering of new proportions concerning inhabitants, villages and farmsteads. Such proportions are related to the administrative territorial unit under investigation and show how many people reside in a farmstead and how many farmsteads are comprised in a village. In the course of time, numbers of villages and farmsteads change, and these numbers show the numbers of people taking part in local mobility of inhabitants. The higher are changes in villages and farmsteads, the higher is mobility of inhabitants.
The Characteristics of Extruded Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Liene Strauta , Sandra Muižniece-Brasava 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Faba beans (Vicia faba L.) are an excellent protein source and should be more present in human diet, but due to their long cooking time, they are rarely used. So, in order to increase the accessibility of faba beans (Vicia faba L.), experiments were carried out to obtain new food products. Extrusion-cooking was chosen as the potential thermal cooking process and two different products were obtained. One was made exclusively from faba bean (Vicia faba L.) flour, while the second one was produced with a 50% addition of wheat flour to bean flour. Protein content, size, volume mass, pH and starch content for obtained products were analysed in order to characterise the products, as well as to see the differences from non-extruded faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and obtained samples. The experiments were carried out using faba beans (Vicia faba L.) obtained at Ltd. “Pure Horticultural Research Centre”. They were milled at Ltd. “Grauda spēks” and extruded with a twin screw extruder at Ltd. “Milzu”. The experiments showed that the extrusion process had decreased the protein content by 9%, but the starch content had risen by 13% with the addition of wheat flour. But, for sample, without added wheat flour differences were not significant. No significant size differences were observed in the obtained samples and pH values had no significant differences between extruded samples.
Somatoform Disorders – A Pediatric Experience
Authors: Pop-Jordanova Nada , Zorcec Tatjana 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis.
Working at the Psychophysiological Department at the University Clinic we are dealing with more than 100 children per year manifesting this kind of disorders.
The aim of this article is to summarize some specific characteristics of the somatoform disorder in a group of 243 children, mean age 10.31 (± 2.75) years for both genders, selected randomly. The used psychometric instruments are: CBCL, EPQ for children, and MMPI-201 for mothers.
The obtained results showed high scores for somatization, extroversion and accentuated anxiety for children; as well as a typical Hs-Hy personality profile for mothers.
The treatment with cognitive-behavior therapy and biofeedback showed very positive outcome.
Analysis and Speciation of Lanthanoides by ICP-MS
Authors: Telgmann Lena , Lindner Uwe , Lingott Jana , Jakubowski Norbert 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is based on formation of positively charged atomic ions in a high-frequency inductively coupled Argon plasma at atmospheric pressure. The ions are extracted and transferred from the plasma source into a mass analyzer operated at high vacuum via an interface equipped with a sampling and a skimmer cone. The ions are separated in the mass analyzer according to their charge to mass ratio. The ions are converted at a conversion dynode and are detected by use of a secondary electron multiplier or a Faraday cup.From an analytical point of view, ICP-MS is a well-established method for multi-elemental analysis in particular for elements at trace- and ultra-trace levels. Furthermore, methods based on ICP-MS offer simple quantification concepts, for which usually (liquid) standards are applied, low matrix effects compared to other conventional analytical techniques, and relative limits of detection (LODs) in the low pg g−1range and absolute LODs down to the attomol range. For these applications, ICP-MS excels by a high sensitivity which is independent of the molecular structure and a wide linear dynamic range. It has found acceptance in various application areas and during the last decade ICP-MS is also more and more applied for detection of rare earth elements particularly in the life sciences.Due to the fact that all molecules introduced into the high temperature of the plasma in the ion source were completely dissociated and broken down into atoms, which are subsequently ionized, all elemental species information is completely lost. However, if the different species are separated before they enter the plasma by using adequate fractionation or separation techniques, then ICP-MS can be used as a very sensitive element-specific detector. We will discuss this feature of ICP-MS in this chapter in more detail at hand of the speciation of gadolinium-containing contrast agents.
Novel Applications of Lanthanoides as Analytical or Diagnostic Tools in the Life Sciences by ICP-MS-based Techniques
Authors: Müller Larissa , Traub Heike , Jakubowski Norbert 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a well-established analytical method for multi-elemental analysis in particular for elements at trace and ultra-trace levels. It has found acceptance in various application areas during the last decade. ICP-MS is also more and more applied for detection in the life sciences. For these applications, ICP-MS excels by a high sensitivity, which is independent of the molecular structure of the analyte, a wide linear dynamic range and by excellent multi-element capabilities. Furthermore, methods based on ICP-MS offer simple quantification concepts, for which usually (liquid) standards are applied, low matrix effects compared to other conventional bioanalytical techniques, and relative limits of detection (LODs) in the low pg g−1 range and absolute LODs down to the attomol range.
In this chapter, we focus on new applications where the multi-element capability of ICP-MS is used for detection of lanthanoides or rare earth elements, which are applied as elemental stains or tags of biomolecules and in particular of antibodies.