bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of paravertebral blockade techniques with and without ultrasound guidance in calves
Authors: Re Michela , Blanco-Murcia Javier , Villaescusa Alejandra , De Gaspar Ignacio , de Segura Ignacio A. Gómez 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of an ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve blockade technique (UGPNB) with distal and proximal paravertebral nerve blockade techniques without ultrasound guidance (DPNB and PPNB, respectively) in calves.
ANIMALS 4 calf cadavers and 7 healthy calves.
PROCEDURES A suitable acoustic window was identified to facilitate access to the T13, L1, and L2 spinal nerves in cadavers and live calves. In cadavers, nerves were injected with dye under ultrasound guidance. In calves, the UGPNB, DPNB, and PPNB were performed in random order at 10-day intervals by injection of an anesthetic solution containing 2% lidocaine hydrochloride. Nociceptive withdrawal responses were assessed to determine the effects of the blockades.
RESULTS In cadavers, nerve staining success rates (ie, ≥ 2-cm-long dye path) achieved with ultrasound guidance were 88% (T13 [ventral branch]), 75% (T13 and L1 [dorsal branches] and L1 and L2 [ventral branches]), and 38% (L2 [dorsal branch]). The nerves were each identified as a hyperechoic band in a longitudinal plane. In calves, the UGPNB, DPNB, and PPNB reduced the withdrawal response to the noxious stimulus, mainly in the dorsal-cranial, dorsal-caudal, and ventral-cranial areas of the flank. Overall, the UGPNB resulted in a better nociceptive cumulative score, administering only one half of the local anaesthetic dose, compared with findings for the DPNB and PPNB. However, time to perform the UGPNB was longer.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The UGPNB evaluated may be an improved alternative to the DPNB and PPNB for provision of anesthesia for flank surgery in calves. However, effectiveness of the UGPNB should be evaluated in a clinical setting and in adult cattle.
Assessment of left ventricular volume and function in healthy dogs by use of one-, two-, and three-dimensional echocardiography versus multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Scollan Katherine F. , Stieger-Vanegas Susanne M. , Sisson D. David 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare left ventricle (LV) volume and function variables obtained by use of 1-D, 2-D, and real-time 3-D echocardiography versus ECG-gated multidetector row CT (MDCT) angiography, which was considered the criterion-referenced standard.
ANIMALS 6 healthy, purpose-bred dogs.
PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized and administered a constant rate infusion of esmolol, and 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D echocardiography and ECG-gated, contrast-enhanced MDCT were performed. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume, and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated by use of the Teichholz method for 1-D echocardiography, single-plane and biplane modified Simpson method of disks (MOD) and area-length method for 2-D echocardiography, and real-time biplane echocardiography (RTBPE) and real-time 3-D echocardiography (RT3DE) for 3-D echocardiography. Volumes were indexed to body surface area and body weight. Median values, correlations, and limits of agreement were compared between echocardiographic modalities and MDCT.
RESULTS EDV and ESV measured by use of RTBPE and RT3DE had the strongest correlations with results for MDCT. Values obtained for EDV, ESV, stroke volume, and EF did not differ significantly between echocardiographic methods and MDCT. Use of RT3DE and RTBPE slightly underestimated EDV, ESV, and EF, compared with values for MDCT, as determined with Bland-Altman analysis.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Values for EDV and ESV obtained by use of 3-D echocardiography, including RTBPE and RT3DE, had the highest correlation with slight underestimation, compared with values obtained by use of MDCT. This was similar to results for 3-D echocardiography in human medicine.
Quantitative analysis of brain perfusion in healthy dogs by means of magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Hartmann Antje , Driesen Agnes , Lautenschläger Ines E. , Scholz Volkher B. , Schmidt Martin J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine values of perfusion parameters determined via MRI in the brains of healthy dogs.
ANIMALS 10 healthy adult Beagles.
PROCEDURES Each dog was anesthetized for MRI examination of the brain, including standard sequences and a perfusion-weighted sequence. Gadoteric acid (0.2 mmol/kg) was injected IV at a rate of 5 mL/s. A dedicated workstation was used to measure the times from contrast medium injection to arrival at an ROI (TO) and peak contrast enhancement (TTP), mean contrast medium transport time (MTT), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the caudate nucleus, thalamus, piriform lobe, hippocampus, semioval center, and temporal cerebral cortex. A simple mathematical model was used to compare parameter values among the various brain regions.
RESULTS T0 and time to peak contrast enhancement had a significant linear relationship. A significant negative correlation was identified between T0 and CBF and, to a lesser extent, between MTT and CBF. Differences among brain regions were significant for MTT and CBF. The CBF was lowest in the semioval center, and the piriform lobe had almost 2-fold the CBF of that region. No significant differences were identified between hemispheres of the brain.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings obtained in this study involving healthy dogs may serve as a reference for MRI perfusion measurements in specific brain regions and may help in the characterization of various brain diseases in dogs.
Elution of platinum from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads in vitro
Authors: Tulipan Rachel J. , Phillips Heidi , Garrett Laura D. , Dirikolu Levent , Mitchell Mark A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the elution of platinum from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) beads in vitro.
SAMPLE 60 carboplatin-impregnated CSH beads and 9 CSH beads without added carboplatin (controls).
PROCEDURES Carboplatin-impregnated CSH beads (each containing 4.6 mg of carboplatin [2.4 mg of platinum]) were placed into separate 10-mL plastic tubes containing 5 mL of PBSS in groups of 1, 3, 6, or 10; 3 control beads were placed into a single tube of PBSS at the same volume. Experiments were conducted in triplicate at 37°C and a pH of 7.4 with constant agitation. Eluent samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours. Samples were analyzed for platinum content by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry.
RESULTS The mean concentration of platinum released per carboplatin-impregnated bead over 72 hours was 445.3 mg/L. Cumulative concentrations of platinum eluted increased as the number of beads per tube increased. There was a significant difference in platinum concentrations over time, with values increasing over the first 12 hours and then declining for all tubes. There was also a significant difference in percentage of total incorporated platinum released into tubes with different numbers of beads: the percentage of eluted platinum was higher in tubes containing 1 or 3 beads than in those containing 6 or 10 beads.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Carboplatin-impregnated CSH beads eluted platinum over 72 hours. Further studies are needed to determine whether implantation of carboplatin-impregnated CSH beads results in detectable levels of platinum systemically and whether the platinum concentrations eluted locally are toxic to tumor cells.
Experimental investigation of phase equilibria in the Nb–Si–Ta ternary system
Authors: Li Jian , Wang Cuiping , Yao Jun , Yang Shuiyuan , Kang Yongwang , Shi Zhan , Liu Xingjun 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The phase equilibria in the Nb–Si–Ta ternary system at 1 373 K, 1 473 K and 1 573 K were investigated by means of back-scattered electron imaging, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. The isothermal sections at 1 373 K, 1 473 K and 1 573 K consist of two three-phase regions and seven two-phase regions, without any ternary compounds. The compounds of NbSi2 and TaSi2, αNb5Si3 and αTa5Si3 form continuous solid solutions, respectively. The solubilities of Nb in Ta3Si and Ta2Si phases are extremely large, whereas the solubility of Si in the β(Nb, Ta) phase is relatively small.
The Appearance of Pitting on Thermally Grown Aluminum Oxide caused by Surface Segregation of Fe Impurities from the Bulk
Authors: Diaz-Droguett D. E. , Núñez P. , Cabrera A. L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The oxidation of 99 wt.-% purity (low purity – main impurities were Fe and Si) and 99.999 wt.-% purity (high purity) Al foil was studied using a thermo-gravimetric method. The Al oxide was characterized with several techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Al foils were oxidized in a 50 % O2 – 50 % Ar mixture between 773 and 843 K. Microscopic examination (SEM) of the oxide revealed that “pitting” occurred on the low purity Al. High Si and Fe concentration were found on the surface or near-surface of the oxide. The presence of Fe, as precipitates, on the surface of the oxide accounts for the pitting of the oxide. XPS inspection revealed the formation of γ-Al2O3 with the presence of some Al hydroxide.
SEM and EBSD Characterization of Bi-Layered Functionally Graded Hard Metal Composites
Authors: Prat O. , Suarez S. , García J. , Sanhueza F. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
WC-Co bi-layer functionally graded composites were produced by powder metallurgy techniques. The influence of WC particle size and the grain growth inhibitor on the formation of the functionally graded composite was investigated. SEM images show that all sintered samples present a graded microstructure after sintering, with two side regions of extra-coarse and coarse WC-Co and a clear, dense interface without defects or other phases. EBSD results showed a change of WC particle size depending on the processing and the addition of Mo2C. Cobalt binder distribution corresponds to WC particle size. Hardness values correlate to WC particle size and binder content. It is shown that tailored hardness/toughness can be produced by adjusting the WC particle size and binder content on both sides of the bi-layer composite.
Failure Analysis of Slurry Pump Impeller Fractured at Collahuasi Mine
Authors: Ramos-Moore E. , Rosenkranz A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This work presents the analysis of a fractured impeller used in slurry pumps at the Collahuasi copper mine in Chile. Although the impeller must run more than 1 800 h, it was fractured under working conditions before having reached 1 500 h, generating a catastrophic failure of the pumping system. The microstructure of the impeller material was analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness. The composition of the impeller material was studied by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the impeller material corresponds to cast iron with high content of chromium, typically called white cast iron, which usually exhibits high wear and corrosion resistance. After analyzing the overall failure, we conclude that the fracture was mainly produced by the existence of high-impact materials in the slurry pulp, which produced an imbalance of the impeller rotation.
Extraction, isolation, characterization, semi-synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of <i>Justicia adathoda</i> leaves
Authors: Gopalan Sivaperumal , Kulanthai Kannnan , Sadashivam Gnanavel , Pachiappan Perumal , Rajamani Sowmiya , Paramasivam Deepak 
Published: November 2016

<p>There is a need to investigate the new sources of antimalarial drugs which are more effective against Plasmodium falciparum. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of vasicinone, vasicine and 9-oxo-1, 2, 3, 9-tetrahydropyrrolo [2,1-b]quinazolin-3-yl acetate (VA-1). Vasicinone and vasicine were extracted from the leaves of Justicia adhatoda. The novel compound VA-1 was synthesized from alkaloid the alkaloid vasicine, which was isolated from the ethanol extract of J. adhatoda leaves. Vasicine (IC<sub>50</sub> = 89.8 µg/mL) and vasicinone (IC<sub>50</sub> = 38.9 µg/mL) showed moderate antiplasmodial activity whereas the compound VA-1 ( IC<sub>50</sub> = 06.0 µg/mL) showed excellent antiplasmodial activity when compared with standard drug chloroquine (IC<sub>50</sub> = 12.6 µg/mL). The results achieved suggest that both isolated and semi-synthetic compounds may serve as a lead compound to antiplasmodial activity. Further, the compound VA-1 is for the first time reported for antiplasmodial activity with IC<sub>50</sub> value.</p><p><strong>Video Clip:</strong></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/dcQUBU6PuVw">Antiplasmodia activity procedure</a>: 7 min 13 sec</p>
VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS OF MAGNETIC SECTORS AND HELIOSPHERIC CURRENT SHEET CROSSINGS IN THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE
Authors: Richardson J. D. , Burlaga L. F. , Drake J. F. , Hill M. E. , Opher M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Voyager 1 (V1) has passed through the heliosheath and is in the local interstellar medium. Voyager 2 (V2) has been in the heliosheath since 2007. The role of reconnection in the heliosheath is under debate; compression of the heliospheric current sheets (HCS) in the heliosheath could lead to rapid reconnection and a reconfiguration of the magnetic field topology. This paper compares the expected and actual amounts of time the Voyager spacecraft observe each magnetic sector and the number of HCS crossings. The predicted and observed values generally agree well. One exception is at Voyager 1 in 2008 and 2009, where the distribution of sectors is more equal than expected and the number of HCS crossings is small. Two other exceptions are at V1 in 2011–2012 and at V2 in 2012, when the spacecraft are in the opposite magnetic sector less than expected and see fewer HCS crossings than expected. These features are consistent with those predicted for reconnection, and consequently searches for other reconnection signatures should focus on these times.
A DATA-DRIVEN ANALYTIC MODEL FOR PROTON ACCELERATION BY LARGE-SCALE SOLAR CORONAL SHOCKS
Authors: Kozarev Kamen A. , Schwadron Nathan A. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
We have recently studied the development of an eruptive filament-driven, large-scale off-limb coronal bright front (OCBF) in the low solar corona, using remote observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory’s Advanced Imaging Assembly EUV telescopes. In that study, we obtained high-temporal resolution estimates of the OCBF parameters regulating the efficiency of charged particle acceleration within the theoretical framework of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). These parameters include the time-dependent front size, speed, and strength, as well as the upstream coronal magnetic field orientations with respect to the front’s surface normal direction. Here we present an analytical particle acceleration model, specifically developed to incorporate the coronal shock/compressive front properties described above, derived from remote observations. We verify the model’s performance through a grid of idealized case runs using input parameters typical for large-scale coronal shocks, and demonstrate that the results approach the expected DSA steady-state behavior. We then apply the model to the event of 2011 May 11 using the OCBF time-dependent parameters derived by Kozarev et al. We find that the compressive front likely produced energetic particles as low as 1.3 solar radii in the corona. Comparing the modeled and observed fluences near Earth, we also find that the bulk of the acceleration during this event must have occurred above 1.5 solar radii. With this study we have taken a first step in using direct observations of shocks and compressions in the innermost corona to predict the onsets and intensities of solar energetic particle events.
HELICAL MOTIONS OF FINE-STRUCTURE PROMINENCE THREADS OBSERVED BY HINODE AND IRIS
Authors: Okamoto Takenori J. , Liu Wei , Tsuneta Saku 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Fine-structure dynamics in solar prominences holds critical clues to understanding their physical nature of significant space-weather implications. We report evidence of rotational motions of horizontal helical threads in two active-region prominences observed by the Hinode and/or Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph satellites at high resolution. In the first event, we found transverse motions of brightening threads at speeds up to 55 km s−1 seen in the plane of the sky. Such motions appeared as sinusoidal space–time trajectories with a typical period of ∼390 s, which is consistent with plane-of-sky projections of rotational motions. Phase delays at different locations suggest the propagation of twists along the threads at phase speeds of 90–270 km s−1. At least 15 episodes of such motions occurred in two days, none associated with an eruption. For these episodes, the plane-of-sky speed is linearly correlated with the vertical travel distance, suggestive of a constant angular speed. In the second event, we found Doppler velocities of 30–40 km s−1 in opposite directions in the top and bottom portions of the prominence, comparable to the plane-of-sky speed. The moving threads have about twice broader line widths than stationary threads. These observations, when taken together, provide strong evidence for rotations of helical prominence threads, which were likely driven by unwinding twists triggered by magnetic reconnection between twisted prominence magnetic fields and ambient coronal fields.
COLLISIONLESS ISOTROPIZATION OF THE SOLAR-WIND PROTONS BY COMPRESSIVE FLUCTUATIONS AND PLASMA INSTABILITIES
Authors: Verscharen Daniel , Chandran Benjamin D. G. , Klein Kristopher G. , Quataert Eliot 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Compressive fluctuations are a minor yet significant component of astrophysical plasma turbulence. In the solar wind, long-wavelength compressive slow-mode fluctuations lead to changes in

and in

, where

and

are the perpendicular and parallel temperatures of the protons, B is the magnetic field strength, and

is the proton density. If the amplitude of the compressive fluctuations is large enough,

crosses one or more instability thresholds for anisotropy-driven microinstabilities. The enhanced field fluctuations from these microinstabilities scatter the protons so as to reduce the anisotropy of the pressure tensor. We propose that this scattering drives the average value of

away from the marginal stability boundary until the fluctuating value of

stops crossing the boundary. We model this “fluctuating-anisotropy effect” using linear Vlasov–Maxwell theory to describe the large-scale compressive fluctuations. We argue that this effect can explain why, in the nearly collisionless solar wind, the average value of

is close to unity.
DISKY ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES AND THE ALLEGEDLY OVER-MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE COMPACT MASSIVE “ES” GALAXY NGC 1271
Authors: Graham Alister W. , Ciambur Bogdan C. , Savorgnan Giulia A. D. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
While spiral and lenticular galaxies have large-scale disks extending beyond their bulges, and most local early-type galaxies with 1010 < M
*/M
⊙ < 2 × 1011 contain a disk (e.g., ATLAS3D), the early-type galaxies do possess a range of disk sizes. The edge-on, intermediate-scale disk in the “disky elliptical” galaxy NGC 1271 has led to some uncertainty regarding its spheroidal component. Walsh et al. reported a directly measured black hole mass of

for this galaxy, which they remarked was an order of magnitude greater than what they expected based on their derivation of the host spheroid’s luminosity. Our near-infrared image analysis supports a small embedded disk within a massive spheroidal component with

(using

from Walsh et al.). This places NGC 1271 just 1.6σ above the near-linear M
bh–M
sph,* relation for early-type galaxies. Therefore, past speculation that there may be a systematic difference in the black hole scaling relations between compact massive early-type galaxies with intermediate-scale disks, i.e., ES galaxies such as NGC 1271, and early-type galaxies with either no substantial disk (E) or a large-scale disk (S0) is not strongly supported by NGC 1271. We additionally (1) show how ES galaxies fit naturally in the (“bulge”-to-total)-(morphological-type) diagram, while noting a complication with recent revisions to the Hubble-Jeans tuning-fork diagram, (2) caution about claims of over-massive black holes in other ES galaxies if incorrectly modeled as S0 galaxies, and (3) reveal that the compact massive spheroid in NGC 1271 has properties similar to bright bulges in other galaxies, which have grown larger-scale disks.
DYNAMICAL MASS MEASUREMENTS OF CONTAMINATED GALAXY CLUSTERS USING MACHINE LEARNING
Authors: Ntampaka M. , Trac H. , Sutherland D. J. , Fromenteau S. , Póczos B. , Schneider J. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
We study dynamical mass measurements of galaxy clusters contaminated by interlopers and show that a modern machine learning algorithm can predict masses by better than a factor of two compared to a standard scaling relation approach. We create two mock catalogs from Multidark’s publicly available N-body MDPL1 simulation, one with perfect galaxy cluster membership information and the other where a simple cylindrical cut around the cluster center allows interlopers to contaminate the clusters. In the standard approach, we use a power-law scaling relation to infer cluster mass from galaxy line-of-sight (LOS) velocity dispersion. Assuming perfect membership knowledge, this unrealistic case produces a wide fractional mass error distribution, with a width of

. Interlopers introduce additional scatter, significantly widening the error distribution further (

). We employ the support distribution machine (SDM) class of algorithms to learn from distributions of data to predict single values. Applied to distributions of galaxy observables such as LOS velocity and projected distance from the cluster center, SDM yields better than a factor-of-two improvement (

) for the contaminated case. Remarkably, SDM applied to contaminated clusters is better able to recover masses than even the scaling relation approach applied to uncontaminated clusters. We show that the SDM method more accurately reproduces the cluster mass function, making it a valuable tool for employing cluster observations to evaluate cosmological models.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous Peramivir, Neuraminidase Inhibitor of Influenza Virus, in Healthy Japanese Subjects
Authors: Saisho Yutaka , Ishibashi Toru , Fukuyama Hidenori , Fukase Hiroyuki , Shimada Jingoro 
Published: November 2016

Background Intravenous peramivir is a potent neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor with activity against influenza A and B viruses. The early use of NA inhibitors has been shown to reduce mortality in influenza patients. Methods To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of peramivir and confirm the safety and tolerability of multiple infusions of peramivir in healthy Japanese subjects, two Phase I, single-centre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled studies consisting of a multiple-dose study and a high-dose study were conducted. Results Multiple intravenous infusions of peramivir were well tolerated up to 800 mg once a day and 400 mg twice daily for 6 days. Dose proportionalities for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) were established up to the 800 mg dose. Approximately 90% of unchanged peramivir was excreted into urine within 12 h after treatment with 800 mg of peramivir. The peramivir plasma and upper respiratory tract fluid levels were significantly higher than the 50% inhibition concentrations for NA enzyme activity (IC50) of epidemic influenza viruses, including those harbouring the H274Y mutation. Conclusions The pharmacokinetic properties obtained here for intravenous peramivir are consistent with the previously reported clinical efficacy and safety of this antiviral.