bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Big Data Analytics Improves HSE Management
Authors: Tarrahi Mohammadali , Shadravan Arash 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Safety enhancement is the priority of every organization. Annually millions of dollars are spent to develop procedures and practices to diminish the health, safety and environmental disasters. Monitoring incidents and hazards and performing timely analysis leads to effective remediation efforts. In oil and gas upstream industry, a thorough understanding of HSE data and intelligent data analytics is essential to improve safety and particularly to reduce injuries and fatalities.
Most of the conventional HSE management and hazard identification systems are incapable of agile and automated data integration and smart decision making. Furthermore, HSE incident database is often too intricate to comprehend and its analysis is solely dependent on personal skills of individuals. In order to extract explanatory features' relationship and intelligently make execution strategies, a big data analytics platform is developed. This code enhances the value and quality of information entered into the HSE management systems, consequently prevents occupational hazards and results in a safer workplace. This smart platform quantifies the associated risk with every HSE decision. Oil and gas industry incidents based on area, data type and case were queried from the big data database.
This algorithm was executed on a large public industry data base of occupational injury and illnesses to enhance big data HSE management. This code explored 3 million records categorized based on several parameters including super sector (major industry), industry (sub sector), data type, case type (data sub type), area (i.e. states), year. This paper exemplifies the value of advanced big data analytics to improve safety leadership. Capturing and analyzing such extremely large datasets is impossible with traditional methods.
Machine Learning Leads Cost Effective Intelligent Fluid Design: Fluid Engineering Perspective
Authors: Shadravan Arash , Tarrahi Mohammadali 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
What is the catch for intelligent fluid design? Several hours of laboratory testing (some successful, some unsuccessful), dealing with various complex chemistries, listening to multiple people, as long as they are around, some of whom educated with the science called Chemistry rationalizing and trying to match the theories with the laboratory results? Getting superstitious about the physics of the problem due to lack of data? Dealing with contradictory data, and convincing ourselves, engineers, that this is the way to go? Seeing laboratory personnel taking pride on the number of the tests that have conducted while we still need to conduct more testing to determine the next additive concentration for the new well with different downhole condition? Facing with enormous non-productive time and dealing with the fear of failing to deliver to the job and lose the tender, on the service side, or choose the most cost effective scenario for your well, on the operator side? Or shall we go with what Joe proposed and reduce the risk? He has been there for years. How much more testing is enough for a known system, area or formation?
Chemists are creating better and novel formulations, and laboratory personnel are doing their job following the API, ideally around the world, but fluid engineers are still testing or manage testing the fluids by trial and error whether in fracturing, cementing or drilling fluids. While designing fluids by trial and error in each fluid research group might sound unrelated to the other, all have one in common because of the traditional approach in fluid design. Trial and error testing lacks the vision for sustainable fluid knowledge management and intelligent design.
The purpose of this paper is to challenge the status quo in fluid design, discuss what is missing in stepping towards intelligent fluid design and identify the challenges and limitations to execute the proposed method. Disadvantages of the traditional fluid designs, lack of knowledge/data management or sharing and the cost incurred are elaborated. Machine learning algorithms lead as the prime solution for intelligent fluid design, saving thousands of hours of laboratory testing, efficiently integrating sizable experimental database and optimizing the operational cost and delivery.
A Holistic Approach to Sand Control
Authors: Maclachlan S. , Harper C. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In an age of low cost oil with increasing lift costs, the challenge is to exploit and drain existing reservoirs as cost effectively as possible. Completion failures can be a major source of expenditure if not designed correctly, leading to unnecessary costly workovers or interventions in conjunction with deferred production. By using just a fraction of the existing available data in a structured and consistent manner allows selection of the optimum completion design. What must be included in a workflow to address this challenge?
The objective of this paper is to explain how a multi-discipline approach incorporating, geochemistry, production chemistry, production technology, and reservoir engineering can be applied and how the disciplines can interact with and complement each other. The resulting process is a robust structured workflow that can lead to significant improvements in sand control design and selection.
More time spent planning and designing lower completions as part of an integrated system can result in significant benefits to the operating company. The completion can be optimised resulting in an improved completion lifespan, lower CAPEX and OPEX costs and increased production volumes over the life of the field, while also taking into account environmental considerations.
This holistic approach has been incorporated into several field development plans and individual well completion designs on behalf of operators around the world.
Impact of New and Ultra-High Density Kill Fluids on Challenging Well-Kill Operations
Authors: Rinde T. , Killie R. , Howard S. K. , Solli L. , Lillelokken N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Whilst significant efforts have been made worldwide on developing solutions for capping offshore blowouts, less has been done to ensure safe and reliable kill operations through a relief well. This paper presents new solutions to challenging kill operations.
Well-kill operations through a relief well are still considered the most reliable and ultimate method for killing a blowing well. Strict legislation has been enforced for such operations, which challenges technical operational limits and margins. The requirement to be able to dynamically kill a blowing well through one single relief may restrict well design and thereby reduce contingencies.
By pumping of ultra-high density kill fluid (UHDKF) or by injecting a slug of UHDKF as part of a staged well-kill operation, more reliable operations can be planned for with reduced pumping pressures, reduced horsepower requirements, significant fluid volume reductions and cost reductions. Furthermore, these ultra-high density fluids can enable kill operations that would otherwise require changes to the original well design.
Some ultra-high density kill fluids have been formulated based on high density cesium brines. A clear brine with a density of 3.20 g/cm3 and very low viscosity has been formulated by blending cesium phosphate and cesium tungstate brines. Higher densities can be achieved by adding a small amount of solid weighting material to cesium brines.
The new ultra-high density kill fluids represent a great technological step. It is recommended that the findings presented in this paper are implemented in future Blowout Contingency Plans in order to ensure sufficient operational margins in the relief well planning and the kill programs.
Thermal Effects on Subsea Wellhead Fatigue During Workover Operations
Authors: Sevillano L. Cantinelli , De Andrade J. , Sangesland S. , Stanko M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Intervention and workover operations can significantly impact the structural integrity of the subsea wellhead system with regard to its fatigue life. The increasing frequency of these operations has called for a renewed focus on the fatigue capacity of subsea wells, which has greatly improved the overall methodology employed for wellhead fatigue analysis during the life cycle of the well. However, thermal effects along the well have yet to be incorporated. This paper addresses this issue by analyzing the wellhead fatigue damage during a workover operation considering the thermal effects.
Injecting cold fluids in previously producing wells will cause the temperatures along the well to shift from a steady profile to a transient one, resulting in lower temperatures along the well throughout the workover operation. In this work, this effect has been incorporated into the wellhead fatigue analysis method issued by DNV by determining the temperature along casing strings, cement layers, annuli and tubing. Further, these temperature profiles are input into a 3-D finite element model of the wellhead system. Numerical simulations were performed for different temperature profiles, corresponding to distinct moments during the workover operation. Resulting load-to-stress curves of fatigue hotspots were combined with external load time histories to estimate fatigue damage rates.
Stresses at wellhead fatigue hotspots seem to be influenced by the way in which contact forces are shared between the different structural components of the wellhead, particularly by the surface housing and the conductor housing. It was observed that the response of the tubular string inside the well towards variations of their temperature profiles, and top of cement (TOC), may cause the estimates of fatigue damage rates to change. Results indicate that the impact of thermal-related loads on the assessment fatigue damage rates is very dependent on the surface casing top of cement, being highest as the TOC approaches the mudline level.
Notwithstanding the large body of research on wellhead fatigue, thermal loading and its effects on fatigue damage rates have yet to be thoroughly investigated. By incorporating the cooling of the well during intervention operations into the fatigue analysis it was possible to assess more realistically the fatigue damage of the wellhead and obtain reduced fatigue rates for some wellhead configurations.
Reducing NPT of Rigs Operation through Competency Improvement: A Lean Manufacturing Approach
Authors: Basbar Ashraf E. , Al Kharusi Ahmed , Al Kindi Abdulbaqi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
From a drilling contractor point of view, drilling operation should be always at least on schedule and on budget. However, drilling in challenging environments with different drilling problems (technical and un-technical) causes a lot of non-productive time (NPT), i.e. time where the rig is not drilling, which pushes drilling operation behind the schedule and results in a lot of money lost. However, the new low oil price environment put a pressure on drilling contractors to focus on improving drilling efficiency and to be more innovative in reducing NPT during drilling operations; knowing that costs arising from NPT typically account for about 10% to 15% of total drilling costs, and can rise as high as 30%. In another words, drilling contractors will have to learn how to operate differently in order to weather the low oil price environment. The authors strongly believe in today's climate, lean manufacturing methodologies could offer the sought solution. Essentially, lean is a way of thinking centred on locating and eliminating unseen or unnoticed ‘waste’ occurring across the entire drilling operation.
This work in hand demonstrates how the concept of lean manufacturing can be applied to reduce NPT of drilling operations. In this paper, drilling time for 6 workover and 3 drilling rigs has been analysed. A Pareto chart was used to analyse the NPT which accumulated to 27.6% in order to know the most common (highest occurring) sources of such NPT. The crew competency represented 42% of the total NPT, followed by 27.6% due to mechanical equipment failures, while wait on material accumulated to 17.2%, the operational equipment failures summed 12.7% and finally accommodation scored 0.5%. Next Ishikawa (fishbone) diagrams has been utilised to show the causes of imperfection in crew competency to identify these sources of variation.
The analysis revealed areas of immediate intervention such as crew competency program and work related performance incentives. Therefore, training programs were created and work performance related promotions were introduced. Simply, authors believe these countermeasures have focused on causes behind how crew behave, which is the most difficult challenge of all. As without the proper behavioural principles and values, lean methodologies will be totally misapplied and fail to deliver results.This has resulted in 0% NPT materialised within 3 months only of implementing LEAN manufacturing methodology in drilling operation.In this paper, the LEAN methodology reveals an important tool which is able to find simple and effective solutions to the problems encountered in operations such as lack of performance and waste of time.
Adjusting an Available Online Peer Support Platform in a Program to Supplement the Treatment of Perinatal Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Baumel Amit , Schueller Stephen M 
Published: March 2016

Background
Perinatal depression and anxiety are common and debilitating conditions. Novel, cost effective services could improve the uptake and the impact of mental health resources among women who suffer from these conditions. E-mental health products are one example of such services. Many publically available e-mental health products exist, but these products lack validation and are not designed to be integrated into existing health care settings.

Objective
The objective of the study was to present a program to use 7 Cups of Tea (7Cups), an available technological platform that provides online peer (ie, listener) based emotional support, to supplement treatment for women experiencing perinatal depression or anxiety and to summarize patient’s feedback on the resultant program.

Methods
This study consisted of two stages. First, five clinicians specializing in the treatment of perinatal mood disorders received an overview of 7Cups. They provided feedback on the 7Cups platform and ways it could complement the existing treatment efforts to inform further adjustments. In the second stage, nine women with perinatal depression or anxiety used the platform for a single session and provided feedback.

Results
In response to clinicians’ feedback, guidelines for referring patients to use 7Cups as a supplement for treatment were created, and a training program for listeners was developed. Patients found the platform usable and useful and their attitudes toward the trained listeners were positive. Overall, patients noted a need for support outside the scheduled therapy time and believed that freely available online emotional support could help meet this need. Most patients were interested in receiving support from first time mothers and those who suffered in the past from perinatal mood disorders.

Conclusions
The study results highlight the use of 7Cups as a tool to introduce accessible and available support into existing treatment for women who suffer from perinatal mood disorders. Further research should focus on the benefits accrued from such a service. However, this article highlights how a publicly available eHealth product can be leveraged to create new services in a health care setting.
Bone thickness of the anterior palate for orthodontic miniscrews
Authors: Holm Maike , Jost-Brinkmann Paul-Georg , Mah James , Bumann Axel 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To determine the bone thickness in the anterior palate and to test whether there is any dependency between bone thickness and patient’s age or gender and whether there is any difference between left and right sides.

Materials and Methods:
Cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) evaluations (n  =  431; 229 females, 202 males) of healthy orthodontic patients aged 9–30 years were selected from the database of the imaging center network Mesantis. In each CBCT image, palatal bone thickness was determined as the median and 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm paramedian bilaterally. Bone height was measured perpendicularly to the bony surface at 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 mm from the cementoenamel junction of the maxillary central incisor in the sagittal plane.

Results:
The greatest bone thickness was found in the lateral anterior palate. Palatal bone thickness of male patients was on average 1.2 mm greater than that of females. Bone height of 9–13-year-olds was less than that of older patients. No difference could be determined between the left and right side.

Conclusions:
The lateral anterior palate offers the greatest bone thickness. Because there is considerable variation of bone thickness between individuals, a CBCT evaluation is recommended if maximum screw length is to be used.
Les apaiseurs de Lille à la fin de l'Ancien Régime.
Authors: Clémens-Denys Catherine 
Published: March 2016

La ville de Lille a conservé jusqu'en 1790 une institution judiciaire d'origine médiévale : le tribunal des apaiseurs. Cette petite juridiction est une cour d'arbitrage familière et accessible, ayant pour but la réconciliation entre voisins qui se sont querellés. Les plaignants qui s'y adressent sont des Lillois de condition sociale moyenne, les juges sont des bourgeois ordinaires, choisis chaque année par les curés.
Le tribunal a rendu 356 sentences de 1783 à 1790, déployant une activité modeste, mais régulière, un peu plus soutenue l'été. Ses jugements visent beaucoup plus à la réconciliation (75 %) qu'à la répression (25 %). Le plus souvent, les apaiseurs exigent simplement des excuses publiques pour effacer les injures. Les peines prononcées sont de petites amendes et des pèlerinages expiatoires aux sanctuaires proches.
Par sa proximité et son action conciliatrice, le tribunal des apaiseurs constitue donc une des pièces mineures mais utiles de l'encadrement politico-religieux des sociétés urbaines des Flandres à l'époque moderne, même si des signes de déclin révèlent son inadaptation progressive aux mutations socioculturelles de la fin d'Ancien Régime.
Benefits and Limitations of Using Decision-Analytic Tools to Assess Uncertainty and Prioritize Landscape Conservation Cooperative Information Needs
Authors: van der Burg Max Post , Thomas Catherine Cullinane , Holcombe Tracy , Nelson Richard D. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) are a network of partnerships throughout North America that are tasked with integrating science and management to support more effective delivery of conservation at a landscape scale. To achieve this integration, some LCCs have adopted the approach of providing their partners with better scientific information in an effort to facilitate more efficient and coordinated conservation decisions. Taking this approach has led many LCCs to begin funding research to provide the information for improved decision making. To ensure that funding goes to research projects with the highest likelihood of leading to more integrated broad-scale conservation, some LCCs have also developed approaches for prioritizing which information needs will be of most benefit to their partnerships. We describe two case studies in which decision-analytic tools were used to quantitatively assess the relative importance of information for decisions made by partners in the Plains and Prairie Potholes LCC. The results of the case studies point toward a few valuable lessons in terms of using these tools with LCCs. Decision-analytic tools tend to help shift focus away from research-oriented discussions and toward discussions about how information is used in making better decisions. However, many technical experts do not have enough knowledge about decision-making contexts to fully inform the latter type of discussion. When assessed in the right decision context, however, decision analyses can point out where uncertainties actually affect optimal decisions and where they do not. This helps technical experts understand that not all research is valuable in improving decision making. Perhaps most important, our results suggest that decision-analytic tools may be more useful for LCCs as a way of developing integrated objectives for coordinating partner decisions across the landscape, rather than simply ranking research priorities.
Progress in Bohai Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery
Authors: Liu Y. , Zou J. , Meng X. , Zhong L. , Wang Q. , Zhang W. , Zhou F. , Han X. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Although there is abundant heavy oil resource in Bohai oilfield, only limited oil production is obtained by cold production technologies in past. The practical challenges of thermal production technologies such as steam injection for offshore heavy oil produciton include the difficulty to install the large conventional steam generator onto the production platform, and the large heat loss during steam injection in the long wellbore.
In order to recover offshore heavy oil in Bohai Oilfield effectively in the limited production platform lifetime, a compact modular steam and gas generator was firstly introduced to generate steam, CO2 and N2 using diesel oil or natural gas as fuel, which could be injected into the offshore reservoir to enhance heavy oil production thermally. Usually, the temperature of generated steam could be regulated from 150 °C to 300 °C, and the operation pressure could be up to 20 MPa. The components including fuel tank, water treatment and air compressor could be easily resembled on the platform. At the same time, a compact modular steam generator was specially developed to for offshore steam injection process, in which N2 is usualy injected to make steam injection more effective to recover deep heavy oil reservoir.
For the typical heavy oil reservoirs in Bohai Oilfield, the injection and production parameters such as steam injection volume and ratio of gas to water (GWR in short) are optimized for cyclic steam and flue gas stimulation (CSGS in short) and cyclic steam and N2 stimulation (CSNS in short) based on experiment and numerical simulation. Then, the engineering aspects such as corrosion prevention, isolation tubing and wellhead were provided for offshore operation. Since 2009, there are more than 20 wells in stimulated by CSGS, and 2 wells in stimulated by CSNS.
In this paper, sheme optimization, engineering design and field test of CSGS and CSNS in Bohai Oilfield are introduced in detail. The result of field test shows that both the modular steam and flue gas generator and steam generator are feasible to operate on offshore platform and practicial to enhance offshore heavy oil production.