bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple origins of interdependent endosymbiotic complexes in a genus of cicadas
Authors: Łukasik Piotr , Nazario Katherine , Van Leuven James T. , Campbell Matthew A. , Meyer Mariah , Michalik Anna , Pessacq Pablo , Simon Chris , Veloso Claudio , McCutcheon John P. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Highly reduced genomes from bacteria that are long-term beneficial endosymbionts of insects often show remarkable structural stability. Endosymbionts in insects diverged by tens or hundreds of millions of years often have genomes almost completely conserved in gene order and content. Here, we show that an endosymbiont in some cicadas has repeatedly and independently fractured into complexes of distinct genomic and cellular lineages present in the same host. Individual endosymbiont lineages, having lost many of the essential ancestral genes, rely on each other for basic function and together seem to provide the same nutritional benefits as the ancestral single symbiont. These cicada endosymbionts show genomic parallels to mitochondria and provide another example of how normally stable genomes can lose structural stability.
Single-molecule FRET studies on the cotranscriptional folding of a thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitch
Authors: Uhm Heesoo , Kang Wooyoung , Ha Kook Sun , Kang Changwon , Hohng Sungchul 
Published: December 2017

Significance
RNA molecules fold into functional structures as they are being synthesized by transcription. Here, we developed a single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that permits real-time monitoring of the cotranscriptional folding of RNA molecules. This single-molecule FRET assay makes it possible to carry out controlled studies of the two main physical mechanisms that regulate cotranscriptional RNA folding: transcriptional pausing and transcriptional speed.
Locus coeruleus input to hippocampal CA3 drives single-trial learning of a novel context
Authors: Wagatsuma Akiko , Okuyama Teruhiro , Sun Chen , Smith Lillian M. , Abe Kuniya , Tonegawa Susumu 
Published: December 2017

Significance
The ability to remember a new place is crucial for survival. The locus coeruleus (LC) in the brain stem is known to respond to novel sensory stimuli and can facilitate hippocampus-dependent memory, although the circuit and the role that LC plays in novelty-associated memory is unknown. We performed circuit-specific optogenetic inhibition and found that the hippocampal CA3 subregion is the crucial target of LC projections during the encoding of a novel context. Furthermore, we show with activity-dependent labeling and in vivo calcium imaging that LC inputs are necessary to provide stable neuronal representations of the context. This study provides evidence that LC neuromodulation, especially to the CA3 subregion, plays a crucial role in memory formation of a new context.
Body weight homeostat that regulates fat mass independently of leptin in rats and mice
Authors: Jansson John-Olov , Palsdottir Vilborg , Hägg Daniel A. , Schéle Erik , Dickson Suzanne L. , Anesten Fredrik , Bake Tina , Montelius Mikael , Bellman Jakob , Johansson Maria E. , Cone Roger D. , Drucker Daniel J. , Wu Jianyao , Aleksic Biljana , Törnqvist Anna E. , Sjögren Klara , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Windahl Sara H. , Ohlsson Claes 
Published: December 2017

Significance
The only known homeostatic regulator of fat mass is the leptin system. We hypothesized that there is a second homeostat regulating body weight with an impact on fat mass. In this study we have added and removed weight loads from experimental animals and measured the effects on the biological body weight. The results demonstrate that there is a body weight homeostat that regulates fat mass independently of leptin. As the body weight-reducing effect of increased loading was dependent on osteocytes, we propose that there is a sensor for body weight in the long bones of the lower extremities acting as “body scales.” This is part of a body weight homeostat, “gravitostat,” that keeps body weight and body fat mass constant.
Interfacial curvature effects on the monolayer morphology and dynamics of a clinical lung surfactant
Authors: Sachan Amit Kumar , Zasadzinski Joseph A. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Confocal microscopy provides high-resolution images of highly curved interfaces with the surprising result that the morphology of phase-separated lung surfactant monolayers changes dramatically as the interfacial curvature approaches alveolar dimensions (radius, ∼100 µm). This is due to the anisotropic bending properties of the semicrystalline liquid-condensed (LC) domains that lead to a transition between discrete, discontinuous domains on a flat interface to an interconnected meshwork on alveolar-size bubbles. This may have important implications toward understanding the dilatational properties of the monolayer-covered interfaces which can dictate lung stability during breathing.
Cell-specific and region-specific transcriptomics in the multiple sclerosis model: Focus on astrocytes
Authors: Itoh Noriko , Itoh Yuichiro , Tassoni Alessia , Ren Emily , Kaito Max , Ohno Ai , Ao Yan , Farkhondeh Vista , Johnsonbaugh Hadley , Burda Josh , Sofroniew Michael V. , Voskuhl Rhonda R. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Molecular mechanisms underlying distinct disabilities during neurological diseases may differ based on the neurological pathway involved. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is multifocal, characterized by distinct disabilities affecting walking, vision, cognition, and fatigue. Neuroprotective treatments tailored for each disability may be more effective than nonspecific treatments aiming to reduce a composite of disabilities in clinical trials. Here, we use the MS model to apply a cell-specific and region-specific gene expression approach to discover targets in distinct neuroanatomic regions. Altered cholesterol synthesis gene expression in astrocytes in spinal cord and optic nerve was identified as a potential target for walking and visual disabilities, respectively. This disability-specific discovery approach represents a strategy for finding neuroprotective treatments for multifocal neurodegenerative diseases.
Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium
Authors: Felice Ryan N. , Goswami Anjali 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Studies reconstructing morphological evolution have long relied on simple representations of organismal form or on limited sampling of species, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping biological diversity. Here, we combine high-resolution 3D quantification of skull shape with dense taxonomic sampling across a major vertebrate clade, birds, to demonstrate that the avian skull is formed of multiple semi-independent regions that epitomize mosaic evolution, with cranial regions and major lineages evolving with distinct rates and modes. We further show that the evolvability of different cranial regions reflects their disparate embryonic origins. Finally, we present a hypothetical reconstruction of the ancestral bird skull using this high-resolution shape data to generate a detailed estimate of extinct forms in the absence of well-preserved three-dimensional fossils.
ATM and ATR play complementary roles in the behavior of excitatory and inhibitory vesicle populations
Authors: Cheng Aifang , Zhao Teng , Tse Kai-Hei , Chow Hei-Man , Cui Yong , Jiang Liwen , Du Shengwang , Loy Michael M. T. , Herrup Karl 
Published: December 2017

Significance
The symptoms of neurological diseases such as autism and schizophrenia are often attributed to a loss of excitatory/inhibitory balance of neural network function. By showing that ATR and ATM impact inhibitory and excitatory vesicle trafficking differently, our work expands the known repertoire of cytoplasmic functions for the two kinases and provides a new perspective on the origins of the symptoms of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) and Seckel syndrome (ATM and ATR deficiency, respectively). While these findings have their most immediate implications for the neurologic and cognitive symptoms of A-T and Seckel syndrome, they have potential relevance to a much broader range of neurologic conditions.
Identification of fusion genes and characterization of transcriptome features in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Chen Bing , Jiang Lu , Zhong Meng-Ling , Li Jian-Feng , Li Ben-Shang , Peng Li-Jun , Dai Yu-Ting , Cui Bo-Wen , Yan Tian-Qi , Zhang Wei-Na , Weng Xiang-Qin , Xie Yin-Yin , Lu Jing , Ren Rui-Bao , Chen Su-Ning , Hu Jian-Da , Wu De-Pei , Chen Zhu , Tang Jing-Yan , Huang Jin-Yan , Mi Jian-Qing , Chen Sai-Juan 
Published: December 2017

Significance
To get more insights into the disease mechanism of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), particularly in an adult group, we addressed the genomic landscape in 130 patients, including 61 cases of adult T-ALL. A number of new genetic aberrations were identified using integrated transcriptome and genomic analysis. Distinct T-ALL subgroups were defined according to the interplay among different genetic abnormalities and gene transcription patterns. Characterization of genomic features of T-ALL is valuable not only for a better understanding of leukemogenesis, but also for patient stratification and tailored therapy.
Heat activation is intrinsic to the pore domain of TRPV1
Authors: Zhang Feng , Jara-Oseguera Andres , Chang Tsg-Hui , Bae Chanhyung , Hanson Sonya M. , Swartz Kenton J. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
The TRPV1 channel is an important detector of noxious heat, yet the location of the heat sensor and the mechanism of heat activation remain poorly understood. Here we used structure-based engineering between the heat-activated TRPV1 channel and the Shaker Kv channel to demonstrate that transplantation of the pore domain of TRPV1 into Shaker gives rise to functional channels that can be activated by a TRPV1-selective tarantula toxin and by noxious heat, demonstrating that the pore of TRPV1 contains the structural elements sufficient for activation by temperature.
Hybrid speciation leads to novel male secondary sexual ornamentation of an Amazonian bird
Authors: Barrera-Guzmán Alfredo O. , Aleixo Alexandre , Shawkey Matthew D. , Weir Jason T. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Hybridization between species can produce reproductively isolated lineages by combining parental genotypes in novel ways. Here, we used thousands of genetic markers to demonstrate that the recently rediscovered golden-crowned manakin represents an avian hybrid species from the Amazon basin. This hybrid species has a unique golden-colored crown patch used for display, which differs from the brilliant white coloration of the parental species. We used microscopy to demonstrate that, despite its unique coloration, the crown has intermediate color-producing morphological features at the nanoscale. We propose that these intermediate features disrupted the high reflectivity of the parental species, resulting in a dull hybrid population. Selection then sequestered carotenoids to the crown to compensate for its low reflectivity.
Structural and molecular basis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus RNA
Authors: Ferron François , Subissi Lorenzo , Silveira De Morais Ana Theresa , Le Nhung Thi Tuyet , Sevajol Marion , Gluais Laure , Decroly Etienne , Vonrhein Clemens , Bricogne Gérard , Canard Bruno , Imbert Isabelle 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs; severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV) pose serious health threats globally, with no specific antiviral treatments available. These viruses are able to faithfully synthesize their large genomic RNA. We report, however, that their main RNA polymerase, nsp12, is not accurate. To achieve accuracy, CoVs have acquired nsp14, a bifunctional enzyme able to methylate the viral RNA cap [methyltransferase (MTase)] and excise erroneous mutagenic nucleotides inserted by nsp12. Strikingly, ribavirin can be excised from the viral genome, thus showing no antiviral activity. The crystal structure of nsp14 shows that it is unique, having been replaced by other MTase types during evolution. This unprecedented RNA correction machinery has allowed RNA genome size expansion, but also provided potential nucleoside drug resistance to these deadly pathogens.
Breastfeeding and Maternal Hypertension
Authors: Park Sangshin , Choi Nam-Kyong 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Little is known about the relationship between breastfeeding and hypertension. We performed this study to identify whether breastfeeding itself influenced maternal hypertension and whether degree of obesity or insulin sensitivity would contribute to the relationship between breastfeeding and hypertension in postmenopausal women.

METHODS
Our study population comprised 3,119 nonsmoking postmenopausal women aged 50 years or above in the 2010–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We performed logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between breastfeeding and hypertension and mediation analyses to examine the contributions of obesity and insulin sensitivity to the breastfeeding-hypertension relationship.

RESULTS
The odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals, for hypertension among the highest quintile of number of breastfed children (5–11) and the highest quintile of duration of breastfeeding (96–324 months) were 0.49 (0.31–0.75) and 0.55 (0.37–0.82), respectively, compared to each of lowest quintile groups. The population attributable fractions of hypertension caused by breastfeeding 3 or fewer children and breastfeeding for 56 months or less were 10.2% (P &lt; 0.001) and 6.5% (P = 0.017), respectively. In the mediation analysis, unexpectedly, increased insulin resistance significantly attenuated the protective effect on hypertension of having breastfed more children; additionally, greater obesity and insulin resistance significantly attenuated the protective effects on hypertension of having breastfed for longer.

CONCLUSIONS
More children breastfed and longer duration of breastfeeding were associated with lower risk of hypertension in postmenopausal women, and degree of obesity and insulin resistance moderated the breastfeeding-hypertension association.
Stereotyped high-frequency oscillations discriminate seizure onset zones and critical functional cortex in focal epilepsy
Authors: Liu Su , Gurses Candan , Sha Zhiyi , Quach Michael M , Sencer Altay , Bebek Nerses , Curry Daniel J , Prabhu Sujit , Tummala Sudhakar , Henry Thomas R , Ince Nuri F 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
High-frequency oscillations in local field potentials recorded with intracranial EEG are putative biomarkers of seizure onset zones in epileptic brain. However, localized 80–500 Hz oscillations can also be recorded from normal and non-epileptic cerebral structures. When defined only by rate or frequency, physiological high-frequency oscillations are indistinguishable from pathological ones, which limit their application in epilepsy presurgical planning. We hypothesized that pathological high-frequency oscillations occur in a repetitive fashion with a similar waveform morphology that specifically indicates seizure onset zones. We investigated the waveform patterns of automatically detected high-frequency oscillations in 13 epilepsy patients and five control subjects, with an average of 73 subdural and intracerebral electrodes recorded per patient. The repetitive oscillatory waveforms were identified by using a pipeline of unsupervised machine learning techniques and were then correlated with independently clinician-defined seizure onset zones. Consistently in all patients, the stereotypical high-frequency oscillations with the highest degree of waveform similarity were localized within the seizure onset zones only, whereas the channels generating high-frequency oscillations embedded in random waveforms were found in the functional regions independent from the epileptogenic locations. The repetitive waveform pattern was more evident in fast ripples compared to ripples, suggesting a potential association between waveform repetition and the underlying pathological network. Our findings provided a new tool for the interpretation of pathological high-frequency oscillations that can be efficiently applied to distinguish seizure onset zones from functionally important sites, which is a critical step towards the translation of these signature events into valid clinical biomarkers.
5721572971001 awx374media1 5721572971001
Meaningful use’s benefits and burdens for US family physicians
Authors: Holman G Talley , Waldren Steven E , Beasley John W , Cohen Deborah J , Dardick Lawrence D , Fox Chester H , Marquard Jenna , Mullins Ryan , North Charles Q , Rafalski Matt , Rivera A Joy , Wetterneck Tosha B 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Objective
The federal meaningful use (MU) program was aimed at improving adoption and use of electronic health records, but practicing physicians have criticized it. This study was aimed at quantifying the benefits (ie, usefulness) and burdens (ie, workload) of the MU program for practicing family physicians.

Materials and Methods
An interdisciplinary national panel of experts (physicians and engineers) identified the work associated with MU criteria during patient encounters. They conducted a national survey to assess each criterion’s level of patient benefit and compliance burden.

Results
In 2015, 480 US family physicians responded to the survey. Their demographics were comparable to US norms. Eighteen of 31 MU criteria were perceived as useful for more than half of patient encounters, with 13 of those being useful for more than two-thirds. Thirteen criteria were useful for less than half of patient encounters. Four useful criteria were reported as having a high compliance burden.

Discussion
There was high variability in physicians’ perceived benefits and burdens of MU criteria. MU Stage 1 criteria, which are more related to basic/routine care, were perceived as beneficial by most physicians. Stage 2 criteria, which are more related to complex and population care, were perceived as less beneficial and more burdensome to comply with.

Conclusion
MU was discontinued, but the merit-based incentive payment system within the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 adopted its criteria. For many physicians, MU created a significant practice burden without clear benefits to patient care. This study suggests that policymakers should not assess MU in aggregate, but as individual criteria for open discussion.
Clinical Use of Cerebrovascular Compliance Imaging to Evaluate Revascularization in Patients With Moyamoya
Authors: Watchmaker Jennifer M , Frederick Blaise deB , Fusco Matthew R , Davis Larry T , Juttukonda Meher R , Lants Sarah K , Kirshner Howard S , Donahue Manus J 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Surgical revascularization is often performed in patients with moyamoya, however routine tools for efficacy evaluation are underdeveloped. The gold standard is digital subtraction angiography (DSA); however, DSA requires ionizing radiation and procedural risk, and therefore is suboptimal for routine surveillance of parenchymal health.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether parenchymal vascular compliance measures, obtained noninvasively using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provide surrogates to revascularization success by comparing measures with DSA before and after surgical revascularization.

METHODS
Twenty surgical hemispheres with DSA and MRI performed before and after revascularization were evaluated. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR)-weighted images were acquired using hypercapnic 3-Tesla gradient echo blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI. Standard and novel analysis algorithms were applied (i) to quantify relative CVR (rCVRRAW), and decompose this response into (ii) relative maximum CVR (rCVRMAX) and (iii) a surrogate measure of the time for parenchyma to respond maximally to the stimulus, CVRDELAY. Measures between time points in patients with good and poor surgical outcomes based on DSA-visualized neoangiogenesis were contrasted (signed-rank test; significance: 2-sided P < .050).

RESULTS
rCVRRAW increases (P = .010) and CVRDELAY decreases (P = .001) were observed pre- vs post-revascularization in hemispheres with DSA-confirmed collateral formation; no difference was found pre- vs post-revascularization in hemispheres with poor revascularization. No significant change in rCVRMAX post-revascularization was observed in either group, or between any of the MRI measures, in the nonsurgical hemisphere.

CONCLUSION
Improvement in parenchymal compliance measures post-revascularization, primarily attributed to reductions in microvascular response time, is concurrent with collateral formation visualized on DSA, and may be useful for longitudinal monitoring of surgical outcomes.
Trigeminal Nerve Compression Without Trigeminal Neuralgia: Intraoperative vs Imaging Evidence
Authors: Jani Ronak H , Hughes Marion A , Gold Michael S , Branstetter Barton F , Ligus Zachary E , Sekula Raymond F 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
While high-resolution imaging is increasingly used in guiding decisions about surgical interventions for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, direct assessment of the extent of vascular contact of the trigeminal nerve is still considered the gold standard for the determination of whether nerve decompression is warranted.

OBJECTIVE
To compare intraoperative and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the prevalence and severity of vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve in patients without classical trigeminal neuralgia.

METHODS
We prospectively recruited 27 patients without facial pain who were undergoing microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm and had undergone high-resolution preoperative MRI. Neurovascular contact/compression (NVC/C) by artery or vein was assessed both intraoperatively and by MRI, and was stratified into 3 types: simple contact, compression (indentation of the surface of the nerve), and deformity (deviation or distortion of the nerve).

RESULTS
Intraoperative evidence of NVC/C was detected in 23 patients. MRI evidence of NVC/C was detected in 18 patients, all of whom had intraoperative evidence of NVC/C. Thus, there were 5, or 28% more patients in whom NVC/C was detected intraoperatively than with MRI (Kappa = 0.52); contact was observed in 4 of these patients and compression in 1 patient. In patients where NVC/C was observed by both methods, there was agreement regarding the severity of contact/compression in 83% (15/18) of patients (Kappa = 0.47). No patients exhibited deformity of the nerve by imaging or intraoperatively.

CONCLUSION
There was moderate agreement between imaging and operative findings with respect to both the presence and severity of NVC/C.
Liquid crystalline tactoids: ordered structure, defective coalescence and evolution in confined geometries
Authors: Wang Pei-Xi , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: December 2017

Tactoids are liquid crystalline microdroplets that spontaneously nucleate from isotropic dispersions, and transform into macroscopic anisotropic phases. These intermediate structures have been found in a range of molecular, polymeric and colloidal liquid crystals. Typically only studied by polarized optical microscopy, these ordered but easily deformable microdroplets are now emerging as interesting components for structural investigations and developing new materials. In this review, we highlight the structure, property and transformation of tactoids in different compositions, but especially cellulose nanocrystals. We have selected references that illustrate the diversity and most exciting developments in tactoid research, while capturing the historical development of this field.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology’.