bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Teaching Simulation is Effective in Improving Athletic Training Students' Football Helmet Facemask Removal Clinical Skills and Confidence
Authors: Popp Jennifer K. , Walker Stacy E. 
Published: February 2018

Context:
Patient encounters related to acute care skills rarely occur in clinical education, leaving a potential gap in students' skills and confidence.

Objective:
Investigate the effects of an acute care simulation requiring football helmet facemask removal on clinical skill application and confidence in athletic training students.

Design:
Cross-sectional.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty-four students (16 male, 28 female; age = 20.9 ± 1.12 years) enrolled in 2 accredited professional athletic training programs.

Intervention(s):
Participants completed a confidence assessment survey and were pretested on football helmet facemask removal skills. Pairs of participants engaged in a simulation where they evaluated and managed a football player who required facemask removal, followed by a debriefing session. Participants repeated the confidence assessment survey and were posttested to evaluate skills.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Dependent variables were clinical skills scores and confidence, as measured by a confidence assessment survey. Simulation served as the independent variable. Paired samples t test determined changes in clinical skills scores. Wilcoxson Signed-Rank Test determined changes in confidence.

Results:
Paired samples t test revealed a significant increase in performance on the posttest, including: primary survey (t43 = 4.13, P &lt; .001), facemask removal (t43 = 4.00, P &lt; .001), vital signs assessment (t43 = 5.57, P &lt; .001), and secondary survey (t43 = 8.85, P &lt; .001). Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test revealed increased confidence in participants' recognition of (Z = 4.96, n = 44, P &lt; .001), knowledge of (Z = 5.03, n = 44, P &lt; .001), and skills (Z = 4.78, n = 43, P &lt; .001) needed for football helmet facemask removal.

Conclusions:
With the inability to ensure students have authentic, real-time evaluation of acute care skills during clinical experiences, a simulation can assist in acquisition of skills, while also improving confidence in managing acute care conditions.
Marine isoprene production and consumption in the mixed layer of the surface ocean – a field study over two oceanic regions
Authors: Booge Dennis , Schlundt Cathleen , Bracher Astrid , Endres Sonja , Zäncker Birthe , Marandino Christa A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Parameterizations of surface ocean isoprene concentrations are numerous, despite the lack of source/sink process understanding. Here we present isoprene and related field measurements in the mixed layer from the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean to investigate the production and consumption rates in two contrasting regions, namely oligotrophic open ocean and the coastal upwelling region. Our data show that the ability of different phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) to produce isoprene seems to be mainly influenced by light, ocean temperature, and salinity. Our field measurements also demonstrate that nutrient availability seems to have a direct influence on the isoprene production. With the help of pigment data, we calculate in-field isoprene production rates for different PFTs under varying biogeochemical and physical conditions. Using these new calculated production rates, we demonstrate that an additional significant and variable loss, besides a known chemical loss and a loss due to air–sea gas exchange, is needed to explain the measured isoprene concentration. We hypothesize that this loss, with a lifetime for isoprene between 10 and 100 days depending on the ocean region, is potentially due to degradation or consumption by bacteria.
Hydro-ecological controls on dissolved carbon dynamics in groundwater and export to streams in a temperate pine forest
Authors: Deirmendjian Loris , Loustau Denis , Augusto Laurent , Lafont Sébastien , Chipeaux Christophe , Poirier Dominique , Abril Gwenaël 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. We studied the export of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from forested shallow groundwater to first-order streams, based on groundwater and surface water sampling and hydrological data. The selected watershed was particularly convenient for such study, with a very low slope, with pine forest growing on sandy permeable podzol and with hydrology occurring exclusively through drainage of shallow groundwater (no surface runoff). A forest plot was instrumented for continuous eddy covariance measurements of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and net ecosystem exchanges of sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as CO2 fluxes. Shallow groundwater was sampled with three piezometers located in different plots, and surface waters were sampled in six first-order streams; river discharge and drainage were modeled based on four gauging stations. On a monthly basis and on the plot scale, we found a good consistency between precipitation on the one hand and the sum of evapotranspiration, shallow groundwater storage and drainage on the other hand. DOC and DIC stocks in groundwater and exports to first-order streams varied drastically during the hydrological cycle, in relation with water table depth and amplitude. In the groundwater, DOC concentrations were maximal in winter when the water table reached the superficial organic-rich layer of the soil. In contrast, DIC (in majority excess CO2) in groundwater showed maximum concentrations at low water table during late summer, concomitant with heterotrophic conditions of the forest plot. Our data also suggest that a large part of the DOC mobilized at high water table was mineralized to DIC during the following months within the groundwater itself. In first-order streams, DOC and DIC followed an opposed seasonal trend similar to groundwater but with lower concentrations. On an annual basis, leaching of carbon to streams occurred as DIC and DOC in similar proportion, but DOC export occurred in majority during short periods of the highest water table, whereas DIC export was more constant throughout the year. Leaching of forest carbon to first-order streams represented a small portion (approximately 2 %) of the net land CO2 sink at the plot. In addition, approximately 75 % of the DIC exported from groundwater was not found in streams, as it returned very fast to the atmosphere through CO2 degassing.
Streamflow forecasts from WRF precipitation for flood early warning in mountain tropical areas
Authors: Rogelis María Carolina , Werner Micha 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are fundamental to extend
forecast lead times beyond the concentration time of
a watershed. Particularly for flash flood forecasting in tropical
mountainous watersheds, forecast precipitation is required to provide
timely warnings. This paper aims to assess the potential of NWP for
flood early warning purposes, and the possible improvement that bias
correction can provide, in a tropical mountainous area. The paper
focuses on the comparison of streamflows obtained from the
post-processed precipitation forecasts, particularly the comparison of
ensemble forecasts and their potential in providing skilful flood
forecasts. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to
produce precipitation forecasts that are post-processed and used to
drive a hydrologic model. Discharge forecasts obtained from the
hydrological model are used to assess the skill of the WRF model. The
results show that post-processed WRF precipitation adds value to the
flood early warning system when compared to zero-precipitation
forecasts, although the precipitation forecast used in this analysis
showed little added value when compared to climatology. However, the
reduction of biases obtained from the post-processed ensembles show the
potential of this method and model to provide usable precipitation
forecasts in tropical mountainous watersheds. The need for more
detailed evaluation of the WRF model in the study area is highlighted,
particularly the identification of the most suitable parameterisation,
due to the inability of the model to adequately represent the
convective precipitation found in the study area.
Conceptual framework to ensure water security in Ukraine
Authors: Gadzalo Yaroslav , Romashchenko Mykhailo , Yatsiuk Mykhailo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. As a result of global climate change against the background of natural water
supply deterioration and river water content reductions, nowadays Ukraine is
facing the problem of environmental degradation of river basins. In light of this, we suggest that achieving an acceptable level of water
security in Ukraine should be defined as the strategic objective of national
water policy. The state of national water security should be evaluated by
its progress in certain sectors. The basic principles of the new water
policy of Ukraine are supposed to be represented in Water Strategy of
Ukraine. Integrated water management by the basin principle should serve as
the main tool for achieving the objectives of water security.
The Contribution of African Capital Markets in the Diversification of European Investment Portfolios
Authors: Barreto Alexandrino Tavares 
Published: February 2018

This study aims to evaluate the contribution of the African capital markets in the diversification of European investment portfolios. The study used the methodology based on the application of optimization models like Mean Variance (MV), Resample Michaud (RM), SemiVariance (SV), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Filtered Historical Simulation (FHS). In-Sample and Out-of-Sample approaches were used to analyze the data. The study results suggested the existence of a strong correlation between some African capital markets and European capital markets, that is, they tend to move in the same direction. The most important being the diversification of global portfolio with assets of African capital markets generate benefits for both types of investors; that is, it provides benefits in the return and reduce investment risk. Still, the study result suggested that the foreign investors should look for an African capital markets with a chance to maximize their wealth and diversify the investment risk in their portfolios. In the same order, the study result went further to elaborate contribute to on the advantage of the international diversification and furthermore contribute to the literature through application of the Filtered Historical Simulation (FHS) method in the optimization portfolio. This methodology, In addition to producing good results, is more restrained in the composition of investment portfolios than the other methods.
A quasi-randomised, controlled, feasibility trial of GLITtER (Green Light Imaging Interpretation to Enhance Recovery)—a psychoeducational intervention for adults with low back pain attending secondary care
Authors: Karran Emma L. , Hillier Susan L. , Yau Yun-Hom , McAuley James H. , Moseley G. Lorimer 
Published: February 2018

Background
Although it is broadly accepted that clinicians should endeavour to reassure patients with low back pain, to do so can present a significant clinical challenge. Guidance for how to provide effective reassurance is scarce and there may be a need to counter patient concerns arising from misinterpretation of spinal imaging findings. ‘GLITtER’ (Green Light Imaging Intervention to Enhance Recovery) was developed as a standardised method of communicating imaging findings in a manner that is reassuring and promotes engagement in an active recovery. This feasibility study is an important step towards definitive testing of its effect.

Methods
This feasibility study was a prospective, quasi-randomised, parallel trial with longitudinal follow-up, involving sampling of patients attending a spinal outpatient clinic at a metropolitan hospital. English speaking adults (18–75 years) presenting to the clinic with low back pain and prior spinal imaging were considered for inclusion. Eligible patients were allocated to receive a GLITtER consultation or a standard consultation (as determined by appointment scheduling and clinician availability), and were blinded to their allocation. Full details of the GLITtER intervention are described in accordance with the Tidier template.Follow-up data were collected after 1 and 3 months. The primary outcome of this study was the fulfillment of specific feasibility criteria which were established a priori. Determination of a sample size for a definitive randomised controlled trial was a secondary objective.

Results
Two hundred seventy-six patients underwent preliminary screening and 31 patients met the final eligibility criteria for study inclusion. Seventeen participants were allocated to the intervention group and 14 were allocated to the control group. Three month follow-up data were available from 42% of the 31 enrolled participants (N = 13, six intervention, seven control). Feasibility indicators for consent, resource burden and acceptability of the GLITtER intervention were met, however participant recruitment was slower than anticipated and an acceptable follow-up rate was not achieved.

Conclusions
Failure to achieve pre-specified recruitment and follow-up rates were important outcomes of this feasibility study. We attribute failure to issues that are likely to be relevant for other clinical trials with this population. It is realistic to consider that these challenges can be overcome through careful strategy, ample funding and continued partnership with health care providers.

Trial registration
The trial was registered on the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 28/2/2017 (ACTRN12617000317392).
Earthquake Potential in California‐Nevada Implied by Correlation of Strain Rate and Seismicity
Authors: Zeng Yuehua , Petersen Mark D. , Shen Zheng‐Kang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRock mechanics studies and dynamic earthquake simulations show that patterns of seismicity evolve with time through (1) accumulation phase, (2) localization phase, and (3) rupture phase. We observe a similar pattern of changes in seismicity during the past century across California and Nevada. To quantify these changes, we correlate GPS strain rates with seismicity. Earthquakes of M > 6.5 are collocated with regions of highest strain rates. By contrast, smaller magnitude earthquakes of M ≥ 4 show clear spatiotemporal changes. From 1933 to the late 1980s, earthquakes of M ≥ 4 were more diffused and broadly distributed in both high and low strain rate regions (accumulation phase). From the late 1980s to 2016, earthquakes were more concentrated within the high strain rate areas focused on the major fault strands (localization phase). In the same time period, the rate of M > 6.5 events also increased significantly in the high strain rate areas. The strong correlation between current strain rate and the later period of seismicity indicates that seismicity is closely related to the strain rate. The spatial patterns suggest that before the late 1980s, the strain rate field was also broadly distributed because of the stress shadows from previous large earthquakes. As the deformation field evolved out of the shadow in the late 1980s, strain has refocused on the major fault systems and we are entering a period of increased risk for large earthquakes in California.
Particle Size Distribution Controls the Threshold Between Net Sediment Erosion and Deposition in Suspended Load Dominated Flows
Authors: Dorrell R. M. , Amy L. A. , Peakall J. , McCaffrey W. D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe central problem of describing most environmental and industrial flows is predicting when material is entrained into, or deposited from, suspension. The threshold between erosional and depositional flow has previously been modeled in terms of the volumetric amount of material transported in suspension. Here a new model of the threshold is proposed, which incorporates (i) volumetric and particle size limits on a flow's ability to transport material in suspension, (ii) particle size distribution effects, and (iii) a new particle entrainment function, where erosion is defined in terms of the power used to lift mass from the bed. While current suspended load transport models commonly use a single characteristic particle size, the model developed herein demonstrates that particle size distribution is a critical control on the threshold between erosional and depositional flow. The new model offers an order of magnitude, or better, improvement in predicting the erosional‐depositional threshold and significantly outperforms existing particle‐laden flow models.
Tidal Triggering of Microearthquakes Over an Eruption Cycle at 9°50'N East Pacific Rise
Authors: Tan Yen Joe , Tolstoy Maya , Waldhauser Felix , Bohnenstiehl DelWayne R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractStudies have found that earthquake timing often correlates with tides at mid‐ocean ridges and some terrestrial settings. Studies have also suggested that tidal triggering may preferentially happen when a region is critically stressed, making it a potential tool to forecast earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. We examine tidal triggering of ∼100,000 microearthquakes near 9°50'N East Pacific Rise recorded between October 2003 and January 2007, which encompasses an eruption in January 2006. This allows us to look at how tidal triggering signal varies over an eruption cycle to examine its utility as a forecasting tool. We find that tidal triggering signal is strong but does not vary systematically in the 2+ years leading up to the eruption. However, tidal triggering signal disappears immediately posteruption. Our findings suggest that tidal triggering variation may not be useful for forecasting mid‐ocean ridge eruptions over a 2+ year timescale but might be useful over a longer timescale.
Estimating Fault Friction From Seismic Signals in the Laboratory
Authors: Rouet‐Leduc Bertrand , Hulbert Claudia , Bolton David C. , Ren Christopher X. , Riviere Jacques , Marone Chris , Guyer Robert A. , Johnson Paul A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNearly all aspects of earthquake rupture are controlled by the friction along the fault that progressively increases with tectonic forcing but in general cannot be directly measured. We show that fault friction can be determined at any time, from the continuous seismic signal. In a classic laboratory experiment of repeating earthquakes, we find that the seismic signal follows a specific pattern with respect to fault friction, allowing us to determine the fault's position within its failure cycle. Using machine learning, we show that instantaneous statistical characteristics of the seismic signal are a fingerprint of the fault zone shear stress and frictional state. Further analysis of this fingerprint leads to a simple equation of state quantitatively relating the seismic signal power and the friction on the fault. These results show that fault zone frictional characteristics and the state of stress in the surroundings of the fault can be inferred from seismic waves, at least in the laboratory.
Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data
Authors: Rakoto Virgile , Lognonné Philippe , Rolland Lucie , Coïsson P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLarge underwater earthquakes (Mw>7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large seafloor motions, generating tsunamis that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of tsunami waves on the atmosphere generates internal gravity waves that, when they reach the upper atmosphere, produce ionospheric perturbations. These perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by multifrequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, and, in the future, Galileo. This paper describes the first inversion of the variation in sea level derived from GPS TEC data. We used a least squares inversion through a normal‐mode summation modeling. This technique was applied to three tsunamis in far field associated to the 2012 Haida Gwaii, 2006 Kuril Islands, and 2011 Tohoku events and for Tohoku also in close field. With the exception of the Tohoku far‐field case, for which the tsunami reconstruction by the TEC inversion is less efficient due to the ionospheric noise background associated to geomagnetic storm, which occurred on the earthquake day, we show that the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the sea level variation inverted by this method can be compared to the tsunami wave height measured by a DART buoy with an error of less than 20%. This demonstrates that the inversion of TEC data with a tsunami normal‐mode summation approach is able to estimate quite accurately the amplitude and waveform of the first tsunami arrival.
Nutrient Dynamics in Partially Drained Arctic Thaw Lakes
Authors: Koch J. C. , Fondell T. F. , Laske S. , Schmutz J. A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThaw lakes are ubiquitous on arctic coastal plains (ACPs). While many thaw lakes have steep banks, stable water levels, and static surface areas, others only partially fill their basins and vary in area over the summer. These partially drained lakes (PDLs) are hydrologically connected to the wetlands immediately surrounding them. Heat and nutrient availability limit aquatic productivity on ACPs, and we hypothesized that shallow shorelines and greater hydrologic connectivity with the landscape should result in greater nutrient concentrations and biogeochemical cycling in PDLs. We tested this by monitoring water chemistry in lakes with varying levels of seasonal drainage in sandy and silty peaty lowland sites on the ACP of Alaska. One highly drained lake (N1) was significantly warmer than minimally drained lakes (minDLs) related to earlier ice off, reaching temperatures as high as 16 °C in June when minDLs still contained ice. Ammonia, total dissolved phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations were higher in lakes with greater drainage, and concentrations in N1 rivaled those in the small, biologically productive ponds. Many PDLs displayed a midsummer decrease in nutrients consistent with assimilation by the aquatic ecosystem, and a late‐summer increase most likely related to runoff from drained lake margins following precipitation. N1 exported kilograms of ammonium and total dissolved phosphorus to the stream network over the summer. Given increased warming and drying in the arctic, the proportion of PDLs may be changing, which in turn may affect nutrient and organic matter availability in arctic lakes and export to downstream environments.