bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coherent mesoscale eddies in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre: 3‐D structure and transport with application to the salinity maximum
Authors: Amores Angel , Melnichenko Oleg , Maximenko Nikolai 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe mean vertical structure and transport properties of mesoscale eddies are investigated in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre by combining historical records of Argo temperature/salinity profiles and satellite sea level anomaly data in the framework of the eddy tracking technique. The study area is characterized by a low eddy kinetic energy and sea surface salinity maximum. Although eddies have a relatively weak signal at surface (amplitudes around 3–7 cm), the eddy composites reveal a clear deep signal that penetrates down to at least 1200 m depth. The analysis also reveals that the vertical structure of the eddy composites is strongly affected by the background stratification. The horizontal patterns of temperature/salinity anomalies can be reconstructed by a linear combination of a monopole, related to the elevation/depression of the isopycnals in the eddy core, and a dipole, associated with the horizontal advection of the background gradient by the eddy rotation. A common feature of all the eddy composites reconstructed is the phase coherence between the eddy temperature/salinity and velocity anomalies in the upper
m layer, resulting in the transient eddy transports of heat and salt. As an application, a box model of the near‐surface layer is used to estimate the role of mesoscale eddies in maintaining a quasi‐steady state distribution of salinity in the North Atlantic subtropical salinity maximum. The results show that mesoscale eddies are able to provide between 4 and 21% of the salt flux out of the area required to compensate for the local excess of evaporation over precipitation.
Examining the West African Monsoon circulation response to atmospheric heating in a GCM dynamical core
Authors: Chadwick R. , Martin G.M. , Copsey D. , Bellon G. , Caian M. , Codron F. , Rio C. , Roehrig R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDiabatic heating plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of the West African Monsoon. A dynamical core configuration of a General Circulation Model (GCM) is used to test the influence of diabatic heating from different sources and regions on the strength and northward penetration of the monsoon circulation. The dynamical core is able to capture the main features of the monsoon flow, and when forced with heating tendencies from various different GCMs it recreates many of the differences seen between the full GCM monsoon circulations. Differences in atmospheric short‐wave absorption over the Sahara and Sahel regions are a key driver of variation in the models' monsoon circulations, and this is likely to be linked to how aerosols, clouds and surface albedo are represented across the models. The magnitude of short‐wave absorption also appears to affect the strength and position of the African easterly jet (AEJ), but not that of the tropical easterly jet (TEJ). The dynamical core is also used here to understand circulation changes that occur during the ongoing model development process that occurs at each modeling centre, providing the potential to trace these changes to specific alterations in model physics.
The “Grey Zone” cold air outbreak global model intercomparison: A cross evaluation using large‐eddy simulations
Authors: Tomassini Lorenzo , Field Paul R. , Honnert Rachel , Malardel Sylvie , McTaggart‐Cowan Ron , Saitou Kei , Noda Akira T. , Seifert Axel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA stratocumulus‐to‐cumulus transition as observed in a cold air outbreak over the North Atlantic Ocean is compared in global climate and numerical weather prediction models and a large‐eddy simulation model as part of the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation “Grey Zone” project. The focus of the project is to investigate to what degree current convection and boundary layer parameterizations behave in a scale‐adaptive manner in situations where the model resolution approaches the scale of convection. Global model simulations were performed at a wide range of resolutions, with convective parameterizations turned on and off. The models successfully simulate the transition between the observed boundary layer structures, from a well‐mixed stratocumulus to a deeper, partly decoupled cumulus boundary layer. There are indications that surface fluxes are generally underestimated. The amount of both cloud liquid water and cloud ice, and likely precipitation, are under‐predicted, suggesting deficiencies in the strength of vertical mixing in shear‐dominated boundary layers. But also regulation by precipitation and mixed‐phase cloud microphysical processes play an important role in the case. With convection parameterizations switched on, the profiles of atmospheric liquid water and cloud ice are essentially resolution‐insensitive. This, however, does not imply that convection parameterizations are scale‐aware. Even at the highest resolutions considered here, simulations with convective parameterizations do not converge toward the results of convection‐off experiments. Convection and boundary layer parameterizations strongly interact, suggesting the need for a unified treatment of convective and turbulent mixing when addressing scale‐adaptivity.
Cerebrospinal fluid protein carbonylation identifies oxidative damage in autoimmune demyelination
Authors: Irani David N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOxidative damage occurs in multiple sclerosis, but is difficult to identify antemortem and remains an unknown contributor to disease progression. Carbonylation is a quantitative measure of protein oxidation. Cerebrospinal fluid samples from multiple sclerosis patients showed elevated carbonylated protein levels compared to controls. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, carbonylated protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlated tightly with those found in inflamed spinal cord tissues. Furthermore, concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord responded in parallel to an antioxidant intervention that also attenuated disease symptoms. These data suggest that carbonylated cerebrospinal fluid proteins could be a quantitative, sensitive, and disease‐relevant biomarker in multiple sclerosis.
Ultrasound Features of the Posterior Tibialis Tendon and Peroneus Brevis Tendon Entheses: Comparison Study Between Healthy Adults and Those With Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Ward Ian M. , Kissin Eugene , Kaeley Gurjit , Scott Joshua N. , Newkirk Michelle , Hildebrand Bernard A. , Lospinoso Josh , Kohler Minna J. , Higgs Jay B. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveLimited literature exists on the sonographic appearance of the posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) and the peroneus brevis tendon (PBT) entheses. We determined the anatomic features and best imaging techniques of normal PTT and PBT using musculoskeletal ultrasound and compared these findings to subjects with inflammatory arthritis.MethodsAdult subjects were enrolled as healthy controls (HCs), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, or spondyloarthropathy (SpA) patients. Bilateral PTT and PBT entheses were imaged longitudinally, comparing 2 angles of insonation: perpendicular to the skin surface and 45° cephalad. Images were scored on semiquantitative scales assessing pathology.ResultsA total of 78 subjects were enrolled (37 HC, 21 RA, and 20 SpA). Complete enthesis visualization was achieved more frequently in the perpendicular than in the cephalad view for the PBT (76.3% versus 58.7%), but more frequently in the cephalad view for the PTT (58.0% versus 19.6%). RA and SpA subjects had higher rates of PTT fiber disruption (P < 0.001), PTT tenosynovial effusion (P < 0.001), and Doppler signal (P < 0.001) than HCs. No significant differences existed at the PBT enthesis. In multivariate analysis, RA and SpA subjects were found to be 5.1 times (P < 0.001) and 3.6 times (P < 0.001) more likely to exhibit ultrasound‐detected pathology, respectively, than HCs.ConclusionThe perpendicular transducer aim is optimal for imaging the PBT, while the cephalad transducer orientation was more effective for evaluation of the PTT. Unlike distal PBT imaging, PTT imaging distinguished healthy and disease states, with both RA and SpA patients showing features of PTT enthesopathy. Distal PTT imaging is a useful technique for musculoskeletal ultrasound.
Visible‐light‐catalyzed Tandem Difluoroacetylation–Intramolecular Cyclization of 1,3‐Diarylpropynones: Access to Difluoroacetylated Indenones
Authors: Nagode Savita B. , Chaturvedi Atul Kumar , Rastogi Namrata 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA mild and efficient photocatalytic protocol for the synthesis of 3‐aryl‐2‐difluoroacetyl indenones has been established. The reaction sequence involves visible‐light‐catalyzed difluoroacetylation of 1,3‐diarylpropynones followed by intramolecular radical cyclization. The reaction exhibits high regioselectivity and good functional group tolerance. This is a simple method for the introduction of a difluoroalkyl group in the indenone scaffold, which is valuable from the point of view of medicinal chemistry.
Gold(I)/Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide–Nickel(II) Relay Catalysis for Asymmetric Tandem Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation/Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Li Jun , Lin Lili , Hu Bowen , Zhou Pengfei , Huang Tianyu , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA highly efficient asymmetric cascade reaction between alkynyl esters and allylic alcohols has been realized. Key to success was the combination of a hydroalkoxylation reaction catalyzed by a π‐acidic gold(I) complex with a Claisen rearrangement catalyzed by a chiral Lewis acidic N,N′‐dioxide–nickel(II) complex. A range of acyclic α‐allyl β‐keto esters were synthesized in high yields (up to 99 %) with good diastereoselectivities (up to 97:3) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) under mild reaction conditions. These products can be easily transformed into optically active β‐hydroxy esters, β‐hydroxy acids, or 1,3‐diols.
Copper/P(tBu)3‐Mediated Regiospecific Synthesis of Fused Furans and Naphthofurans
Authors: Naveen Togati , Deb Arghya , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA novel [3+2] cycloaddition between a variety of cyclic ketones and diverse olefins or alkynes can be effectively promoted by copper in combination with the tri‐tert‐butylphosphine [P(tBu)3] ligand. This protocol exhibits excellent selectivity and provides an exemplary set of fused heterocycles in good to excellent yields. Present strategy also represents an extremely simple and atom‐economic way to construct substituted fused furans and naphthofurans from readily available starting materials under mild reaction conditions. The utility of the method is further demonstrated by the synthesis of chiral furans from (R)‐(−)‐carvone and (S)‐(+)‐carvone. A plausible mechanism involving the oxidative radical cyclization has been suggested based on experimental observations.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Boryl Radicals
Authors: Silva Valverde Miguel F. , Schweyen Peter , Gisinger Daria , Bannenberg Thomas , Freytag Matthias , Kleeberg Christian , Tamm Matthias 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe reaction of the 2‐(trimethylsilyl)imidazolium triflate 9 with diarylboron halides (4‐R‐C6H4)2BX (R=H, X=Br; R=CH3, X=Cl; R=CF3, X=Cl) afforded the NHC‐stabilized borenium cations 10 a–c. Cyclic voltammetry revealed a linear correlation between the Hammett parameter σp of the para substituent and the half‐wave potential. Chemical reduction with decamethylcobaltocene, [(C5Me5)2Co], furnished the corresponding radicals 11 a–c; their characterization by EPR spectroscopy confirmed the paramagnetic character of 11 a–c, with large hyperfine coupling constants to the boron isotopes 11B and 10B, while delocalization of the unpaired electron into the NHC is negligible. DFT calculations of the percentage of spin density distribution between the carbene (NHC) and the boryl fragments (BR2) revealed for 11 a–c a spin density ratio (BR2/NHC) of ca. 9:1, which underlines their distinct boryl radical character. The molecular structure of the most stable species 11 c was established by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Dielectric properties of potassium carbonate‐impregnated cempedak peel for microwave‐assisted activation
Authors: Alias N. , Zaini M.A.A. , Kamaruddin M.J. , You K.Y. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study was aimed to evaluate the dielectric properties of cempedak peel (Artocarpus chempeden, A. integer) impregnated with potassium carbonate. The materials were characterized by moisture content, elemental composition and thermal profile. The dielectric properties were examined using open‐ended coaxial probe method at microwave frequencies and different temperatures. Results show that the dielectric properties changed with frequency, temperature, potassium carbonate impregnation ratio, moisture content and carbon content. Cempedak peel exhibits a better microwave absorber at 25 °C because of higher tan δ than char and impregnated samples. Char displayed a higher tan δ at 35 °C probably because of high carbon content (63.7%). Moisture content and carbon content have to be taken into account in microwave‐assisted activation of cempedak peel. Potassium carbonate can act as microwave absorber to enhance the efficiency of microwave heating for low loss material. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Growth on Muscle, Tendon, and Aponeurosis Tissues in Rabbit Shank Musculature
Authors: Böl Markus , Leichsenring Kay , Siebert Tobias 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThere exist several studies using morphological analyses of skeletal muscles to obtain a better understanding of muscle structure. The structural information obtained are primarily determined from single muscle components using individual animals of discrete ages. Further, little is known about changing dimensions of the aponeurosis, which is an important load‐transferring interface in muscle mechanics. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine how the muscle, tendon, and particularly the aponeurosis geometry of the rabbit shank musculature (M. soleus, M. extensor digitorum longus, and M. plantaris) change during growth. In doing so, morphological studies on muscles of eighty‐nine female rabbits aged between 18 and 108 days were conducted. We found an almost linear increase over time in all of the geometrical parameters observed. The aponeurosis of the muscles exhibited lower growth rates in width than in length. The distal and proximal aponeurosis areas were nearly identical. The ratio of aponeurosis area to the physiological cross‐sectional area was 2.54, 2.54, and 1.88 for M. soleus, M. extensor digitorum longus, and M. plantaris, respectively. M. extensor digitorum longus and M. soleus exhibited a nearly similar tendon‐muscle fascicle length ratio during growth, increasing from 2.86 to 5.30 and 3.48 to 6.16, respectively. Interestingly, the tendon‐muscle fascicle length ratio of the M. plantaris started initially with a much higher value (∼8) and increased to ∼18. Taken together, these results provide insight into the structure of the muscle‐tendon complex and thus, a general understanding of muscle growth. Anat Rec, 300:1123–1136, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arbitrary Pole Placement by Constant Output Feedback for Linear Time Invariant Systems
Authors: Kiritsis Konstadinos H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the pole placement problem by constant output feedback for linear time invariant systems is investigated. In particular, is proven that, for the class of linear time invariant systems with m inputs, p outputs, and McMillan degree n, the condition (m + p) > n is necessary for the solution of the arbitrary pole placement problem by constant output feedback.
Extreme Intertropical Convergence Zone shifts over Southern Maritime Continent
Authors: Freitas Ana Carolina Vasques , Aímola Luis , Ambrizzi Tércio , de Oliveira Cristiano Prestrelo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) extreme shifts in the Southern Maritime Continent (SMC) region in austral spring during the period 1979–2015. The results have shown that the ITCZ Southern Boundary (SB) presents great correlations with a meridional Sea Surface Temperature (SST) gradient and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events. However, besides these local forcing, the extreme ITCZ shifts are also influenced by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and an associated zonal SST gradient. The extreme shifts are due mainly to the combination of changes in Walker Circulation (WC) in the Pacific and Indian Ocean (IO) and local SST anomalies. Therefore, during ITCZ southward extreme shifts, the WC is stronger leading to the strengthening of the northwest equatorial winds in the IO, which pumps moist air and boosts the diabatic heating in the SMC due to the local positive SST anomalies present in this region. Otherwise, during northward extreme shifts, the WC is weaker, not allowing the performance of the northwest equatorial winds in the IO, which associated with the local negative SST anomalies, leads to drier conditions in the SMC region. Another interesting result found here is that a strong meridional or zonal index not necessarily implies a larger shift. The combination of very strong ENSO and IOD events can lead to greater ITCZ SB shifts. Besides, the ITCZ SB shifts can act as a bridge linking IOD and ENSO.
Tragwerk in neuem Kleid
Authors: Seiler Josef 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEin in den 70er‐Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts entstandenes ikonografisches Gebäude in Sichtbetonbauweise der Architekten Götz und Bätzner unter Mitwirkung der Ingenieurgruppe Bauen wurde dem Nutzer zur Last. Hohe Energie‐ und Unterhaltskosten, geringe Nutzerakzeptanz und Defizite bei der Betriebsorganisation infolge baulicher Zwänge führten zu Gedankenspielen, das Gebäude durch einen Neubau zu ersetzen. Im Zuge dieser Überlegungen wurde auch untersucht, inwieweit eine Revitalisierung des Gebäudes mit der vorhandenen Substanz realisierungsfähig ist. Dabei wurden nicht ausschließlich rein merkantile Aspekte betrachtet, sondern auch differenzierte Überlegungen zur Nachhaltigkeit angestellt. Der Entschluss, die Rohbaukonstruktion zu erhalten und das Gebäude zu revitalisieren, führte zu einem modernen Gebäude mit Wohlfühlcharakter, das aber auch den Anforderungen an zeitgemäße Arbeitsplatzkonzepte gerecht wird.
Die neue Orgel der Konstantin‐Basilika in Trier
Authors: Peter Boris , Pfaff Klaus 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFür einen europaweit ausgeschriebenen und namhaft besetzten Architekturwettbewerb eine ungewöhnliche Aufgabe: Eine gewaltige Orgel von ca. 450 m3 Gesamtvolumen und ca. 32 t Gewicht sollte möglichst unauffällig in das monumentale Bestandsbauwerk des UNESCO‐Weltkulturerbes, der Konstantin‐Basilika in Trier, integriert werden. Die Eingriffe in die historische Bausubstanz sollten so gering wie möglich ausfallen.Der Entwurf der Architekten Auer Weber aus Stuttgart in Zusammenarbeit mit Knippers Helbig Advanced Engineering besticht durch die Reduktion auf ein absolutes Minimum, ohne zusätzlichen Zierrat im fast selbstverständlichen Einklang mit dem beeindruckenden denkmalgeschützten Kirchenraum. Getragen wird die beachtliche Last der neuen Orgel und des stählernen Traggerüsts alleine vom historischen Bestandsbauwerk.
An ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescent sensor based on a pencil graphite electrode modified with CdS nanorods for detection of chlorogenic acid in honeysuckle
Authors: Zheng Ruijuan , Zhong Jianhai , Zhao Chenhao , Lang Xiaoling , Hu Zhibiao , Luo Jiangshui 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a novel and ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescent sensor employing a solvothermal‐synthesized CdS nanorod‐modified pencil graphite electrode (CdS/PGE) for the determination of chlorogenic acid (CA) is fabricated. In the first step, the PGE surface is modified using CdS nanorods. In the next step, the developed electrode is used to detect CA using a electrochemiluminescent (ECL) technique, in which potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) served as a co‐reactant. The possible ECL mechanism is investigated, and the influences of pH and cyclic voltammetric scanning rate on the signal response are studied. The ECL intensity decreases quantitatively in relation to the concentration of the target molecule. Under optimized conditions, the linear correlation between the quenched ECL intensity and the logarithm of CA concentration is observed in the range from 2 × 10−9 to 8 × 10−7 mol L−1 with a limit of detection of 1 × 10−9 mol L−1. This proposed method is applied to the analysis of CA in honeysuckle flower, giving recoveries of 99‐107%. The experimental results demonstrate that this ECL sensor shows good stability and reproducibility.
Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of the HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine in Chinese women aged 18–25 years: event‐triggered analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhu Feng‐cai , Hu Shang‐Ying , Hong Ying , Hu Yue‐Mei , Zhang Xun , Zhang Yi‐Ju , Pan Qin‐Jing , Zhang Wen‐Hua , Zhao Fang‐Hui , Zhang Cheng‐Fu , Yang Xiaoping , Yu Jia‐Xi , Zhu Jiahong , Zhu Yejiang , Chen Feng , Zhang Qian , Wang Hong , Wang Changrong , Bi Jun , Xue Shiyin , Shen Lingling , Zhang Yan‐Shu , He Yunkun , Tang Haiwen , Karkada Naveen , Suryakiran Pemmaraju , Bi Dan , Struyf Frank 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe previously reported the results of a phase II/III, double‐blind, randomized controlled study in Chinese women (NCT00779766) showing a 94.2% (95% confidence interval: 62.7–99.9) HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine efficacy (VE) against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or higher (CIN1+) and/or 6‐month (M) persistent infection (PI) with a mean follow‐up of <2 years, and immunogenicity until 7 months post‐dose 1. Here, we report efficacy and safety results from an event‐triggered analysis with ~3 years longer follow‐up, and immunogenicity until M24. Healthy 18–25‐year‐old women (N = 6051) were randomized (1:1) to receive three doses of HPV‐16/18 vaccine or Al(OH)3 (control) at M0, 1, 6. VE against HPV‐16/18‐associated CIN2+, and cross‐protective VE against infections with nonvaccine oncogenic HPV types, immunogenicity, and safety were assessed. In the according‐to‐protocol efficacy cohort, in initially seronegative/DNA‐negative women (vaccine group: N = 2524; control group: N = 2535), VE against HPV‐16/18‐associated CIN2+ was 87.3% (5.3–99.7); VE against incident infection or against 6‐month persistent infection associated with HPV‐31/33/45 was 50.1% (34.3–62.3) or 52.6% (24.5–70.9), respectively. At least, 99.6% of HPV‐16/18‐vaccines remained seropositive for anti‐HPV‐16/18 antibodies; anti‐HPV‐16 and ‐18 geometric mean titers were 1271.1 EU/mL (1135.8–1422.6) and 710.0 EU/ml (628.6–801.9), respectively. Serious adverse events were infrequent (1.7% vaccine group [N = 3026]; 2.5% control group [N = 3026]). Of the 1595 reported pregnancies, nine had congenital anomalies (five live infants, three elective terminations, one stillbirth) that were unlikely vaccination‐related (blinded data). VE against HPV‐16/18‐associated CIN2+ was demonstrated and evidence of cross‐protective VE against oncogenic HPV types was shown. The vaccine was immunogenic and had an acceptable safety profile.