bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Threefold Cord of Mothers of Twins Clubs
Authors: Maxey Joyce E. 
Published: July 2016

Local, State and National are the threefold cord that binds us together at Mothers of Twins Clubs. Local, State and National share a mutual responsibility and interdependence with one another. This threefold cord helps us to grow and develop our potential for the benefit of all. It is cooperation between the three levels that unites us and though each serves in different ways, each is vital to the full scope of Mothers of Twins Clubs.On the Local level we realize that research is the responsibility of every member and some clubs have research participation as a requirement of membership. Researchers could insure greater participation if they would issue periodic progress reports. Though we realize research is a long, slow process, we are often asked, “Why fill out forms if we never hear what is done with them?”. Mothers of Twins Clubs are glad to make time for research if they are made to feel it is worthwhile. Since some clubs belong to State or National, while others belong to State and National and still others belong to neither State or National, research work on the Local level has different outlets. The prime concern of the Local Mothers of Twins Club however is to learn to raise our twins as individuals while respecting the bonds and blessings of twinship.The bridge of States is loosely knit with great resources still untapped for research. The growing number of State groups and the ever changing needs of Locals require the combined efforts of State Mothers of Twins Clubs to participate in Interstate communications and cooperation. There are 20 State groups in the U.S.A., representing over 303 clubs and over 9275 members. Most of the State groups have their own Research Chairman and Twin Registry. Those States without a Research Chairman are for the most part new groups and plan to participate in research when they are able. Even now State Mothers of Twins Club is being worked on by a group in Canada. Since more mothers can attend a State Convention, interest and enthusiasm for research on the State level is high among mothers of twins.
Supertwin Records
Authors: Lauve Helen Kirk 
Published: July 2016

My fascinating yet productive hobby began only with details of the delivery of quadruplets in my home city. The quadruplets were delivered by one of my psysician-employers and, because of predelivery contacts with the mother who was a member of my church, a scrap book about the quadruplets was started. Through outside pursuits, correspondence, detailed study and research this single scrap book has developed into what is believed to be the most extensive collection of authentic data and photographs of twins and supertwins in the world.Files are kept as authentic as possible, yet by no means are internationally complete. Unfortunately, all multiple births are not recorded in medical, or public, registers and/or literature and some are never registered as multiple births due to circumstances surrounding the birth. A set of quadruplets about whom I have many news items from birth to age one year comes to mind… although the quadruplet birth was recorded by articles in newspapers, medical archives have no record of it because the physician expired before he formally recorded the birth in medical literature. Some births are recorded individually not indicating a multiple birth and others are lost because of a stillborn infant or a macerated fetus accompanying a live birth. Even parents are not always informed of the birth of a macerated fetus that accompanies a live birth.
The influence of dietary fat on fat metabolism and body Fat deposition in meal-feeding and nibbling rats
Authors: Wood J. D. , Reid J. T. 
Published: July 2016

1. An experiment was done with rats (body-weight 160 g) to study the effects on fat metabolism and body composition of low (10 g/kg)- or high (140 g/kg)-fat diets fed as one meal for one 4 h period/d (meal-feeders) or as six spaced meals/d (nibblers). The daily energy intake/unit metabolic body-weight (body-weight0.73) was the same for all four groups, and this level of intake was about 80% of that consumed by rats allowed unrestricted access to the low-fat diet. The experimental period was 76 d.2. Rats given the high-fat diet deposited more body fat/d and, as a result, grew faster and were energetically more efficient than rats given the low-fat diet. The high-fat diet depressed de novo lipogenesis from glucose in epididymal and perirenal fat pads, whose fatty acid composition resembled that of the diet.3. For both diets meal-feeders had greater stomach plus small intestine weights than nibblers and had higher plasma free fatty acid levels, when they were killed 15 h after their last meal.4. Meal-feeders given the low-fat diet had the greatest rate of lipogenesis for fat pads.5. Meal-feeders given the high-fat diet deposited less of the main dietary fatty acids in their fat pads.6. There was no evidence that meal-feeders eating a high-fat diet adapt their metabolism so completely that they become more efficient utilizers than those nibbling this diet. Meal-feeders eating the low-fat diet became no fatter than nibblers of this diet, possibly because they were eating less than their dailyad lib.intake.
Changes in the rumen metabolism of sheep given increasing amounts of linseed oil in their diet
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Christie W. W. , Breckenridge Grace , Hunter Margaret L. 
Published: July 2016

1. Linseed oil was incorporated gradually into the diet of four sheep until the animals received 90 g additional fat/d. Attempts were made to measure changes in concentration of substances and rates of synthesis in the rumen directly, and by incubation of rumen contents in vitro (zero-time technique).2. The high-fat diet increased the dilution rate and the volume of rumen contents and decreased the synthesis of diaminopimelic acid in the rumen. The number of protozoa decreased and the number of bacteria increased in the rumen of animals receiving the high-fat diet.3. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen decreased for sheep given the high-fat diet, but the capacity of rumen contents to produce VFA in vitro increased.4. The incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]acetate into lipids during incubation of rumen contents in vitro increased with the amount of linseed oil in the diet. The greatest proportional increase was with the bacterial fraction of rumen contents.5. In the group of four animals used, one animal showed consistent differences in the magnitude of the measured variables. This animal appeared to have a smaller rumen, a lower dilution rate and larger concentrations of some substances in the rumen. A higher proportion of fatty acids appeared to be synthesized by the micro-organisms from this animal.
The effects of phytate on intestinal absorption and secretion of zinc, and whole-body retention of Zn, copper, iron and manganese in rats
Authors: Davies N. T. , Nightingale R. 
Published: July 2016

1. The inclusion of phytate (10 g/kg) in a purified diet containing zinc (15 mg/kg) fed to young male rats significantly reduced growth rate and food intake, and promoted a cyclic pattern of food intake characteristic of an uncomplicated Zn deficiency. The decreased growth rate could be accounted for by the reduced food consumption.2. Rats maintained on a Zn-deficient diet (0.5 mg Zn/kg) were found to have a cyclic pattern of food intake and a very slight weight gain. The addition of phytate (10 g/kg) to the Zn-deficient diet promoted a net loss of mean body-weight.3. Rats maintained on the Zn-supplemented diet containing phytate excreted significantly more Zn in their faeces than either pair-fed or ad lib.-fed control rats. Rats given the Zn-deficient diet supplemented with phytate excreted more Zn in their faeces than Zn-deficient control rats.4. Dietary phytate significantly reduced the average daily accumulation (μg/d) and wholebody retention (relative to dietary intake) of iron, copper, manganese and Zn, whether or not the diet was supplemented with Zn.5. The addition of phytate to the lumen fluid of ligated loops of rat duodenum maintained in situ significantly inhibited 65Zn absorption, compared with the control systems without added phytate.6. Other studies using ligated duodenal and ileal loops indicated that Zn is secreted into the gut lumen and approximately one-third of this is normally reabsorbed. Recycling of endogenous Zn may be a significant process in the over-all body economy of this trace element.7. The absorption of 65Zn added to the diet was significantly reduced by dietary phytate. Dietary phytate also reduced the biological half-life of body 65Zn from 91 to 211 h post-administration, possibly by inhibiting reabsorption of endogenous 65Zn and thus promoting a more rapid loss from the body.
Changes in plasma amino acid concentrations in man after ingestion of an amino acid mixture simulating casein, and a tryptic hydrolysate of casein
Authors: Marrs T. C. , Addison Jill M. , Burston D. , Matthews D. M. 
Published: July 2016

1. Plasma amino acid levels have been estimated at 0, 15, 30 and 45 min after ingestion of doses of (1) an amino acid mixture simulating casein and (2) a tryptic hydrolysate of casein consisting mainly of oligopeptides. Both doses contained the same amount of nitrogen.2. After ingestion of both preparations, there was a prompt increase in plasma amino acid levels, followed by a decrease. No such change occurred in fasting subjects. There were no significant differences between increments in plasma amino acid levels after ingestion of the amino acid mixture and the corresponding increments after ingestion of the tryptic hydrolysate.3. Correlations were found between the areas under the curves for individual amino acid concentrations, after ingestion of the two preparations, and the amino acid composition of casein. The results do not suggest that increases in plasma amino acid levels following small doses of protein digestion products are the result of circadian changes, or that such increases are ‘swamped’ by absorption of amino acids from endogenous protein in the lumen of the small intestine.
Collagenase and other proteinases in the cornea of the retinol-deficient rat
Authors: Pirie Antoinette , Werb Zena , Burleigh Mary C. 
Published: July 2016

1. Enzymes that may contribute to liquefaction of the cornea in retinol-deficient animals and in man have been studied using rat cornea. The established technique of culturing tissue fragments and determining the activity of collagenase (EC3.4.24.3) and other enzymes in the medium after different periods of culture was used.2. A collagenolytic system was detected in the media from cultures of rat corneas. This system probably consists of at least two enzymes, a collagenase and a neutral proteinase.3. Both proteolytic and specific collagenolytic activity were greater in media from retinol-deficient rat corneas. The hydroxyproline level increased in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity.4. In the final stages of retinol deficiency the cornea is invaded by granulocytes and other cells of the blood and we suggest that destruction of cornea collagen may be due largely to the activity of the enzymes from these cells.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins
Authors: Varnish Shirley A. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: July 2016

1. The preparation of a propionylated protein is described, and the effects of this treatment on amino acid composition and availability are compared with the effects of severe heat treatment (autoclaving) of a protein.2. Using chemical analyses, changes exceeding 5% for total tyrosine, histidine, methionine and cystine contents were found after propionylation of the protein. Autoclaving of the protein resulted in changes in total serine, lysine, methionine, cystine and tryptophan contents.3. Microbiological estimates of total amino acid contents were not in close agreement with the chemical estimates for the autoclaved protein.4. Fluorodinitrobenzene-reactive lysine content was reduced to almost zero by propionylation, and by almost 40% by autoclaving.5. Both propionylating and autoclaving protein reduced the amount of lysine available to the chick by about half. In contrast, the availabilities of methionine and tryptophan to the chick were unchanged by propionylation, but were reduced to 0.66 and 0.44 respectively, relative to the untreated protein, by autoclaving.6. Because of the difficulties of obtaining reliable absolute estimates of amino acid availability using chick growth assays, our interpretation of results is mainly based on relative values. The merits of microbiological microbiological estimates of amino acid availability are assessed.
The role of organic sulphur in the copper-molybdenum-S interrelationship in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Suttle N. F. 
Published: July 2016

1. The ability of organic and inorganic sulphur to influence the copper and molybdenum metabolism of sheep was compared in a series of three 2 × 2 factorial design experiments. In each experiment, four groups of five to seven hypocupraemic ewes were repleted with a basal diet supplemented with 6 mg Cu/kg and containing S and Mo at one of two concentrations, 1 or 4 g S and 0.5 or 4.5 mg Mo/kg respectively. Sodium sulphate (Expt 1), methionine (Expt 2) or cysteine (Expt 3) were used as the S sources. Cu and Mo concentrations in plasma were estimated in each experiment and in Expt 3 the concentrations of Cu in liver and Mo in urine were also estimated.2. The effects of the three S sources on Cu and Mo metabolism were similar. Repletion of the plasma Cu pool was unaffected by Mo alone, reduced by S alone and totally inhibited by Mo + S. Plasma Mo was greatly increased by Mo supplements, slightly decreased by S supplements and unaffected by Mo and S supplements given together.3. In Expt 3 the treatments were found to affect urinary Mo and plasma Mo in a similar manner; S prevented dietary Mo from increasing Mo excretion. The only group to show a significant repletion of the liver Cu pool was that given Mo alone.4. Supplementation of the diet with organic S significantly reduced the within-treatment variation in plasma Cu and Mo, liver Cu and urinary Mo.5. It is suggested that variations in dietary S and Mo within the normal range for herbage affect the Cu and Mo metabolism of the grazing animal, and that total S rather than inorganic S is the more useful measurement in the context of the Cu–Mo–S interrelationship.
Some observations on the possible nutritional significance of vitamin B12-and folate-binding proteins in milk. Absorption of [58Co] cyanocobalamin by suckling piglets
Authors: Ford J. E. , Scott K. J. , Sansom B. F. , Taylor P. J. 
Published: July 2016

1. A study was made of the absorption of [58Co]cyanocobalamin in suckling piglets. Cyanocobalamin given at birth and at 7 d of age was efficiently absorbed from the intestine and retained within the body, mostly in the liver. A 10 μg test dose was absorbed no less efficiently than 0.5 μg, despite the virtual absence of intrinsic factor in the gut. In piglets given a 10 μg test dose at different ages between 0.5 and 56 d, there was a marked decrease in the efficiency of retention between about 7 and 21 d of age.2. Vitamin B12-binding capacity in the gastric mucosa increased with age, from 40 ng at birth to about 2000 ng at 14 d and 7000 ng at 35 d. This binder-protein was largely endogenous, whereas much of the unsaturated binder-protein in intestinal mucosa was apparently derived from milk.3. The chyme in the stomach and small intestine contained unsaturated binder-protein, partly endogenous and partly deriving from milk, which prevented uptake of added [G-3H]-cyanocobalamin into the ‘solids’ phase of the intestinal contents. The intestinal chyme contained large numbers (log107.0–9.1/ml) of bacteria, some of which were isolated and shown to take up cyanocobalamin or folic acid or both.4. The findings are discussed in relation to the concept that for some days or weeks after the cessation of transport of intact protein across the neonatal gut epithelium (‘closure’), protein-bound vitamins may continue to be taken up into the epithelial cells and there released for transport into the circulation. It is concluded that unsaturated vitamin-binders may strongly influence the ecology of the intestinal microflora.
Metabolic studies of [75Se]selenocystine and [75Se]selenomethionine in the rat
Authors: Thomson Christine D. , Robinson Bridget A. , Stewart R. D. H. , Robinson Marion F. 
Published: July 2016

1. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of [75Se]selenocystine was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Se]selenomethionine.2. Urinary and faecal radioactivities were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and at weeks 6 and 10 for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se.3. Intestinal absorption of [75Se]selenocystine was 81% of the administered dose; that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 86%. Urinary excretion of absorbed [75Se]selenocystine was 13.9% and that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 5.8%, in the 1st week.4. Whole-body retention of 75Se was greater for [75Se]selenomethionine than for [75Se]-selenocystine but after the 1st week it decreased at a similar rate in both groups. Tissue distribution of retained 75Se was also similar in both groups.5. The initial utilization of [75Se]selenocystine was different from that of [75Se]selenomethionine. However, after the 1st week 75Se from both sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that dietary Se of both forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool.6. When these findings were compared with those of earlier studies with [75Se]selenite and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney (RK-75Se) (Thomson, Stewart & Robinson, 1975) the metabolism of [75Se]selenocystine resembled that of [75Se]selenite and RK-75Se, rather than that of [75Se]selenomethionine.
A dietary survey of older people in Edinburgh
Authors: Lonergan Mary E. , Milne J. S. , Maule M. M. , Williamson J. 
Published: July 2016

1. Dietary histories covering I week were obtained from 212 men and 263 women, aged 62–90 years, who formed a random sample of the older people living in a defined area of Edinburgh. The histories were validated by 2 d weighed-diet records for 219 of the subjects.2. Nutrient intakes are given as mean values and standard deviations, and as percentage distributions of intake relative to the recommended intakes of nutrients. Intakes are also related to factors which might affect diet adversely.3. Mean values obtained suggested that intakes were less than recommended intakes for more nutrients for women than for men, particularly values for energy and vitamin D. Values for percentage distributions indicated that a substantial proportion of all subjects had low intakes of ascorbic acid and vitamin D, that the energy intake of many women was low and that for most nutrients a greater proportion of men than of women had the recommended intake. Factors associated with significant proportions of subjects with less than the recommended intakes were mental illness in women and deafness and severe dyspnoea in men.4. Possible action to improve the diet of the elderly is discussed.
A multidimensional approach to impulsivity in Parkinson's disease: measurement and structural invariance of the UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale
Authors: Bayard S. , Joly E. , Ghisletta P. , Rossignol A. , Herades Y. , Geny C. , Gély-Nargeot M.-C. , Rochat L. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundPoor impulse control is a common feature in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, before testing whether patients with PD and controls differ in impulsivity, one must assess whether impulsivity measures are invariant across groups. Consequently, we examined (a) the measurement and structural invariance of a scale assessing changes in four dimensions of impulsivity (urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance and sensation seeking) among patients with PD and controls; and (b) whether the four impulsivity traits relate differentially to risky decisions by patients.MethodClose relatives of 78 patients with idiopathic PD and 96 control participants were given the short Urgency–Premeditation–Perseverance–Sensation seeking Impulsive Behaviour Scale (UPPS), which assesses changes in four dimensions of impulsivity. Participants also completed the Game of Dice Task (GDT), a laboratory measure of risk taking.ResultsMultigroup confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across groups, whereas structural invariance was not confirmed. Patients with PD showed greater variability and higher impulsivity than controls. Furthermore, patients with impulse control disorders (ICDs) demonstrated even greater levels of sensation seeking than patients without ICDs. Finally, lower premeditation and greater perseverance were significantly associated with greater risk taking in patients with PD, and higher agonist dopaminergic doses with less risky choices on the GDT.ConclusionsThe questionnaire appears to function comparably across patients and controls. Thus, group comparisons on the questionnaire can be considered valid. Mean differences between groups on the dimensions of impulsivity may reflect executive impairments and/or abnormal reward processing in patients with PD, which may lead to risky behaviours.
Aḥmad of Niğde'sal-Walad al-Shafῑqand the Seljuk past
Authors: Peacock A.C.S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe unpublished unique manuscript of the 14th century Persian work known asal-Walad al-Shafiq(‘The Compassionate Child’) held in the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul has hitherto never been studied in detail, although it is of considerable importance as a source for medieval Anatolia. This article assessesal-Walad al-Shafiqin the context of the Persian historiography of Anatolia and the historical milieu in which it was composed, arguing that the work is characterised by a sense of loyalty to the vanished Seljuk dynasty that ruled much of Anatolia from the late 11th to the early 14th century. I also examine such information as has survived about the life and background of its author, Qāḍῑ, Aḥmad of Niğde, and consider why the work was written and for whom.
The circulation and consumption of Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware: petrographic, chemical and residue analysis
Authors: Knappett Carl , Kilikoglou Vassilis , Steele Val , Stern Ben 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRed Lustrous Wheelmade ware is one of the most recognisable classes of pottery from the Late Bronze Age of the east Mediterranean. Yet both its production source and the nature of its contents and use remain a source of some debate. These questions are tackled here through an intensive programme of scientific analysis involving 95 samples of Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware and related wares from seven sites in Turkey, Cyprus and Egypt. Petrography and instrumental neutron activation analysis are combined in the study of the ceramic fabrics, with a view to specifying the source of this ware; while gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are used to analyse absorbed and visible residues in and on the sherd samples, in the hope of shedding light on vessel contents and possible use. The results of the fabric analysis show the ware to be extremely homogeneous, indicative of a single source: northern Cyprus is at present the most likely candidate, although further analysis, particularly of clay samples from the region in question, would certainly be desirable. The residue analysis suggests that Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware might have been used to carry some kind of plant oils, possibly perfumed, and that in some instances the vessel interior was coated with beeswax as a sealant.