bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of sintering additives on densification kinetics and high‐temperature strength in γ‐Y2Si2O7ceramics
Authors: Fan Xingyu , Wang Hongjie , Niu Min , Su Lei , Zhou Jun , Fan Jinpeng , Zhang Dahai 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPressureless sintering of pure γ‐Y2Si2O7powders that had been synthesized by a solid‐liquid reaction method using Y2O3and SiO2powders with Li2O, MgO, and Al2O3additives was reported. The sintering kinetics of γ‐Y2Si2O7powders was analyzed to track details of densification evolution. Apparent activation energies of the densification of γ‐Y2Si2O7powders were reported for the first time, which was 57.1, 96.6, and 100.2 kJ/mol for the powders with Li2O, MgO, and Al2O3additives, respectively, indicating that Li2O could promote the densification behavior effectively. The flexural strengths as a function of temperature for the γ‐Y2Si2O7ceramics with different additives were also investigated. The degradation of high‐temperature flexural strength was mainly ascribed to the softening of grain‐boundary glassy phase. γ‐Y2Si2O7specimens fabricated using the powders with MgO or Al2O3additives exhibited better high‐temperature mechanical properties.
Periodontitis and incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Winning Lewis , Patterson Christopher C. , Neville Charlotte E. , Kee Frank , Linden Gerard J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate periodontitis as a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a group of men aged 58–72 years.MethodsOne thousand three hundred and thirty‐one dentate, diabetes‐free men in Northern Ireland underwent a detailed periodontal examination during 2001–2003. Follow‐up was by bi‐annual questionnaire and for those reporting diabetes their general medical practitioner was contacted to validate diabetes type, treatment and diagnosis date. Cox's proportional hazard models were used to estimate the effect of periodontitis on incident diabetes. Multivariable analysis included adjustment for various known confounders.ResultsThe mean age of the men was 63.7 (SD 3.0) years. There were 80 cases (6.0%) of incident T2DM. Follow‐up was for a median period of 7.8 years (IQR 6.7–8.3). After adjusting for confounding variables, the hazard ratio (HR) for incident T2DM in men with moderate/severe periodontitis versus those with no/mild periodontitis was 1.69 (95% CI 1.06–2.69), p = 0.03.ConclusionThere was evidence in this homogenous group of dentate men, that those with moderate to severe periodontitis had a significantly increased risk of incident T2DM.
Annual Research Review: On the relations among self‐regulation, self‐control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk‐taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology
Authors: Nigg Joel T. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundSelf‐regulation (SR) is central to developmental psychopathology, but progress has been impeded by varying terminology and meanings across fields and literatures.MethodsThe present review attempts to move that discussion forward by noting key sources of prior confusion such as measurement‐concept confounding, and then arguing the following major points.ResultsFirst, the field needs a domain‐general construct of SR that encompasses SR of action, emotion, and cognition and involves both top‐down and bottom‐up regulatory processes. This does not assume a shared core process across emotion, action, and cognition, but is intended to provide clarity on the extent of various claims about kinds of SR. Second, top‐down aspects of SR need to be integrated. These include (a) basic processes that develop early and address immediate conflict signals, such as cognitive control and effortful control (EC), and (b) complex cognition and strategies for addressing future conflict, represented by the regulatory application of complex aspects of executive functioning. Executive function (EF) and cognitive control are not identical to SR because they can be used for other activities, but account for top‐down aspects of SR at the cognitive level. Third, impulsivity, risk‐taking, and disinhibition are distinct although overlapping; a taxonomy of the kinds of breakdowns of SR associated with psychopathology requires their differentiation. Fourth, different aspects of the SR universe can be organized hierarchically in relation to granularity, development, and time. Low‐level components assemble into high‐level components. This hierarchical perspective is consistent across literatures.ConclusionsIt is hoped that the framework outlined here will facilitate integration and cross‐talk among investigators working from different perspectives, and facilitate individual differences research on how SR relates to developmental psychopathology.
Circulating milk fat globule‐epidermal growth factor 8 levels are increased in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Ran Wenzhuo , Zhang Jiaqiang , Chen Shi , Li Yihang , Luo Deng , Wang Chen , Jia Weiping 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionMilk fat globule‐epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG‐E8) is the key mediator in anti‐inflammatory responses that facilitate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and play an essential role in type 2 diabetes and pregnancy, both of which are under a low‐grade inflammatory state. However, the action of MFG‐E8 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We measured plasma MFG‐E8 levels in pregnancy and GDM for the first time, and elucidated possible relationships between its plasma levels and various metabolic parameters.Materials and MethodsPlasma MFG‐E8 levels were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 66 women with GDM, 70 with normal pregnancy (p‐NGT) and 44 healthy non‐pregnant controls (CON), who were matched for age and body mass index. Inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and C‐reactive protein levels were measured, oral glucose tolerance test was carried out and β‐cell function was evaluated.ResultsPlasma MFG‐E8 levels were remarkably higher in p‐NGT than in CON (P = 0.024), and were further elevated in GDM vs p‐NGT (P = 0.016). MFG‐E8 concentrations correlated positively with hemoglobin A1c, glucose levels and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance), and correlated inversely with TNF‐α and insulin secretion evaluated by disposition indices in pregnancies. Fasting glucose levels, disposition index of first phase insulin secretion and TNF‐α were independent predictors of MFG‐E8 levels in pregnancies. Logistic regression analyses showed that women in the third tertile of MFG‐E8 levels had a markedly elevated risk of GDM.ConclusionsCirculating MFG‐E8 levels are dramatically elevated in pregnancy, and are significantly higher in GDM vs p‐NGT. MFG‐E8 concentrations are significantly associated with TNF‐α, fasting glucose levels, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and disposition indices. However, further studies are required to elucidate the regulation mechanism of MFG‐E8 during pregnancy and GDM.
P–T evolution of Precambrian eclogite in the Sveconorwegian orogen, SW Sweden
Authors: Tual L. , Pitra P. , Möller C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractConditions of the prograde, peak‐pressure and part of the decompressional P–T path of two Precambrian eclogites in the eastern Sveconorwegian orogen have been determined using the pseudosection approach. Cores of garnet from a Fe–Ti‐rich eclogite record a first prograde and syn‐deformational stage along a Barrovian gradient from ~670 °C and 7 kbar to 710 °C and 8.5 kbar. Garnet rims grew during further burial to 16.5–19 kbar at ~850–900 °C, along a steep dP/dT gradient. The pseudosection model of a kyanite‐bearing eclogite sample of more magnesian bulk composition confirms the peak conditions. Matrix reequilibration associated with subsequent near‐isothermal decompression and partial exhumation produced plagioclase‐bearing symplectites replacing kyanite and clinopyroxene at an estimated 850–870 °C and 10–11 kbar. The validity of the pseudosections is discussed in detail. It is shown that in pseudosection modelling the fractionation of FeO in accessory sulphides may cause a significant shift of field boundaries (here displaced by up to 1.5 kbar and 70 °C) and must not be neglected. Fast burial, exhumation and subsequent cooling are supported by the steepness of both the prograde and the decompressional P–T paths as well as the preservation of garnet growth zoning and the symplectitic reaction textures. These features are compatible with deep tectonic burial of the eclogite‐bearing continental crust as part of the underthrusting plate (Eastern Segment, continent Baltica) in a collisional setting that led to an effectively doubled crustal thickness and subsequent exhumation of the eclogites through tectonic extrusion. Our results are in accordance with regional structural and petrological relationships, which demonstrate foreland‐vergent partial exhumation of the eclogite‐bearing nappe along a basal thrust zone and support a major collisional stage at c. 1 Ga. We argue that the similarities between Sveconorwegian and Himalayan eclogite occurrences emphasize the modern style of Grenvillian‐aged tectonics.
The blood‐brain barrier fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1/SLC27A1) supplies docosahexaenoic acid to the brain, and insulin facilitates transport
Authors: Ochiai Yusuke , Uchida Yasuo , Ohtsuki Sumio , Tachikawa Masanori , Aizawa Sanshiro , Terasaki Tetsuya 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe purposed to clarify the contribution of fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1/SLC 27A1) to the supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to the brain across the blood–brain barrier in this study. Transport experiments showed that the uptake rate of [14C]‐DHA in human FATP1‐expressing HEK293 cells was significantly greater than that in empty vector‐transfected (mock) HEK293 cells. The steady‐state intracellular DHA concentration was nearly 2‐fold smaller in FATP1‐expressing than in mock cells, suggesting that FATP1 works as not only an influx, but also an efflux transporter for DHA. [14C]‐DHA uptake by a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) increased in a time‐dependent manner, and was inhibited by unlabeled DHA and a known FATP1 substrate, oleic acid. Knock‐down of FATP1 in hCMEC/D3 cells with specific siRNA showed that FATP1‐mediated uptake accounts for 59.2–73.0% of total [14C]‐DHA uptake by the cells. Insulin treatment for 30 min induced translocation of FATP1 protein to the plasma membrane in hCMEC/D3 cells and enhanced [14C]‐DHA uptake. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse brain sections showed that FATP1 protein is preferentially localized at the basal membrane of brain microvessel endothelial cells. We found that two neuroprotective substances, taurine and biotin, in addition to DHA, undergo FATP1‐mediated efflux. Overall, our results suggest that FATP1 localized at the basal membrane of brain microvessels contributes to the transport of DHA, taurine and biotin into the brain, and insulin rapidly increases DHA supply to the brain by promoting translocation of FATP1 to the membrane.
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Tetrahydrobiopterin contributes to the proliferation of mesangial cells and accumulation of extracellular matrix in early-stage diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Wang Jianyun , Yang Qianqian , Nie Yaxing , Guo Hao , Zhang Fan , Zhou Xueyan , Yin Xiaoxing 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the progression of early-stage diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is found to contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in mesangial cells (MCs). As a cofactor for NO production, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a folacin analogue, may be responsible for the ECM accumulation and proliferation of MCs. This study was to investigate the effects of BH4 on glomerulosclerosis in early-stage DN.

Methods
In in vitro studies with cultured mesangial cells and in vivo studies with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, BH4 levels were assayed by HPLC; NO was determined by Griess agents; laminin and collagen IV were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the inducible NO synthase protein was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot; and mesangial matrix expansion and MC proliferation in the renal cortex were observed by periodic acid–schiff staining and transmission electron microscopy, respectively.

Key findings
The in vivo and in vitro studies indicated that the increased BH4 resulted in the overproduction of NO, ECM accumulation and the proliferation of MCs in early-stage DN.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that inhibiting excessive BH4 may be a potential approach to prevent glomerulosclerosis in early-stage DN.
Habitat heterogeneity explains mosaics of evergreen and deciduous trees at local‐scales in a subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest
Authors: Fang Xiaofeng , Shen Guochun , Yang Qingsong , Liu Heming , Ma Zunping , Deane David C. , Wang Xihua 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQuestionsMosaics of evergreen and deciduous trees that are characteristic of evergreen broad‐leaved forests (EBLF) are thought to arise from habitat heterogeneity, but empirical evidence for this is limited. We test this assertion asking: (1) whether environmental heterogeneity explains the distribution of deciduous and evergreen trees; (2) which are the most important environmental variables; and (3) does their importance change with scale?LocationTiantong National Forest Park, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.MethodsWe used data from a 20‐ha individual‐mapped EBLF in spatial point‐pattern analyses testing the scale of aggregation within, and segregation between, the two life forms. We used a heterogeneous Poisson process model to remove the effects of environmental heterogeneity, predicting segregation would disappear if the mosaic was due to habitat heterogeneity alone. Finally, we tested the relative importance of theoretically important environmental variables using multivariate regression trees at three spatial scales (10, 20 and 50 m grid cells).ResultsWe found evergreen and deciduous trees were aggregated at scales below 125 m and 60 m, respectively, and mutually exclusive at scales <120 m. Evidence of any spatial segregation between the life forms was removed at all scales after controlling for environmental heterogeneity. Only soil phosphorus concentrations contributed to spatial patterns at all scales, with values >0.27–0.30 g·kg−1 favouring deciduous species.ConclusionsOur study is consistent with habitat heterogeneity creating the observed mosaics of evergreen and deciduous tree species, but micro‐habitat heterogeneity contributed even at scales <20 m. Soil phosphorus availability appears to be the major environmental variable maintaining these mosaic patterns at hillslope scales in EBLF.
Social dominance alters nutrition‐related gene expression immediately: transcriptomic evidence from a monomorphic queenless ant
Authors: Okada Yasukazu , Watanabe Yutaka , Tin Mandy M. Y. , Tsuji Kazuki , Mikheyev Alexander S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQueen–worker differentiation in eusocial organisms may have originated from decoupling of maternal care and reproductive behaviours. Recent advances in sequencing techniques have begun to elucidate the molecular basis of queen–worker differentiation. However, current knowledge of the molecular basis of caste differentiation is limited, especially to species with morphological castes. It seems likely that at the dawn of eusociality morphologically undifferentiated, monomorphic females underwent physiological differentiation that yielded egg‐laying and caretaking castes. The molecular basis of such physiological differentiation may provide evolutionary insight into the emergent state of eusociality. In this study, we identify genes associated with monomorphic caste differentiation, specifically focusing on the onset of queen–worker differentiation, using a monomorphic queenless ant, Diacamma sp., that secondarily lost morphological castes. Using individuals experimentally manipulated to become sterile or reproductive, we identified 1546 caste‐biased transcripts in brain and 10 in gaster. Because caste differentiation occurs in Diacamma soon after eclosion via behavioural dominance, identified transcripts are interpreted as molecular agents responding immediately to dominance rank formation. Among identified genes, expression levels of genes involved in nutrition processing and storage, such as insulin signalling genes and hexamerins, were strongly altered soon after dominance rank formation. We conclude that the rapid modification of nutrition‐related genes in response to social rank may be the fundamental mechanism underlying caste differentiation in Diacamma. Together with functional evidence from the literature, we show that a specific set of genes frequently plays a role in reproductive differentiation across systems with and without morphological castes.
Behavioural response to song and genetic divergence in two subspecies of white‐crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
Authors: Lipshutz Sara E. , Overcast Isaac A. , Hickerson Michael J. , Brumfield Robb T. , Derryberry Elizabeth P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDivergence in sexual signals may drive reproductive isolation between lineages, but behavioural barriers can weaken in contact zones. Here, we investigate the role of song as a behavioural and genetic barrier in a contact zone between two subspecies of white‐crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). We employed a reduced genomic data set to assess population structure and infer the history underlying divergence, gene flow and hybridization. We also measured divergence in song and tested behavioural responses to song using playback experiments within and outside the contact zone. We found that the subspecies form distinct genetic clusters, and demographic inference supported a model of secondary contact. Song phenotype, particularly length of the first note (a whistle), was a significant predictor of genetic subspecies identity and genetic distance along the hybrid zone, suggesting a close link between song and genetic divergence in this system. Individuals from both parental and admixed localities responded significantly more strongly to their own song than to the other subspecies song, supporting song as a behavioural barrier. Putative parental and admixed individuals were not significantly different in their strength of discrimination between own and other songs; however, individuals from admixed localities tended to discriminate less strongly, and this difference in discrimination strength was explained by song dissimilarity as well as genetic distance. Therefore, we find that song acts as a reproductive isolating mechanism that is potentially weakening in a contact zone between the subspecies. Our findings also support the hypothesis that intraspecific song variation can reduce gene flow between populations.
Expression of eukaryotic‐like protein in the microbiome of sponges
Authors: Díez‐Vives C. , Moitinho‐Silva L. , Nielsen S. , Reynolds D. , Thomas T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEukaryotic‐like proteins (ELPs) are classes of proteins that are found in prokaryotes, but have a likely evolutionary origin in eukaryotes. ELPs have been postulated to mediate host–microbiome interactions. Recent work has discovered that prokaryotic symbionts of sponges contain abundant and diverse genes for ELPs, which could modulate interactions with their filter‐feeding and phagocytic host. However, the extent to which these ELP genes are actually used and expressed by the symbionts is poorly understood. Here, we use metatranscriptomics to investigate ELP expression in the microbiomes of three different sponges (Cymbastella concentrica, Scopalina sp. and Tedania anhelens). We developed a workflow with optimized rRNA removal and in silico subtraction of host sequences to obtain a reliable symbiont metatranscriptome. This showed that between 1.3% and 2.3% of all symbiont transcripts contain genes for ELPs. Two classes of ELPs (cadherin and tetratricopeptide repeats) were abundantly expressed in the C. concentrica and Scopalina sp. microbiomes, while ankyrin repeat ELPs were predominant in the T. anhelens metatranscriptome. Comparison with transcripts that do not encode ELPs indicated a constitutive expression of ELPs across a range of bacterial and archaeal symbionts. Expressed ELPs also contained domains involved in protein secretion and/or were co‐expressed with proteins involved in extracellular transport. This suggests these ELPs are likely exported, which could allow for direct interaction with the sponge. Our study shows that ELP genes in sponge symbionts represent actively expressed functions that could mediate molecular interaction between symbiosis partners.
Capillary endothelial cells as coordinators of skeletal muscle blood flow during active hyperemia
Authors: Murrant Coral L. , Lamb Iain R. , Novielli Nicole M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this invited review, we explore the burgeoning possibility of capillary endothelial cells as coordinators of skeletal muscle blood flow in response to muscle contraction. The idea that the capillary is an active vascular unit in skeletal muscle microcirculation starkly diverges from the traditional dogma that seats arterioles as the central controllers of blood flow during exercise. This review aims to incite discussion as we revisit and rethink the role of capillary endothelial cells in skeletal muscle. We discuss the potential for a mismatch in the architectural relationships between the arteriolar microvasculature and contracting motor units that would negate consistent communication between them. We review the data from the past two decades demonstrating that capillaries are ideally located architecturally to communicate with skeletal muscle fibers and are mechanistically capable of signaling upstream arterioles that control their own perfusion. We show that the orchestration of a coordinated vascular response necessary to support active skeletal muscle fibers cannot be achieved by the arterioles, but rather it is the capillaries that drive the blood flow response to muscle contraction. Thus, capillaries need to be seriously considered as critical in the coordination of skeletal muscle blood flow during active hyperemia.
Identification of a U/Zn/Cu responsive global regulatory two‐component system in Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: Park Dan M. , Overton K. Wesley , Liou Megan J. , Jiao Yongqin 
Published: December 2016

SummaryDespite the well‐known toxicity of uranium (U) to bacteria, little is known about how cells sense and respond to U. The recent finding of a U‐specific stress response in Caulobacter crescentus has provided a foundation for studying the mechanisms of U‐ perception in bacteria. To gain insight into this process, we used a forward genetic screen to identify the regulatory components governing expression of the urcA promoter (PurcA) that is strongly induced by U. This approach unearthed a previously uncharacterized two‐component system, named UzcRS, which is responsible for U‐dependent activation of PurcA. UzcRS is also highly responsive to zinc and copper, revealing a broader specificity than previously thought. Using ChIP‐seq, we found that UzcR binds extensively throughout the genome in a metal‐dependent manner and recognizes a noncanonical DNA‐binding site. Coupling the genome‐wide occupancy data with RNA‐seq analysis revealed that UzcR is a global regulator of transcription, predominately activating genes encoding proteins that are localized to the cell envelope; these include metallopeptidases, multidrug‐resistant efflux (MDR) pumps, TonB‐dependent receptors and many proteins of unknown function. Collectively, our data suggest that UzcRS couples the perception of U, Zn and Cu with a novel extracytoplasmic stress response.