bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Application of Diazonium‐Induced Anchoring Process in the Fabrication of Micro‐Electromechanical Systems
Authors: Zeb Gul , Zafar Madiha , Palacin Serge , Le Xuan Tuan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn situ generation of diazonium cations and their subsequent reduction and grafting is a versatile technique to modify a variety of substrates. In the absence of a conducting substrate, the grafting of aminophenylene layer can be achieved with assistance of a reducing agent (diazonium‐induced anchoring process—DIAP). Here, a systematic investigation of the possible effect of the type substrate on the thickness of aminophenyl layer is carried out using Fe powder reducing agent. The study is carried out on three different substrates: p‐doped Si, TiN, and Cu films and concludes that the film‐growth mechanism is independent of the type of substrate. This work is particularly important for many industrial applications, which require unifying a single film deposition process for multiple structural materials. The first results obtained with mechanical Si test structures clearly show that surface amination at room temperature, in open air, and aqueous medium using DIAP can be easily integrated into the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems and, therefore, can potentially replace the currently industrialized organic‐based silanization process.
A comparative study on intrinsic fluorescence of BSA and lysozyme proteins in presence of different divalent ions from their solution and thin film conformations
Authors: Bhowal Ashim Chandra , Kundu Sarathi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOptical emission behaviours of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, from bulk and thin film geometry, were studied in the presence of three different divalent ions (Mg2+, Ca2+ or Ba2+) using different spectroscopic [steady‐state fluorescence, UV–Vis and Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR)] techniques. Additionally, protein thin films on silicon surfaces were prepared and morphological studies were carried out using atomic force microscopy. Dynamic quenching was mainly identified for both proteins in the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions. The molecular conformation of the proteins was modified in thin films compared with that in solution, consequently quenching efficiencies also varied. ATR‐FTIR studies confirmed the conformational changes of proteins in the presence of all divalent ions. All metal ions used were divalent in nature and belonged to the same group of the periodic table but, depending on their individual characteristics such as electron affinity, ionic radius, etc., the magnitude of the protein and hydrated ion interaction varied and accordingly the quenching efficiency was modified. Quenching was maximum for Ca2+ ions, followed by the other two ions. Our study clearly illustrates the geometry‐dependent physical and biological functions of proteins.
Chitosan‐Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Permeability and Antifouling of Ultrafiltration Membranes
Authors: Xue Juanqin , Wang Sen , Han Xiaolong , Wang Yuqi , Hua Xiufu , Li Jiding 
Published: October 2017

AbstractChitosan‐functionalized graphene oxide (CS‐GO) was synthesized and incorporated into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) ultrafiltration membrane. The effect of CS‐GO addition on the morphology and membrane performance was studied through water contact angle, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, porosity, pore size, and permeation measurements as well as rejection tests and antifouling experiments. The CS‐GO/PVDF membrane exhibited higher water flux, bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection rate, and water flux recovery ratio, and lower BSA solution flux attenuation rate than those of unfilled PVDF, CS/PVDF, and GO/PVDF membranes. The excellent water permeability and antifouling performance can be attributed to the high hydrophilicity and good dispersion of CS‐GO in the matrix.
Investigation into Ethanol Purification Using Polymeric Membranes and a Pervaporation Process
Authors: Raoufi Nahid , Asadollahzadeh Mehdi , Shirazian Saeed 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA comprehensive computational fluid dynamics simulation was developed for the rational design of a bioethanol purification system using a pervaporation process by tailoring the hydrodynamics of the process. The process involves the removal of water from a water/ethanol liquid mixture using a dense polymeric membrane. The model domain was divided into two compartments comprising the feed and the membrane. To describe water transport in the feed solution, the Maxwell‐Stefan approach was used, whereas for mass transfer inside the membrane the molecular diffusion mechanism was adopted. The governing equations were solved numerically by using a finite element method. The model was capable of predicting mass transfer along with momentum transfer in the feed and membrane compartments.
Nanosegregated Chiral Materials with Self‐Assembled Hierarchical Mesophases: Effect of Thermotropic and Photoinduced Polymorphism in Rodlike Molecules
Authors: Jeon Sung‐Wook , Kim Dae‐Yoon , Araoka Fumito , Jeong Kwang‐Un , Choi Suk‐Won 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSupramolecular chirality in a binary mixture of achiral bent‐core (BC) and achiral rodlike mesogens was observed. Three different nanosegregated mesophases were determined in the binary system, and meaningful changes in circular dichroism (CD) were detected near the phase‐transition temperatures of the rodlike mesogens. The highest CD intensity in the binary system was noted in the nanosegregated mesophase, in which the BC mesogens were in the helical nanofilament (HNF) phase and the rodlike mesogens were in the smectic A phase. The supramolecular chirality in the binary mixture was attributed to the self‐assembled hierarchical chiral superstructures. Based on the experimental results, plausible scenarios for the chiral superstructures of the rodlike molecules embedded in the HNF networks are suggested. In addition, a system comprising BC and rodlike molecules doped with a photoresponsive compound exhibited remarkable photoswitching of CD intensity. According to the isothermal photoinduced phase transition of the embedded molecules in BC molecular HNFs, the observed CD intensities can be dynamically and reversibly modulated. Such a material with easily controllable functionality is of considerable interest in the field of materials science.
Chiral Catenanes and Rotaxanes: Fundamentals and Emerging Applications
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMolecular chirality provides a key challenge in host–guest recognition and other related chemical applications such as asymmetric catalysis. For a molecule to act as an efficient enantioselective receptor, it requires multi‐point interactions between host and chiral guest, which may be achieved by an appropriate chiral 3D scaffold. As a consequence of their interlocked structure, catenanes and rotaxanes may present such a 3D scaffold, and can be chiral by inclusion of a classical chiral element and/or as a consequence of the mechanical bond. This Minireview presents illustrative examples of chiral [2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes, and discusses where these molecules have been used in chemical applications such as chiral host–guest recognition and asymmetric catalysis.
A Pure Polyproline Type I‐like Peptoid Helix by Metal Coordination
Authors: Zborovsky Lieby , Smolyakova Alisa , Baskin Maria , Maayan Galia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPeptoids, N‐substituted glycine oligomers, are an important class of foldamers that can adopt polyproline‐type helices (PP‐I and PP‐II), given that the majority of their sequence consists of chiral, bulky side chains. Herein a new approach for the stabilization of a pure PP‐I‐like peptoid helix through metal coordination is introduced. A systematic spectroscopic study was performed on a series of peptoid heptamers bearing two 8‐hydroxyquinoline ligands at fixed positions, and a mixture of chiral benzyl and alkyl substituents in varied positions along the peptoid backbone. When the benzyl groups are located at the 3rd and 4th positions, the peptoid (7P6) gives upon Cu2+ binding a circular dichroism (CD) signal similar to that of a PP‐I helix. Exciton couplet CD spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy, as well as modifications to the length of 7P6 and derivatization through acetylation provided insights into the unique folding of 7P6 upon Cu binding, showing that it is led by two competing driving forces, namely coordination geometry and sequence.
Ultra‐Fast Molecular Rotors within Porous Organic Cages
Authors: Hughes Ashlea R. , Brownbill Nick J. , Lalek Rachel C. , Briggs Michael E. , Slater Anna G. , Cooper Andrew I. , Blanc Frédéric 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUsing variable temperature 2H static NMR spectra and 13C spin‐lattice relaxation times (T1), we show that two different porous organic cages with tubular architectures are ultra‐fast molecular rotors. The central para‐phenylene rings that frame the “windows” to the cage voids display very rapid rotational rates of the order of 1.2–8×106 Hz at 230 K with low activation energy barriers in the 12–18 kJ mol−1 range. These cages act as hosts to iodine guest molecules, which dramatically slows down the rotational rates of the phenylene groups (5–10×104 Hz at 230 K), demonstrating potential use in applications that require molecular capture and release.
Body mass index at adolescence and risk of noncardia gastric cancer in a cohort of 1.79 million men and women
Authors: Levi Zohar , Kark Jeremy D. , Twig Gilad , Katz Lior , Leiba Adi , Derazne Estela , Tzur Dorit , Liphshitz Irena , Keinan‐Boker Lital , Afek Arnon 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUNDThis study assessed adolescent predictors of noncardia gastric cancer (NCGC) with a focus on the body mass index (BMI) in late adolescence.METHODSThis study analyzed a cohort of 1,087,358 Israeli Jewish males and 707,212 Israeli Jewish females who underwent a compulsory physical examination between the ages of 16 and 19 years from 1967 to 2002. By linkage to the national cancer registry, participants were followed for NCGC through December 31, 2012. With a median follow‐up of 23 years, 515 NCGC cases occurred (379 men and 136 women), and the median age was 47.0 years (interquartile range, 39.3‐53.4 years). Multivariate‐adjusted Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for NCGC according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BMI percentiles at the baseline (normal weight, 5th to <85th percentile; overweight, 85th to <95th percentile; and obesity, ≥95th percentile) as well as the country of birth, residential socioeconomic status (SES), and education.RESULTSIn comparison with normal weight, adolescent obesity, but not overweight, was associated in both men and women with the risk of subsequent NCGC (unadjusted HR, 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25‐3.06; adjusted HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.12‐2.83). Immigration from the former Soviet Union (FSU), a low education level, and a low residential SES were also associated with the risk for NCGC with adjusted HRs of 2.67 (95% CI, 1.86‐3.83), 1.85 (95% CI, 1.53–2.25), and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.13‐1.93), respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe findings suggest that adolescent obesity, but not overweight, is associated with an increased risk for NCGC. Immigration from the FSU, a low residential SES, and a low education level are also significantly associated with the risk for NCGC. Cancer 2018;124:356‐63. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Aerogel Photocatalyst Composed of Transparent Mesoporous Polymethylsilsesquioxane Softly Post‐Modified with a Visible‐Light‐Absorbing Metal Complex
Authors: Sanda Suresh , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Takei Toshiaki , Tashiro Kentaro 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPhysical adsorption of various metal complexes including multinuclear heterometallic species onto polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) aerogel afforded their highly transparent mesoporous hybrids. One of the fabricated materials containing Ru(II) tris‐phenanthroline complex RuPhen3−OH (RuPhen3−OH@PMSQ) exhibited a photocatalytic activity for the dehydrogenation of the Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine 1H2, which was close to that observed for the corresponding homogeneous system. The photocatalytic activity of RuPhen3−OH@PMSQ was superior than that of RuPhen3−OH on other silica gels having larger or smaller pores, suggesting that the pore size of the PMSQ aerogel plays an important role for the high photocatalytic activity by allowing both the light and substrates to easily access the catalysts located at the inner space of the material.
Proof of the Achievability Conjectures for the General Stochastic Block Model
Authors: Abbe Emmanuel , Sandon Colin 
Published: October 2017

In a paper that initiated the modern study of the stochastic block model (SBM), Decelle, Krzakala, Moore, and Zdeborová, backed by Mossel, Neeman, and Sly, conjectured that detecting clusters in the symmetric SBM in polynomial time is always possible above the Kesten‐Stigum (KS) threshold, while it is possible to detect clusters information theoretically (i.e., not necessarily in polynomial time) below the KS threshold when the number of clusters k is at least 4. Massoulié, Mossel et al., and Bordenave, Lelarge, and Massoulié proved that the KS threshold is in fact efficiently achievable for k = 2, while Mossel et al. proved that it cannot be crossed at k = 2. The above conjecture remained open for k ≥ 3.This paper proves the two parts of the conjecture, further extending the results to general SBMs. For the efficient part, an approximate acyclic belief propagation (ABP) algorithm is developed and proved to detect communities for any k down to the KS threshold in quasi‐linear time. Achieving this requires showing optimality of ABP in the presence of cycles, a challenge for message‐passing algorithms. The paper further connects ABP to a power iteration method on a nonbacktracking operator of generalized order, formalizing the interplay between message passing and spectral methods. For the information‐theoretic part, a nonefficient algorithm sampling a typical clustering is shown to break down the KS threshold at k = 4. The emerging gap is shown to be large in some cases, making the SBM a good case study for information‐computation gaps. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and evolution of latrophilin receptor gene involved in Tribolium castaneum devolopment and female fecundity
Authors: Gao Shanshan , Liu Xing , Liu Juanjuan , Xiong Wenfeng , Song Xiaowen , Wu Wei , Wei Luting , Li Bin 
Published: October 2017

SummaryLatrophilins (LPHs) are adhesion G‐protein‐coupled receptors comprising three paralogous forms (LPH‐1, LPH‐2, and LPH‐3) and known receptors for α‐latrotoxin, which are involved in growth, development, adaptability, and schizophrenia and other diseases in vertebrates. However, the functions of LPH are poorly understood in most insects. Here, phylogenetic and synteny analysis indicated that LPH‐1 and LPH‐3 evolved separately from a common ancestor LPH‐2. Then, latrophilin (Tclph) was cloned in Tribolium castaneum, and three alternatively spliced transcripts (Tclpha, Tclphb and Tclphc) were identified. All these three Tclphs were highest expressed at the early adult stage, and strongly expressed in central nervous system of adults. Larval RNA interference (RNAi) against Tclph caused 24% adult wing abnormal, 30% insect death, and led to 100% reductions in beetle fecundity. Fecundity deficiency was rescued by reciprocal crosses with wild‐type females, but not males. And dissection results revealed that 63% of dsTclph female ovaries were atrophied. Further, exon‐specific RNAi illustrated that neither knockdown of Tclpha nor Tclphc resulted in development defects and reductions in beetle fecundity. Thus, it indicated that Tclphb was essential for development and female fecundity in T. castaneum. Moreover, Tclph knockdown increased the expression of the foxo, plc, and pka genes, which most likely modulated the effects of Tclph on development and reproduction in T. castaneum.
Enhancing the diversity of breeding invertebrates within field margins of intensively managed grassland: Effects of alternative management practices
Authors: Fritch Rochelle A. , Sheridan Helen , Finn John A. , McCormack Stephen , Ó hUallacháin Daire 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSevere declines in biodiversity have been well documented for many taxonomic groups due to intensification of agricultural practices. Establishment and appropriate management of arable field margins can improve the diversity and abundance of invertebrate groups; however, there is much less research on field margins within grassland systems. Three grassland field margin treatments (fencing off the existing vegetation “fenced”; fencing with rotavation and natural regeneration “rotavated” and; fencing with rotavation and seeding “seeded”) were compared to a grazed control in the adjacent intensively managed pasture. Invertebrates were sampled using emergence traps to investigate species breeding and overwintering within the margins. Using a manipulation experiment, we tested whether the removal of grazing pressure and nutrient inputs would increase the abundance and richness of breeding invertebrates within grassland field margins. We also tested whether field margin establishment treatments, with their different vegetation communities, would change the abundance and richness of breeding invertebrates in the field margins. Exclusion of grazing and nutrient inputs led to increased abundance and richness in nearly all invertebrate groups that we sampled. However, there were more complex effects of field margin establishment treatment on the abundance and richness of invertebrate taxa. Each of the three establishment treatments supported a distinct invertebrate community. The removal of grazing from grassland field margins provided a greater range of overwintering/breeding habitat for invertebrates. We demonstrate the capacity of field margin establishment to increase the abundance and richness in nearly all invertebrate groups in study plots that were located on previously more depauperate areas of intensively managed grassland. These results from grassland field margins provide evidence to support practical actions that can inform Greening (Pillar 1) and agri‐environment measures (Pillar 2) of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Before implementing specific management regimes, the conservation aims of agri‐environment measures should be clarified by defining the target species or taxonomic groups.
Conservation implications for dingoes from the maternal and paternal genome: Multiple populations, dog introgression, and demography
Authors: Cairns Kylie M. , Brown Sarah K. , Sacks Benjamin N. , Ballard J. William O. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIt is increasingly common for apex predators to face a multitude of complex conservation issues. In Australia, dingoes are the mainland apex predator and play an important role in ecological functioning. Currently, however, they are threatened by hybridization with modern domestic dogs in the wild. As a consequence, we explore how increasing our understanding of the evolutionary history of dingoes can inform management and conservation decisions. Previous research on whole mitochondrial genome and nuclear data from five geographical populations showed evidence of two distinct lineages of dingo. Here, we present data from a broader survey of dingoes around Australia using both mitochondrial and Y chromosome markers and investigate the timing of demographic expansions. Biogeographic data corroborate the presence of at least two geographically subdivided genetic populations, southeastern and northwestern. Demographic modeling suggests that dingoes have undergone population expansion in the last 5,000 years. It is not clear whether this stems from expansion into vacant niches after the extinction of thylacines on the mainland or indicates the arrival date of dingoes. Male dispersal is much more common than female, evidenced by more diffuse Y haplogroup distributions. There is also evidence of likely historical male biased introgression from domestic dogs into dingoes, predominately within southeastern Australia. These findings have critical practical implications for the management and conservation of dingoes in Australia; particularly a focus must be placed upon the threatened southeastern dingo population.
Functional redundancy modifies species–area relationship for freshwater phytoplankton
Authors: Várbíró Gábor , Görgényi Judit , Tóthmérész Béla , Padisák Judit , Hajnal Éva , Borics Gábor 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAlthough species–area relationship (SAR) is among the most extensively studied patterns in ecology, studies on aquatic and/or microbial systems are seriously underrepresented in the literature. We tested the algal SAR in lakes, pools and ponds of various sizes (10−2–108 m2) and similar hydromorphological and trophic characteristics using species‐specific data and functional groups. Besides the expectation that species richness increases monotonously with area, we found a right‐skewed hump‐shaped relationship between the area and phytoplankton species richness. Functional richness however did not show such distortion. Differences between the area dependence of species and functional richness indicate that functional redundancy is responsible for the unusual hump‐backed SAR. We demonstrated that the Small Island Effect, which is a characteristic for macroscopic SARs can also be observed for the phytoplankton. Our results imply a so‐called large lake effect, which means that in case of large lakes, wind‐induced mixing acts strongly against the habitat diversity and development of phytoplankton patchiness and finally results in lower phytoplankton species richness in the pelagial. High functional redundancy of the groups that prefer small‐scale heterogeneity of the habitats is responsible for the unusual humpback relationship. The results lead us to conclude that although the mechanisms that regulate the richness of both microbial communities and communities of macroscopic organisms are similar, their importance can be different in micro‐ and macroscales.
A New Self‐Tuning Power‐Factor‐Based Vector Control Method for Efficient Wide‐Speed Range Sensorless Drive of Permanent‐Magnet Synchronous Motors
Authors: HARADA SYOUTA , SHINNAKA SHINJI 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARYAs a simple sensorless vector control method for permanent‐magnet synchronous motor (PMSMs), a power‐factor‐based vector control (PFVC) method has been reported. This method has the attractive characteristics that three functions such as current limit, efficiency and sensorless drive can be performed simultaneously in a simple manner. However, it was developed under the assumption that there is no practical voltage limit, and that it cannot be applied over the rated speed. This paper proposes a new PFVC method that allows PMSMs to be driven even over the rated speed under application of a practical voltage limit, while keeping the desired characteristics. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method are verified through extensive experiments.
A New Control Method of Suppressing the DC‐Capacitor Voltage Ripple Caused by Third‐Order Harmonic Compensation in Three‐Phase Active Power Filters
Authors: MANNEN TOMOYUKI , FUKASAWA ISSEI , FUJITA HIDEAKI 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new control method suitable for active power filters, which can reduce the dc capacitor voltage ripple associated with the third‐order harmonic current compensation. The proposed method superimposes a negative‐sequence fundamental current on the compensating current to cancel out the active power ripple caused by the third‐order harmonic current. As a result, the proposed method has the capability to eliminate the dc capacitor voltage ripple oscillating at double the source frequency. Experimental results obtained by a 10‐kW three‐phase diode rectifier load verify the validity of the proposed method. The proposed method exhibits a small dc capacitor voltage ripple reduced to 43% of that using the conventional method.