bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foreground gesture, background gesture
Authors: Cooperrider Kensy 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Do speakers intend their gestures to communicate? Central as this question is to the study of gesture, researchers cannot seem to agree on the answer. According to one common framing, gestures are an “unwitting” window into the mind (McNeill, 1992); but, according to another common framing, they are designed along with speech to form “composite utterances” (Enfield, 2009). These two framings correspond to two cultures within gesture studies – the first cognitive and the second interactive in orientation – and they appear to make incompatible claims. In this article I attempt to bridge the cultures by developing a distinction between foreground gestures and background gestures. Foreground gestures are designed in their particulars to communicate a critical part of the speaker’s message; background gestures are not designed in this way. These are two fundamentally different kinds of gesture, not two different ways of framing the same monolithic behavior. Foreground gestures can often be identified by one or more of the following hallmarks: they are produced along with demonstratives; they are produced in the absence of speech; they are co-organized with speaker gaze; and they are produced with conspicuous effort. The distinction between foreground and background gestures helps dissolve the apparent tension between the two cultures: interactional researchers have focused on foreground gestures and elevated them to the status of a prototype, whereas cognitive researchers have done the same with background gestures. The distinction also generates a number of testable predictions about gesture production and understanding, and it opens up new lines of inquiry into gesture across child development and across cultures.
Embodied frames and scenes
Authors: Mittelberg Irene 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper lays out the foundations of a frame-based account of gesture pragmatics through detailing how frames and metonymy interact not only in motivating gestural sign formation, but also in guiding crossmodal processes of pragmatic inferencing. It is argued that gestures recruiting frame structures tend to profile deeply embodied, routinized aspects ofscenes(in the Fillmorian sense of the term), that is, of the motivating context of frames. Two kinds of embodied frame structures situated at different levels of abstraction, schematicity, and entrechment are proposed: (A)Basic physical action and object framesunderstood as directly experientially grounded frames involving physical action and interaction with the material and social world; (B)Complex, highly abstract frame structuresthat are more detached from the motivating contexts of experience. It is further suggested that gestures exhibiting a comparably low degree of iconicity and/or indexicality are likely to assume pragmatic rather than referential functions. Finally, potential avenues for further research into the relation of scenes, frames, and (multimodal) constructions are outlined.
Chocó Spanish and the Missing Spanish Creole debate
Authors: Sessarego Sandro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis study offers a linguistic and sociohistorical analysis of Chocó Spanish (CS), an Afro-Hispanic variety spoken in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia by the descendants of the slaves taken to this region to work in gold mines during the colonial era. This research also tackles the many questions arising from the much-debated origins of the Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs) (McWhorter 2000;Lipski 2005). It provides an account of the evolution of CS that is rooted in the recently proposed Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis (Sessarego 2015,2017a). In so doing, this article tests to what extent such a hypothesis makes valid predictions for a variety like CS, which developed in a region described by many as ‘remote’ and ‘on the frontier’ (cf.Whitten 1974;Sharp 1976), thus far away from legal courts and where law was not likely to be properly enforced.
Identification of 2-phenylethanol with a rose-like odor from anal sac secretions of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus)
Authors: Miyazaki Tamako , Nakata Katsushi , Nishimura Takashi , Abe Shintaro , Yamashita Tetsuro , Miyazaki Masao 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is an invasive species in Okinawa and Amami-Oshima, Japan. Major strategies for their eradication have been the use of baited traps, which suffer from decreasing efficiency with declining populations and the bycatch of native animals. To address these concerns, mongoose-specific lures are required. In this study, we aimed to identify species- and/or sex-specific compounds from anal sac secretions of small Indian mongooses. Volatile compounds emitted from male and female mongoose anal sac secretions were analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to several fatty acids, 2-phenylethanol was identified as a minor compound, which is uncommon in mammalian secretions but a dominant odorant in roses. Female samples emitted higher levels of 2-phenylethanol than male samples did. These findings indicate that 2-phenylethanol is a female-specific volatile compound of anal sac secretions in small Indian mongooses, and it may be useful as an ingredient of mongoose-specific scent lures.
Short-Term Blood Pressure Responses to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposures at the Extremes of Global Air Pollution Concentrations
Authors: Huang Wei , Wang Lu , Li Jianping , Liu Mochuan , Xu Hongbing , Liu Shengcong , Chen Jie , Zhang Yi , Morishita Masako , Bard Robert L , Harkema Jack R , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Brook Robert D 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a leading cause of global cardiovascular mortality. A key mechanism may be PM2.5-induced blood pressure (BP) elevations. Whether consistent prohypertensive responses persist across the breadth of worldwide pollution concentrations has never been investigated.

METHODS
We evaluated the hemodynamic impact of short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 in harmonized studies of healthy normotensive adults (4 BP measurements per participant) living in both a highly polluted (Beijing) and clean (Michigan) location.

RESULTS
Prior 7-day outdoor-ambient and 24-hour personal-level PM2.5 concentration averages were much higher in Beijing (86.7 ± 52.1 and 52.4 ± 79.2 µg/m3) compared to Michigan (9.1 ± 1.8 and 12.2 ± 17.0 µg/m3). In Beijing (n = 73), increased outdoor-ambient exposures (per 10 µg/m3) during the prior 1–7 days were associated with significant elevations in diastolic BP (0.15–0.17 mm Hg). In overweight adults (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2), significant increases in both systolic (0.34–0.44 mm Hg) and diastolic (0.22–0.66 mm Hg) BP levels were observed. Prior 24-hour personal-level exposures also significantly increased BP (0.41/0.61 mm Hg) in overweight participants. Conversely, low PM2.5 concentrations in Michigan (n = 50), on average within Air Quality Guidelines, were not associated with BP elevations.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings demonstrate that short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 in a highly polluted environment can promote elevations in BP even among healthy adults. The fact that no adverse hemodynamic responses were observed in a clean location supports the key public health importance of international efforts to improve air quality as part of the global battle against hypertension.
Love and Knowledge
Authors: Chappell Sophie-Grace 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter is about the relations between love and knowledge. Those relations are likely to be complex, because both love and knowledge play key and central roles in our lives; also, there seems to be more than one variety of both. First the chapter surveys these varieties and the possible ways of understanding them. In the first three sections, the explicit and foreground question is “What kinds of love are there?” Behind this, there is a further question that one hopes will be audible in the background: “What kinds of knowledge do these kinds of love presuppose or require or imply?” This latter question comes into explicit focus in the final three sections, which develop the notion of knowledge of persons, explore the varieties of knowledge, and ask how knowledge of persons fits in with those varieties.
Archaeology of the Métis
Authors: Supernant Kisha 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the history of Métis archaeological research in Canada. The Métis of Canada arose as a distinct Indigenous identity in the postcontact period and provide an interesting archaeological case study to explore how and why new cultures emerge. Previous research attempted to correlate patterns in material culture with Métis identity, particularly in terms of economy, use of space, and certain artifact types. New research has the potential to take a more nuanced approach to the process of identification among the Métis, to contribute to a broad understanding of ethnogenesis, and to do research that is relevant to the contemporary Métis community, as well as the discipline of historical archaeology.
Discovery of 6.4 keV line and soft X-ray emissions from G323.7−1.0 with Suzaku
Authors: Saji Shigetaka , Matsumoto Hironori , Nobukawa Masayoshi , Nobukawa Kumiko K , Uchiyama Hideki , Yamauchi Shigeo , Koyama Katsuji 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this paper, the Suzaku X-ray data of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) candidate G323.7−1.0 are analyzed to search for X-ray emissions. Spatially extended enhancements in the 6.4 keV line and in soft X-rays are found inside or on the radio shell. The soft X-ray enhancement would be the hottest part of the shell-like X-ray emission along the radio shell. The 6.4 keV line enhancement is detected at a significance level of 4.1 σ. The lower limit of the equivalent width (EW) is 1.2 keV. The energy centroid of the 6.4 keV line is 6.40 ± 0.04 keV, indicating that the iron is less ionized than the Ne-like state. If the 6.4 keV line originates from ionizing non-equilibrium thermal plasma, presence of iron-rich ejecta in a low-ionization state is required, which is disfavored by the relatively old age of the SNR. The 6.4 keV line enhancement would be due to K-shell ionization of iron atoms in a dense interstellar medium by high-energy particles. Since there is no irradiating X-ray source, the origin of the 6.4 keV line enhancement is not likely the photoionization. The large EW can only be explained by K-shell ionization due to cosmic-ray protons with an energy of ∼10 MeV, which might be generated by the shock acceleration in G323.7−1.0.
Root avulsion and para-root tear of the posterolateral meniscus: repair versus untreated
Authors: Keyhani Sohrab , Mardani-Kivi Mohsen , Sharafat Vaziri Arash 
Published: January 2018

Background:
This study aimed to assess the outcomes of repairing posterolateral meniscal (PLM) root avulsion and para-root tear in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and compare with those whose PLM tear was left untreated.

Methods:
Patients with PLM root avulsion or para-root tear accompanying ACL tear were evaluated for eligibility. Group A was composed of patients whose ACL tears were reconstructed without any lateral meniscal repair (33 patients) from 2006-2009. From 2009-2012, patients had ACL reconstruction and additional PLM repair (group B: 40 patients). Both groups were evaluated for knee stability (Lachman test), return to previous level of sports activity, subjective International Knee Documentation Committee form (S-IKDC) and Lysholm knee scores (LKS).

Results:
Functional results (IKDS and LKS) at 12 and 24-month follow-up were similar between the two groups (all P>0.05). Eight patients (24%) in group A, and two patients (5%) in group B were unable to achieve the previous sports activity level (P=0.036). Return to previous sports activity level was significantly better in group B. Short-term (34.5 mo) and mid-term (73.5 mo) functional results of group A patients were compared, and it was demonstrated that IKDC (84.5±4) and LKS (87.7±3) scores were decreased significantly (P<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Functional outcomes of repairing PLM root avulsion and para-root tear with those whose PLM tear was left untreated are similar in short-term follow-up; however, as the time passes, the sports activity level and mid-term subjective outcomes may worsen in patients whose PLM tear was left untreated.
Cutis Laxa Acquisita After Urticarial Vasculitis in SLE Patients
Authors: Golisch Kimberly B. , Gottesman Silvija P. , Ferrer Patricia , Culpepper Keliegh S. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract:Cutis laxa is a rare connective tissue disease involving damage to dermal elastic fibers creating a clinical appearance of loose, sagging skin. The condition can be either acquired or genetic. Autoimmune diseases, neoplasms, infections, and medications have been proposed as the cause of, or in association with, the acquired form. In nearly 50% of cases, erythematous plaques present before the onset of cutis laxa. Separately, urticarial vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus have been linked to cutis laxa acquisita. Our case is the first in the literature documenting a coexistence of cutis laxa acquisita, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Slit-lamp Needling of the Anterior Capsule for Aqueous Misdirection After Hyaloido-zonulectomy and Iridectomy
Authors: Mardelli Pierre G. , Mardelli Marc E. 
Published: January 2018

Introduction:
We present a case of persistent aqueous misdirection, after Ahmed glaucoma valve surgery, despite undergoing an anterior vitrectomy with hyaloido-zonulectomy and iridectomy.

Case Report:
A 73-year-old female patient, 4 months after phacotrabeculectomy, was referred with persistent high intraocular pressure (IOP). Postoperatively, she developed aqueous misdirection with a flat anterior chamber (AC) but with an IOP of 15 mm Hg. On presentation, her AC was shallow with peripheral iris-cornea touch, and her IOP was 39 mm Hg. Posterior Nd:Yag capsulotomy with disruption of anterior hyaloid face partially deepened the AC. With failure of the trabeculectomy and high IOP, an Ahmed valve was placed. On the first operative day the AC was deep with an IOP of 10 mm Hg. On day 6 the patient presented with pain, flat AC, and an IOP of 10 mm Hg. Fundus examination revealed no choroidal effusion. Despite repeated reformation with viscoelastic, the AC failed to deepen. An anterior vitrectomy with hyaloido-zonulectomy was performed. Initially, the AC was deep, but, a few days later, it was flat. Multiple reformations and vitreous tap failed to keep the AC deep. A 30-G needle was passed at the slit lamp across the temporal cornea, iris, and anterior capsule into the anterior vitreous cavity. The needle was then partially withdrawn and used to create a space between the intraocular lens and anterior capsule. This immediately deepened the AC and remained so for the duration of follow-up (4 mo).

Conclusion:
Slit-lamp needling of the anterior lens capsule can be successfully performed to help resolve a persistent case of aqueous misdirection after anterior vitrectomy.
Differences in Immunization Site Pain in Toddlers Vaccinated With Either the 10- or the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Trück Johannes , Kelly Sarah , Jawad Sena , Snape Matthew D. , Voysey Merryn , Pollard Andrew J. 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Immunization site pain is a common and unpleasant experience for both children and adults. It is a source of anxiety and distress and may ultimately result in nonadherence to vaccination schedules. There is limited information on how different brands of vaccines affect the intensity of immediate pain at the time of vaccine injection.

Methods:
Children in the United Kingdom (n = 178) were randomized to receive a booster dose of either the 10- or the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10 or PCV-13). Immediate immunization site pain was assessed using validated pain assessment tools and crying time to investigate factors that may interfere with parental compliance to vaccination.

Results:
Pain measurements were available for n ≥ 74 and n ≥ 78 PCV-10 and PCV-13 recipients, respectively. PCV-13 recipients had significantly higher scores on the observer-rated modified behavioral pain scale than did those receiving PCV-10. No significant differences in the induction of pain between the 2 vaccines were found when a parent-rated pain assessment tool or crying time was used.

Conclusions:
PCV-10 administration was associated with slightly less acute pain compared with the injection of PCV-13, but the size of the difference was small and is of unknown clinical significance.
A Physician’s Recommendation for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
Authors: Cunningham-Erves Jennifer L. , Kelly-Taylor Kendria D. , Mayo-Gamble Tilicia L. , Deakings Jason A. , Talbott Laura L. 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Improving human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among African–American (AA) female adolescents to reduce the cervical cancer burden is important and cost-effective. The study objective is to identify factors most influential to AA mothers’ likelihood to comply with a physician’s recommendation to get their daughters the HPV vaccine.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional survey. Participants were recruited through online and community sites (ie, schools, community centers, etc.) in Alabama. A total of 280 AA mothers and their adolescent daughters completed the survey. A binary logistic regression was used to determine factors influencing mother’s likelihood to adhere with a physician’s recommendation to get their daughters the HPV vaccine.

Results:
The most significant factors influencing mother’s likelihood to comply with physician’s recommendation were culture: future-time orientation (P = 0.001), perceived barriers of HPV vaccination (P = 0.007), perceived susceptibility to HPV (P = 0.047) and perceived benefits of HPV vaccination (P = 0.002). Further exploration of perceived barriers and perceived benefits found mother’s perception that the HPV vaccine is a good way to protect my daughter’s health as the only significant benefit. No measures of perceived barriers were significant.

Conclusions:
A physician’s recommendation should advise AA mothers on the risk of HPV and the importance of HPV vaccination at an early age to reduce cervical cancer risk. It should further address mothers’ perceived disadvantages of HPV vaccination (eg, side effects). Incorporating this information in physician recommendation practices could increase HPV vaccination rates with implications in reducing the cervical cancer burden among this high-risk population.
Concussion Symptom Underreporting Among Incoming National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I College Athletes
Authors: Conway Fiona N. , Domingues Marianne , Monaco Robert , Lesnewich Laura M. , Ray Anne E. , Alderman Brandon L. , Todaro Sabrina M. , Buckman Jennifer F. 
Published: January 2018

Objective:
Accurate diagnosis of sport-related concussions relies heavily on truthful self-reporting of symptom severity. Previous studies have emphasized lack of knowledge as a factor in symptom nondisclosure. This study sought to examine concussion knowledge and the relationship of knowledge to reasons for symptom nondisclosure.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Data were collected during preparticipation athletic evaluations via electronic survey.

Participants:
One hundred fifty-six incoming National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:
Survey items included previous concussion diagnosis, concussion fact and symptom knowledge, reasons and situational contexts for nondisclosure, and stakeholder attitudes.

Results:
Participants, on average, had substantial concussion symptom and fact knowledge. Unexpectedly, participants with higher concussion fact knowledge endorsed more reasons that athletes may hide symptoms. Concussion symptom knowledge was unrelated to reasons for nondisclosure. Athletes believed that symptom reporting was less likely in high-stakes versus low-stakes situations and consistently identified their teammates as holding attitudes that support underreporting and athletic trainers as engaging in behaviors that support player safety.

Conclusions:
Greater concussion knowledge did not reduce the number of reasons that participants viewed as drivers for concussion nondisclosure. In other words, participants understood why athletes choose to hide symptoms even when they also understood the symptoms, risks, sequelae, and consequences of concussion (and potential harm of nondisclosure). Situational contexts and important stakeholder attitudes also appeared to importantly influence symptom disclosure decisions. A multifaceted approach that goes beyond current educational strategies to addresses situational, social, and athletic pressures may be needed to initiate a widespread cultural shift away from concussion nondisclosure.
Is ileocecal valve intubation essential for routine colonoscopic examination?
Authors: Meral Murat , Bengi Göksel , Kayahan Hasan , Akarsu Mesut , Soytürk Müjde , Topalak Ömer , Akpinar Hale , Sağol Özgül 
Published: January 2018

Background
In this study, we aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of terminal ileum intubation during routine colonoscopy.

Materials and methods
We routinely performed terminal ileum intubation in all patients who underwent colonoscopy at Dokuz Eylul University Hospital between February 2014 and June 2015. Two gastroenterology fellows performed colonoscopies in the Central Endoscopy Unit. Demographic data of patients, indications of colonoscopies, cecum and ileum intubation rate/time, and endoscopic and histopathologic findings of the terminal ileum were all assessed.

Results
A total of 1310 consecutive patients (726 female and 584 male, median age: 55.79±14.29 years) underwent colonoscopy during this study period. The colonoscopy was successfully completed in 1144 (87.3%) cases. The terminal ileum was successfully intubated in 1032 (90.2%) cases. The mean time taken to reach the ileum from the cecum was 63.08±64.16 s. Endoscopic abnormalities on the terminal ileum were present in 62 (6%) cases, and biopsies were taken from these patients. However, endoscopic abnormalities were found in 7 and 3.3% of patients who were symptomatic and asymptomatic, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (P=0.02). Clinically significant histopathologic findings were observed in 22 cases, and 12 of the 22 cases were diagnosed as having Crohn’s disease.

Conclusion
Terminal ileum intubation is particularly indicated in symptomatic patients. In cases of chronic diarrhea, iron-deficiency anemia, abdominal pain, and suspected inflammatory bowel disease, terminal ileum intubation should be done.