bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cigarette Design on the Content of Phenols in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Dagnon S , Stoilova A , Ivanov I , Nikolova S 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The influence of cigarette design on the content of phenols in mainstream tobacco smoke was studied. The most abundant phenols - catechol, hydroquinone, phenol, o-, m-, and p-cresol, and resorcinol - were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Hydroquinone and catechol made the most significant contribution to the total content of phenols with maximum values of 135.0 µg/cig and 95.7 µg/cig, respectively. The highest total content of phenols (330.9 µg/cig) was measured in the smoke of a Virginia tobacco cigarette. The total content of phenols (µg/cig) in cigarette mainstream smoke decreased linearly with increased filter ventilation, R2 = 0.9536. The results obtained indicate that filtration and ventilation can strongly influence the mainstream tobacco smoke content of phenol and its less polar derivatives, o-, m-, and p-cresol, which were reduced by up to 85%. Hydroquinone and catechol are less affected and only cigarettes with the special “recessed charcoal filter system” and cigarettes with filter ventilation over 50% showed significant reductions. On a per mg ‘tar’ basis the largest contributor to phenols in cigarette mainstream smoke was the selection of the tobacco type. The use of any standard commercial filter on an unfiltered cigarette can substantially reduce the yield of phenols in cigarette mainstream smoke. The use of special filters (e.g., the “recessed charcoal filter system”) or high levels of cigarette ventilation does not reduce the amount of phenols in tobacco smoke considerably when normalized on a per mg ‘tar’ basis.
Determination of Selected Volatiles in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke. The CORESTA 2009 Collaborative Study and Recommended Method
Authors: Intorp M , Purkis SW , Wagstaff W 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A recommended method has been developed and published by CORESTA, applicable to the quantification of selected volatiles (1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile, benzene, and toluene) in the gas phase of cigarette mainstream smoke. The method involved smoke collection in impinger traps and detection and measurement using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques.
This report describes the final collaborative study applying the recommended method. It provides additional notes to inform other laboratories that might wish to adopt it, about some of the main features that need to be well controlled to provide data as robust and consistent as the data presented herein.
Data was provided by 15 industry-related and 4 independent laboratories and one governmental laboratory. Overall, 6 linear and 14 rotary smoking machines were used.
The joint experiments and collaborative work between the large number of participating laboratories has provided solutions to several methodological problems and reduced the high data variability that had initially been found particularly for 1,3-butadiene and acrylonitrile smoke yields.
Even so, the levels of reproducibility among laboratories are much greater than the levels found for ‘tar’, nicotine and carbon monoxide and given in the equivalent ISO standards. When expressing the reproducibility (R) value as a percentage of the mean yield among-laboratories and across all of the studied products, values ranged from 63-93% for 1,3-butadiene; from 36-62% for isoprene; from 41-110% for acrylonitrile; from 35-70% for benzene, and from 27-116% for toluene. For the higher ‘tar’ yielding products, the lower levels of variability were in line with those previously evaluated during Task Force work on standard methods for benzo[a]pyrene and tobacco specific nitrosamines. As expected, the lowest ‘tar’ yielding product gave the most variable data.
Comparison of Mouth Level Exposure to ‘Tar’ and Nicotine in Smokers of Normal and Superslim King Size Cigarettes in Romania
Authors: Ashley M , Sisodiya A , McEwan M , McAughey J , Prasad K 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Filter analysis methodology can be used to estimate smokers’ mouth level exposure (MLE) to ‘tar’ and nicotine from spent cigarette filters. Variation in smoking behaviour and cigarette design are known to have an impact on the range of ‘tar’ and nicotine MLE. Most ‘King Size’ (KS) cigarettes have a circumference of about 25 mm and are 83-84 mm long, with filters 20-27 mm in length. Recently, a slimmer format, described as a ‘King Size Superslim’ (KSSS), with a circumference of 17 mm, has become popular in several countries. Although several studies have estimated the MLE to ‘tar’ and nicotine of smokers of KS cigarettes, there have been no studies of KSSS smokers reported to date. KSSS cigarettes from Romania were chosen for this study with a single product to represent each 1, 4 and 7 mg machine-smoked ISO ‘tar’ yields. Since these products have filters containing activated carbon, comparisons were made with a single product at each ISO ‘tar’ level of KS cigarettes with both activated carbon filters (King Size Carbon - KSC), to assess the effect of format on MLE, and cellulose acetate filters (King Size Non-carbon - KSNC) to assess the effect of filter carbon on MLE. A target population of 50 to 70 male and female smokers (subjects) aged 21 to 50 years of each product were recruited in Romania, with self-reported consumption of 15-25 cigarettes per day. The subjects gave written informed consent before commencing the study. Mean MLE to ‘tar’ and nicotine obtained by the smokers of all products were greater than ISO pack ‘tar’ and nicotine as reported in numerous studies. Regarding MLE to ‘tar’, there were no significant differences between the KSC, KSNC and KSSS smokers within each of the 1, 4 and 7 mg machine-smoked ISO ‘tar’ yield groups, but there were significant differences between the ISO pack ‘tar’ groups: 1 mg < 4 mg < 7 mg. Regarding MLE to nicotine, KSC and KSSS smokers obtained similar yields within an ISO pack ‘tar’ group. KSNC smokers obtained lower MLE nicotine yields than the KSC and KSSS smokers at both 4 mg and 7 mg ISO pack ‘tar’, corresponding to lower blend nicotine levels. No gender differences were observed.
Optimal Spacing of Pheromone Traps for Monitoring the Tobacco Moth, Ephestiaelutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Phyralidae), in Tobacco Warehouses
Authors: Imai T , Kasaishi Y 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Pheromone traps have been widely used for monitoring insect pests in tobacco factories and warehouses. Generally, these traps are placed 10-20 m apart, although a precise scientific rationale for this practice is not available. We examined the effect of trap density on the recovery and localization of tobacco moths released in a 42.3 × 36.5 × 4.0 m tobacco warehouse compartment (1540 m2). In single-trap experiments (0.06 traps/100m2), 15-51% (33% on average) of the released male moths were captured. The capture ratio was not correlated with the distance between the trap and the release point; the highest catch rate was attained when a trap was placed at the most distant position: 47 m from the release point. Capture data from experiments using groups of 4-23 traps revealed that the highest catch rates were always attained by the trap nearest the release point when more than eight traps (0.5 traps/100 m2) were set. These results indicate that the number of traps required for monitoring purposes should be changed - one trap is sufficient for detecting the presence or absence of infestation in a 1540 m2 warehouse compartment (0.06 traps/100 m2); more than eight traps (0.5 traps/100 m2) should be set for localization, allowing the location of the infestation to be inferred from the trap with the highest catch rate.
Trace Analysis of Mutagenic Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Cigarette Smoke Condensate and its Base Fractions via Silylation-GC-MS
Authors: Liu S , Taylor LT , Borgerding MF , Coleman WM , Bombick BR 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Among the more than 5000 chemicals reported in cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are considered to be a contributor to observed biological activity. HAAs are non-volatile and are reported at ppb levels in CSC. A new method for HAA analysis at the trace level is reported here. N, O-Bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane was employed to derivatize amino groups by heating the reagent containing a sample of CSC at 80 °C for 30 min followed by analysis employing gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) in the selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. This derivatization method afforded symmetrical peak shapes on a ZB-50 stationary phase and achieved instrumental limits of quantification (LOQ) at 10:1 S/N from -1 ng/mL for AαC to120 ng/mL for Glu-P-1. The chemical identity of each derivative was confirmed by comparison of retention time and mass spectra of standards. The latter were characterized by the following ions: M·+ or [M-1]+, [M-15]+, and m/z 73 (i.e., trimethylsilyl). CSC and its base sub-fractions were studied using the GC-MS method. Ten HAAs were screened and five were quantified in cigarette smoke condensate, while 2-5 HAAs were quantified in each of three base sub-fractions. Values obtained with the new procedure agree well with values reported in the literature and with results obtained from a commercial laboratory via a different analytical method. The potential contribution of each HAA to the overall mutagenic activity observed for CSC and its base fractions is discussed. When considered together, HAAs account for only a small portion (-7.8%) of the observed mutagenicity of the CSC.
Quantitative Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Cited by the United States Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Guthery W , Taylor MJ 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The yields of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined from cigarette mainstream smoke condensate extracts using Gas Chromatography- Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The method has been validated for ISO and Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking protocols. Quantifiable levels (ISO means 0.16 to 365 ng/cig; HCI means 0.33 to 1595 ng/cig; n = 30) of 15 PAHs were found in the Kentucky reference cigarette K3R4F. The coefficient of variance (CV) was derived from ten determinations each run in triplicate. The CV range was 8.7% to 24.8% (ISO) and 6.6% to 24.3% (HCI). The limit of detection (LOD) based on empirical precision was ≤ 0.06 ng/cig (ISO) and ≤ 0.20 ng/cig (HCI) for all components except naphthalene (2.89 and 9.62 ng/cig, respectively). The yields from 5 unspecified branded cigarettes (Samples A-E) and 2 other reference cigarettes, K1R5F and the CORESTA monitor CM7, were determined under ISO smoking conditions. The same 15 PAHs were detected as in the K3R4F; however, cigarettes with lower yields of total particulate matter (TPM) were found to contain significantly less PAHs. One component was measured below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in Sample E and 2 components were < LOQ in the K1R5F.
Limitations in the Statistical Analysis of Normalised Cigarette Smoke Analyte Yield per Milligram of Nicotine Yield
Authors: Cahours X , Verron T , Purkis SW , Colard S 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Yields of selected mainstream smoke analytes expressed per milligram of nicotine yield (nicotine ratio) and ceilings on these ratios have been proposed by WHO as part of future cigarette product regulation. This paper describes the different approaches required for precision assessment, depending on whether yields or nicotine ratios are being studied. The widely used approach of assessment of yield precision is to perform a collaborative study using a standardised method. However, for assessment of ratio precision the measurement of smoke analyte and smoke nicotine yields are often not carried out on the same set of cigarettes (unpaired) due to analytical constraints and therefore the statistical approach described in ISO 5725 is inappropriate due to the various replicate combinations. In this paper, the precision of ratios was computed with unpaired measurements for NNN and nicotine yield data for the CM6 monitor test piece and the Kentucky Reference 1R5F cigarette carried out during a collaborative study in 2011 (1). A sampling technique, based on the draw of the most representative ratios, has been used to evaluate the range of both estimated repeatability and reproducibility under the ISO smoking regime that might be expected when comparing data between different laboratories. This statistical evaluation highlighted that a robust estimate of repeatability and reproducibility could not be determined for ratios obtained with unpaired measurements, using the method defined by ISO5725-2.
Assessing Smoking Behaviour and Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Definitions and Methods
Authors: Gregg E , Bachmann T , Bito R , Cahours X , McEwan M , Nelson P , Prasad K , Scherer G , Stiles M 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In recent years, the increased availability of tobacco products other than conventional cigarettes, the use of puffing topography devices for smoking behaviour studies and the use of biomarkers to study smoke constituents exposure have generated the need for a more comprehensive set of definitions concerning smoking behaviour and exposure to smoke. The definitions offered in this paper are based on many years of practical experience and on consensus within a broad group of scientists working in these areas. It is intended that, with wider and more consistent usage, these definitions should reduce any misunderstandings and facilitate interpretation of future studies.
Impacts of the Implementation of a Project Management Information System – a Case Study of a Small R&D Company
Authors: Borštnar Mirjana Kljajić , Pucihar Andreja 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background: The problems of resources management (human, financial, time) in multi-project companies are inherently complex and need to be addressed systematically, in both small and large organizations. Furthermore, there is a need for transparent communication and collaboration within the organization as well as with partnering organizations. There are many methodologies and tools supporting project management, which are themselves complex and are therefore not widely adopted, especially among small companies. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to analyse impact of the implementation of a flexible cloud-based project management information system (PMIS) from the human resources, financial management, and collaboration points of view. Method: We have conducted a case study in a small Slovenian research and development company, that has implemented the 4PM PMIS. Results: The findings imply the importance of keeping the balance of the creative processes that are unstructured, rule free and even chaotic, with structured processes monitor and control. Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that the use of “4PM” in support of multi-project management improves human resources and financial management in a collaborative and transparent way when implemented in an open and highly motivated environment
Inhibition of cell proliferation by 2-fluorobenzaldehyde retinoic acid conjugate through suppression of STAT3 activation in human glioma cells
Authors: Hao Ji-Heng , Hu Dian-Feng , Mao Li-Mei , Zhang Shi-Gang , Wang Ji-Yue , Li Gang 
Published: November 2015

<p class="Abstract">The present study was performed to investigate the effect of 2-fluorobenzaldehyde retinoic acid conjugate on activation of STAT3 pathway in human glioma cells. The results revealed that the compound exhibited inhibitory effect on the activation of STAT3 induced constitutively and by interleukin-6. The inhibitory effect on STAT3 activation was found to be concentration- and time-dependent. In U373 glioma cells, 2-fluorobenzaldehyde retinoic acid conjugate treatment caused a significant enhancement in the expression of proapoptotic proteins like Bax and Bak. Its treatment inhibited the expression of genes including, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, Mcl-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in U373 glioma cells. Furthermore, the conjugate inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and caused accumulation of cells in G1-G0 phase of cell cycle. Thus, 2-fluorobenzaldehyde retinoic acid conjugate acts as a potent inhibitor of STAT3 activation that can be promising importance for the prevention and treatment of gliomas.</p><p> </p>
Piecewise Polynomial Mapping Method and Corresponding WENO Scheme with Improved Resolution
Authors: Li Qin , Liu Pengxin , Zhang Hanxin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAbstract. The method of mapping function was first proposed by Henrick et al. [J. Comput. Phys. 207:542-547 (2005)] to adjust nonlinear weights in [0,1] for the fifth order WENO scheme, and through which the requirement of convergence order is satisfied and the performance of the scheme is improved. Different from Henrick’s method, a concept of piecewise polynomial function is proposed in this study and corresponding WENO schemes are obtained. The advantage of the new method is that the function can have a gentle profile at the location of the linear weight (or the mapped nonlinear weight can be close to its linear counterpart), and therefore is favorable for the resolution enhancement. Besides, the function also has the flexibility of quick convergence to identity mapping near two endpoints of [0,1], which is favorable for improved numerical stability. The fourth-, fifth- and sixth-order polynomial functions are constructed correspondingly with different emphasis on aforementioned flatness and convergence. Among them, the fifth-order version has the flattest profile. To check the performance of the methods, the 1-D Shu-Osher problem, the 2-D Riemann problem and the double Mach reflection are tested with the comparison of WENO-M, WENO-Z and WENO-NS. The proposed new methods show the best resolution for describing shear-layer instability of the Riemann problem, and they also indicate high resolution in computations of double Mach reflection, where only these proposed schemes successfully resolved the vortex-pairing phenomenon. Other investigations have shown that the single polynomial mapping function has no advantage over the proposed piecewise one, and it is of no evident benefit to use the proposed method for the symmetric fifth-order WENO. Overall, the fifth-order piecewise polynomial and corresponding WENO scheme are suggested for resolution improvement.
Bilateral anatomical variation in branching pattern of external carotid artery in a male cadaver - a case report
Authors: Khanal L. , Baral P. , Yadav P. , Pandeya A. , Shah S. , Koirala S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDevelopmental anomalies in the origin and branching pattern of the external carotid artery are not common. The level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and also the variations in the origin/branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well known and documented. During a routine dissection of middle aged male cadaver in department of Anatomy in BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) The clinically-relevant variations to be noted were the high origin and anomalous course of the facial artery, superior thyroid artery arising as a branch of Common Carotid artery, high origin of ascending pharyngeal artery, posterior auricular artery and direct glandular branches to the Submandibular gland. Such anatomical variations of external carotid artery are important for surgeons in surgeries of head and neck region and also for radiologists in the image interpretation of the face and neck region.
Tribute to the dissected corpses: the anatomic symbol - a review of the anatomic symbol
Authors: Fontes E. , Precht B. , Babinski M. , Cisne R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction: The anatomical science has many stages in its history and different origins that makes it hard to define a universal symbol among anatomists. Discussion: Many anatomical schools have adopted the Leonardo Da Vinci's drawing called “Vitruvian Man” as the symbol of the modern anatomy. However, this draw brings a symmetric view of the body within the mathematical proportions of the segments. Nevertheless, the anatomical study element is not symmetric and has a single architecture with beautiful harmony among its components. This element, the cadaver is the biggest treasure of the anatomical science and depository of all truths. Conclusion: This current work represents a tribute to the dissected cadaver, concerning it immeasurable value to the anatomist and the traditional use of it in anatomy department pointing to the new perspectives for academic and artistic conceptions of the human body.
A reproducible differential blood cell count without a cytometer or specific markers
Authors: Tozetti P. , Pinto F. , Pereira Neto E. , Andrade T. , Endringer D. , Lenz D. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction: A differential blood cell count represents a substantial component of the daily clinical routine. The aim of this study was to conduct automated high-throughput analyses of light microscopy images of leukocytes with unspecific staining (hematoxylin-eosin, HE) and to classify the resulting subgroups (lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils). Materials and Method: The software package CellProfiler was used for the image analysis and cell classification. The results were compared to those from hematological laboratories that analyzed the same samples. Results: There was a high similarity between the results obtained by image analysis and those from the hematological laboratories, with an r2=0.95 for the differential count and an r2=0.89 for the total count. Conclusion: Differential blood cell count using light microscopy, nonspecific dyes and advanced image analysis is accurate, reproducible, and less expensive compared to other techniques. The results also showed a strong correlation when compared to traditional methods.
The Case for Adding Randomness to the Nature-Nurture Debate
Authors: Rice Stephen , Trafimow David , Mehta Rian 
Published: November 2015

<p>People dramatically underestimate the role that randomness plays in almost every aspect of human behavior. We show that the typical belief is that a combination of genetic inheritance and environment accounts for all of human behavior. However, in contrast to this belief, we review literature from the tradition of potential performance theory that shows that much human behavior, in a wide variety of domains, is due to randomness. The fact that randomness has been demonstrated to be an important contributor to human behavior, in many domains, suggests that psychologists should take it more seriously. Instead of attempting to account for human behavior solely with genetic and environmental influences, we argue that randomness should be included too. Thus, it is the interaction of genetics, environment, and randomness that produces human behavior, and behavioral researchers should recognize this and adjust their research programs accordingly. </p>
The Neoclassical Twain
Authors: Seybold Matt 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
“The Neoclassical Twain” tracks the tendency of Twain to be appropriated as a commentator on economic theory, history, and policy. I show that it has been particularly common for economists and economic journalists to cast Twain as an anticapitalist muckraker. The basis for such characterization is generally The Gilded Age, as well as some of his pre-1873 journalism. In this essay, however, I trace Twain's evolving positions on political economy through the two sequels to The Gilded Age, “Colonel Sellers as a Scientist” (1883) and The American Claimant (1892). In these later works, Twain actually contrasts the economic positions common to canonical novelists of the Progressive era. He shows considerable appreciation for the neoclassical economic theory of the marginalists and even anticipates the hegemonic celebration of free enterprise in the late twentieth century.