bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fault tree analysis method for deterioration of timber bridges using an Australian case study
Authors: Lokuge Weena , Gamage Nirdosha , Setunge Sujeeva 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– Deterioration of timber bridges can often be related to a number of deficiencies in the bridge elements, connectors and/or as a result of been in aggressive environments which they are exposed to. The maintenance cost of timber bridges is affected significantly by a number of deterioration mechanisms which require a systematic approach for diagnosis and treatment. Evaluating the risk of failure of these bridges is of importance in bridge performance assessment and decision making to optimize rehabilitation options. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper identifies common causes for timber bridge deterioration and demonstrates an integrated approach based on fault tree analysis to obtain qualitative or quantitative estimation of the risk of failure of timber bridge sub-systems. Level 2 inspection report for a timber bridge in Queensland, Australia has been utilized as a case study in this research to identify the failure modes of the bridge.

Findings
– A diagnostic tool for timber bridge deterioration will benefit asset inspectors, managers, and engineers to identify the type, size and the distress mechanisms in order to recognize the proper corrective measures either to prevent or to reduce further deterioration. Timber bridge maintenance is a major issue in Queensland, Australia. If a decision support tool can be developed, it will benefit road authorities and local councils.

Originality/value
– Timber bridge maintenance is a major issue in Queensland, Australia. If a decision support tool can be developed as initiated in this research paper it will benefit road authorities and local councils.
Assessing information security attitudes: a comparison of two studies
Authors: Pattinson Malcolm , Parsons Kathryn , Butavicius Marcus , McCormac Agata , Calic Dragana 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to report on the use of two studies that assessed the attitudes of typical computer users. The aim of the research was to compare a self-reporting online survey with a set of one-on-one repertory grid technique interviews. More specifically, this research focussed on participant attitudes toward naive and accidental information security behaviours.

Design/methodology/approach
In the first study, 23 university students responded to an online survey within a university laboratory setting that captured their attitudes toward behaviours in each of seven focus areas. In the second study, the same students participated in a one-on-one repertory grid technique interview that elicited their attitudes toward the same seven behaviours. Results were analysed using Spearman correlations.

Findings
There were significant correlations for three of the seven behaviours, although attitudes relating to password management, use of social networking sites, information handling and reporting of security incidents were not significantly correlated.

Research limitations/implications
The small sample size (n = 23) and the fact that participants were not necessarily representative of typical employees, may have impacted on the results.

Practical implications
This study contributes to the challenge of developing a reliable instrument that will assess individual InfoSec awareness. Senior management will be better placed to design intervention strategies, such as training and education of employees, if individual attitudes are known. This, in turn, will reduce risk-inclined behaviour and a more secure organisation.

Originality/value
The literature review indicates that this study addresses a genuine gap in the research.
The formation of germ cell for organizational learning
Authors: Ivaldi Silvia , Scaratti Giuseppe 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The aim of the paper is to analyze the process of “germ cell” formation by framing it as an opportunity for promoting organizational learning and transformation. The paper aims to specifically answer two research questions: Why does the “germ cell” have a pivotal role in organization’s transformation? and Which conditions facilitate the formation of the “germ cell” in the management of complex and uncertain problems?

Design/methodology/approach
The paper answers the research questions first by presenting the literature related to knowing and learning inside organizations, and second by introducing the concept of “germ cell” and connecting it with the metaphors of “waiting experiment” and “anchoring forward”. Finally, the paper analyzes the steps by which the “germ cell” is shaped, thus owing to the exploration of problematic situations, underpinning the “germ cell’s ” role to open perspectives for multiple applications and development. Two research interventions are presented by focusing on the construction of the “germ cell” moving from the problematic situations to promote organizational learning and change.

Findings
The paper describes the formation of the “germ cell” as a process that opens possibilities for subjects to recognize and reflect on the recurrent and taken-for-granted practices and concepts and give sense to them by making the inner contradiction and the ways for managing it visible.

Originality/value
The unfolding and challenging inceptive configuration of the germ cell sheds light on the discursive/conversational/language processes and the activities entangled in socio-material instrumentalities and environments in which people are involved.
Sensitivity analysis and application of time‐lapse full‐waveform inversion: synthetic testing and field data example from the North Sea, Norway
Authors: Balhareth Hadi , Landrø Martin 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTTime‐lapse refraction can provide complementary seismic solutions for monitoring subtle subsurface changes that are challenging for conventional P‐wave reflection methods. The utilization of refraction time lapse has lagged behind in the past partly due to the lack of robust techniques that allow extracting easy‐to‐interpret reservoir information. However, with the recent emergence of the full‐waveform inversion technique as a more standard tool, we find it to be a promising platform for incorporating head waves and diving waves into the time‐lapse framework. Here we investigate the sensitivity of 2D acoustic, time‐domain, full‐waveform inversion for monitoring a shallow, weak velocity change (−30 m/s, or −1.6%). The sensitivity tests are designed to address questions related to the feasibility and accuracy of full‐waveform inversion results for monitoring the field case of an underground gas blowout that occurred in the North Sea. The blowout caused the gas to migrate both vertically and horizontally into several shallow sand layers. Some of the shallow gas anomalies were not clearly detected by conventional 4D reflection methods (i.e., time shifts and amplitude difference) due to low 4D signal‐to‐noise ratio and weak velocity change. On the other hand, full‐waveform inversion sensitivity analysis showed that it is possible to detect the weak velocity change with the non‐optimal seismic input. Detectability was qualitative with variable degrees of accuracy depending on different inversion parameters. We inverted, the real 2D seismic data from the North Sea with a greater emphasis on refracted and diving waves’ energy (i.e., most of the reflected energy was removed for the shallow zone of interest after removing traces with offset less than 300 m). The full‐waveform inversion results provided more superior detectability compared with the conventional 4D stacked reflection difference method for a weak shallow gas anomaly (320 m deep).
Fighting MRSA Infections in Hospital Care: How Organizational Factors Matter
Authors: Salge Torsten Oliver , Vera Antonio , Antons David , Cimiotti Jeannie P. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections at the level of the hospital organization.Data SourcesData from all 173 acute trusts in the English National Health Service (NHS).Study DesignA longitudinal study based on trust‐level panel data for the 5‐year period from April 2004 to March 2009. Fixed effects negative binominal and system generalized method of moment models were used to examine the effect of (i) patient mix characteristics, (ii) resource endowments, and (iii) infection control practices on yearly MRSA counts.Data CollectionArchival and staff survey data from multiple sources, including Public Health England, the English Department of Health, and the Healthcare Commission, were merged to form a balanced panel dataset.Principal FindingsMRSA infections decrease with increases in general cleaning (−3.52 MRSA incidents per 1 standard deviation increase; 95 percent confidence interval: −6.61 to −0.44), infection control training (−3.29; −5.22 to −1.36), hand hygiene (−2.72; −4.76 to −0.68), and error reporting climate (−2.06; −4.09 to −0.04).ConclusionsIntensified general cleaning, improved hand hygiene, additional infection control training, and a climate conducive to error reporting emerged as the factors most closely associated with trust‐level reductions in MRSA infections over time.
Measurement of Uncertainty for Aqueous Ethanol Wet‐Bath Simulator Solutions Used with Evidential Breath Testing Instruments
Authors: Hwang Rong‐Jen , Beltran Jada , Rogers Craig , Barlow Jeremy , Razatos Gerasimos 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAqueous ethanol wet‐bath simulator solutions are used to perform calibration adjustments, calibration checks, proficiency testing, and inspection of breath alcohol instruments. The Toxicology Bureau of the New Mexico Department of Health has conducted a study to estimate a measurement of uncertainty for the preparation and testing of these wet‐bath simulator solutions. The measurand is identified as the mass concentration of ethanol (g/100 mL) determined through dual capillary column headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector analysis. Three groups were used in the estimation of the aqueous ethanol wet‐bath simulator solutions uncertainty: GC calibration adjustment, GC analytical, and certified reference material. The standard uncertainties for these uncertainty sources were combined using the method of root‐sum‐squares to give uc = 0.8598%. The combined standard uncertainty was expanded to U = 1.7% to reflect a confidence level of 95% using a coverage factor of 2. This estimation applies to all aqueous ethanol wet‐bath simulator solution concentrations produced by this laboratory.
Improving Luminol Blood Detection in Forensics
Authors: Stoica Bogdan A. , Bunescu Sabina , Neamtu Andrei , Bulgaru‐Iliescu Diana , Foia Liliana , Botnariu Eosefina Gina 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop chemical improvements to the original Weber protocol, in order to increase the intensity and time length of light emission and to eliminate false‐positive reactions. The intensity and duration of light were measured on serial blood dilutions using a plate reader chemiluminometer. Blood stains of various concentrations were impregnated in pure cellulose, dried, and luminol solution was added with/without the potential enhancers. An in silico study was also conducted, aiming to demonstrate the enhancing mechanism of hemoglobin denaturation using 8 M urea. The luminol blood detection test revealed important improvements after urea pretreatment or in the presence of monochloro‐triazinyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. This approach also eliminated the false‐positive reaction from sodium hypochlorite. These improvements could provide a higher sensitivity under particular circumstances such as old or washed blood stains, leading to a better localization for further DNA typing and higher quality photographic analysis.
Population structuring of the ubiquitous stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula in southern Brazil as revealed by microsatellite and mitochondrial markers
Authors: Francisco Flávio O. , Santiago Leandro R. , Mizusawa Yuri M. , Oldroyd Benjamin P. , Arias Maria C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTetragonisca angustula is one of the most widespread stingless bees in the Neotropics. This species swarms frequently and is extremely successful in urban environments. In addition, it is one of the most popular stingless bee species for beekeeping in Latin America, so nest transportation and trading is common. Nest transportation can change the genetic structure of the host population, reducing inbreeding and increasing homogenization. Here, we evaluate the genetic structure of 17 geographic populations of T. angustula in southern Brazil to quantify the level of genetic differentiation between populations. Analyses were conducted on partially sequenced mitochondrial genes and 11 microsatellite loci of 1002 workers from 457 sites distributed on the mainland and on 3 islands. Our results show that T. angustula populations are highly differentiated as demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite markers. Of 73 haplotypes, 67 were population‐specific. MtDNA diversity was low in 9 populations but microsatellite diversity was moderate to high in all populations. Microsatellite data suggest 10 genetic clusters and low level of gene flow throughout the studied area. However, physical barriers, such as rivers and mountain ranges, or the presence or absence of forest appear to be unrelated to population clusters. Factors such as low dispersal, different ecological conditions, and isolation by distance are most likely shaping the population structure of this species. Thus far, nest transportation has not influenced the general population structure in the studied area. However, due to the genetic structure we found, we recommend that nest transportation should only occur within and between populations that are genetically similar.
Probing behavior of aposymbiotic green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on susceptible Solanum tuberosum and resistant Solanum stoloniferum plants
Authors: Machado‐Assefh Cristina Renata , Alvarez Adriana Elisabet 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the potato important pests; it is the most efficient vector of potato viruses. Myzus persicae harbors the endosymbiotic bacteria Buchnera aphidicola which supplements their diet. There is increasing evidence that B. aphidicola is involved in plant–aphid interactions and we previously demonstrated that B. aphidicola disruption (aposymbiosis) affected the probing behavior of M. persicae on radish plants, delaying host plant acceptance. In this work, we evaluated the effect of aposymbiosis on the probing behavior of M. persicae on 2 Solanum species with different compatibility with M. persicae, Solanum tuberosum (susceptible) and Solanum stoloniferum (resistant) with the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG). To disrupt B. aphidicola, rifampicin was administered to aphids through artificial diets. Aposymbiotic aphids, on both plant species, showed increased pathway activities, mechanical problems with the stylets, and delayed salivation in the phloem. The extended time in derailed stylet mechanics affected the occurrence of most other probing activities; it delayed the time to the first phloem phase and prevented ingestion from the phloem. The effect of aposymbiosis was more evident in the compatible interaction of M. persicae–S. tuberosum, than in the incompatible interaction with S. stoloniferum, which generated the M. persicae–S. tuberosum interaction to become incompatible. These results confirm that B. aphidicola is involved in the plant–aphid interaction in relation to plant acceptance, presumably through a role in stylets penetration in the plant.
Small RNAs expressed during dimethylsulfoniopropionate degradation by a model marine bacterium
Authors: Burns Andrew S. , Bullock Hannah A. , Smith Christa , Huang Qiuyuan , Whitman William B. , Moran Mary Ann 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe fate of the sulfur moiety of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) depends on the ‘bacterial switch’, a regulatory point between two metabolic pathways with different biogeochemical endpoints. Studies have focused on transcriptional patterns of known genes to determine physiological and environmental factors affecting this switch, but post‐transcriptional regulation has been under‐studied. Here we use a model bacterium containing both pathways to look for transcription of non‐coding regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) during DMSP metabolism. RNA‐seq analysis of Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS‐3 grown with DMSP, metabolic intermediates of DMSP degradation (MMPA or acetate), or methionine revealed 182 putative sRNAs, with 46 showing differential expression during growth on DMSP. A knockout mutant constructed for an upregulated sRNA had a phenotype that differed in its use of the two degradation pathways. Because transcription patterns of many differentially expressed sRNAs were not correlated with the transcription of their putative target gene, their effects on DMSP degradation would not be observable in the transcriptome. Overall, our results indicate that sRNAs are crucial but largely cryptic actors in regulating DMSP metabolism in this model marine bacterium and potentially other bacterial groups involved in the surface ocean sulfur cycle.
Effect of chickpea husk dietary supplementation on blood and cecal parameters in rats
Authors: Myint Htun , Kishi Hiroyuki , Koike Satoshi , Kobayashi Yasuo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChickpea husk was functionally evaluated for antioxidant status, blood parameters, cecal fermentation and microbial profiles in rats. Fifteen male rats (5 weeks of age) were divided into three groups; they were individually housed and fed one of the following diets for 3 weeks: purified diet containing 5% cellulose (Cellulose), an identical diet in which cellulose was replaced by corn starch (Starch) or by chickpea husk (Chick). Rats were sacrificed to obtain blood and cecal digesta samples. Chickpea husk contained high polyphenolic content and significant superoxide dismutase and 2,2‐diphenyl‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities. In a feeding experiment, Chick showed lowered cholesterol levels and improved antioxidant activity represented by reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in blood. Chick showed increased cecal levels of total short chain fatty acids and butyrate, leading to a lower pH. Chick presented with lowered cecal indole and skatole concentrations, as did Cellulose. Cecal bacterial changes were notable in Chick, evidenced by differences in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis banding patterns. However, representative bacteria quantified by real‐time PCR assay did not support this bacterial change. These results indicate that chickpea husk feeding can improve the antioxidative status of rats through its polyphenolic components and modulate the hindgut environment by its fibrous components.
Assessment of DPOAE Test-Retest Difference Curves via Hierarchical Gaussian Processes
Authors: Bao Junshu , Hanson Timothy , McMillan Garnett P. , Knight Kristin 
Published: June 2016

SummaryDistortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) testing is a promising alternative to behavioral hearing tests and auditory brainstem response testing of pediatric cancer patients. The central goal of this study is to assess whether significant changes in the DPOAE frequency/emissions curve (DP-gram) occur in pediatric patients in a test-retest scenario. This is accomplished through the construction of normal reference charts, or credible regions, that DP-gram differences lie in, as well as contour probabilities that measure how abnormal (or in a certain sense rare) a test-retest difference is. A challenge is that the data were collected over varying frequencies, at different time points from baseline, and on possibly one or both ears. A hierarchical structural equation Gaussian process model is proposed to handle the different sources of correlation in the emissions measurements, wherein both subject-specific random effects and variance components governing the smoothness and variability of each child's Gaussian process are coupled together.
What are the challenges of multilevel governance for urban sustainability? Evidence from Ottawa and Canada's national capital region
Authors: Zeemering Eric S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUrban sustainability is a priority for cities, challenging public administrators to coordinate action on environmental policy, economic development and social policy. Multilevel governance is now a popular theoretical framework but research must illuminate the constraints on local administrators. This case study reviews efforts of public administrators in the City of Ottawa and Canada's national capital region to implement sustainability policies with collaborative governance, but new governance relationships are constrained by traditional intergovernmental relations. Case study research illuminates the challenges of multilevel governance for local governments and provides insights on the pursuit of sustainability with environmental programs, land use, and urban and development by Crown corporations.
The PARP family: insights into functional aspects of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 in cell growth and survival
Authors: Jubin T. , Kadam A. , Jariwala M. , Bhatt S. , Sutariya S. , Gani A.R. , Gautam S. , Begum R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPARP family members can be found spread across all domains and continue to be essential molecules from lower to higher eukaryotes. Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP‐1), newly termed ADP‐ribosyltransferase D‐type 1 (ARTD1), is a ubiquitously expressed ADP‐ribosyltransferase (ART) enzyme involved in key cellular processes such as DNA repair and cell death. This review assesses current developments in PARP‐1 biology and activation signals for PARP‐1, other than conventional DNA damage activation. Moreover, many essential functions of PARP‐1 still remain elusive. PARP‐1 is found to be involved in a myriad of cellular events via conservation of genomic integrity, chromatin dynamics and transcriptional regulation. This article briefly focuses on its other equally important overlooked functions during growth, metabolic regulation, spermatogenesis, embryogenesis, epigenetics and differentiation. Understanding the role of PARP‐1, its multidimensional regulatory mechanisms in the cell and its dysregulation resulting in diseased states, will help in harnessing its true therapeutic potential.