bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of differential equation in L-R and C-R circuit analysis by classical method
Authors: Regmi Rajendra Prasad 
Published: July 2017

The paper deals with the analysis of L-R and C-R circuit by using linear differential equation of first order. A circuit containing an inductance L or a capacitor C and resistor R with current and voltage variable given by differential equation. The general solution of differential equation have two parts complementary function (C.F) and particular integral(P.I) in which C.F. represent transient response and P.I. represent steady response. The general solution of differential equation represent the complete response of network. In this connection, this paper includes L-R, C-R circuit and ordinary differential equation of first order and its solution. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 5 (December 2016), page: 114-123
Common Errors, Illusions and Myths in Statistical Procedures
Authors: KC Vikash Kumar 
Published: July 2017

Statistical Procedure is one of the prime components of research which facilitates to draw firm inference from sample information. Although it has various advantages and strengths, its application sometimes may be misleading because of its assumptions, illusions and complexities. There are many sources of errors that arise from the application of statistical procedures. For example; errors may arise from planning, preparation of research instruments, basic assumptions, application of different research approaches, common errors also occur while reporting the research outcomes and drawing conclusions. Therefore, a grater care is to be paid while applying statistical procedures. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 5 (December 2016), page: 133-144
Expanding the endoscopic transpterygoid corridor to the petroclival region: anatomical study and volumetric comparative analysis
Authors: Freeman Jacob L. , Sampath Raghuram , Quattlebaum Steven Craig , Casey Michael A. , Folzenlogen Zach A. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Youssef A. Samy 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVEThe endoscopic endonasal transmaxillary transpterygoid (TMTP) approach has been the gateway for lateral skull base exposure. Removal of the cartilaginous eustachian tube (ET) and lateral mobilization of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are technically demanding adjunctive steps that are used to access the petroclival region. The gained expansion of the deep working corridor provided by these maneuvers has yet to be quantified.METHODSThe TMTP approach with cartilaginous ET removal and ICA mobilization was performed in 5 adult cadaveric heads (10 sides). Accessible portions of the petrous apex were drilled during the following 3 stages: 1) before ET removal, 2) after ET removal but before ICA mobilization, and 3) after ET removal and ICA repositioning. Resection volumes were calculated using 3D reconstructions generated from thin-slice CT scans obtained before and after each step of the dissection.RESULTSThe average petrous temporal bone resection volumes at each stage were 0.21 cm3, 0.71 cm3, and 1.32 cm3 (p < 0.05, paired t-test). Without ET removal, inferior and superior access to the petrous apex was limited. Furthermore, without ICA mobilization, drilling was confined to the inferior two-thirds of the petrous apex. After mobilization, the resection was extended superiorly through the upper extent of the petrous apex.CONCLUSIONSThe transpterygoid corridor to the petroclival region is maximally expanded by the resection of the cartilaginous ET and mobilization of the paraclival ICA. These added maneuvers expanded the deep window almost 6 times and provided more lateral access to the petroclival region with a maximum volume of 1.5 cm3. This may result in the ability to resect small-to-moderate sized intradural petroclival lesions up to that volume. Larger lesions may better be approached through an open transcranial approach.
Nasoseptal flap necrosis: a rare complication of endoscopic endonasal surgery
Authors: Chabot Joseph D. , Patel Chirag R. , Hughes Marion A. , Wang Eric W. , Snyderman Carl H. , Gardner Paul A. , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C. 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVEThe vascularized nasoseptal flap (NSF) has become the workhorse for skull base reconstruction during endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) of the ventral skull base. Although infrequently reported, as with any vascularized flap the NSF may undergo ischemic necrosis and become a nidus for infection. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s experience with NSF was reviewed to determine the incidence of necrotic NSF in patients following EES and describe the clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, and risk factors associated with this complication.METHODSThe electronic medical records of 1285 consecutive patients who underwent EES at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between January 2010 and December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. From this first group, a list of all patients in whom NSF was used for reconstruction was generated and further refined to determine if the patient returned to the operating room and the cause of this reexploration. Patients were included in the final analysis if they underwent endoscopic reexploration for suspected CSF leak or meningitis. Those patients who returned to the operating room for staged surgery or hematoma were excluded. Two neurosurgeons and a neuroradiologist, who were blinded to each other’s results, assessed the MRI characteristics of the included patients.RESULTSIn total, 601 patients underwent NSF reconstruction during the study period, and 49 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the final analysis. On endoscopic exploration, 8 patients had a necrotic, nonviable NSF, while 41 patients had a viable NSF with a CSF leak. The group of patients with a necrotic, nonviable NSF was then compared with the group with viable NSF. All 8 patients with a necrotic NSF had clinical and laboratory evidence indicative of meningitis compared with 9 of 41 patients with a viable NSF (p < 0.001). Four patients with necrotic flaps developed epidural empyema compared with 2 of 41 patients in the viable NSF group (p = 0.02). The lack of NSF enhancement on MR (p < 0.001), prior surgery (p = 0.043), and the use of a fat graft (p = 0.004) were associated with necrotic NSF.CONCLUSIONSThe signs of meningitis after EES in the absence of a clear CSF leak with the lack of NSF enhancement on MRI should raise the suspicion of necrotic NSF. These patients should undergo prompt exploration and debridement of nonviable tissue with revision of skull base reconstruction.
Anaplastic meningioma: an analysis of the National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2012
Authors: Orton Andrew , Frandsen Jonathan , Jensen Randy , Shrieve Dennis C. , Suneja Gita 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVEAnaplastic meningiomas represent 1%–2% of meningioma diagnoses and portend a poor prognosis. Limited information is available on practice patterns and optimal management. The purpose of this study was to define treatment patterns and outcomes by treatment modality using a large national cancer registry.METHODSThe National Cancer Database was used to identify patients diagnosed with anaplastic meningioma from 2004 to 2012. Log-rank statistics were used to compare survival outcomes by extent of resection, use of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), and use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Least-squares linear regression was used to evaluate the utilization of RT over time. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify predictors of receipt of RT. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate the effect of RT, gross-total resection (GTR), and chemotherapy on survival.RESULTSA total of 755 adults with anaplastic meningioma were identified. The 5-year overall survival rate was 41.4%. Fifty-two percent of patients received RT, 7% received chemotherapy, and 58% underwent GTR. Older patients were less likely to receive RT (OR 0.98, p < 0.01). Older age (HR 1.04, p < 0.01), high comorbidity score (HR 1.33, p = 0.02), and subtotal resection (HR 1.57, p = 0.02) were associated with increased risk of death on multivariate modeling, while RT receipt was associated with decreased risk of death (HR 0.79, p = 0.04). Chemotherapy did not have a demonstrable effect on survival (HR 1.33, p = 0.18).CONCLUSIONSAnaplastic meningioma portends a poor prognosis. Gross-total resection and RT are associated with improved survival, but utilization of RT is low. Unless medically contraindicated, patients with anaplastic meningioma should be offered RT.
Management of multiple meningiomas
Authors: Tsermoulas Georgios , Turel Mazda K. , Wilcox Jared T. , Shultz David , Farb Richard , Zadeh Gelareh , Bernstein Mark 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVEMultiple meningiomas account for 1%–10% of meningiomas. This study describes epidemiological aspects of the disease and its management, which is more challenging than for single tumors.METHODSA consecutive series of adult patients with ≥ 2 spatially separated meningiomas was reviewed. Patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2 were excluded. The authors collected clinical, imaging, histological, and treatment data to obtain information on epidemiology, management options, and outcomes of active treatment and surveillance.RESULTSA total of 133 consecutive patients were included over 25 years, with a total of 395 synchronous and 53 metachronous meningiomas, and a median of 2 tumors per patient. One hundred six patients had sporadic disease, 26 had radiation-induced disease, and 1 had familial meningiomatosis. At presentation, half of the patients were asymptomatic. In terms of their maximum cross-sectional diameter, the tumors were small (≤ 2 cm) in 67% and large (> 4 cm) in 11% of the meningiomas. Fifty-four patients had upfront treatment, and 31 had delayed treatment after an observation period (mean 4 years). One in 4 patients had ≥ 2 meningiomas treated. Overall, 64% of patients had treatment for 142 tumors—67 with surgery and 18 with radiotherapy alone. The mean follow-up was 7 years, with 13% of treated patients receiving salvage therapy. Approximately 1 in 4 patients who underwent surgery had ≥ 1 WHO Grade II or III meningioma. Meningiomas of different histological subtypes and grades in the same patient were not uncommon.CONCLUSIONSMultiple meningiomas are often asymptomatic, probably because the majority are small and a significant proportion are induced by radiation. Approximately two-thirds of patients with multiple meningiomas require therapy, but only one-third of all meningiomas need active treatment. The authors recommend surveillance for stable and asymptomatic meningiomas and therapy for those that are symptomatic or growing.
Baseline and Post-Treatment Hepatitis C NS5A Resistance in Relapsed Patients from a Multicentric Real-Life Cohort
Authors: Halfon Philippe , Scholtès Caroline , Izopet Jacques , Larrat Sylvie , Trimoulet Pascale , Zoulim Fabien , Alric Laurent , Métivier Sophie , Leroy Vincent , Ouzan Denis , De Lédinghen Victor , Mohamed Sofane , Pénaranda Guillaume , Khiri Hacène , Thélu Marie-Ange , Plauzolles Anne , Chiche Laurent , Bourlière Marc , Abravanel Florence 
Published: July 2017

Background Recent data have suggested that failure to achieve sustained virological response with direct-acting antiviral therapy is usually due to relapse and is primarily associated with the emergence of resistance-associated substitutions. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characterization of non-structural-5A resistance-associated substitutions in patients infected with HCV genotypes 1, 3 and 4 treated by direct-acting antiviral therapy, including anti-non-structural-5A, and to characterize the pre-existing resistance-associated substitutions in subjects treated with anti-non-structural-5A inhibitors. Methods From January 2014 to March 2016, 2,995 patients infected with HCV genotypes 1, 3 and 4 were exposed to non-structural-5A inhibitors. Sequencing results at the time of virological failure were available for 61 patients; sequencing at baseline was available for 35 of these patients. Results Among the 35 patients with sequencing results available at baseline, 15 had no resistance-associated substitution, 16 had only one resistance-associated substitution, and 4 had more than one resistance-associated substitution. Resistance-associated substitutions were harbored in 57% of the sequences in the non-structural-5A region. Among the 61 patients sequenced at virological failure, 50 (82%) patients presented at least one resistance-associated substitutions inducing a high level of resistance to non-structural-5A inhibitors (>10-fold resistance). Conclusions This pooled analysis suggests that non-structural-5A resistance-associated substitutions screening should be recommended when considering retreatment with a non-structural-5A inhibitor regimen in patients who have previously experienced failed non-structural-5A treatment.
Automation and heat transfer characterization of immersion mode spectroscopy for analysis of ice nucleating particles
Authors: Beall Charlotte M. , Stokes M. Dale , Hill Thomas C. , DeMott Paul J. , DeWald Jesse T. , Prather Kimberly A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) influence cloud properties and can affect the overall precipitation efficiency. Developing a parameterization of INPs in global climate models has proven challenging. More INP measurements – including studies of their spatial distribution, sources and sinks, and fundamental freezing mechanisms – must be conducted in order to further improve INP parameterizations. In this paper, an immersion mode INP measurement technique is modified and automated using a software-controlled, real-time image stream designed to leverage optical changes of water droplets to detect freezing events. For the first time, heat transfer properties of the INP measurement technique are characterized using a finite-element-analysis-based heat transfer simulation to improve accuracy of INP freezing temperature measurement. The heat transfer simulation is proposed as a tool that could be used to explain the sources of bias in temperature measurements in INP measurement techniques and ultimately explain the observed discrepancies in measured INP freezing temperatures between different instruments. The simulation results show that a difference of +8.4 °C between the well base temperature and the headspace gas results in an up to 0.6 °C stratification of the aliquot, whereas a difference of +4.2 °C or less results in a thermally homogenous water volume within the error of the thermal probe, ±0.2 °C. The results also show that there is a strong temperature gradient in the immediate vicinity of the aliquot, such that without careful placement of temperature probes, or characterization of heat transfer properties of the water and cooling environment, INP measurements can be biased toward colder temperatures. Based on a modified immersion mode technique, the Automated Ice Spectrometer (AIS), measurements of the standard test dust illite NX are reported and compared against six other immersion mode droplet assay techniques featured in Hiranuma et al. (2015) that used wet suspensions. AIS measurements of illite NX INP freezing temperatures compare reasonably with others, falling within the 5 °C spread in reported spectra. The AIS as well as its characterization of heat transfer properties allows higher confidence in accuracy of freezing temperature measurement, allows higher throughput of sample analysis, and enables disentanglement of the effects of heat transfer rates on sample volumes from time dependence of ice nucleation.
Global geomagnetic responses to the IMF &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt; fluctuations during the September/October 2003 high-speed stream intervals
Authors: Echer Ezequiel , Korth Axel , Bolzan Mauricio José Alves , Friedel Reinhard Hans Walter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In this paper, we follow the coupling from the solar wind to the Earth's magnetotail, geosynchronous orbit, auroral zone and to the ground, during periods of Alfvénic fluctuations in high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs) and their corotating interaction regions (CIRs). We employ cross-wavelet analysis of magnetic field, particle flux and auroral electrojet (AE) index data for the HSSs of September and October 2003. Our results show a remarkably consistent periodic response among all of these regions and across multiple substorm indicators, indicating a possible driven substorm response of the global magnetosphere to the solar wind interplanetary structures. Across the seven intervals studied we find a range of periodic responses from 1.8 to 3.1 h, which is consistent with the 2.75 h peak of the Borovsky et al. (1993) statistical study of inter-substorm periods.
Growth responses of trees and understory plants to nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical forest in China
Authors: Tian Di , Li Peng , Fang Wenjing , Xu Jun , Luo Yongkai , Yan Zhengbing , Zhu Biao , Wang Jingjing , Xu Xiaoniu , Fang Jingyun 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Reactive nitrogen (N) increase in the biosphere has been a noteworthy aspect of global change, producing considerable ecological effects on the functioning and dynamics of the terrestrial ecosystems. A number of observational studies have explored responses of plants to experimentally simulated N enrichment in boreal and temperate forests. Here we investigate how the dominant trees and different understory plants respond to experimental N enrichment in a subtropical forest in China. We conducted a 3.4-year N fertilization experiment in an old-aged subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in eastern China with three treatment levels applied to nine 20 m  ×  20 m plots and replicated in three blocks. We divided the plants into trees, saplings, shrubs (including tree seedlings), and ground-cover plants (ferns) according to the growth forms, and then measured the absolute and relative basal area increments of trees and saplings and the aboveground biomass of understory shrubs and ferns. We further grouped individuals of the dominant tree species, Castanopsis eyrei, into three size classes to investigate their respective growth responses to the N fertilization. Our results showed that the plot-averaged absolute and relative growth rates of basal area and aboveground biomass of trees were not affected by N fertilization. Across the individuals of C. eyrei, the small trees with a DBH (diameter at breast height) of 5–10 cm declined by 66.4 and 59.5 %, respectively, in N50 (50 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and N100 fertilized plots (100 kg N ha−1 yr−1), while the growth of median and large trees with a DBH of  >  10 cm did not significantly change with the N fertilization. The growth rate of small trees, saplings, and the aboveground biomass of understory shrubs and ground-cover ferns decreased significantly in the N-fertilized plots. Our findings suggested that N might not be a limiting nutrient in this mature subtropical forest, and that the limitation of other nutrients in the forest ecosystem might be aggravated by the enhanced N availability, potentially resulting in an adverse effect on the development of natural subtropical forest.
Seabed images from Southern Ocean shelf regions off the northern Antarctic Peninsula and in the southeastern Weddell Sea
Authors: Piepenburg Dieter , Buschmann Alexander , Driemel Amelie , Grobe Hannes , Gutt Julian , Schumacher Stefanie , Segelken-Voigt Alexandra , Sieger Rainer 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Recent advances in underwater imaging technology allow for the gathering of invaluable scientific information on seafloor ecosystems, such as direct in situ views of seabed habitats and quantitative data on the composition, diversity, abundance, and distribution of epibenthic fauna. The imaging approach has been extensively used within the research project DynAMo (Dynamics of Antarctic Marine Shelf Ecosystems) at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven (AWI), which aimed to comparatively assess the pace and quality of the dynamics of Southern Ocean benthos. Within this framework, epibenthic spatial distribution patterns have been comparatively investigated in two regions in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean: the shelf areas off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, representing a region with above-average warming of surface waters and sea-ice reduction, and the shelves of the eastern Weddell Sea as an example of a stable high-Antarctic marine environment that is not (yet) affected by climate change. The AWI Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS) was used to collect seabed imagery during two cruises of the German research vessel Polarstern, ANT-XXIX/3 (PS81) to the Antarctic Peninsula from January to March 2013 and ANT-XXXI/2 (PS96) to the Weddell Sea from December 2015 to February 2016. Here, we report on the image and data collections gathered during these cruises. During PS81, OFOS was successfully deployed at a total of 31 stations at water depths between 29 and 784 m. At most stations, series of 500 to 530 pictures ( >  15 000 in total, each depicting a seabed area of approximately 3.45 m2 or 2.3  ×  1.5 m) were taken along transects approximately 3.7 km in length. During PS96, OFOS was used at a total of 13 stations at water depths between 200 and 754 m, yielding series of 110 to 293 photos (2670 in total) along transects 0.9 to 2.6 km in length. All seabed images taken during the two cruises, including metadata, are available from the data publisher PANGAEA via the two persistent identifiers at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872719 (for PS81) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.862097 (for PS96).