bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Re-Codification of the Slovak Civil Procedure Code with a Special Emphasis on Remedial Measures
Authors: Števček Marek , Malá Dominika 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This analytical paper focuses on the ongoing works on the recodification of the law of civil procedure in Slovakia. Th e paper introduces and presents the most relevant changes to the Slovak Civil Procedure Code and offers the closer examination of the reform of remedial measures included in the re-codification proposal.
The Effort to Achieve Equality with the Help of the Reversal of the Burden of Proof In Anti-Discrimination Litigation
Authors: Forejtová Monika 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Application of non-discrimination has a fundamental problem inherent in the fact that the prosecutor has only a very limited possibility to prove violations of the prohibition of discrimination, and much less the motives of the discriminating person, and thus the reason for discrimination. In addition, discrimination occurs in the relations, which are characterized by considerable inequalities, when more evidence is on the side of potentially discriminating than on the side of those discriminated. The article offers the analysis and comparison of the US and European approach to the procedural aspects of the anti-discrimination litigation with the special attention given to the special procedural mechanism - the reversal of the burden of proof.
Tax Law: Third Party As Payer of Income from Dependent Activity
Authors: Tepperová Jana , Rytířová Lucie 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Employment related income paid by a third party (non-employer) has its specific tax treatment. In the Czech Republic, a different approach applies for calculation of personal income tax and obligatory insurance contributions from this income. With the preparation of the Single Collection Point (unifying the collection of personal income tax and obligatory insurance contributions), the question arises whether it is possible to set up unified treatment of this income for all obligatory payments. We provide detailed analyses of this topic from the point of view of the Czech legislation and comparison with selected countries. Further we follow with the discussion of problematic issues in unified treatment for all obligatory payments from this income; such as discrimination and complicated administration. We conclude that even if the national legislation for all obligatory payments from this income would not diff er, there will still be different treatment due to specific international regulations.
Conscientious Objection in the Council of Europe
Authors: Arlettaz Fernando 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The Parliamentary Assembly and the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe have been promoting the recognition of conscientious objection, mainly for military service but also in other domains, since the 1960s. However, for more than fifty years the precedents of the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights repeatedly denied that conscientious objection could be found implicit in article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In 2011 the Court changed its standpoint and energetically affirmed that conscientious objection, at least for military service, is a derivation of freedom of conscience and religion, and that European states are thus bound to incorporate it to their internal legislations.
Organizational Arrangement of an Administrative Authority as a Prerequisite to a due Administration of Competence (Presented on the Council for Radio and Television Broacasting)
Authors: Pouperová Olga 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Within the structure of public administration there exist administrative authorities with a relatively standardized external and internal organizational arrangement but also administrative authorities which, with regard to their specific competences and other aspects, important during the adoption of the establishing Act by the Parliament, are attributed an exceptional position. In the Czech Republic such case is represented by the Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting. The paper focuses on those problematic aspects of the decision-making process of the Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting that ensue from its organizational arrangement. A certain specific organizational system of an administrative authority may become a source of shortcomings and cause that a decision of an administrative body will fail the judicial review and eventually bring about additional expenses for both the participating addressees of public administration as well as the public administration itself.
Corruption In Sports Environment
Authors: Coufalová Bronislava , Pinkava Jan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In sports environment there is a whole range of different types of wrongful conduct sanctioned not only by disciplinary bodies using specific rules accepted by the executive authorities of sports organizations but also more serious cases that have to be judged in accordance with criminal law. There has been a long debate whether criminal law should intervene into the area of sport, i.e. whether sport and its environment is in itself such an autonomous system that it could deal with all the matters of criminal nature on its own. The area of sport environment involves a whole range of illegal acts, ranging from criminal liability of sportsmen responsible for injuries inflicted upon others in the area of sport, the issues of hooliganism in sporting events, breach of the public peace as far as the issue of match-fixing including the crimes of bribery and illegal betting. Generally speaking, we are of the opinion that there is no good reason why the criminal law should not be allowed to intervene into the area of sport in certain cases. The basic argument to be used is the fact that every social activity must be carried out in accordance with the legal order of the country, the area of sport being no exception. The area of sport or to be more precise the specific types of sports activities are regulated by special internal and statutory rules introducing certain sanctioning mechanisms in the form of disciplinary rules which can be enforced by different disciplinary bodies.
And the best top level domain for European Enterprises is …
Authors: Pelikánová Radka MacGregor 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The virtualization and dematerialization of private as well as business life, including the conduct of business, are noticeable features of the 21st century. One must bear in mind that e-commerce is the biggest and the fastest growing market in the world.50 It is indispensable to consider the domain as a space on the Internet and the domain name as an Internet code address of a computer knot (IP numeric address) converted through the DNS database placed on special name computer servers into a verbal (literal) form. Such a unique and symbolic name performs many more functions than merely serving as an address and undeniably has a strong significance for successful business conduct. Th us, the choice of a TLD for a domain to be used for entrepreneurial activities truly matters and definitely should be done while considering key factors, including economic, legal, and technical aspects
Accommodation of Western Legislation for Plurality of Beliefs in Family Law
Authors: Combalía Zoila 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In the last several years, the European societies, that in their majority were fairly uniform as far as race, culture or religion, have been converted into intercultural places where many different visions of the world live together. Together with a factor of exogenous plurality, produced by the increase in immigration, an internal desegregation should also be highlighted in our own societies. In this new environment of diversity, it is without a doubt, difficult for the Law to accommodate all the different ethical, religious or cultural demands of the people. In my paper I study the means of accommodation rooted in our legal tradition such as: the conscientious objection, the agreements of the State with religious groups, mediation and arbitration as a way of accommodation of plurality in the field of Family Law, etc. I conclude by stressing the fact that allowing space for diversity does not mean giving up our own values. Quite the opposite, accommodation comes from our own values: that is, from the respect for freedom and non-discrimination, founded on the dignity of the person.
Exploration of brushing behavior among university students in Iran: a qualitative research
Authors: Ghaffari Mohtasham , Rakhshanderou Sakineh , Ramezankhani Ali , Noroozi Mehdi , Armoon Bahram 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Currently, it is estimated that 40% of the Iranian population is less than 20 years old, and in the academic year of 2011–2012 about 4 million students of that age were educated. The general assessment of the outcomes of oral health programs and investigating determinants is substantial for developing future plans of oral health. This study was done with the aim of exploring brushing behavior among university students of Iran to specify and understand the important determinants of oral health behavior.

Methods
A qualitative research method was used. This study was conducted between August and November 2016 in Shahid Beheshti University. Maximum variation sampling was used among university attendees and 44 students with more than 2 years of study duration were selected to be included in the research. Semi-structured interviews were employed for data gathering. All of the recorded interviews and notes were accurately evaluated and data analysis was performed based on the content analysis.

Results
As a result of the interview analysis 16 main categories emerged: Religious Beliefs, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, Habitation, Salience of Behavior, Education, Subjective Norms, Peer Pressure, Observational Learning, Knowledge, Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Outcome Expectation, Skills, Perceived Self-efficacy, and Perceived Behavioral Control. Codes of sub-theme and theme were identified in the study.

Conclusion
This present study provides additional evidence with respect to the religious beliefs and the impact of religious instructions in brushing among students. Salience of brushing behavior has been described as one of the structures in an integrated behavioral model. Despite earlier studies suggesting, that peer pressure only plays a role on children’s brushing behavior, our study showed that peer pressure is effective on adults as well.
Whole blood viscosity and cerebral blood flow velocities in obese hypertensive or obese normotensive adolescents
Authors: Akcaboy Meltem , Nazliel Bijen , Goktas Tayfun , Kula Serdar , Celik Bülent , Buyan Necla 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background:
Obesity affects all major organ systems and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Whole blood viscosity is an important independent regulator of cerebral blood flow. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of whole blood viscosity on cerebral artery blood flow velocities using transcranial Doppler ultrasound in pediatric patients with obesity compared to healthy controls and analyze the effect of whole blood viscosity and blood pressure status to the cerebral artery blood flow velocities.

Methods:
Sixty patients with obesity diagnosed according to their body mass index (BMI) percentiles aged 13–18 years old were prospectively enrolled. They were grouped as hypertensive or normotensive according to their ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Whole blood viscosity and middle cerebral artery velocities by transcranial Doppler ultrasound were studied and compared to 20 healthy same aged controls.

Results:
Whole blood viscosity values in hypertensive (0.0619±0.0077 poise) and normotensive (0.0607±0.0071 poise) groups were higher than controls (0.0616±0.0064 poise), with no significance. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities were higher in the obese hypertensive (73.9±15.0 cm/s) and obese normotensive groups (75.2±13.5 cm/s) than controls (66.4±11.5 cm/s), but with no statistical significance.

Conclusions:
Physiological changes in blood viscosity and changes in blood pressure did not seem to have any direct effect on cerebral blood flow velocities, the reason might be that the cerebral circulation is capable of adaptively modulating itself to changes to maintain a uniform cerebral blood flow.
The utility of body mass index as an indicator for lipid abnormalities in non-fasting children
Authors: Shimodaira Masanori , Hara Masahiro , Nakajima Sadao , Tateishi Tohru , Hisata Toshikazu 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background:
Many studies have reported the association between body mass index (BMI) and fasting lipid profiles in children. However, little information exists about the screening of dyslipidemia in the non-fasted state. This study assessed whether BMI can predict non-fasting lipid abnormalities in children.

Methods:
Using gender-separated analysis, 3895 boys and 3866 girls (aged 11–12 years) were investigated. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured, and non-HDL-C (=TC−[HDL-C]) was calculated. A BMI z-score was employed as the weight status. Gender-specific 95th percentiles of TC, TG and non-HDL-C were defined as “elevated”, with the 5th percentiles of HDL-C defined as “reduced”.

Results:
TG and non-HDL-C were positively, and HDL-C was negatively correlated with the BMI z-score in both genders. Both obese (2<BMI z-score) and overweight (1<BMI z-score≤2) were associated with the risks of elevated TG, non-HDL-C and reduced HDL-C. In both genders, a receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that the utility of predicting the above lipid abnormalities was moderate; the areas under the curve ranged from 0.60 to 0.70. The optimal cut-off for the BMI z-score for predicting elevated TG, non-HDL-C and reduced HDL-C were 0.52, 0.55 and 0.51 in boys and 0.34, 0.38 and 0.35 in girls, respectively.

Conclusions:
The BMI could be an indicator of abnormalities of non-fasting TG, non-HDL-C and HDL-C in both genders.
Early fetal megacystis: Is it possible to predict the prognosis in the first trimester?
Authors: Iuculano Ambra , Peddes Cristina , Monni Giovanni 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate the best management of fetal megacystis diagnosed in the first trimester and define the prognosis and the most appropriate follow-up as early as possible.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study of first-trimester fetal megacystis diagnosed in pregnant women who performed a combined screening for fetal aneuploidy. Megacystis was defined as a longitudinal bladder diameter (LBD) greater than 7 mm. All fetuses were divided into two groups according to the LBD: Group A with LBD > 15 mm and Group B with LBD < 15 mm. The fetal karyotype and associated anomalies were evaluated. Ultrasound monitoring was performed every 2 weeks (a second ultrasound scan after 2 weeks from diagnosis and a third ultrasound scan 2 weeks after the second one).

Results:
Twenty-six cases were identified between 2011 and 2016; three cases of aneuploidy were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 23 cases, 11 were included in Group A and 12 in Group B. All Group A fetuses had an adverse outcome. In Group B: five (41.7%) cases had an adverse outcome and seven (58.3%) had a spontaneous resolution of megacystis. The ultrasound findings of both the ultrasound scans, the second and the third, were 100% concordant.

Conclusion:
An ultrasound scan performed 2 weeks after the megacystis diagnosis can predict the outcome in fetuses with an LBD < 15 mm as early as the end of the first trimester. The outcome of euploid fetuses with an LBD < 15 mm was favorable in 58.3% of the cases.
The need for the application of modern chemical insecticides and environmental consequences of their use: a mini review
Authors: Oberemok Volodymyr V. , Laikova Kateryna V. , Zaitsev Aleksei S. , Temirova Zenure Z. , Gal’chinsky Nikita V. , Nyadar Palmah M. , Shumskykh Maksym N. , Zubarev Ilya V. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Currently, the use of insecticides is an acute problem. Due to rapid population growth, the primary task is to increase food production. Beyond abiotic factors (drought, soil salinity, etc.) that reduce crop yields, farmers face problems with insect pests that can decrease crop productivity up to 60%. Also, insects are carriers of severe viral and protozoan human diseases. The need for application of insecticides is not questioned but many of them cause resistance of insect pests to them. This, in turn, leads to the necessity to invent new insecticides that are safe and more effective for long-term use. Preparations based on conservative parts of nucleic acids, particularly contact DNA insecticides, could be used to solve insecticide resistance problem as control agents which are well-tailored to target insect pests. This mini review is devoted to these issues.
Courtroom data and politeness research: A case for neo-Peircean semiotics in interpersonal pragmatics
Authors: Wilson Jack , Price Hazel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this article we take a neo-Peircean semiotic approach to analyzing an interaction in which a routine bail hearing between a defendant and a judge goes awry. Neo-Peircean semiotics is steadily gaining recognition within linguistics for providing a new perspective on meaning. One neo-Peircean approach, referred to asRelationship Thinking(Enfield 2009, 2013), has the potential to be influential for politeness research and linguistic pragmatics generally. In this article, we explore how the concept of relationship can be used to explore meaning on two dimensions:residentialandrepresentational(Kockelman 2006a, 2006b). It is our contention that both of these dimensions are crucial to developing an understanding of what happens in the courtroom data on which this special issue focusses. We begin by providing a detailed overview of neo-Peircean semiotics in order to demonstrate its utility for researchers from different disciplines. We then show how a neo-Peircean analytical approach can illuminate elements of data that may not be accounted for in other analyses. This is as a consequence of the neo-Peircean framework’s scope and its capacity for coping with a range of interactionally significant phenomena, from individual linguistic tokens to institutional norms. In our analysis of the data at the heart of this special issue, the Penelope Soto case, we show that problems can arise when interactants have different understandings of what is asignand what is aninterpretant(Peirce 1955). We make the case that it is a misunderstanding at this level (specifically the interpretations of the word “value”) that is ultimately what causes the interaction to conclude in the way that it does. Ultimately, we suggest that a neo-Peircean approach to the study of in/appropriate behaviour can facilitate links between the traditional (and sometimes disparate) methods of analysis used in politeness research.
Optical and magnetic properties of free-standing silicene, germanene and T-graphene system
Authors: Chowdhury Suman , Bandyopadhyay Arka , Dhar Namrata , Jana Debnarayan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe physics of two-dimensional (2D) materials is always intriguing in their own right. For all of these elemental 2D materials, a generic characteristic feature is that all the atoms of the materials are exposed on the surface, and thus tuning the structure and physical properties by surface treatments becomes very easy and straightforward. The discovery of graphene have fostered intensive research interest in the field of graphene like 2D materials such as silicene and germanene (hexagonal network of silicon and germanium, respectively). In contrast to the planar graphene lattice, the silicene and germanene honeycomb lattice is slightly buckled and composed of two vertically displaced sublattices.The magnetic properties were studied by introducing mono- and di-vacancy (DV), as well as by doping phosphorus and aluminium into the pristine silicene. It is observed that there is no magnetism in the mono-vacancy system, while there is large significant magnetic moment present for the DV system. The optical anisotropy of four differently shaped silicene nanodisks has revealed that diamond-shaped (DS) silicene nanodisk possesses highest static dielectric constant having no zero-energy states. The study of optical properties in silicene nanosheet network doped by aluminium (Al), phosphorus (P) and aluminium-phosphorus (Al-P) atoms has revealed that unlike graphene, no new electron energy loss spectra (EELS) peak occurs irrespective of doping type for parallel polarization. Tetragonal graphene (T-graphene) having non-equivalent (two kinds) bonds and non-honeycomb structure shows Dirac-like fermions and high Fermi velocity. The higher stability, large dipole moment along with high-intensity Raman active modes are observed in N-doped T-graphene. All these theoretical results may shed light on device fabrication in nano-optoelectronic technology and material characterization techniques in T-graphene, doped silicene, and germanene.
Partitioning of Cs+ and Na+ ions by dibenzo-18-crown-6 ionophore in biphasic aqueous systems of octanol and ionic liquid
Authors: Biswas Rima , Ghosh Pallab , Banerjee Tamal , Ali Sk. Musharaf 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to obtain molecular level insights on the behavior of Cs+/Na+ ions at the water–ionic liquid and water–octanol interface in the presence of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) ionophore with an aim to compare an ionic liquid (IL) to a octanol as receiving organic solvent phase. It was observed that the rate of phase separation for the octanol system was rapid as compared to the IL system. The free crown ethers (CE) were found to be highly solvated by the IL phase. A dual cationic exchange mechanism was observed at the [BMIM]/water interface. The [BMIM]+ cation was found to exchange with both the metal ions in aqueous phase as well as with the metal ion aided by the ionophore. The self-diffusion coefficient of the 1:2 complex (0.07×10−9 m2/s) at the octanol/water interface were found to be smaller than that of 1:1 complex (0.37 and 0.14×10−9 m2/s). It was observed that the surface tension of ILs decreased in the presence of complexes and free CE, whereas the surface tension of water was found to increase in presence of salts (Cs+NO3
− and Na+NO3
−). The experimentally determined value of D
Cs was found to be quite high in IL phase (1.595) compared to the octanol phase (0.139) in presence of CE. The kinetics of Cs+ was found to be very fast having rate with values of

k
1

^

$\widehat {{k_1}}$

=1.79×10−12 s−1 and

k
2

^

$\widehat {{k_2}}$

=0.205×10−12 s−1 in IL and water phase, respectively. The present results may help us in understanding the role of diluents in the assisted metal ion extraction but also in the future design of diluents and ionophore.