bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐repair effect of column jackets on aftershock fragilities of damaged RC bridges subjected to successive earthquakes
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Su , DesRoches Reginald , Lee Do Hyung 
Published: January 2016

SummaryIn light of recent earthquakes, structures damaged during an initial seismic event (mainshock) may be more vulnerable to severe damage and collapse during a subsequent event (aftershock). In this paper, a framework for the development of aftershock fragilities is presented; these aftershock fragilities define the likelihood that a bridge damaged during an initial event will exhibit a given damage state following one or more subsequent events. The framework is capable of (i) quantifying the cumulative damage of unrepaired bridges subjected to mainshock–aftershock sequences (effect of multiple earthquakes) and (ii) evaluating the effectiveness of column repair schemes such as steel and fiber‐reinforced‐polymer jackets (post‐repair effect of jackets). To achieve this aim, the numerical model of repaired columns is validated using existing experimental results. A non‐seismically designed bridge is chosen as a case study and is modeled for three numerical bridge models: a damaged (but unrepaired) bridge model, and two bridge models with columns repaired with steel and fiber‐reinforced polymer jackets. A series of back‐to‐back dynamic analyses under successive earthquakes are performed for each level of existing damage. Using simulated results, failure probabilities of components for multiple limit states are computed for each bridge model and then are used to evaluate the relative vulnerability of components associated with cumulative damage and column repair. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient method for selecting and scaling ground motions matching target response spectrum mean and variance
Authors: Ha Seong Jin , Han Sang Whan 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe purpose of this study is to propose an accurate and efficient method for selecting and scaling ground motions matching target response spectrum mean and variance, which does not require excessive computation and simulation. In the proposed method, a desired number of ground motions are sequentially scaled and selected from a ground motion library without iterations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on acute toxicity of pyrethrins to Hyalella azteca
Authors: Giddings Jeffrey , Gagne James , Sharp Janice 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

A series of acute toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca was performed to quantify the synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on pyrethrin toxicity. Concentrations of PBO &lt;4 µg/L caused no toxicity enhancement, whereas toxicity increased with PBO concentrations between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L. Additive toxicity calculations showed that true synergism accounted for an increase in pyrethrin toxicity (decrease in median lethal concentration) of 1.4-fold to 1.6-fold and varied only slightly between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L PBO, whereas direct toxicity of PBO accounted for an additional increase in mixture toxicity (up to 3.2-fold) that was proportional to PBO concentration. The results can be used to assess the risk of measured or predicted co-occurring concentrations of PBO and pyrethrins in surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2111–2116. © 2016 SETAC
Duality of channel encoding and decoding—Part II: rate‐1 non‐binary convolutional codes
Authors: You Qimin , Li Yonghui , Liew Soung Chang , Vucetic Branka 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis is the second part of a series of papers on a revisit to the bidirectional Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv (BCJR) soft‐in‐soft‐out maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding algorithm. Part I revisited the BCJR MAP decoding algorithm for rate‐1 binary convolutional codes and proposed a linear complexity decoder using shift registers in the complex number field. Part II proposes a low complexity decoder for rate‐1 non‐binary convolutional codes that achieves the same error performance as the bidirectional BCJR soft‐in‐soft‐out MAP decoding algorithm. We observe an explicit relationship between the encoding and decoding of rate‐1 convolutional codes in GF(q). Based on this relationship, the BCJR forward and backward decoding are implemented by dual encoders using shift registers whose contents are vectors of complex numbers. The input to the dual encoders is the probability mass function of the received symbols, and the output of the dual encoders is the probability mass function of the information symbols. The bidirectional BCJR MAP decoding is implemented by linearly combining the shift register contents of the dual encoders for forward and backward decoding. The proposed decoder significantly reduces the computational complexity of the bidirectional BCJR MAP algorithm from exponential to linear with constraint length of convolutional codes. To further reduce complexity, fast Fourier transform is applied. Mathematical proofs and simulation results are provided to validate our proposed decoder. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
„Starker Wunsch nach Kooperation”︁
Authors: Bastong Benedikt 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWas der erste deutsch‐russische SFB über die bilateralen Wissenschaftsbeziehungen aussagt und wie das DFG‐Büro in Moskau mit der Reform des russischen Wissenschaftssystems und der politischen Krise umgeht / Büroleiter Jörn Achterberg im Gespräch
Verlorene Illusionen
Authors: Unterstell Rembert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIm Chiffrejahr 1968 schien auch in der Pädagogik nichts unmöglich. In der täglichen Erziehung aber führten die Liberalisierungsträume auch in Abgründe. Ein Gespräch mit der Pädagogin Meike Baader, die als eine der ersten beide Seiten beleuchtet — ein weiter Bogen von der Erziehung in Kinderläden über zeittypische Aufklärungsbücher bis zu sexualisierter Gewalt.
Theoretical Study of the Dimerization of Chlorophyll (a) and Its Hydrates: Implication for Chlorophyll (a) Aggregation
Authors: Ben Fredj Arij 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDimeric structures chlorophyll (a) (Chla) and their mono‐ and dihydrated have been suggested to play an important role in the mechanism of photoreaction center chlorophyll special pairs PSI and PSII. Despite their functional importance, the molecular basis structures for interacting two Chla molecules and the structural stabilization role of H2O in the formation of hydrated Chla dimer complexes is poorly understood. In this article, the different coordination modes between two interacting Chla molecules and the configurational (orientation and distance) features between the dimer and bound H2O molecules are characterized by means of super molecule approach the density functional theory DFT. An estimation of the thermodynamic quantities is made for Chla dimerization and hydration processes. The results indicate that structure including ester linkages via H2O hydrogen bonding is the most favorable conformation for the dihydrated chlorophyll (a) dimer at B3LYP/6‐31G*‐DCP level of calculation. The dispersion interaction is shown to be of great significance for the Chla dimer stabilization. In aqueous nonpolar solvent, the thermodynamics show that Chla has a slightly stronger driving force for full hydration than for dimerization and that hydration of the dimers is rather weakly exergonic. The tetrahydrated dimers having a similar arrangement to that in crystals of ethyl chlorophyllide (a) dihydrate are found to be more stable than the Chla dihydrated dimer. The data underscore the key role of H‐bonding in the stability of Chla‐H2O adducts and, in particular, the great importance of the Chla monomeric dihydrated species in the hydration and dimerization of Chla in aqueous media. Clearly, the Chla dihydrates (Chla‐2 H2O) are found more stable than the monohydrates (Chla‐H2O) and the Chla dimers (Chla2), owing to a particular structure in which cooperative interactions occur between the H2O molecules and Chla. Calculations also indicate that the most thermodynamically preferred pathway for the formation of Chla dimer hydrates can be represented by two steps: the first corresponds to the formation of Chla monomeric dihydrates and the second is the dimerization of the dihydrates on to tetrahydrated Chla dimers. These results allow to obtain a new possible pathway for Chla dimer formation processes and could provide new insights to the aggregation of chlorophyll (a) in solution.
Paeonenoides D and E: Two New Nortriterpenoids from Paeonia lactiflora and Their Inhibitory Activities on NO Production
Authors: Fu Qiang , Qiu Lu , Yuan Hai‐Mei , Yu Tian , Zou Liang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTwo new nortriterpenoids, paeonenoides D and E (1 and 2, resp.), together with seven known compounds, were isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Compounds 1–7 were screened for inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS‐induced RAW246.7 macrophages and for cytotoxic activities against HL‐60, Hep‐G2, and SK‐OV‐3 cell lines. Compounds 1–3 and 5–7 exhibited inhibitory activities with IC50 values in the range of 9.6–32.2 μM. Triterpenoids with an epoxide ring and a free COOH function, 1–3, showed effectively increased activities compared with other pentacyclic triterpenoids. Compounds 1–6 showed significant cytotoxic activities against the Hep‐G2 cell line and modest cytotoxic activities against HL‐60 and SK‐OV‐3 cell lines.
Reduction of N‐Nitrosaminoquinolinediones with LiAlH4 – an Easy Path to New Tricyclic Benzoxadiazocines
Authors: Klásek Antonín , Lyčka Antonín , Křemen Filip , Růžička Aleš , Rouchal Michal 
Published: January 2016

Abstract3‐Butylaminoquinolinediones (1) react with NaNO2 in AcOH to give the corresponding N‐nitrosoderivatives (2). The analogous reactions of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐butylaminoquinolinediones (5), prepared by the reduction of 1 with NaBH4, produce the corresponding nitrosamines (4). The reduction of both 2 and 4 with Zn under different conditions was non‐productive, but the reduction of both compounds with LiAlH4 at the oxo and lactame groups yielded impure products, generating new tricyclic benzoxadiazocines (9) by a reaction with HNCO. All compounds were characterized by IR, 1H‐, and 13C‐NMR (in some cases, 15N‐NMR also) spectroscopy and EI and/or ESI mass spectrometry. The X‐ray structure of compound 9g was determined.
Synthesis of Novel Porphyrin Derivatives and Their Cytotoxic Activities against A431 Cells
Authors: Yao Ya‐Hong , Luo Yun , Li Jun , Zhang Feng‐Xing 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThree novel porphyrins, including two Schiff‐bases porphyrins, 5,10,15‐triphenyl‐20‐[4‐(2‐(4‐formyl)phenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl porphyrin (H2Pp(1)), 5,10,15‐triphenyl‐20‐[4‐(2‐(4‐hydroxyimino)phenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl porphyrin (H2Pp(2)) and 5,10,15‐triphenyl‐20‐[4‐(2‐(4‐m‐hydroxyanilinodeneformyl)phenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl porphyrin (H2Pp(3)), as well as three metalloporphyrins (CuPp (1a), ZnPp (1b), and CoPp (1c)) of porphyrin H2Pp(1) were synthesized. Their molecular structures were characterized by 1H‐NMR, MS, UV/VIS, and FT‐IR spectra. Furthermore, they were evaluated by their cytotoxicities against human epidermal squamous cell carcinoma cell (A431) and normal human horn cells (HaCaT) in vitro with MTT assay. Interestingly, these porphyrins and metalloporphyrins, which had a negligible cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells, showed highly cytotoxicity against A431 cells with IC50 values in the range of 6.6–9.8 μM, and metalloporphyrins exhibited higher cytotoxicity than that of metal‐free porphyrins.
Database support for adaptation to climate change: An assessment of web-based portals across scales
Authors: Sanderson Hans , Hilden Mikael , Russel Duncan , Dessai Suraje 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The widely recognized increase in greenhouse gas emissions is necessitating adaptation to a changing climate, and policies are being developed and implemented worldwide, across sectors, and between government scales globally. The aim of this article is to reflect on one of the major challenges: facilitating and sharing information on the next adaptation practices. Web portals (i.e., web sites) for disseminating information are important tools in meeting this challenge, and therefore, we assessed the characteristics of select major portals across multiple scales. We found that there is a rather limited number of case studies available in the portals—between 900 and 1000 in total—with 95 that include cost information and 195 that include the participation of stakeholders globally. Portals are rarely cited by researchers, suggesting a suboptimal connection between the practical, policy-related, and scientific development of adaptation. The government portals often lack links on search results between US and European Union (EU) web sites, for example. With significant investments and policy development emerging in both the United States and the European Union, there is great potential to share information via portals. Moreover, there is the possibility of better connecting the practical adaptation experience from bottom-up projects to the science of adaptation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:627–631. © 2016 SETAC
Screening of PRKAR1A and PDE4D in a Large Italian Series of Patients Clinically Diagnosed With Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy and/or Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Authors: Elli Francesca Marta , Bordogna Paolo , de Sanctis Luisa , Giachero Federica , Verrua Elisa , Segni Maria , Mazzanti Laura , Boldrin Valentina , Toromanovic Alma , Spada Anna , Mantovani Giovanna 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) intracellular signaling pathway mediates the physiological effects of several hormones and neurotransmitters, acting by the activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and several downstream intracellular effectors, including the heterotrimeric stimulatory G-protein (Gs), the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), and cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Defective G-protein–mediated signaling has been associated with an increasing number of disorders, including Albright hereditary osteodistrophy (AHO) and pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), a heterogeneous group of rare genetic metabolic disorders resulting from molecular defects at the GNAS locus. Moreover, mutations in PRKAR1A and PDE4D genes have been recently detected in patients with acrodysostosis (ACRDYS), showing a skeletal and endocrinological phenotype partially overlapping with AHO/PHP. Despite the high detection rate of molecular defects by currently available molecular approaches, about 30% of AHO/PHP patients still lack a molecular diagnosis, hence the need to screen patients negative for GNAS epi/genetic defects also for chromosomal regions and genes associated with diseases that undergo differential diagnosis with PHP. According to the growing knowledge on Gsα-cAMP signaling-linked disorders, we investigated our series of patients (n = 81) with a clinical diagnosis of PHP/AHO but negative for GNAS anomalies for the presence of novel genetic variants at PRKAR1A and PDE4D genes. Our work allowed the detection of 8 novel missense variants affecting genes so far associated with ACRDYS in 9 patients. Our data further confirm the molecular and clinical overlap among these disorders. We present the data collected from a large series of patients and a brief review of the literature in order to compare our findings with already published data; to look for PRKAR1A/PDE4D mutation spectrum, recurrent mutations, and mutation hot spots; and to identify specific clinical features associated with ACRDYS that deserve surveillance during follow-up. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Influence of fat on liver T1 measurements using modified Look–Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) methods at 3T
Authors: Mozes Ferenc E. , Tunnicliffe Elizabeth M. , Pavlides Michael , Robson Matthew D. 
Published: January 2016

PurposeTo characterize the effect of fat on modified Look–Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) T1 maps of the liver. The balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) sequence causes water and fat signals to have opposite phase when repetition time (TR) = 2.3 msec at 3T. In voxels that contain both fat and water, the MOLLI T1 measurement is influenced by the choice of TR.Materials and MethodsMOLLI T1 measurements of the liver were simulated using the Bloch equations while varying the hepatic lipid content (HLC). Phantom scans were performed on margarine phantoms, using both MOLLI and spin echo inversion recovery sequences. MOLLI T1 at 3T and HLC were determined in patients (n = 8) before and after bariatric surgery.ResultsAt 3T, with HLC in the 0–35% range, higher fat fraction values lead to longer MOLLI T1 values when TR = 2.3 msec. Patients were found to have higher MOLLI T1 at elevated HLC (T1 = 929 ± 97 msec) than at low HLC (T1 = 870 ± 44 msec).ConclusionAt 3T, MOLLI T1 values are affected by HLC, substantially changing MOLLI T1 in a clinically relevant range of fat content. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:105–111.
A deglaciation model of the Oberhasli, Switzerland
Authors: Wirsig Christian , Zasadni Jerzy , Ivy‐Ochs Susan , Christl Marcus , Kober Florian , Schlüchter Christian 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTWe combine 10Be surface exposure ages from boulders and bedrock, field observations and measurement of bedrock ice‐flow direction indicators with numerical ice surface models to develop a model of the evolution of the Oberhasli area in the central Swiss Alps from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene. Surface exposure ages from bedrock and boulder samples imply that the highest ice surface at the glacial trimline in Haslital was attained at 23.0 ± 0.8 ka. Significant retreat followed no later than 17.7 ± 0.8 ka. Several boulders were let down on the Gelmerhörner ridge during lowering of the ice surface of the Aare LGM glacier. Their exposure ages of 16–14 ka suggest that patches of remnant ice persisted on the trough shoulder until the Bølling–Allerød interstadial. Lateglacial glacier systems in the High Alps were of a dendritic character, confined to the trunk valleys and cirques. Based on combined evidence from glacial erosional marks, surface exposure ages and numerical modelling we have been able to constrain the likely terminal position and ice surface of the Egesen stadial glacier (Younger Dryas equivalent) in Haslital. Exposure ages from the trough floor imply that deglaciation was completed at the end of the Younger Dryas at 12.2–10.8 ka.
Rising waters and processes of diversification and unification in material culture: the flooding of Doggerland and its effect on north‐west European prehistoric populations between ca. 13 000 and 1500 cal BC
Authors: Ballin Torben Bjarke 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe present paper discusses how post‐glacial sea level rises may have led to material cultural diversification and ‘atomization’ of geographically extensive cultures or social territories. The resulting smaller social territories, with their associated material cultures, subsequently began to merge, possibly due to the development of better means of transport. Where the North Sea, at the beginning of this process of material diversification, represented a growing barrier to contacts, it later became a means of communication. In this paper, dates for material cultures follow those of Vang Petersen ().
Examining Minority Attrition Among Women in Longitudinal Trauma Research
Authors: Boykin Derrecka M. , London Melissa J. , Orcutt Holly K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractResearch suggests that racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to attrit from longitudinal trauma studies than non‐Hispanic Whites. Yet, little is known about how the loss of minority participants influences longitudinal findings as well as internal and external validity of study findings. Thus, the present study examined the effects of race/ethnicity on attrition in a longitudinal trauma study of women (minority = 223, non‐Hispanic White or majority = 459) exposed to a campus shooting. Survival analyses were used to compare the attrition rates of minority participants to majority participants and assess the extent to which race/ethnicity, among other variables, predicted attrition. Minority participants were more likely to attrit than majority participants, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.69, 95% CI [0.48, 0.99], even after adjusting for study variables. A main effect was also found for age, HR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.01, 1.12]. Race/ethnicity did not interact with other study variables to influence attrition. The findings underscored the importance of assessing the effects of attrition on longitudinal findings and external validity.
Tidal benthic mesocosms simulating future climate change scenarios in the field of marine ecology
Authors: Pansch Andreas , Winde Vera , Asmus Ragnhild , Asmus Harald 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIncreasing human activities cause local to global changes in sea surface temperatures, ocean acidity, eutrophication, and rising sea levels. Many laboratory experiments investigate the effects of these regime shifts on single species and single stressors, showing variable responses within and among species, while different combinations of stressors can have synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects. Large‐scale multi‐species and multi‐stressor experiments can more reliably predict future ecosystem changes. A unique mesocosm facility was developed and set up at the AWI Wadden Sea Station – Sylt, Northern Germany to investigate the particular effects of future climate changes on predominant marine intertidal communities. Each of 12 benthic mesocosms serves as an independent experimental unit with novel techniques of tide and current simulations as well as multi parameter measurement systems to simulate multi‐factorial climate change scenarios including the combination of warming, acidification, nutrient enrichment, and sea level rise. Temperature, pH, oxygen, and salinity can be continuously monitored and logged, while discretely collected samples of total alkalinity, light availability, chlorophyll a (Chl a), nutrients and seston supplement these online datasets. Herein we demonstrate the functionality of the new benthic mesocosm system including first experimental results on the responses of Fucus vesiculosus forma mytili, and its associated community to the combination of warming, ocean acidification, and increased nutrient enrichment.
Near‐IR image‐guided laser ablation of demineralization on tooth occlusal surfaces
Authors: Tom Henry , Chan Kenneth H. , Darling Cynthia L. , Fried Daniel 
Published: January 2016

IntroductionStudies have shown that reflectance images at near‐IR wavelengths coincident with higher water absorption are well‐suited for image‐guided laser ablation of carious lesions since the contrast between sound and demineralized enamel is extremely high and interference from stains is minimized. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that near‐IR reflectance images taken at a wavelength range of 1,500–1,700 nm can be used to guide a 9.3 μm CO2 laser for the selective ablation of early demineralization on tooth occlusal surfaces.MethodsThe occlusal surfaces of ten sound human molars were used in this in vitro study. Shallow simulated caries lesions with random patterns and varying depth and position were produced on tooth occlusal surfaces. Sequential near‐IR reflectance images at 1,500–1,700 nm were used to guide the laser for the selective removal of the demineralized enamel. Digital microscopy and polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS‐OCT) were used to assess selectivity.ResultsImages taken before and after lesion removal suggest that the demineralized areas were removed with high selectivity. Although the estimated volume of tissue ablated was typically higher than the initial lesion volume measured with PS‐OCT, the volume of enamel removed by the laser correlated well with the initial lesion volume.ConclusionSequential near‐IR reflectance images at 1,500–1,700 nm can be used to guide a 9.3 μm CO2 laser for the selective ablation of early demineralization on tooth occlusal surfaces. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:52–61, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.