bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral morphosyntactic competence as a predictor of reading comprehension in children with specific language impairment
Authors: Buil‐Legaz Lucía , Aguilar‐Mediavilla Eva , Rodríguez‐Ferreiro Javier 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundChildren with a diagnosis of specific language impairment (SLI) present impaired oral comprehension. According to the simple view of reading, general amodal linguistic capacity accounts for both oral and reading comprehension. Considering this, we should expect SLI children to display a reading comprehension deficit. However, previous research regarding the association between reading disorders and SLI has yielded inconsistent results.AimsTo study the influence of prior oral comprehension competence over reading comprehension during the first years of reading acquisition of bilingual Catalan–Spanish children with SLI (ages 7–8).Methods & ProceduresWe assessed groups of bilingual Catalan–Spanish SLI and matched control children at ages 7 and 8 with standardized reading comprehension tasks including grammatical structures, sentence and text comprehension. Early oral competence and prior non‐verbal intelligence were also measured and introduced into regression analyses with the participants’ reading results in order to state the relation between the comprehension of oral and written material.Outcomes & ResultsAlthough we found no significant differences between the scores of our two participant groups in the reading tasks, data regarding their early oral competence, but not non‐verbal intelligence measures, significantly influence their reading outcome.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe results extend our knowledge regarding the course of literacy acquisition of children with SLI and provide evidence in support of the theories that assume common linguistic processes to be responsible for both oral and reading comprehension.
Stratification of archaeal membrane lipids in the ocean and implications for adaptation and chemotaxonomy of planktonic archaea
Authors: Zhu Chun , Wakeham Stuart G. , Elling Felix J. , Basse Andreas , Mollenhauer Gesine , Versteegh Gerard J. M. , Könneke Martin , Hinrichs Kai‐Uwe 
Published: March 2016

SummaryMembrane lipids of marine planktonic archaea have provided unique insights into archaeal ecology and paleoceanography. However, past studies of archaeal lipids in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments mainly focused on a small class of fully saturated glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) homologues identified decades ago. The apparent low structural diversity of GDGTs is in strong contrast to the high diversity of metabolism and taxonomy among planktonic archaea. Furthermore, adaptation of archaeal lipids in the deep ocean remains poorly constrained. We report the archaeal lipidome in SPM from diverse oceanic regimes. We extend the known inventory of planktonic archaeal lipids to include numerous unsaturated archaeal ether lipids (uns‐AELs). We further reveal (i) different thermal regulations and polar headgroup compositions of membrane lipids between the epipelagic (≤ 100 m) and deep (>100 m) populations of archaea, (ii) stratification of unsaturated GDGTs with varying redox conditions, and (iii) enrichment of tetra‐unsaturated archaeol and fully saturated GDGTs in epipelagic and deep oxygenated waters, respectively. Such stratified lipid patterns are consistent with the typical distribution of archaeal phylotypes in marine environments. We, thus, provide an ecological context for GDGT‐based paleoclimatology and bring about the potential use of uns‐AELs as biomarkers for planktonic Euryarchaeota.
RNA viruses as major contributors to Antarctic virioplankton
Authors: Miranda Jaclyn A. , Culley Alexander I. , Schvarcz Christopher R. , Steward Grieg F. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryEarly work on marine algal viruses focused exclusively on those having DNA genomes, but recent studies suggest that RNA viruses, especially those with positive‐sense, single‐stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes, are abundant in tropical and temperate coastal seawater. To test whether this was also true of polar waters, we estimated the relative abundances of RNA and DNA viruses using a mass ratio approach and conducted shotgun metagenomics on purified viral samples collected from a coastal site near Palmer Station, Antarctica on six occasions throughout a summer phytoplankton bloom (November–March). Our data suggest that RNA viruses contributed up to 65% of the total virioplankton (8–65%), and that, as observed previously in warmer waters, the majority of RNA viruses in these Antarctic RNA virus metagenomes had +ssRNA genomes most closely related to viruses in the order Picornavirales. Assembly of the metagenomic reads resulted in five novel, nearly complete genomes, three of which had features similar to diatom‐infecting viruses. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that RNA viruses influence diatom bloom dynamics in Antarctic waters.
Profiling the U.S. Sick Leave Landscape: Presenteeism among Females
Authors: Susser Philip , Ziebarth Nicolas R. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo profile the sick leave landscape in the United States.Data SourcesThe 2011 Leave Supplement of the American Time Use Survey.Study DesignBivariate and multivariate analyses to identify (i) employees without sick pay coverage and (ii) employees who attend work sick.Principal FindingsSixty‐five percent of full‐time employees have sick pay coverage. Coverage rates are below 20 percent for employees with hourly wages below $10, part‐time employees, and employees in the hospitality and leisure industry.ConclusionEach week, up to 3 million U.S. employees go to work sick. Females, low‐income earners, and those aged 25 to 34 years have a significantly elevated risk of presenteeism behavior.
Double Filtration Plasmapheresis in the Treatment of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody Associated Vasculitis With Severe Renal Failure: A Preliminary Study of 15 Patients
Authors: Chen Yinghua , Yang Liu , Li Kang , Liu Zhengzhao , Gong Dehua , Zhang Haitao , Liu Zhihong , Hu Weixin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOur aim was to investigate the clinical efficacy of double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) in the treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody‐(ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) with severe renal involvement. Fifteen AAV patients who had severe renal failure (median SCr 5.6(IQR 5.2–9.0) mg/dL) and needed initial renal replacement therapy (RRT) were treated with DFPP and immunosuppressive therapy. Two plasma volumes were processed during each DFPP session. The changes of serum ANCA and renal function were investigated. After the DFPP treatment for three to five sessions, serum MPO‐ANCA level decreased from 250.0 ± 86.9 RU/mL to 70.5 ± 64.7RU/mL (P = 0.00), with a median reduction rate of 67.6%. Eleven patients (73.3%) no longer needed from RRT 3 months after DFPP treatment, while another four patients remained on dialysis. During the follow up for median 10 (IQR 6–24) months, SCr level decreased to normal in one patient, one patient progressed into ESRD. The 1 year renal survival rate was 62.9%. Five (33.3%) patients were complicated with pulmonary infection. DFPP combined with immunosuppressive therapy could increase the renal recovery rate through rapidly decreasing serum ANCA levels for AAV patients with severe renal failure, but its clinical efficacy and impact on long‐term renal survival require further studies.
Disruption of blood–brain barrier integrity in postmortem alcoholic brain: preclinical evidence of TLR4 involvement from a binge‐like drinking model
Authors: Rubio‐Araiz Ana , Porcu Francesca , Pérez‐Hernández Mercedes , García‐Gutiérrez Mª Salud , Aracil‐Fernández María Auxiliadora , Gutierrez‐López María Dolores , Guerri Consuelo , Manzanares Jorge , O'Shea Esther , Colado María Isabel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species are reported to be involved in blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Because there is evidence that ethanol (EtOH) induces release of free radicals, cytokines and inflammatory mediators we examined BBB integrity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in postmortem human alcoholic brain and investigated the role of TLR4 signaling in BBB permeability in TLR4‐knockout mice under a binge‐like EtOH drinking protocol.Immunohistochemical studies showed reduced immunoreactivity of the basal lamina protein, collagen‐IV and of the tight junction protein, claudin‐5 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of alcoholics. There was also increased MMP‐9 activity and expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p‐38. Greater number of CD45+ IR cells were observed associated with an enhanced neuroinflammatory response reflected by increased GFAP and Iba‐1 immunostaining. To further explore effects of high EtOH consumption on BBB integrity we studied TLR4‐knockout mice exposed to the drinking in the dark paradigm. Repetitive EtOH exposure in wild‐type mice decreased hippocampal expression of laminin and collagen‐IV and increased IgG immunoreactivity, indicating IgG extravasation. Western blot analysis also revealed increased MyD88 and p‐ERK1/2 levels. None of these changes was observed in TLR4‐knockout mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that chronic EtOH increases degradation of tight junctions and extracellular matrix in postmortem human brain and induces a neuroinflammatory response associated with activation of ERK1/2 and p‐38 and greater MMP‐9 activity. The EtOH‐induced effects on BBB impairment are not evident in the hippocampus of TLR4‐knockout mice, suggesting the involvement of TLR4 signaling in the underlying mechanism leading to BBB disruption in mice.
Estimating under‐ and over‐reporting of drinking in national surveys of alcohol consumption: identification of consistent biases across four English‐speaking countries
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Zhao Jinhui , Greenfield Thomas , Li Jessica , Livingston Michael , Meng Yang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and AimsQuestions about drinking ‘yesterday’ have been used to correct under‐reporting of typical alcohol consumption in surveys. We use this method to explore patterns of over‐ and under‐reporting of drinking quantity and frequency by population subgroups in four countries.DesignMultivariate linear regression analyses comparing estimates of typical quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption with and without adjustments using the yesterday method.Setting and ParticipantsSurvey respondents in Australia (n = 26 648), Canada (n = 43 371), USA (n = 7969) and England (n = 8610).MeasurementsEstimates of typical drinking quantities and frequencies over the past year plus quantity of alcohol consumed the previous day.FindingsTypical frequency was underestimated by less frequent drinkers in each country. For example, after adjustment for design effects and age, Australian males self‐reporting drinking ‘less than once a month’ were estimated to have in fact drunk an average of 14.70 (± 0.59) days in the past year compared with the standard assumption of 6 days (t = 50.5, P < 0.001). Drinking quantity ‘yesterday’ was not significantly different overall from self‐reported typical quantities during the past year in Canada, the United States and England, but slightly lower in Australia (e.g. 2.66 versus 3.04 drinks, t = 20.4, P < 0.01 for women).ConclusionsPeople who describe themselves as less frequent drinkers appear to under‐report their drinking frequency substantially, but country and subgroup‐specific corrections can be estimated. Detailed questions using the yesterday method can help correct under‐reporting of quantity of drinking.
Hospital‐assisted home care after early discharge from a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit was safe and readmissions were rare
Authors: Lundberg Björn , Lindgren Carl , Palme‐Kilander Charlotte , Örtenstrand Annica , Bonamy Anna‐Karin Edstedt , Sarman Ihsan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimIt is common in Sweden to discharge infants early from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and provide hospital‐assisted neonatal home care (HANHC), as an alternative to hospital care, for infants with a persisting need for specialised care. This study assessed the safety of HANHC by reviewing hospital readmissions.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the files of all 1410 infants enrolled in HANHC at the NICU at Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, from 2002 to 2011 up until hospital readmission or their discharge from HANHC. Each readmitted infant was matched to the next HANHC infant who was not readmitted. Predictors and reasons for readmission were investigated in a retrospective nested case–control study.ResultsWe readmitted 74 (5.2%) of the 1410 infants in HANHC. Extremely preterm infants, born at less than 28 weeks, were readmitted more frequently than other infants, with an odds ratio of 6.07 (range 2.06–17.8). The most common symptoms were respiratory symptoms (55%), and viral respiratory tract infections were the most common reason (28%) for readmission.ConclusionHANHC was safe for the vast majority of infants (94.8%). Extremely preterm birth was identified as a predictor for hospital readmission. Further studies investigating the safety of HANHC in other settings would be valuable.
Differential visceral blood flow in the hyperdynamic circulation of patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: McAvoy N. C. , Semple S. , Richards J. M. J. , Robson A. J. , Patel D. , Jardine A. G. M. , Leyland K. , Cooper A. S. , Newby D. E. , Hayes P. C. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryBackgroundWith advancing liver disease and the development of portal hypertension, there are major alterations in somatic and visceral blood flow. Using phase‐contrast magnetic resonance angiography, we characterised alterations in blood flow within the hepatic, splanchnic and extra‐splanchnic circulations of patients with established liver cirrhosis.AimTo compare blood flow in splanchnic and extra‐splanchnic circulations in patients with varying degrees of cirrhosis and healthy controls.MethodsIn a single‐centre prospective study, 21 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with established liver disease (Child's stage B and C) underwent electrocardiogram‐gated phasecontrast‐enhanced 3T magnetic resonance angiography of the aorta, hepatic artery, portal vein, superior mesenteric artery, and the renal and common carotid arteries.ResultsIn comparison to healthy volunteers, resting blood flow in the descending thoracic aorta was increased by 43% in patients with liver disease (4.31 ± 1.47 vs. 3.31 ± 0.80 L/min, P = 0.011). While portal vein flow was similar (0.83 ± 0.38 vs. 0.77 ± 0.35 L/min, P = 0.649), hepatic artery flow doubled (0.50 ± 0.46 vs. 0.25 ± 0.15 L/min, P = 0.021) and consequently total liver blood flow increased by 30% (1.33 ± 0.84 vs. 1.027 ± 0.5 L/min, P = 0.043). In patients with liver disease, superior mesenteric artery flow was threefold higher (0.65 ± 0.35 vs. 0.22 ± 0.13 L/min, P < 0.001), while total renal blood flow was reduced by 40% (0.37 ± 0.14 vs. 0.62 ± 0.22 L/min, P < 0.001) and total carotid blood flow unchanged (0.62 ± 0.20 vs. 0.65 ± 0.13 L/min, P = 0.315).ConclusionsRather than a generalised systemic hyperdynamic circulation, liver disease is associated with dysregulated splanchnic vasodilatation and portosystemic shunting that, while inducing a high cardiac output, causes compensatory extra‐splanchnic vasoconstriction ‐ the ‘splanchnic steal’ phenomenon. These circulatory disturbances may underlie many of the manifestations of advanced liver disease.
Evaluation of cellular immunological responses in mono- and polymorphic clinical forms of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in India
Authors: Kaushal H , Bras-Gonçalves R , Avishek K , Kumar Deep D , Petitdidier E , Lemesre J-L , Papierok G , Kumar S , Ramesh V , Salotra P 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPost-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a chronic dermal complication that occurs usually after recovery from visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The disease manifests into macular, papular and/or nodular clinical types with mono- or polymorphic presentations. Here, we investigated differences in immunological response between these two distinct clinical forms in Indian PKDL patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PKDL and naive individuals were exposed in vitro to total soluble Leishmania antigen (TSLA). The proliferation index was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based lymphoproliferative assay. Cytokines and granzyme B levels were determined by cytometric bead array. Parasite load in tissue biopsy samples of PKDL was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The proportion of different lymphoid subsets in peripheral blood and the activated T cell population were estimated using flow cytometry. The study demonstrated heightened cellular immune responses in the polymorphic PKDL group compared to the naive group. The polymorphic group showed significantly higher lymphoproliferation, increased cytokines and granzyme B levels upon TSLA stimulation, and a raised proportion of circulating natural killer (NK) T cells against naive controls. Furthermore, the polymorphic group showed a significantly elevated proportion of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon in-vitro TSLA stimulation. Thus, the polymorphic variants showed pronounced cellular immunity while the monomorphic form demonstrated a comparatively lower cellular response. Additionally, the elevated level of both activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, coupled with high granzyme B secretion upon in-vitro TSLA stimulation, indicated the role of cytotoxic cells in resistance to L. donovani infection in polymorphic PKDL.
Pituitary stalk lesions: systematic review and clinical guidance
Authors: Catford Sarah , Wang Yi Yuen , Wong Rosemary 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe spectrum of pituitary stalk (PS) pathology is vast, presenting a diagnostic challenge. Published large series of PS lesions demonstrate neoplastic conditions are most frequent, followed by inflammatory, infectious and congenital diseases. Inflammatory pathologies however, account for the majority of PS lesions in published small case series and case reports. Physicians must be familiar with the major differential diagnoses and necessary investigations. A comprehensive history and thorough clinical examination is critical. Although magnetic resonance imaging of the PS in disease is nonspecific, associated intracranial features may narrow the differential diagnosis. Initial investigations include basic pathology and computer tomography imaging of the neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis. Further investigations should be guided by the clinical context. PS biopsy should be considered when a diagnosis is regarded essential in centres where an experienced neurosurgeon is available. Treatment is dependent on the underlying disease process and may necessitate pituitary hormone replacement.
Simple blood‐feeding method for live imaging of gut tube remodeling in regenerating planarians
Authors: Hosoda Kazutaka , Morimoto Mizuki , Motoishi Minako , Nishimura Osamu , Agata Kiyokazu , Umesono Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2016

Live cell imaging is a powerful technique to study cellular dynamics in vivo during animal development and regeneration. However, few live imaging methods have been reported for studying planarian regeneration. Here, we developed a simple method for steady visualization of gut tube remodeling during regeneration of a living freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica. When planarians were fed blood several times, gut branches were well‐visualized in living intact animals under normal bright‐field illumination. Interestingly, tail fragments derived from these colored planarians enabled successive observation of the processes of the formation of a single anterior gut branch in the prepharyngeal region from the preexisting two posterior gut branches in the same living animals during head regeneration. Furthermore, we combined this method and RNA interference (RNAi) and thereby showed that a D. japonica raf‐related gene (DjrafA) and mek‐related gene (DjmekA) we identified both play a major role in the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling during planarian regeneration, as indicated by their RNAi‐induced defects on gut tube remodeling in a time‐saving initial screening using blood‐feeding without immunohistochemical detection of the gut. Thus, this blood‐feeding method is useful for live imaging of gut tube remodeling, and provides an advance for the field of regeneration study in planarians.
Strong invaders are strong defenders – implications for the resistance of invaded communities
Authors: Henriksson Anna , Wardle David A. , Trygg Johan , Diehl Sebastian , Englund Göran 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMany ecosystems receive a steady stream of non‐native species. How biotic resistance develops over time in these ecosystems will depend on how established invaders contribute to subsequent resistance. If invasion success and defence capacity (i.e. contribution to resistance) are correlated, then community resistance should increase as species accumulate. If successful invaders also cause most impact (through replacing native species with low defence capacity) then the effect will be even stronger. If successful invaders instead have weak defence capacity or even facilitative attributes, then resistance should decrease with time, as proposed by the invasional meltdown hypothesis. We analysed 1157 introductions of freshwater fish in Swedish lakes and found that species’ invasion success was positively correlated with their defence capacity and impact, suggesting that these communities will develop stronger resistance over time. These insights can be used to identify scenarios where invading species are expected to cause large impact.