bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membrane‐Tethered Metalloproteinase Expressed by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Limits the Progression of Proliferative Atherosclerotic Lesions
Authors: Barnes Richard H. , Akama Takeshi , Öhman Miina K. , Woo Moon‐Sook , Bahr Julian , Weiss Stephen J. , Eitzman Daniel T. , Chun Tae‐Hwa 
Published: July 2017

Background

The MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) family plays diverse and critical roles in directing vascular wall remodeling in atherosclerosis. Unlike secreted‐type
MMP
s, a member of the membrane‐type
MMP
family,
MT
1‐
MMP
(membrane‐type 1 MMP;
MMP
14), mediates pericellular extracellular matrix degradation that is indispensable for maintaining physiological extracellular matrix homeostasis. However, given the premature mortality exhibited by
MT
1‐
MMP
–null mice, the potential role of the proteinase in atherogenesis remains elusive. We sought to determine the effects of both
MT
1‐
MMP
heterozygosity and tissue‐specific gene targeting on atherogenesis in APOE (apolipoprotein E)–null mice.

Methods and Results

MT
1‐
MMP
heterozygosity in the
APOE
‐null background (
Mmp14

+/−

Apoe

−/−

) significantly promoted atherogenesis relative to
Mmp14

+/+

Apoe

−/−

mice. Furthermore, the tissue‐specific deletion of
MT
1‐
MMP
from vascular smooth muscle cells (
VSMC
s) in
SM
22α‐Cre(+)
Mmp14

F/F

Apoe

−/−

(
VSMC
‐knockout) mice likewise increased the severity of atherosclerotic lesions. Although
VSMC
‐knockout mice also developed progressive atherosclerotic aneurysms in their iliac arteries, macrophage‐ and adipose‐specific
MT
1‐
MMP
–knockout mice did not display this sensitized phenotype. In
VSMC
‐knockout mice, atherosclerotic lesions were populated by hyperproliferating
VSMC
s (smooth muscle actin– and Ki67–double‐positive cells) that were characterized by a proinflammatory gene expression profile. Finally,
MT
1‐
MMP
–null
VSMC
s cultured in a 3‐dimensional spheroid model system designed to mimic in vivo–like cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions, likewise displayed markedly increased proliferative potential.

Conclusions

MT
1‐
MMP
expressed by
VSMC
s plays a key role in limiting the progression of atherosclerosis in
APOE
‐null mice by regulating proliferative responses and inhibiting the deterioration of
VSMC
function in atherogenic vascular walls.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis, Cardiac and Kidney Function, Heart Failure, and Dementia in the Very Elderly
Authors: Kuller Lewis H. , Lopez Oscar L. , Gottdiener John S. , Kitzman Dalane W. , Becker James T. , Chang Yuefang , Newman Anne B. 
Published: July 2017

Background
Heart failure (HF) and dementia are major causes of disability and death among older individuals. Risk factors and biomarkers of HF may be determinants of dementia in the elderly. We evaluated the relationship between biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and HF and risk of dementia and death. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) higher levels of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T, N‐terminal of prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, and cystatin C predict risk of death, cardiovascular disease, HF, and dementia; (2) higher levels of cardiovascular disease biomarkers are associated with increased risk of HF and then secondary increased risk of dementia; and (3) risk of dementia is lower among participants with a combination of lower coronary artery calcium, atherosclerosis, and lower high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (myocardial injury).

Methods and Results
The Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study was a continuation of the Cardiovascular Health Study limited to the Pittsburgh, PA, center from 1998–1999 to 2014. In 1992–1994, 924 participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. There were 199 deaths and 116 developed dementia before 1998–1999. Of the 609 participants eligible for the Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study, 87.5% (n=532) were included in the study. There were 120 incident HF cases and 72% had dementia. In 80 of 87, dementia preceded HF. A combination of low coronary artery calcium score and low high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T was significantly associated with reduced risk of dementia and HF.

Conclusions
Most participants with HF had dementia but with onset before HF. Lower high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T and coronary artery calcium was associated with low risk of dementia based on a small number of events.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00005133.
Pathogenesis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is Mutation Rather Than Disease Specific: A Comparison of the Cardiac Troponin T E163R and R92Q Mouse Models
Authors: Ferrantini Cecilia , Coppini Raffaele , Pioner Josè Manuel , Gentile Francesca , Tosi Benedetta , Mazzoni Luca , Scellini Beatrice , Piroddi Nicoletta , Laurino Annunziatina , Santini Lorenzo , Spinelli Valentina , Sacconi Leonardo , De Tombe Pieter , Moore Rachel , Tardiff Jil , Mugelli Alessandro , Olivotto Iacopo , Cerbai Elisabetta , Tesi Chiara , Poggesi Corrado 
Published: July 2017

Background
In cardiomyocytes from patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mechanical dysfunction and arrhythmogenicity are caused by mutation‐driven changes in myofilament function combined with excitation‐contraction (E‐C) coupling abnormalities related to adverse remodeling. Whether myofilament or E‐C coupling alterations are more relevant in disease development is unknown. Here, we aim to investigate whether the relative roles of myofilament dysfunction and E‐C coupling remodeling in determining the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype are mutation specific.

Methods and Results

Two hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mouse models carrying the R92Q and the E163R
TNNT2
mutations were investigated. Echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy, enhanced contractility, and diastolic dysfunction in both models; however, these phenotypes were more pronounced in the R92Q mice. Both E163R and R92Q trabeculae showed prolonged twitch relaxation and increased occurrence of premature beats. In E163R ventricular myofibrils or skinned trabeculae, relaxation following Ca
2+
removal was prolonged; resting tension and resting ATPase were higher; and isometric ATPase at maximal Ca
2+
activation, the energy cost of tension generation, and myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity were increased compared with that in wild‐type mice. No sarcomeric changes were observed in R92Q versus wild‐type mice, except for a large increase in myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity. In R92Q myocardium, we found a blunted response to inotropic interventions, slower decay of Ca
2+
transients, reduced SERCA function, and increased Ca
2+
/calmodulin kinase II activity. Contrarily, secondary alterations of E‐C coupling and signaling were minimal in E163R myocardium.

Conclusions
In E163R models, mutation‐driven myofilament abnormalities directly cause myocardial dysfunction. In R92Q, diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmogenicity are mediated by profound cardiomyocyte signaling and E‐C coupling changes. Similar hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotypes can be generated through different pathways, implying different strategies for a precision medicine approach to treatment.
Prolonged Fever After ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Long‐Term Cardiac Outcomes
Authors: Kawashima Chika , Matsuzawa Yasushi , Akiyama Eiichi , Konishi Masaaki , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Hashiba Katsutaka , Ebina Toshiaki , Kosuge Masami , Hibi Kiyoshi , Tsukahara Kengo , Iwahashi Noriaki , Maejima Nobuhiko , Sakamaki Kentaro , Umemura Satoshi , Kimura Kazuo , Tamura Kouichi 
Published: July 2017

Background

The biphasic inflammation after
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (
STEMI
) plays an important role in myocardial healing and progression of systemic atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of fever during the first and second phases of post‐
STEMI
inflammation on long‐term cardiac outcomes.

Methods and Results

A total of 550 patients with
STEMI
were enrolled in this study. Axillary body temperature (
BT
) was measured and maximum
BT
s were determined for the first (within 3 days: max‐
BT
1–3d
) and second (from 4 to 10 days after admission: max‐
BT
4–10d
) phases, respectively. Patients were followed for cardiac events (cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome, and rehospitalization for heart failure) for a median 5.3 years. During the follow‐up period, 80 patients experienced cardiac events. A high max‐
BT
4–10d
was strongly associated with long‐term cardiac events (hazard ratio, 95%
CI
) for a 1°C increase in the max‐
BT
4–10d
: 2.834 (2.017–3.828),
P
<0.0001, whereas the max‐
BT
1–3d
was not associated with cardiac events (1.136 [0.731–1.742],
P
=0.57). Even after adjustment for coronary risk factors, estimated glomerular filtration rate, infarct size, pericardial effusion, and medications on discharge, fever during the second phase (max‐
BT
4–10d
≥37.1°C) was significantly associated with future cardiac events (hazard ratio [95%
CI
] 2.900 [1.710–5.143],
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions

Fever during the second phase but not the first phase of post‐
STEMI
inflammation was a strong associated factor with worse long‐term cardiac outcomes in patients after
STEMI
, suggesting the need to consider the optimal timing for anti‐inflammatory strategies after
STEMI
.
A Tribute to Janice Glime—A Stalwart Contributor to Bryology
Authors: SLACK NANCY , VITT DALE H. 
Published: July 2017

We are very happy to dedicate this book to Janice M. Glime, Professor Emerita at Michigan Technological University. Her name is probably familiar to more bryologists around the world that any other. This is largely a result of her management (since 1996) of Bryonet (bryonet-L@mtu.edu), a wonderful bryophyte email discussion and news blog. Under Janice’s management, Bryonet subscribers grew from about 170 in 1996 to 1,379 members as of March 2017 (http://iab-bryologists-website.blogspot.com/p/past.html). Bryonet was originally established by Swedish bryologist Gillis Een in 1991 and then managed by Jan-Peter Frahm from 1991–1996. Under Janice’s management, Bryonet has flourished and provides a key resource to graduate students and biologists from many continents, allowing persons to find sources, identify specimens, have questions answered, and have serious conversations on a variety of questions and methods related to bryophytes. She was also a long-time IAB Council member and its president from 2005–2009. In addition, Janice (pronounced Janeece) has been and continues to compose a comprehensive treatise on Bryophyte Ecology, (digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/). Details are updated regularly with new information that anyone can download. This is the only textbook-style treatment that is available for beginning classes in bryology and thanks to Janice is available free on the internet.
<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">Structure, function and evolution of stomata from a bryological perspective</div></div></div>
Authors: MERCED AMELIA , RENZAGLIA KAREN S. 
Published: July 2017

Stomata are key innovations for the diversification of land plants. They consist of two differentiated epidermal cells or guard cells and a pore between that leads to an internal cavity. Mosses and hornworts are the earliest among extant land plants to have stomata, but unlike those in all other plants, bryophyte stomata are located exclusively on the sporangium of the sporophyte. Liverworts are the only group of plants that are entirely devoid of stomata. Stomata on leaves and stems of tracheophytes are involved in gas exchange and water transport. The function of stomata in bryophytes is highly debated and differs from that in tracheophytes in that they have been implicated in drying and dehiscence of the sporangium. Over the past decade, anatomical, physiological, developmental, and molecular studies have provided new insights on the function of stomata in bryophytes. In this review, we synthesize the contributions of these studies and provide new data on bryophyte stomata. We evaluate the potential role of stomata in moss and hornwort life histories and we identify areas that will provide valuable data in ascertaining the evolutionary history and function of stomata across land plants.
The Colorful Phenology of Five Common Terricolous Mosses in London, England
Authors: DUCKETT JEFFREY G. , PRESSEL SILVIA 
Published: July 2017

Other than general statements about ‘fruiting’ seasons, published floras provide little or no instructive information on moss phenology. Moreover, detailed primary data on reproductive cycles are limited to a very few mosses and remain unknown for the majority of the commonest species. Thus we recorded, over a three year period, the reproductive stages of five very common mosses (Bryum capillare, B. radiculosum, Grimmia pulvinata, Schistidium crassipilum and Tortula muralis) growing on walls in London, England, relying throughout on freshly observed materials rather than dried specimens used in most previous studies. In addition to all the stages visible to the naked eye, which we photographed at regular intervals, specimens were examined microscopically for the presence of viable gametangia, young embryos and the condition of the stomata. Each species had its own distinct phenology and an unique sequence of capsule colour changes. In the two Bryum species, gametangium ontogeny, followed by fertilization, takes place in the spring but the embryos remain dormant until the autumn whereas these stages are autumnal in Grimmia pulvinata, Schistidium crassipilum and Tortula muralis with sporophyte development following immediately. Most stages in sporophyte ontogeny occur over the winter months. The time from embryo formation to spore release ranges from over fifteen months in the two Bryum species down to eight months in Schistidium. In all but this last species there is a delay of up to several months between sporophyte maturation and spore release. In Bryum, hygroscopic movements of the annular cells following heavy rain eventually leads to lid shedding. Over the three years of this study the reproductive cycles were generally the same except that damp weather in the autumn promoted capsule expansion in Grimmia and Schistidium and warm dry weather in the spring hastened capsule maturation in Bryum. Whatever the weather conditions, the stomata of the two Bryum species, Grimmia and Tortula were always open suggesting a primary role in capsule desiccation leading to spore discharge rather than the regulation of gaseous exchange.
The Development and Validation of a Subjective Assessment Tool for the Hip in the Athletic Population
Authors: Papaliodis Dean N. , Banffy Michael B. , Limpisvasti Orr , Mohr Karen , Mehran Nima , Photopoulos Christos D. , Kvitne Ronald , ElAttrache Neal S. 
Published: July 2017

Background: No validated functional assessments are available that are designed specifically to evaluate the performance and function of the athletic hip. Subsections of some validated outcome assessments address recreation, but a full assessment dedicated to athletic hip function does not exist. Current hip scoring systems may not be sensitive to subtle changes in performance and function in an athletic, younger population. Hypothesis: The patient-athlete subjective scoring system developed in this study will be validated, reliable, and responsive in the evaluation of hip function in the athlete. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Based on the results of a pilot questionnaire administered to 18 athletic individuals, a final 10-item questionnaire was developed. Two hundred fifty competitive athletes from multiple sports completed the final questionnaire and 3 previously validated hip outcome assessments. Each athlete was self-assigned to 1 of 3 injury categories: (1) playing without hip/groin trouble; (2) playing, but with hip/groin trouble; and (3) not playing due to hip/groin trouble. The injury categories contained 196, 40, and 14 athletes, respectively. Correlations between the assessment scores and injury categories were measured. Responsiveness testing was performed in an additional group of 24 injured athletes, and their scores before and after intervention were compared. Results: The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) Athletic Hip Score showed high correlation with the modified Harris Hip Score, the Nonarthritic Hip Score, and the International Hip Outcome Tool. The new score stratified athletes by injury category, demonstrated responsiveness and accuracy, and varied appropriately with improvements in injury category after treatment of injuries. Conclusion: The new KJOC Athletic Hip Score is valid, reliable, and responsive for evaluation of the hip in an athletic population. The results support its use for the functional assessment of the hip in future studies.
A Prospective Study on the Effect of Sport Specialization on Lower Extremity Injury Rates in High School Athletes
Authors: McGuine Timothy A. , Post Eric G. , Hetzel Scott J. , Brooks M. Alison , Trigsted Stephanie , Bell David R. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Sport specialization is associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal lower extremity injuries (LEIs) in adolescent athletes presenting in clinical settings. However, sport specialization and the incidence of LEIs have not been investigated prospectively in a large population of adolescent athletes. Purpose: To determine if sport specialization was associated with an increased risk of LEIs in high school athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Participants (interscholastic athletes in grades 9-12) were recruited from 29 Wisconsin high schools during the 2015-2016 school year. Participants completed a questionnaire identifying their sport participation and history of LEIs. Sport specialization of low, moderate, or high was determined using a previously published 3-point scale. Athletic trainers reported all LEIs that occurred during the school year. Analyses included group proportions, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs, and days lost due to injury (median and interquartile range [IQR]). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were calculated to investigate the association between the incidence of LEIs and sport specialization level. Results: A total of 1544 participants (50.5% female; mean age, 16.1 ± 1.1 years) enrolled in the study, competed in 2843 athletic seasons, and participated in 167,349 athlete-exposures. Sport specialization was classified as low (59.5%), moderate (27.1%), or high (13.4%). Two hundred thirty-five participants (15.2%) sustained a total of 276 LEIs that caused them to miss a median of 7.0 days (IQR, 2.0-22.8). Injuries occurred most often to the ankle (34.4%), knee (25.0%), and upper leg (12.7%) and included ligament sprains (40.9%), muscle/tendon strains (25.4%), and tendinitis/tenosynovitis (19.6%). The incidence of LEIs for moderate participants was higher than for low participants (HR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.04-2.20]; P = .03). The incidence of LEIs for high participants was higher than for low participants (HR, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.12-3.06]; P = .02). Conclusion: Athletes with moderate or high sport specialization were more likely to sustain an LEI than athletes with low specialization. Sports medicine providers need to educate coaches, parents, and interscholastic athletes regarding the increased risk of LEIs for athletes who specialize in a single sport.
Meta-analysis of the Risk of Infections After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction by Graft Type
Authors: Bansal Anchal , Lamplot Joseph D. , VandenBerg James , Brophy Robert H. 
Published: July 2017

Background: An infection after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a relatively rare but challenging complication. There are no meta-analyses comparing the incidence of infections after ACL reconstruction with the various available graft choices. Purpose: To compare the incidence of infections after ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autografts compared with hamstring autografts, with a secondary aim of comparing the incidence of infections after reconstruction with autografts compared with allografts. Study Design: Meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic review was performed to identify level 1 and 2 studies that reported the incidence of infections by graft type after ACL reconstruction. Studies that evaluated patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction with an autograft, allograft, or combination of autograft and allograft and reported the number of postoperative infections by graft type utilized were considered for inclusion. Studies were excluded if they included revision ACL reconstruction or did not specify the number of infections by graft type. Study findings were reviewed, and meta-analysis was performed when data were sufficiently homogeneous. Results: Twenty-one studies meeting criteria were identified from the literature review. Meta-analysis revealed a significant difference in the incidence of deep infections between BPTB autografts and hamstring autografts, with the BPTB group displaying a 77% lower incidence of infections compared with the hamstring group (relative risk [RR], 0.23; 95% CI, 0.097-0.54). The incidence of infections was 66% lower with BPTB autografts compared with all other graft types, with a pooled RR of 0.33 (95% CI, 0.15-0.71). There was no significant difference in the incidence of infections after ACL reconstruction with autografts compared with allografts (RR, 1.035; 95% CI, 0.589-1.819). Conclusion: The findings of this meta-analysis demonstrate a significantly lower incidence of deep infections after ACL reconstruction with BPTB autografts compared with hamstring autografts but not compared with allografts. Clinical Relevance: Although the overall infection rate after ACL reconstruction is relatively low, the significantly higher rate of infections with hamstring autografts compared with BPTB autografts should be a consideration when discussing graft choices for ACL reconstruction.
Mobile Medical Units—Can They Improve the Quality of Health Services in Developing Countries?
Authors: Khanna Achla Behl , Narula Sapna Arora 
Published: July 2017

Purpose: Mobile Medical Units, developed under health strategies of many developing countries, are now emerging as a newer approach on mass scale for improving access to health care services in underserved rural areas. Therefore, it is important to study the role of Mobile Medical Units in improving the quality of health services in developing countries. Methodology: An extensive literature search was performed with databases such as MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Biomed Central, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Worldcat library, using a filter for last 25 years. Google was used to further refine the search. Studies of developed world, emergency role of Mobile Medical Units and unpublished items were excluded from this review. Findings: The literature revealed that Mobile Medical Units is still a nascent strategy to deliver health care. The available data regarding effect of Mobile Medical Units on quality of health care are very inconsistent and scanty. Better strategies, not only during the implementation period but also both pre- and post-launch are required for improving effectiveness and sustainability of Mobile Medical Units. Practical implications: This review summarizes the body of evidence which can assist the scientists and policymakers while evaluating the effectiveness of mobile medical units in health care delivery. Research implications: The present study gives a direction for future research mainly in three areas: assessing the stakeholder satisfaction, studying the constraints and critical success factors while implementing the services of Mobile Medical Units. Value: Since it is the first review of its kind, it will not only fill the gap in published literature but also provide a direction to the researchers for taking up in-depth studies in future which could improve the quality of health services in developing countries.