bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence: Endocrine Part
Authors: Dekker M.J.H.J. , Wierckx K. , Van Caenegem E. , Klaver M. , Kreukels B.P. , Elaut E. , Fisher A.D. , van Trotsenburg M.A.A. , Schreiner T. , den Heijer M. , T'Sjoen G. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Cross-sex hormone therapy is an essential part of gender affirming treatment of transgender individuals. Studies systematically describing the physical and psychological effects of hormonal treatment of transgender persons are scarce.

Aim
The aim of the current protocol is to evaluate clinical and side-effects of cross-sex hormonal treatment in trans persons.

Methods
The European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI) is a multicenter prospective study. Because of the relatively low prevalence of the condition and small number of specialized centers, international collaboration is warranted. Four European treatment centers, Ghent, Oslo, Florence, and Amsterdam, developed a common study and treatment protocol.

Main Outcome Measures
Outcome measures include hormonal and metabolic parameters, bone density, secondary sex and anthropometric characteristics, and physical and psychological well-being.

Results
Thus far, 333 trans women and 343 trans men have been included in the ENIGI Endocrine protocol. The study is still ongoing.

Conclusion
In recent years, the number of trans persons seeking gender affirming treatment has increased. However, well-designed prospective studies evaluating safety and effectiveness of current hormonal treatment protocols are lacking. Therefore we started the ENIGI collaboration. In this article we give a detailed description of the study protocol, objectives, and design of the ENIGI Endocrine protocol.
Changes in oxidative patterns during dormancy break by warm and cold stratification in seeds of an edible fruit tree
Authors: Shalimu Dilinuer , Sun Jia , Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M. , Sun Liwei , Liu Yujun 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The transition from seed dormancy to germination is triggered by environmental factors, and in pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) seeds higher germination percentages are achieved by warm + cold stratification rather than by cold stratification alone. Our objective was to define the pattern of internal oxidative changes in pomegranate seeds as dormancy was being broken by warm + cold stratification and by cold stratification alone. Embryos isolated from seeds after 1–42 days of warm stratification, after 56 days of warm stratification + 7, 28 or 56 days of cold stratification, and after 1–84 days of cold stratification alone, were used in biochemical tests. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), nitric oxide (NO), proline, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and activities of the scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxide enzyme and peroxidase in the embryos were assessed by colorimetric methods. Our results indicated that warm + cold stratification had a stronger dormancy-breaking effect than cold stratification (85% versus 50% germination), which may be attributed to a higher yield of H 2 O 2 , NO, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in warm + cold stratification. Furthermore, warm + cold stratification-induced H 2 O 2 change led to greater changes (elevation followed by attenuation) in activities of the scavenging enzymes than that induced by cold stratification alone. These results indicated that restriction of the level of reactive oxygen species change within a positive and safe range by such enzymes promoted seed germination. In addition, a relatively strong elevation of proline during warm + cold stratification also contributed to dormancy breakage and subsequent germination. In conclusion, the strong dormancy alleviating effect of warm + cold stratification on pomegranate seeds may be attributed to the corresponding active oxidative change via H 2 O 2 , NO, proline, malondialdehyde, protein carbonylation and scavenging enzymes.
Dark bubbles around high-redshift radio-loud active galactic nucleus
Authors: Ghisellini G. , Sbarrato T. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
At redshift larger than 3 there is a disagreement between the number of blazars (whose jet is pointing at us) and the number of expected parents (whose jet is pointing elsewhere). Now we strengthen this claim because (i) the number of blazars identified within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)+Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm (FIRST) survey footprint increased, demanding a more numerous parent population, and (ii) the detected blazars have a radio flux large enough to be above the FIRST flux limit even if the jet is slightly misaligned. The foreseen number of these slightly misaligned jets, in principle detectable, is much larger than the radio-detected sources in the FIRST+SDSS survey (at redshift larger than 4). This argument is independent of the presence of an isotropic radio component, such as the hotspot or the radio lobe, and does not depend on the bulk Lorentz factor Γ. We propose a scenario that ascribes the lack of slightly misaligned sources to an overobscuration of the nucleus by a ‘bubble’ of dust, possibly typical of the first high-redshift quasars.
Inference of maternal allele inheritance via Bayesian hierarchical model in noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Shao Chunxuan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNoninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) poses a promising solution for detecting genetic alterations in fetus genome. However, the inference of the maternal allele inheritance in monogenic autosomal recessive disease is still challenging. Here the Bayesian hierarchical model is proposed to deduce the allele inheritance basing on haplotype frequency. The Bayesian approach, which does not depend on the knowledge of fetus DNA proportion in maternal plasma, provides accurate estimations on both real and simulated data; moreover, it is most robust than current methods in analyzing noisy or even erroneous data.
GEFs and Rac GTPases control directional specificity of neurite extension along the anterior-posterior axis
Authors: Zheng Chaogu , Diaz-Cuadros Margarete , Chalfie Martin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlthough previous studies have identified many extracellular guidance molecules and intracellular signaling proteins that regulate axonal outgrowth and extension, most were conducted in the context of unidirectional neurite growth, in which the guidance cues either attract or repel growth cones. Very few studies addressed how intracellular signaling molecules differentially specify bidirectional outgrowth. Here, using the bipolar PLM neurons inC. elegans, we show that the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) UNC-73/Trio and TIAM-1 promote anterior and posterior neurite extension, respectively. The Rac subfamily GTPases act downstream of the GEFs; CED-10/Rac1 is activated by TIAM-1, whereas CED-10 and MIG-2/RhoG act redundantly downstream of UNC-73. Moreover, these two pathways antagonize each other and, thus, regulate the directional bias of neuritogenesis. Our study suggests that directional specificity of neurite extension is conferred through the intracellular activation of distinct GEFs and Rac GTPases.Significance StatementMost previous studies on intracellular signaling during neurite guidance were performed in the context of unidirectional neurite growth. They could not address the molecular basis of directional outgrowth of multiple neurites mainly because of the lack of a good model system. Using a pair of bipolar neurons in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, we found that distinct sets of intracellular molecules are required for neurite extension towards the anterior and the posterior. Moreover, signaling pathways that promote neurite extension in different directions antagonize each other to achieve balanced growth. Therefore, our study offers anin vivoexample for a long-standing concept that spatially selective activation of intracellular signaling molecules could enable a diverse range of neuronal growth patterns.
Synthetic lipid-containing scaffolds enhance production by co-localizing enzymes
Authors: Myhrvold Cameron , Polka Jessica K. , Silver Pamela A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSubcellular organization is critical for isolating, concentrating, and protecting biological activities. Natural subcellular organization is often achieved using co-localization of proteins on scaffold molecules, thereby enhancing metabolic fluxes and enabling co-regulation. Synthetic scaffolds extend these benefits to new biological processes, and are typically constructed from proteins or nucleic acids. To expand the range of available building materials, we use a minimal set of components from the lipid-encapsulated bacteriophage Φ6 to form synthetic lipid-containing scaffolds (SLSs) inE. coli. Analysis of diffusive behavior by tracking particles in live cells indicates that SLSs are >20 nm in diameter; furthermore, density measurements demonstrate that SLSs contain a mixture of lipids and proteins. The fluorescent proteins mCitrine and mCerulean can be co-localized to SLSs. To test for effects on enzymatic production, we localized two enzymes involved in indigo biosynthesis to SLSs. We observed a scaffold-dependent increase in indigo production, showing that SLSs can enhance metabolic reactions.
Alternative prey use affects helminth parasite infections in grey wolves
Authors: Friesen Olwyn C. , Roth James D. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Predators affect prey populations not only through direct predation, but also by acting as definitive hosts for their parasites and completing parasite life cycles. Understanding the affects of parasitism on prey population dynamics requires knowing how their predators’ parasite community is affected by diet and prey availability. Ungulates, such as moose (Alces americanus) and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), are often important prey for wolves (Canis lupus), but wolves also consume a variety of alternative prey, including beaver (Castor canadensis) and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus).

The use of alternative prey, which may host different or fewer parasites than ungulates, could potentially reduce overall abundance of ungulate parasites within the ecosystem, benefiting both wolves and ungulate hosts.

We examined parasites in wolf carcasses from eastern Manitoba and estimated wolf diet using stable isotope analysis. Taeniidae cestodes were present in most wolves (75%), reflecting a diet primarily comprised of ungulates, but nematodes were unexpectedly rare.

Cestode abundance was negatively related to the wolf's δ13C value, indicating diet affects parasite abundance. Wolves that consumed a higher proportion of beaver and caribou (Rangifer tarandus), estimated using Bayesian mixing models, had lower cestode abundance, suggesting the use of these alternative prey can reduce parasite loads.

Long‐term consumption of beavers may lower the abundance of adult parasites in wolves, eventually lowering parasite density in the region and ultimately benefiting ungulates that serve as intermediate hosts. Thus, alternative prey can affect both predator–prey and host–parasite interactions and potentially affect food web dynamics.
Coupled range dynamics of brood parasites and their hosts responding to climate and vegetation changes
Authors: Péron Guillaume , Altwegg Res , Jamie Gabriel A. , Spottiswoode Claire N. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

As populations shift their ranges in response to global change, local species assemblages can change, setting the stage for new ecological interactions, community equilibria and evolutionary responses.

Here, we focus on the range dynamics of four avian brood parasite species and their hosts in southern Africa, in a context of bush encroachment (increase in woody vegetation density in places previously occupied by savanna–grassland mosaics) favouring some species at the expense of others. We first tested whether hosts and parasites constrained each other's ability to expand or maintain their ranges. Secondly, we investigated whether range shifts represented an opportunity for new host–parasite and parasite–parasite interactions.

We used multispecies dynamic occupancy models with interactions, fitted to citizen science data, to estimate the contribution of interspecific interactions to range shifts and to quantify the change in species co‐occurrence probability over a 25‐year period.

Parasites were able to track their hosts’ range shifts. We detected no deleterious effect of the parasites’ presence on either the local population viability of host species or the hosts’ ability to colonize newly suitable areas. In the recently diversified indigobird radiation (Vidua spp.), following bush encroachment, the new assemblages presented more potential opportunities for speciation via host switch, but also more potential for hybridization between extant lineages, also via host switch.

Multispecies dynamic occupancy models with interactions brought new insights into the feedbacks between range shifts, biotic interactions and local demography: brood parasitism had little detected impact on extinction or colonization processes, but inversely the latter processes affected biotic interactions via the modification of co‐occurrence patterns.
Family factors associated with adolescent self‐harm: a narrative review
Authors: Fortune Sarah , Cottrell David , Fife Sarah 
Published: May 2016

This narrative literature review focuses on family factors that might be amenable to intervention using family therapy (n=126). Domains of interest include parent/child interactions, inter‐parental relationships, child characteristics, parental characteristics, wider system factors, treatment needs and moderators. The focus of family‐orientated treatment with this population should focus on maximizing cohesion, attachment, adaptability, family support, parental warmth while reducing maltreatment, scapegoating and moderating parental control. Close working relationships with child protection services and schools represent additional opportunities.Practitioner points

Over and above any inherited risk, a range of family interactional factors are strongly associated with self‐harming behaviours in young people
Therapy has the potential to make a positive difference by focusing on enhancing family cohesion and adaptability, whilst reducing discord and violence. Discussions that enhance perceived parental support and warmth may be particularly helpful
Therapists should attend to issues of perceived difference and potential victimization (bullying, gender orientation and identity, ethnic minority status) as these may play an important role in self‐harm
Gentrification, Social Justice and Personal Ethics
Authors: Marcuse Peter 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGentrification, leading to displacement, is an increasingly recognized social problem. Individuals who are confronted with tight housing possibilities but have adequate incomes confront personal ethical issues on whether to act in ways that may contribute to displacement of lower‐income residents, and researchers working on housing issues may be particularly concerned. In order to work out an ethical position, clarity is first needed on the differences among the various aspects of gentrification. The working definition used here is that gentrification includes the danger of displacement. A public policy response is thus required to deal with its social injustices. Specific steps are suggested for the development of such policy. Secondly, the suggestion is made that the individual choice of whether to move in or not is, importantly, a personal ethical choice and should take into account both the economic and political impact of the move itself but also the contribution that can be made through collective and political action by an in‐mover to deal with the injustices of gentrification. However, it is also an ethical choice for the professions involved and their associations.
Audit Fee Differential, Audit Effort, and Litigation Risk: An Examination of ADR Firms
Authors: Bronson Scott N. , Ghosh Aloke (Al) , Hogan Chris E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrior studies find that audit fees are higher for cross‐listed firms, and these studies primarily attribute the incremental fees to added litigation costs. In this study, we investigate whether the higher audit fees that foreign firms cross‐listed in the United States pay are also attributable to incremental audit effort associated with U.S. disclosure requirements and a more stringent U.S. auditing environment. By comparing audit fees of foreign cross‐listed firms to U.S. domiciled firms and to non‐cross‐listed foreign firms, we are able to decompose incremental audit fees into portions attributable to added audit effort and to added litigation costs. We find that, on average, foreign firms cross‐listed in the United States pay significantly higher fees than domestic U.S. firms and foreign firms that do not cross‐list. Furthermore, we find that audit effort is almost as important as litigation costs in explaining the higher fees associated with foreign cross‐listed firms; our estimates suggest that between 29 percent and 48 percent of the incremental fees are attributable to incremental audit effort. In addition, the total cross‐listing premium is increasing in the difference between the U.S. auditing regulatory environment and that of the home country of the cross‐listed firm. Our study improves our understanding of the role of audit effort in explaining the added fees charged by auditors when foreign firms cross‐list in the United States.
Patient and Process Factors Associated With Type of First Neuroimaging and Delayed Diagnosis in Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Daverio Marco , Bressan Silvia , Gregori Dario , Babl Franz E. , Mackay Mark T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesIn‐hospital factors contribute more to delayed diagnosis of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) than prehospital factors. We aimed to explore process and patient factors associated with type of and timing to neuroimaging in childhood AIS in the emergency department (ED).MethodsThis was a retrospective hospital registry–based study of children with AIS, presenting to an Australian tertiary pediatric ED between January 2003 and December 2012. Neuroimaging data and timelines of care were also collected from referring hospitals for transferred patients.ResultsSeventy‐one AIS episodes and 19 transient ischemic attacks were recorded. The majority (56%) were initially seen at a referring hospital. Patients underwent computed tomography (CT) as first scan more frequently than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as first scan (61% vs. 32%) at both the referring and the tertiary hospitals. Time to first scan as CT was significantly shorter compared with MRI (median = 1.5 hours vs. 10.9 hours, p < 0.001). MRI was performed more often at the tertiary hospital (92.5% vs. 26%, p = 0.001). Median time to performance of diagnostic MRI was 15.1 hours (interquartile range = 7.1–23.5), with no significant difference between patients first presenting to a referring hospital and those directly accessing the tertiary center. Patient characteristics including age, past medical history, conscious state, focal symptoms, and signs on arrival were not associated with the type of first neuroimaging or time to diagnostic MRI. Patients presenting during weekends were less likely to receive an MRI as first scan (odds ratio [OR] = 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1–0.8), while time to MRI was significantly longer for children presenting after hours (5 pm–8 am; median = 17.6 hours vs. 8.4 hours, p = 0.026). MRI overall and as first scan was associated with a higher use of sedation than CT (OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 1.3–32.9; and OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.3–11.8), particularly for children younger than 5 years of age (OR = 12.5, 95% CI = 3–52.4).ConclusionsStrategies to improve rapid diagnosis of pediatric stroke should include shared regional hospital networks protocols to optimize local imaging strategies and where possible rapid transfer to the tertiary center. Future priorities should include development of pediatric ED physician decision support tools to differentiate stroke from mimics and the development and implementation of rapid ED imaging stroke protocols to improve access to confirmatory MRI scanning.
Accuracy of Point‐of‐care Lung Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Acute Chest Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease and Fever
Authors: Daswani Dina D. , Shah Vaishali P. , Avner Jeffrey R. , Manwani Deepa G. , Kurian Jessica , Rabiner Joni E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to determine the test performance characteristics for point‐of‐care lung ultrasonography (LUS) performed by pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physicians compared with radiographic diagnosis of acute chest syndrome (ACS) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and fever.MethodsThis was a prospective study of patients up to 21 years with SCD and fever requiring chest X‐ray (CXR) evaluation for ACS. Before obtaining CXR, a blinded PEM physician performed LUS using a standardized scanning protocol. Positive LUS for ACS was defined as lung consolidation. All patients received CXR and follow‐up. The criterion standard for ACS was consolidation on CXR as determined by a blinded radiologist. LUS clips were reviewed by a blinded expert PEM sonologist.ResultsA total of 116 febrile events from 91 patients with a median age of 5.7 years were enrolled by 15 PEM sonologists. CXR was positive for ACS in 15 (13%) patients, and LUS was positive for ACS in 19 (16%) patients. Positive LUS had a sensitivity of 87% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 62% to 96%), specificity of 94% (95% CI = 88% to 97%), positive likelihood ratio of 14.6 (95% CI = 6.5 to 32.5), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.14 (95% CI = 0.04 to 0.52) for ACS. The interobserver agreement (kappa) was 0.77. There were two missed cases of ACS on LUS.ConclusionsLUS may be sensitive and specific for diagnosis of ACS in pediatric patients with SCD and fever. LUS may reduce the need for routine CXR and associated ionizing radiation exposure in this population.