bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of water-stress tolerance of Acala SJ 2 and Auburn 2 cotton cultivars in a phenotyping platform
Authors: Guimarães Cleber Morais , Stone Luís Fernando , Brito Giovani Greigh de , Heuert Jair 
Published: June 2017

Due to the current scarcity of water, which may be aggravated by climate changes, it is important to develop cultivars tolerant to water stress. For this, information regarding the variability of the tolerance of cultivars to this stress is required. This information can be obtained by using phenotyping platforms, which allow a large-scale and automated assessment of crop traits related to productivity under water stress. This study took place in a greenhouse and used a phenotyping platform to evaluate some agronomic and physiological traits of two cotton cultivars with differing tolerances to this stress. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme with four replicates. The main plots were composed of five water regimes and the subplots of two cultivars, Acala SJ 2 and Auburn 2. The water regimes consisted of a well-irrigated treatment (daily replacement of 100% of evapotranspired water) and four water restriction regimes (20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of evapotranspired water at the well-irrigated treatment). The phenotyping platform and protocol (different percentages of daily replacement of evapotranspired water) employed were suitable to the evaluated cotton cultivars for water-stress tolerance, and allowed the determination of the cultivar most tolerant (Acala SJ 2) and of the cultivar most sensitive (Auburn 2) to water stress. ‘Acala SJ 2’ displayed better physiological and agronomic traits in all water regimes, including higher root density in the upper soil layer, as well as higher water use than ‘Auburn 2’, which explained its higher seed yield under the conditions employed.
Export credit
Authors: Skully David 
Published: June 2017

AbstractExport credit in the context of globalization usually refers to credit or insurance provided by government‐supported export credit agencies (ECAs) to facilitate exports (e.g., EXIM Brazil, Euler Hermes Kreditversicherungs‐AG (Germany), EXIMBANK (United States) ). Officially supported export credit usually accounts for about 10 percent of the value of global trade; roughly 80 percent of global trade is financed by private banks and insurers; another 10 percent occurs between segments of transnational firms – where there is no change of ownership – or in long‐standing relationships where payment is certain and external credit is not needed. Because officially supported export credit is an instrument of government foreign and commercial policy, ECA's are subject to domestic politics and are often the source of trade disputes with rival exporting countries and their ECAs.
Female genital mutilation
Authors: Lee Susan Hagood 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the ancient cultural practice of removing portions of a girl's genitalia. It occurs extensively in Africa on girls from infancy to puberty with significant negative medical consequences. The custom is known as female circumcision in English‐speaking areas of Africa and excision in French‐speaking areas. In Arabic, the language of many proponents of female circumcision, the practice is known as
tahara
, cleanliness or purification.
World heritage
Authors: Elliott Michael A. , Schmutz Vaughn 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

World heritage represents a vast array of societal achievements and natural wonders that are considered to have exceptional value for humanity as a whole and, therefore, to be worthy of official recognition, protection, and preservation. The development of world heritage is linked to cross‐national efforts to protect the heritage or cultural property of national societies that emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century and found sustained momentum in the League of Nations system after World War I. The articulation of a
world
heritage, however, took shape primarily under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) after World War II. Since the late 1970s a rapidly growing list of official World Heritage sites has been formalized and managed by UNESCO, in cooperation with other international organizations and states parties to the World Heritage Convention of 1972. Recent assessments of the World Heritage List have sought to broaden the diversity of inscribed sites and encourage greater representation from developing countries.
Big Data in Biosciences
Authors: Dean C. B. , Bull Shelley B. , Nadeem Khurram , Wolters Mark A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe are in an information era when data are generated in masses: from devices that stream data in a health context, such as wearable fitness devices, to genomics data, to health exposure data from a variety of monitors that may be misaligned, and to earth observation data from satellites. The Big Data era in which we live is viewed as having the power to revolutionize society. The term big data has different meanings to different sectors: for engineers, for example, this term encompasses methods and tools for transmission of data faster, including wireless transmissions; for sociologists, it encompasses curation methods and techniques; for computer scientists, the term encompasses information management and security systems and analytics; and for statisticians, the term principally refers to data analytical techniques. This entry discusses challenges and opportunities in big data in biosciences exemplified through three important big data areas from health, environmental studies, and earth observation: human population genomics, forest fire analytics, and smoke estimation from satellite imagery.
Light Regulation and Biological Clocks
Authors: Whitelam Garry C. , Millar Andrew J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPhotoreceptor PropertiesPhotoreceptor FunctionsInteractions and Redundancy among PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptor Signal TransductionPlant Growth Regulators and Light SignallingCircadian Rhythms inArabidopsisCircadian GatingThe Circadian OscillatorLight Input to the Circadian OscillatorConclusions
Modes of Action of Defensive Secondary Metabolites
Authors: Wink Michael , Schimmer Oskar 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionInterference of Secondary Metabolites with Neuronal SignallingInterference of Secondary Metabolites withDNAand Related TargetsInterference with Molecular Targets Other than those Related to Neurotransmission orDNAAccumulation of Allelochemicals in PlantsAnimal Responses: Detoxification Mechanisms and AdaptationsConcluding Remarks
Fungal Pathogenicity—Establishing Infection
Authors: Balhadère Pascale V. , Talbot Nicholas J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Rice Blast Fungus,Magnaporthe GriseaThe Onset of Infection: Infection Court Preparation and Appressorium DifferentiationAppressorium‐Mediated Plant InfectionThe Plant Response to Infection: Resistance and SusceptibilitySignal Transduction Pathways Mediating Plant InfectionFuture Exploration of Signalling Mechanisms inM. GriseaConclusions
Resistance Genes and Resistance Protein Function
Authors: Jones David A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTheTIRDomainDo theNBS‐LRRPlant Resistance Proteins Lacking an N‐TerminalTIRDomain Form a Distinct Group of Related Proteins?TheNBSDomain is a Regulatory Motif Shared by Resistance Proteins in Plants, Apoptotic Proteins in Animals and Pleiotropic Regulatory Proteins in Gram‐Positive BacteriaNBS‐LRRProteins are Involved in Human Innate ImmunityDo theLRRDomains Perform More than One Function in Resistance Signalling?Relationship with MembranesDirect or Indirect Interaction with Avr Gene ProductsThe Relationship between the Hypersensitive Response and Induction ofPRProteins in Plant Disease Resistance may Parallel that of Cell Death and Innate Immunity in AnimalsConclusionAcknowledgements
3D Near‐Field Electrospinning of Biomaterial Microfibers with Potential for Blended Microfiber‐Cell‐Loaded Gel Composite Structures
Authors: Fattahi Pouria , Dover Jordan T. , Brown Justin L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a novel low‐cost and efficient method, 3D near‐field electrospinning, to fabricate high‐resolution, and repeatable 3D polymeric fiber patterns on nonconductive materials with potential use in tissue engineering. This technology is based on readily available hobbyist grade 3D printers. The result is exquisite control of the deposition of single fibers in an automated manner. Additionally, the fabrication of various fiber patterns, which are subsequently translated to unique cellular patterns, is demonstrated. Finally, poly(methyl methacrylate) fibers are printed within 3D collagen gels loaded with cells to introduce anisotropic properties of polymeric fibers within the cell‐loaded gels.
A Direct Synthesis of Highly Substituted π‐Rich Aromatic Heterocycles from Oxetanes
Authors: White Alexander R. , Kozlowski Ryan A. , Tsai Shiou‐Chuan , Vanderwal Christopher D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe ubiquitous use of π‐rich five‐membered heterocycles has driven the development of new methods for their synthesis for more than a century. Here, we disclose a general and reliable reaction manifold for the construction of highly substituted heterocycles through a facile Lewis‐acid‐catalyzed oxetane rearrangement. Notably, this methodology employs a keto‐oxetane motif as a 1,4‐dicarbonyl surrogate, which can be synthesized using robust alkylation or alkenylation reactions, and thus obviates the need to access 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds via umpoled starting materials. We harnessed this reactivity to generate a broad range of substituted furans and pyrroles, and extended this methodology to produce benzo‐fused versions thereof.
Silica Scaffold with Shifted “Plumber's Nightmare” Networks and their Interconversion into Diamond Networks
Authors: Mao Wenting , Cao Xin , Sheng Qingqing , Han Lu , Che Shunai 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBicontinuous structures with hyperbolic surfaces have been found in a variety of natural and synthetic systems. Herein, we present the synthesis and structural study of the shifted double‐primitive networks, which is known as the rare “plumber's nightmare”, and its interconversion into diamond networks. The scaffold was prepared by self‐assembly of an amphiphilic triblock terpolymer and silica precursors. Electron crystallography indicates that the structure consists of two sets of hollow primitive networks shifted along 0.75b and 0.25c axes (2pcu(38 63), space group Cmcm). The “side‐by‐side” epitaxial relationship of the primitive and diamond networks with unit cell ratio of about 1.30 has been directly observed with the intermediate surface related to the rPD family. These results bring new insights to previous theoretical studies.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Intramolecular Aza‐Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Jarrige Lucie , Blanchard Florent , Masson Géraldine 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA highly efficient catalytic enantioselective intramolecular Povarov reaction was developed with primary anilines as 2‐azadiene precursors. A wide variety of angularly fused azacycles were obtained without column chromatography in high to excellent yields and with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity (d.r.>99:1 and up to e.r. 99:1). Furthermore, the catalyst loading could be lowered to 1 mol %, and the obtained azacycles could be used as key intermediates for further transformations to generate additional molecular diversity.
Melt index prediction with a mixture of Gaussian process regression with embedded clustering and variable selections
Authors: Chan Lester Lik Teck , Chen Junghui 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, a penalized mixture of the Gaussian process regression model was proposed for the prediction of melt index (MI) in industrial polymer production. MI plays an important role in detecting the grade of a product. It is difficult to measure directly and is characterized by a large number of variables and multigrades. Because of multigrade products, in the development of soft sensors for MI prediction, it is not valid to assume unimodal Gaussian distribution of the data. To this end, the proposed method is capable of the simultaneous identification of significant variables and determination of important clusters of multigrade products. It is based on the shrinkage methods that have been shown to provide stable models that are more interpretable. Case studies are presented to show the features of the proposed method and its applicability to industrial MI prediction. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 45237.
Mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate) composites with aligned cellulose‐acetate nanofibers
Authors: Kurokawa Naruki , Kimura Shunta , Hotta Atsushi 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were significantly enhanced by compounding cellulose‐acetate (CA) nanofibers (CA‐NF) to form CA/PBS composites. PBS has a great potential as an alternative material to other widely‐used polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene made from petroleum. PBS is especially well‐known for its biodegradability, but the mechanical property of PBS was not sufficient as a commercial product for industrial applications. In this study, in order to enhance the mechanical property of PBS, a nanofiber made of CA was selected as a reinforcing material for the PBS composite. CA‐NF were successfully synthesized using the 20 wt % CA solution with acetone/N,N‐dimethylformamide (6/4 wt/wt) by electrospinning. The CA/PBS composites were then fabricated by mixing aligned or non‐aligned (random) CA‐NF. The highly oriented CA‐NF were obtained using a rotating collector at the rotating speed of 430 m/min. The cross‐sectional micrographs of the CA/PBS composites indicated that the electrospun CA‐NF had good compatibility with the PBS matrix. The mechanical properties of the CA/PBS composites were investigated by tensile testing. It was found that the Young's moduli of the composites with the aligned CA‐NF were higher than those of the composites with the random CA‐NF. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45429.
Development of protein‐based bioplastics modified with different additives
Authors: Felix M. , Perez‐Puyana V. , Romero A. , Guerrero A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTProteins have been postulated as a feasible source for manufacturing biodegradable polymeric materials. The aim of this study is the development of bioplastic materials from two different protein sources: albumen protein isolated (API), which consists of globular proteins, and crayfish flour (CF), mostly composed of myofibrillar proteins. In order to explore the effect of some chemical reagents on the mechanical properties of the blends and bioplastic materials, two different additives have been used: sodium sulfite (SS) and urea (U). The first one is a reducing agent, and the second one is considered a denaturing agent. The addition of chemical agents induces changes not only in mechanical properties but also in the most suitable processing conditions, which strongly depends on the protein used. Thus, the denaturation of globular proteins seems to lead to a more consistent blend before the injection‐molding process. However, when myofibrillar proteins are used, the processability of the dough‐like material increases after using either SS or U additives. This work illustrates the feasibility of producing animal‐based biodegradable bioplastic materials with different properties and, consequently, different applications, which contribute to adding a high value to two different byproducts from the food industry. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45430.
A century of fishery data documenting the collapse of smooth‐hounds (Mustelus spp.) in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Colloca Francesco , Enea Marco , Ragonese Sergio , Di Lorenzo Manfredi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Conservation and management of shark populations is increasingly becoming important in many marine regions, since there is a growing body of evidence showing that several species are threatened and continuing to decline because of unregulated fishing. Quantifying the extent of sharks' decline, the risk of species extinction, and the consequences for marine ecosystems have been challenging and controversial, mostly due to data limitations.
In this study, more than one century of multiple‐sources of bibliographic records on presence and frequency of occurrence of three species of commercial sharks, the smooth‐hounds Mustelus spp., in the Mediterranean Sea were compiled and analysed. Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) were used to estimate the rate of change of two of these species, Mustelus mustelus and Mustelus punctulatus, in four Mediterranean regions.
Model results showed that smooth‐hounds have declined by 80–90% since the beginning of last century to almost disappear in a large part of their original distributional range during the 1980s and 1990s.
Based on modelling results, a revision of the current International Union for Conservation of Nature classification of Mediterranean smooth‐hounds would be advisable along with the application of urgent conservation measures.
Various Current Responses of Single Silver Nanoparticle Collisions on a Gold Ultramicroelectrode Depending on the Collision Conditions
Authors: Mun Seon Kyu , Lee Sangmin , Kim Dong Young , Kwon Seong Jung 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCollisions of silver nanoparticles (NPs) with a more electrocatalytic gold or platinum ultramicroelectrode (UME) surface have been observed by using an electrochemical method. Depending on the applied potential to the UME, the current response to the collision of Ag NPs on the UME resulted in various shape changes. A staircase decrease, a blip decrease, and a blip increase of the hydrazine oxidation current were obtained at an applied potential of 0.33, 0.80, and 1.3 V, respectively. Different collision behaviors of Ag NPs on the UME surface were suggested for each shape of current response. Ag NP attachment, which hindered the diffusion flux to the UME, caused a staircase decrease of the electrocatalytic current. Instantaneous blocking of the hydrazine oxidation by Ag NP collision and, following recovery of the current by means of oxidation of Ag NP, caused a blip decrease of the electrocatalytic current. The formation of a higher oxidation state of Ag on the Ag NP and its electrocatalytic hydrazine oxidation resulted in a blip increase of the electrocatalytic current. The analysis of the current response of a single NP collision experiment can be a useful tool to understand the various behaviors of NPs on the electrode surface.
Multiscale Simulation with a Two‐Way Coupled Lattice Boltzmann Method and Discrete Element Method
Authors: Maier Marie-Luise , Henn Thomas , Thaeter Gudrun , Nirschl Hermann , Krause Mathias J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSimulations are helpful to better understand the dynamics and interactions of large numbers of particles and fluid in processes that occur in chemical or process engineering. Depending on whether the suspension is dense, dilute or semi‐dilute, the particles and fluid can be mutually affected. Here, a lattice Boltzmann method for the fluid is combined with a discrete element method for the particles which were treated as point particles. Both are two‐way coupled by drag forces, based on momentum exchange. Single‐particle sedimentation is chosen as a first validation example for one‐ and two‐way coupling. For dense suspensions, contact forces are necessary and a scenario for two colliding particles is verified before the simulation of a multiparticle block is performed.
Dynamic Membrane Filtration: Formation, Filtration, Cleaning, and Applications
Authors: Li Lucheng , Xu Guoren , Yu Huarong 
Published: June 2017

AbstractApplications of dynamic membrane (DM) filtration and factors affecting formation, filtration, and cleaning are introduced. DMs have been studied extensively for wastewater treatment in recent years. DM formation methods and mechanisms are explained. Effects of supporting material, deposited material, formation pressure, and pH on the DM formation are discussed in detail. The impacts of operation pressure, aeration intensity, cross‐flow velocity, temperature, and other parameters on the DM filtration process are evaluated and different DM cleaning strategies are reviewed. The applications of DMs to treatments of municipal wastewater, surface water, oily water, industrial wastewater, sludge, and microalgae harvesting are discussed. Finally, possible future research directions and some guidelines for DM technology are given.
Ammonothermal Synthesis of Crystalline Oxonitride Perovskites LnTaON2 (Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd)
Authors: Cordes Niklas , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe perovskite type oxonitridotantalates LnTaON2 with Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd were synthesized by the ammonothermal method employing custom‐built autoclaves made of nickel‐based superalloy. Metal powders were reacted with NaOH and NaN3 as mineralizers under supercritical conditions with purified ammonia at temperature range of 870–1070 K and pressure values of 150–300 MPa. Crystal structures and the space groups were determined by using powder X‐ray diffraction and refined by the Rietveld method. The refined lattice parameters are for LaTaON2 (a=5.7156(1), b=8.0675(1), c=5.7465(1) Å, Rwp=0.0471), CeTaON2 (a=5.6761(11), b=8.0386(16), c=5.7891(12) Å, Rwp=0.183), PrTaON2 (a=5.6920(1), b=8.0197(1), c=5.6804(1) Å, Rwp=0.0349), NdTaON2 (a=5.6884(1), b=8.0037(2), c=5.6554(1) Å, Rwp=0.026), SmTaON2 (a=5.6827(1), b=7.9656(2), c=5.6103(1) Å, Rwp=0.042), GdTaON2 (a=5.6160(10), b=7.9359(12), c=5.5962(10) Å, Rwp=0.118). LaTaON2 crystallizes in space group Imma (no. 74) and the other compounds LnTaON2 with Ln=Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd in Pnma (no. 62). SEM measurements were performed to investigate the elemental composition and morphology of the oxonitride perovskites. The bandgap values of the oxonitrides (LaTaON2 1.8 eV, CeTaON2 1.7 eV; PrTaON2 1.9 eV, NdTaON2 2.0 eV, SmTaON2 2.0 eV, GdTaON2 1.8 eV) were estimated by using UV/Vis measurements and the Kubelka–Munk function.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Denitrogenative [3+2] Cycloaddition: Access to Functionalized Hydroindolones and the Framework of Montanine‐Type Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Authors: Yang Hongjian , Hou Shengtai , Tao Cheng , Liu Zhao , Wang Chao , Cheng Bin , Li Yun , Zhai Hongbin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRhodium‐catalyzed denitrogenative [3+2] cycloaddition of 1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with cyclic silyl dienol ethers has been developed for the synthesis of functionalized hydroindolones or their corresponding silyl ethers. The present method has been employed to construct synthetically valuable bicyclo[3.3.1]alkenone derivatives and pyrrolidine‐ring‐containing bicyclic indole compounds. As a further synthetic application, a stereoselective synthesis of 5,11‐methanomorphanthridin‐3‐one, which shares a key skeleton with montanine‐type Amaryllidaceae alkaloids has been achieved by using this chemistry.