bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on Stone ‘Celts” from Chiriqui
Authors: Blake Charles Carter 
Published: March 2016

Five stone “celts” have been submitted to me, from the collections of antiquarian objects from Chiriquí formed by my friends William Bollaert, Esq., F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. Univ. Chile, etc., and W. Duprée, M.D., F.R.G.S., of Panamá.No information has been given to me respecting the locality, condition, or probable age of these “celts.” I understand, however, that they were obtained from the same graves in Chiriquí whence have been derived the various objects wrought in gold and moulded in pottery, some of which have been lately described in the United States, and in this country by Mr. Bollaert.All the celts exhibited the well-known scalpriform sharpening of the larger end, and are sharpened laterally by a succession of blows, producing facets, analogous to those of the chipped flints which have been found at Abbeville, at the Kjökkenmöddings in Denmark and in various European localities, and which probably belong to a period antecedent to the known historical era.Four of the celts, marked B 2, B 3, D 1, and D 2, are composed of the porphyritic stone found in great abundance on the Isthmus of Darien. One only, marked B 1, is hewn more roughly than the others from an indurated clay, and closely resembles some of the European worked flints.
The Geology of Maidstone
Authors: Bensted W. H. 
Published: March 2016

The lower mandible of a chimæra—the first discovered in the Lower Greensand—is now in the collection of Sir Philip Egerton, who informs me it belongs to the species Ischyodus Agassizii. Since this discovery I have met with many more specimens, some of smaller size; but, from the difficulty of extracting them from the stone, I have never succeeded in getting one so perfect. Several good specimens have been procured from the Lower Chalk at Burham. The chimæra approaches in form to the shark tribe, but it is far from being so ravenous in its disposition. Recent species are found in the Arctic and in some of the European seas, and attaining the length of two or three feet. Being often taken in the company of the herrings in their migrations, it has thus gained the patronymic of “king of the herrings.” The mouth of this odd-looking fish is furnished with hard and undivided plates instead of teeth, four of which are placed on the upper and two on the lower jaw.Fossils are very rare in the succeeding “rugged flint layers,” which have an average thickness of eight inches.
The Geology of Maidstone
Authors: Bensted W. H. 
Published: March 2016

The Kentish Ragstone is a source of very considerable trade to Maidstone, and gives employment to many workmen. Several barges are constantly engaged in conveying to the coasts of Kent and Sussex, in the marshes of which it is very extensively employed for the banks or sea-walls. In Romney Marsh and on the eastern side of the Isle of Sheppey a large expenditure is yearly incurred in thus protecting large and valuable tracts of land from the ravages of the sea. The ragstone is also extensively used as a road-stone and for buildings, large quantities of the stone being sent to London and other places especially for the former purpose. A small quantity is burnt into lime of a very superior quality; but the abundance of chalk in this neighbourhood, and the greater cheapness of that rock, prevents the general use of the stronger but more costly stone-lime.Many handsome buildings in Maidstone and other places in the county are built of it. Of these in Maidstone may be mentioned the new gaol, the lunatic asylum, and the new church. Of ancient buildings constructed of it are the old parish church of All Saints, the Episcopal Palace and College. Many of the London churches, and nearly all of those on the banks of the Thames and Medway, have a great proportion of this stone in their walls; and proofs of its durability and early application to building purposes may be seen in the present condition of Allington and Rochester castles, and most of the bridges from Aylesford to Tunbridge.
Notes upon Human Remains from the Valley of the Trent, and from the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham
Authors: Huxley  
Published: March 2016

The skull from Muskham, in the valley of the Trent, a side view of which is given in Plate XI., like the animal bones with which it was associated, is stained of a dark-brown colour. The whole of those parts of the cranial bones which bound the cranial cavity are well preserved; but the facial bones, with the exception of a small portion of the nasals, are broken away, so as to expose the whole of the under-surface of the base of the skull.The considerable development of the frontal sinuses and of the different ridges and processes of the skull, shows it to be that of an adult, and the same characters lead me to believe that it belonged to a male. Otherwise it is small enough for a female, as its extreme length does not exceed 7·2 in., its extreme breadth 5·4 in., and its horizontal circumference 20½ inches.The skull has a very peculiar form. If a line drawn from the glabella to the superior curved line of the occiput be made horizontal, the highest point of the longitudinal median contour of the skull will be seen to be situated about the middle of the length of the sagittal suture, and from this point the contour shelves rapidly downwards, to the brow on the one hand, and to the centre of the space between the apex of the lambdoidal suture and the occipital protuberance on the other. This last is the most prominent portion of the back part of the skull, the median contour below it bending forwards to the occipital protuberance, which is a very strong, projecting, triangular process.
Further Notes on the Genus Cainotherium
Authors: Blake Charles Carter 
Published: March 2016

The genus Cainotherium was founded by Bravard in the year 1835. Since his time it has received the following names:—Cyclognathus, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1835; Microtherium, Herm. von Meyer, 1837; Oplotherium and Plectognathus, Laizet and De Parieu, 1838; whilst the characteristically synthetic mind of De Blainville reunited it to the genus Anoplotherium, under the title of latecurvatum.Gervais says it is probable that many species, and not one only, can be recognized amongst the remains which have been discovered, and that this conclusion has been admitted by all palæontologists who have studied these small pachyderms.
Section of the Lias Clay in a Railway-Cutting Near Stow-on-the Wold
Authors: Lucas S. 
Published: March 2016

As Mr. E. Hull of the Geological Survey, in his ‘Geology of the Country around Cheltenham’ (1857), p. 24, complains of the scarcity of sections of the Upper Lias in that district, and as a section in the Railway, near Oddington and Stow-on-the-Wold, exhibits a section of Liassic clays, which appear to me to belong to the upper series, I beg to offer you the following rough but accurate account of the bed there exposed.The list of fossils has been made with the assistance of a geological friend in London.
On the Microscopical Examination of some Bracklesham Beds
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: March 2016

In Vol. I of the ‘Geologist,’ at page 249, was published a paper on the preparation of sands, clays, and chalk, for microscopical purposes, under the heading of “Geological Manipulations;” and, as both pleasure and geological profit are to be obtained from the exact examination of various fossil-bearing deposits, both as to their constituents and their contents, I beg to offer you an example of the results of such an examination of some tertiary beds from Bracklesham. These notes I have had by me several years, and their short-comings are so great in some respects that I should not send them, were it not that they may serve as a plan to some young careful observers who might feel inclined to enter upon the strict examination of some definite series of fossiliferous strata. What the series under notice is deficient of, is a statement of the exact relationship of these several deposits, examined nearly twenty years ago. I received the materials at that time from a friend who was collecting “Bracklesham fossils,”—a term which will be more definite, now that the Rev. O. Fisher, F.G.S., has indicated the exact limits of the Bracklesham formation.The specimens were chiefly, I believe, from Bracklesham and Selsea; but some may have been brought from the Isle of Wight. By the presence of certain fossils, however, in some of the deposits, their exact place may probably be determined. However deficient in these stratigraphical requirements the following account of the deposits may be, they will serve the purpose here intended, namely, to show young beginners what to look for in sands and clays. Instructions have been already given as to how such materials are to be examine, in the first volume, p. 249.
Glaciers in Wales
Authors: Ramsay A. C. 
Published: March 2016

In the year 1851 I read a paper before the Geological Society “On the Superficial Accumulations and Surface-markings in North Wales,” in which I attempted to show that there had been two glacier epochs in that country, one before, and the other after the deposition of the boulder drift, which was ploughed out of some of the larger valleys by the secondhand smaller set of glaciers; and in a later work on the old glaciers of North Wales, I went further, showing that cold sufficient to form glaciers lasted during the whole time of submergence and emergence, both when the higher mountain-tops stood out of the sea as a cluster ofsmall islands, and afterwards when the whole land rose out of the water.The first of these memoirs touched on several subjects not immediately connected with the glaciation of Wales, though bearing in a larger sense on the same Geological period, and on the same set of questions. This the Council of the Geological Society decided not to print in their Journal, on the ground that it was too speculative—an opinion with which, in a great measure, I now coincide. One question was, however, raised in this unprinted matter which I do not yet remember to have seen in any published paper, and I now mention it because of late the attention of many persons have been more and more drawn to the discussion of the subject.
On Metalliferous Saddles
Authors: Rubidge R. N. 
Published: March 2016

In the number of your journal for October, 1860, I read with great interest a paper by Dr. Watson “On the Metalliferous Saddles of Derbyshire and Staffordshire.” The Doctor says that, though well known to the miners, he believes these saddles have not hitherto been described by any geologist. If he will refer to the Journal of the Geol. Soc., 1857, p. 233, he will find a paper “On the Mines of Namaqualand,” in which I think he will recognise a description of these deposits under the name of “metallic axes.” With such modifications as the difference in the strata and their metallic contents requires, his description would nearly apply to what I said.The strata in which my axes occur are gneiss and gneiss-granite with occasional beds of magnesian and micaceous rock at Springbok Vontein and Concordia, and micaceous and calcareous rock, with gneiss at Kodas. The saddles (a better name than mine) in all the productive mines were folds in the strata, with fissures of various sizes and directions intersecting them. The one was in some cases more abundant in the planes corresponding to the original bedding of the rock: this was strikingly the case at Concordia, where the main dip was north and the disturbed one south—the strike of the rocks being nearly east and west. (Sec. 1 and 2).
A Lecture on “Coal.”
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: March 2016

There is less to be said about the animals found fossil in the coal than about the plants. And for this reason, that the vegetables formed the coal; the shells and crustaceous creatures, and fish, and reptiles, were but visitors: or if they lived upon the spot, bore no larger proportion to the stately jungle that sheltered them, than the denizens of our own forests now-a-days do to the trees and undergrowth which give them food and habitation.Still, animals are far from rare; and the common ones are chiefly bivalve shells and worms. The truly land animals are but few. A rare insect or two has been found in our own country. Dr. Mantell discovered the wing of a fly not unlike the dragon-fly, and supposed to belong to the American genus Corydalis. This insect is figured in Sir R. I. Murchison's Siluria, and is now in the British Museum. And one or two beetles, or rather what have been supposed to be beetles, have been found in Coalbrooke Dale. Cockroaches and crickets have left their wings in tolerable plenty in the coal-shales of Saxony. No doubt they were welcome there amid the coal-solitudes, and put a little life into them. They are far from welcome now. I recommend all who may live in the neighbourhood of the coals to give a little time to hunting for the relics of these old insects, &c.
Palæontological Notes on the Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: March 2016

In our second group are provisionally assembled a number of Tere-bratula-shaped species, with a curved hinge-line, no defined area, beak entire, or truncated by a circular foramen for the permanent or temporary passage of a peduncle, and with spiral appendages directed outwards, as in Spirifera, but connected by a more complicated system of lamellæ. Much has, however, to be discovered concerning the interior details of the larger number of the species before we can hope to establish permanent and satisfactory divisions in this group.The genus Athyris has for years attracted the notice of palæontologists, but it. was not until a recent period that all its important characters could be established. The species vary considerably in their external shape; they are circular or angular, elongated or transverse, smooth, ribbed, or striated, some have the entire surface of their valves covered with numerous concentric plates, which are prolonged in many instances nearly an inch from the surface of the shell, while in other species the valves are covered by a vast number of scaly ridges from which radiate closely-set fringes of elongated, somewhat flattened spines; and so close are these sometimes in their arrangement, that no portion of the shell can be distinguished.
On Rocks; Their Chemical and Mineral Composition, and Physical Characteristics
Authors: Plymouth H. S. 
Published: March 2016

I. “Il suffit de parcourir des parties très circonstrites de la surface du globe, pour voir qu'elle est composée de matériaux très-variés.” The most striking of these differences were, of course, noticed even in the least civilized times; and, as observation advanced, and experience accumulated, the minor and less obvious variations of constitution and texture were gradually reduced to order, and classified into the science of Mineralogy.II. So far our science concerned itself merely with what we should now call a correct description of the mineral character of rocks, without entering into the question of their genesis or mode of origin. But at the dawn of geology—that is, when men first conceived that the various rocks and strata at the surface of our earth were formed at different, and often immeasurably remote periods—then the study of rocks entered on a new phase. The age and succession of these formations were judged, in the first place, from the order of their superposition; and when it was found, as a general rule, that each formation, or stage of this succession, was marked by rocks of a specific mineral character, it was hastily concluded that this mineral character was typical of their age, and that the latter could be deduced from the former: nor was this generalization devoid of broad principles of truth; the ancient and more recent formations are each undoubtedly composed of rocks of very different mineral character—the former being made up such of rocks as granite and the so-called primary limestones and clay-slates, while the latter consists of clays, chalk, or slightly consolidated sandstones.
Cambridge Essays, 1857.—Geology:
Authors: Hopkins W. 
Published: March 2016

The object of this essay is to view the science of Geology on a more extended scale than is generally attempted in popular treatises; not dwelling on matters of detail, but regarding physical principles and fundamental propositions with those logical sequences by which remoter conclusions are arrived at.“But how, it may be asked, is the student or mere general reader to enter upon these larger views of the subject without a previous acquaintance with its details? And, doubtless, if any one would make himself an accomplished geologist, and prepare himself to enter fully into the more profound investigations of the science, he must gain a knowledge of its phenomena with a certain degree of detail; but the more complete a science becomes as a science of observation, the less necessary is it for the philosopher who would solve its physical problems to become himself an observer. Newton and Laplace troubled themselves little in looking through astronomical telescopes. They took their facts on the authority of others. And so, also, the general geological reader may accept the facts established by the observations of the field-geologist, when he would acquaint himself with the conclusions of those who have endeavoured to solve the physical or palæon-tological problems which the science presents to us.”
The Physical Structure of Merionethshire and Caernarvonshire
Authors: Ramsay A. C. 
Published: March 2016

The view from the summit of Cader Idris is one of the most magnificent in Wales. Turning to the south, the landscape consists of a series of rolling hills, stretching as far as the eye can reach, in smoothly swelling outlines; and it is impossible not to be struck with the circumstance that, though some rise higher than others, they maintain a sort of average height, accompanied by a general gentle inclination towards the sea. Through this broad undulation innumerable valleys have been excavated. The hills have not been formed merely in consequence of disturbance of the strata; but, through the outcropping and smoothed edges of disturbed strata, many great and small valleys have been cut by old marine denudations, atmospheric disintegrations, and the action of running water. The general uniform character of the outlines of this country is due to the sameness of the rocks, which, in the main, consist of slates, occasionally varied by hard or interstratified bands of sandstone, the whole belonging to that part of the Silurian series known as the Caradoc or Bala beds, and the rocks immediately overlying.Turning northwards, a change in the character of the landscape becomes at once apparent. The mountains are broken and rugged. The summits of the Arans, the great swelling mass of Rhobell-fawr, the cliffs of Rhinog-fawr and Rhinog-fach, that guard the pass of Bwlch-drws-ar-Dudwy, the bold outlines of the Arenigs, the Moelwyns, and Cynicht, all meet the eye almost at a glance; and, far in the distance, the peak of Snowdon sharply pierces the air, rising to a height of 3,571 feet above the sea.
Notices of the Volcanic Rocks and Geysirs of Iceland
Authors: Vaux J. E. 
Published: March 2016

The name “Iceland” raises ideas, especially in the winter time, the reverse of cheering; and a subsequent low average of fingers and toes suggests itself as no very unlikely price to pay for witnessing the marvels of Thing Valla. Gentle reader! what think you of an al fresco breakfast taken on the plain, “in shirt-sleeves, with a white handkerchief wrapped round the head for fear of the sun, the whole landscape gleaming and glowing in the beauty of one of the hottest summer days I ever remember?” Such is the description given of the summer climate as the party encamped to examine the place more in detail.Descending the gorge of the Almanna Gja, they went towards the lake. “The perpendicular walls of rock rose on either hand from the flat greensward that carpeted its bottom, pretty much as the waters of the Red Sea must have risen on each side of the fugitive Israelites. A blaze of light smote the face of one cliff, while the other lay in the deepest shadow; and on the rugged surface of each might still be traced corresponding articulations that once had dovetailed into each other, ere the igneous mass was rent asunder. So unchanged, so recent, seemed the vestiges of this convulsion, that I felt as if I had been admitted to witness one of nature's grandest and most violent operations, almost in the very act of its execution. A walk of about twenty minutes brought us to the borders of the lake—a glorious expanse of water, fifteen miles long, by eight miles broad, occupying a basin formed by the same hills, which must also, I imagine, have arrested the further progress of the lava torrent. A lovelier scene I have seldom witnessed. In the foreground lay huge masses of rock and lava, tossed about like the ruins of a world, and washed by waters as bright and green as polished malachite.
Notices of the Volcanic Rocks and Geysirs of Iceland
Authors: Vaux J. E. 
Published: March 2016

Of all the wondrous changes which nature has wrought on the earth's crust, there is scarcely anything that will bear comparison with those which meet the eye of the traveller in volcanic regions. Of the two great agents in. Geological transformation—water and fire, the one moves us with admiration at the delicacy of its operations, the other strikes us with awe at the mightiness of its influences, and the rapidity of its work.Few, if any, countries present ua with such remarkable or various manifestations of the potency of subterranean heat as Iceland. So much so, indeed, that it appears as though it were the acknowledged safety-valve, in this portion of our globe at least, through which the troubled contents of depths unknown may, on any emergency, find a ready vent.Interest more than ordinary appears to have been taken of late in this most remarkable region. No less than six parties of tourists having, during the year before last, investigated the natural marvels of the island. One of these adventurers, Lord Dufferin, in a most interesting and amusing book, has given to the world a record of his travels. From his “Letters from High Latitudes” we propose to quote his graphic picture of the result of volcanic action, in producing a very remarkable and very manifest change in the aspect of the large tract of country to which that portion of hiB narrative refers.But before we proceed to this, it may perhaps be useful to recal to the reader's recollection the two theories which have, up to the present time, been put forth with respect to the causes of internal heat, and hence to the origin of volcanic action in general.