bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Réflexion sur la notion de services écologiques : étude de cas à Kotoudéni (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Bene Ali , Fournier Anne 
Published: January 2016

La notion de « services écosystémiques » a été introduite dans un but de conservation pour éclairer les liens entre la dynamique de la biodiversité et les valeurs que les humains lui accordent. L’article examine comment les propos des habitants d’un village de la province du Kénédougou au Burkina Faso, Kotoudéni, peuvent être traduits en termes de services écosystémiques. Des enquêtes semi-structurées menées auprès de 23 personnes ont eu pour but de situer socialement les interlocuteurs et de susciter leur discours sur les divers espaces de leur terroir, leur importance relative, les utilisations propres à chacun, mais également sur les religions, la « tradition » et les changements environnementaux et sociaux en cours. L’analyse de ces discours a permis de dégager une conception locale et paysanne des « services écosystémiques » qui a été confrontée aux catégories de la classification du MEA (2005). Les usages matériels mentionnés correspondent assez bien aux catégories du MEA, mais le principal service rendu par les écosystèmes est d’ordre spirituel : organiser le monde et assurer son harmonie par l’intermédiaire d’êtres invisibles (ancêtres et génies). Vouloir faire entrer ce service spirituel dans la catégorie des services culturels revient à le défigurer et à en nier la portée. La conclusion est qu’une telle catégorisation standardisée ne peut permettre de rendre compte des services culturels : pour ceux-ci le recours à des approches plus large de type anthropologique reste nécessaire.
Transition énergétique et fragmentation territoriale : une analyse prospective appliquée à la Wallonie
Authors: Bréchet Thierry , Dessouroux Christian , Quadu Fiorella , Verelst Simon 
Published: January 2016

La transition énergétique consiste à passer de sources de production d’énergie polluantes et épuisables à des sources moins polluantes et durables, mais aussi à passer à une consommation parcimonieuse de l’énergie. Cette transition est l’un des défis majeurs dans les années à venir. Cet article s’intéresse à la dimension territoriale de cette transition. À l’aide d’une méthode prospective à la fois qualitative et quantitative, il cherche à donner un visage au processus de fragmentation territoriale, sociale ou économique dans le contexte d’une transition énergétique à l’horizon 2050. La question traitée dans cet article est la suivante : la transition va-t-elle exacerber les inégalités socio-énergétiques entre les communes wallonnes ? Représente-t-elle un risque ou, au contraire, une opportunité pour la cohésion territoriale ?
Dynamique forestière post-conflits armés de la Forêt classée du Haut-Sassandra (Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Sangne Charles Yao , Barima Yao Sadaiou Sabas , Bamba Issouf , N’Doumé Claude-Thierry Aké 
Published: January 2016

La forêt classée du Haut-Sassandra considérée comme l’une des forêts classées les mieux protégées de la Côte d’Ivoire connaît aujourd’hui plusieurs intrusions dans ses limites conventionnelles à la faveur de la crise militaro-politique dans le pays, de 2002 à 2011. De nombreux fronts pionniers ont été ouverts et ont entraîné le défrichement de plusieurs milliers d’hectares de forêts naturelles suivi d’installation de cultures de rente notamment le cacaoyer. C’est dans ce conteste que le présent travail tente d’évaluer les surfaces forestières restantes de cette aire protégée anciennement contrôlée par les groupes armées rebelles à l’autorité gouvernementale. De façon spécifique, il s’est agi d’une part de cartographier l’occupation du sol du nord de la forêt classée du Haut-Sassandra et de sa périphérie Nord en 2001 et 2013 et, d’autre part, de suivre la dynamique des différents types d’occupation du sol de 2001 à 2013. À cette fin, deux images satellitaires Spot 4 du 14/12/2001 (scène 190.53) et Spot 5 du 28/12/2013 (scène 192.53) ont été acquises et traitées. Il ressort de ces travaux que les surfaces des forêts denses humides naturelles ont fortement régressé dans la zone d’étude et sont passées de 37749 hectares en 2001 à 7844 hectares en 2013 (soit 79, 22 % de régression). Au contraire, les surfaces des mosaïques jachères-cultures ont fortement augmenté et sont passées de 9910 hectares à plus de 36 374 hectares. Du massif forestier du Nord de la forêt classée du Haut-Sassandra, ne subsiste aujourd’hui que des lambeaux de forêts généralement dégradées.
Les liens entre la société, la nature et la technique durant les derniers 200 ans : analyse dans deux vallées françaises
Authors: Gargani Julien , Jouannic Gwenaël 
Published: January 2016

Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la coévolution de la nature et de nos sociétés durant les 200 dernières années en prenant comme observables l’évolution morphologique des cours d’eau, le développement de l’urbanisation, les aménagements hydrauliques et la démographie locale. Nous mettons en évidence que la coévolution de l’environnement et de la société a été accélérée par le développement technique qui a décuplé les mutations et la complexité du système. La technique fabrique la Nature et la Société telles que nous les connaissons actuellement dans la vallée du Rhône. Mais la Nature n’est pas un élément passif et participe à la construction de nos sociétés et de nos techniques. C’est en partie une crise « naturelle » qui en 1856 a favorisé la migration des populations et accentué la volonté de domestiquer la nature. Indirectement, cette crise a probablement participé à la maturation de la société industrielle.
Avoiding Mazibuko: Water Security and Constitutional Rights in Southern African Case Law
Authors: Couzens E 
Published: January 2016

The 2009 judgment by the Constitutional Court of South Africa in Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg is seen by many as a watershed in the interpretation of the fundamental constitutional right of access to water. The Constitutional Court ruled that the right of access to sufficient water does not require that the state provide every person upon demand and without more with sufficient water. Nor does the obligation confer on any person a right to claim "sufficient water" from the state immediately. Reactions to the judgment have been consistently negative, with criticisms largely focusing on the Court's apparent lack of appreciation for the situation of the very poor. It is not easy, however, to overturn a decision of the Constitutional Court and South Africa will need to work within the constraints of the precedent for many years to come. It is suggested in this article that two subsequent, recent judgments (one of the Supreme Court of Appeal in South Africa, City of Cape Town v Strümpher, 2012, and one of the High Court in Zimbabwe, Mushoriwa v City of Harare, 2014) show how it might be possible for courts to avoid the Mazibuko precedent and yet give special attention to water-related rights. Both cases concerned spoliation applications in common law, but both were decided as though access to water supply and water-related rights allow a court to give weight to factors other than the traditional grounds for a spoliation order. It can be argued that in both cases the unlawfulness necessary for a spoliation order arose from a combination of dispossession and breach of rights in respect of a very particular and special kind of property. In the arid and potentially water-stressed Southern African region, and in the context of extreme and apparently increasing poverty, there will undoubtedly be more court cases to come involving access to water. Conclusions are drawn as to how the two judgments considered might offer a way to ameliorate the harsh effects of the Mazibuko judgment.
Silver Screen Buddha
Authors: Suh Sharon A. 
Published: January 2016

How do contemporary films depict Buddhists and Buddhism? What aspects of the Buddhist tradition are these films keeping from our view? By repeatedly romanticizing the meditating monk, what kinds of Buddhisms and Buddhists are missing in these films and why?
Silver Screen Buddha is the first book to explore the intersecting representations of Buddhism, race, and gender in contemporary films. Sharon A. Suh examines the cinematic encounter with Buddhism that has flourished in Asia and in the West in the past century – from images of Shangri-La in Frank Capra‘s 1937 Lost Horizon to Kim Ki-Duk‘s 2003 international box office success Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter...and Spring.
The book helps readers see that representations of Buddhism in Asia and in the West are fraught with political, gendered, and racist undertones. Silver Screen Buddha draws significant attention to ordinary lay Buddhism, a form of the tradition given little play in popular film. By uncovering the differences between a fictionalized, commodified, and exoticized Buddhism, Silver Screen Buddha brings to light expressions of the tradition that highlight laity and women, on the one hand, and Asian and Asian Americans, on the other. Suh engages in a re-visioning of Buddhism that expands the popular understanding of the tradition, moving from the dominance of meditating monks to the everyday world of raced, gendered, and embodied lay Buddhists.
Distributed visualization of gridded geophysical data: the Carbon Data Explorer, version 0.2.3
Authors: Endsley K. A. , Billmire M. G. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Due to the proliferation of geophysical models, particularly climate models, the increasing resolution of their spatiotemporal estimates of Earth system processes, and the desire to easily share results with collaborators, there is a genuine need for tools to manage, aggregate, visualize, and share data sets. We present a new, web-based software tool – the Carbon Data Explorer – that provides these capabilities for gridded geophysical data sets. While originally developed for visualizing carbon flux, this tool can accommodate any time-varying, spatially explicit scientific data set, particularly NASA Earth system science level III products. In addition, the tool's open-source licensing and web presence facilitate distributed scientific visualization, comparison with other data sets and uncertainty estimates, and data publishing and distribution.
A low-order coupled chemistry meteorology model for testing online and offline data assimilation schemes: L95-GRS (v1.0)
Authors: Haussaire J.-M. , Bocquet M. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Bocquet and Sakov (2013) introduced a low-order model based on the coupling of the chaotic Lorenz-95 (L95) model, which simulates winds along a mid-latitude circle, with the transport of a tracer species advected by this zonal wind field. This model, named L95-T, can serve as a playground for testing data assimilation schemes with an online model. Here, the tracer part of the model is extended to a reduced photochemistry module. This coupled chemistry meteorology model (CCMM), the L95-GRS (generic reaction set) model, mimics continental and transcontinental transport and the photochemistry of ozone, volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. Its numerical implementation is described. The model is shown to reproduce the major physical and chemical processes being considered. L95-T and L95-GRS are specifically designed and useful for testing advanced data assimilation schemes, such as the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother (IEnKS), which combines the best of ensemble and variational methods. These models provide useful insights prior to the implementation of data assimilation methods into larger models. We illustrate their use with data assimilation schemes on preliminary yet instructive numerical experiments. In particular, online and offline data assimilation strategies can be conveniently tested and discussed with this low-order CCMM. The impact of observed chemical species concentrations on the wind field estimate can be quantitatively assessed. The impacts of the wind chaotic dynamics and of the chemical species non-chaotic but highly nonlinear dynamics on the data assimilation strategies are illustrated.
Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Using Low-Toxic Solvent for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Water Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Peng Guilong , Lu Ying , He Qiang , Mmereki Daniel , Zhou Guangming , Chen Junhua , Tang Xiaohui 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A low-toxic dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with inductively coupled plasma-MS was used for preconcentration and determination of Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Mn, and Pb in real-water samples. In traditional DLLME analysis, chlorinated solvents have been widely used as extraction solvents. However, these solvents are not environmentally friendly. To overcome this problem, we used a low-toxic bromosolvent (1-bromo-3-methylbutane; lethal concentration, 50%, 6150 mg/kg) as the extraction solvent. To study the effects of different parameters on the extraction efficiency, an orthogonal array experimental design with an L16(45) matrix was used. Under the best experimental conditions (i.e., concentration of complexing reagent 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol, 1.5 × 10−3 mol/L; pH, 7.0; volume of acetone, 0.5 mL; volume of 1-bromo-3 methylbutane, 30 μL; and without salt addition), the enhancement factor ranged from 34 to 40. The linear dynamic range was 1–1000 μg/L with r2 values of 0.9984–0.9999, and the LODs were between 0.042 and 0.53 μg/L. RSDs (at metal ion concentrations of 20 μg/L, n = 6) were 2.12 to 3.42%. The developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of the mentioned metal ions in real-water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.
Serum Bactericidal Assay: New Role in Salmonella Detection
Authors: Chen Yu , Wu Da , Sun Min , Deng Mingjun , Cui Shuhua , Liang Chengzhu , Geng Juan , Sun Tao , Long Ling , Xiao Xizhi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
While inspecting animal feed for Salmonella contamination, we routinely observed bacterial colonies on selective agars that were similar in appearance to those formed by Salmonella. These were identified as Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia fonticola using biochemical and serological techniques. Because the presence of these bacterial species confounds identification of Salmonella, we refer to them as “interference bacteria.” Polyvalent antisera against these interference bacteria were prepared by immunizing rabbits with a mixture of all three organisms. To minimize or eliminate interference by these bacteria, the polyvalent antisera were introduced between the steps of selective enrichment and Salmonella-selective plating. The antisera raised against the interference bacteria, when combined with neonatal rabbit complement, exhibited specific bactericidal activity against C. freundii, P. mirabilis, and S. fonticola. The respective serum bactericidal assay titers were 29, 28, and 210. In selective broth, polyvalent antisera could also kill the target bacterial cells effectively. We tested 526 samples (186 white fishmeal, 97 red fishmeal, and 243 cattle bone powder) using the polyvalent antisera and found that the rates of contamination of each species of the three respective foods decreased by 58.8, 100, and 83%. Our data indicates that polyvalent sera against C. freundii, P. mirabilis, and S. fonticola can be used as inhibitors to increase the accuracy of Salmonella detection.
Laboratory Information Bulletin: Quantitation of Aflatoxin M1 in Bovine Milk by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Vega Victor A , Young Michelle , Todd Sarah 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
An extraction for aflatoxin M1 from bovine milk samples is described. The samples were extracted by adding 10 mL acetonitrile to 10 g of sample. The extract was salted out with sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate to separate the water and acetonitrile. The organic layer was dried down and reconstituted in water before being subjected to an immunoaffinity column for cleanup. Once the analyte was isolated, quantitation was obtained by LC with fluorescence detection. LC/fluorescence parameters were optimized with an Agilent Poroshell 120 C18 LC column resulting in a 4 min run time. To test the procedure's robustness, three different kinds of matrixes were fortified at three different levels each. Whole milk, reduced fat milk, and skim milk samples were fortified at approximately 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/kg. Recoveries from all samples ranged from 70 to 100%. Confirmation was accomplished by injecting the samples in an ion trap mass spectrometer. The method presented here entails an extraction step followed by an immunoaffinity column clean-up that leads to fast analysis time and consistent recoveries with an uncertainty measurement of 10.5% and method detection limit of less than 0.011 μg/kg.
Stability Study and Kinetic Monitoring of Cefquinome Sulfate Using Cyclodextrin-Based Ion-Selective Electrode: Application to Biological Samples
Authors: Yehia Ali M , Arafa Reham M , Abbas Samah S , Amer Sawsan M 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Two novel cefquinome sulfate (CFQ)-selective electrodes were performed with dibutyl sebacate as a plasticizer using a polymeric matrix of polyvinyl chloride. Sensor 1 was prepared using sodium tetraphenylborate as a cation exchanger without incorporation of ionophore, whereas 2-hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin was used as ionophore in sensor 2. A stable, reliable, and linear response was obtained in concentration ranges 3.2 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−2 mol/L and 1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−2 mol/L for sensors 1 and 2, respectively. Both sensors could be sufficiently applied for quantitative determination of CFQ in the presence of degradation products either in bulk powder or in pharmaceutical formulations. Sensor 2 provided better selectivity and sensitivity, wider linearity range, and higher performance. Therefore it was used successfully for accurate determination of CFQ in biological fluids such as spiked plasma and milk samples. Furthermore, an online kinetic study was applied to the CFQ alkaline degradation process to estimate the reaction rate and half-life with feasible real-time monitoring. The developed sensors were found to be fast, accurate, sensitive, and precise compared with the manufacturer's reversed-phase chromatographic method.
Determination of Chondroitin Sulfate Content in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection After Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Single-Laboratory Validation First Action 2015.11
Authors: Brunelle Sharon L 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A previously validated method for determination of chondroitin sulfate in raw materials and dietary supplements was submitted to the AOAC Expert Review Panel (ERP) for Stakeholder Panel on Dietary Supplements Set 1 Ingredients (Anthocyanins, Chondroitin, and PDE5 Inhibitors) for consideration of First Action Official MethodsSM status. The ERP evaluated the single-laboratory validation results against AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements 2014.009. With recoveries of 100.8–101.6% in raw materials and 105.4–105.8% in finished products and precision of 0.25–1.8% RSDr within-day and 1.6–4.72% RSDr overall, the ERP adopted the method for First Action Official Methods status and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action status.
Droits humains et minorités culturelles
Authors: Catala Amandine 
Published: January 2016

J’aborde tout d’abord l’objection relativiste aux droits humains, afin de pouvoir ensuite me concentrer sur d’autres questions soulevées par la question des droits humains et des minorités culturelles. Le but de ma discussion est d’identifier et d’interroger les tensions potentielles entre minorités culturelles et droits humains, afin de montrer en quoi les droits humains peuvent protéger les minorités culturelles et, ultimement, de problématiser la manière dont cette protection peut se déployer. Dans ce but, je commence par clarifier deux notions-clés de ce débat : les minorités culturelles et les droits différenciés selon l’appartenance à un groupe, en en proposant une typologie (section 1). J’examine ensuite dans quelle mesure les aspects collectiviste et particulariste des droits différenciés se trouvent ou non en tension respectivement avec les aspects individualiste et universaliste des droits humains (section 2). Prenant comme points de référence quelques droits humains particuliers, je me penche enfin sur la situation de certaines minorités culturelles dans les démocraties libérales occidentales pour dégager les conditions délibératives de la réalisation de ces droits humains (section 3). Au fil de ces trois sections, une de mes préoccupations est de mettre en lumière les enjeux méthodologiques qui sous-tendent ces différents débats et de montrer la nécessité d’adopter une approche améliorative.
Promouvoir la liberté de choix pour conforter les droits dans la prise en charge ?
Authors: Picavet Emmanuel 
Published: January 2016

Les droits individuels fondamentaux ne sont-ils pas fragilisés, dans les contextes de prise en charge liés au vieillissement ou aux situations de handicap, si leur lien avec l’autonomie individuelle apparaît perturbé par la perte ou l’absence de capacités individuelles jugées importantes ? Il est montré dans cet article que les inquiétudes à cet égard reposent sur des présupposés qui concernent le pouvoir de décision des individus. Un point de vue renouvelé sur ce pouvoir contribue à lever les inquiétudes. Il est ensuite montré que cet enrichissement nécessaire est pertinent pour l’organisation en vue de la prise en charge.
Long‐term immune responses and comparative effectiveness of one or two doses of 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in HIV‐positive adults in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Cheng Aristine , Chang Sui‐Yuan , Tsai Mao‐Song , Su Yi‐Ching , Liu Wen‐Chun , Sun Hsin‐Yun , Hung Chien‐Ching 
Published: January 2016

IntroductionHIV infection impairs maintenance of immunological memory, yet few studies of HIV‐positive adults receiving 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) have followed them beyond the first year. We determined and compared the durability of serological responses and the clinical outcomes of HIV‐positive adults annually for five years following vaccination with one or two doses of PCV7.MethodsIn this non‐randomized clinical trial, 221 pneumococcal vaccine‐naïve HIV‐positive adults receiving one (n=109) or two doses four weeks apart (n=112) of PCV7 between 2008 and 2010 were longitudinally followed for evaluation of significant serological response and for episodes of pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease.ResultsAt the time of vaccination, the two groups were well matched for age, risk factors, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) coverage, CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load (PVL). At the end of five years, the CD4 counts for the one‐ and two‐dose groups had increased from 407 and 406 to 550 and 592 cells/µL, respectively, and 82.4 and 81.6% of the participants had fully suppressed PVL. Significant immune responses to ≥2 serotypes persisted for 67.9 vs 78.6%, 64.2 vs 71.4%, 66.1 vs 71.4%, 57.8 vs 69.6% in the second, third, fourth and fifth years after one and two doses of PCV7 in the intention‐to‐treat analysis, respectively. In multivariate analysis, immunization with two doses of PCV7 (odds ratio (OR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 to 2.65, p=0.016), concurrent cART (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.16 to 4.00, p=0.015) and CD4 proliferation (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.27, p=0.031) were predictive of persistent serological responses in the fifth year. Only one patient in the one‐dose group had documented pneumococcal pneumonia (non‐bacteraemic) and none had invasive pneumococcal disease in the 6.5 years of follow‐up.ConclusionsOne or two doses of PCV7 achieve durable seroprotective responses in HIV‐treated participants; however, two doses may be more robust than one dose in a larger study population or in real‐world populations with less cART coverage.