bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐(3‐ AND 4‐AMIDINOBENZYLIDENE) DERIVATIVES OF 1‐INDANONE, 1‐TETRALONE AND BENZOSUBERONE
Authors: WAGNER G. , HORN H. , EPPNER B. , KUEHMSTEDT H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie cyclischen Ketone (I) werden mit m(p)‐Cyan‐benzaldehyd (II) in 85%iger Phosphorsäure zu den in der E‐Form vorliegenden Benzylidenverbindungen (III) umgesetzt, die nach Pinner in die Amidiniumsalze (IV) überge‐ führt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: BRIDGED TETRAPHENYLENE SYSTEMS, II. THE STRUCTURE OF 4,11‐DIHYDRODICYCLOPENTA(DEF,PQR)TETRAPHENYLENE AND ITS DILITHIUM DERIVATIVE
Authors: HELLWINKEL D. , HAAS G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWeil die Dehydrierung des zweifach verbrückten Tetraphenylens (Ia) zu dem völlig aromatisierten Kohlenwasserstoff (II) nicht gelang, wurde das energiereiche Dilithium‐Derivat (Ib) (aus (Ia)) der Oxidation mit äquimolaren Mengen Jod in DMSO unterworfen: Das Reaktionsgemisch enthielt jedoch nur undefinierte Polymerisate.
ChemInform Abstract: AZOLES. 5. HALONITROINDAZOLE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
Authors: WRZECIONO U. , PIETZKIEWICZ K. , NIEWEGLOWSKA W. , MICHALSKA W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNach einem verbesserten Verfahren werden die Nitroindazole (I) mit Halogenen in alkalischem Medium in die Substitutionsprodukte (II) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZENESULFONYLNITRILE OXIDE, A 1,3‐DIPOLE EXHIBITING MODIFIED REACTIVITY IN CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: WADE P. A. , HINNEY H. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Addition der Nitriloxide (I) mit Acetylencarbonester (II), mit Methacrylester (V) sowie mit substituierten Acrylestern (VIII) wird hinsichtlich der Bildung von isomeren Addukten wie (III) und (IV), (VI) und (VII) etc. untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐ALKYL‐5‐(ARYLIMINO)‐1,2,3,4‐THIATRIAZOLINES AS MASKED 1,3‐DIPOLES
Authors: L'ABBE G. , TIMMERMAN A. , MARTENS C. , TOPPET S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Thiatriazolin (I) reagiert als maskierter Dipol mit Acylisothiocyanaten (II) und mit in situ aus Alkylsulfonylchloriden und Triethylamin hergestellten Sulfenen (V) zu den Verbindungen (III) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE ROUTE TO 2,3‐DIHYDROFURANS AND 2,3‐DIHYDROPYRANS
Authors: HERCOUET A. , LE CORRE M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Lw‐Dibromalkanen (I) entstehen die Phosphoniumsalze (II), die mit Acylaten (III) zu den Monoestern (IV) austauschen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐(3‐ AND 4‐AMIDINOBENZYLIDENE)CHROMAN‐4‐ONE AND ‐1‐THIOCHROMAN‐4‐ONE
Authors: WAGNER G. , GARBE C. , VIEWEG H. , BRUNN M. , DITTRICH A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Chromanone (I) werden mit m(p)‐Cyan‐benzaldehyd (II) in 85%iger Phosphorsäure zu den in der E‐Form vorliegenden Benzylidenverbindungen (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINOLYSIS OF 3,4‐DIHYDROISOCOUMARINS
Authors: YAMOTO M. , HASHIGAKI K. , IWAHASHI H. , NINOMIYA M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Behandlung der Dihydroisocumarine (I) mit Ammoniak liefert neben weiteren Verbindungen ein Gemisch der Derivate (II)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF VINCA ALKALOIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. 8. UNUSUAL ALKYLATION OF AN ENAMINE
Authors: KALAUS G. , GYOERY P. , SZABO L. , SZANTAY C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus dem Aldehyd (I) durch Umsetzung mit Di‐n‐butylamin (II) hergestellte Enamin (III) wird mit Benzylbromacetat oder Benzylchlorid (IV) alkyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUROLEPTICS RELATED TO BUTACLAMOL. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CHLORINE SUBSTITUENTS ON THE AROMATIC RINGS
Authors: HUMBER L. G. , SIDERIDIS N. , ASSELIN A. A. , BRUDERLEIN F. T. , VOITH K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAuf dem im Formelschema beschriebenen Weg werden die Ketone (XII) und (XIV) dargestellt, die mit′2‐Propylmagnesiumchlorid die Alkohole (XV) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF QUINAZOLONE SUBSTITUTED AMIDES AND PIPERAZONIUM SALTS OF QUINAZOLONE‐SUBSTITUTED ACIDS AS POSSIBLE ANTICONVULSANTS
Authors: MISRA V. S. , PANDEY R. N. , DHAWAN K. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Benzoxazin (I) entstehen mit Aminosäuren (II) die Chinazolone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 1Λ4,2‐THIAZACYCLOHEXA‐1,4‐DIENES
Authors: BLUDSSUS W. , MEWS R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Perfluorbutadien (I) reagiert mit Thiazyl‐ fluorid,(II) zum Cycloaddukt (III), ohne daß eine explosive Reaktion wie im Fall von 2,3‐Dimethylbutadien beobachtet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM IN A MONOORGANOTIN(IV) COMPLEX
Authors: CUNNINGHAM D. , LITTLE M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPhenyl‐ und Butyl‐Sntrichlorid bilden mit N,N′‐Ethylen‐bis‐[salicylidenaminato]‐Ni und ‐Cu 1:1‐Addukte der mer‐Struktur (Ia), dagegen mit N,N′‐o‐Phenylen‐bis‐[salicylidenaminato]‐Ni und ‐Cu die fac‐Addukte (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SIMPLE ALKYNE ADDUCTS OF MOO(S2CNR2)2
Authors: MAATTA E. A. , WENTWORTH R. A. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindungen (I) werden durch Reaktion von Oxomolybdän‐bis‐[dithiocarbamaten] in CH2Cl2 mit den Acetylenen dargestellt und durch IR‐ und NMR‐Daten charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL AND STEREODYNAMIC STUDIES ON MOLECULAR EARLY TRANSITION METAL DERIVATIVES. V. NMR STUDY OF ISOLATED TUNGSTEN DIOXOFLUORIDE ADDUCTS OF TYPE WO2F3L‐
Authors: POSTEL M. , RIESS J. G. , CALVES J. Y. , GUERCHAIS J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie als Tetraethylammoniumsalze isolierten Titelverbindungen (Ib) und (Ic) wurden durch Reaktion eines analogen Aquokomplexes (Ia) (dargestellt aus Et4NCl und H2WO4 in HF mit 90% Ausb.) mit entsprechenden Liganden erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIO‐ AND STEREOSPECIFIC ACYL‐METAL INSERTION FROM PENTACARBONYLIRON‐MEDIATED PHOTOLYSIS OF (+)‐α‐THUJENE
Authors: SAREL S. , CHRIKI G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstractα‐Thujen (I) reagiert unter UV‐Belichtung mit Eisenpentacarbonyl (II) zu dem Tricarbonylkomplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SOME FIRST ROW TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES OF SALICYLALDEHYDE HYDRAZONE
Authors: AGGARWAL R. C. , SINGH N. K. , SINGH R. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Mischen einer methanolisch‐ethanolischen Lösung des Hydrazons mit den entsprechenden Metallsalzen im Verhältnis 2:1 wurden die Komplexe (I) bzw. (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHITE COMPLEXES OF RUTHENIUM(II)
Authors: FRANCO D. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie trans‐Bis‐[phosphit]‐ Ru(II)‐Komplexe (II) werden durch die Umsetzung des Aquo‐SO2‐tetrammin‐Ru(II)‐ oder der Aquopentammin‐Ru(II)‐ oder ‐(III)‐Komplexe (Ia) sowie des Aquotriethylphosphittetrammin‐Ru(II)‐Komplexes (Ib) mit den entsprechenden Phosphiten dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PLATINUM‐CONTAINING PARAMAGNETIC SPECIES IN THE REACTIONS OF PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: ABAKUMOV G. A. , TEPLOVA I. A. , CHERKASOV V. K. , SHALNOVA K. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReaktionen von Pt(II)‐ und Pt(0)‐Verbindungen mit o‐Chinonen und ihren Einelektronen‐Reduktionsprodukten werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF SPIROVETIVANES VIA THE SPIRO‐ACYLOIN INTERMEDIATE
Authors: IBUKA T. , HAYASHI K. , MINAKATA H. , INUBUSHI Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Pentadien (I) und Crotonester (II) erhält man in bekannter Weise den Cyclohexencarbonester (III), der zu (IV) substituiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF 5α‐ANDROSTANE‐3α,17α‐DIOL
Authors: MCDERMOTT I. R. , ROBINSON C. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Hydrazon (I) ergibt bei der Oxidation ein 2:1‐Gemisch der Oxadiazoline (II) und (III), von denen das durch Chromatographie abgetrennte Hauptprodukt (II) bei der alkalischen Behandlung in selektiver Weise zum gesuchten Steroid (IV) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: INHIBITION OF BEEF‐BRAIN AND DOG‐HEART (NA(+)+K(+)) ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE BY CARBON‐3 BRANCHED CARDENOLIDES
Authors: SIEBENEICK H. U. , HOFFMANN W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAls Inhibitoren der im Titel genannten Triphosphatase werden insgesamt 22 am C‐3 verzweigte Derivate (Ib) und (Ic) sowie (IIb) und (IIc) von Digitoxigenin (Ia) und Epidigitoxigenin (IIa) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE RATE OF SITE‐SITE INTERACTIONS IN FUNCTIONALIZED POLYSTYRENES
Authors: REBEK J. JUN., , TREND J. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus Polymergebundenem Nitrophenol wird durch Reaktion mit Z‐Gly/Carbodiimid und anschließender HBr/AcOH‐Deblockierung der Polymer‐gebundene Glycin‐Derivat (I) ′erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF A CYCLOPHANE ALKALOID, (.+‐.)‐LYTHRANIDINE
Authors: FUJI K. , ICHIKAWA K. , FUJITA E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract2,6‐Bis‐chlormethyl‐ pyridin (I) liefert das Bis‐phosphoniumsalz (II), das mit dem aus (III) erhaltenen Dialdehyd (IIIb) zu (IV) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐AMINO‐3‐(β‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)‐V‐TRIAZOLO(4,5‐B)PYRIDIN‐7‐ONE (1‐DEAZA‐8‐AZAGUANOSINE) AND CERTAIN RELATED DERIVATIVES
Authors: CLINE B. L. , PANZICA R. P. , TOWNSEND L. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Umsetzung des Triazolopyridincarbamats (I) mit dem Ribofuranosylbromid (II) nach der Quecksilbercyanid‐Methode, Substitution des Chlors im Hydrolyse‐produkt (IV) durch den Benzyloxyrest und anschließende Hydrogenolyse wird das l‐Desaza‐8‐azaguanosin (VII) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ETHYL (Z)‐4,7‐OCTADIENOATE AND (Z)‐3,5‐HEXADIENYL BUTYRATE, TWO NEW AROMA COMPONENTS OF THE PURPLE PASSION FRUIT
Authors: WINTER M. , NAEF F. , FURRER A. , PICKENHAGEN W. , GIERSCH W. , MEISTER A. , WILLHALM B. , THOMMEN W. , OHLOFF G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer aus der roten Passionsfrucht isolierte Aromastoff (III) kann entweder durch Wittig‐Reaktion aus Verbindung (II) oder durch Thermolyse der leicht darstellbaren Verbindung (VI) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PHEROMONES. XXI. METHYLENE‐INTERRUPTED CONJUGATED DOUBLE BONDS: A STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF (E)‐N,(E)‐(N+3)‐ALKADIENES
Authors: BESTMANN H. J. , SUESS J. , VOSTROWSKY O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Carbinol (Ia) liefert über das Bromid nach Arbuzow das Sorbyl‐′phosphonat (Ib), dessen mit Butyllithium erhaltenes Anion mit den Bromalkyl‐tetrahydropyranylethern (II) zu (III) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT SYNTHESES OF INSECT SEX PHEROMONES EMITTED BY THE BOLL WEEVIL AND THE RED BOLLWORM MOTH
Authors: WOLLENBERG R. H. , PERIES R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDimedon (Ia) reagiert über das Tosylhydrazon (Ib) zum Dimethylcyclohexenon (II), das zum 3,3‐Dimethyl‐cyclohexanon (III) hydriert wird.
Circular Dichroism is Sensitive to Monovalent Cation Binding in Monensin Complexes
Authors: Nedzhib Ahmed , Kessler Jiří , Bouř Petr , Gyurcsik Béla , Pantcheva Ivayla 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMonensin is a natural antibiotic that exhibits high affinity to certain metal ions. In order to explore its potential in coordination chemistry, circular dichroism (CD) spectra of monensic acid A (MonH) and its derivatives containing monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Ag+, and Et4N+) in methanolic solutions were measured and compared to computational models. Whereas the conventional CD spectroscopy allowed recording of the transitions down to 192 nm, synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) revealed other bands in the 178–192 nm wavelength range. CD signs and intensities significantly varied in the studied compounds, in spite of their similar crystal structure. Computational modeling based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and continuum solvent model suggests that the solid state monensin structure is largely conserved in the solutions as well. Time‐dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) simulations did not allow band‐to‐band comparison with experimental spectra due to their limited precision, but indicated that the spectral changes were caused by a combination of minor conformational changes upon the monovalent cation binding and a direct involvement of the metal electrons in monensin electronic transitions. Both the experiment and simulations thus show that the CD spectra of monensin complexes are very sensitive to the captured ions and can be used for their discrimination. Chirality 28:420–428, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of classification by competitive neural network on reconstruction of reflectance spectra using principal component analysis
Authors: Hajipour Abbas , Shams‐Nateri Ali 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe best way to describe a color is to study its reflectance spectrum, which provide the most useful information. Different methods were purposed for reflectance spectra reconstruction from CIE tristimulus values such as principal components analysis. In this study, the training samples were first divided into 3, 6, 9, and 12 subgroups by creating a competitive neural network. To do that, L*a*b*, L*C*h or L*a*b*C*h were introduced to neural network as input elements. In order to investigate the performance of reflectance spectra reconstruction, the color difference and RMS between actual and reconstructed data were obtained. The reconstruction of reflectance spectra were improved by using a six or nine‐neuron layer with L*a*b* input elements. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 182–188, 2017
Energy‐aware task allocation for small devices in wireless networks
Authors: Comito Carmela , Falcone Deborah , Talia Domenico , Trunfio Paolo 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe continuous advances in wireless networking and mobile computing technologies have paved the way to the spreading of new classes of distributed applications running on networks of small devices such as smartphones and tablets. An issue that still prevents a wider implementation of distributed applications in wireless networks is the lack of task allocation strategies addressing both the energy constraints of small devices and the decentralized nature of wireless networks. In this paper, we focus on this twofold issue by proposing an energy‐aware scheduling strategy for allocating computational tasks over a wireless network of small devices in a decentralized but effective way. The main design principle of our scheduling strategy is finding a task allocation that prolongs the total lifetime of the network and maximizes the number of alive devices by balancing the energy load among them. A simulation analysis has been performed to assess the performance of the proposed strategy in different network and application scenarios. The results show that by using the proposed energy‐aware task allocation approach, the network lifetime is extended and the number of alive devices is significantly higher compared with alternative scheduling strategies while meeting application‐level performance constraints. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanosecond Time‐Resolution Study of Gold Nanorod Rotation at the Liquid–Solid Interface
Authors: Neupane Bhanu , Chen Fang , Wei Yanli , Fang Ning , Ligler Frances S. , Wang Gufeng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEarly studies showed that the adsorption of nanorods may start from a special “anchored” state, in which the nanorods lose translational motion but retain rotational freedom. Insight into how the anchored nanorods rotate should provide additional dimensions for understanding particle–surface interactions. Based on conventional time‐resolution studies, gold nanorods are thought to continuously rotate following initial interactions with negatively charged glass surfaces. However, this nanosecond time‐resolution study reveals that the apparent continuous rotation actually consists of numerous fast, intermittent rotations or transitions between a small number of weakly immobilized states, with the particle resting in the immobilized states most of the time. The actual rotation from one immobilized state to the other happens on a 1 ms timescale, that is, approximately 50 times slower than in the bulk solution.
Electrochemical Treatment for Effectively Tuning Thermoelectric Properties of Free‐Standing Poly(3‐methylthiophene) Films
Authors: Hu Yongjing , Zhu Danhua , Zhu Zhengyou , Liu Endou , Lu Baoyang , Xu Jingkun , Zhao Feng , Hou Jian , Liu Huixuan , Jiang Fengxing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe degree of oxidation of conducting polymers has great influence on their thermoelectric properties. Free‐standing poly(3‐methylthiophene) (P3MeT) films were prepared by electrochemical polymerization in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, and the fresh films were treated electrochemically with a solution of propylene carbonate/lithium perchlorate as mediator. The conductivity of the resultant P3MeT films depends on the doping level, which is controlled by a constant potential from −0.5 to 1.4 V. The optimum electrical conductivity (78.9 S cm−1 at 0.5 V) and a significant increase in the Seebeck coefficient (64.3 μV K−1 at −0.5 V) are important for achieving an optimum power factor at an optimal potential. The power factor of electrochemically treated P3MeT films reached its maximum value of 4.03 μW m−1 K−2 at 0.5 V. Moreover, after two months, it still exhibited a value of 3.75 μW m−1 K−2, and thus was more stable than pristine P3MeT due to exchange of doping ions in films under ambient conditions. This electrochemical treatment is a significant alternative method for optimizing the thermoelectric power factor of conducting polymer films.
Metal Recognition Driven by Weak Interactions: A Case Study in Solvent Extraction
Authors: Poirot Rémi , Le Goff Xavier , Diat Olivier , Bourgeois Damien , Meyer Daniel 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTuning the affinity of a medium for a given metallic cation with the sole modification of weak interactions is a challenge for molecular recognition. Solvent extraction is a key technique employed in the recovery and purification of valuable metals, and it is facing an increased complexity of metal fluxes to deal with. The selectivity of such processes generally relies on the use of specific ligands, designed after their coordination chemistry. In the present study, we illustrate the possibility to employ the sole control of weak interactions to achieve the selective extraction of PdII over NdIII: the control over selectivity is obtained by tuning the self‐assembly of the organic phase. A model is proposed, after detailed experimental analysis of molecular (XRD, NMR) and supra‐molecular (SAXS) features of the organic phases. We thus demonstrate that PdII extraction is driven by metal coordination, whereas NdIII extraction requires aggregation of the extractant in addition to metal coordination. These results are of general interest for the applications which rely on the stabilization of metals in organic phases.
Multi‐parametric cytometry from a complex cellular sample: Improvements and limits of manual versus computational‐based interactive analyses
Authors: Gondois‐Rey F. , Granjeaud S. , Rouillier P. , Rioualen C. , Bidaut G. , Olive D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe wide possibilities opened by the developments of multi‐parametric cytometry are limited by the inadequacy of the classical methods of analysis to the multi‐dimensional characteristics of the data. While new computational tools seemed ideally adapted and were applied successfully, their adoption is still low among the flow cytometrists. In the purpose to integrate unsupervised computational tools for the management of multi‐stained samples, we investigated their advantages and limits by comparison to manual gating on a typical sample analyzed in immunomonitoring routine. A single tube of PBMC, containing 11 populations characterized by different sizes and stained with 9 fluorescent markers, was used. We investigated the impact of the strategy choice on manual gating variability, an undocumented pitfall of the analysis process, and we identified rules to optimize it. While assessing automatic gating as an alternate, we introduced the Multi‐Experiment Viewer software (MeV) and validated it for merging clusters and annotating interactively populations. This procedure allowed the finding of both targeted and unexpected populations. However, the careful examination of computed clusters in standard dot plots revealed some heterogeneity, often below 10%, that was overcome by increasing the number of clusters to be computed. MeV facilitated the identification of populations by displaying both the MFI and the marker signature of the dataset simultaneously. The procedure described here appears fully adapted to manage homogeneously high number of multi‐stained samples and allows improving multi‐parametric analyses in a way close to the classic approach. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Local and distributed SIP overload control solution improving sustainability of SIP networks
Authors: Jahanbakhsh M. , Azhari S. V. , Enayati‐Zadeh J. , Baghdadi M. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryCarriers have adopted session initiation protocol (SIP) in their next generation networks. Providing carrier‐grade service requires high availability in times of component failures, avalanche restart, flash crowds and denial of service attacks, which cause overload on SIP servers. Throughput of SIP servers is largely degraded during overload. We propose an SIP overload control (SIP‐OC) solution for local and remote situations, working in hop‐by‐hop and end‐to‐end modes. Our local SIP‐OC method uses a cross‐layer approach with negligible performance impact, while the implicit nature of our remote SIP‐OC allows detection of sophisticated overload conditions such as those caused by non‐SIP entities. Our remote SIP‐OC uses transaction response time as the basis for implicit overload detection. Coupling our local and remote SIP‐OC schemes, we show that the range of ‘sustainable’ overload that can be imposed on the system improves significantly. Moreover, incorporating a 2‐means filtering mechanism into our SIP‐OC scheme makes it perform well under packet‐loss. We also show that our proposed solution is robust to network latency and SIP server capacity fluctuations. All of our results are obtained from experiments over SIP testbeds including an experimental IP multimedia subsystem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximate and ultimate causes of variable visual sensitivities: Insights from cichlid fish radiations
Authors: Carleton Karen L. , Dalton Brian E. , Escobar‐Camacho Daniel , Nandamuri Sri Pratima 
Published: April 2016

SummaryAnimals vary in their sensitivities to different wavelengths of light. Sensitivity differences can have fitness implications in terms of animals' ability to forage, find mates, and avoid predators. As a result, visual systems are likely selected to operate in particular lighting environments and for specific visual tasks. This review focuses on cichlid vision, as cichlids have diverse visual sensitivities, and considerable progress has been made in determining the genetic basis for this variation. We describe both the proximate and ultimate mechanisms shaping cichlid visual diversity using the structure of Tinbergen's four questions. We describe (1) the molecular mechanisms that tune visual sensitivities including changes in opsin sequence and expression; (2) the evolutionary history of visual sensitivity across the African cichlid flocks; (3) the ontological changes in visual sensitivity and how modifying this developmental program alters sensitivities among species; and (4) the fitness benefits of spectral tuning mechanisms with respect to survival and mating success. We further discuss progress to unravel the gene regulatory networks controlling opsin expression and suggest that a simple genetic architecture contributes to the lability of opsin gene expression. Finally, we identify unanswered questions including whether visual sensitivities are experiencing selection, and whether similar spectral tuning mechanisms shape visual sensitivities of other fishes. genesis 54:299–325, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.