bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal regulation of TLR2-mediated IFN-β production by SHP2 and Gsk3β
Authors: Park Jin Hee , Ko Ryeojin , Lee Soo Young 
Published: July 2017

AbstractToll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mediates the innate immune response to bacterial lipopeptides and peptidoglycans by stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanisms by which TLR2 signaling regulates type I interferon (IFN)-β production are poorly understood. Here, we identified Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) as a negative regulator of TLR2-induced IFN-β production. Pharmacological inhibition or reduced expression of SHP2 potentiated TLR2 agonist-mediated IFN-β transcription and STAT1 activation, whereas overexpression of SHP2 impaired IFN-β transcription and STAT1 activation. SHP2 physically associated with the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (Gsk3β) in an agonist-dependent manner. Gsk3β positively regulates transcription of IFN-β following TLR2 stimulation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of SHP2. SHP2 inhibited the transcriptional activity of IRF-1 and IRF-8 at the IFN-β promoter. Remarkably, IRF-1 and IRF-8 are recruited to the IFN-β promoter in a SHP2 phosphatase activity-dependent manner. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which SHP2 and Gsk3β work together to modulate TLR2-mediated IFN-β production in macrophages.
Vocabulary Facilitates Speech Perception in Children With Hearing Aids
Authors: Klein Kelsey E. , Walker Elizabeth A. , Kirby Benjamin , McCreery Ryan W. 
Published: July 2017

Purpose
We examined the effects of vocabulary, lexical characteristics (age of acquisition and phonotactic probability), and auditory access (aided audibility and daily hearing aid [HA] use) on speech perception skills in children with HAs.

Method
Participants included 24 children with HAs and 25 children with normal hearing (NH), ages 5–12 years. Groups were matched on age, expressive and receptive vocabulary, articulation, and nonverbal working memory. Participants repeated monosyllabic words and nonwords in noise. Stimuli varied on age of acquisition, lexical frequency, and phonotactic probability. Performance in each condition was measured by the signal-to-noise ratio at which the child could accurately repeat 50% of the stimuli.

Results
Children from both groups with larger vocabularies showed better performance than children with smaller vocabularies on nonwords and late-acquired words but not early-acquired words. Overall, children with HAs showed poorer performance than children with NH. Auditory access was not associated with speech perception for the children with HAs.

Conclusions
Children with HAs show deficits in sensitivity to phonological structure but appear to take advantage of vocabulary skills to support speech perception in the same way as children with NH. Further investigation is needed to understand the causes of the gap that exists between the overall speech perception abilities of children with HAs and children with NH.
Posttraumatic Pneumocephalus: The Spectrum in a Tertiary Neurosurgery Center
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Hegde Ajay , R. Girish , Nair Rajesh 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTraumatic head injuries are often encountered in the emergency triage, and usually these patients have open head injuries or traumatic pneumocephalus secondary to base of skull fractures. The first line of management involves conservative approaches that include the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, and, occasionally, lumbar CSF diversion techniques. Surgical intervention is considered once conservative management fails after 2 weeks of institution of conservative management. Here, we discuss the various clinical scenarios, clinical presentation, treatment dilemmas, and possible complications in patients with traumatic pneumocephalus.
Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Review of Standard Imaging Evaluation and Typical Findings
Authors: Rolfes Mary , Guerin Julie , Brucker Justin , Kalina Peter 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEvaluation of abusive head trauma (AHT) in children is an ongoing diagnostic challenge, as there are currently no standard criteria or objective tests for differentiating AHT from accidental trauma. The use of neuroradiologic imaging has an increasingly important role in identifying AHT and often involves a combination of skull radiographs, computerized tomography (CT), and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and occasionally magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Development of more advanced imaging techniques includes diffusion tensor imaging and arterial spin labeling. MRI may provide insight into different mechanisms of injury and long-term impacts of AHT. A better understanding of the available imaging modalities, typical findings, and their respective contribution to an accurate diagnosis can help guide physicians, other health care providers, as well as law enforcement in the evaluation of children with suspected AHT.
Salvage of an Osteocutaneous Fibula Flap with a Variant Perforator of Skin Paddle in Lower Leg Reconstruction
Authors: Kawamura Kenji , Omokawa Shohei , Shimizu Takamasa , Onishi Tadanobu , Hayashi Satoshi , Maegawa Naoki , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: July 2017

Background The osteocutaneous fibula flap is an established method for reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects in the lower extremity. The vascularity of the fibula and overlying skin paddle is usually provided by a single pedicle composed of the peroneal artery. In rare situations, the fibula is supplied by the peroneal artery, whereas the overlying skin paddle is supplied by perforators originating from the posterior tibial artery.
Case Report A 28-year-old man presented with osteomyelitis of the tibia that was scheduled to be treated with a free vascularized osteocutaneous fibula flap from the contralateral lower leg. Intraoperatively, it was found that perforators supplying the skin paddle originated not from the peroneal artery but from the posterior tibial artery. A fibula flap nourished by the peroneal vessels was harvested and the skin paddle was returned to the lower leg. The fibula was fixed at the recipient site, and peroneal vessels were anastomosed to the recipient posterior tibial vessels. The skin defect was successfully managed with a perforator-based propeller flap nourished by the recipient artery.
Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, only five authors have reported this variant vascularity of the osteocutaneous fibula flap. They harvested two independent flaps, one a skin flap and the other a fibula flap, and performed two separate vascular anastomoses at the recipient site. In comparison to previously reported cases, the salvage procedure using a perforator-based propeller flap is easy and reliable because there is no need for additional anastomosis of the perforator vessels.
Botox and Thumb MCP Radial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Cates Robert , Brault Jeffrey , Kakar Sanjeev 
Published: July 2017

Background We report the use of botulinum toxin to aid in the treatment of chronic radial collateral ligament insufficiency of the thumb.
Case Description Treatment included autograft tendon reconstruction and cast immobilization. Six weeks postoperatively, prior to hand therapy, the patient underwent an ultrasound-guided botulinum neurotoxin A injection into the adductor pollicis muscle to negate its deforming forces on the reconstruction. The patient made an excellent recovery and 1 year postoperatively was pain free and had a stable radial collateral ligament (RCL) upon examination.
Literature Review The outcomes of RCL repair and reconstruction are unpredictable, in part, due to the strong opposing forces of the adductor pollicis.
Clinical Relevance The use of Botox injection may enhance the outcomes of RCL repair or reconstruction by neutralizing the deforming forces of the adductor muscle.
Long Term Effects of Liraglutide in Japanese Patients with type 2 Diabetes Among the Subgroups with Different Renal Functions: Results of 2-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Hiramatsu Takeyuki , Ozeki Akiko , Ishikawa Hideaki , Furuta Shinji 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Aims Very few studies have ever examined the effects of long-term (>1 year) administration of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and renal impairment. Therefore, we conducted a 2-year study to prospectively examine the effects of liraglutide in those patients.
Methods A total of 148 patients with T2DM were enrolled and treated with liraglutide (0.6 or 0.9 mg/day). 97 patients completed the 2-year study without protocol deviations. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the baseline estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR) (in mL/min/1.73 m2): group A, ≥60 (n=39); group B, ≥30 to <60 (n=38); and group C, <30 (n=20). The changes in blood and urine variables, and echocardiographic left ventricular mass index (LVMI) from baseline to 2 years were analyzed in each group. Primary outcomes were changes of the renal parameters of eGFR and albuminuria after the treatment of liraglutide.
Results Blood glucose and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly after 24 months of liraglutide treatment in all groups compared with baseline (p<0.05). The eGFR increased significantly in group B (p<0.05), and remained unchanged in groups A and C. Albuminuria and LVMI decreased significantly in all 3 groups compared with baseline (p<0.05).
Conclusions These findings suggest that 2 years of liraglutide treatment in Japanese patients with T2DM and impaired renal function was effective in terms of suppressing the deterioration of renal function, and reducing albuminuria. Long-term liraglutide treatment also improved glycemic control and blood pressure, and reduced left ventricular hypertrophy in this study.
Nanoemulsion: An Advanced Vehicle For Efficient Drug Delivery
Authors: Ali Asad , Ansari Vaseem , Ahmad Usama , Akhtar Juber , Jahan Afroz 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAdvanced drug delivery system has now gained preference over the conventional drug delivery system. One such research is nanoemulsion which is famous among the researchers because of ease of formation, stability, clarity, increased absorption rate leading to increasing in bioavailability and potential to form a formulation with both lipophilic as well as the hydrophilic drug. Long lasting stability (up to years) and ability to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drug has given this colloidal system a valuable position in drug delivery. This article contains information on components required for its fabrication, preparation methods and evaluation parameters along with its application in drug delivery and future aspects of this advanced drug delivery system.
Preparation and Characterization of PEGylated Iron Oxide-Gold Nanoparticles for Delivery of Sulforaphane and Curcumin
Authors: Danafar Hossein , Sharaﬁ Ali , Askarlou Sonia , Manjili Hamidreza 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNatural products have been used for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer. Curcumin (CUR) and sulforaphane (SF) have anti-cancer effects, but their application is restricted because of their low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability. To improve the bioavailability and solubility of SF and CUR, we performed an advanced delivery of SF and CUR with PEGylated gold coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (PEGylated Fe3O4@Au NPs) to endorse SF and CUR maintenance as an effective and promising antitumor drugs. The structure of the synthesized nanocarrieris evaluated by, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results revealed that the size of NPs was 20 nm. They were mono-dispersed in water, with high drug-loading capacity and stability. CUR and SF were encapsulated into NPs with loading capacity of 16.32±0.023% and 15.74±0.015% and entrapment efficiency of 74.57±0.14% and 72.20±0.18% respectively. The in-vitro study of SF and CUR loaded PEGylated Fe3O4@Au NPs on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (SK-BR-3) confirmed that cytotoxicity of SF and CUR can enhance when they are loaded on PEGylated Fe3O4@Au NPs in comparison to Free SF and void CUR. The results of flow cytometry and real-time PCR shown that nano-carriers can increase therapeutic effects of SF and CUR by apoptosis and necrosis induction as well as inhibiting of migration in SK-BR-3 cell line.
ISSR-Derived Species-Specific SCAR Marker for Rapid and Accurate Authentication of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
Authors: Kumar Amit , Rodrigues Vereena , Mishra Priyanka , Baskaran Kuppusamy , Shukla Ashutosh , Shasany Ajit , Sundaresan Velusamy 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Ocimum tenuiflorum has been widely used in traditional medicine and has high medicinal value. High volume trade of this potential medicinal plant species led to unscrupulous adulteration of both crude drugs as well as formulations. Morphology-based authentication is difficult in cases of incomplete or damaged samples and in dried herbal materials. In such cases, PCR-based molecular methods may aid in accurate identification. The present study aimed at developing species-specific DNA marker(s) for the authentication of O. tenuiflorum. A species-specific amplicon (279 bp) generated through an inter-simple sequence repeat marker (UBC 835) in all individuals of O. tenuiflorum was cloned, sequenced, and a primer pair was developed (designated as CIM-OT-835F/CIM-OT-835R). The newly developed sequence characterized amplified region marker was validated through PCR amplification in all available seven species of Ocimum, and its specificity for O. tenuiflorum was confirmed with the consistent generation of an amplicon of 177 bp. The developed marker can be used for accurate and rapid identification of the species for certification purposes and will be useful in quality control of medicinal preparations containing this important medicinal species.
The role of analogy in Charles Dickens’ Pictures from Italy
Authors: Wales Katie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Pictures from Italy (1846) is one of Charles Dickens’ lesser known works. There has been very little critical interest in this travelogue, and no linguistic analysis. In this chapter, I focus on the significant role of analogy in this text: broadly covering similes (like, as); quasi-similes (as if) and comparisons; and defined in cognitive terms as overt “mapping” across conceptual domains. I argue for four kinds of analogies at work, each group having different functions, effects and, most importantly, degrees of reader-helpfulness. The overall result is the creation of an Italy that is a rich composition of possible worlds and sub-worlds, corresponding as much to Dickens’ beliefs and fantasies as to actual experience. The analogies are therefore a necessary and important part of the linguistic “texture” of the work overall. They raise interesting possibilities for the further exploration of related travelogues and the discourse of tourism more generally.
The blind tour
Authors: Bernaerts Lars 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
On the one hand, this chapter contributes to recent efforts in narrative theory which aim at specifying the cognitive and interpretive challenge of experimental fiction. On the other hand, it focuses on the unconventional textualisation of space in narrative. Drawing on stylistics and narrative theory, it analyses spatial abstraction as an effect of stylistic features in Orchis Militaris, an experimental narrative by Ivo Michiels. The motif of blindness is prominent in the novel and will be directly linked to the reader’s processing attempts. In that respect, it echoes the analogy of blindness used by Catherine Emmott (1997) to refer to the experience of a reader who is monitoring fictional contexts. The reader of Orchis Militaris is like a blind person, but one who is not provided with sufficient clues to construct the contextual configuration of the people and settings around him or her. Particular attention will be paid to the stylistic features of spatial abstraction, the cognitive demands made on readers and the interpretive opportunities emerging from their cognitive disorientation.
“How Others See …”
Authors: Zerkowitz Judit 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Miklós Radnóti’s poem “How Others See …” is often recited in Hungary as a poetic expression of patriotism, a prayer for a victimised nation. Carrying out a stylistic analysis of one translation and comparing it to two others and the original, more textual evidence was found in favour of a humanistic pacifist interpretation than the standard patriotic reading, both at the level of structural patterns and of intertextual pointers. The poem contains a pattern of contrasts between the landscape as seen by the war pilot from above and the internal landscape viewed by the poet from below. The lexical choices of the translation analysed modify attitudes to the landscape and to the war in constructing identities, and argue for only individual innocence.
Reproductive Ecology, Spawning Behavior, and Juvenile Distribution of Mountain Whitefish in the Madison River, Montana
Authors: Boyer Jan K. , Guy Christopher S. , Webb Molly A. H. , Horton Travis B. , McMahon Thomas E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni were historically common throughout much of the U.S. Intermountain West. However, within the last decade Mountain Whitefish have exhibited population‐level declines in some rivers. In the Madison River, Montana, anecdotal evidence indicates Mountain Whitefish abundance has declined and the population is skewed toward larger individuals, which is typically symptomatic of recruitment problems. Describing reproductive development, spawning behavior, and juvenile distribution will form a foundation for investigating mechanisms influencing recruitment. We collected otoliths and gonadal samples from fish of all size‐classes to characterize fecundity, age at maturity, and spawning periodicity. We implanted radio tags in mature Mountain Whitefish and relocated tagged fish in autumn 2012–2014. Timing of spawning was determined from spawning status of captured females and from density of eggs collected on egg mats. In spring 2014, we seined backwater and channel sites to describe age‐0 whitefish distribution. Mountain Whitefish were highly fecund (18,454 eggs/kg body weight) annual spawners, and age at 50% maturity was 2.0 years for males and 2.6 years for females. In 2013 and 2014, spawning occurred between the third week of October and first week of November. During spawning, spawning adults and collected embryos were concentrated in the downstream 26 km of the study site, a reach characterized by a complex, braided channel. This reach had the highest CPUE of age‐0 Mountain Whitefish, and the percentage of spawning adults in the 25 km upstream from a sampling site was positively associated with juvenile CPUE. Within this reach, age‐0 Mountain Whitefish were associated with silt‐laden backwater and eddy habitats. Future investigations on mechanisms influencing recruitment should be focused on the embryological phase and age‐0 fish.Received June 19, 2016; accepted March 28, 2017 Published online July 24, 2017
Evidence that Marine Temperatures Influence Growth and Maturation of Western Alaskan Chinook Salmon
Authors: Siegel Jared E. , McPhee Megan V. , Adkison Milo D. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from western Alaska have experienced recent declines in abundance, size, and age at maturity. Declines have led to hardships for the region's subsistence and commercial salmon harvesters, prompting calls to better understand factors affecting the life history of these populations. Western Alaskan Chinook Salmon are thought to spend their entire marine residency in the Bering Sea. The Bering Sea ecosystem demonstrates high interannual variability that is largely driven by the annual extent of sea ice. However, warming is expected to supersede interannual variability in the next several decades as a consequence of climate change. We investigated the influence of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the life history of western Alaskan Chinook Salmon by using information from two regional populations subject to long-term monitoring. We found strong correlations between early marine growth and SSTs. Warmer SSTs appeared to lead to a younger age at maturity, largely through the vector of augmented growth. However, we also present evidence that warmer SSTs may additionally decrease the average age of male recruits through reduced growth thresholds for early male maturation. Our results suggest that the anticipated warming of the Bering Sea will lead to higher early marine growth and a younger average age of maturation for western Alaskan Chinook Salmon.
Foodservice Composting Crowds Out Consumer Food Waste Reduction Behavior in a Dining Experiment
Authors: Qi Danyi , Roe Brian E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMany countries strive to reduce food waste, which deprives hungry people of nutrition, depletes resources, and accounts for substantial greenhouse gas emissions. Composting and other food waste recycling technologies that divert food waste from landfills mitigate the environmental damages of food waste disposal and have grown in popularity. We explore whether consumer knowledge that the environmental damage created by their food waste will be mitigated by recycling technologies undermines personal food waste reduction behavior. Subjects in a dining situation are randomly assigned whether or not they receive information about the negative effects of landfilling food waste and whether they are told that uneaten food from the study will be composted or landfilled. We find that providing information about the negative effects of food waste in landfills significantly reduces the total amount of solid food waste created when compared to a control situation that features neither a food waste reduction nor a food waste recycling policy. However, if subjects are also informed that food waste from the study will be composted, the amount of solid food waste generated is significantly greater than if only the food waste reduction policy were implemented. This suggests a crowding out effect or informational rebound effect in which promoting policies that mitigate the environmental damages of food waste may unintentionally undermine policies meant to encourage individual consumer food waste reduction. We discuss key policy implications as well as several limitations of our experimental setting and analysis.