bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metaphysics of Super‐Substantivalism
Authors: Lehmkuhl Dennis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent decades have seen a revived interest in super‐substantivalism, the idea that spacetime is the only fundamental substance and matter some kind of aspect, property or consequence of spacetime structure. However, the metaphysical debate so far has misidentified a particular variant of super‐substantivalism with the position per se. I distinguish between a super‐substantival core commitment and different ways of fleshing it out. I then investigate how general relativity and alternative spacetime theories square with the different variants of super‐substantivalism.
Perioperative complications and outcomes in children with cerebral palsy undergoing scoliosis surgery
Authors: Bendon Anju A. , George Khristine A. , Patel Davandra 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIntroductionNeuromuscular scoliosis is a known risk factor for postoperative complications after corrective spine surgery. Few studies have looked at the preoperative factors affecting postoperative complications in children with cerebral palsy.AimThe aim of this study was to examine the factors that might influence postoperative course in patients with cerebral palsy undergoing spine surgery for scoliosis.MethodsNineteen case notes of children with cerebral palsy who had spine surgery (2008–2014) were reviewed retrospectively. Preoperative comorbidities and postoperative complications were noted and complications were classified as major and minor.ResultsThirteen out of 19 (68.4%) patients had two or more systemic comorbidities. Most common comorbidities included reflux and seizure disorder. Nine patients (49%) had at least one major complication. About 5/19 patients had respiratory complications requiring ventilation and 4/19 had massive blood loss. A higher incidence of postoperative major complication was recorded in the group with two systemic comorbidities as compared to those with less than two systemic comorbidities (47% vs 16%). Both patients who had a single‐stage anterior release and posterior fixation had a major complication.ConclusionPresence of two or more comorbidities and thoracotomy are risk factors for perioperative complications in children with cerebral palsy undergoing surgery for scoliosis correction.
Masting behaviour in a Mediterranean pine tree alters seed predator selection on reproductive output
Authors: Moreira X. , Abdala‐Roberts L. , Zas R. , Merlo E. , Lombardero M. J. , Sampedro L. , Mooney K. A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractContext‐dependency in species interactions is widespread and can produce concomitant patterns of context‐dependent selection. Masting (synchronous production of large seed crops at irregular intervals by a plant population) has been shown to reduce seed predation through satiation (reduction in rates of seed predation with increasing seed cone output) and thus represents an important source of context‐dependency in plant‐animal interactions. However, the evolutionary consequences of such dynamics are not well understood.Here we describe masting behaviour in a Mediterranean model pine species (Pinus pinaster) and present a test of the effects of masting on selection by seed predators on reproductive output. We predicted that masting, by enhancing seed predator satiation, could in turn strengthen positive selection by seed predators for larger cone output. For this we collected six‐year data (spanning one mast year and five non‐mast years) on seed cone production and seed cone predation rates in a forest genetic trial composed by 116P. pinastergenotypes.Following our prediction, we found stronger seed predator satiation during the masting year, which in turn led to stronger seed predator selection for increased cone production relative to non‐masting years.These findings provide evidence that masting can alter the evolutionary outcome of plant‐seed predator interactions. More broadly, our findings highlight that changes in consumer responses to resource abundance represent a widespread mechanism for predicting and understanding context dependency in plant‐consumer evolutionary dynamics.
Oral inflammation and infection, and chronic medical diseases: implications for the elderly
Authors: Scannapieco Frank A. , Cantos Albert 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOral diseases, such as caries and periodontitis, not only have local effects on the dentition and on tooth‐supporting tissues but also may impact a number of systemic conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that poor oral health influences the initiation and/or progression of diseases such as atherosclerosis (with sequelae including myocardial infarction and stoke), diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and others). Aspiration of oropharyngeal (including periodontal) bacteria causes pneumonia, especially in hospitalized patients and the elderly, and may influence the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This article addresses several pertinent aspects related to the medical implications of periodontal disease in the elderly. There is moderate evidence that improved oral hygiene may help prevent aspiration pneumonia in high‐risk patients. For other medical conditions, because of the absence of well‐designed randomized clinical trials in elderly patients, no specific guidance can be provided regarding oral hygiene or periodontal interventions that enhance the medical management of older adults.
Treatment of periodontal disease in older adults
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Persson G. Rutger 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWithin the next 40 years the number of older adults worldwide will more than double. This will impact periodontal treatment needs and presents a challenge to health‐care providers and governments worldwide, as severe periodontitis has been reported to be the sixth most prevalent medical condition in the world. Older adults (≥ 80 years of age) who receive regular dental care retain more teeth than those who do not receive such care, but routine general dental care for these individuals is not sufficient to prevent the progression of periodontitis with the same degree of success as in younger individuals. There is a paucity of data on the efficacy of different periodontal therapies for older individuals. However, considering the higher prevalence of chronic medical conditions seen in older adults, it cannot be assumed that periodontal therapy will yield the same degree of success seen in younger individuals. Furthermore, medications can influence the status of the periodontium and the delivery of periodontal care. As an example, anticoagulant drugs are common among older patients and may be a contraindication to certain treatments. Newer anticoagulants will, however, facilitate surgical intervention in older patients. Furthermore, prescription medications taken for chronic conditions, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, can affect the periodontium in a variety of ways. In summary, consideration of socio‐economic factors, general health status and multiple‐drug therapies will, in the future, be an important part of the management of periodontitis in older adults.
Law Is the Command of the Sovereign: H. L. A. Hart Reconsidered
Authors: Stumpff Morrison Andrew 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article presents a critical reevaluation of the thesis—closely associated with H. L. A. Hart, and central to the views of most recent legal philosophers—that the idea of state coercion is not logically essential to the definition of law. The author argues that even laws governing contracts must ultimately be understood as “commands of the sovereign, backed by force.” This follows in part from recognition that the “sovereign,” defined rigorously, at the highest level of abstraction, is that person or entity identified by reference to game theory and the philosophical idea of “convention” as the source of signals with which the subject population has become effectively locked, as a group, into conformity.
Changes in hydration of the stratum corneum are the most suitable indicator to evaluate the irritation of surfactants on the skin
Authors: Fujimura T. , Shimotoyodome Y. , Nishijima T. , Sugata K. , Taguchi H. , Moriwaki S. 
Published: August 2016

Background/PurposeIrritancy levels of surfactants on human skin have not been clarified completely. The relationships between skin damage and changes of skin properties caused by various surfactants were investigated using non‐invasive measurements.MethodsAqueous solutions of seven kinds of anionic, non‐ionic, and amphoteric surfactants were exposed to the inside of forearm skin of 20 human subjects in two separate studies using the cup method. Hydration of the stratum corneum (SC), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pH, skin surface roughness, and contents of the SC were measured before and after one exposure and after five and nine consecutive exposures to various surfactants. The discontinuation ratio of subjects for testing in each surfactant was determined by skin irritation symptoms and was defined as the degree of skin damage.ResultsSignificant changes were observed only in hydration, TEWL, and natural moisturizing factors (NMF) content in the SC following surfactant exposure. A significant correlation was observed between the discontinuation ratio of each surfactant and the changes of hydration, TEWL, and NMF. Especially, the change of SC hydration showed an excellent correlation with the discontinuation ratio both for single (r = 0.942, P < 0.001) and for chronic exposures (r = 0.934, P < 0.001).ConclusionOur results indicate that the change of hydration of the SC is equivalent to the skin damage caused by surfactants, and therefore is the most suitable indicator to evaluate the irritation of surfactants on the skin.
Effect of metronidazole use on tacrolimus concentrations in transplant patients treated for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Early C.R. , Park J.M. , Dorsch M.P. , Pogue K.T. , Hanigan S.M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundTwo case reports suggest that metronidazole treatment for Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) increases tacrolimus (TAC) trough levels. The primary objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of this potential interaction in transplant patients receiving CDI treatment. Currently, no robust literature exists to estimate a magnitude of pharmacokinetic interaction between metronidazole and TAC.MethodsIn this retrospective study, the effects of CDI and metronidazole treatment on TAC levels in 52 adult solid organ transplant patients were investigated. The primary outcome was to determine the difference in dose‐normalized TAC levels between baseline and symptom resolution in patients treated with metronidazole or vancomycin. The secondary outcome was to determine the difference in dose‐normalized TAC levels at baseline and CDI diagnosis.ResultsThe average change in log‐transformed dose‐normalized TAC levels from baseline to symptom resolution was 0.99 for metronidazole (n = 35) and 1.04 for vancomycin (n = 17) treatment. The mean difference between the groups was 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.74–1.24). No significant difference was found between dose‐normalized TAC levels at CDI diagnosis and baseline (P = 0.37).ConclusionCDI treatment with metronidazole was not associated with a >30% increase in TAC levels compared with vancomycin. Both treatment groups required TAC dose adjustments to maintain goal TAC levels and those treated with metronidazole did not require a significantly greater dose adjustment.
Renal transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected recipients: a case–control study from the Brazilian experience
Authors: Vicari A.R. , Spuldaro F. , Sandes‐Freitas T.V. , Cristelli M.P. , Requião‐Moura L.R. , Reusing J.O. , Pierrotti L.C. , Oliveira M.L. , Girão C.M. , Gadonski G. , Kroth L.V. , Deboni L.M. , Ferreira G.F. , Tedesco‐Silva H. , Esmeraldo R. , David‐Neto E. , Saitovitch D. , Keitel E. , Garcia V.D. , Pacheco‐Silva A. , Medina‐Pestana J.O. , Manfro R.C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundHighly active antiretroviral therapy has turned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients with end‐stage renal disease into suitable candidates for renal transplantation. We present the Brazilian experience with kidney transplantation in HIV‐infected recipients observed in a multicenter study.MethodsHIV‐infected kidney transplant recipients and matched controls were evaluated for the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection (AR), infections, graft function, and survival of patients and renal grafts.ResultsFifty‐three HIV‐infected recipients and 106 controls were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were similar, but a higher frequency of pre‐transplant positivity for hepatitis C virus and cytomegalovirus infections was found in the HIV group. Immunosuppressive regimens did not differ, but a trend was observed toward lower use of anti‐thymocyte globulin in the group of HIV‐infected recipients (P = 0.079). The HIV‐positive recipient group presented a higher incidence of treated AR (P = 0.036) and DGF (P = 0.044). Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated that glomerular filtration rate was similar at 6 months (P = 0.374) and at 12 months (P = 0.957). The median number of infections per patient was higher in the HIV‐infected group (P = 0.018). The 1‐year patient survival (P < 0.001) and graft survival (P = 0.004) were lower, but acceptable, in the group of HIV‐infected patients.ConclusionsIn the Brazilian experience, despite somewhat inferior outcomes, kidney transplantation is an adequate therapy for selected HIV‐infected recipients.
A Comparative Study on the Kinematic Biomechanical Effects of Tibia Vara in the Healthy and Diseased Individuals
Authors: Shahmohammadi Mehrdad , Karami Hossein , Bani Milad Salimi , Zadeh Hossein Bahreini , Karimi Alireza , Navidbakhsh Mahdi 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND: Malalignment about the knee leads to a pathological-mechanical load that may cause early osteoarthritis of the knee joint and high degree of deformity which may need surgical treatment. Analysis of the leg movements in the experimental cases and comparing acquired results to the normal ones during the gait is used as a practical method to evaluate the effects of the disease.METHOD: In this study, gait differences between the patients with tibia vara and normal people were studied according to the data obtained from a three-dimensional (3D) motion analyzer. Various parameters, including positions, linear and angular velocities, linear and angular accelerations, total velocity, total acceleration, and path length at different angels were extracted and processed via a 3D motion analyzer. Then the results of the patient and control groups were compared to identify the differences.RESULTS: The maximum and average values as well as sample entropy were also calculated for all the mentioned parameters. Among all, only nine remarkable differences between these two groups were observed. The results revealed that the great difference between the patients with tibia vara compared to the normal ones in gait cycle lies on the abnormal movement of fibula bone and less irregularities along the [Formula: see text]-axis.CONCLUSIONS: These findings may have implications not only for understanding the differences between the tibia vara in the healthy and diseased individuals, but also for providing a practical understanding for the medical and orthopedic experts to propose a better treatment method.
A Short-Term Negative Eddy Feedback on Midlatitude Jet Variability due to Planetary Wave Reflection
Authors: Rivière Gwendal , Robert Loïc , Codron Francis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA three-level quasigeostrophic model on the sphere is used to identify the physical nature of the negative planetary wave feedback on midlatitude jet variability. A first approach consists of studying the nonlinear evolution of normal-mode disturbances in a baroclinic westerly zonal jet. For a low-zonal-wavenumber disturbance, successive acceleration and deceleration of the jet occur as a result of reflection of the wave on either side of the jet. The planetary wave deposits momentum in opposite ways during its poleward or equatorward propagation. In contrast, a high-zonal-wavenumber disturbance is not reflected but absorbed within the subtropical critical layer. It thus only induces poleward momentum fluxes, which accelerate the jet and shift it slightly poleward. A long-term simulation forced by a relaxation toward a zonally symmetric temperature profile is then analyzed. Planetary waves are shown to be baroclinically excited. When they propagate equatorward, they induce an acceleration of the jet together with a slight poleward shift. About two-thirds of the planetary waves are absorbed by the subtropical critical layer, which allows the accelerated poleward-shifted jet to persist for a while. For the remaining third, the potential vorticity equatorward of the jet is so well homogenized that a reflection occurs. It is followed by an abrupt jet deceleration during the subsequent poleward propagation. The reflection of planetary waves on the poleward side of the jet is more systematic because of the quasi-permanent presence of a turning latitude there. This negative planetary wave feedback is shown to act more on pulses of the jet than on its latitudinal shifts.
Moderating readers and reading online
Authors: Thomas Bronwen , Round Julia 
Published: August 2016

Despite the proliferation of online forums for the discussion of literary texts, very little has been written to date on the management of these spaces and how this helps frame the kinds of discussion and interpretative work that take place. This article draws on a series of interviews with moderators of online book-related sites, alongside close analysis of online interactions between moderators and users to consider issues of authority, hierarchy, power and control, asking how these act to structure or facilitate acts of interpretation taking place online. We begin by outlining the moderator’s role before conducting a brief review of existing scholarship on offline reading groups and online communities, to identify how social infrastructures are established and negotiated. The main body of the article draws upon interviews with moderators of two online literary forums – The Republic of Pemberley and The Guardian’s online Reading Group – to explore the ways in which each of the respective moderators frames his or her role. This is accompanied by an in-depth exploration of how the forms of interpretation we find on the two sites are shaped and directed by the moderators. The article concludes by reflecting upon some of the issues raised by this study and its methodology, particularly with regards to digital dualism and the blurring of the boundaries between the public and the private in online spaces.
Fragile X mental retardation protein knockdown in the developing Xenopus tadpole optic tectum results in enhanced feedforward inhibition and behavioral deficits
Authors: Truszkowski Torrey L. S. , James Eric J. , Hasan Mashfiq , Wishard Tyler J. , Liu Zhenyu , Pratt Kara G. , Cline Hollis T. , Aizenman Carlos D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Fragile X Syndrome is the leading monogenetic cause of autism and most common form of intellectual disability. Previous studies have implicated changes in dendritic spine architecture as the primary result of loss of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), but recent work has shown that neural proliferation is decreased and cell death is increased with either loss of FMRP or overexpression of FMRP. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of loss of FMRP on behavior and cellular activity.

Methods
We knocked down FMRP expression using morpholino oligos in the optic tectum of Xenopus laevis tadpoles and performed a series of behavioral and electrophysiological assays. We investigated visually guided collision avoidance, schooling, and seizure propensity. Using single cell electrophysiology, we assessed intrinsic excitability and synaptic connectivity of tectal neurons.

Results
We found that FMRP knockdown results in decreased swimming speed, reduced schooling behavior and decreased seizure severity. In single cells, we found increased inhibition relative to excitation in response to sensory input.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that the electrophysiological development of single cells in the absence of FMRP is largely unaffected despite the large neural proliferation defect. The changes in behavior are consistent with an increase in inhibition, which could be due to either changes in cell number or altered inhibitory drive, and indicate that FMRP can play a significant role in neural development much earlier than previously thought.
Scientific School of Management Theory
Authors: Латфуллин  , Latfullin Gennadiy 
Published: August 2016

With man’s appearance on the earth everything of his existence, functioning and development was provided
by a targeted impact on the environment. Expressing this impact the process of setting and achieving goals
is now defined as a universal management of the widest range of objects, most notably human society.
Naturally, this process became a matter of practical observation, applied research, theory building, causing
over time, formation of management science. The initiator, founder and organizer of the first in our country
scientific school of management theory and of the Department, got in the beginning, the name “Scientific
fundamentals of production management” of the Moscow Engineering Economic Institute, became doctor
of economic Sciences, Professor Kozlova Olympiada Vasil’evna. She united and directed the research
and teaching activities of scientists and practitioners to the design, development and application of
holistic management theory. Today it has become one of the fundamental principles of presentation and
development of contemporary management science.
Born European, born regional, or born global? Language convergence in The Team
Authors: Jacobsen Ushma Chauhan , Jensen Pia Majbritt 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This article converges insights from media geography, international business, marketing, linguistics and cognitive science in an exploratory discussion that examines the relationships between language convergence in the TV drama series The Team (2015) and the notion of Born European/Born Global products and companies. It presents the linguistic notion of ‘code-switching’ that occurs when multilingual speakers shift between languages and reflects this in the views of the scriptwriters and participants of two group interviews that differed in their sensitivities to multiple languages. By considering how people ‘see’ what they ‘hear’, the article considers how multilingual resources are used aesthetically, politically and strategically with business goals in sight. These views are further associated with conceptual developments in the notion of ‘Born Global’ that describes the characteristics and activities of companies that conduct international activities from their inception. The article uses these developments in thinking about the novel convergences present in international intrapreneurship, the labelling of phenomena as European/regional/global, and the identification of product attributes such as culture-specificity and domain-specificity to suggest that language convergence, and especially the presence of English, becomes an integral attribute of The Team. Language convergence simultaneously textures The Team with Europeanness, regionalness and globalness and fills it with the potential for wide distribution and viewership.