bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in wage inequality in Canada: An interprovincial perspective
Authors: Fortin Nicole M. , Lemieux Thomas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper uses the Canadian Labour Force Survey to understand why the level and dispersion of wages have evolved differently across provinces from 1997 to 2013. The faster increase in the level of wages and the decline in wage dispersion in Newfoundland, Saskatchewan and Alberta are the starkest interprovincial differences. We find that they are accounted for by the growth in the extractive resources sectors, which benefited less‐educated and younger workers the most. Increases in minimum wages since 2005 are found to be the main reason why wages at the very bottom grew more than those in the middle of the distribution.
Two sensitizing oxidation products of p‐phenylenediamine patch tested in patients allergic to p‐phenylenediamine
Authors: Young Ewa , Zimerson Erik , Bruze Magnus , Svedman Cecilia 
Published: November 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe results from a previous study indicated the presence of several possible sensitizers formed during oxidation of the potent sensitizer p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) to which PPD‐sensitized patients might react, in various patterns.ObjectivesTo extract and analyse a yellow spot from a thin‐layer chromatogram with oxidized PPD, to which 6 of 14 (43%) PPD‐positive patients had reacted in a previous study, in order to identify potential sensitizer(s) and to patch test this/these substance(s) in the 14 PPD‐positive patients.MethodsThe yellow spot was extracted from a thin‐layer chromatogram of oxidized PPD, and two substances, suspected to be allergens, were identified by analysis with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). The 14 PPD‐positive patients, who had been previously tested with the thin‐layer chromatogram of oxidized PPD, participated in the investigation, and were tested with dilutions of the two substances.ResultsGCMS analysis identified 4‐nitroaniline and 4,4′‐azodianiline in the yellow spot. Of the 14 PPD‐positive test patients, 5 (36%) reacted to 4‐nitroaniline and 9 (64%) reacted to 4,4′‐azodianiline.ConclusionThe results show that 4‐nitroaniline and 4,4′‐azodianiline, formed during oxidation of PPD, are potent sensitizers. PPD‐sensitized patients react to a high extent to concentrations equimolar to PPD of 4‐nitroaniline and 4,4′‐azodianiline.
End‐exercise ΔHHb/ΔVO2 and post‐exercise local oxygen availability in relation to exercise intensity
Authors: Stöcker F. , Von Oldershausen C. , Paternoster F. K. , Schulz T. , Oberhoffer R. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryIncreased local blood supply is thought to be one of the mechanisms underlying oxidative adaptations to interval training regimes. The relationship of exercise intensity with local blood supply and oxygen availability has not been sufficiently evaluated yet. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of six different intensities (40–90% peak oxygen uptake, VO2peak) on relative changes in oxygenated, deoxygenated and total haemoglobin (ΔO2Hb, ΔHHb, ΔTHb) concentration after exercise as well as end‐exercise ΔHHb/ΔVO2 as a marker for microvascular O2 distribution. Seventeen male subjects performed an experimental protocol consisting of 3 min cycling bouts at each exercise intensity in randomized order, separated by 5 min rests. ΔO2Hb and ΔHHb were monitored with near‐infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis muscle, and VO2 was assessed. ΔHHb/ΔVO2 increased significantly from 40% to 60% VO2peak and decreased from 60% to 90% VO2peak. Post‐exercise ΔTHb and ΔO2Hb showed an overshoot in relation to pre‐exercise values, which was equal after 40–60% VO2peak and rose significantly thereafter. A plateau was reached following exercise at ≥80% VO2peak. The results suggest that there is an increasing mismatch of local O2 delivery and utilization during exercise up to 60% VO2peak. This insufficient local O2 distribution is progressively improved above that intensity. Further, exercise intensities of ≥80% VO2peak induce highest local post‐exercise O2 availability. These effects are likely due to improved microvascular perfusion by enhanced vasodilation, which could be mediated by higher lactate production and the accompanying acidosis.
Concocting that Magic Elixir: Successful Grant Application Writing in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Brownson Ross C. , Colditz Graham A. , Dobbins Maureen , Emmons Karen M. , Kerner Jon F. , Padek Margaret , Proctor Enola K. , Stange Kurt C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis paper reports core competencies for dissemination and implementation (D&I) grant application writing and provides tips for writing a successful proposal.MethodsTwo related phases were used to collect the data: a card sorting process among D&I researchers and an expert review among a smaller set of researchers. Card sorting was completed by 123 respondents. In the second phase, a series of grant application writing tips were developed based on the combined 170 years of grant review experience of the writing team.ResultsThe card sorting resulted in 12 core competencies for D&I grant application writing that covered the main sections in a grant application to the US National Institutes of Health: (a) specific aims that provide clear rationale, objectives, and an overview of the research plan; (b) significance that frames and justifies the importance of a D&I question; (c) innovation that articulates novel products and new knowledge; and (d) approach that uses a relevant D&I model, addresses measurement and the D&I context, and includes an analysis plan well‐tied to the aims and measures.ConclusionsWriting a successful D&I grant application is a skill that can be learned with experience and attention to the core competencies articulated in this paper.
Relationship between HbA1c and cancer in people with or without diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Hope C. , Robertshaw A. , Cheung K. L. , Idris I. , English E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimTo identify the relationship between HbA1c and cancers in people with or without diabetes.BackgroundCancer is a major public health problem, accounting for 8.2 million deaths worldwide in 2012. HbA1c level has been associated with the risk of developing certain cancers, although the existing evidence is conflicting.MethodsEMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were searched. Eligible articles included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case–control studies, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Participants of either sex, with or without Type 1 or 2 diabetes, were included. The studies were assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) criteria by two independent assessors. No meta‐analysis was performed because of the heterogeneity of results.ResultsA total of 19 studies from 1006 met the inclusion criteria, of which 14 were cohort studies and five were nested case–control studies. Eight studies investigated outcomes for all cancer sites. Four of these studies reported that higher HbA1c levels were associated with higher incidence and/or mortality risk for all cancers. One study observed a U‐shaped relationship between HbA1c and cancer incidence and mortality. Increasing HbA1c levels were associated with increasing risk of developing colorectal, pancreatic, respiratory and female genital tract cancers. No increased risk was observed for breast cancer, gastrointestinal or urological malignancies.ConclusionHbA1c appears to be associated with cancer incidence and/or cancer mortality, but further studies are needed to fully understand the complex relationship between HbA1c and cancer.
Investment risk in bioenergy crops
Authors: Skevas Theodoros , Swinton Scott M. , Tanner Sophia , Sanford Gregg , Thelen Kurt D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPerennial, cellulosic bioenergy crops represent a risky investment. The potential for adoption of these crops depends not only on mean net returns, but also on the associated probability distributions and on the risk preferences of farmers. Using 6‐year observed crop yield data from highly productive and marginally productive sites in the southern Great Lakes region and assuming risk neutrality, we calculate expected breakeven biomass yields and prices compared to corn (Zea mays L.) as a benchmark. Next we develop Monte Carlo budget simulations based on stochastic crop prices and yields. The crop yield simulations decompose yield risk into three components: crop establishment survival, time to maturity, and mature yield variability. Results reveal that corn with harvest of grain and 38% of stover (as cellulosic bioenergy feedstock) is both the most profitable and the least risky investment option. It dominates all perennial systems considered across a wide range of farmer risk preferences. Although not currently attractive for profit‐oriented farmers who are risk neutral or risk averse, perennial bioenergy crops have a higher potential to successfully compete with corn under marginal crop production conditions.
Pain following foraminal enlargement in mandibular molars with necrosis and apical periodontitis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Saini H. R. , Sangwan P. , Sangwan A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimThis randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of foraminal enlargement during chemomechanical root canal preparation on postoperative pain.MethodologySeventy mandibular first molars with asymptomatic pulp necrosis and chronic apical periodontitis were randomized into two groups – foraminal enlargement (FE) and conventional nonforaminal enlargement (NFE). Canals were prepared according to the respective protocols, and the teeth were restored temporarily. Postoperatively, the patients were prescribed ibuprofen 400 mg, to be taken if required. Pain experience and analgesic intake were recorded for 7 days following chemomechanical preparation. The data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U‐test and chi‐square tests.ResultsPain experience was higher with foraminal enlargement than when using a conventional technique. A significant difference was observed in postoperative pain during the first 4 days and the sixth day (P < 0.05), with greater pain in the FE as compared to the NFE group. There was no significant difference in prevalence of analgesic intake and number of doses between the experimental groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionEnlargement of the apical foramen during root canal treatment increased the incidence and intensity of postoperative pain.
Novel mutations in the genes TGM1 and ALOXE3 underlying autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis
Authors: Ullah Rahim , Ansar Muhammad , Durrani Zaka Ullah , Lee Kwanghyuk , Santos‐Cortez Regie Lyn P. , Muhammad Dost , Ali Mahboob , Zia Muhammad , Ayub Muhammad , Khan Suliman , Smith Josh D. , Nickerson Deborah A. , Shendure Jay , Bamshad Michael , Leal Suzanne M. , Ahmad Wasim 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundIchthyoses are clinically characterized by scaling or hyperkeratosis of the skin or both. It can be an isolated condition limited to the skin or appear secondarily with involvement of other cutaneous or systemic abnormalities.MethodsThe present study investigated clinical and molecular characterization of three consanguineous families (A, B, C) segregating two different forms of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). Linkage in three consanguineous families (A, B, C) segregating two different forms of ARCI was searched by typing microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism marker analysis. Sequencing of the two genes TGM1 and ALOXE3 was performed by the dideoxy chain termination method.ResultsGenome‐wide linkage analysis established linkage in family A to TGM1 gene on chromosome 14q11 and in families B and C to ALOXE3 gene on chromosome 17p13. Subsequently, sequencing of these genes using samples from affected family members led to the identification of three novel mutations: a missense variant p.Trp455Arg in TGM1 (family A); a nonsense variant p.Arg140* in ALOXE3 (family B); and a complex rearrangement in ALOXE3 (family C).ConclusionThe present study further extends the spectrum of mutations in the two genes involved in causing ARCI. Characterizing the clinical spectrum resulting from mutations in the TGM1 and ALOXE3 genes will improve diagnosis and may direct clinical care of the family members.
Extracted tooth roots used for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation: a proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Golubovic Vladimir , Becker Kathrin , Mihatovic Ilja 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the efficacy of tooth roots used as autografts for lateral ridge augmentation and two‐stage early osseointegration of titanium implants.Material & MethodsThe maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to either endodontic therapy (PM‐E) or were left untreated (PM‐C). Retromolar cortical autogenous bone (AB) blocks served as controls. PM‐E/PM‐C and AB were used for ridge augmentation at chronic‐type defects in both lower quadrants (n = 8 foxhounds). At 12 weeks, titanium implants were inserted and left to heal for another 3 weeks. Histological analyses considered crestal ridge width (CW); augmented area (AA) and bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC).ResultsBoth PM and AB grafts (exposures: AB = 3; PM‐C = 4; PM‐E = 7) were gradually involved in the bone remodelling process and associated with a replacement resorption. Median CW (PM‐C: 2.70 versus AB: 3.30 mm; PM‐E: 2.96 versus AB: 3.35 mm), AA (PM‐C: 7.55 versus AB: 8.56 mm2; PM‐E: 11.20 versus AB: 6.60 mm2) and BIC (PM‐C: 36.96 mm versus AB: 64.10%; PM‐E: 50.79 versus AB: 32.53%) values were comparable in both PM and AB groups (p > 0.05, respectively).ConclusionsExtracted tooth roots revealed a structural and biological potential to serve as an alternative autograft to autogenous bone. A higher exposure rate may be expected when using endodontically treated teeth.
Research Review: Do motor deficits during development represent an endophenotype for schizophrenia? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Burton Birgitte Klee , Hjorthøj Carsten , Jepsen Jens Richardt , Thorup Anne , Nordentoft Merete , Plessen Kerstin J. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundEarly detection of schizophrenia risk is a critical goal in the field. Endophenotypes in children to relatives of affected individuals may contribute to this early detection. One of the lowest cost and longest theorized domains is motor development in children.MethodsA meta‐analysis was conducted comparing individuals ≤21 years old with affected first‐degree relatives (FDR) with (1) individuals from unaffected families (controls), or (2) individuals with FDR having other psychiatric disorders. Studies were classified by motor outcome and separate meta‐analyses were performed across six correlated domains, with available N varying by domain.ResultsInclusion criteria were met by k = 23 independent studies with a total N = 18,582, and N across domains varying from 167 to 8619. The youth from affected families had delays in gross and fine motor development in infancy (k = 3, n = 167, Hedges'g = 0.644, confidence intervals (CI) = [0.328, 0.960], p < .001), walking milestones (k = 3, n = 608, g = 0.444, CI = [0.108, 0.780], p = .01), coordination (k = 8, n = 8619, g = 0.625, CI = [0.453, 0.797], p < .0001), and had more abnormal movements such as involuntary movements (k = 6, n = 8365, g = 0.291, CI = [0.041, 0.542], p = .02) compared with controls. However, not all effects survived correction for publication bias. Effects for neurological soft signs were small and not reliably different from zero (k = 4, n = 548, g = 0.238, CI = [−0.106, 0.583], p = .18). When comparing the FDR group to youth from families with other psychiatric disorders, the FDR group was distinguished by poorer gross and fine motor skills (k = 2, n = 275, g = 0.847, CI = [0.393, 1.300], p < .001).ConclusionsMotor deficits during development likely represent an endophenotype for schizophrenia, although its specificity is limited in relation to other serious mental disorders. It holds promise as a low cost domain for early risk detection, although it will have to be combined with other indicators to achieve clinically usable prediction accuracy. Impaired coordination was the most robust result with a moderate effect size and lack of heterogeneity and publication bias.
Role of olfaction in host plant selection and local adaptation of a polyphagous herbivore, Eucolaspis Sharp
Authors: Doddala P. R. C. , Minor M. A. , Wang Q. , Rogers D. J. , Koot E. M. , Trewick S. A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHost plant cues are known to shape insect–host plant association in many insect groups. More pronounced associations are generally manifested in specialist herbivores, but little is known in generalist herbivores. We used a polyphagous native beetle from New Zealand, bronze beetle, Eucolaspis sp. ‘Hawkes Bay’ (Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) to explore the role of olfaction in locating host plants and local adaptation. We also tested the role of other cues in the degree of acceptance or rejection of hosts. Adult Eucolaspis beetles were attracted to fresh leaf volatiles from apple and blackberry (Rosaceae). Male and female beetles responded similarly to olfactory cues of host plants. An indication of evolutionary affiliation was observed in olfactory preferences of geographically isolated conspecific populations. We found that geographically isolated populations of the beetles differ in their olfactory responses and exhibit some degree of local adaptation. However, irrespective of geographical and ecological associations, blackberry was preferred over apple as a feeding plant, and another novel plant, bush lawyer (Rubus australis), was readily accepted by 53.25% of the tested beetles. We show that plant volatiles play an important role in host location by Eucolaspis, but the acceptance or rejection of a particular host could also involve visual and contact cues.
Rapid metabolizer genotype of CYP2C19 is a risk factor of being refractory to proton pump inhibitor therapy for reflux esophagitis
Authors: Ichikawa Hitomi , Sugimoto Mitsushige , Sugimoto Ken , Andoh Akira , Furuta Takahisa 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground:Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and used as the first‐line therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, while several studies have examined the influence of CYP2C19 polymorphism on GERD treatment with PPIs, most have had small sample sizes and were conducted in a single center. Here, we used meta‐analysis to investigate whether or not the CYP2C19 rapid metabolizer (RM) genotype is a risk factor for GERD patients being refractory to PPI therapy.Methods:PubMed and other electronic databases were systematically searched up to August 2014 using the following terms: “GERD and CYP2C19”, “esophagitis and CYP2C19”, and “non‐erosive reflux disease and CYP2C19.” Searches were limited to publications in English, and two investigators evaluated eligible studies and extracted data.Results:The total efficacy rate of PPIs for GERD, including reflux esophagitis (RE) and non‐erosive reflux disease, was 56.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]; 53.9–58.9%, 870/1543) in intention‐to‐treat analysis and 63.8% (95%CI; 61.3–66.2%, 950/1489) in per‐protocol analysis. Efficacy rates varied significantly between CYP2C19 genotypes (intention‐to‐treat analysis: RMs, 52.2% [315/604]; intermediate metabolizers, 56.7% [298/526]; poor metabolizers [PMs], 61.3% [138/225]; P = 0.047). Among RE patients, CYP2C19 RMs had an increased risk of being refractory to PPI therapy compared with PMs (odds ratio: 1.661, 95% CI: 1.023–2.659, P = 0.040).Conclusions:The present meta‐analysis demonstrates that CYP2C19 RMs with RE have an increased risk of being refractory to PPI therapy compared with PMs. Individualized dosing regimen with PPIs based on CYP2C19 genotype might be a valid therapeutic strategy for overcoming insufficient gastric acid inhibition.
Quantitative resistance against Bemisia tabaci in Solanum pennellii: Genetics and metabolomics
Authors: van den Oever‐van den Elsen Floor , Lucatti Alejandro F. , van Heusden Sjaak , Broekgaarden Colette , Mumm Roland , Dicke Marcel , Vosman Ben 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a serious threat in tomato cultivation worldwide as all varieties grown today are highly susceptible to this devastating herbivorous insect. Many accessions of the tomato wild relative Solanum pennellii show a high resistance towards B. tabaci. A mapping approach was used to elucidate the genetic background of whitefly‐resistance related traits and associated biochemical traits in this species. Minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for whitefly adult survival (AS) and oviposition rate (OR) were identified and some were confirmed in an F2BC1 population, where they showed increased percentages of explained variance (more than 30%). Bulked segregant analyses on pools of whitefly‐resistant and ‐susceptible F2 plants enabled the identification of metabolites that correlate either with resistance or susceptibility. Genetic mapping of these metabolites showed that a large number of them co‐localize with whitefly‐resistance QTLs. Some of these whitefly‐resistance QTLs are hotspots for metabolite QTLs. Although a large number of metabolite QTLs correlated to whitefly resistance or susceptibility, most of them are yet unknown compounds and further studies are needed to identify the metabolic pathways and genes involved. The results indicate a direct genetic correlation between biochemical‐based resistance characteristics and reduced whitefly incidence in S. pennellii.