bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary lipid on the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in beef muscle
Authors: Enser M. , Scollan N. D. , Choi N. J. , Kurt E. , Hallett K. , Wood J. D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe have examined the effect of dietary fats containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of beef m. longissimus lumborum. Four groups of eight Charolais steers were given, for 120 days, grass silage plus a barley/sugar-beet feed concentrate containing one of four fat supplements: Megalac (saturated), linseed (high 18: 3),fish oil (high 20: 5 n-3, eicosapentenoic acid and 22: 6 n-3, docosahexaenoic acid) or linseed plus fish oil. The concentrates supplied 400 g/kg dry-matter (DM) intake and were designed to supply 45 g/kg of the total dietary fat calculated to be 60 g/kg of DM and to contain similar amounts of linoleic acid. Muscle from steers given the Megalac supplement contained 11·3 mg CLA per 100 g muscle and this was increased two- to three-fold in animals given the more unsaturated fat supplements. The increased deposition of CLA was similar for both linseed and fish oil supplements although the concentrations of total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fish oil diet were much less than in the linseed diet. This suggests potent inhibition of conversion of CLA to trans vaccenic acid by fish oil fatty acids or their rumen metabolites.
Effects of dietary lipid composition on growth, food utilization and body
composition of European eel (Anguilla anguilla)
Authors: García-Gallego M. , Akharbach H. , de la Higuera M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Six experimental diets with similar contents of macronutrients (450, 300 and
70 g/kg dry matter of protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively) and, therefore,
total energy, hut differing in the composition of lipid component, were each given
to three replicate groups of European eel. Different fat mixtures were used to
formulate diets with different levels of fatty acids considered as essential for
fish: linoleic (18: 2n6), linolenic (18: ЗпЗ) and highly unsaturated fatty acid
(HUFA)n3, mainly EPA (20: 5n3) and DHA (22: 6n3). One tested diet contained low
levels of all the three components, three diets had a high level of each one of
these, the fifth diet contained high levels of both 18C fatty acids and, finally,
a sixth diet incorporated simultaneously high amounts of 18: 2n6 and
(HUFA)nЗ.
Dietary lipid composition did not significantly affect food intake or protein
and fat apparent digestibility. However, growth and food efficiency were the best
with the diet containing approximately 5 g/kg of both linoleic and linolenic
acids. Although all groups increased their body fat content over the experiment,
the fatty acid composition of total muscle lipids was rather insensitive to lipid
dietary composition, perhaps due to the high body fat content of the eels prior to
the experiment.
Silages harvested at different stages of grass growth v. concentrate
foods as energy and protein sources in milk production
Authors: Rinne M. , Jaakkola S. , Kaustell K. , Heikkilä T. , Huhtanen P. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Four silages were prepared at 1-week intervals from a primary growth of
timothy-meadow fescue sward. They were offered to 32 Finnish Ayrshire cows and
supplemented with 7 or 10 kg of concentrate containing 0 or 1·15 kg rapeseed meal
(RSM). The basal concentrate consisted of barley, oats and molassed sugar-beet
pulp (2: 2: 1) and minerals. Diets were arranged 4 × 2 × 2 factorially in a cyclic
change-over experiment with four periods of 21 days each.
Silages contained 739, 730, 707 and 639 g digestible organic matter (D value)
per kg dry matter (DM) for harvests I, II, III and IV, respectively. All dietary
factors had marked effects on the performance of the cows but generally
interactions between treatments could not be detected. A decrease of 10 g/kg in
silage D value decreased energy-corrected milk (ECM) production of the cows by
0·50 kg/day and silage DM intake by 0·162 kg/day. An increment of 1 kg concentrate
DM decreased silage DM intake by 0·61 kg and yielded 0·55 kg more ECM per day.
Inclusion of RSM into the concentrate increased daily ECM production by 1·7 kg and
silage DM intake by 0·60 kg/kg RSM when substituting the basal concentrate. Milk
yield and yields of milk constituents decreased curvilinearly with delayed date of
harvest the difference being greatest between the last two cuts and thus closely
reflected the changes in silage D value. Milk protein concentration increased as
apparent digestibility (P < 0.001) and concentrate level in the diet increased
(P < 0.001). Milk fat concentration was not affected by the dietary
treatments.
Marginal ECM production responses to estimated metabolizable energy (ME)
intake were higher when intake was manipulated with the date of silage harvest
(0·138 kg ECM per MJ additional ME) compared with increased concentrate feeding
(0·103); highest response was achieved by RSM feeding (0·244). Additional intake
of calculated amino acids absorbed from the small intestine (AAT) manipulated by
silage harvest time resulted in the highest marginal response (0·59 g milk protein
per g additional AAT), while increased concentrate feeding and inclusion of RSM
were equal (0·50 v. 0·49, respectively). Improving silage quality by earlier
harvest resulted in higher milk yield, and in greater efficiency in the use of
increments of estimated ME and AAT than was seen with increased concentrate
feeding. Protein supplementation improved milk production irrespective of silage
harvest date.
Feeding value of three categories of pea (Pisum sativum, L.) for poultry
Authors: Grosjean F. , Barrier-Guillot B. , Bastianelli D. , Rudeaux F. , Bourdillon A. , Peyronnet C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe nutritional value of different categories of peas was measured in mash or pelleted diets using adult cockerels. Twenty-five round and white-flowered peas (feed peas), 12 round and coloured-flowered peas and five wrinkled and white-flowered peas were used in mash diets. From the same batches, 11 feed peas, five coloured peas and four wrinkled peas were tested in pelleted diets.Mean apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were 12·02, 11·35 and 10·50 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) for feed peas, coloured peas and wrinkled peas respectively in mash diets and 13·18, 12·72 and 11·63 MJ/kg DM for the same categories in pelleted diets.Mean starch digestibility was 0·905, 0·887 and 0·802 for feed peas, coloured peas and wrinkled peas respectively in mash diets and 0·985, 0·984 and 0·840 for these categories in pelleted diets.Mean protein digestibility was 0·788, 0·643 and 0·798 for feed peas, coloured peas and wrinkled peas respectively in mash diets and corresponding values for peas in pelleted diets were 0·855, 0·743 and 0·853.Pelleting thus had a positive effect on the nutritional value of peas and this improvement was all the more important because the AME and protein digestibility of the pea in mash diets was low.The nutritional value of feed peas for cockerels was not strongly correlated with chemical composition or to digestibility data obtained in the pig.
Effects of oral and injected vitamin A (retinol) supplements on liver vitamin A and plasma carotenoid and cholesterol concentrations in cattle
Authors: Knight T. W. , Death A. F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTwo experiments determined the effects of daily oral supplements of vitamin A (retinol) and injected preparations of vitamin A on liver vitamin A concentration and plasma carotenoid (PC) concentration. Vetade is an oily injectable vitamin A preparation, while Nov-a-Vit is an aqueous injectable vitamin A preparation. Angus crossbred heifers were used in experiment 1 and Angus and Simmental crossbred steers were used in experiment 2. All cattle grazed pasture but were given also 1 kg per head of pellets daily and vitamin A supplements were included in the pellets when required. In experiment 1, one group of heifers was given 1 × 106i.u. vitamin A per head daily for 31 days, while a second group in another part of the paddock was not supplemented with vitamin A. A third group of heifers grazed with this latter group and was injected with 2·5 × 106i.u. vitamin A (Vetade) three times weekly. The oral vitamin A supplement proportionately reduced plasma and liver carotenoid concentrations by 0·49 and 0·41 respectively, while increasing liver vitamin A concentration three-fold. By contrast, the Vetade failed to increase liver vitamin A concentration or to reduce liver and plasma carotenoid concentrations. In experiment 2, two groups of steers were injected twice weekly for 7 weeks with 2 × 106i.u. vitamin A as Nov-A-Vit or as Vetade. A third treatment group, grazing with these steers, received no vitamin A injection, while a fourth group grazing in a separate area of the paddock was supplemented daily with 1 × 106i.u. vitamin A per head in their diet. The injection of Nov-A-Vit and the oral vitamin A supplement decreased PC concentration by a similar amount but the increase in liver vitamin A concentration was larger for steers injected with Nov-A-Vit. Vetade injections failed to increase liver vitamin A concentration and there was no decrease in PC concentration. The plasma cholesterol concentration for the treatment groups varied over the duration of the experiment but could not be related to the vitamin A treatment or to the changes in PC concentration. These results indicate that vitamin A injections can be used to reduce PC concentration provided they increase liver vitamin A concentration.
Limb injuries, immune response and growth performance of early-weaned pigs in different housing systems
Authors: Kelly H. R. C. , Bruce J. M. , Edwards S. A. , English P. R. , Fowler V. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe welfare of early-weaned pigs in different housing systems was examined using a range of indicators. Three replicates of 20 pigs were weaned at 6·4 kg live weight into either: (a) deep-straw; (b) Straw-Flow®; (c) large flatdeck; (d) small flatdeck. A kenneled lying area was provided in (a) and (b). The floor in (c) and (d) was expanded metal. Stocking densities were 0·23 m2 per pig in (a), (b) and (c) and 0·17 m2 per pig in (d). After 4 to 5 weeks (19·6 kg live weight), 16 pigs from each pen were moved into Straw-Flow grower pens (0·68 m2 per pig) and observed until slaughter at 90·6 kg. The remaining pigs were grouped together to examine the effects of mixing. At weaning, 24·1% of pigs had foot injuries. Pigs with foot injuries recovered quickly on deep-straw but the injuries increased in flatdecks immediately after weaning (Straw-Flow was intermediate). Injuries were more persistent in the small flatdeck. Deep-straw prevented adventitious bursitis of the hock. After 1 month in the grower pens, there was no residual treatment effect. Antibody response was examined by immune challenge with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Immunoglobulin (Ig) response was greater in straw pens. Pigs mixed at 20 kg showed a decreased immune response to KLH challenge. Growth and food intake showed no treatment effects; food conversion ratio was poorer in (c) than in (b) or (d).
Conditioned feeding responses of sheep towards flavoured foods associated with casein administration: the rôle of long delay learning
Authors: Arsenos G. , Hills J. , Kyriazakis I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe objective of two experiments was to investigate whether a delayed type of learning could account for the conditioned feeding responses of sheep towards novel food flavours associated with post-ingestive consequences (PIC) created from the administration at different points in time of a nutritive stimulus (casein). The doses of casein were low (15 g) and high (75 g) for experiments 1 and 2, previously known to result in positive and negative PIC respectively. Each experiment consisted of three conditioning periods, during which sheep were trained to associate one of two novel flavours with either casein or water (placebo) administration. During each conditioning, a novel flavoured food low in protein and relatively high in energy, was offered for 3 h (08:00 to 11:00 h) and was followed by an unflavoured, nutritionally similar food for the rest of the feeding time (11:00 to 17:00 h). Sheep were randomly assigned to one of three treatments that were defined by the time when casein or water doses were administered, in relation to the presence of the flavoured food (A= 08:30 and 10:00, B= 11:30 and 13:00 and С = 14:30 and 16:00 h respectively). At the end of each conditioning period preference tests were performed, where sheep were offered a choice between the two flavoured foods. There was no effect of time of casein administration on the conditioned responses towards flavoured foods in either experiment. In both experiments, the proportion of the flavoured food selected was significantly affected by the interaction between preference tests and casein association. For experiment 1 this was due to an increasing preference for the casein associated food accompanied by a decreasing preference for the water associated flavoured food as a result of repeated conditioning. The degree of such preference was different between flavours used for association with casein or water. For experiment 2 avoidance of the casein and preference for the water associated food were established after the completion of the second and reinforced by the third conditioning period. Flavours used had a lesser effect on the conditioned responses of this experiment. The results support the view that sheep develop conditioned responses towards novel food flavours associated with the administration of a nutritive stimulus, even when the PIC resulting from its administration are significantly disassociated in time from the presence of the flavoured food.
Genetic parameters of functional and fertility determined length of productive life in Swedish dairy cattle
Authors: Strandberg E. , Roxström A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values of sires for different definitions of length of productive life in Swedish Red and White dairy cattle. The data consisted of 534 016 daughters with initial calvings between 1988 and 1996. These cows were daughters of 1266 sires (55 of which were considered proven bulls, and treated as fixed effects). The model for the hazard included: a random time-dependent effect of herd-year-season (hys), a fixed time-dependent effect of year-season, a fixed time-dependent effect of parity by stage of lactation, a fixed time-dependent effect of the cow’s peak yield as deviation from her herdmates in that herd-year, a fixed time-independent effect of age at first calving, and random and fixed effects of sire. The hys effect was assumed to follow a gamma distribution and the random sire effect a normal distribution with mean zero and variance Aσ2s, where σ2s is the variance among sires and A the relationship matrix. Length of productive life was defined as the number of days from first calving to culling or end of data. Two types of length of productive life were studied: (1) functional productive life (PL), all cows that were culled before the end of data were considered as uncensored; (2) fertility determined productive life (FPL), only cows that were culled for fertility problems were considered as uncensored. Heritability estimates were 6·9% and 6·1% for PL and FPL, respectively. The approximated genetic correlation estimates between fertility measures in first lactation and FPL was higher than the corresponding estimates with PL. In conclusion, it was feasible to use the trait fertility-determined length of productive life, its heritability was almost as large as for PL, and the genetic correlation with fertility was higher than for PL. However, the expected selection response in fertility from indirect selection on FPL was lower than from direct selection.
Influence of environmental enrichment on welfare-related behavioural and physiological parameters in growing pigs
Authors: Beattie V. E. , O’Connell N. E. , Kilpatrick D. J. , Moss B. W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThree hundred and twenty pigs were reared from birth to slaughter at 21 weeks in either barren or enriched environments. The barren environments were defined as intensive housing (slatted floors and minimum recommended space allowances) and the enriched environments incorporated extra space including an area which contained peat and straw in a rack. Behavioural observations showed that environmental enrichment reduced time spent inactive and time spent involved in harmful social and aggressive behaviour (P< 0·001). Each pig was individually exposed to a novel object during a novel pen test at 18 weeks of age and behavioural, heart rate and plasma cortisol responses were recorded. At slaughter plasma cortisol levels were measured, adrenal glands were weighed and hearts were examined for endothelial haemorrhages. Pigs from enriched environments appeared less fearful during the novel pen test by showing a shorter latency to contact the novel object (P< 0·001) and spending more time in contact with it (P< 0·05). Plasma cortisol responses to the novel pen test tended to be higher in pigs from enriched environments (P> 0·05) and pigs from enriched environments had significantly higher cortisol levels at slaughter (P< 0·05). Adrenal weights were greater in pigs from barren environments (P< 0·05) and it is suggested that chronic activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis in barren environments led to a suppression of cortisol responses to acute stress. The higher cortisol responses to the novel pen test in pigs from enriched environments may also have resulted from greater levels of behavioural activity. This could also explain the higher maximum heart rates in pigs from enriched environments during the 1st min of the test (P< 0-05) and during the period prior to the test when they were being driven towards the test arena (P< 0-05). However, the fact that enriched pigs also showed a greater number of lesions to the endothelium of the heart (P< 0-05) may mean they had a more reactive sympathetic nervous system.
Roughage as additional rooting substrates for pigs
Authors: Olsen A. W. , Vestergaard E.-M. , Dybkjær L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractStraw is frequently supplied as a rooting material to improve the welfare of pigs. In Denmark, organically raised slaughter pigs must have access to both straw and roughage. In order to evaluate whether roughage can he used as an appropriate rooting substrate for pigs, the effects of six different roughage types on pigs’ behaviour was examined. Pairs of 11-week-old pigs were placed in specially designed 4 m2pens. Each pen contained a self-feeder for cereal, a water bowl, a box for roughage, a straw- bedded area and a dunging area. Four replicates were carried out, each consisting of seven pairs of pigs. In each replicate, each pair of pigs was supplied with either whole-crop silage of oats, vetch and lupin (Avena sativa, Vicia sativa, and Lupinus luteus(OVL), whole-crop silage of barley and peas (Hordeum vulgare and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense) (BP), whole-crop silage of clover and grass (Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne(CG), green grass meal (Poassp.) (GM), hay of clover and grass (Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne(H), fodder beets (Beta vulgarisssp. vulgaris) (B), or no roughage (the control treatment) (CON). The pigs manipulated OVL for longer than the other roughage products (P< 0·01). When OVL was omitted from the analysis, B was manipulated for longer than CON (P< 0·05). The pigs that were offered CON manipulated equipment for a longer time than pigs offered B (P< 0·05) and tended to manipulate equipment for longer than pigs offered OVL (P= 0·065). Interestingly, OVL and B were the two products with the lowest dry-matter content. It may suggest that the amount of time spent manipulating roughage will depend considerably on the specific characteristics of the roughage offered, for instance dry matter content and complexity but probably also texture, smell and taste. In addition, the time spent manipulating other elements in the pen will depend on the type of roughage offered. In conclusion, the present study shows that some, but not all, types of roughage are suited as an enrichment of the pig’s environment.
Growth and development of testes in domesticated and hybrid (wild x domesticated) yak bulls
Authors: Ping Yan , Heping Pan , Dejuan Zhi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTesticular tissue was studied in domesticated yak and in wild yak x domesticated yak (F1 and F2) bulls at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age by stereology for quantitative histology and by comparative studies on the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme spectrum, LDH activity and the percentage content of LDH isoenzymes in testes. The results indicated that all three types of yak were similar in both the characteristics of ultrastructure of testicular tissue and the degree of germ cell development. The process of spermatоgenesis was initiated and sperm were produced for the first time at the age of 12 months in all three yak types. All yak types exhibited similar age-related increases in weight of testes, volume density of both the seminiferous tubules and seminiferous epithelium and height of seminiferous epithelium but all these indexes were slightly affected by season. The number of LDH isoenzyme bands after electrophoresis varied with age as follows: four bands were present at 6 months of age, five bands at 12 and 18 months and six bands at 24 months of age. The sixth band was LDH-x, which appeared between the LDH4 and LDH5 band. These results indicated that yak bulls reach sexual maturity at 24 months of age and that puberty is not affected by infusion of wild strains.
Effect of organic matter digestibility on obligatory faecal phosphorus loss in lactating goats, determined from balance data
Authors: Rodehutscord M. , Heuvers H. , Pfeffer E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObligatory faecal phosphorus (P) losses in ruminants are commonly regarded as depending on dry-matter (DM) intake. This study was designed to investigate whether it is the digestible or the indigestible fraction of the diet which causes the obligatory faecal P loss. Three groups of six lactating goats each were given a diet consisting of maize silage, chaffed barley straw and a low P concentrate achieving a DM intake of 1·76 kg/day. Goats of two groups were given approximately 0·4 kg/day supplementary DM either in the form of sawdust or in the form of potato starch. Organic matter digestibility, determined by difference, was 0·15 for sawdust and 0·79 for potato starch. Goats were kept in balance crates and milk as well as faeces and urine were quantitatively collected. P intake was 2·9 g/day in unsupplemented goats and slightly higher (3·2 and 3·0 g/day, respectively) when sawdust or starch were supplemented. Urinary P output was very low (23 mg/day) and not affected by treatment. Milk yield and milk P output were 2·5 kg/day and 2·4 g/day, respectively, and not affected by treatment either. Compared with the goats without supplementary DM, faecal P output was higher in goats given supplementary starch but not in goats given supplementary sawdust. Increase in faecal P output due to starch supplementation exceeded the increase in P intake from starch by more than a factor of 4. When related to DM intake, faecal P excretion was significantly different between treatments (P = 0·058). The variation between treatments became even greater when faecal P output was related to indigestible organic matter intake (P < 0·001). When related to organic matter intake, however, differences in faecal P output between treatments were not significant (P = 0·445). It is concluded, that obligatory faecal P losses depend on the digestible fraction of the diet rather than on the indigestible fraction.