bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diagnosis and management of invasive cervical resorption
Authors: SK Al-Salehi , O Omar 
Published: August 2017

Abstract: A 23-year-old female patient presented complaining of sensitivity relating to LR4. She had good oral health and no history of trauma. Cone beam computed tomography, however, revealed advanced invasive cervical resorption (ICR) in LR4, as well as an incidental finding of ICR in LR6. Clinical Relevance: CBCT proved essential in the diagnosis and treatment planning of this unusual case. Owing to the destructive nature of ICR, it is imperative to remove the entire lesion to avoid any chance of recurrence.
Dentine hypersensitivity – guidelines for the management of a common oral health problem
Authors: Gillam David G , Chesters Richard K , Attrill David C , Brunton Paul , Slater Mabel , Strand Peter , Whelton Helen , Bartlett David 
Published: August 2017

Dentine hypersensitivity (DHS) remains a worldwide under-reported and under-managed problem, despite making some dental treatments more stressful than necessary and having a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. This article is designed to build dental professionals' confidence and remove any confusion regarding the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of sensitive teeth caused by dentine hypersensitivity in those patients known to be at risk. There is a need for simple guidelines, which can be readily applied in general practice. However, it is also obvious that one strategy cannot suit all patients. This review describes a DHS management scheme for dental professionals that is linked to management strategies targeted at three different groups of patient. These patient groups are: 1) patients with gingival recession; 2) treatment patients with toothwear lesions; and 3) patients with periodontal disease and those receiving periodontal treatment. The authors also acknowledge the role of industry as well as dental professionals in a continuing role in educating the public on the topic of sensitive teeth. It is therefore important that educational activities and materials for both dental professionals and consumers use common terminology in order to reduce the possibility for confusion. Clinical Relevance: This review article provides practical, evidence-based guidance on the management of dentine hypersensitivity for dental professionals covering diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Sensitivity associated with gingival recession, toothwear and periodontal disease and periodontal treatment are specifically addressed in the article.
Special care dentistry: part 1. dental management of patients with inherited bleeding disorders
Authors: Rafique Sobia , Fiske Janice , Palmer Guy , Daly Blanaid 
Published: August 2017

The most common cause of excessive bleeding is idiopathic, but bleeding can also be caused by inherited or acquired conditions associated with vascular defects, platelet defects or coagulation disorders. This paper will cover inherited bleeding disorders. Every clinician will encounter a patient who complains of prolonged bleeding following certain procedures; most commonly dental extractions. In the majority of cases the cause is often a local one and can be managed using simple local measures. However, prolonged post-operative bleeding following dental treatment might be one of the first signs of a bleeding disorder in an undiagnosed patient, necessitating referral for further investigations. Some patients may present with an already confirmed diagnosis of a bleeding disorder, requiring appropriate treatment planning and dental management in an appropriate setting with haematological advice. This paper will provide guidance on how to achieve this. Clinical Relevance: To update clinicians on the dental management of patients with inherited bleeding disorders and how to decide the most appropriate setting for the provision of dental care.
Can oil lubricated dental handpieces be sterilized?:part 2. literature review
Authors: Kudhail Ravinder Singh 
Published: August 2017

A literature search revealed six laboratory-based microbial challenge studies which support the opinion that oil contamination does not prevent successful sterilization of the lumen of dental handpieces. However, a detailed appraisal of these papers revealed lack of detail in the cleaning methods used prior to sterilization and none of the papers considered the risks of prion contamination. Clinical Relevance: An examination of the evidence base on sterilization of oil-lubricated handpieces is of potential value to dental clinicians and their teams.
Self-adhesive resin cements: a new perspective in luting technology
Authors: Makkar Sumit , Malhotra Neeraj 
Published: August 2017

Many materials are available for the fabrication of indirect restorations such as, metal alloys, resin-based composites and ceramics. Resin cements have long been valued as luting agents for indirect restorations because of their high retentive strength, resistance to wear, and low solubility. However, one of the common discouraging factors regarding their chairside use is the need of multiple-steps (etching, drying, priming and luting) for bonding. Thus the current impetus is towards the use of self-adhesive cements that require no etching, priming or bonding agents to bond to the tooth surface. Their increased popularity can be judged by the commercial availability of more than a dozen self-adhesive resin products/brands, in a short span of time. This article reviews the composition, physical and biological properties, adhesion characteristics and clinical performance of self-adhesive (resin) cements. Clinical Relevance: Self-adhesive resin cements are dual-cured and adhere to tooth structure without the requirement of a separate etching step and application of an adhesive/bonding agent.
Minimal intervention dentistry and older patients part 1: risk assessment and caries prevention
Authors: Hayes Martina , Allen Edith , da Mata Cristiane , McKenna Gerald , Burke Francis 
Published: August 2017

Ten million people in the UK today are aged over 65. The latest projections estimate that there will be 5½ million more people aged 65 and older in the next 20 years. This projected pattern of population ageing will have profound consequences for dentistry. Minimal intervention dentistry (MID) is a modern evidence-based approach to caries management in dentate patients that uses the ‘medical model’ whereby disease is controlled by the ‘oral physician’. This approach offers considerable benefits over conventional dentistry for older patients. It encourages patients to be responsible for their oral health through the provision of both knowledge and motivation. MID encompasses risk assessment for dental disease, early detection and control of disease processes, and minimally invasive treatment. Clinical Relevance: Risk assessment tools can aid the general dental practitioner and the patient to develop a suitable caries prevention programme for that individual and reduce the need for future operative intervention.
Current status of conservative treatment of deep carious lesions
Authors: Mattos Juliana , Soares Giulia Marins , Ribeiro Apoena de Aguiar 
Published: August 2017

Traditionally, deep carious lesions are treated by removal of all carious tissue, which may lead to pulp exposure. To minimize this risk, conservative carious tissue removal techniques have been proposed, including partial removal and stepwise excavation. However, there is no consensus in the literature about which is the better technique. Thus, the aim of this article is to describe and discuss the main techniques for carious tissue removal, according to scientific evidence. It was observed that both stepwise excavation and partial carious tissue removal presented lower pulp exposure rates and higher success rates. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians must be aware that conservative carious tissue removal techniques, such as stepwise excavation and partial carious tissue removal, present lower pulp exposure rates and higher success rates than traditional methods.
Smile analysis: what to measure
Authors: Batwa Waeil , Grewal Balpreet , Gill Daljit 
Published: August 2017

Patients seek dental treatment to improve oral function as well as their attractiveness. In order to improve smile attractiveness, clinicians need to carry out a comprehensive smile assessment. The aim of this paper is to help clinicians to adopt a systematic approach toward smile assessment by introducing a smile assessment form. Clinical Relevance: Smile analysis is an essential part of smile diagnosis. A smile assessment form will assist clinicians in identifying and recording smile features for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Post removal techniques part 1
Authors: Dickie Jamie , McCrosson John 
Published: August 2017

Dismantling restorations from teeth which require endodontic re-treatment can be difficult. Many dentists are reluctant to remove posts through fear of weakening, perforating or fracturing the remaining root structure. A variety of techniques have been described and developed for post removal. This is the first in a series of two papers which provide an overview of these techniques. The rationale for endodontic re-treatment, pre-operative assessment and factors affecting post removal are discussed. Techniques are illustrated with clinical case reports. The second paper describes the use of specific post removal devices and the removal of fibre posts. Clinical Relevance: Endodontic re-treatment has a more successful long-term outcome than surgical treatment for failed root canal treatment. This may involve the removal of existing post restorations or portions thereof.
Dental implications of new oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Curtin Claire , Hayes Jamie M , Hayes S Jeremy 
Published: August 2017

As dental professionals, we should all be familiar with the most common oral anticoagulant, warfarin, and how to manage our patients that are taking it. However, several new oral anticoagulants which have recently been approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) are now being prescribed for patients in the United Kingdom. These new oral anticoagulants fall into two different categories: a direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa® Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bracknell, Berkshire) and activated Factor X inhibitors rivaroxaban (Xarelto® Bayer HealthCare, Newbury, Berkshire) and apixaban (Eliquis® Bristol-Myers Squibb, Uxbridge, Middlesex). These new drugs will have potential consequences for how dental practitioners manage patients requiring dental treatment, especially extractions and minor surgical procedures. Clinical Relevance: It is important that dentists are aware of new anticoagulants which are being prescribed for patients to ensure that they receive safe and appropriate dental treatment. As healthcare professionals we should also be aware of how and when to report adverse drug reactions.
In vivo exposure therapy for the treatment of an adult needle phobic
Authors: McDonnell-Boudra Dee , Martin Amy , Hussein Iyad 
Published: August 2017

Dental anxiety is a widespread problem. Behavioural interventions are effective in reducing dental anxiety and dentists are well placed to carry out these interventions. This article aims to familiarize dentists with simple behavioural techniques that can be used to treat patients presenting with dental anxiety. A case study detailing the assessment and treatment of an uncomplicated needle phobia using in vivo graded exposure is included in order to demonstrate the use of these techniques. Clinical Relevance: Familiarity with simple, behavioural interventions for dental anxiety will enable dentists to respond appropriately to patients who present with mild fear and anxiety. Early intervention may play a role in the reduction of phobic anxiety in the dental setting. Dentists with an interest in behavioural management may also wish to treat patients with uncomplicated dental phobia.
Local drug delivery in the management of periodontal diseases part 2: specific agents
Authors: Eastham Jane E , Seymour Robin A 
Published: August 2017

Local drug delivery systems (LDDs) are mainly used as adjuncts to root surface instrumentation (RSI) in the management of periodontal disease. A range of antibacterial agents have been used for this purpose and include the tetracyclines, chlorhexidine, metronidazole, azithromycin, clarithromycin and moxifloxacin. More recently, other non-antibacterial agents have been incorporated into local delivery devices and include simvastatin, metformin and alendronate. This paper will review the effectiveness of such agents when used as an adjunct to conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy. Clinical Relevance: The benefits of adjunctive use of local drug delivery in the management of periodontal disease will be discussed.
Comparative case report of segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia and regional odontodysplasia
Authors: Clark Stephanie L , Cairns Alison M , Hunter Keith D 
Published: August 2017

The clinical and radiological features of segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia (SOD) are well described but the condition is probably under recognized owing to misdiagnosis as an atypical form of regional odontodysplasia (ROD). Two cases are compared to highlight the differences between SOD and ROD. The clinical, radiographic and histological findings are compared using case reports of a 6-year-old male with SOD and a 4-year-old girl with ROD. Treatment and follow-up for these patients is described, along with a comparative review of the major characteristics of these two rare conditions. Clinical Relevance: To help the paediatric dentist distinguish between these two rare conditions.
Articaine hydrochloride: is it the solution?
Authors: Kakroudi Seyed Hamzeh Aghaie , Mehta Shamir , Millar Brian J 
Published: August 2017

In recent times there has been raised interest regarding the use of articaine hydrochloride as a dental local anaesthetic solution. The use of articaine hydrochloride as a dental local anaesthetic agent has been reported to be safe and effective. Paraesthesia is a rare but unwanted adverse effect attributed to the use of this local anaesthetic in dentistry, particularly following the administration of a nerve block injection. There is no evidence to support the opinion that the use of articaine carries a greater associated risk of paraesthesia than with the use of any other local anaesthetic.Clinical Relevance: The aim of this article is to review the relative merits of articaine hydrochloride against its documented potential drawbacks. The article will also aim to update readers on the use of articaine hydrochloride for local analgesia in dentistry, including the pharmacology, efficacy and safety concerns (including the risks of nerve paraesthesia) commonly associated with the administration of this agent.
Idiopathic radiographic apical root resorption in wind instrument players
Authors: Shafi Imran , Welbury Richard 
Published: August 2017

Root resorption of the permanent teeth involves an elaborate interaction among inflammatory cells resulting in loss of dental hard tissues. This report describes three clinical cases where idiopathic root resorption occurred in wind instrument playing patients. These patients produce adequate non-orthodontic forces, while playing their instruments, to expose their teeth to root resorbing force. Careful clinical monitoring of patients' teeth should be undertaken, as the additive effects of orthodontic treatment and musical habits are unknown. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper advises that questioning about wind instrument playing during case history-taking would be beneficial to clinicians. Furthermore, careful clinical monitoring of these patients' teeth during orthodontic treatment should be undertaken.
Case report: an unusual finding of a solitary bone cyst in a patient with a fractured mandible
Authors: Chell Melanie , Idle Matthew , Green Jason 
Published: August 2017

Solitary bone cysts are uncommon. They have a reported incidence of 0.6% and are commonest in the mandible. The case of a 16-year-old patient who attended Accident and Emergency with a fractured mandible and the incidental finding of a solitary bone cyst is presented. Solitary bone cysts are usually asymptomatic and generally heal fully following surgical exploration. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This case report aims to increase awareness of the general dental practitioner of solitary bone cysts as a possible finding in patients with pathological jaw fractures and radiolucencies of the jaws. It outlines the surgical management that is carried out on patients with solitary bone cysts.
Pain part 1: introduction to pain
Authors: Renton Tara 
Published: August 2017

This series of papers aims to provide the dental and medical teams with an update in pain, both acute and chronic orofacial conditions, relevant to dentistry and medicine. Pain is the most common symptom for patients presenting to their dentist, and is increasingly commonly presenting to doctors as well, in general practice and A & E departments. Most of the dental team take for granted their knowledge and ability to manage acute dental pain. However, the education and preparation in managing patients with chronic pain conditions remains poor in many medical and dental schools. Conversely, medics are better educated and exposed to chronic pain during their undergraduate education, however, with regards to orofacial pain education, exposure is diminishing due to decreased exposure to dentistry, ENT, otolaryngology, OMFS and oral surgery. Thus many clinical teams remain disadvantaged when diagnosing and managing orofacial pain. Clinical Relevance: Significant advances that have been made in understanding the pain mechanisms are not to be overlooked and have a huge impact on how we manage patients in pain.
The francis report – the importance of person-centred health and care
Authors: Maher Shaun 
Published: August 2017

The relational elements of care are often described as ‘soft skills’ or ‘nice to have’ but not essential in the modern world of evidence-based healthcare. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, this type of language relegates person-centred approaches to a lower status compared to other key aspects of quality, such as safety or financial performance. Person-centredness is a powerful underpinning philosophy that has the potential to transform the way we deliver care and support as well as enhancing the quality of services. However, our healthcare system will not become more person-centred of its own accord. Thoughtful, deliberate action is required to support this change. Clinical Relevance: The person-centred approach is vital in achieving safe, effective, efficient care.
Case report: fractured needle in the pterygomandibular space following administration of an inferior dental nerve block
Authors: Bailey Edmund , Rao Jeethendra , Saksena Alka 
Published: August 2017

Fortunately, needle fracture is a rare complication following the administration of dental local anaesthetic. We present a case of needle fracture following administration of an inferior dental nerve block. The fractured needle was retrieved successfully under general anaesthetic. We also provide some suggestions on how to prevent needle fracture, and advice on how to manage the situation should it arise. Clinical Relevance: Dental practitioners are the largest user group of local anaesthesia in the UK. It is important that practitioners are aware of the risks to the patient of needle fracture, how to minimize the risk of this occurring and be aware of how to manage the situation should it arise.
Mouth cancer for clinicians part 2: epidemiology
Authors: Kalavrezos Nicholas , Scully Crispian 
Published: August 2017

A MEDLINE search early in 2015 revealed more than 250,000 papers on head and neck cancer; over 100,000 on oral cancer; and over 60,000 on mouth cancer. Not all publications contain robust evidence. We endeavour to encapsulate the most important of the latest information and advances now employed in practice, in a form comprehensible to healthcare workers, patients and their carers. This series offers the primary care dental team, in particular, an overview of the aetiopathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and multidisciplinary care of mouth cancer, the functional and psychosocial implications, and minimization of the impact on the quality of life of patient and family. Clinical Relevance: This article offers the dental team an overview of the changing epidemiology of, and increases in, mouth cancer.
Regulators and regulations: who will guard the guards? (or ‘quis custodiet ipsos custodes’ as old juvenal used to say)
Authors: Kelleher Martin 
Published: August 2017

Overbearing regulators with their various labyrinthine regulations have had adverse impacts on dentists and their teams' behaviours. This has produced the perverse outcomes of demoralizing dental teams as well as reducing their capacity and/or desire to deliver compassionate oral healthcare. These adverse outcomes do not seem to have benefited patients, or dentists, or their teams, in any sensible or measurable way. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The vastly increased burdens on the UK dental profession of intrusive, bullying regulations, emanating from the various UK agencies, such as the supposedly fair and independent GDC, but including the increasingly politically controlled NHS and the CQC, have had unfortunate, perverse, effects on many dentists' clinical practices and affected dental teams' desires, or willingness, to be as compassionate as they used to be about helping to solve some patients' dental or oral problems.
Maintenance and monitoring of dental implants in general dental practice
Authors: Tarawali Karifala 
Published: August 2017

A lot of effort has been directed towards developing dental implant surfaces which in turn have seen the increased success rate of osseointegration. Peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis are inflammatory conditions of implants that can lead to implant failure. Monitoring and maintaining implant restorations is aimed at preventing these complications. CPD/Clinical Relevance: As the number of patients opting for dental implants after tooth loss is increasing, general dental practitioners will be treating patients who have already had dental implants and need to know how to maintain and treat complications associated with them.
Pain-related temporomandibular disorder – current perspectives and evidence-based management
Authors: Ghurye Supriya , McMillan Roddy 
Published: August 2017

Pain-related temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is one of the top three most common chronic pain conditions, along with headaches and back pain. TMD has complex pathophysiology and significant associations with a variety of other chronic pain conditions, eg fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and migraine. Chronic TMD is associated with a negative impact upon quality of life and high levels of healthcare utility. It is important that clinicians are able to diagnose TMD correctly, provide appropriate management in keeping with current evidence-based practice, and identify when to refer patients to specialist care. The presence of risk factors, eg anxiety, depression, pain-related disability and chronic pain conditions elsewhere in the body, may help to identify which TMD patients require referral for multidisciplinary management. TMD should be managed using a holistic approach, incorporating patient education and encouragement towards self-management. TMD care pathways should consider using the three ‘pillars’ of pain management: physical therapies, pharmacotherapy and clinical psychology. CPD/Clinical Relevance: TMD is associated with considerable comorbidity and significant negative impact upon quality of life. It therefore follows that dental practitioners should keep up-to-date with the recent scientific evidence and recommendations relating to the diagnosis and management of TMD.