bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring race and ethnicity in the censuses of Australia, Canada, and the United States: Parallels and paradoxes
Authors: Stevens Gillian , Ishizawa Hiromi , Grbic Douglas 
Published: July 2017

Most national censuses include questions about race, colour, national origins, ethnicity, ancestry, and tribe in an effort to describe subgroups within their population. In this paper, we focus on changes over the last half-century in the racial and ethnic classification schemes of the censuses in three countries that share important historical and demographic features Australia, Canada, and the United States. We show that there are similarities, as well as some idiosyncratic features, in how these three nations define and describe racial and ethnic subgroups. We then argue that the gathering of data on the racial/ethnic subgroups in these three nations has followed a similar progression over the last half-century because of shifts in the understanding of race and ethnicity, data-gathering procedures, and the ongoing dialogue between each national population and its data-gathering institution.
Milky Way Tomography with K and M Dwarf Stars: The Vertical Structure of the Galactic Disk
Authors: Ferguson Deborah , Gardner Susan , Yanny Brian 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We use the number density distributions of K and M dwarf stars with vertical height from the Galactic disk, determined using observations from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, to probe the structure of the Milky Way disk across the survey’s footprint. Using photometric parallax as a distance estimator we analyze a sample of several million disk stars in matching footprints above and below the Galactic plane, and we determine the location and extent of vertical asymmetries in the number counts in a variety of thin- and thick-disk subsamples in regions of some 200 square degrees within 2 kpc in vertical distance from the Galactic disk. These disk asymmetries present wave-like features as previously observed on other scales and at other distances from the Sun. We additionally explore the scale height of the disk and the implied offset of the Sun from the Galactic plane at different locations, noting that the scale height of the disk can differ significantly when measured using stars only above or only below the plane. Moreover, we compare the shape of the number density distribution in the north for different latitude ranges with a fixed range in longitude and find the shape to be sensitive to the selected latitude window. We explain why this may be indicative of a change in stellar populations in the latitude regions compared, possibly allowing access to the systematic metallicity difference between thin- and thick-disk populations through photometry.
An Interactive Multi-instrument Database of Solar Flares
Authors: Sadykov Viacheslav M , Kosovichev Alexander G , Oria Vincent , Nita Gelu M 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Solar flares are complicated physical phenomena that are observable in a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to γ-rays. For a more comprehensive understanding of flares, it is necessary to perform a combined multi-wavelength analysis using observations from many satellites and ground-based observatories. For an efficient data search, integration of different flare lists, and representation of observational data, we have developed the Interactive Multi-Instrument Database of Solar Flares (IMIDSF, https://solarflare.njit.edu/). The web-accessible database is fully functional and allows the user to search for uniquely identified flare events based on their physical descriptors and the availability of observations by a particular set of instruments. Currently, the data from three primary flare lists (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, RHESSI, and HEK) and a variety of other event catalogs (Hinode, Fermi GBM, Konus-W
IND, the OVSA flare catalogs, the CACTus CME catalog, the Filament eruption catalog) and observing logs (IRIS and Nobeyama coverage) are integrated, and an additional set of physical descriptors (temperature and emission measure) is provided along with an observing summary, data links, and multi-wavelength light curves for each flare event since 2002 January. We envision that this new tool will allow researchers to significantly speed up the search of events of interest for statistical and case studies.
Arctic regional methane fluxes by ecotope as derived using eddy covariance from a low-flying aircraft
Authors: Sayres David S. , Dobosy Ronald , Healy Claire , Dumas Edward , Kochendorfer John , Munster Jason , Wilkerson Jordan , Baker Bruce , Anderson James G. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The Arctic terrestrial and sub-sea permafrost region contains approximately 30 % of the global carbon stock, and therefore understanding Arctic methane emissions and how they might change with a changing climate is important for quantifying the global methane budget and understanding its growth in the atmosphere. Here we present measurements from a new in situ flux observation system designed for use on a small, low-flying aircraft that was deployed over the North Slope of Alaska during August 2013. The system combines a small methane instrument based on integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) with an air turbulence probe to calculate methane fluxes based on eddy covariance. We group surface fluxes by land class using a map based on LandSat Thematic Mapper (TM) data with 30 m resolution. We find that wet sedge areas dominate the methane fluxes with a mean flux of 2.1 µg m−2 s−1 during the first part of August. Methane emissions from the Sagavanirktok River have the second highest at almost 1 µg m−2 s−1. During the second half of August, after soil temperatures had cooled by 7 °C, methane emissions fell to between 0 and 0.5 µg m−2 s−1 for all areas measured. We compare the aircraft measurements with an eddy covariance flux tower located in a wet sedge area and show that the two measurements agree quantitatively when the footprints of both overlap. However, fluxes from sedge vary at times by a factor of 2 or more even within a few kilometers of the tower demonstrating the importance of making regional measurements to map out methane emissions spatial heterogeneity. Aircraft measurements of surface flux can play an important role in bridging the gap between ground-based measurements and regional measurements from remote sensing instruments and models.
On the challenges of using field spectroscopy to measure the impact of soil type on leaf traits
Authors: Nunes Matheus H. , Davey Matthew P. , Coomes David A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Understanding the causes of variation in functional plant traits is a central issue in ecology, particularly in the context of global change. Spectroscopy is increasingly used for rapid and non-destructive estimation of foliar traits, but few studies have evaluated its accuracy when assessing phenotypic variation in multiple traits. Working with 24 chemical and physical leaf traits of six European tree species growing on strongly contrasting soil types (i.e. deep alluvium versus nearby shallow chalk), we asked (i) whether variability in leaf traits is greater between tree species or soil type, and (ii) whether field spectroscopy is effective at predicting intraspecific variation in leaf traits as well as interspecific differences. Analysis of variance showed that interspecific differences in traits were generally much stronger than intraspecific differences related to soil type, accounting for 25 % versus 5 % of total trait variation, respectively. Structural traits, phenolic defences and pigments were barely affected by soil type. In contrast, foliar concentrations of rock-derived nutrients did vary: P and K concentrations were lower on chalk than alluvial soils, while Ca, Mg, B, Mn and Zn concentrations were all higher, consistent with the findings of previous ecological studies. Foliar traits were predicted from 400 to 2500 nm reflectance spectra collected by field spectroscopy using partial least square regression, a method that is commonly employed in chemometrics. Pigments were best modelled using reflectance data from the visible region (400–700 nm), while all other traits were best modelled using reflectance data from the shortwave infrared region (1100–2500 nm). Spectroscopy delivered accurate predictions of species-level variation in traits. However, it was ineffective at detecting intraspecific variation in rock-derived nutrients (with the notable exception of P). The explanation for this failure is that rock-derived elements do not have absorption features in the 400–2500 nm region, and their estimation is indirect, relying on elemental concentrations covarying with structural traits that do have absorption features in that spectral region (constellation effects). Since the structural traits did not vary with soil type, it was impossible for our regression models to predict intraspecific variation in rock-derived nutrients via constellation effects. This study demonstrates the value of spectroscopy for rapid, non-destructive estimation of foliar traits across species, but highlights problems with predicting intraspecific variation indirectly. We discuss the implications of these findings for mapping functional traits by airborne imaging spectroscopy.
FABRICATION OF ELASTOMER BLENDS INVOLVING CORE (POLYSTYRENE)@SHELL (POLYANILINE) APPROACH, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING
Authors: Panigrahi Ritwik , Srivastava Suneel Kumar , Pionteck Jürgen 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Fabrication of rubber blends (EPDM, NBR, and NR) with the polystyrene (PS)-polyaniline (PANI) core-shell (PS@PANI) approach are reported for the first time, and their performance is compared with similar blends prepared by simple individual mixing of PS, PANI, and rubber under identical conditions. It is noted that the unique core-shell morphology accounted for its high surface to volume ratio, leading to the homogeneous dispersion of polyaniline shell and the slow release of polystyrene core into rubber matrix as established by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared studies show that property enhancement of rubber blends is not significantly affected by the interaction between respective blend components. Conductivity of core-shell rubber blends is found to be relatively higher due to the presence of the interconnected conducting network of PS@PANI within the rubber matrix. These rubber blends also exhibit superior mechanical and thermal properties due to dispersion and slow release of polystyrene core from the polyaniline shell. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding analysis indicated the high shielding efficiency of rubber/PS@PANI blends (∼30 dB: 1–8 GHz) compared to the blends prepared individually from PS, PANI, and rubber (∼18 dB: 1–8 GHz). Such high performance of rubber blends is attributed to the trapping of electromagnetic waves through enhanced internal reflection due to the typical core-shell morphology of PS@PANI. It is anticipated that such low cost, light weight, corrosion resistant and environmentally stable sheets of PS@PANI rubber blends could provide an effective alternative as EMI shielding material for commercial application purposes.
Interobserver Agreement in the Study of 2D and 3D Sonographic Criteria for Adenomyosis
Authors: Puente José M. , Alcazar Juan L. , Martinez-Ten Pilar , Bermejo Carmina , Troncoso María T. , García-Velasco Juan A. 
Published: July 2017

Objective To study the degree of interobserver agreement for already known two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) sonography criteria of adenomyosis. Methods Fifty cases (25 adenomyosis cases, 25 non-adenomyosis cases) were studied by four expert observers and a less-experienced researcher. Each sonographic adenomyosis criterion was separately studied. Interobserver agreement was analysed by the kappa index with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The degree of agreement about diagnosing adenomyosis was high or very high in all pair-wise comparisons (kappa values of 0.58–0–92). The agreement on identifying intra-myometrial cysts (kappa values of 0.46–0.79) and evaluating the junctional zone (JZ) by 3D-transvaginal ultrasound (3D-TVS) (kappa index of 0.46–0.88) was good. The agreements reached when evaluating the other criteria varied, but good agreement was generally reached. Conclusions Both the 2D-TVS and 3D-TVS criteria employed in diagnosing adenomyosis were reproducible parameters in adenomyosis diagnostics. The results were reproducible, even by a less experienced observer.
Management of Transposed Arteriovenous Fistula Swing Point Stenosis at the Basilic Vein Angle of Transposition by Stent Grafts
Authors: Nassar George M. , Beathard Gerald , Rhee Edward , Khan Abdul Jabbar , Nguyen Binh 
Published: July 2017

Introduction Transposed basilic vein arteriovenous fistulas suffer from stenosis at their basilic angle of transposition (BAT). This lesion exhibits frequent recurrence after angioplasty. The primary goal of this study was to determine the effect of stent-graft placement on BAT lesion- and access-patency. The secondary goals were to determine the frequency of intervention pre- and post-stent placement and stent-associated stenosis. Methods Thirty-seven cases had stent-grafts placed at their BAT to manage stenosis. Cases served as their own controls by analyzing their lesion- and access-patency pre- and post-stent placement. Student's t-test was used for analysis of continuous variables. Categorical variables were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Tests were considered significant when p was ≤0.05. Results At 6 and 12 months, pre-stent lesion primary patency rates were 29% and 3%, and post-stent were 57% and 40%, respectively. Lesion primary assisted patency rates were 39% and 13%, and post-stent were 91% and 80%, respectively. At 6 and 12 months, pre-stent access primary patency rates were 29% and 3%, and post-stent were 26% and 19%, respectively. Pre-stent primary access assisted patency rates were 36% and 10%, and post-stent were 82% and 75%, respectively. Lesion intervention rates averaged 0.47/month pre-stent and 0.13/month post-stent. Access intervention rate averaged 0.50/month pre-stent, and 0.15/month post-stent. Stent-associated stenosis was seen in 23 cases. Conclusions Treatment of BAT stenosis with stent-grafts had positive impact on the target lesion and the dialysis access circuit.
Two Annotated Piers Plowman Manuscripts from London and the Early Reception of the B and C Versions
Authors: Wood Sarah 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
London, British Library MS Additional 35287 of the B version and San Marino, Huntington Library MS HM 143 of the C version are two of the most important manuscripts for the study of Piers Plowman's early reception. Each witnesses to the development, among the London scribes involved in the transmission of Langland's and Chaucer's works, of some of the earliest commentary on the two long versions of Langland's poem. The manuscripts, however, adopt different attitudes towards the authority of the apparatus they inherited from earlier exemplars in the London booktrade. Viewed alongside the marginal glosses to the Canterbury Tales produced by the same network of scribes, the annotations in metropolitan copies of both B and C can reveal much about early readers' perceptions of the issues of authorship, authority, and audience raised by the work of the two London poets.
Evaluation of Gas Chromatography Stationary Phases Based on Morpholinium Ionic Liquids by McReynolds Constants and Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution
Authors: Yavir Kateryna , Marcinkowski Łukasz , Kloskowski Adam , Namieśnik Jacek 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this work, four ionic liquids (ILs) based on the N-alkyl-N-methylmorpholinium cation ([Mor1,R], in which R = 2, 4, 8, or 10) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion were synthesized. Using GLC, a number of parameters describing the sorption properties of the investigated ILs were determined. The values of Kovats indices, McReynolds constants, and activity coefficients at infinite dilution were the basis for the evaluation of intermolecular interactions. The effect of the chain length of the alkyl substituent in the cation, which was used to modify their polarity, has been discussed. Comparison of the characteristics of the investigated IL-based stationary phases with commercially available ones allowed for the statement that the investigated ILs were more polar. The tested ILs had a relatively high polarity. Increasing the length of the alkyl chain in the morpholinium ring reduced polarity. ILs based on the morpholinium cation were tunable in a wide range of their polarity.
Geodetic constraint on the motion of a slab window: Implication for the Mendocino Crustal Conveyor model
Authors: Peng Y. , Dong D. , Yan J. , Chen W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe migration of the slab window in the Northern California Coast Ranges provides a unique setting to study the viscous coupling between crust and asthenosphere flow. The mechanisms of these dynamic processes are explained by the Mendocino Crustal Conveyor model, which predicts a 2‐D “double‐humped” surface uplift rate pattern on a 400 km long profile. To evaluate the Mendocino Crustal Conveyor (MCC) model using accurate geodetic measurements, we derive the vertical velocity field from 43 continuous GPS (CGPS) stations in the Coast Ranges region and project it onto the profile along three possible orientations of the slab window. The CGPS measured uplift rates are in good agreement with the MCC prediction, when the slab window orientation is parallel to the symmetry axis of the region of thickened crust. Thus, the CGPS solutions not only provide a complementary means to diagnose the MCC model but also provide an effective way to constrain the orientation of the slab window.
CAD: A Multifunctional Protein LeadingDe NovoPyrimidine Biosynthesis
Authors: Moreno‐Morcillo María , Ramón‐Maiques Santiago 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPyrimidines are essential precursors for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) synthesis, protein glycosylation and lipid synthesis. In resting cells, pyrimidines are largely obtained through salvage pathways, but in proliferating cells, particularly in tumours, the synthesis of pyrimidinesde novois indispensable to fuel the high demand of nucleic acids and other cellular components. In animals, thede novopathway is initiated and controlled by CAD, a ∼240‐kDa multifunctional protein with four different enzymatic domains: glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC). In contrast, in bacteria, archaeans and plants, GLN, CPS, DHO and ATC are distinct monofunctional proteins. The structures of a number of these enzymes from bacteria and archaea are known, but until recently, there was no structural information about CAD other than that it self‐assembles into ∼1.5‐megaDa hexamers.Key ConceptsDe novosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is essential for cell growth and proliferation.In animals, the multifunctional protein CAD catalyses the first three reactions ofde novopyrimidine synthesis.CAD is a 243‐kDa polypeptide with four enzymatic domains [glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC)] that oligomerises into 1.5‐megaDa hexamers.In bacteria, GLN, CPS, DHO and ATC are individual proteins for which structural information is available.The crystal structures of the DHO and ATC domains of human CAD were recently reported.The GLN and CPS domains of CAD are expected to be similar to theEscherichia coliCPS and human mitochondrial CPS1 crystal structures.A model of CAD is proposed that sets the DHO and ATC domains as the central framework of the hexameric particles.
Mixed‐Organic‐Cation Tin Iodide for Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 8.12%
Authors: Zhao Ziran , Gu Feidan , Li Yunlong , Sun Weihai , Ye Senyun , Rao Haixia , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Huang Chunhui 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this work, a fully tin‐based, mixed‐organic‐cation perovskite absorber (FA)x(MA)1−xSnI3 (FA = NH2CH = NH2+, MA = CH3NH3+) for lead‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with inverted structure is presented. By optimizing the ratio of FA and MA cations, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 8.12% is achieved for the (FA)0.75(MA)0.25SnI3‐based device along with a high open‐circuit voltage of 0.61 V, which originates from improved perovskite film morphology and inhibits recombination process in the device. The cation‐mixing approach proves to be a facile method for the efficiency enhancement of tin‐based PSCs.
Flexible and Wearable All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Energy Density Based on a Carbon Fiber Fabric Electrode
Authors: Qin Tianfeng , Peng Shanglong , Hao Jiaxin , Wen Yuxiang , Wang Zilei , Wang Xuefeng , He Deyan , Zhang Jiachi , Hou Juan , Cao Guozhong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWearable textile energy storage systems are rapidly growing, but obtaining carbon fiber fabric electrodes with both high capacitances to provide a high energy density and mechanical strength to allow the material to be weaved or knitted into desired devices remains challenging. In this work, N/O‐enriched carbon cloth with a large surface area and the desired pore volume is fabricated. An electrochemical oxidation method is used to modify the surface chemistry through incorporation of electrochemical active functional groups to the carbon surface and to further increase the specific surface area and the pore volume of the carbon cloth. The resulting carbon cloth electrode presents excellent electrochemical properties, including ultrahigh areal capacitance with good rate ability and cycling stability. Furthermore, the fabricated symmetric supercapacitors with a 2 V stable voltage window deliver ultrahigh energy densities (6.8 mW h cm−3 for fiber‐shaped samples and 9.4 mW h cm−3 for fabric samples) and exhibit excellent flexibility. The fabric supercapacitors are further tested in a belt‐shaped device as a watchband to power an electronic watch for ≈9 h, in a heart‐shaped logo to supply power for ≈1 h and in a safety light that functions for ≈1 h, indicating various promising applications of these supercapacitors.
All‐Solid‐State, Foldable, and Rechargeable Zn‐Air Batteries Based on Manganese Oxide Grown on Graphene‐Coated Carbon Cloth Air Cathode
Authors: Sumboja Afriyanti , Lübke Mechthild , Wang Yong , An Tao , Zong Yun , Liu Zhaolin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPliable, safe, and inexpensive energy storage devices are in demand to power modern flexible electronics. In this work, a foldable battery based on a solid‐state and rechargeable Zn‐air battery is introduced. The air cathode is prepared by coating graphene flakes on pretreated carbon cloth to form a dense, interconnected, and conducting carbon network. Manganese oxide hierarchical nanostructures are subsequently grown on the large surface area carbon network, leading to high loading of active catalyst per unit volume while maintaining the mechanical and electrical integrity of the air cathode. Solid‐state and rechargeable Zn‐air battery with such air cathode exhibits similar polarization curve and resistance at its flat and folded states. The folded battery is able to deliver a power density as high as ≈32 mW cm−2 and good cycling stability of up to 110 cycles. In addition, the flat battery shows similar discharge/charge curve and stable cycling performance after 100 times of repeated folding and unfolding, indicating its high mechanical robustness.