bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between MR Demonstration of Extramural Venous Invasion and Nodal Disease in Rectal Cancer
Authors: Koh Dow-Mu , Smith Neil J. , Swift R. Ian , Brown Gina 
Published: September 2017

Purpose To investigate the relationship between extramural venous invasion (EMVI) detected at T2-weighted MRI and nodal disease rectal cancer compared with histopathology. Materials and Methods The MR imaging of 79 consecutive patients with rectal cancer who underwent primary rectal surgery without neoadjuvant treatment were reviewed. MR images were scored by an expert radiologist for the presence and degree of EMVI using a five point scale blinded to pathological findings. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of MRI scoring in predicting EMVI and nodal disease at histopathology. Results Compared with histology, an MR score of >2 was found to have 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 77%-100%) and 89% specificity (95% CI: 79%–96%) in identifying EMVI involving veins >3 mm in diameter. An EMVI score of >2 was had a sensitivity of 56% (95% CI: 30%–80%) and specificity of 81% (95% CI: 69%–90%) for identifying patients with stage N2 disease. Conclusions EMVI score of >2 on T2-weighted MR imaging has a high sensitivity and specificity for histopathologically proven extramural venous invasion involving venules ≥3 mm in diameter. However, EMVI scores have only moderate sensitivity in the predicting nodal involvement.
Pre-operative Concomitant Radio-chemotherapy in Bulky Carcinoma of the Cervix: A Single Institution Study
Authors: De La Rochefordiere Anne , Kirova Youlia , Alran Severine , Plancher Corine , Fourchotte Virginie , Beuzeboc Philippe , De Margerie Vincent , Petrow Peter , Sastre-Garau Xavier , Servois Vincent , Scholl Suzy , Cottu Paul , Mignot Laurent , De Cremoux Patricia , Salmon Remy 
Published: September 2017

Objective To evaluate the treatment results of patients (pts) with FIGO stage IB2, IIA, IIB cervical carcinoma (CC) treated with pre-operative radio-chemotherapy, followed by extended radical hysterectomy. Methods Retrospective study of 148 women treated to the Institut Curie for operable FIGO Stage IB2 to IIB, biopsy proved CC. Among them, 70 pts, median age 46 years, were treated using the same regimen associating primary radio-cisplatinum based chemotherapy, intracavitary LDR brachytherapy, followed by extended radical hysterectomy. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to draw survival curves. Comparisons of survival distribution were assessed by the log-rank test. Results Complete histological local-regional response was obtained in 56% of the pts (n = 39). Residual macroscopic or microscopic disease in the cervix was observed in 28 pts (40%). All but one had in-situ microscopic residual CC. Lateral residual disease in the parametria was also present in 9 pts, all with residual CC. Pelvic lymph nodes were free from microscopic disease in 56 pts (80%). Eight of 55 (11%) radiological N0 patients had microscopic nodal involvement, as compared to 6/15 (40%) radiological N1 (p = 0.03). Seventeen pts (25%) had residual cervix disease but negative nodes. After median follow-up of 40 months (range, 8–141), 38/70 patients (54.1%) are still alive and free of disease, 6 (8.6%) alive with disease, and 11 (15.8%) patients were lost for follow-up but free of disease. In Conclusion The treatment of locally advanced CC needs a new multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment approach using new therapeutic arms to improve the survival and treatment tolerance among women presenting this disease.
Treated Colorectal Cancer: What is the Cost to Primary Care?
Authors: Macafee D.A.L. , West J. , Scholefield J.H. , Whynes D.K. 
Published: September 2017

Background Colorectal cancer is the second commonest cause of cancer death and the cost to primary care has not been estimated. Aim To determine the direct primary care costs of colorectal cancer care. Design Retrospective case note review. Setting Nottingham, United Kingdom. Methods We identified people with colorectal cancer between 1995 and 1998, from computerised pathology records. Colorectal cancer related resources consumed in primary care, from hospital discharge to death, were identified from retrospective notes review. Outcome measures were costs incurred by the General Practitioner (GP) and the total cost to primary care. We used multiple linear regression to identify predictors of cost. Results Of 416 people identified from pathology records, the median age at primary operation of the 135 (33%) people we selected was 74.2 (IQR 14.4) years, 75 (56%) were male. The median GP cost was: Dukes A £61.0 (IQR 516.2) and Dukes D £936.2 (1196.2) p < 0.01. The geometric mean ratio found Dukes D cancers to be 10 times as costly as Dukes A. The median total cost was: Dukes A £1038.3 (IQR 5090.6) and Dukes D £1815.2 (2092.5) p = 0.06. Using multivariate analysis, Dukes stage was the most important predictor of GP costs. For total costs, the presence of a permanent stoma was the most predictive variable, followed by adjuvant therapy and advanced Dukes stage (Dukes C and D). Conclusions Contrary to hospital based care costs, late stage disease (Dukes D) costs substantially more to general practice than any other stage. Stoma care products are the most costly prescribable item. Costs savings may be realised in primary care by screening detection of early stage colorectal cancers.
Body Fat Percentages by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry Corresponding to Body Mass Index Cutoffs for Overweight and Obesity in Indian Children
Authors: Pandit Deepa , Chiplonkar Shashi , Khadilkar Anuradha , Khadilkar Vaman , Ekbote Veena 
Published: September 2017

Background Indians are suspected to have higher body fat percent at a given body mass index (BMI) than their western counterparts. Objective To estimate percent body fat in apparently healthy Indian children and adolescents by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and explore linkages of BMI with body fat percent for better health risk assessment. Methods Age, weight, height of 316 boys and 250 girls (6–17 years) were recorded. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). High adiposity was defined as body fat percent (BF%) > McCarthy's 85th percentile of body fat reference data. Receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) was carried out for CDC BMI Z score for it's ability to judge excess fatness. Results High BF% was seen in 38.5% boys and 54.0% girls (p < 0.05). Percentage of obese children as defined by the BMI cutoffs of International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) (2.1% for boys and 6.9% for girls) was lower than that using Indian (13.7% for boys and 20.9% for girls) and CDC (14.1% for boys and 20.9% for girls) cutoffs. The point closest to one on the ROC curves of CDC BMI Z-scores indicated high adiposity at BMI cutoff of 22 at the age of 17 yr in both the genders. Conclusions Higher body fat percentage is associated with lower BMI values in Indian children.
Misdiagnosis of Child Abuse Related to Delay in Diagnosing a Paediatric Brain Tumour©
Authors: Wrennall Lynne 
Published: September 2017

Conflicting opinion regarding the relative weight that should be allocated to the investigation of organic causes of child illness, compared to the pursuit of suspicions of child abuse, has generated considerable public debate. The discourse of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy/Fabricated and Induced Illness is at the centre of contention. In particular, concern has arisen that children's medical needs are being neglected when their conditions are misdiagnosed as child abuse. This paper documents a case study in which the use of Child Protection procedures was linked to the belief that the child's illness had “no organic cause.” The case study is contextualised in a review of literature relevant to the diagnostic process. The deployment of the Child Protection perspective resulted in significant delay in the diagnosis of the child's brain tumour. The child was ultimately found to be suffering from an optic chasm mass lesion involving the hypothalamus and the medial temporal regions, resulting in Diencephalic Syndrome. The evidence in this case is that erring on the side of suspecting Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy/Fabricated and Induced Illness, was not “erring on the side of the child.” Several lessons need to be learned from the case. The importance of ensuring that the Child Protection perspective does not displace adequate assessment of alternative explanations for the child's condition is emphasised, as is the need for good communication in medical relationships. Strategies involving empathy, mediation, negotiation and conflict resolution may provide a more appropriate and therapeutic alternative to the use of Child Protection procedures in cases where the diagnosis is contentious. The need to re-write relevant policy, protocols and guidance is imperative.
Perinatal Factors Associated with Infant Maltreatment
Authors: Fujiwara Takeo , Okuyama Makiko , Tsui Haley , Koenen Karestan C. 
Published: September 2017

Background The association between birth outcomes and child maltreatment remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to test whether infants without congenital or chronic disease who are low birth weight (LBW), preterm, or small for gestational age (SGA) are at an increased risk of being maltreated. Methods A hospital-based case-control study of infants without congenital or chronic diseases who visited the National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, between April 1, 2002 and March 31, 2005 was conducted. Cases (N = 35) and controls (N = 29) were compared on mean birth weight, gestational age, and z-score of birth weight. Results SGA was significantly associated with infant maltreatment after adjusting for other risk factors (adjusted odds ratio: 4.45, 95% CI: 1.29–15.3). LBW and preterm births were not associated with infant maltreatment. Conclusion Infants born as SGA are 4.5 times more at risk of maltreatment, even if they do not have a congenital or chronic disease. This may be because SGA infants tend to have poorer neurological development which leads them to be hard-to-soothe and places them at risk for maltreatment. Abbreviations SCAN, Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect; LBW, low birth weight; ZBW, z-score of birth weight adjusted for gestational age, sex, and parity; SGA, small for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IPV, intimate partner violence.
Interplay of community dynamics, temperature, and productivity on the hydrogen isotope signatures of lipid biomarkers
Authors: Ladd S. Nemiah , Dubois Nathalie , Schubert Carsten J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of lipid biomarkers has diverse applications in the fields of paleoclimatology, biogeochemistry, and microbial community dynamics. Large changes in hydrogen isotope fractionation have been observed among microbes with differing core metabolisms, while environmental factors including temperature and nutrient availability can affect isotope fractionation by photoautotrophs. Much effort has gone into studying these effects under laboratory conditions with single species cultures. Moving beyond controlled environments and quantifying the natural extent of these changes in freshwater lacustrine settings and identifying their causes is essential for robust application of δ2H values of common short-chain fatty acids as a proxy of net community metabolism and of phytoplankton-specific biomarkers as a paleohydrologic proxy. This work targets the effect of community dynamics, temperature, and productivity on 2H∕1H fractionation in lipid biomarkers through a comparative time series in two central Swiss lakes: eutrophic Lake Greifen and oligotrophic Lake Lucerne. Particulate organic matter was collected from surface waters at six time points throughout the spring and summer of 2015, and δ2H values of short-chain fatty acids, as well as chlorophyll-derived phytol and the diatom biomarker brassicasterol, were measured. We paired these measurements with in situ incubations conducted with NaH13CO3, which were used to calculate the production rates of individual lipids in lake surface water. As algal productivity increased from April to June, net discrimination against 2H in Lake Greifen increased by as much as 148 ‰ for individual fatty acids. During the same time period in Lake Lucerne, net discrimination against 2H increased by as much as 58 ‰ for individual fatty acids. A large portion of this signal is likely due to a greater proportion of heterotrophically derived fatty acids in the winter and early spring, which are displaced by more 2H-depleted fatty acids as phytoplankton productivity increases. Smaller increases in 2H discrimination for phytol and brassicasterol suggest that a portion of the signal is due to changes in net photoautotrophic 2H fractionation, which may be caused by increasing temperatures, a shift from maintenance to high growth, or changes in the community assemblage. The fractionation factors for brassicasterol were significantly different between the two lakes, suggesting that its hydrogen isotope composition may be more sensitive to nutrient regime than is the case for fatty acids or phytol.
Distribution of Dissolved Zinc in the Western and Central Subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Kim Taejin , Obata Hajime , Nishioka Jun , Gamo Toshitaka 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe investigated the biogeochemical cycling of dissolved zinc (Zn) in the western and central subarctic North Pacific during the GEOTRACES GP 02 cruise. The relationship between dissolved Zn and silicate in the subarctic North Pacific plotted as a concave curve. Values of Zn* were strongly positive in the intermediate waters (26.6–27.5 σθ) of both the western and the central subarctic North Pacific. There was a distinct kink in the relationship between dissolved Zn and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the transition from shallow to intermediate water, which is similar to what has been reported for other open oceans. The high Zn:SRP ratio and high Zn* in the intermediate water suggest that intermediate water masses play an important role in the decoupling of dissolved Zn and silicate in the subarctic North Pacific, which implies that the biogeochemical processes that control dissolved Zn and silicate in the intermediate water are different from those in other oceanic regions.
Slow Dynamics and Strength Recovery in Unconsolidated Granular Earth Materials: A Mechanistic Theory
Authors: Lieou Charles K. C. , Daub Eric G. , Ecke Robert E. , Johnson Paul A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRock materials often display long‐time relaxation, commonly termed aging or “slow dynamics,” after the cessation of acoustic perturbations. In this paper, we focus on unconsolidated rock materials and propose to explain such nonlinear relaxation through the shear‐transformation‐zone theory of granular media, adapted for small stresses and strains. The theory attributes the observed relaxation to the slow, irreversible change of positions of constituent grains and posits that the aging process can be described in three stages: fast recovery before some characteristic time associated with the subset of local plastic events or grain rearrangements with a short time scale, log linear recovery of the elastic modulus at intermediate times, and gradual turnover to equilibrium steady state behavior at long times. We demonstrate good agreement with experiments on aging in granular materials such as simulated fault gouge after an external disturbance. These results may provide insights into observed modulus recovery after strong shaking in the near surface region of earthquake zones.
The Cyclooxygenases
Authors: Malkowski Michael G 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCyclooxygenases (COX‐1 and COX‐2) are membrane‐associated, heme‐containing enzymes that oxygenate arachidonic acid to generate prostaglandin H2in the committed step of prostanoid biosynthesis. The resulting prostanoids play a key role in the maintenance of numerous physiological processes within the body. Abnormal changes in COX‐mediated prostanoid production are associated with various disease pathologies, including inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Aspirin, nonselective nonsterroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and COX‐2‐selective drugs target COX‐1 and COX‐2 to reduce acute and chronic inflammation. As such, the crystal structures of COX‐1 and COX‐2 have been extensively characterized in the presence of substrates and inhibitors in order to gain a deeper understanding at the molecular level of the mechanistic nuances that underlie catalysis and inhibition. This review serves to summarize the recent advances in COX structural biology.
From3DIntermetallic Antiperovskites to2DHalf Antiperovskites
Authors: Weihrich Richard , Köhler Korbinian , Pielnhofer Florian , Haumann Sebastian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe concept of ordered half antiperovskites (HAP) derives A2M3X2structures formally from metal‐rich intermetallic antiperovskites AM3X such as MgNi3C. It was developed within the last decade in Regensburg accompanied by fascinating discoveries of other groups. It extends the idea known for oxide structures related to perovskite such as cuprate superconductors: therein, the 3D M‐O network is cut to 2D sheets, that is YBaCu2O7‐d. By systematic formation of unoccupied sites 3D interlinked MO6octahedra in perovskites are cut to 2D substructures with CuO4and CuO5units. To the best of our knowledge, a similar scheme was not described for antiperovskites AM3X, where X and M sites of perovskites are exchanged. MgNi3C is taken subsequently as reference example. First reported by Hütter and Stadelmaier it became famous as noncuprate nonoxide superconductor. We show that MX6and XM6units in perovskites AMX3and APs AM3X can be cut to MX3and XM3units to form 2D structures. The situation compares to gray As and black P that are derived from a primitive α‐Po structure by cutting three of the six bonds. In both cases, interlinked 3D networks are cut to 2D structures. However, the ternary compounds introduce additional degrees of freedom by varying the electron count by composition that turns out important to design properties such as for example magnetism and thermoelectrics of superconductivity. Consequently, the HAP concept consists of a crystal structure part for compounds A2M3X2 = AM3/2L3/2X with AP superstructures and an electronic structure part. In this review, we point out relations to antiperovskite AM3X crystal and electronic structures, the history of A2M3X2compounds, the HAP concept, important discoveries of HAP materials and novel investigations on synthesis, spintronics, thermoelectrics, superconductors, and topological properties. Advantages of the given conceptual view are pointed out for computer modeling, design, and prediction of structures and functions.
Radical

S

‐Adenosyl‐
l
‐Methionine Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Synthase
HydG
Authors: Nicolet Yvain , Fontecilla‐Camps Juan C 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Crystal structures of [FeFe]‐hydrogenases have revealed complex coordination of their active site [FeFe] motif. Besides a dithiomethylamine (DTMA) ligand that bridges the two iron ions through its thiolate groups, each metal has one CN
−
and one CO terminal ligand in addition to a metal‐bridging CO. It is known that, in spite of its complexity, only three protein maturases called HydE HydF and HydG are both necessary and sufficient to assemble the hydrogenase active site. Previous work has also shown that HydF has GTPase activity and may be the scaffold where the Fe
2
(CO)
3
(CN)
2
(DTMA) unit is put together. Conversely, HydE is likely to be the site of DTMA synthesis because it is known that HydG makes the triplebonded ligands CO and CN
−
. Similar to HydE, HydG is a radical
S
‐adenosyl,
l
‐methionine (SAM) enzyme. HydG, the subject of this chapter, has
l
‐tyrosine lyase activity and, as shown by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, it cleaves this free aromatic amino acid into a
p
‐cresyl radical and dehydroglycine (DHG). In addition to the expected radical, SAM‐associated [4Fe‐4S] cluster HydG has a second [FeS]s cluster located in its
C
‐terminal domain where CO and CN
−
synthesis from DHG takes place. This cluster appears to be a regular [4Fe‐4S] cuboid unusually connected to a catalytically relevant fifth iron. We and others have investigated the catalytic mechanism of HydG and found that,
in vitro
, some DHG can be hydrolyzed to glyoxylate. It was also shown that although HydG deprived of its [FeS]s cluster cannot synthesize CO it still makes some CN
−
; this shows that the cluster is not absolutely required for the synthesis of this ligand (but it may contribute to the stability of the site where it is produced). We also found that in variants lacking the [FeS]s cluster a significant amount of formate was detected in
in vitro
experiments. Taken together, these results have allowed us to proposed a catalytic mechanism where DHG, CN
−
, and CO are made at three different active sites.
Main‐Group Rings, Chains, and Polymer Compounds
Authors: Rabanzo‐Castillo Kristel M. , Leitao Erin M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlthough research in the field of main‐group rings, chains, and polymers is a less mature area of chemistry than that of carbon‐based rings, chains, and polymers, it is currently very fertile, as evidenced by the significant increase in available monocyclic main‐group rings in the past two decades, including neutral, anionic, cationic, and radical homocycles and heterocycles. Furthermore, recent advances in main‐group polymer chemistry have been substantial with access to high‐molecular‐weight polyaminoboranes and polyphosphinoboranes enabled by efficient dehydropolymerization catalysts, as well as the production of advanced cross‐linked polysulfide materials. Facile preparation and stabilization of low coordinate main‐group centers, synthesis of new reactive main‐group precursors, and the development of new routes to link main‐group elements together have been keys in moving the field forward. The scope of main‐group complexes has increased drastically, with multiple routes available to access the compounds, enabling a wide range of derivatives possible. In addition, compared to the carbon‐based systems, main‐group compounds feature more bonding options due to the different electronics and sterics afforded by the noncarbon atom(s) and, therefore, modified reactivity. As a result, existing theories such as aromaticity are challenged when new main‐group cycles are created. In this article, the most common routes to prepare the different types of main‐group rings, chains, and polymers are summarized, along with selected classic examples and recent additions to the field from across the p‐block (Groups 13–16). Both homonuclear and heteronuclear systems are covered, and some relevant information on characterization, properties, and uses of the compounds is also included.
Alkaline Earth Catalysis
Authors: Anker Mathew D. , Hill Michael S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Since the end of the 20th century, complexes of the alkaline earth elements have emerged as viable catalysts for a wide variety of molecular transformations. Being both earth abundant and environmentally benign, these elements hold obvious appeal as candidates for the development of future sustainable chemical technologies. Despite a history that stretches to the earliest days of main group organometallic chemistry, the factors governing the reactivity of the group 2 elements, in particular those heavier than magnesium, are only now starting to emerge. A single and effectively unchangeable 2+ oxidation state signifies that the reaction chemistry of these significantly ionic species is totally dependent on polarized heterolytic pathways for substrate bond activation. Despite this ostensible limitation, significant variability in both reaction mechanism and absolute reactivity has arisen. This article will attempt to highlight these variations through a broad survey of reaction type and substrate class.