bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental for anaesthetic induction and recovery in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam
Authors: Wakuno A. , Aoki M. , Kushiro A. , Mae N. , Kodaira K. , Maeda T. , Yamazaki Y. , Ohta M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryReasons for performing studyThere is limited information on clinical use of the new injectable anaesthetic agent alfaxalone in Thoroughbred horses.ObjectivesTo compare anaesthetic induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary responses between alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam.Study designRandomised blinded experimental cross‐over study.MethodsSix Thoroughbred horses were anaesthetised 3 times with alfaxalone 1 mg/kg bwt, ketamine 2.5 mg/kg bwt or thiopental 4 mg/kg bwt after premedication with medetomidine 6 μg/kg bwt and midazolam 20 μg/kg bwt. Qualities of anaesthetic induction and recovery were scored on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent). Induction time and recovery time were recorded. Cardiopulmonary values (heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, and arterial blood gases) were recorded throughout anaesthesia. Data were analysed with nonparametric methods.ResultsThe anaesthetic induction (P = 0.2) and recovery (P = 0.1) quality scores (median, range) were not different amongst protocols and were 4.0, 3–5; 5.0, 4–5; 4.5, 3–5; and 4.5, 3–5; 3.5, 2–5; 4.0, 2–5 for alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental, respectively. Induction time for ketamine (67, 53–89 s) was significantly longer than that for alfaxalone (49, 40–51 s, P = 0.01) and thiopental (48, 43–50 s, P = 0.01). Time to standing for alfaxalone (44, 40–63 min, P = 0.01) and thiopental (39, 30–58 min, P = 0.01) was significantly longer than that for ketamine (25, 18–26 min). Cardiovascular values were maintained within the clinically acceptable level throughout anaesthesia. Respiratory rate significantly decreased during anaesthesia for all 3 drugs; however, spontaneous breathing did not disappear, and PaCO2values were maintained at approximately 50 mmHg.ConclusionsAll 3 drugs showed similar effects in relation to anaesthetic induction and recovery qualities and cardiopulmonary responses. However, alfaxalone and thiopental prolonged recovery time compared with ketamine.
Implications of fish migration and fishing mortality for marine protected area design
Authors: Kenchington Trevor J 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Convention on Biological Diversity calls for networks of ‘representative’ MPAs, the effectiveness of which requires that the protected ecosystems be independent of external anthropogenic pressures. One principal pressure, fishing, severely depletes the oldest age classes of the target fish even if optimally managed. As many fishery resource species had high natural abundance and large individual sizes, while most fish show indeterminate growth and ascend the trophic pyramid as they grow, elimination of older age classes equates to removal of once‐dominant top predators. Because archetypal resource species are also migratory, that loss is transported throughout the range of the exploited populations, including into MPAs, through a lack of large migrants. The ecological implications remain uncertain in marine ecosystems, which are typically under ‘bottom‐up’ control. ‘Top‐down’ effects, such as mesopredator release, species replacement and trophic cascades, have been observed, however, meaning that elimination of top predators may affect ecosystem structure. It follows that, while exceptions doubtless exist, in general ‘representative’ MPAs should not be expected to fulfil their declared purposes, unless they are made so large as to encompass the whole migratory circuits of principal resource species – implying indefinite closure of the fisheries affected. Some compromise may be possible if MPAs were combined with fishing mortality rates far below current ‘optimal’ levels or where fishing can be concentrated on younger adults, while older fish are protected from exploitation. In any case, societies must choose between seafood production and recovery of selected marine areas to near‐pristine conditions.
Minimizing the impact of fishing
Authors: Froese Rainer , Winker Henning , Gascuel Didier , Sumaila U Rashid , Pauly Daniel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMinimizing the impact of fishing is an explicit goal in international agreements as well as in regional directives and national laws. To assist in practical implementation, three simple rules for fisheries management are proposed in this study: 1) take less than nature by ensuring that mortality caused by fishing is less than the natural rate of mortality; 2) maintain population sizes above half of natural abundance, at levels where populations are still likely to be able to fulfil their ecosystem functions as prey or predator; and 3) let fish grow and reproduce, by adjusting the size at first capture such that the mean length in the catch equals the length where the biomass of an unexploited cohort would be maximum (Lopt). For rule 3), the basic equations describing growth in age‐structured populations are re‐examined and a new optimum length for first capture (Lc_opt) is established. For a given rate of fishing mortality,Lc_optkeeps catch and profit near their theoretical optima while maintaining large population sizes. Application of the three rules would not only minimize the impact of fishing on commercial species, it may also achieve several goals of ecosystem‐based fisheries management, such as rebuilding the biomass of prey and predator species in the system and reducing collateral impact of fishing, because with more fish in the water, shorter duration of gear deployment is needed for a given catch. The study also addresses typical criticisms of these common sense rules for fisheries management.
Using maximum entropy to predict the potential distribution of an invasive freshwater snail
Authors: Papeş Monica , Havel John E. , Vander Zanden M. Jake 
Published: February 2016

SummaryEcological niche modelling is a technique used to estimate potential distributions of invasive species based on available occurrence data and associated environmental conditions. Maximum entropy (Maxent) is a powerful method for ecological niche modelling and yet has only rarely been applied to aquatic species.Here we applied Maxent to estimate the potential distribution of the invasive Chinese mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinesis) in Wisconsin and analysed several methodological issues associated with using Maxent for lentic species.To generate Maxent estimates of the potential distribution ofC. chinesis, we used presence records from 292 lakes, five spatially explicit climatic variables, and two lake‐specific environmental data sets (area, conductivity) from 7995 lakes. Our investigations included three aspects that could affect model prediction accuracy and transferability: (i) combining climate and lake variables into a single data set in two different ways, using each lake as a single observation and as a grid of 1 ha cells; (ii) varying the size of the background data set (locations without presences); and (iii) contrasting environmental conditions between locations with and withoutC. chinesis.The lake‐based model had higher accuracy than the grid‐based model, although both models had accuracy values indicative of good performance. Conductivity and lake area were important predictor variables for both models, but had higher contribution to the lake‐based model accuracy. Decreasing the background sample size minimally affected model accuracy and thus Maxent can be used even when background sampling does not meet the algorithm's default settings. Lastly, lakes that were environmentally dissimilar from lakes with knownC. chinesisrecords were more likely to be predicted unsuitable by both grid‐based and lake‐based models.Overall, the models predicted high potential suitability across Wisconsin lakes forC. chinesis, especially in lakes ≥60 ha. Our study provides evidence that small or environmentally biased presence data sets may underestimate the number of environmentally suitable locations of invasive species.
Valorization of Sida (Sida hermaphrodita) biomass for multiple energy purposes
Authors: Jablonowski Nicolai David , Kollmann Tobias , Nabel Moritz , Damm Tatjana , Klose Holger , Müller Michael , Bläsing Marc , Seebold Sören , Krafft Simone , Kuperjans Isabel , Dahmen Markus , Schurr Ulrich 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe performance and biomass yield of the perennial energy plant Sida hermaphrodita (hereafter referred to as Sida) as a feedstock for biogas and solid fuel was evaluated throughout one entire growing period at agricultural field conditions. A Sida plant development code was established to allow comparison of the plant growth stages and biomass composition. Four scenarios were evaluated to determine the use of Sida biomass with regard to plant development and harvest time: (i) one harvest for solid fuel only; (ii) one harvest for biogas production only; (iii) one harvest for biogas production, followed by a harvest of the regrown biomass for solid fuel; and (iv) two consecutive harvests for biogas production. To determine Sida's value as a feedstock for combustion, we assessed the caloric value, the ash quality, and melting point with regard to DIN EN ISO norms. The results showed highest total dry biomass yields of max. 25 t ha−1, whereas the highest dry matter of 70% to 80% was obtained at the end of the growing period. Scenario (i) clearly indicated the highest energy recovery, accounting for 439 288 MJ ha−1; the energy recovery of the four scenarios from highest to lowest followed this order: (i) ≫ (iii) ≫ (iv) > (ii). Analysis of the Sida ashes showed a high melting point of >1500 °C, associated with a net calorific value of 16.5–17.2 MJ kg−1. All prerequisites for DIN EN ISO norms were achieved, indicating Sida's advantage as a solid energy carrier without any post‐treatment after harvesting. Cell wall analysis of the stems showed a constant lignin content after sampling week 16 (July), whereas cellulose had already reached a plateau in sampling week 4 (April). The results highlight Sida as a promising woody, perennial plant, providing biomass for flexible and multipurpose energy applications.
Local Development in the Context of Global Migration and the Global Land Rush: The Need for a Conceptual Update
Authors: Zoomers Annelies , Leung Maggi , Westen Guus van 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper argues that global linkages, flows and circulations merit a more central place in theorization about local development. In particular, we make connections across two dominant types of global flows that shape our world tremendously: international migration and large‐scale land investments. The paper compares the two hypes and underlines the similarities in their genealogy, rhetoric and push for good governance as a solution. It then maps out the emergent geographies of local development given rise by these two ntersecting global flows and discusses how they hinder the road to inclusive and sustainable development. While analysing the consequences of the two global flows, we probe the mileage of two interlinked influential concepts in development studies: the notion ‘development as freedom’ and the Sustainable Livelihood Approach. We conclude that the relational aspects of livelihood and development, positionality of the local vis‐à‐vis the global or external, and transformations coming from the outside should be central in our renewed conceptualisation about local development.
Social Science/Natural Science Perspectives on Wildfire and Climate Change
Authors: Ayres Andrew , Degolia Alexander , Fienup Matthew , Kim Yunyeol , Sainz Jade , Urbisci Laura , Viana Daniel , Wesolowski Graham , Plantinga Andrew J. , Tague Christina 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn western North America, wildfire is a critical component of many ecosystems and a natural hazard that can result in catastrophic losses of human lives and property. Billions of dollars are spent suppressing wildfires each year. In the past decades, academic research has made substantial contributions to the understanding of fire and its interaction with climate and land management. Most reviews of the academic literature, however, are centered in either natural or social science. We offer an integrated cross‐disciplinary guide to state‐of‐the art fire science and use this review to identify research gaps. We focus on the modern era and understanding fire in the context of a changing climate in western North America. We find that studies combining social and natural science perspectives remain limited and that interactions among coupled system components are poorly understood. For example, while natural science studies have identified how fuel treatments alter fire regimes, few social science studies examine how decisions are made about fuel treatments and how these decisions respond to changes in fire regimes. A key challenge is to better quantify the effects of actual fire management policies in a way that accounts for the complexity of coupled natural and natural–human system interactions.
CRM1 and chromosomal passenger complex component survivin are essential to normal mitosis progress and to preserve keratinocytes from mitotic abnormalities
Authors: Labarrade F. , Botto J.‐M. , Domloge N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveHuman epidermis provides the body a barrier against environmental assaults. To assume this function, the epidermis needs the renewal of keratinocytes allowed by constant mitosis, which replace the exfoliating corneocytes. Keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) located in the basal epidermis are mitotically active, self‐renewing and govern the epithelial stratification by producing renewed source of keratinocytes. Protein complex such as the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) allows the correct development of this process. The CPC is composed of four members: INCENP, survivin, borealin and aurora kinase B, and the disruption of the CPC during cell division induces mitotic spindle defects and improper repartition of chromosomes. The aim of our study was to investigate the implication of CRM1 and survivin in the progress of mitosis in skin keratinocytes.MethodsCultured human keratinocytes and skin biopsies were used in this study. KSCs‐enriched population of keratinocytes was isolated from total keratinocytes by differential attachment to a type IV collagen matrix. Survivin and CRM1 expression levels were assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Specific siRNAs for each CPC member and for CRM1 were used to determine the relationship between these proteins. Survivin‐specific siRNA was used to induce the apparition of mitotic abnormalities in cultured keratinocytes.ResultsWe demonstrated the ability of our compound ‘IV08.009’ to modulate the expression level of survivin and CRM1 in keratinocytes and in skin biopsies. We observed that members of the CPC are interdependent: siRNA‐induced inhibition of one component caused a decrease in the expression of all other CPC members. Downregulation of survivin or CRM1 induced mitotic abnormalities in keratinocytes. However, decreased number of mitotic abnormalities was observed in keratinocytes after ‘IV08.009’ application.ConclusionBasal keratinocytes may divide frequently during skin lifespan, and signs of deterioration could appear such as loss of protein factors required for correct mitosis. Our findings suggest that mitotic abnormalities can be prevented by the modulation of CRM1 and survivin. We demonstrated the ability of compound ‘IV08.009’ to efficiently protect cultured keratinocytes from mitotic abnormalities.
Nurses' perceptions of care during wartime: a qualitative study
Authors: Rahimaghaee Flora , Hatamopour Khadijeh , Seylani Khatere , Delfan Vida 
Published: February 2016

AimThis study explains nurses' experiences and views on the care of injured soldiers during the Iraq–Iran war (1980–1988) and the effect of this care on these nurses.BackgroundMany studies on war suggest nurses' experiences physical and psychological trauma. Knowing the nurses' experiences can assist healthcare systems and the nursing profession to identify unknown threats.IntroductionWar is a specific phenomenon. After soldiers, nurses are one of the first professions to engage in the phenomenon when it occurs.MethodA descriptive qualitative approach was used along with conventional content analysis. Data collected in 2014 from semi‐structured interviews of 14 nurses who were selected through purposive sampling.ResultsTwo themes (Care in the war, a different culture and concept and Care achievements during the war) and six subthemes (Unusual working conditions, Different work spirit, A real but informal classroom, Professional self‐achievements, Outcomes for the professional community, The changed self) emerged from the data.ConclusionA range of environmental factors and conditions, mental and emotional problems and the outcomes of war were identified.Implications for nursing and health policyThis study emphasizes the importance of being prepared for such crises and using the previous experiences of nurses who served in war time for training future nurses.
Effects of conventional and orthodontic pacifiers on the dental occlusion of children aged 24–36 months old
Authors: Lima Andrea Arraes dos Santos Jacintho , Alves Cláudia Maria Coelho , Ribeiro Cecília Cláudia Costa , Pereira Alex Luiz Pozzobon , da Silva Antônio Augusto Moura , Silva Luciana Freitas Gomes e , Thomaz Erika Barbara Abreu Fonseca 
Published: February 2016

AimTo investigate the effects of conventional and orthodontic pacifiers on the prevalence of malocclusion (MO) considering frequency, duration, and intensity of the sucking habit.DesignData were collected at three time‐points: birth, T1; (12–24 months old), T2; (24–36 months old), T3 and were divided into three groups: control (GC; 110), without non‐nutritive sucking habits; orthodontic pacifiers (GOrth; 55); conventional pacifiers (GConv; 55). A questionnaire was applied. Clinical examination was performed at T3. The groups were compared as to the prevalence and severity of anterior open bite (AOB), accentuated overjet, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite (PCB).ResultsThe use of pacifiers was associated with occurrence of MO compared to GC (P < 0.05). Frequency, intensity, and duration of pacifier use was also associated with of MO. There was significant difference in the prevalence of MO between GConv and GOrth for AOB (P = 0.027). Only GConv exhibited higher odds of PCB compared to GC (P = 0.040). The prevalence of MO was significantly higher in pacifiers users (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe prevalence of MO was higher among children who used pacifiers. According to a general trend, the use of conventional pacifiers was associated to severe anterior open bite and overjet.
Meta‐epidemiological study: a step‐by‐step approach by using R
Authors: Zhang Zhongheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe results of meta‐analysis are usually influenced by characteristics of component trials. These characteristics include but are not limited to sample size, publication language, quality of study design and the number of participating centers. Because systematic review and meta‐analysis is considered to be evidence of the highest quality in the era of evidence‐based medicine, characteristics that may bias the results of meta‐analysis should be fully investigated. Meta‐epidemiological study aims to investigate the impact of study design characteristics on treatment effect. The article introduces how to perform meta‐epidemiological study by using R software. There are several methodological approaches to perform meta‐epidemiological study, depending on whether there is heterogeneity between meta‐analyses and between trials. When there is no significant heterogeneity, these results would be similar.
Investigations on the role of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Caligidae), as a vector in the transmission of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida
Authors: Novak C W , Lewis D L , Collicutt B , Verkaik K , Barker D E 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA bacteria–parasite challenge model was used to study the role of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda), as a vector of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Three hypotheses were tested: (i) L. salmonis can acquire A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida via water bath exposure; (ii) L. salmonis can acquire the bacteria via parasitizing infected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; and (iii) L. salmonis can transmit the bacteria to naïve Atlantic salmon via parasitism. Adult L. salmonis exposed to varying A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida suspensions (101–107 cells mL−1) for 1.0, 3.0 or 6.0 h acquired the bacteria externally (12.5–100%) and internally (10.0–100%), with higher prevalences associated with the highest concentrations and exposures. After exposure to 107 cells mL−1, viable A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida could be isolated from the external carapace of L. salmonis for 120 h. Lepeophtheirus salmonis also acquired the bacteria externally and internally from parasitizing infected fish. Bacterial transmission was observed only when L. salmonis had acquired the pathogen internally via feeding on ‘donor fish’ and then by parasitizing smaller (<50 g) ‘naive’ fish. Under specific experimental conditions, L. salmonis can transfer A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida via parasitism; however, its role as a mechanical or biological vector was not defined.
Molecular docking and simulation studies of 3‐(1‐chloropiperidin‐4‐yl)‐6‐fluoro benzisoxazole 2 against VP26 and VP28 proteins of white spot syndrome virus
Authors: Sudharsana S , Rajashekar Reddy C B , Dinesh S , Rajasekhara Reddy S , Mohanapriya A , Itami T , Sudhakaran R 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an aquatic virus infecting shrimps and other crustaceans, is widely distributed in Asian subcontinents including India. The infection has led to a serious economic loss in shrimp farming. The WSSV genome is approximately 300 kb and codes for several proteins mediating the infection. The envelope proteins VP26 and VP28 play a major role in infection process and also in the interaction with the host cells. A comprehensive study on the viral proteins leading to the development of safe and potent antiviral therapeutic is of adverse need. The novel synthesized compound 3‐(1‐chloropiperidin‐4‐yl)‐6‐fluoro benzisoxazole 2 is proved to have potent antiviral activity against WSSV. The compound antiviral activity is validated in freshwater crabs (Paratelphusa hydrodomous). An in silico molecular docking and simulation analysis of the envelope proteins VP26 and VP28 with the ligand 3‐(1‐chloropiperidin‐4‐yl)‐6‐fluoro benzisoxazole 2 are carried out. The docking analysis reveals that the polar amino acids in the pore region of the envelope proteins were involved in the ligand binding. The influence of the ligand binding on the proteins is validated by the molecular dynamics and simulation study. These in silico approaches together demonstrate the ligand's efficiency in preventing the trimers from exhibiting their physiological function.