bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renaissance in the East (The Seventeenth Century)
Authors: Townsend Camilla 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Tlaxcala, east of Mexico City, stayed relatively isolated culturally longer than did most of central Mexico. For this reason the traditional annals genre lasted longer there than anywhere else. More than two dozen texts survive from the seventeenth century. Among them is a long work by don Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza, an indigenous nobleman who served on the indigenous cabildo. After he died, his young friend don Manuel do los Santos Salazar, an indigenous man who had attended the university in the capital and become a priest, adapted Zapata’s text for other purposes, such as the writing of the Anónimo Mexicano. Eventually, don Manuel’s work ended up in the hands of Lorenzo Boturini.
Making the Best of Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Evans Matthew 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn the Theaetetus, Socrates argues that Protagoras, as a radical relativist, cannot coherently justify our practice of criticizing each other's beliefs in the context of a dialectical discussion. Though nearly all of the major commentators on the Theaetetus have held that this argument is successful, this chapter aims to show that it is not. Its specific claim is that Socrates himself — in a passage commonly known as ‘The Defence of Protagoras’ — provides his opponent with just enough resources to explain how it could be reasonable for people to engage in a dialectical discussion with each other, even if it is already clear to both of them that neither of their beliefs falls anywhere short of perfect knowledge.
What is a Perfect Syllogism?
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis chapter argues against the scholarly consensus that perfect syllogisms are held by Aristotle to be the evident or self-evident ones. Instead, it claims that perfect syllogisms are ones the explanation of whose validity takes a certain form. Perfect syllogisms are those whose validity is explained by making reference only to the dictum de omnietnullo. The explanation of the validity of all other syllogisms will proceed through relating those syllogisms to the perfect ones through conversion or reductio. Two prominent interpretations of the dictum de omnietnullo — those of Jonathan Barnes and Marko Malink — are discussed and rejected in favour of a view which treats the dictum not as a paraphrase or definition of a- and e-predication but rather as stating an inferential property of a- and e-predications, like a rule of inference. This interpretation accounts better for the modality explicit in Aristotle's formulation of the dictum and shows how no extra logical machinery is needed to account for the validity of the perfect syllogisms. Textual evidence for this interpretation is assembled from both the assertoric and modal parts of the syllogistic. The role of perfect syllogisms in Aristotle's syllogistic is discussed, as well as the question of whether ‘perfect’ is the right translation.
Truth inMetaphysics Ε4
Authors: Crivelli Paolo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo chapters of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, E 4 and Θ 10, discuss truth and a use of the verb ‘to be’ associated with it. The relationship between these two chapters is problematic because despite an apparent cross-reference connecting them, they seem to put forward incompatible views. This chapter argues that (contrary to appearances and to what some commentators believe) E 4 fully agrees with Θ 10. One of the assumptions on which the reconciliation relies is that when ‘to be’ is employed in accordance with the use associated with truth, it applies to external things (mainly, but not exclusively, states of affairs) but neither to thoughts nor to sentences (to both of which however ‘true’ applies). This sheds a novel light on E 4, which turns out to make claims rather different from those which commentators have taken it to defend. In particular, E 4 commits Aristotle to the view that states of affairs (unlike Fregean thoughts) are mind-dependent entities.
Space-time evolution of linear instabilities—Absolute and convective
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter looks at the evolution of linear instabilities, which results from small-amplitude perturbations of equilibria. The study is critical in testing stability/instability of equilibria in nonlinear dynamics, and entails a study of the evolutions of instabilities in space and time. The starting point is based upon the linearized equations for small-amplitude perturbations superimposed on the equilibrium being tested. This entails finding the linear natural modes within space and time dependence. The instability evolution from localized perturbations is given by the Green's function for the linearly-unstable medium, leading to distinguishing between absolute and convective instability evolutions. The former indicates an unstable normal mode which eventually grows in time at every point in space, while the latter entails that the instability growth convects away from the originally localized perturbations, and eventually, the localized excitation region reverts back to the original equilibrium.
Micro, kinetic and fluid descriptions—Hierarchy of plasma descriptions
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the hierarchical development of classical plasma dynamic model equations. In any macroscopic physical system containing many individual particles, there are basically three levels of classical dynamics descriptions: the exact microscopic description, the kinetic theory description, and the macroscopic or fluid description. The chapter's analysis of classical plasma dynamic model equations spans from the microscopic Liouville–Klimontovich equations, and its Bogoliubov, Born, Green, Kirkwood, Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchy of coupled statistical correlations, to their reduction to the fluid kinetic equations (Boltzmann and Vlasov–Fokker–Planck), to the hydrodynamic moment equations and the various reduced hydrodynamic equations used in preceding chapters. In particular, the chapter also puts in perspective the collisionless kinetic Vlasov equation and Vlasov–Fokker–Planck, Boltzmann equations, which are used to study the dynamics of plasma.
Kinetic theory of instabilities—In one-d and unmagnetized plasmas
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter highlights the Newcomb–Gardner conditions that are sufficient for stability which makes clear that plasma equilibrium distribution functions in velocity which are either anisotropic or nonmonotonically decreasing with energy, may be unstable. The Newcomb–Gardner conditions are sufficient conditions for plasma stability. They are based upon the kinetic Vlasov–Maxwell description of plasmas, including plasmas immersed in an external magnetic field. These sufficient conditions for stability give a mathematically based, physical introduction to understanding the sources of free-energy in a plasma that may give rise to instability. The chapter concludes with an exposition of absolute/convective instability analyses for the principal, kinetic (linear electrostatic) LES and (transverse electric-magnetic) TEM instabilities.
The structure of flower visitor networks in relation to pollination across an agricultural to urban gradient
Authors: Theodorou Panagiotis , Albig Karoline , Radzevičiūtė Rita , Settele Josef , Schweiger Oliver , Murray Tomás E. , Paxton Robert J. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Pollination is a major ecosystem service in which insects, particularly bees, play an important role for the reproduction of most angiosperms. Currently, this service is considered under threat due to reported bee declines. Moderately urbanised areas could be important for pollinators and pollination; however, compared to agricultural and natural systems, they are poorly studied.

Here, we investigated the relative effects of local habitat quality and anthropogenic land use across an agricultural to urban gradient for local plant and flying insect communities. We quantified local flower visitor networks and related network architecture to these local and landscape factors using structural equation modelling. Flower visitor network architecture is often assumed to act as a surrogate for the ecosystem service of pollination. To test this idea, we related network metrics to pollination of four experimental, insect pollinator‐dependent plant species.

Overall, local land use markedly influenced plant and flying insect communities. Flower richness and bee richness were higher in urban compared to agricultural areas. Flower visitor network metrics (e.g. linkage density) increased with the proportion of urban area surrounding a site. Also, relative to agricultural areas, urban flower visitors were more generalised and foraged from a higher number of plant species, likely a consequence of higher urban flowering plant richness. However, urban bees also visited a lower proportion of the available flowering plants (higher specialisation). Surprisingly, linkage density, network specialisation and flower visitor generality were not related to pollination of our four experimental plants per se. Rather, it was the proportion of urban cover, flying insect abundance and bee richness that were positively related to pollination.

Our findings show strong effects of local land use on plant and flying insect communities and flower visitor interaction networks. We observed increased overall visitation rates and pollination services to our experimental plants in urban compared to agricultural areas, despite increased urban flower visitor generality. Indeed, flower visitor network metrics were a poor proxy of provision of the ecosystem service of pollination. Nevertheless, our results point to potential facilitating effects of diverse urban floral and bee communities for pollination.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Are products sold in university vending machines nutritionally poor? A food environment audit
Authors: Grech Amanda , Hebden Lana , Roy Rajshri , Allman‐Farinelli Margaret 
Published: November 2016

Aim(i) To audit the nutritional composition, promotion and cost of products available from vending machines available to young adults; and (ii) to examine the relationship between product availability and sales.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of snacks and beverages available and purchased at a large urban university was conducted between March and September 2014. Sales were electronically tracked for nine months.ResultsA total of 61 vending machines were identified; 95% (n = 864) of the available snacks and 49% of beverages (n = 455) were less‐healthy items. The mean (SD) nutrient value of snacks sold was: energy 1173 kJ (437.5), saturated fat 5.36 g (3.6), sodium 251 mg (219), fibre 1.56 g (1.29) and energy density 20.16 kJ/g (2.34) per portion vended. There was a strong correlation between the availability of food and beverages and purchases (R2
= 0.98, P < 0.001).ConclusionsVending machines market and sell less‐healthy food and beverages to university students. Efforts to improve the nutritional quality are indicated and afford an opportunity to improve the diet quality of young adults, a group at risk of obesity.
K‐Ar Dating of Fault Gouges from the Red River Fault Zone of Vietnam
Authors: BUI Hoang Bac , NGO Xuan Thanh , SONG Yungoo , ITAYA Tetsumaru , YAGI Koshi , KHUONG The Hung , NGUYEN Tien Dung 
Published: November 2016

AbstractConstraining the timing of fault zone formation is fundamentally important in terms of geotectonics to understand structural evolution and brittle fault processes. This paper presents the first authigenic illite K‐Ar age data from fault gouge samples collected from the Red River Shear Zone at Lao Cai province, Vietnam. The fault gouge samples were separated into three grain‐size fractions (<0.1 µm, 0.1–0.4 µm and 0.4–1.0 µm). The results show that the K‐Ar age values decrease from coarser to finer grain fractions (24.1 to 19.2 Ma), suggesting enrichment in finer fraction of more‐recently grown authigenic illites. The timing of the fault movement are the lower intercept ages at 0% detrital illite (19.2 ± 0.92 Ma and 19.4 ± 0.49 Ma). In combination with previous geochronological data, this result indicates that the metamorphism of the Day Nui Con Voi (DNCV) metamorphic complex took place before ca. 26.8 Ma. At about 26.8 Ma‐25 Ma, the fault strongly acted to cause the rapid exhumation of the rocks along the Red River‐Ailoa Shan Fault Zone (RR‐ASFZ). During brittle deformation, the DNCV slowly uplifted, implying weak movement of the fault. This brittle deformation might have lasted for ca. 5 Ma.
A Fluid Inclusion Study of Vein‐type Copper Mineralization in the East Wulasigou Pb–Zn–Cu Deposit, Altay, Northwestern China
Authors: BIAN Chunjing , XU Jiuhua , CHEN Deping , ZHANG Hui , CHENG Xihui 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Wulasigou Cu–Pb–Zn deposit, located 15km northwest of Altay city in Xinjiang, is one of many Cu–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposits in the Devonian Kelan volcanic‐sedimentary basin in southern Altaids. Two mineralizing periods can be distinguished: the marine volcanic sedimentary Pb‐Zn mineralization period, and the metamorphic hydrothermal Cu mineralization period, which is further divided into an early bedded foliated quartz vein stage (Q1) and a late sulfide‐quartz vein stage (Q2) crosscutting the foliation. Four types of fluid inclusions were recognized in the Q1 and Q2 quartz from the east orebodies of the Wulasigou deposit: H2O–CO2 inclusions, carbonic fluid inclusions, aqueous fluid inclusions, and daughter mineral‐bearing fluid inclusions. Microthermometric studies show that solid CO2 melting temperatures (Tm,co2) of H2O–CO2 inclusions in Q1 are from −62.3°C to −58.5°C, clathrate melting temperatures (Tm,clath) are from 0.5°C to 7.5°C, partial homogenization temperatures (Th,co2) vary from 3.3°C to 25.9°C (to liquid), and the total homogenization temperatures (Th,tot) vary from 285°C to 378°C, with the salinities being 4.9%‐15.1% NaCl eqv. and the CO2‐phase densities being 0.50–0.86 g/cm3. H2O–CO2 inclusions in Q2 have Tm,c02 from −61.9°C to −56.9°C, Tm,clath from 1.3°C to 9.5°C, Th,co2 from 3.4°C to 28.7°C (to liquid), and Th,tot from 242°C to 388°C, with the salinities being 1.0%‐15.5% NaCl eqv. and the CO2‐phase densities being 0.48–0.89 g/cm3. The minimum trapping pressures of fluid inclusions in Q1 and Q2 are estimated to be 260–360 MPa and 180–370 MPa, respectively. The δ34S values of pyrite from the volcanic sedimentary period vary from 2.3‰ to 2.8‰ (CDT), and those from the sulfide‐quartz veins fall in a narrow range of −1.9‰ to 2.6‰ (CDT). The δD values of fluid inclusions in Q2 range from −121.0‰ to −100.8‰ (SMOW), and the δ18OH2O values calculated from δ18O of quartz range from −0.2‰ to 8.3‰ (SMOW). The δD‐δ18OH2O data are close to the magmatic and metamorphic fields. The fluid inclusion and stable isotope data documented in this study indicate that the vein‐type copper mineralization in the Wulasigou Pb–Zn–Cu deposit took place in an orogenic‐metamorphic enviroment.
Geology and Isotope Geochemistry of the Yinchanggou‐Qiluogou Pb‐Zn Deposit, Sichuan Province, Southwest China
Authors: LI Bo , ZHOU Jiaxi , LI Yingshu , CHEN Aibing , WANG Ruixue 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Yinchanggou‐Qiluogou Pb‐Zn deposit, located in the western Yangtze Block, southwest China, is hosted by the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation dolostone. Ore bodies occur in the Qiluogou anticline and the NS‐ and NNW‐trending faults. Sulfide ores mainly consist of sphalerite, pyrite, galena and calcite, with subordinate dolomite and quartz. Seventeen ore bodies have been discovered to date and they have a combined 1.0 million tons of sulfide ores with average grades of 2.27wt% Zn and 6.89wt% Pb. The δDH2O‐SMOW and δ18OH2O‐SMOW values of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite samples range from −68.9‰ to −48.7‰ and 7.3‰ to 15.9‰, respectively, suggesting that H2O in the hydrothermal fluids sourced from metamorphic water. Calcite samples have δ13CPDB values ranging from −6.2‰ to −4.1‰ and δ18OSMOW values ranging from 15.1‰ to 17.4‰, indicating C and O in the hydrothermal fluids likely derived from a mixed source of metamorphic fluids and the host carbonates. The δ34SCDT values of sulfide minerals range from 5.5‰ to 20.3‰, suggesting that thermal chemical reduction of sulfate minerals in evaporates were the most probable source of S in the hydrothermal fluids. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of sulfide minerals fall in the range of 18.11 to 18.40, 15.66 to 15.76 and 38.25 to 38.88, respectively. The Pb isotopic data of the studied deposit plot near the upper crust Pb evolution curve and overlap with the age‐corrected Proterozoic basement rocks and the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation hosting dolostone. This indicates that the Pb originated from a mixed source of the basement metamorphic rocks and the ore‐hosting carbonate rocks. The ore geology and C‐H‐O‐S‐Pb isotopic data suggest that the Yinchanggou‐Qiluogou deposit is an unusual carbonate‐hosted, strata‐bound and epigenetic deposit that derived ore‐forming materials from a mixed source of the underlying Porterozoic basements and the Sinian hosting carbonates.
The Coarse‐Grained Lacustrine Slope Apron Deposits in the Moliqing Area, Yitong Basin, Northeast China
Authors: LI Cunlei , CHEN Panpan , LIU Jianmei , Hongtao Fu , ZHANG Jinliang , XIE Jun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOverlapping gravity accumulation bodies were formed on the northwestern steep slope of the Shuangyang Formation in the Moliqing fault depression of northeast China. This study analyzed in detail the spatial distribution of the lithofacies and lithofacies associations of these accumulation bodies based on more than 600 m of core sections, and summarized 12 major types of lithofacies and three types of lithofacies associations: (1) the proximal zone consists of gravelly debris flows dominated by alluvial channel conglomerates; (2) the middle zone is dominated by various gravity flow deposits and traction flow deposits; and (3) the distal zone is dominated by mudstones with intercalations of sandy debris and turbidites. Combining with the grain size cumulative probability curves analysis, we determined the transformation of debris flows to sandy debris flows and to turbidity currents in the slope zone of the basin margin, and further proposed a lacustrine slope apron model that is characterized by (1) an inconstant multiple source (line source), (2) an alternation of gravity flow deposits and traction flow deposits dominated by periodical changes in a source flood flow system, and (3) the transformation of sandy debris flow deposits into distal turbidity current deposits. This sedimentary model may be applicable to other fault depressions for predicting reservoir distribution.
The Adequacy of the Q Methodology for Clinical Validation of Nursing Diagnoses Related to Subjective Foci
Authors: Miguel Susana , Caldeira Sílvia , Vieira Margarida 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVEThis article describes the adequacy of the Q methodology as a new option for the validation of nursing diagnoses related to subjective foci.METHODSDiscussion paper about the characteristics of the Q methodology.FINDINGSThis method has been used in nursing research particularly related to subjective concepts and includes both a quantitative and qualitative dimension.CONCLUSIONSThe Q methodology seems to be an adequate and innovative method for the clinical validation of nursing diagnoses.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEThe validation of nursing diagnoses related to subjective foci using the Q methodology could improve the level of evidence and provide nurses with clinical indicators for clinical reasoning and for the planning of effective interventions.OBJETIVODescrever a adequação da metodologia Q como uma nova opção para a validação clínica de diagnósticos de enfermagem relacionados com focos subjetivos.MÉTODOSArtigo de discussão sobre as características da metodologia Q.RESULTADOSEste método tem sido utilizado na pesquisa em enfermagem relacionada com conceitos subjetivos e inclui em simultâneo uma vertente qualitativa e quantitativa.CONCLUSÕESA metodologia Q parece ser uma opção metodológica adequada para a validação clínica de diagnósticos de enfermagem.IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICAA utilização da metodologia Q na validação clínica de diagnósticos de enfermagem relacionados com focos subjetivos pode melhorar o nível e evidência e facilitar o raciocínio clínico dos enfermeiros, ao providenciar indicadores clínicos também necessários ao desenvolvimento de intervenções efetivas.
Minimizing Attrition for Multisite Emergency Care Research
Authors: Nicks Bret A. , Shah Manish N. , Adler David H. , Bastani Aveh , Baugh Christopher W. , Caterino Jeffrey M. , Clark Carol L. , Diercks Deborah B. , Hollander Judd E. , Malveau Susan E. , Nishijima Daniel K. , Stiffler Kirk A. , Storrow Alan B. , Wilber Scott T. , Yagapen Annick N. , Sun Benjamin C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLoss to follow‐up of enrolled patients (a.k.a. attrition) is a major threat to study validity and power. Minimizing attrition can be challenging even under ideal research conditions, including the presence of adequate funding, experienced study personnel, and a refined research infrastructure. Emergency care research is shifting toward enrollment through multisite networks, but there have been limited descriptions of approaches to minimize attrition for these multicenter emergency care studies. This concept paper describes a stepwise approach to minimize attrition, using a case example of a multisite emergency department prospective cohort of over 3,000 patients that has achieved a 30‐day direct phone follow‐up attrition rate of <3%. The seven areas of approach to minimize attrition in this study focused on patient selection, baseline contact data collection, patient incentives, patient tracking, central phone banks, local enrollment site assistance, and continuous performance monitoring. Appropriate study design, including consideration of these methods to reduce attrition, will be time well spent and may improve study validity.