bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery of lake vegetation following reduced eutrophication and acidification
Authors: Baastrup‐Spohr Lars , Sand‐Jensen Kaj , Olesen Sissel C. H. , Bruun Hans Henrik 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

In recent decades, many aquatic ecosystems in Europe and North America have experienced reduced inputs of nutrients and acidifying substances because of improved sewage treatment and reduced emission of sulphur oxides. We evaluated the consequences of these efforts to changes in water chemistry, species richness and community composition of aquatic macrophytes in 56 lakes in Denmark around 1990 and again around 2010.

Reductions in lake water concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen were strongest in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes, for example, lakes which had been heavily affected by domestic sewage. These changes translated into decreased algal biomass in the most eutrophied lakes. Oligo‐ and mesotrophic lakes did not change significantly in terms of nutrients or algal biomass. Water clarity increased across all lakes but not significantly in specific trophic lake groups. Alkalinity and pH increased significantly (up to 2 pH‐units) in low‐alkaline lakes, while well‐buffered high‐alkaline lakes (>0.5 meq/L) did not show any change.

Macrophyte species richness per lake increased, on average, by 13% during the 20‐year study period. The increase was strongest in species preferring nutrient‐rich conditions and could be directly attributed to reductions in phytoplankton biomass in lakes of medium water clarity. The similarity among all lakes in terms of species composition increased over the study period. This development was closely related to higher average species richness and was mainly caused by recolonisation of lakes, recovering from past eutrophication, by relatively common species (e.g., Lemna trisulca, Sparganium emersum and Potamogeton berchtoldii). Higher pH in low‐alkaline lakes was accompanied by a shift from acid‐tolerant to more acid‐sensitive species.

Our results demonstrate that investment in pollution control has been successful in terms of markedly improving water quality of lakes and, with a time lag, macrophyte species richness. Although relatively common species have spread across lakes and resulted in homogenised macrophyte communities, continued efforts to reduce pollution could ensure the survival of rare specialist species and perhaps even increase their abundance in the future.
Assessment of ecosystem resilience to hydroclimatic disturbances in India
Authors: Sharma Ashutosh , Goyal Manish Kumar 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRecent studies have shown an increasing trend in hydroclimatic disturbances like droughts, which are anticipated to become more frequent and intense under global warming and climate change. Droughts adversely affect the vegetation growth and crop yield, which enhances the risks to food security for a country like India with over 1.2 billion people to feed. Here, we compared the response of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) to hydroclimatic disturbances in India at different scales (i.e., at river basins, land covers, and climate types) to examine the ecosystems’ resilience to such adverse conditions. The ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEe: NPP/Evapotranspiration) is an effective indicator of ecosystem productivity, linking carbon (C) and water cycles. We found a significant difference (p < .05) in WUEe across India at different scales. The ecosystem resilience analysis indicated that most of the river basins were not resilient enough to hydroclimatic disturbances. Drastic reduction in WUEe under dry conditions was observed for some basins, which highlighted the cross‐biome incapability to withstand such conditions. The ecosystem resilience at land cover and climate type scale did not completely relate to the basin‐scale ecosystem resilience, which indicated that ecosystem resilience at basin scale is controlled by some other ecohydrological processes. Our results facilitate the identification of the most sensitive regions in the country for ecosystem management and climate policy making, and highlight the need for taking sufficient adaptation measures to ensure sustainability of ecosystems.
Neuromodulation and Devices in Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Weber Kevin 
Published: September 2017

PremiseTrigeminal neuralgia is a severe facial pain disorder that has been studied for decades. Classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN) is either idiopathic or caused by neurovascular compression. The related painful trigeminal neuropathies are often secondary to other causes, such as multiple sclerosis or trauma.ProblemTherapies for trigeminal neuralgia and neuropathy have often been pharmacologic or surgical. Pharmacologic therapies are not effective in some cases and often cause side effects, some substantial. Surgery can have comorbidity (such as anesthesia dolorosa, or painful differentiation of the affected nerve distribution) and also is not always effective. There is a desire, as in all chronic conditions, to find effective treatments with minimal morbidity and side effects.Potential solutionsWe review several devices including neuromodulation, ranging in invasiveness, for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and neuropathy. We review existing data on sphenopalatine ganglion blocks, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcortical direct stimulation, deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and transcutaneous electrical stimulation for CTN and pain trigeminal neuropathies. We also offer hope for further research in this area with the goal of discovering a device that can provide treatment for many with few side effects and minimal morbidity.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening Acceptability among Migrant Farmworkers
Authors: Osuchukwu Obiyo , Nuῆez Maria , Packard Samuel , Ehiri John , Rosales Cecilia , Hawkins Eric , Gerardo Avilés José Gabino , Gonzalez‐Salazar Francisco , Oren Eyal 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLatent tuberculosis (TB) infection is routinely diagnosed using the tuberculin skin test (TST). New methods of detection more specific than TST such as QuantiFERON TB Gold In‐Tube (QFT‐GIT) have been developed but evidence remains limited on their acceptability among migrant farmworkers. This article examined the acceptability of screening tests among migrant farmworkers working on the Arizona‐Mexico border. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of migrant farmworkers via questionnaire. Of 83 participants interviewed, 53 (63.9%) believed that TB was a serious disease that could result in death and 59 (71.1%) considered TB a health concern in their community. Sixty‐four participants (77.1%) rated QFT‐GIT test as performing better than TST. Our study demonstrates preference for QFT‐GIT results over TST, and highlights migrant farmworkers’ considering themselves at risk of TB and TB as a health concern. Policies that create easy access and culturally appropriate, affordable healthcare for this vulnerable population should be encouraged.
The Turks of Bulgaria: An Outlier Case of Forced Migration and Voluntary Return
Authors: Kutlay Muzaffer 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Turks of Bulgaria have a particular place in displacement scholarship. As the largest minority group in the country, they were subjected to ethnic cleansing in the 1980s. Anti‐Turkish sentiments culminated in state‐led systematic exclusion and more than 340,000 Turks were forcefully migrated to Turkey in 1989. After the collapse of Communism and the transition to democracy, almost 40 per cent of them voluntarily returned to Bulgaria, making it an outlier case in displacement literature. Drawing on 46 semi‐structured interviews, this study contributes to the literature by offering a grounded conceptual framework which explains the macro‐dynamics of voluntary and sustainable return through an in‐depth study of the Bulgarian case. The findings suggest that three‐factors account for the voluntary return: (i) the peaceful transition to inclusive democracy and power‐sharing; (ii) the dual moderation between majority and minority representatives; and (iii) the enabling role of international actors, primarily the EU‐anchor.
THE ÆTIOLOGY OF PITUITARY TUMOURS : THE ROLE OF HYPOGONADISM AND HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: CAUGHEY J. E. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYIn rodents partial or complete impairment of thyroid and also of gonadal function leads in time to the development of pituitary tumours.There is evidence in the literature of the development of basophile tumours in humans who die of myxædema.In no case presenting as a pituitary tumour in our series of 50 cases has previous hypothyroidism appeared to be significant.In two cases quoted from Cushing's series, and in four personal cases in which pituitary tumours developed, there had been a complete or partial gonadal failure for many years preceding the signs and symptoms of tumours.It is suggested that in humans, as in rodents, the formation of some pituitary tumours may follow overactivity of gonadotrophic cells secondary to hypogonadism.
A COMPARISON OF THE EARLY METABOLIC EFFECTS OF TRI‐IODOTHYRONINE AND HYDROCORTISONE IN MAN
Authors: HETZEL BASIL S. , WILLIAMS R. , LANDER H. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe early metabolic effects of intravenous triiodothyronine and hydrocortisone have been studied in five healthy male volunteers over a ten‐hour period.Triiodothyronine (0.5 and 1.0 milligramme) produced a rise in metabolic rate with a fall in non‐protein respiratory quotient in three hours. This was associated with an increase in serum and urinary inorganic phosphate content but no increase in total nitrogen or electrolyte excretion.Hydrocortisone (50 milligrammes) produced a rise in potassium excretion after two hours, followed by a retention of sodium. There was an initial retention followed by an increase in urinary excretion of phosphate associated with a rise in serum inorganic phosphate content. There was also a rise in serum cholesterol content.These changes have been compared with those associated with stress in man. Though neither hormone reproduced the full stress pattern, each reproduces some of the changes, and hence they may both be involved in their mechanism.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PULMONARY VASCULAR CHANGES IN EMPHYSEMA
Authors: MCLEAN K. H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryObservations on the morphology of vascular changes in emphysema and related conditions are presented, with particular emphasis on those in the pulmonary and bronchial arteries.These observations indicate that the sclerosis of the small arteries in emphysema results from organization of thrombi, this thrombosis being precipitated by the cause of the inflammation of the adjoining air passages producing some degree of damage to the arterial wall. In early generalized emphysema pulmonary arterial sclerosis is found predominantly in the small arteries adjoining terminal and respiratory bronchioles; in these early lesions inflammatory damage is largely confined to these bronchioles.It is emphasized that sclerosis of the smaller pulmonary arteries is not directly proportional to the degree of inflammatory damage to bronchioles. The relation between the two, particularly in early or mild cases, varies within wide limits.It is pointed out that the significance of pulmonary arterial sclerosis as one factor in the genesis of pulmonary hypertension has not yet been accurately assessed, since morphological studies of this subject have been limited and the widespread complete arterial obliteration that occurs in chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs has not been adequately recognized.Observations on the bronchial arteries in emphysema and on the development of anastomoses between these vessels and pulmonary arteries indicate that these last develop from the minute vessels in organizing tissue in inflammatory areas. Where a “demand” for nutriment continues, the vessels enlarge. Such vessels are bronchial in origin; and where the wall of a pulmonary vessel has been involved, an anastomosis arises.The vascular changes observed in emphysema are not of great ætiological importance but are the incidental concomitant of earlier general connective tissue changes in the region. As happens in all parts of the body, the vessels are necessarily involved in any connective tissue disturbance. At the same time sclerosis and particularly obliteration will limit the nutrition of tissues depending on them.The vascular phenomena therefore are important in that, by their presence, they support the hypothesis propounded, as the result of observations of the bronchioles and related structures, that emphysema is intimately related to and develops as the result of previous damage to and chronic inflammatory changes in the bronchioles and proximate pulmonary tissues.
FLUORESCEIN‐GLOBULIN AFFINITIES FOR RED CELLS IN HIEMOLYTIC ANÆMIA
Authors: HUGHES P. E. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryRed corpuscles, which normally are not affected, were found to become stained by fluorescein‐globulin in a small number of cases of lymphatic leukæmia. These cases were complicated by a hæmolytic anaemia associated with a positive Coombs reaction.Cases of congenital hæmolytic anæmia failed to show positive staining. Among other forms of acquired hæmolytic anæmia, positive staining was sometimes encountered in the presence of a positive Coombs reaction. This was demonstrated to be of a non‐specific type except in one case, complicating lupus erythematosus, in which it appeared to have an immunological mechanism.A faint staining and fluorescence was found in association with erythroblastosis fœtalis. Here the prior application of unconjugated anti‐human‐gamma‐globulin globulin to blood films resulted in enhancement rather than inhibition of staining.The non‐specific type of staining appears to be a physico‐chemical protein‐protein interaction which is independent of any immunological reaction.
THE PARTIAL ABSORPTION TEST : A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR TITRATING RH ANTIBODIES OF PATHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: VOS G. H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA new test is described which enables the quantity of Rh antibody free in the fœtal serum to be estimated by titrations carried out on the maternal serum. Equal volumes of a hæmolysed 25% suspension of Rh‐positive red cells and a 1 : 4 dilution of the maternal anti‐Rh sera are incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. The Rh antibody remaining free at the end of this time is titrated by the indirect antiglobulin method. The titre value obtained is referred to as the partial absorption (P.A.) titre.The P.A. titre is closely related to the titre of free Rh antibody in the cord serum of the infant at birth. The P.A. titre also is highly correlated with the blocking titre, but shows no relationship with the conglutination or albumin titres. The P.A. test, however, is more sensitive than the blocking test in detecting Rh antibodies of pathological significance, and is likely to be therefore of greater prognostic value.
CATION STUDIES DURING EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: HERCUS VICTOR , BOWMAN SHEILAH 
Published: September 2017

SummaryExperimental hypothermia in sheep was produced by immersing them in an iced water bath, the body temperature being lowered to 28°–30° C. The animal was anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone given intravenously and mechanically ventilated with oxygen during the procedure.There was a significant fall in the serum potassium level and a rise in the hæmatocrit as a result of this cooling. Examination of specimens of skeletal muscle showed that water and sodium had entered the muscle fibre, with a consequent dilution of its potassium. The sulphate space of skeletal muscle was reduced.The changes in muscle suggest either an anoxic effect possibly resulting from the hæmodynamic changes (lowered cardiac output, increased blood viscosity, lowered blood pressure, lowered heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction) produced by hypothermia, or a direct depression of cell metabolism reducing the energy production necessary to maintain an effective “sodium pump”.All the changes observed were reversed after of the animals were rewarmed.
WHIPPLE'S DISEASE
Authors: TAFT L. I. , LIDDELOW A. G. , RALSTON MARY 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe clinical course and autopsy findings in three cases of Whipple's disease are described.The basic abnormality is considered to be a proliferation of mucoprotein‐producing reticulo‐endothelial cells, maximally concentrated in the small intestinal lymphatic system, but occurring at other sites including peripheral lymph nodes where, in the earliest stages, these cells can be seen arising in the germ centres. Transitions demonstrable between RNA‐containing cells and cells containing mucoprotein are considered to indicate synthesis of the mucoprotein, rather than its phagocytosis by the proliferating reticulo‐endothelial cells. Collagenization of lymph nodes and lymphatics is believed to be a result of the activity of these cells and responsible for the observed obstructive phenomena.The stimulus responsible for the proliferation of the mucoprotein‐synthesizing cells is unknown. It may represent a highly differentiated neoplastic process. Again, it may be the outcome of some cellular defect—e.g., enzymatic—whereby there is an abnormal accumulation of a normally synthesized mucoprotein.Response to steroid therapy in this condition is compatible with the known reticulo‐endothelial suppressive action of adrenal cortical steroids. However, this response is not sustained.
PLASMA 17‐HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS (STEROIDAL DIHYDROXY‐ACETONES) IN ADDISON'S DISEASE AND HYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: STEINBECK A. W. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn Addison's disease, the plasma concentrations of 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids may be within the lower normal range of values, zero, or not significantly different from zero; they do not increase after the intravenous administration of corticotrophin. Brief reference is made to the clinical features of three cases of Addison's disease with normal plasma steroid values, partial Addison's disease.In hypopituitarism, the plasma concentrations of 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids may be within the normal range of values, zero, or essentially zero. The lowest values are found in panhypopituitarism, and they may either not increase or increase less than normally after the intravenous administration of corticotrophin, according to the degree of adrenocortical hypo‐responsiveness from atrophy. In addition, some evidence is presented in favour of a possible adrenocortical over‐responsiveness under certain conditions of hypopituitarism.The diagnostic significance of the results with respect to Addison's disease and some reservations regarding the intravenous use of corticotrophin in hypocorticism are noted.
PLASMA CREATININE LEVEL AND CREATININE CLEARANCE AS TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: EDWARDS K. D. G. , WHYTE H. M. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn hospital patients with no evidence of renal disease, the mean value (and standard deviation) for plasma creatinine concentration was 0.93±0.14 milligramme per 100 millilitres in 14 males, and 0.73±0.14 milligramme per roo millilitres in 18 females. The corresponding endogenous creatinine clearances were 108±16 and 104±14 millilitres per minute respectively. Reasons are advanced for considering this clearance to be equivalent to the glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.).Blood urea nitrogen content, urea clearance and plasma creatinine content were compared as measures of the G.F.R. in 50 hospital patients referred for investigation of renal function. There was a highly significant correlation between urea clearance and G.F.R., and the latter could be predicted from urea clearance with some precision (standard deviation of estimate, 18.7 millilitres per minute). With the blood urea nitrogen content alone a less significant correlation was obtained, and the G.F.R. could be predicted less precisely (standard deviation of estimate, 24.7 millilitres per minute). The plasma creatinine content showed a highly significant correlation with the G.F.R., and was at least as good as urea clearance for estimating the G.F.R., particularly if males and females were separated.Comparison of the plasma creatinine content with the G.F.R. in a larger group on 136 occasions showed a highly significant correlation, and the G.F.R. could be estimated from the plasma creatinine content with a standard deviation of 13.6 millilitres per minute. The G.F.R. for males was best expressed by
and for females by It was concluded that the measurement of true plasma creatinine content provides a better indication of renal function than tests in common use based on measurements of urea.
HEALED DISSECTING ANEURYSM OF THE AORTA
Authors: COLLINS A. G. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThree cases of healed dissecting aneurysm diagnosed during life are presented. Two had several points in common—an onset during mild exertion, external leakage into the pleural cavity and a similar site of intimal tear. The third was characterized by involvement of the aortic valve ring with aortic incompetence, dissection of the great vessels with unequal peripheral pulsations, and occlusion of the left renal artery causing infarction and atrophy of the kidney. In each case there was endothelialization of the false sac, with formation of atheroma‐like plaques in one instance. Histologically, the striking features throughout the media were loss of elastic tissue and scattered areas devoid of nuclei.The so‐called healed dissecting aneurysm is a temporary state, and further fatal complications are probable.
HUMORAL FACTORS IN LIVER REGENERATION
Authors: HUGHES P. E. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe mechanism by which control of growth in multi‐cellular organisms is exercised is ill understood. Previously, it was thought that this was due to some “work” factor. However, it has been shown that injection of a rat with serum taken from a partially hepatectomized rat results in an increased mitotic rate in the liver of the recipient rat. When serum taken from partially hepatectomized rats is subjected to Cohn‐type fractionation, the active agent(s) has been found to be associated with the alpha‐globulin and albumin fractions.
GASTRIC ULCER : AGE, SEX, AND A CURIOUS RETROGRESSION
Authors: BILLINGTON B. P. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe incidence of chronic gastric ulcer increases with age in both sexes.A curious retrogression has occurred in Australia since 1945, involving a sudden exacerbation of chronic gastric ulcer in young women. At the present time women up to the age of 40 years are more likely to die from gastric ulcer than men of the same age. No similar change is yet apparent in other countries. It is probable that an alteration in the environment has been responsible.
THE “Q” WAVE AND HIGH CHEST LEADS : AN ANALYSIS OF 425 CASES
Authors: FREEMAN ZELMAN 
Published: September 2017

SummaryNormal Q waves indistinguishable from abnormal Q waves may be recorded from leads on the chest wall. They differ only in site, but not in form or duration.The mechanism of production of Q waves is discussed, and the findings at two fixed points on the upper part of the anterior chest wall are analysed in 425 cases.It is clear that the normal Q zone rarely extends to the second intercostal space above the V2 position, or the middle of the sternum at the level of the third intercostal space. Only two instances of Q waves were seen at this level in 149 normal subjects.In none of 32 cases of posterior infarction were Q waves found in these leads, whereas in 85% of cases of recent anterior infarction Q waves are found at these sites.The presence of a Q wave in these leads is highly unlikely to be normal if bundle branch block, ventricular hypertrophy, gross clock‐wise rotation and right ventricular dilatation are excluded.