bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ventrolateral Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons Positively Regulate Food-Incentive, Goal-Directed Behavior Independently of D1 and D2 Selectivity
Authors: Natsubori Akiyo , Tsutsui-Kimura Iku , Nishida Hiroshi , Bouchekioua Youcef , Sekiya Hiroshi , Uchigashima Motokazu , Watanabe Masahiko , de Kerchove d'Exaerde Alban , Mimura Masaru , Takata Norio , Tanaka Kenji F. 
Published: February 2017

The ventral striatum is involved in motivated behavior. Akin to the dorsal striatum, the ventral striatum contains two parallel pathways: the striatomesencephalic pathway consisting of dopamine receptor Type 1-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) and the striatopallidal pathway consisting of D2-MSNs. These two genetically identified pathways are thought to encode opposing functions in motivated behavior. It has also been reported that D1/D2 genetic selectivity is not attributed to the anatomical discrimination of two pathways. We wanted to determine whether D1- and D2-MSNs in the ventral striatum functioned in an opposing manner as previous observations claimed, and whether D1/D2 selectivity corresponded to a functional segregation in motivated behavior of mice. To address this question, we focused on the lateral portion of ventral striatum as a region implicated in food-incentive, goal-directed behavior, and recorded D1 or D2-MSN activity by using a gene-encoded ratiometric Ca2+indicator and by constructing a fiberphotometry system, and manipulated their activities via optogenetic inhibition during ongoing behaviors. We observed concurrent event-related compound Ca2+elevations in ventrolateral D1- and D2-MSNs, especially at trial start cue-related and first lever press-related times. D1 or D2 selective optogenetic inhibition just after the trial start cue resulted in a reduction of goal-directed behavior, indicating a shared coding of motivated behavior by both populations at this time. Only D1-selective inhibition just after the first lever press resulted in the reduction of behavior, indicating D1-MSN-specific coding at that specific time. Our data did not support opposing encoding by both populations in food-incentive, goal-directed behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAn opposing role of dopamine receptor Type 1 or Type 2-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs or D2-MSNs) on striatum-mediated behaviors has been widely accepted. However, this idea has been questioned by recent reports. In the present study, we measured concurrent Ca2+activity patterns of D1- and D2-MSNs in the ventrolateral striatum during food-incentive, goal-directed behavior in mice. According to Ca2+activity patterns, we conducted timing-specific optogenetic inhibition of each type of MSN. We demonstrated that both D1- and D2-MSNs in the ventrolateral striatum commonly and positively encoded action initiation, whereas only D1-MSNs positively encoded sustained motivated behavior. These findings led us to reconsider the prevailing notion of a functional segregation of MSN activity in the ventral striatum.
ARPP-16 Is a Striatal-Enriched Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulated by Microtubule-Associated Serine/Threonine Kinase 3 (Mast 3 Kinase)
Authors: Andrade Erika C. , Musante Veronica , Horiuchi Atsuko , Matsuzaki Hideo , Brody A. Harrison , Wu Terence , Greengard Paul , Taylor Jane R. , Nairn Angus C. 
Published: February 2017

ARPP-16 (cAMP-regulated phospho-protein of molecular weight 16 kDa) is one of several small acid-soluble proteins highly expressed in medium spiny neurons of striatum that are phosphorylated in response to dopamine acting via D1 receptor/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. We show here that ARPP-16 is also phosphorylatedin vitroandin vivoby microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase 3 (MAST3 kinase), an enzyme of previously unknown function that is enriched in striatum. We find that ARPP-16 interacts directly with the scaffolding A subunit of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase, PP2A, and that phosphorylation of ARPP-16 at Ser46 by MAST3 kinase converts the protein into a selective inhibitor of B55α- and B56δ-containing heterotrimeric forms of PP2A. Ser46 of ARPP-16 is phosphorylated to a high basal stoichiometry in striatum, suggestive of basal inhibition of PP2A in striatal neurons. In support of this hypothesis, conditional knock-out of ARPP-16 in CaMKIIα::cre/floxed ARPP-16/19 mice results in dephosphorylation of a subset of PP2A substrates including phospho-Thr75-DARPP-32, phospho-T308-Akt, and phospho-T202/Y204-ERK. Conditional knock-out of ARPP-16/19 is associated with increased motivation measured on a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement, yet an attenuated locomotor response to acute cocaine. Our previous studies have shown that ARPP-16 is phosphorylated at Ser88 by PKA. Activation of PKA in striatal slices leads to phosphorylation of Ser88, and this is accompanied by marked dephosphorylation of Ser46. Together, these studies suggest that phospho-Ser46-ARPP-16 acts to basally control PP2A in striatal medium spiny neurons but that dopamine acting via PKA inactivates ARPP-16 leading to selective potentiation of PP2A signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe describe a novel mechanism of signal transduction enriched in medium spiny neurons of striatum that likely mediates effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine acting on these cells. We find that the protein ARPP-16, which is highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons, acts as a selective inhibitor of certain forms of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase, PP2A, when phosphorylated by the kinase, MAST3. Under basal conditions, ARPP-16 is phosphorylated by MAST3 to a very high stoichiometry. However, the actions of MAST3 are antagonized by dopamine and cAMP-regulated signaling leading to disinhibition of ARPP-16 and increased PP2A action.
PRC2 is dispensable for HOTAIR‐mediated transcriptional repression
Authors: Portoso Manuela , Ragazzini Roberta , Brenčič Živa , Moiani Arianna , Michaud Audrey , Vassilev Ivaylo , Wassef Michel , Servant Nicolas , Sargueil Bruno , Margueron Raphaël 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play diverse roles in physiological and pathological processes. Several lncRNAs have been suggested to modulate gene expression by guiding chromatin‐modifying complexes to specific sites in the genome. However, besides the example of Xist, clear‐cut evidence demonstrating this novel mode of regulation remains sparse. Here, we focus on HOTAIR, a lncRNA that is overexpressed in several tumor types and previously proposed to play a key role in gene silencing through direct recruitment of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) to defined genomic loci. Using genetic tools and a novel RNA‐tethering system, we investigated the interplay between HOTAIR and PRC2 in gene silencing. Surprisingly, we observed that forced overexpression of HOTAIR in breast cancer cells leads to subtle transcriptomic changes that appear to be independent of PRC2. Mechanistically, we found that artificial tethering of HOTAIR to chromatin causes transcriptional repression, but that this effect does not require PRC2. Instead, PRC2 recruitment appears to be a consequence of gene silencing. We propose that PRC2 binding to RNA might serve functions other than chromatin targeting.
Ensino de PLA para falantes de espanhol: uma proposta de sequência didática para alunos iniciantes
Authors: Santos Leticia Grubert dos , Baumvol Laura Knijnik , Gomes Cristina Pinheiro 
Published: February 2017

This paper aims at presenting a didactic sequence for Portuguese as an additional language Spanish students, at the beginner level. Since the two languages have many similarities, these students have specific characteristics and needs which must be taken into account when planning a lesson. Based on the theoretical perspective of Bakhtin’s discourse genres and considering the construct of proficiency in Celpe-Bras Exam, a sequence was designed to promote the practice of conversation skills. A detailed rationale and analysis of a sequence on the theme “Volunteer work” is presented. The study brings important contributions and reflections to Portuguese as an additional language teachers regarding the main issues involved in the design of tasks to students of similar languages.
KOMPOSISI UKURAN, PERBANDINGAN JENIS KELAMIN, DAN TINGKAT KEMATANGAN GONAD IKAN TODAK BERPARUH PENDEK (Tetrapturus angustirostris) DI SAMUDERAHINDIA
Authors: Novianto Dian , Nugraha Budi , Bahtiar Andi 
Published: February 2017

Ikan todak berparuh pendek atau ikan tumbuk atau shortbill spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris) merupakan salah satu hasil tangkapan sampingan rawai tuna. Informasi mengenai ikan todak berparuh pendek seperti komposisi ukuran, perbandingan kelamin, dan tingkat kematangan gonadsangat terbatas. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan data dan informasi mengenai aspek biologi ikan todak berparuh pendek yang merupakan hasil tangkapan sampingan dari rawai tuna yang beroperasi di Samudera Hindia. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan September sampai Desember 2008 di perairan Samudera Hindia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ikan todak berparuh pendek memiliki kisaran panjang tubuh 135-175 cmLJFL dan modus pada kisaran 155-165 cmLJFL.Perbandingan jenis kelamin ikan jantan dan betina 1:13,5, berdasarkan atas hasil uji chi-square menunjukan bahwa rasio ikan jantan dan betina pada periode penelitian ini tidak seimbang. Pada bulan September ikan todak berparuh pendek betina didominansi oleh tingkat kematangan gonad IIsebesar 66,7%, bulan Oktober oleh tingkat kematangan gonad V sebesar 46,2%, bulan Nopember oleh tingkat kematangan gonad II sebesar 53,3%, sedangkan pada bulan Desember oleh tingkat kematangan gonad III sebesar 42,9%. Pada bulan Nopember sampai Desember terlihat bahwa tingkat kematangan gonad V mulai berkurang, hal ini menunjukan bahwa pada bulan Nopember sampai Desember diduga banyak ikan todak berparuh pendek betina yang sudah memijah. Shortbill Spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris) is one of bycatch of tuna longline. Information about shortbill spearfish on the size composition, sex ratio, and maturity stage is still very limited. The objective this paper is to present the data and information about shortbill spearfish which is a bycatch of tuna longline that operated in the Indian Ocean. Research was conducted during September until December 2008 in Indian Ocean. The results showed that the shortbill spearfish have body length about 135-175 cmLJFL and modes in 155-165 cmLJFL. Sex ratio of the male and female was 1:13.5. Based on chi-square test showed that the ratio of male and female in the period of the study was not balanced. In September, the female stage maturity was dominated by level II of 66.7%, October by level V of 46.2%, November by level II of 53.3%, and December by level III of 42.9%. During November until December showed that the maturity stage of level V was decreased, this shows that in this time the female of shortbill spearfish was spawned.
KEPADATAN DAN KONDISI HABITAT KERANG KIMA (CARDIIDAE: TRIDACNINAE) DI BEBERAPA LOKASI DI PERAIRAN SULAWESI UTARA
Authors: Arbi Ucu Yanu 
Published: February 2017

Kima merupakan salah satu jenis kerang laut yang telah dieksploitasi oleh nelayan Sulawesi Utara dalam skala besar karena memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepadatan dan kondisi habitat kerang kima di perairan Sulawesi Utara pada tahun 2007-2009. Daerah penelitian ini meliputi perairan Bitung, Pulau Lembeh, Taman Nasional Bunaken, Likupang, Pulau Talise, Kepulauan Sangihe, dan Kepulauan Talaud. Pengambilan data dilakukandengan metode rapid reef resources inventory dan metode kuadrat transek garis. Ditemukan 1.064 individu kima yang terdiri atas tujuh jenis, yaitu Tridacna crocea, Tridacna squamosa, Tridacna maxima, Tridacna derasa, Tridacna gigas, Hippopus hippopus, dan Hippopus porcelanus. Kepadatan kimasecara keseluruhan di lokasi penelitian rata-rata 0,53 ind./m2. Kepadatan tertinggi adalah jenis Tridacna crocea (rata-rata 0,32 ind./m2), sedangkan terendah adalah jenis Tridacna gigas, Tridacna derasa, dan Hippopus porcelanus (0,01 ind./m2). Giant clam is one of the sea shells that have been exploited by the fisherman of North Sulawesi, a large scale because it has a high economic value. This study aims to determine the distribution and density of giant clams in North Sulawesi waters in 2007-2009. Research conducted in the waters of Bitung, Pulau Lembeh, Bunaken National Park, Likupang, Talise Island, Sangihe Islands, and Talaud Islands. Data retrieval is done by the rapid reef resources inventory method and the quadrat line transect method. 1.064 individual of giant clams was found consisting of seven species, there are Tridacna crocea, Tridacna squamosa, Tridacna maxima, Tridacna derasa, Tridacna gigas, Hippopus hippopus and Hippopus porcelanus. Density of giant clams density is 0,53 ind./m2. The highest density of individuals is Tridacna crocea (0,32 ind./m2), while the lowest is Tridacna gigas, Tridacna derasa and Hippopus porcelanus (0.01 ind./m2).
ASPEK BIOLOGI IKAN LIDAH (Achiroides leuchorhinchos) DAN SEBARAN DI SUNGAI MUSI, SUMATERA SELATAN
Authors: Nurhayati Eti , Prianto Eko 
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Sungai Musi, Sumatera Selatan pada tahun 2007 untuk mempelajari biologi ikan lidah (Achiroides leuchorhinchos) yang meliputi distribusi ukuran, bobot tubuh, kebiasaan makan, fekunditas, serta sebaran di Sungai Musi. Contoh ikan diperoleh dengan alat jaring, jala, dan stroom eksperimen. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ikan lidah (Achiroides leuchorhinchos) terdapat di Sungai Musi bagian hulu sampai dengan hilir. Ikan ini memiliki pola pertumbuhan allometrik negatif (b=2.894) dengan ikan terbanyak pada kisaran panjang 41 sampai dengan 48 mm dan 0,5 sampai dengan 1 g. Ikan lidah (Achiroides leuchorhinchos) termasuk ikan karnifora dengan makanan utama kepiting dan makanan pelengkap ikan. Pola pemijahan adalah total spawner dengan fekunditas sekitar 2x103 butir telur berukuran rata-rata 0,06 mm. Musim pemijahan ikan lidah (Achiroides leuchorhinchos) diperkirakan terjadi pada bulan Juli (musim kemarau). Research was done in Musi River, South Sumatera in 2007 to study the biology of tongue fish (Achiroides leuchorhinchos) covering distribution of size measure, body wight, food habit, fecundity, and distribution in Musi River. Fish samples were collected by using net and electric fishing. The result shows that tongue fish (Achiroides leuchorhinchos) was found in upstream until downstream. This fish has negative growth allometric pattern (b=2,894). Tongue fish is carnivore with the espesial food crab and fish as complement food. Its fecunditity pattern is total spawner with number of eggs of about 2x103 eggs, size of eggs of 0.06 mm. The spawning season of tongue fish might occur on July (dry season).
KONTRIBUSI IKAN PARI (Elasmobranchii) PADA PERIKANAN CANTRANG DI LAUT JAWA
Authors: Fahmi Fahmi , Adrim Mohammad , Dharmadi Dharmadi 
Published: February 2017

Tinggi tingkat eksploitasi ikan hiu (Shark) dan pari (Elasmobranchii) di Indonesia telah memberikan predikat pada negara ini sebagai negara dengan total produksi ikan-ikan Elasmobranchii yang terbesar di dunia. Akan tetapi, upaya pengelolaan dan konservasi terhadap sumber daya tersebut di Indonesia belum terlaksana disebabkan minim informasi dan data yang mendukung baik biologi maupun perikanan. Penelitian hiu (Shark) dan pari (Elasmobranchii) di Indonesia yang secara intensif telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2001, telah berhasil menginventalisir keanekaragaman jenis ikan-ikan Elasmobranchii dari sebagian besar wilayah perairan Indonesia, dan informasi biologi untuk beberapa jenis hiu (Shark) dan pari (Elasmobranchii) yang umum dijumpai telah berhasil pula diperoleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan pari (Elasmobranchii) merupakan kelompok ikan bertulang rawan yang umum dijumpai di perairan Laut Jawa dibandingkan kelompok ikan hiu. Ikan pari bintang (Shark), Himantura gerrardi merupakan salah satu jenis pari (Elasmobranchii) yang paling umum ditemui di seluruh wilayah perairan Indonesia dan memiliki kontribusi yang sangat besar pada total hasil tangkapan yang menggunakan jaring cantrang (danish seine net) di Laut Jawa. Berdasarkan pada hasil tersebut, jenis pari (Elasmobranchii) ini dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu spesies indikator terhadap keberlangsungan perikanan Elasmobranchii di Indonesia bagian barat, atau Laut Jawa pada khususnya. Indonesia has been regarded as a country which has the highest production of Elasmobranchs in the world. In contrast, there are still no management and conservation actions for this group of fishes yet due to the lack of knowledge and information on Elasmobranchs in Indonesia. Study on sharks and rays have been conducted intensively since 2001 and recorded some preliminary informations about Elasmobranch diversity in this country. One of the results summarized that rays were more common group of Elasmobranchs occurred in the Java Sea. Also, Himantura gerrardi was indicated as one of the commonest rays and it gave the highest contribution of Elasmobranchs caught by the danish seine fishery operating in the Java Sea. This species can also be used as an indicator species for the sustainability of Elasmobranch fisheries in Indonesia or in the Java Sea.
INDEKS KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI IKAN DEMERSAL DI PERAIRAN ARAFURA
Authors: Suprapto Suprapto 
Published: February 2017

Penelitian tentang indeks keanekaragaman hayati ikan demersal telah dilakukan pada periode tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2006 menggunakan sarana kapal riset KM. Mutiara, KM. Bawal Putih I, dan KM. Mandidihang 02. Data spesies ikan demersal dikumpulkan dari hasil pengambilan contoh penangkapan menggunakan alat tangkap jaring pukat dasar dengan metode sapuan area. Pengambilan contoh dilakukan di sub lahan tepian Laut Arafura (sekitar daerah Mappi sampai dengan Dolak) dan sub lahan tengah Laut Arafura (sekitar Kepulauan Aru). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa status kekayaan jenis ikan demersal sampai dengan tahun 2006 memiliki 149 spesies yang tergolong dalam 71 famili. Ikan-ikan yang cenderung memiliki jumlah individu terbanyak adalah kelompok famili ikan petek (Leiognathidae), gerot-gerot (Pomadasyidae), dan gulamah (Scianidae). Tingkat keanekaragaman jenis ikan demersal di perairan Arafura termasuk dalam kategori sedang. Kondisi komunitas bersifat labil dan cenderung mengalami penurunan. Status keanekaragaman hayati sampai dengan tahun 2006 memiliki indeks keanekaragaman jenis Shanon-Wiener (H’) berkisar 2,22 sampai dengan 2,79; indeks kekayaan jenis Margalef (R1 ) berkisar 4,84 sampai dengan 11,23; indeks keragaman Hill number (N1) berkisar 9,2 sampai dengan 16,3 dan indeks kemerataan jenis Pielou (E) berkisar 0,54 sampai dengan 0,56. Study on biodiversity indices of demersal fish was conducted in the period of 2001 until 2006 by using research vessel MV. MUTIARA, MV. BAWAL PUTIH I, and MV. MANDIDIHANG 02. Species data of demersal fish were collected from fishing samples by using bottom trawl with swept area method. Sampling location in the waters shore of Arafura Sea with sub area Mappi to Dolak and middle area of Arafura Sea (around of Aru Island). Result indicates that status of richness species of demersal fish till year 2006 of 149 species belongging to 71 families were recorded. Dominant families were Leiognathidae, Pomadasyidae, and Scianidae. From diversity analysis it also indicates that species diversity index in the Arafura Sea was at mid level. Condition of fish community was likely labile and the trend of it was decreasing. Index of biodiversity up to 2006 Shanon-Wiener (H’) was 2.22 until 2.79; species richness indices of Margalef (R1 ) were 4.84 until 1.23, diversity number Hill (N1) 9.2 until 16.3, and evenness indices of Pielou (E 1) were 0.54 until 0.56.
Use of Systemic Therapy Concurrent With Cranial Radiotherapy for Cerebral Metastases of Solid Tumors
Authors: Verduin Maikel , Zindler Jaap D. , Martinussen Hanneke M.A. , Jansen Rob L.H. , Croes Sander , Hendriks Lizza E.L. , Eekers Danielle B.P. , Hoeben Ann 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe incidence of brain metastases of solid tumors is increasing. Local treatment of brain metastases is generally straightforward: cranial radiotherapy (e.g., whole-brain radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery) or resection when feasible. However, treatment becomes more complex when brain metastases occur while other metastases, outside of the central nervous system, are being controlled with systemic therapy (chemotherapeutics, molecular targeted agents, or monoclonal antibodies). It is known that some anticancer agents can increase the risk for neurotoxicity when used concurrently with radiotherapy. Increased neurotoxicity decreases quality of life, which is undesirable in this predominantly palliative patient group. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify the compounds that should be temporarily discontinued when cranial radiotherapy is needed.This review summarizes the (neuro)toxicity data for combining systemic therapy (chemotherapeutics, molecular targeted agents, or monoclonal antibodies) with concurrent radiotherapy of brain metastases. Because only a limited amount of high-level data has been published, a risk assessment of each agent was done, taking into account the characteristics of each compound (e.g., lipophilicity) and the microenvironment of brain metastasis. The available trials suggest that only gemcitabine, erlotinib, and vemurafenib induce significant neurotoxicity when used concurrently with cranial radiotherapy. We conclude that for most systemic therapies, the currently available literature does not show an increase in neurotoxicity when these therapies are used concurrently with cranial radiotherapy. However, further studies are needed to confirm safety because there is no high-level evidence to permit definitive conclusions.
An Oncogenic ALK Fusion and an RRAS Mutation in KRAS Mutation-Negative Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shimada Yoko , Kohno Takashi , Ueno Hideki , Ino Yoshinori , Hayashi Hideyuki , Nakaoku Takashi , Sakamoto Yasunari , Kondo Shunsuke , Morizane Chigusa , Shimada Kazuaki , Okusaka Takuji , Hiraoka Nobuyoshi 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Purpose
Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene are a well-known driver event, occurring in &gt;95% of pancreatic cancers. The objective of this study was to identify driver oncogene aberrations in pancreatic cancers without the KRAS mutation.

Methods
Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing was performed on four cases of KRAS mutation-negative pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which were identified in a cohort of 100 cases.

Results
One case harbored an oncogenic DCTN1-ALK fusion. The fusion gene enabled interleukin-3-independent growth of Ba/F3 cells and rendered them susceptible to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. The structure of the breakpoint junction indicated that the fusion was generated by nonhomologous end joining between a segment of DCTN1 exon DNA and a segment of ALK intron DNA, resulting in the generation of a cryptic splicing site. Another case harbored an oncogenic RRAS mutation that activated the GTPase of the RRAS protein.

Conclusion
Rare oncogenic aberrations, such as the ALK fusion and RRAS mutation, may drive pancreatic carcinogenesis independent of the KRAS mutation.
La Reforma Constitucional En Italia: ¿Cómo Cambia La Forma Del Estado?
Authors: Parisi Stefania 
Published: February 2017

El breve ensayo examina con acentos críticos el contenido de la reforma constitucional italiana, que será sometida a referéndum el 4 de diciembre 2016, con especial atención a los perfiles relacionados con la forma del Estado. Después de una breve digresión sobre los intentos de reformar el Senado y un análisis general del contenido de la reforma, el estudio se centra en dos aspectos: la composición del “nuevo” Senado y la distribución de competencias legislativas entre Estado y Regiones. Finalmente se expondrá algunas conclusiones sobre la transformación de la forma italiana del Estado.