bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Equilibrium Green’s Functions: Variational Relations and Approximations for Particle Interactions
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chapter 09 Nonequilibrium Green’s functions (NEGF), including coupled-correlated (C) single- and multi-particle Green’s functions, are defined as averages weighted with the time-development operator U(t0+τ,t0). Linear conductivity is exhibited as a two-particle equilibrium Green’s function (Kubo-type formulation). Admitting particle sources (S:η,η+) and non-conservation of number, the non-equilibrium multi-particle Green’s functions are constructed with numbers of creation and annihilation operators that may differ, and they may be derived as variational derivatives with respect to sources η,η+ of a generating functional eW=TrU(t0+τ,t0)CS/TrU(t0+τ,t0)C. (In the non-interacting case this yields the n-particle Green’s function as a permanent/determinant of single-particle Green’s functions.) These variational relations yield a symmetric set of multi-particle Green’s function equations. Cumulants and the Linked Cluster Theorem are discussed and the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) is derived variationally. Schwinger’s variational differential formulation of perturbation theories for the Green’s function, self-energy, vertex operator, and also shielded potential perturbation theory, are reviewed. The Langreth Algebra arises from analytic continuation of integration of products of Green’s functions in imaginary time to the real-time axis with time-ordering along the integration contour in the complex time plane. An account of the Generalized Kadanoff-Baym Ansatz is presented.
Random Phase Approximation Plasma Phenomenology, Semiclassical and Hydrodynamic Models; Electrodynamics
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chapter 10 reviews both homogeneous and inhomogeneous quantum plasma dielectric response phenomenology starting with the RPA polarizability ring diagram in terms of thermal Green’s functions, also energy eigenfunctions. The homogeneous dynamic, non-local inverse dielectric screening functions (K) are exhibited for 3D, 2D, and 1D, encompassing the non-local plasmon spectra and static shielding (e.g. Friedel oscillations and Debye-Thomas-Fermi shielding). The role of a quantizing magnetic field in K is reviewed. Analytically simpler models are described: the semiclassical and classical limits and the hydrodynamic model, including surface plasmons. Exchange and correlation energies are discussed. The van der Waals interaction of two neutral polarizable systems (e.g. physisorption) is described by their individual two-particle Green’s functions: It devolves upon the role of the dynamic, non-local plasma image potential due to screening. The inverse dielectric screening function K also plays a central role in energy loss spectroscopy. Chapter 10 introduces electromagnetic dyadic Green’s functions and the inverse dielectric tensor; also the RPA dynamic, non-local conductivity tensor with application to a planar quantum well. Kramers–Krönig relations are discussed. Determination of electromagnetic response of a compound nanostructure system having several nanostructured parts is discussed, with applications to a quantum well in bulk plasma and also to a superlattice, resulting in coupled plasmon spectra and polaritons.
Interacting Electron–Hole–Phonon System
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chapter 11 employs variational differential techniques and the Schwinger Action Principle to derive coupled-field Green’s function equations for a multi-component system, modeled as an interacting electron-hole-phonon system. The coupled Fermion Green’s function equations involve five interactions (electron-electron, hole-hole, electron-hole, electron-phonon, and hole-phonon). Starting with quantum Hamilton equations of motion for the various electron/hole creation/annihilation operators and their nonequilibrium average/expectation values, variational differentiation with respect to particle sources leads to a chain of coupled Green’s function equations involving differing species of Green’s functions. For example, the 1-electron Green’s function equation is coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function (as earlier), also to the 1-electron/1-hole Green’s function, and to the Green’s function for 1-electron propagation influenced by a nontrivial phonon field. Similar remarks apply to the 1-hole Green’s function equation, and all others. Higher order Green’s function equations are derived by further variational differentiation with respect to sources, yielding additional couplings. Chapter 11 also introduces the 1-phonon Green’s function, emphasizing the role of electron coupling in phonon propagation, leading to dynamic, nonlocal electron screening of the phonon spectrum and hybridization of the ion and electron plasmons, a Bohm-Staver phonon mode, and the Kohn anomaly. Furthermore, the single-electron Green’s function with only phonon coupling can be rewritten, as usual, coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function with an effective time-dependent electron-electron interaction potential mediated by the 1-phonon Green’s function, leading to the polaron as an electron propagating jointly with its induced lattice polarization. An alternative formulation of the coupled Green’s function equations for the electron-hole-phonon model is applied in the development of a generalized shielded potential approximation, analysing its inverse dielectric screening response function and associated hybridized collective modes. A brief discussion of the (theoretical) origin of the exciton-plasmon interaction follows.
Graphene
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chapter 12 introduces Graphene, which is a two-dimensional “Dirac-like” material in the sense that its energy spectrum resembles that of a relativistic electron/positron (hole) described by the Dirac equation (having zero mass in this case). Its device-friendly properties of high electron mobility and excellent sensitivity as a sensor have attracted a huge world-wide research effort since its discovery about ten years ago. Here, the associated retarded Graphene Green’s function is treated and the dynamic, non-local dielectric function is discussed in the degenerate limit. The effects of a quantizing magnetic field on the Green’s function of a Graphene sheet and on its energy spectrum are derived in detail: Also the magnetic-field Green’s function and energy spectrum of a Graphene sheet with a quantum dot (modelled by a 2D Dirac delta-function potential) are thoroughly examined. Furthermore, Chapter 12 similarly addresses the problem of a Graphene anti-dot lattice in a magnetic field, discussing the Green’s function for propagation along the lattice axis, with a formulation of the associated eigen-energy dispersion relation. Finally, magnetic Landau quantization effects on the statistical thermodynamics of Graphene, including its Free Energy and magnetic moment, are also treated in Chapter 12 and are seen to exhibit magnetic oscillatory features.
Random matrices and loop equations
Authors: Eynard Bertrand 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to algebraic methods in random matrix theory (RMT). In the first section, the random matrix ensembles are introduced and it is shown that going beyond the usual Wigner ensembles can be very useful, in particular by allowing eigenvalues to lie on some paths in the complex plane rather than on the real axis. As a detailed example, the Plancherel model is considered from the point of RMT. The second section is devoted to the saddle-point approximation, also called the Coulomb gas method. This leads to a system of algebraic equations, the solution of which leads to an algebraic curve called the ‘spectral curve’ which determines the large N expansion of all observables in a geometric way. Finally, the third section introduces the ‘loop equations’ (i.e., Schwinger–Dyson equations associated with matrix models), which can be solved recursively (i.e., order by order in a semi-classical expansion) by a universal recursion: the ‘topological recursion’.
Modern telecommunications: a playground for physicists?
Authors: Moustakas Aris L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractData traffic in wireless networks has been increasing exponentially for a long time and is expected to continue this trend. The emerging data-hungry applications, such as video-on-demand and cloud computing, as well as the exploding number of smart user devices demand the introduction of disruptive technologies. An analogous situation appears in the case of wireline (mostly fiber-optical) traffic, where the currently deployed infrastructure is expected to soon reach its limits, leading to the so-called capacity crunch. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the physics and mathematics community to a number of relevant problems in communications research and the types of solutions that have been used to tackle them. In the process, interested readers may be able to further acquaint themselves with research in engineering bibliography cited herein.
Impurity models and products of random matrices
Authors: Comtet1 Alain , Tourigny2 Yves 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis is an introduction to the theory of one-dimensional disordered systems and products of random matrices, confined to the 2×2 case. The notion of impurity model—that is, a system in which the interactions are highly localized—links the two themes and enables their study by elementary mathematical tools. After discussing the spectral theory of some impurity models, Furstenberg’s theorem is stated and illustrated, which gives sufficient conditions for the exponential growth of a product of independent, identically distributed matrices.
Liturgy and Byzantinization in Jerusalem
Authors: Galadza Daniel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The church of Jerusalem, the ‘mother of the churches of God’, influenced all Christendom before it underwent multiple captivities between the eighth and thirteenth centuries: first, political subjugation to Arab Islamic forces, then displacement of Greek-praying Christians by crusaders, and, finally, ritual assimilation to fellow Orthodox Byzantines in Constantinople. All three contributed to the phenomenon of the Byzantinization of Jerusalem’s liturgy, but only the last explains how the latter was completely lost and replaced by the liturgy of the imperial capital, Constantinople. The basis of this study is the rediscovered manuscripts of Jerusalem’s liturgical calendar and lectionary. When examined in context, they reveal that the devastating events of the Arab conquest in 638 and the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre in 1009 did not have as detrimental an effect on liturgy as previously held. They confirm that the process of Byzantinization was gradual and locally implemented rather than an imposed element of Byzantine imperial policy or ideology from the church of Constantinople. Originally the city’s worship consisted of reading Scripture and singing hymns at places connected with the life of Christ, so that the link between holy sites and liturgy became a hallmark of Jerusalem’s worship; but the changing sacred topography caused changes in the local liturgical tradition. This book is the first monograph dedicated to the question of the Byzantinization of Jerusalem’s liturgy; it provides for the first time English translations of many liturgical texts and hymns and offers a glimpse of Jerusalem’s lost liturgical and theological tradition.
Introduction
Authors: Galadza Daniel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The Introduction prepares the reader for an investigation of Jerusalem’s liturgy and its Byzantinization by explaining the geographical, chronological, and linguistic boundaries of the study, namely the fate of the liturgy within the territory of the Jerusalem patriarchate between the Arab conquest of Jerusalem in 638 and the end of the First Crusade in 1187, as witnessed by liturgical manuscripts from Jerusalem and Sinai. Over a century ago, liturgical scholars began to study Jerusalem’s liturgy. Russian liturgists first noted changes in Jerusalem’s liturgy in manuscripts examined during expeditions to Jerusalem and Sinai. Although the theories they proposed still guide liturgical studies, they remained unverifiable for lack of access to the sources that are available today to liturgists and Byzantinists in the West, as well as to philologists from Georgia and Melkite liturgists, who continued the work of the Russian scholars. The chapter concludes with an outline of the remainder of the book.
The Lectionary of Jerusalem
Authors: Galadza Daniel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the scriptural readings of the Liturgy of St James, focusing on the lectionary of Jerusalem. Gospel and epistle reading cycles of the liturgical calendar are presented and analysed. The chapter complements and updates the work of biblical scholars who identified a distinct Hagiopolite pericope order. Unlike Constantinople, Greek and Georgian manuscripts from Jerusalem preserve Old Testament readings at the Sunday Divine Liturgy. The subsequent disappearance of these readings during the liturgy in Jerusalem points to Byzantinization. Certain Hagiopolite reading cycles, such as Gospel readings in Easter Week, were assimilated into the Byzantine rite as the matins Gospels throughout the year. The text of the Jerusalem lectionary itself reveals significant variants, including interpolations not found in other biblical traditions. These divergences point to a particular familiarity with the scriptures, as well as to a distinct exegetical tradition.
Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis is Part 3 of a book series on fluid dynamics. This is designed to give a comprehensive and coherent description of fluid dynamics, starting with chapters on classical theory suitable for an introductory undergraduate lecture courses, and then progressing through more advanced material up to the level of modern research in the field. This book is devoted to high-Reynolds number flows. It begins by analysing the flows that can be described in the framework of Prandtl’s 1904 classical boundary-layer theory. These analyses include the Blasius boundary layer on a flat plate, the Falkner-Skan solutions for the boundary layer on a wedge surface, and other applications of Prandtl’s theory. It then discusses separated flows, and considers first the so-called ‘self-induced separation’ in supersonic flow that was studied in 1969 by Stewartson and Williams, as well as by Neiland, and led to the ‘triple-deck model’. It also presents Sychev’s 1972 theory of the boundary-layer separation in an incompressible fluid flow past a circular cylinder. It discusses the triple-deck flow near the trailing edge of a flat plate first investigated in 1969 by Stewartson and in 1970 by Messiter. It then considers the incipience of the separation at corner points of the body surface in subsonic and supersonic flows. It concludes by covering the Marginal Separation theory, which represents a special version of the triple-deck theory, and describes the formation and bursting of short separation bubbles at the leading edge of a thin aerofoil.
Activation of the Notch pathway in Down syndrome: cross‐talk of Notch and APP
Authors: Fischer David F. , van Dijk Renske , Sluijs Jacqueline A. , Nair Suresh M. , Racchi Marco , Levelt Christiaan N. , van Leeuwen Fred W. , Hol Elly M. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTDown syndrome (DS) patients suffer from mental retardation, but also display enhanced β‐APP production and develop cortical amyloid plaques at an early age. As β‐APP and Notch are both processed by γ‐secretase, we analyzed expression of the Notch signaling pathway in the adult DS brain and in a model system for DS, human trisomy 21 fibroblasts by quantitative PCR. In adult DS cortex we found that Notch1, Dll1 and Hes1 expression is up‐regulated. Moreover, DS fibroblasts and Alzheimer disease cortex also show overexpression of Notch1 and Dll1, indicating that enhanced β‐APP processing found in both DS and AD could be instrumental in these changes. Using pull‐down studies we could demonstrate interaction of APP with Notch1, suggesting that these transmembrane proteins form heterodimers, but independent of γ‐secretase. We could demonstrate binding of the intracellular domain of Notch1 to the APP adaptor protein Fe65. Furthermore, activated Notch1 can trans‐activate an APP target gene, Kai1, and vice versa, activated APP can trans‐activate the classical Notch target gene Hes1. These data suggest that Notch expression is activated in Down syndrome, possibly through cross‐talk with APP signaling. This interaction might affect brain development, since the Notch pathway plays a pivotal role in neuron‐glia differentiation.—Activation of the Notch pathway in Down syndrome: cross‐talk of Notch and APP. Fischer D. F., Van Dijk R., Sluijs J. A., Nair S. M., Racchi M., Levelt C. N., Van Leeuwen F. W., Hol E. M. Activation of the Notch pathway in Down syndrome: cross‐talk of Notch and APP. FASEB J. 19, 1451–1458 (2005)
Using Clinical Questions Asked by Primary Care Providers Through eConsults to Inform Continuing Professional Development
Authors: Archibald Douglas , Liddy Clare , Lochnan Heather A. , Hendry Paul J. , Keely Erin J. 
Published: January 2018

Introduction:
Continuing professional development (CPD) offerings should address the educational needs of health care providers. Innovative programs, such as electronic consultations (eConsults), provide unique educational opportunities for practice-based needs assessment. The purpose of this study is to assess whether CPD offerings match the needs of physicians by coding and comparing session content to clinical questions asked through eConsults.

Methods:
This study analyzes questions asked by primary care providers between July 2011 and January 2015 using a service that allows specialists to provide consultation over a secure web-based server. The content of these questions was compared with the CPD courses offered in the area in which these primary care providers are practicing over a similar period (2012–2014). The clinical questions were categorized by the content area. The percentage of questions asked about each content area was calculated for each of the 12 specialties consulted. CPD course offerings were categorized using the same list of content areas. Percentage of minutes dedicated to each content area was calculated for each specialty. The percentage of questions asked and the percentage of CPD course minutes for each content area were compared.

Results:
There were numerous congruencies and discrepancies between the proportion of questions asked about a given content area and the CPD minutes dedicated to it.

Discussion:
Traditional needs assessment may underestimate the need to address topics that are frequently the subject of eConsults. Planners should recognize eConsult questions as a valuable source of practice-associated challenges that can identify professional development needs of physicians.
Comparative Effectiveness of Low-Volume Time-Efficient Resistance Training Versus Endurance Training in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Munch Gregers Winding , Rosenmeier Jaya Birgitte , Petersen Morten , Rinnov Anders Rasmussen , Iepsen Ulrik Winning , Pedersen Bente Klarlund , Mortensen Stefan Peter 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively related to heart failure (HF) prognosis, but lack of time and low energy are barriers for adherence to exercise. We, therefore, compared the effect of low-volume time-based resistance exercise training (TRE) with aerobic moderate-intensity cycling (AMC) on maximal and submaximal exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, and vascular function.

Methods:
Twenty-eight HF patients (New York Heart Association class I-II) performed AMC (n = 14) or TRE (n = 14). Maximal and submaximal exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, and vascular function were evaluated before and after a 6-wk training intervention with 3 training sessions per week. The AMC group and the TRE group trained for 45 and 25 min per training session, respectively. During the training sessions, the TRE and AMC groups trained at 60 ± 4% and 59 ± 2% (mean ± standard deviation) of

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2peak, respectively.

Results:
The energy expenditure was significantly greater in AMC than in TRE (P < .05). The

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2peak and Wattpeak increased in AMC group (P < .001) and TRE group (P = .001), with no differences between groups. Six-minute walk distance also increased in both groups (AMC, P = .006 and TRE, P = .036), with no difference between groups. Health-related quality of life improved equally in the 2 groups, whereas vascular function did not change in either group.

Conclusion:
These results demonstrate that AMC and TRE equally improved exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in lower New York Heart Association–stage HF patients, despite less time required as well as lower energy expenditure during TRE than during AMC. Therefore, TRE might represent a time-efficient exercise modality for improving adherence to exercise in patients with class I-II HF.
Challenges and Perspectives for Immunotherapy in Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas
Authors: Kieler Markus , Unseld Matthias , Bianconi Daniela , Prager Gerald 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with a devastating 5-year overall survival of only approximately 7%. Although just 4% of all malignant diseases are accounted to PDAC, it will become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths before 2030. Immunotherapy has proven to be a promising therapeutic option in various malignancies such as melanoma, non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), microsatellite instability-high gastrointestinal cancer, urinary tract cancer, kidney cancer, and others. In this review, we summarize recent findings about immunological aspects of PDAC with the focus on the proposed model of the “cancer immunity cycle”. By this model, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism in achieving a T-cell response against cancer cells is provided. There is currently great interest in the field around designing novel immunotherapy combination studies for PDAC based on a sound understanding of the underlying immunobiology.