bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-Flight Injuries Involving Children on Commercial Airline Flights
Authors: Alves Paulo M. , Nerwich Neil , Rotta Alexandre T. 
Published: December 2016

Background
More than 3 billion passengers are transported every year on commercial airline flights worldwide, many of whom are children. The incidence of in-flight medical events (IFMEs) affecting children is largely unknown. This study seeks to characterize pediatric IFMEs, with particular focus on in-flight injuries (IFIs).

Methods
We reviewed the records of all IFMEs from January 2009 to January 2014 involving children treated in consultation with a ground-based medical support center providing medical support to commercial airlines.

Results
Among 114 222 IFMEs, we identified 12 226 (10.7%) cases involving children. In-flight medical events commonly involved gastrointestinal (35.4%), infectious (20.3%), neurological (12.2%), allergic (8.6%), and respiratory (6.3%) conditions. In addition, 400 cases (3.3%) of IFMEs involved IFIs. Subjects who sustained IFIs were younger than those involved in other medical events (3 [1–8] vs 7 [3–14] y, respectively), and lap infants were overrepresented (35.8% of IFIs vs 15.9% of other medical events). Examples of IFIs included burns, contusions, and lacerations from falls in unrestrained lap infants; fallen objects from the overhead bin; and trauma to extremities by the service cart or aisle traffic.

Conclusions
Pediatric IFIs are relatively infrequent given the total passenger traffic but are not negligible. Unrestrained lap children are prone to IFIs, particularly during meal service or turbulence, but not only then. Children occupying aisle seats are vulnerable to injury from fallen objects, aisle traffic, and burns from mishandled hot items. The possible protection from using in-flight child restraints might extend beyond takeoff and landing operations or during turbulence.
Leisure Participation Patterns of Children With Movement Impairments in New Zealand
Authors: Kanagasabai Parimala S. , Mulligan Hilda , Mirfin-Veitch Brigit , Hale Leigh A. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
To investigate the leisure participation patterns of children with movement impairments in New Zealand.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with children with movement impairments aged 6 to 12 years using the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results:
Children participated in an average of 57.3% of activities, with a greater number and frequency of recreational, social, and self-improvement activities as compared with skill-based and physical activities. Children performed nearly 50% of activities with family and 13% of activities with friends. Approximately 50% of activities were performed at home and 50% of activities were performed outside the home.

Conclusions:
Children with movement impairments participated in diverse leisure activities. However, reduced involvement in physical activities needs further investigation to identify the actual level of physical exertion, barriers faced, and how increased opportunities for regular physical activity could be instigated.
Power-Up: Exploration and Play in a Novel Modified Ride-On Car for Standing
Authors: Logan Samuel W. , Lobo Michele A. , Feldner Heather A. , Schreiber Melynda , MacDonald Megan , Winden Haylee N. , Stoner Tracy , Galloway James Cole 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity and play behaviors of preschoolers without disabilities and 1 preschooler with physical disability.

Methods:
Participants were 42 preschoolers without disabilities and 1 preschooler with physical disability (Child A). Child A used either crutches or a modified ride-on car while in the gymnasium and playground.

Results:
In the gymnasium, Child A engaged in less solitary play and more parallel play while using the modified ride-on car compared with crutches. On the playground, Child A engaged in more sitting and less running while using crutches compared with preschoolers without disabilities. On the playground, Child A engaged in more peer interaction and less teacher interaction when using the modified ride-on car compared with crutches.

Conclusions:
For children with disabilities who may use assistive devices, clinicians, families, and teachers are encouraged to embrace a “right device, right time, right place” approach.
A Child With a Burn-Related Foot and Ankle Contracture Treated With Multiple Modalities
Authors: Yelvington Miranda , Scoggins Michelle , White Leslie 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
The presence of hypertrophic scars, which cross lower extremity joints, can often result in decreased range of motion, limitations in functional mobility, and gait deviations. This article reviews a case and describes a multimodal treatment approach.

Summary of Key Points:
A 6-year-old girl developed aggressive hypertrophic scars following a burn injury. A multimodal treatment approach, including splinting, elastomers, and physical therapy, was developed.

Conclusions:
Rapid improvements were demonstrated in measured objective outcomes.

Recommendations for Clinical Practice:
Early multimodal intervention, in addition to range of motion, stretching, massage, and compression garments, is recommended when treating hypertrophic scars. This case suggests that further study into a multimodal treatment approach may be beneficial to develop a standardized protocol for more efficient scar management.
Implementation of Antiretroviral Therapy for Life in Pregnant/Breastfeeding HIV+ Women (Option B+) Alongside Rollout and Changing Guidelines for ART Initiation in Rural Zimbabwe: The Lablite Project Experience
Authors: Ford Deborah , Muzambi Margaret , Nkhata Misheck J. , Abongomera George , Joseph Sarah , Ndlovu Makosonke , Mabugu Travor , Grundy Caroline , Chan Adrienne K. , Cataldo Fabian , Kityo Cissy , Seeley Janet , Katabira Elly , Gilks Charles F. , Reid Andrew , Hakim James , Gibb Diana M. ,   the Lablite Team
Published: December 2016

Background:
Lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant and breastfeeding women (Option B+) was rolled out in Zimbabwe from 2014, with simultaneous raising of the CD4 treatment threshold to 500 cells per cubic millimeter in nonpregnant/breastfeeding adults and children 5 years and over.

Methods:
Lablite is an implementation project in Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Uganda evaluating ART rollout. Routine patient-level data were collected for 6 months before and 12 months after Option B+ rollout at a district hospital and 3 primary care facilities in Zimbabwe (2 with outreach ART and 1 with no ART provision before Option B+).

Results:
Between September 2013 and February 2015, there were 1686 ART initiations in the 4 facilities: 91% adults and 9% children younger than 15 years. In the 3 facilities with established ART, initiations rose from 300 during 6 months before Option B+ to 869 (2.9-fold) and 463 (1.5-fold), respectively, 0–6 months and 6–12 months after Option B+. Post-Option B+, an estimated 43% of pregnant/breastfeeding women needed ART for their own health, based on World Health Organization stage 3/4 or CD4 ≤350 per cubic millimeter (64% for CD4 ≤500). Seventy-four men (22%) and 123 nonpregnant/breastfeeding women (34%) initiated ART with CD4 >350 after the CD4 threshold increase. Estimated 12-month retention on ART was 79% (69%–87%) in Option B+ women (significantly lower in younger women, P = 0.01) versus 93% (91%–95%) in other adults (difference P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
There were increased ART initiations in all patient groups after implementation of World Health Organization 2013 guidelines. Retention of Option B+ women was poorer than retention of other adults; younger women require attention because they are more likely to disengage from care.
Managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients living with HIV
Authors: Tafesh Zaid H. , Verna Elizabeth C. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common among patients living with HIV and may lead to liver-related morbidity and mortality.

Recent findings
The prevalence of NAFLD among patients with HIV is increasingly well described due to new noninvasive techniques to quantify hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Patients with HIV may be at increased risk of disease progression, though high-quality natural history studies are not available. The high rates of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance may partially account for this excess risk, though the impact of HIV itself, antiretroviral medications and dysregulation of the gut–liver axis likely play important roles. Treatment of NAFLD in patients with HIV is poorly studied. Current recommendations include diet and lifestyle modifications, HIV viral suppression and limitation of hepatotoxic medications as possible. In addition, there are a large number of novel medications now in clinical trials designed to target the accumulation of hepatic fat, oxidative stress, inflammation and/or fibrosis, which will revolutionize this field.

Summary
Although additional work is needed to understand the natural history of NAFLD in patients with HIV and identify those at highest risk, novel treatment approaches are now being tested in this population. We may soon have effective treatments to combat this epidemic.
Hepatic Kaposi Sarcoma Revisited
Authors: Chen Frank , Gulati Mittul , Tchelepi Hisham 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Hepatic Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most commonly seen hepatic neoplasm in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), found in 34% of patients in an autopsy series. However, the incidence of hepatic KS has significantly declined since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy and is not as commonly seen on imaging. We present a case of hepatic KS in a patient with AIDS, which was initially mistaken for hepatic abscesses on computed tomography. We discuss the computed tomography, grayscale ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound appearance of hepatic KS and how to distinguish this hepatic neoplasm from other common hepatic lesions seen in patients with AIDS.
Striatal Dopamine Transporter Modulation After Rotigotine: Results From a Pilot Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Study in a Group of Early Stage Parkinson Disease Patients
Authors: Rossi Carlo , Genovesi Dario , Marzullo Paolo , Giorgetti Assuero , Filidei Elena , Corsini Giovanni Umberto , Bonuccelli Ubaldo , Ceravolo Roberto 
Published: December 2016

Introduction
Several in vitro data have reported negative interference by dopamine-agonists on the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT), whereas the majority of imaging studies have shown that neither L-dopa nor dopamine-agonists interfere with DAT availability. As yet, there are no in vivo studies on DAT expression after treatment with rotigotine.

Methods
We evaluated presynaptic nigrostriatal function in 8 patients with de novo Parkinson disease (age, 59 ± 6.2 years; male/female sex, 5/3) using 123-I- N-ω-fluoropropyl-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane (FP-CIT) single-photon emission computed tomography before and after 3 months of treatment with rotigotine (mean dose, 7.75 ± 1.98 mg). For data analysis, specific (left and right caudate, left and right putamen) to nonspecific (occipital cortex) binding ratios, putamen-to-caudate ratios, and asymmetry indices were calculated.

Results
After rotigotine, motor symptoms improved in all patients (Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale III mean score, 11.88 ± 2.59 vs 7.63 ± 1.92 on therapy; P = 0.0022). Striatal FP-CIT levels showed a significant improvement in every patient at the follow-up scan. Comparisons between before and after treatment in the whole group revealed a significant improvement in FP-CIT uptake in both caudate and putamen (P < 0.001 in each nucleus). Putamen-to-caudate ratio and asymmetry indices did not show any significant difference before and after treatment.

Discussion
Although the study population was small, we found DAT overexpression after chronic treatment with rotigotine, presumably related to its pharmacological profile. The DAT upregulation by rotigotine in an opposite direction with respect to early Parkinson disease compensatory mechanisms might reduce the risk of dyskinesia, but it could imply less motor benefit because of less stimulation by the dopamine itself on dopaminergic receptors.
Efficacy of the Treatments Used in Multiple Sclerosis: From Meta-analysis to Number Needed to Treat
Authors: García-Ruiz Antonio J. , Izquierdo-Ayuso Guillermo , Navarro-Mascarell Guillermo , Montesinos-Gálvez Ana C. , Martos-Crespo Francisco , Jódar-Sánchez Francisco , Correa Manuel , García-Agua Soler Nuria 
Published: December 2016

Objectives
The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of drugs used in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, first- and second-line drugs, using the number needed to treat (NNT) as a measure of efficacy.

Methods
Data from randomized clinical trials were analyzed for 3 categories of clinical efficacy outcomes: relapse, change in Expanded Disability Status Scale, and number of new lesions in magnetic resonance imaging. Meta-analysis results are expressed as odds ratios.

Results
The global odds ratio was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34–0.49). For analyzed clinical outcomes, the odds ratio was less for second-line drugs (odds ratio, 2.0). For all studied clinical conditions, in the control group, 47 of 100 patients do not get benefits, compared with 25 (95% CI, 18–32 patients) of 100 for the active treatment group. The NNT was 5 patients (95% CI, 4–7 patients). For the proportion of patients free of relapses, in the control group, 56 of 100 patients had a relapse at 2 years, compared with 37 of 100 patients in the treatment group, with an NNT of 6 patients (95% CI, 5–8 patients).

Conclusions
Active treatments produced statistically significant improvements compared with placebo.
Incidental Learning: A Brief, Valid Measure of Memory Based on the WAIS–IV Vocabulary and Similarities Subtests
Authors: Spencer Robert J. , Reckow Jaclyn , Drag Lauren L. , Bieliauskas Linas A. 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
We assessed the validity of a brief incidental learning measure based on the Similarities and Vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV).

Background:
Most neuropsychological assessments for memory require intentional learning, but incidental learning occurs without explicit instruction. Incidental memory tests such as the WAIS–III Symbol Digit Coding subtest have existed for many years, but few memory studies have used a semantically processed incidental learning model.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective analysis of 37 veterans with traumatic brain injury, referred for outpatient neuropsychological testing at a Veterans Affairs hospital. As part of their evaluation, the participants completed the incidental learning tasks. We compared their incidental learning performance to their performance on traditional memory measures.

Results:
Incidental learning scores correlated strongly with scores on the California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition (CVLT–II) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised (BVMT–R). After we conducted a partial correlation that controlled for the effects of age, incidental learning correlated significantly with the CVLT–II Immediate Free Recall, CVLT–II Short-Delay Recall, CVLT–II Long-Delay Recall, and CVLT–II Yes/No Recognition Hits, and with the BVMT–R Delayed Recall and BVMT–R Recognition Discrimination Index.

Conclusions:
Our incidental learning procedures derived from subtests of the WAIS–IV Edition are an efficient and valid way of measuring memory. These tasks add minimally to testing time and capitalize on the semantic encoding that is inherent in completing the Similarities and Vocabulary subtests.
On expert curation and sustainability: UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot as a case study
Authors: Poux Sylvain , Arighi Cecilia N. , Magrane Michele , Bateman Alex , Wei Chih-Hsuan , Lu Zhiyong , Boutet Emmanuel , Bye-A-Jee Hema , Famiglietti Maria Livia , Roechert Bernd ,   The UniProt Consortium
Published: December 2016

AbstractMOTIVATIONBiological knowledgebases, such as UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, constitute an essential component of daily scientific research by offering distilled, summarized, and computable knowledge extracted from the literature by expert curators. While knowledgebases play an increasingly important role in the scientific community, the question of their sustainability is raised due to the growth of biomedical literature.RESULTSBy using UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot as a case study, we address this question by using different literature triage approaches. With the assistance of the PubTator text-mining tool, we tagged more than 10,000 articles to assess the ratio of papers relevant for curation. We first show that curators read and evaluate many more papers than they curate, and that measuring the number of curated publications is insufficient to provide a complete picture. We show that a large fraction of published papers found in PubMed is not relevant for curation in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and demonstrate that, despite appearances, expert curation is sustainable.AVAILABILITYUniProt is freely available athttp://www.uniprot.org/.CONTACTsylvain.poux@sib.swiss
Miniature diamond anvils for X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy experiments at high pressure
Authors: Petitgirard Sylvain , Spiekermann Georg , Weis Christopher , Sahle Christoph , Sternemann Christian , Wilke Max 
Published: December 2016

X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) spectroscopy is an inelastic scattering method that uses hard X-rays of the order of 10 keV to measure energy-loss spectra at absorption edges of light elements (Si, Mg, Oetc.), with an energy resolution below 1 eV. The high-energy X-rays employed with this technique can penetrate thick or dense sample containers such as the diamond anvils employed in high-pressure cells. Here, we describe the use of custom-made conical miniature diamond anvils of less than 500 µm thickness which allow pressure generation of up to 70 GPa. This set-up overcomes the limitations of the XRS technique in very high-pressure measurements (>10 GPa) by drastically improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The conical shape of the base of the diamonds gives a 70° opening angle, enabling measurements in both low- and high-angle scattering geometry. This reduction of the diamond thickness to one-third of the classical diamond anvils considerably lowers the attenuation of the incoming and the scattered beams and thus enhances the signal-to-noise ratio significantly. A further improvement of the signal-to-background ratio is obtained by a recess of ∼20 µm that is milled in the culet of the miniature anvils. This recess increases the sample scattering volume by a factor of three at a pressure of 60 GPa. Examples of X-ray Raman spectra collected at the OK-edge and SiL-edge in SiO2glass at high pressures up to 47 GPa demonstrate the significant improvement and potential for spectroscopic studies of low-Zelements at high pressure.
The employability skills of business graduates in Syria
Authors: Ayoubi Rami M. , Alzarif Kahla , Khalifa Bayan 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to compare the desired employability skills of business graduates in Syria from the perspective of both higher education policymakers and employers in the private sector.

Design/methodology/approach
Interviews were conducted with 12 higher education policymakers and managers from the business sector. Content analysis was utilized to analyse the content of the interviews and the strategic priorities of the higher education sector in Syria.

Findings
Results revealed that although higher education policymakers focus more on societal, public and thinking skills for business graduates, the business sector focusses more on individual, private and practical skills. Accordingly, a comparative tool that aligns the two perspectives was developed in the study. The tool, based on the contradicting employability skills, identified four types of business graduates: leader, collective, technical and trainee.

Research limitations/implications
The study is limited by data collected before the current political instability in Syria in 2012. The data were collected only from official documents and interviews with policymakers and employers. Students were not part of the study.

Practical implications
The managerial tool developed at the end of the study will help both policymakers and the private sector to statistically allocate business graduates for better planning. The study provides recommendations to the different stakeholders in the higher education sector in Syria.

Originality/value
Although the majority of the previous literature raises the voices of the business sector, this study is one of the first studies that aligns the discrepant perspectives of the higher education and business sectors. The managerial tool developed in the study is original and usable by policymakers and the business sector, and it is subject to further development.
Building a better workforce
Authors: Douglas-Lenders Rachel Claire , Holland Peter Jeffrey , Allen Belinda 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of experiential simulation-based learning of employee self-efficacy.

Design/methodology/approach
The research approach is an exploratory case study of a group of trainees from the same organisation. Using a quasi-experiment, one group, pre-test-post-test design (Tharenou et al., 2007), a questionnaire with validated scales at Time 1 (T1) prior to training and Time (T2) three months after training were used. All scales had been validated by the researchers and had acceptable levels of reliability. In addition interviews are undertaken with the participants immediately at the end of the programme.

Findings
The research found strong evidence of the positive impact of the training on skills transfer to the workplace with support from supervisors as key criteria.

Research limitations/implications
There remains a need for additional studies with larger and more diverse samples and studies which incorporate control groups into their design.

Practical implications
This study provided support for the transfer of knowledge using simulation-based training and advances our limited knowledge and understanding of simulation-based training as a form of experiential (management) learning and development.

Originality/value
This is the first study to undertake a longitudinal analysis of the impact on self-efficacy in the workplace and as such adds to the research in this field.