bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inventory model in a four-echelon integrated supply chain: modeling and optimization
Authors: Gharaei Abolfazl , Pasandideh Seyed Hamid Reza , Arshadi Khamseh Alireza 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
The main purpose is to minimize the total inventory cost of chain, whereas the stochastic constraints are satisfied. In other words, the goal is to find optimum agreed stockpiles and period length for products to minimize the total inventory cost of the chain while the stochastic constraints are fulfilled.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper designs and optimizes an integrated inventory model in a four-echelon supply chain that contains a supplier, a producer, a wholesaler and multiple retailers. All four levels agree with each other to make an integrated inventory system. Products in this model have a multi-stage production process, and the model is bounded by multiple stochastic constraints. The problem model is nonlinear and large. So, the interior point method as an effective algorithm is used for solving the recent convex nonlinear model. Two numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the application of this methodology and to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach.

Findings
The findings showed the model is applicable for real-world supply chain problems in the cases that echelons are going to do executive external integration. Also, the Interior Point algorithm has a satisfactory performance and a high efficiency in terms of optimum solution for solving nonlinear and large models.

Originality/value
The authors designed and optimized the inventory cost in a four-level integrated supply chain in stochastic conditions. The new decision variables, number of chain levels, multi-products, stochastic constraints and multi-stage products in four-level integrated supply chain are other novelties of this paper. The authors provided an efficient algorithm for solving a large-scale and nonlinear model in this research, too.
Work-based learning
Authors: Baker Shayne D. , Peach Neil , Cathcart Malcolm 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which work-based learning could potentially improve education and training pathways in Australia.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper reviews education and training provision in Australia through a contextualisation of the Australian Qualification Framework (AQF) with work-based learning pedagogy to determine the extent to which it might contribute to improved outcomes for learners.

Findings
People seeking to advance their career aspirations can consider the application of work-based learning to support lifelong learning pathways through the AQF.

Research limitations/implications
There is a need for further longitudinal studies on the outcomes of work-based learning for organisations, individual learners and education and training institutions.

Practical implications
The application of effective WBL approaches has the potential to create a much larger flow of learners from experiential and vocational backgrounds into undergraduate programmes and onto higher education programmes using a consistent and effective pedagogy.

Social implications
By actively considering the opportunities for learning at work and through work learners, educators and business managers may recognise that there would be more demand for work-based learning.

Originality/value
This paper represents an initial action research study which examines the role WBL can provide for life-long learning.
Efficient isolation of human metapneumovirus using MNT‐1, a human malignant melanoma cell line with early and distinct cytopathic effects
Authors: Sato Ko , Watanabe Oshi , Ohmiya Suguru , Chiba Fumiko , Suzuki Akira , Okamoto Michiko , Younghuang Jiang , Hata Akihiro , Nonaka Hiroyuki , Kitaoka Setsuko , Nagai Yukio , Kawamura Kazuhisa , Hayashi Masahiro , Kumaki Satoru , Suzuki Tamio , Kawakami Kazuyoshi , Nishimura Hidekazu 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIsolation of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) from clinical specimens is currently inefficient because of the lack of a cell culture system in which a distinct cytopathic effect (CPE) occurs. The cell lines LLC‐MK2, Vero and Vero E6 are used for isolation of HMPV; however, the CPE in these cell lines is subtle and usually requires a long observation period and sometimes blind passages. Thus, a cell line in which an early and distinct CPE occurs following HMPV inoculation is highly desired by clinical virology laboratories. In this study, it was demonstrated that, in the human malignant melanoma cell line MNT‐1, obvious syncytium formation occurs shortly after inoculation with HMPV‐positive clinical specimens. In addition, the growth and efficiency of isolation of HMPV were greater using MNT‐1 than using any other conventional cell line. Addition of this cell line to our routine viral isolation system for clinical specimens markedly enhanced isolation frequency, allowing isolation‐based surveillance. MNT‐1 has the potential to facilitate clinical and epidemiological studies of HMPV.
Hemispheric asymmetries in herbivory: do they exist?
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail V. , Klemola Tero 
Published: September 2017

Summary

Latitudinal patterns in herbivory are widely debated. A recent publication (Zhang et al., Journal of Ecology, 104, 2016: 1089–1095) concluded that the absolute levels of herbivory (hypothesis 1), as well as latitudinal and climatic gradients in herbivory (hypothesis 2), differ between the hemispheres.

Zhang et al. (2016), among others, used a measure of plant damage from Moles & Westoby (Oikos, 90, 2000: 517–524) that greatly overestimates insect herbivory, and they did not include the main effect of hemisphere in their linear model that explored the relationship between herbivory and latitude. After correction of the values extracted from Moles & Westoby (2000), none of several statistical models that tested both hypotheses simultaneously (i.e. including hemisphere, latitude/climate and their interaction) confirmed the existence of statistically significant differences in the patterns of insect herbivory between the hemispheres.

Synthesis. The current level of knowledge does not provide grounds to conclude that hemispheric asymmetries exist either in the average levels of insect herbivory or in the relationships between herbivory and latitude or climate.
Metal Railing Fences and Accidental Death
Authors: Heath Karen J. , Cala Allan D. , Byard Roger W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTwo cases of accidental deaths caused by the sharp ends of fence or gate posts are reported. Case 1: A 47‐year‐old man was found hanging by his ankle in an inverted position on fencing. He had attempted a shortcut to a railway platform by climbing over a metal rail fence. He had slipped and been impaled through his ankle by the sharp end of the fence post, resulting in death from positional asphyxia. Case 2: An 18‐year‐old male slipped while climbing over a gate and died after being impaled on a spear tip finial, which had lacerated his external iliac vein. Death was due to exsanguination. These cases demonstrate two rare examples of accidental deaths from impalement by the ends of sharp fence posts. Mechanisms of death in such circumstances involve suspension with positional asphyxia and vascular injury with exsanguination.
Balance Sheet Conservatism and Debt Contracting
Authors: Sunder Jayanthi , Sunder Shyam V. , Zhang Jingjing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe study the role of borrowers’ balance sheet conservatism (i.e., conservatism in asset values) in debt contract design. We find that borrowing costs are decreasing in the degree of balance sheet conservatism, and this effect is stronger for firms with lower credit quality. This is consistent with balance sheet conservatism reducing lenders’ uncertainty about the liquidation value of assets, thus facilitating the ex ante screening of borrowers. We predict that better ex ante screening also reduces the need for ex post monitoring, and find that balance sheet conservatism is associated with less restrictive covenant terms. Further, we find that asymmetric timeliness in earnings is associated with lower borrowing costs only when balance sheet conservatism is not high. This result suggests that lenders appear to recognize the constraining effect of high balance sheet conservatism on future conservatism in earnings.
Untouched canal areas and debris accumulation after root canal preparation with rotary and adaptive systems
Authors: Lopes Rosa Maria Vianna , Marins Fernanda Cunha , Belladonna Felipe Gonçalves , Souza Erick Miranda , De‐Deus Gustavo , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Silva Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study assessed the percentage of untouched canal areas and the amount of debris accumulation after canal preparation with ProTaper Next (PTN) and Twisted File Adaptive (TFA) systems using micro‐computed tomographic (micro‐CT) imaging. Twenty isthmus‐containing mesial roots of mandibular molars were anatomically matched through micro‐CT evaluation and randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups (n = 10), according to the system used for canal preparation: PTN (X1 and X2 files using rotary motion) and TFA (SM1 and SM2 files using adaptive motion). After canal preparation up to ISO size 25, the specimens were then scanned and the matched images of the mesial canals, before and after preparation, were examined from the furcation level to the apex to quantify the untouched surface canal areas and to evaluate the amount of accumulated debris. An independent samples t‐test and a Mann–Whitney test were used, respectively, to compare these variables between the groups with a significance level set at 5%. Root canals prepared with either PTN or TFA systems were found to present similar untouched canal surface areas (P = 0.52) and hard‐tissue debris accumulation (P = 0.39). Both systems produced a suboptimal and similar mechanical preparation of the mesial canals of mandibular molars and were not able to yield root canals completely free from packed hard‐tissue debris.
Surgical approach selection for total spondylectomy for the treatment of giant cell tumors in the lumbar spine: A retrospective analysis of 12 patients from a single center
Authors: Zhou Hua , Jiang Liang , Wei Feng , Yu Miao , Wu Feng‐liang , Liu Xiao‐guang , Liu Zhong‐jun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimTo describe the selection of the surgical approach used for total spondylectomy in the treatment of giant cell tumors of the lumbar spine.MethodsThis retrospective study included 12 patients with giant cell tumors of the lumbar spine who underwent total spondylectomy. The effect of the Weinstein‐Boriani‐Biagini surgical staging and tumor location on the approach selected was evaluated.ResultsTwo tumors were treated using the posterior approach: one located in L1, extending into layers A∼D and involving sectors 2∼6, and the other located in L4, extending into layers B∼D and involving sectors 4∼11. Four tumors (one each located in L1, L2, L3, and L4) were treated by a combined posterior and anterolateral approach as the tumors involved sectors 5∼6 or 7∼8. Six tumors were treated using a combined posterior and anterior approach, two tumors located in L4, extending into layers A∼D and involving sectors 1∼12, and associated with a soft tissue mass extending into layer A and involving sectors 5∼8; and four tumors located in L5. Complications were observed in 9 of the 12 patients.ConclusionsA posterior approach is the obvious strategy for tumors located in L1∼L4 and extending into layers B∼D or A and involving sectors 1∼3 or 10∼12. For tumors invading beyond layer A and involving sectors 1∼12, including those with a soft tissue mass extending from layer A, with involvement of sectors 4∼9, a posterior approach combined with an anterolateral or anterior approach is required. For L5 tumors, a combined posterior and anterior approach is needed.
Benchmarking against the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit recommendations
Authors: Ho Yiu Ming , Cappello Julie , Kousary Ramin , McGowan Brian , Wysocki Arkadiusz P. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundThe Royal College of Anaesthetists published the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) to describe and compare inpatient care and outcomes of major emergency abdominal surgery in England and Wales in 2015 and 2016. The purpose of this article is to compare emergency abdominal surgical care and mortality in a regional hospital (Logan Hospital, Queensland, Australia) with NELA results.MethodsData were extracted from two databases. All deaths from May 2010 to April 2015 were reviewed and patients who had an emergency abdominal operation within 30 days of death were identified. The health records of all patients who underwent abdominal surgery were extracted and those who had an emergency laparotomy were identified for analysis.ResultsThree hundred and fifty patients underwent emergency laparotomy and were included in the analysis. The total 30‐day mortality during this 5‐year period was 9.7%. Factors affecting mortality included age, Portsmouth‐Physiological and Operative Severity Score (P‐POSSUM) and admission source. Timing of antibiotic administration, use of perioperative medical service and frequency of intensive care admission were the same in patients who died and survived.ConclusionMortality in patients following emergency laparotomy at Logan Hospital compares favourably with 11.1% reported by NELA. This may be partly attributable to case mix distribution as for each P‐POSSUM risk Logan Hospital mortality was at the upper end of that reported by NELA. Further Australia data are required. Improved compliance with NELA recommendations may improve outcomes.
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of radavirsen (AVI‐7100), an antisense oligonucleotide targeting influenza a M1/M2 translation
Authors: Beigel John H. , Voell Jocelyn , Muñoz Paula , Kumar Parag , Brooks Kristina M. , Zhang Jianbo , Iversen Patrick , Heald Alison , Wong Michael , Davey Richard T. 
Published: September 2017

AimsThe aims of the present study were to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of radavirsen following single ascending doses and multiple doses given as intravenous infusions in healthy adults.MethodsA phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of radavirsen was performed in healthy volunteers. The study was divided into two parts. The first was a single‐ascending‐dose study of five cohorts of eight subjects each, randomized 6:2 to receive single intravenous doses of radavirsen ranging from 0.5 mg kg–1 to 8 mg kg–1 or placebo. The second was a multiple‐dose study of 16 subjects randomized 12:4 to receive 8 mg kg–1 or placebo once daily for 5 days.ResultsA total of 66 subjects were screened, and 56 subjects were dosed between 2013 and 2015. At least one adverse event occurred in 31/42 (74%) who received radavirsen, and 13/14 (93%) receiving placebo. The most common adverse events were headache and proteinuria, and were similar in incidence and severity among those receiving radavirsen or placebo. Single‐dose pharmacokinetics demonstrated relatively linear and dose‐proportional increases in maximal concentration and in area under the concentration–time curve from zero to 24 h (AUC0–24). At 8 mg kg–1 in the multiple‐dose cohort, the day 4 geometric mean AUC0–24 was 57.9 μg*h ml–1.ConclusionSingle infusions of radavirsen up to 8 mg kg–1, and multi‐dosing at 8 mg kg–1 once daily for 5 days, appear to be safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects. The multi‐dose day 4 AUC0–24 in the present study was comparable with that associated with protection from viral infection in a preclinical ferret influenza model. Further evaluation of radavirsen for the treatment of influenza infections is warranted.
Drugs for metabolic conditions and prostate cancer death in men on GnRH agonists
Authors: Bosco Cecilia , Wong Chloe , Garmo Hans , Crawley Danielle , Holmberg Lars , Hammar Niklas , Adolfsson Jan , Stattin Pär , Van Hemelrijck Mieke 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether drugs for metabolic conditions influence prostate cancer‐specific mortality in men starting gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, as it is unclear whether metabolic syndrome and its related drugs is affecting treatment response in men with prostate cancer on GnRH agonists.Patients and MethodsWe selected all men receiving GnRH agonists as primary treatment in the Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe) (n = 9267). Use of drugs for metabolic conditions (i.e. anti‐diabetes, anti‐dyslipidaemia, and antihypertension) in relation to all‐cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and prostate cancer‐specific death were studied using multivariate Cox proportional hazard and Fine and Gray competing regression models.ResultsIn all, 6322 (68%) men used at least one drug for a metabolic condition at GnRH agonist initiation: 46% on antihypertensive drugs only, 32% on drugs for dyslipidaemia and hypertension, and ~10% on drugs for more than two metabolic conditions. Cox models indicated a weak increased risk of prostate cancer death in men who were on drugs for hypertension only (hazard ratio [HR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.23) or drugs for hyperglycaemia (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06–1.35) at GnRH agonist initiation. However, upon taking into account competing risk from CVD death, none of the drugs for metabolic conditions were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death.ConclusionWe did not find evidence for a better or worse response to GnRH agonists in men with prostate cancer who were also on drugs for hypertension, dyslipidaemia, or hyperglycaemia.
The risk of metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Behboudi‐Gandevani Samira , Amiri Mina , Bidhendi Yarandi Razieh , Noroozzadeh Mahsa , Farahmand Maryam , Rostami Dovom Marzieh , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBackground and ObjectivePolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to provide the most reliable estimate risk of MetS in women with PCOS, compared to healthy controls.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed [including Medline], Web of Science and Scopus databases for retrieving articles in English language on the prevalence/incidence and odds of MetS in women with PCOS compared to healthy controls. Mantel‐Haenszel methods of meta‐analysis were used to present results in terms of the pooled odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) using fixed/random‐effects models with/without the publication bias correction, based on the various subgroups of age and study methods. Newcastle‐Ottawa Scaling and The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias assessment tool were used to evaluate the quality of studies included.ResultsThe search strategy yielded 2759 potentially relevant articles of which 44 articles were included for meta‐analysis. Results of the meta‐analysis demonstrated that the patients with PCOS regardless of age, BMI and recruitment sources of samples had higher odds of MetS compared to healthy controls (OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.0‐3.2). However, adolescents with PCOS had an increased odds of MetS compared to healthy adolescent controls in population‐ and nonpopulation‐based studies (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.8‐11.9; OR 6.1, 95% CI 6.0‐ 6.1, respectively). However, the odds of MetS had no differences between adults with PCOS compared to healthy controls in population‐based studies. These results were confirmed by the subgroup meta‐analysis of some studies using age and BMI adjustment/matching. In addition, subgroup analysis based on diagnostic criteria of PCOS showed that the OR of MetS in PCOS using NIH criteria was higher than AES and Rotterdam criteria (Pooled Overall OR based on NIH criteria = 6.05, 95% CIL: 6.0‐6.04).ConclusionThese findings provide some information on the real features and a broader view of this syndrome that also helps clarify conflicting results documented in the literature. Accordingly, in prevention strategies, routine screening for metabolic syndrome is suggested for adolescents with PCOS.
Post‐secondary scholarships for students from developing countries: Establishing a global baseline
Authors: Bhandari Rajika 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWith the goal of informing progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 4.b which focuses on the provision of global scholarships for students from the developing world, this article analyses the current state of global data on scholarships available at the tertiary level for individuals from developing countries. In addition to assessing the status of and gaps in the data, the analysis explores the feasibility of creating a baseline against which future progress towards target 4.b can be monitored at the global level. It reviews a broad range of scholarship programmes that are sponsored by government institutions, non‐profit organisations, and corporations in order to inform the analysis, identify challenges, and propose solutions. Data gaps are especially apparent with regard to the national origins and socio‐demographic characteristics of scholarship recipients. Despite the severe limitation of the data, a tentative baseline against which the progress of target 4.b can be measured is proposed. This baseline estimates that currently there are approximately 22,487 tertiary students from the developing world who are receiving scholarships from developed and developing countries. This figure accounts for just under 1% of the 2.5 million students from the developing world who are globally mobile. In addition to providing a framework for organising and monitoring global scholarship programmes, the article provides recommendations for the steps that can be put in place in order to ensure better data collection on the provision of scholarships for students from the developing world.
Skill achievement and returns in developing countries: Evidence from adult skills surveys
Authors: Chua Kenn 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUsing novel adult skills surveys, this article analyses cross‐country patterns in skill achievement and labour market returns, comparing the outcomes for a subset of developing countries with the results previously found for high‐income economies. Apart from displaying lower average cognitive skills, developing countries also exhibit wider disparities in levels of skills by subgroups of educational attainment, gender, and parental education. Meanwhile, baseline estimates of returns to skills reveal that a one‐standard deviation increase in literacy skills is associated with an earnings increase of 14.6% in developing countries, which is statistically indistinguishable from the average returns of 17.7 estimated for developed countries. Nonetheless, there is considerable heterogeneity in the returns across developing countries, with the lowest estimates found in Armenia and Ukraine at 2% (not statistically significant) and 6%, respectively, and the highest reported in Kenya at above 30%. Differences in the type of employment opportunities and the degree of employment selection in these labour markets are important determinants of the observed gap in returns. International comparisons of returns should take this into consideration.