bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Interactionism
Authors: Fink Edward L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Symbolic interactionism is a perspective employed, explicitly and implicitly, by communication scholars and others within the social sciences and humanities. The central concepts of the approach derive from the work of George Herbert Mead and his student, Herbert Blumer. In addition, its creation owes much to the philosophers and sociologists at the University of Chicago. This entry presents the development of symbolic interactionism, the role of the two key figures in its development (George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer), its major premises concerning the role of interaction in creating meaning and the understanding of self and of society, and its implication for theory and methods. Its status as a theory is also discussed.
Accounts
Authors: Cody Michael J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Individuals seek to groom and maintain a desirable public image of the self, but sometimes fail to do so successfully. Failing to achieve a desirable public image has implications for one's public personae, as well as in developing and maintaining relationships. Accounts are communicated to order to “explain” why communicators behaved as they did, and certain forms of accounts can enhance images and relational maintenance, or detract from desirable public images and complicate relationships.
Family Stress
Authors: Turner Lynn H. , West Richard 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Families are growing, evolving entities and, as such, continually experience change. Whenever change occurs, there is the real potential for families to experience stress, because stress commonly results after any disturbance in the status quo. Researchers from various disciplines have addressed how families experience stress, as well as how they cope with it. This entry describes the evolution of theorizing about family stress, and delineates five central concepts that are featured in all these theories.
Perceived Organizational Support
Authors: Brown Lori A. , Roloff Michael E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Employees who perceive themselves and their work contributions as valued, supported, and cared about by the organizations they work for are empowered with perceived organizational support. Scholars have recognized that employees vary with levels of perceived organizational support, with higher levels linked to more job satisfaction, commitment, performance quality, and well‐being, and lower levels with burnout and intentions to quit. Because this global belief of perceived organizational support arises from interacting with others, organizational communication and perceived organizational support are inherently linked. Functioning as both a social exchange with employees and a resource to replenish those diminished by or related to work, perceived organizational support also improves leader–member exchange and cultivates improved perceptions of organizational justice.
A Novel Method for Investigation of Entropic Stress in Prestabilization of PAN‐Based Precursor Fibers
Authors: Sabet Ehsanollah Nosratian , Nourpanah Parviz , Arbab Shahram 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTApplying stress in the fiber axis direction during the prestabilization process is the best method to control entropic relaxation. Evaluation of entropic stress is necessary for exact determination of required imposed stress. Accordingly, in this paper three types of special‐grade polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers with different physical‐mechanical properties and morphological characteristic are studied. To determine thermal‐induced entropic stresses, we use the thermomechanical analysis method from room temperature to beginning of chemical reactions under certain stresses. It is shown that three thermophysical behaviors including the first return, second return, and sans return occurs under certain stresses during the thermal process. There are distinct temperatures for the first and second return behaviors, in which fibers return to primary length after shrinkage or elongation. These temperatures depend on imposed stress during prestabilization. We found that if no elongation or fiber shrinkage occurs in a specific stress and temperature, it shows that imposed stress is equivalent to thermal entropic stress. Changes in shrinkage as a function of temperature for various external imposed stresses are also observed. According to our findings, the onset of entropic stress strongly depends on the orientation index of the paracrystalline region. The maximum entropic stress occurs in the rubbery flow region in amorphous phases and can be obtained from a derivative of the second‐order polynomial trend line of the entropic stress–temperature diagram.
Effects of Values and Personality on Demand for Organic Produce
Authors: Grebitus Carola , Dumortier Jerome 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPersonality and human values have shown effects on consumer preferences and willingness to pay. This paper analyzes simultaneously the impact of human values and personality on the demand for organic tomatoes applying open‐ended choice experiments. Results show that consumers make a distinction between conventional and organic tomatoes, such that human values have a differential impact with regard to predicting demand for products associated with organic labels. Consumers with strong individualistic domains of hedonism and stimulation are more likely to have a higher demand for organic, the same holds for consumers with the strong collectivist domain conformity, and those values that regard both (security and universalism). Also, consumers distinguish between conventional and organic tomatoes, such that personality has a differential impact with regard to predicting demand for organic products. The more agreeable the consumer, the higher the demand for organic tomatoes. In addition, results indicate that when modeled simultaneously, values are more stable in affecting demand compared to effects resulting from personality. Overall, results indicate that human values and personality are able to explain a portion of the variability of demand.
Does human ejaculate quality relate to phenotypic traits?
Authors: Jeffery Austin John , Pham Michael N. , Shackelford Todd K. , Fink Bernhard 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA given man's phenotype embodies cues of his ancestral ability to effectively defend himself and his kin from harm, to survive adverse conditions, and to acquire status and mating opportunities. In this review, we explore the hypothesis that a man's phenotype also embodies cues to fertility or the probability that an ejaculate will fertilize ova. Female mate choice depends on the ability to discern the quality of a male reproductive partner through his phenotype, and male fertility may be among the traits that females have evolved to detect. A female who selects as mates males that deliver higher quality ejaculates will, on average, be more fecund than her competitors. Data on several non‐human species demonstrate correlations between ejaculate quality and secondary sexual characteristics that inform female mate choice, suggesting that females may select mates in part on the basis of fertility. While the non‐human literature on this topic has advanced, the human literature remains limited in scope and there is no clear consensus on appropriate methodologies or theoretical positions. We provide a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis of this literature, and conclude by proposing solutions to the many issues that impede progress in the field. In the process, we hope to encourage interest and insight from investigators in other areas of human mating and reproductive biology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:318–329, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible Fluoreszenzsonden für biologische Redoxzustände
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Kolanowski Jacek L. , New Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDie Redoxchemie der Zelle ist für deren Funktionstüchtigkeit und Gesundheit von entscheidender Bedeutung. Dementsprechend ist es wichtig, chemische Hilfsmittel für die Untersuchung der Redoxbiologie zu entwickeln. Während Veränderungen im oxidativen Zustand für eine gesunde Zellfunktion wesentlich sind, wird eine chronisch erhöhte oxidative Kapazität mit Krankheiten in Verbindung gebracht. Es ist daher entscheidend, dass Sonden biologischer Redoxzustände zwischen diesen beiden Bedingungen unterscheiden können, indem sie Veränderungen reversibel über die Zeit erfassen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz diskutieren wir die gegenwärtigen Fortschritte bei solchen Sonden und ermitteln die Hauptrichtungen für zukünftige Forschungen auf diesem aufstrebenden Gebiet, das von grundlegendem biologischem Interesse ist.
Systemically Injectable Enzyme‐Loaded Polyion Complex Vesicles as In Vivo Nanoreactors Functioning in Tumors
Authors: Anraku Yasutaka , Kishimura Akihiro , Kamiya Mako , Tanaka Sayaka , Nomoto Takahiro , Toh Kazuko , Matsumoto Yu , Fukushima Shigeto , Sueyoshi Daiki , Kano Mitsunobu R. , Urano Yasuteru , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Kataoka Kazunori 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe design and construction of nanoreactors are important for biomedical applications of enzymes, but lipid‐ and polymeric‐vesicle‐based nanoreactors have some practical limitations. We have succeeded in preparing enzyme‐loaded polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes) through a facile protein‐loading method. The preservation of enzyme activity was confirmed even after cross‐linking of the PICsomes. The cross‐linked β‐galactosidase‐loaded PICsomes (β‐gal@PICsomes) selectively accumulated in the tumor tissue of mice. Moreover, a model prodrug, HMDER‐βGal, was successfully converted into a highly fluorescent product, HMDER, at the tumor site, even 4 days after administration of the β‐gal@PICsomes. Intravital confocal microscopy showed continuous production of HMDER and its distribution throughout the tumor tissues. Thus, enzyme‐loaded PICsomes are useful for prodrug activation at the tumor site and could be a versatile platform for enzyme delivery in enzyme prodrug therapy.
Reversible Fluorescent Probes for Biological Redox States
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Kolanowski Jacek L. , New Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe redox chemistry of the cell is key to its function and health, and the development of chemical tools to study redox biology is important. While fluxes in oxidative state are essential for healthy cell function, a chronically elevated oxidative capacity is linked to disease. It is therefore essential that probes of biological redox states distinguish between these two conditions by the reversible sensing of changes over time. In this review, we discuss the current progress towards such probes, and identify key directions for future research in this nascent field of vital biological interest.
Knots “Choke Off” Polymers upon Stretching
Authors: Stauch Tim , Dreuw Andreas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLong polymer chains inevitably get tangled into knots. Like macroscopic ropes, polymer chains are substantially weakened by knots and the rupture point is always located at the “entry” or “exit” of the knot. However, these phenomena are only poorly understood at a molecular level. Here we show that when a knotted polyethylene chain is tightened, most of the stress energy is stored in torsions around the curved part of the chain. The torsions act as “work funnels” that effectively localize mechanical stress in the immediate vicinity of the knot. As a result, the knot “chokes” the chain at its entry or exit, thus leading to bond rupture at much lower forces than those needed to break a linear, unknotted chain. Our work not only explains the weakening of the polymer chain and the position of the rupture point, but more generally demonstrates that chemical bonds do not have to be extensively stretched to be broken.
Anticancer Potencies of PtII‐ and PdII‐linked M2L4 Coordination Capsules with Improved Selectivity
Authors: Ahmedova Anife , Momekova Denitsa , Yamashina Masahiro , Shestakova Pavletta , Momekov Georgi , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPtII‐ and PdII‐linked M2L4 coordination capsules, providing a confined cavity encircled by polyaromatic frameworks, exhibit anticancer activities superior to cisplatin against two types of leukemic cells (HL‐60 and SKW‐3) and pronounced toxicity against cisplatin‐resistant cells (HL‐60/CDDP). Notably, the cytotoxic selectivities of the PtII and PdII capsules toward cancerous cells are up to 5.3‐fold higher than that of cisplatin, as estimated through the non‐malignant/malignant‐cells toxicity ratio employing normal kidney cells (HEK‐293). In addition, the anticancer activity of the coordination capsules can be easily altered upon encapsulation of organic guest molecules.
Asphaltarmierungen im Straßenbau
Authors: Eberth Florian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDie Bauweise der Asphaltarmierungen hat sich am Markt durchgesetzt, da sie durch ihre vorbeugende Wirkung als Rissprophylaxe sehr wirtschaftlich ist. Hohe Unterhaltungskosten z.B. für das Vergießen von Rissen bzw. der aus unbehandelten Rissen entstehenden Folgeschäden, können zukünftig eingespart werden.Dieser Artikel geht auf die Grundlagen und Wirkungsweise spannungsaufbauender Asphaltarmierungen ein. Generell gelten diese Grundlagen für alle spannungsaufbauenden Armierungen im Bauwesen. So können die hier vorgestellten Wirkungsweisen beispielsweise auch auf die Stahlbewehrung im Stahlbetonbau übertragen werden und umgekehrt.
Sandwichelemente mit Deckschichten aus Hochleistungsbeton und einem Kern aus extrudiertem Polystyrol
Authors: Müller Frank , Kohlmeyer Christian , Schnell Jürgen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIm Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts an der Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern wurden Sandwichelemente mit dünnen Deckschichten aus Hochleistungsbeton (HPC) und einem Kern aus extrudiertem Polystyrol (XPS) ausführlich experimentell und rechnerisch untersucht [1]. Die Deckschichten wiesen eine Dicke von 10 bis 20 mm auf und wurden mit dem Kern, der eine Dicke von 120 bis 140 mm hatte, nur über die thermisch geprägte, rautenförmige Oberflächenstruktur der XPS‐Dämmplatten verbunden (Bild 1). Das Tragverhalten der Sandwichelemente wurde sowohl experimentell in Biegeversuchen, Scherversuchen und großmaßstäblichen Bauelementversuchen als auch rechnerisch in Parameterstudien mit Finite‐Element‐(FE)‐Software untersucht. Die Dauerhaftigkeit des Verbunds wurde weiterhin in Ermüdungsversuchen, Frost‐Tau‐Wechselversuchen und Dauerstandsversuchen erforscht. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen sind in dieser Veröffentlichung zusammengefasst. Weiterhin wird ein Nachweiskonzept auf Grundlage der Norm DIN EN 14509 für die Bemessung von Sandwichelementen mit metallischen Deckschichten [2] vorgeschlagen. Die Anwendbarkeit des Nachweiskonzepts wird anhand der Nachrechnung der Versuche dargelegt.Sandwich elements with facings of high performance concrete and a core of extruded polystyrene foamAs part of a research project at the Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, sandwich elements with thin facings of high performance concrete (HPC) and a core of extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) were experimentally and numerically investigated [1]. The facings featured a thickness of 10 to 20 mm and were bonded with the core with a thickness of 120 to 140 mm by a thermally imprinted, diamond‐shaped surface structure of the XPS insulation panels (Figure 1). The load‐bearing behaviour of the sandwich elements was investigated experimentally in bending, shear and large‐scale element tests as well as numerically by parametric studies with finite element (FE)‐software. Furthermore, the durability of the bond was investigated in fatigue tests, freeze‐thaw tests and long‐term loading tests. The results of the investigations are summarized in this paper. Additionally, a concept for the structural verification on the basis of standard DIN EN 14509 for the design of metal‐faced sandwich elements [2] is presented. The applicability of the concept is verified by the calculation of the experiments.
Erhöhung des Durchstanzwiderstands von Flachdecken durch Verbundeinbauteile aus UHPC
Authors: Randl Norbert , Ricker Marcus , Häusler Frank , Steinberger Stephan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractZur Beurteilung der möglichen Tragfähigkeitssteigerung von Flachdecken durch UHPC‐Verbundeinbauteile wurden neun Durchstanzversuche an Flachdeckenauschnitten im Bereich einer Innenstütze durchgeführt. Alle Versuchskörper waren mit Doppelkopfankern als Durchstanzbewehrung versehen. In acht Platten war zusätzlich zu den Doppelkopfankern ein Einbauteil aus faserbewehrtem UHPC vorhanden, um die Druckzone am Stützenanschnitt zu verstärken. Dabei wurden UHPC‐Einbauteile mit zwei unterschiedlichen Außendurchmessern verwendet. Weiterhin wurden einige Elemente durch die Anordnung von Fugen mehrteilig ausgeführt. Um einen nachträglichen Einbau der Doppelkopfanker zu ermöglichen, wurde ein Teil der Einbauteile zusätzlich mit Ankergassen ausgeführt. In den Versuchen mit UHPC‐Einbauteilen wurden signifikant höhere Bruchlasten erreicht als bei der Referenzplatte, die nur mit Doppelkopfankern als Durchstanzbewehrung versehen war. In den Versuchen mit den kleineren UHPC‐Einbauteilen konnte ein Durchstanzen außerhalb als Versagensursache benannt werden, wohingegen bei den größeren Einbauteilen eine deutliche Schädigung auch im Bereich des UHPC zu beobachten war.Enhancement of punching shear capacity of flat slabs by built‐in UHPC composite elementsA total of nine punching shear tests on interior column‐slab connections was performed to investigate the potential enhancement of the shear punching capacity in flat slabs. All test specimens included double‐headed studs as punching shear reinforcement. Eight slabs were additionally reinforced in the vicinity of the column by an UHPC unit. These elements were built in around the columns in the slab compression zone, replacing there the normal strength concrete (NSC). UHPC units with two different diameters were applied. Several of these elements were provided with joints and channels for the double‐headed studs. The slabs including an UHPC element reached significantly higher failure loads than the test specimens without such an element. In the slabs including the smaller UHPC units, a clear punching shear failure outside the elements was observed. In the case of the larger UHPC units, significant cracks occurred inside the elements, indicating the initiation of a failure of the UHPC.
Impact of body fat distribution on neoadjuvant chemotherapy outcomes in advanced breast cancer patients
Authors: Iwase Toshiaki , Sangai Takafumi , Nagashima Takeshi , Sakakibara Masahiro , Sakakibara Junta , Hayama Shouko , Ishigami Emi , Masuda Takahito , Miyazaki Masaru 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObesity is known to decrease the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) against breast cancer; however, the relationship between actual body composition and NAC outcomes remains unknown. Therefore, we determined the effect of body composition on NAC outcomes. A total of 172 advanced breast cancer patients who underwent surgery after NAC were retrospectively analyzed. Body composition parameters including abdominal circumference (AC), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), visceral fat area (VFA), and skeletal muscle area (SMA) were calculated using computed tomography volume‐analyzing software. VFA/SFA ratio was used to evaluate visceral obesity. The associations of body composition parameters with pathological complete remission (pCR) and survival were analyzed. AC, SFA, and VFA were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (all P < 0.05; r = 0.82, r = 0.71, and r = 0.78, respectively). AC, SFA, and VFA increased significantly and SMA decreased significantly after menopause (all P < 0.05). VFA/SFA ratio increased significantly after menopause, even though BMI remained unchanged. Body composition parameters were not associated with pCR. Distant disease‐free survival (DDFS) was significantly worse in the high VFA group than in the low VFA group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the high VFA group, postmenopausal patients had significantly shorter DDFS than premenopausal patients (P < 0.05). VFA was independently associated with DDFS in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). High visceral fat is associated with worse NAC outcomes in breast cancer patients, especially postmenopausal patients. Interventions targeting visceral fat accumulation will likely improve NAC outcomes.
Selective Functionalization of Graphene Peripheries by using Bipolar Electrochemistry
Authors: Zuccaro Laura , Kuhn Alexander , Konuma Mitsuharu , Yu Hak Ki , Kern Klaus , Balasubramanian Kannan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe present a contactless strategy based on bipolar electrochemistry for the local chemical modification of monolayer graphene sheets supported on a substrate. Specifically, peripheral graphene regions are directly modified by copper nanoparticles, the characteristics of which are controllable through the bipolar deposition parameters. This functionalization route provides access to hybrid monolayer graphene modified, for example, with two different metals on opposing peripheries. The presented strategy constitutes a new way to functionalize graphene and an avenue for systematically studying bipolar electrochemistry at the nanoscale.
Giant Volume Change and Topological Gaps in Temperature‐ and Pressure‐Induced Phase Transitions: Experimental and Computational Study of ThMo2O8
Authors: Xiao Bin , Kegler Philip , Gesing Thorsten M. , Robben Lars , Blanca‐Romero Ariadna , Kowalski Piotr M. , Li Yan , Klepov Vladislav , Bosbach Dirk , Alekseev Evgeny V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBy applying high temperature (1270 K) and high pressure (3.5 GPa), significant changes occur in the structural volume and crystal topology of ThMo2O8, allowing the formation of an unexpected new ThMo2O8 polymorph (high‐temperature/high‐pressure (HT/HP) orthorhombic ThMo2O8). Compared with the other three ThMo2O8 polymorphs prepared at the ambient pressure (monoclinic, orthorhombic, and hexagonal phases), the molar volume for the quenched HT/HP–orthorhombic ThMo2O8 is decreased by almost 20 %. As a result of such a dramatic structural transformation, a permanent high‐pressure quenchable state is able to be sustained when the pressure is released. The crystal structures of the three ambient ThMo2O8 phases are based on three‐dimensional (3D) frameworks constructed from corner‐sharing ThOx (x=6, 8, or 9) polyhedra and MoO4 tetrahedra. The HT/HP–orthorhombic ThMo2O8, however, crystallizes in a novel structural topology, exhibiting very dense arrangements of ThO11 and MoO4+1 polyhedra connecting along the crystallographic c axis. The phase transitions among all four of these ThMo2O8 polymorphs are unveiled and fully characterized with regard to the structural transformation, thermal stability, and vibrational properties. The complementary first principles calculations of Gibbs free energies reveal the underlying energetics of the phase transition, which support the experimental findings.
Attractive Dispersion Interactions Versus Steric Repulsion of tert‐Butyl groups in the Crystal Packing of a D3h‐Symmetric Tris(quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine)
Authors: Kohl Bernd , Bohnwagner Mercedes V. , Rominger Frank , Wadepohl Hubert , Dreuw Andreas , Mastalerz Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe crystalline packing of a π‐extended D3h‐symmetric triptycene reveals a particular π stacking motif with an almost‐eclipsed arrangement of adjacent π planes despite the steric repulsion of tert‐butyl substituents. Four model compounds were analyzed by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and theoretical calculations to study the influence of dispersion interactions of molecular parts and understand the relationship between the molecular structure and this unique packing motif.