bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of Higher-Order Moments and Slopes of the Radar Doppler Spectrum for Retrieving Microphysical and Kinematic Properties of Arctic Ice Clouds
Authors: Maahn Maximilian , Löhnert Ulrich 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRetrievals of ice-cloud properties from cloud-radar observations are challenging because the retrieval methods are typically underdetermined. Here, the authors investigate whether additional information can be obtained from higher-order moments and the slopes of the radar Doppler spectrum such as skewness and kurtosis as well as the slopes of the Doppler peak. To estimate quantitatively the additional information content, a generalized Bayesian retrieval framework that is based on optimal estimation is developed. Real and synthetic cloud-radar observations of the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) dataset obtained around Barrow, Alaska, are used in this study. The state vector consists of the microphysical (particle-size distribution, mass–size relation, and cross section–area relation) and kinematic (vertical wind and turbulence) quantities required to forward model the moments and slopes of the radar Doppler spectrum. It is found that, for a single radar frequency, more information can be retrieved when including higher-order moments and slopes than when using only reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity but two radar frequencies. When using all moments and slopes with two or even three frequencies, the uncertainties of all state variables, including the mass–size relation, can be considerably reduced with respect to the prior knowledge.
A Dynamical and Statistical Characterization of U.S. Extreme Precipitation Events and Their Associated Large-Scale Meteorological Patterns
Authors: Zhao Siyu , Deng Yi , Black Robert X. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Regional patterns of extreme precipitation events occurring over the continental United States are identified via hierarchical cluster analysis of observed daily precipitation for the period 1950–2005. Six canonical extreme precipitation patterns (EPPs) are isolated for the boreal warm season and five for the cool season. The large-scale meteorological pattern (LMP) inducing each EPP is identified and used to create a “base function” for evaluating a climate model’s potential for accurately representing the different patterns of precipitation extremes. A parallel analysis of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), reveals that the CCSM4 successfully captures the main U.S. EPPs for both the warm and cool seasons, albeit with varying degrees of accuracy. The model’s skill in simulating each EPP tends to be positively correlated with its capability in representing the associated LMP. Model bias in the occurrence frequency of a governing LMP is directly related to the frequency bias in the corresponding EPP. In addition, however, discrepancies are found between the CCSM4’s representation of LMPs and EPPs over regions such as the western United States and Midwest, where topographic precipitation influences and organized convection are prominent, respectively. In these cases, the model representation of finer-scale physical processes appears to be at least equally important compared to the LMPs in driving the occurrence of extreme precipitation.
Enlarged Asymmetry of Tropical Pacific Rainfall Anomalies Induced by El Niño and La Niña under Global Warming
Authors: Huang Ping , Chen Dong 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important sources of climate interannual variability. A prominent characteristic of ENSO is the asymmetric, or so-called nonlinear, local rainfall response to El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN), in which the maximum rainfall anomalies during EN are located farther east than those during LN. In this study, the changes in rainfall anomalies during EN and LN are examined based on the multimodel ensemble mean results of 32 CMIP5 models under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. It is found that robust EN–LN asymmetric changes in rainfall anomalies exist. The rainfall anomalies during EN and LN both shift eastward and intensify under global warming, but the eastward shift during EN is farther east than that during LN. A simplified moisture budget decomposition method is applied to study the mechanism of the asymmetric response. The results show that the robust increase in mean-state moisture can enlarge the EN–LN asymmetry of the rainfall anomalies, and the spatial relative changes in mean-state SST with an El Niño–like pattern can shift the rainfall anomalies farther east during EN than during LN, enlarging the difference in the zonal locations of the rainfall response to EN and LN. The role of the relative changes in mean-state SST can also be interpreted as follows: the decreased zonal gradient of mean-state SST due to El Niño–like warming leads to a larger EN–LN asymmetry of rainfall anomalies under a future warming climate.
Ice Crystal Sizes in High Ice Water Content Clouds. Part II: Statistics of Mass Diameter Percentiles in Tropical Convection Observed during the HAIC/HIWC Project
Authors: Leroy D. , Fontaine E. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Strapp J. W. , Korolev A. , McFarquhar G. , Dupuy R. , Gourbeyre C. , Lilie L. , Protat A. , Delanoe J. , Dezitter F. , Grandin A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHigh ice water content (IWC) regions in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are a potential threat to commercial aviation, as they are suspected to cause in-service engine power-loss events and air data probe malfunctions. To investigate this, the high-altitude ice crystals (HAIC)/high ice water content (HIWC) projects set up a first field campaign in Darwin (Australia) in 2014. The airborne instrumentation was selected to provide the most accurate measurements of both the bulk total water content (TWC), using a specially developed isokinetic evaporator, and the individual ice crystals properties, using particle imaging probes.This study focuses on determining the size ranges of ice crystals responsible for the mass in high IWC regions, defined here as cloud regions with IWC greater than 1.5 g m−3. It is shown that for high IWC areas in most of the encountered MCSs, median mass diameters (MMDs) of ice crystals range from 250 to 500 μm and decrease with increasing TWC and decreasing temperature. At the same time, the mass contribution of the smallest crystals (below 100 μm) remains generally low (below 15%).In contrast, data from two flight missions in a long-lasting quasi-stationary tropical storm reveal that high IWC values can also be associated with MMDs in the range 400–800 μm and peak values of up to 2 mm. Ice crystal images suggest a major growth contribution by vapor deposition (columns, capped columns) even for such larger MMD values.
Migraine prevention with percutaneous mastoid electrical stimulator: A randomized double-blind controlled trial
Authors: Juan Yang , Shu Ou , Jinhe Lou , Na Yang , Yushuang Deng , Weiwei Dong , Lanying He , Jian Wang 
Published: November 2016

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of episodic migraine prevention with the percutaneous mastoid electrical stimulator (PMES). Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trial that involved four medical centers. Episodic patients with at least two migraine attacks every month were randomly 1:1 to PMES or sham stimulation treatment. The treatments were performed daily for 45 minutes over 3 months. The primary outcomes were change in migraine days per month and the 50% response rate. Results The PMES group had a significantly greater reduction of migraine days in the third month than the sham group (−71.3% vs. −14.4%, p < 0.001). The 50% response rate of migraine days in the PMES group (≥50% reduction of migraine days compared with the baseline) was significantly higher than that in the sham group (82.5% vs. 17.5%, p < 0.001). In the PMES group, 60% of the patients had a ≥75% reduction of migraine days in the third month, and 35% of the patients had no migraine attack in the third month. No patients in the sham group had a ≥75% reduction of migraine days. There were no adverse events in either group. Conclusion Treatment of migraine using non-invasive PMES was safe and effective.
Association Between the Use of Long-Acting Insulin and Hypoglycemia in Nondiabetic Patients in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Masse Jordan , Giuliano Christopher Alan , Brown Sara , Paxton Renee Alexander 
Published: November 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between long-acting insulin and hypoglycemia in nondiabetic surgical intensive care patients. Methods: This single-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated glycemic control in nondiabetic critically ill surgical patients receiving long-acting insulin plus sliding scale versus those receiving sliding scale alone. Patients were matched based on sliding scale order and type of surgery. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who experienced hypoglycemia (glucose values <70 mg/dL). Secondary outcomes included comparing the distribution of glycemic events in the 2 groups and describing the proportion of patients transferred out of the intensive care unit on long-acting insulin who experienced hypoglycemia. Results: One hundred twenty patients met the study criteria. Hypoglycemia was significantly higher in the long-acting insulin plus sliding scale group compared to those receiving sliding scale alone (17 [28.3%] patients vs 8 [13.3%] patients; P = .047). After adjusting for body mass index, renal failure, age, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, the odds of hypoglycemia were 4.1 times higher for patients receiving long-acting insulin and sliding scale compared to those receiving sliding scale alone ( P = .02). There were more hypoglycemic events (42 vs 20; P = .05) and hyperglycemic events (313 vs 135; P = .02) in the long-acting insulin group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated higher rates of hypoglycemia associated with the utilization of long-acting insulin in nondiabetic surgical intensive care patients. Risk of hypoglycemia should be weighed against possible benefits in this population.
Contributing to clinical research in the UK
Authors: Ilyas Rebecca , Chow Karyee , Young J Graham 
Published: November 2016

Background: Contributing to clinical research is generally personally and professionally rewarding for urologists. The regulatory environment can seem daunting and this paper guides a new consultant through the initial steps to plan and commence a project. Objectives: The objective of this study was to guide a new consultant in planning and implementing a clinical research project by providing a detailed review on how to start and conduct a clinical project. Methods: Research committees and bodies that offer funding and help were researched thoroughly and an intensive guideline was written to help new trainees and consultants to begin and implement clinical research. Conclusions: The necessary information required to conduct and implement a clinical research project for a new consultant.
Efficacy and tolerability of oral versus injectable disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis in clinical practice
Authors: Longbrake Erin E , Cross Anne H , Salter Amber 
Published: November 2016

Background The advent of oral disease-modifying therapies fundamentally changed the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nevertheless, impressions of their relative efficacy and tolerability are primarily founded on expert opinion. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether oral disease-modifying therapies were better tolerated and/or more effective for controlling multiple sclerosis compared to injectable therapies in clinical practice. Methods Single-center, retrospective cohort study. 480 patients initiated oral (fingolimod, teriflunomide, or dimethyl fumarate) or injectable therapy between March 2013–March 2015 and follow-up data was collected for 5–31 months. Outcomes included on-drug multiple sclerosis activity and drug discontinuation. Cox proportional hazards models were used to control for baseline differences and sensitivity analyses using propensity-weighted matching were performed. Results A higher proportion of teriflunomide-treated patients experienced multiple sclerosis activity compared to those treated with injectable therapies ( p = 0.0053) in the adjusted model. Breakthrough multiple sclerosis was equally prevalent among fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate-treated compared to injectable therapy-treated patients. Of patients initiating a disease-modifying therapy, 32–46% discontinued or switched treatments during the study. After controlling for baseline differences, discontinuation rates were comparable across treatment groups. Conclusions In this cohort, oral and injectable disease-modifying therapies were equally well tolerated, but teriflunomide appeared less effective for controlling multiple sclerosis activity than injectable therapies. Further study is needed.
The Consistency in Macronutrient Oxidation and the Role for Epinephrine in the Response to Fasting and Overfeeding
Authors: Vinales Karyne Lima , Schlögl Mathias , Piaggi Paolo , Hohenadel Maximilian , Graham Alexis , Bonfiglio Susan , Krakoff Jonathan , Thearle Marie S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractContext:In humans, dietary vs intraindividual determinants of macronutrient oxidation preference and the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) during short-term overfeeding and fasting are unclear.Objective:To understand the influence on metabolic changes of diet and SNS during 24 hours of overfeeding.Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions:While residing on a clinical research unit, 64 participants with normal glucose regulation were assessed during energy balance, fasting, and four 24-hour overfeeding diets, given in random order. The overfeeding diets contained 200% of energy requirements and varied macronutrient proportions: (1) standard (50% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 30% fat); (2) 75% carbohydrate; (3) 60% fat; and (4) 3% protein.Main Outcome Measures:Twenty-four–hour energy expenditure (EE) and macronutrient oxidation rates were measured in an indirect calorimeter during the dietary interventions, with concomitant measurement of urinary catecholamines and free cortisol.Results:EE decreased with fasting (−7.7% ± 4.8%; P &lt; 0.0001) and increased with overfeeding. The smallest increase occurred during consumption of the diet with 3% protein (2.7% ± 4.5%; P = 0.001) and the greatest during the diet with 75% carbohydrate (13.8 ± 5.7%; P &lt; 0.0001). Approximately 60% of macronutrient oxidation was determined by diet and 20% by intrinsic factors (P &lt; 0.0001). Only urinary epinephrine differed between fasting and overfeeding diets (Δ = 2.25 ± 2.9 µg/24h; P &lt; 0.0001). During fasting, higher urinary epinephrine concentrations correlated with smaller reductions in EE (ρ = 0.34; P = 0.01).Conclusions:Independent from dietary macronutrient proportions, there is a strong individual contribution to fuel preference that remains consistent across diets. Higher urinary epinephrine levels may reflect the importance of epinephrine in maintaining EE during fasting.
Depicting Victims, Heroines, and Pawns in the Syrian Uprising
Authors: Szanto Edith 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDuring the onslaught of the Islamic caliphate on Kobanî, Syria, media outlets across the globe broadcast pictures of brave and often unveiled Kurdish women fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), a quintessentially male force of destruction. The images of women fighting Islamist male aggressors aroused outrage, admiration, and pity among observers. But had all Kurdish fighters been male or had women fought for ISIS, viewers might have reacted differently. To examine some of the most widely disseminated gendered pictures and videos of the Syrian uprising in the media, this article draws on Mohja Kahf’s three categories, which typify how Muslim women, Arab women, or both are perceived by the Anglophone reading and viewing public: the first is victims; the second, escapees; and the third, pawns of patriarchy and male power. While this typology helps in examining gendered images of the Syrian uprising, it also obscures the socioeconomic realities on the ground.
Challenging Reified Masculinities
Authors: Tadros Mariz 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article examines incidents of politically motivated sexual violence against men in protest spaces at a distinct juncture in Egypt’s history, after the downfall of President Hosni Mubarak (2011–13). The article examines the reified conceptions of masculinities in relation to gender-based violence that contribute to the omission of men’s experiences of sexual assault in protest spaces. An analysis of such reifications, their dynamics, and implications is critically important for two subfields: the study of masculinities in the Middle East and the study of men and gender-based violence on conflict. The article draws on empirical data comprising twelve in-depth life histories with men who belong to vigilante groups that sought to rescue women from sexual assault in protest spaces and interviews with women and men who were sexually assaulted during protests. This is corroborated with primary data made available through the work of psychologists and secondary literature.
Exploiting Ruthenium Carbene-Catalyzed Reactions in Total Synthesis of Marine Oxacyclic Natural Products
Authors: Fuwa Haruhiko , Sasaki Makoto 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Olefin metathesis has emerged as an indispensable means to create complex natural products by the virtue of its powerful carbon–carbon bond-forming ability, compatibility with a range of functional groups, and ready availability of highly reactive ruthenium carbene catalysts. Furthermore, Grubbs-type ruthenium carbene complexes originally developed for olefin metathesis reactions also mediate a variety of non-metathetic reactions and found their use in tandem metathetic/non-metathetic processes. This account summarizes our recent efforts on total synthesis of oxacyclic natural products by means of ruthenium carbene-catalyzed reactions.
Uncertainty and Sectoral Shifts: The Interaction Between Firm-Level and Aggregate-Level Shocks, and Macroeconomic Activity
Authors: Kalay Alon , Nallareddy Suresh , Sadka Gil 
Published: November 2016

This study predicts and finds that the interaction of firm-level and aggregate-level shocks explains a significant portion of shocks to macroeconomic activity. Specifically, we hypothesize that the relation between uncertainty and economic growth is most pronounced when both firm-level and aggregate-level uncertainty are high simultaneously. Similarly, we hypothesize that aggregate performance affects unemployment most when both firm-level dispersion is high and aggregate performance is low, based on the sectoral shift theory. Our hypotheses and empirical results show that the interactive effect of firm-level and aggregate-level shocks are larger than the sum of the individual effects. This paper was accepted by Mary Barth, accounting.
Applications of Discrete-Event Simulation in the Forest Products Sector: A Review
Authors: Opacic Luke , Sowlati Taraneh 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Decisions in the forest products sector have economic, environmental, and social impacts, and involve multiple stakeholders. The complexities and variations in the sector, such as equipment interactions and seasonalities, make discrete-event simulation an attractive decision-support tool. This article reviews the relevant literature to highlight the extensive applications and benefits of discrete-event simulation in forestry. Discrete-event simulation allows one to perform “what-if” scenarios and assess the impact of changes on processes, overall throughput, and productivity. It has been used to compare harvesting systems, evaluate the impacts of machine interactions in the forest and in mills, conduct bottleneck analyses, determine the feasibility of machine replacements, assess log transportation methods, and analyze biofuel supply chains. No studies considered the combined interactions of workers and machines, which could be considered in the future. Future work could also consider multiple objectives, the combination of optimization and simulation, the combination of different simulation methods, and the use of simulation for training and performance evaluation.
Their satanic majesties’ movies: The Rolling Stones in cinema
Authors: James David E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
From the mid-1950s to the early-1970s, the several phases of the rock ‘n’ roll film differently negotiated the various kinds of delinquency attributed to the new music. At its inception, critics associated what was thought to be its musical delinquency with social delinquencies: working-class and African American’s insubordination, and sexual promiscuity. The 1950s’ jukebox musicals, the first rock ‘n’ roll film genre, disputed these associations and narrated the music as innocuous teenage entertainment, fully compatible with and assimilable to the culture industries. Documentary films about late-1960s’ ‘rock’, most notably Monterey Pop (D. A. Pennebaker, 1968) and Woodstock (Michael Wadleigh, 1970), transvalued the terms of the earlier critiques and celebrated their role in a biracial folk community based on peace and love. Films about the Rolling Stones, however, re-asserted the delinquencies, affirming instead the band’s associations with violence, misogyny and insurrection. The most crucial of them, Gimme Shelter (Albert and David Maysles and Charlotte Zwerin, 1970), portrayed the collapse of the utopian countercultural community earlier films had proposed.
The use of different tobacco and related products, with and without flavours, among 15-year-olds in Slovenia
Authors: Koprivnikar Helena , Zupanic Tina 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background
Different tobacco and related products, like waterpipe, e-cigarettes, are gaining popularity among adolescents in different countries; the data for Slovenia is currently limited. The purpose of this paper	is to present the latest data on the use of different tobacco and related products, with or without flavours, among 15-year old students in Slovenia.

Methods
Data for 15-year-old students were drawn from 2014 Slovene database of the cross-national survey Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children. The survey sample was selected with stratified two-stage sampling method. The survey was performed in schools with a self-administered web questionnaire. The survey questionnaire included international compulsory, selected optional and national questions, all on a variety of topics related to youth health behaviour.

Results
25.2% of 15-year-old students reported current (past 30-day) use of any tobacco related product, mainly cigarettes (93.1% of users), followed by waterpipe (11.7%) and cigars, cigarillos and pipes (9.4%). Exclusive use of unconventional products is low (5.1% of users). 85.5% of users of any product used one product, 48.5% of users used products with flavours. The use of different products, one or more products, and flavoured products was related to gender.

Conclusion
A comprehensive tobacco control and prevention must address all tobacco and related products.