bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program: An Economic and Operational Analysis
Authors: Zhang Dennis J. , Gurvich Itai , Van Mieghem Jan A. , Park Eric , Young Robert S. , Williams Mark V. 
Published: February 2016

The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP), a part of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, requires the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to penalize hospitals with excess readmissions. We take an economic and operational (patient flow) perspective to analyze the effectiveness of this policy in encouraging hospitals to reduce readmissions. We develop a game-theoretic model that captures the competition among hospitals inherent in HRRP’s benchmarking mechanism. We show that this competition can be counterproductive: it increases the number of nonincentivized hospitals, which prefer paying penalties over reducing readmissions in any equilibrium. We calibrate our model with a data set of more than 3,000 hospitals in the United States and show that under the current policy, and for a large set of parameters, 4%–13% of the hospitals remain nonincentivized to reduce readmissions. We also validate our model against the actual performance of hospitals in the three years since the introduction of the policy. We draw several policy recommendations to improve this policy’s outcome. For example, localizing the benchmarking process—comparing hospitals against similar peers—improves the performance of the policy. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Contextual Deliberation and Preference Construction
Authors: Guo Liang 
Published: February 2016

Choices can be context dependent. This empirical finding is usually invoked to suggest that preferences are constructive and susceptible to decision environment. Yet preference construction can be systematic and endogenous. This paper develops the theory of contextual deliberation as a potential explanation for behavioral phenomena of preference construction. When preference ordering in a choice set is ex ante unknown and state dependent, decision makers can engage in information acquisition activities (i.e., deliberation) before choice to improve knowledge about the state-dependent preference ordering. Choice context can thus influence ex post preference ordering through affecting the incentive to deliberate. Consequently, contextual deliberation may lead to preference construction and give rise to seemingly irrational behavioral phenomena such as the compromise effect and the choice overload effect. The theory of contextual deliberation also yields predictions that can be empirically tested to identify from other alternative explanations. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.
Competing Under Asymmetric Information: The Case of Dynamic Random Access Memory Manufacturing
Authors: Gardete Pedro M. 
Published: February 2016

Much like in other semiconductor environments, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) manufacturers face significant demand uncertainty before production and capacity decisions can be implemented. This paper investigates the role of market information in DRAM manufacturing and the consequences of allowing information sharing in the industry. An oligopoly model of competition with correlated private information is developed in which firms make decisions about production and capacity. In this setting, firms consider the information their competitors are likely to hold, conditional on their own. We find that both firms and customers benefit when firms share information with their competitors. In particular, sharing information is profitable because market price decreases slowly with overproduction. When combined with the results from the information sharing literature, this paper highlights the need to assess information sharing policies on a case-by-case basis. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.
Spatial Organization of Firms and Location Choices Through the Value Chain
Authors: Alcácer Juan , Delgado Mercedes 
Published: February 2016

We explore the impact of geographically bounded, intrafirm linkages (internal agglomerations) and geographically bounded, interfirm linkages (external agglomerations) on firms’ location strategies. Using data from the Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Business Database, we analyze the locations of new establishments of biopharmaceutical firms in the United States from 1993 to 2005. We consider all activities in the value chain and allow location choices to vary by research and development, manufacturing, and sales. Our findings suggest that internal agglomerations have a positive impact on location. The effects of internal agglomerations vary by activity, and they arise both within an activity (e.g., among plants) and across activities (e.g., between sales and manufacturing). Our results also suggest that previous estimates of the effect of external agglomerations may be overestimated because the existing literature abstracted from internal agglomerations. This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Optimizing the Deployment of Public Access Defibrillators
Authors: Chan Timothy C. Y. , Demirtas Derya , Kwon Roy H. 
Published: February 2016

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a significant public health issue, and treatment, namely, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, is very time sensitive. Public access defibrillation programs, which deploy automated external defibrillators (AEDs) for bystander use in an emergency, reduce the time to defibrillation and improve survival rates. In this paper, we develop models to guide the deployment of public AEDs. Our models generalize existing location models and incorporate differences in bystander behavior. We formulate three mixed integer nonlinear models and derive equivalent integer linear reformulations or easily computable bounds. We use kernel density estimation to derive a spatial probability distribution of cardiac arrests that is used for optimization and model evaluation. Using data from Toronto, Canada, we show that optimizing AED deployment outperforms the existing approach by 40% in coverage, and substantial gains can be achieved through relocating existing AEDs. Our results suggest that improvements in survival and cost-effectiveness are possible with optimization. This paper was accepted by Dimitris Bertsimas, optimization.
Geography and the Market for CEOs
Authors: Yonker Scott E. 
Published: February 2016

I examine the role of geography in the market for CEOs and find that firms hire locally five times more often than expected if geography were irrelevant to the matching process. This local matching bias is widespread and exists even among the largest U.S. firms. Tests reveal that both labor supply and demand influence local matching. Compensation and unforced turnover are lower for local than for nonlocal CEOs, and the compensation of local CEOs depends on local labor market factors, unlike that of nonlocal CEOs. These findings suggest the presence of market segmentation and contrast with much of the prior literature, which explicitly or implicitly assumes a single national market. This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
The Impact of Losing in a Competition on the Willingness to Seek Further Challenges
Authors: Buser Thomas 
Published: February 2016

How do people react to setbacks and successes? I use a laboratory experiment to determine the effect of winning and losing in a competition on the willingness to seek further challenges. Participants compete in two-person tournaments in an arithmetic task and are then informed of their score and the outcome of the competition. Participants then have to decide on a performance target for a second round: the higher the target, the higher the potential reward, but participants who do not reach the target earn nothing. Conditional on the score, winning or losing is exogenous. I find that, conditional on first-round scores, losers go for a more challenging target. Losers also perform worse, leading to lower earnings and a higher probability of failure. These results are driven by gender-specific reactions to winning and losing: men react to losing by picking a more challenging target while women lower their performance. These findings could have important implications for our understanding of individual career paths. Early outcomes could alter the probability of success and failure in the long term. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2321 . This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Historical (1850–2010) mercury stable isotope inventory from anthropogenic sources to the atmosphere
Authors: Sun Ruoyu , Streets David G. , Horowitz Hannah M. , Amos Helen M. , Liu Guijian , Perrot Vincent , Toutain Jean-Paul , Hintelmann Holger , Sunderland Elsie M. , Sonke Jeroen E. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Mercury (Hg) stable isotopes provide a new tool to trace the biogeochemical cycle of Hg. An inventory of the isotopic composition of historical anthropogenic Hg emissions is important to understand sources and post-emission transformations of Hg. We build on existing global inventories of anthropogenic Hg emissions to the atmosphere to develop the first corresponding historical Hg isotope inventories for total Hg (THg) and three Hg species: gaseous elemental Hg (GEM), gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM) and particulate-bound Hg (PBM). We compile δ202Hg and Δ199Hg of major Hg emissions source materials. Where possible, δ202Hg and Δ199Hg values in emissions are corrected for the mass dependent Hg isotope fractionation during industrial processing. The framework and Hg isotope inventories can be updated and improved as new data become available. Simulated THg emissions from all sectors between 1850s and 2010s generally show an increasing trend (−1.1‰ to −0.7‰) for δ202Hg, and a stable trend (−0.02‰ to −0.04‰) for Δ199Hg. Δ200Hg are near-zero in source materials and therefore emissions. The δ202Hg trend generally reflects a shift of historically dominant Hg emissions from 19th century Hg mining and liquid Hg0 uses in Au/Ag refining to 20th century coal combustion and non-ferrous metal production. The historical δ202Hg and Δ199Hg curves of GEM closely follow those of THg. The δ202Hg curves of GOM and PBM show no trends. Δ199Hg values for both GOM and PBM decrease from the 1850s to 1950s by ∼0.1‰, and then gradually rebound towards the 2010s. Our updated δ202Hg values (−0.76 ± 0.11 ‰, 1SD, n=9) of bulk emissions from passively degassing volcanoes overlap with δ202Hg of present-day anthropogenic THg emissions.
Self-care and improved outcomes: an intervention by heart failure nurse specialists
Authors: MacInnes Julie , Walton Anita 
Published: February 2016

Background: Heart failure is a prevalent, debilitating condition. Patients need to develop and maintain effective strategies and behaviours to care for themselves and manage their illness. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not an educational intervention carried out by a team of heart failure nurse specialists (HFNS), as part of usual care, enhanced self-care behaviour in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods: A quantitative survey was carried out using the ‘Looking After Yourself with Heart Failure Questionnaire (LAYHFQ)’, to determine levels of self-care behaviour pre- and post-HFNS intervention. All new patients registered to a community heart failure nursing service completed the questionnaire at initial assessment and 6 weeks later, following the nurse-led intervention (N=36). Paired t-tests (2-tailed) were carried out to determine if there were significant differences between total self-care scores before and after the intervention, and for each individual self-care behaviour. Results: Selfcare was improved overall (p=0.011), with five behaviours demonstrating a statistically significant improvement: namely, the uptake of flu and pneumonia vaccination (p=0.009), regular weighing (p=0.001), recognising changes in sleep patterns (p=0.014), recognising signs of fluid retention (p=0.001), and the wellbeing dimension of going out as much as possible (p=0.019). Conclusion: An educational intervention by an HFNS leads to enhanced self-care and may result in improved physical and psychological outcomes for patients with heart failure.
Do leadership styles influence productivity?
Authors: Asamani James Avoka , Naab Florence , Ofei Adelaide Maria Ansah , Addo Rebecca 
Published: February 2016

Background: Leadership and productivity in nursing and midwifery have become topical issues for discussion. This is possibly due to nurses constituting the largest group of the healthcare workforce. Nurses and midwives have been held accountable for low productivity and inappropriate leadership in the past. However, there has been limited consensus in the nursing literature about the impact of nurse managers' leadership styles on nurses' and midwives' productivity levels. Method: Two hundred and seventy five nurses and midwives (response rate of 99.2%) were asked to take part in a cross-sectional survey from five hospitals in the eastern region of Ghana, to examine the impact of nurse managers' leadership styles on self-reported productivity levels. Descriptive summaries, Pearson's correlations and linear regressions are presented. Results: Findings show for every hour of lost productive time, four hours of unpaid overtime in the course of the month was accrued due to staff shortages. Nurse managers' most frequently exercised a supportive leadership style, and a directive leadership style the least. Within the last one month of work experience prior to the study, nurses' self-perception of productivity levels were high (8.39 on a 10-point scale), 10% more productive than their peers in the same unit. Nurses believed their own productivity improved by about 1.8% over the preceding six months. Leadership styles explained only 6.9% (95% CI: 4.6–9.3%) of the variance in nurses' perceived level of productivity. Achievement-oriented leadership style most significantly improved productivity by 18.4% (95% CI: 13.0–24.0%). Implications for management and policy: There is a need to strengthen supervision and establish performance benchmarks within nursing and midwifery to measure staff performance, addressing health worker productivity more seriously through research and policy. Health institutions should invest in leadership development programmes for nurses and midwives to maximise productivity.
Treatment strategies for early neurological deficits related to malpositioned pedicle screws in the lumbosacral canal
Authors: Du J-Y. , Wu J-S. , Wen Z-Q. , Lin X-J. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo employ a simple and fast method to evaluate those patients with neurological deficits and misplaced screws in relatively safe lumbosacral spine, and to determine if it is necessary to undertake revision surgery.MethodsA total of 316 patients were treated by fixation of lumbar and lumbosacral transpedicle screws at our institution from January 2011 to December 2012. We designed the criteria for post-operative revision scores of pedicle screw malpositioning (PRSPSM) in the lumbosacral canal. We recommend the revision of the misplaced pedicle screw in patients with PRSPSM = 5′ as early as possible. However, patients with PRSPSM < 5′ need to follow the next consecutive assessment procedures. A total of 15 patients were included according to at least three-stage follow-up.ResultsFive patients with neurological complications (PRSPSM = 5′) underwent revision surgery at an early stage. The other ten patients with PRSPSM < 5′ were treated by conservative methods for seven days. At three-month follow-up, only one patient showed delayed onset of neurological complications (PRSPSM 7′) while refusing revision. Seven months later, PRSPSM decreased to 3′ with complete rehabilitation.ConclusionsThis study highlights the significance of consecutively dynamic assessments of PRSPSMs, which are unlike previous implementations based on purely anatomical assessment or early onset of neurological deficits.and also confirms our hypothesis that patients with early neurological complications may not need revision procedures in the relatively broad margin of the lumbosacral canal. Cite this article: X-J. Lin. Treatment strategies for early neurological deficits related to malpositioned pedicle screws in the lumbosacral canal: A pilot study. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:46–51.
Insane or evil? How Norway’s Dagbladet and Aftenposten newspapers covered the perpetrator of 22 July 2011
Authors: Ottosen Rune , Bull Cathrine Andenæs 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This article investigates how the two Norwegian newspapers Aftenposten and Dagbladet framed the reporting about Anders Behring Breivik (henceforth Breivik) in the aftermath of the terror attacks at the government building in Oslo, leaving eight dead behind, and the killing of 69 young people at the AUF youth summer camp on Utøya on 22 July 2011. On the basis of critical discourse analysis, Robert Entman’s framing theory and theories about enemy images, we have analysed a selection of articles from a total sample of 1323 articles covering landmark periods related to the attacks of 22 July 2011: the immediate reaction (22–29 July); the meeting in court to prepare the trial (14–15 November); and the presentation of first psychiatric report (29–30 November). Did the media speculate, before Breivik’s identity was known, on the possibility that Muslim extremists were responsible? An analysis of the editorials in Aftenposten and Dagbladet concludes that Aftenposten hypothesized that Muslims might be behind the attack, while Dagbladet mostly avoided such speculation. The divergence in representation is reiterated in the interviews the authors conducted with the two newspapers’ editors. After Breivik’s identity became known we found three dominating frames, the perpetrator as a ‘right-wing extremist’, as an ‘insane person’ or as an ‘attention-seeker’. The framing analysis show that the ‘insane’ frame was the most usual in both Aftenposten and Dagbladet, followed by the ‘extreme right wing’ frame and ‘the attention-seeker’ frame. The article discusses how this framing might have influenced the long-term consequence for public debate in Norway.
The practice and study of journalism in zones of violence in Latin America: Mexico as a case study
Authors: González de Bustamante Celeste , Relly Jeannine E. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In Latin America in the twenty-first century, journalists face daily professional and societal constraints and pressures when attempting to fulfill their role to inform the public. Concerns include a lack of press freedom, robust and growing social movements critical of the news media, and personal security on and offline. In this article, the authors examine the conceptual frameworks that can be used to understand journalism practice, and the lack of freedom of expression in Latin America. The authors use Mexico, one of the most dangerous places for journalists to work in the region, as a case study. Specifically, the authors examine and discuss the strengths and limitations of six conceptual frameworks: Hierarchy of Influences; Propaganda and Information Scarcity; Collective Action; Scale-shifting; Professional Reflexivity; and Collective Professional Autonomy.
Expanding the mission: The Alliance Israélite Universelle, the Anglo-Jewish Association and the Jewish Boys’ School in Basra, 1890–1903
Authors: Sciarcon Jonathan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century the French–Jewish Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU) established and administered primary schools for Jewish communities throughout the Muslim world, with a focus on North Africa and the Ottoman Empire. The AIU’s actions in the territories that later became Iraq have been seldom studied compared to the schools in other geographic areas and have been almost totally ignored with regard to Basra. This article utilizes the letters of the Archives of the Alliance Israélite Universelle (AAIU) and other select primary sources to explore the AIU’s, and to a lesser extent its sister organization’s, the Anglo-Jewish Association’s (AJA), relationship with the Jewish community in Basra in the 1890s and early 1900s leading to the AIU’s takeover of the Basra Jewish School in 1903. In doing so it provides a foundation for future scholars to more fully examine both the AIU’s subsequent work in the city and also the history of Basra’s Jewish community in the first half of the twentieth century.
Reviews
Authors: Talhami Ghada Hashem , Measor John 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Women in Iraq: Past Meets Present, Noga Efrati (2012) New York: Columbia University Press, 236 pp., ISBN: 9780231158145, h/bk, $45.00
Against All Odds: Voices of Popular Struggle in Iraq, Ali Issa (2015) Washington, DC: Tadween Publishing, 90 pp., ISBN: 9781939067166, p/bk, $11.99
Neurobiology of Consciousness: Current Research and Perspectives
Authors: Płonka Beata 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Scientific, objective approach to consciousness has allowed to obtain some experimental data concerning brain activity, ignoring, however, the longstanding philosophical tradition. Spectacular development of neuroscience which has been observed recently made this dissonance particularly noticeable. The paper addresses the main problems of discrepancy between neurobiological research and philosophical perspective. Current opinions concerning neural correlates and models of consciousness are discussed, as well as the problems of working memory, attention, self, and disorders of consciousness. A new neurobiological approach to describe brain function in terms of brain connectivity (so-called connectome) is also presented. Finally, the need to introduce at least some aspects of philosophical approach directly into neurobiological research of consciousness is postulated.
Der genossenschaftliche Förderauftrag in der Problemkreditbetreuung
Authors: Usslar Ludolf von 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Genossenschaften sind zur aktiven Förderung jedes Mitglieds und zu deren Gleichbehandlung verpflichtet, woraus sich hinsichtlich der Betreuung und Abwicklung von an Mitglieder gewährten Problemkrediten weitgehende Rücksichtnahme- und Leistungspflichten ergeben. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Privatbanken müssen sich Genossenschaftsbanken gegenüber ihren Mitgliedern für die Dauer des Kreditverhältnisses auf die Minimierung der Kreditrisikokosten beschränken und auch danach die Interessen ihres Mitglieds wahren. Sie sind unter engen Voraussetzungen zur Sicherung der wirtschaftlichen Existenz des betroffenen Mitglieds durch Forderungsverzichte oder Stundungen verpflichtet.
Übersicht über die Rechtsprechung zum GenG des Jahres 2006
Authors: Förstner-Reichstein Heike 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Die Rechtsprechungsübersicht des Jahres 2006 berücksichtigt in erster Linie Urteile der Zivilgerichte zum Genossenschaftsgesetz (GenG). Aber auch Urteile und Beschlüsse der Finanzgerichte zu Besonderheiten bei Genossenschaften (eG) werden erwähnt. Im Jahre 2006 spielten auffällig oft Rechtsfragen zur Mitgliedschaft in der eG, insbesondere zum Austritt oder Ausschluss aus der eG, eine Rolle. Die in der Vergangenheit alles überragenden Fragestellungen zur Haftung der Vorstandsmitglieder traten diesen gegenüber in den Hintergrund. Die Finanzgerichte befassten sich entweder mit genossenschaftsspezifischen Bilanzierungsfragen oder mit der Gewährung von Eigenheimzulage auf Genossenschaftsanteile. Die Rechtsprechungsübersicht enthält außerdem noch eine Entscheidung des Kartellsenats eines Oberlandesgerichts zu Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen durch eine eG.