bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Border Interceptions Reveal Variable Bridgehead Use in the Global Dispersal of Insects
Authors: Worm Thom , Saffer Ariel , Takeuchi Yu , Walden‐Schreiner Chelsey , Jones Chris , Meentemeyer Ross 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTAimThe global, human‐mediated dispersal of invasive insects is a major driver of ecosystem change, biodiversity loss, crop damage and other effects. Trade flows and invasive species propagule pressure are correlated, and their relationship is essential for predicting and managing future invasions. Invaders do not disperse exclusively from the species' native range. Instead, the bridgehead effect, where established, non‐native populations act as secondary sources of propagule, is recognised as a major driver of global invasion. The resulting pattern of global spread arises from a mixture of global interactions between invasive species, their vectors and, their invaded ranges, which has yet to be fully characterised.LocationGlobal.Time Period1997–2020.Major Taxa StudiedInsects.MethodsWe analysed 319,283 border interception records of 514 insect species from a broad range of taxa from four national‐level phytosanitary organisations. We classified interceptions as coming from species native range or from bridgehead countries and examined taxonomic autocorrelation of global movement patterns between species.ResultsWhile 65% of interceptions originated from bridgehead countries, highlighting the importance of the bridgehead effect across taxa, patterns among individual species were highly variable and taxonomically correlated. Forty per cent of species originated almost exclusively from their native range, 28% almost exclusively from their non‐native range and 32% from a mix of source locations. These patterns of global dispersal were geographically widespread, temporally consistent, and taxonomically correlated.ConclusionsDispersal exclusively from bridgeheads represents an unrecognised pattern of global insect movement; these patterns emphasise the importance of the bridgehead effect and suggest that bridgeheads provide unique local conditions that allow invaders to proliferate differently than in their native range. We connect these patterns of global dispersal to the conditions during the human driven global dispersal of insects and provide recommendations for modellers and policymakers wishing to control the spread of future invasions.
Renal satellite units in Pakistan: Challenges, efforts, and recommendations
Authors: Nadeem Abdullah , Khan Afsheen , Amir Ayesha , Siddiqui Tasmiyah , Shakeel Laiba 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis commentary delves into the complexities surrounding chronic kidney disease management in Pakistan, specifically examining the critical role played by renal satellite units in providing accessible dialysis services. Chronic kidney disease in Pakistan accounts for 3.9% of total deaths, warranting a focused exploration of challenges and potential solutions. RSUs, smaller entities affiliated with main renal units, emerge as key players in addressing issues of geographic accessibility and diminishing travel burdens for chronic kidney disease patients. Challenges such as financial constraints, limited resources, and staff shortages, particularly in rural settings, pose significant hurdles to the effective functioning of RSUs. This commentary emphasizes the importance of clear eligibility criteria, robust vascular access support, regular physician engagement, and the strategic integration of telemedicine. It explores diverse funding models, including government allocations, community contributions, and philanthropic partnerships, as potential solutions to alleviate cost‐related concerns. The commentary advocates for a holistic, cost‐effective approach to chronic kidney disease care, highlighting the transformative potential of renal satellite units in improving health outcomes across varied settings.
Effect of initial slow graft function on renal allograft rejection and survival
Authors: Humar Abhinav , Johnson Eric M. , Payne William D. , Wrenshall Lucille , Sutherland David E. R. , Najarian John S. , Gillingham Kristen J. , Matas Arthur J. 
Published: October 2024

Cadaver renal allografts with immediate excellent function have good long‐term outcomes, while grafts with delayed function have been associated with an increased incidence of acute rejection (AR) and subsequent poor long‐term graft survival. There is, however, an intermediate group with initial slow function whose outcome is not well defined. This group was examined by reviewing 510 patients that received primary cadaver transplants between 1/85 and 8/95. Recipients were grouped by initial function into: 1) those with immediate graft function (IGF), defined by serum creatinine (Cr) level<3 mg/dl on post‐operative day (POD) 5 (n=237); 2) those with slow graft function (SGF), defined by serum Cr>3 mg/dl on POD 5 but no need for dialysis (n=160); and 3) those with delayed graft function (DGF), defined by the need for dialysis in the first week post‐transplant (n=113). Five‐year graft survivals were determined for each group by Kaplan‐Meier methods and compared by a generalized Wilcoxon test. The incidence of AR in the first 6 months was significantly higher in those with SGF (40%) vs. those with IGF (30%) (p<0.05); both groups had a lower incidence than those with DGF (47%) (p<0.05). In the absence of AR, 5‐yr graft survival was similar between the 3 groups, 94%, 97% and 92% for IGF, SGF and DGF respectively. In the presence of AR, 5‐yr graft survival was significantly reduced in all groups, but most notably in those with SGF (51%) or DGF (53%), as compared to those with IGF (80%), (p<0.001).We conclude that recipients with SGF, but no AR, have excellent outcomes. comparable to those with IGF. However, there is an increased incidence of early AR associated with SGF. In recipients with SGF or DGF, AR has a more profound detrimental effect on long‐term graft survival than in the IGF group. Thus, recipients with SGF are at increased risk for AR with resultant poor long‐term graft survival, and may need modified immunosuppressive protocols.
Use of glucose disappearance rates (kG) to monitor endocrine function of pancreas allografts1
Authors: Elmer Debra S. , Hathaway Donna K. , Abdulkarim A. Bashar , Hughes Thomas A. , Shokouh‐Amiri Hosein , Gaber Lillian W. , Gaber A. Osama 
Published: October 2024

We have reported that a decline in glucose disappearance rate (k) in pancreas transplant recipients is associated with pancreatic rejection. The purpose of this study was to determine test‐retest reliability of kG monitoring and to establish the kG criteria for diagnosing abnormal graft function. Six healthy non‐diabetic volunteers and 14 stable pancreas recipients underwent 2 intravenous glucose tolerance tests 7 d apart. All kG values in non‐diabetic volunteers had < 15% variation between the two determinations (r = 0.96, P ≤ 0.0006). Similarly, 13/14 recipients experienced <20% variation in kG with one patients experiencing a 23% variation (r = 0.90, P ≤ 0.0001).Using a 20% change from baseline as the reference value, we monitored 28 pancreas recipients for 2‐36 months post‐transplant. Of 253 kG values, 160 (64%) did not exceed the 20% change from baseline, 65 (26%) declined > 20% and 28 (11%) increased > 20%. Of 160 stable kG values, 154 (96%) were associated with normal graft function while 6 (4%) occurred in the context of rejection. Of 65 kG values declining by ≥ 20%, 47 (72%) accurately identified acute rejections diagnosed by biopsy (70%) or response to treatment (30%), 12 (19%) were associated with identifiable causes of increased insulin resistance and only in 6 (9%) cases a cause for the decline was unidentifiable. The kG values with > 20% rise from baseline were, in 15%, associated with identifiable causes of decreased insulin resistance. The sensitivity of the kG as a marker for rejection was 88.7%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 72.3%, negative predictive value 96.8%, and accuracy 90.5%. These data confirm that a > 20% deterioration of glucose disappearance rate is associated with pancreas allograft rejection, and confirms the utility of k monitoring in clinical follow‐up of pancreas transplant recipients.
Usefulness of surveillance endomyocardial biopsy after pediatric cardiac transplantation
Authors: Braunlin Elizabeth A , Shumway Sara J , Bolman R Morton , McDonald Kenneth M , Ring W Steves , Olivari Maria Teresa , Nakhleh Raouf E 
Published: October 2024

Endomyocardial biopsy remains the ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of acute rejection after cardiac transplantation, but few guidelines exist to determine the indications for its use in pediatric cardiac transplant recipients. To determine the usefulness of surveillance endomyocardial biopsy, 176 biopsies were reviewed from 12 patients, aged 0.5‐16 (average 9.7) yr, maintained on cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisone immunosuppression, and followed 2.8‐ 45.5 (average 26.3) months after cardiac transplantation. Children old enough to cooperate (n = 6) underwent biopsy on nine occasions in the first 6 months after transplantation and quarterly thereafter. Children too young to cooperate (n = 6) underwent biopsy with general anesthesia on four occasions in the first 6 months after transplantation and every 6 months thereafter. Additional biopsies were performed as warranted by symptoms or noninvasive tests.A new episode of acute rejection was present in 13 biopsies (7%); continuing or resolving rejection in 19 others (11%). Remaining biopsies had no evidence of rejection (82 biopsies, 47%), had lymphocytic infiltrates insufficient for diagnosis (47 biopsies, 27%), were inadequate for diagnosis (14 biopsies, 8%), or were consistent with ischemia (1 biopsy, 0.5%). During the first 6 postoperative months, eight of 101 biopsies were positive for rejection, three occurring on routine surveillance biopsy. After 6 months, five of 75 biopsies showed a new episode of rejection, only one occurring on routine surveillance biopsy. Based on this data, it is concluded that: 1) episodes of rejection are relatively uncommon with triple drug immunosuppression; 2) surveillance biopsies in the first 6 months after cardiac transplantation may show unsuspected rejection; and 3) routine surveillance biopsies more than 6 months after cardiac transplantation are unlikely to show rejection in the absence of symptoms or other tests.
Postoperative Recovery after Cholecystectomy by Minilaparotomy: A Randomized Double‐Blind Comparison between α‐Trinositol and Placebo
Authors: Westerling Dagmar , Luttropp Hans‐Henrik , Holmin Torsten , Landquist Eric 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAn opioid‐sparing effect of α‐trinositol (D‐myo‐inositol 1,2,6‐trisphosphate) following cholecystectomy in otherwise healthy patients was suggested by a pilot study. In order to verify this result, pain, pain relief and nausea were studied in patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy by minilaparotomy. The patients were randomized using double‐blind design to receive an intravenous infusion of either α‐trinositol or sodium chloride (placebo) for eight hr after the operation. Pain, pain relief and nausea were evaluated up to 72 hr after surgery using visual analogue scales (VAS). Rescue analgesic medication was registered. As a further measure of pain and/or restrictions caused by pain, peak expiratory (low, walking distance and pressure pain thresholds were assessed. There was no difference between the groups in ratings of pain, pain relief, nausea or amount of analgesic medication given. The mean ratings of pain were significantly higher in the sitting position compared to lying down. Neither pressure pain thresholds, nor the walking distance differed between the patients given α‐trinositol and placebo, respectively. There were significant reductions of peak expiratory flow and of pressure pain thresholds under both costal margins up to 72 hr after surgery compared to prcsurgcry values. As a conclusion, no analgesic effect of α‐trinositol at the dosage used was observed in the postoperative patients studied.
Phenytoin Hydroxylation in a Healthy Caucasian Population: Bimodal Distribution of Hydroxyphenytoin Urinary Excretion
Authors: Horsmans Yves , Van Den Berge Véronique , Bouckaert André , Desager Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe phenytoin hydroxylation index was studied in 122 unrelated Caucasian volunteers. Following a 100 mg oral dose of phenytoin, phenytoin and hydroxyphenytoin were measured in urine from 0‐32 hr after administration. As phenytoin was not found in all urine collections, a phenytoin hydroxylation index was expressed as follows: Phenytoin hydroxylation index=amount of phenytoin administcrcd/0‐32 hr urinary output of hydroxyphenytoin. Phenytoin hydroxylation index values appear to be bimodally distributed, 92% of the population showing a mean (±S.E.M.) value of 0.639±0.099 and 8% a mean (±S.E.M.) value of 1.001 ±0.180 (log10 values). These results are in favour of the existence of a phenytoin genetic polymorphism. Since misuse of urinary metabolite excretion data in drug metabolism studies is a well‐known phenomenon, our data emphazise the need for future population studies on phenytoin pharmacokinetics as well as on CYP2C9 genotyping before concluding about existence of a phenytoin genetic polymorphism.
Paracetamol Inhibits Cell Cycling and Induces Apoptosis in HL‐60 Cells
Authors: Wiger Richard , Finstad Hanne S. , Hongslo Jan K. , Haug Kirsti , Holme Jørn A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe investigated the effects of paracetamol on cell cycle and cell death in cultured HL‐60 cells. Paracetamol (0.1‐3.0 mM) caused a dose‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed at as low concentrations as 0.03 mM. When HL‐60 cells were exposed to paracetamol (0.1‐1.0 mM), flow cytometric analysis showed that cells accumulated in the G1/S phase, and then slowly proceeded through the S‐phasc. Exposure to 2.0‐3.0 mM paracetamol, on the other hand, resulted in a reduction of the number of cells in S‐phase and G2/M phase, and a concurrent increase in cells/bodies with a lower DNA content than that of the G1 cells. Microscopic studies revealed increased numbers of cells with nuclear condensation and fragmentation, indicating that apoptosis was the dominating mode of death in this cell line after exposure to paracetamol. However, when DNA from paracetamol‐treated cells were electrophoresed in agarose, no clear ladder pattern characteristic for apoptotic cells was observed. This was most likely a result of secondary necrosis which followed incomplete apoptosis. Within 5‐10 hr after start of paracetamol exposure, a marked downregulation of both c‐myc and bel‐2 mRNA was observed. In conclusion, the present results show that exposure to high non‐therapeutic concentrations of paracetamol cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HL‐60 cells in S‐phase.
The Effect of Ethanol on Muscarinic Receptor‐G Protein Coupling in the Rat Cortex
Authors: Singh Sant P. , Handa Raj K. , Depala Vennugopal , Gao Yan , Mcllroy Patrick J. , Ravindra Rudravajhala 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTo understand the mechanism of ethanol action on G protein‐mediated signal transduction pathway, the effect of ethanol on muscarinic receptor‐G protein coupling in the rat cerebral cortex was examined. Acetylcholine (ACh)‐stimulated G protein GTPasc activity was used as an index of receptor‐G protein coupling. ACh stimulation of G protein GTPase activity was time‐ and concentration‐dependent, and atropine‐sensitive. Rats injected with ethanol (3 g/kg body weight) were sacrificed after 4 hr, and the cerebral cortices removed. The ability of ACh to stimulate GTPase activity was similar in cortical cell membranes obtained from control and ethanol‐treated rats; ACh maximally stimulated the enzymatic activity by 22% in membranes from both groups of rats. Next, in cortical cell membranes obtained from control rats (i.e., not injected with ethanol) the ability of ACh to stimulate GTPasc activity in the presence of ethanol was examined. ACh stimulated GTPasc activity in a concentration‐dependent manner; the activity was 12.3 ±0.1, 14.5±0.64, 15.7±0.54, and 16.1 ±0.33 Pi pmol/min./mg protein, at 0, 0.01. 0.1, and 1 mM ACh, respectively (P<0.05). In the presence of 100 mM ethanol ACh‐stimulated GTPase activity was significantly inhibited. The IC50 value of ethanol inhibition of ACh‐stimulated GTPase activity was ~50 mM. These results suggest that: 1) in vitro, ethanol impairs ACh‐stimulated G protein GTPase activity in the rat cortical cell membranes, and 2) in vivo, the acute effects of alcohol on G protein function may be transient and reversible.
Participant Personal Characteristics and Adherence to Oral Capsules: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Antenatal Probiotics
Authors: Hanson Lisa , Albert Kathlyn , Malloy Emily , Singh Maharaj , Kallay Mikala , Brandt Ava , Morris Courtney , Kleber Diana , Forgie Marie 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundAdherence to study interventions is critical to the conduct of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The relationships between participant characteristics and intervention adherence are understudied in pregnant populations. The purpose of this study was to conduct a secondary analysis of adherence to study capsules in a double‐masked, placebo‐controlled RCT of a probiotic intervention to reduce antenatal Group B Streptococcus colonization, in relationship to participant characteristics.MethodsWe analyzed the relationship between capsule adherence rates and demographic characteristics among 81 RCT participants. Categorical variables were reported using counts and percentages, and continuous variables were expressed as means along with their standard deviations. For the univariate analyses, we compared demographic variables with adherence scores. A multivariate linear regression model was used to identify predictors of adherence.ResultsAverage adherence was similar for control and probiotic group participants (P = .86) Univariate analysis showed that average adherence increased directly with age, education, and income. Participants who were partnered or living with others had higher average adherence compared with those who were single and living alone. Asian and White participants had the highest and Black participants had the lowest average, and there was no difference based on Hispanic ethnicity. Adjusting for all the variables in the regression, participants who identified as Black were significantly less likely to adhere to capsules than White participants, and those who were married or living with partners were more likely to adhere than the single participants.DiscussionDiverse participants are critically important to RCTs. This secondary analysis provides evidence that participant characteristics and the social determinants of health play an important role in adherence to self‐administered interventions in RCTs, although more research is needed. Our findings suggest that intentional consideration of RCT participant characteristics may allow for the development and tailoring of strategies to enhance intervention adherence. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03696953) on January 10, 2018.
Computed tomography analysis of the infraorbital canal and adjacent anatomical structures
Authors: Karatag Ozan , Guclu Oguz , Ozer Sule , Oztoprak Bilge , Resorlu Mustafa , Oztoprak Ibrahim 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the incidence of infraorbital canal (IOC) protrusion into the maxillary sinus via computed tomography (CT) and classify its variations. Additionally, it sought to identify nearby sinonasal variations that might elevate the risk of iatrogenic injury. Paranasal sinus CT of 500 patients was evaluated retrospectively. The IOC types were categorized. The length of the IOC, septum, the distance between the maxillary ostium and IOC (dOI), the presence of Haller cells, IOC‐related intra‐sinus opacity, and IOC dehiscence were investigated. The prevalence of type 3 IOC was 12%, of which 9.2% were type 3c. The maximum length of the IOC was positively correlated with type 3 IOC. A significant difference was found between IOC types in terms of dOI only on the left side. On both sides, the incidence of Haller cells was greater in patients with type 2 IOC than in those with type 1 and in patients with type 3 IOC than in those with type 2. IOC‐related opacity and IOC dehiscence were more common in types 2 and 3 IOCs. The assessment of preoperative IOC types and neighboring anatomical structures by CT imaging is of great significance in preventing iatrogenic damage.
Wedge Resection and Nail Groove Reconstruction With Hanging Thread Knot in the Treatment of Onychocryptosis
Authors: Hao Yonghong , Zou Xiaofang , Zhao Zigang , Xing Liyuan , Li Chengxin 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundOnychocryptosis is characterized by the nail plate penetrating the lateral nail fold, resulting in varying degrees of infection and deformity. Standardized treatment protocols for onychocryptosis, particularly in Stages IIb, III, and IV, have not been universally established, highlighting the urgent need for the development of effective interventions.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of wedge resection and nail groove reconstruction using the hanging thread knot for the treatment of onychocryptosis.MethodsAt our hospital, a total of 155 patients with onychocryptosis in Stages IIb, III, and IV underwent treatment. Wedge resection and nail groove reconstruction with the hanging thread knot were applied based on the severity of deformity and infection for treating onychocryptosis. All patients received perioperative systematic and topical anti‐infective treatments. Follow‐ups conducted over a period of 2–6 months assessed postoperative rehabilitation and complications.ResultsThe cure rate reached 95%, with a low recurrence rate of 5%. Recurrence, observed in eight patients, was attributed to various causes: three due to improper trimming, three related to trauma, one associated with obesity, and one due to incomplete matrix resection. All eight patients achieved complete recovery through health guidance and secondary surgery. Satisfaction results were reported during the 2–6 months follow‐up period. Although 10 patients experienced secondary local infections, all achieved complete recovery following active treatment.ConclusionWedge resection and nail groove reconstruction with the hanging thread knot prove to be an effective and safe method for treating onychocryptosis.