bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informing conservation strategies for the endangered Atlantic sturgeon using acoustic telemetry and multi‐state mark–recapture models
Authors: Melnychuk Michael C. , Dunton Keith J. , Jordaan Adrian , McKown Kim A. , Frisk Michael G. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Causes of non‐intentional mortality may pose conservation challenges for long‐lived, migratory species. Recovery attempts for Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus populations in the USA have mainly involved closures of targeted fishing, but bycatch mortality from fisheries targeting other species remains a significant obstacle. Natural and fishing mortality levels are highly uncertain and difficult to separate, but quantifying spatial and temporal patterns of movements and total mortality can directly inform management policies regarding fishing activity that affects sturgeon.

Subadult sturgeon were tagged with acoustic transmitters to track their movements with receivers deployed in active fishing areas within the New York Bight. Multi‐state mark–recapture models were used to quantify seasonal patterns in survival and migration while accounting for detection probabilities of tagged fish.

Movement patterns of sturgeon were highly variable among seasons along the Long Island Coast, with frequent south‐westward movements during the increase in sea surface temperature in spring. North‐eastward movements were most pronounced during winter, when temperatures were lowest. Sturgeon were less common along coastal Long Island during summer.

Larger fish transitioned among strata more frequently, but also had slightly lower survival than smaller fish, which may result from selectivity for larger individuals caught incidentally in bottom trawl or gillnet fisheries. Weekly total mortality rates, including both natural and fishing mortality, averaged 0·24%. Highest weekly survival rates were observed during periods of decreasing sea surface temperature in autumn and winter, while lowest survival was observed during periods of increasing temperature in spring and summer while sturgeon migrated through areas of known bycatch.

Policy implications. Movement and survival patterns of Atlantic sturgeon suggest that late spring, coinciding with periods of ocean bycatch in fisheries along the coast of Long Island, is a particularly sensitive period for Atlantic sturgeon. Conservation efforts could target these few weeks using real‐time observations from acoustic telemetry and remote sensing technologies to implement in‐season fishery closures, thereby reducing incidental mortality of Atlantic sturgeon. Such bycatch management measures would aid in recovery attempts of a long‐lived, migratory population with endangered status.
Multicriterion trade‐offs and synergies for spatial conservation planning
Authors: Gunton Richard M. , Marsh Charles J. , Moulherat Sylvain , Malchow Anne‐Kathleen , Bocedi Greta , Klenke Reinhard A. , Kunin William E. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Nature conservation policies need to deliver on multiple criteria, including genetic diversity, population viability and species richness as well as ecosystem services. The challenge of integrating these may be addressed by simulation modelling.

We used four models (MetaConnect, SPOMSIM, a community model and InVEST) to assess a variety of spatial habitat patterns with two levels of total habitat cover and realised at two spatial scales, exploring which landscape structures performed best according to five different conservation criteria assessed for four functional types of organisms (approximately representing trees, butterflies, small mammals and birds).

The results display both synergies and trade‐offs: population size and pollination services generally benefitted more from fragmentation than did genetic heterozygosity, and species richness more than allelic richness, although the latter two varied considerably among the functional types.

No single landscape performed best across all conservation criteria, but averaging over criteria and functional types, overall performance improved with greater levels of habitat cover and intermediate fragmentation (or less fragmentation in cases with lower habitat cover).

Policy implications. Using four simulation models, we show that different conservation objectives must be traded off in spatial conservation planning, and that considering only a single taxon or criterion may result in suboptimal choices when planning reserve networks. Nevertheless, heterogeneous spatial patterns of habitat can provide reasonable compromises for multiple criteria.
A review of the sentinel prey method as a way of quantifying invertebrate predation under field conditions
Authors: Lövei Gábor L. , Ferrante Marco 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSentinel prey can provide a direct, quantitative measure of predation under field conditions. Live sentinel prey provides more realistic data but rarely allows the partitioning of the total predation pressure; artificial prey is less natural but traces left by different predators are identifiable, making it suitable for comparative studies. We reviewed the available evidence of the use of both types of invertebrate sentinel prey. Fifty‐seven papers used real prey, usually measuring predation on a focal (often pest) species, with studies overwhelmingly from North America. The median predation was 25.8% d−1. Artificial sentinel prey (45 papers) were used in both temperate and tropical areas, placed more above ground than at ground level. The most commonly used artificial prey imitated a caterpillar. Up to 14 predator groups were identified, registering a median of 8.8% d−1 predation; half the studies reported only bird predation. Predation on real prey was higher than on artificial ones, but invertebrate predation was not higher than vertebrate predation. Invertertebrate but not vertebrate predation was negatively related to prey size. Predation near the Equator was not higher than at higher latitudes, nor in cultivated than noncultivated habitats. The use of sentinel prey is not yet standardised in terms of prey size, arrangement, exposure period or data reporting. Due to the simplicity and ease of use of the method, such standardisation may increase the usefulness of comparative studies, contributing to the understanding of the importance and level of predation in various habitats worldwide.
DNA polymerase β decrement triggers death of olfactory bulb cells and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Misiak Magdalena , Vergara Greeno Rebeca , Baptiste Beverly A. , Sykora Peter , Liu Dong , Cordonnier Stephanie , Fang Evandro F. , Croteau Deborah L. , Mattson Mark P. , Bohr Vilhelm A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAlzheimer's disease (AD) involves the progressive degeneration of neurons critical for learning and memory. In addition, patients with AD typically exhibit impaired olfaction associated with neuronal degeneration in the olfactory bulb (OB). Because DNA base excision repair (BER) is reduced in brain cells during normal aging and AD, we determined whether inefficient BER due to reduced DNA polymerase‐β (Polβ) levels renders OB neurons vulnerable to degeneration in the 3xTgAD mouse model of AD. We interrogated OB histopathology and olfactory function in wild‐type and 3xTgAD mice with normal or reduced Polβ levels. Compared to wild‐type control mice, Polβ heterozygous (Polβ+/−), and 3xTgAD mice, 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice exhibited impaired performance in a buried food test of olfaction. Polβ deficiency did not affect the proliferation of OB neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone. However, numbers of newly generated neurons were reduced by approximately 25% in Polβ+/− and 3xTgAD mice, and by over 60% in the 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice compared to wild‐type control mice. Analyses of DNA damage and apoptosis revealed significantly greater degeneration of OB neurons in 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice compared to 3xTgAD mice. Levels of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) accumulation in the OB were similar in 3xTgAD and 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice, and cultured Polβ‐deficient neurons exhibited increased vulnerability to Aβ‐induced death. Olfactory deficit is an early sign in human AD, but the mechanism is not yet understood. Our findings in a new AD mouse model demonstrate that diminution of BER can endanger OB neurons, and suggest a mechanism underlying early olfactory impairment in AD.
Intention and Moral Enhancement
Authors: Simkulet William 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRecently philosophers have proposed a wide variety of interventions referred to as ‘moral enhancements’. Some of these interventions are concerned with helping individuals make more informed decisions; others, however, are designed to compel people to act as the intervener sees fit. Somewhere between these two extremes lie interventions designed to direct an agent's attention either towards morally relevant issues – hat‐hanging – or away from temptations to do wrong – hat‐hiding. I argue that these interventions fail to constitute genuine moral enhancement because, although they may result in more desirable outcomes – more altruism, more law‐following, and/or less self‐destructive behavior, they ignore a person's intentions, and often what makes an action right or wrong is the intent behind it.
OSLdating and luminescence characteristics of aeolian deposits and their source material in Dalarna, central Sweden
Authors: Alexanderson Helena , Bernhardson Martin 
Published: September 2016

Aeolian dunes, coversands, glacifluvial deltas and paraglacial mass‐movement deposits in Bonäsheden and Skattungheden in Dalarna, central Sweden were dated by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) on quartz. TheOSLages confirm that the majority of the dunes started forming directly after deglaciation, as suggested by previous investigators. Dune formation seems to have lasted at least 1500 years, untilc. 9 ka. Four younger episodes of sand drift resulting in coversand deposition were dated byOSLand/or radiocarbon to 4100±200 a, 1569–1412 cal. aBP, 970±60 a and 150±10 a. The youngest one is related to changes in land use, while the older ones may be due to regional climatic changes. The dated quartz had excellent luminescence characteristics; the luminescence was bright and dominated by the fast signal component, which made it possible to successfully analyse even untreated material, so‐called range‐finder dating. These characteristics are most likely inherited from one of the source rocks of the Quaternary deposits – the Mesoproterozoic Dala sandstone, which we show to also have very good luminescence properties.
The utilization of spitz‐related nomenclature in the histological interpretation of cutaneous melanocytic lesions by practicing pathologists: results from the M‐Path study
Authors: Zhao Ge , Lee Kachiu C. , Peacock Sue , Reisch Lisa M. , Knezevich Stevan R. , Elder David E. , Piepkorn Michael W. , Elmore Joann G. , Barnhill Raymond L. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundSpitz nevi, atypical Spitz tumors and spitzoid melanomas (‘spitzoid lesions’) represent controversial and poorly understood cutaneous melanocytic lesions that are difficult to diagnose histologically. It is unknown how these terms are used by pathologists.MethodsWe describe use of Spitz‐related terminology using data from the Melanoma Pathology (M‐Path) study database comprising pathologists' interpretations of biopsy slides, a nation‐wide study evaluating practicing US pathologists' (N = 187) diagnoses of melanocytic lesions (8976 independent diagnostic assessments on 240 total test cases, with 1 slide per case).ResultsMost pathologists (90%) used the Spitz‐related terminology. However, significant variation exists in which specific lesions were diagnosed as spitzoid and in the corresponding treatment recommendations. Recommendations ranged from ‘no further treatment’ to ‘wide excision of 10 mm or greater’ with no category capturing more than 50% of responses. For spitzoid melanoma diagnoses, 90% of pathologists recommended excision with ≥10 mm margin. Pathologists report less confidence in diagnosing these lesions compared with other melanocytic proliferations and are more likely to request second opinions and additional clinical information (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsSpitzoid lesions are often not classified in any standardized way, evoke uncertainty in diagnosis by pathologists, and elicit variability in treatment recommendations.
The Role of Efficacy, Optimism, and Political Networks in Legislative Elections: The Case of United Arab Emirates
Authors: Yaghi Abdulfattah , Antwi‐Boateng Osman 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe purpose of the present study on political participation in United Arab Emirates is to examine the factors that motivated people to cast their vote in the legislative elections of 2011. To this end, a special questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,800 citizens and univariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze their responses. Findings reveal that three factors motivated people to cast their vote, namely 1) their political efficacy about the legislative body, 2) their optimism about the prospects of a newly elected legislature to improve their daily lives and to aid the government's effort to enhance public services, and 3) having political networks. The study recommends further research to find out factors behind the dwindling level of electoral participation in spite of a high level of political optimism and efficacy.
Endodontic repair in immature dogs' teeth with apical periodontitis: blood clot vs plasma rich in growth factors scaffold
Authors: Dianat Omid , Mashhadi Abas Fatemeh , Paymanpour Payam , Eghbal Mohammad Jafar , Haddadpour Sahar , Bahrololumi Nazanin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackground/AimDifferent types of scaffolds have been suggested for endodontic repair procedures. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of procedures using blood clot vs plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) scaffold in immature teeth with apical periodontitis in dogs.Materials and methodsIn this in vivo animal study, 20 teeth (30 canals) with open apices were divided into two groups (n = 12): (1) blood clot and (2) PRGF. Two positive and negative control groups were also selected randomly. After exposing the pulp and inducing periapical inflammation by placing a sponge soaked in a suspension of dental plaque, the root canals of both groups were flushed with sodium hypochlorite and filled with triple antibiotic paste. After 28 days, the antibiotic mixture was removed, bleeding was induced through the apical foramen, and mineral trioxide aggregate was placed over the blood clot in group one and PRGF scaffold in group two. Access cavities were then filled with composite resin. The radiographic and histological findings were compared immediately after the procedure, as well as after 3 and 6 months of follow‐up.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between the two experimental groups with regard to the radiographic or histological results (P > 0.05). The incidence of healed periapical radiolucency was 60% and 53.33% in groups one and two, respectively. Apical closure was noted in 60% of samples in both experimental groups. New cementum‐like tissue formation was detected along the walls of the canals, and bone‐like islands within the canals were also observed.ConclusionsPlasma rich in growth factors scaffold showed no advantage over blood clots regarding healing of the periapical radiolucency, radiographic apical closure and type of the newly formed soft and hard tissues.
Spatial distribution pattern and physical – biological interactions in the larval notothenioid fish assemblages from the Bransfield Strait and adjacent waters
Authors: La Mesa Mario , La Mesa Gabriele , Catalano Barbara , Jones Christopher D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Bransfield Strait and adjacent waters represent one of the most important areas of larval retention off the Antarctic Peninsula. The species composition of larval fish assemblages has been described in detail in previous surveys carried out in the area, but the role of environmental parameters influencing the spatial distribution of early life stages was poorly known. By applying generalized additive models and multivariate analyses, we evaluated the role of environmental variables in shaping the small‐scale distribution of larval fish and investigated the spatial structure of the larval assemblage. It consisted of a few dominant notothenioid species, such asChampsocephalus gunnari,Lepidonotothen squamifrons,Lepidonotothen larseni,Pleuragramma antarcticaandTrematomus scotti, and several other rarely caught species. Sea water temperature, salinity and sampling depth were the most important factors determining the spatial distribution of fish with different relative contributions, together explaining more than 80% of total deviance observed. Species richness was mostly affected by salinity, probably due to the narrow range of salinity preference by the species. Cluster analysis of abundance and presence data identified six and five distinct groups, respectively, each of them with substantial contributions of single or rarely two species. Differences in reproductive strategies of adult populations and spatial distribution of early life stages driven by different larval behaviour in response to environmental factors contribute to maintaining a well‐structured larval fish assemblage, ensuring spatial and food niche partitioning.
The tangled link between β‐ and γ‐diversity: a Narcissus effect weakens statistical inferences in null model analyses of diversity patterns
Authors: Ulrich Werner , Baselga Andres , Kusumoto Buntarou , Shiono Takayuki , Tuomisto Hanna , Kubota Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the structure of and spatial variability in the species composition of ecological communities is at the heart of biogeography. In particular, there has been recent controversy about possible latitudinal trends in compositional heterogeneity across localities (β‐diversity). A gradient in the size of the regional species pool alone can be expected to impose a parallel gradient on β‐diversity, but whether β‐diversity also varies independently of the size of the species pool remains unclear. A recently suggested methodological approach to correct latitudinal β‐diversity gradients for the species pool effect is based on randomization null models that remove the effects of gradients in α‐ and γ‐diversity on β‐diversity. However, the randomization process imposes constraints on the variability of α‐diversity, which in turn force γ‐ and β‐diversity to become interdependent, such that any change in one is mirrored in the other. We argue that simple null model approaches are inadequate to discern whether correlations between α‐, β‐ and γ‐diversity reflect processes of ecological interest or merely differences in the size of the species pool among localities. We demonstrate that this kind of Narcissus effect may also apply to other metrics of spatial or phylogenetic species distribution. We highlight that Narcissus effects may lead to artificially high rejection rates for the focal pattern (Type II errors) and caution that these errors have not received sufficient attention in the ecological literature.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) silencing in Helicobacter pylori‐infected human gastric epithelium
Authors: Mihara Hiroshi , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Muhammad Jibran Sualeh , Nanjo Sohachi , Ando Takayuki , Fujinami Haruka , Kajiura Shinya , Hosokawa Ayumu , Sugiyama Toshiro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori (HP) infection induces methylation silencing of specific genes in gastric epithelium. Various stimuli activate the nonselective cation channel TRPV4, which is expressed in gastric epithelium where it detects mechanical stimuli and promotes ATP release. As CpG islands in TRPV4 are methylated in HP‐infected gastric epithelium, we evaluated HP infection‐dependent changes in TRPV4 expression in gastric epithelium.Materials and MethodsHuman gastric biopsy samples, a human gastric cancer cell line (AGS), and a normal gastric epithelial cell line (GES‐1) were used to detect TRPV4 mRNA and protein expression by RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Ca2+ imaging was used to evaluate TRPV4 ion channel activity. TRPV4 methylation status was assessed by methylation‐specific PCR (MSP). ATP release was measured by a luciferin‐luciferase assay.ResultsTRPV4 mRNA and protein were detected in human gastric biopsy samples and in GES‐1 cells. MSP and demethylation assays showed TRPV4 methylation silencing in AGS cells. HP coculture directly induced methylation silencing of TRPV4 in GES‐1 cells. In human samples, HP infection was associated with TRPV4 methylation silencing that recovered after HP eradication in a time‐dependent manner.ConclusionHP infection‐dependent DNA methylation suppressed TRPV4 expression in human gastric epithelia, suggesting that TRPV4 methylation may be involved in HP‐associated dyspepsia.
Fitness costs associated with Cry1F resistance in the European corn borer
Authors: Petzold‐Maxwell J. L. , Siegfried B. D. , Hellmich R. L. , Abel C. A. , Coates B. S. , Spencer T. A. , Horikoshi R. J. , Gassmann A. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCrops producing insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely planted to manage insect pests. Bt crops can provide an effective tool for pest management; however, the evolution of Bt resistance can diminish this benefit. The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, is a significant pest of maize and is widely managed with Bt maize in the Midwest of the United States. When Bt crops are grown in conjunction with non‐Bt refuges, fitness costs of Bt resistance can delay the evolution of resistance. Importantly, fitness costs often vary with ecological factors, including host‐plant genotype and diapause. In this study, we examined fitness costs associated with Cry1F resistance in O. nubilalis when insects were reared on three maize lines. Fitness costs were tested in two experiments. One experiment assessed the fitness costs when Cry1F‐resistant and Cry1F‐susceptible insects were reared on plants as larvae and experienced diapause. The second experiment tested resistant, susceptible and F1 heterozygotes that were reared on plants but did not experience diapause. Despite some evidence of greater adult longevity for Cry1F‐resistant insects, these insects produced fewer fertile eggs than Cry1F‐susceptible insects, and this occurred independent of diapause. Reduced fecundity was not detected among heterozygous individuals, which indicated that this fitness cost was recessive. Additionally, maize lines did not affect the magnitude of this fitness cost. The lower fitness of Cry1F‐resistant O. nubilalis may contribute to the maintenance of Cry1F susceptibility in field populations more than a decade after Cry1F maize was commercialized.
Waorani Warfare on the Ecuadorian Frontier, 1885–2013
Authors: Wasserstrom Robert 
Published: September 2016

ResumenEste trabajo se enfoca en el boom cauchero y su impacto entre los grupos Waorani ubicados en la violenta frontera ecuatoriana. Antes de 1910, los Waorani a veces recolectaban caucho para intercambiar con los comerciantes en la cuenca baja del río Curaray. Pero el comercio pacífico terminó abruptamente. Después de 1930, con el colapso del boom, la mayor parte de los Waorani no optó por el aislamiento voluntario, sino que siguieron a los runa quienes se retiraron a los márgenes occidentales de la selva. Desde allí, los Waorani atacaron a los asentamientos kichwas para robar herramientas de acero y, en ocasiones, a los cautivos. Simultáneamente, incrementó la violencia entre las familias Waorani. Ya para 1958, cuando llegaron los misioneros norteamericanos, muchos Waorani estaban dispuestos a buscar otra salida. Tales acontecimientos sugieren que nuestra visión de la sociedad Waorani y su relación con el mundo exterior necesita una revisión fundamental.