bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alien fungi in Lithuania: list of species, current status and trophic structure
Authors: Motiejūnaitė Jurga , Markovskaja Svetlana , Kutorga Ernestas , Iršėnaitė Reda , Kasparavičius Jonas , Kačergius Audrius , Lygis Vaidotas 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA comprehensive inventory of alien fungi (excluding fungi-like oomycetes) recorded in Lithuania since the 19th century was performed. The compiled list includes 142 fungal species, the major part of which are plant pathogens (125 species), while mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi (eight and nine species, respectively) are much less represented. The distribution within country and current status of non-native fungi were assessed. Large part of alien fungus species (58) are considered as established, three species (Auricularia auricula-judae, Aureoboletus projectellus, Lecanosticta acicola) are currently spreading, three species (Serpula lacrymans, Synchytrium endobioticum, Tilletia caries) are decreasing, one (Laricifomes officinalis) is considered to be extinct, five saprotrophic species are ephemeromycetes with few records almost exceptionally indoors and not surviving in outside conditions. Status of more than half of the listed species (73) is categorized as unknown as their records are few, suitable habitats and/or hosts are uncommon. The peak of alien fungus recording in Lithuania was in 1980–2000, apparently reflecting an increased frequency of international carriages and the highest peak of national mycological activities. Based on climate change scenarios for Lithuania, further increase of the numbers of alien species is being forecasted.
Present-day English gerunds: A multilayered referential model
Authors: Maekelberghe Charlotte 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRecent studies into the semantics of English gerunds have successfully uncovered meaning differences between nominal and verbal gerunds by adopting a referential perspective on their semantics. Referential research of gerundive nominalizations, however, still struggles with a number of issues, mainly centering around the position of verbal gerunds within the traditionally nominal domain of referentiality. This paper wishes to address these issues by establishing a multilayered model of referentiality which can be applied to both ordinary as well as less prototypical noun phrases. First of all, it disentangles the typically nominal feature of definiteness from the more flexible concept of specificity. Secondly, the model looks at the type of mental space in which the referent is accessed. Specific expressions are often associated with “actual” or realis spaces, whereas non-specific entities are typically linked to “virtual” or irrealis spaces. It is argued here, however, that deverbal nominalizations like gerunds realize specificity independently of the mental space the entity is located in. The multilayered model that is proposed is applied and integrated in a corpus-based analysis of Present-day English nominal and verbal gerunds. Mapping out the interactions between (in)definiteness, (non-)specificity and actuality/virtuality, it will be concluded, allows us to situate the various subtypes of nominal and verbal gerunds more accurately on the cline of functional nouniness.
Anatomical Comparison of the Renal Arteries in the Rabbit and European Hare
Authors: Flešárová S. , Maženský D. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The aim of this paper was to compare the level of origin of the renal arteries in the rabbit and hare. The study was carried out on ten adult rabbits and ten adult European hares using the corrosion cast technique. After the euthanasia, the vascular network was perfused with saline. Batson’s corrosion casting kit No. 17 was used as a casting medium. After polymerization of the medium, the maceration was carried out in KOH solution. We found variable levels of the origin of renal arteries in the rabbit, in the hare and between both species. In the rabbit, the right renal artery originated at the level of the second lumbar vertebra in 70 % of the cases and at the level of the first lumbar vertebra in 30 % of the cases, and the left-sided renal artery originated in 60 % of the cases at the level of the second lumbar vertebra and at the level of the third lumbar vertebra in 40 % of the cases. In the hare, the bilateral renal arteries originated at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. According to the results, it can be concluded that the origin level of the renal arteries from the abdominal aorta is more variable in the domesticated rabbit in comparison with the hare.
Multiple Integration and Data Annotation Study (MIDAS): improving next-generation sequencing data analysis by genotype-phenotype correlations
Authors: Dincer Yasemin , Schulz Julian , Wilson Sandra , Marschall Christoph , Cohen Monika Y. , Mall Volker , Klein Hanns-Georg , Eck Sebastian H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNext-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in clinical diagnostics open vast opportunities through the ability to sequence all genes simultaneously at a cost and speed that is superior to traditional sequencing approaches. On the other hand, the practical implementation of NGS in routine diagnostics involves a variety of challenges, which need to be overcome. Among these are the generation, analysis and storage of large amounts of data, strict control of sequencing performance, validation of results, interpretation of detected variants and reporting. Here, we outline the Multiple Integration and Data Annotation Study, an approach for data integration in clinical diagnostics based on genotype-phenotype correlations. MIDAS aims to accelerate NGS data analysis and to enhance the validity of the results by computer-based variant prioritization using the clinical data of the patient. In this context, we present the MIDAS case reports of one patient with intellectual disability caused by a novel de novo loss-of-function variant in theGATAD2Bgene [NM_020699.3: c.1426G>T (p.Glu476*)] identified by trio whole-exome sequencing, as well as two cardiac disease patients with severe phenotype and multiple variants in genes linked to cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders analyzed with multi-gene panel sequencing. Based on the data collected in the MIDAS cohort, the MIDAS software will be tested and optimized. Moreover, the MIDAS software concept can be extended modularly to include further data resources for improved data handling and interpretation in the broad field of diagnostics.
Huldrych Zwingli: Reformation in Conflict
Authors: Eccher Stephen Brett 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a pioneering and domineering voice during the early sixteenth century, especially at the genesis of the Protestant Reformation. Despite his stature, Reformation historiography has sadly relegated Zwingli to a lesser status behind reformers such as Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and John Calvin. However, his contribution to the changing religious ethos of Reformation Europe was pivotal, yet always accompanied by controversy. In fact, this essay will argue that almost all of the Reformation gains made by Zwingli over the course of roughly twenty-five years of ministry took place through conflict. All the Protestant reformers experienced an element of conflict as a part of their work. Such was the nature of religious renewal and reform in the sixteenth century. Still, conflict not only facilitated and drove Zwingli’s Reformation, but was also a theme woven throughout his life. And in Zwingli’s case war was both figurative and literal. His battles moved well beyond those of his contemporary reformers. Beginning with his haunting experiences as a young chaplain in the Swiss army and culminating with his early death on the battlefield at Kappel, conflict shaped Zwingli’s life, ministry and theology. His was a life characterized by volatility; his Reformation was contested every step of the way. As a portrait of Zwingli emerges against the historic backdrop of war, division and strife, his lasting contributions to the convictions and practices of Protestantism, especially in Baptist and Presbyterian life, should become apparent.
Conditions of synthesis and structure of metakaolin-based geopolymers: application as heavy metal cation sorbent
Authors: Król Magdalena , Brylewska Kamila , Knapik Arkadiusz , Kornaus Kamil , Mozgawa Włodzimierz 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of geopolymer materials designed for application as self-supporting zeolite membranes. For this purpose, batches of metakaolin activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were used. During synthesis, it was assumed that low temperatures are sufficient to receive the membranes. The composition of raw materials and temperature of activation were selected in such a way so as to correspond to the basic chemical compositions and synthesis conditions of sodalite as well as zeolites A and X. Additionally, the structural and textural properties of geopolymers were determined. The results show that it is possible to obtain composite zeolite structures in an amorphous matrix. A number of synthesized materials were used in the sorption of selected heavy metal cations (Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+). It was concluded that the investigated geopolymerization process may be applied to obtain a material with potential use as a heavy metal sorbent.
Canadian Federalism in Design and Practice: The Mechanics of a Permanently Provisional Constitution
Authors: Gardner James A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper examines the interaction between constitutional design and practice through a case study of Canadian federalism. Focusing on the federal architecture of the Canadian Constitution, the paper examines how subnational units in Canada actually compete with the central government, emphasizing the concrete strategies and tactics they most commonly employ to get their way in confrontations with central authority. The evidence affirms that constitutional design and structure make an important difference in the tactics and tools available to subnational units in a federal system, but that design is not fully constraining: there is considerable evidence of extraconstitutional innovation and improvisation by governments. Furthermore, changes in practice initiated by Canadian subnational actors have produced changes in the allocation of national and subnational authority that are plausibly characterized as constitutional in magnitude. The paper concludes that the design of the Canadian federal system may inadvertently undermine its capacity to stabilize itself at any particular point of constitutional evolution, making it ‘permanently provisional.’
An Opportunity for Reflection – A Special Issue on “The Constitution of Canada: History, Evolution, Influence and Reform”
Authors: Martinico Giuseppe , Albert Richard , Baraggia Antonia , Fasone Cristina 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Canada is and will for the foreseeable future be a peaceful and prosperous liberal democracy whose Constitution Act, 1867, now 150 years old as of 2017, has become a model for the modern world. The Constitution of Canada has exerted considerable influence on other countries, particularly since the coming into force of its Constitution Act, 1982, which included the celebrated Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Just as Canada drew from foreign and international experiences in drafting its Charter, the world has learned a great deal from Canada, not only as to rights protections but also as to the separation of powers, the judicial function, and the structure of government.
In light of these impressive achievements, an international symposium on the Canadian Constitution was held in Pisa at the Scuola Sant’Anna under the auspices of the Sant’Anna Legal Studies project and with the support of the DIRPOLIS (Law, Politics and Development) Institute at the Scuola Sant’Anna, the Canadian Embassy in Italy, and the International Association of Constitutional Law. This special issue collects some of the papers presented on that occasion.
The Time-Space Approach in the Analysis of Traffic Safety on Rural Road
Authors: Bačkalić Svetlana , Matović Boško , Bašić Anja 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Analysis of the traffic safety factors in some region (road, section of road, road’s kilometer) is an important task in the field of traffic safety. It is necessary to constantly monitor, analyze, compare traffic safety situation in order to develop and improve measures for increasing the level of traffic safety. The first part of each analysis is finding of positions of traffic accidents and its casualties, in other words it is necessary to find its coordinates in the space-time coordinate system.
This paper shows results of the descriptive statistical analysis of traffic accidents frequency on the rural road for the period 2005-2011. It will be point out advantages and disadvantages of this approach and also it will be suggested a new individual approach for determinate the mean time between consecutive traffic accidents.
Forming Communicative Competence of Future Tesol Teachers by Microteaching (Based on British Experience)
Authors: Bidyuk Natalya 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The article deals with the analysis of the process of forming communicative competence of future TESOL students by means of microteaching based on the experience of leading British higher education institutions. It has been specified that the phenomenon of communicative competence in scientific discourse originated in the 1960s and connected with the prominent British, German and American scientific researchers (L. Bachman, R. Campbel, M. Canale, J. Habermas, M. Halliday, M. Swain et al.), who have produced their own implications on communicative competence. Based on their views it has been specified that the communicative competence should be acquired in all areas, namely, speaking, reading, listening, and writing. Therefore, it has been justified that microteaching is of significance, as it allows future TESOL teachers to develop the high level of communicative competence. It has been found out that microteaching was developed by Stanford University specialists and became adopted by many teacher education institutions in the world. The model of microteaching acquired in British education institutions has been described. It has been outlined that microteaching is seen as a simplified form of teaching, the main peculiarity of which means it is evaluated by peers/supervisors to provide a feedback. It has been indicated that the main aim of microteaching is to allow future TESOL teachers to determine their level of communicative competence most objectively. It has been clarified that future TESOL teachers should undergo three stages to form their communicative competence. The advantages and disadvantages of microteaching in the context of forming future TESOL teachers’ communicative competence have been presented. The most prominent advantages have been analyzed. The perspectives for further studies have been determined.
Legal Enforcement of Teacher Education in Great Britain
Authors: Zorochkina Tetiana 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The article deals with legal enforcement of teacher education in Great Britain. It has been found out that in Great Britain, the sources of education legislation are statutes and acts adopted by British government. All current statutes relating to education are classified either as public or private. Public laws contain general rules, that is, designed for all individuals and for repeated application. They operate throughout the country, addressed to all subjects of educational relations. Private statutes accumulate private norms, which refer to specific legal entities or individuals and contain strictly defined directives for them. They are addressed to a particular country or specific organization or group of individuals. It has been indicated that the system of education legislation in Great Britain in the context of teacher education is provided by a range of legal acts, such as the Education Reform Act of 1988, the Further and Higher Education Act of 1992, by the Teaching and Higher Education Act of 1998, The Education Act 2002, The Education Act of 2005, The Education and Inspections Act of 2006, The Education and Skills Act of 2008, The Education Act of 2011, The Education and Adoption Act 2016, The Higher Education and Research Act 2017 as well as legal acts of European authorities. It has been concluded that the orientation of the content of British legal acts toward quality teacher training should be successfully implemented into Ukrainian education legislation so that the national system of teacher training may be improved. It has been suggested that the prospects for further researchers are seen in studying the legal enforcement of teacher education in leading European countries (Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Switzerland etc.).
Renewable Energy Education in India
Authors: Bajpai Shrish , Kidwai Naimur Rahman 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The issue of renewable energy sources that have great potential to give solutions to the longstanding energy problems of India has been considered. It has been stated that renewable energy sources are an important part of India’s plan to increase energy security and provide new generation with ample job opportunities. India’s plans to move towards green technology and address environmental concerns associated with the country and the world have been characterized. The peculiarities of the renewable energy education in India as a subject and as a specialized branch of engineering or science at different education levels in both government-funded and private institutes across India have been outlined. Science and engineering education system with detailed structure of the degree (undergraduate, postgraduate, doctoral and post-doctoral) course has been described. Comparative study of renewable energy education systems of other countries has been performed. It has been stated that currently in India science colleges offer undergraduate renewable energy course as BSc. (Renewable Energy) and Postgraduate level course (MSc) that are offered in different science institutes in the specialization of Renewable Energy, Energy Management, Energy Studies, Physics (Energy) etc. Doctoral and postdoctoral research is offered by a few science institutions in India which is a more focused research (issues) in solar energy or wind energy field. The process of studying in a number of Indian institutes specializing in renewable energy has been described and compared to other world educational establishments of Spain, Mexico, and Russia. Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy specialization education have been defined. It has been determined that there is an immediate need for the development of requisite demonstration which should be provided at appropriate levels in which both on-job as well as traditional training in these areas should be given to the expansive audience with the aid of modern andragogy techniques.
Effect of deforestation on water chemistry in the Kościeliska Valley in the Western Tatras in southern Poland
Authors: Żelazny Mirosław , Kosmowska Amanda , Stańczyk Tomasz , Mickiewicz Maria 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Effect of deforestation on water chemistry in the Kościeliska Valley in the Western Tatras in southern Poland. Bark beetle infestation is a leading source of local tree stand damage in Tatra National Park. In addition, hurricane-force winds also cause damage to tree stands, as in the case of the 2013 wind event in the Kopki Kościeliskie area of the Kościeliska Valley. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of deforestation on seasonal changes in water chemistry, especially in the case of nitrate. The research was performed in the years 2015 and 2016 in seven catchments. The total number of monthly water samples was 175. Three forested catchments were selected along with two catchments deforested by high winds, one catchment deforested due to the action of the bark beetle, and one catchment affected by several different forms of deforestation. The following four types of measurements were performed in the field: pH, electrolytic conductance (EC25°C), total mineralization (Mt). The following analyses were performed in the laboratory using DIONEX 2000 ion chromatography equipment – concentration of 14 ions in water samples: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Li+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, NO2−, NO3−, PO43−, Br−, F−. The concentration of NO3− was many times higher in samples collected in deforested areas (x̅ = 16.53 mg·L−1) versus forested areas (x̅ = 3.06 mg·L−1). The share of NO3− in overall water chemistry in catchments deforested by high wind events is more than three times higher (3.25% mval·L−1) than in forested catchments (1.07% mval·L−1), and almost twice as high as that for a catchment affected by the bark beetle (1.8% mval·L−1). In fact, it is high enough that the position of the nitrate ion in the sequence of anions in the deforested catchment shifts from HCO3 > SO4 > NO3 > Cl (natural sequence occurring in forested carbonate-type catchments) to HCO3 > NO3 > SO4 > Cl. In addition, the concentration of nitrate in stream water was found to be lower during the vegetation season, which is associated with the nitrogen intake of plant root systems in the summer season.
Symmetry Reductions and Group-Invariant Radial Solutions to the n-Dimensional Wave Equation
Authors: Feng Wei , Zhao Songlin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we derive explicit group-invariant radial solutions to a class of wave equation via symmetry group method. The optimal systems of one-dimensional subalgebras for the corresponding radial wave equation are presented in terms of the known point symmetries. The reductions of the radial wave equation into second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with respect to each symmetry in the optimal systems are shown. Then we solve the corresponding reduced ODEs explicitly in order to write out the group-invariant radial solutions for the wave equation. Finally, several analytical behaviours and smoothness of the resulting solutions are discussed.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of two polyketides from lichen-endophytic fungus Preussia sp.
Authors: Paudel Babita , Bhattarai Keshab , Bhattarai Hari Datta 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Two compounds, compounds 1 and 2, were isolated from Preussia sp. The molecular structures of both compounds were elucidated by analyzing one-dimensional (1D) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance data along with high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Compound 1 was obtained as novel in structure, and compound 2 was recently reported elsewhere. Compound 1 did not show antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and brine shrimp toxicity, while compound 2 showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH reduction capacity; IC50=3 μg/mL) and brine shrimp toxicity (LD50=50 μg/mL).