bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside Out: HIV, the Gut Microbiome, and the Mucosal Immune System
Authors: Liu Jay , Williams Brett , Frank Daniel , Dillon Stephanie M. , Wilson Cara C. , Landay Alan L. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The components of the human gut microbiome have been found to influence a broad array of pathologic conditions ranging from heart disease to diabetes and even to cancer. HIV infection upsets the delicate balance in the normal host-microbe interaction both through alterations in the taxonomic composition of gut microbial communities as well as through disruption of the normal host response mechanisms. In this article we review the current methods of gut microbiome analysis and the resulting data regarding how HIV infection might change the balance of commensal bacteria in the gut. Additionally, we cover the various effects gut microbes have on host immune homeostasis and the preliminary but intriguing data on how HIV disrupts those mechanisms. Finally, we briefly describe some of the important biomolecules produced by gut microbiota and the role that they may play in maintaining host immune homeostasis with and without HIV infection.
Analysis of Solving Galerkin Finite Element Methods with Symmetric Pressure Stabilization for the Unsteady Navier-Stokes Equations Using Conforming Equal Order Interpolation
Authors: Chen Gang , Feng Minfu 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper gives analysis of a semi-discrete scheme using equal order interpolation to solve unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. A unified pressure stabilized term is added to our scheme. We proved the uniform error estimates with respect to the Reynolds number, provided the exact solution is smooth.
New Conservative Finite Volume Element Schemes for the Modified Regularized Long Wave Equation
Authors: Yan Jinliang , Lai Ming-Chih , Li Zhilin , Zhang Zhiyue 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new energy-preserving scheme and a new momentum-preserving scheme for the modified regularized long wave equation. The proposed schemes are designed by using the discrete variational derivative method and the finite volume element method. For comparison, we also propose a finite volume element scheme. The conservation properties of the proposed schemes are analyzed and we find that the energy-preserving scheme can precisely conserve the discrete total mass and total energy, the momentum-preserving scheme can precisely conserve the discrete total mass and total momentum, while the finite volume element scheme merely conserve the discrete total mass. We also analyze their linear stability property using the Von Neumann theory and find that the proposed schemes are unconditionally linear stable. Finally, we present some numerical examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
LES of Normally Impinging Elliptic Air-Jet Heat Transfer at Re=4400
Authors: Li Yongping , Lin Qizhao , Zhu Zuojin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractJet impingement induced heat transfer is an important issue in engineering science. This paper presents results of large eddy simulation (LES) of normally impinging elliptic air-jet heat transfer at a Reynolds number of 4400, with orifice-to-plate distance fixed to be 5 in the unit of jet nozzle effective diameter. The elliptic aspect ratio (a/b) is 3/2. While the target wall is heated under some condition of constant heat flux. The LES are carried out using dynamic subgrid model and Open-FOAM. The distributions ofmean velocity components, velocity fluctuations, and subgrid stresses in vertical and radial directions, and the Nusselt numbers involving heat transfer through the target wall are discussed. The comparison with existing experimental and numerical results shows good agreement.
Detection of liver metastases: comparison of contrast‐enhanced wide‐band harmonic imaging with conventional ultrasonography.
Authors: Bernatik T , Strobel D , Hahn E G , Becker D 
Published: January 2017

To compare the detection rate of conventional ultrasonography and contrast‐enhanced wide‐band harmonic ultrasonographic imaging in the detection of small liver metastases.Consecutive patients with histologically proved gastrointestinal carcinoma liver metastases were studied. Biphasic helical computed tomography, conventional ultrasonography, and contrast‐enhanced wide‐band harmonic imaging were performed on all patients within a 5‐day period. The biphasic helical computed tomographic scans were reviewed and interpreted by a skilled radiologist. The number of lesions and their descriptive characteristics were recorded for analysis. In addition, videotape recordings of the conventional ultrasonography and contrast‐enhanced wide‐band harmonic imaging were blindly reviewed, after which the number of detected lesions and their characteristics were then compared with those detected on biphasic helical computed tomography, considered the standard of reference.Twenty‐eight patients (10 female and 18 male; age range, 45‐72 years) were studied. Conventional ultrasonography detected 37 (59%) of all lesions visualized by biphasic helical computed tomography. The detection rate for contrast‐enhanced wide‐band harmonic imaging was significantly higher (61 [97%] of 63). In our series, two 10‐mm lesions near the diaphragm were not visualized by wide‐band harmonic imaging.The use of contrast‐enhanced imaging techniques significantly improves the ultrasonographic detection of liver metastases. Our results achieved the sensitivity of biphasic helical computed tomography.
Renal Doppler ultrasonographic findings in earthquake victims with crush injury.
Authors: Keven K , Ates K , Yağmurlu B , Nergizoğlu G , Kutlay S , Aras S , Ozcan H , Duman N 
Published: January 2017

In the Marmara earthquake, which occurred on August 17, 1999, 639 people had renal complications, and 477 needed hemodialysis treatment because of acute renal failure due to crush injury. Our objective was to use Doppler ultrasonography as a noninvasive procedure to provide renal hemodynamic information.We evaluated 9 patients with severe crush injury by using Doppler ultrasonography to measure renal resistive indexes within 16 to 32 hours after the earthquake and 6 weeks later. All patients had acute renal failure and underwent hemodialysis.All measured initial resistive indexes were high (mean +/‐ SD, 0.83 +/‐ 0.08), and they were correlated with the number of hemodialysis sessions (r = 0.703; P = .034), the duration of hemodialysis treatment (r = 0.819; P = .007), and oligoanuria (r = 0.937; P < .0001). All patients recovered from the acute renal failure, and repeated Doppler ultrasonography showed significant decreases in resistive indexes (0.59 +/‐ 0.07; P < .01) and renal lengths (P < .05).In crush injury, measurement of renal resistive indexes can be useful for the prognosis of recovery from acute renal failure.
Imaging of the ductus venosus in neonates: from patency to closure.
Authors: Vade A , Lim-Dunham J , Iqbal N 
Published: January 2017

To familiarize the radiologist with the variable sonographic appearance of the involuting ductus venosus in neonates.Five sick neonates ranging in age from 24 to 42 weeks had abdominal sonographic examinations to check for intra‐abdominal diseases.Doppler sonography showed a patent ductus venosus in 3 neonates and a ductus venosus with thrombosis in 2 neonates. The ductus venosus was identified in the liver between the left portal vein and the inferior vena cava. In 2 patients, follow‐up sonography showed that the ductus venosus progressively had thrombosis and then disappeared.The ductus venosus in a neonate has a variable sonographic appearance depending on its stage of involution. Its detection in a sick neonate can lead to inadvertent diagnosis of a hepatic varix, an abscess, or a tumor.
Sonographic evaluation of anatomic results after the pubovaginal sling procedure for stress urinary incontinence.
Authors: Kuo H C 
Published: January 2017

To investigate the anatomic changes after the pubovaginal sling procedure in women with stress urinary incontinence by transrectal sonographyThis study enrolled 56 women with varying types of stress urinary incontinence who were treated with the pubovaginal sling procedure using self‐fashioned polypropylene mesh. The suburethral sling was fixed without tension and was placed at the position between the bladder neck and the proximal urethra. The patients were investigated preoperatively and postoperatively by transrectal sonography of the bladder and urethra.At a median follow‐up of 24 months (range, 6‐39 months), 48 patients (85.7%) were cured, 6 (10.7%) had improved, and 2 (3.6%) had treatment failures. Transrectal sonography revealed a well‐suspended bladder neck and proximal urethra in all patients who were cured. As measured by changes of the axis of the pubovesical ligament, the position of the bladder neck was elevated by a mean of 29.6 +/‐ 21.5 degrees in the resting condition and 47.4 +/‐ 27.7 degrees in the straining condition. An incompetent bladder neck and proximal urethra were noted in 8 patients who had stress urinary incontinence after surgery. The incidence of opening of the bladder neck was 84.6% in 13 patients with de novo urgency or urge incontinence, whereas only 2 (4.7%) of 43 patients who did not have postoperative urgency had opening of the neck (P = .000).Transrectal sonography provides useful information about anatomic changes after the pubovaginal sling procedure. Bladder neck incompetence after surgery was closely related to postoperative urgency or urge incontinence.
Preoperative evaluation of pelvic tumors by Doppler and three‐dimensional sonography.
Authors: Kurjak A , Kupesic S , Sparac V , Bekavac I 
Published: January 2017

To study a spectrum of systems (two‐dimensional transvaginal, transvaginal color Doppler, three‐dimensional, three‐dimensional power Doppler, and contrast‐enhanced three‐dimensional power Doppler sonography) for preoperative evaluation of pelvic tumors.Two hundred ninety‐two patients were evaluated by the 5 complementary methods in preoperative sonographic assessments. We examined adnexal and endometrial morphology, thickness, and volume by two‐ and three‐dimensional sonography and analyzed blood flow by transvaginal color, pulsed Doppler, and three‐dimensional power Doppler sonography in all examined patients. In 89 patients with complex adnexal lesions of uncertain malignancy, contrast‐enhanced three‐dimensional power Doppler sonography was performed.Morphologic assessment by three‐dimensional sonography yielded additional information in 58% of cases compared with two‐dimensional sonography. Furthermore, this modality was superior to two‐dimensional sonography in accurate depiction and diagnosis of 2 cases of fallopian tube carcinoma. Combined morphology and vascular indexing reached sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 99%. Endometrial volume in patients with malignant disease was significantly different (28.2 +/‐ 0.02 cm3) from that in those who had hyperplasia (7.81 +/‐ 0.03 cm3), polyps (3.5 +/‐ 0.02 cm3), or normal endometria (0.8 +/‐ 0.02 cm3). With combined morphologic and three‐dimensional power Doppler examination of endometrial lesions, sensitivity and specificity reached 89% and 97%, respectively.Combined morphologic and vascular imaging improves preoperative assessment of gynecologic tumors.
Value of 3‐Dimensional Transrectal/ Transvaginal Sonography in Diagnosis of Distal Ureteral Calculi
Authors: Mitterberger Michael , Pinggera Germar Michael , Maier Elisabeth , Neuwirt Hannes , Neururer Richard , Pallwein Leo , Gradl Johannes , Bartsch Georg , Strasser Hannes , Frauscher Ferdinand 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesIn a prospective study, the feasibility of 3‐dimensional (3D) transrectal/transvaginal sonography in comparison with transabdominal sonography and intravenous urography (IVU) in identifying distal ureteral calculi was evaluated.MethodsSixty‐two patients in the urologic clinic with clinical suspicion of distal ureteral calculi were included. The patients consisted of 44 men and 18 women with a mean age ± SD of 44 ± 17 years. These patients underwent 3D transrectal/transvaginal sonography, transabdominal sonography with IVU, and, finally, ureterorenoscopy.ResultsFifty‐nine patients were confirmed to have distal ureteral calculi on the basis of urologic intervention (ureterorenoscopy). Three patients had a spontaneous stone passage immediately after imaging completion. The median size of the calculi was 3.7 ± 2.00 mm. Transabdominal sonography detected 34 of the 62 patients with calculi (sensitivity, 55%). The median size of the calculi was calculated as 5.0 ± 2.4 mm. The examination time was 6.5 ± 2.7 minutes. Intravenous urography detected 44 of the 62 patients with ureterolithiasis (sensitivity, 71%). Herein, the median stone size was measured as 3.9 ± 1.9 mm, and the examination time was 38 ± 17 minutes. The combination of transabdominal sonography and IVU in visualization of ureterolithiasis raised the sensitivity to 81% (50 of 62 patients). Three‐dimensional transrectal/transvaginal sonography showed ureterolithiasis in all 62 patients confirmed to have distal ureteral calculi (sensitivity and specificity, 100%). The median size of the calculi was calculated as 4.4 ± 2.2 mm, and the examination took 1.9 ± 0.6 minutes.ConclusionsThe data in our prospective study show that transrectal/transvaginal sonography with 3D image assessment is superior to IVU and abdominal sonography for diagnosing distal ureteral calculi.
Large‐scale InSAR monitoring of permafrost freeze‐thaw cycles on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Daout Simon , Doin Marie‐Pierre , Peltzer Gilles , Socquet Anne , Lasserre Cécile 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMultitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations are used to characterize spatial variations of the permafrost active layer and its temporal evolution in Northwestern Tibet. We develop a method to enhance InSAR performances for such difficult terrain conditions and construct an 8 year timeline of the surface deformation over a 60,000 km2 area. The ground movement induced by the active layer's response to climate forcing is limited to Cenozoic sedimentary basins and is spatially variable in both its seasonal amplitude (2.5–12 mm) and multiannual trend (−2 to 3 mm/yr). A degree‐day integrated model adjusted to the data indicates that subsidence occurs when the surface temperature exceeds zero (May to October) over areas where seasonal movements are large (>8 mm). The period of subsidence is delayed by 1–2 months over areas where smaller seasonal movements are observed, suggesting an unsaturated soil where water occurs in the deeper part of the active layer.
Contributions of physical and biogeochemical processes to phytoplankton biomass enhancement in the surface and subsurface layers during the passage of Typhoon Damrey
Authors: Pan Shanshan , Shi Jie , Gao Huiwang , Guo Xinyu , Yao Xiaohong , Gong Xiang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this study, a one‐dimensional physical‐biogeochemical coupled model was established to investigate the responses of the upper ocean to Typhoon Damrey in the basin area of the South China Sea. The surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) increased rapidly from 0.07 to 0.17 mg m−3 when the typhoon arrived and then gradually reached a peak of 0.61 mg m−3 after the typhoon's passage. The subsurface Chl a decreased from 0.34 to 0.17 mg m−3 as the typhoon arrived and then increased gradually to 0.71 mg m−3. Analyses of model results indicated that the initial rapid increase in the surface Chl a and the decrease in the subsurface Chl a were caused mainly by physical process (vertical mixing), whereas the subsequent gradual increases in the Chl a in both the surface and subsurface layers were due mainly to biogeochemical processes (net growth of phytoplankton). The gradual increase in the Chl a lasted for longer in the subsurface layer than in the surface layer. Typhoon Damrey yielded an integrated primary production (IPP) of 6.5 × 103 mg C m−2 (~14% of the annual IPP in this region).
Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of β‐Fluoroalkylated α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Pyridylsulfones with Nitrones for Chiral Fluoroalkylated Isoxazolidines and γ‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Yang Xing , Cheng Feng , Kou Ying‐Da , Pang Shuai , Shen Yong‐Cun , Huang Yi‐Yong , Shibata Norio 
Published: January 2017

Abstract2‐Pyridylsulfone‐ and fluoroalkylated group‐activated olefins underwent highly efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions across various aromatic and aliphatic nitrones in the presence of a chiral NiII/bis(oxazoline) catalyst. The process was tuned by 4 Å molecular sieves, chiral bis(oxazoline) ligands, reaction solvents, and temperature. A wide array of optically pure fluoroalkylated isoxazolidines were obtained, thus facilitating the asymmetric synthesis of an enantioenriched α‐trifluoromethylated γ‐amino alcohol in gram‐scale and a trifluoromethylated derivative of 1,3‐oxazinan‐2‐one with potential pharmaceutical interest. A stereochemical model, based on the absolute configuration of one adduct and some control experiments, was postulated to account for the observed endo‐ and enantioselectivity.
Photoredox‐induzierte stereoselektive desaromatisierende radikalische (4+2)‐Cyclisierungs/1,4‐Additions‐Kaskade zur Synthese hoch funktionalisierter Hexahydro‐1H‐carbazole
Authors: Alpers Dirk , Gallhof Malte , Witt Julian , Hoffmann Frank , Brasholz Malte 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEine stereoselektive Synthese funktionalisierter Hexahydrocarbazole basiert auf einer neuartigen photoredox‐induzierten desaromatisierenden radikalischen (4+2)‐Cyclisierungs/1,4‐Additions‐Kaskade von 3‐(2‐Iodethyl)indolen mit Akzeptor‐substituierten Alkenen. Mithilfe dieser Reaktion werden drei C‐C‐Bindungen und eine C‐H‐Bindung simultan gebildet sowie drei benachbarte Stereozentren aufgebaut. Die so erhaltenen Hexahydro‐1H‐carbazole sind vielversprechende Intermediate für die Synthese neuer Antibiotika sowie nichtnatürlicher Ring‐Homologe polycyclischer Indolin‐Alkaloide.
Rethinking the Claisen–Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Morris Stacey A. , Gusev Dmitry G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPincer‐type complexes [OsH2(CO){PyCH2NHCH2CH2NHPtBu2}] and [OsH2(CO){HN(CH2CH2PiPr2)2}] catalyze the disproportionation reaction of aldehydes via an outer‐sphere bifunctional mechanism achieving turnover frequencies up to 14 000 h−1. The N−H group of the catalysts is a key player in this process, elucidated with the help of DFT calculations.
Plasmonic Imaging of the Interfacial Potential Distribution on Bipolar Electrodes
Authors: Hasheminejad Meisam , Fang Yimin , Li Meng , Jiang Yingyan , Wang Wei , Chen Hong‐Yuan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBipolar electrochemistry is based on the gradient distribution of free‐electron density along an electrically isolated electrode, which causes a positive electrode potential at one end and a negative potential at the other, allowing for wide applications in analytical chemistry and materials science. To take full advantage of its wireless and high‐throughput features, various types of optical probes, such as pH indicators and fluorescence and electrochemiluminescence reagents, have often been used to indirectly monitor the interfacial electron transfer through chromogenic or fluorogenic reactions. Herein, we report the first probe‐free imaging approach that can directly visualize the distribution of the interfacial potential in bipolar electrodes, providing essential information for the validation and development of the theory and applications of bipolar electrochemistry. This approach is based on the sensitive dependence of surface plasmon resonance imaging on the local electron density in the electrode, which enables the direct mapping of potential with a spatial resolution close to the optical diffraction limit, a temporal resolution of 50 ms, and a sensitivity of 10 mV. In addition, in contrast to previous optical readouts that relied on faradaic reactions, the present work achieved the impedance‐based measurements under non‐faradaic conditions. It is anticipated that this technique will greatly expand the application of bipolar electrochemistry as a platform for chemical and biosensing.
Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Pentalenes with Enhanced Hückel Antiaromaticity
Authors: Oshima Hiroya , Fukazawa Aiko , Yamaguchi Shigehiro 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPentalenes represent highly reactive Hückel antiaromatics with 8π electrons. Usually, pentalenes are stabilized by incorporation of two benzene rings in a fused fashion. In dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes, however, the high aromaticity of the fused benzene rings compromises the inherent antiaromaticity of the pentalene core. Herein, we disclose that this forfeited antiaromaticity can be restored by fusing four additional aromatic rings onto the peripheral positions of dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes. Such polycyclic pentalenes were prepared by successive transannular cyclizations via in situ‐generated tetrakisdehydro[16]annulenes. The thus obtained compounds showed intriguing properties, for example, characteristic absorptions in the visible‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) region and low reduction potentials. These results hence afford a design principle to produce highly antiaromatic yet stable pentalenes. The antiaromaticity of the pentalene core can be widely tuned via the degree of aromaticity of the peripherally fused rings.
Oxide‐Nanotrap‐Anchored Platinum Nanoparticles with High Activity and Sintering Resistance by Area‐Selective Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Liu Xiao , Zhu Qianqian , Lang Yun , Cao Kun , Chu Shengqi , Shan Bin , Chen Rong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn area‐selective atomic layer deposition (AS‐ALD) method is described to construct oxide nanotraps to anchor Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on Al2O3 supports. The as‐synthesized catalysts have exhibited outstanding room‐temperature CO oxidation activity, with a significantly lowered apparent activation energy (ca. 22.17 kJ mol−1) that is half that of pure Pt catalyst with the same loading. Furthermore, the structure shows excellent sintering resistance with the high catalytic activity retention up to 600 °C calcination. The key feature of the oxide nanotraps lies in its ability to anchor Pt NPs via strong metal–oxide interactions while still leaving active metal facets exposed. Our reported method for forming such oxide structure with nanotraps shows great potential for the simultaneous enhancement of thermal stability and activity of precious metal NPs.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Nickel‐ and Organic‐Dye‐Cocatalyzed Formylation Reaction of Aryl Halides and Triflates and Vinyl Bromides with Diethoxyacetic Acid as a Formyl Equivalent
Authors: Huang He , Li Xiangmin , Yu Chenguang , Zhang Yueteng , Mariano Patrick S. , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA simple formylation reaction of aryl halides, aryl triflates, and vinyl bromides under synergistic nickel‐ and organic‐dye‐mediated photoredox catalysis is reported. Distinct from widely used palladium‐catalyzed formylation processes, this reaction proceeds by a two‐step mechanistic sequence involving initial in situ generation of the diethoxymethyl radical from diethoxyacetic acid by a 4CzIPN‐mediated photoredox reaction. The formyl‐radical equivalent then undergoes nickel‐catalyzed substitution reactions with aryl halides and triflates and vinyl bromides to form the corresponding aldehyde products. Significantly, besides aryl bromides, less reactive aryl chlorides and triflates and vinyl halides serve as effective substrates for this process. Since the mild conditions involved in this reaction tolerate a plethora of functional groups, the process can be applied to the efficient preparation of diverse aromatic aldehydes.