bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pleurotus ostreatus decreases cornstalk lignin content, potentially improving its suitability for animal feed
Authors: Chen Ying , Fan Huan , Meng Fanrui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe capacity of Pleurotus ostreatus to degrade lignin was investigated in the fermentation of cornstalk. Cornstalk was incubated with P. ostreatus for 30 days, and acid‐soluble and acid‐insoluble lignins were assessed. The microscopic structure of cornstalk samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectroscopic characteristics were measured by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy.RESULTSDuring fermentation of cornstalk, the proportion of acid‐soluble lignin did not vary significantly (P > 0.05), but that of acid‐insoluble lignin decreased gradually from 17.8% on day 0 to 7.6% on day 30 (P < 0.01). SEM revealed that the surface of cornstalk was gradually damaged with cavities increasing in number and size, forming a quasi‐network structure. Crystallinity decreased from 35.0 on day 0 to 15.2 on day 30. FTIR and cross‐polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) 13C NMR spectra showed that the intensity of the peaks corresponding to lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose also decreased gradually over 30 days.CONCLUSIONCornstalk can be effectively degraded by P. ostreatus within 30 days. Pleurotus ostreatus decreases cornstalk lignin content, potentially improving its suitability for animal feed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of magnetic pore surface coating on the NMR relaxation and diffusion signal in quartz sand
Authors: Duschl Markus , Pohlmeier Andreas , Brox Timothy I. , Galvosas Petrik , Vereecken Harry 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMagnetic impurities are ubiquitous in natural porous media such as sand and soil. They generate internal magnetic field gradients because of increased magnetic susceptibility differences between solid and liquid phase in the pore space and because of the presence of magnetic centers. These internal gradients accelerate NMR relaxation rates and thus might limit the possibility of pore space characterization using NMR. In this study, we investigate the effects of coating the surface of natural sands by the antiferromagnetic iron oxyhydroxide goethite on NMR relaxation and diffusion properties. We found a non‐quadratic dependence of the relaxation time distributions on the echo time indicating that the relaxation experiments were not performed in the fast diffusion limit, while the weak dependence on the external magnetic field strength is explained by the preponderance of the surface relaxation over the effect of diffusion in internal gradients.The surface to volume ratio of the pore space, determined by NMR diffusimetry ((S/V)NMR) remains approximately constant, whereas the same quantity, determined from gas adsorption ((S/V)BET) increases proportional to the coating density. This is because gas adsorption measures surface roughness on sub‐nanometer scale, whereas NMR diffusimetry averages over structures smaller than few microns. This has consequences for the calculation of the surface relaxivities. The usage of the (S/V)NMRleads to constant values, whereas the usage of (S/V)BETleads to apparently decreasing relaxivities with increasing coating, which is unrealistic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximation algorithms for sequential batch‐testing of series systems
Authors: Daldal Rebi , Gamzu Iftah , Segev Danny , Ünlüyurt Tonguç 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe introduce and study a generalization of the classic sequential testing problem, asking to identify the correct state of a given series system that consists of independent stochastic components. In this setting, costly tests are required to examine the state of individual components, which are sequentially tested until the correct system state can be uniquely identified. The goal is to propose a policy that minimizes the expected testing cost, given a‐priori probabilistic information on the stochastic nature of each individual component. Unlike the classic setting, where variables are tested one after the other, we allow multiple tests to be conducted simultaneously, at the expense of incurring an additional set‐up cost. The main contribution of this article consists in showing that the batch testing problem can be approximated in polynomial time within factor
, for any fixed
. In addition, we explain how, in spite of its highly nonlinear objective function, the batch testing problem can be formulated as an approximate integer program of polynomial size, while blowing up its expected cost by a factor of at most
. Finally, we conduct extensive computational experiments, to demonstrate the practical effectiveness of these algorithms as well as to evaluate their limitations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 275–286, 2016
A flexible information service for management of virtualized software‐defined infrastructures
Authors: Mamatas Lefteris , Clayman Stuart , Galis Alex 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThere is a major shift in the Internet towards using programmable and virtualized network devices, offering significant flexibility and adaptability. New networking paradigms such as software‐defined networking and network function virtualization bring networks and IT domains closer together using appropriate architectural abstractions. In this context, new and novel information management features need to be introduced. The deployed management and control entities in these environments should have a clear, and often global, view of the network environment and should exchange information in alternative ways (e.g. some may have real‐time constraints, while others may be throughput sensitive). Our work addresses these two network management features. In this paper, we define the research challenges in information management for virtualized highly dynamic environments. Along these lines, we introduce and present the design details of the virtual infrastructure information service, a new management information handling framework that (i) provides logically centralized information flow establishment, optimization, coordination, synchronization and management with respect to the diverse management and control entity demands; (ii) is designed according to the characteristics and requirements of software‐defined networking and network function virtualization; and (iii) inter‐operates with our own virtualized infrastructure framework. Evaluation results demonstrating the flexible and adaptable behaviour of the virtual infrastructure information service and its main operations are included in the paper. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An insight into the thermodynamic characteristics of human thrombopoietin complexation with TN1 antibody
Authors: Arai Shigeki , Shibazaki Chie , Adachi Motoyasu , Honjo Eijiro , Tamada Taro , Maeda Yoshitake , Tahara Tomoyuki , Kato Takashi , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Blaber Michael , Kuroki Ryota 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHuman thrombopoietin (hTPO) primarily stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production and is neutralized by the mouse TN1 antibody. The thermodynamic characteristics of TN1 antibody–hTPO complexation were analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) using an antigen‐binding fragment (Fab) derived from the TN1 antibody (TN1‐Fab). To clarify the mechanism by which hTPO is recognized by TN1‐Fab the conformation of free TN1‐Fab was determined to a resolution of 2.0 Å using X‐ray crystallography and compared with the hTPO‐bound form of TN1‐Fab determined by a previous study. This structural comparison revealed that the conformation of TN1‐Fab does not substantially change after hTPO binding and a set of 15 water molecules is released from the antigen‐binding site (paratope) of TN1‐Fab upon hTPO complexation. Interestingly, the heat capacity change (ΔCp) measured by ITC (−1.52 ± 0.05 kJ mol−1 K−1) differed significantly from calculations based upon the X‐ray structure data of the hTPO‐bound and unbound forms of TN1‐Fab (−1.02 ∼ 0.25 kJ mol−1 K−1) suggesting that hTPO undergoes an induced‐fit conformational change combined with significant desolvation upon TN1‐Fab binding. The results shed light on the structural biology associated with neutralizing antibody recognition.
Defect‐induced electrostatic charging of nitrogen films
Authors: Savchenko Elena , Khyzhniy Ivan , Uyutnov Sergey , Bludov Mikhail , Gumenchuk Galina , Bondybey Vladimir 
Published: July 2016

Electrostatic charging of nanostructured N2 films was studied employing optical and a current set of emission spectroscopy methods: cathodoluminescence CL, thermally and photon‐stimulated exoelectron emission TSEE, PSEE as well as thermally and photon‐stimulated luminescence TSL, PSL. Concurrently with thermally stimulated yield of electrons the yield of nitrogen particles was detected, so‐called “postdesorption.” An enhancement of the optical emission stemmed from the neutralization reaction N4+ + e → N2* + N2* → N2 + N2 + hν was observed with an exposure to an electron beam. The experiments performed with a variable voltage applied to an electrode for current detection demonstrated significant accumulation of negative charge. The TSEE current in the low‐temperature range was detected at negative voltages up to −30 V. An accumulation of trapped electrons (up to 1016 cm−3) was detected. A possible contribution of N3− in electrostatic charging was assumed.Thermally stimulated yield of negatively charged particles from a N2 film subjected to an electron beam.
Revisiting alternative pathways in the Fischer–Tropsch process: Accurate density functional theory calculations on “magic” Ru12 clusters
Authors: Mahler Andrew , Janesko Benjamin G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractModels of the Fischer–Tropsch reaction typically focus on two proposed mechanisms for the initial carbon monoxide dissociation: unassisted dissociation (carbide mechanism), and hydrogen‐assisted dissociation via an adsorbed oxymethylidene (HCO*) intermediate. Much evidence for hydrogen‐assisted dissociation comes from density functional theory calculations modeling ruthenium nanoparticle catalysts as infinite, periodic metal slabs. However, the generalized gradient approximations (GGAs) used in these calculations can make significant errors in reaction barrier heights. How these errors affect the predicted selectivity to unassisted vs. hydrogen‐assisted dissociation is not well understood. We address the problem by considering a different regime, applying GGA and beyond‐GGA approximations to CO dissociation on a “magic” nonmagnetic Ru12 cluster modeling supported nanoparticle catalysts. Both approximations concur that hydrogen‐assisted dissociation is facile on this cluster, providing additional support for its potential role in real catalysts.
The Effects of Replacing Native Forest on the Quantity and Impacts of In‐Channel Pieces of Large Wood in Chilean Streams
Authors: Mao L. , Ugalde F. , Iroume A. , Lacy S. N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDead trees in rivers can significantly affect their morphological and ecological properties by increasing flow resistance, affecting sediment transport, and storing organic matter. Logs are usually recruited from banks or along the entire upstream basin. Although it is generally acknowledged that forested headwater streams feature higher volumes of in‐channel pieces of large wood, the influence of forest type and forest management of the potential recruitment zone on the volumes and effects of wood have been less explored, especially in relation to the effects of replacing native forests with pine plantations. This paper presents a comparison of volumes of wood, and characteristics and effects on streams draining paired basins with comparable slopes, areas, and hydrologic regimes, but different in terms of land use. The five selected pairs of basins are located in the Coastal and Andean mountain Ranges in central Chile, in order to compare native forest and pine plantation basins. The results show that logs tend to be shorter and with larger diameters in streams draining native forest basins. Because of their smaller dimensions, logs and jams tend to be more mobile and oriented parallel to the flow. Volumes of in‐channel wood in native forest basins are only slightly larger than in pine plantation basins, and no differences have been identified in terms of morphological effects on channel geometry. Also, fish type and biomass were comparable among pairs. Evidence highlights the importance of the width of riparian buffers in mitigating the effects of land use change, especially the substitution of native forest with plantations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzoxazoles by Hetereogeneous γ‐MnO2 Catalyzed Redox Reaction of o‐Nitrophenol with Benzyl Alcohols or Benzyl Amines
Authors: Sen Chiranjit , Sahoo Tapan , Galani Sunil M , Panda A. B , Ghosh Subhash C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHetereogeneous γ‐MnO2 Catalyzed Redox Reaction of o‐Nitrophenol with Benzyl Alcohols/ benzyl amines for the synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzoxazoles is described here. Surface active Mn+3 species and the surface O−& O2− species were found to play an important role in the catalytic activity. Catalyst is easy to prepare, economic and can be reused for several times. The procedure is very simple and general and applicable for wide range of substrates to afford 2‐aryl benzoxazole in good to excellent yield.
Construction of Seven Contiguous Chiral Centers by Two Methods: Quadruple Michael Addition vs Stepwise Double‐Double Michael Addition Controlled by Adding Speed of Michael Acceptor
Authors: Ozeki Minoru , Hayama Noboru , Fukutome Shintaro , Egawa Honoka , Arimitsu Kenji , Kajimoto Tetsuya , Hosoi Shinzo , Iwasaki Hiroki , Kojima Naoto , Node Manabu , Yamashita Masayuki 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA tandem “quadruple” Michael addition reaction of (+)‐bornylamide with two equivalents of a Michael acceptor having two α,β‐unsaturated ester moieties spontaneously proceeded to afford one diastereomer with seven contiguous chiral centers in 27 % yield. Meanwhile, a stepwise “double‐double” Michael addition, in which the very slow addition of the first one equivalent of the acceptor substrate to the bornylamide was followed by a further addition of another Michael acceptor bearing two α,β‐unsaturated ester moieties, provided a compound with a similar set of seven contiguous chiral centers on a different carbon skeleton in 48 % yield. Both quadruple and double‐double Michael adducts were one of 128 possible diastereomers, namely, each Michael addition in those two reactions proceeded in 72 % and 83 % yields on average, respectively. We showed the importance of adding speed of the Michael acceptor to the bornylamide in controlling the quadruple and double‐double Michael addition reactions.
Assessment of Cesarean hysterotomy scar before pregnancy and at 11–14 weeks of gestation: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Baranov A. , Salvesen K. Å. , Vikhareva O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the appearance and measurement of Cesarean hysterotomy scar before pregnancy and at 11–14 weeks in a subsequent pregnancy.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of women aged 18–35 years who had one previous Cesarean delivery (CD) at ≥ 37 weeks. Women were examined with saline contrast sonohysterography 6–9 months after CD. A scar defect was defined as large if scar thickness was ≤ 2.5 mm. Women were followed up and those who became pregnant were examined by transvaginal ultrasound at 11–14 weeks. Scar thickness was measured and scars were classified subjectively as a scar with or without a large defect. A receiver–operating characteristics curve was constructed to determine the best cut‐off value for scar thickness to define a large scar defect at the 11–14‐week scan.ResultsA total of 111 women with a previous CD were scanned in the non‐pregnant state and at 11–14 weeks in a subsequent pregnancy. The best cut‐off value for scar thickness to define a large scar defect at 11–14 weeks was 2.85 mm, which had 90% sensitivity (18/20), 97% specificity (88/91) and 95% accuracy (106/111). In the non‐pregnant state, large scar defects were found in 18 (16%) women and all were confirmed at the 11–14‐week scan. In addition, a large defect was found in three women at 11–14 weeks that was not identified in the non‐pregnant state.ConclusionThe appearance of the Cesarean hysterotomy scar was similar in the non‐pregnant state and at 11–14 weeks in a subsequent pregnancy. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The XYG3 type of doubly hybrid density functionals
Authors: Su Neil Qiang , Xu Xin 
Published: July 2016

Doubly hybrid (DH) functionals have emerged as a new class of density functional approximations (DFAs), which not only have a nonlocal orbital‐dependent component in the exchange part, but also incorporate the information of unoccupied orbitals in the correlation part, being at the top rung of Perdew's view of Jacob's ladder in DFAs. This review article focuses on the XYG3 type of DH (xDH) functionals, which use a low rung functional to perform the self‐consistent‐field calculation to generate orbitals and densities, with which a top rung DH functional is used for final energy evaluation. We will discuss the theoretical background of the xDH functionals, briefly reviewing the adiabatic connection formalism, coordinate scaling relations, and Görling–Levy perturbation theory. General performance of the xDH functionals will be presented for both energies and structures. In particular, we will present the fractional charge behaviors of the xDH functionals, examining the self‐interaction errors, the delocalization errors and the deviation from the linearity condition, as well as their effects on the predicted ionization potentials, electron affinities and fundamental gaps. This provides a theoretical rationale for the observed good performance of the xDH functionals. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:721–747. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1274This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Intracellular imaging of quantum dots, gold, and iron oxide nanoparticles with associated endocytic pathways
Authors: Chen Dandan , Monteiro‐Riviere Nancy A. , Zhang Leshuai W. 
Published: July 2016

Metallic nanoparticles (NP) have been used for biomedical applications especially for imaging. Compared to nonmetallicNP, metallicNPprovide high contrast images because of their optical light scattering, magnetic resonance, X‐ray absorption, or other physicochemical properties. In this review, a series ofin vitroimaging techniques for metallicNPwill be introduced, meanwhile their strengths and weaknesses will be discussed. By utilizing these imaging methods, the cellular uptake of metallicNPcan be easily visualized to better understand the endocytic mechanisms ofNPintracellular delivery. Several types of metallicNPthat are used for imaging or as contrast agents such as quantum dots, gold, iron oxide, and other metallicNPwill be presented. Cellular uptake of metallicNPand associated endocytic mechanisms highly depends upon theNPsize, charge, surface coating, shape, or other factors such as cell type, cell differentiation status, cell surface status, external forces, protein binding, temperature, and the biological milieu. Classical endocytic routes such as lipid raft‐mediated pathways, clathrin or caveolae‐mediated pathways, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis have been investigated, yet there is still a demand to determine other endocytic pathways. Knowing the different methodologies used to determine the endocytic pathways will increase the understanding ofNPtoxicity, cancer cell targeting, and imaging, so that surface coatings can be created for efficient cell uptake of metallicNPwith minimal cytotoxicityWIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2017, 9:e1419. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1419This article is categorized under:Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Transformation of spatial and perturbation derivatives of travel time at a curved interface between two arbitrary media
Authors: Klimeš Luděk 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We consider the partial derivatives of travel time with respect to both spatial coordinates and perturbation parameters. These derivatives are very important in studying wave propagation and have already found various applications in smooth media without interfaces. In order to extend the applications to media composed of layers and blocks, we derive the explicit equations for transforming these travel–time derivatives of arbitrary orders at a general smooth curved interface between two arbitrary media. The equations are applicable to both real–valued and complex–valued travel time. The equations are expressed in terms of a general Hamiltonian function and are applicable to the transformation of travel–time derivatives in both isotropic and anisotropic media. The interface is specified by an implicit equation. No local coordinates are needed for the transformation.
4‐Methylzymosterone and Other Intermediates of Sterol Biosynthesis from Yeast Mutants Engineered in the ERG27 Gene Encoding 3‐Ketosteroid Reductase
Authors: Ferrante Terenzio , Barge Alessandro , Taramino Silvia , Oliaro‐Bosso Simonetta , Balliano Gianni 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStudies in the post‐squalene section of sterol biosynthesis may be hampered by the poor availability of authentic standards. The present study used different yeast strains engineered in 3‐ketosteroid reductase (Erg27p) to obtain radioactive and non‐radioactive intermediates of sterol biosynthesis hardly or not available commercially. Non‐radioactive 3‐keto 4‐monomethyl sterones were purified from non‐saponifiable lipids extracted from cells bearing point‐mutated 3‐ketosteroid reductase. Two strategies were adopted to prepare the radioactive compounds: (1) incubation of cell homogenates of an ERG27‐deletant strain with radioactive lanosterol, (2) incubation of growing cells of a strain expressing point‐mutated 3‐ketosteroid reductase with radioactive acetate. Chemical reduction of both radioactive and non‐radioactive 3‐keto sterones gave the physiological 3‐β OH sterols, as well as the non‐physiological 3‐α OH isomers. This combined biological and chemical preparation procedure provided otherwise unavailable or hardly available 4‐mono‐methyl intermediates of sterol biosynthesis, paving the way for research into their roles in physiological and pathological conditions.
Perceptions of ostomized persons due to colorectal cancer on their quality of life
Authors: Kimura Cristilene Akiko , Kamada Ivone , Guilhem Dirce Bellezi , Ribeiro Modesto Karina , Silva de Abreu Breno 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction The significance of the change in the physical body and suffering as the new condition of life of stoma oncological person affect the physical, psychological, social relationships and environment.Objective To know the perception of quality of life and the interpretation of the biopsychosocial reality of intestinal ostomy due to colorectal cancer clinics of the Ambulatory Care Program ostomy patients of the Health Secretariat of the Federal District, Brazil.Methods Epidemiological based study, analytical character, with cross-sectional descriptive design with quantitative and qualitative approach in the light of the content analysis. Sample consisted of convenience, included 120 participants. They used the questionnaires sociodemographic, clinical, and WHOQOL-BREF and an individual interview. Data were analyzed by Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and SPSS 20.0 software. Statistical significance was accepted at 5%.Results Physical Domains, Social Affairs and Environment are correlated with the mean score, statistically significant (p < 0.0001), the content analysis resulted in four categories: Wellness Physical, Psychological Wellness, Wellness and Spiritual Well living Social.Conclusion Ostomy and colorectal cancer may represent suffered mutilation, loss of productive capacity resulting in the loss of quality of life.