bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INDIVIDUAL PHYSICAL MONITORING FOR ELITE WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS: AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME
Authors: Boyce Stephen , Davies Oliver , McKenna Michael , White Andrew , Dixon Mark , Elliott Niall 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEducation of soccer players is important in injury prevention and maintaining health throughout their career. Injury epidemiological studies have highlighted risk around knee and ankle. Aetiological factors include direct trauma, biomechanical imbalances, poor mobility, strength imbalances and training load.ObjectiveTo monitor individual player specific physical range of movement scores to inform and educate players around self-management, readiness to train and injury risk.DesignProspective observational study.SettingScotland women's soccer national squad.ParticipantsElite women international soccer players.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Players were assessed each morning during international team camps for a range of objective physical markers.Main Outcome MeasurementsSit and reach distance, Knee to wall distance, Thomas test hip range of movement. Average scores were used to educate players and individually tasked with completing specific self-management modalities to improve these scores before entering a risk environment.Results28 players completed the self-directed objective tests. The physical markers were averaged out and players given individual red, amber and green scores. The markers were discussed amongst the sports medicine team and concerns regarding a player's health and fitness relayed to the coaching staff. The player was tasked with completing self-directed individualised exercises to improve any flagged scores. They were also tasked with completing this in their club environment and improvement in physical markers scores was noted on subsequent camp entries.ConclusionsUsing specific physical markers individual to each player we were able to track and inform of any flagged scores during the health check. This enabled us to give a clear understanding of player readiness to train as well as informing and educating the player on how they could improve their scores through self-management modalities therefore decreasing injury risk. Initial findings through injury surveillance suggest a decrease in lower limb muscle related injuries.
GENGHIS KHAN ICE MARATHON: PREPARATION, STRATEGY AND THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE IN AN EXTREME COLD ENVIRONMENT IN A GROUP OF EXPERIENCED ULTRARUNNERS
Authors: Boyce Stephen , Murray Andrew , Scott David 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe Genghis Khan Ice Marathon took place in January 2016 in the mountains of the Terelj National Park, Mongolia in a temperature of minus 350C.ObjectiveTo assess the experience, preparation, race strategy and effect of exercise in a group of ultrarunners undertaking a marathon in extreme cold.DesignProspective observational study.SettingExtreme environment.ParticipantsMultinational group of experienced ultrarunners (n=9, male 5, female 4, age range 25–53 years).InterventionsPre and post race questionnaires. Post-race email surveillance.Main Outcome MeasurementsExperience, preparation, clothing, equipment, nutritional strategies for race. Adverse effects encountered when competing in the marathon. Perceived effort of race on the Borg Scale. Two weeks post race illness or injury surveillance.ResultsAll nine ultrarunners completed the questionnaires and follow up. Concerns about safety in a remote environment were universal. Consensus was present regarding clothing, equipment, hydration and nutrition. The race was completed in 3:05–5:50. No significant difficulties were encountered. The cold air caused freezing around the nostrils and irritated the airways. No-one experienced cold induced bronchospasm. Clothing froze due to sweat and expired air. There were no cases of hypothermia. There were two cases of frostbite; earlobe (moderate) and nose (mild). Borg scale of perceived exertion values ranged from 13–17 (mean 15). Two week follow up; two cases of viral URTI's reported. No athlete reported DOMS in the post race period.ConclusionsAll athletes were experienced in ultrarunning. They shared concerns regarding competing in a remote, extreme cold environment. All were adequately prepared pre race in terms of clothing, equipment and race nutrition strategy. This level of experience contributed to the lack of complications during the race and in the post race period. No athletes experienced DOMS presumably related to lack of peripheral muscular perfusion during exercise in extreme cold.
HOW IMPORTANT IS KNEE POSITION ON LANDING FOR ANKLE SPRAIN?
Authors: Castro Maria António , Fernandes Orlando , Janeira Manuel António , VencesBrito António 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundIn sports ankle sprains are responsible for most of the time lost in practice. In basketball, ankle sprains are not only a main injury but they also have a high tendency of re-injury. There is a special interest in finding risk factors that can be used to predict the ankle sprain occurrence and so prevent it. Joint position when contacting the ground is a main issue.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to examine the knee position on ground contact moment and its relationship with ankle sprain.DesignTo reproduce the most common mechanism of ankle sprain in basketball players, landing in another player's foot, barefoot athletes with healthy (n=17) and already sprained ankles (n=28) were asked to jump from the floor to an unstable round surface placed 50 cm in front of them while kinematics was recorded using an electromagnetic tracking device with 3 sensors located in each segment of the lower limb and another on a round Freeman board.Settingelite basketball players.Patients (or Participants)13 females, and 12 males accepted to perform five consecutive jumps in unipodal support.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Previous ankle sprain or never sprained ankle.Main Outcome MeasurementsKnee range of motion on landing.ResultsAt contact knee angles did change significantly with previous ankle sprain. Never sprained subjects showed more knee flexion on contact. When separating results by gender we found that women landed with knees in an even more extension degree.ConclusionsKnee position on landing differs from healthy to previous sprained ankles. Previous sprained land in a more extension position and consequently a higher impact energy for lower limb and all the body must be absorbed. This difference is even more important among females.
THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS WARM-UP MODALITIES ON EXERCISE-INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM (EIB) IN NON-ASTHMATIC ATHLETES
Authors: Chang Jae Seung , Lee Young Hee , Kong In Deok 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundExercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) that is a transient airway obstruction occurring after strenuous exertion can occur in non-asthmatic athletes as well. However acute effects of different warm-up modalities on EIB in athletes without asthma remain uncertain.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of different warm-up modalities on improving EIB in non-asthmatic athletes.DesignRandomized crossover controlled trial. Each participant performed four experimental trials on nonconsecutive days, consisting of exercise challenge test for 6 min (at velocity of 90%HRmax) following either continuous warm-up (CW), high-intensity interval warm-up (HW), modified warm-up (MW) or no warm-up (NW). Pulmonary functions were measured prior to each experimental trial, and repeated before and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 min after exercise challenge.SettingResearch laboratory in a university setting.ParticipantsEleven competitive collegiate athletes.InterventionsCW consisted of 15-min run at a velocity corresponding to 60%VO2max, HW involved 8 repetitions of 30-sec run (45-sec rest between bouts of running) at an intensity equivalent to 90–100%VO2max, and MW was composed with combination of HW (6 repetitions) and CW (5-min).Main Outcome MeasurementsThe main spirometric parameters of airway obstruction included forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1.0), forced vital capacity (FVC), and their ratio (FEV1.0/FVC), forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF25–75) and peak expiratory flow (PEF).ResultsThe mean maximum percent fall in pre- to post-exercise FEV1.0for all subjects during the EIB screening test was −17.7±6.5%. The mean maximum percent decrease in post-exercise FEV1.0significantly decreased to −4.0±5.5% and −5.2±3.5% following CW and MW, respectively (allp<0.01). All of three warm-up modalities significantly attenuated the mean percentage fall in FEV1.0at 5, 10 and 15 min compared to control (allp<0.05).ConclusionsThese data indicate that all of three warm-up modalities have a protective effect against developing EIB in non-asthmatic athletes.
EFFECTS OF REDUCED PLANTAR CUTANEOUS SENSATION ON GAIT KINEMATICS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OR WITHOUT CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY
Authors: Chang Mi Hyang , Kang Tae Kyu , Lee Sae Yong 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundChronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with repetitive lateral ankle sprains, exhibiting postural-control deficits and altered gait biomechanics. Plantar cutaneous receptors have been theorized to affect postural control, but their contribution to postural-control deficits shown in CAI group during walking is unclear.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of diminished plantar cutaneous sensation induced by cooling on gait kinematics in participants with or without CAI.DesignCase-control study.SettingLaboratory.Patients (or Participants)Seven individuals with CAI (age: 23.57±2.72 years; height: 166.14±7.74 cm; weight: 67.84±12.60 kg) and 10 healthy controls (age: 23.4±2.15 years; height: 164.29±5.88 cm; weight: 59.16±9.66 kg).Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)The plantar aspect of the participants' foot was submersed in ice water (0°C) for 10 minutes to induce hypoesthesia. Before and after the cooling procedure, plantar cutaneous sensation thresholds and walking trials were measured.Main Outcome Measurements3-dimensional lower extremity joint kinematics were recorded throughout the gait cycle. Group means and 95% confidence intervals were compared for percentages of the gait cycle where the confidence intervals did not overlap.ResultsWith plantar hypoesthesia, CAI participants indicated less hip adduction from 5% to 70% (mean difference=3.44±1.66°) and more knee internal rotation from 32% to 54%(mean difference=11.78±0.74°), and from 88% to 100%(mean difference=8.65±0.91°) of the gait cycle compared to healthy controls. No significant interactions were found between sensation and groups for lower extremity gait kinematics during walking.ConclusionsThere was no significant effect of reduced plantar cutaneous sensation on gait kinematics in individual with or without CAI. The alterations in proximal joint kinematics can be a preservation strategy for individuals with CAI to complete normal ambulation. Our findings may explain that there are other factors contributing to altered proximal joint kinematics in CAI group during gait than plantar cutaneous sensation.
IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT VIDEO FEEDBACK ON LANDING MECHANICS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Cortes Nelson , Popovic Tijana , Eddo Oladipo , Benjaminse Anne , Caswell Amanda , Caswell Shane 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundLower extremity(LE) patterns have been altered using implicit(IF) and explicit(EF) feedback motor learning strategies, however, it remains unclear which strategy may be more effective for injury prevention.ObjectiveTo examine the effects of reduced relative IF and EF video-feedback on LE biomechanics.DesignRandomized Controlled Trial.SettingRecreational.Participants30 participants were randomly assigned to 3-groups: control (CG) (n=10, 24±2 years, 1.68±0.1 m, 68±14 kg), IF (n=10, 25±3 years, 1.72±0.1 m, 69±12 kg), and EF (n=10, 23±2 years, 1.74±0.1 m, 74±8 kg). Exclusion criteria: no LE injury 6-months prior to testing, no ACL reconstruction, and no history of participation in supervised LE injury prevention programs.InterventionsTwelve drop-jumps were performed 3-times a week for 5 weeks. IF group focused attention on overall jump performance, whereas EF group focused attention on knee mechanics. 3D LE biomechanics were tested after 1-week (PST1), 2-weeks (PST2), and 5-weeks (PST3), and 1-month retention (RTN). Participants viewed 2-videos for sagittal and frontal planes, in normal speed and slow motion. Video-feedback was provided along a reduced feedback continuum partitioned into 100%, 33% and 16.6% feedback frequency phases.Main Outcome MeasurementsLinear mixed-effects models were conducted to assess group and time differences for peaks of hip abduction(HA°), knee abduction(KA°), and vertical ground reaction force(vGRF,N), p<0.05.ResultsNo group-time interaction was found(p>0.05). Group effects were attained(p<0.05) for HA: IF was lower than EF and CG, and for KA, where PST3 was closer to neutral when compared to PST1. Time effect for vGRF(p<0.05) was observed: PST3 and RTN were lower than PST1.ConclusionsRetention and retrieval of learned movement patterns seemed to follow identical attrition patterns. It is feasible to suggest that both motor learning strategies produced similar outcomes. Future research should expand the retention period and retrieval of learned skill movements to enhance the effectiveness of injury prevention programs.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE TIME SCALE USED IN TIME-TO-EVENT ANALYSES ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF TRAINING-RELATED RISK FACTORS IN RUNNING
Authors: Damsted Camma , Nielsen Rasmus Oestergaard , Malisoux Laurent 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundTraining errors are considered as one of the main causes of running-related injuries, although few of them have been identified. Time-to-event analysis is a useful tool for researchers within sports injury prevention. In running, the time scale is commonly defined as kilometres or hours of practice. However, using calendar days as time scale could also be relevant.ObjectiveTo determine the influence of the time scale on the association between cumulated running distance and injury risk.DesignObservational study with a 6-month follow-up.SettingLeisure-time runners.ParticipantsStudy participants (n=553) were required to report any running activity and injury using a dedicated internet platform.Assessment of Risk FactorsThe main exposure was cumulated running distance over the week prior to a given session (time-dependent exposure) and was categorised as <20 km (reference group), between 20 and 30 km, and ≥30 km. Cox regression analyses were used to compare injury rates between exposure states, using either kilometres or calendar days as time scale.Main Outcome MeasurementsFirst running-related injury based on a 1-day time loss definition.ResultsA total of 93 of the runners reported at least one injury. When the time scale was kilometres at risk, the results revealed injury rate to be lower when the participants cumulated a higher running distance. Hazard ratios (HR) were respectively 0.52 (95% confidence intervals −95% CI=0.30–0.89) and 0.40 (95% CI=0.23–0.70) in the 20–30 km and ≥30 km exposure states compared with the reference. When the time scale was calendar days, these HR were respectively 1.38 (95% CI=0.80–2.38) and 1.83 (95% CI=1.12–3.00) for the same exposure states, which suggests that injury risk was higher when more kilometres were cumulated.ConclusionsThe choice of time scale revealed highly contrasting results, and has to be carefully considered in studies examining risk factors for running-related injuries.
THE IMPACT OF RUNNING LEVEL ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RUNNING DISTANCE AND INJURY RISK
Authors: Damsted Camma , Nielsen Rasmus Oestergaard , Malisoux Laurent 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRunning distance has previously been identified as a risk factor for running-related injury. It is likely that the runner's fitness level may also influence injury risk.ObjectiveTo investigate if running level modifies the association between cumulated running distance over the previous week and injury risk.DesignProspective cohort study with a 6-month follow-up.SettingRecreational runners.ParticipantsInjury free recreational runners (n=372) were required to report all running activity as well as any injury using a dedicated Internet platform.Assessment of Risk FactorsThe main exposure was cumulated running distance over the week prior to a given session (time-dependent exposure) and was dichotomized into low<20 km (reference group), and high≥20 km.Running level was defined as the average running speed during follow-up and was dichotomized into fast runners≥10 km/h and slow runners<10 km/h.Main Outcome MeasurementsFirst running-related injury based on a 1-day time loss definition.ResultsIn the crude analysis, a lower injury rate was observed when the runners cumulated a high running distance prior to a given session (hazard ratio (HR)=0.43; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=0.28–0.66). After stratification according to running level, a significant lower injury rate was found for slow runners (HR=0.32; 95% CI=0.18–0.60) when they cumulated a high running distance prior to a given session, while the injury rate did not differ between exposure states for fast runners (HR=0.78; 95% CI=0.37–1.64). Based on the hazard ratios from the stratified analysis, it appears that low running level modifies the association between cumulated running distance over the previous week and injury risk with a factor of 2.43.ConclusionsRunning level should be taken into account when analysing the association between training-related risk factor and injury risk.
VIDEO ANALYSIS OF ACUTE INJURIES DURING THE 24TH MEN'S HANDBALL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 2015 IN QATAR
Authors: Andersson Stig H. , Bahr Roald , Cardinale Marco , Popovic Nebojsa , Bere Tone , Myklebust Grethe 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundHandball is a contact sport with a high prevalence of acute injuries. Injuries often occur during high-speed movements involving several players, making it difficult to describe the exact mechanism of injury.ObjectiveDescribe the mechanisms of injury in elite male handball.DesignProspective video analysis.SettingDuring the men´s handball world championship 2015, 132 injuries were reported through on-site injury surveillance by team medical staff. Based on the injury reports, two operators accessed the videos of each game and identified the specific injury situations using video analysis software (ProzoneHANDBALL v.1.0.0.14, ProzoneSports, Leeds, UK).Video analysisA total of 97 injury videos were identified; 42 were excluded, as the injury situation was not visible. Five handball experts performed an individual analysis of the 55 included videos based on a specific form developed to describe the injury situations and causes, followed by a consensus meeting.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe form included variables related to the playing situation, landing situation, action of attacker and defender at time of injury and localization of tackle/hit.ResultsThe most common injury location was the head and face (n=17, 31%), followed by the ankle (n=6, 11%). The most frequent injury cause was opponent contact (n=27, 49%), followed by landing trauma subsequent to opponent contact (n=8, 15%). The injuries were equally distributed between attackers (n=29, 53%) and defenders (n=26, 47%), but time-loss injuries (49%) were more common among attackers (68%). The most frequent playing action performed by injured attackers was a jump shot (n=9, 31%); tackles were most often to their throwing arm (n=7, 30%).ConclusionsAcute injuries in elite male handball are equally distributed between attackers and defenders. However, attackers sustain more severe injuries. The most frequent injury causes are direct opponent contact and landing trauma after opponent contact.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INJURY PREVENTION EDUCATIONAL TOOLS FOR EVALUATION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY SETTINGS
Authors: Djerboua Maya , Berg Carla van den , Richmond Sarah A. , McKinlay Megan , White Kyla , Hagel Brent , Emery Carolyn 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEducational resources are important tools in the implementation of sport injury prevention strategies to help foster uptake of information in a community setting; however, there is limited information on how these tools are developed.ObjectiveTo develop two injury prevention educational tools targeting children and adolescents for evaluation in school and community settings.DesignQualitative.SettingSchools and ski/snowboard facilities in Calgary, Canada.ParticipantsKey informants, including: 1) Community stakeholders from school and ski/snowboard settings, 2) Students ages 9–14 years, and 3) Ski/snowboard instructors, safety patrols and physical education (PE) specialists.InterventionsSemi-structured focus groups and surveys were conducted with key stakeholders to explore pre-understandings, relevant content, delivery methods, and format of the tools. Consultations with community partners, PE specialists and ski/snowboard instructors and patrols helped further inform content and format during the development process.Main Outcome MeasurementsVideos and posters were developed based on feedback and discussions with key informants. These tools were designed as educational resources for teacher and student evaluation in two injury prevention studies.ResultsVideos were the main tools developed for the school-based delivery; including content about a neuromuscular training program and ski/snowboard safety strategies targeting injury prevention in youth sport. Focus group participants and informants emphasized the importance of understanding the target audience and adapting content and delivery approaches that increase the likelihood of successful uptake of key messages. This included communicating information in a clear and concise manner and utilizing visual and auditory cues to accommodate multiple learning styles. A health behaviour framework (i.e., Health Action Process Approach) was used to inform tool development.ConclusionsEngaging informants supported the development of sport injury prevention educational tools. These tools are being utilized in studies evaluating their effectiveness in increasing knowledge, changing behaviour and reducing the risk of sport-related injury in school and community settings.