bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel fusion antigen displayed-bacterial ghosts vaccine candidate against infection of Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Cai Kun , Tu Wei , Liu Yuenan , Li Tao , Wang Hui 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInfection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 may develop into hemorrhagic colitis, or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which usually causes kidney failure or even death. The adhesion and toxins are the important virulent factors. In this study, a novel vaccine candidate rSOBGs was constructed based on the bacterial ghost (BG). rSOBGs maintained the integrity of cellular morphology and displayed the linear Stx2Am-Stx1B antigen on the surface of outer membrane. rSOBGs induced Stxs-specific IgA/IgG antibodies and stronger intimin-specific IgA/IgG antibodies effectively in sera in this study. In vivo, the rSOBGs provided the higher protection rate (52%) than native bacterial ghost-OBGs (12%) when challenged intragastricly with high dose (500 LD50) viable E. coli O157:H7. Meanwhile, the rSOBGs provided higher protection rate (73.33%) than OBGs when challenged with 2 LD50 even to 5 LD50 lysed E. coli O157:H7. In vitro, the rSOBGs-immunized sera possessed neutralizing activity to lysed pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the results of histopathology also displayed that the administration of rSOBGs have the ability to reduce or inhibit the adhesion lesions and toxins damages of organs. The novel vaccine candidate rSOBGs induced both anti-toxin and anti-adhesion immune protection, suggesting the possibility to prevent the infectious diseases caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7.
Polarization-controllable Airy beams generated via a photoaligned director-variant liquid crystal mask
Authors: Wei Bing-Yan , Chen Peng , Hu Wei , Ji Wei , Zheng Li-Yang , Ge Shi-Jun , Ming Yang , Chigrinov Vladimir , Lu Yan-Qing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractResearches on Airy beams have grown explosively since the first demonstration in 2007 due to the distinguishing properties of nondiffraction, transverse acceleration and self-healing. To date, a simple and compact approach for generating Airy beams in high quality and efficiency has remained challenging. Here, we propose and demonstrate a liquid crystal (LC) polarization Airy mask (PAM) featured by spatially variant LC azimuthal director. The PAM is fabricated through photoaligning LC via a polarization-sensitive alignment agent suophonic azo dye SD1. Thanks to the special design, a novel feature of polarization-controllable switch between dual Airy beams of orthogonal circular polarization is presented. The molecular-level continuity of LC director significantly improves the quality and efficiency of resultant Airy beams. Besides, the PAM can handle intense light due to the absence of absorptive electrodes. Additional merits of compact size, low cost and broad wavelength tolerance are also exhibited. This work settles a fundamental requirement for Airy beam applications of optical manipulations, biology science and even some uncharted territories.
Cation-cation clusters in ionic liquids: Cooperative hydrogen bonding overcomes like-charge repulsion
Authors: Knorr Anne , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDirect spectroscopic evidence for H-bonding between like-charged ions is reported for the ionic liquid, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. New infrared bands in the OH frequency range appear at low temperatures indicating the formation of H-bonded cation-cation clusters similar to those known for water and alcohols. Supported by DFT calculations, these vibrational bands can be assigned to attractive interaction between the hydroxyl groups of the cations. The repulsive Coulomb interaction is overcome by cooperative hydrogen bonding between ions of like charge. The transition energy from purely cation-anion interacting configurations to those including cation-cation H-bonds is determined to be 3–4 kJmol−1. The experimental findings and DFT calculations strongly support the concept of anti-electrostatic hydrogen bonds (AEHBs) as recently suggested by Weinhold and Klein. The like-charge configurations are kinetically stabilized with decreasing temperatures.
Genetic and molecular characterization of H9N2 and H5 avian influenza viruses from live poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, eastern China
Authors: Wu Haibo , Peng Xiuming , Peng Xiaorong , Cheng Linfang , Lu Xiangyun , Jin Changzhong , Xie Tiansheng , Yao Hangping , Wu Nanping 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLive poultry markets (LPMs) are a key source of reassorted avian influenza viruses (AIVs) because of the density of terrestrial and aquatic poultry and the frequency of AIV infection. H9N2 viruses are prevalent in terrestrial poultry throughout Asia and have been isolated from poultry outbreaks worldwide. They infect both avian and mammalian species and may be significant donors of genetic material to emerging human pathogens. LPMs in Zhejiang Province were surveyed from 2013–2014 for AIVs. Three hundred seventy-four (374) AIV strains were isolated from 3,328 samples. Whole–genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. We identified a novel H9N2 virus genotype that had undergone reassortment with gene segments from Qa/HK/G1/97–like, Ck/BJ/1/94–like and Dk/HK/Y439/97–like viruses. Phylogenetic analyses suggested the H9N2 viruses had undergone reassortments with other AIV subtypes. The results also suggested that two different clades (2.3.2 and 2.3.4.6) of H5 viruses were co–circulating in Zhejiang Province. Given that reassorted H5 AIVs were detected in geese and ducks, it is possible that apparently healthy birds contribute to emerging H5 AIVs. Continued surveillance is required in poultry in eastern China.
Anchoring structure of the calvarial periosteum revealed by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope tomography
Authors: Hirashima Shingo , Ohta Keisuke , Kanazawa Tomonoshin , Uemura Kei-ichiro , Togo Akinobu , Yoshitomi Munetake , Okayama Satoko , Kusukawa Jingo , Nakamura Kei-ichiro 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn important consideration in regeneration therapy is the fact that the tissue surrounding an organ supports its function. Understanding the structure of the periosteum can contribute to more effective bone regeneration therapy. As a cellular source, the periosteum also assists bone growth and fracture healing; this further necessitates its direct contact with the bone. However, its anchoring strength appears to be inexplicably stronger than expected. In this study, we used focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope tomography to investigate ultrathin serial sections as well as the three dimensional ultrastructure of the periosteum to clarify the architecture of its anchoring strength, as such assessments are challenging using conventional methods. We discovered perforating fibres that arise from the bone surface at 30 degree angles. Additionally, the fibres across the osteoblast layer were frequently interconnected to form a net-like structure. Fibroblast processes were observed extending into the perforating fibres; their morphologies were distinct from those of typical fibroblasts. Thus, our study revealed novel ultrastructures of the periosteum that support anchorage and serve as a cellular source as well as a mechanical stress transmitter.
Conjunction of standing wave and resonance in asymmetric nanowires: a mechanism for thermal rectification and remote energy accumulation
Authors: Liu Yue-Yang , Zhou Wu-Xing , Chen Ke-Qiu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs an important way to control and manage heat transport, thermal rectification has become an elementary issue in the field of phononics and plays a key role in the designing of thermal devices. Here we investigate systematically the standing wave and the accompanying resonance process in asymmetric nanowires to understand the standing wave itself and its great effect on thermal rectification. Results show that the standing wave is sensitive to both the structural and thermal properties of the material and its great effect on enhancing the thermal rectification is realized not only by the energy-localization nature of the standing wave, but also by the resonance-caused large amplitude and high energy of the standing wave.
Saltwater icephobicity: Influence of surface chemistry on saltwater icing
Authors: Carpenter Katherine , Bahadur Vaibhav 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMost studies on icephobicity focus on ice formation with pure water. This manuscript presents studies to understand the influence of surfaces on saltwater ice nucleation and propagation. Experiments are conducted to quantify the influence of surface chemistry on saltwater ice nucleation and to understand the utility of superhydrophobic surfaces for saltwater icephobicity. These experiments are conducted with pure water and two sodium chloride solutions, which represent the salinity of seawater and briny produced water. It is seen that the presence of salt slows down the ice front propagation velocity significantly. Saltwater droplet impact dynamics on superhydrophobic surfaces are also different from pure water. Saltwater droplets retract more and a greater fraction of impacting liquid is repelled from the superhydrophobic surface. It is seen that the greater bounciness of saltwater droplets is a result of slower ice nucleation propagation kinetics. These experiments indicate that superhydrophobic surfaces will have better resistance to impact icing with saltwater than pure water and can remain useful at temperatures as low as −40 °C. Overall, this work is a starting point for further studies on heterogeneous nucleation in saltwater and serves as a bridge between the widely studied freshwater icephobic surfaces and saltwater-related applications.
Structural Insight into the interaction of Flavonoids with Human Telomeric Sequence
Authors: Tawani Arpita , Kumar Amit 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFlavonoids are a group of naturally available compounds that are an attractive source for drug discovery. Their potential to act as anti-tumourigenic and anti-proliferative agents has been reported previously but is not yet fully understood. Targeting human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA could be one of the mechanisms by which these flavonoids exert anticancer activity. We have performed detailed biophysical studies for the interaction of four representative flavonoids, Luteolin, Quercetin, Rutin and Genistein, with the human telomeric G-quadruplex sequence tetramolecular d-(T2AG3T) (Tel7). In addition, we used NMR spectroscopy to derive the first model for the complex formed between Quercetin and G-quadruplex sequence. The model showed that Quercetin stabilises the G-quadruplex structure and does not open the G-tetrad. It interacts with the telomeric sequence through π-stacking at two sites: between T1pT2 and between G6pT7. Based on our findings, we suggest that Quercetin could be a potent candidate for targeting the telomere and thus, act as a potent anti-cancer agent.
Multiple melt bodies fed the AD 2011 eruption of Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Chile
Authors: Alloway B. V. , Pearce N. J. G. , Villarosa G. , Outes V. , Moreno P. I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWithin the volcanological community there is a growing awareness that many large- to small-scale, point-source eruptive events can be fed by multiple melt bodies rather than from a single magma reservoir. In this study, glass shard major- and trace-element compositions were determined from tephra systematically sampled from the outset of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (PCC) eruption (~1 km3) in southern Chile which commenced on June 4th, 2011. Three distinct but cogenetic magma bodies were simultaneously tapped during the paroxysmal phase of this eruption. These are readily identified by clear compositional gaps in CaO and by Sr/Zr and Sr/Y ratios, resulting from dominantly plagioclase extraction at slightly different pressures, with incompatible elements controlled by zircon crystallisation. Our results clearly demonstrate the utility of glass shard major- and trace-element data in defining the contribution of multiple magma bodies to an explosive eruption. The complex spatial association of the PCC fissure zone with the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault zone was likely an influential factor that impeded the ascent of the parent magma and allowed the formation of discrete melt bodies within the sub-volcanic system that continued to independently fractionate.
Circadian and light-driven regulation of rod dark adaptation
Authors: Xue Yunlu , Shen Susan Q. , Corbo Joseph C. , Kefalov Vladimir J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractContinuous visual perception and the dark adaptation of vertebrate photoreceptors after bright light exposure require recycling of their visual chromophore through a series of reactions in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE visual cycle). Light-driven chromophore consumption by photoreceptors is greater in daytime vs. nighttime, suggesting that correspondingly higher activity of the visual cycle may be required. However, as rod photoreceptors are saturated in bright light, the continuous turnover of their chromophore by the visual cycle throughout the day would not contribute to vision. Whether the recycling of chromophore that drives rod dark adaptation is regulated by the circadian clock and light exposure is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mouse rod dark adaptation is slower during the day or after light pre-exposure. This surprising daytime suppression of the RPE visual cycle was accompanied by light-driven reduction in expression of Rpe65, a key enzyme of the RPE visual cycle. Notably, only rods in melatonin-proficient mice were affected by this daily visual cycle modulation. Our results demonstrate that the circadian clock and light exposure regulate the recycling of chromophore in the RPE visual cycle. This daily melatonin-driven modulation of rod dark adaptation could potentially protect the retina from light-induced damage during the day.
Limits to the thermal tolerance of corals adapted to a highly fluctuating, naturally extreme temperature environment
Authors: Schoepf Verena , Stat Michael , Falter James L. , McCulloch Malcolm T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNaturally extreme temperature environments can provide important insights into the processes underlying coral thermal tolerance. We determined the bleaching resistance of Acropora aspera and Dipsastraea sp. from both intertidal and subtidal environments of the naturally extreme Kimberley region in northwest Australia. Here tides of up to 10 m can cause aerial exposure of corals and temperatures as high as 37 °C that fluctuate daily by up to 7 °C. Control corals were maintained at ambient nearshore temperatures which varied diurnally by 4-5 °C, while treatment corals were exposed to similar diurnal variations and heat stress corresponding to ~20 degree heating days. All corals hosted Symbiodinium clade C independent of treatment or origin. Detailed physiological measurements showed that these corals were nevertheless highly sensitive to daily average temperatures exceeding their maximum monthly mean of ~31 °C by 1 °C for only a few days. Generally, Acropora was much more susceptible to bleaching than Dipsastraea and experienced up to 75% mortality, whereas all Dipsastraea survived. Furthermore, subtidal corals, which originated from a more thermally stable environment compared to intertidal corals, were more susceptible to bleaching. This demonstrates that while highly fluctuating temperatures enhance coral resilience to thermal stress, they do not provide immunity to extreme heat stress events.
Differences in net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity between major rice-based cropping systems in China
Authors: Xiong Zhengqin , Liu Yinglie , Wu Zhen , Zhang Xiaolin , Liu Pingli , Huang Taiqing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDouble rice (DR) and upland crop-single rice (UR) systems are the major rice-based cropping systems in China, yet differences in net global warming potential (NGWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) between the two systems are poorly documented. Accordingly, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to simultaneously measure methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in oil rape-rice-rice and wheat-rice (representing DR and UR, respectively) systems with straw incorporation (0, 3 and 6 t/ha) during the rice-growing seasons. Compared with the UR system, the annual CH4, N2O, grain yield and NGWP were significantly increased in the DR system, though little effect on SOC sequestration or GHGI was observed without straw incorporation. Straw incorporation increased CH4 emission and SOC sequestration but had no significant effect on N2O emission in both systems. Averaged over the three study years, straw incorporation had no significant effect on NGWP and GHGI in the UR system, whereas these parameters were greatly increased in the DR system, i.e., by 108% (3 t/ha) and 180% (6 t/ha) for NGWP and 103% (3 t/ha) and 168% (6 t/ha) for GHGI.
Visible light photoactivity of Polypropylene coated Nano-TiO2 for dyes degradation in water
Authors: Giovannetti R. , Amato C. A. D’ , Zannotti M. , Rommozzi E. , Gunnella R. , Minicucci M. , Di Cicco A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe use of Polypropylene as support material for nano-TiO2photocatalyst in the photodegradation of Alizarin Red S in water solutions under the action of visible light was investigated. The optimization of TiO2pastes preparation using two commercial TiO2, Aeroxide P-25 and Anatase, was performed and a green low-cost dip-coating procedure was developed. Scanning electron microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analysis were used in order to obtain morphological and structural information of as-prepared TiO2on support material. Equilibrium and kinetics aspects in the adsorption and successive photodegradation of Alizarin Red S, as reference dye, are described using polypropylene-TiO2films in the Visible/TiO2/water reactor showing efficient dyes degradation.
A novel lightning protection technique of wind turbine components
Authors: Abd‐Allah M.A. , Said A. , Ali Mahmoud N. 
Published: December 2015

The lightning energy can be very harmful to wind turbine (WT) farm components; therefore an effective lightning protection technique is required. In this study, a novel technique for WT components protection is presented. This technique used ferromagnetic rings placed around the WT blade roots. Ferrite ring was moulded into particular shapes from the powder of compounds of ferric oxide, manganese, and zinc, and then sintered. The dimensions of rings used are 990 mm (inner diameter), 1030 mm (outer diameter), and 100 mm (thickness). The effectiveness of the novel technique in overvoltage mitigation during lightning strokes is presented and discussed. The results show that the overvoltage is effectively damped with using this technique. The transient overvoltage at control devices is reduced to 16% of its original value, while at distribution system; it is reduced to 5% of its original value.
Stonefish toxin defines an ancient branch of the perforin-like superfamily
Authors: Ellisdon Andrew M. , Reboul Cyril F. , Panjikar Santosh , Huynh Kitmun , Oellig Christine A. , Winter Kelly L. , Dunstone Michelle A. , Hodgson Wayne C. , Seymour Jamie , Dearden Peter K. , Tweten Rodney K. , Whisstock James C. , McGowan Sheena 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Here, we present the structure of the pore-forming toxin stonustoxin (SNTX), the lethal factor present in stonefish venom. Our work shows that SNTX comprises two homologous subunits (α and β), each of which belongs to the perforin superfamily of pore-forming immune effectors. In SNTX, the α- and β-Membrane Attack Complex-Perforin/Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin (MACPF/CDC) domains interact and form a prepore-like complex. These data provide, to our knowledge, the first high-resolution insights into how MACPF/CDCs interact with one another during pore formation.
Tissue mechanics govern the rapidly adapting and symmetrical response to touch
Authors: Eastwood Amy L. , Sanzeni Alessandro , Petzold Bryan C. , Park Sung-Jin , Vergassola Massimo , Pruitt Beth L. , Goodman Miriam B. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Recordings from Pacinian corpuscles in the 1960s showed that touch elicits symmetric activation followed by rapid adaptation. Sinusoidal stimulation resulted in frequency doubling within a sensitive frequency band, suggesting that these receptors function as frequency-tuned vibration sensors. At the time, the surrounding lamellar capsule was proposed to generate these response dynamics by acting as a mechanical filter. However, similar response dynamics have since been seen in many other mechanoreceptors, leading to controversy over the specificity of this hypothesis. Using a combination of in vivo electrophysiology, feedback-controlled mechanical stimulation, and simulation, we resolve this controversy in favor of a systems-level mechanical filter that is independent of specific anatomical features or specific mechanoelectrical transduction channels.
On variational formulation of current drive problem in uniformly magnetized relativistic plasma
Authors: Hu Y.M. , Hu Y.J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A fully relativistic extension of the variational principle with the modified test function for the Spitzer function with momentum conservation in the electron–electron collision is investigated in uniformly magnetized plasma. The term of the momentum conserving constraint in Hirshman’s variational calculation is studied. The model developed is extended for arbitrary temperatures and covers exactly the asymptotic for

when

, and the results obtained are suited to facilitate the development of a rigorous variational formulation of current drive efficiency in tokamak plasma.
Middle Holocene Fishing and Hunting in the Baikal Region of Siberia
Authors: Losey Robert J. , Katzenberg M. Anne , Nomokonova Tatiana 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter shows how a combination of zooarchaeological and stable isotope evidence documents substantial but variable use of aquatic resources by Middle Holocene foragers inhabiting the Cis-Baikal region of Eastern Siberia. We first outline potential food items—including terrestrial mammals, riverine and lacustrine fish, the Baikal freshwater seal, and some plant foods. Faunal remains exist from both habitation sites and cemeteries. Habitation site assemblages show subsistence practices at seasonally occupied locations, with composition varying within the region. Some cemetery assemblages are taxonomically richer, indicating that small mammals and waterfowl were also important. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope studies of human skeletal collections document substantial use of aquatic foods. Regional variability in the use of aquatic foods is evident, but there is little clear evidence for Middle Holocene dietary shifts. Instead, there appears to have been long-term stability with some regional variation related to resource availability.
Diets of Hunter-gatherers in the Arctic and Subarctic
Authors: Ziker John P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The diets of Arctic and subarctic hunter-gatherers are the source of perennial theoretically relevant questions and debates, for example on cooking and raw food, the relative importance of protein in diet and its effects, the degree of labour specialization, and modes of food-sharing and trading. This chapter outlines the use of ethnographic enquiry to best inform archaeological interpretations in the Arctic and subarctic, with vignettes from the ethnography of northern Siberia. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of methods typically used to study diet among contemporary hunter-gatherers. Development of quantitative data on food consumption is useful for developing information on seasonality, gender, taboos, and other kinds of effects on behaviour and data sets suited for comparative research. Ethnographers in the Arctic and subarctic have faced particular challenges with some observational methods, since the construction of permanent communities for indigenous populations over the last fifty to one hundred years.