bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of magnetic ripple on 3D equilibrium and alpha particle confinement in the European DEMO
Authors: Pfefferlé D. , Cooper W.A. , Fasoli A. , Graves J.P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
An assessment of alpha particle confinement is performed in the European DEMO reference design. 3D MHD equilibria with nested flux-surfaces and single magnetic axis are obtained with the VMEC free-boundary code, thereby including the plasma response to the magnetic ripple created by the finite number of TF coils. Populations of fusion alphas that are consistent with the equilibrium profiles are evolved until slowing-down with the VENUS-LEVIS orbit code in the guiding-centre approximation. Fast ion losses through the last-closed flux-surface are numerically evaluated with two ripple models: (1) using the 3D equilibrium and (2) algebraically adding the non-axisymmetric ripple perturbation to the 2D equilibrium. By virtue of the small ripple field and its non-resonant nature, both models quantitatively agree. Differences are however noted in the toroidal location of particles losses on the last-closed flux-surface, which in the first case is 3D and in the second not. Superbanana transport, i.e. ripple-well trapping and separatrix crossing, is expected to be the dominant loss mechanism, the strongest effect on alphas being between 100–200 KeV. Above this, stochastic ripple diffusion is responsible for a rather weak loss rate, as the stochastisation threshold is observed numerically to be higher than analytic estimates. The level of ripple in the current 18 TF coil design of the European DEMO is not found to be detrimental to fusion alpha confinement.
Effects of energetic particle phase space modifications by instabilities on integrated modeling
Authors: Podestà M. , Gorelenkova M. , Fredrickson E.D. , Gorelenkov N.N. , White R.B. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Tokamak plasmas can feature a large population of energetic particles (EP) from neutral beam injection or fusion reactions. In turn, energetic particles can drive instabilities, which affect the driving EP population leading to a distortion of the original EP distribution function and of quantities that depend on it. The latter include, for example, neutral beam (NB) current drive and plasma heating through EP thermalization. Those effects must be taken into account to enable reliable and quantitative simulations of discharges for present devices as well as predictions for future burning plasmas. Reduced models for EP transport are emerging as an effective tool for long time-scale integrated simulations of tokamak plasmas, possibly including the effects of instabilities on EP dynamics. Available models differ in how EP distribution properties are modified by instabilities, e.g. in terms of gradients in real or phase space. It is therefore crucial to assess to what extent different assumptions in the transport models affect predicted quantities such as EP profile, energy distribution, NB driven current and energy/momentum transfer to the thermal populations. A newly developed kick model, which includes modifications of the EP distribution by instabilities in both real and velocity space, is used in this work to investigate these issues. Coupled to TRANSP simulations, the kick model is used to analyze NB-heated NSTX and DIII-D discharges featuring unstable Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). Results show that instabilities can strongly affect the EP distribution function, and modifications propagate to macroscopic quantities such as NB-driven current profile and NB power transferred to the thermal plasma species. Those important aspects are only qualitatively captured by simpler fast ion transport models that are based on radial diffusion of energetic ions only.
Predictive nonlinear studies of TAE-induced alpha-particle transport in the Q  =  10 ITER baseline scenario
Authors: Fitzgerald M. , Sharapov S.E. , Rodrigues P. , Borba D. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We use the HAGIS code to compute the nonlinear stability of the Q  =  10 ITER baseline scenario to toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE) and the subsequent effects of these modes on fusion alpha-particle redistribution. Our calculations build upon an earlier linear stability survey (Rodrigues et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion
55 083003) which provides accurate values of bulk ion, impurity ion and electron thermal Landau damping for our HAGIS calculations. Nonlinear calculations of up to 129 coupled TAEs with toroidal mode numbers in the range n  =  1–35 have been performed. The effects of frequency sweeping were also included to examine possible phase space hole and clump convective transport. We find that even parity core localised modes are dominant (expected from linear theory), and that linearly stable global modes are destabilised nonlinearly. Landau damping is found to be important in reducing saturation amplitudes of coupled modes to below

δ

B

r

/

B
0

∼
3
×

10

−
4

. For these amplitudes, stochastic transport of alpha-particles occurs in a narrow region where predominantly core localised modes are found, implying the formation of a transport barrier at

r

/

a
≈
0.5

, beyond which, the weakly driven global modes are found. We find that for flat q profiles in this baseline scenario, alpha particle transport losses and redistribution by TAEs is minimal.
Interpretation of fast-ion signals during beam modulation experiments
Authors: Heidbrink W.W. , Collins C.S. , Stagner L. , Zhu Y.B. , Petty C.C. , Van Zeeland M.A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Fast-ion signals produced by a modulated neutral beam are used to infer fast-ion transport. The measured quantity is the divergence of perturbed fast-ion flux from the phase-space volume measured by the diagnostic,

∇
⋅

Γ
∼

. Since velocity-space transport often contributes to this divergence, the phase-space sensitivity of the diagnostic (or ‘weight function’) plays a crucial role in the interpretation of the signal. The source and sink make major contributions to the signal but their effects are accurately modelled by calculations that employ an exponential decay term for the sink. Recommendations for optimal design of a fast-ion transport experiment are given, illustrated by results from DIII-D measurements of fast-ion transport by Alfvén eigenmodes. The signal-to-noise ratio of the diagnostic, systematic uncertainties in the modeling of the source and sink, and the non-linearity of the perturbation all contribute to the error in

∇
⋅

Γ
∼

.
Delayed puberty in the female patient
Authors: Trotman Gylynthia E. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose is to review current recommendations for the evaluation and management of delayed puberty in the female patient.

Recent findings
Kisspeptin activation has emerged as an important factor for initiation of pubertal development. Causes of delayed puberty can be considered in four main categories: constitutional delay of growth and puberty, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and transient/functional hypogonadism. The most common cause of delayed puberty is constitutional delay of growth and puberty; however, consistent differentiation from idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism remains challenging. Initial assessment with broad spectrum testing in an otherwise healthy adolescent is often of low clinical value. Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause of delayed puberty whenever possible and individualized to the patient.

Summary
Understanding the factors that contribute to delayed puberty and a thoughtful evaluation, structured to the patient, is important to identify the cause of delayed puberty and prevent unnecessary and often expensive investigations. Insuring appropriate pubertal progression, optimizing height and bone health, as well as preservation of psychosocial well-being are the ultimate goals of management of delayed puberty.
Prediction of Multidimensional Fatigue After Childhood Brain Injury
Authors: Crichton Alison J. , Babl Franz , Oakley Ed , Greenham Mardee , Hearps Stephen , Delzoppo Carmel , Hutchison Jamie , Beauchamp Miriam , Anderson Vicki A. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To determine (1) the presence of fatigue symptoms and predictors of fatigue after childhood brain injury and examine (2) the feasibility, reliability, and validity of a multidimensional fatigue measure (PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale [MFS]) obtained from parent and child perspectives.

Setting:
Emergency and intensive care units of a hospital in Melbourne, Australia.

Participants:
Thirty-five families (34 parent-proxies and 32 children) aged 8 to 18 years (mean child age = 13.29 years) with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of all severities (27 mild, 5 moderate, and 3 severe) admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital.

Design:
Longitudinal prospective study. Fatigue data collected at 6-week follow-up (mean = 6.9 weeks).

Main Outcome Measures:
Postinjury child- and parent-rated fatigue (PedsQL MFS), mood, sleep, and pain based on questionnaire report: TBI severity (mild vs moderate/severe TBI).

Results:
A score greater than 2 standard deviations below healthy control data indicated the presence of abnormal fatigue, rates of which were higher compared with normative data for both parent and child reports (47% and 29%). Fatigue was predicted by postinjury depression and sleep disturbance for parent, but not child ratings. Fatigue, as rated by children, was not significantly predicted by TBI severity or other symptoms. The PedsQL MFS demonstrated acceptable measurement properties in child TBI participants, evidenced by good feasibility and reliability (Cronbach α values >0.90). Interrater reliability between parent and child reports was poor to moderate.

Conclusions:
Results underscore the need to assess fatigue and associated sleep-wake disturbance and depression after child TBI from both parent and child perspectives.
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Factor Structure in Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Randall Diane , Thomas Matt , Whiting Diane , McGrath Andrew 
Published: July 2016

Objective:
To confirm the construct validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) by investigating the fit of published factor structures in a sample of adults with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (posttraumatic amnesia > 24 hours).

Participants:
Archival data from 504 patient records at the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit at Liverpool Hospital, Australia. Participants were aged between 16 and 71 years and were engaged in a specialist rehabilitation program.

Main Measure:
The DASS-21.

Results:
Two of the 6 models had adequate fit using structural equation modeling. The data best fit Henry and Crawford's quadripartite model, which comprised a Depression, Anxiety and Stress factor, as well as a General Distress factor. The data also adequately fit Lovibond and Lovibond's original 3-factor model, and the internal consistencies of each factor were very good (α = 0.82–0.90).

Conclusion:
This study confirms the structure and construct validity of the DASS-21 and provides support for its use as a screening tool in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation.
Factors Affecting the Upper Limit of the Methotrexate (MTX) CSF Levels Achievable in Children With Brain Tumors Treated With High-dose Intravenous MTX
Authors: Shkalim Zemer Vered , Toledano Helen , Ash Shifra , Cohen Eytan , Yaniv Isaac , Cohen Ian J. 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Little has been published in the medical literature on serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) methotrexate (MTX) levels in children with brain tumors.

Methods:
Matched 24-hour serum and CSF MTX levels were studied after 113 treatments in 35 brain tumors patients.

Results:
A correlation between the 24-hour serum levels of MTX and MTX dosage was observed after 113 treatments in all 35 patients (r=0.39, P<0.001) but no statistical difference was found between CSF MTX levels in the irradiated and nonirradiated groups (P=0.12). Nonirradiated children received a lower dose of MTX (12.3±4.8 cf 14.8±3.7) (P=0.002). The 24-hour MTX CSF levels of these 2 groups were also found to be different (the nonirradiated group 7.6±9.8 cf 12.5±0.15.3). Using the Levene test for variances we found that these variances were not equal and therefore we used the Welch test which resulted in a P-value of 0.04. However, when an analysis of covariance was performed looking at evidence of CSF disease and MTX dose the radiation difference was no longer significant (P=0.15). The 24-hour CSF MTX levels in children without evidence of active CSF disease were consistently lower than those with active disease using a mixed-model analysis (P=0.002). Although a 24-hour CSF MTX level of at least 1 μM was observed after infusions of >5 g/m2 MTX in previously irradiated children and after infusion of ≥10 g/m2 in nonirradiated children this difference did not reach statistical significance. CSF MTX levels plateau at doses of MTX 15 g/m2 putting in doubt the value of administering even higher doses of MTX.

Conclusions:
The 24-hour MTX CSF levels are higher in patients with active CSF disease. Doses of <10 gm/m2 in children with brain tumors may not achieve a guaranteed 24-hour MTX CSF level of 1 μM. There may be little value in a given dose of >15 g/m2 MTX as CSF levels plateau at this dose.
Effects of wind direction on sportswear thermal insulation with various ease allowance
Authors: Hu Shurong , Zhao Mengmeng , Li Jun 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of wind direction and ease allowance on thermal comfort in sportswear.

Design/methodology/approach
– The effects of wind direction (front, side, back and calm (no wind) 1.5 m/s) and seven magnitudes of ease allowance on sportswear thermal insulation and surface temperature were investigated. An 11 zones’ thermal manikin was used to acquire the static thermal insulation. Surface temperature was captured by a thermal imager.

Findings
– The results showed that the wind was a significant effect on thermal performance, however, wind direction effect was only significant in the segment covered with multilayer fabric, such as the abdomen and hip (p=0.034). Although the ease allowance influenced the overall thermal insulation obviously, the difference between seven sizes suits was not significant. Nevertheless, the ease allowance affected the surface temperature of chest and back significantly (p=0.023, 0.007). Correlation between thermal insulation and surface temperature was negative, and correlation level was degraded when affected by wind factor.

Research limitations/implications
– Sportswear’s fabric and style did not discussed as effect factors. It would be taken into accounted in the future research.

Originality/value
– Wind direction impact thermal comfort in multilayer regions significantly. It is a reference to improve sportswear’s comfort design.
Key factors affecting the competence of quantity surveyors
Authors: Dada Joshua Oluwasuji , Musa Nofiu Abiodun 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting quantity surveyors’ competence with a view to reducing them to key components.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopts a data reduction system using the factor analysis statistical technique. A structured questionnaire was administered among major stakeholders in the Nigerian construction industry. The respondents were asked to give ratings on a 5-point Likert scale on factors affecting the competence of quantity surveyors. Based on the identified 11 factor variables, factor analysis was used to explore and detect the underlying relationship among the identified variables. Important measures such as Bartlett’s test of sphericity, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling accuracy and measure of sampling adequacy were used to test the appropriateness of the factor extraction.

Findings
The data reduction results in three key factor components: organization structure and team development, industrial exposure and route of educational training.

Practical implications
The findings provide a considerable insight into the issue of factors affecting quantity surveyors’ competence and could have considerable implications on the training of quantity surveyors in Nigeria.

Originality/value
The paper provides information on major factors influencing the competence of quantity surveyors and the resulting implications on the training, development and practice of quantity surveying in Nigeria.
Quality Characteristics of Wholemeal Flour and Bread from Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L subsp. durum Desf.) after Field Treatment with Plant Water Extracts
Authors: Carrubba Alessandra , Comparato Andrea , Labruzzo Andrea , Muccilli Serena , Giannone Virgilio , Spina Alfio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe use of selected plant water extracts to control pests and weeds is gaining growing attention in organic and sustainable agriculture, but the effects that such extracts may exert on the quality aspects of durum wheat are still unexplored. In 2014, 5 plant water extracts (Artemisia arborescens, Euphorbia characias, Rhus coriaria, Thymus vulgaris, Lantana camara) were prepared and distributed on durum wheat cv Valbelice to evaluate their potential herbicidal effects. After crop harvesting, the major physicochemical and technological parameters of wholemeal flours obtained from each treatment were measured and compared with those from chemical weeding and untreated controls. A baking test was also performed to evaluate the breadmaking quality. In wholemeal flours obtained after the treatment with plant extracts protein and dry gluten content were higher than in control and chemical weeding. Wholemeal flours obtained after chemical weeding reached the highest Mixograph parameters, and that from durum wheat treated with R. coriaria extract demonstrated a very high α‐amylase activity.We concluded that the treatments with plant water extracts may influence many quality traits of durum wheat. This occurrence must be taken into account in overall decisions concerning the use of plant extracts in pest and weed management practice.
Greener synthesis of indolizine analogues using water as a base and solvent: study for larvicidal activity against Anopheles arabiensis
Authors: Sandeep Chandrashekharappa , Venugopala Katharigatta N. , Gleiser Raquel M. , Chetram Abeen , Padmashali Basavaraj , Kulkarni Rashmi S. , Venugopala Rashmi , Odhav Bharti 
Published: July 2016

Greener synthesis of a series of novel indolizine analogues have been achieved by the cyclization of aromatic cycloimmonium ylides with electron‐deficient alkynes in the presence of water as the base and solvent at 80 °C. Yield of the title compounds was good and reactions performed were eco‐friendly. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds have been confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, NMR, LC‐MS, and elemental analysis. Characterized title compounds were evaluated for larvicidal activity against Anopheles arabiensis by standard WHO larvicidal assay using Temefos as standard at 4 μg/mL. Title compounds 2e, 2f, and 2g emerged as promising larvicidal agents.
Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, nitrite content and sensory acceptance of low‐salt Chinese paocai fermented by screened lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Chi Yuanlong , Zhang Qisheng , Chen Gong , Zhao Jiayuan , Zhang Hongmei , Jia Dongying , Yao Kai 
Published: July 2016

SummaryStarter cultures of low‐salt Chinese paocai were screened from 135 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by evaluating their antimicrobial activity and growth characteristics. Furthermore, the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, nitrite contents and sensory acceptability of the starter‐fermented paocai were evaluated. LAB BC92, which was identified as Lactobacillus pentosus, was used as a starter culture to produce paocai. In comparison with naturally fermented paocai, the disappearance time of E. coli O157:H7 in starter‐fermented paocai decreased from 5.29 to 3.82 days, and the maximum nitrite content decreased from 11.73 to 8.64 mg kg−1, and the nitrite reduction time decreased from 4 to 3 days. In addition, starter fermentations were able to accelerate the flavour formation and shorten the paocai ripening period. The paocai that was fermented naturally and fermented by BC92 all had good sensory acceptance, and no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed.
Changes of Color and Fluorescence of Resin Composites Immersed in Beer
Authors: Antonov Milica , Lenhardt Lea , Manojlović Dragica , Milićević Bojana , Zeković Ivana , Dramićanin Miroslav D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate changes of color and fluorescence of resin based composite exposed to beer.Materials and Methods84 samples (13 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm thick) of microhybrid composite Gradia DirectTM extra bleach white were immersed in 5 different beers (dark and light) or distilled water. Color and fluorescence were measured prior and after 1‐, 7‐, and 14‐day immersion by Spectrophotometer Thermo Evolution 600 and Fluorolog‐3‐221 spectrofluorometer.ResultsResin based composites changed color after immersion in beers of different types. Beers with higher optical absorption induced greater color changes. The fluorescence intensity of composites was decreased after immersion in beer, but the shape of fluorescence spectra was not changed. 14‐day immersion in Bernard dark beer caused the greatest changes in optical properties of composite: ΔE*=9.0 and 57.6% reduced fluorescence.ConclusionDark and light beers changed optical properties of resin based composite. The color change come exclusively from the change of chroma.Clinical SignificanceTo fully meet esthetic criteria when using dental materials in restoration it is crucial to match optical properties of teeth and dental restoration at the moment of placement, but also to keep the match over the time. Considering that staining in beer causes changes in color and fluorescence of composites and that discoloration is a frequent reason for replacement of composite restorations, the data and conclusions on discoloration of dental restorations caused by beer consumption should aid dental professionals when reaching for high esthetics of modern dentistry.(J Esthet Restor Dent 28:330–338, 2016)