bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Emission from the Nuclear Region of Arp 220
Authors: Paggi Alessandro , Fabbiano Giuseppina , Risaliti Guido , Wang Junfeng , Karovska Margarita , Elvis Martin , Maksym W. Peter , McDowell Jonathan , Gallagher Jay 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
We present an imaging and spectral analysis of the nuclear region of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy merger of Arp 220, using deep Chandra-ACIS observations summing up to

∼
300

ks

. Narrowband imaging with subpixel resolution of the innermost nuclear region reveals two distinct Fe–K emitting sources, coincident with the infrared and radio nuclear clusters. These sources are separated by 1′ (∼380 pc). The X-ray emission is extended and elongated in the eastern (E) nucleus, like the disk emission observed in millimeter radio images, suggesting a starburst dominance in this region. We estimate an Fe–K equivalent width of

≳
1

keV

for both sources and observe 2–10 keV luminosities of

∼
2
×

10

40

erg

s

−
1

(western, W) and

∼
3
×

10

40

erg

s

−
1

(E). In the 6–7 keV band the emission from these regions is dominated by the 6.7 keV Fe xxv line, suggesting a contribution from collisionally ionized gas. The thermal energy content of this gas is consistent with the kinetic energy injection in the interstellar medium by SNe II. However, nuclear winds from a hidden active galactic nucleus (AGN) (

υ
∼
2000

km

s

−
1

) cannot be excluded. The

3
σ

upper limits on the neutral Fe–Kα flux of the nuclear regions correspond to the intrinsic AGN 2–10 keV luminosities of

<
1
×

10

42

erg

s

−
1

(W) and

<
0.4
×

10

42

erg

s

−
1

(E). For typical AGN spectral energy distributions the bolometric luminosities are

<
3
×

10

43

erg

s

−
1

(W) and

<
8
×

10

43

erg

s

−
1

(E), and black hole masses of

<
1
×

10

5

M

☉

(W) and

<
5
×

10

5

M

☉

(E) are evaluated for Eddington limited AGNs with a standard 10% efficiency.
ANALYSIS OF INTERVERTEBRAL ANGULATIONS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS OF THE SPINE IN THE MILITARY AIRCREWS OF TAIWAN
Authors: Chen Hsiang-Ho , Chung Cheng-Han , Lee Chi-Chen , Yang Cheng-Shu , Wen Yu-Shin , Lee Chi-Lien , Chiang Kwo-Tsao 
Published: May 2017

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of neck and low back discomfort and its association with intervertebral angulations of cervical and lumbar during neutral and flexion among aircrews. Methods: There were 283 subjects participating in this survey. All participants finished one questionnaire each regarding complaints about musculoskeletal symptoms, and three sagittal plane radiographs. The measurements of intervertebral angulations were completed using the Cobb method for lumbar spine and the Harrison posterior tangent method for the cervical spine. Results: In the questionnaire, 26.5% subjects self-reported neck discomfort and 33.2% subjects self-reported low back discomfort. Based on categorization by self-reported complaints, there was significant decrease in two intervertebral flexion angles of the Discomfort group than those of the Regular group, including C3/C4 and C2/C7. Based on categorization by radiological diagnoses, the abnormal group revealed significant decreases in the regular range of motion from neutral to flexion at C3/C4 segment. Lordotic angles between L1 and L5 were also found to be significantly different between the Discomfort group and the Regular group. Conclusions: A high prevalence of neck and low back discomfort among the aircrews is revealed and needs more suitable intervention. A certain level of association between spinal discomfort and the intervertebral angulations of the lumbar spine and the cervical spine in aircrews was found when compared to the normal group.
Mortality of overwintering emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) associated with an extreme cold event in New York, United States of America
Authors: Jones Michael I. , Gould Juli R. , Fierke Melissa K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSevere mortality (93%) of overwintering larvae of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), was recorded in March 2016 from green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae), in Syracuse, New York, United States of America. In contrast, larvae collected from the same area in January exhibited <1% mortality. A strong cold front moved across New York from 13 to 15 February 2016 with temperatures plunging to nearly −40 °C in some areas. In many regions of New York where A. planipennis is established, temperatures dropped well below the reported supercooling point of overwintering larvae. To evaluate whether the extreme cold was linked to extensive mortality of larvae, trees were sampled from four areas that experienced a gradient of minimum temperatures on 14 February 2016. Overwintering mortality varied from ⩽5% to 93% among regions, with lowest survival in the coldest regions. When excised from their galleries, dead larvae were discoloured with brown spots or had black necrotic tissue in the spiracles or foregut. This is the first report of extensive cold-related mortality for this species in North America and highlights the stochastic nature of climatic extremes on invasive species populations.
Ball-Contact Injuries in 11 National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports: The Injury Surveillance Program, 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015
Authors: Fraser Melissa A. , Grooms Dustin R. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: May 2017

Context:
Surveillance data regarding injuries caused by ball contact in collegiate athletes have not been well examined and are mostly limited to discussions of concussions and catastrophic injuries.

Objective:
To describe the epidemiology of ball-contact injuries in 11 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports during the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 academic years.

Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:
Convenience sample of NCAA programs in 11 sports (men's football, women's field hockey, women's volleyball, men's baseball, women's softball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's lacrosse, and men's and women's soccer) during the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 academic years.

Patients or Other Participants:
Collegiate student-athletes participating in 11 sports.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Ball-contact–injury rates, proportions, rate ratios, and proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals were based on data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 academic years.

Results:
During the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 academic years, 1123 ball-contact injuries were reported, for an overall rate of 3.54/10 000 AEs. The sports with the highest rates were women's softball (8.82/10 000 AEs), women's field hockey (7.71/10 000 AEs), and men's baseball (7.20/10 000 AEs). Most ball-contact injuries were to the hand/wrist (32.7%) and head/face (27.0%) and were diagnosed as contusions (30.5%), sprains (23.1%), and concussions (16.1%). Among sex-comparable sports (ie, baseball/softball, basketball, and soccer), women had a larger proportion of ball-contact injuries diagnosed as concussions than men (injury proportion ratio = 2.33; 95% confidence interval = 1.63, 3.33). More than half (51.0%) of ball-contact injuries were non-time loss (ie, participation-restriction time &lt;24 hours), and 6.6% were severe (ie, participation-restriction time ≥21 days). The most common severe ball-contact injuries were concussions (n = 18) and finger fractures (n = 10).

Conclusion:
Ball-contact–injury rates were the highest in women's softball, women's field hockey, and men's baseball. Although more than half were non–time-loss injuries, severe injuries such as concussions and fractures were reported.
Heterogeneous uptake of ammonia and dimethylamine into sulfuric and oxalic acid particles
Authors: Sauerwein Meike , Chan Chak Keung 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Heterogeneous uptake is one of the major mechanisms governing the amounts of short-chain alkylamines and ammonia (NH3) in atmospheric particles. Molar ratios of aminium to ammonium ions detected in ambient aerosols often exceed typical gas phase ratios. The present study investigated the simultaneous uptake of dimethylamine (DMA) and NH3 into sulfuric and oxalic acid particles at gaseous DMA ∕ NH3 molar ratios of 0.1 and 0.5 at 10, 50 and 70 % relative humidity (RH). Single-gas uptake and co-uptake were conducted under identical conditions and compared. Results show that the particulate dimethyl-aminium/ammonium molar ratios (DMAH ∕ NH4) changed substantially during the uptake process, which was severely influenced by the extent of neutralisation and the particle phase state. In general, DMA uptake and NH3 uptake into concentrated H2SO4 droplets were initially similarly efficient, yielding DMAH ∕ NH4 ratios that were similar to DMA ∕ NH3 ratios. As the co-uptake continued, the DMAH ∕ NH4 gradually dropped due to a preferential uptake of NH3 into partially neutralised acidic droplets. At 50 % RH, once the sulfate droplets were neutralised, the stronger base DMA displaced some of the ammonium absorbed earlier, leading to DMAH ∕ NH4 ratios up to four times higher than the corresponding gas phase ratios. However, at 10 % RH, crystallisation of partially neutralised sulfate particles prevented further DMA uptake, while NH3 uptake continued and displaced DMAH+, forming almost pure ammonium sulfate. Displacement of DMAH+ by NH3 has also been observed in neutralised, solid oxalate particles. The results can explain why DMAH ∕ NH4 ratios in ambient liquid aerosols can be larger than DMA ∕ NH3, despite an excess of NH3 in the gas phase. An uptake of DMA to aerosols consisting of crystalline ammonium salts, however, is unlikely, even at comparable DMA and NH3 gas phase concentrations.
Current challenges of implementing anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change in models contributing to climate change assessments
Authors: Prestele Reinhard , Arneth Almut , Bondeau Alberte , de Noblet-Ducoudré Nathalie , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Sitch Stephen , Stehfest Elke , Verburg Peter H. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) represents one of the key drivers of global environmental change. However, the processes and drivers of anthropogenic land-use activity are still overly simplistically implemented in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The published results of these models are used in major assessments of processes and impacts of global environmental change, such as the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Fully coupled models of climate, land use and biogeochemical cycles to explore land use–climate interactions across spatial scales are currently not available. Instead, information on land use is provided as exogenous data from the land-use change modules of integrated assessment models (IAMs) to TBMs. In this article, we discuss, based on literature review and illustrative analysis of empirical and modeled LULCC data, three major challenges of this current LULCC representation and their implications for land use–climate interaction studies: (I) provision of consistent, harmonized, land-use time series spanning from historical reconstructions to future projections while accounting for uncertainties associated with different land-use modeling approaches, (II) accounting for sub-grid processes and bidirectional changes (gross changes) across spatial scales, and (III) the allocation strategy of independent land-use data at the grid cell level in TBMs. We discuss the factors that hamper the development of improved land-use representation, which sufficiently accounts for uncertainties in the land-use modeling process. We propose that LULCC data-provider and user communities should engage in the joint development and evaluation of enhanced LULCC time series, which account for the diversity of LULCC modeling and increasingly include empirically based information about sub-grid processes and land-use transition trajectories, to improve the representation of land use in TBMs. Moreover, we suggest concentrating on the development of integrated modeling frameworks that may provide further understanding of possible land–climate–society feedbacks.
Granulomatous Inflammatory Response to a Microchip Implanted in a Dog for Eight Years
Authors: Legallet Claire , Mankin Kelley Thieman , Spaulding Kathy , Mansell Joanne 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
An 8 yr old neutered male springer spaniel dog was referred to Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine for a large, firm, fixed mass, located in the dorsal cervical tissue. The dog was otherwise healthy and had undergone microchip implantation approximately 8 yr prior. Radiographs, ultrasound, and microchip scanner confirmed the presence of a microchip within the mass. The microchip and associated mass were surgically excised, and histopathologic examination revealed granulomatous inflammation surrounding a cracked microchip. This case represents the first report of a granulomatous inflammatory response to a microchip 8 yr after implantation in a dog and highlights an important differential diagnosis.
Paramedian Submandibular Approach for Removal of Foreign Bodies in the Pterygoid Muscle in Two Dogs
Authors: Gettinger Elizabeth , Smeak Daniel , Marolf Angela 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to document a unique location of an oropharyngeal foreign body, diagnosed via contrast computed tomography (CT), as well as a novel surgical approach to the pterygoid muscle region. Oropharyngeal foreign objects are an uncommon but potentially serious disease that can lead to chronic abscessation and pain. Two dogs were presented with chronic complaints, including pain and inability to fully open the mouth for a 1 yr and 5 mo duration, respectively. There was no history or evidence of skin sinus or submandibular/cervical swelling on physical examination of either dog. Both dogs had normal oropharyngeal anatomy with the exception of an asymmetric contrast-enhancing lesion within the pterygoid muscle on CT imaging. As there were no gross abnormalities visible during surgery, the use of contrast CT was vital in order to isolate the focus of infection. A paramedian submandibular approach was used to explore this region, and in both cases, foreign material was successfully removed with subsequent resolution of clinical signs. The dogs were immediately free of clinical signs and showed no recurrence for at least 8 and 17 mo after the exploration, respectively. A novel surgical approach is described to remove oropharyngeal foreign objects and necrotic debris within the pterygoid muscle.
Bioprospección de enzimas de restricción en bacterias de suelos y ambientes volcánicos de Nicaragua
Authors: Gómez-Rodríguez Julio A. , Huete-Pérez Jorge A. 
Published: May 2017

LA BIOPROSPECCIÓN ES LA BÚSQUEDA SISTEMÁTICA DE USOS SOSTENIBLES y con fines comerciales de los elementos genéticos y bioquímicos de la biodiversidad. En Nicaragua realizamos bioprospección de enzimas de restricción (ER) de interés biotecnológico desde el año 1999. A través de esta investigación buscamos nuevas ER en bacterias de suelos en ambientes aún inexplorados, como zonas volcánicas y agrícolas del país. Aquí reportamos la identificación de isoesquizómeros de 14 ER conocidas: BamHI, EcoRV, MboI, MaeI, HaeIII, EarI, BsoBI, BsaBI, Acl I, BsaWI, Nci I, BstNI, BssSI y HpaII, las 8 últimas termoestables. La información de las ER encontradas en Nicaragua fue registrada en REBASE (Restriction Enzyme Database). Resaltamos la importancia del estudio de la biodiversidad microbiana de los ambientes volcánicos nicaragüenses, ya que favorece la investigación de la evolución de la vida, los extremos donde podemos encontrarla y sus aplicaciones a la biotecnología
Luthers pedagogiske bidrag
Authors: Mogstad Sverre Dag 
Published: May 2017

Er det noen god grunn for å trekke frem pedagogiske perspektiver i Luther- og reformasjonsjubileet? Martin Luther var verken pedagog eller politiker. Først og fremst var han teolog. Men hans teologiske tenkning fikk omfattende folkepedagogiske følger. I denne artikkelen skal jeg se på noen av disse, og spesielt hvordan hans teologi førte til et nytt syn på oppdragelsen, skolen og barnet. Til en viss grad vil jeg også trekke linjene fremover til vår egen tid. Men for å få tak i Luthers pedagogiske innflytelse, må vi først danne oss et bilde av samtidens pedagogiske arv og tenkning.Nøkkelord: Luther, , luthersk pedagogikk, skole, oppdragelse, barneteologi
Verdier i formålsparagraf og minnematerialet etter 22. juli 2011
Authors: Lied Sidsel , Stubø Ingebjørg 
Published: May 2017

Many of the texts and drawings from spontaneous memorial places in the Oslo area in the days after the bombing of government buildings and the shooting and killing of young people on Utøya island on July 22nd 2011, are made by children. The main focus of this article is what values these memorial utterances show that children considered important and worth fighting for in the aftermath of this event. Love and togetherness, life and human worth were often in focus in these utterances – utterances that are closely related to central values in the objects clause («formålsparagrafen») of the Norwegian Education Act, such as love for one’s neighbour, respect for human worth, diversity and solidarity. But children’s memorial utterances also indicate that the very fight for these values sometimes puts the same values under pressure: in some texts and drawings the terrorist is dehumanised and deprived of his human worth. The article gives examples of and discusses these phenomena. The theoretical perspective used in the article is Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen’s grammar of western visual design.Nøkkelord: verdier, 22. juli, barns verdier, verdier i norsk skole, visuell meningsskaping
Et vanskelig samarbeid
Authors: Winje Geir 
Published: May 2017

Et vanskelig samarbeid Av Geir Winje. Fungerer skole-kirkesamarbeid i tråd med retningslinjene for KRLE/RLE-faget? Debattinnlegg med kritikk av utvalgte trekk ved praksis og argumentasjon for eksisterende skole-kirkesamarbeid. Nøkkelord: skole-kirkesamarbeid, påskevandring
Developing an integrated educational simulation model by considering art approach: Teaching Empathic Communication skills
Authors: Yakhforoshha Afsaneh , Emami DR.Seyed Amir Hossein , Mohammadi Dr. Navid , Cheraghi Dr.Mohammadali , Mojtahedzadeh Rita , Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari Behrooz , Shirazi Mandana 
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Simulation plays an important role in integrated learning of communication skills. Communication skills are known as the heart and art of medicine. Although, designing high-impact learning experiences in simulated environments are essential elements in the process of communication training, it has encountered some challenges. Art-based education by providing ‘simulation’ of the wider experience of life as well as making creative thinking in medical students can help to overcome these issues. This article aims to develop a new model of simulation for communication skills education, the Integrated Model for Communication Skills (IMCS), by integrating the essential features of simulation and art.Materials and Methods: A review was done on the current literature of medical education, simulation model and main framework of art approach. Then, an expert panel by the use of nominal group technique (NGT) was held with medical education experts in Iran and Sweden to design, select an appropriate simulation model and approve the final model (IMCS) following some modifications.Results: IMCS is an integrated model in 3 concepts of Jeffries simulation model based on art approaches: simulation design, simulation intervention and outcome. The model used activity theory and transformative learning theory to foster outcomes of skill-based and emotional-based communication skills.Conclusion: Arts strategies could be incorporated into the simulation model. The IMCS has the potential to promote emotional and technical aspects of communication skills to make the healthcare providers as competent communicators.
Cell descent caused by boundary curvature of a high topographical
structure for a device that changes cell density
Authors: Okutani Chihiro , Wagatsuma Akira , Mabuchi Kunihiko , Hoshino Takayuki 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Noninvasive techniques of controlling cell migration on substrates are widely
useful for tissue engineering. However, the cell migration controls of previous
studies were not enough for collecting cells locally. To solve this problem, in
this work, we report the C2C12 mouse myoblast cell migration difference (descend
or be repelled) by changing the curvature of the boundary of a topographical
structure when the cells move from a flat surface to the boundary. 69% of the
cells coming across a round boundary — the curvature radius of which was
50 µm — descended into the hole. In contrast, no cells descended
into a groove with a linear boundary. Moreover, we demonstrated the cell spatial
density change from the difference at the boundary. This finding will provide a
new device that will enable us to manipulate spatial cell density noninvasively
for tissue engineering.
Обнаружение вынужденного комбинационного рассеяния в кристалле LiYbF4, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Каминский А. А. 
Published: May 2017

Сообщается об обнаружении вынужденного комбинационного рассеяния (ВКР) в тетрагональном кристалле LiYbF4. Зарегистрированные компоненты стоксовой и антистоксовой (3)-нелинейной генерации идентифицированы с его двумя ВКР-активными фононными модами wВКР1 ~ 325 см-1 и wВКР2 ~ 432 см-1.
Influence of the Canton Tower on the cloud‐to‐ground lightning in its vicinity
Authors: Zhang Changxiu , Lu Weitao , Chen Luwen , Qi Qi , Ma Ying , Yao Wen , Zhang Yijun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper analyzed the influence of the Canton Tower on cloud‐to‐ground lightning in its vicinity based on the data obtained by Lightning Location System (LLS) of the Guangdong Power Grid Corporation from 1999 to 2015. The LLS data obtained before (1999–2005) and after (2010–2015) the erection of the Canton Tower were compared. The flash/stroke density showed a significant increase in the immediate vicinity around the Canton Tower within a radius of 1 km and a clear decrease in the annular vicinity with a radius from 1 km to 4 km. The arithmetic mean and median LLS‐inferred peak current of strokes that occurred in 1 km radius area around the Canton Tower exhibited a significant increase, while that of the strokes that occurred beyond 1 km did not show a clear change. The percentage of negative flashes (ratio of negative flashes to total flashes) showed a slight increase in the immediate vicinity around the Canton Tower, which could be caused by the upward lightning (often negative) initiated from the tower. Due to the existence of the Canton Tower, the lightning multiplicity presented a decreasing trend to some extent within 4 km radius around the tower compared with the arithmetic mean value within 10 km radius. It is speculated that the Canton Tower induced lots of upward flashes and attracted some downward flashes around it within several kilometers radius to itself.