bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of newborn infant parasympathetic evaluation (NIPE) index for guiding intraoperative fentanyl administration in children under 2 years: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sripadungkul Darunee , Tribuddharat Sirirat , Sathitkarnmanee Thepakorn , Muenpirom Pimprapa , Ratanasuwan Panaratana 
Published: October 2024

Background
Assessing pain in infants and neonates is challenging due to their inability to communicate verbally. While validated subjective tools exist, they rely on interpreting the child’s behavior, leading to potential inconsistencies and underestimation of pain. Based on heart rate variability, the newborn infant parasympathetic evaluation (NIPE) index offers a more objective approach to pain assessment in children under 2 years. Although promising, research on its effectiveness during surgery under general anesthesia remains limited and inconclusive.

Objective
This study compared the effectiveness of NIPE-guided fentanyl administration to traditional vital signs (heart rate and mean arterial pressure) in managing pain during surgery in children under 2 years.

Methods
Seventy children undergoing head, neck, or upper extremity surgery were randomized into group N (NIPE) or group C (Control) with 35 participants in each group. Both groups received standardized anesthesia and monitoring, including NIPE. Group N received fentanyl when NIPE scores fell below 50, while group C received fentanyl upon a 20% increase in heart rate or mean arterial pressure (MAP). Postoperative pain was assessed using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scores, alongside fentanyl consumption, sedation levels, and potential side effects.

Results
Both groups exhibited similar outcomes in terms of postoperative pain scores, fentanyl consumption, sedation levels, and absence of side effects (postoperative respiratory depression or nausea and vomiting). Additionally, intraoperative NIPE scores, heart rate, and MAP were comparable between the groups. There are strong correlations between both groups in terms of NIPE scores (r = 0.735, p < 0.0001), heart rate (r = 0.630, p < 0.0001), and MAP (r = 0.846, p < 0.0001). In both group C and group N, the NIPE scores reveal strong negative correlations with heart rate (r = −0.610, p < 0.0001, and r = −0.674, p < 0.0001) and MAP (r = −0.860, p < 0.0001, and r = −0.756, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
NIPE-guided intraoperative fentanyl administration was not superior to heart rate/MAP-guided administration, as both achieved similar pain management outcomes in this study. However, NIPE may offer a more practical and precise approach, as it is an objective tool with a defined threshold. These findings suggest NIPE’s promise as a valuable tool for managing pain in children under 2 years undergoing surgery. However, confirmation of its widespread effectiveness requires further research with larger, multicenter studies encompassing procedures with a broader spectrum of pain severity.
Substantial soil organic carbon retention along floodplains of mountain streams
Authors: Sutfin Nicholas A. , Wohl Ellen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSmall, snowmelt‐dominated mountain streams have the potential to store substantial organic carbon in floodplain sediment because of high inputs of particulate organic matter, relatively lower temperatures compared with lowland regions, and potential for increased moisture conditions. This work (i) quantifies mean soil organic carbon (OC) content along 24 study reaches in the Colorado Rocky Mountains using 660 soil samples, (ii) identifies potential controls of OC content based on soil properties and spatial position with respect to the channel, and (iii) and examines soil properties and OC across various floodplain geomorphic features in the study area. Stepwise multiple linear regression (adjustedr2 = 0.48,p < 0.001) indicates that percentage of silt and clay, sample depth, percent sand, distance from the channel, and relative elevation from the channel are significant predictors of OC content in the study area. Principle component analysis indicates limited separation between geomorphic floodplain features based on predictors of OC content. A lack of significant differences among floodplain features suggests that the systematic random sampling employed in this study can capture the variability of OC across floodplains in the study area. Mean floodplain OC (6.3 ± 0.3%) is more variable but on average greater than values in uplands (1.5 ± 0.08% to 2.2 ± 0.14%) of the Colorado Front Range and higher than published values from floodplains in other regions, particularly those of larger rivers.
Interplanetary coronal mass ejection observed at STEREO‐A, Mars, comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko, Saturn, and New Horizons en route to Pluto: Comparison of its Forbush decreases at 1.4, 3.1, and 9.9 AU
Authors: Witasse O. , Sánchez‐Cano B. , Mays M. L. , Kajdič P. , Opgenoorth H. , Elliott H. A. , Richardson I. G. , Zouganelis I. , Zender J. , Wimmer‐Schweingruber R. F. , Turc L. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Roussos E. , Rouillard A. , Richter I. , Richardson J. D. , Ramstad R. , Provan G. , Posner A. , Plaut J. J. , Odstrcil D. , Nilsson H. , Niemenen P. , Milan S. E. , Mandt K. , Lohf H. , Lester M. , Lebreton J.‐P. , Kuulkers E. , Krupp N. , Koenders C. , James M. K. , Intzekara D. , Holmstrom M. , Hassler D. M. , Hall B. E. S. , Guo J. , Goldstein R. , Goetz C. , Glassmeier K. H. , Génot V. , Evans H. , Espley J. , Edberg N. J. T. , Dougherty M. , Cowley S. W. H. , Burch J. , Behar E. , Barabash S. , Andrews D. J. , Altobelli N. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe discuss observations of the journey throughout the Solar System of a large interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) that was ejected at the Sun on 14 October 2014. The ICME hit Mars on 17 October, as observed by the Mars Express, Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission (MAVEN), Mars Odyssey, and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) missions, 44 h before the encounter of the planet with the Siding‐Spring comet, for which the space weather context is provided. It reached comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko, which was perfectly aligned with the Sun and Mars at 3.1 AU, as observed by Rosetta on 22 October. The ICME was also detected by STEREO‐A on 16 October at 1 AU, and by Cassini in the solar wind around Saturn on the 12 November at 9.9 AU. Fortuitously, the New Horizons spacecraft was also aligned with the direction of the ICME at 31.6 AU. We investigate whether this ICME has a nonambiguous signature at New Horizons. A potential detection of this ICME by Voyager 2 at 110–111 AU is also discussed. The multispacecraft observations allow the derivation of certain properties of the ICME, such as its large angular extension of at least 116°, its speed as a function of distance, and its magnetic field structure at four locations from 1 to 10 AU. Observations of the speed data allow two different solar wind propagation models to be validated. Finally, we compare the Forbush decreases (transient decreases followed by gradual recoveries in the galactic cosmic ray intensity) due to the passage of this ICME at Mars, comet 67P, and Saturn.
Extreme plasma convection and frictional heating of the ionosphere: ISR observations
Authors: Akbari H. , Goodwin L. V. , Swoboda J. , St.‐Maurice J.‐P. , Semeter J. L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractExtremely elevated ion temperatures observed with the Poker Flat and Resolute Bay incoherent scatter radars in the E and F regions of the polar ionosphere are discussed. Our observations include one‐dimensional, line‐of‐sight ion temperatures (Ti,1d) that at times can rise to up to ∼8000°K. While examining the accuracy of the derived temperatures is difficult due to the several potential sources of error and uncertainty, we find that at altitudes of ∼130–250 km the line‐of‐sight ion temperatures obtained at relatively small aspect angles (for instance, at 22.5° away from the magnetic field direction) are below the expected values for the average or three‐dimensional ion temperatures (Ti). We find that this difference matches well with the theoretical expectation from anisotropic ion velocity distributions that emerge from polarization elastic scattering collisions between NO+ and N2. These results are therefore the clearest detection of anisotropic ion velocity distributions with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar and Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar facilities. Moreover, at higher altitudes (>∼300 km), where the resonant charge exchange collisions prevail, and for a very high ion temperature event (Ti∼8000°K), we observe that the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) spectra obtained at large aspect angles (e.g., 55°) look like those expected from non‐Maxwellian plasma. At similar altitudes, the measured one‐dimensional temperatures at an aspect angle of 22.5° are found to exceed the expected values from the frictional heating and resonant charge exchange collisions by about 1000°K. A portion of this offset is thought to reflect the role of Coulomb collisions.
Effects of solar irradiance on the upper ionosphere and oxygen ion escape at Mars: MAVEN observations
Authors: Dubinin E. , Fraenz M. , Pätzold M. , McFadden J. , Mahaffy P. R. , Eparvier F. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Brain D. , Jakosky B. M. , Vaisberg O. , Zelenyi L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe present multi‐instrument observations of the effects of solar irradiance on the upper Martian ionosphere and escape fluxes based on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) data from November 2014 to February 2016. It is shown that fluxes of oxygen ions with E > 30 eV both inside and outside of the Martian magnetosphere are nonsensitive to EUV variations. In contrast, the fluxes of ions with lower energies extracted from the upper ionosphere increase with solar irradiance. Such an enhancement is nonlinear with the EUV variations and exhibits a growth by almost 1 order of magnitude when the EUV (0.1–50 nm) radiation increases to ≥0.1 W/m2 implying an enhancement of total ion losses of the low‐energy component to ∼1.8·1025 s−1. The flow of cold ions in the near‐Mars tail occurs very asymmetrical shifting in the direction opposite to the direction of the solar wind motional electric field. Fluxes of the low‐energy (E≤30 eV) ion component are also nonsensitive to the variations in solar wind dynamic pressure.
In situ study at high pressure and temperature of the environment of water in hydrous Na and Ca aluminosilicate melts and coexisting aqueous fluids
Authors: Le Losq Charles , Dalou Célia , Mysen Bjorn O. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe bonding and speciation of water dissolved in Na silicate and Na and Ca aluminosilicate melts were inferred from in situ Raman spectroscopy of the samples, in hydrothermal diamond anvil cells, while at crustal temperature and pressure conditions. Raman data were also acquired on Na silicate and Na and Ca aluminosilicate glasses, quenched from hydrous melts equilibrated at high temperature and pressure in a piston cylinder apparatus. In the hydrous melts, temperature strongly influences O‐H stretching ν(O‐H) signals, reflecting its control on the bonding of protons between different molecular complexes. Pressure and melt composition effects are much smaller and difficult to discriminate with the present data. However, the chemical composition of the melt + fluid system influences the differences between the ν(O‐H) signals from the melts and the fluids and, hence, between their hydrogen partition functions. Quenching modifies the O‐H stretching signals: strong hydrogen bonds form in the glasses below the glass transition temperature Tg, and this phenomenon depends on glass composition. Therefore, glasses do not necessarily record the O‐H stretching signal shape in melts near Tg. The melt hydrogen partition function thus cannot be assessed with certainty using O‐H stretching vibration data from glasses. From the present results, the ratio of the hydrogen partition functions of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids mostly depends on temperature and the bulk melt + fluid system chemical composition. This implies that the fractionation of hydrogen isotopes between magmas and aqueous fluids in water‐saturated magmatic systems with differences in temperature and bulk chemical composition will be different.
Immune Defence: Role of Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates
Authors: Molon Barbara , Agnellini Andrielly HR , Wink David A , Citrin Deborah , Vitek Michael P , Colton Carol , Pacelli Roberto , Ogawa Rygeio , Thomas Douglas D , Miranda Katrina M , Espey Michael G 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) represents a ubiquitous intercellular messenger regulating a plethora of physiological processes such as vasculature homeostasis and neurotransmission. In addition, NO plays a fundamental role in immune responses, acting as either an immune‐stimulatory or immunosuppressive mediator. NO‐mediated effects have been traditionally classified into direct and indirect responses. Indeed, in physiopathological conditions, NO can directly interact with the biological targets or instead it can form reactive intermediates by reacting with either O2molecule or O2−superoxide anion. Both direct and indirect NO‐mediated effects play a pivotal role in immune responses against pathogens and in cancer. The chemistry of NO/RNOS (reactive nitrogen oxide species) in host immunity so far represents an attractive field to be investigated. In this article, we propose to discuss earlier and recent evidences that shed light on this issue.Key ConceptsNitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species participate in numerous biological processes, both in physiological and pathological conditions.Nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species mediate either direct or indirect biological effects in immune responses.Nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species play a key role in bacterial, viral and parasite infections.Different stages of carcinogenesis are influenced by nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species.The understanding of nitric oxide dynamics in neoplastic tissues will be instrumental for the definition of novel therapies.
Virus Diseases of Cereals
Authors: Rakotondrafara Aurélie M , Byamukama Emmanuel , Plumb Roger T 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

A serious constraint to agricultural productivity and a constant pressure to global food security and hunger are infections of plants with viruses. Of particular concern is the impact of viruses and their vectors on cereals, wheat, maize (corn in the USA), rice, barley, sorghum, oats, millet and rye, which provide much of the world's food and drink. Because viral populations evolve quickly, the emergence of new variants of classic viruses with stronger virulence, the occurrence of viruses switching host from the wild species to the cultivated crops, or recombinants between different families, pose a serious challenge in the control of viruses and to the durability of widely deployed resistance against viruses. As there are essentially no chemical options to prevent viral infections, genetic resistance remains the most sustainable strategy for combating these major agricultural pests.

Key Concepts

Cereals are the most important component of the world's food supply.

Intensification of crop production and introduction of vectors play key roles in the widespread of viruses in cereals.

Most viruses of cereals are transmitted by hoppers, fungi like or aphids. Beetles and mites are responsible for the transmission of newly emerging viruses of cereals.

With no chemical options to prevent viral infections, genetic resistance remains the most sustainable strategy.

Recent threats in global food security are due to newly emerging viral diseases.
E
pstein–
B
arr Virus
Authors: Morris Mhairi A 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV) is a ubiquitous gamma herpesvirus aetiologically linked to different lymphoid and epithelial malignancies and a number of systemic autoimmune diseases. The virus has a unique ability to transform resting B lymphocytes
in vitro
by expressing a set of latent genes, subsets of which are present in EBV‐associated tumours. EBV exploits the physiology of normal B‐cell differentiation to persist within the memory B‐cell pool of the immunocompetent host with strong T‐cell responses important for controlling EBV infection. Immunosuppressed transplant recipients and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals are at increased risk of developing EBV‐transformed B‐cell proliferations which often present as monoclonal non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. The major EBV‐associated tumours (Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma) show restricted forms of latent viral gene expression reflecting a more complex pathogenesis involving additional cofactors. A number of pharmacological and immunotherapeutic approaches are being developed to treat or prevent these EBV‐associated tumours.

Key Concepts

Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV) infection is implicated in the aetiology of several different lymphoid and epithelial malignancies, as well as a number of systemic autoimmune diseases.

EBV exploits the physiology of normal B‐cell differentiation to persist within the memory B‐cell pool of the immunocompetent host.

EBV‐encoded latent genes induce B‐cell transformation
in vitro
by altering cellular gene transcription and constitutively activating key cell signalling pathways.

Immunosuppressed transplant patients are at risk of developing EBV‐transformed B‐cell proliferations presenting as B‐cell lymphomas.

Other EBV‐associated tumours display more restricted forms of latent gene expression, reflecting more complex pathogenesis involving additional cofactors.

EBV sequence variation may reflect disease risk.

Pharmacological and immunotherapeutic approaches are being developed to treat or prevent EBV‐associated tumours.

More direct vaccine approaches are being examined for the treatment and prevention of EBV‐associated diseases.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Tissue and Cellular Antigens
Authors: Vyberg Mogens , Nielsen Søren 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAntibodies are excellent tools for detecting specific molecules in cells and tissues. Techniques have been developed utilising antibodies to visualise otherwise invisible, and indistinguishable, cells, subcellular structures and molecules. Collectively, these techniques are termed immunohistochemistry, which is used extensively in many fields from research to clinical pathology. A plethora of antibodies and visualisation systems, generally of increasing quality, has been launched on the market allowing for an ever‐increasing technical sensitivity and specificity. This development, however, also challenges the users owing to varying or even incompatible results reported in the literature. In the era of personalised medicine, correct identification of protein markers for targeted treatment in many types of cancer requires meticulous laboratory handling and standardised reading. Internal quality control and external quality assessment have become increasingly important.Key ConceptsImmunohistochemistry is technically complex, and no aspect of this complexity can be ignored, from the moment of collecting the specimen to issuance of the final report.Preanalytical steps include proper sampling, fixation and processing of tissues and cells.Analytical steps include selection of specific and avid antibodies and a carefully calibrated protocol.The large majority of epitopes in formalin fixed tissue can only be sufficiently detected by heat‐induced epitope retrieval in an alkaline buffer.Selection and on‐slide mounting of appropriate control tissues are mandatory.Postanalytical steps include identification of a good signal‐to‐noise ratio and correct subcellular localisation of the chromogene.Assessment of the staining reaction and interpretation of the staining result must be performed in a proper context, for example, with the literature and the clinical setting.
Iron–Sulfur Proteins: Structure, Function and Biogenesis
Authors: Barras Frédéric 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Iron–sulfur clusters rank among the most versatile protein cofactors. Proteins using Fe–S clusters intervene in many cellular processes in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Fe–S cluster biogenesis has been a research area of intensive investigations in the past decade. The success of Fe–S cluster‐based biology during evolution is indicated by the myriad of processes that depend on Fe–S cluster‐containing proteins. These include basic metabolic, bioenergetics and genetic information‐related processes. Conserved multiprotein systems, called
ISC
and
SUF
, have been identified in most living organisms, from bacteria to plant and mammals. They catalyse assembly of clusters and their delivery to the many apoproteins, the activity of which depends on the acquisition of clusters. Recently, their role in bacterial pathogenicity and bacterial resistance to antibiotics was brought to light.

Key Concepts

Fe–S clusters are versatile and ubiquitous cofactors.

Fe–S cluster biogenesis is catalysed by multiprotein systems.

ISC and SUF Fe–S biogenesis systems are conserved in bacterias and eukaryotes.

The IscR regulator controls Fe–S cluster homeostasis.

The IscR regulator allows bacteria to adapt to various environmental conditions and hosts.

Iron external levels modify aminoglycoside resistance of
E. coli
via its influence on Fe–S biogenesis.
Neutrophil Functional Disorders
Authors: van de Geer Annemarie , Gazendam Roel P , Kuijpers Taco W , Roos Dirk 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Neutrophils are phagocytes and constitute the most numerous and important effector cells of the innate immune system, especially in the defence against bacteria and fungi. They are rapidly recruited to inflamed tissue in response to inflammatory signals. Egression from the bone marrow and blood stream, adhesion, migration, activation, phagocytosis and killing of pathogens describe the basic mechanisms associated with neutrophils. Neutrophil shortage and functional disorders arise from different rare genetic mutations and can lead to a profound immunodeficiency, often presenting early in life with severe, recurrent and persistent or opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections. An increasing number of such diseases have been identified, especially as whole‐exome sequencing is getting more accessible. This results in better insights in genotypic–phenotypic correlations, susceptibility to specific pathogens and the use of different treatment modalities.

Key Concepts

In healthy adults, 10
11
neutrophils are generated daily. In steady state, their life span is approximately 1–2 days, which increases up to 3–4 days after neutrophil activation.

Certain infections, such as
Burkholderia cepacia, Nocardia, Aspergillus nidulans
or nontuberculous mycobacteria, should always prompt an inquiry to the possibility of an underlying immune defect.

Specific infection locations, such as omphalitis, gingivitis or osteomyelitis, should raise the suspicion of phagocytic cell abnormalities.

Abnormal aspects of host response, such as lack of fever, local inflammation or pus, should immediately alert the clinician to the possibility of a neutrophil defect.

It is better to perform the right test once than the entire battery of immune defect tests several times. Careful consideration of the clinical and microbiologic presentation usually indicates the right path to pursue.

There is no substitute for the right drug, and that requires knowing the pathogen. Because the spectrum of infection in these diseases may range over several microbiologic kingdoms, empiric therapy is to be discouraged in favour of firm diagnoses.

A molecular diagnosis should be sought whenever possible. The expanding knowledge of genotype–phenotype relationships suggests that not all defects, even those within the same gene, induce similar clinical symptoms.

BCG vaccination should be avoided in individuals with CGD as well as in their newborn close relatives until the defect is ruled out. In general, attenuated viral vaccines are not contraindicated in individuals with primary neutrophil disorders, as antiviral cell‐mediated immunity is intact.