bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retina Specialists Treating Diabetic Macular Edema Recommend Different Approaches for Patients Than They Would Choose for Themselves
Authors: Miller Charles G. , Budoff Greg , Jeng-Miller Karen W. , Fine Howard F. , Roth Daniel B. , Prenner Jonathan L. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Prior investigation shows retina specialists may select different treatment for age-related macular degeneration for themselves than for a hypothetical patient. The authors sought to investigate whether a similar bias exists for treatment decisions by retina specialists with regard to diabetic macular edema (DME).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Two surveys asked retina specialists to select treatment for hypothetical patients with DME or for themselves. In Survey 2, a distinction was drawn between a visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or better and 20/50 or worse.

RESULTS:

In Survey 1, 54% to 61% of respondents selected bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) for patients and 36% to 40% selected the drug for themselves (
P
< .0004). It was found that 14% to 17% selected aflibercept (Eylea; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY) for patients versus 31% to 38% who selected it for themselves (
P
< .0001). For a VA of 20/40 or better, 42% to 50% selected bevacizumab for their patients versus 32% to 39% (
P
< .0005) for themselves, and 20% to 23% selected aflibercept for patients versus 39% to 48% (
P
< .0007) for themselves. For a VA of 20/50 or worse, 24% to 28% chose bevacizumab for patients versus 17% to 20% for themselves (
P
value was not significant), and 59% to 66% selected aflibercept for their patients versus 66% to 78% for themselves (
P
< .05).

CONCLUSION:
Physicians recommend different treatment for their patients than for themselves, though not for a VA of 20/50 or worse, where data support the use of aflibercept over bevacizumab.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:544–554.]
Pulmonary Epithelial TLR4 Activation Leads to Lung Injury in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Jia Hongpeng , Sodhi Chhinder P. , Yamaguchi Yukihiro , Lu Peng , Martin Laura Y. , Good Misty , Zhou Qinjie , Sung Jungeun , Fulton William B. , Nino Diego F. , Prindle Thomas , Ozolek John A. , Hackam David J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We seek to define the mechanisms leading to the development of lung disease in the setting of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease of premature infants characterized by the sudden onset of intestinal necrosis. NEC development in mice requires activation of the LPS receptor TLR4 on the intestinal epithelium, through its effects on modulating epithelial injury and repair. Although NEC-associated lung injury is more severe than the lung injury that occurs in premature infants without NEC, the mechanisms leading to its development remain unknown. In this study, we now show that TLR4 expression in the lung gradually increases during postnatal development, and that mice and humans with NEC-associated lung inflammation express higher levels of pulmonary TLR4 than do age-matched controls. NEC in wild-type newborn mice resulted in significant pulmonary injury that was prevented by deletion of TLR4 from the pulmonary epithelium, indicating a role for pulmonary TLR4 in lung injury development. Mechanistically, intestinal epithelial TLR4 activation induced high-mobility group box 1 release from the intestine, which activated pulmonary epithelial TLR4, leading to the induction of the neutrophil recruiting CXCL5 and the influx of proinflammatory neutrophils to the lung. Strikingly, the aerosolized administration of a novel carbohydrate TLR4 inhibitor prevented CXCL5 upregulation and blocked NEC-induced lung injury in mice. These findings illustrate the critical role of pulmonary TLR4 in the development of NEC-associated lung injury, and they suggest that inhibition of this innate immune receptor in the neonatal lung may prevent this devastating complication of NEC.
The Impact of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) Applications on Organizational Performance (Efficiency and Effectiveness) in Jordanian Private Hospitals
Authors: Khashman Iyad Mohammad Ali , Khashman Aysar Mohammad 
Published: June 2016

<p>This study aimed to investigate the impact of human resource information system (HRIS) on organizational performance in Jordanian private hospitals, through examining if the (HRIS) components (job analysis, recruitment, selection, performance appraisal applications, and communications) have a significant impact on organizational performance (efficiency, effectiveness). The data was collected using a questionnaire instrument. The population of the research included all private hospitals located in Amman city, the number of private hospitals located in Amman were 39 hospitals whereas the sample of the research included (170) employees working in HR departments from the private hospitals. The result of this study showed that there are a positive impact of the HRMS applications on organizational performance, More specifically, it was found that and a positive attitudes from employees working in Human resources sections in private hospitals towards all human resource information system applications .The result of the study also indicated that employees working in human resources' sections in private hospitals have positive attitudes towards organizational performance which includes efficiency and effectiveness. The research recommended that hospitals should focus on human resource information system applications in the work environment to achieve positive outcome and maximize organizational performance at all level.</p>
Italian Fashion in the Latest Decades: From Its Original Features to the “New Vocabulary”
Authors: Calefato Patrizia 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
“Made in Italy” is an indication of origin, recorded and rooted in history, society, and the imaginary world; it is a “half-brand” that, in the latest years of the twentieth century, aimed at characterizing Italian products and its tradition in a clear way. This article aims at pinpointing some elements of fashion theory with reference to Italy. After outlining certain historical original traits of the Italian style, I will point out the characteristics of the two “long waves” of the Made in Italy brand: the first one that dates from the Sixties to the Eighties, and the second one from the late Nineties to the present.
A Multi-Objective Optimization Model for Planning Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cruise Route
Authors: Liu Xiaofeng , Gao Limei , Guan Zhiwei , Song Yuqing , Zhang Rui 
Published: June 2016

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) was introduced to monitor a traffic situation and the respective cruise route optimization problem was given. Firstly, a multi-objective optimization model was proposed, which considered two scenarios: the first scenario was that there were enough UAVs to monitor all the targets, while the second scenario was that only some targets could be monitored due to a lack of UAVs. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm was subsequently proposed to plan the UAV cruise route. Next, a route planning experiment, using the Microdrones md4-1000 UAV, was conducted and a UAV route planning case was studied. The experiment showed that the UAV actual flight route was almost consistent with the planned route. The case study showed that, compared with the initial optimal solutions, the optimal total UAV cruise distance and the number of UAVs used in scenario 1 decreased by 41.65% and 40.00%, respectively. Meanwhile, the total UAV cruise distance and the number of targets monitored in scenario 2 reduced by 15.75% and increased by 27.27%, respectively. In addition, a comparison study with other algorithms was conducted, while the optimization results were also improved. This demonstrated that the proposed UAV cruise route planning model was effective.
Properties of relatively long streamers initiated from an isolated hydrometeor
Authors: Shi Feng , Liu Ningyu , Rassoul Hamid K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper reports a modeling study on the dynamics of relatively long streamers initiated from an isolated hydrometeor in subbreakdown (0.5Ek) and overbreakdown (1.5Ek) electric fields, respectively, where Ek is the conventional breakdown threshold field. The modeling results indicate that at 0.5Ek field, the streamer shows a generally exponential growth feature, but its channel characteristics such as radius, electron density, and current density exhibit colocated fluctuations. On the other hand, at 1.5Ek field, the streamer shows faster exponential growth, and no fluctuations of those parameters are observed. The exponential growth property allows one to use the modeling results to predict the characteristics of longer streamers, as well as to quantify the thunderstorm electrical conditions including the high‐field region size and potential difference in order to accelerate the streamer to the high speed of fast positive breakdown that was observed recently in lightning initiation. At 0.5Ek, a potential difference of ∼0.3–1.8 MV is required to accelerate the streamer to the high speed of 1–5 × 107 m/s, while at 1.5Ek, ∼0.07–0.4 MV is required. The exponentially growing streamer current produces an exponentially increasing magnetic field, leading to electromagnetic (EM) field radiation. It is found that the growth rate of the magnetic field (
) radiated by a streamer can be obtained by a simple relation
, where 1/τ is the growth rate of the streamer. Combining our modeling results with the Fourier analysis reported by Qin et al. (2012), we find that streamers at thundercloud altitudes radiate in the high frequency and very high frequency range of the EM spectrum.
The forced precession of the Moon's inner core
Authors: Dumberry Mathieu , Wieczorek Mark A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe tilt angle of the 18.6 year precession of the Moon's solid inner core is unknown, but it is set by a balance between gravitational and pressure torques acting on its elliptical figure. We show here that to first order, the angle of precession of the inner core of a planetary body is determined by the frequency of the free inner core nutation, ωficn, relative to the precession frequency, Ωp. If |ωficn|≪|Ωp|, the inner core is blind to the gravitational influence of the mantle. If |ωficn|≫|Ωp|, the inner core is gravitationally locked to the mantle and is nearly aligned with it. If ωficn≈Ωp, large inner core tilt angles can result from resonant excitation. Viscous inner core relaxation and electromagnetic coupling can attenuate large tilt angles. For the specific case of the Moon, we show that ωficn is to within a factor of 2 of Ωp = 2π/18.6 yr−1. For a rigid inner core, this implies a tilt of 2 to 5° with respect to the mantle, and larger if ωficn is very close to Ωp. More modest tilt angles between 0 and 0.5° result if viscous relaxation within the inner core occurs on a timescale of one lunar day. Predictions from our model may be used in an attempt to detect the gravity signal resulting from a tilted inner core, to determine the past history of the inner core tilt angle, and to assess models of dynamo generation powered by differential rotation at the core‐mantle and inner core boundaries.
Spontaneous rupture on natural fractures and seismic radiation during hydraulic fracturing treatments
Authors: Duan Benchun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe extend spontaneous rupture models in earthquake source studies to analyze fluid injection problems. We perform these analyses on a 2‐D fracture network model with a propagating hydraulic fracture (HF) and three sets of natural fractures (NFs). We find that it is difficult for NFs that are either parallel or perpendicular to the HF to slip because of little resolved shear stress on them in the prestress field. Shear failure of optimally oriented NFs depends on frictional parameters, such as the critical slip distance in slip‐weakening laws. Slip of NFs near the tips of the HF may affect HF opening. Nonsmooth fracture opening generates isolated spiky seismic signals, while unstable frictional slip radiates strong and continuous seismic signals with long‐duration coda waves. These results suggest microseismicity may be primarily generated by unstable frictional slip on NFs with some contribution from nonsmooth opening motions on HFs and/or NFs.
Finite gyroradius effects in the electron outflow of asymmetric magnetic reconnection
Authors: Norgren C. , Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , André M. , Vaivads A. , Chen L.‐J. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Marklund G. T. , Ergun R. E. , Magnes W. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. , Torbert R. B. , Paterson W. R. , Gershman D. J. , Dorelli J. C. , Avanov L. A. , Lavraud B. , Saito Y. , Giles B. L. , Pollock C. J. , Burch J. L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present observations of asymmetric magnetic reconnection showing evidence of electron demagnetization in the electron outflow. The observations were made at the magnetopause by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft, separated by ∼15 km. The reconnecting current sheet has negligible guide field, and all four spacecraft likely pass close to the electron diffusion region just south of the X line. In the electron outflow near the X line, all four spacecraft observe highly structured electron distributions in a region comparable to a few electron gyroradii. The distributions consist of a core with T∥>T⊥ and a nongyrotropic crescent perpendicular to the magnetic field. The crescents are associated with finite gyroradius effects of partly demagnetized electrons. These observations clearly demonstrate the manifestation of finite gyroradius effects in an electron‐scale reconnection current sheet.
Microinjections observed by MMS FEEPS in the dusk to midnight region
Authors: Fennell J. F. , Turner D. L. , Lemon C. L. , Blake J. B. , Clemmons J. H. , Mauk B. H. , Jaynes A. N. , Cohen I. J. , Westlake J. H. , Baker D. N. , Craft J. V. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Paterson W. R. , Strangeway R. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEnergetic electron injections are commonly observed in the premidnight to dawn regions in association with substorms. However, successive electron injections are generally separated in time by hours and are rarer in the dusk region of the inner magnetosphere. Early MMS energetic electron data taken in the dusk to premidnight regions above ~9 RE show many clusters of electron injections. These injections of 50–400 keV electrons have energy dispersion signatures indicating that they gradient and curvature drifted from earlier local times. We focus on burst rate data starting near 21:00 UT on 6 August 2015. A cluster of ~40 electron injections occurred in the following 4 h interval. The highest‐resolution data showed that the electrons in the injections were trapped and had bidirectional field‐aligned angular distributions. These injection clusters are a new phenomenon in this region of the magnetosphere.
Multiple stable states of tree cover in a global land surface model due to a fire‐vegetation feedback
Authors: Lasslop G. , Brovkin V. , Reick C. H. , Bathiany S. , Kloster S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe presence of multiple stable states has far‐reaching consequences for a system's susceptibility to disturbances, including the possibility of abrupt transitions between stable states. The occurrence of multiple stable states of vegetation is supported by ecological theory, models, and observations. Here we describe the occurrence of multiple stable states of tree cover in a global dynamic vegetation model and provide the first global picture on multiple stable states of tree cover due to a fire‐vegetation feedback. The multiple stable states occur in the transition zones between grasslands and forests, mainly in Africa and Asia. By sensitivity simulations and simplifying the relevant model equations we show that the occurrence of multiple states is caused by the sensitivity of the fire disturbance rate to the presence of woody plant types.
Impact of rock salt creep law choice on subsidence calculations for hydrocarbon reservoirs overlain by evaporite caprocks
Authors: Marketos G. , Spiers C. J. , Govers R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAccurate forward modeling of surface subsidence above producing hydrocarbons reservoirs requires an understanding of the mechanisms determining how ground deformation and subsidence evolve. Here we focus entirely on rock salt, which overlies a large number of reservoirs worldwide, and specifically on the role of creep of rock salt caprocks in response to production‐induced differential stresses. We start by discussing available rock salt creep flow laws. We then present the subsidence evolution above an axisymmetric finite element representation of a generic reservoir that extends over a few kilometers and explore the effects of rock salt flow law choice on the subsidence response. We find that if rock salt creep is linear, as appropriate for steady state flow by pressure solution, the subsidence response to any pressure reduction history contains two distinct components, one that leads to the subsidence bowl becoming narrower and deeper and one that leads to subsidence rebound and becomes dominant at later stages. This subsidence rebound becomes inhibited if rock salt deforms purely through steady state power law creep at low stresses. We also show that an approximate representation of transient creep leads to relatively small differences in subsidence predictions. Most importantly, the results confirm that rock salt flow must be modeled accurately if good subsidence predictions are required. However, in practice, large uncertainties exist in the creep behavior of rock salt, especially at low stresses. These are a consequence of the spatial variability of rock salt physical properties, which is practically impossible to constrain. A conclusion therefore is that modelers can only resort to calculating bounds for the subsidence evolution above producing rock salt‐capped reservoirs.
Canyon formation constraints on the discharge of catastrophic outburst floods of Earth and Mars
Authors: Lapotre Mathieu G. A. , Lamb Michael P. , Williams Rebecca M. E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCatastrophic outburst floods carved amphitheater‐headed canyons on Earth and Mars, and the steep headwalls of these canyons suggest that some formed by upstream headwall propagation through waterfall erosion processes. Because topography evolves in concert with water flow during canyon erosion, we suggest that bedrock canyon morphology preserves hydraulic information about canyon‐forming floods. In particular, we propose that for a canyon to form with a roughly uniform width by upstream headwall retreat, erosion must occur around the canyon head, but not along the sidewalls, such that canyon width is related to flood discharge. We develop a new theory for bedrock canyon formation by megafloods based on flow convergence of large outburst floods toward a horseshoe‐shaped waterfall. The model is developed for waterfall erosion by rock toppling, a candidate erosion mechanism in well fractured rock, like columnar basalt. We apply the model to 14 terrestrial (Channeled Scablands, Washington; Snake River Plain, Idaho; and Ásbyrgi canyon, Iceland) and nine Martian (near Ares Vallis and Echus Chasma) bedrock canyons and show that predicted flood discharges are nearly 3 orders of magnitude less than previously estimated, and predicted flood durations are longer than previously estimated, from less than a day to a few months. Results also show a positive correlation between flood discharge per unit width and canyon width, which supports our hypothesis that canyon width is set in part by flood discharge. Despite lower discharges than previously estimated, the flood volumes remain large enough for individual outburst floods to have perturbed the global hydrology of Mars.
Distributed Situational Awareness and Control
Authors: Gan Seng Keat , Xu Zhe , Sukkarieh Salah 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this chapter, we describe the benefits of applying distributed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teams to situational awareness problems. The situational awareness problem is decomposed into two components: decentralized data fusion and team decision making to maximize information gain. The decentralized data fusion problem aims to build and share a target state estimate (or belief) across the UAV team based on each UAV's observations. This chapter describes three common target state estimate representations: the Kalman and information filter, certainty grid representations, and particle filters. For each representation, we outline how it may be applied in a distributed situational awareness problem. The team decision‐making problem selects the best team actions to minimize uncertainty (or maximize information) in the target state estimate. In this chapter, we outline the mathematical formulation of the general team decision‐making problem and how it can be simplified to yield tractable, online solutions.
Development of Double‐Layered PE/PCL Films for Food Packaging Modified with Zeolite and Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Rešček Ana , Katančić Zvonimir , Kratofil Krehula Ljerka , Ščetar Mario , Hrnjak‐Murgić Zlata , Galić Kata 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLow‐density polyethylene is a classic material used for food packaging due to its numerous advantages, but low oxygen barrier property is its main weakness. To improve permeability properties, double‐layered polyethylene/polycaprolactone (PE/PCL) films were prepared with the addition of zeolite or/and magnetite in PCL layer. Zeolite and magnetite nanoparticles were added as the modifiers in PCL film, as they slow down the process of oxygen permeability. For the multicomponent materials of great importance is matrix‐filler interaction that result in better dispersion of particles in the matrix and greater adhesion. The consequence of nanoparticle usage is development of new formulation strategies for composites which have potential applications in various types of packaging (dried food, frozen food, etc.). Particularly important for the double‐layered films is good adhesion between two layeres of films as they can easily separate under the mechanical stress. Food packaging, except good barrier, is needed to have good thermal and mechanical properties because they have to be flexible and endure the higher temperatures, like sterilization, etc. For the studied samples, oxygen permeability parameters were analyzed but also thermal and mechanical properties were determined. It is found that thermal stability and mechanical properties of double‐layered films compared to PE film alone were improved, especially for the samples when zeolite is modified with magnetite. Oxygen barrier performance in modified PE/PCL samples was improved, as it can be seen in sample with higher content of magnetite in zeolite.
Comprehensive analysis of photonic nanojets in 3D dielectric cuboids excited by surface plasmons
Authors: Pacheco‐Peña Victor , Minin Igor V , Minin Oleg V , Beruete Miguel 
Published: June 2016

In this paper we study the excitation of photonic nanojets (PNJ) in 3D dielectric cuboids by surface plasmons at telecommunication wavelengths. The analysis is done using the effective refractive index approach. It is shown that the refractive index contrast between the regions with and without cuboid should be roughly less than 2 in order to generate jets at the output of the cuboid. The best performance at λ0 = 1550 nm is obtained when the height of the cuboid is 160 nm producing a jet just at the output interface with a subwavelength resolution of 0.68λ0 and a high intensity enhancement (×5) at the focus. The multi‐wavelength response is also studied demonstrating that it is possible to use the proposed structure at different wavelengths. Finally, the backscattering enhancement is numerically evaluated by inserting a metal particle within the PNJ region, demonstrating a maximum value of ∼2.44 dB for a gold sphere of radius 0.1λ0.
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