bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music Education and Social Reproduction
Authors: Wright Ruth 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of music education in the perpetuation of cycles of unjust hegemonic social reproduction, using Bourdieu’s theory of social reproduction and the roles of education and culture therein. Alternative music pedagogies, such as informal learning, are examined as offering potential to break such cycles by allowing accumulation of two forms of cultural capital—pedagogical and musical capital—by diverse students. An empirical example is used to demonstrate how perceptions of the knowledge legimitation code within which music education operates may be shifted, allowing fewer students to self-identify as “non-elite” and therefore not suited to studying music. Some principles are suggested by which music education might act to break cycles of injustice and in whatever small way act to disrupt the social status quo.
Music First and Last
Authors: Savage Jonathan 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores issues of social justice in music education with technology in two key settings. The first of these relates to the provision of examinations in music and music technology within the United Kingdom. The second recounts a project conducted in Manchester, northwest England, that drew together two groups of students from very different musical and social backgrounds. These settings illustrate and highlight a number of issues relating to themes of social justice, technology, and music education. An alternative, more socially just, vision of music education with technology is envisaged, with key characteristics drawn from the work of other theorists, practitioners, and the research.
Can Music Teaching Be a Powerful Tool for Social Justice?
Authors: Sloboda John 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter reflects on how practitioners may differently relate to social justice issues in music education according to their personal and professional priorities. The relative merits of micro- and macro-approaches to social justice in music are discussed. It is argued that social justice goals are particularly strongly linked to the development and support of musical cultures that are sustainable beyond specific educational contexts, and that are embedded in the wider society. Music may not always be a very effective means of promoting social justice, as exemplified by the experience of using musical activities for conflict resolution and inter-group reconciliation. For greater understanding, long-term evaluation of social justice outcomes is required, measured by explicit and agreed metrics.
Gender and Sexual Diversity Challenges (for Socially Just) Music Education
Authors: Bergonzi Louis 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores music education’s relationship to social justice for sexual-diverse and gender-diverse persons and communities. It focuses on music education in the context of public schooling as both a critical site for social justice and social justice education, particularly as related to gender and sexual diversity, and a robustly heteronormative enterprise that receives and sustains oppressive ideologies with regard to gender-sexual diversity. To bring together ideas, Kumashiro’s work in social justice education is drawn upon, specifically his four-part activist theory of anti-oppressive education, as well as recent, emerging research in music education regarding gender-sexual diversity and discussion of music education students and practice. Whether acknowledged or not, social justice intentions and actions with regard to gender and sexual minorities are precast and limited by our awareness of and readiness to identify and act against the multiplicity of ways we benefit from the gender and sexual status quo.
You Gotta Fight the Power
Authors: Ladson-Billings Gloria 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The tradition of music and song in freedom and liberation movements is a long one. However, each generation begins to craft new songs and new music to address its own social context and stylistic tastes. From the slave chants of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the protest songs of the 1960s, there has been a thread of resistance and freedom in the music of African Americans. However, one of the most generative and creative forces—hip-hop music and culture—has been popularized to represent depravity, misogyny, racism, and homophobia. This chapter explores the revolutionary and resistance roots of hip-hop and describes how teachers might leverage the genre’s attraction to engage youth in social justice teaching and learning.
Social Justice and Urban Music Education
Authors: Gaztambide-Fernandez Ruben , Stewart Rose Leslie 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Music education has had an ambiguous and fraught relationship with urban schools. This chapter seeks to address this tension through an elucidation of two related problems: how to understand the notion of “urban music education,” and how to approach the intersection between the former and various commitments to social justice. To do this, the authors challenge the taken-for-granted definition of urban music, suggesting that social justice commitments require a more nuanced understanding of what constitutes “the urban,” which highlights social inequalities. The authors provide an introduction to various understandings of social justice and summarize four different approaches to anti-oppressive pedagogy in music education, focusing on access, representation, pedagogy, and ideology. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of a cultural production approach to social justice in urban music education.
The Diversity of Religious Systems Across History
Authors: Boyer Pascal , Baumard Nicolas 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The mental representations and behaviors we commonly call “religious”—everyday supernatural imagination, tribal cults, archaic religions, modern world religions—are amenable to explanation both in terms of computational, information-processing systems and in terms of adaptations that emerged during human evolution. These two research programs, focused on proximate and ultimate aspects of cultural representations respectively, have been particularly fruitful in the last 30 years. Early developments in cognitive approaches ushered in a whole new field in the study of religion. More recently, evolutionary psychology has provided new tools for explaining the emergence and transmission of religious ideas. This chapter aims to show how this cognitive and evolutionary approach can provide a better understanding of the historical diversity of religious systems.
Focus Projection Theories
Authors: Arregi Karlos 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter examines the phenomenon of focus projection: a sentence with prosodic marking of focus on a word can lead to ambiguity, in that different constituents containing the word can be interpreted as focused. Two general approaches to focus projection are compared. In Default Prosody analyses, focus projection is epiphenomenal, a consequence of general principles requiring that focus be prosodically prominent, coupled with default principles of default prominence. In the F-projection approach, focus projection is encoded more directly, in terms of licensing rules for F-marking on constituents. Overall, the evidence in the literature favors the Default Prosody approach, and this chapter concentrates on comparing these two general approaches, as well as briefly summarizing other aspects of focus projection. The chapter ends with discussion of Basque data that are problematic for widely assumed generalizations about focus projection, and a possible way of understanding the data in the Default Prosody approach.
Towards a Neurobiology of Information Structure
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schumacher Petra B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter reviews neurophysiological and neuroanatomical investigations of information structural notions, with a view to working towards a neurobiologically grounded perspective. It first considers components of a neurobiologically plausible theory of information structure and outlines candidate mechanisms for higher-order cognitive processing, namely prediction and mental modelling, attention orientation, memory, and inferencing. The chapter then proceeds to neuroscientific investigations of information structure, highlighting differences between sentence- and text-level processing and discussing findings for the information structural notions of givenness, focus, and topic, before presenting further insights from syntax-induced information structural effects. The chapter concludes with a discussion of neurobiological models of information structure processing.
Quantification and Information Structure
Authors: Krifka Manfred 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe chapter provides an overview of the interaction between quantification and information-structural properties, especially focus, givenness, and topic. While quantification affects truth conditions, information-structuring devices can have an effect on the interpretation of quantificational expressions. After a short introduction to the nature of quantification, the chapter covers the main areas where such effects have been identified, in particular in adverbial quantification, in generic clauses, in conditional sentences, and in sentences with nominal (or determiner) quantification, including intersective determiners and comparative determiners like most. It reviews different theoretical proposals how this sensitivity to information-structural categories arises, in particular whether they are related to focus or givenness. It also discusses cases in which the quantifier itself is topical, given, or focused.
Globalization, Capabilities, and Distance
Authors: Ghemawat Pankaj , Hout Thomas M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article examines how firm-level capabilities relate to competitive outcomes between multinational companies (MNCs) from advanced economies and challengers from emerging economies. It examines John Sutton’s theory of the “capability window” in light of new empirical evidence on competition in particular between MNCs and Chinese firms inside China. Market share leadership by MNCs in China is found to be positively related to industry R and D- and advertising-intensities; and where leadership varies by segment, MNCs tend to lead in high-end segments and Chinese firms in low-end segments. The empirical research provides support for Sutton’s model but also suggests a set of extensions to it—most significantly, the incorporation of horizontal distance alongside the vertical distance emphasized in his baseline model. And since dealing with both kinds of distance requires firms to do things that they have not done before, dynamic capabilities are essential to success in this context.
Opportunity to Learn
Authors: Elliott Stephen N. , Bartlett Brendan J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Opportunity to learn (OTL) is an evolving construct from which to better understand and use the intricacy of the schooling process. Progress to date includes considerations of how it might serve as an index of key factors of teachers’ and students’ contributions to learning and as a tool to guide fair and productive measurement of its operation. In this chapter, we provide an account of OTL measurement where classrooms have been the unit of analysis and where concentrations of focus have moved to include calibration of the quality of instruction alongside considerations of time and content elements of a learning opportunity. The account highlights the significance of this inclusion and presents current developments in creating feasible, reliable measurement and ongoing challenges where additional research is needed to further refine our conceptualization and current tooling for measuring OTL.
Modern Deterrence Theory
Authors: Quackenbush Stephen L. , Zagare Frank C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Modern deterrence theories were conceived in the aftermath of World War I. Given the human and political carnage associated with the Great War, it was natural for historians, military strategists, policy analysts, diplomats, and politicians to try to understand why the breakdown occurred. The standard interpretation of the coming of World War I provided the intellectual foundation for classical deterrence theory and its variants. This article traces these developments in the literature of war and conflict initiation and evaluates recent theoretical, empirical, and policy challenges to mainstream realist theory. It summarizes two synergistic variants of the classical specification of deterrence and contrasts them with competing explanatory frameworks, then examines the empirical literature on deterrence, recent theoretical developments in deterrence theory, and debates about deterrence policies. It concludes with a discussion of how the study of deterrence fits into the study of international conflict more broadly.
Mary and Mariology
Authors: Llywelyn Dorian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The mother of Jesus is the most important female figure of Christianity. Mary appears in a small number of biblical passages, but the vast Marian phenomenon includes Christian doctrine and a range of cultural expressions. Interest in Mary emerged early in the Eastern Mediterranean, and spread into the West. With slightly different emphases, Catholics and Orthodox Christians share a number of beliefs concerning Mary and pray to her, but most forms of Protestantism reject Marian devotion. While Catholic attention to Mary diminished in the global North following the changes wrought by the Second Vatican Council, it has remained strong in other parts of the world, especially in Latin America. Shrines such as sites where Mary is believed to have appeared draw millions of devotees annually. Contemporary Mariology, the academic study of the figure of Mary, includes considerations from almost all the liberal arts.
Human Shields
Authors: Haque Adil Ahmad 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter defends three claims. First, it is morally impermissible for combatants fighting for a just cause to use civilians supporting an unjust war effort as involuntary human shields. Second, civilians who are forced to serve as involuntary shields by combatants fighting for an unjust cause retain their basic rights; they are not morally liable to intentional harm, and the proportionality of collaterally harming them is not affected by the wrongful conduct of the unjust combatants. Finally, civilians who voluntarily serve as human shields for unjust combatants compromise but do not lose their basic rights. Such voluntary shields are not morally liable to collateral harm, though less is required to justify collateral harm to them than to justify collateral harm to involuntary shields or to civilians who are merely in the wrong place at the wrong time.
Method in the Morality of War
Authors: Lazar Seth 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter introduces the two main ways to think about the ethics of war. The first is to start by thinking about war. The second is to think about the ethics of killing outside of war, then apply those principles to the case of war. In contemporary just war theory, the first approach has most commonly been associated with those who broadly aim to vindicate international law, such as Michael Walzer and his contemporary defenders. The second approach is more frequently linked to the work of Jeff McMahan, and Walzer’s other revisionist critics. I show that this conflation is mere accident. Indeed, perhaps the richest terrain to be ploughed is in the combinations that have been relatively neglected—vindications of international law that start from cases based outside of war; critiques of international law based on the distinctive nature of war.
A Patient-Centered Approach to Postgraduate Trainee Health and Wellness: An Applied Review and Health Care Delivery Model
Authors: Carvour Martha L. , Ayyar Balaji K. , Chien Kelly S. , Ramirez Natalie C. , Yamamoto Haru 
Published: July 2016

Attention to the health and wellness of postgraduate medical trainees has increased considerably in recent years, yet the scholarly literature consistently indicates that, in many instances, the medical and mental health care needs of this population remain unmet or only partially met. As a result, trainee health care often falls short of the current standards of the medical profession. Combined with the prevalence of burnout and other mental health conditions among trainees, inadequate health care for this patient population may result in significant negative consequences for trainees’ health, safety, and performance.
Here, the authors review the scholarly literature explicating the health care needs of postgraduate trainees. They explore the patient-centered medical home model as a potentially effective solution to address the unmet and partially met health care needs of trainees. The authors describe several practical interventions to improve access to care. These include care coordination and referral support, confidential care without perceived conflicts of interest in the training environment, co-location of medical and mental health care, and accommodations for schedule constraints. Finally, the authors explore the role of the medical home in developing and supporting broader institutional efforts to promote wellness.
Blueprint for an Undergraduate Primary Care Curriculum
Authors: Fazio Sara B. , Demasi Monica , Farren Erin , Frankl Susan , Gottlieb Barbara , Hoy Jessica , Johnson Amanda , Kasper Jill , Lee Patrick , McCarthy Claire , Miller Kathe , Morris Juliana , O’Hare Kitty , Rosales Rachael , Simmons Leigh , Smith Benjamin , Treadway Katherine , Goodell Kristen , Ogur Barbara 
Published: July 2016

In light of the increasing demand for primary care services and the changing scope of health care, it is important to consider how the principles of primary care are taught in medical school. While the majority of schools have increased students’ exposure to primary care, they have not developed a standardized primary care curriculum for undergraduate medical education. In 2013, the authors convened a group of educators from primary care internal medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, and medicine–pediatrics, as well as five medical students to create a blueprint for a primary care curriculum that could be integrated into a longitudinal primary care experience spanning undergraduate medical education and delivered to all students regardless of their eventual career choice.
The authors organized this blueprint into three domains: care management, specific areas of content expertise, and understanding the role of primary care in the health care system. Within each domain, they described specific curriculum content, including longitudinality, generalism, central responsibility for managing care, therapeutic alliance/communication, approach to acute and chronic care, wellness and prevention, mental and behavioral health, systems improvement, interprofessional training, and population health, as well as competencies that all medical students should attain by graduation.
The proposed curriculum incorporates important core features of doctoring, which are often affirmed by all disciplines but owned by none. The authors argue that primary care educators are natural stewards of this curriculum content and can ensure that it complements and strengthens all aspects of undergraduate medical education.
A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Phase IIb Trial of Avoidance of Hyperoxemia during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: McGuinness Shay P. , Parke Rachael L. , Drummond Kate , Willcox Tim , Bailey Michael ,   on behalf of the SO-COOL investigators
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Cardiac surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is one of the most common forms of major surgery. Cardiac surgery–associated multiorgan dysfunction (CSA-MOD) is well recognized and includes acute kidney injury (AKI), hepatic impairment, myocardial damage, and postoperative neurologic deficit. Pathophysiology of CSA-MOD involves numerous injurious pathways linked to the use of CPB including oxidative stress and formation of reactive iron species. During cardiac surgery with CPB, arterial return blood is oxygenated to supranormal levels. This study aimed to determine whether the avoidance of arterial hyperoxemia decreased oxidative stress and reduced the severity of the multiorgan dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery utilizing CPB.

Methods
The study was a multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, randomized controlled study of the avoidance of arterial hyperoxemia versus usual care in patients undergoing cardiac surgery involving CPB. Primary outcome was the incidence and severity of AKI. Secondary outcomes included serum biomarkers for CSA-MOD, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of intensive care and hospital stay.

Results
A total of 298 patients were randomized and analyzed at two hospitals in New Zealand and Australia. Mean Pao
2 was significantly different between groups during CPB. There was no difference in the development of AKI (intervention arm 72.0% vs. usual care 66.2%; difference, −5.8% [95% CI, −16.1 to 4.7%]; P = 0.28), other markers of organ damage, or intensive care unit and hospital length of stay.

Conclusions
Avoiding modest hyperoxemia during CPB failed to demonstrate any difference in AKI, markers of organ damage, or length of stay.
Effect of Intralipid® on the Dose of Ropivacaine or Levobupivacaine Tolerated by Volunteers
Authors: Dureau Pauline , Charbit Beny , Nicolas Nathalie , Benhamou Dan , Mazoit Jean-Xavier 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Rapid intravenous administration of lipid emulsion has become the standard treatment of severe local anesthetic systemic toxicity. This experiment in volunteers aimed at determining the effect of Intralipid® administration on the time to neurologic symptoms.

Methods
Ropivacaine or levobupivacaine was infused intravenously in 16 volunteers (8 mg/min up to 120 mg) with 120 ml Intralipid® 20% (Fresenius, Paris France) or placebo infused at T + 2 min). Each subject received all four treatments in a crossover manner. The infusion was stopped after the intended dose had been administered or on occurrence of incipient neurologic signs of toxicity. The primary outcome was time-to-event. In addition, blood ropivacaine and levobupivacaine concentrations were measured.

Results
The dose infused was not different whether volunteers received placebo (81.7 ± 22.3 vs. 80.8 ± 31.7 mg, ropivacaine vs. levobupivacaine) or Intralipid® (75.7 ± 29.1 vs. 69.4 ± 26.2 mg, ropivacaine vs. levobupivacaine), P = 0.755, Intralipid® versus placebo groups. Plasma concentrations were best modeled with an additional volume of distribution associated with Intralipid®. Simulations suggested that decreased peak concentrations would be seen if Intralipid® was given during a period of increasing concentrations after extravascular administration.

Conclusions
At modestly toxic doses of ropivacaine or levobupivacaine, we were unable to find any effect of the infusion of Intralipid® on the time to early signs of neurologic toxicity in volunteers. Peak concentration was decreased by 26 to 30% in the subjects receiving Intralipid®. Simulations showed that Intralipid® might prevent the rapid increase of local anesthetic concentration after extravascular administration.