bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind Effects on Flow Patterns and Net Fluxes in Density‐Driven High‐Latitude Channel Flow
Authors: Huntley Helga S. , Ryan Patricia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA semianalytic two‐dimensional model is used to analyze the interplay between the different forces acting on density‐driven flow in high‐latitude channels. In particular, the balance between wind stress, viscous forces, baroclinicity, and sea surface slope adjustments under specified flux conditions is examined. Weak winds are found not to change flow patterns appreciably, with minimal (<7%) adjustments to horizontal velocity maxima. In low‐viscosity regimes, strong winds change the flow significantly, especially at the surface, by either strengthening the dual‐jet pattern, established without wind, by a factor of 2–3 or initiating return flow at the surface. A nonzero flux does not result in the addition of a uniform velocity throughout the channel cross section, but modifies both along‐channel and cross‐channel velocities to become more symmetric, dominated by a down‐channel jet centered in the domain and counter‐clockwise lateral flow. We also consider formulations of the model that allow adjustments of the net flux in response to the wind. Flow patterns change, beyond uniform intensification or weakening, only for strong winds and high Ekman number. Comparisons of the model results to observational data collected in Nares Strait in the Canadian Archipelago in the summer of 2007 show rough agreement, but the model misses the upstream surface jet on the east side of the strait and propagates bathymetric effects too strongly in the vertical for this moderately high eddy viscosity. Nonetheless, the broad strokes of the observed high‐latitude flow are reproduced.
Influence of Glacier Melting and River Discharges on the Nutrient Distribution and DIC Recycling in the Southern Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Vargas Cristian A. , Cuevas L. Antonio , Silva Nelson , González Humberto E. , De Pol‐Holz Ricardo , Narváez Diego A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Chilean Patagonia constitutes one of the most important and extensive fjord systems worldwide, therefore can be used as a natural laboratory to elucidate the pathway of both organic and inorganic matter in the receiving environment. In this study we use data collected during an intensive oceanographic cruise along the Magellan Strait into the Almirantazgo Fjord in southern Patagonia to evaluate how different sources of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and recycling may impact particulate organic carbon (POC) δ13C and influence the nutrients and carbonate system spatial distribution. The carbonate system presented large spatial heterogeneity. The lowest total alkalinity and DIC were associated to freshwater dilution observed near melting glaciers. The δ13CDIC analysis suggests that most DIC in the upper 50 m depth was not derived from terrestrial organic matter remineralization. 13C‐depleted riverine and ice‐melting DIC influence the DIC pool along the study area, but due to that DIC concentration from rivers and glaciers is relatively low, atmospheric carbon contribution or biological processes seem to be more relevant. Intense undersaturation of CO2 was observed in high chlorophyll waters. Respired DIC coming from the bottom waters seems to be almost insignificant for the inorganic carbon pool and therefore do not impact significantly the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon and POC in the upper 50 m depth. Considering the combined effect of cold and low alkalinity waters due to ice melting, our results highlight the importance of these processes in determining corrosive waters for CaCO3 and local acidification processes associated to calving glacier in fjord ecosystems.
Topography Controls the Abundance of Siberian Larch Forest
Authors: Sato Hisashi , Kobayashi Hideki 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLarch trees are the dominant elements of coniferous forests in Eastern Siberia, and its abundance largely depends on local hydrological conditions, which are predominantly mediated by topographic properties at the 100 m scale. The present study evaluated how geographic heterogeneity of the larch forest is formed with a special focus on topography and its related environmental heterogeneity. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted for larch‐dominated areas to aggregate the geographic correlations among environmental variables, namely, topographic properties, flooding risk, and climatic variables. In the PCA, the first three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) explained the 63.6% of geographical heterogeneity of environmental variables. PC1, PC2, and PC3 were tightly correlated with the environmental gradient along latitude, soil water holding capacity, and slope aspect, respectively. Employing these first three PCs as independent variables, a multiple regression equation was calculated to explain geographic heterogeneity of larch LAI. The multiple regression equation extracted trends that the larch LAI becomes higher for environmental conditions of (1) lower latitude, (2) higher soil water holding capacity until a certain threshold, and (3) south‐faced slope. The 2 × 2 contingency tables of inundation risks and presence of larch forest showed that larch forests avoid areas threatened by flooding. These results suggest that topographic properties, besides climatic environment, control the abundance of larch forest via both drought and flooding stresses in Eastern Siberia.
Reply to Comment by Lu et al. on “An Efficient and Stable Hydrodynamic Model With Novel Source Term Discretization Schemes for Overland Flow and Flood Simulations”
Authors: Xia Xilin , Liang Qiuhua , Ming Xiaodong , Hou Jingming 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis document addresses the comments raised by Lu et al. (2017). Lu et al. (2017) proposed an alternative numerical treatment for implementing the fully implicit friction discretization in Xia et al. (2017). The method by Lu et al. (2017) is also effective, but not necessarily easier to implement or more efficient. The numerical wiggles observed by Lu et al. (2017) do not affect the overall solution accuracy of the surface reconstruction method (SRM). SRM introduces an antidiffusion effect, which may also lead to more accurate numerical predictions than hydrostatic reconstruction (HR) but may be the cause of the numerical wiggles. As suggested by Lu et al. (2017), HR may perform equally well if fine enough grids are used, which has been investigated and recognized in the literature. However, the use of refined meshes in simulations will inevitably increase computational cost and the grid sizes as suggested are too small for real‐world applications.
Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne)
Authors: Eck Werner 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The Germanic tribe of the Ubii settled in Caesar's time on the right bank of the Rhine, around the river Lahn, with their center at the Dünsberg. Then, in 19/18
bc,
Agrippa, Augustus’ son‐in‐law, settled a major part of the Ubii on the left bank of the Rhine bend at Cologne. This settlement would be given the status of
colonia
in
ad
50. Its manifest prosperity was based on cereal production and the manufacture of glass and pottery. With the increasing instability of the region from the mid‐third century, its fortunes fluctuated until it finally fell to the Germans some time in the first half of the fifth century.
Bakers and baking
Authors: Morgan Harry 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBakers (Greekartokopoi/artopoioi/artopōloi, Latinpistores) played an indispensable role in the ancient food supply. Bread was the basic staple of the ancient diet, and its production was of central concern to communities across the Mediterranean. In Classical Athens and in imperial Rome, citizens were served by large commercialized bakeries. Baking is also widely attested in domestic contexts as a servile or female activity. Professional bakers were usually responsible for all stages of the milling and bread‐making process. While some bakers achieved great wealth and social prestige, baking on the whole was frowned upon by ancient authors; it was not uncommon for bakers to come into conflict with civic authorities in times of grain shortage.
Firewood
Authors: Veal Robyn J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Wood was the main fuel of the ancient world, with fossil fuels little understood. Agricultural residues (e.g., chaff, nutshells, olive oil pressing residues), and even animal bones, also played their part in the fuel supply, especially in poorly wooded areas. Dead wood, as well as easily collected fresh wood, usually in small dimensions, was the preferred fuel. These smaller diameter woods (ca. three to perhaps 10 cm in diameter) were cropped regularly, providing a renewable resource. Wood fuel was also made into charcoal, which was consumed both domestically and industrially, especially for the smelting and smithing of metals, and in particular in iron making. Historical sources on firewood are few, with firewood consumption patterns through time being observed through collection of charcoal from archaeological sites; followed by identification of the wood types under a microscope. These are then interpreted in light of the site's cultural, economic, and climatic background.
Hats
Authors: Stern Gaius 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Greeks and Romans wore a variety of hats, some of which denote office or status. The most widely seen Greek hats were the wide brimmed traveler's hat and the so‐called Odysseus Albanian hat (to which one could add boars’ tusks to make a helmet of status). The most famous Roman hat is the
pilleus
(freedman's cap), but also of note is the
galerus
, worn by certain priests. Much of our evidence comes from Greek vases and Roman coins.
Looms
Authors: Öhrman Magdalena 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In weaving, the loom keeps the thread system stretched, allowing the combination of warp and weft threads. Ancient looms range from flexible devices (e.g., ground looms) to fixed frames (warp‐weighted loom; two‐beam loom). The development of loom types depends on availability of raw materials for textile production, desired features of woven textiles, craft, and cultural tradition.
Soap
Authors: Blonski Michel 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Detergents, in classical antiquity, were of varied nature. Soap existed as such, but primarily in the form of a cosmetic designed for hair; however, after the first century
ce
, medical sources describe it as a cleansing material in its own right. The main material was
nitrum
, usually soda salt, commonly used in baths along with oil.
Wind gods
Authors: Cursaru Gabriela 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Although they are usually labeled as “nature deities,” the Wind gods are rather atmospheric phenomena, personified or mythologized figures, anthropomorphic religious agents and minor deities, all at the same time. The winds were among the elemental forces which are animated, yet only partially endowed with anthropomorphic forms and divine personalities. Poorly defined, they often form obscure swarms of anonymous natural forces. Yet, four anthropomorphic (directional) wind spirits or atmospheric deities were personified as Wind gods.
Selge
Authors: Nollé Johannes 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAlongside Termessos and Sagalassos, Selge was one of Pisidia's leading cities; Strabo refers to the Selgians as the most important of the Pisidians (12.7.1). Selge reached its heyday in Hellenistic times, but was unable to retain its former importance in the Roman imperial period. The city was situated approximately 1000 m above sea level, at the foot of the Bozburun mountain chain (2504 m), a southern branch of the main ridge of the Tauros. It lies some 3 km as the crow flies from the Eurymedon (Köprü çay) valley, within the modern Turkish village of Altınkaya. Until well into the twentieth century, Selge preserved its ancient name in the form of Zerk. It possessed a vast mountainous territory, which is praised by Strabo as unexpectedly rich and well developed with roads and bridges (12.7.3); some of which are still visible today. The city state of Selge yielded oil, wine, aromatic and medical herbs, and, in particular, timber (Nollé 2013); it was also very well suited to cattle breeding. Selge's neighbors may have been the cities of Perge, Sillyon, Aspendos, and Etenna (with Erymna and Kotenna ?) to the south, Pednelissos and Adada to the west, and Timbriada and Amblada to the north. The tribe of the Homonadeis is likely to have been Selge's eastern neighbor.
War in art, Roman
Authors: Faust Stephan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In the Roman world, non‐mythological images of war were a means of transforming military success as well as military qualities into prestige and power by presenting tendentious, culturally defined visions of events, patterns of behavior, and ideological concepts. According to the archaeological record, such scenes, which could refer to different stages and forms of warfare, mainly survive in the context of public as well as funeral monuments. Since military achievements were of the highest social importance, state institutions as well as individuals were equally keen to commission war images for honorary purposes or self‐promotion.
Sharuna
Authors: Huber Béatrice 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Excavations of the University of Tübingen (Germany) at Kom el‐Ahmar/Sharuna (Middle Egypt) uncovered a settlement that dates from the Eary Dynastic to Late Roman‐Byzantine times. Excavations have been carried out in the settlement mound (
kom
) of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period, in the necropolis, which contains tombs from the end of the Old Kingdom and Ptolemaic period, and finally in a Late Roman funerary basilica surrounded by a vast cemetery. The monastery of Deir el‐Qarabin stands in the desert, with economic facilities and a religious compound. This was the center of a
laura
with several scattered hermitages. The site of Sharuna was probably abandoned in the seventh or eighth century.
Kleitomachos
Authors: Ioppolo Anna Maria 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Kleitomachos, whose native name was Hasdrubal, was an Academic philosopher, head of the skeptical Academy from 127/6 to 110/9
bce
. Born at Carthage in Africa in 187/6
bce
, he moved to Athens at the age of twenty‐four and entered the Academy four years later in 159/8
bce
, becoming the most industrious of Karneades’ pupils. In 140/39
bce
he left the Academy and established his own school in the Palladium, only returning to the Academy as a scholarch after Karneades’ death (129/8
bce
). He died in 110/9
bce
and was succeeded by Philon of Larissa. He published over 400 books; however, only a few titles have survived. His fame is especially related to his most important teacher, Karneades, whose thought he clarified through his works, according to the ancient sources.
Longinos
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Cassius Longinos (born ca. 200–213
ce
, died 273) was a highly respected scholar, who taught rhetoric, literature, and philosophy in Athens. None of his works survive (if, as most modern scholars believe, the attribution of
On Sublimity
to him is incorrect), but the range of his academic activity is reflected in the testimonia and fragments of his extensive written output. His disagreements with Plotinus placed him outside the dominant trends of later Platonism; the consequent damage to his reputation as a philosopher may be undeserved. Late in his career he moved to Palmyra. He was executed on suspicion of complicity in Zenobia's revolt when Aurelian recaptured Palmyra.
Theodoros of Cyrene
Authors: Winiarczyk Marek 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Theodoros was exiled from Cyrene in 313
bce
and stayed for some time in Athens. He gave public lectures and taught for money. In the first period of his life Theodoros emphasized self‐sufficiency and inner freedom. Therefore he rejected friendship and patriotism and asserted that the universe was his fatherland. Moreover he rejected conventional morality and proclaimed that theft, adultery, and sacrilege were justified by circumstances. His view was influenced by the sophistic antithesis of
nomos
and
physis
. His book
On the gods
repudiated not only the popular religion but also the idea of god in general. Therefore he was given the surname
atheos
. In Athens he was charged with impiety but managed to escape to Alexandria. Later Theodoros returned to Cyrene where he founded his own philosophical school, which competed with Epicurean hedonism. His supreme goal was joy (
chara
) grounded in prudence and its opposite was distress (
lype
) caused by foolishness.
Labyrinth of Crete
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In Greek Mythology, the Cretan Labyrinth was the lair of the Minotaur. King Minos ordered Daedalus to construct this maze‐like structure in order to contain the beast. Theseus entered the Labyrinth with the aid of Ariadne, killed the Minotaur, and freed the Athenian youths and maidens. Since antiquity, various travelers and scholars have been searching for this structure in various sites of central Crete. The ruins of the palace of Knossos and the cave of Agia Irene could have inspired the mythology of this Labyrinth.
Amyntas I, Macedonian king
Authors: Landucci Franca 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Amyntas I (sixth century
bce
), son of Alketas and father of Alexander I, known as the Philhellene, is the first truly historic figure of the kings of Macedonia. Amyntas ruled at the time when the Persian general Megabazos defeated the Paionians in about 512
bce
, and at Megabazos’ request became a Persian vassal. The king is supposed to have been a friend of the Peisistratids and is assumed to have died in about 498.
Chreophylakes
Authors: Migeotte Léopold 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Chreophylakes
, literally “debt keepers,” were Greek magistrates attested in numerous cities, above all in the Hellenistic and imperial periods, and in the Seleucid kingdom, whose original duty was probably to officially record debts and lists of debtors. Their functions gradually extended in Hellenistic times because a growing number of individuals used to register various documents (such as adoptions, manumissions of slaves, sales, purchases, loans) in the public archives, for reasons of security and sometimes on payment of a fee. They are attested especially in Asia Minor and the Aegean islands, but in other regions of the Greek world every city had their equivalent under other names.
Frigidus River, Battle of
Authors: Crawford Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The Battle of Frigidus River was a one‐off civil war confrontation fought on September 5–6, 394
ce
, which saw Theodosius I defeat the forces of the western usurper Eugenius under the command of Arbogast, the western
magister militum
, due to the intervention of a local meteorological phenomenon.
Gaius and Lucius Caesar
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Gaius (20
bce
–4
ce
) and Lucius (17
bce
–2
ce
) Caesar were the eldest sons of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Adopted by Augustus in 17
bce
, they came of age in 5
bce
and 2
bce
, respectively. In 1
bce
, Gaius married Livia Julia (Livilla), the daughter of Drusus the Elder and Antonia Minor. He was consul in 1
ce
with his brother‐in‐law, Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Lucius Caesar was consul designate for 4
ce
, but died in Massilia on August 20, 2
ce
, en route to his first command in Spain. On February 21, 4
ce
, Gaius died in Lycia from a wound received during the siege of Artagira. Their deaths left Augustus bereft of sons.
Julia the Younger
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Julia the Younger (ca. 19
bce
–28
ce
), the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and granddaughter of Augustus, was the wife of the conspirator L. Aemilius Paullus (cos. 1
ce
) and mother of Aemilia Lepida. In 8
ce
, she was relegated to the island of Trimerus for illicit relations with Decius Iunius Silanus. Augustus refused to raise Julia's child by Silanus, demolished her house in Rome, and forbade her burial in his Mausoleum. She remained in exile until her death in 28
ce
.
Hierokles of Alexandria
Authors: Schibli Hermann S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Hierokles of Alexandria was a Neoplatonic philosopher who flourished in the first half of the fifth century
ce
. He is the author of two works, the
Commentary on the Golden Verses of the Pythagoreans
and the treatise
On providence
. His Platonic philosophy is mainly directed toward ethics and strongly influenced by Pythagoreanism.
Phthia, mother of Philip V
Authors: D'Agostini Monica 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The Epirot princess Phthia was the granddaughter of Pyrrhos. She married Demetrios II of Macedon and became queen of Macedon. Around 238
bce
she gave birth to Philip V, Demetrios’ heir. At Demetrios’ death in 229
bce
she married Antigonos Doson, who had been appointed tutor of the young Philip V and governor of the kingdom. Doson later became king of Macedon, but Phthia's fate is unknown.
Stratonike, wife of Eumenes
II
Authors: D'Agostini Monica 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The Cappadocian princess Stratonike became queen of Pergamon in 188
bce
through her marriage to king Eumenes II. After her husband was presumed dead, she married his brother Attalos II. When Eumenes II returned, he was granted again his wife and throne. At Eumenes’ death she re‐married Attalos II. She survived Attalos II, and died during the reign of Attalos III. She was honored with statues in Delos and Pergamon.
Alexander Romance
Authors: Djurslev Christian Thrue 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The most popular biography of Alexander the Great in the ancient world was the novelistic three‐book fiction, the
Life of Alexander of Macedon
or, simply, the
Alexander romance
(
AR
). The Greek work is attributed to various authors, including Aristotle, Aesop, and Callisthenes, but without any certainty. The text also survives in Latin and Armenian translations from the fourth and fifth centuries
ce
respectively. As it stands, the
AR
is a fanciful version of the historical campaigns of Alexander the Great. The text made a profound impact on later cultural traditions across the Mediterranean world and eventually in the rest of Eurasia.
Nag Hammadi Codices
Authors: Burns Dylan M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Upon their discovery in 1945, the Nag Hammadi codices immediately became the largest and most important body of sources for the study of ancient Gnosticism. Comprising twelve books written in Coptic, they contain many Gnostic, apocryphal, and even Neoplatonic early Christian texts, most of which were hitherto unknown or lost. Their language is also instrumental for the study of Coptic linguistics, especially the dialects. The origin and even the history of the discovery of the codices remain hotly‐contested by scholars.
Cleopatra Thea
Authors: McAuley Alex 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Cleopatra Thea Eueteria (ca. 164–121
bce
), second child of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II, was a Ptolemaic princess, first sent to Syria by her father, who would later go on to become the wife of three Seleucid kings and mother of four sons who would eventually take the Seleucid throne. She was the first woman in the Seleucid dynasty to rule alone over Phoenician Syria for a period in 126/125
bce
, and then as co‐regent until her death in 121/120.
Charon of Lampsakos
Authors: Alley Dennis R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Charon of Lampsakos was an important early Greek historian of the late sixth or early fifth century
bce
. His numerous works covered a wide range of topics. Perhaps most importantly, he is frequently cited as the earliest historian of the Greco‐Persian Wars and commonly put in comparison with Herodotus of Halicarnassus.