bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrimination of Explosions and Earthquakes: An Example Based on Spectra and Source Parameters of the 11th May 1998 Pokhran Explosion and the 9th April 2009 Earthquake
Authors: Baruah Bandana , Kumar Prakash , Kumar M. Ravi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:
We compare the P-, S- and Lg-spectra of the 11th May, 1998 Pokhran underground nuclear explosion (NE) with those of an earthquake (EQ) of comparable magnitude that occurred in its vicinity (~100 km west) on 9th April, 2009, utilizing the waveforms recorded by a Global Seismograph Network station at Nilore (NIL), Pakistan. The contiguous occurrence of these events and the similarity of the travel paths provided a good opportunity to discriminate the nature of the sources. Our results suggest that the Pn/Lg and Pn/Sn amplitude ratios of the explosion and earthquake waveforms exhibit distinct differences in the higher frequency window. Further, since the P-phases have high signal to noise ratio compared to their S counterparts, we utilize their spectra to derive the source parameters of the NE and EQ sources. Our results show that the seismic moment, corner frequency and source dimension of the explosion are ~1.58X1017 Nm, 1.18 Hz and ~0.793 km respectively. The moment magnitude (MW) and surface wave magnitude (MS) for the nuclear explosion are estimated to be ~5.4 and ~3.57 respectively. The values of MW (5.3) and MS (4.3) obtained by us for the earthquake are consistent with the estimates in the Harvard catalog and earlier published results. The estimate of MW for the nuclear explosion was hitherto not available. Lastly, we estimate the yield of the NE to be ~50 kt from the surface wave magnitude and discuss the various limitations related to its estimation.
Alteration of Volcanic Glass to Well-crystallized Ferrosaponite in the Vesicles of the Deccan Trap Basalts at Bhuleshwar Ghat Section, Pune District, Maharashtra
Authors: Sarkar Pradeep K. , Upasani Devdutt V. , Wani Vibhuti 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:
Clay minerals formed mainly by the alteration of volcanic glass are reported by many workers. The commonly formed minerals belonging to the smectite group especially nontronite and ferrosaponite are widely reported by many in basalts. However, most of the reports suggest the formation of ferrosaponite in marine conditions (Zhou et al., 1992; Chen et al., 1996) or by hydrothermal solutions (Shayan et. al., (1988)). Origin of ferrosaponite in continental flood basalts by a mechanism of alteration of volcanic glass to ferrosaponite is reported in the paper. The different stages involved in the alteration process are also highlighted.
Mapping Lithology and Assessing Recharge Characteristics in a Granitic Hard Rock Aquifer: Inference from 2D Resistivity, Induced Polarization, Tracer and Moisture Measurements
Authors: Kumar Dewashish , Shankar G. B. K , Mondal Setbandhu , Venkatesam V. , Sridhar K. , Rao P. N. , Madhnure Pandith , Rangarajan R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:
Two dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) investigation along with Time Domain Induced Polarization (TDIP) investigation covering 1.6 km line were carried out at 3 natural recharge sites in a overexploited groundwater granite watershed, situated in a semi arid region in the state of Telangana, India. At these sites, shallow and/or deep moisture influx measurements were also carried out using injected tritium tracer and neutron moisture probe. The watershed is covered by sandy loam to silt loam soil, receives an average annual rainfall of 620 mm with the pre monsoon groundwater level ranging from 8m to 29m bgl. The spot investigations were done to assess and understand the recharge process and groundwater potential in terms of resistivity/conductivity and moisture characteristics of the subsurface rock formation.
The measured and 2D inverted resistivity models shows soil, highly weathered and moderately weathered zones up to a depth of 22m followed by semi-weathered and massive granites up to the maximum depth of 78m. The resistivity values of the soil and shallow weathered zones varying between ~5-50 Ohm.m up to a depth of 12m. The large variation in resistivity values of the soil and weathered zone is probably indicative of large variation in the moisture potential. The resistivity models clearly mapped the granitic hard rock structure in the depth range of 22 – 78m, which has a significant resistivity contrast (~1500-11000 Ohm.m) with respect to the overlying semi weathered layers. The modeled 2D resistivity data at a site in two perpendicular directions shows similar geological structure and geoelectric layers. The TDIP dataset shows insignificant chargeability variations (1-7 mV/V) up to the investigated depth of 78m, which probably indicates low to moderate moisture and groundwater potential in the vadoze and saturated zones of the aquifer. The experimental investigations provide scope for assessing dynamic recharge and groundwater potential at selected sites in an overexploited granite watershed in the present geological context.
Nongeniculate Coralline Algae from Early Middle Miocene Offshore Sequence of Kachchh Basin, Western India: Paleoenvironmental Significance
Authors: Kundal P. , Kundal Milind P. , Humane S. K. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:
The present paper reports five nongeniculate coralline algal species, viz., Lithothamnion valens Foslie, Mesophyllum roveretoi Conti, Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) Adey and Mckibbin, Melobesioideae gen. et spec. indet. and Lithoporella melobesioides Foslie form the early middle Miocene Chhasra Formation of Offshore Sequence of Kachchh basin, western India. The present day depth distribution of Lithothamnion and Mesophyllum and growth forms of five nongeniculate coralline algal species points that the two cores belonging to the Chhasra Formation of offshore sequence of Kachchh basin were deposited in inner shelf environment at 60-100m depth in moderate-energy conditions.
Sinian-Ordovician Hydrocarbon-source Rock Correlation and Hydrocarbon-generation Evolution in Central and Southeastern Sichuan, China
Authors: Fanghao Xu , Haifeng Yuan , Fanggen Xu , Guosheng Xu , Xiaoyu Hu , Jiaju Liang 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:
Geology, stratigraphy, drilling, logging, biomarker studies and apatite fission tracks were used to study Sinian-Ordovician mudstone and reservoir bitumen extracted from exploration wells located in central and southeastern Sichuan. This analysis confirms the source rocks were located in a reducing sedimentary environment, with organic matter such as bacteria and algae. The bitumen found in Sinian-Ordovician reservoirs in central Sichuan and Sinian reservoirs in southeastern Sichuan were mostly derived from Cambrian mudstones. The reservoir bitumen found in Cambrian rocks in southeastern Sichuan are from a mixed Cambrian-Silurian source. The apatite fission track combined with the Easy% Ro model were used to reconstruct the hydrocarbon-generation history of Cambrian source rocks in the Dingshan 1 well in southeastern Sichuan. The comparison between the Gaoke 1 well located in central Sichuan and the Dingshan 1 well demonstrates the maturation time and oil and gas generation stage from Cambrian source rocks in southeastern Sichuan is younger than the source rocks from central Sichuan. The source rock formations underwent tectonic uplift and reburial for secondary hydrocarbon-generation. The research methods provided can assist in oil exploration of deep and old hydrocarbon-bearing strata with a multi-stage evolution and tectonically superimposed features in the Chinese Qinghai-Tibet plateau basin, or similar basins worldwide.
Design of a drying system for a rollover carwash machine using CFD
Authors: Sabet Seyyed M.M. , Marques Jorge , Torres Rui , Nova Mario , Nóbrega João M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This work describes the design and development of a new drying system for a rollover carwash machine with the support of numerical tools. The drying system is composed of a pair of stationary vertical dryers and a moveable horizontal dryer that can adjust itself to the contour of a vehicle. After the definition of the dryers' concept, their performance was assessed individually to check their internal flow pattern and to improve their airflow distribution. These issues are expected to provide feedback on redesign and geometric optimization of the dryers. After redesign of the dryers separately, the behaviour of the complete drying system was studied on actual vehicle models, representative of the shortest and tallest dimensions that can be washed with the existing carwash machine sector. The drying efficiency of the whole system was studied by calculation of shear stress distribution on various surfaces of a given vehicle. The results allowed concluding that the overall drying performance of the design system is very good and assure adequate drying on most vehicles surfaces. The results obtained from numerical studies were then validated with experimental measurements and a good agreement was found between the two. The procedure employed in this work can be applied to support the design and analysis of other mechanical drying systems.
Highlights A new drying system design is proposed for a rollover carwash machine. A model is presented for the detachment of water droplets on solid surfaces based on airflow-imposed shear stress. The drying efficiency of the new design is assessed using the above criterion. The new design shows effective drying results on most vehicle models.
Use of Lightweight Lime Mortar in the Construction of the West Church of Umm el-Jimal, Jordan: Radiocarbon Dating and Characterization
Authors: Al-Bashaireh Khaled 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLightweight concrete was widely used and mainly spread during the Roman period. This technology was used in the West Church, Umm el-Jimal, Jordan. The date of construction of the West Church is debated and different dates have been suggested based on its architectural styles and comparisons with other churches. This research aims to radiocarbon date the construction of the dome (church), archaeometrically characterize the mortar, and determine the source of the scoria. Three charcoals and two broken pieces comprising scoria from the mortar of the fallen dome and six large scoria samples from Quais cone were collected. The research used different analytical methods including accelerator mass spectrometry14C, X-ray diffraction, petrographic microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.14C determinations dated the dome (church) to the Late Roman–Early Byzantine periods, which contradicted the archaeological data. Analytical results showed that the mortar is lime-based and hydraulic. The similarities in the mineralogical composition, macroscopic and microscopic features, and chemical composition (compared statistically) of the scoria samples and the short distance between Umm el-Jimal and the Quais volcanic cone very likely indicate that the Quais volcanic cone is the source of the scoria used in the fallen dome.
Extreme values and crossings for the X 2-Process and Other Functions of Multidimensional Gaussian Processes, by Reliability Applications
Authors: Lindgren Georg 
Published: July 2016

Extreme values of non-linear functions of multivariate Gaussian processes are of considerable interest in engineering sciences dealing with the safety of structures. One then seeks thesurvivalprobabilitywhereX(t) = (X1(t), …,Xn(t)) is a stationary, multivariate Gaussianloadprocess, andSis asafe region.In general, the asymptotic survival probability for largeT-values is the most interesting quantity.By considering the point process formed by the extreme points of the vector processX(t), and proving a general Poisson convergence theorem, we obtain the asymptotic survival probability for a large class of safe regions, including those defined by the level curves of any second- (or higher-) degree polynomial in (x1, …,xn). This makes it possible to give an asymptotic theory for the so-called Hasofer-Lind reliability index, β = inf&gt;x∉S||x||, i.e. the smallest distance from the origin to an unsafe point.
Psychological processes underlying the association between childhood trauma and psychosis in daily life: an experience sampling study
Authors: Reininghaus U. , Gayer-Anderson C. , Valmaggia L. , Kempton M. J. , Calem M. , Onyejiaka A. , Hubbard K. , Dazzan P. , Beards S. , Fisher H. L. , Mills J. G. , McGuire P. , Craig T. K. J. , Garety P. , van Os J. , Murray R. M. , Wykes T. , Myin-Germeys I. , Morgan C. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundEvidence has accumulated that implicates childhood trauma in the aetiology of psychosis, but our understanding of the putative psychological processes and mechanisms through which childhood trauma impacts on individuals and contributes to the development of psychosis remains limited. We aimed to investigate whether stress sensitivity and threat anticipation underlie the association between childhood abuse and psychosis.MethodWe used the Experience Sampling Method to measure stress, threat anticipation, negative affect, and psychotic experiences in 50 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, 44 At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) participants, and 52 controls. Childhood abuse was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.ResultsAssociations of minor socio-environmental stress in daily life with negative affect and psychotic experiences were modified by sexual abuse and group (all pFWE < 0.05). While there was strong evidence that these associations were greater in FEP exposed to high levels of sexual abuse, and some evidence of greater associations in ARMS exposed to high levels of sexual abuse, controls exposed to high levels of sexual abuse were more resilient and reported less intense negative emotional reactions to socio-environmental stress. A similar pattern was evident for threat anticipation.ConclusionsElevated sensitivity and lack of resilience to socio-environmental stress and enhanced threat anticipation in daily life may be important psychological processes underlying the association between childhood sexual abuse and psychosis.
In Defense of Cooper v. Aaron: Distinguishing among Judicial Supremacy Claims
Authors: Harriger Katy J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the debate about the legitimacy of judicial supremacy, Cooper v. Aaron, the Little Rock desegregation case, is identified by both sides as critical to their argument. Defenders insist that Cooper exemplifies the need for a final authority in matters constitutional. Critics argue that the Court was wrong as a matter of democratic theory or empirical reality. In this article I argue that while it is true as a matter of empirical reality that the Court's interpretation is not the final word, the Court's assertion can be defended nonetheless. Relying on archival sources from the case, I explore the conditions under which the Court made the claim. To defend Cooper, however, does not require the defense of all assertions of judicial supremacy. I conclude by offering a preliminary analysis of how we might distinguish between more legitimate assertions of judicial supremacy and less legitimate ones.
Anthropology on trial: exploring the laws of anthropological expertise
Authors: Zenker Olaf 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the role of anthropological expertise in shaping the outcome of legal proceedings under conditions of cultural diversity. Taking the state-driven land-restitution process in post-apartheid South Africa as its point of reference, the text reflects upon the work of anthropological experts in a number of cases and shows how their theoretical and political stances shaped the trajectories of their legal engagements. Pointing towards frictions that emerge in acts of translation between the seemingly objectivist rhetoric evoked in court and more relativist and subjectivist stances within the academy, the paper revisits and problematises debates around strategic essentialism. Sketching instead the contours of a ‘recursive anthropology’ that expresses itself in terms of a post-positivist universalism, the paper turns on the author's use of his own expertise in support of a White land claim, probing – and critically reflecting upon – the practical potential of a form of expertise grounded in such a recursive anthropology.
Distraction of Mental Arithmetic by Background Speech
Authors: Perham Nick , Marsh John E. , Clarkson Martin , Lawrence Rosie , Sörqvist Patrik 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. When solving mental arithmetic problems, one can easily be distracted by someone speaking in the background and this distraction is greater if the speech comprises numbers. We explored the basis of this disruption by asking participants to solve mental addition problems (e.g., “45 + 17 = ?”) in three different conditions: background speech comprising numbers in ascending order (e.g., “61, 62, 63, 64, 65”), background speech comprising numbers in descending order (e.g., “65, 64, 63, 62, 61”), and quiet. Performance was best in quiet, worse in the descending numbers condition, and poorest in the ascending numbers condition. In view of these findings, we suggest that disruption arises as a by-product of preventing the primed, but inaccurate, candidate responses from assuming the control of action. Alternative explanations are also discussed.
Nuclear localization of platelet-activating factor receptor controls retinal neovascularization
Authors: K Bhosle Vikrant , Rivera José Carlos , Zhou Tianwei , Omri Samy , Sanchez Melanie , Hamel David , Zhu Tang , Rouget Raphael , Rabea Areej Al , Hou Xin , Lahaie Isabelle , Ribeiro-da-Silva Alfredo , Chemtob Sylvain 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPlatelet-activating factor (PAF) is a pleiotropic phospholipid with proinflammatory, procoagulant and angiogenic actions on the vasculature. We and others have reported the presence of PAF receptor (Ptafr) at intracellular sites such as the nucleus. However, mechanisms of localization and physiologic functions of intracellular Ptafr remain poorly understood. We hereby identify the importance of C-terminal motif of the receptor and uncover novel roles of Rab11a GTPase and importin-5 in nuclear translocation of Ptafr in primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Nuclear localization of Ptafr is independent of exogenous PAF stimulation as well as intracellular PAF biosynthesis. Moreover, nuclear Ptafr is responsible for the upregulation of unique set of growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, in vitro and ex vivo. We further corroborate the intracrine PAF signaling, resulting in angiogenesis in vivo, using Ptafr antagonists with distinct plasma membrane permeability. Collectively, our findings show that nuclear Ptafr translocates in an agonist-independent manner, and distinctive functions of Ptafr based on its cellular localization point to another dimension needed for pharmacologic selectivity of drugs.
Human islets contain four distinct subtypes of β cells
Authors: Dorrell Craig , Schug Jonathan , Canaday Pamela S. , Russ Holger A. , Tarlow Branden D. , Grompe Maria T. , Horton Tamara , Hebrok Matthias , Streeter Philip R. , Kaestner Klaus H. , Grompe Markus 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHuman pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain five distinct endocrine cell types, each producing a characteristic hormone. The dysfunction or loss of the insulin-producing β cells causes diabetes mellitus, a disease that harms millions. Until now, β cells were generally regarded as a single, homogenous cell population. Here we identify four antigenically distinct subtypes of human β cells, which we refer to as β1–4, and which are distinguished by differential expression of ST8SIA1 and CD9. These subpopulations are always present in normal adult islets and have diverse gene expression profiles and distinct basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Importantly, the β cell subtype distribution is profoundly altered in type 2 diabetes. These data suggest that this antigenically defined β cell heterogeneity is functionally and likely medically relevant.
Bottom-up synthesis of chiral covalent organic frameworks and their bound capillaries for chiral separation
Authors: Qian Hai-Long , Yang Cheng-Xiong , Yan Xiu-Ping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a novel class of porous materials, and offer great potential for various applications. However, the applications of COFs in chiral separation and chiral catalysis are largely underexplored due to the very limited chiral COFs available and their challenging synthesis. Here we show a bottom-up strategy to construct chiral COFs and an in situ growth approach to fabricate chiral COF-bound capillary columns for chiral gas chromatography. We incorporate the chiral centres into one of the organic ligands for the synthesis of the chiral COFs. We subsequently in situ prepare the COF-bound capillary columns. The prepared chiral COFs and their bound capillary columns give high resolution for the separation of enantiomers with excellent repeatability and reproducibility. The proposed strategy provides a promising platform for the synthesis of chiral COFs and their chiral separation application.
Treatment of ongoing autoimmune encephalomyelitis with activated B-cell progenitors maturing into regulatory B cells
Authors: Korniotis Sarantis , Gras Christophe , Letscher Hélène , Montandon Ruddy , Mégret Jérôme , Siegert Stefanie , Ezine Sophie , Fallon Padraic G. , Luther Sanjiv A. , Fillatreau Simon , Zavala Flora 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe influence of signals perceived by immature B cells during their development in bone marrow on their subsequent functions as mature cells are poorly defined. Here, we show that bone marrow cells transiently stimulated in vivo or in vitro through the Toll-like receptor 9 generate proB cells (CpG-proBs) that interrupt experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when transferred at the onset of clinical symptoms. Protection requires differentiation of CpG-proBs into mature B cells that home to reactive lymph nodes, where they trap T cells by releasing the CCR7 ligand, CCL19, and to inflamed central nervous system, where they locally limit immunopathogenesis through interleukin-10 production, thereby cooperatively inhibiting ongoing EAE. These data demonstrate that a transient inflammation at the environment, where proB cells develop, is sufficient to confer regulatory functions onto their mature B-cell progeny. In addition, these properties of CpG-proBs open interesting perspectives for cell therapy of autoimmune diseases.
Claspin recruits Cdc7 kinase for initiation of DNA replication in human cells
Authors: Yang Chi-Chun , Suzuki Masahiro , Yamakawa Shiori , Uno Syuzi , Ishii Ai , Yamazaki Satoshi , Fukatsu Rino , Fujisawa Ryo , Sakimura Kenji , Tsurimoto Toshiki , Masai Hisao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractClaspin transmits replication stress signal from ATR to Chk1 effector kinase as a mediator. It also plays a role in efficient replication fork progression during normal growth. Here we have generated conditional knockout of Claspin and show that Claspin knockout mice are dead by E12.5 and Claspin knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells show defect in S phase. Using the mutant cell lines, we report the crucial roles of the acidic patch (AP) near the C terminus of Claspin in initiation of DNA replication. Cdc7 kinase binds to AP and this binding is required for phosphorylation of Mcm. AP is involved also in intramolecular interaction with a N-terminal segment, masking the DNA-binding domain and a newly identified PIP motif, and Cdc7-mediated phosphorylation reduces the intramolecular interaction. Our results suggest a new role of Claspin in initiation of DNA replication during normal S phase through the recruitment of Cdc7 that facilitates phosphorylation of Mcm proteins.