bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids CUMYL-PICA and 5F-CUMYL-PICA
Authors: Kevin Richard C. , Lefever Timothy W. , Snyder Rodney W. , Patel Purvi R. , Fennell Timothy R. , Wiley Jenny L. , McGregor Iain S. , Thomas Brian F. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
CUMYL-PICA [1-pentyl-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide] and 5F-CUMYL-PICA [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide] are recently identified recreationally used/abused synthetic cannabinoids, but have uncharacterized pharmacokinetic profiles and metabolic processes. This study characterized clearance and metabolism of these compounds by human and rat liver microsomes and hepatocytes, and then compared these parameters with in vivo rat plasma and urine sampling. It also evaluated hypothermia, a characteristic cannabimimetic effect. Incubation of CUMYL-PICA and 5F-CUMYL-PICA with rat and human liver microsomes suggested rapid metabolic clearance, but in vivo metabolism was prolonged, such that parent compounds remained detectable in rat plasma 24 h post-dosing. At 3 mg/kg (intraperitoneally), both compounds produced moderate hypothermic effects. Twenty-eight metabolites were tentatively identified for CUMYL-PICA and, coincidentally, 28 metabolites for 5F-CUMYL-PICA, primarily consisting of phase I oxidative transformations and phase II glucuronidation. The primary metabolic pathways for both compounds resulted in the formation of identical metabolites following terminal hydroxylation or dealkylation of the N-pentyl chain for CUMYL-PICA or of the 5-fluoropentyl chain for 5F-CUMYL-PICA. These data provide evidence that in vivo elimination of CUMYL-PICA, 5F-CUMYL-PICA and other synthetic cannabinoids is delayed compared to in vitro modeling, possibly due to sequestration into adipose tissue. Additionally, the present data underscore the need for careful selection of metabolites as analytical targets to distinguish between closely related synthetic cannabinoids in forensic settings.
Munda mimetic reduplication
Authors: Phillips Jacob B. , Harrison K. David 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Munda languages of South Asia exhibit sound symbolism in their use of mimetic reduplication, to which they devote a surprisingly large percentage of their lexicons, typically upwards of ten percent. We present an extensive empirical typology of mimetic reduplication in seven Munda languages: Ho, Kera Mundari, Kharia, Mundari, Remo (Bondo), Santali, and Sora (Savara). Munda Mimetic forms can depict sensory qualities of sound, space, movement, texture, smell, taste, temperature, feelings, and sensations. The typology of mimetic reduplication in Munda varies across syntactic class, semantic domain and phonological form. This can shed light on the breadth of diverse structures in Munda languages, and may also be extrapolated to other languages and other examinations of reduplication and/or mimesis. This work provides a wealth of data to researchers of mimesis and reduplication, challenging the definition of what it means for forms to be sound-symbolic or reduplicated.
Big Questions and Big Data: A Reply from the Collaboratory
Authors: Hofmeester Karin , Moll-Murata Christine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn our reply to Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk’s “Big Questions and Big Data: The Role of Labour and Labour Relations in Recent Global Economic History”, we focus on her observations on the Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations. We endorse many of her suggestions to connect global labour and economic history and to regard labour relations not only as a dependent variable. In fact, as the examples from various Collab workshops and publications show, some of these ideas are already being put into practice. These examples also show that if we seriously want to combine global labour and economic history data and join the debate on the growth (or decrease) in social inequality, workers’ individual and collective agency must be taken on board. Finally, we argue that global labour and economic historians can benefit most from each other’s disciplines by truly working together in collaborative projects, developing new theories, perhaps less grand than those with which economic historians attract so much attention, but more profound.
China–HP-SSST: Last Part of Growing Pains?
Authors: AHN DUKGEUN , ZANARDI MAURIZIO 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn December 2012, Japan requested the establishment of a World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel regarding antidumping (AD) duties that China had imposed on high-performance stainless steel seamless tubes (HP-SSST). The European Union joined as a complainant in June 2013. To some degree, this dispute follows earlier ones involving China, as similar procedural and substantial issues were raised in previous cases. However, this was the first time that the WTO Panel rejected some important claims, only for those decisions to be reversed by the Appellate Body. Now that various rulings have clarified these legal issues, it remains to be seen if HP-SSST represents the last part of growing pains for Chinese authorities to learn about AD legal procedures.
US–COOL Retaliation: The WTO's Article 22.6 Arbitration
Authors: BOWN CHAD P. , BREWSTER RACHEL 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the World Trade Organization's Article 22.6 arbitration report on the dispute over the United States’ country of origin labeling (US–COOL) regulation for meat products. At prior phases of the legal process, a WTO Panel and the Appellate Body had sided with Canada and Mexico by finding that the US regulation had negatively affected their exports of livestock – cattle and hogs – to the US market. The arbitrators authorized Canada and Mexico to retaliate by over $1 billion against US exports – the second largest authorized retaliation on record and only the twelfth WTO dispute to reach the stage of an arbitration report. Our legal–economic analysis focuses on several issues in the arbitration report. First, the complainants requested that, to compute the permissible retaliation limit, the arbitrators consider a new formula that would include the effects of domestic price suppression. We present a simple, economics-based model to explain the arbitrators’ rejection of this proposal. Second, we provide market context for the $1 billion finding. The arbitrators relied on the trade effects’ formula, which sets the retaliation limit as equivalent to the perceived loss of export revenue from the WTO violation. We argue that this amount was implausibly large, given the conditions in the US market for cattle and hogs during this period. We then describe the challenges facing arbitrators as they construct such estimates, including those likely to have arisen in this dispute.
Ein kurzer Leistungstest zur Erfassung von Störungen des Gedächtnisses und der Aufmerksamkeit
Authors: Stemmler Mark , Lehfeld Hartmut , Siebert Jelena , Horn Ralf 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Der SKT nach Hellmut Erzigkeit ist ein kurzer Leistungstest zur Erfassung von Störungen des Gedächtnisses und der Aufmerksamkeit. Er wurde mithilfe eines regressionsbasierten Ansatzes nach Zachary und Gorsuch (1985) neunormiert (SKT Edition Manual 2015). Dieses war notwendig geworden, weil zum einen die letzte Normierung leicht veraltet ist, und zum anderen weil Berichte aus der Praxis vermehrt gezeigt haben, dass die alte Normierung im Bereich der beginnenden kognitiven Veränderungen zu ungenau ausfiel. Für die Neunormierung wurden 2 Datensätze verwendet (eine Stichprobe von N = 1 053 gesunden Menschen und eine klinische Stichprobe N = 930 inklusive Demenzdiagnosen). Die Stichprobe gesunder älterer Menschen diente der Berechnung von Soll-Leistungen in den Subtests. Subtrahiert man die gemessene Ist-Leistung einer neuen Testperson von deren Soll-Leistung und teilt diese Differenz durch den Standardfehler der Leistungen einer neuen Testperson (siehe Crawford & Garthwaite, 2006 ), dann entsteht eine t-Verteilung. Diese t-Verteilung ist symmetrisch um den Wert 0 verteilt; die oberen Prozentränge repräsentieren mehr Soll- als Ist-Leistungen (positive Werte für die Differenz). Die unteren Prozentränge repräsentieren schlechte Leistungen, da hier die Ist-Leistung geringer ausfällt als die Soll-Leistung (d. h. es entstehen hier negative Werte für die Differenz zwischen Ist- und Soll-Leistungen). Große negative Differenzen zwischen Ist- und Soll-Leistungen werden mit Abweichungspunkten bewertet und über alle 9 Subtests zu einem SKT-Gesamtwert aufsummiert. Die klinische Stichprobe diente der Ermittlung von Cut-Offs im Rahmen des SKT-Gesamtwertes. Der regressionsbasierte Normierungsansatz wird ausführlich beschrieben und als nützliche Alternative zum klassischen Normierungsansatz dargestellt.
Entwicklung und Validierung der Online-Privatheitskompetenzskala (OPLIS)
Authors: Masur Philipp K. , Teutsch Doris , Trepte Sabine 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Online-Privatheitskompetenz gilt in der medienpsychologischen Forschung als wichtiger Einflussfaktor auf das Privatheitsverhalten in Online-Umgebungen. Eine Skala zur Erfassung dieser Kompetenz fehlt jedoch. Ziel dieser Arbeit war entsprechend die Entwicklung und Validierung einer umfassenden Skala zur Messung von Online-Privatheitskompetenz. In Vorarbeiten wurden anhand einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse die Dimensionen des Konstrukts identifiziert ( Trepte et al., 2015 ). Darauf aufbauend wurde aus 113 Wissensfragen eine aus 20 Fragen bestehende Skala entwickelt, die vier Wissensbereiche abdeckt: Wissen über 1) institutionelle Praktiken, 2) technische Aspekte des Datenschutzes, 3) Datenschutzrecht und 4) Datenschutzstrategien. Die Ergebnisse von drei konsekutiven Studien sprechen für ein Bi-Faktor-Modell, wobei der globale Faktor die Online-Privatheitskompetenz widerspiegelt. Die Konstrukt- und Kriteriumsvalidität wurde anhand einer Quotenstichprobe deutscher Internetnutzender (N = 1 945) überprüft: Der globale Faktor korrelierte positiv mit der subjektiven Kompetenzeinschätzung der Probandinnen und Probanden und erwies sich als angemessener Prädiktor für die Umsetzung unterschiedlicher Datenschutzmaßnahmen.
Hohenheimer Inventar zum Politikwissen (HIP)
Authors: Trepte Sabine , Loy Laura , Schmitt Josephine B. , Otto Siegmar 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Politisches Wissen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger gilt als wesentlich für die Handlungsfähigkeit einer Demokratie und wird intensiv erforscht. Derzeit liegt jedoch kein Messinstrument vor, das theoretisch hergeleitet relevante Dimensionen des politischen Wissens diagnostiziert und frei für Forschungszwecke verfügbar ist. Wir entwickelten daher auf Basis des Rasch-Modells das Hohenheimer Inventar zum Politikwissen (HIP) mit den Dimensionen a) Grundlagen (staatliche Strukturen und historische Fakten) und b) Aktuelles (Themen und Akteure aus verschiedenen Politikfeldern). In einer deutschlandweiten Online-Befragung (N = 1 082) ergaben sich zufriedenstellende weighted-mean-square (WMNSQ)-infit-Werte der 85 Items (0.82 ≤ x ≤ 1.24) und eine expected-a-posteriori/plausible-values (EAP/PV)-Reliabilität von .92 für das eindimensionale Modell und von jeweils .91 für beide Dimensionen. Eine Validierung der Skala zeigte, dass die Personenwerte mit politischem Interesse, politischer Partizipation, politischer Informationsnutzung (Kriteriumsvalidierung) sowie dem subjektiven Wissen der Befragten (konvergente Konstruktvalidierung) zusammenhingen. Wir diskutieren die Herausforderung, die Dimension Aktuelles an sich verändernde politische Gegebenheiten anzupassen, sowie weitere Schritte der Skalenvalidierung.
The Measure Matters
Authors: Altmann Tobias , Liebe Nico , Schönefeld Victoria , Roth Marcus 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Several inventories have been developed to measure sensation seeking (SS), and each of these inventories has been based on an individual theoretical concept of the construct. However, most studies assessing SS disregarded the large theoretical diversity and have treated the measures as interchangeable. The goal of this research was to identify common and distinctive dimensions of SS across the different measures. Subsequent goals were to reveal similarities and differences in what is measured by the various subscales, to provide differential correlates of these dimensions, and thereby to analyze which of the subscales can or should not be used interchangeably. We administered the five most relevant SS measures ( Sensation Seeking-Scales Form V [SSS-V], Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking [AISS], Need Inventory of Sensation Seeking [NISS], the Impulsive Sensation Seeking [ImpSS] scale, and the Novelty Seeking scale) to a sample of adolescents ( N = 318) in a cross-sectional design. Second-order factor analyses of the measures’ subscales revealed three distinct facets: impulsive sensation seeking, intensity seeking, and stimulation seeking. The specific correlational patterns between the facets and external measures of impulsiveness, the Big Five, and social desirability supported the factorial differentiation. We characterize the necessary distinctions between the facets of the SS measures and recommend to not use them interchangeably. The best indicators of each SS measurement facet are discussed.
Habitat-specific patterns and drivers of bacterial β-diversity in China’s drylands
Authors: Wang Xiao-Bo , Lü Xiao-Tao , Yao Jing , Wang Zheng-Wen , Deng Ye , Cheng Wei-Xin , Zhou Ji-Zhong , Han Xing-Guo 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The existence of biogeographic patterns among most free-living microbial taxa has been well established, yet little is known about the underlying mechanisms that shape these patterns. Here, we examined soil bacterial β-diversity across different habitats in the drylands of northern China. We evaluated the relative importance of environmental factors versus geographic distance to a distance–decay relationship, which would be explained by the relative effect of basic ecological processes recognized as drivers of diversity patterns in macrobial theoretical models such as selection and dispersal. Although the similarity of bacterial communities significantly declined with increasing geographic distance, the distance–decay slope and the relative importance of factors driving distance–decay patterns varied across different habitats. A strong distance–decay relationship was observed in the alpine grassland, where the community similarity was influenced only by the environmental factors. In contrast, geographic distance was solely responsible for community similarity in the desert. Even the average compositional similarity among locations in the desert was distinctly lower compared with those in other habitats. We found no evidence that dispersal limitation strongly influenced the β-diversity of bacterial communities in the desert grassland and typical grassland. Together, our results provide robust evidence of habitat specificity for microbial diversity patterns and their underlying drivers. Our findings suggest that microorganisms also have multiple drivers of diversity patterns and some of which may be parallel to some fundamental processes for explaining biodiversity patterns in macroorganisms.
Impact of water heater temperature setting and water use frequency on the building plumbing microbiome
Authors: Ji Pan , Rhoads William J , Edwards Marc A , Pruden Amy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHot water plumbing is an important conduit of microbes into the indoor environment and can increase risk of opportunistic pathogens (for example, Legionella pneumophila). We examined the combined effects of water heater temperature (39, 42, 48, 51 and 58 °C), pipe orientation (upward/downward), and water use frequency (21, 3 and 1 flush per week) on the microbial composition at the tap using a pilot-scale pipe rig. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated that bulk water and corresponding biofilm typically had distinct taxonomic compositions (R2Adonis=0.246, PAdonis=0.001), yet similar predicted functions based on PICRUSt analysis (R2Adonis=0.087, PAdonis=0.001). Although a prior study had identified 51 °C under low water use frequency to enrich Legionella at the tap, here we reveal that 51 °C is also a threshold above which there are marked effects of the combined influences of temperature, pipe orientation, and use frequency on taxonomic and functional composition. A positive association was noted between relative abundances of Legionella and mitochondrial DNA of Vermamoeba, a genus of amoebae that can enhance virulence and facilitate replication of some pathogens. This study takes a step towards intentional control of the plumbing microbiome and highlights the importance of microbial ecology in governing pathogen proliferation.
Lnc-mg is a long non-coding RNA that promotes myogenesis
Authors: Zhu Mu , Liu Jiafan , Xiao Jia , Yang Li , Cai Mingxiang , Shen Hongyu , Chen Xiaojia , Ma Yi , Hu Sumin , Wang Zuolin , Hong An , Li Yingxian , Sun Yao , Wang Xiaogang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecent studies indicate important roles for long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as essential regulators of myogenesis and adult skeletal muscle regeneration. However, the specific roles of lncRNAs in myogenic differentiation of adult skeletal muscle stem cells and myogenesis are still largely unknown. Here we identify a lncRNA that is specifically enriched in skeletal muscle (myogenesis-associated lncRNA, in short, lnc-mg). In mice, conditional knockout of lnc-mg in skeletal muscle results in muscle atrophy and the loss of muscular endurance during exercise. Alternatively, skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of lnc-mg promotes muscle hypertrophy. In vitro analysis of primary skeletal muscle cells shows that lnc-mg increases gradually during myogenic differentiation and its overexpression improves cell differentiation. Mechanistically, lnc-mg promotes myogenesis, by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for microRNA-125b to control protein abundance of insulin-like growth factor 2. These findings identify lnc-mg as a novel noncoding regulator for muscle cell differentiation and skeletal muscle development.
Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on glycaemic control and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in db/db mice
Authors: Chavanelle Vivien , Boisseau Nathalie , Otero Yolanda F , Combaret Lydie , Dardevet Dominique , Montaurier Christophe , Delcros Geoffrey , Peltier Sébastien L , Sirvent Pascal 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPhysical activity is known as an effective strategy for prevention and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. The aim of this work was to compare the effects of a traditional Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) with a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in diabetic mice. Diabetic db/db male mice (N = 25) aged 6 weeks were subdivided into MICT, HIIT or control (CON) group. Animals in the training groups ran on a treadmill 5 days/week during 10 weeks. MICT group ran for 80 min (0° slope) at 50–60% of maximal speed (Vmax) reached during an incremental test. HIIT group ran thirteen times 4 minutes (20° slope) at 85–90% of Vmax separated by 2-min-rest periods. HIIT lowered fasting glycaemia and HbA1c compared with CON group (p < 0.05). In all mitochondrial function markers assessed, no differences were noted between the three groups except for total amount of electron transport chain proteins, slightly increased in the HIIT group vs CON. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase of muscle Glut4 content (about 2 fold) and higher insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation ratios in HIIT group. HIIT seems to improve glucose metabolism more efficiently than MICT in diabetic mice by mechanisms independent of mitochondrial adaptations.
Age and Surgical Complexity impact on Renoprotection by Remote Ischemic Preconditioning during Adult Cardiac Surgery: A Meta analysis
Authors: Zhou Chenghui , Bulluck Heerajnarain , Fang Nengxin , Li Lihuan , Hausenloy Derek J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe aimed to conduct an up-to-date meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the renoprotective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) in patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery. 21 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 6302 patients were selected and identified. Compared with controls, RIPC significantly reduced the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) [odds ratio (OR) = 0.79; P = 0.02; I2 = 38%], and in particular, AKI stage I (OR = 0.65; P = 0.01; I2 = 55%). RIPC significantly shortened mechanical ventilation (MV) duration [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −0.79 hours; P = 0.002; I2 = 53%), and reduced intensive care unit (ICU) stay (WMD = −0.23 days; P = 0.07; I2 = 96%). Univariate meta-regression analyses showed that the major sources of heterogeneity for AKI stage I were age (coefficient = 0.06; P = 0.01; adjusted R2 = 0.86) and proportion of complex surgery (coefficient = 0.02; P = 0.03; adjusted R2 = 0.81). Subsequent multivariate regression and subgroup analyses also confirmed these results. The present meta-analysis suggests that RIPC reduces the incidence of AKI in adults undergoing cardiac surgery and this benefit was more pronounced in younger patients undergoing non-complex cardiac surgery. RIPC may also shorten MV duration and ICU stay. Future RCTs tailored for those most likely to benefit from RIPC warrants further investigation.
Formyl peptide receptors promotes neural differentiation in mouse neural stem cells by ROS generation and regulation of PI3K-AKT signaling
Authors: Zhang Liang , Wang Guan , Chen Xingxing , Xue Xin , Guo Qiaonan , Liu Mingyong , Zhao Jianhua 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) regulated the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). FPRs promote the migration of NSCs bothin vitroandin vivo. However, the role of FPRs during differentiation of NSCs is unknown. Analysis by Western blot showed significantly increased expression of FPR1 and FPR2 during differentiation of NSCs. The activation of FPRs promotes NSCs to differentiate into neurons with more primary neurites and branch points and longer neurites per cell. Meanwhile, this activation also inhibits the differentiation of NSC into astrocytes. This bidirectional effect can be inhibited by the FPRs-specific inhibitor. Moreover, it was found that the activation of FPRs increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of AKT in the NSCs, whileN-acetylcysteine and LY294002 inhibited the FPRs-stimulated increase in ROS generation and AKT phosphorylation, and blocked the FPRs-stimulated neural differentiation into neurons. Therefore, FPRs-stimulated neural differentiation was mediated via ROS and PI3K-AKTsignaling pathways. Collectively, the present findings provided a novel insight into the functional role of FPRs in neurogenesis, with important implications for its potential use as a candidate for treating brain or spinal cord injury.