bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concise Review: Organoids Are a Powerful Tool for the Study of Liver Disease and Personalized Treatment Design in Humans and Animals
Authors: Nantasanti Sathidpak , de Bruin Alain , Rothuizen Jan , Penning Louis C. , Schotanus Baukje A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Organoids are three-dimensional culture systems in which adult stem cells and their progeny grow and represent the native physiology of the cells in vivo. Organoids have been successfully derived from several organ systems in both animal models and human patients. Organoids have been used for fundamental research, disease modeling, drug testing, and transplantation. In this review, we summarize the applications of liver-derived organoids and discuss their potential. It is likely that organoids will provide an invaluable tool to unravel disease mechanisms, design novel (personalized) treatment strategies, and generate autologous stem cells for gene editing and transplantation purposes.

Significance
Organoids derived from the liver have hepatocellular differentiation potential and can be an unlimited source for hepatocytes for application in in vitro toxicology testing and for transplantation purposes as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation. The in vitro representation of the native physiology and epigenetic background of the adult liver stem cells makes the organoid technology an excellent tool to study and model liver diseases, for drug screening, and for the design of personalized treatments. This review summarizes the applications of liver organoids and discusses their potential in the study and modeling of liver diseases, and in the development and testing of novel drugs.
Valoración socioeconómica de la extracción de gas mediante fracturación hidráulica en la Región de Murcia
Authors: Martínez-Paz Jose M. , Pellicer-Martínez Francisco , Fernández José Ramón , Lamonaca Luca 
Published: January 2016

La extracción de gas no convencional mediante fracturación hidráulica (fracking) es una técnica controvertida, ya que a sus beneficios sociales y económicos se contraponen sus potenciales riesgos ambientales y sobre la salud humana. En el norte de la Región de Murcia, al igual que en otras zonas de España, se han concedido recientemente permisos de investigación y prospección para la posible explotación de yacimientos gas mediante fracking, lo que ha originado la aparición de movimientos ciudadanos que abogan por su prohibición. El objetivo central de este trabajo es estudiar el conocimiento, la percepción y la aceptabilidad que tienen los ciudadanos de la Región de Murcia sobre la explotación de esta fuente de energía. Con este fin se realiza una encuesta en la que se implementa el método de la Valoración Contingente. Los resultados informan, entre otros, que algo más de dos tercios de la población estarían a favor de su implementación, condicionado a que salud y el medioambiente sean salvaguardados. A su vez cada familia murciana se muestra dispuesta a contribuir, en media, con 15 €/año como sobrecoste en el recibo eléctrico para evitar o retrasar la explotación
What is ideology?
Authors: Martin John Levi 
Published: January 2016

Political ideology has been a confusing topic for social analysts, and those who attempted to eschew judgmental reductions of others’ conceptions and develop a non-polemical political psychology found ideology behaving in ways that defeated their theories of political reasoning. I argue that political ideology can best be understood as actors’ theorization of their own position, and available strategies, in a political field.
Graphene-gated lateral P–I–N photodiode based on silicon-on-insulator process
Authors: Zou Wanghui , Xia Yu , Peng Wei , Zeng Yun 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A lateral P–I–N photodiode consisting of a monolayer graphene gate based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process for blue and ultraviolet wavelengths is proposed. The introduced gate increases the depletion area with a small gate bias voltage. Owing to the extraordinary optical and electrical properties of graphene, the gated structure shows an improved quantum efficiency over the conventional “ungated” structure. Moreover, the employment of graphene is mainly compatible with modern integrated circuit processes and makes the proposed device suitable for future integration.
CO2 annual and semiannual cycles from multiple satellite retrievals and models
Authors: Jiang Xun , Crisp David , Olsen Edward T. , Kulawik Susan S. , Miller Charles E. , Pagano Thomas S. , Liang Maochang , Yung Yuk L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSatellite CO2 retrievals from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and in situ measurements from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ‐ Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA‐ESRL) Surface CO2 and Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) are utilized to explore the CO2 variability at different altitudes. A multiple regression method is used to calculate the CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle amplitudes from different data sets. The CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle amplitudes for GOSAT XCO2 and TCCON XCO2 are consistent but smaller than those seen in the NOAA‐ESRL surface data. The CO2 annual and semiannual cycles are smallest in the AIRS midtropospheric CO2 compared with other data sets in the Northern Hemisphere. The amplitudes for the CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle from GOSAT, TES, and AIRS CO2 are small and comparable to each other in the Southern Hemisphere. Similar regression analysis is applied to the Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers‐2 and CarbonTracker model CO2. The convolved model CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle amplitudes are similar to those from the satellite CO2 retrievals, although the models tend to underestimate the CO2 seasonal cycle amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes and underestimate the CO2 semiannual cycle amplitudes in the high latitudes. These results can be used to better understand the vertical structures for the CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle and help identify deficiencies in the models, which are very important for the carbon budget study.
Short‐term probabilistic earthquake risk assessment considering time‐dependentbvalues
Authors: Gulia Laura , Tormann Thessa , Wiemer Stefan , Herrmann Marcus , Seif Stefanie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLaboratory experiments highlight a systematicbvalue decrease during the stress increase period before failure, and some large natural events are known to show a precursory decrease in thebvalue. However, short‐term forecast models currently consider only the generic probability that an event can trigger subsequent seismicity in the near field. While the probability increase over a stationary Poissonian background is substantial, selected case studies have shown through cost‐benefit analysis that the absolute main shock probability remains too low to warrant significant mitigation actions. We analyze the probabilities considering both changes in the seismicity rates and temporal changes in thebvalue. The precursorybvalue decrease in the 2009 L'Aquila case results in an additional fiftyfold probability increase for aM6.3 event. Translated into time‐varying hazard and risk, these changes surpass the cost‐benefit threshold for short‐term evacuation.
Millenary Mw > 9.0 earthquakes required by geodetic strain in the Himalaya
Authors: Stevens V. L. , Avouac J.‐P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Himalayan arc produced the largest known continental earthquake, the Mw ≈ 8.7 Assam earthquake of 1950, but how frequently and where else in the Himalaya such large‐magnitude earthquakes occur is not known. Paleoseismic evidence for coseismic ruptures at the front of the Himalaya with 15 to 30 m of slip suggests even larger events in medieval times, but this inference is debated. Here we estimate the frequency and magnitude of the largest earthquake in the Himalaya needed so that the moment released by seismicity balances the deficit of moment derived from measurements of geodetic strain. Assuming one third of the moment buildup is released aseismically and the earthquakes roughly follow a Gutenberg‐Richter distribution, we find that Mw > 9.0 events are needed with a confidence level of at least 60% and must return approximately once per 800 years on average.
On the calculation of electric diffusion coefficient of radiation belt electrons with in situ electric field measurements by THEMIS
Authors: Liu Wenlong , Tu Weichao , Li Xinlin , Sarris Theodore , Khotyaintsev Yuri , Fu Huishan , Zhang Hui , Shi Quanqi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBased on 7 years' observations from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), we investigate the statistical distribution of electric field Pc5 ULF wave power under different geomagnetic activities and calculate the radial diffusion coefficient due to electric field,
, for outer radiation belt electrons. A simple empirical expression of
is also derived. Subsequently, we compare
to previous DLL models and find similar Kp dependence with the
model, which is also based on in situ electric field measurements. The absolute value of
is constantly higher than
, probably due to the limited orbital coverage of CRRES. The differences between
and the commonly used
and
models are significant, especially in Kp dependence and energy dependence. Possible reasons for these differences and their implications are discussed. The diffusion coefficient provided in this paper, which also has energy dependence, will be an important contributor to quantify the radial diffusion process of radiation belt electrons.
Multicore structure of the North Pacific subtropical mode water from enhanced Argo observations
Authors: Gao Wendian , Li Peiliang , Xie Shang‐Ping , Xu Lixiao , Liu Cong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeventeen Argo profiling floats with enhanced vertical and temporal sampling were deployed in the Kuroshio recirculation gyre in the western North Pacific in late March 2014. The Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) observed in many profiles displays a “multicore structure” with more than one minima in potential vorticity (PV), corroborated by vertical covariations in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU). These cores are classified into four submodes according to density and AOU. The submode waters are typically 100 m thick, in which PV varies by 1 × 10−10 m−1 s−1 and AOU by 10 µmole/kg. The STMW multicore structure is most frequently observed in spring, gradually taken over by single‐core profiles into summer. The seasonal evolution is suggestive of vertical mixing, especially in STMW of lower density.
Stable ring beam of solar wind He2+ in the magnetosheath
Authors: Tsubouchi K. , Nagai T. , Shinohara I. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHeavier, or large mass‐per‐charge, ion species like helium ions (He2+) in the solar wind are decelerated less than protons at the Earth's bow shock. The resulting velocity difference in the magnetosheath forms a ring beam around the core protons. In this study, we identified the presence of such a ring beam composed of He2+ ions in the magnetosheath from observations from the Geotail spacecraft. Previous studies have shown that the ring distribution induces ion cyclotron waves that rapidly scatter the He2+ ring beam, leading to evolution into a shell or to a Maxwellian distribution. In contrast, the present event suggested that the He2+ ring beam persisted for the order of 10 min, i.e., hundreds of ion gyroperiods. One‐dimensional hybrid simulations of a quasi‐perpendicular, low Mach number shock (θ = 85°,MA ∼ 2.5) showed that the lower density of He2+ ions (less than 1% to protons) is the crucial condition that accounts for the long‐duration property of the ring beam. Weaker wave activity was insufficient to scatter He2+ ions, whereas two‐dimensional simulations showed a rapid scattering of the ring beam as suggested in the previous studies. Comparison between these results indicated that there are still controversial issues concerning the dynamics of minor ions in the magnetosheath, whether the He2+ ring beam is really stable, and what parameters control the stability condition.
Extended magnetohydrodynamics with embedded particle‐in‐cell simulation of Ganymede's magnetosphere
Authors: Tóth Gábor , Jia Xianzhe , Markidis Stefano , Peng Ivy Bo , Chen Yuxi , Daldorff Lars K. S. , Tenishev Valeriy M. , Borovikov Dmitry , Haiducek John D. , Gombosi Tamas I. , Glocer Alex , Dorelli John C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe have recently developed a new modeling capability to embed the implicit particle‐in‐cell (PIC) model iPIC3D into the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The MHD with embedded PIC domains (MHD‐EPIC) algorithm is a two‐way coupled kinetic‐fluid model. As one of the very first applications of the MHD‐EPIC algorithm, we simulate the interaction between Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma and Ganymede's magnetosphere. We compare the MHD‐EPIC simulations with pure Hall MHD simulations and compare both model results with Galileo observations to assess the importance of kinetic effects in controlling the configuration and dynamics of Ganymede's magnetosphere. We find that the Hall MHD and MHD‐EPIC solutions are qualitatively similar, but there are significant quantitative differences. In particular, the density and pressure inside the magnetosphere show different distributions. For our baseline grid resolution the PIC solution is more dynamic than the Hall MHD simulation and it compares significantly better with the Galileo magnetic measurements than the Hall MHD solution. The power spectra of the observed and simulated magnetic field fluctuations agree extremely well for the MHD‐EPIC model. The MHD‐EPIC simulation also produced a few flux transfer events (FTEs) that have magnetic signatures very similar to an observed event. The simulation shows that the FTEs often exhibit complex 3‐D structures with their orientations changing substantially between the equatorial plane and the Galileo trajectory, which explains the magnetic signatures observed during the magnetopause crossings. The computational cost of the MHD‐EPIC simulation was only about 4 times more than that of the Hall MHD simulation.
Paleomagnetic rotation pattern of the southern Chile fore‐arc sliver (38°S–42°S): A new tool to evaluate plate locking along subduction zones
Authors: Hernandez‐Moreno Catalina , Speranza Fabio , Di Chiara Anita 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Chile fore arc at 37°S–47°S represents the coseismic deformation zone of the 1960 Mw 9.5 Valdivia earthquake. Here we report on the paleomagnetism of 43 Oligocene‐Pleistocene volcanic sites from the fore‐arc sliver between 38°S and 42°S. Sites were gathered west of the 1000 km long Liquiñe‐Ofqui dextral fault zone (LOFZ) that represents the eastern fore‐arc sliver boundary. Nineteen reliable sites reveal that the fore arc is characterized by counterclockwise (CCW) rotations of variable magnitude, except at 40°S–41°S, where ultrafast (>50°/Myr) clockwise (CW) rotations occur within a 30 km wide zone adjacent to the LOFZ. CCW rotation variability (even at close sites) and rapidity (>10°/Myr) suggest that the observed block rotation pattern is related to NW‐SE seismically active sinistral faults crosscutting the whole fore arc. According to previously published data, CW rotations up to 170° also occur east of the LOFZ and have been related to ongoing LOFZ shear. We suggest that the occurrence and width of the eastern fore‐arc sliver undergoing CW rotations is a function of plate coupling along the subduction zone interface. Zones of high coupling enhance stress normal to the LOFZ, induce high LOFZ strength, and yield a wide deformation zone characterized by CW rotations. Conversely, low coupling imply a weak LOFZ, a lack of CW rotations, and a fore arc entirely dominated by CCW rotations related to sinistral fault kinematics. Our locking inferences are in good agreement with those recently derived by GPS analysis and indicate that seismotectonic segment coupling has remained virtually unchanged during the last 5 Ma.
An extreme value model for maximum wave heights based on weather types
Authors: Rueda Ana , Camus Paula , Méndez Fernando J. , Tomás Antonio , Luceño Alberto 
Published: January 2016

AbstractExtreme wave heights are climate‐related events. Therefore, special attention should be given to the large‐scale weather patterns responsible for wave generation in order to properly understand wave climate variability. We propose a classification of weather patterns to statistically downscale daily significant wave height maxima to a local area of interest. The time‐dependent statistical model obtained here is based on the convolution of the stationary extreme value model associated to each weather type. The interdaily dependence is treated by a climate‐related extremal index. The model's ability to reproduce different time scales (daily, seasonal, and interannual) is presented by means of its application to three locations in the North Atlantic: Mayo (Ireland), La Palma Island, and Coruña (Spain).
The Productivity of Wh‐ Prompts when Children Testify
Authors: Andrews Samantha J. , Ahern Elizabeth C. , Stolzenberg Stacia N. , Lyon Thomas D. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryWh‐ prompts (what, how, why, who, when, and where) vary widely in their specificity and accuracy, but differences among them have largely been ignored in research examining the productivity of different question types in child testimony. We examined 120 six‐ to 12‐year‐olds' criminal court testimony in child sexual abuse cases to compare the productivity of various wh‐ prompts. We distinguished among wh‐ prompts, most notably the following: what/how‐happen prompts focusing generally on events, what/how‐dynamic prompts focusing on actions or unfolding processes/events, what/how‐causality prompts focusing on causes and reasons, and what/how‐static prompts focusing on non‐action contextual information regarding location, objects, and time. Consistent with predictions, what/how‐happen prompts were the most productive, and both what/how‐dynamic prompts and wh‐ prompts about causality were more productive than other wh‐ prompts. Prosecutors asked proportionally more what/how‐dynamic prompts and fewer what/how‐static prompts than defense attorneys. Future research and interviewer training may benefit from finer discrimination among wh‐ prompts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating Nostalgic Advertising Based on the Reminiscence Bump: Diachronic Relevance and Purchase Intent
Authors: Ju Ilyoung , Choi Yunmi , Morris Jon , Liao Hsiao‐Wen , Bluck Susan 
Published: January 2016

SummaryNostalgic advertising uses images relevant to past periods in individuals' lives to market products. The current study examines the reminiscence bump in a new context: reactions to nostalgic advertising. We examine diachronic relevance and its influence on purchase intent using a 3 (time frame: bump advertisements, non‐bump past advertisements, present‐focused advertisements) × 2 (age group: Generation X, late‐stage baby boomers) between‐subject design. Results show that advertisements for a fictional camera brand (i.e., Optimax) that focus on a bump year (i.e., 15–24 years) have more diachronic relevance than advertisements from either a non‐bump past year or present‐focused advertisements. In addition, advertisements focused on bump years elicit greater intent to purchase the advertised product than non‐bump past and present‐focused advertisements. Analyses show that intent to purchase the product is fully mediated by diachronic relevance of the bump‐year advertisement. These effects hold across both age groups.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein durch eine synthetische Glycopeptid‐Vakzine induzierter monoklonaler Antiköper unterscheidet normale von malignen Brustzellen und ermöglicht die Diagnose von humanen Pankreaskarzinomen
Authors: Palitzsch Björn , Gaidzik Nikola , Stergiou Natascha , Stahn Sonja , Hartmann Sebastian , Gerlitzki Bastian , Teusch Nicole , Flemming Peer , Schmitt Edgar , Kunz Horst 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn Studien zur Entwicklung einer Tumorimmuntherapie diente die chemische Synthese definierter tumorassoziierter Glycopeptidantigene als Schlüssel zur Gewinnung eines hochselektiven biologischen Reagenzes, eines monoklonalen Antikörpers, der vollständig zwischen malignen und normalen Epithelzellen unterscheidet und Tumorzellen in Pankreastumoren spezifisch markiert. Das Mucin MUC1, das in vielen häufigen Tumoren überexprimiert ist, bildet das Ziel dieser Strategie. Tumorassoziiertes MUC1 unterscheidet sich signifikant von jenem, das auf Normalzellen exprimiert wird, insbesondere durch veränderte Glycosylierung. Strukturell definiertes tumorassoziiertes MUC1 kann aus Tumorzellen nicht isoliert werden. Durch Synthese von MUC1‐Glycopeptid‐Vakzinen und deren Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Analyse in Immunisierungen haben wir einen monoklonalen Antikörper gewonnen, der spezifisch zwischen normalen und malignen menschlichen Epithelzellen unterscheidet.
Enantioselective C−H Olefination of α‐Hydroxy and α‐Amino Phenylacetic Acids by Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Xiao Kai‐Jiong , Chu Ling , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in the past decade regarding the development of enantioselective C−H activation reactions by desymmetrization. However, the requirement for the presence of two chemically identical prochiral C−H bonds represents an inherent limitation in scope. Reported is the first example of kinetic resolution by a palladium(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective C−H activation and C−C bond formation, thus significantly expanding the scope of enantioselective C−H activation reactions.
Chemoproteomics‐Enabled Discovery of a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of the DNA Repair Protein MGMT
Authors: Wang Chao , Abegg Daniel , Hoch Dominic G. , Adibekian Alexander 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present a novel chemical scaffold for cysteine‐reactive covalent inhibitors. Chloromethyl triazoles (CMTs) are readily accessed in only two chemical steps, thus enabling the rapid optimization of the pharmacological properties of these inhibitors. We demonstrate the tunability of the CMTs towards a specific biological target by synthesizing AA‐CW236 as the first potent non‐pseudosubstrate inhibitor of the O6‐alkylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a protein of major clinical significance for the treatment of several severe cancer forms. Using quantitative proteomics profiling techniques, we show that AA‐CW236 exhibits a high degree of selectivity towards MGMT. Finally, we validate the effectiveness of our MGMT inhibitor in combination with the DNA alkylating drug temozolomide in breast and colon cancer cells by fluorescence imaging and a cell‐viability assay. Our results may open a new avenue towards the development of a clinically approved MGMT inhibitor.