bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of psilocybin on cognitive function: A systematic review
Authors: Meshkat Shakila , Tello‐Gerez Triana Juliana , Gholaminezhad Fatemeh , Dunkley Benjamin T. , Reichelt Amy C. , Erritzoe David , Vermetten Eric , Zhang Yanbo , Greenshaw Andrew , Burback Lisa , Winkler Olga , Jetly Rakesh , Mayo Leah M. , Bhat Venkat 
Published: October 2024

Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic with demonstrated preliminary clinical efficacy in a range of psychiatric disorders. Evaluating the impact of psilocybin on cognitive function is essential to unravel its potential benefits and risks. In this systematic review, we assessed psilocybin's effect on cognitive function through a comprehensive search of electronic databases from inception to January 2024, identifying 20 articles involving 2,959 participants. While 85% of studies were conducted in healthy volunteers, most of these studies (85%) used macrodoses, ranging from 45 μg/kg to 30 mg/70 kg. Various cognitive aspects were evaluated and yielded mixed results. Global cognitive function, and processing speed remained mostly unchanged in healthy individuals; However, a limited number of studies reported improvements in certain areas such as sustained attention, working memory, and executive function especially in patients with treatment‐resistant depression (TRD). Emotional processing was positively modified, particularly in TRD patients. Psilocybin was observed to enhance emotional empathy without significantly altering cognitive empathy and social cognition. Cognitive flexibility and creative cognition were noted to initially decline but could potentially improve over time. Additionally, with respect to learning and memory skills, psilocybin showed promise in improving specific memory types such as semantic associations and associative learning, while its effects on episodic and verbal memory have been less pronounced compared to other cognitive enhancers. The observed mixed findings underscore the complexity of psilocybin's cognitive influence. Further research is essential to provide a clearer understanding of psilocybin's impact on cognitive domains and to guide the development of safe and effective interventions.
Childhood trauma and social anxiety in adolescents: Mediating role of cardiovascular response to social stress
Authors: Ji Huayu , Wang Yiji , Lü Wei 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAdolescents exposed to childhood trauma are at an elevated risk for social anxiety. However, the physiological mechanisms linking childhood trauma and adolescents' social anxiety remain poorly understood. This study examined whether cardiovascular reactivity to acute social stress was a mechanism underlying this association. Participants were Chinese adolescents (N = 172; Mage = 12.95). They first reported their childhood trauma and social anxiety using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. They then participated in a social stress task, during which their cardiovascular data [heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP)] were monitored. The results showed that high levels of childhood trauma were associated with blunted HR, SBP, and DBP reactivity, which in turn were associated with high levels of social anxiety. Mediation analysis indicated that childhood trauma was indirectly associated with social anxiety via blunted cardiovascular reactivity. The findings suggest that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as a physiological pathway linking childhood trauma and adolescents' social anxiety.
Introduction: Exile and Innovation☆
Authors: Nicholson Annalisa , Gillain Christophe 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe early modern period was an age marked by the forced migration and displacement of social groups and individuals around the world. Huguenots, conversos, Catholics, cavaliers, Jacobites, and French emigrés alike fled or were expelled from their homes and communities. Yet, exile is still usually considered only within the context of broader religious or political events by scholars working in sub‐fields rather than as a phenomenon worthy of study in its own right. Foregrounding displacement as a major facet of early modern society and culture, this special issue explores the experience, perception, and poetics of exile from 1500 to 1800 through the prism of innovation. It encompasses displaced individuals and communities, as well as writings that treat the theme of exile, to consider how forced migration shaped the social, cultural, political, and intellectual contours of the era – and thus led to innovative practices and ideas.
Comparison of remote and in‐person respiratory function grading of brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Peng Zong H. , Ham Kathleen M. , Ladlow Jane , Stefaniak Carrie , Jeffery Nicholas D. , Thieman Mankin Kelley M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the reliability of respiratory function grading (RFG) scores assigned in‐person and remotely via video and electronic stethoscope recordings, evaluated by novice and expert graders.Study designProspective study.Sample populationFifty‐seven brachycephalic dogs.MethodsDogs were evaluated in person by expert graders and RFG scores were assigned. Audio and video recordings were made during the in‐person evaluations. Four expert and four novice graders evaluated the recordings and assigned an RFG score to each dog. Agreement between in‐person and remote RFG scores was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic. Interobserver reliability was assessed using Fleiss’ kappa statistic.ResultsThe median RFG score from the in‐person assessment was 1 (range, 0–3). Distribution of RFG scores included 12 grade 0 scores, 19 grade 1 scores, 25 grade 2 scores, and 1 grade 3 score.The raw percentage agreements between remote and in‐person scores were 68.4%, 59.6%, 64.9%, and 61.4% for the four experts, and 52.6%, 64.9%, 50.9%, and 42.1% for the four novices. Reliability between remote and in‐person RFG scores was poor to moderate both for the experts (Cohen's kappa: .48, .37, .46, .41) and novices (Cohen's kappa: .28, .47, .28, .21). Interobserver reliability was moderate among the experts (Fleiss’ kappa: .59) and poor among the novices (Fleiss’ kappa: .39).ConclusionRemote RFG scores had poor to moderate interassessment and interobserver reliability. Novice evaluators performed worse than experts for remote or in‐person RFG evaluations.Clinical significanceRemote RFG, as measured in this study, is not reliable for assigning RFG scores. Modifications could be made to remote evaluation to improve reliability. Based upon the performance of novice evaluators, training of evaluators is justified.
Molecular mechanisms of
Coxiella burnetii
formalin-fixed cellular vaccine reactogenicity
Authors: Fratzke A. P. , Szule J. A. , Butler S. M. , Schaik E. J. van , Samuel J. E. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Local and systemic reactogenic responses to Q-VAX have prevented licensing of this vaccine outside of Australia. These reactogenic responses occur in previously sensitized individuals and have not been well defined at the cellular level, in part because many studies have been done in guinea pigs that have limited molecular tools. We previously characterized a mouse model of reactogenicity where local reaction sites showed an influx of CD8+ and IFNγ-expressing IL17a+ CD4+ T cells consistent with a Th1 delayed-type hypersensitivity. In this study, we determined, using depletion and adoptive transfer experiments, that both anti-
Coxiella
antibodies and CD4+ T cells were essential for localized reactions at the site of vaccination. Furthermore, IFNγ depletion showed significant histological changes at the local reaction sites demonstrating the essential nature of this cytokine to reactogenicity. In addition to the cells and cytokines required for this response, we determined that whole cell vaccine (WCV) material remained at the site of vaccination for at least 26 weeks post-injection. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of these sites demonstrated intact rod-shaped bacteria at 2 weeks post-injection and partially degraded bacteria within macrophages at 26 weeks post-injection. Finally, because small cell variants (SCVs) are an environmentally stable form, we determined that local reactions were more severe when the WCV material was prepared with higher levels of SCVs compared to typical WCV or with higher levels of large cell variant (LCV). These studies support the hypothesis that antigen persistence at the site of injection contributes to this reactogenicity and that anti-
Coxiella
antibodies, CD4+ T cells, and IFNγ each contribute to this process.
Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Jiangxi, China, and associated risk factors
Authors: Zhan Jiahuan , Wang Wei , Luo Dong , Chen Qiang , Yu Shengming , Yan Liang , Chen Kaisen 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

In order to effectively combat the urgent threat of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the drug-resistant profiles, transmission dynamics, and associated risk factors. Our study encompassed a population-based retrospective analysis with 130 MDR-TB patients from 2018 to 2021. The research methodology incorporated whole-genome sequencing, drug susceptibility testing , and logistic regression analysis to discern the risk factors of genomic clustering linked to recent transmission. The findings from phenotypic drug resistance assessments revealed notable resistance rates: ethambutol at 62.3% (81/130), streptomycin at 72.3% (94/130), levofloxacin at 51.5% (67/130), and moxifloxacin at 50.0% (65/130). Furthermore, among all patients, 38 individuals (29.23%, 38/130) were found to be part of 17 clusters, indicating instances of recent MDR-TB transmission. The genomic clustering patients were deeply investigated. Lineage 2.2.1 was established as the primary sub-lineage (86.15%, 112/130), followed by lineage 4 (9.23%, 12/130). Moreover, the logistic regression analysis underscored that unemployment, farming occupations, and prior TB treatment were identified as significant risk factors for recent transmission.

IMPORTANCE
The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Jiangxi Province highlights the importance of understanding the genetic background and drug resistance patterns of these strains. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective control methods. Furthermore, in light of the significance of preventing transmission among tuberculosis patients, whole-genome sequencing was utilized to investigate the recent transmission of MDR-TB and identify associated risk factors. The findings revealed that individuals in the farming sector, those who are unemployed, and patients with a history of tuberculosis treatment are at elevated risk. Consequently, targeted public interventions for these at-risk groups are imperative.
Evaluating artificial intelligence-driven stress echocardiography analysis system (EASE study): A mixed method study
Authors: Mahdavi Mahdi , Thomas Nicki , Flood Chris , Stewart-Lord Adele , Baillie Lesley , Grisan Enrico , Callaghan Patrick , Panayotova Rosica , Hothi Sandeep S , Griffith Virgil , Jayadev Sharanya , Frings Daniel 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionThe use and value of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven tools and techniques are under investigation in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD). EchoGo Pro is a patented AI-driven stress echocardiography analysis system produced by Ultromics Ltd. (henceforth Ultromics) to support clinicians in detecting cardiac ischaemia and potential CAD. This manuscript presents the research protocol for a field study to independently evaluate the accuracy, acceptability, implementation barriers, users’ experience and willingness to pay, cost-effectiveness and value of EchoGo Pro.Methods and analysisThe ‘Evaluating AI-driven stress echocardiography analysis system’ (EASE) study is a mixed-method evaluation, which will be conducted in five work packages (WPs). In WP1, we will examine the diagnostic accuracy by comparing test reports generated by EchoGo Pro and three manual raters. In WP2, we will focus on interviewing clinicians, innovation/transformation staff, and patients within the National Health Service (NHS), and staff within Ultromics, to assess the acceptability of this technology. In this WP, we will determine convergence and divergence between EchoGo Pro recommendations and cardiologists’ interpretations and will assess what profile of cases is linked with convergence and divergence between EchoGo Pro recommendations and cardiologists’ interpretations and how these link to outcomes. In WP4, we will conduct a quantitative cross-sectional survey of trust in AI tools applied to cardiac care settings among clinicians, healthcare commissioners and the general public. Lastly, in WP5, we will estimate the cost of deploying the EchoGo Pro technology, cost-effectiveness and willingness to pay cardiologists, healthcare commissioners and the general public. The results of this evaluation will support evidence-informed decision-making around the widespread adoption of EchoGo Pro and similar technologies in the NHS and other health systems.Ethics approval and disseminationThis research has been approved by the NHS Health Research Authority (IRAS No: 315284) and the London South Bank University Ethics Panel (ETH2223-0164). Alongside journal publications, we will disseminate study methods and findings in conferences, seminars and social media. We will produce additional outputs in appropriate forms, for example, research summaries and policy briefs, for diverse audiences in NHS.
Adverse diagnostic events in hospitalised patients: a single-centre, retrospective cohort study
Authors: Dalal Anuj K , Plombon Savanna , Konieczny Kaitlyn , Motta-Calderon Daniel , Malik Maria , Garber Alison , Lam Alyssa , Piniella Nicholas , Leeson Marie , Garabedian Pamela , Goyal Abhishek , Roulier Stephanie , Yoon Cathy , Fiskio Julie M , Schnock Kumiko O , Rozenblum Ronen , Griffin Jacqueline , Schnipper Jeffrey L , Lipsitz Stuart , Bates David W 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundAdverse event surveillance approaches underestimate the prevalence of harmful diagnostic errors (DEs) related to hospital care.MethodsWe conducted a single-centre, retrospective cohort study of a stratified sample of patients hospitalised on general medicine using four criteria: transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), death within 90 days, complex clinical events, and none of the aforementioned high-risk criteria. Cases in higher-risk subgroups were over-sampled in predefined percentages. Each case was reviewed by two adjudicators trained to judge the likelihood of DE using the Safer Dx instrument; characterise harm, preventability and severity; and identify associated process failures using the Diagnostic Error Evaluation and Research Taxonomy modified for acute care. Cases with discrepancies or uncertainty about DE or impact were reviewed by an expert panel. We used descriptive statistics to report population estimates of harmful, preventable and severely harmful DEs by demographic variables based on the weighted sample, and characteristics of harmful DEs. Multivariable models were used to adjust association of process failures with harmful DEs.ResultsOf 9147 eligible cases, 675 were randomly sampled within each subgroup: 100% of ICU transfers, 38.5% of deaths within 90 days, 7% of cases with complex clinical events and 2.4% of cases without high-risk criteria. Based on the weighted sample, the population estimates of harmful, preventable and severely harmful DEs were 7.2% (95% CI 4.66 to 9.80), 6.1% (95% CI 3.79 to 8.50) and 1.1% (95% CI 0.55 to 1.68), respectively. Harmful DEs were frequently characterised as delays (61.9%). Severely harmful DEs were frequent in high-risk cases (55.1%). In multivariable models, process failures in assessment, diagnostic testing, subspecialty consultation, patient experience, and history were significantly associated with harmful DEs.ConclusionsWe estimate that a harmful DE occurred in 1 of every 14 patients hospitalised on general medicine, the majority of which were preventable. Our findings underscore the need for novel approaches for adverse DE surveillance.
Systematic screening for multimorbidities in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases enhanced preventive medication use and reduced hospitalisations: an exposed-non-exposed study
Authors: Immediato Daien Claire , Georgescu Vera , Decarriere Guillaume , Mercier Grégoire , Morel Jacques 
Published: October 2024

RationalStudies are needed to determine if multimorbidity screening and management reduce the rate of multimorbidity accumulation in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD).ObjectivesThis study evaluates the impact of systematic screening programme on patient care and hospitalisation rates.MethodsPatients with IRD who participated in the screening programme (exposed patients) were identified within the French national health database and matched with controls. Two sets of analysis were performed: one with multivariate analysis and a second using a propensity score matching to ensure comparability between exposed patients and controls. The primary endpoint (PE) was a composite score assessing the dispensation of multimorbidity-preventing drugs, including vaccines, lipid-lowering agents, antiosteoporotic medications and antiplatelet drugs, during the year following the index date.ResultsThe first analysis included 286 exposed patients and 858 controls, demonstrating a higher rate of meeting the PE in exposed patients (adjusted OR=1.6 (1.2–2.2), p<0.01). Propensity score matching resulted in 281 exposed patients and 281 controls. Exposed patients exhibited a significantly higher rate of meeting the PE compared with controls (54.8% vs 44.5%; OR=1.5; p=0.015), with increased utilisation of vaccines, cholesterol-lowering drugs and antiosteoporotic medications. Furthermore, emergency admission and hospitalisations for fracture, cardiovascular events or infection were significantly less frequent in the exposed group (7.1% vs 15.3%; OR=0.42, p<0.01), with a reduction in severe infections (0.7% vs 3.9%; p=0.03).ConclusionSystematic multimorbidity screening in patients with IRD boosted preventive medication use and reduced hospital admissions, justifying time and resource allocation for screening.
Citizen science, accessibility, art & science, critical thinking, policy and engagement: thoughts and lessons learned from the REINFORCE experience
Authors: Angelidakis Stylianos , Avgitas Theodore , Chaniotakis Emmanouil , Casado Johanna , Coyle Paschal , de Wasseige Gwenhaël , Di Renzo Francesco , Fabian Claudia Magdalena , Fassouliotis Dimitrios , Fidecaro Francesco , Garcia Beatriz , Hemming Gary , Kourkoumelis Christine , Breton Rémy Le , Marteau Jacques , Mureddu Francesco , Napolano Vincenzo , Osimanti Francesco , Oukacha Enzo , Panagopoulou Maria , Pearson James , Razzano Massimiliano , Sotiriou Sofoklis , Serjeant Stephen , Spagnuolo Francesca , Unterfrauner Elisabeth , Vourakis Stylianos 
Published: October 2024

AbstractREINFORCE (Research Infrastructures FOR Citizens in Europe) is a Research & Innovation Project, supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 SwafS, ‘Science with and for Society’ work programme (GA872859). The project, which ran from December, 2019, to November, 2022, engaged the public in a variety of innovative ways. Four citizen-science demonstrator projects were developed on the world-leading Zooniverse platform, each focussing on a different area of frontier physics: gravitational waves; neutrino astronomy; particle physics; and muography. A range of art and science events were launched and undertaken. A data-sonification tool—sonoUno—was developed in order to improve the accessibility of the data used in the four demonstrator projects. A course on critical thinking and a history of the Second Scientific Revolution was provided on YouTube and in podcast form, while a senior-citizen-science course was designed, co-developed and implemented. These initiatives were supported by a detailed engagement plan, a dedicated communications and dissemination strategy, and a constantly evolving assessment and evaluation approach. The experiences garnered during the project, in conjunction with consultations with project participants, volunteers and stakeholders, were built into the form of a policy roadmap explaining how to integrate citizen science into research infrastructures in Europe. The roadmap identifies a series of policy objectives and related policy gaps, associated challenges and lays out a series of recommendations. This article describes the results of the REINFORCE project and draws together the experiences of each of the involved twelve partner organisations.
Impact of Structural Racism and Social Determinants of Health on Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality
Authors: Falcone Mary , Salhia Bodour , Hughes Halbert Chanita , Roussos Torres Evanthia T. , Stewart Daphne , Stern Mariana C. , Lerman Caryn 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The striking ethnic and racial disparities in breast cancer mortality are not explained fully by pathologic or clinical features. Structural racism contributes to adverse conditions that promote cancer inequities, but the pathways by which this occurs are not fully understood. Social determinants of health, such as economic status and access to care, account for a portion of this variability, yet interventions designed to mitigate these barriers have not consistently led to improved outcomes. Based on the current evidence from multiple disciplines, we describe a conceptual model in which structural racism and racial discrimination contribute to increased mortality risk in diverse groups of patients by promoting adverse social determinants of health that elevate exposure to environmental hazards and stress; these exposures in turn contribute to epigenetic and immune dysregulation, thereby altering breast cancer outcomes. Based on this model, opportunities and challenges arise for interventions to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality.