bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teachers and Learners’ Perceptions of Applying Translation as a Method, Strategy, or Technique in an Iranian EFL Setting
Authors: Mollaei Fatemeh , Taghinezhad Ali , Sadighi Firooz 
Published: May 2017

It has been found that translation is an efficient means to teach/learn grammar, syntax, and lexis of a foreign language. Meanwhile, translation is good for beginners who do not still enjoy the critical level of proficiency in their target language for expression. This study was conducted to examine the teachers and learners’ perceptions of employing translation in the foreign language classroom; i.e., the effects, merits, demerits, limitations, as well as its use as a method, strategy or technique. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data from graduate and undergraduate learners (n=56) and teachers (n=44), male and female, who responded to two questionnaires. Additionally, only the teachers were interviewed to gain richer insight into their perceptions and attitudes. According to the results of independent samples t-test, there was no significant difference between teachers and learners’ attitude to applying translation as a method, strategy, or technique in learning a foreign language. Based on the interview results, some teachers believed that employing translation in the foreign language context was helpful but not constantly. They claimed that translation was only effective in teaching vocabulary and grammar apart from leaners’ proficiency level as it can clarify meaning. But some other teachers noted that mother tongue would interfere with learning foreign language; they considered translation as a time-consuming activity through which students cannot capture the exact meaning.
Students and Teachers’ Perceptions into the Viability of Mobile Technology Implementation to Support Language Learning for First Year Business Students in a Middle Eastern University
Authors: Tayan Bilal M. 
Published: May 2017

Advancements in technology have enabled us to learn, adapt and exploit our skills and knowledge in new ways. Appreciating the potential of technology may yet give growth and enrich the process of language education, particularly through a student-centred mobile learning environment. Consequently, a constructivist approach to learning can create tremendous possibilities for both language learners and teachers. By exploiting the affordances of mobile technologies and the Internet, a new platform of learning or Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) can be realised, through which learners truly learn to learn. Yet, while many of today’s language institutions and places of learning have begun to understand the potential presented by mobile technology as a tool and resource to content and language development, apprehension may still exist among educational practitioners, learners and senior management. Such apprehension may stem from a lack of understanding in fully appreciating the opportunities and affordances posed by MALL in creating a support structure to learning and teaching excellence. This may be particularly true within developing countries such as those found in the Middle East. Consequently, set in a Saudi university context, the purpose of this study is to investigate learners’ and teachers’ perceptions towards the proposed implementation of a MALL programme, while exploring whether the promotion of mobile technologies could assist learning and become a viable support structure in teaching English as a second language. Interviews were conducted with three English instructors who teach on the first year Business English programme at the university. The study also analysed 191 student participants who completed a Likert scale questionnaire designed to explore their mobile learning experiences, attitudes and perceptions towards the proposed MALL programme in their educational context. The findings from the student questionnaire and teacher interviews generally highlight positive attitudes and a receptiveness towards mobile learning implementation. This is perhaps due to the possibility of new pedagogical scaffoldings being created through MALL in their learning/teaching environment. The results further highlighted opportunities MALL presented in facilitating communication and affording learners greater motivation to engage in independent learning, thus facilitating learner autonomy and allowing for greater collaboration within a richer learner environment. However, while analysis highlighted a proposed MALL implementation could be a useful tool to support language acquisition for ESP/ESL learners (English for Specific Purposes/English as a Second Language), technical issues, network sustainability and comprehensive training were still significant factors of concern.
Ambient noise tomography across Mount St. Helens using a dense seismic array
Authors: Wang Yadong , Lin Fan‐Chi , Schmandt Brandon , Farrell Jamie 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe investigated upper crustal structure with data from a dense seismic array deployed around Mount St. Helens for 2 weeks in the summer of 2014. Interstation cross correlations of ambient seismic noise data from the array were obtained, and clear fundamental mode Rayleigh waves were observed between 2.5 and 5 s periods. In addition, higher‐mode signals were observed around 2 s period. Frequency‐time analysis was applied to measure fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocities, which were used to invert for 2‐D phase velocity maps. An azimuth‐dependent traveltime correction was implemented to mitigate potential biases introduced due to an inhomogeneous noise source distribution. Reliable phase velocity maps were only obtained between 3 and 4 s periods due to limitations imposed by the array aperture and higher‐mode contamination. The phase velocity tomography results, which are sensitive to structure shallower than 6 km depth, reveal an ~10–15% low‐velocity anomaly centered beneath the volcanic edifice and peripheral high‐velocity anomalies that likely correspond to cooled igneous intrusions. We suggest that the low‐velocity anomaly reflects the high‐porosity mixture of lava and ash deposits near the surface of the edifice, a highly fractured magmatic conduit and hydrothermal system beneath the volcano, and possibly a small contribution from silicate melt.
Valles Marineris tectonic and volcanic history inferred from dikes in eastern Coprates Chasma
Authors: Brustel C. , Flahaut J. , Hauber E. , Fueten F. , Quantin C. , Stesky R. , Davies G. R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMagmatic dikes have been proposed to have weakened and fractured the crust, allowing the formation of Valles Marineris. Hence, dikes were studied in the region of eastern Coprates Chasma in an area that includes a major transition between Hesperian‐aged volcanic deposits in the western walls and pristine Noachian crust in the eastern walls. Over a hundred dikes were identified. Dike widths are 13 m on average. Estimation of magma eruption rates are comparable with previous estimates for Hesperian lava flows on Mars (105 to 106 m3 s−1). Dikes dips range from 55° to 90°; orientations record two distinct main tectonic stress fields (90° and 70°) different from the Chasmata. Dikes striking 90° are only observed at elevations below 1500 m. Dikes striking 70° are observed at elevation below 0 m and are therefore considered older. However, linear features are also observed on the late Noachian/early Hesperian surrounding plateaus and could be related to the 70° dike group. In the western part of our study area, dikes (~10% of the total amount of dikes mapped) strike 110, subparallel to Valles Marineris, and suggest a relationship between dike emplacement and graben formation. The presence of preexisting faults in the two directions (90° and 70°) could explain the shape of eastern Valles Marineris and chaotic terrains, which have a different general orientation than the Valles Marineris main rift. Our results suggest a complex relationship between dike emplacement and the formation of Valles Marineris.
A process‐based insight into nonstationarity of the probability distribution of annual runoff
Authors: Jiang Cong , Xiong Lihua , Guo Shenglian , Xia Jun , Xu Chong‐Yu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this paper, a process‐based analytical derivation approach is proposed to perform a nonstationary analysis for annual runoff distribution by taking into account the information of nonstationarities in both hydrological inputs and runoff generation processes. Under the Budyko hypothesis, annual runoff is simulated as a formulation of hydrological inputs (annual precipitation and potential evaporation) using an annual runoff model based on the Fu equation with a parameter w accounting for the runoff generation processes. The nonstationarity of the runoff generation process is captured by the dynamic Fu‐equation parameter w. Then the multivariate joint probability distribution among the hydrological inputs, the Fu‐equation parameter w, and the runoff model error k is constructed based on the nonstationary analysis for both the hydrological inputs and w. Finally, the annual runoff distribution is derived by integrating the multivariate joint probability density function. The derived distribution by the process‐based analytical derivation approach performs well in fitting distributions of the annual runoffs from both the Yangtze River and Yellow River, China. For most study watersheds in these two basins, the derived annual runoff distributions are found to be nonstationary, due to the nonstationarities in hydrological inputs (mainly potential evaporation) or the Fu‐equation parameter w.
Evaluating the role of watershed properties in long‐term water balance through a Budyko equation based on two‐stage partitioning of precipitation
Authors: Tang Yin , Wang Dingbao 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this paper, a four‐parameter Budyko equation is derived for mean annual water balance by applying the proportionality relationship to a two‐stage partitioning of precipitation. The four dimensionless parameters include the Horton index (H, defined as the ratio of evaporation to total wetting) and λ (the ratio of initial evaporation to total wetting) for slow runoff, and β (the ratio of initial wetting to total wetting) and γ (the ratio of total wetting to its potential) for fast runoff. The derived four‐parameter equation balances model parsimony and representation of dominant hydrologic processes and provides a framework to disentangle the roles of climate variability, vegetation, soil, and topography on long‐term water balance in gauged watersheds. The four parameters are determined for 165 watersheds by using observations of precipitation, potential evaporation, streamflow, and soil properties. Based on the principal component regression analysis, average time interval between rainfall events, slope, normalized difference vegetation index, and wilting point are identified as the dominant controlling factors on H and λ; saturated hydraulic conductivity and the difference between field capacity and residual soil moisture are identified as the dominant controlling factors on β; and γ is controlled by effective soil water storage capacity, frequency of rainfall events, and climate seasonality. The combination of four‐parameter Budyko equation and the principal component regression equations provides a model to assess the long‐term responses of evaporation and runoff to climate and watershed property changes in ungauged watersheds.
On the seasonal variability of the Canary Current and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Vélez‐Belchí Pedro , Pérez‐Hernández M. Dolores , Casanova‐Masjoan María , Cana Luis , Hernández‐Guerra Alonso 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is continually monitored along 26°N by the RAPID‐MOCHA array. Measurements from this array show a 6.7 Sv seasonal cycle for the AMOC, with a 5.9 Sv contribution from the upper mid‐ocean. Recent studies argue that the dynamics of the eastern Atlantic is the main driver for this seasonal cycle; specifically, Rossby waves excited south of the Canary Islands. Using inverse modeling, hydrographic, mooring, and altimetry data, we describe the seasonal cycle of the ocean mass transport around the Canary Islands and at the eastern boundary, under the influence of the African slope, where eastern component of the RAPID‐MOCHA array is situated. We find a seasonal cycle of −4.1 ± 0.5 Sv for the oceanic region of the Canary Current, and +3.7 ± 0.4 Sv at the eastern boundary. This seasonal cycle along the eastern boundary is in agreement with the seasonal cycle of the AMOC that requires the lowest contribution to the transport in the upper mid‐ocean to occur in fall. However, we demonstrate that the linear Rossby wave model used previously to explain the seasonal cycle of the AMOC is not robust, since it is extremely sensitive to the choice of the zonal range of the wind stress curl and produces the same results with a Rossby wave speed of zero. We demonstrate that the seasonal cycle of the eastern boundary is due to the recirculation of the Canary Current and to the seasonal cycle of the poleward flow that characterizes the eastern boundaries of the oceans.
Effects of Long‐Term Etanercept Treatment on Clinical Outcomes and Objective Signs of Inflammation in Early Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis: 104‐Week Results From a Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Dougados Maxime , van der Heijde Désirée , Sieper Joachim , Braun Jürgen , Citera Gustavo , Lenaerts Jan , van den Bosch Filip , Wei James Cheng‐Chung , Pedersen Ron , Bonin Randi , Jones Heather , Marshall Lisa , Logeart Isabelle , Vlahos Bonnie , Bukowski Jack F. , Maksymowych Walter P. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term clinical and imaging efficacy of etanercept in patients with early, active nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA).MethodsAdult patients who satisfied the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axial SpA (but not the modified New York radiographic criteria), with symptom duration >3 months to <5 years, and who were unresponsive to ≥2 nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs (NSAIDs) received double‐blind etanercept 50 mg/week or placebo for 12 weeks, followed by open‐label etanercept 50 mg/week to week 104. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada [SPARCC] scores), and safety outcomes at 104 weeks were analyzed.ResultsOf 215 randomized patients (etanercept: n = 106; placebo: n = 109), 205 entered the study (etanercept/etanercept: n = 100; placebo/etanercept: n = 105) and 169 completed the open‐label period (etanercept/etanercept: n = 83; placebo/etanercept: n = 86). At week 104, 61 of 81 (75%), 49 of 81 (61%), 48 of 80 (60%), and 57 of 81 (70%) patients who received etanercept throughout the trial achieved ASAS20, ASAS40, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) inactive disease, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index criteria for 50% improvement (BASDAI 50) scores, respectively (observed). From baseline to week 104, continued improvements in clinical outcomes (ASDAS–C‐reactive protein: −1.5 and −1.7; BASDAI: −3.3 and −3.8 [last observation carried forward]), and SPARCC MRI scores (sacroiliac joint: −6.0 and −3.4; spinal: −2.1 and −0.8 [observed]) were seen in patients receiving etanercept/etanercept and placebo/etanercept. During the study, 8% in the etanercept/etanercept group and 7% in the placebo/etanercept group had serious adverse events; no new safety signals were seen.ConclusionPatients with early, active nonradiographic axial SpA and an inadequate response to at least 2 NSAIDs demonstrated improvement in clinical and imaging outcomes that were sustained through 104 weeks of etanercept treatment.
Investigation of interfacial debonding between steel wire and adhesive resin
Authors: Zhang Jie , Shi Jianfeng , Xu Ping 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTPlastic pipes reinforced by cross helically wound steel wire (PSPs) have been widely used in the transportation of petroleum, natural gas, municipal water, and so on. With the applications of PSPs in high‐temperature and high‐pressure environments, the problem of PSP joints has begun to appear. The bulging failure of PSP joints is the main failure mode, and steel–polymer interfacial debonding is the major factor causing bulging failure. Thus, it is crucial to understand the failure criterion of steel–polymer interfacial debonding. In this study, pull‐out tests were carried out at different temperatures and loading rates. A finite element (FE) model was developed on the basis of the cohesive element. We proposed that the key parameter for the bugling failure of PSPs was the shear stress of the steel–polymer interface. We assumed that when the shear stress exceeded the shear strength, this led to the degradation of the interface. By iteratively presetting the shear strength and calculation of the FE model, the FE results were verified with experimental results. We found that the shear stress of the front part of the FE model first reached its peak value; its interface began to degrade, and then, the shear stress decreased. The peak value of the shear stress moved toward the end part of the FE model, and the shear strength could be obtained. Finally, the effects of the temperature and failure time on the shear strength were investigated. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45064.
Effect of the sodium dodecyl sulfate/monomer ratio on the network structure of hydrophobic association hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties
Authors: Lv Xue , Sun Shulin , Yang Haidong , Gao Ge , Liu Fengqi 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe study of gel‐network structure is not as extensive as the study of the application of hydrogels. However, the distribution of the inner structure is crucial for designing hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties to meet certain kinds of demands. In this study, a series of hydrophobic association hydrogels (HA‐gels) were synthesized by free‐radical micellar copolymerization in a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant solution. The hydrophobic monomer was palmityl alcohol poly(oxyethylene acrylate) (AEO–AC), which is an ecofriendly alternative to the traditional octyl phenol poly(oxyethylene acrylate). Interestingly, we found that the molar ratio [or ratio point (R)] of SDS to AEO–AC played a key role in tuning the mechanical properties. All series HA‐gels denominated a similar down–up–down tendency with increasing R, and the best R is 3. This result was consistent with the microscopic network structure number of the hydrophobic monomer (NH = 21–24), and this indicated that each hydrophobic monomer associated three SDS monomers in its internal networks. The resulting AEO–AC–acrylamide gels exhibited the best mechanical strength (yield maximum broken stress = 218 kPa) and the maximum effective crosslink density. Moreover, the relationship between the network structure and the mechanical properties of the HA‐gels was investigated with various Rs. Two different interaction effects of distribution between SDS and AEO–AC are discussed in detail. The HA‐gels exhibited self‐healing properties and maintained their shape in water over 160 days. The results indicate that changing R is an effective method for tuning the mechanical properties of HA‐gels as a type of prospective biomedical material. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45196.
Self‐assembled acrylamide‐based copolymer/surfactant with high‐temperature resistance for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Gou Shaohua , Zhang Qin , Ma Yongtao , Li Shiwei , Zhou Yanting , Fei Yumei , Wu Yuanpeng , He Zhenyan 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTIn this article, we report on a water‐soluble self‐assembled system that consisted of an acrylamide (AM)‐based copolymer and a nonionic surfactant for enhancing oil recovery. The copolymer, denoted as poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid–diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride–N‐allyl benzamide) (PMADN), was synthesized with AM, acrylic acid, diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and N‐allyl benzamide, and the nonionic surfactant was Tween 40. The results of our investigation of the ratio of the copolymer to Tween 40 show that the optimal concentrations of PMADN and Tween 40 were 1000 and 500 mg/L, respectively. When it was heated to 115–120 °C for 15 min, the apparent viscosity of the self‐assembly system increased 19.2%, and its viscosity retention rate remained at 11.6% under 1000 s−1. When the system was dissolved in 12,000 mg/L NaCl, 2000 mg/L CaCl2, and 2000 mg/L MgCl2 solutions, the viscosity retention rates were 22.3%, 12.1%, and 17.6%, respectively. In addition, a 2000 mg/L PMADN–Tween 40 solution dramatically enhanced the oil recovery up to 13.4%. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45202.
A Prospective Study of the Impact of Current Poverty, History of Poverty, and Exiting Poverty on Accumulation of Disease Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Yelin Edward , Trupin Laura , Yazdany Jinoos 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo estimate the effect of current poverty, number of years in poverty, and exiting poverty on disease damage accumulation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsFor this study, 783 patients with SLE were followed up from 2003 to 2015 through annual structured interviews. Respondents were categorized in each year by whether they had a household income of ≤125% of the US federal poverty level. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the impact of poverty in 2009, number of years in poverty between 2003 and 2009, and permanent exits from poverty as of 2009 on the extent of disease damage (according to the Brief Index of Lupus Damage [BILD] score) or accumulation of a clinically meaningful increase in disease damage (defined as a minimum 2‐point increase in the BILD damage score) by 2015.ResultsAfter adjustment for sociodemographic features, health care characteristics, and health behaviors, poverty in 2009 was associated with an increased level of accumulated disease damage in 2015 (mean difference in BILD damage score between poor and non‐poor 0.62 points, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.25–0.98) and increased odds of a clinically important increase in damage (odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% CI 0.98–2.85). Being poor in every year between 2003 and 2009 was associated with greater damage (mean change in BILD score 2.45, 95% CI 1.88–3.01) than being poor for one‐half or more of those years (mean change in BILD score 1.45, 95% CI 0.97–1.93), for fewer than one‐half of those years (mean change in BILD score 1.49, 95% CI 1.10–1.88), or for none of those years (mean change in BILD score 1.34, 95% CI 1.20–1.49). Those exiting poverty permanently had similar increases in disease damage (mean change in BILD score 1.30, 95% CI 0.90–1.69) as those who were never in poverty (mean change in BILD score 1.36, 95% CI 1.23–1.50) but much less damage than those who remained in poverty (mean change in BILD score 1.98, 95% CI 1.59–2.38).ConclusionThe effects of current poverty, “dose” of poverty, and exiting poverty suggest that poverty plays a critical role in the accumulation of damage in patients with SLE.