bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propriétés Hypno-Inductrices Du Nitrazépam
Authors: Duguay Robert , Bordeleau Jean-Marc , Tetreault Léon 
Published: April 2017

A double-blind comparative study made between nitrazepam 10 and 20 mg. secobarbital 200 mg. and placebo has pointed out the sleep-inductive properties of this 1–4 benzodiazepine derivative. Answers to a questionnaire were controlled by direct observations of the sleep-induction period. Subjective and objective data prove that nitrazepam 10 and 20 mg. and secobarbital 200 mg. shorten sleep induction. A very high negative correlation was found between the two types of data. The hypnotic action of nitrazepam was again formed as for quality and duration of sleep. Easiness of awakening and alertness of the subject during the forenoon as well as side effects were also analyzed. The effective and well-tolerated dosage of nitrazepam is 10 mg; awakening and alertness of the subject are affected by a higher dosage.
A Dynamic Thematic-Experiential Approach in the Treatment of Mental Subnormality: A Preliminary Report on an Experiment in Educational Therapy
Authors: Lissak D. 
Published: April 2017

In the concise presentation of our program and its preliminary results we do not intend to offer a ‘cure-all’ method. We perceive it rather as an experimental endeavour in educational therapy with the intention of contributing to some of the pressing problems regarding the treatment of mentally subnormal children. The improvement we observe in our children derived both from measurable data and clinical observation, points out that educational methodology when properly applied in educational therapy with mentally subnormal children — serves a twofold purpose: 1) Exposure to conditions which foster experiencing of primary cognitive functions help the child to develop better intentional and differentiative behaviour and facilitates more meaningful cognitive and functional relationships with the environment. As such it gives the professional worker insight into the basic problem in clinical psychology and special education, namely, the qualitative functional aspect of intelligence. 2) Exposure to the program proves to be a useful way to differentiate among clinical manifestations of different symptomatologies which, at the outset, are clustered around a general and diffuse behavioural and learning dysfunction.
The Selection of Delusional Persecutors
Authors: Sletten Ivan W. , Ballou Susan R. 
Published: April 2017

The hypothesis tested in this study was that: The sex of a delusional persecutor will have a relationship to the sex of the most fear-inspiring parent or parent surrogate. Twenty-eight patients with delusions of persecution were evaluated by different interviewers who were unaware of what material to uncover in order to fulfil the hypothesis. It was found that when the father or father surrogate was most fear inspiring, the patient later would develop delusional fears of men only; that when the mother or mother surrogate was most fear inspiring, the patient would develop delusional fears of both men and women, but predominantly of women. The findings are discussed in relation to cultural studies of delusions, certain aspects of learning theory and the concepts of Freud relating homosexuality to paranoid delusions.
Social Psychiatry and Social Work
Authors: Boehm Werner W. 
Published: April 2017

For the purpose of this discussion, ‘social psychiatry’ is defined as an attitude or a perspective; its activity or services is ‘community mental health’. The social work methods, casework, group-work, and community organization, will be considered as contributors to community mental health. Social work is an ideological forerunner of social psychiatry; the notion of the interdependence of psychic and social factors as determinants of human behaviour. Claims of exclusivity in community mental health made by psychiatry are being questioned by psychiatrists themselves. Social work can participate in providing community mental health services through its traditional methods regardless of category of client, and in contributing a better understanding of some of the social determinants of mental illness through research. With the chronic mental patient in the realm of rehabilitation and provision, with the ambulatory patient, social work's goal would be rehabilitation and provision, but in addition, there would be secondary prevention. With the ‘mental illness prone’, social work through its traditional methods makes but a minimal contribution, The goal being primarily preventive. Contribution is being made through formal and informal consultative activities with related professions in places where the target population can be reached. The role of social work can be enhanced if new developments bear fruit. At times society is the patient and the intervention should be directed at the reduction or elimination of the social pathologies and at the malfunctioning of our social systems. Social work thus might intervene in the social structure through the creation of new services and the more effective delivery of these services, the designing of new policies and programs in social welfare, the participation in urban planning and urban renewal and the participation in the creation of change in the ‘culture’ of society. The problems which remain involved are the functional differentiation among the several mental health professions, the deployment and interrelationships of professional and sub-professional personnel in social welfare and the implication for professional education. In conclusion the following questions are raised: what societal problems cause what categories of the population to be more prone to mental illness and emotional upheaval. Are we correct in placing under the rubric ‘mental illness’ some of the by-products of our urban highly technological civilization and would interdisciplinary epidemological research coupled with experimental intervention programs be appropriate to obtain answers to questions such as the ones posed above?
Aspirations Maritales et Parentales De Patients Psychiatriques Celibataires*: Enquête préliminaire
Authors: SauçIer Jean-F. 
Published: April 2017

Not much being known about psychiatric patients' marital and parental expectations, an investigation has been done in an in-patient service of a general hospital through a questionnaire used previously. The experimental group is composed of thirty patients, all single, Catholic, from lower social class; fourteen men (35% neurotics and 65% psychotics) and sixteen women (50% neurotics and 50% psychotics); schizophrenia is found in 50% of each sub-group. The control group is composed of 173 subjects, all single, Catholic, from lower social class; 100 men and 73 women whose age is approximately the same. About the nineteen questions related to the ideal marital relationship, the sick men are significantly different only once from the normals (expecting less often the wife visiting her parents) whereas the sick women have different expectations from the normal women seven times (expecting an older husband, hoping for more frequent company of the husband and expecting less verbal communication between the spouses). About the nine variables related to intermarriage, the sick men are different four times from the controls (more open to marriage with Protestant French Canadians, with non-French-Canadian Catholics, with recent French immigrants who have no religious practice and with Negro Haitian Catholics). On the other hand, the sick women are different three times from the normals (less open to marriage with Catholic French Canadians, their own ethnic group, and more open to marriage with Protestant French Canadians and with Jewish Canadians). About the seven questions related to the ideal parental relationship, the sick men always agree with the normals whereas the sick women are three times different from the normals (expecting fewer children, expecting less co-operation from the husband in the care of children, and wishing to teach them more often how to find new ways to live). Except for the attitudes towards intermarriage, one can observe that the sick women are much more often deviant (ten times against once) than the sick men from the social norms. It seems that this striking difference is related to the greater importance for women of the marital and parental roles; it would seem probable that the sick men give evidence of their deviance in the work and leisure spheres.
Les Psychothérapies Collectives Chez L'Enfant Et L'Adolescent*
Authors: Boulanger J. B. 
Published: April 2017

The various group techniques used in the treatment of neurotic children and adolescents are reviewed and discussed under three main categories corresponding to divergent theoretical views on the development of personality and the nature of psychotherapy. Slavson's group activity and Ginott's group play are defined as orthopedagogic methods meant to repair the frail ego of the child traumatized by frustrations and rejections from the environment. Moreno's psychodrama centered on role learning is based on a sociological conception of psychic growth. Catharsis through action is a common therapeutic goal pursued by all these approaches. While retaining the instrumental aids introduced by Moreno's school, Lebovici, Anzieu and Boulanger elaborated forms of group psychodrama analytically oriented and devised to foster insight through the interpretation of play. Group analysis was systematically applied to kindergarten, latency and adolescent patients by Anthony, who labelled his innovations, the ‘small table’, the ‘small room’ and the ‘small circle’ techniques. Boulanger restricts to preadolescents and adolescents verbal group analysis, and suggests group analytic psychodrama for late latency and group psychodrama for drawing and painting for early latency children. The collective fantasies of the group members are interpreted in the here and now of the transference situation. Group psychoanalysis, adapted to the medium most suited to the age of the patients, is considered by the writer as the appropriate treatment for psychoneurotic children and adolescents. Insight into inner conflicts and transference fantasies is not checked by the intrusion of the therapist in the reality of the environment or by his participation in the acting out — the handicap of family therapy or group activities and orthodox psychodrama. The limitations in conceptualization and verbalization of the young patient, his inferior and dependent status with regard to the adult therapist are more readily overcome in a group of peers than in individual psychotherapeutic encounters. The influence of the process of socialization during these formative years on all aspects of personality development is also greatly enhanced by group psychotherapy.
L'organisation Fonctionnelle De L'enseignement Dans Un HÔPital Psychiatrique
Authors: Grantham Harry 
Published: April 2017

The traditional psychiatric institution, when imbued of contemporary psychiatric principles, may become an excellent milieu for theoretical and practical training for each one of the members of the treating staff. The author reports of an 18 months experience lived both at the university and hospital level, which occurred during the psychiatric teaching reorganization in a traditional psychiatric centre. After describing the objective pursued in such a postgraduate training for the different health disciplines, the author points out how the psychiatric hospital can meet this challenge. The principles of the theoretical and practical program are briefly described along with the administrative structures of teaching in the hospital milieu. The emphasis set forth in the consultative role of certain teaching committees established according with the principles of a multi-disciplinary approach permits a far more effective comprehensive co-ordination.
Psychodynamics of the Survivor Syndrome*
Authors: Grauer H. 
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study is to explore some of the psychodynamics of concentration camp survivors. There is growing evidence that in reactions due to extreme environmental stress we are dealing with a condition akin to psychosis or a borderline state. The chronicity of the condition, the clinical symptoms observed and poor response to treatment support the hypothesis that severe trauma results in unmodifiable ego changes. Two related ego alterations are discussed, namely, ego exhaustion and changes in the ego-superego boundary as a result of overwhelming guilt and shame. Ego exhaustion seen here is similar to that encountered in aging. In the aged continued losses and anatomical and physiological decline prevents reparation. Restitution in the concentration camp survivor is difficult because of the continuing ego-superego conflict. A case is presented and problems encountered in the treatment of survivors are briefly outlined. Further longitudinal studies and particularly reports of long-term treatment of survivors would help us gain further insight into the problems of massive traumatization.
Canadian Training for Residents from Developing Countries
Authors: Lewis David J. 
Published: April 2017

In an effort to explore the relevance of Western methods of training and treatment for foreign residents coming to the McGill training network, a directory follow-up was made of the graduates of 1958–63, and of the two years 1966 and 1967. Results showed that less than one fifth went to a developing country. When the sample was narrowed to those who came from developing countries it was found that one third went home in the earlier period and one quarter in the most recent period. These figures, rough as they are, show that some students do return home but that a great number remain away, probably because of inadequate support. Further study is needed, and should cover other health specialties as well.
School Refusal with Anxiety: a Review of Sixty-Three Cases
Authors: Smith Stuart L. 
Published: April 2017

A review of 63 cases of school refusal with anxiety seen at the Maudsley Hospital, London, England, indicates that the disorder has the following features: 1) peak incidence at age 11 or 12, 2) higher proportion of youngest children in the family, 3) presence of three separate syndromes seems indicated (with some intermixtures), namely, a) separation anxiety in the younger patients and in those whose difficulties started at a young age, b) school phobia in the older patients without previous episodes, and c) depression or withdrawal in some adolescents, 4) excellent prognosis as far as return to school is concerned, although somewhat poorer for patients of age 13 or over.
Psychiatry and Abortion*
Authors: Heath David S. 
Published: April 2017

Recommendation for abortion on psychiatric grounds is becoming comparatively more frequent; however, except for severe mental retardation, there are no unequivocal psychiatric grounds. In countries with liberal abortion laws, abortions are recommended for sociomedical reasons much more often than for purely psychiatric reasons, and yet there is little data to enable the psychiatrist to assess these cases objectively and scientifically. He has to rely on his own personal opinion. It seems that psychiatric illness occurring as a result of therapeutic abortion is uncommon, but it does sometimes occur in women who are less psychologically healthy than normal. However no studies have been carried out on unselected cases. Studies on women who have been refused abortion show that the risk of suicide is almost nil, but in some circumstances the risk of criminal abortion is high, but again no studies have been done on unselected cases. The situation in countries with liberal abortion laws is described. The recent amendment to the Criminal Code of Canada does not change the legal position regarding abortion except for setting up a procedure to examine applications. The Canadian law still does not permit abortion for socio-medical, humanitarian or eugenic reasons. The role of Canadian psychiatrists in therapeutic abortion is discussed and a brief survey has been carried out on their interpretation of the law.
Early Schizophrenia
Authors: Varsamis John , Adamson John D. 
Published: April 2017

This is a report of a phenomenological and descriptive study of forty-four patients seen early in their first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Most patients had a prodromal phase (median duration 30 months) during which the commonest symptoms were decreased drive and dysphoria. Symptomatology was often similar to that of a reactive depression; there was no instance resembling endogenous depression. A prodromal triad of deterioration in school or work performance, schizoid withdrawal and anergia was identified and this may have some diagnostic use. Twelve of the fifteen patients who exhibited this triad had also experienced disturbed flow of thought. Some patients experienced increased sexual drive, usually towards the end of the prodromal phase or in early overt psychosis. Some also reported regular fluctuations in symptomatology; these cycles, usually of a few good days and a few bad days, occurred in the prodromal phase and/or early overt psychosis. The transition to manifest psychosis was usually quite abrupt. An oneirophrenic experience, termed a ‘complex state”, was common either at the beginning of psychosis or soon thereafter. In the ‘complex state” a number of symptoms are experienced together or in such rapid succession that separating them is artificial. Perplexity and emotional arousal, usually dysphoric, are always present, and there is invariably at least one symptom of disturbed perception or delusion. Perceptual disturbances may affect any modality and often more than one; the perceptual alterations may be simple or complex. Disturbances of visual perception were reported more frequently than might have been expected, tending to be associated with good prognosis. Motor blocking, slowing or inco-ordination may occur, and although clouding of consciousness was experienced as part of the complex state, it was not possible to document this satisfactorily. Delusions usually developed within complex states or more commonly as explanations of them, so that the concept of primary delusion may be invalid. These findings were further discussed with particular reference to the work of Conrad and Chapman.
Catecholamine Metabolism in Affective Disorders: Excretion of 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxymandelic Acid in Depressive States
Authors: Mcnamee H. Brian , Moody J.P. , Naylor G.J. 
Published: April 2017

The urinary excretion of the main catecholamine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), was studied in thirteen patients before, during and after recovery from a depressive illness. The patients were classified independently into two diagnostic groups. Operational definitions of psychotic depression and neurotic depression were made, using diagnostic scales. Taking the group as a whole there was no significant difference in VMA excretion throughout the periods of study. In four of the patients who showed psychomotor retardation the urinary VMA increased during hospitalization but did not reach statistical significance. No difference was found in the mean values for VMA excretion in psychotic depressive patients compared with those who were neurotic.
The Residential Treatment Response of Disturbed Children Using Serial Ratings of Adjustment
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. 
Published: April 2017

The response of twenty latency-aged children to residential treatment was measured by serial child-care ratings. Those who did not respond early made no gains during the latter half of hospitalization. A satisfactory outcome was best predicted by the total rating change within the first six months as a percentage of the treatment interval. Treatment success appeared to depend upon the extent to which the program modified the child's customary defences and behaviour within that period, irrespective of whether this resulted in an increase or reduction in disturbance. Possible reasons for lack of early change are discussed.
Ten-Year Follow-Up of 100 Patients Admitted to a Mental Hospital
Authors: Cahn Charles H. 
Published: April 2017

A ten-year follow-up study of 100 patients admitted consecutively to a mental hospital revealed the following information. The patients used the hospital beds for an average of one year and two months of the ten years, that is, about. one-eighth of the time. The co-operative schizophrenic patients could be kept out of hospital with proper maintenance therapy. Patients admitted with organic psychoses died after an average of one and three-quarter years. Of the ‘functional’ cases nearly a half were alive after ten years, 8 were dead (2 or 3 suicides) and the rest could not be traced. The patients had an average of 23 physicians but this large number does not appear to have harmed them. Nearly all patients had some drug therapy, the two most frequently prescribed categories being neuroleptics and antidepressants. About half the patients had occupational and work therapy. The condition of the 68 survivors was considered to be: ‘recovered’ or ‘much improved’ in 55 per cent; ‘moderately or slightly improved’ in 40 per cent and ‘unimproved or worse’ in 3 per cent. Their last known vocational status was ‘working or self-sufficient’ in 34 per cent, ‘dependent’ upon relatives or government support in 43 per cent and not known in 23 per cent.
Hospitalized Adolescents and Therapeutic Milieu: Denial of Conflicts versus Normality as Average
Authors: Sendi Ismail B. , Johnson James W. 
Published: April 2017

A retrospective clinical and statistical evaluation of the development of a ‘therapeutic milieu’ with a new concept is made. The effectiveness of this milieu for fifty hospitalized adolescents (thirty boys and twenty girls) in the Adolescent Service of Fairlawn Center is studied and reported. The new concept, defined as introduction of ‘normality as average’ standards and as prearranged expectations, have been incorporated into the structural and living system of the adolescent's life. This concept has been introduced as a principle governing the expectations of the therapeutic milieu. It is suggested that ‘normality as average’ expectations in the therapeutic milieu protects the already prevailing normalized culture of the ward; furthermore, it challenges the adolescent who denies the presence of conflicts. More significantly, ‘normality as average’ expectation reinforces the process of developmental ‘socialization’ which is so necessary for hospitalized adolescents. Five important components required for the stability of a therapeutic milieu for adolescents are categorically discussed. Emphasis has been laid on the staff-patient-staff communication and intradisciplinary communication to prevent the pathological parental attitudes from becoming the anatomy of the attitudes of the staff. It is suggested that equally distributed authority be delegated to all staff dealing with adolescent behaviour in the milieu. The paper reviewed a two-year retrospective study of the conditions of all patients at discharge. The effectiveness of a ‘normality as average’ expectations in the milieu has been correlated with a gradual and progressive decline in the frequency and the intensity of daily major vandalism. This paper focuses on the significance of the development of the cognitive process thinking in adolescence. The effect of this thinking of the adolescent and the cognitive approach in the milieu on the patient's syntaxic judgment is emphasized. Such a capability is viewed as being challenging to him, and is used as an avenue of communication to his behavioural confession and his emotional denial.