bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral hygiene grade and quality of life in children with chemotherapy‐related oral mucositis: a randomized study on the impact of a fluoride toothpaste with salivary enzymes, essential oils, proteins and colostrum extract versus a fluoride toothpaste without menthol
Authors: Bardellini E , Amadori F , Majorana A 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to assess the impact of the use of a fluoride toothpaste (Bioxtra®, Biopharm, Milan, Italy) with salivary enzymes, essential oils, proteins and colostrum extract versus a fluoride toothpaste without menthol on the oral hygiene grade and on the quality of life (QoL) of children with oral mucositis (OM) grade 1 or 2 receiving chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL).MethodsPatients between 6 and 14 years with OM were randomly assigned to two groups, group A (Bioxtra® toothpaste) and group B (fluoride toothpaste without menthol). The patients were instructed to brush their teeth at least twice a day using a soft toothbrush with a small head. Oral hygiene grade was assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI‐s); quality of life was assessed using the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) questionnaires. The patients were evaluated on day 1(diagnosis of OM‐T0) and on day 8 (T1). Statistical analysis was performed.ResultsA total of 64 patients were enrolled. A significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean of the OHI‐s in group A (0.9 ± 1.2) and in group B (1.5 ± 1.3) was found; the overall OHIP‐14 scores were not associated with the use of one or the other toothpaste (P = 0.33).ConclusionsAlthough the use of Bioxtra® toothpaste does not affect the QoL of children undergoing chemotherapy, it may be recommended as clinically effective in improving the oral hygiene grade.
Oral health care‐related beliefs among Finnish geriatric home care nurses
Authors: Pihlajamäki T , Syrjälä A‐M , Laitala M‐L , Pesonen P , Virtanen JI 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim was to investigate beliefs about oral health care tasks among nursing staff caring for home‐dwelling older people using the Nursing Dental Coping Beliefs (nursing DCBS) index.MethodsThe study population comprised nursing staff working at the homes and sheltered accommodations of older people in Ylivieska, Finland (N = 141). The data were collected using the nursing DCBS index (five‐point Likert scale).ResultsOn average, the nurses held moderate to high Oral health care beliefs, Internal locus of control beliefs and External locus of control beliefs, but low beliefs about Self‐efficacy. The nurses with an earlier adjunct education scored lower for Oral health care beliefs on the factor Knowledge about preventing gum diseases (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.9) than did the others. Regarding beliefs about External locus of control, the age group 31–49 years scored lower on the factor Retaining teeth as one ages (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.7), but scored higher on the factor How to prevent dental diseases (OR = 5.6, 95% CI: 1.1–29.3) than did younger nurses (≤30 years). The nurses with only a nursing education showed significantly higher mean scores on the Self‐efficacy factor Confidence of the need for dental knowledge than did those with an earlier adjunct education (P = 0.034).ConclusionsThe nursing staff mostly believed that oral diseases are preventable and teeth can be retained in advanced age, but failed to recognize the value of dental knowledge and had little confidence in their ability to manage oral diseases. Improving the oral health‐related knowledge and self‐efficacy beliefs of nursing staff will require additional oral health education.
Does breastfeeding duration decrease child obesity? An instrumental variables analysis
Authors: Modrek S. , Basu S. , Harding M. , White J. S. , Bartick M.C. , Rodriguez E. , Rosenberg K. D. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundMany studies have documented that breastfeeding is associated with a significant reduction in child obesity risk. However, a persistent problem in this literature is that unobservable confounders may drive the correlations between breastfeeding behaviors and child weight outcomes.ObjectiveThis study examines the effect of breastfeeding practices on child weight outcomes at age 2.MethodsThis study relied on population‐based data for all births in Oregon in 2009 followed for two years. We used instrumental variables methods to exploit variations in breastfeeding by mothers immediately after delivery and the degree to which hospitals encouraged mothers to breastfeed in order to isolate the effect of breastfeeding practices on child weight outcomes.ResultsWe found that for every extra week that the child was breastfed, the likelihood of the child being obese at age 2 declined by 0.82% [95% CI −1.8% to 0.1%]. Likewise, for every extra week that the child was exclusively breastfed, the likelihood of being obese declined by 0.66% [95% CI −1.4 to 0.06%]. While the magnitudes of effects were modest and marginally significant, the results were robust in a variety of specifications.ConclusionThe results suggest that hospital practices that support breastfeeding may influence childhood weight outcomes.
Bidirectional relationship between renal function and periodontal disease in older Japanese women
Authors: Yoshihara Akihiro , Iwasaki Masanori , Miyazaki Hideo , Nakamura Kazutoshi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the reciprocal effects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and periodontal disease.Material and MethodsA total of 332 postmenopausal never smoking women were enrolled, and their serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, serum osteocalcin and serum cystatin C levels were measured. Poor renal function was defined as serum cystatin C > 0.91 mg/l. Periodontal disease markers, including clinical attachment level and the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA), were also evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between renal function and periodontal disease markers, serum osteocalcin level and hsCRP level. The prevalence‐rate ratios (PRRs) on multiple Poisson regression analyses were determined to evaluate the relationships between periodontal disease markers and serum osteocalcin, serum cystatin C and serum hsCRP levels.ResultsOn logistic regression analysis, PISA was significantly associated with serum cystatin C level. The odds ratio for serum cystatin C level was 2.44 (p = 0.011). The PRR between serum cystatin C level and periodontal disease markers such as number of sites with clinical attachment level ≥6 mm was significantly positive (3.12, p < 0.001). Similar tendencies were shown for serum osteocalcin level.ConclusionThis study suggests that CKD and periodontal disease can have reciprocal effects.
Sexual and natural selection in the evolution of extended phenotypes: the use of green nesting material in starlings
Authors: Rubalcaba J. G. , Polo V. , Maia R. , Rubenstein D. R. , Veiga J. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlthough sexual selection is typically considered the predominant force driving the evolution of ritualized sexual behaviours, natural selection may also play an important and often underappreciated role. The use of green aromatic plants among nesting birds has been interpreted as a component of extended phenotype that evolved either via natural selection due to potential sanitary functions or via sexual selection as a signal of male attractiveness. Here, we compared both hypotheses using comparative methods in starlings, a group where this behaviour is widespread. We found that the use of green plants was positively related to male‐biased size dimorphism and that it was most likely to occur among cavity‐nesting species. These results suggest that this behaviour is likely favoured by sexual selection, but also related to its sanitary use in response to higher parasite loads in cavities. We speculate that the use of green plants in starlings may be facilitated by cavity nesting and was subsequently co‐opted as a sexual signal by males. Our results represent an example of how an extended phenotypic component of males becomes sexually selected by females. Thus, both natural selection and sexual selection are necessary to fully understand the evolution of ritualized behaviours involved in courtship.
Microwave Heating of Sunflower Oil at Frying Temperatures: Effect of Power Levels on Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Aydinkaptan Ezgı , Mazi Bekır Gökçen , Barutçu Mazi Işil 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDegradation of sunflower oil subjected to simulated frying conditions was evaluated during microwave heating at different power levels (360W, 600W and 900W) and during heating in deep‐fat fryer. Discontinuous heating was performed by heating at 180 °C for 3 minutes and cooling for 15 minutes. This cycle was repeated for 15 times a day, for five consecutive days. Similar free fatty acid (0.28–0.31% oleic acid), K232 (37.11–40.28) and peroxide values (10.35–11.09 meq O2/kg) were obtained at all microwave power levels while significantly higher total polar material (57.5%), viscosity (119.4 cp), refractive index (1.4774), redness (4.2) and yellowness (70.0) values were detected at the lowest power level at the end of heating period. Microwave heating resulted in higher values of investigated parameters relative to the conventional method throughout heating and lower values of linoleic acid content at the end of heating period. Lowest power level caused the highest reduction in the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids.Practical ApplicationsThese results show that power level is an important factor in terms of oil degradation during repetitive microwave heating. Microwave frying method can be proposed as a new way of improving the quality of fried foods considering various studies in literature. This study is quite helpful while establishing microwave frying parameters for obtaining a reduction in the level of frying oil degradation and consequently a rise in the quality of fried products.
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening in Midwifery Education: A Survey
Authors: Palmer Shannon B. , Bednarz Sydney E. , Dilaj Kristin A. , McDonald Amanda M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionUniversal newborn hearing screening has been adopted by all 50 states in the United States. However, there is currently a lack of knowledge about how health care providers learn about universal newborn hearing screening during their education programs. The purpose of this study was to identify whether midwifery education programs in the United States currently include information regarding universal newborn hearing screening in the standard curricula and, if so, what specific information is covered.MethodsA survey that assessed whether specific topics related to universal newborn hearing screening are presented during midwifery education was sent to directors of midwifery education programs.ResultsSeventy‐one midwifery education program directors were contacted, and the response rate was 38% (27 surveys). Most respondents reported that universal newborn hearing screening is discussed in the program, with the amount of time spent covering these topics varying considerably. Programs provide information about the midwife's role in universal newborn hearing screening, legal obligation to provide hearing screening information, and tests used to complete universal newborn hearing screening. How to complete the hearing screening, counseling for parents about results, and follow‐up after a newborn does not pass the screening are topics that were not often discussed. There was no influence of program type or program length on the universal newborn hearing screening content discussed.DiscussionThe majority of midwifery education program directors that responded indicated that their programs include information about universal newborn hearing screening to midwifery students. There is a need for further information and resources specific to universal newborn hearing screening. Providing additional information to midwifery students about newborn hearing screening may result in increased awareness and education for families.
Aerobic glycolysis during brain activation: adrenergic regulation and influence of norepinephrine on astrocytic metabolism
Authors: Dienel Gerald A. , Cruz Nancy F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAerobic glycolysis occurs during brain activation and is characterized by preferential up‐regulation of glucose utilization compared with oxygen consumption even though oxygen level and delivery are adequate. Aerobic glycolysis is a widespread phenomenon that underlies energetics of diverse brain activities, such as alerting, sensory processing, cognition, memory, and pathophysiological conditions, but specific cellular functions fulfilled by aerobic glycolysis are poorly understood. Evaluation of evidence derived from different disciplines reveals that aerobic glycolysis is a complex, regulated phenomenon that is prevented by propranolol, a non‐specific β‐adrenoceptor antagonist. The metabolic pathways that contribute to excess utilization of glucose compared with oxygen include glycolysis, the pentose phosphate shunt pathway, the malate‐aspartate shuttle, and astrocytic glycogen turnover. Increased lactate production by unidentified cells, and lactate dispersal from activated cells and lactate release from the brain, both facilitated by astrocytes, are major factors underlying aerobic glycolysis in subjects with low blood lactate levels. Astrocyte‐neuron lactate shuttling with local oxidation is minor. Blockade of aerobic glycolysis by propranolol implicates adrenergic regulatory processes including adrenal release of epinephrine, signaling to brain via the vagus nerve, and increased norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus. Norepinephrine has a powerful influence on astrocytic metabolism and glycogen turnover that can stimulate carbohydrate utilization more than oxygen consumption, whereas β‐receptor blockade ‘re‐balances’ the stoichiometry of oxygen‐glucose or ‐carbohydrate metabolism by suppressing glucose and glycogen utilization more than oxygen consumption. This conceptual framework may be helpful for design of future studies to elucidate functional roles of preferential non‐oxidative glucose utilization and glycogen turnover during brain activation.
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Aerobic glycolysis, the preferential up‐regulation of glucose utilization (CMRglc) compared with oxygen consumption (CMRO2) during brain activation, is blocked by propranolol. Epinephrine release from the adrenal gland stimulates vagus nerve signaling to the locus coeruleus, enhancing norepinephrine release in the brain, and regulation of astrocytic and neuronal metabolism to stimulate CMRglc more than CMRO2. Propranolol suppresses CMRglc more than CMRO2.
Deferoxamine inhibits microglial activation, attenuates blood–brain barrier disruption, rescues dendritic damage, and improves spatial memory in a mouse model of microhemorrhages
Authors: He Xiao‐fei , Lan Yue , Zhang Qun , Liu Dong‐xu , Wang Qinmei , Liang Feng‐ying , Zeng Jin‐sheng , Xu Guang‐qing , Pei Zhong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCerebral microbleeds are strongly linked to cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. Iron accumulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracranial hemorrhage. Deferoxamine (DFX), a metal chelator, removes iron overload and protects against brain damage in intracranial hemorrhage. In this study, the protective effects of DFX against microhemorrhage were examined in mice. C57BL6 and Thy‐1 green fluorescent protein transgenic mice were subjected to perforating artery microhemorrhages on the right posterior parietal cortex using two‐photon laser irradiation. DFX (100 mg/kg) was administered 6 h after microhemorrhage induction, followed by every 12 h for three consecutive days. The water maze task was conducted 7 days after induction of microhemorrhages, followed by measurement of blood–brain barrier permeability, iron deposition, microglial activation, and dendritic damage. Laser‐induced multiple microbleeds in the right parietal cortex clearly led to spatial memory disruption, iron deposits, microglial activation, and dendritic damage, which were significantly attenuated by DFX, supporting the targeting of iron overload as a therapeutic option and the significant potential of DFX in microhemorrhage treatment.
imageIrons accumulation after intracranial hemorrhage induced a serious secondary damage to the brain. We proposed that irons accumulation after parietal microhemorrhages impaired spatial cognition. After parietal multiple microhemorrhages, increased irons and ferritin contents induced blood–brain barrier disruption, microglial activation, and further induced dendrites loss, eventually impaired the water maze, deferoxamine treatment protected from these damages.
Uterine morphology during diapause and early pregnancy in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)
Authors: Laird Melanie K. , Hearn Cyrma M. , Shaw Geoff , Renfree Marilyn B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn mammals, embryonic diapause, or suspension of embryonic development, occurs when embryos at the blastocyst stage are arrested in growth and metabolism. In the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), there are two separate uteri, only one of which becomes gravid with the single conceptus at a post‐partum oestrus, so changes during pregnancy can be compared between the gravid and non‐gravid uterus within the same individual. Maintenance of the viable blastocyst and inhibition of further conceptus growth during diapause in the tammar is completely dependent on the uterine environment. Although the specific endocrine and seasonal signals are well established, much less is known about the cellular changes required to create this environment. Here we present the first detailed study of uterine morphology during diapause and early pregnancy of the tammar wallaby. We combined transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy to describe the histological and ultrastructural changes to luminal and glandular epithelial cells. At entry into diapause after the post‐partum oestrus and formation of the new conceptus, there was an increase in abundance of organelles associated with respiration in the endometrial cells of the newly gravid uterus, particularly in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, as well as an increase in secretory activity. Organelle changes and active secretion then ceased in these cells as they became quiescent and remained so for the duration of diapause. In contrast, cells of the non‐gravid, post‐partum, contralateral uterus underwent sloughing and remodelling during this time and some organelle changes in glandular epithelial cells continued throughout diapause, suggesting these cells are not completely quiescent during diapause, although no active secretion occurred. These findings demonstrate that diapause, like pregnancy, is under unilateral endocrine control in the tammar, and that preparation for and maintenance of diapause requires substantial changes to uterine endometrial cell ultrastructure and activity.
Phytoplasma Transmission by Heterologous Grafting Influences Viability of the Scion and Results in Early Symptom Development in Periwinkle Rootstock
Authors: Aryan Amal , Musetti Rita , Riedle‐Bauer Monika , Brader Günter 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe stolbur phytoplasma ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is responsible for the grapevine disease ‘bois noir’ affecting a number of wine‐growing areas in Europe. Transmission of stolbur phytoplasma to different laboratory hosts can be difficult due to the requirement of transmitting insect vectors or parasite plants. Here, heterologous grafting was used as an alternative technique for transmission of common and strongly symptomatic stolbur genotypes CPsM4_At1 and CPsM4_At6 of ‘Ca. P. solani’ to experimental host plants such as Catharanthus roseus and tomato making phytoplasma strains more accessible for molecular and experimental investigations in different plant species. Transmission was confirmed by quantitative PCR, microscopy and nested PCR followed by marker gene sequencing. In our study, the transmission of different genotypes of ‘Ca. P. solani’ resulted in distinguishable symptom development in the laboratory host C. roseus. Symptom development in grafted rootstock was observed three to 7 weeks after heterologous grafting. Survival of the graft unit was influenced by the presence of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in the scions and was clearly reduced in phytoplasma free scion – rootstock combinations.
Relationship between level of forage intake, blood flow and oxygen consumption by splanchnic tissues of sheep fed a tropical grass forage
Authors: Hentz F. , Kozloski G. V. , Zeni D. , Brun M. V. , Stefanello S. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryFour Polwarth castrated male sheep (42 ± 4.4 kg live weight (LW) surgically implanted with chronic indwelling catheters into the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins, housed in metabolism cages and offered Cynodon sp. hay at rates (g of dry matter (DM)/kg LW) of 7, 14, 21 or ad libitum, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the effect of the level of forage intake on blood flow and oxygen consumption by the portal‐drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues (ST). The portal blood flow and the oxygen consumption by PDV linearly increased at increased organic matter (OM) intake. No effect of level of OM intake was obtained for the hepatic artery blood flow and oxygen consumption by liver. As a consequence, the level of OM intake only tended to directly affect hepatic blood flow and oxygen consumption by total ST. Oxygen consumption was linearly and positively related to blood flow across PDV, liver and total ST. The heat production by PDV and total ST, as proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) intake, decreased curvilinearly at increased ME intake. In conclusion, the oxygen consumption by PDV, but not by liver, was directly related to the level of forage intake by sheep. Moreover, when ingested at levels below maintenance, most of ME was spent as heat produced by ST.
Psychiatric Conditions Prevalent Among Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Tassé Marc J. , Navas Macho Patricia , Havercamp Susan M. , Benson Betsey A. , Allain Dawn C. , Manickam Kandamurugu , Davis Suzanne 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe authors assessed available prevalence information regarding neuropsychiatric conditions among adults with Down syndrome (DS) and compared these findings among adults with other intellectual disability (non‐DS). The study entailed a survey of 291 adults with DS living in Ohio (USA). Twenty‐three percent of adults with DS reported having a co‐occurring psychiatric disorder, a smaller than the reported occurrence of such conditions in the general adult intellectual disability population. Depression, anxiety disorders, and dementia or Alzheimer's disease were the most frequently reported neuropsychiatric disorders by adults with DS. The likelihood of experiencing a psychiatric disorder increased with age but did not vary by sex among adults with DS. Lower rates of problem behavior were reported in adults with DS compared to adults with intellectual disability (non‐DS). The authors' findings indicate that adults with DS may present different rates and types of co‐occurring psychiatric disorders than the larger population of adults with other intellectual disability. These findings warrant additional research and could provide critical information for planning and intervention.