bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why people matter far more than digital technology or capital
Authors: Gale Michael , Aarons Chris 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
Fifty-five per cent of executives at large corporations are extremely concerned about digital startups becoming significant competitors in their market. If the best technology these startups use is available to everyone and larger companies have the budgets to buy more, how can startups cause such a lack of sleep for leaders? Could the reason be the people, as startups generally are run and staffed by Millennials?

Design/methodology/approach
The evidence for this comes via three separate research efforts and hundreds of hours of intense interviews with transformation leaders in commercial organizations such as USAA, Southwest Airlines, Citi, Hallmark, MIT and government agencies such as the GSA and the FCC. This research looked at how organizations were changing the way they think, organize, invest and act in pursuit of digital transformation success.

Findings
Sixteen per cent of larger organizations saw a real return on their digital transformation efforts. Successful digitally transforming organizations could cut OPEX three times more effectively than other organizations. Successful digitally transforming organizations (56 per cent of them) saw sales performance and customer satisfaction rise in unison. Forty-two per cent of these organizations revealed and solved new digital challenges that they had not recognized before; 87 per cent of these organizations saw enhanced growth in demand.

Originality/value
Technology is a huge part of digital transformation. IDC has predicted that in 2017, $1.7tn will be invested on digital transformation technology and processes alone. That is the size of the tenth largest economy in the world.
Combined electrical stimulation and exercise for swallow rehabilitation post‐stroke: a pilot randomized control trial
Authors: Sproson Lise , Pownall Sue , Enderby Pam , Freeman Jenny 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundDysphagia is common after stroke, affecting up to 50% of patients initially. It can lead to post‐stroke pneumonia, which causes 30% of stroke‐related deaths, a longer hospital stay and poorer health outcomes. Dysphagia care post‐stroke generally focuses on the management of symptoms, via modified oral intake textures and adapted posture, rather than direct physical rehabilitation of the swallowing function. Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a promising rehabilitation technology that can be used to stimulate swallowing; however, findings regarding efficacy have been conflicting.AimsThis pilot randomized controlled study involving three UK sites compared the efficacy of the Ampcare Effective Swallowing Protocol (ESP), combining NMES with swallow‐strengthening exercises, with usual care in order to clarify evidence on NMES in the treatment of dysphagia post‐stroke. A further objective was to pilot recruitment procedures and outcome measures in order to inform the design of a full‐scale trial.Methods & ProceduresThirty patients were recruited and randomized into either (1) usual speech and language therapy dysphagia care; or (2) Ampcare ESP, receiving treatment 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included: the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), the Rosenbek Penetration‐Aspiration Scale (PAS) and patient‐reported outcomes (Swallow Related Quality of Life—SWAL‐QOL).Outcomes & ResultsThirty patients were recruited; 15 were randomized to the Ampcare ESP intervention arm and 15 to usual care. A greater proportion (75%, or 9/12) of patients receiving Ampcare ESP improved compared with 57% (or 8/14) of the usual‐care group. Patients receiving Ampcare ESP also made clinically meaningful change (a comparative benefit of 1.5 on the FOIS, and on the PAS: 1.35 for diet and 0.3 for fluids) compared with usual care. The intervention group also reported much better outcome satisfaction.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe pilot demonstrated successful recruitment, treatment safety and tolerability and clinically meaningful outcome improvements, justifying progression to a fully powered study. It also showed clinically meaningful treatment trends for the Ampcare ESP intervention.
Development of a Patient Decision Aid for Syncope in the Emergency Department: the SynDA Tool
Authors: Probst Marc A. , Hess Erik P. , Breslin Maggie , Frosch Dominick L. , Sun Benjamin C. , Langan Marie‐Noelle , Richardson Lynne D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to develop a patient decision aid (DA) to promote shared decision making (SDM) for stable, alert patients who present to the emergency department (ED) with syncope.MethodsUsing input from patients, clinicians, and experts in the field of syncope, health care design, and SDM, we created a prototype of a paper‐based DA to engage patients in the disposition decision (admission vs. discharge) after an unremarkable ED evaluation for syncope. In phase 1, we conducted one‐on‐one semistructured exploratory interviews with 10 emergency physicians and 10 ED syncope patients. In phase 2, we conducted one‐on‐one directed interviews with 15 emergency care clinicians, five cardiologists, and 12 ED syncope patients to get detailed feedback on DA content and design. We iteratively modified the aid using feedback from each interviewee until clarity and usability had been optimized.ResultsThe 11 × 17‐inch, paper‐based DA, titled SynDA, includes four sections: 1) explanation of syncope, 2) explanation of future risks, 3) personalized 30‐day risk estimate, and 4) disposition options. The personalized risk estimate is calculated using a recently published syncope risk‐stratification tool. This risk estimate is stated in natural frequency and graphically displayed using a 100‐person color‐coded pictogram. Patient‐oriented questions are included to stimulate dialogue between patient and clinician. At the end of the development process, patient and physician participants expressed satisfaction with the clarity and usability of the DA.ConclusionsWe iteratively developed an evidence‐based DA to facilitate SDM for alert syncope patients after an unremarkable ED evaluation. Further testing is required to determine its effects on patient care. This DA has the potential to improve care for syncope patients and promote patient‐centered care in emergency medicine.
The Canadian border and the US dollar: The impact of exchange rate changes on US retailers
Authors: Chen Zhe , Devereux Michael B. , Lapham Beverly 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper provides a micro‐level investigation into the impact of changes in the US–Canada nominal exchange rate on retailers in US regions lying close to the US–Canada border. Using a large data set on product‐level retail prices and sales in the United States over a nine year period, we explore the links between changes in exchange rates, cross‐border travel and the price and quantity responses of US retailers. This allows us to assess the importance of geography and distance in affecting the pass‐through of exchange rate changes into prices and quantities at the level of the consumer. We develop a two‐stage theoretical model of cross‐border travel and industry equilibrium for retail sales at the border. Our empirical results accord well with the implications of the model.
Priorities for future research into asthma diagnostic tools: A PAN‐EU consensus exercise from the European asthma research innovation partnership (EARIP)
Authors: Garcia‐Marcos L. , Edwards J. , Kennington E. , Aurora P. , Baraldi E. , Carraro S. , Gappa M. , Louis R. , Moreno‐Galdo A. , Peroni D. G. , Pijnenburg M. , Priftis K. N. , Sanchez‐Solis M. , Schuster A. , Walker S. ,   the EARIP Collaboration
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe diagnosis of asthma is currently based on clinical history, physical examination and lung function, and to date, there are no accurate objective tests either to confirm the diagnosis or to discriminate between different types of asthma. This consensus exercise reviews the state of the art in asthma diagnosis to identify opportunities for future investment based on the likelihood of their successful development, potential for widespread adoption and their perceived impact on asthma patients. Using a two‐stage e‐Delphi process and a summarizing workshop, a group of European asthma experts including health professionals, researchers, people with asthma and industry representatives ranked the potential impact of research investment in each technique or tool for asthma diagnosis and monitoring. After a systematic review of the literature, 21 statements were extracted and were subject of the two‐stage Delphi process. Eleven statements were scored 3 or more and were further discussed and ranked in a face‐to‐face workshop. The three most important diagnostic/predictive tools ranked were as follows: “New biological markers of asthma (eg genomics, proteomics and metabolomics) as a tool for diagnosis and/or monitoring,” “Prediction of future asthma in preschool children with reasonable accuracy” and “Tools to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath.”
Sex‐based differences in CD103+ dendritic cells promote female‐predominant Th2 cytokine production during allergic asthma
Authors: Masuda C. , Miyasaka T. , Kawakami K. , Inokuchi J. , Kawano T. , Dobashi‐Okuyama K. , Takahashi T. , Takayanagi M. , Ohno I. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryBackgroundGender disparities in adult patients with asthma regarding its prevalence and severity are mainly due to enhanced type 2 T‐helper (Th2) cytokine production in female patients compared to that in male patients. However, the pathways mediating this effect remain unclear.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the roles of two major subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) in females, specifically those displaying CD11b or CD103, during enhanced Th2 priming after allergen exposure, using an ovalbumin‐induced asthma mouse model.MethodsSex‐based differences in the number of DCs at inflamed sites, costimulatory molecule expression on DCs, and the ability of DCs to differentiate naïve CD4+ T cells into Th2 population were evaluated after allergen exposure in asthmatic mice. In addition, we assessed the role of 17β‐oestradiol in CD103+ DC function during Th2 priming in vitro.ResultsThe number of CD11bhigh DCs and CD103+ DCs in the lung and bronchial lymph node (BLN) was increased to a greater extent in female mice than in male mice at 16 to 20 hours after ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation. In BLNs, CD86 and I‐A/I‐E expression levels and antigen uptake ability in CD103+ DCs, but not in CD11bhigh DCs, were greater in female mice than in male mice. Furthermore, CD4+ T cells cultured with CD103+ DCs from female mice produced higher levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13, compared with CD4+ T cells cultured with CD103+ DCs from male mice. The 17β‐oestradiol‐oriented enhancement of CD86 expression on CD103+ DCs after allergen exposure induced the enhanced IL‐5 production from CD4+ T cells.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese findings suggest that with regard to asthma, enhanced Th2 cytokine production in females might be attributed to 17β‐oestradiol‐mediated Th2‐oriented CD103+ DCs in the BLN.
Luteinizing hormone and insulin resistance in menopausal patients with adrenal incidentalomas: The cause‐effect relationship?
Authors: Marina Ljiljana V. , Ivović Miomira , Tančić‐Gajić Milina , Arizanović Zorana , Raković Dragana , Milin‐Lazović Jelena , Kendereški Aleksandra , Micić Dragan , Vujović Svetlana 
Published: December 2017

SummaryObjectiveA high prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) has proven to manifest in patients with adrenal incidentalomas (AI). It has been demonstrated that an increase in IR is related to the size of tumourous masses; additionally, luteinizing hormone (LH)‐dependent adrenal pathologies are well documented in patients with LH‐responsive adrenal tumours occurring under conditions of physiologically elevated LH. We hypothesized that an association between LH and insulin might play a role in adrenal tumourigenesis and steroidogenesis.DesignThe aim of our study was to investigate the association between LH and IR; adrenal tumour size (ATS) and IR; LH and cortisol after the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone test (1 mg DST); and ATS and 1 mg DST cortisol in AI patients. This was a case‐control study conducted in the Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases in Belgrade, Serbia. The total study group consisted of 105 menopausal women: 75 AI patients [27 with nonfunctional AI (NAI) and 48 with (possible) autonomous cortisol secretion ((P)ACS)] and 30 age‐, BMI‐, LH‐ and menopause duration‐matched healthy control (HC) women. To estimate IR, we used homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR).ResultsLuteinizing hormone and ATS are in a significant positive correlation with HOMA‐IR and 1 mg DST cortisol in menopausal patients with AI and (P)ACS.ConclusionsOur data point to a possible cause‐effect relationship between LH and insulin in patients with AI and (P)ACS adding to the body of evidence of their involvement in adrenal tumourigenesis and steroidogenesis.
The effect of flurbiprofen oral spray and ibuprofen vs ibuprofen alone on postoperative tonsillectomy pain: An open, randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Türk B. , Akpınar M. , Erol Z.N. , Kaya K.S. , Ünsal Ö. , Coşkun B.U. 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveThis prospective clinical study was carried out to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of oral spray form of flurbiprofen in the treatment of postoperative pain in tonsillectomy patients.Study designOpen, randomised, controlled clinical study.SettingTertiary care training and research hospital.ParticipantsOne hundred (53 males, 47 females) with an age range of 18‐53 years old (mean 27.4 ± 9.3 SD) undergoing tonsillectomy were enrolled in this prospective controlled study.Main outcome measuresPatients receiving oral ibuprofen and flurbiprofen as spray form were enrolled as study group (53), whereas patients receiving only oral ibuprofen were enrolled as control group (47) in postoperative period. Postoperative pain was evaluated through visual analogue scale on 12th hour, first, third and seventh days after surgery.ResultsThe mean maximal pain score of patients who have received flurbiprofen spray and ibuprofen was 3.36 ± 1.93 SD that was statistically lower than the mean maximal pain score of patients who were medicated with only ibuprofen which was 4.06 ± 1.29 SD on postoperative seventh day (P = .013).ConclusionThis study revealed that addition of flurbiprofen spray to oral ibuprofen is effective in the management of postoperative pain in tonsillectomy patients with no notable complications.
CHA2DS2‐VASc scores for outcome prediction in acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Su Chun‐Hung , Tsao Teng‐Fu , Chen An‐Chih , Chang Kai‐Wei , Yang Yi‐Sun , Ueng Kwo‐Chang , Tsai Chin‐Feng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores are clinical risk stratification instruments that are used clinically to assess the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the prestroke CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores could be useful for predicting infarction severity and long‐term outcomes in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.Materials and methodsThis prospective study included all 1494 patients who had acute ischaemic stroke without haemorrhagic transformation which was evidenced with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging during hospitalization. Total infarction volume and arterial stenosis score were calculated based on MR imaging. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (NIHSSs) were obtained at admission and discharge by board‐certified neurologists. The clinical outcomes were defined as composite endpoints of restroke and mortality and were recorded with the mean follow‐up period of 37.5 months.ResultsThere were 195 (13.1%) patients with AF. The patients with AF had significantly higher median CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores than the patients without AF (P < .001). Patients with higher CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores had significantly higher total infarction volume, arterial stenosis score and NIHSS scores at discharge and poorer clinical outcomes. After adjusting for age, gender and AF, only CHA2DS2‐VASc scores could predict both restroke and composite endpoints.ConclusionsPrestroke CHA2DS2‐VASc scores appear to have better clinical value for predicting the severity of infarction and long‐term clinical outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke patients with and without AF.
Association between hemorrhagic transformation after endovascular therapy and poststroke seizures
Authors: Thevathasan Arthur , Naylor Jillian , Churilov Leonid , Mitchell Peter J. , Dowling Richard J. , Yan Bernard , Kwan Patrick 
Published: December 2017

SummaryObjectiveEndovascular therapy has recently become standard therapy for select patients with acute ischemic stroke. Infarcted brain tissue may undergo hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after endovascular therapy. We investigated the association between HT and occurrence of poststroke seizures in patients treated with endovascular therapy.MethodsConsecutive patients treated with endovascular therapy for acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke were included. HT was assessed with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) at 24 h after stroke onset. Patients were followed for up to 2 years for seizure occurrence.ResultsA total of 205 (57.1% male) patients were analyzed. Median age was 69 years (interquartile range [IQR] 57‐78). Among patients with HT, 17.9% (10/56) developed poststroke seizures compared with 4.0% (6/149) among those without HT (hazard ratio [HR] 5.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.00‐15.22; P = .001). The association remained significant after adjustment for cortical involvement, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, age and use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and clot retrieval (HR 4.85; 95% CI 1.60‐14.76; P = .005). In patients who developed seizures within the follow‐up period, median time to first seizure was 111 days (IQR 28‐369) in patients with HT and 36 days (IQR 0.5‐183) in patients without HT.SignificanceA patient who develops HT following endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke had a nearly 5 times higher rate of developing poststroke seizures within 2 years. HT may be used as an imaging biomarker for poststroke seizures.
Rates of gut microbiome divergence in mammals
Authors: Nishida Alex H. , Ochman Howard 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe variation and taxonomic diversity among mammalian gut microbiomes raises several questions about the factors that contribute to the rates and patterns of change in these microbial communities. By comparing the microbiome compositions of 112 species representing 14 mammalian orders, we assessed how host and ecological factors contribute to microbiome diversification. Except in rare cases, the same bacterial phyla predominate in mammalian gut microbiomes, and there has been some convergence of microbiome compositions according to dietary category across all mammalians lineages except Chiropterans (bats), which possess high proportions of Proteobacteria and tend to be most similar to one another regardless of diet. At lower taxonomic ranks (families, genera, 97% OTUs), bacteria are more likely to be associated with a particular mammalian lineage than with a particular dietary category, resulting in a strong phylogenetic signal in the degree to which microbiomes diverge. Despite different physiologies, the gut microbiomes of several mammalian lineages have diverged at roughly the same rate over the past 75 million years; however, the gut microbiomes of Cetartiodactyla (ruminants, whales, hippopotami) have evolved much faster and those of Chiropterans much slower. Contrary to expectations, the number of dietary transitions within a lineage does not influence rates of microbiome divergence, but instead, some of the most dramatic changes are associated with the loss of bacterial taxa, such as those accompanying the transition from terrestrial to marine lifestyles and the evolution of hominids.
Agriculture shapes the trophic niche of a bat preying on multiple pest arthropods across Europe: Evidence from DNA metabarcoding
Authors: Aizpurua Ostaizka , Budinski Ivana , Georgiakakis Panagiotis , Gopalakrishnan Shyam , Ibañez Carlos , Mata Vanessa , Rebelo Hugo , Russo Danilo , Szodoray‐Parádi Farkas , Zhelyazkova Violeta , Zrncic Vida , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Alberdi Antton 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe interaction between agricultural production and wildlife can shape, and even condition, the functioning of both systems. In this study, we i) explored the degree to which a widespread European bat, namely the common bent‐wing bat Miniopterus schreibersii, consumes crop‐damaging insects at a continental scale, and ii) tested whether its dietary niche is shaped by the extension and type of agricultural fields. We employed a dual‐primer DNA metabarcoding approach to characterize arthropod 16S and COI DNA sequences within bat faecal pellets collected across 16 Southern European localities, to first characterize the bat species’ dietary niche, second measure the incidence of agricultural pests across their ranges and third assess whether geographical dietary variation responds to climatic, landscape diversity, agriculture type and vegetation productivity factors. We detected 12 arthropod orders, among which lepidopterans were predominant. We identified >200 species, 44 of which are known to cause agricultural damage. Pest species were detected at all but one sampling site and in 94% of the analysed samples. Furthermore, the dietary diversity of M. schreibersii exhibited a negative linear relation with the area of intensive agricultural fields, thus suggesting crops restrict the dietary niche of bats to prey taxa associated with agricultural production within their foraging range. Overall, our results imply that M. schreibersii might be a valuable asset for biological pest suppression in a variety of agricultural productions and highlight the dynamic interplay between wildlife and agricultural systems.
Mechanisms of thermal adaptation and evolutionary potential of conspecific populations to changing environments
Authors: Chen Zhongqi , Farrell Anthony P. , Matala Amanda , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHeterogeneous and ever‐changing thermal environments drive the evolution of populations and species, especially when extreme conditions increase selection pressure for traits influencing fitness. However, projections of biological diversity under scenarios of climate change rarely consider evolutionary adaptive potential of natural species. In this study, we tested for mechanistic evidence of evolutionary thermal adaptation among ecologically divergent redband trout populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) in cardiorespiratory function, cellular response and genomic variation. In a common garden environment, fish from an extreme desert climate had significantly higher critical thermal maximum (p < .05) and broader optimum thermal window for aerobic scope (>3°C) than fish from cooler montane climate. In addition, the desert population had the highest maximum heart rate during warming (20% greater than montane populations), indicating improved capacity to deliver oxygen to internal tissues. In response to acute heat stress, distinct sets of cardiac genes were induced among ecotypes, which helps to explain the differences in cardiorespiratory function. Candidate genomic markers and genes underlying these physiological adaptations were also pinpointed, such as genes involved in stress response and metabolic activity (hsp40,ldh‐bandcamkk2). These markers were developed into a multivariate model that not only accurately predicted critical thermal maxima, but also evolutionary limit of thermal adaptation in these specific redband trout populations relative to the expected limit for the species. This study demonstrates mechanisms and limitations of an aquatic species to evolve under changing environments that can be incorporated into advanced models to predict ecological consequences of climate change for natural organisms.