bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional hydromorphological characterization with continuous and automated remote sensing analysis based on VHR imagery and low‐resolution LiDAR data
Authors: Demarchi Luca , Bizzi Simone , Piégay Hervé 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent developments in remote sensing (RS) technologies lead the way in characterizing river morphology at regional scales and inferring potential channel responses to human pressures. In this paper, a unique regional database of continuous hydromorphological variables (HyMo DB) based on areal and topographic data has been generated from RS analysis. Key riverscape units with specific geomorphic meaning have been automatically mapped for 1700 km2 of river floodplains from simultaneous very‐high‐resolution (VHR) near‐infrared aerial imagery and low‐resolution LiDAR‐derived products. A multi‐level, geographical object‐based architecture (GEOBIA) was employed to integrate both spectral and topographic information and generate a regional classifier able to automatically map heterogeneous fluvial patterns in different geographical and topographical contexts of the Piedmont Region (Italy).This HyMo‐generated DB offers a unique set of tools for hydromorphologists and can be exploited for different purposes. For the first time, topographic information can be exploited regionally per riverscape unit class, allowing for quantitative analysis of their regional spatial and statistical variability. In this manner, river types can be automatically characterized and classified using objective and repeatable hydromorphological variables. We discuss the potential of quantifying functional links between riverscape units and their driving processes, a valuable source of information to start assessing and highlighting the entity of potential channel adjustments at the regional scale to human pressures. The HyMo DB can also be integrated with historical, field‐based information to better comprehend current fluvial changes at a local scale. In view of future RS acquisitions, the present approach will result in a suitable procedure for quantitative, objective and continuous monitoring of river evolutions over large scales. This type of hydromorphological characterization will allow regional trends and patterns to be highlighted through time and river management strategies to thus be implemented at both regional and local scales. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subglacial abrasion rates at Goldbergkees, Hohe Tauern, Austria, determined from cosmogenic 10Be and 36Cl concentrations
Authors: Wirsig Christian , Ivy‐Ochs Susan , Reitner Jürgen M. , Christl Marcus , Vockenhuber Christof , Bichler Mathias , Reindl Martin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe report concentrations of cosmogenic 10Be and 36Cl used to determine erosion depths in the recently deglaciated bedrock at Goldbergkees in the Eastern Alps. The glacier covered the sampling sites during the Little Ice Age (LIA) until c. 1940. The youngest ages calculated from these concentrations match the known exposure time after the post‐LIA exposure of <100 years. The apparent age (no cover, no erosion) of most samples, however, is significantly older. We show that the measured nuclide concentrations represent subglacial erosion depths, rather than exposure times. In particular, erosion depths calculated using 10Be and 36Cl concentrations of individual samples match well, whereas apparent 36Cl ages are consistently older than 10Be ages. The bedrock at the ‘youngest’ surfaces was deeply eroded (≥ 297 cm) by the Goldbergkees during the late Holocene. In contrast, bedrock at the margin of the LIA ice extent was eroded ≤35 cm. These values convert to subglacial erosion rates on the order of 0.1 mm/a to >5 mm/a. While modeled erosion rates depend on the duration of glacial cover and erosion intrinsic to the different exposure scenarios used for calculation (700–3300 years), modeled total erosion depths are insensitive (5–20% change).Analysis of erosion depths on the transverse valley profile shows a general trend of greatest erosion part way up the valley side and less erosion under thin ice at the lateral margin. A second profile along the valley axis indicates depth of erosion is greatest where the ice abuts the foot of the investigated bedrock riegel and at its lee side just beyond the crest. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the credibility of histopathology data in environmental endocrine toxicity studies
Authors: Wolf Jeffrey C. , Maack Gerd 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Agencies responsible for environmental protection are tasked with developing regulatory guidance that is based on the best available scientific evidence. Histopathology is a common endpoint in toxicologic bioassays; however, because of the subjective nature of this endpoint, and the advanced level of specialized training required for its effective utilization, the reliability of histopathology data can be inconsistent. Consequently, mechanisms for evaluating such data on a case-by-case basis are needed. The purposes of the present review are to describe a methodology that can be used to evaluate the credibility of histopathology findings and to discuss the results of such assessments as applied to real-world data collected from the scientific literature. A key outcome of these efforts was the finding that only 54% of the studies examined contained histopathology data that were considered to be either highly credible or credible, whereas data in 46% of those studies were of equivocal, dubious, or no credibility. In addition, the results indicated that the quality of the data examined tended to decline during the past 15 yr. The ultimate goals of the present review are to draw attention to reliability issues that can affect histopathology results, provide recommendations to improve the quality of this endpoint, and suggest an approach for the expeditious and judicious use of histopathology data in the weight-of-evidence determinations required for hazard and/or risk assessment. This exercise was conducted initially as part of a SETAC Pellston Workshop™ entitled “Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment Approaches for Endocrine-Active Chemicals (EHRA): Developing Technical Guidance Based on Case Studies to Support Decision Making” that was held in Pensacola, Florida (USA) from 31 January to 5 February 2016. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:601–611. © 2016 SETAC
Learning and Development of Second and Foreign Language Pragmatics as a Higher‐Order Language Skill: A Brief Overview of Relevant Theories
Authors: Timpe‐Laughlin Veronika 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe development of effective second and foreign (L2) language learning materials needs to be grounded in two types of theories: (a) a theory of language and language use and (b) a theory of language learning. Both are equally important, insofar as an effective learning environment requires an understanding of the knowledge, skills, and abilities that are being targeted as well as an idea of how learner development progresses. Although the author and colleagues have previously provided a theoretical basis for the construct of L2 pragmatic ability, and thus a theory of language use, the current paper focuses on learner development, particularly on the theoretical orientation towards L2 pragmatic learning. Given this superordinate goal, the paper will briefly review different theoretical paradigms that have been employed in adult L2 pragmatics development research. In the first part of the paper, I will provide an overview of the cognitive, socially oriented, and emergentist perspectives used in research on L2 pragmatic development. Then, based on the different ontological perspectives, I will discuss the affordances and challenges of applying a theoretical perspective to designing L2 pragmatic learning environments, drawing upon the example of the cognitively oriented information processing theory.
Comparing catchment hydrologic response to a regional storm using specific conductivity sensors
Authors: Inserillo E. Ashley , Green Mark B. , Shanley James B. , Boyer Joseph N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA better understanding of stormwater generation and solute sources is needed to improve the protection of aquatic ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health from large runoff events. Much of our understanding of water and solutes produced during stormflow comes from studies of individual, small headwater catchments. This study compared many different types of catchments during a single large event to help isolate landscape controls on streamwater and solute generation, including human‐impacted land cover. We used a distributed network of specific electrical conductivity sensors to trace storm response during the post‐tropical cyclone Sandy event of October 2012 at 29 catchments across the state of New Hampshire. A citizen science sensor network, Lotic Volunteer for Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, and Stage, provided a unique opportunity to investigate high‐temporal resolution stream behavior at a broad spatial scale. Three storm response metrics were analyzed in this study: (a) fraction of new water contributing to the hydrograph; (b) presence of first flush (mobilization of solutes during the beginning of the rain event); and (c) magnitude of first flush. We compared new water and first flush to 64 predictor attributes related to land cover, soil, topography, and precipitation. The new water fraction was positively correlated with low and medium intensity development in the catchment and riparian buffers and with the precipitation from a rain event 9 days prior to Sandy. The presence of first flush was most closely related (positively) to soil organic matter. Magnitude of first flush was not strongly related to any of the catchment variables. Our results highlight the potentially important role of human landscape modification in runoff generation at multiple spatial scales and the lack of a clear role in solute flushing. Further development of regional‐scale in situ sensor networks will provide better understanding of stormflow and solute generation across a wide range of landscape conditions.
The Circadian Gene Clock Regulates Bone Formation Via PDIA3
Authors: Yuan Gongsheng , Hua Bingxuan , Yang Yang , Xu Lirong , Cai Tingting , Sun Ning , Yan Zuoqin , Lu Chao , Qian Ruizhe 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

The expression patterns of clock-controlled genes (ccgs) are regulated by circadian rhythm, which is a major regulatory and physiological mechanism tied to the solar day. Disruptions in circadian rhythm contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndromes, and aging. It has been reported that bone remodeling is also regulated by circadian rhythm. However, the molecular mechanism by which the circadian gene Clock regulates bone remodeling has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that Clock mutant mice exhibit a significant reduction in bone density as well as increased apoptosis. Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 (PDIA3) is a 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] receptor that can regulate bone formation and apoptosis. Using luciferase and ChIP assays, we confirmed that Pdia3 is a ccg. Clock activates Pdia3 transcription by binding the E-box promoter, and transcription is decreased in ClockΔ19 mutant mice. Forced expression of Pdia3 or of Clock completely rescues the osteogenic disorders found in the mutant background and inhibits apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, ablation of PDIA3 via RNA interference completely blocks the compensatory effect of forced expression of Clock in osteoblasts. Our results demonstrate that the core circadian gene Clock regulates bone formation via transcriptional control of 1,2,5(OH)2D3 receptor PDIA3. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
2‐Methoxyestradiol‐Mediated Induction of Frzb Contributes to Cell Death and Autophagy in MG63 Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Bravo Dalibel , Shogren Kristen L. , Zuo Dongqing , Wagner Eric R. , Sarkar Gobinda , Yaszemski Michael J. , Maran Avudaiappan 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTOsteosarcoma is a bone tumor that mainly affects children and adolescents. Although its pathogenesis is still not fully understood, activation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in the development and metastasis of osteosarcoma. In this report, we have investigated the effect of the anti‐tumor compound, 2‐methoxyestradiol (2‐ME) on Wnt antagonist frizzled‐related protein b (Frzb), also known as secreted frizzled‐related protein (sFRP)3 in human osteosarcoma (MG63) cells. Our results show that 2‐ME treatment induces Frzb gene promoter activity, and increases Frzb mRNA and protein levels in osteosarcoma cells. In addition, 2‐ME treatment regulates downstream Wnt signaling, increasing the cytoplasmic levels of β‐catenin, and blocking β‐catenin‐mediated Wnt activation in osteosarcoma cells. 2‐ME‐mediated induction of Frzb protein expression is specific to osteosarcoma cells, as it does not affect Frzb expression in normal primary human osteoblasts. Furthermore, 2‐ME‐induced apoptosis and autophagy are blocked in osteosarcoma cells transfected with Frzb siRNAs. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that Frzb protein plays an important role in 2‐ME‐mediated anti‐tumor mechanisms in osteosarcoma cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1497–1504, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sesamoid bones in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) investigated with X‐ray microtomography, and implications for sesamoid evolution in Lepidosauria
Authors: Regnault Sophie , Hutchinson John R. , Jones Marc E.H. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTSesamoids bones are small intra‐tendinous (or ligamentous) ossifications found near joints and are often variable between individuals. Related bones, lunulae, are found within the menisci of certain joints. Several studies have described sesamoids and lunulae in lizards and their close relatives (Squamata) as potentially useful characters in phylogenetic analysis, but their status in the extant outgroup to Squamata, tuatara (Sphenodon), remains unclear. Sphenodon is the only living rhynchocephalian, but museum specimens are valuable and difficult to replace. Here, we use non‐destructive X‐ray microtomography to investigate the distribution of sesamoids and lunulae in 19 Sphenodon specimens and trace the evolution of these bones in Lepidosauria (Rhynchocephalia + Squamata). We find adult Sphenodon to possess a sesamoid and lunula complement different from any known squamate, but also some variation within Sphenodon specimens. The penultimate phalangeal sesamoids and tibial lunula appear to mineralize prior to skeletal maturity, followed by mineralization of a sesamoid between metatarsal I and the astragalocalcaneum (MTI‐AC), the palmar sesamoids, and tibiofemoral lunulae around attainment of skeletal maturity. The tibial patella, ulnar, and plantar sesamoids mineralize late in maturity or variably. Ancestral state reconstruction indicates that the ulnar patella and tibiofemoral lunulae are synapomophies of Squamata, and the palmar sesamoid, tibial patella, tibial lunula, and MTI‐AC may be synapomorphies of Lepidosauria. J. Morphol. 278:62–72, 2017. ©© 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Impact of stoniness correction of soil hydraulic parameters on water balance simulations of forest plots
Authors: Wegehenkel Martin , Wagner Annette , Amoriello Tiziana , Fleck Stefan , Meesenburg Henning , Raspe Stephan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLong‐term estimates of the water balance of forests are essential for forest ecosystem analysis. Such estimates can be achieved by using numerical modelling approaches for water balance calculations. These modelling approaches require data, e.g., for the description of the hydraulic properties of forest soils using soil water retention or hydraulic conductivity functions. However, these functions are usually valid only for fine‐earth conditions. However, many forest soils, especially those located in mountainous regions, contain larger fractions of gravel and rock fragments in the soil profiles. In our study, the impact of stoniness correction of soil hydraulic functions on the performance of a numerical water balance modelling approach was evaluated by using continuously measured time series of daily throughfall, soil water contents and pressure heads provided from three different ICP Forests Level II plots with high stoniness in the soil profiles. These measured data were compared with the corresponding model outputs. The application of stoniness correction of the soil hydraulic functions improved the model performance in terms of the Nash‐Sutcliffe Index NS and the coefficient of determination R2. This indicated the need for such a correction.
Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: Its Pathophysiology and Pragmatic Approaches to Management
Authors: Iansek Robert , Danoudis Mary 
Published: November 2016

AbstractView Supplementary Video 1View Supplementary Video 2View Supplementary Video 3BackgroundFreezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood; however, with the established understanding of basal ganglia function, its manifestations should be more easily interpretable. This review examines freezing of gait (FOG) from such a perspective.MethodsA search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from the year 2000 onward for review articles, focused on the pathophysiology of FOG, was used to determine current concepts. A previously established model of basal ganglia function was used to determine the concepts' validities. At the core of the model are deficits in motor set maintenance and timing cue production for automatic movement. It includes the shift between attention and automation to the predominant attention control of gait in PD.ResultsThe difficulties of the found concepts to explain FOG stem from failure to characterize different FOG components, from the assumption that all components share a similar pathophysiology, from a failure to separate basic deficits from compensatory mechanisms, and from the assumption that cognitive deficits are the cause of FOG rather than representing an inadequate compensation to FOG. Pragmatic approaches to management use the attention shift, with the provision of visual information about correct amplitude of step to correct initiation deficits, and motor blocks during gait. It also emphasizes the need to prevent step length reduction on turns, environmental situations, and cognitive overload.ConclusionThe concept of automatic deficits in set maintenance and cue production best describe FOG manifestations in PD and, with the use of attention, the concept also provides pragmatic strategies for management.
Design of a compact mimo antenna with asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed for UWB applications
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed A. , Abdalla Mahmoud A. , Hu Zhirun 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis article presents a new compact asymmetric coplanar strip ‐fed UWB MIMO antenna. The UWB MIMO antenna consists of two identical elements which have quarter elliptical ring radiating element with asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed. By designing the antenna using asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed, the antenna size can be reduced (its size is only 6 × 2.6 cm2). The distance between the two antenna elements equals 0.37 λ0‐The single antenna element is operated at frequencies from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz with reflection coefficient lower than −10 dB. In addition, the designed antenna elements have less than 15 dB coupling isolation between the two input ports. The diversity performance between two antenna elements such as envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain are investigated and they are within their allowed limits. This analysis confirms that the designed antenna is suitable for portable UWB MIMO applications. The proposed antenna is designed; simulated and measured. There is a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:31–36, 2017
Millimetre wave wideband low‐loss waveguide‐to‐substrate integrated waveguide transition
Authors: Ross Aitken J. , Hong Jiasheng 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTA wideband Ka‐band waveguide‐to‐substrate integrated waveguide transition is presented based on a multi‐section transformer approach. We designed our transition by successfully adapting multi‐section inhomogeneous waveguide transformer theory to match a substrate integrated waveguide feedline to a standard waveguide flange, which offers more degrees of freedom than current design methods in the state of the art. We subjected our transition to a simulated tolerance analysis and have found the transition to be robust when fabrication errors are considered. We validated these simulations by measuring a back‐to‐back waveguide‐to‐substrate integrated waveguide transition, where there is very good agreement between measured and simulated results. Moreover, an insertion loss of −0.48 dB was measured at the center frequency of the required operating range. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:10–12, 2017
Dual‐band mimo rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with high port isolation for LTE applications
Authors: Ahmad Khan Aftab , Khan Rizwan , Aqeel Sajid , Ur Rehman Kazim Jalil , Saleem Jawad , Owais M.K. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTA novel dual‐band dual‐polarized rectangular dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) for long term evolution (LTE) is described and fabricated. It covers LTE band 11 (1.43–1.50) GHz at low frequency and LTE band 7 (2.50–2.69) GHz at high frequency. The isolation between two antenna ports is more than 23 dB and 32 dB at 1.45 GHz and 2.6 GHz respectively. A u‐shaped and a rectangular ground planes have been used above and below the substrate to achieve high isolation. DRA is excited through a coaxial probe and a rectangular slot. The proposed antenna can transmit and receive information independently using fundamental
and higher order
modes of DRA. Scalable behavior and frequency ratio has also been investigated in this work Results of Co and Cross‐polarization, envelop correlation coefficient and diversity shows that the proposed design is suitable for MIMO LTE applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:44–49, 2017
Design and implementation of inverse legendre microstrip filter
Authors: Kant Rajni , Gupta Nisha 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe inverse Legendre filter response is derived and its property is analysed by providing the magnitude specifications in the passband and stopband. The inverse Legendre function requires the identical order n as its Legendre counterpart. A quantitative comparison is carried out between Chebyshev, inverse Chebyshev, Legendre and inverse Legendre to show the improved characteristics of the inverse Legendre filters depending on specifications and criteria. The inverse Legendre filter shows maximally flat characteristic in the passband and in comparison to other filters, it exhibits improved group delay characteristics. Finally, the filter is implemented in microstrip low pass configuration and a prototype model of the proposed filter configuration is developed and measured. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:69–73, 2017