bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of protein and energy supply on the growth and
carcass composition of lambs from differing nutritional
histories
Authors: HEGARTY R. S. , NEUTZE S. A. , ODDY V. H. 
Published: July 2002

Effects of dietary energy and protein supply on liveweight (LW) gain and gain of protein, fat and ash
in the carcass, and weight and gain of non-carcass organs were determined in 118 weaned crossbred
lambs from two nutritional histories at Camden, NSW in 1991. Half of the lambs were fed to achieve
and maintain LW at 35 kg (LOW group) and half of the lambs were fed ad libitum until they attained
50 kg LW (HIGH group), during a preliminary period of 126 days. In the subsequent experimental
period, lambs were allocated to treatments providing 500, 800, 1200 or 1500 g/day of pelleted diets
(123 g crude protein, 10 MJ ME/kg dry matter). Diets at each intake contained either 0, 30, 60 or 90 g
of formaldehyde-treated casein (rumen escape protein, REP). This resulted in an experiment
comparing LOW and HIGH group lambs at four energy intakes, within which were four rates of
inclusion of REP. During the 90-day experimental period, LOW group lambs had higher rates of gain
of LW, carcass weight and all non-carcass components than did HIGH lambs (P<0·001). At any
rate of carcass gain, LOW lambs contained a significantly lower proportion of fat in carcass gain than
did HIGH lambs (P<0·05). After adjustment to a common carcass weight, the carcass of LOW
lambs contained a significantly lower mass of fat than did that of HIGH lambs
at slaughter (P<0·05).Carcass fat gain in the experimental period was not affected by LW at the start of that period or by
nutritional history once initial LW was accounted for as a covariate. Data were consistent with fat
deposition being principally controlled by energy intake over the immediate pre-slaughter period. In
contrast, responses to energy intake in the rate of gain of carcass muscles, ash, liver, head and feet
and gut tissue were significantly greater in lambs of LOW compared to HIGH nutritional history. A
significant component of this effect of nutritional history was attributable to LW differences between
LOW and HIGH lambs; however, nutritional history still had a significant effect on these parameters
once initial LW was accounted for as a covariate. Nutritional history may also have modified carcass
composition by changing the partial efficiency of use of available energy for protein deposition
without changing the partial energetic efficiency of fat deposition.
Characterization of kefir grains grown in cows' milk and in soya milk
Authors: ABRAHAM ANALÍA G. , DE ANTONI GRACIELA L. 
Published: July 2002

Kefir is a refreshing fermented milk with a slightly acidic taste obtained by
incubating milk with kefir grains (Saloff-Coste, 1996). Kefir grains are a complex
mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in a strong and specific association. They
are characterized by an irregular form, a folded and uneven surface and a white or
slightly yellow colour. They are tough and resilient and have a characteristic acid
taste (Bottazzi et al. 1994). The basic microflora contains lactococci, homofermentative
and heterofermentative lactobacilli, yeasts and acetic acid bacteria (Bottazzi et
al. 1994; Rea et al. 1996). Among the yeasts isolated from grains and identified
are Candida kefir, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sac.
delbrueckii, Cand. holmii, Sac. unisporus and Sac. lipolytica
(Angulo et al. 1993; Marshall, 1993; Garrote et al. 1997).
Lactobacillus brevis, Lb. viridescens, Lb. casei,
Lb. kefir, Lb. kefiranofaciens, Lb.
kefirgranum, Lb. parakefir, Leuconostoc spp. and
Lactococcus lactis are among the
lactic acid bacteria present in the grains (Marshall et al.
1984; Toba et al. 1991; Takizawa et al. 1994;
Garrote et al. 1997). The mixed microflora of yeasts and
bacteria is held together by a matrix containing (g/kg dry weight) protein 340,
polysaccharide 470 (Ottogalli et al. 1973).The study of kefir grains in milk has been centred on the characteristics of the
polysaccharide produced by lactobacilli within the grain (Yokoi et al. 1991). This
polysaccharide, named kefiran, is composed of glucose and galactose (Yokoi et al.
1991). It has been suggested that proteins are incorporated from the growth media
(Bassette & Acosta 1988), but no details about structure and composition are
available.Soyabeans are an important component of the diet in many countries and have
been used to obtain fermented products such as sogurt (Mann, 1991). Special
attention has been given to the growth of, and sugar utilization by, Bifidobacterium
spp., Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus
thermophilus in soya milk (Buono et al. 1990;
Murti et al. 1993; Ankenman Granata & Morr, 1996). To our
knowledge, there have been no attempts to ferment soya milk with kefir grains.The aim of this study was to investigate the growth of kefir grains in soya milk
and the composition of these grains, focusing on the matrix proteins.
Effects of free-stream turbulence on surface
pressure fluctuations in a separation bubble
Authors: SAATHOFF P. J. , MELBOURNE W. H. 
Published: July 2002

Wind-tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate the cause
of large
pressure
fluctuations near leading edges of sharp-edged bluff bodies. Measurements
obtained
with a blunt flat plate showed that very low pressures occur in a narrow
region
located
approximately 0.25XR from the leading edge,
where
XR defines the distance from the
leading edge to the mean reattachment location. This phenomenon occurs
in the
undisturbed flow as well as turbulent flow, although the magnitude of peak
pressure
fluctuations increases with both turbulence intensity,
σu/u,
and turbulence scale, LX.Flow visualization experiments conducted with a high-speed cine-camera
reveal the
process that causes large pressure fluctuations in separation bubbles.
This
process is
initiated when a perturbation in the approaching flow causes a roll-up
of
the separated
shear layer, producing a strong vortex near the surface. Conditional sampling
of
pressure data was used to determine the spanwise length of the vortex.
A significant
increase in the spanwise correlation of pressure fluctuations occurs when
the shear
layer rolls up. Coherence measurements indicate that the spanwise length
of vortices
in the separation bubble is not directly related to longitudinal velocity

fluctuations in the free-stream.
Mixing, structure and scaling of the jet in crossflow
Authors: SMITH S. H. , MUNGAL M. G. 
Published: July 2002

The mixing of the round jet normal to a uniform crossflow is studied
for a range
of jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios, r, from 5 to 25.
Planar laser-induced fluorescence
(PLIF) of acetone vapour seeded into the jet is used to acquire quantitative
two-dimensional
images of the scalar concentration field. Emphasis is placed on r=10

and r=20 and a few select images are acquired up to r=200.

The Reynolds number based on the jet exit diameter, d,
and the exit velocity varies from 8400 to 41 500.
Images are acquired for conditions in which the product rd is

held constant, requiring decreasing d for increasing r.Results from this experimental study concern structural events of the
vortex
interaction region, and mixing and mean centreline concentration decay
in the near and
far fields. The results cover all three regions of the transverse jet,
and suggest that the
jet scales with three length scales: d, rd and
r2d.Events within the vortex interaction region display d-scaling,

including the crossflow boundary layer separation and roll-up. Over
the range of velocity ratios studied, the
vortex interaction region shows r-dependent variations in the

flow field, including the
emergence of jet fluid in the wake structures for r>10 and
a slower development of
the counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) in higher-r jets.The trajectory and physical dimension of the jet in both the near and
far field
display rd-scaling. The near field is characterized
by a centreline concentration decay
along the centreline coordinate s of s−1.3,
different
from the decay rate (s−1) of the free
jet. When normalized by rd, the decay of each velocity-ratio jet
branches away from
the s−1.3 decay, approaching a decay of
s−2/3, a rate predicted by modelling efforts.

The branch points represent a transition in the flow field from enhanced
mixing to
reduced mixing compared to the free jet. When normalized by
r2d, the branch points
occur at a uniform jet position, s/r2d=0.3,

which is viewed to be the division between
the near and far fields. Self-similarity is not seen in the near field,
but may be present
in the far field.The view of the branch points as a place of transition in the flow is
supported by
the probability density function (p.d.f.) of concentration along the upper
edge of the
jet. Before the branch points, the p.d.f.s are non-marching in character,
and after the
branch points, they are tilted in character.Instantaneously, the CVP is asymmetric in shape and concentration. End
views
reveal extensive motion of the CVP and plan views show this motion can
occur in
both axisymmetric and sinusoidal motion. Ensemble-averaged images show
the jet
concentration is asymmetric about the centreline plane.
Motion of inertial spheroidal particles in a shear
flow near a solid wall with special application to
aerosol transport in microgravity
Authors: GAVZE EHUD , SHAPIRO MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Trajectories of inertial spheroidal particles moving in a shear

flow near a solid wall are
calculated numerically from the Stokes flow equations by computing the
hydrodynamic
forces and torques acting on the particles. Near the wall these interactions
cause
coupling between the particle's rotational and translational motions.
Due to this
coupling an inertial spheroid is shown to move along an oscillatory trajectory,
while
simultaneously drifting towards the wall. This phenomenon occurs in the
absence of
gravity as a combined effect of three factors: particle non-spherical shape,
its inertia
and particle–wall hydrodynamic interactions. This drift is absent
for inertialess
spheroids, and also for inertial spherical particles which move along flow
streamlines.The drift velocity is calculated for various particle aspect ratios
γ and relaxation
times τ. An approximate solution, valid for small particle inertia
is developed, which
allows the contribution of various terms to the drift velocity to be elucidated.
It was
found that the maximum value of the drift velocity prevails for
N(γ)γ2τs∼4, where s

is the shear rate and N(γ) is a decreasing function of
γ, related to the particle–wall
hydrodynamic interactions. In the limiting cases of large and small inertia
and also of
very long and thin spheroids, the drift vanishes.Possible applications of the results are discussed in the context of
transport of
micrometre particles in microgravity conditions. It is shown that the model
used is
applicable for analysis of the deposition of aerosol particles with sizes
above 10 μm
inhaled in the human respiratory tract in the absence of gravity.
Turbulent gravitational convection from a point
source in a non-uniformly stratified environment
Authors: CAULFIELD C. P. , WOODS ANDREW W. 
Published: July 2002

We examine the turbulent gravitational convection which develops
above a point
source of buoyant fluid in a stably stratified environment in which the
buoyancy
frequency varies with height according to
N2=N2s
(z/zs)β. This
generalizes the
classical model of turbulent buoyant plumes rising through uniform and
uniformly
stratified environments originally developed by Morton et al.
(1956). By analogy,
the height of rise of a plume with initial buoyancy flux Fs

has the form Hp=
Apεp−1/2Fs1/4Ns−3/4hp
(λ, β) where εp is the entrainment
constant
for plume motion, Ap
is an O(1) constant, and the non-dimensional plume height,
hp is a function of
&λ=Apεp−1/2Fs1/4Ns−3/4/zs

and β.In the case β>0, the stratification becomes progressively stronger
with height, and
so plumes are always confined within a finite distance above the origin.
Furthermore,
the non-dimensional height of rise h decreases with λ.

In contrast, in the case β<0, the
stratification becomes progressively weaker with height, and so the non-dimensional

plume height increases monotonically with λ. For slowly decaying
stratification,
β>−8/3, the motion is confined within a finite distance
above the source.
However, for each value of β with β<−8/3, there
is a critical value
λc(β) such that for λ<λc

a plume is confined to a region near the source while for
λ[ges ]λc the motion
is unbounded. In the unbounded case, the motion asymptotes to the solution
for
a buoyant plume rising through a uniform environment, with asymptotic buoyancy

flux F∞(λ)<Fs.

We show that in the limiting case λ=λc,
dividing bounded and
unbounded motion, as z→∞ the plume asymptotes to a
new similarity solution
of the second kind which describes the motion of a plume in a non-uniformly

stratified environment. These similarity solutions are unstable in the
sense that small
perturbations to the initial conditions result in very different behaviour
far from the
source.Analogous results for an instantaneous release of buoyant fluid from
a point
source, which forms a thermal, are also presented. The model is applied
to describe
the motion of plumes and thermals in the upper ocean and in naturally ventilated

buildings since in both cases the stratification is typically non-uniform.
Linear pulse structure and signalling in
a film flow on an inclined plane
Authors: BREVDO LEONID , LAURE PATRICE , DIAS FREDERIC , BRIDGES THOMAS J. 
Published: July 2002

The film flow down an inclined plane has several features that make it an interesting
prototype for studying transition in a shear flow: the basic parallel state is an exact
explicit solution of the Navier–Stokes equations; the experimentally observed transition
of this flow shows many properties in common with boundary-layer transition;
and it has a free surface, leading to more than one class of modes. In this paper,
unstable wavepackets – associated with the full Navier–Stokes equations with viscous
free-surface boundary conditions – are analysed by using the formalism of absolute
and convective instabilities based on the exact Briggs collision criterion for multiple
k-roots of D(k, ω) = 0; where k is a wavenumber,
ω is a frequency and D(k, ω) is the
dispersion relation function.The main results of this paper are threefold. First, we work with the full
Navier–Stokes equations with viscous free-surface boundary conditions, rather than a
model partial differential equation, and, guided by experiments, explore a large region of the
parameter space to see if absolute instability – as predicted by some model equations
– is possible. Secondly, our numerical results find only convective instability, in
complete agreement with experiments. Thirdly, we find a curious saddle-point bifurcation which
affects dramatically the interpretation of the convective instability. This is the first finding
of this type of bifurcation in a fluids problem and it may have implications for the
analysis of wavepackets in other flows, in particular for three-dimensional instabilities.
The numerical results of the wavepacket analysis compare well with the available experimental
data, confirming the importance of convective instability for this problem.The numerical results on the position of a dominant saddle point obtained by
using the exact collision criterion are also compared to the results based on a
steepest-descent method coupled with a continuation procedure for tracking convective
instability that until now was considered as reliable. While for two-dimensional
instabilities a numerical implementation of the collision criterion is readily available,
the only existing numerical procedure for studying three-dimensional wavepackets
is based on the tracking technique. For the present flow, the comparison shows a
failure of the tracking treatment to recover a subinterval of the interval of unstable
ray velocities V whose length constitutes 29% of the length of the entire unstable
interval of V. The failure occurs due to a bifurcation of the saddle point, where V
is a bifurcation parameter. We argue that this bifurcation of unstable ray velocities
should be observable in experiments because of the abrupt increase by a factor of
about 5.3 of the wavelength across the wavepacket associated with the appearance of
the bifurcating branch. Further implications for experiments including the effect on
spatial amplification rate are also discussed.
Surface-tension-driven flow in fat fluid wedges and cones
Authors: BILLINGHAM JOHN 
Published: July 2002

We consider the evolution under the action of surface tension of wedges and cones of
viscous fluid whose initial semi-angles are close to π/2. A short time after the fluid is
released from rest, there is an inner region, where surface tension and viscosity dominate,
and an outer region, where inertia and viscosity dominate. We also find that the
velocity of the tip of the wedge or cone is singular, of
O(log(1/t)), as time, t, tends to
zero. After a long time, the free surface asymptotes to a similarity form where deformations
are of O(t2/3), and capillary
waves propagate away from the tip. However, a
distance of O(t3/4) away from the tip,
viscosity acts to damp out the capillary waves.We solve the linearized governing equations using double integral transforms, which
we calculate numerically, and use asymptotic techniques to approximate the solutions
for small and large times. We also compare the asymptotic solution for the inviscid
fat wedge with a numerical solution of the nonlinear inviscid problem for wedges of
arbitrary semi-angle.
The Royal Free Interview for Spiritual and Religious Beliefs: development and validation of a self-report version
Authors: KING M. , SPECK P. , THOMAS A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Spiritual beliefs are rarely considered in psychological or medical publications. We recently published the psychometric properties of an interview designed to measure religious and spiritual belief. In this study, we aimed to develop this instrument further as a self-report questionnaire and to make it more comprehensive by including measurement of spiritual experiences in addition to faith or intellectual assent.Methods. Based on extensive discussion with colleagues, advice from users of the interview and comments from respondents, a self-report format was designed. We then evaluated the final format of the questionnaire in terms of (1) patterns of response and demographic predictors of beliefs; (2) test–retest reliability and internal consistency; (3) criterion and internal validity; and (4) the nature of spiritual experiences and their relationship to beliefs and strength of beliefs.Results. Two hundred and ninety-seven people took part in the validity and reliability tests of the questionnaire. Criterion validity, predictive validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability were acceptably high. The instrument consistently differentiated between people with high and low spiritual beliefs.Conclusions. This instrument is brief and simple to complete. We would recommend that measures of religious and/or spiritual belief like this be more widely applied in health services research as they evaluate aspects of people's lives that go somewhat further than health status or quality of life.
The efficacy of problem-solving treatments after deliberate self-harm: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with respect to depression, hopelessness and improvement in problems
Authors: TOWNSEND E. , HAWTON K. , ALTMAN D. G. , ARENSMAN E. , GUNNELL D. , HAZELL P. , HOUSE A. , VAN HEERINGEN K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Brief problem-solving therapy is regarded as a pragmatic treatment for deliberate self-harm (DSH) patients. A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating this approach indicated a trend towards reduced repetition of DSH but the pooled odds ratio was not statistically significant. We have now examined other important outcomes using this procedure, namely depression, hopelessness and improvement in problems.Method. Six trials in which problem-solving therapy was compared with control treatment were identified from an extensive literature review of RCTs of treatments for DSH patients. Data concerning depression, hopelessness and improvement in problems were extracted. Where relevant statistical data (e.g. standard deviations) were missing these were imputed using various statistical methods. Results were pooled using meta-analytical procedures.Results. At follow-up, patients who were offered problem-solving therapy had significantly greater improvement in scores for depression (standardized mean difference =−0·36; 95% CI −0·61 to −0·11) and hopelessness (weighted mean difference =−3·2; 95% CI −4·0 to −2·41), and significantly more reported improvement in their problems (odds ratio = 2·31; 95% CI 1·29 to 4·13), than patients who were in the control treatment groups.Conclusions. Problem-solving therapy for DSH patients appears to produce better results than control treatment with regard to improvement in depression, hopelessness and problems. It is desirable that this finding is confirmed in a large trial, which will also allow adequate testing of the impact of this treatment on repetition of DSH.
A population-based twin study in women of smoking
initiation and nicotine dependence
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , NEALE M. C. , SULLIVAN P. , COREY L. A. , GARDNER C. O. , PRESCOTT C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The development of drug dependence requires
prior initiation. What is the relationship
between the risk factors for initiation and dependence?Methods. Using smoking as a model addiction, we assessed smoking
initiation (SI) and nicotine
dependence (ND) by personal interview in 1898 female twins from the population-based
Virginia
Twin Registry. We developed a twin structural equation model that estimates
the correlation
between the liability to SI and the liability to ND, given SI.Results. The liabilities to SI and ND were substantially correlated
but not identical. Heritable
factors played an important aetiological role in SI and in ND. While the
majority of genetic risk
factors for ND were shared with SI, a distinct set of familial factors,
which were probably partly
genetic, solely influenced the risk for ND. SI was associated with low
levels of education and
religiosity, high levels of neuroticism and extroversion and a history
of a wide range of psychiatric
disorders. ND was associated with low levels of education, extroversion,
mastery, and self-esteem,
high levels of neuroticism and dependency and a history of mood and alcohol
use disorders.Conclusions. The aetiological factors that influence SI and
ND, while overlapping, are not perfectly
correlated. One set of genetic factors plays a significant aetiological
role in both SI and ND, while
another set of familial factors, probably in part genetic, solely influences
ND. Some risk
factors for SI and ND impact similarly on both stages, some act at only
one stage and others impact
differently and even in opposite directions at the two stages. The pathway
to substance dependence
is complex and involves multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.