bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in genetic selection differentials and generation intervals in US Holstein dairy cattle as a result of genomic selection
Authors: García-Ruiz Adriana , Cole John B. , VanRaden Paul M. , Wiggans George R. , Ruiz-López Felipe J. , Van Tassell Curtis P. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
The introduction of genomic selection in dairy cattle improvement programs in 2008 was expected to increase rates of genetic gain, particularly for traits with low heritabilities, such as fertility and longevity. Our analysis of the US national dairy database found that generation intervals have decreased dramatically over the past 6 y, and selection intensity for lowly heritable traits has increased considerably. Genetic trends rapidly increased for fertility, lifespan, and udder health. These results clearly demonstrate the positive impact of genomic selection in US dairy cattle, even though this technology has only been in use for a short time. This progress in US Holsteins will have a favorable impact on other populations worldwide due to the widespread dissemination of US germplasm.
Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Emery Thompson Melissa , Muller Martin N. , Sabbi Kris , Machanda Zarin P. , Otali Emily , Wrangham Richard W. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Life history theory predicts that organisms can increase their fitness either by producing many offspring or by producing fewer, high-quality offspring. This “quality–quantity” trade-off is expected to be particularly salient for species such as humans that have extended offspring investment, but it may be obscured by cultural mechanisms, such as provisioning. We found strong evidence for quality–quantity trade-offs in chimpanzees, a closely related species with extensive maternal investment. Immature wild chimpanzees that were relatively young when their next sibling was born remained smaller throughout their juvenile years. Chimpanzee mothers with more resources appear to invest in faster reproduction rather than in more robust offspring. This strategy may have set the stage for rapid reproduction and postweaning investment in the human species.
Binocular rivalry from invisible patterns
Authors: Zou Jinyou , He Sheng , Zhang Peng 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Here we investigated a key question regarding how the brain resolves conflicting information—specifically, does binocular rivalry competition require conscious awareness of interocular conflicting information? We first showed that a chromatic grating counterphase flickering at 30 Hz became invisible but could induce a significant tilt aftereffect and orientation-selective adaptation. The invisible gratings produced significant BOLD activities in the early visual cortex but not in frontoparietal cortical areas. Further experiments revealed that although the pattern information was not consciously perceived, invisible orientation conflict between the two eyes could induce rivalry competition. Thus, visual competition could occur without conscious representation of the conflicting visual inputs, presumably in the sensory cortex with minimal engagement of high-level cortex and related top-down feedback modulations.
Large-scale climatic and geophysical controls on the leaf economics spectrum
Authors: Asner Gregory P. , Knapp David E. , Anderson Christopher B. , Martin Roberta E. , Vaughn Nicholas 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Ecology seeks general principles describing how the biota respond to multiple environmental factors, partly to build a more prognostic science in the face of global climate change. One such principle to emerge is the “leaf economics spectrum” (LES), which relates ecologically important plant nutrients to leaf construction and growth along simple relational axes. However, interrelationships between LES traits have not been tested at large geographic scales. Using airborne imaging spectroscopy and geospatial modeling, we discovered strong climatic and geophysical controls on LES traits and their interrelationships throughout Andean and western Amazonian forest canopies. This finding highlights the need for biogeographically explicit treatment of plant traits, afforded by imaging spectroscopy, in the next generation of biospheric models.
Highly sensitive and unbiased approach for elucidating antibody repertoires
Authors: Lin Sherry G. , Ba Zhaoqing , Du Zhou , Zhang Yu , Hu Jiazhi , Alt Frederick W. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Antibodies are generated by B cells of the adaptive immune system to eliminate various pathogens. A somatic gene rearrangement process, termed V(D)J recombination, assembles antibody gene segments to form sequences encoding the antigen-binding regions of antibodies. Each of the multitude of newly generated B cells produces a different antibody with a unique antigen-binding sequence, which collectively form the primary antibody repertoire of an individual. Given the utility of specific antibodies for treating various human diseases, approaches to elucidate primary antibody repertoires are of great importance. Here, we describe a new method for high-coverage analysis of antibody repertoires termed high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing-adapted repertoire sequencing (HTGTS-Rep-seq). We discuss the potential merits of this approach, which is both unbiased and highly sensitive.
Millimeter-sized grains in the protostellar envelopes: Where do they come from?
Authors: Wong Yi Hang Valerie , Hirashita Hiroyuki , Li Zhi-Yun 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Grain growth during star formation affects the physical and chemical processes in the evolution of star-forming clouds. We investigate the origin of the millimeter (mm)-sized grains recently observed in Class I protostellar envelopes. We use the coagulation model developed in our previous paper and find that a hydrogen number density of as high as 1010 cm−3, instead of the typical density 105 cm−3, is necessary for the formation of mm-sized grains. Thus, we test a hypothesis that such large grains are transported to the envelope from the inner, denser parts, finding that gas drag by outflow efficiently “launches” the large grains as long as the central object has not grown to ≳0.1 M⊙. By investigating the shattering effect on the mm-sized grains, we ensure that the large grains are not significantly fragmented after being injected in the envelope. We conclude that the mm-sized grains observed in the protostellar envelopes are not formed in the envelopes but formed in the inner parts of the star-forming regions and transported to the envelopes before a significant mass growth of the central object, and that they survive in the envelopes.
Patient Recruitment and Referral Patterns in Face Transplantation: A Single Center’s Experience
Authors: Kiwanuka Harriet , Aycart Mario A. , Bueno Ericka M. , Alhefzi Muayyad , Krezdorn Nicco , Pomahac Bohdan 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Face transplantation has been shown to improve the functional and aesthetic deficits of facially disfigured individuals. Given promising short-term results, it is important to examine whether face transplantation centers are effectively reaching the targeted facial disfigurement population. The authors’ center reviewed their face transplantation contacts to assess patient recruitment and outreach performance.

Methods:
The authors performed a retrospective review of their face transplantation contacts from the time of their institutional review board protocol approval (February of 2008) to October of 2015. They investigated the relationship between referral pattern (i.e., physician versus self) with the contact’s demographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, race, mechanism of injury, and geographic location) and clinical trial status.

Results:
There were a total of 72 face transplantation contacts. The average age of the contacts was 38 years, and the majority were men [n = 41 (56.9 percent)]. Most were white (n = 33), and the most prevalent mechanism of injury was burns (46.4 percent). The majority of the contacts resided within the United States (n = 47), with most from the Northeastern United States (n = 21). Of the 72 contacts, 35 (48.6 percent) were physician referrals and 37 (51.4 percent) were self-referrals. Physician referrals have led to the most screened and transplanted contacts in their center, whereas self-referral often led to immediate exclusion.

Conclusions:
The authors show the diversity of patient characteristics and referral patterns in their clinical trial. Furthermore, they describe the relationship of characteristics to outcomes in their cohort and identify areas of improvement, such as patient and physician education. Lastly, they are reminded of the potential impact on the burn community.
Nipple Loss following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy
Authors: Mastroianni Melissa , Lin Alex M. , Smith Barbara L. , Austen William G. , Colwell Amy S. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Nipple preservation at the time of mastectomy is increasingly performed to enhance the overall result from the reconstruction. Unfortunately, some of these patients may lose their nipples for oncologic reasons or because of necrosis. Several studies have investigated risk factors associated with nipple loss, but few data exist on the incidence of cancer in the nipple specimen, nipple removal for cosmesis or symmetry, and whether these patients subsequently pursue nipple reconstruction.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed on nipple-sparing mastectomies and immediate reconstruction from 2007 to 2013.

Results:
Of 443 patients (775 breasts), 51 nipples (6.6 percent) were removed. Of the 51 nipple losses, 76 percent had total nipple or nipple-areola complex loss and 24 percent had partial loss. Twenty-five of the nipples (49 percent) required excision for oncologic reasons, 18 nipples (35 percent) were either partially or totally lost because of necrosis, and one nipple (2 percent) was excised for cosmetic reasons. In cases of bilateral reconstruction and unilateral nipple loss, 65 percent of contralateral normal nipples were retained and 35 percent (n = 7) were removed for symmetry. Fourteen nipples had residual cancer or atypia, whereas 37 had normal pathologic findings. Twenty-one nipples (40 percent) were reconstructed and 30 were not.

Conclusions:
In this series, the incidence of nipple loss following nipple-sparing mastectomy was 6.6 percent and related primarily to positive oncologic margins. The rate of removal for cosmesis was low, suggesting that for most patients the nipple lies in an acceptable position. After removal, 40 percent of patients had nipple reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Pretarsal Augmented Lower Blepharoplasty
Authors: Jeon Yeo Reum , Rah Dong Kyun , Lew Dae Hyun , Roh Tai Suk , Kim Young Seok , Choi Hong Lim 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Narrow and chubby pretarsal fullness is a characteristic of attractiveness and youthfulness, and pretarsal augmentation has gained popularity in Asia. Conventional lower blepharoplasty has focused on correcting the aged appearance of the lower eyelids by repositioning fat and removing excess skin. However, this technique can create flat lower eyelids and provide an indication that cosmetic surgery was performed. Therefore, our pretarsal augmented lower blepharoplasty technique focuses on restoring pretarsal fullness and creating a three-dimensional lower eyelid-cheek complex. The authors present the results of this technique, which demonstrate that it simultaneously enhances lower eyelid support and restores pretarsal fullness.

Methods:
This retrospective chart review evaluated 659 consecutive patients who underwent pretarsal augmented lower blepharoplasty between 2011 and 2014. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon (H.L.C.). The outcomes and complications were assessed by evaluating the patients’ preoperative and postoperative digital photographs and medical records.

Results:
There were no permanent major complications, such as retrobulbar hemorrhage, diplopia, or hypertrophic scarring. Chemosis occurred in 90 patients (13.7 percent), 10 patients (1.5 percent) underwent minor revision because of an undercorrected nasojugal groove or loosened orbicularis oculi muscle suspension suture, and three patients (0.46 percent) experienced mild ectropion that resolved spontaneously. Approximately 98 percent of the patients were satisfied. Our technique provided a natural and younger appearance with pretarsal fullness, rather than the flattened appearance that is associated with conventional blepharoplasty.

Conclusions:
Pretarsal augmented lower blepharoplasty uses simple methods to restore pretarsal fullness. This technique improves periorbital contouring, rejuvenates the pretarsal roll, and provides excellent aesthetic results.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Single-Stage Resection of Type II Constriction Rings in Limbs on the Basis of Histologic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Observations: A Retrospective Study of 21 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Jiang Yongkang , Mao Hailei , Yang Xi , Zhou Shengbo , Ni Feng , Xu Qiming , Wang Bin 
Published: June 2016

Background:
The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of single-stage resection for type II congenital constriction rings by means of histologic examination of resected specimens and imaging examination of affected extremities, and to evaluate the appearance and function of the extremities after single-stage surgery.

Methods:
The features of the skin on the constriction rings and the subcutaneous tissues were identified through continuous sectioning, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistologic staining of specimens of type II constriction rings obtained by means of surgery. The relationship between the constriction rings and the deep main blood vessels was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Single-stage resection of the constriction band, reduction of the fascial flap, and triangular flap-plasty were performed for 21 patients. The appearance, lymphedema, and movement of the extremities were compared before and after the operation.

Results:
Type II constriction rings in the extremities had normal full-layer skin structures. Collagen was found deposited densely at the base of the grooves, but the normal subcutaneous tissue space remained, and the vital nerves and blood vessels were unaffected. Complete resection of the constriction rings was achieved in all 21 patients, and lymphedema subsided 2 months after the operation. No episode of recurrence was found, and limb function was not affected at 26-month follow-up.

Conclusions:
Type II congenital constriction rings in limbs possess normal subcutaneous tissue spaces. A single-stage operation, which includes complete resection of the rings, fascial flap reduction, and triangular flap-plasty, could achieve a satisfactory appearance and good function.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Vibrations and spatial patterns in biomimetic surfaces: using the shark-skin effect to control blood clotting
Authors: Ramachandran Rahul , Maani Nazanin , Rayz Vitaliy L. , Nosonovsky Michael 
Published: June 2016

We study the effect of small-amplitude fast vibrations and small-amplitude spatial patterns on various systems involving wetting and liquid flow, such as superhydrophobic surfaces, membranes and flow pipes. First, we introduce a mathematical method of averaging the effect of small spatial and temporal patterns and substituting them with an effective force. Such an effective force can change the equilibrium state of a system as well as a phase state, leading to surface texture-induced and vibration-induced phase control. Vibration and patterns can effectively jam holes in vessels with liquid, separate multi-phase flow, change membrane properties, result in propulsion and locomotion and lead to many other multi-scale, nonlinear effects including the shark-skin effect. We discuss the application of such effects to blood flow for novel biomedical ‘haemophobic’ applications which can prevent blood clotting and thrombosis by controlling the surface pattern at a wall of a vessel (e.g. a catheter or stent).
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science’.
Discovery of riblets in a bird beak (Rynchops) for low fluid drag
Authors: Martin Samuel , Bhushan Bharat 
Published: June 2016

Riblet structures found on fast-swimming shark scales, such as those found on a mako shark, have been shown to reduce fluid drag. In previous experimental and modelling studies, riblets have been shown to provide drag reduction by lifting vortices formed in turbulent flow, decreasing overall shear stresses. Skimmer birds (Rynchops) are the only birds to catch fish in flight by flying just above the water surface with a submerged beak to fish for food. Because they need to quickly catch prey, reducing drag on their beak is advantageous. For the first time, riblet structures found on the beak of the skimmer bird have been studied experimentally and computationally for low fluid drag properties. In this study, skimmer replicas were studied for drag reduction through pressure drop in closed-channel, turbulent water flow. Pressure drop measurements are compared for black and yellow skimmer beaks in two configurations, and mako shark skin. In addition, two configurations of skimmer beak were modelled to compare drag properties and vortex structures. Results are discussed, and a conceptual model is presented to explain a possible drag reduction mechanism in skimmers.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science’.
Bioinspired materials for water supply and management: water collection, water purification and separation of water from oil
Authors: Brown Philip S. , Bhushan Bharat 
Published: June 2016

Access to a safe supply of water is a human right. However, with growing populations, global warming and contamination due to human activity, it is one that is increasingly under threat. It is hoped that nature can inspire the creation of materials to aid in the supply and management of water, from water collection and purification to water source clean-up and rehabilitation from oil contamination. Many species thrive in even the driest places, with some surviving on water harvested from fog. By studying these species, new materials can be developed to provide a source of fresh water from fog for communities across the globe. The vast majority of water on the Earth is in the oceans. However, current desalination processes are energy-intensive. Systems in our own bodies have evolved to transport water efficiently while blocking other molecules and ions. Inspiration can be taken from such to improve the efficiency of desalination and help purify water containing other contaminants. Finally, oil contamination of water from spills or the fracking technique can be a devastating environmental disaster. By studying how natural surfaces interact with liquids, new techniques can be developed to clean up oil spills and further protect our most precious resource.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science’.
Library computing services going back to the future: a thin client approach
Authors: McMullen Anthony 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This study aims to provide insights and commentary into issues encountered in providing computing services to library users in an era of shrinking budgets, reductions in staffing and increased utility costs.

Design/methodology/approach
The study uses examples and illustrations from a real-world deployment of thin client technologies to illustrate efficiencies achieved in not only maintenance and continued upkeep but also consumption of power.

Findings
Although thin client technologies were largely displaced with the proliferation of inexpensive and powerful desktop computing, great savings in both staff time and electricity can be achieved with a phasing out of desktop computing in favor of a thin client model.

Originality/value
This paper describes the benefits of a test of the viability of a thin client computing model in a highly utilized academic library computing facility. The consumption of power of the thin client model is compared and contrasted with the desktop systems that were displaced.
Exploration of noisy data in differential electronic nose
Authors: Osowski Stanislaw , Siwek Krzysztof , Grzywacz Tomasz 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The paper is concerned with exploration of sensor signals in differential electronic nose. It is a special type of nose, which applies double sensor matrices and exploits only their differential signals, which are used in recognition of patterns associated with them. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of differential nose in dynamic measurement of aroma of 11 brands of cigarettes.

Design/methodology/approach
– The most important task in pattern recognition using electronic nose is its resistance to the noise corrupting the measurement. The authors will analyze and compare the performance of the nose in the noisy environment by applying two classifier systems: the support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) of decision trees.

Findings
– On the basis of numerical experiments the authors have found that application of SVM as the classifier in the electronic nose is more advantageous than RF, especially at high level of noise and small number of measuring sensors. Its application allowed to recognize 11 brands of cigarettes with the accuracy close to 100 percent.

Practical implications
– Thanks to application of two identical sensors working in a differential mode the authors avoid the baseline estimation and thus the solution is well suited for on-line dynamic measurements of the process.

Originality/value
– The paper has studied the advantages and limitations of the differential electronic nose following from the existence of the noise, corrupting the measurements. It has pointed an important role of the applied classifier system in getting the electronic nose of the highest quality.
Visualization of spatial conductivity irregularities within conductive rubber sheets
Authors: Wernick Helmut , Hoelzl Patrick , Zagar Bernhard G. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a fast and contactless measurement method to determine the spatial conductivity distribution within an intrinsically conducting polymer, more precisely a conductive rubber sheet specimen. As a consequence of the manufacturing process and the material composition, the conductivity distribution within the sheet is assumed to be inhomogeneous.

Design/methodology/approach
– The current density distribution within the conductive rubber sheet due to an excitation current is estimated from the measured magnetic field distribution. Therefore, a GMR sensor is used to spatially sample the magnetic field above the specimen. Based on the estimated current density distribution and alternatively the local power dissipation calculated from a thermal image, the conductivity distribution within the specimen is determined. For comparison a reference measurement with a classical resistivity probe is done.

Findings
– The measurement results show a good agreement between the developed and the classical method. Moreover, the developed measurement method requires less time and still offers a higher spatial resolution.

Originality/value
– The presented results demonstrate the potential of the developed measurement method for determining the conductivity distribution within thin and planar specimens. Furthermore, conclusions can be drawn about the material homogeneity of the used test specimen.