bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers As Predicting Models Of Stroke Incidence
Authors: Ghorbani Abbas 
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVES: biomarkers refer to indicators measured by chemical or biologic tests using blood or urine . The predicts physiologic or disease states, or increased disease risk.Risk stratification of persons at risk of future vascular event can separate subpopulations that would benefit most from established and emerging stoke preventive therapies.METHODS: Biomarkers representing various components of the inflammatory cascade, including:1-systemic inflammation (c-reactive protein{CRP}, interleukin 6, monocyte chemotactic protein1,tumor necrosis factor α1,tumor necrosis factor recepror2{TNFR2}, osteoprotegrin, fibrinogen)2-vascular inflammation/ endothelial dysfunction (intercellular adhesion molecule1,CD40 ligand, P-selectin,lipoprotein associated phospholipaseA mass and activity,total homocysteine (tHcy),and vascular growth factor(VEGF),oxidative stress(myeloperoxidase)RESULTS: circulating biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are associated with ischemic stroke in stroke free community- dwelling individuals and they can be used to refine stroke prediction models inclusion of 4 biomarkers (CRP-TNFR2-tHcy-VEGF)DISCUSSION: Athough the roles of biomarkers are basically diagnosing the disease and predicting the outcome , biomarkers inpatients with stroke can also provide a large variety of other information about the risk of future stroke, possible stroke mechanisms for biomarker-guided treatment. Among circulating biomarkers VEGF was the biomarker that had the greatest individual degree of discrimination for future ischemic stroke. Data from studies have recently demonstrated the relation between VEGF and ischemic stroke pathogenesis is, however not well established.total homocysteine and CRP are well established markers of increase stroke risk , the former via its role in accelerated atherosclerotic disease and the latter marking systemic inflammation and plague instability. It has been demonstrated independent association between TNFR2 and ischemic stroke, preliminary data have shown the lower vascular events, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on TNF inhibitors , particularly in patients with longer duration of use, and characterizing the protective effects Of TNF inhibitors in stroke patientsCONCLUSIONS: recent study reported that multiple microparticle biomarkers in addition to existing protein biomarkes are valuable for predicting future of cerebrovascular events
Obesity-induced diet leads to weight gain, systemic metabolic alterations, adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and oxidative stress in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Ventura Luciana L.A. , Fortes Nathália C.L. , Santiago Helton C. , Caliari Marcelo V. , Gomes Maria A. , Oliveira Dirce R. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundNowadays, the number of obese people in the world has reached alarming proportions. During the expansion of adipose tissue, a number of functions such as activation and release of cytokines and hormones may be affected. This leads the body to a pro-inflammatory pattern, which may affect the proper functioning of many tissues. Thus, studying the mechanisms by which obesity induces physiological disorders is necessary, and may be facilitated by the use of animal models, in particular rodents. We sought to characterize the metabolic and adipose tissue changes resulting from a diet rich in fats and simple sugars in gerbils.MethodsWe divided 14 gerbils into two experimental groups that received a diet rich in simple carbohydrates and fats with 5,86 kcal/g (OB,n = 7) or a standard diet with 4.15 kcal/g (CT;n = 7) for 11 weeks. The animals had free access to water and food. The animal weight and food consumption were measured weekly. Blood, adipose tissue and liver of each animal were collected at the end of experiment. The following parameters were determined: cholesterol (COL), triglycerides (TGL) and glycemia (GLI) in the plasma; cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) and hormones (adiponectin and leptin) in adipose tissue; activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), extraction and differentiation of fat and histology in liver.ResultsThe consumption of a diet rich in simple carbohydrates and fats led to increased total body weight and increased relative weights of liver and adipose tissue. In addition, we observed increased fasting glucose levels and circulating triglycerides, along with high TNF-α production in adipose tissue and increased total fat, cholesterol and triglyceride contents in the liver, contributing to higher intensity of hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, the animals of this group showed depletion in the enzyme activity of SOD and CAT in the liver, as well as reduction of IL-10 and adiponectin levels in adipose tissue.DiscussionHigh intake of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates establish the gerbil as an experimental model for the study of metabolic and hepatic abnormalities resulting from obesity.
Coat of many colours—DNA reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in CaribbeanCyphomaRöding, 1798 (Gastropoda, Ovulidae)
Authors: Reijnen Bastian T. , van der Meij Sancia E.T. 
Published: March 2017

The iconic gastropod genusCyphomais commonly observed in the Caribbean, where it lives in association with various octocorallian hosts. Each species in the genusCyphomahas a unique, characteristic mantle pattern and colouration, which separates the valid taxa. Because of its abundance and recognisabilityCyphoma gibbosumhas been used as a model organism in several studies concerning allelochemicals, reef degradation, and physical defence mechanisms. Molecular analyses based on four molecular markers (COI, 16S, H3 and 28S) for threeCyphomaspecies (C. gibbosum,C. mcgintyi,C. signatum) and an unidentified black morph, collected from three localities in the Caribbean, show that they represent morphological varieties of a single, genetically homogeneous species. This outcome is in agreement with previous anatomical studies. As a resultC. mcgintyiandC. signatumare synonymised withC. gibbosum, which is a key result for future work usingC. gibbosumas a model organism. The striking morphological differences in mantle pattern and colouration are hypothesised to be the result of one of three possible scenarios: rapid divergence, supergenes (including balanced polymorphism), or incipient speciation.
Quantifying the trade‐off between carbon sequestration and albedo in midlatitude and high‐latitude North American forests
Authors: Mykleby P. M. , Snyder P. K. , Twine T. E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAfforestation is a viable and widely practiced method of sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, because of a change in surface albedo, placement of less reflective forests can cause an increase in net‐absorbed radiation and localized surface warming. This effect is enhanced in northern high latitudes where the presence of snow cover exacerbates the albedo difference. Regions where afforestation could provide a climate benefit are determined by comparing net ecosystem production and net radiation differences from afforestation in midlatitude and high latitude of North America. Using the dynamic vegetation model Integrated Biosphere Simulator, agricultural version (Agro‐IBIS), we find a boundary through North America where afforestation results in a positive equivalent carbon balance (cooling) to the south, and a negative equivalent carbon balance (warming) to the north. Including the effects of stand age and fraction cover affect whether a site contributes to mitigating global warming.
Paying People to Make Healthy Choices
Authors: English William 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Paying people to make healthy choices is a promising response to a genuine social problem. Many people engage in behaviours that are not only destructive of their health but also impose significant financial burdens on themselves and their societies. Paying people to make healthy choices can be more effective than the mere provision of information, while also being more efficient and ethical than outright prohibitions of unhealthy behaviour. An enormous range of empirical research confirms this basic insight. However, when it comes to the success of any given programme, the devil is in the details. Health incentive programmes need to be carefully designed and evaluated to ensure that they are indeed effective, efficient and ethical. Moreover, special attention must be paid to concerns about equity, unjustified paternalism, the effects on character and perverse incentives that can generate unintended consequences.

Key Concepts

Unhealthy behaviours impose large costs on healthcare systems, and many people later regret their unhealthy choices.

Policymakers would like to encourage healthier behaviour, but the challenge is to do this in ways that are effective, efficient and ethical.

Paternalists argue that we should encourage people to make healthy choices for their own good, while utilitarians argue that we should encourage people to make healthy choices because of the larger benefits to society.

Both paternalists and utilitarians have argued that extremely unhealthy choices, such the recreational use of narcotic drugs, should be prohibited. However, although effective, prohibitions of unhealthy behaviour are often inefficient and raise ethical challenges.

Concern for individual rights and autonomy has led many to criticise prohibitions on unhealthy behaviour, arguing that it would be better to simply inform people about the costs and harms of unhealthy choices. Unfortunately, information campaigns have had limited success in changing unhealthy behaviour.

Paying people to make healthy choices promises to be more ethical and efficient than prohibitions and more effective than the provision of information.

Paying people to make healthy choices can be more ethical because it still allows people to make a choice; it can be more efficient because rewards and penalties can be adjusted to reflect the social costs of unhealthy behaviours; and it can be more effective because it provides immediate incentives to make a healthy choice.

Health incentive programmes have been successful in many different circumstances. However, programmes need to be carefully designed and evaluated to ensure that they are indeed effective, efficient and ethical.

There are circumstances in which paying people to make healthy choices may not be the best approach. Particular attention must be paid to concerns regarding equity, unjustified paternalism, the effects on character and the creation of incentives that lead to unintended consequences.
Well‐Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the gastrointestinal tract have been classified clinically and histologically. High‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas are however classified according to their respective sites.
Oral Cavity
Authors: Vaish Richa , Dandekar Mitali , Agarwal Jai Prakash , Prabhash Kumar , D'Cruz Anil K. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Oral cavity cancer is a global problem with a predominance in South‐East Asia. The majority of patients present with advanced disease. The most important causative agents are tobacco (smoked and smokeless), alcohol and areca nut. Despite well‐recognized premalignant lesions the role of screening for early detection of these cancers has yet to be established. Chemoprevention has not lived up to its initial promise. Histologically, the great majority of tumours are squamous cell carcinoma or its variants. A multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and management is important for successful outcome. Although both surgery and radiation can be used in a curative setting, surgery is the cornerstone in the treatment of most oral cavity cancer patients with an emphasis on tumour‐negative margins. Increased T stage (T3/T4), poorly differentiated tumours, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, nodal positivity, extracapsular extension and close or positive margins are important prognostic factors warranting adjuvant therapy. Appropriate reconstruction and rehabilitation is an integral part of treatment with free tissue transfer being the best option for restoring function and cosmesis in the majority of patients. Chemotherapy has a limited role in the management of these cancers and is primarily used in the adjuvant setting concurrent with radiotherapy.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus
Authors: Pai Prathamesh S. , Ghosh Laskar Sarbani , Kane Shubhada , Robbins K. Thomas , Nicolai Piero , Licitra Lisa 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Tumours of the nose and paranasal sinuses are unique, rare and often diagnosed in late stages. Unilateral nasal symptoms, such as obstruction, should alert the physician to rule out malignancy. Inflammatory polyps frequently co‐exist with malignant tumours. Endoscopic examination therefore, is strongly recommended to obtain appropriate visualization and to guide biopsy. Sinonasal tumours are unique due to their diverse differentiation, ranging from epithelial and mesenchymal to neuroectodermal and haematolymphoid malignancies. Diagnosis of these tumours is challenging due to many overlapping histopathological features and limited tissue availability in biopsy samples. A systematic approach using ancillary techniques such as immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics and molecular pathology help in differential diagnosis. The sheer number of different pathologies seen in this region makes standardization of guidelines exceedingly difficult. However, the key to a suitable management is to identify the tumour histology and develop an individualized treatment plan based on the biology of the disease.
Using labeled choice experiments to analyze demand structure and market position among seafood products
Authors: Thong Nguyen Tien , Solgaard Hans Stubbe , Haider Wolfgang , Roth Eva , Ravn‐Jonsen Lars 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUnderstanding market competition and consumer preferences are important first steps in developing a business. In a competitive market, the effectiveness of the various elements of a firm's marketing mix depends not only on the absolute value of each element but also on the relative values of the elements with respect to the firm's position in the market. In this paper, we analyze the demand structure and market positions of a variety of seafood products in the French retail market. We used a labeled choice experiment to analyze 12 seafood species. The choice options were labeled by the names of the seafood, providing researchers the opportunity to analyze the competitive interactions among the species. Competitive clout and vulnerability measures were estimated for each species as summary measures of species competition. These measures were calculated from cross‐ and own‐elasticities and reveal that salmon and cod have the strongest market position, while monkfish and pangasius have the weakest. In general, the demand for seafood is moderately sensitive to price (market elasticity of −1.31). Large size and low‐income households, female consumers, people in the age range 35–44 years, and self‐employed consumers are the most sensitive to price. Four segments were identified and described in terms of both consumer characteristics and preferences. Our results are meaningful for producers and retailers to develop marketing strategies and production plans. [EconLit citations: D12, M21, Q13].
Consumers’ willingness to pay for edamame with a genetically modified label
Authors: Wolfe Elijah , Popp Michael , Bazzani Claudia , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Danforth Diana , Popp Jennie , Chen Pengyin , Seo Han‐Seok 
Published: February 2017

AbstractResults from a sensory test of edamame, which is soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) harvested near the end of the pod filling stage, followed by a non‐hypothetical auction, and finally a questionnaire were used to determine WTP for GM labeled edamame in comparison to unlabeled and non‐GM labeled edamame. The results showed a significant price premium for non‐GM edamame even though overall sensory impression did not differ between GM and non‐GM edamame. Interestingly unlabeled and GM labeled edamame bids were similar suggesting that consumers wanted to be informed. Preconceived consumer notions appeared to play a role as did knowledge, opinion, income, and consumption frequency in subsamples of respondents. Labeling edamame is in the interest of producers as all edamame produced in the U.S. is non‐GM.
Asymmetric C‐Alkylation by the S‐Adenosylmethionine‐Dependent Methyltransferase SgvM
Authors: Sommer‐Kamann Christina , Fries Alexander , Mordhorst Silja , Andexer Jennifer N. , Müller Michael 
Published: March 2017

AbstractS‐Adenosylmethionine‐dependent methyltransferases (MTs) play a decisive role in the biosynthesis of natural products and in epigenetic processes. MTs catalyze the methylation of heteroatoms and even of carbon atoms, which, in many cases, is a challenging reaction in conventional synthesis. However, C‐MTs are often highly substrate‐specific. Herein, we show that SgvM from Streptomyces griseoviridis features an extended substrate scope with respect to the nucleophile as well as the electrophile. Aside from its physiological substrate 4‐methyl‐2‐oxovalerate, SgvM catalyzes the (di)methylation of pyruvate, 2‐oxobutyrate, 2‐oxovalerate, and phenylpyruvate at the β‐carbon atom. Chiral‐phase HPLC analysis revealed that the methylation of 2‐oxovalerate occurs with R selectivity while the ethylation of 2‐oxobutyrate with S‐adenosylethionine results in the S enantiomer of 3‐methyl‐2‐oxovalerate. Thus SgvM could be a valuable tool for asymmetric biocatalytic C‐alkylation reactions.
A Facile Steam Reforming Strategy to Delaminate Layered Carbon Nitride Semiconductors for Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Yang Pengju , Ou Honghui , Fang Yuanxing , Wang Xinchen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe delamination of layered crystals that produces single or few‐layered nanosheets while enabling exotic physical and chemical properties, particularly for semiconductor functions in optoelectronic applications, remains a challenge. Here, we report a facile and green approach to prepare few‐layered polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) semiconductors by a one‐step carbon/nitrogen steam reforming reaction. Bulky PCN, obtained from typical precursors including urea, melamine, dicyandiamide, and thiourea, are exfoliated into few‐layered nanosheets, while engineering its surface carbon vacancies. The unique sheet structures with strengthened surface properties endow PCNs with more active sites, and an increased charge separation efficiency with a prolonged charge lifetime, drastically promoting their photoredox performance. After an assay of a H2 evolution reaction, an apparent quantum yield of 11.3 % at 405 nm was recorded for the PCN nanosheets, which is much higher than those of PCN nanosheets. This delamination method is expandable to other carbon‐based 2D materials for advanced applications.
Regioselective α‐Addition of Deconjugated Butenolides: Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins
Authors: Wu Bo , Yu Zhaoyuan , Gao Xiang , Lan Yu , Zhou Yong‐Gui 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe enantioselective α‐addition of deconjugated butenolides has rarely been exploited, in contrast to the well‐studied γ‐addition of deconjugated butenolides. In this study, an unprecedented asymmetric α‐addition/transesterification of deconjugated butenolides with ortho‐quinone methides generated in situ afforded a series of functionalized 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins containing two contiguous stereogenic centers with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. DFT calculations suggested that the rarely observed regioselectivity was due to the distortion energy that resulted from the interaction between the nucleophilic dienolate and the electrophilic ortho‐quinone methide.
Computational Study of Oxidation of Guanine by Singlet Oxygen (1Δg) and Formation of Guanine:Lysine Cross‐Links
Authors: Thapa Bishnu , Munk Barbara H. , Burrows Cynthia J. , Schlegel H. Bernhard 
Published: March 2017

AbstractOxidation of guanine in the presence of lysine can lead to guanine–lysine cross‐links. The ratio of the C4, C5 and C8 crosslinks depends on the manner of oxidation. Type II photosensitizers such as Rose Bengal and methylene blue can generate singlet oxygen, which leads to a different ratio of products than oxidation by type I photosensitizers or by one electron oxidants. Modeling reactions of singlet oxygen can be quite challenging. Reactions have been explored using CASSCF, NEVPT2, DFT, CCSD(T), and BD(T) calculations with SMD implicit solvation. The spin contamination in open‐shell calculations were corrected by Yamaguchi's approximate spin projection method. The addition of singlet oxygen to guanine to form guanine endo‐ peroxide proceeds step‐wise via a zwitterionic peroxyl intermediate. The subsequent barrier for ring closure is smaller than the initial barrier for singlet oxygen addition. Ring opening of the endoperoxide by protonation at C4−O is followed by loss of a proton from C8 and dehydration to produce 8‐oxoGox. The addition of lysine (modelled by methylamine) or water across the C5=N7 double bond of 8‐oxoGox is followed by acyl migration to form the final spiro products. The barrier for methylamine addition is significantly lower than for water addition and should be the dominant reaction channel. These results are in good agreement with the experimental results for the formation of guanine–lysine cross‐links by oxidation by type II photosensitizers.
Field‐Induced Slow Magnetic Relaxation of GdIII Complex with a Pt−Gd Heterometallic Bond
Authors: Yoshida Takefumi , Cosquer Goulven , Izuogu David Chukwuma , Ohtsu Hiroyoshi , Kawano Masaki , Lan Yanhua , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Breedlove Brian K. , Yamashita Masahiro 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHeterometallic Gd−Pt complexes ([Gd2Pt3(H2O)2(SAc)12] (SAc=thioacetate), [Y1.4Gd0.6Pt3(H2O)2(SAc)12], and [Gd2Pt3(H2O)6(SAc)12]⋅7 H2O have been synthesized. The crystal structures and DFT calculations indicated a Gd−Pt heretometallic bond. Single‐crystal ESR spectra determined the direction of magnetic anisotropy as direction of the Gd−Pt bond. In other words, the Gd−Pt bond dictates the direction of magnetic anisotropy. The heterometallic Gd−Pt bond lowers the symmetry of the Gd ion, splitting the Kramers doublet in a dc field. Thus, we observed clear field‐induced slow magnetic relaxation of [Y1.4Gd0.6Pt3(H2O)2(SAc)12] up to 36 K. The relaxation process was determined to be a direct process.
Inorganic SnIP‐Type Double Helices in Main‐Group Chemistry
Authors: Baumgartner Maximilian , Weihrich Richard , Nilges Tom 
Published: March 2017

AbstractInspired by the synthesis of the first atomic‐scale double‐helix semiconductor SnIP, this study deals with the question of whether more atomistic, inorganic double‐helix compounds are accessible. With the aid of quantum chemical calculations, we have identified 31 candidates by a homoatomic substitution in MXPn, varying the Group 14 M‐element from Si to Pb, the Group 17 X‐element from F to I and replacing the pnictide (Pn) phosphorus by arsenic. The double‐helical structure of SnIP has been used as the starting model for all candidates and the electronic structure and vibrational spectra were determined within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Varying the outer MX or the inner Pn helix led to the conclusion that iodide‐ and bromide‐containing MXPn compounds show similar structures to SnIP. Here, the calculations indicate interesting effects for electronic band‐gap tuning. For the highly polarized fluorides, a segregation of the helices to more complex MX substructures is predicted.