Abstract 36: Light exposure at night influences host/cancer circadian regulatory dynamics, Warburg effect, and human prostate cancer progression in nude rats
Authors: Dauchy Robert T. , Wren Melissa A. , Dauchy Erin M. , Hill Steven M. , Yuan Lin , Xiang Shulin , Dong Yan , Belancio Victoria P. , Blask David M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Current evidence indicates that rotating night shift workers have an increased risk of developing breast and prostate cancers, which have been associated with light at night (LAN)-induced circadian disruption as the principal risk factor. Previously, we demonstrated that animal room dark phase light contamination with as little as 0.20 lux (0.08 μW/cm2) suppressed the nocturnal production of the circadian oncostatic neurohormone melatonin and stimulated human breast tumor growth and metabolism. The circadian melatonin signal suppresses tumor growth and metabolism via an MT1 melatonin receptor-mediated signaling mechanism involving inhibition of aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) and linoleic acid (LA) uptake and conversion to the mitogen 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) culminating in down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways. We developed a new tissue-isolated androgen-receptor positive (AR+), castration-sensitive VCaP prostate tumor model in adult male athymic nude rats (Crl:NIH-Foxn1rnu), to test the hypothesis that nocturnal melatonin levels inhibit, while dim LAN (dLAN)-induced suppression of nocturnal melatonin production stimulates, tumor signaling, metabolic and growth activity. VCaP xenograft-bearing rats (n = 6/group) maintained on either a control light/dark cycle (LD, 12:12; 300 lux light phase intensity) or an experimental light/dark cycle (LD, 12:12dLAN (0.2 lux; dark phase intensity) for 6 weeks resulted in a 2.5-fold decrease in latency-to-onset (time of implant to first palpable mass) and 2-fold increase in tumor growth rates in experimental animals lacking a nocturnal circadian melatonin signal as compared to control animals with an intact melatonin signal. In control animals, plasma melatonin levels were high in the mid-dark phase (183.4 ± 12.8 pg/mL) and low (2.2 ± 0.4 pg/mL) in mid-light phase, while they were low throughout the 24-hr period in dLAN-exposed animals. Tumors harvested during the mid-dark phase (2400 h) revealed that cAMP levels, Warburg effect (increased glucose uptake and lactate production), LA uptake, 13-HODE production, and DNA [3H]Thymidine incorporation were all significantly elevated (P &lt; 0.001) in dLAN as compared with the controls. Signaling pathways AKT, MEK, ERK ½, STAT3, GSK3ß, and NFκß were all phospho-activated along with increased expression of Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) under dLAN conditions. AKR1C3 has been associated with intratumoral androgen synthesis and the development of castration-resistance. These findings are the first to show that the nocturnal melatonin signal inhibits, while dLAN stimulates the Warburg effect, LA metabolism and growth activity, signaling activity and AKR1C3 expression in VCaP human androgen-sensitive prostate cancer.
Citation Format: Robert T. Dauchy, Melissa A. Wren, Erin M. Dauchy, Steven M. Hill, Lin Yuan, Shulin Xiang, Yan Dong, Victoria P. Belancio, David M. Blask. Light exposure at night influences host/cancer circadian regulatory dynamics, Warburg effect, and human prostate cancer progression in nude rats. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 36.