bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollen from Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassicaceae are functionally omniaperturate
Authors: Edlund Anna F. , Zheng Qin , Lowe Nancy , Kuseryk Skye , Ainsworth Krystle L. , Lyles Robert H. , Sibener Steven J. , Preuss Daphne 
Published: June 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Most pollen walls are interrupted by apertures, thin areas providing access to stigmatic fluids and exit points for pollen tubes. Unexpectedly, pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana are not obligated to pass through apertures and can instead take the shortest route into the stigma, passing directly through a nonaperturate wall.METHODS:We used stains and confocal microscopy to follow early pollen tube formation in A. thaliana and 200+ other species. We germinated pollen in vitro and in situ (at control and high humidities) and also used atomic force microscopy to assay material properties of nonaperture and aperture walls.KEY RESULTS:Pollen tubes of A. thaliana breached nonaperture walls despite these being an order of magnitude stiffer than aperture walls. Breakout was associated with localized swelling of the pectin‐rich (alcian blue positive) intine. The precision of pollen tube exit at the pollen–stigma interface was lost at high humidity. Pollen from ∼4% of the species surveyed exhibited breakout germination behavior; all nine breakout species identified so far are in the Brassicaceae family (∼25% of the Brassicaceae sampled) and are scattered across seven tribes.CONCLUSIONS:The polarity of pollen germination in A. thaliana is externally induced, not linked to aperture location. The biomechanical force for breaking nonaperture walls is found in localized swelling of intine pectins. As such, the pollen from A. thaliana, and likely many Brassicaceae family members, are functionally omniaperturate. This new mechanism for germination between extant apertures raises questions about exine porosity and the diversity of mechanisms across taxa.
Drastic reduction of plastome size in the mycoheterotrophic Thismia tentaculata relative to that of its autotrophic relative Tacca chantrieri
Authors: Lim Gwynne S. , Barrett Craig F. , Pang Chun‐Chiu , Davis Jerrold I. 
Published: June 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Heterotrophic angiosperms tend to have reduced plastome sizes relative to those of their autotrophic relatives because genes that code for proteins involved in photosynthesis are lost. However, some plastid‐encoded proteins may have vital nonphotosynthetic functions, and the plastome therefore may be retained after the loss of photosynthesis.METHODS:We sequenced the plastome of the mycoheterotrophic species Thismia tentaculata and a representative of its sister genus, Tacca chantrieri, using next‐generation technology, and we compared sequences and structures of genes and genomes of these species.KEY RESULTS:The plastome of Tacca chantrieri is similar to those of other autotrophic taxa of Dioscoreaceae, except in a few local rearrangements and one gene loss. The plastome of Thismia tentaculata is ca. 16 kbp long with a quadripartite structure and is among the smallest known plastomes. Synteny is minimal between the plastomes of Tacca chantrieri and Thismia tentaculata. The latter includes only 12 candidate genes, with all except accD involved in protein synthesis. Of the 12 genes, trnE, trnfM, and accD are frequently among the few that remain in depauperate plastomes.CONCLUSIONS:The plastome of Thismia tentaculata, like those of most other heterotrophic plants, includes a small number of genes previously suggested to be essential to plastome survival.
Sign Language Phonetic Annotation meets Phonological CorpusTools: Towards a sign language toolset for phonetic notation and phonological analysis
Authors: Tkachman Oksana , Hall Kathleen Currie , Xavier André , Gick Bryan 
Published: June 2016

The field of sign language linguistics still misses a unified notation system such as IPA for spoken languages. Some previous attempts to create written notation systems are either not suited for phonetic analysis, or language-specific and phoneme-based and thus impossible to use in cross-linguistic studies. We describe a more recent attempt to create a purely phonetic notation system, Sign Language Phonetic Annotation (SLPA) by Johnson and Liddell (2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2012). SLPA aims for narrow phonetic notation, is easily learned by humans and machine-readable, utilizes symbols found on a common keyboard, and does not require the user to be familiar with sign languages. However, SLPA is too exhaustive (a single handshape requires 23-34 characters), incorporates some theoretical assumptions (e.g., binary features), and captures as distinctive handshapes that anatomically impossible, redundant, or perceptually nondistinctive. We propose modifications to SLPA that make it easier to use and avoid coding errors, more user-friendly, and more linguistically relevant, both general modifications suitable for manual notation and software-specific modifications. We also discuss how we intend to adapt SLPA into the Phonological CorpusTools software (Hall et al. 2015), a free tool that allows researchers to make fast, replicable analyses of various phonological patterns.
Vowel Dispersion in English Diphthongs: Evidence from Adult Production
Authors: Petersen Stacy Jennifer 
Published: June 2016

In this paper, I address the problem of including diphthong vowels into a Dispersion Theory (Flemming 2004) framework. First, I review the main aspects of Dispersion Theory in Flemming (2004), which gives an analysis of vowel inventories using a perception-based account of contrast, but noticeably omits diphthongs, which–while different from monophthongs–are highly productive, contrastive members of vowel inventories. Next, in order to correctly represent and incorporate diphthongs, I discuss acoustic properties of diphthongs and their presence in vowel inventories cross-linguistically. Diphthongs are compared to the monophthong inventory using production data to assess their relative positions in the vowel space. The English vowel production data should reflect the language-specific constraint ranking of *Effort with the maximum contrast and minimum distance constraints as predicted in Flemming's theory. To derive diphthongs, Flemming (2004)’s constraints as well as additional constraints from Minkova & Stockwell (2003) are used to account for the distance between the two offset targets. An additional constraint is proposed to account for the strong preference in the English production data to centralize the onset targets. Derivations for individual diphthong productions compared to possible surrounding candidates are provided in the analysis.
Phonotactics of noun class disambiguation in Xhosa
Authors: Braver Aaron , Bennett Wm. G. 
Published: June 2016

Bantu languages are noted for their noun class systems. These noun classes tend to connect to semantic domains: e.g., humans are prototypically in classes 1 and 2. We present an experiment in which native speakers of Xhosa were shown singular nonce nouns with no semantic context, and were asked to provide the plural forms. These nouns were shown with the singular class prefix –i, which is ambiguous between class 5 and class 9. Historically, class 9 had a nasal prefix which triggered post-nasal alternations in stem-initial consonants. Since class 5 did not historically have a nasal, no such alternations occurred in class 5 nouns. Because of this, stems beginning with a segment that might have been the output of the historical post-nasal alternation may be interpreted as class 9, while stems beginning with segments that might have been inputs to these alternations may be interpreted as class 5. We show that speakers follow this pattern: roots beginning with post-nasal outputs were more likely to be assigned the plural corresponding to class 9 (i.e., class 10), and roots beginning with post-nasal inputs were more likely to be assigned to the plural corresponding to class 5 (i.e., class 6).
Dead Cities de Guillaume Greff, la ville morte à l’ère post-humaine
Authors: Tillier Bertrand 
Published: June 2016

Résumé Dans son projet élaboré de 2011 à 2013, sous le titre Dead Cities , emprunté au titre de l’essai de l’urbaniste Mike Davis (2002), le photographe Guillaume Greff a entrepris de photographier une « ville morte », qui est une sorte de Pompéi à l’envers et à rebours des mégapoles contemporaines. En effet, Greff a méthodiquement photographié des vues de Jeoffrécourt, qui n’est autre qu’une fausse ville – entre ruine et chantier –, où personne ne vit vraiment et qui sert de centre d’entraînement militaire. Le photographe propose donc des sortes de cartes postales de lieux anonymes et déserts, dépourvus de qualités, enregistrés avec la froideur de l’objectivité et de la distanciation qui, dans l’histoire de la photographie, caractérisent l’esthétique du « style documentaire ». Par ces moyens, il donne à voir et à éprouver une cité-fantôme que ses images érigent en allégorie du nouveau savoir de l’ère post-humaine.
Human Memory B Cells in Healthy Gingiva, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis
Authors: Mahanonda Rangsini , Champaiboon Chantrakorn , Subbalekha Keskanya , Sa-Ard-Iam Noppadol , Rattanathammatada Warattaya , Thawanaphong Saranya , Rerkyen Pimprapa , Yoshimura Fuminobu , Nagano Keiji , Lang Niklaus P. , Pichyangkul Sathit 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The presence of inflammatory infiltrates with B cells, specifically plasma cells, is the hallmark of periodontitis lesions. The composition of these infiltrates in various stages of homeostasis and disease development is not well documented. Human tissue biopsies from sites with gingival health (n = 29), gingivitis (n = 8), and periodontitis (n = 21) as well as gingival tissue after treated periodontitis (n = 6) were obtained and analyzed for their composition of B cell subsets. Ag specificity, Ig secretion, and expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and granzyme B were performed. Although most of the B cell subsets in healthy gingiva and gingivitis tissues were CD19+CD27+CD38− memory B cells, the major B cell component in periodontitis was CD19+CD27+CD38+CD138+HLA-DRlow plasma cells, not plasmablasts. Plasma cell aggregates were observed at the base of the periodontal pocket and scattered throughout the gingiva, especially apically toward the advancing front of the lesion. High expression of CXCL12, a proliferation-inducing ligand, B cell–activating factor, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-21 molecules involved in local B cell responses was detected in both gingivitis and periodontitis tissues. Periodontitis tissue plasma cells mainly secreted IgG specific to periodontal pathogens and also expressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, a bone resorption cytokine. Memory B cells resided in the connective tissue subjacent to the junctional epithelium in healthy gingiva. This suggested a role of memory B cells in maintaining periodontal homeostasis.
Biogeography of the ‘water flea’ Daphnia O. F. Müller (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anomopoda) on the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Padhye Sameer M. , Kotov Alexey A. , Dahanukar Neelesh , Dumont Henri 
Published: June 2016

<p>Studies on <em>Daphnia</em> distribution in Indian subcontinent have been few and regionally restricted despite <em>Daphnia</em> being by far the most studied cladoceran. We here present a first biogeographical assessment of the genus on the Indian subcontinent (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). We collected all pertinent literature and considered nineteen bioclimatic variables along with latitude, longitude, and altitude for statistical analysis of factors governing distribution in space. Significant variables (determined by Kruskal Wallis test) were tested by nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) to clarify whether <em>Daphnia</em> species had specific environmental requirements. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to understand how environmental variables affected distribution. Eight <em>Daphnia </em>(<em>Ctenodaphnia</em>) and 4 <em>Daphnia</em> s.str. occurred at 100 different localities.<em> </em>The variables temperature, altitude and latitude differed among species and so did their bio-climatic requirements. <em>Daphnia</em> distribution responded positively to altitude and negatively to a decrease in latitude and temperature.</p>
Current activities of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in the ambulatory setting of the Lombardy Region
Authors: Ambrosetti Marco , Pedretti Roberto F.E. , Facchini Mario , Malfatto Gabriella , Riccobono Salvatore Pio , Febo Oreste , Diaco Tommaso 
Published: June 2016

In the present work, the current activities of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Prevention (CRP) in the ambulatory setting of the Lombardy Region (Italy) are described. Based on the 2012 Legislation, ambulatory CRP is delivered by means of three programme categories (MAC 6, 7, and 8) with different degrees of intensity. The patient evaluation of global cardiovascular/clinical risk, comorbidity, and disability is the cornerstone for MAC prescription. Following the organization of MAC activities, a survey on 327 patients was carried out by the regional network of the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (GICR-IACPR). Globally, acute coronary syndromes (with or without coronary revascularization) constituted the main access group to CRP. More than 60% of patients displayed a condition of high risk, comorbidity, and disability. The outcome of ambulatory CRP by means of MAC 6 and 7 was satisfactory, while in the 'less intensive' MAC 8 patients with complete drug up-titration and achievement of secondary prevention targets were no more than 70%.Â RiassuntoLa Cardiologia Riabilitativa e Preventiva (CRP) storicamente riconosce nei percorsi ambulatoriali un importante setting per lâ€™erogazione dellâ€™intervento. In Regione Lombardia negli ultimi anni le attivitÃ di CRP sono state oggetto di una profonda riorganizzazione, con il contributo di esperti GICR-IACPR attivi presso lo specifico tavolo tecnico attivato presso la Direzione Generale SanitÃ . Dal 2012 sono attive le MacroattivitÃ Ambulatoriali Complesse e ad alta integrazione di risorse (MAC), che riguardano anche la sfera della CRP. Le MAC si sono poste come integrazione e alternativa al percorso degenziale e sono state classificate in tre livelli a complessitÃ decrescente (MAC 6, MAC 7 e MAC 8 nel nuovo nomenclatore delle attivitÃ ambulatoriali). Il network GICR-IACPR ha quindi successivamente condotto una survey su 327 pazienti in tre Centri di CRP, di cui vengono esposti i risultati. Complessivamente, le condizioni di accesso alle MAC piÃ¹ utilizzate sono stati gli esiti di sindrome coronarica (con o senza rivascolarizzazione) e vi Ã¨ stata una robusta rappresentazione (oltre 60%) di situazioni cliniche a medio/alto rischio clinico, complessitÃ e disabilitÃ . Lâ€™outcome dellâ€™intervento in regime di MAC (in termini di recupero funzionale, titolazione della terapia di cardioprotezione e raggiungimento dei target terapeutici) Ã¨ stato globalmente soddisfacente, seppure minore (non superiore al 70%) nel MAC 8 meno "intensivo".
Arterial hypertension: which targets in over-75-year people?
Authors: Mureddu Gian Francesco 
Published: June 2016

Arterial hypertension has always been considered the main risk factor in cardiovascular prevention. However, the goals of anti-hypertensive treatment (targets) in the elderly has long been under discussion. The results of the studies in favor of the hypothesis "the lower the better" than those that argue against the existence of the phenomenon of the J-curve, that is, the hypothesis according to which mortality increases to too low pressure values Â lower than 115/75 mmHg, are still controversial. However, in elderly patients the association between blood pressure lowering and increased cardiovascular events seems to depend on the general health status, that means the presence of comorbidity, frailty and / or disability. Recent data from the SPRINT study show that the benefit of an intensive blood pressure target (SBP <120 mmHg) compared to a usual target (SBP <140 mmHg), appears to be greater in the oldest hypertensive patients (â‰¥75 years). The cardio-geriatric functional assessment can provide useful information to better stratify the elderly and to define more accurately the pressure targets, the choice is individual.RiassuntoLâ€™ipertensione arteriosa Ã¨ da sempreÂ considerata il fattore di rischio centrale in prevenzione cardiovascolare. Tuttavia gli obbiettivi del trattamento anti-ipertensivo (target pressori) nei soggetti anziani Ã¨Â da molti anni oggetto di discussione. Il risultati degli studi a favore dellâ€™ipotesi â€œthe lower the betterâ€ rispetto a quelli contrari che sostengono lâ€™esistenza del Â fenomeno della cosiddetta curva J, lâ€™ipotesi cioÃ¨ secondo la quale la mortalitÃ aumenta per valori di pressione troppo bassi, inferiori a 115/75 mmHg, sono tuttâ€™ora controversi. Tuttavia in pazienti anziani lâ€™associazione tra riduzione dei valori di pressione arteriosa e aumento degli eventi cardiovascolari Â sembra dipendere dallo stato di salute generale, ovvero alla presenza di comorbiditÃ , fragilitÃ e/o disabilitÃ . I recenti dati dello studio SPRINT. Mostrano che il beneficio di un target pressorio intensivoÂ (PAS<120 mmHg) rispetto ad un target usuale Â (PAS<140 mmHg), sembra essere maggiore nei soggetti Â ipertesi piÃ¹ anziani (â‰¥75 anni). La valutazione funzionale cardio-geriatrica puÃ² fornire informazioni utili a stratificare meglio Â i soggetti anziani e a definirne in maniera piÃ¹ accurata i target pressori, la cui scelta rimane individuale. Â
Aspirin use for primary prevention in elderly patients
Authors: Terrosu Pierfranco 
Published: June 2016

The net clinical benefit of aspirin in primary prevention is uncertain as the reduction in occlusive events needs to be balanced against the increase in gastro-intestinal and cerebral bleedings. The meta-analysis of ATT (Anti Thrombotic Trialists) Collaboration in 2009 showed that aspirin therapy in primary prevention was associated with 12% reduction in cardio-vascular events, due mainly to a reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction (0.18% vs 0.23% per year, p<0.0001). However, the benefit in term of coronary events was almost balanced by the increase in major bleedings. The balance between potential benefit and harm of aspirin differs in each person and appears to be favorable in subjects at higher cardio-vascular risk. Older people have increased risk of hemorrhage as well as increased risk of heart attack and stroke. As a consequence, it is important consider both likelihoods of benefits as well as harm within the lifespan and functioning of the person. The older people who most likely benefit from aspirin in primary prevention are those at higher cardio-vascular risk, with preserved functional abilities, low comorbidity, low risk of bleeding and a prolonged life expectancy.Â RiassuntoIl beneficio clinico netto dellâ€™aspirina in prevenzione primaria Ã¨ poco chiaro, a causa del bilancio critico tra riduzione delle occlusioni vascolari e aumento dei sanguinamenti gastro-intestinali e cerebrali. La metanalisi del 2009 del ATT (Anti Thrombotic Trialists) Collaboration mostra che lâ€™aspirina in prevenzione primaria determina una riduzione del 12% degli eventi cardiovascolari, principalmente dovuta ad una riduzione dellâ€™infarto miocardico non-fatale (0.18% vs 0.23% per anno, p<0.0001). Tuttavia il beneficio in termini di eventi coronarici Ã¨ controbilanciato dallâ€™incremento dei sanguinamenti maggiori. Ne deriva che il bilancio tra vantaggi ed effetti avversi differisce nel singolo soggetto ed appare potenzialmente favorevole nei casi a piÃ¹ elevato rischio cardiovascolare. Nella popolazione anziana Ã¨ aumentato sia il rischio trombotico che quello emorragico. Di conseguenza, Ã¨ importante considerare il rapporto rischio/beneficio in relazione alla aspettativa di vita e alla capacitÃ funzionale. In sostanza gli anziani che possono trarre vantaggio dallâ€™aspirina in prevenzione primaria sono quelli a piÃ¹ alto rischio cardiovascolare, con mobilitÃ conservata, scarsa comorbiditÃ , basso rischio emorragico e lunga aspettativa di vita.
High blood pressure and syncope: orthostatic hypotension as a link
Authors: Rafanelli Martina , Ungar Andrea 
Published: June 2016

The prevalence of hypertension increases with the age. Diagnostic criteria are the same as for the young, but in older adults isolated systolic hypertension is more frequent, due to loss of vascular compliance. Blood pressure should be measured on both sides in the seated position, moreover in the supine and upright position to detect orthostatic hypotension. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is useful to detect white coat hypertension and masked hypertension, to tailor the treatment and search for diurnal and nocturnal blood pressure pattern abnormalities. Given that frailty can affect the relationship between blood pressure and mortality, the clinician should properly evaluate and monitor physical performance and cognitive status, throughout specific tools, as the Fried Frailty Phenotype, aiming at a systolic blood pressure target between 130 and 150 mmHg. Before starting hypotensive drugs, a careful risk and benefitsâ€™ evaluation should be performed given the high risk of hypertension and hypotension consequences and the frequent coexistence of orthostatic hypotension, which predisposes to syncope and falls.Â Â RiassuntoLa prevalenza dellâ€™ipertensione arteriosa aumenta con lâ€™etÃ . I criteri diagnostici sono gli stessi previsti nel giovane, nellâ€™anziano tuttavia si osserva piÃ¹ frequentemente ipertensione sistolica isolata, dovuta a perdita dellâ€™elasticitÃ vascolare. Ai fini diagnostici, la misurazione della pressione arteriosa bilateralmente in posizione seduta, deve essere integrata con la ricerca di ipotensione ortostatica. Il monitoraggio della pressione arteriosa nelle 24h Ã¨ indicato per la conferma diagnostica, per la ricerca di â€œwhite coat hypertensionâ€ e â€œmasked hypertensionâ€, per monitorare la risposta terapeutica e ricercare alterazioni del ritmo circadiano. I benefici della terapia antiipertensiva sono noti, tuttavia un trattamento troppo aggressivo si Ã¨ dimostrato dannoso, rendendo la gestione dellâ€™ipertensione arteriosa nellâ€™anziano ancora piÃ¹ complessa. Data lâ€™influenza della fragilitÃ sulla relazione tra pressione arteriosa e mortalitÃ , il clinico dovrebbe avvalersi di adeguati strumenti per la definizione di performance fisica e cognitiva ed il monitoraggio nel tempo, mirando ad un target di pressione arteriosa sistolica compreso tra 130 e 150 mmHg. Rischi e benefici della terapia antiipertensiva dovrebbero essere attentamente valutati prima di intraprendere un trattamento, data la possibilitÃ di eventi correlati sia allâ€™ipertensione che allâ€™ipotensione e la frequente coesistenza di ipotensione ortostatica, che incrementa il rischio di eventi sincopali e cadute. Nellâ€™anziano iperteso con storia di sincope e cadute il trattamento dovrebbe quindi essere intrapreso una volta confermata la diagnosi, mirando ad un target pressorio piÃ¹ contenuto e con una scelta ponderata dei principi attivi.