bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hannah Mary Tabbs and the Disembodied Torso
Authors: Gross Kali Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Shortly after the discovery of a headless, limbless torso on the bank of a pond just outside of Philadelphia, investigators homed in on two black suspects: Hannah Mary Tabbs and George Wilson, a young man Tabbs implicates shortly after her arrest. The ensuing trial spanned several months, with court procceedings lasting from February to September—a record length of time for the late-nineteenth century. The crime and its adjudication took center stage in presses from New York to Missouri. The nature of the case allowed otherwise taboo subjects such as illicit sex, adultery, and domestic violence in the black community to become fodder for mainstream public discourses on race, gender, and crime. At the same time, the near-white complexion of the victim and one of his assailants further inflamed public anxieties about shifting notions of race and the prospect of miscegenation in the post-Reconstruction era. Hannah Mary Tabbs and the Disembodied Torso gathers evidence from bills of indictment, trial testimony, coroner’s reports, and detective registers to explore intraracial and gender violence among black Philadelphians. Yet by mapping the crime and its investigation as events unfolded, this book also spotlights the chasm between African Americans and the legal system and shows how biased policing helped foment to urban crime.
The Woman Found
Authors: Gross Kali Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Chapter 2 follows the investigation after a witness surfaces with valuable evidence about a black woman believed to be responsible for dumping the torso. Shadowing the detectives as the case moves from Eddington to Philadelphia, it also studies how the authorities interrogated suspects and potential witnesses in the black community. Once Hannah Mary Tabbs is identified and taken into custody, the chapter shows how race informs where and how investigators search for suspects and reveals that issues such as racial profiling, police brutality, and coercive police interrogations have a long, deep-seated history in black communities.
Held for Trial
Authors: Gross Kali Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Chapter 5 follows the case through the coroner’s inquest and subsequent finding by a grand jury that George Wilson and Hannah Mary Tabbs face murder charges. Building on the arguments in chapter 4, this chapter explores how authorities and the press regarded Wilson with both suspicion and contempt, largely because of his ability to pass, while regarding Tabbs as more trustworthy because of the ways that she performed racial deference. In other words, despite evidence against Tabbs and a compelling motive, Philadelphia detectives position Wilson as the primary culprit because they resented his proximity to whiteness as it stirred fears of racial infiltration.
Epilogue
Authors: Gross Kali Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The conclusion attempts to reconstruct the life of the victim, Wakefield Gaines. In doing so, it calls attention to the violence of history in that it finds the victim’s assailants better served by the discipline by virtue of their heinous crime. It also calls attention to the racial bias in the justice system and how it informs and foments crime in black communities. It also ends with a final summation about the troubling character of Hannah Mary Tabbs and her legacy for history.
Semantic and Pragmatic Stances toward Emerging Media
Authors: Grey John 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces a distinction from the philosophy of language between semantic and pragmatic content, a distinction that has several applications in the analysis of the relationship between emerging and traditional forms of media. In particular, our evaluations of both the expressive power and the novelty of a medium of communication will depend on whether our focus is on the semantic or pragmatic content that the medium is used to convey. After developing this distinction as it applies to the evaluation of media of communication, the chapter applies this framework to discuss several cases of emerging media. The upshot is that, depending on what we are trying to understand about the medium we are evaluating, we may be required to focus on either its capacity to convey semantic content or its capacity to convey pragmatic content.
Speech Acts and the Internet: Austin to Bourdieu and Fraenkel
Authors: Ambroise Bruno 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
With the development of the Internet, “virtual” forms of communication have emerged, be they e-mails or social networks. Now if we follow J. L. Austin’s idea that to say something or communicate is always already to perform speech acts, we can ask whether the Internet is a new space wherein it is possible to accomplish speech acts and even new kinds of speech acts (we can for instance wonder what “to poke” on Facebook consists in). This hypothesis relies on two presuppositions. First, it presupposes that “virtual” communication can equally be a space wherein one can use language as one does in ordinary natural communication. Second and therefore, it presupposes that virtual speech acts have “felicity conditions” that parallel those identified by Austin. In this chapter, we examine whether there are “virtual” speech acts and which feature(s) they might have compared to those of natural language.
Philosophy of Critique: The New Media
Authors: Day Ronald E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to give a very brief overview of the epistemological and ontological commitments of some well-known continental philosophers and critical theorists as these commitments either implicitly or explicitly engage the emergence of personal and group subjectivity via new, digital information and communication media. The philosophers and theorists discussed include Heidegger, Derrida, Deleuze and Guattari, Habermas, and Baudrillard. The chapter is organized around the relation of critique to these new media.
Deriving linguistic variation from learnability conditions
Authors: Fasanella Adriana , Fortuny Jordi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter stresses that the central problem of parametric theory is Plato’s problem (how do humans learn a language?), whereas what we may call Greenberg’s problem (what is the shape and degree of linguistic variability?) is derivative. The chapter reviews several macro- and microparameters and shows that they do not satisfy certain learnability conditions, whereby they are not plausible learning paths or plausible elements of UG. It explores a parametric approach, which conjoins a mechanism of data analysis parametrically defined (the Chunking Procedure), arguably used by the LAD to attain a morphological analysis of its PLD, and bootstrapping mechanisms that use the attained morphological analysis to specify more abstract syntactic properties of the target language, the clustering properties which standard parameters range over.
Some remarks on parameter hierarchies
Authors: Roberts Ian 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter presents a justification for combining both a “macroparametric” and a “microparametric” view of cross-linguistic syntactic variation, followed by an illustration of four parametric hierarchies currently being investigated under the auspices of the ReCoS project. It further turns to the question of the nature of the features governing parametric variation, suggesting a more general and principled format for the hierarchies. The conclusion is that only those features characteristic of phase heads are subject to variation, while the only truly invariant feature is N.
The wh parameter and radical externalization
Authors: Mathieu Éric 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Inspired by Richards (2010), the hypothesis of this chapter is that whether a language is a wh in situ or a wh movement language depends entirely on whether the language associates focus with prosody in a purely demarcative fashion. The chapter concentrates on French wh in situ. It proposes that, although CP is universal, variation in question formation is conditioned independently by prosodic factors. The logic of this proposal is compatible with the idea that syntax is mainly invariant but pushes the idea that externalization is radical in that it does away with “strength” parameters completely. In Chomsky’s system, some variation is kept in syntax by way of features (strong or weak), especially for cases such as the wh parameter. Since the hypothesis of this paper abandons such features, its theoretical stance is much closer to that of Boeckx (2012, 2014), who claims that syntactic parameters simply do not exist.
The Null Subject Parameter and the Lexicon in Minimalist Syntax
Authors: Mensching Guido , Weingart Anja 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter investigates some properties of null subject languages in the light of the idea that parametrization stems from the lexicon. Using a minimalist approach, the chapter analyzes SV(O) versus VS(O) order in some Romance null subject languages. It argues that the feature composition of (expletive) pro in the lexica of Spanish and Romanian is different from that in Italian and Portuguese, thereby explaining the fact that the latter do not license VS(O) with transitive/unergative verbs in an unmarked (thetic) reading: this follows from the presence/absence of an obligatory Case feature on pro, leading to different base positions. Motion and event verbs show deviant word order behavior in thetic sentences, due to a kind of stage topic, a variant of pro in this account. It is finally shown that change-of-state verbs cannot have thetic VS structures, because the specific articulated vP of these verbs does not permit the insertion of pro.
The Epicureans on Happiness, Wealth, and the Deviant Craft of Property Management
Authors: O’Keefe Tim 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Ancient ethicists were concerned with the proper attitude towards acquiring wealth, as well as the place of the craft of financial planning or property management (oikonomia) in the good life. The Epicureans stake out distinctive and plausible positions on these issues. The later Epicurean Philodemus contends that there is indeed a craft that allows you to obtain and manage wealth skillfully, but that cultivating and exercising that craft is incompatible with being a virtuous person and obtaining happiness. Philodemus’ views are an advance on the Socratic and Aristotelian positions on the craft of property management against which he is reacting—or so this chapter argues. By devoting himself to becoming as skillful as he can in accumulating property, the expert property manager will acquire habits and attitudes that distort his personality and disturb his peace of mind.
The Separation of Economics from Virtue
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explain what philosophical commitments drove mainstream professional economists to understand their own discipline as leaving no space for ethics (including virtue) between 1887 and 1971. In particular, it is argued that economics embraced a technocratic conception of politics and science. Philosophers, too, embraced and continue to embrace a number of commitments about philosophy and science that entrench a sharp division of labor between philosophers and economics and that keep not just ethics, but virtue, outside of economics. Many of these philosophers’ commitments were adopted by economists, such that they could assume, in practice, that there is a self-sufficient apolitical domain of pure economics.
Do Markets Corrupt?
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Many worry that, while market society is highly productive and tends to promote well-being, the emphasis on profit and impersonal exchange, as well as the push to commodify various goods and services, might corrupt our character. This chapter examines, and finds wanting, two common versions of this objection to markets. The selfishness objection holds that markets tend to make us more selfish, while the civics objection holds that markets tend to reduce civic virtue and political participation. This chapter argues that the empirical evidence shows that markets tend to make us more generous, trusting, and trustworthy, rather than less, and do not measurably reduce political participation. Further, it argues that the civics objection rests upon an overly narrow conception of civic virtue.
Conclusions
Authors: Holmberg Anders 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThere is a polarity feature/head in the IP of every sentence, mostly abstract in declaratives, typically overt in yes–no questions, where it is always unvalued, receiving a value in the answer, typically in the shape of a focused valued polarity feature, spelled out as a particle or lexically supported by a moved verb or remnant IP (PolP). The existence of negative yes–no questions implies that polarity is distinct from negation. There are two systems of answering negative questions. The distinction is dependent on the syntax of negation and the syntax of biased questions.
The Business of Technology Expectations
Authors: Pollock Neil , Williams Neil 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDrawing upon the Sociology of Expectations, the chapter conceptualizes industry analysts as commercial ‘promissory organizations’: prolific producers of future-oriented research. To chart their many kinds of promissory work, the chapter sets out an initial typology that characterizes Gartner’s research outputs according to differences in how they are produced, legitimated, distributed, consumed and achieve influence. This includes: infrastructural knowledge, which typically attempts to define technological field and maps the players within that arena. These classifications are institutionalized, meaning that they exert a powerful and enduring influence but are rendered invisible (‘visible only upon breakdown’); visions let loose refers to more transitory forms of intervention through a stream of provocative signposts that analysts circulate about the state and future development of the industry; and statements and their world describes the differential assessments of the capacity and potential of various suppliers within particular product markets which exercise strong but contested influence on the market.
Give Me a 2✕2 Matrix and I Will Create the Market
Authors: D’Adderio Luciana 
Published: March 2016

AbstractScholars have described how rankings can be consequential in shaping the economy. The prevailing argument is that they wield influence through encouraging ‘mechanisms of reactivity’ amongst market actors. The chapter investigates whether there are additional agential aspects of rankings beyond such ‘social’ accounts. It suggests that ‘sociomateriality’ is also a significant aspect of a ranking’s influence. The chapter develops our discussion of Gartner’s Magic Quadrant, and similar ranking devices such as the ‘Forrester Wave’, to show how the ‘format and furniture’ of a ranking can mediate and constitute markets. One constraint was rooted in the visual format. For a Magic Quadrant to help its audiences discriminate between offerings in the market, a certain number and distribution of vendors is needed. This was described to us as ‘the beautiful picture’: with too many it became hard to discriminate; with too few established providers there was little need to resort to analysts.
Error correcting codes and spatial coupling
Authors: Urbanke Rüdiger 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses channel polarization, a code-constructing technique that allows capacity achieving. It creates synthetic channels out of the original channels according to a simple transform. The binary erasure channel is considered, and it is shown that for large blocklength, almost all the synthetic channels are “polarized” in the sense that the rate of each channel either approaches zero or the capacity of the BEC(ϵ). Linear codes are then defined and a particular scheme is studied in detail: low-density parity-check codes (LDPC), for which the factor graph representation is introduced. An iterative decoding algorithm known as belief propagation is explained and its asymptotic analysis is performed with the density evolution method. EXIT curves, a slight modification of density evolution, are introduced. Finally, spatially coupled LDPC, which allow threshold saturation, are discussed. This phenomenon is explained by three pictures: Maxwell construction, EXIT chart, and potential function.
Constraint satisfaction: random regulark-SAT
Authors: Coja-Oghlan Amin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses the random regular k-SAT problem, i.e., a random k-CNF formula Φ = Φk(n,d) on n variables such that each of the 2n literals appears exactly d times. With k0 a certain constant, for any k &gt; k0 a number dk is identified such that for any d ≤ dk the random formula Φ admits a truth assignment that satisfies all but o(n) clauses with high probability, whereas for d &gt; dk there is with high probability no such truth assignment. This phase transition is consistent with predictions based on the cavity method from statistical mechanics, and the proof also directly employs ideas from the cavity method, such as the notion of covers (relaxed satisfying assignments), which are obtained here via a whitening process.
Expectation propagation
Authors: Opper Manfred 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Variational inference is a powerful concept that underlies many iterative approximation algorithms: expectation propagation, mean-field methods, belief propagation, and TAP equations can all be perceived in terms of this unifying framework. This chapter introduces the archetypal example of expectation propagation; after following its original derivation, we describe some of its properties, introduce some examples, and establish connections with the other approximation methods. The Gibbs free energy and its relation to these approximations, as well as double-loop algorithms for its minimization, are briefly discussed. Corrections by expansion about expectation propagation are then explained and, finally, some advanced inference topics and applications, such as recommender systems, Gaussian regression models and continuous-time stochastic dynamics, are explored.
Editions and Resources
Authors: Houghton H.A.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The following editions of the Latin New Testament are described in detail: Sabatier, Bibliorum Sacrorum Versiones Italicae; the Vetus Latina edition (including the Aus der Geschichte der lateinischen Bibel monograph series); Jülicher, Matzkow and Aland, Itala. Das Neue Testament in altlateinischer Überlieferung; Weber, Gryson et al., Biblia Sacra Vulgata (the ‘Stuttgart Vulgate’); Wordsworth, White et al., Nouum Testamentum Domini Nostri Iesu Christi (the ‘Oxford Vulgate’) and the Oxford Old-Latin Biblical Texts series. In addition, other editions of the Vulgate and the Vetus Latina Hispana are introduced. The treatment of Latin evidence in the Greek Editio Critica Maior and the Nestle-Aland and UBS hand editions is described. Other scholarly resources treated in this chapter include transcriptions of biblical manuscripts, editions of paratextual features such as prologues and chapter titles, the reconstruction of biblical books from quotations in Latin writers, and bibliographies.
Latin as a Witness for the Greek New Testament
Authors: Houghton H.A.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
There are several issues which should be borne in mind when using the Latin tradition as a source for the Greek New Testament, including the relationship between the two languages, their grammatical similarities and differences, the borrowing of vocabulary, and the strategies adopted by translators. The earliest version was relatively loose and often omissive or harmonizing. Subsequent revisions, including that of Jerome, restored a more literal correspondence with Greek tradition. The reconstruction of text-types is helpful in identifying points at which there was contact between Latin and Greek texts. Even so, the differences between the languages mean that it is not always straightforward to apply Latin evidence in support of Greek readings. If a variation can be explained as an internal Latin development, this should be preferred. The reconstruction of Greek readings not otherwise attested is a last resort, although there are intriguing similarities between Latin and other early translations.
Perfective Aspect
Authors: Bentein Klaas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter treats the use of εἰμί with the aorist participle (as in λυπηθεὶς ἔσῃ ‘you will be pained’) in Classical Greek. This constitutes a problem area: while some scholars argue that there is no continuity with the use of the construction in Post-Classical Greek, others believe we are essentially dealing with the same construction (in other words, a perfect periphrasis). In this chapter, it is argued that the construction is best considered an innovative periphrasis, following the establishment of εἰμί with the perfect and the present participle as periphrastic constructions. Its uses are quite complex, and approach both the functional domains of perfective and perfect aspect. From a more general point of view, it is argued that the development of this construction fits within the development of transitivization, which was also observed for εἰμί with the perfect and the present participle: not only the constructions themselves, but also periphrasis more generally acquires an increasingly transitive profile.
The Penultimate Curiosity
Authors: Wagner Roger , Briggs Andrew 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This book sets out to answer one of the most important, vexed, and profound questions about the development of human thought: What lies at the root of the long entanglement between science and religion? Why throughout our journey from cave painting to quantum physics have attempts to describe the physical world that we can see been so closely enmeshed with the aspiration to see beyond the rim of the visible world? The university cities of Oxford and Cambridge each contain a remarkable invocation with a fascinating history. Both are set in the seminal scientific buildings of the university, and both articulate a connection between science and faith. How did they come to be there, and what connects them? The curiosity that leads to the search for religious understanding and the curiosity that leads to the search for scientific understanding have common origins in aspects of the human mind that go back as far as the earliest records of human intellectual endeavour. Their relationship developed as the categories of religion and science became distinct and new information was discovered. The struggle to make sense of the world as a whole seems to be an urgent and fundamental requirement in all human societies—an ultimate curiosity that creates a slipstream of interest in which penultimate curiosities about particular aspects of the physical world have (to a greater or lesser extent) been able to swim.
Primate Parallels
Authors: Wagner Roger , Briggs Andrew 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter first describes studies of primates by Jane Goodall (chimpanzees) and Dian Fossey (gorillas). Goodall observed that when a chimpanzee is suddenly frightened, he frequently reaches to touch or embrace a chimpanzee nearby. Chimpanzees also greeted one another using a variety of gestures which reflected their different position within the social group. The complex relationships between chimpanzees described by Goodall were paralleled in those of the silverback gorilla groups observed by Dian Fossey. The remainder of the chapter discusses studies confirming that chimpanzees possessed a ‘theory of mind’, i.e., they could put themselves in someone else’s position, imagine their intentions, and how they might fulfil them; primate tool use; and evidence of primate spirituality.