bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic and demographic trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in India
Authors: Kindo Bikrant , Himanshu Rana , Parmar K. , Dube S. , Ramesh J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not passed from person to person. They are of long duration and generally slow progression. The four main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes. The rapid demographic and epidemiologic transition that India is facing today is paralleled by a massive increase in NCD prevalence, of which diabetes remains the most dominant. Besides genetic and environmental factors, an increase in life expectancy, urbanization, influenced unhealthy lifestyle changes, affluence associated with dietary excess, and reduced physical activity appear to be major drivers for increased burden of diabetes in India. Inappropriate nutrition and physical inactivity lead to obesity, a positive predictor for diabetes. Moreover, early onset of diabetes accompanied by prevailing poverty, low awareness, and poor health consciousness across socioeconomic and demographic strata is reflected in the large burden of undiagnosed cases of diabetes. In addition, reversal of socioeconomic gradient of disease burden observed in India can have serious health and financial implications on individual and healthcare system, which, if left unaddressed, may result in an adverse impact on the nation's economy. Keeping in view, a major shift in India's burden of disease, there is an imperative need for robust, systematic measures for data reporting supported by effective public healthcare interventions to reduce the burden of diabetes. Comprehensive multisectoral actions prioritizing identification of risk factors, early diagnosis, and effective implementation of cost-effective interventions can curb the epidemic of diabetes. A multifaceted approach for implementation of evidence-based policy measures involving various departments of the government and nongovernmental agencies is required to address both preventive and curative aspects of diabetes management. Policies that ensure better surveillance and increase in access to affordable and essential medicines providing universal health coverage should be developed. Policymakers should take lead in the development or strengthening the existing policies and see that they are not only implemented but also evaluated for their effectiveness. A strong commitment from both public and private sectors toward implementation and intensification of population-based prevention strategies through proven programs and policies is required to address the growing burden of diabetes.
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: Life Saving Role of Peritoneal Lavage and Drainage
Authors: Yokoyama Minako , Oyama Fumie , Ito Asami , Yokota Megumi , Matsukura Daisuke , Tsutsumi Shinji , Kasai Tomonori , Nitobe Yohshiro , Morikawa Akiko , Ozaki Takashi , Yokoyama Yoshihito 
Published: August 2016

Purpose We encountered a case where an infection with group A streptococcus (GAS; ie, Streptococcus pyogenes) initially caused primary peritonitis and then subsequently caused streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The patient's life was likely saved by an emergency laparotomy followed by extensive peritoneal lavage and drainage. Case Presentation A 40-year-old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department for lower abdominal pain and numbness in the extremities. She presented with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. An emergency laparotomy was performed, and ascites that resembled pus and general peritonitis were noted. Peritoneal lavage and drainage were performed, and GAS was isolated from peritoneal fluid. Gram staining of cervical polyp specimens revealed Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions The patient was diagnosed with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome due to an ascending GAS infection originating from vagina.
A cluster of presumed, noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab: long-term follow-up
Authors: Ricci Federico , Calabrese Antonio , De Felici Cecilia , Missiroli Filippo , Pileri Marco , Regine Federico 
Published: August 2016

PurposeTo report the outcome of 5 consecutive cases of presumed, noninfectious endopththalmitis following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB).
MethodsTen pre-loaded syringes of bevacizumab (1.25 mg/50 µL) furnished by a compounding pharmacy were injected intravitreally. Treatments were performed in the operating room by the same surgeon on 2 consecutive days.
ResultsOf 10 eyes, 5 showed moderate to severe ocular inflammation within a few days of injection. All patients were treated in the same surgical session. Vitreous tap performed in the patient presenting with the most severe grade of inflammation was negative for bacteria and fungi. At the time of the vitreous biopsy, this patient was injected with vancomycin 1 mg/100 µL in the vitreous cavity. Other eyes with moderate inflammation received topical and systemic antibiotics and topical steroid treatment. Visual acuity returned to pre-endophthalmitis or better levels in all eyes within 1 month. The other 5 patients treated with IVB from the same batch in the other surgical session did not develop inflammation.
ConclusionsIVB can induce noninfectious endophthalmitis. The use of compounded syringes can explain clustering of the inflammation. We were unable to identify the reasons for the variable grade of inflammation we observed in our patients.
Evaluation of outbreak response immunization in the control of pertussis using agent-based modeling
Authors: Doroshenko Alexander , Qian Weicheng , Osgood Nathaniel D. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundPertussis control remains a challenge due to recently observed effects of waning immunity to acellular vaccine and suboptimal vaccine coverage. Multiple outbreaks have been reported in different ages worldwide. For certain outbreaks, public health authorities can launch an outbreak response immunization (ORI) campaign to control pertussis spread. We investigated effects of an outbreak response immunization targeting young adolescents in averting pertussis cases.MethodsWe developed an agent-based model for pertussis transmission representing disease mechanism, waning immunity, vaccination schedule and pathogen transmission in a spatially-explicit 500,000-person contact network representing a typical Canadian Public Health district. Parameters were derived from literature and calibration. We used published cumulative incidence and dose-specific vaccine coverage to calibrate the model’s epidemiological curves. We endogenized outbreak response by defining thresholds to trigger simulated immunization campaigns in the 10–14 age group offering 80% coverage. We ran paired simulations with and without outbreak response immunization and included those resulting in a single ORI within a 10-year span. We calculated the number of cases averted attributable to outbreak immunization campaign in all ages, in the 10–14 age group and in infants. The count of cases averted were tested using Mann–WhitneyUtest to determine statistical significance. Numbers needed to vaccinate during immunization campaign to prevent a single case in respective age groups were derived from the model. We varied adult vaccine coverage, waning immunity parameters, immunization campaign eligibility and tested stronger vaccination boosting effect in sensitivity analyses.Results189 qualified paired-runs were analyzed. On average, ORI was triggered every 26 years. On a per-run basis, there were an average of 124, 243 and 429 pertussis cases averted across all age groups within 1, 3 and 10 years of a campaign, respectively. During the same time periods, 53, 96, and 163 cases were averted in the 10–14 age group, and 6, 11, 20 in infants under 1 (p< 0.001, all groups). Numbers needed to vaccinate ranged from 49 to 221, from 130 to 519 and from 1,031 to 4,903 for all ages, the 10–14 age group and for infants, respectively. Most sensitivity analyses resulted in minimal impact on a number of cases averted.DiscussionOur model generated 30 years of longitudinal data to evaluate effects of outbreak response immunization in a controlled study. Immunization campaign implemented as an outbreak response measure among adolescents may confer benefits across all ages accruing over a 10-year period. Our inference is dependent on having an outbreak of significant magnitude affecting predominantly the selected age and achieving a comprehensive vaccine coverage during the campaign. Economic evaluations and comparisons with other control measures can add to conclusions generated by our work.
Agricultural land-use change in a Mexican oligotrophic desert depletes ecosystem stability
Authors: Hernández-Becerra Natali , Tapia-Torres Yunuen , Beltrán-Paz Ofelia , Blaz Jazmín , Souza Valeria , García-Oliva Felipe 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundGlobal demand for food has led to increased land-use change, particularly in dry land ecosystems, which has caused several environmental problems due to the soil degradation. In the Cuatro Cienegas Basin (CCB), alfalfa production irrigated by flooding impacts strongly on the soil.MethodsIn order to analyze the effect of such agricultural land-use change on soil nutrient dynamics and soil bacterial community composition, this work examined an agricultural gradient within the CCB which was comprised of a native desert grassland, a plot currently cultivated with alfalfa and a former agricultural field that had been abandoned for over 30 years. For each site, we analyzed C, N and P dynamic fractions, the activity of the enzyme phosphatase and the bacterial composition obtained using 16S rRNA clone libraries.ResultsThe results showed that the cultivated site presented a greater availability of water and dissolved organic carbon, these conditions promoted mineralization processes mediated by heterotrophic microorganisms, while the abandoned land was limited by water and dissolved organic nitrogen. The low amount of dissolved organic matter promoted nitrification, which is mediated by autotrophic microorganisms. The microbial N immobilization process and specific phosphatase activity were both favored in the native grassland. As expected, differences in bacterial taxonomical composition were observed among sites. The abandoned site exhibited similar compositions than native grassland, while the cultivated site differed.DiscussionThe results suggest that the transformation of native grassland into agricultural land induces drastic changes in soil nutrient dynamics as well as in the bacterial community. However, with the absence of agricultural practices, some of the soil characteristics analyzed slowly recovers their natural state.
A bottom‐up approach to identifying the maximum operational adaptive capacity of water resource systems to a changing climate
Authors: Culley S. , Noble S. , Yates A. , Timbs M. , Westra S. , Maier H. R. , Giuliani M. , Castelletti A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMany water resource systems have been designed assuming that the statistical characteristics of future inflows are similar to those of the historical record. This assumption is no longer valid due to large‐scale changes in the global climate, potentially causing declines in water resource system performance, or even complete system failure. Upgrading system infrastructure to cope with climate change can require substantial financial outlay, so it might be preferable to optimize existing system performance when possible. This paper builds on decision scaling theory by proposing a bottom‐up approach to designing optimal feedback control policies for a water system exposed to a changing climate. This approach not only describes optimal operational policies for a range of potential climatic changes but also enables an assessment of a system's upper limit of its operational adaptive capacity, beyond which upgrades to infrastructure become unavoidable. The approach is illustrated using the Lake Como system in Northern Italy—a regulated system with a complex relationship between climate and system performance. By optimizing system operation under different hydrometeorological states, it is shown that the system can continue to meet its minimum performance requirements for more than three times as many states as it can under current operations. Importantly, a single management policy, no matter how robust, cannot fully utilize existing infrastructure as effectively as an ensemble of flexible management policies that are updated as the climate changes.
New observational evidence for a positive cloud feedback that amplifies the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Bellomo Katinka , Clement Amy C. , Murphy Lisa N. , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Cane Mark A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) affects climate variability in the North Atlantic basin and adjacent continents with potential societal impacts. Previous studies based on model simulations and short‐term satellite retrievals hypothesized an important role for cloud radiative forcing in modulating the persistence of the AMO in the tropics, but this mechanism remains to be tested with long‐term observational records. Here we analyze data sets that span multiple decades and present new observational evidence for a positive feedback between total cloud amount, sea surface temperature (SST), and atmospheric circulation that can strengthen the persistence and amplitude of the tropical branch of the AMO. In addition, we estimate cloud amount feedback from observations and quantify its impact on SST with idealized modeling experiments. From these experiments we conclude that cloud feedbacks can account for 10% to 31% of the observed SST anomalies associated with the AMO over the tropics.
An ensemble of ocean reanalyses for 1815–2013 with sparse observational input
Authors: Giese Benjamin S. , Seidel Howard F. , Compo Gilbert P. , Sardeshmukh Prashant D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper describes a new eight‐member ensemble of ocean reanalyses spanning nearly 200 years from 1815 to 2013 generated using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation system with sparse observational input (SODAsi) to explore long‐term changes in the oceans. The eight ensemble members assimilate surface temperature observations and use surface boundary conditions from an atmospheric reanalysis that is loosely coupled to the ocean reanalysis. Both surface and subsurface quantities, such as dynamic height and heat content, show a broad spectrum of variability. Surface temperature trends from 1815 to 2013 are positive in most regions, with some important exceptions; the central Tropical Pacific, around Antarctica, and in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio extension regions all show cooling trends. A near‐global average shows warming of about 0.8°C over the full period, with most of the warming occurring after 1920. There is pronounced multidecadal variability in both the midlatitude and tropical oceans. In the North Atlantic Ocean, temperature variability is highly correlated with the meridional overturning stream function, with the largest correlation occurring when the stream function is advanced by 9 years. Trends of upper ocean heat content and dynamic height from the 1950s onward compare well with previously published values. Globally averaged heat content of the upper 700 m shows a nearly linear rise after the 1920s, requiring a net downward surface heat flux increase of 0.47 W m−2 into the ocean. This is close to published estimates of the increased flux required to explain the heat content increase from 1971 to 2010.
Practices for Improving Secondary School Climate: A Systematic Review of the Research Literature
Authors: Voight Adam , Nation Maury 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSchool climate has received increased attention in education policy and, in response, educators are seeking strategies to improve the climates of their middle and high schools. However, there has been no comprehensive synthesis of the empirical evidence for what works in school climate improvement. This article constitutes a systematic review of programs and practices with empirical support for improving school climate. It defines school climate and provides a methodology for identifying and evaluating relevant studies. The review identified 66 studies with varying strength of evidence and nine common elements that cut across reviewed programs and practices. The review concludes with a critical appraisal of what we know about school climate improvement and what we still need to know.
A New Tetraphenylethylene‐Derived Fluorescent Probe for Nitroreductase Detection and Hypoxic‐Tumor‐Cell Imaging
Authors: You Xue , Li Lihong , Li Xiaohua , Ma Huimin , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Deqing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe fluorescence detection of nitroreductase (NTR) and evaluation of the hypoxia status of tumor cells are vital, not only for clinical diagnoses and therapy, but also for biomedical research. Herein, we report the synthesis and application of a new fluorometric “turn‐on” probe for the detection of NTR (TPE−NO2) that takes advantage of the aggregation‐induced emission of tetraphenylethylene. TPE−NO2 can detect NTR at concentrations as low as 5 ng mL−1 in aqueous solution. The detection mechanism relied on the aggregation and deaggregation of tetraphenylethylene molecules. Moreover, this fluorescent probe can be used to monitor the hypoxia status of tumor cells through the detection of endogenous NTR.
A Dipolar Anthracene Dye: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Two‐photon Tissue Imaging
Authors: Moon Hyunsoo , Jun Yong Woong , Kim Dokyoung , Ryu Hye Gun , Wang Taejun , Kim Ki Hean , Huh Youngbuhm , Jung Junyang , Ahn Kyo Han 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTwo‐photon microscopy is a powerful tool for studying biological systems. In search of novel two‐photon absorbing dyes for bioimaging, we synthesized a new anthracene‐based dipolar dye (anthradan) and evaluated its two‐photon absorbing and imaging properties. The new anthradan, 9,10‐bis(o‐dimethoxy‐phenyl)‐anthradan, absorbs and emits at longer wavelengths than acedan, a well‐known two‐photon absorbing dye. It is also stable under two‐photon excitation conditions and biocompatible, and thus used for two‐photon imaging of mouse organ tissues to show bright, near‐red fluorescence along with negligible autofluorescence. Such an anthradan thus holds promise as a new class of two‐photon absorbing dyes for the development of fluorescent probes and tags for biological systems.
Risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in patients undergoing thyroidectomy with and without intraoperative nerve monitoring
Authors: Bergenfelz A , Salem A F , Jacobsson H , Nordenström E , Almquist M , Wallin G W , Reihnér E , Hessman O , Eriksson H , Jansson S , Wennerberg J 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Vocal cord palsy occurs in 3–5 per cent of patients after thyroidectomy. To reduce this complication, intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) has been introduced, although its use remains controversial. This study investigated the risk of postoperative vocal cord palsy with and without the use of intermittent IONM.

Methods
Patients registered in the Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal Surgery, 2009–2013, were included. Early palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was diagnosed within 6 weeks after surgery. Permanent palsy was defined as that persisting after 6 months. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine risk factors for vocal cord palsy.

Results
The cohort consisted of 5252 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. IONM was used in 3277 operations (62·4 per cent); postoperative laryngoscopy was performed in 1757 patients (33·5 per cent). Early vocal cord palsy occurred in 217 patients (4·1 per cent), of which three were bilateral, all in the group without IONM. Permanent vocal cord palsy occurred in 62 patients (1·2 per cent). In the multivariable analysis of 1757 patients who had postoperative laryngoscopy, the use of IONM was not associated with a decreased risk of early vocal cord palsy (odds ratio (OR) 0·67, 95 per cent c.i. 0·44 to 1·01), but decreased the risk of permanent vocal cord palsy (OR 0·43, 0·19 to 0·93). [Correction added on 11 November 2016 after first publication: the word ‘routine’ has been removed from this section.]

Conclusion
IONM reduced the risk of permanent vocal cord palsy. No bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred following IONM.
Ultrasound‐guided femoral arterial access in pediatric cardiac catheterizations: A prospective evaluation of the prevalence, risk factors, and mechanism for acute loss of arterial pulse
Authors: Alexander John , Yohannan Thomas , Abutineh Iman , Agrawal Vijaykumar , Lloyd Hannah , Zurakowski David , Waller B. Rush , Sathanandam Shyam 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence, mechanisms, and identify risk factors for acute loss of arterial pulse (LOP) in children who had ultrasound‐guided femoral arterial access (UGFAA) during cardiac catheterization.BackgroundLOP is a known complication in children following femoral arterial (FA) access for cardiac catheterization. The prevalence of LOP requiring treatment ranges between 4% and 8%.MethodsA prospective study was performed including 486 cardiac catheterizations using UGFAA in children ≤18 years over a 3 years period. Ultrasound and Doppler evaluations were performed prior to and at the end of the procedure.ResultsLOP was identified in 33 cases (6.8%) with 23 (4.7%) requiring treatment. For children ≤6 months, the prevalence of LOP requiring treatment was 13.6%. FA diameter <3 mm was the only significant independent predictor for LOP (OR: 8.44, 95% CI: 2.07–34.5, P < 0.001). Smaller patient size, number of access attempts, time required for access, operator experience, sheath size, and length of procedure were not found to be significant predictors. Children with LOP had a greater percentage decrease in vessel diameter (median 62% vs 18%, P < 0.001) compared to those without LOP. FA thrombus was diagnosed only in 9 patients (27% of those with LOP).ConclusionsThe prevalence of LOP requiring treatment is 4.7% when UGFAA is used during pediatric cardiac catheterizations. Arterial spasm was more common than thrombus as a cause of LOP. FA diameter <3 mm was the only independent predictor for LOP in this carefully designed prospective study. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactivity of a Ruthenium–Carbonyl Complex in the Methanol Dehydrogenation Reaction
Authors: van de Watering Fenna F. , Lutz Martin , Dzik Wojciech I. , de Bruin Bas , Reek Joost N. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFinding new catalysts for the release of molecular hydrogen from methanol is of high relevance in the context of the development of sustainable energy carriers. Herein, we report that the ruthenium complex Ru(salbinapht)(CO)(Pi‐Pr3) {salbinapht=2‐[({2′‐[(2‐hydroxybenzyl)amino]‐[1,1′‐binaphthalen]‐2‐yl}imino)methyl]phenolato} (2) catalyzes the methanol dehydrogenation reaction in the presence of base and water to yield H2, formate, and carbonate. Dihydrogen is the only gas detected and a turnover frequency up to 55 h−1 at 82 °C is reached. Complex 2 bears a carbonyl ligand that is derived from methanol, as is demonstrated by labeling experiments. The carbonyl ligand can be treated with base to form formate (HCOO−) and hydrogen. The nature of the active species is further shown not to contain a CO ligand but likely still possesses a salen‐derived ligand. During catalysis, formation of Ru(CO)2(H)2(P‐iPr3)2 is occasionally observed, which is also an active methanol dehydrogenation catalyst.