bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian analyses of Yemeni mitochondrial genomes suggest multiple migration events with Africa and Western Eurasia
Authors: Vyas Deven N. , Kitchen Andrew , Miró‐Herrans Aida T. , Pearson Laurel N. , Al‐Meeri Ali , Mulligan Connie J. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesAnatomically, modern humans are thought to have migrated out of Africa ∼60,000 years ago in the first successful global dispersal. This initial migration may have passed through Yemen, a region that has experienced multiple migrations events with Africa and Eurasia throughout human history. We use Bayesian phylogenetics to determine how ancient and recent migrations have shaped Yemeni mitogenomic variation.Materials and MethodsWe sequenced 113 mitogenomes from multiple Yemeni regions with a focus on haplogroups M, N, and L3(xM,N) as these groups have the oldest evolutionary history outside of Africa. We performed Bayesian evolutionary analyses to generate time‐measured phylogenies calibrated by Neanderthal and Denisovan mitogenomes in order to determine the age of Yemeni‐specific clades.ResultsAs defined by Yemeni monophyly, Yemeni in situ evolution is limited to the Holocene or latest Pleistocene (ages of clades in subhaplogroups L3b1a1a, L3h2, L3x1, M1a1f, M1a5, N1a1a3, and N1a3 range from 2 to 14 kya) and is often situated within broader Horn of Africa/southern Arabia in situ evolution (L3h2, L3x1, M1a1f, M1a5, and N1a1a3 ages range from 7 to 29 kya). Five subhaplogroups show no monophyly and are candidates for Holocene migration into Yemen (L0a2a2a, L3d1a1a, L3i2, M1a1b, and N1b1a).DiscussionYemeni mitogenomes are largely the product of Holocene migration, and subsequent in situ evolution, from Africa and western Eurasia. However, we hypothesize that recent population movements may obscure the genetic signature of more ancient migrations. Additional research, e.g., analyses of Yemeni nuclear genetic data, is needed to better reconstruct the complex population and migration histories associated with Out of Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:382–393, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extruded versus solvent cast blends of poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) and biopolymers isolated from municipal biowaste
Authors: Franzoso Flavia , Vaca‐Garcia Carlos , Rouilly Antoine , Evon Philippe , Montoneri Enzo , Persico Paola , Mendichi Raniero , Nisticò Roberto , Francavilla Matteo 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTWater‐soluble biopolymers (SBO) were isolated from the alkaline hydrolysate of two materials sampled from an urban waste treatment plant; that is, an anaerobic fermentation digestate and a compost. The digestate biopolymers contained more lipophilic and aliphatic C, and less acidic functional groups than the compost biopolymers. The SBO were blended with poly (vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene), hereinafter EVOH. The blends were extruded and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC)– multi angle static light scattering (MALS) analysis, and for their thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. The blends behavior depended on the type of SBO and its relative content. Evidence was obtained for a condensation reaction occurring between the EVOH and SBO. The best results were obtained with the blends containing up to 10% SBO isolated from the biowaste anaerobic digestate. Compared with the neat EVOH, these blends exhibited lower melt viscosity and no significant or great difference in mechanical properties. The results on the extrudates, compared with those previously obtained on the same blends obtained by solvent casting, indicate that the blends properties depend strongly also on the processing technology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43009.
Describing and quantifying the chemical composition distribution in unimodal and multimodal ZN‐polyethylene using CRYSTAF
Authors: Albrecht Andreas , Jayaratne Kumudini , Jeremic Ljiljana , Sumerin Victor , Pakkanen Anneli 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTA new approach in describing and quantifying the chemical composition distribution (CCD) in Ziegler–Natta‐polyethylene copolymers was developed by using crystallization analysis fractionation (Crystaf). Copolymers of ethylene and α‐olefins (1‐butene and 1‐hexene) polymerized with different ZN catalyst systems were analyzed. Distinct differences in the CCD between the different polymer types (catalyst‐cocatalyst system and comonomer type) were observed and could be quantified. Same approach was applied to 2‐dimensional fractionation technique, cross fractionation chromatography, to describe and quantify the CCD of multimodal polyethylene copolymers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43089.
HD5 and HBD1 variants’ solvation potential energy correlates with their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
Authors: Porto William F. , Nolasco Diego O. , Pires Állan S. , Fernandes Gabriel R. , Franco Octávio L. , Alencar Sérgio A. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe structure‐activity relationship of defensins is not clear. It is known that point mutations in HD5 and HBD1 could modify their activities; however, these mutations do not seem to alter their three‐dimensional structures. Here, applying molecular dynamics simulations, this relationship was studied in depth. There are modifications in flexibility, solvent accessible surface area and radius of gyration, but these properties are not reflected in the activity. Only alterations in the solvation potential energy were correlated to antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Data here reported could lead to a better understanding of structural and functional aspects of α‐ and β‐defensins. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 43–50, 2016.
Structural impact of proline mutations in the loop region of an ancestral membrane protein
Authors: Nadeau Vincent G. , Deber Charles M. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe sodium ion‐translocating F0F1 ATP synthase from the bacterium Ilyobacter tartaricus contains a highly stable rotor ring composed of 11 c subunits. The synthase subunit c—in effect an 89‐residue peptide that folds into a helical hairpin consisting of two membrane‐spanning helices and a cytoplasmic loop—was probed for the structural impact of a series of substitutions with the β‐turn‐inducing proline‐glycine couplet scanning the hairpin loop (residues 44‐51) of the I. tartaricus sequence. We found that a Pro residue in other than the wild type position 47 alters the gross secondary structure of subunit c from α‐helical to β‐sheet‐like, as well as changing its oligomeric ring structure, and its stability toward heat and trichloroacetic acid treatment. Such a Pro‐mediated structural switch in one of the first membrane proteins in life hints to a potential evolutionary connection between α‐helical and β‐sheet membrane proteins. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) : 37–42, 2016.
Approaches to the stabilization of bioactive epitopes by grafting and peptide cyclization
Authors: Conibear Anne C. , Chaousis Stephanie , Durek Thomas , Johan Rosengren K. , Craik David J. , Schroeder Christina I. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTPeptides are attracting increasing interest from the pharmaceutical industry because of their specificity and ability to address novel targets, including protein–protein interactions. However, typically they require stabilization for therapeutic applications owing to their susceptibility to degradation by proteases. Advances in the ability to chemically synthesize peptides and the development of new side‐chain and backbone ligation strategies provide new tools to stabilize bioactive peptide epitopes. Two such epitopes are LyP1, a nine residue peptide that localizes to tumor cells and has potential as an anticancer therapeutic, and RGDS, a tetrapeptide shown to bind to survivin and induce apoptosis. Here we applied a variety of strategies for the stabilization of LyP1 and RGDS, including side‐chain cyclization using “click” chemistry and “grafting” the epitopes into two naturally occurring cyclic peptide scaffolds, i.e., θ‐defensins and cyclotides. NMR data showed that the three‐disulfide θ‐defensin and cyclotide scaffolds accommodated the LyP1 and RGDS epitopes but that scaffolds with fewer disulfide bonds were structurally compromised by inclusion of the LyP1 epitope. LyP1, LyP1‐, and RGDS‐grafted peptides that were largely unstructured also had reduced resistance to degradation in human serum, showing that grafting into a stable cyclic scaffold is an effective strategy for increasing the stability of a bioactive peptide epitope. Overall, the study demonstrates several methods for stabilizing peptide epitopes using side‐chain or backbone cyclization and illustrates their potential in peptide drug design. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 89–100, 2016.
Sonographic examination of the median nerve in dialysis patients and after renal transplantation
Authors: Carolus Anne Elisabeth , Schenker Peter , Dombert Thomas , Fontana Johann , Viebahn Richard , Schmieder Kirsten , Brenke Christopher 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectivePatients with renal insufficiency are predisposed to develop CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome). In particular, long‐term dialysis seems to contribute to changes in median nerve texture which lead to an increased risk for CTS. The current study was designed to evaluate if these structural changes can be detected by HRS (high‐resolution sonography). Additionally, the current study aimed to determine if changes are reversible after termination of dialysis.MethodsFifty patients (98 hands) were included in the study. The study population was subdivided into three groups: patients without any history of renal disease (H, n = 20), patients with long‐term dialysis (D, n = 10), and patients after renal transplantation (TX, n = 20). None of the patients had any clinical symptoms for a median nerve compression syndrome. The CSA (cross‐sectional area) of the median nerve was evaluated both 12 cm proximally of the carpal tunnel inlet and directly at the carpal tunnel inlet. The ratio of those two values, the WFR (wrist forearm ratio), was calculated and analyzed.ResultsThe CSA demonstrated significantly higher values in dialysis (D) and transplanted (TX) patients compared to the healthy (H) control group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were detectable between the D and TX groups. Specifically, there was no significant difference in the WFR.ConclusionPatients with chronic renal disease demonstrate significantly higher CSA values compared to their healthy counterparts. Termination of dialysis does not seem to reverse these morphological changes.
KernelHive: a new workflow‐based framework for multilevel high performance computing using clusters and workstations with CPUs and GPUs
Authors: Rościszewski Paweł , Czarnul Paweł , Lewandowski Rafał , Schally‐Kacprzak Marcel 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe paper presents a new open‐source framework called KernelHive for multilevel parallelization of computations among various clusters, cluster nodes, and finally, among both CPUs and GPUs for a particular application. An application is modeled as an acyclic directed graph with a possibility to run nodes in parallel and automatic expansion of nodes (called node unrolling) depending on the number of computation units available. A methodology is proposed for parallelization and mapping of an application to the environment that includes selection of devices using a chosen optimizer, selection of best grid configurations for compute devices, optimization of data partitioning and the execution. One of possibly many scheduling algorithms can be selected considering execution time, power consumption, and so on. An easy‐to‐use GUI is provided for modeling and monitoring with a repository of ready‐to‐use constructs and computational kernels. The methodology, execution times, and scalability have been demonstrated for a distributed and parallel password‐breaking example run in a heterogeneous environment with a cluster and servers with different numbers of nodes and both CPUs and GPUs. Additionally, performance of the framework has been compared with an MPI + OpenCL implementation using a parallel geospatial interpolation application employing up to 40 cluster nodes and 320 cores. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal activity and autonomic nervous system arousal predict developmental trajectories of children's comorbid behavior problems
Authors: Chen Frances R. , Raine Adrian , Glenn Andrea L. , Granger Douglas A. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe combined effects of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activity and autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal were examined on developmental trajectories of children's comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems. Participants were 394 urban dwelling, primarily African American, youth (50% male, age 11–12 years). Parent‐reported child behavior problems were obtained initially, 3, 6, and 12 months later. Saliva samples (collected at the initial assessment) were assayed for cortisol (HPA) and alpha‐amylase (ANS). Cross‐domain latent class growth analysis identified a stable comorbid trajectory and four other distinct short‐term developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. ANS arousal was negatively associated with the probability of stable comorbidity, but only among youth who also had high levels of HPA axis activity. Findings underscore the predictive value of the interaction of HPA axis activity and ANS arousal in differentiating children with stable comorbidity and have important implications for etiological theories and treatment outcome research. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 393–405, 2016.
Context differences in delta beta coupling are associated with neuroendocrine reactivity in infants
Authors: Brooker Rebecca J. , Phelps Randi A. , Davidson Richard J. , Goldsmith H. Hill 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTAlthough evidence suggests that delta–beta coupling may provide a useful index of trait level cortico‐subcortical cross talk in baseline contexts, there has been little work done to clarify the role of delta–beta coupling across contexts and in association with other physiological markers of emotion processing. We examined whether individual differences in coupling were visible across both positive and negative emotion‐eliciting episodes during infancy (age 6 months). We also tested the convergence between measures of delta–beta coupling and neuroendocrine reactivity, which is also believed to index emotion processing. Patterns of coupling across emotion‐eliciting episodes differed based on infants' levels of cortisol reactivity. Low cortisol‐reactive infants largely did not show differences in coupling across emotion contexts while high cortisol‐reactive infants showed greater coupling in non‐fear contexts during baseline and fear episodes. Moreover, high cortisol‐reactive infants showed greater coupling than low‐reactive infants in non‐positive episodes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 406–418, 2016.
Lightning Observation in 3D Using a Multiple LF Sensor Network and Comparison with Radar Reflectivity
Authors: YOSHIDA SATORU , WU TING , USHIO TOMOO , TAKAYANAGI YUJI 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYA three‐dimensional (3D) lightning mapper consisting of multiple low‐frequency (LF) sensors has been developed to monitor thunderstorms and to estimate their charge structure. We have been conducting an observation campaign using the 3D lightning mapper in Kansai, Japan, since October 2012. In this study, we determine 3D source locations of intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground flashes and compare them with the radar reflectivity estimated by phased‐array radar (PAR) with high temporal and spatial resolution. Most LF sources are located in high radar reflectivity regions, confirming that the 3D LF lightning mapper monitors thunderstorms. A lightning flash with heavy branches is clearly imaged. Based on the bidirectional leader theory that negative and positive ends of a lightning leader develop simultaneously, we estimate the positive and negative charge regions in a thundercloud from the LF source locations. The radar reflectivity estimated by PAR supports the charge structure estimated by LF source locations.
A Hydrogen‐Storage Distributed Generation System Using Unitized Reversible Cells and Its Operational Scheme
Authors: YAMAGUCHI YUYA , TAKAHASHI AKIKO , IMAI JUN , FUNABIKI SHIGEYUKI 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYEnvironmental issues such as global warming and depletion of natural energy resources are posing problems. Photovoltaic systems have been attracting attention as a form of renewable energy. The output power of a photovoltaic system changes sharply because solar radiation intensity and temperature vary with the weather. In conventional photovoltaic systems, the surplus power, excluding the power consumed in the load, flows back to the grid. Therefore, fluctuations in the output power of a photovoltaic system may have an adverse effect on the grid. This paper proposes a novel hydrogen‐storage distributed generation system using a unitized reversible cell that integrates a fuel cell and water electrolyzer to smooth reverse power flow. The hydrogen‐storage distributed generation system was modeled and a computer simulation was performed. Using two evaluation methods, the proposed system is shown to be effective at leveling power flow back to the grid.
Basic Study on Islanding Detection Method for PV Systems by Harmonic Impedance Detection in Case of Including Induction Motor in Load System
Authors: YOSHIDA YOSHIAKI , SUZUKI HIROKAZU , FUJIWARA KOJI , ISHIHARA YOSHIYUKI 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYIt is important that photovoltaic (PV) systems detect islanding caused by power system faults to ensure electrical safety. Thus we propose a novel islanding detection method which detects the harmonic impedance by injecting harmonic currents synchronized with the exciting current harmonics of the pole transformer. For the case in which an induction motor load is included in the load system, basic experiments on islanding detection and simulation analysis are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Iron Loss Analysis of Permanent Magnet Motors Fed by PWM Inverter
Authors: MARUYAMA ERI , TAKAHASHI AKESHI , WAKUI SHINICHI , Hatsune Wataru 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYCarrier harmonic losses that consist of iron loss, eddy current loss, and ac copper loss are produced in a permanent magnet machine driven by a PWM inverter. It is already known that a higher motor inductance can lead to lower carrier harmonic losses. This paper investigates the carrier harmonic loss composition of two motors with identical dimensions but different inductances. The results of finite element analysis (FEA) showed that the eddy current loss in the iron core accounts for most of the carrier harmonic loss. It is also shown that the carrier harmonic loss of the iron core is quantifiable using theoretical calculations.
Explicit numerical solutions of a microbial survival model under nonisothermal conditions
Authors: Zhu Si , Chen Guibing 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDifferential equations used to describe the original and modified Geeraerd models were, respectively, simplified into an explicit equation in which the integration of the specific inactivation rate with respect to time was numerically approximated using the Simpson's rule. The explicit numerical solutions were then used to simulate microbial survival curves and fit nonisothermal survival data for identifying model parameters in Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the explicit numerical solutions provided an easy way to accurately simulate microbial survival and estimate model parameters from nonisothermal survival data using the Geeraerd models.
Swallowing performance and tube feeding status in patients treated with parotid‐sparing intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Roe Justin W.G. , Carding Paul N. , Drinnan Michael J. , Harrington Kevin J. , Nutting Christopher M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the swallowing performance of patients with head and neck cancer treated with parotid‐sparing intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).MethodsSixty‐two patients were recruited. Data were collected before and up to 12 months after treatment. Measures included the Performance Status Scale for head and neck cancer (PSS‐HN Normalcy of Diet and Eating in Public subscales), tube feeding status, and 100 mL water swallow test (WST) volume and capacity scores.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in PSS‐HN and WST scores from baseline to 3 months (p < .001). Significant improvements were observed up to 12 months on the PSS‐HN. Swallowing volume and capacity scores recovered but did not reach statistical significance. Tube feeding was not required in 47% of the patients.ConclusionIMRT significantly impacts on swallowing performance, although there is a trend for improvement up to 12 months after treatment. Our data support a case‐by‐case approach to tube feeding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1436–E1444, 2016
Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)/gelatin composite electrospun scaffolds with porous crater‐like structures for tissue engineering
Authors: Hwang Patrick T.J. , Murdock Kyle , Alexander Grant C. , Salaam Amanee D. , Ng Joshua I. , Lim Dong‐Jin , Dean Derrick , Jun Ho‐Wook 
Published: November 2015

AbstractElectrospinning has been widely used to fabricate scaffolds imitating the structure of natural extracellular matrix (ECM). However, conventional electrospinning produces tightly compacted nanofiber layers with only small superficial pores and a lack of bioactivity, which limit the usefulness of electrospinning in biomedical applications. Thus, a porous poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin composite electrospun scaffold with crater‐like structures was developed. Porous crater‐like structures were created on the scaffold by a gas foaming/salt leaching process; this unique fiber structure had more large pore areas and higher porosity than the conventional electrospun fiber network. Various ratios of PCL/gelatin (concentration ratios: 100/0, 75/25, and 50/50) composite electrospun scaffolds with and without crater‐like structures were characterized by their microstructures, surface chemistry, degradation, mechanical properties, and ability to facilitate cell growth and infiltration. The combination of PCL and gelatin endowed the scaffold with both structural stability of PCL and bioactivity of gelatin. All ratios of scaffolds with crater‐like structures showed fairly similar surface chemistry, degradation rates, and mechanical properties to equivalent scaffolds without crater‐like structures; however, craterized scaffolds displayed higher human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) proliferation and infiltration throughout the scaffolds after 7‐day culture. Therefore, these results demonstrated that PCL/gelatin composite electrospun scaffolds with crater‐like structures can provide a structurally and biochemically improved three‐dimensional ECM‐mimicking microenvironment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1017–1029, 2016.