bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with rhinostomy shape after endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Shin H.J. , Woo K.I. , Kim Y.‐D. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the factors associated with rhinostomy shape after endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.DesignRetrospective comparative study.SettingUniversity hospital.ParticipantsOne hundred and two cases in 70 patients were included in the study.Main outcome measureAll cases were classified into three groups according to the healed appearance of the rhinostomy: flat, ladle and ice scoop type. The flat shape was characterised by an opening with a flat surrounding and no clear border between the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa. The ladle shape had a depressed base without markings of a lacrimal sac. The ice scoop shape had a depressed base with a clear border between the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa. Anatomic success was defined as patency with syringing and endoscopic evidence of ostial patency. Functional success was defined as visualisation of fluorescein dye at the ostium and relief from epiphora. Clinical information and intra‐ and postoperative endoscopic video findings were compared between the three groups.ResultsOf the 102 cases, 19 flat, 37 ladle and 46 ice scoop type rhinostomies were observed during the follow‐up examinations. Among the variables studied, patient demographics and rhinostomy size and location did not differ between the three groups. However, intraoperative lacrimal sac findings (sac size, wall thickness and mobility), postoperative ostial shrinkage and rhinostomy movement were associated with postoperative rhinostomy shape (all P < 0.05). With regard to surgical outcomes, there were no differences in anatomical patency between the three groups. However, the flat group had a worse functional success rate (73.7%) than the ladle (91.9%) and ice scoop (97.8%) groups (P = 0.008). A higher degree of ostial shrinkage and poor rhinostomy movement was observed with the flat shape appearance, which had a small, thick and poorly mobile lacrimal sac.ConclusionsLacrimal sac characteristics play a prominent role in determining rhinostomy shape after endoscopic DCR. The rhinostomy shape, along with the degree of ostial shrinkage and rhinostomy movement, is predictive of functional success after endoscopic DCR.
Grammaticality, Acceptability, and Probability: A Probabilistic View of Linguistic Knowledge
Authors: Lau Jey Han , Clark Alexander , Lappin Shalom 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe question of whether humans represent grammatical knowledge as a binary condition on membership in a set of well‐formed sentences, or as a probabilistic property has been the subject of debate among linguists, psychologists, and cognitive scientists for many decades. Acceptability judgments present a serious problem for both classical binary and probabilistic theories of grammaticality. These judgements are gradient in nature, and so cannot be directly accommodated in a binary formal grammar. However, it is also not possible to simply reduce acceptability to probability. The acceptability of a sentence is not the same as the likelihood of its occurrence, which is, in part, determined by factors like sentence length and lexical frequency. In this paper, we present the results of a set of large‐scale experiments using crowd‐sourced acceptability judgments that demonstrate gradience to be a pervasive feature in acceptability judgments. We then show how one can predict acceptability judgments on the basis of probability by augmenting probabilistic language models with an acceptability measure. This is a function that normalizes probability values to eliminate the confounding factors of length and lexical frequency. We describe a sequence of modeling experiments with unsupervised language models drawn from state‐of‐the‐art machine learning methods in natural language processing. Several of these models achieve very encouraging levels of accuracy in the acceptability prediction task, as measured by the correlation between the acceptability measure scores and mean human acceptability values. We consider the relevance of these results to the debate on the nature of grammatical competence, and we argue that they support the view that linguistic knowledge can be intrinsically probabilistic.
Let's talk about sex: where are the young females in blood flow restriction research?
Authors: Counts Brittany R. , Rossow Lindy M. , Mattocks Kevin T. , Mouser J. Grant , Jessee Matthew B. , Buckner Samuel L. , Dankel Scott J. , Loenneke Jeremy P. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryLow‐load resistance exercise with the blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to increase muscle size similar to that of traditional high‐load resistance training. Throughout the BFR literature, there is a vast difference between the quantity of young females included in the literature compared to young males, older males and older females. Therefore, the purpose of this minireview is to discuss the underrepresentation of young females in the BFR literature and review the potential physiologic reasons as to why they may have been excluded. In conclusion, the female menstrual cycle, a normal physiological occurrence, is presumably the reason as to why majority of young females are excluded from participation in BFR studies. Instead of excluding females, we recommend that BFR studies should include both sexes and plot the results separately to determine whether a sex difference exists.
Relation between lymphocyte to monocyte ratio and short‐term mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Ertem Ahmet Goktug , Yayla Cagri , Acar Burak , Kirbas Ozgur , Unal Sefa , Uzel Sener Melahat , Akboga Mehmet Kadri , Efe Tolga Han , Sivri Serkan , Sen Fatih , Gokaslan Serkan , Topaloglu Serkan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe relationship between inflammation and mortality after acute pulmonary embolism (APE) has previously been investigated with different variables (platelet/lymphocyte ratio, etc).ObjectivesWe investigated the predictive value of lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) for mortality in first 30 days after APE.MethodsThe study population included 264 APE patients of which 230 patients were survivors, 34 patients were non‐survivors.ResultsLMR was significantly lower in non‐survivors after APE (P < .001). Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was higher in non‐survivors after APE (P < .001). Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte (PLR) had no significance between both groups (P: .241). Simplified pulmonary embolism severity index and LMR were independent predictors of mortality in patients with APE (P: .008 and P: .001, respectively).ConclusionLMR as a novel marker of inflammation seemed to be an independent predictor of short‐term mortality in patients with APE.
A wolf in sheep's clothing? Patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perceptions of oxygen therapy: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Kelly Carol A. , Lynes Dave , O'Brien Mary R. , Shaw Ben 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundDespite emerging evidence and guidelines, poor prescribing and administration of oxygen therapy persists. This study aimed to explore healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) and patients’ perceptions of oxygen.DesignSemi‐structured interviews with 28 patients and 34 HCPs.FindingsThree master themes uncovered: oxygen as a panacea, the burden of oxygen and antecedents to beliefs. Patients used oxygen for breathlessness and as an enabler; they were grateful to oxygen and accepted it as part of the disease. HCPs used oxygen because it helps patients; it works; and it makes HCPs feel better. But oxygen is not benign and a burden is evident with potential antecedents to beliefs revealed.SummaryThe findings suggest that a set of fixed beliefs regarding oxygen exist, influenced by several impacting factors. The perception that oxygen is a universal remedy presides, but is, at times, contradictory. These findings will raise awareness of entrenched cultures, influence future educational and research strategies, and inform policy.
Geographical variation in the contribution of planted and natural pine forests to the conservation of bird diversity
Authors: Martínez‐Jauregui María , Soliño Mario , Díaz Mario 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimTree plantations can have beneficial or detrimental effects on regional biodiversity. Here, we focus on how the contribution of pine plantations to the maintenance of regional bird diversity varies geographically compared to natural pine forests, after controlling for the effects of other factors that are known to influence the regional richness of pine forest dwelling birds.LocationSpain.MethodsWe combined large‐scale datasets from diverse sources (i.e. the Spanish Breeding Bird Atlas, the Third Spanish Forest Inventory, land use and forest distribution maps) to analyse the geographical variation of the contribution of pine plantations in relation to their natural counterparts to the maintenance of the regional species richness of pine forest dwelling birds. To do so, we also controlled for the main environmental, land use and forest structure factors using GLM models.ResultsDifferences in bird diversity among planted and natural pine forests varied along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients after accounting for altitude, climate, land uses and vegetation structure of pine forests. Planted pine forests in the north‐west of the Iberian Peninsula have the lowest bird species richness as compared to natural pine forests, and that difference decreased following a north‐west–south‐east gradient. Differences also varied among pine species; they were larger for the species with a higher productive vocation (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster) and not significantly different from zero for species with low commercial interest and mainly used for the restoration of tree cover (i.e. Pinus halepensis).Main conclusionsThe potential of plantations or natural pine forests to enhance biodiversity is highly dependent on both the pine species and the geographical location. On this basis, we identify the geographical areas (and pine species) where a major naturalization effort of plantations would be needed to increase bird diversity.
Multiprofessional evaluation in clinical practice: establishing a core set of outcome measures for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Mäenpää Helena , Autti‐Rämö Ilona , Varho Tarja , Forsten Wivi , Haataja Leena 
Published: October 2016

AimTo develop a national consensus on outcome measures that define functional ability in children with cerebral palsy (CP) according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework.MethodThe project started in 2008 in neuropaediatric units of two university hospitals and one outpatient clinic. Each professional group selected representatives to be knowledge brokers for their own specialty. Based on the evidence, expert opinion, and the ICF framework, multiprofessional teams selected the most valid measures used in clinical practice (2009–2010). Data from 269 children with CP were analysed, classified by the Gross Motor Function Classification System, Manual Ability Classification System, and Communication Function Classification System, and evaluated.ResultsThe process aimed at improving and unifying clinical practice in Finland through a national consensus on the core set of measures. The selected measures were presented by professional groups, and consensus was reached on the recommended core set of measures to be used in all hospitals treating children with CP in Finland.InterpretationA national consensus on relevant and feasible measures is essential for identifying differences in the effectiveness of local practices, and for conducting multisite intervention studies. This project showed that multiprofessional rehabilitation practices can be improved through respect for and inclusion of everyone involved.
Genetic variation and the relationship between stream and lake ecotypes of a threatened desert Catostomid, the Warner sucker (Catostomus warnerensis)
Authors: DeHaan Patrick W. , Von Bargen Jennifer , Scheerer Paul D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany fish species exhibit diverse life history strategies that help maintain population viability. An understanding of the relationships among these strategies is crucial for prioritising conservation actions. The Warner sucker, endemic to the Warner Lakes Basin in southern Oregon, USA, is one example of a taxon where a lack of information regarding relationships among life history strategies has hampered conservation efforts. Warner suckers have two distinct life history types: stream‐type fish that have a fluvial life history and lake‐type fish that have an adfluvial life history. There are advantages and disadvantages associated with each life history, and presently the relationship between life history types is not well understood. Our objectives were to determine the amount of genetic variation within and among tributary populations of Warner suckers and to determine the origins of suckers collected in the Warner Lakes. We collected individuals from four tributary populations, a refugial population, and Hart and Crump lakes and genotyped them at 16 microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic variation among populations suggested low levels of gene flow (FST = 0.153) and genetic variation among populations seemed to be influenced by population and habitat characteristics. Nearly all of the individuals collected in Hart and Crump lakes originated in a single tributary, Deep Creek, which likely reflects reduced habitat connectivity between most other tributaries and the Warner Lakes. Data presented in this study are useful for evaluating the status of Warner sucker populations and for prioritising conservation actions such as the removal and modification of barriers.
Weird genotypes? Don't discard them, transmissible cancer could be an explanation
Authors: Riquet Florentine , Simon Alexis , Bierne Nicolas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGenetic chimerism is rarely considered in the analysis of population genetics data, because assumed to be an exceptionally rare, mostly benign, developmental accident. An unappreciated source of chimerism is transmissible cancer, when malignant cells have become independent parasites and can infect other individuals. Parasitic cancers were thought to be rare exceptions, only reported in dogs (Murgia et al., Cell, 2006, 126, 477; Rebbeck et al., Evolution, 2009, 63, 2340), Tasmanian devils (Pearse and Swift, Nature, 2006, 439, 549; Pye et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113, 374), and soft‐shell clams (Metzger et al., Cell, 2015, 161, 255). However, the recent simultaneous report of four new contagious leukemias in marine mollusks (Metzger et al., Nature, 2016, 534, 705) might change the rules. By doubling up the number of naturally occurring transmissible cancers, this discovery suggests they may essentially be missed because not sufficiently searched for, especially outside mammals. We encourage population geneticists to keep in mind infectious cancer when interpreting weird genotypes in their molecular data. It would then contribute in the investigation of how widespread contagious cancer could really be in the wild. We provide an example with our own data in Mytilus mussels, a commercially important shellfish. We identified genetic chimerism in a few mussels that suggests the possible occurrence at low prevalence in European M. edulis populations of a M. trossulus contagious cancer related to the one described by Metzger et al. (Nature, 2016, 534, 705) in populations of British Columbia.
Contact allergens induce CD8+ T cell‐derived interleukin 10 that appears dispensable for regulation of contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Dolch Anja , Kunz Stefanie , Dorn Britta , Roers Axel , Martin Stefan F. , Jakob Thilo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInterleukin 10 (IL‐10) has been implied in the regulation of allergic contact dermatitis. Using transcriptional reporter mice we analyzed cellular sources of IL‐10 during contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and identified IL‐10 expressing CD8+ T cells in the skin that are antigen‐specific, display PD‐1, an effector memory phenotype, and IL‐10 expression comparable to that of CD4+ T cells. However, in mice with a selective IL‐10 deficiency in CD8+ T cells CHS responses were comparable to that of controls, even in the absence of CD4+ cells, suggesting that CD8+ T cell‐derived IL‐10 does not contribute significantly to the resolution of CHS responses.
Low cycle fatigue life prediction in shot‐peened components of different geometries—part I: residual stress relaxation
Authors: You C. , Achintha M. , Soady K. A. , Smyth N. , Fitzpatrick M. E. , Reed P. A. S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this study, the residual stress relaxation behaviour occurring during low‐cycle fatigue in shot‐peened specimens with either a flat or a notched geometry has been studied. A representative low‐pressure steam turbine material, FV448, was used. The residual stress and strain hardening profiles caused by shot peening were measured experimentally and were then incorporated into a finite element model. By allowing for both effects of shot peening, the residual stress relaxation behaviour was successfully simulated using this model and correlated well with the experimental data. Although more modelling work may be required to simulate the interaction between shot peening effects and external loads in a range of notched geometries, the model predictions are consistent with the specimens tested in the current study. The novelty of this study lies in the development of such a modelling approach which can be used to effectively simulate the complex interaction between shot peening effects and external loads in notched regions. Compared with the un‐notched geometry, the notched geometry was found to be more effective in retaining the improvement in fatigue life resulting from shot peening, by restricting the compressive residual stress relaxation during fatigue loading.
Woodland expansion in South African grassy biomes based on satellite observations (1990–2013): general patterns and potential drivers
Authors: Skowno Andrew L. , Thompson Mark W. , Hiestermann Jens , Ripley Brad , West Adam G. , Bond William J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIncreases in woody plant cover in savanna grassland environments have been reported on globally for over 50 years and are generally perceived as a threat to rangeland productivity and biodiversity. Despite this, few attempts have been made to estimate the extent of woodland increase at a national scale, principally due to technical constraints such as availability of appropriate remote sensing products. In this study, we aimed to measure the extent to which woodlands have replaced grasslands in South Africa's grassy biomes. We use multiseason Landsat data in conjunction with satellite L‐band radar backscatter data to estimate the extent of woodlands and grasslands in 1990 and 2013. The method employed allows for a unique, nationwide measurement of transitions between grassland and woodland classes in recent decades. We estimate that during the 23‐year study period, woodlands have replaced grasslands over ~57 000 km2 and conversely that grasslands have replaced woodlands over ~30 000 km2, a net increase in the extent of woodland of ~27 000 km2 and an annual increase of 0.22%. The changes varied markedly across the country; areas receiving over 500 mm mean annual precipitation showed higher rates of woodland expansion than regions receiving <500 mm (0.31% yr−1 and 0.11% yr−1, respectively). Protected areas with elephants showed clear loss of woodlands (−0.43% yr−1), while commercial rangelands and traditional rangelands showed increases in woodland extent (>0.19% yr−1). The woodland change map presented here provides a unique opportunity to test the numerous models of woody plant encroachment at a national/regional scale.
Distinct biogeographical patterns of marine bacterial taxonomy and functional genes
Authors: Haggerty John Matthew , Dinsdale Elizabeth Ann 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimWhile paradigms of macroecology are challenged by the high rates of reproduction, dispersal and horizontal gene exchange of bacterial communities, environmental DNA sequencing makes community profiles accessible. We test fundamental hypotheses of macroecological theories, showing that both taxonomic and functional classifications have distinct biogeographical variation across distance and environments depending on trophic composition.LocationStudies spanning the global oceans.MethodsTaxonomic and functional profiles were obtained from metagenomes and were compared across oceanographic regions and tested for patterns of co‐occurrence. The influences of sampling method (filter size), environmental variables and geographical distribution were compared with distance‐based linear models to test predictors of taxonomic and functional composition. Macroecological drivers were compared with bacterial community structure to test four biogeographical hypotheses: (1) no biogeographical patterns, (2) community structure reflects environmental dissimilarity, (3) community structure reflects distance, (4) community structure reflects environment and distance.ResultsBacterial families were clustered into four trophic groups – phototrophic, oligotrophic, eutrophic and copiotrophic – by changes in abundance across oceanographic regions and co‐occurrence with core functions. Changes in community composition were best modelled by longitude for free‐living communities and dissolved oxygen for mixed communities of free‐living and particle‐associated bacteria. Both microhabitat and community assignment had an impact on biogeographical patterns, with taxonomic compositions following our hypotheses 2 and 4 and functional gene compositions following hypotheses 3 and 4.Main conclusionsWe described four trophic groups adding to the current dichotomy of the classification of marine bacteria as oligotrophic or copiotrophic. Taxonomic composition of mixed communities reflected environmental differences but not geographical distance, whereas functional gene composition in free‐living communities was independent of environmental dissimilarity and reflected geographical distance. Patterns of biogeography in bacterial communities differed depending on the description of taxa or function. Therefore, we developed a new paradigm for bacterial ecology which shows that some aspects of bacterial evolution depend on trophic complexity, history and current environmental conditions.