bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Craniomandibular Variation in Phalangeriform Marsupials: Functional Comparisons with Primates
Authors: ST Clair Elizabeth M. , Reback Nicholas , Perry Jonathan M. G. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTPhalangeriform marsupials have often been compared with primates because of similarity in the range of external morphology, ecological niches, and body size between the two radiations. We explore morphological convergence in the masticatory anatomy of strepsirrhine primates and phalangeriforms, through osteological measurements of the mandible and facial skeleton, and through dissection of the masticatory musculature, presenting new data on the arrangement and proportions of jaw adductors in phalangeriforms. Phalangeriforms and primates have a large number of shape differences in mandibular morphology. Despite these differences in shape on phylogenetic lines, dietary groups used to pool species of phalangeriforms and strepsirrhines also differed from each other in a range of shape variables. Notably, the striped possum (Dactylopsila), previously described as convergent with the aye‐aye (Daubentonia), shares a number of features of mandibular shape with Daubentonia, and the exudate‐feeding sugar‐glider, Petaurus, shares shape features with gummivorous strepsirrhines. Petaurus also has long‐fibered jaw adductors for its body mass, as would be expected for a species with a requirement for large gape. Phalangeriform species on the frugivore‐folivore continuum were less clearly comparable to strepsirrhine species with similar diets. There are a number of significant dietary contrasts in osteological measurements, but in the masticatory muscles phalangeriforms did not meet all expectations based on available dietary data, highlighting the possible complexity of dietary adaptation in phalangeriform folivores. Anat Rec, 301:227–255, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jaw‐Muscle Fiber Architecture and Leverage in the Hard‐Object Feeding Sooty Mangabey are not Structured to Facilitate Relatively Large Bite Forces Compared to Other Papionins
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. , Terhune Claire E. , Toler Maxx , Holmes Megan , Ross Callum F. , Vinyard Christopher J. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTNumerous studies have sought to link craniofacial morphology with behavioral ecology in primates. Extant hard‐object feeders have been of particular interest because of their potential to inform our understanding about the diets of early fossil hominins. Sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) are hard‐object feeders that frequently generate what have been described as audibly powerful bites at wide jaw gapes to process materially stiff and hard seeds. We address the hypothesis that sooty mangabeys have features of the masticatory apparatus that facilitate this feeding behavior by comparing fiber architecture and leverage of the masseter and temporalis muscles between sooty mangabeys and three papionin primates that do not specialize on hard objects. Contrary to predictions, sooty mangabeys do not have relatively larger muscle physiologic cross‐sectional areas or weights compared to other papionins, nor do they consistently display improved leverage. In this regard, sooty mangabeys differ in their morphology from other hard‐object feeders such as tufted capuchins. However, males of all four papionin species converge on a shared pattern of relatively longer anterior superficial masseter fibers compared with female conspecifics, suggesting that males are likely prioritizing muscle stretch to improve gape performance as part of a behavioral repertoire that includes agonistic social interactions and intense male–male competition. These findings strengthen support for the hypothesis that gape display behaviors can exert a strong selective influence throughout the musculoskeletal masticatory apparatus. Results also raise questions about the morphological suitability of extant cercopithecines as models for interpreting feeding behavior and diet in fossil hominins with limited jaw gape capacity. Anat Rec, 301:325–342, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferring the Diets of Extinct Giant Lemurs from Osteological Correlates of Muscle Dimensions
Authors: Perry Jonathan M. G. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThe jaw adductor muscles of extinct mammals are often reconstructed to elucidate paleoecological relationships and to make broad comparisons among taxa. Muscle lever arms, bite load arms, muscle dimensions, and gape are often also reconstructed to better understand feeding. Several different approaches to these and related goals are discussed here. A protocol for reconstructing muscle dimensions and bite force using biomechanically informative skull measurements and osteological proxies of muscle dimensions is described and applied to a case study of subfossil Malagasy lemurs. The results of this case study show that most subfossil lemurs emphasized the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles over the temporalis. This supports the inference that these extinct lemurs depended heavily on tough food like leaves. Exceptions include signals of hard‐object feeding in Archaeolemur that vary between A. majori and A. edwardsi. Reconstructions of soft‐tissue and function are important for understanding past ecological relationships. Even those based on well‐supported osteological proxies from extant analogues have limitations for making precise inferences. Anat Rec, 301:343–362, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jaw‐Dropping: Functional Variation in the Digastric Muscle in Bats
Authors: Curtis Abigail A. , Santana Sharlene E. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTDiet and feeding behavior in mammals is strongly linked to the morphology of their feeding apparatus. Cranio‐muscular morphology determines how wide, forcefully, and quickly the jaw can be opened or closed, which limits the size and material properties of the foods that a mammal can eat. Most studies of feeding performance in mammals have focused on skull form and jaw muscles involved in generating bite force, but few explore how jaw abduction is related to feeding performance. In this study, we explored how the morphology of the digastric muscle, the primary jaw abducting muscle in mammals, and its jaw lever mechanics are related to diet in morphologically diverse noctilionoid bats. Results showed that insectivorous bats have strong digastric muscles associated with proportionally long jaws, which suggests these species can open their jaws quickly and powerfully during prey capture and chewing. Short snouted frugivorous bats exhibit traits that would enable them to open their jaws proportionally wider to accommodate the large fruits that they commonly feed on. Our results support the hypothesis that digastric muscle and jaw morphology are correlated with diet in bats, and that our results may also apply to other groups of mammals. Anat Rec, 301:279–290, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral Correlates of Cranial Muscle Functional Morphology
Authors: Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Santana Sharlene E. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThis issue of the Anatomical Record is the first of a two‐volume set that focuses on new investigations into behavioral correlates of muscle functional morphology. Much of the research on functional morphology and adaptation to specific functional niches focuses on the shapes of hard‐tissues—bones and teeth. Investigations into soft‐tissue anatomy tend to be predominantly descriptive with only brief allusion to ontogenetic or evolutionary origins of structures. When muscles are included in analyses of functional systems, their function tends to be oversimplified—usually considered a simple force vector connecting two osteological points, with the force treated as a constant derived from some simple calculation of muscle size. The goal of these special issues is to present a series of studies that take a more elaborate look at how muscles can be viewed from a functional perspective in studies searching for morphological correlates of behavior. This first volume focuses on the behavioral correlates of cranial muscles—starting with a paper about the mimetic musculature of primates and ending with a series of papers on the masticatory muscles of many lineages of vertebrates. The next issue of the Anatomical Record (March 2018) includes our papers on the behavioral correlates of postcranial muscles. Taken together, we hope you agree that this series presents valuable insights into these form/function relationships using both traditional approaches+ and cutting‐edge techniques. Anat Rec, 301:197–201, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating TEMPO and Its Analogues with Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Lang Xianjun , Zhao Jincai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractVisible light has risen to become a very important facilitator for selective radical reactions enabled by well‐cognized photocatalysts. The renaissance of visible‐light photocatalysis on this matter partly relies on integrating it with other fields of catalysis. In parallel, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin N‐oxide (TEMPO), a quintessential persistent radical, has a wide range of uses owing to its exceptional redox behavior, which gives rise to its latest prominence in catalysis. Therefore, integrating the catalysis of TEMPO with photocatalysis to perform visible‐light‐induced selective reactions becomes a very convenient marriage of merits. In this context, the integration of different types of photocatalysts, including metal complexes, metal‐free organic dyes, and semiconductors, with TEMPO for outstanding organic transformations will be summarized. To expand further the catalytic repertoire, the integration of TEMPOH analogues such as NHPI (N‐hydroxyphthalimide) and NHS (N‐hydroxysuccinimide) with photocatalysis will also be discussed. Hopefully, these advances will pave the way for more breakthroughs by integrating TEMPO and its analogues with photocatalysis to lead to a valuable blueprint for visible‐light‐induced selective organic transformations.
Behavioural responses of the yellow emitting annelid Tomopteris helgolandica to photic stimuli
Authors: Gouveneaux Anaïd , Gielen Marie‐Charlotte , Mallefet Jérôme 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn contrast to most mesopelagic bioluminescent organisms specialised in the emission and reception of blue light, the planktonic annelid Tomopteris helgolandica produces yellow light. This unusual feature has long been suggested to serve for intraspecific communication. Yet, this virtually admitted hypothesis has never been tested. In this behavioural study of spectral colour sensitivity, we first present an illustrated repertoire of the postures and action patterns described by captive specimens. Then video tracking and motion analysis are used to quantify the behavioural responses of singled out worms to photic stimuli imitating intraspecific (yellow) or interspecific (blue) bioluminescent signals. We show the ability of T. helgolandica to react and to contrast its responses to bioluminescent‐like blue and yellow light signals. In particular, the attractive effect of yellow light and the variation of angular velocity observed according to the pattern of yellow stimuli (flashes versus glows) support the intraspecific communication hypothesis. However, given the behavioural patterns of T. helgolandica, including mechanically induced light emission, the possibility that bioluminescence may be part of escape/defence responses to predation, should remain an open question.
Inhibition of apoptosis using exosomes in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture
Authors: Han Seora , Rhee Won Jong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAnimal cell culture technology for therapeutic protein production has shown significant improvement over the last few decades. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been widely adapted for the production of biopharmaceutical drugs. In the biopharmaceutical industry, it is crucial to develop cell culture media and culturing conditions to achieve the highest productivity and quality. However, CHO cells are significantly affected by apoptosis in the bioreactors, resulting in a substantial decrease in product quantity and quality. Thus, to overcome the obstacle of apoptosis in CHO cell culture, it is critical to develop a novel method that does not have minimal concern of safety or cost. Herein, we showed for the first time that exosomes, which are nano‐sized extracellular vesicles, derived from CHO cells inhibited apoptosis in CHO cell culture when supplemented to the culture medium. Flow cytometric and microscopic analyses revealed that substantial amounts of exosomes were delivered to CHO cells. Higher cell viability after staurosporine treatment was observed by exosome supplementation (67.3%) as compared to control (41.1%). Furthermore, exosomes prevented the mitochondrial membrane potential loss and caspase‐3 activation, meaning that the exosomes enhanced cellular activities under pro‐apoptotic condition. As the exosomes supplements are derived from CHO cells themselves, it is not only beneficial for the biopharmaceutical productivity of CHO cell culture to inhibit apoptosis, but also from a regulatory standpoint to diminish any safety concerns. Thus, we conclude that the method developed in this research may contribute to the biopharmaceutical industry where minimizing apoptosis in CHO cell culture is beneficial.
When life gets in the way: Systematic review of life events, socioeconomic deprivation, and their impact on counselling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents
Authors: Blackshaw Emily , Evans Chris , Cooper Mick 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundLife events are recognised to link low socio‐economic status (SES) with impaired mental health. Despite attention to patients’ historical environmental circumstances in psychotherapeutic practice, events that occur over the course of counselling and psychotherapy (‘intercurrent’ events) seem to have received little attention in research.MethodLife events were defined to include those that are chronic and severe, as well as minor, everyday occurrences. Outcomes were restricted to internalising problems related to depression and anxiety in child, or adolescent participants. Bibliographic databases and citations and review reference lists were searched, and relevant scholars were contacted. The conceptual and methodological nature of the literature is reported.ResultsThis review included 42 studies. Intercurrent events varied in severity and duration. Events were most frequently measured using questionnaires. The same questionnaire was rarely used in more than one study, and questionnaires were often adapted for use for the study's purpose/population. Events included in analyses tended to be analysed as a mediator of change in psychiatric symptomatology, or an outcome of therapy.ConclusionsAttention to intercurrent life events appears rare in psychotherapy research. This contributes to a systematic neglect of socio‐economic issues in psychotherapy research and arguably psychotherapy more generally. This neglect is exacerbated by a lack of agreed measures of life events, both intensive and routine in nature. Recommendations are made to improve attention to such events.
ILEI is an important intermediate participating in the formation of TGF‐β1–induced renal tubular EMT
Authors: Zhao Xing , Luo Gang , Fan Yan , Ma Xiaoxue , Zhou Jieqing , Jiang Hong 
Published: January 2018

Renal interstitial fibrosis is the most common process by which chronic kidney diseases progress to end‐stage renal failure. Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) play a crucial role in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. A newly identified cytokine, interleukin‐like EMT inducer (ILEI), has been linked to EMT in some diseases. However, the effects of ILEI on renal tubular EMT have not yet been well established. Here, we characterize the expression of ILEI in tubular EMT and describe the role and mechanism of ILEI in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)–induced renal tubular EMT. The results indicate that ILEI is involved in renal tubular EMT induced by TGF‐β1, as overexpression of ILEI not only induces EMT of HK‐2 cells independently but also profoundly enhances EMT in response to TGF‐β1. Supporting this finding, ILEI small interfering RNA was found to block the EMT of HK‐2 cells induced by TGF‐β1. This work additionally suggests ILEI mediates TGF‐β1–dependent EMT via the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathways. In conclusion, ILEI appears to play a crucial role in mediating TGF‐β1–induced EMT through the Akt and ERK pathways, which may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of fibrotic kidney diseases.Significance of the studyThere is no study reporting the effect of ILEI in renal EMTs. In this research, we examined the role and mechanism of ILEI in EMT using tubular epithelial cell; we found that ILEI participated in renal tubular EMT, and overexpression of ILEI can not only induce EMT of HK‐2 cells independently but also enhance EMT in response to TGF‐β1. Meanwhile, we found ILEI small interfering RNA blocked the EMT induced by TGF‐β1, and ILEI participates in the EMT caused by TGF‐β1 via ERK and Akt signalling pathways. We hoped to provide new ideas in further study on the prevention and treatment of fibrotic kidney diseases.
An examination of the interaction between morality and self‐control in offending: A study of differences between girls and boys
Authors: Ivert Anna‐Karin , Andersson Frida , Svensson Robert , Pauwels Lieven J.R. , Torstensson Levander Marie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is a well‐documented gender difference in offending, with evidence that boys, on average, are more involved in crime than girls. Opinions differ, however, on whether the causes of crime apply to girls and boys similarly.AimsOur aim is to explore crime propensity in boys and girls. Our research questions were (1) are there differences between boys and girls in moral values and self‐control; (2) are these attributes similarly correlated with offending among girls and boys; and (3) is any interaction effect between morality and self‐control identical for girls and boys.MethodsData were drawn from the Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Development Study, which includes 481 girls and boys aged 16–17. An 8‐item self‐control scale was derived from Grasmick's self‐control instrument; we created a 16‐item morality scale. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences in scale scores.ResultsThere were significant gender differences in moral values but not self‐control. Moral values and self‐control were significantly correlated with offending among both girls and boys. In the multiple regression analysis, the three‐way interaction term used to test the interaction between gender, self‐control and moral values was non‐significant, indicating that the magnitude of the self‐control–moral value interaction is not affected by gender.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that effects of morality and self‐control are general and apply to girls and boys similarly, so more research is needed to explain gender differences in crime prevalence. © 2018 The Authors Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Age onset of offending and serious mental illness among forensic psychiatric patients: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Penney Stephanie R. , Prosser Aaron , Simpson Alexander I.F. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundDevelopmental typologies regarding age of onset of violence and offending have not routinely taken account of the role of serious mental illness (SMI), and whether age of onset of offending in relation to onset of illness impacts on the manifestation of offending over the life course.AimsTo test whether forensic psychiatric patients can be classified according to age of onset of SMI and offending, and, if so, whether subtypes differ by sex.MethodsDetails of all 511 patients enrolled into a large forensic mental health service in Ontario, Canada, in 2011 or 2012 were collected from records.ResultsA latent profile analysis supported a 2‐class solution in both men and women. External validation of the classes demonstrated that those with a younger age onset of serious mental illness and offending were characterised by higher levels of static risk factors and criminogenic need than those whose involvement in both mental health and criminal justice systems was delayed to later life.ConclusionsOur findings present a new perspective on life course trajectories of offenders with SMI. While analyses identified just two distinct age‐of‐onset groups, in both the illness preceded the offending. The fact that our sample was entirely drawn from those hospitalised may have introduced a selection bias for those whose illness precedes offending, but findings underscore the complexity and level of need among those with a younger age of onset. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to blast a way into crime, or just good clean fun? Examining aggressive play with toy weapons and its relation with crime
Authors: Smith Sven , Ferguson Christopher J. , Beaver Kevin M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundResearchers, such as Bandura, have proposed that children's mere exposure to the use of play weapons encourages deviant displays of aggression, but there is very little research to support this hypothesis of 20 years.AimTo examine the relationship between amount of weapon play and concurrent aggression as well as later violent juvenile crime, while controlling for other variables possibly influencing criminal pathways.MethodUsing longitudinal survey data collected from mothers and children (n = 2019) from age 5, with follow‐up at age 15, correlations between children's play with toy weapons and juvenile criminality were examined. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to determine to what extent early childhood aggression, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and symptoms of depression were antecedents of juvenile crime.ResultsFor bivariate analysis between toy weapon play and juvenile criminality, the effect size was small and not significant. The relationship remained not significant once control variables were introduced into the model.Conclusions and implicationsThe act of pretending to be aggressive in childhood thus plays little role in predicting later criminality after other factors, such as gender, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or depression, have been taken into account. Involvement in imaginative play with toy gun use in early childhood is unlikely to be useful as a risk marker for later criminal behaviour. Play fighting and war toy games may even be considered necessary components within the frame of normal development. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Widespread finger skin metastases of melanoma
Authors: Tas Faruk , Erturk Kayhan 
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical MessageMetastatic melanoma is a fatal disease with a rapid systemic dissemination. Almost every organ might be affected, but lungs, liver, bone, brain, and skin are the most frequently involved sites. Intravascular microtumoral embolism is believed to account for the distant cutaneous metastases that might be the first manifestation of disease progression in most of the cases.