bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-dimensional nanowires of pseudoboehmite (aluminum oxyhydroxide γ-AlOOH)
Authors: Iijima Sumio , Yumura Takashi , Liu Zheng 
Published: October 2016

Significance
Pseudoboehmite (PB) is a poorly crystallized variant of boehmite, but its crystal structure and morphology have not been clearly understood. In particular, PB gel crystals are formed in an aqueous solution, so the interface between the crystalline surface and water is of crucial importance for understanding its properties and growth mechanism. Here we report the detailed structures of fibrous PB crystals obtained from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction patterns. Some of the fibers consist of only two layers of an Al–O octahedral double-sheet ribbon structure, which is really a 1D structure. The findings will broaden the understandings in classical but important fields of colloid science and clay mineralogy.
Insulin resistance and diabetes caused by genetic or diet-induced KBTBD2 deficiency in mice
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Turer Emre , Li Xiaohong , Zhan Xiaoming , Choi Mihwa , Tang Miao , Press Amanda , Smith Steven R. , Divoux Adeline , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Beutler Bruce 
Published: October 2016

Significance
We report an essential regulator of insulin sensitivity. Mutations affecting this protein, KBTBD2, cause severe insulin-resistant diabetes, lipodystrophy, hepatic steatosis, and growth retardation. KBTBD2 is the substrate recognition subunit of a ubiquitin ligase, and its essential molecular target is p85α, the regulatory subunit of phosphoinositol-3-kinase. KBTBD2 is highly conserved among vertebrates and expressed in liver, brain, muscle, and adipocytes. In the absence of KBTBD2, p85α levels rise 30-fold in adipocytes, interrupting the insulin signal, which is fully restored by p85α knockout. Transfer of KBTBD2-sufficient adipose tissue to KBTBD2-deficient animals rescues insulin-resistant hyperglycemia. Within adipocytes, KBTBD2 expression is markedly down-regulated in response to a high-fat diet. This appears to be an important cause of the insulin resistance caused by obesity.
Depth psychology through the lens of Classical Yoga: a reconsideration of Jung’s ontic reality
Authors: Whitney Leanne 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTJung, a self-proclaimed empiricist, resisted all metaphysical claims. Nevertheless his depth psychology hypothesized an unconscious agent, which we can never know directly. As a means of healing he implores us to loosen our resistance to the unconscious, for when ego-consciousness develops and maintains a relationship to the unconscious, human beings make the Creator conscious of His creation. Although not explicit in his theories, both the ego and the unconscious are more than psychological concepts for Jung; they are ontically real. Looking at Jung through the lens of Classical Yoga this paper invites a reconsideration of the Jungian ontic reality.
Bonnie Honig,Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics
Authors: Tampio Nicholas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the 1980s and 1990s, a central debate in academic political theory was between liberals and communitarians, Kantians and Hegelians, Rawls and his critics. Bonnie Honig’s Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics (1993) disrupted this debate and argued that surface disagreements conceal an underlying consensus that the purpose of political theory is to answer, once and for all, the fundamental political questions. Drawing upon and transforming the work of Hannah Arendt and Friedrich Nietzsche, Honig argues that democracy requires attentiveness to the remainders of politics and a proclivity to contestation. To show the continuing relevance of Honig’s conception of agonistic democracy, I criticize Cass Sunstein’s account of the regulatory state for its displacement of politics, focusing on how his advocacy of fuel economy regulations occludes the political question of rethinking public transportation.
C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke
Authors: Breakey Hugh 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
C. B. Macpherson’s 1962 The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke challenged the canonical interpretation of seventeenth-century English political theorists by exploring their allegiance to “possessive individualism,” the idea that man’s normative essence consists in his self-ownership. After surveying the work’s impact, this chapter analyzes Macpherson’s concept of possessive individualism and considers the inter-relations amongst its economic, ontological, and psychological postulates. The chapter argues that—while Macpherson’s exegesis erred in trying to graft the concept onto early modern political theorists like John Locke—his core idea remains significant today. Possessive individualism accurately describes an influential normative perspective increasingly pervading and facilitated by contemporary global capitalism, as exemplified in the global financial crisis of 2007–09.
Greek and Roman Slaving in Comparative Ancient Perspective
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Graeco-Roman slavery can be properly understood only when compared with slave practices in other ancient societies. This chapter shows that in ancient Israel, Egypt, and Babylonia slavery had a major impact on almost all areas of daily life. Therefore Finley’s categorical distinction between slave societies and slave-holding societies must be dismissed. The main difference between Roman and Near Eastern slaving seems to have been political: Rome at the time of the empire was an imperialist society whose conquests led to mass slavery. When conditions were similar (e.g. during conquests), similar slave practices emerged in Near Eastern societies. Other aspects of slavery may have been affected by Roman practices or developed in analogy to Roman customs. At the same time, all developments must also be understood within the context of the respective Near Eastern societies themselves.
History of Neuropsychology in Asia
Authors: Lee Tatia M. C. , Wang Kai , Collinson Simon L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Clinical neuropsychology in Asia has emerged from the interactions of multiple processes, including the development of psychology and its subdisciplines worldwide, the entering of psychology into Asia and ongoing intellectual influences from outside of Asia, indigenous responses to those external forces, and homegrown initiatives in studying brain-behavior relationships prior to and since the beginnings of modern neuropsychology. This chapter reviews the history of neuropsychology in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other Asian regions. With globalization and increasing ease of information exchange, neuropsychological practice in Asia will continue to be shaped by influence from the West interacting with the indigenization process to shape the development of neuropsychology in Asia. Rapid development of neuroscience leads to cutting-edge findings and discovery of brain-behavior relationships, which has and will continue to be one of the rich sources of information that guides and shapes neuropsychological practice in Asia and worldwide.
Consumption in Latin America
Authors: Rocchi Fernando 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this article, the main debates on consumption in Latin America, a topic that has yet to receive full scholarly attention, are analyzed. Current discussions tend to limit its focus to the possession of goods and public services. Historiographical quarrels comprise different perspectives and approaches that include commodity histories and the study of imports, local development, the arrival of modernity, globalization, consumer culture, and the relationship between consumption and political activism.
Association Between Noninvasive Ventilation and Mortality Among Older Patients With Pneumonia
Authors: Valley Thomas S. , Walkey Allan J. , Lindenauer Peter K. , Wiener Renda Soylemez , Cooke Colin R. 
Published: October 2016

Objective:
Despite increasing use, evidence is mixed as to the appropriate use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with pneumonia. We aimed to determine the relationship between receipt of noninvasive ventilation and outcomes for patients with pneumonia in a real-world setting.

Design, Setting, Patients:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries (aged > 64 yr) admitted to 2,757 acute-care hospitals in the United States with pneumonia, who received mechanical ventilation from 2010 to 2011.

Exposures:
Noninvasive ventilation versus invasive mechanical ventilation.

Measurement and Main Results:
The primary outcome was 30-day mortality with Medicare reimbursement as a secondary outcome. To account for unmeasured confounding associated with noninvasive ventilation use, an instrumental variable was used—the differential distance to a high noninvasive ventilation use hospital. All models were adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics to account for measured differences between groups. Among 65,747 Medicare beneficiaries with pneumonia who required mechanical ventilation, 12,480 (19%) received noninvasive ventilation. Patients receiving noninvasive ventilation were more likely to be older, male, white, rural-dwelling, have fewer comorbidities, and were less likely to be acutely ill as measured by organ failures. Results of the instrumental variable analysis suggested that, among marginal patients, receipt of noninvasive ventilation was not significantly associated with differences in 30-day mortality when compared with invasive mechanical ventilation (54% vs 55%; p = 0.92; 95% CI of absolute difference, –13.8 to 12.4) but was associated with significantly lower Medicare spending ($18,433 vs $27,051; p = 0.02).

Conclusions:
Among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with pneumonia who received mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation use was not associated with a real-world mortality benefit. Given the wide CIs, however, substantial harm associated with noninvasive ventilation could not be excluded. The use of noninvasive ventilation for patients with pneumonia should be cautioned, but targeted enrollment of marginal patients with pneumonia could enrich future randomized trials.
Quantification of 11 Therapeutic Kinase Inhibitors in Human Plasma for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Herbrink Maikel , de Vries Niels , Rosing Hilde , Huitema Alwin D. R. , Nuijen Bastiaan , Schellens Jan H. M. , Beijnen Jos H. 
Published: October 2016

Background:
A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for 10 anticancer compounds (dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, sorafenib, sunitinib, and vemurafenib) and the active metabolite, N-desethyl-sunitinib.

Methods:
The TDM assay is based on reversed-phase chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring for analyte quantification. Stable isotopically labeled compounds were used as internal standards. The sample pretreatment consisted of protein precipitation with acetonitrile using a small plasma volume of 50 μL. The validation procedures were based on the guidelines on bioanalytical methods issued by the US Food and Drug Administration and were modified to fit the requirements of the clinical TDM environment.

Results:
The method was validated over a linear range of 5.00–100 ng/mL for dasatinib, sunitinib, and N-desethyl-sunitinib; 50.0–1000 ng/mL for gefitinib and lapatinib; 125–2500 ng/mL for erlotinib, imatinib, and nilotinib; and 500–10,000 ng/mL for pazopanib, sorafenib, and vemurafenib. The results of the validation study demonstrated good intra-assay and interassay accuracy (bias <6.0%) and precision (12.2%) for all analytes.

Conclusions:
This newly validated method met the criteria for TDM and has successfully been applied to routine TDM service for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
SPECTRAL DOMAIN VERSUS SWEPT SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE RETINAL CAPILLARY PLEXUSES IN SICKLE CELL MACULOPATHY
Authors: Jung Jesse J. , Chen Michael H. , Frambach Caroline R. , Rofagha Soraya , Lee Scott S. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
To compare the spectral domain and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in two cases of sickle cell maculopathy.

Methods:
A 53-year-old man and a 24-year-old man both with sickle cell disease (hemoglobin SS) presented with no visual complaints; Humphrey visual field testing demonstrated asymptomatic paracentral scotomas that extended nasally in the involved eyes. Clinical examination and multimodal imaging including spectral domain and swept source optical coherence tomography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA) were performed.

Results:
Fundus examination of both patients revealed subtle thinning of the macula. En-face swept source optical coherence tomography confirmed the extent of the thinning correlating with the functional paracentral scotomas on Humphrey visual field. Swept source optical coherence tomography B-scan revealed multiple confluent areas of inner nuclear thinning and significant temporal retinal atrophy. En-face 6 × 6-mm spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography of the macula demonstrated greater loss of the deep capillary plexus compared with the superficial capillary plexus. Swept source optical coherence tomography angiography 12 × 12-mm imaging captured the same macular findings and loss of both plexuses temporally outside the macula.

Conclusion:
In these two cases of sickle cell maculopathy, deep capillary plexus ischemia is more extensive within the macula, whereas both the superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus are involved outside the macula likely due to the greater oxygen demands and watershed nature of these areas. Swept source optical coherence tomography angiography clearly demonstrates the angiographic extent of the disease correlating with the Humphrey visual field scotomas and confluent areas of inner nuclear atrophy.
CONTRALATERAL ANESTHESIA IN TWO PATIENTS AFTER RETROBULBAR BLOCK
Authors: Ghadiali Quraish , Ghadiali Larissa K. , Schiff William M. , Odel Jeffrey G. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
To report a case series of two patients with contralateral anesthesia after retrobulbar block.

Methods:
Retrospective review of two cases and review of the literature.

Results:
Two patients of one practitioner received contralateral anesthesia after retrobulbar block for posterior segment surgery. Patient 1 suffered from transient contralateral akinesia, whereas Patient 2 experienced transient contralateral amaurosis.

Conclusion:
Posterior spread of anesthetics is a rare but potentially serious complication of retrobulbar anesthesia caused by spread of anesthetics along the optic nerve sheath. Modification of injection technique can decrease the risk of this complication.
Correlations Between Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Axial Length, Peripapillary Retinal Tilt, Optic Disc Size, and Retinal Artery Position in Healthy Eyes
Authors: Yamashita Takehiro , Sakamoto Taiji , Yoshihara Naoya , Terasaki Hiroto , Tanaka Minoru , Kii Yuya , Nakao Kumiko 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
To determine the correlations between the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and the axial length, peripapillary retinal tilt (PRT), and optic disc size, and retinal artery position.

Methods:
A prospective, observational cross-sectional study of 119 healthy right eyes of 119 volunteers. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations including peripapillary RNFLT imaging and measurements of the axial length. The RNFLT was determined by the TOPCON 3D OCT-1000, MARK II. The RNFLT in a 3.4 mm circular scan was divided into 12 clock-hour sectors and 4 quadrant sectors around the optic disc. The PRT was assessed using the RNFLT B-scan images. The angle between the supra-temporal and infra-temporal retinal arteries was determined in the color fundus photographs. The correlations between the sectorial RNFLTs and the axial length, PRT, optic disc size, and artery angles were determined by simple and multiple regression analyses.

Results:
Multiple regression analyses showed that the nasal and inferior quadrants and the whole RNFLT were significantly and negatively correlated with the axial length (standardized coefficient (SC)=−0.39 to −0.30, P<0.05). The PRT was significantly and positively associated with all of the quadrants and the whole RNFLT (SC=0.22 to 0.45, P<0.05). The retinal artery angle was significantly and negatively associated with the temporal RNFLT and positively associated with inferior RNFLT (SC=−0.49 to 0.31, P<0.05). The optic disc size was significantly and positively associated with the superior and nasal quadrants, and the whole RNFLT (SC=0.20 to 0.27, P<0.05).

Conclusions:
The axial length, PRT, optic disc size, retinal artery angle can affect the peripapillary RNFLT. These variables should be considered when assessing the peripapillary RNFLT.
Tissue Engineering in Ophthalmology: Implications for Eyelid Reconstruction
Authors: Sun Michelle T. , O’Connor Andrea J. , Wood John , Casson Robert , Selva Dinesh 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
Bioengineering aims to produce functional tissue replacements to repair defects and has been widely investigated over the past few decades. We aimed to review the available literature on the application of tissue engineering in ophthalmology, with a particular focus on ophthalmic plastic surgery and potential applications for eyelid reconstruction.

Methods:
A literature search was performed on the MEDLINE database using the keywords “bioengineering,” “tissue engineering,” and “ophthalmology.” Articles written in English were included.

Results:
There is a substantial body of work on tissue engineering of the cornea. Other structures in ophthalmology investigated include the conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, and orbital bone. We also discuss the potential application of tissue engineering in eyelid reconstruction.

Conclusion:
Tissue engineering represents the future of regenerative and reconstructive medicine, with significant potential applications in ophthalmic plastic surgery.
Periocular Breast Carcinoma Metastases: Predominant Origin From the Lobular Variant
Authors: Jakobiec Frederick A. , Stagner Anna M. , Homer Natalie , Yoon Michael K. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
To further define the histopathologic features of breast carcinoma conducive to orbital metastasis.

Methods:
Ten new female patients with orbital or eyelid breast cancer metastases encountered between 2011 and 2016 had their medical records reviewed for determining their clinical characteristics. Microscopic glass slides from biopsies and immunohistochemical test results were also analyzed. Biomarkers studied included cytokeratin 7, nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2, and E-cadherin.

Results:
All orbital metastatic lesions were lobular (nonductal) carcinomas that could arise as late as 24 years after the diagnosis of the primary breast tumors. The average age of patients at the time or orbital presentation was 64 years. Metastases were composed of small tumor cells with round, orthochromatic nuclei, and a small amount of cytoplasm. The cells were disposed in a variably fibrotic tumor-associated stroma. Two lesions were variants of lobular carcinoma—namely, alveolar and pleomorphic (the latter displaying cellular crowding, with some degree of nuclear atypia and less stroma). Three of the 9 orbital metastases presented with enophthalmos and 2 displayed euphthalmos despite variably sized orbital masses. In 2 cases, synchronous bilateral orbital metastases prevented any relative difference in globe position. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were usually detectable whereas E-cadherin could not be demonstrated.

Conclusions:
Breast pathologists no longer refer to primary breast carcinomas and their orbital metastases as “scirrhous.” It has been determined that the majority of orbital breast metastases are lobular carcinomas. This may be due to their lack of intercellular cohesiveness and the absence of E-cadherin which normally is expressed in many neoplastic cell types including ductal breast carcinomas, limiting their dispersion. In contrast, the majority of primary breast carcinomas are ductal. The ubiquitous collagenous matrix in breast metastases retracts, partially accounting for enophthalmos. The presence of euphthalmos despite an orbital mass additionally suggests some retraction of fibrous tissue (with or without fat atrophy) that suppresses relative proptosis. Metastatic lobular breast carcinoma is further implicated if there is a concomitant limitation in extraocular motility or vision decline.
Expert Views, Opinions, and Recommendations
Authors: Azima Shokoufeh 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to understand how well and to what extent nurse practitioner (NP) graduate programs prepare students to recognize and manage dermatologic conditions in the primary care setting based on the views and opinions of expert dermatology NPs, obtained through the use of an open-ended questionnaire.

Background
Studies have shown that NPs practicing in primary care have difficulty recognizing, diagnosing, treating, and managing dermatologic conditions. Confusion exists concerning what and when to refer to a specialist. Few peer-reviewed articles exist pertaining to the dermatologic preparation of NP students and whether a lack of preparation precipitates this phenomenon.

Aim
The aim of this study was to analyze response data to identify an emergent hypothesis to be used as a basis for further research on this topic.

Methods
Eight open-ended questions were sent to 15 dermatology nurse experts, of which nine responded. They were assigned random identifiers, and their answers were interpreted using thematic analysis and emergent theory.

Results
The emergent hypothesis indicated that experts in the field of dermatology nursing recognize a need for expanded dermatology preparation for NP students in graduate programs. Several reasons were provided, and recommendations were given.

Discussion
Deficiencies in the level of dermatologic knowledge necessary to competently treat patients with skin conditions in primary care settings are not a phenomenon isolated to NP practice. Similar challenges are found in the literature relating to primary care physicians and physician assistants. NPs have an opportunity to be leaders in this area of clinical and didactic preparation for future practitioners.

Conclusion
Expanding dermatology preparation at the graduate NP level is necessary and will improve primary care patient outcomes as well as educational standards within the NP community.
The Many Presentations of Syphilis
Authors: Ingram Brooke 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a spirochete, which if left untreated, transforms through four stages. Numerous cutaneous manifestations present from the time of the initial infection and evolve as the disease systemically progresses. Syphilis has been around for centuries, and we can attribute the rise of the specialty of dermatology to its prevalence and protean nature. Syphilis is on the rise again for the first time since the advent of penicillin, making it important for healthcare providers to have knowledge of its presentation in its various stages.