bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In–situ Molten Salt Template Strategy for Hierarchical 3D Porous Carbon from Palm Shells as Advanced Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Authors: Ma Jing , Dong You‐zhen , Wang Lei , Yu Peng , Yan Hai‐jing , Tian Chun‐gui , Li Jing‐hong , Prof. Hong‐gang Fu and 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPorous carbon with a large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity and suitable pore sizes possesses large potential for electrochemical capacitance. Herein, a 3D hierarchical porous carbon materials (PC) were synthesized through in‐situ molten salt template route by using the renewable biomass waste palm shell as carbon source. The unique structures endow the synthetic PC excellent capacitive performance. As electrode for supercapacitors, the typical PC‐1‐700 sample showed excellent electrochemical capacitance (up to 326 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), cycling stability (99 % retention of its initial capacity) and perfect rate performance in 6 M KOH electrolyte. For security considerations, we have chosen the aqueous and the ionic liquid as the electrolyte in two‐electrode cells. For the two‐electrode symmetric supercapacitors, the maximum energy densities could be 10.4 Wh kg−1 in aqueous electrolytes, while it can deliver as high as 42.5 Wh kg−1 in ionic liquid electrolyte. The supercapacitor was capable of lighting a LED light bulb (3 V). The strategy holds great promise for preparing functional carbon materials from natural resources for fulfilling the demand in different areas.
Lipooligosaccharides as Amphiphiles to Build Liposomes for Effective Drug Delivery: The Case of Anticancer Ruthenium Complex‐Based Aggregates
Authors: Acampora Federica , Marzaioli Alberto Maria , Capuozzo Antonella , Appavou Marie‐Sousai , Campanella Antonella , D'Errico Gerardino , Irace Carlo , Montesarchio Daniela , Musumeci Domenica , Szekely Noemi Kinga , Santamaria Rita , De Castro Cristina , Paduano Luigi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLiposomes are complex aggregates, often including polyethylene glycol (PEG) to expand their life span in vivo, although their full biocompatibility is still questioned. With the aim to suitably replace PEG within liposomal formulations, here we propose a new liposomes formulation, which includes an amphiphilic molecule of natural origin: the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from the Gram‐negative bacterium Rhizobium rubi. LOS architecture is bifunctional: the lipid moiety at one terminus promotes its insertion into the liposome, the other terminus is hydrophilic and in this case presents an oligosaccharide motif similar to the human Lewis B antigen. Liposomes were prepared by co‐formulating de‐O‐acylated LOS (de‐LOS) with the lipid 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (POPC) and the anticancer nucleolipid‐based Ru(III) complex, ToThyRu. In‐depth microstructural characterization shows that de‐LOS containing liposomes are stable aggregates. In vitro preliminary bioscreens have disclosed their negligible toxic profile and a good uptake in MCF‐7 and HaCaT cells. The results validate the use of lipooligosaccharides in formulating liposomes and pave the way to their use in drug delivery applications.
Camphor‐Based Schiff Base Of 3‐Endo‐Aminoborneol (SBAB): Novel Ligand for Vanadium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Sulfoxidation and Subsequent Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Chuo Ting Hung , Boobalan Ramalingam , Chen Chinpiao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNovel in situ formed vanadium Schiff base complexes, namely vanadyl Schiff base of 3‐exo‐aminoisoborneol (V(O)‐SBAIB) and vanadyl Schiff base of 3‐endo‐aminoborneol (V(O)‐SBAB), were demonstrated to catalyze an enantioselective sulfoxidation reaction. Among the twenty substitutionally and electronically different (1R)‐camphor based Schiff base ligands, 6‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde Schiff base of 3‐endo‐aminoborneol, 48 (SBAB‐14), produced (S)‐ethyl 2‐naphthyl sulfoxide in excellent enantioselectivity (>99 %) with good yield (72 %). In an optimized reaction condition, 1.5 mol% 48 (SBAB‐14) catalyzed asymmetric sulfoxidation with concomitant kinetic resolution of various alkyl aryl sulfides and rendered corresponding sulfoxides with high ee (up to 97 %) with moderate yield (up to 74 %).
Novel and Efficient Synthesis of gem‐Difluorinated Derivatives of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates (ANPs)
Authors: Pomeisl Karel , Beier Petr , Pohl Radek , Krečmerová Marcela 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA novel efficient method for the synthesis of gem‐difluorinated derivatives of acyclic nucleotide analogues has been developed. The method is based on utilization of diethyl difluoromethylphosphonate as a nucleophilic difluoromethylation reagent. In contrast to previous difluoromethylation procedures using commercially available DAST or deoxofluor, this process is very robust, proceeds under mild conditions and is accompanied only by small amounts of by‐products. The reaction of diethyl difluoromethylphosphonate with 2‐benzyloxyacetaldehyde afforded 3‐(benzyloxy)‐1,1‐difluoropropan‐2‐ol (6) a key precursor for syntheses of difluoromethylated analogues of various acyclic nucleoside phosphonates.
Repression of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Is Required to Maintain Mitotic Progression and Prevent Loss of Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Ko Chia-I , Fan Yunxia , de Gannes Matthew , Wang Qin , Xia Ying , Puga Alvaro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Lack of cell cycle checkpoints and uninterrupted passage through S-phase continuously renew the embryonic stem (ES) cell population and maintain pluripotency. Here, we show that to regulate mitotic progression and pluripotency ES cells must keep the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an environmental sensor and transcriptional regulator, in a persistent state of repression. This repression, however, is not always absolute, causing the AHR to fluctuate between reversible states of expression and repression, with a fraction of the cells escaping repression at any one time. Cells that escape AHR repression exhibit reduced levels of the pluripotency factors OCT4 and SOX2 and show an extended mitotic traverse time due to AHR-dependent MID1 repression and the subsequent disruption of the MID1-PP2A-CDC25B-CDK1 signaling pathway that regulates mitosis. Unlike the bulk of the cell population that differentiates into cardiomyocytes upon stimulation, AHR-expressing ES cells restrict cardiogenesis and commit to a neuroglia cell fate. It appears that the untimely expression of the Ahr gene needs to be repressed to maintain ES cell mitotic progression and prevent premature loss of pluripotency.
Liver Progenitors Isolated from Adult Healthy Mouse Liver Efficiently Differentiate to Functional Hepatocytes In Vitro and Repopulate Liver Tissue
Authors: Tanimizu Naoki , Ichinohe Norihisa , Ishii Masayuki , Kino Junichi , Mizuguchi Toru , Hirata Koichi , Mitaka Toshihiro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
It has been proposed that tissue stem cells supply multiple epithelial cells in mature tissues and organs. However, it is unclear whether tissue stem cells generally contribute to cellular turnover in normal healthy organs. Here, we show that liver progenitors distinct from bipotent liver stem/progenitor cells (LPCs) persistently exist in mouse livers and potentially contribute to tissue maintenance. We found that, in addition to LPCs isolated as EpCAM+ cells, liver progenitors were enriched in CD45−TER119−CD31−EpCAM−ICAM-1+ fraction isolated from late-fetal and postnatal livers. ICAM-1+ liver progenitors were abundant by 4 weeks (4W) after birth. Although their number decreased with age, ICAM-1+ liver progenitors existed in livers beyond that stage. We established liver progenitor clones derived from ICAM-1+ cells between 1 and 20W and found that those clones efficiently differentiated into mature hepatocytes (MHs), which secreted albumin, eliminated ammonium ion, stored glycogen, and showed cytochrome P450 activity. Even after long-term culture, those clones kept potential to differentiate to MHs. When ICAM-1+ clones were transplanted into nude mice after retrorsine treatment and 70% partial hepatectomy, donor cells were incorporated into liver plates and expressed hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, and carbamoylphosphate synthetase I. Moreover, after short-term treatment with oncostatin M, ICAM-1+ clones could efficiently repopulate the recipient liver tissues. Our results indicate that liver progenitors that can efficiently differentiate to MHs exist in normal adult livers. Those liver progenitors could be an important source of new MHs for tissue maintenance and repair in vivo, and for regenerative medicine ex vivo.
The effect of 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase isoenzymes on the transformation of AD to 9α-OH-AD by Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM43269
Authors: Liu Yang , Shen Yanbing , Qiao Yuqian , Su Liqiu , Li Can , Wang Min 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM43269 is well known for its 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylases. However, the function of its 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenases (KSDD) remains unknown. This study compared the involvement of ksdds in the strain’s androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) transformation via gene deletion. The conversion was performed using AD as substrate or directly with 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD). The single deletion of ksdd1 or ksdd3 did not appear to result in the accumulation of 9α-OH-AD, whereas the single mutant △ksdd2 could preserve this compound to some extent. To further compare the role of ksdds in this strain, double mutants were constructed. All ksdd2 mutants combined with ksdd1 and/or ksdd3 resulted in the accumulation of 9α-OH-AD, among which the double mutant △ksdd2,3 behaved similarly to the single mutant △ksdd2 in this process. The mutant that lacked both ksdd1 and ksdd3 was still displayed, with no effect on the degradation of 9α-OH-AD. The triple mutant △ksdd1,2,3 was then constructed and exhibited the same capability as △ksdd1,2, accumulating more 9α-OH-AD than △ksdd2,3 and △ksdd2. The transcription of KSDD1 and KSDD2 increased, whereas that of KSDD3 seemed to exhibit no change, despite the use of the inducer AD or 9α-OH-AD. Thus, only ksdd1 and ksdd2 were involved in the transformation of AD to 9α-OH-AD. ksdd2 had the main role, ksdd1 had a minor effect on 9α-OH-AD degradation, and ksdd3 did not exhibit any action in this course.
Phenotyping GABA transaminase deficiency: a case description and literature review
Authors: Louro Pedro , Ramos Lina , Robalo Conceição , Cancelinha Cândida , Dinis Alexandra , Veiga Ricardo , Pina Raquel , Rebelo Olinda , Pop Ana , Diogo Luísa , Salomons Gajja S. , Garcia Paula 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGamma‐aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA‐T) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder reported in only three unrelated families. It is caused by mutations in the ABAT gene, which encodes 4‐aminobutyrate transaminase, an enzyme of GABA catabolism and mitochondrial nucleoside salvage. We report the case of a boy, deceased at 12 months of age, with early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy, severe psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, lower‐limb hyporeflexia, central hypoventilation, and rapid increase in weight and, to a lesser rate, length and head circumference. He presented signs of premature pubarche, thermal instability, and water–electrolyte imbalance. Serum total testosterone was elevated (43.3 ng/dl; normal range <16), as well as serum growth hormone (7.7 ng/ml; normal range <1). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed decreased myelination and generalized brain atrophy, later confirmed by post‐mortem examination. ABAT gene sequencing was performed post‐mortem, identifying a homozygous variant c.888G > T (p.Gln296His),not previously described. In vitro analysis concluded that this variant is pathogenic. The clinical features of this patient are similar to those reported so far in GABA‐T deficiency. However, distinct mutations may have a different effect on enzymatic activity, which potentially could lead to a variable clinical outcome. Clinical investigation aiming for a diagnosis should not end with the patient's death, as it may allow a more precise genetic counselling for the family.
Updated relations for the uniaxial compressive strength of marlstones based on P-wave velocity and point load index test
Authors: Abbaszadeh Shahri Abbas , Larsson Stefan , Johansson Fredrik 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Although there are many proposed relations for different rock types to predict the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) as a function of P-wave velocity (V
P) and point load index (Is), only a few of them are focused on marlstones. However, these studies have limitations in applicability since they are mainly based on local studies. In this paper, an attempt is therefore made to present updated relations for two previous proposed correlations for marlstones in Iran. The modification process is executed through multivariate regression analysis techniques using a provided comprehensive database for marlstones in Iran, including UCS, V
P and Is from publications and validated relevant sources comprising 119 datasets. The accuracy, appropriateness and applicability of the obtained modifications were tested by means of different statistical criteria and graph analyses. The conducted comparison between updated and previous proposed relations highlighted better applicability in the prediction of UCS using the updated correlations introduced in this study. However, the derived updated predictive models are dependent on rock types and test conditions, as they are in this study.
The Effect of Current Low Back Pain on Volitional Preemptive Abdominal Activation During a Loaded Forward Reach Activity
Authors: Nagar Vittal R. , Hooper Troy L. , Dedrick Gregory S. , Brismée Jean‐Michel , McGalliard Michael K. , Sizer Phillip S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundA volitional preemptive abdominal contraction (VPAC) supports trunk stability during functional activity. Pain‐free individuals can sustain VPAC during function, but such has not been reported for individuals with current low back pain (cLBP).ObjectiveTo examine whether cLBP affects VPAC performance during a loaded forward reach (LFR) task.DesignObservational crossover study.SettingLaboratory.ParticipantsA total of 18 controls and 17 subjects with cLBP with pain ratings of 1/10 to 4/10 on a visual analog scale.InterventionsTransverse abdominis (TrA) thickness measurements were recorded by blinded researchers from M‐mode ultrasound imaging during 4 conditions: (1) quiet standing without abdominal drawing‐in maneuver (ADIM); (2) quiet standing with ADIM; (3) LFR without ADIM; and (4) LFR with ADIM. A physical therapist with 29 years of experience collected historical and examination data.Main Outcome MeasuresTrA muscle thickness (mm).ResultsA 2 (group) × 2 (contraction) × 2 (reach) analysis of variance demonstrated a significant group × contraction interaction (F [1, 31] = 4.499, P = .04) where ADIM produced greater TrA thickness increases in PLBP subjects (2.18 mm) versus controls (1.36 mm). We observed a significant main effect for reach (F [1, 31] = 14.989, P < .001), where LFR activity produced a greater TrA thickness (6.15 ± 2.48 mm) versus quiet standing (5.30 ± 2.12 mm).ConclusionsSubjects with cLBP demonstrated a greater increase in TrA activation during ADIM versus controls.
The Effect of Propulsion Style on Wrist Movement Variability During the Push Phase After a Bout of Fatiguing Propulsion
Authors: Zukowski Lisa A. , Christou Evangelos A. , Shechtman Orit , Hass Christopher J. , Tillman Mark D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundWheelchair propulsion has been linked to overuse injuries regardless of propulsion style. Many aspects of the arcing (ARC) and semicircular (SEMI) propulsion styles have been compared, but differences in intracycle movement variability, which have been linked to overuse injuries, have not been examined.ObjectiveTo explore how ARC and SEMI affect changes in intracycle wrist movement variability after a fatiguing bout of propulsion.DesignRepeated measures crossover design.SettingWheelchair rollers and wheelchair fatigue course in a research laboratory.ParticipantsTwenty healthy, nondisabled adult men without previous wheelchair experience.InterventionsParticipants learned ARC and SEMI and used each to perform a wheelchair fatigue protocol.Main Outcome MeasurementsThirty seconds of propulsion on rollers were recorded by motion‐capture cameras before and after a fatigue protocol for each propulsion style on 2 testing days. Angular wrist orientations (flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation) and linear wrist trajectories (mediolateral direction) were computed, and intracycle movement variability was calculated as standard deviations of the detrended and filtered values during the push phase beginning and end. Paired samples t tests were used to compare ARC and SEMI based on the percent changes from pre‐ to postfatigue protocol.ResultsBoth propulsion styles resulted in increased intracycle wrist movement variability postfatigue, but observed increases did not significantly differ between ARC and SEMI.ConclusionsThis study evinces that intersubject variability exceeded average changes in intracycle wrist movement variability for both propulsion styles. Neither propulsion style resulting in a greater change in intracycle movement variability may suggest that no single propulsion style is ideal for everyone. The large intersubject variability may indicate that the propulsion style resulting in the smallest increase in intracycle movement variability after a fatiguing bout of propulsion may differ for each person and may help explain why wheelchair users self‐select to use different propulsion styles.
Proof of concept demonstration of optimal composite MRI endpoints for clinical trials
Authors: Edland Steven D. , Ard M. Colin , Sridhar Jaiashre , Cobia Derin , Martersteck Adam , Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Rogalski Emily J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionAtrophy measures derived from structural MRI are promising outcome measures for early phase clinical trials, especially for rare diseases such as primary progressive aphasia (PPA), where the small available subject pool limits our ability to perform meaningfully powered trials with traditional cognitive and functional outcome measures.MethodsWe investigated a composite atrophy index in 26 PPA participants with longitudinal MRIs separated by 2 years. Rogalski et al. [5] previously demonstrated that atrophy of the left perisylvian temporal cortex (PSTC) is a highly sensitive measure of disease progression in this population and a promising endpoint for clinical trials. Using methods described by Ard et al. [1], we constructed a composite atrophy index composed of a weighted sum of volumetric measures of 10 regions of interest within the left perisylvian cortex using weights that maximize signal‐to‐noise and minimize sample size required of trials using the resulting score. Sample size required to detect a fixed percentage slowing in atrophy in a 2‐year clinical trial with equal allocation of subjects across arms and 90% power was calculated for the PSTC and optimal composite surrogate biomarker endpoints.ResultsThe optimal composite endpoint required 38% fewer subjects to detect the same percent slowing in atrophy than required by the left PSTC endpoint.ConclusionsOptimal composites can increase the power of clinical trials and increase the probability that smaller trials are informative, an observation especially relevant for PPA but also for related neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease.
Legal Education in Taiwan: Evolution and Innovation
Authors: LIN Chih-Chieh , CHIN Mong-Hwa , LIU Shang-Jyh 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTaiwanese legal education is undergoing transformation and diversification. While the traditional approach to legal education has produced legal professionals who have led civil rights movements and contributed to the democratization of Taiwan, it has failed to meet the challenges of today’s world. Under globalization, Taiwanese industries and society now require lawyers capable of solving transnational legal disputes and legal issues regarding developments in technology and changes in society. However, these new challenges also provide law schools in Taiwan with an opportunity to apply experimental approaches, to innovate legal education. This essay describes the past and present state of legal education in Taiwan, especially its development since the government’s failed attempt at reform. Furthermore, it introduces the successful example of National Chiao Tung University’s Law School—a new law school that has developed a creative model of “innovation hub” and “social enterprise” that is transforming Taiwan’s legal education.
On equilibrium states for partially hyperbolic horseshoes
Authors: RIOS I. , SIQUEIRA J. 
Published: July 2016

We prove the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium states for a family of partially hyperbolic systems, with respect to Hölder continuous potentials with small variation. The family comes from the projection, on the center-unstable direction, of a family of partially hyperbolic horseshoes introduced by Díaz et al [Destroying horseshoes via heterodimensional cycles: generating bifurcations inside homoclinic classes. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.29 (2009), 433–474]. For the original three-dimensional system we consider potentials with small variation, constant on local stable manifolds, obtaining existence and uniqueness of equilibrium states.
Reproducibility of data-driven dietary patterns in two groups of adult Spanish women from different studies
Authors: Castelló Adela , Lope Virginia , Vioque Jesús , Santamariña Carmen , Pedraz-Pingarrón Carmen , Abad Soledad , Ederra Maria , Salas-Trejo Dolores , Vidal Carmen , Sánchez-Contador Carmen , Aragonés Nuria , Pérez-Gómez Beatriz , Pollán Marina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to assess the reproducibility of data-driven dietary patterns in different samples extracted from similar populations. Dietary patterns were extracted by applying principal component analyses to the dietary information collected from a sample of 3550 women recruited from seven screening centres belonging to the Spanish breast cancer (BC) screening network (Determinants of Mammographic Density in Spain (DDM-Spain) study). The resulting patterns were compared with three dietary patterns obtained from a previous Spanish case–control study on female BC (Epidemiological study of the Spanish group for breast cancer research (GEICAM: grupo Español de investigación en cáncer de mama)) using the dietary intake data of 973 healthy participants. The level of agreement between patterns was determined using both the congruence coefficient (CC) between the pattern loadings (considering patterns with a CC≥0·85 as fairly similar) and the linear correlation between patterns scores (considering as fairly similar those patterns with a statistically significant correlation). The conclusions reached with both methods were compared. This is the first study exploring the reproducibility of data-driven patterns from two studies and the first using the CC to determine pattern similarity. We were able to reproduce the EpiGEICAM Western pattern in the DDM-Spain sample (CC=0·90). However, the reproducibility of the Prudent (CC=0·76) and Mediterranean (CC=0·77) patterns was not as good. The linear correlation between pattern scores was statistically significant in all cases, highlighting its arbitrariness for determining pattern similarity. We conclude that the reproducibility of widely prevalent dietary patterns is better than the reproducibility of more population-specific patterns. More methodological studies are needed to establish an objective measurement and threshold to determine pattern similarity.