bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naïve Bayesian Precipitation Type Retrieval from Satellite Using a Cloud-Top and Ground-Radar Matched Climatology
Authors: Grams Heather M. , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Gourley Jonathan J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Satellite-based precipitation estimates are a vital resource for hydrologic applications in data-sparse regions of the world, particularly at daily or longer time scales. With the launch of a new generation of high-resolution imagers on geostationary platforms such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite series R (GOES-R), an opportunity exists to advance the detection and estimation of flash-flood-scale precipitation events from space beyond what is currently available. Because visible and infrared sensors can only observe cloud-top properties, many visible- and infrared-band-based rainfall algorithms attempt to first classify clouds before deriving a rain rate. This study uses a 2-yr database of cloud-top properties from proxy Advanced Baseline Imager radiances from GOES-R matched to surface precipitation types from the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system to develop a naïve Bayesian precipitation type classifier for the four major types of precipitation in MRMS: stratiform, convective, tropical, and hail. Evaluation of the naïve Bayesian precipitation type product showed a bias toward classifying convective and stratiform at the expense of tropical and hail. The tropical and hail classes in MRMS are derived based on the vertical structure and magnitude of radar reflectivity, which may not translate to an obvious signal at cloud top for a satellite-based algorithm. However, the satellite-based product correctly classified the hail areas as being convective in nature for the vast majority of missed hail events.
The Concept of Scientific Bases of Management
Authors: Коротков  , Korotkov Eduard 
Published: August 2016

The development of science and education is accompanied by the emergence of the need to incorporate
the new knowledge that arises naturally in the theory and practice of economics. In higher education this is
manifested by the inclusion of new disciplines in the educational program, the creation of new departments,
ensuring the teaching of these disciplines. We need a convincing rationale for the selection of a new
discipline, development of its content that reflects practical needs for new knowledge and their scientific
significance, scientific basis. The chair of scientific basis of production management, which was formed at
the initiative of the rector of the Moscow engineering and economic Institute, doctor of economic Sciences,
Professor Kozlova Olympiada V., in the sixties, had to solve these problems. This amounted to a great
and difficult work of formation of the concept of management as a new scientific direction in the prevailing
complex social and economic sciences, reflecting both the needs of production development and trends in
the development of scientific thought.
Theoretic and Methodological Supplying of Organizational Behavior
Authors: Громова  , Gromova Olga 
Published: August 2016

Investigations carried out at the Department of the theory of management, are the development of theoretical
works previously performed by teachers of the Department. The grant received by the Department from
the Ministry of education, facilitated the preparation and production of tutorial, workshop and collection of
tables and diagrams on the subject “Organizational behavior”. In the development of this area was prepared
and released an updated textbook on discipline “The theory of organization and organizational behavior”.
All this caused the necessity of modernization of the theoretical-methodological support the development
of competences, taught by the Department of educational basis, the contents of which is presented by this
article.
Communication Skills
Authors: Райченко  , Raychyenko Alyeksandr 
Published: August 2016

A key role in the formation, functioning and development of modern social organization plays communication,
as a basis to establish, maintain and develop constructive relationships, connections and interactions that
ensure consistent and effective achievement of personal, group and social goals. The ability to install,
functionally diversify and expand communication in and outside the organization, largely determined by the
skill level of the leader, determined, first of all, by business and personal qualities of constructive interactive
leader. Development of professional achievements of effective communication the founder and the first
head of the department of scientific bases of management of the Moscow engineering-economic institute
has formed at its creation, in the making and provides, for the past fifty years, deserved recognition, full
support and the progressive development of ideas, effective creative collaboration of students, supporters
and followers of the doctor of economic sciences, professor Olimpiada Vasilievna Kozlova.
Scientific School of the Department of Theory of Management: Founders, Followers, Disciples
Authors: Шрамченко  , SHramchyenko Tamara 
Published: August 2016

The article presented a brief description of the most salient features of founders, followers, students of the
scientific school of the Department of theory of management of the State University of Management, who
worked there for fifty years. Today the staff of the department gratefully remembers the contributions of
notable scholars and practitioners in the shaping and development of the country’s first scientific school of
management theory.
Erste Ergebnisse der archäologischen Untersuchungen des byzantinischen Aigai (Aiolis)
Authors: Doğer Lale , Armağan Eda 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this paper, a pre-assessment of the Byzantine era of Aigai will be presented. Besides the western Anatolian cities of Pergamum, Ephesus and Smyrna, Aigai is the only city which achieved to cope with the rough terrain among the Aspordenon Mountains north of Smyrna. This city located 17 km east of the Yeni Şakran town in the province Izmir, also known as Köseler castle due to its location on Mount Gün near the Köseler village in the province of Manisa, and is one of the twelve cities within the Aeolian region mentioned by Herodotus. Thanks to the detailed studies by R. Bohn and C. Schuchhardt on inscriptions from Aigai, the city was first introduced to the academical world in 1889. Archaeological studies started in 2004 and were conducted by Prof. Dr. Ersin Doğer. While the archaeological and written sources about the history and civilization of pre-Byzantine Aigai are rather well-known, in this paper it will be attempted to give an overview of the scarce written sources about the Byzantine era and to evaluate them in the light of so-far unpublished architecture and small finds. Since 2004, area based excavations have been carried out in the necropolis of the city, at Demirkapı and the insula situated east of the Tiberius gate which are the entrance points of the city, in the Bouleuterion, Agora and Macellum to its east, in the cisterns nos. I and II and in the easternmost part of the acropolis. The residential areas, built by the last inhabitants of the region, the Byzantines, by using spolia of older buildings, are badly preserved. The architecture, which, due to its location on a hillside, has been harmed by landslides and torrents, but also by human destruction such as treasure hunts and stone borrowing, is very fragile. The only preserved architecture so far is a sacral building dated to the 12th or 13th century. Abundant pottery and glass small finds, together with some metal objects and coins, enable us to get an idea of the Byzantine era in Aigai and provide a foresight to further studies.
Returning to the krites tou stratopedou: previous and recent considerations
Authors: Gkoutzioukostas Andreas 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the role and the function of the krites tou stratopedou mentioned in Michael Attaleiates’ History. The previous conclusions of modern research are summarized and the evidence of the primary sources concerning the krites tou stratopedou and other officials that accompanied Romanos Diogenes on his third campaign against the Seljuks are analysed.
Vertical transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in early pregnancy: two cases, two different courses
Authors: Herrera Kimberly , Bernasko James , Garry David , Vahanian Sevan , Kaplan Cynthia 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:Vertical Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission is actively being studied. Prior cases of ZIKV in pregnancy have suggested an association with infection and adverse fetal outcomes. We describe two cases of maternal illness and their respective pregnancy courses.Case 1: A 30-year-old Hispanic female presented with rash, fatigue, and chills after noticing mosquito bites in Honduras. Fetal anatomy appeared normal on ultrasound at 16 and 17 weeks. ZIKV RNA reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) was identified in her serum and amniotic fluid. She opted for pregnancy termination. Fetal serum and tissue analysis confirmed ZIKV infection.Case 2: A 28-year-old Hispanic female presented with rash, fever, and fatigue after sexual intercourse. Her ZIKV serum RNA RT-PCR was positive and amniotic fluid was negative. Fetal anatomy appeared normal at 20 and 22 weeks and her pregnancy remains ongoing.Conclusion:The effects of maternal ZIKV infection in early pregnancy can vary.
Exil und Werk. Dantes Selbstbehauptung
Authors: Stierle Karlheinz 
Published: August 2016

Riassunto
Considerare la relazione tra »esilio« e »opera« significa aprire una nuova prospettiva per la comprensione della Commedia. Nel primo trattato del suo Convivio, probabilmente lo scritto più vicino alla catastrofe del suo esilio da Firenze, Dante si lamenta del suo destino. All’infamia dell’esilio oppone il progetto di cercare la fama con un’opera inaudita. Il Convivio stesso, lavoro concepito con ambizione immensa, fallisce, ma prepara il suolo per la Commedia, opera solitaria e centro della seconda metà della sua vita. In questa opera, con cui Dante si oppone al trauma del suo esilio, l’esilio stesso è onnipresente. La »selva oscura« dell’inizio del primo canto si può intendere come trasposizione e condensazione dell’esilio reale di Dante. Ma aldilà della visione suprema con cui si conchiude il canto finale del Paradiso, l’esilio, tante volte preannunciato a Danteviaggiatore, lo aspetta ancora. L’ultimo orizzonte dell’»altro viaggio« invece è l’opera stessa, che al lettore si presenta come opera già compiuta.
»Dove si puote ciò che si vuole«. Gottes Bildkunst im X. Canto des Purgatorio
Authors: Oster Patricia 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Riassunto Nel canto decimo della seconda cantica, il pellegrino Dante, passando dall’Antipurgatorio al Purgatorio, si trova di fronte a un’opera d’arte creata da Dio stesso. La mimesi divina solleva la questione della legittimità di un’arte che trascende la sua funzionalità religiosa per aspirare ad una nuova dimensione estetica. Il »visibile parlare« dell’opera divina sostituisce la funzionalità allegorica con una nuova esperienza estetica, il cui senso oltrepassa la dimensione strettamente religiosa. Questo processo si può osservare anche nell’arte di Giotto.
Das Universum als gefühlte Wahrheit jenseits des Wissens. Zum XXXIII. Gesang von Dantes Paradiso
Authors: Klettke Cornelia 
Published: August 2016

Riassunto
Il contributo evidenzia la particolare importanza che l’amore riveste per il cristiano alla ricerca della Verità. Lo sfondo concettuale del Canto XXXIII deriva dalla teologia di San Bernardo, la cui figura guida Dante-pellegrino verso la fine del suo viaggio. Teologia, questa, che prevede un nuovo rapporto del cristiano con un Dio-Padre misericordioso e con la Madre di Dio. Dante inscena la contemplazione mistica di Dio attraverso una serie di paragoni che non scaturiscono dall’esperienza che il poeta fa di Dio bensì, grazie ad una figuratività comprensibile per l’intelletto umano, costituiscono solo una rappresentazione attenuata dell’intuita sublimità del Divino. La vicinanza a Dio, di cui un estasiato può aver fatto esperienza nella propria visione, può essere resa solo indirettamente da chi scrive. L’Autore cerca di accostarsi all’essenza di Dio attraverso tre grandi immagini - il nodo, i cerchi trinitari e la quadratura del cerchio - rivelando le loro conformità strutturali: tutte e tre le immagini sono geometrizzazioni del Divino. Ogni volta viene esplicitamente messo in rilievo l’incrocio del concetto visivo con l’indicibile e irrappresentabile sentimento d’amore, collocando così la Verità in una sfera irraggiungibile. Come Cristo nel velo della Veronica, così Dante-uomo reale si trasforma e s’imprime, per così dire, nel tessuto sacro del suo »sacrato poema«. La nostra lettura intende mettere in risalto come il testo dantesco, soprattutto alla fine della Commedia, esalti l’amore, inteso come idea portante del Cristianesimo, quale culmine della sua intera opera.
Topography effects in AFM force mapping experiments on xylan-decorated cellulose thin films
Authors: Ganser Christian , Niegelhell Katrin , Czibula Caterina , Chemelli Angela , Teichert Christian , Schennach Robert , Spirk Stefan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Xylan-coated cellulose thin films has been investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and force mapping experiments. The birch xylan deposition on the film was performed under control by means of a multiple parameter surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (MP-SPR) under dynamic conditions. The coated films were submitted to AFM in phase imaging mode to force mapping with modified AFM tips (sensitive to hydrophilic OH and hydrophobic CH3 groups) in order to characterize and localize the xylan on the surfaces. At the first glance, a clear difference in the adhesion force between xylan-coated areas and cellulose has been observed. However, these different adhesion forces originate from topography effects, which prevent an unambiguous identification and subsequent localization of the xylan on the cellulosic surfaces.
Material Matters
Authors: Cramb Alan W. , Arunachalam V.S. 
Published: August 2016

Whoever said that the steel industry is dead? It is alive and flourishing, this time with an efficiency and environmental cleanliness that will make the semiconductor industry proud! The renaissance is not local, limited to a few developed economies, but global, based on innovations in iron and steel technology and on technology spillover from other areas. The appetite for steel has not decreased: Developing economies such as China and India need millions of tons to build their inadequate and overstretched infrastructure, and the developed countries demand new steels with superior properties for applications in areas previously reserved for other materials. Today the global production of steel is assessed not by mere tonnages but by their quality.A major attraction of the iron and steel industry is its compatibility with the materials cycle: Iron and steel scrap has become the new raw material, curtailing the global hunger for newly mined iron ores. In a sense, this recycling is an atonement of the excesses of the earlier decades when mining and metallurgical industries paid little attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. Experts now agree that these and increasing competition from other materials drove the industry to its near extinction. How real then is this renaissance and what are the technology drivers for the growth? Will steel regain its pride of place among materials used by society? In the following article, Alan Cramb reviews the spectacular growth of this industry and predicts an exciting future for it. Silicon, it seems, is not eliminating steel from our materials consciousness!
Emergence of Chalcopyrites as Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Ohmer Melvin C. , Pandey Ravindra 
Published: August 2016

Chalcopyrite nonlinear optical (NLO) semiconductors are presently enjoying a major renaissance. This rebirth of interest is due primarily to the success of recent materials research-and-development (R&D) programs that have dramatically improved the availability of large crackfree high-quality crystals. This overview provides a general review of chalcopyrites, of their application in laser systems that exploit second-harmonic generation (SHG) or optical parametric oscillation (OPO), and of the materials-selection criteria for laser crystals to assist in focusing R&D efforts. It also suggests broader application areas. The overview concludes with a number of specific recommendations for further R&D efforts to advance this materials technology.The archetype infrared NLO chalcopyrites are AgGaSe2 (a I-III-VI2 semiconductor) and ZnGeP2 (a II-IV-V2 semiconductor). Using samples of naturally occurring pyrites, Pauling correctly established the chalcopyrite's crystal structure (diamondlike where Zn and Ge cations are ordered) in 1932 after two previous false starts by others. Levine, who has extensively studied the nonlinear susceptibilities of a number of bond types, stated in 1973 that the chalcopyrite structure is so favorable for NLO properties that it will be difficult to ever find materials with larger nonlinearities in the infrared spectral region. That statement has proved to be prophetic.Goodman of Great Britain first reported that chalcopyrites were semiconductors. However the first observation that these materials were semiconductors is generally attributed to A.F. Ioffe and N. A. Goryunova of the A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (IPT) in St Petersburg, Russia.
The Role of Materials in the Design of an Improved Cricket Bat
Authors: Grant C. 
Published: August 2016

The origins of the game of cricket are not known, but the first recorded game took place in London, England, on February 25, 1719. The basic rules of the game were formulated at a meeting of a self-appointed group of noblemen, held at the Star and Garter public house, Pall Mall, in 1774. These rules form the basis of the modern game.Only under-arm bowling was allowed originally, and bats incorporated a curved blade to sweep the ball along the ground. Over-arm bowling where the ball was allowed to pitch or bounce was introduced late in the 18th century. This was quickly accepted and led to bats with straight blades to accommodate a variable bounce. Following a famous incident in 1793 in which a wide bat was used to completely cover the wickets, a new rule was quickly introduced to restrict the width of the blade to four and a quarter inches—a rule that survives to the present day.The weight of the bat is not restricted by the rules, and the modern tendency is to use heavier bats. In the middle of the present century, a typical bat would weigh between 34 and 36 ounces. Currently bats of 40–44 ounces are widely available, and bats of 48 ounces and more are not uncommon among professional players. Although a heavier bat is widely believed to be capable of propelling the ball faster, there is a penalty. Heavier bats cause players to tire more quickly, and this affects their timing. Individual players tend to have a personal preferred weight of bat.
Electronic-Structure Theory of Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Authors: Zunger Alex 
Published: August 2016

Progress made in the growth of “free-standing” (e.g., colloidal) quantum dots (see also articles in this issue by Nozik and Mićić, and by Alivisatos) and in the growth of semiconductor-embedded (“self-assembled”) dots (see also the article by Bimberg, Grundmann, and Ledentsov in this issue) has opened the door to new and exciting spectroscopic studies of quantum structures. These have revealed rich and sometimes unexpected features such as quantum-dot shape-dependent transitions, size-dependent (red) shifts between absorption and emission, emission from high excited levels, surface-mediated transitions, exchange splitting, strain-induced splitting, and Coulomb-blockade transitions. These new observations have created the need for developing appropriate theoretical tools capable of analyzing the electronic structure of 103–106-atom objects. The main challenge is to understand (a) the way the one-electron levels of the dot reflect quantum size, quantum shape, interfacial strain, and surface effects and (b) the nature of “many-particle” interactions such as electron-hole exchange (underlying the “red shift”), electron-hole Coulomb effects (underlying excitonic transitions), and electron-electron Coulomb (underlying Coulomb-blockade effects).Interestingly, while the electronic structure theory of periodic solids has been characterized since its inception by a diversity of approaches (all-electron versus pseudopotentials; Hartree Fock versus density-functional; computational schemes creating a rich “alphabetic soup,” such as APW, LAPW, LMTO, KKR, OPW, LCAO, LCGO, plane waves, ASW, etc.), the theory of quantum nano-structures has been dominated mainly by a single approach so widely used that I refer to it as the “Standard Model”: the effective-mass approximation (EMA) and its extension to the “k · p” (where k is the wave vector and p is the momemtum). In fact, speakers at nanostructure conferences often refer to it as “theory” without having to specify what is being done. The audience knows.
Ultrasonic Force Microscopy
Authors: Yamanaka Kazushi 
Published: August 2016

As an imaging method of elastic properties and subsurface features on the microscopic scale, the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) provides spatial resolution comparable or superior to that of optical microscopes. Nondestructive evaluation methods of defects and elastic properties on the microscopic scale were developed by using the SAM, and they have been widely applied to various fields in science and technology. One major problem in acoustic microscopy is resolution. The best resolution of SAM with water as the coupling fluid has been 240 nm at a frequency of 4.4 GHz. At a more conventional frequency of 1 GHz, the resolution is about 1 μm. Therefore the resolution of SAM is not always sufficient for examining nanoscale defects and advanced micro/nanodevices.For materials characterization on the nanometer scale, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was developed and extended in order to observe elastic properties in force-modulation mode. In the force-modulation mode, the sample is vibrated, and the resultant cantilever-deflection vibration is measured and used to produce elasticity images of objects. The lateral force-modulation AFM can evaluate the friction force or the shear elasticity in real time. However in the force-modulation mode, it is difficult to analyze stiff objects such as metals and ceramics.When the sample is vertically vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies much higher than the cantilever resonance frequency, the tip cannot vibrate due to the inertia of the cantilever. However by modulating the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibration, deflection vibration of the cantilever at the modulation frequency is excited due to the rectifier effect of the nonlinear force curves. Based on the tip-sample indentation during ultrasonic vibration, we developed ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM) for contact elasticity and subsurface imaging of rigid objects using a soft cantilever with a stiffness of the order of 0.1 N/m.