bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review on Nanotechnological Approaches for the Management of Stored Insect-Pests: Present Scenario and Future Prospects
Authors: Tirunagaru Krishna Chaitanya , Kolluru Ramesh , Singh Indra Raj 
Published: October 2024

Approximately 10% to 30% of the stored agricultural produce is damaged out of which 26% is due to insect-pest infestation thus seriously impacting the food security. The infestation also leads to loss of quality and thereby affecting the overall profitability. In absence of enough storage space, usually farmers dispose-off their produce immediately after harvest and thus do not get remunerative prices. For those opting for storage, physical and chemical methods are in vogue to manage the storage insect-pests. Fumigation with chemical pesticides such as methyl bromide and aluminium phosphide is a common method, though it has its own health and environmental risks. Inhalation of phosphine gas released when aluminium phosphide is used could seriously affect human animal health, sometimes leading to deaths. Thus for using these fumigants, strict supervision of government recognized experts is required. Due to their wide usage, some insect-pests have developed resistance against these molecules. Nanotechnology has created numerous new opportunities in agriculture and allied sectors. Insecticide formulations based on nanotechnology could be a viable alternative to toxic chemicals like aluminium phosphide to manage storage insect-pests. In recent years, a variety of formulations including solid nanopesticides, controlled-release formulations, nano-emulsions, and nano-suspensions have been developed possessing different modes of actions and applications. Their small size is a significant advantage because it provides higher insect-body surface area coverage and thus enhanced efficacy as compared to traditional pesticides. Aside from their small size, they are reported to be safe for non-target beneficial organisms. Nano-pesticides can thus prove as effective and eco-friendly alternatives for insect pest control in storage. However, there is a need to establish their safety on the human and animal ecosystems to rule out their ecological hazards over time. In absence of such information, nanopesticides will not be widely accepted despite their other beneficial effects. In this article, an effort is made to review the current status of nano-formulations for the management of storage-insect-pests, the research and extension gaps and ways to bridge the gaps to ensure safe use of the technology for efficient management of postharvest storage losses.
Metal Pnictides: Structures and Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Holger 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the structures and thermoelectric properties of metal pnictides, with focus on the antimonides. In addition, several references are provided in the introduction to refer the reader to the other potential uses of metal pnictides, including applications in hydrogen storage, lithium batteries, photocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, lithium‐ion conductors, and superconductivity.We present an encompassing picture of the binary antimonides of interest, group by group, followed by selected ternary antimonides. In addition to the heavily investigated family of filled skutterudites, several other antimonides with highly complex crystal structures exhibit outstanding thermoelectric performance, mostly because of their extraordinarily low thermal conductivity.
Metal Hydrides
Authors: Zhang Yaoqing , Verbraeken Maarten C. , Tassel Cédric , Kageyama Hiroshi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter discusses the various classes of hydride compounds, with a special focus on saline and metallic hydrides as well as oxyhydrides. It includes the following topics: thermodynamic stability, crystal chemistry, synthesis, and physical properties. The chapter also highlights recent progress in understanding hydride ion mobility in alkaline earth hydrides. It further deals with hydride compounds and in particular those containing alkali, alkaline earth, and transition and rare earth metals. The saline hydrides, that is, AH and AeH2(with ALi, Na, K, Rb, and Cs; AeMg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) are proper ionic materials, in which hydrogen is present as hydride anions, H−. Saline hydrides show many similarities with their halide analogues, especially concerning crystal and electronic structures and, perhaps to a lesser extent, physical attributes such as brittleness, hardness, and optical properties.
Structures and Properties of Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics
Authors: Itoh Mitsuru 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
From the chemical viewpoint, it is usually unapproachable to the basic concept of physics, especially in the field of dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric materials due to the reason that these fields are closely related to the phase transition mechanism, which is mainly described by the phenomenology based on Landau theory. For chemists who are required to design new materials in ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials, comprehension of the physical background including phenomenology, phase transition mechanism, phonon physics, and tensor is indispensable.
In this chapter, first, it is explained that insulating materials are generally classified into paraelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric ones. Second, the importance of the relationship between crystal symmetry and dielectric property is figured out. In the next sections, second‐ and first‐order phase transitions in ferroelectric are roughly explained based on the Landau theory. This explanation is finally conducted to a formula for real ferroelectric. Explanation for antiferroelectric and ferrielectric are also included in the last part. In the succeeding sections, important ferroelectric materials including Rochelle salts (order–disorder type), KDP (hydrogen bonded system), and perovskites are explained. Finally, recent topics on quantum paraelectricity, relaxor ferroelectric, piezoelectric PZT, and organic ferroelectric are introduced.
High‐Temperature Methods
Authors: Pöttgen Rainer , Janka Oliver 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe synthesis of ceramics and intermetallics, especially when starting from oxidic precursors and refractory metals, requires high temperatures. This chapter describes most of the high‐temperature techniques and discusses standard commercially available and self‐constructed furnace types. The use of high‐temperature synthesis techniques readily calls for suitable crucible materials that resist the synthesis conditions. Important parameters for a suitable crucible material are the melting temperature, the oxidation stability, the surface wetting, and the machinability. While solar heating can be used for large‐area materials processing, mirror furnaces are employed for selective heating, for example, crystal growth. Solar furnaces produce powers up to 1000 kW, which is large compared to CO2or Nd‐YAG lasers with powers of 2–5 and 0.5 kW, respectively. The generation of very high temperatures (up to 4000 K) is possible by arc melting, where a plasma volume is heated by an electron beam between two electrodes, similar to the well‐known welding techniques.
Glass Formation and Crystallization
Authors: Komatsu T. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Numerous oxide glasses (glass formation) with different systems and compositions have been synthesized from scientific interests and practical applications. For the glass formation, crystallization in super‐cooled liquids must be avoided kinetically, and it is of importance to understand the relationship between glass composition and crystallization behavior. In this chapter, the basic scenario for glass formation, the fragility concept, and the nanoscale structure in oxide glasses are described, and features relating to the glass formation in some interesting glass‐forming oxide systems are discussed. The glass formation and crystallization are becoming more and more important as a novel technique for the development of new functional hybrid materials and also as a step for a deep understanding of nanoscale heterogeneous structure in glasses.
Reactive Fluxes
Authors: Janka Oliver , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter deals with reactive fluxes that deliver part of the reaction educts and the liquid phase at the same time. In the case of metal fluxes, this can be only one element, for example, a tin flux, while binary and ternary compounds can be used for a decomposition reaction in reactive salt fluxes, often leading to kinetically controlled products. Liquid aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, lead, and zinc are the commonly used flux media. They all have comparatively low melting points and a broader liquidus range. Crystal growth is an important task in explorative synthesis for the discovery of new materials (micrometer‐size crystals for structure determination) or for semiconductor crystals in centimeter size, for example, GaN. Lithium nitride (Li3N) and sodium azide (NaN3) are the important flux media in this field.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of Crystal Growth
Authors: Klimm Detlef 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Most crystal growth processes are performed close to thermodynamic equilibrium, and can hence be described by equilibrium thermodynamics. This chapter presents several terms and tools that are useful for the understanding of crystal growth from a thermodynamic point of view. One focus is on systems with two components in coordinates temperature versus composition. Phenomena such as solid solutions, eutectics, and peritectics are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative information of the crystallization process can be obtained with the lever rule, even if crystallization runs under nonequilibrium, for example, Scheil–Gulliver conditions or constitutional supercooling. A special focus is on equilibria including the gas phase, which are relevant not only for classical gas‐phase growth by
PVT
(physical vapor transport) or
CVT
(chemical vapor transport). It is emphasized that suitable “reactive atmosphere” conditions allow to fine‐tune the temperature‐dependent oxygen fugacity, and this way also the oxidation state of metal oxides in the system.
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Nowicki Marek , Wandelt Klaus 
Published: August 2017

AbstractScanning probe techniques have revolutionized the fundamental research of properties and processes at solid surfaces. On the one hand, these techniques provide information on the atomic scale. On the other hand, the probe tip may be used as a tool enabling manipulations with individual atoms and molecules. In this chapter, we first describe the physical background of the two most prominent techniques – scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) including its spectroscopic versions (STS,IETS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) – and then point to further variations of these techniques. Subsequently, we present and discuss a selection of examples showing their applicability for surface studies in vacuum, in gas atmospheres, and even in liquids. Particular emphasis is placed on fundamental solid‐state chemistry‐related phenomena, such as adsorption, reaction, supermolecular and controlled molecular assembly, and so on in different ambients, which are the basis of important applications in various disciplines.
Recent Developments in Soft
X
‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Moewes Alexander 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

X
‐ray absorption spectroscopy (
XAS
) is one of the oldest and most widely employed spectroscopy techniques today. The principles emerged shortly after Röntgen's discovery of
X
‐rays in 1895 (Sagnac, G. (1901)
Ann. Chim. Phys
.,
23
, 145–198; Stumm von Bordwehr, R. (1989)
Ann. Phys. Fr
.,
14
, 377–466), while the discovery and naming of the K‐ and L‐lines occurred in 1911 (Stumm von Bordwehr (1989); Inokuti, M. and Noguchi, T. (1974)
Am. J. Phys
.,
42
, 1118–1119). The first tunable synchrotron light source was built in the 1940s, and while their use in the study of materials dates back to roughly 50 years ago, it was only in the 1980s that soft
X
‐ray absorption spectroscopy rose to its current popularity. Today,
XAS
is routinely applied at all synchrotron sources to solve scientific problems in physics, chemistry, material sciences, life sciences, geology, medicine, and engineering. The technique is powerful because it is element specific, nondestructive, and highly sensitive to the local bonding environment and geometric structure surrounding the absorbing atom as well as to spin, orbital angular momenta, and the polarization of the exciting radiation.
Optical Properties of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Materials and their Applications – Part
I
: Luminescence and Photochromism
Authors: Parola Stephane , Julián‐López Beatriz , Carlos Luís D. , Sanchez Clément 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Research on hybrid inorganic–organic materials has experienced an explosive growth since the 1980s, with the expansion of soft inorganic chemistry based processes. Indeed, mild synthetic conditions, low processing temperatures provided by “chimie douce” and the versatility of the colloidal state allow for the mixing of the organic and inorganic components at the nanometer scale in virtually any ratio to produce the so‐called hybrid materials. Today a high degree of control over both composition and nanostructure of these hybrids can be achieved allowing tunable structure–property relationships. This, in turn, makes it possible to tailor and fine‐tune many properties (mechanical, optical, electronic, thermal, chemical, etc.) in very broad ranges, and to design specific multifunctional systems for applications. In particular, the field of “hybrid optics” has been very productive not only scientifically but also in terms of applications. Indeed, numerous optical devices based on hybrids are already in, or very close, to the market. This review describes most of the recent advances performed in this field. Emphasis will be given to luminescent, photochromic,
NLO
, and plasmonic properties. As an outlook, we show that the controlled coupling between plasmonics and luminescence is opening a land of opportunities in the field of “hybrid optics.”
Resonating Valence Bonds in Chemistry and Solid State
Authors: Plekhanov Evgeny A. , Tchougréeff Andrei L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter combines two complementary parts. In the first part, we discuss (largely qualitatively) the relations between the resonance valence bond (RVB) and tight‐binding/linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) pictures of the electronic structure using the archetypal example: the π‐system of benzene. The second more formal part is devoted to extensions of theRVBideas to solids. We exemplify these issues by several simple models ranging from the one‐dimensional polyene chain – an infinite extension of benzene molecule – through graphene and finish by probably the most spectacular example of the enigmatic quantumRVBstate of copper(II) carbodiimide (CuNCN) – the new material, where an assumption of the RVB character of its electronic phases was crucial for explaining its room‐ and low‐temperature physics.
Lattice Dynamics and Thermochemistry of Solid‐State Materials from First‐Principles Quantum‐Chemical Calculations
Authors: Stoffel Ralf Peter , Dronskowski Richard 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Within the last decade, the prediction of the thermodynamic properties of solid‐state materials based on first‐principles quantum‐chemical methods has matured to a degree that allows for quantitative applications in real‐world scenarios. The key ingredient for modeling the thermodynamic potentials and their temperature dependence is given by the accurate simulation of lattice dynamics as described by the phonon model. On the basis of the electronic as well as phononic energies (plus other energetic contributions, if needed), macroscopic thermodynamic potentials such as the Gibbs free energy are accessible via the quasi‐harmonic approximation for any given solid‐state material, at least in principle.
The Pressing Role of Theory in Studies of Compressed Matter
Authors: Zurek Eva 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOur chemical intuition, and indeed the periodic table, is based upon experience at 1 atm. However, in our universe, pressure spans an astounding 62 orders of magnitude (from interstellar space to the center of a neutron star). Chemistry is very different at high pressures, and because high‐pressure experiments can be very difficult or even impossible to carry out, first‐principles calculations are necessary to study matter at conditions of extreme pressure. In this chapter, we(i) describe computational techniques that can be employed to predict the structure of an extended system under pressure; (ii) describe how structure, chemical bonding, and electronic structure are affected by pressure; and (iii) provide examples of how theory has helped to interpret experimental data and provide predictions for experimental validation. We also comment on how well density functional theory does in predicting the structures and properties of compressed matter.
First‐Principles Computation ofNMRParameters in Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Cuny Jérôme , Gautier Régis , Halet Jean‐François 
Published: August 2017

AbstractFirst‐principles calculations ofNMRparameters have been the subject of intense researches over the last decades both from a scientific challenge point of view and the importance of their applications in materials science. In particular, the last 15 years have seen fundamental breakthroughs in this domain with the development of several approaches specifically devoted to the calculation of NMR parameters such as quadrupolar couplings, chemical shifts, and J couplings in solid‐state systems. In this chapter, we will describe these different approaches highlighting their strengths, their limitations, and their range of applications. This will then be illustrated by a number of educational examples from different areas of materials science for which the synergy between theoretical calculations of NMR parameters and experimental studies have allowed to answer complex chemical topics.
Supported Catalysts
Authors: Ogino Isao , Serna Pedro , Gates Bruce C. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Catalysts make chemical reactions go faster, often by many orders of magnitude in comparison with purely thermal processes. The dominant technological catalysts are solids, which offer the important practical benefit of being readily separated from fluid‐phase products. Solid catalysts are usually porous, having high internal surface areas and therefore high numbers of catalytically active species per unit of reactor volume to facilitate high rates of catalytic reaction. The preparation of common supported catalysts involves support synthesis, deposition of catalyst precursor components, and treatment to convert the supported species into catalytically active species. Industrial catalysts are also subjected to additional processing to control the sizes and shapes of the final product. The effect of the structure of a crystal face on catalysis is typically diagnosed in experiments with single crystals exposing various faces and often rationalized on the basis of relationships between the crystallographic orientations and the adsorbate‐adsorbent (reactant‐catalyst) binding energies.
Neutralization of Pathogenic Fungi with Small‐Molecule Immunotherapeutics
Authors: Chirkin Egor , Muthusamy Viswanathan , Mann Paul , Roemer Terry , Nantermet Philippe G. , Spiegel David A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSystemic fungal infections represent an important public health concern, and new antifungal agents are highly desirable. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel class of antifungal compounds called antibody‐recruiting molecules targeting fungi (ARM‐Fs). Our approach relies on the use of non‐peptidic small molecules, which selectively bind fungal cells and recruit endogenous antibodies to their surfaces, resulting in immune‐mediated clearance. Using the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans as a model, we identified a highly specific bifunctional molecule able to mediate the engulfment and phagocytosis of C. albicans cells by human immune cells in biologically relevant functional assays. This work represents a novel therapeutic approach to treating fungal illness with significant potential to complement and/or combine with existing treatment strategies.
Enhanced conductivity of polyaniline in the presence of nonionic amphiphilic polymers and their diverse morphologies
Authors: Yang Liuqing , Wu Wenling , Ohki Yoshimichi , Feng Yang , Li Shengtao 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTPoly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and its copolymers have excellent affinity for protons and contribute to proton transfer. In the present study, PEO and its copolymers, poly[(ethylene oxide)20‐(propylene oxide)70‐(ethylene oxide)20] (EO20PO70EO20, P123) and poly[(ethylene oxide)106‐(propylene oxide)70‐(ethylene oxide)106] (EO106PO70EO106, F127), have been found to significantly enhance the conductivity of polyaniline (PANI). After introducing these polymers, the conductivity of PANI is markedly promoted more than two orders of magnitude compared to that of PANI without additives, from 5.2 to 667 S/m. The molecular weight of PEO affects the conductivity of PANI/PEO. The mechanism by which these amphiphilic polymers are beneficial to the conductivity of PANI is studied experimentally and theoretically. The PANI/P123 prepared in the presence of PEO block copolymer shows gradually varying morphologies containing leaflike sheets, rodlike particles, and uniform chestnutlike sphere particles. This is similar to the morphology change of micelles with surfactant concentration. PEO, P123, and F127 are further found to have a positive effect on PANI as a material for sensors or supercapacitors, since high specific capacity and fast response rate are desired qualities in sensors and supercapacitors. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45547.
Preparation of alginate flame retardant containing P and Si and its flame retardancy in epoxy resin
Authors: Chen Wei , Liu Yuansen , Liu Yuan , Wang Qi 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTIn the present paper, a novel biomass flame retardant based on alginic acid was synthesized through chemical combination with a reactive P–Si compound. Compared with alginates, the modified alginate showed obviously increased thermal stability and water resisting property, as well as better compatibility with epoxy resin, which can satisfy the requirements of a flame‐retardant additive in the polymer. The flame‐retardant properties were evaluated by vertical burning tests, limiting oxygen index, and microscale combustion calorimetry. Due to the self‐charring capacity of alginate combined with the charring catalyst from P and the charring reinforcer from Si, the modified alginate exhibited much better flame retardancy, taking advantage of the formation of a more continuous, denser, and strengthened char layer than either individual alginate or P–Si flame retardant. The corresponding flame‐retardant mechanisms were investigated and discussed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45552.