bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation Of Spontaneous Combustion Tendency Of Vegetable Oils By The Means Of Differential Thermal Analysis
Authors: Hrušovský Ivan , Martinka Jozef , Rantuch Peter , Balog Karol 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The potential of vegetable oils to undergo violent thermal oxidation is long-known problem. The process of this oxidation is investigated by the means of differential thermal analysis. Polyurethane foam was saturated with Tung oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids at three different mass rations, and airflow at three different rates is introduces to the sample to ensure sufficient volume of air for oxidation. The samples were thermally stressed both dynamically and isothermally. The results were compared to results of standard differential Mackey test.
Analysis Of The Normative Requirements For Ensuring The Safety Of Powder Coating Booths In Terms Of The Risk Of Explosion
Authors: Veličková Eva , Štroch Petr , Velička Richard 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
During the process of electrostatic powder coating in coating booths, there is a probability of the risk of explosion. Compliance with the normative requirements referred to in the legislation in force minimize the hazards associated with the risk of explosion. This article focuses on the analysis of the current security level of coating booths in terms of the risk of explosion in relation to the lower explosive limit of the selected powder paints.
The Need Of Special Technique In Crisis Management
Authors: Lipták Peter , Kopecký Ivan , Štrba Ján , Dlugoš Ivan 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Operation of special equipment is possible in crisis situations. It is because special equipment is designed for operation in non-standard often extreme conditions and situation, it is available, it has a high degree of crossing capability and it is able to provide basic living conditions even in field, e.g. provision of power for hospital, transportation of wounded and injured persons, supplies, medical care in field conditions, delivery of potable and utility water etc. The authors in the paper deal with a possibility to provide electric energy through advanced renewable sources, especially in meeting tasks in areas with no public mains, possible supplies of potable and non-potable water, embedding such assets into mobile systems. The authors in publication summarize results of research within the „Use of renewable sources of energy in practice project“. System of modeling and computer-aided simulation of renewable sources of energy has been proposed within this project. Application of a system for designing of power systems in logistic containers is expected. The knowledge on power balance of logistic containers operated by the SR Armed Forces in missions abroad is summarized in the last chapter of the paper. Experiences with operating the equipment in crisis and extreme conditions have proved a possibility to export and deploy machines and weaponry equipment of the SR Armed Forces into extreme climatic conditions, e.g. out of European conditions etc.
A tetranuclear ruthenium complex with bridging pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylato ligands forming a square metallamacrocycle
Authors: Xie Yu-Feng , Jia Ai-Quan , Zhu Hang , Shi Hua-Tian , Zhang Qian-Feng 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Treatment of [RuCl2(PPh3)3] with equimolar amounts of 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,4-dipicH2) in the presence of Et3N afforded a tetranuclear complex [Ru(μ-2,4-dipic)(PPh3)2]4 (1) as red crystals. The crystal and molecular structure of [Ru(μ-2,4-dipic)(PPh3)2]4·CHCl3·8H2O (1·CHCl3·8H2O) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Each ruthenium center in 1 is six-coordinated with two phosphorus atoms from triphenylphosphine ligands, one nitrogen atom from a pyridyl moiety and three oxygen atoms from two 2,4-dipic2– ligands. 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylate dianions (2,4-dipic2–) act as bridging ligands to form the stable tetranuclear metallamacrocyclic compound. The electrochemical properties of 1 were also investigated.
Unguisin F, a new cyclic peptide from the endophytic fungus Mucor irregularis
Authors: Akone Sergi H. , Daletos Georgios , Lin Wenhan , Proksch Peter 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The new cyclic heptapeptide unguisin F (1) and the known congener unguisin E (2), were obtained from the endophytic fungus Mucor irregularis, isolated from the medicinal plant Moringa stenopetala, collected in Cameroon. The structure of the new compound was unambiguously determined on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy as well as by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of the amino acid residues of 1 and 2 was determined using Marfey’s analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential, but failed to display significant activities.
IL-10 Controls Early Microglial Phenotypes and Disease Onset in ALS Caused by Misfolded Superoxide Dismutase 1
Authors: Gravel Mathieu , Béland Louis-Charles , Soucy Geneviève , Abdelhamid Essam , Rahimian Reza , Gravel Claude , Kriz Jasna 
Published: January 2016

While reactive microgliosis is a hallmark of advanced stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the role of microglial cells in events initiating and/or precipitating disease onset is largely unknown. Here we provide novelin vivoevidence of a distinct adaptive shift in functional microglial phenotypes in preclinical stages of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-mutant-mediated disease. Using a mouse model for live imaging of microglial activation crossed withSOD1G93AandSOD1G37Rmouse models, we discovered that the preonset phase of SOD1-mediated disease is characterized by development of distinct anti-inflammatory profile and attenuated innate immune/TLR2 responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. This microglial phenotype was associated with a 16-fold overexpression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in baseline conditions followed by a 4.5-fold increase following LPS challenge. While infusion of IL-10R blocking antibody, initiated at day 60, caused a significant increase in markers of microglial activation and precipitated clinical onset of disease, a targeted overexpression of IL-10 in microglial cells, delivered via viral vectors expressed under CD11b promoter, significantly delayed disease onset and increased survival ofSOD1G93Amice. We propose that the high IL-10 levels in resident microglia in early ALS represent a homeostatic and compensatory “adaptive immune escape” mechanism acting as a nonneuronal determinant of clinical onset of disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe report here for the first time that changing the immune profile of brain microglia may significantly affect clinical onset and duration of disease in ALS models. We discovered that in presymptomatic disease microglial cells overexpress anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Given that IL-10 is major homeostatic cytokine and its production becomes deregulated with aging, this may suggest that the capacity of microglia to adequately produce IL-10 may be compromised in ALS. We show that blocking IL-10 increased inflammation and precipitated clinical disease onset, whereas overexpression of IL-10 in microglia using a gene therapy approach significantly delayed disease onset and increased survival of ALS mice. Based on our results, we propose that targeted overexpression of IL-10 in microglia may have therapeutic potential in ALS.
Rapid Mechanically Controlled Rewiring of Neuronal Circuits
Authors: Magdesian Margaret H. , Lopez-Ayon G. Monserratt , Mori Megumi , Boudreau Dominic , Goulet-Hanssens Alexis , Sanz Ricardo , Miyahara Yoichi , Barrett Christopher J. , Fournier Alyson E. , De Koninck Yves , Grütter Peter 
Published: January 2016

CNS injury may lead to permanent functional deficits because it is still not possible to regenerate axons over long distances and accurately reconnect them with an appropriate target. Using rat neurons, microtools, and nanotools, we show that new, functional neurites can be created and precisely positioned to directly (re)wire neuronal networks. We show that an adhesive contact made onto an axon or dendrite can be pulled to initiate a new neurite that can be mechanically guided to form new synapses at up to 0.8 mm distance in <1 h. Our findings challenge current understanding of the limits of neuronal growth and have direct implications for the development of new therapies and surgical techniques to achieve functional regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBrain and spinal cord injury may lead to permanent disability and death because it is still not possible to regenerate neurons over long distances and accurately reconnect them with an appropriate target. Using microtools and nanotools we have developed a new method to rapidly initiate, elongate, and precisely connect new functional neuronal circuits over long distances. The extension rates achieved are ≥60 times faster than previously reported. Our findings have direct implications for the development of new therapies and surgical techniques to achieve functional regeneration after trauma and in neurodegenerative diseases. It also opens the door for the direct wiring of robust brain–machine interfaces as well as for investigations of fundamental aspects of neuronal signal processing and neuronal function.
Rich-Club Organization in Effective Connectivity among Cortical Neurons
Authors: Nigam Sunny , Shimono Masanori , Ito Shinya , Yeh Fang-Chin , Timme Nicholas , Myroshnychenko Maxym , Lapish Christopher C. , Tosi Zachary , Hottowy Pawel , Smith Wesley C. , Masmanidis Sotiris C. , Litke Alan M. , Sporns Olaf , Beggs John M. 
Published: January 2016

The performance of complex networks, like the brain, depends on how effectively their elements communicate. Despite the importance of communication, it is virtually unknown how information is transferred in local cortical networks, consisting of hundreds of closely spaced neurons. To address this, it is important to record simultaneously from hundreds of neurons at a spacing that matches typical axonal connection distances, and at a temporal resolution that matches synaptic delays. We used a 512-electrode array (60 μm spacing) to record spontaneous activity at 20 kHz from up to 500 neurons simultaneously in slice cultures of mouse somatosensory cortex for 1 h at a time. We applied a previously validated version of transfer entropy to quantify information transfer. Similar toin vivoreports, we found an approximately lognormal distribution of firing rates. Pairwise information transfer strengths also were nearly lognormally distributed, similar to reports of synaptic strengths. Some neurons transferred and received much more information than others, which is consistent with previous predictions. Neurons with the highest outgoing and incoming information transfer were more strongly connected to each other than chance, thus forming a “rich club.” We found similar results in networks recordedin vivofrom rodent cortex, suggesting the generality of these findings. A rich-club structure has been found previously in large-scale human brain networks and is thought to facilitate communication between cortical regions. The discovery of a small, but information-rich, subset of neurons within cortical regions suggests that this population will play a vital role in communication, learning, and memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany studies have focused on communication networks between cortical brain regions. In contrast, very few studies have examined communication networks within a cortical region. This is the first study to combine such a large number of neurons (several hundred at a time) with such high temporal resolution (so we can know the direction of communication between neurons) for mapping networks within cortex. We found that information was not transferred equally through all neurons. Instead, ∼70% of the information passed through only 20% of the neurons. Network models suggest that this highly concentrated pattern of information transfer would be both efficient and robust to damage. Therefore, this work may help in understanding how the cortex processes information and responds to neurodegenerative diseases.
Neural Microstates Govern Perception of Auditory Input without Rhythmic Structure
Authors: Henry Molly J. , Herrmann Björn , Obleser Jonas 
Published: January 2016

Human perception fluctuates with the phase of neural oscillations in the presence of environmental rhythmic structure by which neural oscillations become entrained. However, in the absence of predictability afforded by rhythmic structure, we hypothesize that the neural dynamical states associated with optimal psychophysical performance are more complex than what has been described previously for rhythmic stimuli. The current electroencephalography study characterized the brain dynamics associated with optimal detection of gaps embedded in narrow-band acoustic noise stimuli lacking low-frequency rhythmic structure. Optimal gap detection was associated with three spectrotemporally distinct delta-governed neural microstates. Individual microstates were characterized by unique instantaneous combinations of neural phase in the delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands. Critically, gap detection was not predictable from local fluctuations in stimulus acoustics. The current results suggest that, in the absence of rhythmic structure to entrain neural oscillations, good performance hinges on complex neural states that vary from moment to moment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur ability to hear faint sounds fluctuates together with slow brain activity that synchronizes with environmental rhythms. However, it is so far not known how brain activity at different time scales might interact to influence perception when there is no rhythm with which brain activity can synchronize. Here, we used electroencephalography to measure brain activity while participants listened for short silences that interrupted ongoing noise. We examined brain activity in three different frequency bands: delta, theta, and alpha. Participants' ability to detect gaps depended on different numbers of frequency bands—sometimes one, sometimes two, and sometimes three—at different times. Changes in the number of frequency bands that predict perception are a hallmark of a complex neural system.
The Behavioral Relevance of Cortical Neural Ensemble Responses Emerges Suddenly
Authors: Sadacca Brian F. , Mukherjee Narendra , Vladusich Tony , Li Jennifer X. , Katz Donald B. , Miller Paul 
Published: January 2016

Whereas many laboratory-studied decisions involve a highly trained animal identifying an ambiguous stimulus, many naturalistic decisions do not. Consumption decisions, for instance, involve determining whether to eject or consume an already identified stimulus in the mouth and are decisions that can be made without training. By standard analyses, rodent cortical single-neuron taste responses come to predict such consumption decisions across the 500 ms preceding the consumption or rejection itself; decision-related firing emerges well after stimulus identification. Analyzing single-trial ensemble activity using hidden Markov models, we show these decision-related cortical responses to be part of a reliable sequence of states (each defined by the firing rates within the ensemble) separated by brief state-to-state transitions, the latencies of which vary widely between trials. When we aligned data to the onset of the (late-appearing) state that dominates during the time period in which single-neuron firing is correlated to taste palatability, the apparent ramp in stimulus-aligned choice-related firing was shown to be a much more precipitous coherent jump. This jump in choice-related firing resembled a step function more than it did the output of a standard (ramping) decision-making model, and provided a robust prediction of decision latency in single trials. Together, these results demonstrate that activity related to naturalistic consumption decisions emerges nearly instantaneously in cortical ensembles.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis paper provides a description of how the brain makes evaluative decisions. The majority of work on the neurobiology of decision making deals with “what is it?” decisions; out of this work has emerged a model whereby neurons accumulate information about the stimulus in the form of slowly increasing firing rates and reach a decision when those firing rates reach a threshold. Here, we study a different kind of more naturalistic decision—a decision to evaluate “what shall I do with it?” after the identity of a taste in the mouth has been identified—and show that this decision is not made through the gradual increasing of stimulus-related firing, but rather that this decision appears to be made in a sudden moment of “insight.”
Chronic Neuropathic Pain: It's about the Rhythm
Authors: Alshelh Zeynab , Di Pietro Flavia , Youssef Andrew M. , Reeves Jenna M. , Macey Paul M. , Vickers E. Russell , Peck Christopher C. , Murray Greg M. , Henderson Luke A. 
Published: January 2016

The neural mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain remain unclear. Evidence from human investigations suggests that neuropathic pain is associated with altered thalamic burst firing and thalamocortical dysrhythmia. Additionally, experimental animal investigations show that neuropathic pain is associated with altered infra-slow (<0.1 Hz) frequency oscillations within the dorsal horn and somatosensory thalamus. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether, in humans, neuropathic pain was also associated with altered infra-slow oscillations within the ascending “pain” pathway. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that individuals with orofacial neuropathic pain have increased infra-slow oscillatory activity throughout the ascending pain pathway, including within the spinal trigeminal nucleus, somatosensory thalamus, thalamic reticular nucleus, and primary somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, these infra-slow oscillations were temporally coupled across these multiple sites and occurred at frequencies similar to calcium waves in activated astrocytes. The region encompassing the spinal trigeminal nucleus also displayed increased regional homogeneity, consistent with a local spread of neural activity by astrocyte activation. In contrast, no increase in oscillatory behavior within the ascending pain pathway occurred during acute noxious stimuli in healthy individuals. These data reveal increased oscillatory activity within the ascending pain pathway that likely underpins increased thalamocortical oscillatory activity, a self-sustaining thalamocortical dysrhythmia, and the constant perception of pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChronic neuropathic pain is associated with altered thalamic firing and thalamocortical dysrhythmia. The mechanisms responsible for these changes remain unknown. In this study, we report in individuals with neuropathic pain increased oscillatory neural activity within the ascending pain pathway with evidence that these changes result from altered neural–astrocyte coupling. We propose a series of neural and glial events after nerve injury that result in the generation of altered thalamocortical activity and a persistent neuropathic pain state. Defining the underlying mechanisms responsible for neuropathic pain is critical if we are to develop more effective treatment regimens.
Representation of Maximally Regular Textures in Human Visual Cortex
Authors: Kohler Peter J. , Clarke Alasdair , Yakovleva Alexandra , Liu Yanxi , Norcia Anthony M. 
Published: January 2016

Naturalistic textures with an intermediate degree of statistical regularity can capture key structural features of natural images (Freeman and Simoncelli, 2011). V2 and later visual areas are sensitive to these features, while primary visual cortex is not (Freeman et al., 2013). Here we expand on this work by investigating a class of textures that have maximal formal regularity, the 17 crystallographic wallpaper groups (Fedorov, 1891). We used texture stimuli from four of the groups that differ in the maximum order of rotation symmetry they contain, and measured neural responses in human participants using functional MRI and high-density EEG. We found that cortical area V3 has a parametric representation of the rotation symmetries in the textures that is not present in either V1 or V2, the first discovery of a stimulus property that differentiates processing in V3 from that of lower-level areas. Parametric responses were also seen in higher-order ventral stream areas V4, VO1, and lateral occipital complex (LOC), but not in dorsal stream areas. The parametric response pattern was replicated in the EEG data, and source localization indicated that responses in V3 and V4 lead responses in LOC, which is consistent with a feedforward mechanism. Finally, we presented our stimuli to four well developed feedforward models and found that none of them were able to account for our results. Our results highlight structural regularity as an important stimulus dimension for distinguishing the early stages of visual processing, and suggest a previously unrecognized role for V3 in the visual form-processing hierarchy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHierarchical processing is a fundamental organizing principle in visual neuroscience, with each successive processing stage being sensitive to increasingly complex stimulus properties. Here, we probe the encoding hierarchy in human visual cortex using a class of visual textures—wallpaper patterns—that are maximally regular. Through a combination of fMRI and EEG source imaging, we find specific responses to texture regularity that depend parametrically on the maximum order of rotation symmetry in the textures. These parametric responses are seen in several areas of the ventral visual processing stream, as well as in area V3, but not in V1 or V2. This is the first demonstration of a stimulus property that differentiates processing in V3 from that of lower-level visual areas.