bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in a subtropical subhumid region of Argentina for use in the design of control strategies
Authors: CANEVARI J. T. , MANGOLD A. J. , GUGLIELMONE A. A. , NAVA S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe population dynamics of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in northwest Argentina was analysed to support the design of strategic methods for its control. Both parasitic and non‐parasitic phases were studied. The seasonal activity of R. microplus in its parasitic phase was characterized by three peaks in abundance: the first in mid–late spring; the second in summer, and the third in autumn. The non‐parasitic phase of R. microplus was characterized by a long total non‐parasitic period observed after exposures of females from mid‐summer to early autumn, a short total non‐parasitic period observed after exposures of females from late winter to late spring, a short period of larval longevity in early and mid‐summer, and no hatch of the eggs produced by females exposed in mid‐ and late autumn and winter. Treatments of cattle administered during the period from late winter to late spring will act on small cohorts of R. microplus, preventing the emergence of larger generations in summer and autumn. A 17‐week spelling period starting in late spring and early summer will be necessary to achieve optimal control of R. microplus free‐living larvae. If spelling begins in mid‐ or late summer or in autumn, the required period will be 26–27 weeks.
No Sheriff in Town: Governance for Online Dispute Resolution
Authors: Ebner Noam , Zeleznikow John 
Published: October 2016

Online dispute resolution (ODR), the practice of resolving disputes via the Internet or digital applications, has been developing since the mid‐1990s. As the field has grown and gained traction, it has increasingly received attention from professional associations and industry leaders in the world of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). More recently, it has begun to receive recognition from sources outside of this field — in both the public and private sectors.As the field develops and individual initiatives become widely adopted, the attention it receives from external sources will undoubtedly focus on questions of quality, ethics, practitioner training, service provider qualifications, and monitoring. These questions — already beginning to be heard from within the field — derive, in essence, from one shared overall question, that of appropriate governance for the ODR field.In this article, we will explain what we mean when we discuss a field's governance and suggest that the field itself should investigate issues of its own governance. We explore and explain the current “low‐to‐no” state of governance in ODR — and the developments that are likely, should the field fail to actively address this issue. We discuss the costs of no governance, and the potential costs and disadvantages of employing a higher‐governance model. We ask whether ODR can, indeed, be governed at all, and illustrate why addressing ODR governance is a very complex venture, in terms of the web of factors to be addressed, no matter how beneficial internal governance may be.We do not, in this article, intend to decide any of these questions — but, rather, to pose them to the ODR field and to the wider fields of ADR and conflict management. We point out why the ODR field is at a developmental point that is highly suitable for discussing and deciding these questions — and why these decisions might have far‐reaching implications for a wide range of conflict‐related fields.
Modelling the influence of ectomycorrhizal decomposition on plant nutrition and soil carbon sequestration in boreal forest ecosystems
Authors: Baskaran Preetisri , Hyvönen Riitta , Berglund S. Linnea , Clemmensen Karina E. , Ågren Göran I. , Lindahl Björn D. , Manzoni Stefano 
Published: October 2016

SummaryTree growth in boreal forests is limited by nitrogen (N) availability. Most boreal forest trees form symbiotic associations with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, which improve the uptake of inorganic N and also have the capacity to decompose soil organic matter (SOM) and to mobilize organic N (‘ECM decomposition’).To study the effects of ‘ECM decomposition’ on ecosystem carbon (C) and N balances, we performed a sensitivity analysis on a model of C and N flows between plants, SOM, saprotrophs, ECM fungi, and inorganic N stores.The analysis indicates that C and N balances were sensitive to model parameters regulating ECM biomass and decomposition. Under low N availability, the optimal C allocation to ECM fungi, above which the symbiosis switches from mutualism to parasitism, increases with increasing relative involvement of ECM fungi in SOM decomposition. Under low N conditions, increased ECM organic N mining promotes tree growth but decreases soil C storage, leading to a negative correlation between C stores above‐ and below‐ground.The interplay between plant production and soil C storage is sensitive to the partitioning of decomposition between ECM fungi and saprotrophs. Better understanding of interactions between functional guilds of soil fungi may significantly improve predictions of ecosystem responses to environmental change.
Child and youth participatory interventions for addressing lifestyle‐related childhood obesity: a systematic review
Authors: Frerichs L. , Ataga O. , Corbie‐Smith G. , Tessler Lindau S. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryA growing number of childhood obesity interventions involve children and youth in participatory roles, but these types of interventions have not been systematically reviewed. We aimed to identify child and youth participatory interventions in the peer‐reviewed literature in order to characterize the approaches and examine their impact on obesity and obesity‐related lifestyle behaviours. We searched PubMed/Medline, psychINFO and ERIC for quasi‐experimental and randomized trials conducted from date of database initiation through May 2015 that engaged children or youth in implementing healthy eating, physical activity or weight management strategies. Eighteen studies met our eligibility criteria. Most (n = 14) trained youth to implement pre‐defined strategies targeting their peers. A few (n = 4) assisted youth to plan and implement interventions that addressed environmental changes. Thirteen studies reported at least one statistically significant weight, physical activity or dietary change outcome. Participatory approaches have potential, but variation in strategies and outcomes leave questions unanswered about the mechanisms through which child and youth engagement impact childhood obesity. Future research should compare child‐delivered or youth‐delivered to adult‐delivered health promotion interventions and more rigorously evaluate natural experiments that engage youth to implement environmental changes. With careful attention to theoretical frameworks, process and outcome measures, these studies could strengthen the effectiveness of child and youth participatory approaches.
Nutritional interventions or exposures in infants and children aged up to 3 years and their effects on subsequent risk of overweight, obesity and body fat: a systematic review of systematic reviews
Authors: Patro‐Gołąb B. , Zalewski B. M. , Kołodziej M. , Kouwenhoven S. , Poston L. , Godfrey K. M. , Koletzko B. , van Goudoever J. B. , Szajewska H. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThis study, performed as part of the international EarlyNutrition research project (http://www.project‐earlynutrition.eu), provides a systematic review of systematic reviews on the effects of nutritional interventions or exposures in children (up to 3 years of age) on the subsequent risk of obesity, overweight and adiposity. Electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library) were searched up until September 2015. Forty systematic reviews were included. A consistent association of breastfeeding with a modest reduction in the risk of later overweight and obesity in childhood and adulthood was found (the odds decreased by 13% based on high‐quality studies), but residual confounding cannot be excluded. Lowering the protein content of infant formula is a promising intervention to reduce the risk of later overweight and obesity in children. There is no consistent evidence of an association of the age of introducing complementary foods, sugar‐sweetened beverage or energy intake in early childhood with later overweight/obesity, but there are some indications of an association of protein intake during the complementary feeding period with later overweight/obesity. There was inadequate evidence to determine the effects of other nutritional interventions or exposures, including modifications of infant formula composition, fat intake or consumption of different food groups.
The Impact of Small for Gestational Age Births in Early and Late Preeclamptic Pregnancies for Preeclampsia Recurrence: a Cohort Study of Successive Pregnancies in Sweden
Authors: Cnattingius Sven , Wikström Anna‐Karin , Stephansson Olof , Johansson Kari 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundResults from uterine artery Doppler investigations suggest that the aetiology of late preeclampsia with fetal growth restriction may be more similar to the aetiology of early preeclampsia than with late preeclampsia without fetal growth restriction. We hypothesised that a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) birth in a late preeclamptic pregnancy may be associated with increased subsequent risk of early preeclampsia. We also studied effects of maternal factors on risks of preeclampsia recurrence.MethodsIn a nation‐wide Swedish cohort study of first and second consecutive single births between 1992 and 2012, we identified 22 473 mothers with preeclampsia in their first pregnancy. We calculated relative risks (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI), to investigate associations between subtypes of preeclampsia in the first pregnancy and risks of early (<34 weeks) and late (≥34 weeks) preeclampsia in the second pregnancy.ResultsIn women with a previous late preeclampsia, a co‐occurring SGA birth was associated with an increased risk of subsequent early preeclampsia (adjusted RR 2.85, 95% CI 1.93, 4.20), but not of subsequent late preeclampsia. Among women with a previous early preeclampsia, a co‐occurring SGA birth was not associated with increased subsequent risks of early or late preeclampsia. Interpregnancy weight gain was associated with increased risks of early and late preeclampsia in the second pregnancy.ConclusionsLate preeclampsia combined with fetal growth restriction may be regarded as an ischaemic placental disease. Given the high absolute risk of preeclampsia recurrence, preventing weight gain may be especially important in women with previous preeclampsia.
Physical fitness reference standards in fibromyalgia: The al‐Ándalus project
Authors: Álvarez‐Gallardo I. C. , Carbonell‐Baeza A. , Segura‐Jiménez V. , Soriano‐Maldonado A. , Intemann T. , Aparicio V. A. , Estévez‐López F. , Camiletti‐Moirón D. , Herrador‐Colmenero M. , Ruiz J. R. , Delgado‐Fernández M. , Ortega F. B. 
Published: October 2016

We aimed (1) to report age‐specific physical fitness levels in people with fibromyalgia of a representative sample from Andalusia; and (2) to compare the fitness levels of people with fibromyalgia with non‐fibromyalgia controls. This cross‐sectional study included 468 (21 men) patients with fibromyalgia and 360 (55 men) controls. The fibromyalgia sample was geographically representative from southern Spain. Physical fitness was assessed with the Senior Fitness Test battery plus the handgrip test. We applied the Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape to calculate percentile curves for women and fitted mean curves using a linear regression for men. Our results show that people with fibromyalgia reached worse performance in all fitness tests than controls (P < 0.001) in all age ranges (P < 0.001). This study provides a comprehensive description of age‐specific physical fitness levels among patients with fibromyalgia and controls in a large sample of patients with fibromyalgia from southern of Spain. Physical fitness levels of people with fibromyalgia from Andalusia are very low in comparison with age‐matched healthy controls. This information could be useful to correctly interpret physical fitness assessments and helping health care providers to identify individuals at risk for losing physical independence.
Fitness and its association with fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sebastião E. , Hubbard E. A. , Klaren R. E. , Pilutti L. A. , Motl R. W. 
Published: October 2016

This study compared physical fitness components between fatigued and non‐fatigued persons with MS and examined those components as correlates of fatigue. Sixty‐two ambulatory persons with MS completed the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and underwent assessments of cardiorespiratory capacity, lower extremity muscle strength (i.e., peak torque and asymmetry), body composition, and static balance over two different sessions 7 days apart. Participants were allocated into fatigue groups based on MFIS scores (non‐fatigued group (i.e., MFIS ≤38), n = 26; and fatigued group (MFIS >38), n = 36). The fatigued group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower cardiorespiratory capacity (VO2peak) and muscular strength (i.e., knee flexion peak torque) than the non‐fatigued group. VO2peak and knee extension peak torque were the two physical fitness components significantly correlated with fatigue scores in the fatigued group (P < 0.05), and follow‐up stepwise linear regression revealed that VO2peak was a significant predictor of fatigue scores (R2 = 0.13). Discriminant function analysis further identified VO2peak as a significant (P < 0.05) correlate of fatigue status. This model explained 21% of variance in group status (i.e., fatigued vs non‐fatigued) and correctly classified approximately 76% of cases into fatigue status groups. The improvement of cardiorespiratory capacity should be considered in rehabilitation programs for persons with MS, especially those presenting with elevated fatigue.
Global Longitudinal Strain in master athletes and in hypertensive patients with the same degree of septal thickness
Authors: D'Elia E. , Ferrero P. , Vittori C. , Calabrese A. , Duino V. , Perlini S. , Senni M. 
Published: October 2016

Athletes may have electrocardiogram (ECG) repolarization abnormalities during stress test suggestive for ischemia in the absence of ischemic coronary artery disease, often in a setting of myocardial septum hypertrophy. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) might be altered in these athletes compared to hypertensive patients with the same degree of septal thickness. About 735 consecutive athletes were screened for mandatory assessment of fitness to participate in competitive sports. At the stress test, 23 (19 M, 4 F) were found to have ECG repolarization abnormalities suggestive for ischemia in the presence of normal coronary vessels. They were matched to a control group of 23 hypertensive patients with no ECG abnormalities during stress test and the same degree of septal thickness. A transthoracic echocardiography for evaluation of global longitudinal strain (GLS) was performed. Interventricular septum thickness (IST) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were also calculated. A preserved ventricular function was seen in both groups (64 ± 8% in cases vs 60 ± 6% in controls, P = 0.42). IST and RWT were not significantly different. GLS was significantly lower in athletes vs hypertensive patients (−18.7 ± 2.5 vs −21.67 ± 0.27, P = 0.001). In athletes with septal hypertrophy and a positive stress test not associated to coronary disease, GLS is lower with respect to a population of hypertensive patient with the same degree of septal hypertrophy. Further investigations in a larger population are required to better define the potentiality of GLS in differentiating pathological vs physiological septum hypertrophy.
The State as a Norm‐Builder? The Take‐up of Parental Leave in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Bergqvist Christina , Saxonberg Steven 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study shows that although Norway and Sweden have rather similar family policies, the seemingly small differences that exist reflect different national ideals of care, and these differences encourage parents to employ different gendered moral rationalities. However, Sweden's ideal of ‘equal‐sharing/professional care’, encourages fathers to take longer leaves than the Norwegian ideal of ‘partial sharing plus choosing between professional or parental care’. Given their different national ideals of caring, different gendered moral rationalities emerge. While in Norway the dominant gendered moral rationality among our interviewees is ‘man‐doing‐his‐duty’, in Sweden two different rationalities arise: the ‘breastfeeding‐plus‐sharing’ rationality and the ‘male‐opt‐out’. This conclusion is based on 60 interviews with mothers and fathers in Oslo and Stockholm.
The sterol‐binding activity of PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED PROTEIN 1 reveals the mode of action of an antimicrobial protein
Authors: Gamir Jordi , Darwiche Rabih , van't Hof Pieter , Choudhary Vineet , Stumpe Michael , Schneiter Roger , Mauch Felix 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPathogenesis‐related proteins played a pioneering role 50 years ago in the discovery of plant innate immunity as a set of proteins that accumulated upon pathogen challenge. The most abundant of these proteins, PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED 1 (PR‐1) encodes a small antimicrobial protein that has become, as a marker of plant immune signaling, one of the most referred to plant proteins. The biochemical activity and mode of action of PR‐1 proteins has remained elusive, however. Here, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence for the capacity of PR‐1 proteins to bind sterols, and demonstrate that the inhibitory effect on pathogen growth is caused by the sequestration of sterol from pathogens. In support of our findings, sterol‐auxotroph pathogens such as the oomycete Phytophthora are particularly sensitive to PR‐1, whereas sterol‐prototroph fungal pathogens become highly sensitive only when sterol biosynthesis is compromised. Our results are in line with previous findings showing that plants with enhanced PR‐1 expression are particularly well protected against oomycete pathogens.
Clinical and microscopic features of generalized discoid lupus erythematosus in dogs (10 cases)
Authors: Banovic Frane , Linder Keith E. , Uri Maarja , Rossi Michael A. , Olivry Thierry 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundGeneralized discoid lupus erythematosus (GDLE) is a newly recognized canine variant of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) that is not well characterized.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe report herein the signalment, clinical signs, treatment outcome, histopathology and immunological findings of 10 dogs withGDLE.MethodsInclusion criteria were: (i) a >3 month history of generalized skin lesions indicating a chronic or recurrent nature; (ii) skin lesions resembling those of humanGDLE; (iii) histopathology ofCLE(lymphocyte‐rich interface dermatitis). Direct immunofluorescence (IF) and antinuclear antibody serology were investigated whenever possible.ResultsVarious breeds were affected in their mid‐ to late adulthood. Selection criteria of generalized multifocal, annular (“discoid”) to polycyclic plaques with pigment changes, erythematous margin, adherent scaling, follicular plugging and central alopecia were shown in all dogs. In nine dogs, plaques contained mild to moderate central scarring with depigmentation and/or hyperpigmentation. There were no dogs in which the disease progressed to systemic lupus erythematosus within a median follow‐up of 2.5 years. Per inclusion criteria, interface dermatitis occurred with basement membrane zone (BMZ) thickening, suprabasal apoptosis and/or dermal fibrosis in some dogs. Infundibular interface folliculitis was common; it sometimes transitioned to mural folliculitis in lower follicle segments, and occurred with follicular and sebaceous gland atrophy. The directIFrevealed patchy deposition of immunoglobulin IgG and IgM at theBMZ. Lesions responded to a variety of treatments, including ciclosporin, hydroxychloroquine, topical tacrolimus and tetracycline/niacinamide. Relapses were common after medications were tapered.Conclusions and clinical importanceThese observations support the existence of a canine homologue of humanGDLE.
Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity
Authors: MacInnis Martin J. , Gibala Martin J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInterval exercise typically involves repeated bouts of relatively intense exercise interspersed by short periods of recovery. A common classification scheme subdivides this method into high‐intensity interval training (HIIT; ‘near maximal’ efforts) and sprint interval training (SIT; ‘supramaximal’ efforts). Both forms of interval training induce the classic physiological adaptations characteristic of moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT) such as increased aerobic capacity () and mitochondrial content. This brief review considers the role of exercise intensity in mediating physiological adaptations to training, with a focus on the capacity for aerobic energy metabolism. With respect to skeletal muscle adaptations, cellular stress and the resultant metabolic signals for mitochondrial biogenesis depend largely on exercise intensity, with limited work suggesting that increases in mitochondrial content are superior after HIIT compared to MICT, at least when matched‐work comparisons are made within the same individual. It is well established that SIT increases mitochondrial content to a similar extent to MICT despite a reduced exercise volume. At the whole‐body level, is generally increased more by HIIT than MICT for a given training volume, whereas SIT and MICT similarly improve despite differences in training volume. There is less evidence available regarding the role of exercise intensity in mediating changes in skeletal muscle capillary density, maximum stroke volume and cardiac output, and blood volume. Furthermore, the interactions between intensity and duration and frequency have not been thoroughly explored. While interval training is clearly a potent stimulus for physiological remodelling in humans, the integrative response to this type of exercise warrants further attention, especially in comparison to traditional endurance training.
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On the Building of a Narrative
Authors: Tikkanen Karin W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThever sacrumritual remains a riddle in the early history of the Apennine peninsula. Several ancient Roman as well as Greek sources use the ritual in explaining Samnite movements across the peninsula, as ritual group expulsion of settlers sent out to colonize new lands. In short, this becomes the narrative ‘plot’ of archaic colonization.The ritual is however described very differently in the different sources, with regard to detail and to the plot elements involved in the tale. This article explores the various layers in the rendering of the ritual, and the different voices that take part in forming thever sacrumnarrative. With this perspective thever sacrumbecomes an expanded testimony of a tradition, used by different authors to stress various elements of their own historical reports.