bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical, seasonal, and depth variation in sinking particle speeds in the North Atlantic
Authors: Villa‐Alfageme M. , de Soto F. C. , Ceballos E. , Giering S. L. C. , Le Moigne F. A. C. , Henson S. , Mas J. L. , Sanders R. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractParticle sinking velocity is considered to be a controlling factor for carbon transport to the deep sea and thus carbon sequestration in the oceans. The velocities of the material exported to depth are considered to be high in high‐latitude productive systems and low in oligotrophic distributions. We use a recently developed method based on the measurement of the radioactive pair 210Po‐210Pb to calculate particle sinking velocities in the temperate and oligotrophic North Atlantic during different bloom stages. Our estimates of average sinking velocities (ASVs) show that slowly sinking particles (<100 m d−1) contribute significantly to carbon flux at all the locations except in the temperate regions during the bloom. ASVs appear to vary strongly with season, which we propose is caused by changes in the epipelagic community structure. Our results are the first field data to confirm the long‐standing theory that particle sinking velocities increase with depth, with increases of up to 90% between 50 and 150 m depth.
Seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on an East Antarctic outlet glacier
Authors: Langley Emily S. , Leeson Amber A. , Stokes Chris R. , Jamieson Stewart S. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSupraglacial lakes are known to influence ice melt and ice flow on the Greenland ice sheet and potentially cause ice shelf disintegration on the Antarctic Peninsula. In East Antarctica, however, our understanding of their behavior and impact is more limited. Using >150 optical satellite images and meteorological records from 2000 to 2013, we provide the first multiyear analysis of lake evolution on Langhovde Glacier, Dronning Maud Land (69°11′S, 39°32′E). We mapped 7990 lakes and 855 surface channels up to 18.1 km inland (~670 m above sea level) from the grounding line and document three pathways of lake demise: (i) refreezing, (ii) drainage to the englacial/subglacial environment (on the floating ice), and (iii) overflow into surface channels (on both the floating and grounded ice). The parallels between these mechanisms, and those observed on Greenland and the Antarctic Peninsula, suggest that lakes may similarly affect rates and patterns of ice melt, ice flow, and ice shelf disintegration in East Antarctica.
Elasticity of single‐crystal superhydrous phase B at simultaneous high pressure‐temperature conditions
Authors: Li Xinyang , Mao Zhu , Sun Ningyu , Liao Yifan , Zhai Shuangmeng , Wang Yi , Ni Huaiwei , Wang Jingyun , Tkachev Sergey N. , Lin Jung‐Fu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigated the combined effect of pressure and temperature on the elasticity of single‐crystal superhydrous phase B (Shy‐B) using Brillouin scattering and X‐ray diffraction up to 12 GPa and 700 K. Using the obtained elasticity, we modeled the anisotropy of Shy‐B along slab geotherms, showing that Shy‐B has a low anisotropy and cannot be the major cause of the observed anisotropy in the region. Modeled velocities of Shy‐B show that Shy‐B will be shown as positive velocity anomalies at the bottom transition zone. Once Shy‐B is transported to the topmost lower mantle, it will exhibit a seismic signature of lower velocities than topmost lower mantle. We speculate that an accumulation of hydrous phases, such as Shy‐B, at the topmost lower mantle with a weight percentage of ~17–26% in the peridotite layer as subduction progresses could help explain the observed 2–3% low shear velocity anomalies in the region.
ENSO regulation of far‐ and mid‐infrared contributions to clear‐sky OLR
Authors: Kahn Brian H. , Huang Xianglei , Stephens Graeme L. , Collins William D. , Feldman Daniel R. , Su Hui , Wong Sun , Yue Qing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNASA Aqua‐derived thermodynamic profiles, calculated spectral clear‐sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and vertical velocity fields from meteorological reanalyses are combined to determine the relative proportion of the far‐infrared (FIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) spectral contributions to the total clear‐sky OLR during different phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the ascending branch of the tropical circulation, the spatial variance of upper tropospheric water vapor is shown to be larger during La Niña than El Niño and is consistent with zonal symmetry changes in the tropical waveguide and associated tropical‐extratropical mixing. In the descending branch, upper tropospheric water vapor shows weaker coupling to lower layers that is evidenced by changes in the ratio of FIR to MIR in the clear‐sky OLR. Diagnostics from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM3 model simulation are generally similar to satellite data, but the ratio of FIR to MIR is 5–10% larger with respect to dynamic regime.
Distinct weekly cycles of thunderstorms and a potential connection with aerosol type in China
Authors: Yang Xin , Li Zhanqing , Liu Lin , Zhou Lijing , Cribb Maureen , Zhang Fang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study identified distinct weekly cycles in thunderstorm activities and convection‐associated variables in two regions of China dominated by different types of aerosol during the summers of 1983–2005. In both regions, visibility has similar weekly cycle: lower on weekdays than on weekends. Barring any possible “natural” weekly cycles, the findings of the poorest and best visibility on Friday and Monday, respectively, point to the weekly variations in anthropogenic emissions. However, the phases of the thunderstorm cycles between the two regions were different. In central China, thunderstorms occurred more frequently from Saturday to Monday than on other days. The cycles were out of phase in southeast China. It is hypothesized that the phase difference is associated with aerosol type. In central China aerosol absorption is strong, which suppresses convection more on weekdays. In southeast China aerosols are less absorbing but more hygroscopic, which helps invigorate thunderstorms more on weekdays.
Value‐Adding Practices in Food Supply Chain: Evidence from Indian Food Industry
Authors: Shashi  , Singh Rajwinder , Shabani Amir 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe study aims an attempt to realize the importance of value addition at different stages of food supply chain to see what the value addition practices mean across the food chain. To do so, this paper investigates the value addition relationships of different supply chain players from farm to retail level. Based on extensive literature review and deep discussions with supply chain practitioners as well as academicians, a conceptual framework is developed to assist those players in identifying the importance of adding value, defining a common definition of value addition practices, and getting motivation for superior value addition improvement. Value addition practices of five stages at the food supply chain, namely, farmer, supplier, processor, distributor and retailer, are conceptualized and formulated to tests the relationship among these stages. The study mainly focuses on the value addition of farm products in Indian scenario. The findings affirmed that the farmer's value addition is positively related to supplier's value addition, processor's value addition, and distributor's value addition. Moreover, supplier's value addition is positively related to processor's value addition, and processor's value addition is positively related to distributor's value addition. Besides, distributor's value addition is positively related to retailer's value addition. [JEL Classification: M210].
Biofuel energy consumption‐economic growth relationship: an empirical investigation of Brazil
Authors: Al‐Mulali Usama , Solarin Sakiru Adebola , Ozturk Ilhan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of biofuel energy consumption on Brazil's economic growth during the period 1980–2012 by employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality. The results revealed two structural breaks during the early 1980s due to the Latin American debt crisis as well as the early 2000s due to the worries related to the increasing global spreads. Moreover, it was found that economic growth, biofuel energy consumption, capital, urbanization, and globalization are co‐integrated. Additionally, it was found that biofuel energy consumption, capital, urbanization, and globalization increase Brazil's economic growth in the short run and in the long run. However, the two structural breaks have a significant negative influence on economic growth. The vector error correction model Granger causality revealed a feedback causal relationship between all the variables (with the exception of capital). However, a unidirectional causality was concluded from capital to economic growth, biofuel energy consumption, urbanization, and globalization. From the results of this study, a number of policy implications were provided. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Nickel‐Catalyzed C−H Chalcogenation of Anilines
Authors: Müller Thomas , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe C−H thiolation of aniline derivatives was accomplished with a versatile nickel(II) catalyst under ligand‐free conditions. The robust nature of the nickel catalysis system was reflected by the C−H thiolation with a good functional group tolerance and an ample scope, employing anilines possessing removable directing groups. The widely applicable nickel catalyst also allowed for aniline C−H selenylations, while mechanistic studies provided strong support that the rate‐determining step is the C−H activation.
Influence of insurance status on survival of adults with glioblastoma multiforme: A population‐based study
Authors: Rong Xiaoming , Yang Wuyang , Garzon‐Muvdi Tomas , Caplan Justin M. , Hui Xuan , Lim Michael , Huang Judy 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, the impact of insurance status on the survival time of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has not been fully understood. The objective of the current study was to clarify the association between insurance status and survival of patients with GBM by analyzing population‐based data.METHODSThe authors performed a cohort study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. They included adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with GBM as their primary diagnosis from the years 2007 to 2012. Patients without information regarding insurance status were excluded. A survival analysis between insurance status and GBM‐related death was performed using an accelerated failure time model. Demographic and clinical variables were included to adjust for confounding effects.RESULTSAmong the 13,665 adult patients in the study cohort, 558 (4.1%) were uninsured, 1516 (11.1%) had Medicaid coverage, and 11,591 (84.8%) had non‐Medicaid insurance. Compared with patients who were uninsured, insured patients were more likely to be older, female, white, married, and with a smaller tumor size at diagnosis. Accelerated failure time analysis demonstrated that older age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; P<.001), male sex (HR, 1.08; P<.001), large tumor size at the time of diagnosis (HR, 1.26; P<.001), uninsured status (HR, 1.14; P =.018), and Medicaid insurance (HR, 1.10; P =.006) were independent risk factors for shorter survival among patients with GBM, whereas radiotherapy (HR, 0.40; P<.001) and married status (HR, 0.86; P<.001) indicated a better outcome. The authors discovered an overall yearly progressive improvement in survival in patients with non‐Medicaid insurance who were diagnosed from 2007 through 2011 (P =.015), but not in uninsured or Medicaid‐insured patients.CONCLUSIONSVariations existed in insurance status within the GBM population. Uninsured status and Medicaid insurance suggested shorter survival compared with non‐Medicaid insurance among a population of patients with GBM. Cancer 2016;122:3157–65. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Facile Synthesis of WS2 Nanosheets–Carbon Composites Anodes for Sodium and Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Junming , Shi Xiaodong , Fang Jing , Li Jie , Zhang Zhian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWS2 nanosheets–carbon composites (WS2/C) were synthesized through a simple two‐step process including ball‐milling and sulfidation. When applied as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries and lithium‐ion batteries, WS2/C composites deliver a high reversible sodium storage capacity of 270 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and a high reversible lithium storage capacity of 322 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance of WS2/C compared with the bare WS2 can be attributed to the synergic effects between WS2 and Super P carbon black matrix, which can offer a beneficial conductivity environment for electron transfer and accommodate stress from the volume change during cycling.
Variance Risk Premiums of Commodity ETFs
Authors: Tee Chyng Wen , Ting Christopher 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe propose a model‐independent method to account for the early exercise premiums in American options on non‐dividend paying stocks. We find that our estimates of early exercise premium are generally larger than the estimates by existing methods. Given the American options on the Exchange‐Traded Funds (ETFs) of gold, silver, natural gas, and crude oil, we find strong empirical evidence of variance risk premiums for these commodities, over a volatility term structure up to 18 months. Furthermore, we show that volatility indexes constructed by using existing methods tend to overestimate the risk‐neutral variance, and consequently the magnitude of variance risk premium. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 37:452–472, 2017
Increasing discharge from the Mackenzie River system to the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Rood Stewart B. , Kaluthota Sobadini , Philipsen Laurens J. , Rood Neil J. , Zanewich Karen P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Mackenzie River, Canada's longest and largest river system, provides the greatest Western Hemisphere discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Recent reports of declining flows have prompted concern because (1) this influences Arctic Ocean salinity, stratification and polar ice; (2) a major tributary, the Peace River, has large hydroelectric projects, and further dams are proposed; and (3) the system includes the extensive and biodiverse Peace–Athabasca, Slave and Mackenzie deltas. To assess hydrological trends over the past century that could reflect climate change, we analysed historic patterns of river discharges. We expanded the data series by infilling for short gaps, calculating annual discharges from early summer‐only records (typical r2 > 0.9), coordinating data from sequential hydrometric gauges (requiring r2 > 0.8) and advancing the data to 2013. For trend detection, Pearson correlation provided similar outcomes to non‐parametric Kendall's τ and Spearman's ρ tests. There was no overall pattern for annual flows of the most southerly Athabasca River (1913–2013), while the adjacent, regulated Peace River displayed increasing flows (1916–2013, p < 0.05). These rivers combine to form the Slave River, which did not display an overall trend (1917–2013). The more northerly, free‐flowing Liard River is the largest tributary and displayed increasing annual flows (1944–2013, p < 0.01, ~3.5% per decade) because of increasing winter, spring, and summer flows, and annual maximum and minimum flows also increased. Following from the tributary contributions, the Mackenzie River flows gradually increased (Fort Simpson 1939–2013, p < 0.05, ~1.5% per decade), but the interannual patterns for the Liard and other rivers were correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, complicating the pattern. This conclusion of increasing river flows to the Arctic Ocean contrasts with some prior reports, based on shorter time series. The observed flow increase is consistent with increasing discharges of the large Eurasian Arctic drainages, suggesting a common northern response to climate change. Analyses of historic trends are strengthened with lengthening records, and with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation influence, we recommend century‐long records for northern rivers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling evaporation processes in soils from the Huasco salt flat basin, Chile
Authors: Hernández‐López María Fernanda , Braud Isabelle , Gironás Jorge , Suárez Francisco , Muñoz José Francisco 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe need to understand and simulate hydrological phenomena and their interactions, and the impact of anthropogenic and climate changes on natural environments have promoted the study of evaporation from bare soils in arid climates. In closed Altiplano basins, such as those encountered in arid and hyper arid basins in northern Chile, evaporation from shallow groundwater is the main source of aquifer depletion, and thus, its study is crucial for water resources management. The objective of this work is to understand the mechanisms of evaporation in saline soils with shallow water tables, in order to better quantify evaporation fluxes and improve our understanding of the water balance in these regions. To achieve this objective, a model that couples fluid flow with heat transfer was developed and calibrated using column experiments with saline soils from the Huasco salt flat basin, Chile. The model enables determination of both liquid and water vapour fluxes, as well as the location of the evaporation front. Experimental results showed that salt transport inside the soil profile modified the water retention curve, highlighting the importance of including salt transport when modelling the evaporation processes in these soils. Indeed, model simulations only agreed with the experimental data when the effect of salt transport on water retention curves was taken into account. Model results also showed that the evaporation front is closer to the soil surface as the water table depth reduces. Therefore, the model allows determining the groundwater level depth that results in disconnection of liquid fluxes in the vadose zone. A sensitivity analysis allowed understanding the effect of water‐flux enhancements mechanisms on soil evaporation. The results presented in this study are important as they allow quantifying the evaporation that occurs in bare soils from Altiplano basins, which is typically the main water discharge in these closed basins. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Going with the Electron Flow: Heme Electronic Structure and Electron Transfer in Cytochrome c
Authors: Bren Kara L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHeme is an essential and functionally versatile cofactor. Our understanding of how the environment of a heme in a protein tunes its function has benefited from spectroscopic and functional investigations of heme proteins and their variants with altered heme environments. Two properties of current interest are the conformation of the heme and hydrogen bonding to heme propionates. By combining nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and density functional theory calculations, both of these characteristics have been shown to influence the distribution of the singly occupied molecular orbital on the heme of ferricytochrome c, which affects coupling to redox partners and electron‐transfer rates. In addition, heme conformation has been shown to tune reduction potential. These results reveal that subtle variations in heme conformation and in interactions with its propionates can have significant impacts on electron‐transfer activity.
EPR Spectroscopic Characterization of a Jahn‐Teller Distorted (C3v→Cs) Four‐Coordinate Chromium(V) Oxo Species
Authors: Stich Troy A. , Gagnon Derek M. , Anderson Bryce L. , Nocera Daniel G. , Britt R. David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMetal‐oxo coordination compounds have garnered significant interest over the years. The reactivity of the metal‐oxo bond is governed by the geometry, charge, spin state, and identity of the other ligands. In this report, we characterize a distorted C3v‐symmetric CrV‐oxo complex that has unique magnetic properties, compared with all other known chromyl species. Continuous wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance were used to measure the molecular g‐values and 53Cr and 17O hyperfine interactions. Analysis of density functional theory results and the g and hyperfine tensors, in the context of a crystallographically observed Jahn‐Teller distortion, suggests an electronic structure that results from the mixing of two sets of doubly degenerate orbital states. This mixing is only made possible by the approximate three‐fold symmetry of the ligand set.
Multi‐model CMIP5 and CORDEX simulations of historical summer temperature and precipitation variabilities over West Africa
Authors: Nikiema Pinghouinde Michel , Sylla Mouhamadou Bamba , Ogunjobi Kehinde , Kebe Ibourahima , Gibba Peter , Giorgi Filippo 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe mean climatology, inter‐model variability and spatio‐temporal patterns of temperature and precipitation over West Africa from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5), CMIP5_SUBSET [ensemble of global climate models driving COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX)] and CORDEX multi‐model ensembles are evaluated and intercompared for the monsoon season (June–September). We find that, while CORDEX fails to outperform the simulated mean climatology of temperature by the CMIP5 ensembles, it substantially improves precipitation and provides more realistic fine‐scale features tied to local topography and landuse. This improved performance over the region is found to depend more on the internal models physics than the driving boundary conditions and results from a more consistent and realistic simulation of monsoon precipitation across the various regional climate models (RCMs). Rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis indicates that the CORDEX ensemble captures better the spatio‐temporal variability of both temperature and precipitation (first REOF mode), in particular depicting the warming and Sahel precipitation recovery in recent decades over West Africa. On the other hand, the spatial patterns and associated time series of the last two REOF modes in CORDEX mostly follow the CMIP5_SUBSET pointing towards a strong role of the boundary forcing in the RCM simulation of precipitation variability.
Cardiopulmonary dysfunction in patients with limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy 2A
Authors: Mori‐Yoshimura Madoka , Segawa Kazuhiko , Minami Narihiro , Oya Yasushi , Komaki Hirohumi , Nonaka Ikuya , Nishino Ichizo , Murata Miho 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Little is known about the frequency of cardiopulmonary failure in limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (calpainopathy) patients, although some studies have reported severe cardiomyopathy or respiratory failure. Methods: To clarify the frequency of cardiopulmonary dysfunction in this patient population, we retrospectively reviewed the respiratory and cardiac function of 43 patients with calpainopathy. Results: Nine of the 43 patients had forced vital capacity (FVC) < 80%, and 3 used noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Mean FVC was significantly lower in patients who were nonambulant and had normal creatine kinase levels. Only 1 patient had a prolonged QRS complex duration. Echocardiography revealed that 1 patient had very mild left ventricular dysfunction. Conclusions: These findings suggest that patients with calpainopathy may develop severe respiratory failure, but cardiac dysfunction is infrequent. Muscle Nerve 55: 465–469, 2017