bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychopathology and Spiritual Experiences: Criteria for Differential Assessment
Authors: Bone-Pina I. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThere is a plurality of differing opinions defining borders between mental disorders and spiritual experiences. This research proposes criteria for clarifying those boundaries.ObjectivesSummarize practical criteria for clinicians to assess psychopathological symptoms with spiritual content and to attain a differential diagnosis from healthy spiritual experiences.AimsMerge different approaches from psychopathology, psychology of religion and religious studies to attain practical criteria.MethodsLiterature review using a phenomenological and critical approach.Results1. Severe psychiatric symptoms with religious content: (1) are usually in the context of personal impoverishment; (2) appear odd in cultural environments and within a person's biography; (3) do not enhance action or, in the phenomenological tradition, (4) these symptoms come from a weakening of the “intentional arc”. 2. A guiding map is suggested to evaluate spiritual expressions and their relationships with mild or moderate mental disorders and with mental health and personal growth. This map is developed by combining different traditions from the psychology of religion. 3. Psychiatric and psychological judgment of religious/spiritual experiences should be self-limited. There is a judgment about its content and about its validity or truth, which is only possible within the different spiritual traditions.ConclusionsPsychopathology establishes principles to discriminate some psychotic symptoms from healthy spiritual experiences. Psychology of religion offers some general rules to guide the psychological evaluation of spiritual beliefs and their influence on mental well-being and personal growth. This review opens fields for future research in relating psychopathology and the study of religious experience.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Paraphrenia: Evolution of the Concept
Authors: Freitas C. , Figueiredo A.R. , Abreu T. , Queirós S. 
Published: May 2016

Paraphrenia was identified as a psychopathological entity characterized by chronic delirium, described next to schizophrenia, but with rich and fanciful elaborations, without social and cognitive impairment associated. Despite having been extensively described, paraphrenia fell into disuse. With this work, the authors intend to carry out a literature review on the concept of paraphrenia, since its first report to the extinction from the current practice of psychiatry. The term paraphrenia (para “near” phrenia “pathological mental state”) was first noted by Kahlbaum in 1863, who identified dementia and subdivided it into three types: “neofrenia”, “paraphrenia hebetica” and “senilis paraphrenia”). Magnan and Manager suggested the concept of “chronic hallucinatory psychosis” in 1963, while Kraepelin started jobs with similar characteristics, defining the concept of paraphrenia. Kraepelin distinguished dementia praecox from the later onset dementia, despite considering them closer to one another than any of them to paranoia. Paraphrenia would be characterized by less formal disturbances of thought and greater preservation of affection. In 1911, with “schizophrenia” expression, Bleuler broke with Kraepelin concept, as Mayer, who reviewed Kraepelin patients, concluding that more than half had progressed to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. At this time, paraphrenia was virtually abolished from the practice of psychiatry. Despite the observations made over the years, the concept of paraphrenia have revealed that the description proposal does not correspond to an isolated and distinct psychiatric condition, several times, in clinical practice we have encountered with patients presenting diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but with the evolution of the disease showing no significant deterioration in several areas.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
“Bouffée Délirante” Induced by Meditation
Authors: Baena Mures R.A. , Niell Galmes L. , Lázaro Pascual Y. , Saiz Gonzalez M.D. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionMeditation is frequently applied in Western as well as non-Western countries for different purposes; we know little about adverse events. The symptomatology of a meditation-related psychosis appears to show similarities with that we call “bouffée delirante”.MethodsA female patient is described who developed an acute and transient psychosis with polymorphic symptomatology after meditating (Bikram-yoga). We made a literature search for psychotic states related to meditation.ResultsThere are some case reports of psychosis disorder induced by meditation. Some cultural syndromes like Qi-gong appear on DSM-IV as psychotic reaction. In this case, the syndrome is not culture bound.ConclusionsMeditation can act as a stressor in vulnerable patients who may develop a transient psychosis with polymorphic symptomatology (confusion, pananxiety, mood swings and mood dystonic psychotic symptoms) with a short duration.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Soft neurological signs in schizoaffective disorder – Indicator of psychotic spectrum or diagnostic bias (case report)
Authors: Vukovic V. , Nikolic Lalic S. , Mitic J. , Stojanovic M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionNeurological soft signs (NSS) refer to a group of neurological deficits with no apparent pathognomonic supstrate and comprise phenomena such as disorders of simple motor coordination, sensory integration, as well as disinhibition sings. Schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with a higher prevalence of NSS.Case summaryA 21-year-old male presented to our hospital with symptoms including anxiety, delusions, mood alterations, insomnia, and hypomania. Neurological assessment revealed presence of soft neurological signs. Personal history was positive for hypoxic birth injury and psychiatric heredity. During his stay, the patient showed not only partial response to treatment during several months, but also extrapyramidal symptomatology (limb hypertonia, decreased associated movements during walking, arm dropping, and rigidity of the neck, as well as elevated blood levels of CK, CRP, and high body temperature). There was no progression of NSS. The addition of valproate to antipsychotic treatment led to mild improvement. An MRI exam indicated presence of lesions in the white mass.DiscussionAlthough NSS have been more frequently associated with schizophrenia, especially in patients with dominant negative symptoms, there are findings, which suggest their presence in schizoaffective and bipolar disorders. Their presence is often an indicator of poor outcome, they can resemble EPS, and their association with frequency and severity of EPS is unclear.ConclusionThe presence of NSS is not enough to discriminate schizoaffective disorder, a “vague” diagnosis from others in what is considered the psychotic spectrum.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Treating ADHD in people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Courtenay K. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is more prevalent in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Drug therapy is the primary treatment for ADHD targeting the core signs of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (NICE 2013). Knowledge on ADHD has been gleaned from studies in children and children with ID. People with ID have comorbid disorders for example, autism and epilepsy that can complicate the management of ADHD. Knowledge of the effects of treatment is essential in managing ADHD in people with ID. The current evidence on the application of drug therapy for ADHD in ID is described.MethodA literature review of publications in English language was undertaken.ResultsUsing medication to treat ADHD is effective in treating the signs of ADHD in people with ID. The response rates in ID to drug therapy for ADHD approximates to 55% that is lower than in the general population. People with ID experience more side effects from medication that can lead to withdrawal from treatment. Guidelines exist internationally on the appropriate prescribing of medication. Methylphenidate, a psycho-stimulant drug is the drug of first choice. Atomxetine, a non-stimulant drug, is effective in people with ID.ConclusionsADHD in people with ID is treatable but clinicians need to be knowledgeable and skilled in managing the disorder in people with ID. Newer drugs could offer more because of their different profile of more tolerable side effects.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Integrative approach to the construction of psychosocial rehabilitation of mental and behaviour disorders in children moved out of “Anti-Terrorist Operation” zone
Authors: Mykhaylov B. , Vodka M. , Aliieva T. , Vashkite I. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe problem of children's mental health in Ukraine – it is one of the most pressing problems in the country's health. This is due to the increasing number of extreme situations (military operations in the territory of Ukraine) for the last time that calls for the training of specialists capable of carrying out psychosocial rehabilitation to victims of “anti-terrorist operation”(ATO).ObjectivesThe mental and behaviour disorders in children affected of ATO. We studied 261 families: 107 adults and 154 children. The aim of the project was to optimize the provision of psycho-social support for children and adolescents with problems of the psychic sphere by developing a system of psychological adjustment and social education at the Centre for psychosocial rehabilitation of children, as well as the creation of the necessary conditions that expand the comfort and a safe space for the child to enhance positive impacts and mitigate negative impacts of the social environment.MethodsThe leading role was played by a combination of two areas of work, namely the psychocorrection (trainings, art-, individual-, family-, hyppo-therapy) and social work.ResultsIn 85.4% of the children showed stabilization of mental and emotional state, reducing aggression, increasing motivation to social activity. In 56.3% of families – reducing conflict relations.ConclusionsThe non-standard way of psycho-correction allowed organizing a fruitful and creative leisure, which resulted in the reduction of aggression and anxiety, increased motivation for the successful development of new activities and problem-solving skills and conflict situations with peers and family members.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Increased libido as a buproion-SR side effect: Clinical description of a case
Authors: Gallardo Borge L. , Noval Canga C. , Rodíguez Andrés L. , Sevillano Benito I. , Hernández García M. , Álvarez Astorga A. , Hernández Antón R. , Gómez Sánchez S. , Isidro García G. , Marqués Cabezas P. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionBupropion is a dual antidepressant, a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Its main use is in affective disorders as major depression. Antidepressants have been commonly associated with sexual side effects in the libido, sexual arousal, orgasm and erectile function. Bupropion has negative influence in sexual function, even it could increase the libido. Due to this, it could be a good option in patients with active sexual life and affective disorder.Clinical reportA 58-year-old female with a long history of depression disorder for 5 years. History of lots of side effects with different treatments, sexual dysfunction with serotonin-antidepressants. Treated with bupropion SR 150 mg/day and alprazolam, she suffered a relapse. The bupropion was increased to 300 mg/day. Three days later she appeared in the consultation room, presented a sense of pre-orgasmic of 72 hours of evolution, high increased libido, tiredness, muscle tension and insomnia. This sense did not improve after the sexual act. It had never happened previously. The side effect improved when the bupropion was reduced to 150 mg/day and disappeared with its withdrawal.ConclusionsThe case made a relationship between the increased of bupropion's dose and the appearance of unusual sexual side effects (increased of libido and pre-orgasmic sense). Not only bupropion is one of the antidepressants that do not cause sexual dysfunction, if not it was reported in some trials that could be a treatment against this dysfunction due to its prosexual effects. The mechanism is unknown but could be related with norepinephrine or dopamine transmission.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Sociodemographic variables and efficacy study in psychotic patients after 12 months of outpatient treatment with paliperidone palmitate (PP)
Authors: Manzur Rojas P. , Botias Cegarra P. , Raposo Hernandez M.R. , Ibernon Caballero M.I. , Sanchez Bahillo A. , Gonzalez Galdamez A.L. , Martinez Mirete M.J. , Belmar Simo A. , Carrillo Cordoba M.A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionPsychotic disorders are serious mental illnesses that compromise the quality of life of patients. It is important to know the characteristics of the affected population, seek to improve the adhesion and functionality.ObjectivesTo describe the sociodemographic characteristics of patients treated with Palmitato Paliperidona (PP). Analyze the efficacy variables, adherence to treatment.MethodsCross-sectional study of 15 patients in outpatient follow-up after 12 months of treatment with PP. Sociodemographic characteristics are collected, mean dose of PP, through a mirror study. Scales to measure the functionality, clinical status and attitude towards medication apply: Scale of personal and social functioning (PSP), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-SI) and attitudes toward Inventory Medication (DAI).ResultsThe sample consists of 15 patients (54% male). 81% are single; 77% live alone and 94% not working. The mean dose of PP is 147 mg/month. DAI shows a good attitude to the treatment (80%). The PSP shows that 22% of patients have serious difficulties in its development. The CGI-SI shows that 67% are moderately sick and the BPRS that 33% of patients have a serious disorder.ConclusionsThe demographic profile of patients after 12 months of treatment with PP coincides with male, unmarried, unemployed, living alone. Most have good adherence. The variables measured by the CGI-SI, BPRS and PSP, displayed moderately ill patients with severe difficulties or marked on their autonomy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Pseudoakathisia in a patient with clotiapine abuse: Report of a case
Authors: Quandt P. , Cejas Méndez M.D.R. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionObjective symptoms of akathisia in the absence of subjective symptoms is known as pseudoakathisia, more often diagnosed in older patients with long-term antipsychotic treatment.ObjectiveTo describe a case of pseudoakathisia in a patient with clotiapine abuse.AimsPseudoakathisia management.MethodsX is a 47-year-old male with chronic insomnia treated with clotiapine 40 mg/day for four years. He admits abusive neuroleptic consumption in the past eight months (160 mg/day), without any psychiatric control for years. In recent months he has experienced different organic complications, requiring multiple hospitalizations. During psychiatric examinations due to confusional states, repeated lower limbs movements were objectified. X reported he presented these movements for at least six months, without complaints of inner restlessness feeling. Neurological examination showed normal DAT-SCAN result. Clinical progression was evaluated using BARS scale (Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale).ResultsFollowing the results of tests and statements of drug history, X was diagnosed with clotiapine-induced pseudoakathisia. Neuroleptic treatment was suspended, and clonazepam 6 mg/day and propranolol in ascending doses up to 80 mg/day were initiated. In subsequent evaluations, progressive decrease in movement intensity was observed. However, complete remission after four months from clotiapine suspension was not achieved.ConclusionsPseudoakathisia is a concept not well defined at this moment and different hypotheses about its nature are considered. It has been suggested that it is a form of delayed dyskinesia, or a clinical progression from akathisia, with acquired subjective discomfort tolerance. The most widely used treatment includes benzodiazepines, beta-blockers and anticholinergics, although their effectiveness is limited.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Mega-review of meta-analyses investigating the short-term efficacy of pharmacologic augmentation strategies of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Rubio J.M. , Inczedy-Farkas G. , Leucht S. , Kane J.M. , Correll C. 
Published: May 2016

Antipsychotics are the cornerstone of treatment for schizophrenia, but they have limited effectiveness, as most patients require subsequent strategies at some point of their treatment. Despite being widely used, the efficacy of pharmacologic augmentation of antipsychotics is controversial and no combination treatment has been approved for schizophrenia. We conducted a systematic review in PubMed and PsycInfo on June 1st 2015 and a random effects meta-analysis of meta-analyses of short-term, placebo-controlled studies of pharmacological augmentation strategies of antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Methodological quality of meta-analyses was measured using the AMSTAR, plus 6 additional items developed to rate the content quality of the meta-analyzed trials. Out of 3062 publications, we identified 36 eligible augmenting strategies. For total symptom reduction, 25 strategies augmenting antipsychotics and 5 strategies augmenting clozapine were eligible and examined. Eleven strategies were more efficacious than placebo, none of them augmenting clozapine. Significant effect sizes ranged between SMD −1.03 and −0.23. Efficacy was not correlated with the quality of the meta-analyses. Only the meta-analysis for NSAIDs augmentation had a score greater than half of the possible points for content quality. Only antipsychotics, azapirones, antidepressants and lithium were less discontinued than placebo. Serotonin-3-receptor antagonists, lamotrigine, mirtazapine/mianserine, minocycline and estrogens had large effect sizes augmenting antipsychotics. However the quality of the content of most meta-analyses was low. The NSAIDs augmentation meta-analysis had the best content quality, yet with a low effect size for efficacy. The evidence for short-term augmentation strategies of antipsychotics in schizophrenia is inconclusive, due to the limited quality of the available trials.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The impact of tobacco smoking in patients taking long-action injection drugs – A retrospective comparative study between haloperidol and risperidone
Authors: Silva J. , Prata-Ribeiro H. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSmoking rate seems to be higher among patients with schizophrenia, comparing to other psychiatric entities, mainly in those who are on typical antipsychotics. Tobacco is known to have enzyme inducer properties, due to cytochrome P450 complex activity: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2D6. CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 play an important role in antipsychotics metabolism, mainly in the first generation ones, like haloperidol, despite its importance in risperidone metabolism.AimTo analyze the importance of tobacco smoking in patients taking long-action injections.ObjectivesTo investigate how sexual dysfunction varies with tobacco smoking, in patients taking long-action injections.MethodsIndividuals from both sexes, from 18 to 55 years old, taking antipsychotic long-action injections, answered the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX).ResultsIn the studied population (n = 44), there were 20 individuals on haloperidol and 24 individuals on risperidone. In a total of 18 (40.9%) positive results for sexual dysfunction, 6 were on haloperidol (30%), 12 (50%) were on risperidone. Seventeen individuals of the 20 who were on haloperidol were smokers, but only 4 were considered to have sexual dysfunction, 35.3%; 12 of the 24 individuals who were on risperidone were smokers, but only 5 were considered to have sexual dysfunction, 41.7%.ConclusionsPatients treated with haloperidol smoke more, comparing to risperidone. Sexual dysfunction is more frequent in patients taking risperidone than in patients taking haloperidol. This data supports that CYP2D6-CYP1A2 induction by tobacco, mainly interacts with haloperidol, which may be helpful for patients to try less side effects.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Awkward movements: Extrapyramidal symptoms in a group of patients treated with aripiprazole long acting injectable
Authors: Victor C. , Berta S. , Ivan T. , Silvia O. , Sandra C. , Estanislao M. , Luis Miguel M. , Moreno J. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionExtrapyramidal symptoms are well known as side effects in therapy with antipsychotics. Explore this side effects is mandatory because they normally are a cause of treatment discontinuation or assess a change in medication. Some studies notice how long acting injectable antipsychotic cause less extrapyramidal symptoms than oral treatment, others does not find differences.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to analyze the extrapyramidal symptoms presented on a group of patients treated with aripiprazole long acting injectable (ALAI) follow-up in a mental health care center.MethodsDescriptive study of a group of patients treated with ALAI. To assess the possible extrapyramidal symptoms due to treatment we have used the Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS). The follow up was 3 months after initiation of treatment.ResultsSix patients were included in the study, 2 women (33.3%) and 4 men (66.7%). The mean age of the sample was 37 years old. The different diagnoses of the group were 4 patients with psychotic disorder (66.7%; 2 schizophrenia, 1 schizoaffective disorder and 1 delusional chronic disorder) and the other 2 had an affective disorder (33.3%; both bipolar disorder). The average score for the SAS was 1.2 meaning normal results and therefore no significant extrapyramidal symptoms.ConclusionsIn our sample the average of the results obtained by applying the SAS is considered within normal limits. In our case as to extrapyramidal effects ALAI treatment has been well tolerated. A larger sample would be needed to obtain more reliable results.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.