bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrological constraints on the tectonic setting of the Kathmandu Nappe in the Langtang–Gosainkund–Helambu regions, Central Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Rapa G. , Groppo C. , Mosca P. , Rolfo F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Gosainkund–Helambu region in central Nepal occupies a key area for the development of Himalayan kinematic models, connecting the well‐investigated Langtang area to the north with the Kathmandu Nappe (KN), whose interpretation is still debated, to the south. In order to understand the structural and metamorphic architecture of the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) in this region, a detailed petrological study was performed, focusing on selected metapelite samples from both the Gosainkund–Helambu and Langtang transects. The structurally lowest sample investigated belongs to the Lesser Himalayan Sequence; its metamorphic evolution is characterized by a narrow hairpin P–T path with peak P–T conditions of 595 ± 25 °C, 7.5 ± 1 kbar. All of the other samples here investigated belong to the GHS. Along the Langtang section, two tectono‐metamorphic units have been distinguished within the GHS: the Lower Greater Himalayan Sequence (L‐GHS), characterized by peak P–T conditions at 728 ± 11 °C, 10 ± 0.5 kbar (corresponding to a T/depth ratio of 22 ± 1 °C km−1), and the structurally higher Upper Greater Himalayan Sequence, with peak metamorphic conditions at 780 ± 20 °C, 7.8 ± 0.8 kbar (corresponding to a T/depth ratio of 31 ± 4 °C km−1). This confirms the existence of a main tectono‐metamorphic discontinuity within the GHS, as previously suggested by other authors. The results of petrological modelling of the metapelites from the Gosainkund–Helambu section show that this region is entirely comprised within a sub‐horizontal and thin L‐GHS unit: the estimated peak metamorphic conditions of 734 ± 19 °C, 10 ± 0.8 kbar correspond to a uniform T/depth ratio of 23 ± 3 °C km−1. The metamorphic discontinuity identified along the Langtang transect and dividing the GHS in two tectono‐metamorphic units is located at a structural level too high to be intersected along the Gosainkund–Helambu section. Our results have significant implications for the interpretation of the KN and provide a contribution to the more general discussion of the Himalayan kinematic models. We demonstrate that the structurally lower unit of the KN (known as Sheopuri Gneiss) can be correlated with the L‐GHS unit; this result strongly supports those models that correlate the KN to the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence and that suggest the merging of the South Tibetan Detachment System and the Main Central Thrust on the northern side of the KN. Moreover we speculate that, in this sector of the Himalayan chain, the most appropriate kinematic model able to explain the observed tectono‐metamorphic architecture of the GHS is the duplexing model, or hybrid models which combine the duplexing model with another end‐member model.
Reduction of coherent artefacts in super‐resolution fluorescence localisation microscopy
Authors: GEORGIADES PANTELIS , ALLAN VIKI J. , DICKINSON MARK , WAIGH THOMAS A. 
Published: August 2016

SummarySuper‐resolution localisation microscopy techniques depend on uniform illumination across the field of view, otherwise the resolution is degraded, resulting in imaging artefacts such as fringes. Lasers are currently the light source of choice for switching fluorophores in PALM/STORM methods due to their high power and narrow bandwidth. However, the high coherence of these sources often creates interference phenomena in the microscopes, with associated fringes/speckle artefacts in the images. We quantitatively demonstrate the use of a polymer membrane speckle scrambler to reduce the effect of the coherence phenomena. The effects of speckle in the illumination plane, at the camera and after software localisation of the fluorophores, were characterised. Speckle phenomena degrade the resolution of the microscope at large length scales in reconstructed images, effects that were suppressed by the speckle scrambler, but the small length scale resolution is unchanged at ∼30 nm.
Applications of Ultrasound in the Resection of Brain Tumors
Authors: Sastry Rahul , Bi Wenya Linda , Pieper Steve , Frisken Sarah , Kapur Tina , Wells William , Golby Alexandra J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTNeurosurgery makes use of preoperative imaging to visualize pathology, inform surgical planning, and evaluate the safety of selected approaches. The utility of preoperative imaging for neuronavigation, however, is diminished by the well‐characterized phenomenon of brain shift, in which the brain deforms intraoperatively as a result of craniotomy, swelling, gravity, tumor resection, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, and many other factors. As such, there is a need for updated intraoperative information that accurately reflects intraoperative conditions. Since 1982, intraoperative ultrasound has allowed neurosurgeons to craft and update operative plans without ionizing radiation exposure or major workflow interruption. Continued evolution of ultrasound technology since its introduction has resulted in superior imaging quality, smaller probes, and more seamless integration with neuronavigation systems. Furthermore, the introduction of related imaging modalities, such as 3‐dimensional ultrasound, contrast‐enhanced ultrasound, high‐frequency ultrasound, and ultrasound elastography, has dramatically expanded the options available to the neurosurgeon intraoperatively. In the context of these advances, we review the current state, potential, and challenges of intraoperative ultrasound for brain tumor resection. We begin by evaluating these ultrasound technologies and their relative advantages and disadvantages. We then review three specific applications of these ultrasound technologies to brain tumor resection: (1) intraoperative navigation, (2) assessment of extent of resection, and (3) brain shift monitoring and compensation. We conclude by identifying opportunities for future directions in the development of ultrasound technologies.
Intercontinental disjunctions between eastern Asia and western North America in vascular plants highlight the biogeographic importance of the Bering land bridge from late Cretaceous to Neogene
Authors: Wen Jun , Nie Ze‐Long , Ickert‐Bond Stefanie M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis review shows a close biogeographic connection between eastern Asia and western North America from the late Cretaceous to the late Neogene in major lineages of vascular plants (flowering plants, gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes). Of the eastern Asian–North American disjuncts, conifers exhibit a high proportion of disjuncts between eastern Asia and western North America. Several lineages of ferns also show a recent disjunct pattern in the two areas. In flowering plants, the pattern is commonly shown in temperate elements between northeastern Asia and northwestern North America, as well as elements of the relict boreotropical and Neogene mesophytic and coniferous floras. The many cases of intercontinental biogeographic disjunctions between eastern Asia and western North America in plants supported by recent phylogenetic analyses highlight the importance of the Bering land bridge and/or the plant migrations across the Beringian region from the late Cretaceous to the late Neogene, especially during the Miocene. The Beringian region has permitted the filtering and migration of certain plant taxa since the Pliocene after the opening of the Bering Strait, as many conspecific taxa or closely related species occur on both sides of Beringia.
Rare or cryptic? The first report of an Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai) in the South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Cypriano‐Souza Ana Lúcia , de Meirelles Ana Carolina Oliveira , Carvalho Vitor Luz , Bonatto Sandro Luis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai), previously referred to as a small form of Bryde's whale, was described in 2003 as a distinct baleen whale species of the family Balaenopteridae. Omura's whales are currently confirmed to occur in three of the world's oceans; the western Pacific, Indian, and northeastern Atlantic. Here we report the genetic identification and a morphological description of a 4.16 m female calf of an Omura's whale found stranded in Pecém beach (03°32′11.6″S, 38°47′51.8″W), northeastern Brazil, in 2010. The three mitochondrial DNA markers (control region, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) unequivocally identified the specimen as a B. omurai, providing the first report of this species in the South Atlantic Ocean. The morphological identification of the specimen was limited due to the absence of the skull and loss of color pattern, but the proportions of the body were not consistent with the other balenopterid species and a single rostrum ridge distinguished it from Bryde's whales. This, together with the record of another juvenile in Mauritania, suggests the existence of an autochthonous Atlantic population of Omura's whales and indicates a necessity of reassessment of specimens indicated as Bryde's whale in the region.
T‐cell epitope‐containing hypoallergenic β‐lactoglobulin for oral immunotherapy in milk allergy
Authors: Ueno Hiroshi M. , Kato Teruhiko , Ohnishi Hidenori , Kawamoto Norio , Kato Zenichiro , Kaneko Hideo , Kondo Naomi , Nakano Taku 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundOptimally hydrolyzed β‐Lactoglobulin (βLg) is a promising milk oral immunotherapy (OIT) candidate with respect to showing reduced B‐cell reactivity but retaining the T‐cell epitope. To demonstrate that an edible hypoallergenic βLg hydrolysate containing the T‐cell epitope is suitable for OIT. We tested how chymotrypsin affected the retention of the T‐cell epitope of βLg when preparing βLg hydrolysates using food‐grade trypsin.MethodsWe investigated the effect of chymotrypsin activity on the formation of the T‐cell epitope‐containing peptide of βLg (βLg102–124) and prepared an edible βLg hydrolysate containing βLg102–124 using screened food‐grade trypsins. B‐cell reactivity was determined using immunoassays in which ELISA was performed with anti‐βLg rabbit IgG and Western blotting was performed with a milk‐specific IgE antiserum.ResultsIn βLg hydrolysis performed by varying the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin, chymotrypsin activity inhibited the formation of βLg102–124 with an increase in hydrolysis time in a dose‐dependent manner. βLg102–124 was generated by two of five food‐grade trypsins used at a ratio of 1:50 (w/w, enzyme/substrate) for 20 h at 40°C. The edible βLg hydrolysate retained βLg102–124 and showed a reduction in molecular weight distribution and antigenicity against IgG and IgE.ConclusionsChymotrypsin activity inhibited the formation of βLg102–124 in the trypsin hydrolysate of βLg. This βLg trypsin hydrolysate is a novel candidate for peptide‐based OIT in cow's milk allergy for safely inducing desensitization.
Nervous System Sensitization as a Predictor of Outcome in the Treatment of Peripheral Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: O'Leary Helen , Smart Keith M. , Moloney Niamh A. , Doody Catherine M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundResearch suggests that peripheral and central nervous system sensitization can contribute to the overall pain experience in peripheral musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. It is unclear, however, whether sensitization of the nervous system results in poorer outcomes following the treatment. This systematic review investigated whether nervous system sensitization in peripheral MSK conditions predicts poorer clinical outcomes in response to a surgical or conservative intervention.MethodsFour electronic databases were searched to identify the relevant studies. Eligible studies had a prospective design, with a follow‐up assessing the outcome in terms of pain or disability. Studies that used baseline indices of nervous system sensitization were included, such as quantitative sensory testing (QST) or questionnaires that measured centrally mediated symptoms.ResultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, of which six were at a high risk of bias. The peripheral MSK conditions investigated were knee and hip osteoarthritis, shoulder pain, and elbow tendinopathy. QST parameters indicative of sensitization (lower electrical pain thresholds, cold hyperalgesia, enhanced temporal summation, lower punctate sharpness thresholds) were associated with negative outcome (more pain or disability) in 5 small exploratory studies. Larger studies that accounted for multiple confounders in design and analysis did not support a predictive relationship between QST parameters and outcome. Two studies used self‐report measures to capture comorbid centrally mediated symptoms, and found higher questionnaire scores were independently predictive of more persistent pain following a total joint arthroplasty.ConclusionThis systematic review found insufficient evidence to support an independent predictive relationship between QST measures of nervous system sensitization and treatment outcome. Self‐report measures demonstrated better predictive ability. Further high‐quality prognostic research is warranted.
Fine mapping of a day‐length‐sensitive dwarf gene in rice
Authors: Wang Min , Chen Liping , Qin Ruizhen , Zhang Haitao , Shi Yingrao , Chen Qinquan , Luo Sheng , Wang Fan , Cheng Zhijun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDwarf mutants are valuable and crucial resources for genetic research and crop breeding programme in rice. In this study, we identified a dwarf mutant derive from tissue culture, which exhibited a delayed heading date and dwarfism under long‐day growth conditions, suggesting the heading date of dwarf mutant was sensitive to day length. Based on 2000 F2 mutant‐like individuals from the cross of the mutant and a Japonica var. ‘IRAT129’, the dwarf gene was finally narrowed into a 512‐kb region near the centromere on chromosome 9. According to the sequence analysis of a delimited region, 21 genes had base alternations either in promoters (15 SNPs) or in coding regions (6 InDels) among 73 annotated genes, and five genes were confirmed sequence alternations resulting from their expression mainly in the vegetative organs. Given to the RNAi plants of the five genes incapable to mimic dwarf and late heading date phenotype, the candidate gene remains to be identified by other genetic or molecular methods. Therefore, all these results give us informative foundation for the day‐length‐sensitive dwarf gene isolation.
Combined use of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles and sex pheromones for mate location in braconid parasitoids
Authors: Xu Hao , Desurmont Gaylord , Degen Thomas , Zhou Guoxin , Laplanche Diane , Henryk Luka , Turlings Ted C.J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHerbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important cues for female parasitic wasps to find hosts. Here, we investigated the possibility that HIPVs may also serve parasitoids as cues to locate mates. To test this, the odour preferences of four braconid wasps – the gregarious parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (L.) and the solitary parasitoids Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), Microplitis rufiventris Kokujev and Microplitis mediator (Haliday) – were studied in olfactometers. Each species showed attraction to pheromones but in somewhat different ways. Males of the two Cotesia species were attracted to virgin females, whereas females of M. rufiventris were attracted to virgin males. Male and female M. mediator exhibited attraction to both sexes. Importantly, female and male wasps of all four species were strongly attracted by HIPVs, independent of mating status. In most cases, male wasps were also attracted to intact plants. The wasps preferred the combination of HIPVs and pheromones over plant odours alone, except M. mediator, which appears to mainly use HIPVs for mate location. We discuss the ecological contexts in which the combined use of pheromones and HIPVs by parasitoids can be expected. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that braconid parasitoids use HIPVs and pheromones in combination to locate mates.
Depressive symptoms and attribute type moderate effects of partner feedback among college couples
Authors: WU KAREN , CHEN CHUANSHENG , GREENBERGER ELLEN 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrevious findings on the effects of partner feedback (about the self) have been mixed, potentially due to moderating roles of individuals' prior well‐being and the type of attributes appraised. This experimental study of 118 college‐student couples examined whether depressive symptoms moderated responses to partner feedback that was either enhancing or verifying of either social (communion‐related) or personal (agency‐related) attributes. Results showed that individuals with fewer depressive symptoms reported higher relationship quality after receiving partner feedback (particularly when it was enhancing) on their personal (vs. social) attributes. Conversely, individuals with more depressive symptoms reported higher relationship quality after receiving social partner feedback (particularly when it was enhancing). Thus, individuals' prior well‐being and communion‐related versus agency‐related attributes should be considered in studies of interpersonal feedback.
Suicidality, Self‐Harm, and Body Dissatisfaction in Transgender Adolescents and Emerging Adults with Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Peterson Claire M. , Matthews Abigail , Copps‐Smith Emily , Conard Lee Ann 
Published: August 2016

Prevalence of suicide attempts, self‐injurious behaviors, and associated psychosocial factors were examined in a clinical sample of transgender (TG) adolescents and emerging adults (n = 96). Twenty‐seven (30.3%) TG youth reported a history of at least one suicide attempt and 40 (41.8%) reported a history of self‐injurious behaviors. There was a higher frequency of suicide attempts in TG youth with a desire for weight change, and more female‐to‐male youth reported a history of suicide attempts and self‐harm behaviors than male‐to‐female youth. Findings indicate that this population is at a high risk for psychiatric comorbidities and life‐threatening behaviors.
Increase in passive muscle tension of the quadriceps muscle heads in jumping athletes with patellar tendinopathy
Authors: Zhang Z. J. , Ng G. Y. F. , Lee W. C. , Fu S. N. 
Published: August 2016

To investigate the passive muscle tension of the quadriceps muscle heads in male athletes clinically diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy (PT) with those of healthy controls and explore the interplay between passive muscle tension and patellar tendon stiffness. Between November 2012 and December 2013, 66 male athletes (mean age of 21.1 ± 4.4 years) were examined using supersonic shear wave imaging technology. The passive tension of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles and patellar tendon stiffness were assessed. The shear elastic modulus of the VL muscle was increased by 26.5% (P < 0.001) in the subjects with PT when compared with the controls. Greater passive tension in the VL was associated with higher patellar tendon stiffness (r = 0.38; P = 0.001). The vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps shows increase in passive muscle tension in jumping athletes with patellar tendinopathy. These findings suggest that increase in muscle tension is not similar in the individual muscles of the quadriceps muscle. Traditional stretching of the whole quadriceps muscle might not be targeted to the tight muscle heads.
Rapid proliferation and nucleolar organizer targeting centromeric retrotransposons in cotton
Authors: Han Jinlei , Masonbrink Rick E. , Shan Wenbo , Song Fengqin , Zhang Jisen , Yu Weichang , Wang Kunbo , Wu Yufeng , Tang Haibao , Wendel Jonathan F. , Wang Kai 
Published: August 2016

SummaryCentromeric chromatin in most eukaryotes is composed of highly repetitive centromeric retrotransposons and satellite repeats that are highly variable even among closely related species. The evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the rapid evolution of centromeric repeats remain unknown. To obtain insight into the evolution of centromeric repeats following polyploidy, we studied a model diploid progenitor (Gossypium raimondii, D‐genome) of the allopolyploid (AD‐genome) cottons, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense. Sequence analysis of chromatin‐immunoprecipitated DNA showed that the G. raimondii centromeric repeats originated from retrotransposon‐related sequences. Comparative analysis showed that nine of the 10 analyzed centromeric repeats were absent from the centromeres in the A‐genome and related diploid species (B‐, F‐ and G‐genomes), indicating that they colonized the centromeres of D‐genome lineage after the divergence of the A‐ and D‐ ancestral species or that they were ancestrally retained prior to the origin of Gossypium. Notably, six of the nine repeats were present in both the A‐ and D‐subgenomes in tetraploid G. hirsutum, and increased in abundance in both subgenomes. This finding suggests that centromeric repeats may spread and proliferate between genomes subsequent to polyploidization. Two repeats, Gr334 and Gr359 occurred in both the centromeres and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in D‐ and AD‐genome species, yet localized to just the NORs in A‐, B‐, F‐, and G‐genome species. Contained within is a story of an established centromeric repeat that is eliminated and allopolyploidization provides an opportunity for reinvasion and reestablishment, which broadens our evolutionary understanding behind the cycles of centromeric repeat establishment and targeting.
Arabidopsis phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase 1 involved in phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis and photosynthetic function
Authors: Lin Ying‐Chen , Kobayashi Koichi , Hung Chun‐Hsien , Wada Hajime , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: August 2016

SummaryPhosphatidylglycerol (PG) is an indispensable lipid constituent of photosynthetic membranes, whose function is essential in photosynthetic activity. In higher plants, the biological function of the last step of PG biosynthesis remains elusive because an enzyme catalyzing this reaction step, namely phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase (PGPP), has been a missing piece in the entire glycerolipid metabolic map. Here, we report the identification and characterization of AtPGPP1 encoding a PGPP in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression of AtPGPP1 in yeast Δgep4 complemented growth phenotype and PG‐producing activity, suggesting that AtPGPP1 encodes a functional PGPP. The GUS reporter assay showed that AtPGPP1 was preferentially expressed in hypocotyl, vasculatures, trichomes, guard cells, and stigmas. A subcellular localization study with GFP reporter indicated that AtPGPP1 is mainly localized at chloroplasts. A T‐DNA‐tagged knockout mutant of AtPGPP1, designated pgpp1‐1, showed pale green phenotype with reduced PG and chlorophyll contents but no defect in embryo development. In the pgpp1‐1 mutant, ultrastructure of plastids indicated defective development of chloroplasts and measurement of photosynthetic parameters showed impaired photosynthetic activity. These results suggest that AtPGPP1 is a primary plastidic PGPP required for PG biosynthesis and photosynthetic function in Arabidopsis.