bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Woke
Authors: Jackson Anthony J. , Katz-Fishman Walda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the collective materiality of exploitation, oppression, White supremacy, and patriarchy, and evaluates the growing death and destruction under the system of capitalism in the 21st century. It offers a call to action despite the seemingly irreversible crisis of capitalism in this new historical moment and answers essential questions around what it means to be woke in relation to the revolutionary process in this moment. It discusses the philosophical and theoretical foundations of wokism and its relationship to revolutionary education and the critical and liberatory consciousness that is produced. It theorizes two types of woke activists—woke reformists and woke revolutionaries. It illuminates woke revolutionary intellectuals, embracing their legacies and highlighting lessons learned from their contributions to revolutionary education. It ends with the hope and possibility of liberation, emphasizing the need for revolutionary education.
Be the Moose
Authors: Johnson Austin H. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pathways to and experiences of sociology for social justice are as diverse as the life course experiences of those who practice it. The author’s own experiences as a working-class, transgender sociologist from the southeastern United States has shaped his own career within this branch of sociology. Through critical narrative informed by sociological theory, this chapter offers a snapshot of the ways that sociology can shape individual and collective identities, how it can be used to understand and address experiences of social marginality, and how it might inform social change at multiple levels of social life.
Social Justice in the Academy and Beyond
Authors: Messineo Melinda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
There are numerous movements within higher education that strive to increase social justice through inclusive practices. Specifically, the efforts around antiracist/decolonizing and inclusive pedagogies, equity-focused rewards, efforts at building belonging, and community engagement leverage the strengths of sociology as a means to increase social justice in the academy. Starting with the phenomenon of “Middletown”, this chapter explores these approaches within the context of a program that began as a service-learning experience but developed into a community-engaged partnership based in reciprocity. It provides readers with strategies to apply these methods of praxis in their own campus and community contexts. Inherent in these efforts is the tension between trying to facilitate transformative experiences within the bureaucratic structures of higher education. Working within a severely challenged system, we pose the question of whether or not sociology can reach the ideals of inclusion it promises to the communities and students it serves.
Assessing Banking System Transformation and Financial Sector Reforms in the Post-Socialist Transition Economies
Authors: Nakamura Yasushi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The transition economies in East Europe and the former Soviet Union had to build a banking system from scratch in difficult economic conditions where the socialist system had left them with nonperforming financial assets and low-productivity physical capital. This chapter evaluates the present reach of banking and financial reform in the transition countries stemming from this situation, focusing on the fundamental role of the financial sector to increase the efficiency of converting mobilized domestic and foreign savings into economic growth. The efficiency was estimated with a Bayesian hierarchical model using data from countries around the world from 1990 to 2021. The results show that both East Europe and the former Soviet Union significantly increased converting efficiency; however, there seems to be room to increase it to increase it even more by further advancing financial reforms. The reliability of the estimation results for the period after 2008 is questionable due to the increased geopolitical tensions in the former Soviet Union countries and the Covid-19 pandemic. It is necessary to monitor the progress of the financial reform further.
The Role of Emotions in Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Recent international relations scholarship has made great strides in studying the impact of emotions on foreign policy decision-making. This chapter takes stock of the current state of the literature, focusing on three prominent elements of foreign policy: decision-making processes, foreign policy behavior, and basic rules of foreign policy. It demonstrates the role that emotions play at the level of each of the elements of foreign policy, including the emotional basis of grand strategy. This is followed by a discussion of prevalent ways to identify emotions and the level-of-analysis problem. Regarding the former, the chapter presents techniques to deal with the challenge of identification. Regarding the latter, it argues for the political relevance of individual-level emotion and against the notion that emotions must scale up in order to become politically consequential.
Emotions as Tools for Action
Authors: Van Rythoven Eric 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter makes the case for a pragmatist approach to emotion in International Relations (IR) where emotions are understood as tools for social action. Critical of how various dualisms (e.g., biology vs. culture, individual vs. collective, etc.) hamper emotions research, this chapter shifts the perspective to pragmatism’s distinctive view of social action as creative problem-solving. The central wager is that scholars would benefit from examining how social actors—including states, nongovernmental organizations, terrorist groups, and beyond—use emotions as “tools” to solve problems in global politics. To illustrate the argument, the chapter shows how emotions can be understood as tools for communication, sense-making, collective mobilization, and disciplining. The conclusion addresses how pragmatism’s distinctive view of social action highlights the possibility that emotions which serve as “tools” in one context can become “problems” in another.
Challenging Caste Hierarchies in Tamil Cinema
Authors: Eswaran Swarnavel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Caste played a significant role in Tamil cinema before and after the independence of India, and it does to this day. The Gandhian imperatives of an egalitarian society predicated on the upliftment of Harijans played a significant role in films such as Seva Sadanam (House of Service, 1938) and Thyaga Bhoomi (Land of Sacrifice, 1939), directed by K. Subramanyam. In addition, immediately after independence, the Dravidian ideologues, including Annadurai and Karunanidhi, questioned caste hierarchy and oppression in films such as Velaikkari (1949) and Parasakthi (1952). They interrogated irrational belief and exploitation in the name of religion through the character of the wicked priest and by rendering the temple precincts insecure for women. However, the most critical intervention in recent times has been through Dalit cinema, as spearheaded by Pa. Ranjith, whose films, including Attakathi (2012), Madras (2014), Kaala (2016), and Kabali (2018), challenge and undermine caste hierarchy.
Media Representations, Incarceration, and Social Justice
Authors: Key Adam 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Although significant attention has been paid toward the mediated representation of many minoritized groups, the portrayal of the incarcerated largely remains undiscussed. Despite this lack of research, the public perception of prisoners as irredeemably violent and worthy of maltreatment shapes public policy dealing with prisoners and is shaped by mediated representations. This chapter seeks to help increase the critical understanding of these representations and provide the tools to challenge them. Using the frame of convictism, a measure of bias against prisoners and criminals, it provides a means to analyze and chart bias against the incarcerated on both macro and micro levels. In addition, the chapter provides a comprehensive review of existing literature as well as a summary of current research into depictions on streaming platforms.
Alternative Cultures of Resistance and Collective Organizing in the Platform Economy
Authors: Soriano Cheryll Ruth R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the forms of resistance and collective organization emerging from among location-based platform workers in the Philippines. During the past decade, digital labor platforms offering ride hailing, as well as food and last-mile delivery services, have attracted high numbers of workers in the region. The chapter examines how workers identify “new targets” to bargain with, new “repertoires of struggle,” as well as the material dimensions of these resistant and organizational forms. Juxtaposing the Philippine platform labor experience against worker mobilizations in the Global South, the chapter also outlines the role of communication and media technologies in these collective expressions.
An Evolution of Socioeconomic Inequality in Health Care Access in Malawi
Authors: Chirwa Gowokani Chijere 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution of socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare access in Malawi. Data for the chapter comes from three rounds of the nationally representative Integrated Household Surveys (IHS) of 2005, 2010, and 2016. Concentration curves and concentration indices were used to assess the socioeconomic inequality in health care access. The findings indicate that the concentration curves show more use of health care by wealthier individuals. This is also supported by the concentration indices for health care access, which were positive and increasing in value. These findings mean that universal health coverage may not be achieved as many people are already being left behind due to a lack of access to health care. Therefore, there is a need for policies such as intensifying mobile clinics and health cards for the less privileged to address the factors that contribute to this disparity in health care access.
Socioeconomic Impact of Covid-19 on Household Welfare in Malawi
Authors: Awel Yesuf M. , Chavula Hopestone Kayiska 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households in Malawi using data from the Malawi Integrated Household Survey, Wave 5. The analysis is based on a simple COVID-19 sectoral impact assessment framework combined with a microeconomic analysis at household level to quantify the effect of COVID-19 and the potential effectiveness of social protection interventions in the country. It finds that the pandemic increased consumption losses, translating into a significant rise in poverty of up to 8.2 percentage points from the pre-crisis level. It also shows the negative effects of the pandemic to be heterogenous by households’ area of residence and gender. The chapter emphasizes the need to mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic through timely social protection schemes adapted to effectively respond to the heterogenous impact of the pandemic on household welfare.
The Presidency and Constitutionalism in Malawi
Authors: Nkhata Mwiza Jo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi stipulates, in clear and unambiguous terms, its supremacy over all laws in the country. One of the most important offices that it establishes is the presidency. This chapter is an interrogation of the presidency through the prism of constitutionalism. It demonstrates that, thus far, presidents in Malawi have shown a tendency to arrogate to themselves authority over and above that permitted by law. To improve the myriad governance issues facing Malawi, the chapter proposes, among other things, reforming the vice presidency, reinvigorating the oversight functions among the branches of government and harnessing the law to support good governance.
Aquaculture Policy Analysis Through Stakeholders’ Perception in Malawi
Authors: Jere Wilson Wesley Lazaro , Chirwa Elias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter investigates stakeholders’ perceptions of policy changes implemented to spur aquaculture production in Malawi and to determine if these policies generate intended outcomes. Despite its long history dating back to the 1950s, aquaculture production has failed to bridge the gap between fish supply and demand. Several policy changes and initiatives have been implemented to spur aquaculture production, such as genetic improvement programmes for indigenous fish species and the removal of taxes on fish feed imports and machinery for manufacturing fish feed. The study reveals that these efforts have created conflicting expectations among stakeholders. Among others, while farmers welcomed tax removal on fish feed imports as this would increase availability on the local market, local feed producers were afraid that cheap feed imports would kill the domestic feed manufacturing industry. The study recommends that aquaculture policies should not have opposing goals and should take into account aspirations of all stakeholders.
An Empirical Analysis of Malawi’s Manufacturing Productivity Growth
Authors: Chavula Hopestone Kayiska 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Since independence, the Malawian economy is believed to have undergone three distinct economic policy regimes: the import substitution period; the structural adjustment period; and the liberalized open economy era. Despite these policy regime changes, Malawi’s manufacturing sector’s contribution to the country’s economic and productivity growth has remained low. The objective of this chapter is therefore to identify policy options and the associated targeted areas that could enhance productivity and hence long-term growth in Malawi. This is done by decomposing the sector’s total factor productivity growth using the stochastic frontier approach over the period 1969–2015. The results show that the sector’s output growth has mainly been input-driven and productivity has mainly been driven by technological progress, albeit low, while the sector has mostly been technically inefficient. This calls for policies to reduce inefficiency and improve technological progress, through enhanced utilization of digital technologies and human capital with conducive macroeconomic environment.
Africa’s Integration and the African Continental Free Trade Area
Authors: Chinyama Emmanuel Joshua 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
rican countries continue to implement various policies and strategies aimed at establishing the African Economic Community as envisaged in the Abuja Treaty of 1991. The chapter examines some of the initiatives being implemented by African countries at national, regional, and continental levels, including the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), to identify the associated economic opportunities and challenges for Malawi. It focuses on how Malawi could fully reap the benefits arising from the establishment of a single market, while drawing lessons from existing regional blocs, such as the Southern Africa Development Community and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. It examines the key role that the AfCFTA could play in promoting the country’s economic growth and development. The findings reveal that Malawi would significantly benefit from these regional initiatives, especially the AfCFTA, if it creates the necessary macroeconomic and trade environment, despite some challenges in the short to medium term.
Conclusion
Authors: Chavula Hopestone Kayiska , Ngalawa Harold P. E. , Dulani Boniface , Munthali Thomas Chataghalala 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter takes stock of the findings from the chapters in this volume and distils key lessons into a policy framework to address the envisaged key challenges and bottlenecks that have or may derail the country’s growth and development, with the aim of shaping its long-term growth and development trajectory. Drawing on the available literature and new evidence adduced in this book, the chapter discusses policies and strategies that could enhance and strengthen Malawi’s long-term growth and development. The policy framework could assist in achieving and sustaining the country’s long-term growth, equity, and poverty reduction, by delving into the importance of good governance practices and effective institutions; effective fiscal and monetary policies; agricultural sector development and transformation; the importance of eliminating human condition imbalances related to employment, income, inequality, nutrition, health, and education; sustainable industrialization; and economic diversification, while harnessing digital technologies, climate-resilient measures and practices, and the AfCFTA.
The Political Economy of Global Health
Authors: Fischer Sara Elisa , Chasukwa Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the phenomenon of parallel systems for global health projects in Malawi. Whereas donors have committed to a set of aid effectiveness principles, their practices at the point of action often belie these commitments. Drawing on the literature on aid effectiveness for development, this chapter therefore argues that despite the common rhetoric on ownership and alignment with government policies, donor-funded projects still sometimes create parallel systems—through hiring practices, project implementation, or other aid delivery mechanisms—that undermine the health systems-strengthening goals they claim to uphold. Using intensive ethnographic methods, this chapter illustrates various ways through which parallel systems are created, and how these are often overlooked or justified as reasonable decisions on the part of project staff. These findings have implications for global health practice, developing country governments, and donor practice, and they provide evidence of a common problem in the political economy of development.
Inflation Dynamics, Output, and Monetary Policy in Malawi
Authors: Ngalawa Harold P. E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Monetary authorities in Malawi are mandated to pursue a low inflation strategy and ensure sustainable output growth and low unemployment. However, literature suggests that in order to achieve price stability, an understanding of the inflation–output relationship is essential, because the effects of monetary policy are dependent on their symmetric or asymmetric relationship and whether the asymmetry is convex or concave. This chapter empirically investigates this relationship by deriving and estimating a variant of the inflation expectations-augmented Phillips curve derived from the Lucas ‘surprise’ aggregate supply function using the generalized method of moments. The study finds a concave asymmetric Phillips curve, implying that the cost of lowering inflation following a positive demand shock is different from the cost of stimulating output growth following a negative demand shock of equal magnitude. Therefore, policymakers are expected to react swiftly when the economy shows signs of weakening rather than when it shows signs of strengthening.
Coalition Politics in India
Authors: Sridharan Eswaran 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter is an attempt to relate coalition behaviour and outcomes in India with coalition theory and comparative experience, looking at the distribution of types of coalition and/or minority governments in India with those in long-standing democracies. From 1989 to 2019, India has had nine national elections in which no single party won a majority of seats in the first seven, 1989–2009, necessitating the formation of coalition governments, and even in 2014 and 2019 the majority-winning BJP included pre-electoral allies to form an oversized coalition. These coalition governments have consisted, especially since 1996, of a very large number of parties (6–12), comparatively speaking, and have also been minority governments in that the coalitions still needed support from parties not in the government for a legislative majority. This pattern is a deviation from international patterns of coalition government and needs to be explained. The chapter argues that the apparently counter-intuitive patterns in India, that do not seem to fit theory or comparative experience, are explicable if one takes into account the institutional features of the Indian political and electoral system.
State–Business Relations in India
Authors: Murali Kanta 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the evolution of state-business relations in India over time and addresses the following questions. How have state-business relations in India changed over time? How can we characterize the nature of business power in the licensing era and after economic liberalization? The analysis of state-business relations over time in this chapter highlights three central aspects. First, there is a marked and significant increase in business power since the onset of extensive market reforms in 1991. However, the relationship between state and business is not purely one-sided and the state continues to retain some avenues of leverage over business. Second, not only has business enjoyed considerable growth in its power; the nature of its power has changed after liberalization; business power in India has shifted from veto power to agenda-setting power. Third, as Sinha (2019) argues, the lines between state and business have become increasingly blurred in the liberalization era.
Indian Secularism at CrossroadsAn Interpretation
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Newly independent India had to decide the character of the newly instituted state and its relationship with religion. It had two options: either to have a polity that consolidates inter and intra-religious domination, a patriarchal, upper-caste dominated Hindu majoritarian state, or to have a secular state that blocks these tendencies and tries to reduce both these forms of domination. In 1950, when India was declared a republic, it chose the second option with the explicit objective of confronting both forms of institutionalized religious domination. In doing so, two distinctive conceptions of political secularism were developed: one, the Gandhian social project of communal harmony and the other, Indian constitutional secularism marked by the state’s critical respect towards and principled distance from all religions. Both these conceptions are in deep crisis today. This is partly due to (a) the failure to prevent the transformation of Indian religious experiences into early modern forms of European religion, (b) not properly grasping and defending its distinctiveness, (a) allowing it to be reduced to a mere minority-protection device whereby its connection with caste and gender -based religious oppression is severed, (d) failing to distinguish between a defensible identity-constituting religious communitarianism and a mutually antagonistic communalism and finally, succumbing to an opportunist political use of religion that I call party-political secularism.