bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE THREE‐DIMENSIONAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPROVEMENT FOR GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE BASED ON TRT SYSTEM
Authors: Ming‐Zhou BAI , Gang TIAN , Cheng‐Liang WANG , Hai SHI , Yi‐Cong NIE , Yu‐Peng SHEN 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe TRT technology is used to achieve recognition of the disaster body with the help of seismic wave reflection principle; it can locate disaster body using a confocal ellipsoid changing with time composed by seismic focus and the receiving focus. By comparing the abnormal image area formed by TRT technology with the tunnel disaster area caused by the earthquake, the TRT anomaly area is divided into four types, which is cluster abnormal area, single abnormal area, faulted abnormal area and interbedded abnormal area. Aiming at TRT technology's own problems which is that the calculation of direct wave velocity is not enough accurate and the setting of background wave velocity is unreasonable, a corresponding improvement method is proposed. On one hand, to get the actual direct wave velocity between seismic focus and the receiving focus, through calculating the minimum actual spreading track of the direct wave in the tunnel. On the other hand, to obtain 1‐a confidence interval of actual direct wave velocity in the condition of Gaussian distribution, based on the distribution of direct wave velocity. To entry the upper and lower limits of the confidence interval as the background velocity into the TRT system, and gain two sets TRT's image, which gets rid of the singleness and blindness in setting the background wave velocity, and makes a certain confidence interval consideration for the improved geological hazard forecasting. The result of the present example shows that the effect of improved geological hazard forecasting is much better than the forecasting effect of setting the background wave velocity, in a certain degree, that avoids the possibility of omission in disaster prediction.
Validation of parallelizing transformations of sequential programs
Authors: Dutta Sudakshina 
Published: January 2017

SummaryTransformations for high‐performance superscalar, vector, and parallel processors maximize parallelism and memory locality. Often parallelizing compilers apply transformations, such as loop parallelization and loop vectorization, to convert a sequential array‐handling program into a parallel program. Validation of such transformations is extremely useful in the prevalent high‐performance computing environment. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for construction of the dependence graph of the generated parallel programs. These transformations are validated by checking equivalence of the dependence graphs of the original sequential program and the transformed parallel program using a standard algorithm reported in the literature. The above equivalence checker works even when the above parallelizing transformations are preceded by various enabling transformations except for loop collapsing transformation that changes the dimensions of the arrays. In the present paper, the scope of the equivalence checker has been expanded to handle this special case by informing it of the correspondence between the index spaces of the corresponding of input and output arrays in the sequential and the parallel programs. The proposed methods are implemented and tested against a set of available benchmark programs that are parallelized by the polyhedral auto‐parallelizer LooPo and the auto‐vectorizer Scout.
Bistability and Bifurcation in Minimal Self‐Replication and Nonenzymatic Catalytic Networks
Authors: Wagner Nathaniel , Mukherjee Rakesh , Maity Indrajit , Peacock‐Lopez Enrique , Ashkenasy Gonen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBistability and bifurcation, found in a wide range of biochemical networks, are central to the proper function of living systems. We investigate herein recent model systems that show bistable behavior based on nonenzymatic self‐replication reactions. Such models were used before to investigate catalytic growth, chemical logic operations, and additional processes of self‐organization leading to complexification. By solving for their steady‐state solutions by using various analytical and numerical methods, we analyze how and when these systems yield bistability and bifurcation and discover specific cases and conditions producing bistability. We demonstrate that the onset of bistability requires at least second‐order catalysis and results from a mismatch between the various forward and reverse processes. Our findings may have far‐reaching implications in understanding early evolutionary processes of complexification, emergence, and potentially the origin of life.
Pleural fluid cytology samples in cases of suspected lung cancer: An experience from a tertiary care centre
Authors: Kaur Gurwinder , Nijhawan Raje , Gupta Nalini , Singh Navneet , Rajwanshi Arvind 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivePleural effusion is present in some patients with lung carcinoma. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of pleural fluid cytology in suspected cases of lung carcinoma.MethodsIn this prospective study, 86 cases of suspected primary lung carcinoma associated with pleural effusion were included. Cytomorphology of conventional smears was combined with LBC smears and a cytomorphological diagnosis was offered. An immunopanel of CK7, CK5/6, p63, TTF1, calretinin, and CD56 was applied on cell blocks. Additional immunochemical markers were performed based on clinical details and cytomorphology, wherever indicated.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 56.8 years. The female to male ratio was 2.1:1. Lung nodule/mass could be detected in 70.9% cases by CECT chest. Cytomorphology was evaluated in all the 86 cases and IHC was used to refine the cytomorphological diagnosis. After IHC along with clinico‐radiological details, 61/86 (71%) cases were confirmed as metastasis from lung primary, 5/86 (5.8%) were diagnosed as metastatic adenocarcinoma of extrapulmonary origin, and 6/86 (7%) were metastatic SCC. A diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma was suspected in five cases. Other cases included small cell carcinoma (n = 2), large cell carcinoma (n = 2), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 3), and mesothelioma (n = 1). One case remained “uncategorized” even after IHC.ConclusionsImmunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on the pleural fluid sample can accurately diagnose and subtype primary lung carcinoma even in cases where radiology failed to identify a definite lung lesion. IHC can further help in delineating primary site in tumors of extrapulmonary origin. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:195–201. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disrupted trophic interactions affect recruitment of boreal deciduous and coniferous trees in northern Europe
Authors: Angelstam Per , Manton Michael , Pedersen Simen , Elbakidze Marine 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLoss of large carnivore populations may lead to increased population densities of large herbivores, and subsequent cascading effects on the composition, structure, and function of ecosystems. Using a macroecological approach based on studies in multiple boreal forest landscapes in the Baltic Sea region and Russia, we tested the hypothesis that disrupted trophic interactions among large carnivores and large herbivores affect the recruitment of both ecologically and economically valuable tree species. We measured damage levels on young trees and large herbivore density in 10 local landscapes representing a gradient from extinct to extant populations of both large carnivores and large herbivores. We also tested the alternative hypothesis that forest management intensity is correlated to reduced recruitment of these tree species. At the macroecological scale there was an inverse relationship between the number of large carnivores and large herbivores. This coincided with a steep gradient in browsing damage on the ecologically important aspen, rowan and sallow as hosts for specialized species, as well as the economically important Scots pine. In one landscape hunting had replaced the presence of carnivores. Mean damage levels of these four tree species were correlated with large herbivore abundance, but not with forest management intensity. We discuss the pros and cons of this macroecological approach, as well as the challenge of governing and managing trophic interactions at multiple scales.
Agents of change and temporal nutrient dynamics in the Altamaha River Watershed
Authors: Takagi Kimberly K. , Hunter Kimberley S. , Cai Wei‐Jun , Joye Samantha B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNutrient and carbon dynamics in river ecosystems are shifting, and climate change is likely a driving factor; however, some previous studies indicate anthropogenic modification of natural resources may supersede the effects of climate. To understand temporal changes in river ecosystems, consideration of how these agents act independently and collectively to affect watershed biogeochemistry is necessary. Through the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems Long‐Term Ecological Research Project, we assessed nutrient (phosphorus, nitrogen, silicate) and carbon dynamics, with specific regard to import and export, in the Altamaha River Basin from 2000 to 2012. This is the first study in the region to document the biogeochemical patterns in the Altamaha's four main tributaries, the Little Ocmulgee, Ocmulgee, Oconee, and Ohoopee rivers, and the relationships between biogeochemistry and historical precipitation and discharge patterns as well as agricultural and population census data. As discharge patterns are a primary driver of nutrient loads, we determined that water use was a dominant factor in the shifting ecosystem dynamics. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen loads were primarily driven by population density and dissolved inorganic phosphorus loads were strongly influenced by livestock biomass. Taken together, we conclude that both the transportation and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients within the Altamaha River Watershed were highly impacted by anthropogenic influences, which were then further exacerbated by continued climate change. Furthermore, the N‐ and P‐loads in the Altamaha River and tributaries were dominated by dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorus, emphasizing a need to further study the bioavailability of these species and the mechanisms driving their potential ecological impacts.
Pattern and scale in latitude–production relationships for freshwater fishes
Authors: Rypel Andrew L. , David Solomon R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEmpirically understanding spatial variation in secondary production rates is central to ecology. Yet for most taxa, such patterns are rarely examined, especially at different levels of ecological organization (e.g., species‐ vs. community‐level patterns). We compiled data on biomass, production, and P/B rates of freshwater fish communities and species across latitudes and contrast patterns observed at the community level with those observed for species. At the community level, and at two distinct spatial scales (global vs. continental‐North American), negative or neutral relationships were apparent between biomass, production, and P/B with latitude; however, there was substantial scatter in these data. Yet at the species level in North America, production was often closely linked to latitude, but in the opposite direction: Many species showed improved production with latitude. Latitudinal increases in species‐level production rates were strongest for cool‐ and cold‐water species, and species rarely showed the opposite trend. Species‐level increases in production with latitude strengthened when production rates were normalized by the thermal opportunity for production, suggesting potential adaptations of individuals and populations to shorter growing seasons (i.e., “countergradient” production) at high latitudes. At the global scale, there were apparent unimodal relationships between community fish production measures and species richness; however, these patterns became linearized or non‐significant at the continental scale. Decreased interspecific competition at northern latitudes combined with genetic adaptations (e.g., countergradient growth) could explain a tendency for increased species production in northern populations, while total community production remains reduced. Latitude has contrasting effects on fish production at different spatial scales and levels of biological organization. Thus while freshwater fish communities are somewhat more productive and diverse at lower latitudes, species production in northern populations is often surprisingly high.
A Nafion‐filled Polycarbonate Track‐Etched Composite Membrane with Enhanced Selectivity for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Gloukhovski R. , Tsur Y. , Freger V. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe high proton conductivity of Nafion© membranes in direct methanol fuel cells is attributed to a random three dimensional 3D network of elongated ion channels formed by bundles of rod‐like inverted micelles. However, this network is also responsible for high methanol crossover. In addition, its conductivity is impaired at temperatures 120 °C and above due to ion channel rearrangement, thus limiting the operational temperature to 60–80 °C. Here we report a composite proton exchange membrane prepared by filling the pores of polycarbonate track‐etched membrane with Nafion, which promote channel orientation roughly normal to the surface. The proton conductivity of this geometry is significantly enhanced, presumably due to the restricted swelling, resulting in a better ion channel connectivity and realignment in the axial pore direction upon hydration. The permeability of sodium chloride and methanol, though, is suppressed, presumably due to formation of regions of closely packed sulfonic groups, which facilitate proton transfer but strongly exclude other solutes. Composite membranes with improved conductivity and selectivity based on the principle presented here are expected to allow operating direct methanol fuel cells at higher temperatures and with higher methanol concentrations, thus reducing costs and increasing the efficiency.
Mutual effect of cerebral amyloid β and peripheral lymphocytes in cognitively normal older individuals
Authors: Yasuno Fumihiko , Kazui Hiroaki , Kajimoto Katsufumi , Ihara Masafumi , Morita Naomi , Taguchi Akihiko , Yamamoto Akihide , Matsuoka Kiwamu , Takahashi Masato , Nakagawara Jyoji , Tsuji Masahito , Iida Hidehiro , Kishimoto Toshifumi , Nagatsuka Kazuyuki 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveWe hypothesized that cerebral amyloid accumulation is reflected in the periphery in the pre‐dementia stage and used flow cytometry to investigate the peripheral lymphocytes as an easily accessible biomarker to observe neuro‐inflammation. We aimed to determine whether peripheral lymphocytes are related to the cortical amyloid burden or vice versa in cognitively normal older subjects.MethodsWe applied [11C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)‐positron emission tomography to 36 cognitively normal older individuals, and Aβ deposition was quantified by cortical binding potential (PiB‐BPND). Blood samples were obtained, and lymphocyte subsets were evaluated. We examined differences between low and high PiB‐BPND groups in the percentage of B cells, T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and natural killer cells.ResultsSubjects with high PiB‐BPND showed significantly higher percentage of cytotoxic T cells (%CD3+). Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the percentage of cytotoxic T cells and global cortical mean PiB‐BPND. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that cytotoxic T cells were significantly related to the value of global cortical mean PiB‐BPND and vice versa.ConclusionsOur results indicated that a specific peripheral immune response, reflected in the increased ratio of cytotoxic T cells, could be regarded as a preclinical sign of AD and could be attributed to the Aβ neuropathological mechanism. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tinnitus distress is linked to enhanced resting‐state functional connectivity from the limbic system to the auditory cortex
Authors: Chen Yu‐Chen , Xia Wenqing , Chen Huiyou , Feng Yuan , Xu Jin‐Jing , Gu Jian‐Ping , Salvi Richard , Yin Xindao 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe phantom sound of tinnitus is believed to be triggered by aberrant neural activity in the central auditory pathway, but since this debilitating condition is often associated with emotional distress and anxiety, these comorbidities likely arise from maladaptive functional connections to limbic structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus. To test this hypothesis, resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to identify aberrant effective connectivity of the amygdala and hippocampus in tinnitus patients and to determine the relationship with tinnitus characteristics. Chronic tinnitus patients (n = 26) and age‐, sex‐, and education‐matched healthy controls (n = 23) were included. Both groups were comparable for hearing level. Granger causality analysis utilizing the amygdala and hippocampus as seed regions were used to investigate the directional connectivity and the relationship with tinnitus duration or distress. Relative to healthy controls, tinnitus patients demonstrated abnormal directional connectivity of the amygdala and hippocampus, including primary and association auditory cortex, and other non‐auditory areas. Importantly, scores on the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaires were positively correlated with increased connectivity from the left amygdala to left superior temporal gyrus (r = 0.570, P = 0.005), and from the right amygdala to right superior temporal gyrus (r = 0.487, P = 0.018). Moreover, enhanced effective connectivity from the right hippocampus to left transverse temporal gyrus was correlated with tinnitus duration (r = 0.452, P = 0.030). The results showed that tinnitus distress strongly correlates with enhanced effective connectivity that is directed from the amygdala to the auditory cortex. The longer the phantom sensation, the more likely acute tinnitus becomes permanently encoded by memory traces in the hippocampus. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2384–2397, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Explorations in the Dynamics of Crystalline Solids and the Evolution of Crystal Formation Processes
Authors: Harris Kenneth D. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article describes a few selected areas of research within the field of structural chemistry, with emphasis on aspects that have been influenced and inspired by the seminal work of Jack Dunitz. The topics covered include the study of dynamic properties of crystalline materials, focusing on the use of solid‐state 2H NMR spectroscopy to unravel details of dynamic hydrogen‐bonding arrangements in crystalline alcohols and amino acids, as well as the use of in situ Raman microspectrometry to explore molecular transport processes through porous crystals. A case study involving the determination of both structural properties and dynamic properties of a material (ammonium cyanate) that is not amenable to structural characterization by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction is also presented. On the theme of exploring the time evolution of crystallization pathways, the recent development and application of in situ solid‐state NMR techniques for mapping time‐dependent changes that occur in the solid phase during crystallization processes are discussed. Finally, the article contemplates the prospects for deriving a fundamental physicochemical understanding of crystal nucleation processes, which is identified as perhaps the most significant challenge in structural chemistry in the next few decades.
The effectiveness of a multidisciplinary, team‐based approach to cesarean hysterectomy in modern obstetric practice
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin , Sangi‐Haghpeykar Haleh , Munnur Uma , Suresh Maya S. , Miller Harold , Hawkins Shannon M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary, team‐based approach to management of cesarean hysterectomy.MethodsIn a retrospective chart review, data were analyzed from a quality assurance database of hysterectomies performed after cesarean delivery at one institution in the USA. Patients were identified through billing codes for cesarean delivery, cross‐referenced to codes for hysterectomy. Demographic, reproductive, and outcome data were compared before (2000–2005) and after (2011–2013) implementation of a multidisciplinary team‐based protocol.ResultsAcross the two study periods, 107 cesarean hysterectomies were identified (69 pre‐implementation, 38 post‐implementation). In univariate analysis, the post‐implementation group had fewer days in surgical intensive care than did the pre‐implementation group (0.21 ± 0.41 vs 1.04 ± 2.44 days; P=0.011), and a lower frequency of febrile morbidity (4 [11%] vs 22 [32%]; P=0.033]. In multivariate analysis with adjustment for potential confounders, the likelihood of postoperative febrile morbidity was higher during the pre‐implementation than the post‐implementation period (adjusted odds ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.09–13.65; P=0.048).ConclusionOutcomes were improved after the multidisciplinary team‐based approach to cesarean hysterectomy was implemented. Team‐based approaches to care of women undergoing cesarean hysterectomy are important to improve outcomes.
How to Implement Therapeutic Evaluative Conditioning in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Franklin Joseph C. , Fox Kathryn R. , Ribeiro Jessica D. 
Published: January 2017

Self‐injurious behaviors (SIBs), including both suicidal and nonsuicidal self‐injury, are major public health problems that have been on the rise in recent decades. There are few effective SIB interventions, and those that are effective cannot reach most people who are in need of help–that is, these interventions are not scalable. To address this need, we recently developed a scalable, app‐based treatment called Therapeutic Evaluative Conditioning (TEC) that preliminary studies have shown causes reductions in SIBs (Franklin et al., 2016). Although TEC was developed and evaluated as a standalone, self‐administered intervention, it may also be a valuable therapeutic tool within traditional clinical settings. Here we provide a case illustration of a young adult female who presented at an outpatient clinic with a long history of self‐injurious behaviors and multiple failed treatment attempts. In discussing this case, we describe how to implement TEC within such a setting and what might be expected as a result.
Seilacher, Konstruktions‐Morphologie, Morphodynamics, and the Evolution of form
Authors: Briggs Derek E.G. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTAdolf Seilacher (1925–2014) was a German paleontologist who made the concept of Konstruktions‐Morphologie (constructional morphology) his own, recognizing that organism morphology is not simply an adaptive response to selection pressure but incorporates phylogenetic and structural influences as well. He was particularly interested in “fabricational noise,” nonadaptive features that are a consequence of available materials and modes of growth, but he also elucidated the nature of adaptive radiations—in bivalves and sand dollars, for example. His interpretations relied on detailed study of specimens, and during a long international career he investigated examples from almost every invertebrate fossil group resulting in his 2015 bookMorphodynamics, a compilation of his observations and iconic drawings that was published after his death. Seilacher's insights and observations on fossils have the potential to generate hypotheses about evolutionary development that may eventually be tested experimentally.