bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: energy
Authors: Whittemore C. T. , Knap P. W. , Green D. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA review of work reported in the literature was used to present quantitative descriptions of energy dispositioning in the growing pig. These are detailed in the text, which points to preferred values, as well as to anomalies and lacunae. The review was prepared with the objective of allowing from its content the inclusive and quantitative modelling of energy requirement. Requirement is approached as the sum of the component factors; maintenance, protein retention and lipid retention. Conventional expressions of maintenance requirement, as some function of pig mass, were found unconvincing in their variety of expression of coefficients and exponents. The review concluded that maintenance is properly related to protein turn-over, and thereby requires at least to include elements of concomitant protein metabolic activity. It was also judged that maintenance costs might be farm-specific. The energy requirements for activity, gaseous losses and disease were identified as important, but unsatisfactory in their quantification. Exploration of the energy costs of uncomfortable ambient temperatures suggested that whilst the responses of the pig are open to sophisticated and relatively exact calculation, the description of comfort remained inexact. The efficiency of retention of lipid by direct incorporation was high and may comprise a substantial proportion of the dietary lipid supply. There was little evidence of variation in the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy from carbohydrate for lipid retention. The linear-plateau paradigm for protein retention was adopted. The efficiency of utilization of energy for protein retention measured by a variety of approaches was found to be highly variable, prone to error and the literature confused. It was concluded that the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for protein retention would be a function of at least: (a) the absorbed substrate being metabolized for the synthesis of body protein, (b) the rate of total protein tissue turn-over associated with the retention of newly accreted protein and not already accounted in the estimate of maintenance, (c) the mass of protein tissue involved in turn-over, and (d) the degree of maturity attained, and any influence maturity may have upon the rate of turn-over of total body protein. Algorithms for energy requirement are presented based upon protein turn-over and these appear to have some consistency with empirical findings.
Effectiveness of exogenous microbial phytase in improving the bioavailabilities of phosphorus and other nutrients in maize-soya-bean meal diets for broilers
Authors: Camden B. J. , Morel P.C.H. , Thomas D. V. , Ravindran V. , Bedford M. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA 3-week feeding trial using 300 1-day-old male broiler chicks was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding three levels of a microbial phytase (Finnfeed phytase; 250, 500 and 1000 U per kg diet) to a maize-soya-bean-meal diet containing 3·0 g/kg non-phytate phosphorus and 8·0 g/kg calcium. A diet containing 4·0 g/kg non-phytate phosphorus and 9·0 g/kg calcium served as the positive control. The responses were evaluated in terms of broiler performance, toe ash contents, ileal phytate degradation, ileal digestibility of nitrogen, amino acids, phosphorus, starch and fat, apparent metabolizable energy, apparent ileal digestible energy, and apparent retention of phosphorus and nitrogen. The addition of 500 U phytase per kg diet to the phosphorus-deficient maize-soya-bean-meal diet improved the performance and toe ash contents of broilers to equal those given the positive control diet. Ileal phytate degradation data provided direct evidence to the efficacy of phytase in hydrolysing the phytic acid. Addition of 500 U phytase per kg to the maize-soya-bean-meal diet which contained 3·0 g phytate-phosphorus per kg resulted in more than doubling of phytate degradation from 0·218 to 0·481. Supplemental phytase improved ileal digestibility of nitrogen, amino acids, starch and lipids, with these improvements being eventually reflected in enhancements in ileal digestible energy and apparent metabolizable energy.
Dose-response effect of dietary vitamin E concentration on meat quality characteristics in light-weight lambs
Authors: López-Bote C.J. , Daza A. , Soares M. , Berges E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe research was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary α-tocopheryl acetate (DTA) concentrations in light-weight lambs on muscle α-tocopherol accumulation and on quality characteristics of stored meats. Thirty-two Manchego lambs were randomly distributed to four groups and given diets containing four levels of DTA (20, 270, 520 and 1020 mg/kg diet) for 6 weeks. Lambs were slaughtered at live weights ranging from 23·5 to 26·4 kg. A linear (P < 0·001) and quadratic (P < 0·001) effect of dietary supplementation level was observed on muscular α-tocopherol concentration, which fitted the following equation: mg muscle α-tocopherol per kg muscle = 1·78(s.e. 0·18) + 7·08 (s.e.0·89)(1 - e00012DTA)) (P < 0·001, R2 = 0·99). There was a linear effect (P < 0·001) of muscle vitamin E concentration on thiobarbituric acid reactive substance on day 0 of storage, but a linear plus quadratic effect (P < 0·001) on days 3, 6 and 9. Broken line analysis of data at day 9 of storage indicated a target muscle α-tocopherol concentration of 5·4 mg/kg. Evolution of surface redness of lamb chops also showed a linear and quadratic effect of dietary treatment on days 3 and 6 of storage, but only a linear effect on day 9. Broken line analysis of data at 3 and 6 days indicated a target α-tocopherol concentration in the range 5·3 to 5·6 mg/kg muscle for optimum red colour stability. Surface luminosity showed no effect of dietary treatment at days 0, 3 and 6 of storage but a linear (P < 0·01) plus quadratic (P < 0·05) effect on day 9 of storage. Broken line analysis at this point indicated a target muscle α-tocopherol concentration of 3·2 mg/kg. It is concluded that the effectiveness of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation depends on the meat quality attribute assessed. A significant positive effect for lipid oxidation can be reached even at the lower supplementation level utilized in this experiment (270 mg/kg diet). However, considering the protecting effect at different storage times and particularly the effect on meat surface redness, the optimum level would be in the range 5·3 to 5·6 mg/kg muscle, which correspond to a dietary inclusion of 550 to 625 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet.
Choice of foraging patches by hill sheep given different opportunities to seek shelter and food
Authors: Duncan A.J. , Mayes R.W. , Young S.A. , Lamb C.S. , MacEachern P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA patch choice experiment was conducted in which sheep were offered choices between patches of upland pasture which differed in their sward height and degree of shelter from the wind. Experimental plots (48 m ✕ 4 m) were divided into 4 m ✕ 4 m patches. Alternate patches were mown in advance of the experiment to create nominal sward heights of 4 and 6 cm. Portable shelters were erected on the windward side of alternate patches to reduce wind speed on sheltered patches by half. The four treatment combinations used to test the influence of sward height, shelter and their interaction on patch use were: patchy swards with and without shelters and uniform swards with and without shelters. Five adult sheep per treatment were observed while grazing the plots for 6 h/day on five occasions (days) in autumn. Patch choice was measured by video observation and using a patch marker technique. On none of the observation days was the weather condition sufficiently severe that animals were outside their thermoneutral zone. There was a strong influence of sward height on patch use with sheep spending 0·382 of their time on short swards when patchy swards were offered compared with 0·503 of their time on equivalent areas when swards were uniform. Thermal conditions did not influence patch choice with sheep spending an average of 0·442 of their time on equivalent patches whether they were sheltered or not. There was no interaction between sward conditions and thermal conditions on the amount of time spent on different patches. Data from the patch marker method supported observation data. The results confirm that sheep are resilient to extremes of cold weather commonly occurring at temperate latitudes and suggest that thermal constraints have minimal influence on the small-scale foraging movements of sheep, as long as they remain within their thermoneutral zone.
On an unfair supression of due acknowledgement to the writings of Mr. Benjamin Gompertz
Authors: De Morgan A. 
Published: August 2016

In 1839, in the Penny Cyclopædia (article “Mortality”), I wrote as follows, referring to Mr. Gompertz's well-known hypothesis on the law of mortality:—“We enter into some detail of it the more readily, that it is necessary as an act of justice to Mr. Gompertz, whose ideas have been adopted by a recent writer on the subject, without anything approaching to a sufficient acknowledgment.”
On the Forms under which Barrett's Method is presented, and on Changes of Words and Symbols
Authors: De Morgan A. 
Published: August 2016

The mode of using Barrett's method has now something of farrago about it: a little discussion may be useful, were it only to awaken attention to the confusion arising from changes made without adherence to the recognised laws of perspicuity.The farrago to which I have alluded arises out of a struggle between the annuity, as commonly understood, and what I shall continue to call the annuity due. According to the technical meaning of the word annuity, the payment begins to grow at the moment of the grant: thus, a yearly annuity for 12 years, deferred 20 years, begins action at the end of 20 years, and grows the first payment in the 21st year. I shall vary the phrase used in my “Essay on Probabilities” (Cab. Cycl.) by allowing the words “annuity due for x years” to signify an annuity of x payments, the first immediately. Thus an annuity for 12 years, now granted, will in a year become an annuity due, also for 12 years.
Account of a Correspondence between Mr. George Barrett and Mr. Francis Baily
Authors: De Morgan A. 
Published: August 2016

In looking over some papers of the late Francis Baily, at the request of his sister, for the purpose of advising on their disposal, I found in one packet a number of letters addressed to him by the late George Barrett, the inventor (in this country) of the method for calculating life contingencies which now goes by his name. I also found the manuscripts of Baily’s three works—on leases, on interest, and on life assurances: these are now in their proper place, the library of the Institute of Actuaries.From Baily’s methodical habit of arranging his papers, I feel confident that the letters alluded to are all which he received from Barrett: unless, indeed, some passed which he preferred not to preserve. The interest with which actuaries look upon the method published in these letters makes me think it desirable to give some account of them in a work which all actuaries consult.
On the Demonstration of Formulæ connected with Interest and Annuities
Authors: De Morgan  
Published: August 2016

In most branches of mathematics, the actual use of fundamental processes in the form which the first definitions suggest, is often supplanted, either by processes of greater skill, or by the use of pure reasoning. In the subject of which this paper treats, there has not been much attempt to connect formulæ by reasoning. The actual exhibition of successive annual results has been the only method extensively employed; and it throws the required total result into a series of terms: this series is either algebraically summed, or calculated term by term for insertion in a table.The present paper is intended to show that this summation of algebraical series may be dispensed with, at least in questions of annuities certain : and also that common points of principle, which the ordinary methods leave altogether out of sight, will reduce many questions of life annuities to an absolute coincidence of form with the corresponding questions of ordinary annuities.
Report of the Proceedings at the Statistical Congress, held at Brussels, 19 to 22 September 1853. (Concluded from page 107, vol. iv)
Authors: Brown Samuel 
Published: August 2016

After the inaugural address of M. Quetelet, the regulations for facilitating the business of the Congress were proposed and agreed to, and M. Ducpetiaux read a list of the papers and correspondence received.The representatives of the Statistical Departments in the different Governments of Europe proceeded to give a summary view of the position occupied by statistics in their respective countries.
On some Questions of Combination
Authors: Morgan De 
Published: August 2016

Questions of combination are so connected with an actuary's business, that no apology is necessary for offering solutions to the notice of the readers of thisJournal.When two systems, A and B, of combinations, each having its own individual cases, are so related that each case of A admits of being converted into a case of B, and into one only, by a rule which will not convert any other case of A into that same case of B, it may be said that the system A isconvertiblywithin B. It is obvious that if A be convertibly within B, and B convertibly within A, the numbers of cases in the systems A and B are equal.
Adjusted Mortality of the British Peerage Females
Authors: Thiele T. N. 
Published: August 2016

Dr. T. N. Thiele makes the following remarks in reply to those we prefixed to his adjusted table of mortality given in the last number of this Journal:—I must consider the constant difference of about 0·1 after the age of 50 between my adjustment and the numbers of living, which follow from the observations, but are not directly observed, and therefore not independent of each other, as the probabilities of living are, as an agreement completely satisfactory. The apparent disagreement I consider to be the result of one observation (52–53), where the observed probability of life disagrees strongly with the numbers of the other adjacent ages, and is not compensated by the following numbers disagreeing sufficiently in the opposite direction. Whence in comparing the calculated probabilities with the observed no systematical disagreement appears in these ages, as the following table shows; but if the numbers of living are compared, every other adjustment must show a disagreement of the same kind at the age of 50 as mine.
Antarctic last interglacial isotope peak in response to sea ice retreat not ice-sheet collapse
Authors: Holloway Max D. , Sime Louise C. , Singarayer Joy S. , Tindall Julia C. , Bunch Pete , Valdes Paul J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested that sea-level rise during the last interglacial implies retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The prevalent hypothesis is that the retreat coincided with the peak Antarctic temperature and stable water isotope values from 128,000 years ago (128 ka); very early in the last interglacial. Here, by analysing climate model simulations of last interglacial WAIS loss featuring water isotopes, we show instead that the isotopic response to WAIS loss is in opposition to the isotopic evidence at 128 ka. Instead, a reduction in winter sea ice area of 65±7% fully explains the 128 ka ice core evidence. Our finding of a marked retreat of the sea ice at 128 ka demonstrates the sensitivity of Antarctic sea ice extent to climate warming.
Quantifying redox-induced Schottky barrier variations in memristive devices via in operando spectromicroscopy with graphene electrodes
Authors: Baeumer Christoph , Schmitz Christoph , Marchewka Astrid , Mueller David N. , Valenta Richard , Hackl Johanna , Raab Nicolas , Rogers Steven P. , Khan M. Imtiaz , Nemsak Slavomir , Shim Moonsub , Menzel Stephan , Schneider Claus Michael , Waser Rainer , Dittmann Regina 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe continuing revolutionary success of mobile computing and smart devices calls for the development of novel, cost- and energy-efficient memories. Resistive switching is attractive because of, inter alia, increased switching speed and device density. On electrical stimulus, complex nanoscale redox processes are suspected to induce a resistance change in memristive devices. Quantitative information about these processes, which has been experimentally inaccessible so far, is essential for further advances. Here we use in operando spectromicroscopy to verify that redox reactions drive the resistance change. A remarkable agreement between experimental quantification of the redox state and device simulation reveals that changes in donor concentration by a factor of 2–3 at electrode-oxide interfaces cause a modulation of the effective Schottky barrier and lead to >2 orders of magnitude change in device resistance. These findings allow realistic device simulations, opening a route to less empirical and more predictive design of future memory cells.
Blocking transport resonances via Kondo many-body entanglement in quantum dots
Authors: Niklas Michael , Smirnov Sergey , Mantelli Davide , Margańska Magdalena , Nguyen Ngoc-Viet , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Cleuziou Jean-Pierre , Grifoni Milena 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMany-body entanglement is at the heart of the Kondo effect, which has its hallmark in quantum dots as a zero-bias conductance peak at low temperatures. It signals the emergence of a conducting singlet state formed by a localized dot degree of freedom and conduction electrons. Carbon nanotubes offer the possibility to study the emergence of the Kondo entanglement by tuning many-body correlations with a gate voltage. Here we show another side of Kondo correlations, which counterintuitively tend to block conduction channels: inelastic co-tunnelling lines in the magnetospectrum of a carbon nanotube strikingly disappear when tuning the gate voltage. Considering the global SU(2) ⊗ SU(2) symmetry of a nanotube coupled to leads, we find that only resonances involving flips of the Kramers pseudospins, associated to this symmetry, are observed at temperatures and voltages below the corresponding Kondo scale. Our results demonstrate the robust formation of entangled many-body states with no net pseudospin.
Identification of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles as active species in non-precious metal oxygen reduction catalysts
Authors: Varnell Jason A. , Tse Edmund C. M. , Schulz Charles E. , Fister Tim T. , Haasch Richard T. , Timoshenko Janis , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Gewirth Andrew A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe widespread use of fuel cells is currently limited by the lack of efficient and cost-effective catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Iron-based non-precious metal catalysts exhibit promising activity and stability, as an alternative to state-of-the-art platinum catalysts. However, the identity of the active species in non-precious metal catalysts remains elusive, impeding the development of new catalysts. Here we demonstrate the reversible deactivation and reactivation of an iron-based non-precious metal oxygen reduction catalyst achieved using high-temperature gas-phase chlorine and hydrogen treatments. In addition, we observe a decrease in catalyst heterogeneity following treatment with chlorine and hydrogen, using Mössbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our study reveals that protected sites adjacent to iron nanoparticles are responsible for the observed activity and stability of the catalyst. These findings may allow for the design and synthesis of enhanced non-precious metal oxygen reduction catalysts with a higher density of active sites.
Schizophrenia patient-derived olfactory neurosphere-derived cells do not respond to extracellular reelin
Authors: Tee Jing Yang , Sutharsan Ratneswary , Fan Yongjun , Mackay-Sim Alan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractReelin expression is reduced in various regions in the post-mortem brain of schizophrenia patients but the exact role of reelin function in the neurobiology of schizophrenia remains elusive. Absence of reelin in knockout mouse causes inverted lamination of the neocortex due to aberrant neuronal migration. The aim of this study was to utilize patient-derived olfactory neurosphere-derived (ONS) cells to investigate whether extracellular reelin alters cell motility in schizophrenia patient-derived cells. ONS cells from nine patients were compared with cells from nine matched healthy controls. Automated high-throughput imaging and analysis were used to track motility of individual living cells on reelin-coated surfaces produced from reelin secreted into the medium by HEK293FT cells transfected with the full-length reelin plasmid pCrl. Automated assays were used to quantify intracellular cytoskeleton composition, cell morphology, and focal adhesions. Expression of reelin and components of the reelin signaling pathway were measured by western blot and flow cytometry. Reelin inhibited the motility of control cells but not patient cells, and increased the number and size of focal adhesions in control cells but not patient cells. Patient and control cells expressed similar levels of the reelin receptors and the reelin signaling protein, Dab1, but patient cells expressed less reelin. Patient cells were smaller than control cells and had less actin and acetylated α-tubulin, components of the cytoskeleton. These findings are the first direct evidence that cellular responses to reelin are impaired in schizophrenia and are consistent with the role of reelin in cytoarchitectural deficits observed in schizophrenia patient brains.
Urinary π-glutathione S-transferase Predicts Advanced Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Shu Kai-Hsiang , Wang Chih-Hsien , Wu Che-Hsiung , Huang Tao-Min , Wu Pei-Chen , Lai Chien-Heng , Tseng Li-Jung , Tsai Pi-Ru , Connolly Rory , Wu Vin-Cent 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUrinary biomarkers augment the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI), with AKI after cardiovascular surgeries being a prototype of prognosis scenario. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) were evaluated as biomarkers of AKI. Urine samples were collected in 141 cardiovascular surgical patients and analyzed for urinary alpha-(α-) and pi-(π-) GSTs. The outcomes of advanced AKI (KDIGO stage 2, 3) and all-cause in-patient mortality, as composite outcome, were recorded. Areas under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and multivariate generalized additive model (GAM) were applied to predict outcomes. Thirty-eight (26.9%) patients had AKI, while 12 (8.5%) were with advanced AKI. Urinary π-GST differentiated patients with/without advanced AKI or composite outcome after surgery (p < 0.05 by generalized estimating equation). Urinary π-GST predicted advanced AKI at 3 hrs post-surgery (p = 0.033) and composite outcome (p = 0.009), while the corresponding ROC curve had AUC of 0.784 and 0.783. Using GAM, the cutoff value of 14.7 μg/L for π-GST showed the best performance to predict composite outcome. The addition of π-GST to the SOFA score improved risk stratification (total net reclassification index = 0.47). Thus, urinary π-GST levels predict advanced AKI or hospital mortality after cardiovascular surgery and improve in SOFA outcome assessment specific to AKI.