bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Region 1 and 2 currents in the quiet and substorm time plasma sheet from THEMIS observations
Authors: Liu Jiang , Angelopoulos V. , Chu Xiangning , McPherron R. L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough Earth's Region 1 and 2 currents are related to activities such as substorm initiation, their magnetospheric origin remains unclear. Utilizing the triangular configuration of THEMIS probes at 8–12 RE downtail, we seek the origin of nightside Region 1 and 2 currents. Our statistical study reveals that both kinds of currents exist in the plasma sheet during quiet and active times. Region 2 currents are deep inside the plasma sheet; Region 1 currents, which are farther away from the neutral sheet, extend to the plasma sheet boundary layer. At geomagnetic quiet times, the separation between the two currents is located ~2.5 RE from the neutral sheet. During substorms, the separation migrates toward (away from) the neutral sheet as the plasma sheet thins (thickens). These findings suggest that the plasma sheet is a source of Region 1 and 2 currents and its deformation is associated with redistribution of FAC sources in the magnetotail.
The relationship between the macroscopic state of electrons and the properties of chorus waves observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Yue Chao , An Xin , Bortnik Jacob , Ma Qianli , Li Wen , Thorne Richard M. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Gkioulidou Matina , Mitchell Donald G. , Kletzing Craig A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPlasma kinetic theory predicts that a sufficiently anisotropic electron distribution will excite whistler mode waves, which in turn relax the electron distribution in such a way as to create an upper bound on the relaxed electron anisotropy. Here using whistler mode chorus wave and plasma measurements by Van Allen Probes, we confirm that the electron distributions are well constrained by this instability to a marginally stable state in the whistler mode chorus waves generation region. Lower band chorus waves are organized by the electron β∥e into two distinct groups: (i) relatively large‐amplitude, quasi‐parallel waves with
and (ii) relatively small‐amplitude, oblique waves with
. The upper band chorus waves also have enhanced amplitudes close to the instability threshold, with large‐amplitude waves being quasi‐parallel whereas small‐amplitude waves being oblique. These results provide important insight for studying the excitation of whistler mode chorus waves.
Large net CO2 loss from a grass‐dominated tropical savanna in south‐central Brazil in response to seasonal and interannual drought
Authors: Zanella De Arruda Paulo Henrique , Vourlitis George Louis , Santanna Franciele Bomfiglio , Pinto Jr. Osvaldo Borges , De Almeida Lobo Francisco , De Souza Nogueira José 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe savanna vegetation of Brazil (Cerrado) accounts for 20–25% of the land cover of Brazil and is the second largest ecosystem following Amazonian forest; however, Cerrado mass and energy exchange is still highly uncertain. We used eddy covariance to measure the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of grass‐dominated Cerrado (campo sujo) over 3 years. We hypothesized that soil water availability would be a key control over the seasonal and interannual variations in NEE. Multiple regression indicated that gross primary production (GPP) was positively correlated (Pearson's r = 0.69; p < 0.001) with soil water content, radiation, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)‐derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) but negatively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), indicating that drier conditions increased water limitations on GPP. Similarly, ecosystem respiration (Reco) was positively correlated (Pearson's r = 0.78; p < 0.001) with the EVI, radiation, soil water content, and temperature but slightly negatively correlated with rainfall and the VPD. While the NEE responded rapidly to temporal variations in soil water availability, the grass‐dominated Cerrado stand was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during the study period, which was drier compared to the long‐term average rainfall. Cumulative NEE was approximately 842 gC m−2, varying from 357 gC m−2 in 2011 to 242 gC m−2 in 2012. Our results indicate that grass‐dominated Cerrado may be an important regional CO2 source in response to the warming and drying that is expected to occur in the southern Amazon Basin under climate change.
Additional boundary condition for electric quadrupolar continua derived from Maxwell's differential equations
Authors: Yaghjian A. D. , Silveirinha M. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractElectric quadrupolar continua satisfying a physically reasonable constitutive relation supports both an evanescent and a propagating eigenmode. Thus, three interface boundary conditions, two plus an “additional boundary condition” (ABC), are required to obtain a unique solution to a plane wave incident from free space upon an electric quadrupolar half‐space. By generalizing the constitutive relation to hold within the transition layer between the free space and the quadrupolar continuum, we derive these three boundary conditions directly from Maxwell's differential equations. The three boundary conditions are used to determine the unique solution to the boundary value problem of an electric quadrupolar slab. Numerical computations show that for long wavelengths, two previous boundary conditions, derived under the assumption that the electric quadrupolarization contains negligible effective delta functions in the transition layer, produce an accurate solution by neglecting the evanescent eigenmode, that is, by assuming it decays within the transition layer. It appears that the general method used to derive the electric quadrupolar ABC can be applied to obtain the boundary conditions for any other realizable constitutive relation in a Maxwellian multipole continuum.
Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Biaryls by Negishi Cross‐Coupling of Fluoro‐ and Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted (Hetero)arenes
Authors: Roesner Stefan , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA continuous‐flow method for the regioselective arylation of fluoroarenes and fluoropyridines has been developed. The telescoped procedure reported here consists of a three‐step metalation, zincation, and Negishi cross‐coupling sequence, providing efficient access to a variety of functionalized 2‐fluorobiaryl products. Precise temperature control of the metalation step, made possible by continuous‐flow technology, allowed for the efficient preparation of the arylated products in high yields and short residence times. Additionally, several examples of the regioselective arylation of benzotrifluoride derivatives are also provided.
Curing of poly(furfuryl alcohol) resin catalyzed by a homologous series of dicarboxylic acid catalysts: Kinetics and pot life
Authors: Marefat Seyedlar R. , Imani M. , Mirabedini S. M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTCuring kinetics and pot life are two vital characteristics for the application of poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) resin because of the complexities both in the resin composition and curing mechanisms involved. However, few reports have provided a complete picture of PFA curing behavior. In this research, the effect of the addition of catalysts on the pot life and curing behavior of a PFA resin were evaluated. A homologous series of dicarboxylic acids [i.e., oxalic acid (OX), succinic acid (SU), and adipic acid (SA)] were used as the catalysts. Rheometric and nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis were carried out at 0, 6, and 24 h after the addition of the catalyst. The relaxation exponent (n), gel stiffness (S), and gel strength (AF) of the prepared compositions were calculated with the Winter and Chambon and Gabriele rheological models. Furthermore, the curing kinetics were evaluated by the fitting of nonisothermal, multiple‐heating‐rate models. The DSC measurements showed a higher curing degree for samples containing OX catalyst compared to their counterparts containing either SU or AD. The rheometric findings supported an increased stiffness, gel strength, and curing development of the resin in the presence of OX compared to samples containing SU or AD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44009.
Anwendungen einer Näherungslösung für die Grundwasserströmung bei Restwasserhaltung
Authors: Perau Eugen , Meteling Nils 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBei der Erstellung von Baugruben im Grundwasser ist es sinnvoll, die Verbauwände in eine schwächer durchlässige Bodenschicht einzubinden und eine Restwasserhaltung zu betreiben. Da bei einer solchen Konstruktion die Verbauwände unterströmt werden, entsteht ein Strömungsfeld, das für verschiedene Berechnungen und Standsicherheitsnachweise ermittelt werden muss. So müssen zum Beispiel hydraulische Gradienten, Filtergeschwindigkeiten sowie Potenziale und Poren wasserdrücke bestimmt werden. Diese werden zur Ermittlung der Wandbelastung aus Erd‐ und Wasserdruck, bei den Nachweisen gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch, gegen innere Erosion und gegen Versagen des Erdwiderlagers sowie zur Bestimmung des Grundwasserzuflusses verwendet.Auf Basis der Definition des zugehörigen Strömungsproblems als parametrisiertes Randwertproblem und entsprechenden FEM‐Berechnungen wurde eine analytische Näherungslösung formuliert, mit der für langgestreckte sowie für kreisrunde Baugruben bei isotropem sowie anisotropem Baugrund das Potenzial in der Ebene der Wandunterkante und an der Wandinnenseite einfach berechnet werden kann. Diese Näherungslösung wird hier für den Nachweis gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch und zur Berechnung des maximalen Gradienten am Schichtwechsel im Bereich der Baugrube sowie zur Ermittlung der Einbindetiefe ausgewertet.
Interaktion zwischen Fernwärmeleitungen und dem umgebenden Boden
Authors: Achmus Martin , Weidlich Ingo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFernwärmeleitungen werden durch erhebliche Temperaturwechsel beansprucht und interagieren deshalb bei der üblichen Erdverlegung intensiv mit dem umgebenden Boden, der die temperaturinduzierte Verformung behindert. Die axiale Verformung der Leitung mobilisiert Reibungskräfte und die laterale Verformung z. B. in Bogenbereichen Bettungswiderstände. Beide Bodenwiderstände verändern sich mit der Betriebsdauer der Leitung infolge ihrer Zyklenabhängigkeit. Die mobilisierbare Reibungskraft ist überdies von der Betriebstemperatur der Leitung abhängig, sodass sich ein sehr komplexes Tragverhalten ergibt, das in der derzeitigen Bemessungspraxis nur stark vereinfacht erfasst wird. Der vorliegende Fachaufsatz stellt den Kenntnisstand bezüglich der Reibungskräfte und Bettungswiderstände zusammengefasst dar und beschreibt den in einem laufenden Forschungsprojekt verfolgten Ansatz zur genaueren Erfassung des Tragverhaltens erdverlegter Fernwärmeleitungen.
Prognostic value of HMGB1 in early breast cancer patients under neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Exner Ruth , Sachet Monika , Arnold Tobias , Zinn‐Zinnenburg Mercedes , Michlmayr Anna , Dubsky Peter , Bartsch Rupert , Steger Guenther , Gnant Michael , Bergmann Michael , Bachleitner‐Hofmann Thomas , Oehler Rudolf 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients is usually assessed by pCR and RCB score. However, the prognostic value of these parameters is still in discussion. We showed recently that an epirubicin/docetaxel therapy is associated with an increase in the cell death marker high‐mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in the circulation. Here, we investigate whether this increase correlates with the long‐term outcome. Thirty‐six early breast cancer patients under neoadjuvant epirubicin/docetaxel combination chemotherapy were included in this study. To determine the immediate effect of this treatment on HMGB1, we collected blood samples before and 24–96 h after the initial dose. This time course was then compared to the 5‐year follow‐up of the patients. HMGB1 levels varied before chemotherapy between 4.1 and 11.3 ng/mL and reacted differently in response to therapy. Some patients showed an increase while others did not show any changes. Therefore, we subdivided the patient collective into two groups: patients with an at least 1.1 ng/mL increase in HMGB1 and patients with smaller changes. The disease‐free survival was longer in the HMGB1 increase group (56.2 months vs. 46.6 months), but this difference did not reach significance. The overall survival (OS) was significantly better in patients with an increase in HMGB1 (log rank P = 0.021). These data suggest that an immediate increase in HMGB1 levels correlates with improved outcome in early breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and may be a valuable complementary biomarker for early estimation of prognosis.
Variation in Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Dorema aucheri Boiss., an Endemic Medicinal Plant Collected from Wild Populations in Natural Habitats
Authors: Akbarian Abolghasem , Rahimmalek Mehdi , Sabzalian Mohammad Reza 
Published: July 2016

In the present research, variability in essential oil (EO) composition of five Dorema aucheri populations collected from natural habitats in different regions of Iran, were investigated. The EO content of populations varied from 0.28 to 0.68%. According to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, β‐caryophyllene (7.17 – 35.73%), thymol (23.45 – 29.64%), β‐gurjunene (2.58 – 5.89%), carvacrol (1.32 – 2.67%) and cuparene (1.97 – 2.98%) were the major components. Hierarchical cluster, principal component and canonical correspondence analyses classified the studied populations into three groups based on major EO components. The environmental parameters of the collected sites were also evaluated. According to the results, it might be suggested that sandy soils with high mean annual precipitation were major environmental factors influencing the amount of β‐caryophyllene, while thymol, cuparene and caryophyllen oxide increased in silty and clay soils. Finally, the population collected in high altitudes and clay soils had higher amount of β‐gurjunene.
WO3@α‐Fe2O3 Heterojunction Arrays with Improved Photoelectrochemical Behavior for Neutral pH Water Splitting
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhang Lihan , Liu Ruirui , Cao Zhen , Sun Xiaoming , Liu Xijun , Luo Jun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting on illuminated semiconductors plays an increasing role in alternative energy devices because of the need for clean and sustainable energy. However, the overall efficiency of the process is still very low and requires further improvement for widespread application. Herein, we report that the PEC performance of WO3 can be optimized by constructing a WO3@α‐Fe2O3 heterojunction nanosheet array to expand the spectral range of light absorption and promote photogenerated electron–hole separation/transfer. This heterojunction photoanode exhibit a pronounced photocurrent response of 1.66 mA cm−2, a high incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency of ∼73.7 % at 390 nm, and an excellent photostability of 100 %, all at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Therefore, our approach has great potential for designing efficient hybrid photoanodes for PEC water‐splitting systems.
Electrocatalytic Activity of Different Phases of Molybdenum Carbide/Carbon and Platinum–Molybdenum Carbide/Carbon Composites toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Gómez‐Marín Ana M. , Bott‐Neto José Luiz , Souza João B. , Silva Tiago L. , Beck Watson , Varanda Laudemir C. , Ticianelli Edson A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the last few years, transition metal carbides have emerged as novel materials with promising catalytic properties toward important practical reactions. In this work, cubic and hexagonal molybdenum carbides are synthesized and evaluated as carbon‐supported catalysts and as support materials for Pt nanoparticles for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The catalysts are characterized by XRD, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, TEM, XPS, and cyclic voltammetry on stationary and rotating ring‐disk electrodes. The results suggest different reactivity of the molybdenum carbide phases as both catalysts and supports for the ORR. Enhanced mass and specific ORR activities at 0.9 V are calculated for Pt–molybdenum carbide‐derived composites compared to commercial Pt and Pt/C catalysts prepared by depositing Pt by the same method. The origin of the improved ORR activity is discussed in terms of the synergistic effect between Pt and the carbide‐derived support and a decrease in the adsorption strength of oxygen‐containing species on the Pt surface, similar to that proposed for Pt–metal alloys. Additionally, the possible formation of a Pt–Mo alloy on the catalyst surface is proposed.
Phenoxazine‐Based Conjugated Ladder Polymers as Novel Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Gong Xiaohui , Zhang Yidong , Wen Hui , Fan Yeli , Han Pei , Sun Ying , Zhang Xueqin , Yang Hong , Lin Baoping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAs pseudocapacitive materials, conducting polymers are generally attractive as they have high charge density and are inexpensive. In this study, two novel conjugated ladder polymers based on phenoxazine are synthesized and applied as electrode materials in aqueous symmetric supercapacitors. Their electrochemical properties are investigated in a two‐electrode configuration. Owing to the good hydrophilicity and perfect backbone conjugation, the acid‐doped polymer greatly outperforms the intrinsic polymers, and achieves a specific capacitance of 311 F g−1 with an energy density of 10.1 W h kg−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in aqueous sulfuric acid. This material is therefore a potential competitor to the classical polymer electrode materials for use in powerful supercapacitors. In addition, a type of sheet‐like supercapacitor is also developed to verify the practicality of the material, which was easily used as a tandem capacitor.
Removal of nitric oxide in a microporous tube‐in‐tube microchannel reactor by ferrous chelate solution
Authors: Aru La , Qian Zhi , Gao Yi , Shao Lei , Wang Jie‐Xin , Chen Jian‐Feng 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNO gas emission has harmfully impacted human health and the environment. Absorption of NO gas into an aqueous solution is considered to be a promising approach for its removal. FeII(EDTA) solution has been demonstrated as an efficient option in the denitrification process. However, its absorption rate is strongly affected by mass transfer limitation of NO into FeII(EDTA) solution in traditional reactors. In this paper, the removal process of NO with FeII(EDTA) solution was studied in a microporous tube‐in‐tube microchannel reactor (MTMCR). The effects of design and operating parameters such as micropore size, annular channel width, liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, gas‐liquid ratio, pH and concentration of absorbent, and absorption temperature on overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and NO removal efficiency were explored. The results indicated that the MTMCR exhibited obvious advantages owing to continuous operation mode and higher NO removal efficiency of over 90 %, as compared to traditional reactors. Both KLa and NO removal efficiency increased with increases of absorbent concentration and liquid flow rate, as well as decreases of absorption temperature, micropore size, and annular channel width. In addition, KLa increased while NO removal efficiency decreased with increasing gas‐liquid ratio and gas flow rate. The obtained results imply a great potential of the MTMCR in the removal of NO from post‐combustion flue gas.
Hydrated Proton‐Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Sadakiyo Masaaki , Yamada Teppei , Kitagawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecent investigations into proton conduction in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) indicate that MOFs are promising materials as a new class of proton conductors. Hydrated proton‐conductive MOFs show not only high proton conductivity of approximately 10−2 S cm−1, which is comparable to that of a practical organic polymer, but also structural visibility of proton‐conducting pathways inside the materials owing to their high crystallinity. Herein, studies on the design, synthesis, and proton‐conductive properties of MOFs with hydrated proton‐conductive systems are introduced.
Effectiveness of Short‐Term Dynamic Group Psychotherapy in Primary Care for Patients with Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Bros Ignasi , Notó Pere , Bulbena Antoni 
Published: July 2016

An open prospective controlled study was designed to compare the efficacy of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy with the standard treatment in patients with depressive symptoms attended in the primary care setting. A total of 115 patients with depressive symptoms were assigned to receive psychotherapy (75 min) over 9 months (37 to 39 sessions) (n = 70) or the standard care (n = 45). Outcome measures were the differences between baseline and post‐treatment in the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐12) questionnaire in the two study groups. At the end of dynamic group psychotherapy, statistically significant improvements in the mean scores of all questionnaires were observed, whereas in control patients, significant improvements were only observed in the HDRS‐17 scale and in the Mental Component Summary score of the SF‐12. The mean changes after treatment were also higher in the psychotherapy group than in controls in all outcome measures, with statistically significant differences in the mean differences in favour of the psychotherapy group. In summary, implementation of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy run by experienced psychotherapists for patients with depressive symptoms attended in routine primary care centres is feasible and effective. © 2016 The Authors. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy was delivered as a non‐pharmacological intervention to improve depressive symptoms.
Statistically significant differences as compared with a control group were observed in 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐12) questionnaire.
Implementation of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy run by experienced psychotherapists for patients with depressive symptoms attended in routine primary care centres is feasible and effective.
Application of class D power amplifiers in low power potentiostat circuits
Authors: Habibi Mehdi , Ghanbari Sonia 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this paper a low power CMOS potentiostat is presented for energy limited applications such as human implantable sensors. The main focus is on using different techniques to reduce the power consumption at different circuit blocks, especially in the output stage that delivers power to the electrochemical cell. The proposed technique includes the use of a class D amplifier to reduce conduction power dissipation compared with conventional linear methods. Power dissipation has been improved by several other considerations such as elimination of opamp blocks which consume static power, avoiding current sampling stages and using dynamic latched comparators for loop error calculations. Closed loop stability problem and a low power solution to overcome this issue are addressed in the paper. The role of effective parameters such as inductor value, output MOSFET dimensions and clock pulse timing has been investigated and optimization considerations are used to achieve the low power potentiostat. Evaluation results show that a 12.96‐μW potentiostat with 1.03‐μW power dissipation and 89% efficiency is achievable with a linearity of R2 = 0.998. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.