bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXIII.—On the Application of a Differential Densimeter to the Study of some Mediterranean Waters
Authors: Manley John J. 
Published: June 2016

From time to time various methods have been employed for the examination of samples of sea-water. Of these, the four which have been received most favourably by oceanographers are:—(1) Estimation of the total combined chlorine per unit volume of water.(2) Determination of the relative density.(3) Measurement of the refractive index.(4) Determination of the specific electric conductivity.
III.—The Optical Rotation and Cryoscopic Behaviour of Sugars dissolved in (a) Pormamide, (b) Water
Authors: Mackenzie John Edwin , Ghosh Sudhamoy 
Published: June 2016

The optical rotation of a solution of sucrose in water was first measured by Biot (Mém., 1819, ii, 41) in 1819. He introduced the term “optical saccharimetry” for the method of estimation of sugar by measurement of its optical rotation.In 1846, Dubrunfaut (Ann. Chim. Phys., 1846, xviii, 99) observed that the specific rotation of a freshly prepared aqueous solution of glucose decreased from an initial value of about + 110° to a constant value of +52°. The initial value being approximately double the constant value, he called the phenomenon “bi-rotation.” This term proved unsuitable in the case of other substances where a similar change of rotation took place, the initial and final values being rarely in the proportion of 2: 1; hence the expression “multi-rotation” came into use.
V.—Properties of the Determinant of an Orthogonal Substitution
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) If we seek to extend the definition of an orthogonant by making the square of each row equal to σ instead of 1, this fixed quantity will naturally be found to appear in the statement of almost all the properties of the determinant in question. It is therefore convenient and appropriate to call it the base of the orthogonant, and to speak of an orthogonant to the base σ or an orthogonant of base σ.It is a simple matter to ascertain what modifications are necessary in the statement of the known properties of the ordinary orthogonant to make them applicable to the extended definition.
VII.—On an Integral-Equation whose Solutions are the Functions of Lamé
Authors: Whittaker E. T. 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. Object of Paper.—The chief object of the present paper is to establish the following theorem:The functions of Lamé [that is to say, the doubly-periodic solutions of the differential equationare the solutions of the homogeneous integral-equationwhere η denotes an arbitrary constant.
IX.—On the Resistance experienced by a Body moving in a Fluid
Authors: Levy H. 
Published: June 2016

A necessary condition in any hydrodynamical problem is that the pressure exerted by the fluid at any point must always be positive, and be given byC being a constant determined by the boundary conditions of the problem, ν the velocity, and ρ the density of the fluid, provided there are no external forces involved. Should the velocity at any point, however, be so great that the expression C — ρν2/2 becomes negative, the problem in this respect at least loses its validity as an approximation to actual fact. Now it can easily be shown that, in any form of potential streaming about a body with sharp edges, the velocity at the sharp edges becomes infinite, and the pressure therefore negative. The equations of motion of the fluid having been obtained on the assumption of continuity of motion, this suggests at once that some form of discontinuity of the fluid probably exists near the sharp edges.
X.—Fossil Micro-organisms from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain
Authors: Ellis David 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe work embraces the results of the systematic examination, for fossil micro-organisms, of slides prepared from ironstones and ferruginous limestones from various districts of Great Britain.Abundant traces were found in the Frodingham Ironstone of a fossil fungus allied to the modern Phycomycetes. This is named Phycomycites Frodinghamii. The traces include hyphæ, sporangia, and spores. These are described, measured, and photographed, and details of the life-history, so far as ascertainable, are given.
VIII.—On the Life-History and Bionomics of Myzus ribis, Linn. (Red-Currant Aphis)
Authors: Haviland Maud D. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYM. ribis, Linn, (red-currant aphis), on Ribes rubrum is dimorphic in respect of certain features of the antenna and of abdominal and wing dimensions.The nature of the food, whether healthy or blistered by the attack of the fundatrix, seems to be the determining factor of this dimorphism.The form from healthy leaves is probably identical with M. whitei, Theobald, and M. dispar, Patch.M. ribis is migratory, and in summer colonises certain Labiatæ and other weeds; but this migration is not obligatory, and the entire life-cycle may be passed on currant.On its summer host plant this species has been previously described as Phorodon galeopsidis, Kaltenbach.There is a decline in fertility in the later part of the summer among the forms remaining on currant.This is caused by a lower birth-rate, and not by the shortening of the life of the parent.This decline, together with the attacks of predaceous and parasitic enemies, accounts for the frequent disappearance of the species from currant in August and September.Both sexual forms may be produced, and eggs may be laid, on either host plant. Males transferred from Labiatæ to Ribes can fertilise the females on the latter plant.
X.—The Cooling of the Soil at Night, with Special Reference to late Spring Frosts
Authors: Franklin T. Bedford 
Published: June 2016

In this paper I am mainly concerned with the surface soil temperature, but as we are accustomed by long usage to think of the grass minimum temperature as determining the occurrence or non-occurrence of frost, a few words of explanation on this point is perhaps necessary at the outset.The grass minimum on nights of rapid radiation certainly does fall considerably below the surface soil minimum, but this is due to the very fact that it is the grass minimum, i.e. the air temperature just on the grass.
XIV.—The Minimum System of Two Quadratic Forms in n Variables
Authors: Turnbull H. W. , Williamson J. 
Published: June 2016

The following pages deal with the simultaneous system of two general quadratic forms in n homogeneous variables. It is a special case of Gordan's Theorem which proves such systems to be finite, for the general projective group of linear transformations. While several works have dealt with the cases when n = 2, 3, or 4, nothing seems to have been written on the general case except a memoir in the year 1908. We continue, and simplify, the results there obtained, and now establish that(1) All rational integral concomitants of two quadratic forms in n variables and any number of sets of linear variables may be expressed as rational integral functions of (3n + 1) concomitants, and forms derivable by polarisation.(2) These (3n + 1) forms, called the H system, constitute a strictly irreducible system.This system is exhibited in §7 astogether with polars.The work is divided into three chapters: I §§ 1–4 is introductory notation, II §§ 5–17 provides a proof of these theorems, while III §§18–21 gives the non-symbolic and canonical forms of the results.
III.—The Absorption Spectra of Cyanogen and the Cyanogen Halides
Authors: Mooney R. B. , Reid H. G. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe ultra-violet absorption spectra of C2N2, CNCl, CNBr and CNI have been photographed.Measurements are given of band edges of the C2N2 absorption spectrum in the region 2380 A–1850 A. The influence of temperature on the relative intensities of the bands has been studied.The long wave-length limits of the regions of continuous absorption due to the cyanogen halides are: CNCl, 2240 A; CNBr, 2540 A; CNI, 3100 A and 2150 A.We desire to thank Dr Baker, of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, for making photometer records of several spectra, Dr Ludlam for his helpful interest in our work, and Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., for a grant towards the cost of quartz apparatus.
IV.—The Effect of Malnutrition on Root Structure
Authors: Bond George 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Reference is made to experiments conducted by Flaskämper as a result of which he stated that the removal of the cotyledons at an early stage from seedlings of Phaseolus sp. and of Vicia Faba resulted in an elimination of the pith from the subsequently formed part of the root in both species, and further induced a reduction in the number of poles in the root of the second species.2. The significance of such observations in a consideration of the theory of the Size Factor is pointed out.3. The experiments have been repeated. The malnutrition resulting from the decotylation affected the varieties employed in the present work more adversely than with Flaskämper, and usually caused the death of the seedling after a shorter or longer period.4. Sufficient evidence has been obtained, however, to throw very serious doubt on Flaskämper's conclusions. The two reduction phenomena he described are now shown to occur in the normal development of the roots of these species, and there is no indication that their occurrence is affected by decotylation.5. A teleological explanation, based on the theory of the Size Factor recently advanced by Bower, is made of this reduction in the number of protoxylem poles which occurs in the normal development of the roots of these plants.6. The significance of the appearance of a pith in the basal parts only of these roots is discussed.In conclusion, I desire to express my indebtedness to Professor F. O. Bower, F.R.S., for his constant interest in this work, and to thank Dr S. Williams and other members of the Botany Department for much valuable help. Also my best thanks are due to the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Trust for a grant towards the expense of the illustrations both of the present work and those of a recent paper on “The Stem-Endodermis in the Genus Piper,” published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
XXII.—Tables of the Elliptic-cylinder Functions
Authors: Ince E. L. 
Published: June 2016

Although the physical problem which originally led to the Mathieu equationis now well over sixty years old, and although other problems studied in more recent years, such as the scattering of electric waves by an elliptic cylinder, depend essentially on the same equation, no thorough investigation of detail has hitherto been possible owing to the lack of tables of the functions defined by the equation. In fact, until 1924 all attempts to reduce the functions to a form suitable for calculation had failed. In that year a successful method of attack was discovered by the present writer, who then undertook the computation of the tables which are here published.
VI.—The Estimation of Factor Loadings by the Method of Maximum Likelihood
Authors: Lawley D. N. 
Published: June 2016

1. When a battery of intelligence tests is administered to a set of persons it is a common practice among psychologists to “explain” the scores obtained in terms of a number of “factors.” Thus if we suppose that there are altogether t tests and that xi, denotes the score of any one person in the ith test, then it is assumed thatwhere f, g, …, h represent the person's measures in one or more general or group factors, and Si, is the person's specific ability in the ith test. It is further assumed that for a given and supposed infinite population of persons all the factors, specific and otherwise, are distributed normally and independently and that they are standardised, i.e. that their standard deviations are unity.
II.—Observations on the Relative Rate of Growth of the Nails of the Right and Left Hands respectively: on Seasonal Variations in the Rate, and on the Influence of Nerve-section upon it
Authors: Sharpey-Schafer E. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe growth of the finger nails has been investigated, and the rate on the right side as compared with the left, and in summer as compared with winter, determined for each finger. In nearly every case the rate is faster in summer than in winter.In nearly every case also the rate is faster on the right hand than on the left. A notable exception is presented by the thumb nails, which have grown faster on the left hand than on the right both in summer and winter. The slowest rate of growth occurred in the nail of the little finger of the left side. The cutaneous nerves (ulnar) of this finger had been severed, and, with the exception of those which subserve pain, had not shown functional recovery. It is therefore probable that a trophic influence is exercised through the nerves upon the growth of the nail; the probability being supported by the fact that the little-finger nail on the left or de-nervated side not only exhibits a slower rate of growth but is distinguished from the corresponding nail on the normal side by being more flattened in form, rougher on the surface, and more brittle in texture.
XIV.—Male Haploidy and Female Diploidy in Sirex cyaneus F. (Hymen.)
Authors: Peacock A. D. , Gresson R. A. R. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. From the above it is therefore justifiable to conclude that Sirex cyaneus is typically hymenopterous, in that:(a) the ripe male reproductive tissue is haploid (8 chromosomes), while the female oogonia are diploid (16 chromosomes);(b) the abortive character of the first spermatocyte division is evidence that chromosome reduction does not occur during the maturation of the male gametes.2. Support is thus afforded to the hypothesis commonly held, that the male hymenopteron is a haploid organism and is the product of an unfertilised (haploid) egg, while the female is a diploid organism arising from a fertilised egg.3. Feulgen's “Nuclealreaktion” holds for the chromatin involved in the abortive division and for the chromosomes of the second spermatocyte; but the large chromatoid body and cytoplasmic granules seen in these same stages by the iron hæmatoxylin technique did not give the chromatin reaction. The nature of these chromatoid bodies remains to be discovered.
XIX.—Photochemical Measurements of Light Intensity in Two Common Vegetation Types in Tropical Africa, by Means of the Improved Eder-Hecht Photometer
Authors: Phillips John , Scott J. D. , Moggridge J. Y. 
Published: June 2016

Summary(1) A year's measurement of the light-intensity in an exposed site (“mbuga”) and in a Berlinia woodland community, Kikori (4° 21' S.), Tanganyika, by means of the Eder-Hecht Graukeilphotometer is described.(2) The Bunsen-Roscoe units per second are shown to be very high, even under canopy of the Berlinia; they are very much greater than measurements recorded by Dorno for Assuan and Rio de Janeiro.(3) While there is a positive correlation between the B.-R. values and the hours of direct sunshine, it is also clear that during cloudy periods (less than 50 per cent, of possible sunshine is experienced at Kikori and on the Central Plateau of East Africa generally) the B.-R. values are also very high.(4) There is a positive correlation between the values of the Eder-Hecht photometer (in terms of blue-violet-ultraviolet rays), and the readings of the Livingston radio-atmometer measuring the total light-intensity of the same stations in terms of cubic centimetres of water.(5) In virtue of the peculiar effects of the light of Tropical Africa upon the European nervous system, it is urged that quantitative and qualitative studies of the light in those regions should be investigated.(6) Field biologists should make greater use of this efficient, cheap, simple, and portable instrument.
XXI.—Studies in the Scottish Marine Fauna. — The Crustacea of the Sandy and Muddy Areas of the Tidal Zone
Authors: Elmhirst R. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. An attempt is made to indicate the quantitative distribution of the Crustaceans inhabiting certain Scottish intertidal areas.2. Certain areas in the Clyde, notably Cumbrae, show a rich Amphipodan fauna which exhibits zoning by species.3. Bathyporeia guilliarnsoniana is the dominant amphipod on the Tellina-Nephthys grounds (clean sand) and Corophium volutator is indicative of a muddy to brackish environment.
XXII.—An Operational Method for the Solution of Linear Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Kermack W. O. , McCrea W. H. 
Published: June 2016

1. A general method for the solution of differential equations by definite integrals has recently been given by Professor E. T. Whittaker. It is briefly that, if a contact transformation from variables (q, p) to (Q, P) be given by Q = Q(q, p), P = P(q, p), and if this transforms an expression G(Q, P) into F(q, p), then the solutions of the differential equationsare connected by a relation of the form
VII.—On the Adelphic Integral of the Differential Equations of Dynamics
Authors: Whittaker E. T. 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. Ordinary and singular periodic solutions of a dynamical system. — The present paper is concerned with the motion of dynamical systems which possess an integral of energy. To fix ideas, we shall suppose that the system has two degrees of freedom, so that the equations of motion in generalised co-ordinates may be written in Hamilton's formwhere (q1q2) are the generalised co-ordinates, (p1, p2) are the generalised momenta, and where H is a function of (q1, q2, p1, p2) which represents the sum of the kinetic and potential energies.
XII.—The Concomitants (including Differential Invariants) of Quadratic Differential Forms in Four Variables
Authors: Forsyth A. R. 
Published: June 2016

The characteristic properties of quadratic differential forms, involving two or more independent variables, have been investigated from the days of Gauss onwards. Initially, the discussion arose for the case of two variables; and, in its most general trend, it was concerned with a formassociated with surfaces, E, F, G being integral functions of p and q. But the relation does not, by itself, define a surface completely. When a surface is deformed in any manner, without stretching and without tearing, the quantity ds2 preserves its measure unchanged; the measure is of fundamental importance. Consequently, the measure must remain unchanged whatever changes of the variables are admitted. Further, changes of the variables, of any kind, allow the existence of covariant concomitants which therefore persist through these changes. In particular, there is one function, of E, F, G and of their derivatives up to the second order inclusive, which persists unaltered; it is the Gauss measure of the curvature of the surface.
Some Electrical Measurements on Metals
Authors: Fawsitt Charles E. , Brown A. Crum 
Published: June 2016

There are many isolated records of facts showing that the physical properties of (pure) metals alter when the metals are subjected to hammering, rolling, heat-treatment, and other processes.Somewhat recently Beilby has shown* that the differences in all the various states of metals are explained by the fact that solids exhibit two distinct phases: these are the amorphous or vitreous, and the crystalline. The properties of a metal in any given state are due to the metal being made up either of one or other of these phases, or both.
The Tarpan and its Relationship with Wild and Domestic Horses
Authors: Ewart J. C. 
Published: June 2016

In December 1902,1 communicated to the Society a preliminary note “On a New Horse from the Western Islands,” and six months later submitted the results of experiments made with a view to ascertaining whether Prejvalsky's horse is a true wild species, or, as suggested by Flower and others, a chance hybrid between a kyang and an escaped Mongol pony.The new horse (now commonly known as the Celtic Pony) described in the first paper is characterised by a small head, large prominent eyes, short ears, and narrow nostrils; by a long tail, mane, and forelock, and, during winter, by a thick, light yellow-dun woolly undercoat and a remarkable tail-lock (PL II. 7); by having, like Prejvalsky's horse, only 23 dorso-lumbar vertebræ, and also by the complete absence of callosities from the inner aspect of the hocks and from the region of the fetlocks—i.e. by the absence of the hind warts or chestnuts, and of the four ergots invariably present in typical specimens of the common horse. In speed and staying power, intelligence and docility, the Celtic pony takes after high-caste, fine-tempered Arabs.
Bathydraco Scotiæ, Poisson abyssal nouveau recueilli par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise
Authors: Dollo Louis , Traquair M. R. H. 
Published: June 2016

L'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise, sous le commandement de M. W. S. Bruce, a recueilli une importance collection de Poissons au cours de son exploration de l'Atlantique austral et de la Mer de Weddell (1902–1904).A la suite de la publication de mon mémoire sur les Poissons de la Belgica,* M. Bruce m'ayant fait l'honneur de me prier d'étudier les matériaux ichthyologiqucs qu'il avait rapportés, je me propose de soumettre à la Société Royale d'Edimbourg, si elle veut bien me le permettre, les résultats de mes recherches, au fur et à mesure de leurs progrèss, afin d'assurer à la Scotia la priorité de ses découvertes, en attendant que je sois assez avancé pour faire paraître mon travail définitif.
On the Methods of Standardising Suprarenal Preparations
Authors: Cameron I. D. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYFor the standardisation of adrenalin preparations.(a) The colorimetric method is not reliable with weak or impure solutions.(b) The effect on the pupil of the frog's eye gives uncertain results.(c) The determination of the minimum effective dose on the arterioles of the perfused frog is tedious and uncertain; on an average 0·1 per million produces an effect.(d) The determination of the minimum effective dose in causing a rise on the blood pressure of the atropinised rabbit yields fairly satisfactory results.(e) Adrenalin, suprarenalin, and hemisine all give a precisely similar result, 0·0003 mg. per kilo of body weight, or 0·006 per million, of the rabbit's blood causing a distinct rise in the blood pressure in the rabbit, and 0·012 mg. per kilo of body weight, or 0·24 per million, of the blood causing a rise in the cat.(f) The most satisfactory method is the determination of the dose just sufficient to antagonise 0·6 mg. of nitroglycerin (Parke, Davis & Co.). Of adrenalin, 0·0075 mg. is sufficient.I wish to express my indebtedness to Dr Noël Paton for much help in the preparation of this paper.The expenses of this research were defrayed from a grant made to the Laboratory by Mr J. Francis Mason for investigations on the physiology of the ductless glands.
IV.—The Electrolysis of Salts of Alkyloxyacids
Authors: Fairweather David A. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryFour compounds have been electrolysed and the nature of the resulting compounds investigated. These are:—(a) Potassium ethyl ethoxymalonate, which gave ethyl diethoxyacetate, the alcoholate of ethyl glyoxylate, a little ethyl diethoxysuccinate, ethyl alcohol, oxalic acid, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde.(b) Potassium ethyl diethoxysuccinate, which gave ethyl formylethoxyacetate, oxalic acid, ethyl oxalate, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, and formic acid.(c) Potassium ethoxyacetate, which gave formaldehyde, alcohol, and formaldehyde diethylacetal.(d) Sodium amyloxyacetate, which gave amyl amyloxyacetate, formaldehyde diamylacetal, formaldehyde, and iso-valeric aldehyde.The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor Sir James Walker, F.R.S., for his helpful suggestions and advice in the course of this research.