bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stock of downstream complementary assets as a catalyst for product innovation during technological change in theU.S.machine tool industry
Authors: Roy Raja , Cohen Susan K. 
Published: July 2016

Research summary: We investigate the effect of incumbents' stock of downstream complementary assets on their product innovation during a disruptive technological change. We theorize that a firm's stock of downstream complementary assets, by providing critical information about shifting demand conditions, will play a catalytic role in firm adaptation during such a change. Using the advent of disruptive computer numerical control machine tools in theU.S.machine tool industry during the 1970s and 1980s as the context, we find that firms with greater stocks of downstream complementary assets are likely to be product innovation leaders during such a change.Managerial summary: Disruptive changes are challenging firms across industries. We concentrate on theU.S.machine tool industry during the 1970s and 1980s when Japanese manufacturers with disruptive computer numerical control systems challenged theU.S.manufacturers. We find that, under the threat of disruption, the greater the stock of downstream complementary assets a U.S. machine tool manufacturer has, the more likely it is to be the product innovation leader with the disruptive technology. Our findings provide novel insights for managers in companies that face disruptive changes and can help them avoid the consequences of such changes as predicted by prior research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global electricity demand, generation, grid system, and renewable energy polices: a review
Authors: Hasanuzzaman M. , Zubir Ummu Salamah , Ilham Nur Iqtiyani , Seng Che Hang 
Published: July 2016

The rising concerns on the impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming have forced the world to search for alternative clean and green energy resources. Renewable energy is one of the most sustainable forms of energy, and is an increasingly popular replacement to fossil fuels. In line with this, the world has witnessed tremendous growth in renewable energy technologies as well as unprecedented adoption of renewable‐based electricity generation in the past few decades. This review paper focuses on the global energy demand, power generation, electricity production, electrical grid system as well as current global polices to move forward for renewable energy‐based power generation. This work compiles the latest literature (i.e., journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, etc.) on global energy demand, power generation, electrical grid system as well as current global polices related to renewable energy. From the review, it is found that renewable energy is one of the potential resources to fulfill the future energy demand with mitigating GHG emissions and global warming. It is also found that many polices has been implementing globally to promote renewable energy‐based power generation. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e222. doi: 10.1002/wene.222This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Climate and Environment
Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Does Intraoperative Systematic Bacterial Sampling During Complete Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) with Hyperthermic Intraoperative Peritoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) Influence Postoperative Treatment? A New Predictive Factor for Postoperative Abdominal Infectious Complications
Authors: Dazza Marie , Schwarz Lilian , Coget Julien , Frebourg Noelle , Wood Gregory , Huet Emmanuel , Bridoux Valérie , Veber Benoit , Tuech Jean‐Jacques 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundCytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an emerging curative treatment option for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. It has a long‐term survival benefit but is associated with high rates of morbidity, ranging from 12 % to 65 %, mainly due to infectious complications. We sought to evaluate the clinical relevance of routine intraoperative bacteriological sampling following CRS/HIPEC.Study designBetween November 2010 and December 2014, every patients receiving CRS/HIPEC were included. Three samples were routinely collected from standardized locations for intraperitoneal rinsing liquid bacteriological analysis (RLBA) after completion of HIPEC. The clinical and surgical features, bacteriological results, and short‐term outcomes were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThe overall mortality and morbidity rates were 5 and 45 %, respectively. Among the 75 included patients, 40 % (n = 30) had at least one positive bacterial culture. Risk factors for a positive culture were colorectal resection (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 3.072, 95 % CI 1.843–8.004; p = 0.009) and blood loss >1000 mL (HR = 4.272, 95 % CI 1.080–18.141; p = 0.031). Among 26 (35 %) patients with abdominal infectious complications, 13 (17 %) experienced isolated complications. A positive RLBA result was independently associated with abdominal infectious complications (HR = 5.108, 95 % CI 1.220–16.336; p = 0.024) and isolated abdominal infectious complications (HR = 4.199, 95 % CI 1.064–15.961; p = 0.04).ConclusionsForty percent of the RLBA samples obtained following CRS/HIPEC tested positive for bacteria. Bacterial sampling of rinsing liquid should be systematically performed. An aggressive and immediate antibiotic strategy needs to be evaluated.
Gallstones and Bariatric Surgery: To Treat or Not to Treat?
Authors: Morais Marina , Faria Gil , Preto John , Costa‐Maia José 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundObesity and rapid weight loss after bariatric surgery are risk factors for gallstone disease.ObjectivesThe present study sought to evaluate the feasibility of selective concomitant cholecystectomy only in patients with symptomatic disease and study risk factors for the development of symptomatic gallstones after bariatric surgery.MethodsBetween January 2010 and December 2012, 734 consecutive patients presenting to our institution underwent bariatric surgery. From these, 81 patients were excluded due to prior or concurrent cholecystectomy. The remaining 653 patients with in situ gallbladder were followed for 12 months and were clinically screened for symptomatic or complicated cholelithiasis. Clinical and demographic characteristics were compared at baseline and 12 months after surgery.ResultsOf the 653 patients with in situ gallbladder, only 24 (3.3 %) developed symptomatic gallstones and only nine presented complicated disease. None of the patients with asymptomatic disease at the time of surgery progressed to symptomatic or complicated disease. Patients who developed symptomatic disease were not significantly different, although there was a trend toward longer obesity evolution, lower insulin levels, and lower hepatic enzymes level. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients with gastric sleeve were more likely to develop symptomatic gallstones.ConclusionsAlthough further studies are required, the management of gallstones in morbidly obese patients should not be different from normal‐weight patients. Therefore, performing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy only in symptomatic patients is an effective approach and asymptomatic gallstones should not be treated at the time of bariatric surgery.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Neural Tube Defects at 11–14 Weeks
Authors: Batra Meenu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFetal neural tube defects are the second most common serious fetal birth defects. In fetuses with open spina bifida there is leakage of cerebrospinal fluid into the amniotic cavity which causes hypertension in the subarachnoid space leading to caudal displacement of the brain. The cranial signs (lemon and banana) are detectable during the second trimester scan. In the first trimester, there are alterations in the appearance of the posterior brain at 11–13 weeks. In fetuses with open spina bifida, the posterior shift of the brain is evident from the first trimester, resulting in compression of the fourth ventricle and alteration of the normal intracranial translucency. In the midsagittal view of the face, if the fourth ventricle is not visible, it should arouse the suspicion of the possibility of an underlying open spina bifida and hence, a detailed examination of the fetal spine should be performed. Also, because of the posterior shift of the brain, the brainstem (BS) appears relatively enlarged and shifted backwards. The BS to brainstem to occipital bone distance (BSOB) [BS/BSOB] ratio is increased and it is usually more than one. At 11–13-week scan, the midsagittal view of the face is the standard view obtained in every fetus and it is feasible to visualize the posterior region of brain in this view. Suspicious cases should undergo a detailed assessment of the spine, especially on transvaginal scan followed by targeted examination of the spine at 16–18 weeks.
Outcomes of General Anesthesia and Conscious Sedation in Endovascular Treatment for Stroke
Authors: Just Caroline , Rizek Philippe , Tryphonopoulos Peter , Pelz David , Arango Miguel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground Recent studies have strongly indicated the benefits of endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke, but what remains a continued debate is the role for general anaesthesia versus conscious sedation (CS) for such procedures. Retrospective studies have found poorer neurological outcomes in patients who underwent general anesthesia (GA); however, some have revealed worse baseline stroke severity in these patients.Methods This study is a retrospective cohort study aimed at comparing mortality and morbidity of GA versus CS in patients treated with endovascular intervention in acute ischemic stroke. Chi-square and t-test analyses were used. Results Patients in the GA (n=42) group were more likely to be deceased than those in the CS (n=67) group at hospital discharge, 3 months, and 6 months poststroke onset. Morbidity, as defined by modified Rankin Score, was significantly greater in the GA group at hospital discharge, and a similar trend was seen in morbidity at 3 months postdischarge. Conclusion General anesthesia for endovascular intervention in acute ischemic stroke was associated with increased mortality and poorer neurological incomes compared with conscious sedation. In our study, age, gender, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, and baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale were not significantly different between the groups. Although the need for a randomized, prospective study on this topic is clear, our study represents further corroboration of the safety and efficacy of conscious sedation in these procedures.
Costs and Mortality Associated With Multidrug-Resistant Healthcare-Associated Acinetobacter Infections
Authors: Nelson Richard E. , Schweizer Marin L. , Perencevich Eli N. , Nelson Scott D. , Khader Karim , Chiang Hsiu-Yin , Chorazy Margaret L. , Blevins Amy , Ward Melissa A. , Samore Matthew H. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDOur objective was to estimate the per-infection and cumulative mortality and cost burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in the United States using data from published studies.METHODSWe identified studies that estimated the excess cost, length of stay (LOS), or mortality attributable to MDR Acinetobacter HAIs. We generated estimates of the cost per HAI using 3 methods: (1) overall cost estimates, (2) multiplying LOS estimates by a cost per inpatient-day ($4,350) from the payer perspective, and (3) multiplying LOS estimates by a cost per inpatient-day from the hospital ($2,030) perspective. We deflated our estimates for time-dependent bias using an adjustment factor derived from studies that estimated attributable LOS using both time-fixed methods and either multistate models (70.4% decrease) or matching patients with and without HAIs using the timing of infection (47.4% decrease). Finally, we used the incidence rate of MDR Acinetobacter HAIs to generate cumulative incidence, cost, and mortality associated with these infections.RESULTSOur estimates of the cost per infection were $129,917 (method 1), $72,025 (method 2), and $33,510 (method 3). The pooled relative risk of mortality was 4.51 (95% CI, 1.10–32.65), which yielded a mortality rate of 10.6% (95% CI, 2.5%–29.4%). With an incidence rate of 0.141 (95% CI, 0.136–0.161) per 1,000 patient-days at risk, we estimated an annual cumulative incidence of 12,524 (95% CI, 11,509–13,625) in the United States.CONCLUSIONThe estimates presented here are relevant to understanding the expenditures and lives that could be saved by preventing MDR Acinetobacter HAIs.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–7
Reynolds stress distribution and turbulence generated secondary flow in the turbulent three-dimensional wall jet
Authors: Namgyal L. , Hall J. W. 
Published: July 2016

The lateral half-width of the turbulent three-dimensional wall jet is typically five to eight times larger than the vertical half-width normal to the wall. Although the reason for this behaviour is not fully understood, it is caused by mean secondary flows that develop in the jet due to the presence of the wall. The origin of the secondary flow has been associated previously with both vorticity reorientation and also gradients in the Reynolds stresses, although this has not been directly quantified as yet. The present investigation focuses on a wall jet formed using a circular contoured nozzle with exit Reynolds number of 250 000. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements are used herein to measure the three-component velocity, thereby allowing access to the full Reynolds stress tensor that contributes to the secondary flow in a turbulent three-dimensional wall jet. Throughout the jet, the Reynolds normal stress ($\overline{u^{2}}$) makes the largest contribution to the Reynolds stress field whereas Reynolds shear stress ($\overline{vw}$) is found to be negligible when compared with other stresses. In particular, the differences in the Reynolds normal stresses ($\overline{v^{2}}-\overline{w^{2}}$) are found to be significantly larger than $\overline{vw}$; these terms are important for the generation of turbulence secondary flow in the wall jet. Above all, the differences in the Reynolds normal stresses are oriented to reinforce the near-wall streamwise vorticity, and thus contribute to the large lateral growth of this flow. The contours of the turbulent kinetic budget indicate that the turbulent energy budget obtained on the jet centreline is different from that obtained off of the jet centreline.
ILLUSORY MODELS OF PEANO ARITHMETIC
Authors: KIKUCHI MAKOTO , KURAHASHI TAISHI 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBy using a provability predicate of PA, we define ThmPA(M) as the set of theorems of PA in a modelMof PA. We say a modelMof PA is (1) illusory if ThmPA(M) ⊈ ThmPA(ℕ), (2) heterodox if ThmPA(M) ⊈ TA, (3) sane ifM⊨ ConPA, and insane if it is not sane, (4) maximally sane if it is sane and ThmPA(M) ⊆ ThmPA(N) implies ThmPA(M) = ThmPA(N) for every sane modelNof PA. We firstly show thatMis heterodox if and only if it is illusory, and that ThmPA(M) ∩ TA ≠ ThmPA(ℕ) for any illusory modelM. Then we show that there exists a maximally sane model, every maximally sane model satisfies ¬ConPA+ConPA, and there exists a sane model of ¬ConPA+ConPAwhich is not maximally sane. We define that an insane model is (5) illusory by nature if its every initial segment being a nonstandard model of PA is illusory, and (6) going insane suddenly if its every initial segment being a sane model of PA is not illusory. We show that there exists a model of PA which is illusory by nature, and we prove the existence of a model of PA which is going insane suddenly.
Control Reversal Effects on Swept-Back Wings
Authors: Templeton Haydn 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAileron reversal effects on swept-back wings in general and elevon reversal effects on tailless swept-back wings in particular are discussed on a non-mathematical basis, attention being confined to the orthodox flap type of control. The main purpose of the paper is to convey in the simplest terms possible a clear physical picture of the conditions producing loss of control power, emphasis being naturally laid upon the part played by structural wing distortion. Certain qualitative features relating to the two phenomena are also discussed. As a general introduction to the discussion on aileron reversal effects, the definition of “aileron power” in relation to the actual dynamic condition of rolling is described at some length. For elevon reversal effects on tailless aircraft the effect of wing flexibility on both “elevon power” and on trim in steady symmetric flight is considered.
With the descriptive treatment adopted the analysis is of necessity broad and general but is designed to appeal to those not too familiar with the subject. The results of certain calculations on a hypothetical wing, which may be of interest, are included. A mathematical analysis for the quantitative estimation of both aileron and elevon reversal effects is given in the Appendix.
The Measurement of Gas Turbine Combustion Efficiency by Gas Analysis
Authors: Richards L. J. , Street J. C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryFollowing a brief discussion of various methods of measuring combustion efficiency in gas turbine chambers, the superiority in accuracy of applied gas analysis is stated. Factors leading to inefficiencies in combustion are outlined and the exhaust constituents requiring measurement are deduced. The chief difficulty in the past in the application of gas analysis methods to combustion efficiency determination has been the time consumed in actual analysis of samples; at Thornton Research Centre means of overcoming this difficulty have been investigated and several rapid and accurate analytical techniques have been developed and used successfully. These techniques are described, together with other promising methods at present under development. The broad requirements of obtaining exhaust gas samples for analysis are discussed and typical sampling systems described; precautions necessary in applying these systems are given. Formulse for the calculation of combustion efficiency from analytical results, together with any assumptions made, are given in the text and their derivation explained in an Appendix. The techniques described have been developed primarily for use in conjunction with rig testing of aircraft gas turbine combustion chambers; the broader application—for instance, to engine testing—of the principles involved are considered briefly.
Strain Measurement by X-ray Diffraction Methods
Authors: Greenough G. B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMany papers have been written on the measurement of strain by X-ray diffraction methods and on the interpretation of these strains in terms of stresses. Whereas, during the past few years, the experimental methods of determining the strains have. remained largely unchanged, research has shown that the older techniques for calculating stresses from strains are not always valid.In this paper an attempt is made to describe some of the principles of strain measurement by X-ray diffraction methods to those who are unfamiliar with the methods. The types of stress and strain systems which may exist in polycrystalline metals are then considered, particular attention being paid to the effect of the elastic and plastic anisotropy of the individual crystals. Some indication is given as to how the earlier methods of interpreting X-ray strain measurements should be modified, but no rigid routine method is proposed for use in a general case.
The Steady Circulatory Flow about a Circular Cylinder with Uniformly Distributed Suction at the Surface
Authors: Preston J. H. 
Published: July 2016

Summary and ConclusionsExact solutions for the steady circulatory flow about a circular cylinder with suction applied at its surface have been obtained for the following cases: —
(a)the cylinder at rest and a circulation at infinity,(b)the cylinder rotating and zero circulation at infinity,(c)the cylinder rotating in either direction with a circulation at infinity,provided that, in general, the suction velocity is greater than a certain limiting value.There is a particular case of (c) when the circulation at the cylinder equals that at infinity in magnitude and direction, for which the circulation is constant at all radii, for all values of R—presumably for blowing as well as suction.The addition of a uniform stream parallel to the cylinder axis does not affect the circulatory motion, and the solution for the combined flow, which is exact, has some practical interest in that it demonstrates that the boundary layer on a long, circular, rotating boss can be kept thin and that the circulatory motion outside the boundary layer can be prevented by the suitable application of suction before starting the rotation.The flow (a) is important in connection with the withdrawal of the Thwaites flap. The existence of steady state solutions, coupled with the arguments of Section 5.2, make it appear highly probable that a wing employing this device will retain its lift indefinitely, when the flap is withdrawn.For high rates of suction flow, the flows exhibit the characteristics of boundary layer flows, in that the vorticity is confined to a narrow annulus enveloping the cylinder and the velocity distribution near the wall tends to the well-known asymptotic distribution of Griffith and Meredith.It would be interesting to investigate these flows experimentally and to examine the stability of the laminar flow under suction conditions.The analysis throughout is simple and expressions are obtained for the velocity distribution, the stresses, the vorticity and the torque, and so on.
The whirling of a spinning top
Authors: Morris J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis paper has been compiled because of the applicability of the treatment of the stability of the motion of the common spinning top to the problem of the whirling of rotating shafts, carrying loads of appreciable moments of inertia. This problem is assuming renewed interest and importance, especially in the drives of contra-propeller systems and the more recent high speed prime movers.
The linearised theory of conical fields in supersonic flow, with applications to plane aerofoils
Authors: Goldstein S. , Ward G. N. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn many important problems of supersonic flow, either for the whole field of flow or a part of it, the velocity components are constant on straight lines through a fixed point. Such velocity fields are called conical fields. In the usual theory of the linearised perturbations of a steady supersonic flow, the velocity is assumed to differ only slightly from a uniform undisturbed velocity, and in the defining equations and boundary conditions all non-linear terms in the components of the perturbation velocity (and their space derivatives) are neglected. In this paper the equations of linearised supersonic conical fields, and their general solution, are set out both for the region inside and for the region outside the Mach cone of the origin in the conical field. The results are applied to flow past plane triangular aerofoils with straight edges downstream of the vertex (of which there are six cases), to flow past those plane aerofoils of more extended shape and finite span for which the solution may be obtained by combining a finite number of conical fields, and to the problem of plane triangular vanes in semi-infinite free jets. In the applications, the velocity fields are determined in considerable detail, but a main purpose in setting them out was to exhibit the mathematical methods used and the physical considerations that enter in determining the mathematical solutions.