bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proyecto de musealización de los restos hallados en la estación de Ópera (Metro de Madrid). Reconstrucciones infográficas, escaneo laser 3D y digitalización del patrimonio arqueológico.
Authors: Penedo Cobo Eduardo , Moraga Vaz Patricia , Organista Labrado Elia , Izquierdo Zamora Áurea , Martínez Granero Ana Belén 
Published: January 2016

<p>In 2009, the archaeological and paleontological investigation associated with the new lift installation project in Opera Underground Station in Madrid, revealed remains of the ancient town structure of the lost Caños del Peral Square ( XVI-XVII and XVIII centuries), currently known as Isabel II Square. The recovery of these remains, which are of immense historical heritage value since they are significant elements of Madrid’s past, has led to the creation of a museum space in the station itself. In the explanatory document a range of techniques have been used including graphic information, animation and 3D imagery of the elements recorded during the excavation.</p>
Tailored Assays for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Investigations of Aliskiren and Enalapril in Children: An Application in Serum, Urine, and Saliva
Authors: Burckhardt Bjoern B. , Tins Jutta , Ramusovic Sergej , Läer Stephanie 
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVES: Drugs that are effectively used to treat hypertension in adults (e.g., enalapril) have not been sufficiently investigated in children. Studies required for pediatric approval require special consideration regarding ethics, study design, and conduct and are also associated with special demands for the bioanalytic method. Pediatric-appropriate assays can overcome these burdens and enable systematic investigations of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic in all pediatric age groups.
METHODS: Tailored assays were developed for pharmacokinetic investigation of a drug in 100 μL of serum, saliva, and urine. All assays were applied in a proof-of-concept study to 22 healthy volunteers who had been given 300 mg aliskiren hemifumarate or 20 mg enalapril maleate and allowed for dense sampling. Changes in humoral parameters of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were also evaluated with 6 parameters in 2.1 mL blood per time point.
RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic results of aliskiren and enalapril obtained by low-volume assays in serum and urine were comparable to that noted in the literature. The dense sampling enabled very detailed concentration-time profiles that showed high intersubject variability and biphasic absorption behavior of aliskiren. The replacement of invasive sampling by saliva collection appears inappropriate for both drugs because the correlations of drug concentrations in both fluids were low. A low-volume assay was also used to determine values for in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and to compare those results with the published literature.
CONCLUSION: These results support both the use of low-volume assays in pediatric research and the systematic investigation of their use in neonates and infants. Use of this assay methodology will increase information about drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in this vulnerable population and might contribute to safe and effective use of pharmacotherapy.
La Lucrècia Borja de ficció en el drama d’Hugo i els seus derivats
Authors: Gomar Calatayud Marc 
Published: January 2016

Resum: El drama Lucrèce Borgia de Victor Hugo confereix al personatge històric una sèrie d’atributs en sintonia amb el gust sensacionalista de l’època: en ser dona, poderosa, bella i formada. Lucrècia Borja és el millor exemple d’allò que Kristeva anomena «l’abjecte» en les Pouvoirs de l’horreur (1980). Una imatge de femme fatale lligada al verí o l’incest que es popularitzarà gràcies a les nombroses obres derivades del drama: de l’òpera de Donizetti als romanços populars de manera que les característiques del personatge de ficció s’imposaran a l’històric en l’imaginari col·lectiu. Lucrècia Borja, que fins aleshores havia estat considerada un instrument al servei de les polítiques familiars, entrarà a formar part per «mèrits» propis del triangle del mal junt amb l germà, Cèsar Borja, i son pare, el papa Alexandre VI. Paraules clau: Lucrècia Borja, Victor Hugo, Gaetano Donizetti, llegenda negra, literatura de cordell, paròdia, segle XIX, Francesc Godó, abjecte Abstract: The Victor Hugo’s drama Lucrezia Borgia gives to the historical character some attributes in line with the sensationalist preferences of that time: being a female, powerful, beautiful and educated. Lucrezia Borgia is the best example of what Kristeva names «the abject» in Pouvoirs de l’horreur (1980). The character is a femme fatale image linked to poison or incest and it was popularized thanks to the many works resulting from this drama. So that, the features of the fictional character prevailed to the real historical character in the popular beliefs, this happened in Donizetti's opera, but also in the chapbooks of that time. Lucrezia Borgia had previously been considered an instrument in the service for family policies, but she became part of an evil triangle, thanks to her own attitude, along with her brother, Cesare Borgia, and her father, the pope Alexander VI. Keywords: Lucrezia Borgia, Victor Hugo, Gaetano Donizetti, black legend, chapbook, parody, nineteenth century, Francesc Xavier Godó, abject
Llengua i identitat en l’obra de Benvingut Oliver i Joan Baptista Perales
Authors: Martí-Badia Adrià 
Published: January 2016

Resum: Aquest treball es proposa analitzar la reacció dels erudits valencians Benvingut Oliver i Joan Baptista Perales davant els postulats de la filologia romànica sobre el català en la segona meitat del segle XIX. A més, tractem de relacionar la posició d’Oliver i Perales amb altres erudits i escriptors del moviment reinaixencista i amb la consciència de comunitat lingüística compartida amb catalans, balears i nord-catalans. A partir de la meitat del Vuitcents els romanistes germànics funden la filologia romànica i constaten que el català és el nom de la llengua pròpia dels territoris de llengua catalana, diferent de l’occità i sense res a veure amb el llemosí amb què era conegut des de principis del segle xvi. Aquests postulats respecte a la identitat i el nom de la llengua catalana són ràpidament rebuts i acceptats a Catalunya; i a les Illes Balears i a la Catalunya del Nord foren rebuts positivament amb molt poques excepcions. Però no així al País Valencià, on només una minoria d’erudits com Benvingut Oliver i Joan B. Perales –entre d’altres– va acceptar i divulgar aquests postulats. Paraules clau: Segle XIX, Nom i identitat de la llengua catalana, Renaixença Valenciana, Benvingut Oliver, Joan Baptista Perales Abstract: This paper analyses the reaction of the Valencian scholars Benvingut Oliver and Joan Baptista Perales against postulates on the Catalan Romance philology in the middle of the nineteenth century. Moreover, this work tries to relate Oliver and Perales position with others scholars and writers of the Reinaixença Valenciana movement and the awareness of linguistic community shared with Catalan speakers from Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and North Catalonia. From the middle of the nineteenth century the German romanists found the Romance philology. They established “Catalan” as the name of the language of the Catalan-speaking areas. Even this is different from Occitan and has nothing to do with Limousin, which was known by this name since the early sixteenth century. Regarding the identity and the name of the Catalan language, these assumptions are quickly received and assumed in Catalonia. Although in the Balearic Islands and North Catalonia they were received positively with very few exceptions. Whereas in Valencia, only a minority of scholars like Benvingut Oliver and Joan B. Perales –among others– accepted and disseminated these postulates. Keywords: Nineteenth century, Name and identity of the Catalan language, Valencian Renaissance, Benvingut Oliver, Joan Baptista Perales
Significant relaxation of residual negative carrier in polar Alq3 film directly detected by high-sensitivity photoemission
Authors: Kinjo Hiroumi , Lim Hyunsoo , Sato Tomoya , Noguchi Yutaka , Nakayama Yasuo , Ishii Hisao 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3) has been widely applied as a good electron-injecting layer (EIL) in organic light-emitting diodes. High-sensitivity photoemission measurement revealed a clear photoemission by visible light, although its ionization energy is 5.7 eV. This unusual photoemission is ascribed to Alq3 anions captured by positive polarization charges. The observed electron detachment energy of the anion was about 1 eV larger than the electron affinity reported by inverse photoemission. This difference suggests that the injected electron in the Alq3 layer is energetically relaxed, leading to the reduction in injection barrier. This nature is one of the reasons why Alq3 worked well as the EIL.
Clinical Trials of Active Surveillance of Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid
Authors: Miyauchi Akira 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground
The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing globally. This is mainly due to the increase in the detection of small papillary carcinomas, including papillary microcarcinomas (PMC) 1 cm or smaller. It was suggested recently that PMCs are overdiagnosed and overtreated.MethodsIn 1993, the author proposed a clinical trial to compare surgery and observation for low‐risk PMC at doctors’ meeting in Kuma Hospital, which was approved and the trial started in the same year. Patients choose immediate surgery or observation. This paper shares our 22‐year experience with the active surveillance of more than 2000 patients with low‐risk PMC and compares the outcomes of immediate surgery with that of active observation.ResultsThe oncological outcomes of these management groups were similarly excellent. In our active surveillance trial on 1235 patients, 8 % of patients showed tumor enlargement by 3 mm or more at 10 years of observation, and 3.8 % of the patients showed novel appearance of lymph node metastasis at 10 years. Patients 40 years or younger tended to show progression of the disease. Patients with these slight progressions of the disease were successfully treated with a rescue surgery. None of the patients in both study groups died of the disease. However, incidences of unfavorable events, such as temporary vocal cord paralysis (VCP) and temporary and permanent hypoparathyroidism, were significantly higher in the immediate surgery group than in the observation group (4.1 vs. 0.6 %, p < 0.0001; 16.7 vs. 2.8 %, p < 0.0001; and 1.6 vs. 0.08 %, p < 0.0001, respectively). Permanent VCP occurred in two of the surgery group.ConclusionsAs a result, although we still offer two options, immediate surgery or observation, to patients with low‐risk PMC at Kuma Hospital, we now strongly recommend observation as the best choice.
Prehospital Indicators for Disaster Preparedness and Response: New York City Emergency Medical Services in Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Smith Silas W. , Braun James , Portelli Ian , Malik Sidrah , Asaeda Glenn , Lancet Elizabeth , Wang Binhuan , Hu Ming , Lee David C. , Prezant David J. , Goldfrank Lewis R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate emergency medical services (EMS) data as disaster metrics and to assess stress in surrounding hospitals and a municipal network after the closure of Bellevue Hospital during Hurricane Sandy in 2012.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed EMS activity and call types within New York City’s 911 computer-assisted dispatch database from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013. We evaluated EMS ambulance transports to individual hospitals during Bellevue’s closure and incremental recovery from urgent care capacity, to freestanding emergency department (ED) capability, freestanding ED with 911-receiving designation, and return of inpatient services.ResultsA total of 2,877,087 patient transports were available for analysis; a total of 707,593 involved Manhattan hospitals. The 911 ambulance transports disproportionately increased at the 3 closest hospitals by 63.6%, 60.7%, and 37.2%. When Bellevue closed, transports to specific hospitals increased by 45% or more for the following call types: blunt traumatic injury, drugs and alcohol, cardiac conditions, difficulty breathing, “pedestrian struck,” unconsciousness, altered mental status, and emotionally disturbed persons.ConclusionsEMS data identified hospitals with disproportionately increased patient loads after Hurricane Sandy. Loss of Bellevue, a public, safety net medical center, produced statistically significant increases in specific types of medical and trauma transports at surrounding hospitals. Focused redeployment of human, economic, and social capital across hospital systems may be required to expedite regional health care systems recovery. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:333–343)
Scanning Electron Microscope-Cathodoluminescence Analysis of Rare-Earth Elements in Magnets
Authors: Imashuku Susumu , Wagatsuma Kazuaki , Kawai Jun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractScanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) analysis was performed for neodymium–iron–boron (NdFeB) and samarium–cobalt (Sm–Co) magnets to analyze the rare-earth elements present in the magnets. We examined the advantages of SEM-CL analysis over conventional analytical methods such as SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and SEM-wavelength-dispersive X-ray (WDX) spectroscopy for elemental analysis of rare-earth elements in NdFeB magnets. Luminescence spectra of chloride compounds of elements in the magnets were measured by the SEM-CL method. Chloride compounds were obtained by the dropwise addition of hydrochloric acid on the magnets followed by drying in vacuum. Neodymium, praseodymium, terbium, and dysprosium were separately detected in the NdFeB magnets, and samarium was detected in the Sm–Co magnet by the SEM-CL method. In contrast, it was difficult to distinguish terbium and dysprosium in the NdFeB magnet with a dysprosium concentration of 1.05 wt% by conventional SEM-EDX analysis. Terbium with a concentration of 0.02 wt% in an NdFeB magnet was detected by SEM-CL analysis, but not by conventional SEM-WDX analysis. SEM-CL analysis is advantageous over conventional SEM-EDX and SEM-WDX analyses for detecting trace rare-earth elements in NdFeB magnets, particularly dysprosium and terbium.
Metal-free organic dyes for TiO2 and ZnO dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Selopal Gurpreet Singh , Wu Hui-Ping , Lu Jianfeng , Chang Yu-Cheng , Wang Mingkui , Vomiero Alberto , Concina Isabella , Diau Eric Wei-Guang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe report the synthesis and characterization of new metal-free organic dyes (namely B18, BTD-R and CPTD-R) which designed with D-π-A concept to extending the light absorption region by strong conjugation group of π-linker part and applied as light harvester in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We compared the photovoltaic performance of these dyes in two different photoanodes: a standard TiO2 mesoporous photoanode and a ZnO photoanode composed of hierarchically assembled nanostructures. The results demonstrated that B18 dye has better photovoltaic properties compared to other two dyes (BTD-R and CPTD-R) and each dye has higher current density (Jsc) when applied to hierarchical ZnO nanocrystallites than the standard TiO2 mesoporous film. Transient photocurrent and photovoltage decay measurements (TCD/TVD) were applied to systematically study the charge transport and recombination kinetics in these devices, showing the electron life time (τR) of B18 dye in ZnO and TiO2 based DSSCs is higher than CPTD-R and BTD-R based DSSCs, which is consistent with the photovoltaic performances. The conversion efficiency in ZnO based DSSCs can be further boosted by 35%, when a compact ZnO blocking layer (BL) is applied to inhibit electron back reaction.
Molecular mapping and characterization of the silkworm apodal mutant
Authors: Chen Peng , Tong Xiao-Ling , Fu Ming-Yue , Hu Hai , Song Jiang-Bo , He Song-Zhen , Gai Ting-Ting , Dai Fang-Yin , Lu Cheng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe morphological diversity of insects is important for their survival; in essence, it results from the differential expression of genes during development of the insect body. The silkwormapodal(ap) mutant has degraded thoracic legs making crawling and eating difficult and the female is sterile, which is an ideal subject for studying the molecular mechanisms of morphogenesis. Here, we confirmed that the infertility ofapfemale moths is a result of the degradation of the bursa copulatrix. Positional cloning ofaplocus and expression analyses reveal that theBombyx mori sister of odd and bowl(Bmsob) gene is a strong candidate for theapmutant. The expression ofBmsobis down-regulated, while the correspondingHoxgenes are up-regulated in theapmutant compared to the wild type. Analyses with the dual luciferase assay present a declined activity of theBmsobpromoter in theapmutant. Furthermore, we demonstrate thatBmsobcan inhibitHoxgene expression directly and by suppressing the expression of other genes, including theBmDspgene. The results of this study are an important contribution to our understanding of the diversification of insect body plan.
Observation
Authors: Machamer Peter K. 
Published: January 2016

Of the many problems involved in discussions of acceptability and justification I wish to consider in this paper what types of sentences can be used in order to justify a given claim or theory in science, what types of sentence can be appealed to in testing (showing to be acceptable or rejecting) a theory or claim. Rather than rehashing old critcisms of previous work, or constructing new counters to works already known to be inadequate, I propose to get on with the problem at hand. Necessarily this ‘getting on’ is in large part a taxonomic and programmatic venture. I wish to suggest, briefly and by examples, that in fact there have been, and are, at least four different types of bases to which appeal is made in testing or justifying a theory or claim. These four types are:(a) Observation reports.(b) Accepted Philosophical principles.
Some Problems with the Concept of ‘Feedback’
Authors: Wimsatt William C. 
Published: January 2016

The concept of ‘feedback’, originally a technical term of cybernetics, has been so widely applied that it has become part of our everyday vocabulary. Though both scientists and philosophers have considered in detail a number of conceptual issues suggested by the perspectives of cybernetics, this basic concept has not yet received the critical attention it deserves.Thus, while Taylor [1-3] Scheffler [4-5], and others have criticized Rosenblueth, Wiener, and Bigelow [6-8] for trying to define ‘teleological’ behavior in terms of negative feedback, their objections are directed primarily against the use of ‘naive’ or ‘black box’ behavioristic assumptions and the choice of the term ‘teleological’ to describe the phenomena in question. The concept of feedback is largely accepted by both factions on more or less intuitive grounds.
On the Relation of Neurological and Psychological Theories: A Critique of the Hardware Thesis
Authors: Gendron Bernard 
Published: January 2016

The Hardware Thesis (HT) is a claim that psychological theories are irreducible to neurological theories; it has its basis in analyses of the distinction between the psychological functions postulated to account for the law-like relations between perceptual input and behavioral output, and the neural structures (or ‘hardware’) which embody these functions. HT's particular commitment to psychology-neurology irreducibility follows from the conjunction of these three assertions:(A)The role of psychological theories is to postulate systems of functions which mediate between perceptual input and behavioral output.(B)The role of neurology is to identify and describe the structures (or ‘hardware’) which embody the functions postulated by psychological theories.(C)Theories postulating systems of functions are not reducible to, or eliminable in favor of, the theories which identify the structures performing or embodying such functions. Generally, theories whose role is limited to the identification of the structures embodying the functions postulated by other theories have little or no explanatory value.
Rationality and Scientific Discovery
Authors: Toulmin Stephen 
Published: January 2016

Philosophers of Science have long paid lip service to the desirability of distinguishing the questions that arise about the propositions (statements, hypotheses) of a science from those that arise about its concepts (terms, ideas); but hitherto there has been a curious hesitation on their part to explore the consequences of this distinction as far as they will take us. This hesitation is understandable in those writers whose primary commitment is to the methods of mathematicallogic, with its formal analysis of prepositional systems and relations. But it extends also to those, who have no such commitment: e.g. the pragmatists. (Recall William James's confused question, “What makes an idea true?” - as though concepts could be true-or-false, in the way propositions are!)The account of scientific change and rationality outlined in this paper,. and set out at length in my recent book on Human Understanding, is designed to show how a full understanding of those consequences can help us to move beyond current quandaries in the subject to a more constructive set of philosophical, historical and sociological questions.
The Erkenntnistheoretiker's Dilemma: J. B. Stallo's Attack on Atomism in his Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics (1881)
Authors: Strong John V. 
Published: January 2016

Notable among the by-products of the late nineteenth-century controversies over the atomic theory of matter was the first full-scale contribution to the philosophy of science written in America, John Bernard Stallo's The Concepts and Theories of Modem Physics. The work of a lawyer and jurist largely self-trained in philosophy, its publication in 1881 provoked considerable (and mostly hostile) reaction, for Stallo attacked atomism and mechanism at a time when scientists were still divided into vociferously opposing camps over the question of whether or not the ultimate structure of matter was atomic - indeed, were in sharp disagreement over even the utility of the hypothetical concept ‘atom’ in physics and chemistry.Evér since the early 1800s, when Dalton had transformed the corpuscular hypothesis from a commonplace of the prevailing natural philosophy into a working part of chemistry, the fortunes of atomism had risen and fallen as competing atomic and non-atomic theories were matched against the accumulating experimental evidence.
The IQ Controversy and the Philosophy of Education
Authors: Kaye Kenneth 
Published: January 2016

Although my two colleagues on this panel are bona fide philosophers who clearly have a bona fide interest in the ongoing controversy over IQ and the educability of children (which should mean that the topic requires no further defense), I nonetheless feel constrained to say a word in defense of our topic as a viable subject for discussion in a forum devoted to the Philosophy of Science. Perhaps this is because, as the representative of the discipline which created this mess, I fear you might associate me with it. You might feel that bad science is a bad subject for study by philosophers of science, and furthermore that anyone associated with such a discipline would be the last person to have anything intelligent to say about philosophy.While it is true that we do not need a philosophy of bad science, a kind of Gresham's Law seems sometimes to operate, in which bad science drives out the good.