bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacist–industry relationships
Authors: Saavedra Keene , O'Connor Bonnie , Fugh-Berman Adriane 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to document, in their own words, beliefs and attitudes that American pharmacists have towards the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacists’ interactions with industry.

Methods
An ethnographic-style qualitative study was conducted utilizing open-ended interviews with four hospital pharmacists, two independent pharmacists, two retail pharmacists and one administrative pharmacist in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area to elicit descriptions of and attitudes towards pharmacists’ relationships with industry. Analysis of the qualitative material followed established ethnographic conventions of narrative thematic analysis.

Key Findings
All pharmacists reported interactions with pharmaceutical company representatives. Most had received free resources or services from industry, including educational courses. Respondents uniformly believed that industry promotional efforts are primarily directed towards physicians. Although respondents felt strongly that drug prices were excessive and that ‘me-too’ drugs were of limited use, they generally had a neutral-to-positive view of industry-funded adherence/compliance programmes, coupons, vouchers, and copay payment programmes. Interviewees viewed direct-to-consumer advertising negatively, but had a generally positive view of industry-funded drug information.

Conclusions
Pharmacists may represent a hitherto under-identified cohort of health professionals who are targeted for industry influence; expanding roles for pharmacists may make them even more attractive targets for future industry attention. Pharmacy schools should ensure that students learn to rely on unbiased information sources and should teach students about conflicts of interest and the risks of interacting with industry. Further research should be conducted on the extent to which pharmacists’ attitudes towards their duties and towards drug assessment and recommendation are influenced by the pharmaceutical industry.
Survival and partitioning of male‐specific coliphage (MS2) as a surrogate for enteric viruses in the production process of traditional butter
Authors: Fatemizadeh Saeedeh Sadat , Yavarmanesh Masoud , Habibi Najafi Mohammad B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDairy products are potentially considered as important sources of enteric viruses transmission. Currently, there is a lack of appropriate methods for sampling and study of enteric viruses in food products. Therefore, the design of modeling experiments can lead to accurate and precise estimation of viral pathogenic agents. To achieve this aim, the effects of thermal treatment of raw milk, traditional butter storage time, and the bacteriophage spiked levels on survival of the male‐specific MS2 coliphage in traditional butter were studied. MS2 spiking concentrations in three levels of 102, 104, and 106 pfu/ml, traditional butter storage time in four levels (after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks), and pasteurization process (85°C for 30 min) of raw milk were chosen as treatments. MS2 coliphage survival, as well as chemical and microbial tests were conducted on pasteurized and unpasteurized butter. The results revealed that pasteurization of raw milk used in the production process of traditional butter led to the reduction of MS2 coliphage survival. Also, acidity and pH affected MS2 bacteriophage recovery in a way that increase in acidity and reduction of pH caused a decrease in bacteriophage recovery. pH was measured at 1‐week intervals until 4 weeks of storage; the highest pH was indicated in the butter samples after the first week, and the lowest pH was observed in the Doogh samples after the fourth week. Therefore, we ascribed the lowest and highest MS2 recovery rates to butter and Doogh, respectively.Practical applicationsTraditional dairy products, including traditional butter and Doogh, are gaining economic and nutritional significance in Iran and worldwide. Little research has been conducted on the survival of enteric viruses in traditional dairy products. However, Safety evaluation of these products is essential as enteric viruses can cause severe health issues in consumers. The results from this study demonstrate that pasteurization could serve as a promising treatment for inactivation of enteric viruses in traditional Iranian butter and Doogh. Additionally, such a treatment might potentially be used to control viral propagation in other dairy products.
Behavior of thirteen foodborne bacteria on whole Hass avocado and potential of roselle calyx extracts as alternative disinfectant agents of avocado
Authors: Gómez‐Aldapa Carlos A. , Refugio Torres‐Viela Ma. , Amaya‐Acosta Mariel A. , Rangel‐Vargas Esmeralda , Villaruel‐López Angélica , Castro‐Rosas Javier 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe behavior of thirteen foodborne bacteria onto whole Hass avocado and the antibacterial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts, sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid, and colloidal silver against foodborne bacteria on contaminated avocado were investigated. Avocados were inoculated with foodborne bacteria: Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Typhi, S. Montevideo, Escherichia coli O157:H7, non‐O157:H7‐Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, and Vibrio cholerae O1. The antibacterial effect of four roselle calyx extracts (water, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid against all foodborne bacteria were examined onto avocados. All foodborne bacteria successfully attached and survived onto avocado at least 20 days. The acetonic and methanolic roselle extracts caused a greater reduction (until 4‐log10 in some cases) in the concentration of all foodborne bacteria than sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid on contaminated avocados.Practical applicationsHass avocado have been associated with foodborne disease caused by Salmonella. The sodium hypochlorite and colloidal silver solution are widely used to disinfect fruit and vegetables in restaurants and home in Mexico. Even, the Health Secretariat of Mexico promotes their use as disinfectants of fruit and vegetables. However, a number of studies have shown that chemical agents used to eliminate pathogenic bacteria on fruits have a limited antimicrobial effect. Roselle calyx extracts are reported to have an antimicrobial effect. This study provides information on the significant impact of acetone and methanol roselle calyx extracts may be a potentially useful addition to disinfection procedures of avocado in the field and processing plants.
Effects of a dietary ketone ester on hippocampal glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and amino acids in a 3xTgAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Pawlosky Robert J. , Kemper Martin F. , Kashiwaya Yoshihero , King Michael Todd , Mattson Mark P. , Veech Richard L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in a triple transgenic (3xTgAD) mouse model of AD low glucose metabolism in the brain precedes loss of memory and cognitive decline. The metabolism of ketones in the brain by‐passes glycolysis and therefore may correct several deficiencies that are associated with glucose hypometabolism. A dietary supplement composed of an ester of D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate and R‐1,3 butane diol referred to as ketone ester (KE) was incorporated into a rodent diet and fed to 3xTgAD mice for 8 months. At 16.5 months of age animals were killed and brains dissected. Analyses were carried out on the hippocampus and frontal cortex for glycolytic and TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid) cycle intermediates, amino acids, oxidized lipids and proteins, and enzymes. There were higher concentrations of d‐β‐hydroxybutyrate in the hippocampus of KE‐fed mice where there were also higher concentrations of TCA cycle and glycolytic intermediates and the energy‐linked biomarker, N‐acetyl aspartate compared to controls. In the hippocampi of control‐fed animals the free mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio were highly oxidized, whereas, in KE‐fed animals the mitochondria were reduced. Also, the levels of oxidized protein and lipids were lower and the energy of ATP hydrolysis was greater compared to controls. 3xTgAD mice maintained on a KE‐supplemented diet had higher concentrations of glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites, a more reduced mitochondrial redox potential, and lower amounts of oxidized lipids and proteins in their hippocampi compared to controls. The KE offers a potential therapy to counter fundamental metabolic deficits common to patients and transgenic models.
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The fatal affinity of the ‘Sonderweg’ revisited: The diffusion of emergency powers in Germany, Japan and Korea (1871–1987)
Authors: Kim Hak Jae 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMany authoritarian regimes in Asia have utilized emergency powers to legitimize their measures of suppressing political opponents and maintaining power. In opposition to previous interpretations that categorize Asian experiences as ‘exceptional cases’ when compared to ‘normal’ Western liberal democracies, this article suggests that this issue should be viewed within the context of the broader ‘affinity’ of the ‘Sonderweg’ phenomenon. The paper compares Germany, Japan and Korea by examining the complex ‘diffusion’ processes of constitutional emergency powers and also by illuminating systemic affinities and fundamental differences. It argues that elites and technocrats in Germany, Japan and Korea exhibited diverging patterns in adopting, filtering and utilizing these constitutional powers.
Human transporters, PEPT1/2, facilitate melatonin transportation into mitochondria of cancer cells: An implication of the therapeutic potential
Authors: Huo Xiaokui , Wang Chao , Yu Zhenlong , Peng Yulin , Wang Shumei , Feng Shengnan , Zhang Shouji , Tian Xiangge , Sun Chengpeng , Liu Kexin , Deng Sa , Ma Xiaochi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMelatonin is present in virtually all organisms from bacteria to mammals, and it exhibits a broad spectrum of biological functions, including synchronization of circadian rhythms and oncostatic activity. Several functions of melatonin are mediated by its membrane receptors, but others are receptor‐independent. For the latter, melatonin is required to penetrate membrane and enters intracellular compartments. However, the mechanism by which melatonin enters cells remains debatable. In this study, it was identified that melatonin and its sulfation metabolites were the substrates of oligopeptide transporter (PEPT) 1/2 and organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, respectively. The docking analysis showed that the binding of melatonin to PEPT1/2 was attributed to their low binding energy and suitable binding conformation in which melatonin was embedded in the active site of PEPT1/2 and fitted well with the cavity in three‐dimensional space. PEPT1/2 transporters play a pivotal role in melatonin uptake in cells. Melatonin's membrane transportation via PEPT1/2 renders its oncostatic effect in malignant cells. For the first time, PEPT1/2 were identified to localize in the mitochondrial membrane of human cancer cell lines of PC3 and U118. PEPT1/2 facilitated the transportation of melatonin into mitochondria. Melatonin accumulation in mitochondria induced apoptosis of PC3 and U118 cells. Thus, PEPT1/2 can potentially be used as a cancer cell‐targeted melatonin delivery system to improve the therapeutic effects of melatonin in cancer treatment.
Modern state of the Small (Northern) Aral Sea fauna
Authors: Plotnikov Igor S. , Ermakhanov Zaualkhan K. , Aladin Nikolai V. , Micklin Philip 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Aral Sea is a terminal lake lying within the deserts of Central Asia in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, draining the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. Before the 1960s, it was a large brackish water lake with an average salinity of 10.3 g L−1. The anthropogenic regression and salinization of the Aral Sea at that time resulted from increasing water withdrawals from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya for irrigation purposes. The salinization resulted in the disappearance of most of its invertebrates and all freshwater fish. As a result of the water level decrease, the Aral Sea divided into a northern Small Aral and a southern Large Aral at the end of the 1980s, with the two having different hydrological regimes. After construction the first Kokaral Dam in 1992, the water level of the Small Aral Sea increased by >1 m, with a gradual decline in the salinity beginning. To date, the Small Aral has again become brackish. Its average salinity reached 5.3 g L−1 by April–May 2013, with the highest salinity of 9.9 g L−1 in Butakov Bay, whereas the salinity was very low at 1.2–2.0 g L−1 in the estuary zone of the Syr Darya. There is an ongoing process of restoration of the former biodiversity, with many fresh water and brackish water invertebrate species reappearing due to the decreasing salinity. Freshwater fish species (bream, roach, carp, asp, zander, wels, etc.) returned into the Small Aral from the Syr Darya River and lakes in its lower reaches where they survived. Fisheries are recovering and catches are growing. Continuing salinity decreases, however, may cause decreases in the numbers, or even disappearance, of marine and halophilic invertebrate species. This study summarizes the results of studies of the Small Aral zooplankton, zoobenthos and ichthyofauna carried out in the spring of 2013. An historical review of changes in the Aral Sea and its fauna also is presented.
Mean hydroclimatic and hydrological conditions during two climatic modes in the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota (USA)
Authors: Todhunter Paul E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractProxy variables from palaeolimnological studies of lakes in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America have been used to infer large oscillations during the late Holocene between longer periods of high‐salinity–dry conditions and shorter periods of low‐salinity–wet conditions producing a normative pattern marked by the absence of hydrological stability. Studies of the historical rise in lake level at Devils Lake have identified 1980 as a transition point between two such hydroclimatic modes. This study uses multiple datasets to characterize the mean hydroclimatological and hydrological conditions of these two climatic modes. Mode 1 is a cool and dry phase, and mode 2 is a warmer and wetter phase. Precipitation onto the lake increased by 24% from mode 1 to mode 2. This small, but sustained, increase produced significant changes in the mean hydroclimatic and hydrological states for the basin, including a 383% increase in surface run‐off to the lake, and a 282% increase in the basin run‐off ratio. Devils Lake Basin is located along a hydrotone (region of strong hydroclimatic gradients) where small changes in hydrological drivers are amplified into large changes in regional moisture. The effects of the fluctuating climatic modes and strong hydroclimatic gradients are probably further amplified by the unique fill–spill hydrology of the northern glaciated plains, which can result in nonlinear precipitation–run‐off relationships. This natural pattern of extreme hydrological variations for Devils Lake produces enormous challenges for lake management.
Growth and population parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Yongo Edwine , Outa Nicholas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was introduced into Lake Victoria in the early 1950s and 1960s and has since become the dominant tilapiine in the lake. This study investigated the growth and population parameters of O. niloticus in Lake Victoria on the basis of length–frequency data collected during the period June 2014 and June 2015. The asymptotic length (L∞) had a mean (±SE) value of 46.24 ± 0.04 cm TL, growth curvature (K) of 0.69 ± 0.25 year−1, total mortality (Z) of 2.18 ± 0.80 year−1, a natural mortality (M) of 1.14 ± 0.28 year−1, a fishing mortality (F) of 1.05 ± 0.53 year−1, an exploitation rate (E) of 0.46 ± 0.08, a growth performance index (∅) of 3.14 ± 0.17 and a length at first capture (LC50) of 20.31 ± 0.40 cm TL. Comparing the results of this study with previous studies indicates the parameters K, Z and M have increased, whereas ∅, F, E and LC50 have decreased. Changes in these parameters could be attributed to the existing high fishing capacity, and changing lake conditions. Thus, management measures should include continued restriction on illegal fishing methods and gears, such as the use of undersized gillnets (<5 in. mesh size) and beach seines. More attention also should be directed to the implementation of measures to control pollution of the lake from its various sources.
Parent‐adolescent influences on everyday dietary practices: Perceptions of adolescent females with obesity and their mothers
Authors: Winkler Megan R. , Moore Elizabeth D. , Bennett Gary G. , Armstrong Sarah C. , Brandon Debra H. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractParents demonstrate an important influence on adolescent obesity and dietary behavior; yet, family‐based obesity interventions continue to exhibit limited success among adolescents. To further inform family‐based approaches for adolescent obesity treatment, we examined the perceptions of adolescent females with obesity and their mothers of the influences experienced within the parent‐adolescent relationship that affect everyday dietary practices. We conducted six focus group interviews (three adolescent female and three mother) among 15 adolescent (12–17 years old) females with obesity and 12 of their mothers. Content analysis techniques were used to analyze the transcribed interviews. Adolescent females with obesity discussed a diverse set of parental influences (controlling, supporting and cultivating, overlooking and tempting, acquiescing, providing, attending, and not providing and avoiding) on their daily dietary practices. Among mother focus groups, mothers discussed specific intentional and unintentional types of influences from children that affected the food and drink they consumed, prepared, and acquired. Findings provide a fuller view of the varied social influences on everyday dietary practices within the parent‐adolescent relationship. They indicate the importance of examining both parent‐to‐child and child‐to‐parent influences and begin to illuminate the value of attending to the social circumstances surrounding dietary behaviors to strengthen family‐based obesity treatment approaches.
Association mapping of morphological traits in wild and captive zebra finches: reliable within, but not between populations
Authors: Knief Ulrich , Schielzeth Holger , Backström Niclas , Hemmrich‐Stanisak Georg , Wittig Michael , Franke Andre , Griffith Simon C. , Ellegren Hans , Kempenaers Bart , Forstmeier Wolfgang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIdentifying causal genetic variants underlying heritable phenotypic variation is a long‐standing goal in evolutionary genetics. We previously identified several quantitative trait loci (QTL) for five morphological traits in a captive population of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) by whole‐genome linkage mapping. We here follow up on these studies with the aim to narrow down on the quantitative trait variants (QTN) in one wild and three captive populations. First, we performed an association study using 672 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate genes located in the previously identifiedQTLregions in a sample of 939 wild‐caught zebra finches. Then, we validated the most promisingSNP–phenotype associations (n = 25SNPs) in 5228 birds from four populations. Genotype–phenotype associations were generally weak in the wild population, where linkage disequilibrium (LD) spans only short genomic distances. In contrast, in captive populations, whereLDblocks are large, apparentSNPeffects on morphological traits (i.e. associations) were highly repeatable with independent data from the same population. Most of thoseSNPs also showed significant associations with the same trait in other captive populations, but the direction and magnitude of these effects varied among populations. This suggests that the testedSNPs are not the causalQTNbut rather physically linked to them, and thatLDbetweenSNPs and causal variants differs between populations due to founder effects. While the identification ofQTNremains challenging in nonmodel organisms, we illustrate that it is indeed possible to confirm the location and magnitude ofQTLin a population with stable linkage between markers and causal variants.
Conversion of Amazon rainforest to agriculture alters community traits of methane‐cycling organisms
Authors: Meyer Kyle M. , Klein Ann M. , Rodrigues Jorge L. M. , Nüsslein Klaus , Tringe Susannah G. , Mirza Babur S. , Tiedje James M. , Bohannan Brendan J. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLand use change is one of the greatest environmental impacts worldwide, especially to tropical forests. The Amazon rainforest has been subject to particularly high rates of land use change, primarily to cattle pasture. A commonly observed response to cattle pasture establishment in the Amazon is the conversion of soil from a methane sink in rainforest, to a methane source in pasture. However, it is not known how the microorganisms that mediate methane flux are altered by land use change. Here, we use the deepest metagenomic sequencing of Amazonian soil to date to investigate differences in methane‐cycling microorganisms and their traits across rainforest and cattle pasture soils. We found that methane‐cycling microorganisms responded to land use change, with the strongest responses exhibited by methane‐consuming, rather than methane‐producing, microorganisms. These responses included a reduction in the relative abundance of methanotrophs and a significant decrease in the abundance of genes encoding particulate methane monooxygenase. We also observed compositional changes to methanotroph and methanogen communities as well as changes to methanotroph life history strategies. Our observations suggest that methane‐cycling microorganisms are vulnerable to land use change, and this vulnerability may underlie the response of methane flux to land use change in Amazon soils.