bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma mannose level, a putative indicator of glycogenolysis, and glucose tolerance in Japanese individuals
Authors: Yoshimura Kumiko , Hirano Seiki , Takata Hiroshi , Funakoshi Shogo , Ohmi Satoko , Amano Eri , Nishi Yuichi , Inoue Mari , Fukuda Yoshiharu , Hayashi Hikari , Taguchi Tadao , Yamada Shuhei , Miwa Ichitomo , Terada Yoshio , Fujimoto Shimpei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAims/IntroductionMannose is a monosaccharide constituent of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Experiments in rats have shown previously that the plasma mannose level decreases after glucose load, but does not decrease in diabetic rats, and that hepatic glycogenolysis is a source of this plasma mannose; however, these results are not fully elucidated in humans. Plasma mannose levels before/after glucose loading in humans with various degrees of glucose intolerance were examined to analyze their association with clinical factors.Materials and MethodsThe 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test was carried out in Japanese individuals not taking diabetes medications. Participants were classified into normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus groups. Insulinogenic index as an index of insulin secretion, and Matsuda Index as an index of insulin sensitivity were calculated. Mannose was assayed by the established method using high‐performance liquid chromatography after labeling.ResultsAfter glucose load, the plasma mannose level decreased gradually in the normal glucose tolerance group, but did not decrease in the diabetes mellitus group. Plasma mannose changes during 120 min from baseline (M120‐M0) were significantly different among the three groups (normal glucose tolerance: −16.7 ± 1.7; impaired glucose metabolism: −9.0 ± 1.9; diabetes mellitus: −1.4 ± 1.8 μmol/L [n = 25 in each group], P < 0.0001). Plasma glucose 120 min after glucose loading (R2 = 0.412) or loge‐insulinogenic index, loge‐Matsuda Index and age (R2 = 0.230) were determinants of M120‐M0 in multiple regression analyses.ConclusionsWe clarified the relationship between plasma mannose level and glucose tolerance in humans. The present results are compatible with those using rats, in which mannose derived from glycogenolysis plays an important role in the alteration of mannose levels after glucose loading.
Wavefronts in the focus of a light microscope
Authors: Schrader M. , Hell S. W. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryWe report the visualization of the wavefronts of light in the focal region of an objective lens. The focused wavefronts are measured for the highest available numerical aperture, i.e, 1·4 oil immersion. The measurement is accomplished by scanning a scattering probe through the focal region of a lens illuminated by plane waves. The scattered light is coherently added to an external reference beam and focused into a point‐like detector. The registered signal allows the determination of the three‐dimensional shape of the wavefronts in the focal region and their evolution in time.
Controlled trial of Hartmann's solution versus 0.9% saline for diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Yung Michael , Letton Georgia , Keeley Steve 
Published: January 2017

AimWe aimed to determine whether using a balanced salt solution, Hartmann's solution (HS), in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) shortens the time to normalise acid–base status through the avoidance of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis compared with 0.9% normal saline (NS).MethodsWe conducted a double‐blind, randomised controlled trial comparing HS to NS as the initial intravenous fluid in children with DKA. Patients were stratified by severity (pH < 7.1) and known or new diabetes. Electrolytes, venous blood gases and glucose were measured every 2 h until intravenous fluids were ceased. The primary outcome was the time for the plasma bicarbonate to reach 15 mmol/L. Secondary outcomes included time to normalise pH (7.3), time to receive subcutaneous (SC) insulin, change in sodium and insulin requirement.ResultsA total of 77 children were enrolled. The groups were similar at baseline. There was no difference in the time to reach a bicarbonate of 15 mmol/L: geometric mean (SD) 8.6 (2.3) h for NS versus 6.2 (4.7) h for HS, ratio 1.4 (95% confidence interval 0.8–2.5), and no difference in time to normalise pH: NS 8.5 (2.3) h versus HS group 7.5 (1.8) h, ratio 1.1 (0.8–1.6). Kaplan–Meier survival estimates showed shorter times for these end‐points in the severe subgroup: log‐rank test P = 0.0277 and 0.0024, respectively. There was no difference in time to SC insulin, NS: 15.2 (2.4) h versus HS 14.3 (1.6) h, ratio 1.1 (0.8–1.5). Patients treated with HS received significantly less total fluids/kg.Conclusions
HS is an acceptable alternative to NS in DKA and may benefit those with severe DKA.
Did you know Medicare does not usually include a dental benefit? Findings from a multisite investigation of oral health literacy
Authors: Macek Mark D. , Atchison Kathryn A. , Wells William , Haynes Don , Parker Ruth M. , Chen Haiyan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesMedicare does not usually include a dental benefit. Adults who are unaware of this fact risk unanticipated expenses after retirement. This report will explore the sociodemographic and oral health literacy determinants of this knowledge.MethodsData came from the Multi‐Site Oral Health Literacy Research Study, a survey of patients presenting to two university dental clinics. Sociodemographic descriptors included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, and dental insurance status. Oral health literacy was measured by the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine and Dentistry (REALM‐D).ResultsOnly 34 percent of respondents knew the correct answer to the Medicare question. Knowledge was significantly associated with age, race/ethnicity, education level (bivariate only), and REALM‐D score.ConclusionsPolicymakers and those assisting in Medicare enrollment should ensure information regarding dental coverage is communicated in ways that individuals of varying literacy, language, and culture understand what is necessary to make appropriate decisions.
Task‐Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low‐Resource Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hoeft Theresa J. , Fortney John C. , Patel Vikram , Unützer Jürgen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPurposeRural areas persistently face a shortage of mental health specialists. Task shifting, or task sharing, is an approach in global mental health that may help address unmet mental health needs in rural and other low‐resource areas. This review focuses on task‐shifting approaches and highlights future directions for research in this area.MethodsSystematic review on task sharing of mental health care in rural areas of high‐income countries included: (1) PubMed, (2) gray literature for innovations not yet published in peer‐reviewed journals, and (3) outreach to experts for additional articles. We included English language articles published before August 31, 2013, on interventions sharing mental health care tasks across a team in rural settings. We excluded literature: (1) from low‐ and middle‐income countries, (2) involving direct transfer of care to another provider, and (3) describing clinical guidelines and shared decision‐making tools.FindingsThe review identified approaches to task sharing focused mainly on community health workers and primary care providers. Technology was identified as a way to leverage mental health specialists to support care across settings both within primary care and out in the community. The review also highlighted how provider education, supervision, and partnerships with local communities can support task sharing. Challenges, such as confidentiality, are often not addressed in the literature.ConclusionsApproaches to task sharing may improve reach and effectiveness of mental health care in rural and other low‐resource settings, though important questions remain. We recommend promising research directions to address these questions.
Multiple anti‐predator mechanisms in the red‐spotted Argentina Frog (Amphibia: Hylidae)
Authors: Cajade R. , Hermida G. , Piñeiro J. M. , Regueira E. , Alcalde L. , Fusco L. S. , Marangoni F. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAnurans employ a wide variety of anti‐predator mechanisms to defend themselves. In casque‐headed hylids, defence is thought to be a complex combination of several anti‐predator mechanisms. However, the defence traits of only a few species are known; some hypotheses have yet to be addressed, whereas others, already tested in some species, need to be tested in additional taxa. The anti‐predator mechanism of the casque‐headed frog, Argenteohyla siemersi, is described here. It is a complex mechanism consisting of (1) behavioural and ecological traits, including secretive and semi‐phragmotic habits and posture; (2) morphological features, including cryptic and aposematic colourations, a skull covered with bony dermal spines and protuberances that are associated with two types of granular venom glands; and (3) physiological and chemical traits, such as a highly lethal skin secretion. Our results are compared with those of previous studies of defence mechanisms in casque‐headed frogs in an effort to understand the mechanisms and evaluate their potential phylogenetic signal in this group of anurans.
Hepatitis B virus long‐term impact of antiviral therapy nucleot(s)ide analogues (NUCs)
Authors: Grossi Glenda , Viganò Mauro , Loglio Alessandro , Lampertico Pietro 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe goal of antiviral therapy is to improve the quality of life and survival of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) by halting the progression to cirrhosis, end‐stage liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), thus preventing anticipated liver‐related death. Oral administration of potent and less resistance‐prone nucleot(s)ide analogues (NUCs), such as entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has become the most popular treatment strategy worldwide because of their excellent efficacy and safety profile as well as easy management confirmed in both registration trials and in clinical practice studies. Long‐term administration of ETV or TDF suppresses HBV replication in >95% of patients, resulting in biochemical remission, histological improvement including the regression of cirrhosis and prevention or reversal of clinical decompensation but not the development of HCC, particularly in patients with cirrhosis. Moreover, NUCs can be administered to all patients including those with severe liver disease, the elderly and in those who do not respond, are unwilling to take or have contraindications to interferon. The need for long‐term, perhaps indefinite, treatment is the main limitation of NUCs therapy with the associated costs, unknown long‐term safety and the low rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance, which is still the best stopping rule for NUCs‐treated patients with cirrhosis.
Management of cholestatic disease in 2017
Authors: de Vries Elsemieke , Beuers Ulrich 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPrimary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are the most frequent chronic cholestatic liver diseases and serve as model diseases to discuss the management of cholestasis in 2017 in the lecture that is summarized in this report. PBC and PSC are characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of small intrahepatic (PBC) or larger intra‐ and/or extrahepatic (PSC) bile ducts. Bile duct damage leads to cholestasis and can progress to liver fibrosis and even cirrhosis. Various genetic, environmental and endogenous factors may contribute to the development of chronic cholestatic liver diseases, but the exact pathogenesis of PBC and PSC has not been clarified. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the standard treatment of PBC and is used also for other cholestatic conditions including PSC, and it exerts anticholestatic effects at adequate doses. Novel anticholestatic therapeutic options for patients not adequately responding to UDCA are under development or have, like obeticholic acid, already been proven to have efficacy when combined with UDCA in the treatment of PBC. The future role of immunomodulating/immunosuppressive drug regimens must be critically reviewed.
Challenges in warranting access to prophylaxis and therapy for hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Debarry Jennifer , Cornberg Markus , Manns Michael P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDespite an available vaccine and efficient treatment for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic HBV infection still remains a major global threat, and one of the top 20 causes of human mortality worldwide. One of the major challenges in controlling HBV infection is the high number of undiagnosed chronic carriers and the lack of access to prophylaxis and treatment in several parts of the world. We discuss relevant barriers that need to be overcome to achieve global control of HBV infection and make eradication possible. Most important, vaccination must be scaled‐up to lower the risk of vertical transmission and decrease the number of new infections, and comprehensive screening programs must be linked to care to obtain a better rate of diagnosis and treatment. This can probably only be achieved if sustainable funding is available. We therefore emphasize the importance of making the management of viral hepatitis a global health priority.
“Breastfeeding” but not at the breast: Mothers' descriptions of providing pumped human milk to their infants via other containers and caregivers
Authors: Felice Julia P. , Geraghty Sheela R. , Quaglieri Caroline W. , Yamada Rei , Wong Adriana J. , Rasmussen Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAs pumping has become more prevalent among American women, pumped human milk (HM) is on the rise in their infants' diets in place of some or all feeding at the breast. We aimed to fill a gap in knowledge about mothers' motivations, practices and perceptions related to pumping, and about mothers' and other caregivers' motivations, practices, and perceptions related to feeding pumped HM. Results related to providing pumped HM are reported here, and results related to pumping are reported elsewhere. We conducted in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews among a diverse sample of mothers whose infants were fed pumped HM (n = 20), following each up to 1 year postpartum. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis with Atlas.ti. Nearly all mothers felt bottles were necessary to meet infant HM‐feeding goals. Nearly all pumped HM was fed by other caregivers because mothers typically preferred and prioritized feeding at the breast for convenience and maintaining their milk supply. Infants were bottle‐fed HM for several reasons that changed over time, such as mother's absence, latch difficulty, or desire to share the burden and bonding of feeding. Feeding practices differed between feeds from bottles versus at the breast; some infants were bottle‐fed on schedules but fed at the breast on demand. Mothers' methods for storing, transporting, and preparing HM varied substantially and included practices associated with loss of nutrients and microbial contamination. Mothers' reasons for bottle‐feeding HM may affect how much their infants are bottle‐fed. Consumption of pumped HM may not provide the same benefits to infants as feeding at the breast. These findings highlight important avenues for future research into the relationships between bottle‐feeding HM and infant health, growth, and developmental outcomes.
The LpxL acyltransferase is required for normal growth and penta‐acylation of lipid A in Burkholderia cenocepacia
Authors: Fathy Mohamed Yasmine , Hamad Mohamad , Ortega Ximena P. , Valvano Miguel A. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryLipid A anchors the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the outer membrane and is usually composed of a hexa‐acylated diglucosamine backbone. Burkholderia cenocepacia, an opportunistic pathogen, produces a mixture of tetra‐ and penta‐acylated lipid A. “Late” acyltransferases add secondary acyl chains to lipid A after the incorporation of four primary acyl chains to the diglucosamine backbone. Here, we report that B. cenocepacia has only one late acyltransferase, LpxL (BCAL0508), which adds a myristoyl chain to the 2′ position of lipid A resulting in penta‐acylated lipid A. We also identified PagL (BCAL0788), which acts as an outer membrane lipase by removing the primary β‐hydroxymyristate (3‐OH‐C14:0) chain at the 3 position, leading to tetra‐acylated lipid A. Unlike PagL, LpxL depletion caused reduced cell growth and defects in cell morphology, both of which were suppressed by overexpressing the LPS flippase MsbA (BCAL2408), suggesting that lipid A molecules lacking the fifth acyl chain contributed by LpxL are not good substrates for the flippase. We also show that intracellular B. cenocepacia within macrophages produced more penta‐acylated lipid A, suggesting lipid A penta‐acylation in B. cenocepacia is required not only for bacterial growth and morphology but also for adaptation to intracellular lifestyle.
Speaking of Possibilities: The Theistic Actualism of Anselm's Divine Locutio
Authors: McIntosh Jonathan Stewart 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn his Monologion, Anselm represents God's knowledge of his creative possibilities, not in the intellectualist and Platonic terms of Augustine's divine ideas, but in the linguistic, poetic, and semi‐Stoic terms of a divine “utterance” or “expression” (locutio). Through his shift in theological metaphor, Anselm makes a subtle yet significant departure from the prevailing, “possibilist” model of divine possibility in western theology—according to which God's possibilities are known prior to and independently of any act or intention to create—towards a radically alternate, analogical and “actualist” appreciation of God as the sovereign speaker and inventor of his own possibilities.
Sport Mediation: Mediating High‐Performance Sports Disputes
Authors: Godin Paul Denis 
Published: January 2017

Conflicts in high‐performance sports (HPS) are typically tense and emotionally charged experiences for the athletes, coaches, and sports organizations involved. Such disputes raise intriguing challenges for the mediators handling them. These disputes typically involve multiple parties who often have intensely competitive personalities negotiating a volatile mix of high‐stakes win/lose issues. Mediators typically confront numerous process challenges and must operate within the rigid policy parameters of the various governing organizations involved.Mediation can successfully manage and resolve these challenging disputes, often in creative ways that repair and preserve the parties’ relationships. To be successful in this environment, however, mediators must adapt to and confront the unique dynamics of sports disputes described here.In this article, I examine multiple case studies of mediations conducted through the Sport Dispute Resolution Centre of Canada (SDRCC) with the goal of identifying successful mediation strategies for HPS disputes. The centre, which has made mediation mandatory for almost all cases, had an overall settlement rate over a twelve‐year period of 46 percent, with rates as high as 94 percent for mediations voluntarily requested by the parties. Mediation has been used only sparingly elsewhere in the world for resolving HPS disputes to date, although, I argue, it is a successful tool that should be increasingly used both nationally and internationally. In recognition of mediation's potential role, the Court of Arbitration for Sport introduced updated mediation rules in 2016 and is moving to increase the use of mediation in international sports disputes.
Maximalism and the Structure of Acts*
Authors: Brown Campbell 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSuppose we believe that a property F is coextensive with moral permissibility. F may be, for example, the property of having the best consequences, if we are Consequentialists, or that of conforming to a universalisable maxim, if we are Kantians, and so on. This may raise the following problem. It is plausible that permissibility is “closed under implication”: any act that is implied by a permissible act must itself be permissible. Yet, in some cases, F might not be closed under implication. If that is so, then F cannot be coextensive with permissibility. Maximalism has been proposed as a solution to this problem. A “maximal” act is one not implied by any other act. Maximalism restricts the claim that F is coextensive with permissibility to maximal acts only. A non‐maximal act may be permissible without being F if it is implied by a maximal act that is F. The general aim of this paper is to investigate these issues by considering the formal structure of acts, or the “act‐implication” relation. Discussions of Maximalism have tended to assume implicitly that acts have structure of some sort, but there has been little careful attention given to this structure. I aim to show that, by thinking about structure, we can provide a stronger defence of Maximalism.
Effectiveness of interventions on physical activity in overweight or obese children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis including studies with objectively measured outcomes
Authors: Nooijen C. F. J. , Galanti M. R. , Engström K. , Möller J. , Forsell Y. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThere is no consensus on interventions to be recommended in order to promote physical activity among overweight or obese children. The objective of this review was to assess the effects on objectively measured physical activity, of interventions promoting physical activity among overweight or obese children or adolescents, compared to no intervention or to interventions without a physical activity component. Publications up to December 2015 were located through electronic searches for randomized controlled trials resulting in inclusion of 33 studies. Standardized mean differences from baseline to post‐intervention and to long‐term follow‐up were determined for intervention and control groups and meta‐analysed using random effects models. The meta‐analysis showed that interventions had no effect on total physical activity of overweight and obese children, neither directly post‐intervention (−0.02 [−0.15, 0.11]) nor at long‐term follow‐up (0.07 [−0.27, 0.40]). Separate analyses by typology of intervention (with or without physical fitness, behavioural or environmental components) showed similar results (no effect). In conclusion, there is no evidence that currently available interventions are able to increase physical activity among overweight or obese children. This questions the contribution of physical activity to the treatment of overweight and obesity in children in the studied interventions and calls for other treatment strategies.