bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergic effects of sugar and caffeine on insulin‐mediated metabolomic alterations after an acute consumption of soft drinks
Authors: González‐Domínguez Raúl , Mateos Rosa María , Lechuga‐Sancho Alfonso María , González‐Cortés José Joaquín , Corrales‐Cuevas Manuel , Rojas‐Cots Juan Alberto , Segundo Carmen , Schwarz Mónica 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHigh sugar consumption elicits numerous deleterious effects on health by inducing insulin resistance, which is closely associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity or type‐2 diabetes. Furthermore, there is also growing evidence that caffeine may play an important role in the regulation of insulin release and the appearance of related metabolic impairments. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the impact of acute sugar and caffeine intake on the metabolic health status by using a metabolomic multi‐platform based on the combination of flow injection mass spectrometry and ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. To this end, we performed a randomized, crossover and double‐blind intervention study with different soft drinks from the same brand. Numerous metabolomic changes were detected in serum samples over time after the intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages, including energy‐related metabolites, amino acids and lipids, thus demonstrating the intense effects provoked by acute sugar consumption on the organism during 3 h of follow‐up. However, the most significant findings were observed after the co‐ingestion of caffeine, which could be indicative of a synergic effect of this psychostimulant on insulin‐mediated perturbations.
ReCAP: A distributed CAPTCHA service at the edge of the network to handle server overload
Authors: Al‐Hammouri Ahmad T. , Al‐Ali Zaid , Al‐Duwairi Basheer 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWeb server overload resulting from an application layer–based distributed denial‐of‐service (DDoS) attack or a flash crowd event continues to be a major problem in today's internet because it renders the Web server unavailable in both cases. In this paper, we propose a novel system, called ReCAP, that handles server overload resulting from application layer–based DDoS attacks or flash crowd events. The system is envisioned as a service that can be provided to websites that have limited resources with no infrastructure in place to handle these events. The main goal of ReCAP is to filter attack traffic in case of a DDoS attack event and to provide users with basic information during a flash crowd event. The proposed system is composed of 2 main modules: (1) the HTTPredirect module, which is a stateless Hypertext Transfer Protocol server that redirects Web requests destined to the targeted Web server to the second module, and (2) the distributed Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) service, which comprises a large number of powerful nodes geographically and suitably distributed in the internet acting as a large distributed firewall. All requests to the origin Web server are redirected to the CAPTCHA nodes, which can segregate legitimate clients from automated attacks by requiring them to solve a challenge. Upon successful response, legitimate clients (humans) are forwarded through a given CAPTCHA node to the Web server. These CAPTCHA proxies are envisioned to be placed intrinsically at the edge of the network in the proximity of the clients to curb communication delays, and thus perceived response times, and to relieve the core network from further traffic congestion. In particular, such organization fits squarely in the fifth use case scenario presented in the European Telecommunications Standards Institute Mobile Edge Computing Industry Specification Group's introductory technical paper on Mobile‐Edge Computing. In conclusion, the performance evaluation shows that the proposed system is able to mitigate application‐layer DDoS attacks while incurring acceptable delays for legitimate clients as a result of redirecting them to and via CAPTCHA nodes.
Anomaly behavior analysis for IoT sensors
Authors: Pacheco Jesus , Hariri Salim 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) will not only connect computers and mobile devices but also interconnect smart buildings, homes, and cities, as well as electrical grids, gas, and water networks, automobiles, airplanes, etc. IoT will lead to the development of a wide range of advanced information services that need to be processed in real time and require large storage and computational power. The integration of IoT with fog and cloud computing not only brings the computational requirements but also enables IoT services to be pervasive, cost‐effective, and accessible from anywhere and at anytime. In any IoT application, sensors are indispensable to bring the physical world into the digital world that can be implemented by leveraging fog computing. However, IoT sensors will introduce major security challenges as they contribute to a significant increase in the IoT attack surface. In this paper, we present a methodology to develop an intrusion detection system on the basis of anomaly behavior analysis to detect when a sensor has been compromised and used to provide misinformation. Our preliminary experimental results show that our approach can accurately authenticate sensors on the basis of their behavior and can detect known and unknown sensor attacks with high detection rate and low false alarms.
Intraoperative nerve monitoring during parathyroid surgery: The Fort Worth experience
Authors: Mourad Moustafa , Kadakia Sameep , Jategaonkar Ameya , Gordin Eli , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundAvoidance of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury during parathyroid surgery is of paramount important. The purpose of this study was to determine if intraoperative nerve monitoring allowed for decreased rates of RLN injury during parathyroid surgery.MethodBetween 1997 and 2016, 213 patients undergoing parathyroidectomy were retrospectively analyzed to determine postoperative recurrent nerve injury. Eighty‐seven patients did not have intraoperative nerve monitoring, whereas 126 patients did.ResultsBased on the number of patients presenting with nerve injury during the postoperative period operated on with and without nerve monitoring, it was found that the difference in the 2 modalities was not statistically significant (P > .05).ConclusionRoutine use of intraoperative nerve monitoring during parathyroid surgery may not yield any additional benefit in preventing injury to the RLN.
Modulation of the PDO to the relationship between moderate ENSO events and the winter climate over North America
Authors: Jia Xiaojing , Ge Jingwen 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) to the relationship between the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and the winter climate over North America (NA) was investigated using both observational data and a simple general circulation model. ENSO events are divided into strong and moderate events according to their amplitudes. These ENSO events are further categorized into two groups according to the phases of the PDO. The present study focuses on the impact of moderate ENSO events on the wintertime climate over NA. The results show that a moderate El Niño signal is strong and stable and can significantly influence the wintertime climate variability over NA during a cold PDO phase, whereas climate anomalies are weak and are not significantly associated with moderate El Niño events during a positive PDO phase. Possible mechanisms accounting for the modulation of the impacts of moderate El Niño events on the wintertime climate over NA are analysed. Two factors may contribute to the different impacts of moderate El Niño events during warm and cold PDO phases. First, the different characteristics of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) associated with moderate El Niño events. Second, the difference in the climatological mean state between the warm and cold phases of PDO years. Our numerical experiments suggest that the cold PDO mean state is more favourable to a wavetrain‐like atmospheric response to an El Niño‐like tropical Pacific forcing over the North American sector than the warm PDO mean state is.
Duration, rarity, affected area, and weather types associated with extreme precipitation in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) region, Central Europe
Authors: Minářová Jana , Müller Miloslav , Clappier Alain , Hänsel Stephanie , Hoy Andreas , Matschullat Jörg , Kašpar Marek 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTExtreme precipitation events (EPEs) in the Ore Mountains (OM) were studied based on daily precipitation observations from 1960 to 2013. The OM are a low mountain range situated in the Czech‐German border area. The Weather Extremity Index (WEI) resulting from an event‐adjusted evaluation technique was used to select 54 EPEs of 1‐10 days duration. The WEI combines rarity, spatial extent, and duration of an event in one index and provides quantitative information about its extremity. Based on their duration, the 54 EPEs were classified into short (1‐2 days) and long events (3‐10 days), showing different characteristics and trend behaviour. The EPEs (including the three strongest events) occurred most frequently in late spring and summer. The three strongest EPEs as well as EPEs, which occurred during the winter half‐year (WHY EPEs), affected comparatively larger areas; with WHY EPEs being generally longer. EPE frequency does not show any significant trend during the study period; it fluctuated mostly similar to summer half‐year EPEs. The most frequent weather type (according to two versions of the German Grosswetterlagen concept) related to EPEs was Trough over Central Europe (TrM). Nevertheless, many differences were noticed between the original (manual) catalogue and its automated version (SynopVis‐Grosswetterlagen); the later able to better reflect the weather types associated with 54 EPEs.
Characteristics of extreme precipitation in the Vosges Mountains region (north‐eastern France)
Authors: Minářová Jana , Müller Miloslav , Clappier Alain , Kašpar Marek 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTIn this research, different characteristics (duration, affected area, extremity, and synoptic conditions) related to extreme precipitation events (EPEs), and the trends in frequency of EPEs in the Vosges Mountains (VG) region (north‐eastern France) have been analysed and the events were evaluated on regional scale using the Weather Extremity Index. The index combines three aspects of an EPE – rarity, spatial extent, and duration – and it enables a quantitative comparison of these aspects in a data set of EPEs. In this study, 54 EPEs (which occurred during 1960–2013) were selected using daily precipitation totals from meteorological stations. Although possible maximum duration of an EPE was set to 10 days, all detected EPEs lasted 1–5 days. The prevailing short EPEs (1–2 days) affected smaller areas as compared to long EPEs (3–5 days). Instead of the winter maximum of mean precipitation in the VG, the autumn EPEs prevailed in the data set (40% of all EPEs including the four strongest EPEs). Using the manual and the automated catalogues (Grosswetterlagen and SynopVisGWL, respectively), majority of the 54 EPEs was found associated with the west cyclonic weather type; however, none of the five maximum events was produced by this weather type. The two strongest EPEs were related to the stationary cold front rather than to the expected strong zonal circulation. The EPEs were mostly related to strong southwest airflow and flux of specific humidity. No significant trend was found in frequency of EPEs during the 54 years.Our results highlight new insights into the extreme precipitation in VG region. We believe that the ranking of EPEs according to their extremity in the VG region provides useful information for local decision making authorities, engineers, and risk managers.
Adverse child health impacts resulting from food adulterations in the Greater China Region
Authors: Li Wai Chin , Chow Chin Fung 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFood adulteration has a long history in human society, and it still occurs in modern times. Because children are relatively vulnerable to food adulterants, studying the health impacts of food adulteration on children is important. This article provides an overview of the child health impacts of food adulterants in two recent food adulteration incidents in the Greater China Region: (1) a plasticizer incident in Taiwan and (2) a 2,4,6‐triamino‐1,3,5‐triazine (melamine)‐tainted milk incident in China. The involved food adulterants, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and melamine, are harmful to the hippocampus, kidneys, reproductive organs and immune system of children, and they also increase the risk of cancer. To detect food adulteration and to avoid further harm caused by food adulteration, simple screening methods have been developed, and they have recently emerged as a new focus area for research. This article also summarizes the simple screening methods used to analyse the aforementioned food adulterants and reports how governments reacted to the recent food incidents. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Grafted copolymer micelles with pH triggered charge reversibility for efficient doxorubicin delivery
Authors: Wu Shaohua , Zheng Liuchun , Li Chuncheng , Xiao Yaonan , Huo Shuaidong , Zhang Bo 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe instability and premature charge reversal at pH 7.4 have become the major limitations of charge‐reversal delivery systems. To address this problem, graft copolymer of poly(butylene succinate)‐g‐cysteamine‐bi‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PBS‐g‐CS‐bi‐PEG, bi = benzoic imine bond) was designed and synthesized through facile thiol‐ene click reaction and subsequent Schiff's base reaction. Then, PBS‐g‐CS‐bi‐PEG and carboxyl‐functionalized polyester of poly(butylene succinate)‐g‐3‐mercaptopropionic acid (PBS‐g‐MPA) co‐assemble in aqueous solution to give PEG shell‐sheddable charge‐reversal micelles with sizes of 85–103 nm and low polydispersity of 0.11–0.12. Interestingly, the PBS‐g‐MPA/CS‐bi‐PEG micelles could sensitively and arbitrarily switch their surface charges between negative and positive status in response to pH fluctuation via reversible protonation and deprotonation of carboxyl and amino groups, which endows the desired stability of co‐assembly micelles either during long‐term storage or under physiological conditions. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into PBS‐g‐MPA/CS‐bi‐PEG micelles with a high drug‐loading content of 10.2% and entrapment efficiency of 68% as a result of electrostatic attraction. In vitro release studies revealed that less than 25% of DOX was released within 24 h in the environment mimicking the physiological condition, whereas up to 81% of DOX was released in 24 h under weak‐acid condition resembling microenvironment in endosome/lysosome. In vitro cytotoxicity study suggested that blank PBS‐g‐MPA/CS‐bi‐PEG micelles possessed excellent biocompatibility, while DOX‐loaded PBS‐g‐MPA/CS‐bi‐PEG micelles showed significant cytotoxicity with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.55–1.67 μg DOX equiv/mL. This study provides a facile and effective approach for the preparation of novel charge‐reversal micelles with switchable charges and excellent biocompatibility, which are highly promising to be used as safe nanocarriers for efficient intracellular drug delivery. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2036–2046
Real‐time simulation of soft tissue deformation and electrocautery procedures in laparoscopic rectal cancer radical surgery
Authors: Sui Yuan , Pan Jun J. , Qin Hong , Liu Hao , Lu Yun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic surgery (LS), also referred to as minimally invasive surgery, is a modern surgical technique which is widely applied. The fulcrum effect makes LS a non‐intuitive motor skill with a steep learning curve.MethodsA hybrid model of tetrahedrons and a multi‐layer triangular mesh are constructed to simulate the deformable behavior of the rectum and surrounding tissues in the Position‐Based Dynamics (PBD) framework. A heat‐conduction based electric‐burn technique is employed to simulate the electrocautery procedure.ResultsThe simulator has been applied for laparoscopic rectum cancer surgery training. From the experimental results, trainees can operate in real time with high degrees of stability and fidelity. A preliminary study was performed to evaluate the realism and usefulness.ConclusionsThis prototype simulator has been tested and verified by colorectal surgeons through a pilot study. They believed both the visual and the haptic performance of the simulation are realistic and helpful to enhance laparoscopic skills.
Determining intervention thresholds that change output behavior patterns
Authors: Walrave Bob 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper details a semi‐automated method that can calculate intervention thresholds—that is, the minimum required intervention sizes, over a given timeframe, that result in a desired change in a system's output behavior pattern. The method exploits key differences in atomic behavior profiles that exist between classifiable pre‐ and post‐intervention behavior patterns. An automated process of systematic adjustment of the intervention variable, while monitoring the key difference, identifies the intervention thresholds. The results, in turn, can be studied and presented in intervention threshold graphs in combination with final runtime graphs. Overall, this method allows modelers to move beyond ad hoc experimentation and develop a better understanding of intervention dynamics. This article presents an application of the method to the well‐known World 3 model, which helps demonstrate both the procedure and its benefits. © 2017 The Authors. System Dynamics Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of System Dynamics Society
Luminescent Strategies for Label‐Free G‐Quadruplex‐Based Enzyme Activity Sensing
Authors: Ma Dik‐Lung , Dong Zhen‐Zhen , Vellaisamy Kasipandi , Cheung Ka‐Man , Yang Guanjun , Leung Chung‐Hang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBy catalyzing highly specific and tightly controlled chemical reactions, enzymes are essential to maintaining normal cellular physiology. However, aberrant enzymatic activity can be linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Therefore, the unusual activity of particular enzymes can represent testable biomarkers for the diagnosis or screening of certain diseases. In recent years, G‐quadruplex‐based platforms have attracted wide attention for the monitoring of enzymatic activities. In this Personal Account, we discuss our group's works on the development of G‐quadruplex‐based sensing system for enzyme activities by using mainly iridium(III) complexes as luminescent label‐free probes. These studies showcase the versatility of the G‐quadruplex for developing assays for a variety of different enzymes.
Phase II study of lanreotide autogel in Japanese patients with unresectable or metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Ito Tetsuhide , Honma Yoshitaka , Hijioka Susumu , Kudo Atsushi , Fukutomi Akira , Nozaki Akira , Kimura Yasutoshi , Motoi Fuyuhiko , Isayama Hiroyuki , Komoto Izumi , Hisamatsu Seiichi , Nakajima Akihiro , Shimatsu Akira 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackground Lanreotide is a long-acting somatostatin analog with demonstrated efficacy against enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) in the phase III (CLARINET) study. Materials and Methods In this single-arm study, Japanese patients with grade (G) 1/G2 NET received lanreotide (120 mg/4 weeks) for 48 weeks. Those who completed the study were enrolled in a long-term extension study. The primary endpoint was the clinical benefit rate (CBR) defined as a complete response, partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) over 24-weeks. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), safety, and pharmacokinetics. Results Thirty-two patients were recruited at 10 sites. The full analysis set (FAS) comprised 28 patients. Primary tumors were located in pancreas (12 patients), foregut (non-pancreas, lung; 1), midgut (2), hindgut (8), and unknown (5). Four patients had gastrinoma of the functional NET, and 3 had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. In the FAS, 39.3% had progressive disease at baseline. The CBR at 24 weeks was 64.3% (95% confidence interval; CI: 44.1–81.4), and median PFS was 36.3 weeks (95% CI: 24.1–53.1). PR was confirmed in 1 patient at 60 weeks during the extension study (ORR: 3.6%). Frequent adverse events related to lanreotide included injection site induration (28.1%), faeces pale (18.8%), flatulence (12.5%), and diabetes mellitus (12.5%). Conclusions The efficacy and safety of lanreotide in this study indicated its usefulness as a treatment option for Japanese NET patients. Trial registration: JapicCTI-132,375, JapicCTI-142,698.
Effect of Thermal Stability of Alkanolamide on Oil/Water Interfacial Tensions
Authors: Guo Yongjun , Pu DI , Feng Rusen , Xiong Yachun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn order to investigate the effect of thermal stability of alkanolamide on oil/water interfacial tensions (IFT), lauric diethanolamide (LDEA) was synthesized. The effects of temperature and standing time on the composition and oil/water IFT was studied in detail. The results showed that the changes in composition and oil/water IFT at the same conditions were essentially in agreement. The best standing temperature range was from 30 to 60 °C with a standing time of more than 10 days. The inherent cause of thermal stability on oil/water IFT was revealed through structure characterization and composition analysis with FTIR spectrometry and GC–MS spectrometry. It was found that the composition's change of mixed LDEA systems disturbed the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance, which influenced the ability to reduce the interfacial tension.
Prehospital Interventions During Mass-Casualty Events in Afghanistan: A Case Analysis
Authors: Schauer Steven G. , April Michael D. , Simon Erica , Maddry Joseph K. , Carter Robert , Delorenzo Robert A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundMass-casualty (MASCAL) events are known to occur in the combat setting. There are very limited data at this time from the Joint Theater (Iraq and Afghanistan) wars specific to MASCAL events. The purpose of this report was to provide preliminary data for the development of prehospital planning and guidelines.MethodsCases were identified using the Department of Defense (DoD; Virginia USA) Trauma Registry (DoDTR) and the Prehospital Trauma Registry (PHTR). These cases were identified as part of a research study evaluating Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) guidelines. Cases that were designated as or associated with denoted MASCAL events were included.DataFifty subjects were identified during the course of this project. Explosives were the most common cause of injuries. There was a wide range of vital signs. Tourniquet placement and pressure dressings were the most common interventions, followed by analgesia administration. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) was the most common parenteral analgesic drug administered. Most were evacuated as “routine.” Follow-up data were available for 36 of the subjects and 97% were discharged alive.ConclusionsThe most common prehospital interventions were tourniquet and pressure dressing hemorrhage control, along with pain medication administration. Larger data sets are needed to guide development of MASCAL in-theater clinical practice guidelines.SchauerSG, AprilMD, SimonE, MaddryJK, CarterR III, DelorenzoRA. Prehospital interventions during mass-casualty events in Afghanistan: a case analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(4):465–468.