bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Sand-Screen Performance With Sand-Retention Tests and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 26434, “Evaluating Sand-Screen Performance With Improved Sand- Retention Test and Numerical Modeling,” by B. Wu, S.K. Choi, Y. Feng, R. Denke, T. Barton, C.Y. Wong, J. Boulanger, W. Yang, and S. Lim, CSIRO, and M. Zamberi, S. Shaffee, M.B. Jadid, Z. Johar, and B.B. Madon, Petronas, prepared for the 2016 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, Kuala Lumpur, 22–25 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper presents a combined experimental and numerical-modeling study on sand-screen performance. The objective is to develop an improved methodology for optimal sand-screen-aperture selection by addressing some of the limitations present in existing sand-retention tests. A new sand-retention- test facility has been developed that incorporates a number of improvements into the design and experimental procedure.
Existing Approach to Sand-Screen-Performance Evaluation
Empirical criteria have traditionally been applied for selecting screen size on the basis of one or two parameters derived from the particle-size distribution (PSD). Because of the problems associated with the empirical criteria, the industry standard practice is to conduct laboratory sand-retention tests on screen coupons. This is particularly relevant for premium sand screens, the filter media of which are fundamentally different from those of a slotted liner or wire-wrap screen. The same mechanisms for forming stable, multiparticle bridges may or may not be applicable. In most cases, the cross-sectional path through these filter media is tortuous and 3D. Laboratory sand-retention testing is typically required to determine the effective screen opening size. There are no universal industry standards on how sand-retention testing should be performed or results interpreted. Sandscreen performance is often evaluated on the basis of two criteria: screen plugging and sand retention.
Limitations of the Existing Approach.
While the acceptance criteria for sand production and produced-particle size are well-defined and these factors are relatively straightforward to measure, screen plugging is defined differently by different investigators. There is currently a lack of measurements that can be used to accurately quantify screen plugging and screen permeability.
A Deepwater Gasfield-Development Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 177102, “A Deepwater Gasfield-Development Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago,” by Ayasha Nickie, Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs, prepared for the 2015 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Quito, Ecuador, 18–20 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Trinidad and Tobago is the top natural-gas producer in the Caribbean, with average daily production in 2014 of 4.069 Bscf/D. With vibrant upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors, Trinidad and Tobago makes maximum use of the natural-gas value chain. Further maximization through growth in the downstream sector requires an adequate supply of natural gas in addition to the shallow-water gas fields offshore, which are currently the main supply. Because of the thriving gas sector, a large amount of infrastructure already exists that may aid with any further development.
Introduction
The Trinidad and Tobago Gas Development Model has shaped the growth of its natural-gas economy over the years, and, in 2014, the energy sector accounted for 45% of the country’s gross domestic product. Average production over the past 5 years was an estimated 4.2 Bcf/D, while average use for the same period was 3.9 Bcf/D, with liquefied natural gas (LNG) accounting for more than 50% of this consumption (Fig. 1).
With the onset of proposed additional projects in the downstream sector, additional gas use in the near future is inevitable. Although this additional capacity can emanate from the existing proved-reserves base, another source of gas could be currently unexploited deepwater basins. In the past 5 years, nine production-sharing contracts for exploration in Trinidad and Tobago’s deepwater areas were signed. If gas is discovered, first gas can be on line within 5 to 10 years of discovery. If this occurs, additional quantities of natural gas would be available for domestic, Caribbean, and Latin American markets. While deepwater gas developments have economic challenges, existing infrastructure in Trinidad and Tobago can aid development.
Guest Editorial: Assessing the Processes, Tools, and Value of Sharing and Learning From Offshore E&P Safety-Related Data
Authors: Moreau Roland 
Published: January 2017

Guest editorial
In 2014, the US Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) approached SPE regarding a proposed collaboration opportunity to develop a voluntary industrywide near-miss data-sharing framework. The goal of this framework was envisioned as a resource to enhance the industry’s ability to capture and share key learnings from significant near-miss events with the objective of identifying and mitigating potential high-consequence risks. While the scope of this collaboration initially focused on only near misses, further discussion of the desired outcome resulted in increasing the scope to include a broader range of data that have learning value to help the industry to achieve improved safety performance. Further, in the spirit of continuous improvement, a related objective was identified to bring government and industry together to make a safe industry safer, and to enhance public confidence in the industry.
SPE and BSEE agreed to cochair a summit steering committee that included representatives from SPE, BSEE, exploration and production (E&P) operators, service companies, the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics, the Center for Offshore Safety, American Bureau of Shipping, and the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers. During the planning process of the summit, it was agreed that the scope of a data collection and reporting framework would start with the US Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Additionally, a secondary objective was to consider how existing processes might be leveraged with an overarching objective to extend influence beyond the US OCS to align with other systems and requirements globally. In considering industry alternatives for developing a safety-data management framework, caution was advised to avoid creating an additional layer of reporting expectations over and above the current requirements by regulators and industry associations.
During the summit, Vice Admiral Brian Salerno, the director of BSEE, shared his perspective on the importance of industrywide safety-data collection and sharing. He also encouraged the E&P industry to demonstrate to the public how a safe industry could be made safer through more open data sharing.
Overcoming Technical-Assurance Challenges in Executing Parallel Megaprojects
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 177860, “Overcoming Technical-Assurance Challenges in Executing Parallel Megaprojects,” by Hisham Awda, Anthony Kotey, Khaled Mohamed Al-Shehhi, Malik Mohamed Shahin, and Wael Al-Madhoun, ADMA OPCO, prepared for the 2015 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
In order to meet short- and medium-term expansion goals as well as ensure a sustainable long-term future, an operator has recently embarked on several greenfield and brownfield developments. These developments include several megaprojects currently under execution, running in parallel at different phases, in split packages, and under different project teams. The objective of this paper is to share the operator’s experience and success factors in driving technical assurance during project execution.
Organizational Setup
The operator’s Discipline Engineering Division (DED) is the company’s technical authority. This division acts as the center of technical-assurance expertise in support of all of the operator’s business activities, in particular the delivery of ongoing complex-project programs.
During a project’s life cycle, the division is actively involved with the project-management team (PMT) in the following roles:
Providing a designated technical support team that works full time with the PMT as part of the project team supporting the project’s day-to- day activities
Providing additional part-time support to the PMT through a pool of shared subject-matter experts (SMEs) as required
Providing additional support to the project-management consultant (PMC) as required
Providing the overall project program with management-level support in the role of the company’s overall technical authority Fig. 1 outlines the roles in a typical project setup.
Functions
DED roles are fulfilled by adopting a framework of proactive involvement and support throughout the full project life cycle at five different project phases: Assess, Select, Define, Execute, and Operate.
Production-Optimization Strategy Using a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 177442, “Production-Optimization Strategy Using a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm,” by Damian Dion Salam, Irwan Gunardi, and Amega Yasutra, Bandung Institute of Technology, prepared for the 2015 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The optimization algorithm used in this work is a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), which is the combination of GAs with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and evolution strategies (ESs). This HGA attempts to simplify the complex and diverse parameters governing the production-optimization problem. The HGA is coupled with a commercial simulator and has been applied to real fields to quantify the benefits of this HGA over a base case with the conventional GA.
Background
GAs. GAs are part of a larger group of methods in artificial intelligence (AI) called evolutionary computation. These methods are inspired by natural evolution in biology. The GA has been well-recognized as an optimization method that has the ability to work in a solution space with nonsmooth and nonlinear topology, where traditional methods generally fail. Several entities that make up the building blocks of GAs have their direct counterpart in nature. Populations, individuals and their fitness, generations, and genomes are all present both in nature and in GAs. A detailed discussion of the GA method is provided in the complete paper.
ANNs. ANNs are a method in AI inspired by brain structure and function. The method aims to interpret the functions, processes, simulators, or similar artifacts that produce input/output patterns by learning by use of given training points. The learning process for the ANN in this study uses a back-propagation (BP) algorithm. After learning from training data has been accomplished by an ANN, the system will receive input, process it, and provide the output. Many variants and types of ANNs exist. In ANNs, there are some nodes that receive inputs, some nodes that provide output, and hidden nodes in between. Neural networks are composed of nodes or units connected by directed links.
Learning in an ANN is typically accomplished through use of examples. This is also called “training” in ANN because the learning is achieved by adjusting the weights iteratively so that a trained ANN can perform well to interpret the function by use of testing points. The most common method in training the ANN is the BP method.
Bending Rules With High-Build-Rate Rotary-Steerable Systems
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 177898, “Bending Rules With High-Build-Rate RSS,” by Imran Tipu, Eman Alawadhi, R. Kumar, Batyr Amanov, Mohamed A. El Gebaly, A.M. Al-Hammadi, A.M. Bin Shamlan, and Ali M. Danche, Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Petroleum Operations, and Sukesh Ganda, Rajan Dua, and Nour Hariri, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2015 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper explores the applications, benefits, and value of a high-build-rate rotary-steerable system (HRSS) capable of delivering dogleg severity (DLS) greater than 18°/100 ft. The application of this technology has led to an estimated savings of 40 days. Other benefits include better hole cleaning and smoother wellbores, leading to less wellbore tortuosity and improved post-drilling trips with drilling, logging, and casing assemblies.
Introduction
Traditionally, steerable motors were used to drill an 8½-in. long-radius curve section requiring DLS of 6–7°/100 ft to land the well in the reservoir. Drilling long-radius curves required drilling through problematic and unstable formations and would require approximately 1,000– 1,200 ft of vertical-section length to reach the target entry (TE). In another drilling scenario, sidetracking from a cement plug, the first run was always with a steerable motor with a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool to the sidetrack and then 100–150 ft followed by a second run of a rotary-steerable system (RSS) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools. When sidetracking from a whipstock, though, the first run was with a motor and MWD tool, a gyro shot to the sidetrack, and then 150 ft, followed by a second run of the RSS LWD bottomhole assembly (BHA).
The long-radius wells were kicked off in the Shilaif formation, and the well profiles require DLS of 6–7°/100 ft through the Shilaif and Maudud formations, 4.5°/100 ft through approximately 700-ft measured depth of Nahr Umr, and finally 6–7°/100 ft through Bab to reach TE.
Interferencja RNA w terapii genowej nowotworów rejonu głowy i szyi
Authors: Sobecka Agnieszka , Barczak Wojciech , Suchorska Wiktoria Maria 
Published: January 2017

Rak płaskonabłonkowy rejonu głowy i szyi (HNSCC, ang. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma) jest szóstym najczęściej występującym nowotworem na świecie. Leczenie tego typu nowotworów polega głównie na stosowaniu metod chirurgicznych uzupełnionych pooperacyjną chemio- i/lub radioterapią. Prowadzone są też badania nad zastosowaniem terapii genowej poprzez wykorzystanie zjawiska interferencji RNA (RNAi, ang. RNA interference). RNAi jest efektywnym narzędziem w terapii wielu chorób, takich jak zakażenia wirusowe, cukrzyca czy choroby neurodegeneracyjne. Wykazano, że cząsteczki siRNA (krótkie interferujące RNA, ang. small interfering RNA) oraz miRNA (mikroRNA, ang. microRNA) zaangażowane są w regulację wielu patologicznych procesów zachodzących podczas nowotworzenia. RNAi stała się zatem cennym narzędziem badawczym pozwalającym na lepsze poznanie mechanizmów regulujących patogenezę raka. Uważa się również, że dzięki swojej wysokiej specyficzności, zjawisko RNAi może być użytecznym narzędziem w terapii genowej nowotworów. Niniejsza praca stanowi przegląd aktualnej wiedzy na temat możliwości wykorzystania RNAi w leczeniu nowotworów rejonu głowy i szyi.
Implicaciones de una alianza público – privada para la gobernanza, la transparencia y la accountability en el Municipio de Juárez, México
Authors: Paniagua Vázquez Abraham , González Ignacio Camargo 
Published: January 2017

En este documento se exponen los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo es el de analizar la alianza público - privada app denominada “Proyecto de Movilidad Urbana de Ciudad Juárez” desde dos perspectivas: i. transparencia y accountability (rendición de cuentas), y, ii. gobernanza. Se incluye la justificación de la movilidad urbana como necesidad social y se exponen los riesgos de concretar una app en un municipio que enfrenta complicaciones financieras. Se concluye que la participación ciudadana es necesaria para regular dos posiciones contradictorias: la búsqueda del usufructo por el sector empresarial y el espíritu gubernamental de servir sin fines de lucro. Sin embargo, la posición inicial desde el gobierno es proteccionista, en resguardo y justificación de sus acciones, más que situarse en condiciones de generar acuerdos básicos entre las élites dirigentes y los grupos sociales interesados en resolver problemáticas.Palabras clave: Trasparencia.Rendición de cuentas. Gobernanza. Alianza público – privada.Ciudad Juárez.
Effect of the duration of food withholding prior to anesthesia on gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation in healthy dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery
Authors: Viskjer Sivert , Sjöström Lennart 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of and risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and regurgitation associated with preanesthetic food withholding for periods of 18 hours (overnight) and 3 hours in healthy dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery.
ANIMALS 82 healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I or II) client-owned dogs.
PROCEDURES Food was withheld for 18 hours (18-hour group [n = 41]) or each dog was allowed to consume half its daily ration of canned food approximately 3 hours (3-hour group [n = 41]) prior to induction of anesthesia. In each anesthetized dog, a pH catheter was introduced through the oropharynx into the distal portion of the esophagus; the pH was continuously recorded throughout the period of anesthesia. Gastroesophageal reflux was defined as pH < 4.0.
RESULTS Gastroesophageal reflux was significantly associated with age, dorsal recumbency, and duration of preanesthetic food withholding. Regurgitation was significantly associated with duration of GER and duration of preanesthetic food withholding. During anesthesia, 25 (61%) dogs in the 3-hour group had GER and 12 (48%) of those dogs regurgitated gastric content; 18 (43.9%) dogs in the 18-hour group had GER and 2 (11.1%) of those dogs regurgitated gastric content. The mean lowest pH measured in the refluxate in the 3-hour group (2.3) was significantly greater than that in the 18-hour group (1.3).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Among the study dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery, consumption of a light meal 3 hours prior to anesthesia was associated with significantly greater odds of reflux and regurgitation, compared with overnight food withholding.
Effects of maintaining different exercise intensities during detraining on aerobic capacity in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Mukai Kazutaka , Hiraga Atsushi , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Matsui Akira , Ohmura Hajime , Aida Hiroko , Jones James H. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether racehorses undergoing regular exercise at 2 intensities or stall rest during a period of reduced training (detraining) would differentially maintain their cardiopulmonary and oxygen-transport capacities.
ANIMALS 27 Thoroughbreds.
PROCEDURES Horses trained on a treadmill for 18 weeks underwent a period of detraining for 12 weeks according to 1 of 3 protocols: cantering at 70% of maximal rate of oxygen consumption (o2max) for 3 min/d for 5 d/wk (canter group); walking for 1 h/d for 5 d/wk (walk group); or stall rest (stall group). Standardized treadmill exercise protocols (during which cardiopulmonary and oxygen-transport variables were measured) were performed before and after detraining.
RESULTS Mass-specific o2max, maximal cardiac output, and maximal cardiac stroke volume of all groups decreased after 12 weeks of detraining with no differences among groups. After detraining, arterial-mixed-venous oxygen concentration difference did not decrease in any group, and maximal heart rate decreased in the walk and stall groups. Run time to exhaustion and speeds eliciting o2max and maximal heart rate and at which plasma lactate concentration reached 4mM did not change in the canter group but decreased in the walk and stall groups.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses following the cantering detraining protocol maintained higher values of several performance variables compared with horses following the walking or stall rest protocols. These results suggested that it may be possible to identify a minimal threshold exercise intensity or protocol during detraining that would promote maintenance of important performance-related variables and minimize reductions in oxygen-transport capacity in horses.
Influence of respiratory tract disease and mode of inhalation on detectability of budesonide in equine urine and plasma
Authors: Barton Ann Kristin , Heinemann Henrike , Schenk Ina , Machnik Marc , Gehlen Heidrun 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of respiratory tract disease (ie, recurrent airway obstruction [RAO]) and mode of inhalation on detectability of inhaled budesonide in equine plasma and urine samples.
ANIMALS 16 horses (8 healthy control horses and 8 horses affected by RAO, as determined by results of clinical examination, blood gas analysis, bronchoscopy, and cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid).
PROCEDURES 4 horses of each group inhaled budesonide (3 μg/kg) twice daily for 10 days while at rest, and the remaining 4 horses of each group inhaled budesonide during lunging exercise. Plasma and urine samples were obtained 4 to 96 hours after inhalation and evaluated for budesonide and, in urine samples, the metabolites 6β-hydroxybudesonide and 16α-hydroxyprednisolone.
RESULTS Detected concentrations of budesonide were significantly higher at all time points for RAO-affected horses, compared with concentrations for the control horses. All samples of RAO-affected horses contained budesonide concentrations above the limit of detection at 96 hours after inhalation, whereas this was found for only 2 control horses. Detected concentrations of budesonide were higher, but not significantly so, at all time points in horses that inhaled budesonide during exercise, compared with concentrations for inhalation at rest.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this study indicated that the time interval between inhalation of a glucocorticoid and participation in sporting events should be increased when inhalation treatment is administered during exercise to horses affected by respiratory tract disease.