bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Reduces Generation of Memory Precursor Effector T Cells in Chronic Infection
Authors: Ibitokou Samad A. , Dillon Brian E. , Sinha Mala , Szczesny Bartosz , Delgadillo Añahi , Reda Abdelrahman Doaa , Szabo Csaba , Abu-Elheiga Lutfi , Porter Craig , Tuvdendorj Demidmaa , Stephens Robin 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of CD4 memory T cell (Tmem) differentiation in malaria is critical for vaccine development. However, the metabolic regulation of CD4 Tmem differentiation is not clear, particularly in persistent infections. In this study, we investigated the role of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in Tmem development in Plasmodium chabaudi chronic mouse malaria infection. We show that T cell–specific deletion and early pharmaceutical inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, the rate limiting step of FAS, inhibit generation of early memory precursor effector T cells (MPEC). To compare the role of FAS during early differentiation or survival of Tmem in chronic infection, a specific inhibitor of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, was administered at different times postinfection. Strikingly, the number of Tmem was only reduced when FAS was inhibited during T cell priming and not during the Tmem survival phase. FAS inhibition during priming increased effector T cell (Teff) proliferation and strongly decreased peak parasitemia, which is consistent with improved Teff function. Conversely, MPEC were decreased, in a T cell–intrinsic manner, upon early FAS inhibition in chronic, but not acute, infection. Early cure of infection also increased mitochondrial volume in Tmem compared with Teff, supporting previous reports in acute infection. We demonstrate that the MPEC-specific effect was due to the higher fatty acid content and synthesis in MPEC compared with terminally differentiated Teff. In conclusion, FAS in CD4 T cells regulates the early divergence of Tmem from Teff in chronic infection.
CCL28-Deficient Mice Have Reduced IgA Antibody–Secreting Cells and an Altered Microbiota in the Colon
Authors: Matsuo Kazuhiko , Nagakubo Daisuke , Yamamoto Shinya , Shigeta Akiko , Tomida Shuta , Fujita Mitsugu , Hirata Takako , Tsunoda Ikuo , Nakayama Takashi , Yoshie Osamu 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
CCL28 induces the migration of IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) via CCR10 and also displays a potent antimicrobial activity in vitro. To explore the role of CCL28 in vivo, we generated CCL28-deficient mice. The mice exhibited a significant reduction and abnormal distribution of IgA ASCs in the lamina propria of the colon. The concentrations of total and Ag-specific IgA in the fecal extracts of CCL28-deficient mice were also drastically reduced. The average amount of IgA secreted by a single IgA ASC derived from the colon was also substantially reduced in CCL28-deficient mice. Furthermore, CCL28 was found to significantly increase the average amount of IgA secreted by a single IgA ASC derived from the colon in vitro. In contrast, the generation of IgA ASCs in Peyer’s and cecal patches was not significantly impaired in CCL28-deficient mice. We also found a relative increase in the Class Bacilli in the fecal extracts of CCL28-deficient mice and demonstrated a potent antimicrobial activity of CCL28 against Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis, both of which belong to Class Bacilli. Thus, CCL28 may also suppress the outgrowth of some bacterial species by its direct antimicrobial activity. Finally, CCL28-deficient mice exhibited a highly aggravated dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis that was ameliorated by pretreatment with antibiotics. Collectively, CCL28 plays a pivotal role in the homing, distribution, and function of IgA ASCs in the colon and may also affect the intestinal microbiota through its direct antimicrobial activity.
Les anciennes méthodes de surveillance et de contrôle de la rage animale
Authors: Blancou Jean 
Published: December 2017

Early methods of surveillance and control for rabies in animals.
From the many existing documents on the history of rabies in animals it is possible to describe with precision the practical measures adopted for rabies surveillance and control between antiquity and the 18th Century.
Surveillance was based on clinical diagnosis, post mortem examination and animal inoculation, also on knowledge of the conditions under which infection occurred : aetiology, pathogenesis, susceptible species, virulent material, mode of infection, incubation period, etc. The historical facts are assembled and compared, with comments on each of these points.
Control was based upon the application of general disease control measures and attempts at vaccination and treatment. A study of these procedures makes it possible to compare their efficacy and to describe the major steps which led to, or delayed, the work of Louis Pasteur.
L’âme et le transfert des âmes chez les humains et les animaux
Authors: Catsaras Marc 
Published: December 2017

La question de l’âme est traitée par l’auteur d’une façon approfondie, en s’appuyant sur sa propre réflexion et sur celle d’auteurs récents : Moody, Eccles et Albertini.
Le transfert des âmes est également considéré.
Dans ce domaine, comme dans les autres, les animaux sont à considérer de la même façon que les humains.
L'expérimentation animale : évolution des concepts et des pratiques
Authors: Combrisson Hélène , Maurin-Blanchet Henri 
Published: December 2017

Animal experimentation : evolution in conceptions and practices.
Use of animal experimentation for biomedical research is rapidly advancing since a few years. General public’s sensitivity for animals was largely increasing especially about experimental uses. European Commu¬ nities and then member states had made rules for define lawful domains and conditions of animal’s uses. Minister of Research had stated its politic about animal experimentation in scientific and technical public establishments. More than actual rules, scientific progress and investigator’s sensitivity about animal’s welfare are making a change in using animal research. Number of animals used is reduced, alternative models are increasing and ethics committees are created in many research institutions.
Propriétés biologiques du virus de l’immunodéficience féline (V.I.F.). Réplication et persistance
Authors: Fevereiro Miguel , Roneker Carole , De Noronha Fernando 
Published: December 2017

Les propriétés biologiques et antigéniques du virus de l’immunodéficience féline (V.I.F.) sont déterminées dans des isolats obtenus à des intervalles différents, de six chats du même âge, après infection avec le VIF PETALUMA.
En général, le temps nécessaire à une première détection de réplication virale dans les cellules mononucléaires du sang périphérique (C.M.S.P.) ne diffère pas de façon significative dans les isolats (> 12 jours).
Trois isolats de V.I.F. sont obtenus dans des cultures de macrophages à long terme (M Ø) à partir de deux chats différents. Les M Ø des chats infectés par le VIF peuvent donc héberger le virus pendant une longue période et sont capables de transmettre le virus à des CMSP par coculture. Le VIF a été aussi détecté dans les M Ø de la moelle osseuse chez un chat après sept semaines de culture. Les résultats de ces études confirment l’importance des macrophages pour la persistance de l’infection VIF chez le chat.
La chirurgie du canal artériel chez le chien aujourd’hui
Authors: Viguier Eric 
Published: December 2017

Après rappel de l’embryologie du canal artériel chez le chien, l’auteur décrit la malformation existante après la naissance, le diagnostic et l’indication opératoire.
Les variantes de la technique opératoire sont envisagées et les résultats obtenus sont discutés.
Chez le chien, la persistance du canal artériel représente 30% des cardiopathies congénitales qui sont elles-mêmes les affections congénitales les plus fréquentes. Certains auteurs estiment la prévalence de l’affection à 0,1% (4). On le rencontre essentiellement chez les berger allemand, caniche, colley, loulou de Poméranie, berger belge (2 fois plus fréquent chez les femelles).
The 2010–2015 megadrought in central Chile: impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation
Authors: Garreaud René D. , Alvarez-Garreton Camila , Barichivich Jonathan , Boisier Juan Pablo , Christie Duncan , Galleguillos Mauricio , LeQuesne Carlos , McPhee James , Zambrano-Bigiarini Mauricio 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Since 2010 an uninterrupted sequence of dry years, with annual rainfall deficits ranging from 25 to 45 %, has prevailed in central Chile (western South America, 30–38° S). Although intense 1- or 2-year droughts are recurrent in this Mediterranean-like region, the ongoing event stands out because of its longevity and large extent. The extraordinary character of the so-called central Chile megadrought (MD) was established against century long historical records and a millennial tree-ring reconstruction of regional precipitation. The largest MD-averaged rainfall relative anomalies occurred in the northern, semi-arid sector of central Chile, but the event was unprecedented to the south of 35° S. ENSO-neutral conditions have prevailed since 2011 (except for the strong El Niño in 2015), contrasting with La Niña conditions that often accompanied past droughts. The precipitation deficit diminished the Andean snowpack and resulted in amplified declines (up to 90 %) of river flow, reservoir volumes and groundwater levels along central Chile and westernmost Argentina. In some semi-arid basins we found a decrease in the runoff-to-rainfall coefficient. A substantial decrease in vegetation productivity occurred in the shrubland-dominated, northern sector, but a mix of greening and browning patches occurred farther south, where irrigated croplands and exotic forest plantations dominate. The ongoing warming in central Chile, making the MD one of the warmest 6-year periods on record, may have also contributed to such complex vegetation changes by increasing potential evapotranspiration. We also report some of the measures taken by the central government to relieve the MD effects and the public perception of this event. The understanding of the nature and biophysical impacts of the MD helps as a foundation for preparedness efforts to confront a dry, warm future regional climate scenario.
A 60 Year Record of Atmospheric Aerosol Depositions Preserved in a High‐Accumulation Dome Ice Core, Southeast Greenland
Authors: Iizuka Yoshinori , Uemura Ryu , Fujita Koji , Hattori Shohei , Seki Osamu , Miyamoto Chihiro , Suzuki Toshitaka , Yoshida Naohiro , Motoyama Hideaki , Matoba Sumito 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Southeastern Greenland Dome (SE‐Dome) has both a high elevation and a high accumulation rate (1.01 m we yr−1), which are suitable properties for reconstructing past environmental changes with a high time resolution. For this study, we measured the major ion fluxes in a 90 m ice core drilled from the SE‐Dome region in 2015 and present the records of annual ion fluxes from 1957 to 2014. From 1970 to 2010, the trend of nonsea‐salt (nss) SO42− flux decreases, whereas that for NH4+ increases, tracking well with the anthropogenic SOx and NH3 emissions mainly from North America. The result suggests that these fluxes reflect histories of the anthropogenic SOx and NH3 emissions. In contrast, the decadal trend of NO3− flux differs from the decreasing trend of anthropogenic NOx emissions. Although the cause of this discrepancy remains unclear, it may be related to changes in particle formation processes and chemical scavenging rates caused by an increase in sea salt and dust and/or a decrease in nssSO42−. We also find a high average NO3− flux (1.13 mmol m−2 yr−1) in the ice core, which suggests a negligible effect from postdepositional NO3− loss. Thus, the SE‐Dome region is an excellent location for reconstructing nitrate fluxes. Over a decadal time scale, our NO3− flux record is similar to those from other ice cores in Greenland high‐elevation sites, suggesting that NO3− concentration records from these ice cores are reliable.
Impacts of SST Patterns on Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Megi (2010)
Authors: Kanada Sachie , Tsujino Satoki , Aiki Hidenori , Yoshioka Mayumi K. , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Takayabu Izuru 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTyphoon Megi (2010), a very intense tropical cyclone with a minimum central pressure of 885 hPa, was characterized by especially rapid intensification. We investigated this intensification process by a simulation experiment using a high‐resolution (0.02° × 0.02°) three‐dimensional atmosphere‐ocean coupled regional model. We also performed a sensitivity experiment with a time‐fixed sea surface temperature (SST). The coupled model successfully simulated the minimum central pressure of Typhoon Megi, whereas the fixed SST experiment simulated an excessively low minimum central pressure of 839 hPa. The simulation results also showed a close relationship between the radial SST profiles and the rapid intensification process. Because the warm sea increased near‐surface water vapor and hence the convective available potential energy, the high SST in the eye region facilitated tall and intense updrafts inside the radius of maximum wind speed and led to the start of rapid intensification. In contrast, high SST outside this radius induced local secondary updrafts that inhibited rapid intensification even if the mean SST in the core region exceeded 29.0°C. These secondary updrafts moved inward and eventually merged with the primary eyewall updrafts. Then the storm intensified rapidly when the high SST appeared in the eye region. Thus, the changes in the local SST pattern around the storm center strongly affected the rapid intensification process by modulating the radial structure of core convection. Our results also show that the use of a high‐resolution three‐dimensional atmosphere‐ocean coupled model offers promise for improving intensity forecasts of tropical cyclones.
A Top‐Down Pathway to Secondary Eyewall Formation in Simulated Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Tyner Bryce , Zhu Ping , Zhang Jun A. , Gopalakrishnan Sundararaman , Marks Frank , Tallapragada Vijay 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIdealized and real‐case simulations conducted using the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model demonstrate a “top‐down” pathway to secondary eyewall formation (SEF) for tropical cyclones (TCs). For the real‐case simulations of Hurricane Rita (2005) and Hurricane Edouard (2014), a comparison to observations reveals the timing and overall characteristics of the simulated SEF appear realistic. An important control of the top‐down pathway to SEF is the amount and radial‐height distribution of hydrometeors at outer radii. Examination into the simulated hydrometeor particle fall speed distribution reveals that the HWRF operational microphysics scheme is not producing the lightest hydrometeors, which are likely present in observed TCs and are most conducive to being advected from the primary eyewall to the outer rainband region of the TC. Triggering of SEF begins with the fallout of hydrometeors at the outer radii from the TC primary eyewall, where penetrative downdrafts resulting from evaporative cooling of precipitation promote the development of local convection. As the convection‐induced radial convergence that is initially located in the midtroposphere extends downward into the boundary layer, it results in the eruption of high entropy air out of the boundary layer. This leads to the rapid development of rainband convection and subsequent SEF via a positive feedback among precipitation, convection, and boundary layer processes.
A Review of Global Precipitation Data Sets: Data Sources, Estimation, and Intercomparisons
Authors: Sun Qiaohong , Miao Chiyuan , Duan Qingyun , Ashouri Hamed , Sorooshian Soroosh , Hsu Kuo‐Lin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the data sources and estimation methods of 30 currently available global precipitation data sets, including gauge‐based, satellite‐related, and reanalysis data sets. We analyzed the discrepancies between the data sets from daily to annual timescales and found large differences in both the magnitude and the variability of precipitation estimates. The magnitude of annual precipitation estimates over global land deviated by as much as 300 mm/yr among the products. Reanalysis data sets had a larger degree of variability than the other types of data sets. The degree of variability in precipitation estimates also varied by region. Large differences in annual and seasonal estimates were found in tropical oceans, complex mountain areas, northern Africa, and some high‐latitude regions. Overall, the variability associated with extreme precipitation estimates was slightly greater at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes. The reliability of precipitation data sets is mainly limited by the number and spatial coverage of surface stations, the satellite algorithms, and the data assimilation models. The inconsistencies described limit the capability of the products for climate monitoring, attribution, and model validation.
Acculturation Strategies
Authors: Pitts Margaret Jane 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Acculturation
is the process of cultural and behavioral change resulting from contact between groups and individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
Acculturation strategies
refer to the varying pathways people take when adapting to a new or unfamiliar culture. Canadian psychologist John Berry identified four primary acculturation strategies that emerge depending upon the extent to which the acculturating groups/individuals maintain their heritage culture (i.e., high or low heritage culture maintenance) and the extent to which they have contact and participate meaningfully with the host society (i.e., high or low contact participation): assimilation (low–high), integration (high–high), separation (high–low), and marginalization (low–low). Different paths toward acculturation result in different sociopsychological outcomes. This entry provides an overview of acculturation and acculturation strategies, addresses two relevant models of acculturation (Berry's acculturation model and Richard Bourhis and colleagues' interactive acculturation model), considers the role of communication in acculturation, and offers future directions in research.
Cultural Relativism and Cultural Universalism
Authors: Arnett Ronald C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUniversalism and relativism in intercultural communication announce a dispute over first principles that yield differentethical assumptions. First principles matter; they shape action and perception. Intercultural communication theory and practice articulates these opposing coordinates. Arguments about ethical beginnings of universalism and relativism find no ultimate end; the contending of originative background positions invites the pragmatic necessity of dialogue. Relativism and universalism, understood as ethical positions, offer different starting points. Relativism begins with descriptions of the particular; universalism assumes an undisputed a priori standard of judgment.
Culture Shock and Reentry Shock
Authors: Neuliep James W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry profiles the concept of culture shock; the disorientation, confusion, conflict, stress, and anxiety that results from a clash of cultures experienced by persons who move from their native culture to a new host culture. Most models of culture shock describe the process as a series of stages. The degree to which one experiences culture shock varies considerably and is affected by a number of factors. When sojourners return to their native culture they often experience reentry culture shock. This is the idea that people returning home after a lengthy stay in a host culture will experience a second round of culture shock that many argue is more difficult than the initial culture shock experienced while abroad. Given the age of information technology, some scholars are now arguing that the concept of culture shock, as it has been discussed and described in the literature, may be an outdated concept.
Interactive Theory of Acculturation
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe interactive theory of acculturation provides the public policy framework which frames the endorsement of acculturation orientation between high vitality majority and low vitality minorities in multilingual and multicultural settings. Concordant and discordant acculturation orientations yield harmonious, problematic, and conflictual intercultural relations between members of contrasting linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
Intercultural Ethics
Authors: MacDonald Malcolm N. , O'Regan John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Interest in intercultural ethics has arisen not just because people from different cultures think and behave in different ways but also because the ways in which one orients oneself towards the attitudes, beliefs, and values of a person from another culture also demand an ethically informed position. Two current approaches towards intercultural ethics are identified. One views ethics as a set of principles of conduct, and the other sees the relationship with a person from another culture as being in itself an ethical relationship. Four contexts for intercultural ethics are set out in relation to relevant principles of conduct for the intercultural speaker, the intercultural sojourner, the intercultural trainee, and the transcultural refugee. However, intercultural communication can also be regarded as being underwritten by an ethical relationship that exists between human beings, which has given rise to a focus on the precepts of tolerance, hospitality, and responsibility.
Intercultural Peacebuilding
Authors: Broome Benjamin J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe study of peacebuilding developed as individuals and organizations sought to help communities and nations overcome the effects of violent conflict and create a social order that can respond to disagreements and disputes through nonviolent means. Peacebuilding is not aimed at eliminating conflict; its goal is to stop all forms of violence and promote transformative ways to deal with conflict. Peacebuilding has many definitions, but it generally refers to interventions that help establish sustainable peace by addressing the root causes of the conflict, making necessary adjustments in political and social processes, and creating institutions that will implement the changes. Emphasis is placed on transformation at multiple levels, including individual attitudes, intergroup relations, and societal structures and institutions. Challenges to peacebuilding include loss of trust, polarization of views, psychological effects of violence, and the constantly changing dynamics of the conflict.
Intercultural Pragmatics
Authors: Haugh Michael 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntercultural pragmatics examines the role of language in intercultural encounters. While it encompasses a wide range of different theoretical and methodological perspectives, what unites such work is the way in which analysts pay close attention to the details of how language is being used by participants. Studies have traditionally focused on how differences in speech practices, or expectations about those practices, can give rise to misunderstanding or offense. More recent work has examined how culture is manifested through the use of language in interaction. Such studies have examined the ways in which participants themselves can invoke culture, and what they are accomplishing through invoking culture in this way in such encounters. Future studies are likely to increasingly focus on intercultural encounters in a range of languages beyond English, and to examine the pragmatics of such encounters not only in face‐to‐face interactions, but in other, digitally mediated forms of communication as well.