bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model‐Based Approach to the Wisdom of the Crowd in Category Learning
Authors: Danileiko Irina , Lee Michael D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe apply the “wisdom of the crowd” idea to human category learning, using a simple approach that combines people's categorization decisions by taking the majority decision. We first show that the aggregated crowd category learning behavior found by this method performs well, learning categories more quickly than most or all individuals for 28 previously collected datasets. We then extend the approach so that it does not require people to categorize every stimulus. We do this using a model‐based method that predicts the categorization behavior people would produce for new stimuli, based on their behavior with observed stimuli, and uses the majority of these predicted decisions. We demonstrate and evaluate the model‐based approach in two case studies. In the first, we use the general recognition theory decision‐bound model of categorization (Ashby & Townsend, ) to infer each person's decision boundary for two categories of perceptual stimuli, and we use these inferences to make aggregated predictions about new stimuli. In the second, we use the generalized context model exemplar model of categorization (Nosofsky, ) to infer each person's selective attention for face stimuli, and we use these inferences to make aggregated predictions about withheld stimuli. In both case studies, we show that our method successfully predicts the category of unobserved stimuli, and we emphasize that the aggregated crowd decisions arise from psychologically interpretable processes and parameters. We conclude by discussing extensions and potential real‐world applications of the approach.
Autophagic compound database: A resource connecting autophagy‐modulating compounds, their potential targets and relevant diseases
Authors: Deng Yiqi , Zhu Lingjuan , Cai Haoyang , Wang Guan , Liu Bo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesAutophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation process in eukaryotic cells, can digest long‐lived proteins and damaged organelles through vesicular trafficking pathways. Nowadays, mechanisms of autophagy have been gradually elucidated and thus the discovery of small‐molecule drugs targeting autophagy has always been drawing much attention. So far, some autophagy‐related web servers have been available online to facilitate scientists to obtain the information relevant to autophagy conveniently, such as HADb, CTLPScanner, iLIR server and ncRDeathDB. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is not any web server available about the autophagy‐modulating compounds.MethodsAccording to published articles, all the compounds and their relations with autophagy were anatomized. Subsequently, an online Autophagic Compound Database (ACDB) (http://www.acdbliulab.com/) was constructed, which contained information of 357 compounds with 164 corresponding signalling pathways and potential targets in different diseases.ResultsWe achieved a great deal of information of autophagy‐modulating compounds, including compounds, targets/pathways and diseases. ACDB is a valuable resource for users to access to more than 300 curated small‐molecule compounds correlated with autophagy.ConclusionsAutophagic compound database will facilitate to the discovery of more novel therapeutic drugs in the near future.
A risk score including body mass index, glycated haemoglobin and triglycerides predicts future glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hertroijs Dorijn F. L. , Elissen Arianne M. J. , Brouwers Martijn C. G. J. , Schaper Nicolaas C. , Köhler Sebastian , Popa Mirela C. , Asteriadis Stylianos , Hendriks Steven H. , Bilo Henk J. , Ruwaard Dirk 
Published: November 2017

AimTo identify, predict and validate distinct glycaemic trajectories among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes treated in primary care, as a first step towards more effective patient‐centred care.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study in two cohorts, using routinely collected individual patient data from primary care practices obtained from two large Dutch diabetes patient registries. Participants included adult patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between January 2006 and December 2014 (development cohort, n = 10 528; validation cohort, n = 3777). Latent growth mixture modelling identified distinct glycaemic 5‐year trajectories. Machine learning models were built to predict the trajectories using easily obtainable patient characteristics in daily clinical practice.ResultsThree different glycaemic trajectories were identified: (1) stable, adequate glycaemic control (76.5% of patients); (2) improved glycaemic control (21.3% of patients); and (3) deteriorated glycaemic control (2.2% of patients). Similar trajectories could be discerned in the validation cohort. Body mass index and glycated haemoglobin and triglyceride levels were the most important predictors of trajectory membership. The predictive model, trained on the development cohort, had a receiver‐operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.96 in the validation cohort, indicating excellent accuracy.ConclusionsThe developed model can effectively explain heterogeneity in future glycaemic response of patients with type 2 diabetes. It can therefore be used in clinical practice as a quick and easy tool to provide tailored diabetes care.
Coping strategies in individuals at ultra‐high risk of psychosis: A systematic review
Authors: Mian Louise , Lattanzi Guido Maria , Tognin Stefania 
Published: November 2017

AimThe impact of dysfunctional coping strategies during the prodromal phase of psychosis has recently been explored by several studies. What has yet to be clarified is whether maladaptive coping is evident in the prodromal phase and the impact that this might have on symptomatic and functional outcomes. The aim of this study was to review the findings on coping in individuals at ultra‐high risk of psychosis (UHR) in relation to symptoms and level of functioning.MethodsOriginal articles were identified by searching 7 databases using the terms “prodrom*,” “ultra high risk,” “clinical high risk,” “at‐risk mental state,” “coping style*,” “coping strategies,” “cope,” “coping” and “psychosis”. We included original articles that: (1) reported a measure of coping and (2) evaluated UHR individuals.ResultsA total of 9 original articles of 335 that examined coping in individuals at high risk of psychosis were included. UHR subjects were more likely to use maladaptive coping strategies than healthy controls and were more likely to use emotion‐focussed than task‐oriented coping. Maladaptive coping was associated with higher levels of negative symptoms, whereas positive coping was associated with fewer negative symptoms. The coping style employed by UHR individuals was found to negatively influence their psychosocial functioning.ConclusionsIt is still unclear whether coping heightens or reduces the likelihood of transition to psychosis in relation to other factors, including environment. Longitudinal studies could clarify whether coping styles remain stable after the onset of psychosis or whether the emerging psychotic symptoms influence the coping strategies.
Longitudinal changes in LIC and other parameters in patients receiving different chelation regimens: Data from LICNET
Authors: Vitrano Angela , Sacco Massimiliano , Rosso Rosamaria , Quota Alessandra , Fiorino Daniela , Oliva Esther , Gerardi Calogera , Roccamo Gaetano , Spadola Vincenzo , Filosa Aldo , Tesé Lorenzo , Calvaruso Giuseppina , Pitrolo Lorella , Mistretta Laura , Cassarà Filippo , Di Maggio Rosario , Maggio Aurelio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe liver remains the primary site of iron storage, with liver iron concentration (LIC) being a strong surrogate of total body iron. MRI‐R2 can accurately measure LIC. The LICNET (Liver Iron Cutino Network) was established to diagnostics of liver iron overload by MRI‐R2 subjects with hemochromatosis in hematological disorders. The aims of the study were to look at variation in LIC measurements during time across different chelation regimens.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of 130 patients attending 9 Italian centers participating in the LICNET. LIC comparisons over time (T0 and T1) were made using t test and/or Wilcoxon test.ResultsLIC significantly decreased from MRI1 to MRI2 although at high variance (median change −0.8 mg Fe/g dw, range: −29.0 to 33.0; P = .011) and 7.7% of patients shifted from LIC values of high risk (>15 mg Fe/g dw) to an intermediate‐risk category (7‐15 mg Fe/g dw). Median change in LIC and correlation with serum ferritin levels (SF), during different chelation regimens, is reported.ConclusionsThese findings suggest as longitudinal variation in the LIC is possible, across all chelation regimens. It confirms as SF levels not always can be used for estimating changes in LIC.
Distracter suppression dominates attentional modulation of responses to multiple stimuli inside the receptive fields of middle temporal neurons
Authors: Malek Nour , Treue Stefan , Khayat Paul , Martinez‐Trujillo Julio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSingle‐cell studies in macaques have shown that attending to one of two stimuli, positioned inside a visual neuron's receptive field (RF), modulates the neuron's response to reflect the features of the attended stimulus. Such a modulation has been described as a ‘push–pull’ effect relative to a reference response: a neuron's response increases when attention is directed to a preferred stimulus, and decreases when attention is directed to a non‐preferred stimulus. It has been further suggested that the response increase when attending to a preferred stimulus is the predominant effect. Here, we show that the observed attentional modulation depends on the reference response. We recorded neuronal responses in motion processing area middle temporal (MT) of macaques to two moving random dot patterns positioned inside neurons’ RF. One pattern always moved in the neuron's antipreferred direction (null pattern), while the other moved in one of 12 directions (tuning pattern). At the beginning of a trial, a cue indicated the location and direction of the target. The animal was required to release a lever when a change in the target direction occurred, and to ignore changes in the distracter. Relative to neurons’ initial responses to the dual stimuli (when attention was less likely to modulate responses), attending to the tuning pattern did not significantly modulate responses over time. However, attending to the null pattern progressively decreased responses over time. These results were quantitatively described by filter and input gain models, characterising a predominant response suppression relative to a reference response, rather than response enhancement.
MAP6 interacts with Tctex1 and Cav2.2/N‐type calcium channels to regulate calcium signalling in neurons
Authors: Brocard Jacques , Dufour Fabrice , Gory‐Fauré Sylvie , Arnoult Christophe , Bosc Christophe , Denarier Eric , Peris Leticia , Saoudi Yasmina , De Waard Michel , Andrieux Annie 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMAP6 proteins were first described as microtubule‐stabilizing agents, whose properties were thought to be essential for neuronal development and maintenance of complex neuronal networks. However, deletion of all MAP6 isoforms in MAP6 KO mice does not lead to dramatic morphological aberrations of the brain but rather to alterations in multiple neurotransmissions and severe behavioural impairments. A search for protein partners of MAP6 proteins identified Tctex1 – a dynein light chain with multiple non‐microtubule‐related functions. The involvement of Tctex1 in calcium signalling led to investigate it in MAP6 KO neurons. In this study, we show that functional Cav2.2/N‐type calcium channels are deficient in MAP6 KO neurons, due to improper location. We also show that MAP6 proteins interact directly with both Tctex1 and the C‐terminus of Cav2.2/N‐type calcium channels. A balance of these two interactions seems to be crucial for MAP6 to modulate calcium signalling in neurons.
Functional integration across oscillation frequencies by cross‐frequency phase synchronization
Authors: Palva J. Matias , Palva Satu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNeuronal oscillations and their inter‐areal synchronization may be instrumental in regulating neuronal communication in distributed networks. Several lines of research have, however, shown that cognitive tasks engage neuronal oscillations simultaneously in multiple frequency bands that have distinct functional roles in cognitive processing. Gamma oscillations (30–120 Hz) are associated with bottom‐up processing, while slower oscillations in delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–7 Hz), alpha (8–14 Hz) and beta (14–30 Hz) frequency bands may have roles in executive or top‐down controlling functions, although also other distinctions have been made. Identification of the mechanisms that integrate such spectrally distributed processing and govern neuronal communication among these networks is crucial for understanding how cognitive functions are achieved in neuronal circuits. Cross‐frequency interactions among oscillations have been recognized as a likely candidate mechanism for such integration. We advance here the hypothesis that phase–phase synchronization of neuronal oscillations in two different frequency bands, cross‐frequency phase synchrony (CFS), could serve to integrate, coordinate and regulate neuronal processing distributed into neuronal assemblies concurrently in multiple frequency bands. A trail of studies over the past decade has revealed the presence of CFS among cortical oscillations and linked CFS with roles in cognitive integration. We propose that CFS could connect fast and slow oscillatory networks and thereby integrate distributed cognitive functions such as representation of sensory information with attentional and executive functions.
Climate mediates the success of migration strategies in a marine predator
Authors: Abrahms Briana , Hazen Elliott L. , Bograd Steven J. , Brashares Justin S. , Robinson Patrick W. , Scales Kylie L. , Crocker Daniel E. , Costa Daniel P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIndividual behavioural specialisation has far‐reaching effects on fitness and population persistence. Theory predicts that unconditional site fidelity, that is fidelity to a site independent of past outcome, provides a fitness advantage in unpredictable environments. However, the benefits of alternative site fidelity strategies driving intraspecific variation remain poorly understood and have not been evaluated in different environmental contexts. We show that contrary to expectation, strong and weak site fidelity strategies in migratory northern elephant seals performed similarly over 10 years, but the success of each strategy varied interannually and was strongly mediated by climate conditions. Strong fidelity facilitated stable energetic rewards and low risk, while weak fidelity facilitated high rewards and high risk. Weak fidelity outperformed strong fidelity in anomalous climate conditions, suggesting that the evolutionary benefits of site fidelity may be upended by increasing environmental variability. We highlight how individual behavioural specialisation may modulate the adaptive capacity of species to climate change.
CEO talent: A dime a dozen, or worth its weight in gold?
Authors: Donatiello Nicholas E. , Larcker David F. , Tayan Brian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractVery little sophisticated research exists on the size, quality, and efficiency of the labor market for CEO talent. This paper sheds light on this labor market by considering the perspectives of directors directly responsible for hiring and firing the CEOs of the largest publicly traded corporations in the United States. We find that directors overwhelmingly believe that the CEO job is exceptionally challenging and only a handful of executives are qualified to run their company and others in their industry. This suggests that the labor market for outstanding CEO talent is significantly tighter and more competitive than governance experts might realize.
Differential impact of landscape‐scale strategies for crop cultivar deployment on disease dynamics, resistance durability and long‐term evolutionary control
Authors: Papaïx Julien , Rimbaud Loup , Burdon Jeremy J. , Zhan Jiasui , Thrall Peter H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA multitude of resistance deployment strategies have been proposed to tackle the evolutionary potential of pathogens to overcome plant resistance. In particular, many landscape‐based strategies rely on the deployment of resistant and susceptible cultivars in an agricultural landscape as a mosaic. However, the design of such strategies is not easy as strategies targeting epidemiological or evolutionary outcomes may not be the same. Using a stochastic spatially explicit model, we studied the impact of landscape organization (as defined by the proportion of fields cultivated with a resistant cultivar and their spatial aggregation) and key pathogen life‐history traits on three measures of disease control. Our results show that short‐term epidemiological dynamics are optimized when landscapes are planted with a high proportion of the resistant cultivar in low aggregation. Importantly, the exact opposite situation is optimal for resistance durability. Finally, well‐mixed landscapes (balanced proportions with low aggregation) are optimal for long‐term evolutionary equilibrium (defined here as the level of long‐term pathogen adaptation). This work offers a perspective on the potential for contrasting effects of landscape organization on different goals of disease management and highlights the role of pathogen life history.
Clinical presentation and surgical repair of traumatic lateral patellar luxation associated with a complete tear of the vastus medialis muscle in a neonatal Cob foal
Authors: Ogden N. , Doyle C. , Fraser B. , Norton J. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryPatellar luxation associated with traumatic injury is rare in the horse, and surgical correction has not been adequately described. This case report describes the clinical findings associated with traumatic lateral patellar luxation in a 2‐day‐old cob colt, and the technique used for successful surgical repair. A combination of computed tomography (CT), radiography and ultrasound was used to diagnose lateral luxation of the patella due to a complete tear of the vastus medialis muscle. All patellar ligaments were intact and no congenital abnormalities associated with the patellar luxation were present. Surgical correction of the patellar luxation was achieved using a lateral release of the patella performed by transection of the lateral femoropatellar ligament along with overlying fascia, and stabilisation of the patella by medial imbrication of the medial patellar ligament and parapatellar fascia to the distal tendon of the sartorius muscle. Radiographs at 18 weeks of age showed the patella in a normal position in a well‐developed trochlear groove. At 1 year of age the foal was walking and trotting sound, with normal range of motion of the affected stifle.
Changes in US Monetary Policy and Its Transmission over the Last Century
Authors: Breitfuß Sebastian , Huber Florian , Feldkircher Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate US monetary policy and its time-varying effects over more than 130 years. For that purpose, we use a Bayesian time-varying parameter vector autoregression that features modern shrinkage priors and stochastic volatility. Our results can be summarized as follows: First, we find that monetary policy transmits jointly through the interest rate, credit/bank lending and wealth channels. Second, we find evidence for changes of both responses to a monetary policy shock and volatility characterizing the macroeconomic environment. Effects on the macroeconomy are significantly lower in the period from 1960 to 2013 than in the early part of our sample, whereas responses of short- and long-term interest rates are nearly unaltered throughout the sample. Changes in the way the Fed conducts monetary policy and different economic environments may account for that.
Health democracy in Europe: Cancer patient organization participation in health policy
Authors: Souliotis Kyriakos , Peppou Lily E. , Agapidaki Eirini , Tzavara Chara , Debiais Dominique , Hasurdjiev Stanimir , Sarkozy Francois 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundPatient organization participation in health policy decision making is an understudied area of inquiry. A handful of qualitative studies have suggested that the growing number of patient organizations in Europe and their increasing involvement in policy issues do not result in high political effectiveness. However, existing research is largely country‐specific.ObjectiveTo examine the degree and impact of cancer patient organization (CPO) participation in health policy decision making in EU‐28 and to identify their correlates.MethodsA total of 1266 members of CPOs participated in this study, recruited from a diversity of sources. CPO participation in health policy was assessed with the Health Democracy Index, a previously developed instrument measuring the degree and impact of patient organization participation in various realms of health policy. Additional questions collected information about participants' and the CPO's characteristics. Data were gleaned in the form of an online self‐reported instrument.ResultsThe highest degree of CPO participation was observed with respect to hospital boards, reforms in health policy and ethics committees for clinical trials. On the contrary, the lowest was discerned with regard to panels in other important health‐related organizations and in the Ministry of Health. The reverse pattern of results was observed concerning the Impact subscale. As regards the correlates of CPO participation, legislation bore the strongest association with the Degree subscale, while organizational factors emerged as the most important variables with regard to the Impact subscale.ConclusionsResearch findings indicate that a high degree of CPO participation does not necessarily ensure a high impact. Efforts to promote high and effective CPO participation should be geared towards the establishment of a health‐care law based on patient rights as well as to the formation of coalitions among CPOs and the provision of training to its members.