bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A predatory bivalved euarthropod from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte, South China
Authors: Yang Jie , Ortega-Hernández Javier , Lan Tian , Hou Jin-bo , Zhang Xi-guang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBivalved euarthropods represent a conspicuous component of exceptionally-preserved fossil biotas throughout the Lower Palaeozoic. However, most of these taxa are known from isolated valves and thus there is a limited understanding of their morphological organization and palaeoecology in the context of early animal-dominated communities. The bivalved euarthropod Clypecaris serrata sp. nov., recovered from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Hongjingshao Formation in Kunming, southern China, is characterized by having a robust first pair of raptorial appendages that bear well-developed ventral-facing spines, paired dorsal spines on the trunk and posteriorly oriented serrations on the anteroventral margins of both valves. The raptorial limbs of C. serrata were adapted for grasping prey employing a descending stroke for transporting it close the mouth, whereas the backwards-facing marginal serrations of the bivalved carapace may have helped to secure the food items during feeding. The new taxon offers novel insights on the morphology of the enigmatic genus Clypecaris and indicates that the possession of paired dorsal spines is a diagnostic trait of the Family Clypecarididae within upper stem-group Euarthropoda. C. serrata evinces functional adaptations for an active predatory lifestyle within the context of Cambrian bivalved euarthropods and contributes towards the better understanding of feeding diversity in early ecosystems.
Dynein disruption perturbs post-synaptic components and contributes to impaired MuSK clustering at the NMJ: implication in ALS
Authors: Vilmont Valérie , Cadot Bruno , Vezin Elsa , Le Grand Fabien , Gomes Edgar R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe neuromuscular junction (NMJ) allows the transformation of a neuronal message into a mechanical force by muscle contraction and is the target of several neuromuscular disorders. While the neuronal side is under extensive research, the muscle appeared recently to have a growing role in the formation and integrity of the neuromuscular junction. We used an in vitro model of mature myofibers to study the role of dynein on major postsynaptic proteins. We found that dynein affects the expression and the clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) and Rapsyn. We also show that myofibers with dynein impairment or from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) model (SOD1G93A) show similar defects in myofiber formation and agrin-induced AChR clustering suggesting a role for dynein impairment in ALS progression. Finally, we found that dynein can affect MuSK traffic through the endosomal pathway. Collectively, our studies show that defects in dynein can lead to impairment of muscle NMJ components’ expression and clustering. We propose that NMJ defects could happen via defective MuSK traffic and that this could be one of the pathological features involved in neurodegeneration such as ALS.
High current gain transistor laser
Authors: Liang Song , Qiao Lijun , Zhu Hongliang , Wang Wei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA transistor laser (TL), having the structure of a transistor with multi-quantum wells near its base region, bridges the functionality gap between lasers and transistors. However, light emission is produced at the expense of current gain for all the TLs reported up to now, leading to a very low current gain. We propose a novel design of TLs, which have an n-doped InP layer inserted in the emitter ridge. Numerical studies show that a current flow aperture for only holes can be formed in the center of the emitter ridge. As a result, the common emitter current gain can be as large as 143.3, which is over 15 times larger than that of a TL without the aperture. Besides, the effects of nonradiative recombination defects can be reduced greatly because the flow of holes is confined in the center region of the emitter ridge.
Integration of antennas with sun‐tracking solar panels
Authors: Narbudowicz A. , O'Conchubhair O. , Ammann M.J. , Heberling D. 
Published: June 2016

A low‐cost solution for antennas integrated into solar cells, allowing their implementation in solar tracking installations is proposed. The proposed passive device autonomously adjusts the phase shift of a two‐element array proportional to the panel rotation. Consequently, the main beam is steered to compensate for panel rotation and maintain a radio link. The proposed device operates for a rotation of ±45° with an amplitude variation of ≤0.4 dB at 2.51 GHz.
Effects of multiple parameters on static electrification and breakdown strength of transformer oil
Authors: Liu Daosheng , Du Boxue , Liu Feifei , Wang Shihui 
Published: June 2016

Forced convection of insulation oil is the main heat transfer mode in large‐power and ultra‐high‐voltage (UHV) transformers. The electrification hazard caused by physicochemical phenomena between mineral oil and pressboard has been suspected to be responsible for several failures. The electrification measurement was carried out in an oil flow system. The influences of oil temperature, flow velocity, time and applied electric field of fresh and dry transformer oil have been investigated by a measurement system. The experimental results from the oil flow system show that the streaming current increases with the increase of the temperature when the temperature is below 50°C, while it reverses when the temperature is above 50°C. The streaming current increases with the increase of AC and DC electric fields under the different flow velocities, but the streaming current polarity reverses with DC electric field polarity under the 6.9 m/s flow velocity. The electrification phenomenon can lead to reduction of the breakdown strength of the oil. It is concluded that some effective measures should be taken to restrain the possible harm caused by the streaming electrification in UHV converter transformer.
Porous ZnMnO3 plates prepared from Zn/Mn–sucrose composite as high‐performance lithium‐ion battery anodes
Authors: Zhao Chenhao , Teng Zhaoguo , Zhao Dan'ni , Hu Zhibiao , Liu Kaiyu 
Published: June 2016

Porous ZnMnO3 plates have been prepared by an initial formation of Zn/Mn–sucrose composite and subsequent calcination route. The influences of calcination temperatures on the structures and electrochemical performances of target ZnMnO3 are clearly studied. At an optimal calcination temperature of 500°C, the ZnMnO3 composed of numerous nanoparticles possesses an obvious plate‐like structure and porous property, and a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of ∼25.50 m2 g−1 and average pore size of ∼19.69 nm can be reached. As lithium‐ion battery anode, the optimal ZnMnO3 delivers a reversible (second) discharge capacity of 709.6 mAh g−1 at 0.4 A g−1. After 100 cycles, a discharge capacity of 560.0 mAh g−1 can be retained. Even at a high current density of 1.2 A g−1, the sample still shows a discharge capacity of 403.1 mAh g−1. The good electrochemical performance of as‐prepared ZnMnO3 may be attributed to its unique porous structure.
High‐sensitivity microelectromechanical systems‐based tri‐axis force sensor for monitoring cellular traction force
Authors: Thanh‐Vinh Nguyen , Omiya Tomoki , Tsukagoshi Takuya , Hirayama Kayoko , Noda Kentaro , Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Shimoyama Isao 
Published: June 2016

A high‐sensitivity tri‐axis force sensor designed to measure the traction force of a single cell is reported. The developed sensor consists of a micropillar that is supported by a cross‐shaped Si structure and a double‐layer photoresist cap. The piezoresistors formed on the Si structure allow for the simultaneous measurement of the normal and shear forces acting on the micropillar. Moreover, the cap prevents the cells from contacting the Si structure, which is not desirable when measuring the force acting on the micropillar. The effect of the culture medium on the impedance of the sensor and the noise level of the measurement circuit was evaluated. The temperature effect was compensated using a piezoresistor that does not possess a through‐hole underneath. For measurement, inside a culture medium, the resolution of the sensor obtained from the standard deviations of the measured signals was less than 2 nN. Finally, it was demonstrated that the sensor is capable of measuring the traction force in three dimensions generated by an osteosarcoma cell when it detaches from the micropillar under trypsin treatment.
Demand for a Simple Weather Insurance Product in India: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Hill Ruth Vargas , Robles Miguel , Ceballos Francisco 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article analyzes the demand for a simple rainfall‐based weather insurance product among farmers in rural India. We explore the predictions of a standard expected utility theory framework on the nature of demand in terms of price, the basis of the hedge, and risk aversion using data from a randomized control trial. We find that demand behaves as predicted: it falls with price and basis risk and is hump‐shaped in risk aversion, with price sensitivity decreasing at higher levels of basis risk. We estimate a negative price elasticity of 0.58 and find that doubling the distance to a reference weather station decreases demand by 18%. These results indicate that improving pricing and quality of insurance products can directly increase demand. In addition, we examine the impact of insurance training relative to other mechanisms designed to increase understanding. The evidence suggests that increased incentives to learn or learning by using are more effective at increasing both understanding and demand. Finally, we contribute to the scarce evidence on the demand for insurance over time. In terms of our main interventions, we find that the effect of premium subsidies persists over time, while the impact of investments in new weather stations diminishes and the effect of increased training in the first season seems to disappear during the second season. Importantly, while having previously purchased insurance does not encourage future uptake, receiving a payout does. This could reflect issues of trust in the product or the insurance company, and constitutes an important topic for future research.
Assessing the impact of a primary care electronic medical record system in three Kenyan rural health centers
Authors: Tierney William M , Sidle John E , Diero Lameck O , Sudoi Allan , Kiplagat Jepchirchir , Macharia Stephen , Shen Changyu , Yeung Ada , Were Martin C , Slaven James E , Wools-Kaloustian Kara 
Published: June 2016

Objective Efficient, effective health care requires rapid availability of patient information. We designed, implemented, and assessed the impact of a primary care electronic medical record (EMR) in three rural Kenyan health centers.
Method Local clinicians identified data required for primary care and public health reporting. We designed paper encounter forms to capture these data in adult medicine, pediatric, and antenatal clinics. Encounter form data were hand-entered into a new primary care module in an existing EMR serving onsite clinics serving patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Before subsequent visits, Summary Reports were printed containing selected patient data with reminders for needed HIV care. We assessed effects on patient flow and provider work with time-motion studies before implementation and two years later, and we surveyed providers’ satisfaction with the EMR.
Results Between September 2008 and December 2011, 72 635 primary care patients were registered and 114 480 encounter forms were completed. During 2011, 32 193 unique patients visited primary care clinics, and encounter forms were completed for all visits. Of 1031 (3.2%) who were HIV-infected, 85% received HIV care. Patient clinic time increased from 37 to 81 min/visit after EMR implementation in one health center and 56 to 106 min/visit in the other. However, outpatient visits to both health centers increased by 85%. Three-quarters of increased time was spent waiting. Despite nearly doubling visits, there was no change in clinical officers’ work patterns, but the nurses’ and the clerks’ patient care time decreased after EMR implementation. Providers were generally satisfied with the EMR but desired additional training.
Conclusions We successfully implemented a primary care EMR in three rural Kenyan health centers. Patient waiting time was dramatically lengthened while the nurses’ and the clerks’ patient care time decreased. Long-term use of EMRs in such settings will require changes in culture and workflow.
The utility of web mining for epidemiological research: studying the association between parity and cancer risk
Authors: Tourassi Georgia , Yoon Hong-Jun , Xu Songhua , Han Xuesong 
Published: June 2016

Background The World Wide Web has emerged as a powerful data source for epidemiological studies related to infectious disease surveillance. However, its potential for cancer-related epidemiological discoveries is largely unexplored.
Methods Using advanced web crawling and tailored information extraction procedures, the authors automatically collected and analyzed the text content of 79 394 online obituary articles published between 1998 and 2014. The collected data included 51 911 cancer (27 330 breast; 9470 lung; 6496 pancreatic; 6342 ovarian; 2273 colon) and 27 483 non-cancer cases. With the derived information, the authors replicated a case-control study design to investigate the association between parity (i.e., childbearing) and cancer risk. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each cancer type and compared to those reported in large-scale epidemiological studies.
Results Parity was found to be associated with a significantly reduced risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.75-0.82), pancreatic cancer (OR = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.72-0.83), colon cancer (OR = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.60-0.74), and ovarian cancer (OR = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.54-0.62). Marginal association was found for lung cancer risk (OR = 0.87, 95% CI, 0.81-0.92). The linear trend between increased parity and reduced cancer risk was dramatically more pronounced for breast and ovarian cancer than the other cancers included in the analysis.
Conclusion This large web-mining study on parity and cancer risk produced findings very similar to those reported with traditional observational studies. It may be used as a promising strategy to generate study hypotheses for guiding and prioritizing future epidemiological studies.
[C ii] emission in z ∼ 6 strongly lensed, star-forming galaxies
Authors: Knudsen Kirsten K. , Richard Johan , Kneib Jean-Paul , Jauzac Mathilde , Clément Benjamin , Drouart Guillaume , Egami Eiichi , Lindroos Lukas 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The far-infrared fine-structure line [C ii] at 1900.5 GHz is known to be one of the brightest cooling lines in local galaxies, and therefore it has been suggested to be an efficient tracer for star formation in very high redshift galaxies. However, recent results for galaxies at z &gt; 6 have yielded numerous non-detections in star-forming galaxies, except for quasars and submillimetre galaxies. We report the results of ALMA observations of two lensed, star-forming galaxies at z = 6.029 and z = 6.703. The galaxy A383-5.1 (star formation rate [SFR] of 3.2 M⊙ yr−1 and magnification of μ = 11.4 ± 1.9) shows a line detection with $L_{\rm [C\,\small {II}]} = 8.9\times 10^{6}$ L⊙, making it the lowest $L_{\rm [C\,\small {II}]}$ detection at z &gt; 6. For MS0451-H (SFR = 0.4 M⊙ yr−1 and μ = 100 ± 20) we provide an upper limit of $L_{\rm [C\,\small {II}]} &lt; 3\times 10^{5}$ L⊙, which is 1 dex below the local SFR–$L_{\rm [C\,\small {II}]}$ relations. The results are consistent with predictions for low-metallicity galaxies at z &gt; 6; however, other effects could also play a role in terms of decreasing L[CII]. The detection of A383-5.1 is encouraging and suggests that detections are possible, but much fainter than initially predicted.
Histopathologic review of pineal parenchymal tumors identifies novel morphologic subtypes and prognostic factors for outcome
Authors: Raleigh David R. , Solomon David A. , Lloyd Shane A. , Lazar Ann , Garcia Michael A. , Sneed Penny K. , Clarke Jennifer L. , McDermott Michael W. , Berger Mitchel S. , Tihan Tarik , Haas-Kogan Daphne A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground.Pineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs) are rare neoplasms of the central nervous system, and data concerning clinical outcomes are limited. The purpose of this study was to define the clinical behavior of PPT according to current histopathologic criteria and identify prognostic factors to guide therapeutic decisions.Methods.Seventy-five patients treated for PPT at a single institution between 1992 and 2015 were retrospectively identified. Forty-five resection specimens were available and re-reviewed. Freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank tests.Results.Median follow-up was 4.1 years. All patients initially underwent surgery; 78% of patients with PPT of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) and all patients with pineoblastoma received adjuvant therapy. Pathologic re-review refined classification in 27% of cases, with the majority of these being adult patients with pineal tumors originally classified as pineoblastomas that more accurately resembled PPTID based on the 2007 WHO classification.Classification.Our histologic review also identified that PPTIDs can be classified into small-cell and large-cell morphologic subtypes, which have distinct clinical outcomes. Tumor grade, extent of resection, and neuraxis spread were prognostic for FFP. PPTID subtype, extent of resection, and neuraxis spread were prognostic for OS. Genetic analysis of a pineoblastoma case identified somatic mutations of DICER1, ARID1A, and KDM5C genes.Conclusions.PPTIDs can be classified into 1 of 2 novel morphologic subtypes that are associated with distinct clinical outcomes. Tumor grade, neuraxis spread, and extent of resection also influence outcome for patients with PPT.
Epinephrine auto-injector needle length: what is the ideal length?
Authors: Song T. Ted , Lieberman Phil 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose of this manuscript is to review the literature on the clinical effects of the needle length of epinephrine (adrenaline) auto-injectors.

Recent findings
Epinephrine has maximal pharmacodynamic effect within 10 min of intramuscular administration into the thigh. Prefilled epinephrine auto-injectors are designed for simplicity of use and safety. Auto-injectors are primarily used by patients in an unsupervised setting in cases of anaphylaxis. There are weight-appropriate doses of epinephrine available with auto-injectors that are prefilled, to prevent dosing errors, with 0.15, 0.30, and 0.50 mg amounts. In addition, needle lengths vary from 1.17 to 2.50 cm. The recommended needle lengths differ between adults and pediatric patients. In addition, the needle lengths differ between devices as well. There are concerns that the needle length may be too short in select obese patients. Yet, there are also concerns that the needle length may be too long in some patients. Factors that affect the depth of the injection, and therefore the pharmacokinetics of the drug, include not only the needle length but also the BMI, obesity, compression of soft tissue, and propulsion.

Summary
Epinephrine auto-injectors have different needle lengths. Using the right device with appropriate needle length based on BMI, obesity, and employing the proper technique can improve the outcome in an anaphylactic event.
The Recognition, Incidence, and Management of Spinal Cord Monitoring Alerts in Early-onset Scoliosis Surgery
Authors: Phillips Jonathan H. , Palmer Robert C. , Lopez Denise , Knapp Dennis R. , Herrera-Soto Jose , Isley Michael 
Published: June 2016

Background:
The objective of the research was to study the relevance of intraoperative neuromonitoring throughout all stages of surgical management in patients with progressive early-onset scoliosis (EOS).
The routine monitoring of spinal cord potentials has gradually become standard of practice among spinal surgeons. However, there is not a consensus that the added expense of this technique necessitates monitoring in all stages of surgical management.

Methods:
A retrospective review of 180 surgical cases of 30 patients with EOS from July 2003 to July 2012 was performed. All monitoring alerts as judged by the neuromonitoring team were identified. Both somatosensory-evoked potentials and transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials were studied and no limiting thresholds for reporting electrophysiological changes were deemed appropriate.

Results:
Of 150 monitored cases there were 18 (12%) monitoring alerts. This represented 40% of the patient cohort over the 9-year study period.

Conclusions:
Index versus routine lengthening rate of alerts showed no significant difference in incidence of monitoring alerts. Conversely, several patients whose primary implantation surgeries were uneventful had monitoring alerts later in their treatment course. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is warranted throughout all stages of surgical management of EOS.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV. This study is a retrospective review of surgical cases of 30 patients with EOS.
Results of Ponseti Brasil Program: Multicentric Study in 1621 Feet: Preliminary Results
Authors: Nogueira Monica P. , Queiroz Ana C.d.B.F. , Melanda Alessandro G. , Tedesco Ana P. , Brandão Antonio L.G. , Beling Claudio , Violante Francisco H. , Brandão Gilberto F. , Ferreira Laura F.A. , Brambila Leandro S. , Leite Leopoldina M. , Zabeu Jose L. , Kim Jung H. , Fernandes Kalyana E. , Arima Marcia A.S. , Aguilar Maria D.P.Q. , Farias Filho Orlando C.d. , Oliveira Filho Oscar B.d.A. , Pinho Solange d.S. , Moulin Paulo , Volpi Reinaldo , Fox Mark , Greenwald Miles F. , Lyle Brandon , Morcuende Jose A. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
The Ponseti method has been shown to be the most effective treatment for congenital clubfoot. The current challenge is to establish sustainable national clubfoot treatment programs that utilize the Ponseti method and integrate it within a nation’s governmental health system. The Brazilian Ponseti Program (Programa Ponseti Brasil) has increased awareness of the utility of the Ponseti method and has trained >500 Brazilian orthopaedic surgeons in it.

Methods:
A group of 18 of those surgeons had been able to reproduce the Ponseti clubfoot treatment, and compiled their initial results through structured spreadsheet.

Results:
The study compiled 1040 patients for a total of 1621 feet. The average follow-up time was 2.3 years with an average correction time of approximately 3 months. Patients required an average of 6.40 casts to achieve correction.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that good initial correction rates are reproducible after training; from 1040 patients only 1.4% required a posteromedial release.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.