bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of RAFT‐derived poly(vinylpyrrolidone) verses poly(oligoethyleneglycol methacrylate) for the stabilization of glycosylated gold nanoparticles
Authors: Sze Ieong Nga , Biggs Caroline I. , Walker Marc , Gibson Matthew I. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTCarbohydrates dictate many biological processes including infection by pathogens. Glycosylated polymers and nanomaterials which have increased affinity due to the cluster glycoside effect, are therefore useful tools to probe function, but also as prophylactic therapies or diagnostic tools. Here, the effect of polymer structure on the coating of gold nanoparticles is studied in the context of grafting density, buffer stability, and in a lectin binding assay. RAFT polymerization is used to generate poly(oligoethyleneglycol methacrylates) and poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidones) with a thiol end‐group for subsequent immobilization onto the gold. It is observed that poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylates), despite being widely used particle coatings, lead to low grafting densities which in turn resulted in lower stability in biological buffers. A depression of the cloud point upon nanoparticle immobilization is also seen, which might compromise performance. In comparison poly(vinylpyrrolidones) resulted in stable particles with higher grafting densities due to the compact size of each monomer unit. The higher grafting density also enabled an increase in the number of carbohydrates which can be installed per nanoparticle at the chain ends, and gave increased binding in a lectin recognition assay. These results will guide the development of new nanoparticle biosensors with enhanced specificity, affinity, and stability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 55, 1200–1208
Poly(glyceryl glycerol): A multi‐functional hydrophilic polymer for labeling with boronic acids
Authors: Borke Tina , Korpi Antti , Pooch Fabian , Tenhu Heikki , Hietala Sami 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of poly(glyceryl glycerol) (PGG), a polymer featuring a polyethylene oxide backbone and 1,2‐diol groups in every repeating unit, is presented. PGG was prepared by monomer‐activated ring‐opening polymerization of (dl−1,2‐isopropylidene glyceryl) glycidyl ether, introducing a functional azido‐ or bromo‐head group to each chain. The 1,2‐diol groups, which were released by acidic deprotection, readily reacted with boronic acid derivatives, enabling the attachment of functional moieties under mild aqueous conditions. PGG was conjugated to poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) via azide‐alkyne cycloaddition and the resulting copolymer assembled into nanoparticles of 70 nm diameter in aqueous solution. Labeling of the PGG–PLLA particles was achieved by simple mixing with a boronic acid‐functional fluorophore. The labeling efficiency was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy to be 85.5% for boronic acid‐functional rhodamine B compared with 0.2% for plain rhodamine B. The strong interaction of PGG with boronic acids is ascribed to its polyol structure. This study demonstrates the usefulness and versatility of PGG as a hydrophilic polymer for possible biomedical applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1822–1830
Examining the sustainability of Screening for Distress, the sixth vital sign, in two outpatient oncology clinics: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Groff Shannon , Holroyd‐Leduc Jayna , White Deborah , Bultz Barry D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundResearch indicates that cancer patients experience significant multifactorial distress during their journey. To address this, cancer centers are implementing Screening for Distress programs; however, little is known about the sustainability of these programs. This study sought to examine the sustainability of a Screening for Distress program in 2 cancer clinics 6 months post implementation.MethodsA mixed‐methods cross‐sectional design was utilized. To determine if screening rates, screening conversations and appropriate interventions occurred and the charts of 184 consecutive patients attending the head and neck or neuro‐oncology clinics over a 3 week period were reviewed. To examine the barriers and facilitators of sustainability, 16 semi‐structured interviews with administrators, physicians, and nurses were conducted.ResultsOf the 184 charts reviewed, 163 (88.6%) had completed screening tools. Of these 163, 130 (79.8%) indicated that a conversation occurred with the patient about the identified distress as reported on the screening tool. Of the 89 (54.6%) charts where the need for an intervention was indicated, 68 (76.4%) had an intervention documented. Six oncologists, 7 nurses, and 3 administrators were interviewed, and 5 themes which influenced the sustainability of the program emerged: (1) attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs about the program; (2) implementation approach; (3) outcome expectancy of providers; (4) integration with existing practices; and (5) external factors.ConclusionsThis study suggests that Screening for Distress was largely sustained, possibly due to positive attitudes and outcome expectancy. However, sustainability may be enhanced by formally integrating screening with existing practices, addressing potential knowledge gaps, and ensuring engagement with all stakeholder groups.
Integrated pest management in western flower thrips: past, present and future
Authors: Mouden Sanae , Sarmiento Kryss Facun , Klinkhamer Peter GL , Leiss Kirsten A 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWestern flower thrips (WFT) is one of the most economically important pest insects of many crops worldwide. Recent EU legislation has caused a dramatic shift in pest management strategies, pushing for tactics that are less reliable on chemicals. The development of alternative strategies is therefore an issue of increasing urgency. This paper reviews the main control tactics in integrated pest management (IPM) of WFT, with the focus on biological control and host plant resistance as areas of major progress. Knowledge gaps are identified and innovative approaches emphasised, highlighting the advances in ‘omics’ technologies. Successful programmes are most likely generated when preventive and therapeutic strategies with mutually beneficial, cost‐effective and environmentally sound foundations are incorporated. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A Histogram Comparison Approach for Assessing Hydrologic Regime Alteration
Authors: Huang F. , Li F. , Zhang N. , Chen Q. , Qian B. , Guo L. , Xia Z. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe histogram comparison approach (HCA) is proposed to assess the alteration of hydrologic regimes, which are characterized by the hydrologic metrics, for example, the indicators of hydrologic alteration. The HCA method considers alterations within the whole range of the hydrologic regime and estimates the alteration degree by comparing the pre‐impact and post‐impact histograms. A key parameter of the HCA method is the similarity degree, which considers both the class‐by‐class and cross‐class information of histograms and reflects how many features of the pre‐impact histogram remain in the post‐impact histogram. The alteration degree is defined as the mathematical maximum similarity degree, that is, 100%, subtracted by the actual similarity degree in the HCA method. Comparing the HCA method to the existing range of variability approach and histogram matching approach through theoretical analysis and case studies, the HCA method can eliminate some limitations of the range of variability approach and histogram matching approach methods and can more accurately and effectively assess the hydrologic regime alteration. The Ob and Yangtze Rivers, which are located in different climatic zones, are used as case studies. Hydrologic regime alterations impacted by reservoirs with different regulation abilities (daily, seasonally and yearly) were assessed using the HCA method, the results of which verified its rationality and practicability. More sites with a wider range of flow variations will be examined in the future to assess the applicability of the HCA method. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Olive Trees Age on the Minor Components of Oueslati Virgin Olive Oils Produced from Olives Harvested at Different Ripening Degrees
Authors: Chtourou Fatma , Valli Enrico , Bendini Alessandra , Lazzez Aida , Toschi Tullia Gallina , Bouaziz Mohamed 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPhenolics, volatiles, squalene, tocopherols, and fatty acids of virgin olive oils (VOO) from adult and young olive trees of the Oueslati variety, typically cultivated in the Center of Tunisia, were analyzed at three different harvesting periods. Significant differences in contents of saturated fatty acids (p < 0.05), squalene (p < 0.05), alpha‐tocopherol and total tocopherol (p < 0.02) and oxidized form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycon (p < 0.05) were seen between VOO from adult and young trees during maturation. Moreover, the volatile profiles of VOO from adult and young trees showed significant differences in the amounts of hexanal, 1‐penten‐3‐ol (p < 0.05), (Z)‐3‐hexenal and (Z)‐2‐penten‐1‐ol (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis showed that olives from adult trees should be harvested at the cherry stage of maturation to obtain a satisfactory level of oil quality, while olives from young trees should be harvested at the black maturation stage.
Hydrothermal co-liquefaction of microalgae, wood, and sugar beet pulp
Authors: Brilman D. W. F. , Drabik N. , Wądrzyk M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHydrothermal co-liquefaction of mixed (wet and dry) biomass residue streams would greatly enhance the viability and scale up potential of the technology as platform in bioenergy and biorefinery applications. This study aims to identify possible interaction effects between three different feeds (protein-rich microalgae, lignocellulosic wood, and carbohydrate-rich sugar beet pulp) and to broaden the data set for evaluating this concept. Co-liquefaction was evaluated at 250 and 350 °C at 10 min of holding time, using 10 wt%( in water) binary mixtures (1:1 wt basis) and a (1:1:1 wt basis) ternary mixture. Results show that interaction during co-liquefaction does play a role and especially reduced the amount of biocrude produced. The biocrude yields obtained are around 15 and 40% below the estimated values for binary and ternary mixtures, on basis of linear averaging the results for the single feeds. For mixtures including algal biomass, a more than proportional nitrogen content and fraction of high molecular mass components was found in the biocrude. For the predictability of biocrude yield and composition in case of biomass mixtures, more work is needed to unravel these interactions.
Maintenance Pharmacotherapy for Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder in Primary Care: A 5-year Follow-up Study
Authors: Riihimäki K. , Vuorilehto M. , Isometsä E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundMost practice guidelines recommend maintenance antidepressant treatment for recurrent major depressive disorder. However, the degree to which such guidance is actually followed in primary health care has remained obscure. We investigated the provision of maintenance antidepressant treatment within a representative primary care five-year cohort study.MethodsIn the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study, a stratified random sample of 1119 adult patients was screened for depression using the Prime-MD. Depressive and comorbid psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using SCID-I/P and SCID-II interviews. Of the 137 patients with depressive disorders, 82% completed the prospective five-year follow-up. A graphic life chart enabling evaluation of the longitudinal course of episodes plus duration of pharmacotherapies was used. In accordance with national guidelines, an indication for maintenance treatment was defined to exist after three or more lifetime major depressive episodes (MDEs); maintenance treatment was to commence four months after onset of full remission.ResultsOf the cohort patients, 34% (46/137) had three or more lifetime MDEs, thus indicating the requirement for maintenance pharmacotherapy. Of these, half (54%, 25/46) received maintenance treatment, for only 29% (489/1670) of the months indicated.ConclusionsIn this cohort of depressed primary care patients, half of patients with indications for maintenance treatment actually received it, and only for a fraction of the time indicated. Antidepressant maintenance treatment for the prevention of recurrences is unlikely to be subject to large-scale actualization as recommended, which may significantly undermine the potential public health benefits of treatment.
Migrant workers into contract farmers: processes of labour mobilization in colonial and contemporary Mozambique
Authors: Pérez Niño Helena 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAs contract farming gains ground as a form of agricultural production in Southern Africa, there is growing interest in its effects on patterns of investment and production as well as in its potential to provide small farmers with access to export markets. However, the relation between contract farming and the region's long history of labour migration has largely escaped analysts and scholars working on Southern Africa. This article traces the changing livelihoods of those who experienced the demise of the migrant labour system and displacement during the civil war, and who now engage in contract farming in Angónia, a densely populated district in Tete Province, central Mozambique. In the decades since the end of the war, contract farming thrived among former migrants with access to land and few alternative sources of income and employment. If historical labour migration from Angónia involved attempts by employers to externalize the responsibility for social reproduction onto households, contract farming amounts to the internalization by households of the opportunities, risks and tensions involved in the production of high-value export commodities. By analysing farmers’ accounts of producing under contract and linking this to their households’ longer histories of labour mobilization, this article sheds light on people's experiences of working for wages, working on their own account and hiring workers, as households became the new sites of commodity production.
The making of a ‘superstar’: the politics of playback and live performance in post-genocide Rwanda
Authors: Grant Andrea Mariko 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article considers the reconstruction of Rwanda's post-genocide music industry through the national music competition, Primus Guma Guma Super Star. It explores local ideas about ‘playback’ and ‘live’ music, and argues that these two performative categories can be understood as wider metaphors for the relationship between the Rwandan state and its citizens, particularly Rwandan youth. On the one hand, Guma Guma aims to create the ideal post-genocide celebrity subject who will ‘play back’ a unified, de-ethnicized Rwandan identity with body and words. On the other, during the first two seasons of the competition, audiences demanded ‘live’ performance and Guma Guma prompted heated debate about ‘taboo’ topics, revealing enduring differences along socio-economic, ethnic and regional lines. Rather than affirm an inclusive Rwandan identity, Guma Guma hinted at its fragility and underscored the multiple and conflicting ways in which young people identify themselves and evaluate ‘truth’ in the post-genocide era. The article contributes not only to literature on popular culture in Africa, but also to studies that focus on mediation and changes in recording technology. Although scholars have quite rightly attempted to dissolve the boundary between the live and the mediated, I suggest that the boundary continues to do cultural and political work, particularly in developmental states.
Ultrafast laser-scanning time-stretch imaging at visible wavelengths
Authors: Wu Jiang-Lai , Xu Yi-Qing , Xu Jing-Jiang , Wei Xiao-Ming , Chan Antony CS , Tang Anson HL , Lau Andy KS , Chung Bob MF , Cheung Shum Ho , Lam Edmund Y , Wong Kenneth KY , Tsia Kevin K 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOptical time-stretch imaging enables the continuous capture of non-repetitive events in real time at a line-scan rate of tens of MHz—a distinct advantage for the ultrafast dynamics monitoring and high-throughput screening that are widely needed in biological microscopy. However, its potential is limited by the technical challenge of achieving significant pulse stretching (that is, high temporal dispersion) and low optical loss, which are the critical factors influencing imaging quality, in the visible spectrum demanded in many of these applications. We present a new pulse-stretching technique, termed free-space angular-chirp-enhanced delay (FACED), with three distinguishing features absent in the prevailing dispersive-fiber-based implementations: (1) it generates substantial, reconfigurable temporal dispersion in free space (>1 ns nm−1) with low intrinsic loss (<6 dB) at visible wavelengths; (2) its wavelength-invariant pulse-stretching operation introduces a new paradigm in time-stretch imaging, which can now be implemented both with and without spectral encoding; and (3) pulse stretching in FACED inherently provides an ultrafast all-optical laser-beam scanning mechanism at a line-scan rate of tens of MHz. Using FACED, we demonstrate not only ultrafast laser-scanning time-stretch imaging with superior bright-field image quality compared with previous work but also, for the first time, MHz fluorescence and colorized time-stretch microscopy. Our results show that this technique could enable a wider scope of applications in high-speed and high-throughput biological microscopy that were once out of reach.
Deformation-resembling microstructure created by fluid-mediated dissolution–precipitation reactions
Authors: Spruzeniece Liene , Piazolo Sandra , Maynard-Casely Helen E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDeformation microstructures are widely used for reconstructing tectono-metamorphic events recorded in rocks. In crustal settings deformation is often accompanied and/or succeeded by fluid infiltration and dissolution–precipitation reactions. However, the microstructural consequences of dissolution–precipitation in minerals have not been investigated experimentally. Here we conducted experiments where KBr crystals were reacted with a saturated KCl-H2O fluid. The results show that reaction products, formed in the absence of deformation, inherit the general crystallographic orientation from their parents, but also display a development of new microstructures that are typical in deformed minerals, such as apparent bending of crystal lattices and new subgrain domains, separated by low-angle and, in some cases, high-angle boundaries. Our work suggests that fluid-mediated dissolution–precipitation reactions can lead to a development of potentially misleading microstructures. We propose a set of criteria that may help in distinguishing such microstructures from the ones that are created by crystal-plastic deformation.
Cell-like pressure sensors reveal increase of mechanical stress towards the core of multicellular spheroids under compression
Authors: Dolega M. E. , Delarue M. , Ingremeau F. , Prost J. , Delon A. , Cappello G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe surrounding microenvironment limits tumour expansion, imposing a compressive stress on the tumour, but little is known how pressure propagates inside the tumour. Here we present non-destructive cell-like microsensors to locally quantify mechanical stress distribution in three-dimensional tissue. Our sensors are polyacrylamide microbeads of well-defined elasticity, size and surface coating to enable internalization within the cellular environment. By isotropically compressing multicellular spheroids (MCS), which are spherical aggregates of cells mimicking a tumour, we show that the pressure is transmitted in a non-trivial manner inside the MCS, with a pressure rise towards the core. This observed pressure profile is explained by the anisotropic arrangement of cells and our results suggest that such anisotropy alone is sufficient to explain the pressure rise inside MCS composed of a single cell type. Furthermore, such pressure distribution suggests a direct link between increased mechanical stress and previously observed lack of proliferation within the spheroids core.
Interfacial Ca2+ environments in nanocrystalline apatites revealed by dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced 43Ca NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Daniel , Leroy César , Crevant Charlène , Bonhomme-Coury Laure , Babonneau Florence , Laurencin Danielle , Bonhomme Christian , De Paëpe Gaël 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe interfaces within bones, teeth and other hybrid biomaterials are of paramount importance but remain particularly difficult to characterize at the molecular level because both sensitive and selective techniques are mandatory. Here, it is demonstrated that unprecedented insights into calcium environments, for example the differentiation of surface and core species of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, can be obtained using solid-state NMR, when combined with dynamic nuclear polarization. Although calcium represents an ideal NMR target here (and de facto for a large variety of calcium-derived materials), its stable NMR-active isotope, calcium-43, is a highly unreceptive probe. Using the sensitivity gains from dynamic nuclear polarization, not only could calcium-43 NMR spectra be obtained easily, but natural isotopic abundance 2D correlation experiments could be recorded for calcium-43 in short experimental time. This opens perspectives for the detailed study of interfaces in nanostructured materials of the highest biological interest as well as calcium-based nanosystems in general.
Proton pumping accompanies calcification in foraminifera
Authors: Toyofuku Takashi , Matsuo Miki Y. , de Nooijer Lennart Jan , Nagai Yukiko , Kawada Sachiko , Fujita Kazuhiko , Reichart Gert-Jan , Nomaki Hidetaka , Tsuchiya Masashi , Sakaguchi Hide , Kitazato Hiroshi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOngoing ocean acidification is widely reported to reduce the ability of calcifying marine organisms to produce their shells and skeletons. Whereas increased dissolution due to acidification is a largely inorganic process, strong organismal control over biomineralization influences calcification and hence complicates predicting the response of marine calcifyers. Here we show that calcification is driven by rapid transformation of bicarbonate into carbonate inside the cytoplasm, achieved by active outward proton pumping. Moreover, this proton flux is maintained over a wide range of pCO2 levels. We furthermore show that a V-type H+ ATPase is responsible for the proton flux and thereby calcification. External transformation of bicarbonate into CO2 due to the proton pumping implies that biomineralization does not rely on availability of carbonate ions, but total dissolved CO2 may not reduce calcification, thereby potentially maintaining the current global marine carbonate production.