bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tetrabenazine Versus Deutetrabenazine for Huntington's Disease: Twins or Distant Cousins?
Authors: Rodrigues Filipe B. , Duarte Gonçalo S. , Costa João , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Wild Edward J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundTetrabenazine is the only US Food and Drug Administration‐approved drug for Huntington's disease, and deutetrabenazine was recently tested against placebo. A switching‐trial from tetrabenazine to deutetrabenazine is underway, but no head‐to‐head, blinded, randomized controlled trial is planned. Using meta‐analytical methodology, the authors compared these molecules.MethodsRCTs comparing tetrabenazine or deutetrabenazine with placebo in Huntington's disease were searched. The authors assessed the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool, calculated indirect treatment comparisons, and applied the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.ResultsThe evidence network for this report comprised 1 tetrabenazine trial and 1 deutetrabenazine trial, both against placebo. Risk of bias was moderate in both. Participants in the tetrabenazine and deutetrabenazine trials did not differ significantly on motor scores or adverse events. Depression and somnolence scales significantly favored deutetrabenazine.ConclusionThere is low‐quality evidence that tetrabenazine and deutetrabenazine do not differ in efficacy or safety. It is important to note that these results are likely to remain the only head‐to‐head comparison between these 2 compounds in Huntington's disease.
Sciatic neuropathy due to popliteal fossa nerve block
Authors: Aubuchon Adam , Arnold W. David , Bracewell Anna , Hoyle J. Chad 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Sciatic neuropathy after popliteal nerve block (PNB) for regional anesthesia is considered uncommon but has been increasingly recognized in the literature. We identified a case of sciatic neuropathy that occurred after bunionectomy during which a PNB had been performed. Methods: To understand the frequency of PNB‐related sciatic neuropathy, we performed a retrospective review of sciatic neuropathies at our center over a 5‐year period. Results: Forty‐five cases of sciatic neuropathy were reviewed. Similar to earlier reports, common etiologies of sciatic neuropathy, including compression, trauma, fractures, and hip arthroplasty, were noted in the majority of our cases (60%, n = 27). Unexpectedly, PNB was the third most common etiology (16%, n = 7). Conclusions: Our results suggest PNB is a relatively common etiology of sciatic neuropathy and is an important consideration in the differential diagnosis. These findings should urge electromyographers to assess history of PNB in sciatic neuropathies, particularly with onset after surgery. Muscle Nerve 56: 822–824, 2017
The influence of steric effects on the kinetics and mechanism of SNAr reactions of 1‐phenoxy‐nitrobenzenes with aliphatic primary amines in acetonitrile
Authors: Isanbor Chukwuemeka 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRate constants are reported for the reactions of 1‐phenoxy‐dinitrobenzenes, 3, 1‐phenoxy‐dinitrotrifluoromethylbenzenes, 4, with n‐propylamine, and 1‐methylheptylamine in acetonitrile as solvent. The results are compared with results reported previously for n‐butylamine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine. Decreasing ring activation leads to lower values of k1 for nucleophilic attack although this may be mediated by reduced steric congestion around the reaction centre. Specific steric effects, leading to rate retardation, are noted for the ortho‐CF3 group. In general, reactant‐bearing ortho‐CF3 group were subject to base catalysis irrespective of the amine nucleophile and values of kAm/k−1 are reduced as the size of the amine get bulkier. This is likely to reflect increases in values of k−1 coupled with decreases in values of kAm as the proton transfer from zwitterionic intermediates to catalysing amine becomes less thermodynamically favourable.
Generation and Evolution of Surface Oxide Layer of Amorphous Boron during Thermal Oxidation: A Micro/nanofabricated Slice Measurement
Authors: Liang Daolun , Liu Jianzhong , Li Heping , Zhou Junhu , Cen Kefa 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe generation and evolution of the surface oxide layer of boron were thoroughly investigated due to the key role of the oxide layer in ignition and combustion of amorphous boron (B). Samples in different oxidation degrees were obtained by heating B particles until 600, 650, and 700 °C, using a temperature programmed thermobalance. A dual beam focused ion beam micro/nanofabricator was used to etch and cut the samples into thin slices (ca. 327 nm). The slices were observed under a scanning transmission electron microscope, accompanied with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. During the thermal oxidation process, B particles initially lost mass through dehydration. Then they began to get oxidized and gain weight markedly. The sample surface became more rough as the final temperature increased. Two different reaction modes took place in sequence during the thermal oxidation of the samples. Below 650 °C, the oxidation reaction occurred only on the surface of the particle (the surface reaction mode). However, when the samples were heated to 700 °C, the particle interior was also involved in the reaction (the global reaction mode), and a large number of pores were formed. The O content of the initial surface oxide layer was fairly high. The thickness distribution was uniform (average thickness 148.1 nm) and the two edges were both smooth. During the heating, the oxygen content of the surface oxide layer increased after an initial decrease. The average oxide layer thickness increased and the thickness distribution became irregular and unequal. The sample heated until 700 °C had an average surface oxide layer thickness of 379.3 nm, and the thickness span reached 354.3 nm. During the global reaction process (700 °C), the oxidation degree within the interior of the particle was lower than that on its surface. In the particle interior, pores near the center were smaller than those close to the edge, whereas the oxidation degree was uniformly distributed. Results in this work provide a deeper understanding of the surface oxide layer, which can potentially help improve the ignition and combustion features of B.
Effect of ionized impurity screening on spin decoherence at low and intermediate temperatures in GaAs
Authors: Marchetti Gionni , D'Amico Irene 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe study the effect of charged impurity screening on spin decoherence in bulk n‐type GaAs, and analyze in details the effect of the use of different Born approximations applied to a linearized Thomas–Fermi screening theory. The spin relaxation times are calculated by ensemble Monte Carlo techniques, including electron–electron, electron–impurities, and electron–phonons scattering. We carefully choose a parameter region so that all the physical approximations hold, and, in particular, a Yukawa‐type potential can be used to describe the screened Coulomb interaction and the Born series converges. Our results show that including the second order Born approximation yields much shorter spin relaxation times compared to the commonly implemented first Born approximation: spin relaxation times may be reduced by hundreds of picoseconds, with the first Born approximation overestimating results by 30% or more for a large region of parameters. Though our ensemble Monte Carlo simulations include electron–electron and electron‐phonon interactions, when considering low to intermediate carrier densities and T > 50 K, but T smaller than the Fermi temperature, our results are in good agreement with Dyakonov–Perel theory when this includes electron‐impurity interactions only, which supports this to be the most relevant scattering mechanism for bulk GaAs in this low‐intermediate temperature regime.
Fast model predictive control for linear periodic systems with state and control constraints
Authors: Nguyen Hoai‐Nam , Bourdais Romain , Gutman Per‐Olof 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe design of stabilizing model predictive control laws for discrete‐time linear periodic systems with state and control constraints is considered. Two algorithms are presented. The first one is based on interpolation between several unconstrained periodic controllers. Among them, one controller is chosen for the performance while the rest are used to extend the domain of attraction. The second algorithm aims to improve the performance by combining model predictive control and interpolating control. The proposed approaches not only guarantee recursive feasibility and asymptotic stability but also are optimal for states near the origin. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intake Approach and Dam Passage by Downstream‐migrating Atlantic Salmon Kelts
Authors: Nyqvist D. , Bergman E. , Calles O. , Greenberg L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractsStudying fish behaviour at hydropower dams is needed to facilitate the design and improvement of fish passage solutions, but few studies have focused on Atlantic salmon kelts. Here, we used radio telemetry (n = 40, size range = 50–81 cm) and acoustic sonar to study kelt movements in the forebay as well as their dam passage survival and subsequent migration success past multiple dams. We also compare radio telemetry and acoustic sonar observations of fish behaviour and used acoustic sonar to measure the depth distribution of fish approaching the turbine intake zone. Passage success at the dam was 41%, and mortality was largely associated with turbine passage (62%). The two fish that passed via the spill gates survived and continued their downstream migration. At the dam, all but one radio‐tagged kelt approached the intake zone shortly after arrival to the forebay, and sonar data showed that approaching fish were predominantly surface oriented (72%, 88% and 96% of the observations were less than 1, 2 and 3 m deep, respectively). Turbine passage rate from the intake zone was higher at night than at day, indicating that the lack of visual cues may reduce the barrier effect of the 70‐mm conventional trash rack. Turbine passage rate also increased with increasing hydropower generation. The percentage of observed upstream movements away from the intake zone compared with the total number of observations was considerably greater in the radio telemetry data (41%) than in the sonar data (4%). Only one fish survived passage of all eight hydropower dams to reach the lake. This low‐passage survival underscores the need for remedial measures to increase the survival of migrating kelts, and the fish's surface orientation as well as their rapid approach to the intake rack should be taken into account when designing such measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of β-Globin Gene Expression in Thalassemic IVS2-654 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Erythroid Cells by Modified U7 snRNA
Authors: Phanthong Phetcharat , Borwornpinyo Suparerk , Kitiyanant Narisorn , Jearawiriyapaisarn Natee , Nuntakarn Lalana , Saetan Jirawat , Nualkaew Tiwaporn , Sa-ngiamsuntorn Khanit , Anurathapan Usanarat , Dinnyes Andras , Kitiyanant Yindee , Hongeng Suradej 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The therapeutic use of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is emerging as a potential treatment of β-thalassemia. Ideally, patient-specific iPSCs would be genetically corrected by various approaches to treat β-thalassemia including lentiviral gene transfer, lentivirus-delivered shRNA, and gene editing. These corrected iPSCs would be subsequently differentiated into hematopoietic stem cells and transplanted back into the same patient. In this article, we present a proof of principle study for disease modeling and screening using iPSCs to test the potential use of the modified U7 small nuclear (sn) RNA to correct a splice defect in IVS2-654 β-thalassemia. In this case, the aberration results from a mutation in the human β-globin intron 2 causing an aberrant splicing of β-globin pre-mRNA and preventing synthesis of functional β-globin protein. The iPSCs (derived from mesenchymal stromal cells from a patient with IVS2-654 β-thalassemia/hemoglobin (Hb) E) were transduced with a lentivirus carrying a modified U7 snRNA targeting an IVS2-654 β-globin pre-mRNA in order to restore the correct splicing. Erythroblasts differentiated from the transduced iPSCs expressed high level of correctly spliced β-globin mRNA suggesting that the modified U7 snRNA was expressed and mediated splicing correction of IVS2-654 β-globin pre-mRNA in these cells. Moreover, a less active apoptosis cascade process was observed in the corrected cells at transcription level. This study demonstrated the potential use of a genetically modified U7 snRNA with patient-specific iPSCs for the partial restoration of the aberrant splicing process of β-thalassemia.
Extracellular Vesicles from Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Survival from Lethal Hepatic Failure in Mice
Authors: Haga Hiroaki , Yan Irene K. , Takahashi Kenji , Matsuda Akiko , Patel Tushar 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies have potential for treatment of liver injury by contributing to regenerative responses, through functional tissue replacement or paracrine effects. The release of extracellular vesicles (EV) from cells has been implicated in intercellular communication, and may contribute to beneficial paracrine effects of stem cell-based therapies. Therapeutic effects of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and vesicles released by these cells were examined in a lethal murine model of hepatic failure induced by d-galactosamine/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Systemically administered EV derived from MSC accumulated within the injured liver following systemic administration, reduced hepatic injury, and modulated cytokine expression. Moreover, survival was dramatically increased by EV derived from either murine or human MSC. Similar results were observed with the use of cryopreserved mMSC-EV after 3 months. Y-RNA-1 was identified as a highly enriched noncoding RNA within hMSC-EV compared to cells of origin. Moreover, siRNA mediated knockdown of Y-RNA-1 reduced the protective effects of MSC-EV on TNF-α/ActD-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis in vitro. These data support a critical role for MSC-derived EV in mediating reparative responses following hepatic injury, and provide compelling evidence to support the therapeutic use of MSC-derived EV in fulminant hepatic failure.
Highly Efficient Neural Conversion of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Adherent and Animal-Free Conditions
Authors: Lukovic Dunja , Diez Lloret Andrea , Stojkovic Petra , Rodríguez-Martínez Daniel , Perez Arago Maria Amparo , Rodriguez-Jimenez Francisco Javier , González-Rodríguez Patricia , López-Barneo José , Sykova Eva , Jendelova Pavla , Kostic Jelena , Moreno-Manzano Victoria , Stojkovic Miodrag , Bhattacharya Shomi S. , Erceg Slaven 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can produce a valuable and robust source of human neural cell subtypes, holding great promise for the study of neurogenesis and development, and for treating neurological diseases. However, current hESCs and hiPSCs neural differentiation protocols require either animal factors or embryoid body formation, which decreases efficiency and yield, and strongly limits medical applications. Here we develop a simple, animal-free protocol for neural conversion of both hESCs and hiPSCs in adherent culture conditions. A simple medium formula including insulin induces the direct conversion of &gt;98% of hESCs and hiPSCs into expandable, transplantable, and functional neural progenitors with neural rosette characteristics. Further differentiation of neural progenitors into dopaminergic and spinal motoneurons as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes indicates that these neural progenitors retain responsiveness to instructive cues revealing the robust applicability of the protocol in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases. The fact that this protocol includes animal-free medium and human extracellular matrix components avoiding embryoid bodies makes this protocol suitable for the use in clinic.
‘How would you call this in English?’: Being reflective about translations in international, cross-cultural qualitative research
Authors: Helmich Esther , Cristancho Sayra , Diachun Laura , Lingard Lorelei 
Published: February 2017

Introduction Medical education researchers increasingly collaborate in international teams, collecting data in different languages and from different parts of the world, and then disseminating them in English-language journals. Although this requires an ever-present need to translate, it often occurs uncritically. With this paper we aim to enhance researchers’ awareness and reflexivity regarding translations in qualitative research.
Methods In an international study, we carried out interviews in both Dutch and English. To enable joint data analysis, we translated Dutch data into English, making choices regarding when and how to translate. In an iterative process, we contextualized our experiences, building on the social sciences and general health literature about cross-language/cross-cultural research.
Results We identified three specific translation challenges: attending to grammar or syntax differences, grappling with metaphor, and capturing semantic or sociolinguistic nuances. Literature findings informed our decisions regarding the validity of translations, translating in different stages of the research process, coding in different languages, and providing ‘ugly’ translations in published research reports.
Discussion The lessons learnt were threefold. First, most researchers, including ourselves, do not consciously attend to translations taking place in international qualitative research. Second, translation challenges arise not only from differences in language, but also from cultural or societal differences. Third, by being reflective about translations, we found meaningful differences, even between settings with many cultural and societal similarities. This conscious process of negotiating translations was enriching.
Vortex breakdown, linear global instability and sensitivity of pipe bifurcation flows
Authors: Chen Kevin K. , Rowley Clarence W. , Stone Howard A. 
Published: February 2017

Pipe bifurcations are common flow configurations in both natural and man-made systems. This study follows our previous report (Chen et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 27, 2015, 034107) by describing three aspects of flows through junction angles of $70^{\circ }$, $90^{\circ }$ and $110^{\circ }$, with a square cross-section. First, the inflow creates tightly spiralling vortices in four quadrants of the junction. For sufficiently large Reynolds number $Re$, these vortices undergo behaviour resembling steady near-axisymmetric breakdown. With increasing $Re$, the flow through the $90^{\circ }$ junction remains steady and stable until the first Hopf bifurcation. Beyond the Hopf bifurcation, the vortices undergo a helical instability. The $70^{\circ }$ and $110^{\circ }$ junctions, however, first exhibit pitchfork bifurcations leading to asymmetric solutions. Second, the direct eigenmodes of the linearised flow are large in vortices in the outlet pipes, whereas the adjoint eigenmodes primarily reside in a small region in the inlet and the junction, near the front and back walls. Third, the sensitivities of the eigenvalues to spatially localised feedback and base flow modifications are greatest in and near the junction vortices. We highlight the regions of high growth rate and frequency sensitivity, as well as regions where the production and transport of perturbations by modifications of the base flow contribute most to the base flow sensitivity. The flow separation at the corners of the junction does not coincide with the eigenmodes or sensitivity regions.
Iodine intakes and status in Irish adults: is there cause for concern?
Authors: McNulty Breige A. , Nugent Anne P. , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , Tlustos Christina , Gibney Michael J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractI is an important mineral for health, required for the production of key thyroid hormones, which are essential for cellular metabolism, growth and physical development. Hence, adequate I is crucial at all stages of life, but imperative during pregnancy for fetal brain development and during a child’s early life for neurodevelopment. Within Ireland, limited information exists on population I intakes and status. Therefore, the purposes of the present analysis were to estimate dietary I intakes and to analyse urinary iodine (UI) status using the cross-sectional National Adult Nutrition Survey 2008–2010 and the most recent Irish Total Diet Study. Median I intakes in the total population (n1106) were adequate with only 26 % of the population being classified as below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Milk consumption was the major source of I in the diet, contributing 45 % to total intake. Likewise, median UI concentrations (107 µg/l) indicated ‘optimal’ I nutrition according to the WHO cut-off points. In our cohort, 77 % of women of childbearing age (18–50 years) did not meet the EAR recommendation set for pregnant women. Although I is deemed to be sufficient in the majority of adult populations resident in Ireland, any changes to the current dairy practices could significantly impact intake and status. Continued monitoring should be of priority to ensure that all subgroups of the population are I sufficient.
Dietary fat and physiological determinants of plasma chylomicron remnant homoeostasis in normolipidaemic subjects: insight into atherogenic risk
Authors: Irawati Deasy , Mamo John C. L. , Slivkoff-Clark Karin M. , Soares Mario J. , James Anthony P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTAG depleted remnants of postprandial chylomicrons are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that in the fasted state, the majority of chylomicrons are small enough for transcytosis to arterial subendothelial space and accelerate atherogenesis. However, the size distribution of chylomicrons in the absorptive state is unclear. This study explored in normolipidaemic subjects the postprandial distribution of the chylomicron marker, apoB-48, in a TAG-rich lipoprotein plasma fraction (Svedberg flotation rate (Sf>400), in partially hydrolysed remnants (Sf 20–400) and in a TAG-deplete fraction (Sf<20), following ingestion of isoenergetic meals with either palm oil (PO), rice bran or coconut oil. Results from this study show that the majority of fasting chylomicrons are within the potentially pro-atherogenic Sf<20 fraction (70–75 %). Following the ingestion of test meals, chylomicronaemia was also principally distributed within the Sf<20 fraction. However, approximately 40 % of subjects demonstrated exaggerated postprandial lipaemia specifically in response to the SFA-rich PO meal, with a transient shift to more buoyant chylomicron fractions. The latter demonstrates that heterogeneity in the magnitude and duration of hyper-remnantaemia is dependent on both the nature of the meal fatty acids ingested and possible metabolic determinants that influence chylomicron metabolism. The study findings reiterate that fasting plasma TAG is a poor indicator of atherogenic chylomicron remnant homoeostasis and emphasises the merits of considering specifically, chylomicron remnant abundance and kinetics in the context of atherogenic risk. Few studies address the latter, despite the majority of life being spent in the postprandial and absorptive state.