bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Limits of Munchausen's Syndrome
Authors: Mcdonald A. , Kline S.A. , Billings R.F. 
Published: April 2017

The authors review the literature on Munchausen's syndrome and speculate about possible underlying psychological mechanisms. The proposed DSM III classification of factitious illnesses suggets a continuum from hysteria on one end of the spectrum to malingering on the other. Two case studies are presented which represent variants of this syndrome. Both patients were given a sodium amytal interview, a procedure not previously reported in the Munchausen's literature. The procedure was helpful in eliciting a more accurate history and a clearer sense of the underlying dynamics. Some suggestions for further research are made.
The Psychoanalytic Theory of Depression: Part I — the Major Contributors
Authors: Robertson B.M. 
Published: April 2017

This article is the first of a two part review of the psychoanalytic theory of depression. In this first part of the review the work of the major contributors to the psychoanalytic theory of depression is discussed. The writings of Abraham, Freud, Rado, Klein, Jacobson, Benedek, Bibring, Spitz, Sandler and Bowlby, among others, are presented and critically reviewed by the author. The work of these authors has been selected for this review because they have made the most seminal contributions to the development of the psychoanalytic theory of depression. Necessarily those authors whose contributions have been largely clinical have not been included, the major focus of this review being theoretical. In reviewing the writings of the major contributions the major themes in the theory of depression can be discussed. These themes will form the subject of the next paper in this review.
The Influence of the Supervision of Psychotherapy upon being Therapeutic: II: Modes of Influence of the Supervisory Relationship
Authors: Greben Stanley E. 
Published: April 2017

Through supervision, the student develops those innate personal characteristics which are highly important in being therapeutic. In making conscious use of “reality identification” by the student with his teacher, we must take care to avoid certain pitfalls. What is not wanted is transference identification. To help avoid this, we must select appropriate teachers as supervisors. The student should also have more than one supervisor, as this tends to protect against the development of over-idealization on the part of the student, and of omnipotence on the part of the teacher. Personal characteristics of both students and supervisors are extremely important. A good supervisory experience is the most likely vehicle for developing those qualities in the student which will, in time, lead him to function most therapeutically.
The Incubus Syndrome: A Variant of Erotomania
Authors: Raschka L.B. 
Published: April 2017

The term “incubus syndrome” is proposed to describe patients suffering from the delusion that they have been sexually approached at night by an unseen lover. Two cases characterized by co-existence of erotomania and schizophrenic sexual delusions are described. The patient's behaviour secondary to the delusion is discussed from the point of view of social significance as well as potential dangerousness.
Psychopharmacology Education in Psychiatry
Authors: Garfinkel Paul E. , Cameron Paul , Kingstone Edward 
Published: April 2017

Summary This study has documented resident dissatisfaction with education in psychopharmacology in one large university and has proposed several solutions. These include: • increased awareness of standards of knowledge necessary for a consultant. • the establishment of a central educative office of clinical psychopharmacology to encourage dissemination of selected literature and to facilitate residents’ research under supervision. • recognition that not all staff should be considered capable to provide psycho-pharmacology supervision and that each hospital should have a designated psychiatrist with special expertise in psychopharmacology. • developing study groups for the purpose of teaching critical evaluation of the literature. • increasing encouragement for residents’ participating in clinical research. • awareness of residents’ difficulties in learning (emotional illness, rejection of biological therapies, and knowing what is expected or not suited to psychiatry) and appropriate actions to alter these. • increased use of audio aids, self-teaching manuals and journals to augment lectures and texts. • increased emphasis on training selected senior residents in how to teach.
10 Year Survey of Pretrial Examinations in Saskatchewan
Authors: Kunjukrishnan Reghuvaran 
Published: April 2017

Summary The results of a survey of pretrial examination cases admitted to the provincial psychiatric hospital in Saskatchewan from 1966 to 1975 are reported. The demographic and psychiatric data and data from the psychiatric reports to the Court are analyzed. Some deficiencies noted in the reports to the Court are discussed and some remedial measures are suggested.
The Teaching of Formulation: Facts and Deficiencise
Authors: Ben-Aron M. , Mccormick W.O. 
Published: April 2017

Reasons are presented for believing that the skill of formulation is inadequately covered in textbooks. A survey was made of 57 psychiatric training centres in Canada, the U.S.A and the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland (in which 1324 doctors are trained). Of North American respondents only a minority give written guidelines about how a formulation should be undertaken. In the United Kingdom and Ireland 55% issue written guidelines. Only 31% of all centres polled give references on the topic. The results are discussed and a brief schema to help trainees formulate cases is proposed.
Prediction of Discharge from a Psychogeriatric Unit: (Development and Evaluation of the LPRS Prognosis Index)
Authors: Hersch Edwin L. , Merskey Harold , Palmer R. Bruce 
Published: April 2017

Data based on the 36-item London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale was statistically analysed in order to select a small number of questions which would discriminate well between those psychogeriatric inpatients who were likely to be discharged in the following six months and those who were not. A very brief Prognosis Index was developed utilizing the five best discriminating items of the LPRS. The content of these indicated that patients who could communicate coherently, made friends and did not threaten others were those most likely to leave hospital. The predictive accuracy of the index was assessed for the inpatient populations of a 136-bed psychogeriatric unit at three different points in time. The index was found to correctly predict whether or not patients would be discharged within six months in 78–85% of all cases. Correct prediction was generally seen to increase with time. Predictive accuracy reached as high as 96% (25/26) in the sample of acute ward patients examined after eighteen months. Since discharge was seen to be dependent on the availability of appropriate placements, the predictive accuracy of the Prognosis Index might be seen as surprisingly high. The simplicity and predictive accuracy of the items utilized and the fact that administration and scoring of the index can be done in less than five minutes without cooperation on the part of the patient suggest that the Prognosis Index is a useful measure. The results also emphasize the importance of personal relationships in determining discharge from hospital.
The Monitoring of Saliva Drug Levels: Psychiatric Applications
Authors: El-Guebaly N. , Davidson W.J. , Sures H.A. , Griffin W. 
Published: April 2017

An overview is presented of the status of human saliva as a clinical monitoring medium in medicine and psychiatry. Despite the present controversy about the reliability of saliva lithium levels, an evaluation of the prospects of saliva for other pharmacokinetic estimations as well is recommended.The second part of the paper outlines the authors’ attempt to expand the use of saliva monitoring in a depot neuroleptic clinic and a methadone maintenance program. This technique, well accepted by the patient populations, is found useful as a screening tool for drug use and compliance can be checked. It can also be indicated prior to the evaluation of the toxicity of prescribed medication as well as the assessment of drug interaction.On humanitarian, clinical and economical grounds, further investigation of the clinical applications of saliva in psychiatric practice is warranted.
Briquet's Concept of Hysteria: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Mai Francois M. , Merskey Harold 
Published: April 2017

Paul Briquet's Traité de l'Hystérie was published in 1859 and is a comprehensive clinical and epidemiological study of 430 patients with hysteria. It was widely known and quoted in its time, but was submerged by the rise of the psychoanalytic concept of hysteria at the end of the 19th century. Briquet's work was resurrected in 1971 with the recommendation that the term Briquet's Syndrome be used for certain forms of hysteria. This paper translates into English those sections of his monograph devoted to his concept of hysteria and discusses these in an historical framework. Briquet regarded hysteria as a “Neurosis of the Brain” in which a variety of unpleasant environmental events acted upon the “affective part of the brain” in a susceptible and predisposed individual. He considered the brain to be the “seat of hysteria” because it was the source of the multiple manifestations of the condition. Amongst its many other notable contributions, Briquet's study finally laid to rest hysteria's historic association with physical disease of the female genitalia.
Treatment Approach in a Child with Hysterical Seizures Superimposed on Partial Complex Seizures
Authors: Parraga Humberto C. , Kashani Javad H. 
Published: April 2017

This article reports the case of a 9½ year old child with a history of psychomotor epilepsy which was uncontrolled by multiple anticonvulsant medications. When admitted to the psychiatric inpatient service, he was treated with a combination of pharmacological, behavioural and psychodynamically oriented approaches. A period of intensive family counseling was conducted to clarify the parents’ concerns about causality of the seizures and methods for dealing with them. This combined approach led to a complete cessation of reported seizures and a decreased number and dosage of anticonvulsant medications.The authors discuss the reluctance of some physicians to accept the co-existence of neurogenic and psychogenic seizures in a given patient.Patients with pharmacologically uncontrolled seizures must be identified and accurately diagnosed (neurogenic and/or psychogenic) to prevent complications such as over-medication and to administer appropriate treatment. Multiple disciplinary therapy including psychodynamic, pharmacological, behavioural and educational approaches should be implemented.
Schizophrenia: Sociocultural Factors
Authors: Bland Roger C. , Orn Helen 
Published: April 2017

Social factors in an incidence by first admission group of forty-three carefully rediagnosed schizophrenic patients, who were the subject of a long term follow-up, were examined. The findings were: — Schizophrenics are predominantly lower social class — Drift from higher to lower social class prior to the onset of illness was not substantiated — Families of origin were predominantly lower social class — Patients were likely to have lower grade occupations than their fathers despite both frequently being lower social class — An excess of urban resident patients, but many of them came from rural resident families — Immigrants as a whole are not over-represented — Minority immigrant groups and minority language groups were over-represented — ‘At risk’ immigrant profile is: male, single, recent immigrant, eastern European origin, non-English speaking, poorly educated, in a lower grade occupation than his father.
Antisocial Adolescents: Our Treatments do not Work — Where do we go from Here?
Authors: Shamsie S. Jalal 
Published: April 2017

The dramatic increase in antisocial adolescent behaviour is shown through statistics outlining the increase in juvenile crime for Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. This paper presents a review of evaluative studies of conventional treatments available for antisocial adolescents. Studies involving Case Work, Individual Psychotherapy, Behaviour Modification, Group Counselling, Family Therapy, Milieu Therapy and Therapeutic Community are discussed. Findings indicate that, in general, these treatments are inadequate for the rehabilitation needs of adolescents with conduct disorders. One question arising from this review is whether the unsatisfactory results with present treatment approaches may be due to the perception of antisocial behaviour as a sickness rather than a lack of socialization. The Social Learning Theory is investigated as a means for teaching social norms. A number of studies are cited as showing the effectiveness of social learning types of programs.Success has also been achieved with antisocial adolescents in a behavioural-employment intervention program; this area is also explored. The impact of evaluative studies on clinical practice is reported as minimal. Some of the reasons which could explain this lack of impact are explored. The paper emphasizes the need for discarding those treatments which have been shown to be ineffective and adopting those which show promise.
Polypsychopharmacy Revisited
Authors: Rapp Morton S. , Kaplan Allan 
Published: April 2017

In this paper, polypsychopharmacy is defined, noting variations of definition in the medical literature. We show that the high incidence rates are not dependent only on the physician's behaviour. Much of the medical literature is hostile to the use in psychiatry of two-drug combinations, and this hostility is based on three assumptions about drug use. We find little evidence to support these assumptions. Attempts to reduce the incidence of polypsychopharmacy may be simply irrelevant. We list several two-drug combinations which are of value in psychiatry, and then return to two questions: 1) Why is there so little research into two-drug combinations, considering their high incidence of use? 2) Why does this high incidence persist in the absence of good supportive evidence of its value? We offer tentative responses to these questions, and conclude that since multiple drug use is as likely to be of value in psychiatry as in any other branch of medicine, research into specific drug-combinations is overdue.
Sexual Dysfunction and Clomipramine
Authors: Quirk Keith C. , Einarson Thomas R. 
Published: April 2017

Three cases of orgasmic inhibition by clomipramine are reported, one in a male and two infernales. All were depressed patients with obsessive-compulsive features. Orgasmic dysfunction manifested shortly after beginning clomipramine therapy despite a return of libido as the depression lifted. Two of these patients switched to desipramine which led to a resolution of sexual dysfunction while maintaining the patients depression free. The third patient manipulated dosage times to diminish the orgastic problem. Strong anticholinergic and/or anti-adrenergic properties of clomipramine are suspected to underlie the development of this problem.
Sudden Death
Authors: Ellman Jon P. 
Published: April 2017

The literature regarding the association of psychosis and/or neuroleptic medication with sudden, unexpected, “autopsy negative” death is surveyed. Richardson's work is reviewed; in particular his conclusion that acid muco-polysaccharide deposition in the cardiovascular systems of his patients was of etiologic significance in their deaths. A case report follows which supports the association of psychosis and neuroleptic intake with abnormal muco-polysaccharide deposition and sudden death.
Psychiatric Manpower in Canada — the 1980 Surveys Part I: National and Interprovincial Comparisons
Authors: El-Guebaly N. , Leichner P. 
Published: April 2017

The estimation of manpower needs is a complex endeavour due to the multiplicity of variables involved. Part I of this report presents national and interprovincial comparisons of demographic and practice data collected through a questionnaire survey of 1089 psychiatrists listed in the provincial specialists registers (i.e. 51.6% response rate). Of our respondents, 57.9% practice in urban areas of 500,000 inhabitants or more; the male-female ratio is 9 to 1; 37.9% are foreign medical graduates; and 98.5% of the specialists are exam qualified. General adult psychiatry accounts for 57.6% of the time spent in clinical practice and the total professional week is estimated to be 48.9 hours. The experience gathered towards the design of a monitoring system, the significance of the psychiatrist-to-population ratio, the comparison of our data with other manpower studies and a review of recruitment variables conclude the report.
Biases of Teachers and Trainees in Child Psychiatry
Authors: Fine Stuart , Penfold P. Susan , Krell Robert 
Published: April 2017

Teachers are affected by their own training and life experience. Some specific biases are: therapeutic preferences and attitudes to what is normal or abnormal behaviour. It is argued that teachers should be aware of their own biases and that they should know about their trainees’ life experiences and biases too. Some of the problems as to how child psychiatric trainees practise are emphasized and suggestions are made as to how these may be remedied.
Residential Treatment for Disturbed Children: Its Place in the ‘80s
Authors: Barker Philip 
Published: April 2017

The value and place of residential treatment for disturbed children and adolescents have been increasingly questioned in recent years. Possible reasons for this are examined. The place of residential treatment, and its value as a specialized form of therapy, are discussed.The treatment of disturbed young people in residential settings should only be undertaken as part of a wider therapeutic plan. The need for placement away from home, for the protection of the community or for other reasons not directly concerned with the child's treatment, must be distinguished from the need for residential treatment. The rationale and goals of treatment must always be defined in advance, and the needs of the system to which the child belongs must be considered along with those of the presenting patient.
Psychoses et objets volants non identifiés*
Authors: Mavrakis Daniel , Bocquet Et Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2017

Certaines personnes prétendent être entrées en contact et avoir communiqué avec des occupants d'objets volants d'origine extraterrestre qui les auraient souvent chargés de “missions” concernant la sauvegarde de l'humanité. Les auteurs, qui en ont observé six, concluent que cinq d'entre elles souffraient de délire paranoïaque pouvant souvent se rapprocher d'une paraphrénie, alors que d'autres cas analogues déjà décrits souffraient de schizophrénie paranoïde. Leurs convictions inaccessibles à la critique et au raisonnement les aident probablement à rester en dehors du champ psychiatrique. Cet article ne s'intéresse pas à la réalité de l'existence physique du phénomène et se veut non réductionniste, ne prétendant pas mettre en cause les témoins de tels phénomènes, dont la santé mentale doit être étudiée grâce à un examen mené avec rigueur et impartialité et ne doit pas être évaluée en fonction des préjugés de l'examinateur vis-à-vis des affirmations des témoins.
The Psychology of Women
Authors: Nadelson Carol C. 
Published: April 2017

This paper reviews some of the major theoretical perspectives and recent data pertaining to the psychology of women. In the first section, the author presents classical psychoanalytic theory and reviews the reconsiderations and critiques which were important factors from the early history of psychoanalysis, and continue today. The second section considers whether there are sex differences in psychopathology and, after concluding that there is evidence for this conclusion in some areas, the author presents the various arguments which have been constructed to explain these observations. The final section discusses implications for psychotherapeutic interventions with women. The questions of whether there are benefits or problems in choosing male versus female therapists, and the special aspects of treating women in a current socio-cultural context are elucidated.
Studies in Childhood Bereavement*
Authors: Furman Erna 
Published: April 2017

A group of child psychoanalysts, associated with the Cleveland Center for Research in Child Development and the Hanna Perkins Therapeutic Nursery School and Kindergarten, studied 23 children who had lost a parent through death. These children varied greatly in socioeconomic, religious, racial and ethnic background and had suffered bereavement at different points in their development, as early as a few weeks old and as late as 13 years of age. The majority were in individual psychoanalytic treatment, seen 5 times weekly over several years. Some were treated by way of the parent while attending the Hanna Perkins Therapeutic School. The research group compared and discussed the multitude of data with a view to understanding mourning and the effects of bereavement on the personality, with a view to developing techniques in assisting children and families cope with the stress, and with a view to developing some prophylactic measures to minimize pathological resolutions. The results of the research were published in “A Child's Parent Dies” (1). This paper focuses on sharing those findings which might be helpful to the clinician in the assessment of bereaved patients and in assisting them and their families in the crucial period of parental loss or shortly following it.
The Role of the Mental Health Expert Witness in Family Law Disputes
Authors: Levine Saul V. 
Published: April 2017

Mental health professionals are frequently called upon to appear in Family Court as Expert Witnesses in order to help the judge make difficult decisions in disputed cases, involving issues like custody, access and abuse. The adversary system often serves to intimidate or to antagonize the expert witness, or to render his / her judgement as suspect and even invalid. An approach is suggested in which the expert is designated as an “amicus curiae” (impartial friend of the court), rather than as a “hired gun” by one of the disputants. Even with this procedure, however, the expert witness must possess specific personal and professional characteristics which lend credibility to his/her testimony. The work is difficult, and requires considerable knowledge and skill; the responsibilities are heavy, but the opportunity to do exciting and vital work on behalf of children and families make it more than worthwhile.
Current Trends in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry*
Authors: Lipowski Z.J. 
Published: April 2017

Consultation-liaison psychiatry has grown rapidly and become a subspecialty of psychiatry in the past decade. The author reviews the history of this field at the interface of psychiatry and medicine, offers its definition, and discusses current trends pertaining to the organization of liaison services and to the teaching and research activities of liaison psychiatrists. He concludes that a liaison service has become a recognized division of a general hospital psychiatric unit for the provision of psychiatric consultation and teaching to the nonpsychiatric departments of the hospital. Consultation-liaison psychiatry (or liaison psychiatry for short) has emerged in the past decade as a subspecialty of psychiatry, one concerned with mental health problems among medical and surgical patients. Diagnosis, treatment, study and prevention of psychiatric disorders in those patients constitute the proper domain of liaison psychiatry. I will review in this article the major current trends in this field as they pertain to matters of organization, education, and research. A brief historical note and a definition of liaison psychiatry will introduce my review.