bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution regional modeling of summertime transport and impact of African dust over the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Kalenderski Stoitchko , Stenchikov Georgiy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSevere dust outbreaks and high dust loading over Eastern Africa and the Red Sea are frequently detected in the summer season. Observations suggest that small‐scale dynamic and orographic effects, from both the Arabian and African sides, strongly contribute to dust plume formation. To better understand these processes, we present here the first high‐resolution modeling study of a dust outbreak in June 2012 developed over East Africa, the Red Sea, and the Arabian Peninsula. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) component, we identified several dust generating dynamical processes that range from convective to synoptic scales, including synoptic cyclones, nocturnal low‐level jets, and cold pools of mesoscale convective systems. The simulations reveal an eastward transport of African dust across the Red Sea. Over the northern part of the Red Sea, most of the dust transport occurs above 2 km height, whereas across the central and southern parts of the sea; dust is mostly transported below 2 km height. Dust is the dominant contributor (87%) to the aerosol optical depth, producing a domain average cooling effect of −12.1 W m−2 at the surface, a warming of 7.1 W m−2 in the atmosphere, and a residual cooling of −4.9 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere. Both dry and wet deposition processes contribute significantly to dust removal from the atmosphere. Model results compare well with available ground‐based and satellite observations but generally underestimate the observed maximum values of aerosol optical depth. The satellite‐retrieved mean optical depth at some locations is underestimated by a factor of 2. A sensitive experiment suggests that these large local differences may result from poor characterization of dust emissions in some areas of the modeled domain. In this case study we successfully simulate the major fine‐scale dust generating dynamical processes, explicitly resolving convection and haboob formation. The future development of this novel approach will be beneficial for dust research, assuming steady growth of available computational power.
Onset and demise of Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: The coupling of surface and bottom oceanic processes in two pelagic basins of the western Tethys
Authors: Gambacorta G. , Bersezio R. , Weissert H. , Erba E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe upper Albian–lower Turonian pelagic successions of the Tethys record processes acting during the onset, core, and recovery from perturbed conditions across oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1d, OAE 2, and the mid‐Cenomanian event I (MCE I) relative to intervening intervals. Five sections from Umbria‐Marche and Belluno Basins (Italy) were analyzed at high resolution to assess processes in surface and deep waters. Recurrent facies stacking patterns (SP) and their associations record periods of bottom current activity coupled with surface changes in trophic level. Climate changes appear to have been influential on deep circulation dynamics. Under greenhouse conditions, vigorous bottom currents were arguably induced by warm and dense saline deep waters originated on tropical shelves in the Tethys and/or proto‐Atlantic Ocean. Tractive facies postdating intermittent anoxia during OAE 1d and in the interval bracketed by MCE I and OAE 2 are indicative of feeble bottom currents, though capable of disrupting stratification and replenish deep water with oxygen. The major warming at the onset of OAE 2 might have enhanced the formation of warm salty waters, possibly producing local hiatuses at the base of the Bonarelli Level and winnowing at the seafloor. Hiatuses detected at the top of the Bonarelli Level possibly resulted from most effective bottom currents during the early Turonian thermal maximum. Times of minimal sediment displacement correlate with cooler climatic conditions and testify a different mechanism of deep water formation, as further suggested by a color change to reddish lithologies of the post‐OAE 1d and post‐OAE 2 intervals.
Analysis of reach‐scale elevation distribution in braided rivers: Definition of a new morphologic indicator and estimation of mean quantities
Authors: Redolfi M. , Tubino M. , Bertoldi W. , Brasington J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the role of external controls on the morphology of braided rivers is currently limited by the dearth of robust metrics to quantify and distinguish the diversity of channel form. Most existing measures are strongly dependent on river stage and unable to account for the three‐dimensional complexity that is apparent in digital terrain models of braided rivers. In this paper, we introduce a simple, stage‐independent morphological indicator that enables the analysis of reach‐scale regime morphology as a function of slope, discharge, sediment size, and degree of confinement. The index is derived from the bed elevation frequency distribution and characterizes a statistical width‐depth curve averaged longitudinally over multiple channel widths. In this way, we define a “synthetic channel” described by a simple parameter that embeds information about the river morphological complexity. Under the assumption of uniform flow, this approach can be extended to provide estimates of the reach‐averaged shear stress distribution, bed load flux, and at‐a‐station‐variability of wetted width. We test this approach using data from a wide range of labile channels including 58 flume experiments and three gravel bed braided rivers. Results demonstrate a strong relationship between the unit discharge and the shape of the elevation distribution, which varies between a U shape for typical single‐thread confined channels and a Y shape for multithread reaches. Finally, we discuss the use of the metric as a diagnostic index of river condition that may be used to support inferences about the river morphological trajectory.
Developing the greatest Blue Economy: Water productivity, fresh water depletion, and virtual water trade in the Great Lakes basin
Authors: Mayer Alex , Mubako Stanley , Ruddell Benjamin L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Great Lakes basin hosts the world's most abundant surface fresh water reserve. Historically an industrial and natural resource powerhouse, the region has suffered economic stagnation in recent decades. Meanwhile, growing water resource scarcity around the world is creating pressure on water‐intensive human activities. This situation creates the potential for the Great Lakes region to sustainably utilize its relative water wealth for economic benefit. We combine economic production and trade datasets with water consumption data and models of surface water depletion in the region. We find that, on average, the current economy does not create significant impacts on surface waters, but there is some risk that unregulated large water uses can create environmental flow impacts if they are developed in the wrong locations. Water uses drawing on deep groundwater or the Great Lakes themselves are unlikely to create a significant depletion, and discharge of groundwater withdrawals to surface waters offsets most surface water depletion. This relative abundance of surface water means that science‐based management of large water uses to avoid accidentally creating “hotspots” is likely to be successful in avoiding future impacts, even if water use is significantly increased. Commercial water uses are the most productive, with thermoelectric, mining, and agricultural water uses in the lowest tier of water productivity. Surprisingly for such a water‐abundant economy, the region is a net importer of water‐derived goods and services. This, combined with the abundance of surface water, suggests that the region's water‐based economy has room to grow in the 21st century.
The last millennium climate reanalysis project: Framework and first results
Authors: Hakim Gregory J. , Emile‐Geay Julien , Steig Eric J. , Noone David , Anderson David M. , Tardif Robert , Steiger Nathan , Perkins Walter A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn “offline” approach to DA is used, where static ensemble samples are drawn from existing CMIP climate‐model simulations to serve as the prior estimate of climate variables. We use linear, univariate forward models (“proxy system models (PSMs)”) that map climate variables to proxy measurements by fitting proxy data to 2 m air temperature from gridded instrumental temperature data; the linear PSMs are then used to predict proxy values from the prior estimate. Results for the LMR are compared against six gridded instrumental temperature data sets and 25% of the proxy records are withheld from assimilation for independent verification. Results show broad agreement with previous reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere mean 2 m air temperature, with millennial‐scale cooling, a multicentennial warm period around 1000 C.E., and a cold period coincident with the Little Ice Age (circa 1450–1800 C.E.). Verification against gridded instrumental data sets during 1880–2000 C.E. reveals greatest skill in the tropics and lowest skill over Northern Hemisphere land areas. Verification against independent proxy records indicates substantial improvement relative to the model (prior) data without proxy assimilation. As an illustrative example, we present multivariate reconstructed fields for a singular event, the 1808/1809 “mystery” volcanic eruption, which reveal global cooling that is strongly enhanced locally due to the presence of the Pacific‐North America wave pattern in the 500 hPa geopotential height field.
Size distribution and optical properties of African mineral dust after intercontinental transport
Authors: Denjean Cyrielle , Formenti Paola , Desboeufs Karine , Chevaillier Servanne , Triquet Sylvain , Maillé Michel , Cazaunau Mathieu , Laurent Benoit , Mayol‐Bracero Olga L. , Vallejo Pamela , Quiñones Mariana , Gutierrez‐Molina Ian E. , Cassola Federico , Prati Paolo , Andrews Elisabeth , Ogren John 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe transatlantic transport of mineral dust from Africa is a persistent atmospheric phenomenon, clue for understanding the impacts of dust at the global scale. As part of the DUST Aging and Transport from Africa to the Caribbean (Dust‐ATTACk) intensive field campaign, the size distribution and optical properties of mineral dust were measured in June–July 2012 on the east coast of Puerto Rico, more than 5000 km from the west coast of Africa. During the recorded dust events, the PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) concentrations increased from 20 to 70 µg m−3. Remote sensing observations and modeling analysis were used to identify the main source regions, which were found in the Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria, Niger, and Mali. The microphysical and optical properties of the dust plumes were almost independent of origin. The size distribution of mineral dust after long‐range transport may have modal diameters similar to those on the eastern side of the Atlantic short time after emission, possibly depending on height of transport. Additional submicron particles of anthropogenic absorbing aerosols (likely from regional marine traffic activities) can be mixed within the dust plumes, without affecting in a significant way the PM10 absorption properties of dust observed in Puerto Rico. The Dust‐ATTACk experimental data set may be useful for modeling the direct radiative effect of dust. For accurate representation of dust optical properties over the Atlantic remote marine region, we recommend mass extinction efficiency (MEE) and single‐scattering albedo values in the range 1.1–1.5 m2 g−1 and 0.97–0.98, respectively, for visible wavelengths.
SuperDARN backscatter during intense geomagnetic storms
Authors: Currie J. L. , Waters C. L. , Menk F. W. , Sciffer M. D. , Bristow W. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt is often stated that high‐frequency radars experience a loss of backscatter during geomagnetic storm events. The occurrence of backscatter during 25 intense geomagnetic storms was examined using data from the Bruny Island and Kodiak radars and a superposed epoch analysis. It was found that while a reduction of backscatter occurred in the middle to far ranges, there was an increase in the amount of backscatter from close range following storm onset. Ray tracing showed that an enhanced charge density in the E region can reduce the chance of F region and increase the chance of E region backscatter. It was also shown that reduction in backscatter cannot be explained by D region absorption. Using a normalized SYM‐H value, percentage time through recovery phase can be estimated during storm progression which allows a prediction of backscatter return in real time that accounts for varying storm recovery phase duration.
Reply to comment by Keith E. Schilling on “Climate and agricultural land use change impacts on streamflow in the upper Midwestern United States”
Authors: Gupta Satish C. , Kessler Andrew C. , Brown Melinda K. , Schuh William M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis reply addresses concerns raised by Schilling (2016, doi:10.1002/2015WR018482) on Gupta et al. (2015a, doi: 10.1002/2015WR017323, 2015b, doi:10.1002/2015WR017323). To this end, we provide additional analysis of the Raccoon River flows in Iowa and show that both annual streamflow and baseflow are mainly controlled by precipitation.
Synergism between sinusoidal‐50 Hz magnetic field and formaldehyde in triggering carcinogenic effects in male Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Soffritti Morando , Tibaldi Eva , Padovani Michela , Hoel David G. , Giuliani Livio , Bua Luciano , Lauriola Michelina , Falcioni Laura , Manservigi Marco , Manservisi Fabiana , Belpoggi Fiorella 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundExperimental rodent bioassays performed up to now have failed to provide conclusive confirmation of the carcinogenicity of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF).ObjectivesTo evaluate the potential synergistic carcinogenic effects of concurrent exposure to ELFMF and formaldehyde in four groups of male and female Sprague–Dawley rats.MethodsOne group was exposed from prenatal life until natural death to S‐50 Hz MF and to formaldehyde in drinking water from 6 weeks of age for 104 weeks, two groups were treated only with formaldehyde or only with MF and one group served as untreated control.ResultsCompared to untreated controls, exposure to MF and formaldehyde causes in males a statistically significant increased incidence of malignant tumors (P ≤ 0.01), thyroid C‐cell carcinomas (P ≤ 0.01), and hemolymphoreticular neoplasias (P ≤ 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed among female groups.ConclusionsLife‐span exposure to MF and formaldehyde induces statistically significant carcinogenic effects in male rats. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:509–521, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ranking occupational contexts associated with risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Rieutort Delphine , Moyne Oriane , Cocco Pierluigi , de Gaudemaris Régis , Bicout Dominique J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundRisk factors associated with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) remain unknown, but certain occupational contexts (OCs) have been implicated. The objective of this study was to inventory, from the accumulated knowledge, associations between OCs and NHL risk.MethodsLiterature was used to identify the NHL‐associated OCs. For each context, items were ranked both by scientific interest and the association strength.ResultsThree ranked lists of OCs related to NHL were constructed. We found that NHL was associated with 31 occupational activities, 91 occupational exposures, and 35 occupational activity–exposure combinations. Among them, 5 activities, 2 exposures, and 3 combinations, involving agricultural or industrial sector and solvents or pesticides, were highlighted with the highest publications number and the strongest association with NHL risk.ConclusionThese results could be useful in both providing a ranked inventory of OCs associated with NHL risk and highlighting “hot” occupational activities and exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:561–574, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Substituted 2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridine Derivatives and Analogous Compounds with a Central Thiophene Ring
Authors: Hommes Paul , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNew 2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine derivatives were prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of the corresponding 4,4′′‐bis(nonaflate) with the appropriate boronic acid derivatives. The corresponding 4,4′′‐diazido terpyridine derivative allowed a copper(I)‐promoted click reaction with phenyl acetylene to provide the bis(triazolyl)‐substituted terpyridine in excellent yield. For comparison, analogs or terpyridines with a central thiophene ring were synthesized by applying the well proven cyclocondensation reaction of the bis(β‐ketoenamide) derived from 2,5‐thiophenedicarboxylic acid. The UV/Vis spectra as well as the fluorescence spectra of these new compounds were recorded and compared with related heterocycles.
Synthesis of Five‐Porphyrin Nanorings by Using Ferrocene and Corannulene Templates
Authors: Liu Pengpeng , Hisamune Yutaka , Peeks Martin D. , Odell Barbara , Gong Juliane Q. , Herz Laura M. , Anderson Harry L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe smallest and most strained member of a family of π‐conjugated cyclic porphyrin oligomers was synthesized by using pentapyridyl templates based on ferrocene and corannulene. Both templates are effective for directing the synthesis of the butadiyne‐linked cyclic pentamer, despite the fact that the radii of their N5 donor sets are too small by 0.5 Å and 0.9 Å, respectively (from DFT calculations). The five‐porphyrin nanoring exhibits a structured absorption spectrum and its fluorescence extends to 1200 nm, reflecting strong π conjugation and Herzberg–Teller vibronic coupling.
One‐Pot N2C/C2C/N2N Ligation To Trap Weak Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Zhao Lei , Ehrt Christiane , Koch Oliver , Wu Yao‐Wen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWeak transient protein–protein interactions (PPIs) play an essential role in cellular dynamics. However, it is challenging to obtain weak protein complexes owing to their short lifetime. Herein we present a general and facile method for trapping weak PPIs in an unbiased manner using proximity‐induced ligations. To expand the chemical ligation spectrum, we developed novel N2N (N‐terminus to N‐terminus) and C2C (C‐terminus to C‐terminus) ligation approaches. By using N2C (N‐terminus to C‐terminus), N2N, and C2C ligations in one pot, the interacting proteins were linked. The weak Ypt1:GDI interaction drove C2C ligation with t1/2 of 4.8 min and near quantitative conversion. The Ypt1‐GDI conjugate revealed that binding of Ypt1 G‐domain causes opening of the lipid‐binding site of GDI, which can accommodate one prenyl group, giving insights into Rab membrane recycling. Moreover, we used this strategy to trap the KRas homodimer, which plays an important role in Ras signaling.
CuO nanoparticle‐catalyzed diaminations for synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives
Authors: Yu Dan , You Qing , Zhang Xinming , Tao Guide , Zhang Wu 
Published: May 2016

Copper oxide nanoparticles have been applied as an efficient catalyst for the formation of C–N bonds. They can catalyze diaminations for the regiospecific synthesis of 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazoles from 1,2‐dihaloarenes and N‐arylamidines. The best performance has been achieved using CuO nanoparticles with average diameter of 6.5 nm. In addition, the catalyst can be recycled and reused without any significant decrease in catalytic activity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of a cobalt(II) complex with 5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline as anticancer agent
Authors: Zhang Hai‐Rong , Meng Ting , Liu Yan‐Cheng , Chen Zhen‐Feng , Liu You‐Nian , Liang Hong 
Published: May 2016

A new cobalt(II) complex (1) of 5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline was prepared and structurally characterized using infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as powder X‐ray diffraction. Its biological activities including DNA binding and anticancer activity were investigated. The DNA binding study of complex 1 suggested that it interacted with calf thymus DNA mainly via an intercalative binding mode. The in vitro anticancer activity of complex 1 was screened against a series of tumor cell lines as well as the normal liver cell line HL‐7702 using MTT assay. complex 1 showed much higher cytotoxicity than corresponding metal salt and ligand towards the five tested tumor cell lines, in which T‐24 was the most sensitive tumor cell line towards 1, with IC50 value of 7.04 ± 0.06 μM. complex 1 was found to greatly induce cell cycle arrest in T‐24 cells at S phase, and consequently to induce cell apoptosis in a dose‐dependent mode suggested by cell apoptosis analysis via Hoechst 33258 and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining assays. The cell apoptosis mechanism of 1 was studied targeting the mitochondrion‐mediated pathway, since the apoptotic mechanism in the T‐24 cells treated by 1 was investigated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, intracellular calcium concentration measurement and caspase‐9/3 activity assay. The results suggested that the cell apoptosis induced by 1 was closely related to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production and enhancement of intracellular [Ca2+], which would trigger the caspase‐9/3 activation via a mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal movements of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the northern gulf of Mexico
Authors: Coleman Andrew T. , Pitchford Jonathan L. , Bailey Helen , Solangi Moby 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Seasonal movements and core habitat areas of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the northern Gulf of Mexico were tracked via satellite telemetry. Tagged turtles were incidentally captured by recreational fishermen and rehabilitated at the Institute for Marine Mammal Studies in Gulfport, Mississippi.
The average size of the core habitat areas (50% KDE (kernel density estimation)) was 1660.2 km2 ± 3438.2 SD. Turtles displayed strong intra‐ and inter‐annual site fidelity to the Mississippi Sound during the spring, summer, and autumn months. During the winter months, most turtles, probably influenced by water temperatures, migrated to nearshore waters of Louisiana on either side of the Mississippi River Delta. However, other migration strategies were also observed.
Overall, these data indicate that the Mississippi Sound is an important developmental habitat for this critically endangered species. In addition, their wintering grounds in Louisiana are utilized by adult Kemp's ridleys and other sea turtle species as foraging grounds and migratory corridors. The high use of these areas by sea turtle populations increases the potential for negative impacts from anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. shrimp trawling, oil production, hypoxia) that occur there.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.