bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mis-expression of grainyhead-like transcription factors in zebrafish leads to defects in enveloping layer (EVL) integrity, cellular morphogenesis and axial extension
Authors: Miles Lee B. , Darido Charbel , Kaslin Jan , Heath Joan K. , Jane Stephen M. , Dworkin Sebastian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe grainyhead-like (grhl) transcription factors play crucial roles in craniofacial development, epithelial morphogenesis, neural tube closure, and dorso-ventral patterning. By utilising the zebrafish to differentially regulate expression of family members grhl2b and grhl3, we show that both genes regulate epithelial migration, particularly convergence-extension (CE) type movements, during embryogenesis. Genetic deletion of grhl3 via CRISPR/Cas9 results in failure to complete epiboly and pre-gastrulation embryonic rupture, whereas morpholino (MO)-mediated knockdown of grhl3 signalling leads to aberrant neural tube morphogenesis at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB), a phenotype likely due to a compromised overlying enveloping layer (EVL). Further disruptions of grhl3-dependent pathways (through co-knockdown of grhl3 with target genes spec1 and arhgef19) confirm significant MHB morphogenesis and neural tube closure defects. Concomitant MO-mediated disruption of both grhl2b and grhl3 results in further extensive CE-like defects in body patterning, notochord and somite morphogenesis. Interestingly, over-expression of either grhl2b or grhl3 also leads to numerous phenotypes consistent with disrupted cellular migration during gastrulation, including embryo dorsalisation, axial duplication and impaired neural tube migration leading to cyclopia. Taken together, our study ascribes novel roles to the Grhl family in the context of embryonic development and morphogenesis.
Communicative predictions can overrule linguistic priors
Authors: Kroczek Leon O. H. , Gunter Thomas C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPredictions allow for efficient human communication. To be efficient, listeners’ predictions need to be adapted to the communicative context. Here we show that during speech processing this adaptation is a highly flexible and selective process that is able to fine-tune itself to individual language styles of specific interlocutors. In a newly developed paradigm, speakers differed in the probabilities by which they used particular sentence structures. Probe trials were applied to infer participants’ syntactic expectations for a given speaker and to track changes of these expectations over time. The results show that listeners fine-tune their linguistic expectations according to the individual language style of a speaker. Strikingly, nine months after the initial experiment these highly specific expectations could be rapidly reactivated when confronted with the particular language style of a speaker but not merely on the basis of an association with speaker identity per se. These findings highlight that communicative interaction fine-tunes and consolidates interlocutor specific communicative predictions which can overrule strong linguistic priors.
SCARF-1 promotes adhesion of CD4+ T cells to human hepatic sinusoidal endothelium under conditions of shear stress
Authors: Patten Daniel A. , Kamarajah Sivesh K. , Rose Joanne M. , Tickle Joseph , Shepherd Emma L. , Adams David H. , Weston Chris J. , Shetty Shishir 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLiver-resident cells are constantly exposed to gut-derived antigens via portal blood and, as a consequence, they express a unique repertoire of scavenger receptors. Whilst there is increasing evidence that the gut contributes to chronic inflammatory liver disease, the role of scavenger receptors in regulating liver inflammation remains limited. Here, we describe for the first time the expression of scavenger receptor class F, member 1 (SCARF-1) on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC). We report that SCARF-1 shows a highly localised expression pattern and co-localised with endothelial markers on sinusoidal endothelium. Analysis of chronically inflamed liver tissue demonstrated accumulation of SCARF-1 at sites of CD4+ T cell aggregation. We then studied the regulation and functional role of SCARF-1 in HSEC and showed that SCARF-1 expression by HSEC is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, SCARF-1 expression by HSEC, induced by proinflammatory and gut-derived factors acts as a novel adhesion molecule, present in adhesive cup structures, that specifically supports CD4+ T cells under conditions of physiological shear stress. In conclusion, we show that SCARF-1 contributes to lymphocyte subset adhesion to primary human HSEC and could play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response during chronic liver disease.
A Simple Platform for the Rapid Development of Antimicrobials
Authors: Johnston Stephen Albert , Domenyuk Valeriy , Gupta Nidhi , Batista Milene Tavares , Lainson John C. , Zhao Zhan-Gong , Lusk Joel F. , Loskutov Andrey , Cichacz Zbigniew , Stafford Phillip , Legutki Joseph Barten , Diehnelt Chris W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent infectious outbreaks highlight the need for platform technologies that can be quickly deployed to develop therapeutics needed to contain the outbreak. We present a simple concept for rapid development of new antimicrobials. The goal was to produce in as little as one week thousands of doses of an intervention for a new pathogen. We tested the feasibility of a system based on antimicrobial synbodies. The system involves creating an array of 100 peptides that have been selected for broad capability to bind and/or kill viruses and bacteria. The peptides are pre-screened for low cell toxicity prior to large scale synthesis. Any pathogen is then assayed on the chip to find peptides that bind or kill it. Peptides are combined in pairs as synbodies and further screened for activity and toxicity. The lead synbody can be quickly produced in large scale, with completion of the entire process in one week.
Retinal Angiogenesis Regulates Astrocytic Differentiation in Neonatal Mouse Retinas by Oxygen Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: Duan Li-Juan , Pan Sarah J. , Sato Thomas N. , Fong Guo-Hua 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn mice, retinal vascular and astrocyte networks begin to develop at birth, expanding radially from the optic nerve head (ONH) towards the retinal periphery. The retinal vasculature grows towards the periphery ahead of differentiated astrocytes, but behind astrocytic progenitor cells (APCs) and immature astrocytes. Endothelial cell specific Vegfr-2 disruption in newborn mice not only blocked retinal vascular development but also suppressed astrocytic differentiation, reducing the abundance of differentiated astrocytes while causing the accumulation of precursors. By contrast, retinal astrocytic differentiation was accelerated by the exposure of wild-type newborn mice to hyperoxia for 24 hours, or by APC specific deficiency in hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)−2α, an oxygen labile transcription factor. These findings reveal a novel function of the retinal vasculature, and imply that in normal neonatal mice, oxygen from the retinal circulation may promote astrocytic differentiation, in part by triggering oxygen dependent HIF-2α degradation in astrocytic precursors.
Inhibition of human kynurenine aminotransferase isozymes by estrogen and its derivatives
Authors: Jayawickrama Gayan S. , Nematollahi Alireza , Sun Guanchen , Gorrell Mark D. , Church W. Bret 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) enzymes are pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent homodimers that catalyse the irreversible transamination of kynurenine into kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the tryptophan metabolic pathway. Kynurenic acid is implicated in cognitive diseases such as schizophrenia, and several inhibitors have been reported that selectively target KAT-II as it is primarily responsible for kynurenic acid production in the human brain. Not only is schizophrenia a sexually dimorphic condition, but women that have schizophrenia have reduced estrogen levels in their serum. Estrogens are also known to interact in the kynurenine pathway therefore exploring these interactions can yield a better understanding of the condition and improve approaches in ameliorating its effects. Enzyme inhibitory assays and binding studies showed that estradiol disulfate is a strong inhibitor of KAT-I and KAT-II (IC50: 291.5 μM and 26.3 μM, respectively), with estradiol, estradiol 3-sulfate and estrone sulfate being much weaker (IC50 > 2 mM). Therefore it is possible that estrogen levels can dictate the balance of kynurenic acid in the brain. Inhibition assay results and modelling suggests that the 17-sulfate moiety in estradiol disulfate is very important in improving its potency as an inhibitor, increasing the inhibition by approximately 10–100 fold compared to estradiol.
Improving Hearing Aid Self-Efficacy and Utility Through Revising a Hearing Aid User Guide: A Pilot Study
Authors: McMullan Alexandra , Kelly-Campbell Rebecca J. , Wise Kim 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThis pilot study aimed to investigate whether revising a hearing aid user guide (HAUG) is associated with improved hearing aid self-efficacy and utility performance.MethodIn Part 1, an HAUG was evaluated using the Suitability Assessment of Material (SAM) and readability formulas (Flesch Reading Ease [Flesch, 1943], Flesch-Kincaid Readability Formula [Kincaid, Fishburne, Rogers, & Chissom, 1957], and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook [McLaughlin, 1969]). The HAUG was revised using results from the SAM and best practice guidelines. The revision included generating a video. In Part 2, 30 adults with hearing impairment were randomly assigned to use either the original guide (N= 15) or the revised guide and video (N= 15) to perform a utility task. Participants' self-efficacy was measured using the Basic and Advanced Handling subscales of the Measure of Audiologic Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy for Hearing Aids questionnaire. SAM and readability were compared between the original and revised guides (Doak, Doak, & Root, 1996).ResultsSAM and readability were improved following the revision. Participants in the revised guide group performed significantly better on the utility task and on the Measure of Audiologic Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy for Hearing Aids subscales than participants in the original guide group.ConclusionsThese results are encouraging as they indicate that there is scope to influence self-efficacy and utility performance through the use of appropriate HAUGs.
Identifying Children at Risk for Language Impairment or Dyslexia With Group-Administered Measures
Authors: Adlof Suzanne M. , Scoggins Joanna , Brazendale Allison , Babb Spencer , Petscher Yaacov 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
The study aims to determine whether brief, group-administered screening measures can reliably identify second-grade children at risk for language impairment (LI) or dyslexia and to examine the degree to which parents of affected children were aware of their children's difficulties.

Method

Participants (
N
= 381) completed screening tasks and assessments of word reading, oral language, and nonverbal intelligence. Their parents completed questionnaires that inquired about reading and language development.

Results
Despite considerable overlap in the children meeting criteria for LI and dyslexia, many children exhibited problems in only one domain. The combined screening tasks reliably identified children at risk for either LI or dyslexia (area under the curve = 0.842), but they were more accurate at identifying risk for dyslexia than LI. Parents of children with LI and/or dyslexia were frequently unaware of their children's difficulties. Parents of children with LI but good word reading skills were the least likely of all impairment groups to report concerns or prior receipt of speech, language, or reading services.

Conclusions
Group-administered screens can identify children at risk of LI and/or dyslexia with good classification accuracy and in less time than individually administered measures. More research is needed to improve the identification of children with LI who display good word reading skills.
Accentuate the Negative: Grammatical Errors During Narrative Production as a Clinical Marker of Central Nervous System Abnormality in School-Aged Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Thorne John C. 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine (a) whether increased grammatical error rates during a standardized narrative task are a more clinically useful marker of central nervous system abnormality in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) than common measures of productivity or grammatical complexity and (b) whether combining the rate of grammatical errors with the rate of cohesive referencing errors can improve utility of a standardized narrative assessment task for FASD diagnosis.MethodThe method used was retrospective analysis of narrative and clinical data from 138 children (aged 7–12 years; 69 with FASD, 69 typically developing). Narrative analysis was conducted blind to diagnosis. Measures of grammatical error, productivity and complexity, and cohesion were used independently and in combination to predict whether a story was told by a child with an FASD diagnosis.ResultsElevated grammatical error rates were more common in children with FASD, and this difference facilitated a more accurate prediction of FASD status than measures of productivity and grammatical complexity and, when combined with an accounting of cohesive referencing errors, significantly improved sensitivity to FASD over standard practice.ConclusionGrammatical error rates during a narrative are a viable behavioral marker of the kinds of central nervous system abnormality associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, having significant potential to contribute to the FASD diagnostic process.
A survey for low-mass stellar and substellar members of the Hyades open cluster
Authors: Melnikov Stanislav , Eislöffel Jochen 
Published: December 2017

Context. Unlike young open clusters (with ages < 250 Myr), the Hyades cluster (age ~ 600 Myr) has a clear deficit of very low-mass stars (VLM) and brown dwarfs (BD). Since this open cluster has a low stellar density and covers several tens of square degrees on the sky, extended surveys are required to improve the statistics of the VLM/BD objects in the cluster.
Aim. We search for new VLM stars and BD candidates in the Hyades cluster to improve the present-day cluster mass function down to substellar masses.
Methods. An imaging survey of the Hyades with a completeness limit of 21.m5 in the R band and 20.m5 in the I band was carried out with the 2k × 2k CCD Schmidt camera at the 2 m Alfred Jensch Telescope in Tautenburg. We performed a photometric selection of the cluster member candidates by combining results of our survey with 2MASS JHKs photometry
Results. We present a photometric and proper motion survey covering 23.4 deg2 in the Hyades cluster core region. Using optical/IR colour-magnitude diagrams, we identify 66 photometric cluster member candidates in the magnitude range 14.m7 < I < 20.m5. The proper motion measurements are based on several all-sky surveys with an epoch difference of 60–70 yr for the bright objects. The proper motions allowed us to discriminate the cluster members from field objects and resulted in 14 proper motion members of the Hyades. We rediscover Hy 6 as a proper motion member and classify it as a substellar object candidate (BD) based on the comparison of the observed colour-magnitude diagram with theoretical model isochrones.
Conclusions. With our results, the mass function of the Hyades continues to be shallow below ~0.15 M⊙ indicating that the Hyades have probably lost their lowest mass members by means of dynamical evolution. We conclude that the Hyades core represents the “VLM/BD desert” and that most of the substeller objects may have already left the volume of the cluster.
Gravity darkening in late-type stars
Authors: Raynaud R. , Rieutord M. , Petitdemange L. , Gastine T. , Putigny B. 
Published: December 2017

Context.Recent interferometric data have been used to constrain the brightness distribution at the surface of nearby stars, in particular the so-called gravity darkening that makes fast rotating stars brighter at their poles than at their equator. However, good models of gravity darkening are missing for stars that posses a convective envelope.Aim.In order to better understand how rotation affects the heat transfer in stellar convective envelopes, we focus on the heat flux distribution in latitude at the outer surface of numerical models.Methods.We carry out a systematic parameter study of three-dimensional, direct numerical simulations of anelastic convection in rotating spherical shells. As a first step, we neglect the centrifugal acceleration and retain only the Coriolis force. The fluid instability is driven by a fixed entropy drop between the inner and outer boundaries where stress-free boundary conditions are applied for the velocity field. Restricting our investigations to hydrodynamical models with a thermal Prandtl number fixed to unity, we consider both thick and thin (solar-like) shells, and vary the stratification over three orders of magnitude. We measure the heat transfer efficiency in terms of the Nusselt number, defined as the output luminosity normalised by the conductive state luminosity.Results.We report diverse Nusselt number profiles in latitude, ranging from brighter (usually at the onset of convection) to darker equator and uniform profiles. We find that the variations of the surface brightness are mainly controlled by the surface value of the local Rossby number: when the Coriolis force dominates the dynamics, the heat flux is weakened in the equatorial region by the zonal wind and enhanced at the poles by convective motions inside the tangent cylinder. In the presence of a strong background density stratification however, as expected in real stars, the increase of the local Rossby number in the outer layers leads to uniformisation of the surface heat flux distribution.
Pulgarización del índice en el tratamiento de la hipoplasia de pulgar - técnica quirúrgica
Authors: Mendez Manuel , Concha Elias , Parot Catalina , Carrasco Marcia 
Published: December 2017

ResumenLa pulgarización del dedo índice permite reconstruir la pinza de la mano. Fue ampliamente realizada para una reconstrucción de una pérdida de pulgar en condiciones de trauma. Sin embargo, hoy por hoy, es la técnica de elección para las hipoplasias congénitas de pulgar. En los niños permite crear una pinza, especialmente para objetos grandes y entrega una apariencia más normal de la mano. Es una técnica demandante, pero con pasos que están bien definidos y perfeccionados, que al ser realizados de forma cuidadosa, reducen al mínimo sus complicaciones.
Use of a Multivector Mandibular Distractor for Treatment of Pediatric Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Pilon Fractures: A Case-Based Review
Authors: Pedreira Rachel , Cho Brian , Geer Angela , DeJesus Ramon 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Background The difficulties in surgical treatment of pilon fractures of the finger include fragment reconstitution and posthealing stiffness. In adults, external fixation with traction and early active range of motion (AROM)/passive range of motion (PROM) during healing is considered necessary for avoiding joint stiffness and attaining realignment. The authors present a unique approach to pediatric pilon fractures that uses open reduction and multivector external fixation with delayed AROM/PROM. Initial immobilization and significant traction allowed for joint realignment and prevented noncompliance with staged distraction. The authors believe this immobilization leads to a superior outcome because, unlike adults, children tend to avoid stiffness and a larger distraction force allowed for sufficient joint realignment to regain range of motion (ROM).
Methods A right-handed 13-year-old boy sustained a right ring finger fracture and presented 12 days later. Radiographs revealed a comminuted Salter-Harris 4 fracture of the middle phalanx. The patient underwent open reduction and placement of multivector external fixation using a pediatric mandibular distractor/fixator. Significant traction was applied to distract the finger to length.
Results Hardware was removed 6 weeks postoperatively and AROM was initiated after splinting. The patient started PROM 8 weeks postoperatively. Strengthening was initiated 2 weeks later. ROM improved and rehabilitation was continued. The patient exhibited nearly equal grip strength 12 weeks postoperatively. At 14 months follow-up, radiographs showed complete healing and joint realignment. There was no deformity or pain and finger length was restored.
Conclusion Management of pediatric pilon fractures is rarely described and presents unique considerations. Early-stage traction and immobilization using a multivector mandibular fixator/distractor is suitable in a child because noncompliance is avoided and there is a decreased risk for stiffness. Combining early immobilization with subsequent-staged AROM, PROM, and strengthening resulted in no loss of ROM and maintained articular symmetry.
1.2 Cation–π Cyclizations of Epoxides and Polyepoxides
Authors: Armbrust K. W. , Halkina T. , Kelley E. H. , Sittihan S. , Jamison T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes the formation of complex polycyclic fragments from linear epoxide and polyepoxide precursors via domino reactions. Depending on the reaction conditions employed, either exo or endo epoxide opening can be selectively achieved. Applications of these domino reactions toward the synthesis of complex natural products are discussed.
1.6.2 Dirhodium-Catalyzed Domino Reactions
Authors: Xu X. , Truong P. , Doyle M. P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWith dirhodium carbenes generated from diazocarbonyl compounds, 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles, or cyclopropenes, a subsequent intramolecular cyclization forms a reactive intermediate that undergoes a further transformation that usually terminates the reaction process. Commonly, the electrophilic dirhodium carbene adds intramolecularly to a C≡C bond to provide a second rhodium carbene. Catalytically generated dirhodium-bound nitrenes initiate domino reactions analogously, and recent examples (nitrene to carbene to product) have also been documented.
Default neglect in attempts at social influence
Authors: Zlatev Julian J. , Daniels David P. , Kim Hajin , Neale Margaret A. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
While a great deal is known about how people respond to influence tactics that are used on them, almost nothing is known about whether people understand these tactics and strategically use them to influence others. We examine whether people are successful at using the default effect, a widely studied bias with special policy relevance, to influence others’ choices. Overall, we find that managers, law/business/medical students, and US adults often fail to understand and/or use defaults, with some interesting exceptions. These findings suggest that the scope for improving social welfare via behavioral policy interventions is vast.