bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of CD44 in Regulating TLR2 Activation of Human Macrophages and Downstream Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines
Authors: Qadri Marwa , Almadani Sara , Jay Gregory D. , Elsaid Khaled A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a low-grade chronic inflammatory joint disease. Innate immunity contributes to OA progression, mediated by TLR2 and TLR4. We evaluated the role of cluster determinant 44 (CD44), a transmembrane glycoprotein, in regulating TLR2-linked macrophage activation and resultant proinflammatory responses. TLR2 stimulation was performed on differentiated THP-1 macrophages in the presence or absence of a CD44-specific Ab or hyaluronan (HA). NF-κB nuclear translocation, IL-1 β and TNF-α gene expression, and protein concentrations were determined. Anti-CD44 Ab and HA treatments reduced NF-κB translocation, IL-1β and TNF-α expression, and production (p &lt; 0.001). Inhibition of proinflammatory response in macrophages by HA was mediated by CD44. Protein phosphatase 2A mediated the reduction in NF-κB translocation by HA. CD44 knockdown reduced NF-κB nuclear translocation and downstream IL-1β and TNF-α protein production following TLR2 receptor stimulation (p &lt; 0.001). CD44+/+ murine bone marrow–derived macrophages produced higher TNF-α compared with CD44−/− macrophages following TLR2 stimulation (p &lt; 0.01). HA dose-dependently inhibited TLR2-induced TNF-α production by murine bone marrow–derived macrophages (p &lt; 0.001). OA synovial fluids (SF) stimulated TLR2 and TLR4 receptors and induced NF-κB translocation in THP-1 macrophages. Anti-CD44 Ab treatment significantly reduced macrophage activation by OA SF (p &lt; 0.01). CD44 regulated TLR2 responses in human macrophages, whereby a reduction in CD44 levels or engagement of CD44 by its ligand (HA) or a CD44-specific Ab reduced NF-κB translocation and downstream proinflammatory cytokine production. A CD44-specific Ab reduced macrophage activation by OA SF, and CD44 is a potentially novel target in OA treatment.
How to understand, evaluate and influence efficient progress in South Africa’s land reform process: A typology from historical lessons from selected sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Mbatha Nhlanhla C. 
Published: December 2017

Background: With reports of widespread failures in South Africa’s land reform programmes, the levels of policy uncertainty in the political rhetoric that influences land reform have been increasing. Since 1994 policy targets to transfer land to black farmers have not been met. Of the 2005 target to transfer about 25 million ha of commercial farmland to black farmers by 2014, less than 5 million ha. have been transferred for commercial use. Some studies report failure rates in resettlement projects of up to 90%. To account for the failures, revisions of policies and amendments to legislations have been proposed within a political environment that is becoming increasingly intolerant to slow progress in land transfers and to resettlement failures.Aim: Against this environment, this paper presents a typology for understanding and evaluating important elements of the land reform project in order to influence progress in the process.Setting: The study adopts a historical review of land reform processes in post-colonial Kenya and Zimbabwe in order to identify potential challenges and key lessons for South Africa.Methods: Hence, using institutional and historical analytical lenses in exploring different narratives, the paper reviews reported failures and successes in land reform policy cases from the selected countries. From an institutional framework, prevalent social institutions and key lessons from Kenya, Zimbabwe and South Africa, a typology for evaluating important elements of the land reform process in South Africa is developed and discussed. Additionally, a review of global data collected on average sizes of farms in different regions of the world is provided as evidence to support propositions of what would constitute efficient farmland size ranges for small to medium commercial farms in South Africa.Results and conclusion: A proposition is made on how to use the typology to guide policy and research interventions to reduce failures and promote successful cases in different areas of the land reform process in South Africa, and possibly other similar contexts.
Relative Translucency of a Multilayered Ultratranslucent Zirconia Material
Authors: Shamseddine Loubna , Majzoub Zeina 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study was to compare the translucency parameter (TP) of ultratranslucent multilayered (UTML) zirconia according to thickness and layer level.

Materials and methods
Rectangles of UTML zirconia with four layers [dentin layer (DEL), first transitional layer (FTL), second transitional layer (STL), and enamel layer (ENL)] and four different thicknesses (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 mm) were milled from blanks. Digital images were taken in a dark studio against white and black backgrounds under simulated daylight illumination and international commission on illumination (CIE) Lab* color values recorded using Photoshop Creative Cloud software. The TP was computed and compared according to thickness and layer level using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis for multiple comparisons. Significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results
In each thickness, TP values were similar between any two layers. The significant effect of thickness on the TP was observed only in the first two layers. In the DEL, translucency was significantly greater at 0.4 mm than all other thicknesses. In the FTL, differences were significant between 0.4 and 0.8 mm and between 0.4 and 1 mm.

Conclusion
The investigated zirconia does not seem to show gradational changes in relative translucency from dentin to enamel levels regardless of the thickness used. Thickness affected the TP only in the first two layers with better translucency at 0.4 mm.

Clinical significance
Since relative translucency does not seem to be significantly different between layers, clinicians can modify the apicocoronal positioning of the UTML layers within the restoration according to the desired Chroma without any implications on the clinically perceived translucency. While the thickness of 0.4 mm may be suggested for anterior esthetic veneers because of its higher translucency, the other thicknesses of 0.6 to 1 mm can be used to mask colored abutments in full contour restorations.

How to cite this article
Shamseddine L, Majzoub Z. Relative Translucency of a Multilayered Ultratranslucent Zirconia Material. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1099-1106.
Impact of Mouthwashes on Antibacterial Activity of Subjects with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Nishad A , Sreesan NS , Joy Joseph , Lakshmanan Lakshmi , Thomas Joyce , Anjali VA 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The study aimed to assess the impact of mouthwashes on antibacterial activity of individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Materials and methods
A total of 60 individuals were considered in the study. Sixty (20 each group) nonextraction class I individuals were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Group I: Experimental group [chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash], group II: Experimental group (neem mouthwash), group III: Control group (distilled water). All the clinical examinations were done at baseline and 30th day respectively, after the start of orthodontic treatment. The mean differences between the different experimental groups were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.

Results
There was no statistical significance at baseline mean plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) scores, and Streptococcus mutans (SM) colony count between groups. The PI and GI scores among CHX and neem mouthwash groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.032 respectively) were significantly reduced after intervention and also the SM colonies count was reduced in CHX and neem mouthwash groups and there was significant difference between the groups.

Conclusion
As both mouthwashes showed significant effectiveness on antibacterial activity in individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances, neem mouthwash can be used as an alternative to CHX.

Clinical significance
It is better to have a sound knowledge regarding the use of mouthwash in long term as fixed orthodontics are associated with accumulation of SM, enamel demineralization, and an increased number of carious lesions, predominantly in sites adjacent to bracket.

How to cite this article
Nishad A, Sreesan NS, Joy J, Lakshmanan L, Thomas J, Anjali VA. Impact of Mouthwashes on Antibacterial Activity of Subjects with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1112-1116.
Assessment of Marginal Adaptation and Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealers: An in vitro Study
Authors: Remy Vimal , Krishnan Vineesh , Job Tisson V , Ravisankar Madhavankutty S , Raj CV Renjith , John Seena 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study aims to compare the marginal adaptation and sealing ability [mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fillapex, AH Plus, Endofill sealers] of root canal sealers.

Materials and methods
In the present study, the inclusion criteria include 45 single-rooted extracted mandibular premolar teeth, with single canal and complete root formation. The sectioning of the samples was done at the cementoenamel junction using a low-speed diamond disc. Step-back technique was used to prepare root canals manually. The MTA-Fillapex, AH Plus, and Endofill sealers were the three experimental sealer groups to which 45 teeth were distributed. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM), marginal gap at sealer and root dentin interface were examined at coronal and apical halves of root canal.

Results
Among the three maximum marginal adaptations were seen with AH Plus sealer (4.10 ± 0.10) which is followed by Endofill sealer (1.44 ± 0.18) and MTA-Fillapex sealer (0.80 ± 0.22). Between the coronal and apical marginal adaptation, significant statistical difference (p = 0.001) was seen in AH Plus sealer. When a Mann–Whitney U-test was done on MTA-Fillapex sealer vs AH Plus sealer and AH Plus sealer vs Endofill sealer, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) found between the above two groups at coronal and apical third.

Conclusion
The present study proves that AH Plus sealer has a better marginal adaptation when compared with other sealers used.

Clinical significance
For sealing space of crown wall and main cone in root canal treatment, sealers play an important role. The other advantages of sealers are that they are used to fill voids and irregularities in root channel, secondary, lateral channels, and space between applied gutta-percha cones and also act as tripper during filling.

How to cite this article
Remy V, Krishnan V, Job TV, Ravisankar MS, Raj CVR, John S. Assessment of Marginal Adaptation and Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealers: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1130-1134.
General Dental Practitioners as Potential Responders to Disaster Scenario in a Highly Disaster-prone Area: An Explorative Study
Authors: Rajesh Gururaghavendran , Binnal Almas , Pai Mithun BH , Nayak Vijayendranath , Rao Ashwini 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study is to obtain insights pertaining to disaster management among Indian general dental practitioners (GDPs).

Materials and methods
All GDPs in Mangaluru city, Karnataka, India, were included in the present study. Their willingness to participate in disaster management and their objective knowledge, attitude, behavior, and perceived effectiveness related to disaster management were assessed by a structured, pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Demographic information was also collected.

Results
Overall, 101 GDPs volunteered for the study, and 96.04% of respondents were willing to participate in disaster management. Mean knowledge, attitude, behavior, and perceived effectiveness scores were 52.65, 79.60, 41.55, and 64.20% respectively. Religion (odds ratio [OR] = –0.194, p = 0.022), marital status (OR = –0.222, p = 0.040), attachment to college (OR = –0.256, p = 0.037), familiarity with standard operating procedures (SOP; OR = –0.502, p = 0.000), and knowledge (OR = 0.265, p = 0.003) were significant predictors of behavior.

Conclusion
The GDPs reported knowledge and behavior scores which were low, while their attitude and willingness to participate were high. Demographic determinants might be critical indicators in disaster management scenario among GDPs.

Clinical significance
The present study has crucial implications for policymakers and curriculum changes to integrate dentists effectively into disaster response teams. As responsible members of the society, the dental fraternity has critical contributions to make toward disaster mitigation. Integration of GDPs in a multidisciplinary team managing disasters might be crucial, especially in highly disaster-prone areas, such as India, with a definite paucity of resources.

How to cite this article
Rajesh G, Binnal A, Pai MBH, Nayak V, Shenoy R, Rao A. General Dental Practitioners as Potential Responders to Disaster Scenario in a Highly Disasterprone Area: An Explorative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1144-1152.
Impact of Educational Intervention for Hand Hygiene on Dental Students’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Bacterial Contamination Level on Hands
Authors: Lingawi Hanadi , Maher Yahia , Afifi Ibtesam 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the educational intervention for hand hygiene (HH) on knowledge, attitude, and mean colony-forming bacterial counts and type of bacteria on hands of undergraduate dental students.

Materials and methods
A total of 86 dental students from different clinical grades were included in the study. They were divided into two groups, group I (55 students) received onetime educational session for HH at the start of the academic year and group II (31 students) received an extra reenforcement session 6 months later. After 2 weeks of reenforcement session, a self-administrated questionnaire was directed to all participants assessing their knowledge and attitude about HH. Fingertip prints of the five fingers of the dominant hand from every participant were pressed onto blood agar plates in triplets at the same clinical session, before and after HH. Bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) on each plate were recorded and identified microbiologically.

Results
The overall scores of knowledge and attitude showed higher levels in group II than in group I with nonsignificant differences between both groups as regards knowledge and significant differences (p < 0.05) as regards attitude. Mean CFUs showed extremely significant differences (p ≤ 0.000) between 2nd and 3rd counts and between 1st and 2nd counts except for students of group I where the difference was only significant (p ≤ 0.05). Normal bacterial flora was identified in 94.9% of the plates (92.2% coagulase-negative Staphylococci and 2.7% Micrococcus). Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from the other plates were Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas spp., and spore-forming aerobic nonhemolytic Bacilli.

Conclusion
Reenforcement session had a positive impact on HH knowledge, attitude, and reduction of bacterial CFUs.

Clinical significance
Continuous education with frequent training sessions is recommended to reinforce HH compliance and reduce cross-contamination.

How to cite this article
Lingawi H, Maher Y, Afifi I. Impact of Educational Intervention for Hand Hygiene on Dental Students’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Bacterial Contamination Level on Hands. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1164-1172.
Estado Funcional De Los Pacientes Con Trauma Craneo Encefalico Criticamente Enfermos
Authors: Botache Wilmer F , Sanjuan Juan , Rubio Maria Alejandra , Lozano Abner , Ruiz Jaime , Rubio Juan J 
Published: December 2017

RESUMEN
Antecedentes
El trauma craneoencefálico (TCE) continúa siendo la principal causa de morbimortalidad entre pacientes con trauma, la discapacidad y el compromiso cognitivo corresponde a la principal afectación configurando pronóstico a largo plazo.

Materiales y Métodos
Se realizó un estudio prospectivo tipo cohortes/casos y controles donde se incluyeron los pacientes con TCE severo (Escala Coma de Glasgow <8 y/o TAC anormal) que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos Adultos durante 6 meses; se buscó determinar los desenlaces relacionados con el TCE en términos de mortalidad y discapacidad.

Resultados
Se encontraron 32 pacientes, más del 90% hombres, la mayoría con estabilidad hemodinámica al ingreso, se practicó neurocirugía en el 40% de los pacientes, aunque todos tenían indicación de monitoria de presión intracraneana solo se realizó en el 6% de los pacientes. El puntaje en la escala de desenlaces de Glasgow presento una mediana de 3 (RIC = 225 puntos). Se clasifico la severidad de la discapacidad en buena recuperacion 9,3%, discapacidad moderada 31,25%, discapacidad severa-muerte hasta en un 25%. Se determino que que un puntaje en la ECG se relacionaba con un GOS mas bajo; la neumonía aspirativa fue la principal complicación extracraneal, la mortalidad global correspondió a un 34.4%.

Conclusión
El TCE continua afectando de manera especial a las poblaciones jóvenes, con una alta incidencia de consecuencias discapacitantes y alta mortalidad, los centros de trauma deben implementar protocolos mas estrictos para promover la prevención y reforzar la aplicación de recomendaciones mundiales para mejores resultados en términos supervivencia y calidad de vida.
Significancia clinica
El trauma craneoencefálico, continua configurándose como la principal causa de morbimortalidad y discapacidad en adultos jovenes, con esta investigación se busca conocer y describir los datos epidemiológicos relevantes con respecto al desenlace de dicho trauma, conocimiento que es clave en el proceso de enseñanza buscando ofrecer mejores y mas efectivos abordajes en el momento de verse enfrentado a un trauma craneoencefálico.
Evaluación de la Nueva Definición de Politrauma en una Cohorte de Pacientes de 10 Hospitales Argentinos
Authors: Ginzburg Enrique , Maciá Emilio , Barbaro Cristian , Ortiz Claudio , Monteverde Ezequiel 
Published: December 2017

RESUMEN
Introducción
La definición de Berlin de politrauma (2014) combina la severidad lesional con al menos uno de cinco complementos (edad, TAS, GCS, KPTT o EB).
Hasta ahora hay insuficiente información sobre cómo afecta esta nueva definición la identificación de los grupos con mayor mortalidad.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la performance de esta definición comparándola con otras mediciones.

Materiales y Métodos
Análisis retrospectivo observacional de ingresos prospectivos al Registro de Trauma de Fundación Trauma en 10 hospitales entre 2010-2016. Los criterios de inclusión fueron edad > 15 años y tener información completa para el cálculo de los índices. Los pacientes se compararon según las definiciones de politrauma (PT), trauma múltiple (Tmult), trauma mayor por ISS (TM_ISS) y trauma mayor por NISS (TM_NISS). Se analizaron medidas de performance.

Resultados
Se analizaron 259 hechos con PT, 802 con Tmult, 1349 con TM_ISS y 2143 con TM_NISS. El grupo PT resultó heterogéneo, con una mortalidad entre 44% y 71% según diferentes combinaciones de complementos. El 75% tuvo lesiones por transporte y el 76% tuvo al menos una lesión encefálica AIS > 2. El desenlace estuvo relacionado con el estado al ingreso, por impacto fisiológico (RTS) y por severidad lesional (ISS-NISS). La relación O/E para sobrevida por TRISS fue 0.73.
La comparación con las otras definiciones mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en mortalidad pero no en ISS, NISS ni RTS. La evaluación de performance mostró que TM_NISS tuvo la mayor sensibilidad y el mayor VPN, mientras que PT tuvo el mayor VPP. Como medida global, TM_ISS tuvo una precisión superior al resto (89%) y una especificidad de 97%.

Conclusiones
La definición de PT para identificación de pacientes con mayor riesgo de muerte no mostró ser superior a otras definiciones de uso corriente. Consideramos que la definición de PT necesita ser validada en estudios multicéntricos antes de recomendarse como un nuevo standard.

How to cite this article
Monteverde E, Bosque L, Lartigue B, Maciá E, Barbaro C, Ortiz C, Ginzburg E, Neira J. Evaluación de la Nueva Definición de Politrauma en una Cohorte de Pacientes de 10 Hospitales Argentinos. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2017;6(3):182-189.
Lesión Vascular de Cuello en Paciente Pediátrico Secundario a Mordedura de Perro. Reporte de Caso
Authors: Soto Araceli P , Huizar Jose AR , Rosas Allan IH , Vazquez Arturo H , Leon Oscar HG de 
Published: December 2017

RESÚMEN
Uno de los primeros casos reportados de traumatismo cervical fue en La Ilíada, de Homero, cuando Aquiles dio un golpe mortal con una lanza al cuello de Héctor, donde, la clavícula se marca como el límite entre el cuello y el tórax.
Los traumatismos en general constituyen la causa principal de muerte en los primeros cuatro decenios de la vida en la ciudad de México; el trauma de cuello representa del 5—10% de todos los traumatismos y de éstos 20% asociado a mortalidad cuando se trata de lesiones penetrantes.
Desde tiempo inmemorial el hombre se ha relacionado con los animales y en esta convivencia se podrían distinguir diferentes motivaciones, desde afectivas y de diversión, hasta de seguridad. En cualquiera de ellas pueden surgir alteraciones en la convivencia constituyendo accidentes específicos, como son las mordeduras.
La edad del agredido se estima en una mayor proporción entre niños de los que el 50% de los afectados son menores de 14 años (1—4 y 5—9 años). Parece claro que cuanto menor es la talla de la víctima, la localización es más frecuente en el cuello, cabeza y cara en cuyo caso debe investigarse la posible asociación de fracturas craneofaciales (aparecen en el 25% de los casos) y hemorragias intracraneales (12%).
Las indicaciones para intervención quirúrgica inmediata por lesión cervical penetrante incluyen inestabilidad hemodinámica o hemorragia externa significativa.
Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 6 años de edad, la cual fue atacada por perro de familiar, causando lesiones múltiples, en cuello, cara, extremidades y tórax, siendo las primeras las que condicionaron un choque hipovolémico secundario a lesiones de las venas yugulares externa e interna, que se repararon mediante exploración vascular.
Las comunidades, y especialmente los niños, por medio de una cultura de educación para la convivencia con animales, deben conocer los riesgos de las mordeduras de perro y la forma de prevenirlas: por ejemplo, no acercarse a los perros callejeros y nunca dejar a un niño sin supervisión cerca de un perro.
La convivencia con nuestros compañeros de vida, los perros, se debe habituar a una forma en que ambos seres vivan y convivan en un ambiente sano, y siempre tomando con prudencia e inteligencia las palabras dichas por José Saramago: un perro es un seguro de vida, un rastreador de rumbos, una brújula con cuatro patas.
How to cite this article
Soto AP, Huizar JAR, Rosas AIH, Vazquez AH, de Leon OHG. Lesión Vascular de Cuello en Paciente Pediátrico Secundario a Mordedura de Perro. Reporte de Caso. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2017;6(3):214-218.