bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planos diretores municipais: aspectos legais e conceituais
Authors: Lacerda Norma , Marinho Geraldo , Bahia Clara , Queiroz Paulo , Pecchio Rubén 
Published: January 2017

Com a Constituição de 1988, obrigando as cidades com mais de vinte mil habitantes a elaborarem ou revisarem os seus planos diretores, e com a promulgação do Estatuto da Cidade (2001), regulamentando os instrumentos previstos constitucionalmente, vários trabalhos foram publicados em um contexto estimulante e polêmico que, sem dúvida, deverá continuar a alimentar o diálogo entre planejadores urbanos e especialistas em direito urbanístico: estimulante, por significar a retomada do planejamento municipal, e polêmico, porque os textos legais estão sujeitos a diferentes interpretações. É exatamente nesse ambiente que se insere a presente reflexão, trazendo à tona a importância do Plano Diretor como instrumento de planejamento municipal, discutindo se ele deve se conformar como um plano geral de desenvolvimento ou privilegiar o ordenamento territorial, propondo uma base conceitual para a sua elaboração e, finalmente, indicando os desafios da gestão do seu processo de elaboração e implementação.Palavras-chave: Estatuto da Cidade; planos diretores; planejamento urbano. Abstract: Along with Brazil’s 1988 Constitution came the obligation for cities with a population larger than 20.000 to elaborate or review their Master Urban Plans. Later the Estatuto da Cidade (2001), regulated a series of instruments that the constitution anticipated. Since then many papers have been published in this stimulating context. This new predicament will, undoubtedly, enrich the rapport between urban planners and specialists in urban law. This paper fits exactly in this new milieu, emphasizing the significance of Master Urban Plans as an instrument of local planning, and the discussion whether these plans should be general development instruments or should privilege territorial aspects. The paper also proposes a conceptual base for the elaboration of plans and points to the challenges facing the management of its elaboration and implementation.Keywords: Estatuto da Cidade; master urban plans; urban planning.
A cidade dos catadores: os papéis e o espaço dos catadores de papel na cidade de Belo Horizonte
Authors: Fonseca Rodolfo Nazareth Junqueira 
Published: January 2017

Puxado à tração humana, o carrinho do catador de papel oscila deslocado entre o espaço do pedestre na calçada, onde é incompatível pelo seu porte, e as ruas da cidade, onde são incapazes de desempenhar a velocidade dos automóveis. A partir disso, desenvolve-se uma análise que articula tanto uma leitura da relação dos catadores de papel com a cidade quanto do espaço da cidade por intermédio dos catadores, demonstrando uma forma de vivência e apropriação do espaço urbano. Palavras-chave: catadores; espaço urbano; trabalho de rua. Abstract: Pulled by human traction, the stand of the paper pickers oscillates, dislocated between the space of the pedestrian in the sidewalk, where it is incompatible for its transport, and the streets of the city, where they are incapable to play the speed of the automobiles. Due to these facts, an analysis is developed in such a way to articulate not only a reading of the relation of the paper pickers with the city, but also of how this space of the city appears through the eyes of these pickers, demonstrating its proper form of appropriation of the urban space. Keywords: paper pickers; urban space; street workers.
Desigualdades socioespaciais nas cidades do agronegócio
Authors: Elias Denise , Pequeno Renato 
Published: January 2017

No Brasil, a territorialização do capital e a oligopolização do espaço agrário têm promovido profundos impactos socioespaciais, tanto no campo como nas cidades. Isto explica em parte a reestruturação do território e a organização de um novo sistema urbano, muito mais complexo – resultado da difusão da agricultura científica e do agronegócio globalizados – e que têm poder de impor especializações produtivas ao território. Neste artigo, defende-se a tese de que é possível identificar no Brasil agrícola moderno vários municípios cuja urbanização se deve diretamente à consecução e expansão do agronegócio, formando-se cidades cuja função principal claramente se associa às demandas produtivas dos setores associados à modernização da agricultura – sendo que nestas cidades se realiza a materialização das condições gerais de reprodução do capital do agronegócio. Para tanto, são apresentados alguns pressupostos que explicariam este tipo de cidade, que denominamos de cidade do agronegócio. Da mesma forma, considerando que a difusão do agronegócio se dá de forma social e espacialmente excludentes, promovendo o acirramento das desigualdades, buscamos mostrar algumas das formas como elas se reproduzem nas cidades do agronegócio. A moradia é a principal variável de análise destas desigualdades. Palavras-chave: agricultura científica; agronegócio; reestruturação urbana; cidades do agronegócio; desigualdades socioespaciais. Abstract: In Brazil, deep socio-spatial impacts have been promoted by the territorialization of capital and the oligopolies at the agrarian space, in the countryside and in the cities. This explains partially the process of re-structuring of the territory as well as the organization of a new urban system, which is much more complex, being the result of the spreading of the scientific agriculture and the global agribusiness, which are empowered to impose productive specialization to the territory. In this article, it is defended the thesis of the possibility of identifying in the modern agrarian Brazil, some municipalities which urbanization is directly related to the attainment and the spread of the agribusiness, generating cities, which main function is clearly associated to the productive demands of the sectors partners of the modernization of agriculture, being also important to mention that at these cities the materialization of the general conditions of reproducing the capital of the agribusiness has been realized. Therefore, some presuppositions are presented in order to explain this kind of city, which we denominate by city of the agribusiness. Considering that the spreading of the agribusiness promotes social and spatial exclusion, as well as the incitement of the disparities, we intend to show some aspects of how the cities of agribusiness have been reproduced mainly using the housing as the main variable for this analysis. Keywords: scientific agriculture; agribusiness; urban restructuring; city of agribusiness; social and spatial disparities.
Desigualdade e associativismo: proximidade espacial e distância social na conformação da sociedade civil
Authors: Silva Marcelo Kunrath , Zanata Jr. Rui 
Published: January 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos das profundas desigualdades que marcam a sociedade brasileira sobre a conformação da vida associativa nas grandes cidades, tendo por referência uma pesquisa empírica realizada com uma Associação de Moradores de um tradicional bairro de classe média de Porto Alegre. A partir do estudo das relações e da atuação desta entidade, percebe-se um alto grau de segmentação do tecido associativo da cidade em decorrência das marcantes distâncias estruturais e relacionais entre seus moradores. Devido a esta segmentação, as entidades de classe média e alta tendem a estabelecer vínculos e desenvolver ações com atores que compartilham posições similares no espaço social. Ao mesmo tempo, tendem a não se relacionar com entidades populares, mesmo que espacialmente próximas. Este resultado indica que as desigualdades costumam se reproduzir nos processos associativos que conformam a sociedade civil brasileira, tema pouco abordado pela literatura dedicada ao tema.Palavras-chave: associativismo; sociedade civil; desigualdade; distância social; Porto Alegre. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze how the great inequalities of Brazilian society affects on the conformation of associational life in the big cities, based on a empirical research with an Neighborhood Association of a traditional middle-class neighborhood of Porto Alegre. From the study of relations and the action of this entity, we can see a high degree of segmentation of the social fabric of the city as a result of the marked structural and relational distances between its residents. Because of this segmentation, the associations of middle and upper classes tend to establish links and develop actions with actors who share similar positions in social space. At the same time, they do not tend to relate to popular organizations, even though spatially close. These results indicate that inequalities tend to reproduce in the associative processes that make up the Brazilian civil society, a subject rarely discussed in the literature on the topic.Keywords: association; civil society; inequality; social distance; Porto Alegre.
Arranjos urbano-regionais: uma categoria complexa na metropolização brasileira
Authors: Moura Rosa 
Published: January 2017

O objeto de discussão deste texto é uma categoria espacial que transcende as aglomerações urbanas em seu aspecto morfológico; caracteriza-se pela concentração extremada da riqueza, do conhecimento e do poder; enreda-se em um feixe de fluxos de variadas ordens; e se compõe de uma multiescalaridade diversa e conflituosa. Refere-se aos arranjos urbano-regionais, uma configuração fisicamente expandida, de natureza híbrida, sem definir limites precisos, e que revela os principais elos da rede urbana e da inserção regional na divisão social do trabalho. Esses arranjos distribuem-se pelo território nacional, sendo o de maior proeminência o do entorno da metrópole de São Paulo. Posto que é um conceito em construção, está aberto ao debate.Palavras-chave: urbano-regional; arranjos espaciais; metropolização; aglomeração urbana; região urbana. Abstract: A spatial category that transcends the urban agglomerations, in this morphological aspect, which is characterized by wealth concentration, knowledge and power, which inserts numerous flows from varied orders, and that is composed by a diverse and confrontational multiple scalar net is the object of discussion in this text. It refers to the urban-regional arrangements, a configuration physically expanded, with hybrid dimension, without defining precise limits, and that leads the urban network organization and regional integration in the social division of labor. These arrangements appear in the national territory, and the most representative, due his greater prominence, is the one surroundings São Paulo metropolis. As it is a concept in construction, it is important to be placed in the debate.Keywords: urban-regional; spatial arrangements; metropolization; urban agglomeration; urban region.
Anti-hepatitis C virus seroprevalence in the working age population in Poland, 2004 to 2014
Authors: Walewska-Zielecka Bożena , Religioni Urszula , Juszczyk Grzegorz , Wawrzyniak Zbigniew M , Czerw Aleksandra , Soszyński Piotr , Fronczak Adam 
Published: January 2017

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a serious public health concern and one of the major public health priorities. In 2005, it was estimated that there are 185 million anti-HCV positive people in the world, which constitutes 2.8% of the global population. Our study estimates the anti-HCV seroprevalence in the working age population (15–64 years-old), mostly urban and suburban residents, in Poland from 2004 to 2014. The studied group consisted of 61,805 working-age population representatives whose data were obtained from electronic medical records of an outpatient clinic network operating on a countrywide level. Positive anti-HCV test results were obtained in 957 patients, representing 1.5% of the whole population studied throughout the analysed period. The average age of all anti-HCV positive patients was 36.8 years. Analysis of the data suggests that the proportion of anti-HCV positive patients decreased over the study period (mean positive anti-HCV = -0.0017 × year + 3.3715; R2 = 0.7558). In 2004, positive results were noted among 3.2% of patients undergoing HCV antibody tests, but in 2014, the percentage of patients with a positive result stood at 1.1%. The apparent decrease affected men and women similarly. Our study also provides evidence that screening people born before 1965 could be beneficial.
Cortical plasticity of motor-eloquent areas measured by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with glioma
Authors: Conway Neal , Wildschuetz Noémie , Moser Tobias , Bulubas Lucia , Sollmann Nico , Tanigawa Noriko , Meyer Bernhard , Krieg Sandro M. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cerebral plasticity. Coupled with noninvasive detection of its occurrence, such an understanding has huge potential to improve glioma therapy. The authors aimed to demonstrate the frequency of plastic reshaping, find clues to the patterns behind it, and prove that it can be recognized noninvasively using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS).METHODSThe authors used nTMS to map cortical motor representation in 22 patients with gliomas affecting the precentral gyrus, preoperatively and 3–42 months postoperatively. Location changes of the primary motor area, defined as hotspots and map centers of gravity, were measured.RESULTSSpatial normalization and analysis of hotspots showed an average shift of 5.1 ± 0.9 mm (mean ± SEM) on the mediolateral axis, and 10.7 ± 1.6 mm on the anteroposterior axis. Map centers of gravity were found to have shifted by 4.6 ± 0.8 mm on the mediolateral, and 8.7 ± 1.5 mm on the anteroposterior axis. Motor-eloquent points tended to shift toward the tumor by 4.5 ± 3.6 mm if the lesion was anterior to the rolandic region and by 2.6 ± 3.3 mm if it was located posterior to the rolandic region. Overall, 9 of 16 (56%) patients with high-grade glioma and 3 of 6 (50%) patients with low-grade glioma showed a functional shift > 10 mm at the cortical level.CONCLUSIONSDespite the small size of this series, analysis of these data showed that cortical functional reorganization occurs quite frequently. Moreover, nTMS was shown to detect such plastic reorganization noninvasively.
Open and endovascular treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a 10-year experience
Authors: Koch Matthew J. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Agarwalla Pankaj K. , Torok Collin , Shin John H. , Coumans Jean-Valery , Borges Lawrence F. , Ogilvy Christopher S. , Rabinov James D. , Patel Aman B. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE
Vascular malformations of the spine represent rare clinical entities with profound neurological implications. Previously reported studies on management strategies for spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (sDAVFs) appeared before the advent of modern liquid embolic agents. Authors of the present study review their institutional experience with endovascularly and surgically treated sDAVFs.

METHODS
The authors performed a retrospective, observational, single-center case series on sDAVFs treated with endovascular embolization, microsurgical occlusion, or both between 2004 and 2013. The mode, efficacy, and clinical effect of treatment were evaluated.

RESULTS
Forty-seven patients with spinal arteriovenous malformations were evaluated using spinal angiography, which demonstrated 34 Type I sDAVFs (thoracic 20, lumbar 12, and cervical 2). Twenty-nine of the patients (85%) were male, and the median patient age was 63.3 years. Twenty patients underwent primary endovascular embolization (16 Onyx, 4 N-butyl cyanoacrylate [NBCA]), and 14 underwent primary surgical clipping. At a mean follow-up of 36 weeks, according to angiography or MR angiography, 5 patients treated with endovascular embolization demonstrated persistent arteriovenous shunting, whereas none of the surgically treated patients showed lesion persistence (p = 0.0237). Thirty patients (88%) experienced some resolution of their presenting symptoms (embolization 17 [85%], surgery 13 [93%], p = 1.00).

CONCLUSIONS
Microsurgical occlusion remains the most definitive treatment modality for sDAVFs, though modern endovascular techniques remain a viable option for the initial treatment of anatomically amenable lesions. Treatment of these lesions usually results in some clinical improvement.
Influence of postoperative sagittal balance and spinopelvic parameters on the outcome of patients surgically treated for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
Authors: Radovanovic Ingrid , Urquhart Jennifer C. , Ganapathy Venkat , Siddiqi Fawaz , Gurr Kevin R. , Bailey Stewart I. , Bailey Christopher S. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE
The object of this study was to determine the association between postoperative sagittal spinopelvic alignment and patient-rated outcome measures following decompression and fusion for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis.

METHODS
The authors identified a consecutive series of patients who had undergone surgery for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis between 2008 and 2012, with an average follow-up of 3 years (range 1–6 years). Surgery was performed to address the clinical symptoms of spinal stenosis, not global sagittal alignment. Sagittal alignment was only assessed postoperatively. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on a postoperative sagittal vertical axis (SVA) < 50 mm (well aligned) or ≥ 50 mm (poorly aligned). Baseline demographic, procedure, and outcome measures were compared between the groups. Postoperative outcome measures and postoperative spinopelvic parameters were compared between groups using analysis of covariance.

RESULTS
Of the 84 patients included in this study, 46.4% had an SVA < 50 mm. Multiple levels of spondylolisthesis (p = 0.044), spondylolisthesis at the L3–4 level (p = 0.046), and multiple levels treated with fusion (p = 0.028) were more common among patients in the group with an SVA ≥ 50 mm. Patients with an SVA ≥ 50 mm had a worse SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) score (p = 0.018), a worse Oswestry Disability Index (ODI; p = 0.043), and more back pain (p = 0.039) than those with an SVA < 50 mm after controlling for multiple levels of spondylolisthesis and multilevel fusion. The spinopelvic parameters differing between the < 50-mm and ≥ 50-mm groups included lumbar lordosis (LL; 56.4° ± 4.7° vs 49.8° ± 4.3°, respectively, p = 0.040) and LL < pelvic incidence ± 9° (51% vs 23.1%, respectively, p = 0.013) after controlling for type of surgical procedure.

CONCLUSIONS
Data in this study revealed that patient-rated outcome is influenced by the overall postoperative sagittal balance as defined by the SVA.
Effect of South China Sea Water on Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloy and Mild Steel
Authors: Siddiqi Z.M. , Amin M.M. 
Published: January 2017

The oxidation behaviour of copper alloy and mild steel were investigated in South China Seawater at temperatures around 50° C for a period of 10 h. A procedure was applied to measure the pH of the seawater at elevated temperature. The susceptibility to heavy internal oxidation increases with increasing time. A mechanism involving chloride and oxygen dissolution in the alloy matrix as well as internal oxidation, exhibits mass gains throughout the experiment. Immersed in South China Seawater, the alloy of incomplete recrytallisation showed thick, loose and porous films, of which the inner layer was metallic oxides/chlorides and the outer layer contained a great amount of seawater species, and of which the underlying substrate was found with severe inter-granular corrosion. Overall, the South China Seawater species have a deleterious effect on the surface of the alloy and rapid degradation is noted. The scale morphologies were determined by Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopic techniques.
GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN BRIGHTEST CLUSTER GALAXIES. III. BEYOND BIMODALITY
Authors: Harris William E. , Ciccone Stephanie M. , Eadie Gwendolyn M. , Gnedin Oleg Y. , Geisler Douglas , Rothberg Barry , Bailin Jeremy 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
We present new deep photometry of the rich globular cluster (GC) systems around the Brightest Cluster Galaxies UGC 9799 (Abell 2052) and UGC 10143 (Abell 2147), obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ACS and WFC3 cameras. For comparison, we also present new reductions of similar HST/ACS data for the Coma supergiants NGC 4874 and 4889. All four of these galaxies have huge cluster populations (to the radial limits of our data, comprising from 12,000 to 23,000 clusters per galaxy). The metallicity distribution functions (MDFs) of the GCs can still be matched by a bimodal-Gaussian form where the metal-rich and metal-poor modes are separated by

dex, but the internal dispersions of each mode are so large that the total MDF becomes very broad and nearly continuous from [Fe/H] ≃ −2.4 to solar. There are, however, significant differences between galaxies in the relative numbers of metal-rich clusters, suggesting that they underwent significantly different histories of mergers with massive gas-rich halos. Last, the proportion of metal-poor GCs rises especially rapidly outside projected radii

, suggesting the importance of accreted dwarf satellites in the outer halo. Comprehensive models for the formation of GCs as part of the hierarchical formation of their parent galaxies will be needed to trace the systematic change in structure of the MDF with galaxy mass, from the distinctly bimodal form in smaller galaxies up to the broad continuum that we see in the very largest systems.
SCATTERING MATRIX FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SOLAR ACOUSTIC WAVES AND SUNSPOTS. I. MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Yang Ming-Hsu , Chou Dean-Yi , Zhao Hui 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
Assessing the interaction between solar acoustic waves and sunspots is a scattering problem. The scattering matrix elements are the most commonly used measured quantities to describe scattering problems. We use the wavefunctions of scattered waves of NOAAs 11084 and 11092 measured in the previous study to compute the scattering matrix elements, with plane waves as the basis. The measured scattered wavefunction is from the incident wave of radial order n to the wave of another radial order n′, for

. For a time-independent sunspot, there is no mode mixing between different frequencies. An incident mode is scattered into various modes with different wavenumbers but the same frequency. Working in the frequency domain, we have the individual incident plane-wave mode, which is scattered into various plane-wave modes with the same frequency. This allows us to compute the scattering matrix element between two plane-wave modes for each frequency. Each scattering matrix element is a complex number, representing the transition from the incident mode to another mode. The amplitudes of diagonal elements are larger than those of the off-diagonal elements. The amplitude and phase of the off-diagonal elements are detectable only for

and

, where

is the change in the transverse component of the wavenumber and Δk = 0.035 rad Mm−1.