bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lysosomes in programmed cell death pathways: from initiators to amplifiers
Authors: Kavčič Nežka , Pegan Katarina , Turk Boris 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Lysosome is the central organelle for intracellular degradation of biological macromolecules and organelles. The material destined for degradation enters the lysosomes primarily via endocytosis, autophagy and phagocytosis, and is degraded through the concerted action of more than 50 lysosomal hydrolases. However, lysosomes are also linked with numerous other processes, including cell death, inflammasome activation and immune response, as well as with lysosomal secretion and cholesterol recycling. Among them programmed cell death pathways including apoptosis have received major attention. In most of these pathways, cell death was accompanied by lysosomal membrane permeabilization and release of lysosomal constituents with an involvement of lysosomal hydrolases, including the cathepsins. However, it is less clear, whether lysosomal membrane permeabilization is really critical for the initiation of cell death programme(s). Therefore, the role of lysosomal membrane permeabilization in various programmed cell death pathways is reviewed, as well as the mechanisms leading to it.
Interface analysis of small GTP binding protein complexes suggests preferred membrane orientations
Authors: Vetter Ingrid R. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Crystal structures of small GTP binding protein complexes with their effectors and regulators reveal that one particularly flat side of the G domain that contains helix α4 and the C-terminal helix α5 is practically devoid of contacts. Although this observation seems trivial as the main binding targets are the switch I and II regions opposite of this side, the fact that all interacting proteins, even the largest ones, seem to avoid occupying this area (except for Ran, that does not localize to membranes) is very striking. An orientation with this ‘flat’ side parallel to the membrane was proposed before and would allow simultaneous interaction of the lipidated C-terminus and positive charges in the α4 helix with the membrane while being bound to effector or regulator molecules. Furthermore, this ‘flat’ side might be involved in regulatory mechanisms: a Ras dimer that is found in different crystal forms interacts exactly at this side. Additional interface analysis of GTPase complexes nicely confirms the effect of different flexibilities of the GTP and GDP forms. Besides Ran proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) bury the largest surface areas to provide the binding energy to open up the switch regions for nucleotide exchange.
CFD Simulation of Propane Thermal Cracking Furnace and Reactor: A Case Study
Authors: Ghasemi Hossein Mohammad , Gilani Neda , Daryan Jafar Towfighi 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In the present work, a different new arrangement of side-wall burners of an industrial furnace with varying fuel flow rate was studied by three-dimensional CFD simulation. Tube skin temperature and heat flux profiles were obtained by solving mass, momentum and energy equations of the furnace by Ansys Fluent software. A reasonable fuel flow rate ($$\dot m$$=0.0695 kg/s) was assigned and effect of different ratio of this rate (0.25$$\dot m$$, 0.5$$\dot m$$, 2$$\dot m$$, 4$$\dot m$$) was investigated on reactor tube skin temperature profiles. Heat and temperature non-uniform distribution was observed by proposed arrangement. It was found that proper range for fuel rate was 0.5$$\dot m$$ to 2$$\dot m$$. Temperature profiles were used in one dimensional plug flow reactor model equations to consider fuel rate variations on reactor performance. By the proposed burner arrangement, Propane conversion and Ethylene yield obtained 6.25 % and 7.2 % more than the base case. Furthermore coil outlet temperature (COT) decreased about 7 °C. Also, feed flowrate was taken as an effective parameter on reactor process under no coke formation condition. Results showed that by increasing fuel rate, outlet Propylene yield decreased, while, process gas temperature, pressure drop, process severity (propane conversion) and Ethylene yield increased along the reactor tube i. e. for 0.5$$\dot m$$ to 2$$\dot m$$ at 0.8 kg/s reactor flowrate, Propylene yield decreased 15.95 % and reached to zero, whereas Ethylene yield increased 16.5 %. Also, in any fuel rate, by increasing reactor feed flowrate, even though the reactor coil outlet temperature decreased, the desired product yields increased. At 0.95 kg/s reactor flowrate, maximum Ethylene yield was obtained about 45.5 % at 1$$\dot m$$ kg/s; while, Propylene yield production at 0.5$$\dot m$$ kg/s fuel rate was 22.41 %.
Predicting ratings of perceived exertion in Australian football players: methods for live estimation
Authors: Carey D. L. , Ong K. , Morris M. E. , Crow J. , Crossley K. M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The ability of machine learning techniques to predict athlete ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was investigated in professional Australian football players. RPE is commonly used to quantifying internal training loads and manage injury risk in team sports. Data from global positioning systems, heart-rate monitors, accelerometers and wellness questionnaires were recorded for each training session (n=3398) from 45 professional Australian football players across a full season. A variety of modelling approaches were considered to investigate the ability of objective data to predict RPE. Models were compared using nested cross validation and root mean square error (RMSE) on RPE predictions. A random forest model using player normalised running and heart rate variables provided the most accurate predictions (RMSE ± SD = 0.96 ± 0.08 au). A simplification of the model using only total distance, distance covered at speeds between 18-24 km·h−1, and the product of total distance and mean speed provided similarly accurate predictions (RMSE ± SD = 1.09 ± 0.05 au), suggesting that running distances and speeds are the strongest predictors of RPE in Australian football players. The ability of non-linear machine learning models to accurately predict athlete RPE has applications in live player monitoring and training load planning.
Joshua A. Fishman: a scholar of unfathomable influence
Authors: Hornberger Nancy H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn personal tribute to Joshua A. Fishman, I tell a few stories about this remarkable scholar as I got to know him – a glimpse of the person behind the great ideas that have so powerfully shaped our thinking. My many vivid memories of things Fishman said or wrote in my personal encounters with him – often pithy one-liners – are testimony to the power of his mind and voice, his spirit and soul. From my first year of Ph.D. study when I took his course
Translation and language policy in the dynamics of multilingualism
Authors: Grin François 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMany of Fishman’s contributions to understanding language in society stress the importance of dynamics, drawing attention to the complex interplay of micro-, meso- and macro-level factors from which an integrated pattern emerges. Our understanding of language dynamics, therefore, should encompass processes unfolding at various levels and provide accounts that do justice to these interactions, while delivering an analysis broad enough to constitute a sensible basis for successful language policy. Such concerns, illustrated in particular by Fishman’s work on reversing language shift, call for revisiting this issue by focusing on the role of translation. Translation is linked to language dynamics, and it is both a conduit of language policies and a condition for their success, but these interconnections need to be explicitly acknowledged. Whereas translation studies often approach translation itself as a self-contained process, it certainly emerges from multilingual contexts, but is also, at least in part, dependent on language policies. Translation contributes to the maintenance of linguistic diversity and societal multilingualism which are, reciprocally, dependent upon the practice of translation. This examination confirms the ongoing soundness of the fundamentals of Fishman’s approach to “language-in-society” and helps to assess some recent criticism toward core notions of classical sociolinguistics that Fishman helped develop and disseminate, such as multilingualism, which is being called into question by current notions such as “English as a lingua franca” and “languaging”. The very existence of translation as a social, economic and political practice suggests that societal multilingualism cannot satisfactorily be described without resorting to classical sociolinguistic concepts like “named” languages, mother tongue and domain, which are crucial to successful policies and, hence, to the maintenance of the linguistic human rights to which Fishman’s work has made such essential contributions.
A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Techniques Employed for Adaptive Educational Systems within E-Learning Platforms
Authors: Colchester Khalid , Hagras Hani , Alghazzawi Daniyal , Aldabbagh Ghadah 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The adaptive educational systems within e-learning platforms are built in response to the fact that the learning process is different for each and every learner. In order to provide adaptive e-learning services and study materials that are tailor-made for adaptive learning, this type of educational approach seeks to combine the ability to comprehend and detect a person’s specific needs in the context of learning with the expertise required to use appropriate learning pedagogy and enhance the learning process. Thus, it is critical to create accurate student profiles and models based upon analysis of their affective states, knowledge level, and their individual personality traits and skills. The acquired data can then be efficiently used and exploited to develop an adaptive learning environment. Once acquired, these learner models can be used in two ways. The first is to inform the pedagogy proposed by the experts and designers of the adaptive educational system. The second is to give the system dynamic self-learning capabilities from the behaviors exhibited by the teachers and students to create the appropriate pedagogy and automatically adjust the e-learning environments to suit the pedagogies. In this respect, artificial intelligence techniques may be useful for several reasons, including their ability to develop and imitate human reasoning and decision-making processes (learning-teaching model) and minimize the sources of uncertainty to achieve an effective learning-teaching context. These learning capabilities ensure both learner and system improvement over the lifelong learning mechanism. In this paper, we present a survey of raised and related topics to the field of artificial intelligence techniques employed for adaptive educational systems within e-learning, their advantages and disadvantages, and a discussion of the importance of using those techniques to achieve more intelligent and adaptive e-learning environments.
40Gbit/s MDM-WDM Laguerre-Gaussian Mode with Equalization for Multimode Fiber in Access Networks
Authors: Fazea Yousef , Amphawan Angela 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Modal dispersion is seen as the primary impairment for multimode fiber. Mode division multiplexing (MDM) is a promising technology that has been realized as a favorable technology for considerably upsurges the capacity and distance of multimode fiber in conjunction with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) for fiber-to-the-home. This paper reveals the importance of an equalization technique in conjunction with controlling the modes spacing of mode division multiplexing-wavelength division multiplexing of Laguerre-Gaussian modes to alleviate modal dispersion for multimode fiber. The effects of channel spacing of 20 channels MDM-WDM were examined through controlling the azimuthal mode number and the radial mode number of Laguerre-Gaussian modes. A data rate of 40Gbit/s was achieved for a distance of 1,500 m for MDM-WDM.
Static Structural and Modal Analysis Using Isogeometric Analysis
Authors: Gondegaon Sangamesh , Voruganti Hari K. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) is a new analysis method for unification of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE). With the use of NURBS basis functions for both modelling and analysis, the bottleneck of meshing is avoided and a seamless integration is achieved. The CAD and computational geometry concepts in IGA are new to the analysis community. Though, there is a steady growth of literature, details of calculations, explanations and examples are not reported. The content of the paper is complimentary to the existing literature and addresses the gaps. It includes summary of the literature, overview of the methodology, step-by-step calculations and Matlab codes for example problems in static structural and modal analysis in 1-D and 2-D. At appropriate places, comparison with the Finite Element Analysis (FEM) is also included, so that those familiar with FEM can appreciate IGA better.
Mastitis associated with Prototheca zopfii - an emerging health and economic problem on dairy farms
Authors: Milanov Dubravka , Petrović Tamaš , Polaček Vladimir , Suvajdžić Ljiljana , Bojkovski Jovan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIncreased incidence of protothecal mastitis has been recorded in several countries in the past ten years. The main goal of this article is to draw the attention of scientific and professional community to the emerging issue of mammary protothecosis. The article collates currently known facts about infection reservoirs, predisposing factors for the development of mastitis, clinical manifestations of the disease, and potential transmission routes within the herd as well as the measures for control and eradication. We would like to point out that identification of protothecal mastitis on a dairy farm is associated with a range of problems. Early detection of infected animals can be difficult because of predominantly subclinical course of early-stage infection, which easily spreads between cows via the milking system. Spontaneous recovery has not been recorded and infected cows typically develop chronic mastitis with granulomatous infiltration and progressive loss of functional parenchyma of the mammary gland. Substantial economic losses and health damages associated with mammary protothecosis strongly emphasise the need for developing effective prevention strategies aimed at control of the infection.
Levels of the natural hormones 17β-oestradiol and testosterone in serum of cattle: results from population studies in Poland
Authors: Woźniak Barbara , Witek Sebastian , Matraszek-Żuchowska Iwona , Kłopot Alicja , Posyniak Andrzej 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Introduction: The present study is a comprehensive overview of the natural occurrence of 17β-oestradiol and testosterone in serum of cattle in Poland. Material and Methods: The serum samples (n = 826) were collected from cattle within five years. The samples were examined for the presence of oestradiol and testosterone using ELISA or gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results: In 98 samples (24%) 17β-oestradiol was detected above decision limits of applied methods, including five samples over the recommended concentration of 0.1 μg L-1. Of the serum samples taken from cows (≤18 months of age), 95 and 99 percentiles of the animals had 17β-oestradiol concentration below 0.027 and 0.086 μg L-1 and of samples from cows over 18 months of age - below 0.059 and 0.125 μg L-1 respectively. Calculated values for bulls (≤18 months of age) were 0.025 and 0.034 μg L-1 and for the animals older than 18 months of age - 0.035 and 0.041 μg L-1. The natural presence of testosterone was detected in 201 serum samples (48.7%). According to the obtained data, 95% and 99% of cows (≤18 months of age) serum samples had testosterone concentration below 0.05 and 0.23 μg L-1 and the animals over 18 months of age - 0.30 and 0.49 μg L-1, respectively. For bulls these values did not depend on the age of the animals and were in the ranges of 5 - 6.3 μg L-1 (95%) and 11.4 - 12.1 μg L-1 (99%). Conclusion: Our study showed that the threshold values for these hormones in plasma of cattle designated years ago are correct, but they need to be supplemented for animals older than 18 months.
Chlamydia psittaci reference genes for normalisation of expression data differ depending on the culture conditions and selected time points during the chlamydial replication cycle
Authors: Van Lent Sarah , Vanrompay Daisy 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Chlamydia psittaci is a gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogen of birds. Poultry infections lead to economic losses and can be transmitted to humans. No vaccine is available and the bacterium-host cell interaction is not completely understood. Replicating bacteria cause pneumonia, but C. psittaci can also be non-replicating and persistent inside the cytoplasm of avian cells. RT-qPCR provides insight into the molecular pathogenesis of both active replicating and persistent Chlamydia psittaci in birds, but requires identification of stably expressed reference genes to avoid biases. Material and Methods: We investigated the expression stability of 10 C. psittaci candidate reference genes for gene expression analysis during normal growth and penicillin-induced persistence. C. psittaci Cal10 was cultured in HeLa229 and RNA was extracted. The expression level of each candidate was examined by RT-qPCR and Cq values were analysed using geNorm. Results: The genes tyrS, gidA, radA, and 16S rRNA ranked among the most stably expressed. The final selected reference genes differed according to the bacterial growth status (normal growth versus persistent status), and the time points selected during the duration of the normal chlamydial developmental cycle. Conclusion: The study data show the importance of systematic validation of reference genes to confirm their stability within the strains and under the conditions selected.
Molecular characterisation of Leptospira strains in Pakistan
Authors: Sohail Muhammad Luqman , Khan Muhammad Sarwar , Avais Muhammad , Zahoor Muhammad Yasir , Khattak Irfan , Ashraf Aqeela , Naseer Omer 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Leptospirosis affects a wide range of mammals, humans, and even a few poikilothermic animal species. In Pakistan, serological studies of equine leptospirosis have reported a prevalence of over 40%, but no study has ever been conducted towards molecular detection of Leptospira in horses. Material and Methods: Blood samples from 128 horses were screened using ELISA and 41 positive samples were examined for the presence of leptospiral DNA using specific primers for 16S rRNA gene. Results: Out of 41 tested samples, 20 samples were found to be PCR-positive, revealing a fragment of 306 bp after gel electrophoresis. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of positive samples revealed circulation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Pakistani horses. No evidence of circulation of intermediate species was found in this study. Conclusion: This study reports the first molecular evidence of equine leptospirosis in Pakistan and lays ground for further research in this area. It also confirms the efficiency of 16S rRNA for the diagnosis of equine leptospirosis.
Occurrence of different strains of Babesia canis in dogs in eastern Poland
Authors: Łyp Paweł , Bartnicki Michał , Staniec Marta , Winiarczyk Stanisław , Adaszek Łukasz 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to carry out a genetic analysis of Babesia canis isolates detected in dogs in eastern Poland and to study the correlation of the protozoa variant with a specific geographical region. Material and Methods: PCR was used to identify strains of B. canis from naturally infected animals (240 dogs from four provinces: Mazowieckie, Lublin, Podlasie, and Podkarpacie) by amplifying and sequencing a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Results: Sequencing the PCR products led to the identification of four variants of B. canis. Two previously described protozoa variants (18S rRNA-A and 18S rRNA-B) were observed in all provinces. Additionally, in the Mazowieckie and Lublin provinces a B. canis variant which contributed to the development of acute or atypical babesiosis was observed. The fourth variant of B. canis was detected only in dogs from the Lublin province, and the course of the disease was subclinical in all dogs infected with this variant. Conclusion: These results indicate the appearance of a new fourth B. canis genotype in Poland and confirm that it is still necessary to study the relationships between the genetic structure of protozoa, geographical distribution of the parasites, and clinical course of the disease.
Contamination of raw bivalve molluscs available in Poland between 2009 and 2013 with marine biotoxins
Authors: Michalski Mirosław , Osek Jacek 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Growing consumption of shellfish is associated with an increased risk of food poisoning. The study was carried out on live bivalve molluscs available on the Polish market between 2009 and 2013. Material and Methods: ELISA was used for the determination of the following marine biotoxins: paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), amnaesic shellfish poison (ASP), and diarrhoeic shellfish poison (DSP). The molluscs, of which seven species were examined, were obtained from wholesale companies and markets. Results: Marine biotoxins were detected below the permitted levels in 67.6% of the samples. The maximum amounts of PSP and ASP biotoxins were found in great scallops (532.6 μg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg respectively) and the peak for DSP was in blue mussels (107 μg/kg). Conclusion: The analysis of toxicological status of raw bivalve molluscs available on the market in Poland indicates that they are safe for consumers.
Changes in circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in pigs receiving therapeutic doses of ceftiofur and tulathromycin
Authors: Czyżewska-Dors Ewelina , Kwit Krzysztof , Pejsak Zygmunt , Pomorska-Mól Małgorzata 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of administration of therapeutic doses of ceftiofur and tulathromycin on the circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy pigs. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on thirty healthy 7- to 10-week-old pigs, assigned to three groups: the TUL group, injected with tulathromycin (n = 10); the CEF group, injected with ceftiofur (n = 10); and the C group, the control with no antibiotic administration (n = 10). Blood samples were collected before, during, and after treatment with antimicrobials. Lymphocyte subpopulations circulating in the blood were determined by immunostaining and flow cytometry analyses. Results: Following administration of a therapeutic dose of tulathromycin, there were no changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations circulating in blood. In contrast, administration of ceftiofur at the recommended dose decreased the absolute number of CD3+, CD21+, CD4+CD8-, CD4-CD8+, and double positive CD4CD8 cells. Conclusion: Results from the study indicate that ceftiofur possesses the ability to modulate the immune system in healthy pigs by decreasing lymphocyte subpopulations circulating in blood.
Wolves and wild ungulates in the Ligurian Alps (Western Italy): prey selection and spatial-temporal interactions
Authors: Torretta Elisa , Serafini Matteo , Imbert Camille , Milanesi Pietro , Meriggi Alberto 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe propose the integration of different non-invasive sampling methods to the study of predator-prey interactions. We analyzed the diet of the wolf (