bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of “Pumping” and “Nonpumping” Techniques on Velocity Production and Muscle Activity During Field-Based BMX Cycling
Authors: Rylands Lee P. , Hurst Howard T. , Roberts Simon J. , Graydon Robert W. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Rylands, LP, Hurst, HT, Roberts, SJ, and Graydon, RW. The effect of “pumping” and “nonpumping” techniques on velocity production and muscle activity during field-based BMX cycling. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 445–450, 2017—The aim of the current study was to determine if a technique called “pumping” had a significant effect on velocity production in Bicycle Motocross (BMX) cycling. Ten National standard male BMX riders fitted with surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors completed a timed lap of an indoor BMX track using the technique of pumping, and a lap without pumping. The lap times were recorded for both trials and their surface sEMG was recorded to ascertain any variation in muscle activation of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, vastus lateralis, and medial gastrocnemius. The findings revealed no significant differences between any of muscle groups (p > 0.05). However, significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between the pumping and nonpumping trials for both mean lap velocity (42 ± 1.8 km·h−1, 33 ± 2.9 km·h−1, respectively) and lap times (43.3 ± 3.1 seconds, 34.7 ± 1.49 seconds, respectively). The lap times recorded for the pumping trials were 19.50 ± 4.25% lower than the nonpumping, whereas velocity production was 21.81 ± 5.31% greater in the pumping trial compared with the nonpumping trial. The technique of pumping contributed significantly to velocity production, although not at the cost of additional muscle activity. From a physiological and technical perspective, coaches and riders should prioritize this technique when devising training regimes.
Dopamine Release in the Nonhuman Primate Caudate and Putamen Depends upon Site of Stimulation in the Subthalamic Nucleus
Authors: Min Hoon-Ki , Ross Erika K. , Jo Hang Joon , Cho Shinho , Settell Megan L. , Jeong Ju Ho , Duffy Penelope S. , Chang Su-Youne , Bennet Kevin E. , Blaha Charles D. , Lee Kendall H. 
Published: June 2016

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for medically refractory Parkinson's disease. Although DBS has recognized clinical utility, its biologic mechanisms are not fully understood, and whether dopamine release is a potential factor in those mechanisms is in dispute. We tested the hypothesis that STN DBS-evoked dopamine release depends on the precise location of the stimulation site in the STN and the site of recording in the caudate and putamen. We conducted DBS with miniature, scaled-to-animal size, multicontact electrodes and used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the best dopamine recording site in the brains of nonhuman primates (rhesus macaques), which are highly representative of human brain anatomy and circuitry. Real-time stimulation-evoked dopamine release was monitored usingin vivofast-scan cyclic voltammetry. This study demonstrates that STN DBS-evoked dopamine release can be reduced or increased by redirecting STN stimulation to a slightly different site.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTElectrical stimulation of deep structures of the brain, or deep brain stimulation (DBS), is used to modulate pathological brain activity. However, technological limitations and incomplete understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS prevent personalization of this therapy and may contribute to less-than-optimal outcomes. We have demonstrated that DBS coincides with changes in dopamine neurotransmitter release in the basal ganglia. Here we mapped relationships between DBS and changes in neurochemical activity. Importantly, this study shows that DBS-evoked dopamine release can be reduced or increased by refocusing the DBS on a slightly different stimulation site.
Divisive Normalization Predicts Adaptation-Induced Response Changes in Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
Authors: Kaliukhovich Dzmitry A. , Vogels Rufin 
Published: June 2016

Stimulus repetition alters neural responses to the repeated stimulus. This so-called adaptation phenomenon has been commonly observed at multiple spatial and temporal scales and in different brain areas, and has been hypothesized to affect the neural representation of the sensory input. Yet, the neural mechanisms underlying adaptation still remain unclear, especially in higher-order cortical areas. Here we employ a divisive normalization model of neural responses to predict adaptation-induced changes in responses of single neurons in the macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex. According to this model, the response of a neuron is determined by an interplay between its direct excitatory and divisive normalizing inputs, with each input being subject to adaptation. To test the model, we recorded the responses of single IT cortex neurons to complex visual stimuli while separately adapting the two putative types of input to those neurons. We compared the changes in responses of these neurons following such adaptation with predictions derived from the divisive normalization model. As predicted by the model, we show that adaptation in the IT cortex can, depending on the relative strength of each putative type of input to a neuron, suppress or enhance the neural response to a complex stimulus. More generally, our data suggest that adaptation serves to selectively enhance processing of the stimuli that differ from recently experienced ones, even when these occur within a configuration of multiple stimuli.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStimulus repetition alters neural responses to the repeated stimulus. This so-called adaptation phenomenon has been robustly demonstrated in brains of different species and is considered to be a form of short-term plasticity inherent to the processing of sensory stimuli. Nevertheless, the functional role and underlying mechanisms of adaptation remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that divisive normalization, a canonical neural computation operating throughout the brain, predicts the adaptation-induced changes in response of single neurons to complex stimulus configurations in the macaque inferotemporal cortex. Our findings embed adaptation effects of inferotemporal neurons into the context of a broader neural network perspective that includes divisive normalization. Additionally, our findings have implications for understanding of the function of adaptation in higher-order sensory cortices.
Dynamin 1- and 3-Mediated Endocytosis Is Essential for the Development of a Large Central SynapseIn Vivo
Authors: Fan Fan , Funk Laura , Lou Xuelin 
Published: June 2016

Dynamin is a large GTPase crucial for endocytosis and sustained neurotransmission, but its role in synapse development in the mammalian brain has received little attention. We addressed this question using the calyx of Held (CH), a large nerve terminal in the auditory brainstem in mice. Tissue-specific ablation of different dynamin isoforms bypasses the early lethality of conventional knock-outs and allows us to examine CH development in a native brain circuit. Individual gene deletion of dynamin 1, a primary dynamin isoform in neurons, as well as dynamin 2 and 3, did not affect CH development. However, combined tissue-specific knock-out of both dynamin 1 and 3 (cDKO) severely impaired CH formation and growth during the first postnatal week, and the phenotypes were exacerbated by further additive conditional knock-out of dynamin 2. The developmental defect of CH in cDKO first became evident on postnatal day 3 (P3), a time point when CH forms and grows abruptly. This is followed by a progressive loss of postsynaptic neurons and increased glial infiltration late in development. However, early CH synaptogenesis before protocalyx formation was not altered in cDKO. Functional maturation of synaptic transmission in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in cDKO was impeded during development and accompanied by an increase in the membrane excitability of medial nucleus of the trapezoid body neurons. This study provides compelling genetic evidence that CH formation requires dynamin 1- and 3-mediated endocytosisin vivo, indicating a critical role of dynamin in synaptic development, maturation, and subsequent maintenance in the mammalian brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSynaptic development has been increasingly implicated in numerous brain disorders. Dynamin plays a crucial role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and synaptic transmission at nerve terminals, but its potential role in synaptic development in the native brain circuitry is unclear. Using the calyx of Held, a giant nerve terminal in the mouse brainstem, we evaluated the role of dynamin in this process by using tissue-specific knock-out (KO) of three different dynamin isoforms (dynamin 1, 2, and 3) individually and in combination. Our data demonstrated that dynamin is required for the formation, functional maturation, and subsequent survival of the calyx of Held. This study highlights the important role of dynamin-mediated endocytosis in the development of central synapses in the mammalian brain.
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics-Action Transformation in the Primate Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Matsuzaka Yoshiya , Tanji Jun , Mushiake Hajime 
Published: June 2016

To expedite the selection of action under a structured behavioral context, we develop an expedient to promote its efficiency: tactics for action selection. Setting up a behavioral condition for subhuman primates (Macaca fuscata) that induced the development of a behavioral tactics, we explored neuronal representation of tactics in the medial frontal cortex. Here we show that neurons in the posterior medial prefrontal cortex, but not much in the medial premotor cortex, exhibit activity representing the behavioral tactics, in advance of action-selective activity. Such activity appeared during behavioral epochs of its retrieval from instruction cues, maintenance in short-term memory, and its implementation for the achievement of action selection. At a population level, posterior medial prefrontal cortex neurons take part in transforming the tactics information into the information representing action selection. The tactics representation revealed an aspect of neural mechanisms for an adaptive behavioral control, taking place in the medial prefrontal cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe studied behavioral significance of neuronal activity in the posterior medial prefrontal cortex (pmPFC) and found the representation of behavioral tactics defined as specific and efficient ways to achieve objectives of actions. Neuronal activity appeared during behavioral epochs of its retrieval from instruction cues, maintenance in short-term memory, and its use preceding the achievement of action selection. We found further that pmPFC neurons take part in transforming the tactics information into the information representing action selection. A majority of individual neurons was recruited during a limited period in each behavioral epoch, constituting, as a whole, a temporal cascade of activity. Such dynamics found in behavioral-tactics specific activity characterize the participation of pmPFC neurons in executive control of purposeful behavior.
Cut-off limits of the peak GH response to stimulation tests for the diagnosis of GH deficiency in children and adolescents: study in patients with organic GHD
Authors: Guzzetti Chiara , Ibba Anastasia , Pilia Sabrina , Beltrami Nadia , Di Iorgi Natascia , Rollo Alessandra , Fratangeli Nadia , Radetti Giorgio , Zucchini Stefano , Maghnie Mohamad , Cappa Marco , Loche Sandro 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveThe diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD) in children and adolescents is established when GH concentrations fail to reach an arbitrary cut-off level after at least two provocative tests. The objective of the study was to define the optimal GH cut-offs to provocative tests in children and adolescents.DesignRetrospective study in 372 subjects who underwent evaluation of GH secretion. GH and IGF-I were measured by chemiluminescence assay in all samples. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the optimal GH cut-offs and the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests.MethodsSeventy four patients with organic GHD (GH peak <10μg/L after two provocative tests) and 298 control subjects (GH response >10μg/L to at least one test) were included in the study. The provocative tests used were arginine, insulin tolerance test (ITT) and clonidine. Diagnostic criteria based on cut-offs identified by ROC analysis (best pair of values for sensitivity and specificity) were evaluated for each test individually and for each test combined with IGF-I SDS.ResultsThe optimal GH cut-off for arginine resulted 6.5μg/L, 5.1μg/L for ITT and 6.8μg/L for clonidine. IGF-I SDS has low accuracy in diagnosing GHD (AUC=0.85). The combination of the results of provocative tests with IGF-I concentrations increased the specificity.ConclusionsThe results of the ROC analysis showed that the cut-off limits which discriminate between normal and GHD are lower than those commonly employed. IGF-I is characterized by low diagnostic accuracy.
Endocrine and metabolic diurnal rhythms in young adult men born small vs appropriate for gestational age
Authors: Brøns Charlotte , Saltbæk Pernille N , Friedrichsen Martin , Chen Yan , Vaag Allan 
Published: June 2016

Objective
Sleep disturbances and alterations of diurnal endocrine rhythms are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously showed that young men born small for gestational age (SGA) and with increased risk of T2D have elevated fat and decreased glucose oxidation rates during nighttime. In this study, we investigated whether SGA men have an altered diurnal profile of hormones, substrates and inflammatory markers implicated in T2D pathophysiology compared with matched individuals born appropriate for gestational age (AGA).

Methods
We collected hourly blood samples for 24 h, to measure levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), insulin, C-peptide, leptin, resistin, ghrelin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) in 13 young men born SGA and 11 young men born AGA.

Results
Repeated measurements analyses were used to analyze the diurnal variations and differences between groups. The SGA subjects had increased 24-h glucose (P=0.03), glucagon (P=0.03) and resistin (P=0.003) levels with no difference in diurnal rhythms compared with AGA controls. We found significant diurnal variations in levels of blood glucose, plasma TG, FFA, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, leptin, visfatin, TNF-α, IL-6 and PAI-1. The variation in FFA levels differed between the groups during the evening. Plasma ghrelin and glucagon levels did not display diurnal variations.

Conclusions
Young men born SGA exhibit elevated 24-h blood glucose, and plasma glucagon and resistin levels with no major differences in diurnal rhythms of these or other key metabolic hormones, substrates or inflammatory markers implicated in the origin of adiposity and T2D.
Islamic Group Lending and Financial Inclusion
Authors: Rusydiana Aam Slamet , Devi Abrista 
Published: June 2016

Based on measurements of several indicators including the level of community participation, community empowerment, repayment rate was good, cross reporting good, and the application of penalties in accordance with the applicable rules, the results show that with the program GLM people feel the difference in economic condition and social than before and after the program. This is a major discovery is valuable. The development strategy for the program GLM is divided into seven levels with the elements most important include: The need for equality of access to funds for all types of financial institutions, both banking and lending model-based group, the need to improve the quality of human resources as a pioneer of service models based lending group this, as well as the importance of financial inclusion in the entire financial systemDOI: 10.15408/sjie.v5i1.3128
Islamic Banking Efficiency: Comparative Studies Between Malaysia and Indonesia
Authors: Yulita Ika , Rizal Sofyan 
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this research is to measure efficiency level of sharia banking in Malysia and Indonesia countries and to analyze the factors affecting the level of efficiency of sharia banking for both countries. This reseach uses DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method in order to test the assumptions of Variabel Return to Scale (VRS), and uses Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann Whitney U-Test in order to test normality, and uses regression dummy variable of the data from the first quarter of 2011 until the fourth quarter of 2014. The research shows overall level of efficiency of sharia banking in Malaysia and Indonesia countries are fluctuating. Based on result, sharia banking in Indonesia more efficient than sharia banking in Malaysia; However, there is no significant differences among them. The reasons of this inefficiency are deposits, total financing, fixed asset, and personnel cost. However, operational income is the most efficient variabel for both countriesDOI: 10.15408/sjie.v5i1.3129
Miarkowanie odszkodowania za utracone dochody z wykorzystaniem prognozy dochodów
Authors: Jędrzychowska Anna , Pietrzyk Radosław 
Published: June 2016

The compensation that should be given to injured individuals is made up of several elements. When the victim is unable to work, income he or she has lost is compensated. To properly establish that compensation, two factors are considered: time value of money and the rate of growth of wages in the sector where the victim worked. Inflation should also be figured in. The article presents simulations of different approaches – ones that do not take these factors into account, and others that do. The first approach is often used by the Polish justice system in determining the amount of pension compensation, while the second is a proposal to better protect victims who have lost the ability to work.
ATIVAÇÃO MUSCULAR E DETERMINAÇÃO DO LIMIAR DE FADIGA ELETROMIOGRÁFICO DURANTE TESTE DE CARGA INCREMENTAL EM CICLOERGÔMETRO DE BRAÇO: UM ESTUDO PILOTO
Authors: Bergh Felipe , Andrade Ivan Luís , Ferreira Pierre 
Published: June 2016

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a ativação de quatro músculos do membro superior (Bíceps Braquial [BB], Tríceps Braquial [TB], Deltóide Anterior [DA] e Deltóide Posterior [DP]) e determinar o Limiar de Fadiga Eletromiográfico (LFEMG) durante um teste incremental em ergômetro de braço. Quatro voluntários do sexo masculino (idade: 25,25 ± 4,7; estatura: 173 ± 4 cm; massa corporal: 71,5 ± 6,3 kg) realizaram um teste incremental com rotação aproximada de 80 rpm até atingir a potência máxima do ergômetro (incrementos de carga de 3-4 W a cada 4 min, começando com 19 W e terminando com 48 W). O sinal eletromiográfico (EMG) foi coletado durante os testes (Eletromiógrafo Myosystem 2000, Noraxon, EUA) e posteriormente tratado com uso do programa MATLAB 7.7.0 (retificação e cálculo do RMS). O LFEMG foi detectado a partir de inspeção visual. Foram também registrados os valores de freqüência cardíaca (FC) no término de cada estágio. Houve grande variação da ativação muscular entre os músculos analisados durante o teste incremental. DA, DP e TB tiveram um comportamento de queda do sinal EMG, já o BB apresentou aumento no decorrer do teste. O LFEMG foi encontrado apenas no músculo BB (Potência: 44 W, FC: 123 bpm) de um sujeito, representando aproximadamente 90% da potência máxima do ergômetro. Nossos resultados sugerem que o aumento da carga imposta sobre o movimento cíclico bilateral exigido pelo cicloergômetro de braço ocasionou uma ação compensatória evidenciada pelo aumento da ativação do BB e diminuição do TB. Já a queda de ativação dos músculos estabilizadores do ombro (DA e DP) pode estar associada à indícios de fadiga periférica e/ou aproveitamento do torque gerado pelo BB. O presente estudo aponta ainda queo BB é o músculo com maior probabilidade de apresentar o LFEMG em um teste incremental.
Letras e a avaliação nacional da Pós-Graduação: desafios e perspectivas
Authors: Santos Pedro Brum 
Published: June 2016

Como a Área de Letras e Linguística, que alcança atualmente a marca de aproximadamente 140 Programas, espalhados por todas as regiões brasileiras, tem respondido aos desafios da Avaliação Nacional de Cursos? O objetivo da presente proposta é refletir sobre esta indagação, tomando como base Documentos de Área e Relatórios de Atividades registrados ao longo do tempo, de modo a prospectar sobre necessidades e perspectivas diante de mudanças estruturais e operacionais que o sistema tem experimentado. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Effective and complex stimulation of the biodegradation system of fungus Cerrena unicolor by rapeseed meal fermentation
Authors: Jaszek Magdalena , Miłek Justyna , Żuchowski Jerzy , Stefaniuk Dawid , Prendecka Monika 
Published: June 2016

The effect of supplementation of medium with rapeseed meal (RM) on production of biotechnologically important enzymes was investigated in submerged cultures of the white rot fungus Cerrena unicolor. The addition of RM (3.5% w/v) distinctly stimulated the activities of laccase, chitinase, and β-glucosidase. As compared to the control, the activities of chitinase, β-glucosidase, and laccase in the RM supplemented cultures were up to 4.1, 8.4, and 3.9 times higher, respectively. The results of the spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric measurements were additionally confirmed by zymographic analysis of the samples. The level of sugars and phenolic compounds as well as the antioxidative ability of fungal preparations were also determined. The results obtained indicate that the submerged liquid fermentation of rapeseed meal can be proposed as an inexpensive and very effective method for biotechnological production of chitinase, β-glucosidase, and laccase by C. unicolor.
Panorama dos pedidos de patente de tecnologias relativas ao setor têxtil brasileiro | A panorama of patent requests for Brazilian textile sector technologies
Authors: Rodrigues Ricardo C. , Braga Júnior Edi De Oliveira , Martinez Maria Elisa M. , Goulart Luciana De O. 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO O presente artigo tem por objetivo efetuar um levantamento dos pedidos de patente relativos ao setor têxtil, depositados e publicados no Brasil no período compreendido entre 1999 e 2009. A partir da base de dados construída, foi possível analisar os resultados obtidos, identificando os países e empresas que possuem interesse no mercado brasileiro, os produtos, processos e/ou equipamentos que podem se tornar inovações, bem como o estágio atual do setor têxtil em termos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento.Palavras-chave: Propriedade Industrial; Têxtil; Gestão; Tecnologia.ABSTRACT This article aims to identify and map patent requests in the textilesector, deposited and published in Brazil between 1999 and 2009. On this database we analysed results showing countries and firms interested in the Brazilian market; the products, processes and or equipment which may constitute innovations; as well as the present status of the textile sector in terms of reseach and development.Keywords: Industrial Property; Textile Industry; Management; Technology.