bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fachübergreifende Frührehabilitation nach Sepsis – Eine retrospektive Analyse *
Authors: Liebl Max , Elmer Nancy , Schwedtke Christine , Schröder Isabelle , Reißhauer Anett 
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung
Theoretischer Hintergrund Nach überlebter Sepsis besteht bei vielen Patienten ein erheblicher Rehabilitationsbedarf. Die fachübergreifende Frührehabilitation ist ein Konzept zur frühen rehabilitativen Versorgung noch im Akutkrankenhaus, direkt anschließend an die Frühmobilisation auf der Intensivstation. Sie ist oft grundlegend für die Wiederherstellung der Rehabilitationsfähigkeit im Sinne der weiterführenden Rehabilitation.
Methode Diese retrospektive Analyse untersucht eine Patientenstichprobe, die nach überlebter Sepsis eine fachübergreifende Frührehabilitation erhielt. Als Parameter dienten die basalen Funktionen Mobilität und Selbsthilfefähigkeit sowie Hilfsmittelbedarf und Verlegungsumgebung.
Ergebnisse Die Veränderungen der Mobilität und Selbsthilfefähigkeit vor und nach der Frührehabilitation sind hoch signifikant (je p<0,001), die Effektstärken sehr stark (d=1,3 und 1,4). 92% der Patienten wurden differenziert mit Hilfsmitteln versorgt. Ein Großteil der Patienten (42,4%) erhielt eine fortführende stationäre Rehabilitation.
Diskussion Die dargestellten Daten belegen die enormen Funktionsgewinne, die Sepsis-Patienten im Rahmen einer fachübergreifenden Frührehabilitation erzielen können.
On the Origin of Theories: Charles Darwin’s Vocabulary of Method
Authors: Cowles Henry M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This is an essay on the origin of theories. It argues that methodology can do more than shape scientific theories—sometimes, vocabularies of method become such theories. The origin of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is a case in point: Darwin’s well-known attention to methodological matters not only framed but bled into his theory of nature. A careful student of contemporary methodology, Darwin sought guidance for using a controversial tool in the scientific world in which he came of age: the hypothesis. In the process of reading the works of John Herschel and William Whewell, Darwin turned nature itself into a man of science. The hypotheses and testing of scientific practice were mirrored in the variations and selection of the natural world. Though unintentional, Darwin’s naturalization of a vocabulary of method helped pave the way for applications of evolutionary theory to the study of the human mind and, completing the circle, to the philosophy of science. Considering the role of vocabularies of method in the origin of theories suggests new directions for the study of cognitive history and the power of language to transform the historical imagination.
Neurocognitive Profiling of Adult Treatment Seekers Enrolled in a Clinical Trial of a Web-delivered Intervention for Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Aharonovich Efrat , Campbell Aimee N.C. , Shulman Matisyahu , Hu Mei-Chen , Kyle Tiffany , Winhusen Theresa , Nunes Edward V. 
Published: November 2017

Objective:
This study is a secondary descriptive analysis that explores and compares the cognitive profiles of adults entering treatment at geographically diverse community-based substance use disorder treatment facilities.

Methods:
Performance on cognitive measures at baseline was compared across 5 primary substance subgroups of individuals (alcohol = 104; cocaine = 102; stimulants = 69; opioids = 108; marijuana = 114) enrolled in a web-based psychosocial treatment study conducted within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. MicroCog subtests were used to assess cognitive domains of attention and mental control, reasoning and cognitive flexibility, and spatial processing.

Results:
The average age of onset for a substance use disorder was early to mid-20s, with marijuana users reporting the earliest age of onset (mean 19.9, SD 7.5) and stimulant users reporting the latest (mean 25.2, SD 9.9). Among the total sample, half (49.7%) demonstrated impairment in cognitive flexibility and reasoning, and over one-third (37.3%) had impairment in verbal learning and memory. Stimulant (37.68%) and cocaine (34.31%) users showed significantly greater clinical impairment in attention and mental control compared with alcohol users (17.31%) and opioid (21.30%) users (stimulant subgroup only) (χ2 [4] = 10.97, P = 0.027). Cocaine users showed the greatest overall impairment across total and proficiency subtest scores, although these were not statistically different from other subgroups.

Conclusions:
These findings confirmed previous studies, indicating a high prevalence of significant cognitive dysfunction across all substance use categories among treatment-seeking adults, and found that cocaine use appears to be associated with the most impairment. Increasing knowledge of similarities and differences between primary substance subgroups can help guide substance use disorder treatment planning.
Development of encorafenib for BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma
Authors: Koelblinger Peter , Thuerigen Olaf , Dummer Reinhard 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
To describe the pharmacological properties, preclinical and clinical data of the novel V-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B (BRAF)-inhibitor encorafenib (LGX818) and to compare these with established BRAF-inhibitors in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic melanoma.

Recent findings
Encorafenib has shown improved efficacy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma in comparison with vemurafenib. Combination with the MEK inhibitor (MEKi) binimetinib allows for higher dose intensities of encorafenib further improving response rates (RRs).

Summary
Combination therapy with BRAF and MEKi has evolved as a standard of care in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BRAFV600-mutated melanoma. Despite compelling initial RRs, development of treatment resistance eventually leads to tumor progression in the majority of BRAF/MEK-inhibitor treated patients. Moreover, treatment-related adverse events are frequent, resulting in a substantial proportion of dose modifications and/or treatment discontinuations. The second-generation BRAF inhibitor encorafenib has been developed aiming at improved efficacy and tolerability through modifications in pharmacological properties. Clinical phase 3 data show improved progression-free survival both for encorafenib monotherapy and combination therapy with binimetinib compared with vemurafenib. Overall survival data and regulatory approval of this novel substance are eagerly awaited.
A Retrospective Review Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of 120 Versus 160 Applications of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty
Authors: Wong Cliff , Tao Lingwei W. , Skalicky Simon E. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
To compare the effectiveness and safety of 120 applications versus 160 applications of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) from baseline in glaucoma patients over a 1-year period.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted, comprising 376 eyes from 199 patients who underwent SLT treatment performed by the same glaucoma subspecialist from 2014 to 2015. Data were obtained on patients’ clinical features, management, and outcomes. Patients were treated with either 120 applications or 160 applications of SLT per 360 degrees of trabecular meshwork over 2 sessions. Statistical analyses were performed comparing baseline IOP with IOP at 6 weeks and 1-year follow-up after completion of treatment. The incidence and severity of transient IOP rises immediately post-SLT was also recorded.

Results:
Both SLT regimes were effective at reducing IOP. Univariate t tests showed that the 160 applications group had significantly greater mean reduction of IOP from baseline at both 6 weeks (4.6 vs. 3.6 mm Hg, P=0.015) and 1-year time points (4.1 vs. 2.8 mm Hg, P=0.019). However, when multivariate analyses were used to account for the effects of clustering and include other covariates such as age, baseline IOP, history of previous SLT there was no significant difference between success rates of the 2 treatment groups at either time points. Higher baseline IOP was associated with greater IOP reduction at 6 weeks (P<0.001) and 1 year (P<0.001) for both treatment groups. There was no statistical difference in incidence and severity of IOP spikes at 1-hour post-SLT between the 2 treatment groups.

Conclusions:
SLT produces a significant IOP-lowering effect and treatment with 160 applications per 360 degrees may be more effective than 120 applications per 360 degrees. Furthermore, 160 applications of SLT does not increase the risk of transient IOP spikes.
Health Care Provider Perceptions of a Sexually Transmitted Infection Self-testing Program in an HIV Care Clinic
Authors: Tat Susana , Dhanireddy Shireesha , Marrazzo Jeanne M. , Barbee Lindley A. 
Published: November 2017

Background
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) disproportionately affect men who have sex with men. Although clinical practice guidelines recommend routine STI screening of men who have sex with men who have high-risk behaviors, extragenital STI testing rates have been low in HIV clinics across the nation. The University of Washington STD Prevention Training Center implemented an STI self-testing program at a large HIV primary care clinic in Seattle, WA, to facilitate extragenital STI testing.

Methods
We performed a mixed-methods program evaluation to assess health care provider acceptability of the program at 9 months after implementation. Twenty-eight clinicians were invited to complete an online survey. We conducted one-on-one, semistructured interviews with 6 clinicians and a focus group with 7 members of the clinic nursing staff. Survey responses were tallied. Conventional content analysis was performed on survey comments and transcripts from the interviews and focus group.

Results
Ninety-one percent of clinicians were either satisfied or very satisfied with the program. Perceived advantages of the program included saving time for clinicians, overcoming patient discomfort, and increasing patient access to testing. Perceived program disadvantages included unclear responsibility of directing patients through the self-testing process and incorrect sample collection and labeling.

Conclusions
Despite perceived disadvantages, the self-testing program was acceptable to clinicians and nursing staff, key population for successful program adoption. Implementation of STI self-testing programs in clinic settings could help to increase extragenital STI testing rates by removing provider and patient barriers to testing.
The Etiology of Vaginal Discharge Syndrome in Zimbabwe: Results from the Zimbabwe STI Etiology Study
Authors: Chirenje Z. Mike , Dhibi Nicholas , Handsfield H. Hunter , Gonese Elizabeth , Tippett Barr Beth , Gwanzura Lovemore , Latif Ahmed S. , Maseko Dumisili Venessa , Kularatne Ranmini S. , Tshimanga Mufuta , Kilmarx Peter H. , Machiha Anna , Mugurungi Owen , Rietmeijer Cornelis A. 
Published: November 2017

Introduction
Symptomatic vaginal discharge is a common gynecological condition managed syndromically in most developing countries. In Zimbabwe, women presenting with symptomatic vaginal discharge are treated with empirical regimens that commonly cover both sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive tract infections, typically including a combination of an intramuscular injection of kanamycin, and oral doxycycline and metronidazole regimens. This study was conducted to determine the current etiology of symptomatic vaginal discharge and assess adequacy of current syndromic management guidelines.

Methods
We enrolled 200 women with symptomatic vaginal discharge presenting at 6 STI clinics in Zimbabwe. Microscopy was used to detect bacterial vaginosis and yeast infection. Nucleic acid amplifications tests were used to detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. In addition, serologic testing was performed to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Results
Of the 200 women, 146 (73%) had an etiology detected, including bacterial vaginosis (24.7%); N. gonorrhoeae (24.0%); yeast infection (20.7%); T. vaginalis (19.0%); C. trachomatis (14.0%) and M. genitalium (7.0%). Among women with STIs (N = 90), 62 (68.9%) had a single infection, 18 (20.0%) had a dual infection, and 10 (11.1%) had 3 infections.
Of 158 women who consented to HIV testing, 64 (40.5%) were HIV infected.
The syndromic management regimen covered 115 (57.5%) of the women in the sample who had gonorrhea, chlamydia, M. genitalium, or bacterial vaginosis, whereas 85 (42.5%) of women were treated without such diagnosis.

Conclusions
Among women presenting with symptomatic vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis was the most common etiology, and gonorrhea was the most frequently detected STI. The current syndromic management algorithm is suboptimal for coverage of women presenting with symptomatic vaginal discharge; addition of point of care testing could compliment the effectiveness of the syndromic approach.
Frequency and Characterization of Tracheal Intubation Adverse Events in Pediatric Sepsis
Authors: Schmidt Sarah K. , Brou Lina , Deakyne Sara J. , Mistry Rakesh D. , Scott Halden F. 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:
Intubation in critically ill pediatric patients is associated with approximately 20% rate of adverse events, but rates in the high-risk condition of sepsis are unknown. Our objectives were to describe the frequency and characteristics of tracheal intubation adverse events in pediatric sepsis.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study of a sepsis registry.

Setting:
Two tertiary care academic emergency departments and four affiliated urgent cares within a single children’s hospital health system.

Patients:
Children 60 days and older to 18 years and younger who required nonelective intubation within 24 hours of emergency department arrival. Exclusion criteria included elective intubation, intubation prior to emergency department arrival, presence of tracheostomy, or missing intubation chart data.

Interventions:
Not applicable.

Measurements and Main Results:
The outcome was tracheal intubation adverse event as defined by the National Emergency Airway Registry Tool 4 KIDS. During the study period, 118 of 2,395 registry patients met inclusion criteria; 100% of intubations were successful. First attempt success rate was 57% (95% CI, 48–65%); 59% were intubated in the emergency department, and 28% were intubated in the PICU. First attempts were by a resident (30%), a fellow (42%), attending (6%), and anesthesiologist (13%). Tracheal intubation adverse events were reported in 61 (43%; 95% 43–61%) intubations with severe tracheal intubation adverse events in 22 (17%; 95 CI, 13–27%) intubations. Hypotension was the most common severe event (n = 20 [17%]) with 14 novel occurrences during intubation. Mainstem bronchial intubation was the most common nonsevere event (n = 28 [24%]). Residents, advanced practice providers, and general pediatricians in urgent care settings had the lowest rates of first-pass success.

Conclusions:
The rates of tracheal intubation adverse events in this study are higher than in nonelective pediatric intubations in all conditions and highlight the high-risk nature of intubations in pediatric sepsis. Further research is needed to identify optimal practices for intubation in pediatric sepsis.
Epigenetic influences on aging: a longitudinal genome-wide methylation study in old Swedish twins
Authors: Wang Yunzhang , Karlsson Robert , Lampa Erik , Zhang Qian , Hedman Åsa K. , Almgren Malin , Almqvist Catarina , McRae Allan F. , Marioni Riccardo , Ingelsson Erik , Visscher Peter M. , Deary Ian J. , Lind Lars , Morris Tiffany , Beck Stephan , Pedersen Nancy L. , Hägg Sara 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAge-related changes in DNA methylation have been observed in many cross-sectional studies, but longitudinal evidence is still very limited. Here, we aimed to characterize longitudinal age-related methylation patterns (Illumina HumanMethylation450 array) using 1011 blood samples collected from 385 old Swedish twins (mean age of 69 at baseline) up to five times over 20 years. We identified 1316 age-associated methylation sites (p<1.3×10−7) using a longitudinal epigenome-wide association study design. We measured how estimated cellular compositions changed with age and how much they confounded the age effect. We validated the results in two independent longitudinal cohorts, where 118 CpGs were replicated in PIVUS (p<3.9×10−5) and 594 were replicated in LBC (p<5.1×10−5). Functional annotation of age-associated CpGs showed enrichment in CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and other unannotated transcription factor binding sites. We further investigated genetic influences on methylation (methylation quantitative trait loci) and found no interaction between age and genetic effects in the 1316 age-associated CpGs. Moreover, in the same CpGs, methylation differences within twin pairs increased over time, where monozygotic twins had smaller intra-pair differences than dizygotic twins. We show that age-related methylation changes persist in a longitudinal perspective, and are fairly stable across cohorts. Moreover, the changes are under genetic influence, although this effect is independent of age. In addition, inter-individual methylation variations increase over time, especially in age-associated CpGs, indicating the increase of environmental contributions on DNA methylation with age.
Niche separation increases with genetic distance among bloom-forming cyanobacteria
Authors: Tromas Nicolas , Taranu Zofia E. , Martin Bryan D , Willis Amy , Fortin Nathalie , Greer Charles W. , Shapiro B. Jesse 
Published: November 2017

SUMMARYBacterial communities are composed of distinct groups of potentially interacting lineages, each thought to occupy a distinct ecological niche. It remains unclear, however, how quickly niche preference evolves and whether more closely related lineages are more likely to share ecological niches. We addressed these questions by following the dynamics of two bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera over an 8-year time-course in Lake Champlain, Canada, using 16S amplicon sequencing and measurements of several environmental parameters. The two genera,Microcystis (M)andDolichospermum (D), are frequently observed simultaneously during bloom events and thus have partially overlapping niches. However, the extent of their niche overlap is debated, and it is also unclear to what extent niche partitioning occurs among strains within each genus. To identify strains within each genus, we applied minimum entropy decomposition (MED) to 16S rRNA gene sequences. We confirmed that at a genus level,MandDhave different preferences for nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Within each genus, we also identified strains differentially associated with temperature, precipitation, and concentrations of nutrients and toxins. In general, niche similarity between strains (as measured by co-occurrence over time) declined with genetic distance. This pattern is consistent with habitat filtering – in which closely-related taxa are ecologically similar, and therefore tend to co-occur under similar environmental conditions. In contrast with this general pattern, similarity in certain niche dimensions (notably particulate nitrogen and phosphorus) did not decline linearly with genetic distance, and instead showed a complex polynomial relationship. This observation suggests the importance of processes other than habitat filtering – such as competition between closely-related taxa, or convergent trait evolution in distantly-related taxa – in shaping particular traits in microbial communities.
Structure of Lekking Courts of Male White-Bearded Manakins (Manacus Manacus) Is Linked to Their Attractiveness
Authors: Tokarev Kirill , van der Hoek Yntze 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMale White-bearded Manakins (Manacus manacus) perform courtship displays on individual courts in close proximity of each other, while females visit them to choose potential mates. These displays represent a sequence of physiologically demanding movements, including rapid hops between saplings on the court. Our observations of courtship behavior and court characteristics of eight males suggest that the structure of the court may be an important factor in courtship: we found regularities in the inter-sapling distances on the courts of males that attracted females. We hypothesize that sexual selection by females may favor those males that have courts providing an optimal platform for their courtship display.Estructura de escenarios de lek de saltarines barbiblancos (Manacus manacus) es conectada a su atractivoResumen: Los saltarines barbiblancos (Manacus manacus) machos realizan despliegues de cortejo en “escenarios” individuales cercanos los unos a los otros, mientras las hembras los visitan para escoger su pareja potencial. Estos despliegues representan una secuencia de movimientos fisiológicamente arduos, que incluyen saltos rápidos entre los palos o plantones del escenario. Nuestras observaciones de comportamiento nupcial y de las características de los escenarios de ocho machos sugieren que la estructura del escenario puede ser importante para cortejo: habían regularidades en distancias entre los palos de los escenarios de los machos que atrajeron hembras. Formulamos la hipótesis que la selección sexual realizada por las hembras favorece los machos con escenarios que proporcionan una plataforma óptima para sus despliegues de cortejo.