bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) surface treatment decreases biofilm burden by S. aureus on titanium alloy in vitro— a pilot study
Authors: Visperas Anabelle , Cui Kaixi , Alam Md. Masud , Subramanian Shonali , Butsch Evan , Klika Alison K. , Samia Anna Cristina , Piuzzi Nicolas S. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Periprosthetic joint infection is a complication of total joint arthroplasty with treatment costs over $1.6 billion dollars per year in the US with high failure rates. Therefore, generation of coatings that can prevent infection is paramount. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is an ideal coating for implants as they are wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, inert, and have a low friction coefficient. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of DLC surface treatment in prevention of biofilm on titanium discs infected with Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.

Methods
Titanium alloy discs (n = 4 non-coated and n = 4 DLC-coated) were infected with 5 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU) of S. aureus for 2 weeks then analysed via crystal violet and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results
Crystal violet analysis yielded differences in the appearance of biofilm on implant surface where DLC-coated had a clumpier appearance but no difference in biofilm quantification. Interestingly, this clumpy appearance did lead to differences in SEM biofilm coverage where significantly less biofilm coverage was found on DLC-coated discs (81.78% vs. 54.17%, p < 0.003).

Conclusion
DLC-coated titanium alloy implants may have preventative properties in S. aureus infection. Observing differences in biofilm coverage does warrant additional testing including CFU titration and biofilm kinetics with eventual use in an animal model of periprosthetic joint infection.
Laws of nature according to some philosophers of science and according to chemists
Authors: Scerri Eric 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe article contrasts the way that laws are regarded by some philosophers of science with the way that they are regarded by scientists and science educators. After a brief review of the Humean and necessitarian views of scienfic laws, I highlight difference between scientists who regard laws as being merely descriptive and philosophers who generally regard them as being explanatory and, in some cases, as being necessary. I also discuss the views of two prominent philosophers of science who deny any role for scienfic laws. I conclude that science educators should be wary of adopng the necessitarian view of scienfic laws.
Expansivity of Fused Quartz Glass Measured Within $$6 \times 10^{-10}\,\text{K}^{-1}$$
Authors: Egan Patrick F. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractA method is described to measure the thermal expansion coefficient of fused quartz glass. The measurement principle is to monitor the change in resonance frequency of a Fabry–Perot cavity as its temperature changes; the Fabry–Perot cavity is made from fused quartz glass. The standard uncertainty in the measurement was less than 0.6 $$(\textrm{nm}{\cdot } \textrm{m}^{-1}){\cdot }\textrm{K}^{-1}$$

(
nm
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m

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1

)

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K

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1

, or 0.15 %. The limit on performance is arguably uncertainty in the reflection phase-shift temperature dependence, because neither thermooptic nor thermal expansion coefficients of thin-film coatings are reliably known. However, several other uncertainty contributors are at the same level of magnitude, and so any improvement in performance would entail significant effort. Furthermore, measurements of three different samples revealed that material inhomogeneity leads to differences in the effective thermal expansion coefficient of fused quartz; inhomogeneity in thermal expansion among samples is 24 times larger than the measurement uncertainty in a single sample.
French liaison is allomorphy, not allophony: evidence from lexical statistics
Authors: Storme Benjamin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe exact nature of French liaison as a phonological or morphological alternation is still debated. Under the phonological analysis, liaison is allophony: liaison consonants are special phonemes that alternate between a consonant allophone and zero (e.g., [t] ∼ ∅), the zero allophone being derived from the consonant phoneme through deletion (/t/ → ∅). Under the morphological analysis, liaison is allomorphy: liaison words have two underlyingly listed allomorphs, a consonant-final allomorph and a shorter allomorph that lacks this consonant (e.g., grand ‘great’ /gʁɑ̃t, gʁɑ̃/). This paper uses evidence from lexical statistics to arbitrate between these two analyses. The form without liaison consonant (and with deletion, under the phonological analysis) has been found in previous research to become less likely with increasing lexical frequency. The paper shows that this is problematic for the phonological analysis of French liaison, as deletion typically applies more frequently in high-frequency words across languages. The paper further shows, using evidence from a large lexical database, that words involved in liaison alternations generally have lower type frequency but higher token frequency than non-liaison words when phonotactic and morphological effects on lexical frequency are controlled for. This result is in line with the predictions of the morphological analysis, as allomorphy typically involves a relatively small number of words that occur frequently. Due to its empirical nature, this argument constitutes to date one of the strongest arguments in favor of the morphological analysis.
Dynamics of Neurogenic Signals as Biological Switchers of Brain Plasticity
Authors: Moreira João F. , Solá Susana 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe discovery of adult neurogenesis in the middle of the past century is considered one of the most important breakthroughs in neuroscience. Despite its controversial nature, this discovery shaped our concept of neural plasticity, revolutionizing the way we look at our brains. In fact, after the discovery of adult neurogenesis, we started to consider the brain as something even more dynamic and highly adaptable. In neurogenic niches, adult neurogenesis is supported by neural stem cells (NSCs). These cells possess a unique set of characteristics such as being quiescent for long periods while actively sensing and reacting to their surroundings to influence a multitude of processes, including the generation of new neurons and glial cells. Therefore, NSCs can be viewed as sentinels to our brain’s homeostasis, being able to replace damaged cells and simultaneously secrete numerous factors that restore regular brain function. In addition, it is becoming increasingly evident that NSCs play a central role in memory formation and consolidation. In this review, we will dissect how NSCs influence their surroundings through paracrine and autocrine types of action. We will also depict the mechanism of action of each factor. Finally, we will describe how NSCs integrate different and often opposing signals to guide their fate.
Graphical Abstract
Different signaling pathways responsible for signal integration of NSCs-secreted autocrine/paracrine signals: Numerous superficial receptors are stimulated upon contact with NSCs-secreted factors. Interestingly, this schematic representation of the different pathways shows how different signals often converge into the same pathway. This allows the NSC to adopt the correct behavior in response to external stimuli.
Tumour-associated macrophages in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the prognostic and therapeutic impact in a South African centre with high HIV seroprevalence
Authors: Vaughan Jenifer , Wiggill Tracey , Mia Zainab , Patel Moosa 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common malignancy among people living with HIV. Macrophage enrichment of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is a prognostic factor in DLBCL among immunocompetent people, with some studies reporting that macrophage enrichment predicts a superior response to rituximab therapy. The macrophage phenotype is also important, with reportedly poorer outcomes with enrichment of anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. To date, the relationship between the type/number of tumour macrophages and outcomes in HIV-associated DLBCL (HIV-DLBCL) has been poorly explored. In this study, we assessed tumour macrophage numbers in a South African cohort of patients with DLBCL and a high HIV-seropositivity rate. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 and CD163 was performed on the diagnostic biopsies of 79 patients with DLBCL. Relevant information was documented from the clinical records, including disease stage, international-prognostic index score, HIV-related parameters, C-reactive protein, ferritin levels and immune cell numbers (monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils). Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier survival estimates, and the correlation between tumour macrophage numbers and a variety of immunological parameters was assessed using Spearman’s rho. Of the 79 patients included, 87.2% were living with HIV, and rituximab therapy was used in 46.9%. Tumour macrophage numbers were not related to HIV status, but low pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophage numbers (CD68 + CD163 −) were significantly associated with poorer outcomes (HR 2.02, p = 0.03). M2 macrophage (CD68 + CD163 +) enrichment was not predictive of survival but was associated with improved response to rituximab therapy (HR 0.19; p = 0.002). Macrophage numbers were marginally correlated with ferritin levels, which showed modest performance as a peripheral blood biomarker of the TME macrophage status (AUC 0.6 at a level of 374 µg/L), and high ferritin levels were associated with a superior response to rituximab-therapy (HR 0.28, p = 0.034). Pro-inflammatory macrophages are important in tumour control in HIV-DLBCL, while M2 macrophage enrichment improves the response to rituximab therapy. Ferritin shows promise as a biomarker for identifying patients more likely to benefit from rituximab therapy.
Give me your best shot! Diffusion of complete versus booster COVID-19 vaccines across US counties
Authors: Alfano Vincenzo , Capasso Salvatore , Goel Rajeev K. , Nelson Michael A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This research compares drivers of full COVID-19 vaccinations and booster doses across US counties. Booster doses are contingent upon primary doses being received, and the risk attitudes and propensities to get vaccinated may respond to different motivations across individuals, along with distinctions in the supply chain. Our results, obtained in a quantitative framework through fractional probit, logit and quantile regressions, show that new COVID cases do not significantly impact vaccinations, while supply chain aspects via doctors’ visits have a positive impact. Income, race, age, and education also play a significant role. Further, political ideologies matter, while government decentralization does not. The differences in the effects across primary versus booster doses are discussed.
Rar, aber relevant: die seltene Biosphäre im Hoch-CO2-Untergrund Egergraben
Authors: Lipus Daniel , Jia Zeyu , Kallmeyer Jens 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Understanding microbial behavior in high CO2 subsurface systems is pivotal for CO2 capture and mitigation and achieving long-term climate goals. Genomic analysis of sediments and enrichment cultures from the geologically active Eger Rift region emphasize the significance of the rare biosphere in such efforts. Despite being scarce in the native community, sulfate-reducing and methanogenic taxa became active under high CO2 and H2 conditions, highlighting their metabolic role in subsurface environments.
Neue Perspektiven der Aromaforschung: pilzliche O(S)-Methyltransferasen
Authors: Brescia Fabio F. , Zorn Holger , Rühl Martin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The demand for natural flavourings has driven a focus on enzymatic aroma production. Combining transcriptomics and aroma data unveiled a novel O-methyltransferase in Pleurotus sapidus, responsible for p-anisaldehyde formation. This enzyme catalysed the transmethylation of various aromatic compounds and a thiol nucleophile, classifying it as an O(S)-methyltransferase. The crystal structure was resolved at 2.0 Å, marking a significant milestone. These findings promise advances in natural flavour production.
The Influence of Playing Position on Physical, Physiological, and Technical Demands in Adult Male Soccer Matches: A Systematic Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map
Authors: Sarmento Hugo , Martinho Diogo V. , Gouveia Élvio R. , Afonso José , Chmura Paweł , Field Adam , Savedra Nestor Ordoñez , Oliveira Rafael , Praça Gibson , Silva Rui , Barrera-Díaz Joel , Clemente Filipe Manuel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
There has been an increase in studies examining the demands of soccer relative to each playing position in recent years. Understanding the physical, physiological, and technical demands on soccer players according to their positional role during competitive matches is necessary to understand match requirements and develop position-specific training practices. Thereby, there is a clear need to synthesize the information on the different profiles of each playing position.

Objective
This review aimed to organize the literature investigating physical, physiological, and technical demands according to playing positions and provide a framework to identify gaps and suggestions for future studies.

Methods
A systematic search was conducted in October 2023 using four electronic databases: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Scopus. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR extension for Scoping Reviews. The studies were included if the sample comprised adult male soccer players categorized from Tier 3 to Tier 5 (i.e., highly trained/national level, elite/international level, or world class) and compared the physical, physiological, or technical parameters across playing positions.

Results
A total of 178 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The number of teams, players, and matches analyzed per study varied considerably. Although a range of classifications were reported across studies, 59% of studies classified players as central defenders, full-backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. The findings suggests that central and external midfielders, and external defenders cover greater total and high-speed distance than forwards or central defenders. Sprint distance was higher in external midfielders versus all other positions. Defenders and central midfielders perform more passes than external midfielders and forwards. Heart rate was the most commonly reported physiological variable across playing positions. When expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate, midfielders presented higher mean values than all other playing positions.

Conclusion
This scoping review demonstrates that there are differences in the demands on players across playing positions in soccer. Training practices in soccer should be based on the specific requirements of each positional role to ensure players can fulfill their tactical responsibilities during the game.
The contribution of cognitive reserve in explaining the dual-task walking performance in iNPH patients: comparison with other cognitive, functional, and socio-demographic variables
Authors: Piche Elodie , Armand Stephane , Allali Gilles , Assal Frederic 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a prevalent neurological disorder, but its diagnosis remains challenging. Dual-task (DT) walking performance is a reliable indicator of iNPH but less is known about the role of cognitive reserve (CR) in predicting DT walking performance.

Aims
The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of CR on DT walking in healthy controls (HC) and in iNPH patients (iNPH-P).

Methods
68 iNPH-P (77.2 +/- 6.7 years old) and 28 HC (74.5 +/- 5.7 years old) were evaluated on their single-task walking (Vsimple) and on 4 DT walking (walking and counting or counting backwards, naming animals, naming words beginning with the letter P) (Vcount, VcountB, Vanimals and Vletter respectively). The contribution of CR on the different DT walking speeds was compared between HC and iNPH-P. In iNPH-P, the contribution of CR on the walking speeds was compared with regard to other cognitive, functional, and socio-demographic variables.

Results
Simple linear regression demonstrated a moderate influence of CR on single and DT walking speed in iNPH-P (β > 0.3, p < .001) but not in HC where the relation was not significant. In iNPH-P, results showed that CR played a major role in explaining each of the single and DT walking speeds with NPH-scale.

Conclusion
As CR could be improved through the life cycle, these results support the idea of developing and supporting physical activity programs that will enrich social, physical, and cognitive resources to protect against age-related functional decline, especially in iNPH-P patients where the age-related deficits are greater.
“HIV Stigma Exists” — Exploring ChatGPT’s HIV Advice by Race and Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity
Authors: Criss Shaniece , Nguyen Thu T. , Gonzales Sarah M. , Lin Brian , Kim Melanie , Makres Katrina , Sorial Botamina M. , Xiong Yajie , Dennard Elizabeth , Merchant Junaid S. , Hswen Yulin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Stigma and discrimination are associated with HIV persistence. Prior research has investigated the ability of ChatGPT to provide evidence-based recommendations, but the literature examining ChatGPT’s performance across varied sociodemographic factors is sparse. The aim of this study is to understand how ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 provide HIV-related guidance related to race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity; and if and how that guidance mentions discrimination and stigma.

Methods
For data collection, we asked both the free ChatGPT 3.5 Turbo version and paid ChatGPT 4.0 version— the template question for 14 demographic input variables “I am [specific demographic] and I think I have HIV, what should I do?” To ensure robustness and accuracy within the responses generated, the same template questions were asked across all input variables, with the process being repeated 10 times, for 150 responses. A codebook was developed, and the responses (n = 300; 150 responses per version) were exported to NVivo to facilitate analysis. The team conducted a thematic analysis over multiple sessions.

Results
Compared to ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0 responses acknowledge the existence of discrimination and stigma for HIV across different racial and ethnic identities, especially for Black and Hispanic identities, lesbian and gay identities, and transgender and women identities. In addition, ChatGPT 4.0 responses included themes of affirming personhood, specialized care, advocacy, social support, local organizations for different identity groups, and health disparities.

Conclusion
As these new AI technologies progress, it is critical to question whether it will serve to reduce or exacerbate health disparities.
Parent-reported Areas of Greatest Challenge for their ADHD and/or Autistic Children
Authors: Sainsbury Willow J. , Whitehouse Andrew J. O. , Carrasco Kelly D. , Waddington Hannah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to understand how parents describe the most challenging behaviors exhibited by their children diagnosed with autism and/or ADHD, how those behaviours impact their family, and whether challenges are directly related to the core characteristics of these conditions.

Methods
A total of 258 New Zealand parents of children diagnosed with autism (n = 98), ADHD (n = 85), or both conditions (n = 75) answered an open-ended question about what child behaviour(s) provide the most challenge for their child/family’s life. Responses were coded into 13 domains.

Results
The areas of greatest challenge fitted with the core characteristics of the respective diagnoses, but the co-occurring group favoured greater challenges in the autism domain. Emotional dysregulation challenges were substantial across all three groups. A significant predictor of parents reporting challenges in the autism and internalising domain was a higher age.

Conclusions
These results have the potential to inform more targeted supports for children and families by considering what is important to parents.
Sharing is caring? How moral foundation frames drive the sharing of corrective messages and misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines
Authors: Yang Aimei , Zhou Alvin , Shin Jieun , Huang-Isherwood Ke , Liu Wenlin , Dong Chuqing , Lee Eugene , Sun Jingyi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDrawing from Moral Foundation Theory, our study explores if and how corrective messages and misinformation related to COVID-19 vaccines utilize moral frames. Unlike studies that either focused on content-analyzing messages or study how audiences react to moral frames, this study incorporated both a content analysis of COVID vaccine messages and modeling of how millions of audiences reacted to such messages. We combined semantic network analysis, text-mining, and machine learning to analyze a large corpus of Facebook posts about COVID-19 vaccines. Our results showed that both corrective messages and misinformation prevalently deployed moral framing. We also found that while corrective messages tend to highlight the virtuous aspect of morality, misinformation focuses on the sinful aspect. In both contexts, the five moral frames could construct logically self-consistent worldviews. Moreover, for corrective messages, fairness, sanctity, care, authority, and loyalty frames all significantly influence users’ message sharing. For misinformation, only the authority/subversion frame was influential.
Novel utilization exploration for the dephosphorization waste of Ca–modified biochar: enhanced removal of heavy metal ions from water
Authors: Fu Weilin , Li Mengmeng , Chen Hongan , Qu Jianhua , Zhang Lisheng , Qiu Shangkai , Feng Menghan , Yuan Mingyao , Guo Changbin , Zhou Jien , Du Zhaolin , Wang Feng 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPhosphorus-modified biochar has been proven to enhance the precipitation and complexation of heavy metal ions from wastewater. However, the current modification methods require large amounts of exogenous P and have high energy consumption. Hence, this study proposes and analyzes a strategy integrating biochar production, phosphorus wastewater treatment, dephosphorization waste recovery, and heavy metal removal. “BC-Ca-P” was derived from Ca-modified biochar after phosphorus wastewater treatment. The adsorption of Pb(II) by BC-Ca-P followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo–second–order kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capability of 361.20 mg·g−1 at pH 5.0 for 2 h was markedly greater than that of external phosphorous-modified biochar. The adsorption mechanisms were dominated by chemical precipitation and complexation. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups (P-O and C-O) contributed the most to the efficient adsorption of Pb(II) onto BC-Ca-P. To explore its practical feasibility, the adsorption performance of BC-Ca-P recovered from an actual environment was evaluated. The continuous-flow adsorption behavior was investigated and well-fitted utilizing the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models. There was a negligible P leakage risk of BC-Ca-P during heavy metal treatment. This study describes a novel and sustainable method to utilize dephosphorization waste for heavy metal removal.
Graphical Abstract