bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GPR Raw-Data Analysis to Detect Crack Using Order Statistic Filtering
Authors: Kilic Gokhan , Unluturk Mehmet S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) uses data collected with the aid of electromagnetic waves transmitted into a structure by antenna to assess and monitor the structural health of many different kinds of civil infrastructure. With GPR technology promoting their system with promises of the achievement of in excess of 1000 sample points per scan, this research demonstrated on the basis of the Nyquist theorem that 256 sample points per scan provided equally reliable inspection results. Furthermore, 256 sample points per scan GPR data were further analyzed by order statistic filtering with neural networks to locate cracks within concrete materials. The results showed that the neural network order statistic filters are effective in their use of detecting cracks in noisy environments using 256 sample points per scan GPR data.
Photoelastic Investigation of Interaction Between Matrix Crack and Different Shapes of Inclusions
Authors: Hao Wenfeng , Tang Can , Yuan Yanan , Ma Yinji 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The interaction between different shapes of inclusions and the mode I matrix crack was studied experimentally using the photoelasticity method. First, the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the matrix crack tip in the neighborhood of the inclusions was derived based on transformation toughening theory and the Eshelby equivalent inclusion method. Then, photoelastic experiments were conducted using specimens with different shapes of inclusions, and the typical isochromatic fringe patterns around the crack tip near the inclusions were obtained. Finally, a numerical simulation was conducted for the same problem using ABAQUS, and the stress intensity factors computed from the finite-element method were compared with the experimental results. The results show that the stress intensity factors extracted from isochromatic fringe patterns agree well with the numerical and theoretical results.
Spherical Indentation, Part II: Experimental Validation for Measuring Equibiaxial Residual Stresses
Authors: Mahmoudi A. H. , Ghanbari-Matloob M. , Gomar A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
It is occasionally important or even inevitable to measure residual stresses without harming engineering components. Spherical indentation can be categorized as a nondestructive method to measure residual stresses, as it causes very little damage to the surface of the sample. Furthermore, it is cheap and quick. Spherical indentation has gained the interest of a number of researchers in recent years. Although, this technique has been used in the literature to measure residual stresses, it has mostly been employed to determine material characteristics. In the current study, the application of the spherical indentation to measure residual stresses was examined and verified experimentally. The instrumented indentation tests resulted in load-displacement curves for different materials with a variety of ranges of equibiaxial stresses, which were then used to train an artificial neural network (ANN). The stress measurements were carried out for both residual and applied stresses. A quenched sample and a cross-shaped bending sample were considered as a source of residual stresses and in-plane applied stresses, respectively. An important benefit of this method was that it could be used with no requirement for a reference stress-free sample. The results of stress measurements illustrated a reasonable success.
Olig1 Acetylation and Nuclear Export Mediate Oligodendrocyte Development
Authors: Dai Jinxiang , Bercury Kathryn K. , Jin Weilin , Macklin Wendy B. 
Published: December 2015

The oligodendrocyte transcription factor Olig1 is critical for both oligodendrocyte development and remyelination in mice. Nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation of Olig1 protein occurs during brain development and in multiple sclerosis, but the detailed molecular mechanism of this translocation remains elusive. Here, we report that Olig1 acetylation and deacetylation drive its active translocation between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in both mouse and rat oligodendrocytes. We identified three functional nuclear export sequences (NES) localized in the basic helix-loop-helix domain and one specific acetylation site at Lys 150 (human Olig1) in NES1. Olig1 acetylation and deacetylation are regulated by the acetyltransferase CREB-binding protein and the histone deacetylases HDAC1, HDAC3, and HDAC10. Acetylation of Olig1 decreased its chromatin association, increased its interaction with inhibitor of DNA binding 2 and facilitated its retention in the cytoplasm of mature oligodendrocytes. These studies establish that acetylation of Olig1 regulates its chromatin dissociation and subsequent translocation to the cytoplasm and is required for its function in oligodendrocyte maturation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation of Olig1 protein has been observed during mouse and human brain development and in multiple sclerosis in several studies, but the detailed molecular mechanism of this translocation remains elusive. Here, we provide insight into the mechanism by which acetylation of Olig1 regulates its unique nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling during oligodendrocyte development and how the acetylation status of Olig1 modulates its distinct function in the nucleus versus the cytoplasm. The current study provides a unique example of a lineage-specific transcription factor that is actively translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm as the cell differentiates. Importantly, we demonstrate that this process is tightly controlled by acetylation at a single lysine.
KCC2 Gates Activity-Driven AMPA Receptor Traffic through Cofilin Phosphorylation
Authors: Chevy Quentin , Heubl Martin , Goutierre Marie , Backer Stéphanie , Moutkine Imane , Eugène Emmanuel , Bloch-Gallego Evelyne , Lévi Sabine , Poncer Jean Christophe 
Published: December 2015

Expression of the neuronal K/Cl transporter KCC2 is tightly regulated throughout development and by both normal and pathological neuronal activity. Changes in KCC2 expression have often been associated with altered chloride homeostasis and GABA signaling. However, recent evidence supports a role of KCC2 in the development and function of glutamatergic synapses through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here we show that suppressing KCC2 expression in rat hippocampal neurons precludes long-term potentiation of glutamatergic synapses specifically by preventing activity-driven membrane delivery of AMPA receptors. This effect is independent of KCC2 transporter function and can be accounted for by increased Rac1/PAK- and LIMK-dependent cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization in dendritic spines. Our results demonstrate that KCC2 plays a critical role in the regulation of spine actin cytoskeleton and gates long-term plasticity at excitatory synapses in cortical neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChanges in the expression of neuronal chloride transporters, such as KCC2, occur during postnatal development and are induced in a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Such changes are expected to primarily impact GABA signaling because GABAA receptors are predominantly permeable to chloride ions. However, the KCC2 transporter forms clusters near glutamatergic synapses and interacts with several actin-related proteins. We show that KCC2 is strictly required for LTP expression at hippocampal excitatory synapses. This effect is due to KCC2 interaction with the Rac1/PAK signaling pathway that controls actin polymerization. Suppressing this interaction promotes actin polymerization thereby hindering AMPA receptor traffic upon KCC2 suppression. Alterations of KCC2 expression therefore impact not only GABAergic signaling but also glutamatergic synaptic function and long term plasticity.
The Role of 5-HT3Receptors in Signaling from Taste Buds to Nerves
Authors: Larson Eric D. , Vandenbeuch Aurelie , Voigt Anja , Meyerhof Wolfgang , Kinnamon Sue C. , Finger Thomas E. 
Published: December 2015

Activation of taste buds triggers the release of several neurotransmitters, including ATP and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Type III taste cells release 5-HT directly in response to acidic (sour) stimuli and indirectly in response to bitter and sweet tasting stimuli. Although ATP is necessary for activation of nerve fibers for all taste stimuli, the role of 5-HT is unclear. We investigated whether gustatory afferents express functional 5-HT3receptors and, if so, whether these receptors play a role in transmission of taste information from taste buds to nerves. In mice expressing GFP under the control of the 5-HT3Apromoter, a subset of cells in the geniculate ganglion and nerve fibers in taste buds are GFP-positive. RT-PCR andin situhybridization confirmed the presence of 5-HT3AmRNA in the geniculate ganglion. Functional studies show that only those geniculate ganglion cells expressing 5-HT3A-driven GFP respond to 10 μm5-HT and this response is blocked by 1 μmondansetron, a 5-HT3antagonist, and mimicked by application of 10 μmm-chlorophenylbiguanide, a 5-HT3agonist. Pharmacological blockade of 5-HT3receptorsin vivoor genetic deletion of the 5-HT3receptors reduces taste nerve responses to acids and other taste stimuli compared with controls, but only when urethane was used as the anesthetic. We find that anesthetic levels of pentobarbital reduce taste nerve responses apparently by blocking the 5-HT3receptors. Our results suggest that 5-HT released from type III cells activates gustatory nerve fibers via 5-HT3receptors, accounting for a significant proportion of the neural taste response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHistorically, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) has been described as a candidate neurotransmitter in the gustatory system and recent studies show that type III taste receptor cells release 5-HT in response to various taste stimuli. In the present study, we demonstrate that a subset of gustatory sensory neurons express functional 5-HT3receptors that play a significant role in the neurotransmission of taste information from taste buds to nerves. In addition, we show that the anesthetic pentobarbital, widely used in taste nerve recordings, blocks 5-HT3signaling. Therefore, many conclusions drawn from those data need to be reexamined in light of this anesthetic effect.
Miro1 Regulates Activity-Driven Positioning of Mitochondria within Astrocytic Processes Apposed to Synapses to Regulate Intracellular Calcium Signaling
Authors: Stephen Terri-Leigh , Higgs Nathalie F. , Sheehan David F. , Al Awabdh Sana , López-Doménech Guillermo , Arancibia-Carcamo I. Lorena , Kittler Josef T. 
Published: December 2015

It is fast emerging that maintaining mitochondrial function is important for regulating astrocyte function, although the specific mechanisms that govern astrocyte mitochondrial trafficking and positioning remain poorly understood. The mitochondrial Rho-GTPase 1 protein (Miro1) regulates mitochondrial trafficking and detachment from the microtubule transport network to control activity-dependent mitochondrial positioning in neurons. However, whether Miro proteins are important for regulating signaling-dependent mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytic processes remains unclear. Using live-cell confocal microscopy of rat organotypic hippocampal slices, we find that enhancing neuronal activity induces transient mitochondrial remodeling in astrocytes, with a concomitant, transient reduction in mitochondrial trafficking, mediated by elevations in intracellular Ca2+. Stimulating neuronal activity also induced mitochondrial confinement within astrocytic processes in close proximity to synapses. Furthermore, we show that the Ca2+-sensing EF-hand domains of Miro1 are important for regulating mitochondrial trafficking in astrocytes and required for activity-driven mitochondrial confinement near synapses. Additionally, activity-dependent mitochondrial positioning by Miro1 reciprocally regulates the levels of intracellular Ca2+in astrocytic processes. Thus, the regulation of intracellular Ca2+signaling, dependent on Miro1-mediated mitochondrial positioning, could have important consequences for astrocyte Ca2+wave propagation, gliotransmission, and ultimately neuronal function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMitochondria are key cellular organelles that play important roles in providing cellular energy and buffering intracellular calcium ions. The mechanisms that control mitochondrial distribution within the processes of glial cells called astrocytes and the impact this may have on calcium signaling remains unclear. We show that activation of glutamate receptors or increased neuronal activity leads to the altered transport of mitochondria and their positioning at synapses dependent on a key mitochondrial trafficking protein called Miro1. We also show that, the control of mitochondrial movement and stopping by Miro plays an important role in regulating astrocyte calcium responses. Thus the regulation of intracellular calcium signaling, by Miro-mediated mitochondrial positioning, could have important consequences for astrocyte signaling and neuron–glial interactions.
Parallel Inhibition of Dopamine Amacrine Cells and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Non-Image-Forming Visual Circuit of the Mouse Retina
Authors: Vuong Helen E. , Hardi Claudia N. , Barnes Steven , Brecha Nicholas C. 
Published: December 2015

An inner retinal microcircuit composed of dopamine (DA)-containing amacrine cells and melanopsin-containing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (M1 ipRGCs) process information about the duration and intensity of light exposures, mediating light adaptation, circadian entrainment, pupillary reflexes, and other aspects of non-image-forming vision. The neural interaction is reciprocal: M1 ipRGCs excite DA amacrine cells, and these, in turn, feed inhibition back onto M1 ipRGCs. We found that the neuropeptide somatostatin [somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF)] also inhibits the intrinsic light response of M1 ipRGCs and postulated that, to tune the bidirectional interaction of M1 ipRGCs and DA amacrine cells, SRIF amacrine cells would provide inhibitory modulation to both cell types. SRIF amacrine cells, DA amacrine cells, and M1 ipRGCs form numerous contacts. DA amacrine cells and M1 ipRGCs express the SRIF receptor subtypes sst2Aand sst4respectively. SRIF modulation of the microcircuit was investigated with targeted patch-clamp recordings of DA amacrine cells in TH–RFP mice and M1 ipRGCs in OPN4–EGFP mice. SRIF increases K+currents, decreases Ca2+currents, and inhibits spike activity in both cell types, actions reproduced by the selective sst2Aagonist L-054,264 (N-[(1R)-2-[[[(1S*,3R*)-3-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]methyl]amino]-1-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-2-oxoethyl]spiro[1H-indene-1,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxamide) in DA amacrine cells and the selective sst4agonist L-803,087 (N2-[4-(5,7-difluoro-2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-l-arginine methyl ester trifluoroacetate) in M1 ipRGCs. These parallel actions of SRIF may serve to counteract the disinhibition of M1 ipRGCs caused by SRIF inhibition of DA amacrine cells. This allows the actions of SRIF on DA amacrine cells to proceed with adjusting retinal DA levels without destabilizing light responses by M1 ipRGCs, which project to non-image-forming targets in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAmacrine cells form multiple microcircuits in the inner retina to mediate visual processing, although their organization and function remain incompletely understood. The somatostatin [somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF)]- and dopamine (DA)-releasing amacrine cells act globally, and, in this study, they are shown to interact and modulate the light response of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). SRIF amacrine cells target both DA amacrine cells and M1 ipRGCs for inhibition. The parallel actions of SRIF may serve to compensate for the loss of DA-mediated inhibition of M1 ipRGCs. This inhibitory tuning is of particular importance because the DA system mediates a broad range of light adaptational actions in the retina and M1 ipRGCs project to brain areas that influence sleep, mood, cognition, circadian entrainment, and pupillary reflexes.
Rewarding Effects of Optical Stimulation of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamatergic Neurons
Authors: Wang Hui-Ling , Qi Jia , Zhang Shiliang , Wang Huikun , Morales Marisela 
Published: December 2015

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons play roles in reward and aversion. The VTA has three major neuronal phenotypes: dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic. VTA glutamatergic neurons—expressing vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGluT2)—project to limbic and cortical regions, but also excite neighboring dopaminergic neurons. Here, we test whether local photoactivation of VTA VGluT2 neurons expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) under the VGluT2 promoter causes place preference and supports operant responding for the stimulation. By using a Cre-dependent viral vector, ChR2 (tethered to mCherry) was expressed in VTA glutamatergic neurons ofVGluT2::Cre mice. The mCherry distribution was evaluated by immunolabeling. By confocal microscopy, we detected expression of mCherry in VTA cell bodies and local processes. In contrast, VGluT2 expression was restricted to varicosities, some of them coexpressing mCherry. By electron microscopy, we determined that mCherry-VGluT2 varicosities correspond to axon terminals, forming asymmetric synapses on neighboring dopaminergic neurons. These findings indicate that ChR2 was present in terminals containing glutamatergic synaptic vesicles and involved in local synaptic connections. Photoactivation of VTA slices from ChR2-expressing mice induced AMPA/NMDA receptor-dependent firing of dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. VTA photoactivation of ChR2-expressing mice reinforced instrumental behavior and established place preferences. VTA injections of AMPA or NMDA receptor antagonists blocked optical self-stimulation and place preference. These findings suggest a role in reward function for VTA glutamatergic neurons through local excitatory synapses on mesoaccumbens dopaminergic neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe show that previously discovered glutamatergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), through their local connections, play a role in reward. The participation of VTA glutamatergic neurons in reward involves VTA glutamatergic neurons that establish local excitatory connections. These neurons concentrate the protein VGluT2 in their axon terminals to transport and accumulate glutamate into vesicles for its synaptic release. The VTA activation of these terminals is rewarding and involves local synaptic glutamate release, which in turn activates glutamatergic receptors in neighboring mesoaccumbens dopaminergic neurons.
Force and Shadow in the Making of Precarity: Racialized Bodies and State Power
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: December 2015

This article illuminates the ways that citizenship status and race enter into the making of precarity under social policies beyond the exclusions from labor protections, social security, and public assistance (the welfare we hear about) that historians commonly discuss to explain the workings of what I have named the “racialized gendered” state. That is, over the last quarter century, women and gender historians have reshaped the narrative of social politics to show the differential treatment of women by race and class that has reinforced and intensified, even while it has reflected, economic and social inequality. To explore how force generates a shadow, pushing some outside the law to live unnoticed and toil in low-waged and temporary jobs, I turn to immigration policy, especially the threat of deportation that has generated fear for those classified as “alien” or “illegal.” In focusing on the violence of both immigration restriction and segregation, I argue that state power has particularly targeted racialized gendered bodies for the low wages of precarity. That is, we cannot fully understand women and precarious labor without accounting for the ways that race, gender, and citizenship status work together.
Multifocal Gastrointestinal Angiosarcoma: a Challenging Diagnosis?
Authors: De Francesco Vincenzo , Bellesia Annamaria , Corsi Fabrizio , Pennella Antonio , Ridola Lorenzo , Zullo Angelo 
Published: December 2015

Angiosarcoma rarely involves the gastrointestinal tract. Herein, we describe the case of a 68-year-old man with haemoptysis and melena who was eventually diagnosed with multifocal angiosarcoma of the stomach, small bowel, lungs, and thyroid. The peculiarity was that the histological feature of the polypoid lesions removed at endoscopy was initially misinterpreted as benign hyperplastic polyps, whilst their neoplastic nature was clinically suspected only when the videocapsule endoscopy revealed the presence of multiple variable-sized nodules with apical erosion or active bleeding in the small bowel.Based on the very low incidence, diagnosis of angiosarcoma involving the gastrointestinal tract may be misinterpreted by both the endoscopist and pathologist.
Abbreviations: GI: Gastrointestinal; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; VCE: Videocapsule endoscopy
Tuberculin Skin Test and Quantiferon in BCG Vaccinated, Immunosuppressed Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kurti Zsuzsanna , Lovasz Barbara Dorottya , Gecse Krisztina Barbara , Balint Anita , Farkas Klaudia , Morocza- Szabo Agnes , Gyurcsanyi Andras , Kristof Katalin , Vegh Zsuzsanna , Gonczi Lorant , Kiss Lajos Sandor , Golovics Petra Anna , Lakatos Laszlo , Molnar Tamas , Lakatos Peter Laszlo 
Published: December 2015

Background & Aims: There are few data available on the effect of immunomodulator/biological therapy on the accuracy of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in BCG-vaccinated immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim was to define the accuracy, predictors and agreement of TST and IGRA in a BCG-vaccinated immunosuppressed referral IBD cohort.
Methods: 166 consecutive moderate-to-severe IBD patients (122 Crohn’s disease, CD and 44 ulcerative colitis, UC) were enrolled in a prospective study from three centers. Patients were treated with immunosuppressives and/or biologicals. IGRA and TST were performed on the same day. Both in- and outpatient records were collected and comprehensively reviewed.
Results: TST positivity rate was 23.5%, 21.1%,14.5% and 13.9% when cut-off values of 5, 10, 15 and 20mm were used. IGRA positivity rate was 8.4% with indeterminate result in 0.6%. Chest X-ray was suggestive of latent tuberculosis in 2 patients. Correlation between TST and IGRA was moderate (kappa: 0.39-0.41, p<0.001). In addition, a cut-off of 14 and 17mm for TST was defined to identify IGRA positivity in a ROC analysis (AUC: 0.76, p=0.03). TST and/or IGRA positivity was not influenced by medical therapy or disease phenotype. Importantly, smoking was identified as a risk factor for TST but not IGRA positivity (OR: 2.70-5.02, p<0.01, for TSTcut-offs=5-20mm).
Conclusion: TST and IGRA tests are partly complimentary methods, and additional testing by TST (with a cut-off of >15mm) should be considered to identify patients at risk for latent TB. Accuracy is satisfactory in BCG-vaccinated, immunosuppressed IBD patients. Smoking is a risk factor for TST positivity.– .
Abbreviations: AZA: azathioprine; BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guérin; CD: Crohn’s disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; HBI: Harvey–Bradshaw Index; IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; IGRA: interferon-gamma release assay; IST: immunosuppressive therapy; LTB: latent tuberculosis; UC: ulcerative colitis; TB: tuberculosis; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TST: tuberculin skin test/ Mantoux skin test