bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Relatives in Plato’s Partition Argument,Republic4, 436 b 9–439 c 9
Authors: Duncombe Matthew 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn Republic IV (436b9-439c9), Socrates argues that the soul has parts. Some commentators object that his argument fails to show that the soul has more than one part. Other commentators worry that Socrates' argument entails that the soul has indefinitely many parts. This chapter argues that both problems arise if desire and rejection can relate to different objects. Socrates' discussion of relative terms at 438a7-d9 specifies that each relative, including desire and rejection, relates only to its own special object. Thus, the discussion of relatives helps Socrates avoid both problems.
Ionized gases and plasmas—Historical overview, basic concepts, and applications
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a short historical perspective on the evolution of plasma physics and its fusion energy applications. It also examines the basic concepts and characteristics of plasma and describes the basic equations of models used in the study of collective plasma dynamics. The word “plasma” was introduced into physics in 1928 by Irving Langmuir to designate certain equipotential regions containing an electrically neutral ionized gas in quasi-neutral, dilute gas of free-charged particles. However, it can be argued that plasma physics emerged in the nineteenth-century electrical science studies that involved partially-ionized gases. Significant developments made in the decades that followed ultimately revealed two aspects of a plasma's dynamics—that of single-charged particle motions through binary collisions between charged particles, and collective motions in plasma oscillations.
Drift-free cold plasma, magnetized—I. Linearized electrodynamics—Appendix: Time dispersive media
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter continues the analysis and description of collective plasma modes in the hydrodynamical model of a drift-free, cold plasma by examining the first and third aspects of its dynamics: the amplitude limit for laminar dynamics, as required by any hydrodynamic model and the nonlinear coupling of these natural modes when the field amplitudes exceed their small-amplitude levels of independent linear modes. This chapter addresses: the linearization of the plasma dynamic model equations; the finding of the internal response functions—these are now gyrotropic tensors of susceptibility or related conductivity; the using of these internal response functions in Maxwell's equations to determine the self-consistent fields (SCF) and associated dispersion relations of the natural modes; and the deriving of the energy conservation equations associated with this model of plasma dynamics.
Dynamics with thermal pressures—I. Unmagnetized plasma
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes collective plasma modes in the simplest two-fluid reduced hydrodynamic model which accounts for thermal effects by an isotropic thermal pressure for each charged-particle species of the plasma. The gradient of this pressure enters into the momentum equation for the species, and the hydrodynamic equations are closed by an ad-hoc “equation of state” which relates the pressure to the density. The chapter situates the plasma as unmagnetized and each species as drift free. It examines linear, natural modes and their associated energy conservation equations for this model of a plasma's dynamics. The novel electrodynamic aspect examined here reveals that, although the medium is isotropic, its internal response function is, in general, a tensor due to the fact that by including the thermal pressure forces in its dynamics, the medium is not only temporally dispersive but also spatially dispersive.
E-beam waves, instabilities and devices
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the study of linear instabilities in plasmas that contain some charge-particle species which, in their unperturbed equilibria, drift with constant velocities relative to each other. Within their cold plasma description such particle species are called streams or beams, and the plasma instabilities they produce are called streaming instabilities. In addition, even the simplest single charged-particle species plasma—a stable electron beam (e-beam)—when coupled to appropriate, passive EM structures exhibit linear instability and thus present the potential for generating and/or amplifying EM signals propagating on such structures; this is at the basis of many e-beam devices for generating and/or amplifying signals at microwave frequencies. To bring out the essentials of such streaming instabilities in plasmas, or in oscillator and/or amplifying e-beam devices, the chapter considers cold and collisionless plasmas spatially-homogeneous and of infinite extent.
Nonlinear coupling of modes and parametric interactions
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to a study of the nonlinear coupling of coherent waves in plasmas. The foundation for describing this coupling—the nonlinear coupling of modes (NLCOM)—is based upon the dynamic mode perturbation analysis developed in the previous chapter. The plasmas considered are homogeneous, and in specific examples are based upon hydrodynamic model descriptions. The nonlinear aspect of plasma dynamics can be viewed to arise from the fact that the dynamics equations for a plasma entail current and charge densities that are nonlinear functions of the EM fields. When these current and charge densities are introduced into Maxwell's equations for the EM fields, the resultant SCF set of dynamic equations is nonlinear. The chapter puts emphasis on nonlinear interactions to second-order in field amplitudes and, in particular, on the generic conservative nonlinear interaction of three waves (3WI). It concludes with illustrating nonlinear coupling for a hydrodynamic model plasma in a magnetic field.
Vlasov–Landau–van Kampen/Case kinetic descriptions—Unmagnetized plasma
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyzes kinetic descriptions of high-temperature plasmas—fully ionized plasmas—whose dynamics are essentially collisionless and dominated by collective particle dynamics in self-consistent EM fields. Kinetic theory of plasmas gives a proper treatment of plasma temperature effects on collective modes. In such a description all charged particles of the plasma are assumed to interact with the self-consistent EM fields in essentially the same manner. In an unmagnetized plasma, as long as the phase velocities of the wave fields are much larger than any of the particle velocities, typically the thermal velocities, such an assumption is adequate. However, ES waves are slow waves and in high-temperature plasmas they can have their phase velocity near to the velocity of a significant number of charged particles. The emphasis in this chapter is on the linearized kinetic description of the simplest, one-d ES mode in a plasma.
Quasilinear theory and weak turbulence
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines nonlinear dynamics in plasmas. It covers the important quasilinear (QL) theory of plasma dynamics, not only as it was originally intended to describe the evolution of linear instabilities into their nonlinear regime, but also as more recently developed for the successful study of current drive and/or heating in plasma of interest to MCF. To evaluate the importance of some of these nonlinear effects on the linearized dynamics, the linearized treatments in various chapters is supplemented by the description of some basic nonlinear plasma dynamics phenomena which placed amplitude limits on the validity of the linearized descriptions. Plasmas that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium (NTE) exhibit linearized waves/modes that are unstable, and are typically associated with fields that grow exponentially in space and/or time. Most plasmas of interest are NTE, and thus only their incipient unstable evolution from small amplitudes is validly described by linearized dynamic equations.
Spectroscopic observations of active solar-analog stars with high X-ray luminosity, as a proxy of superflare stars
Authors: Notsu Yuta , Honda Satoshi , Maehara Hiroyuki , Notsu Shota , Namekata Kosuke , Nogami Daisaku , Shibata Kazunari 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Recent studies of solar-type superflare stars have suggested that even old slowly rotating stars similar to the Sun can have large starspots and superflares. We conducted high-dispersion spectroscopy of 49 nearby solar-analog stars (G-type main-sequence stars with Teff ≈ 5600–6000 K) identified as ROSAT soft X-ray sources, which are not binary stars from previous studies. We expected that these stars could be used as a proxy of bright solar-analog superflare stars, since superflare stars are expected to show strong X-ray luminosity. More than half (37) of the 49 target stars show no evidence of binarity, and their atmospheric parameters (temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity) are within the range of ordinary solar-analog stars. We measured the intensity of Ca ii 8542 and Hα lines, which are good indicators of the stellar chromospheric activity. The intensity of these lines indicates that all the target stars have large starspots. We also measured v sin i (projected rotational velocity) and lithium abundance for the target stars. Li abundance is a key to understanding the evolution of the stellar convection zone, which reflects the stellar age, mass and rotational history. We confirmed that many of the target stars rapidly rotate and have high Li abundance, compared with the Sun, as suggested by many previous studies. There are, however, also some target stars that rotate slowly (v sin i = 2–3 km s−1) and have low Li abundance like the Sun. These results support that old and slowly rotating stars similar to the Sun could have high activity levels and large starspots. This is consistent with the results of our previous studies of solar-type superflare stars. In the future, it is important to conduct long-term monitoring observations of these active solar-analog stars in order to investigate detailed properties of large starspots from the viewpoint of stellar dynamo theory.
Efficient Heuristic for Decomposing a Flow with Minimum Number of Paths
Authors: Shao Mingfu , Kingsford Carl 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMotivated by transcript assembly and multiple genome assembly problems, in this paper, we study the followingminimum path flow decompositionproblem: given a directed acyclic graphG= (V,E) with sourcesand sinktand a flowf, compute a set ofs-tpathsPand assign weightw(p) forp∈Psuch that, and |P| is minimized. We propose an efficient pseudo-polynomialtime heuristic for this problem based on novel insights. Our heuristic gives a framework that consists of several components, providing a roadmap for continuing development of better heuristics. Through experimental studies on both simulated and transcript assembly instances, we show that our algorithm significantly improves the previous state-of-the-art algorithm. Implementation of our algorithm is available athttps://github.com/Kingsford-Group/catfish.
Livestock and microcephaly, traces of an association?
Authors: de Andrade Ion 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTWhile there is no doubt about the participation of Zika virus in microcephaly, its epidemiology is not entirely clear and doubts remain about the intervention of other factors. In studies on the epidemiology of dengue, the infestation by Aedes aegypti peridomiciliary and the population density are the main determinants for viral spread. However, in Rio Grande do Norte state (RN), the counties that have confirmed cases of microcephaly overlapped the river basins regions surrounded by agriculture and livestock. In addition, the prevalence of microcephaly at the end of the first year of the epidemic was higher in small towns than in larger ones, elements that seem to contradict what is known about the epidemic by other arboviruses. Methods: 234 cases of microcephaly were analyzed from three states and 144 counties. Results: An exponential trend of higher prevalence of microcephaly in the smaller cities (r2=0,7121) was found.The correlation coefficients (R) between the Prevalence of microcephaly and the variables that measured the density of animals in the territory ranged from moderate to strong. Discussion: Concerning microcephaly, studies in progress point to the possibility of association between the Zika Virus and the BVDV, a virus known to produce birth defects in farm animals but perceived as innocuous in humans. Conclusions: The overlap of cases of microcephaly in river basins, their higher prevalence in smaller cities, the strength of the correlation coefficient, render necessary new etiological and pathophysiological studies.4.ABBREVIATIONSBVDVBovine diarrhea virusCECeará stateIBGEInstituto Brasileiro of Geography and StatisticsIPESQInstituto de Pesquisa da ParaíbaPBParaíba stateRNRio Grande do Norte stateUFRJRio de Janeiro Federal UniversityZKVZika Virus.
Identity-by-descent analyses for measuring population dynamics and selection in recombining pathogens
Authors: Henden Lyndal , Lee Stuart , Mueller Ivo , Barry Alyssa , Bahlo Melanie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIdentification of genomic regions that are identical by descent (IBD) has proven useful for human genetic studies where analyses have led to the discovery of familial relatedness and fine-mapping of disease critical regions. Unfortunately however, IBD analyses have been underutilized inanalysis of other organisms, including human pathogens. This is in part due to the lack of statistical methodologies for non-diploid genomes in addition to the added complexity of multiclonal infections. As such, we have developed an IBD methodology, called isoRelate, for analysis of haploid recombining microorganisms in the presence of multiclonal infections. Using the inferred IBD status at genomic locations, we have also developed a novel statistic for identifying loci under positive selection and propose relatedness networks as a means of exploring shared haplotypes within populations. We evaluate the performance of our methodologies for detecting IBD and selection, including comparisons with existing tools, then perform an exploratory analysis of whole genome sequencing data from a globalPlasmodium falciparumdataset of more than 2500 genomes. This analysis identifies Southeast Asia as havingmany highly related isolates, possibly as a result of both reduced transmission from intensified control efforts and population bottlenecks following the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance. Many signals of selection are also identified, most of which overlap genes that are known to be associated with drug resistance, in addition to two novel signals observed in multiple countries that have yet to be explored in detail. Additionally, we investigate relatedness networks over the selected loci and determine that one of these sweeps has spread between continents while the other has arisen independently in different countries. IBD analysis of microorganisms using isoRelate can be used for exploring population structure, positive selection and haplotype distributions, and will be a valuable tool for monitoring disease control and elimination efforts of many diseases.
Unstable inheritance of 45S rRNA genes inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Rabanal Fernando A. , Nizhynska Viktoria , Mandáková Terezie , Novikova Polina Yu. , Lysak Martin A. , Mott Richard , Nordborg Magnus 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe considerable genome size variation inArabidopsis thalianahas been shown largely to be due to copy number variation (CNV) in 45S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Surprisingly, attempts to map this variation by means of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) failed to identify either of the two likely sources, namely the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). Instead, GWAS implicated atrans-acting locus, as if rRNA CNV was a phenotype rather than a genotype. To explain these results, we investigated the inheritance and stability of rRNA gene copy number using the variety of genetic resources available inA. thaliana— F2 crosses, recombinant inbred lines, the multiparent advanced generation inter-cross population, and mutation accumulation lines. Our results clearly show that rRNA gene CNV can be mapped to the NORs themselves, with both loci contributing equally to the variation. However, NOR size is unstably inherited, and dramatic copy number changes are visible already within tens of generations, which explains why it is not possible to map the NORs using GWAS. We did not find any evidence oftrans-acting loci in crosses, which is also expected since changes due to such loci would take very many generations to manifest themselves. rRNA gene copy number is thus an interesting example of “missing heritability” — a trait that is heritable in pedigrees, but not in the general population.
A study of the geophysical response of distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors through laboratory‐scale experiments
Authors: Papp Bence , Donno Daniela , Martin James E. , Hartog Arthur H. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn the past few years, distributed acoustic sensing has gained great interest in geophysics. This acquisition technology offers immense improvement in terms of efficiency when compared with current geophysical acquisition methods. However, the fundamentals of the measurement are still not fully understood because direct comparisons of fibre data with conventional geophysical sensors are difficult during field tests. We present downscaled laboratory experiments that enabled us to characterise the relationship between the signals recorded by conventional seismic point receivers and by distributed fibre optic sensors. Interrogation of the distributed optical fibre sensor was performed with a Michelson interferometer because this system is suited to compact test configurations, and it requires only a very simple data processing workflow for extracting the signal outputs. We show acoustic data that were recorded simultaneously by both the fibre optical interferometer and conventional three‐component accelerometers, thus enabling the comparison of sensor performance. We present results focused on the directionality of fibre measurements, on the amplitude variation with angle of incidence, and on the transfer function that allows accelerometer signals to be transformed into optical fibre signals. We conclude that the optical fibre response matches with the array of the displacement differences of the inline accelerometers deployed along the fibre length. Moreover, we also analysed the influence of various types of coupling and fibre cable coating on the signal responses, emphasising the importance of these parameters for field seismic acquisitions when using the distributed fibre optic technology.
Development of a core outcome set for epilepsy in pregnancy (E‐CORE): a national multi‐stakeholder modified Delphi consensus study
Authors: Al Wattar BH , Tamilselvan K , Khan R , Kelso A , Sinha A , Pirie AM , McCorry D , Khan KS , Thangaratinam S ,   the Antiepileptic Drug Management in Pregnancy (EMPIRE) Collaborative Network
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo develop a set of core outcomes for studies on pregnant women with epilepsy.DesignDelphi consensus study.PopulationHealthcare professionals, and patient representatives with lived experience of epilepsy in the UK.MethodsWe used a modified Delphi method and a consultation meeting to achieve consensus. Potential outcomes were identified by systematic review, and were scored using a Likert scale anchored between 1 (least important) and 5 (most important). We included outcomes that scored ≥4 by >70% of participants, and outcomes that scored ≤2 by <15% of participants.Main outcome measuresOutcomes in studies on epilepsy in pregnancy.ResultsSeventy‐five healthcare professionals completed the first round, 48 (64%) completed the second round, and 37 (49%) completed the third round of the survey. Twenty‐four patient representatives participated. The final core outcome set included 31 outcomes in three domains: neurological, offspring, and obstetric. Outcomes in the neurological domain were seizure control in pregnancy and postpartum, status epilepticus, maternal mortality, drowning, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, postnatal depression, and quality of life. Offspring domain included congenital abnormalities (major and minor), fetal anticonvulsant syndrome, neurodevelopment, autism disorder, neonatal clinical complications, admission to a neonatal intensive care unit, and anthropometric measurements. The obstetric domain included live birth, stillbirth, miscarriage, ectopic, termination of pregnancy, admission to a high dependency or intensive care unit, breastfeeding, mode of delivery, preterm birth, pre‐eclampsia, and eclampsia. Outcomes specific for studies on anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs) included maternal AED toxicity, AED compliance, neonatal withdrawal symptoms, and neonatal haemorrhagic disease.ConclusionEmbedding this core set in future clinical trials will promote the standardisation of reporting to inform clinical practice.Tweetable abstractA Delphi method identifying core outcomes for epilepsy in pregnancy. Final core set includes 31 outcomes.
Prescribing democracy? Party proscription and party system stability in Germany, Spain and Turkey
Authors: CASAL BÉRTOA FERNANDO , BOURNE ANGELA 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhen democracies ban political parties, one of the central issues that usually emerges in both public and academic debate concerns the effects of proscription. Some argue that proscription may lead to radicalisation, a growth of militancy and readiness to use violence. Others argue that, in the long run, banning parties may damage the foundations of a democratic polity as the ban may be interpreted as a silent weakening of democratic rights in the state and therefore a failure of democracy itself. However, and notwithstanding its centrality for the conduct of democratic politics, the impact of party bans on party system development has remained mostly under‐researched. Trying to address this lacuna, and employing a new dataset of banned parties in Europe between 1945 and 2015, the study reported in this article compares the effects of party ban regulation on party system stability in three different arenas: electoral, parliamentary and governmental. In particular, the impact of party proscription on electoral volatility, fragmentation and closure is examined in three countries: Turkey, Germany and Spain. Using examples both at national and regional (e.g., Basque Country, Navarre, Saxony) levels, and making use of survey data when available, it is found that the banning of a relevant political party not only increases volatility and reduces fragmentation, but also alters the existing structure of competition at the time of government formation. Likewise, the empirical analysis also suggests a number of alternative hypotheses (i.e., organisational succession, electoral system) when trying to explain why the outcomes of some cases within each country deviate from theoretical expectations. Finally, the article also examines the phenomenon of ‘non‐banning’ and how the failure of attempts to ban political parties might affect the development of a party system.