bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural antioxidants: sources, extraction and application in food systems
Authors: Sardarodiyan Maryam , Mohamadi Sani Ali 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The study aims to describe the main classes of antioxidants existing in fruit, beverages, vegetables and herbs and the different extraction and application of antioxidants in food. Oxidative degradation of lipids, especially induced by reactive oxygen species, leads to quality deterioration of foods and cosmetics and could have harmful effects on health. A major challenge is to develop tools to assess the antioxidant capacity and real efficacy of these molecules. Recently, many review papers regarding antioxidants from different sources and different extraction and quantification procedures have been published. However, none of them has all the information regarding antioxidants (sources, extraction and application in food).

Design/methodology/approach
This paper tries to take a different perspective on antioxidants for the new researcher involved in this field.

Findings
Antioxidants from fruit, vegetables and beverages play an important role in human health, for example, preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases and lowering the incidence of different diseases. A number of plant products act as scavengers of free radical species and so have been classified as antioxidants. Antioxidants are an important group of food additives that have the ability to protect against detrimental change of oxidizable nutrients and consequently they extend shelf-life of foods.

Research limitations/implications
Most of the antioxidants present in foods are phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, but their efficacy in food for the prevention of oxidation or in the body for dealing with oxidative stress and its consequences depends on different factors.

Originality/value
This study collected the last finding in the field of sources and applications of natural antioxidants.
Ready-to-drink non-alcoholic beverages
Authors: Yang Chun-Shun , Ford Pauline , Liu Xiaoman , Leishman Shaneen , Schubert Lisa 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The appearance of a rapidly expanding range of ready-to-drink packaged beverages in the marketplace has been met with widespread consumer acceptance. The aim of this study is to profile the nutritional composition and dental erosive potential of a sample of beverages sold for consumption in Brisbane supermarkets.

Design/methodology/approach
In all, 44 beverages were assessed to determine their pH and titratable acidity. Information relating to nutritional composition was also collected.

Findings
Milk-based beverages had the highest energy concentration, while soft drinks, energy drinks, flavoured milk, and fruit and vegetable juice categories contained products with very high sugar concentrations (>10g/100ml). All beverages, except milk-based products and still water, had a pH of less than 4.8. Titratable acidity was highest for energy drinks and fruit and vegetable juices.

Research limitations/implications
Energy drinks and fruit and vegetable juices had the highest sugar content and titratable acidity of all the beverage categories and so would be expected to have the greatest potential to cause oral health problems. Milk drinks had the highest energy concentration, but the lowest erosive potential. Regular consumption of many ready-to-drink pre-packaged beverages is therefore inconsistent with recommendations in current dietary and oral health guidelines.

Originality/value
Rather than considering nutritional composition alone, this study examined both nutritional and physicochemical properties of ready-to-drink packaged beverages to reach a more holistic assessment of their health impact.
Reproducing politics: the politicisation of patients' identities and assisted reproduction in Poland and Sweden
Authors: Gunnarsson Payne Jenny , Korolczuk Elżbieta 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines how discourses on assisted reproductive technologies are locally appropriated, translated or contested in the specific cultural and political contexts of Poland and Sweden. The aim is to investigate how two national patients' organisations, namely the Polish association Nasz Bocian and the Swedish organisation Barnlängtan, articulate rights claims in the context of reproductive technologies. To this end, we investigate how these organisations utilise specific context‐dependent and affectively laden political vocabularies in order to mobilise politically, and discuss how each of these two groups gives rise to a different set of politicised reproductive identities. In order to trace which political vocabularies the respective organisations utilise to mobilise their respective rights claims, we draw primarily on political discourse theory and concepts of political grammars and empty signifiers. Lastly, we discuss which political reproductive identities emerge as a result of these different versions of political mobilisation around assisted reproductive technologies.
German Soldiers and the Horror of War: Fear of Death and the Joy of Killing in 1870 and 1914
Authors: HEWITSON MARK 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis chapter investigates the relationship between the legitimization of acts of aggression in wars and the outlawing of violence at home. It focuses on soldiers’ responses to violence during the transition from nineteenth‐century warfare to total war, which relied not only on mass conscription but also on the mobilization of civilians. In the ‘wars of the masses’ of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries – the Franco‐German War (1870–1) and the First World War (1914–18) – large numbers of individuals were required to kill on behalf of the state. For ‘more developed industrial states’, this was the point at which, as Norbert Elias recognized, ‘the gradient between pacification within the state and the threat between states is often especially steep’. Soldiers were thus caught between a taboo on aggression and killing in civilian life, and the encouragement and rewarding of violence during wartime. The article points to important similarities between combatants’ responses in 1870 and 1914 whilst also accepting that the inhibition of aggression had become more pronounced by 1914, despite more widespread expressions of national feeling, which served to legitimize the violent actions of conscript soldiers. At the same time, the reversal of civilized norms took place quickly during modern wars and with lasting effects during peacetime. Under certain conditions, acts of violence, the prohibition of which was supposedly necessary for the very existence of civilized societies, were rapidly accepted as a part of warfare and seem subsequently to have been accepted by sections of civil society.
A (Conceptual) History of Violence
Authors: VINALE ADRIANO 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe article sketches a general history of the concept of violence, particularly focusing on the most significant turning points in western political thought. My main aim is to question the position according to which in western history violence has been progressively declining, in quantity and quality. My working hypothesis follows Michel Foucault's assumption in Discipline and Punish, according to which a modern society of control is based on the gradual transition from the spectacular medieval manifestation of public violence to a disciplinary system perpetrating non‐visible violence. Through this shift violence does not disappear but merely changes its physiognomy, becoming less manifest but not for this reason less present in our economic, social and political relations. As Pierre Bourdieu has shown in a masterly manner, there is a symbolic violence which is not registered in public records and statistics, but which is nonetheless effective and coercive. It is my belief that the diachronic study of the modifications of violence in relation to its changing historical and semantic context will help us to find the most relevant metamorphoses and mystifications of this concept in a western tradition.
Presenting Oneself: Red Army Soldiers and Violence in the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945
Authors: BISCHL KERSTIN 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe article explores how dynamics of violence developed within the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War leading to uncontrolled outbreaks of futile violence committed by single or small groups of Red Army soldiers. It defines the ‘Space of Violence’ for the soldiers as a certain area in which they were obliged to endure and to commit violence. The soldiers could not leave this space either physically or mentally, and the Stalinist state applied not only methods of carrots and (oversized) sticks, but also imposed these methods on the soldiers’ immediate peers, that is their comrades. The article then draws on interviews by Soviet historians with Soviet soldiers close to the battlefields that show how the (assumed) peer pressure of comrades made hesitant soldiers forget about all their doubts, urged them to present one's proneness to violence and led to an over‐spilling of violence.
Good governance and differentiated integration: Graded membership in the European Union
Authors: SCHIMMELFENNIG FRANK 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe study of European integration has traditionally focused on organisational growth: the deepening and widening of the European Union (EU). By contrast, this article analyses organisational differentiation, a process in which states refuse, or are being refused, full integration but find value in establishing in‐between grades of membership. It describes how the EU's system of graded membership has developed, and it explains the positioning of states in this system. The core countries of the EU set a standard of ‘good governance’. The closer European countries are to this standard, the closer their membership grade is to the core. Some countries fall short of this standard and are refused further integration by the core: their membership grade increases with better governance. Other countries refuse further integration because they outperform the standards of the core countries: their membership grade decreases as governance improves. These conjectures are corroborated in a panel analysis of European countries.
Co‐expression of the proteinase inhibitors oryzacystatin I and oryzacystatin II in transgenic potato alters Colorado potato beetle larval development
Authors: Cingel Aleksandar , Savić Jelena , Lazarević Jelica , Ćosić Tatjana , Raspor Martin , Smigocki Ann , Ninković Slavica 
Published: June 2016

AbstractColorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has shown a remarkable adaptability to a variety of control measures. Although oryzacystatin I and II (OCI and OCII) have potential in controlling pests that use cysteine proteinases for food digestion, expression of a single OC gene in potato exhibited a minimal or no effect on CPB fitness traits. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of coexpressed OCI and OCII in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Desiree, Dragačevka and Jelica on CPB larvae. Growth parameters, consumption rates and food utilization, as well as activity of proteases of CPB larvae were assayed. Second and third instar larvae fed on transformed leaves molted earlier and had higher relative growth and consumption rates than larvae fed on nontransformed leaves, while efficiency of food utilization was unaffected. In contrast, fourth instar maximum weight gain and amount of leaves consumed were about 20% lower for the larvae fed on transgenic potato. Analysis of total protease activity of third instar larvae revealed reduction in overall proteolytic activity measured by azocasein hydrolysis, accompanied with inhibition of cysteine proteinase activity 24 h after ingestion of potato leaves expressing OCI and OCII. However, after long‐term feeding on transformed leaves proteolytic activities of larvae became similar to the controls. Although feeding on OCI/OCII leaves did not affect larval survival, coexpression of OC genes reduced the development time and thus significantly decreased plant damage caused by CPB larvae.
Long‐term patterns in Iberian hare population dynamics in a protected area (Doñana National Park) in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula: Effects of weather conditions and plant cover
Authors: CARRO Francisco , SORIGUER Ramón C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) is a widely distributed endemic species in the Iberian Peninsula. To improve our knowledge of its population dynamics, the relative abundance and population trends of the Iberian hare were studied in the autumns of 1995–2012 in a protected area (Doñana National Park) by spotlighting in 2 different habitats: marshland and ecotones. The average relative abundance was 0.38 hare/km (SD = 0.63) in the marshland and 3.6 hares/km (SD = 4.09) in ecotones. The Iberian hare population exhibited local interannual fluctuations and a negative population trend during the study period (1995–2012). The results suggest that its populations are in decline. The flooding of parts of the marshland in June, July and October favor hare abundance in the ecotone. Hare abundance in the marshland increases as the flooded surface area increases in October. These effects are more pronounced if the rains are early (October) and partially flood the marsh. By contrast, when marsh grasses and graminoids are very high and thick (as measured using the aerial herbaceous biomass [biomass marshland] as a proxy), the abundance of hares decreases dramatically as does the area of the marsh that is flooded (in November).
Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Free and Bound Phenolics from Peel and Flesh of Fuji Apple
Authors: Luo Jincan , Zhang Pei , Li Siqian , Shah Nagendra P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of flesh free (FF), flesh bound (FB), peel free (PF), and peel bound (PB) phenolics from Fuji apple. The PB, which had highest total phenolic contents (126.15 ± 2.41 mg/100 g wet weight) and lowest total carbohydrate contents (34.68 ± 2.78 mg/100 g wet weight), showed the strongest 2,2’‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenthiazoline‐6‐sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/mL), 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (Ferric reducing antioxidant power; EC50 = 0.19 ± 0.02 mg/mL) compared with those of FF, FB, and PF. The PB also showed the strongest antibacterial activities on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes and it also showed the highest antiproliferative effects on Caco‐2 human colonic cancer cell (EC50 = 1.44 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and Hela human cervical cell (EC50 = 2.81 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Both free and bound phenolics from Fuji apple showed good antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities in our study, and bound phenolics had significantly higher activities compared with those of free phenolics.
Unexpectedly high bacteriochlorophyll a concentrations in neotropical tank bromeliads
Authors: Lehours Anne‐Catherine , Jeune Anne‐Hélène Le , Aguer Jean‐Pierre , Céréghino Régis , Corbara Bruno , Kéraval Benoit , Leroy Céline , Perrière Fanny , Jeanthon Christian , Carrias Jean‐François 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe contribution of bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) to photosynthetically driven electron transport is generally low in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Here, we provide evidence that anoxygenic bacterial phototrophy is widespread and substantial in water retained by tank bromeliads of a primary rainforest in French Guiana. An analysis of the water extracted from 104 randomly selected tank bromeliads using infrared fluorimetry suggested the overall presence of abundant anoxygenic phototrophic bacterial populations. We found that purple bacteria dominated these populations responsible for unusually high BChl a/chlorophyll a ratios (>50%). Our data suggest that BChl a‐based phototrophy in tank bromeliads can have significant effects on the ecology of tank‐bromeliad ecosystems and on the carbon and energy fluxes in Neotropical forests.
Corporate governance and the sensitivity of investments to cash flows
Authors: Bhabra Gurmeet Singh , Kaur Parvinder , Seoungpil Ahn 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe find very strong and consistent evidence that investments in Strong‐Governance firms (managers not entrenched) are strongly sensitive to availability of internal cash flows while such sensitivity is not different from zero for Weak‐Governance firms (entrenched management). We interpret this as evidence in support of Kaplan and Zingales' (1997) contention that sensitivity of investments to cash flows is not an adequate measure of financing constraints. More importantly, our findings are consistent with Kaplan and Zingales’ conjecture that the observed sensitivity of investments to cash flows in firms that do not face financing constraints may be driven by excessive risk aversion of managers.
Retracted: T‐peak to T‐end Interval Predicts Appropriate Shocks in Patients with Heart Failure Undergoing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation for Primary Prophylaxis
Authors: Sen Ömer , Yilmaz Samet , Sen Fatih , Balcı Kevser G. , Akboga Mehmet K. , Yayla Cagrı , Özeke Özcan 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundT‐wave peak to T‐wave end interval (Tp‐e) correlates with dispersion of ventricular repolarization. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of Tp‐e to predict appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shocks and all‐cause mortality in patients who underwent ICD implantation for primary prophylaxis.MethodsTwo hundred twenty‐eight patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% and an ICD implanted were followed‐up prospectively. Patients divided into two subgroups according to presence of appropriate ICD shocks (Group 1: 112 patients with ICD shocks, Group 2: 116 patients without shocks). End points were appropriate ICD therapy due to ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF), death, and a combined end point of VT/VF or death.ResultsDuring a mean follow‐up of 22.3 ± 7.7 months, appropriate ICD shocks were observed in 112 of 228 patients (49.1%). The mean duration of the Tp‐e Group 1 was significantly longer than Group 2 (115.3 ± 22.2 vs 104.7 ± 20.2 ms, P < 0.001). Ischemic etiology and Tp‐e duration were found to be independent predictors of ICD therapy. When the patients were divided into two groups based on Tp‐e interval, there was no significant difference regarding the mortality between groups (21.2% vs 21.8%, P: 0.186). However, appropriate ICD shocks due to VT/VF (37.5% vs 58.8%, P < 0.001) and combined end point (39.4% vs 64.5%, P: 0.002) were significantly higher in patients with longer Tp‐e group.ConclusionsTp‐e interval independently predicts appropriate ICD shocks in patients with systolic dysfunction and ICDs implanted for primary prevention.
The utility of thromboelastography in inherited and acquired bleeding disorders
Authors: Nogami Keiji 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThromboelastography (TEG) was first described by Hartert in 1948, and was designed to monitor viscoelastic clot strength in whole blood in real time. The current TEG method and Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) were subsequently developed from the original principles. Both of the modern methods provide data by measuring changes in the viscoelastic strength of a small sample of clotting blood in response to a constant rotational force. The important advantage of these techniques is to visually observe and quantify blood coagulation including the propagation, stabilization and dissolution phases of clot formation under low shear conditions. Analysis of the results provides detailed kinetic data on fibrin generation, clot strength and fibrinolysis. These TEG/ROTEM analyses therefore enable evaluation of global clotting function and the monitoring of haemostatic treatment in various clinical situations, not only in patients with genetic bleeding disorders, such as haemophilia, but also in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, liver transplantation or suffering from traumatic injury. Some evidence suggests that haemostatic management using TEG/ROTEM leads to a reduction in total transfusions of whole blood or clotting factors. Wider clinical application of this technology seems likely.
Reciprocal Effects of Self‐Regulation, Semantic Knowledge, and Reading Comprehension in Early Elementary School
Authors: Connor Carol McDonald , Day Stephanie L. , Phillips Beth , Sparapani Nicole , Ingebrand Sarah W. , McLean Leigh , Barrus Angela , Kaschak Michael P. 
Published: June 2016

Many assume that cognitive and linguistic processes, such as semantic knowledge (SK) and self‐regulation (SR), subserve learned skills like reading. However, complex models of interacting and bootstrapping effects of SK, SR, instruction, and reading hypothesize reciprocal effects. Testing this “lattice” model with children (n = 852) followed from first to second grade (5.9–10.4 years of age) revealed reciprocal effects for reading and SR, and reading and SK, but not SR and SK. More effective literacy instruction reduced reading stability over time. Findings elucidate the synergistic and reciprocal effects of learning to read on other important linguistic, self‐regulatory, and cognitive processes; the value of using complex models of development to inform intervention design; and how learned skills may influence development during middle childhood.
Primary clear cell sarcoma of the head and neck: a case series with review of the literature
Authors: Feasel Patrick C. , Cheah Alison L. , Fritchie Karen , Winn Brody , Piliang Melissa , Billings Steven D. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundClear cell sarcoma typically arises in deep soft tissues of the foot/ankle. Primary head and neck clear cell sarcoma is rare. We report three molecularly confirmed primary head and neck clear cell sarcoma and review the literature.MethodsHead and neck clear cell sarcoma with no primary elsewhere were retrieved from archival/consultation files. English language literature review of all reported head and neck clear cell sarcoma was performed.ResultsThree cases were identified. The tumors, all in men, presented on the scalp of a 33‐year‐old, face of a 20‐year‐old and tongue of a 44‐year‐old. Tumors ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 cm. All had typical features of clear cell sarcoma, including nests of tumor cells divided by fibrous septae. One had multinucleated wreath‐like giant cells. One had a focal junctional component. Immunohistochemistry was positive for S100 (three out of three), HMB45 (three out of three) and Melan‐A (two out of three). All had EWSR1 rearrangements by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Follow up available for one patient revealed no evidence of disease after wide excision and radiation. Seven additional reported cases were identified and tabulated.ConclusionHead and neck clear cell sarcoma is rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nested tumors with fibrous septae. Molecular analysis should be considered for definitive diagnosis regardless of location.