bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4.8‐Gbit/s broadband wireless communication link at radio frequency using orbital angular momentum and polarisation multiplexing
Authors: Liu Baiyang 
Published: July 2017

Recently, the ability of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of electromagnetic fields at radio frequency to multiplex multiple beams has been investigated. Such OAM multiplexing can be used to increase channel capacity and spectral efficiency. However, the studies of OAM multiplexing are restricted to narrow band. In this Letter, the authors experimentally demonstrate a 4.8‐Gbit/s broadband OAM and polarisation multiplexing wireless link in which the operating frequency is from 2.1 to 2.7 GHz, with a relative bandwidth about 25%. The proposed wireless communication link over 2.5 m achieves a spectral efficiency of ∼8 bit/s/Hz by using two independent OAM beams for each of two polarisations. All four independent OAM channels propagate along the same beam axis with crosstalk less than −13.3 dB from 2.1 to 2.7 GHz. All four channel signals are recovered with a bit error rate of 3.5 × 10−3 when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is 24 dB.
Medication Use as a Contributor to Fluid Overload in the PICU: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Crowley Kelli , Vetterly Carol , Hoshitsuki Keito , Koval Alaina , Carcillo Joseph , Fuhrman Dana 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this prospective observational study, we explored the association of daily fluid intake from medication use with fluid overload in 75 children beginning 24 hours after intubation. The mean percent daily fluid intake from medications was 29% in the overall cohort. Excess intake and inadequate output contributed significantly to fluid overload. In the 28 patients who became ≥10% fluid overloaded, the mean percent daily fluid intake from medications was 34%, but just 23% in the patients who did not. Awareness of volume contribution and maximized concentration of parenteral medications when able may lessen the burden of fluid overload.
Trends des Tabak- und Alkoholkonsums über 65 Jahre in Deutschland
Authors: John Ulrich , Hanke Monika 
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Für Deutschland lagen keine Tabak- und Alkoholverbrauchsschätzungen aufgrund von Vermarktungsdaten vor, die öffentlich und für Analysen zeitlicher Trends geeignet sind. Entwicklungen der Tabak- und Alkoholkonsummengen in Deutschland für die Jahre 1950–2014 sollten geschätzt werden.
Methodik Daten über den Tabak- und Alkoholverbrauch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland pro Kalenderjahr von 1950 bis 2014 zu Reinalkoholmengen wurden aufgrund von Meldungen der Produzenten von Bier, Wein und Spirituosen an Steuerbehörden und das Statistische Bundesamt gewonnen. Zeitliche Trends über die 65 Kalenderjahre wurden mithilfe von Joinpoint-Analysen ermittelt.
Ergebnisse Der Tabakkonsum stieg von 1950 bis 1972 an und sank danach, überwiegend mit 1,2–6,9 Prozentpunkten pro Jahr, bis zum Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes 2014. Der Alkoholkonsum stieg bis zum Jahr 1974 an und sank danach mit 1,0 Prozentpunkten jährlich bis zum Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes 2014.
Schlussfolgerungen Erklären lassen sich die Befunde u. a. mit Änderungen sozialer Normen zum Konsum nach Gesetzänderungen, zu Tabakrauchen u. a. durch Steuererhöhungen, Nichtraucher- und Jugendschutz, zu Alkoholkonsum u. a. durch Gesetze der Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr. Nach Einführung einzelner gesetzlicher Leistungen war eine Beschleunigung der Senkung des Tabakrauchens beobachtbar. Die Tabak- und Alkoholkonsummengen in Deutschland sind dennoch im internationalen Vergleich nach wie vor hoch am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes 2014.
Bayes’sches Theorem und der Basisratenfehler: Zum Vorhersagewert von Risikofaktoren und Screeningverfahren
Authors: Wirtz Markus 
Published: July 2017

ZusammenfassungRisikoeinschätzungen oder Entscheidungen basieren häufig auf 2-stufig ausgeprägten Merkmalen. So weisen auffällige Werte in einem diagnostischen Screeningverfahren ggf. auf ein erhöhtes Erkrankungsrisiko hin. Oder die kritische Ausprägung eines Risikofaktors (z. B. Bluthochdruck, Depression) kann ggf. als Indikator für einen Behandlungsbedarf oder den Eintritt eines negativen Ereignisses (z. B. Frühberentung) gewertet werden. In solchen Entscheidungssituationen basieren Risikoeinschätzungen in der Regel auf bedingten Ereignisraten oder -wahrscheinlichkeiten: Wie hoch ist z. B. das Risiko für das Vorliegen einer Erkrankung, unter der Bedingung, dass ein Symptom, Risikofaktor oder ein auffälliges Testergebnis vorliegt? Die valide Interpretation von bedingten Ereignisraten stellt jedoch sowohl für Behandler als auch für Patienten eine erhebliche Herausforderung dar: Insbesondere bei seltenen Ereignissen wird das Erkrankungsrisiko in der Regel deutlich überschätzt, wenn lediglich ein Erkrankungshinweis vorliegt. Das sogenannte Bayes-Theorem ermöglicht es, die relevanten Entscheidungsinformationen formal korrekt zu beschreiben. Es wird gezeigt, welche Informationen berücksichtigt werden müssen, um zu validen Einschätzungen zu gelangen. Die Angabe von absoluten Häufigkeiten und die Darstellung mittels Entscheidungsbäumen und Flächendiagrammen sind geeignet, um Fehlinterpretationen vorzubeugen.
Ambulant vs. stationär durchgeführte Rehabilitationen: Ergebnisse einer Propensity Score gematchten Analyse
Authors: Fechtner Stephanie , Bethge Matthias 
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Vergleich ambulanter und stationärer Rehabilitation hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu Erwerbsminderungsrenten und weiterer erwerbsbezogener Zielgrößen
Methodik Eingeschlossen wurden 18- bis 60-jährige Personen, die im ersten Halbjahr 2007 eine stationäre oder ganztägig ambulante medizinische Rehabilitation aufgrund von Muskel-Skelett-Erkrankungen begonnen hatten. Ambulant und stationär behandelte Rehabilitanden wurden mittels Propensity Scores gematcht. Verwendet wurden administrative Daten.
Ergebnisse Die Analysestichprobe umfasste 4752 ambulant und 7435 stationär behandelte Rehabilitanden. Die absoluten Risiken eines erwerbsminderungsbedingten Rentenzugangs betrugen 3,8% bzw. 5,2% zugunsten der ambulant behandelten Personen (RR=0,73; 95% KI: 0,62–0,87). Die Bezugsdauer von Arbeitslosengeld und Kranken-/Übergangsgeld war für ambulant behandelte Rehabilitanden etwas geringer.
Schlussfolgerungen Die ambulant behandelten Rehabilitanden erreichten geringfügig bessere Ergebnisse als vergleichbare stationär behandelte Rehabilitanden. Der Vorteil ambulanter Rehabilitation war am stärksten bei Rehabilitanden mit stärkeren Teilhabebeeinträchtigungen. Die Studie zeigt einen Weg, wie sich unter Nutzung administrativer Daten im Bereich rehabilitativer Versorgung evaluative Versorgungsforschung umsetzen lässt.
Endocrine Factors Determining Immune Polarization during Perinatal Transition
Authors: Vásárhelyi Barna , Tulassay Tivadar 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn utero the skewness of the adaptive immune system towards Th2 (‘antiinflammatory’) direction and low of Th1/Th2 cell ratio defend the fetus against rejection by the maternal immune system. Th2 dominance at birth is also of importance as it prevents uncontrolled inflammatory processes during parturition. This condition should change rapidly after birth. In an extrauterine milieu that is inherent with exposure to microorganisms, Th1 (‘proinflammatory’) polarization (i. e. increased Th1 cytokine production along with high Th1/Th2 ratio) are required to maintain an efficient immune response. After birth, maternal hormone supplies including estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and antiinflammatory prostaglandins cease abruptly. As these hormones have an immune modulatory action favoring Th2, and inhibiting Th1 polarization, their low level supports the strengthening of Th1-type immunity. During parturition a dramatic but transient increase of several hormones (oxytocin, thyorid hormones, and catecholamines) occurs. Again, the net effect of high hormone levels favors Th2 activation, followed by Th1 polarization when hormonal levels reach their postnatal levels. The perinatal change of these components results in the quick cessation of Th1 inhibition and supports the maturation of adaptive immunity to provide an effective response against extrauterine microorganisms.
Reactions to jab lines in conversational storytelling
Authors: Karachaliou Rania , Archakis Argiris 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explore the multiple ways interlocutors negotiate humor in a conversational narrative. In particular, we examine the methodic strategies story recipients employ to respond to jab lines, namely humorous parts of the story that include a script opposition (Attardo, 2001a). Drawing on conversation analytic methods, we argue that story participants “do” humor via (a) immediate jab line responses, i.e. responses which immediately follow the presentation of the humorous events and display mutual understanding such as laughter, wordplay and evaluative comments of support; and (b) postponed jab line responses, where story recipients first elaborate on the unexpected narrated events through understanding checks or demonstrations of ritualized disbelief, and then express their (non)alignment.
Phenylpropanoid 2,3-dioxygenase involved in the cleavage of the ferulic acid side chain to form vanillin and glyoxylic acid in Vanilla planifolia
Authors: Negishi Osamu , Negishi Yukiko 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Enzyme catalyzing the cleavage of the phenylpropanoid side chain was partially purified by ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography after (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. Enzyme activities were dependent on the concentration of dithiothreitol (DTT) or glutathione (GSH) and activated by addition of 0.5 mM Fe2+. Enzyme activity for ferulic acid was as high as for 4-coumaric acid in the presence of GSH, suggesting that GSH acts as an endogenous reductant in vanillin biosynthesis. Analyses of the enzymatic reaction products with quantitative NMR (qNMR) indicated that an amount of glyoxylic acid (GA) proportional to vanillin was released from ferulic acid by the enzymatic reaction. These results suggest that phenylpropanoid 2,3-dioxygenase is involved in the cleavage of the ferulic acid side chain to form vanillin and GA in Vanilla planifolia.
A Framework for Exploring How Density Dependence Early in the Life History Can Affect Louisiana's Brown Shrimp Fishery
Authors: Littles Chanda J. , Saucedo Omar , Kerk Madelon , Lorenzen Kai 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The dynamics underlying fisheries stock–recruitment relationships are often obscure, especially with relatively short-lived invertebrate species, such as the brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus. Nonetheless, disentangling these dynamics can help to reveal optimal management strategies for long-term sustainability. We developed a matrix model to link early shrimp life history with the fishable stock and nested the degree of density-dependent settler (i.e., juvenile) survival in a Beverton–Holt framework. Density dependence in the settler stage was assumed to have an inverse relationship with marsh habitat availability. Thus, we could determine the level of potential compensation in the settler stage and compare how changes in habitat versus fishing pressure could ultimately affect Louisiana's brown shrimp population. A simplified Bayesian state-space (i.e., hierarchical) model provided a theoretical framework for estimating density dependence and exploring how substantial increases in catch or density-dependent settler survival affected long-term abundance in all stages. At the baseline degree of density-dependent settler survival, which was estimated from observed CPUE data, the brown shrimp population was largely resilient to even a twofold increase in catch. However, a 50% loss of habitat had deleterious effects on brown shrimp abundances in all stages. Results highlight the importance of protecting and restoring important nursery habitat to maintain and enhance resiliency of the brown shrimp fishery.
Predicting novel metabolic pathways through subgraph mining
Authors: Sankar Aravind , Ranu Sayan , Raman Karthik 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Motivation
The ability to predict pathways for biosynthesis of metabolites is very important in metabolic engineering. It is possible to mine the repertoire of biochemical transformations from reaction databases, and apply the knowledge to predict reactions to synthesize new molecules. However, this usually involves a careful understanding of the mechanism and the knowledge of the exact bonds being created and broken. There is a need for a method to rapidly predict reactions for synthesizing new molecules, which relies only on the structures of the molecules, without demanding additional information such as thermodynamics or hand-curated reactant mapping, which are often hard to obtain accurately.

Results
We here describe a robust method based on subgraph mining, to predict a series of biochemical transformations, which can convert between two (even previously unseen) molecules. We first describe a reliable method based on subgraph edit distance to map reactants and products, using only their chemical structures. Having mapped reactants and products, we identify the reaction centre and its neighbourhood, the reaction signature, and store this in a reaction rule network. This novel representation enables us to rapidly predict pathways, even between previously unseen molecules. We demonstrate this ability by predicting pathways to molecules not present in the KEGG database. We also propose a heuristic that predominantly recovers natural biosynthetic pathways from amongst hundreds of possible alternatives, through a directed search of the reaction rule network, enabling us to provide a reliable ranking of the different pathways. Our approach scales well, even to databases with &gt;100 000 reactions.

Availability and implementation
A Java-based implementation of our algorithms is available at https://github.com/RamanLab/ReactionMiner.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Are non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions missing in China?
Authors: Murugiah Karthik , Wang Yongfei , Nuti Sudhakar V. , Li Xi , Li Jing , Zheng Xin , Downing Nicholas S. , Desai Nihar R. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Spertus John A. , Jiang Lixin , Krumholz Harlan M. ,   for the China PEACE Collaborative Group
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Aims
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) in China and other low- and middle-income countries outnumber non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (NSTEMI). We hypothesized that the STEMI predominance was associated with lower biomarker use and would vary with hospital characteristics.

Methods and results
We hypothesized that the STEMI predominance was associated with lower biomarker use and would vary with hospital characteristics. Using data from the nationally representative China PEACE-Retrospective AMI Study during 2001, 2006, and 2011, we compared hospital NSTEMI proportion across categories of use of any cardiac biomarker (CK, CK-MB, or troponin) and troponin, as well as across region, location, level, and teaching status. Among 15 416 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, 14% had NSTEMI. NSTEMI patients were older, more likely female, and to have comorbidities. Median hospital NSTEMI proportion in each study year was similar across categories of any cardiac biomarker use, troponin, region, location, level, and teaching status. For instance, in 2011 the NSTEMI proportion at hospitals without troponin testing was 11.2% [inter quartile range (IQR) 4.4–16.7%], similar to those with ≥ 75% troponin use (13.0% [IQR 8.7–23.7%]) (P-value for difference 0.77). Analysed as continuous variables there was no relationship between hospital NSTEMI proportion and proportion biomarker use. With troponin use there was no relationship in 2001 and 2006, but a modest correlation in 2011 (R = 0.16, P = 0.043). Admissions for NSTEMI increased from 0.3/100 000 people in 2001 to 3.3/100 000 people in 2011 (P-value for trend < 0.001).

Conclusion
STEMI is the dominant presentation of AMI in China, but the proportion of NSTEMI is increasing. Biomarker use and hospital characteristics did not account for the low NSTEMI rate.

Clinical trial registration
www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01624883).
Prevalence of Sporadic Insect Pests of Seedling Corn and Factors Affecting Risk of Infestation
Authors: Sappington Thomas W , Hesler Louis S , Allen K Clint , Luttrell Randy G , Papiernik Sharon K 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA preventative insecticide treatment is a tactic compatible with an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for a particular pest only when a rescue treatment is not a realistic option, and if there is a reasonable expectation of economic damage by that pest. Most corn, Zea mays L., planted in the United States is protected from several sporadic early-season insect pests by neonicotinoid seed treatments, usually without the knowledge of the threat posed in a given field. We undertook an extensive literature review of these sporadic pests to clarify the prevalence of economic infestations in different regions of the United States, and the agronomic, biotic, and abiotic factors that affect the likelihood of attack. The summaries of the prevalence and risk factors presented here should help farmers and consultants better assess the value of preventative protection of seedling corn under local conditions, and provide others with a better understanding of the complexities farmers face in assessing risks posed by potential pests. The profiles suggest that, in general, pressure from most sporadic pests on seedling corn is rare or local, seldom high enough to decrease yield. However, this is not true in all regions for all sporadic pests. An important issue exposed by the profiles is that the value of preventative insecticide protection of seedling corn depends on understanding the likely combined pressure from multiple species. While such risk may often still be negligible, there is a great need for robust methodology to assess the risk posed by multiple pests. This represents a significant challenge for future research.
The relation between stellar magnetic field geometry and chromospheric activity cycles – I. The highly variable field of ε Eridani at activity minimum
Authors: Jeffers S. V. , Boro Saikia S. , Barnes J. R. , Petit P. , Marsden S. C. , Jardine M. M. , Vidotto A. A. ,   the BCool collaboration
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The young and magnetically active K dwarf ε Eridani exhibits a chromospheric activity cycle of about 3 yr. Previous reconstructions of its large-scale magnetic field show strong variations at yearly epochs. To understand how ε Eridani’s large-scale magnetic field geometry evolves over its activity cycle, we focus on high-cadence observations spanning 5 months at its activity minimum. Over this time-span, we reconstruct three maps of ε Eridani’s large-scale magnetic field using the tomographic technique of Zeeman–Doppler imaging. The results show that at the minimum of its cycle, ε Eridani’s large-scale field is more complex than the simple dipolar structure of the Sun and 61 Cyg A at minimum. Additionally, we observe a surprisingly rapid regeneration of a strong axisymmetric toroidal field as ε Eridani emerges from its S-index activity minimum. Our results show that all stars do not exhibit the same field geometry as the Sun, and this will be an important constraint for the dynamo models of active solar-type stars.
The geometry of a radio pulsar beam
Authors: Dyks J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Taxonomy of radio pulsar profiles is mostly based on a system of Ptolemaic artificiality, consisting of separated rings and a core, arbitrarily located at disparate altitudes in the magnetosphere. Diversity of observed profile shapes clearly exceeds the interpretive capability of such conal model. Moreover, bifurcated features observed in pulsar profiles imply a system of fan beams radially extending away from the dipole axis. The bifurcations can be understood as the imprint of the elementary radiation pattern of the long-sought radio emission mechanism, thus identifying the latter. Their size, however, is several times larger than implied by the curvature of magnetic dipole lines. Here, I show that the illusion of disconnected rings and the size of bifurcated features can be explained through a natural geometry that combines the properties of both the cone and the fan beam. It is a flaring spiral that makes several revolutions around the dipole axis on its way to leave the magnetosphere. Such geometry is consistent with a stream of outflowing and laterally drifting plasma. The bifurcated components are so wide because the curvature on such a spiral is larger than that of the dipolar magnetic field, and hence they are consistent with the extraordinary mode curvature radiation.
Isaiah Berlin,Four Essays on Liberty
Authors: Ryan Alan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis chapter on Isaiah Berlin’s Four Essays on Liberty centers on the most famous piece in it, “Two Concepts of Liberty.” As a matter of genre, it is an essay in conceptual analysis. Because liberty is a historically inflected concept, it is also an essay in the history of ideas. The chapter argues that Berlin was a “Cold War liberal” only in the limited sense that he campaigned against all doctrines that licensed the sacrifice of real individuals on the altar of impersonal entities such as the proletariat or the nation, and Soviet Communism was a salient case both because of the Cold War and Berlin’s own Russian origins. Individuals have an inviolability that governments of any stripe must not infringe. That is the core of negative liberty. Positively, Berlin’s faith was that unimpeded, individuals with adequate resources would spontaneously lead varied and vivid existences.
Finding the Balance: Pantomime and Dance in Ratmansky’s New/Old Sleeping Beauty
Authors: Fullington Doug 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This article focuses on the development of the pas d’action by Marius Petipa, its zenith in his 1890 The Sleeping Beauty, and its twenty-first-century restoration by Alexei Ratmansky in his 2015 production of The Sleeping Beauty for American Ballet Theatre. Source materials inform a context-setting discussion of the mid-nineteenth-century scène dansante as found in Giselle (1841), Paquita (1846), and Le Corsaire (1856). Petipa’s subsequent utilization of the elements of the scène dansante in the large-scale pas d’action is introduced with examples from his The Pharaoh’s Daughter (1862) and La Bayadère (1877). The culmination of the form is found in Petipa’s The Sleeping Beauty (1890), in which each act includes a pas d’action as its centerpiece. The tradition of the pas d’action continued in Petipa’s late Raymonda (1898) and even into the twentieth century, with Stravinsky’s Apollon-Musagète (1927–1928).
Practical applications of physical activity for successful cognitive aging
Authors: Conner Kelly , Sweeney Cameron Young , Brown Tayla , Childs Lauren , Rogers Samantha , Gregory Tanya 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
As patients lose cognitive function, they lose autonomy and increasingly use fiscal, social, and medical resources. Healthcare costs for Americans older than age 65 years are three to five times higher than for the remaining population, and dementia is the third most costly disease in the United States. Interventions that promote successful aging can help patients and reduce the financial, workforce, and treatment resource burdens on the population. Because a relationship between physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise, and cognitive decline has been established, physical activity interventions may prove practical, affordable, and effective. Attention to empiric research and knowledge of evidence-based strategies for prescribing physical activity are critical for PAs to embrace.