bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil water migration in the unsaturated zone of semiarid region in China from isotope evidence
Authors: Yang Yonggang , Fu Bojie 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Soil water is an important driving force of the ecosystems, especially in the semiarid hill and gully region of the northwestern Loess Plateau in China. The mechanism of soil water migration in the reconstruction and restoration of Loess Plateau is a key scientific problem that must be solved. Isotopic tracers can provide valuable information associated with complex hydrological problems, difficult to obtain using other methods. In this study, the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are used as tracers to investigate the migration processes of soil water in the unsaturated zone in an arid region of China's Loess Plateau. Samples of precipitation, soil water, plant xylems and plant roots are collected and analysed. The conservative elements deuterium (D) and oxygen (18O) are used as tracers to identify variable source and mixing processes. The mixing model is used to quantify the contribution of each end member and calculate mixing amounts. The results show that the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Anjiagou River basin is affected by isotopic fractionation due to evaporation. The isotopic compositions of soil waters are plotted between or near the local meteoric water lines, indicating that soil waters are recharged by precipitation. The soil water migration is dominated by piston-type flow in the study area and rarely preferential flow. Water migration exhibited a transformation pathway from precipitation to soil water to plant water. δ18O and δD are enriched in the shallow (< 20 cm depth) soil water in most soil profiles due to evaporation. The isotopic composition of xylem water is close to that of soil water at the depth of 40–60 cm. These values reflect soil water signatures associated with Caragana korshinskii Kom. uptake at the depth of 40–60 cm. Soil water from the surface soil layer (20–40 cm) comprised 6–12 % of plant xylem water, while soil water at the depth of 40–60 cm is the largest component of plant xylem water (ranging from 60 to 66 %), soil water below 60 cm depth comprised 8–14 % of plant xylem water and only 5–8 % is derived directly from precipitation. This study investigates the migration process of soil water, identifies the source of plant water and finally provides a scientific basis for identification of model structures and parameters. It can provide a scientific basis for ecological water demand, ecological restoration, and management of water resources.
Partitivity and case marking in Turkish and related languages
Authors: von Heusinger Klaus , Kornfilt Jaklin 
Published: March 2017

The paper discusses the conditions for case marking on partitive constructions in direct object position in Turkish and some related languages. We focus on Turkish and then turn to some details of corresponding constructions in some other Turkic languages and in Standard Mongolian. Turkish exhibits Differential Object Marking, which primarily depends on the semantic-pragmatic factor of specificity. Partitive constructions with the ablative for the superset in Turkish come in different forms, depending on how the subset expression is realized: (a) by a lexical noun as head, (b) by the classifier tane ‘item’, functioning as a “dummy noun”, and (c) by a numeral, quantifier or adjective. Case marking of the direct object is optional for (a), and obligatory for (most instances of) (c). This type of obligatory case marking is dependent on the obligatory marking of the adjective, quantifier or numeral with a default 3rd person singular agreement suffix, which then requires case marking. Construction (b) does not allow for case marking, when the classifier is bare; when the classifier is followed by the default 3rd person singular agreement marking, that marking requires obligatory case morphology, just like in construction (c). We hypothesize that structural case marking can either express the semantic-pragmatic condition of specificity in terms of referential anchoring or it must obey a formal condition, namely the requirement of the agreement suffix to be followed by overt case. The languages we have studied show an interesting micro-variation. They differ (among other properties) with respect to classifiers – in particular, with respect to whether they have [+human] classifiers or not. In addition, one language among the languages under investigation, namely Kirghiz, substitutes the agreement marker in its function as a filler of the partitive’s nominal head by a different marker: a morpheme expressing a set. Here, the agreement marker is used to express specificity, given that its presence is not required for formal reasons. In direct object partitive constructions with subset expressions that are expressed as full noun phrase/lexical noun heads (option (a) above), overt accusative case indicates specificity in most of the investigated languages. In options (b) and (c), the investigated languages provide different patterns when marking the referential status of the partitive heads, thus indicating the variation among these languages with respect to the nominal category feature of the partitive heads involved.This article is part of the Special Collection: Partitives
A Literature Review on Women in Management in Asian Countries: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Velasco Cecilia 
Published: March 2017

The discrimination of women in the workplace is a real problem. Despite national and international organizations having made huge strides against it and implementation of United Nations Women's Treaty, apparently, nothing much has changed in the direction of eliminating it. This study aimed to find out if gender equality in terms of women representation and/or participation in the corporate world, politics, higher education management and labor workforce is practiced. Likewise, it aimed to find out the causes of inequality, if there exists. This research is essentially qualitative since it uses narrative review to assess, summarize, and interpret the results from a broad spectrum of related studies. Only 65 studies were included in the review, out of 122 studies read. The results reveal that glass ceiling and inadequate government regulations and lack of implementation of existing policies in women's leadership hinder women to forge ahead in the realm of management. This study concludes that gender inequality exists globally despite substantial national and international measures being taken against it. Breaking the glass ceiling and fine tune the mindset of the population in favor of gender equality are highly recommended.
From data to decisions: Processing information, biases, and beliefs for improved management of natural resources and environments
Authors: Glynn Pierre D. , Voinov Alexey A. , Shapiro Carl D. , White Paul A. 
Published: March 2017

Our different kinds of minds and types of thinking affect the ways we decide, take action, and cooperate (or not). Derived from these types of minds, innate biases, beliefs, heuristics, and values (BBHV) influence behaviors, often beneficially, when individuals or small groups face immediate, local, acute situations that they and their ancestors faced repeatedly in the past. BBHV, though, need to be recognized and possibly countered or used when facing new, complex issues or situations especially if they need to be managed for the benefit of a wider community, for the longer‐term and the larger‐scale. Taking BBHV into account, we explain and provide a cyclic science‐infused adaptive framework for (1) gaining knowledge of complex systems and (2) improving their management. We explore how this process and framework could improve the governance of science and policy for different types of systems and issues, providing examples in the area of natural resources, hazards, and the environment. Lastly, we suggest that an “Open Traceable Accountable Policy” initiative that followed our suggested adaptive framework could beneficially complement recent Open Data/Model science initiatives.Plain Language SummaryOur review paper suggests that society can improve the management of natural resources and environments by (1) recognizing the sources of human decisions and thinking and understanding their role in the scientific progression to knowledge; (2) considering innate human needs and biases, beliefs, heuristics, and values that may need to be countered or embraced; and (3) creating science and policy governance that is inclusive, integrated, considerate of diversity, explicit, and accountable. The paper presents a science‐infused adaptive framework for such governance, and discusses the types of issues and systems that it would be best suited to address.
Timescale separation in the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling during St. Patrick's Day storms in 2013 and 2015
Authors: Alberti T. , Consolini G. , Lepreti F. , Laurenza M. , Vecchio A. , Carbone V. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this work, we present a case study of the relevant timescales responsible for coupling between the changes of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions and the magnetospheric dynamics during the St. Patrick's Day Geomagnetic Storms in 2013 and 2015. We investigate the behavior of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) component Bz, the Perreault‐Akasofu coupling function and the AE, AL, AU, SYM‐H, and ASY‐H geomagnetic indices at different timescales by using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and the delayed mutual information (DMI). The EMD, indeed, allows to extract the intrinsic oscillations (modes) present into the different data sets, while the DMI, which provides a measure of the total amount of the linear and nonlinear shared information (correlation degree), allows to investigate the relevance of the different timescales in the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling. The results clearly indicate the existence of a relevant timescale separation in the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling. Indeed, while fluctuations at long timescales (τ > 200 min) show a large degree of correlation between solar wind parameters and magnetospheric dynamics proxies, at short timescales (τ < 200 min) this direct link is missing. This result suggests that fluctuations at timescales lower than 200 min, although triggered by changes of the interplanetary conditions, are mainly dominated by internal processes and are not directly driven by solar wind/IMF. Conversely, the magnetospheric dynamics in response to the solar wind/IMF driver at timescales longer than 200 min resembles the changes observed in the solar wind/IMF features. Finally, these results can be useful for Space Weather forecasting.
Longitude‐dependent lunar tidal modulation of the equatorial electrojet during stratospheric sudden warmings
Authors: Siddiqui Tarique A. , Stolle Claudia , Lühr Hermann 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe effects of coupling between different layers of the atmosphere during Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW) events have been studied quite extensively in the past few years, and in this context large lunitidal enhancements in the equatorial ionosphere have also been widely discussed. In this study we report about the longitudinal variabilities in lunitidal enhancement in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) during SSWs through ground and space observations in the Peruvian and Indian sectors. We observe that the amplification of lunitidal oscillations in EEJ is significantly larger over the Peruvian sector in comparison to the Indian sector. We further compare the lunitidal oscillations in both the sectors during the 2005–2006 and 2008–2009 major SSW events and during a non‐SSW winter of 2006–2007. It is found that the lunitidal amplitude in EEJ over the Peruvian sector showed similar enhancements during both the major SSWs, but the enhancements were notably different in the Indian sector. Independent from SSW events, we have also performed a climatological analysis of the lunar modulation of the EEJ during December solstice over both the sectors by using 10 years of CHAMP magnetic measurements and found larger lunitidal amplitudes over the Peruvian sector confirming the results from ground magnetometer observations. We have also analyzed the semidiurnal lunar tidal amplitude in neutral temperature measurements from Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) at 110 km and found lesser longitudinal variability than the lunitidal amplitude in EEJ. Our results suggest that the longitudinal variabilities in lunitidal modulation of the EEJ during SSWs could be related to electrodynamics in the E region dynamo.
A study of ionopause perturbation and associated boundary wave formation at Venus
Authors: Chong Ghai Siung , Pope Simon A. , Zhang Tielong , Collinson Glyn A. , Walker Simon N. , Balikhin Michael A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMagnetometer and electron spectrometer data from Venus Express (VEX) are used to investigate the occurrence of boundary wave phenomenon occurring in the vicinity of the Venusian terminator. On 26 June 2006, VEX data show the ionosphere to be unmagnetized (≈0 nT), a common observation usually expected during solar maximum. This results in the respective Venusian boundaries to be higher than the nominal altitudes. This paper reports the occurrence of rippling of the ionopause boundary in the terminator plane. The ripples appear to propagate mainly in the Y direction in the Venus solar orbital coordinates. Further examination of the first oscillation in magnetic field suggests that it is a flux rope. The flux rope is found to be just inside the ionosphere close to the ionopause. The diameters of the flux rope and boundary wave oscillations are estimated to be ∼113 km and ∼133 km, respectively. We suggest that the boundary wave is generated by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. This research provides evidence of the ionopause boundary existing in a wave‐like state and its relation to Venus atmospheric loss into space.
Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays during the neutron monitor era: Calibration using PAMELA data for 2006–2010
Authors: Usoskin Ilya G. , Gil Agnieszka , Kovaltsov Gennady A. , Mishev Alexander L. , Mikhailov Vladimir V. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA new reconstruction of the heliospheric modulation potential for galactic cosmic rays is presented for the neutron monitor era, since 1951. The new reconstruction is based on an updated methodology in comparison to previous reconstructions: (1) the use of the new‐generation neutron monitor yield function; (2) the use of the new model of the local interstellar spectrum, employing in particular direct data from the distant missions; and (3) the calibration of the neutron monitor responses to direct measurements of the cosmic ray spectrum performed by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light‐nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) spaceborne spectrometer over 47 time intervals during 2006–2010. The reconstruction is based on data from six standard NM64‐type neutron monitors (Apatity, Inuvik, Kergulen, Moscow, Newark, and Oulu) since 1965 and two International Geophysical Year‐type ground‐based detectors (Climax and Mount Washington) for 1951–1964. The new reconstruction, along with the estimated uncertainties is tabulated in the paper. The presented series forms a benchmark record of the cosmic ray variability (in the energy range between 1 and 30 GeV) for the last 60 years and can be used in long‐term studies in the fields of solar, heliospheric, and solar‐terrestrial physics.
Monthly top‐down NOx emissions for China (2005–2012): A hybrid inversion method and trend analysis
Authors: Qu Zhen , Henze Daven K. , Capps Shannon L. , Wang Yi , Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Jun , Keller Martin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe develop an approach combining mass balance and four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) methods to facilitate inversion of decadal‐scale total nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions. In 7 year pseudo‐observation tests, hybrid posterior emissions have smaller normalized mean square error (NMSE) than that of mass balance when compared to true emissions in most cases and perform slightly better in detecting NOx emission magnitudes and trends. Using this hybrid method, OMI NO2 satellite observations and the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model, we find more than 30% increases of emissions over most of East China at the 0.5° × 0.667° grid cell level, leading to a 16% growth of emissions over all of China from 2005 to 2012, whereas emissions in several urban centers have decreased by 10–26% in the same period. From 2010 to 2012, a decline is found in the North China Plain, Hubei Province, and Pearl River Delta area, coinciding with China's enforcement of its twelfth “Five Year Plan.” Changes in individual grid cell may be different from changes over the entire city or province, as exemplified by opposite trends in Beijing versus the Mentougou district of Beijing from 2005 to 2012. Also, NO2 columns do not necessarily have the same trend as NOx emissions due to their nonlinear response to emissions and the influence of meteorology, the latter alone which can cause up to 30% interannual changes in NO2 columns. Compared to recent bottom‐up inventories, hybrid posterior emissions have the same seasonality, smaller emissions, and emission growth rate at the national scale.
Surface reflectivity climatologies from UV to NIR determined from Earth observations by GOME‐2 and SCIAMACHY
Authors: Tilstra L. G. , Tuinder O. N. E. , Wang P. , Stammes P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe primary goal of this paper is to introduce two new surface reflectivity climatologies. The two databases contain the Lambertian‐equivalent reflectivity (LER) of the Earth's surface, and they are meant to support satellite retrieval of trace gases and of cloud and aerosol information. The surface LER databases are derived from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME)‐2 and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instruments and can be considered as improved and extended descendants of earlier surface LER climatologies based on the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), GOME‐1, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) instruments. The GOME‐2 surface LER database consists of 21 wavelength bands that span the wavelength range from 335 to 772 nm. The SCIAMACHY surface LER database covers the wavelength range between 335 and 1670 nm in 29 wavelength bands. The two databases are made for each month of the year, and their spatial resolution is 1° × 1°. In this paper we present the methods that are used to derive the surface LER; we analyze the spatial and temporal behavior of the surface LER fields and study the amount of residual cloud contamination in the databases. For several surface types we analyze the spectral surface albedo and the seasonal variation. When compared to the existing surface LER databases, both databases are found to perform well. As an example of possible application of the databases we study the performance of the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A‐band (FRESCO) cloud information retrieval when it is equipped with the new surface albedo databases. We find considerable improvements. The databases introduced here can not only improve retrievals from GOME‐2 and SCIAMACHY but also support those from other instruments, such as TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), to be launched in 2017.
Future CO2 emissions and electricity generation from proposed coal‐fired power plants in India
Authors: Shearer Christine , Fofrich Robert , Davis Steven J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWith its growing population, industrializing economy, and large coal reserves, India represents a critical unknown in global projections of future CO2 emissions. Here, we assess proposed construction of coal‐fired power plants in India and evaluate their implications for future emissions and energy production in the country. As of mid‐2016, 243 gigawatts (GW) of coal‐fired generating capacity are under development in India, including 65 GW under construction and an additional 178 GW proposed. These under‐development plants would increase the coal capacity of India's power sector by 123% and, when combined with the country's goal to produce at least 40% of its power from non‐fossil sources by 2030, exceed the country's projected future electricity demand. The current proposals for new coal‐fired plants could therefore either “strand” fossil energy assets (i.e., force them to retire early or else operate at very low capacity factors) and/or ensure that the goal is not met by “locking‐out” new, low‐carbon energy infrastructure. Similarly, future emissions from the proposed coal plants would also exceed the country's climate commitment to reduce its 2005 emissions intensity 33% to 35% by 2030, which—when combined with the commitments of all other countries—is itself not yet ambitious enough to meet the international goal of holding warming well below 2°C relative to the pre‐industrial era.
Early Greek Wars, 750–450BC
Authors: van Wees Hans 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe fragmented politics of the Greek world and the desires of states to maximize their power generated incessant warfare. Some was against outsiders, such as the Lydian kingdom in Asia Minor or neighbors of western colonial foundations, but much was between Greek communities, with some being reduced to subject status (e.g. Messenia). Specific information is fragmentary and is almost invariably preserved for a reason unrelated to the actual conflict, so that it is difficult to do more than sketch the overall shape of the activity that led to the emergence of the main Greek powers of the classical period: Athens and Sparta.
The
Anabasis
and the Ten Thousand, 401–399
BC
Authors: Trundle Matthew 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

In 401
bc
Cyrus attempted to seize the throne of Persia from his older brother, recruiting over 10,000 Greek mercenaries to his army. His forces marched east to Cunaxa, where Cyrus was killed in battle and his native forces routed. The Greeks retired in good order, and, after rejecting a bid to join the king's forces, elected new generals, including Xenophon, who would later write a history of the campaign. After an epic march north, along the Tigris to Armenia and the Black Sea, the Ten Thousand eventually found ships to take them home. Returning to the Aegean in 400, the force initially entered Thracian service before the survivors joined a Spartan campaign to free the cities of Ionia from Persian control. This force was one of the pioneers of a new style of Greek warfare, employing heavy and light infantry in close cooperation.
Carthaginian Offensives in Sicily, 409–307
BC
Authors: Trundle Matthew 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The struggle for control of Sicily raged between Carthage and Syracuse for much of the fourth century
bc
, the conflict erupting in 409. Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, spent most of his reign in an ultimately futile attempt to eject the Carthaginians from the island, though he did bring large areas of Calabria (in southern Italy) under the control of Syracuse. His death in 368 ushered in several decades of peace, though hostilities broke out again briefly in the 340s. In 316/315 Agathocles secured autocratic power in Syracuse, and in 311 he invaded Carthaginian territory. Syracuse was besieged, and the war ended in a negotiated peace that left Syracuse weakened but still the dominant Greek power on the island.