bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TH‐F‐201‐00: Writing Good Multiple Choice Questions
Authors: Bloch Charles 
Published: July 2016

Multiple choice questions are a tool medical physicists encounter throughout their careers. They are a commonly used method of assessment during our early didactic training (graduate school, residency and board certification). They are used throughout our MOC process both in SAMs and online CE. And they are used for the MOC exam every 10 years. While we have significant training in answering these multiple choice questions, we rarely receive training in how to construct effective multiple choice questions. This is important too, as it is medical physicists who are creating the exams at academic institutions, for the AAPM SAMs and online CE as well as for the ABR exams (both initial and MOC). While there are rigorous scientific methods for evaluating the quality of questions in an exam that has been taken, creating good questions (stem) and multiple choice answers (distractors) requires skill and practice. This talk will cover some of the do's and don'ts for creating good multiple choice questions.Item analysis of answers to multiple choice questions can reveal a great deal about the quality of the questions. Questions can be measured in terms of their difficulty and ability to discriminate between examinees. The distractors themselves can be evaluated for their ability to discriminate as well. And finally the overall test can be evaluated for reliability. We will discuss some of the specifics of item analysis as well as provide guidelines for constructing good tests items.

Learning Objectives:
Understand rules for writing a good stem
Understand rules for writing good distractors
Doctors' experiences and their perception of the most stressful aspects of complaints processes in the UK: an analysis of qualitative survey data
Authors: Bourne Tom , Vanderhaegen Joke , Vranken Renilt , Wynants Laure , De Cock Bavo , Peters Mike , Timmerman Dirk , Van Calster Ben , Jalmbrant Maria , Van Audenhove Chantal 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo examine doctors' experiences of complaints, including which aspects are most stressful. We also investigated how doctors felt complaints processes could be improved.Design and methodsA qualitative study based on a cross-sectional survey of members of the British Medical Association (BMA). We asked the following: (1) Try to summarise as best as you can your experience of the complaints process and how it made you feel. (2) What were the most stressful aspects of the complaint? (3) What would you improve in the complaints system?ParticipantsWe sent the survey to 95 636 doctors, and received 10 930 (11.4%) responses. Of these, 6146 had a previous, recent or current complaint and 3417 (31.3%) of these respondents answered questions 1 and 2. We randomly selected 1000 answers for analysis, and included 100 using the saturation principle. Of this cohort, 93 responses for question 3 were available.Main resultsDoctors frequently reported feeling powerless, emotionally distressed, and experiencing negative feelings towards both those managing complaints and the complainants themselves. Many felt unsupported, fearful of the consequences and that the complaint was unfair. The most stressful aspects were the prolonged duration and unpredictability of procedures, managerial incompetence, poor communication and perceiving that processes are biased in favour of complainants. Many reported practising defensively or considering changing career after a complaint, and few found any positive outcomes from complaints investigations. Physicians suggested procedures should be more transparent, competently managed, time limited, and that there should be an open dialogue with complainants and policies for dealing with vexatious complaints. Some felt more support for doctors was needed.ConclusionsComplaints seriously impact on doctors' psychological wellbeing, and are associated with defensive practise. This is not beneficial to patient care. To improve procedures, doctors propose they are simplified, time limited and more transparent.
Floor space covered by broiler chickens kept at stocking densities according to Council Directive 2007/43/EC
Authors: Giersberg M. F. , Hartung J. , Kemper N. , Spindler B. 
Published: July 2016

It is controversially discussed whether the stocking densities set by the EU Directive 2007/43/EC allow a species‐appropriate housing of broiler chickens. To calculate the exact area broilers occupy due to their physical size and shape, planimetric measurements using a colour‐contrast method were carried out. In total, 1949 photographs of standing and 1482 of squatting chickens, taken from a top view, were analysed. A computer program counted the pixels representing the previously weighed animal in the photograph and calculated the animal area. The average area covered by chickens with 400 g live weight was 116.64±13.12 cm2 in a standing and 138.61±12.92 cm2 in a squatting position. These areas increased linearly as a function of live weight to 452.57±58.89 cm2 (R2 =0.90 standing) and 513.54±42.70 cm2 (R2 =0.82 squatting) at the end of the study (3200 g live weight). Squatting chickens occupied more space compared with a standing position in most of the tested weight classes (P<0.05). Depending on target weights, stocking densities and body positions, broilers occupied 48.5–77.7 per cent of 1 m2. Thus, from a physical point of view, simultaneous resting is possible at any stocking density provided by the EU Directive and at common target weights.
Transiently Secure Network Updates
Authors: Ludwig Arne , Dudycz Szymon , Rost Matthias , Schmid Stefan 
Published: July 2016

Computer networks have become a critical infrastructure. Especially in shared environments such as datacenters it is important that a correct, consistent and secure network operation is guaranteed at any time, even during routing policy updates. In particular, at no point in time should it be possible for packets to bypass security critical waypoints~(such as a firewall or IDS) or to be forwarded along loops.
This paper studies the problem of how to change routing policies in a transiently consistent manner. Transiently consistent network updates have been proposed as a fast and resource efficient alternative to per-packet consistent updates.
Our main result is a negative one: we show that there are settings where the two basic properties waypoint enforcement and loop-freedom cannot be satisfied simultaneously. Even worse, we rigorously prove that deciding whether a waypoint enforcing, loop-free network update schedule exists is NP-hard. These results hold for both kinds of loop-freedom used in the literature: strong and relaxed loop-freedom. This paper also presents optimized, exact mixed integer programs to compute optimal update schedules. We report on extensive simulation results and initiate the discussion of scenarios where multiple waypoints need to be ensured (also known as service chains).
A novel drug management system in the Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial: A description of a pharmacy system designed to supply medications directly to patients within a prospective multicenter randomised clinical trial
Authors: Rogers Amy , Flynn Robert WV , McDonnell Patrick , Mackenzie Isla S , MacDonald Thomas M 
Published: July 2016

Background: Trials of investigational medicinal products are required to adhere to strict guidelines with regard to the handling and supply of medication. Information technology offers opportunities to approach clinical trial methodology in new ways. This report summarises a novel pharmacy system designed to supply trial medications directly to patients by post in the Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial. Method: A bespoke web-based software package was designed to facilitate the direct supply of trial medications to Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial participants from a pharmacy based in the Medicines Monitoring Unit, University of Dundee. Results: To date, 65,467 packs of medication have been dispensed using the system to 3978 patients. Up to 238 packs per day have been dispensed. Conclusion: The Medicines Monitoring Unit Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial drug management system is an effective method of administering the complex drug supply requirements of a large-scale clinical trial with advantages over existing arrangements. A low rate of loss to follow-up in the Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial may be attributable to the drug management system.
High-affinity, noninhibitory pathogenic C1 domain antibodies are present in patients with hemophilia A and inhibitors
Authors: Batsuli Glaivy , Deng Wei , Healey John F. , Parker Ernest T. , Baldwin W. Hunter , Cox Courtney , Nguyen Brenda , Kahle Joerg , Königs Christoph , Li Renhao , Lollar Pete , Meeks Shannon L. 
Published: July 2016

Key Points
C1 domain antibodies with low inhibitor titers by the Bethesda assay are pathogenic in mice due to increased fVIII clearance. Monoclonal and patient-derived polyclonal anti-fVIII C1 domain antibodies recognize similar B-cell epitopes.
Pomalidomide and dexamethasone in the treatment of AL amyloidosis: results of a phase 1 and 2 trial
Authors: Sanchorawala Vaishali , Shelton Anthony C. , Lo Stephen , Varga Cindy , Sloan J. Mark , Seldin David C. 
Published: July 2016

Key Points
Pomalidomide is well tolerated in patients with AL amyloidosis; MTD of 4 mg/day on days 1 to 21 every 28 days. Pomalidomide and dexamethasone can lead to HR of 50% in previously treated patients with AL amyloidosis.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia admitted to intensive care: a case-control study
Authors: Roze des Ordons Amanda L , Chan Kris , Mirza Imran , Townsend Derek R , Bagshaw Sean M 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
There is limited epidemiologic data on patients with acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia (AML) requiring life-sustaining therapies in the intensive care unit (ICU). Our objectives were to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes in critically ill AML patients.

Methods
This was a retrospective case-control study. Cases were defined as adult patients with a primary diagnosis of AML admitted to ICU at the University of Alberta Hospital between January 1st 2002 and June 30th 2008. Each case was matched by age, sex, and illness severity (ICU only) to two control groups: hospitalized AML controls, and non-AML ICU controls. Data were extracted on demographics, course of hospitalization, and clinical outcomes.

Results
In total, 45 AML patients with available data were admitted to ICU. Mean (SD) age was 54.8 (13.1) years and 28.9% were female. Primary diagnoses were sepsis (32.6%) and respiratory failure (37.3%). Mean (SD) APACHE II score was 30.3 (10.3), SOFA score 12.6 (4.0) with 62.2% receiving mechanical ventilation, 55.6% vasoactive therapy, and 26.7% renal replacement therapy. Crude in-hospital, 90-day and 1-year mortality was 44.4%, 51.1% and 71.1%, respectively. AML cases had significantly higher adjusted-hazards of death (HR 2.23; 95% CI, 1.38-3.60, p = 0.001) compared to both non-AML ICU controls (HR 1.69; 95% CI, 1.11-2.58, p = 0.02) and hospitalized AML controls (OR 1.0, reference variable). Factors associated with ICU mortality by univariate analysis included older age, AML subtype, higher baseline SOFA score, no change or an increase in early SOFA score, shock, vasoactive therapy and mechanical ventilation. Active chemotherapy in ICU was associated with lower mortality.

Conclusions
AML patients may represent a minority of all critically ill admissions; however, are not uncommonly supported in ICU. These AML patients are characterized by high illness severity, multi-organ dysfunction, and high treatment intensity and have a higher risk of death when compared with matched hospitalized AML or non-AML ICU controls. The absence of early improvement in organ failure may be a useful predictor for mortality for AML patients admitted to ICU.
Adsorption and Performance of Chiral Cinchona Alkaloid Modifiers over Pd/C Catalyst for Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α-Phenylcinnamic Acids
Authors: Nakatsuji Makoto , Misaki Tomonori , Okamoto Yasuaki , Sugimura Takashi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The enantioselective hydrogenation reactions of α-phenylcinnamic acid (PCA) and 4,4′-dimethoxy α-phenylcinnamic acid (DMPCA) were carried out over chiral cinchona alkaloid-modified Pd/C. Two sets of the modifiers were employed to get deeper insights into the effects of relative adsorption strength between the modifier and the substrate on the enantioselectivity; cinchonidine (CD)/cinchonine (CN) and quinine (QN)/quinidine (QD). The performances of the two sets of modifiers were compared by systematically varying the modifier concentration over a wide range. It was clearly substantiated that the origin of the low selectivity observed with QN/QD at an ordinary concentration is primarily due to its weak adsorption strength on Pd metal surface, which originates from the steric hindrance of the methoxy substituent at C6. A new modifier, 6-hydroxy CD, was found to exhibit a performance comparable to that of CD, implying that the steric hindrance of the 6-methoxy group of QN/QD is much more influential than the electronic effects.
Green and Efficient Procedure for Suzuki–Miyaura and Mizoroki–Heck Coupling Reactions Using Palladium Catalyst Supported on Phosphine Functionalized ZrO2 NPs (ZrO2@ECP-Pd) as a New Reusable Nanocatalyst
Authors: Zarghani Monireh , Akhlaghinia Batool 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this article, palladium supported on phosphine functionalized ZrO2 NPs (ZrO2@ECP-Pd) has been introduced as a novel and efficient nanocatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura and Mizoroki–Heck reactions. This new catalyst was prepared from the reaction of Pd(OAc)2 and PPh2-functionalized ZrO2 NPs, and then characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA and ICP techniques. The above experimental results showed that the synthesized catalyst existed as spheres with a mean size range of 10–40 nm. The prepared ZrO2@ECP-Pd nanocatalyst was shown to be highly efficient in the Suzuki–Miyaura and Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reactions of a wide range of aryl halides including electron-rich and electron-poor aryl iodides/bromides, and heteroaryl iodides, affording the corresponding products in good to excellent yields in short reaction times. The notable feature of the present protocol is the use of water and [bmim]PF6 as environmentally benign solvents, which eliminate the need of toxic solvent. In addition to the aforementioned favorable properties, the nanocatalyst can be recovered and reused for the subsequent reactions (at least six times) without any appreciable loss of efficiency.
Analysis of Innovative Start-Up Companies – Case of Košice Region
Authors: Džupka Peter , Klasová Slávka , Kováč Viliam 
Published: July 2016

<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> Support policy for start-up companies is being developed nowadays in Slovakia, but so far there has hardly been any research focuses on this issue. Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify, what are the specific needs and funding sources of start-up companies according to their stage of development.<br /><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> This paper used questionnaire empirical approach. The research was conducted in the Košice region. The sample of 47 innovative start-up companies was obtained and analysed using statistical measurements such as the Pearson’s chi-square test and the correspondence analysis method. <br /><strong>Findings:</strong> The results reveal that start-up companies at their initial phase of development mostly use bank loans as a funding source of their activities, but they opt also business angel as their source of funding at start phase of development. The findings further discover relation between the stage of the development of start-up company and its specific need. Additionally, research probes that collaboration with other firms or universities has a positive impact on prosperity of the start-up company in terms of higher profitability and better access to funding.<br /><strong>Research limitation/Implication:</strong> The Košice region is not an area, where representative survey in the field of start-up companies can be held nowadays. It relates to small market of innovative and creative solutions and goes with not so developed incentives to support start-up companies in their initial phase of development too. Thus, all the results and the outcomes coming from the dataset can be considered rather <span style="background-color: #f5f6f5;">demonstrational</span> than complex.<br /><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> We show the specific needs and funding sources for start-up companies in the Košice region according to their stage of development and thus identify, which aspects government representatives should pay attention to and what should be taken into consideration when designing policy initiatives oriented towards support of start-up prosperity. Furthermore, we bridge the gap between increased attention to analysis of start-up companies and no effort made to analyse them in the Košice region.</p>
Aplicação do sistema kanban no transporte de materiais na construção civil
Authors: Leite Madalena Osório , Pinho Igor Barros , Pereira Pedro Eduardo , Heineck Luiz Fernando Mählmann , Rocha Francisco Eugênio Montenegro da 
Published: July 2016

O setor da construção civil, em constante desenvolvimento de ferramentas de gerência, cada vez mais aplica conceitos antes somente utilizados na indústria. Uma das ferramentas há muito tempo utilizada nas fábricas, o sistema kanban, agora se mostra aplicado em uma obra de construção civil. Essa aplicação se dá no sistema de distribuição vertical do guincho decarga de uma edificação de vinte e três pavimentos. A empresa onde está sendo utilizado o sistema kanban já tem tradição em utilizar inovações tecnológicas e em implantar conceitos da Lean Construction. Vários outros trabalhos já foram publicados em congressos mostrando as aplicações de diversas técnicas de planejamento e controle da produção nos seuscanteiros de obra.
SCOLDSS - Sistema de Apoio à Decisão Aplicado ao Planejamento e Distribuição da Coleta Seletiva de Resíduos Sólidos
Authors: Simonetto Eugênio De Oliveira , Borenstein Denis 
Published: July 2016

O artigo apresenta um sistema de apoio à decisão aplicado ao planejamento operacional da coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos (SCOLDSS), o qual tem por funcionalidade principal à geração de alternativas ao processo decisório no que se refere á: (a) alocação de veículos para a coleta seletiva, bem como o roteiro a ser percorrido pelos mesmos e, (b) a determinação da quantidade diária de resíduos sólidos a ser enviado a cada unidade de triagem. Para o desenvolvimento do mesmo foi utilizada a combinação de técnicas advindas da Pesquisa Operacional, que são a simulação computacional de eventos discretos e algoritmos para o problema da alocação e roteamento de veículos. O sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando o ambiente Borland Delphi e, para a simulação foi utilizado o simulador Arena 3.5. Para a validação do SCOLDSS estão sendo utilizados dados da coleta seletiva de um município do Rio Grande do Sul.
A convex-valued selection theorem with a non-separable Banach space
Authors: Gourdel Pascal , Mâagli Nadia 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In the spirit of Michael’s selection theorem [6, Theorem 3.1”’], we consider a nonempty convex-valued lower semicontinuous correspondence

φ
:

X
→

2
Y

{\varphi:X\to 2^{Y}}

. We prove that if φ has either closed or finite-dimensional images, then there admits a continuous single-valued selection, where X is a metric space and Y is a Banach space. We provide a geometric and constructive proof of our main result based on the concept of peeling introduced in this paper.
University Merging Process: A Guideline Proposal for Excellence-Enhancing
Authors: Hidalgo-Hidalgo Marisa , Valera Guadalupe 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
There is a recent trend toward encouraging universities to merge. This policy is based on the idea that mergers create synergy gains that enhance the prestige of universities by increasing their international visibility. However, this process may reduce competition for both research funds and professors in national higher education markets. This paper analyzes whether mergers among universities are optimal from an excellence perspective. We find that as the heterogeneity between the initial reputations of potentially merging institutions increases, the amount of funds required for mergers to achieve higher excellence than competition also increases.
Experimental Study on Nonlinear Vibrations of Fixed-Fixed Curved Beams
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Patel B. P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNonlinear dynamic behavior of fixed-fixed shallow
and deep curved beams is studied experimentally
using non-contact type of electromagnetic shaker and
acceleration measurements. The frequency response obtained
from acceleration measurements is found to be in
fairly good agreement with the computational response.
The travellingwave phenomenon along with participation
of higher harmonics and softening nonlinearity are observed.
The experimental results on the internal resonance
of curved beams due to direct excitation of anti-symmetric
mode are reported for the first time. The deep curved beam
depicts chaotic response at higher excitation amplitude.
The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games
Authors: Castellano Julen , Silva Pedro , Usabiaga Oidui , Barreira Daniel 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The effect of altered game formats on team performances during soccer practice can be harnessed by coaches to stimulate specific tactical behaviours. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of using (i) small goals [SG], (ii) goalkeepers [7G] and (iii) floaters [7GF] on the dispersion, shape and available space of teams during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four male soccer players were distributed into four teams composed of five players, two goalkeepers and two floaters that performed six SSG bouts of 6 min, interspersed with 6 min of passive recovery. Offensive and defensive phases were also analysed separately in order to verify the preservation of basic principles of attacking (teams more stretched to create free space) and defending (teams more compact to tie-up space) during SSGs. The variables used to characterize the collective behaviour were: length [L], width [W], team shape [Sh], and team separateness [TS]. Results revealed that the teams showed different collective behaviours depending on SSG format and a playing phase: a) L and W were higher in attack than in defence in all SSGs; b) team shapes were more elongated in defence in all SSGs except SG; c) the space separating players from their closest opponents (TS) was shorter in 7G; and d) SG and 7GF elicited greater defensive openness due to increased team width. The results suggest that manipulating task constraints, such as goal size, presence or absence of goalkeepers and floaters can be harnessed by coaches to shape distinct team tactical behaviours in SSGs while preserving the basic principles of attacking and defending.