bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Electron Transfer PowersEnterococcus faecalisBiofilm Metabolism
Authors: Keogh Damien , Lam Ling Ning , Doyle Lucinda E. , Matysik Artur , Pavagadhi Shruti , Umashankar Shivshankar , Dale Jennifer L. , Boothroyd Chris B. , Dunny Gary M. , Swarup Sanjay , Williams Rohan B. H. , Marsili Enrico , Kline Kimberly A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEnterococci are important human commensals and significant opportunistic pathogens associated with endocarditis, urinary tract infections, wound and surgical site infections, and medical device associated infections. These infections often become chronic upon the formation of biofilm. The biofilm matrix establishes properties that distinguish this state from free-living bacterial cells and increase tolerance to antimicrobial interventions. The metabolic versatility of the Enterococci is reflected in the diversity and complexity of environments and communities in which they thrive. Understanding metabolic factors governing colonization and persistence in different host niches can reveal factors influencing the transition from commensal to opportunistic pathogen. Here, we report a new form of iron-dependent metabolism forEnterococcus faecaliswhere, in the absence of heme, respiration components can be utilised for extracellular electron transfer (EET). Iron augmentsE. faecalisbiofilm growth and generates alterations in biofilm matrix, cell spatial distribution, and biofilm matrix properties. We identify the genes involved in iron-augmented biofilm growth and show that it occurs by promoting EET to iron within biofilm.SignificanceBacterial metabolic versatility is often key in dictating the outcome of host-pathogen interactions, yet determinants of metabolic shifts are difficult to resolve. The bacterial biofilm matrix provides the structural and functional support that distinguishes this state from free-living bacterial cells. Here, we show that the biofilm matrix provides access to resources necessary for metabolism and growth which are otherwise inaccessible in the planktonic state. Our data shows that in the absence of heme, components ofEnterococcus faecalisrespiration (l-lactate dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase) may function as initiators of EET through the cytoplasmic membrane quinone pool and utilize matrix-associated iron to carry out EET. The presence of iron resources within the biofilm matrix leads to enhanced biofilm growth.
Dorsal anterior cingulate-midbrain ensemble as a reinforcement meta-learner
Authors: Silvetti Massimo , Vassena Eliana , Abrahamse Elger , Verguts Tom 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is central in higher-order cognition and behavioural flexibility. The computational nature of this region, however, has remained elusive. Here we propose a new model – the Reinforcement Meta Learner (RML) – based on the bidirectional anatomical connections of the ACC with midbrain catecholamine nuclei (VTA and LC). In this circuit, dACC learns which actions are valuable and acts accordingly. Crucially, this mechanism is optimized by recurrent connectivity with the midbrain: Midbrain catecholamines provide modulatory signals to dACC, controlling its internal parameters (e.g. learning rate), while these parameter modulations are in turn optimized by dACC afferents to the midbrain. This closed-loop system generates emergent (i.e., homunculus-free) control and supports learning to solve hierarchical decision problems without having an intrinsic hierarchical structure itself. Further, it can be combined with other cortical modules to optimize the processing of these modules. We outline how the RML solves the current theoretical stalemate on dACC by assimilating various previous proposals on ACC functioning, and how it captures critical empirical findings from an unprecedented range of domains (stability/plasticity balance, effort processing, working memory, and higher-order classical and instrumental conditioning).
Modulation of Type IV pili phenotypic plasticity through a novel Chaperone-Usher system in Synechocystis sp.
Authors: Chandra Anchal , Joubert Lydia-Maria , Bhaya Devaki 
Published: April 2017

AbstractControlling the transition from a multicellular motile state to a sessile biofilm is an important eco-physiological decision for most prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic and bio geochemically significant cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Syn6803) uses Type IV pili (TFP) for surface-associated motility and light-directed phototaxis. We report the identification of a novel Chaperone-Usher (CU) system in Syn6803 that regulate secretion of minor pilins as a means of stabilizing TFP morphology. These secreted minor-pilins aid in modifying TFP morphology to suit the adhesion state by forming cell to surface contacts when motility is not required. This morphotype is structurally distinct from TFP assembled during motile phase. We further demonstrate by examining mutants lacking either the CU system or the minor-pilins, which produce aberrant TFP, that are morphologically and functionally distinct from wild-type (WT). Thus, here we report that in Syn6803, CU system work independent of TFP biogenesis machinery unlike reported for other pathogenic bacterial systems and contributes to provide multifunctional plasticity to TFP. cAMP levels play an important role in controlling this switch. This phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the TFP, in response to cAMP levels would allow cells and cellular communities to adapt to rapidly fluctuating environments by dynamically transitioning between motile and sessile states.Significance of this workHow cyanobacterial communities cope with fluctuating or extreme environments is crucial in understanding their role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles. This work addresses the key question: how do cyanobacteria modulate external appendages, called Type IV pili, to effectively switch between motile and sessile biofilm states? We demonstrate that cells transition between forming strong cell-surface interactions indispensable for biofilm formation to forming cell-cell interactions that allow for coordinated movement crucial for social motility by functional/ structural modification of same TFP appendage. The second messenger, cAMP and a Chaperone-Usher secretion are indispensible to achieve these structural modifications of TFP and control the complex phenotypic transition. We have uncovered a strategy that Syn6803 has evolved to deal with molecular decision-making under uncertainty, which we call phenotypic plasticity. Here we demonstrate how a single motility appendage can be structurally modified to attain two antagonistic functions in order to meet the fluctuating environmental demands.
Image Processing and Quality Control for the first 10,000 Brain Imaging Datasets from UK Biobank
Authors: Alfaro-Almagro Fidel , Jenkinson Mark , Bangerter Neal K. , Andersson Jesper L. R. , Griffanti Ludovica , Douaud Gwenaëlle , Sotiropoulos Stamatios N. , Jbabdi Saad , Hernandez-Fernandez Moises , Vallee Emmanuel , Vidaurre Diego , Webster Matthew , McCarthy Paul , Rorden Christopher , Daducci Alessandro , Alexander Daniel C. , Zhang Hui , Dragonu Iulius , Matthews Paul M. , Miller Karla L. , Smith Stephen M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUK Biobank is a large-scale prospective epidemiological study with all data accessible to researchers worldwide. It is currently in the process of bringing back 100,000 of the original participants for brain, heart and body MRI, carotid ultrasound and low-dose bone/fat x-ray. The brain imaging component covers 6 modalities (T1, T2 FLAIR, susceptibility weighted MRI, Resting fMRI, Task fMRI and Diffusion MRI). Raw and processed data from the first 10,000 imaged subjects has recently been released for general research access. To help convert this data into useful summary information we have developed an automated processing and QC (Quality Control) pipeline that is available for use by other researchers. In this paper we describe the pipeline in detail, following a brief overview of UK Biobank brain imaging and the acquisition protocol. We also describe several quantitative investigations carried out as part of the development of both the imaging protocol and the processing pipeline.
Outsourcing/offshoring insights: going beyond reshoring to rightshoring
Authors: Tate Wendy L. , Bals Lydia 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The last decades have seen manufacturing and services offshoring on the rise, often motivated by low prices and without consideration of other important criteria such as additional cost measures and risk. With wages in former low-cost countries and automation/robotization increasing, these decisions are increasingly contested. Re-evaluations of “shoring” decisions inherently create a need to re-examine theoretical and academic contributions to this rapidly changing phenomenon. Therefore, the special issue sought manuscripts that added to the exciting and dynamic body of knowledge on “rightshoring”. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper starts out by delimiting outsourcing/insourcing and offshoring/reshoring as part of a conceptual “rightshoring” framework to establish a common terminology and context for the insights gathered in the special issue. It illustrates that “shoring” options can be classified along geographical and governance dimensions.

Findings
Both the geographical and governance dimensions are part of the rightshoring decision which is an important conceptual foundation for this special issue, as it invited insightful pieces on all of these phenomena (e.g. outsourcing, insourcing, offshoring, reshoring), acknowledging that these decisions are embedded in the same context – firms making governance and location decisions. Therefore, papers 1-4 primarily focus on offshoring, whereas paper 5 focuses on insourcing and paper 6 on reshoring. Their main findings are summarized in Table II.

Research limitations/implications
Suggestions for future research out of the six papers are summarized in Table III. There is ample opportunity to further shed light on these suggestions as well as to cover parts of the “rightshoring” framework presented, that remain less covered here (e.g. insourcing and/or reshoring).

Practical implications
The array of potential “rightshoring” options fosters clarity about the phenomena studied and their implications. The main practical implications of the six papers are summarized in Table II.

Originality/value
The overall conceptual framework highlights the positioning of the final papers included into the special issue and provides guidance to scholars and managers alike.
The nexus between health workers’ emotional intelligence and job performance
Authors: Asiamah Nestor 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
This study aims to examine the effect of health workers’ emotional intelligence (EI) on job performance (JP), with potential confounding variables controlled for. The confounding variables introduced are gender, education, tenure and level of access to in-service training.

Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional quantitative research design was used in this study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data from 1,163 health professionals, who were selected using the simple random sampling method. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test a framework of hypotheses.

Findings
The resulting CFA model is of a good fit at 5 per cent significance level [chi-square (χ2) = 1.492; p = 0.222]. Moreover, the study finds that EI significantly predicts JP among health workers after controlling for the lurking variables.

Originality/value
Though several studies have confirmed that EI makes a significant positive effect on health workers’ JP, none of them controlled for potential confounding variables. For this reason, the effect detected in previous studies could include the influence of lurking variables and is consequently spurious. Apart from contributing to extant literature, this study controls for these lurking variables in an attempt to enhance the value of empirical evidence that supports the relevance of EI to health-care performance.
Exploring the role of CSR as national responsibility
Authors: Al Yammahi Kamal , Guruswamy Mohan 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to consolidate the constructs of national responsibility (NR) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of corporate responsibilities. The paper traces the historical evolution of the concepts of NR and CSR with a discussion on bridging CSR with NR. The aim of this paper is to develop an understanding of the potential of CSR to support NR.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper reviews the historical evolution of the CSR and NR concepts to identify how CSR can be integrated and focused towards supporting NR.

Findings
NR needs partnership and support from the corporate and commercial world to direct its efforts towards effective implementation of CSR to ensure NR.

Practical implications
The paper offers the implications for the development of a powerful CSR, its relation with NR and how the linkage should be developed at an organizational level.

Originality/value
This research paper fulfils the need to study the role of CSR in supporting the NR at a corporate level.
Low-intensity conflict in multinational corporations
Authors: Lauring Jakob , Andersen Poul Houman , Storgaard Marianne , Kragh Hanne 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to identify antecedents for, and consequences of, low-intensity inter-unit conflict in multinational corporations (MNCs). Inter-unit conflict in MNCs is an important and well-researched theme. However, while most studies have focused on open conflict acknowledged by both parties, much less research has dealt with low-intensity conflicts. Still, low-intensity conflicts can be highly damaging – not least because they are rarely resolved.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used a qualitative approach to understanding low-intensity conflict relying on 170 interviews in four Danish MNCs.

Findings
They describe consequences of low-intensity conflict and identify three types of actions by headquarters’ representatives that could lead to the development of low-intensity conflicts, namely, ignoring, bypassing and educating.

Originality/value
Very few studies have dealt with low-intensity conflict – not least in international business research. The authors argue that the study of low-intensity conflict in MNCs can provide relevant, novel knowledge of MNC functioning.
Business group prevalence and impact across countries and over time
Authors: Carney Michael , Van Essen Marc , Estrin Saul , Shapiro Daniel 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine two prominent perspectives on business group functioning, institutional void (IV) and entrenchment/exploitation (EE), that make different predictions about the effect of business group (BG) on the economy. The authors examine the effects of BG prevalence in an economy and its effect on macroeconomic outcomes including foreign direct inward and outward investment, innovation and development of the financial sector.Design/methodology/approachThe authors build a unique database by extracting estimates of BG prevalence for multiple countries between 1978 and 2012 from the existing literature and use this to test conflicting predictions derived from the IV and EE perspectives, respectively.FindingsThe authors find no consistent evidence that BG prevalence diminishes over time with economic development as IVs diminish, which is predicted by the IV perspective. Instead, the long-term persistence of BGs in many countries appears to be more consistent with the EE perspective. However, this study also finds no support for the perspective that high levels of BG prevalence are negatively associated with country-level indicators and determinants of economic development and competitiveness, as suggested by that perspective.Originality/valueThe authors conclude that there is no robust support for either the IV or the EE perspective and highlight the need for more contextualized theorizing about the evolution of BGs.
A new era for foreign direct investment?
Authors: Globerman Steven 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The paper aims to provide an updated broad assessment of the environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) in light of the referendum vote in the UK to exit the European Union (Brexit), the election of Donald Trump as President of the USA and growing nationalist movements in Europe.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses an essay format to set out the main issues linking recent political developments to FDI. It reviews some relevant empirical literature to assess the identified linkages.

Findings
It seems reasonable to argue that there will be a reduction in FDI intensity on a global basis over the foreseeable future. It is also likely that the nature of FDI will move more toward being a substitute rather than a complement to trade.

Originality/value
The essay is original and valuable in the sense of offering a contemporary assessment of how important the recent political events may affect the FDI process.
Endogenous value creation: managerial decisions on intangibles
Authors: Shakina Elena , Molodchik Mariia , Barajas Angel 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThis study aims to explore value creation through intangibles in corporations, taking into consideration the endogenous nature of managerial decisions. It is stated that intangibles bring extra information asymmetry into a company and make managers and investors’ goals less aligned.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical model is elaborated and empirically tested on the assumption that managers, while investing in intangibles, simultaneously make a company competitive and attractive to investors. The authors use a conceptual model of endogenous value creation to test how intangibles affect outperforming of a company and provoke the expectations of investors. The research is carried out on a sample of more than 1,650 European companies covering the period from 2004 to 2011. Structural equation modelling is applied for the purposes of empirical analysis.FindingsThe authors reveal a diverse impact of intangibles on outperforming of a company measured by economic value added and its ability to create market value. The study discovers that managers are prone to indicate positive signals to investors rather than create sustainable competitive advantages.Practical implicationsThis research emphasizes on the particular importance of awareness of policymakers, namely, companies’ top managers, about the outcomes of their decisions. Decision-making in public companies should involve as much deliberation as possible about the potential impact of what is decided.Originality/valueThis work contributes primarily to the field of corporate finance in companies that use intangibles. The endogenous process of value creation is modelled and tested. As a result, a number of essential problems in agent relationships in intangible-intensive corporations are discovered.
The role of a firm’s innovation competence on customer adoption of service innovation
Authors: Bhatnagar Navneet , Kumar Gopalaswamy Arun 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to identify the dimensions of a firm’s service innovation competence. This paper also aims to establish the relationship between a firm’s service innovation competence dimensions and customer-oriented service innovation configurations and customer adoption. This study probes the supply side of service innovation to assess the key drivers or capabilities that influence the service innovation process at the firm level.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the triangulation method using existing theoretical concept supplemented by 18 in-depth interviews of senior level managers from service firms from three sectors – hospitality, mobile telecommunication services and financial services. The interview findings were supplemented by 12 service innovation case studies (four from each sector). Content analysis of in-depth interviews was performed using three raters, and inter-rater reliability was tested. Case studies were categorized in terms of the strength of the innovation competence dimension observed.FindingsBased on the content analysis of the interviews and categorization of case study observations, six distinct dimensions of the firm’s service innovation competence were identified. Four attributes of each dimension were also identified. Based on the interview insights and case observations, seven propositions are suggested, and a conceptual framework is presented to establish the relationship between the firm’s service innovation competence dimensions and service innovation configurations and customer adoption.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was conducted in the Indian context and remains to be tested using quantitative research. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed framework in a different geographical context to ascertain its validity.Practical implicationsThe conceptual framework presented in the paper may help managers of service firms in building innovation capabilities that are relevant to development of customer-oriented innovations. This would lead to better customer adoption of their new services.Originality/valueThis paper fills an important knowledge gap regarding the dimensions of a critical supply-side component of service innovation, that is, innovation competence. Clear identification of competence dimensions and their relationship with customer adoption extends the current knowledge on service innovation.
Add-on goods, contingent services and product bundling
Authors: Ashton John Kevin 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The study examines influence of behavioural economic theories of add-on goods and contingent charges on the regulation of two touchstone markets in the UK. These markets, the payment protection insurance (PPI) market and the market for overdrafts can both be characterised as add-on goods, have displayed excessive levels of profitability and been the focus of continuing and substantial public mis-trust. Despite these similarities, the regulatory treatment of these two markets has been very different. The purpose of this paper is to explore the context of these cases and examine why these differences in regulatory reporting have developed.

Design/methodology/approach
The research questions are examined through a detailed review of the regulatory reporting in the UK PPI and overdraft market. This review of over 20 regulatory reports, numerous enforcement actions, associated legal proceedings and related international evidence is employed to determine commonalities and differences in the regulatory actions proposed, motives adopted and success of these regulatory processes.

Findings
It is reported the dynamic and fragmented regulatory structure, multiple policy agendas and a successful legal intervention have all influenced how these financial services markets have been regulated and behavioural economic concepts applied. In particular aspects of overdraft markets remain challenging to address as it is still possible to exclude competition within aftermarkets. The regulatory intervention into PPI markets by contrast addressed concerns raised by add-on good theory and amended the form of distribution underlying this market more directly and successfully.

Originality/value
There have been numerous excellent reviews of behavioural economics and finance published on a diversity of topics. Despite such a wide coverage, a relatively under-researched aspect of this literature remains the application of these relatively new theoretical insights within markets and how these have influenced regulatory practice. This review of regulatory reporting addresses this gap in the literature through considering two of the most problematic financial services markets of the last decade in the UK.