bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Effects of Intraosseous and Intravenous 5% Albumin on Infusion Time and Hemodynamic Measures in a Swine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Muir Stacy L. , Sheppard Lance B. , Maika-Wilson Anne , Burgert James M. , Garcia-Blanco Jose , Johnson Arthur D. , Coyner Jennifer L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionObtaining intravenous (IV) access in patients in hemorrhagic shock is often difficult and prolonged. Failed IV attempts delay life-saving treatment. Intraosseous (IO) access may often be obtained faster than IV access. Albumin (5%) is an option for prehospital volume expansion because of the absence of interference with coagulation and platelet function.Hypothesis/ProblemThere are limited data comparing the performance of IO and IV administered 5% albumin. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of tibial IO (TIO) and IV administration of 500 mL of 5% albumin on infusion time and hemodynamic measurements of heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock.MethodsSixteen male swine were divided into two groups: TIO and IV. All subjects were anesthetized and a Class III hemorrhage was achieved by exsanguination of 31% of estimated blood volume (EBV) from a femoral artery catheter. Following exsanguination, 500 mL of 5% albumin was administered under pressurized infusion (300 mmHg) by the TIO or IV route and infusion time was recorded. Hemodynamic measurements of HR, MAP, CO, and SV were collected before and after exsanguination and every 20 seconds for 180 seconds during 5% albumin infusion.ResultsAn independentt-test determined that IV 5% albumin infusion was significantly faster compared to IO (P=.01). Mean infusion time for TIO was seven minutes 35 seconds (SD=two minutes 44 seconds) compared to four minutes 32 seconds (SD=one minute 08 seconds) in the IV group. Multivariate Analysis of Variance was performed on hemodynamic data collected during the 5% albumin infusion. Analyses indicated there were no significant differences between the TIO and IV groups relative to MAP, CO, HR, or SV (P>.05).ConclusionWhile significantly longer to infuse 5% albumin by the TIO route, the longer TIO infusion time may be negated as IO devices can be placed more quickly compared to repeated IV attempts. The lack of significant difference between the TIO and IV routes relative to hemodynamic measures indicate the TIO route is a viable route for the infusion of 5% albumin in a swine model of Class III hemorrhage.MuirSL,SheppardLB,Maika-WilsonA,BurgertJM,Garcia-BlancoJ,JohnsonAD,CoynerJL.A comparison of the effects of intraosseous and intravenous 5% albumin on infusion time and hemodynamic measures in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(4):436–442.
27.1.7 Sulfur Ylides (Update 2014)
Authors: Mlostoń G. , Heimgartner H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA comprehensive update of methods for the in situ generation of sulfonium ylides (sulfonium methanides, Corey–Chaykovsky reagents) and their applications for the synthesis of more complex molecules via methylene transfer is presented. Sulfonium ylides are widely applied in synthetically relevant reactions, such as cyclopropanation, aziridination, and epoxidation. Asymmetric versions of these processes are also summarized. In the presence of appropriate catalysts, preferably metal salts and/or complexes of gold or palladium, sulfonium ylides can undergo cascade heterocyclizations or C—H-insertion reactions.
4.4.22 Product Subclass 22: Silyl Phosphines
Authors: Hayashi M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is a revision of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution, published in 2001, describing methods for the synthesis of silyl phosphines and their applications in organic synthesis. In contrast to the earlier contribution, in which the applications of silyl phosphines were described only very briefly, in this revision the applications of silyl phosphines are classified and summarized and include recent improvements, especially with regard to P—C bond formation.
4.4.45 Product Subclass 45: Silanecarboxylic Acids and Esters
Authors: Igawa K. , Tomooka K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSilanecarboxylic acids having a carboxy group on the silicon atom are synthesized from chlorosilanes via their reductive lithiation and subsequent carboxylation with carbon dioxide. Silanecarboxylic acid esters are synthesized from silanecarboxylic acids by O-alkylation with diazoalkanes or by the Mitsunobu reaction with alcohols.
4.4.34.35 Vinylsilanes (Update 2015)
Authors: Anderson E. A. , Lim D. S. W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 4.4.34) describing methods for the synthesis of vinylsilanes. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2000–2014, with a particular emphasis on metal-catalyzed methods.
19.5.14.15 Synthesis from Nitriles with Retention of the Cyano Group (Update 2013)
Authors: Mase N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is an update to the original Section 19.5.14, which deals with synthesis from nitriles with retention of the cyano group. In order to cover significant recent developments, this update focuses on organocatalytic reactions of nitriles. These reactions are classified into two reaction modes: (1) reactions of nucleophiles containing a cyano group with electrophiles, and (2) reactions of nucleophiles with electrophiles containing a cyano group. In this update, significant achievements made employing asymmetric organocatalysts from the years 2000–2012 are highlighted.
31.4.1.3 Hypervalent Iodoarenes and Aryliodonium Salts (Update 2015)
Authors: Zhdankin V. V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter provides an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 31.4.1) describing the preparation and synthetic applications of hypervalent iodoarenes and aryliodonium salts. Recently, the chemistry of hypervalent iodine compounds has experienced several significant new developments, the most important of which are represented by the discovery of catalytic reactions promoted by in situ generated hypervalent iodine species, the development of highly enantioselective reactions of chiral hypervalent iodine reagents, and the preparation and synthetic application of numerous recyclable hypervalent iodine reagents.
35.2.5.1.9 Synthesis by Addition across C=C Bonds (Update 2015)
Authors: Dagousset G. , Masson G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis Section 35.2.5.1, written by Troll in 2006, on the synthesis of 1-bromo-n-heteroatom-functionalized alkanes (n ≥2), with both functions formed simultaneously by addition across C=C bonds. It focuses on recent advances in the field of bromofunctionalization of alkenes in the period 2007–2014, in particular on catalytic enantioselective syntheses.
3.1.1.2 Alkenes with Allylic Substitution and Homologues as Reaction Components
Authors: Le Bras J. , Muzart J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe intermolecular coupling of aryl or vinyl halides (or pseudohalides) with linear alkenes having an allylic or homoallylic heteroatomic substituent occurs under palladium-catalyzed conditions. The 1,2-insertion of the aryl- or vinylpalladium intermediate into the double bond is followed by the elimination of either a hydride or the heteroatomic substituent. This chapter focuses on selective procedures.
3.3 C—C Cross Coupling via Double C—H Activation
Authors: Yeung C. S. , Borduas N. , Dong V. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPalladium catalysts promote oxidative C—C bond formation between two arene coupling partners by twofold C—H activation. The observed regioselectivity for the biaryl products is predictable based on proximity to Lewis base functionality and inherent electronic bias.
2.2 Enzymatic C-Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Wessjohann L. A. , Schreckenbach H. F. , Kaluđerović G. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractC-Alkylation of aromatic groups, as in Friedel—Crafts chemistry, is an energetically difficult process with significant chemo- and regioselectivity problems, especially if other nucleophiles, such as hydroxy groups or nitrogen atoms, are present in the substrate. Nature provides alkylating enzymes that selectively transfer a methyl, prenyl, or glycosyl group to carbon atoms of aromatic moieties under mild conditions, at room temperature, and mostly with excellent chemo- and regioselectivity. In this review, current enzymatic processes are highlighted and the increasing availability of cosubstrates, cofactors, and suitable enzymes is discussed as a prerequisite for scaling up such processes.
2.4.3 ω-Transaminases
Authors: Simon R. C. , Busto E. , Fischereder E.-M. , Fuchs C. S. , Pressnitz D. , Richter N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOptically pure amines are prepared from the corresponding prochiral ketones via asymmetric amination employing ω-transaminases and selected amine donors.
2.6.1 Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiopure Epoxides Using Monooxygenases
Authors: Li A. T. , Li Z. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMonooxygenases catalyze the asymmetric epoxidation of different types of alkenes, providing a green and useful method to synthesize the corresponding epoxides in high enantiomeric excess and good yield. The epoxidations catalyzed by styrene monooxygenase, xylene monooxygenase, alkane monooxygenase, alkene monooxygenase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase are reviewed in this chapter.
2.6.2 Reactions Catalyzed by Halohydrin Dehalogenases
Authors: Majerić Elenkov M. , Szymański W. , Janssen D. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn some bacteria, halohydrin dehalogenases catalyze the conversion of vicinal halo alcohols, such as 1,3-dichloropropane or 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol, into epoxides, and thereby play a role in the biodegradation of halogenated organic compounds. In the reverse reaction, i.e. epoxide ring opening, various small anions can replace the halide, allowing the synthesis of β-substituted alcohols, including β-hydroxynitriles and β-azido alcohols. These remarkable catalytic properties have been modified by structure-based protein engineering, making the enzymes suitable for diverse applications.
Chemotherapy-sparing treatment strategies for follicular lymphoma: current options and future directions
Authors: Ng Samuel Y. , Abramson Jeremy S. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review
The accelerating development of targeted therapy offers the possibility of avoiding the many toxic side-effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy often experienced during treatment of patients with malignancies. As a currently incurable disease that typically follows an indolent course, follicular lymphoma is a disease for which chemotherapy-free treatment may offer substantial benefit.

Recent findings
We review chemotherapy-free treatment regimens, including those targeting cell-surface proteins and intracellular signaling pathways currently in use for the treatment of follicular lymphoma, paying particular attention to the unique toxicity profiles of these agents. Additionally, the safety profiles and efficacy of selected novel-targeted therapies in earlier phase studies, including immunotherapeutics, will be explored.

Summary
Novel-targeted therapies are rapidly changing the landscape of follicular lymphoma and decreasing reliance upon traditional chemotherapeutics. Although the toxicities of chemotherapy are well known to clinicians, the unique adverse events associated with novel agents may be less familiar, and requires attention to identification, management, and prophylaxis of toxicity associated with emerging chemotherapy-sparing treatments.
Robust Gap Repair in the Contractile Ring Ensures Timely Completion of Cytokinesis
Authors: Silva AM , Osório D , Pereira AJ , Maiato H , Pinto IM , Rubinstein B , Gassmann R , Telley IA , Carvalho AX 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCytokinesis in animal cells requires the constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring, whose architecture and mechanism remain poorly understood. We use laser microsurgery to explore the biophysical properties of constricting contractile rings inC. elegansembryos. Laser cutting causes rings to snap open, which is a sign of tension release. However, instead of disintegrating, ring topology recovers and constriction proceeds. In response to severing, a finite gap forms that is proportional to ring perimeters before cutting, demonstrating that tension along the ring decreases throughout constriction. Severed rings repair their gaps by recruiting new material and subsequently increase constriction rate and complete cytokinesis with the same timing as uncut rings. Rings repair successive cuts and exhibit substantial constriction when gap repair is prevented. Our analysis suggests that cytokinesis is accomplished by contractile modules that assemble and contract autonomously, enabling local repair of the actomyosin network throughout constriction. Consequently, cytokinesis is a highly robust process impervious to discontinuities in contractile ring structure.
Continuous Genetic Recording with Self-Targeting CRISPR-Cas in Human Cells
Authors: Perli Samuel D. , Cui Cheryl H. , Lu Timothy K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe ability to longitudinally track and record molecular eventsin vivowould provide a unique opportunity to monitor signaling dynamics within cellular niches and to identify critical factors in orchestrating cellular behavior. We present a self-contained analog memory device that enables the recording of molecular stimuli in the form of DNA mutations in human cells. The memory unit consists of a self-targeting guide RNA (stgRNA) cassette that repeatedly directsStreptococcus pyogenesCas9 nuclease activity towards the DNA that encodes the stgRNA, thereby enabling localized, continuous DNA mutagenesis as a function of stgRNA expression. We analyze the temporal sequence evolution dynamics of stgRNAs containing 20, 30 and 40 nucleotide SDSes (Specificity Determining Sequences) and create a population-based recording metric that conveys information about the duration and/or intensity of stgRNA activity. By expressing stgRNAs from engineered, inducible RNA polymerase (RNAP) III promoters, we demonstrate programmable and multiplexed memory storage in human cells triggered by doxycycline and isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Finally, we show that memory units encoded in human cells implanted in mice are able to record lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation over time. This tool, which we call Mammalian Synthetic Cellular Recorder Integrating Biological Events (mSCRIBE), provides a unique strategy for investigating cell biologyin vivoandin situand may drive further applications that leverage continuous evolution of targeted DNA sequences in mammalian cells.One Sentence SummaryBy designing self-targeting guide RNAs that repeatedly direct Cas9 nuclease activity towards their own DNA, we created multiplexed analog memory operators that can record biologically relevant informationin vitroandin vivo, such as the magnitude and duration of exposure to TNAα.
Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing in Neuroimaging using MRI
Authors: Nichols Thomas E. , Das Samir , Eickhoff Simon B. , Evans Alan C. , Glatard Tristan , Hanke Michael , Kriegeskorte Nikolaus , Milham Michael P. , Poldrack Russell A. , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Proal Erika , Thirion Bertrand , Van Essen David C. , White Tonya , Yeo B. T. Thomas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNeuroimaging enables rich noninvasive measurements of human brain activity, but translating such data into neuroscientific insights and clinical applications requires complex analyses and collaboration among a diverse array of researchers. The open science movement is reshaping scientific culture and addressing the challenges of transparency and reproducibility of research. To advance open science in neuroimaging the Organization for Human Brain Mapping created the Committee on Best Practice in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS), charged with creating a report that collects best practice recommendations from experts and the entire brain imaging community. The purpose of this work is to elaborate the principles of open and reproducible research for neuroimaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and then distill these principles to specific research practices. Many elements of a study are so varied that practice cannot be prescribed, but for these areas we detail the information that must be reported to fully understand and potentially replicate a study. For other elements of a study, like statistical modelling where specific poor practices can be identified, and the emerging areas of data sharing and reproducibility, we detail both good practice and reporting standards. For each of seven areas of a study we provide tabular listing of over 100 items to help plan, execute, report and share research in the most transparent fashion. Whether for individual scientists, or for editors and reviewers, we hope these guidelines serve as a benchmark, to raise the standards of practice and reporting in neuroimaging using MRI.
Brain structure in pediatric Tourette syndrome
Authors: Williams Alton C. , Greene Deanna J. , Koller Jonathan M. , Schlaggar Bradley L. , Black Kevin J. ,   The Tourette Association of America Neuroimaging Consortium
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrevious studies of brain structure in Tourette syndrome (TS) have produced mixed results, and most had modest sample sizes. In the present multi-center study, we used structural MRI to compare 103 children and adolescents with TS to a well-matched group of 103 children without tics. We applied voxel-based morphometry methods to test gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume differences between diagnostic groups, accounting for MRI scanner and sequence, age, sex and total GM + WM volume. The TS group demonstrated greater GM volume in posterior thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain, and lower WM volume bilaterally in orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate evidence for abnormal brain structure in children and youth with TS, consistent with and extending previous findings. As orbital cortex is reciprocally connected with hypothalamus, our results suggest that structural abnormalities in these regions may relate to abnormal behavioral inhibition and somatic monitoring in TS.
Steep difference between ecotypes and intermediate phenotype depression for shell trait integration in a marine snail hybrid zone
Authors: Garcia Carlos 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMultivariate analyses of phenotypic integration for a set of characters provide information about biological systems that cannot be obtained in univariate studies of these characters. We studied phenotypic integration for seven shell measures across the phenotypic gradient in a hybrid zone of the marine snailLittorina saxatilisin Galicia, NW Iberia. We found clear differences in the degree of integration between the two ecotypes involved in the hybrid zone, likely related to differences in the strength of natural selection acting on the snails' shells in each ecotype's habitat. We found also evidence of a decrease in integration in the phenotypically intermediate, hybrid snails, consistent with hybridization resulting in a release of multivariate variation and increased evolvability. Across the phenotypic gradient, decreases in overall integration tended to be accompanied by increases in some measures of modularity, but the latter did nor reflect high correlation structure. The increases occurred only in a proportional sense, correlations among modules tending to decrease faster than within modules for low overall integration tiers. Integration analyses based on non partial and partial correlations tended to produce contrasting results, which suggested hierarchical sources of shell integration. Given that the two ecotypes could have differentiated in situ according to a parapatric model, our results would show that changes in integration can occur in a short evolutionary time and be maintained in the presence of gene flow, and also that this gene flow could result in the hybrid release of multi character variation.
Identifying outlier loci in admixed and in continuous populations using ancestral population differentiation statistics
Authors: Martins Helena , Caye Kevin , Luu Keurcien , Blum Michael G.B. , François Olivier 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFinding genetic signatures of local adaptation is of great interest for many population genetic studies. Common approaches to sorting selective loci from their genomic background focus on the extreme values of the fixation index,FST, across loci. However, the computation of the fixation index becomes challenging when the population is genetically continuous, when predefining subpopulations is a difficult task, and in the presence of admixed individuals in the sample. In this study, we present a new method to identify loci under selection based on an extension of theFSTstatistic to samples with admixed individuals. In our approach,FSTvalues are computed from the ancestry coefficients obtained with ancestry estimation programs. More specifically, we used factor models to estimateFST, and we compared our neutrality tests with those derived from a principal component analysis approach. The performances of the tests were illustrated using simulated data, and by re-analyzing genomic data from European lines of the plant speciesArabidopsis thalianaand human genomic data from the population reference sample, POPRES.
The Use of Informativity in the Development of Robust Metaviromics-based Examinations
Authors: Watkins Siobhan C. , Hatzopoulos Thomas , Putonti Catherine 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe field of metagenomics has developed insight into many of the complex microbial communities responsible for maintaining life on this planet. Sequencing efforts often uncover novel genetic content; this is most evident for viral metagenomics, in which upwards of 90% of all sequences demonstrate no sequence similarity with present databases. For the small fraction which can be identified, the top BLAST hit is often posited as being representative of the phage taxon. However, as previous research has shown, the top BLAST hit is sometimes misinterpreted. Furthermore, the appearance of a particular gene homolog is frequently not representative of the presence of the particular taxon in question. To circumvent these limitations, we have developed a new method for the analysis of metaviromic datasets. BLAST hits are weighted, integrating the sequence identity and length of alignments as well as a phylogenetic signal. A genic rather than genomic approach is presented in which each gene is evaluated with respect to its information content. Through this quantifiable metric, predictions of viral community structure can be made with greater confidence. As a proof-of-concept, the approach presented here was implemented and applied to seven metaviromes. While providing a more robust means of evaluating metaviromic data, the tool is versatile and can easily be customized to investigations of any environment or biome.
Metronidazole containing pyrazole derivatives potently inhibit tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation
Authors: Chen Long‐Wang , Wang Peng‐Fei , Tang Dan‐Jie , Tao Xiang‐Xiang , Man Ruo‐Jun , Qiu Han‐Yue , Wang Zhong‐Chang , Xu Chen , Zhu Hai‐Liang 
Published: May 2016

As an important enzyme in bacterial protein biosynthesis, tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) has been an absorbing therapeutic target for exploring novel antibacterial agents. A series of metronidazole‐based antibacterial agents has been synthesized and identified as TyrRS inhibitors with low cytotoxicity and significant antibacterial activity, especially against Gram‐negative organisms. Of the compounds obtained, 4f is the most potent agent which inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 13525 (MIC = 0.98 μg/mL) and exhibited TryRS inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.92 μm). Docking simulation was performed to further understand its potency. Membrane‐mediated apoptosis in P. aeruginosa was verified by flow cytometry.