bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between microstructure and electronic properties of energetically deposited zinc tin oxide
Authors: Murdoch Billy James , McCulloch Dougal G. , Partridge James G. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Thin films of amorphous n-type zinc tin oxide have been energetically deposited from a filtered cathodic vacuum arc at moderate temperatures. The characteristics of these films span a range suitable for semiconductor devices and transparent conducting oxide interconnects with carrier concentration and mobility dependent on local bonding. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron diffraction have revealed that acceptor-like Sn(II) bonding in the films decreased with increasing growth temperature, resulting in higher n-type carrier concentrations. XPS and in situ Ar plasma treatment showed that downward surface band bending resulted from OH attachment. Persistent photoconductivity was attributed to the photoionization of oxygen vacancies.
The operational definition of competency‐based education
Authors: Gervais J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundAs education in the United States pushes for accountability, educational programs across the country are attempting to find innovative ways to measure student learning outcomes. Competency‐based education is one model favorable among many academic institutions and accreditation agencies because it links theory to practice (Clark, Competency‐based education for social work: Evaluation and curriculum issues, 1976; Hall & Jones, Competency‐based education: A process for the improvement of education, 1976; Johnstone & Soares, Change, 46, 2014, 12; Pace, Competency education series: Policy brief one, 2013). The research indicates that there is no standard definition of competency‐based education and agreement on the criteria that encompass this model (Book, All hands on deck: Ten lessons from early adopters of competency‐based education, 2014; Le, Wolfe, & Steinberg, The past and the promise: Today's competency education movement, 2014; Riesman, On competence: A critical analysis of competence‐based reforms in higher education, 1979).MethodsThis research reviewed the literature on competency‐based education and interviewed key informants from various disciplines to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.ResultsThis research constructs an operational definition of competency‐based education and then applies this definition to build an assessment tool to determine the extent that competency‐based education exists in an academic program.
Biomass Inspired Nitrogen Doped Porous Carbon Anode with High Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Ou Junke , Yang Lin , Xi Xianghui 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGinkgo leave, a naturally abundant resource, has been successfully employed as the raw material to prepare nitrogen doped porous carbon (NDPC) materials. The preparation of the porous carbon does not involve assistance of any activation or template technique. The as‐obtained NDPC shows favorable features for electrochemical energy storage, which can not only provide multiple sites for the storage and insertion of Li ions, but also facilitate rapid mass transport of electrons and Li ions. As a result, the NDPC when evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries delivers high reversible capacity (505 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C), excellent rate capability (190 mAh·g−1 at 10 C). These favorable properties suggest that the NDPC can be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
DNA Intercalators for Detection of DNA Hybridisation: SCS(MI)–MP2 Calculations and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Jambrec Daliborka , Haddad Raoudha , Lauks Anna , Gebala Magdalena , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Kokoschka Malte 
Published: May 2016

AbstractQuantum mechanical SCS(MI)–MP2/cc‐pVTZ calculations predict the strength of proflavine, ellipticine and 1‐pyrenemethylamine intercalation into single‐stranded (ss) and double‐stranded (ds) DNA. The results were compared with experimental results obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Similar interaction energies of ellipticine with the guanine–cytosine base pair compared to the individual nucleobases guanine and cytosine suggested non‐specific binding also to ssDNA. Accordingly, EIS identified ellipticine as being non‐selective and therefore unsuitable for the detection of DNA hybridisation. The interaction energy of proflavine is significantly higher than the minimum required energy for a single intercalation site, and substantially lower with respect to the minimum energy needed for binding with ssDNA. In EIS studies, proflavine did not show any change in the charge‐transfer resistance with respect to ssDNA and a decrease with respect to dsDNA. Calculations showed that 1‐pyrenemethylamine has sufficiently high interaction energy to intercalate into dsDNA, however, the interaction energy towards ssDNA is close to the minimum required value, suggesting a weak interaction with ssDNA. EIS measurements support the calculations. A method for the calculation of interaction energies is provided, which can be used to characterise the interaction strength between new intercalators and DNA before being synthesised.
Vascular‐targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases
Authors: Kelley William J. , Safari Hanieh , Lopez‐Cazares Genesis , Eniola‐Adefeso Omolola 
Published: May 2016

Vascular‐targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle‐cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular‐targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets and passive targeting via endothelial permeability, as well as design specifications (such as size, shape, and density) aimed at enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to reach the vascular wall. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:909–926. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1414This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Cereal fibre intake and risk of mortality from all causes, CVD, cancer and inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Hajishafiee Maryam , Saneei Parvane , Benisi-Kohansal Sanaz , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDietary fibre intake has been associated with a lower risk of mortality; however, findings on the association of different sources of dietary fibre with mortality are conflicting. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prospective cohort studies to assess the relation between cereal fibre intake and cause-specific mortality. Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, ISI web of Science and Google scholar were searched up to April 2015. Eligible prospective cohort studies were included if they provided hazard ratios (HR) or relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95 % CI for the association of cereal fibre intake and mortality from all causes, CVD, cancer and inflammatory diseases. The study-specific HR were pooled by using the random-effects model. In total, fourteen prospective studies that examined the association of cereal fibre intake with mortality from all causes (n 48 052 death), CVD (n 16 882 death), cancer (n 19 489 death) and inflammatory diseases (n 1092 death) were included. The pooled adjusted HR of all-cause mortality for the highest v. the lowest category of cereal fibre intake was 0·81 (95 % CI 0·79, 0·83). Consumption of cereal fibre intake was associated with an 18 % lower risk of CVD mortality (RR 0·82; 95 % CI 0·78, 0·86). Moreover, an inverse significant association was observed between cereal fibre intake and risk of death from cancer (RR 0·85; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·89). However, no significant association was seen between cereal fibre intake and inflammation-related mortality. This meta-analysis provides further evidence that cereal fibre intake was protectively associated with mortality from all causes, CVD and cancer.
No substitute for human touch? Towards a critically posthumanist approach to dementia care
Authors: JENKINS NICHOLAS 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a sociological critique of the pre-eminence of humanism in dementia care policy and practice. Throughout the centuries, humanism has served as something of a double-edged sword in relation to the care and treatment of people living with progressive neurocognitive conditions. On the one hand, humanism has provided an intellectual vehicle for recognising people with dementia as sentient beings with inalienable human rights. On the other hand, humanist approaches have relied upon and re-enforced normative understandings of what it means to be human; understandings that serve to position people with dementia as deficient. Two posthumanist approaches to dementia care policy and practice are explored in this paper:transhumanismandcritical posthumanism. The former seeks, primarily, to use advances in 21st-century technologies toeradicatedementia. The latter seeks to de-centre anthropomorphic interpretations of what it means to be a person (with dementia), so as to create space for more diverse human–non-human relationships to emerge. The paper concludes with some tentative suggestions as to what a critically posthumanist approach to dementia care policy and practice might look like, as we move closer towards the middle of the 21st century.
Ridge preservation of extraction sockets with chronic pathology using Bio‐Oss® Collagen with or without collagen membrane: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Kim Jung‐Ju , Schwarz Frank , Song Hyun Young , Choi YoonMi , Kang Kyung‐Rim , Koo Ki‐Tae 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of newly bone formation and dimensional change in diseased extraction sockets using Bio‐Oss® Collagen with or without a collagen membrane.Material and methodsIn six beagle dogs, right and left 3rd and 4th mandibular premolars were hemisected and the distal roots were removed. Combined endodontic–periodontic lesions were induced in all sites using black silk, collagen sponge, endodontic files, and application of Porphyromonas gingivalis. After 4 months, among 4 premolars, three teeth were randomly selected per dog and allocated to the following experimental groups: Control group (no treatment but debridement), Test 1 group (only Bio‐Oss® Collagen graft), and Test 2 group (Bio‐Oss® Collagen graft with a collagen membrane). After 7 months from the baseline, the beagle dogs were sacrificed for histomorphometric and Micro‐CT analysis.ResultsThe vertical distance between buccal and lingual crests in the Control group (2.22 ± 0.26 mm) and Test 2 group (1.80 ± 0.16 mm) was significantly different. The socket of the Test 2 group (27.04 ± 5.25%) was occupied by a greater quantity of bone graft compared to the Test 1 group (18.49 ± 2.11%).ConclusionRidge preservation in diseased extraction sockets could compensate for buccal bone resorption by contact osteogenesis surrounding the bone graft particles at the bucco‐coronal area during socket healing, and the application of a collagen membrane at the entrance of the socket is useful for preserving graft material at the coronal part of the socket.
Biotic interactions mediate patterns of herbivore diversity in the Arctic
Authors: Barrio I. C. , Bueno C. G. , Gartzia M. , Soininen E. M. , Christie K. S. , Speed J. D. M. , Ravolainen V. T. , Forbes B. C. , Gauthier G. , Horstkotte T. , Hoset K. S. , Høye T. T. , Jónsdóttir I. S. , Lévesque E. , Mörsdorf M. A. , Olofsson J. , Wookey P. A. , Hik D. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimUnderstanding the forces shaping biodiversity patterns, particularly for groups of organisms with key functional roles, will help predict the responses of ecosystems to environmental changes. Our aim was to evaluate the relative role of different drivers in shaping the diversity patterns of vertebrate herbivores, a group of organisms exerting a strong trophic influence in terrestrial Arctic ecosystems. This biome, traditionally perceived as homogeneous and low in biodiversity, includes wide variation in biotic and physical conditions and is currently undergoing major environmental change.LocationThe Arctic (including the High Arctic, Low Arctic and Subarctic)MethodsWe compiled available data on vertebrate (birds and mammals) herbivore distribution at a pan‐Arctic scale, and used eight variables that represent the most relevant hypotheses for explaining patterns of species richness. We used range maps rasterized on a 100 km × 100 km equal‐area grid to analyse richness patterns of all vertebrate herbivore species combined, and birds and mammalian herbivores separately.ResultsOverall, patterns of herbivore species richness in the Arctic were positively related to plant productivity (measured using the normalized difference vegetation index) and to the species richness of predators. Greater species richness of herbivores was also linked to areas with a higher mean annual temperature. Species richness of avian and mammalian herbivores were related to the distance from the coast, with the highest avian richness in coastal areas and mammalian richness peaking further inland.Main conclusionsHerbivore richness in the Arctic is most strongly linked to primary productivity and the species richness of predators. Our results suggest that biotic interactions, with either higher or lower trophic levels or both, can drive patterns of species richness at a biome‐wide scale. Rapid ongoing environmental changes in the Arctic are likely to affect herbivore diversity through impacts on both primary productivity and changes in predator communities via range expansion of predators from lower latitudes.
Country‐Specific vs. Common Birthweight‐for‐Gestational Age References to Identify Small for Gestational Age Infants Born at 24–28 weeks: An International Study
Authors: Martin Lisa J. , Sjörs Gunnar , Reichman Brian , Darlow Brian A. , Morisaki Naho , Modi Neena , Bassler Dirk , Mirea Lucia , Adams Mark , Kusuda Satoshi , Lui Kei , Feliciano Laura San , Håkansson Stellan , Isayama Tetsuya , Mori Rintaro , Vento Max , Lee Shoo K. , Shah Prakesh S. ,   the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes (iNeo) of Neonates Investigators
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundControversy exists as to whether birthweight‐for‐gestational age references used to classify infants as small for gestational age (SGA) should be country specific or based on an international (common) standard. We examined whether different birthweight‐for‐gestational age references affected the association of SGA with adverse outcomes among very preterm neonates.MethodsSingleton infants (n = 23 788) of 240–286 weeks' gestational age in nine high‐resource countries were classified as SGA (<10th centile) using common and country‐specific references based on birthweight and estimated fetal weight (EFW). For each reference, the adjusted relative risk (aRR) for the association of SGA with composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity was estimated.ResultsThe percentage of infants classified as SGA differed slightly for common compared with country specific for birthweight references [9.9% (95% CI 9.5, 10.2) vs. 11.1% (95% CI 10.7, 11.5)] and for EFW references [28.6% (95% CI 28.0, 29.2) vs. 24.6% (95% CI 24.1, 25.2)]. The association of SGA with the composite outcome was similar when using common or country‐specific references for the total sample for birthweight [aRRs 1.47 (95% CI 1.43, 1.51) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.44, 1.53) respectively] and for EFW references [aRRs 1.35 (95% CI 1.31, 1.38) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.35, 1.43) respectively].ConclusionSmall for gestational age is associated with higher mortality and morbidity in infants born <29 weeks' gestational age. Although common and country‐specific birthweight/EFW references identified slightly different proportions of SGA infants, the risk of the composite outcome was comparable.
Protocol for Care After Lymphoma (CALy) trial: a phase II pilot randomised controlled trial of a lymphoma nurse-led model of survivorship care
Authors: Taylor Karen , Joske David , Bulsara Max , Bulsara Caroline , Monterosso Leanne 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionLymphoma is the sixth most common cancer diagnosed in Australia and internationally. Owing to the aggressive nature of the disease and intensity of treatment, survivors face long-term effects that impact on quality of life. Current models of follow-up post-treatment fail to address these complex issues. Given that 74% of patients with lymphoma cancer now survive 5 years beyond diagnosis and treatment, it is important to address this gap in care.AimTo determine self-reported informational and practical needs, anxiety, depression, stress, coping and empowerment at baseline, 3 and 6 months.Methods and analysisA pilot randomised controlled trial will test the effect of a nurse-led lymphoma survivorship clinic compared with usual post-treatment care at a large tertiary cancer centre in Western Australia. The intervention will comprise three face-to-face appointments with delivery of tailored resources, a survivorship care plan and treatment summary (SCP TS). The SCP TS will be given to the participant and general practitioner (GP). Intervention participants will be interviewed at completion to explore the perceived value of the intervention components and preferred dose. An evaluation developed for GPs will assess receipt and use of SCP TS. The primary intent of analysis will be to address the feasibility of a larger trial and requisite effect and sample size.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted by the University of Notre Dame Australia and Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Western Australia. Peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations will report the results of this phase II trial.Trial registration numberANZCTRN12615000530527; Pre-results.
Faecal eosinophil cationic protein and serum immunoglobulin E in relation to infant feeding practices
Authors: Hua Man-Chin , Chen Chien-Chang , Liao Sui-Ling , Yao Tsung-Chieh , Tsai Ming-Han , Lai Shen-Hao , Chiu Chih-Yung , Yeh Kuo-Wei , Huang Jing-Long 
Published: May 2016

Background To date, the effects of exclusive breastfeeding duration and timing of solid food introduction on allergy prevention are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variable feeding practices on intestinal inflammation in infants using faecal eosinophil cationic protein as a surrogate marker and to assess whether faecal eosinophil cationic protein is associated with serum immunoglobulin E. Methods Subjects ( n = 206) were enrolled from the Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese CHildren (PATCH) birth cohort study. Stool samples were collected at 6 and 12 months for determining eosinophil cationic protein, and blood was collected for determining total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E at 12 months. We compared these biomarkers between infants with variable exclusive breastfeeding duration and infants introduced to solid foods at various periods. The association between faecal eosinophil cationic protein, total serum immunoglobulin E and specific immunoglobulin E was also analysed. Results Faecal eosinophil cationic protein was significantly higher in exclusively breastfed infants compared with formula-fed infants and infants who were not exclusively breastfed at 6 months of age ( P < 0.05). At 12 months, infants who were introduced to solid foods at 5–6 months had the lowest faecal eosinophil cationic protein compared with those who were introduced at earlier and later periods. There was no significant association between faecal eosinophil cationic protein and serum immunoglobulin E. Conclusion We found that breastfeeding exclusively for >6 months did not reduce serum immunoglobulin E, but rather increased intestinal inflammation. Faecal eosinophil cationic protein was not associated with total serum immunoglobulin E and specific immunoglobulin E and might not be a useful indictor of immunoglobulin E sensitization in infancy.
Preparing Students to Enter the Race for Postgraduate Training
Authors: Hidayat Levita , Huggins Charnicia E. , Venugopalan Veena , Berrios-Colon Evangelina 
Published: May 2016

Purpose: Exposure of pharmacy students to postgraduate training prior to clinical practice is currently endorsed by national professional organizations. To meet this goal, colleges and schools of pharmacy are developing residency preparation programs. In this descriptive report, we review published studies of curricular activities and structured programs from academic institutions across the United States aimed at preparing students for residency training and promoting postgraduate education. Additionally, we discuss our experience developing a residency preparation program at Touro College of Pharmacy (TCOP). Summary: A literature search yielded 15 residency preparation programs. While the format, content, and length of programs varied, there were common components such as curriculum vitae critique, mock interviews, and focused sessions on the residency application process. At TCOP, a 5-themed residency preparation workshop series was implemented during the third and fourth academic year. The workshops were modeled after existing programs and included several of the core components. One feature unique to the TCOP program was the addition of multiple mock interviews. Conclusion: The growing focus on residency training has led to increased competition among applicants. To better prepare students for this rigorous application and interview process, development of structured residency preparation programs, similar to TCOP’s, should be encouraged.
Longitudinal Outcomes for Youth Transported to Wilderness Therapy Programs
Authors: Tucker Anita R. , Combs Katie Massey , Bettmann Joanna E. , Chang Te-Hsin , Graham Suzanne , Hoag Matt , Tatum Callie 
Published: May 2016

Purpose: Due to the ethical concern around involuntary treatment, this study sought to investigate if youth participants in wilderness therapy who were transported to the program experienced different rates of change than those not transported. Methods: Multilevel modeling techniques were used to investigate rates of change for youth between transported and nontransported youth over 5 points until 6 months postdischarge. In addition, repeated measures analyses of variance investigated parent reports of change over time across transport status, gender, and diagnosis. Results: The findings showed no differences between transported and nontransported youth in changes over time. Overall, all youth improved significantly with changes maintained postdischarge regardless of transport status. Discussion: This study shows that transporting youth to treatment does not appear to interfere with the treatment outcome; however, more research is needed to understand clients’ perception of the transport process.