Effectiveness of robotic assisted rehabilitation for mobility and functional ability in adult stroke patients: a systematic review
Authors: Lo Kenneth , Stephenson Matthew , Lockwood Craig 
Published: December 2017

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability, and rehabilitation, involving repetitive, high intensity, task-specific exercises, is the pathway to restoring motor skills. Robotic assistive devices are increasingly being used and it is hoped that with robotic devices, rehabilitation progress can be achieved for patients.

Objectives
To examine the effectiveness of robotic devices in the rehabilitation of stroke patients for upper limb mobility, lower limb mobility, and activities of daily living. The sustainability of treatment effect was also examined.

Inclusion criteria Types of participants
Adult stroke patients 18 years and over.

Types of intervention(s)
Rehabilitation of stroke patients using robotic devices with assistive automation, compared to conventional physiotherapy.

Outcomes
Motor movements of upper limbs, walking movement of lower limbs and activities of daily living, including follow-up measurements to examine the sustainability of treatment effect.

Types of studies
Randomized and controlled clinical trials.

Search strategy
Published and unpublished studies in English were searched.

Methodological quality
All studies meeting the review inclusion criteria were independently assessed for methodological quality by two reviewers.

Data extraction
Quantitative data were extracted using the standardized data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument.

Data synthesis
Quantitative data were pooled in statistical meta-analysis. Effect sizes expressed as standardized mean difference, 95% confidence intervals and levels of heterogeneity (I2) were calculated. Where statistical pooling was not possible, the findings were presented in narrative form.

Results
Fifty-one studies with 1798 patients were included in this review. Thirty studies examined upper limb interventions and 21 studies evaluated lower limb gait training. Non-significant results were found for upper limb (SMD 0.07, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.26, I2 = 41%, P = 0.45), lower limb (SMD 0.17, 95% CI −0.15 to 0.48, I2 = 75%, P = 0.31) and activities of daily living (SMD 0.11, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.33, I2 = 66%, P = 0.32). For patients with severely impaired lower limbs, a significant difference was observed in favor of robotics (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.63, I2 = 28%, P = 0.0003). P-value analysis did not show significant results for the sustainability of treatment effect post intervention.

Conclusions
Robotic training is just as effective as conventional training for upper limb motor movement, lower limb walking mobility and for activities of daily living. For lower limb patients with severe impairment, robotic training produces better outcomes than conventional training. The sufficient quantity of studies included and the reasonable quality of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence support the findings.
For treatment sustainability of upper and lower limbs, robotic training is just as effective as conventional training. However, the low quality of GRADE evidence and the lower number of studies included require caution for this finding. For treatment sustainability of activities of daily living, the better quality of GRADE evidence and the larger number of studies analyzed indicate that robotic training is just as effective as conventional training.