bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitions
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter investigates the rituals of transition in the lives of Venetian nuns: the clothing ceremony (or vestizione), the profession, and the consecration, as well as those for the election of an abbess and funerals. Music, often quite elaborate, was an essential part of these ceremonies, which made them very attractive to Venetians and visitors. The chapter identifies and discusses the rare surviving examples of large-scale music for these ceremonies, and also the fairly extensive eighteenth-century repertory, perhaps unique to Venice, of settings of the versetti, the dialogues between novice and celebrant, which may have been performed by the young nun herself, composed by well-known composers such as Galuppi, Furlanetto, and Grazioli. Although none of her music for such occasions is extant, there is evidence that Barbara Strozzi composed settings for at least one convent.
Daily Offices and More
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The nuns themselves performed the Divine Offices in their choir, following procedures carefully outlined in ceremonial books, a few of which survive for Venice. In most cases, these were sung in standard plainchant, although Santa Teresa had a unique repertoire, and San Lorenzo had an unusual set of ceremonies for Holy Week, especially the Mandatum (washing of the feet). While some Venetian nunneries were known for singing polyphony around 1500, this tradition ended with the reforms a few decades afterwards. Later sources show evidence of falsobordone and primitive polyphony, and occasionally of some use of organ and other instruments by the nuns. An interesting exception to this is the nunnery of Santi Marco e Andrea di Murano, several of whose nuns achieved some fame as singers in the first half of the seventeenth century, for whom Carlo Filago composed a book of motets.
Standard Asymptotic Theory
Authors: Cheng Russell 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis book relies on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of parameters. Asymptotic theory assumes regularity conditions hold when the ML estimator is consistent. Typically an additional third derivative condition is assumed to ensure that the ML estimator is also asymptotically normally distributed. Standard asymptotic results that then hold are summarized in this chapter; for example, the asymptotic variance of the ML estimator is then given by the Fisher information formula, and the log-likelihood ratio, the Wald and the score statistics for testing the statistical significance of parameter estimates are all asymptotically equivalent. Also, the useful profile log-likelihood then behaves exactly as a standard log-likelihood only in a parameter space of just one dimension. Further, the model can be reparametrized to make it locally orthogonal in the neighbourhood of the true parameter value. The large exponential family of models is briefly reviewed where a unified set of regular conditions can be obtained.
Bootstrap Analysis
Authors: Cheng Russell 
Published: September 2017

AbstractParametric bootstrapping (BS) provides an attractive alternative, both theoretically and numerically, to asymptotic theory for estimating sampling distributions. This chapter summarizes its use not only for calculating confidence intervals for estimated parameters and functions of parameters, but also to obtain log-likelihood-based confidence regions from which confidence bands for cumulative distribution and regression functions can be obtained. All such BS calculations are very easy to implement. Details are also given for calculating critical values of EDF statistics used in goodness-of-fit (GoF) tests, such as the Anderson-Darling A2 statistic whose null distribution is otherwise difficult to obtain, as it varies with different null hypotheses. A simple proof is given showing that the parametric BS is probabilistically exact for location-scale models. A formal regression lack-of-fit test employing parametric BS is given that can be used even when the regression data has no replications. Two real data examples are given.
Embedded Model Problem
Authors: Cheng Russell 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter introduces embedded models. This is a special case of a parametric model which cannot be obtained simply by setting the parameters to particular values in a simple way. An example is the regression function y = b[1−exp(−ax)], which is always curved when a and b have fixed values. But letting a tend to zero and b tend to infinity simultaneously, whilst keeping ab = c fixed, yields y = cx, a straight-line special case. When this is the true model, fitting the original two-parameter model leads to very unstable and individually meaningless estimates of a and b. Such embedded models are actually very common in the literature, leading to confusion in interpretation of results when undetected. In this chapter, embeddedness is defined and a large number of regression embedded model examples given. Detection and removal of embeddedness by reparametrization is discussed. Two real data numerical examples are given.
Examples of Embedded Distributions
Authors: Cheng Russell 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter gives examples of probability distributions that, in their conventional parametrization, contain embedded models. Embeddedness is not intrinsic but depends on the parametrization. The simplest way to reveal and remove embeddedness is to reparametrize and make the log-likelihood, L, expandable as a Maclaurin series of one parameter, α: L = L0 + L1α + L2 α2 + … with L0 the log-likelihood of the embedded model hidden in the original parametrization. The quantity L1, rescaled using the information matrix, is the score statistic which can be used for formally comparing the original and embedded model fits. Embeddedness occurs in many distributions if there is a shifted threshold parameter. Examples given in the chapter are the Burr XII, gamma, generalized extreme value, inverse Gaussian, inverted gamma, logistic, loglogistic, lognormal, loggamma, Pareto, and Weibull distributions. Another interesting example occurs in early parametrizations of the stable law distribution.
Embedded Distributions: Two Numerical Examples
Authors: Cheng Russell 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter illustrates use of (i) the score statistic and (ii) a goodness-of-fit statistic to test if an embedded model provides an adequate fit, in the latter case with critical values calculated by bootstrapping. Also illustrated is (iii) calculation of parameter confidence intervals and CDF confidence bands using both asymptotic theory and bootstrapping, and (iv) use of profile log-likelihood plots to display the form of the maximized log-likelihood and scatterplots for checking convergence to normality of estimated parameter distributions. Two different data sets are analysed. In the first, the generalized extreme value (GEVMin) distribution and its embedded model the simple extreme value (EVMin) are fitted to Kevlar-fibre breaking strength data. In the second sample, the four-parameter Burr XII distribution, its three-parameter embedded models, the GEVMin, Type II generalized logistic and Pareto and two-parameter embedded models, the EVMin and shifted exponential, are fitted to carbon-fibre strength data and compared.
Box-Cox Transformations
Authors: Cheng Russell 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the well-known Box-Cox method, which transforms a sample of non-normal observations into approximately normal form. Two non-standard aspects are highlighted. First, the likelihood of the transformed sample has an unbounded maximum, so that the maximum likelihood estimate is not consistent. The usually suggested remedy is to assume grouped data so that the sample becomes multinomial. An alternative method is described that uses a modified likelihood similar to the spacings function. This eliminates the infinite likelihood problem. The second problem is that the power transform used in the Box-Cox method is left-bounded so that the transformed observations cannot be exactly normal. This biases estimates of observational probabilities in an uncertain way. Moreover, the distributions fitted to the observations are not necessarily unimodal. A simple remedy is to assume the transformed observations have a left-bounded distribution, like the exponential; this is discussed in detail, and a numerical example given.
Evolutionary genetics of small populations
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGenetic management of fragmented populations involves the application of evolutionary genetic theory and knowledge to alleviate problems due to inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in small population fragments. Populations evolve through the effects of mutation, natural selection, chance (genetic drift) and gene flow (migration). Large outbreeding, sexually reproducing populations typically contain substantial genetic diversity, while small populations typically contain reduced levels. Genetic impacts of small population size on inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity and population differentiation are determined by the genetically effective population size, which is usually much smaller than the number of individuals.
Loss of genetic diversity reduces ability to adapt
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEnvironmental change is a ubiquitous feature of the conditions faced by species, so they must either evolve, move to avoid threats, or perish. Species require genetic diversity to evolve to cope with environmental change through natural selection (adaptive evolution). The ability of populations to undergo adaptive evolution depends upon the strength of selection, genetic diversity, effective population size, mutation rates and number of generations. Loss of genetic diversity in small populations reduces their ability to evolve to cope with environmental change, thus increasing their extinction risk. Adaptive evolution in the short to medium term predominantly utilizes pre-existing genetic diversity, but new mutations make increasing contributions in later generations. Evolutionary potential can be estimated from the heritability of fitness in the environment of interest, or by extrapolation from genomic diversity.
Outbreeding depression is uncommon and predictable
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCrosses between populations within species sometimes result in reduced fitness, especially in F2 and later generations (outbreeding depression). The primary mechanisms causing outbreeding depression in crosses between populations are fixed chromosomal differences and adaptive genetic differences, especially for long-isolated populations. Outbreeding depression is usually observed after crossing populations with ploidy differences or fixed differences for translocations, inversions or centric fusions: the magnitudes are usually ploidy &gt; translocations and monobrachial centric fusions &gt; inversions and simple centric fusions. Populations adapted to different environments (but with the same karyotype) often exhibit outbreeding depression when crossed, especially in the F2 and later generations. Even if outbreeding depression occurs, it is often only temporary, as natural selection acts to remove it, especially in large populations.
Emotional Impact of End-of-Life Decisions on Professional Relationships in the ICU: An Obstacle to Collegiality?*
Authors: Laurent Alexandra , Bonnet Magalie , Capellier Gilles , Aslanian Pierre , Hebert Paul 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
End-of-life decisions are not only common in the ICU but also frequently elicit strong feelings among health professionals. Even though we seek to develop more collegial interprofessional approaches to care and health decision-making, there are many barriers to successfully managing complex decisions. The aim of this study is to better understand how emotions influence the end-of-life decision-making process among professionals working in ICU.

Design:
Qualitative study with clinical interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Setting:
Two independent ICUs at the “Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal.”

Subjects:
Ten physicians and 10 nurses.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
During the end-of-life decision-making process, families and patients restructure the decision-making frame by introducing a strong emotional dimension. This results in the emergence of new challenges quite different from the immediacy often associated with intensive care. In response to changes in decision frames, physicians rely on their relationship with the patient’s family to assist with advanced care decisions. Nurses, however, draw on their relationship and proximity to the patient to denounce therapeutic obstinacy.

Conclusions:
Our study suggests that during the end-of-life decision-making process, nurses’ feelings toward their patients and physicians’ feelings toward their patients’ families influence the decisions they make. Although these emotional dimensions allow nurses and physicians to act in a manner that is consistent with their professional ethics, the professionals themselves seem to have a poor understanding of these dimensions and often overlook them, thus hindering collegial decisions.
SELF-INFLICTED LASER HANDHELD LASER-INDUCED MACULOPATHY: A NOVEL OCULAR MANIFESTATION OF FACTITIOUS DISORDER
Authors: Rabiolo Alessandro , Sacconi Riccardo , Giuffrè Chiara , Corbelli Eleonora , Carnevali Adriano , Querques Lea , Sarraf David , Freund K. Bailey , Sadda SriniVas , Bandello Francesco , Querques Giuseppe 
Published: September 2017

Purpose:
To report a case of factitious self-inflicted handheld laser-induced maculopathy.

Methods:
A 29-year-old man presented to our clinic complaining of a step-wise progressive loss of vision that abruptly began in his left eye but then became bilateral. He underwent comprehensive ocular examination, including visual acuity testing, biomicroscopic, dilated funduscopic examination, structural optical coherence tomography, en face structural optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography.

Results:
Visual acuity was 20/200 in both eyes. Although the multimodal imaging was highly consistent with handheld laser-induced maculopathy, the patient continued to deny this behavior.

Conclusion:
Self-inflicted handheld laser-induced maculopathy may be a novel manifestation of factitious disorder. Clinical suspicion for this should remain high in the presence of the signature multimodal retinal findings despite denial by the patient. This category of patients could benefit from psychiatric referral, to prevent further ocular or extra-ocular self-injury.
Discussing Benefits and Risks of Tracheostomy: What Physicians Actually Say*
Authors: Hebert Lauren M. , Watson Anne C. , Madrigal Vanessa , October Tessie W. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
When contemplating tracheostomy placement in a pediatric patient, a family-physician conference is often the setting for the disclosure of risks and benefits of the procedure. Our objective was to compare benefits and risks of tracheostomy presented during family-physician conferences to an expert panel’s recommendations for what should be presented.

Design:
We conducted a retrospective review of 19 transcripts of audio-recorded family-physician conferences regarding tracheostomy placement in children. A multicenter, multidisciplinary expert panel of clinicians was surveyed to generate a list of recommended benefits and risks for comparison. Primary analysis of statements by clinicians was qualitative.

Setting:
Single-center PICU of a tertiary medical center.

Subjects:
Family members who participated in family-physician conferences regarding tracheostomy placement for a critically ill child from April 2012 to August 2014.

Measurements and Main Results:
We identified 300 physician statements describing benefits and risks of tracheostomy. Physicians were more likely to discuss benefits than risks (72% vs 28%). Three broad categories of benefits were identified: 1) tracheostomy would limit the impact of being in the PICU (46%); 2) perceived obstacles of tracheostomy can be overcome (34%); and 3) tracheostomy optimizes respiratory health (20%). Risks fell into two categories: tracheostomy involves a big commitment (71%), and it has complications (29%). The expert panel’s recommendations were similar to risks and benefits discussed during family conferences; however, they suggested physicians present an equal balance of discussion of risks and benefits.

Conclusions:
When discussing tracheostomy placement, physicians emphasized benefits that are shared by physicians and families while minimizing the risks. The expert panel recommended a balanced approach by equally weighing risks and benefits. To facilitate educated decision making, physicians should present a more extensive range of risks and benefits to families making this critical decision.
Neck Surgery Under Local Anesthesia
Authors: Obradovic Bojan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The value of local anesthesia (LA) is widely recognized in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Many procedures can be performed with the use of local anesthetic alone, instilled at or near the site of surgery.
The author presents a patient with neck tumor, where the tumor removal was managed under LA at outpatient clinic. Treatment and postoperative period was routine.
Neck surgery under LA in outpatient environment shows a great potential in adequately selected patients.
The Pierre Robin Mandible is Hypoplastic and Morphologically Abnormal
Authors: Zellner Elizabeth G. , Reid Russell R. , Steinbacher Derek M. 
Published: September 2017

Background:
For Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) patients, there is incomplete characterization of 3D differences and effects of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) on the mandible compared to normal controls.

Methods:
PRS infants who underwent MDO at 2 craniofacial referral centerals with pre- and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were identified. A group of age-matched control patients with CTs were identified in the PACS database. Demographic and perioperative data were recorded. Mandibular lengths, angles, and volumes were measured. Morphologic and outcomes data were analyzed in a case-control comparison.

Results:
Sixty-three CT scans were analyzed. Fifteen pre-op PRS patient and 15 control CTs were well matched in terms of age and sex. Mandibular volume (78%), ramus length (87%), and body length (95%) were all decreased in the PRS patients. Anterior symphyseal angle (84%) was significantly reduced in PRS patients while mandibular angle (102%) was maintained. Eighteen post-op PRS patient and 15 control CTs were well matched in terms of age and gender. Mandibular volumes (106%) were normalized following distraction with shorter mandibular rami (88%) and longer mandibular bodies (109%). Postoperatively, mandibular angle (100%) and anterior symphyseal angle (99%) were ultimately indistinguishable from controls.

Conclusions:
The mandible in PRS is dysmorphic compared to age-matched controls. Overall, they have a smaller volume, shorter ramus, and an obtuse symphyseal angle. MDO improves mandibular volume and normalizes the symphyseal angle, but results in a longer mandibular body and shorter mandibular ramus.
Progress on Botulinum Toxin Type A-Induced Pain Relief in the Field of Plastics
Authors: Lu Xiaona , Chen Guocheng , Ren Pengjie , Yang Yan , Fan Fei 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTX-A) injections relieve pain in the field of plastic surgery and postoperative rehabilitation, and discuss the analgesic mechanism of BTX- A in plastics and related research progress.

Methods:
From appearance to September 1, 2016, PUBMED, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched, using the key words related to “Botulinum Toxin Type A” and “Pain.” Furtherly, nonplastic surgery-related literature was excluded by manual screening.

Results:
Eleven literatures met the inclusion criteria, including 6 prospective controlled cohorts, 4 patient series, and 1 retrospective cohort. These studies involved Lower Limb, Breast, Hallux, Amputees, and Temporomandibular joint disk disfigurement and enrolled 402 patients. Among the patients, 360 received intraoperative BTX-A injection at the time of the main surgical procedure, 16 injected postoperatively and 26 did not undergo surgery. And 85.32% reported pain alleviation and 69.96% got favorable side effects and no one occurred major adverse effects. But 1.83% accepted injections more than once. Mechanism analysis explained these studies’ results and demonstrated the analgesic effectiveness of BTX-A in plastics with nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, and neuropathic pain.

Conclusion:
The results suggest that BTX-A may induce postoperative pain associated with plastic surgeries relief. But the available data of outcome assessment involved in this review are inconsistent and failed to meet methodological rigor. And pain alleviations are influenced by many factors. So further randomized controlled clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to support this practice, determine standard usage methods, and establish corresponding specification systems.
The Effect of Dexpanthenol-Vitamin A (Nazalnem) on Silastic Splints After Nasal Septal Surgery
Authors: Yildirim Güven , Kumral Tolgar Lütfi , Altindağ Cem , Özdemir Erdi , Uyar Yavuz 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
To investigate the effect of dexpanthenol-vitamin A (Nazalnem) ointment applied to the surface of silastic splints with an airway immediately after nasal septal surgery on postoperative complaints and nasal mucosa function.

Materials and Methods:
The study enrolled 60 patients undergoing nasal septoplasty surgery. Group 1 (n = 30) received silastic splints with ointment containing dexpanthenol-vitamin A (Nazalnem), and Group 2 (n = 30), the control group, received silastic splints with vaseline. Of these patients, 2 patients from the Group 1 and 9 from the Group 2 were excluded.
A thin layer of ointment was applied to the flat side of a silastic splint with an airway. The splints were removed on the second postoperative day. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively using a visual analog scale and the Sino-Nasal Outcome test (SNOT-22). Mucociliary clearance (MCC) tests were performed at the same times.

Results:
Visual analog scale for nasal crusting, nasal congestion, and foul odor was better in Group 1 than in Group 2 both at 1 week and at 2 weeks postoperatively (P < 0.05).
The SNOT scores were significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 at 1 week (P < 0.01), but did not differ at 2 weeks postoperatively (P > 0.05).
Postoperatively, the MCC were insignificant between the groups and within the groups at 1 and 2 weeks (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Although Dexpanthenol-Vitamin A ointment had no direct effect on wound healing, it had significant effects on crusting, obstruction, and foul smell. However, silastic splints with dexpanthenol did not improve the MCC of the nose.