bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short term radiological outcome of inserting screw at fracture level in posterior short segment fixation in thoracolumbar burst fractures
Authors: Pradhan Rabindra Lal , Pandey Bimal Kumar , Khanal Krishna Raj 
Published: September 2017

Background: Unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures are treated surgically by short segment fixation but may be associated with high implant failure. Supplementation of anterior column by insertion of screw at fracture site makes it more biomechanically stable.Objectives: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate radiological parameters in thoracolumbar fractures treated with intermediate screw fixation with a minimum follow up of two years.Methods: This prospective study was conducted from 2011 till 2012 where unstable thoracolumbar fractures treated with short segment posterior instrumentation with screw at fracture site were evaluated. All patients (average age 34.64 were followed up for at least 24 months and were classified according to Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score and load sharing classifi cation. Out of total 32 patients, four lost to follow up. Radiological parameters like vertebral body height and segmental kyphosis were evaluated and pain was evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale score.Results: Preoperative pain showed mean Visual Analogue Scale Score score of 8.29 that improved to 0.97 at fi nal follow up. Average preoperative loss of vertebral body height was 48.19 %, which improved to 11.4 % after surgery (p<.001). Final vertebral body collapse was 12.98 % with mean percentage loss of vertebral height at 1.57%. Average segmental kyphotic angle was 22.54 before surgery, which corrected to 5.89 immediately after surgery (p<0.001). Final segmental kyphosis was 8.46. Loss of kyphosis correction was 2.57. Two patients had implant failure, but was solidly united during implant removal in both cases.Conclusion: Excellent maintenance of reduction in thoracolumbar burst fractures with short segment fixation with intermediate screws at fracture site with limited decompression resulted in improved neurologic function and satisfactory clinical outcomes, with a low incidence of implant failure and progressive deformity.
Evaluation of mid-trimester abortion: A way forward
Authors: Padhye Saraswati M , Karki Chanda 
Published: September 2017

Background: Need of second trimester abortion has been increasing because of the wide scale introduction of prenatal screening programs detecting women whose pregnancies are complicated by serious fetal abnormalities. Lack of accredited centers and skills required for mid trimester abortion have made this procedure inaccessible to rural population of Nepal.Objectives: This study was conducted to assess correlation of uterine size measured by clinical examination and that assessed by ultrasound, foetal foot length measurement post abortion, dose of misoprostol required and induction delivery interval in medical induction and dilatation and evacuation cases.Methods: This is a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted from April 2011 to July 2012. gestational age was assessed by clinical palpation and ultrasound in women undergoing mid trimester abortion. Standard protocol was followed for medical and surgical abortion. Fetal foot length was measured post abortion. Mean dose of misoprostol and induction abortion interval were noted.Results: Mean age of the patients in dilatation and evacuation group and medical induction group were similar 28 (SD= 6.2) and 27 (SD=7) respectively. The mean dose of misoprostol requiredwas 400 micrograms for dilatation and evacuation and 600 micrograms for medical induction. There was moderate degree of relationship between foot length measurement of the fetus and USG findings, high degree of positive relationship between size of the uterus and fetal foot length measurement.Conclusion: Clinical estimation of period of gestation by size of the uterus correlated well with ultrasonography findings and fetal foot length measurement post abortion. The mid trimester service can thereforebe provided in the centers where sophisticated appliances like ultrasonography is not available.
Oral pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Sharma Mohit 
Published: September 2017

Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening autoimmune mucocutaneous diseases characterized by epithelial blistering affecting cutaneous and/ or mucosal surfaces. Pemphigus affects 0.1-0.5 patients per 100,000 population per year. Oral lesions of pemphigus are seen in up to 18% of patients at dermatology out-patient clinics, but despite the frequency of oral involvement, and novel therapeutic approaches, there are surprisingly few recent studies of either the oral manifestations of pemphigus or their management, and delays in diagnosis are still common. Most patients are initially misdiagnosed and improperly treated for many months or even years. Dental professionals must be sufficiently familiar with the clinical manifestations of pemphigus vulgaris to ensure early diagnosis and treatment, since this in turn determines the prognosis and course of the disease. Pemphigus has been reviewed in the oral literature in the past decade, but several advances in the understanding of the etiopathogenesis, pemphigus variants, and management warrant an update. Here, we report a case of pemphigus vulgaris that was misdiagnosed in its earliest stage. Oral ulceration may arise from a variety of causes. This case illustrates that, although rare, pemphigus vulgaris may need to be included in differential diagnosis.
Isolated gross haematuria: A rare clinical presentation in neonate with urinary tract infection
Authors: Kayastha Pawana , Basnet Rydam , Adhikari Ramesh Kant 
Published: September 2017

Gross haematuria is uncommon in the fi rst month of life and etiologies of haematuria in the newborn is different from those in older children. we reported a six days old term male baby who was brought by parents with isolated complain of red colored urine for one day and his mother had culture positive urinary tract infection prior to delivery. The baby was diagnosed to have culture positive urinary tract infection. Our fi ndings suggest the diversity of clinical presentation of urinary tract infection in neonates and also some relationship between the history of urinary tract infection in mother and occurrence of urinary tract infection in neonate.
Reconstruction of the Glacial Ice Covers of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Islands by Three-Dimensional, Perfectly Plastic Ice-Sheet Modelling
Authors: Reeh N. 
Published: September 2017

A three-dimensional perfectly plastic ice-sheet model, developed for determining the surface elevations and the flow pattern of an ice sheet with given bottom topography and ice-margin positions, is applied to the reconstruction of the glacial ice covers of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic islands. In the northern regions, two different reconstructions have been performed with ice margins along the present 600 and 200 m sea-depth contours, respectively. In central Greenland, the ice margin is considered to be at the outermost ice-margin deposits on the coastal shelf to the west, and at the present 200 m sea-depth contour to the east.The main conclusions to be drawn from the reconstructions are: (1). The flow pattern of the glacial ice cover of Greenland shows a great resemblance to the present one, the central ice divide being displaced less than 50 km from its present position and being no more than 200 m higher than today. (2). The main ice divide of the ice sheet covering the Canadian Arctic islands (the Innuitian ice sheet) was located over the highlands of eastern Ellesmere Island with local domes positioned over the present ice caps, indicating that even the deep ice of Wisconsin age in these ice caps is of local origin. This is also the case for the Devon Island ice cap. (3). Even in the not very likely case of a rather extensive glacial ice cover in north-west Greenland, the ice-flow pattern upstream of the Camp Century deep drill site would not have changed radically compared to the present flow pattern. Thus it is concluded that even advanced ice margins in late-Wisconsin time could at most have resulted in an elevation of the deposition site of the late-Wisconsin ice at Camp Century 600 m higher than at present. The consequences of this conclusion are discussed.
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration During the Last Glaciation
Authors: Stauffer B. , Hofer H. , Oeschger H. , Schwander J. , Siegenthaler U. 
Published: September 2017

Analyses of atmospheric air extracted from air bubbles in polar glacier ice provide a measure of past CO2 concentrations and their temporal variations. Earlier measurements have shown that the atmospheric CO2 concentration was significantly lower during the late Wisconsin stage and that the change from low to high CO2 concentration occurred in a relatively short time period.We measured the CO2 concentration of ice samples from the deep ice core recently drilled at Dye 3 (south Greenland). The core section investigated represents ice from about 40 to 30 ka BP. The air extracted from the ice samples shows large variations of CO2 concentration which are correlated with δ18O values of the ice samples. A probable explanation of the results is that corresponding changes of the atmospheric CO2 concentration occurred during that glacial period. These changes could have had a significant influence on the climate. Possible reasons for the variations of the atmospheric CO2 concentration are discussed.
Impurities in Snow: Effects on Albedo and Snowmelt (Review)
Authors: Warren Stephen G. 
Published: September 2017

Very small (ppm) amounts of soil dust in snow can significantly reduce snow albedo and thereby affect the snow-surface energy budget. Ice cores from Greenland show enhanced dust concentrations in ice from the last glacial maximum, in amounts capable of causing measurable effects on snow albedo. This enhanced dust is probably due in part to the expanded desert areas at that time.Volcanic ash layers visible in the Byrd station core reduced the snow albedo in West Antarctica when they were on the surface. The ash is unlikely to have had a long-term effect on albedo because of the episodic nature of volcanic eruptions.Very large amounts of dust on snow can inhibit snow-melt by insulating the snow. A debris cover probably slowed the melting of parts of the North American ice sheet during its most recent decay phase.Snow in the Arctic Ocean is presently suffering large-scale contamination by carbon soot from anthropogenic sources. Preliminary estimates indicate that soot concentrations in Arctic snow are sufficient to reduce snow albedo measurably.
Ice-Shelf Densities from a Comparison of Radio Echo and Seismic Soundings
Authors: Doake C. S. M. 
Published: September 2017

A 40 km line across George VI Ice Shelf was sounded in January 1981 by both radio echo and seismic reflection methods. Because the velocities of radio and seismic waves vary with ice density in different ways, an accurate comparison of travel times from the two methods allowed the average density of the ice shelf to be calculated.A distinguishable echo from the base of the ice shelf was recorded at 22 out of 23 seismic stations. Continuous radio echo profiling was achieved in ice varying in thickness from about 200 to 350 m. The calculated mean densities fell into two groups, In an area where summer meltwater frequently floods the surface the average densities were around 0.915 Mg m−3, while in the drier areas the average densities were around 0.884 Mg m−3. Apart from this division, there was no apparent systematic variation of average density with position. The sounding was carried out approximately along a flowline on the ice shelf.The variation of ice density with depth and position is difficult to allow for when modelling the deformation of ice shelves. Measured values of surface strain-rate, for example, may in some circumstances need to be corrected for effects due to the compressibility of snow.
Introduction to a New Sea-Ice Database
Authors: Knight Richard W. 
Published: September 2017

An important new sea-ice database is presently being created at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, USA. The data are digitized from weekly charts prepared at the US Navy/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Joint Polar Ice Center and converted into a digital format prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization. The data cover both the Arctic and Antarctic for a ten-year period of record. The grid points are identified by earth coordinates and have a resolution of 15 nm or better.This paper is intended to inform potential users of sea-ice data about the availability of the new data set. Topics covered are (1) data source, (2) brief description of the processing procedures, (3) the SIGRID output format, and (4) future plans.
Late-Glacial Maximum-Holocene Atmospheric and Ice-Thickness Changes from Antarctic Ice-Core Studies
Authors: Lorius C. , Raynaud D. , Petit J.-R. , Jouzel J. , Merlivat L. 
Published: September 2017

A review of Byrd, Vostok and Dome C Antarctic ice-core records indicates significant changes in atmospheric characteristics between the late glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene. This data is relevant to general circulation model (GCM) boundary conditions and validation of output results. Reciprocally, GCM data could help to interpret ice-core results and to extend observed high-latitude changes to a larger scale.During the LGM, low troposphere temperatures were colder by about 5 to 7°C and surface temperatures by 8 to 10°C over the Antarctic ice sheet. There are indications that snow accumulation was slightly lower and isotopic data suggests higher relative humidity over the ocean. A large increase in continental dust (up to a factor of 20) and marine aerosols (up to a factor of 5) is observed on the high Antarctic plateau, both explained by the increased (possibly up to 1.4 to 2 times) intensity of the large-scale atmospheric circulation modulated by desert and sea-ice area extension. Ice-core results show large changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations with LGM values around 200 ppmv and “pre-industrial” values of about 260 ppmv. Finally, determinations of total gas content suggest that central West and East Antarctica were not thicker during the LGM, in contrast with higher surface elevations inferred from coastal-ice studies.
Studies on Structures and Physical Properties of Snow on Mizuho Plateau, Antarctica
Authors: Nishimura Hiroshi , Maeno Norikazu 
Published: September 2017

Relations between structures and physical properties of snow of four 30-m cores in Mizuho Plateau, Antarctica were investigated by measuring their specific areas of internal free surfaces and air permeabilities. The specific area of internal free surfaces and the air permeability decreased with increasing depth. Both of the depth profiles showed a kink at a depth of a critical density 550 kg/m3, indicating a change in the physical mechanism of densification. The drastic decrease of the specific areas above the depth of the kink was considered to be mainly caused by rounding and growth of ice particles; the gradual decreases below the kink were attributed to the development of bonding and particles.Measured air permeability was compared with the theoretical one for randomly packed powders of uniformly sized solid particles. The discrepancy between the measured and theoretical permeabilities was explained by the change in shapes and sizes of air channels in the snow. The depth hoar formation, which was active in regions with smaller accumulation of snow, was considered to result in the favorable shapes of channels for air permeation.
Enclosure of Air During Metamorphosis of Dry Firn to Ice
Authors: Stauffer B. , Schwander J. , Oeschger H. 
Published: September 2017

If cold firn has reached a density of about 0.55 Mg m-3, further densificaron occurs by a sintering process which increases the contact surface between the firn grains. The pore volume is decreasing continuously but the firn remains permeable to air up to a density of 0.82 Mg m-3. At about this density the remaining air in the pore volume is closed off in isolated bubbles. We are interested in the age and the age distribution of the air enclosed in bubbles relative to the age of the surrounding ice, and are investigating the development of the pore volume in firn.A newly constructed measuring device allows the field measurement of the amount of air which is already enclosed in bubbles of firn samples. Measurements have been made during summer 1983 in Greenland and during winter 1983/84 at the South Pole. The results are discussed and compared with results obtained with a simplified statistical sintering model, using some results of percolation theory.
Estimation and Effects of Internal Accumulation on Five Glaciers in Alaska
Authors: Trabant D. C. , Mayo L. R. 
Published: September 2017

Estimates of internal accumulation for five Alaskan glaciers in different climates suggests that internal accumulation occurs in glaciers throughout Alaska. A method of estimating the quantity of internal accumulation is based on the annual minimum temperature ?Γ the snow-firn interface. The consistency of the estimates suggests that valid approximations of internal accumulation can be made over large areas. The estimates have not been confirmed by measurements of mass change, but are believed to be accurate within 10 percent. Point balance quantities of internal accumulation range from 0.65 m a-1, which is 64% of the annual accumulation on McCall Glacier, to 0.12 m a-1, 7% of the annual accumulation on Wolverine Glacier. The amount of internal accumulation decreases rapidly from north to south in Alaska; however it should be expected worldwide where sub-freezing, porous firn is invaded by water.Internal accumulation occurs in temperate glaciers in strongly maritime climates as well as glaciers in cold continental climates where it delays the onset of runoff, accelerates the process of converting snow into glacier ice, and explains the occurrence of temperate glaciers in permafrost areas.
Effect of Snow Cover on Time Lag of Runoff from a Watershed
Authors: Kobayashi Daiji , Motoyama Hideaki 
Published: September 2017

A large scale study on the dependence of time lag of runoff on snow depth and stratigraphy was carried out in a watershed. The time lag in peak runoff was found to be increased by 1.5 - 4 h per I m increment in snow depth. Although the data were widely scattered, it was found that the time lag series converged in a line every year and that discrete layers in the snow cover composed in a warm winter, accelerated meltwater flow.Subtracting the time of propagation through a snowcover from the total time lag, the effect of size of a watershed on a delay in runoff was rearranged, as follows:

where Tf is the time lag in min after discharge from a snow cover, A the area of a watershed in km2, Re the effective snowmelt in mm/hr. The time lag Tf increases only by 1.5 times when an area of a watershed is increased by a factor of ten.
Heat Exchange and Surface Conditions in North Water Northern Baffin Bay
Authors: Steffen K. , Ohmura A. 
Published: September 2017

North Water is situated in the high Arctic between Greenland and Canada (74°-79°N, 70°-78°W) The sea surface of this region has no homogeneous ice cover during the winter and spring months, due to the occurrence of polynyasThe results of the heat balance and the airborne remote sensing over North Water during winter are reported The heat balance investigation was concerned with the identification of heat sources and their magnitudes The remote sensing was aimed at determining the sea surface temperature and clarifying the exact nature of the surface of North Water in winterNorth Water was found to be mostly covered with new and young ice and probably devoid of first year ice until March The surface was about 20 °C warmer than that of the surrounding fast ice The warmest areas were frequently located in Smith Sound, Lady Ann Strait and around the Carey Islands Open water patches above freezing point, ranging from -1 5°C to -0 1 °C were often found along the west coast of GreenlandThe surface of North Water receives heat from the sea water during winter between October and March at the rate of 15 MJm^d”1 of which 80% and 20% are from enthalpy contained in sea water and latent heat of fusion released as the surface water freezes, respectively. The basic difference in winter heat balance between North Water and other ice covered arctic seas is the magnitude of the enthalpy supplied by the seawater which is 9 MJn-2d-1 larger for the North Water This is the main heat source, which keeps the surface from becoming solidly frozen
An Arctic Iceberg Deterioration Field Study and Model Simulations
Authors: Venkatesh S. , El-Tahan M. , Mitten P. T. 
Published: September 2017

This paper describes the details of a field study on the deterioration of two icebergs grounded outside St John’s harbour in Newfoundland, Canada. Observational data was collected during the period 10-25 June 1983, and included berg-related, meteorological and océanographie data. The study indicated the need for a stable observation platform to enable accurate measurements of iceberg profiles.The observed decay of the two icebergs is compared with simulations from a model that predicts mass losses due to insolation, buoyant vertical convection, forced convection in air and water, wave erosion and calving of the resulting overhanging ice slabs. There was good agreement between observations and model simulations with the model underestimating the mass losses by about ten percent. Other salient features noted during the field study are also discussed.
Two Dimensional Solutions for a Turbulent Continuum Theory for the Atmospheric Mixture of Snow and Air
Authors: Decker Rand , Brown R. L. 
Published: September 2017

The equations of motion (continuity and momentum balance) for a dispersed, negatively buoyant particulate of snow entrained in a turbulent airflow contain apparent turbulent forces or turbulent particle buoyancies. These turbulent buoyancies arise from the constitutive assumption that the turbulent fluctuations of the snow phase velocity vector U’s, and the drift snow density ρ’s, are proportional to the deviatoric mean rate of deformation tensor for the airflow.For an established, discretized airflow regime, the momentum balance equation for the snow phase can be solved by finite difference techniques for the snow particle velocity field. The snow phase continuity equation can then be solved for the drift snow density field.The solutions for the snow phase equations of motion for a one dimensional airflow adjacent a solid surface show that the theory can reproduce an inertia! snow particle effect. The snow particle decelerates less rapidly than the airflow, resulting in the snow particle having a positive horizontal impact velocity at the solid surface, where air velocity goes to zero.The solutions for the snow phase equations of motion for mixture flow and subsequent wind-aided snow accumulation on the immediate lee of a model mountain slope show that the theory can reproduce the geometries typical of wind-aided snow accumulation profiles, measured on the lee of mountain slopes.