bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Sugars in Dairy Products: Development of a New Standard Method for the International Dairy Federation and the Internal Organization for Standardization
Authors: Sanders Peter , Ernste-Nota Veronica , Visser Klaas , van Soest Jeroen , Brunt Kommer 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A method using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with a pulsed amperometric detector (PAD) for the determination of mono- and disaccharides is described. The method was accepted by theInternational Dairy Federation and the Internal Organization for Standardization as a new work item for the determination of sugars in dairy matrixes, and the Milk and Milk Products technical committee of ISO/TC 34/SC 5 accepted the topic “Milk and milkproducts – Determination of the sugar contents – High-performance anion-exchange chromatographic method (HPAEC–PAD)” as a new work item. The proposed method consists of an aqueous ethanol extraction of the sugars in the dairy sample, followed by clarification with Carrez I and II reagents. The clarified filtrate is diluted and then directly introduced in the HPAEC–PAD system forquantification of the sugars. A single-laboratory validation of the proposed method has been scheduled for spring 2017.
Current Assays to Determine Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Serum
Authors: Malmstroem Sofie , Rejnmark Lars , Imboden John B , Shoback Dolores M , Bikle Daniel D 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The 25-hydroxylated metabolite of vitamin D is the best clinical indicator of vitamin D status. For many years, emphasis has been on measuring total levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], but recently, interest in measuring free 25(OH)D as a potentially better marker of vitamin D status has arisen. Since the 1980s when the first measurements of free 25(OH)Dwere made, little progress has been made in the development of rapid, reliable methods to determine the levels of free 25(OH)D. For many years, assessment of free 25(OH)D relied on calculations using levels of total 25(OH)D, albumin, and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), for which many assays exist. However, because of vagaries in the measurement of VDBP in particular and the assumption of a constant affinity of VDBP for the vitamin D metabolites (which has been shown to be problematic), calculated values have proved suspect. This changed a few years ago when a new immunoassay was developed to measure free 25(OH)D directly. This review examines methods for determiningfree 25(OH)D, the different methods used in clinicalstudies, and the relationships between free 25(OH)D and other vitamin D metabolites and the physiologic functions affected by vitamin D metabolites, such asbone cell activity and turnover. The review also comments on the value of assessing free 25(OH)D and theefforts to standardize the assays.
EM BUSCA DOS SENTIDOS DA EDUCAÇÃO: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A TENDÊNCIA TECNICISTA NA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS NO BRASIL NA HISTÓRIA RECENTE
Authors: Araújo Adálcio Carvalho de 
Published: May 2017

<p>O presente trabalho reflete sobre os sentidos que a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) tem tomado – ou mantido – no contexto socioeconômico da última década do século XX a meados da segunda década do século XXI. Por meio da revisão bibliográfica de autores que discutem a temática, apresenta discussões dos marcos legais e de alguns programas governamentais para a modalidade de ensino, procurando entender como o sistema econômico vigente (capitalismo neoliberal) influenciou e influencia o modelo educacional proposto e oferecido à EJA. Retoma alguns dos posicionamentos freireanos sobre a Educação de Adultos, como sua crítica à educação meramente tecnicista, destacando a prática educativa promotora de mudanças, capaz de dialogar e suscitar novos modelos de agir e interagir na sociedade.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This paper reflects on the ways that the Education of Young People and Adults (EYPA) has been taking – or keeping – in a socio-economical context from the last decade of the 20th century to the early 21st century. By means of a literature review, this paper discusses legal frameworks and governments programs for this type of education seeking to understand how the current economic system (neoliberal capitalism) has had and still has an affect on the EYPA’s proposed model of education. It also retraces some of Freire’s inferences about the Education of Adults, such as the criticism to the merely technical education; highlighting the education as a promoter of changes which interacts and constructs new manners of thinking and relating to society.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Senses of Education. Redemocratization. Neoliberal capitalism. Education of Young People and Adults. EYPA’s technical trends.</p>
A ESCOLA EM TEMPO INTEGRAL E O CURRÍCULO: EM BUSCA DO INÉDITO E VIÁVEL
Authors: Zanardi Teodoro Adriano Costa 
Published: May 2017

<p>O presente artigo é resultado preliminar de uma pesquisa em curso orientada para a construção de uma proposta curricular, fundada na dialogicidade freireana, para Escola em Tempo Integral. Com a compreensão de que o currículo se traduz no <strong>que-fazer </strong>na escola, tomamos a categoria inédito-viável como a realização do sonho possível, que é a construção coletiva do currículo como fundamento de nossa práxis. A partir da observação e investigação de documentos da escola-parceira e da Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Minas Gerais sobre o projeto curricular das escolas participantes do Projeto Educação em Tempo Integral (PROETI), o grupo envolvido na pesquisa realizou entrevistas e círculos epistemológicos, com o objetivo de construir uma proposta curricular democrática. Sobre bases freireanas, a pesquisa tem caráter qualitativo e como fundamento metodológico a pesquisa-ação, dado que o objetivo é organizar uma intervenção com educadores(as) e educandos(as) no <strong>que-fazer </strong>no tempo integral.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABRSTRACT</strong></p><p>The present article is the preliminary result of an ongoing research, oriented to the construction of a curricular proposal for full-time education that has Paulo Freire's dialogical perspective as foundation. Providing that the curriculum makes for the <em>todos </em>at school, we take the Unknown Viable category as the fulfillment of a possible dream, which is the collective construction of the curriculum as our praxis’ basis. By observing and investigating documents from the partner school and Minas Gerais’ Secretariat of Education (SEE-MG), about the curricular project of schools taking part in the Full-Time Education Program (PROETI), the group involved in the research carried out interviews and epistemological circles, with the objective of constructing a democratic curricular proposal. About its Freire foundations, the research is qualitative and follows the research-action methodology, given that the purpose is to organize an intervention with educators and learners at the <em>todos </em>in the full-time period.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Full-time education; Curriculum; Paulo Freire.</p>
A IMPORTÂNCIA DAS AULAS PRÁTICAS DE CIÊNCIAS NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Bartzik Franciele , Zander Leiza Daniele 
Published: May 2017

O presente trabalho pretende discutir a importância das aulas práticas de Ciências desenvolvidas no ensino fundamental como uma metodologia que auxilie no processo de aprendizagem do aluno. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa com 97 estudantes do sexto ao nono ano, em um colégio particular da cidade de Cascavel, Paraná. A pesquisa consistiu na aplicação e no levantamento de dados a partir de questionários com os quais se pôde observar o interesse dos alunos no que se refere à relevância das aulas práticas para atingir o seu melhor aprendizado. Nesse contexto, dentre as atividades que podemos considerar como práticas, vale citar: a experimentação, aula de laboratório, a manipulação de materiais, o estudo do meio, as pesquisas, a aula em campo, entre outras que são exemplos essenciais para o ensino de Ciências e fazem diferença no estímulo de raciocínio do aluno, possibilitando que ele se torne construtor do seu conhecimento. Quanto maior o envolvimento do estudante, melhor o seu aprendizado, pois ele aprende a tirar suas próprias conclusões, favorecendo pensamentos e atitudes entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade. O ensino por meio de atividades empíricas é uma necessidade para a melhor assimilação de conteúdos teóricos, entretanto, para que essa abordagem metodológica seja proveitosa, é preciso que o professor a situe adequadamente no processo de aprendizagem e saiba estabelecer a ponte entre a teoria e a prática.<br /><p> </p>
Free Dry Vibration of Low-Aspect-Ratio Cantilever Wing: SemiAnalytical and Numerical Analysis With Experimental Verification
Authors: Datta Nabanita , Kannamwar Ameya N. , Verma Yogesh , Panda Anshuman 
Published: May 2017

The free vibration of a low-aspect cantilever wing is studied by semianalytical, numerical, and experimental means. The wing is modeled as a two-way tapered, hollow Kirchhoff's plate, with the chord-wise section as symmetrical NACA0018 aerofoil. The chord length and the thickness taper from root to tip, over the span. The semianalytical approach is based on Galerkin's method, which includes the modal superposition of two orthogonal beam modeshapes (free-free beam in chord-wise direction and cantilever beam in span-wise direction). The free vibration is also studied numerically using ANSYS. The results have been compared with an experimental study, performing the dry impact hammer test. A model scale wing has been constructed from a 3-mm-thick metal sheet, with a length-scale ratio of 1:10. Comparative studies have been done among the three methods. The feasibility of modeling a low-aspect-ratio wing as a plate has been investigated.

1. Introduction
Lifting surfaces commonly occur in engineering structures: fans, steam and gas turbine blades, impeller blades, wind turbine blades, helicopter fans, airplane wings, marine propeller blades, marine rudders and skegs, and other control surfaces like hydrofoils and wings in high-speed marine crafts. The lifting surface is typically a cantilever, with one edge welded to the main structure (root), and the other end free (tip). The span-wise geometry is tapered, for greater strength at the root and lighter weight at the tip. The chord-wise cross section is an aerofoil, which acts as a lifting surface to the incoming flow at varying angles of attack. The aspect ratio of the lifting surface, i.e., the ratio of the span length to the mean chord length, may vary from 0.4 to 0.6 in a turbine blade to 12 to 15 in an airplane wing/wind turbine. This work focuses on a low-aspect-ratio lifting surface, whose usual span-to-chord ratio is 1.5–2.
The concept of behavioural needs in contemporary fur science: do we know what American mink (Mustela vison) really need?
Authors: Kornum AL , Röcklinsberg H , Gjerris M 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper discusses the ethical implications of applying the concept of behavioural needs to captive animals. This is done on the basis of analysing the scientific literature on farmed mink and their possible need for swimming. In the wild, American mink (Mustela vison) are semi-aquatic predators, lending initial support to the claim that captive mink with no access to adequate swimming facilities experience a thwarted behavioural need. Scientific studies show a disparate picture. Consumer-demand experiments, where the animals have been conditioned to work for environmental resources, consistently show that mink place high value on swimming water, whereas other studies indicate the opposite, which has led scientists to question whether this preference constitutes a genuine behavioural need. In this paper, we take a methodological turn and discuss whether the oft-used concept of behavioural needs provides the best possible account of what is indispensable to an animal. Seen from a more complex understanding of behavioural needs, we suggest that lack of swimming opportunities for farmed mink constitutes a welfare problem. Further, it is argued that the decision of which paradigm to use in research on animal needs has not only ethical consequences, but is in itself a value-based choice.
A meta-analysis on the effects of the housing environment on the behaviour, mortality, and performance of growing rabbits
Authors: Sommerville R , Ruiz R , Averós X 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlthough the number of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) produced in Europe is important, they are under-represented in welfare research. Studies on the effects of housing conditions have focused on performance and mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis to further understand the impact of the housing environment on growing rabbits. Whilst providing a robust quantifiable review, meta-analyses are restricted to existing literature. We included information on behaviour, mortality and performance. Twenty-seven peer-reviewed and conference publications, with a total of 99 experimental treatments, were used. We collected information about rabbit age, bodyweight, sex and breed; allometric space allowance, pen height, group size, environmental temperature, floor type, substrate and enrichment use, lighting, diet and medicated feed. Predictive equations for each response variable were calculated using multiple regression models. Higher space allowance was found to increase locomotor and social activity, and to reduce resting and comfort behaviour. Restricted pen height increased ingestive behaviour; comfort behaviours decreased as space allowance increased, although these might have been confounded with self-directed behaviours in literature. Mortality remained stable at varying space allowances, but increased with larger group sizes and enrichment objects. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion were reduced with higher space allowances and larger group sizes, and by provision of substrate and enrichment objects. Findings suggest that higher space allowance and unrestricted pen height are beneficial for rabbit behaviour, but might have undesired consequences if considered independent from other aspects. The challenge of promoting welfare in commercial conditions was highlighted, as a number of parameters which improved behavioural expression reduced performance. In certain cases welfare inputs complemented performance, including providing non-medicated feed and higher space allowance in cooler climates. Although our results should be interpreted with caution given the limitations of the included variables, they are expected to contribute to the improvement of current and new rabbit housing systems to optimise welfare.
Psychophysical measurements in children: challenges, pitfalls, and considerations
Authors: Witton Caroline , Talcott Joel B. , Henning G. Bruce 
Published: May 2017

Measuring sensory sensitivity is important in studying development and developmental disorders. However, with children, there is a need to balance reliable but lengthy sensory tasks with the child’s ability to maintain motivation and vigilance. We used simulations to explore the problems associated with shortening adaptive psychophysical procedures, and suggest how these problems might be addressed. We quantify how adaptive procedures with too few reversals can over-estimate thresholds, introduce substantial measurement error, and make estimates of individual thresholds less reliable. The associated measurement error also obscures group differences. Adaptive procedures with children should therefore use as many reversals as possible, to reduce the effects of both Type 1 and Type 2 errors. Differences in response consistency, resulting from lapses in attention, further increase the over-estimation of threshold. Comparisons between data from individuals who may differ in lapse rate are therefore problematic, but measures to estimate and account for lapse rates in analyses may mitigate this problem.
Estimating the effect of burrowing shrimp on deep-sea sediment community oxygen consumption
Authors: Leduc Daniel , Pilditch Conrad A. 
Published: May 2017

Sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) is a proxy for organic matter processing and thus provides a useful proxy of benthic ecosystem function. Oxygen uptake in deep-sea sediments is mainly driven by bacteria, and the direct contribution of benthic macro- and mega-infauna respiration is thought to be relatively modest. However, the main contribution of infaunal organisms to benthic respiration, particularly large burrowing organisms, is likely to be indirect and mainly driven by processes such as feeding and bioturbation that stimulate bacterial metabolism and promote the chemical oxidation of reduced solutes. Here, we estimate the direct and indirect contributions of burrowing shrimp (Eucalastacus cf. torbeni) to sediment community oxygen consumption based on incubations of sediment cores from 490 m depth on the continental slope of New Zealand. Results indicate that the presence of one shrimp in the sediment is responsible for an oxygen uptake rate of about 40 µmol d−1, only 1% of which is estimated to be due to shrimp respiration. We estimate that the presence of ten burrowing shrimp m−2 of seabed would lead to an oxygen uptake comparable to current estimates of macro-infaunal community respiration on Chatham Rise based on allometric equations, and would increase total sediment community oxygen uptake by 14% compared to sediment without shrimp. Our findings suggest that oxygen consumption mediated by burrowing shrimp may be substantial in continental slope ecosystems.
The effect of Doppler broadening on D region negative ion ratio measurements at Arecibo
Authors: Gong Yun , Ma Zheng , Li Yanlin , Zhou Qihou , Zhang Shaodong , Huang Chunming 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe present an analysis of the ratio of negative ions to electron concentration in the D region. The analysis is based on measurements made by the Arecibo (18.3°N) incoherent scatter radar (ISR) during 10:00 LT to 17:30 LT, 4 July 2006 and 11:00 LT to 15:00 LT, 3 September 2016. Previous ISR studies inferred the negative ion ratio without considering the broadening effect that nonthermal fluctuations have on the power spectra. Our results show that the Doppler effect from high‐frequency nonthermal fluctuations plays a significant role in broadening the ISR power spectra in the lower D region. A 10 Hz power spectrum can be Doppler broadened by 50% when the vertical velocity varies continuously within ±5 m/s, which is often observed. Hence, the ratio of the negative ion to electron concentration (λ) inferred in previous ISR studies is likely overestimated. Using the measured Doppler velocities, the broadening effect on the ISR power spectra due to Doppler shift is eliminated and λ is reevaluated. The results show that λ is largest at around 69 km. Although λ stays mostly below 1, a 3 km layer with λ greater than 1 is observed in the time period of 12–13 LT, 3 September 2016. Our results are largely consistent with the model study presented by Kull et al. (1997).
Statistical properties and geoeffectiveness of southward interplanetary magnetic field with emphasis on weakly southward Bz events
Authors: Choi Kyung‐Eun , Lee Dae‐Young , Choi Kyu‐Cheol , Kim Jaehun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this work we analyze the statistical properties and geoeffectiveness of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz (Bs) events measured near the Earth from 1996 to 2015. We classify the Bs events into six contrasting classes according to the duration and intensity of Bs: two subclasses of long‐lasting major intensity, two subclasses of long‐lasting weak intensity, and two subclasses of short‐lasting weak intensity. We find the following results. (1) The occurrence rate of Bs events is lowest for the long‐lasting major‐intensity Bs classes and increases toward shorter‐lasting and weaker‐intensity Bs classes. (2) Many of the Bs events in nearly all classes are associated with regions other than interplanetary coronal mass ejections and coronal hole high‐speed streams. (3) Alfvén waves account for a significant fraction of the Bs events (e.g., ~60% for the short‐lasting and weak‐intensity Bs classes). (4) There are clear differences in solar cycle dependence of Bs events among the different Bs classes. (5) Even either the long‐lasting or short‐lasting weak‐intensity class Bs events can often be geoeffective by triggering substorms of weak‐to‐medium intensity and by enhancing geosynchronous relativistic electron fluxes. In conclusion, we emphasize that even the weakly (in terms of either intensity or duration) southward IMF Bz should be considered significant from the viewpoint of their high occurrence rate and their geoeffectiveness compared to those of long‐lasting major intensity.
Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between soils and atmosphere under various CO2 concentrations
Authors: Bunk Rüdiger , Behrendt Thomas , Yi Zhigang , Andreae Meinrat O. , Kesselmeier Jürgen 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA new continuous integrated cavity output spectroscopy analyzer and an automated soil chamber system were used to investigate the exchange processes of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between soils and the atmosphere under laboratory conditions. The exchange patterns of OCS between soils and the atmosphere were found to be highly dependent on soil moisture and ambient CO2 concentration. With increasing soil moisture, OCS exchange ranged from emission under dry conditions to an uptake within an optimum moisture range, followed again by emission at high soil moisture. Elevated CO2 was found to have a significant impact on the exchange rate and direction as tested with several soils. There is a clear tendency toward a release of OCS at higher CO2 levels (up to 7600 ppm), which are typical for the upper few centimeters within soils. At high soil moisture, the release of OCS increased sharply. Measurements after chloroform vapor application show that there is a biotic component to the observed OCS exchange. Furthermore, soil treatment with the fungi inhibitor nystatin showed that fungi might be the dominant OCS consumers in the soils we examined. We discuss the influence of soil moisture and elevated CO2 on the OCS exchange as a change in the activity of microbial communities. Physical factors such as diffusivity that are governed by soil moisture also play a role. Comparing KM values of the enzymes to projected soil water CO2 concentrations showed that competitive inhibition is unlikely for carbonic anhydrase and PEPCO but might occur for RubisCO at higher CO2 concentrations.