bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who will be lost? Identifying patients at risk of loss to follow‐up in Malawi. The DREAM Program Experience
Authors: Mancinelli S , Nielsen‐Saines K , Germano P , Guidotti G , Buonomo E , Scarcella P , Lunghi R , Sangare H , Orlando S , Liotta G , Marazzi MC , Palombi L 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesRetention of subjects in HIV treatment programmes is crucial for the success of treatment. We evaluated retention/loss to follow‐up (LTFU) in subjects receiving established care in Malawi.MethodsData for HIV‐positive patients registered in Drug Resource Enhancement Against AIDS and Malnutrition centres in Malawi prior to 2014 were reviewed. Visits entailing HIV testing/counselling, laboratory evaluations, nutritional evaluation/supplementation, community support, peer education, and antiretroviral (ART) monitoring/pharmacy were noted. LTFU was defined as > 90 days without an encounter. Parameters potentially associated with LTFU were explored, with univariate/multivariate logistic regression analyses being performed.ResultsFifteen thousand and ninety‐nine patients registered before 2014; 202 (1.3%) were lost to follow‐up (LTFU) (1.3%). Nine (0.5%) of 1744 paediatric patients were LTFU vs. 1.4% (n = 193) of 13 355 adults (P < 0.001). Subjects who were LTFU had fewer days in care than retained subjects (1338 vs. 1544, respectively; P < 0.001) and a longer duration of ART (1530 vs. 1300 days, respectively; P < 0.001). Subjects who were LTFU had higher baseline HIV viral loads (P = 0.016) and higher body mass indexes (P < 0.001), were more likely to live in urban settings (88% of patients who were LTFU lived in urban settings) with better housing [relative risk (RR) 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67–3.09; P < 0.001], and were more likely to be educated (RR 1.88; 95% CI 1.42–2.50; P < 0.001). Distance to the centre and cost of transportation were associated with LTFU (RR 3.4; 95% CI 2.84–5.37; P < 0.001), as was absence of a maternal figure (RR 1.57; 95% CI 1.17–2.09; P < 0.001). Viral load, distance index, education and a maternal figure were predictive of LTFU.ConclusionsEducated, urbanized HIV‐infected adults living far from programme centres are at high risk of LTFU, particularly if there is no maternal figure in the household. These variables must be taken into consideration when developing retention strategies.
Characterization of C–S–H and C–A–S–H phases by electron microscopy imaging, diffraction, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy
Authors: Rößler Christiane , Steiniger Frank , Ludwig Horst‐Michael 
Published: February 2017

AbstractImproving concrete sustainability by increasing durability requires a detailed knowledge about microstructural properties. Due to the nanoscale nature of hydrate phases that determine concrete properties, microstructural characterization remains a challenge. Analytical electron microscopy offers promising techniques to characterize cement hydrates. In this study, electron microscopy imaging, diffraction, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic information are combined in order to compare the structural properties of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) and calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C–A–S–H) phases. Results are shown for 28 days hydrated C–(A)–S–H of portland cement and cement containing ground granulated blast‐furnace slag (GGFBS). Electron diffraction patterns of single fibrous C–S–H and foil‐like C–A–S–H phases reveal a nanocrystalline structure. Also, it is shown by electron diffraction pattern that the crystal structures of C–S–H and C–A–S–H phases are similar. It is confirmed that the crystal structure of 14 Å tobermorite serves as good base for the structure of C–S–H. The electron diffraction patterns of fibrous C–S–H show streaks which indicate stacking faults, proofing that polymerization of silicate chains in C–S–H is limited. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the dreierketten silicate chains contained in the C–S–H structure are oriented in parallel to the long axis of C–S–H fibers. This finding should be implemented in modeling of crystal growth of C–S–H.
Wildfire size alters long‐term vegetation trajectories in boreal forests of eastern North America
Authors: Remy Cécile C. , Lavoie Martin , Girardin Martin P. , Hély Christelle , Bergeron Yves , Grondin Pierre , Oris France , Asselin Hugo , Ali Adam A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimWildfire activity is projected to increase under global warming in many parts of the world. Knowledge of the role of these disturbances in shaping the composition of boreal forests is needed to better anticipate their future impacts. Here, we investigate the incidence of wildfire activity (burned biomass, frequency and size) on multi‐millennia vegetation trajectories in two coniferous boreal forest regions that display different types of vegetation composition and relief. We hypothesize that this difference in vegetation results from dissimilar wildfire activity during the Holocene.LocationConifer‐dominated boreal forests in Quebec‐Labrador, eastern North America.MethodsFire and vegetation histories during the last 8000 years were reconstructed and compared through analyses of charcoal and pollen records extracted from nine lacustrine deposits located in two spruce‐moss forests: the western region, co‐dominated by Pinus banksiana, and the eastern region, co‐dominated by Abies balsamea.ResultsBetween 7000 and 2000 cal. yr bp, the western region experienced fewer fires than the eastern region, but they were larger in size. The main species adapted to fire, P. banksiana and Alnus viridis ssp. crispa, progressively co‐dominated with Picea sp.. Conversely, in the eastern region, P. banksiana and A. viridis ssp. crispa were very rare, and Picea sp. co‐dominated with non‐fire‐adapted A. balsamea and Betula sp.. Then, around 2000 cal. yr bp, fires decreased in frequency but were larger in size in the eastern region than in the western one, thus allowing densification of P. banksiana and A. viridis ssp. crispa in these landscapes.Main conclusionsIn the coniferous boreal forests of eastern North America, fire size was relatively more important in determining the long‐term vegetation trajectories in comparison with fire frequency. Changes in the rate of occurrence of large‐fire episodes will have significant impacts on vegetation dynamics over the next decades under continuing warming.
Lineage‐specific climatic niche drives the tempo of vicariance in the Rand Flora
Authors: Mairal Mario , Sanmartín Isabel , Pellissier Loïc 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimThe disjunct distribution patterns of sister taxa can arise when previously continuous distribution ranges are fragmented by environmental changes such as major climatic events. Populations become isolated on either side of the newly established environmental barrier, and absence of gene flow promotes allopatric speciation, in a process that is known as ecological vicariance. If climate change altered the ancestral range gradually, such as along temporal temperature or moisture gradients, the age of divergence of disjunct species should be related to the lineage tolerance to climatic conditions. Here, we investigate this hypothesis using as a study model the African Rand Flora, a continental‐scale floristic pattern that relates sister taxa distributed on either side of the Saharan Desert.LocationAfrica, Macaronesia, Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East.MethodsWe estimated the extant climatic tolerances of 14 Rand Flora lineages based on present occurrence data, and correlated the phylogenetic age of divergence between vicariant clades. We tested whether the tempo of the vicariance in the Rand Flora lineages was associated with the average values of their climatic niches in agreement with niche‐driven divergence. We hindcasted species ranges using species distribution models combined with palaeoclimate simulations to infer the potential distribution of each lineage's ancestors.ResultsWe found a positive relationship between the lineage temperature niche and the age of the Rand Flora disjunction: lineages with subtropical affinities diverged first, whereas those with a higher tolerance to drier conditions (temperate or sub‐xeric adaptations) exhibited younger disjunctions. The range reconstructions showed the existence of climatic corridors south of the Sahara in the wetter Late Miocene, which became interrupted during the mid‐Pliocene warming event.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that climate change leading to the formation of the Sahara Desert drove Rand Flora lineages divergences along a temporal sequence that matched the climatic niche of species.
Capuchin monkey biogeography: understandingSapajusPleistocene range expansion and the current sympatry betweenCebusandSapajus
Authors: Lima Marcela G. M. , Buckner Janet C. , Silva‐Júnior José de Sousa e , Aleixo Alexandre , Martins Amely B. , Boubli Jean P. , Link Andrés , Farias Izeni P. , da Silva Maria Nazareth , Röhe Fabio , Queiroz Helder , Chiou Kenneth L. , Di Fiore Anthony , Alfaro Michael E. , Lynch Alfaro Jessica W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimOur aim was to examine gracile capuchin (Cebus) and robust capuchin monkey (Sapajus) diversification, with a focus on recentSapajusexpansion within Amazonia. We wanted to reconstruct the biogeographical history of the clade using statistical methods that model lineages’ occupation of different regions over time in order to evaluate recently proposed ‘Out of Amazonia’ and ‘Reinvasion of Amazonia’ hypotheses as alternative explanations for the extensive geographical overlap between reciprocally monophyletic gracile (Cebus) and robust (Sapajus) capuchin monkeys.LocationCentral and South America.MethodsWe reconstructed a time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny for capuchins under Bayesian inference from three mitochondrial genes. We then categorized 12 capuchin clades across four Neotropical centres of endemism and reconstructed the biogeographical history of the capuchin radiation using six models implemented in ‘BioGeoBEARS’. We performed a phylogeographical analysis for a robust capuchin clade that spans the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga and Amazonia.ResultsWe find support for a late Miocene vicariantCebus‐Sapajusdivergence and a PleistoceneSapajusinvasion of Amazonia from the Atlantic Forest. Our new analyses confirmSapajusdiversified first in the Atlantic Forest, with subsequent range expansion into widespread sympatry withCebusin Amazonia, as well as multiple expansions into drier savanna‐like habitats. We do not find mitochondrial molecular congruence with morphological species distinctions forSapajus flavius,S. cay,S. macrocephalus,S. libidinosusandS. apella; instead, these five morphological types together form a single widespread clade (Bayesian posterior probability = 1) with geographical substructure and shared ancestry during the Pleistocene.Main conclusionsOur results support vicariance dividing ancestral capuchin populations in Amazonia versus the Atlantic Forest, and a Pleistocene ‘Amazonian invasion’ bySapajusto explain the present‐day sympatry ofCebusandSapajus.
Assessing variability in post‐fire forest structure along gradients of productivity in the Canadian boreal using multi‐source remote sensing
Authors: Bolton Douglas K. , Coops Nicholas C. , Hermosilla Txomin , Wulder Michael A. , White Joanne C. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimForest regeneration following fire is an important component of the global carbon cycle, but it is difficult to monitor over large and remote forested regions, such as Canada's north. In this study, we aim to (1) characterize how forest regeneration following fire varies across the Canadian boreal and (2) determine if this variability is captured by satellite‐derived estimates of productivity.LocationCanadian boreal.MethodsWe relate structural measurements from light detection and ranging (lidar) data to gross primary productivity (GPP) estimates from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) along a 25‐year chronosequence of forest regeneration following fire. Over 400 patches that burned from 1985–2009 were analysed, with fire information obtained from a national Landsat‐derived record of forest change.ResultsIn the first 15 years since fire (YSF), estimates of percent canopy cover (> 2 m) were typically low regardless of GPP (mean = 11.0–16.0%, SD = 7.8–8.9%) and correlations to GPP were relatively weak (r = 0.18–0.48). Canopy cover was more variable between stands by 16–25 YSF (mean = 16.2–21.7%, SD = 16.0–17.1%), and correlations to GPP were stronger (r = 0.63–0.71, P < 0.01). Conversely, variability in stand height (75th height percentile) remained low at 16–25 YSF (mean = 4.9–5.0 m, SD = 0.9–1.1 m) and weakly related to GPP (r = 0.16–0.21).Main conclusionsSatellite‐derived estimates of productivity capture differences in canopy structure across the boreal, but only after 15 YSF. While canopy cover varied strongly along gradients of productivity from 16–25 YSF, differences in vertical growth were less pronounced due to slow boreal growth rates. Our results provide important insights into how satellite‐derived estimates of productivity are realized structurally, as understanding regional variation in forest regeneration is critical to quantifying carbon dynamics in forests. Combining lidar‐derived estimates of structure with Landsat‐derived disturbance history is a valuable approach for characterizing variability in post‐fire structure over large forested areas.
Developmental change in the association between adolescent depressive symptoms and the home environment: results from a longitudinal, genetically informative investigation
Authors: Hannigan Laurie J. , McAdams Tom A. , Eley Thalia C. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundDepression is already highly prevalent by late adolescence, indicating that research into its developmental emergence should consider earlier risk factors and environmental contexts. The home environment is a key context for children and adolescents throughout development. However, the nature of relationships that exist between aspects of the home environment and the development of depressive symptoms cannot be assumed. Genetically informative studies have been used to provide insights about the aetiology of such relationships, often finding them to be partly confounded by the influence of children's genes. Here, we investigate developmental change in the aetiology of the association between aspects of the home environment and depressive symptoms at the onset of adolescence.MethodsWe used longitudinal child‐ and parent‐report data from >5,000 twin pairs enrolled in the UK‐representative Twins Early Development Study. Multivariate, genetically sensitive structural equation models were used to decompose latent variance and covariance in depressive symptoms (measured at 12 and 16 years) and aspects of the home environment (at 9 and 14 years) into genetic and environmental influences.ResultsGoing from childhood to adolescence, genetic influences accounted for an increasing proportion of the association [30% (16–42) of r = .44 in childhood; 40% (25–61) of r = .43 in adolescence], at the expense of shared environmental influences, which decreased from 70% (58–83) to 48% (29–62). Unique environmental influences accounted for a significant proportion of the association in adolescence only [12% (06–18)]. Developmental changes could largely be attributed to subtle shifts in the relative importance of stable aetiological factors, rather than the emergence of influences unique to adolescence.ConclusionsThese findings emphasise the importance of developmental and aetiological context in interpreting associations between aspects of the home environment and child emotional outcomes.
Single‐institution experience of radioembolization with yttrium‐90 microspheres for unresectable metastatic neuroendocrine liver tumors
Authors: Jia Zhongzhi , Paz‐Fumagalli Ricardo , Frey Gregory , Sella David M , McKinney J Mark , Wang Weiping 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground and AimThe aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of yttrium‐90 (90Y) microspheres for the treatment of unresectable metastatic liver neuroendocrine tumors (NET).MethodsFrom February 2006 to September 2015, 36 patients (19 male and 17 female, age 63.6 ± 9.4 years) who underwent 90Y therapy for unresectable liver metastases of NET were included and analyzed retrospectively. All patients received a variety of treatments before 90Y therapy. The radiological response, symptoms improvement of carcinoid syndrome, tumor marker changes, complications, side effects/toxicity, survival, and factors related to survival were evaluated and analyzed.ResultsOf the 36 patients, the mean delivered dose of 90Y was 1.8 ± 0.7 GBq with a total of 40 treatments. Overall disease control rate was 88.9% (32/36) at 3 months following therapy. In 16 patients with carcinoid syndrome, 15 (93.8%) patients had symptomatic improvement. Tumor marker response (5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid [n = 7] and chromogranin A [n = 13]) at 3 months after treatment were as follows: none (n = 0, 4), partial (n = 6, 7), and complete (n = 1, 2). Radiation‐induced gastrointestinal ulcers (n = 2, 5.6%) were identified. Side effects included fatigue (n = 31, 86.1%), anorexia (n = 26, 72.2%), nausea (n = 15, 41.7%), vomiting (n = 14, 38.9%), abdominal pain (n = 10, 27.8%), and fever (n = 8, 22.2%). The mean follow‐up was 27.0 ± 16.4 months, with a median survival of 41.0 months. Child–Pugh classification (P = 0.008) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.045) had statistically significant influence on overall survival.ConclusionsYttrium‐90 radioembolization can be effective in the treatment of unresectable liver metastases of NET who failed to respond to other treatments.
Central Nervous System Medication Burden and Serious Falls in Older Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Hanlon Joseph T. , Zhao Xinhua , Naples Jennifer G. , Aspinall Sherrie L. , Perera Subashan , Nace David A. , Castle Nicholas G. , Greenspan Susan L. , Thorpe Carolyn T. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo examine the association between CNS medication burden and serious falls in those with a recent fall history.DesignNested‐case control study; cases matched to four controls by age, gender, and date.SettingUS nursing homes.Participants5,556 residents age ≥65 with a recent fall history admitted to a nursing home between 1/1‐9/30/2010 and followed until discharge, death, or December 31, 2010.MeasurementsOutcome was serious falls as per Medicare Part A and B ICD/CPT codes. CNS burden, from Medicare Part D data, was calculated by dividing the daily dose of each CNS agent (i.e., specific antidepressants, antiepileptic, antipsychotic, benzodiazepine and opioid receptor agonists) received during the 6 days prior to the index (outcome) date by the minimum effective geriatric daily dose and summing the results across medications.ResultsThere were 367 cases and 1,468 matched controls. Those taking 3 + CNS standardized daily doses were more likely to have a serious fall than those not taking any CNS medications (Adjusted Odds Ratio 1.83; 95% confidence interval 1.35–2.48). There was no significant difference in fall risk for residents taking >0 to <3 CNS standardized daily doses compared to residents taking no CNS medications (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.85; 95% CI 0.63–1.15).ConclusionCNS medication burden, approximately 3 + standardized daily doses, was associated with an increased risk of serious falls in nursing home residents with recent fall. Clinicians should be vigilant for opportunities to discontinue or decrease the doses of individual CNS medications and/or consider non‐pharmacological alternatives. Such interventions that reduce use of CNS medications in nursing homes could reduce fall rates but further research is needed to confirm this.
Unwarranted Variation in Utilization of Cesarean Birth Among Low‐Risk Childbearing Women
Authors: Jolles Diana R. 
Published: January 2017

IntroductionUnwarranted variations in care are defined as differences in utilization of health care resources that cannot be explained by patient risk factors, standards of evidence‐based medicine, or patient preferences. Also known as nonmedical determinants of variation, differences in health care utilization across the United States have been well documented in the literature during the past 40 years. The purpose of the literature review is to summarize the state of the science related to the nonmedical determinants of variation in cesarean birth among low‐risk childbearing women, defined within national quality standards as nulliparous women with term, singleton pregnancies in the vertex presentation.MethodsA literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and ProQuest Dissertation Database. Articles published in English, with full text available, including birth in the United States after 1995, are included in the analysis. Nine studies met criteria for inclusion. Forty‐four states are represented within the data, with Arizona, California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York being the subject of more than one of the publications analyzed.ResultsThis literature review includes more than one million births, in at least 44 states between 1996 through 2009, revealing significant unwarranted variation in cesarean birth. Nonmedical determinants of variation, such as access to resources, hospital characteristics, payer source, and provider practice styles, are identified as independent predictors of increased cesarean utilization in more than half of the studies reviewed. In all studies reviewed, women of low medical risk demonstrate susceptibility to unwarranted variation in the use of cesarean birth.DiscussionContinued emphasis on the specific needs of low‐risk childbearing women is necessary to decrease unwarranted variation in the use of cesarean birth in the United States. Specific attention to the costs of unwarranted variation in cesarean birth is imperative.
The efficacy study of the combination of tripeptide‐10‐citrulline and acetyl hexapeptide‐3. A prospective, randomized controlled study
Authors: Raikou Vassiliki , Varvaresou Athanasia , Panderi Irene , Papageorgiou Effie 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundBioactive peptides have beneficial effects on the skin.ObjectiveWe investigated to evaluate the effect of acetyl hexapeptide‐3 and tripeptide‐10 citrulline and the possible synergism between these two peptides.MethodsTwenty‐four healthy volunteers were randomized to receive combination of acetyl hexapeptide‐3 with tripeptide‐10 citrulline (Group G1), tripeptide‐10 citrulline (Group, G2), acetyl hexapeptide‐3 (Group G3), or neither peptide (Group G4) for 60 days. Skin properties evaluated included skin microtopography, parameters cR2 and cR3, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) using a skin visioscan and a tewameter, respectively.ResultsAfter 20 days, the measurements between G1 and G2 groups (cR2 P=.045, cR3 P=.044), G2 and G3 groups (cR2 P=.017, cR3 P=.017), G3 and G4 groups (CR2 P=.022), and G2 and G4 groups (cR3 P=.028) from baseline were significant. After 60 days, measurements between groups G1 and G3 (cR2 P=.016, cR3 P=.025), groups G2 and G3 (cR2 P=.044, cR3= P=.044), and groups G1 and G4 (cR2 P=.025) were significant. After 20 days, changes in TEWL between groups G1 and G3 (P=.03), groups G2 and G3 (P=.045), and groups G3 and G4 (P=.025) were significant. After 40 days, changes between groups G2 and G3 (P=.028) and groups G3 and G4 (P=.01) from baseline were significant.ConclusionOur results confirm the antiwrinkle activity of acetyl hexapeptide‐3. A significant decrease in TEWL with acetyl hexapeptide‐3 treatment is observed. We provided clinical evidence for the antiwrinkle efficacy of tripeptide‐10 citrulline and possibly TEWL. The underlying mechanism by which these two peptides can act synergistically was not clear in this study.