bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expressing displacement in heritage Cantonese: Cross-linguistic influence and structural vulnerability
Authors: Mai Ziyin , Kwan Chung-yin , Yip Virginia 
Published: December 2017

Aims and objectives: Heritage languages spoken by speakers in overseas communities can diverge significantly from the language spoken in the home country. Recent investigations have suggested that some grammatical structures or features are more vulnerable than others. This paper investigates the role of cross-linguistic influence, incomplete acquisition and attrition in heritage Cantonese in contact with English, focusing on the grammar of the pretransitive zoeng-construction in displacement contexts. Methodology: An elicited oral production task modelled on the fruit cart experiment was used to elicit displacement instructions in Cantonese. Fourteen heritage speakers and thirteen émigré speakers participated. All had acquired Cantonese as their first language but experienced a shift of language dominance to English due to immigration and education. Seventeen native speakers of Cantonese in Hong Kong served as the baseline. Data and analysis: The utterances were manually transcribed and coded. Production and error rates were calculated. Statistical results revealed quantitative differences among the three groups of Cantonese speakers. The baseline speakers preferred the zoeng-construction in displacement contexts, whereas the heritage and émigré speakers made greater use of canonical and topicalization structures. Nevertheless, the zoeng-sentences produced by the heritage and émigré speakers were all grammatical and felicitous. Findings: The basic structure of the zoeng-construction is kept intact in less than half of the heritage and émigré speakers’ Cantonese grammar. The zoeng-construction is thus vulnerable to intergenerational language change induced by language contact and individual differences, which is partially attributable to cross-linguistic influence from English. Originality: This is the first experimental study to investigate the grammar of heritage Cantonese. Significance: The study provides new empirical evidence of structural vulnerability and variability of heritage grammar and sheds light on the role of incomplete acquisition, cross-linguistic influence and attrition in such vulnerability.
Drinking policy or a political drink? Illegal alcohol in the Swedish press
Authors: Tryggvesson Kalle , Olsson Börje 
Published: January 2018

During the last 10 years the Swedish tradition of restrictive alcohol policy has been seriously threatened. One of the most important causes of change has been Sweden's entry into the European Union. Entrance into the EU gave rise to arguments for consumer's rights and free trade. Swedish alcohol policy was questioned both with ideological arguments and on practical grounds. The alcohol policy was expected to be weakened in several ways by harmonization of taxes, demonopolization, increased import quotas and also illegal imports due to reduced boarder controls between EU-countries. At the end of the 1990s, illegal alcohol (smuggled or illegally homeproduced alcohol) became an important factor in the alcohol policy field: in 1999 the Minister of Health and Social Affairs stated that the fight against illegal alcohol is the most important issue for Swedish alcohol policy. The aim of this study was to explore how illegal alcohol was described in 10 Swedish newspapers during 1990, 1994 and 1999. The number of articles increased dramatically during the 1990s. In the first year most articles were found in the local press, but at the end of the period most of the articles were published in the nationwide press, indicating the greater importance of the topic. In 1990 and 1994 illegal alcohol was presented as a future problem if Sweden adapted the wrong alcohol policy. In the later years it was presented as an existing fact to which Sweden has to adjust. It was used as an argument for a wide range of liberal proposals. There was also a change when it came to the actors in the debate as representatives of different sectors of the alcohol industry entered the field. One of the most interesting features is that the industry and the public authorities together started a media campaign against illegal alcohol with a focus on the connection between illegal alcohol and organized crime syndicates. This is also an example of how the perceived problems with illegal alcohol depend very much on the interests of the actors. We argue that the focus on illegal alcohol can be understood as an example of the use of a good enemy. Several actors, including the public authorities, have had an interest in the fact that illegal alcohol is viewed as a serious problem. For the alcohol industry it is a way to combat a competitor, and for public authorities it can be a way of legitimizing changes in alcohol policy which they had to make anyway. Factors like this seem to have been very important in the formulation of illegal alcohol as a problem.
A programme to reduce dropout from abstinence oriented treatment of drug abusers
Authors: Hesse Morten 
Published: January 2018

Keeping people with drug dependence in treatment is a great challenge in the delivery of effective treatment, especially in abstinence oriented treatment settings. The article presents preliminary data on a quasi-experimental study. New admissions to a community unit who applied for in-patient treatment were required to participate in drawing up a comprehensive plan for rehabilitation, including job training, aftercare treatment and housing, before being placed on a waiting list for in-patient treatment. Most persons admitted to in-patient treatment in the unit were opiate dependent. After the implementation of the new policy, retention in in-patient treatment increased significantly, while the percentage of those who did not relapse during the in-patient phase dropped and the percentage of those working, studying or participating in a reemployment program rose. While the changes in discharge outcome can be attributed both to unmeasured changes in the population served after vs. before the implementation of the new policy, and to the policy itself, they suggest the desirability of further research into the question of adequate rehabilitation planning in residential treatment for drug dependence.
Finnish-born and Swedish-born patients in the Stockholm county health-based addiction treatment system
Authors: Stenius Kerstin 
Published: January 2018

Even though the Finnish and Swedish alcohol cultures and societies are very similar, Finns have a reputation for drinking more heavily than Swedes. Earlier research in Sweden has shown that Finnish immigrants in Sweden experience more health problems and more alcohol related deaths than Swedes. Research results concerning their treatment consumption have been contradictory. Based on interviews with 942 persons entering the health-based addiction treatment system in Stockholm county between November 2000 and November 2001, this article sets out to study to what extent the patients that were born in Finland (N = 82) differ from those born in Sweden (N = 771). It also examines to what extent the Finnish-born differ from Swedes if you control for work position as a sign of social status, and main drug use (alcohol or illegal drugs). The data consists of structured interviews, conducted by trained interviewers in the research project. The results are presented as distributions and correlations tested with Pearson Chi2. In order to be able to say to what extent the problems of the Finnish born were related to their particular immigrant position compared to social status, a weighted sample of Swedes was constructed, using the variables “most common or last work position” and “main drug as reason for coming to treatment (alcohol or illicit drugs)”. The results showed that the Finnish born patients were overrepresented in treatment. This could largely, but not fully, be explained by their social position and age structure. The Finnish-born were a much more homogeneous group than the Swedes as they were mostly male and workers, and predominantly treated for their alcohol problems. They had a more problematic housing situation than comparable Swedes. Their alcohol consumption was somewhat higher than among comparable Swedish patients, and they had experienced some more symptoms of dependency and negative consequences of drinking, particularly those associated with health issues. They had more treatment experiences during the year before this treatment round, but not more days in treatment. Their attitudes to drinking and drug problems, and to treatment in general, as far as attitudes and expectations were concerned, seemed rather positive and very similar to the Swedish patients, however. The fact that they received a lot of treatment but shorter treatment contacts than comparable Swedes might indicate that the Swedish system has not been able to meet their needs particularly well.
Drug use: the new generation
Authors: Hakkarainen Pekka , Metso Leena 
Published: January 2018

Drug use increased in the 1990s also in Finland. The article describes the results of a postal questionnaire survey in Finland in autumn 2002. The population of the survey consisted of Finnish people aged 15–69. A total of 2,541 persons took part in the survey, giving a response rate of 63 per cent. This can be considered reasonably high. A comparison of the results with the figures produced by surveys conducted in the same way in 1992, 1996 and 1998 provides a good indication of how the situation has developed over the past ten years. In the 2002 survey, 12 per cent of the respondents said they had tried or used an illicit substance at some point in their life. The majority reported that this had happened one year ago or earlier. Three per cent reported drug use during the past 12 months, one per cent that they had used drugs during the past 30 days. A comparison with earlier studies reveals trends in both directions. The numbers who indicated that they had sometimes tried or used drugs have increased, over the past four years particularly among women. The figures describing recent use in 2002 do not seem to have changed since 1998. The sharpest increase in the numbers trying drugs was seen in the age group 20–29. In 2002, around one in three men and around one in four women in this age group reported having tried cannabis at some stage in their life. In the age group under 40 the use of amphetamine and extacy also showed a statistically significant increase. The figures describing non-medicinal use of medical substances had also increased. In the metropolitan Helsinki region and in larger cities with a population of more than 100,000, drug use was more common than elsewhere in the country. The analysis presented in this article shows that the second drug wave during the 1990s in Finland is a generational phenomenon. The new drug users and experimenters come from age groups who were born in the 1970s and 1980s. It seems that the new party culture has, in accordance with international trends, arrived in Finland and the use of stimulants that is associated with nightlife have gained an increasingly firm footing in our country.
Troublesome break: Redirecting alcohol policy in Finland and Sweden from 1990 onwards
Authors: Tigerstedt Christoffer , Karlsson Thomas 
Published: January 2018

For a century Finnish and Swedish regulation of alcohol production and trade was a concern of the state, aiming to minimise private profit from alcohol sales. In the 1990's both national and local alcohol policy were reshaped in both countries. This was due to influences from international trade and reorganisations in managing the nation state. The focus of this article is, first, on how the central public administrations in Finland and Sweden reacted to the new situation. New administrative practices and the political status of new policy documents are of particular interest. Second, the text analyses the guiding principles behind the activities set out in recent alcohol policy programmes in each country. The results of the study show that - in reshaping alcohol policy Finland has been more favourable to international influences than Sweden. This was true with regard to the EU negotiations in the first half of the 1990's, but is also clearly reflected in national alcohol policy programmes developed after the introduction of the new alcohol legislations (1995). In the latter case Finland has leaned heavily on the European Alcohol Action Plan put forth by the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. - the size of government report on alcohol policy have shrunk in Finland. After 1989 the justifications of national policy have not been thoroughly stated. In this case, Sweden has acted very differently. - in Finland parliamentary based state committees have been replaced by working groups run by state officials. In Sweden committees are still appreciated, but in addition to their preparatory tasks they are given an operative mandate. - in Finland alcohol policy is given only modest political status within the state administration. In Sweden alcohol policy issues are usually submitted to the government and/or the parliament. - for the moment Sweden is resolutely opting for an alcohol policy strategy based on professionalised “prevention coordinators”. In Finland the strategy is still under consideration. The reaction to the break from a long-standing alcohol policy tradition has taken somewhat different routes in Finland and Sweden. Neither of the countries draws on the “Nordic alcohol policy” anymore. Rather they are choosing different policy practices.
The authority of the police in the regulation of public drinking in Finland
Authors: Törrönen Jukka , Soine-Rajanummi Seppo 
Published: January 2018

Aim The aim was to study the values, objectives, means and stances of the police in the regulation of public drinking by using interviews taken from police officers working in Helsinki, Lappeenranta and Tampere. Method The interviews were analysed by addressing 1) the classifications the police used in the definition of the targets of regulation, 2) what kinds of techniques they supported in the management of targets and 3) what aspirations, rights and responsibilities they assumed for those who exercise authority and for those that are to be governed. Results The police identified two basic groups in the regulation of public drinking: alcoholics who live in the street, and the young. Alcoholics were the main target of regulation from the 1960s to the 1980s. The young became the principal target of regulation during the 1990s. According to the police, alcoholics are a cosmetic problem of public order. Instead, the disorderly drinking of the young is a serious problem. In the regulation of the behaviour of the young, however, the main responsibility belongs to families and schools. Overall, the police emphasised that their authority to govern public drinking has dwindled with the individualization and liberalization of society. Therefore, the liability in policing has to be spread onto private agencies and organisations. On the other hand, the police pointed out that drugs have become the most acute problem of public order. In the regulation of this problem, they advocated tough measures. Conclusions The results suggest that the regulation of public drinking of the police has become differentiated. Policing is directed towards the young because adults are regarded as sovereign actors whose rights to express themselves in public places are difficult to limit. At the same time, however, the behaviour of adults is governed indirectly by emphasising the ethos of parenthood and through public/private alliances.
Television and drinking expectancies: the influence of television viewing on positive drinking expectanc and alcohol use among US and Norwegian adolescents: a comparative analysis
Authors: Thomsen Steven Riley , Rekve Dag 
Published: January 2018

Objective Exposure to incidental portrayals of drinking on television and cleverly crafted advertisements has been linked to the development of positive alcohol expectancies in children and teenagers. Researchers hoping to demonstrate this connection, however, have difficultly in finding adolescent groups with little or no exposure to alcohol advertising for comparative purposes. One of the cornerstones of Norwegian alcohol policy has been a government-enacted ban on all forms of advertising for alcohol products containing more than 2.5% alcohol by volume. As a consequence, Norwegian youth have almost no experience with alcohol advertising. This study represents a comparative analysis of Norwegian and US teenagers that seeks to improve our understanding of television's and alcohol advertising's potential role in shaping attitudes about alcohol. Method Self-report data on television viewing, normative beliefs about teenage drinking, and alcohol expectancies were collected from convenience samples of 972 junior high students in the US and 622 junior high students in Norway. Results Although students in both countries watch about the same amount of television and about equal numbers have tried alcohol, the Norwegian students were more likely to see drinking as a normal teenage behavior and to have more positive outcome expectancies. For students from both countries who had no personal experience with alcohol, frequent television viewers were more likely than light viewers to see drinking as a normative behavior with positive outcomes. This was particularly true for Norwegian students who viewed large amount of US and British programs as well as music videos. Conclusion The absence of alcohol advertising in Norway may be overshadowed by the general cultural acceptance of adolescent and young adult drinking. For students with no personal experience with alcohol, however, television may be functioning as an important socializing agent, providing them with portrayals of drinking behaviors, cultivating normative beliefs, and presenting opportunities to cognitively model and rehearse the behaviors shown.
Risk, pleasure and information – notes concerning the discursive space of prevention
Authors: Bergmark Anders 
Published: January 2018

In this paper the notions of risk, pleasure and information are discussed with reference both to their utilization within the prevention discourse and to their relation to a process of de-traditionalization. It is suggested that the current lack of options for moral discourse directed towards the individual's freedom of choice, restricts the vocabulary of prevention to deal only with the harm produced by alcohol consumption. Prevention discourses can-not address the motivational structure connected to the individual's pursuit for pleasure and self-fulfilling experiences. This constraint can be seen as a contributing factor to the centrality of risk in alcohol prevention discourses. Although risk-information is produced within the scientific community by a logic of its own, it is also related to the individuals expanding menu of choices that follows with subject-centered individualism with little or no room for moral discourse concerning the individual's construction of lifestyle and identity. When morality is no longer present, only risk can fill its traditional role, that of being a reason for renouncing. It is not by chance that the most important actors on the alcohol policy scene in traditional temperance societies now are professionals and bureaucrats and not voluntary temperance organizations and that the latter have increasingly adopted their arguments from the former.
Assessing acute psychological distress in the immediate aftermath of stroke
Authors: Juth Vanessa , Chan Michelle K , Cramer Steven C , Holman E Alison 
Published: December 2017

Background and purpose: High acute stress may presage the development of subsequent cardiovascular ailments. Understanding how best to assess acute stress may inform early interventions seeking to prevent long-term morbidity/mortality following stroke. A mixed methods approach examined early post-stroke acute stress symptoms using the post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-5 (PCL-5) and the acute stress disorder scale (ASDS). Methods: A focus group of stroke survivors and/or their caregivers ( N=8) evaluated PCL-5/ASDS feasibility, and 20 patients hospitalized for acute stroke were interviewed 2–10 days post-stroke onset, using either the PCL-5 or the ASDS. Results: Acute stress symptoms were present and measurable during acute stroke recovery. Assessment of acute stress in hospitalized patients with stroke is feasible; a briefer modified ASDS has advantages over the PCL-5. Conclusions: The ASDS is a viable and useful measure for assessing psychological distress during the acute post-stroke aftermath. Findings suggest that acute stress symptoms are present among patients with stroke, warranting greater attention to psychological responses in the early post-stroke period. Given that acute stress has serious potential long-term health consequences, additional research on stroke-related acute stress may prove useful for understanding post-stroke morbidity/mortality.
Persistence of socioeconomic inequalities in the knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors five years after coronary angiography
Authors: Tchicaya Anastase , Lorentz Nathalie , Demarest Stefaan , Beissel Jean 
Published: December 2017

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of death, morbidity, and years of potential life lost in most developed countries. Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess trends in knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors among patients five years after coronary angiography and to investigate the impact of educational level on knowledge level. Methods: The study included 1289 of 4391 patients admitted for cardiac events in 2008/2009 at the National Institute for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology, Luxembourg. A follow-up study was conducted by post five years later (2013/2014). Data were obtained from 1837 of the contacted patients (with 548 reported deaths) (response rate=42%). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between educational level and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors. Educational level was used as a surrogate for socioeconomic status. Results: In total, 39.9% of patients could list at least three risk factors in 2013/2014, a much higher percentage than the 8.5% observed during the initial survey. In both sexes, knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors increased between 2008/2009 and 2013/2014. Patients with higher educational levels were more likely (odds ratio=2.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.63–3.34) to cite at least three risk factors than patients with lower education levels. Conclusion: Knowledge level was associated with educational level, and improved for all educational groups five years after coronary angiography. Educational differences in knowledge persisted, but the gaps decreased. Improving knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors among patients with cardiovascular disease will help increase awareness and promote lifestyle changes.