bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermal fillers: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of complications
Authors: Chiang Y.Z. , Pierone G. , Al‐Niaimi F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDermal fillers are increasingly used for soft tissue augmentation of the face and hands. The widespread use of dermal fillers for rejuvenation has led to a rise in reports of associated complications. Although the majority of complications are mild and transient, serious and long‐lasting complications have been observed. This article discusses the key complications including pigmentary changes, hypersensitivity reactions, infections, nodule formation, granulomatous reactions, vascular occlusion and migration of filler material. A thorough literature review was performed in addition to the combined extensive authors’ (GP and FA) experience. Complications from fillers are increasingly being recognized and highlighted in the literature partly reflecting the growth in the market. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the filler complications with mechanisms of prevention and treatment per complication. A thorough understanding of the preventative and management strategies for the associated dermal filler complications will help the physician to prepare the patient well, and deal with complications that may arise effectively.
Nail involvement as a negative prognostic factor in biological therapy for psoriasis: a retrospective study
Authors: Bardazzi F. , Lambertini M. , Chessa M.A. , Magnano M. , Patrizi A. , Piraccini B.M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis (Pso) has a strong impact on quality of life and a positive association has been reported between nail psoriasis (NP) and more severe disease, together with a longer duration of skin lesions. The treatment of NP represents a challenge and biological therapy can be recommended for severe disease.ObjectiveThe first end point of this retrospective study was to evaluate the time to achieve Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) 75 in patients with and without NP treated with biological therapy. The second end point was to evaluate the efficacy of biological therapy to improve NP.MethodsA total of 127 patients (88 men and 39 women) with moderate to severe Pso referring to our Service between 2007 and 2014 were included. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years and a 24 week treatment. The outcome variable was achievement of PASI 75 at 24 weeks with and without NP. All patients were treated with topical therapy and one of four different biological treatments: adalimumab (44.09%), etanercept (18.11%), infliximab (13.39%) and ustekinumab (24.41%). Physical examinations were performed every 4 weeks, and at each visit, the clinician assessed the PASI and Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI).ResultsAt multivariate Cox regression analysis, a smaller proportion of patients with NP achieved PASI 75 at 24 weeks than patients without NP when adjusted for the epidemiological, clinical features and biological treatment received. With all biological drugs, the NAPSI score began to improve already after 8 weeks (from 18.53 at week 0–2.83 at week 24).ConclusionPatients with NP reach PASI 75 more slowly than patients without NP. Clinicians should therefore consider that treatment with a biological agent may require a longer period before reaching a satisfying therapeutical goal. Nevertheless, adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab and etanercept demonstrated their equal effectiveness in reducing the NAPSI score.
The peri‐esophageal connective tissue layers and related compartments: visualization by histology and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Weijs T. J. , Goense L. , van Rossum P. S. N. , Meijer G. J. , van Lier A. L. H. M. W. , Wessels F. J. , Braat M. N. G. , Lips I. M. , Ruurda J. P. , Cuesta M. A. , van Hillegersberg R. , Bleys R. L. A. W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn organized layer of connective tissue coursing from aorta to esophagus was recently discovered in the mediastinum. The relations with other peri‐esophageal fascias have not been described and it is unclear whether this layer can be visualized by non‐invasive imaging. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the peri‐esophageal fascias and determine whether the connective tissue layer between aorta and esophagus can be visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). First, T2‐weightedMRIscanning of the thoracic region of a human cadaver was performed, followed by histological examination of transverse sections of the peri‐esophageal tissue between the thyroid gland and the diaphragm. Secondly, pretreatment motion‐triggeredMRIscans were prospectively obtained from 34 patients with esophageal cancer and independently assessed by two radiologists for the presence and location of the connective tissue layer coursing from aorta to esophagus. A layer of connective tissue coursing from the anterior aspect of the descending aorta to the left lateral aspect of the esophagus, with a thin extension coursing to the right pleural reflection, was visualizedex vivoin the cadaver onMRimages, macroscopic tissue sections, and after histologic staining, as well as onin vivoMRimages. The layer connecting esophagus and aorta was named ‘aorto‐esophageal ligament’ and the layer connecting aorta to the right pleural reflection ‘aorto‐pleural ligament’. These connective tissue layers divides the posterior mediastinum in an anterior compartment containing the esophagus, (carinal) lymph nodes and vagus nerve, and a posterior compartment, containing the azygos vein, thoracic duct and occasionally lymph nodes. The anterior compartment was named ‘peri‐esophageal compartment’ and the posterior compartment ‘para‐aortic compartment’. The connective tissue layers superior to the aortic arch and at the diaphragm corresponded with the currently available anatomic descriptions. This study confirms the existence of the previously described connective tissue layer coursing from aorta to esophagus, challenging the long‐standing paradigm that no such structure exists. A comprehensive, detailed description of the peri‐esophageal fascias is provided and, furthermore, it is shown that the connective tissue layer coursing from aorta to esophagus can be visualizedin vivobyMRI.
Diagnosing Foreclosure due to Exclusive Dealing
Authors: Asker John 
Published: September 2016

Exclusive dealing arrangements, in which a distributor agrees to work exclusively with a single manufacturer, can be efficiency enhancing or can be an anticompetitive means to foreclose markets. This paper evaluates the effect of exclusive distribution arrangements on competition in the Chicago beer market in 1994. A diagnostic test is provided to judge whether exclusive arrangements lead to foreclosure. To implement this test a model of consumer demand and firm behavior is estimated that incorporates industry details and allows for distribution through exclusive and shared channels. The test indicates that foreclosure effects are not present in this market.
Child cyclists: A study of factors affecting their safety
Authors: Bromell Rebecca J , Geddis David C 
Published: September 2016

AimTo study various factors that contribute to a child cyclist's risk of having, or being injured in the event of, an accident.MethodsAll children aged 8–12 years, attending four primary schools, who had access to a bicycle were invited to participate. The study consisted of: a questionnaire; a helmet and bicycle check (by professional cycle shop staff) and a practical assessment.ResultsTwo hundred and ninety‐three children participated in one or more parts of the study. Of the 214 helmets checked, 41% were deemed ‘unsafe’. Forty‐one percent of 205 bicycles checked were not considered roadworthy. Of the 127 children who usually ride their bicycle to school, 59% had either a bicycle that was not considered roadworthy or a helmet that was judged ‘unsafe’. Of the 200 children, 91% knew the correct hand signals for a right and left turn. Eleven‐ and 12‐year‐olds were significantly better at performing the practical assessment than 8‐ to 10‐year‐olds (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsParents cannot assume that simply providing a cycle helmet and ensuring it is worn means a child will have maximum protection in the event of an accident. Calculations that base the safety benefits of cycle helmets on observation studies are likely to be underestimates. Regular checking of the roadworthiness of a child's bicycle is advised as simple things such as underinflated tyres or worn brake pads can adversely affect handling. There is no specific age at which it can be said a young child is ‘safe’ to ride unaccompanied on public roads.
Succession, climate and neighbourhood dynamics influence tree growth over time: an 87‐year record of change in aPinus resinosa‐dominated forest, Minnesota,USA
Authors: Curzon Miranda T. , D'Amato Anthony W. , Fraver Shawn , Huff Emily S. , Palik Brian J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractQuestionResource availability and its influence on tree‐to‐tree interactions are expected to change over the course of forest stand development, but the rarity of long‐term data sets has limited examinations of neighbourhood crowding over extended time periods. How do a history of neighbourhood interactions and population‐level dynamics, including demographic transition, impact long‐term tree growth?LocationNatural maturePinus resinosa‐dominated forest in northern Minnesota,USA.MethodsUsing a spatially explicit data set of repeated diameter measurements recorded over an 87‐yr period, we modelled the influence of tree‐to‐tree interactions on growth as it varied over time. We also applied maximum likelihood estimation and simulated annealing to examine how inter‐ and intraspecific competition and the relative importance of neighbour size and distance varied over time and with different climatic conditions.ResultsCrowding had a consistent negative influence on growth, but crowding intensity and importance were dynamic over time and differed between trees that survived the entire study period compared to those that ultimately died. The scaling of neighbour diameter, neighbour distance, and neighbour species (inter‐ vs intraspecific competition) also varied as demographic transition occurred and longer‐lived species assumed greater dominance.ConclusionsGiven observed relationships with moisture stress (based on precipitation: potential evapotranspiration) and maximum temperature, crowding intensity and importance may increase if temperatures rise in the future and water become more limiting. Long‐term data sets, such as the record examined in this study, have immense value for testing assumptions about stand dynamics, particularly as forests respond to projected shifts in climate and disturbance regimes.
Ocean currents determine functional connectivity in an Antarctic deep‐sea shrimp
Authors: Dambach Johannes , Raupach Michael J. , Leese Florian , Schwarzer Julia , Engler Jan O. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe coherency among larval stages of marine taxa, ocean currents and population connectivity is still subject to discussion. A common view is that organisms with pelagic larval stages have higher dispersal abilities and therefore show a relatively homogeneous population genetic structure. Contrary to this, local genetic differentiation is assumed for many benthic direct developers. Specific larval or adult migratory behavior and hydrographic effects may significantly influence distribution patterns, rather than passive drifting abilities alone. The Southern Ocean is an ideal environment to test for the effects of ocean currents on population connectivity as it is characterized by several well‐defined and strong isolating current systems. In this study we studied the genetic structure of the decapod deep‐sea shrimp Nematocarcinus lanceopes, which has planktotrophic larval stages. We analysed 194 individuals from different sample localities around the Antarctic continent using nine microsatellite markers. Consistent with a previous study based on mitochondrial DNA markers, primarily weak genetic patterns among N. lanceopes populations around the continent were found. Using ocean resistance modeling approaches we were able to show that subtle genetic differences among populations are more likely explained by ocean currents rather than by geographic distance for the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean.
Copepod assemblages in a highly dynamic equatorial estuary on the Brazilian Amazon Coast
Authors: Atique Priscila , da Costa Kelli G. , Monteiro Marcela C. , Pereira Luci C. C. , da Costa Rauquírio M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of the copepod fauna in the estuary of the Caeté River, a highly dynamic environment characterized by a unique set of hydrological and hydrodynamic attributes. This ecosystem is part of the Amazon Coastal Zone (ACZ), which sustains one of the world's largest continuous tracts of mangrove forest. In the present study, a predominance of high‐energy conditions characterized by macrotides and strong tidal currents was observed throughout the year. Salinity (0.03 ± 0.05–40.00 ± 0.84) and temperatures (26.43 ± 0.10–30.08 ± 0.43 °C) were higher than during the rainy season at all sampling stations. The highest chl‐a concentration (3.92 ± 1.47–17.63 ± 2.60 mg·m−3) was recorded at the most oligohaline (innermost) station during the rainy season, while no spatial or seasonal pattern was found in dissolved nutrient concentrations, except for phosphates, which exhibited the highest concentrations during the dry season. A total of 22 copepod taxa was identified, of which the most abundant were Oithona hebes, Oithona oswaldocruzi, Acartia tonsa, Paracalanus quasimodo, Euterpina acutifrons and Pseudodiaptomus marshi. Copepodites and nauplii were also recorded. Mean total copepod abundance varied from 710.73 ± 897 individuals (ind.)·m−3 at the inner station to 236,486 ± 398,360 ind.·m−3 near the mouth of the estuary (outermost station). The results reflected rainfall‐influenced oscillations in hydrological variables, mainly salinity, which determined shifts in the distribution of copepods and their community structure within the study area. This pattern may be typical of estuaries in the ACZ with similar hydrodynamic and hydrological attributes that are not influenced by the Amazon River plume.
Rapid invertebrate responses to macroalgal wrack: two novel field experiments on intertidal mudflats in Southern Australia
Authors: O'Brien Allyson L. , Morris Liz , Keough Michael J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMacroalgal wrack deposition along coasts is highly variable but it plays an important role in the structure and function of marine communities. To date, most research has focused on the effects of decomposing wrack as it assimilates into the system but little is known about the immediate effects of wrack when it is first deposited in the habitat. Freshly deposited wrack may either wash away after a short period (1–2 days) or remain in the habitat and decay depending on tide and weather conditions. To understand the effects of this dynamic resource we experimentally manipulated wrack deposits on intertidal mudflats in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. We conducted two experiments using defaunated patches of wrack (300 g wet weight) that were a mixture of seagrass and macroalgae and measured community responses after 2 days. The first experiment included real and artificial wrack patches to differentiate between taxa that responded to the biological and physical structure of the wrack. The second experiment used multiple wrack patches to investigate responses to a focal wrack patch that was surrounded by varying numbers of wrack additional patches (0, 2 or 4 × 300 g wet weight of wrack). Overall, wrack increased abundances of invertebrates and changed their distributions throughout the wrack and underlying sediment habitat. Mechanisms responsible for immediate taxa responses to the wrack related to the physical structure in the habitat and not biological attributes associated with the real patches. Ostracods and leptostracans were the exception to these patterns with colonization only occurring in real wrack and not the artificial wrack. In the multiple patch experiment the majority of the fauna moved vertically into the wrack from the bare sediment and not between surrounding patches of wrack. We suggest that specific characteristics, such as invertebrate mobility, feeding mode and sensitivity to changes in sediment condition, are important factors that influence individual taxa and overall community responses. Understanding the interactive effects of these characteristics with the characteristics of the wrack (magnitude, frequency, spatial arrangement and composition) is the key to developing predictive models that will inform the management of wrack in marine coastal habitats.
The last bastion? X chromosome genotyping of Anopheles gambiae species pair males from a hybrid zone reveals complex recombination within the major candidate ‘genomic island of speciation’
Authors: Caputo Beniamino , Pichler Verena , Mancini Emiliano , Pombi Marco , Vicente José L. , Dinis Joao , Steen Keith , Petrarca Vincenzo , Rodrigues Amabelia , Pinto Joao , della Torre Alessandra , Weetman David 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSpeciation with gene flow may be aided by reduced recombination helping to build linkage between genes involved in the early stages of reproductive isolation. Reduced recombination on chromosome X has been implicated in speciation within the Anopheles gambiae complex, species of which represent the major Afrotropical malaria vectors. The most recently diverged, morphologically indistinguishable, species pair, A. gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, ubiquitously displays a ‘genomic island of divergence’ spanning over 4 Mb from chromosome X centromere, which represents a particularly promising candidate region for reproductive isolation genes, in addition to containing the diagnostic markers used to distinguish the species. Very low recombination makes the island intractable for experimental recombination studies, but an extreme hybrid zone in Guinea Bissau offers the opportunity for natural investigation of X‐island recombination. SNP analysis of chromosome X hemizygous males revealed: (i) strong divergence in the X‐island despite a lack of autosomal divergence; (ii) individuals with multiple‐recombinant genotypes, including likely double crossovers and localized gene conversion; (iii) recombination‐driven discontinuity both within and between the molecular species markers, suggesting that the utility of the diagnostics is undermined under high hybridization. The largely, but incompletely protected nature of the X centromeric genomic island is consistent with a primary candidate area for accumulation of adaptive variants driving speciation with gene flow, while permitting some selective shuffling and removal of genetic variation.
Convergence in organ size but not energy metabolism enzyme activities among wild Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) species pairs
Authors: Dalziel Anne C. , Laporte Martin , Rougeux Clément , Guderley Helga , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe repeated evolution of similar phenotypes by similar mechanisms can be indicative of local adaptation, constraints or biases in the evolutionary process. Little is known about the incidence of physiological convergence in natural populations, so here we test whether energy metabolism in ‘dwarf’ and ‘normal’ Lake Whitefish evolves by similar mechanisms. Prior genomic and transcriptomic studies have found that divergence in energy metabolism is key to local adaptation in whitefish species pairs, but that distinct genetic and transcriptomic changes often underlie phenotypic evolution among lakes. Here, we predicted that traits at higher levels of biological organization, including the activities of energy metabolism enzymes (the product of enzyme concentration and turnover rate) and the relative proportions of metabolically active tissues (heart, liver, skeletal muscle), would show greater convergence than genetic and transcriptomic variation. We compared four whitefish species pairs and found convergence in organ size whereby all dwarf whitefish populations have a higher proportion of red skeletal muscle, three have relatively larger livers and two have relatively larger ventricles than normal fish. On the other hand, hepatic and muscle enzyme activities showed little convergence and were largely dependent on lake of origin. Only the most genetically divergent species pair (Cliff Lake) displayed white muscle enzyme activities matching results from laboratory‐reared normal and dwarf whitefish. Overall, these data show convergence in the evolution of organ size, but not in the activities of candidate enzymes of energy metabolism, which may have evolved mainly as a consequence of demographic or ecological differences among lakes.
Change in soil fungal community structure driven by a decline in ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak
Authors: Pec Gregory J. , Karst Justine , Taylor D. Lee , Cigan Paul W. , Erbilgin Nadir , Cooke Janice E. K. , Simard Suzanne W. , Cahill James F. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Western North American landscapes are rapidly being transformed by forest die‐off caused by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), with implications for plant and soil communities. The mechanisms that drive changes in soil community structure, particularly for the highly prevalent ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine forests, are complex and intertwined. Critical to enhancing understanding will be disentangling the relative importance of host tree mortality from changes in soil chemistry following tree death.

Here, we used a recent bark beetle outbreak in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of western Canada to test whether the effects of tree mortality altered the richness and composition of belowground fungal communities, including ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. We also determined the effects of environmental factors (i.e. soil nutrients, moisture, and phenolics) and geographical distance, both of which can influence the richness and composition of soil fungi.

The richness of both groups of soil fungi declined and the overall composition was altered by beetle‐induced tree mortality. Soil nutrients, soil phenolics and geographical distance influenced the community structure of soil fungi; however, the relative importance of these factors differed between ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. The independent effects of tree mortality, soil phenolics and geographical distance influenced the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, while the community composition of saprotrophic fungi was weakly but significantly correlated with the geographical distance of plots.

Taken together, our results indicate that both deterministic and stochastic processes structure soil fungal communities following landscape‐scale insect outbreaks and reflect the independent roles tree mortality, soil chemistry and geographical distance play in regulating the community composition of soil fungi.