bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medial Frontal Theta Is Entrained to Rewarded Actions
Authors: Amarante Linda M. , Caetano Marcelo S. , Laubach Mark 
Published: October 2017

Rodents lick to consume fluids. The reward value of ingested fluids is likely to be encoded by neuronal activity entrained to the lick cycle. Here, we investigated relationships between licking and reward signaling by the medial frontal cortex (MFC), a key cortical region for reward-guided learning and decision-making. Multielectrode recordings of spike activity and field potentials were made in male rats as they performed an incentive contrast licking task. Rats received access to higher- and lower-value sucrose rewards over alternating 30 s periods. They learned to lick persistently when higher-value rewards were available and to suppress licking when lower-value rewards were available. Spectral analysis of spikes and fields revealed evidence for reward value being encoded by the strength of phase-locking of a 6–12 Hz theta rhythm to the rats' lick cycle. Recordings during the initial acquisition of the task found that the strength of phase-locking to the lick cycle was strengthened with experience. A modification of the task, with a temporal gap of 2 s added between reward deliveries, found that the rhythmic signals persisted during periods of dry licking, a finding that suggests the MFC encodes either the value of the currently available reward or the vigor with which rats act to consume it. Finally, we found that reversible inactivations of the MFC in the opposite hemisphere eliminated the encoding of reward information. Together, our findings establish that a 6–12 Hz theta rhythm, generated by the rodent MFC, is synchronized to rewarded actions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe cellular and behavioral mechanisms of reward signaling by the medial frontal cortex (MFC) have not been resolved. We report evidence for a 6–12 Hz theta rhythm that is generated by the MFC and synchronized with ongoing consummatory actions. Previous studies of MFC reward signaling have inferred value coding upon temporally sustained activity during the period of reward consumption. Our findings suggest that MFC activity is temporally sustained due to the consumption of the rewarding fluids, and not necessarily the abstract properties of the rewarding fluid. Two other major findings were that the MFC reward signals persist beyond the period of fluid delivery and are generated by neurons within the MFC.
IDENTIFIKASI PEMBELAJARAN IPS BERBASIS LITERASI GEOGRAFI DALAM MENUMBUHKAN KARAKTER PEDULI LINGKUNGAN PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Nisa Jakiatin , Maryani Enok , Ningrum Epon 
Published: October 2017

Abstract This researchobjectiveis to identify social study based on geoliteracy that have been applied to build student’s eco-friendly characterat junior high school in Bandung. The method that used in this research is descriptive analysis method with quantitative approach. The results showed that the factual condition of social studies learning at junior high school in Bandunghas not been developed to cultivate eco-friendly character. The objective condition of social studies learning is related to buildingstudent’s eco-friendly character, the teacher understands substantially that the social studies material is related to building student’s eco-friendly character. But in reality, the teacher has never done a special development of social studies learning based on geoliteracy to build eco-friendly character, for reasons not yet know how or technical to develop thelearning model. Thissituation, shows the learning process of social studies that have been done by teachers have not been able to build student’s eco-friendly character. Abstraks Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pembelajaran IPS berbasis literasi geografi yang diterapkan selama ini untuk menumbuhkan karakter peduli lingkungan peserta didik di tingkat SMPN di Kota Bandung. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode analisis deskriptif pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi faktual pembelajaran IPS di SMPN Kota Bandung belum dikembangkan untuk menumbuhkan karakter peduli lingkungan. Kondisi objektif pembelajaran IPS berkaitan dengan menumbuhkan peduli lingkungan peserta didik di SMPN Kota Bandung yaitu guru memahami secara substansi bahwa materi IPS berkaitan dengan menumbuhkan karakter peduli lingkungan. Namun secara kenyataannya, guru belum pernah melakukan pengembangan khusus pembelajaran IPS yang berbasis literasi geografi untuk menumbuhkan karakter peduli lingkungan, dengan alasan belum mengetahui cara atau teknis untuk mengembangkan model pembelajaran tersebut. Keadaan ini, memperlihatkan proses pembelajaran IPS yang selama ini dilakukan oleh guru belum dapat menumbuhkan karakter peduli lingkungan peserta didik. Pengutipan: Nisa, Jakiatin, dkk. (2017). Identifikasi Pembelajaran IPS Berbasis Literasi Geografi dalam Menumbuhkan Karakter Peduli Lingkungan Peserta Didik. SOSIO DIDAKTIKA: Social Science Education Journal, 4(1), 2017, 1-13. doi:10.15408/sd.v4i1.5915.Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sd.v4i1.5915
PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STRUCTURE NUMBERED HEADS PADA MATA PELAJARAN GEOGRAFI
Authors: Hidayat Miftah 
Published: October 2017

Abstract The purpose of this research is to: (1) increase the learning motivation of learners by using Structure Numbered Heads learning method, and (2) to describe the improvement of learning motivation of learners through Structure Numbered Heads learning method. The method used is Classroom Action Research which refers to the model developed by Kemmis and Taggart, this study was conducted in two cycles. One cycle is done as much as two actions. Thus the entire Classroom Action Research was conducted in 4 actions. Data collection techniques are done through observation and documentation. The result of the research shows that learning done with cooperative learning model type Structure Numbered Heads can improve learners motivation. The first action shows the "low" category, the second action shows the "enough" category and the "good" category, while the fourth action shows the "good" category. Increases that occur can not be separated from the use of Structure Numbered Heads method combined with some learning techniques. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk: (1) meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik dengan menggunakan metode pembelajaran Structure Numbered Heads, dan (2) mendeskripsikan peningkatan motivasi belajar peserta didik melalui metode pembelajaran Structure Numbered Heads. Metode yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang mengacu pada model yang dikembangkan oleh Kemmis dan Taggart, penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Satu siklus dilakukan sebanyak dua tindakan. Dengan demikian keseluruhan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini dilakukan sebanyak 4 tindakan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran yang dilakukan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Structure Numbered Heads dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik. Tindakan pertama menunjukkan kategori “rendah”, tindakan kedua menunjukkan kategori “cukup” dan tindakan kategori “baik,” sementara tindakan keempat menunjukkan “kategori “baik”. Peningkatan yang terjadi tidak lepas dari penggunaan metode Structure Numbered Heads yang dipadukan dengan beberapa teknik pembelajaran. Pengutipan: Hidayat, Miftah. (2017). Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Structure Numbered Heads pada Mata Pelajaran Geografi. SOSIO DIDAKTIKA: Social Science Education Journal, 4(1), 2017, 36-44. doi:10.15408/sd.v4i1.5916.Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sd.v4i1.5916
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF COMBINED YOGURT DRINKS WITH BALANCED CHEMICAL CONTENTS
Authors: Tkachenko N. A. , Kruchek O. A. , Kopiyko A. V. , Ramazashvili G. R. 
Published: October 2017

Expediency of development of recipes and innovative biotechnologies for combined milk-vegetational products with balanced chemical composition, strengthened probiotic properties and extended shelf life was proven in field of establishing proper diet for adult healthy people, both in everyday consumption and during treatment of illnesses and rehabilitation after it. Principles of scientific approach to creation of biotechnologies for fermented combined products with balance of basic food nutrients are described here, as well as innovative biotechnological approaches, which provide the possibility of getting desired products (yoghurt drinks) with high probiotic properties and long shelf life. Main stages of development are described for recipes and biotechnologies of bifido-enabled combined yoghurt drinks with balanced chemical composition, rich on lively bifido- and Lactobacterium cells and long shelf life. A scheme for production of desired products with explanation of technological process parameters is provided, it was tested in industrial conditions at “Gormolzavod №1” Ltd. in Odesa, Ukraine. In samples of milk-rice and milk-spelt yoghurt drinks, which were produced in industrial conditions, we determined chemical composition and primary quality objectives. Desired products have balanced ratio of proteins : fats : carbohydrates (1 : 1 : 4), high sensory qualities, standard quality values during long shelf life (20 days in sealed tare), contain a high concentration of viable cells of probiotic cultures – such as B. animalis Bb-12 (not less than 3.6∙108 CFU / cm3) and mixed cultures of L. bulgaricus + S. thermophilus (not less than 4.0∙108 CFU/cm3), as well as physiologically significant number of prebiotics – lactulose and fiber (30 and 10%, according to the daily consumption norm when consuming 500 cm3 of product).
Toxin production ability of Bacillus cereus strains from food product of Ukraine
Authors: Pylypenko I. , Pylypenko L. , Yamborko G. , Marinova I. 
Published: October 2017

Potential pathogens of foodborne toxic infections – bacterial contaminants Bacillus cereus isolated from plant raw materials and food products from the Ukrainian region were investigated. When determining of the proportion of isolated bacilli from the plant samples, it was established that the epidemiologically significant microorganisms of Bacillus cereus as agents of food poisoning are the second largest. The average value of contaminated samples of Ukrainian plant raw materials and processed products with Bacillus cereus is 36,2 %. The ability of Bacillus cereus strains identified by a complex of morphological, tinctorial, cultural and biochemical properties, to produce specific emetic and enterotoxins was studied. Molecular genetic diagnosis and detection of the toxin-producing ability of isolated 42 Bacillus cereus strains showed both the possibility of their rapid identification and the presence of specific toxicity genes. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with specific primers to detect toxicity determined of various bacilli genes: nheA, hblD, cytK, cesВ. The distribution of toxigenic genes is significantly different among the Bacillus cereus isolates from various sources. The nheA, hblD and cytK enterotoxin genes were detected in 100, 83,3 and 61,9 % of the investigated strains of Bacillus cereus, respectively. The cesB gene encoding emetic toxin was detected in 4,8 % of strains. Molecular-genetic PCR-method confirmed that all the isolated strains belong to the Bacillus cereus group, and the ability to produce toxins can be attributed to five groups. The main toxins that produce the investigated Bacillus cereus strains were nhe and hbl enterotoxins encoded by the corresponding genes of nheA and hblD. The enterotoxic type of Bacillus cereus was predominant in Ukrainian region. Studies of domestic plant food raw materials and products have confirmed the need to improve microbiological control of product safety by introducing accelerated specific diagnostics of contaminants by molecular genetics methods.
Modeling a Foreign-Language Environment When Teaching Non-Linguistic Students: Preliminary Results
Authors: Abramova Irina , Shishmolina Elena 
Published: October 2017

A multi-year empirical study (2008–2017) tests a new model of teaching English to non-linguistic students in bilingual classrooms, typical of local colleges in Russia. This model comes in response to the academic community’s dissatisfaction with the outcomes of such education. The article consists of two parts. The first provides a brief analysis of cooperating extra-linguistic factors that exert a multidirectional influence on the English learning process of adults in small study groups in the classroom, provided that they are taught by a non-native speaker using standard teaching techniques. The second part of the article describes a foreign-language environment within the unified learning environment of a non-linguistic college. The model developers sought not only to reduce the negative effects of external environment and increase the positive ones but also to encourage non-linguistic students to learn English through academic and professional discourse socialization in the foreign-language environment. Principles of constructing a unified foreign-language environment model and providing an integrated English proficiency assessment system are suggested. Preliminary model testing results are analyzed, and the key advantages of this teaching model, which allow for enhancing not only the motivation of non-linguistic students for learning English but also their levels of proficiency, are identified.
New onset seizures an etiological study
Authors: B. Prakash , B. J. Arun , V. B. Ashok , Nagaraj Niranjan 
Published: October 2017

Background:Seizures are common disorders found all over the world and are encountered frequently during medical practice in variety of settings. Etiological spectrum of acute symptomatic seizures in developing countries is different from developed countries. So, this study was done to know the various etiologies of new onset seizures in adults in this region.Methods: Consecutive 100 Cases of new onset seizures from the Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain hospital, Bengaluru, were included in the study. The etiology was determined by neuroimaging and appropriate investigations including cerebrospinal fluid examination.Results: Of 100 patients 89% were acute symptomatic seizures. The seizure types were GTCS in 71% and 29% had simple or complex partial seizure (s) with or without secondary generalization. 8 (8%) patients had status epilepticus (SE). 40% 0f SE were caused by neuroinfections. Neuroinfection was the leading cause of seizure, which accounted for 34%, followed by Cerebrovascular accidents (29%) and metabolic (9%). Neurocysticercosis is most common cause in neuroinfection (35%), followed by meningitis (29%) and cerebral malaria (17%). 8% of seizures were because of CNS Tuberculosis. 55% of the CVA were due stroke and 34% due to CVT. 14% of seizures were pregnancy related.Conclusions: This study illustrates that the etiological spectrum of seizures in this part of the world is different from that described from developed countries and CNS infections account for a significant number of cases.
Disaster Management in Industry: Ergonomic Perspective
Authors: Panchal R.N. , Awasare A.D. , Panchal J.R. , Jamadar V.M. , Shinde G.V. , Kumbhar H.M. , Zende A.M. 
Published: October 2017

<div><p>Plant layout is related with the arrangement of machines, equipment, storage vessels, materials, workplace and warehouse. It is need to the design constraints arising from safety for humans, environment conditions, construction, maintenance, and operation of product with financial balance. Human comfort is very important because it is directly affect on human efficiency. Chemical accidents and spills can be hazardous to peoples, wildlife, and create environmental issues. The good way to reduce the harm caused by chemical accidents is to design and development of layout and plants with good safety controls that operate at lower temperature. The basic aim of paper is to create awareness and safety taring amongst operators working in the plant.</p></div>
The Utility of False-Profile Radiographs for the Detection of Osteoarthritis Progression in Acetabular Dysplasia
Authors: Akiho Shunsuke , Yamamoto Takuaki , Kinoshita Koichi , Matsunaga Ayumi , Ishii Satohiro , Ishimatsu Tetsuro 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Both the lateral center-edge angle and acetabular roof obliquity on anteroposterior radiographs are well-known prognostic predictors of osteoarthritis progression in patients with acetabular dysplasia. However, few studies have evaluated osteoarthritis progression on false-profile radiographs. In the present study, osteoarthritis progression was evaluated on anteroposterior and false-profile radiographs.

Methods:
We retrospectively evaluated 76 patients with acetabular dysplasia with Tönnis grade-0 or 1 osteoarthritis, from a group of 179 patients (209 hips), who had undergone unilateral periacetabular osteotomy from 1995 to 2005. We evaluated the hip joint of the contralateral, untreated side. All patients were followed for ≥10 years. Of the 76 patients, 52 patients with Tönnis grade-0 or 1 osteoarthritis at the latest follow-up were categorized into the non-progression group and the remaining 24 patients with Tönnis grade-2 or 3 osteoarthritis were categorized into the progression group. We evaluated patient characteristics as well as radiographic parameters, including the preoperative lateral center-edge angle, acetabular roof obliquity, and anterior center-edge angle.

Results:
The mean duration of follow-up was 12.6 years (range, 10 to 19 years). On univariate analysis, body weight, body mass index, and all radiographic parameters indicating the severity of acetabular dysplasia significantly differed between the 2 groups. On multivariate analysis, both the anterior center-edge angle and acetabular roof obliquity were considered to be significant predictive factors for osteoarthritis progression. On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cutoff values for the lateral center-edge angle, acetabular roof obliquity, and anterior center-edge angle were 15.5°, 15.5°, and 12.5°, respectively.

Conclusions:
In addition to the lateral center-edge angle and acetabular roof obliquity, we showed that the anterior center-edge angle is a possible prognostic predictor of osteoarthritis progression. These findings indicate that radiographic parameters based on the false-profile view are relevant. Additionally, patients with an anterior center-edge angle of ≤12.5° and a lateral center-edge angle of ≤15.5° seem to be at higher risk of osteoarthritis progression over a 10-year period.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Soil Water Dynamics and Nitrate Leaching Under Corn–Soybean Rotation, Continuous Corn, and Kura Clover
Authors: Ochsner Tyson E. , Schumacher Todd W. , Venterea Rodney T. , Feyereisen Gary W. , Baker John M. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Corn–soybean and continuous corn had similar soil water dynamics and N leaching.
Urea and anhydrous ammonia resulted in similar leachate nitrate concentrations.
The kura clover cropping system reduced drainage, N leaching, and fall soil N.
Improving water quantity and quality impacts of corn (Zea mays L.)‐ and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]‐based cropping systems is a key challenge for agriculture in the US Midwest. Long‐term field experiments are important for documenting those effects and exploring possible solutions. This study examines differences in soil water dynamics and nitrate‐nitrogen (N) leaching among cropping systems and N fertilizer sources in a long‐term experiment in southeastern Minnesota. Drainage and leachate concentrations were measured for 4 yr using automated equilibrium tension lysimeters installed below the root zone in replicated, large plots on a well‐drained silt loam soil. Soil water storage was monitored using water content reflectometers. Corn–soybean and continuous corn cropping systems exhibited similar soil water dynamics, drainage rates (145–202 mm yr−1), leachate nitrate N concentrations (21.3–25.6 mg L−1), and nitrate N leaching loads (30–75 kg ha−1 yr−1). Nitrate‐N concentrations in the leachate were similar whether N was added as urea (21.2 mg L−1) or anhydrous ammonia (25.7 mg L−1). A perennial kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb)‐based cropping system with no N fertilizer significantly altered soil water dynamics and resulted in lower (p < 0.10) drainage rates (53 mm yr−1), nitrate N concentrations (7.1 mg L−1), and nitrate N leaching loads (2–5 kg ha−1 yr−1) compared with corn–soybean or continuous corn, but also reduced corn grain yields. These impacts are generally consistent with a growing body of literature showing substantial environmental benefits of a kura clover living mulch system for corn production, but the economic viability of such a system is not yet proven.
Armas cibernéticas. Malware inteligente para ataques dirigidos
Authors: Márquez Díaz Jairo Eduardo 
Published: October 2017

En este artículo se muestra un análisis sobre el malware denominado Amenaza Persistente Avanzada o APT, el cual se ha clasificado por autoridades internacionales, como una de las primeras ciberarmas que puede comprometer seriamente las infraestructuras críticas de una nación. Esto se debe en gran parte, a los nuevos desarrollos de sistemas intrusivos más avanzados, que incorporan tecnologías y algoritmos dinámicos, que buscan integrar la inteligencia artificial y los algoritmos genéticos, entre otros, para hacer mucho más complejos y completos los programas a la hora de efectuar un escaneo de los protocolos de red y/o registros, robo de información, espionaje o ataques dirigidos, donde el sigilo y la furtividad son factores clave para ello, haciéndolos indetectables, y cuya permanencia puede ser indefinida al interior de un sistema informático o red. Dicho esto, las diversas técnicas de ataque de este tipo de malware, pone entre dicho las barreras y sistemas de protección actuales, tanto lógicas como físicas, y además, con la futura incorporación de algoritmos neuroevolutivos en sus código fuente, las herramientas, protocolos y políticas de seguridad de la información van a requerir ser revaluadas muy pronto.
An assessment of sub-standard water pressure in South African potable distribution systems
Authors: Strijdom Louis , Speight Vanessa , Jacobs Heinz Erasmus 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Sub-standard residual water pressures in urban water distribution systems (WDS) are a prevalent phenomenon in developing countries – South Africa being no exception. The phenomenon of sub-standard pressure is poorly understood, with intermittent supply ultimately resulting when there is no residual pressure left in the system. This research addressed the prevalence and extent of sub-standard pressures by using hydraulic models of potable WDS for 71 South African towns, located in 17 different South African municipalities geographically spread over the country. The hydraulic models included 539,388 modelled nodes, which were analysed to determine the number of nodes with sub-standard pressure heads during peak hour flow conditions. The results show that the residual pressure head was &lt;24 m at 16.5% of the model nodes under peak hour flow conditions, with 6.7% of the nodes having pressure heads &lt;12 m. In contrast, the results also report relatively high pressures in certain parts of the systems, far in excess of the minimum requirement, underlining the need for better pressure management at both high and low ranges. It was also noted that the South African design criterion is relatively stringent compared with some other countries and could potentially be relaxed in future.