bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kowol Kit 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter introduces the five main traditions of wartime Conservatism: industrial paternalist, ruralist, individualist, constructive imperialist, and Tory progressive. Key individuals are also discussed, including: the industrialist Lord McGowan, the historian Arthur Bryant, the publisher Ernest Benn, and the Conservative politicians Leo Amery MP and R. A. Butler MP. Given the proliferation of their views in books, journals, the press, and parliament the chapter asks why their ideas and existence are not better known? The answer given is that it is due to the dominant interpretation of the conflict as a ‘People’s War’ that is focussed on the rise of the Left, the victory of the Labour Party in 1945, and the welfare state. By contrast, the introduction locates the book among works that are starting to challenge this ‘People’s War’ interpretation by exploring the imperial dimension of the war, the links between domestic and international politics, and the development of Britain’s warfare state.
The Unification of Algebra and Geometry: Glimpses of Quantum Spin
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This is a historical tour of two centuries of the golden age of mathematics starting with the discovery of complex numbers in cubic equation and revolving around rotations where we see glimpses of spin in Rodrigues’s product formula and in Hamilton’s quaternions. It takes us to the fascinating topic of the geometric algebra with Grassmann, Clifford and then Hestenes. This chapter describes the beginning of the modern era of spinors as discovered by Cartan along with prehistoric spinors hidden in Pythagorean triplets.
“Found Beautiful”—the Dirac Equation
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter tells the magic of the most beautiful equation in physics—namely the Dirac equation that predicted spin and antiparticles and guided physicists to the ultimate theory of quantum physics—the quantum field theory, all emerging by wedding relativity and quantum mechanics. The theory predicted the electron g-factor of 2—agreeing with the experimentally known value at that time and establishing the importance of the fine-structure constant in quantum physics. Here is a discussion of spacetime algebra where Hestenes addresses the question of what exactly the quantum spin is and how it generates magnetic moment that is proportional to the spin. Answers may be lurking in de Broglie’s proposal of an electron possessing an internal clock and the concept of Zitterbewegung that provides a window to the particle’s substructure in quantum mechanics.
Weyl and Majorana Fermions, “Närrisch” Neutrino, and the Revelation of Parity Violation
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Weyl and Majorana fermions, that have mesmerized the particle physicists and also now the condensed matter physicists, were predicted by the exploration of the Dirac equation as physicists capitalize on the art of mathematizing to predict what kinds of particles inhabit this world. The tale of these particles is linked with the neutrino, an elusive particle that have had physicists chasing it all sort of weird places and nailing down its identity remains one of the open puzzles in physics. This chapter tells the story of the discovery of parity violation that shocked physicists during the quantum revolution. It introduces the vibrant field of quasiparticles as, following the discovery of magnons and phonons, physicists are hunting for Weyl and Majorana fermions in condensed matter systems.
Spin-Statistics and the Stability of the Universe
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes spin-statistics theorem showcasing its importance in the stability of the Universe and in its explaining magnetism and dwells on the question of why there is no simple explanation that half-integer spin particles obey Pauli exclusion principle while the integer spin particles do not. There is a discussion of the bunching-antibunching of quantum particles known as the Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) effect. Along with its inspiring history, this chapter also describes modern application of HBT in the ultracold atomic physics of the Bose–Einstein condensate. The chapter introduces anyons—particles with arbitrary spin that breaks fermion-boson dichotomy in two dimensions. The years 1925 and 1926 were turning points in the history of physics. In 1924, we had no quantum theory—that is, there was nothing that could substitute Newton’s equations to describe quantum systems.
Spin, Spinor, and the Geometric Phase
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Using spin-1/2 models, this chapter discusses geometric phases, also known as Berry phases, where a system fails to return to its starting state in a cyclic process—a phenomenon known as “anholonomy.” The mathematical framework underlying the geometric phases leads to magnetic monopoles residing in an abstract parameter space. The Berry phases provide a common mathematic theme to unite a diverse class of problems and lead to the notion of topological quantum numbers—the Chern numbers that describe exotic new states of matter known as topological insulators. Readers are introduced to neutron interferometry where geometric phases can be measured including the sign change in the wave function after a 360-degree rotation.
The Torts Scholar as Disaggregator
Authors: Bernstein Anita 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter celebrates Jane Stapleton’s contributions to tort theory as disaggregation. Disaggregation as a perspective or method locates and defends diversity, fragmentation, and multiplicity in its object of attention. Stapleton herself has identified a disaggregation theme in her work: her phrase Against Grand Theories, placed at the centre of her Three Essays on Torts (OUP 2021), can be read as saying For Disunity. This chapter names other examples of disaggregation in Stapleton’s writing. Insurance, ‘common sense’, restating, and comparative law as a source of unification, Stapleton has argued, all fail to unite the disparate primary materials that populate tort. This field of law, in our honouree’s eyes, is simultaneously heterogeneous and coherent.
Time to Cut Ties: Reforming the Secondary Victim ‘Control Mechanisms’ in Pure Psychiatric Injury
Authors: Goold Imogen , Kelly Catherine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Twenty years ago, Jane Stapleton cut right to the heart of what is wrong with the law’s approach to pure psychiatric injury claims by secondary victims when she said, ‘the area of nervous shock is … the area where the silliest rules now exist and where criticism is almost universal’. Two decades later, her words ring just as true. Over that period, the ‘control mechanisms’ on such claims ossified into rigid rules that draw hard, but incoherent, lines between which claims will succeed and fail. Incrementalism has led the law away from the early approach to such claims, wherein the courts drew on the fundamental logic of reasonable foreseeability in determining who might claim for the harm caused by seeing the dreadful impact of another’s negligence. This chapter argues in favour of fundamental reform of the control mechanisms for secondary victim claims for negligently induced psychiatric injury to address these criticisms.
Causation at a Tipping Point: Material Contribution and the ‘Worse Off’ Question
Authors: Turton Gemma 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In its 2021 decision the UK Supreme Court in Financial Conduct Authority v Arch Insurance (UK) Ltd recognised in an insurance context that a factor that is neither necessary nor sufficient for an outcome may still be a factual cause of that outcome. This ought also to be recognised in the negligence context and would bring clarity to the law on ‘material contribution to harm’ when addressed in an appropriate case. Liability in negligence turns on a wider range of considerations than simply factual causation, and the question of whether the claimant has been made worse off as a result of some wrongdoing ought to be addressed at the ‘scope of liability’ stage. Although this ‘worse off’ question involves application of a but-for test of necessity, the relevant considerations can be more clearly articulated if the factual causation inquiry has recognised all causes including those that were neither necessary nor sufficient.
Compensation as ‘Conditional Licence’ for Harmful Activities: An Exploration
Authors: Morgan Jonathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the immanent doctrine through which the law grants conditional permission to carry out harmful yet beneficial activities: they are permitted provided parties carrying them out compensate all those who suffer harm. Arguably this idea underlies leading cases including Rylands v Fletcher, Vincent v Lake Erie, and Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate. But it is controversial along many vectors. Can liability for parties acting entirely properly be justified? Why should the remedies be limited to compensation (i.e. not injunctions), when serious harm is inevitable or ongoing? Is the liability a sanction (fine) or a price (tax)? Is the doctrine’s justification moral, or instrumental/regulatory? Can it be generalised or is it exceptional (or anomalous)? And who decides: legislators or courts?
Damage as an Essential Element in the Economic Torts
Authors: Murphy John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
It is generally assumed that the economic torts are a family of actions concerned to protect purely financial interests bound up with a claimant’s trade, business or livelihood. This chapter seeks to show that such an assumption is by no means true even though it fair to say that they are most commonly used in connection with economic setbacks inflicted on a claimant by a defendant. It reveals that the decided cases, contrary to the common misconception, actually supply hard evidence of these torts being successfully invoked in connection with a wide-range of non-financial interests (such as our interests in bodily integrity, reputation, psychic integrity and decision-making autonomy). The chapter also explains how, although damage must always be shown before a successful claim can be made in any of these torts, it is not appropriate to treat the damage requirement as an element of the tort of deceit in cases of two-party intimidation. It is argued that, in the case of those torts, the damage requirement is better seen as a condition of actionability because although the courts will recognise the commission of a wrong where the claimant suffers no tangible loss, they will stop short of allowing the claimant to sue unless actual damage can be shown.
A World of Private Higher Education
Authors: Levy Daniel C. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHigher education—long and overwhelmingly seen outside the US as an intrinsically public sector function with limited private presence—has become a firmly dual-sector reality globally. Indeed, a third of the world’s now more than 200 million higher education enrolments are in private institutions, a share higher than in the US. Against this new background, we respond to the historically abiding question of how social functions are sectorally distributed and engaged, exploring both private–public (intersectoral) and private–private (intrasectoral) distinctiveness. We discover rich ‘double distinctiveness’ wherein various parts of the private sector ‘differ differently’ from the public sector. Guided and organized by these sectoral concepts, accumulated empirical findings—often approaching what provocatively might be called private higher education ‘laws’—significantly enhance understanding of the extensive, varied, rapidly changing, and otherwise often vexing terrain under study. The study’s treatment of how and why private higher education both thrives and fails to thrive is truly global, even as it highlights salient regional characteristics. Likewise, the account provides the historical sweep vital to understanding contemporary realities. Complementing its qualitative thrust, the book mines an unprecedented quantitative profile of the world’s private and public higher education—drawing heavily on a new, massive, global enrolment dataset.
Size and Shape
Authors: Levy Daniel C. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe first part of Chapter 2 provides an empirical analysis of the world’s PHE, including its historical growth and present dimensions. The dataset introduced is the most comprehensive ever on private–public enrolment, allowing us to discover national, cross-national, sub-regional, and regional patterns. Analysis reveals the simultaneous road to near ubiquity in PHE presence by country and yet the heavy weight of global PHE concentrated in certain large countries. At the regional level, Asia and Latin are the global giants in total and proportional private share, quite surpassing longstanding US numerical leadership, and principally driving the generalized shift of PHE (even more than of higher education overall) from the developed to developing world. The second part of Chapter 2 provides a set of qualitative regional portraits, assessing forces producing contemporary regional and sometimes sub-regional patterns. These portraits should give a concrete view of PHE within its broader higher education and societal contexts. Along with the chapter’s quantitative portrait, the regional ones thus provide a factual geographical layering upon which the conceptual analyses of subsequent chapters can draw.
The Colossus of Rhodes
Authors: Badoud Nathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Colossus of Rhodes is both the most famous and the least well-known monument of ancient Greece. Numbered among the Seven Wonders of the World, this bronze statue of the god Helios, 34 m in height, was created by the sculptor Chares of Lindos between the years 295 and 283 bc, only to be destroyed by an earthquake in 227 bc. The legends that have spread after its collapse seem so strange and contradictory that, from an archaeological point of view, it has become a minor and almost negligible object, which the best specialists of Greek sculpture hardly mention. This book is the first to propose a comprehensive approach to the Colossus. It envisages the statue in its religious, political, and topographical contexts. It explores its function, its technique, its appearance, its meaning, and its location. It reconsiders the beginnings of the Hellenistic world, marked by the emergence of Rhodes as an imperial power, embodied by the Colossus.
Regulation of Public Life I Parliament
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the Seven Principles of Public Life, the work of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, the Committee on Standards and Privileges, and the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards. Legislation and regulations governing the conduct of members of parliament, including: the revised MPs’, Lords’, and Ministerial Codes of Conduct, and Guides to the Codes, including the registration and declaration of financial interests; expenses; lobbying, including The Transparency of Lobbying, and their enforcement, including the Reform of the House of Lords Act 2014 and the Recall of MPs Act 2015.
The Supreme Court of the US and the Liberal Script
Authors: Benson Robert E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the US Supreme Court’s historical and contemporary engagement with the liberal script—principles underscoring individual freedom, the rule of law, and self-determination. The chapter argues that the Court, pivotal in interpreting the semicodified US constitution, has both upheld and contested the liberal script across its jurisprudential history. Through key rulings, it has navigated societal fissures, sometimes affirming liberal values, while at others, under external pressures or internal contestations, veering from these ideals, as epitomized in the Court’s more recent roll back of voting rights. As the Court faces mounting challenges amid a polarized political landscape, its ability to uphold the liberal script while adapting to evolving societal norms, remains central to preserving the integrity of American democracy.
Theatre as a Barometer of Contestation
Authors: Parolin Peter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the 2017 Shakespeare in the Park production of Julius Caesar in New York City to examine the arts as a site of contestations to the liberal script. The production featured a Donald Trump–like Julius Caesar, whose assassination in the third act of the play caused Trump supporters and right-wing activists to protest the production. The protest included conventional tactics like pressure for corporate disinvestment but also threats of violence to theatres across the country. The terms of the protest show a high level of intolerance for the arts as a venue for political and social critique as well as an unwillingness to express social and political disagreement within the parameters sanctioned by the liberal script.
The Public’s Commitment toward US Leadership of the Liberal International Order
Authors: Anderson Stephanie B , Garrison Jean A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses whether the election of President Donald Trump in 2016 signaled a sea change among the public toward US leadership in the world and the liberal international order. It compares Trump’s foreign policy orientation with others throughout American history to distinguish whether and how it breaks from tradition. Next, the chapter analyses how public opinion toward the liberal international order has changed over the past 50 years. Finding the public opinion surprisingly stable, the discussion turns to the relationship between public opinion and actual policy formation. The chapter concludes that public attitudes will remain supportive of the LIO in the near and midterm, although both demographic changes and growing internal contestations may affect long-term support.
The Cosmopolitan Interests
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Aesthetic injustice involves such harms to people in their aesthetic capacities as subvert cosmopolitan interests in the value diversity and social autonomy of aesthetic cultures. This chapter characterizes the interests as justice-relevant. The interest in value diversity is an interest in there being diverse aesthetic cultures. The interest in social autonomy is an interest in the values constitutive of aesthetic cultures being determined by cultural insiders. Given aesthetic value pluralism, the potential of aesthetic cultures to foster respect, and the nature of conflict, aesthetic cultures are not inherently sites of conflict. Just social arrangements include policies to avoid intercultural conflict.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bohland James R. , Rechkemmer Andreas , Rogers Peter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is omnipresent in situations where deep learning algorithms and big data can expedite actions required to resolve complex and potentially harmful events. Thus, it is not surprising that AI has become an important tool in disaster management. The applications and contexts in which AI is used across disaster management stages are reviewed and critiqued in this chapter. Particular attention is given to understanding the ethical, technical, and legal issues that constrain wider application of AI now and in the future. Disasters are contextual and spatially bound; consequently, they require an understanding and appreciation of cultural and local constraints to manage what can be a chaotic situation. Understanding how to align these constraints with the learning paradigms and analytical frameworks of AI is critical in the application of AI across all stages of the disaster management cycle. Misalignments create errors, erode trust, and limit the effectiveness of AI, but can be minimized by using development approaches that involve both AI developers and disaster management practitioners and establishing common standards of evaluation in AI deployment. Until a higher level of trust is achieved, the future of AI will be limited to narrow problem-solving, rather than modeling the complex interdependencies that occur across disaster stages to more effectively manage future events.
Beyond the “First Commandment”
Authors: Goren Seth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Judaism’s approach to procreation and parenting is firmly rooted in the “First Commandment” to “be fruitful and multiply” and extends into specific guidance on how to raise children, whether one’s own descendants or those of the community. Moreover, Jewish tradition has engaged these concepts with creativity and innovation, cultivating new approaches to ongoing questions and responding to modern challenges and uncertainties with diverse solutions. For these reasons, Jewish sources on these topics reflect the places, times, and social contexts of their authors to present varied and often contradictory perspectives on how Jews engage with parenting, procreation, continuity, adoption, and guardianship.
Parents and Children in the Qur’an and Premodern Islamic Jurisprudence
Authors: Delgado Janan , Ibrahim Celene 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys parent-child relationships in the Qur’an and probes select issues related to child custody (ḥaḍāna) in premodern Muslim jurisprudence. The Qur’an stipulates several ethical imperatives concerning care of children as well as children’s behavior toward parents; moreover, relationships between parents and children play a prominent role in the Qur’an’s didactic narratives. We also survey how issues related to child custody in the Islamic legal tradition are evidence of a delicate attempt by Muslim legal scholars to balance the rights and duties of mothers and fathers and parents and their children. We explore gender dynamics in parent-child relationships in the Qur’an as well as in child custody and guardianship in premodern Islamic legal theory.
Pregnancy and Piety
Authors: Teman Elly , Ivry Tsipy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this anthropological study we explore the attitudes, experiences and decisions of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish women regarding prenatal diagnosis and testing (PND). The analysis is based on 49 in-depth interviews with Haredi mothers in Israel and the United States from a variety of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities. We look at the way our interviewees employed faith-based concepts in explaining their decisions regarding PND, including faith, certainty, obligatory effort, and tests of faith. We suggest that the women’s negotiations of PND can be conceptualized as a form of “situated ethics” that may be viewed as a gendered folk interpretation and vernacular religious application of Jewish ethics.
Abortion in the Jewish Tradition of Religious Humanism
Authors: Zohar Noam 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to examine and integrate the diverse positions on abortion in the Jewish tradition by focusing on its underlying value perspective of religious humanism: human beings are created in the Divine Image. Arguing that literary and homiletic materials of aggadah are too ambiguous for normative guidance, the discussion here focuses on halakhah—the Jewish tradition of normative discourse. The fundamental Biblical passage is the law in Exodus regarding the causing of miscarriage, which clearly does not regard feticide as murder. Departing from the text’s plain meaning, Hellenistic and some other Jews regarded a fully formed fetus as embodying the Divine Image. The rabbis of the Mishnah and Talmud, however, held that although there is a religious duty to promote the Divine Image through procreation, only a born infant is a person (nefesh) commanding full respect for its life. This has left room for disparate medieval and contemporary positions regarding the permissibility of abortion.