bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nationalism in Latin America
Authors: González Francisco Colom 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Even if the Latin American states belong to the earliest wave of constitutional polities that emerged from the Atlantic revolutions, the conventional literature on nationalism has paid scarce attention to this phenomenon in the region. This entry analyzes the material conditions under which the meaning of “the nation” changed for different social groups throughout the colonial and independent periods. A general periodization and a broad typology of nationalist‐leaning representations is established that reaches from colonial Creole patriotism to contemporary neo‐populist movements.
Native American Literature, Criticism and Theory
Authors: White Frederick 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Native American literature, criticism and theory all encompass numerous indigenous North American nations, cultures and traditions, and when discussing theory and criticism, there are important American and European cultural influences as well. The five most prominent themes across literary, critical, and theoretical genres include identity, sovereignty, self‐governance, land, and perpetuity. A consistent foundation among all the Native American texts, theory, and criticism, from the earliest to the most recent, echoes another famous text, that they are humans endowed by their Creator and thus, afforded rights and recognition as such.
Neocolonialism
Authors: Figler Pete 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Neocolonialism represents the economic, political, and/or cultural domination of formerly colonized nation‐states. After the sweeping decolonization of nations in the mid‐twentieth century, neocolonial policies replaced those of occupying colonizers, helping to retain control over territories still highly dependent on a parent state. Neocolonial policies are often expressed as political and cultural influence; however, they are typically most noticeable as economic controls. Regardless, neocolonialism forces nations into cyclical patterns of dependence. Traces of colonizers remain long after independence.
Nonviolence
Authors: McCarthy Eli Sasaran , Nagler Michael 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry engages the revolutionary theme of nonviolence with special attention to postcolonialism. First, the significant breakthrough and role of Gandhi is explained. Second, the basics and key elements of nonviolence are discussed, along with some ethical implications. Third, the entry explores the degrees of nonviolence in various movements and implications for success. Finally, some attention is given to emerging practices of nonviolence in contemporary society.
Nuestroamericanism
Authors: Hatfield Charles 
Published: June 2017

Abstract“Nuestroamericanism” refers to concepts of cultural and political relativism articulated in José Martí's foundational Latin Americanist essay entitled “Nuestra América” (1891). Martí's essay consolidated a set of programmatic ideas about Latin American culture and politics under the term “nuestra América.” The overarching claim of “nuestra América” is that because Latin America's unique historical and cultural development makes it unassimilable to Eurocentric modernity, the region should reject cultural practices and political institutions derived from foreign models in favor of those born from itself. Whereas many nineteenth‐century intellectuals viewed the region's problems as the result of its failure to fully adopt Eurocentric standards of progress and civilization, or as a consequence of the racial inferiority of its population, Martí argued that it was precisely the imitation of foreign practices and institutions, along with the marginalization of its African and indigenous populations, that caused political unrest and vulnerability to imperialism.
Ottoman Empire
Authors: Mowell Barry D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAt the height of its power in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire controlled most of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and southeastern Europe. Large non‐Turkish populations were absorbed into the empire by conquest, and many of the minority populations were largely pacified for several centuries by the millet system or other means. The concept of the state and the perception that each major ethnic group should have autonomy was popularized by the European Enlightenment and helped give rise to nationalist and secessionist trends within the empire and elsewhere. The Ottomans began to decline due to devolutionary forces and also a series of wars with competitors such as Austria‐Hungary and Russia. The Ottomans initiated reforms including decreasing the power of local rulers via the millet system in favor of more centralized authority. The latter, combined with an upsurge in nationalism among ethnic Turks, further alienated minority populations within the empire and contributed to its collapse.
Phillips, Caryl
Authors: Schatteman Renée 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBorn in St. Kitts (on March 13, 1958), raised in England, and currently residing in the United States, Caryl Phillips has gained significant attention as a postcolonial writer preoccupied with themes of migration, displacement, and the black diaspora. In his proliferation of works – ten novels, four works of nonfiction, and seven plays and screenplays to date – he examines historical patterns of exploitation and oppression by creating storylines that depict a wide range of time periods (from the fifteenth to the twenty‐first century) and settings (the Caribbean, England, Africa, Europe, and the United States).
Populism in Latin America
Authors: Beasley‐Murray Jon 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Latin American postcoloniality involved less the region's decolonization than its
re
colonization. Populism began as the injunction to construct a people that would give life to the otherwise hollow institutions of the new republics. In recolonizing the territory, the framers of political order would also have to deal with the multitude that always already preceded them. Populism combines: a framework of an overriding distinction between people and elite; an analysis that presents this distinction as antagonism rather than mere difference; and a gesture of solidarity with the people, against the elite. Populism is the attempt to construct political unity by positing the people as the basis of political legitimacy, and therefore by displacing or conjuring away a preexisting multitude. However, the multitude has ensured that constituted power in postcolonial times has remained unsettled, hollow, and deserted.
Powell, Patricia
Authors: Frydman Jason 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Patricia Powell is a Jamaica‐born writer whose novels, often inflected with the syntax and rhythms of Jamaican speech, chart the precarious networks of family and intimacy that Jamaicans have improvised from the colonial through the postcolonial period. Marked by differences of race, class, gender, or sexuality, her characters seek these networks to help them find a voice to survive the silences, exclusions, and violence structuring Jamaican society and shadowing its diaspora.
Railways
Authors: Aguiar Marian 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The railways were an integral part of colonial and postcolonial experiences within the global context. This history is as diverse as the imperial histories of the world, but the shared experiences of a single technology present certain themes and constancies. This entry examines the railway as a colonial and postcolonial phenomenon, looking primarily at its socioeconomic, political, and cultural dimensions. Rather than attempt to comprehensively treat each specific context, the entry highlights themes of the global railway in its material and imaginative incarnations. It begins by looking at the railway as a part of empire before turning to its histories within national contexts.
Refugees
Authors: Newns Lucinda 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Refugees have been defined and protected by the framework set out by the UNHCR since 1951. In contrast to other kinds of migrants, refugees are associated with forced migration due to war or political persecution, rather than so‐called economic pull factors. Refugees should be a central preoccupation for postcolonial studies scholars as refugee movements are predominantly caused by the fallout from (neo)colonial regimes and are frequently branded as a “Third World problem.” Also, while affording protection to those granted refugee status, the legal discourse surrounding refugees can also serve to other them in ways that reduce complex individual identities to the label “refugee.”
Republicanism in Latin America
Authors: Gallardo Javier 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The recent republican turn in Latin American political and historiographical studies reveals the influence of republican thought on the foundational processes of many countries in the region. In the disruptive context of independence, and during the subsequent political process, republicanism encountered favorable conditions but also many obstacles in the context of the twofold meaning of the idea of republic: as a political regime based on popular sovereignty, and as a community centered on a civic ethic. Under these conditions,
criollo
republicanism would eventually defend “possible republics,” which meant courting favor from those in power, pursuing various amalgams of freedom and order, and leaving the door open for other political imaginaries inspired by sovereign subjects or extrapolitical rationalities that were hardly compatible with the civic values and common liberties advocated by republicanism. In addition, the foundational republican spirit was exposed to the double impact of the nationalization of Latin American republics and the expansion of a modernizing or integrationist statism.
Roy, Arundhati
Authors: Sinha Suvadip 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Arundhati Roy (1961–), originally a student of architecture, started her writing career as a screenplay writer. Before becoming one of the most popular fiction writers within the canon of post‐Rushdie Indian Anglophone literature, Roy wrote screenplays for films like
In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones
(1989) and
Electric Moon
(1992). Roy is best known for her debut novel
The God of Small Things
(1997), which won the Man Booker Prize and went on to become one of the most successful Indian novels across the world.
Science
Authors: Boyd W. E. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Postcolonial critiques of Western science seek to create a revision of science as a global, postcolonial enterprise, as a science better aligned with the needs of the world's majority populations of non‐Western, non‐middle‐class women, and traditional, ethnic, and indigenous people. Key themes in this critique are: the questioning of a universal science, and of science as an objective, value‐free, and politics‐free enterprise; a rethinking of science as a cultural construction; the alignment of science with the characters and needs of diverse social groups, including non‐Western ethnic people, the working classes, women, and traditional and indigenous people; the role of science in social change, assertion of identity, and empowerment of minorities; the role of science in defining and validating cultural forms of socioenvironmental relationships and identity; and relationships between science and other, often traditional or indigenous, forms of knowledge.
Slavery in Latin America
Authors: Legrás Horacio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Slavery is a social phenomenon traversing all times, cultures, and geographies which is practiced widely even today. The heritage of the slave trade and the uncanny wiping out of many Afro‐Latin American populations at the end of the nineteenth century through either war, criminalization, or pauperization sometimes acquires the characteristic of a veritable intellectual blockade which the current discourse of multiculturalism (which inherits the consolatory function of abolitionism) tries to appease.
Slavery and Slave Narratives
Authors: Brown Christopher M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry describes the major developments in the history of the transatlantic slave trade from its beginnings in the sixteenth century until its abolition in the Americas in 1888, with its primary focus on the United States. It describes the major participants in the enslavement and trading of Africans, the economic imperatives of the trade and the plantation economy, and the conditions of enslavement. It also details the literary genre of the slave narrative, autobiographical accounts of the experience of enslavement. The first literary accounts of slavery begin in the late eighteenth century, and the genre becomes an important testamentary form in the campaign for abolition. Rebutting the prominent justifications for slavery, slave narratives demonstrated the national and authorial competence of enslaved bodies. Narratives by Olaudah Equiano and Frederick Douglass established many of the genre's conventions, and influenced many of the major texts in the African American literary tradition.
Brutus, Dennis
Authors: Hassan‘ Naglaa Saad M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry traces the life and works of Dennis Brutus, the South African poet, scholar and political activist who devoted his life and works to fighting oppression and calling for freedom and justice, not only in apartheid and post‐apartheid South Africa but in the world at large. The entry traces the different developmental stages in Brutus's career shedding light on the technical aspects along with the thematic features of his writing. The fusion of politics and poetry, which comes at the heart of Brutus's works, attests to the ethical as well as the aesthetic role of literature.
Soyinka, Wole
Authors: Stockstill Ellen J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Wole Soyinka is the first black writer and first African writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Soyinka's work is known for the ways it draws on both Yoruban and Western traditions and for the ways it incorporates mythic and metaphysical elements. Although his literary career began in the theater, he has published works in nearly every genre including drama, fiction, poetry, autobiography, and literary, cultural, and political criticism. Soyinka has remained politically active throughout his career and this, at times, has put him in conflict with politicians in his home country.
Sport
Authors: Curto Roxanna Nydia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Postcolonial scholars have become increasingly interested in sports, among the most universally practiced of cultural activities. For many centuries, sports – both traditional and modern – have played a significant role in the development of local, regional, and national identities throughout formerly colonized areas of North America, the Caribbean, Africa and Asia. The study of sport in the postcolonial context can be divided chronologically into four stages: the precolonial era, in which traditional sports dominated; the era of colonization spanning from the end of the nineteenth century to World War II; the time of decolonization and independence, which extends roughly from World War II to the late 1960s; and the subsequent period of globalization and migration, from the 1970s to the present. In postcolonial societies, many of the sports that were once used by colonizers to inculcate Western ideas and values ultimately became instruments of resistance and key components of national culture.
Orientalism
Authors: Ghosh Amrita 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The term “orientalism” has radically shifted in meaning since Edward Said's groundbreaking work
Orientalism
(1979), which inarguably paved the way for the advent of postcolonial studies. Said uses the term to explain the ideological structures inherited by the Western world from the non‐Western world with a certain kind of hegemonic, ontological, epistemological, and coercive domination. The two binaries of “the Orient” and “the Occident” are thus always maintained through this kind of ontological distinction, and it is important to note that these categories are not “inert” monolithic constructions. Using Foucauldian discourse analysis, Said's seminal work points out the prevalent orientalist discourse in the Western world that emerged roughly around the eighteenth century, when the Orient gained a certain currency in representation – an image of inferiority in comparison with the European “civilized” world.
US Imperialism and Neo‐Imperialism
Authors: Parikh Crystal 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The United States has long been represented in terms of “American exceptionalism.” As a result, it has often been omitted from the study of imperialism. This entry on US imperialism and neo‐imperialism provides an overview of the history of US expansionism and the nation's ascendance as an international power. It also describes how the cultural and political representation of American exceptionalism has been a central feature of US imperialism and neo‐imperialism.
Vargas Llosa, Mario
Authors: Cameron John H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMario Vargos Llosa (b. 1936) is a Peruvian writer, professor, journalist, essayist, satirist, and the recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature. A key figure in the Latin American Boom, Vargos Llosa's work, while grounded in Peruvian history and politics, is also playful and postmodernist in style and design. His fiction and nonfiction work, such as forEl PaísandLetras Libres, continue to inspire many both in Latin America and throughout the world.
Vijayan, O. V.
Authors: Pillai Sharon 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

O. V. Vijayan was a path‐breaking novelist and short‐story writer whose critical and creative works contributed richly to the canons of modern Malayalam and Indian literature. In fact, his debut novel,
Khasakkinte Itihasam
, is often considered the original inspiration for modernist experimental writing in Malayalam. Though Vijayan's ideological beliefs underwent a sea‐change – from his communist commitment at the beginning to Hindu spirituo‐philosophical convictions later in life – what remains a constant in his work is a relentless attempt to push at the boundaries of his craft and criticism in search of new expression and deeper meaning. The boldness, beauty, honesty, and profundity of his writings has made Vijayan one of the most important figures of modern Indian literature.
Wiredu, Kwasi
Authors: Osha Sanya 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Kwasi Wiredu is one of Africa's foremost philosophers and his most significant contributions to the discipline are in the areas of logic, epistemology, and African philosophy. Wiredu's contribution to the making of modern African thought provides an interesting insight into the processes involved in formulation of postcolonial disciplines and discourses, and it can also be conceived as a counter‐articulation to the hegemonic discourses of colonialism. Through his project of conceptual decolonization, Wiredu advocates a reexamination of current African epistemic foundations in order to accomplish two main objectives. First, he seeks to undermine unacceptable aspects of indigenous cultures embedded in modern African thought so as to make it more sustainable. Second, he intends to subvert the unnecessary Western epistemologies to be found in African philosophical practices.
Economic feasibility of Campylobacter‐reduced chicken: Do consumers have high willingness to pay?
Authors: Kawata Yukichika , Watanabe Masahide 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe apply a choice experiment to estimate additional willingness to pay for Campylobacter‐reduced chicken compared with normal chicken. We select Japanese consumers as an example because Japan is the world's largest chicken importer. The additional willingness to pay is estimated to be 38.87 JPY (about 0.39 USD)/150 g (when food poisoning levels reduced from 1/500 to 1/1,000) and 80.29 JPY (about 0.80 USD)/150 g (1/2,000). These values are high enough to cover additional associated costs, implying that producers’ spontaneous provision of Campylobacter‐reduced chicken is feasible. Our study is the first to confirm this fact. In addition, we elucidate consumers’ characteristics that push up additional willingness to pay, thereby drawing useful implications for promoting safer chicken. Good progress in providing safer chicken in Japan would create more global business opportunities for companies and might trigger expansion of pathogen‐reduced table meat worldwide. [EconLit citations: Q13, Q18]
Sorption and diffusion of gold and silver nanoparticles in solution through nitrile rubber membrane
Authors: Zemzem Mohamed , Vinches Ludwig , Hallé Stéphane 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTMechanical and physical properties of the rubber material may be affected by swelling when brought into contact with solutions of engineered nanoparticles (ENP). As the rubber swells in the liquid carrier of the ENP, the polymeric chains of the network expand and the ENP can penetrate the structure being carried by the diffusion of the liquid. The aim of this work is to assess the influence of ENP and evaluate the effect of additives present in the solutions on the diffusion process through a rubbery structure. Swelling of membrane material specimens was evaluated by measuring mass gain and liquid diffusion was then deduced. The present study focuses on the contact of nitrile rubber membranes with commercial gold ENP (5 and 50 nm in diameter) and silver ENP (50 nm) in MilliQ water. Swelling tests were also conducted with MilliQ water and filtrates (the solutions from which the ENP were extracted). Results show that the diffusion coefficients of all the solutions of ENP are slightly different and are around 1.2 × 10−10 cm2 s−1. However, it should be noted that these coefficients are notably higher for the filtrates and reach 2.4 × 10−10 cm2 s−1 for the filtrate of the silver ENP. This result underscores the effect of the ENP on the liquid penetration process. We also found that the ENP has a noticeable effect on the Fickian diffusion mechanism of the penetrant; it was noticed that the presence of these nanoparticles lowers the diffusion mechanism index. Moreover, the size of the nanoparticles was found to have an impact on the diffusion coefficient of the solutions as well as their solubility. These findings help to better understand the diffusion phenomenon of the ENP through nitrile membrane materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45350.