bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and endothelin‐1 expression correlates with angiogenesis in congenital heart disease
Authors: Yin Hsin‐Ling , Luo Chi‐Wen , Dai Zen‐Kong , Shaw Kai‐Ping , Chai Chee‐Yin , Wu Chun‐Chieh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn Taiwan, the average prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) is 13.08/1000 live births. Most children with CHD die before the age of 5 years; therefore, identifying treatment methods to extend the life of CHD patients is an important issue in clinical practice. The objective of this study is to evaluate the roles of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), and CD34 in CHD autopsy cases in comparison with autopsy cases without CHD. The study included 19 autopsy cases, which were divided into the following four groups: acyanotic CHD (n = 11), cyanotic CHD (n = 3), CHD associated with chromosomal abnormalities (n = 3), and complex CHD (n = 2). Heart specimens obtained from 10 autopsy cases without CHD were included as controls. Our results indicated that high percentages of HIF‐1α (100%), VEGF (89.5%), iNOS (78.9%), and ET‐1 (84.2%) expressions were observed in CHD autopsy cases and this was found to be significant. HIF‐1α induced by hypoxia could play a potential role in relating downstream gene expressions in CHD patients. Upregulation of VEGF by HIF‐1α could play an important role in triggering angiogenesis to protect myocardial cell survival in a hypoxic microenvironment. Therefore, HIF‐1α could be a significant prognosis marker in CHD and be a prospective candidate in the development of target therapy in cardiovascular diseases.
Institutional Ownership and Corporate Philanthropic Giving in an Emerging Economy
Authors: Song Yuanyang , Gianiodis Peter T. , Li Yuanxu 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, we examine the effect of institutional ownership on corporate philanthropy in China, an emerging economy. Employing stakeholder identification and salience theory, we posit that institutional ownership positively influences corporate philanthropy, which varies for different types of institutional investors. We further argue that institutional ownership's influence is stronger when philanthropy is aligned with firm goals. Using data from Chinese publicly listed firms, we find a positive effect of institutional ownership on philanthropy, and this effect is stronger for domestic institutional owners when compared to foreign institutional owners, and long-term when compared to short-term institutional owners. We also find that the positive influence of institutional ownership is stronger in private firms and in regions with low institutional development – situations characterizing high alignment between philanthropy and firm goals. Our findings highlight the important role of institutional investors on corporate philanthropy decisions, which have implications for scholars studying and policy makers enacting corporate governance in emerging economies.
The First Global Merger Wave and the Enigma of Chinese Performance
Authors: McCarthy Killian J. , Dolfsma Wilfred , Weitzel Utz 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe first five merger waves were US-led events. In this article we show that the largely over-looked sixth wave (2003–2008) emerged in all regions simultaneously. Because of this, and building upon interconnected literatures – which: (1) suggests that agency is a big predictor of merger performance; (2) distinguishes between three distinct governance traditions; and (3) argues that theAnglo-Saxonsystem puts the most effort into protecting investors and aligning interests, and theConfuciansystem the least – we predicted thatAnglo-Saxonacquirers would create value in the sixth wave, andConfucianacquirers would destroy it. We find the opposite to be true and show that Chinese acquirers, in particular, created the most value in the sixth wave. In attempting to explain why, we find that China outperformed its Asian neighbors while doing the same thing, and outperformed its Western peers while doing what the literature suggests that they shouldn't do. This not only points to the limits of the generalizability of the existing literature, but supports the suggestion that Chinese acquirers are ‘different’. We call, therefore, for additional research into understanding Chinese and Confucian acquirers using the standard comparative merger data.
Tradiciones, paradigmas y escuelas
Authors: Triviño Ascensión Hernández 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAfter “discovering” a New World at the end of the 15th century, missionaries soon began to produce grammars of the languages spoken there. It can be said that ‘missionary linguistics’ was born and thus the nature of the American languages was becoming known. In this paper the author proposes to analyse a corpus of fifty-six grammars from Mesoamerica, i.e., the central region of the American continent. In the analysis, the author distinguishes five schools according to the established religious orders in New Spain: Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit, Augustinian, and the secular Church. Although the grammars written in these schools are almost exclusively based on the Latin tradition, many of them contain innovative descriptions of the specific structures found in these Mesoamerican languages.
“Sanskrit has guided me to the Finnish language”
Authors: Sommer Łukasz 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Herman Kellgren (1822–1856) was a Finnish Orientalist and national activist. He lived and worked at a time when the cultural and intellectual life of Finland was still dominated by Swedish, while Finnish, the majority language, was just beginning to make its way into the sphere of high culture and education. At an early stage of his career, Kellgren published several works on the Finnish language, in which national engagement meets fascination with Sanskrit. His accounts of Finnish are clearly evaluative; they seek to raise interest in Finnish and promote its prestige, both at home and abroad. One of the more significant inspirations discernible in his works on Finnish was the language philosophy of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). One of the challenges of the endeavor to describe Finnish in Humboldtian terms was determining the status of Finnish within Humboldtian hierarchies of language perfection – hierarchies which clearly favored inflection (as exemplified by Sanskrit) as a grammatical procedure and disfavored agglutination which is characteristic for Finnish. In his efforts to remain true to the spirit of Humboldt, and to present Finnish in a positive light, Kellgren insisted on labeling it as inflected rather than agglutinative.
Rationality of Choices in Subsidized Crop Insurance Markets
Authors: Du Xiaodong , Feng Hongli , Hennessy David A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe U.S. crop insurance market has several features that set it apart from other insurance markets. These include explicit government subsidies with an average premium subsidy rate of about 60% in recent years, and the legislative requirement that premium rates be set at actuarially fair levels, where the federal government sets rates and pays all costs related to insurance policy sales and services. Bearing these features in mind, we examine the extent to which farmers’ crop insurance choices conform to economic theory. A standard expected utility maximization framework is constructed to analyze trade‐offs between higher risk protection and larger subsidy payments. We decompose the effect of coverage level on expected utility into insurance, premium loading, and subsidy transfer effects where the loading effect vanishes if rates are actuarially fair. Given an actuarially fair premium, we infer that a rational farmer should choose either the coverage level with the highest premium subsidy or a higher coverage level. Evidence from a large insurance unit‐level dataset contradicts this theoretical inference, and so suggests anomalous insurance decisions. In a novel application of the mixed logit framework, we show that the probability an insurance product is chosen declines as out‐of‐pocket premium expenditures increase, even though higher values of these expenditures should reflect improved grower welfare. Premium expenditures appear to be more salient than the uncertain future benefits they support. We apply our regression to the recent trend yield adjustment innovation in crop insurance.
Effects of water on fingernail electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry
Authors: Zhang Tengda , Zhao Zhixin , Zhang Haiying , Zhai Hezheng , Ruan Shuzhou , Jiao Ling , Zhang Wenyi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a promising biodosimetric method, and fingernails are sensitive biomaterials to ionizing radiation. Therefore, kinetic energy released per unit mass (kerma) can be estimated by measuring the level of free radicals within fingernails, using EPR. However, to date this dosimetry has been deficient and insufficiently accurate. In the sampling processes and measurements, water plays a significant role. This paper discusses many effects of water on fingernail EPR dosimetry, including disturbance to EPR measurements and two different effects on the production of free radicals. Water that is unable to contact free radicals can promote the production of free radicals due to indirect ionizing effects. Therefore, varying water content within fingernails can lead to varying growth rates in the free radical concentration after irradiation—these two variables have a linear relationship, with a slope of 1.8143. Thus, EPR dosimetry needs to be adjusted according to the water content of the fingernails of an individual. When the free radicals are exposed to water, the eliminating effect will appear. Therefore, soaking fingernail pieces in water before irradiation, as many researchers have previously done, can cause estimation errors. In addition, nails need to be dehydrated before making accurately quantitative EPR measurements.
Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Access Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Coinfected People Who Inject Drugs in Guangzhou, China: Implications for HCV Treatment Expansion
Authors: Chu Carissa E. , Wu Feng , He Xi , Zhou Kali , Cheng Yu , Cai Weiping , Geng Elvin , Volberding Paul , Tucker Joseph D. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Background.  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment access among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected people who inject drugs is poor, despite a high burden of disease in this population. Understanding barriers and facilitators to HCV treatment uptake is critical to the implementation of new direct-acting antivirals.
Methods.  We conducted in-depth interviews with patients, physicians, and social workers at an HIV treatment facility and methadone maintenance treatment centers in Guangzhou, China to identify barriers and facilitators to HCV treatment. We included patients who were in various stages of HCV treatment and those who were not treated. We used standard qualitative methods and organized data into themes.
Results.  Interview data from 29 patients, 8 physicians, and 3 social workers were analyzed. Facilitators and barriers were organized according to a modified Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research schematic. Facilitators included patient trust in physicians, hope for a cure, peer networks, and social support. Barriers included ongoing drug use, low HCV disease knowledge, fragmented reimbursement systems, HIV exceptionalism, and stigma.
Conclusions.  Expanding existing harm reduction programs, HIV treatment programs, and social services may facilitate scale-up of direct-acting antivirals globally. Improving integration of ancillary social and mental health services within existing HIV care systems may facilitate HCV treatment access.
Effect of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcome in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure*
Authors: Deep Akash , Stewart Claire E. , Dhawan Anil , Douiri Abdel 
Published: June 2016

Objectives:
To establish the effect of continuous renal replacement therapy on outcome in pediatric acute liver failure.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Sixteen-bed PICU in a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital and specialist liver centre.

Patients:
All children (0–18 yr) admitted to PICU with pediatric acute liver failure between January 2003 and December 2013.

Interventions:
Children with pediatric acute liver failure were managed according to a set protocol. The guidelines for continuous renal replacement therapy in pediatric acute liver failure were changed in 2011 following preliminary results to indicate the earlier use of continuous renal replacement therapy for both renal dysfunction and detoxification.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of 165 children admitted with pediatric acute liver failure, 136 met the inclusion criteria and 45 of these received continuous renal replacement therapy prior to transplantation or recovery. Of the children managed with continuous renal replacement therapy, 26 (58%) survived: 19 were successfully bridged to liver transplantation and 7 spontaneously recovered. Cox proportional hazards regression model clearly showed reducing hyperammonemia by 48 hours after initiating continuous renal replacement therapy significantly improved survival (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.013–1.073; p = 0.004). On average, for every 10% decrease in ammonia from baseline at 48 hours, the likelihood of survival increased by 50%. Time to initiate continuous renal replacement therapy from PICU admission was lower in survivors compared to nonsurvivors (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.916–1.007; p = 0.095). Change in practice to initiate early and high-dose continuous renal replacement therapy led to increased survival with maximum effect being visible in the first 14 days (HR, 3; 95% CI, 1.0–10.3; p = 0.063). Among children with pediatric acute liver failure who did not receive a liver transplant, use of continuous renal replacement therapy significantly improved survival (HR, 4; 95% CI, 1.5–11.6; p = 0.006).

Conclusion:
Continuous renal replacement therapy can be used successfully in critically ill children with pediatric acute liver failure to provide stability and bridge to transplantation. Inability to reduce ammonia by 48 hours confers poor prognosis. Continuous renal replacement therapy should be considered at an early stage to help prevent further deterioration and buy time for potential spontaneous recovery or bridge to liver transplantation.
Structure, Organization, and Delivery of Critical Care in Asian ICUs*
Authors: Arabi Yaseen M. , Phua Jason , Koh Younsuck , Du Bin , Faruq Mohammad Omar , Nishimura Masaji , Fang Wen-Feng , Gomersall Charles , Al Rahma Hussain N. , Tamim Hani , Al-Dorzi Hasan M. , Al-Hameed Fahad M. , Adhikari Neill K. J. , Sadat Musharaf 
Published: June 2016

Objectives:
Despite being the epicenter of recent pandemics, little is known about critical care in Asia. Our objective was to describe the structure, organization, and delivery in Asian ICUs.

Design:
A web-based survey with the following domains: hospital organizational characteristics, ICU organizational characteristics, staffing, procedures and therapies available in the ICU and written protocols and policies.

Setting:
ICUs from 20 Asian countries from April 2013 to January 2014. Countries were divided into low-, middle-, and high-income based on the 2011 World Bank Classification.

Subjects:
ICU directors or representatives.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of 672 representatives, 335 (50%) responded. The average number of hospital beds was 973 (se of the mean [sem], 271) with 9% (sem, 3%) being ICU beds. In the index ICUs, the average number of beds was 21 (sem, 3), of single rooms 8 (sem, 2), of negative-pressure rooms 3 (sem, 1), and of board-certified intensivists 7 (sem, 3). Most ICUs (65%) functioned as closed units. The nurse-to-patient ratio was 1:1 or 1:2 in most ICUs (84%). On multivariable analysis, single rooms were less likely in low-income countries (p = 0.01) and nonreferral hospitals (p = 0.01); negative-pressure rooms were less likely in private hospitals (p = 0.03) and low-income countries (p = 0.005); 1:1 nurse-to-patient ratio was lower in private hospitals (p = 0.005); board-certified intensivists were less common in low-income countries (p < 0.0001) and closed ICUs were less likely in private (p = 0.02) and smaller hospitals (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
This survey highlights considerable variation in critical care structure, organization, and delivery in Asia, which was related to hospital funding source and size, and country income. The lack of single and negative-pressure rooms in many Asian ICUs should be addressed before any future pandemic of severe respiratory illness.
Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars: Pathophysiology, Classification, and Treatment
Authors: Berman Brian , Maderal Andrea , Raphael Brian 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND
Keloid and hypertrophic scars represent an aberrant response to the wound healing process. These scars are characterized by dysregulated growth with excessive collagen formation, and can be cosmetically and functionally disruptive to patients.

OBJECTIVE
Objectives are to describe the pathophysiology of keloid and hypertrophic scar, and to compare differences with the normal wound healing process. The classification of keloids and hypertrophic scars are then discussed. Finally, various treatment options including prevention, conventional therapies, surgical therapies, and adjuvant therapies are described in detail.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature review was performed identifying relevant publications pertaining to the pathophysiology, classification, and treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars.

RESULTS
Though the pathophysiology of keloid and hypertrophic scars is not completely known, various cytokines have been implicated, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10, as well as various growth factors including transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor. Numerous treatments have been studied for keloid and hypertrophic scars,which include conventional therapies such as occlusive dressings, compression therapy, and steroids; surgical therapies such as excision and cryosurgery; and adjuvant and emerging therapies including radiation therapy, interferon, 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, tacrolimus, sirolimus, bleomycin, doxorubicin, transforming growth factor-beta, epidermal growth factor, verapamil, retinoic acid, tamoxifen, botulinum toxin A, onion extract, silicone-based camouflage, hydrogel scaffold, and skin tension offloading device.

CONCLUSION
Keloid and hypertrophic scars remain a challenging condition, with potential cosmetic and functional consequences to patients. Several therapies exist which function through different mechanisms. Better understanding into the pathogenesis will allow for development of newer and more targeted therapies in the future.
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Disease Course and Long-Term Visual Outcome
Authors: Brody Judith , Hellmann Mark A. , Marignier Romain , Lotan Itay , Stiebel-Kalish Hadas 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease that classically manifests as attacks of optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM). The prevalence, course, and severity of NMOSD vary considerably. Few studies report the neuro-ophthalmologic disease course and visual outcome.

Objective:
We sought to describe the course and long-term visual outcome in a cohort of NMOSD patients treated in a single tertiary referral center.

Methods:
The database was searched for all patients with NMOSD who were treated in our center from 2005 to 2014. Data collected included detailed visual outcome, grade of final visual disability, neuroimaging, and results of optical coherence tomography. Details on relapses, acute episodes, and maintenance therapies were recorded.

Results:
Of the 12 patients with NMOSD who were followed for a mean duration of 9.06 years, 10 (83%) were women. Mean age at presentation was 33.90 ± 16.94 years. Patients with acute attacks were treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone and offered immunosuppressive maintenance. ON occurred in 18 eyes of 12 patients, with a cumulative total of 37 ON episodes. At the end of the follow-up period, no patient had become legally blind and only 1 patient had lost her driver's license. Pain associated with acute ON was common (83%), whereas optic disc edema was a rare finding in our patient cohort (6%).

Conclusions:
In this retrospective series of 12 patients with NMOSD, followed for a mean of 9.06 years, acute-phase treatment was given within 8 days of relapse, followed by maintenance therapy. Functional visual outcome, as measured by the World Health Organization/International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision visual disability scale was better than reported in previous studies and driver's license was preserved in 11 of 12 patients. Pain accompanied 83% of ON attacks and may not aid differentiating multiple sclerosis from NMOSD-related ON.
Inference of Transmission Network Structure from HIV Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: Giardina Federica , Romero-Severson Ethan Obie , Albert Jan , Britton Tom , Leitner Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPhylogenetic inference is an attractive mean to reconstruct transmission histories and epidemics. As the interest lies in how HIV-1 spread in a human population, many previous studies have ignored details about the evolutionary process of the pathogen. Because phylogenetics investigates the evolutionary history of the pathogen rather than the spread between hosts per se, we first investigated the effects of including a within-host evolutionary model in epidemiological simulations. In particular, we investigated if the resulting phvlogenv could recover different types of contact networks. To further improve realism, we also introduced patient-specific differences in infectivitv across disease stages, and on the epidemic level we considered incomplete sampling and the age of the epidemic. Second, we implemented an inference method based on approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to discriminate among three well-studied network models and jointly estimate both network parameters and key epidemiological quantities such as the infection rate. Our ABC framework used both topological and distance-based tree statistics for comparison between simulated and observed trees. Overall, our simulations showed that a virus time-scaled phvlogenv (genealogy) may be substantially different from the between-host transmission tree. This has important implications for the interpretation of what a phvlogenv reveals about the underlying epidemic contact network. In particular, we found that while the within-host evolutionary process obscures the transmission tree, the diversification process and infectivitv dynamics also add discriminatory power to differentiate between different types of contact networks. We also found that the possibility to differentiate contact networks depends on how far an epidemic has progressed, where distance-based tree statistics have more power early in an epidemic. Finally, we applied our ABC inference on two different outbreaks from the Swedish HIV-1 epidemic.