bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using GPS radio occultations to infer the water vapor feedback
Authors: Vergados Panagiotis , Mannucci Anthony J. , Ao Chi O. , Fetzer Eric J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe air refractive index at L‐band frequencies depends on the air's water vapor content and density. Exploiting this relationship, we derive for the first time a theoretical model to infer the specific humidity response to surface temperature variations, dq/dTs, given knowledge of how the air refractive index and temperature vary with surface temperature. We validate this model by using 1.2–1.6 GHz Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPS RO) observations from 2007 to 2010 at 250 hPa, where the water vapor feedback on surface warming is strongest. The dq/dTs estimation from GPS RO observations shows excellent agreement with previously published results and the responses estimated by using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and the NASA's Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications data sets. Because of their high sensitivity to fractional changes in water vapor, current and future GPS RO observations show great promise in monitoring climate feedback and their trends.
Individual particle morphology, coatings, and impurities of black carbon aerosols in Antarctic ice and tropical rainfall
Authors: Ellis Aja , Edwards Ross , Saunders Martin , Chakrabarty Rajan K. , Subramanian R. , Timms Nicholas E. , van Riessen Arie , Smith Andrew M. , Lambrinidis Dionisia , Nunes Laurie J. , Vallelonga Paul , Goodwin Ian D. , Moy Andrew D. , Curran Mark A. J. , van Ommen Tas D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosols are a large source of climate warming, impact atmospheric chemistry, and are implicated in large‐scale changes in atmospheric circulation. Inventories of BC emissions suggest significant changes in the global BC aerosol distribution due to human activity. However, little is known regarding BC's atmospheric distribution or aged particle characteristics before the twentieth century. Here we investigate the prevalence and structural properties of BC particles in Antarctic ice cores from 1759, 1838, and 1930 Common Era (C.E.) using transmission electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The study revealed an unexpected diversity in particle morphology, insoluble coatings, and association with metals. In addition to conventionally occurring BC aggregates, we observed single BC monomers, complex aggregates with internally, and externally mixed metal and mineral impurities, tar balls, and organonitrogen coatings. The results of the study show BC particles in the remote Antarctic atmosphere exhibit complexity that is unaccounted for in atmospheric models of BC.
Temperature dependence of the zeta potential in intact natural carbonates
Authors: Al Mahrouqi Dawoud , Vinogradov Jan , Jackson Matthew D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe zeta potential is a measure of the electrical charge on mineral surfaces and is an important control on subsurface geophysical monitoring, adsorption of polar species in aquifers, and rock wettability. We report the first measurements of zeta potential in intact, water‐saturated, natural carbonate samples at temperatures up to 120°C. The zeta potential is negative and decreases in magnitude with increasing temperature at low ionic strength (0.01 M NaCl, comparable to potable water) but is independent of temperature at high ionic strength (0.5 M NaCl, comparable to seawater). The equilibrium calcium concentration resulting from carbonate dissolution also increases with increasing temperature at low ionic strength but is independent of temperature at high ionic strength. The temperature dependence of the zeta potential is correlated with the temperature dependence of the equilibrium calcium concentration and shows a Nernstian linear relationship. Our findings are applicable to many subsurface carbonate rocks at elevated temperature.
A global view of atmospheric ice particle complexity
Authors: Schmitt Carl G. , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Connolly Paul , Järvinen Emma , Schnaiter Martin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAtmospheric ice particles exist in a variety of shapes and sizes. Single hexagonal crystals like common hexagonal plates and columns are possible, but more frequently, atmospheric ice particles are much more complex. Ice particle shapes have a substantial impact on many atmospheric processes through fall speed, affecting cloud lifetime, to radiative properties, affecting energy balance to name a few. This publication builds on earlier work where a technique was demonstrated to separate single crystals and aggregates of crystals using particle imagery data from aircraft field campaigns. Here data from 10 field programs have been analyzed and ice particle complexity parameterized by cloud temperature for arctic, midlatitude (summer and frontal), and tropical cloud systems. Results show that the transition from simple to complex particles can be as small as 80 µm or as large as 400 µm depending on conditions. All regimes show trends of decreasing transition size with decreasing temperature.
New discoveries from MESSENGER and insights into Mercury's exosphere
Authors: Vervack R. J. , Killen R. M. , McClintock W. E. , Merkel A. W. , Burger M. H. , Cassidy T. A. , Sarantos M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFor most of the orbital phase of the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission, a regular search for weakly emitting or less abundant species in Mercury's exosphere resulted in nondetections. However, during the final Earth year of the mission, emission from multiple lines of manganese, aluminum, and ionized calcium was detected. These observations validate the detection of a single line of ionized calcium during the third MESSENGER Mercury flyby, provide definitive confirmation for weak aluminum detections in ground‐based observations, and represent the discovery of manganese in Mercury's exosphere. These detections occurred over a limited range of predawn local times and Mercury true anomaly angles (0°–70°), and each has a distinct spatial distribution. Equally interesting is the absence of detectable emission from oxygen at limits well below the levels reported for Mariner 10.
Midlatitude atmospheric responses to Arctic sensible heat flux anomalies in Community Climate Model, Version 4
Authors: Mills Catrin M. , Cassano John J. , Cassano Elizabeth N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPossible linkages between Arctic sea ice loss and midlatitude weather are strongly debated in the literature. We analyze a coupled model simulation to assess the possibility of Arctic ice variability forcing a midlatitude response, ensuring consistency between atmosphere, ocean, and ice components. We work with weekly running mean daily sensible heat fluxes with the self‐organizing map technique to identify Arctic sensible heat flux anomaly patterns and the associated atmospheric response, without the need of metrics to define the Arctic forcing or measure the midlatitude response. We find that low‐level warm anomalies during autumn can build planetary wave patterns that propagate downstream into the midlatitudes, creating robust surface cold anomalies in the eastern United States.
Drift paths of ions composing multiple‐nose spectral structures near the inner edge of the plasma sheet
Authors: Ferradas C. P. , Zhang J.‐C. , Spence H. E. , Kistler L. M. , Larsen B. A. , Reeves G. , Skoug R. , Funsten H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe present a case study of the H+, He+, and O+ multiple‐nose structures observed by the Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron instrument on board Van Allen Probe A over one complete orbit on 28 September 2013. Nose structures are observed near the inner edge of the plasma sheet and constitute the signatures of ion drift in the highly dynamic environment of the inner magnetosphere. We find that the multiple noses are intrinsically associated with variations in the solar wind. Backward ion drift path tracings show new details of the drift trajectories of these ions; i.e., multiple noses are formed by ions with a short drift time from the assumed source location to the inner region and whose trajectories (1) encircle the Earth different number of times or (2) encircle the Earth equal number of times but with different drift time, before reaching the observation site.
Synoptic and quantitative attributions of the extreme precipitation leading to the August 2016 Louisiana flood
Authors: Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Zhao Lin , Gillies Robert R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe catastrophic August 2016 flood in the U.S. state of Louisiana was a result of intense precipitation produced by a slow‐moving tropical low‐pressure system interacting with an eastward traveling baroclinic trough to the north. While tropical‐midlatitude interactions of this nature are rare, they are not unprecedented. Analyses presented point toward the tendency for more and perhaps stronger upper level troughs propagating out of the western U.S. in summer; these then have an increasing potential to cross paths with low‐pressure systems that form around the Gulf Coast. Combined with the projected increase in precipitable water, resulting precipitation magnitude would increase. Large‐ensemble modeling indicates that the prospect of future tropical‐midlatitude interactions is a scenario that Louisiana will face in the future, while regional simulations estimate that the climate warming since 1985 may have increased the event precipitation (11–14 August 2016) on the order of 20%, all of which allude to a conceivable forecast of nonhurricane‐related, warm season extreme precipitation in the Gulf Coast states.
Lithospheric structure beneath the northern Central Andean Plateau from the joint inversion of ambient noise and earthquake‐generated surface waves
Authors: Ward Kevin M. , Zandt George , Beck Susan L. , Wagner Lara S. , Tavera Hernando 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Central Andean Plateau (CAP), as defined by elevations in excess of 3 km, extends over 1800 km along the active South American Cordilleran margin making it the second largest active orogenic plateau on Earth. The uplift history of this high Plateau, with an average elevation around 4 km above sea level, remains uncertain as paleoelevation studies along the CAP suggest a complex, nonuniform uplift history. As part of the Central Andean Uplift and the Geodynamics of High Topography (CAUGHT) project, we image the S wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle using surface waves measured from ambient noise and teleseismic earthquakes to investigate the upper mantle component of plateau uplift. We observe three main features in our S wave velocity model including (1) a positive velocity perturbation associated with the subducting Nazca slab; (2) a negative velocity perturbation below the sub‐Andean crust that we interpret as anisotropic Brazilian cratonic lithosphere; and (3) a high‐velocity feature in the mantle above the slab that extends along the length of the Altiplano from the base of the Moho to a depth of ~120 km. A strong spatial correlation exists between the lateral extent of this high‐velocity feature and the relatively lower elevations of the Altiplano basin suggesting a potential relationship. Determining if this high‐velocity feature represents a small lithospheric root or foundering of orogenic lithosphere requires more integration of observations, but either interpretation implies a strong geodynamic connection with the uppermost mantle and the current topography of the northern CAP.
Pulsed growth of the West Qinling at ~30 Ma in northeastern Tibet: Evidence from Lanzhou Basin magnetostratigraphy and provenance
Authors: Wang Weitao , Zhang Peizhen , Liu Caicai , Zheng Dewen , Yu Jingxing , Zheng Wenjun , Wang Yizhou , Zhang Huiping , Chen Xiuyan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe development of Cenozoic basins in the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau is central to understanding the dynamics of plateau growth. Here we present a magnetostratigraphy from the Lanzhou Basin, dating the terrestrial deposits from the Eocene (~47 Ma) to the middle Miocene (~15 Ma). The stratigraphic observation, palocurrent, and sediment provenance analysis suggest that the Lanzhou Basin (subbasin of the Longzhong Basin) probably initiated as a topographically enclosed depression during Eocene to early Oligocene (~47–30 Ma). We suspect that right‐lateral transtensional deformation inherited from the Cretaceous may result in formation of the Lanzhou Basin at the Eocene. Subsequently, changes in paleocurrent, sandstone and conglomerate compositions and detrital zircon provenance reflect the pulsed growth of the West Qinling at ~30 Ma, which triggered not only the formation of new flexural subsidence to the north of the West Qinling, but also renewed subsidence of Lanzhou Basin into the broad foreland basin system. We compare this growth history with major NE Tibet deformation and suggest that it may result from northeastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau due to the onset of Altyn Tagh Fault activity at Oligocene.
Distinct effects of obesity and puberty on risk and age at onset of pediatric MS
Authors: Chitnis Tanuja , Graves Jennifer , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Belman Anita , Olsen Cody , Misra Madhusmita , Aaen Gregory , Benson Leslie , Candee Meghan , Gorman Mark , Greenberg Benjamin , Krupp Lauren , Lotze Timothy , Mar Soe , Ness Jayne , Rose John , Rubin Jennifer , Schreiner Teri , Tillema Jan , Waldman Amy , Rodriguez Moses , Casper Charlie , Waubant Emmanuelle ,   the U.S. Network of Pediatric MS Centers
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the relative contributions of body mass index (BMI) and pubertal measures for risk and age of onset of pediatric MS.MethodsCase–control study of 254 (63% female) MS cases (onset<18 years of age) and 420 (49% female) controls conducted at 14 U.S. Pediatric MS Centers. Sex‐ and age‐stratified BMI percentiles were calculated using CDC growth charts from height and weight measured at enrollment for controls, and within 1 year of onset for MS cases. Sex‐stratified associations between MS risk and age at symptom onset with both BMI and pubertal factors were estimated controlling for race and ethnicity.ResultsOnly 11% of girls and 15% of boys were prepubertal (Tanner stage I) at MS onset. 80% of girls had onset of MS after menarche. BMI percentiles were higher in MS cases versus controls (girls: P < 0.001; boys: P = 0.018). BMI was associated with odds of MS in multivariate models in postpubertal girls (OR = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12, 2.27, P = 0.009) and boys (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.88, P = 0.011). In girls with MS onset after menarche, higher BMI was associated with younger age at first symptoms (P = 0.031). Younger menarche was associated with stronger effects of BMI through mediation and interaction analysis. In pubertal/postpubertal boys, 89% of whom were obese/overweight, earlier sexual maturity was associated with earlier onset of MS (P < 0.001).InterpretationHigher BMI in early adolescence is a risk factor for MS in girls and boys. Earlier age at sexual maturity contributes to earlier age at MS onset, particularly in association with obesity.
Urinary metabolomics of complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced hyperalgesia in rats
Authors: Liu Yang , Chen Hui , Lu Jun , Jiang Youshui , Yang Rui , Gao Songyan , Dong Xin , Chen Wei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to demonstrate the differences of metabolomics changes in a hyperalgesia model and find potent biomarkers of hyperalgesia. Seven rats were placed in metabolic cages. An emulsion containing 500 μg of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was used to induce hyperalgesia. Urine samples were collected prior to the injection of CFA and on post‐injection days 1, 3 and 7. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography, coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS), was used for a quantitative analysis of urinary metabolic changes in the CFA‐induced hyperalgesia model. Differences between the metabolic profiles of the rats in the four groups were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Thirty‐four potential urine metabolite biomarkers were identified, which changed in a trend similar to the pain threshold. These potential biomarkers were involved in 11 metabolic pathways, as follows: alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; ascorbate and aldarate metabolism; glycerolipid metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism; histidine metabolism; phenylalanine metabolism; sphingolipid metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; tyrosine metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and vitamin B6 metabolism. These results may improve our understanding of hyperalgesia and provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis of hyperalgesia.
Long‐term results of definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy using paclitaxel plus oxaliplatin in unresectable locally advanced esophageal cancer: a prospective phase II trial
Authors: Song Tao , Zhang Xuebang , Fang Min , Zhao Ruping , Wu Shixiu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis prospective study aimed at assessing the efficiency and safety of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) using paclitaxel (PTX) plus oxaliplatin (OHP) in unresectable locally advanced esophageal cancer patients. Between January 2006 and December 2010, 34 patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal cancer were enrolled in this study. Radiotherapy was delivered with a daily fraction of 2.0 Gy to a total dose of 60 Gy over 6 weeks. Concurrent PTX (135 mg/m², d1) and OHP (130 mg/m², d1) were administered on Day 1 and Day 29 of radiotherapy. Of these patients, 76.5% completed the treatment course with a response rate of 73.5%, including eight (23.5%) patients with complete response and 17 (50.0%) patients with partial response. The median overall survival (OS) time was 23.7 months (range: 4.0–65.5 months) with 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year OS rates were 64.3%, 36.6% and 25.8%, respectively. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) time was 21.2 months with 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year PFS rates were 63.8%, 30.9% and 20.4%, respectively, During the CCRT course, the main grade 3 or greater acute toxicities were leukopenia (38.2%), esophagitis (14.7%), and dysphagia (11.8%), with late toxicity being infrequent. Although this study did not meet its primary endpoint, the application of CCRT with PTX and OHP in unresectable locally advanced esophageal carcinoma yielded satisfactory clinical outcomes and manageable toxicities.
Rap1A promotes ovarian cancer metastasis via activation of ERK/p38 and notch signaling
Authors: Lu Lili , Wang Jingshu , Wu Yougen , Wan Ping , Yang Gong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAs one of the Ras‐associated proteins, Rap1A has been linked to cancer initiation and development. However, the precise function of Rap1A in ovarian cancer is still not understood. Here, we show that Rap1A promotes ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis via stimulating cell proliferation, migration and invasion both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic study showed that Rap1A activates extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Notch pathways, leading to the enhanced expression of several epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers such as slug, zeb1, vimentin, fibronectin, and MMP9. However, the pretreatment of Rap1A‐overexpressing cells with the Notch inhibitor DAPT or ERK inhibitor (U0126) inhibited the up‐regulated expression of those molecules. These findings provide the first evidence linking Rap1A with ovarian cancer development through the ERK/p38 and Notch signaling pathways, indicating that Rap1A may be used as a novel diagnostic marker or a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
Nitrogen‐Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbons Derived from Sodium Alginate as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Xuan Cuijuan , Wu Zexing , Lei Wen , Wang Jie , Guo Junpo , Wang Deli 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe exploration of earth‐abundant and low‐cost eco‐friendly materials with an excellent electrocatalytic performance is crucial for sustainable energy development. In this work, 3 D N‐doped hierarchical porous carbon (NC) materials with an interconnected mesoporous/macroporous structure have been synthesized by the simple single‐step pyrolysis of naturally available sodium alginate in the presence of urea. The systematic investigation of the pyrolysis temperature on the performance in the oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1 m KOH solution indicates that the catalyst obtained at 900 °C (NC‐900) exhibits the best catalytic performance because of the high degree of graphitization and the unique hierarchical porous structure. Furthermore, NC‐900 exhibits an excellent durability and a remarkable resistance to methanol poisoning compared to Pt/C in alkaline solution. This work highlights the significance and potential of biomass‐derived hierarchical porous carbon materials for applications in energy conversion devices.
Does selective logging stress tropical forest invertebrates? Using fat stores to examine sublethal responses in dung beetles
Authors: França Filipe , Barlow Jos , Araújo Bárbara , Louzada Julio 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe increased global demand for tropical timber has driven vast expanses of tropical forests to be selectively logged worldwide. While logging impacts on wildlife are predicted to change species distribution and abundance, the underlying physiological responses are poorly understood. Although there is a growing consensus that selective logging impacts on natural populations start with individual stress‐induced sublethal responses, this literature is dominated by investigations conducted with vertebrates from temperate zones. Moreover, the sublethal effects of human‐induced forest disturbance on tropical invertebrates have never been examined. To help address this knowledge gap, we examined the body fat content and relative abundance of three dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) with minimum abundance of 40 individuals within each examined treatment level. These were sampled across 34 plots in a before‐after control‐impact design (BACI) in a timber concession area of the Brazilian Amazon. For the first time, we present evidence of logging‐induced physiological stress responses in tropical invertebrates. Selective logging increased the individual levels of fat storage and reduced the relative abundance of two dung beetle species. Given this qualitative similarity, we support the measurement of body fat content as reliable biomarker to assess stress‐induced sublethal effects on dung beetles. Understanding how environmental modification impacts the wildlife has never been more important. Our novel approach provides new insights into the mechanisms through which forest disturbances impose population‐level impacts on tropical invertebrates.