Hyperglycaemia in pregnant rats causes sex‐related vascular dysfunction in adult offspring: role of cyclooxygenase‐2
Authors: de Sá Francine Gomes , de Queiroz Diego Barbosa , Ramos‐Alves Fernanda Elizabethe , Santos‐Rocha Juliana , da Silva Odair Alves , Moreira Hicla Stefany , Leal Geórgia Andrade , da Rocha Marcelo Aurélio , Duarte Gloria Pinto , Xavier Fabiano Elias 
Published: May 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Hyperglycaemia during pregnancy induces vascular dysfunction and hypertension in male offspring. Given that female offspring from other fetal programming models are protected from the effects of fetal insult, the present study investigated whether there are sex differences in blood pressure and vascular function in hyperglycaemia‐programmed offspring.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrated that hyperglycaemia in pregnant rats induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension only in male offspring. We found sex differences in oxidative stress and cyclooxygenase‐2‐derived prostanoid production that might underlie the vascular dysfunction. These differences, particularly in resistance arteries, may in part explain the absence of hypertension in female offspring born to hyperglycaemic dams.

Exposure to maternal hyperglycaemia induces hypertension and vascular dysfunction in adult male offspring. Given that female offspring from several fetal programming models are protected from the effects of fetal insult, in this study we analysed possible differences relative to sex in blood pressure and vascular function in hyperglycaemia‐programmed offspring. Hyperglycaemia was induced on day 7 of gestation (streptozotocin, 50 mg kg−1). Blood pressure, acetylcholine and phenylephrine or noradrenaline responses were analysed in the aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries of 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month‐old male and female offspring. Thromboxane A2 release was analysed with commercial kits and superoxide anion (O2−) production by dihydroethidium‐emitted fluorescence. Male but not female offspring of hyperglycaemic dams (O‐DR) had higher blood pressure than control animals (O‐CR). Contraction in response to phenylephrine increased and relaxation in response to acetylcholine decreased only in the aorta from 12‐month‐old male O‐DR and not in age‐matched O‐CR. Contractile and vasodilator responses were preserved in both the aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries from female O‐DR of all ages. Pre‐incubation with tempol, superoxide dismutase, indomethacin, NS‐398, furegrelate or SQ29548 decreased contraction in response to phenylephrine and potentiated relaxation in response to acetylcholine in 12‐month‐old male O‐DR aorta. In this artery, thromboxane A2 release and O2− generation were greater in O‐DR than O‐CR groups. In conclusion, exposure to hyperglycaemia in utero results in sex‐specific and age‐dependent hypertension. The fact that vascular function is preserved in female O‐DR may in part explain the absence of hypertension in this group. In contrast, the peripheral artery dysfunction associated with increased cyclooxygenase‐2‐derived production of vasoconstrictor prostanoids could underlie the increased blood pressure in male O‐DR.