bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TB–HIV co‐infection: a catastrophic comradeship
Authors: Narendran G , Swaminathan S 
Published: April 2016

The symbiotic association of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV poses a challenge to human survival. HIV complicates every aspect of TB including presentation, diagnosis and treatment. HIV–TB patients encounter unique problems like drug–drug interactions, cumulative toxicity, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), lower plasma drug levels and emergence of drug resistance during treatment despite adherence. TB may also be overdiagnosed in HIV due to a number of diseases that closely resemble TB. Notable among them are non‐tuberculous mycobacteria, Pneumocystis Jirovecii and Nocardia. Even though diagnostic procedures have improved over the years, patients in developing countries usually seek health care at later stage of the disease. Research data ascertains the duration of therapy for TB to be 6 months with rifampicin and isoniazid, reinforced with ethambutol and pyrazinamide in the first 2 months. The schedule of therapy is still debatable with daily regimens being preferred in the context of HIV. Many reasons exist for persistence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.TB) in sputum, or delayed‐clearance of TB from sputum smears in HIV, apart from emergence of drug resistance and non‐compliance. Acquired rifampicin resistance (ARR) is a unique phenomenon complicating HIV‐associated TB when an intermittent regimen of antituberculosis therapy (ATT) is used without timely initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), especially in patients harbouring isoniazid‐resistant strains Immune restoration is often incomplete (‘swiss cheese’ pattern) even with effective HAART if not started early. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is the paradoxical worsening of the patient's condition often with radiological deterioration, due to an enhanced immune response with HAART. IRIS occurs despite an effective virological suppression and a favourable response to ATT. The incidence of IRIS in HIV has reached up to 54%, requiring utilization of experts and tertiary care which forms an obstacle to the decentralization of patients in the ART programme. Research in HIV–TB immunology and management needs further exploration in order to understand the diseases and offer appropriate treatment. The following paragraphs provide scientific evidences generated through research that could potentially guide management.
Oral health needs assessment world‐wide in relation to HIV. Themes: Oral health needs and inequalities, oral health promotion, co‐ordinating research and enhancing dissemination in relation to HIV‐ a workshop report
Authors: Koyio L , Ranganathan K , Kattappagari KK , Williams DM , Robinson PG 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesReview the meaning of ‘health need’, consider oral health inequalities and oral health promotion among people with HIV and outline methods to enhance coordination, standardization and dissemination of research efforts.MethodsThis workshop involved a brief introduction of each topic by an invited speaker followed by participant discussion. Participants were dentists and dental students attending the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health & Disease in AIDSResultsA health need was regarded as a population's ability to benefit from care. Oral health inequalities called for both downstream and upstream health promotion. A community health programme to reach people with HIV infection in the community was described. Despite deploying community health workers to reduce costs, the programme required additional resources for comprehensive implementation. The Indian National AIDS Control Program exemplified coordinated efforts. Knowledge transfer can be achieved via educational, linkage and exchange and organizational interventions. Stakeholder engagement in a combination of all three types of intervention is the most effective.ConclusionsThe discussion centred on the difficulties of Indian dentists who felt they did not receive sufficient revenue to treat patients with HIV. An opposing view approach treated all patients using universal standards of infection control. Dental regulatory bodies, professional organizations and governments may need to demonstrate leadership and advocacy for the oral health of people with HIV infection.
The social impact of HIV/AIDS in India
Authors: Solomon S , Kumarasamy N , Challacombe SJ 
Published: April 2016

This paper is based on the last public lecture given by Dr Solomon at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health & Disease in HIV/AIDS, held in Hyderabad, India, in November 2014. It examines the social impact of HIV in India and the founding of the Y.R. Gaitonde Center for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE) clinic in Chennai, India, by Dr Suniti Solomon and her colleagues. This is a story of prejudice and ignorance throughout the various social levels in India. Reports of India's first AIDS case surfaced in 1986, when female sex workers were found to be HIV positive. The first voluntary counseling and testing center, part of a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic, was set up to increase awareness about the epidemic. To address the rapid spread of HIV infection in Tamil Nadu and the existing stigma in society and hospitals, Dr Solomon established YRG CARE in 1993. She recognized that fear and panic about HIV led to widespread social prejudice against HIV‐positive patients, even within hospitals. By the end of 2014, over 34 000 patients had accessed these services and 20 000 HIV+ patients had been registered, nearly 40% of whom were females. The team embarked on a statewide awareness program on HIV and sexuality, covering over two hundred schools and colleges educating them about prevention strategies and combating the social stigma attached. The grass‐root work of YRG CARE in the management of HIV infections revealed a widespread prejudice, due largely to the lack of awareness about the subject. It is estimated that even in 2015, as little as 40% of HIV‐infected people are formally diagnosed and have access to care. In a country as socially and culturally diverse as India, there is much more to be carried out to build on the pioneering work of Dr Solomon.
The Protopalatial State of the Western Magazines of the Palace at Malia (Crete)
Authors: Devolder Maud 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe evidence available for the reconstruction of the Western Magazines of the early palace at Malia is here re‐evaluated. Despite the importance given to external social agents stationed in the Protopalatial town outside the palace, our knowledge of the main building during this key period in the history of the settlement remains limited. The shallow stratigraphy associated with its construction and heavy rebuilding during the succeeding Neopalatial period obstruct a clear vision of the architectural phasing of the early building, but a new analysis focusing on building materials and techniques suggests the presence of a series of Protopalatial storage rooms behind the main façade on the West Court, later integrated into the Neopalatial building. This architectural analysis allows a better assessment of the role of the central building of Middle Bronze Age Malia.
Unique Objects, Special Deposits and Elite Networks in Bronze Age Europe
Authors: Wells Peter S. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryMost material culture of later prehistoric Europe comprises common forms of pottery, personal ornaments, and tools of different kinds. But some objects stand out by virtue of their unique decoration. These special objects were often ornamented with motifs and patterns that were intended to capture and hold the viewer's attention. Many such objects were purposefully deposited, sometimes in graves, sometimes in ‘structured deposits’. In the Early and Middle Bronze Age, ornate cups played special roles, both in expressing the status of elites and in serving as common elements in long‐distance connections between elites in different regions of Europe. An unusual pit at Kelheim in Bavaria, Germany, serves as a case study to explore the connections between uniquely decorated cups, the emergence of elites during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, and the formation and maintenance of long‐distance connections between communities throughout Europe.
‘Twas When my Shield Turned traitor’! Establishing the Combat Effectiveness of the Greek Hoplite Shield
Authors: De Groote Kevin Rowan 
Published: April 2016

SummaryGreek hoplite warfare has traditionally been explored through the extant textual and pictorial evidence. This has resulted in an incomplete picture, with much of the focus on the strategic and tactical aspects of battle, to the neglect of practical and functional considerations of combat. As a consequence, many of our understandings of the nature of hoplite combat, the how, remain deficient. In this paper, I explore the structural and functional aspects of the hoplite shield, the single most important item in the Greek hoplite's panoply, to determine its efficacy in a combat environment. Through a set of controlled practical experiments, the effectiveness of the hoplite shield is tested to establish its defensive qualities vis‐a‐vis the long thrusting spear, the hoplite's primary offensive weapon.
Radiocarbon Dates from the Loughcrew Cairn h Bone Slips
Authors: Vejby Mara 
Published: April 2016

SummaryA total of 150 intricately carved bone slips were uncovered at the Loughcrew H passage tomb in Co. Meath, Ireland, during excavations between 1865 and 1943. Studies of the carvings identified La Tène motifs suggesting that the slips may have been Middle to Late Iron Age in date. Joseph Raftery even went so far as to argue that the megalithic tomb itself was an Iron Age construction. His theory has since been debunked, but absolute dates have not been forthcoming for either these finds or the tomb. The following Middle Iron Age results presented here are slightly earlier than the dates that had hitherto been anticipated and they help to shed light on the subsequent interactions with this tomb.
Utility of screening questionnaire, obesity, neck circumference, and sleep polysomnography to predict sleep‐disordered breathing in children and adolescents
Authors: Raman Vidya T. , Splaingard Mark , Tumin Dmitry , Rice Julie , Jatana Kris R. , Tobias Joseph D. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundPolysomnography (PSG) remains the gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep‐disordered breathing in children. Yet, simple screening tools are needed as it is not feasible to perform PSG in all patients with possible OSA.AimThe study adapted questions from the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire‐Sleep‐Related Breathing Disorder (SRBD) Questionnaire to develop a predictive scale for OSA identified on PSG. We also tested whether adding anthropometric measurements (body mass index and neck circumference) improved prediction of OSA.MethodsAfter IRB approval, OSA questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were collected on 948 consecutive patients scheduled for PSG, aged 4 months to 24.5 years (median = 8.5 years). The sample was reduced to 636 patients in the age range (6–18 years old) where normative values for neck circumference are defined. OSA was characterized using the obstructive apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). After identifying questions related to OSA in univariate logistic regression, multivariable models were fitted to select questions for a short scale, and points for exceeding body mass or neck circumference cutoffs were added to assess improvement in predictive value.ResultsA long scale of 16 questionnaire items was constructed using univariate models, while six items were selected for the short scale by multivariable regression. The short scale was associated with greater odds of moderate/severe OSA (OR = 1.964; 95% CI = 1.620, 2.381; P < 0.001) and attained good predictive value (area under receiver operating characteristics curve [AUC] = 0.74), which was not significantly improved by addition of BMI and neck circumference data (AUC = 0.75).ConclusionsWe developed a six‐question scale with good predictive utility for OSA. These findings may contribute to developing a preoperative clinical tool to help clinicians identify children with OSA for determining risk stratification and postoperative disposition.
Fasciola hepatica infection reduces Mycobacterium bovis burden and mycobacterial uptake and suppresses the pro‐inflammatory response
Authors: Garza‐Cuartero L. , O'Sullivan J. , Blanco A. , McNair J. , Welsh M. , Flynn R. J. , Williams D. , Diggle P. , Cassidy J. , Mulcahy G. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has an annual incidence in cattle of 0.5% in the Republic of Ireland and 4.7% in the UK, despite long‐standing eradication programmes being in place. Failure to achieve complete eradication is multifactorial, but the limitations of diagnostic tests are significant complicating factors. Previously, we have demonstrated that Fasciola hepatica infection, highly prevalent in these areas, induced reduced sensitivity of the standard diagnostic tests for BTB in animals co‐infected with F. hepatica and M. bovis. This was accompanied by a reduced M. bovis‐specific Th1 immune response. We hypothesized that these changes in co‐infected animals would be accompanied by enhanced growth of M. bovis. However, we show here that mycobacterial burden in cattle is reduced in animals co‐infected with F. hepatica. Furthermore, we demonstrate a lower mycobacterial recovery and uptake in blood monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) from F. hepatica‐infected cattle which is associated with suppression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a switch to alternative activation of macrophages. However, the cell surface expression of TLR2 and CD14 in MDM from F. hepatica‐infected cattle is increased. These findings reflecting the bystander effect of helminth‐induced downregulation of pro‐inflammatory responses provide insights to understand host‐pathogen interactions in co‐infection.
PPLib
Authors: Boer Patrick M. De , Bernstein Abraham 
Published: April 2016

Crowdsourcing is increasingly being adopted to solve simple tasks such as image labeling and object tagging, as well as more complex tasks, where crowd workers collaborate in processes with interdependent steps. For the whole range of complexity, research has yielded numerous patterns for coordinating crowd workers in order to optimize crowd accuracy, efficiency, and cost. Process designers, however, often don't know which pattern to apply to a problem at hand when designing new applications for crowdsourcing.
In this article, we propose to solve this problem by systematically exploring the design space of complex crowdsourced tasks via automated recombination and auto-experimentation for an issue at hand. Specifically, we propose an approach to finding the optimal process for a given problem by defining the deep structure of the problem in terms of its abstract operators, generating all possible alternatives via the (re)combination of the abstract deep structure with concrete implementations from a Process Repository, and then establishing the best alternative via auto-experimentation.
To evaluate our approach, we implemented PPLib (pronounced “People Lib”), a program library that allows for the automated recombination of known processes stored in an easily extensible Process Repository. We evaluated our work by generating and running a plethora of process candidates in two scenarios on Amazon's Mechanical Turk followed by a meta-evaluation, where we looked at the differences between the two evaluations. Our first scenario addressed the problem of text translation, where our automatic recombination produced multiple processes whose performance almost matched the benchmark established by an expert translation. In our second evaluation, we focused on text shortening; we automatically generated 41 crowd process candidates, among them variations of the well-established Find-Fix-Verify process. While Find-Fix-Verify performed well in this setting, our recombination engine produced five processes that repeatedly yielded better results. We close the article by comparing the two settings where the Recombinator was used, and empirically show that the individual processes performed differently in the two settings, which led us to contend that there is no unifying formula, hence emphasizing the necessity for recombination.
On Sample-Based Testers
Authors: Goldreich Oded , Ron Dana 
Published: April 2016

The standard definition of property testing endows the tester with the ability to make arbitrary queries to “elements” of the tested object. In contrast, sample-based testers only obtain independently distributed elements (a.k.a. labeled samples) of the tested object. While sample-based testers were defined by Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Ron (
JACM
1998), with few exceptions, most research in property testing has focused on query-based testers.

In this work, we advance the study of sample-based property testers by providing several general positive results as well as by revealing relations between variants of this testing model. In particular:
—We show that certain types of query-based testers yield sample-based testers of sublinear sample complexity. For example, this holds for a natural class of proximity oblivious testers.
—We study the relation between distribution-free sample-based testers and one-sided error sample-based testers w.r.t. the uniform distribution.

While most of this work ignores the time complexity of testing, one part of it does focus on this aspect. The main result in this part is a sublinear-
time
sample-based tester, in the dense graphs model, for
k
-colorability, for any
k
⩾ 2.
Memorial de Aires: a alucinação erudita da vida
Authors: Betella Gabriela Kvacek 
Published: April 2016

Esaú e Jacó e Memorial de Aires possuem matéria comum - vida de pessoas das relações do conselheiro Aires, suposto autor dos manuscritos de origem dos livros, bem como diversos fatos marcantes do final do século XIX- sob duas formas diferentes de registro: um romance e o diário do conselheiro, crônica pessoal. Este trabalho des­ venda algumas peripécias narrativas de Machado de Assis, especialmente no que diz respeito à retomada da tradição literária e à criação do autor/narrador Aires, cujo ócio é o principal aliado na escrita cuidadosa, no fundo, saída pensada do anonimato.
Distinct Short-Term Outcomes in Patients With Mild Versus Rapidly Improving Stroke Not Treated With Thrombolytics
Authors: Romano Jose G. , Smith Eric E. , Liang Li , Gardener Hannah , Campo-Bustillo Iszet , Khatri Pooja , Bhatt Deepak L. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Sacco Ralph L. , Schwamm Lee H. 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—
Mild stroke (MS) and rapidly improving stroke (RIS) symptoms are common stroke presentations. Our objective is to describe the short-term outcomes in this population.

Methods—
A retrospective analysis of patients with ischemic stroke in the Get With The Guidelines–Stroke registry who arrived ≤4.5 hours from symptom onset not treated with thrombolytics because of MS and RIS. Outcomes included in-hospital death, home discharge, independent ambulation at discharge, and length of stay; these were analyzed for the categories of MS, RIS, and MS+RIS. Multivariable models evaluated the associations of individual and hospital covariates with outcomes.

Results—
Among 42 394 patients with MS and RIS not treated with thrombolytics, 27% were not discharged directly home, 27.2% did not ambulate independently, and 61.1% had length of stay ≥3 days, despite a low in-hospital mortality of 0.8%. Adjusted outcomes were better for MS+RIS compared with MS; RIS also had better independent ambulation and home discharge compared with MS. Among those with a documented National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 25% of those with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 0 to 5 and half of those with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale >5 could not be discharged directly to home or ambulate independently. Older individuals, women, blacks, transport by ambulance, delayed arrival, greater severity and greater burden of vascular risk factors, except for dyslipidemia, had worse adjusted outcomes for home discharge and independent ambulation.

Conclusions—
A significant proportion of patients with MS and RIS not treated with thrombolytics have suboptimal discharge outcomes. We found significant differences between MS, RIS, and MS+RIS and identified factors associated with worse outcomes.
Multiple-Scattering-Induced “Ghost Echoes” in GPM DPR Observations of a Tornadic Supercell
Authors: Battaglia Alessandro , Mroz Kamil , Tanelli Simone , Tridon Frederic , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEvidence of multiple-scattering-induced pulse stretching for the signal of both frequencies of the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Core Observatory satellite is presented on the basis of collocated ground-based WSR-88D S-band observations of an extreme case: a tornadic supercell. The ground-based observations clearly show a tilted convective core with a so-called bounded weak-echo region—that is, locations where precipitation is absent or extremely light at the ground while large amounts of liquid or frozen precipitation are present aloft. The satellite observations in this region show reflectivity profiles that extend all the way to the surface despite the absence of near-surface precipitation: these are here referred to as “ghost echoes.” Furthermore, the Ku- and Ka-band profiles exhibit similar slopes, which is a typical sign that the observed power is almost entirely due to multiple scattering. A novel microphysical retrieval that is based on triple-frequency (S–Ku–Ka) observations shows that a dense ice core located between 4 and 14 km with particle sizes exceeding 2.5 cm and integrated ice contents exceeding 7.0 kg m−2 is the source of the ghost echoes of the signal in the lower layers. The level of confidence of this assessment is strengthened by the availability of the S-band data, which provide the necessary additional constraints to the radar retrieval that is based on DPR data. This study shows not only that multiple-scattering contributions may become predominant at Ka already very high up in the atmosphere but also that they play a key role at Ku band within the layers close to the surface. As a result, extreme caution must be paid even in the interpretation of Ku-based retrievals (e.g., the TRMM PR dataset or any DPR retrievals that are based on the assumption that Ku band is not affected by multiple scattering) when examining extreme surface rain rates that occur in the presence of deep dense ice layers.
A Three-Layer Alternating Spinning Circulation in the South China Sea
Authors: Gan Jianping , Liu Zhiqiang , Hui Chiwing Rex 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnderstanding of the three-dimensional circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is crucial for determining the transports of water masses, energy, and biogeochemical substances in the regional and adjacent larger oceans. The circulation’s kinematic and dynamic natures, however, are largely unclear. Results from a three-dimensional numerical ocean circulation model and geostrophic currents, derived from hydrographic data, reveal the existence of a unique, three-layer, cyclonic–anticyclonic–cyclonic (CAC) circulation in the upper (<750 m), middle (750–1500 m), and deep (>1500 m) layers in the SCS with differing seasonality. An inflow–outflow–inflow structure in Luzon Strait largely induces the CAC circulation, which leads to vortex stretching in the SCS basin because of a lateral planetary vorticity flux in each of the respective layers. The formation of joint effects of baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR) is an intrinsic dynamic response to the CAC circulation. The JEBAR arises from the CAC flow–topography interaction in the SCS.