bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyses of Bright and Burley Tobacco Laminae and Stems
Authors: Bokelman GH , Ryan WS 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
One sample each of aged uncased, cured bright lamina, bright stems, Burley lamina and Burley stems were examined by a variety of general analytical methods and then characterized by our standard fractionation procedure. These tobacco samples were chosen to be reasonably representative of the tobaccos used in current commercial cigarette products. Although for a given variety of tobacco the concentrations of chemical constituents may vary as a function of stalk position, cultural management, geographic origin or crop year, we believe that the following conclusions based on these samples are generally valid: [1] levels of ethanol solubles, total reducing sugars and starch are much higher in bright than in Burley, [2] concentrations of soluble ammonia and nitrate are greater in Burley than in bright, [3] total alkaloid and protein concentrations are higher in lamina than in stems, [4] cellulose, potassium and chloride concentrations are much greater in stems than in lamina, [5] concentrations of pectin, lignin and soluble hemicellulose do not vary greatly from one type of tobacco to another, [6] Burley lamina has greater concentrations of protein and acid detergent solubles than do the other types of tobaccos, and [7] bright lamina has a much lower level of total ash than do the other types of tobaccos. An examination of some of the components in ash led to the following conclusions: [1] total ash values are reasonable relative indicators of the level of non-nitrate inorganics, [2] a good estimate of the total contents of potassium, calcium, chloride, sulfate, phosphorus, silicon and magnesium may be obtained by multiplying the total ash value by 0.612, and [3] it is likely that most of the potassium and calcium in total ash is actually present as carbonates rather than oxides. The significantly higher levels of both protein and acid detergent solubles found in Burley lamina are thought to indicate that this protein may be unique in terms of its carbohydrate content or in terms of the nature or extent of its cross linkage.
Chronic Inhalation Studies in Mice: I. Facilities and Equipment for “Nose-Only” Exposure to Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Henry CJ , Dansie DR , Kanagalingam KK , Kouri RE , Gayle T , Guerin M , Holmberg R , Florant L , Greenspan J 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Facilities and equipment are described for large-scale, long-term “nose-only” inhalation exposure of mice to whole cigarette smoke. Experimental procedures and equipment were designed to provide the mice with exposure conditions where [1] the lung was the major target organ for the smoke, [2] large quantities of fresh, whole cigarette smoke could be generated, [3] large numbers of animals could be exposed at one time, [4] routine, daily exposures could be given over a major portion of the lifetime of the animal, [5] monitoring and documentation of the quantity of smoke presented to the animals was provided during each exposure session, [6] safety systems were provided that assured exposure of the animals to smoke only under pre-set exposure conditions, and [7] cigarette smoke was generated under conditions where factors, such as cigarette type, smoke aerosol concentration and smoke particle size, were controlled.
Residue and Sucker Control from Two Formulations of Maleic Hydrazide (MH)
Authors: Sheets TJ , Seltmann H 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Data from experiments conducted at one location in 1980 and two in 1981 showed that MH residues were greater on flue-cured tobacco after application of a K-MH (potassium salt of MH) formulation than of a DEA-MH (diethanolamine salt of MH) formulation at the same rate of active ingredient. On cured lamina mean residue values from K-MH for the two locations in 1981 were 48 % and 61 % greater than those for DEA-MH. There was no apparent loss of residue for either formulation during the curing process. Sucker control was less efficient with the DEA-MH than with the K-MH formulation and was associated with the level of residue in the leaf.
The Rapid Pyrolytic Characterization of Tobacco Leaf Carbohydrate Material
Authors: Schlotzhauer WS , Arrendale RF , Chortyk OT 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A rapid, semi-micropyrolysis technique was developed and applied to materials representative of tobacco cell-wall constituents and sucrose. Glass capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was used to separate and identify the major semi-volatile pyrolyzate components. Cellulose and dextrin produced a pattern of furan and cyclic ketones of potential importance to flavour and aroma of tobacco smoke. Sucrose pyrolysis resulted in the formation of substantial amounts of 2-furaldehyde and lesser quantities of substituted furans. The cell-wall biopolymer lignin was a source of phenols, but contributed little to the compounds produced in the thermal breakdown of carbohydrates.
Fluctuations in Protein Levels of Tobacco Leaves and Consequences for Extractability
Authors: DeJong DW , Saunders JA 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of time, cultural conditions and genetic factors on protein extractability from tobacco leaves. Leaf protein was periodically extracted from green tobacco from time of transplanting through early senescence. Intensive sampling revealed substantial fluctuations in protein concentrations superimposed upon an age-related decline in protein levels with approaching plant maturity. Predictably, these oscillations affected the degree of protein extractability. Combined totals of the three major soluble protein fractions, viz. the green chlorophyll/protein complex, the white Fraction I protein (cryoprecipitate), and the white Fraction II protein (thermoprecipitate), deviated occasionally from protein values in unfractionated homogenates, but the fluctuation trends were similar. Investigations of variations in protein extractability among greenhouse-grown tobacco and selected genotypes grown under field conditions revealed that protein fluctuations during plant development are a common phenomenon. It is concluded that the occurrence of periodic fluctuations in total protein concentration and in the amount of extractable protein can severely distort estimates of leaf protein yields that are based upon insufficient numbers of samples and prolonged intervals between sampling.
Simultaneous Monitoring of Filter Ventilation and a Gaseous Component in Whole Cigarette Smoke Using Tunable Diode Laser Infra-red Spectroscopy
Authors: Parrish ME , Harward CN , Vilcins G 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A computer-controlled high-resolution infra-red tunable diode laser (TDL) system has been developed to determine simultaneously the concentration of a gaseous smoke component (carbon monoxide) and the filter ventilation of a cigarette during smoking. The simultaneous monitoring of these two parameters provided information which can lead to enhancing the successful development of new cigarette products. The approach selected was to place a cigarette with the ventilation holes of the filter in a chamber filled with a gas not normally detected in cigarette smoke, such as nitrous oxide (N2O), and to mix this gas with the smoke under actual smoking conditions. The N2O provided information concerning the ventilation level and the representative smoke component provided information about the mainstream smoke delivery. This is the first study of which we are aware where the concentration of a smoke component was obtained simultaneously with the dynamic ventilation level within seconds after each puff was taken. Experiments were conducted with cigarettes having different filter ventilation levels (0 %, 13 %, 30 %, 40 %, 60 %, 75 % and 90 %). Each cigarette was measured for the static ventilation prior to smoking using the CORESTA standard ventilation method. These values were in good agreement with those obtained using the TDL. The data collected during this study confirmed that the concentration of the mainstream component investigated increased as the filter ventilation decreased from 90 % to 0 %. With respect to puff number, the ventilation increased slightly during the first puffs then decreased for the later puffs, while the delivery of the smoke component monitored increased with increasing puff number. The 40 % ventilation cigarette showed the largest change in ventilation during smoking compared with the value for the unlit puff.
Pyrolysis - Field lonization Mass Spectrometry - A New Method for Direct, Rapid Characterization of Tobacco
Authors: Schulten HR 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
For the first time, pyrolysis - field ionization (Py-FI) mass spectra of the tobacco blends of three different cigarette brands have been recorded in the mass range up to 1000 mass units and evaluated by operational fingerprinting techniques. Due to the high reproducibility of the applied methods, all three tobacco blends could be differentiated clearly with several univariate or multivariate statistical methods. Feature scaling with Fisher ratios revealed that the signal at m/z 93, mainly due to aniline, is the most suited to distinguishing the tobacco blends analysed. Principal component analysis showed the variety of pyrolytic reactions during the thermal decomposition of tobacco in high vacuum. It revealed that, in addition to aniline, lignin-related signals can also be used for a clear differentiation. From the whole pattern of Py-FI mass spectrum, nearest-neighbour relationships are visualized by the non-linear mapping technique and further classification of tobacco blends is obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis. A thorough chemical interpretation of the data obtained should give new insights into the structure of tobacco and its pyrolytic decomposition. Pyrolysis - soft ionization mass spectrometry in combination with pattern recognition techniques appears to provide a useful tool for future investigations connected with the quality control of commercial tobacco products.
The Contribution of Sucrose Esters to Tobacco Smoke Composition
Authors: Schlotzhauer WS , Severson RF , Martin RM 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Sucrose esters, principally the 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-(3-methylvaleryl)-a-D-glucopyranosyl-b-D-fructofuran-oside isomer, isolated from the cuticular waxes of green T.I. 165 tobacco leaf, were evaluated as enhancers of 3-methylvaleric acid in the smoke of a tobacco deficient in this important flavor compound. Analyses of the products from semi-micro pyrolyses of sucrose and isolated sucrose esters, over a temperature range of 250°C - 850°C, showed that free sucrose produced 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural as the major component, whereas the ester isolate yielded 3-methylvaleric acid and lesser amounts of isomeric C4 and C5 aliphatic acids. Incorporation of sucrose ester isolate of T.I. 165 leaf into cigarettes prepared from flue-cured NC 2326 tobacco, the smoke of which is essentially devoid of 3-methylvaleric acid, resulted in a total particulate matter with enhanced levels of this compound. The data indicated that addition of approximately 2 mg of sucrose ester isolate per cigarette produced levels of 3-methylvaleric acid in the smoke of NC 2326 cigarettes that were comparable to levels observed in the smoke from cigarettes containing all T.I. 165 or blended Turkish tobacco.
Seasonal Nutrient Contents in Grey and Non-grey Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Arnold N , Chong C , Binns M 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Analysis of leaf samples at intervals between late June and early August of 1979 and 1980 indicated lower mean concentrations of nitrogen and potassium, and higher mean concentrations of iron and manganese in grey than in non-grey (normal) tobacco. In grey tobacco, the concentrations of potassium and iron were present in deficient and toxic levels, respectively, in the majority of the samples throughout the whole sampling periods. Although symptoms on leaves resembled those of iron toxicity, changes in intensity of grey symptoms during sampling were associated with severity of potassium deficiency.
Die Züchtung von TabakimHinblick auf verschieden hohe Alkaloidgehalte - Tobacco Breeding in View of Different Levels of Alcaloid Contents
Authors: Chaplin JF 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Two systems of genetic control are involved in the quality and level of total alkaloids in tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.). A single locus controls the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine and two loci control total alkaloid levels. These levels may be further modified by minor genes or quantitative factors. Breeding lines and cultivars of flue-cured tobacco have been developed with varying levels of total alkaloids (nicotine). Levels of nicotine in tobacco range from near zero in cigar strains up to 4.5 % in Burley varieties. Within the collection of N. tabacumgermplasm and Nicotiana species maintained by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, total alkaloid levels range from 0.20 % to 7.87 %. Flue-cured lines of tobacco with varying levels of total alkaloids have been developed and characterized. In general the high alkaloid lines had the highest grade indexes. All of the extremely low alkaloid lines were also lower in grade index indicating that total alkaloids do have some relationship with the grade index. The high total alkaloid lines were lower in yield. However, it is believed that the levels of total alkaloids reported do not result from yield variation. N. rustica generally has considerably higher total alkaloid levels, based on percent dry weight, than N. tabacum. With the stabilizing of a low total alkaloid line of N. tabacum (0.20 %) it was feasible to introgress the gene(s) for alkaloid production from N. rustica into N. tabacum. Indications are that more than one gene is responsible for total alkaloid production in this material. Also preliminary indications are that the genes for total alkaloid production in N. rustica may be the same as those in N. tabacum.
The Efficacy of Kabat¯ as a Surface Spray on Oriental Tobacco Bales for Control of the Cigarette Beetle Lasiodermaserricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)
Authors: Faustini DL , Lehman RM , Long JS , Manzelli MA 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Methoprene, a synthetic juvenile hormone analogue, was shown to have the capability of preventing the cigarette beetle Lasiodermaserricorne (F.) from propagating when applied to the outside of packaged Oriental tobacco bales. Control was achieved for a 33-month’ storage period when methoprene was applied at 40 mg/m2 and 80 mg/m2 to either the burlap sheathing or to the outer surface of the tobacco following removal of the burlap sheath.
Pattern Recognition of Tobacco Headspace GC Profiles: A Potential New Analytical Tool for the Classification of Raw Tobaccos
Authors: Heinzer F , Maitre HP , Rigaux M , Wild J 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The first part of the paper describes a new method of obtaining reproducible and meaningful headspace profiles of tobacco lamina by using a modified closed loop stripping apparatus. The complex chromatograms are obtained by high-resolution glass capillary gas chromatography. The second part summarizes the results of a chemometric approach to interpret the chromatograms obtained from a series of nine Virginia flue-cured tobaccos from different origins and belonging to different quality groups, each one analysed three times by the method described above. After the elimination of peaks containing redundant information, the resulting data set, consisting of 27 × 17 data points, was analysed to detect natural groupings by using an in-house program (in Basic) for principal component analysis. A subsequent discriminant analysis yielded two discriminant functions capable of separating the nine Virginia tobaccos into three quality groups as defined by a conventional organoleptic analysis carried out by a smoking panel. All the tobaccos could be classified correctly (100 %). A first attempt to classify, by the procedure described above, a group of six Virginia tobaccos whose organoleptic scores were not known, did not yield clearly interpretable results, possibly because the performance of the capillary column used for analysis had slightly deteriorated during the experiment with resultant changes in retention characteristics, which led to wrong identifications of certain peaks.
A Method for the Determination of Tobacco-specific Nitrosamines (TSNA), Nitrate and Nitrite in Tobacco Leaves and Processed Tobacco
Authors: Spiegelhalder B , Kubacki SJ , Fischer S 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines [TSNA], N'-nitrosonornicotine [NNN], 4-(methylnitrosamino)1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK], N'-nitrosoanabasine [NAB] and N'-nitrosoanatabine [NAT], as well as nitrate and nitrite in tobacco leaves and processed tobacco was developed. The analytical procedure included aqueous extraction of tobacco leaves and processed tobacco respectively under alkaline conditions in the presence of an antibacterial agent and, for TSNA analysis, a further clean-up of the aqueous extract by liquid-liquid partition extraction (kieselguhr column extraction), removal of nicotine, and determination of the nitrosamines by gas chromatography In combination with chemiluminescence detection. It is demonstrated that N'-nitrosopentylpicolylamine [NPePicA] as well as N-nitrosodibenzylamine [NDBenzA] can be used for internal standardization. For clean-up two different extraction procedures can be utilized: alkaline extraction on kieselguhr / ascorbic acid extraction columns or acidic extraction on kieselguhr including prior destruction of nitrite with sodium azide. The recoveries of the internal standards were in a similar range (73-96 %) as those of the TSNA. The analysis of nitrite and nitrate was carried out according to standard analytical procedures using the alkaline aqueous extract. The determination of nitrate and nitrite showed high accuracy and reproducibility. It is demonstrated that, under the conditions described, artifact formation did not occur even when nitrite was present. The method described is specifically applicable for the simultaneous determination of TSNA and nitrate/nitrite in tobacco leaves.
Growth and Development of the Main Greek Oriental Tobacco Cultivars
Authors: Sficas AG , Antoniou IC 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Growth and development of seven Oriental tobacco cultivars, representing aromatic, neutral and taste type tobacco grown in Greece, were studied at Drama, Greece, during 1982 and 1983. The growing period from transplanting to flowering ranged from 65 to 80 days and was the same for both years. plant height increase followed a sigmoid curve, the number of harvestable leaves developed almost linearly with time, and total dry weight production and leaf area increase can be described by a logarithmic curve. The effect of year on all parameters was significant, but cultivar differences were consistent. Assimilation rates during the whole period ranged from 0.1 g to 3.0 g per day per plant in 1982, and from 0.1 g to 2.7 g in 1983. Dry weight distribution in the plant parts and final yield production for the cultivars tested were also recorded.
Physiology and Biochemistry of the Tobacco Plant. 2. Physiological Malfunctions: Mineral Nutrients - Physiologie und Biochemie der Tabakpflanze: 2. PhysiologischeStörungen: Mineralstoffe
Authors: Barney PE , Bush LP , Tso TC 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Quality tobacco leaf comes from plants grown with balanced mineral nutrition. The “structural nutrients” (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) are approximately 90 % of the dry weight of cured leaf but are of little economic concern. The macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur) and the micronutrients (boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc) are of great economic concern and adequate amounts in the soil are essential for production of quality tobacco leaf. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are mobile within the plant and deficiency symptoms are observed first in the lower leaves and later in the upper leaves. Deficiency symptoms of the immobile nutrients calcium, boron, manganese, sulfur and iron are observed first on the upper leaves or terminal bud. Of all the mineral nutrients nitrogen has the greatest effect on shoot and root weight. As available nitrogen increases leaf nicotine increases and reducing sugars decrease; thus the sugar:nicotine ratio decreases dramatically. There is a positive relationship between amount of reduced nitrogen and reduced sulfur in the plant and this interaction is important as most of the reduced nitrogen and sulfur are utilized in protein synthesis. Total uptake of potassium is greater than for any other mineral. Because of the immobility of calcium and boron, deficiency of these nutrients results in physiological decapitation (topping) and consequently increased nicotine content of leaves. Excessive amounts of nutrients can also produce some problems. Excessive nitrogen increases yield but it also increases the incidence of disease, delays flowering and leaf ripening, and lowers leaf quality. Excessive addition of lime causes a basic soil pH which increases disease incidence and limits availability of phosphorus, iron, manganese and zinc. Excessive chlorine increases the hygroscopic property of the leaf and reduces burn rate. Soil applied magnesium oxide may reduce potassium absorption and therefore reduce burn rate.
The Viscous and Inertial Flow of Air through Perforated Papers
Authors: Baker RR 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Inherently porous cigarette paper consists of an interlocking network of cellulose fibres interspersed with chalk particles. Spaces in this matrix are of the order of 1 AAµm wide which is small compared to the paper thickness (usually 20 AAµm to 40 AAµm). However, when cigarette paper is perforated after the paper-making process, e.g. by an electrostatic or mechanical process, the perforation holes are relatively large, usually having mean diameters of the same order of magnitude as the paper thickness. The total flow of air through perforated cigarette paper thus consists of two components: viscous flow through the porous structure of the paper inherent from the paper-making process, and inertial flow through the perforation holes. Since the air flow / pressure relationships due to these two components of flow differ and since the two components are additive, the total flow through perforated paper may be expressed as: Q = Z A P + Z’ A Pn, where Q is the air flow (cm3 min-1), A is the area of paper (cm2) exposed to the flowing air, P is the pressure difference across the paper (kilopascal), Z is the base permeability of the paper due to viscous flow through the spaces inherent from the paper-making process (cm min-1 kPa-1 or Coresta unit), Z’ is the permeability of the paper due to inertial flow through the perforation holes (cm min-1 kPa-1/n) and n is a constant for a given set of perforation holes. This equation adequately describes gas flow through a variety of perforated cigarette and tipping papers. By using different gases, it is confirmed that Z depends on viscous forces and Z’ depends on inertial forces. By examining the flow of air through a large number of papers with perforation holes of different sizes, it is shown that Z’ is dependent on the total area of perforation holes, and that a jet-contraction effect occurs as the air travels through the paper. The parameter n is shown to have a value between 0.5 and 1.0, and this value is related to mean perforation-hole size. The permeability of cigarette paper is defined as the flow of air through the paper when the pressure across the paper is 1 kilopascal. Thus from the above equation the “total permeability” of perforated cigarette paper is equal to Z + Z'.