bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic myelolipoma in two Goeldi's monkeys from South America held captive
Authors: Martins Mariana Castilho , Rahal Sheila Canevese , Mamprim Maria Jaqueline , Teixeira Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello , Teixeira Carlos Roberto , Sequeira Júlio Lopes , Nóbrega Juliano 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTwo cases of hepatic myelolipoma in Goeldi's monkeys from South America are described. One was a female evaluated due progressive abdominal distension. Ultrasound and computed tomography detected hepatic mass. Partial hepatectomy was performed, but the monkey died after surgery. Case 2 was a male that died suddenly, showing non‐specific clinical signs.
THE DYNAMICS OF SUBCENTER FORMATION: MIDTOWN MANHATTAN, 1861–1906
Authors: Barr Jason , Tassier Troy 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTMidtown Manhattan is the largest business district in the country. Yet only a few miles to the south is another district centered at Wall Street. This paper aims to investigate when and why midtown emerged as a separate business district. We have created a new data set from historical New York City directories that provide the employment location, residence, and job type for several thousand residents in the late‐19th and early‐20th centuries. We supplement this data with additional records from historical business directories. The evidence suggests that early midtown firms appeared there in order to be closer to local residential customers who had been moving north on the island throughout the 19th century. Once several industries appeared in midtown, it triggered a spatial equilibrium readjustment in the 1880s, which then promoted the rise of skyscrapers in midtown around the turn of the 20th century. This process occurred several years before the opening of Grand Central Station in 1913.
Resource predictability and specialization in avian malaria parasites
Authors: Svensson‐Coelho Maria , Loiselle Bette A. , Blake John G. , Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that avian haemosporidian (malaria) parasites specialize on hosts that can be characterized as predictable resources at a site in Amazonian Ecuador. We incorporated host phylogenetic relationship and relative abundance in assessing parasite specialization, and we examined associations between parasite specialization and three host characteristics – abundance, mass and longevity – using quantile regression, phylogenetic logistic regression andt‐tests. Hosts of specialist malaria parasite lineages were on average more abundant than hosts of generalist parasite lineages, but the relationship between host abundance and parasite specialization was not consistent across analyses. We also found support for a positive association between parasite specialization and host longevity, but this also was not consistent across analyses. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that the predictability of a host resource may play a role in the evolution of specialization. However, we also discuss two alternative explanations to the resource predictability hypothesis for specialization: (i) that interspecific interactions among the parasites themselves might constrain some parasites to a specialist strategy, and (ii) that frequent encounters with multiple host species, mediated by blood‐sucking insects, might promote generalization within this system.
Can an Ontological Pluralist Really be a Realist?
Authors: Miller J. T. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article examines whether it is possible to uphold one form of deflationism towards metaphysics, ontological pluralism (as defined by Eklund 2008), whilst maintaining metaphysical realism. The focus therefore is on one prominent deflationist who fits the definition of an ontological pluralist, Eli Hirsch, and his self‐ascription as a realist. The article argues that ontological pluralism is not amenable to the ascription of realism under some basic intuitions as to what a “realist” position is committed to. These basic intuitions include a commitment to more than a stuff‐ontology, and a view that realism carries with it more than a rejection of idealism. This issue is more than merely terminological. The ascription of realism is an important classification in order to understand what sorts of entities can be the truthmakers within a given theory. “Realism” is thus an important term to understand the nature of the entities that a given theory accepts into its ontology.
Meaning and Conversational Impropriety in Sceptical Contexts
Authors: Schönbaumsfeld Genia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAccording to “disjunctivist neo‐Mooreanism”—a position Duncan Pritchard develops in a recent book—it is possible to know the denials of radical sceptical hypotheses, even though it is conversationally inappropriate to claim such knowledge. In a recent paper, on the other hand, Pritchard expounds an “überhinge” strategy, according to which one cannot know the denials of sceptical hypotheses, as “hinge propositions” are necessarily groundless. The present article argues that neither strategy is entirely successful. For if a proposition can be known, it can also be claimed to be known. If the latter is not possible, this is not because certain propositions are either “intrinsically” conversationally inappropriate (as Pritchard claims in his book) or else “rationally groundless” (as Pritchard claims in his paper), but rather that we are dealing with something that merely presents us with the appearance of being an epistemic claim.
Mind, State, and Metaphor
Authors: Floyd Richard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article examines the post‐Ryle developments in philosophy of mind and psychology, in particular tracing the emergence of the concept of a mental state. The climate immediately following the large‐scale rejection of Descartes seems rather hostile to the idea of mental properties as internal states that cause behaviour. In this context, the emergence of the reificatory view of mental states is quite surprising, and it appears to stem from Putnam's adoption of the Turing machine (including the Turing state) as a model for human psychology. I conclude that the success of the “mental state” is down to the fact that it neatly conforms to the picture painted by the metaphorical expressions we use when talking about minds and mental things, and that its success is more accidental than inevitable.
Carving Intuition at its Joints
Authors: Schukraft Jason 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA central metaphilosophical project seeks to evaluate the reliability of the types of evidence that figure in philosophical arguments and, relatedly, the justificatory status of relying on those types of evidence. Traditionally, metaphilosophers have approached this project via an analysis of intuition. This article argues that the category picked out by “intuition” is both too broad and too heterogeneous to serve as the appropriate target for metaphilosophical inquiry. Intuition is a gerrymandered and disjunctive kind, undeserving of the widespread attention it receives in the literature. Instead, metaphilosophers should examine more finely grained mental states. Three promising strategies for parsing intuitions more finely are proposed: by their causal origins, by their context of employment, and by the exoticism of their content. This more narrow focus may significantly alter the dialectic in three prominent metaphilosophical arguments: the argument from calibration, the argument from self‐defeat, and the argument from intuitional sensitivity.
Truth Analysis of the Gettier Argument
Authors: Yakubu Yussif 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGettier (1963) presented the now famous Gettier problem as a challenge to epistemology. The methods Gettier used to construct his challenge, however, utilized certain principles of formal logic that are actually inappropriate for the natural language discourse of the Gettier cases. In that challenge to epistemology, Gettier also makes truth claims that would be considered controversial in analytic philosophy of language. The Gettier challenge has escaped scrutiny in these other relevant academic disciplines, however, because of its façade as an epistemological analysis. This article examines Gettier's methods with the analytical tools of logic and analytic philosophy of language.
Phytohormone sensing in the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis – the dual role of the transcription factor Rss1
Authors: Rabe Franziska , Seitner Denise , Bauer Lisa , Navarrete Fernando , Czedik‐Eysenberg Angelika , Rabanal Fernando A. , Djamei Armin 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe phenolic compound salicylic acid (SA) is a key signalling molecule regulating local and systemic plant defense responses, mainly against biotrophs. Many microbial organisms, including pathogens, share the ability to degrade SA. However, the mechanism by which they perceive SA is unknown. Here we show that Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, employs a so far uncharacterized SA sensing mechanism. We identified and characterized the novel SA sensing regulator, Rss1, a binuclear zinc cluster protein with dual functions as putative SA receptor and transcriptional activator regulating genes important for SA and tryptophan degradation. Rss1 represents a major component in the identified SA sensing pathway during the fungus’ saprophytic stage. However, Rss1 does not have a detectable impact on virulence. The data presented in this work indicate that alternative or redundant sensing cascades exist that regulate the expression of SA‐responsive genes in U. maydis during its pathogenic development.
Opposing PKA and Hog1 signals control the post‐transcriptional response to glucose availability in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Banerjee Dithi , Bloom Amanda L. M. , Panepinto John C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans must adapt to glucose‐limited conditions in the lung and glucose replete conditions upon dissemination to the brain. We report that glucose controls ribosome biogenesis and translation by modulating mRNA decay through a balance of PKA and Hog1 signalling. Glucose signalling through PKA stabilized ribosomal protein (RP) mRNAs whereas glucose starvation destabilized RP transcripts through Hog1. Glucose starvation‐induced oxidative stress response genes, and treatment of glucose‐fed cells with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating compounds repressed RP transcripts, both of which were dependent on Hog1. Stabilization of RP transcripts led to retention of polysomes in a hog1Δ mutant, whereas stabilization of RP transcripts by cyclic AMP did not affect translation repression, suggesting that Hog1 alone signals translation repression. In sum, this work describes a novel antagonism between PKA and Hog1 controlling ribosome biogenesis via mRNA stability in response to glucose availability in this important human pathogen.
Effects of leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment and biosynthetic fractionation on leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values in C3 and C4 grasses
Authors: Gamarra B. , Sachse D. , Kahmen A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLeaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values carry important information about environmental and ecophysiological processes in plants. However, the physiological and biochemical drivers that shape leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values are not completely understood. It is particularly unclear why n‐alkanes in grasses are typically 2H‐depleted compared with plants from other taxonomic groups such as dicotyledonous plants and why C3 grasses are 2H‐depleted compared with C4 grasses. To resolve these uncertainties, we quantified the effects of leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment and biosynthetic hydrogen isotope fractionation on n‐alkane δ2H values for a range of C3 and C4 grasses grown in climate‐controlled chambers. We found that only a fraction of leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment is imprinted on the leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values in grasses. This is interesting, as previous studies have shown in dicotyledonous plants a nearly complete transfer of this 2H‐enrichment to the n‐alkane δ2H values. We thus infer that the typically observed 2H‐depletion of n‐alkanes in grasses (as opposed to dicots) is because only a fraction of the leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment is imprinted on the δ2H values. Our experiments also show that differences in n‐alkane δ2H values between C3 and C4 grasses are largely the result of systematic differences in biosynthetic fractionation between these two plant groups, which was on average −198‰ and−159‰ for C3 and C4 grasses, respectively.
Biochemical basis of sulphenomics: how protein sulphenic acids may be stabilized by the protein microenvironment
Authors: Trost P. , Fermani S. , Calvaresi M. , Zaffagnini M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAmong protein residues, cysteines are one of the prominent candidates to ROS‐mediated and RNS‐mediated post‐translational modifications, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the main ROS candidate for inducing cysteine oxidation. The reaction with H2O2 is not common to all cysteine residues, being their reactivity an utmost prerequisite for the sensitivity towards H2O2. Indeed, only deprotonated Cys (i.e. thiolate form, S−) can react with H2O2 leading to sulphenic acid formation (SOH), which is considered as a major/central player of ROS sensing pathways. However, cysteine sulphenic acids are generally unstable because they can be further oxidized to irreversible forms (sulphinic and sulphonic acids, SO2H and SO3H, respectively), or alternatively, they can proceed towards further modifications including disulphide bond formation (SS), S‐glutathionylation (SSG) and sulphenamide formation (SN). To understand why and how cysteine residues undergo primary oxidation to sulphenic acid, and to explore the stability of cysteine sulphenic acids, a combination of biochemical, structural and computational studies are required. Here, we will discuss the current knowledge of the structural determinants for cysteine reactivity and sulphenic acid stability within protein microenvironments.
Shifting expectations of partners' responsiveness changes outcomes of conflict discussions
Authors: MARIGOLD DENISE C. , ANDERSON JOANNA E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExpecting responsiveness from a partner may increase the chance of successful conflict resolution through a self‐fulfilling prophecy. Such expectations derive in part from people's history of receiving responsiveness and from their belief that their partner values them (S. L. Murray, J. G. Holmes, & N. L. Collins, 2006). This belief can be fostered by having individuals reframe a partner's compliment in an abstract way (D. C. Marigold, J. G. Holmes, & M. Ross, 2007). In this study, 96 dating couples were randomly assigned to complete a compliment reframing intervention (or not) prior to discussing a conflict. Without intervention, couples who typically had a lot of conflict reported less positive expectations of their partner for the upcoming discussion and subsequently worse outcomes than low‐conflict couples; these differences were eliminated in the compliment reframing condition. This research demonstrates the importance of perceived value and expectations of responsiveness in shaping the outcomes of conflict discussions, suggesting additional points of intervention beyond communication skills for high‐conflict couples.
Immunoprotective effect of lentinan in combination with miltefosine on Leishmania‐infected J‐774A.1 macrophages
Authors: Shivahare R. , Ali W. , Singh U. S. , Natu S. M. , Khattri S. , Puri S. K. , Gupta S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryRejuvenation of deteriorated host immune functions is imperative for successful annihilation of Leishmania parasites. The use of immunomodulatory agents may have several advantages as they conquer immunosuppression and, when given in combination, improve current therapeutic regimens. We herein investigated the immunostimulatory potency of a β‐glucan, lentinan either alone or in combination with short dose of standard drug, miltefosine on Leishmania‐infected J‐774A.1 macrophages. Our study shows that infected macrophages when stimulated with 2.5 μg/mL and above concentrations of lentinan secreted significant amount of host‐protective molecules. The in vitro interaction between lentinan and miltefosine showed some synergy (mean sum of fractional inhibitory concentration [mean ∑FIC] 0.87) at IC50 level. Lentinan (2.5 μg/mL) plus low‐dose miltefosine (2 μM) displayed heightened level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐12 (13.6‐fold) and TNF‐α (6.8‐fold) along with nitric oxide (7.2‐fold higher) when compared with infected control. In combination group, we also observed remarkably (P<.001) suppressed levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐10 and TGF‐β, than that of untreated macrophages. Additionally, in comparison with infected group, we observed significant induction in phagocytic activity of macrophages in combination with treated group. Collectively, these findings emphasize the immunostimulatory effect of lentinan alone and in combination with low dose of miltefosine against Leishmania donovani.
Reduced amygdala responsivity during conditioning to trauma‐related stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Diener Slawomira J. , Nees Frauke , Wessa Michèle , Wirtz Gustav , Frommberger Ulrich , Penga Tina , Ruttorf Michaela , Ruf Matthias , Schmahl Christian , Flor Herta 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExaggerated conditioned fear responses and impaired extinction along with amygdala overactivation have been observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These fear responses might be triggered by cues related to the trauma through higher‐order conditioning, where reminders of the trauma may serve as unconditioned stimuli (US) and could maintain the fear response. We compared arousal, valence, and US expectancy ratings and BOLD brain responses using fMRI in 14 traumatized persons with PTSD and 14 without PTSD (NPTSD) and 13 matched healthy controls (HC) in a differential aversive conditioning paradigm. The US were trauma‐specific pictures for the PTSD and NPTSD group and equally aversive and arousing for the HC; the conditioned stimuli (CS) were graphic displays. During conditioning, the PTSD patients compared to the NPTSD and HC indicated higher arousal to the conditioned stimulus that was paired with the trauma picture (CS+) compared to the unpaired (CS−), increased dissociation during acquisition and extinction, and failure to extinguish the CS/US‐association compared to NPTSD. During early and late acquisition, the PTSD patients showed a significantly lower amygdala activation to CS+ versus CS− and a negative interaction between activation in the amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), while NPTSD and HC displayed a negative interaction between amygdala and medial PFC. These findings suggest maladaptive anticipatory coping with trauma‐related stimuli in patients with PTSD, indicated by enhanced conditioning, with related abnormal amygdala reactivity and connectivity, and delayed extinction.
Long‐term Effects of Pyrethrin and Cyfluthrin, a Type II Synthetic Pyrethroid, Insecticide Applications on Bull Reproductive Parameters
Authors: Stewart JL , Shipley CF , Ireland FA , Jarrell VL , Timlin CL , Shike DW , Felix TL 
Published: July 2016

ContentsThe objectives of this study were to determine effects of cyfluthrin and pyrethrin spray products, used in combination with cyfluthrin topical and ear tag applications, on bull reproductive parameters over 18 weeks. Angus or Angus x Simmental bulls were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (i) no exposure to pyrethrins/cyfluthrin (CONT; n = 10), (ii) cyfluthrin ear tag and topical applications (ET; n = 10), or (iii) cyfluthrin ear tag, topical, premise spray and pyrethrin fog spray applications (ET+S; n = 8). Bull body weight was measured every 3 week, and body condition score and scrotal circumference were recorded on weeks 0, 9 and 18. Semen and serum were collected every 3 weeks for sperm evaluation and testosterone measurement, respectively. There was a treatment × week interaction (p < 0.01) for sperm with primary defects; bulls in CONT group had a greater (p = 0.01) percentage of sperm with primary defects than bulls treated with insecticides at week 18. Overall and progressive sperm motility, normal sperm morphology, secondary sperm defects and serum testosterone concentrations changed (p < 0.01) over time in all bulls; however, treatment did not affect (p ≥ 0.13) any of these parameters. There were also no treatment effects (p ≥ 0.08) on bull body weight, body condition score or scrotal circumference. The use of pyrethrin‐ and cyfluthrin‐based insecticides, regardless of application, did not negatively affect reproductive parameters in beef bulls when administered over 18 weeks.
Subnational Responses to Fracking in Canada: Explaining Saskatchewan's “Wild West” Regulatory Approach
Authors: Carter Angela V. , Eaton Emily M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article assesses the regulatory response to fracking by Saskatchewan, Canada's second largest oil‐producing province. Public officials and industry representatives claim fracking regulations are “comprehensive” and “robust”; however, there has been no comparative assessment of this claim. To address this gap, we outline the dominant regulatory pathways of U.S. states and Canadian provinces, ranging from applying existing regulations with minimal revisions, to enacting broader revisions or bans. We account for this variation using a framework from Davis () emphasizing governments’ dependence on the oil sector, the level of support for fracking among elected officials and policy makers, and the influence of key “constituencies.” The article then traces the growth and impact of fracking in Saskatchewan and analyzes new trends in the province's regulation of fracking. Given the province's application of existing regulations with minimal revisions and active weakening of enforcement, we identify Saskatchewan as taking Rabe and Borick's () “conventional” regulatory approach, typical of Davis's “energy dominant” states.
Enhancing Precision and Clarity in the Study of Policy Narratives: An Analysis of Climate and Air Issues in Delhi, India
Authors: Weible Christopher M. , Olofsson Kristin L. , Costie Daniel P. , Katz Juniper M. , Heikkila Tanya 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe study of policy narratives is challenged by inconsistencies and a need for more precise definitions and measurements. The goals of this article are to build precision and clarity in the study of policy narratives by developing a network‐based approach—the ego‐alter dyad—for coding characters and their interactions around a policy issue and then to illustrate this approach in the analysis of air and climate issues in Delhi, India. The empirical results show that (1) the same actors are often heroes and villains, (2) heroes and villains are associated with different actions but with similar victims or beneficiaries, (3) narrators differ in their propensity to tell hero‐heavy or villain‐heavy policy narratives, and (4) the proportion of hero‐heavy or villain‐heavy policy narratives changes over time and differs across subtopics. The article concludes with a research agenda for further theoretical and methodological advancement in studying policy narratives.