bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Haider Tube-Guard® Endotracheal Tube Holder Versus Adhesive Tape to Determine if This Novel Device Can Reduce Endotracheal Tube Movement and Prevent Unplanned Extubation
Authors: Buckley Jack C. , Brown Adam P. , Shin John S. , Rogers Kirsten M. , Hoftman Nir N. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Endotracheal tube security is a critical safety issue. We compared the mobility of an in situ endotracheal tube secured with adhesive tape to the one secured with a new commercially available purpose-designed endotracheal tube-holder device (Haider Tube-Guard®). We also observed for the incidence of oropharyngeal or facial trauma associated with the 2 tube fixation methods.

METHODS:
Thirty adult patients undergoing general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade were prospectively enrolled. Immediately after intubation, a single study author positioned the endotracheal tube tip in the distal trachea using a bronchoscope. Anesthesiologists caring for patients secured the tube in their normal fashion (always with adhesive tape). A force transducer was used to apply linear force, increasing to 15 N or until the principal investigator deemed that the force be aborted for safety reasons. The displacement of the endotracheal tube was measured with the bronchoscope. Any tape was then removed and the endotracheal tube secured with the Haider Tube-Guard device. The linear force was reapplied and the displacement of the endotracheal tube measured. The Haider Tube-Guard device was left in place for the duration of the case. The patient’s face and oropharynx were examined for any evidence of trauma during surgery and in the recovery room. On discharge from the postanesthesia care unit, the patient answered a brief survey assessing for any subjective evidence of minor facial or oropharyngeal trauma.

RESULTS:
Under standardized tension, the endotracheal tube withdrew a mean distance of 3.4 cm when secured with adhesive tape versus 0.3 cm when secured with the Haider Tube-Guard (P <0.001). Ninety-seven percent of patients (29/30) experienced clinically significant endotracheal tube movement (>1 cm) when adhesive tape was used to secure the tube versus 3% (1/30) when the Haider Tube-Guard was used (P <0.001). Thirty percent of patients (9/30) were potentially deemed a high extubation risk (endotracheal tube movement >4 cm) when the endotracheal tube was secured with tape versus 0% (0/30) when secured with the Haider Tube-Guard (P = 0.004). Six patients with taped endotracheal tubes required the traction to be aborted before 15 N of force was achieved to prevent potential extubation as the tape either separated from the face or stretched to allow excessive endotracheal tube movement. None of the patients appeared to sustain any injury from the Haider Tube-Guard device.

CONCLUSIONS:
The Haider Tube-Guard significantly reduced the mobility of the endotracheal tube when compared with adhesive tape and was well tolerated in our observations.
Anesthetic Care in Mozambique
Authors: Lyon Camila B. , Merchant Amina I. , Schwalbach Teresa , Pinto Emilia F. V. , Jeque Emilia C. , McQueen K. A. Kelly 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
The World Bank and Lancet Commission in 2015 have prioritized surgery in Low-Income Countries (LIC) and Lower-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). This is consistent with the shift in the global burden of disease from communicable to noncommunicable diseases over the past 20 years. Essential surgery must be performed safely, with adequate anesthesia monitoring and intervention. Unfortunately, a huge barrier to providing safe surgery includes the paucity of an anesthesia workforce.
1
In this study, we qualitatively evaluated the anesthesia capacity of Mozambique, a LIC in Africa with limited access to anesthesia and safe surgical care. Country-based solutions are suggested that can expand to other LIC and LMICs.

METHODS:
A comprehensive review of the Mozambique anesthesia system was conducted through interviews with personnel in the Ministry of Health (MOH), a school of medicine, a public central referral hospital, a general first referral hospital, a private care hospital, and leaders in the physician anesthesia community. Personnel databases were acquired from the MOH and Maputo Central Hospital.

RESULTS:
Quantitative results reveal minimal anesthesia capacity (290 anesthesia providers for a population of >25 million or 0.01:10,000). The majority of physician anesthesiologists practice in urban settings, and many work in the private sector. There is minimal capacity for growth given only 1 Mozambique anesthesia residency with inadequate resources. The most commonly perceived barriers to safe anesthesia in this critical shortage are lack of teachers, lack of medical student interest in and exposure to anesthesia, need for more schools, low allocation to anesthesia from the list of available specialist prospects by MOH, and low public payments to anesthesiologists. Qualitative results show assets of a good health system design, a supportive environment for learning in the residency, improvement in anesthetic care in past decades, and a desire for more educational opportunities and teachers.

CONCLUSIONS:
Mozambique has a strong health system design but few resources for surgery and safe anesthesia. At present, similar to other LICs, human resources, access to essential medicines, and safety monitoring limit safe anesthesia in Mozambique.
China’s Contribution to Anesthesiology Research: A 10-Year Survey of the Literature
Authors: Xie Guohao , Zhang Kai , Wood Chris , Hoeft Andreas , Liu Jin , Fang Xiangming 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Anesthesiology has advanced in China over the past decade. We compared the trends in publication of anesthesiology articles from China between 2005 and 2014 with the trends in 5 developed countries.

METHODS:
We included all journals listed in the ‘‘Anesthesiology’’ category of Journal Citation Reports. Anesthesiology-related publications from 2005 to 2014 were retrieved from the PubMed and Web of Knowledge online databases. The total number of articles, publication type categories, number of citations, and citation rate (number of citations/years since publication) were analyzed. The sample size was the n = 10 years for all confidence intervals and P values. We additionally evaluated the total number of articles published in the 10 top-ranking journals.

RESULTS:
From 2005 to 2014, 41,344 articles were published in anesthesiology journals. Of these, 3.07% were contributed by authors from Chinese institutions. Although this contribution was less than the Unites States, Great Britain, Germany, France, or Japan, publications from Chinese institutions grew at an annual rate of 13% (95% confidence interval: 3.08%–23.38%, P < 0.001, r = 0.903). Chinese institutions produced relatively more basic research reports than clinical investigations. China ranked before Great Britain (221 articles) and France (245 articles) in basic research, with 448 basic researches publications during the study period. The articles from China averaged 2.24 citations per year, comparable to the articles from the United States (2.71, P = 0.545), Great Britain (2.57, P = 0.999), Germany (2.35, P = 0.999), France (1.50, P = 0.520), and Japan (1.24, P = 0.065). In the 10 highest impact anesthesiology journals, China published 780 articles during the decade. The 3 journals with the most publications from Chinese institutions were Anesthesia & Analgesia, Anesthesiology, and Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

CONCLUSIONS:
In the studied decade, anesthesiology research published by Chinese institutions lagged behind publications from developed countries. There was a steady increase in the number of articles every year, resulting in recent rates of publication similar to several developed countries. The citation rate of articles from Chinese institutions was similar to the citation rate of articles from developed countries, indicating that the quality of articles from China in these journals is comparable to the quality from developed countries.
To the Question about the Defi nition of Competitiveness and Competence of Employees of Law Enforcement Services of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Досымбек  , Dosymbek B. 
Published: March 2016

The article is devoted to fi nding new ways to improve the effi ciency of law enforcement services of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of the development
of competitiveness and competence. To this end the author proposes the use of a rating «rating service of personal competence», consisting of two sections:
the service rating, and personal rating. Offi cial rating is proposed to evaluate on the basis of characteristics such as the performance of offi cial duties, legal
literacy, combat and physical training, possession of modern information technology, service discipline that must be assessed as excellent, good or satisfactory.
Personal rating, according to the author, should include such indicators, as the relationship of employee in the team, the presence or absence of confl ict,
behavior in everyday life, the correctness in relations with citizens, etc.
Information Sampling, Belief Synchronization, and Collective Illusions
Authors: Denrell Jerker , Le Mens Gaël 
Published: March 2016

We demonstrate that a sampling-based mechanism can offer an alternative explanation for belief synchronization in social groups and the persistence of collective illusions. Our model assumes that people are more likely to sample popular alternatives than unpopular alternatives. We show that this mechanism is sufficient to explain belief synchronization: a strong majority of opinions will likely emerge in favor of one alternative. The reason is that the group is unlikely to move away from a state in which one alternative is very unpopular. If by chance most people come to dislike alternative A, they are all unlikely to sample it again and their opinions of A remain the same. When A is in fact the best alternative, a collective illusion has emerged because people mistakenly believe that a suboptimal alternative is the best. Our model implies that such a collective illusion is persistent. The model thus offers an existence proof that a collective illusion can occur even in settings where people do not infer that popular alternatives are better. The model also casts new light on the effect of online recommendation systems on attitude homogenization and the effect of majority voting on beliefs and attitudes. This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
A Dynamic Network Measure of Technological Change
Authors: Funk Russell J. , Owen-Smith Jason 
Published: March 2016

This article outlines a network approach to the study of technological change. We propose that new inventions reshape networks of interlinked technologies by shifting inventors’ attention to or away from the knowledge on which those inventions build. Using this approach, we develop novel indexes of the extent to which a new invention consolidates or destabilizes existing technology streams. We apply these indexes in analyses of university research commercialization and find that, although federal research funding pushes campuses to create inventions that are more destabilizing, deeper commercial ties lead them to produce technologies that consolidate the status quo. By quantifying the effects that new technologies have on their predecessors, the indexes we propose allow patent-based studies of innovation to capture conceptually important phenomena that are not detectable with established measures. The measurement approach presented here offers empirical insights that support theoretical development in studies of innovation, entrepreneurship, technology strategy, science policy, and social network theory. This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Two New Features in Discrete Choice Experiments to Improve Willingness-to-Pay Estimation That Result in SDR and SADR: Separated (Adaptive) Dual Response
Authors: Schlereth Christian , Skiera Bernd 
Published: March 2016

Discrete choice experiments such as choice-based conjoint and dual response are popular preference elicitation methods, yet, they can suffer from context effects, extreme response behavior, and problems with estimating consumers’ willingness to pay accurately when the purchase probability is high. This study proposes two new features to avoid these limits: (a) strictly separating all forced and all free choice questions and (b) an adaptive mechanism to select fewer, but more informative, free choice questions. The use of these two features invokes two new discrete choice experiment methods: separated dual response (SDR), with just the first feature, and separated adaptive dual response (SADR), with both features. A conceptual comparison, simulation study, tests to address endogeneity concerns, and three empirical studies demonstrate the appeal of these two new features, relative to the benefits of existing discrete choice experiments, especially when estimating willingness to pay. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2367 . This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
Do leg ulcer clinics improve patients' quality of life?
Authors: Liew I.H. , Law K.A. , Sinha S.N. 
Published: March 2016

The aim of this prospective study was to measure quality of life in patients with chronic leg ulcers. All eligible, consenting patients who attended the leg ulcer clinic at the Repatriation General Hospital (Tasmania, Australia) during the 16-month study period were included. Patients completed questionnaires on their first visit and at follow-up which occurred, on average, eight weeks later.This study found an improvement in three quality-of-life indicators — pain, sleep and mobility — over an average of eight weeks' treatment involving one to three visits to the clinic and home visits by primary care nurses. Of the 57 patients, 53 (93%) indicated that their wound had improved following attendance at the clinic.The cost-effectiveness of providing treatment in a dedicated leg ulcer clinic has been the focus of many previous studies. This study emphasises the additional benefits a dedicated clinic may have in improving quality of life in patients with chronic leg ulcers. Such benefits ought to be considered when allocating resources to leg ulcer services.
Origin of dark mass apparentfrom gravitationally bound extended ordinary material systems
Authors: Biswas Shubhen 
Published: March 2016

To grow up a gravitationally bound system with fixed proper mass requires sufficient energy to overcome the gravitational pull. Following General relativity both matter energy and field energy act on the source of gravity. Apart from the field energy if our concern is just for the bound system of mass only, then we can easily attribute the gain of matter energy as the gain of gravitational mass. This gain of matter energy can be backed immediately if the system is allowed to collapse to its initial state. So in the case of expansion there will be no possibility in creation of normal or proper mass. But the concern regarding the gain of matter energy must have realistic effect in increase of gravitational mass. This article explains how gravitational mass of the gravitationally bound large material system like galaxy exceeds its ordinary mass with the size of the system. Here presence of the dark mass and flat rotation curveÂ are given without considering MOND theory, not even distorting any accepted paradigm of post Newtonian gravity. The findings are truly consistent with the recent observed data.
Adenovirus-mediated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-a potentiates bone morphogenetic protein9-induced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation
Authors: Pi Chang-jun , Liang Kai-lu , Ke Zhen-yong , Chen Fu , Cheng Yun , Yin Liang-jun , Deng Zhong-liang , He Bai-cheng , Chen Liang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are suitable seed cells for bone tissue engineering because they can self-renew and undergo differentiation into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, or myogenic lineages. Vascular endothelial growth factor-a (VEGF-a), an angiogenic factor, is also involved in osteogenesis and bone repair. However, the effects of VEGF-a on osteogenic MSCs differentiation remain unknown. It was previously reported that bone morphogenetic protein9 (BMP9) is one of the most important osteogenic BMPs. Here, we investigated the effects of VEGF-a on BMP9-induced osteogenesis with mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). We found that endogenous VEGF-a expression was undetectable in MSCs. Adenovirus-mediated expression of VEGF-a in MEFs potentiated BMP9-induced early and late osteogenic markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN). In stem cell implantation assays, VEGF-a augmented BMP9-induced ectopic bone formation. VEGF-a in combination with BMP9 effectively increased the bone volume and osteogenic activity. However, the synergistic effect was efficiently abolished by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT inhibitor LY294002. These results demonstrated that BMP9 may crosstalk with VEGF-a through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to induce osteogenic differentiation in MEFs. Thus, our findings demonstrate the effects of VEGF-a on BMP9-induced bone formation and provide a new potential strategy for treating nonunion fractures, large segmental bony defects, and/or osteoporotic fractures.
Effects of Tai Chi training on postural control and cognitive performance while dual tasking – a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Lu Xi , Siu K. C. , Fu Siu N. , Hui-Chan Christina W. Y. , Tsang William W. N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Background: This single-blinded, randomized controlled study investigated the effects of practicing Tai Chi on the postural control and cognitive performance of older women while dual tasking.

Methods: Community-dwelling older women (n=31) were recruited from community centers. They were randomized to Tai Chi group (n=15, 12-form Yang style Tai Chi training) or a control group (n=16, general interest classes) for 16 weeks. Balance was tested in single leg stance after stepping down from a step, with and without a concurrent auditory response task (auditory Stroop test). Balance was measured by total sway path and sway area of subject’s center of pressure (COP). The reaction time and the correctness of the auditory Stroop test were also measured.

Results: Tai Chi subjects made fewer errors in auditory Stroop test under dual-task condition after Tai Chi training (p=0.01). They also showed significant decreases in the COP path (p<0.05) and the COP area (p<0.05) in their postural control after training in both single- and dual-task conditions. The subjects in the control group did not show any significant improvement in dual-task condition after the intervention.

Conclusions: Tai Chi training improves the cognitive and postural control performance of older women when dual tasking.
An inverse problem for a nonlinear diffusion equation with time-fractional derivative
Authors: Tatar Salih , Ulusoy Süleyman 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A nonlinear time-fractional inverse coefficient problem is considered. The unknown coefficient depends on the solution. It is proved that the direct problem has a unique solution. Afterwards the continuous dependence of the solution of the corresponding direct problem on the coefficient is proved. Then the existence of a quasi-solution of the inverse problem is obtained in the appropriate class of admissible coefficients.
Intonational phonology and politeness in L1 and L2 Spanish
Authors: Astruc Lluïsa , del Mar Vanrell Maria 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study makes a foray into the politeness strategies used by English learners of Spanish by comparing a corpus of invitations and requests recorded by 14 adult English learners of beginner-level Spanish as part of their course assignment to the data recorded by 12 native speakers. The native speakers’ data was collected using discourse completion tests, which elicited offers and requests in scenarios controlled for social distance, power, and the cost of the request or offer. All the data was analysed pragmatically, by quantifying the occurrence of politeness strategies, and phonologically, by transcribing pitch accents and boundary tones in line with the guidelines of the Autosegmental Metrical framework. The results show that, depending on the situation, native speakers combine the use of different lexical and morpho-syntactic devices with the use of specific intonational patterns. Most learners at beginner level correctly use a limited range of morpho-syntactic politeness strategies appropriate to their level, and these are frequently reinforced with intonation. However, our data also show that beginner learners often transfer the intonational patterns of their first language.
Critical role of Emx2 in the pluripotency – differentiation transition in male gonocytes via regulation of FGF9/NODAL pathway
Authors: Tian-Zhong Ma , Bi Chen , Ying Zhang , Xia Jing , Cai-Ling Peng , Yun-Shan Zhang , Mei-Wen Huang , Yan-Ru Niu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEmx2deletion impairs the growth and maintenance of the genital ridge. However, its role in subsequent germ cell differentiation during embryonic stages is unknown. Using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-loxP mouse model (Emx2flox/flox,Cre-ERTM, hereafter called asEmx2knockdown), we showed that germ cell differentiation was impaired inEmx2-knockdown testes. Representative characteristics of male germ cell differentiation, including a reduced ability to form embryonic germ (EG) cell coloniesin vitro, down-regulation of pluripotency markers and G1/G0 arrest, did not occur inEmx2-knockdown testes. Furthermore, FGF9 and NODAL signalling occurred at abnormally high levels inEmx2-knockdown testes. Both blocking FGF9 signalling with SU5402 and inhibiting NODAL signalling with SB431542 allowed germ cells fromEmx2-knockdown testes to differentiatein vitro. Therefore, EMX2 in somatic cells is required to trigger germ cell differentiation in XY foetuses, posterior to its previously reported role in the growth and maintenance of the genital ridge.
Neurocognitive and Academic Outcomes at Age 10 Years of Extremely Preterm Newborns
Authors: Joseph Robert M. , O’Shea Thomas M. , Allred Elizabeth N. , Heeren Tim , Hirtz Deborah , Jara Hernan , Leviton Alan , Kuban Karl C.K. ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Despite reductions in mortality and morbidity among children born extremely preterm, they remain at high risk of neurocognitive deficits, with up to 40% having significant cognitive deficits at school age. We assessed the rate of neurocognitive impairment in a contemporary US cohort of 873 children aged 10 years who were born &lt;28 weeks’ gestation.

METHODS:
The families of 889 of 966 (92%) children enrolled from 2002 to 2004 at 14 sites in 5 states returned at age 10 years for a comprehensive assessment of IQ, language, attention, executive function, processing speed, visual perception, visual-motor function, and academic achievement.

RESULTS:
A total of 873 children were assessed with well-validated tests of cognitive and academic function. Distributions of test scores were consistently and markedly shifted below normative expectation, with one-third to two-thirds of children performing &gt;1 SD below age expectation. The most extreme downward shifts were on measures of executive control and processing speed. Multivariate analyses, adjusted for socioeconomic status, growth restriction, and other potential confounders, revealed that the risk of poor outcome was highest at the lowest gestational age across all 18 measures.

CONCLUSIONS:
More than half of our extremely preterm cohort exhibited moderate or severe neurocognitive deficits at age 10 years, with the most extensive impairments found among those born at the lowest gestational age. Children born extremely preterm continue to be at significant risk of persistent impairments in neurocognitive function and academic achievement, underscoring the need for monitoring and remediating such outcomes beginning in early childhood.