bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Sea Surface Temperature and Maximum Intensification Rate of Tropical Cyclones in the North Atlantic
Authors: Xu Jing , Wang Yuqing , Tan Zhe-Min 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
An empirical relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and the maximum potential intensification rate (MPIR) of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the North Atlantic has been developed based on the best-track TC data and the observed SST during 1988–2014. Similar to the empirical relationship between SST and the maximum potential intensity of TCs previously documented, results from this study show a nonlinear increasing trend of the MPIR with increasing SST, with a more rapid increasing trend when SST is higher than 27°C. Further analyses indicate that about 28% of intensifying TCs over the North Atlantic reached 50% of their MPIR and only 7% reached 80% of their MPIR at the time when they were at their lifetime maximum intensification rates. Moreover, a TC tended to have a larger intensification rate when it was located in regions with higher SST and lower vertical wind shear (VWS). This indicates that although the MPIR–SST relationship is much stronger than that for the IR rate versus SST for most TCs, the actual intensification rate of a TC is determined by not only the SST but also other environmental effects, such as VWS. Additional results from a simplified dynamical system previously developed for TC intensity prediction suggest an SST-dependent TC MPIR, similar to that fitted from observations. However, the MPIR obtained from the observational fitting seems to underestimate the MPIR in regions with low SST at higher latitudes where VWS is often large. Nevertheless, this study provides the observational evidence for the existence of the MPIR for TCs.
The Effect of Southern Ocean Surface Buoyancy Loss on the Deep-Ocean Circulation and Stratification
Authors: Jansen Malte F. , Nadeau Louis-Philippe 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe deep-ocean circulation and stratification have likely undergone major changes during past climates, which may have played an important role in the modulation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The mechanisms by which the deep-ocean circulation changed, however, are still poorly understood and represent a major challenge to the understanding of past and future climates. This study highlights the importance of the integrated buoyancy loss rate around Antarctica in modulating the abyssal circulation and stratification. Theoretical arguments and idealized numerical simulations suggest that enhanced buoyancy loss around Antarctica leads to a strong increase in the abyssal stratification, consistent with proxy observations for the last glacial maximum. Enhanced buoyancy loss moreover leads to a contraction of the middepth overturning cell and thus upward shift of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The abyssal overturning cell initially expands to fill the void. However, if the buoyancy loss rate further increases, the abyssal cell also contracts, leaving a “dead zone” with vanishing meridional flow at middepth.
A Consistent AVHRR Visible Calibration Record Based on Multiple Methods Applicable for the NOAA Degrading Orbits. Part II: Validation
Authors: Doelling David R. , Bhatt Rajendra , Scarino Benjamin R. , Gopalan Arun , Haney Conor O. , Minnis Patrick , Bedka Kristopher M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractConsistent cross-sensor Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) calibration coefficients are determined using desert, polar ice, and deep convective cloud (DCC) invariant Earth targets. The greatest AVHRR calibration challenge is the slow orbit degradation of the host satellite, which precesses toward a terminator orbit. This issue is solved by characterizing the invariant targets with NOAA-16 AVHRR observed radiances that have been referenced to the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) calibration using simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) observations. Another benefit of the NOAA-16 invariant target–modeled reflectance method is that, because of the similarities among the AVHRR spectral response functions, a smaller spectral band adjustment factor is required than when establishing calibrations relative to a non-AVHRR reference instrument. The sensor- and band-specific calibration uncertainties, with respect to the calibration reference, are, on average, 2% and 3% for channels 1 and 2, respectively. The uncertainties are smaller for sensors that are in afternoon orbits, have longer records, and spend less time in terminator conditions.The multiple invariant targets referenced to Aqua MODIS (MITRAM) AVHRR calibration coefficients are evaluated for individual target consistency, compared against Aqua MODIS/AVHRR SNOs, and selected published calibration gains. The MITRAM and SNO relative calibration biases mostly agree to within 1% for channels 1 and 2, respectively. The individual invariant target and MITRAM sensor relative calibration biases are mostly consistent to within 1% and 2% for channels 1 and 2, respectively. The differences between the MITRAM and other published calibrations are mostly attributed to the reference instrument calibration differences.
Impacted thoracic foreign bodies after penetrating chest trauma
Authors: Sersar Sameh I , Albohiri Khalid A , Abdelmohty Hysam 
Published: September 2016

Background Retained foreign bodies in the chest may include shell fragments, bullets, shrapnel, pieces of clothing, bones, and rib fragments. The risks of removal of foreign bodies must be weighed against the complications of leaving them inside the chest. Methods We treated 90 cases of retained intrathoracic foreign bodies in patients admitted to 3 tertiary centers in Saudi Arabia between March 2015 and March 2016. Sixty patients were injured by shrapnel, 26 had one or more bullets, 3 had broken rib fragments, and one had a metal screw. The chest wall was site of impaction in 48 cases, the lungs in 24, pleura in 14, and mediastinum in 4. Results Removal of the retained foreign body was carried out in 12 patients only: bullets in 9 cases, bone fragments in 2, and a metal screw in one. The predictors for removal were bullets, female sex, and mediastinal position with bilateral chest injury, especially with fracture ribs. Conclusion Retained intrathoracic foreign bodies due to penetrating chest trauma are treated mainly conservatively unless there is another indication for chest exploration.
The post-war British ‘re-education’ policy for German universities and its application at the universities of Göttingen and Cologne (1945–1947)
Authors: Euros Glesni 
Published: September 2016

The crux of British aims for Germany following the Second World War focused on ‘re-education’ and democratisation. Well aware that the victors’ policies following World War One had failed to prevent Germany from pursuing an expansionist path once again, the plan was to help Germany learn from her problematic past. These aims extended to higher education – British reformers believed fascist ideology had perverted the universities, and that they too needed to be made democratic again. This article offers a fresh academic angle compared with other studies on the British ‘re-education’ policy. Some of these works refer to several, wide-ranging facets of the policy – such as in the German press or in schools – or compare aspects of British policy with that of the other occupying powers. This study focuses specifically on the successes and failures of Britain’s ‘re-education’ policy at two of the six universities in the British Zone: one in the relatively undamaged town of Göttingen, the other in the heavily bombed city of Cologne. The article aims to show that, despite several policy failures at both institutions, the ‘Re-education’ policy was more successful in Cologne on the whole. This was due to factors such as a more imposing location, denazification successes and heightened Anglo-German relations. The main primary sources used are Foreign Office files from The National Archives at Kew, England. The study also refers to the 1945–1947 publications of the British Zone Review, as well as a source from the London School of Economics archives.
A highly accurate heuristic algorithm for the haplotype assembly problem
Authors: Deng Fei , Cui Wenjuan , Wang Lusheng 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genetic variation in human DNA. The sequence of SNPs in each of the two copies of a given chromosome in a diploid organism is referred to as a haplotype. Haplotype information has many applications such as gene disease diagnoses, drug design, etc. The haplotype assembly problem is defined as follows: Given a set of fragments sequenced from the two copies of a chromosome of a single individual, and their locations in the chromosome, which can be pre-determined by aligning the fragments to a reference DNA sequence, the goal here is to reconstruct two haplotypes (h
1, h
2) from the input fragments. Existing algorithms do not work well when the error rate of fragments is high. Here we design an algorithm that can give accurate solutions, even if the error rate of fragments is high.

Results
We first give a dynamic programming algorithm that can give exact solutions to the haplotype assembly problem. The time complexity of the algorithm is O(n × 2
t
× t), where n is the number of SNPs, and t is the maximum coverage of a SNP site. The algorithm is slow when t is large. To solve the problem when t is large, we further propose a heuristic algorithm on the basis of the dynamic programming algorithm. Experiments show that our heuristic algorithm can give very accurate solutions.

Conclusions
We have tested our algorithm on a set of benchmark datasets. Experiments show that our algorithm can give very accurate solutions. It outperforms most of the existing programs when the error rate of the input fragments is high.
An Investigation Into the Effects of In Vitro Dilution With Different Colloid Resuscitation Fluids on Clot Microstructure Formation
Authors: Lawrence Matthew James , Marsden Nick , Kaczynski Jakub , Davies Gareth , Davies Nia , Hawkins Karl , Perumal Sounder , Brown Martin Rowan , Morris Keith , Davidson Simon J. , Williams Phylip Rhodri , Evans Phillip Adrian 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Balancing the beneficial effects of resuscitation fluids against their detrimental effect on hemostasis is an important clinical issue. We aim to compare the in vitro effects of 3 different colloid resuscitation fluids (4.5% albumin, hydroxyethyl starch [Voluven 6%], and gelatin [Geloplasma]) on clot microstructure formation using a novel viscoelastic technique, the gel point. This novel hemorheologic technique measures the biophysical properties of the clot and provides an assessment of clot microstructure from its viscoelastic properties. Importantly, in contrast to many assays in routine clinical use, the measurement is performed using unadulterated whole blood in a near-patient setting and provides rapid assessment of coagulation. We hypothesized that different colloids will have a lesser or greater detrimental effect on clot microstructure formation when compared against each other.

METHODS:
Healthy volunteers were recruited into the study (n = 104), and a 20-mL sample of whole blood was obtained. Each volunteer was assigned to 1 of the 3 fluids, and the sample was diluted to 1 of 5 different dilutions (baseline, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60%). The blood was tested using the gel point technique, which measures clot mechanical strength and quantifies clot microstructure (d

f
) at the incipient stages of fibrin formation.

RESULTS:

d

f
and clot mechanical strength decrease with progressive dilution for all 3 fluids. A significant reduction in d

f
from baseline was recorded at dilutions of 20% for albumin (P < .0001), 40% for starch (P < .0001), and 60% for gelatin (P < .0001). We also observed significant differences, in terms of d

f
, when comparing the different types of colloid (P < .0001). We found that albumin dilution produced the largest changes in clot microstructure, providing the lowest values of d

f
(= 1.41 ± 0.061 at 60% dilution) compared with starch (1.52 ± 0.081) and gelatin (1.58 ± 0.063).

CONCLUSIONS:
We show that dilution with all 3 fluids has a significant effect on coagulation at even relatively low dilution volumes (20% and 40%). Furthermore, we quantify, using a novel viscoelastic technique, how the physiochemical properties of the 3 colloids exert individual changes on clot microstructure.
Clean Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3- D]Pyrimidines Using ZnO Nano-Powders
Authors: Maleki Nariman , Shakarami Zahra , Jamshidian Saeid , Nazari Maryam 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
ZnO nano-powders were used for the one-pot synthesis of pyrano[2,3- d]pyrimidines via the solvent-free multi-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and malononitrile, in good to excellent yields of products.
Estimation of power losses in a high-frequency planar transformer using a thermal camera
Authors: Barlik Roman , Nowak Mieczysław , Grzejszczak Piotr , Zdanowski Mariusz 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the implementation of a thermal camera for the quantitative estimation of power losses in a high frequency planar transformer (100 kHz/ 5600 VA). The methodology is based on the observation of the transient temperature rise and determination of the power losses by means of curves representing the derivative of temperature as a function of power losses dissipated in the transformer. First, the thermal calibration characteristics had to be obtained from a simple experiment, where power losses are generated by DC current in the ferrite core and windings. Next, experimental investigations focused on the determination of the transformer power losses for a short circuit and no load, with a resistive load and with the rectifier as a load were carried out. Finally, to verify the obtained results, analytical calculations based on Dowell’s and modified Steinmetz’s equations were additionally made, which showed a good convergence. The proposed method is easy to implement and can be used as an alternative to the calorimetric method which is time-consuming and requires a complicated measurement setup.
Evaluation of Humic Acid as an Aflatoxin Binder in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Arafat Rana Yaser , Khan Sohail Hassan , Saima  
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe efficacy of humic acid (HA) as an aflatoxin (AF) binder in broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin- contaminated feed from 1 to 42 days of age was assessed. A total of 200 birds were assigned to 20 pens, with 10 birds per pen. The following treatments (T) were applied: T1: basal diet (B); T2: B + AFB1(100 μg/kg); T3: B + AFB1(100 μg/kg) + HA (0.1%); T4: B +AFB1 (100 μg/kg) + HA (0.2%); T5: B + AFB1 (100 μg/kg) + HA (0.3%). Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates. Oxihumate was effective in diminishing the adverse effects caused by aflatoxin on body weight (BW) of broilers (P<0.05). Humic acid also showed protective effects against liver damage and some of the hematological and serum biochemical changes associated with aflatoxin toxicity (P<0.05). The supplementation of HA also enhanced the humoral immunity by counteracting the aflatoxin contamination. Results indicated that HA could alleviate some of the toxic effects of aflatoxin in growing broilers. Humic acid (0.1 to 0.3%) might, therefore, prove to be beneficial in the management of aflatoxin-contaminated feedstuffs for poultry when used in combination with other mycotoxin management practices.
Morphology and phylogeny of Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) described as Pterosiphonia tanakae from Japan
Authors: Bustamante Danilo E. , Won Boo Yeon , Cho Tae Oh 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Recent phylogenetic studies of the genus Pterosiphonia suggest that Pterosiphonia dendroidea and Pterosiphonia tanakae are conspecific and show its wide geographic distribution in the Pacific. Pterosiphonia dendroidea was originally described as Polysiphonia dendroidea from Peru and later transferred to Pterosiphonia. Pterosiphonia dendroidea was characterized by diagnostic features such as its light cortication, the presence of trichoblasts, 8–12 pericentral cells, branches with the production of 3- to 5-order laterals, and congenital fusion of 2–3 segments. Pterosiphonia tanakae shares these features. Our phylogenetic analysis using rbcL sequences reveals a low gene sequence divergence (0.5%–0.7%) between the samples of P. dendroidea and P. tanakae. We propose that P. tanakae is a later synonym of P. dendroidea, and our study indicates the wide distribution of P. dendroidea in the northern and the southern Pacific Ocean.
Assuring the quality of interpretative comments in clinical chemistry
Authors: Vasikaran Samuel , Sikaris Kenneth , Kilpatrick Eric , French Jane , Badrick Tony , Osypiw Jacqui , Plebani Mario , on behalf of the IFCC WG Harmonization of Quality Assessment  
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The provision of interpretative advice on laboratory results is a post-analytic activity and an integral part of clinical laboratory services. It is valued by healthcare workers and has the potential to prevent or reduce errors and improve patient outcomes. It is important to ensure that interpretative comments provided by laboratory personnel are of high quality: comments should be patient-focused and answer the implicit or explicit question raised by the requesting clinician. Comment providers need to be adequately trained and qualified and be able to demonstrate their proficiency to provide advice on laboratory reports. External quality assessment (EQA) schemes can play a part in assessing and demonstrating the competence of such laboratory staff and have an important role in their education and continuing professional development. A standard structure is proposed for EQA schemes for interpretative comments in clinical chemistry, which addresses the scope and method of assessment including nomenclature and marking scales. There is a need for evidence that participation in an EQA program for interpretative commenting facilitates improved quality of comments. It is proposed that standardizing goals and methods of assessment as well as nomenclature and marking scales may help accumulate evidence to demonstrate the impact of participation in EQA for interpretative commenting on patient outcome.
An interactive tool for semi-automatic feature extraction of hyperspectral data
Authors: Kovács Zoltán , Szabó Szilárd 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe spectral reflectance of the surface provides valuable information about the environment, which can be used to identify objects (e.g. land cover classification) or to estimate quantities of substances (e.g. biomass). We aimed to develop an MS Excel add-in – Hyperspectral Data Analyst (HypDA) – for a multipurpose quantitative analysis of spectral data in VBA programming language. HypDA was designed to calculate spectral indices from spectral data with user defined formulas (in all possible combinations involving a maximum of 4 bands) and to find the best correlations between the quantitative attribute data of the same object. Different types of regression models reveal the relationships, and the best results are saved in a worksheet. Qualitative variables can also be involved in the analysis carried out with separability and hypothesis testing;
An alternative green separation process for the pure isolation of commercially important bioactive molecules from plants
Authors: Subramaniam Shankar , Sivasubramanian Aravind 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The present work briefs the extraction of different kinds of nutraceutical plant molecules from different plants for the first time by using the remarkable extraction ability of a safe, “green” solvent: alkaline sucrose. The developed process was initially applied to isolate β,β-dimethylacryl shikonin (BDMS) and ursolic acid (UA) from Arnebia nobilis and Cotoneaster buxifolia, respectively. The extractive efficiency was determined by HPLC-DAD analysis. The versatility of the alkaline sucrose as extractive solvent was later confirmed by isolating four more different molecules from their respective plant matrices with significant recovery and purity. Further optimization by Box-Behnken experimental design model yielded a maximized amount of BDMS (18.2 mg/g of DM) and UA (2.2 mg/g of DM) with a high correlation coefficient (0.98–0.99), demonstrating a good fit between the regression model (second order) and the experimental results. The final purity of compounds through optimized process was greater than 90% (e.g. BDMS: 93%, UA: 96%, etc.). The optimized yields signify remarkable increase in final yield of compounds (e.g. BDMS: 152%, UA: 200%, etc.) than conventional solvent-based plant compound extraction, thus making the developed process a benign, green route for rapid isolation of plant compounds.
LHRH receptor expression in sarcomas of bone and soft tissue
Authors: Deivaraju Chenthuran , Temple H. Thomas , Block Norman , Robinson Philip , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Aim:
Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) is a neurohormone, secreted by the hypothalamus, which regulates the secretion of gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary. LHRH acts by binding to receptors located in the pituitary gland. These receptors (LHRH receptors) have also been found in the cytoplasm of many tumor cells that involve both the reproductive and non-reproductive organs. These receptors have been demonstrated in prostate and breast cancers, endometrial carcinomas, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoma of liver, pancreas and skin. So far, the expression of LHRH receptors on sarcomas (i.e. malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin) has not been studied, except for endometrial sarcomas. It has also been demonstrated that both LHRH agonists and antagonists can down-regulate these receptors and thus inhibit these tumor cells. Another major therapeutic implication is that these receptors can be targeted specifically by peptides conjugated to anti-cancer drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine if LHRH receptors are expressed in primary and/or metastatic sarcomas of human origin.

Methods:
We looked at LHRH receptor expression in 38 consecutive sarcoma specimens, using immunohistochemistry. The specimens were either from office biopsy or from resected tumor; these were confirmed as sarcomas by histopathological examination. The receptor staining characteristics and the staining intensity were also documented. The pattern of staining was classified either as “focal or diffuse staining of the cytoplasm” and the intensity of staining was graded on a scale from 1+ to 4+.

Results:
Positive receptor staining was seen in 25 of the 38 (66%) specimens. Twelve of the specimens stained diffusely and 13 had focally positive staining. Three tumors had 1+ staining, 10 had 2+ staining, six had 3+ staining, and six tumors had 4+ staining. The tumors included undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, osteosarcoma, myofibroblastic sarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, metastatic chondrosarcoma and chordoma.

Conclusion:
Sarcomas express LHRH receptors with a varying incidence and degree. Our study suggests that those sarcomas that are LHRH receptor positive could potentially be treated with targeted chemotherapy.