bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shoulder External- and Internal-Rotation Isokinetic Strength in Master’s Swimmers
Authors: West Deb , Sole Gisela , Sullivan S. John 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To establish muscle-strength and -balance profiles for shoulder external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) in master’s swimmers.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Six male and seven female master’s swimmers and a matched control group.Measurements:Concentric and eccentric ER and IR shoulder movements were recorded (Kin-Com™ isokinetic dynamometer). Peak-torque values, concentric ER:IR ratios, eccentric ER:IR (conventional) ratios, and eccentric ER:concentric IR (functional) ratios were examined between groups.Results:Mean peak-torque values ranged from 21.23 to 37.69 N · m for the swimmers, which, although 15% to 27% greater than those of the controls, were not statistically different. Conventional (0.78:0.86) and functional (1.06:1.17) ratios did not differ between groups.Conclusions:These data will contribute to the development of guidelines for assessing shoulder-muscle strength in Master’s swimmers.
The Influence of Injured Athletes’ Perceptions of Social Support from ATCs on Their Beliefs about Rehabilitation
Authors: Bone Jennifer Bricker , Fry Mary D. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine whether athletes’ perceptions of social support from their certified athletic trainers (ATCs) were related to their beliefs about the rehabilitation process.Design:Division I athletes (N = 57) completed a survey including measures of social support and beliefs about rehabilitation.Participants:Division I college athletes (35 men, 22 women) who had sustained an injury that caused them to miss no less than 5 consecutive days.Measurements:The Social Support Survey (SSS) and the Sports Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey (SIRBS).Results:Results revealed significant correlations between the SSS and the SIRBS scales only for athletes who had sustained severe injuries. Multiple-regression analyses revealed that the SSS scales were significant predictors of each of the SIRBS scales.Conclusions:Results suggest that when severely injured athletes perceive that their ATCs provide strong social support, they are more likely to believe in their rehabilitation programs.
Hip Adduction Does not Affect VMO EMG Amplitude or VMO:VL Ratios during a Dynamic Squat Exercise
Authors: Boling Michelle , Padua Darin , Blackburn J. Troy , Petschauer Meredith , Hirth Christopher 
Published: August 2016

Context:Clinicians commonly attempt to facilitate vastus medialis oblique (VMO) activity by instructing patients to squeeze a ball between their knees during squatting exercises.Objective:To determine whether VMO activation amplitude and the VMO to vastus lateralis (VL) activation ratio (VMO:VL) were altered when performing active hip adduction during a dynamic squat exercise.Design:Single test session.Participants:Fifteen healthy subjects, with no history of knee pain, volunteered for this study.Intervention:Surface EMG of the VMO, VL, and hip adductor (ADD) muscles were recorded while subjects performed 10 consecutive squats against their body weight through a range of 0° to 90° of knee flexion. Subjects performed the squat exercises during two different conditions: (1) active hip adduction and (2) no hip adduction.Main Outcome Measures:Average VMO EMG amplitude and VMO:VL ratio were determined during the knee flexion (0° to 90°) and knee extension (90° to 0°) phases of the squat exercise.Results:Active hip adduction did not significantly change VMO amplitude or VMO:VL ratio during the knee flexion or knee extension phases of the dynamic squat exercise.Conclusions:Based on these results, we conclude that VMO amplitude and the VMO: VL ratio are not influenced by performing active hip adduction during a dynamic squat exercise in healthy subjects.
Mental Toughness as a Determinant of Beliefs, Pain, and Adherence in Sport Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Levy Andrew R. , Polman Remco C.J. , Clough Peter J. , Marchant David C. , Earle Keith 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To investigate the relationship between mental toughness, sport injury beliefs, pain, and adherence toward a sport injury rehabilitation program.Design:A prospective design was employed that evaluated adherence over the entire rehabilitation period.Participants:70 patients undertaking a sport injury rehabilitation program for a tendonitis related injury.Main Outcome Measures:Adherence was measured using self report measures of clinic and home based rehabilitation alongside attendance.Results:No association was found between mental toughness and coping appraisals, although high mentally tough individuals displayed more positive threat appraisals and were better able to cope with pain than their less mentally tough counterparts. Greater attendance at rehabilitation sessions was displayed by more mentally tough individuals; however, more positive behavior during clinic rehabilitation was characterized by low mental toughness.Conclusions:Despite the 0benefits of being mentally tough, sports medicine providers need to be aware that a high degree of mental toughness may have negative consequences upon rehabilitation behavior and subsequently recovery outcomes.
Does Exercise Type Affect Relative Activation Levels of Vastus Medialis Oblique and Vastus Laterialis?
Authors: Herrington Lee , Pearson Stephen 
Published: August 2016

Context:One factor believed to affect Patella tracking is an alteration in the timing of the contraction of the muscular stabilizers of the patella. The muscles responsible for this are Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO) and Vastus Laterialis (VL). A number of authors believe that asynchronous recruitment of the VMO muscle occurs in patella mal-tracking, with the VL muscle firing first and VMO firing first with normal tracking. This has lead to a variety of exercise interventions to reverse the situation with varying success. The discrepancy between the majority of the available research findings and the clinical hypothesis of VMO action or facilitation of this action may in part be due to methodological variability between studies, especially lack of control of the exercise variables of angular velocity and relative load.Objective:To assess the effect of different quadriceps exercises on VMO and VL EMG recruitment timing, while controlling load and velocity of contraction.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Main Outcome Measures:Differences in time of onset of muscle activity between VMO and VL.Results:No significant difference existed between gender (P= 0.78). Analysis factorial ANOVA (muscle, contraction type and exercise type) showed the main effects of muscle (P= 0.15) and type of contraction (P= 0.79) did not have a significant effect, the nature of exercise (OKC or CKC) had a significant effect (P< 0.001). The interaction of muscle and exercise type (P= 0.34) also had a nonsignificant effect.Conclusions:Onset timing does not differ significantly between VMO and VL during a variety of exercise tasks.
The Effect of Tibial Rotation on the Presence of Instability in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee
Authors: Samukawa Mina , Magee David , Katayose Masaki 
Published: August 2016

Context:The effects of tibial rotation after ACL injury have not yet been well determined.Objective:To show whether clinical outcomes such as the amount of tibial rotation can affect functional outcomes in normal and ACL deficient knees.Design:Case control study.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Twenty normal subjects (Control) and 20 subjects with ACL deficient knees (ACL).Main Outcome Measures:Tibial rotation at 30 and 90 degrees of knee flexion was measured using an inclinometer. One-legged hop, crossover hop, figure-of-eight running and 10-m running tests were used and determined the effect(s) of tibial rotation on the outcome of the functional tests.Results:There were significant between-group differences in internal and external rotation. The relationship between external tibial rotation and the figure-of-eight index was significantly negatively correlated.Conclusions:The amount of tibial rotation is greater in ACL ruptured knees than in uninjured knees, and these greater amounts of tibial rotation affected the figure-of-eight running index.
Fauls Stretching Routine Produces Acute Gains in Throwing Shoulder Mobility in Collegiate Baseball Players
Authors: Sauers Eric , August Anna , Snyder Alison 
Published: August 2016

Context:Stretching prior to activity or as a rehabilitative intervention may promote increased throwing shoulder range of motion (ROM) in baseball pitchers.Objective:To evaluate the acute effects of Fauls modified passive stretching routine on throwing shoulder mobility in collegiate baseball players.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Thirty collegiate baseball players with unimpaired shoulders.Interventions:Fauls modified passive stretching routine was performed on the throwing shoulder of each subject.Outcome Measures:Shoulder complex and passive isolated glenohumeral internal and external rotation ROM were measured with a goniometer, and posterior shoulder tightness was assessed with the Tyler’s test method using a carpenter’s square. Measurements were made bilaterally.Results:The dominant shoulder displayed significant increases in glenohumeral and shoulder complex internal and external rotation ROM and significantly decreased posterior shoulder tightness following the stretching routine.Conclusion:Application of the Fauls modified passive shoulder stretching routine results in acute gains in throwing shoulder mobility of collegiate baseball players.
Return to Exercise Training after Heat Exhaustion
Authors: Armstrong Lawrence E. , Lopez Rebecca M. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Exertional heat exhaustion (HEX) is the most common form of heat illness experienced by athletes, laborers, and military personnel. Both dehydration stemming from a water and/or salt deficiency and a high ambient temperature must exist for HEX to occur. In the field, appropriate therapy can reduce recovery time.Objective:This manuscript provides clinical guidance regarding return to activity. The primary focus of this paper is to describe the evaluation of residual effects and the underlying personal characteristics that initially predispose the athlete to HEX. Attention to these factors will reduce the risk of future episodes.
Heart Rate Variability before and after Knee Surgery in Amateur Soccer Players
Authors: Olivier Nicolas , Legrand Renaud , Rogez Jacques , Gamelin FX , Berthoin Serge , Weissland Thierry 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To analyze the consequences on heart rate variability (HRV) of a hospitalization period due to surgery of the knee in sportsmen.Patients:Ten soccer players who had undergone knee surgery took part in this study.Design:HRV was measured before and after hospitalization within a 7-day interval.Results:After the hospitalization phase, heart rate at rest increased significantly (3 beats/minute). A significant decrease of 7% in the cardiac inter beat interval (R-R interval), P < 0.05 and a 66% decrease in total power spectral density: −66%, P < 0.05 were observed. The disturbance of the autonomic nervous system could be due to a variation in cardiac vagal activity resulting in a 64% decrease in the high frequencies (P < 0.05). This variation was not associated with a modification in normalized markers (LFn.u., HFn.u.) and LF/HF ratio (P > 0.05).Conclusion:In sportsmen, a hospitalization period led to an increase in resting heart rate and was associated with a disturbance of the autonomic nervous system.
The Relationship between Grading and Instrumented Measurements of Anterior Knee Joint Laxity
Authors: Hurley Wendy L. , Denegar Craig , Buckley William E. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The relationship between clinical judgments of anterior knee laxity and instrumented measurement of anterior tibial translation is unclear.Objective:To examine the relationship between certified athletic trainers’ grading of anterior knee laxity and instrumented measurements of anterior tibial translation.Design:Randomized, blinded, clinical assessment.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Model patients receiving evaluation of anterior knee laxity.Intervention:Twelve model patients were evaluated using a MEDmetric® KT1000™ knee ligament Arthrometer® to establish instrumented measurements of anterior translation values at the tibio-femoral joint. Twenty-two certified athletic trainers were provided with operational definitions of potential laxity grades and examined the model patients to make judgments of anterior knee laxity.Main Outcome Measures:Correlation between clinical judgments and instrumented measurements of anterior tibial translation.Results:Clinical judgments and instrumented measurements were mutually independent.Conclusions:Anterior tibial translation grading by certified athletic trainers should be interpreted with caution during clinical decision-making.
Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness Alters the Effect of NMES
Authors: Miller Michael G. , Cheatham Christopher C. , Holcomb William R. , Ganschow Rosealin , Michael Timothy J. , Rubley Mack D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:No direct research has been conducted on the relationship between subcutaneous tissue thickness and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of subcutaneous tissue thickness on NMES amplitude and NMES force production of the quadriceps.Design:Simple fixed design, testing the independent variable of subcutaneous thickness (skinfold) groups with the dependent variables of NMES amplitude and force production.Setting:Athletic Training Laboratory.Participants:29 healthy women.Intervention:NMES to produce at least 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the quadriceps.Main Outcome Measure:Maximal NMES amplitude and percentage of MVIC using NMES.Results:A significant skinfold category difference F2,28 = 3.92, P = .032 on NMES amplitude was found. Post hoc revealed the thinnest skinfold category tolerated less amplitude compared to the thickest category. A significant correlation was found between NMES amplitude skinfold category R = .557, P = .002.Conclusion:Higher NMES amplitudes are needed for the thickest skinfold category compared to the thinnest skinfold category.
Contribution of the Multifidus Muscle for Control of Upright Posture in Subjects with Spina Bifida Occulta
Authors: Chang Shin-Tsu , Ku Chih-Hung , Hsieh Ming-Fu , Chen Liang-Cheng , Chu Heng-Yi , Chang Cheng-Chiang , Tsai Kao-Chung 
Published: August 2016

Context:The multifidus muscle plays a role in controlling lumbosacral position and postural sway. One of its attachment sites is the exact site of spina bifida occulta (SBO).Objective:To investigate the role of the muscle for postural control in SBO.Design:Cross-sectional cohort.Participants:Eighty subjects with SBO (38 in minor; 42 in major) and controls.Interventions:N/A.Main Outcome Measures:Subjects stood upright on a platform at 0° and on an inclined surface (10° and 20°) with feet in plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, together with eyes open and closed. The platform system measured posture to obtain sway area and sway mean for statistics.Results:Upon sway area/mean, the group differences of major/minor SBO vs. control were all significant. Sway means of minor SBO were lower than those of major SBO at corresponding inclined degrees.Conclusions:Subjects with SBO demonstrated increased sway as compared to controls.
Reliability of a Digital-Photographic-Goniometric Method for Coronal-Plane Lower Limb Measurements
Authors: Moncrieff Matthew J. , Livingston Lori A. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Structural and coronal-plane-alignment characteristics of the lower limb are frequently cited as factors contributing to knee pathologies.Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability characteristics of a digital-photographic-goniometric method (DPGM) of measurement for 2-dimensional (2D) coronal-plane lower limb measurements of the quadriceps (Q) angle, tibiofemoral (TF) angle, and femur length in human participants adopting a self-selected- or Romberg-stance position.Design:Reliability study.Setting:University motion-analysis laboratory.Participants:A convenience sample of 20 healthy young adult men and women.Main Outcome Measures:Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), 95% confidence intervals, and standard error of the measurements.Results:Intratester- and intertester-reliability coefficients for the Q angle (ICCs .458–845 and .257–737) were consistently lower than those for the TF angle (ICCs .627–.904 and .700–.839) or femur length (ICCs .867–.958 and .866–.944). Q angles were also significantly larger (13.4%) in the Romberg- vs self-selected-stance position (P < .001) and larger (20.2%) in the left limb than the right limb.Conclusions:The DPGM has the potential to produce accurate and reliable measurements of selected 2D lower limb measures. However, the reliability characteristics depend on the ability of the testers to correctly and repeatably landmark the anatomical sites used to define the measurements of interest and might be influenced by other factors such as the stance position adopted, the complexity of the variable (ie, number of anatomical landmarks and segments), and the size of the captured image. Further investigation of these latter factors is warranted.
Evaluating Patellar Kinematics Through Magnetic Resonance Imaging During Open- and Closed-Kinetic-Chain Exercises
Authors: Felicio Lílian Ramiro , Saad Marcelo Camargo , Liporaci Rogério Ferreira , Baffa Augusto do Prado , Santos Antônio Carlos dos , Bevilaqua-Grossi Débora 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To evaluate patellar kinematics of volunteers without knee pain at rest and during isometric contraction in open- and closed-kinetic-chain exercises.Methods:Twenty individuals took part in this study. All were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during rest and voluntary isometric contraction (VIC) in the open and closed kinetic chain at 15°, 30°, and 45° of knee flexion. Through MRI and using medical e-film software, the following measurements were evaluated: sulcus angle, patellar-tilt angle, and bisect offset. The mixed-effects linear model was used for comparison between knee positions, between rest and isometric contractions, and between the exercises.Results:Data analysis revealed that the sulcus angle decreased as knee flexion increased and revealed increases with isometric contractions in both the open and closed kinetic chain for all knee-flexion angles. The patellar-tilt angle decreased with isometric contractions in both the open and closed kinetic chain for every knee position. However, in the closed kinetic chain, patellar tilt increased significantly with the knee flexed at 15°. The bisect offset increased with the knee flexed at 15° during isometric contractions and decreased as knee flexion increased during both exercises.Conclusion:VIC in the last degrees of knee extension may compromise patellar dynamics. On the other hand, it is possible to favor patellar stability by performing muscle contractions with the knee flexed at 30° and 45° in either the open or closed kinetic chain.
Change in Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position After Competitive High School Baseball
Authors: Thomas Stephen J. , Swanik Kathleen A. , Swanik Charles “Buz” , Huxel Kellie C. , Kelly John D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Pathologies such as anterior instability and impingement are common in baseball and have been linked to decreases in internal rotation (IR) and concurrent increases in external rotation (ER). In addition, alterations to scapular position have been identified in this population, but the chronology of these adaptations is uncertain.Objectives:To determine whether there is a change in range of motion and scapular position after a single baseball season.Design:Prospective cohort.Setting:High school.Participants:19 high school baseball players (age 16.6 ± 0.8 y, mass 78.6 ± 12.0 kg, height 180.3 ± 6.2 cm).Interventions:Subjects were measured for all dependent variables at preseason and postseason.Main Outcome Measures:Participants were measured for glenohumeral (GH) IR and ER with the scapula stabilized. Total GH range of motion was calculated as the sum of IR and ER. Scapular upward rotation was measured at 0°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of GH abduction in the scapular plane, and scapular protraction, at 0°, hands on hips, and 90° of GH abduction.Results:Overall, the dominant arm had significantly less GH IR (11.4°, P = .005) and significantly more ER (4.7°, P = .001) than the nondominant arm. Total motion in the dominant arm was significantly less than in the nondominant arm (6.7°, P = .001). Scapular upward rotation in the dominant arm significantly increased at 0° (2.4°, P = .002) and significantly decreased at 90° (3.2°, P = .001) and 120° (3.2°, P < .001) of abduction from preseason to postseason. Scapular protraction in the nondominant arm significantly decreased at 45° (0.32 cm, P = .017) and 90° (0.33 cm, P = .006) from preseason to postseason.Conclusion:These data suggest that scapular adaptations may be acquired over a relatively short period (12 wk) in a competitive baseball season. Competitive high school baseball players also presented with significant GH motion differences between their dominant and nondominant arms. Total motion was also significantly less in the dominant arm than in the nondominant arm.
Reliability of Measuring Humeral Retroversion Using Ultrasound Imaging in a Healthy Nonthrowing Population
Authors: Yoshida Makoto , Saho Yasuaki , Katayose Masaki 
Published: August 2016

Context:Studies have reported the difference in humeral retroversion (HR) between the dominant and nondominant side in throwing athletes. However, there are few data concerning HR for the rest of the population. In addition, the relationship between HR and external (ER) and internal rotation (IR) at 90° shoulder abduction has not been thoroughly investigated.Objectives:To investigate the reliability of ultrasound methodology to measure HR. In addition, using ultrasonography, the authors compare HR between the dominant and nondominant sides in healthy adult men and determine the relationship between HR and ER and IR at 90° of shoulder abduction.Design:Descriptive study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Thirty-seven healthy male subjects (age 21.9 ± 2.4 y, height 172.9 ± 5.3 cm, weight 66.0 ± 7.2 kg) with no history of shoulder or elbow injury, recruited from a convenience sample, volunteered for the study.Main Outcome Measures:Subjects were bilaterally examined for HR, ER, and IR. HR was measured by ultrasonography.Results:The intrarater reliability of the ultrasound methodology was .91−.98, and the interrater reliability was .97. The HR angle on the dominant side (mean ± SD: 68.5° ± 10.0°) was significantly greater than that of the nondominant side (58.0° ± 8.4°; P < .001). ER on the dominant side was significantly greater than on the nondominant side (P < .001), whereas IR on the dominant side was significantly smaller than on the nondominant side (P < .001). Total arc of motion for the dominant side was not significantly different from that of the nondominant side (P = .335).Conclusion:In the current study, ultrasound methodology to measure HR showed high interrater reliability, as well as high intrarater reliability. In addition, this study indicates that healthy Japanese adult men have side-to-side differences in HR.