bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimising the International Classification of Diseases to identify the maternal condition in the case of perinatal death
Authors: Allanson ER , Tunçalp Ӧ , Gardosi J , Pattinson RC , Francis A , Vogel JP , Erwich JJHM , Flenady VJ , Frøen JF , Neilson J , Quach A , Chou D , Mathai M , Say L , Gülmezoglu AM 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveThe WHO application of the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) to deaths during the perinatal period (ICD Perinatal Mortality, ICD‐PM) captures the essential characteristics of the mother–baby dyad that contribute to perinatal deaths. We compare the capture of maternal conditions in the existing ICD‐PM with the maternal codes from the WHO application of ICD‐10 to deaths during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (ICD Maternal Mortality, ICD‐MM) to explore potential benefits in the quality of data received.DesignRetrospective application of ICD‐PM.SettingSouth Africa and the UK.PopulationPerinatal death databases.MethodsThe maternal conditions were classified using the ICD‐PM groupings for maternal condition in perinatal death, and then mapped to the ICD‐MM groupings of maternal conditions.Main outcome measuresMain maternal conditions in perinatal deaths.ResultsWe reviewed 9661 perinatal deaths. The largest group (4766 cases, 49.3%) in both classifications captures deaths where there was no contributing maternal condition. Each of the other ICD‐PM groups map to between three and six ICD‐MM groups. If the cases in each ICD‐PM group are re‐coded using ICD‐MM, each group becomes multiple, more specific groups. For example, the 712 cases in group M4 in ICD‐PM become 14 different and more specific main disease categories when the ICD‐MM is applied instead.ConclusionsAs we move towards ICD‐11, the use of the more specific, applicable, and relevant codes outlined in ICD‐MM for both maternal deaths and the maternal condition at the time of a perinatal death would be preferable, and would provide important additional information about perinatal deaths.Tweetable abstractImproving the capture of maternal conditions in perinatal deaths provides important actionable information.
R‐Index Measure of Microencapsulated Tributyrin in Gamma‐Cyclodextrin Influenced by Drying Method
Authors: Donovan Joseph D. , Lee Soo‐Yeun , Lee Youngsoo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMicroencapsulation is commonly used in the food industry for a variety of purposes including added ingredient functionally and taste‐masking for those ingredients with negative sensory qualities. Tributyrin (TB), a source intestinally‐essential butyric acid, possesses negative aroma (cheesy, fecal) and taste (bitter) qualities. This has significantly limited its use in food applications for the potential improvement of intestinal health. Utilizing spray drying and low‐temperature oven drying, microcapsules containing TB were produced using whey (WPI), WPI and inulin, and gamma‐cyclodextrin (GCD). To determine how microcapsule formulation and drying method affected the perception of TB relative to a control, microencapsulated and free TB were added to an infant formula system and evaluated using the rating method to determine R‐index measures. Pooled R‐index measures (α = 0.01, 2‐tailed, and n = 170) indicated that the only microcapsule not significantly different from the control (R‐index below 57.95%) was the GCD and TB oven dried (GCT OD) microcapsule. All other WPI, WPI–inulin, and GCD and TB spray‐dried (GCT SD) microcapsules were all significantly different from the control. Average individual R‐index results indicated that all microcapsules in infant formula, except for GCT OD, were significantly different (P < 0.01) from the control formula but not from free TB. Spray drying may create microcapsules with surface TB and disturb the GCD–TB complex, allowing free, and surface TB to be perceived by the panelists. The GCT OD microcapsule has the potential to be used for the potential oral treatment of intestinal disorders in functional food applications without the negative sensory qualities of TB.
Utility of ultrasonography in guiding modification of disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs and steroid therapy for inflammatory arthritis in routine clinical practice
Authors: Tan York Kiat , Chew Li‐Ching , Allen John C , Lye Weng Kit , Htay Lei Lei , Hassan Ali , Conaghan Philip G , Thumboo Julian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the utility of ultrasonography in guiding modification of disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug (DMARD) and steroid therapy for inflammatory arthritis (IA) in routine clinical practice.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we analyzed DMARD and steroid use in IA patients referred to a rheumatologist‐led ultrasound clinic. Power Doppler (PD) vascularity and greyscale (GS) synovial hypertrophy joint findings were categorized as positive/negative for each patient. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was used as a measure of disease activity.ResultsWe assessed single visit data for 46 adult IA patients: 67.4% (n = 31) rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 15.2% (n = 7) psoriatic arthritis, 10.9% (n = 5) spondyloarthritis, and 6.5% (n = 3) undifferentiated IA. The mean ESR was 28.8 mm/h. Thirty‐seven patients with both GS and PD ultrasound results were subsequently analyzed. All patients (n = 10) escalated and/or initiated on DMARD and 9/10 patients escalated or initiated on steroids were PD and GS positive. Six of seven patients with dose reduction and/or cessation of DMARDs and five of seven patients with dose reduction or cessation of steroids were PD negative. Of six patients who were GS positive and PD negative, three had dose reduction and/or cessation of DMARDs, while four had dose reduction of steroids; none of the six patients had DMARD/steroid escalation.ConclusionBy clarifying joint inflammation in an IA cohort with overall low ESR, ultrasonography of physician‐selected joints can improve clinical assessment, resulting in treatment modification. Positive PD findings were particularly influential, while the clinical significance of GS positivity alone requires further investigation.
Disentangling evolutionary, plastic and demographic processes underlying trait dynamics: a review of four frameworks
Authors: van Benthem Koen J. , Bruijning Marjolein , Bonnet Timothée , Jongejans Eelke , Postma Erik , Ozgul Arpat 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Biologists are increasingly interested in decomposing trait dynamics into underlying processes, such as evolution, plasticity and demography. Four important frameworks that allow for such a decomposition are the quantitative genetic animal model (AM), the ‘Geber’ method (GM), the age‐structured Price equation (APE) and the integral projection model (IPM). However, as these frameworks have largely been developed independently, they differ in the assumptions they make, the data they require, as well as their outcomes and interpretation.

Here, we evaluate how each framework decomposes trait dynamics into underlying processes. To do so, we apply them to simulated data for a hypothetical animal population. Individual body size was affected by, among others, genes, maternal effects and food intake. We simulated scenarios with and without selection on body size and with high and low heritability.

The APE and IPM provided similar results, as did the AM and GM, with important differences between the former and the latter. All frameworks detected positive contributions of selection in the high but not in the low selection scenarios. However, only the AM and GM distinguished between the high and low heritability scenarios. Furthermore, the AM and GM revealed a high contribution of plasticity. The APE and IPM attributed most of the change in body size to ontogenetic growth and inheritance, where the latter captures the combined effects of plasticity, maternal effects and heritability. We show how these apparent discrepancies are mostly due to differences in aims and definitions. For example, the APE and IPM capture selection, whereas the AM and GM focus on the response to selection. Furthermore, the frameworks differ in the processes that are ascribed to plasticity and in how they take into account demography.

We conclude that no single framework provides the ‘true’ contributions of evolution, plasticity and demography. Instead, different research questions require different frameworks. A thorough understanding of the different definitions of their components is necessary for selecting the most appropriate framework for the question at hand and for making biologically meaningful inferences. This work thus supports both future analysis and the careful interpretation of existing work.
Modulation of Dopaminergic Pathways to Treat Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Simonsen Ulf , Comerma‐Steffensen Simon , Andersson Karl‐Erik 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe currently recommended first‐line treatments of erectile dysfunction (ED), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), for example sildenafil, are efficacious in many patients with ED of vascular origin, but this therapy is insufficient in approximately 30–40% of men with ED where there is also a neuronal affection. There is a demand of novel approaches to treat the condition. We review the possibility of modulating the dopaminergic pathways to improve erectile function. Dopamine D1 (D1, D5)‐ and D2 (D2–D4)‐like receptors in the paraventricular area, the medial pre‐optic area, the spinal cord, and in the erectile tissue are involved in erection, and several agonists developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease are associated with increased libido. A therapeutic window for the treatment of ED was found by sublingual administration of the general dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine, but it failed mainly due to less efficacy on erectile function compared with PDE5i. To avoid the dose‐limiting side effects mediated by D2 receptors, nausea and emesis, dopamine D4 receptor agonists were developed, and they induce erection in rodents, but these drugs were never introduced clinically. The β‐lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid increases dopamine and serotonin and was found to increase sexual arousal and erections, but the dose–response curve is bell‐shaped. Bupropion has selectivity for inhibition of the dopamine reuptake transporter and can be used to alleviate sexual symptoms caused by other antidepressant medication, hence providing an interesting approach to treat ED. In summary, modulation of the dopaminergic pathways provides a possibility to improve the treatment of ED.
Safety, reliability and accuracy of small renal tumour biopsies: results from a multi‐institution registry
Authors: Richard Patrick O. , Jewett Michael A. S. , Tanguay Simon , Saarela Olli , Liu Zhihui Amy , Pouliot Frédéric , Kapoor Anil , Rendon Ricardo , Finelli Antonio 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo validate, in a multi‐institution review, the safety, accuracy and reliability of renal tumour biopsy (RTB) and its role in decreasing unnecessary treatment.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a multi‐institution retrospective study of patients who underwent RTB to characterize a small renal mass (SRM) between 2011 and May 2015. Patients were identified using the prospectively maintained Canadian Kidney Cancer information system. Diagnostic and concordance rates were presented using proportions, whereas factors associated with a diagnostic RTB were identified using a logistic regression model.ResultsOf the 373 biopsied SRMs, the initial biopsy was diagnostic in 87% of cases. Of the 47 non‐diagnostic biopsies, 15 had a repeat biopsy of which, 80% were diagnostic. When both were combined, therefore, a diagnosis was obtained in 91% of SRMs. Of these, 18% were benign. Size was the only factor found to be associated with achieving a diagnostic biopsy. RTB histology and nuclear grade (high or low) were found to be highly concordant with surgical pathology (86 and 81%, respectively). Of the discordant tumours (n = 16), all were upgraded from low to high grade on surgical pathology. Adverse events were rare (<1% of cases).ConclusionThe present multi‐institution study confirms that RTB of SRMs is safe, accurate and reliable across institutions, while decreasing unnecessary treatment. Given our findings, RTBs may be a helpful tool with which to triage SRMs and guide appropriate management.
Huntington's disease (HD): the neuropathology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder of the human brain
Authors: Rüb U. , Seidel K. , Heinsen H. , Vonsattel J.P. , den Dunnen W.F. , Korf H.W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited, and currently untreatable, neuropsychiatric disorder. This progressive and ultimately fatal disease is named after the American physician George Huntington and according to the underlying molecular biological mechanisms is assigned to the human polyglutamine or CAG‐repeat diseases. In the present article we give an overview of the currently known neurodegenerative hallmarks of the brains of HD patients. Subsequent to recent pathoanatomical studies the prevailing reductionistic concept of HD as a human neurodegenerative disease, which is primarily and more or less exclusively confined to the striatum (ie, caudate nucleus and putamen) has been abandoned. Many recent studies have improved our neuropathological knowledge of HD; many of the early groundbreaking findings of neuropathological HD research have been rediscovered and confirmed. The results of this investigation have led to the stepwise revision of the simplified pathoanatomical and pathophysiological HD concept and culminated in the implementation of the current concept of HD as a multisystem degenerative disease of the human brain. The multisystem character of the neuropathology of HD is emphasized by a brain distribution pattern of neurodegeneration (i) which apart from the striatum includes the cerebral neo‐and allocortex, thalamus, pallidum, brainstem and cerebellum, and which (ii) therefore, shares more similarities with polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias than previously thought.
The role of the human globus pallidus in Huntington's disease
Authors: Singh‐Bains Malvindar K. , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is characterized by pronounced pathology of the basal ganglia, with numerous studies documenting the pattern of striatal neurodegeneration in the human brain. However, a principle target of striatal outflow, the globus pallidus (GP), has received limited attention in comparison, despite being a core component of the basal ganglia. The external segment (GPe) is a major output of the dorsal striatum, connecting widely to other basal ganglia nuclei via the indirect motor pathway. The internal segment (GPi) is a final output station of both the direct and indirect motor pathways of the basal ganglia. The ventral pallidum (VP), in contrast, is a primary output of the limbic ventral striatum. Currently, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the extent of GPe and GPi neurodegeneration in HD, with a conflict between pallidal neurons being preserved, and pallidal neurons being lost. In addition, no current evidence considers the fate of the VP in HD, despite it being a key structure involved in reward and motivation. Understanding the involvement of these structures in HD will help to determine their involvement in basal ganglia pathway dysfunction in the disease. A clear understanding of the impact of striatal projection loss on the main neurons that receive striatal input, the pallidal neurons, will aid in the understanding of disease pathogenesis. In addition, a clearer picture of pallidal involvement in HD may contribute to providing a morphological basis to the considerable variability in the types of motor, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms in HD. This review aims to highlight the importance of the globus pallidus, a critical component of the cortical‐basal ganglia circuits, and its role in the pathogenesis of HD. This review also summarizes the current literature relating to human studies of the globus pallidus in HD.
“I Have the Worst Fear of Teachers”: Moments of Inclusion and Exclusion in Family/School Relationships among Indigenous Families in Southern Ontario
Authors: Milne Emily 
Published: August 2016

Student success is facilitated by strong bonds between families and schools, including a shared sense of purpose and mutual trust. However, for Indigenous peoples these relationships are often broken, undermined by the legacy of residential schooling and assimilative educational practices. Drawing on interviews with 50 Indigenous (mainly Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabe, and Métis) and non‐Indigenous parents and educators, this paper examines the ways in which issues of class and race shape interactions between teachers and Indigenous parents. The interviews reveal that legacies of racial discrimination against Indigenous peoples in schooling affect family/school relations among middle‐class (MC) and lower‐class (LC) parents in different ways. MC parents intensify relations with the school while, in comparison, LC parents tend to disengage as a consequence of their negative schooling experiences.Les relations étroites entre les familles et les écoles, et notamment leurs buts communs et leur confiance partagée, facilitent la réussite des étudiants. Toutefois, au sein des populations autochtones, ces liens sont pour la plupart rompus en raison des conséquences des pensionnats scolaires et des pratiques éducatives d'assimilation. Cette étude s'appuie sur des entretiens avec 50 parents et éducateurs issus de populations autochtones (principalement celles d'Haudenosaunee, d'Anishinaabe et de Métis) et non autochtones pour étudier la manière dont les questions de classe et de race affectent les interactions entre les enseignants et les parents issus de populations autochtones. Ces entretiens montrent que le passé discriminatoire des écoles envers les peuples autochtones a eu des répercussions différentes sur les relations famille/école, selon qu'il s'agisse de parents issus de la classe moyenne ou de parents issus d'un milieu pauvre. Les parents issus de la classe moyenne ont renforcé leurs liens avec l’école alors que les parents des classes inférieures tendent à se désengager du fait de leur expérience scolaire négative.
Characterization of MymA protein as a flavin‐containing monooxygenase and as a target of isoniazid
Authors: Saraav Iti , Pandey Kirti , Misra Richa , Singh Swati , Sharma Monika , Sharma Sadhna 
Published: August 2016

Tuberculosis is a global health problem especially with the emergence of drug‐resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains, creating an urgent need to identify new drug targets. The mycobacterial cell wall is an attractive target for chemotherapeutic agents. Gene products ofmymAoperon are known to be required for the maintenance of cell wall and play an important role in persistence, thus making them important drug targets. This study was undertaken to biochemically characterize the MymA as a flavin‐containing monooxygenase (FMO). Our results established its enzymatic activityin vitroand found that the mycobacterial FMO requires NADPH and FAD as cofactors, similar to other characterized bacterial FMOs. The enzyme follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics to catalyze substrates such as trimethylamine and thiourea. We also propose that MymA could be one of the targets of the antituberculosis drug, isoniazid (INH), which is a cell wall inhibitor. Molecular docking studies revealed that INH targeted NADPH‐binding site of the MymA. Further, experimental validation revealed that INH inhibits MymA with the IC50value of 4.9 μm. Thus, this study characterizes for the first time that MymA is a mycobacterial FMO, which may be a target of INH.
Immune senescence: significance of the stromal microenvironment
Authors: Masters A R , Haynes L , Su D-M , Palmer D B 
Published: August 2016

Summary
The immune system undergoes age-associated changes known as immunosenescence, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections, cancers and autoimmunity in the aged. The basis of our understanding of immunosenescence has been derived primarily from studies examining intrinsic defects within many of the cells of the immune system. While these studies have provided insight into the mechanisms of immunosenescence, a picture is now emerging that the stromal microenvironment within lymphoid organs also contributes significantly to the age-associated decline of immune function. These extrinsic defects appear to impact the functional activity of immune cells and may offer a potential target to recover immune activity. Indeed, rejuvenation studies which have targeted the stromal niche have restored immune function in aged successfully, highlighting the impact of the microenvironment towards the aetiology of immunosenescence.
Advection‐Based Function Matching on Surfaces
Authors: Azencot Omri , Vantzos Orestis , Ben‐Chen Mirela 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA tangent vector field on a surface is the generator of a smooth family of maps from the surface to itself, known as the flow. Given a scalar function on the surface, it can be transported, or advected, by composing it with a vector field's flow. Such transport is exhibited by many physical phenomena, e.g., in fluid dynamics. In this paper, we are interested in the inverse problem: given source and target functions, compute a vector field whose flow advects the source to the target. We propose a method for addressing this problem, by minimizing an energy given by the advection constraint together with a regularizing term for the vector field. Our approach is inspired by a similar method in computational anatomy, known as LDDMM, yet leverages the recent framework of functional vector fields for discretizing the advection and the flow as operators on scalar functions. The latter allows us to efficiently generalize LDDMM to curved surfaces, without explicitly computing the flow lines of the vector field we are optimizing for. We show two approaches for the solution: using linear advection with multiple vector fields, and using non‐linear advection with a single vector field. We additionally derive an approximated gradient of the corresponding energy, which is based on a novel vector field transport operator. Finally, we demonstrate applications of our machinery to intrinsic symmetry analysis, function interpolation and map improvement.
Splines in the Space of Shells
Authors: Heeren Behrend , Rumpf Martin , Schröder Peter , Wardetzky Max , Wirth Benedikt 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCubic splines in Euclidean space minimize the mean squared acceleration among all curves interpolating a given set of data points. We extend this observation to the Riemannian manifold of discrete shells in which the associated metric measures both bending and membrane distortion. Our generalization replaces the acceleration with the covariant derivative of the velocity. We introduce an effective time‐discretization for this novel paradigm for navigating shell space. Further transferring this concept to the space of triangular surface descriptors—edge lengths, dihedral angles, and triangle areas—results in a simplified interpolation method with high computational efficiency.