bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bimodal Expansion of the Lymphatic Vessels Is Regulated by the Sequential Expression of IL-7 and Lymphotoxin α1β2 in Newly Formed Tertiary Lymphoid Structures
Authors: Nayar Saba , Campos Joana , Chung Ming May , Navarro-Núñez Leyre , Chachlani Menka , Steinthal Nathalie , Gardner David H. , Rankin Philip , Cloake Thomas , Caamaño Jorge H. , McGettrick Helen M. , Watson Steve P. , Luther Sanjiv , Buckley Christopher D. , Barone Francesca 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis associated with tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) has been reported in numerous studies. However, the kinetics and dynamic changes occurring to the lymphatic vascular network during TLS development have not been studied. Using a viral-induced, resolving model of TLS formation in the salivary glands of adult mice we demonstrate that the expansion of the lymphatic vascular network is tightly regulated. Lymphatic vessel expansion occurs in two distinct phases. The first wave of expansion is dependent on IL-7. The second phase, responsible for leukocyte exit from the glands, is regulated by lymphotoxin (LT)βR signaling. These findings, while highlighting the tight regulation of the lymphatic response to inflammation, suggest that targeting the LTα1β2/LTβR pathway in TLS-associated pathologies might impair a natural proresolving mechanism for lymphocyte exit from the tissues and account for the failure of therapeutic strategies that target these molecules in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
In Vivo Expansion of Activated Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and Establishment of a Type 2 Immune Response upon IL-33 Treatment Protect against Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Biton Jérôme , Khaleghparast Athari Sara , Thiolat Allan , Santinon François , Lemeiter Delphine , Hervé Roxane , Delavallée Laure , Levescot Anais , Roga Stéphane , Decker Patrice , Girard Jean-Philippe , Herbelin André , Boissier Marie-Christophe , Bessis Natacha 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
IL-33 is strongly involved in several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its contribution to chronic autoimmune inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, is ill defined and probably requires tight regulation. In this study, we aimed at deciphering the complex role of IL-33 in a model of rheumatoid arthritis, namely, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We report that repeated injections of IL-33 during induction (early) and during development (late) of CIA strongly suppressed clinical and histological signs of arthritis. In contrast, a late IL-33 injection had no effect. The cellular mechanism involved in protection was related to an enhanced type 2 immune response, including the expansion of eosinophils, Th2 cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells, associated with an increase in type 2 cytokine levels in the serum of IL-33–treated mice. Moreover, our work strongly highlights the interplay between IL-33 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), demonstrated by the dramatic in vivo increase in Treg frequencies after IL-33 treatment of CIA. More importantly, Tregs from IL-33–treated mice displayed enhanced capacities to suppress IFN-γ production by effector T cells, suggesting that IL-33 not only favors Treg proliferation but also enhances their immunosuppressive properties. In concordance with these observations, we found that IL-33 induced the emergence of a CD39high Treg population in a ST2L-dependent manner. Our findings reveal a powerful anti-inflammatory mechanism by which IL-33 administration inhibits arthritis development.
Innate Allorecognition Results in Rapid Accumulation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chow Kevin V. , Delconte Rebecca B. , Huntington Nicholas D. , Tarlinton David M. , Sutherland Robyn M. , Zhan Yifan , Lew Andrew M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Although the mechanisms governing the innate recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns have been well defined, how allogeneic cellular stimuli evoke innate responses remains less so. In this article, we report that upon i.v. transfer (to avoid major iatrogenic interference), allogeneic but not syngeneic leukocytes could induce a rapid (after 1 d) accumulation of host monocyte–derived dendritic cells (moDCs) without any increase in conventional DCs. This occurred in various donor–host strain combinations, did not require MHC mismatch, and could be induced by various donor cell types including B cells, T cells, or NK cells. Using RAG−/−γc−/− and scid γc−/−mice with different MHC, we found that the presence of either donor or host lymphoid cells was required. Alloinduced moDC accumulation was significantly reduced when splenocytes from mice deficient in NK cells by genetic ablation were used as donors. A major component of this moDC accumulation appears to be recruitment. Our findings provide new insights into how the innate and adaptive immune system may interact during allogeneic encounters and thus transplant rejection.
Prolonged PD1 Expression on Neonatal Vδ2 Lymphocytes Dampens Proinflammatory Responses: Role of Epigenetic Regulation
Authors: Hsu Haoting , Boudova Sarah , Mvula Godfrey , Divala Titus H. , Mungwira Randy G. , Harman Christopher , Laufer Miriam K. , Pauza C. David , Cairo Cristiana 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A successful pregnancy depends on the maintenance of tolerance at the fetal–maternal interface; strong inflammation in the placental bed is generally associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Among the mechanisms that foster tolerance and limit inflammation, the fetal immune system favors Th2 or regulatory responses over Th1 responses. The unintended consequence of this functional program is high susceptibility to infections. Human Vδ2 T cells mount innate-like responses to a broad range of microorganisms and are poised for Th1 responses before birth. In infants they likely play a key role in protection against pathogens by exerting early Th1 effector functions, improving function of other innate cells, and promoting Th1 polarization of adaptive responses. However, their propensity to release Th1 mediators may require careful regulation during fetal life to avoid exaggerated proinflammatory responses. We investigated molecules with the potential to act as a rheostat for fetal Vδ2 cells. Programmed death 1 (PD1) is a negative regulator of T cell responses and a determinant of tolerance, particularly at the fetal–maternal interface. Neonatal Vδ2 cells upregulate PD1 shortly after activation and, unlike their adult counterparts, express this molecule for at least 28 d. Engagement of PD1 by one of its ligands, PDL1, effectively dampens TCR-mediated responses (TNF-α production and degranulation) by neonatal Vδ2 cells and may thus help maintain their activity within safe limits. PD1 expression by neonatal Vδ2 cells is inversely associated with promoter DNA methylation. Prolonged PD1 expression may be part of a functional program to control Vδ2 cell inflammatory responses during fetal life.
Antibodies That Efficiently Form Hexamers upon Antigen Binding Can Induce Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity under Complement-Limiting Conditions
Authors: Cook Erika M. , Lindorfer Margaret A. , van der Horst Hilma , Oostindie Simone , Beurskens Frank J. , Schuurman Janine , Zent Clive S. , Burack Richard , Parren Paul W. H. I. , Taylor Ronald P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that IgG Abs can organize into ordered hexamers after binding their cognate Ags expressed on cell surfaces. This process is dependent on Fc:Fc interactions, which promote C1q binding, the first step in classical pathway complement activation. We went on to engineer point mutations that stimulated IgG hexamer formation and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The hexamer formation–enhanced (HexaBody) CD20 and CD38 mAbs support faster, more robust CDC than their wild-type counterparts. To further investigate the CDC potential of these mAbs, we used flow cytometry, high-resolution digital imaging, and four-color confocal microscopy to examine their activity against B cell lines and primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in sera depleted of single complement components. We also examined the CDC activity of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52) and mAb W6/32 (anti-HLA), which bind at high density to cells and promote substantial complement activation. Although we observed little CDC for mAb-opsonized cells reacted with sera depleted of early complement components, we were surprised to discover that the Hexabody mAbs, as well as ALM and W6/32, were all quite effective at promoting CDC in sera depleted of individual complement components C6 to C9. However, neutralization studies conducted with an anti-C9 mAb verified that C9 is required for CDC activity against cell lines. These highly effective complement-activating mAbs efficiently focus activated complement components on the cell, including C3b and C9, and promote CDC with a very low threshold of MAC binding, thus providing additional insight into their enhanced efficacy in promoting CDC.
Leishmania major Infection–Induced VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 Signaling Promotes Lymphangiogenesis That Controls Disease
Authors: Weinkopff Tiffany , Konradt Christoph , Christian David A. , Discher Dennis E. , Hunter Christopher A. , Scott Phillip 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes a spectrum of diseases from self-healing to severe nonhealing lesions. Defining the factors contributing to lesion resolution may help in developing new therapies for those patients with chronic disease. We found that infection with Leishmania major increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and is associated with significant changes in the blood and lymphatic vasculature at the site of infection. Ab blockade of VEGFR-2 during infection led to a reduction in lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and simultaneously increased lesion size without altering the parasite burden. These data show that L. major infection initiates enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor-A/VEGFR-2 signaling and suggest that VEGFR-2-dependent lymphangiogenesis is a mechanism that restricts tissue inflammation in leishmaniasis.
Exploratory Study of the Clinical Utility of the Pizzi Healthy Weight Management Assessment (PHWMA) Among Burmese High School Students
Authors: Kuo Fengyi , Pizzi Michael A. , Chang Wen-Pin , Koning Sarah J. , Fredrick Aaron S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOBJECTIVE. Immigrant youth in the United States are at greater risk for weight management problems than non-Hispanic White youth. We used the Pizzi Healthy Weight Management Assessment (PHWMA) to capture data on health perceptions and weight management behaviors among adolescent Burmese refugees.METHOD. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 20 Burmese refugee high school students.RESULTS. The results captured an understanding of health perceptions and weight management behaviors of the program participants. The PHWMA was found to be a valid and reliable tool for use by occupational therapy practitioners.CONCLUSION. Findings from this study can inform program development and evaluation in outreach efforts to enhance minority youths’ health and well-being.
2016/20 May employees move up the salary ladder more slowly at the start of their career? (AT)
Authors: Glowacka Marta J. 
Published: July 2016

2016/20 May employees move up the salary ladder more slowly at the start of their career? (AT)
For the fourth time in seven years, an Austrian court has asked the ECJ for guidance on the subject of age discrimination in pay scales. In this latest case, the period required to progress from step 1 to step 2 on the pay scale was longer than the period needed to progress from step 2 to step 3 and beyond. Does that constitute age discrimination? The author argues that it does, and that the arguments advanced to justify it are not valid.
2016/21 The attitude/behaviour of an employer towards an employee who partially resumes work after long-term incapacity can constitute harassment and discrimination (BE)
Authors: Plets Isabel , Goethals Karl 
Published: July 2016

EELC 2016/21 The attitude/behaviour of an employer towards an employee who partially resumes work after long-term incapacity can constitute harassment and discrimination (BE)
The Belgian Labour Court decided in this case that the attitude/behaviour of an employer towards an employee constitutes harassment and discrimination, as the behaviour was such that the employee could have had the impression that he could lose his job because of his state of health. The employee resumed work after long-term incapacity owing to heart disease, but only on a part-time basis.The Court considered that the successive actions of the employer towards his employee were aimed at ending his employment rather than actively promoting reintegration. Such behaviour, on the facts, could be considered as harassment and discrimination.Moreover, the Court specified that the health of the employee, who had partially resumed work after being off sick for heart disease, could be regarded as a disability in accordance with EU Directive 2000/78. The Court explicitly referred to the ECJ HK Danmark case.
2016/22 Failing to offer voluntary redundancy because it triggered a right to early retirement is directly discriminatory (UK)
Authors: O’Brien Sarah 
Published: July 2016

2016/22 Failing to offer voluntary redundancy because it triggered a right to early retirement is directly discriminatory (UK)
Following a restructure of his employer, an over 50 year old employee was deprived of the opportunity to apply for voluntary redundancy, compared to his under 50 year old colleagues, because it would have triggered early retirement resulting in a higher redundancy package. The Employment Tribunal (‘ET’) held that the use of under 50 year old comparators was not appropriate because the comparators were not entitled to early retirement and were therefore in materially different circumstances compared to the claimant. On appeal to the Employment Appeal Tribunal (‘EAT’), the EAT held that the fact that the comparators were not entitled to early retirement was not a “relevant circumstance” making the comparators invalid. A prima facie case of direct age discrimination was therefore made out. The EAT remitted the case back to the original ET to determine if the employer’s direct discrimination could be justified.
2016/24 Claimant required to show the ‘reason why’ the underlying reason behind a practice was indirectly discriminatory (UK)
Authors: Bond Anna 
Published: July 2016

2016/24 Claimant required to show the “reason why” the underlying reason behind a practice was indirectly discriminatory (UK)
The Court of Appeal (‘CoA’) has held that there was no indirect discrimination where the underlying reason behind a ‘provision, criterion or practice’ (‘PCP’) operated by an employer was not discriminatory. The claim of indirect discrimination was brought by Mr Naeem, who is employed by the Prison Service as a full-time imam at HMP Bullingdon. Until 2002, the Prison Service employed only Christian chaplains full-time due to a lack of demand for chaplains of other faiths (who were employed on a sessional basis only). From 2002, it started to hire full-time Muslim as well as Christian chaplains due to an increase in the number of Muslim prisoners.The prison system’s pay scale rewards length of service and pay rises are linked to both performance and length of full-time service. Mr Naeem argued that this had a disproportionate negative effect on Muslims, as they could not have been employed for as long as Christians. The CoA rejected this claim, based on the fact that the underlying reason for the difference was the lack of demand for Muslim chaplains before 2002, and that this was not discriminatory.This case follows the 2015 CoA case of Essop v Home Office [2015] EWCA Civ 609, which was the first case to add in this extra layer to the indirect discrimination test. According to these cases, a claimant must now show not only that a particular practice particularly disadvantaged them, but also why this is the case. In both cases, appeals have been made to the Supreme Court and these are expected to be heard together later this year.
2016/25 Prohibition against displaying religious symbols breaches anti-discrimination legislation for lack of proportionality (BE)
Authors: Busschaert Gautier 
Published: July 2016

2016/25 Prohibition against displaying religious symbols breaches anti-discrimination legislation for lack of proportionality (BE)
A general prohibition against displaying religious, political and philosophical symbols constitutes indirect discrimination which fails to meet the proportionality requirement. In this case the court took account of the fact that it was possible for the employer to distinguish between back-office and front-office work (the claimant worked in a back office position) and also because of the absence of complaints by colleagues or clients and the absence of any attempt by the claimant to encourage other women to wear a headscarf.
2016/26 Dismissal of an employee with a disabled child was not discriminatory by association (DK)
Authors: Norrbom Mariann 
Published: July 2016

2016/26 Dismissal of an employee with a disabled child was not discriminatory by association (DK)
It was neither direct nor indirect discrimination when a municipality dismissed a childminder with a disabled child, since the decision to dismiss was based on the interests of safeguarding children in the municipality’s childminding services, by not taking them out of their usual environment and placing them with a childminder they did not know.
2016/27 Employers must compensate employees separately for restricting their right to work for others, not only after, but also during their employment (LI)
Authors: Klimašauskienė Inga 
Published: July 2016

2016/27 Employers must compensate employees separately for restricting their right to work for others, not only after, but also during their employment (LI)
Following the latest case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, it is not enough to state that an employee cannot work for a competitor during their employment. It is necessary to pay compensation in order for the non-compete obligation to be legally enforceable, because of the onerous nature of the obligation.
2016/28 Employee compensated for employer’s refusal to move her to another office nearer home, as advised by the occupational doctor (FR)
Authors: Levy Karcenty Delphine 
Published: July 2016

2016/28 Employee compensated for employer’s refusal to move her to another office nearer home, as advised by the occupational doctor (FR)
An employer that fails to comply with an occupational doctor’s recommendation regarding an employee’s health, as it relates to his job, is in breach of its health and safety obligations.
2016/30 Members of a Board of Directors are ‘individual contractors’, not self-employed ‘entrepreneurs’ (PL)
Authors: Wujczyk Marcin 
Published: July 2016

2016/30 Members of a Board of Directors are ‘individual contractors’, not self-employed ‘entrepreneurs’ (PL)
The Supreme Court in this case establishes conditions to be met in order for the member of a Board of Directors to qualify as a self-employed “entrepreneur”. In light of these conditions, Directors must be considered to have the status of “individual contractor”, obligating them to pay increased social security contributions.
2016/31 Supreme Court: employer cannot dismiss employee for exercising freedom of speech (SL)
Authors: Slemenjak Nives 
Published: July 2016

EELC 2016/31 Supreme Court: employer cannot dismiss employee for exercising freedom of speech (SL)
The employee, a public servant, criticised her employer’s director in an email that she sent all of her co-workers. The email made its way into a newspaper. She was dismissed. She challenged her dismissal successfully: the Supreme Court, weighing the employee’s right to freedom of speech against the employer’s right to protect its reputation and business interests, held the dismissal to be unfounded.
2016/32 Window sticker sufficient to allow evidence collected by surveillance camera (SP)
Authors: Cortes Sonia 
Published: July 2016

2016/32 Window sticker sufficient to allow evidence collected by surveillance camera (SP)
A decision issued by the Constitutional Court on 3 March 2016 upholds a High Court decision on whether evidence obtained through video surveillance at the work place without previously informing the employee or the works council of the recording infringes employees’ privacy. The existence of cameras in the workplace was only made known via a sticker on the shop window, but the Constitutional Court found that it provided sufficient information to employees. The Court found that, as there was a prior suspicion of theft by the employee, temporary recording of the cashier area was lawful and did not require prior consent. The judgment sets out the criteria to be used to determine a fair balance between the competing interests of employee privacy and the employer’s right to compliance.
2016/33 Supreme Court clarifies rules on redundancy selection methods (NO)
Authors: Lerheim Tore , Olsby Ole Kristian 
Published: July 2016

2016/33 Supreme Court clarifies rules on redundancy selection methods (NO)
The basic rule in Norwegian law is that an employer planning to reduce headcount must apply the rules for selecting those to be dismissed (based on seniority, qualifications, personal circumstances, etc.) to the entire workforce within the relevant legal entity. However, there are circumstances under which the employer may limit the pool of employees within which to apply those rules. In this case, the employer was justified in limiting that pool to one employee, thereby avoiding the need to make a selection.
Missing Ihde
Authors: Crease Robert P. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2016

This article investigates how lack of a phenomenology of technology has hurt understanding of the lifeworld. One way, as Ihde has shown, involves a failure to appreciate the instrumental mediation of experience and the extension of perception. But Ihde also fails to notice the background in which these mediations are taking place and which shapes the mediations themselves and our interpretation of them; not even the research of technoscientists takes place in a neutral atmosphere that does not affect how we work. This article also discusses hermeneutic distortion, or the gap in collective interpretive resources that occurs when the technoscientific infrastructure withdraws and becomes all but invisible, encouraging the tendency to treat scientific conclusions as mere opinions, and technoscientific devices as accessory rather than integral to the modern world.