bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Syntheses via Heterocyclic Intermediates. Part 36. Asymmetric Synthesis of Dimethyl (R)‐4‐Amino‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentenedioates (Dimethyl β,γ‐Didehydro‐α‐methyl‐D‐glutamates) or Methyl (R)‐2,5‐Dihydro‐2‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2‐pyrrolecarboxylates by the Bislactim Ether Method. ‐ Asymmetric Synthesis of β,γ‐Didehydroglutamic Acids.
Authors: SCHOELLKOPF U. + , SCHROEDER J. + 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe (in situ) lithiated bis‐lactim ether (Ia) reacts with the methyl acrylates (II) or (IV) to give the "Michael adducts" (III) or (V) with a high degree of asym.
Genetic Variants in the Vicinity of LGALS‐3 Gene and LGALS‐3 mRNA Expression in Advanced Carotid Atherosclerosis: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Djordjevic Ana , Zivkovic Maja , Stankovic Aleksandra , Zivotic Ivan , Koncar Igor , Davidovic Lazar , Alavantic Dragan , Djuric Tamara 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that there is an association between galectin‐3 (gal‐3) protein and cardiovascular pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rs2274273 and rs17128183 on genetic susceptibility to advanced carotid atherosclerosis (CA) and its complications. The rs2274273 has been singled out as the lead SNP of the haplotype block containing LGALS‐3 (gal‐3 gene) associated with gal‐3 circulating levels, while rs17128183 constitutes a potentially functional SNP of the same hap‐block. We further sought to determine whether these genetic variants have an impact on the expression of LGALS‐3 mRNA in human carotid atherosclerotic plaque tissue.MethodsThe study encompassed 300 control subjects and 485 patients with advanced CA who had undergone carotid endarterectomy. Rs2274273, rs17128183, and LGALS‐3 relative mRNA expression was detected by means of real‐time PCR (TaqMan® technology).ResultsThere were no statistically significant associations of the investigated genetic variants with susceptibility to advanced CA, nor did we find any associations in terms of ultrasonographically defined plaque phenotypes. The relative expression of LGALS‐3 mRNA proved to be significantly higher in carriers of the rare alleles (P = 0.039) for both genetic variants.ConclusionOur exploratory results suggest that while rs2274273 and rs17128183 bear no association with the risk of advanced CA or CA‐related complications, these genetic variants are likely to affect LGALS‐3 expression levels. In order to reach a definitive conclusion on the role played by rs2274273 and rs17128183 in advanced CA, our results should be further validated.
Evidence-Based Management Guidelines on Peyronie's Disease
Authors: Chung Eric , Ralph David , Kagioglu Ates , Garaffa Guilio , Shamsodini Ahmed , Bivalacqua Trinity , Glina Sidney , Hakim Lawrence , Sadeghi-Nejad Hossein , Broderick Gregory 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Despite recent advances in our knowledge and treatment strategies in Peyronie's Disease (PD), much remained unknown about this disease.

Aim
To provide a clinical framework and key guideline statements to assist clinicians in an evidence-based management of PD.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted to identify published literature relevant to PD. The search included all relevant articles published up to June 2015, including preclinical studies and published guidelines. References used in the text were assessed according to their level of evidence, and guideline recommendations were graded based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Owing to the paucity of larger series and randomized placebo-controlled trials with regard to surgical intervention, guideline statements are provided as clinical principle or expert opinion.

Main Outcome Measures
This literature was discussed at a panel meeting, and selected articles with the highest evidence available were used to create consensus guideline statements for the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine guidelines on PD.

Results
In addition to existing Third International Consultation on Sexual Medicine guidelines on PD, seven new summary recommendations were created.

Conclusion
A greater understanding of the scientific basis of PD is greatly needed to address our understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical epidemiology, psychosocial, and diagnostic assessment as well as treatment strategies.
SW43‐DOX ± loading onto drug‐eluting bead, a potential new targeted drug delivery platform for systemic and locoregional cancer treatment – An in vitro evaluation
Authors: Ludwig Johannes M. , Gai Yongkang , Sun Lingyi , Xiang Guangya , Zeng Dexing , Kim Hyun S. 
Published: May 2016

Treatment of unresectable primary cancer and their distant metastases, with the liver representing one of the most frequent location, is still plagued by insufficient treatment success and poor survival rates. The Sigma‐2 receptor is preferentially expressed on many tumor cells making it an appealing target for therapy. Thus, we developed a potential targeted drug conjugate consisting of the Sigma‐2 receptor ligand SW43 and Doxorubicin (SW43‐DOX) for systemic cancer therapy and for locoregional treatment of primary and secondary liver malignancies when loaded onto drug‐eluting bead (DEB) which was compared in vitro to the treatment with Doxorubicin alone.SW43‐DOX binds specifically to the Sigma‐2 receptor expressed on hepatocellular (Hep G2, Hep 3B), pancreatic (Panc‐1) and colorectal (HT‐29) carcinoma cell lines with high affinity and subsequent early specific internalization. Free SW43‐DOX showed superior concentration and time depended cancer toxicity than treatment with Doxorubicin alone. Action mechanisms analysis revealed an apoptotic cell death with increased caspase 3/7 activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Only ROS scavenging with α‐Tocopherol, but not the caspase inhibition (Z‐VAD‐FMK), partly reverted the effect. SW43‐DOX could successfully be loaded onto DEB and showed prolonged eluting kinetics compared to Doxorubicin. SW43‐DOX loaded DEB vs. Doxorubicin loaded DEB showed a significantly greater time dependent toxicity in all cell lines. In conclusion, the novel conjugate SW43‐DOX ± loading onto DEB is a promising drug delivery platform for targeted systemic and locoregional cancer therapy.
Screening for Frailty in Canada’s Health Care System: A Time for Action
Authors: Muscedere John , Andrew Melissa K. , Bagshaw Sean M. , Estabrooks Carole , Hogan David , Holroyd-Leduc Jayna , Howlett Susan , Lahey William , Maxwell Colleen , McNally Mary , Moorhouse Paige , Rockwood Kenneth , Rolfson Darryl , Sinha Samir , Tholl Bill ,   for the Canadian Frailty Network (CFN)
Published: May 2016

RÉSUMÉAvec le vieillissement de la population canadienne, la fragilité – avec son risque accru du déclin fonctionnel, la détérioration de la santé, et le décès – devient de plus en plus répandue. La physiologie de la fragilité reflète son origine parmi organes et systèmes multiples. Environ un quart des Canadiens qui sont âgés de plus de 65 sont fragiles, augmentant à plus de la moitié de ceux âgés de plus de 85. Notre système de soins de santé est organisé pour gérer les systèmes mono-organes, ce qui nuit à notre capacité à traiter efficacement les personnes atteintes de troubles multiples et des limitations fonctionnelles. Pour faire face à la fragilité, il faut reconnaître quand elle se produit, accroître la sensibilisation à son importance, développer des modèles holistiques pour ses soins, et générer des meilleures preuves pour son traitement. La reconnaissance de la façon dont la fragilité impacte la durée de vie permettrait l’intégration des objectifs en matière de soins dans les options de traitement. Les différents organisations de soins responsables variées dans le système de soins de santé canadien nécessiteront des stratégies et outils différentes pour évaluer la fragilité. Les changements dans la politique sera essentiels, étant donné la portée et la complexité des défis que pose la fragilité au système de soins de santé comme cela est organisé actuellement.
Abundance estimates for the endangered Green PeafowlPavo muticusin Cambodia: identification of a globally important site for conservation
Authors: NUTTALL MATTHEW , NUT MENGHOR , UNG VISES , O’KELLY HANNAH 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe catastrophic decline of the endangered Green peafowlPavo muticusacross its former range is well known, yet there are only a handful of reliable population estimates for this species from its remaining range, making global assessment challenging. We present the first rigorous population estimates for this species from Cambodia, and model the distribution and the relationships between this species and several environmental covariates from the Core Zone (187,900 ha) of Seima Protection Forest (SPF), eastern Cambodia. Using distance sampling the abundance of Green Peafowl in SPF in 2014 is estimated to be 541 (95% CI [252, 1160]). Density surface modelling was used to predict distribution and relative abundance within the study area, and there was some evidence that the species prefers areas of deciduous forest, non-forest, and to a lesser extent semi-evergreen forest. These results highlight the importance of the central and northern sections of SPF for this species. Furthermore, the analysis suggested that Green Peafowl abundance is higher in closer proximity to water, yet decreases in closer proximity to human settlement.
Exploring International Views on Key Concepts for Mass-gathering Health through a Delphi Process
Authors: Steenkamp Malinda , Hutton Alison E. , Ranse Jamie C. , Lund Adam , Turris Sheila A. , Bowles Ron , Arbuthnott Katherine , Arbon Paul A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe science underpinning mass-gathering health (MGH) is developing rapidly. However, MGH terminology and concepts are not yet well defined or used consistently. These variations can complicate comparisons across settings. There is, therefore, a need to develop consensus and standardize concepts and data points to support the development of a robust MGH evidence-base for governments, event planners, responders, and researchers. This project explored the views and sought consensus of international MGH experts on previously published concepts around MGH to inform the development of a transnational minimum data set (MDS) with an accompanying data dictionary (DD).ReportA two-round Delphi process was undertaken involving volunteers from the World Health Organization (WHO) Virtual Interdisciplinary Advisory Group (VIAG) on Mass Gatherings (MGs) and the MG section of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM). The first online survey tested agreement on six key concepts: (1) using the term “MG HEALTH;” (2) purposes of the proposed MDS and DD; (3) event phases; (4) two MG population models; (5) a MGH conceptual diagram; and (6) a data matrix for organizing MGH data elements. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement. Round 2 presented five refined MGH principles based on Round 1 input that was analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Thirty-eight participants started Round 1 with 36 completing the survey and 24 (65% of 36) completing Round 2. Agreement was reached on: the term “MGH” (n=35/38; 92%); the stated purposes for the MDS (n=38/38; 100%); the two MG population models (n=31/36; 86% and n=30/36; 83%, respectively); and the event phases (n=34/36; 94%). Consensus was not achieved on the overall conceptual MGH diagram (n=25/37; 67%) and the proposed matrix to organize data elements (n=28/37; 77%). In Round 2, agreement was reached on all the proposed principles and revisions, except on the MGH diagram (n=18/24; 75%).Discussion/ConclusionsEvent health stakeholders require sound data upon which to build a robust MGH evidence-base. The move towards standardization of data points and/or reporting items of interest will strengthen the development of such an evidence-base from which governments, researchers, clinicians, and event planners could benefit. There is substantial agreement on some broad concepts underlying MGH amongst an international group of MG experts. Refinement is needed regarding an overall conceptual diagram and proposed matrix for organizing data elements.SteenkampM, HuttonAE, RanseJC, LundA, TurrisSA, BowlesR, ArbuthnottK, ArbonPA. Exploring international views on key concepts for mass-gathering health through a Delphi process. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(4):443–453.
Effects of Pamidronate on Dental Enamel Formation Assessed by Light Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Microhardness Testing
Authors: Soares Ana P. , do Espírito Santo Renan F. , Line Sérgio R. P. , Pinto Maria das G. F. , Santos Pablo de M. , Toralles Maria Betania P. , do Espírito Santo Alexandre R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to investigate birefringence and morphology of the secretory-stage enamel organic extracellular matrix (EOECM), and structural and mechanical properties of mature enamel of upper incisors from adult rats that had been treated with pamidronate disodium (0.5 mg/kg/week for 56 days), using transmitted polarizing and bright-field light microscopies (TPLM and BFLM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness testing. BFLM showed no morphological changes of the EOECM in pamidronate and control groups, but TPLM revealed a statistically significant reduction in optical retardation values of birefringence brightness of pamidronate-treated rats when compared with control animals (p<0.01). EDX analysis showed that pamidronate-induced statistically significant decrease in phosphorus’ quantity in outer mature enamel (p<0.01) and an increase in the calcium/phosphorus ratio in that structure (p<0.05). Pamidronate did not induce ultra-structural alterations in mature enamel as revealed by SEM and did not cause a reduction in its microhardness (p>0.05). The present study indicates that pamidronate can affect birefringence of the secretory-stage EOECM, which does not seem to be associated with significant changes in morphological and/or mechanical properties of mature enamel.
Does Extra Interletter Spacing Help Text Reading in Skilled Adult Readers?
Authors: Perea Manuel , Giner Lourdes , Marcet Ana , Gomez Pablo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA number of experiments have shown that, in skilled adult readers, a small increase in interletter spacing speeds up the process of visual word recognition relative to the default settings (i.e., judge faster than judge). The goal of the present experiment was to examine whether this effect can be generalized to a more ecological scenario: text reading. Each participant read two stories (367 words each) taken from a standardized reading test. The stories were presented with the standard interletter spacing or with a small increase in interletter spacing (+1.2 points to default) in a within-subject design. An eyetracker was used to register the participants’ eye movements. Comprehension scores were also examined. Results showed that, on average, fixation durations were shorter while reading the text with extra spacing than while reading the text with the default settings (237 vs. 245 ms, respectively; η2 =. 41, p = .01). However, the number of fixations (while nonsignificant) was slightly higher in the text with extra spacing than in the text with the default spacing, and cancelled out the effect of interletter spacing in total reading times (F < 1). Comprehension scores were similar in the two spacing conditions (F < 1). Thus, at least for skilled adult readers, interletter spacing does not seem to play a consistently facilitative role during text reading.
Wohlbefinden im Alter
Authors: Bernsteiner Mariella , Boggatz Thomas 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Wohlbefinden ist ein wichtiges Ergebnis von Pflege und Betreuung, das jedoch nur selten erfasst wird. Die Skala des psychologischen Wohlbefindens nach Ryff erfasst dieses Konstrukt, ist jedoch nicht auf die Situation von BewohnerInnen in Pflegeheimen und im betreuten Wohnen ausgelegt. Ziel: Eine inhaltsvalide Version der Skala für ältere Menschen im Pflegeheim und betreuten Wohnen im deutschsprachigen Raum zu entwickeln. Methode: Es wurde eine Delphi-Studie in zwei Runden mit 56 ExpertInnen aus Pflegeheimen bzw. aus betreuten Wohneinrichtungen im Bundesland Salzburg durchgeführt. Verbesserungsvorschläge wurden in offenen Fragen erfasst, und die Items konnten anhand einer vierstufigen Likert-Skala bewertet werden. Für die Akzeptanz der Items war eine Zustimmung von mindestens 80 % notwendig. Bei der qualitativen Auswertung wurden die Aussagen miteinander verglichen und in Codes und Kategorien zusammengefasst. Ergebnisse: 38 von insgesamt 54 Items wurden nach der ersten Runde (Rücklaufquote: 34,6 %) überarbeitet. In der zweiten Runde (Rücklaufquote: 64,7 %) erhielten alle Items die Zustimmung der ExpertInnen (≥ 80 %). Die Kritikpunkte bezogen sich z. T. allgemein auf die Formulierung der Fragen und z. T. auf Aspekte von Wohlbefinden, die für ältere, unterstützungsbedürftige Menschen nicht mehr relevant seien (z. B. die Erfüllung von Pflichten). Schlussfolgerungen: Eine modifizierte Version der Skala wurde entwickelt, die aus Sicht der ExpertInnen das Wohlbefinden der Zielgruppe erfasst. Diese sollte nun einer psychometrischen Testung unterzogen werden.
Fabrication and characterisation of flower‐like ZnO nanostructures grown chemically on flexible PEN substrate
Authors: Shabannia Reza 
Published: May 2016

Flower‐like ZnO nanostructures were successfully produced on a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate through a chemical bath deposition method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and ultraviolet‐visible were utilised to investigate the structural and optical properties of grown flower‐like ZnO nanostructures. FESEM image indicates that fabricated ZnO nanostructures formed from the ZnO nanoflowers with different shape and the petals of the ZnO nanoflower grow symmetrically and radially from the centre. XRD pattern of the ZnO nanoflowers indicate that the ZnO nanorods of the nanoflowers were preferentially grown along the c ‐axis. The PL results of the ZnO nanoflowers exhibited a strong violet and indigo emission peaks are centred approximately at 413 and 425 nm, respectively.
1.7 Product Class 7: Organometallic Complexes of Iron
Authors: Stephenson G. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is a revision of the previous Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of organometallic complexes of iron with hapticities between η6 (arene complexes) and η1 (carbene complexes and σ-bonded complexes).The main methods surveyed are the direct complexation of ligands, nucleophile addition to cationic complexes (which reduces the hapticity by one), protonation of unsaturated but non-coordinated sections of ligands or ligands bearing leaving groups (which increases the hapticity by one), and functional-group transformations of substituents on the haptyl ligand (which leaves the hapticity unchanged). Access to nonracemic complexes and the use of iron complexes in total synthesis are discussed.
17.1.2.5 One Oxygen and One Nitrogen or Phosphorus Atom (Update 2014)
Authors: Aitken R. A. , Meehan A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 17.1.2) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,4-oxazines and 1,4-benzoxazines. It includes both new methods reported in the period 2004–2013 and older methods not covered in the earlier chapter.
18.4.45 Acyclic and Cyclic Carbonic Acids and Esters, and Their Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium Analogues (Update 2013)
Authors: Zimmer R. , Trawny D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of acyclic and cyclic carbonic acid derivatives, and their sulfur, selenium, and tellurium analogues. It is mainly focused on the literature published in the period 2005–2012. Moreover, special focus is given to the application of the title compounds.
24.1.16 1,1-Bis(heteroatom-functionalized) Allenes (Update 2014)
Authors: Ibis C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter updates Science of Synthesis Sections 24.1.3, 24.1.10, 24.1.14, and 24.1.15. Mono-, bis-, tris-, and tetrakis(sulfanyl-substituted) butatrienes are obtained from alkylsulfanyl- or arylsulfanyl-substituted buta-1,3-dienes in the presence of base in petroleum ether at room temperature. The treatment of 1,1,4,4-tetrakis[4-(dimethylamino)pyridin-1-ium]-2,3-dichlorobuta-1,3-diene with thiolates in dimethyl sulfoxide leads to the formation of tetrakis(sulfanyl-substituted) butatrienes. Allenylphosphonates are synthesized by the reaction of aliphatic- or aromatic-substituted propargylic alcohols and chlorophosphites in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction of 1-bromo-1-silylallenes with butyllithium and then chlorodiphenylphosphine in tetrahydrofuran gives 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)allenes.
24.2.21 1,1-Bis(heteroatom-functionalized) Alk-1-enes (Update 2, 2014)
Authors: Vilhelmsen M. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the existing Science of Synthesis contributions on the synthesis of ketene O,S-acetals (Section 24.2.7), ketene O,N-acetals (Section 24.2.9), and (1-alkoxyalk-1-enyl)phosphonates (enolphosphonates, Section 24.2.10). The reviewed synthetic methodologies are from literature published since 2005.
24.2.1.3 1,1-Dihaloalk-1-enes (Update 2014)
Authors: Ameduri B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods and strategies for the synthesis of 1,1-dihaloalk-1-enes. This update focuses on the preparation and polymerization of 1,1-difluoroalk-1-enes, including trifluorovinyl functional monomers. Radical additions of chain-transfer agents onto commercially available fluoroalkenes are described, followed by their chemical modification to yield original fluorinated monomers. These monomers are further involved in radical (conventional or controlled) copolymerizations with vinylidene fluoride (1,1-difluoroethene) or chlorotrifluoroethene to achieve high-value-added materials.
35.1.1.3.5 Synthesis by Substitution of Carbon Functionalities (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis update summarizes reactions wherein an alkyl radical is formed by cleavage of an appropriately functionalized C—C bond, followed by trapping of this intermediate by a chlorine atom source to afford a chloroalkane. It covers the literature up until late 2013.
3.1.1.3 Electron-Rich Alkenes as Reaction Components
Authors: Liu S. , Xiao J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter describes the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction of electron-rich alkenes with aryl, hetaryl, or vinyl halides or pseudohalides. The alkenes covered include vinyl ethers, enamides, and enamines generated in situ from aldehydes. The electron-neutral styrenes are also mentioned. Depending on the arylating or vinylating reagent, ligand, additive, and solvent used, the reaction can take place at either the α or β position of the alkene, and, in the past two decades or so, significant progress has been made allowing precise control of the regioselectivity.
2.1.5 [2 + 2] Cycloaddition as the Key Step
Authors: Takasu K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter covers multicomponent reactions involving the thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of electron-rich alkenes, such as enamines, silyl enol ethers, allylsilanes, or styrenes, with electron-deficient alkenes or alkynes. In one strategy, the process affords multisubstituted and/or polycyclic four-membered carbocycles in a single operation. In another, the multicomponent reaction utilizes the [2 + 2] cycloadduct as an intermediate for further transformation.