bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is there a Role for Genetic Counselors in Prenatal Paternity Testing? – an Assessment Based on Audit of 13 years of Clinical Experience in South Australia
Authors: Riley Kate E. , Salvemini Hayley , Haan Eric , Fitzgerald Lara , Stallard Kirsty , Borrie Sarah , Pontikinas Electra , Baxendale Anne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe role of genetic counselors in prenatal paternity testing has not been widely studied in the genetic counseling literature. In South Australia, the genetic counselors of the State's public sector clinical genetics service are the primary contact point for women seeking information and testing, also coordinating the testing process. This has provided the opportunity to review all prenatal paternity testing performed in the State over a 13 year period and to consider the role played by the genetic counselor. We explored the reasons why women requested prenatal paternity testing and whether the genetic counselor was an appropriate health professional to facilitate this testing for women. The study had two parts, an audit of the clinical genetics files of 160 women who requested prenatal paternity testing between March 2001 and March 2014, and qualitative interviews of genetic counselors, clinical geneticists, obstetricians and social workers with involvement in this area. The audit determined that in 69.9 % of cases the long‐term partner was the father of the pregnancy, for 23.7 % the short‐term or other partner was the father and for 6.4 % the paternity results were not known by the genetic counselor. For 45.5 % of women whose long‐term partner was excluded as the father, the women chose to have a termination of pregnancy. The results of the qualitative interviews yielded five major themes: accessibility of testing, role of the genetic counselor, social and relationship issues, decision making in pregnancy and emotional issues. We conclude that the genetic counselor is an appropriate health professional to facilitate prenatal paternity testing. Genetic counselors did not view their role as significantly different from a request for prenatal testing for another indication.
Further Observations on Nitroso-bacteria
Authors: Fremlin H. S. 
Published: July 2016

Interesting results were obtained with cultures in ammonia agar, from them it is evident that the nitroso-bacterium grows readily through this medium whether inoculated on the centre of a plate or when covered with the agar jelly itself. Further, the presence of 5 to 10% of beef broth in the ammonia agar allows of better development.Potassium phosphate agar containing bouillon gelatine but no free ammonia, on being inoculated with cultures of nitroso-bacteria, also developed nitrification; the organic matter was broken down, ammonia formed, and nitrites built up.Nitrification in ordinary bouillon agar plates shows that organic matter does not necessarily form a barrier to the process; and further, that two of the cultures had only been fed with inorganic salts for three and four years respectively prior to the inoculation into the plates, is good evidence that gradual additions of organic matter are not absolutely necessary.Calcium sulphate blocks allowed me to work with a larger amount of very active culture: from these it was found that urine was a very good culture medium indeed. Also that peptone water diluted with water, or peptone beef broth, milk, or blood serum diluted with ammonium sulphate could be used as culture media; sometimes these checked nitrification for a time but it afterwards became well established.The experiments with undiluted urine were wholly successful and stand as a further proof of nitrification in presence of organic matter.From these results it is clear that the nitroso-bacterium is a very powerful nitrite-forming micro-organism, that it is not readily destroyed, and that a certain amount of organic matter is essential to its greatest development, but for this a large amount of culture must be used.In conclusion I have to offer my deepest thanks to Sir William Power for the great help that he has given me and for the kindness that he has always shown; also to others who have most kindly advised me my grateful thanks are due.
An Anomalous Meningococcus
Authors: Canti R. G. 
Published: July 2016

(1) An unusual strain of meningococcus has been isolated which produces minute “dew drop” colonies. This character has persisted throughout a large number of successive generations. Every culture, however, has shown lateral off-shoots consisting of colonies which have the size and appearance of those of typical meningococci. In subsequent subcultivations from these colonies the newly acquired size and appearance remain constant.(2) It is suggested that the strain isolated is a retrograde variety and that the off-shoots are produced by degressive evolution.(3) It is also suggested that the character which reappears in the degressive step is that of producing a substance beneficial for growth.It is impossible, however, to offer any satisfactory explanation of the phenomena observed without a more extended series of experiments. This was impracticable at the time owing to pressure of routine work and further observations on the same organism have now become impossible owing to the fact that the small growing strain has died out. Nevertheless the findings seem worth recording in their present state in the hope that they may be of use to others who have met or may meet with similar peculiarities in the course of their work.
Diet-induced obesity promotes systemic inflammation and increased susceptibility to murine visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: SARNÁGLIA GLÊNIA DAROS , COVRE LUCIANA POLACO , PEREIRA FAUSTO EDMUNDO LIMA , DE MATOS GUEDES HERBERT LEONEL , FARIA ANA MARIA CAETANO , DIETZE REYNALDO , RODRIGUES RODRIGO RIBEIRO , MAIOLI TATIANI UCELI , GOMES DANIEL CLÁUDIO OLIVIERA 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYObesity is the main causal factor for metabolic syndrome and chronic systemic inflammation, which impacts on immune function and increases susceptibility to pathogens. Here, we investigated the effect of obesity on the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmaniasis infantum chagasi. C57BL/6 mice fed with high-sugar and butter diet (HSB) showed a significant increase in body weight, adiposity index and morphological changes in adipocyte. To investigate the consequences of obesity on the specific immunity against Leishmania, both control and HSB diet groups were infected with 107L. infantum chagasi promastigotes in the eighth-week after diet started and euthanized 4 weeks later. HSB-diet fed mice exhibited a significantly higher parasite burden in both liver and spleen compared with control- diet group. Gonadal adipocyte tissue from HSB-diet mice showed increased TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin and diminished IL-10 production compared with control. Cytokines production analysis in the spleen and liver from these animals also demonstrated higher production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide and diminished production of IL-10 and TGF-β, which correlate with inflammatory foci and the cell hyperplasia observed. Taken together, obesity can interfere with responses to pathogen-derived signals and impair the development of protective anti-Leishmania immunity.
XXX.—Thermal and Electric Conductivity
Authors: Tait  
Published: July 2016

The following paper contains the results of an inquiry which has occupied me at intervals for somewhere about ten years. It was carried out in part at the expense of the British Association, and I have already reported results to that body in 1869 and 1871. But these provisional reports referred to very short ranges of temperature only, and the experiments were made with faulty thermometers, for which I had not the corrections which had been carefully determined by Welsh at Kew.The inquiry arose from my desire to extend to other metals the very beautiful and original method which Principal Forbes devised, and which the state of his health prevented him from applying to any substance but iron. Forbes' experiments gave a result so very remarkable, and (as it seemed to me) so theoretically suggestive, that I wished to extend them to other pure metals, and also, in one or two cases at least, to alloys.I believe that Principal Forbes had at least two reasons for undertaking his investigations:—(1.) When he commenced his inquiry, there was no really accurate or trustworthy determination of the absolute conductivity of any body whatever for heat. (2.) FORBES had himself, in 1833 and subsequent years, pointed out a very remarkable analogy between the conducting powers of metals for electricity and for heat, and had shown that these were almost precisely proportional to one another—that is to say, that the list of the average relative conductivities of different metals for electricity differed, from that of their relative conductivities with regard to heat, certainly not more than did the several electric lists furnished by different experimenters, and certainly less than the corresponding thermal lists. Hence it was natural to suppose that temperature might have a marked effect on thermal conductivity, as it was known to have such an effect on electric conductivity.
XIV. —Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter Third.—The Garnets
Authors: Heddle  
Published: July 2016

Abundant as are the localities in which garnet is found in Scotland, there are but few which yield specimens such as can be analysed.This is on account of an intermixture of quartz—for the most part in a granular form—the granules being promiscuously scattered throughout the mass of the crystals. In three localities the intermixture is not promiscuous, but has been governed by some intermittent crystalline action. These localities are Glen Skiag in Ross, where, around a central nucleus of leucitoidal crystals of garnet, translucent quartz is arranged in layers which alternate with those of the garnet, conformably to the figure of its crystal.The two other localities are the first and third granitic veins to the east of Portsoy; in both of which garnet of a pale brown colour is laced with quartz, which is arranged in a graphic manner, as in the felspar from an adjacent vein. At no other locality do I know of such an occurrence. The appearance of a section of a rhombic dodecahedron is somewhat like the figure.
XIX.—On Some New Bases of the Leucoline Series
Authors: Robinson G. Carr 
Published: July 2016

Of the bases of the CnH2n—11N series, obtained from coal-tar and from the “acid-tar” from the distillation of shale, only three are known, viz., Leucoline, C9H7N; Iridoline, C10H9N; and Cryptidine, C11H11N. These are isomeric with the bases obtained by the distillation of cinchonine with caustic potash, and are described by their discoverer, Greville Williams, in “ Trans. Royal Society, Edinburgh,” vol. xxi. The leucoline series of bases, at first thought to be identical with the cinchonine series, Williams has shown to be isomeric, but otherwise having important differences, these differences chiefly being apparent in their boiling points, their slight tendency to form crystallisable salts, and their reaction with iodide of amyl.The source of the leucoline bases of Greville Williams was “coal-oil of a very high boiling point, and a density greater than that of water;” his process of separation was to treat the oil with sulphuric acid, and distil the acid liquid with lime; that portion of the distillate which sinks in water is treated with nitrite of potash and hydrochloric acid to destroy phenols; the acid liquid is placed in an iron retort and a current of steam passed through it; the residue remaining in the retort, after being treated with caustic potash, is distilled, and the distillate, consisting of the mixed bases, purified by fractional distillation; the bases were then identified by converting the fractions into platinum and other salts. Proceeding in this manner, Greville Williams separated the three bases—leucoline, iridoline, and cryptidine; the last, cryptidine, C11H11N, being found in his highest fraction, that boiling 270°–275° C, and from what I can learn from other authorities, the isolation of the higher members of this series has not been attempted.
XXI.—On the Compounds of Ethyl-, Propyl-, Butyl-, and Amyl- Thetines
Authors: Letts E. A. 
Published: July 2016

Compounds of Ethyl-Thetine.—In the course of the investigations, the results of which are recorded in the preceding paper, Professor Crum Brown and I observed that sulphide of ethyl, like sulphide of methyl, forms a crystalline compound with bromacetic acid. This we called hydrobromate of diethylthetine, in conformity with the system of nomenclature we had proposed for such bodies—Owing, however, to the extremely deliquescent nature of the substance, we did not at the time subject it to a closer examination, but devoted our attention to the methyl compound and its derivatives. The following are the results of an examination which I have since made of the hydrobromate of diethyl-thetine and its derivatives: —Hydrobromate of Diethyl-Thetine.—50 grms. of sulphide of ethyl and 70 grms. of bromacetic acid were shaken together. The acid slowly dissolved, occasioning a fall of temperature in so doing from 20–14°. After about half an hour's standing, the mixture grew warm, and deposited a slightly brown, oily liquid. The reaction was very much less intense than in the case of the methyl compound, when the sulphide of methyl actually boils and the mixture has to be cooled to prevent loss of product.
XXIV.—On the Discharge of Electricity through Oil of Turpentine
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander , Simpson R. J. S. 
Published: July 2016

At the beginning of this session we proceeded to apply the method of measuring large differences of potential described in former papers, to the investigation of the disruptive discharge through liquid dielectrics. We have now obtained some results for oil of turpentine.A vessel capable of holding the liquid, and at the same time of forming an electrode, was constructed by fixing on a metal plate to one end of a hollow glass cylinder of diameter slightly less than that of the receiver of the air-pump. The vessel was placed on a metallic support, so as to be in conducting connection with the metal parts of the air-pump, and with the earth. The other electrode, which was either a circular disc, a spherical ball, or a conical point, was screwed on to the brass rod passing through the stuffing-box on the top of the receiver, and was thus capable of being adjusted to various heights in the turpentine. The bottom of the vessel is 16·7 centimetres, and the brass disc, which commonly formed the upper electrode, is 10 centimetres in diameter, and 4 millimetres thick.
VII.—On Eisenstein's Continued Fractions
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: July 2016

In Crelle's Journal for 1844, at the end of a paper on Cubic Forms, Eisenstein gives the following results:—where m is any odd number and ρ a primitive root of the equation zm = 1;whereNo demonstrations are given of these identities; but they are said by the author to be only particular cases of a very general equation, the complete theory connected with which he hoped to give on another occasion.At p. 193 of the same volume of Crelle he returns to the subject, not however for the purpose of giving the promised theory, but to add several other results similar to those before given.
Astronomy for Developing Countries
Authors: Batten Alan H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDeveloping countries have many claims on their limited resources and astronomy can expect only a small share of a small “pie”. A useful rule of thumb is that a country’s expenditure on astronomy is likely to be of the same order of magnitude as its per capita Gross National Product multiplied by the number of professional astronomers in the country. In the light of this, we consider how governments of developing countries can help their astronomers, how we can help them and how they can help themselves.
Revitalizing Astronomy in the Philippines
Authors: Celebre Cynthia P. , Soriano Bernardo M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAware of the possibility that astronomy in the Philippines will remain as lethargic as it has been for a hundred years if drastic changes are not made, various revitalizing activities were planned in 1997 and some have been implemented. These activities were divided into five categories and included the promotion of astronomy throughout the country and the attendance of some personnel of the Atmospheric, Geophysical and Space-Sciences Branch at various international meetings. Project proposals were also prepared and submitted to various local and foreign institutions in order to acquire astronomical equipment. The Philippines also applied for, and received, associate mebership of the International Astronomical Union.
Public Education in Developing Countries on the Occasions of Eclipses
Authors: Pasachoff Jay M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTotal solar eclipses will cross southern Africa on June 21, 2001, and on December 4, 2002. Most of Africa will see partial phases. The total phase of the 2001 eclipse will be visible from parts of Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Madagascar. The total phase of the 2002 eclipse will be visible from parts of Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Mozambique. Public education must be undertaken to tell the people how to look at the eclipse safely. We can take advantage of having the attention of the people and of news media to teach about not only eclipses but also the rest of astronomy. I am Chair of a “Public Education at Eclipses” subcommission of IAU Commission 46 on the Teaching of Astronomy, and we are able to advise educators and others about materials, procedures and information releases.
Initiatives in Astronomy Education in South Africa
Authors: Rijsdijk Case L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA brief review of the issues affecting the current status of science education in general, and astronomy education in particular, is given. The paper looks at the present situation at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. South Africa has unique educational problems and the initiatives by local observatories and universities at school level are described. The problems encountered by the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) Science Education Initiative (SEI) are typical, as is the SEI approach to addressing some of these. The experience of the SEI is described, as are some of the resources developed by them for primary and secondary schools. Finally a brief look is taken at future developments, in particular, ways in which the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) can contribute to astronomy and science education.
SALT as an African Facility
Authors: Martinez Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOver the next five years, South Africa and its international partners will construct the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), a 10-m optical/near-infrared spectroscopic survey telescope. This paper traces the arguments used to justify the construction of such a facility in Africa. The collateral benefits expected from this project are discussed, along with suggestions of how to realize these benefits. SALT has the potential to promote the development of astronomy on the continent. The creation of an African Network for Astronomy Education and Research is proposed as a way to stimulate such development.
Design of a Small Automated Telescope for Indian Universities
Authors: Anandaram Mandayam N. , Kagali B.A. , Bhatnagar S.P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe have constructed a computer controlled telescope using a 0.36-m f/11 Celestron optical tube assembly for teaching and research applications. We have constructed a heavy duty fork-type equatorial mount fitted with precision machined 24 inch drive disks for both axes. These are friction driven by stepper motors through one inch rollers. We have used an open loop control system triggerable by an ST-4 CCD camera to acquire and track any target object. Our telescope can home in on any target within a range of two arc-minutes. We have employed a commercial stepper motor controller card for which we have written a user friendly pc based telescope control software in C. Photometry using a solid state photometer, and imaging by an ST-6 CCD camera are possible.We consider that this project is suitable for those wishing to construct some parts of a telescope and understand the principles of operation. A simpler model of this telescope could use DC motors instead of stepper motors. We shall be happy to send our design diagrams and details to those interested. This project was funded by the DST, and was assisted by IUCAA, Pune.
Cultural-Grant Aid in Astronomy for Developing Countries from the Japanese Government
Authors: Kitamura Masatoshi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to promote education and research in developing countries, the Japanese Government began in 1982 providing high-grade equipment within the scheme of its ODA (Official Development Assistance). Since then, for astronomical development, twelve planetaria have been donated to eleven countries and seven reflecting telescopes, with accessories, have been installed in Asian and Latin-American countries.
Commission 4: Ephemerides
Authors: Standish E. M. , Chapront J. , Abalakin V. K. , Arlot J.-E. , Fukushima T. , He M.-F. , Hohenkerk C. Y. , Kaplan G. H. , Kaplan G. H. , Kinoshita H. , Krasinsky G. A. , Lieske J. H. , Schwan H. , Seidelmann P. K. 
Published: July 2016

The Commission has established its own website (http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/iau-comm4/) containing the following main topics:
InformationWhere to Obtain EphemeridesRecent Papers and Information Related to EphemeridesObservational Data(Measurements to which the ephemerides are adjusted)Commission 4 PersonnelCommission 4 ActivityThe Commission presently has 88 full members and 3 consultants.
Division IV: Stars: (Etoiles)
Authors: Cram Lawrence , Barbuy Beatriz , Gerbaldi Michele , Lambert David , Pallavicini Roberto , Zahn Jean-Paul , Zinnecker Hans 
Published: July 2016

Division IV organises astronomers studying the characterisation, interior and atmospheric structure, and evolution of stars of all masses, ages, and chemical compositions. The Executive Committee of the Division comprises the Presidents of the Five Commissions of the Division, and the Past Division President.One of the main tasks of the Division is to advise the Executive Committee of the IAU on meetings proposed by members of the IAU. Members wishing to seek IAU support for proposed scientific meetings should follow the IAU rules for such meetings.
Working Group on Ap and Related Stars: (Groupe de Travail Pour Les Etoiles Particulieres de Type a)
Authors: Takada-Hidai Masahide , Alecian Georges , Gray Richard O. , Landolfi Marco , North Pierre , Stepien Kazimierz , Weiss Werner W. , Zverko Juraj 
Published: July 2016

The JD 16 was held on August 25, 1997 as one-day session with the title of “Spectroscopy with Large Telescope of Chemically Peculiar Stars”. It was supported by the Division IV and Commissions 14, 27, 29, 36, and 45.The members of SOC were: G. Alecian, J. Babel, M. Gerbaldi, R. O. Gray, G. Mathys, P. North, M. Takada-Hidai (Chairperson), and J. Zverko (Co-chairperson).15 talks and 18 contributed posters were presented on six topics of (1) model atmospheres and atomic data, (2) stellar parameters, (3) LTE and NLTE abundance analyses, (4) diffusion processes, (5) magnetic fields, and (6) variabilities. Approximate number of participants amounted to 50 at maximum.