bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fostering Student Success: Turning Off Practice Assessment Rationales to Improve Proctored Assessment Scores
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth A. , Shanty Joyce A. , Labant Amy , Rossiter Beverly 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Preparing students with opportunities to practice critical thinking skills is essential to success on the National Council Licensure Examination. This pilot study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of turning off practice assessment answers and rationales on a standardized examination. A retrospective study compared students' scores when rationales were turned on and turned off. Eighty-one percent of the students were able to achieve the benchmark when the answers and rationales were turned off as compared to 71 percent when turned on. Faculty can utilize these findings to inform remediation strategies.
The Precision of eCAP Thresholds Derived From Amplitude Growth Functions
Authors: Biesheuvel Jan Dirk , Briaire Jeroen J. , Frijns Johan H. M. 
Published: December 2017

Objective:
An amplitude growth function (AGF) shows the amplitude of an electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) as a function of the stimulation current. AGFs can be used to derive the eCAP threshold, which represents the minimum amount of current needed to elicit a measurable eCAP. eCAP thresholds have been widely used clinically to, for example, assist with sound processor programming. However, no eCAP precision has been included to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the precision of eCAP thresholds and determine whether they are precise enough for clinical use.

Design:
The study is retrospective, and the data comprised 826 AGFs, intraoperatively measured in 111 patients implanted with a HiRes90K cochlear implant (Advanced Bionics). For each AGF, the eCAP threshold was determined using two commonly used methods: linear extrapolation (LE) toward the x axis and detection of the last visible (LV) eCAP. Subsequently, the threshold confidence interval (TCI) of each eCAP threshold was calculated to serve as a metric for precision, whereby a larger TCI means a lower precision or reliability. Additionally, the eCAP thresholds results were compared with most recent behavioral fitting thresholds (T profile) to put the eCAP threshold analysis in clinical context. Thereby, the association between eCAP and behavioral thresholds was calculated, both for all subjects together (group analysis) and, in contrast to previous studies, within individual subjects.

Results:
Our data show that the TCIs were larger with the LE method than with the LV method. The eCAP thresholds estimated by the LE method were systematically smaller than those estimated by the LV method, while the LE thresholds with the smallest TCIs correlated best with the LV thresholds. Correlation analysis between eCAP and behavioral thresholds revealed correlation coefficients of r = 0.44 and r = 0.54 for the group analysis of LE and LV thresholds, respectively. Within individual subjects, however, the correlation coefficients varied from approximately −1 to +1 for both LE and LV thresholds. Further analysis showed that across subjects, the behavioral thresholds fell within the TCIs of the eCAP threshold profiles.

Conclusion:
This study shows that eCAP thresholds have an uncertainty that can be estimated using TCIs. The size of the TCI depends on several factors, for example, the threshold estimation method and measurement conditions, but it is often larger than one would expect when just looking at the threshold values. Given these large TCIs, future research on eCAP thresholds should be accompanied by a measure of precision to correctly apply eCAP thresholds in clinical practice. Comparing our eCAP threshold results with T profiles indicates that the eCAP thresholds are possibly not precise enough to predict T profiles.
The Fatty Liver Index: A Simple and Accurate Predictor of Colorectal Adenoma in an Average-Risk Population
Authors: Ze Eun Young , Kim Beom Jin , Jun Dong Hwan , Kim Jae Gyu , Kang Hyun , Lee Dong Young 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma, a precursor of colorectal cancer. Because nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal adenoma share many common risk factors of metabolic syndrome, the association between these 2 pathological findings has been investigated in multiple studies, but the results have been conflicting.

OBJECTIVE:
The present study aimed to assess the relationship between the fatty liver index, a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and the prevalence of colorectal adenomas.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective observational study.

SETTINGS:
This study was conducted at a single expert center.

PATIENTS:
A total of 2976 consecutive subjects over 40 years of age undergoing routine checkups including abdominal ultrasonography and colonoscopy at Chung-Ang University Hospital Health Care Center were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The primary outcome measured was the prevalence of colorectal adenomas according to fatty liver index.

RESULTS:
Among these subjects, 932 (31.3%) had colorectal adenoma, 691 (23.2%) had metabolic syndrome, and 1512 (50.8%) had fatty liver on ultrasonography. In multivariate analysis, fatty liver index ≥30 was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma (OR, 1.269; 95% CI, 1.06–1.49; p = 0.008). The fatty liver index-high group (fatty liver index ≥30) had more colorectal adenomas and more advanced colorectal adenomas than the fatty liver index-low group (fatty liver index <30) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.042). The prevalence of colorectal adenomas increased with increasing quartile of fatty liver index (p < 0.05).

LIMITATIONS:
The study was limited by a relatively healthy Asian population.

CONCLUSION:
The high fatty liver index may be a useful predictor of colorectal adenoma. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A478.
Five-Year Survival and Causes of Death in Children After Intensive Care—A National Registry Study*
Authors: Kyösti Elina , Liisanantti Janne H. , Peltoniemi Outi , Ohtonen Pasi , Rautiainen Paula , Kataja Janne , Ala-Kokko Tero 
Published: December 2017

Objectives:
The aim of the study was to compare long-term mortality and causes of death in children post admission to an ICU with a control population of same age.

Design:
Longitudinal follow-up study.

Setting:
Registry study of a national ICU register and hospital registries.

Patients:
Children admitted to an ICU in the years 2009 and 2010.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The mortality and causes of death following ICU discharge were analyzed retrospectively. The median follow-up period was 4.9 years (25–75th percentiles, 4.4–5.5 yr). The causes of death in survivors 30 days after ICU discharge were compared with a cohort of 1 million children of the general population of same age. In total, 2,792 children were admitted to an ICU during the study period. Of those, 53 (1.9%) died in the ICU and 2,739 were discharged. Thirteen children died within 30 days of discharge, and 68 died between 30 days and the end of follow-up (December 31, 2014). In the control population (n = 1,020,407 children), there were 1,037 deaths (0.10%) from 2009 to 2014. The standardized mortality rate for the children admitted to the ICU during the study period was 53.4 (95% CI, 44.7–63.2). The standardized mortality rate for those children alive 1 year after discharge was 16.7 (12.1–22.6). One-year cumulative mortality was 3.3%. The most common causes of death in subjects alive 30 days post ICU were cancer (35.3%), neurologic (17.6%), and metabolic diseases (11.7%), whereas trauma was the most common cause in the control group (45.3%).

Conclusions:
There was an increased risk of death in a cohort of ICU-admitted children even 3 years after discharge. In those who survived 30 days after discharge, medical causes of death were dominant, whereas deaths due to trauma were most common in the control group.
Mandibular Reconstruction by Osteogenic Distraction Due to Two Different Injuries
Authors: Trento Guilherme dos Santos , Reis José Maurício dos Santos Nunes , Hochuli-Vieira Eduardo , Pereira-Filho Valfrido Antônio 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Varied factors, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, may lead to a decrease in the bone volume of the jaws. Trauma and pathology can be listed as examples of such factors. The aim of this study is to present the osteogenic distraction technique as alternative to augmentation of low mandibular bone volume caused by different etiologies. The first case reports a mandibular marginal resection of ameloblastoma and the second one reports a male patient presenting mandibular fracture sequelae. Both cases were treated according to the osteogenic distraction technique. Several factors have influence on the decision of treatment management of these conditions. Although autogenous bonegraft is considered criterion standard for alveolar reconstruction, its high rates of resorption and the morbidity associated to donor sites lead surgeons to seek for other surgical alternatives such as osteogenic distraction. Therefore, it also aims to expose the advantages and benefits of this technique as well as the satisfactory results achieved.
Gene birth contributes to structural disorder encoded by overlapping genes
Authors: Willis S. , Masel J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe same nucleotide sequence can encode two protein products in different reading frames. Overlapping gene regions encode higher levels of intrinsic structural disorder (ISD) than non-overlapping genes (39% vs. 25% in our viral dataset). This might be because of the intrinsic properties of the genetic code, because one member per pair was recently born de novo in a process that favors high ISD, or because high ISD relieves increased evolutionary constraint imposed by dual-coding. Here we quantify the relative contributions of these three alternative hypotheses. We estimate that the recency of de novo gene birth explains 32% or more of the elevation in ISD in overlapping regions of viral genes. While the two reading frames within a same-strand overlapping gene pair have markedly different ISD tendencies that must be controlled for, their effects cancel out to make no net contribution to ISD. The remaining elevation of ISD in the older members of overlapping gene pairs, presumed due to the need to alleviate evolutionary constraint, was already present prior to the origin of the overlap. Same-strand overlapping gene birth events can occur in two different frames, favoring high ISD either in the ancestral gene or in the novel gene; surprisingly, most de novo gene birth events contained completely within the body of an ancestral gene favor high ISD in the ancestral gene (23 phylogenetically independent events vs. 1). This can be explained by mutation bias favoring the frame with more start codons and fewer stop codons.
Toxoplasmosis, but not borreliosis, is associated with psychiatric disorders: A cross-sectional survey on 46 thousand of subjects
Authors: Flegr Jaroslav , Horáček Jiří 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTInfection by the parasiteToxoplasma, which affects about 33% of world population, is associated with increased risk of several mental health disorders, the most strongly with schizophrenia. It is unknown whether toxoplasmosis really plays a substantial role in the etiopathogenesis of these disorders and whether schizophrenia is associated with this infection the most strongly, or whether this association has just been the most intensively studied for historical reasons. We used the data from 3,440 and 7,800 subjects tested for toxoplasmosis and borreliosis, respectively, who took part in an internet survey, for searching in the associations of these infections with 22 mental health disorders and other indices of impaired mental health. The typical symptom associated with toxoplasmosis was anxiety, and the typical toxoplasmosis-associated disorders were autism (OR=4.86), schizophrenia (OR=3.34), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (OR=3.02), Asperger syndrome (OR=2.49), antisocial personality disorder (OR=1.81), OCD (OR=1.69), and anxiety disorder (OR=1.57). Borreliosis was associated only with symptoms of depression and with major depression (OR=1.65). The negative effects of borreliosis were detectable only in theToxoplasma-infected subjects. Toxoplasmosis could play a substantial role in the etiopathogenesis of mental health disorders and its association with schizophrenia is the second strongest association, after autism.
The early evolution of corporate control and auditing: the English East India Company (1600-1640)
Authors: Dobija Dorota 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the origins and evolution of auditing and control by linking the changes in the manner in which the audits were conducted with the changes in the institutional function and development of the English East India Company (EIC).Design/methodology/approachUsing Sunder’s contract theory of a firm as an interpretive framework, this paper introduces to the debate material documenting the evolution of the auditing practice during a period of 40 years using the single case of the EIC.FindingsAuditing in the EIC evolved from a simple adjudication on allowable expenditures toex postverification of transactions, and from using volunteers to paid auditors. Initially, the company was organized into a series of separate, terminable stocks, and simple verification by volunteer auditors chosen from among the shareholders was sufficient to secure the latter’s interests. When the increasing number, size, and complexity of transactions by the EIC rendered the adjudication approach insufficient,ex postverification of financial transactions was added. With a clearer separation between ownership and control at the time of the introduction of permanent joint stock, the audit function assumed a more professional form.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the research on the early modern period at a time of the formation and rapid development of the first joint-stock organization. It offers a dynamic picture of the evolution of control and auditing as a response to the growth of business, organizations, and the attendant challenges of governance.
Enron, fair value accounting, and financial crises: a concise history
Authors: Haswell Stephen , Evans Elaine 
Published: December 2017

PurposeWhile the debate about fair value accounting (FVA) and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008-2009 has been explored in the academic and professional literature, there has been little debate about the consequences of FVA being implicated in the crash of Enron around 2001, and the effect of this on later FVA developments and the GFC. The purpose of this paper is to examine how well regulators, political actors, and other commentators may have understood the use, misuse, effects and consequences of FVA at the time of Enron, and to examine how this collective understanding (or lack thereof) has influenced later accounting policy, especially that going into and arising from the GFC.Design/methodology/approachUsing content analysis, the commentary about FVA is traced through documents, primarily the US Congressional Hearings’ examination of the collapse of Enron that took place between December 2001 and December 2002. An assessment of the knowledge of and attitudes toward FVA is made from these and is then traced through later developments including policy responses before, during and after the GFC.FindingsLinks are found between the collapse of Enron and adjustments to FVA in the mid-2000s, which in turn became implicated in the GFC. These linkages are explored in the context of a fair value world view held by global standards setters in the mid-2000s. During the timeline from the 1990s to the mid-2000s, those advocating and adopting FVA as part of this world view, may have had collectively an insufficient understanding of the consequences or effects of FVA technology.Originality/valueThe study provides evidence of a direct link between Enron, the response of global standard setters, and the GFC controversy.
Employment or entrepreneurship? Options for graduates in a competitive global market
Authors: Dutton Kelly 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach
This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings
This paper investigates whether higher education institutions (HEIs) are training graduates to be employees or entrepreneurs. With increasing competition for a decreasing number of jobs, and a global economy relying on innovation for growth, it is important to provide the opportunities and support for those with an idea for enterprise and business creation.

Originality/value
The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
Staffing with students
Authors: Skulan Naomi 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the advantages and disadvantages to primarily utilizing undergraduate student volunteers for a long-term digitization project and to discuss methods to mitigate the disadvantages of student volunteer work.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a case study of the use of student volunteers for the Historical Campus Newspaper Digitization Project at the University of Minnesota, Morris.FindingsThis paper describes the process of recruiting, training and managing student volunteers for a digitization project. Both advantages and disadvantages to student volunteer work are discussed, including possible steps to mitigate the disadvantages of student volunteers.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is limited to one institution’s experience utilizing student volunteers on one digitization project.Practical implicationsLibrarians and archivists interested in new staffing methods for digitization projects can utilize this paper to better understand the benefits and costs to student volunteer labor before putting volunteer projects into practice.Originality/valueThis paper presents a unique case study of a digitization project staffed primarily with undergraduate student volunteers in an American academic library and archive.
Revisiting design guidelines for pervasive games
Authors: Kasapakis Vlasios , Gavalas Damianos 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
Existing guidelines are typically extracted from a few empirical evaluations of pervasive game prototypes featuring incompatible scenarios, game play design and technical characteristics. Hence, the applicability of those design guidelines across the increasingly diverse landscape of pervasive games is questionable and should be investigated.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents Barbarossa, a scenario-driven pervasive game that encompasses different game modes, purposely adopting opposing principles in addressing the core elements of challenge and control. Using Barbarossa as a testbed, this study aims at validating the applicability of existing design guidelines across diverse game design approaches.

Findings
The compilation of Barbarossa user evaluation results confirmed the limited applicability of existing guidelines and provided evidence that developers should handle core game elements, taking into account the game play characteristics derived from their scenario.

Originality/value
Stepping upon those findings, the authors propose a revision of design guidelines relevant to control and challenge based on elaborate classification criteria for pervasive game prototypes.
Forest conversion induces seasonal variation in microbial β‐diversity
Authors: Liu Shengen , Wang Hang , Deng Ye , Tian Peng , Wang Qingkui 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWorld‐wide conversion of natural forests to other land uses has profound effects on soil microbial communities. However, how soil microbial β‐diversity responds to land‐use change and its driving mechanisms remains poorly understood. In this study, therefore, we examined the effect of forest conversion from native broad‐leaved forest to coniferous plantation on soil microbial β‐diversity and its underlying mechanisms in both summer and winter in subtropical China. Microbial communities increasingly differed in structure as geographical distance between them increased, and the slope of the relationship among distances and community similarity differed among forest covers. In general, as with microbial β‐diversity, slopes also shifted across seasons. Finally, null deviations of bacterial and fungal communities were lower in coniferous plantation and presented opposing seasonal variations with greater influences of deterministic processes in summer for soil fungi and in winter for soil bacteria. Integrating previous frameworks with our β‐null model results, we propose a conceptual model to link microbial secondary succession to stochastic/deterministic shifts in forest ecosystems. Overall, forest conversion induced significant increases in stochastic processes in both bacterial and fungal community assemblies. Therefore, our results highlight the importance of spatiotemporal scales to assess the influence of land‐use change on microbial β‐diversity.
Multicentric retrospective analysis of platinum‐pemetrexed regimens as first‐line therapy in non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer patients: A “snapshot” from clinical practice
Authors: Cortellini Alessio , Gambale Elisabetta , Cannita Katia , Brocco Davide , Parisi Alessandro , Napoleoni Luca , Masedu Francesco , Irtelli Luciana , De Tursi Michele , Natoli Clara , Ficorella Corrado 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundThe major challenge for treating non‐squamous (non‐Sq) non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without actionable biomarkers is the actual selection of proper treatment, weighing expected clinical outcomes and safety profile.MethodsConsecutive non‐Sq NSCLC patients were treated with platinum‐pemetrexed (PP) doublets in clinical practice. Subgroup analyses were conducted in patients treated with standard (s)PP and modified (m)PP doublets (because of age, performance status, and/or comorbidities) and in patients treated with cisplatin‐based and carboplatin‐based PP doublets. Activity, efficacy, safety, and toxicities were evaluated.ResultsFrom November 2009 to April 2017, 111 patients were treated: 87 (78.4%) with sPP and 24 (21.6%) with mPP; 76 (68.5%) with cisplatin‐based and 35 (31.5%) with carboplatin‐based regimens. The objective response rate (ORR), median progression‐free survival (PFS), and median overall survival (OS) were 49.0%, 7, and 13 months in the entire patient population, respectively. We found no significant differences in ORR, median PFS, and median OS between sPP and mPP. Cisplatin‐based PP showed higher ORR (53.7%) versus carboplatin‐based PP (38.7%) and longer PFS (7 vs. 6 months;P = 0.028) and OS (18 vs. 11 months;P = 0.006). We confirm that carboplatin has a better toxicity profile than cisplatin. The received dose‐intensities were ~80% of standard full doses.ConclusionsAccurate management allowed us to treat the majority of advanced non‐Sq NSCLC patients with PP combination therapy without significant differences in ORR, median PFS, and median OS. Even considering the selection bias, our data seems to confirm the greater effectiveness of cisplatin‐based over carboplatin‐based regimens.