bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A camera‐based method for estimating absolute density in animals displaying home range behaviour
Authors: Campos‐Candela Andrea , Palmer Miquel , Balle Salvador , Alós Josep 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe measurement of animal density may take advantage of recent technological achievements in wildlife video recording. Fostering the theoretical links between the patterns depicted by cameras and absolute density is required to exploit this potential.We explore the applicability of the Hutchinson–Waser's postulate (i.e. when animal density is stationary at a given temporal and spatial scale, the absolute density is given by the average number of animals counted per frame), which is a counter‐intuitive statement for most ecologists and managers who are concerned with counting the same individual more than once. We aimed to reconcile such scepticism for animals displaying home range behaviour.The specific objectives of this paper are to generalize the Hutchinson–Waser's postulate for animals displaying home range behaviour and to propose a Bayesian implementation to estimate density from counts per frame using video cameras.Accuracy and precision of the method was evaluated by means of computer simulation experiments. Specifically, six animal archetypes displaying well‐contrasted movement features were considered. The simulation results demonstrate that density could be accurately estimated after an affordable sampling effort (i.e. number of cameras and deployment time) for a great number of animals across taxa.The proposed method may complement other conventional methods for estimating animal density. The major advantages are that identifying an animal at the individual level and precise knowledge on how animals move are not needed, and that density can be estimated in a single survey. The method can accommodate conventional camera trapping data. The major limitations are related to some implicit assumptions of the underlying model: the home range centres should be homogeneously distributed, the detection probability within the area surveyed by the camera should be known, and animals should move independently to one another. Further improvements for circumventing these limitations are discussed.
Forensic Use of the Piracatinga Fish (Callophysius macropterus) to Locate and Identify Human Remains Retrieved From the Amazon River
Authors: Jennings Simões Erik L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPiracatinga (Callophysius macropterus) are a type of bottom feeder catfish encountered in the Amazon River and its tributaries. We report two cases in which human remains were first located based on a characteristic circular distortion of the surface of the river that the Piracatinga make while they feed. Human skin samples of one of the victims recovered from the Piracatinga digestive tract were subjected to mitochondrial DNA analysis that allowed identification of the body of Case 1; the family recognized body parts of Case 2. Importantly, the location of human body parts and their identification based on DNA analysis enabled the respective families to obtain a death certificate expeditiously in the absence of identifiable remains—a process that normally requires 5 years under current Brazilian law, and in the absence of closure, imposes severe emotional stress on the family of the deceased.
Effect of Grinding at Modified Atmosphere or Vacuum on Browning, Antioxidant Capacities, and Oxidative Enzyme Activities of Apple
Authors: Kim Ah‐Na , Lee Kyo‐Yeon , Kim Hyun‐Jin , Chun Jiyeon , Kerr William L. , Choi Sung‐Gil 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of grinding at atmospheric pressure (control), under vacuum (∼2.67 kPa), or with modified atmosphere (N2and CO2) on the browning, antioxidant activity, phenolics, and oxidative enzyme activity of apples as a function of time. The control group was affected most, showing distinct browning and losing most of the antioxidant activity and concentrations of the main phenolic compounds. The modified atmosphere groups retained color, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds better than the control group. Least changes were obtained with vacuum grinding, particularly in terms of preventing enzymatic browning and oxidation of antioxidants apples. At 12 h after grinding, vacuum‐ground apples retained total phenolic contents 5.32, 1.54, and 1.49 times higher than control, nitrogen gas, and carbon dioxide gas‐ground samples, respectively. The oxidative enzyme activity, including that of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, decreased in the control and modified atmosphere group, but they were maintained in the samples ground under the vacuum.Practical ApplicationIn this study, we found that grinding with modified atmosphere or vacuum conditions could effectively prevent browning as well as loss of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of ground apples. These results can help scientists and engineers build better grinding systems for retaining nutrient and quality factors of ground apples. In addition, these results may be useful to other fruit and vegetable industries that wish to retain fresh‐like quality and nutritional value during grinding and storage.
Does Accounting Conservatism Reduce Overpricing Caused by Short‐Sales Constraints?
Authors: Mashruwala Christina , Mashruwala Shamin 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTPrior research documents that, in the presence of investor disagreement, short‐sales constraints can lead to equity overvaluation. We examine whether conservative accounting practices reduce the susceptibility to such overpricing, as predicted by Miller (1980). Consistent with Miller's prediction, we find that when shorting constraints and disagreement are high, the degree of overvaluation decreases systematically with accounting conservatism. These findings suggest that financial reporting conservatism helps improve market efficiency by counteracting the tendency to overvaluation that typically occurs in the presence of short‐selling constraints and divergence of opinion.
Relative roles of termites and saprotrophic microbes as drivers of wood decay: A wood block test
Authors: Cheesman Alexander W. , Cernusak Lucas A. , Zanne Amy E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDeadwood in tropical ecosystems represents an important but poorly studied carbon (C) pool. Biologically mediated decay of this pool occurs by both saprotrophic microbes and macro‐invertebrates, such as termites. The activity of these decay agents is influenced by abiotic conditions, especially water availability in tropical systems. While saprotrophic microbial activity is directly controlled by moisture, termites employ various morphological and behavioural modifications that should allow for continued activity in dry conditions. We therefore hypothesized that the relative role of termites would be enhanced in the dry season and a dry compared to a wet site. We deployed a novel wood bait (Pinus radiata) at two sites (rainforest and savanna), with or without access holes cut into termite‐excluding mesh. Mass loss from wood baits was measured after a dry season and after a full dry/wet annual cycle. Mass loss was higher at the rainforest site, demonstrating the overall role of moisture in driving wood decay. Counter to expectations, we found no evidence that the relative role of termites was higher at the dry site, nor during the dry season. However, the prevalence of termites was higher in the savanna compared to the rainforest. While termites clearly impact wood decay, these findings indicate that the relative importance of termites in the fate of deadwood may not reflect their mere presence within and across ecosystems. If moisture availability shifts under climate change, our results suggest similar functional responses between termites and saprotrophic microbes in driving C loss from deadwood.
Duration of anaemia during the first week of life is an independent risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Lundgren Pia , Athikarisamy Sam E. , Patole Sanjay , Lam Geoffrey C. , Smith Lois E. , Simmer Karen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimThis study evaluated the correlation between retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), anaemia and blood transfusions in extremely preterm infants.MethodsWe included 227 infants born below 28 weeks of gestation at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia, from 2014–2016. Birth characteristics and risk factors for ROP were retrieved, and anaemia and severe anaemia were defined as a haemoglobins of <110 g/L and <80 g/L, respectively. Logistic regression was used for the analysis.ResultsRetinopathy of prematurity treatment was needed in 11% of cases and the mean number of blood transfusions (p < 0.01), and mean number of weeks of anaemia (p < 0.001) and of severe anaemia (p < 0.05), had positive associations with ROP cases warranting treatment. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the best‐fit model of risk factors included anaemic days during first week of life, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.46% and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.16–1.83 (p < 0.05), sepsis during the first 4 weeks of life (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.10–9.00, p < 0.05) and days of ventilation (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p < 0.05).ConclusionThe duration of anaemia during the first week of life was an independent risk factor for ROP warranting treatment and preventing early anaemia may decrease this risk.
Narrative review shows that the short‐term use of ketorolac is safe and effective in the management of moderate‐to‐severe pain in children
Authors: Marzuillo Pierluigi , Calligaris Lorenzo , Amoroso Stefano , Barbi Egidio 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn June 2013, the European Medicine Agency recommended limiting codeine use in paediatric patients, creating a void in managing moderate pain. We reviewed the literature published in English (1985–June 2017) on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profile of ketorolac, a possible substitute for codeine and opioids, for treating moderate‐to‐severe pain. We found that gastrointestinal side effects were mainly reported with prolonged use, significant bleeding was reported in adenotonsillectomy, and adverse renal effects appeared to be limited to patients with specific coexisting risk factors.ConclusionThe short‐term use of ketorolac appears to be safe for children in many situations.
AN IMPROVED FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF α‐MANNOSIDASE ACTIVITY IN BOVINE PLASMA
Authors: SINCLAIR A. J. , EMBURY D. H. , ALLEN J. D. 
Published: December 2017

SUMMARYThis paper describes a manual fluorimetric method for the assay of acidic α‐mannosidase activity in bovine plasma. The optimum conditions for the assay of this enzyme were studied. The assay method devised includes the addition of zinc to the substrate, which stimulates activity by approximately twofold, and reduces the optimum substrate concentration. This latter feature affords considerable cost saving in each test. We have also shown that the α‐mannosidase activity in lithium heparin plasma, EDTA plasma and blood serum is the same whether the plasma/serum is separated from the cells/clot at 6, 20 or 25 hours after sample collection. This has eliminated the previous necessity of having to deliver whole blood samples to the laboratory within 6 hours of collection. Furthermore samples for the supplementary neutrophil assay can now be taken at the same time as those for the plasma test, and both samples forwarded together.The plasma α‐mannosidase assay is a rapid and reliable screening test for the mannosidosis genotype and for detecting carrier animals. Carrying out this plasma assay in conjunction with the more definitive neutrophil assay provides a reliable method of distinguishing homozygotes and heterozygotes from normal animals.
Evaluation of the effect of dabrafenib and metabolites on QTc interval in patients with BRAF V600–mutant tumours
Authors: Nebot Noelia , Arkenau Hendrik‐Tobias , Infante Jeffrey R. , Chandler Jason C. , Weickhardt Andrew , Lickliter Jason D. , Sarantopoulos John , Gordon Michael S. , Mak Gabriel , St‐Pierre Annie , Tang Lihua , Mookerjee Bijoyesh , Carson Stanley W. , Hayes Siobhan , Grossmann Kenneth F. 
Published: December 2017

AimsThe effect of repeat oral supratherapeutic dosing of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib on QTc interval was assessed in patients with BRAF V600–mutant tumours.MethodsPart 1 of this phase 1, multicentre, 2‐part study (BRF113773/NCT01738451) assessed safety/tolerability of dabrafenib 225 or 300 mg twice daily (BID) to inform part 2 dosing. Patients in part 2 received dabrafenib‐matched placebo on day −1, single‐dose dabrafenib 300 mg on day 1, 300 mg BID on days 2 to 7, and 300 mg on day 8 (morning), followed by 24‐h Holter electrocardiographic monitoring and pharmacokinetics sample collection each dose day. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis assessed combined dabrafenib and metabolite effects on QTc interval.ResultsPart 1 (n = 12) determined supratherapeutic dosing, 300 mg BID, for part 2. Thirty‐one patients completed part 2. Mean maximum ΔΔQTcF occurred on day 8, 10 h postdose (2.86 msec; 90% CI, −1.36 to 7.07). Categorical analysis showed no placebo and dabrafenib outliers (increase >60 msec; QTcF >500 msec). Day 1 dabrafenib 300 mg Cmax and AUC(0–∞) were ≈ 2‐fold higher than with single‐dose 150 mg. Day 8 AUC(0‐τ) with 300 mg BID was ≈ 2.7‐fold higher than with 150 mg BID. Dabrafenib metabolites showed similar trends. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics modelling/simulation showed that median QTc increase was <5 msec (upper 90% CI, <10 msec). No unexpected toxicities occurred with supratherapeutic dosing.ConclusionRepeat oral supratherapeutic dabrafenib 300 mg BID dosing had no clinically relevant effect on QTc interval, with no new safety signals seen.
Cardiac output changes after osmotic therapy in neurosurgical and neurocritical care patients: a systematic review of the clinical literature
Authors: Tsaousi Georgia , Stazi Elisabetta , Cinicola Marco , Bilotta Federico 
Published: December 2017

AimOsmotherapy constitutes a first‐line intervention for intracranial hypertension management. However, hyperosmolar solutes exert various systematic effects, among which their impact on systemic haemodynamics is poorly clarified. This review aims to appraise the clinical evidence of the effect of mannitol and hypertonic saline (HTS) on cardiac performance in neurosurgical and neurocritical care patients.MethodA database search was conducted to identify randomized clinical trials and observational studies reporting HTS or mannitol use in acute brain injury setting. The primary end‐points were alterations of cardiac output (CO) and other haemodynamic variables, while the impact of osmotic agents on intracranial pressure, brain relaxation, plasma osmolality, electrolyte levels and urinary output constituted secondary outcomes.ResultsEight studies, enrolling 182 patients in total, were included. HTS exerted a more profound cardiac output augmentation than mannitol, but no distinct difference between groups occurred. Central venous pressure, stroke volume and stroke volume variation were favourably affected by both osmotic agents, whilst the reported changes in blood pressure were inconclusive. HTS infusion yielded a larger intracranial pressure reduction than mannitol but had an equivalent effect on brain relaxation. Mannitol presented a more potent diuretic effect than HTS. Effect on serum osmolality was alike in both osmotic agents, but contrary to HTS‐promoted hypernatraemia, mannitol use induced transient hyponatraemia.ConclusionsMannitol or HTS administration seems to induce an enhancement of cardiac performance; being more prominent after HTS infusion. This effect combined with mannitol‐induced enhancement of diuresis and HTS‐promoted increase of plasma sodium concentration could partially explain the effects of osmotherapy on cerebral haemodynamics.
New evidence of connections between increased O-GlcNAcylation and inflammasome in the oral mucosa of patients with oral lichen planus
Authors: Thi Do T , Phoomak C , Champattanachai V , Silsirivanit A , Chaiyarit P 
Published: December 2017

Summary
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is considered a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease of the oral mucosa. Immunopathogenesis of OLP is thought to be associated with cell-mediated immune dysregulation. O-GlcNAcylation is a form of reversible glycosylation. It has been demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation promoted nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling. Activation of NF-кB can induce expression of nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is a large intracellular multi-protein complex involving an immune response. Dysregulated expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome was reported to be associated with autoinflammatory diseases. No integrative studies between O-GlcNAcylation and NLRP3 inflammasome in OLP patients have been reported. The present study aimed to determine the immunohistochemical expression of O-GlcNAcylation, NF-κB signalling molecules and NLRP3 inflammasome in oral mucosae of OLP patients. Oral tissue samples were collected from 30 OLP patients and 30 healthy individuals. Immunohistochemical staining and analyses of immunostaining scores were performed to evaluate expression of O-GlcNAcylation, NF-κB signalling molecules and NLRP3 inflammasome. According to observations in this study, significantly higher levels of O-GlcNAcylation, NF-κB signalling molecules and NLRP3 inflammasome were demonstrated in OLP patients compared with control subjects (P &lt; 0·001). Positive correlations among O-GlcNAcylation, NF-κB signalling molecules and NLRP3 inflammasome were also observed in OLP samples (P &lt; 0·01). In conclusion, the present study provides supportive evidence that increased O-GlcNAcylation is associated with increased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome via the NF-κB signalling pathway. These findings provide a new perspective on immunopathogenesis of OLP in relation to autoinflammation.
A systematic review of validated sinus surgery simulators
Authors: Stew B. , Kao S.S.‐T. , Dharmawardana N. , Ooi E.H. 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundSimulation provides a safe and effective opportunity to develop surgical skills. A variety of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) simulators has been described in the literature. Validation of these simulators allows for effective utilisation in training.Objective of reviewTo conduct a systematic review of the published literature to analyse the evidence for validated ESS simulation.Search strategyPubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Cinahl were searched from inception of the databases to 11 January 2017.Evaluation methodTwelve thousand five hundred and sixteen articles were retrieved of which 10 112 were screened following the removal of duplicates. Thirty‐eight full‐text articles were reviewed after meeting search criteria. Evidence of face, content, construct, discriminant and predictive validity was extracted.ResultsTwenty articles were included in the analysis describing 12 ESS simulators. Eleven of these simulators had undergone validation: 3 virtual reality, 7 physical bench models and 1 cadaveric simulator. Seven of the simulators were shown to have face validity, 7 had construct validity and 1 had predictive validity. None of the simulators demonstrated discriminate validity.ConclusionThis systematic review demonstrates that a number of ESS simulators have been comprehensively validated. Many of the validation processes, however, lack standardisation in outcome reporting, thus limiting a meta‐analysis comparison between simulators.
Relationship between smoking and total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, vit C, vit E
Authors: Karademirci Merve , Kutlu Ruhusen , Kilinc Ibrahim 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundTobacco smoking contains many toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals, as well as stable and unstable free radicals. In this study, we aimed to assess the vitamin E, vitamin C and total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) in smoking and non‐smoking men.Materials and MethodsThis case‐control analytical study was conducted on 78 smoking and 82 non‐smoking men. Fagerström nicotine‐dependence test was used to assess the participants' addiction status. Low‐density lipoprotein‐c, high‐density lipoprotein‐c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, vitamin E, vitamin C, TAS and TOS levels were determined.ResultsThe mean age of 160 men who participated in our study was 33.0 ± 10.6 years. The comparison of smoker and non‐smoker groups was made in terms of the parameters of TAS, TOS, OSI, vitamin C and vitamin E; it was seen that TAS (P = .003), vitamin C (P < .001) and vitamin E (P < .001) values in non‐smokers' group were found significantly higher than smokers. In non‐smokers, vitamin C level was 4.3 times more than the smokers. In non‐smokers, vitamin E level was 6.9 times more than the smokers. The values of TOS (P < .001) and OSI (P < .001) in smokers were significantly higher than the control group.ConclusionsThe parameters of TAS, vitamin C and vitamin E were significantly higher in the non‐smoker group than in the smoker group. The levels of TOS and OSI were higher in the smoker group. It is known that cigarette smoking leads to various diseases because of the free radicals it contains.
Epidemiological trade‐off between intra‐ and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population
Authors: Suffert Frédéric , Goyeau Henriette , Sache Ivan , Carpentier Florence , Gélisse Sandrine , Morais David , Delestre Ghislain 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe efficiency of plant resistance to fungal pathogen populations is expected to decrease over time, due to their evolution with an increase in the frequency of virulent or highly aggressive strains. This dynamics may differ depending on the scale investigated (annual or pluriannual), particularly for annual crop pathogens with both sexual and asexual reproduction cycles. We assessed this time‐scale effect, by comparing aggressiveness changes in a local Zymoseptoria tritici population over an 8‐month cropping season and a 6‐year period of wheat monoculture. We collected two pairs of subpopulations to represent the annual and pluriannual scales: from leaf lesions at the beginning and end of a single annual epidemic and from crop debris at the beginning and end of a 6‐year period. We assessed two aggressiveness traits—latent period and lesion size—on sympatric and allopatric host varieties. A trend toward decreased latent period concomitant with a significant loss of variability was established during the course of the annual epidemic, but not over the 6‐year period. Furthermore, a significant cultivar effect (sympatric vs. allopatric) on the average aggressiveness of the isolates revealed host adaptation, arguing that the observed patterns could result from selection. We thus provide an experimental body of evidence of an epidemiological trade‐off between the intra‐ and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population. More aggressive isolates were collected from upper leaves, on which disease severity is usually lower than on the lower part of the plants left in the field as crop debris after harvest. We suggest that these isolates play little role in sexual reproduction, due to an Allee effect (difficulty finding mates at low pathogen densities), particularly as the upper parts of the plant are removed from the field, explaining the lack of transmission of increases in aggressiveness between epidemics.