bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Réécrire l'Histoire pour les enfants du point de vue des Amérindiens : devoir de mémoire, devoir d'imagination (Brésil, États-Unis)
Authors: Franchini Pauline 
Published: July 2017

Dans le roman historique pour la jeunesse, l'Histoire est souvent le prétexte, la toile de fond dépaysante devant laquelle se déroule un récit d'aventures. Il ne pourrait en être ainsi dans les romans historiques qui traitent des périodes coloniales et pré-coloniales, a fortiori écrits par des auteurs amérindiens ou afro-descendants concernés par les problématiques postcoloniales : dans ces romans, l'interprétation des événements historiques en fonction du point de vue depuis lesquels ils sont racontés – celui des vaincus de l'Histoire – y est l'enjeu central. En particulier, les fictions qui mettent en scène la « rencontre », imminente ou récente, entre l'Européen et les peuples premiers américains, à travers l'expérience de ces derniers, décentrent le regard de l'enfant vers le hors-champ de l'Histoire et proposent des alternatives à la version officielle. Le pouvoir d'identification aux héros, qui caractérise le roman pour la jeunesse, prend ici une dimension politique, dans la mesure où, rendu étranger à lui-même, le jeune lecteur fait l'expérience de l'altérité, de la relativité des valeurs et des injustices de l'Histoire. La fiction est alors, paradoxalement, le moyen d'accéder à une vérité occultée par l'Histoire officielle, et de dénoncer cette Histoire – et ses silences – comme une fiction, que l'on songe au mythe de la « découverte », à la glorification des pionniers et aux stéréotypes véhiculés sur les amérindiens. Edwidge Danticat et Louise Erdrich aux États-Unis, Daniel Munduruku et Joel Rufino dos Santos au Brésil, font partie de ces auteurs qui mettent leur plume au service de ce devoir de mémoire, qui est en même temps un devoir d'imagination.
Near-Infrared 1064 nm Laser Modulates Migratory Dendritic Cells To Augment the Immune Response to Intradermal Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Morse Kaitlyn , Kimizuka Yoshifumi , Chan Megan P. K. , Shibata Mai , Shimaoka Yusuke , Takeuchi Shu , Forbes Benjamin , Nirschl Christopher , Li Binghao , Zeng Yang , Bronson Roderick T. , Katagiri Wataru , Shigeta Ayako , Sîrbulescu Ruxandra F. , Chen Huabiao , Tan Rhea Y. Y. , Tsukada Kosuke , Brauns Timothy , Gelfand Jeffrey , Sluder Ann , Locascio Joseph J. , Poznansky Mark C. , Anandasabapathy Niroshana , Kashiwagi Satoshi 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Brief exposure of skin to near-infrared (NIR) laser light has been shown to augment the immune response to intradermal vaccination and thus act as an immunologic adjuvant. Although evidence indicates that the NIR laser adjuvant has the capacity to activate innate subsets including dendritic cells (DCs) in skin as conventional adjuvants do, the precise immunological mechanism by which the NIR laser adjuvant acts is largely unknown. In this study we sought to identify the cellular target of the NIR laser adjuvant by using an established mouse model of intradermal influenza vaccination and examining the alteration of responses resulting from genetic ablation of specific DC populations. We found that a continuous wave (CW) NIR laser adjuvant broadly modulates migratory DC (migDC) populations, specifically increasing and activating the Lang+ and CD11b−Lang− subsets in skin, and that the Ab responses augmented by the CW NIR laser are dependent on DC subsets expressing CCR2 and Langerin. In comparison, a pulsed wave NIR laser adjuvant showed limited effects on the migDC subsets. Our vaccination study demonstrated that the efficacy of the CW NIR laser is significantly better than that of the pulsed wave laser, indicating that the CW NIR laser offers a desirable immunostimulatory microenvironment for migDCs. These results demonstrate the unique ability of the NIR laser adjuvant to selectively target specific migDC populations in skin depending on its parameters, and highlight the importance of optimization of laser parameters for desirable immune protection induced by an NIR laser–adjuvanted vaccine.
Cathelicidins Inhibit Escherichia coli–Induced TLR2 and TLR4 Activation in a Viability-Dependent Manner
Authors: Coorens Maarten , Schneider Viktoria A. F. , de Groot A. Marit , van Dijk Albert , Meijerink Marjolein , Wells Jerry M. , Scheenstra Maaike R. , Veldhuizen Edwin J. A. , Haagsman Henk P. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Activation of the immune system needs to be tightly regulated to provide protection against infections and, at the same time, to prevent excessive inflammation to limit collateral damage to the host. This tight regulation includes regulating the activation of TLRs, which are key players in the recognition of invading microbes. A group of short cationic antimicrobial peptides, called cathelicidins, have previously been shown to modulate TLR activation by synthetic or purified TLR ligands and may play an important role in the regulation of inflammation during infections. However, little is known about how these cathelicidins affect TLR activation in the context of complete and viable bacteria. In this article, we show that chicken cathelicidin-2 kills Escherichia coli in an immunogenically silent fashion. Our results show that chicken cathelicidin-2 kills E. coli by permeabilizing the bacterial inner membrane and subsequently binds the outer membrane–derived lipoproteins and LPS to inhibit TLR2 and TLR4 activation, respectively. In addition, other cathelicidins, including human, mouse, pig, and dog cathelicidins, which lack antimicrobial activity under cell culture conditions, only inhibit macrophage activation by nonviable E. coli. In total, this study shows that cathelicidins do not affect immune activation by viable bacteria and only inhibit inflammation when bacterial viability is lost. Therefore, cathelicidins provide a novel mechanism by which the immune system can discriminate between viable and nonviable Gram-negative bacteria to tune the immune response, thereby limiting collateral damage to the host and the risk for sepsis.
The Plasticity and Stability of Regulatory T Cells during Viral-Induced Inflammatory Lesions
Authors: Bhela Siddheshvar , Varanasi Siva Karthik , Jaggi Ujjaldeep , Sloan Sarah S. , Rajasagi Naveen K. , Rouse Barry T. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Ocular infection with HSV causes a chronic T cell–mediated inflammatory lesion in the cornea. Lesion severity is affected by the balance of different CD4 T cell subsets, with greater severity occurring when the activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is compromised. In this study, fate-mapping mice were used to assess the stability of Treg function in ocular lesions. We show that cells that were once Foxp3+ functional Tregs may lose Foxp3 and become Th1 cells that could contribute to lesion expression. The instability primarily occurred with IL-2Rlo Tregs and was shown, in part, to be the consequence of exposure to IL-12. Lastly, in vitro–generated induced Tregs (iTregs) were shown to be highly plastic and capable of inducing stromal keratitis when adoptively transferred into Rag1−/− mice, with 95% of iTregs converting into ex-Tregs in the cornea. This plasticity of iTregs could be prevented when they were generated in the presence of vitamin C and retinoic acid. Importantly, adoptive transfer of these stabilized iTregs to HSV-1–infected mice prevented the development of stromal keratitis lesions more effectively than did control iTregs. Our results demonstrate that CD25lo Treg and iTreg instability occurs during a viral immunoinflammatory lesion and that its control may help to avoid lesion chronicity.
Phased implementation of spaced clinic visits for stable HIV‐positive patients in Rwanda to support Treat All
Authors: Nsanzimana Sabin , Remera Eric , Ribakare Muhayimpundu , Burns Tracy , Dludlu Sibongile , Mills Edward J , Condo Jeanine , Bucher Heiner C , Ford Nathan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroduction: In 2016, Rwanda implemented “Treat All,” requiring the national HIV programme to increase antiretroviral (ART) treatment coverage to all people living with HIV. Approximately half of the 164,262 patients on ART have been on treatment for more than five years, and long‐term retention of patients in care is an increasing concern. To address these challenges, the Ministry of Health has introduced a differentiated service delivery approach to reduce the frequency of clinical visits and medication dispensing for eligible patients. This article draws on key policy documents and the views of technical experts involved in policy development to describe the process of implementation of differentiated service delivery in Rwanda.Discussion: Implementation of differentiated service delivery followed a phased approach to ensure that all steps are clearly defined and agreed by all partners. Key steps included: definition of scope, including defining which patients were eligible for transition to the new model; definition of the key model components; preparation for patient enrolment; considerations for special patient groups; engagement of implementing partners; securing political and financial support; forecasting drug supply; revision, dissemination and implementation of ART guidelines; and monitoring and evaluation.Conclusions: Based on the outcomes of the evaluation of the new service delivery model, the Ministry of Health will review and strategically reduce costs to the national HIV program and to the patient by exploring and implementing adjustments to the service delivery model.
High rates of retention and viral suppression in the scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy adherence clubs in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Tsondai Priscilla Ruvimbo , Wilkinson Lynne Susan , Grimsrud Anna , Mdlalo Precious Thembekile , Ullauri Angelica , Boulle Andrew 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Increasingly, there is a need for health authority scale up of successfully piloted differentiated models of antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery. However, there is a paucity of evidence on system‐wide outcomes after scale‐up. In the Cape Town health district, stable adult patients were referred to adherence clubs (ACs) – a group model of ART delivery with five visits per year. By the end of March 2015, over 32,000 ART patients were in an AC. We describe patient outcomes of a representative sample of AC patients during this scale‐up.Methods: Patients enrolled in an AC at non‐research supported sites between 2011 and 2014 were eligible for analysis. We sampled 10% of ACs (n = 100) in quintets proportional to the number of ACs at each facility, linking each patient to city‐wide laboratory and service access data to validate retention and virologic outcomes. We digitized registers and used competing risks regression and cross‐sectional methods to estimate outcomes: mortality, transfers, loss to follow‐up (LTFU) and viral load suppression (≤400 copies/mL). Predictors of LTFU and viral rebound were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.Results: Of the 3216 adults contributing 4019 person years of follow‐up (89% in an AC, median 1.1 years), 70% were women. Retention was 95.2% (95% CI, 94.0‐96.4) at 12 months and 89.3% (95% CI, 87.1‐91.4) at 24 months after AC enrolment. In the 13 months prior to analysis closure, 88.1% of patients had viral load assessments and of those, viral loads ≤400 copies/mL were found in 97.2% (95% CI, 96.5‐97.8) of patients. Risk of LTFU was higher in younger patients and in patients accessing ART from facilities with larger ART cohorts. Risk of viral rebound was higher in younger patients, those that had been on ART for longer and patients that had never sent a buddy to collect their medication.Conclusions: This is the first analysis reporting patient outcomes after health authorities scaled‐up a differentiated care model across a high burden district. The findings provide substantial reassurance that stable patients on long‐term ART can safely be offered care options, which are more convenient to patients and less burdensome to services.
Multi‐month prescriptions, fast‐track refills, and community ART groups: results from a process evaluation in Malawi on using differentiated models of care to achieve national HIV treatment goals
Authors: Prust Margaret L. , Banda Clement K. , Nyirenda Rose , Chimbwandira Frank , Kalua Thokozani , Jahn Andreas , Eliya Michael , Callahan Katie , Ehrenkranz Peter , Prescott Marta R. , McCarthy Elizabeth A. , Tagar Elya , Gunda Andrews 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroduction: In order to facilitate scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Malawi, innovative and pragmatic models have been developed to optimize the efficiency of HIV service delivery. In particular, three models of differentiated care have emerged for stable patients: adjusted appointment spacing through multi‐month scripting (MMS); fast‐track drug refills (FTRs) on alternating visits; and community ART groups (CAGs) where group members rotate in collecting medications at the facility for all members. This study aimed to assess the extent to which ART patients in Malawi are differentiated based on clinical stability and describe the characteristics and costs associated with the models of differentiated care offered.Methods: A mixed methods process evaluation was conducted from 30 purposefully selected ART facilities. Cross‐sectional data for this evaluation was collected between February and May 2016. The following forms of data collection are reported here: structured surveys with 136 health care workers; reviews of 75,364 patient clinical records; 714 observations of visit time and flow; and 30 questionnaires on facility characteristics.Results: Among ART patients, 77.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74.1–80.6) were eligible for differentiated models of care based on criteria for clinical stability from national guidelines. Across all facilities, 69% of patients were receiving MMS. In facilities offering FTRs and CAGs, 67% and 6% of patients were enrolled in the models, respectively. However, eligibility criteria were used inconsistently: 72.9% (95% CI 66.3–78.6) of eligible patients and 42.3% (95% CI 33.1–52.0) ineligible patients received MMS. Results indicated that patient travel and time costs were reduced by 67%, and the unit costs of ART service delivery through the MMS, FTR and CAG models were similar, representing a reduction of approximately 10% in the annual unit cost of providing care to stable patients that receive no model.Conclusions: MMS is being implemented nationally and has already generated cost savings and efficiencies in Malawi for patients and the health system, but could be improved by more accurate patient differentiation. While expanding FTRs and CAGs may not offer significant further cost savings in Malawi, future studies should investigate if such alternative models lead to improvements in patient satisfaction or clinical outcomes that might justify their implementation.
Initiation into Teaching from the Perspective of Primary School Teachers: Differences Between Newly Qualified and Experienced Teachers
Authors: Cañón Rodríguez Ruth , Cantón Mayo Isabel , Arias Gago Ana Rosa , Baelo Álvarez Roberto 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This study consists of an investigation into the experiences of new teachers in primary education in the province of León, during their initiation into teaching. The objective was to explore how they experience this stage, and to recognize the training needs that exist along with the degree of motivation and satisfaction expressed with the measures designed for integration into teaching. The methodology used is descriptive and interpretive, ex-post-facto oriented towards a search for improvement.
Research finding reveals the existence of significant gaps in initial teacher training that bears a negative influence on the subsequent professional development of the teachers involved. In this sense, the training programs designed for teachers who are initiating their career, although valued positively by both novices and experienced teachers; do not overcome their initial shortcomings.
Despite the difficulties, however, new teachers show a general feeling of satisfaction with the stage in which they initiate their teaching.
Actions and achievements of self-regulated learning in personal environments. Research on students participating in the Graduate Program in Preschool Education at the University of Granada
Authors: Chaves-Barboza Eduardo , Trujillo-Torres Juan Manuel , López-Núñez Juan Antonio , Sola-Martínez Tomás 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This paper is intended to study the self-regulated learning (SRL) process in personal learning environments (PLEs) among students participating in the Graduate Program for Preschool Education at the University of Granada (Spain). The study is focused on self-regulatory actions carried out by students, and on their self-regulated learning achievements, during the phases of action and reflection of this process.
A Likert scale questionnaire was applied to a random cluster sample of the population. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed based on the collected data, as were non-parametric correlation and analysis of variance tests.
The results confirm the importance of individual learning in the self-regulated process, and highlight the importance of digital tools in all three phases of self-regulation. Furthermore, the results show that teachers’ suggestions are related to the use of digital tools and recording of reflections on the learning process, and establish relationships between learning management tools and cognitive and metacognitive processes. The results also permit classification of students into three subgroups, based on their achievements. Analyses are consistent with the theory that explains the cyclical nature of self-regulated learning and the influence of social relationships on individual self-regulatory processes.
Regional sensitivities of seasonal snowpack to elevation, aspect, and vegetation cover in western North America
Authors: Tennant Christopher J. , Harpold Adrian A. , Lohse Kathleen Ann , Godsey Sarah E. , Crosby Benjamin T. , Larsen Laurel G. , Brooks Paul D. , Van Kirk Robert W. , Glenn Nancy F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn mountains with seasonal snow cover, the effects of climate change on snowpack will be constrained by landscape‐vegetation interactions with the atmosphere. Airborne lidar surveys used to estimate snow depth, topography, and vegetation were coupled with reanalysis climate products to quantify these interactions and to highlight potential snowpack sensitivities to climate and vegetation change across the western U.S. at Rocky Mountain (RM), Northern Basin and Range (NBR), and Sierra Nevada (SNV) sites. In forest and shrub areas, elevation captured the greatest amount of variability in snow depth (16–79%) but aspect explained more variability (11–40%) in alpine areas. Aspect was most important at RM sites where incoming shortwave to incoming net radiation (SW:NetR↓) was highest (∼0.5), capturing 17–37% of snow depth variability in forests and 32–37% in shrub areas. Forest vegetation height exhibited negative relationships with snow depth and explained 3–6% of its variability at sites with greater longwave inputs (NBR and SNV). Variability in the importance of physiography suggests differential sensitivities of snowpack to climate and vegetation change. The high SW:NetR↓ and importance of aspect suggests RM sites may be more responsive to decreases in SW:NetR↓ driven by warming or increases in humidity or cloud cover. Reduced canopy‐cover could increase snow depths at SNV sites, and NBR and SNV sites are currently more sensitive to shifts from snow to rain. The consistent importance of aspect and elevation indicates that changes in SW:NetR↓ and the elevation of the rain/snow transition zone could have widespread and varied effects on western U.S. snowpacks.
Production, consumption, and migration of methane in accretionary prism of southwestern Taiwan
Authors: Chen Nai‐Chen , Yang Tsanyao Frank , Hong Wei‐Li , Chen Hsuan‐Wen , Chen Hsiao‐Chi , Hu Ching‐Yi , Huang Yu‐Chun , Lin Saulwood , Lin Li‐Hung , Su Chih‐Chieh , Liao Wei‐Zhi , Sun Chih‐Hsien , Wang Pei‐Ling , Yang Tao , Jiang Shao‐Yong , Liu Char‐Shine , Wang Yunshuen , Chung San‐Hsiung 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTo systematically quantify the production, consumption, and migration of methane, 210 sediment cores were collected from offshore southwestern Taiwan and analyzed for their gas and aqueous geochemistry. These data, combined with published results, were used to calculate the diffusive methane fluxes across different geochemical transitions and to develop scenarios of mass balance and constrain deep microbial and thermogenic methane production rates within the accretionary prism. The results showed that methane diffusive fluxes ranged from 2.71 × 10−3 to 2.78 × 10−1 and from –1.88 × 10−1 to 3.97 mmol m−2 d−1 at the sulfate‐methane‐transition‐zone (SMTZ) and sediment‐seawater interfaces, respectively. High methane fluxes tend to be associated with structural features, suggesting a strong structural control on the methane transport. A significant portion of ascending methane (>50%) is consumed by anaerobic oxidation of methane at the SMTZ at most sites, indicating effective biological filtration. Gas compositions and isotopes revealed a transition from the predominance of microbial methane in the passive margin to thermogenic methane at the upper slope of the active margin and onshore mud volcanoes. Methane production and consumption at shallow depths were nearly offset with a small fraction of residual methane discharged into seawater. The flux imbalance arose primarily due to the larger production of methane through deep microbial and thermogenic processes at a magnitude of 1512–43,096 Tg Myr−1 and could be likely accounted for by the sequestration of methane into hydrate forms, and clay absorption.
Modeling phase separation and phase change for magma ocean solidification dynamics
Authors: Boukaré C.‐E. , Ricard Y. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractJust after accretion, the Earth's mantle was significantly molten by the heat dissipation due to large impacts and to the segregation of the core. The mineralogical observations and thermodynamics models of solid‐liquid equilibrium of silicates show that several types of crystallization may have happened at different depths in the mantle. Solids were probably formed first at the bottom of the lower mantle or at midmantle leaving two possible magma oceans, a shallow one and an abyssal one. Near the bottom of the mantle, the liquid phase might become denser than solids due to iron enrichment. In the shallow magma ocean, the crystallizing solid phase was denser and sank through the magma to settle and compact at depth. To understand these complex dynamics, we develop a two‐phase numerical code that can handle simultaneously convection in each phase and in the slurry, and the compaction or decompaction of the two phases. Although our code can only run in a parameter range (Rayleigh number, viscosity contrast between phases, Prandlt number) far from what would be realistic, we think it already provides a rich dynamics that illustrates what could have happened. We show situations in which the crystallization front is gravitationally stable and situations where the newly formed solids are gravitationally unstable and can snow across the magma. Our study suggests that the location of a density contrast between solid and magma must be considered of equal importance with that of the intersection between liquidus and isentrope for what concerns mantle solidification.