bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending SME to Handle Large‐Scale Cognitive Modeling
Authors: Forbus Kenneth D. , Ferguson Ronald W. , Lovett Andrew , Gentner Dedre 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAnalogy and similarity are central phenomena in human cognition, involved in processes ranging from visual perception to conceptual change. To capture this centrality requires that a model of comparison must be able to integrate with other processes and handle the size and complexity of the representations required by the tasks being modeled. This paper describes extensions to Structure‐Mapping Engine (SME) since its inception in 1986 that have increased its scope of operation. We first review the basic SME algorithm, describe psychological evidence for SME as a process model, and summarize its role in simulating similarity‐based retrieval and generalization. Then we describe five techniques now incorporated into the SME that have enabled it to tackle large‐scale modeling tasks: (a) Greedy merging rapidly constructs one or more best interpretations of a match in polynomial time: O(n2log(n)); (b) Incremental operation enables mappings to be extended as new information is retrieved or derived about the base or target, to model situations where information in a task is updated over time; (c) Ubiquitous predicates model the varying degrees to which items may suggest alignment; (d) Structural evaluation of analogical inferences models aspects of plausibility judgments; (e) Match filters enable large‐scale task models to communicate constraints to SME to influence the mapping process. We illustrate via examples from published studies how these enable it to capture a broader range of psychological phenomena than before.
Interplay between 15‐lipoxygenase‐1 and metastasis‐associated antigen 1 in the metastatic potential of colorectal cancer
Authors: Tunçer S. , Tunçay Çağatay S. , Keşküş A.G. , Çolakoğlu M. , Konu Ö. , Banerjee S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesMetastasis‐associated antigen 1 (MTA1) is implicated in metastasis while 15‐lipoxygenase‐1 (15‐LOX‐1) reduces cell motility, when re‐expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to understand any potential interplay between MTA1 and 15‐LOX‐1 in CRC metastasis.Materials and methodsALOX15 and MTA1 expression in tumour and normal samples were analysed from TCGA RNA‐seq data, microarray data sets and a human CRC cDNA array. Western blots, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were carried out in HT‐29 and LoVo cells re‐expressing 15‐LOX‐1 to determine NF‐ κB activity at the MTA1 promoter. Functional assays in cells ectopically expressing either 15‐LOX‐1, MTA‐1 or both, were carried out to determine adhesion and cell motility.ResultsSignificantly higher expression of MTA1 was observed in tumours compared to normal tissues; MTA1 overexpression resulted in reduced adhesion in CRC cell lines. Re‐expression of 15‐LOX‐1 in the CRC cell lines reduced expression of endogenous MTA1, corroborated by negative correlation between the two genes in two independent human CRC microarray data sets, with greater significance in specific subsets of patients. DNA binding and transcriptional activity of NF‐κB at the MTA1 promoter was significantly lower in cells re‐expressing 15‐LOX‐1. Functionally, the same cells had reduced motility, which was rescued when they overexpressed MTA1, and further corroborated by expressions of E‐cadherin and vimentin.ConclusionsExpression of MTA1 and 15‐LOX‐1 negatively correlated in specific subsets of CRC. Mechanistically, this is at least in part through reduced recruitment of NF‐κB to the MTA1 promoter.
Postoperative acute respiratory failure caused by adult‐onset Pompe disease
Authors: Tan Dingyu , Xu Jun , Yang Yi , Gu Ming , Yu Xuezhong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPompe disease, which leads to dysfunction of the enzyme acid a‐glucosidase, is a genetic disorder seen in 1 in 40000 births. Adult‐onset Pompe disease is known as a slowly progressive myasthenia with or without respiratory dysfunction. We herein report two cases of adult‐onset Pompe disease, in which postoperative acute respiratory failure was the the initial manifestation. The two patients showed no symptoms of ambulatory and respiratory dysfunction before operation. The diagnosis of Pompe disease was determined by muscle biopsy and acid a‐glucosidase assay in the blood. Rapid deterioration of already struggling diaphragmatic function induced by stress of surgery and anesthesia were thought to be the main reason of postoperative acute respiratory failure. Physicians should be aware of the existence of an adult form of Pompe disease which may present with postoperative acute respiratory failure.
The Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Nervous System Effects of Two Natural Sources of Caffeine in Healthy Adult Males
Authors: Krieger DR , Kalman DS , Feldman S , Arnillas L , Goldberg D , Gisbert O , Nader S 
Published: June 2016

This double‐blind crossover clinical trial randomized 12 adult males to receive 200 mg of caffeine from a green coffee extract, a guayusa leaf extract, and a synthetic control to compare their safety, absorption, and effect on neurotransmitters. The results showed no statistically significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate from baseline to 120 min postdose of each natural source compared with changes from baseline in the control (0.094 < = P < = 0.910). The ratios of Cmax, AUC0‐4, and AUC0‐∞ of each natural source to the control were bioequivalent by US Food and Drug Administration standards (90% CI within 80–125%). The guayusa leaf extract stimulated a significantly lower increase in epinephrine compared with the control (+0.5 vs. +2.78 μg/gCr, P = 0.04), while the green coffee extract provoked an increase in epinephrine similar to the control (+3.21 vs. +2.78 μg/gCr, P = 0.569). Implications for future clinical research are discussed.
Parent‐ and child‐driven effects during the transition to adolescence: a longitudinal, genetic analysis of the home environment
Authors: Hannigan Laurie J. , McAdams Tom A. , Plomin Robert , Eley Thalia C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTheoretical models of child development typically consider the home environment as a product of bidirectional effects, with parent‐ and child‐driven processes operating interdependently. However, the developmental structure of these processes during the transition from childhood to adolescence has not been well studied. In this study we used longitudinal genetic analyses of data from 6646 UK‐representative twin pairs (aged 9–16 years) to investigate stability and change in parenting and household chaos in the context of parent–child bidirectional effects. Stability in the home environment was modest, arising mainly from parent‐driven processes and family‐wide influences. In contrast, change over time was more influenced by child‐driven processes, indicated by significant age‐specific genetic influences. Interpretations of these results and their implications for researchers are discussed.
Changes in breathomics from a 1‐year randomized smoking cessation trial of electronic cigarettes
Authors: Campagna Davide , Cibella Fabio , Caponnetto Pasquale , Amaradio Maria Domenica , Caruso Massimo , Morjaria Jaymin B. , Malerba Mario , Polosa Riccardo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundElectronic cigarette (EC) use is an emerging behaviour that has been shown to help smokers to reduce cigarette consumption. The aim of this study was to illustrate long‐term changes in exhaled breath measurements and respiratory symptoms in smokers invited to quit or reduce their cigarette consumption by switching to ECs.Materials and methodsProspective evaluation of cigarette consumption, fractional nitric oxide concentration in exhaled breath (FeNO), exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and symptom scores was performed in a 1‐year randomized, controlled trial of ‘healthy’ smokers receiving 2·4% nicotine, 1·8% nicotine or no nicotine ECs. FeNO and eCO data are presented on the basis of participants’ pooled continuous smoking phenotype classification (failures, reducers and quitters).ResultsA significant effect of quitting classification was found on FeNo and eCO at all time points (P < 0·0001). Among quitters, FeNO (medians and interquartile range) rose from 5·5 (4·5–6·9) ppb to 17·7 (13·3–18·9) ppb by week 52. Baseline eCO (medians and interquartile range) decreased from 17 (12–20) ppm to 3 (1–4) ppm by week 52. No significant changes in FeNO and eCO levels were observed in failures and reducers. Improvements in FeNO and eCO levels were correlated with attenuations in symptom scores.ConclusionsSmokers invited to switch to electronic cigarettes who completely abstained from smoking showed steady progressive improvements in their exhaled breath measurements and symptom scores. FeNo and eCO normalization is highly supportive of improved respiratory health outcomes and adds to the notion that quitting from tobacco smoking can reverse harm in the lung.
Effect of endothelin‐1 and endothelin receptor blockade on the release of microparticles
Authors: Jung Christian , Lichtenauer Michael , Wernly Bernhard , Franz Marcus , Goebel Bjoern , Rafnsson Arnar , Figulla Hans‐Reiner , Pernow John 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundIncreased levels of endothelial cell microparticles (EMP) are known to reflect endothelial dysfunction (ED). In diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), the expression of endothelin (ET)‐1 is increased. As treatment with an ET‐1 antagonist significantly inhibited atherosclerosis in animal models, we sought to investigate whether treatment with ET‐1 antagonists affects EMP levels in vitro and in vivo in patients with T2DM.Materials and methodsIn vitro study: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were stimulated with ET‐1 alone and ET‐1 in combination with a dual ET‐A and ET‐B endothelin receptor blocker. In vivo study: Patients with T2DM were randomized to treatment with the ET receptor antagonist bosentan or placebo. After 4 weeks, the patients were re‐examined and blood samples were obtained. EMP counts in supernatants and plasma samples were determined using flow cytometry.ResultsIn vitro study: In supernatants of ET‐1‐stimulated HUVECs, the increased release of EMP was reduced significantly by co‐incubation with an ET‐1 receptor antagonist (e.g. CD31+/CD42b‐EMP decreased from 37·1% ± 2·8 to 31·5% ± 2·8 SEM, P = 0·0078). In vivo study: No changes in EMP levels in blood samples of patients with T2DM were found after 4 weeks of bosentan treatment (n = 36, P = ns).ConclusionsOur in vitro results suggest that ET‐1 stimulates the release of EMP from HUVECs via a receptor‐dependent mechanism. Co‐incubation with an endothelin receptor blocker abolished ET‐1‐dependent EMP release. However, treatment with bosentan for 4 weeks failed to alter EMP levels in patients with T2DM. Other factors seem to have influenced EMP release in patients with T2DM independent of ET‐1 receptor‐mediated mechanisms.
Inhibitory effect of intensity and interstimulus interval of conditioning stimuli on somatosensory evoked magnetic fields
Authors: Onishi Hideaki , Sugawara Kazuhiro , Yamashiro Koya , Sato Daisuke , Kirimoto Hikari , Tamaki Hiroyuki , Shirozu Hiroshi , Kameyama Shigeki 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMagnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings were performed to investigate the inhibitory effects of conditioning stimuli with various types of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) or intensities on somatosensory evoked magnetic fields (SEFs) using a 306‐ch whole‐head MEG system. Twenty‐three healthy volunteers participated in this study. Electrical stimuli were applied to the right median nerve at the wrist. Six pulse trains with ISIs of 500 ms were presented in Experiment 1. A paired‐pulse paradigm with three kinds of conditioning stimulus (CON) intensities, 500 ms before the test stimulus (TS), was applied in Experiment 2. Finally, three CONs 500 or 1000 ms before TS were presented in Experiment 3. Three main SEF deflections (N20m, P35m, and P60m) were observed, and the source activities of P35m and P60m significantly decreased after the 2nd pulse of a six pulse trains. These source activities also significantly decreased with increasing intensity of CON. In addition, these attenuations of source activities were affected by CON–CON or CON–TS intervals. These results indicated that the source activities were modulated by the intensity and ISIs of CONs. Furthermore, P35m after the stimulation were very sensitive to CONs; however, the attenuation of P60m after the stimulation lasted for a longer period than that of P35m. Our findings suggest that the conditioning stimulation had inhibitory effects on subsequent evoked cortical responses for more than 500 ms. Our results also provide important clues about the nature of short‐latency somatosensory responses in human studies.
Cognition in myotonic dystrophy type 1: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Winblad S. , Samuelsson L. , Lindberg C. , Meola G. 
Published: June 2016

Background and purposeStudies on cognitive decline in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) are characterized by conflicting results. The purpose of the present study was to analyse possible decline in classical/adult onset DM1 at a 5‐year follow‐up and to explore the correlation with disease‐related and demographic factors.MethodsPatients with DM1 (n = 37) were examined with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery yielding measures on memory, attention, verbal, visuospatial and executive functions. Assessment of muscle impairment and CTG repeat expansion size was performed.ResultsA majority of the participants (65%) performed worse at follow‐up. Compared to normative data, patients scored significantly worse on tests measuring memory, attention, visuospatial construction and verbal ability. Neither CTG repeat size nor muscle impairment related to cognitive decline. However, age at onset and disease duration were correlated with the number of tests in which performance was below 1 SD at both baseline and follow‐up examination.ConclusionsMeasurements show that classical/adult onset DM1 is characterized by cognitive decline. Both earlier onset and longer duration of the disease are indicative of more cognitive deficits.
Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of extended diapausing individuals of Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with reference to an adaptive significance of its bimodal emergence pattern
Authors: Yukawa Junichi , Nakagawa Kohjin , Kohno Akihiro , Tokuda Makoto , Kiritani Keizi , Matsuo Kazunori , Mitsui Hideyuki , Fujii Tomohisa 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIlliciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandraceae) and exhibits 1‐year (yr) and 2‐yr type life history patterns. Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of 2‐yr to 1‐yr type individuals of I. yukawai were studied from 1977 to 1994 and in 2008, 2009 and 2014. An analysis of geographical variation at 13 different census fields indicated that the proportion of 2‐yr type individuals significantly increased with the decrease of mean annual temperature reflected by altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. However, a multiple regression analysis indicated that the annual variation in the proportion was not correlated with temperature, gall density, abundance of host resources or parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids. Thus, we eliminated the effects of these external factors that have been thought to determine the annual variation. We need to take alternative intrinsic factors, instead of external factors, into consideration to explain the annual variation. The fall of galled leaves occasionally caused a higher mortality of 2‐yr type individuals than those of 1‐yr type. Nevertheless, 2‐yr type individuals exist. We considered that the existence of 2‐yr type individuals of I. yukawai has an adaptive significance to diversify risks against catastrophic events such as the serious shortage of host buds and high percentage of parasitism that happen more frequently than the high mortality caused by the fall of galled leaves.
Open Arms Behind Barred Doors: Fear, Hypocrisy and Policy Schizophrenia in the European Migration Crisis
Authors: Greenhill Kelly M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn 2015, over one million refugees and migrants arrived in Europe, laying bare the limitations of the EU's common border control and burden‐sharing systems. This article examines consequences of the EU's disjoint, schizophrenic and, at times, hypocritical responses to what has become known as the European migration crisis. It explains how unilateral, national‐level responses have made the EU as a whole particularly susceptible to a unique brand of coercive bargaining that relies on the threat (or actual generation) of mass population movements as a non‐military instrument of state‐level coercion. After outlining who employs this kind of foreign policy tool, to what ends, and under what circumstances, the article offers an illustration of this kind of coercion in action, by analyzing the March 2016 deal between the EU and Turkey. The article concludes with a discussion of broader consequences of the deal and implications both for the displaced and for the EU going forward.
Contrasting effects of field boundary management on three pollinator groups
Authors: Söderman Annika M.E. , Ekroos Johan , Hedlund Katarina , Olsson Ola , Smith Henrik G. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Uncultivated field boundaries constitute a significant part of the remaining semi‐natural habitat in simplified agricultural landscapes, providing habitats for many grassland species. In Europe, agri‐environment schemes (AES) offer incentives to farmers to manage farmland more environmentally friendly. In Sweden, one AES has specifically targeted management of incidental habitats on farmland by promoting removal of woody vegetation to benefit cultural heritage and biodiversity.

This study investigates if pollinating insects benefit from removal of woody vegetation and whether any such benefits depend on the structural complexity of the surrounding landscape. Using a nested study design, pollinator communities were compared in pairs of managed and unmanaged field boundaries in landscapes of different complexity.

The effect of removing trees and bushes in field boundaries varied among pollinator groups. Bumblebee species richness and abundance benefited from the management, whereas the species richness of solitary bees and hoverflies were unaffected. The abundance of solitary bees was higher in managed field boundaries, but only late in the season in complex landscapes, while the same management lowered the hoverfly abundance particularly late in the season. Landscape complexity did not affect bumblebees, while the abundance of solitary bees and the species richness of hoverflies were positively correlated with increasing landscape complexity, but at different spatial scales.

The contrasting effects of management on different organism groups shown in this study, illustrate the importance of studies conducted on multiple taxa. Management prescriptions based on results from one pollinator group may not benefit other pollinator groups.
Frequencies of red blood cell major blood group antigens and phenotypes in the Chinese Han population from Mainland China
Authors: Yu Y. , Ma C. , Sun X. , Guan X. , Zhang X. , Saldanha J. , Chen L. , Wang D. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAlloantibodies directed to red blood cell (RBC) antigens play an important role in alloimmune‐mediated haemolytic transfusion reactions and haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn. The frequencies and phenotypes of RBC antigens are different in populations from different geographic areas and races. However, the data on major blood group antigens in the Chinese Han population from Mainland China are still very limited; thus, we aimed to investigate them in this study. A total of 1412 unrelated voluntary Chinese Han blood donors were randomly recruited. All donors were typed for blood group antigens: D, C, c, E, e, Cw, Jka, Jkb,M, N, S, s, Lea, Leb, K, k. Kpa, Kpb, Fya, Fyb, Lua, Lub, P1 and Dia using serological technology. Calculations of antigen and phenotype frequencies were expressed as percentages and for allele frequencies under the standard assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Amongst the Rh antigens, D was the most common (98.94%) followed by e (92.28%), C (88.81%), c (58.43%), E (50.78%) and Cw (0.07%) with DCe/DCe (R1R1, 40.72%) being the most common phenotype. In the Kell blood group system, k was present in 100% of the donors and a rare phenotype, Kp (a+b+), was found in 0.28% of the donors. For the Kidd and Duffy blood group systems, Jk (a+b+) and Fy (a+b−) were the most common phenotypes (44.05% and 84.35%, respectively). In the MNS blood group system, M+N+S–s+ (45.54%) was the most common, whereas M+N–S–s− and M–N+S–s− were not found. The rare Lu (a−b−) and Lu (a+b+) phenotypes were identified in 0.43% and 1.13% of the donors, respectively. Lea and Leb were seen in 17.92% and 63.03% of donors, respectively. The frequency of Dia was 4.75%, which was higher than in the Chinese population in Taiwan region or the Caucasian and Black populations (P < 0.0001). This study systematically describes the frequencies of 24 blood group antigens in the Chinese Han population from Mainland China. The data can be helpful in creating a donor database for preparation of indigenous cell panels and providing antigen‐negative blood to patients with multiple alloantibodies.
Quantitative fetomaternal hemorrhage assessment with the use of five laboratory tests
Authors: Gielezynska A. , Stachurska A. , Fabijanska‐Mitek J. , Debska M. , Muzyka K. , Kraszewska E. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIntroductionIn various countries, standard doses of anti‐D IgG used for postpartum immunoprophylaxis of hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN) vary from 100 μg to 300 μg. There are also different regulations concerning FMH assessment, and opinions about applicable tests are inconclusive.MethodsThree flow cytometry tests (FCTs) with anti‐D, anti‐HbF, anti‐HbF+CA antibodies, and two modifications of microscopic Kleihauer–Betke test (KBT) were used.ResultsIn all artificial mixtures with known concentrations, FCTs and KBT with counting 10 000 RBCs had similar satisfying sensitivity and specificity. KBT with counting 2000 RBCs had to be disqualified because of significant discrepancies between expected and measured values of FMH. The test procedure with anti‐D was easier and shorter than the remaining tests, but it can be only used for FMH assessment in RhD‐negative mothers with RhD‐positive newborns. In one clinical sample, it was impossible to distinguish fetal RBCs from maternal F cells in KBT and FC with anti‐HbF but other tests were useful.ConclusionIn the four tests, correlation between expected and obtained results was appropriate (CCC ̴1). Each test had some advantage and limitation in any clinical situation. Therefore, it is best to have opportunity to perform two or three assays in the laboratory.