bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enabling Ultrasensitive Photo-detection Through Control of Interface Properties in Molybdenum Disulfide Atomic Layers
Authors: Najmaei Sina , Lei Sidong , Burke Robert A. , Nichols Barbara M. , George Antony , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Franklin Aaron D. , Lou Jun , Dubey Madan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe interfaces in devices made of two-dimensional materials such as MoS2 can effectively control their optoelectronic performance. However, the extent and nature of these deterministic interactions are not fully understood. Here, we investigate the role of substrate interfaces on the photodetector properties of MoS2 devices by studying its photocurrent properties on both SiO2 and self-assembled monolayer-modified substrates. Results indicate that while the photoresponsivity of the devices can be enhanced through control of device interfaces, response times are moderately compromised. We attribute this trade-off to the changes in the electrical contact resistance at the device metal-semiconductor interface. We demonstrate that the formation of charge carrier traps at the interface can dominate the device photoresponse properties. The capture and emission rates of deeply trapped charge carriers in the substrate-semiconductor-metal regions are strongly influenced by exposure to light and can dynamically dope the contact regions and thus perturb the photodetector properties. As a result, interface-modified photodetectors have significantly lower dark-currents and higher on-currents. Through appropriate interfacial design, a record high device responsivity of 4.5 × 103 A/W at 7 V is achieved, indicative of the large signal gain in the devices and exemplifying an important design strategy that enables highly responsive two-dimensional photodetectors.
Nutrient enrichment alters impacts of Hydrocotyle vulgaris invasion on native plant communities
Authors: Liu Lin , Quan Han , Dong Bi-Cheng , Bu Xiang-Qi , Li Lin , Liu Fu-De , Lei Guang-Chun , Li Hong-Li 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNutrients may affect the invasiveness of alien plants and the invasibility of native plant communities. We performed a greenhouse experiment to investigate the interactive effect of invasion by a clonal herb Hydrocotyle vulgaris and nutrient enrichment on biomass and evenness of native plant communities. We established three types of plant communities (H. vulgaris alone, native plant communities without or with H. vulgaris) under low and high levels of nutrients. Native communities consisted of eight native, terrestrial species of three functional groups, i.e. four grasses, two legumes, and two forbs. Invasion of H. vulgaris had no effect on biomass of the native community, the functional groups, or the individual species. High nutrients increased biomass of grasses, but reduced evenness of the community. High nutrients also decreased the competitive effect, and the relative dominance index of H. vulgaris. Therefore, high nutrients reduced the competitive ability of H. vulgaris and enhanced the resistance of the native community to invasion. The results provide a basis for management strategies to control the invasion and spread of H. vulgaris by manipulating resource availability to support native communities.
Ascorbic Acid Protects against Hypertension through Downregulation of ACE1 Gene Expression Mediated by Histone Deacetylation in Prenatal Inflammation-Induced Offspring
Authors: Wang Jing , Yin Na , Deng Youcai , Wei Yanling , Huang Yinhu , Pu Xiaoyun , Li Li , Zheng Yingru , Guo Jianxin , Yu Jianhua , Li Xiaohui , Yi Ping 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to hypertension in a rat offspring. However, the mechanism is still unclear. This study unraveled epigenetic mechanism for this and explored the protective effects of ascorbic acid against hypertension on prenatal inflammation-induced offspring. Prenatal LPS exposure resulted in an increase of intrarenal oxidative stress and enhanced angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels in 6- and 12-week-old offspring, correlating with the augmentation of histone H3 acetylation (H3AC) on the ACE1 promoter. However, the prenatal ascorbic acid treatment decreased the LPS-induced expression of ACE1, protected against intrarenal oxidative stress, and reversed the altered histone modification on the ACE1 promoter, showing the protective effect in offspring of prenatal LPS stimulation. Our study demonstrates that ascorbic acid is able to prevent hypertension in offspring from prenatal inflammation exposure. Thus, ascorbic acid can be a new approach towards the prevention of fetal programming hypertension.
Associations between dairy food consumption and chronic kidney disease in older adults
Authors: Gopinath Bamini , Harris David C. , Flood Victoria M. , Burlutsky George , Mitchell Paul 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe aimed to assess the association between dairy product consumption and calcium intake with the prevalence and 10-year incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). 1185 participants aged ≥50 years at baseline were examined between 1992–4 and 2002–4. Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and servings of dairy food consumption were calculated. Baseline biochemistry including serum creatinine was measured. CKD was defined as Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL·min−1.1.73 m−2. Cross-sectional analysis showed that older adults in the highest quintile compared to the lowest quintile (reference group) of low/reduced fat dairy food consumption had reduced odds of CKD, multivariable-adjusted odds ratio, OR, 0.64 (95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.43–0.96). Increasing total intake of dietary calcium was associated with reduced odds of CKD (P-trend = 0.02); comparing highest versus lowest quintile: OR 0.62 (95% CI 0.42–0.92). Participants in the second versus first quintile of low/reduced fat dairy food consumption at baseline had 49% reduced risk of CKD 10 years later, OR 0.51 (95% CI 0.29–0.89). Higher consumption of low/reduced fat dairy foods was independently associated with lower risk of CKD. Additional population-based studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
“Soft power” does not always mean “smart power”: an investigation of human terrain teams in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Joseph Paul 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article reviews the promise and actual achievement of Human Terrain Teams (HTTs): the small groups of social scientists that were eventually embedded in every combat brigade in Iraq and Afghanistan. On the basis of interviews with both HTT personnel and their military commanders, this article explores the military’s need for sociocultural information, the ethical issues surrounding research carried out in combat zones, and the tensions between military and social science organizational cultures. The account provides a close, detailed account of HTT activities, offers a critical reflection on the possibilities of creating a “softer”, less violent counterinsurgency, as well as the difficulty of attempting to make war more “intelligent”, discriminating and effective. This article is published as part of a collection on soft power.
Evaluation of Chipped Cankers for Management of Eastern Filbert Blight
Authors: Heckert Stephanie , Pscheidt Jay W. , Cluskey Steve A. 
Published: December 2016

Oregon harvested 36,000 tons of hazelnuts with a farm gate value of $135 million in 2014, primarily from eastern filbert blight (EFB) susceptible cultivars. Cultural management of EFB includes the removing and burning of symptomatic branches to reduce potential sources of inoculum before bud break. As an alternative to burning, chipped cankered branches were studied to determine if they remained a source of inoculum. Branches with or without EFB cankers were coarsely chipped and placed in four piles on the ground at various geospatial locations relative to susceptible host trees. Ascospores were collected above each chipped pile during rain events in the spring of 2012 and 2013. Although ascospore counts were higher above piles containing chipped cankers, they were not significantly different from piles without cankers. However, a small percentage of susceptible hazelnut trees placed amongst, upwind, or downwind of these piles and exposed to ascospores developed EFB cankers. It is advised that when not burning cankered branches, growers should chip these branches prior to bud break in the spring to reduce the risk of potential exposure of the orchard to ascospores. Accepted for publication 22 November 2016.
Cryptic Species: A Leitmotif of Contemporary Mycology Has Challenges and Benefits for Plant Pathologists
Authors: Dugan Frank M. , Everhart Sydney 
Published: December 2016

Multiple traditional species names for plant pathogenic fungi have been supplemented with new names that delimit formerly cryptic species. In separate instances, isolates within a species are clearly differentiated by both phylogeny and distinctive pathogenic traits and are assigned sub-specific designations. These new species names and the sub-specific designations are both cases of cryptic species that are, in some instances, relevant and/or critical for plant disease management. Here we provide examples of such instances in which newly described taxa differ from the original (“parent”) in phenotypic traits of importance to plant disease management: host range, fungicide sensitivity, environmental niche, metabolite production, regulatory status, or other attributes. Accepted for publication 16 November 2016.
Long-Term Synergistic Interaction of Cisplatin- and Noise-Induced Hearing Losses
Authors: DeBacker J. Riley , Harrison Ryan T. , Bielefeld Eric C. 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
Past experiments in the literature have shown that cisplatin interacts synergistically with noise to create hearing loss. Much of the previous work on the synergistic interaction of noise and cisplatin tested exposures that occurred very close together in time. The present study assessed whether rats that have been exposed to cisplatin continue to show increased susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss months after conclusion of the cisplatin exposure.

Design:
Thirty-two Fischer 344/NHsd rats were exposed to one of five conditions: (1) cisplatin exposure followed by immediate cochlear tissue harvest, (2) cisplatin exposure and a 20-week monitoring period before tissue harvest, (3) cisplatin exposure followed immediately by noise exposure, (4) cisplatin exposure followed by noise exposure 16 weeks later, and (5) noise exposure without cisplatin exposure. The cisplatin exposure was an 8-week interval in which cisplatin was given every 2 weeks. Cochlear injury was evaluated using auditory brainstem response thresholds, P1 wave amplitudes, and postmortem outer hair cell counts.

Results:
The 8-week cisplatin exposure induced little threshold shift or P1 amplitude loss, and a small lesion of missing outer hair cells in the basal half of the cochlea. The rats exposed to noise immediately after the cisplatin exposure interval showed a synergistic interaction of cisplatin and noise. The group exposed to noise 16 weeks after the cisplatin exposure interval also showed more severe threshold shift and outer hair cell loss than control subjects. The controls exposed to cisplatin and monitored for 20 weeks showed little threshold shift or outer hair cell loss, but did show P1 wave amplitude changes over the 20-week monitoring period.

Conclusions:
The results from the groups exposed to cisplatin followed by noise, combined with the findings from the cisplatin- and noise-only groups, suggest that the cisplatin induced cochlear injuries that were not severe enough to result in threshold shift, but left the cochlea in a state of heightened susceptibility to future injury. The heightened susceptibility to noise injury was still present 16 weeks after the conclusion of the cisplatin exposure.
The Role of Public and Private Insurance Expansions and Premiums for Low-income Parents
Authors: Guy Gery P. , M. Johnston Emily , Ketsche Patricia , Joski Peter , Adams E. Kathleen 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Numerous states have implemented policies expanding public insurance eligibility or subsidizing private insurance for parents.

Objectives:
To assess the impact of parental health insurance expansions from 1999 to 2012 on the likelihood that parents are insured; their children are insured; both the parent and child within a family unit are insured; and the type of insurance.

Design:
Cross-sectional analysis of the 2000–2013 March supplements to the Current Population Survey, with data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey—Insurance Component and the Area Resource File.

Methods:
Cross-state and within-state multivariable regression models estimated the effects of health insurance expansions targeting parents using 2-way fixed effect modeling and difference-in-difference modeling. All analyses controlled for household, parent, child, and local area characteristics that could affect insurance status.

Results:
Expansions increased parental coverage by 2.5 percentage points, and increased the likelihood of both parent and child being insured by 2.1 percentage points. Substantial variation was observed by type of expansion. Public expansions without premiums and special subsidized plan expansions had the largest effects on parental coverage and increased the likelihood of jointly insuring both the parent and child. Higher premiums were a substantial deterrent to parents’ insurance.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that premiums and the type of insurance expansion can have a substantial impact on the insurance status of the family. These findings can help inform states as they continue to make decisions about expanding Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act to cover all family members.
Anesthesia Service Use and the Uptake of Screening Colonoscopies
Authors: Hirshman Samuel , Mattke Soeren , Liu Hangsheng 
Published: December 2016

Background:
The Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services recently defined “screening colonoscopy” to include separately furnished anesthesia services.

Objective:
To examine the relationship between anesthesia service use and the uptake of screening colonoscopies.

Study Design:
We correlated metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level anesthesia service use rates, derived from the 2008, 2010, and 2012 Medicare and MarketScan claims data, with the presence of individual level guideline concordant screening colonoscopy using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for the same years.

Measures:
Proportion of colonoscopies with anesthesia service was calculated at the MSA level. A guideline concordant screening colonoscopy was defined as a colonoscopy received within the past 10 years.

Results:
The average MSA level anesthesia service use rate in colonoscopy significantly increased from 25.34% in 2008 to 44.25% in 2012; but only a moderate increase in the rate of guideline concordant colonoscopies was observed, from 57.36% in 2008 to 65.32% in 2012. After adjusting for patient characteristics, we found a nonsignificant negative association between anesthesia service use rate and colonoscopy screening rate, with an odds ratio of 0.90 for receiving a guideline concordant colonoscopy for each percentage point increase in anesthesia service use rate (P=0.27). The relationship between anesthesia service use and the overall colorectal cancer screening rate followed the same pattern and was also not statistically significant.

Conclusions:
No significant association between anesthesia service use and colonoscopy screening or colorectal cancer screening rates was found, suggesting that more evidence is needed to support the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services rule change.
Unbiased and targeted mass spectrometry for the HDL proteome
Authors: Singh Sasha A. , Aikawa Masanori 
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review
Mass spectrometry is an ever evolving technology that is equipped with a variety of tools for protein research. Some lipoprotein studies, especially those pertaining to HDL biology, have been exploiting the versatility of mass spectrometry to understand HDL function through its proteome. Despite the role of mass spectrometry in advancing research as a whole, however, the technology remains obscure to those without hands on experience, but still wishing to understand it. In this review, we walk the reader through the coevolution of common mass spectrometry workflows and HDL research, starting from the basic unbiased mass spectrometry methods used to profile the HDL proteome to the most recent targeted methods that have enabled an unprecedented view of HDL metabolism.

Recent findings
Unbiased global proteomics have demonstrated that the HDL proteome is organized into subgroups across the HDL size fractions providing further evidence that HDL functional heterogeneity is in part governed by its varying protein constituents. Parallel reaction monitoring, a novel targeted mass spectrometry method, was used to monitor the metabolism of HDL apolipoproteins in humans and revealed that apolipoproteins contained within the same HDL size fraction exhibit diverse metabolic properties.

Summary
Mass spectrometry provides a variety of tools and strategies to facilitate understanding, through its proteins, the complex biology of HDL.
Outcomes From the First 6 Years of Operation of the Central Portugal Pharmacovigilance Unit
Authors: Batel-Marques Francisco , Penedones Ana , Mendes Diogo , Alves Carlos 
Published: December 2016

Objectives
The aim of this study was to analyze and characterize the outcomes of the Central Portugal Regional Pharmacovigilance Unit over a 6-year period.

Methods
Spontaneous reports received between January 2009 and December 2014 were considered. The annual reporting ratios were estimated. The cases were characterized according to their seriousness, previous description, causality assessment, reporting professional, pharmacotherapeutic groups of the suspected drugs, and type of adverse drug reactions most frequently reported.

Results
The Pharmacovigilance Unit received 1277 reports that contained 3222 adverse events. In 2014, the reporting rate was estimated at 124 reports per million inhabitants. Sixty-five percent of the reports were assessed as serious. Seventy-three percent of the cases were assessed as being at least possibly related with the suspected drug. Physicians reported 49% of the cases. The suspected drugs most frequently reported were “anti-infectives for systemic use” (n = 494, 38%). The most frequently reported adverse events were “general disorders and administration site conditions” (n = 667, 21%).

Conclusions
Despite the continuous efforts carried out by the Central Portugal Regional Pharmacovigilance Unit in promoting spontaneous reports of suspected adverse drug reactions, the results, although representing a contribution to the postmarketing safety monitoring of drugs, are still modest illustrating the need to promote the adherence of health-care professionals to the pharmacovigilance system and to increase their reporting rates of suspected ADRs.
Screening and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Among Patients Receiving Biologic Agents
Authors: Tran Nhu Quynh , Garcia-Rosell Melinda , Pattanaik Debendra , Raza Syed Hasan , Carbone Laura 
Published: December 2016

Objective
We sought to understand the current practice patterns of both US and international members of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in this regard.

Methods
A set of questionnaires developed by a focus group of faculties and fellows of the Rheumatology Division of University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, was sent electronically using an online survey tool to 4433 rheumatologists who are ACR members in the United States and internationally.

Results
Seven hundred sixty-eight physicians out of 4433 ACR members responded to the electronic survey, with a response rate of 17.32%. The preferred screening method by most of the respondents was either tuberculin skin test (19%) or interferon γ release assay (32%) or both. For treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) overall, 49% of the respondents would refer management to infectious disease specialist or the health department, 37% would initiate isoniazid for 9 or 12 months, and 14% would use isoniazid for 6 months. Approximately 60% of respondents would initiate anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy after being on LTBI treatment for 1 month. The other respondents were almost equally divided among the 3 responses: 2, 3, 6, or 9 months.

Conclusions
There is a large disagreement regarding the method used and how often to screen for LTBI after initiating biologic therapy and how soon biologic treatment would be started after initiating LTBI therapy. Another disagreement exists regarding the duration of LTBI therapy. The information obtained from the survey can be taken into account when ACR or other international member organizations formulate future recommendations regarding screening and treatment of LTBI.
YeATSAM analysis of the chloroplast genome of walnut reveals several putative un-annotated genes and mis-annotation of the trans-spliced rps12 gene in other organisms
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn open reading frame (ORF) is genomic sequence that can be translated into amino acids, and does not contain any stop codon. Previously, YeATSAM analyzed ORFs from the RNA-seq derived transcriptome of walnut, and revealed several genes that were not annotated by widely-used methods. Here, a similar ORF-based method is applied to the chloroplast genome from walnut (Accid:KT963008). This revealed, in addition to the ~84 protein coding genes, ~100 additional putative protein coding genes with homology to RefSeq proteins. Some of these genes have corresponding transcripts in the previously derived transcriptome from twenty different tissues, establishing these as bona fide genes. Other genes have introns, and need to be manually annotated. Importantly, this analysis revealed the mis-annotation of the rps12 gene in several organisms which have used an automated annotation flow. This gene has three exons - exon1 is ~28kbp away from exon2 and exon3 - and is assembled by trans-splicing. Automated annotation tools are more likely to select an ORF closer to exon2 to complete a possible protein, and are unlikely to properly annotate trans-spliced genes. A database of trans-spliced genes would greatly benefit annotations. Thus, the current work continues previous work establishing the proper identification of ORFs as a simple and important step in many applications, and the requirement of validation of annotations.