bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life's utilization of B vitamins on early Earth
Authors: Monteverde D. R. , Gómez‐Consarnau L. , Suffridge C. , Sañudo‐Wilhelmy S. A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCoenzymes are essential across all domains of life. B vitamins (B1‐thiamin, B2‐riboflavin, B3‐niacin, B5‐pantothenate, B6‐pyridoxine, B7‐biotin, and B12‐cobalamin) represent the largest class of coenzymes, which participate in a diverse set of reactions including C1‐rearrangements, DNA repair, electron transfer, and fatty acid synthesis. B vitamin structures range from simple to complex heterocycles, yet, despite this complexity, multiple lines of evidence exist for their ancient origins including abiotic synthesis under putative early Earth conditions and/or meteorite transport. Thus, some of these critical coenzymes likely preceded life on Earth. Some modern organisms can synthesize their own B vitamins de novo while others must either scavenge them from the environment or establish a symbiotic relationship with a B vitamin producer. B vitamin requirements are widespread in some of the most ancient metabolisms including all six carbon fixation pathways, sulfate reduction, sulfur disproportionation, methanogenesis, acetogenesis, and photosynthesis. Understanding modern metabolic B vitamin requirements is critical for understanding the evolutionary conditions of ancient metabolisms as well as the biogeochemical cycling of critical elements such as S, C, and O.
Effect of resistance training on liver fat and visceral adiposity in adults with obesity: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Keating Shelley E. , Hackett Daniel A. , Parker Helen M. , Way Kimberley L. , O'Connor Helen T. , Sainsbury Amanda , Baker Michael K. , Chuter Vivienne H. , Caterson Ian D. , George Jacob , Johnson Nathan A. 
Published: August 2016

AimRegular aerobic exercise reduces visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver fat, however, not all individuals are able to adopt and adhere to such programs. Progressive resistance training (PRT) may be an alternative therapy, but there is limited available evidence. We examined the efficacy of PRT as per current exercise guidelines, compared with sham exercise placebo on liver fat and VAT.MethodsTwenty‐nine inactive and overweight/obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) adults (age 29–59) were randomized to receive 8 weeks of PRT (n = 15, 10 exercises per session, 8–12 repetitions, 2–3 sets per exercise at 80–85% of one‐repetition maximum, 3 days per week) or a sham exercise placebo control (CON) (n = 14). Change in liver fat, VAT, and abdominal s.c. adipose tissue (SAT) were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging).ResultsThere were no significant group by time interactions for change in liver fat in PRT versus CON groups (−0.07 ± 0.31% vs. 0.55 ± 0.77%, respectively, P = 0.19), VAT (−175 ± 85 cm3 vs. 10 ± 64 cm3, respectively, P = 0.11), or abdominal SAT (−436 ± 245 cm3 vs. 127.29 ± 182 cm3, respectively, P = 0.10) despite a significant increase in muscle volume (55 ± 78 cm3 vs. −0.04 ± 8 cm3, respectively, P = 0.03).ConclusionTraditional PRT is not effective for reducing liver fat in overweight/obese adults compared with placebo control. Although PRT has known metabolic benefits, an adequate volume of aerobic exercise should be promoted if liver fat is the therapeutic target.
Beneficial effect of arterial embolization with warmed miriplatin for multiple hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ikeda Kenji , Kawamura Yusuke , Kobayashi Masahiro , Fujiyama Shunichiro , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Akuta Norio , Saitoh Satoshi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: August 2016

AimThe effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is not necessarily sufficient in patients with multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated the antitumor activity and adverse events of TACE using warmed miriplatin suspension for multiple HCC.MethodsSeventy patients with multiple HCC received TACE using warmed miriplatin/lipiodol suspension, including patients who were TACE‐naïve (group A, n = 5), those undergoing initial TACE after radical therapies (group B, n = 31), and those with a history of repeated TACE (group C, n = 34). Median tumor size was 19.5 mm and a median of four nodules.ResultsComplete necrosis (TE 4) and partial necrosis (TE 3) of 50% or more were attained in 24 and 19 patients at 3 months after TACE, respectively. Response rates (TE 4 + TE 3) were 60.0% in group A, 83.9% in group B, and 41.2% in group C (P = 0.038). Survival rates of all patients after TACE were 82.6% after 1 year, 65.6% after 2 years, and 47.7% after 3 years. Three‐year survival rates of patients in groups A, B, and C were 53.3%, 78.8%, and 29.7%, respectively (P = 0.0029).ConclusionTranscatheter arterial chemoembolization using warmed miriplatin induced high response rate in multiple HCC, and the rate was significantly high in those patients with recurrent multiple HCCs after curative therapies.
The late‐presenting HIV‐infected patient 30 years after the introduction of HIV testing: spectrum of opportunistic diseases and missed opportunities for early diagnosis
Authors: Tominski D , Katchanov J , Driesch D , Daley MB , Liedtke A , Schneider A , Slevogt H , Arastéh K , Stocker H 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to describe the characteristics of HIV‐infected late presenters, opportunistic diseases at diagnosis and missed opportunities to diagnose HIV infection earlier.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the medical records of all adults with newly diagnosed HIV infection admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Vivantes Auguste‐Viktoria Hospital, Berlin, Germany.ResultsIn the 5‐year period from 2009 to 2013, 270 late presenters were identified. The most common AIDS‐defining conditions were oesophageal candidiasis (n = 136; 51%), wasting syndrome (n = 106; 40%) and pneumocystis pneumonia (n = 91; 34%). Fifty‐five patients (21%) had presented with at least one HIV indicator condition on prior contact with health care services without being offered testing for HIV. Female patients and heterosexual men [not men who have sex with men (‘non‐MSM’)] had a significantly higher chance of being among patients previously presenting with indicator conditions and not being tested [odds ratio (OR) 4.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2–10.0; P < 0.001; and OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2–5.1; P < 0.01, respectively]. The most commonly missed indicator conditions were leucocytopenia (n = 13; 24%), thrombocytopenia (n = 12; 22%), oral candidiasis (n = 9; 16%), unexplained weight loss (n = 7; 13%), herpes zoster (n = 5; 9%) and cervical dysplasia/cancer (n = 4; 20% of women). The median time between presentation with an indicator condition and the diagnosis of HIV infection was 158.5 days [interquartile range (IQR) 40–572 days]. Patients with oral candidiasis and unexplained weight loss had the shortest time between the “missed opportunity” and the diagnosis of HIV infection. Fifty‐five hospital admissions with a total cost of over EUR 500 000 and – most importantly – six in‐hospital deaths might have been prevented if HIV testing had been performed in patients with documented indicator conditions.ConclusionsIndicator conditions are still missed by clinicians. Women and ‘non‐MSM’ are at highest risk of presenting with an indicator condition but not being tested for HIV infection.
Six central features of the Chinese labour market: A literature survey
Authors: SONG Yang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this comprehensive analytical overview, the author pays particular attention to the changing structure of China's employment towards more private‐sector jobs in urban areas; its rising wages and widening earnings inequality; the persistence of its hukou system, causing labour market discrimination, an urban labour shortage and a rural labour surplus; its more market‐oriented wage structure, albeit with segmentation between firm ownership types; its relatively low unemployment; and the relatively weak role of its traditional labour market institutions, including minimum wages and trade unions. The aim is to contribute to the development of more suitable, China‐specific theoretical models and sound policy analysis.
Microarray‐based annotation of the gut transcriptome of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria
Authors: Spit J. , Badisco L. , Vergauwen L. , Knapen D. , Vanden Broeck J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is a serious agricultural pest and important insect model in the study of insect digestion and feeding behaviour. The gut is one of the primary interfaces between the insect and its environment. Nevertheless, knowledge on the gut transcriptome of L. migratoria is still very limited. Here, 48 802 expressed sequence tags were extracted from publicly available databases and their expression in larval gut and/or brain tissue was determined using microarray hybridization. Our data show 2765 transcripts predominantly or exclusively expressed in the gut. Many transcripts had putative functions closely related to the physiological functions of the gut as a muscular digestive organ and as the first barrier against microorganisms and a wide range of toxins. By means of a ranking procedure based on the relative signal intensity, we estimated 15% of the transcripts to show high expression levels, the highest belonging to diverse digestive enzymes and muscle‐related proteins. We also found evidence for very high expression of an allergen protein, which could have important implications, as locusts form a traditional food source in various parts of the world, and were also recently added to the list of insects fit for human consumption in Europe. Interestingly, many highly expressed sequences have as yet unknown functions. Taken together, the present data provide significant insight into locust larval gut physiology, and will be valuable for future studies on the insect gut.
T‐cell metabolism governing activation, proliferation and differentiation; a modular view
Authors: Dimeloe Sarah , Burgener Anne‐Valérie , Grählert Jasmin , Hess Christoph 
Published: August 2016

SummaryT lymphocytes are a critical component of the adaptive immune system mediating protection against infection and malignancy, but also implicated in many immune pathologies. Upon recognition of specific antigens T cells clonally expand, traffic to inflamed sites and acquire effector functions, such as the capacity to kill infected and malignantly transformed cells and secrete cytokines to coordinate the immune response. These processes have significant bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, which are met by dynamic changes in T‐cell metabolism, specifically increases in glucose uptake and metabolism; mitochondrial function; amino acid uptake, and cholesterol and lipid synthesis. These metabolic changes are coordinate by key cellular kinases and transcription factors. Dysregulated T‐cell metabolism is associated with impaired immunity in chronic infection and cancer and conversely with excessive T‐cell activity in autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies. Here we review the key aspects of T‐cell metabolism relevant to their immune function, and discuss evidence for the potential to therapeutically modulate T‐cell metabolism in disease.
Factors influencing the inclusion of oral health education in individualized education plans of children with autism spectrum disorders in Singapore
Authors: Tong Huei Jinn , Lee Hei Yi , Lee Ying Ting , Low Yuxuan , Lim Cassandra Ruiqi , Nair Rahul 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundPrevention of oral diseases in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is possible via incorporation of oral health education (OHE) into individualized education plans.ObjectivesTo assess (i) whether training can improve teachers’ oral heath knowledge, (ii) whether OHE is taught to children with ASD, and (iii) factors associated with teachers’ perceived barriers to the implementation of OHE.DesignTeachers working in special schools were recruited. Two pre‐tested questionnaires were administered, before and after a training session. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated. Teachers were also surveyed on their teaching of caries prevention and perceived barriers of teaching OHE.ResultsThere was a significant increase in knowledge scores post‐intervention (P < 0.001). Teachers were more likely to incorporate OHE into their teaching if trained by dental professionals (P = 0.022) and provided teaching materials (P = 0.001). Teachers’ level of baseline OHE knowledge was a predictor and significantly negatively associated with levels of perceived overall and personal barriers (both P < 0.001).ConclusionOHE is included in the curriculum of the schools surveyed, but this is very limited. The training programme increased teachers’ oral health knowledge competence scores. Levels of knowledge, lack of training, and teaching materials are barriers to incorporating OHE in their teaching curriculum.
Phylogeography of Quercus aquifolioides provides novel insights into the Neogene history of a major global hotspot of plant diversity in south‐west China
Authors: Du Fang K. , Hou Meng , Wang Wenting , Mao Kangshan , Hampe Arndt 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimHotspots of biodiversity are often associated with areas that have undergone orogenic activity during recent geological history. Mountain uplifts are known to catalyse species radiation but their impact on evolutionarily stable taxa such as many trees remains little understood. The oak Quercus aquifolioides is endemic to yet widely distributed across the Hengduanshan Biodiversity Hotspot in the Eastern Himalayas. Here, we investigate how the region's Neogene and Quaternary history has driven the species' past population dynamics and the resulting extant patterns of intraspecific diversity.LocationHengduanshan Biodiversity Hotspot in SW China.MethodsWe sampled 58 populations throughout the species range and genotyped a total of 959 individuals at four chloroplast DNA fragments and 11 nuclear microsatellite loci. Phylogenetic reconstructions, molecular dating techniques and ancestral area reconstructions were used in combination with population genetic statistics to infer the biogeographical history of Q. aquifolioides. The phylogeographical study was complemented by a survey of fossil records and a niche modelling exercise.ResultsCombined molecular and fossil evidence indicates that Q. aquifolioides descended during the late Miocene from the central Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau into Tibet and the western Sichuan Plateau, and from there, into the area of highest endemism in the Hengduan Mountains sensu lato. Great apparent population stability and a haplotype ‘radiation’ in this area contrasted with marked extinction–recolonization dynamics and reduced population diversity in Tibet. We found evidence for extremely limited seed gene flow but extensive pollen gene flow (global FST: cpDNA = 0.98, nSSR = 0.07) with signals of asymmetric pollen dispersal from the Hengduan Mountains into Tibet.Main conclusionOur results provide insights of unprecedented detail into the ancient biogeographical history of the Hengduanshan Biodiversity Hotspot, suggesting that past environmental changes in the region may have catalysed radiative diversifications within species much in the same way as among species.
Flexible Austerity and Supranational Autonomy. The Reformed Excessive Deficit Procedure and the Asymmetry between Liberalization and Social Regulation in the EU
Authors: Seikel Daniel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper analyzes how the apparently merely technical introduction of reversed qualified majority voting for the excessive deficit procedure included in the Six Pack and the Fiscal Compact shifts not only the institutional balance between the European Commission and the Member States but also the relationship between liberalization and social regulation in the EU. In bringing together institutional analysis and a political economy perspective, the paper shows how the strengthening of the Commission's discretionary decision‐making authority in a context of intergovernmental power imbalances between debtor and creditor states extends the asymmetry between market‐making and market‐correction to the area of political decision‐making. In consequence, economic and social policies are subordinated to the primacy of austerity.
Ocean floor and subduction record in the Zermatt‐Saas rodingites, Valtournanche, Western Alps
Authors: Zanoni D. , Rebay G. , Spalla M. I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMultiscale structural analysis and petrological modelling were used to establish the pressure‐peak mineral assemblages and pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions recorded in the rodingites of the upper Valtournanche portion of the oceanic Zermatt‐Saas Zone (ZSZ; Western Alps, northwestern Italy) during Alpine subduction. Rodingites occur in the form of deformed dykes and boudins within the hosting serpentinites. A field structural analysis showed that rodingites and serpentinites record four ductile deformation stages (D1–D4) during the Alpine cycle, with the first three stages associated with new foliations. The most pervasive fabric is S2 that is marked by mineral assemblages in serpentinite indicating pressure‐peak conditions, involving mostly serpentine, clinopyroxene, olivine, Ti‐clinohumite and chlorite. Three rodingite types can be defined: epidote‐bearing, garnet–chlorite–clinopyroxene‐bearing and vesuvianite‐bearing rodingite. In these, the pressure‐peak assemblages coeval with S2 development involve: (i) epidoteII + clinopyroxeneII + Mg‐chloriteII + garnetII ± rutile ± tremoliteI in the epidote‐bearing rodingite; (ii) Mg‐chloriteII + garnetII clinopyroxeneII ± vesuvianiteII ± ilmenite in the garnet–chlorite–clinopyroxene‐bearing rodingite; (iii) vesuvianiteII + Mg‐chloriteII + clinopyroxeneII + garnetII ± rutile ± epidote in vesuvianite‐bearing rodingite. Despite the pervasive structural reworking of the rodingites during Alpine subduction, the mineral relicts of the pre‐Alpine ocean floor history have been preserved and consist of clinopyroxene porphyroclasts (probable igneous relicts from gabbro dykes) and Cr‐rich garnet and vesuvianite (relicts of ocean floor metasomatism). Petrological modelling using thermocalc in the NCFMASHTO system was used to constrain the P–T conditions of the S2 mineral assemblages. The inferred values of 2.3–2.8 GPa and 580–660 °C are consistent with those obtained for syn‐S2 assemblages in the surrounding serpentinites. Multiscale structural analysis indicates that some ocean floor minerals remained stable under eclogite facies conditions suggesting that minerals such as vesuvianite, which is generally regarded as a low‐P phase, could also be stable in favourable chemical systems under high‐P/ultra‐high‐pressure (HP/UHP) conditions. Finally, the reconstructed P–T–d–t path indicates that the P/T ratio characterizing the D2 stage is consistent with cold subduction as estimated in this part of the Alps. The estimated pressure‐peak values are higher than those previously reported in this part of ZSZ, suggesting that the UHP units are larger and/or more abundant than those previously suggested.
Dynamic expression of the mouse orthologue of the human amyotropic lateral sclerosis associated gene C9orf72 during central nervous system development and neuronal differentiation
Authors: Ferguson Ross , Serafeimidou‐Pouliou Eleni , Subramanian Vasanta 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe hexanucleotide repeat in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene is the most significant cause of amyotropic lateral sclerosis as well as some forms of fronto‐temporal dementia. The C9orf72 protein has been previously reported to be expressed in post‐mortem human brain as well as in late embryonic and some postnatal stages in mice. Herein, we present a detailed study of the distribution of C9orf72 protein in the embryonic, postnatal and adult mouse brain, spinal cord as well as during the differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells to neurons including motor neurons. We show that the expression levels of the C9orf72 transcripts in the developing and adult mouse brain as well as in differentiating neurons, are dynamic. Besides the strong expression in the cerebellum and motor cortex reported previously, we show for the first time that C9orf72 is expressed strongly in the olfactory bulb and also in the hippocampus. Our immunostaining data also reveal a hitherto unreported switch in the cellular distribution of C9orf72 from a predominantly cytoplasmic to a nucleo‐cytoplasmic distribution during corticogenesis. This switch in distribution was also observed during differentiation of the pluripotent embryonal carcinoma P19 cell line to mature neurons. Our findings have implications for interpreting the pathophysiology caused by the repeat expansions in C9orf72 in mouse models.
The use of volunteers to help older medical patients mobilise in hospital: a systematic review
Authors: Baczynska Alicja M , Lim Stephen ER , Sayer Avan A , Roberts Helen C 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo review current evidence for the use of volunteers to mobilise older acute medical in‐patients.BackgroundImmobility in hospital is associated with poor healthcare outcomes in older people, but maintaining mobility is frequently compromised due to time pressures experienced by clinical staff. Volunteers are established in many hospitals, usually involved in indirect patient care. Recent evidence suggests that trained mealtime volunteers had a positive impact on patients and hospital staff. It is unclear whether volunteers can help older inpatients to mobilise.DesignSystematic review.MethodsWe searched Cochrane, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, AMED and Google databases using MeSH headings and keywords within six key themes: inpatients, older, mobility/exercise, delirium, falls and volunteers. Full texts of relevant articles were retrieved and reference lists reviewed.ResultsOf the 2428 articles that were identified, two scientific studies and three reports on quality improvement initiatives were included in the final review. One study included volunteer assisted mobilisation as part of a delirium prevention intervention (HELP). The second study has not reported yet (MOVE ON). The contribution of volunteers in both is unclear. Three quality improvement initiatives trained volunteers to help mobilise patients. They were not formally evaluated but report positive effects of the volunteers on patient and staff satisfaction.ConclusionsThis review has identified a lack of scientific evidence for the use of volunteers in mobilising older medical inpatients, but quality improvement initiatives suggest that volunteers can be employed in this role with reports of staff and patient satisfaction: this is an area for further development and evaluation.Relevance to clinical practiceThis review outlines the evidence for the involvement of volunteers in maintaining patients’ mobility, identifies mobilisation protocols that have been used, the need to train volunteers and for formal evaluation of volunteers in this role. Prospero registration number: CRD42014010388.