bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Returns to buying upward revision and selling downward revision stocks
Authors: Hou Tony Chieh-Tse , McKnight Phillip , Weir Charlie 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of earnings forecast revisions by equity analysts in predicting Canadian stock returns

Design/methodology/approach
The sample covers 420 Canadian firms over the period 1998-2009. It analyses investors’ reactions to 27,271 upward revisions and 32,005 downward revisions of analysts’ forecasts for Canadian quoted companies. To test whether analysts’ earnings forecast revisions affect stock return continuation, forecast revision portfolios similar to Jegadeesh and Titman (2001) are constructed. The paper analyses the returns gained from a trading strategy based on buying the strong upward revisions portfolio and short selling the strong downward revisions portfolio. It also separates the sample into upward and downward revisions.

Findings
The authors find that new information in the form of analyst forecast revisions is not impounded efficiently into stock prices. Significant returns persist for a trading strategy that buys stocks with recent upward revisions and short sells stocks with recent downward revisions. Good news is impounded into stock prices more slowly than bad news. Post-earnings forecast revisions drift is negatively related to analyst coverage. The effect is strongest for stocks with greatest number of upward revisions. The introduction of the better disclosure standards has made the Canadian stock market more efficient.

Originality/value
The paper adds to the limited evidence on the effect of analyst forecast revisions on the returns of Canadian stocks. It sheds light on the importance of analysts’ earnings forecast information and offers support for the investor conservatism and information diffusion hypotheses. It also shows how policy can improve market efficiency.
Flash of green: are environmentally driven stock returns sustainable?
Authors: Levi Melissa , Newton David 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the source of apparent abnormal returns accrued by “green” company stocks. Though one cannot completely rule out that market-to-book and size factors may already capture the information of Trucosts’ total damage measure, the authors attempt to attribute the effect to risk, a persistent desirable characteristic or a short-run attention effect.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors construct portfolios of stocks using the Trucost data for identifying more environmentally friendly companies. The authors then compare the risk-adjusted returns of the green portfolios to the non-green portfolios. A secondary analysis of the price impact of being listed on the Newsweek green company listed is used to determine attention effects.

Findings
The authors find that green stock returns outperform the most polluting stocks by 3.7 percent per year on a risk-adjusted basis. The evidence is most consistent with a significant but economically small attention effect coupled with a longer lasting and greater magnitude desirable characteristic driving green returns. The authors do not find evidence of a risk-contribution to the performance after controlling for well-known factors.

Practical implications
Fund managers may benefit from this research in selecting green stocks, and thereby enhancing investment performance, with desirable characteristics without fear of increasing risk.

Social implications
One social implication is that investing in sustainable and green firms may not only be beneficial for the common good but also for the investor. Increased capital flows, and hence lower borrowing costs, for green firms may assist in creating a more ecologically sustainable economy.

Originality/value
To the authors’ knowledge this paper unique in attempting to determine if the green premium is a short-run inefficiency resolved by attention or a result of a desirable characteristic.
Perturbation and delayed recovery of the reed invertebrate assemblage in Camargue marshes sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
Authors: Poulin Brigitte , Lefebvre Gaëtan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is the most commonly used larvicide to control mosquitoes worldwide. Considered as nontoxic to most organisms, Bti can nevertheless cause trophic perturbations to natural communities by reducing the abundance of Chironomidae, which are a key element of wetland food webs. Since August 2006, up to 8400 of the 33 000 ha of mosquito larval biotopes in the Camargue (Rhône delta, in southern France), are monitored by a public agency and Bti‐sprayed (aqueous solution of VectoBac 12AS at 2.5 L/ha) whenever mosquito larvae (Ochlerotatus caspius and Oc. detritus) appeared in water bodies. This resulted in 30–50 aerial treatments/year, in addition to ground spraying of unknown frequency. The sprayed habitats include Phragmites australis reedbeds, which support a specific avifauna of conservation concern. We compared the abundance of invertebrate prey available to passerine birds at treated and control sites relative to the predicted values based on hydrology over a 9‐year period. Food available to reed passerines was significantly reduced at treated areas, translating into a 34% decrease in breeding birds based on predictive modeling. The most affected arthropods were Diptera, Aranaea, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. No cumulative effects were observed over time, but the recovery of the invertebrate assemblage after the cessation of mosquito control was delayed due to Bti spore persistence and proliferation in the sediments. While hydrology remains a prime factor influencing primary and secondary productivity of the Camargue reed marshes, Bti spraying had significant negative effects on animal communities at several trophic levels.
Withdrawal from Chronic Nicotine Exposure Produces Region‐Specific Tolerance to Alcohol‐Stimulated GluA1 Phosphorylation
Authors: McGinn M. Adrienne , Paulsen Rod I. , Itoga Christy A. , Farooq Muhammad A. , Reppel Jonathan E. , Edwards Kimberly N. , Whitaker Annie M. , Gilpin Nicholas W. , Edwards Scott 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundNicotine use increases alcohol drinking, suggesting that the combination of these drugs may produce synergistic effects in activating reward circuitry. Alternatively, use of either of these drugs may facilitate the development of cross‐tolerance to the other to promote intake escalation.MethodsIn this study, adult male Wistar rats were chronically exposed to room air or chronic, intermittent nicotine vapor, which has been shown to produce symptoms of nicotine dependence as evidenced by elevated nicotine self‐administration and a host of somatic and motivational withdrawal symptoms. We examined regional neuroadaptations in nicotine‐experienced versus nonexperienced animals, focusing on changes in phosphorylation of the AMPA glutamate channel subunit GluA1 in reward‐related brain regions as excitatory neuroadaptations are heavily implicated in both alcohol and nicotine addiction.ResultsDuring withdrawal, nicotine exposure and alcohol challenge (1 g/kg) interactively produced neuroadaptations in GluA1 phosphorylation in a brain region‐dependent manner. Alcohol robustly increased protein kinase A‐mediated phosphorylation of GluA1 at serine 845 in multiple regions. However, this neuroadaptation was largely absent in 3 areas (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and central amygdala) in nicotine‐experienced animals. This interactive effect suggests a molecular tolerance to alcohol‐stimulated phosphorylation of GluA1 in the context of nicotine dependence.ConclusionsNicotine may modify the rewarding or reinforcing effects of alcohol by altering glutamate signaling in a region‐specific manner, thereby leading to increased drinking in heavy smokers.
Analysis of critical success factors of online international learning exchange of Korean school pupils with English‐speaking counterparts
Authors: Lee Jong‐Yeon , Park Sanghoon 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study identifies the factors influencing the success of online international learning exchange (ILE) among Korean school pupils who partnered with American and Australian pupils. In particular, it examined the effects of self‐efficacy (SE), exchange infrastructure (EI) and quality of exchange activities (QEA) on the students' learning satisfaction (LS), foreign language capability (FLC) and intercultural competence (IC). A survey was conducted with 236 Korean participants whose age was 10–15 years old and who had completed a one‐semester online ILE program. Structural equation modeling results revealed that SE, EI and QEA had a significant effect on the students' LS, FLC and IC, with considerable impact resulting from EI and QEA. The students' SE and EI further affected the improvement of their FLC, as mediated by QEA.
Infants Prefer Infant‐Directed Song Over Speech
Authors: Tsang Christine D. , Falk Simone , Hessel Alexandria 
Published: October 2016

In their everyday communication, parents do not only speak but also sing with their infants. However, it remains unclear whether infants' can discriminate speech from song or prefer one over the other. The present study examined the ability of 6‐ to 10‐month‐old infants (N = 66) from English‐speaking households in London, Ontario, Canada to discriminate between auditory stimuli of native Russian‐speaking and native English‐speaking mothers speaking or singing to their infants. Infants listened significantly longer to the sung stimuli compared to the spoken stimuli. This is the first study to demonstrate that, even in the absence of other multimodal cues, infant listeners are able to discriminate between sung and spoken stimuli, and furthermore, prefer to listen to sung stimuli over spoken stimuli.
Income and Social Rank Influence UK Children's Behavioral Problems: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Garratt Elisabeth A. , Chandola Tarani , Purdam Kingsley , Wood Alex M. 
Published: October 2016

Children living in low‐income households face elevated risks of behavioral problems, but the impact of absolute and relative income to this risk remains unexplored. Using the U.K. Millennium Cohort Study data, longitudinal associations between Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores and absolute household income, distance from the regional median and mean income, and regional income rank were examined in 3‐ to 12‐year‐olds (n = 16,532). Higher absolute household incomes were associated with lower behavioral problems, while higher income rank was associated with lower behavioral problems only at the highest absolute incomes. Higher absolute household incomes were associated with lower behavioral problems among children in working households, indicating compounding effects of income and socioeconomic advantages. Both absolute and relative incomes therefore appear to influence behavioral problems.
Helping the One You Hurt: Toddlers’ Rudimentary Guilt, Shame, and Prosocial Behavior After Harming Another
Authors: Drummond Jesse D. K. , Hammond Stuart I. , Satlof‐Bedrick Emma , Waugh Whitney E. , Brownell Celia A. 
Published: October 2016

This study explored the role of guilt and shame in early prosocial behavior by extending previous findings that guilt‐ and shame‐like responses can be distinguished in toddlers and, for the first time, examining their associations with helping. Toddlers (n = 32; Mage = 28.9 months) were led to believe they broke an adult's toy, after which they exhibited either a guilt‐like response that included frequently confessing their behavior and trying to repair the toy; or a shame‐like response that included frequently avoiding the adult and seldom confessing or attempting to repair the toy. In subsequent prosocial tasks, children showing a guilt‐like response helped an adult in emotional distress significantly faster and more frequently than did children showing a shame‐like response.
Thomas Aquinas, Prophecy, and the ‘Scientific’ Character of Sacred Doctrine
Authors: Rogers Paul M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the claim made by Thomas Aquinas in Summa Theologiae, I, q. 1, a. 3 that ‘sacred doctrine’ is ‘scientific.’ After reviewing some of the key historical commentators on the question, I propose an examination of Thomas' treatment of the gift of prophecy as providing an important clue into discerning more clearly his evolution from an Aristotelian understanding of knowledge or ‘science’ (scientia) to a fuller sense of the term scientia as used by Thomas. Chief among these is a clue into how Thomas resolves the difficulty between necessity and history. His treatment of prophecy in the Summa Theologiae gives one a glimpse into how Thomas is a historical thinker, despite weighty authorities such as Etienne Gilson arguing otherwise. Closer attention to prophecy permits one to rethink Thomas' account of sacred doctrine in Question One and appreciate how pivotal the fact of divine revelation having been made to prophets in history is for its ‘scientific’ character.
Clinical and color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of polyacrylamide injection in HIV patients with severe facial lipoatrophy secondary to antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Faundez E. , Vega N. , Vera E. , Vega P. , Sepulveda D. , Wortsman X. 
Published: October 2016

Background/PurposeFacial lipoatrophy in HIV patients, secondary to antiretroviral therapy (ART) with thymidine analogs, has been related to important psychosocial alterations and poor adherence to treatment. Polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) is a filler that has been used for treating facial lipoatrophy in HIV patients.The aim was to assess the clinical and sonographic anatomical changes after injection of PAAG in HIV patients with facial lipoatrophy secondary to ART.MethodsHIV patients receiving ART and suffering from severe facial lipoatrophy were recruited and underwent clinical and color Doppler ultrasound evaluation prior to PAAG application (AQUAMID®) and sonographically monitored at 18 months and clinically followed up for 36 months after the procedure. Adverse effects were recorded based on occurrence and complexity.ResultsA total of 33 patients were evaluated, 30 men (91%) and 3 women (9%) with an average age of 49.6 years (±8.4). Clinical improvement assessed by a dermatologist had an average score of 5.9 (±0.7) on a scale of 1–7. On color Doppler ultrasound there was a significant increase of the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue (SCT) in both nasofold lines when comparing before and after PAAG injection (P < 0.01) and no signs of inflammation (hypervascularity). User satisfaction was qualified as excellent or good in all cases. Only two patients experienced adverse effects (hematoma and puncture site infection), which was successfully managed without consequences.ConclusionTreatment of facial lipoatrophy with PAAG seems to be effective in HIV patients and no signs of complications were observed in the monitoring at 36 months after injection. Color Doppler ultrasound can identify the filler deposits and the anatomical changes of the SCT non‐invasively.
Discordant Temporal Turnovers of Sediment Bacterial and Eukaryotic Communities in Response to Dredging: Nonresilience and Functional Changes
Authors: Zhang Na , Xiao Xian , Pei Meng , Liu Xiang , Liang Yuting 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

To study the stability and succession of sediment microbial and macrobenthic communities in response to anthropogenic disturbance, a time-series sampling was conducted before, during, and 1 year after dredging in the Guan River in Changzhou, China, which was performed with cutter suction dredgers from 10 April to 20 May 2014. The microbial communities were analyzed by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA and eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene amplicons with Illumina MiSeq, and the macrobenthic community was identified using a morphological approach simultaneously. The results indicated that dredging disturbance significantly altered the composition and structures of sediment communities. The succession rates of communities were estimated by comparing the slopes of time-decay relationships. The temporal turnover of microeukaryotes (
w
= 0.3251,
P
< 0.001 [where
w
is a measure of the rate of log(species turnover) across log(time)]) was the highest, followed by that of bacteria (
w
= 0.2450,
P
< 0.001), and then macrobenthos (
w
= 0.1273,
P
< 0.001). During dredging, the alpha diversities of both bacterial and microeukaryotic communities were more resistant, but their beta diversities were less resistant than that of macrobenthos. After recovery for 1 year, all three sediment communities were not resilient and had reached an alternative state. The alterations in sediment community structure and stability resulted in functional changes in nitrogen and carbon cycling in sediments. Sediment pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and temperature were the most important factors influencing the stability of sediment communities and ecosystem multifunctionality. This study suggests that discordant temporal turnovers and nonresilience of sediment communities under dredging resulted in functional changes, which are important for predicting sediment ecosystem functions under anthropogenic disturbances.

IMPORTANCE
Understanding the temporal turnover and stability of biotic communities is crucial for predicting the responses of sediment ecosystems to dredging disturbance. Most studies to date focused on the bacterial or macrobenthic community, only at two discontinuous time points, before and after dredging, and hence, it was difficult to analyze the community succession. This study first compared the stabilities and temporal changes of sediment bacterial, microeukaryotic, and macrobenthic communities at a continuous time course. The results showed that discordant responses of the three communities are mainly related to their different biological inherent attributes, and sensitivities to sediment geochemical variables change with dredging, resulting in changes in sediment ecosystem multifunctionality.
Benzoate- and Salicylate-Tolerant Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 Lose Antibiotic Resistance during Laboratory Evolution
Authors: Creamer Kaitlin E. , Ditmars Frederick S. , Basting Preston J. , Kunka Karina S. , Hamdallah Issam N. , Bush Sean P. , Scott Zachary , He Amanda , Penix Stephanie R. , Gonzales Alexandra S. , Eder Elizabeth K. , Camperchioli Dominic W. , Berndt Adama , Clark Michelle W. , Rouhier Kerry A. , Slonczewski Joan L. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
K-12 W3110 grows in the presence of membrane-permeant organic acids that can depress cytoplasmic pH and accumulate in the cytoplasm. We conducted experimental evolution by daily diluting cultures in increasing concentrations of benzoic acid (up to 20 mM) buffered at external pH 6.5, a pH at which permeant acids concentrate in the cytoplasm. By 2,000 generations, clones isolated from evolving populations showed increasing tolerance to benzoate but were sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Sixteen clones grew to stationary phase in 20 mM benzoate, whereas the ancestral strain W3110 peaked and declined. Similar growth occurred in 10 mM salicylate. Benzoate-evolved strains grew like W3110 in the absence of benzoate, in media buffered at pH 4.8, pH 7.0, or pH 9.0, or in 20 mM acetate or sorbate at pH 6.5. Genomes of 16 strains revealed over 100 mutations, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), large deletions, and insertion knockouts. Most strains acquired deletions in the benzoate-induced multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulon or in associated regulators such as
rob
and
cpxA
, as well as the multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps
emrA
,
emrY
, and
mdtA
. Strains also lost or downregulated the Gad acid fitness regulon. In 5 mM benzoate or in 2 mM salicylate (2-hydroxybenzoate), most strains showed increased sensitivity to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracycline; some strains were more sensitive than a
marA
knockout strain. Thus, our benzoate-evolved strains may reveal additional unknown drug resistance components. Benzoate or salicylate selection pressure may cause general loss of MDR genes and regulators.

IMPORTANCE
Benzoate is a common food preservative, and salicylate is the primary active metabolite of aspirin. In the gut microbiome, genetic adaptation to salicylate may involve loss or downregulation of inducible multidrug resistance systems. This discovery implies that aspirin therapy may modulate the human gut microbiome to favor salicylate tolerance at the expense of drug resistance. Similar aspirin-associated loss of drug resistance might occur in bacterial pathogens found in arterial plaques.
Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic antibiotic treatment for the prevention of endophthalmitis after open globe injury at Groote Schuur Hospital
Authors: Du Toit N , Mustak S , Cook C 
Published: October 2016

Background/aimsMost post-traumatic acute infectious endophthalmitis occur within a week of open globe trauma, necessitating early antibiotic prophylaxis. There are few randomised studies that demonstrate the benefits of prophylactic antibiotics. This randomised controlled non-inferiority trial was aimed at determining the incidence of post-traumatic endophthalmitis using established intravenous/oral prophylaxis and comparing this to the incidence using oral antibiotics only.MethodsAll adult patients admitted with open globe injury were included. Those with proven endophthalmitis, high-risk features, who underwent primary evisceration and those allergic to the trial antibiotics were excluded. Patients were randomised to receive either intravenous cefazolin and oral ciprofloxacin or oral ciprofloxacin and oral cefuroxime for 3 days from admission. Acute endophthalmitis was the primary outcome. Patients completed the study if they were followed up for 6 weeks post injury.ResultsThree hundred patients were enrolled, with 150 in each arm. There were 99 exclusions. Seven patients developed endophthalmitis despite prophylaxis—2.0% (three cases) in the intravenous and oral arm, compared with 2.7% (four cases) in the oral-only arm—this difference was not statistically significant(p=0.703).ConclusionsThe incidence of endophthalmitis with prophylaxis was 2–3%. Selected patients with open globe injuries (without high-risk features) may receive either intravenous cefazolin and oral ciprofloxacin, or oral cefuroxime and oral ciprofloxacin as prophylaxis against acute endophthalmitis—the latter regimen has the advantage of shortening patients' hospital stays and reducing costs. Non-inferiority study-design limitations should be taken into account, however.