bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Thermoluminescence Efficiencies at High Laser Heating Rates
Authors: Abtahi A. , Braunlich P. , Haugan T. , Kelly P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The generation of heating rates, q, approaching 10,000 oC.s-1 is readily possible by heating thin-layer thermoluminescence dosemeter configurations with a CO2 laser. Because the signal to noise ratio is expected to be proportional to q, rapid laser heating has attracted some attention. On the negative side, the thermoluminescence efficiency is believed to decrease significantly in several TLD materials as q passes a certain value (e.g. 2 oC.s-1 in LiF:Mg,Ti and 0.5 oC.s-1 in CaF2:Mn). Therefore, a study of the thermoluminescence efficiency as a function of q is of great interest for applications of laser heating in thermoluminescence dosimetry. Such a study has, however, become possible only after techniques for the generation of reproducible laser beams with uniform intensity profiles were developed. In this paper we present experimental results obtained with LiF:Mg,Ti and CaSO4:Dy for q in the range from less than 4 oC.s-1 up to 5500 oC.s-1.
Dose Mean Lineal Energy for Fast Neutrons in Small Spherical Targets
Authors: Leuthold G. , Burger G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The calculation of microdosimetric distributions for neutrons, has so far been performed for target sizes in the micrometre region, where the LET approximation is valid. In small spherical targets straggling and d ray effects strongly influence the energy deposition. The dose mean lineal energy -D can, however, be calculated using Kellerer's proximity function approach from a computer simulated ion track event pattern. In such tracks, different structural components can be distinguished. The calculation was performed for the main constituents of secondary charged particle spectra produced by 14.1 MeV neutrons in tissue. The influence of d rays on the energy deposition in small targets of 1 to 100 nm diameter is shown and the deviation from the LET approximation is discussed.
A New Concept in Microdosimetry to Evaluate the Quality Factor for Neutrons and Photons
Authors: Al-Affan I.A.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Microdosimetry is potentially a powerful technique for determining radiation quality. Examination of its use has led to the development of a new method by which the effective quality factor Q can be based on the microdosimetric parameter - and the number of ionisations in the DNA double strand diameter (2 nm). Two formulae to evaluate Q have been derived for cell inactivation and other end points of high RBE (e.g. lens opacification). Q values using the first formula were: 1.13, ~4.5, 3.5, 6, 61, and 24, for 60Co(?), 270 eV X rays, 250 KV X rays, 3H(ß), 0.4 MeV and 15 MeV neutrons, respectively. For lens opacification Q values were 1.14, 4.5, 4.4, 9, 230, and 66, respectively, for the above radiations. The above values of Q agree well with published experimental values of RBE, at low doses. The advantage of the present method is that it can predict Q for two radiations of the same -D.
Intercomparison of the Chlorobenzene-Ethanol-Trimethylpentane Dosemeter and Ionisation Chamber in the M.D. Anderson Hospital CP-42 Cyclotron Neutron Field
Authors: Miljanic S. , Otte V.A. , Dvornik I. , Miljanic D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The chlorobenzene-ethanol-trimethylpentane (CET) chemical dosemeter response to neutrons was studied earlier with neutrons of mean energies from 0.35 to 14.5 MeV. It was found that this system could be used in practice for total tissue dose determination due to nearly equivalent responses to gammas and neutrons. In this study, the response of the CET system to the neutrons produced by 42 MeV protons on beryllium was investigated. The system was irradiated in silica cells of 20 mm inner diameter, glass ampoules of 3.6 mm inner diameter, and the same type of glass ampoules placed in a plastic holder; ie. the DL-M4 dosemeter. Irradiations were performed in air or in a water phantom together with a tissue-equivalent (TE) ionisation chamber. In all cases the response of the CET system, expressed as the absorbed dose in tissue, was less than that of the TE chamber, depending on the irradiation conditions and the type of irradiation vessel. The effects of charged particle non-equilibrium and of heavy ion LET on the response of the CET system are discussed.
A Tentative Protocol for Measurement of Radon Availability from the Ground
Authors: Tanner A.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A procedure is being tested in order to determine its suitability for assessing the intrinsic ability of the ground at a particular site to supply 222Rn to a basement structure to be built on the site. Soil gas is sucked from a borehole probe through an alpha scintillation chamber and flow meter by a pump. The permeability of the soil is calculated from the flow rate and the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the borehole at the intake point. The diffusion coefficient is estimated from the water fraction in the soil pores. The upward migration distance for radon in such soil during one mean life is computed from an arbitrary steady pressure difference. This mean migration distance, multiplied by the measured radon concentration, gives the 'radon availability number'. Measurements at sites of known indoor radon concentration suggest that numbers below 2 kBq.m-2 indicate litte chance of elevated indoor radon and above 20 kBq.m-2 indicate that elevated indoor radon is likely. The range of uncertainty and the point-to-point and seasonal variations to be expected are under investigation.
Seasonal Variation of Radon Daughters Concentrations in the Atmosphere and in Precipitation at the Japanese Coast of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Nishikawa T. , Okabe S. , Aoki M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The atmospheric radon daughters concentration at Fukui in the Japanese coastal region of the Sea of Japan shows a seasonal variation whose high values appear in summer and low values in winter. On the other hand, the radon daughters concentration in precipitation at Fukui and that in the maritime atmosphere over the Sea of Japan are high in winter and low in summer. It is concluded from these phenomena that the greater part of the continental radon and its daughters are transported by seasonal winds from Siberia and China to Japan across the Sea of Japan in winter. However, when the air masses approach the shore, the cumulonimbus grows and the heavy snowfall scavenges out the radon daughters from the air masses in large quantities at the Japanese coastal region of the Sea of Japan.
Measurements of the Total and Unattached Radon Daughters in a House
Authors: Kojima H. , Abe S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Continual and simultaneous measurement of unattached radon daughters (RaA, RaB and RaC) and the total radon daughters was performed in a house under normal living conditions which include ordinary living habits, the style of house construction and the normal natural ventilation rate in Japan. The hourly concentrations of three radon daughters were obtained separately and simultaneously with a radon daughter monitor, which has air filtration and gross alpha counting systems. The instrument was automatically operated (and maintenance free) over a period of two months. The unattached atoms of radon daughters were measured with another radon daughter monitor with wire screens substituting for the filter. From the measurements for seven months from Nov. 1986 to May 1987, it can be stated that: (1) the concentration of unattached RaA is the most predominant of these daughters, and the unattached RaB is always detectable; (2) the median value of the unattached fraction, fp indicated by potential alpha energy, is around 0.04, the RaB makes a contribution of more than 30% to the overall fp; (3) the data for the unattached fraction show a typical diurnal variation, having a low level in intervals of 7 to 9 and 20 to 22 local hours. It corresponds to aerosol generation from the use of gas ranges in the house.
The OECD/CEC Radon Measurements Intercomparison: A Further Analysis of the Results
Authors: Knutson E.O. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Further analyses were performed on the data obtained from the International Intercalibration and Intercomparison Programme for Radon, Thoron and Daughters Measuring Equipment, Part I - Radon Measurement. This project is sponsored jointly by the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Radiation Protection Research Programme of the Commission of European Communities. In the report for Part I, conclusions were based primarily on the analysis of variance method, comparing within-laboratory (replication) errors to between-laboratory errors. Uncertainties were reported for each measurement; however, there was no additional use of this information. The reported uncertainties have been analysed more completely, leading to the conclusion that they are not a significant source of error. Further analyses were done using the two-way analysis of variance applied to the logarithms of the data. The findings reinforce and amplify those already reported: the results from three of the laboratories agreed within replication error, but the results from the fourth laboratory differed significantly (about 9%) from the other three. The overall unexplained variance, expressed as geometric standard deviation, was 1.05.
The Value of Intercomparison in Radon Metrology
Authors: Miles J.C.H. , Sinnaeve (INVITED) J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Several intercomparisons of active and passive techniques for the measurement of radon and its decay products have been held over the past decade in Europe, the United States of America, and Australia. The results of these intercomparisons are reviewed. In particular, the trend of results in three European intecomparisons sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities is examined. The number of laboratories participating in these exercises has increased, and an encouraging improvement of standards has taken place. Recently, the separate exercises in different regions have been coordinated by appointed regional laboratories which have compared measurement standards between themselves to provide a common frame of reference. As new laboratories continually enter the field of radon and radon decay product measurement and new or improved measurement techniques are still being developed, intercomparisons are likely to remain important in maintaining and improving standards.
Radon and Lung Cancer: An Epidemiological Study in Norway
Authors: Stranden E. , Magnus K. , James A.C. , Green B.M.R. , Strand T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The objectives and strategy of an epidemiological study on the effects of exposure to radon in Norwegian dwellings is presented. The study is a cooperation between the National Institute of Radiation Hygiene and the Norwegian Cancer Registry in Norway and the National Radiological Protection Board of the United Kingdom, with funding by the Norwegian Cancer Society. Measurements of radon are being made in 10,000 dwellings representing all Norwegian municipalities. The houses have been selected by a stratified random sampling procedure based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway. The number of measurements in each municipality is proportional to the number of inhabitants. The total population of Norway is about 4 million. Thus one measurement will be performed per 400 inhabitants and one in 150 homes will be measured. The potential for detecting an effect of radon exposure by such a study in Norway is unique because; (1) Radon concentrations are high and there are large regional variations. (2) Data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry is of high quality: all cancers have been subject to compulsory reporting since 1955. These data can be broken down according to municipality, sex and age. (3) In 1964/1965 a large scale survey of smoking habits was carried out in Norway. These data can also be broken down according to municipality, sex and age, and by types of smoking and smoking rate. It is intended to examine the correlation between lung cancer incidence and geographical variation in radon levels after making allowance for smoking habilts. Radon measurements were started in early 1987 and the results of the study are expected to be published in 1989.
Semi-Empirical Expressions Describing the Elastic Scattering of Slow Electrons by Molecules
Authors: Senger B. , Falk S. , Rechenmann R.V. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Practical, semi-empirical expressions are proposed, which describe the differential cross sections (DCS) and cross sections (CS) for the elastic scattering of low energy (( 200 eV) electrons by various molecules (N2, H2O). These formalisms are partly based on the screened Rutherford formula, and completed by non-Rutherfordian terms whose parameters have been determined by fitting to experimental data from the literature. These parameters were expressed in terms of simple analytical functions of the electron's energy. A satisfactory accord has been obtained over the largest part of the angular domain covered.
Radiosensitivity Parameters for Cell Survival in Tradescantia and for Chromosome Aberrations in Chinese Hamster Cells
Authors: Katz R. , Huang G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Data for the loss of reproductive integrity of Tradescantia stamen hairs irradiated with 250 keV X rays and 0.43 and 5.6 MeV neutrons are fitted with radiosensitivity parameters from track theory, with E0 and m from X ray data while s0 and ? are then found from neutron irradiations. The X ray data display a clear shoulder with 100% survival below 0.18 Gy and a 'linear tail'. Data for abnormal metaphases and chromatid exchanges in Chinese Hamster cells have also been fitted with parameters. Parameters for abnormal metaphases are nearly identical with those obtained years ago for cell killing from data in the same paper, strongly supporting the view that cell killing arises from chromosome aberrations. These dose-response curves are also shouldered with a 'linear tail'.
Dosimetry Around Hot Particles with Microdosimetric Techniques
Authors: Grindborg J.E. , Lindborg L. , Tilikidis A. , Falk R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
After the Chernobyl accident small particles with high activities were detected on the ground. These 'hot particles' contained ß and ? emitters and sometimes a emitters. Two microdosimetric techniques have been tested, to determine experimentally the absorbed dose to tissue at distances between 2 µm and 40 µm from a 'hot particle'. With electric current measurements the dose as well as the dose mean lineal energy were determined. Traditional microdosimetric techniques also gave the single event distribution. The measurements were performed with a wall-less spherical proportional counter. The hot particle used contained only ß and ? emitters, therefore an a emitter was simulated with an a source. The dose distribution easily shows if a emitters are present. The results from the dose measurements and calculation agree within 50%. The measurements demonstrate that microdosimetric techniques are suitable for absorbed dose measurements around 'hot particles'.
Influence of the Cooling Rate on Repeatability of LiF:Mg,Cu,P Thermoluminescent Chips
Authors: Piters T.M. , Bos A.J.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the change of sensitivity of LiF:Mg,Cu,P (trade name GR-200) after repeated usage. The cooling rate in the annealing procedure (10 min at 240 oC) was taken as parameter. Two different production batches of GR-200 (named A and B) were used. Cooling rates were chosen from 1 K.min-1 to approximately 230 K.min-1. The results show that the cooling rate in the annealing procedure of GR-200 is an important parameter. It influences the glow curve pattern, the sensitivity and the repeatability. Distinct differences in repeatability between different production batches were observed. For chips annealed at a high cooling rate, the sensitivity of batch A decreased 23% after 8 re-use cycles (comprising an oven anneal, irradiation and a readout) while the sensitivity of batch B decreased 3% to 6%. The results of this study indicate that a constant sensitivity of GR-200 can be obtained by giving the material an initialisation oven anneal procedure (10 min at 240 oC followed by a fast cooling to room temperature) of at least 8 times.
Optical Bleaching and Phototransfer of BeO TL Detector by Simulated Solar UV Light
Authors: Lembo L. , Pimpinella M. , Mukherjee B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The PTTL and optical bleaching properties of BeO detectors have been investigated as a possible technique for the epidemiological studies of solar UV radiation-induced skin cancer. BeO Thermalox 995 chips irradiated with 241Am alpha particles were exposed to UV light from a high pressure mercury lamp. The UV spectrum of the lamp was corrected approximately to the solar UV spectrum by means of an appropriate optical filter combination. The UV-induced bleaching of the TL glow signal as well as the phototransfer of second readout have been investigated as a function of UV exposure.
Radon Levels Inside Residences in Mexico City
Authors: Espinosa G. , Gammage R.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Levels of radon were measured during winter and spring seasons inside 55 colonial and modern houses and 30 multi-family apartment buildings representative of middle and upper income families. The modern houses and apartment buildings in the southern section of the city had average radon levels exceeding 150 Bq.m-3 with a maximum single measurement of 458 Bq.m-3. The colonial houses in the central downtown section had radon levels nearly all averaging below 100 Bq.m-3. Between the ground and third floor of the apartment buildings, radon levels diminished tenfold, indicating that entry of radon-bearing soil gas was largely responsible for the elevated concentrations of radon. The radon levels in winter exceeded by about 30% the radon levels during spring. The potentially adverse health effects of these radon levels may be exacerbated by the quality of air in Mexico City which is often highly polluted during winter.
Progress in Phosphate Glass Dosimetry: Experiences and Routine Monitoring with a Modern Dosimetry System
Authors: Piesch E. , Burgkhardt B. , Vilgis M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The modern, commercially available PLD system type Toshiba FGD-10, with flat glass dosemeters and a full automatic readout system, type tested at the PTB, allows for the measurement of Hpown to photon energies of 10 keV and, in addition, the indication of radiation quality below 100 keV as well as the direction of the radiation incidence. Due to the intrinsic pre-dose subtraction, doses of 0.03 mSv up to 8 Sv can be measured with a random uncertainty of 10%. The paper discusses long-term monitoring results on a monthly and yearly basis. Experiences in routine monitoring as well as intercomparison experiments, showed an excellent long-term stability of the system with an accuracy of measurement in the order of 1% not previously obtained with other solid state dosimetry systems. The system allows for a reliable routine evaluation also under unfavourable readout and environment conditions.
Thoron Exposure of Man: A Negligible Issue?
Authors: Steinhäusler F. , Hofmann W. , Lettner H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The existing database on thoron (Tn) in the environment, the experimental validation of dosimetric models and potential health effects are scarce. Available information on Tn and its decay products (Tn-d) indoors and outdoors is associated with partly significant uncertainties due to methodological shortcomings. Dosimetric modelling reveals that ThB (212Pb) data are to be considered as the most important input parameter. Under typical indoor exposure conditions the dose due to Tn-d is about one order of magnitude less than from radon decay products (Rn-d). However, special circumstances have been identified where the Tn-dose contribution can exceed the corresponding Rn-d values. Several health effects have been associated with elevated exposure among workers in thoron-related industries and residents in high thoron background areas.
Measurements on, and Modelling of Diffusive and Advective Radon Transport in Soil
Authors: van der Graaf E.R. , Witteman G.A.A. , van der Spoel W.H. , Andersen C.E. , de Meijer R.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Results are presented of measurements on radon transport in soil under controlled conditions with a laboratory facility consisting of a stainless steel vessel (height and diameter 2 m) filled with a uniform column of sand. At several depths under the sand surface, probes are radically inserted into the vessel to measure the radon concentration in the soil gas. To study advective radon transport a perforated circular box is placed in the sand close to the bottom of the vessel. By pressurising this box, an air flow through the sand column is induced. Radon concentration profiles were measured without an air flow as a function of time, and for several values of the air flow, equilibrium radon concentration profiles were measured.
Electron Spin Resonance Readout for LiF Dosemeters
Authors: Ettinger K.V. , Eid A.M. , Forrester A.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Concentration of paramagnetic centres formed in lithium fluoride on ? ray irradiation was measured by means of ESR. Dose response of pure LiF powder was determined in the range between 0.5 and 6 kGy. TLD-700 powder was used in the range from 10 Gy to 9 kGy and dose response of LiF:Mg (400 ppm) was found in the range from 3 Gy to 3 kGy.
On Piezoluminescence in Irradiated Alkali Halides
Authors: Al-Hashimi A. , Eid A.M. , Ettinger K.V. , Mallard J.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The emission of light under application of pressure was recorded from irradiated crystals of NaCl, KCl, KBr and polycrystalline chips of LiF (TLD-100) as a function of dose of gamma rays imparted to the specimens. The paper gives details of experimental procedures and apparatus. The dose range covered was from 0.3 Gy to 1 kGy.
Laser Thermoluminescence: Thermal and Optical Aspects
Authors: Moreau Y. , Gasiot J. , Marah M. , Zangaro R. , Chassende-Baroz P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Laser heating is a very promising technique, it introduces a new range of features, but, at the same time, new problems need to be solved. Most of our activity in the past years has been devoted to researching the optimal use of the new thermoluminescence dosemeter readers. The goal of this paper is the presentation of our latest results on laser heating of thin thermoluminescence dosemeters. We analyse the thermal response, and compare the theoretical and experimental behaviour. We measure the evolution with temperature of the quantum efficiency and the time constant of the radioluminescence. We analyse the temperature variation of the maximum of the thermoluminescence with the heating rate, and study the signal. As a tool for the simulation is developed, various TL apsects are presented for future improvements.
The Role of Vacancies in the Thermoluminescence of LiF:Ti and CaSO4:Dy
Authors: Chandra B. , Lakshmanan A.R. , Shinde S.S. , Bhatt R.C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Since the main thermoluminescent (TL) glow peak (250 oC) and F-band optical absorption in LiF:Ti crystals are found to be almost absent after gamma ray irradiation at -196 oC, we propose that the main glow peak results from interstitial vacancy recombination. Additional doping of CaSO4:Dy with either Li+ (or Na+) brought about drastic reduction in 225 oC as well as 375 oC TL peaks. This indicates that Ca2+ vacancies are involved in the formation of traps giving rise to these TL peaks.