bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audit of UK ventilator care bundles and discussion of subglottic secretion drainage
Authors: Baldwin Fiona , Gray Rebecca , Chequers Mandy , Dyos Judy 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTAimsThe UK Department of Health (2012) recommends a ventilator care bundle in the form of a high impact intervention to reduce the incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia. The aims of this project were to audit compliance with individual components of this care bundle in the UK.DesignThe first survey directly addressed compliance with each component of the recommended ventilator care bundle. The second survey was targeted towards the use of subglottic secretion drainage (SSD) and the logistics of implementing it.MethodsThe first survey was distributed electronically to the Nurse Leads of the Critical Care National Network Nurses Forum and then circulated more widely through local networks. This Forum covers England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The second survey was circulated electronically to the Intensive Care Society Linkmen and was UK‐wide.ResultsThe first survey received 112 responses following circulation via 40 Leads. Ninety‐nine percent of responses were from nurses, the rest were from doctors. The second survey had 77 responses, 88% from doctors and was circulated via 155 Linkmen. The surveys showed that over 95% of respondents worked in intensive care units that use a ventilator care bundle. Compliance with each component of the bundle was greater than 85% in all units, except for SSD, which was performed in 47–53% of the units.ConclusionsIn this survey, most units comply with most of the nationally recommended ventilator care bundle components with the exception of SSD. Because of a lack of availability of suitable endotracheal tubes, a significant number of patients are being re‐intubated to facilitate this therapy.Relevance to clinical practiceCompliance with most components of the nationally recommended ventilator care bundle is good. SSD has not been as widely implemented as the other components and patients are undergoing re‐intubation to facilitate it.
Macroevolution of leaf defenses and secondary metabolites across the genus Helianthus
Authors: Mason Chase M. , Bowsher Alan W. , Crowell Breanna L. , Celoy Rhodesia M. , Tsai Chung‐Jui , Donovan Lisa A. 
Published: November 2015

Summary

Leaf defenses are widely recognized as key adaptations and drivers of plant evolution. Across environmentally diverse habitats, the macroevolution of leaf defenses can be predicted by the univariate trade‐off model, which predicts that defenses are functionally redundant and thus trade off, and the resource availability hypothesis, which predicts that defense investment is determined by inherent growth rate and that higher defense will evolve in lower resource environments.

Here, we examined the evolution of leaf physical and chemical defenses and secondary metabolites in relation to environmental characteristics and leaf economic strategy across 28 species of Helianthus (the sunflowers).

Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we found few evolutionary trade‐offs among defenses and no evidence for defense syndromes. We also found that leaf defenses are strongly related to leaf economic strategy, with higher defense in more resource‐conservative species, although there is little support for the evolution of higher defense in low‐resource habitats.

A wide variety of physical and chemical defenses predict resistance to different insect herbivores, fungal pathogens, and a parasitic plant, suggesting that most sunflower defenses are not redundant in function and that wild Helianthus represents a rich source of variation for the improvement of crop sunflower.
The role of experiments in investigating the taphonomy of exceptional preservation
Authors: Briggs Derek E. G. , McMahon Sean 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn the last 20 years, much taphonomic experimentation has focused on the interpretation of exceptionally preserved fossils. Decay experiments have been used to interpret the features preserved in soft‐bodied fossils and to determine the sequence of character loss and its impact on phylogenetic position. Experiments on the impact of microbial communities on decay and mineralization have started to illuminate the processes involved in the fossilization of soft tissues, including embryos. The role of decay in promoting authigenic mineralization has been used to investigate the formation of Ediacaran macrofossils and concretions. Maturation experiments have shown how the constituents of animals and plants are transformed over time to a macromolecular material that converges on a similar stable composition. Other maturation experiments have explained how structural colours in fossils are altered from the original. A major area requiring investigation is the role of specific types of microbes in decay and their impact on sediment and pore water chemistry, as well as the environmental controls that determine their presence and level of activity. Microbial activity has received less attention than other factors in attempts to explain why the occurrence and nature of exceptional preservation varies in time and space through the fossil record.
Ampliative Transmission and Deontological Internalism
Authors: Oliveira Luis R.G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDeontological internalism is the family of views where justification is a positive deontological appraisal of someone's epistemic agency: S is justified, that is, when S is blameless, praiseworthy, or responsible in believing that p. Brian Weatherson discusses very briefly how a plausible principle of ampliative transmission reveals a worry for versions of deontological internalism formulated in terms of epistemic blame. Weatherson denies, however, that similar principles reveal similar worries for other versions. I disagree. In this article, I argue that plausible principles of ampliative transmission reveal a worry for deontological internalism in general.
Dissecting the proteome dynamics of the early heat stress response leading to plant survival or death in Arabidopsis
Authors: Echevarría‐Zomeño Sira , Fernández‐Calvino Lourdes , Castro‐Sanz Ana B. , López Juan Antonio , Vázquez Jesús , Castellano M. Mar 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn many plant species, an exposure to a sublethal temperature triggers an adaptative response called acclimation. This response involves an extensive molecular reprogramming that allows the plant to further survive to an otherwise lethal increase of temperature. A related response is also launched under an abrupt and lethal heat stress that, in this case, is unable to successfully promote thermotolerance and therefore ends up in plant death. Although these molecular programmes are expected to have common players, the overlapping degree and the specific regulators of each process are currently unknown.We have carried out a high‐throughput comparative proteomics analysis during acclimation and during the early stages of the plant response to a severe heat stress that lead Arabidopsis seedlings either to survival or death. This analysis dissects these responses, unravels the common players and identifies the specific proteins associated with these different fates. Thermotolerance assays of mutants in genes with an uncharacterized role in heat stress demonstrate the relevance of this study to uncover both positive and negative heat regulators and pinpoint a pivotal role of JR1 and BAG6 in heat tolerance.
Pharmacological induction of skin pigmentation unveils the neuroendocrine circuit regulated by light
Authors: Bertolesi Gabriel E. , Vazhappilly Sherene T. , Hehr Carrie L. , McFarlane Sarah 
Published: November 2015

SummaryLight‐regulated skin colour change is an important physiological process in invertebrates and lower vertebrates, and includes daily circadian variation and camouflage (i.e. background adaptation). The photoactivation of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) in the eye initiates an uncharacterized neuroendocrine circuit that regulates melanin dispersion/aggregation through the secretion of alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH). We developed experimental models of normal or enucleated Xenopus embryos, as well as in situ cultures of skin of isolated dorsal head and tails, to analyse pharmacological induction of skin pigmentation and α‐MSH synthesis. Both processes are triggered by a melanopsin inhibitor, AA92593, as well as chloride channel modulators. The AA9253 effect is eye‐dependent, while functional data in vivo point to GABAA receptors expressed on pituitary melanotrope cells as the chloride channel blocker target. Based on the pharmacological data, we suggest a neuroendocrine circuit linking mRGCs with α‐MSH secretion, which is used normally during background adaptation.
FK506 regulates pigmentation by maturing the melanosome and facilitating their transfer to keratinocytes
Authors: Jung Hyejung , Chung Heesung , Chang Sung Eun , Kang Duk‐Hee , Oh Eok‐Soo 
Published: November 2015

SummaryDespite the clinical ability of topical tacrolimus (FK506) to effectively promote repigmentation in vitiligo, the underlying mechanism through which FK506 regulates melanogenesis was previously unclear. We found that FK506 treatment increased the melanin contents (especially that of eumelanin) in both melanocytes and melanoma cells. This treatment did not affect the transcription levels of tyrosinase, suggesting that FK506 increases melanin synthesis by regulating cellular levels of tyrosinase. Interestingly, FK506 promoted melanosome maturation by increasing melanosomal pH (a marker of melanosome maturation), thereby enhancing the stability of melanosome‐localized tyrosinase. In addition, FK506 enhanced UVB‐mediated melanosome secretion, the uptake of melanosomes by HaCaT cells, and the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes co‐cultured with melanocytes. Together, these findings suggest that FK506 contributes to melanin synthesis by regulating the maturation of melanosomes and their transfer to keratinocytes. This offers a novel regulatory mechanism through which FK506 and UVB can have a combined effect on melanogenesis.
Safety of IV amikacin in the treatment of pulmonary non‐tuberculous mycobacterial disease
Authors: Ellender Claire M. , Law Dayna B. , Thomson Rachel M. , Eather Geoffrey W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground and objectivePulmonary non‐tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease has a high mortality rate and often requires treatment with intravenous amikacin. We report on safety data in patients treated with intravenous amikacin for pulmonary.MethodsA retrospective observational study (2002–2012) was performed including 45 patients that met American Thoracic Society criteria for pulmonary NTM disease and were treated with intravenous amikacin at three hospitals in Brisbane, Australia. The aim was to define the rates of common adverse effects, the patient and regimen factors associated with these adverse effects and describe the rates of treatment success and associated factors.ResultsForty‐five patients (34 women; median age 63 years) were treated for Mycobacterium intracellulare (25), Mycobacterium abscessus (13), Mycobacterium avium (6) and Mycobacterium fortuitum (1) using multi‐drug therapy that included IV amikacin. Transient ototoxicity was seen in eight (18%) but long‐term ototoxicity was seen in only three (7%). There were no cases of nephrotoxicity and no long‐term vestibulotoxicity. Sustained culture conversion at 6 months was only found in 17 (38%), however, the majority (34 patients, 76%) had a clinical response to treatment determined by an improvement in symptoms.ConclusionCarefully selected and closely monitored patients with pulmonary NTM can be treated using IV amikacin safely with low rates of toxicity. No pretreatment patient or regimen factors were predictive of toxicity or treatment success in this small cohort. Lower treatment success rates were found than previous trials suggest there is a difficult balance in this patient group between treatment success and toxicities.
Inference for Multiple Change Points in Time Series via Likelihood Ratio Scan Statistics
Authors: Yau Chun Yip , Zhao Zifeng 
Published: November 2015

Summary
We propose a likelihood ratio scan method for estimating multiple change points in piecewise stationary processes. Using scan statistics reduces the computationally infeasible global multiple-change-point estimation problem to a number of single-change-point detection problems in various local windows. The computation can be efficiently performed with order O{npt log (n)}. Consistency for the estimated numbers and locations of the change points are established. Moreover, a procedure is developed for constructing confidence intervals for each of the change points. Simulation experiments and real data analysis are conducted to illustrate the efficiency of the likelihood ratio scan method.
Performance in sports – With specific emphasis on the effect of intensified training
Authors: Bangsbo J. 
Published: November 2015

Performance in most sports is determined by the athlete's technical, tactical, physiological and psychological/social characteristics. In the present article, the physical aspect will be evaluated with a focus on what limits performance, and how training can be conducted to improve performance. Specifically how intensified training, i.e., increasing the amount of aerobic high‐intensity and speed endurance training, affects physiological adaptations and performance of trained subjects. Periods of speed endurance training do improve performance in events lasting 30 s–4 min, and when combined with aerobic high‐intensity sessions, also performance during longer events. Athletes in team sports involving intense exercise actions and endurance aspects, such as soccer and basketball, can also benefit from intensified training. Speed endurance training does reduce energy expenditure and increase expression of muscle Na+, K+ pump α subunits, which may preserve muscle cell excitability and delay fatigue development during intense exercise. When various types of training are conducted in the same period (concurrent training), as done in a number of sports, one type of training may blunt the effect of other types of training. It is not, however, clear how various training modalities are affecting each other, and this issue should be addressed in future studies.
Serum protein concentration and protein fractions in clinically healthy Lacaune and Sarda sheep using agarose gel electrophoresis
Authors: Miglio Arianna , Antognoni Maria Teresa , Maresca Carmen , Moncada Claudia , Riondato Fulvio , Scoccia Eleonora , Mangili Vittorio 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundSerum protein electrophoresis (SPE) provides useful information in ruminants, but reference intervals (RI) are different from other species. There have been no reports of SPE RI for dairy sheep using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE).ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the serum concentration of total protein (TP) and protein fractions determined by AGE in mid‐lactating dairy ewes, to establish RI, and to assess potential differences between Lacaune (L) and Sarda (S) sheep breeds.MethodsBlood samples were collected from healthy, mid‐lactating ewes. SPE was assessed using a semi‐automated AGE system. Reference intervals (90% confidence intervals) for TP and each protein fraction were determined using the nonparametric method for combined data, and the robust method for data from the single breeds. Data from S and L sheep were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsThe 172 sheep included 116 L and 56 S ewes, 2–6 years old. There were significant differences between S and L breeds, and RI were calculated for TP, albumin, α1‐globulin, α2‐globulin, β1‐globulin, β2‐globulin, γ1‐globulin, and γ2‐globulin concentrations, and for the Albumin/Globulin ratio. Group S showed higher concentrations of TP, α2‐, β1‐, β2‐, and γ1‐globulins, whereas L was higher for albumin and γ2‐globulin concentrations, and A/G ratio (P < .05).ConclusionsThe resolution with AGE was excellent, allowing standardization of 7 protein fractions, detection of differences between S and L ewes, and determination of RI for French (Lacaune) and Italian (Sarda) dairy sheep.
Effects of one's sex and sex hormones on sympathetic responses to chemoreflex activation
Authors: Usselman Charlotte W. , Steinback Craig D. , Shoemaker J. Kevin 
Published: November 2015

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
This review summarizes sex‐dependent differences in the sympathetic responses to chemoreflex activation, with a focus on the role of circulating sex hormones on the sympathetic outcomes.

What advances does it highlight?
The importance of circulating sex hormones for the regulation of sympathetic nerve activity in humans has only recently begun to be elucidated, and few studies have examined this effect during chemoreflex regulation. We review recent studies indicating that changes in circulating sex hormones are associated with alterations to chemoreflex‐driven increases in sympathetic activity and highlight those areas which require further study.

Sex‐dependent differences in baseline sympathetic nerve activity are established, but little information exists on the influence of sex on sympathetic activation during chemoreflex stimulation. In this article, we review the evidence for the effect of sex on chemoreflex‐driven increases in sympathetic nerve activity. We also review recent studies which indicate that changes in circulating sex hormones, as initiated by the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use, elicit notable changes in the muscle sympathetic activation during chemoreflex stimulation.
Reliability Implications of Thermo-Mechanically and Electrically Induced Interfacial Sliding of Through-Silicon Vias in 3D Packages
Authors: Meinshausen Lutz , Liu Ming , Lee Tae-Kyu , Dutta Indranath , Li Li 
Published: November 2015

In conjunction with micro bumps, Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) are used for die stacking, leading to reduced footprints and a higher performance due to shorter communication bus-length. However the large difference between the thermal expansion of silicon and copper and an increased temperature of the die stack due to Joule heating lead to shear stress at the interface between TSV and substrate. Temperature activated interfacial diffusion in combination with the shear stress leads to diffusional interfacial sliding, resulting in TSV pro- or intrusion. In addition, electromigration (EM) at the interface leads to TSV motion.
Against this background the protrusion/intrusion of Cu TSVs (ø 10 μm, length 100 μm) during fast and slow rate thermal cycling (TC) and during EM experiments was investigated.
Parallel to the experimental investigation a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to study the micro-mechanical responses of Cu-filled TSV during thermal cycling. For this purpose interfacial sliding was incorporated into the FE model by diffusional creep mechanism. The FE model captures the main features being observed in experiments such as stress hysteresis and intrusion/protrusion of the TSV relative to Si substrate.
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of a Raised Floor Data Center Using Rapid Operational Flow Curves Model
Authors: Alissa Husam A. , Nemati Kourosh , Sammakia Bahgat , Seymour Mark , Schneebeli Ken , Schmidt Roger 
Published: November 2015

As the number of data centers is exponentially growing globally, pragmatic characterization schemes are considered to be a necessity for measuring and modeling the load capacity and flow pattern of the facility. This paper contains experimental and numerical characterization of a new data center laboratory using practical measurements methods, including tiles and CRAH flow measurements. Then a full physics based CFD model is built to simulate/predict the measured data. A rapid flow curve method is used showing high accuracy and low computational expense.
Detailed descriptions of the data center structure, dimensions, layout (Appendix, A-1) and flow devices are given. Also, modeling parameters are mentioned in details to provide a baseline for any investigative parametric or sensitivity studies. Four experimental room level flow constraint scenarios are applied at which measurements were taken, (Appendix, A-2). The model is then built and calibrated then used to predict measurements.
Measurements of the cooling unit were performed using hot wire anemometry with a traverse duct installed at the top of the CRAH. The tiles measurements were carried out using a flow hood with back pressure compensation. A detailed CFD model is constructed to predict the four experimental cases. For modeling the interdependency between the flow and pressure in flow devices flow curve approach is used. This is a rapid modeling technique that relies on experimentally measured (for IT) or approximated (for CRAH) flow curves. Applying the operational flow curves boundary conditions at the vents of the flow device results in a very accurate simulation model. It is also shown that the flow curves can be used to predict the real-time flow rate of servers at known RPM. This greatly simplifies flow rate measurements of IT in the data center.
Thermal Conductivity of Phonon Modes in Graphene Nanoribbon at Localized High Heating
Authors: Zolotoukhina Tatiana 
Published: November 2015

The spectral components of the phonon transport in the locally thermally excited graphene samples were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) method. In order to be able to select and analyze separate phonon modes in the time of propagation, the transient Green-Kubo approach to the definitions of density of states (DOS) and thermal conductivity was tested in quasi-equilibrium regimes for limited region of the graphene sample studied. Propagation of single modes at the background of diffusional phonon distribution and energy decay of such modes are studied by calculation of the DOS and dispersion relations, their dependence on the heating condition and temperature is studied. Similar conditions can be generated at localized heating of small areas of graphene structures in electronic devices. In transient regime, many issues of thermal transport evaluation still remain not sufficiently tested, especially phonon dynamics. Thermal conductivity of graphene samples related to transport of separate phonon modes is still not completely investigated, however, recent result give indication on the difference in the contribution of phonon modes. In the study, we consider mostly high temperature transport modes that are generated at the heated spot in order to be able to define their velocities and lifetimes in the limit of transient MD sampling.
The single-layer graphene nanoribbon of 150 nm to 40 nm was relaxed and prepared in equilibrium in zigzag and armchair orientations. REBO potential for graphene was utilized. Our calculation has shown that at the heating to high temperatures of 1000K and higher, the G mode of graphene remains stationary and has a minimal contribution into thermal transport by coherent modes. The coherent phonon mode or modes that contribute the most into thermal transport were confined in the vicinity of 30 THz and can possibly be attributed to the D modes of graphene.