bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noncentrosomal microtubules in C. elegans epithelia
Authors: Quintin Sophie , Gally Christelle , Labouesse Michel 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe microtubule cytoskeleton has a dual contribution to cell organization. First, microtubules help displace chromosomes and provide tracks for organelle transport. Second, microtubule rigidity confers specific mechanical properties to cells, which are crucial in cilia or mechanosensory structures. Here we review the recently uncovered organization and functions of noncentrosomal microtubules in C. elegans epithelia, focusing on how they contribute to nuclear positioning and protein transport. In addition, we describe recent data illustrating how the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons interact to achieve those functions. genesis, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. genesis 54:229–242, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Varying foraging patterns in response to competition? A multicolony approach in a generalist seabird
Authors: Corman Anna‐Marie , Mendel Bettina , Voigt Christian C. , Garthe Stefan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractReducing resource competition is a crucial requirement for colonial seabirds to ensure adequate self‐ and chick‐provisioning during breeding season. Spatial segregation is a common avoidance strategy among and within species from neighboring breeding colonies. We determined whether the foraging behaviors of incubating lesser black‐backed gulls (Larus fuscus) differed between six colonies varying in size and distance to mainland, and whether any differences could be related to the foraging habitats visited. Seventy‐nine incubating individuals from six study colonies along the German North Sea coast were equipped with GPS data loggers in multiple years. Dietary information was gained by sampling food pellets, and blood samples were taken for stable isotope analyses. Foraging patterns clearly differed among and within colonies. Foraging range increased with increasing colony size and decreased with increasing colony distance from the mainland, although the latter might be due to the inclusion of the only offshore colony. Gulls from larger colonies with consequently greater density‐dependent competition were more likely to forage at land instead of at sea. The diets of the gulls from the colonies furthest from each other differed, while the diets from the other colonies overlapped with each other. The spatial segregation and dietary similarities suggest that lesser black‐backed gulls foraged at different sites and utilized two main habitat types, although these were similar across foraging areas for all colonies except the single offshore island. The avoidance of intraspecific competition results in colony‐specific foraging patterns, potentially causing more intensive utilization of terrestrial foraging sites, which may offer more predictable and easily available foraging compared with the marine environment.
Nested species interactions promote feasibility over stability during the assembly of a pollinator community
Authors: Saavedra Serguei , Rohr Rudolf P. , Olesen Jens M. , Bascompte Jordi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe foundational concepts behind the persistence of ecological communities have been based on two ecological properties: dynamical stability and feasibility. The former is typically regarded as the capacity of a community to return to an original equilibrium state after a perturbation in species abundances and is usually linked to the strength of interspecific interactions. The latter is the capacity to sustain positive abundances on all its constituent species and is linked to both interspecific interactions and species demographic characteristics. Over the last 40 years, theoretical research in ecology has emphasized the search for conditions leading to the dynamical stability of ecological communities, while the conditions leading to feasibility have been overlooked. However, thus far, we have no evidence of whether species interactions are more conditioned by the community's need to be stable or feasible. Here, we introduce novel quantitative methods and use empirical data to investigate the consequences of species interactions on the dynamical stability and feasibility of mutualistic communities. First, we demonstrate that the more nested the species interactions in a community are, the lower the mutualistic strength that the community can tolerate without losing dynamical stability. Second, we show that high feasibility in a community can be reached either with high mutualistic strength or with highly nested species interactions. Third, we find that during the assembly process of a seasonal pollinator community located at The Zackenberg Research Station (northeastern Greenland), a high feasibility is reached through the nested species interactions established between newcomer and resident species. Our findings imply that nested mutualistic communities promote feasibility over stability, which may suggest that the former can be key for community persistence.
Facile Preparation of AgI/Bi2MoO6 Heterostructured Photocatalysts with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Xu Ming , Zhang Wei‐De 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBi2MoO6 microspheres were modified by loading AgI nanoparticles on their surfaces by a facile deposition/precipitation approach. The as‐prepared AgI/Bi2MoO6 heterostructured photocatalysts exhibit much higher photocatalytic activities for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and bisphenol A (BPA) than P25, AgI, Bi2MoO6, and a mechanical mixture of AgI and Bi2MoO6. The composite with 20 wt.‐% AgI shows the highest degradation efficiency. The enhanced photocatalytic properties of the AgI/Bi2MoO6 heterostructures are attributed to their larger surface areas, extended absorption in the visible‐light range, and efficient separation of photoinduced carriers at the interfaces of the AgI and Bi2MoO6 nanocrystals. The AgI/Bi2MoO6 photocatalyst is stable during the catalytic reaction and can be used repeatedly. Moreover, O2·– and h+ were verified as the main active species in the decomposition of organic pollutants. A possible photocatalytic mechanism is also proposed.
Diastereoselective Hydrosilylation of N‐(tert‐Butylsulfinyl)imines Catalyzed by Zinc Acetate
Authors: Adamkiewicz Anna , Mlynarski Jacek 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn efficient zinc‐catalyzed diastereoselective hydrosilylation of N‐(tert‐butylsulfinyl)imines has been developed that does not require the use of ligands or noble metals. A variety of N‐(tert‐butylsulfinyl)imines were reduced by this protocol in the presence of a catalytic amount of zinc acetate (5 mol‐%) to provide the corresponding secondary amines in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 98 % de). This experimentally simple catalytic procedure is easily applicable to the synthesis of both aromatic and aliphatic amines by using triethoxysilane as an efficient hydrogen source.
Pyrazinoporphyrins: Expanding a Pyrrolic Building Block in meso‐Tetraphenylporphyrin by a Nitrogen Atom
Authors: Head Michelle L. , Zarate Gloria , Brückner Christian 
Published: January 2016

AbstractApplication of a variant of our “porphyrin breaking and mending strategy” to free base and NiII complexes of meso‐tetraarylporphyrin – dihydroxylation, oxidative diol cleavage and reaction of the resulting seco‐chlorin bis(aldehyde) with ammonia – generates pyrazinoporphyrins. Thus, a nitrogen atom was inserted between the two former β‐carbon atoms, overall formally replacing a pyrrolic building block by a pyrazine moiety. Treatment of the initially formed pyrazine hemiaminals with alcohols converts them into the corresponding hemiaminal ethers. This stabilizes the chromophores significantly, but the free‐base pyrazinoporphyrins still remain sensitive toward (acid‐induced) degradation reactions. Free‐base pyrazinoporphyrins possess slightly redshifted porphyrin‐type UV/Vis spectra, while the spectra of the pyrazinoporphyrin NiII complexes resemble more those of metallochlorins.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic α‐Amino Acids Using a Recyclable Axially Chiral Ligand
Authors: Li Jia , Zhou Shengbin , Wang Jiang , Kawashima Aki , Moriwaki Hiroki , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Liu Hong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this work, we introduce a new chiral nucleophilic glycine equivalent containing a recyclable axially chiral ligand. As the first synthetic application of this glycine reagent, we describe its alkylation reactions with various alkyl bromides, conducted under unconventional conditions using methanol as the reaction medium. The alkylation products were isolated in diastereomerically pure state in high >80 % yields. The wide structural scope of this method and its limitations are convincingly demonstrated and critically discussed. The recyclable nature of the nonracemizable axially chiral ligands together with the generally excellent stereochemical outcome makes this a very valuable method for the practical preparation of enantiomerically pure aromatic tailor‐made α‐amino acids.
Synthesis of Bio‐Dimethyl Ether Based on Carbon Dioxide‐Enhanced Gasification of Biomass: Process Simulation Using Aspen Plus
Authors: Parvez Ashak M. , Mujtaba Iqbal M. , Hall Philip , Lester Edward H. , Wu Tao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractProcess simulation for a single‐step synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) based on the CO2‐enhanced gasification of rice straw was conducted using Aspen Plus. The process consists of a gasification unit, a heat recovery unit, a gas purification unit, a single‐step DME synthesis unit, and a DME separation unit. In the simulation, highly pure DME was produced by the control of CO2 concentration in syngas to a very low level prior to synthesis. A gasification system efficiency of 36.7 % and CO2 emission of 1.31 kg kgDME−1 were achieved. This bio‐DME production based on the CO2‐enhanced gasification of biomass was cost‐effective as it required 19.6 % less biomass than that of DME production based on conventional biomass gasification. The performance and environmental benefits of the proposed process could be further improved by the utilization of unreacted gases and the managing of CO2 generated by the incorporation of a polygeneration concept or carbon storage.
A comprehensive study on the characterization and comparison of oil‐containing sludge and alkali‐containing sludge
Authors: Xu Mingfeng , Shi Huisheng , Wu Kai , Guo Xiaolu , Yang Anliang 
Published: January 2016

In this study, a systematic study on the characterization of two kinds of steelmaking sludges, oil‐containing sludge (Sludge‐I) and alkali‐containing sludge (Sludge‐II), were carried out by using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), leaching toxicity test, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TG‐DSC, and proximate analysis, and their potential of being recycled as alternative fuel and raw materials in cement production was also discussed. Results showed that Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, and CaO were the major compositions in calcinated Sludge‐I and Sludge‐II after being calcinated at 850°C. The calorific values of Sludge‐I and Sludge‐II were 8513 J g−1 and 3299 J g−1 and the combustible contents were 62.22% and 34.03%, respectively. The content of alkalis in Sludge‐I was lower than that in Sludge‐II and both of these values were within the scope of requirement for cement. Considering the similar compositions as cement raw materials, high calorific values and combustible contents, both of the two sludges had potential of being recycled as alternative fuel and raw materials in cement production. But the higher heat and lower alkali content in Sludge‐I made its potential better. The research would be helpful to understand the composition and thermal behavior of the sludges and to further develop more ideal utilization methods. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 957–961, 2016
Nutrient content of some Cameroonian traditional dishes and their potential contribution to dietary reference intakes
Authors: Ponka Roger , Fokou Elie , Beaucher Eric , Piot Michel , Gaucheron Frédéric 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMalnutrition is a serious public health problem in Cameroon. The research study was conducted to determine nutrient content of some Cameroonian traditional dishes and their potential contribution to dietary reference intakes. These dishes were Ekomba, prepared from maize flour with roasted peanuts paste; Ekwang, prepared from crushed cocoyam tubers and cocoyam leaves; Tenue militaire, prepared from dried maize flour and cocoyam leaves and Koki, prepared from dried crushed cowpea seeds. The samples were subjected to proximate, minerals, carotenoids, and amino acids analyses. Results showed that the protein content ranged between 1.4 and 5.4 g/100 g edible portion. The mineral content expressed in mg/100 g edible portion ranged between 13.4 and 38.9 (calcium), 12.9–30.7 (magnesium), 336.2–567.9 (sodium), 63.3–182.7 (potassium), 0.5–1.5 (iron), 0.3–1.1 (zinc), 0.1–0.2 (copper), and 0.3–0.4 (manganese). Vitamin A activity content ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 mg Retinol Activity Equivalents/100 g edible portion. Consumption of each dish (100 g) (Ekwang, Tenue militaire, and Koki) by children aged 1–2 years would meet more than 100% of their daily recommended intake for vitamin A. Except in Ekomba, essential amino acids in all dishes represented up to 33% of total amino acids, indicating a good equilibrium between amino acids. This up‐to‐date appropriate information will contribute for the calculation of accurate energy and nutrient intakes, and can be used to encourage the consumption of these dishes.
Antioxidant properties in some selected cyanobacteria isolated from fresh water bodies of Sri Lanka
Authors: Hossain Md Fuad , Ratnayake R. R. , Meerajini Kirisnashamy , Wasantha Kumara K. L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPhytonutrients and pigments present in cyanobacteria act as antioxidants, which facilitate the formation of body's defense mechanism against free radical damage to cells. The aim of this investigation was to study the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, phycobiliproteins (PBPs), and active compounds in four cyanobacterial species, that is, Oscillatoria sp., Lyngbya sp., Microcystis sp., and Spirulina sp. isolated from fresh water bodies of Sri Lanka. In this study, Lyngbya sp., showed highest TPC (5.02 ± 0.20 mg/g), TFC (664.07 ± 19.76 mg/g), and total PBPs (127.01 mg/g) value. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was recorded highest in Oscillatoria sp. (39.63 ± 7.02), whereas the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was also reported the highest in Oscillatoria sp. (465.31 ± 25.76) followed by Lyngbya sp. (248.39 ± 11.97). In FTIR spectroscopy, Lyngbya sp. does not show any N‐H stretching band which is ultimately responsible for the inhibition of antioxidant activity. The study revealed that Lyngbya sp. and Oscillatoria sp. can be an excellent source for food, pharmaceutical, and other industrial uses.
The Promise and Perils of Open Medical Data
Authors: Hoffman Sharona 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNot long ago I visited the Personal Genome Project's website. The PGP describes its mission as “creating public genome, health, and trait data.” In the “Participant Profiles” section, I found several entries that disclosed the names of individuals along with their date of birth, sex, weight, height, blood type, race, health conditions, medications, allergies, medical procedures, and more. Other profiles did not feature names but provided all of the other details. I had no special access to this information. It is available to absolutely anyone with Internet access. The PGP is part of a trend known as “open data.” Many government and private entities have launched initiatives to compile very large data resources (also known as “big data”) and to make them available to the public. President Obama himself has endorsed open data by issuing a May 2013 executive order directing that, to the extent permitted by law, the federal government must release its data to the public in forms that make it easy to locate, access, and use.
Learning to Listen, Listening to Learn
Authors: Lantos John D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe dust‐jacket photo of Eric Cassell portrays him as a magician. He wears a dark suit, a bow tie, and big dark‐rimmed glasses. His head is tilted down; his forehead is massive; his eyes are intense. It is an interrogating look that is crucial to the central theme of his most recent books, The Nature of Healing: The Modern Practice of Healing and The Nature of Clinical Medicine: The Return of the Clinician.
The Pedagogical Challenges of Teaching High School Bioethics: Insights from the Exploring Bioethics Curriculum
Authors: Solomon Mildred Z. , Vannier David , Chowning Jeanne Ting , Miller Jacqueline S. , Paget Katherine F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA belief that high school students have the cognitive ability to analyze and assess moral choices and should be encouraged to do so but have rarely been helped to do so was the motivation for developing Exploring Bioethics, a six‐module curriculum and teacher guide for grades nine through twelve on ethical issues in the life sciences. A multidisciplinary team of bioethicists, science educators, curriculum designers, scientists, and high school biology teachers worked together on the curriculum under a contract between the National Institutes of Health and Education Development Center, a nonprofit research and development organization with a long history of innovation in science education. At the NIH, the Department of Bioethics within the Clinical Center and the Office of Science Education within the Office of the Director guided the project.Our overarching goal for Exploring Bioethics was to introduce students to bioethics as a field of inquiry and to enable them to develop ethical reasoning skills so they could move beyond “gut reactions” to more nuanced positions.
What's Wrong with Evidence‐Based Medicine?
Authors: Fins Joseph J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMedicine in the last decades of the twentieth century was ripe for a data sweep that would bring systematic analysis to treatment strategies that seemingly had stood the test of time but were actually unvalidated. Coalescing under the banner of evidence‐based medicine, this process has helped to standardize care, minimize error, and promote patient safety. But with this advancement, something of the art of medicine has been lost.
Disrupted white matter connectivity underlying developmental dyslexia: A machine learning approach
Authors: Cui Zaixu , Xia Zhichao , Su Mengmeng , Shu Hua , Gong Gaolang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDevelopmental dyslexia has been hypothesized to result from multiple causes and exhibit multiple manifestations, implying a distributed multidimensional effect on human brain. The disruption of specific white‐matter (WM) tracts/regions has been observed in dyslexic children. However, it remains unknown if developmental dyslexia affects the human brain WM in a multidimensional manner. Being a natural tool for evaluating this hypothesis, the multivariate machine learning approach was applied in this study to compare 28 school‐aged dyslexic children with 33 age‐matched controls. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging were acquired to extract five multitype WM features at a regional level: white matter volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity. A linear support vector machine (LSVM) classifier achieved an accuracy of 83.61% using these MRI features to distinguish dyslexic children from controls. Notably, the most discriminative features that contributed to the classification were primarily associated with WM regions within the putative reading network/system (e.g., the superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, thalamocortical projections, and corpus callosum), the limbic system (e.g., the cingulum and fornix), and the motor system (e.g., the cerebellar peduncle, corona radiata, and corticospinal tract). These results were well replicated using a logistic regression classifier. These findings provided direct evidence supporting a multidimensional effect of developmental dyslexia on WM connectivity of human brain, and highlighted the involvement of WM tracts/regions beyond the well‐recognized reading system in dyslexia. Finally, the discriminating results demonstrated a potential of WM neuroimaging features as imaging markers for identifying dyslexic individuals. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1443‐1458, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporating Demand and Supply Constraints into Economic Evaluations in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Vassall Anna , Mangham‐Jefferies Lindsay , Gomez Gabriela B. , Pitt Catherine , Foster Nicola 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGlobal guidelines for new technologies are based on cost and efficacy data from a limited number of trial locations. Country‐level decision makers need to consider whether cost‐effectiveness analysis used to inform global guidelines are sufficient for their situation or whether to use models that adjust cost‐effectiveness results taking into account setting‐specific epidemiological and cost heterogeneity. However, demand and supply constraints will also impact cost‐effectiveness by influencing the standard of care and the use and implementation of any new technology. These constraints may also vary substantially by setting. We present two case studies of economic evaluations of the introduction of new diagnostics for malaria and tuberculosis control. These case studies are used to analyse how the scope of economic evaluations of each technology expanded to account for and then address demand and supply constraints over time. We use these case studies to inform a conceptual framework that can be used to explore the characteristics of intervention complexity and the influence of demand and supply constraints. Finally, we describe a number of feasible steps that researchers who wish to apply our framework in cost‐effectiveness analyses.