bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shareholder say on pay and CEO compensation: three strikes and the board is out
Authors: Grosse Matthew , Kean Stephen , Scott Tom 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFrom 2011 in Australia, if over 25% of shareholders vote against a non‐binding remuneration resolution, firms are awarded a ‘strike’. We examine 237 firms that receive a strike relative to matched firms, and find no association with any measure of CEO pay. However, we do find that strike firms have higher book‐to‐market and leverage ratios, suggesting that the remuneration vote is not used to target excessive pay. We also find that firms respond to a strike by decreasing the discretionary bonus component of CEO pay by 57.10% more than non‐strike firms and increasing their remuneration disclosure by 10.95%.
Fool's mate: What does CHESS tell us about individual investor trading performance?
Authors: Bradrania Reza , Grant Andrew , Westerholm Peter Joakim , Wu Wei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe investigate the short‐term relation between individual investor trading and stock returns on the Australian Securities Exchange. Stocks heavily bought by individual investors underperform stocks heavily sold over the subsequent three days, with respective returns on to a long–short portfolio of −93, −67 and −12 basis points on days one, two and three. Individuals underperform in small and mid‐size stocks when they trade passively using limit orders waiting for the market price to move in their favour. Individuals underperform in large stocks when they trade aggressively using marketable orders. Foreign institutions gain from taking the opposite side of individual trades. We present an information asymmetry‐based explanation for the findings.
Do animal size, seasons and vegetation type influence detection probability and density estimates of Serengeti ungulates?
Authors: Bukombe John , Senzota Ramadhani B. , Fryxell John M. , Kittle Andrew , Kija Hamza , Hopcraft John Grant C. , Mduma Simon , Sinclair Anthony R. E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAccurate detection of individual animals and estimation of ungulate population density might be a function of vegetation cover, animal size, observation radius or season. We assessed the effect of these factors on estimates of detection probability and density using five ungulate species in Western Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Estimates were derived from information collected using ground surveys involving line transects targeting three resident species (impala, topi and buffalo) and two migrants (wildebeest and zebra) and analysed using DISTANCE, MANOVA,t‐test and Pearson correlation. Results showed that ground surveys that take observation radii of 100 m would appreciably estimate at least 80% of the available ungulates. Beyond 100 m radii, surveys would leave approximately 43% of individuals undetected, the reason being a substantial influence of animal size, vegetation cover and observation radius on the detection. Animal size and observation radius have interactive effects. On their own seasonal differences, they do not have any effect but in interaction with animal size have significant effects especially on the migrant species. As reliable estimates of detection and density are required for making reasonable inferences, we urge that surveys using DISTANCE approach should consider incorporating both ground and aerial survey methods and ensure adequate sample replication.
Changes in the expression profiles of claudins during gonocyte differentiation and in seminomas
Authors: Manku G. , Hueso A. , Brimo F. , Chan P. , Gonzalez‐Peramato P. , Jabado N. , Gayden T. , Bourgey M. , Riazalhosseini Y. , Culty M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common type of cancer in young men and their incidence has been steadily increasing for the past decades. TGCTs and their precursor carcinoma in situ (CIS) are thought to arise from the deficient differentiation of gonocytes, precursors of spermatogonial stem cells. However, the mechanisms relating failed gonocyte differentiation to CIS formation remain unknown. The goal of this study was to uncover genes regulated during gonocyte development that would show abnormal patterns of expression in testicular tumors, as prospective links between failed gonocyte development and TGCT. To identify common gene and protein signatures between gonocytes and seminomas, we first performed gene expression analyses of transitional rat gonocytes, spermatogonia, human normal testicular, and TGCT specimens. Gene expression arrays, pathway analysis, and quantitative real‐time PCR analysis identified cell adhesion molecules as a functional gene category including genes downregulated during gonocyte differentiation and highly expressed in seminomas. In particular, the mRNA and protein expressions of claudins 6 and 7 were found to decrease during gonocyte transition to spermatogonia, and to be abnormally elevated in seminomas. The dynamic changes in these genes suggest that they may play important physiological roles during gonocyte development. Moreover, our findings support the idea that TGCTs arise from a disruption of gonocyte differentiation, and position claudins as interesting genes to further study in relation to testicular cancer.
Functional gastro‐intestinal disorder algorithms focus on early recognition, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies
Authors: Vandenplas Yvan , Benninga Marc , Broekaert Ilse , Falconer Jackie , Gottrand Frederic , Guarino Alfredo , Lifschitz Carlos , Lionetti Paolo , Orel Rok , Papadopoulou Alexandra , Ribes‐Koninckx Carmen , Ruemmele Frank M. , Salvatore Silvia , Shamir Raanan , Schäppi Michela , Staiano Annamaria , Szajewska Hania , Thapar Nikhil , Wilschanski Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUp to 50% of infants present with symptoms of regurgitation, infantile colic and/or constipation during the first 12 months of life. Although they are often classed as functional disorders, there is an overlap with cows' milk allergy. We present practical algorithms for the management of such disorders, based on existing evidence and general consensus, with a particular focus on primary health care. Management consists of early recognition of warning signs of organic disease, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies.ConclusionThe proposed algorithms aim to help healthcare providers manage frequent gastrointestinal and cows' milk‐related symptoms in infants safely and effectively.
The burden and outcome of in utero transfers
Authors: Musson Rebecca E. , Harrison Catherine M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimTo quantify the number of intrauterine transfers (IUTs) arranged by Embrace Yorkshire and Humber Infant and Children's Transport Service and, to determine the outcome of when women delivered their babies, or when they were discharged following transfer.MethodsIdentification of all IUTs Embrace arranged between January 1, 2011 and February 29, 2012 with data collection to determine delivery time or date of discharge.ResultsThere were 623 IUT referrals with a mean time taken to arrange a transfer of 109 minutes. The mean distance of IUT was 42.5 miles, and the main reason for IUT request was capacity of referring unit. 247 (52%) women delivered during the same admission and 156 delivered within 48 hours of transfer. Of those undelivered, 111 (48.7%) were discharged within 48 hours. Fibronectin test was used in 51 patients.ConclusionThe IUT service provided by Embrace is busy, with significant demands on administrative staff time. Neonatal cot capacity and gestation are the main reasons for transfer. There is potentially a cohort of women who may not have benefitted from IUT. We suggest the use of obstetric expertise will enhance the service, while ongoing work looking at neonatal unit cot capacity problems continues.
Purposes of Internet use and problematic Internet use among Turkish high school students
Authors: Demirer Veysel , Bozoglan Bahadir 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionAfter the emergence of the Internet, the sudden increase in its use soon attracted attention to this phenomenon. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between problematic Internet use (PIU) and the purposes of Internet use.MethodsThe aims of this study are to examine the purposes of Internet use among Turkish high school students according to their gender, frequency of Internet use (FIU), grade point average (GPA) and family income (F‐income), and to investigate whether all these variables predict PIU. The participants in the study were 375 high school students (185 girls and 190 boys), and verbal consent was obtained from the subjects before application. The participants' ages ranged between 14 and 18 (Mean = 15.6, SD = 1.26). One‐way analysis of variance was used to identify the purposes of Internet use in terms of demographic variables. Also, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore whether demographic variables and purposes of Internet use affected PIU.Results and DiscussionFinally, the results demonstrate that male gender, high FIU, low GPA, and high levels of F‐income correlate significantly with PIU. Also, the social, leisure and virtual‐emotional purposes of Internet use, besides demographic variables, were significantly correlated with PIU.
People with learning disabilities and ‘active ageing’
Authors: Foster Liam , Boxall Kathy 
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

People are living longer, and policymakers are talking about ‘active ageing’.

Active ageing can mean older people being still physically active, still working and still being involved in their local communities.

Most policy makers do not talk about people with learning disabilities and active ageing, but this paper does.

We also say that people with learning disabilities should be involved in inclusive active ageing research.

AbstractBackground: People (with and without learning disabilities) are living longer. Demographic ageing creates challenges and the leading policy response to these challenges is ‘active ageing’. ‘Active’ does not just refer to the ability to be physically and economically active, but also includes ongoing social and civic engagement in the communities of which older people are a part. Active ageing should apply to all citizens, including the experiences of older people with learning disabilities.Materials and Methods: This literature based paper explores the focus of active ageing discussions in relation to the general population drawing comparisons with the experiences of older people with learning disabilities.Results: It points out that older people with learning disabilities and their experiences are largely missing from broader policy discussions of active ageing.Conclusion: The paper concludes by arguing for inclusive research in active ageing which takes account of the concerns and interests of older people with learning disabilities.
Ageing‐related experiences of adults with learning disability resident in rural areas: one Australian perspective
Authors: Wark Stuart , Canon‐Vanry Miranda , Ryan Peta , Hussain Rafat , Knox Marie , Edwards Meaghan , Parmenter Marie , Parmenter Trevor , Janicki Matthew , Leggatt‐Cook Chez 
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

This paper is about older people with learning disabilities who live in the country in Australia.

We talked to both individuals and their carers to find out what things helped them they got older, and what things made it harder.

These people said that they were well supported by the local community and particularly their doctors.

However, many people in this project also reported problems about living in the country such as limited choices and being forced to make decisions they did not like.

AbstractBackground: Access to support services in rural areas is known to be problematic both in Australia, and in other countries around the world, but the majority of research on the population of people ageing with learning disability has so far focussed on metropolitan residents. The authors report about select aspects of the lived experience of older adults with learning disability resident in rural locations in two states of Australia.Materials and Methods: This pilot project examined data drawn from 34 semi‐structured interviews conducted with 17 older adults and 17 carers. Responses were analysed for thematic areas.Results: It was observed that the capacity of certain rural areas to support meaningful choice‐making was limited due to constraints of access to key services, including community‐based aged care, generic and specialist health services, and both supported disability and aged‐care residential options. Responses indicated that those living in both small‐ and medium‐sized congregate care settings (such as group homes and residential aged‐care facilities) had more limited choices and only partial (if any) control over their living situation.Conclusion: An understanding of the needs of older adults with learning disability resident in rural areas is important to ensure that both aged‐care and disability support structures are built on individuals' needs.
Ageing and people with learning disabilities: in search of evidence
Authors: Walker Carol 
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

More people with learning disabilities are living longer. This is a good news story! But, the bad news is that they do not live as long as the rest of the population.

Health and other services need to be better organised to ensure that people with learning disabilities get better healthcare and other services which would help them lead more healthy lives.

Most older people with learning disabilities live at home with their Mum or Dad, who are getting older too and find life more difficult. Care and support services need to adapt as families' needs change, but often this does not happen.

We need to know more about these problems, which people with learning disabilities and their family carers face as they get older.

This article looks at what we know and what more we need to find out to help older people with learning disabilities and their family carers live happier and healthier lives.

AbstractBackground: Growing numbers of people with learning disabilities are now living into older age. This study aims to examine the state of knowledge about their lives and the challenges that ageing has for both family carers and policymakers and practitioners.Materials and Methods: The article synthesises existing research in the fields of learning disability, ageing and family and social care with a view to learning lessons from these separate fields, identifying possibilities for collaboration and identifying gaps in knowledge.Results: The article concludes that existing research in the fields of ageing and family and social care can add significantly to an understanding of the impact of ageing on people with learning disabilities and their carers but, to date, there has been little collaboration or sharing of knowledge between the three areas.Conclusion: The article concludes that further research is required to fully understand the impact of ageing on the quality of life of people with learning disabilities and their family carers and to inform the design and delivery of services. A useful and productive way forward would be learn from and to work with researchers in cogniscent fields, notably, but not only, in the fields of social gerontology and family and social care.
The importance of hearing: a review of the literature on hearing loss for older people with learning disabilities
Authors: Bent Sarah , McShea Lynzee , Brennan Siobhan 
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

It is important to be aware of hearing loss as it affects everyday life and gets worse with age in all adults.

Many people with learning disabilities do not have their hearing checked, and families or carers often struggle to notice hearing problems.

This study summarises previous research on hearing loss and old age for people with learning disabilities.

Large numbers of older people with learning disabilities were found to have hearing problems, but smaller numbers were aware of this before testing.

Everyone with learning disabilities should be aware of how important hearing is and have regular checks, especially before they reach old age.

AbstractBackground: Hearing loss has a significant impact on living well and on communication in all adults, with the numbers affected increasing with age, and adults with learning disabilities being at particular risk.Methods: A review of the literature on hearing loss in older adults with learning disabilities was completed.Results: A significant increase in hearing loss with increasing age in this group was demonstrated, at a greater level than in the general population. Prevalence rates have been the main focus of research, with few considerations of access to hearing assessment or benefits of rehabilitation such as hearing aids, or the effect that age has on living with hearing loss.Conclusions: With advances in audiology services and increased life expectancy of those with learning disabilities, further research would be valuable. In addition, all health and social care services should consider actively promoting hearing assessment and rehabilitation. Individuals, carers and families should also take action, not only when concerns around memory arise, but proactively for all.
Has the Canadian labour market polarized?
Authors: Green David A. , Sand Benjamin M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe use Census and Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for the period from 1971 to 2012 to investigate whether the Canadian wage and employment structures have polarized, that is, whether wages and employment have grown more in high‐ and low‐ than in middle‐paying occupations. We find that there has been faster growth in employment in both high‐ and low‐paying occupations than those in the middle since 1981. However, up to 2005, the wage pattern reflects a simple increase in inequality with greater growth in high‐paid than middle‐paid occupations and greater growth in middle than low‐paid occupations. Since 2005, there has been some polarization but this is present only in some parts of the country and seems to be related more to the resource boom than technological change. We present results for the US to provide a benchmark. The Canadian patterns fit with those in the US and other countries apart from the 1990s when the US undergoes wage polarization not seen elsewhere. We argue that the Canadian data do not fit with the standard technological change model of polarization developed for the US.
Bradykinin B2 receptor expression in the bronchial mucosa of allergic asthmatics: the role of NF‐kB
Authors: Ricciardolo F. L. M. , Petecchia L. , Sorbello V. , Di Stefano A. , Usai C. , Massaglia G. M. , Gnemmi I. , Mognetti B. , Hiemstra P. S. , Sterk P. J. , Sabatini F. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryBackgroundBradykinin (BK) mediates acute allergic asthma and airway remodelling. Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) is potentially involved in BK B2 receptor (B2R) regulation.ObjectiveIn this observational cross‐sectional study, B2R and NF‐kB expression was evaluated in bronchial biopsies from mild asthmatics (after diluent/allergen challenge) and healthy controls, examining the role of NF‐kB in B2R expression in primary human fibroblasts from normal and asthmatic subjects (HNBFb and HABFb).MethodsB2R and NF‐kB (total and nuclear) expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in biopsies from 10 mild intermittent asthmatics (48 h after diluent/allergen challenge) and 10 controls undergoing bronchoscopy. B2R co‐localization in 5B5+ and αSMA+ mesenchymal cells was studied by immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy, and B2R expression in HABFb/HNBFb incubated with interleukin (IL)‐4/IL‐13 with/without BK, and after NF‐kB inhibitor, by Western blotting.ResultsBronchial mucosa B2R and nuclear NF‐kB expression was higher in asthmatics after diluent (B2R only) and allergen challenge than in controls (P < 0.05), while B2R and NF‐kB (total and nuclear) increased after allergen compared with after diluent (P < 0.05). Allergen exposure increased B2R expression in 5B5+ and αSMA+ cells. Constitutive B2R protein expression was higher in HABFb than in HNBFb (P < 0.05) and increased in both cell types after IL‐13 or IL‐4/IL‐13 and BK treatment. This increase was suppressed by a NF‐kB inhibitor (P < 0.05).Conclusions & Clinical RelevanceBronchial B2R expression is constitutively elevated in allergic asthma and is further increased after allergen exposure together with NF‐kB expression. NF‐kB inhibitor blocked IL‐4/IL‐13‐induced increase in B2R expression in cultured fibroblasts, suggesting a role as potential anti‐asthma drug.
TiO2scaffolds in peri‐implant dehiscence defects: an experimental pilot study
Authors: Verket Anders , Müller Benjamin , Wohlfahrt Johan Caspar , Lyngstadaas Ståle Petter , Ellingsen Jan Eirik , Jostein Haugen Håvard , Tiainen Hanna 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe primary objective was to assess osseointegration of implants with dehiscence defects grafted with a TiO2scaffold. The secondary objective was to assess the performance of the scaffold in terms of mechanical stability and bone fill.Material and methodsFive minipigs had the mandibular premolars extracted. After healing, two dental implants (SLActive®, Institut StraumannAG, Basel, Switzerland) with associated semi‐cylindrical dehiscence defects (Ø = 6 mm, height = 10 mm) were installed in each quadrant. The defects were grafted with test scaffolds (n = 10) or control autologous bone blocks (n = 10). After 3 months submerged healing, the pigs were euthanized and the sites analysed by microcomputed tomography and histology.ResultsFour minipigs were available for second stage surgery; (n = 9) experimental and (n = 7) control sites. The mean bone‐to‐implant contact on the defect side was 82% (±10%) and 79% (±11%) in the test and control groups respectively. The mean level of first bone‐to‐implant contact was more coronal on the defect side in the test group 3.2 mm (±0.4 mm) than in the control group 3.6 mm (±1.1 mm). The defect area occupied by bone within the extent of the scaffold varied, but averaged 37% (±14.6%) whereas the material itself occupied 7.4% (±3.5%).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the study, the results suggest that the novel synthetic scaffold material perform similar to the autologous bone block control with respect to implant osseointegration. The mechanical properties of the scaffold appeared sufficient to withstand clinical load in the present experimental model.