bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft neurological signs and prenatal alcohol exposure: a population‐based study in remote Australia
Authors: Lucas Barbara R , Latimer Jane , Fitzpatrick James P , Doney Robyn , Watkins Rochelle E , Tsang Tracey W , Jirikowic Tracy , Carmichael Olson Heather , Oscar June , Carter Maureen , Elliott Elizabeth J 
Published: March 2016

AimTo identify soft neurological signs (SNS) in a population‐based study of children living in remote Aboriginal communities in the Fitzroy Valley, Western Australia, born between 2002 and 2003 and explore the relationship between SNS, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).MethodThe presence of SNS was assessed using the Quick Neurological Screening Test, 2nd edition (QNST‐2), which has a total maximum score of 140. Higher scores indicated more SNS. ‘Severe discrepancy’ was defined as scores less than or equal to the fifth centile while ‘moderate discrepancy’ represented scores from the sixth to the 24th centile. Children were assigned FASD diagnoses using modified Canadian FASD diagnostic guidelines.ResultsA total of 108 of 134 (80.6%) eligible children (mean age 8y 9mo, SD=6mo, 53% male) were assessed. The median QNST‐2 Total Score for all participants was within the normal category (19.0, range 4–66). However, the median QNST‐2 Total Score was higher in children with than without (1) PAE (r=0.2, p=0.045) and (2) FASD (r=0.3, p=0.004). Half (8/16) of children scoring ‘moderate discrepancy’ and all (2/2) children scoring ‘severe discrepancy’ had at least three domains of central nervous system impairment.InterpretationSNS were more common in children with PAE or FASD, consistent with the known neurotoxic effect of PAE. The QNST‐2 is a useful screen for subtle neurological dysfunction indicating the need for more comprehensive assessment in children with PAE or FASD.
Clinical factors and socio‐demographic characteristics associated with dental trauma in children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Corrêa‐Faria Patrícia , Martins Carolina C. , Bönecker Marcelo , Paiva Saul M. , Ramos‐Jorge Maria Letícia , Pordeus Isabela A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to search for scientific evidence regarding the factors associated with traumatic dental injury (TDI) in the primary dentition.MethodologyAn electronic search addressing factors associated with TDI was conducted in the PubMed, ISI, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. Data were extracted and analyzed regarding risk factors, statistical test, effect measures, and study design.ResultsThe online search strategy led to the initial retrieval of 2566 articles. After evaluating the titles and abstracts, 24 papers were selected for complete review and data collection. TDI was associated with males (OR: 1.24; 95%CI: 1.09–1.41), inadequate lip coverage (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.50–2.17), overbite (OR: 1.438; 95%CI: 0.94–2.19), and age (1 vs 2 years – OR: 0.47; 95%CI: 0.38–0.58; 2 vs 3 years – OR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.67–0.91; 3 vs 4 years – OR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.71–0.95). Overjet and anterior open bite were associated with TDI in the majority of studies.ConclusionsMales, older children, and those with inadequate lip coverage, overbite, or overjet are more likely to have TDI in the primary dentition.
Dynamic landscapes shape post‐wildfire recolonisation and genetic structure of the endangered Hermes copper (Lycaena hermes) butterfly
Authors: MARSCHALEK DANIEL A. , DEUTSCHMAN DOUGLAS H. , STRAHM SPRING , BERRES MARK E. 
Published: March 2016

1. The coastal sage scrub vegetation community experiences frequent fires, so the long‐term survival of species depends on the rate of recolonisations exceeding the rate of local extinctions. Recolonisation of these post‐wildfire habitats probably requires long‐distance dispersal events. These movements can also counter detrimental impacts associated with inbreeding.2. The Hermes copper (Lycaena hermes) is an extremely rare butterfly inhabiting coastal sage scrub adjacent to San Diego, California, USA. Habitat loss due to urbanisation and impacts of recent wildfires has greatly restricted its range, prompting the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to list the Hermes copper as a Candidate Species in 2011.3. Surveys for Hermes copper butterflies in 2010–2013 documented only two recolonisation events following wildfires in 2003 and 2007. Larger populations were readily detected each year, but detection of smaller populations was inconsistent.4. Amplified fragment length polymorphism was used to identify potential genetic discontinuities within this species across the landscape. Results indicated that movements across much of the landscape were possible historically. However, individuals from three peripheral populations exhibited a higher degree of differentiation, suggesting more restricted dispersal in these regions.5. From the results, it can be concluded that historically Hermes copper butterflies were able to move among habitat patches prior to recent changes in the landscape. However, low post‐fire recolonisation rates suggest limited contemporary dispersal, probably due to recent habitat fragmentation. This fragmentation is a relatively new event, as the human population in San Diego County experienced substantial growth in the late 20th Century.
Powdery mildew disease of rubber tree
Authors: Liyanage K. K. , Khan S. , Mortimer P. E. , Hyde K. D. , Xu J. , Brooks S. , Ming Z. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPowdery mildew disease of rubber trees affects young rubber leaves, buds, inflorescences and other immature tissues reducing rubber latex yields by up to 45%. The disease is present in all rubber‐growing regions, with a high incidence rate in subtropical environments. The causal agent of powdery mildew disease of rubber trees was first described as Oidium heveae, but later research on the morphological characteristics suggests that O. heveae was in the past confused with Erysiphe quercicola. However, the most appropriate classification is still under debate between the genera Golovinomyces or Podosphaera. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses have established some relationships between rubber powdery mildew fungus and other powdery mildew species, but the generic sexual state of rubber powdery mildew fungus has not yet been established. Rubber powdery mildew conidia are wind‐spread spores that are produced in great numbers when growth conditions of the disease are favourable. The optimum conditions for conidial germination are 97–100% relative humidity and temperatures between 25 and 28°C. While some newly bred rubber clones have shown resistance to the disease, it can also be controlled with a number of fungicides and biological control agents. It is clear from recent knowledge about climate–fungus relationships that changes in weather strongly influence disease incidence and severity. The aim of this review is to highlight the classification conflicts, main causes and influencing factors behind the disease spreading, as well as draw attention to the impact of weather changes on the outbreaks of the disease. The information in this review will be helpful to adopt better control measures of the powdery mildew disease of rubber, especially in higher humidity areas, thereby minimizing the loss of rubber yields due to this disease.
Neither Basic Life Support knowledge nor self‐efficacy are predictive of skills among dental students
Authors: Mac Giolla Phadraig C. , Ho J. D. , Guerin S. , Yeoh Y. L. , Mohamed Medhat M. , Doody K. , Hwang S. , Hania M. , Boggs S. , Nolan A. , Nunn J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimBasic life support (BLS) is considered a core competence for the graduating dentist. This study aimed to measure BLS knowledge, self‐efficacy and skills of undergraduate dental students in Dublin.MethodsThis study consisted of a cross‐sectional survey measuring BLS knowledge and self‐efficacy, accompanied by a directly observed BLS skills assessment in a subsample of respondents. Data were collected in January 2014. Bivariate correlations between descriptive and outcome variables (knowledge, self‐efficacy and skills) were tested using Pearson's chi‐square. We included knowledge and self‐efficacy as predictor variables, along with other variables showing association, into a binary logistic regression model with BLS skills as the outcome measure.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐five students participated. Almost all (n = 133, 98.5%) participants had BLS training within the last 2 years. One hundred and four (77%) felt that they were capable of providing effective BLS (self‐efficacy), whilst only 46 (34.1%) scored >80% of knowledge items correct. Amongst the skills (n = 85) subsample, 38.8% (n = 33) were found to pass the BLS skills assessment. Controlling for gender, age and skills assessor, the regression model did not identify a predictive relationship between knowledge or self‐efficacy and BLS skills.ConclusionsNeither knowledge nor self‐efficacy was predictive of BLS skills. Dental students had low levels of knowledge and skills in BLS. Despite this, their confidence in their ability to perform BLS was high and did not predict actual competence. There is a need for additional hands‐on training, focusing on self‐efficacy and BLS skills, particularly the use of AED.
Antitumour activity of the glycoengineered type II anti‐CD20 antibody obinutuzumab (GA101) in combination with the MDM2‐selective antagonist idasanutlin (RG7388)
Authors: Herting Frank , Herter Sylvia , Friess Thomas , Muth Gunther , Bacac Marina , Sulcova Jitka , Umana Pablo , Dangl Markus , Klein Christian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate whether the glycoengineered type II anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody obinutuzumab (GA101) combined with the selective MDM2 antagonist idasanutlin (RG7388) offers superior efficacy to monotherapy in treating B‐lymphoid malignancies in preclinical models.MethodsThe combined effect of obinutuzumab or rituximab plus idasanutlin on direct cell death/apoptosis induction and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was evaluated using p53 wild‐type Z‐138 and DoHH‐2 lymphoma cells. Furthermore, whole blood B‐cell depletion was analysed, and tumour growth inhibition was evaluated in subcutaneous xenograft models.ResultsIdasanutlin induced concentration‐dependent death of Z‐138 and DoHH‐2 cells. At concentrations >10–100 nm, idasanutlin enhanced obinutuzumab‐induced death of DoHH‐2 and Z‐138 cells without negatively impacting obinutuzumab‐mediated ADCC, natural killer cell activation or whole blood B‐cell depletion. In the Z‐138 xenograft model, a suboptimal dose of obinutuzumab with idasanutlin yielded substantial tumour growth inhibition and prolonged survival in a time‐to‐event analysis. In the DoHH‐2 model, idasanutlin plus obinutuzumab showed superior tumour growth inhibition to idasanutlin plus rituximab.ConclusionsObinutuzumab plus idasanutlin enhanced cell death of p53 wild‐type tumour cells vs. rituximab plus idasanutlin without affecting obinutuzumab‐mediated ADCC or B‐cell depletion and showed robust antitumour efficacy in xenograft models, strongly supporting the investigation of this combination in clinical trials.
Unmasking the linear behaviour of slow motor adaptation to prolonged convergence
Authors: Erkelens Ian M. , Thompson Benjamin , Bobier William R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAdaptation to changing environmental demands is central to maintaining optimal motor system function. Current theories suggest that adaptation in both the skeletal‐motor and oculomotor systems involves a combination of fast (reflexive) and slow (recalibration) mechanisms. Here we used the oculomotor vergence system as a model to investigate the mechanisms underlying slow motor adaptation. Unlike reaching with the upper limbs, vergence is less susceptible to changes in cognitive strategy that can affect the behaviour of motor adaptation. We tested the hypothesis that mechanisms of slow motor adaptation reflect early neural processing by assessing the linearity of adaptive responses over a large range of stimuli. Using varied disparity stimuli in conflict with accommodation, the slow adaptation of tonic vergence was found to exhibit a linear response whereby the rate (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.0001) and amplitude (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.0001) of the adaptive effects increased proportionally with stimulus amplitude. These results suggest that this slow adaptive mechanism is an early neural process, implying a fundamental physiological nature that is potentially dominated by subcortical and cerebellar substrates.
Increase in NRAS mutant allele percentage during metastatic melanoma progression
Authors: Funck‐Brentano Elisa , Hélias‐Rodzewicz Zofia , Longvert Christine , Mokhtari Karima , Saiag Philippe , Emile Jean‐François 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOne‐fifth of cutaneous melanomas have dominant gain‐of‐function mutations of the NRAS oncogene. We report the first two cases of increasing NRAS mutant allele frequency in melanoma metastases and show that the chromosomal mechanism of this homozygosity is an increased polysomy of chromosome 1. We observed an increase in NRAS mutant allele percentage (NRAS‐MA%) in the metastatic melanoma progression from 2 patients with melanomas harbouring a NRAS mutation (p.Q61K in case 1 and p.Q61R in case 2). In case 1, we observed a NRAS‐MA% increase from 18% within the first metastatic node to 81%, 92% and 85% respectively in the three subsequent metastases: lymph node, brain and subcutaneous metastases biopsied 1, 6 and 17 months, respectively, after the initial lymph node biopsy. In case 2, we observed an increase in NRAS‐MA% from 40% within the primary melanoma to 63% within the metastatic lymph node. FISH analysis showed the same results in both cases: a frequent polysomy of chromosome 1 in metastasis samples with NRAS mutant allele percentage >60%, while most cells were disomic in the samples with well‐balanced heterozygous mutations. The percentage of NRAS mutant allele may increase during metastatic progression and may be associated with chromosomal instability. Further studies are needed to evaluate the prognostic impact of the NRAS homozygous status and/or polyploidy in metastatic cutaneous melanomas.
Burbot and large hydropower in North America: benefits, threats and research needs for mitigation
Authors: Harrison P. M. , Gutowsky L. F. G. , Martins E. G. , Patterson D. A. , Cooke S. J. , Power M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn North America, burbot Lota lota (L.), interactions with hydropower are common, southern burbot populations are endangered and hydropower has been implicated in the decline. Thus, the objectives of this review were to identify threats and benefits of hydropower to riverine and reservoir dwelling burbot, assess overall impacts and identify key research needs for mitigation. Review findings suggest that while winter hydropower discharge regimes threaten riverine burbot spawning, burbot often successfully exploit reservoir environments. Further, while turbine entrainment has been hypothesised as a factor in the decline of burbot populations, low adult vulnerability to passage and a high resilience to juvenile removals likely mean risk to populations is low. Identified research needs include better definitions of flow and temperature requirements for riverine burbot and a quantification of the potential for reservoirs to act as source populations for downstream impacted zones. This review highlights the Pacific watershed focus of existing work and calls for status assessments and ecological research of burbot in North American Arctic and Atlantic watersheds where large hydropower and burbot interactions are common yet rarely studied.
Quantitative analysis of oyster larval proteome provides new insights into the effects of multiple climate change stressors
Authors: Dineshram Ramadoss , Chandramouli Kondethimmanahalli , Ko Ginger Wai Kuen , Zhang Huoming , Qian Pei‐Yuan , Ravasi Timothy , Thiyagarajan Vengatesen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe metamorphosis of planktonic larvae of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) underpins their complex life‐history strategy by switching on the molecular machinery required for sessile life and building calcite shells. Metamorphosis becomes a survival bottleneck, which will be pressured by different anthropogenically induced climate change‐related variables. Therefore, it is important to understand how metamorphosing larvae interact with emerging climate change stressors. To predict how larvae might be affected in a future ocean, we examined changes in the proteome of metamorphosing larvae under multiple stressors: decreased pH (pH 7.4), increased temperature (30 °C), and reduced salinity (15 psu). Quantitative protein expression profiling using iTRAQ‐LC‐MS/MS identified more than 1300 proteins. Decreased pH had a negative effect on metamorphosis by down‐regulating several proteins involved in energy production, metabolism, and protein synthesis. However, warming switched on these down‐regulated pathways at pH 7.4. Under multiple stressors, cell signaling, energy production, growth, and developmental pathways were up‐regulated, although metamorphosis was still reduced. Despite the lack of lethal effects, significant physiological responses to both individual and interacting climate change related stressors were observed at proteome level. The metamorphosing larvae of the C. gigas population in the Yellow Sea appear to have adequate phenotypic plasticity at the proteome level to survive in future coastal oceans, but with developmental and physiological costs.
Isotopic insights into methane production, oxidation, and emissions in Arctic polygon tundra
Authors: Vaughn Lydia J. S. , Conrad Mark E. , Bill Markus , Torn Margaret S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractArctic wetlands are currently net sources of atmospheric CH4. Due to their complex biogeochemical controls and high spatial and temporal variability, current net CH4 emissions and gross CH4 processes have been difficult to quantify, and their predicted responses to climate change remain uncertain. We investigated CH4 production, oxidation, and surface emissions in Arctic polygon tundra, across a wet‐to‐dry permafrost degradation gradient from low‐centered (intact) to flat‐ and high‐centered (degraded) polygons. From 3 microtopographic positions (polygon centers, rims, and troughs) along the permafrost degradation gradient, we measured surface CH4 and CO2 fluxes, concentrations and stable isotope compositions of CH4 and DIC at three depths in the soil, and soil moisture and temperature. More degraded sites had lower CH4 emissions, a different primary methanogenic pathway, and greater CH4 oxidation than did intact permafrost sites, to a greater degree than soil moisture or temperature could explain. Surface CH4 flux decreased from 64 nmol m−2 s−1 in intact polygons to 7 nmol m−2 s−1 in degraded polygons, and stable isotope signatures of CH4 and DIC showed that acetate cleavage dominated CH4 production in low‐centered polygons, while CO2 reduction was the primary pathway in degraded polygons. We see evidence that differences in water flow and vegetation between intact and degraded polygons contributed to these observations. In contrast to many previous studies, these findings document a mechanism whereby permafrost degradation can lead to local decreases in tundra CH4 emissions.
Botulinum Toxin as Monotherapy in Symptomatic Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Lunde Hanne Marie Bøe , Torkildsen Øivind , Bø Lars , Bertelsen Anne Kjørsvik 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundTrigeminal neuralgia (TN) is one of the most agonizing facial pain disorders that humans endure. Studies on onabotulinum toxin A (BTX‐A) treatment for TN are limited, but promising with respect to TN of no identifiable cause. We aimed to investigate the efficiency and safety of BTX‐A treatment in a 60‐year‐old male with diabetes mellitus who in March 2013 presented with TN caused by an exostosis in Meckel's cave.MethodsThe patient was medically treatment refractory due to insufficient pain relief and adverse events of hyperglycemia, and surgery was declined due to complex anatomy. As a last resort, BTX‐A was injected into the pain trigger zones of the trigeminal nerve (V5).ResultsComplete analgesia was reported 2 weeks after BTX‐A injection. Pain medications were discontinued and laboratory values returned to acceptable levels. Regular BTX‐A treatment during the next 28 months showed sustained analgesic effect.ConclusionsBTX‐A has an excellent safety profile and may be efficient for patients with symptomatic TN not suited for conventional therapies.
Clinical implications of serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive Mac‐2‐binding protein in treatment‐naïve chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Ishii Akio , Nishikawa Hiroki , Enomoto Hirayuki , Iwata Yoshinori , Kishino Kyohei , Shimono Yoshihiro , Hasegawa Kunihiro , Nakano Chikage , Takata Ryo , Nishimura Takashi , Yoh Kazunori , Aizawa Nobuhiro , Sakai Yoshiyuki , Ikeda Naoto , Takashima Tomoyuki , Iijima Hiroko , Nishiguchi Shuhei 
Published: March 2016

AimTo examine the relationship between serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive Mac‐2‐binding protein (WFA+‐M2BP) levels and liver histological findings for patients with treatment naïve chronic hepatitis B (CHB).MethodsA total of 189 treatment naïve‐CHB patients were analyzed. We examined the effect of pretreatment serum WFA+‐M2BP levels on histological findings compared with other laboratory markers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index, Fibrosis‐4 index, platelet count, AST to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, and hyaluronic acid as liver fibrosis markers, and AST value, ALT value, and serum interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10 level as liver inflammation markers.ResultsThe WFA+‐M2BP value ranged from 0.3 cut‐off index (COI) to 12.9 COI (median value, 1.2 COI). The degree of liver fibrosis was significantly stratified according to WFA+‐M2BP level in each group except for groups F2 and F3 and the degree of liver inflammation activity was significantly stratified according to WFA+‐M2BP level in each group. For predicting F4, WFA+‐M2BP level yielded the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) with a level of 0.87 and for predicting advanced liver fibrosis (≥F3) and significant liver fibrosis (≥F2), WFA+‐M2BP level yielded the second highest AUROCs (both, 0.77) among six fibrotic markers. For predicting severe (A3) or significant liver inflammation activity (≥A2), AUROCs of WFA+‐M2BP level were 0.78 and 0.76.ConclusionThe WFA+‐M2BP level can be a useful marker for assessing liver histological findings in patients with treatment‐naïve CHB, although it has several limitations.