bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implant assessment
Authors: Barker Dean 
Published: August 2017

Meticulous planning in implant dentistry is essential in order to achieve a predictable and successful outcome for both the operator and the patient. This paper summarizes the important aspects of planning, including factors related to clinical and radiographic examination and the use of study models. Clinical Relevance: This paper has relevance to practitioners carrying out implant treatment and also to colleagues who are likely to refer patients for implants.
Avoiding and managing the failure of conventional crowns and bridges
Authors: Briggs Peter , Ray-Chaudhuri Arijit , Shah Kewal 
Published: August 2017

The replacement of crowns and bridges is a common procedure for many dental practitioners. When correctly planned and executed, fixed prostheses will provide predictable function, aesthetics and value for money. However, when done poorly, they are more likely to fail prematurely and lead to irreversible damage to the teeth and supporting structures beneath. Sound diagnosis, assessment and technical skills are essential when dealing with failed or failing fixed restorations. These skills are essential for the 21st century dentist. This paper, with treated clinical examples, illustrates the areas of technical skill and clinical decisions needed for this type of work. It also provides advice on how the risk of premature failure can, in general, be further reduced. The article also confirms the very real risk in the UK of dento-legal problems when patients experience unexpected problems with their crowns and bridges. Clinical Relevance: This paper outlines clinical implications of failed fixed prosthodontics to the dental surgeon. It also discusses factors that we can all use to predict and reduce the risk of premature restoration failure. Restoration design, clinical execution and patient factors are the most frequent reasons for premature problems. It is worth remembering (and informing patients) that the health of the underlying supporting dental tissue is often irreversibly compromised at the time of fixed restoration failure.
The prosthodontic pathway of the oral cancer patient
Authors: Siddall Krista Z , Rogers Simon N , Butterworth Chris J 
Published: August 2017

Oral cancer patients undergo life-altering curative treatment that consists of surgery or a combination of surgery and radiotherapy. This can severely alter the functional anatomy of the oral cavity and create a challenging environment for successful oral rehabilitation. A multidisciplinary team approach is required to rehabilitate these patients successfully. It is essential to have assessment by an oral rehabilitation specialist before treatment, especially where primary rehabilitation interventions are being considered. Following cancer treatment, patients may suffer from a range of difficulties, from dento-facial appearance, to chewing, speech and swallowing. This dysfunction often leads to psychosocial problems, such as reduced self esteem, social contact and quality of life. Conventional prosthodontics has a role to play in the management of these patients but osseointegrated implants (OII), can be required to overcome the anatomical and physiological barriers. OII can be used in an environment where there is poor soft tissue function or little bone support, and where there is a dry mouth. Clinical Relevance: This paper introduces readers to the prosthodontic pathway taken by some oral cancer patients. It provides an overview of current oral rehabilitation techniques that supplement the supportive dental care provided by general dental practitioners and their team after cancer treatment.
Subepithelial connective tissue graft used with platelet-rich plasma in treatment of gingival recession
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Triveni MG , Mehta DS 
Published: August 2017

This paper describes the use of subepithelial connective tissue graft with platelet rich plasma in the treatment of gingival recession. There was complete root coverage in both the cases and the coverage is still maintained after 4 years. Clinical Relevance: Subepithelial connective tissue grafting with platelet-rich plasma may be an effective way to treat gingival recessions. Use of platelet-rich plasma provides the clinician with an autologous source of growth factors to accelerate healing.
Bleeding disorders seen in the dental practice
Authors: Dalati Mohamad Hani Nouri , Kudsi Zaki , Koussayer Lara Taher , Dalati Mohamad Fadi , Mawla Mohamad Fouad 
Published: August 2017

Dentists may encounter patients with various types of bleeding disorders in their daily practice. Initial recognition of such bleeding disorders and their possible systemic causes, as well as knowing when to refer those cases to secondary care, plays a crucial and important role in reducing potential complications and negative side-effects. This article will give an account of the most common bleeding disorders that dentists might find in their daily dental practice. This will be followed by another article that will cover the management of congenital and acquired disorders found in the dental practice. Clinical Relevance: Bleeding disorders are occasionally encountered in patients in dental practice. Dentists must be knowledgeable about these disorders and be aware of the impact of such conditions on the management of their patients.
Ethical marketing in ‘aesthetic’ (‘esthetic’) or ‘cosmetic dentistry’ part 1
Authors: Kelleher Martin G D , Djemal Serpil , Lewis Nicholas 
Published: August 2017

Prior to undertaking any elective, ‘cosmetic’ dental procedures, it is vital for the treating dentist to discuss the merits and drawbacks of all viable options. It is important that the patient understands what the consequences and limitations of treatment are likely to be, and what the potential failures could entail later in his/her life. Informed consent should be obtained (preferably in writing) and the clinical notes and records should be clearly documented, with accurate and concise details provided of all the investigations carried out, and their findings, as well as including details of the various discussions that have taken place. Dentists need to be aware of the existence of heightened expectations in this group of patients and be cautious about accepting patients who have unrealistic ‘cosmetic’ expectations. Where possible, cosmetic or aesthetic dental treatment should be provided which is minimally destructive and, in the long term, be in the ‘best interests’ of the patient. Important matters such as the gaining of informed consent and maintaining meticulous, contemporaneous dental records will also be emphasized. It is hoped that the article will provide clear definitions of some commonly used terms such as ‘ethical marketing’, ‘ethics’, and ‘values’, which are often used in association with the marketing, planning and undertaking of supposedly ‘cosmetic’ dental procedures. The important role of less invasive alternative treatment options will also be emphasized. Clinical Relevance: The aims of this article are to consider the common pitfalls that may arise when contemplating the marketing and provision of invasive, ‘cosmetic’, dental restorations and to discuss how best to avoid a dento-legal claim where such treatment plans may not fulfil the patient's desired outcome.
Endodontic ‘solutions’ part 2: an audit comparing current practice in belfast with uk and republic of ireland dental schools
Authors: Good M-L , El Karim IA , Hussey DL 
Published: August 2017

Endodontic lubricants, irrigating solutions and medicaments help reduce the microbial load within root canals. Primary and secondary cases involve different microbes. Each ‘solution’ or combinations thereof could play a significant role but no detailed guidelines exist on their use. An audit was undertaken to compare current practice in Belfast Dental School to the others across the UK and Republic of Ireland (ROI). This audit highlighted three main differences between Belfast and other dental schools. Many other institutions utilized other irrigants besides sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), different intracanal medicaments, including calcium hydroxide, and higher concentrations of NaOCl. Having gathered this information, we ask, ‘Is there sufficient evidence to change the endodontic regime currently used at Belfast Dental School?’. Using the findings from the literature review (Part 1), we introduce new evidence-based protocols for primary and secondary cases for use in Belfast Dental School. Clinical Relevance: In the absence of detailed clinical guidelines on the use of endodontic lubricants, irrigants and medicaments in primary and secondary cases, it is important to be aware of current practice in UK and ROI dental schools where dentists and specialists are trained.
Implant-retained overdentures: a review
Authors: Vere Joe , Bhakta Shashwat , Patel Rajesh 
Published: August 2017

Implant-retained overdentures represent a treatment option for many patients unable to tolerate conventional dentures. They may be specifically indicated in patients with altered anatomy, neuromuscular disorders, a pronounced gag reflex or severe residual ridge resorption. This article discusses the different ways in which implant overdentures can be retained, outlines some of the clinical stages involved in planning and providing these prostheses, and highlights long-term maintenance requirements associated with implant-retained overdentures. Clinical Relevance: Patients with implant-retained overdentures are likely to present in general dental practice. Practitioners should be aware of issues associated with the design, treatment planning and maintenance of these prostheses.
First impressions count
Authors: Turner Jonathan W , Moazzez Rebecca , Banerjee Avijit 
Published: August 2017

The art and craft of recording intra-oral anatomy successfully with dental impressions relies on the interaction of three critical factors – the ‘golden triangle of impression-taking’: an appreciation of the anatomical features to be recorded, the material used to take the impression and the clinical handling/operative technique applied. This paper aims to discuss the three factors and their inter-relationships, detailing clinical tips for successful, reproducible and consistent outcomes. Clinical Relevance: Obtaining accurate dental impressions is the key to success in a wide range of clinical restorative procedures. This paper offers clinical advice to practitioners to plan and then take predictable, good quality impressions for their restorative cases.
Impacted maxillary canines – a perennial problem
Authors: Mittal Mohit , Murray Alison , Sandler Jonathan 
Published: August 2017

Ectopic eruption with impaction of maxillary permanent canine teeth is a frequently encountered clinical problem. Surgical exposure and attachment of a gold chain to impacted maxillary canines is often required in order to bring them into the dental arch and to allow good alignment. The principle of radiographic parallax is employed to determine whether the impacted canine is placed buccal or palatal to adjacent teeth. Good flap design allows adequate access to the impacted tooth. Bone removal should be adequate to free the impacted crown to its greatest circumference. An orthodontic eyelet with a gold chain is then bonded to the crown of the impacted tooth. Use of a good bonding technique will minimize chances of bond failure necessitating a second surgical procedure. Atraumatic surgical procedure will allow minimal postoperative complications and a rapid recovery. Clinical Relevance: This article describes a surgical technique to expose impacted maxillary canines and attach gold chains, to facilitate orthodontic alignment into the dental arch. The principle of radiographic parallax to determine the bucco-palatal position of impacted canines is also discussed.
Periodontal diseases in children and adolescents: a clinician's perspective part 2
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Masamatti Sujata Surendra , Virdi Mandeep Singh 
Published: August 2017

The general dental practitioner and paediatric dentist are in a unique position to identify and distinguish between a seemingly innocuous condition that may be a normal physiological aberration or an early sign of severe destructive periodontal disease. Although severe destructive periodontal conditions are uncommon in children, it is essential that children receive a periodontal screening as part of their regular dental examination. Early diagnosis ensures a high likelihood of a successful therapeutic outcome, primarily by reduction of aetiologic factors, remedial therapy and development of an effective maintenance protocol. This prevents the recurrence and progression of disease and reduces the incidence of tooth loss. In the first article, we discussed the classification, plaque-induced and non plaque-induced gingival diseases, localized and generalized forms of chronic as well as aggressive periodontitis. In this second article, we discuss periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease, necrotizing periodontal diseases, periodontal screening and basic periodontal examination, and treatment of periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.Clinical Relevance: Incorporation of periodontal screening in regular dental examination by dentists can help in early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases. This could prevent further progression of disease and reduce the frequency of tooth loss.
Treatment of ectopic first permanent molar teeth
Authors: Hennessy Joe , Al-Awadhi EA , Dwyer Lian O , Leith Rona 
Published: August 2017

Ectopic eruption of the first permanent molar is a relatively common occurence in the developing dentition. A range of treatment options are available to the clinician provided that diagnosis is made early. Non-treatment can result in premature exfoliation of the second primary molar, space loss and impaction of the second premolar. This paper will describe the management of ectopic first permanent molars, using clinical examples to illustrate the available treatment options. Clinical Relevance: This paper is relevant to every general dental practitioner who treats patients in mixed dentition.
Preventing dental caries: part 2. case studies in prevention
Authors: Blinkhorn Anthony S , Davies Robin M 
Published: August 2017

This article seeks to bring together the preventive messages given in Paper 1 and apply them to specific individual patients. The key elements are the appropriate advice on fluorides, fissure sealants, diet and formulating advice in terms of an individual's educational background. Clinical Relevance: This article offers practical advice on the prevention of dental caries using individual patient-based scenarios.
The role of a dentist in managing patients with dystonia
Authors: Watt Eileen , Sangani Indiya , Crawford Fiona , Gillgrass Toby 
Published: August 2017

Oromandibular dystonia is a neurological condition where the muscles of the mouth and jaw contract in involuntary spasms. Dystonia currently has no cure, but there are treatment options to manage symptoms. This case report describes the treatment of a 41-year-old male who presented at University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School with established oromandibular dystonia. The use of removable appliances as a treatment option for this condition will be discussed. Clinical Relevance: This case highlights the potential role of the dental practitioner in providing oromandibular dystonia sufferers with an effective and relatively easy treatment modality in the form of a removable appliance.
Invisible orthodontics part 1: invisalign
Authors: Malik Ovais H , McMullin Ailbhe , Waring David T 
Published: August 2017

This paper discusses the invisible orthodontic treatment modalities of Invisalign aligners, lingual appliances and aesthetic brackets. The first part of this three-part series will discuss Invisalign aligner treatment. The second part will discuss lingual appliance treatment and the third part will focus on aesthetic brackets. The benefits and drawbacks of Invisalign treatment are considered in detail, including examples of treated cases and a review of the literature to date. Clinical Relevance: Patients are increasingly requesting more aesthetic forms of orthodontic treatment. Clinicians need to be aware of the indications and limitations of such invisible therapies so that they can fully inform their patients.
Minimally-invasive non-surgical periodontal therapy
Authors: Ower Philip 
Published: August 2017

Periodontitis is a complex disease that has both oral and systemic consequences. The treatment of periodontitis may be both surgical and non-surgical but, in recent years, there has been a shift towards managing disease non-surgically in preference to surgery. Fundamental to all types of therapy is the patient's role in disease control, in the form of self-performed plaque control, and it is important that the patient understands this. Non-surgical periodontal therapy has a long history and has traditionally been carried out using a variety of hand and powered instruments, the objective being root surface disinfection by the removal of plaque, calculus and contaminated root cementum. However, over the last 30 years or so, it has become apparent that calculus does not cause disease, cementum does not become significantly infected and bacteria and their toxins are only loosely adherent to the diseased root surface. This has led to the development of less invasive instrumentation principles which may be better for patients, more cost-effective and more easily applied in different clinical settings. Clinical Relevance: This paper aims to describe and justify a minimally-invasive approach to the management of the diseased root surface in periodontitis, to clarify the terminology used and to suggest how these principles may be applied in general practice.
Minimally-invasive tooth extraction: doorknobs and strings revisited!
Authors: Saund Daniel , Dietrich Thomas 
Published: August 2017

References to ‘atraumatic’ tooth extraction pervade the recent dental literature. This has been largely driven by the increasing demand for bone preservation as osseo-integrated implants increasingly become a mainstay for dental prosthetic rehabilitation. This article introduces the reader to the concept of vertical tooth removal, which aims to avoid socket expansion and thereby minimize trauma to alveolar bone during tooth extraction. Several systems have recently become available and we present our experience with the Benex extractor in particular. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should be aware of minimally invasive extraction techniques, their indications and potential advantages.
Improving your image…then and now. digital photography in dentistry
Authors: Sharland Mike 
Published: August 2017

Digital photography and its use in the busy dental practice is ever increasing. Correct choice of equipment will save many hours of staff time and expense and is essential if consistent images are to be achieved. Modern digital cameras and associated macro lenses and ringflash, can last 5–10 years if handled carefully, and therefore is a good investment as an additional facility within the practice. There are many uses of photography in dentistry, from documentation to quality before and after images of dental treatments. Clinical Relevance: This article will keep practitioners updated on the photographic equipment and uses within dentistry, and help to make informed decisions regarding photography in their practices.
Twenty years of handling evaluations and practice-based research by the PREP panel
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor , Crisp Russell J 
Published: August 2017

Dental materials which are user friendly make clinicians' lives simpler by facilitating their placement in patients' teeth: accordingly, the handling of materials is of relevance to the clinician. This paper traces the history of product handling evaluations and practice-based research by the PREP Panel, a group of practice-based researchers based in the UK. Clinical Relevance: The ease of handling of dental materials is important in dental practice, given that practitioners may find that a material which is difficult to handle leads to suboptimal clinical results.
Update on coronectomy. a safer way to remove high risk mandibular third molars
Authors: Renton Tara 
Published: August 2017

Abstract: Decoronation of high risk mandibular third molars (M3Ms) has become common practice in parts of UK and USA. With the introduction of Cone Beam CT scanning, there has been an evolution in the practice, with avoidance of unnecessary coronectomies based on CBCT findings. Also, additional anatomical features found only on CBCTs have introduced possible additional indications to undertake intentional coronectomy.Trigeminal nerve injury is the most problematic consequence of dental surgical procedures with major medico-legal implications. Iatrogenic injuries to the third division of the trigeminal nerve remain a common and complex clinical problem. Altered sensation and pain in the orofacial region may interfere with speaking, eating, kissing, shaving, applying make-up, toothbrushing and drinking; namely just about every social interaction we take for granted. Usually after oral rehabilitation, the patient expects and experiences significant improvements, not only regarding jaw function, but also in relation to dental, facial, and even overall body image. Thus these injuries have a significant negative effect on the patient's self-image and quality of life and the iatrogenesis of these injuries lead to significant psychological effects.Clinical Relevance: Coronectomy is an alternative procedure to complete removal of a mandibular third molar in situations where there is high risk of damage to the inferior alveolar nerve.
Early detection of oral cancer: how do I ensure I don't miss a tumour?
Authors: Ogden Graham R , Lewthwaite Rowena , Shepherd Simon D 
Published: August 2017

The GDC recommend that early detection of oral cancer should form part of every dental surgeon's Continuing Professional Development. It is arguably the most serious condition that can arise within the oral cavity and regular screening practices may also help mitigate spurious claims of prior negligence for failure to detect the cancer at an early stage. Results for routine screening of the entire oral mucosa, together with risk status assessment, should be recorded in a patient's notes at every visit (both negative and positive findings). Clinical Relevance: A knowledge of how to detect oral cancer early is an essential part of the dentist's armamentarium.
Domestic abuse – an under-reported problem in general dental practice?
Authors: Hardwick Lauren , James Richard 
Published: August 2017

‘Child abuse’ is a topic about which clinicians will be well informed. There are protocols relating to the management of patients suspected of having sustained non-accidental injuries and clinical staff will be expected, as part of mandatory training, to receive education in this area. Domestic abuse (DA) is an under-reported, but relatively common problem and has many implications in the management of traumatic injuries in adults. The objective of this paper is to discuss the aetiology, history and presentation of patients who have been subjected to domestic abuse, and to help provide a strategy for their management. Clinical Relevance: Domestic abuse is a relatively common problem and, as such, dentists should be aware of this important area and how to manage patients they suspect of having been abused, or who inform them that they have been subjected to DA.