bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La dynastie des Farjon à Boulogne-sur-Mer : de la politique des affaires aux affaires politiques (1850- 1979)
Authors: Chovaux Olivier 
Published: May 2016

Als zakenlui en politici zijn de Farjons een bewijs in Boulogne van de talrijke banden tussen beide werelden tijdens de Derde Republiek.
De sleutelfiguren uit de Farjonclan, Ferdinand en Roger, gebruiken hun zaak (Baignol et Farjon), als een springplank naar de politiek, eerst op lokaal, dan op departementaal en nationaal vlak. Hun politieke ambitie zal ze tenslotte een imago van notabele/parlementariër bezig met de lokale belangen bezorgen. De opgang van de familie werd ongelukkigerwijze gebroken door de «zaak Farjon» die het weerstandsnet O.C.M. Nord ontredderde. De erfgenaam, Roland, overlijdt op een tragische manier en zo komt een einde aan de politieke ambitie van een familie die zich in 1979 zelfs uit de zaken terugtrekt.
L'intégration des femmes à la société arrageoise à la Belle Époque
Authors: Antomarchi Véronique 
Published: May 2016

L'activité professionnelle à Arras à la «Belle Epoque» était importante puisqu'elle concernait près de la moitié des femmes. La plupart des métiers offerts les plaçaient dans une situation précaire et les deux champs d'activité les plus représentés correspondaient à la domesticité et aux métiers de l'aiguille. Néanmoins, certaines femmes sont parvenues à s'ancrer dans la voie de la modernité en exerçant des professions nouvelles comme celles de médecin, d'industrielle, de directrice de collège. Célibataires, elles vivaient en contradiction avec le modèle bourgeois selon lequel le rôle de femme était intimement lié à sa vie familiale.
La bourgeoise arrageoise partageait son temps entre les loisirs, les distractions et parfois l'engagement dans l'action sociale.
Mais au-delà de ces deux modèles d'intégration, l'âge était un facteur d'appauvrissement et de marginalisation et la non-intégration à la vie professionnelle entraînait beaucoup de femmes vers la prostitution. En réalité, l'instruction, comme les autorités municipales l'ont manifesté durant cette période, restait le meilleur atout pour réussir une bonne intégration, mais elle n'intéressait encore qu'un nombre limité de femmes.
Amiens au lendemain de la Libération d'après la presse locale (1944-1945).
Authors: Trogneux Alain 
Published: May 2016

Amiens na de bevrijding in de lokale pers (1944-1945).
Na vier lange bezettingsjaren geraakt Amiens in September 1944 in een ramptoestand. Het is een martelaarsstad waarvan het centrum volledig verwoest is. Het ontbreekt aan ailes, kolen, geneesmiddelen, woningen, voedsel. Het is de tijd van de zwarte markt en de restricties.
De republikeinse wettelijkheid wordt in de verwarring hersteld. Het publiek wentelt zijn materiele en morele desillusie af op de epuratie, zonder ooit een vraag te stellen over de collectieve schuld. De wederopbouw gaat, bij gebrek aan materialen, niet wooruit, tot ieders ontevredenheid. Maar via het dagelijks gevecht voor het geluk en de diepe roerselen ten spijt wordt het moderne Amiens geboren.
Microbead encapsulation of living plant protoplasts: A new tool for the handling of single plant cells
Authors: Grasso Matthew S. , Lintilhac Philip M. 
Published: May 2016

Premise of the study:Understanding plant cell biomechanics has been hampered by a lack of appropriate experimental tools. Here we introduce a protocol for the incorporation of individual plant protoplasts into precisely sized agarose microbeads. This technology may lead to new ways to manipulate the physical and chemical microenvironment of individual plant cells.Methods and Results:Living protoplasts obtained from BY‐2 tobacco suspension cultures were continuously incorporated into a stream of agarose microdroplets, collected in cooled mineral oil as gelled microbeads, and then transferred into liquid MS medium for culture. In this first report, we show that spherical microbeads containing living protoplasts can be easily generated in quantity and that these encapsulated cells continue to grow and divide.Conclusions:Microbead encapsulation of protoplasts affords the opportunity to precisely control the physical microenvironment of individual plant cells. Ultimately, this method may help facilitate novel studies in plant biomechanics.
OBSERVATIONS OF AN X-SHAPED RIBBON FLARE IN THE SUN AND ITS THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
Authors: Li Y. , Qiu J. , Longcope D. W. , Ding M. D. , Yang K. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We report evolution of an atypical X-shaped flare ribbon that provides novel observational evidence of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic reconnection at a separator. The flare occurred on 2014 November 9. High-resolution slit-jaw 1330 Å images from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph reveal four chromospheric flare ribbons that converge and form an X-shape. Flare brightening in the upper chromosphere spreads along the ribbons toward the center of the “X” (the X-point), and then spreads outward in a direction more perpendicular to the ribbons. These four ribbons are located in a quadrupolar magnetic field. Reconstruction of magnetic topology in the active region suggests the presence of a separator connecting to the X-point outlined by the ribbons. The inward motion of flare ribbons in the early stage therefore indicates 3D magnetic reconnection between two sets of non-coplanar loops that approach laterally, and reconnection proceeds downward along a section of vertical current sheet. Coronal loops are also observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory confirming the reconnection morphology illustrated by ribbon evolution.
CD275-Independent IL-17–Producing T Follicular Helper–like Cells in Lymphopenic Autoimmune-Prone Mice
Authors: Smith Christopher , Buhlmann Janet E. , Wang Xiaogan , Bartlett Amber , Lim Bing , Barrington Robert A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
T cells undergo homeostatic expansion and acquire an activated phenotype in lymphopenic microenvironments. Restoration of normal lymphocyte numbers typically re-establishes normal homeostasis, and proinflammatory cytokine production returns to baseline. Mice deficient in guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 exhibit dysregulated homeostatic expansion, which manifests as lymphoproliferative disease with autoantibody production. Our previous work revealed that autoreactive B cells lacking RasGRP1 break tolerance early during development, as well as during germinal center responses, suggesting that T cell–independent and T cell–dependent mechanisms are responsible. Examination of whether a particular T cell subset is involved in the breach of B cell tolerance revealed increased Th17 cells in Rasgrp1-deficient mice relative to control mice. Rasgrp1-deficient mice lacking IL-17R had fewer germinal centers, and germinal centers that formed contained fewer autoreactive B cells, suggesting that IL-17 signaling is required for a break in B cell tolerance in germinal centers. Interestingly, a fraction of Th17 cells from Rasgrp1-deficient mice were CXCR5+ and upregulated levels of CD278 coordinate with their appearance in germinal centers, all attributes of T follicular helper cells (Tfh17). To determine whether CD278–CD275 interactions were required for the development of Tfh17 cells and for autoantibody, Rasgrp1-deficient mice were crossed with CD275-deficient mice. Surprisingly, mice deficient in RasGRP1 and CD275 formed Tfh17 cells and germinal centers and produced similar titers of autoantibodies as mice deficient in only RasGRP1. Therefore, these studies suggest that requirements for Tfh cell development change in lymphopenia-associated autoimmune settings.
A Novel Technique for Constructing Difference Schemes for Systems of Singularly Perturbed Equations
Authors: Hsieh Po-Wen , Shih Yin-Tzer , Yang Suh-Yuh , You Cheng-Shu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel and simple technique to construct effective difference schemes for solving systems of singularly perturbed convection-diffusion-reaction equations, whose solutions may display boundary or interior layers. We illustrate the technique by taking the Il'in-Allen-Southwell scheme for 1-D scalar equations as a basis to derive a formally second-order scheme for 1-D coupled systems and then extend the scheme to 2-D case by employing an alternating direction approach. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the high performance of the obtained scheme on uniform meshes as well as piecewise-uniform Shishkin meshes.
Accurate and Efficient Numerical Methods for Computing Ground States and Dynamics of Dipolar Bose-Einstein Condensates via the Nonuniform FFT
Authors: Bao Weizhu , Tang Qinglin , Zhang Yong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe propose efficient and accurate numerical methods for computing the ground state and dynamics of the dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates utilising a newly developed dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) solver that is implemented with the non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) algorithm. We begin with the three-dimensional (3D) Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with a DDI term and present the corresponding two-dimensional (2D) model under a strongly anisotropic confining potential. Different from existing methods, the NUFFT based DDI solver removes the singularity by adopting the spherical/polar coordinates in the Fourier space in 3D/2D, respectively, thus it can achieve spectral accuracy in space and simultaneously maintain high efficiency by making full use of FFT and NUFFT whenever it is necessary and/or needed. Then, we incorporate this solver into existing successful methods for computing the ground state and dynamics of GPE with a DDI for dipolar BEC. Extensive numerical comparisons with existing methods are carried out for computing the DDI, ground states and dynamics of the dipolar BEC. Numerical results show that our new methods outperform existing methods in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.
On Fully Decoupled, Convergent Schemes for Diffuse Interface Models for Two-Phase Flow with General Mass Densities
Authors: Grün Günther , Guillén-González Francisco , Metzger Stefan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the first part, we study the convergence of discrete solutions to splitting schemes for two-phase flow with different mass densities suggested in [Guillen-Gonzalez, Tierra, J.Comput.Math. (6)2014]. They have been formulated for the diffuse interface model in [Abels, Garcke, Grün, M3AS, 2012, DOI:10.1142/S0218202511500138] which is consistent with thermodynamics. Our technique covers various discretization methods for phase-field energies, ranging from convex-concave splitting to difference quotient approaches for the double-well potential. In the second part of the paper, numerical experiments are presented in two space dimensions to identify discretizations of Cahn-Hilliard energies which are ϕ-stable and which do not reduce the acceleration of falling droplets. Finally, 3d simulations in axial symmetric geometries are shown to underline even more the full practicality of the approach.
A New Weak Galerkin Finite Element Scheme for the Brinkman Model
Authors: Zhai Qilong , Zhang Ran , Mu Lin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Brinkman model describes flow of fluid in complex porous media with a high-contrast permeability coefficient such that the flow is dominated by Darcy in some regions and by Stokes in others. A weak Galerkin (WG) finite element method for solving the Brinkman equations in two or three dimensional spaces by using polynomials is developed and analyzed. The WG method is designed by using the generalized functions and their weak derivatives which are defined as generalized distributions. The variational form we considered in this paper is based on two gradient operators which is different from the usual gradient-divergence operators for Brinkman equations. The WG method is highly flexible by allowing the use of discontinuous functions on arbitrary polygons or polyhedra with certain shape regularity. Optimal-order error estimates are established for the corresponding WG finite element solutions in various norms. Some computational results are presented to demonstrate the robustness, reliability, accuracy, and flexibility of the WG method for the Brinkman equations.
Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in the 21st Century
Authors: Antsaklis Aris 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
The maternal mortality ratio measures how safe it is to become pregnant and give birth in a geographic area or a population. The total number of maternal deaths observed annually fell from 526,000 in 1980 to 358,000 in 2008, a 34% decline over this period. Similarly, the global MMR declined from 422 in 1980 to 320 in 1990 and was 250 per 100,000 live births in 2008, a decline of 34% over the entire period and an average annual decline of 2.3%.
More specifically, in 1990 around 58% of maternal deaths worldwide occurred in Asia and 36% in sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast, in 2008, 57% of global maternal deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and 39% in Asia. In Europe, the main causes of death from any known direct obstetric complication remains bleeding (13%), thromboembolic events (10.1%), complicationassociated birth, hypertensive disease of pregnancy (9.2%), and amniotic fluid embolism (10.6%).
Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality (PNM) causing almost 30% of neonatal deaths, while birth defects cause about 21% of neonatal deaths. The PNM rate refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. Perinatal mortality rate may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries. Perinatal health in Europe has improved dramatically in recent decades. In 1975, neonatal mortality ranged from 7 to 27 per 1,000 live births in the countries that now make up the EU. By 2005, it had declined to 8 per 1,000 live births.
We need to bring together data from civil registration, medical birth registers, hospital discharge systems in order to have European Surveys which present exciting research possibilities.

How to cite this article
Antsaklis A. Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in the 21st Century. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):143-146.
Screening for Fetal Aneuploidies in 1st Trimester
Authors: Athanasiadis Apostolos P , Zavlanos AI 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Effective screening of fetal aneuploidy started in the early 1960s, initially based on the age of the mother. Recent screening protocols based on various maternal serum factors and on new ultrasound techniques during the 1st and 2nd trimester offered to all pregnant women noninvasive prognostic methods for risk assessment of chromosomal abnormalities and performanceinvasive prenatal diagnostic methods only in high-risk cases. In this review, we discuss the ultrasound and biochemical markers of chromosomal abnormalities in the 1st trimester, the evaluation of free fetal deoxyribonucleic acid in the peripheral blood of pregnant women, and different antenatal screening protocols as known today.

How to cite this article
Athanasiadis AP, Zavlanos AI. Screening for Fetal Aneuploidies in 1st Trimester. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):147-153.
Diagnosis and Counseling of Fetal Mild Ventriculomegaly
Authors: D'Addario Vincenzo , Cialdella M , Volpe G 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Mild ventriculomegaly (MVM) is defined as a lateral ventricular diameter measured at the level of the atrium of .10 mm but < 15 mm. Prenatal evaluation includes targeted sonographic examination for central nervous system (CNS) and extra- CNS abnormalities (present in 41.4% of the cases), and diagnostic amniocentesis for chromosomal analysis (3% of chromosomopaties in isolated cases) and infectious disease studies (1.5% incidence). Individualized patient counseling is based on these test results. Optimal postnatal care involves appropriate pediatric neurologic and developmental specialists.

Learning objectives
After completion of this article, the reader will be able to define the normal appearance and size of the fetal cerebral ventricles, to list the conditions associated with MVM, and to counsel the parents properly.

How to cite this article
D'Addario V, Cialdella M, Volpe G. Diagnosis and Counseling of Fetal Mild Ventriculomegaly. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):154-159.
Epidemiology and Prevention of Fetal Death and Stillbirth
Authors: Dudenhausen Joachim W , Grünebaum Amos 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
In high-income countries, the stillbirth rate did not change during the last decades. For prevention of stillbirth we need an international consens about risk factors, causes and classification of stillbirth, national fetal registries and standadized protocols for stillbirth evaluation. The knowledge from these data may lead to further prevention strategies.

How to cite this article
Dudenhausen JW, Grünebaum A. Epidemiology and Prevention of Fetal Death and Stillbirth. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):160-162.
Early Neonatal Morbidity after Term Delivery: How should We respond?
Authors: Stanojevic Milan , Leko Lana 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the influence of gestational age and mode of delivery at term on early neonatal morbidity and mortality in a tertiary maternity center in a 10-year period.

Materials and methods
The data were derived from the medical records between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2014, from the University Hospital “Sveti Duh,” Zagreb, Croatia. There were 30,363 live born term infants included in the study. The data from the medical records have been used to analyze their mode of delivery, morbidity, and mortality.

Results
Term newborn infants delivered by cesarean section (CS) had increased prevalence of lower Apgar scores, resuscitation, neonatal convulsions, and neonatal encephalopathy, respiratory pathology (except for amniotic fluid aspiration), and mechanical ventilation. Early and late neonatal deaths were more prevalent in term infants delivered by CS. The prevalence of birth trauma (except for facial nerve palsy) and hyperbilirubinemia was significantly increased in vaginally born neonates. The prevalence of perinatal infections was equal in both groups of infants. Morbidity and mortality of term newborn infants presented as prevalence per 1,000 live born, regardless of the mode of a delivery week by week from 37 through 41 weeks of gestation, were also investigated. The highest prevalence for most of the observed parameters were at 37 to 41 weeks of gestation, while the lowest prevalence was observed at a gestational age between 39 and 40 weeks. This was not the case for the 1st and the 5th minute 4 to 7 Apgar scores, birth injuries, respiratory pathology, and late neonatal deaths.

Conclusion
Early-term delivery was connected with more morbidity and mortality in the early neonatal period. It seems that the best gestational age to be born is at 39 to 40 weeks of gestation. Mode of delivery at term counts as well, showing that vaginal delivery at term had the lowest risk of morbidity and mortality.

How to cite this article
Stanojevic M, Leko L. Early Neonatal Morbidity after Term Delivery: How should We respond? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):180-184.
Combined measurement and modeling of the hydrological impact of hydraulic redistribution using CLM4.5 at eight AmeriFlux sites
Authors: Fu Congsheng , Wang Guiling , Goulden Michael L. , Scott Russell L. , Bible Kenneth , G. Cardon Zoe 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Effects of hydraulic redistribution (HR) on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes have been demonstrated in the field, but the current generation of standard earth system models does not include a representation of HR. Though recent studies have examined the effect of incorporating HR into land surface models, few (if any) have done cross-site comparisons for contrasting climate regimes and multiple vegetation types via the integration of measurement and modeling. Here, we incorporated the HR scheme of Ryel et al. (2002) into the NCAR Community Land Model Version 4.5 (CLM4.5), and examined the ability of the resulting hybrid model to capture the magnitude of HR flux and/or soil moisture dynamics from which HR can be directly inferred, to assess the impact of HR on land surface water and energy budgets, and to explore how the impact may depend on climate regimes and vegetation conditions. Eight AmeriFlux sites with contrasting climate regimes and multiple vegetation types were studied, including the Wind River Crane site in Washington State, the Santa Rita Mesquite savanna site in southern Arizona, and six sites along the Southern California Climate Gradient. HR flux, evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture were properly simulated in the present study, even in the face of various uncertainties. Our cross-ecosystem comparison showed that the timing, magnitude, and direction (upward or downward) of HR vary across ecosystems, and incorporation of HR into CLM4.5 improved the model-measurement matches of evapotranspiration, Bowen ratio, and soil moisture particularly during dry seasons. Our results also reveal that HR has important hydrological impact in ecosystems that have a pronounced dry season but are not overall so dry that sparse vegetation and very low soil moisture limit HR.
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy Changes Anterior Chamber Architecture
Authors: Theinert Christian , Wiedemann Peter , Unterlauft Jan D. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose The pressure gradient between anterior and posterior chamber in acute angle closure (AAC) and primary angle closure suspects is balanced by a sufficient laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). The anterior chamber changes induced by LPI in patients with unilateral AAC were examined and compared to healthy eyes to define threshold values, which may help to discriminate between healthy and diseased eyes. Methods Using Scheimpflug photography, anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured before and after LPI in both eyes of unilateral AAC cases. These measurements were compared to a group of healthy control eyes to determine threshold values for ACD, ACV, and ACA. Results The ACD, ACV, and ACA increased significantly in the 25 AAC eyes after LPI. The ACD, ACV, ACA, and CCT values in the AAC eyes obtained before LPI were compared to a control group of 59 healthy eyes with wide open chamber angles. The cutoff values revealed by receiver operating characteristic analysis were 2.1 mm for ACD, 90.5 mm2 for ACV, and 27.25° for ACA. Conclusions Our results confirm the significant changes of the anterior segments architecture induced by LPI in AAC eyes. The found threshold values for ACD, ACV, and ACA may help in daily clinical routine to discriminate between healthy eyes and those in need for a prophylactic LPI.