bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Macro-level Error Analysis of Iranian Undergraduate EFL Learners’ Performance on Writing Tasks
Authors: Davoudi Mohammad , Nafch Asghar Moulavi , Mallahi Omid 
Published: November 2015

<p>Writing in a foreign language is a highly complex activity and creating an accurate and fluent text demands the dedication of effort and acquisition of expertise in different aspects of writing. Many EFL students are not competent enough in this skill and it is natural to see some instances of errors and deficiencies in their written texts and it is expected that writing instructors be equipped with the essential knowledge and tools to respond to these problems. Accordingly, the present study incorporated insights from the practices of error analysis and the principles of feedback and effective written commentaries in examining a semester-long corpus of a group of Iranian undergraduate EFL learners’ written texts in a paragraph writing course. The study identified and analyzed the instances of errors in different aspects of writing (namely, content and organization, support and development, cohesion and coherence, structure, vocabulary and mechanics), and explored the instructor’s feedback and written commentary on these aspects. The study introduces a flexible, analytic, comprehensive and context-sensitive feedback providing rubric to EFL writing. </p>
How One Spends a Useful Visit: The Letters of Friederica Göttlich Braun in the Eastern West Indies
Authors: Yaswinski Lanie 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
Bibiana Friederica Göttlich Braun (1725–1807) served as a Moravian missionary in the Eastern West Indies from 1769 to 1791. This article contains translations of three letters she produced during her service. She composed the first letter to John Ettwein, a church administrator in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, soon after she arrived on the island of St. Croix in 1769. She wrote the other two letters to her friend in Bethlehem, Anna Johanna Seidel, from the islands of St. Thomas (1772) and Antigua (1775). These later letters are rare examples of eighteenth-century letters written by a woman to another woman about her activities as a female missionary in the Caribbean. The collection of letters as a whole helps to inform our modern understanding of female contributions to the Moravian mission fields.
How Not to Defend Response Moralism
Authors: Smuts Aaron 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Response moralism holds that audience reactions to works of fiction can be morally bad. This position might appear implausible: How could it be bad to enjoy fictional suffering? It is just fiction. My goal is to sketch the most compelling argument in support of the theory. I show both how and how not to defend response moralism. First. I argue that the best defenses in the literature fail. Then, I offer a suggestion for how to support the theory. Finally, and most important, I argue that the difficulties for the theory have not been fully appreciated. To this end, I present, but do not attempt to solve, four issues facing response moralism.
Role of Keratinocyte Growth Factor in the Differentiation of Sweat Gland-Like Cells From Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Xu Yongan , Hong Yucai , Xu Mengyan , Ma Kui , Fu Xiaobing , Zhang Mao , Wang Guirong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHuman umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have higher proliferation potency and lower immune resistance than human bone marrow MSCs and can differentiate into various functional cells. Many regulatory factors, including keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), are involved in the development of skin and cutaneous appendages. Although KGF is important in wound healing, the role of KGF in hUC-MSC differentiation remains unknown. In our previous work, we found the mixing medium (nine parts of basic sweat-gland [SG] medium plus one part of conditioned heat-shock SG medium) could induce hUC-MSC differentiation to sweat gland-like cells (SGCs). In this study, we further improved the inducing medium and determined the effects of KGF in hUC-MSC differentiation. We found KGF expression in the SGCs and that recombinant human KGF could induce hUC-MSC differentiation into SGCs, suggesting KGF plays a pivotal role in promoting hUC-MSC differentiation to SGCs. Furthermore, the SGCs differentiated from hUC-MSCs were applied to severely burned skin of the paw of an in vivo severe combined immunodeficiency mouse burn model. Burned paws treated with SGCs could regenerate functional sparse SGs 21 days after treatment; the untreated control paws could not. Collectively, these results demonstrated that KGF is a critical growth factor for SGC differentiation from hUC-MSCs and the differentiated SGCs from hUC-MSCs may have a potential therapeutic application for regeneration of destroyed SGs and injured skin.SignificanceThere is growing evidence demonstrating a potential therapeutic application of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in injured skin. In the current study, conditioned media and chemically defined media with recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) could induce hUC-MSC differentiation into sweat gland-like cells (SGCs). Moreover, the differentiated SGCs from hUC-MSCs could regenerate functional sparse sweat glands in a mouse burn model, which provides further insight into the mechanisms of the role of KGF and a potential therapeutic application of differentiated SGCs for regeneration of destroyed sweat glands and injured skin.
Formation des maîtres et de musiciens pédagogues : le musicien-enseignant
Authors: Terrien Pascal 
Published: November 2015

La formation au certificat d’aptitude aux fonctions de professeur de musique (C. A.) du Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris (CNSMDP) est organisée depuis 2009 en différents modules. Parmi ceux-ci, le module B « Former des formateurs » donne lieu, en fin de cursus, à un exposé oral où l’étudiant doit « être capable de décrypter les savoirs (compétences, programmes, méthodes) et les moyens mis en oeuvre dans un cours observé » (Livret du Département de formation à l’enseignementdu CNSMDP 2010). Après avoir visionné un cours d’instrument, l’étudiant est invité à le décrire, à en analyser les éléments et à produire un commentaire qui permette au jury d’apprécier ses connaissances et ses compétences en pédagogie, ses qualités d’analyste, la pertinence des remarques et des remédiations qu’il proposerait au professeur. Sont étudiés dans cet article la corrélation entre les objectifs déclarés de ce module et les résultats obtenus par l’analyse des productions orales des étudiants lors de cette épreuve. Cette étude s’appuie sur l’analyse de la transcription des commentaires des étudiants, mise en perspective avec les objectifs affichés par cet examen et les attentes diverses du jury, et prenant comme référence le cadre théorique décrit par Hammerness, Darling-Hammond et Brandsford (2005).
Expérimentation d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour expliciter le processus de création d’une interprétation musicale
Authors: Héroux Isabelle , Fortier Marie-Soleil 
Published: November 2015

Cette recherche, de type exploratoire, avait pour but de développer une méthodologie pour analyser l’ensemble du processus créatif dans le travail d’interprétation d’une pièce musicale et ce, grâce à une étude pilote avec un seul cas. Nous avons utilisé les moyens de collecte des données relatives au travail instrumental qui ont déjà été validés par différents auteurs, dont Chaffin et Imreh (2002) et Chaffin et al. (2003), soit l’enregistrement des répétitions comportant des verbalisations, leur description par un observateur et les questionnaires réflexifs. De plus, nous avons employé une technique d’entretien inspirée de l’autoconfrontation (Theureau 2010 ; Vermersch 1994). Nous avons procédé à l’analyse de contenu de chacune des répétitions, puis nous avons utilisé l’analyse par théorisation ancrée (Paillé 1994) pour analyser l’ensemble des données (répétitions, verbalisations, observations et entretiens). Bien que nos résultats recoupent ceux déjà mentionnés dans la littérature scientifique existante en ce qui concerne les étapes de travail du musicien (Chaffin et al. 2003), ils mettent cependant à jour de nouveaux phénomènes, relatifs notamment au travail de l’expressivité de l’oeuvre et qui font l’objet d’une nouvelle étape de travail que nous avons appelée appropriation artistique. Lors de cette étape, le sujet rattachait le sens musical abstrait de l’oeuvre à des éléments inspirés de son vécu, grâce à l’utilisation d’analogies et d’une trame narrative, dans le but de donner un sens plus personnel au texte musical et favorisant, selon lui, une interprétation plus convaincante. La nature du travail effectué durant cette phase repose sur la recherche d’un sentiment de justesse de l’expressivité du jeu (caractère, nuances, sonorité, phrasé, etc.) que le sujet utilise pour valider la qualité et l’authenticité de son interprétation musicale. La méthodologie développée permettra d’étudier, dans le cadre de futures recherches comportant plusieurs sujets, l’ensemble du processus créatif au coeur du travail d’interprétation d’une pièce musicale.
A new technique for determining Substorm Onsets and Phases from Indices of the Electrojet (SOPHIE)
Authors: Forsyth C. , Rae I. J. , Coxon J. C. , Freeman M. P. , Jackman C. M. , Gjerloev J. , Fazakerley A. N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present a new quantitative technique that determines the times and durations of substorm expansion and recovery phases and possible growth phases based on percentiles of the rate of change of auroral electrojet indices. By being able to prescribe different percentile values, we can determine the onset and duration of substorm phases for smaller or larger variations of the auroral index or indeed any auroral zone ground‐based magnetometer data. We apply this technique to the SuperMAG AL (SML) index and compare our expansion phase onset times with previous lists of substorm onsets. We find that more than 50% of events in previous lists occur within 20 min of our identified onsets. We also present a comparison of superposed epoch analyses of SML based on our onsets identified by our technique and existing onset lists and find that the general characteristics of the substorm bay are comparable. By prescribing user‐defined thresholds, this automated, quantitative technique represents an improvement over any visual identification of substorm onsets or indeed any fixed threshold method.
Variability and origin of seismic anisotropy across eastern Canada: Evidence from shear wave splitting measurements
Authors: Darbyshire F. A. , Bastow I. D. , Forte A. M. , Hobbs T. E. , Calvel A. , Gonzalez‐Monteza A. , Schow B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMeasurements of seismic anisotropy in continental regions are frequently interpreted with respect to past tectonic processes, preserved in the lithosphere as “fossil” fabrics. Models of the present‐day sublithospheric flow (often using absolute plate motion as a proxy) are also used to explain the observations. Discriminating between these different sources of seismic anisotropy is particularly challenging beneath shields, whose thick (≥200 km) lithospheric roots may record a protracted history of deformation and strongly influence underlying mantle flow. Eastern Canada, where the geological record spans ∼3 Ga of Earth history, is an ideal region to address this issue. We use shear wave splitting measurements of core phases such as SKS to define upper mantle anisotropy using the orientation of the fast‐polarization direction ϕ and delay time δt between fast and slow shear wave arrivals. Comparison with structural trends in surface geology and aeromagnetic data helps to determine the contribution of fossil lithospheric fabrics to the anisotropy. We also assess the influence of sublithospheric mantle flow via flow directions derived from global geodynamic models. Fast‐polarization orientations are generally ENE‐WSW to ESE‐WNW across the region, but significant lateral variability in splitting parameters on a ≤100 km scale implies a lithospheric contribution to the results. Correlations with structural geologic and magnetic trends are not ubiquitous, however, nor are correlations with geodynamically predicted mantle flow directions. We therefore consider that the splitting parameters likely record a combination of the present‐day mantle flow and older lithospheric fabrics. Consideration of both sources of anisotropy is critical in shield regions when interpreting splitting observations.
Fracturing and earthquake activity within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm in the Western Volcanic Rift Zone of Iceland
Authors: Hjartardóttir Ásta Rut , Hjaltadóttir Sigurlaug , Einarsson Páll , Vogfjörd Kristín , Muñoz‐Cobo Belart Joaquín 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Prestahnúkur fissure swarm is located within the ultraslowly spreading Western Volcanic Zone in Iceland. The fissure swarm is characterized by normal faults, open fractures, and evidence of subglacial fissure eruptions (tindars). In this study, fractures and faults within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm were mapped in detail from aerial photographs to determine the extent and activity of the fissure swarm. Earthquakes during the last ~23 years were relocated to map the subsurface fault planes that they delineate. The Prestahnúkur fissure swarm is 40–80 km long and up to ~20 km wide. Most of the areas of the fissure swarm have been glacially eroded, although a part of it is covered by postglacial lava flows. The fissure swarm includes numerous faults with tens of meters vertical offset within the older glacially eroded part, whereas open fractures are found within postglacial lava flows. Comparison of relocated earthquakes and surface fractures indicates that some of the surface fractures have been activated at depth during the last ~23 years, although no dike intrusions have been ongoing. The existence of tindars nevertheless indicates that dike intrusions and rifting events do occur within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm. The low‐fracture density within postglacial lava flows and low density of postglacial eruptive fissures indicate that rifting episodes occur less often than in the faster spreading Northern Volcanic Zone.
Mechanism of formation of wiggly compaction bands in porous sandstone: 1. Observations and conceptual model
Authors: Liu Chun , Pollard David D. , Deng Shang , Aydin Atilla 
Published: November 2015

AbstractField observations are combined with microscopic analyses to investigate the mechanism of formation of wiggly compaction bands (CBs) in the porous Jurassic aeolian Aztec Sandstone exposed at Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada. Among the three types of CBs (T1, T2, and T3), we focused on the wiggly CBs (T3), which show a chevron (T31) or wavy (T32) pattern with typical corner angles of approximately 90° or 130°, respectively. Where corner angles of wiggly CBs increase to 180°, they become straight CBs (T33). Image analyses of thin sections using an optical microscope show host rock porosity increases downslope in this dune, and the predominant type of wiggly CBs also varies from chevron to straight CBs. Specifically, band type varies continuously from chevron to wavy to straight where the porosity and grain sorting of the host rock increase systematically. Based on the crack and anticrack models, we infer that the change from chevron to straight CBs is due to increasing failure angle of the sandstone and this may correlate with increasing grain sorting. Wavy CBs with intermediate failure angle and host rock porosity are an intermediate stage between chevron and straight CBs. Previous sedimentological studies also have suggested that grain size and sorting degree increase downslope on the downwind side of sand dunes due to a sieving process of the wind‐blown grains. Therefore, the transition of wiggly CB types in this regard correlates with increasing sorting and perhaps with increasing porosity downslope.
The Text Matters: Eye Movements Reflect the Cognitive Processing of Interrogation Rights
Authors: Scherr Kyle C. , Agauas Stephen J. , Ashby Jane 
Published: November 2015

SummarySuspects' decisions to waive or invoke interrogation rights have considerable impact on whether subsequent interrogations ensue, self‐incriminating information is offered, and in the case of innocent suspects, wrongful convictions occur. Although interrogation warnings differ in their text characteristics, empirically examining the influence of these text differences on suspects' ability to process and comprehend their rights has largely been neglected, which is especially problematic for vulnerable populations. Using a novel approach, we monitored the eye movements of 60 juveniles as they silently read different versions of Miranda warnings in order to investigate the relationship among text characteristics, processing difficulty, and comprehension problems. Results indicated that text characteristics were associated with processing difficulties and these processing difficulties were strongly correlated with comprehension of the warnings. Along with advancing basic and applied research programs, this approach can inform policy decisions and benefit vulnerable populations whose comprehension of interrogation rights is encumbered by legalese.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aminoxylation of Different Types of Hydrocarbons with TEMPO: A Concise Route to N‐Alkoxyamine Derivatives
Authors: Li Linyi , Yu Zhengwei , Shen Zengming 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn efficient copper(II)/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide catalyst system [(Bpy)Cu(II)/TBHP] for the aminoxylation of different types of hydrocarbons under mild and ambient air conditions has been developed to furnish N‐alkoxyamine derivatives in good to high yields. Ketones, esters, nitriles, toluene, ethylbenzene, heterocycles, cyclohexene, and cyclohexanes are well compatible in this system and the catalyst loading could be lowered to 0.5 mol%.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylthiolation of Di(hetero)aryl‐λ3‐iodanes: Mechanistic Insight and Application to Synthesis of (Hetero)Aryl Trifluoromethyl Sulfides
Authors: Saravanan Perumal , Anbarasan Pazhamalai 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe direct and regioselective copper/S‐Phos‐catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical di(hetero)aryl‐λ3‐iodanes has been accomplished for the synthesis of various (hetero)aryl trifluoromethyl sulfides employing readily accessible silver trifluoromethylthiolate (AgSCF3) as nucleophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent. The developed transformation tolerates various functional groups like nitrile, enolizable ketone, ester, nitro and free carboxylic acid. Interestingly, the formal trifluoromethylthiolation of arenes was also achieved through integration of the synthesis of diaryl‐λ3‐iodanes from arenes with the trifluoromethylthiolation. Mechanistic investigations did not favor the radical formation and SET pathway. Based on the variable temperature 19F NMR spectroscopy, isolation of the most relevant catalytic intermediate, and stoichiometric studies supported the Cu(I)/Cu(III) catalytic cycle, wherein the oxidative addition of diaryl‐λ3‐iodanes was assisted by the silver salt.magnified image
Effects of TRiEGME on water icing behavior in aviation turbine fuel
Authors: Chen K. , Sun T. , Xiang H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe high vapor pressure of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, the only approved civil aviation fuel system icing inhibitor (FSII), causes the peeling of fuel tank topcoat material. This leads to increased maintenance costs and decreased aircraft mission capabilities. Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TriEGME) has been proposed as a potential replacement as it has a low vapor pressure and can partition into any free water in the fuel forming a solution with a low freezing point. However, its use has not been approved by airworthiness authority because very few data are available for its impacts on water solubility and icing behavior in fuel. The effects of TriEGME on water solubility, solidification temperature, and water icing behavior in fuel were thoroughly studied. At added concentration ranging from 0.10 to 0.15 vol. % water solubility in jet fuel almost tripled compared with that without FSII. The solidification temperatures for water in fuel with FSII and for mixture of water and FSII decreased with increased FSII concentration. Moreover, partition coefficient, defined as equilibrium FSII concentration in aqueous phase divided by equilibrium FSII concentration in fuel phase, decreased with increased FSII concentration in fuel. At equilibrium condition with fixed FSII concentration in fuel, decrease in fuel temperature led to an increase in partition coefficient. An estimation of required dosage for TriEGME to prevent water icing in fuel can be achieved by comparison of TriEGME concentration in aqueous phase with its corresponding freezing temperature. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the addition of carbon black on the carbonization and flame retardancy of polypropylene in combination with nickel–molybdenum–magnesium catalysts
Authors: Song Rongjun , Ren Zhengru 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTCarbon black particles were incorporated into the polypropylene (PP) in combination with Ni–Mo–Mg catalysts to investigate their influences on the carbonization and flame retardancy of PP. The results demonstrate that the carbon black exhibited a very positive effect on the char yield of PP in a pyrolyzation experiment with different temperatures. For pyrolyzation at 750 and 550°C, the PP/5% Ni–Mo–Mg/5% carbon black blends gave 56 and 37.1% char yields, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy results, and direct optical observations from designed experiments all demonstrated a combination of carbon black with growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the generation of char with integrated and compact structures. Cone calorimeter and limited oxygen index tests confirmed that the integration of carbon black particles and CNTs led to a significant improvement in the flame retardancy of PP. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43034.
Gas transport properties in (6FDA‐RTIL)‐(6FDA‐MDA) block copolyimides
Authors: Zhang Caili , Cao Bing , Coleman Maria R. , Li Pei 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThis article reports synthesis and structure property studies of block copolyimides synthesized using diamino room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) as diamine monomers. Specifically, polyimide oligomers of different lengths were synthesized using 2,2‐bis (3,4‐carboxylphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and diamino RTIL (1,3‐di(3‐aminopropyl) imidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl] imide). These oligomers were copolymerized with 6FDA and m‐phenylenediamine (MDA) using in situ polymerization to form (6FDA‐RTIL)‐(6FDA‐MDA) block copolyimides. The impact of the length and relative concentration of 6FDA‐RTIL oligomer in the copolymer on the resulting thermal, physical, and gas transport properties was monitored. As the concentration of the 6FDA‐RTIL segments increased, the backbone of the block copolyimides became more flexible resulting in a decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and an increase in the density. The permeabilities of the RTIL containing copolyimides were consistently lower than those of the base polyimide, 6FDA‐MDA, with some increase in selectivities. Interestingly, the permeabilities of films produced with the low molecular weight oligomers were very different than those produced with same composition of the high molecular weight oligomers. This may be indicative of very different morphologies within these copolyimides. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43077.