bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water mass transformation by cabbeling and thermobaricity
Authors: Groeskamp Sjoerd , Abernathey Ryan P. , Klocker Andreas 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWater mass transformation is an important process for the global ocean circulation. Nonlinearities in the equation of state of seawater lead to water mass transformation due to cabbeling and thermobaricity. Here the contribution of cabbeling and thermobaricity to water mass transformation is calculated in a Neutral Density framework, using temperature gradients derived from observationally based gridded climatologies and observationally based estimates of the spatially varying eddy diffusivities. It is shown that cabbeling and thermobaricity play a significant role in the water mass transformation budget, with cabbeling having a particularly important role in the formation of Antarctic Intermediate Water and Antarctic Bottom Water. A physical hypothesis is presented which explains why cabbeling is important for Antarctic Intermediate Water formation. It is shown that spatially varying estimates of eddy diffusivities are essential to correctly quantify the role of cabbeling to the formation of Antarctic Intermediate Water.
Selection of FUV auroral imagers for satellite missions
Authors: Unick Craig , Donovan Eric , Spanswick Emma , Uritsky Vadim 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA survey of previously flown and recently designed FUV auroral imagers is presented in conjunction with selection criteria to optimize the potential scientific impact of future satellite‐based FUV auroral observations. The selection of the appropriate suppressive imager is ultimately broken down to four field‐of‐view categories: (1) less than 10°, (2) 10° to 16°, (3) 16° to 24°, and (4) greater than 24°. The determination of the field of view follows as a necessary consequence of the orbit of the satellite, which is often imposed by the mission. The first category of imagers has a wide range of available choices, the second and third categories have a couple of options each where a distinction is made between narrow and wide aggregate filter bandwidth, and the fourth category is limited to on‐axis designs introduced by the authors. High‐resolution imaging is possible up to 50° field of view with the class of imager design first presented in this paper.
Using satellite‐based measurements to explore spatiotemporal scales and variability of drivers of new particle formation
Authors: Sullivan R. C. , Crippa P. , Hallar A. G. , Clarisse L. , Whitburn S. , Van Damme M. , Leaitch W. R. , Walker J. T. , Khlystov A. , Pryor S. C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNew particle formation (NPF) can potentially alter regional climate by increasing aerosol particle (hereafter particle) number concentrations and ultimately cloud condensation nuclei. The large scales on which NPF is manifest indicate potential to use satellite‐based (inherently spatially averaged) measurements of atmospheric conditions to diagnose the occurrence of NPF and NPF characteristics. We demonstrate the potential for using satellite‐based measurements of insolation (UV), trace gas concentrations (sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde (HCHO), and ozone (O3)), aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE)), and a proxy of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (leaf area index (LAI) and temperature (T)) as predictors for NPF characteristics: formation rates, growth rates, survival probabilities, and ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations at five locations across North America. NPF at all sites is most frequent in spring, exhibits a one‐day autocorrelation, and is associated with low condensational sink (AOD × AE) and HCHO concentrations, and high UV. However, there are important site‐to‐site variations in NPF frequency and characteristics, and in which of the predictor variables (particularly gas concentrations) significantly contribute to the explanatory power of regression models built to predict those characteristics. This finding may provide a partial explanation for the reported spatial variability in skill of simple generalized nucleation schemes in reproducing observed NPF. In contrast to more simple proxies developed in prior studies (e.g., based on AOD, AE, SO2, and UV), use of additional predictors (NO2, NH3, HCHO, LAI, T, and O3) increases the explained temporal variance of UFP concentrations at all sites.
Impacts of cloud superparameterization on projected daily rainfall intensity climate changes in multiple versions of the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Kooperman Gabriel J. , Pritchard Michael S. , Burt Melissa A. , Branson Mark D. , Randall David A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractChanges in the character of rainfall are assessed using a holistic set of statistics based on rainfall frequency and amount distributions in climate change experiments with three conventional and superparameterized versions of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM and SPCAM). Previous work has shown that high‐order statistics of present‐day rainfall intensity are significantly improved with superparameterization, especially in regions of tropical convection. Globally, the two modeling approaches project a similar future increase in mean rainfall, especially across the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and at high latitudes, but over land, SPCAM predicts a smaller mean change than CAM. Changes in high‐order statistics are similar at high latitudes in the two models but diverge at lower latitudes. In the tropics, SPCAM projects a large intensification of moderate and extreme rain rates in regions of organized convection associated with the Madden Julian Oscillation, ITCZ, monsoons, and tropical waves. In contrast, this signal is missing in all versions of CAM, which are found to be prone to predicting increases in the amount but not intensity of moderate rates. Predictions from SPCAM exhibit a scale‐insensitive behavior with little dependence on horizontal resolution for extreme rates, while lower resolution (∼2°) versions of CAM are not able to capture the response simulated with higher resolution (∼1°). Moderate rain rates analyzed by the “amount mode” and “amount median” are found to be especially telling as a diagnostic for evaluating climate model performance and tracing future changes in rainfall statistics to tropical wave modes in SPCAM.
Structural geology of the Rub' Al‐Khali Basin, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Stewart S. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Rub' Al‐Khali basin lies below a Quaternary sand sea, and the structural evolution from the Late Precambrian to Neogene is known only from reflection seismic, gravity, and magnetic data, and wells. Gravity and magnetic data show north‐south and northwest‐southeast trends, matching mapped Precambrian faults. The deepest structures imaged on reflection seismic data are undrilled Precambrian rifts filled with layered strata at depths up to 13 km. The distribution of Ediacaran‐Cambrian Ara/Hormuz mobile salt is restricted to an embayment in the eastern Rub' Al‐Khali. The Precambrian rifts show local inversion and were peneplained at base Phanerozoic. A broad crustal‐scale fold (Qatar Arch) developed in the Carboniferous and amplified in the Late Triassic, separating subbasins in the west and east Rub' Al‐Khali. A phase of kilometer‐scale folding occurred in the Late Cretaceous, coeval with thrusting and ophiolite obduction in eastern Oman. These folds trend predominantly north‐south, oblique to the northwesterly shortening direction, and occasionally have steep fault zones close to their axial surfaces. The trend and location of these folds closely matches the Precambrian lineaments identified in this study, demonstrating preferential reactivation of basement structures. Compression along the Zagros suture reactivated these folds in the Neogene, this time the result of highly oblique, north‐northeast to south‐southwest shortening. Cretaceous‐Tertiary fold style is interpreted as transpression with minor strain partitioning. Permian, Jurassic, and Eocene evaporite horizons played no role in the structural evolution of the basin, but the Eocene evaporites caused widespread kilometer‐scale dissolution collapse structures in the basin center.
Dike emplacement, footwall rotation, and the transition from magmatic to tectonic extension in the Whipple Mountains metamorphic core complex, southeastern California
Authors: Gans Phillip B. , Gentry Beau J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Chambers Well dike swarm and associated plutonic/volcanic rocks in the western footwall of the Whipple Detachment Fault (WDF) provide key insight into the evolution of this metamorphic core complex. New structural and geochronologic data suggest that the western 12–15 km of exposed footwall is steeply tilted to the SW, providing a cross‐sectional view of the upper crust, from the Miocene erosion surface to the top of the coeval mylonitization. Ages and compositions of dikes are indistinguishable from adjacent thick volcanic successions. Several kilometers of early Miocene extension (~20.5 to 19.0 Ma) were accommodated by magmatic accretion but transitioned to rapid extensional faulting and tilting at 19.0–18.5 Ma. The subhorizontal WDF in this area initiated as a northeast dipping high‐angle (50–60°) normal fault that breached the surface locally, not in a breakaway tens of kilometers to the west. Large‐scale tilting and differential uplift of the western footwall was in part coeval with mylonitization and dike emplacement and was accomplished by block rotation in the hanging wall of additional normal faults, isostatic uplift, and flow of lower crust from beneath less extended regions to the west. The WDF is likely a composite surface with a western segment that had ceased moving by ~18.5 Ma, cut by successively younger and steeper fault(s) to the east. Perhaps, the most important difference between seismogenic high‐angle normal faults and low‐angle “detachment faults” characteristic of metamorphic core complexes is one of magnitude and rate of total accumulated slip, not of initial failure conditions.
Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction Involving Nitro as an Unexpected Leaving Group: Construction of Dibenzo‐Fused Azepinone Ring
Authors: Sunke Rajnikanth , Ramarao E. V. Venkat Shivaji , Nallapati Suresh Babu , Medisetti Raghavender , Kulkarni Pushkar , Kapavarapu Ravi Kumar , Bankala Ramudu , Parsa Kishore V. L. , Pal Manojit 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed new domino reaction allowed the facile and direct construction of the dibenzo‐fused azepinone ring leading to an array of novel small molecules. The co‐catalyst, ligand or additive free one‐pot method afforded a unique class of functionalized derivatives, one of which showed encouraging PDE4 inhibition in vitro and apoptosis in vivo.magnified image
Market Power in the Chinese Wine Industry
Authors: Zheng Qiujie , Wang H. Holly 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTWith the rapid expansion of China's middle class and the increasing Western cultural influence, the wine consumption in China has experienced a remarkable growth in recent decades. A quantitative study on market power of Chinese wine firms is conducted to assess the competition structure of this industry and to provide economic insights into effective strategies for existing and prospective firms. In this paper, we employ an econometric model to estimate markups using a firm‐level dataset collected from the Chinese wine industry allowing price heterogeneity. The results suggest that there exists an oligopolistic structure in the Chinese wine industry, and geographical region has significant impact on the market power. We also provide discussions on future directions of market structure for domestic as well as multinational firms. [EconLit citations: Q13, L11, L66].
Development of methods for using workers’ compensation data for surveillance and prevention of occupational injuries among State‐insured private employers in Ohio
Authors: Wurzelbacher Steven J. , Al‐Tarawneh Ibraheem S. , Meyers Alysha R. , Bushnell P.Timothy , Lampl Michael P. , Robins David C. , Tseng Chih‐Yu , Wei Chia , Bertke Stephen J. , Raudabaugh Jill A. , Haviland Thomas M. , Schnorr Teresa M. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundWorkers’ compensation (WC) claims data may be useful for identifying high‐risk industries and developing prevention strategies.MethodsWC claims data from private‐industry employers insured by the Ohio state‐based workers’ compensation carrier from 2001 to 2011 were linked with the state's unemployment insurance (UI) data on the employer's industry and number of employees. National Labor Productivity and Costs survey data were used to adjust UI data and estimate full‐time equivalents (FTE). Rates of WC claims per 100 FTE were computed and Poisson regression was used to evaluate differences in rates.ResultsMost industries showed substantial claim count and rate reductions from 2001 to 2008, followed by a leveling or slight increase in claim count and rate from 2009 to 2011. Despite reductions, there were industry groups that had consistently higher rates.ConclusionWC claims data linked to employment data could be used to prioritize industries for injury research and prevention activities among State‐insured private employers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1087–1104, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reaktivitätsdeskriptoren für die Aktivität von molekularen MN4‐Katalysatoren zur Sauerstoffreduktion
Authors: Zagal José H. , Koper Marc T. M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractZwischen allgemein bekannten Reaktivitätsdeskriptoren für die Aktivität von Metallelektroden bezüglich der Sauerstoffreduktion (ORR, oxygen reduction reaction) und der Reaktivität von molekularen Katalysatoren, im Speziellen auf Elektrodenoberflächen haftenden makrocyclischen MN4‐Metallkomplexen, lassen sich eindeutige Ähnlichkeiten herstellen. Wir zeigen auf, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem MIII/MII‐Redoxpotential von MN4‐Chelaten und ihren M‐O2‐Bindungsenergien besteht. Insbesondere die Bindungsenergie von O2 (und anderen O‐Spezies) folgen dem MIII‐OH/MII‐Übergang von MnN4‐ und FeN4‐Chelaten. Die Vulkankurve für die Sauerstoffreduktion an MN4‐Katalysatoren ähnelt der Vulkankurve von Metallkatalysatoren: Katalysatoren auf dem Abschnitt mit schwacher Bindung (vor allem CoN4‐Chelate) ergeben H2O2 als Hauptprodukt, wobei der Beginn der Sauerstoffreduktion pH‐unabhängig auf der NHE‐Skala ist (und damit pH‐abhängig auf der RHE‐Skala); Katalysatoren auf dem Abschnitt mit starker Bindung ergeben H2O als Produkt und zeigen die erwartete pH‐Abhängigkeit auf der NHE‐Skala. Die hier behandelten Deskriptoren treffen auch auf thermisch behandelte pyrolysierte MN4‐Katalysatoren zu.
Direct and Versatile Synthesis of Red‐Shifted Azobenzenes
Authors: Hansen Mickel J. , Lerch Michael M. , Szymanski Wiktor , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA straightforward synthesis of azobenzenes with bathochromically‐shifted absorption bands is presented. It employs an ortho‐lithiation of aromatic substrates, followed by a coupling reaction with aryldiazonium salts. The products are obtained with good to excellent yields after simple purification. Moreover, with the presented methodology, a structurally diverse panel of different azobenzenes, including unsymmetric tetra‐ortho‐substituted ones, can be readily obtained, which paves the way for future development of red‐light‐addressable azobenzene derivatives for in vivo application.
Reactivity Descriptors for the Activity of Molecular MN4 Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zagal José H. , Koper Marc T. M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSimilarities are established between well‐known reactivity descriptors of metal electrodes for their activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the reactivity of molecular catalysts, in particular macrocyclic MN4 metal complexes confined to electrode surfaces. We show that there is a correlation between the MIII/MII redox potential of MN4 chelates and the M‐O2 binding energies. Specifically, the binding energy of O2 (and other O species) follows the MIII‐OH/MII redox transition for MnN4 and FeN4 chelates. The ORR volcano plot for MN4 catalysts is similar to that for metal catalysts: catalysts on the weak binding side (mostly CoN4 chelates) yield mainly H2O2 as the product, with an ORR onset potential independent of the pH value on the NHE scale (and therefore pH‐dependent on the RHE scale); catalysts on the stronger binding side yield H2O as the product with the expected pH‐dependence on the NHE scale. The suggested descriptors also apply to heat‐treated pyrolyzed MN4 catalysts.
Evaluation of interactions of biopolymers using dynamic rheological measurements: Effect of temperature and blend ratios
Authors: Behrouzian Fataneh , Razavi Seyed M. A. , Alghooneh Ali 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTHerein, a robust scheme is defined to elaborate interaction behavior of biopolymers and the effect of temperature on it using dynamic rheological measurements. As a case study, sage seed gum‐xanthan gum (SSG‐XG) interaction at different ratios (1‐0, 3‐1, 1‐1, 1‐3, 0‐1) and temperatures (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 °C) were experimentally evaluated. SSG‐XG of 3‐1 showed the highest temperature tolerance of almost all rheological parameters and relaxation time in amplitude sweep and frequency sweep measurements, respectively. Higher elastic component and higher extent of temperature dependency of this parameter were observed with increasing SSG fraction. At high temperature, XG molecules in aqueous solution illustrated an ordered (helix) –disordered (coil) conformational transformation while SSG exhibited more rigidity at higher temperature. Only 3‐1 and 1‐1 SSG‐XG at 50 °C showed synergistic interaction of Aa (stiffness parameter) among all blends, which suggested the use of 3‐1 SSG‐XG blend in systems where enhanced structure at high temperature is desirable. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44414.
Production of 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural and levulinic acid from lignocellulose in aqueous solution and different solvents
Authors: Zheng Xujing , Gu Xiaochao , Ren Yun , Zhi Zehao , Lu Xuebin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWith the continuous development of society and a serious energy crisis, renewable energy has become highly important. As platform compounds that can produce large amounts of chemical products, 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (5‐HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) have attracted the attention of many researchers. Production of 5‐HMF and LA with lignocellulose is currently one of the most promising research directions in biomass energy. Conventionally, production of 5‐HMF and LA with lignocellulose is typically performed in aqueous solutions containing dilute mineral acids as catalysts. Recently, advances have been reported in the use of heterogeneous catalysts for conversion of lignocellulose into 5‐HMF and LA in different solvents to eliminate the use of mineral acids. In this paper, the merits, demerits, and requirements for commercialization are outlined for 5‐HMF and LA production from lignocellulose in aqueous solution, and different solvents are reviewed. Special attention is focused on the use of green chemicals (such as γ‐valerolactone) and ionic liquids as solvents due to their clean and recoverable characteristics. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effect of fructose on the phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase in HepG2 cells stimulated with placental lactogen
Authors: Mukai Yuuka , Hoshi Fumika , Sato Shin 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDHigh fructose intake induces disruption of lipid metabolism via AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in the liver and peripheral tissues. Maternal lipid metabolism is physiologically altered by the activity of pregnancy hormones such as human placental lactogen (PL). To elucidate the influence of high fructose intake on hepatic lipid metabolism during pregnancy, we examined the effects of fructose on lipid metabolism via the AMPK pathway in hepatocytes stimulated with PL.METHODSHuman hepatoma cells (HepG2) were treated with D(‐)‐fructose in the presence or absence of PL. Intracellular lipid contents were measured. The total and phosphorylated protein content of AMPK and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) was quantified by Western blotting.RESULTSThe intracellular triacylglycerol level in fructose‐treated HepG2 cells decreased significantly compared with that in untreated cells in the presence, but not absence, of PL. AMPK and ACC phosphorylation increased significantly and concentration‐dependently in fructose‐treated HepG2 cells in the presence of PL.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that fructose treatment reduces triacylglycerol levels via AMPK/ACC signaling in PL‐stimulated hepatocytes. These findings suggest that high fructose intake during pregnancy might impair lipid metabolism in the maternal liver.
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli W3110 to produce L‐malate
Authors: Dong Xiaoxiang , Chen Xiulai , Qian Yuanyuan , Wang Yuancai , Wang Li , Qiao Weihua , Liu Liming 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTA four‐carbon dicarboxylic acid L‐malate has recently attracted attention due to its potential applications in the fields of medicine and agriculture. In this study, Escherichia coli W3110 was engineered and optimized for L‐malate production via one‐step L‐malate synthesis pathway. First, deletion of the genes encoding lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), pyruvate oxidase (poxB), pyruvate formate lyase (pflB), phosphotransacetylase (pta), and acetate kinase A (ackA) in pta‐ackA pathway led to accumulate 20.9 g/L pyruvate. Then, overexpression of NADP+‐dependent malic enzyme C490S mutant in this multi‐deletion mutant resulted in the direct conversion of pyruvate into L‐malate (3.62 g/L). Next, deletion of the genes responsible for succinate biosynthesis further enhanced L‐malate production up to 7.78 g/L. Finally, L‐malate production was elevated to 21.65 g/L with the L‐malate yield to 0.36 g/g in a 5 L bioreactor by overexpressing the pos5 gene encoding NADH kinase in the engineered E. coli F0931 strain. This study demonstrates the potential utility of one‐step pathway for efficient L‐malate production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 656–664. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical significance and functional validation of PPA1 in various tumors
Authors: Luo Dehong , Wang Guanwen , Shen Wenzhi , Zhao Shuangtao , Zhou Wei , Wan Lin , Yuan Liying , Yang Shuang , Xiang Rong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to detect PPA1 expression in various tumors and to investigate the relationship between PPA1 expression and clinicopathological parameters to further analyze its clinical significance. Immunohistochemical staining detected PPA1 expression in 305 noncancerous tissues and 675 tumor tissues, which included 12 different tumor types. QPCR and western blot examined PPA1 expression in tumor‐derived cell lines including those derived from liver, breast, lung, and ovarian cancers. Cell proliferation and apoptosis assays were used to investigate PPA1‐regulated cell growth in tumor cells. Finally, a bioinformatics analysis was used to verify the role of PPA1 in carcinogenesis. Among the 12 types of tumors, PPA1 expression was significantly higher in lung and ovarian cancers (P < 0.001). In lung cancer, PPA1 expression was associated with tumor size, patients’ age, and smoking status, whereas in ovarian cancer, PPA1 expression was associated with pathological grade (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found that PPA1 expression was up‐regulated in lung and ovarian cancer cell lines compared with nontumor cells. In addition, suppression of PPA1 expression by RNA interference in lung and ovarian cancer cells showed increased cell apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation, which was mediated by TP53 and p21 signaling. Notably, a bioinformatics analysis was used to verify the function of PPA1 in the development and progression of tumors. PPA1 expression is significantly higher in many tumors, especially those of lung and ovarian origin, which suggests that PPA1 plays an important role in carcinogenesis and in the development of some tumors.