bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bias due to participant overlap in two‐sample Mendelian randomization
Authors: Burgess Stephen , Davies Neil M. , Thompson Simon G. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTMendelian randomization analyses are often performed using summarized data. The causal estimate from a one‐sample analysis (in which data are taken from a single data source) with weak instrumental variables is biased in the direction of the observational association between the risk factor and outcome, whereas the estimate from a two‐sample analysis (in which data on the risk factor and outcome are taken from non‐overlapping datasets) is less biased and any bias is in the direction of the null. When using genetic consortia that have partially overlapping sets of participants, the direction and extent of bias are uncertain. In this paper, we perform simulation studies to investigate the magnitude of bias and Type 1 error rate inflation arising from sample overlap. We consider both a continuous outcome and a case‐control setting with a binary outcome. For a continuous outcome, bias due to sample overlap is a linear function of the proportion of overlap between the samples. So, in the case of a null causal effect, if the relative bias of the one‐sample instrumental variable estimate is 10% (corresponding to an F parameter of 10), then the relative bias with 50% sample overlap is 5%, and with 30% sample overlap is 3%. In a case‐control setting, if risk factor measurements are only included for the control participants, unbiased estimates are obtained even in a one‐sample setting. However, if risk factor data on both control and case participants are used, then bias is similar with a binary outcome as with a continuous outcome. Consortia releasing publicly available data on the associations of genetic variants with continuous risk factors should provide estimates that exclude case participants from case‐control samples.
Synthesis of alkyl α‐aminomethyl‐phenylphosphinates and N,N‐bis(alkoxyphenylphosphinylmethyl)amines by the microwave‐assisted Kabachnik–Fields reaction
Authors: Bálint Erika , Tóth Regina Eszter , Keglevich György 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAs a novel extension, the Kabachnik–Fields reaction was applied to the synthesis of alkyl α‐aminomethyl‐phenylphosphinates, and the double phospha‐Mannich reaction was utilized in the preparation of bis(alkoxyphenylphosphinylmethyl)amines. A total of 27 new aminophosphinate derivatives were synthesized by the microwave‐assisted solvent‐free condensation of alkyl phenyl‐H‐phosphinates, paraformaldehyde, and primary or secondary amines. The starting P‐species were also prepared under microwave conditions. The formation of the N‐methylated aminomethyl‐phenylphosphinate by‐products was also investigated.
Variable relationship of the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the inferior thyroid artery: A meta‐analysis and surgical implications
Authors: Henry Brandon Michael , Vikse Jens , Graves Matthew J. , Sanna Silvia , Sanna Beatrice , Tomaszewska Iwona M. , Hsieh Wan Chin , Tubbs R. Shane , Tomaszewski Krzysztof A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship between the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and inferior thyroid artery (ITA) is highly variable and traceable back to embryological life.MethodsComprehensive database searches were conducted, followed by judgment of eligibility, assessment, and extraction of data concerning the RLN/ITA relationship. The data were pooled into a meta‐analysis and subjected to sex, side‐based, geographic origin of study, and study modality subgroup analyses.ResultsSeventy‐nine studies (n = 14,269 nerves) reported data on the relationship of the RLN to the ITA. The left versus right‐sided comparison revealed stark differences: RLNs were predominantly posterior (62.6% vs 37.0%) and anterior (17.2% vs 37.1%) on the left and right sides, respectively.ConclusionSymmetry of neurovascular relationships should not be assumed. Extra care should be taken during procedures on the right side, because the nerves are significantly more likely to present in patterns (anterior and between) associated with greater risk of iatrogenic injury. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 177–186, 2017
Fast Efficient and General PASE Approach to Medicinally Relevant 4H,5H‐Pyrano‐[4,3‐b]pyran‐5‐one and 4,6‐Dihydro‐5H‐pyrano‐[3,2‐c]pyridine‐5‐one Scaffolds
Authors: Elinson Michail N. , Ryzhkov Fedor V. , Nasybullin Ruslan F. , Vereshchagin Anatoly N. , Egorov Mikhail P. 
Published: September 2016

The general ‘on‐solvent’ PASE approach was found to be medicinally relevant for 4H,5H‐pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran‐5‐one and 4,6‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridine‐5‐one scaffolds. Ammonium acetate‐catalyzed multicomponent reaction of aldehydes and two different C–H acids in the presence of small amounts of EtOH results in fast (3 – 15 min) and efficient formation of scaffolds, promising for many diverse oriented medical applications.
Life cycle of petroleum biodegradation metabolite plumes, and implications for risk management at fuel release sites
Authors: Zemo Dawn A , O'Reilly Kirk T , Mohler Rachel E , Magaw Renae I , Espino Devine Catalina , Ahn Sungwoo , Tiwary Asheesh K 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

This paper summarizes the results of a 5-y research study of the nature and toxicity of petroleum biodegradation metabolites in groundwater at fuel release sites that are quantified as diesel-range “Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons” (TPH; also known as TPHd, diesel-range organics (DRO), etc.), unless a silica gel cleanup (SGC) step is used on the sample extract prior to the TPH analysis. This issue is important for site risk management in regulatory jurisdictions that use TPH as a metric; the presence of these metabolites may preclude site closure even if all other factors can be considered “low-risk.” Previous work has shown that up to 100% of the extractable organics in groundwater at petroleum release sites can be biodegradation metabolites. The metabolites can be separated from the hydrocarbons by incorporating an SGC step; however, regulatory agency acceptance of SGC has been inconsistent because of questions about the nature and toxicity of the metabolites. The present study was conducted to answer these specific questions. Groundwater samples collected from source and downgradient wells at fuel release sites were extracted and subjected to targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nontargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) analyses, and the metabolites identified in each sample were classified according to molecular structural classes and assigned an oral reference dose (RfD)–based toxicity ranking. Our work demonstrates that the metabolites identified in groundwater at biodegrading fuel release sites are in classes ranked as low toxicity to humans and are not expected to pose significant risk to human health. The identified metabolites naturally attenuate in a predictable manner, with an overall trend to an increasingly higher proportion of organic acids and esters, and a lower human toxicity profile, and a life cycle that is consistent with the low-risk natural attenuation paradigm adopted by many regulatory agencies for petroleum release sites. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:714–727. © 2016 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

Key Points
Petroleum metabolite mixtures in groundwater are primarily organic acids or esters, with variable alcohols and ketones, and few aldehydes or phenols. Petroleum metabolites in groundwater are in molecular structural classes ranked as low toxicity to humans. Metabolites in groundwater have a life cycle that is consistent with the natural attenuation (NA) paradigm. Risk management focus at fuel release sites should be the hydrocarbons and not the metabolites, and silica gel cleanup (SGC) should be used to separate the two.
Safety and Tolerability of Neladenoson Bialanate, a Novel Oral Partial Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonist, in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Voors Adriaan Alexander , Düngen Hans‐Dirk , Senni Michele , Nodari Savina , Agostoni Piergiuseppe , Ponikowski Piotr , Bax Jeroen J. , Butler Javed , Kim Raymond J. , Dorhout Bernard , Dinh Wilfried , Gheorghiade Mihai 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe studied safety and tolerability of neladenoson bialanate, a novel oral selective partial adenosine A1 receptor agonist that maintains the cardioprotective effects of adenosine without the undesired side effects of a full agonist, in 2 pilot studies in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The β‐blocker interaction study was a single‐blind, placebo‐controlled study on the effects of a 30‐mg single dose of neladenoson bialanate on atrioventricular (AV) conduction in 11 patients with HFrEF treated with β‐blockers. The PARSiFAL pilot study was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study on the effects of a 7‐day treatment with 10 or 20 mg neladenoson bialanate or placebo in 31 patients with HFrEF on β‐blocker therapy. In the β‐blocker interaction study with 11 HFrEF patients, no second‐ or third‐degree AV block was detected on 48‐hour Holter monitoring. In the 31 HFrEF patients included in the PARSiFAL pilot study, no second‐ or third‐degree AV blocks were observed during 24‐hour Holter monitoring, and no effects were seen on heart rate and blood pressure. Median absolute changes in LVEF, measured by cardiac magnetic resonance, were 1.9% (interquartile range –1.1 to 4.3), 0.3% (–1.4 to 2.7), and 2.2% (0.4 to 4.5), in the placebo, 10‐mg, and 20‐mg groups, respectively. Treatment of HFrEF patients with the novel partial adenosine A1 agonist neladenoson bialanate appeared to be safe in 2 small pilot studies, and no atrioventricular conduction disorders or neurological side effects were observed. No significant early changes in cardiac function were detected.
Morphological variation among the inner ears of extinct and extant baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti)
Authors: Ekdale Eric G. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTLiving mysticetes (baleen whales) and odontocetes (toothed whales) differ significantly in auditory function in that toothed whales are sensitive to high‐frequency and ultrasonic sound vibrations and mysticetes to low‐frequency and infrasonic noises. Our knowledge of the evolution and phylogeny of cetaceans, and mysticetes in particular, is at a point at which we can explore morphological and physiological changes within the baleen whale inner ear. Traditional comparative anatomy and landmark‐based 3D‐geometric morphometric analyses were performed to investigate the anatomical diversity of the inner ears of extinct and extant mysticetes in comparison with other cetaceans. Principal component analyses (PCAs) show that the cochlear morphospace of odontocetes is tangential to that of mysticetes, but odontocetes are completely separated from mysticetes when semicircular canal landmarks are combined with the cochlear data. The cochlea of the archaeocete Zygorhiza kochii and early diverging extinct mysticetes plot within the morphospace of crown mysticetes, suggesting that mysticetes possess ancestral cochlear morphology and physiology. The PCA results indicate variation among mysticete species, although no major patterns are recovered to suggest separate hearing or locomotor regimes. Phylogenetic signal was detected for several clades, including crown Cetacea and crown Mysticeti, with the most clades expressing phylogenetic signal in the semicircular canal dataset. Brownian motion could not be excluded as an explanation for the signal, except for analyses combining cochlea and semicircular canal datasets for Balaenopteridae. J. Morphol. 277:1599–1615, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Malignancy characterization of hepatocellular carcinomas based on texture analysis of contrast‐enhanced MR images
Authors: Zhou Wu , Zhang Lijuan , Wang Kaixin , Chen Shuting , Wang Guangyi , Liu Zaiyi , Liang Changhong 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo investigate the performance of texture analysis in characterizing malignancy of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) based on contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and MethodsGd‐DTPA contrast‐enhanced MRI data of 46 consecutive subjects with resected HCC were retrieved. The mean intensity and gray‐level run‐length nonuniformity (GLN) were quantified as the discriminative features based on the arterial phase images and compared between groups with different histological grading using independent Student's t‐test or Welch–Satterthwaite approximate t‐test for data following a normal distribution and Mann–Whitney U‐test for data violating the normal distribution. The performance of texture features in differentiating the biological aggressiveness of HCC was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. P < 0.05 was set as the significance level.ResultsLow‐grade HCCs had increased mean intensity and decreased GLN in four directions, as compared with high‐grade HCCs (P < 0.0005). A cutoff value of 739.37 for the average intensity resulted in an optimal sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 100% for histological grading discrimination. Cutoff values of 34.18, 66.59, 36.82, and 80.31 for the GLN in four directions (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°) resulted in an optimal sensitivity of 92%, 84%, 68%, 76% and specificity 66.70%, 71.40%, 85.70%, 76.20%, respectively. The areas under the ROC curve for the average intensity and GLN in four directions were 0.918, 0.846, 0.836, 0.827, and 0.838, respectively.ConclusionTexture features indexed by mean and GLN based on the arterial phase images reflect biologic aggressiveness, and may have potential applications in predicting the histological grading of HCC preoperatively.Evidence level: 4J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1476–1484
Quantifying right atrial filling and emptying: A 4D‐flow MRI study
Authors: Callaghan Fraser M. , Arnott Clare , Figtree Gemma A. , Kutty Shelby , Celermajer David S. , Grieve Stuart M. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo quantitatively characterize the central role of vortex formation on the flow patterns and energy transfer within the right atrium (RA).Materials and Methods4D‐flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data with multiple encoding velocities was acquired in 12 healthy subjects at 3T. Particles entering the RA were classified according to the origin of entry. Vortex membership was numerically derived by assessing the location of pathline center of curvature relative to the vortex core, defined by Q‐criteria. Flow dynamics and energetics were assessed using paired t‐tests.ResultsThe majority of flow (74%) passes through the RA in a single beat, with a very small volume fraction retained longer than two beats (<1%). RA flow was dominated by a governing vortex, comprising 79% of total flow, and acting to preserve kinetic energy. Flow comprising the vortex enters the RA significantly earlier than nonvortex flow (P < 0.01). The majority of nonvortex flow enters the RA during systole, traversing the RA via a direct path with a significantly shorter residence time and distance traveled (both P < 0.01).ConclusionBlood flow momentum is preserved during systole within a dominant vortex, which we are able to characterize numerically using a semiautomated approach. Our analytical approach has potential for application to understanding right heart function in health and disease.Level of Evidence: 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:1046–1054
Brain white matter changes in CPAP‐treated obstructive sleep apnea patients with residual sleepiness
Authors: Xiong Ying , Zhou Xiaohong Joe , Nisi Robyn A. , Martin Kelly R. , Karaman M. Muge , Cai Kejia , Weaver Terri E. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo investigate white matter (WM) structural alterations using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, with or without residual sleepiness, following adherent continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Possible quantitative relationships were explored between the DTI metrics and two clinical assessments of somnolence.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐nine male patients (30–55 years old) with a confirmed diagnosis of OSA were recruited. The patients were treated with CPAP therapy only. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were performed after CPAP treatment and additionally administered at the time of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Based on the PVT results, the patients were divided into a nonsleepy group (lapses ≤5) and a sleepy group (lapses >5). DTI was performed at 3T, followed by an analysis using tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) to investigate the differences in fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (λ1), and radial diffusivity (λ23) between the two groups.ResultsA higher MD (P < 0.05) was observed in the sleepy group than the nonsleepy group in the whole‐brain TBSS analysis in the WM. The increased MD (17.8% of the fiber tracts; P < 0.05) was caused primarily by an elevated λ23. Axial diffusivity (λ1) exhibited no significant difference (P > 0.17). The alterations in FA or MD of individual fiber tracts occurred mainly in the internal/external capsule, corona radiata, corpus callosum, and sagittal stratum regions. The FA and MD values correlated with the PVT and ESS assessments from all patients (R ≥ 0.517, P < 0.05).ConclusionGlobal and regional WM alterations, as revealed by DTI, can be a possible mechanism to explain why OSA patients with high levels of CPAP use can have differing responses to treatment. Compromised myelin sheath, indicated by increased radial diffusivity, can be involved in the underlying WM changes.Evidence level: 1J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1371–1378
Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual‐focused transformational leadership
Authors: Dong Yuntao , Bartol Kathryn M. , Zhang Zhi‐Xue , Li Chenwei 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAddressing the challenges faced by team leaders in fostering both individual and team creativity, this research developed and tested a multilevel model connecting dual‐focused transformational leadership (TFL) and creativity and incorporating intervening mechanisms at the two levels. Using multilevel, multisource survey data from individual members, team leaders, and direct supervisors in high‐technology firms, we found that individual‐focused TFL had a positive indirect effect on individual creativity via individual skill development, whereas team‐focused TFL impacted team creativity partially through its influence on team knowledge sharing. We also found that knowledge sharing constituted a cross‐level contextual factor that moderated the relationship among individual‐focused TFL, skill development, and individual creativity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this research and offer suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of seed priming, salinity and methyl jasmonate treatment on bioactive composition of Brassica oleracea var. capitata (white and red varieties) sprouts
Authors: Hassini Ismahen , Baenas Nieves , Moreno Diego A , Carvajal Micaela , Boughanmi Neziha , Martinez Ballesta Maria Del Carmen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDBrassica spp. sprouts are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, especially glucosinolates and phenolic acid derivatives, and the composition of these young germinating seeds can be altered by several external factors. In this study two cabbage varieties (Brassica oleracea var. capitata, red and white) were studied using seed priming (KCl 50 mmol L−1; NaCl 150 mmol L−1) and MeJA spraying (25 µmol L−1) to elicit the phytochemical content of edible sprouts.RESULTSThe red variety was richer in glucosinolates and phenolic compounds than the white one but not in mineral nutrients. Seed priming enhanced the potassium (K) content and flavonols in both varieties, while the total content of glucosinolates was reduced after seed priming only in the red variety. The white variety responded better than the red one to KCl seed priming, increasing the flavonols (89%). Salinity did not induce any change in the phytochemical content of these two varieties. Elicitation with sprayed MeJA was effective in significantly increasing the content of indolic glucosinolates glucobrassicin (5.7‐fold) and neoglucobrassicin (9.7‐fold) in the red cultivar. In the white variety, in addition to glucobrassicin (19.4‐fold) and neoglucobrassicin (9.4‐fold), 4‐hydroxyglucobrassicin (2.3‐fold) was also enhanced. MeJA also elicited significant amounts of anthocyanins (41%) and chlorogenic acid derivatives (329%) in the white variety.CONCLUSIONKCl seed priming and MeJA elicitation promoted the phytochemical composition of the cabbage varieties, especially in the white variety. The application of NaCl resulted in less efficient elicitation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Cu Immobilization and Lolium perenne Development in an Acid Vineyard Soil Amended with Crushed Mussel Shell
Authors: Fernández‐Calviño David , Cutillas‐Barreiro Laura , Núñez‐Delgado Avelino , Fernández‐Sanjurjo María José , Álvarez‐Rodriguez Esperanza , Nóvoa‐Muñoz Juan Carlos , Arias‐Estévez Manuel 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCu pollution and erosion pose an important risk of degradation in vineyard devoted soils. Therefore, minimizing harmful effects of Cu in the soil and avoiding erosion are important challenges in vineyard soil management. The addition of low cost bio‐adsorbents to the soil which decreased Cu bioavailability in soil and/or increased cover crops development may be an important management practice for soil stabilization in vineyards. This study investigated the effect on Lolium perenne performance because of crushed mussel shell (CMS) amendment in an acid Cu‐polluted vineyard soil. Quadruplicate samples of a Cu polluted soil were amended with 4 doses (0, 6, 24 and 48 g kg−1) of CMS by in lab pots, where L. perenne was sowed and incubated for 51 days. The soil pH, as well as Cu bioavailability and exchangeable Cu, was analysed. The effect of CMS on L. perenne response was measured using plant germination, plant growth and Cu uptake. The plant growth was assessed in both roots and shoots by measuring length and biomass. Cu uptake by roots and shoots was also determined. The CMS amendment on the acid vineyard soil increased the pH and reduced the bioavailable Cu concentration. Moreover, shoot and root growth increased for low and intermediate CMS doses, and decreased for higher doses. The increase in plant growth corresponded with increases in soil pH up to 7 · 0, whereas the highest mussel shell dose caused a pH increase over the neutrality (7 · 8). The CMS amendment decreased Cu uptake by both, roots and shoots, and it was highly correlated with changes in Cu bioavailability in the soil. The CMS amendment on a Cu‐polluted acid soil presented positive effects on Cu immobilization and L. perenne growth. However, mussel shell application must be performed carefully, taking into account that high doses can lead to decreases on plant growth. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.