bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Architecture and Urban Studies in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Pieris Anoma 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Urban and architectural spaces that bear the imprint of colonialism were subjects of contestation and resistance throughout the late twentieth century, provoking the renaming of cities, the shift of capitols, and a difficult politics of heritage conservation. Proponents of varied nationalist ideologies have sought to overwrite their material traces with compelling mythologies of place origins and cultural meaning. The politics of development has penetrated these environments via urban reconstruction and post‐disaster relief efforts, while the lingering imagination of a colonial past feeds networks of global consumption through tourism. Postcolonial contestations over space and place as studied through the disciplines of architecture and urbanism highlight key issues that have preoccupied scholars of South and Southeast Asia. New interdisciplinary interpretations of these categories expose the postcolonial politics of an era of nation‐building that preceded economic liberalization. They draw thematically on spatial contestations over postcolonial geographies, indigenous modernities, postcolonial space(s), modernization, globalization, and heritage environments.
Asian Tigers: Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea
Authors: Watson Jini Kim 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSingapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea are often grouped under the label of “Asian Tigers” or “Asian Miracle Economies.” Following World War II, they developed successful manufacturing and export industries and have been touted as models of Third World industrial development. Yet their economic rise has obscured the colonial and postcolonial dimensions of the “Asian miracle.” When viewed through the lens of postcolonial studies, the Asian Tigers’ rapid economic development can be seen to be deeply entwined with Cold War politics of decolonization, US imperialism in Asia, and complex attempts to forge postcolonial national identities. In particular, literature and cultural production provides a broader perspective on the economic rise of the Asian Tigers.
Atwood, Margaret
Authors: Singh Ravindra Pratap 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMargaret Eleanor Atwood (b. 1939) is a Canadian author, novelist, poet, and cultural activist. Atwood's works have been internationally recognized by more than 55 awards, including two Governor General's Award: in 1966 forCircle Gameand in 1985 forHandmaid's Tale. In 2000, she won the Booker Prize forBlind Assassin. Atwood is an acclaimed feminist, as well as an advocate for young emerging writers. In many of her novels, she creates a woman protagonist who reflects the personae of “every women,” victimized by the bludgeons of gender and politics and struggling with different types of inequalities. The civil rights movement also had a major impact on Atwood, and she became involved in Amnesty International. These leanings are reflected in her collection of poetryTrue Stories(1981) and the novelBodily Harm(1981).
Barbarism
Authors: Baker Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Broadly speaking, one can claim that the term “barbarism” represents a rhetorical figure, which is functional to the historicism that is particular to the culturally hegemonic power blocs within Latin America as they shift throughout time. This entry offers an overview of the dominant trends, tracing the various roles that the discourse on barbarism played in the material practices of power in postcolonial Iberian America, and, in doing so, bringing forth rather than concealing the complexity of the term and its implications for the consideration of postcolonial Latin American historiography and critical theory.
Barnet, Miguel
Authors: Nance Kimberly 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMiguel Barnet (b. January 28, 1940 in Havana) is widely credited with initiating the Latin American literary genre known astestimonio. Barnet's most significant work is undoubtedly his testimonial novels, and in particularBiografía de un cimarrón(1966), based on a series of interviews with 103‐year‐old Esteban Montejo. Coining the termsgestorandgestanteto describe the relationship between the professional writer and the interviewee, Barnet insisted that aesthetic intervention was not only a pragmatic necessity, it was also the writer's professional responsibility in what amounted to a joint political project.
British Empire
Authors: Watson Tim 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The British Empire governed a heterogeneous group of peoples and territories through a fundamental reliance on military and economic power. Scholars now stress the incompleteness of British sovereignty and the importance of local populations and elites, collaborating with or resisting British rule. Nevertheless, British power incontrovertibly transformed the world in the modern period. From the conquest of Ireland and the establishment of a British state, to the rise of the slavery‐dependent settlements in the Americas, to the rule of India and large swaths of Africa and the Middle East, to the violent attempt to crush opposition to that rule in South Asia, Malaysia, and Kenya, the British Empire was a major force in world history. Imperial scholarship began with stories of governors, moving to the broader “Cambridge school” of imperial historians, then to ideas of “imperialism of free trade” and “gentlemanly capitalism.” Recently, subaltern historians have looked at peasant and tribal communities neglected by imperial and nationalist histories, and postcolonial scholars have analyzed the cultural processes crucial to imperial ideology and power.
Caliban
Authors: Brighenti Maura 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

At the beginning of the 1960s, Roberto Fernández Retamar took possession of Caliban – a figure created by Shakespeare in 1611 – in order to make him the symbol of the culture and history of
nuestra America mestiza
. Since then, the Caliban figure has often made an appearance in Latin American critical theory and in postcolonial studies, which use it both to reread the records of the first European explorers in America and to face such crucial matters as those of language, of translation, and of subalternity in ex‐colonial contexts. In general, the Caliban figure might serve to critique and decode the modern discourse, which started to affirm itself after the colonial encounter.
Canadian Postcolonial Studies
Authors: Moss Laura 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSpecifically Canadian approaches to postcolonial studies acknowledge and trace the legacies of colonialism within Canada in relation to Indigenous peoples, Quebec, and English Canada within a framework of officially recognized multiculturalism in a bilingual context. Particular to the Canadian context of postcolonial studies is the foundational recognition of Canada's history as a colony that was responsible for the subjugation and colonization of Indigenous peoples. This highlights the complicated nature of postcolonialism in Canada – as a colony that colonized intranationally. In addition, postcolonialists consider the history of the independence movement in Quebec and the ongoing critical engagement with cultural and linguistic diversity and official multiculturalism. Contemporary postcolonialism in Canada emerged out of the study of world literatures written in English, with an emphasis on issues of marginalization, hybridity, local language development, educational reform, and “writing back.” It persists in conjunction with studies of critical race, diaspora, globalization, environmentalism, and Indigenous rights.
Caribbean Literature in Dutch and Other Languages
Authors: Dewulf Jeroen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Anti‐colonialism in the Caribbean dates back to the earliest colonial presence at the end of the fifteenth century. It has involved slave resistance, revolution, and intellectual challenges to colonial rule articulated by journalists, scholars, activists, democratic politicians, and armed rebels. It has included different manifestations of nationalism, constitutionally based Creole nationalism and more radical Black Nationalism, as well as the decision to abolish colonial rule by incorporating the colony into the metropole. In the territories of the American, Dutch, and French Caribbean there continue to be active anti‐colonial expressions into the twenty‐first century.
Cartography and Navigation
Authors: Tally Robert T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractModern cartography and navigation developed alongside European colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia, often contributing to the colonization processes while at the same time being shaped by them. Of course, cartography is not an entirely objective art or science, and the very act of mapping a space often reveals political and cultural motives or effects. Thus, for example, the choice to depict Greenwich, England, as the center of the world map, with the prime meridian running through it, discloses a certain Eurocentric bias that makes Western Europe a “home” and other regions “far‐flung.” Mapmaking is always and already an ideological activity, even before the maps are decisively put to political uses by one group or another. Similarly, the navigational developments that accompanied the rise of modern cartography in Europe made possible the more expansive and intensive colonization of remote regions. These developments in cartography and navigation together, then, were simultaneously the result of and the motive force behind European colonization. Not surprisingly, postcolonial theorists have taken a keen interest in matters of space, place, and mapping.
Chamoiseau, Patrick
Authors: Sankara Edgard 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Patrick Chamoiseau (b. 1953) is one of the most creative writers and critical thinkers of the Caribbean. Along with his fellow countrymen Raphaël Confiant and Jean Bernabé, Chamoiseau is the author of the 1989 literary manifesto
Éloge de la créolité
; the three men are considered the primary partisans of the theory of “Créolité”. Chamoiseau's endeavor to preserve Creole culture has been saluted despite its controversy. His political engagement, in line with his fictional and critical works, aiming at liberating Martinique from France's domination, has been praised.
Clarke, Austin
Authors: Lopez‐Ropero Lourdes 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Austin Clarke is a Canada‐based novelist, short story writer and memoirist born in Barbados. He is one the best known black authors in Canada and a prominent member of the Caribbean literary diaspora. Clarke's work is concerned with the West Indian experience of migration in Canada, as well as with colonial and postcolonial Caribbean society.
Commonwealth Literature
Authors: Reddy Sheshalatha 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Originating in the late 1950s and early 1960s during a period of decolonization, the category of Commonwealth literature is inseparable from the history of the Commonwealth of Nations. Encompassing Anglophone literature from the former British colonies, it paradoxically excluded literature from Great Britain within its purview. While an emphasis was initially placed on literature from the former settler colonies, Commonwealth literature scholars soon became attentive towards literary production from the former occupied colonies as well. Often critiqued for its marginalization of the literature studied (as separate from and therefore secondary to British literature proper), its lack of interest in literatures in languages other than English, and its lack of political engagement, Commonwealth literary studies has been largely incorporated into and become inseparable from postcolonial literary studies and theory in the last two decades.
Criollismo
Authors: Hanneken Jaime 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The literature of
criollismo
, dating approximately to the first half of the twentieth century, articulated an autochthonous Latin American identity based in traditional rural cultures. Its principal focus on the portrayal of popular customs and local landscapes sought to cement a homogeneous self‐image among populations rapidly transformed by processes of modernization and urbanization, and to promote regional autonomy from North American and European cultural influences.
Crime,
Thuggee
Authors: Viswanathan Rashmi Meenakshi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

“
Thuggee
” refers to bands of criminals who were said to have moved about India's highways in the precolonial and colonial eras. According to colonial histories, these highway brigands were reputed to perform highly ritualized depredations on lonely travelers, including strangulation and body mutilation, in the service of a patron goddess. In the early nineteenth century, the British administration identified
thuggee
as a problematic social grouping and carried out campaigns to extirpate this perceived threat, resulting in anti‐thuggee legislation that criminalized entire social groupings. In the past two decades, historians have complicated colonial narratives by seeking information beyond the colonial archive, and historicizing the circumstances within which social solidarities took to migratory labor or highway brigandage. Though the origins of the phenomenon of thuggee are opaque, new readings offer alternative contemplations of its epistemological terrain, as loci of power at the periphery of the colonial infrastructure, or sites of political contestation.
Dabydeen, David
Authors: De Aparajita 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
David Dabydeen (born 1956) is a Caribbean writer of the Indian diaspora. He is currently the Guyanese ambassador to China. Dabydeen's repertoire includes poetry, novels, criticism, fiction, and nonfiction. His writing is marked by themes of identity, belonging, and societal and cultural transformation through the play of history and movement.
Darwish, Mahmoud
Authors: Khnifess Amir 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Mahmoud Darwish was the national poet of the Palestinians and one of their most important cultural ambassadors during the twentieth and early twenty‐first century. Through his poetry, Darwish managed more than anyone to describe the tragedy that befell the Palestinians as a result of the 1948 Arab‐Israeli War. He portrayed their pain in exile and their struggle for return to their homeland. To this end, Darwish remains one of the most significant symbols of Palestinian national identity.
Djebar, Assia
Authors: Lutz Clemens Colleen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Assia Djebar (1936–2015) published many books of fiction, poetry, and critical work; directed several films; and brought the voice of the Maghreb to the world. A fierce proponent for women and their human rights, Djebar made use of her relationship to France and Algeria in her complex body of work.
Dutch Empire
Authors: Mills Dan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Despite almost constant involvement in foreign wars early in its history, the Dutch Empire rose to prominence in the seventeenth century and quickly became one of the most powerful naval presences in the world. Alongside the English, their naval rivals with whom they fought three separate wars, the Dutch Empire helped establish the flourishing Atlantic slave trade in the mid to late seventeenth century. In their pursuit of naval and slave trade superiority, the Dutch Empire would eventually establish a presence that reached from North America to modern‐day Indonesia, and this presence would leave lasting effects on the culture, history, and even languages of these locations.
Ecocriticism
Authors: DeLoughrey Elizabeth 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe field of ecocriticism, which critically engages with the figure of nonhuman nature in literature and other artistic works, has multiple genealogies and approaches. The most vital in recent years has been an unprecedented scholarly interest in postcolonial ecocriticism which, as a rapidly growing field, has broadened to investigate an array of topics such as environmental imperialism, world ecologies, imperial debris, the global commons, militarism and militourism, resource extraction and petrocapitalism, food and water sovereignty, slow violence, disaster capitalism, biopolitics, indigenous and alternative epistemologies, environmentalism of the poor, toxicity and fallout, climate change, and neoliberalism and debt. Due to the intellectual genealogies of the field of postcolonial study, its approaches to the figure of the environment are generally comparative, interdisciplinary, and theoretical. Postcolonial ecocriticism has also engaged deeply with other disciplines, such as anthropology, history, and political ecology, and been a vital perspective in the emergent field of environmental humanities.
Erdrich, Louise
Authors: Sneider Leah 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Louise Erdrich is a prolific award‐winning author of Native American literature in various genres. Her best‐known novel is
Love Medicine
(1984), which is part of a series of novels. Her work focuses on families living in the northern plains area and of Métis, Ojibwe, and German descent. The themes of history and blood are central to much of her work.
Eze, Emmanuel Chukwudi and Postcolonial African Philosophy
Authors: Bongmba Elias Kifon 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Emmanuel Chukudi Eze has argued that postcolonial African philosophy rejects colonial and imperial views of Africa. He demonstrates in his writings that some European philosophers denied that Africans have reason and, for that reason, the practice of postcolonial criticism invites a rejection of these racist views as well as a critique of the African postcolony.
French Empire
Authors: Ha Marie‐Paule 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The history of the French colonial empire is generally divided into two broad phases. The first colonial empire, acquired chiefly during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, comprised a large part of North America, islands in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean, and trading posts in Senegal and India. The second phase began in 1830 with the invasion of Algeria, reaching its apex under the Third Republic. By the late nineteenth century, France had taken control of extensive territories in North and West Africa and Southeast Asia, but the empire came unraveled in the decades following World War II. The impetus for France's colonial expansion was given by four main factors: rivalry with Britain over world dominance, the need to uphold its status as world power, commercial motives seeking to carve out new markets for French capital, and missionary evangelism aspiring to convert millions of pagans to Christianity.
Fuentes, Carlos
Authors: Crane Nicholas Jon 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012) was an award‐winning Mexican author of novels, short stories, literary and political essays, and articles. Fuentes is best known for his criticism of the Institutional Revolutionary Party and Mexican politics in the wake of the Mexican Revolution. Authoring many works of historical fiction, Fuentes also troubled commonsense notions of time. Fuentes remained interested in themes of time, memory, and historical imagination in the last years of his life. Recent scholarship more explicitly examines his political writings and social justice concerns, with some scholars questioning Fuentes's redirection of attention to more specifically aesthetic concerns as well as his apparent willingness, from the 1970s to 1990s, to accommodate the Mexican political establishment of which he was once so critical.
Goodison, Lorna
Authors: Jenkins Lee M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry surveys Lorna Goodison's poetry, identifying its major themes of matrilineal inheritance and the transformative power of poetry and the poet as these are developed over the seven collections she has published to date. The entry connects the key preoccupations of her poems to those of her nonfictional prose and stories, and to her work as a visual artist. It draws attention to Goodison's role as mediator between a vernacular Jamaican culture and Western literary tradition, and her consummate skill as a code switcher who moves between linguistic registers. The entry also considers Goodison's subversion of gendered archetypes, of woman, mother, and island, found in the work of her Caribbean near‐contemporaries, Kamau Brathwaite and Derek Walcott.
Head, Bessie
Authors: Ribeiro Orquidea 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Bessie Head was born in apartheid South Africa in 1937, the child of a white mother and a black father. She qualified as a primary school teacher, but soon gave up this career to become a reporter. She immigrated to Botswana in her twenties and settled in Serowe, the historical village that produced the first president of Botswana. Her work reflects the local culture, history, and customs of the Tswana people, emphasizing the value of ordinary life and humble people. As a harsh realist, resistant and reactionary, Head embodies the contradictions of South Africa under apartheid and of Botswana after independence in 1966. In the late 1970s she was granted Botswanan citizenship, but her legacy as a writer is also recognized by South Africa.
Heinemann Publishers
Authors: Chan Winnie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Founded by William Heinemann in 1890, Heinemann became the most successful publisher of fiction in Britain in the early twentieth century. Through a series of acquisitions, takeovers, and restructurings, it became a global enterprise as it established branches in the former colonies. Among the most influential of its undertakings was the African Writers Series, launched as a series of textbooks by Heinemann Educational Books in 1962. Both William Heinemann and Heinemann Education endure as subsidiaries of the global publishing giant Penguin Random House.
Democracy in Latin America
Authors: Palti Elías José 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In Latin America a series of bloody military coups followed one after another as a result of the introduction of the region into the Cold War after the Cuban revolution. Thus, paradoxically, the same factor that in Europe served to consolidate the prestige of democracy rendered it unviable in Latin America. This affirmation in the West of the democratic consensus and expansion in Latin America of military dictatorships was, in turn, retrospectively projected, lending credibility to the idea of the existence of an innate incompatibility between the traditionalist local culture and modern, universal principles of democracy. Yet this view must be revised since, as the entry shows, it smooths over the intricacies of the process of political modernization in the region, obliterating the conflictual nature of the problems the agents historically faced in the task of instituting a postcolonial system of government.
Indian Literature in Hindi
Authors: Sajid Nida 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of the diversity of literatures written in the Hindi language in the Indian subcontinent. Covering the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods of South Asian history, it illustrates numerous transitions and transformations in the Hindi language and its literary traditions. It also focuses on the politics of language, religion, and nationalism in the subcontinent and its effect on the formation of literary canons and histories in the Hindi language.
Indian Literature, Criticism and Theory
Authors: Pulugurtha Nishi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This entry gives an account of Indian literature in brief by referring to the major trends in the chief Indian languages. It then focuses on Indian literary theory, which is basically that of the Sanskrit language and literature. The major literary concepts and notions with their nuances are referred to. Mention is made of the various genres, the rules pertaining to style, decorum, and the concept of
rasa
among other critical concepts in use in Indian literary criticism. Important scholars in the tradition are referred to, along with their contributions. The growth and development of Indian literary thought and its application are discussed.