bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorinated adenosine analogue induces AMPK and autophagy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells during therapy
Authors: Stellrecht Christine M. , Chen Lisa S. , Ayres Mary L. , Dennison Jennifer B. , Shentu Shujun , Chen Yuling , Keating Michael J. , Wierda William G. , Gandhi Varsha 
Published: July 2017

Summary8‐chloro‐adenosine (8‐Cl‐Ado) is currently in phase‐I clinical trials for acute myeloid leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Previously, we demonstrated that treatment with 8‐Cl‐Ado leads to diminished ATP levels. We hypothesized that AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling would be initiated in these cells, leading to induction of autophagy. AMPK activation and induction of autophagy were demonstrated during preclinical incubations in CLL cells with the analogues. Importantly, we extended similar observations in CLL lymphocytes during an 8‐Cl‐Ado phase‐I trial. In conclusion, 8‐Cl‐Ado treatment induces autophagy in CLL lymphocytes in vitro as well as in vivo during clinical trial.
Inequitable health service use in a Canadian paediatric population: A cross‐sectional study of individual‐ and contextual‐level factors
Authors: Holtz C. , Gilliland J. , Thind A. , Wilk P. , Campbell M. K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundHealth service use may be influenced by multilevel predisposing, enabling, and need factors but is equitable when driven by need. The study's objectives were as follows: (a) to investigate residential context's effect on child health service use and (b) to examine inequity of child health service use by testing for effect measure modification of need factors.MethodsThe sample of 1,451 children was from a prenatal cohort recruited from London, Ontario, between 2002 and 2004, with follow‐up until children were toddler/preschooler‐aged. Individual‐level data were linked by residential address to neighbourhood contextual‐level data sourced from Statistics Canada. Multilevel logistic regression modelled factors associated with child health service use. Interaction terms were included in the model to test for effect measure modification of need factors by predisposing and enabling factors.ResultsContextual‐level factors were not associated with child health service use. Maternal parity and nativity to Canada modified the effect of the need factor, paediatric health condition, on health service use. Health condition's effect was lowest in children of Canadian‐born mothers with one child only (OR = 1.58, p = .04) and highest in children of Canadian‐born mothers with three or more children (OR = 3.52, p < .01). Further, its effect was higher in children of Canadian‐born mothers compared to children of mothers who migrated to Canada; however, odds ratios were not statistically significant for the latter.ConclusionsResults may inform future investigation of the potential inequity of health service use for subgroups of children whose mothers are of lower parity and not Canadian‐born. An understanding of these inequities may inform future healthcare policy and care for paediatric populations.
Does compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviours cluster within individuals in Australian primary school‐aged children?
Authors: Olds T. , Sanders I. , Maher C. , Fraysse F. , Bell L. , Leslie E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe 3 “movement behaviours” of sleep, screen time, and physical activity are associated with a wide range of health outcomes in children. This study examined whether these behaviours cluster together within individuals in Australian primary school children.MethodsThree datasets including 4,449 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children were interrogated—(a) Obesity Prevention and Lifestyle (OPAL), (b) the International Study of Children, Obesity, Lifestyle and Environment (ISCOLE), and (c) the National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NCNPAS). The surveys measured movement behaviours using different instruments (accelerometry, use of time recall, and questionnaires) and different operationalizations of compliance. Observed frequencies of compliance with various combinations of guidelines were compared with expected frequencies based on the assumption of independence, using chi‐square tests.ResultsCompliance with the sleep guidelines was relatively high (72%, 75%, and 79% in the OPAL, ISCOLE, and NCNPAS datasets, respectively), and compliance with the screen (18%, 35%, and 22%) and physical activity (33%, 57%, and 87%) guidelines was generally lower. Against expectation, there was no evidence of clustering in any of the datasets (p > .99).ConclusionsCompliance with movement behaviour guidelines does not cluster within individuals in 9‐ to 11‐year‐old Australian children. It may be unlikely that fostering compliance with one guideline will have a flow‐on effect to the others. Temporal trade‐offs (i.e., the need to choose one movement behaviour above another) in the 24‐hr day may contribute to the lack of clustering.
Discrimination, gender and self‐reported aesthetic problems among Brazilian Adults
Authors: Baumgarten Alexandre , Bastos João Luiz , Toassi Ramona Fernanda Ceriotti , Hilgert Juliana Balbinot , Hugo Fernando Neves , Celeste Roger Keller 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo explore factors associated with discrimination in healthcare services and to assess whether discrimination based on dental aesthetics differs by sex.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis based on a household survey carried out in a city in Southern Brazil. Fifteen primary health care (PHC) units with a dental team were randomly selected, and individuals who used the public services in the catchment areas of the PHC units were interviewed. The survey questionnaire included experiences with discrimination related to health services, sociodemographic and dental characteristics. Multiple logistic regressions were estimated with dental appearance as outcome.ResultsThe final sample was composed of 433 individuals, with 15.2% reporting being discriminated in health services. Participants with ≥20 teeth were significantly more likely to report discrimination than those with <20 teeth (16.6% vs 9.1%, respectively), and people with twisted and stained teeth reported more discrimination than those with white and aligned teeth (23.2% vs 9.9%, respectively). Overall, individuals with twisted and stained teeth were more likely to report discrimination (OR=3.13; 95% CI: 1.46‐6.71). When the analyses were stratified by sex, women with twisted and stained teeth showed an OR=3.62 (95% CI: 1.55‐8.46) and men OR=0.54 (95% CI: 0.05‐6.18).ConclusionDental appearance may lead to discrimination in healthcare services, but this seems to be more important for women than men.
Effect of implantoplasty on fracture resistance and surface roughness of standard diameter dental implants
Authors: Costa‐Berenguer Xavier , García‐García Marta , Sánchez‐Torres Alba , Sanz‐Alonso Mariano , Figueiredo Rui , Valmaseda‐Castellón Eduard 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of implantoplasty on the fracture resistance, surface roughness, and macroscopic morphology of standard diameter (4.1 mm) external connection dental implants.Materials and methodsAn in vitro study was conducted in 20 screw‐shaped titanium dental implants with an external connection. In 10 implants, the threads and surface were removed and polished with high‐speed burs (implantoplasty), while the remaining 10 implants were used as controls. The final implant dimensions were recorded. The newly polished surface quality was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by 3D surface roughness analysis using a confocal laser microscope. Finally, all the implants were subjected to a mechanical pressure resistance test. A descriptive analysis of the data was made. Also, Student's t tests were employed to detect differences regarding the compression tests.ResultsImplantoplasty was carried out for a mean time of 10 min and 48 s (standard deviation (SD) of 1 min 22 s). Macroscopically, the resulting surface had a smooth appearance, although small titanium shavings and silicon debris were present. The final surface roughness (Sa values 0.1 ± 0.02 μm) was significantly lower than that of the original (0.75 ± 0.08 μm Sa) (p = .005). There was minimal reduction in the implant's inner body diameter (0.19 ± 0.03 mm), and no statistically significant differences were found between the test and control implants regarding the maximum resistance force (896 vs 880 N, respectively).ConclusionsImplantoplasty, although technically demanding and time‐consuming, does not seem to significantly alter fracture resistance of standard diameter external connection implants. A smooth surface with Sa values below 0.1 μm can be obtained through the use of silicon polishers. A larger sample is required to confirm that implantoplasty does not significantly affect the maximum resistance force of standard diameter external connection implants.
Current practice of continence advisors in managing faecal incontinence in the United Kingdom: results of an online survey
Authors: Leo C. A. , Maeda Y. , Collins B. , Thomas G. P. , Hodgkinson J. D. , Murphy J. , Vaizey C. J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate the current practice of continence advisors in the United Kingdom.MethodContinence advisors were contacted by email or letter to participate in a survey. The survey contained 27 questions which addressed the practice of each continence advisor, their knowledge of continence management and the adequacy of their training.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty‐six out of a total of 448 continence advisors (50.4%), responded. One hundred and seventy (76.9%) advisors treated both faecal and urinary incontinence, 51 (23.1%) treated urinary incontinence. Thirty‐six advisors (16.1%) were lone workers and 130 (58.6%) had more than 10 years’ experience. The majority of the advisors (75.6%) performed a digital rectal examination as part of their assessment. Regarding the management of faecal incontinence, 148 prescribed suppositories, 127 offered enemas and 147 advised on rectal irrigation. Most of the advisors taught pelvic floor exercises (n = 207) and urge resistance techniques (n = 188). One hundred and fifty‐nine (87.4%) prescribed the Peristeen Coloplast® anal plug and 78 (47.6%) prescribed the Renew® anal insert. Eighty‐nine advisors (42.6%) felt they had not been adequately trained to provide a bowel continence service.ConclusionThe majority of continence advisors in the UK manage faecal incontinence. They are able to initiate a broad range of conservative treatment options; however, almost half of the advisors who answered the survey felt inadequately trained and may be better supported by further training.
Age‐related differences in the motor unit action potential size in relation to recruitment threshold
Authors: Sterczala Adam J. , Herda Trent J. , Miller Jonathan D. , Ciccone Anthony B. , Trevino Michael A. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryMotor unit action potential size (MUAPsize) versus recruitment threshold (RT) relationship analysis provides a non‐invasive measure of motor unit (MU) hypertrophy; however, this method's ability to identify MU atrophy is unknown. This investigation sought to determine if MUAPsize versus RT relationship slope (APslope) comparison could identify evidence of MU atrophy in older individuals. Surface electromyography signals were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of fourteen young (YG, age = 22·29 ± 2·79 years) and ten older (OG, 61·0 ± 2·0 years) subjects during a 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) isometric trapezoidal muscle action. The signals were decomposed to yield a MUAPsize and RT for each MU. For each subject, the MUs recruited between 10% and 50% MVC were linearly regressed as a function of RT to calculate an individual APslope. FDI cross‐sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) were quantified via ultrasonography. The mean APslope was lower for OG (0·033 ± 0·010 mV %MVC−1) than YG (0·056 ± 0·019 mV %MVC−1). OG and YG possessed similar CSAs (OG: 2·09 ± 0·31 cm2; YG: 2·08 ± 0·41 cm2); however, OG (53·25 ± 7·56 AU) had greater EI than YG (43·87 ± 7·59 AU). The lower OG mean APslope was due to smaller MUAPsizes of higher‐threshold MUs, likely due to atrophy of muscle fibres that comprise those MUs. In support, similar CSA with greater EI indicated increased adipose and fibrous tissue and reduced contractile tissue in OG. Thus, MUAPsize versus RT relationship may provide a non‐invasive measure of MU atrophy.
Neutropenia in kidney and liver transplant recipients: Risk factors and outcomes
Authors: Mavrakanas Thomas A. , Fournier Marie‐Andrée , Clairoux Sarah , Amiel Jacques‐Alexandre , Tremblay Marie‐Eve , Vinh Donald C. , Coursol Christian , Thirion Daniel J. G. , Cantarovich Marcelo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNo studies have directly compared the key characteristics and outcomes of kidney (KTx) and liver transplantation (LTx) recipients with neutropenia. In this single‐center, retrospective, cohort study, we enrolled all adult patients who received a KTx or LTx between 2000 and 2011. Neutropenia was defined as 2 consecutive absolute neutrophil count (ANC) values <1500/mm3 in patients without preexisting neutropenia. The first neutropenia episode occurring during the first year post‐transplantation was analyzed. A total of 663 patients with KTx and 354 patients with LTx met the inclusion criteria. Incidence of neutropenia was 20% in KTx and 38% in LTx, respectively. High‐risk CMV status and valganciclovir (VGCV) use were significant predictors of neutropenia for KTx recipients, but only VGCV use vs nonuse in LTx recipients. Neutropenia was associated with worse survival in KTx recipients (adjusted HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.18‐3.22, P<.01), but not in LTx recipients (adjusted HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.52‐1.10, P=.15). Sixteen acute rejection episodes were associated with preceding neutropenia in KTx recipients (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.16‐2.68, P=.007) and 24 acute rejection episodes in LTx recipients (HR 1.41, 95% CI 0.97‐2.04, P=.07). Incidence of infection was similar in patients with and without neutropenia among KTx and LTx recipients.
Nested sampling and spatial analysis for reconnaissance investigations of soil: an example from agricultural land near mine tailings in Zambia
Authors: Lark R. M. , Hamilton E. M. , Kaninga B. , Maseka K. K. , Mutondo M. , Sakala G. M. , Watts M. J. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryA reconnaissance survey was undertaken on soil near mine tailings to investigate variation in the content of copper, chromium and uranium. A nested sampling design was used. The data showed significant relations between the content of copper and uranium in the soil and its organic matter content, and a significant spatial trend in uranium content with distance from the tailings. Soil pH was not significantly related to any of the metals. The variance components associated with different scales of the sample design had large confidence intervals, but it was possible to show that the random variation was spatially dependent for all spatial models, whether for variation around a constant mean, or with a mean given by a linear effect of organic matter or distance to the tailings. For copper, we showed that a fractal or multifractal random model, with equal variance components for scales in a logarithmic progression, could be rejected for the model of variation around the fixed mean. The inclusion of organic matter as an explanatory factor meant that the fractal model could no longer be rejected, suggesting that the effect of organic matter results in spatial variation that is not scale invariant. It was shown, taking uranium as a case study, that further spatially nested sampling to estimate scale‐dependent variance components, or to test a non‐fractal model with adequate power, would require in the order of 200–250 samples in total.Highlights
Sampling was undertaken to investigate spatial variation of metal content in soil near mine tailings.
Chromium and uranium were related to soil organic matter content; uranium showed a spatial trend.
Spatial variation was scale dependent, variation of copper was not scale‐invariant.
Characterizing random spatial variation requires substantial sample effort.
Effect of cell cycle duration on somatic evolutionary dynamics
Authors: Wodarz Dominik , Goel Ajay , Komarova Natalia L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCellular checkpoints prevent damage and mutation accumulation in tissue cells. DNA repair is one mechanism that can be triggered by checkpoints and involves temporary cell cycle arrest and thus delayed reproduction. Repair‐deficient cells avoid this delay, which has been argued to lead to a selective advantage in the presence of frequent damage. We investigate this hypothesis with stochastic modeling, using mathematical analysis and agent‐based computations. We first model competition between two cell types: a cell population that enters temporary cell cycle arrest, corresponding to repair (referred to as arresting cells), and one that does not enter arrest (referred to as nonarresting cells). Although nonarresting cells are predicted to grow with a faster rate than arresting cells in isolation, this does not translate into a selective advantage in the model. Interestingly, the evolutionary properties of the nonarresting cells depend on the measure (or observable) of interest. When examining the average populations sizes in competition simulations, nonarresting and arresting cells display neutral dynamics. The fixation probability of nonarresting mutants, however, is lower than predicted for a neutral scenario, suggesting a selective disadvantage in this setting. For nonarresting cells to gain a selective advantage, additional mechanisms must be invoked in the model, such as small, repeated phases of tissue damage, each resulting in a brief period of regenerative growth. The same properties are observed in a more complex model where it is explicitly assumed that repair and temporary cell cycle arrest are dependent on the cell having sustained DNA damage, the rate of which can be varied. We conclude that repair‐deficient cells are not automatically advantageous in the presence of frequent DNA damage and that mechanisms beyond avoidance of cell cycle delay must be invoked to explain their emergence.
Heat‐induced native dimerization prevents amyloid formation by variable domain from immunoglobulin light‐chain REI
Authors: Nawata Marina , Tsutsumi Hirotaka , Kobayashi Yuta , Unzai Satoru , Mine Shouhei , Nakamura Tsutomu , Uegaki Koichi , Kamikubo Hironari , Kataoka Mikio , Hamada Daizo 
Published: July 2017

Amyloid light‐chain (AL) amyloidosis is a protein‐misfolding disease characterized by accumulation of immunoglobulin light chains (LCs) into amyloid fibrils. Dimerization of a full length or variable domain (VL) of LC serves to stabilize the native state and prevent the formation of amyloid fibrils. We here analyzed the thermodynamic properties of dimerization and unfolding reactions by nonamyloidogenic VL from REI LC or its monomeric Y96K mutant using sedimentation velocity and circular dichroism. The data indicate that the equilibrium shifts to native dimerization for wild‐type REI VL by elevating temperature due to the negative enthalpy change for dimer dissociation (−81.2 kJ·mol−1). The Y96K mutation did not affect the stability of the monomeric native state but increased amyloidogenicity. These results suggest that the heat‐induced native homodimerization is the major factor preventing amyloid formation by wild‐type REI VL. Heat‐induced native oligomerization may be an efficient strategy to avoid the formation of misfolded aggregates particularly for thermostable proteins that are used at elevated temperatures under conditions where other proteins tend to misfold.DatabaseStructural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 5XP1 and 5XQY.
Vertical movements through subsurface stream sediments by benthic macroinvertebrates during experimental drying are influenced by sediment characteristics and species traits
Authors: Vadher Atish N. , Leigh Catherine , Millett Jonathan , Stubbington Rachel , Wood Paul J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Streambed drying is becoming more common due to climate change and increasing anthropogenic water resource pressures. Subsurface sediments are a potential refuge for benthic macroinvertebrates during drying events in temporary streams.

Sediment characteristics are important controls on the distribution of macroinvertebrates in subsurface habitats, but difficulties making observations impedes quantification of vertical movements. Species traits (e.g. subsurface habitat affinity) also influence vertical movements of macroinvertebrates into the subsurface sediments, but most species‐specific responses remain uncharacterised.

Transparent artificial mesocosms were used to directly observe the vertical movements of individuals of three aquatic insect nymphs and two crustaceans. Mixtures of three types of transparent sediment of varying particle size were combined to produce six treatments with differing interstitial pore volumes and, hence, differing subsurface porosity. Macroinvertebrate vertical movements were measured during incremental reductions in water level from 5 cm above to 20 cm below the sediment surface. These species comprised a variety of trait categories including feeding group, species affinity to temporary streams and subsurface habitats. Active and passive vertical movements were determined by conducting experiments with both live individuals and their cadavers.

Sediment treatment influenced the vertical movements of individuals as reducing subsurface porosity decreased vertical movements for most species. Vertical movement into subsurface sediments in response to water level reduction was the result of active, not passive, movements for all species.

Species identity influenced the vertical movements made by individuals. Nemoura cambrica had the highest affinity for temporary streams and subsurface habitats and its vertical movements were unaffected by sediment treatment, generally reaching depths between 20 and 25 cm. Most individuals of species with a weaker subsurface affinity (i.e. the benthic grazer Heptagenia sulphurea and the filter‐feeder Hydropsyche siltalai) became stranded as water levels were reduced in all sediment treatments. Vertical movements of Gammarus pulex and Asellus aquaticus were restricted primarily by pore volume, these taxa becoming stranded most commonly in sediments with smaller interstitial volumes.

Our results highlight the need for the development and implementation of river management strategies that increase streambed porosity, allowing macroinvertebrates to access to the saturated subsurface habitat during stream drying.