bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Three Biological Indicator Systems in Flash Sterilization
Authors: Kotilainen Helen Rosen , Gantz Nelson M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn evaluation of two flash-sterilization-specific biological indicators (BI) and a traditional spore strip indicator was performed to assess sensitivity and reliability as reflected in survive/kill ratios. The Bis tested included: 3M's Attest® #1261, Amsco's Proof Flash™, and Castle® Tec Test. Survival after “come-up” time alone, (0 exposure) and one-, two-, and three-minute exposures at 273°F in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change or turbidity after incubation at 55°C. Each cycle was replicated three times on two separate days with six of each BI per run. Positive Bis were subcultured as necessary. Proof Flash presented technical difficulties due to incomplete or impossible crushing of media vials, unexpected media color changes, and evaporation of media. Tec Test was not sufficiently resistant as survivors were not detected at any exposure time. The Attest had 100% survival at zero and one-minute exposures and 94% survival after the two-minute exposure. No survivors were detected after the three-minute exposure. Although each institution should evaluate Bis for their own use independently, the data indicate that Attest #1261 monitored the three-minute flash cycles more satisfactorily than the other Bis tested.
Effect of Changing Needle Disposal Systems on Needle Puncture Injuries
Authors: Krasinski Keith , LaCouture Rita , Holzman Robert S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAccidental needle puncture injuries continue to pose a hazard to hospital workers. In order to reduce the number of such injuries in our hospital, needle disposal procedures were revised to discourage recapping and prevent bending or clipping of needles before discard. Collapsible cardboard boxes were replaced with impervious containers. An educational program accompanied these changes. We compared reports of needlestick injuries before and after the change of procedure, for three parallel 9-month periods. During the 27-month study, injuries occurred during administration of medication (22%), or recapping of used needles (16%), from needles protruding through (10%) or out of the "mouth" (9%) of the container, from needles left in the patient's environment (10%), or those left on procedure trays (7%). Seven percent were the result of being stuck by someone else, usually in the operating room. The mechanism of injury for 19% was not, described. Altering the disposal procedures did not change the number or anatomic site of injuries, nor the risk of injury among the various job categories. A reduction in the rate of sticks from needles protruding through the container (1.3 vs 0.3/mo, p≤0.005) was the only difference observed. Changing the needle receptacle changed the type but not the overall number of injuries. The education program had little effect on the number and types of injuries. These data point to the need for developing innovative approaches for eliciting changes in behavior of health care personnel.
Tuberculosis in Hospital Personnel
Authors: Price Loraine E. , Rutala William A. , Samsa Gregory P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) skin testing practices and the prevalence and inherent risk of TB infection among hospital employees in 167 North Carolina (NC) hospitals were determined from a 79% (132/167) response to a tuberculosis screening questionnaire. Preemployment TB skin testing was performed by 98% of responding hospitals, primarily (87%) by the Mantoux method. TB skin test reactions of ≥ 10 mm were interpreted as significant by 72% and at the appropriate time interval of 48 to 72 hours after administration by 80%. The booster test was routinely performed in 12% of the hospitals. TB infection prevalence among new employees during 1983 was 6.3% (260/4137) in 30 hospitals supplying these data. A positive correlation was noted between employee infection prevalence and county TB case rates (P = .014). Skin test conversion data from 56 hospitals across the state revealed a five year mean conversion rate of 1.14% among 71,253 personnel. There was an association between the incidence of TB in the general population and the frequency of conversions among hospital employees in corresponding geographical regions. Similarly, the incidence of TB among approximately 100,000 NC hospital employees in 1983 and 1984 was less than the incidence in the general population. These associations suggest that the incidence of TB infection among hospital personnel may reflect the prevalence of tuberculosis in the community rather than an occupational hazard. Annual TB skin testing of hospital employees may be justified in eastern North Carolina where the incidence of tuberculosis (22-30 cases/ 100,000) is greater than the national average and where the risk of new TB infection among hospital employees is relatively common (≥1.5%).
Emergence of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci as Major Nosocomial Bloodstream Pathogens
Authors: Stillman Richard I. , Wenzel Richard P. , Donowitz Leigh C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOver an eight year period, 1975 to 1982, 1,843 nosocomial bloodstream infections were identified by routine prospective surveillance at the University of Virginia Hospital (106/10,000 admissions). Despite a decline in overall bloodstream infection rates during the study period (P=.085), bloodstream infections due to gram positive organisms increased from 29 (1975-1978) to 43/10,000 (1979-1982), (P<0.001). Notably, rates for coagulase negative staphylococci increased from 5.2 (1975-1978) to 12.4/10,000 (1979-1982), (P<0.001). In 1982, coagulase negative staphylococci accounted for 17% of all bloodstream infections and were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Sixty-four percent of patients with coagulase negative staphylococci were in critical care units versus 41% with other bloodstream infections (P<.05). The recognition of coagulase negative staphylococci as significant bloodstream pathogens markedly alters the clinician's approach to nosocomial septicemia.
Intravenous Tubing Containing Burettes Can Be Safely Changed at 72 Hour Intervals
Authors: Snydman David R. , Donnelly-Reidy Maureen , Perry Linda K. , Martin William J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNo studies testing the safety of changing intravenous systems containing in-line burettes at 72 hours in an intensive care setting have been performed. Patients entering a medical or surgical intensive care unit were alternatively assigned to have any line with an in-line burette changed at either 48 hour (105 patients) or 72 hour (65 patients) intervals. Daily quantitative cultures with a 2 ml aliquot of burette fluid were obtained. Contaminated burette fluid was detected in 60 of 1181 (5.0%, 95% confidence interval, 3.7% to 6.3%) samples from the burettes changed at 48 hour intervals, and in 40 of 901 (4.4%, 95% confidence interval, 3.0% to 5.8%) samples from 72 hour interval burettes. Significant bacterial contamination of burette fluid, defined as ten or more colonies per milliliter, occurred in only seven (0.6%) cultures from patients in the 48 hour interval group compared with only three (0.3%) cultures in the 72 hour group. None of the contaminated burette fluids was associated with a primary bacteremia. Change of inline burettes in patients in intensive care at 72-hour intervals is safe and should result in substantial cost savings to hospitals.
Nosocomial Transmission of Hepatitis A in an Adult Population
Authors: Baptiste Ramona , Koziol Deloris , Henderson David K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNosocomial transmission of hepatitis A from patients to staff members is an unusual event. Recently, several cases of occupational transmission of hepatitis A to health care workers have been reported in the literature. Most of these have occurred as a result of transmission from an infected child to a staff member involved in his or her care. We report an additional case of transmission of hepatitis A from an infected adult to a staff member and review the literature regarding nosocomial hepatitis A transmission. The review emphasizes several points that nearly all instances of nosocomial transmission of hepatitis A have in common, including the role of asymptomatic infection, the timing of hospitalization, and the fact that index patients often have an underlying illness that obscures the early diagnosis of hepatitis A. In addition, several other areas of controversy with respect to hepatitis A are discussed.
Infection Control in El Salvador: The Hospital Rosales Experience
Authors: Càceres José A. Marinero , de Sotello Yolanda 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe describe circumstances at the Hospital Rosales, located in San Salvador, El Salvador, and some salient observations from an infection control program begun in 1978. Findings include overuse of antibiotics, especially of penicillin and chloramphenicol; a predominance of gram-negative rod infections, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a relative infrequency of Staphylococcus aureus infections; an apparent doubling of the mean duration of hospitalization for patients with nosocomial infections compared with other patients (22.1 days versus 11.0 days); documentation and partial correction of deficiencies in aseptic and antiseptic practices; an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis traced to the hospital's factory for the manufacturing of intravenous fluids; and attitudinal problems such as the care of patients with rabies on open wards. Prevalence surveys conducted during 1981 and 1986 suggest a dramatic increase in the recent incidence of surgical wound infection (44% v 28%, P < 0.001). This latter observation suggests a direct relationship between infection rates and the hardships imposed by poverty and civil war.
Ineffectiveness of Hospital Disinfectants Against Bacteria: A Collaborative Study
Authors: Rutala William A. , Cole Eugene C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA collaborative study was undertaken to assess the degree of variability in disinfectant efficacy test results among laboratories that routinely perform the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Use-Dilution Method. Eighteen laboratories tested identical samples of six EPA-registered, hospital-grade disinfectants (three phenolics and three quaternaries) at the manufacturers' recommended use-dilution using only those modifications of the method approved by the AOAC Use-Dilution Task Force. Each laboratory processed 60 penicylinders for each of the 6 randomly selected disinfectants and 3 test organisms. The current EPA pass criterion for a disinfectant requires a test result of ≤1 positive penicyIinder/60 replicates tested. When compared with the 1 positive/60 replicate criterion, the test results of the 6 disinfectants were: 86 trials (80%) passed and 22 trials (20%) failed against Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708; 71 (66%) passed and 37 (34%) failed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; and 41 (38%) passed while 67 (62%) failed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. Four laboratories unknowingly tested their own product, and three of the four failed their product against one or more of the test organisms. These results show the inability to reproduce the manufacturers' bactericidal label claims for 6 disinfectants against the 3 AOAC test bacteria. In addition, extreme variability of test results among laboratories testing identical products questions the use of the AOAC Use-Dilution Method for enforcement action.
Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Programs
Authors: Birnbaum David 
Published: August 2016

Over 20 years ago, Philip Brachman advised us that “… the surveillance of all institutionally associated infections is important in order to minimize the risk of infection to all patients entering the institution and to members of the community.” Seven years later, in 1970, other staff members at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) offered us more specific surveillance objectives:A. To determine the frequency and kinds of endemic nosocomial infections, in order to identify deviations from the baseline so that infection control personnel can:1. Determine where studies are needed.2. Ascertain where control measures (long-term and emergency) need to be established and how effective new control measures are.3. Establish policy.B. To provide the patient and personnel (and in some instances the community) with all possible protection from infections of nosocomial origin.C. To meet the requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation and the medical-legal guidelines of “accepted standards of patient care.”D. To provide the medical and nursing staff with meaningful data on the level of nosocomial infection in their work areas.If each single nosocomial infection represented sufficient deviation from the baseline occurrence, then analysis of surveillance data would be quite straightforward. However, that is not the case. A 1976 project report for the National Center for Health Statistics identified various “sentinel health events” whose occurrence should trigger “… scientific search for remediable underlying causes.”
Queensland Tourism and the Environment
Authors: Craik Jennifer 
Published: August 2016

You can't support environmentalism and tourism at the same time – they are incompatible'. (Interview with Jim Kennedy, former chair of the Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation, 14 September 1993)
As in many other places, tourism has become a seductive industry for government and business in Queensland over the past decade. As one of the sunbelt states, Queensland has become an attractive destination for international, interstate and intrastate visitors. Tourism has become a major industry in Queensland contributing 5% to GSP (Goss 87). In 1993, the state attracted 1.4 million international visitors or 51% of the inbound market (Trends, issue 1, July 1994:4). This represents a 16% average annual increase since 1991. Although domestic tourism has experienced a slowdown, the state attracted 2.4 million intrastate and 8.5 million interstate trips in 1993. The staging of Expo 88 in Brisbane is credited with stimulating a significant increase in interstate visits to Queensland (cf. Collins 1994b).
The Q Story
Authors: Murray Jacqui 
Published: August 2016

In 1945, as Australians unknowingly entered the last year of the Second World War, the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) in Queensland undertook a unique radio history project that ran for two years. The original intention of the programme, as suggested by its title The Q Story, appears to have been propagandist and thus in keeping with official policy: to provide morale-boosting entertainment with a nationalist theme in the context of wartime. As the programme progressed, however, it appears to have developed an alternative legitimacy in response to public demand.
What has Reform Wrought?
Authors: Brereton David , Ede Andrew 
Published: August 2016

On 24 September 1997 the Criminal Justice Commission (CJC) released a comprehensive report entitled Integrity in the Queensland Police Service: Implementation and Impact of the Fitzgerald Inquiry Reforms, in line with its statutory obligation to report to Parliament on the implementation of the recommendations of the Inquiry. Earlier reports have examined the implementation of the Inquiry's recommendations relating to recruitment and training and the restructuring of the police service (see CJC 1993, 1994). This most recent report addresses issues such as whether the Fitzgerald reforms have enhanced the effectiveness of the complaints investigation process, led to improved standards of behaviour within the Queensland Police Service (QPS), reduced the incidence of corruption and weakened the influence of the police ‘code of silence’. In addition to providing a retrospective assessment of the ‘Fitzgerald reforms’, the report identifies key areas where further action is required by the QPS and provides a reference point against which to measure future progress. This article summarises the key findings of the report and briefly discusses the implications for further reform of the QPS and the role of the CJC in that process.
Pssst … I Wannabe White
Authors: Holt Lillian 
Published: August 2016

Congratulations to the organisers of the ‘Unmasking Whiteness’ conference for their courage in putting on the first ever conference dealing specifically with Whiteness in Australia. It does indeed take courage given that whiteness is, I have found, a disturbing and perturbing topic, not only to white people but also, I believe, to people of colour.
I'd therefore like to preface my paper by stating that I am speaking about my experience only, my life only, my interpretation only. I speak only for myself. I definitely am not speaking on behalf of others, especially other Aboriginal people. I state this up front, for just as whites who question their whiteness are often considered traitors to their race, I have found the same reaction when I have said to certain Aboriginal people who misunderstand my point and my pain: ‘I'd really like to be white, for a change’. Such a statement has been seen as a betrayal and a violation of Aboriginality when in fact it is a cry from the heart which has been ravaged by racism.
Thus should anybody, black or white, be offended by my remarks, I take no responsibility for your interpretation, only for my intention, which is to share rather than to offend. I would also like to say that my paper is not an academic one, for which I make no apologies.
Poems
Authors: Bell Phillip 
Published: August 2016

Black Heart
My heart is black as Cherbourg although my skin is fair, my Goorie blood predominant though European shared.
My heart is black as Cherbourg where both my parents raised, State wards for their protection, deculturised, enslaved.
Grandmothers were traditional, born of sacred land; Dalungbara, Jugera the heritage I claim.
Grandfathers anonymous, one English one a Dane, black women, sex, come children, disowned to disguise shame.
My heart is black as Cherbourg, until the day I die, where my ashes will be scattered this place my mother lies.
Pseudo-Hyphens and Barbaric/Binaries
Authors: Nicoll Fiona 
Published: August 2016

[T]he point being made is not that the discourse of enrichment places Anglo-Celtic culture in a more important position than other migrant cultures. If this was the case, it would simply be reflecting reality. More importantly, this discourse assigns to migrant cultures a different mode of existence to Anglo-Celtic culture. While Anglo-Celtic culture merely and unquestionably exists, migrant cultures exist for the latter. (Ghassan Hage)

A few months ago I was having dinner with the family of a friend. This family came from India to Australia in the 1960s and has divided its time between both countries ever since. The parents and children are all intellectuals of one kind or another: teachers, journalists and academics. The discussion turned to Hansonism. Why, I wanted to know, hadn't the journalist published an opinion in the Australian press about Hanson? Because, it was patiently explained to me, non-Anglo-Celtic Australians are only allowed to tell one kind of story in the mainstream media: that of the opportunities that they and their family have enjoyed since coming to this country. Political critique is reserved for the opinion columns presided over by those Anglo-Celtic warhorses such as Frank Devine and Padrick McGuiness. Now I knew this. So why did I ask in the first place? And why did I feign surprise when the answer was pointed out to me? This paper is, in part, an attempt to understand this Anglo-Celtic reflex.
'Kastom', Syncretism and Self-Determination
Authors: Mullins Steve 
Published: August 2016

Late in 1997 the Anglican Church in Torres Strait, for more than eighty years the bastion of Torres Strait Christianity, split, and in the following year the new Church of Torres Strait came into being, its congregations aligned with the traditional Anglican communion. What follows is an attempt to unravel the complex political, communal and doctrinal issues that caused the split, considering them in the light of an ongoing assertion of indigenous self-determination which can be traced back to the colonial era. The article also briefly traces the emergence since the early 1980s of a potentially liberating syncretic theology in the Torres Strait Anglican tradition which may hold within it the possibility of a reconciliation between bipotaim and pastaim, darkness and light, and tries to assess the implications of the split for this nascent theology.
Genesis of a Capital
Authors: Hogan Janet 
Published: August 2016

As the schooner Toroa carried its only passenger, Conrad Martens, up the Brisbane River on 7 November 1851, he would have seen many places subsequently depicted in his art works, including the then recently erected large residences Newstead and Bulimba (both extant). Approaching the main settlement further upstream, the ship passed New Farm and North Brisbane on the right, and Bulimba and Kangaroo Point on the left, before finally berthing at South Brisbane. The most prominent landmark in Brisbane was a derelict windmill (extant) on a hill at North Brisbane overlooking the settlement. Martens' illustrations show us, through the artist's eye, Brisbane's appearance in late 1851. This, combined with other documentary evidence, enables us to paint our own mental picture of Brisbane at the time.
'This Noble Tree'
Authors: Blake Thom 
Published: August 2016

The bunya pine was given its scientific name Araucaria bidwillii in 1843 by Sir William Hooker, the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Hooker named the tree after John Came Bidwill, a colleague who had been in Australia and who provided Hooker with a detailed description of the tree and specimens of a young plant and samples of a branch and nut. Controversy has surrounded the ‘discovery’ and naming of the bunya, not the least that Andrew Petrie was the first to identify the tree and it was tentatively called Pinus petrieana. This controversy is discussed briefly elsewhere in this journal by John Huth. The purpose of this paper is to examine Bidwill's role in identifying the bunya and whether Hooker was justified in his decision to honour Bidwill in the nomenclature.
Representing the Bunya Pine
Authors: Cooke Glenn 
Published: August 2016

The most popular painting in the Queensland Art Gallery Collection is R. Godfrey Rivers' Under the Jacaranda 1903. The blaze of the tree's mauve so dominates the canvas that the figures of Rivers and his fiancée taking tea under its shade appear quite secondary. It is, in essence, a portrait of the tree. The scale of this painting is quite exceptional but during the twentieth century the striking colour of the jacaranda inspired a number of artists, Charles Lancaster in particular. The striking cone-shaped canopy of the bunya pine is as commanding in its formality as the jacaranda is in its colour, yet where are the equivalent paintings of this tree? They are scarce indeed.
Ellis Rowan
Authors: McKay Judith 
Published: August 2016

Ellis Rowan was Australia's most celebrated flower painter of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. An emancipated woman far ahead of her time, she turned what her fellow Australian artists deemed a ‘genteel’ female pastime of flower painting into an adventurous and profitable career which took her all over the world. In a career spanning fifty years and ending with her death in 1922, she produced the phenomenal number of more than 3000 paintings, and succeeded in placing many of these in public collections. Rowan exhibited her work as far afield as London and New York and achieved acclaim at intercolonial and international exhibitions of art and industry (with the award of ten gold, fifteen silver and four bronze medals). Also a skilled writer and publicist, she recounted her travels in the popular press and in a book entitled A Flower-Hunter in Queensland and New Zealand, published in 1898. This paper focuses on the artist's work in Queensland, a favourite hunting ground, and on her association with the tropics which was an essential part of her mystique.