bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of drying kinetics of the non‐pomace residue of red grape (V. labrusca L.) juices: Effect on the microstructure and bioactive anthocyanins
Authors: Haas Isabel Cristina da Silva , Toaldo Isabela Maia , Müller Carmen Maria Oliveira , Bordignon‐Luiz Marilde T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe clarification of grape juices produces a colored non‐pomace residue that is continuously discarded. This study evaluated the drying kinetics of the non‐pomace residue of organic and conventional grape juices (V. labrusca L.) and assessed the effect of drying process on the anthocyanins content and microstructure of this residue. Residue samples were subject to convective drying and the process kinetics was modeled using four semi‐empirical models. The Page model was selected as the best‐fit model obtaining the lowest chi‐square values (χ2 < 0.000733). The effective diffusivity values ranged from 9.08 × 10−4 to 1.52 × 10−3 m2/s and the activation energies values were 23.06 and 20.89 kJ/mol for organic and conventional residues, respectively. The drying rate was augmented by increasing temperature with maximum values at 65 °C, for which the micrographs revealed the formation of smaller particles in samples when compared with drying at 45 and 55 °C. The conventional residue showed the highest levels of anthocyanins, which were consistently decreased with temperature as function of time, indicating that those are critical parameters for technological applications of this polyphenol‐rich matrix.Practical applicationsThe clarification process is an important technological stage for processing of fruit juices. Grape juices are widely appreciated worldwide and the accumulation of viticulture by‐products is a current concern in many producing regions. There is a global demand for reducing organic waste in food industries and alternatives for reutilization of plant materials emerge as a rewarding alternative to produce food ingredients. The non‐pomace residue of grape juices is a solid and highly‐colored material rich in polyphenols that is continuously discarded and currently unexplored. The study of its chemical properties as well as the use of drying processes to allow its technological application provides an important solution in order to achieve waste reduction in viticulture and discovering new matrices as sources of bioactive polyphenols.
Highly electronegative low‐density lipoprotein L5 evokes microglial activation and creates a neuroinflammatory stress via Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling
Authors: Yu Liang‐En , Lai Chiou‐Lian , Lee Ching‐Tien , Wang Jiz‐Yuh 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAtherogenic risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, are associated with increased risk of neurodegeneration, especially Alzheimer's dementia. Human plasma electronegative low‐density lipoprotein [LDL(−)], especially L5, may serve as an important contributing factor. L5 promoting an inflammatory action in atherosclerosis has been extensively studied. However, the role of L5 in inducing neuroinflammation remains unknown. Here, we examined the impact of L5 on immune activation and cell viability in cultured BV‐2 microglia. BV‐2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide or human LDLs (L1, L5, or oxLDL) were subjected to molecular/biochemical assays for measuring microglial activation, levels of inflammatory factors, and cell survival. A transwell BV‐2/N2a co‐culture was used to assess N2a cell viability following BV‐2 cell exposure to L5. We found that L5 enables the activation of microglia and elicits an inflammatory response, as evidenced by increased oxygen/nitrogen free radicals (nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and peroxides), elevated tumor necrosis factor‐α levels, decreased basal interleukin‐10 levels, and augmented production of pro‐inflammatory proteins (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2). L5 also triggered BV‐2 cell death primarily via apoptosis. These effects were markedly disrupted by the application of signaling pathway inhibitors, thus demonstrating that L5 interacts with Toll‐like receptor 4 to modulate multiple pathways, including MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and NF‐κB. Decreased N2a cell viability in a transwell co‐culture was mainly ascribed to L5‐induced BV‐2 cell activation. Together, our data suggest that L5 creates a neuroinflammatory stress via microglial Toll‐like receptor 4, thereby leading to the death of BV‐2 microglia and coexistent N2a cells. Atherogenic L5 possibly contributes to neuroinflammation‐related neurodegeneration.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates distinct impacts of sevoflurane on different subfields of immature hippocampus
Authors: Zhu Gang , Tao Lei , Wang Ronglin , Xue Ying , Wang Xingqin , Yang Shaosong , Sun Xude , Gao Guodong , Mao Zixu , Yang Qian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSevoflurane, a typical inhaled anesthetic, is widely used in patients of all ages during surgery. The negative effects, such as inducing cell death and damaging spatial memory, of sevoflurane on neurodevelopment have raised increasing concerns in recent years. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study focused on the crucial role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in sevoflurane‐induced hippocampal injury. Three‐week‐old rats were exposed to sevoflurane or control air for 5 h with or without ER stress inhibitor (4‐phenylbutyric acid, 4‐PBA) injection. The hippocampus was harvested to measure the ER stress sensors by western immunoblotting. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end‐labeling staining was used to detect cell apoptosis and electrophysiology was used to measure the intrinsic excitability of neurons in hippocampus. We measured learning and memory ability by Morris water maze tests 5 weeks after sevoflurane exposure. Interestingly, persistent sevoflurane exposure significantly increased the levels of ER stress sensors in hippocampus. But it resulted in different effects in CA1 and dentate gyrus. Greatly increased caspase‐12‐mediated apoptotic cells, which were proved to be the neural stem cells, were detected in the dentate gyrus. Meanwhile, CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibited significantly reduced intrinsic excitability. Furthermore, the administration of ER stress inhibitor attenuated the above mentioned detrimental effects evidently and prevented the following relevant learning and memory deficits. In conclusion, sevoflurane‐mediated ER stress performs distinct effects on the different subfields of the immature hippocampus and inhibiting ER stress during sevoflurane anesthesia will be a potential method to prevent the following learning and memory deficits in adulthood.image
Moral Hazard, Risk Sharing, and the Optimal Pool Size
Authors: von Bieberstein Frauke , Feess Eberhard , Fernando José F. , Kerzenmacher Florian , Schiller Jörg 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe examine the optimal size of risk pools with moral hazard. In risk pools, the effective share of the own loss borne is the sum of the direct share (the retention rate) and the indirect share borne as residual claimant. In a model with identical individuals with mixed risk‐averse utility functions, we show that the effective share required to implement a specific effort increases in the pool size. This is a downside of larger pools as it, ceteris paribus, reduces risk sharing. However, we find that the benefit from diversifying the risk in larger pools always outweighs the downside of a higher effective share. We conclude that, absent transaction costs, the optimal pool size converges to infinity. In our basic model, we restrict attention to binary effort levels, but we show that our results extend to a model with continuous effort choice.
The effect of grapeseed oil on performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant status and subcutaneous adipose fatty acid profile in lambs
Authors: Sharifi M. , Bashtani M. , Naserian A. A. , Farhangfar H. , Emami A. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis experiment was carried out to examine the effect of grapeseed oil (GSO) on performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant status and subcutaneous adipose fatty acid (FA) profile in lambs. Eighteen Baluchi lambs, 196 ± 14 days of age and 39.8 ± 1.7 kg body weight, were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: (i) diet without GSO (control), (ii) diet containing 2% of GSO (GSO2) and (iii) diet containing 4% of GSO (GSO4) for 42 days. Results showed that the experimental diets had no significant effect on dry matter intake and performance (p > 0.05). The supplemented diets with GSO had no effect on pH and NH3‐N of rumen fluid (p > 0.05), but GSO4 increased (p = 0.003) the concentration of propionic acid and reduced (p = 0.002) the concentration of acetate acid compared to the control. Inclusion 4% of GSO to the diet increased total antioxidant activity and decreased malondialdehyde in serum and muscle (p < 0.001). The level of blood glutathione peroxidase in diets containing GSO was higher than control diet (p = 0.02), but diets had no effect on superoxide dismutase in blood and muscle tissues (p > 0.05). The concentration of vaccenic acid, rumenic acid and linoleic acid and thus polyunsaturated fatty acid in subcutaneous fat was affected by experimental diets (p < 0.001), as control had the lowest amount of these FAs and GSO4 had the highest amount of them. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of GSO up to 4% improves the antioxidant status and adipose fatty acid profile in lambs without effects on performance.
Swine foetal myogenesis in different gestation periods
Authors: Palencia J. Y. P. , Garbossa C. A. P. , Betarelli R. P. , Fonseca L. S. , Lanferdini E. , Guimarães G. C. , Zangeronimo M. G. , Schinckel A. P. , Abreu M. L. T. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sex and uterus position on swine foetal myogenesis at different gestational ages. Fifteen primiparous sows were divided into three groups according to gestational age: 50, 80, and 106 days. The experiment was a block randomized factorial design with two sexes (male and female) and three uterine regions (apex, middle, and base). After slaughter, each uterus horn was divided into three segments of equal length: apex region near the ovary; base region near the uterine body; and the middle region, lying between the apex and base regions. The foetuses were weighed, identified, and longitudinally opened to harvest the semitendinosus muscle for later morphological analysis. After 50 days of pregnancy, male foetuses had greater (p < .05) weight than females. The number of primary fibres at 50 days of gestation was negatively correlated (r = −.29, p = .04) with the number of foetuses in utero. After 80 days, foetuses in the base region had less (p < .05) secondary area of muscle fibres compared to the apex region, which was accompanied by differences in the weight of the foetuses, the lowest weight were for foetuses located in the base region (p < .05). In the same period, the ratio of secondary to primary fibres had a positive correlation with weight. In conclusion, sex did not influence myogenesis in the gestational ages studied and the development of secondary muscle fibres of the foetuses at 80 days of gestation was affected by their uterine position with foetuses at the base of the uterine horn being less developed.
Effect of resistant starch on the intestinal health of old dogs: fermentation products and histological features of the intestinal mucosa
Authors: Peixoto M. C. , Ribeiro É. M. , Maria A. P. J. , Loureiro B. A. , di Santo L. G. , Putarov T. C. , Yoshitoshi F. N. , Pereira G. T. , Sá L. R. M. , Carciofi A. C. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe effects of resistant starch (RS) intake on nutrient digestibility, microbial fermentation products, faecal IgA, faecal pH, and histological features of the intestinal mucosa of old dogs were evaluated. The same formulation was extruded in two different conditions: one to obtain elevated starch cooking degree with low RS content (0.21%) and the other lower starch cooking with high RS content (1.46%). Eight geriatric Beagles (11.5 ± 0.38 years old) were fed each diet for 61 days in a crossover design. Food intake, nutrient digestibility, fermentation products, faecal pH, and faecal IgA were examined via variance analysis. Histological results of intestinal biopsies were assessed via Wilcoxon test for paired data. The morphometric characteristics of large intestine crypts were evaluated via paired t tests (p < .05). Protein, fat, and energy digestibilities were higher for the low‐RS diet (p < .05). Dogs receiving the high‐RS diet had lower faecal pH and higher values for propionate, butyrate, total volatile fatty acids, and lactate (p < .05). No differences between diets were found in the histological parameters of the gut mucosa, and only a tendency for deeper crypts in the descending colon was observed for dogs fed the high‐RS diet (p = .083). The intake of a corn‐based kibble diet manufactured with coarse ground raw material and low starch gelatinization to obtain 1.4% of RS affected microbial fermentation products and faecal pH and tended to increase crypt depth in the descending colon of old dogs.
Concordant and divergent strategies to improve postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism
Authors: Edinburgh R. M. , Betts J. A. , Burns S. F. , Gonzalez J. T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFollowing ingestion of a mixed‐macronutrient meal, blood glucose and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations are elevated for approximately 2 and 8 hours, respectively, depending on factors such as the amount and type of food ingested. For many individuals who consume at least three meals per day, the majority of waking hours are thus spent in a postprandial state. Exaggerated postprandial glycaemia and triglyceridemia are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and so strategies to alleviate such perturbations are desirable (e.g. exercise and/or diet). An acute bout of endurance, resistance or high‐intensity and interval exercise typically mitigates postprandial glucose and TAG responses to subsequent meals. Regular exercise training also facilitates adaptations that beneficially alter postprandial metabolism. The health benefits of various dietary protocols have been debated in research and in the media over recent decades. To complicate matters, these strategies may be beneficial for glucose metabolism but simultaneously impair TAG metabolism or vice versa. Finally, despite the finding that diet and exercise can independently alter postprandial metabolism, there are fewer investigations of their ability to act synergistically to achieve a prophylactic response on postprandial blood glucose and TAG concentrations. This may provide the basis for future public health guidelines and is an important consideration in the context of the current worldwide prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
Outcomes of acute kidney injury in a department of internal medicine in ABIDJAN (cote D'IVOIRE)
Authors: Yao Kouamé Hubert , Konan Serge Didier , Tia Weu Melanie , Diopoh Sery Patrick , Moh Raoul , Sanogo Sindou 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate the prognostic factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in our daily practice.MethodsWe analyzed the cohort of patients hospitalized for AKI in the period from January 2010 to December 2015 in the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Treichville. Kaplan–Meier curves were built for survival analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of mortality.ResultsWe collected 414 cases of AKI during the study period. The mean age was 48.3 ± 16.8 years. We observed a male predominance with a sex ratio (236/178) of 1.32. In multivariate analysis, the predictive factors of death were age ≥ 65 years (HR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.28–3.55; P = 0.004), AKI stage 3 (HR = 1.69; 95%CI = 1.13–2.50; P = 0.009), haemoglobin <8 g/dL (HR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.79–4.72; P = 0.0001), infection (HR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.21–2.83; P = 0.004) and drug‐induced AKI (HR = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.65–6.29; P = 0.001). Factors associated with incomplete recovery or non‐recovery of renal function beyond 3 months were age ≥ 65 years (OR = 4.76; 95% CI = 1.85–12.50;P = 0.001), hypertension (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.07–4.34; P = 0.03), haemoglobin <8 g/dL (OR = 6.66; 95% CI = 2.94–8.28; P < 0.001), AKI stage 3 (OR = 9.09; 95% CI = 4.54–16.66; P < 0.001) malignant hypertension (OR = 5; 95% CI = 1.67–7.27; P = 0.005) and cancer (OR = 4.69; 95% CI = 2.22–6.63; P = 0.001).ConclusionThe aetiologies are dominated by infections. The fatality rate is high and its risk factors are advanced age, low haemoglobin level, severe AKI, infection and drug intake. Prevention is essential.
The transcription factor MYB115 contributes to the regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and enhances fungal resistance in poplar
Authors: Wang Lijun , Ran Lingyu , Hou Yisu , Tian Qiaoyan , Li Chaofeng , Liu Rui , Fan Di , Luo Keming 
Published: April 2017

Summary

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are major defense phenolic compounds in the leaves of poplar (Populus spp.) in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Transcriptional regulation of PA biosynthetic genes by the MYB‐basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)‐WD40 complexes in poplar is not still fully understood.

Here, an Arabidopsis TT2‐like gene MYB115 was isolated from Populus tomentosa and characterized by various molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches.

MYB115 restored PA productions in the seed coat of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant. Overexpression of MYB115 in poplar activated expression of PA biosynthetic genes, resulting in a significant increase in PA concentrations. By contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9‐generated myb115 mutant exhibited reduced PA content and decreased expression of PA biosynthetic genes. MYB115 directly activated the promoters of PA‐specific structural genes. MYB115 interacted with poplar TT8. Coexpression of MYB115, TT8 and poplar TTG1 significantly enhanced the expression of ANR1 and LAR3. Additionally, transgenic plants overexpressing MYB115 had increased resistance to the fungal pathogen Dothiorella gregaria, whereas myb115 mutant exhibited greater sensitivity compared with wild‐type plants.

Our data provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling PA biosynthesis by MYB115 in poplar, which could be effectively employed for metabolic engineering of PAs to improve resistance to fungal pathogens.
A Double‐Edged Sword: The Countervailing Effects of Religion on Cross‐National Violent Crime
Authors: Corcoran Katie E. , Pettinicchio David , Robbins Blaine 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveThere has been a growing interest in the relationship between culture and crime in recent years, but there is little research investigating the role of religion. To clarify this empirical cleavage, we propose a Durkheimian model of the countervailing effects of religion on violent crime.MethodsWe test our propositions with robust linear models and a large country sample (N = 100).ResultsWe show that religious intensity and belief in an active God are not significantly associated with intentional homicide. However, religious intensity is positively and significantly associated with assault. We also find that belief in an active God is negatively and significantly associated with assault and has a stronger effect than several structural variables.ConclusionThe findings provide partial support for our Durkheimian model and suggest that cultural factors are important for predicting certain types of violent crime.
Characterization of porcine endogenous retrovirus expression in neonatal and adult pig pancreatic islets
Authors: Mourad Nizar I. , Crossan Claire , Cruikshank Victoria , Scobie Linda , Gianello Pierre 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundPig islets represent an alternative to the current modes of treatment for patients with diabetes. However, the concerns over pathogen transmission including that of PERV limit their immediate, widespread usage in humans. It has been previously demonstrated that PERV copy number and particularly expression levels can vary considerably between individuals and within different tissues of a single animal. In general, expression levels have been found to be particularly low in the pancreas compared to other porcine tissues suggesting a reduced risk associated with the use of this tissue. Data regarding this crucial aspect, however, remain limited and little is known about PERV status of islets themselves, which represent the final product to be transplanted. In addition, comparative analysis of the PERV status of neonatal piglets with adults is important as they are increasingly considered as potential islet donors for xenotransplantation.MethodsTissue samples from 51 neonatal piglets (age between 14 and 21 days) and 29 adult pigs were collected from Belgian landrace pigs used for pancreas procurement and islet isolation. Tissue biopsies were used to extract DNA for PERV copy number quantification by qPCR and RNA for PERV expression by qRT‐PCR.ResultsAs expected, PERV expression demonstrated great variation and was significantly lower in pancreas compared to other tissues. More importantly, PERV RNA expression was found to be specifically enriched in pancreatic islets reaching values similar to those found in other tissues such as liver and kidney. Interestingly, this expression was not coupled with the detection of reverse transcriptase in islet cultures or indeed detection of PERV virus. Lung, spleen, and lymph node consistently showed the highest levels of PERV expression. Comparison of PERV in neonatal and adult pigs showed that copy number did not vary significantly from birth to adulthood. PERV expression on the other hand was significantly lower in neonatal pig islets compared to adult islets and did not increase over the period of culture.ConclusionOur study confirms the low level of PERV expression in whole pancreas in a large population of both neonatal and adult pigs (n=80). The level of PERV expression was however higher in the endocrine tissue than in the exocrine cells. There was no correlation between PERV status in donor PBMCs and islet cells, and no evidence of active replication in in vitro regardless of PERV expression in islet cells. Moreover, neonatal pig islets were found to have significantly lower PERV expression compared to adult islets. Neonatal islets have been suggested as the best choice for xenotransplantation in terms of economic and procurement considerations; the PERV status reported here would also potentially support their use.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James 
Published: April 2017

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 5 Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAdrienne L. Edwards, University of Nevada, USAAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalFernando Aragón-Durand, National Autonomous University of Mexico, MexicoGhazali Bello Abubakar, Sokoto State University, NigeriaHyejin Lee, Tufts University, MA, USA and Konkuk University, Seoul, South KoreaImran Ali Sandano, Zhejiang University, ChinaJehu Onyekwere Nnaji, University of Naples II, Italy and Globe Visions Network Italy, ItalyJulia M. Mack, Gannon University, USAK.O. Aramide, The Polytechnic Ibadan, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaMohammad Naji Shah Mohammadi, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education, Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaSudershan Pasupuleti, The University of Texas, USAYaghoob Foroutan , The University of Waikato, New ZealandYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, ChinaZafer İbrahimoglu, Marmara University, Turkey