bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Begriffsverfälschungen durch vermeintlich modernisierende Übersetzungen: Das Beispiel ‚orbis‘ (Kugel, Sphäre)/‚orbita‘ (Bahn)
Authors: Krafft Fritz 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDistortion of Scientific Terms by Supposed Modernizing Translations: The Example ‘orbis’ (sphere)/‘orbita’ (orbit). The use of modern terminology and thinking hinders to understand historic astronomical and physical texts and often misleads the reader, because between celestial physics from Aristotle and Ptolemy to Copernic on the one side and since Kepler and Newton on the other side a fundamental change of paradigm had taken place. The former started from the assumption that planets are indirectly moved by large equally rotating etherical spheres combined with each other to form every kind of unequally apparent planetary motion as a resultant, whereas the later started from Kepler's idea that every motion of a planet is directly caused by two forces moulding his (naturally unequal) ‘orbit’. ‘orbita’ was Kepler's new specific term for the way of the planet coined in late 1604; in contrast, the Latin term of the elder paradigm has been ‘orbis’ (‘sphere’), on the one hand as concentric ‘orbis totalis’ of a planet (or the fixed stars), on the other hand as non‐concentric ‘orbes particulares’ (of the eccenters and epicycles) within the space of an ‘orbis totalis’. These terms were interpreted and translated in accordance with modern dynamic (as the supposed ‘true’) thinking as if they were ‘orbits’ (German: ‘Bahn’). But you cannot bring the two paradigms into line. As a result, the texts of seemingly ‘modern’ translations become incomprehensible, absurd and wrong. The study shows this on thinking (1st) about Aristotelian physics of former times using terms and ideas of modern dynamics, and on thinking (2nd) about the former explanation of apparent motions of heavenly bodies using these dynamics and ignoring the different special Aristotelian and Ptolemaic physics of ‘orbes’ (spheres).
An epigenetic resolution of the lek paradox
Authors: Bonilla Melvin M. , Zeh Jeanne A. , Zeh David W. 
Published: March 2016

Female choice for traits signaling male genetic quality is expected to erode heritable variation in fitness, undermining the benefits of choice. Known as the lek paradox, this contradiction has motivated extensive population genetic theory, yet remains unresolved. Recent modeling by Bonduriansky and Day concludes that costly female preference is best maintained when male condition is determined by environmentally induced factors transmitted across single generations. Here, we reformulate their model in explicitly epigenetic terms, and review evidence that environmentally induced paternal effects are mediated through epigenetic changes in sperm. Noncoding RNA expression, DNA methylation and histone modifications are highly sensitive to diet, stress, toxicants and stochastic events. Epigenetic variation renews each generation and cannot be exhausted by selection. By choosing well‐endowed males that produce gametes in epigenetically good states, females can increase their fitness directly through increased fertilization success or indirectly through epigenetic effects on the fitness of offspring and potentially subsequent generations.Also watch the video abstract.
Microfluidic bubbler facilitates near complete mass transfer for sustainable multiphase and microbial processing
Authors: Baker Jordan J. , Crivellari Francesca , Gagnon Zachary , Betenbaugh Michael J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA microfluidic device (channels <70 μm) was utilized to create micro‐scale bubbles to significantly increase mass transfer efficiency at low flow rates. The convergence of one gas and two liquid channels at a Y‐junction generates bubbles via cyclic changes in pressure. At low flow rates, the bubbles had an average diameter of 110 μm, corresponding to a volumetric mass transfer KLa of 1.43 h−1. Values of KLa normalized per flow rate showed that the microbubbler had a 100‐fold increased transfer efficiency compared to four other commonly used bubblers. The calculated percentage of oxygen transferred was approximately 90%, which was consistent with a separate off‐gas analysis. The improved mass transfer was also tested in an algae bioreactor in which the microbubbler absorbed approximately 90% of the CO2 feed compared to 2% in the culture with an alternative needle bubbling method. The microbubbler yielded a cell density 82% of the cell density for the alternative needle tip with an 800‐fold lower flow rate (0.5 mL/min versus 400 mL/min) and a 700‐fold higher ratio of biomass to fed carbon dioxide. The application of microfluidics may transform interfacial processing in order to increase mass transfer efficiencies, minimize gas feeding, and provide for more sustainable multiphase processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1924–1933. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and validation of an LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of levodopa and MD01 in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of mucuna pruriens extract
Authors: Yang Guangjie , Zhang Fangrong , Deng Linfang , Chen Chang , Cheng Zhongzhe , Huang Jiangeng , Liu Jiangyun , Jiang Hongliang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMucuna pruriens, an ancient Indian herbal medicine containing levodopa, is widely used for Parkinson's disease. In order to simultaneously determine levodopa and 1,1‐dimethyl‐3‐carboxy‐6,7‐dihydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (MD01) in rat plasma, an improved LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for a pharmacokinetic study in rats orally administered levodopa or Mucuna pruriens extract (MPE). Elimination of matrix effect and improvement of extraction recovery were achieved through systematic optimization of reversed‐phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatographic conditions together with sample clean‐up procedures. A satisfactory chromatographic performance was obtained with a Thermo Aquasil C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 3 µm) using acetonitrile and water containing 0.2% formic acid as mobile phases. Futhermore, sodium metabisulfite and formic acid were used as stabilizers in neat solutions as well as rat plasma. The method was validated in a dynamic range of 20.0–10,000 ng/mL for levodopa and MD01; the intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy were acceptable. The method was successfully utilized to determine the levodopa level in plasma samples of rats administered levodopa or MPE. Pharmacokinetic results showed that an increase in the AUC of levodopa was observed in rats following oral administration of multiple doses of MPE. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the Fold: Emerging Biological Applications of DNA Origami
Authors: Chandrasekaran Arun Richard , Anderson Nate , Kizer Megan , Halvorsen Ken , Wang Xing 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe use of DNA as a material for nanoscale construction has blossomed in the past decade. This is largely attributable to the DNA origami technique, which has enabled construction of nanostructures ranging from simple two‐dimensional sheets to complex three‐dimensional objects with defined curves and edges. These structures are amenable to site‐specific functionalization with nanometer precision, and have been shown to exhibit cellular biocompatibility and permeability. The DNA origami technique has already found widespread use in a variety of emerging biological applications such as biosensing, enzyme cascades, biomolecular analysis, biomimetics, and drug delivery. We highlight a few of these applications and comments on the prospects for this rapidly expanding field of research.
Bismuth Tungstate‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Self‐Assembled Nanocomposites for the Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols in Water
Authors: Yang Juan , Shen Xiaoxiao , Li Yingjie , Bian Linyan , Dai Jun , Yuan Dongsheng 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe selective conversion of alcohol into aldehyde in water was achieved over Bi2WO6‐reduced graphene oxide (RGO) photocatalysts. The Bi2WO6‐RGO‐H catalysts were synthesized by an electrostatic self‐assembly method followed by hydrothermal reduction. It was found the valence band and conduction band edges of Bi2WO6‐RGO‐H underwent a continuous increase in energy with the increasing weight ratio of graphene oxide, which resulted in a high selectivity to aldehydes. Furthermore, Bi2WO6‐RGO samples with different degrees of reduction of RGO were prepared, and the conversion of alcohol was influenced greatly by the RGO reduction degree. Based on the results of photo‐electrochemistry and photoluminescence spectroscopy, the clear enhancement in alcohol conversion can be ascribed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers, which results from the fast migration of photoelectrons between excited Bi2WO6 and highly reduced RGO. Additionally, based on the results of radical‐trapping and ESR spectroscopy, the primary reactive species and a plausible pathway for alcohol oxidation over Bi2WO6‐RGO were proposed.
Hierarchical Nanoplatforms for High‐Performance Enzyme Biocatalysis under Denaturing Conditions
Authors: González‐Domínguez Elena , Comesaña‐Hermo Miguel , Mariño‐Fernández Rosalía , Rodríguez‐González Benito , Arenal Raul , Salgueiriño Verónica , Moldes Diego , Othman Abdelmageed M. , Pérez‐Lorenzo Moisés , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA hierarchically structured nanoplatform comprising the integration of enzymes into a hybrid carbon‐nanotube‐based magnetic nanocomposite was developed. By means of this complex support, laccases are endowed with exceptional performance even in fully denaturing environments. In this regard, up to 10‐fold enhancements in the biocatalytic activity of the enzymes can be attained at different temperatures and pH conditions. Furthermore, these platforms are found to provide laccases with unprecedented recycling potential. In this line, these composites allow straightforward recovery and reuse of the biocatalysts with no loss of efficiency even after 10 successive runs. These outstanding operational capabilities make these nanocarriers a promising material to tackle the challenges associated with the implementation of enzymes in industrial biotechnology.
NiPt Nanocatalysts Supported on Boron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Graphene for Superior Hydrazine Dehydrogenation and Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Du Xiaoqiong , Du Cheng , Cai Ping , Luo Wei , Cheng Gongzhen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBoron and nitrogen co‐doped graphene (BNG) with negligible covalent boron–nitride (BN) bonding, and high boron and pyridinic nitrogen contents has been synthesized by a two‐step method using boron–carbon–nitride (BCN) as the boron and nitrogen sources. The use of the BCN precursor is the key for preparing BNG, while annealing reduced graphene oxide, urea, and boric acid in a one‐step method results in separated domains of larger amounts of covalent BN in the graphene networks (s‐BNG). The resulting BNGs are further used to anchor NiPt nanoparticles (NPs) with good dispersion. Consequently, Ni3Pt7/BNG‐1000 exhibits the highest catalytic activity toward hydrazine dehydrogenation at room temperature, with the turnover frequency of 199.4 h−1. Furthermore, as evidence of its multifunctionality, Ni3Pt7/BNG‐1000 is further employed for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation.
Formation of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes by Tautomerization of Mesomeric Betaines: Cyclic Boron Adducts and Palladium Complexes From 2‐(Imidazolium‐1‐yl)phenolates
Authors: Liu Ming , Nieger Martin , Hübner Eike G. , Schmidt Andreas 
Published: March 2016

Abstract2‐(Imidazolium‐1‐yl)phenolates are conjugated heterocyclic mesomeric betaines in tautomeric equilibrium with the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidenes. The carbene tautomers can be trapped as thiones (X‐ray analysis). Moreover, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride in THF trapped the carbene tautomer as a palladium complex without participation of the phenolate group (X‐ray analysis). The corresponding anionic NHCs, 2‐phenolate‐substituted imidazol‐2‐ylidenes, can be trapped by triethylborane or triphenylborane to form 4,4‐diethyl‐ or 4,4‐diphenyl‐4H‐benzo[e]imidazo[2,1‐c][1,4,2]oxaza‐borininium‐4‐ides, respectively (two X‐ray analyses). These tricyclic systems are the first representatives of a new heterocyclic ring system. The results of DFT calculations concerning the HOMO/LUMO profiles and partial charges are also presented.
Feinstzerkleinerung organischer Partikeln in Rührwerkskugelmühlen: Bestimmung günstiger Formulierungen und Prozessparameter
Authors: Flach Frederik , Breitung‐Faes Sandra , Kwade Arno 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Feinstzerkleinerung organischer Materialien in Rührwerkskugelmühlen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Wesentliche Aspekte sind neben der Erreichung der gewünschten hohen Produktqualität die Energieeffizienz und die Reduktion von Mahlkörperabrieb, welche durch die Betriebsparameter der Mühle wesentlich bestimmt werden. Die Untersuchungen geben Aufschluss darüber, wie die Parameter im Zusammenhang stehen und wie sich Regeln für den Einsatz von Rührwerkskugelmühlen zur Feinstzerkleinerung organischer Partikeln formulieren lassen. Neben den Betriebsparametern stellen vor allem die Produktformulierung sowie die Produktpartikelgröße wesentliche Schlüssel zur Verringerung des Mahlkörperabriebs dar.
Effect of the Polarization Force on the Dust–Acoustic Soliton Energy
Authors: Mayout S. , Bentabet K. , Tribeche M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe role the polarization force acting on dust particles may play on the energy carried by the dust‐acoustic (DA) soliton is examined. This force is due to the deformation of the Debye sheath around the dust particulates in the background of non‐uniform plasmas. The energy carried by the DA solitons is derived. This energy decreases with an increase in the effects of plasma‐dust particles polarization interaction. This means that when the magnitude of the polarization force approaches the one of the electrical force, i.e, the net force acting on the grains decreases, the DA soliton energy experiences a depletion. As noticed by Khrapak et al. [S.A. Khrapak et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 245004 (2009)], when the polarization force dominates over the electrical one, the plasma can not support DA solitons. This happens whenever the dust grain size exceeds a critical threshold. In this case, the net force acting on the grains is no longer a restoring force. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variation in responsiveness of woody plant leaf out phenology to anomalous spring onset
Authors: Fahey Robert T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTiming of leaf out in woody plants is being affected by global climate change, with cascading effects on associated organisms and ecosystem processes. However, the timing and responsiveness of this important phenological event are not well understood, especially in relation to the geographic origin of species and populations. This study assessed the effect of anomalous spring warming on leaf out timing for woody plant species and individuals from a range of taxa and geographic origins. Timing of leaf out was assessed across 4 years (2011–2014) for 478 plants, representing 96 species and 21 genera, planted together in a common environment at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA. An anomalously warm spring in 2012 strongly affected leaf out timing, advancing mean leaf out date for every species by an average of 31 days across all individuals. Responsiveness was related to species traits, as species classified as early‐successional, with diffuse‐porous wood anatomy, or with a weak chilling requirement were much more responsive. There was strong variation among individuals within a species in leaf out timing and responsiveness. These patterns were somewhat related to geographical origin of the individual, but were not consistent among species or genera. High responsiveness of leaf out to anomalous spring warming, which is forecasted to be more common with global climate change, could have important implications for climate change adaptation, assisted migration, and ecological interactions. Chilling requirements may have limited responsiveness for some species, which could affect competitive dynamics within plant communities. Through such interactions and direct effects on woody plant species, variation in spring leaf out phenology will likely affect biodiversity and functioning in many ecosystems.
Climate‐driven range shifts are stochastic processes at a local level: two flying squirrel species in Maine
Authors: Wood Connor M. , Witham Jack W. , Hunter Malcolm L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNumerous directional range shifts have been linked to climate change, but mechanistic explanations are frequently absent. In North America, southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) range has expanded northward as a result of climate change, and northern flying squirrel (G. sabrinus) range has shifted north, likely in response to competition. We tracked both species abundances as well as climate, food availability, and forest structure over 31 yr, and found complete species turnover fromG. sabrinustoG. volansin 18 yr. We tested multiple generalized least squares models of each species' abundance over time. The top model forG. sabrinusindicated that abundance was likely shaped by the arrival ofG. volans, a competitor and known vector of a pathological nematode, food, and modest anthropogenic changes to forest structure; the top model forG. volanssuggested that warm winters coinciding with high mast years likely facilitated the initial establishment ofG. volans, whereas positive density dependence likely shaped subsequent population dynamics. The only significant change to local climate was an increase in minimum summer temperature, which would enhance the survival ofStrongyloides robustus, the nematode carried byG. volansand detrimental toG. sabrinus. This complex suite of interactions suggests that at a local level, range shifts may be a largely stochastic process permitted by the temporal coincidence of multiple species‐ and site‐specific factors.
The impact of severe drought on survival, fecundity, and population persistence in an endangered amphibian
Authors: Cayuela H. , Arsovski D. , Bonnaire E. , Duguet R. , Joly P. , Besnard A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractClimate is globally changing. In Europe, studies have highlighted an increasing trend in both the frequency and magnitude of droughts. Abrupt changes in the frequency, location, or intensity of extreme heatwaves and droughts can have direct and severe effects on wild populations. Amphibians are the planet's most threatened group of vertebrates, with over 40% of known species considered in decline. To date, researchers have mainly focused on the influence of repeated droughts on species occurrence and community composition; however, evidence of the direct impact of climatic factors on the demographic parameters of amphibians is currently not well documented. Further investigation of this issue is therefore of critical importance in order to optimize local and global wildlife conservation policies in the context of a changing climate. This study used capture–recapture data to investigate the impact of severe drought on the survival and fecundity of a threatened amphibian, the yellow‐bellied toad (Bombina variegata, L.), as well as to predict how potential changes in the frequency of droughts might influence the population growth rate. By developing multievent capture‐recapture models, we showed that severe drought has a negative impact on fecundity and postmetamorphic survival at different ontogenetic stages. Then, using stochastic matrix population models, we predicted that changes in drought frequency negatively influence the population growth rate, which is a warning sign for population persistence. Direct conservation actions are then proposed to mitigate the detrimental effects of drought on population dynamics.
Long‐distance migration of prey synchronizes demographic rates of top predators across broad spatial scales
Authors: Ward E. J. , Dahlheim M. E. , Waite J. M. , Emmons C. K. , Marshall K. N. , Chasco B. E. , Balcomb K. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReproductively and geographically isolated populations of predators may be synchronized by a phenomenon known as the Moran effect—specifically if they exhibit common responses to external processes, such as climate, density dependence (parasites, disease), or prey. Prey has the ability to synchronize predators if geographically isolated predator populations target the same prey species, or if the migration and range of the prey species occurs over a large enough scale to be available to multiple predator populations. The objective of our study was to investigate evidence for correlations of demographic rates between geographically isolated populations of piscivorous killer whales in the Northeast Pacific; using long‐term mark‐recapture datasets collected over the last 30+ yrs, we constructed a hierarchical occupancy model, linking models of survival and fecundity in a single framework. We found strong support for synchronized demographic rates in Southeast Alaska and Southern Resident killer whales, which are geographically and reproductively isolated. Despite their isolation, they experience extremely correlated dynamics—the correlation in fecundity rates between populations exceeds 0.9. The correlation in demographic rates across these populations of killer whales in different regions of the Northeast Pacific Ocean suggests a common environmental driver. Both killer whale populations are known to prey on Chinook salmon, which have a long‐distance coastal migration larger than the habitat range of killer whales. Many of these Chinook salmon are also of the same origin (southern stocks), suggesting that these populations not only consume the same prey species but the same prey populations.
Ba3FeS4Br: A 0D Iron‐Based Chalcohalide with Unusual Magnetic Properties
Authors: Li Xiaoshuang , Li Chao , Kang Lei , Wu Yuxiao , Lin Zheshuai , Yao Jiyong , Wu Yicheng 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA new 0D iron‐based magnetic chalcohalide, Ba3FeS4Br, has been prepared by the spontaneous crystallization method. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma. Interestingly, the structure contains a Ba–Br reticulate structure in which isolated FeS4 tetrahedra are located. Its band gap was experimentally determined to be 1.65 eV. Despite the large separation between the Fe atoms, with the shortest distance being more than 6.33(2) Å, temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibility and field‐dependent magnetization measurements on Ba3FeS4Br unexpectedly showed an antiferromagnetic phase transition at 85 K, which may be due to the antiferromagnetic super exchange of Fe3+ spins.