bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time to recovery from haemodialysis : location, intensity and beyond
Authors: Jayanti Anuradha , Foden Philip , Morris Julie , Brenchley Paul , Mitra Sandip ,   on behalf of the BASIC‐HHD study group
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionProlonged recovery time (RT) affects patient's quality‐of‐life adversely. Shorter dialysis RT in home haemodialysis (HHD) noted in observational studies has been attributed to intensive dialysis regimens. Home patients adopt different haemodialysis (HD) schedules. There is insufficient literature on RT in HHD patients receiving different HD schedules.MethodsData was prospectively collected for BASIC‐HHD study, a multicentre study of home and hospital HD across five tertiary centres in the UK. Two hundred and eighty‐eight patients answered the question, ‘how long does it take for you to recover from a haemodialysis session?’ Ninety‐one patients (31.8%) of study population performed HHD. Participants completed neuropsychometric tests and depression and anxiety screening inventories.ResultsRecovery time is longest amongst ‘in‐centre’ HD recipients (Mean 193 min; SD 295.37) and significantly higher than the mean RT of home HD recipients (Mean 67.3 min; SD 86.8). Within the home setting, RT was not significantly different between the intensive HD and conventional HD (67.8 vs 66.5 min; P > 0.05) groups but higher residual urine volumes in the standard home group had significantly shorter RT. Location of HD, not intensity, remained significant (P = 0.001) in the unadjusted and adjusted multivariable analysis. Longer RT was associated with female gender, unemployed or retired ‘work’ status, ‘non‐white’ ethnicity, lower predialysis systolic blood pressure and greater depression screening score.ConclusionsHome‐based HD and higher residual urine volumes are significantly associated with shorter RT. This home advantage for RT may be sustained by preserving residual renal function (in early stages) and increasing HD intensity (in later stages) of dialysis therapy.
Comorbidity recording and predictive power of comorbidities in the Australia and New Zealand dialysis and transplant registry compared with administrative data: 2000–2010
Authors: Kotwal Sradha , Webster Angela C , Cass Alan , Gallagher Martin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimTo compare comorbidity recording and predictive power of comorbidities for mortality between a clinical renal registry and a state‐based hospitalisation dataset.MethodsAll patients that started renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplant ‐ RRT) in New South Wales between 1/07/2001 and 31/7/2010 were identified using the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) and linked to the State Admitted Patient Data Collection (APDC) and the Death Registry. Comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic lung disease, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease) were identified at the start of RRT in both datasets and compared using kappa statistics (κ).Survival was calculated using cox proportional hazards models from the start of RRT to death date or end of study (31/07/2011). Four multivariable models were adjusted for age, gender and comorbidities to estimate the predictive power of the comorbidities as recorded in ANZDATA, APDC, either or both datasetsResultsWe identified 6285 people (23,845 person‐years follow‐up). Diabetes recording had excellent agreement (94.5%, κ = 0.88), CAD had fair to good agreement (80. 6, κ = 0.56), with poor agreement between the two datasets for the other comorbidities.Deaths totalled 2594 (41.3%). Median follow up time was 3.3 years (IQR 1.7 to 5.4). All five comorbidities were powerful predictors of poor survival in all four models. All models had a similar predictive ability (Harrell's c = 0.71‐0.72).ConclusionVariable agreement exists in comorbidity recording between the ANZDATA and APDC. The comorbidities have a similar predictive ability, irrespective of dataset of origin in an End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) population.
Spatial and seasonal shifts in bloom‐forming cyanobacteria in Lake Chaohu: Patterns and driving factors
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhang Yuchao , Yang Zhen , Wei Lijun , Yang Wenbin , Chen Chao , Kong Fanxiang 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe patterns of spatial and temporal shifts in bloom‐forming cyanobacteria and the driving factors for these patterns were determined by analyzing the distribution of these cyanobacteria in Lake Chaohu using data from satellite images and field samples collected during 2012 and 2013. The cyanobacterial blooms primarily occupied the western region of Lake Chaohu, and the direction and speed of the prevailing wind determined the spatial distribution of these blooms. The cyanobacteria in Lake Chaohu were dominated by species of Microcystis and Anabaena. Microcystis reached its peak in June, and Anabaena had peaks in May and November, with an overall biomass that was higher than that of Microcystis. Microcystis generally occupied the western region of the lake in summer, whereas Anabaena dominated in other regions and seasons. Temperature may be responsible for these seasonal shifts. However, total phosphorus (TP), pH, temperature, turbidity and nitrate/nitrite nitrogen determined the coexistence of the two genera in different regions in summer. TP was correlated with Microcystis dominance, and pH and light availability were correlated with Anabaena dominance. Our results contribute to the understanding of shifts in bloom‐forming cyanobacteria and are important for the control of cyanobacterial blooms.
Mother's postnatal stress: an investigation of links to various factors during pregnancy and post‐partum
Authors: Andersson Ewa , Hildingsson Ingegerd 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundHigher levels of parental stress have long‐term effects on children's health and could lead to dysfunction in the parent–child interaction. Different background factors can be predictors of high parental stress.AimThe aim of this study was to examine parental stress among Swedish women and identify different factors linked to women's parental stress.MethodAbout 702 women were recruited to a clinical study and followed up six months after birth. Data were collected by two questionnaires, and 279 women completed the Swedish Parental Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ).FindingsLess than very good mental health and depressive symptoms after birth were strongly associated with parental stress, and the strongest association was found between post‐partum depressive symptoms and high levels of stress in the subscale Incompetence. Multiparity was associated with high stress in two subscales, and lower level of education was a protective factor for stress in nearly all subscales.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms and perceived poor mental health post‐partum are the most important factors related to high parental stress. The results point to the importance of identifying and supporting mothers with depressive symptoms, since these women have both mental illness and increased stress.
What Explains the Rise in Executive Pay in Germany? A Panel Data Analysis for 1977–2009
Authors: Fabbri Francesca , Marin Dalia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExecutive compensation in Germany has become highly controversial since Vodafone's hostile takeover of Mannesmann in 2000. It has again been in the spotlight since the outbreak of the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. Using a unique panel dataset of the 500 largest firms in Germany in the period 1977–2009, we find that executives tend to be rewarded when the sector is doing well rather than the firm they work for. Furthermore, we find that CEO pay and the demand for managers increases in Germany in difficult times when the typical firm size shrinks. Finally, domestic and global competition for managers appear to contribute to the rise in executive pay.
Blood transfusions and pulmonary complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Solh Melhem , Morgan Shanna , McCullough Jeffrey , Shanley Ryan , Weisdorf Daniel J. 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUNDTransfusion of blood products is an essential component of the hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) process. Blood transfusion carries several risks including, but not limited to, lung injury. The effect of transfusions on lung complications after HCT has not been previously investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe retrospectively studied 215 adult allogeneic HCT recipients at the University of Minnesota and examined the association between transfusion of blood components and development of lung complications after HCT. Patients without lung complications were used as the control group.RESULTSA total of 113 (58%) of the patients developed lung injury events before Day 180 after HCT. Six‐month survival was significantly lower in the lung event group (52%) versus the controls (78%; p = 0.01). Patients who eventually developed lung events received more transfusion episodes per week in the first month after HCT (median, 4.3 vs. 2.7 for controls), platelet units per week (3.5 vs. 2.0), and RBC units per week (1.8 vs. 1.4; p < 0.01) for all. In a multivariable analysis, each additional transfusion before Day +30 was associated with a 2.7% higher risk of lung complication (95% confidence interval, 0.8‐4.8; p = 0.01), adjusting for time to engraftment, conditioning intensity, and donor type. Blood utilization increased after the lung event and remained high for several months relative to controls.CONCLUSIONOur data suggest that transfusion of blood products is associated with and may further complicate lung complications after HCT. Cautious use of blood components in the post HCT period is recommended.
Mechanisms of 5‐HT1A receptor‐mediated transmission in dorsal raphe serotonin neurons
Authors: Courtney Nicholas A. , Ford Christopher P. 
Published: December 2015

Key points
In the dorsal raphe nucleus, it is known that serotonin release activates metabotropic 5‐HT1A autoreceptors located on serotonin neurons that leads to an inhibition of firing through the activation of G‐protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels.
We found that in mouse brain slices evoked serotonin release produced a 5‐HT1A receptor‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) that resulted in only a transient pause in firing.
While spillover activation of receptors contributed to evoked IPSCs, serotonin reuptake transporters prevented pooling of serotonin in the extrasynaptic space from activating 5‐HT1A‐IPSCs.
As a result, the decay of 5‐HT1A‐IPSCs was independent of the intensity of stimulation or the probability of transmitter release.
These results indicate that evoked serotonin transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus mediated by metabotropic 5‐HT1A autoreceptors may occur via point‐to‐point synapses rather than by paracrine mechanisms.
AbstractIn the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), feedback activation by Gαi/o‐coupled 5‐HT1A autoreceptors reduces the excitability of serotoninergic neurons, which decreases serotonin release both locally within the DRN and in projection regions. Serotonin transmission within the DRN is thought to occur via transmitter spillover and paracrine activation of extrasynaptic receptors. Here, we tested the volume transmission hypothesis in mouse DRN brain slices by recording 5‐HT1A receptor‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (5‐HT1A‐IPSCs) generated by the activation of G‐protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). We found that in the DRN of ePET1‐EYFP mice, which selectively express enhanced yellow fluorescent protein in serontonergic neurons, the local release of serotonin generated 5‐HT1A‐IPSCs in serotonin neurons that rose and fell within a second. The transient activation of 5‐HT1A autoreceptors resulted in brief pauses in neuron firing that did not alter the overall firing rate. The duration of 5‐HT1A‐IPSCs was primarily shaped by receptor deactivation due to clearance via serotonin reuptake transporters. Slowing diffusion with dextran prolonged the rise and reduced the amplitude the IPSCs and the effects were potentiated when uptake was inhibited. By examining the decay kinetics of IPSCs, we found that while spillover may allow for the activation of extrasynaptic receptors, efficient uptake by serotonin reuptake transporters (SERTs) prevented the pooling of serotonin from prolonging the duration of transmission when multiple inputs were active. Together the results suggest that the activation of 5‐HT1A receptors in the DRN results from the local release of serotonin rather than the extended diffusion throughout the extracellular space.
Habituation and acclimatization of sheep to cold following exposures of varying length and severity
Authors: Slee J. 
Published: December 2015

1. Male and female Scottish Blackface sheep were shorn and exposed for 2 weeks either to a thermoneutral temperature (+30° C), to chronic cold (+8° C) or to +30° C interrupted by daily short cold shocks (−10° C). During and at the end of these conditioning treatments, the sheep also received two acute cold exposures (−20° C, 4 m.p.h. wind for 2–8 hr) 1 week apart. Some of these sheep and a fourth (control) group, were subsequently re‐shorn and slowly cooled to +8° C.2. Resting metabolism and the metabolic response to cooling (both inferred from heart rates) were increased by previous chronic cold treatment. Resistance to body cooling (measured during acute cold exposure) was generally increased by both chronic and acute cold, and non‐shivering thermogenesis was probably induced in the female sheep. These effects were defined as acclimatization.3. In contrast, cold shocks reduced the subsequent metabolic response to cold and encouraged facultative body cooling. This pattern of response (defined as habituation) therefore caused greater thermolability.4. Habituation and acclimatization were antagonistic. Habituation was removed by acute cold exposure and, conversely, acclimatization was inhibited by short cold shocks.5. There were sex differences in response but these were confounded by probable differences in insulation and in body condition (males thinner).6. It was concluded that the induction of different forms of adaptation depended on the length, severity and frequency of cold exposures. Habituation to whole body cold exposure apparently involved central nervous system centres normally receiving peripheral cold stimuli.
The control of the plasma choline concentration in the cat
Authors: Gardiner J. E. , Paton W. D. M. 
Published: December 2015

1. Changes in choline concentration of the blood after injections or infusions of choline were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose.2. Single
I.V. injections of choline 10–100 μmole/kg produced arterial plasma levels 1 min later corresponding to an apparent volume of initial distribution of 430 ml./kg. The concentration then declined rapidly (half‐time, 1–2 min), with a later slower decline after large doses.3. Infusions of choline at a rate of 0·8 μmole/kg.min or greater produced steady rises in plasma level, corresponding to a clearance of 28·6 ml. plasma/kg.min. The half time of rate of approach to steady state was 7 min or less. Infusions at rates of 0·40 μmole/kg.min or less produced much smaller or negligible rises, suggesting mechanisms for disposal which were saturated at higher concentration. At low rates, little infused choline appeared in urine. At the end of an infusion, the plasma choline level usually fell without delay.4. Portal blood contained about 50% of the arterial level, renal venous blood 15–70%, caval blood 30–60%, and amniotic fluid 2·5%. Occlusion of renal coeliac or mesenteric arteries raised plasma choline, but relatively rapid choline removal still occurred in the eviscerate animal.5. After infusions of [methyl‐14C]choline, the level of radioactivity retained in the circulation amounted to only a few per cent of the total dose infused. At low rates of infusion (0·0125‐0·1 μmole/kg.min) the radioactivity represented only a small fraction of bio‐assayable choline; but at 0·40 μmole/kg.min it came to exceed the concentration of free choline, indicating metabolic conversion. Only traces of 14C were found in expired air, and only 1–1·5% of total infused radioactivity in the urine. After infusion of 150 μmole over 3 hr, high levels of radioactivity were found in liver, kidney, lung, brain and heart, but levels in muscle and spleen were comparable to that of blood.6. It was concluded that choline is rapidly lost from the blood, that the abdominal viscera, liver, kidney and lung are important extraction sites, that some partial metabolism occurs, the metabolites also being rapidly lost from blood, and that it is probable that choline lost to the tissues becomes bound in some form.
Transport of thyroxine glucuronide into bile
Authors: Hillier A. P. 
Published: December 2015

1. The secretion of thyroxine glucuronide into bile has been investigated in the isolated perfused rat liver and also in the intact animal. Radioactive material for the study was prepared from the bile of rats treated with [125I]thyroxine.2. The isolated liver actively transports thyroxine glucuronide from the perfusion fluid (Tyrode solution) into the bile. At equilibrium, its concentration in the bile is about 1800 × its concentration in the perfusion fluid.3. Experiments with pulse infusions of glucuronide indicate that the substance enters the bile almost as soon as it is captured by the tissue.4. Secretion of thyroxine glucuronide is strongly inhibited by bromosulphophthalein, indicating a common carrier mechanism. It is suggested that secretion probably involves two stages — transfer from the perfusion fluid into the cell and then from the cell into the bile. The second stage is certainly active.5. When thyroxine glucuronide is injected intravenously into anaesthetized rats, some 77% is recovered from the bile, half of this being excreted within the first 14 min.
The effect of distending the atrial appendages on urine flow in the dog
Authors: Kappagoda C. T. , Linden R. J. , Snow H. M. 
Published: December 2015

1. Distension of the atrial appendages resulted in a diuresis, an increase in the rate of Na+ excretion and an increase in heart rate.2. Both the urinary and heart rate responses to distension of the appendages were either abolished or much reduced by crushing the bases of the appendages.3. The diuresis in response to distension of the atrial appendages is similar to that previously described in response to distension of the pulmonary vein‐atrial junctions by Ledsome & Linden (1968).4. It is concluded that stimulation of nerve endings within the atrial appendages results in a reflex increase in urine flow and heart rate.
Physiological correlates of adaptation to a rotated visual field
Authors: Fiorentini Adriana , Ghez C. , Maffei L. 
Published: December 2015

1. Perceptual adaptation to a 30 or 45° visual tilt was induced in human subjects by means of prismatic spectacles worn for 5–7 days. Relative contrast thresholds and the amplitudes of the occipital potentials to vertical and oblique gratings were studied.2. During continuous exposure to the tilted visual environment the normal differences between contrast thresholds for vertical and oblique targets decreased or were no longer significant. In all subjects the change from control threshold differences was significant at the 0·005 level.3. During the course of adaptation the difference in amplitude of the potentials evoked by vertical and oblique oscillating gratings also decreased. The changes with respect to control differences were significant at the 0·005 level in each subject.4. Intermittent exposure to tilt in one subject resulted only in minor adaptation of the apparent vertical, and the evoked potential differences did not change from control levels.5. The changes are interpreted as suggesting that plastic changes in the extraretinal mechanism responsive to target orientation occur during adaptation to prismatic tilt.
Los informes contables anuales y su papel en la institución del “yo” organizacional
Authors: Cuevas Mejía John Jairo 
Published: December 2015

<p align="LEFT">Este artículo se inscribe en la línea argumental de los estudios interdisciplinarios sobre los reportes <span style="font-family: Whitman-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span>corporativos, con énfasis en el </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Italic; font-size: xx-small;" lang="JA"><span lang="JA">corporate self</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span>, por lo que </span></span>ahonda en el interrogante: ¿cómo son usados los informes contables anuales para instituir al “yo” de la organización económica moderna en el marco de la contemporaneidad? En consecuencia, desde una perspectiva interpretativa, se acude al psicoanálisis lacaniano junto con la apropiación de categorías conceptuales concebidas al seno de la sociología y la filosofía contemporáneas, para advertir las características en las que se soporta el desarrollo del “yo” y la subjetividad en el espacio de la contemporaneidad. Esto con el fin de hacer inteligible el papel instituyente de los informes contables anuales al margen de la dimensión económica y comunicativa a la que están adscritos hoy. De esta manera, se abordan y caracterizan, con base en el caso de una empresa colombiana, los mecanismos que hacen de los informes contables anuales espejos identitarios en los que se soporta el proceso de institucionalización del “yo” organizacional, <span style="font-family: Whitman-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span>al tiempo que cumplen la función de mostrar </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Italic; font-size: xx-small;" lang="JA"><span lang="JA">el texto </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span>que </span></span><span style="font-family: Whitman-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span>hace de las organizaciones económicas modernas </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Italic; font-size: xx-small;" lang="JA"><span lang="JA">como si </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span>adviniesen en una suerte de “</span></span><em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Italic; font-size: xx-small;" lang="JA"><span lang="JA">ciudadanos corporativos</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Whitman-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span>”.</span></span></p>
An Analysis of the Quality of the Central American Strategy for Rural Territorial Development (ECADERT) as a Regional Public Policy
Authors: Fernández Portillo Luis Antonio , Santos Carrillo Francisco 
Published: December 2015

<p>The Central American Strategy for Rural Territorial Development is a regional policy regarding the rural territorial development of the Central American Integration System. A group of stakeholders was interviewed in order to analyze whether its different stages have characteristics that support the implementation and achievement of its desired goals. The results indicate that the design of this policy shows positive characteristics regarding the participatory process that involves the major stakeholders. However, the situation is worse regarding the implementation, primarily because of its weak ties to integrate system institutions, lack of funding, and the low involvement of national governments.</p>