bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cops on Film: Hollywood’s Depiction of Law Enforcement in Popular Films, 1984–2014
Authors: Pautz Michelle C. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTWith numerous recent incidents in which law-enforcement officers played a role in the deaths of citizens, there is a renewed focus on cops and their actions. Part of that discussion is related to the nation’s preconceived notions of cops and where those ideas might originate. Popular culture contributes to those images; this study explores one source of those images: film. More specifically, it investigates the image of law enforcement on the silver screen from 1984 through 2014. With a sample of 34 films and more than 200 cop characters, this study finds a mixed general depiction of law enforcement in movies but a positive depiction of individual cop characters. The prevalent descriptor of those characters was good, hard-working, and competent law-enforcement officers. This exploratory study informs broader discussions about the images of cops found in popular culture.
Laser spectroscopic probing of coexisting superfluid and insulating states of an atomic Bose–Hubbard system
Authors: Kato Shinya , Inaba Kensuke , Sugawa Seiji , Shibata Kosuke , Yamamoto Ryuta , Yamashita Makoto , Takahashi Yoshiro 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA system of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice has been regarded as an ideal quantum simulator for a Hubbard model with extremely high controllability of the system parameters. While making use of the controllability, a comprehensive measurement across the weakly to strongly interacting regimes in the Hubbard model to discuss the quantum many-body state is still limited. Here we observe a great change in the excitation energy spectra across the two regimes in an atomic Bose–Hubbard system by using a spectroscopic technique, which can resolve the site occupancy in the lattice. By quantitatively comparing the observed spectra and numerical simulations based on sum rule relations and a binary fluid treatment under a finite temperature Gutzwiller approximation, we show that the spectra reflect the coexistence of a delocalized superfluid state and a localized insulating state across the two regimes.
Molecular requirements for the inter-subunit interaction and kinetochore recruitment of SKAP and Astrin
Authors: Friese Alexandra , Faesen Alex C. , Huis in ‘t Veld Pim J. , Fischböck Josef , Prumbaum Daniel , Petrovic Arsen , Raunser Stefan , Herzog Franz , Musacchio Andrea 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAccurate chromosome segregation during cell division is crucial for propagating life and protects from cellular transformation. The SKAP:Astrin heterodimer localizes to spindle microtubules and to mature microtubule–kinetochore attachments during mitosis. Depletion of either subunit disrupts spindle structure and destabilizes kinetochore–microtubule attachments. Here, we identify molecular requirements for the inter-subunit interaction of SKAP and Astrin, and discuss requirements for their kinetochore recruitment. We also identify and characterize a microtubule-binding domain in SKAP, distinct from the SXIP motif that mediates end binding (EB) protein binding and plus end tracking, and show that it stimulates the growth-rate of microtubules, possibly through a direct interaction with tubulin. Mutations targeting this microtubule-binding domain impair microtubule plus-end tracking but not kinetochore targeting, and recapitulate many effects observed during depletion of SKAP. Collectively, our studies represent the first thorough mechanistic analysis of SKAP and Astrin, and significantly advance our functional understanding of these important mitotic proteins.
Monochromatic X-Ray Induced Novel Synthesis of Plasmonic Nanostructure for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Bharti Amardeep , Bhardwaj Richa , Agrawal Ashish K. , Goyal Navdeep , Gautam Sanjeev 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIt has been universally delineated that the plasmonic metal nanoparticles can enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic cell by increasing the probability of energetic solar photons capturing phenomena using localized surface plasmonic resonance response. In this paper, we developed a novel in-situ simple approach to synthesize noble plasmonic silver nanoparticles (AgNP) from aqueous poly-vinyl-pyrrolidone solution of metal salt using radiolysis of water via synchrotron monochromatic X-ray irradiation without any chemical reducing agent. X-ray irradiation of water produces hydrated electrons "Equation missing", superoxide "Equation missing" and atom radicals "Equation missing", which triggers the reaction and reduces metal salt. X-ray radiolysis based synthesis provides the control over the reaction and prevent the formation of secondary products as occurs in case of chemical reduction route. In the previous studies, synchrotron “white” X-rays had been examined for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, but that technique limits only upto the material synthesis while in this work we explored the role of “monochromatic” X-rays for the production of bulk amount of nanoparticles which would also provide the feasibility of in-situ characterization. Transmission electron micrographs show that the synthesized AgNP appears spherical with diameter of 2–6 nm and is in agreement with the size estimation from uv-vis spectra by “Mie theory”.
Nanocarbon synthesis by high-temperature oxidation of nanoparticles
Authors: Nomura Ken-ichi , Kalia Rajiv K. , Li Ying , Nakano Aiichiro , Rajak Pankaj , Sheng Chunyang , Shimamura Kohei , Shimojo Fuyuki , Vashishta Priya 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHigh-temperature oxidation of silicon-carbide nanoparticles (nSiC) underlies a wide range of technologies from high-power electronic switches for efficient electrical grid and thermal protection of space vehicles to self-healing ceramic nanocomposites. Here, multimillion-atom reactive molecular dynamics simulations validated by ab initio quantum molecular dynamics simulations predict unexpected condensation of large graphene flakes during high-temperature oxidation of nSiC. Initial oxidation produces a molten silica shell that acts as an autocatalytic ‘nanoreactor’ by actively transporting oxygen reactants while protecting the nanocarbon product from harsh oxidizing environment. Percolation transition produces porous nanocarbon with fractal geometry, which consists of mostly sp2 carbons with pentagonal and heptagonal defects. This work suggests a simple synthetic pathway to high surface-area, low-density nanocarbon with numerous energy, biomedical and mechanical-metamaterial applications, including the reinforcement of self-healing composites.
A putative nitroreductase from the DosR regulon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via TLR2 signaling pathway
Authors: Peddireddy Vidyullatha , Doddam Sankara Narayana , Qureshi Insaf A. , Yerra Priyadarshini , Ahmed Niyaz 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global encumbrance and it is estimated that nearly one third population of the world acts as a reservoir for this pathogen without any symptoms. In this study, we attempted to characterise one of the genes of DosR regulon, Rv3131, a FMN binding nitroreductase domain containing protein, for its ability to alter cytokine profile, an essential feature of M. tuberculosis latency. Recombinant Rv3131 stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a time and dose dependent manner. In silico analyses using docking and simulations indicated that Rv3131 could strongly interact with TLR2 via a non-covalent bonding which was further confirmed using cell based colorimetric assay. In THP-1 cells treated with Rv3131 protein, a significant upsurge in the surface expression, overall induction and expression of mRNA of TLR2 was observed when analysed by flow cytometry, western blotting and real time PCR, respectively. Activation of TLR2 by Rv3131 resulted in the phosphorylation of NF- κβ. Results of this study indicate a strong immunogenic capability of Rv3131 elicited via the activation of TLR2 signalling pathway. Therefore, it can be surmised that cytokine secretion induced by Rv3131 might contribute to establishment of M. tuberculosis in the granulomas.
Temporal correlations in neuronal avalanche occurrence
Authors: Lombardi F. , Herrmann H. J. , Plenz D. , de Arcangelis L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOngoing cortical activity consists of sequences of synchronized bursts, named neuronal avalanches, whose size and duration are power law distributed. These features have been observed in a variety of systems and conditions, at all spatial scales, supporting scale invariance, universality and therefore criticality. However, the mechanisms leading to burst triggering, as well as the relationship between bursts and quiescence, are still unclear. The analysis of temporal correlations constitutes a major step towards a deeper understanding of burst dynamics. Here, we investigate the relation between avalanche sizes and quiet times, as well as between sizes of consecutive avalanches recorded in cortex slice cultures. We show that quiet times depend on the size of preceding avalanches and, at the same time, influence the size of the following one. Moreover we evidence that sizes of consecutive avalanches are correlated. In particular, we show that an avalanche tends to be larger or smaller than the following one for short or long time separation, respectively. Our analysis represents the first attempt to provide a quantitative estimate of correlations between activity and quiescence in the framework of neuronal avalanches and will help to enlighten the mechanisms underlying spontaneous activity.
miRs-134 and -370 function as tumor suppressors in colorectal cancer by independently suppressing EGFR and PI3K signalling
Authors: El-Daly Sherien M. , Abba Mohammed L. , Patil Nitin , Allgayer Heike 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGrowth factor receptor signalling plays a central and critical role in colorectal cancer. Most importantly, the EGFR signalling cascade involving PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways are particularly relevant, since they are commonly activated in several cancer entities, including colorectal cancer. In this study, we show that miRs-134 and -370 are both capable of regulating these pathways by targeting EGFR and PIK3CA. In three different colorectal cancer cell lines (DLD1, HCT-116 and RKO), suppression of EGFR and PIK3CA through the enhanced expression of miR-134 or -370 led to a suppression of the key molecules of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-134 or -370 resulted in a significant reduction of cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion and in-vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Concurrent experiments with small interfering RNAs targeting the prime targets show that our selected miRNAs exert a greater functional influence and affect more downstream molecules than is seen with silencing of the individual proteins. Taken together, these data indicate that miRs-134 and -370 are potential tumour suppressor miRNAs and could play a fundamental role in suppressing colorectal cancer tumorigenesis through their ability to co-ordinately regulate EGFR signalling cascade by independently targeting EGFR and PIK3CA.
UvHOG1 is important for hyphal growth and stress responses in the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens
Authors: Zheng Dawei , Wang Yi , Han Yu , Xu Jin-Rong , Wang Chenfang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is one of the most important diseases of rice worldwide. Although its genome has been sequenced, to date there is no report on targeted gene deletion in U. virens and no molecular studies on genetic mechanisms regulating the infection processes of this destructive pathogen. In this study, we attempted to generate knockout mutants of the ortholog of yeast HOG1 MAP kinase gene in U. virens. One Uvhog1 deletion mutant was identified after screening over 600 hygromycin-resistant transformants generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. The Uvhog1 mutant was reduced in growth rate and conidiation but had increased sensitivities to SDS, Congo red and hyperosmotic stress. Deletion of UvHOG1 resulted in reduced expression of the stress response-related genes UvATF1 and UvSKN7. In the Uvhog1 mutant, NaCl treatment failed to stimulate the accumulation of sorbitol and glycerol. In addition, the Uvhog1 mutant had reduced toxicity on shoot growth in rice seed germination assays. Overall, as the first report of targeted gene deletion mutant in U. virens, our results showed that UvHOG1 likely has conserved roles in regulating stress responses, hyphal growth and possibly secondary metabolism.
Functions of heat shock transcription factors involved in response to photooxidative stresses inArabidopsis
Authors: Yabuta Yukinori 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBecause plants are continually exposed to various environmental stresses, they possess numerous transcription factors that regulate metabolism to adapt and acclimate to those conditions. To clarify the gene regulation systems activated in response to photooxidative stress, we isolated 76 high light and heat shock stress-inducible genes, including heat shock transcription factor (Hsf) A2 from Arabidopsis. Unlike yeast or animals, more than 20 genes encoding putative Hsfs are present in the genomes of higher plants, and they are categorized into three classes based on their structural characterization. However, the multiplicity of Hsfs in plants remains unknown. Furthermore, the individual functions of Hsfs are also largely unknown because of their genetic redundancy. Recently, the developments of T-DNA insertion knockout mutant lines and chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology have provided effective tools for exploring the individual functions of Hsfs. This review describes the current knowledge on the individual functions and activation mechanisms of Hsfs.
Community–environment interactions explain octopus-catshark spatial overlap
Authors: Puerta Patricia , Hunsicker Mary E. , Hidalgo Manuel , Reglero Patricia , Ciannelli Lorenzo , Esteban Antonio , González María , Quetglas Antoni 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe octopus Eledone cirrhosa and the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula present the same feeding habits and distributional preferences in the Mediterranean Sea. We explore patterns of spatial overlap between these species to address coexistence and infer possible competition from spatial patterns in the western Mediterranean Sea. A spatially explicit modelling approach revealed that spatial overlap mainly responded to the distribution of shared resources, where coexistence is allowed by different ecological processes. Catshark (k-strategy) was highly abundant and widely distributed. However, the fluctuating population dynamics of octopus (r-strategy) explained the variations in spatial patterns of overlap. Spatial structuring across the study area was observed both in population distributions and in species interactions (coexistence or exclusion). Areas with high resources in terms of specific prey items (Catalan Sea) or alternative supplies, such as niche opportunities and ecosystem functions defined by community diversity (Balearic Islands), favoured species coexistence. Sea surface temperature showed opposite effects on overlap in northern and southern regions of the study area, which were not related to differences in species sensitivity. We suggest a surface trophic link, where different phytoplankton communities at each region might have opposite responses to temperature. This triggers contrasting mechanisms of food transfer to deeper benthic communities that subsequently facilitates species overlap. Characterizing how benthic and pelagic seascape properties shape species interactions across space and time is pivotal to properly address community spatial dynamics and move towards ecosystem-based management for sustainable fisheries and conservation planning.
Effect of Mechanical Ventilation Mode Type on Intra- and Postoperative Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery
Authors: Kang Woon-Seok , Oh Chung-Sik , Kwon Won-Kyoung , Rhee Ka Young , Lee Yun Gu , Kim Tae-Hoon , Lee Suk Ha , Kim Seong-Hyop 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAbstract
Fifty-six patients having spine surgery were randomized. Intraoperative blood loss was 130 ml less with pressure- than with volume-controlled ventilation.

Background
The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical ventilation mode type, pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV), or volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) on intra- and postoperative surgical bleeding in patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery.

Methods
This was a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, and parallel study that included 56 patients undergoing PLIF and who were mechanically ventilated using PCV or VCV. A permuted block randomization was used with a computer-generated list. The hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were measured after anesthesia induction in supine position, 5 min after patients were changed from supine to prone position, at the time of skin closure, and 5 min after the patients were changed from prone to supine position. The amount of intraoperative surgical bleeding, fluid administration, urine output, and transfusion requirement were measured at the end of surgery. The amount of postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirement were recorded every 24 h for 72 h.

Results
The primary outcome was the amount of intraoperative surgical bleeding, and 56 patients were analyzed. The amount of intraoperative surgical bleeding was significantly less in the PCV group than that in the VCV group (median, 253.0 [interquartile range, 179.0 to 316.5] ml in PCV group vs. 382.5 [328.0 to 489.5] ml in VCV group; P < 0.001). Comparing other parameters between groups, only peak inspiratory pressure at each measurement point in PCV group was significantly lower than that in VCV group. No harmful events were recorded.

Conclusion
Intraoperative PCV decreased intraoperative surgical bleeding in patients undergoing PLIF, which may be related to lower intraoperative peak inspiratory pressure.
Ten Simple Rules for Taking Advantage of git and GitHub
Authors: Perez-Riverol Yasset , Gatto Laurent , Wang Rui , Sachsenberg Timo , Uszkoreit Julian , Veiga Leprevost Felipe da , Fufezan Christian , Ternent Tobias , Eglen Stephen J. , Katz Daniel S. , Pollard Tom J , Konovalov Alexander , Flight Robert M. , Blin Kai , Vizcaino Juan Antonio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA ‘Ten Simple Rules’ guide to git and GitHub. We describe and provide examples on how to use these software to track projects, as users, teams and organizations. We document collaborative development using branching and forking, interaction between collaborators using issues and continuous integration and automation using, for example, Travis CI and codevoc. We also describe dissemination and social aspects of GitHub such as GitHub pages, following and watching repositories, and give advice on how to make code citable.
On the (un-)predictability of a large intragenic fitness landscape
Authors: Bank Claudia , Matuszewski Sebastian , Hietpas Ryan T. , Jensen Jeffrey D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe study of fitness landscapes, which aims at mapping genotypes to fitness, is receiving ever-increasing attention. Novel experimental approaches combined with NGS methods enable accurate and extensive studies of the fitness effects of mutations – allowing us to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of the shape of the true underlying fitness landscape, and its implications for the predictability and repeatability of evolution.Here, we present a uniquely large multi-allelic fitness landscape comprised of 640 engineered mutants that represent all possible combinations of 13 amino-acid changing mutations at six sites in the heat-shock protein Hsp90 inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeunder elevated salinity. Despite a prevalent pattern of negative epistasis in the landscape, we find that the global fitness peak is reached via four positively epistatic mutations. Combining traditional and extending recently proposed theoretical and statistical approaches, we quantify features of the global multi-allelic fitness landscape. Using subsets of the data, we demonstrate that extrapolation beyond a known part of the landscape is difficult owing to both local ruggedness and amino-acid specific epistatic hotspots, and that inference is additionally confounded by the non-random choice of mutations for experimental fitness landscapes.Author SummaryThe study of fitness landscapes is fundamentally concerned with understanding the relative roles of stochastic and deterministic processes in adaptive evolution. Here, the authors present a uniquely large and complete multi-allelic intragenic fitness landscape of 640 systematically engineered mutations in yeast Hsp90. Using a combination of traditional and recently proposed theoretical approaches, they study the accessibility of the global fitness peak, and the potential for predictability of the fitness landscape topography. They report local ruggedness of the landscape and the existence of epistatic hotspot mutations, which together make extrapolation and hence predictability inherently difficult, if mutation-specific information is not considered.