bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Analysis and the Shaping of Public Policy: A 1995 Farm Bill Perspective
Authors: O'Brien Patrick 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe 1995 Farm Bill debate proved different than many economists expected. It was overwhelmingly budget-driven. Few early concerns about the role of government, efficiency, equity, competitiveness, environment, rural development, and food were addressed. Economic analysis played a different role than anticipated. Models of who and how farm policy is made proved misleading; the debate circumvented the traditional process. Economic models were used more to perform budget accounting than substantive analysis. And their substantive analyses often failed to capture the attention of policymakers. Hence, while a reformist economist's dream, the bill leaves as many issues unanswered as it addresses.
Environmental Regulatory Reform and the Unholy Trinity: Unfunded Mandates, Risk Assessment, and Property Rights
Authors: Infanger Craig L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMajor regulatory reform issues which involve environmental policy include issues of unfunded mandates, risk assessment, and property rights. Each of these proposed reforms involves major changes in environmental policies with impacts on different groups. Property rights is the core issue in Congress and state legislatures, with both regulatory takings and just compensation being the major parameters. Economists can participate effectively in this policy debate with successful research and education programs addressing the divisive issues.
Environmental Regulatory Reform: Discussion
Authors: Park William M. 
Published: July 2016

Carriker, Infanger, and Shabman and Stephenson have provided a set of papers related to the current debate over environmental regulatory reform. Each paper stands alone as a distinct and valuable contribution to the literature on this subject. Yet as a set they complement one another and form a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.Carriker, in his comprehensive overview of federal environmental policy in the U.S., painstakingly describes the origins, evolution, and impacts of nine major pieces of environmental legislation, and thus sets the stage for discussion of current issues and professional perspectives in the other two papers. Carriker's paper is well documented and should also serve as a good primer for students taking natural resource and environmental economics courses or contemplating graduate research in this area.
Effect of Liberalized U.S.-Mexico Dry Onion Trade: A Spatial and Intertemporal Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Fuller Stephen , Gillis Melanie , Ziari Houshmand A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA spatial, intertemporal equilibrium model of the North American dry onion economy is constructed to analyze the impact of liberalized U.S.-Mexico trade. In a free-trade environment, exports of Mexican onions to the U.S. are projected to increase about 50%, while Mexico's share of the U.S. market increases from 8.7 to 12.8%. Farm-level prices in the U.S. are projected to decline 8.9%, while production declines 2.4%. The effect of free trade on U.S. producers is disproportional across regions. Northwest storage onion producers experience the greatest decline in production; however, analysis suggests that improved storage methods may offset a portion of the unfavorable impacts of liberalized trade on these producers. In spite of the unfavorable impact of free trade on U.S. dry onion producers, the industry would not be economically devastated.
Energy Supplementation Strategies for Wheat Pasture Stocker Cattle Under Uncertain Forage Availability
Authors: Coulibaly Nouhoun , Bernardo Daniel J. , Horn Gerald W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEnergy supplementation provides a means of reducing production risk of growing stocker cattle on winter wheat pasture. This study addresses the issue of risk aversion and energy supplement input use. Differences in supplementation practices induced by risk aversion and the effects of cattle and feed market conditions are examined. Results show that supplementation practices are likely to be similar across producers, irrespective of their risk attitudes. Cattle and feed market conditions, however, markedly affect supplementation practices. These findings provide information for assisting stockmen in identifying efficient supplementation strategies.
“Economic Correctness” and Agricultural Economics
Authors: Christy Ralph D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis address is directed toward applied economists as they provide information to private and public decision makers. Central to this discussion is the role of markets as institutions in achieving society's desired ends. Current “economic correctness”–the view that unfettered markets are superior in achieving efficiency, growth, and welfare-has attempted to return a larger role to the private sector, but the relative roles of market-oriented versus government-oriented solutions to problems are often not well appraised. Views presented herein calls for agricultural economists to move simultaneously toward an understanding of the strategic behavior of firms in imperfectly competitive markets and toward an adoption of policy analysis consistent with a socially complex and globally integrated economy.
On the Existence of Stable Equilibria in Agriculture
Authors: Goetz Stephan J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProblems of instability and disequilibrium in U.S. agriculture are synthesized within a single conceptual framework. Agricultural and non-agricultural sector offer curves are used to illustrate why it may not be feasible to achieve and maintain equilibrium and price stability in U.S. agriculture. Empirical evidence on resource disequilibrium and instability in the ratio of prices paid and received by farmers is presented.
Output Change in U.S. Agriculture: An Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Holland D. W. , Martin R. P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper analyzes output changes in the U.S. agricultural economy from 1972 to 1977 using a 477-sector input-output framework. The empirical model is based on benchmark input-output data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis for 1972 and 1977. Output changes were decomposed into components attributable to technical change, domestic final demand change, export demand change and import substitution. A major advantage of the decomposition is its ability to identify the output change in a given sector due to general equilibrium effects in all sectors.
Economic Incentives for PST Adoption by Midwest Hog Producers
Authors: Richardson James W. , Anderson David P. , Peel Derrell S. , Phillips Mike 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA whole-farm simulation model is used to analyze the impacts of PST adoption on representative farms in Missouri and Indiana. Farmers who do not adopt experience lower average annual net cash farm incomes than adopters. Lower feed prices and/or an average PST/feed response decrease the incentive to adopt. Payment of a 5 percent carcass merit premium (CMP) and/or higher grain prices greatly increase the economic incentive to adopt.
Multidimensional Evaluation of Flexible Functional Forms for Production Analysis
Authors: Ornelas Fermin S. , Shumway C. Richard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSeveral common flexible functional forms are evaluated for Texas agricultural production utilizing three procedures. Nested hypothesis tests indicate that the normalized quadratic is the marginally-preferred functional form followed by the generalized Leontief. Predictive accuracy results are ambiguous between the generalized Leontief and the normalized quadratic. Statistical performance favors the normalized quadratic. These two functional forms consistently dominate the translog.
Agribusiness Industry Expectations of Computer Skills of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Students
Authors: Litzenberg Kerry K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Agricultural Economics profession has been using computer technology in their research, extension and teaching program for over three decades. However, commonly accepted nomenclature for the types and levels of computer skills required of students by agribusiness employers has not been developed. This paper provides a framework for agricultural economics and agribusiness instructors to both plan and evaluate the type and levels of computer skills being taught to graduates of their program.
Price Incentives for Commercial Fresh Tomatoes
Authors: Bierlen Ralph , Grunewald Orlen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHedonic price models are estimated to determine if there are incentives to supply higher quality tomatoes. Price premiums are associated with extra-large tomatoes originating from shipping points located closer to consumption points. Price differences between mature-green and vine-ripe tomatoes are not significant. Vine-ripe tomatoes are favored by consumers in the summer while mature-green tomatoes are favored the rest of the year. The U.S. Department of Agriculture should consider changing the present tomato grading system, which is based on shape and smoothness, to include a flavor indicator based on harvest maturity.
The Impact of Promotion and Advertising: A Latent Class Approach
Authors: Richards Timothy J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTypically, marketers define market segments by their demographic characteristics, assuming that these segments represent consumers with relatively homogeneous buying patterns. A more managerially useful definition, however, groups consumers of similar behavior directly and then seeks to find demographic commonalities among them. This study uses a latent class analysis technique to segment consumers based on their responsiveness to a set of marketing variables, finding that a multiple-segment model provides a better fit to the data, and that these segments differ significantly in their responsiveness. By targeting marketing activities to their most responsive segments, the efficiency of commodity promotion can be dramatically improved.
Evaluating the Short- and Long-run Economic Impacts of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Liu Binzhang , Kshirsagar Shukla , Johnson Thomas , Thatcher Craig , Norton George W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractColleges of veterinary medicine are often asked to provide evidence of the economic impacts of their activities. This paper presents methods for evaluating a veterinary college and applies them to the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. It assesses short-run impacts on income and employment using input-output analysis. Long-run benefits are estimated using a combination of economic surplus analysis, travel cost analysis and demand estimation, animal-owner willingness-to-pay based on a survey of practicing veterinarians, and earnings differentials.
Risk and Site Factors Affecting Potential Nitrogen Delivery in the Virginia Coastal Plain
Authors: Peng Wei , Bosch Darrell J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effects of cropland slope, distance to surface water, farmers' risk attitudes, and farmers' nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications on potential N delivery to streams and costs of reducing N delivery were evaluated for a representative Virginia peanut-cotton farm. Target MOTAD and generalized stochastic dominance were used to select preferred plans for different levels of risk aversion. Costs of reducing N delivery were lower on farms where fields were located close to surface water, where N was overapplied relative to extension fertilizer recommendations, and where the operator was risk averse. Cropland slope had less effect on cost of reducing N delivery relative to other factors.
Selecting Delivery Methods for Outreach Education Programs
Authors: Carter Bryson R. , Batte Marvin T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFarmer perceptions of extension program delivery methods and an analysis of the relationships of method and farmer characteristics to evaluation scores are presented. Evaluation scores tend to increase with written, interactive and variable-scheduled methods and methods where users determine the agenda. Evaluations tend to be lower for high user cost and “high-tech” methods. Substantial similarity of results exists across groups of farmers differing by age, education levels, farm size and farm type. There are differences, however, in absolute valuation of the method characteristics across the groups.
Technological Change in Meat and Poultry-Packing and Processing
Authors: Lambert David K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNonparametric procedures are used to compare technological change in SIC 2011, meatpacking, and SIC 2015, poultry slaughter and processing. There has been a greater increase in total factor productivity in poultry than in the red meats. Evidence also suggests recent differences in the bias of this technological change, with production changes being labor using in poultry and biased towards greater efficiency in the use of live animal inputs in meatpacking.
Commodity Models and Their Contribution to Congressional Policymaking: Reflections from the 2002 Farm Bill and Beyond: Discussion
Authors: Jagger Craig 
Published: July 2016

The organizers of this session asked me to do two things: to place policy modeling into the context of both general congressional policymaking and that of the 2002 Farm Bill and to comment on the three papers of the session.Commodity models provide results that are useful for congressional decision making. Expected impacts of proposed policies on supply, demand, prices, and income are of interest to members of Congress. But decisions by policymakers depend on a variety of factors beyond model results, including professional backgrounds and perspectives, personal experiences, familiarity with proposed and alternative policies, views of key constituents, and ideologies. Many policy changes are incremental. So while model results are important to the policymaking process, they rarely are the key determinant as to why one proposed policy trumps another.
The Potential For High-Value Agricultural Products Under The North American Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Beef in Mexico and Canada
Authors: Onianwa Okwudili O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe prospects for U.S. beef products in the advent of a North American Free Trade Agreement were examined using a system-wide approach to import allocation. Results indicate that increases in the standard of living in Mexico and Canada would stimulate increased importation of processed and unprocessed beef products. Bulk beef product in both countries had expenditure elasticities greater than one, while semi-processed and highly processed beef products had expenditure elasticities of less than one.
Trade and the Political Economy of Agricultural Policy: The Case of the United States Peanut Program
Authors: Nayga Rodolfo M. , Borges Robert B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNAFTA and GATT will dramatically alter regulations protecting U.S. peanut markets and will allow foreign producers considerable access to domestic market. Traditionally, the political economy surrounding peanut policy has been favorable to domestic producers. Rising peanut butter imports, decreasing domestic demand, and possibly the inadvertent effects of domestic policy, ironically implemented to protect domestic producers, have contributed to significant increases in Treasury costs. These increased Treasury costs have dramatically changed the political climate surrounding the peanut program. In this light, the effects of GATT appear manageable; NAFTA may ultimately require major policy reform. Possible alternatives are presented.
Present Concepts on the Genetics of Congenital Deficiencies of Color Vision
Authors: François J. , Bie S. De , Verriest G. , Matton M. Th. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe different varieties of congenital dyschromatopsias are inherited following different modes. The dyschromatopsias of the protan and deutan type, as well as the atypical achromatopsia (blue mono-cone monochromacy), are sex-linked recessive, the tritanopia probably autosomal dominant and the typical achromatopsia surely autosomal recessive. The mode of transmission of the tritanomalia is still dubious.Concerning the localisation of the genes on the X chromosome, the bilocular theory for the deutan and protan genes is accepted at the present time. These genes form a cluster with the genes of hemophilia A and G6PD deficiency. It is possible that this cluster is situated on the short arm of the X chromosome or on the long arm near the centromeric region. The exact situation will be known very soon, when the interpretation of the results of the cellular hybridisation, which are still discordant, will be well established.
An Appraisal of Genetic Studies on Leprosy
Authors: Beiguelman Bernardo 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe present paper reviews the research lines which have been explored to evaluate to what extent genetic factors are intervening on the mechanism of resistance and susceptibility to leprosy.It presents a critical discussion of the investigations on the familial association of leprosy, familial association of leprosy types, intrafamilial contagion of leprosy, concordance of leprosy in twinpairs, racial differences on leprosy prevalence and lepromatous rate, pedigree studies, association of leprosy to genetic markers, Australia antigen, and dermatoglyphic patterns. Space was also allotted to review family and twin-pair studies on the Mitsuda reaction, as well as to the investigation on the in vitro behaviour of blood macrophages against killed M. leprae.Some areas in which further research on leprosy and genetics may be considered as prioritary are outlined with some detail.
Identical Twins Discordant for Congenital Spinal Anomalies
Authors: François J. , Leuven M. Th. Matton-Van , Vercauteren M. , Vandenbulcke-Donck D. , De Bie S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA twin pair, discordant for congenital spinal cervical anomalies, is described. Zygosity chances are calculated on the basis of initial dizygosity chance, sex likeness, red cell antigens, serum types, red cell enzymes, and dermatoglyphic data. The chance for monozygosity adds up to 0.9992. Literature data on cervical anomalies in twins are reviewed.It is concluded that, although the inheritance of spinal anomalies, such as hemivertebra, is still an open question, this twin pair supports the present trend of ideas that most of these anomalies are caused by peripheral, nongenetic factors.
New Studies on the Heritability of Anthropometric Characteristics as Ascertained From Twins
Authors: Rocha F.J. Da , Salzano F.M. , Peña Heloisa F. , Callegari Sidia M. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySixteen anthropometric measurements were performed on each of 48 MZ and 51 DZ adult twin pairs. The largest amount of diversity between MZ and DZ was observed in relation to stature which was in average about three-and-a half times more different in the latter. Forehead and nasal height were also three times more variable among DZ twins, while head and nasal breadth, morphological face height, and lip thickness were twice as variable. The heritability estimates and F ratios yielded significant values in both sexes for twelve traits. The exceptions were mandibular and minimum frontal breadth, calf and chest circumference. The largest heritabilities were observed for stature, head breadth and lip thickness. Correlation matrices were obtained for all measurements; those showing significantly positive coefficients, however, did not show similar heritability values.
Chronology of the Gene
Authors: Gedda L. , Brenci G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe switching of genes from the silent to the operating condition following a rigorous temporal sequence may be called “chronology of the gene”. The succession of times and its biocybernetic mechanism are peculiar to each species, but the duration of information exhibits wide intraspecific variations between populations, families, and individuals. The highly isochronic behavior of MZ twins is proof of the existence of an individual temporal constitution.Our previous studies have proved that the duration of each information is a property of the corresponding genotype, depending on its potential time of activity (chronon), which depends in its turn on the same genotype's energy of stability (ergon).In terms of molecular genetics, the stability against mutation of each gene, governing its Ergon/Chronon (E/G) system, is a function of three factors:(1) Code degeneracy, i.e., the different stability of synonyms coding for the same information through different ratios of GC and AT bases, the former being the more stable.
Étude Génétique du Mode de Croisement des Bras
Authors: Leguebe André , Martinez-Fuentes Antonio 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn order to test if arm folding is a hereditary trait, 319 couples of parents and their 897 children have been examined. The distribution of the two phenotypes, D and G, is different from a O.5-0.5 distribution. No influence of sex nor age is observed. The matings are random and the mean number of children per family is the same for each type of mating.The analysis of family data does not prove the hypothesis of a hereditary transmission of the trait, and important discrepancies are noted between observed values and those expected for genetic mechanisms with two alleles, D and G, of an autosomic or sex-linked gene.
Strukturelle Chromosomenaberrationen in den Lymphozyten gesunder Probanden unter dem Einfluss verschiedener Kulturbedingungen
Authors: Meist Hannes 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations has been examined in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures from 18 normal individuals. A mean rate of aberrations was observed of 7.38%, and a mean breakage/metaphase index of 0.036. Individual values ranged, for the aberration index, from 4% to 15%; and, for the breakage/metaphase index, from 0.00 to 0.08. Only gaps and breakage were observed. The translocation cross and chromatid-ring observed derive from a series of experiments on homologous plasma cultures. As for the influence of different cultural environments, it has been observed that the rate of spontaneous aberrations behaved independently from the age of the blood sample, from the addition of penicillin in the culture, and from the concentration of phytohemoagglutinin. Using veal's fetal serum, the rate of aberrations failed to show any variation, even with a time of culture prolonged up to 96 hours; while, using homologous plasma, the time of culture having been prolonged, structural aberrations have shown a considerable increase. The study of the mitotic index in the different cultural conditions has indicated the possibility of favoring the growth of leucocyte cultures.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Twins
Authors: Myrianthopoulos Ntinos C. , Churchill John A. , Baszynski Alice J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryRespiratory distress syndrome occurred in 77 of 1,130 liveborn twins (1: 15) and appears to be more frequent than in singletons. This increase cannot be entirely accounted for by the higher prematurity rate of twins over singletons. In 46 twin pairs with at least one affected, there was a significantly higher concordance rate among MZ than DZ pairs, suggesting that genetic factors are of some etiologic importance in this disease.
The Red Cell Acid Phosphatase Polymorphism in Sweden: Gene Frequencies and Application to Disputed Paternity
Authors: Broman P. , Grundin R. , Lins P. E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryRed cell acid phosphatase phenotypes were determined in 517 unrelated persons from Sweden (317 men, 200 women). The observed gene frequencies were pA = 0.372; pB = 0.558; pC = 0.070.Experiences in 101 cases of disputed paternity with 167 men involved are reported. On grounds of red cell acid phosphatase phenotypes, ig men (in 18 cases) could be excluded.In all 112 mother-child combinations studied the distributions of phenotypes were in agreement with the genetical hypothesis suggested by Hopkinson et al (1963).