bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age of diagnosis, incidence and prevalence of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis—A South African perspective
Authors: Seedat R.Y. , Schall R. 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesTo determine the distribution of the age of diagnosis of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) and to determine the incidence and prevalence of RRP in both adults and children in the Free State province of South Africa in order to provide data from a population in sub‐Saharan African.DesignRetrospective record review.ParticipantsAll patients with RRP in the Free State province of South Africa between 2011 and 2015.Main outcome measuresDistribution of the age of diagnosis of RRP and incidence and prevalence of RRP.ResultsThe best fitting mixture distribution for the age of diagnosis of RRP was a two‐component mixture of log‐normal distributions. Within the first component (JoRRP), the age of diagnosis was significantly lower in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)11 disease (median 3.2 year) than those with HPV6 disease (median 5.6 years) (P = .021), while in the second component (AoRRP), there was no significant difference in the age of diagnosis between HPV11 disease (30.7 year) and HPV6 disease (median 44.0 years) (P = .0696).The incidence and prevalence of JoRRP were 1.34/100000 population/year and 3.88/100000 population, respectively, while the incidence and prevalence of AoRRP were 0.18/100000 population/year and 0.38/100000 population, respectively.ConclusionRecurrent respiratory papillomatosis in the Free State province of South Africa is a disease with a predominantly juvenile onset, with AoRRP having a lower prevalence than in Europe. This is probably reflective of the situation in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Gum chewing aids bowel function return and analgesic requirements after bowel surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Byrne C. M. , Zahid A. , Young J. M. , Solomon M. J. , Young C. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimThe aim was to compare the effectiveness of chewing sugar‐free gum after bowel resection on bowel function and length of stay.MethodThis was a randomized controlled trial of patients undergoing elective open or laparoscopic bowel surgery, who were allocated into two groups: a chewing gum group (CG); or a nonchewing gum group (NG). Primary outcomes were time to discharge (length of hospital stay [LOS]), time to first flatus (TFF) and time to first bowel motion (TBM). Secondary outcomes were complication rates, pain and total morphine equivalent (TMEq) medication for 7 days after the procedure.ResultsBetween 2010 and 2013, 162 patients were randomized; four were excluded, leaving 158 in the study (82 in the CG and 76 in the NG). There was no difference in LOS between the CG (5.8 days) and the NG (6.1 days) (P = 0.403) or in the median TFF between the CG (42.0 h) and the NG (58.0 h) (P = 0.076). The median TBM was lower in the CG (40.0 h) than in the NG (90.0 h) (P = 0.002). There was no difference in intra‐operative complications between the CG (9%) and the NG (9%) (P = 0.901) or in early postoperative complications (44% for CG and 55% for NG) (P = 0.131). There was no difference in TMEq at 24 h postprocedure, but the CG had reduced TMEq from days 2 to 7 post procedure and for the 7‐day total. Pain was higher among patients in the NG on day 3.ConclusionChewing sugar‐free gum resulted in an earlier return to bowel function and decreased analgesic requirements. There was no decrease in overall LOS or postoperative complications.
A randomized controlled trial of four different regimes of biofeedback programme in the treatment of faecal incontinence
Authors: Young C. J. , Zahid A. , Koh C. E. , Young J. M. , Byrne C. M. , Solomon M. J. , Rex J. , Candido J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimBiofeedback is an established, effective and non‐invasive treatment for faecal incontinence (FI). The aim was to compare the effectiveness of four different biofeedback treatment regimes.MethodThis was a randomized control trial of patients with FI, stratified into two groups (metropolitan and rural) and then randomized into two subgroups (groups 1 and 2 within metropolitan, groups 3 and 4 within rural) with varying face‐to‐face and telephone biofeedback components. All patients received standardized counselling and education, dietary modification and the use of anti‐diarrhoeal medications. Group 1 received four monthly face‐to‐face biofeedback treatments, groups 2 and 3 received one face‐to‐face biofeedback followed by telephone biofeedback and group 4 received a one‐off face‐to‐face biofeedback treatment. Primary outcomes were patient‐assessed severity of FI and quality of life as assessed by the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey and direct questioning of objectives. Secondary outcomes included St Mark's incontinence score, anxiety, depression and anorectal physiology measures (resting, squeeze pressures; isotonic, isometric fatigue times).ResultsBetween 2006 and 2012, 351 patients were recruited. One patient died leaving 350 for analysis. 332 (95%) were women. Mean age was 60 (SD = 14). All groups had significant improvements in FI, quality of life, incontinence score and mental status (P < 0.001 each). There were no differences in improvements in FI between groups although patient satisfaction was less with reduced face‐to‐face contact. There were modest improvements in isotonic and isometric fatigue times suggesting improved sphincter endurance (both P < 0.001).ConclusionBiofeedback is effective for FI. Although face‐to‐face and telephone biofeedback is not necessary to improve FI, it is important for patient satisfaction.
Symbol Grounding Without Direct Experience: Do Words Inherit Sensorimotor Activation From Purely Linguistic Context?
Authors: Günther Fritz , Dudschig Carolin , Kaup Barbara 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTheories of embodied cognition assume that concepts are grounded in non‐linguistic, sensorimotor experience. In support of this assumption, previous studies have shown that upwards response movements are faster than downwards movements after participants have been presented with words whose referents are typically located in the upper vertical space (and vice versa for downwards responses). This is taken as evidence that processing these words reactivates sensorimotor experiential traces. This congruency effect was also found for novel words, after participants learned these words as labels for novel objects that they encountered either in their upper or lower visual field. While this indicates that direct experience with a word's referent is sufficient to evoke said congruency effects, the present study investigates whether this direct experience is also a necessary condition. To this end, we conducted five experiments in which participants learned novel words from purely linguistic input: Novel words were presented in pairs with real up‐ or down‐words (Experiment 1); they were presented in natural sentences where they replaced these real words (Experiment 2); they were presented as new labels for these real words (Experiment 3); and they were presented as labels for novel combined concepts based on these real words (Experiment 4 and 5). In all five experiments, we did not find any congruency effects elicited by the novel words; however, participants were always able to make correct explicit judgements about the vertical dimension associated to the novel words. These results suggest that direct experience is necessary for reactivating experiential traces, but this reactivation is not a necessary condition for understanding (in the sense of storing and accessing) the corresponding aspects of word meaning.
Basic self‐disturbance, neurocognition and metacognition: A pilot study among help‐seeking adolescents with and without attenuated psychosis syndrome
Authors: Koren Dan , Scheyer Ravit , Reznik Noa , Adres Merav , Apter Alan , Parnas Josef , Seidman Larry J. 
Published: October 2017

AimThe goal of this pilot study was to assess the association between basic self‐disturbance (SD) and deficits in neurocognitive and metacognitive functioning among help‐seeking adolescents with and without attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS).MethodsSixty‐one non‐psychotic, help‐seeking adolescents (age 13‐18) were assessed with the examination of anomalous self‐experience, the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and a new metacognitive approach to neurocognitive assessment applied to two non‐social (executive functions and verbal memory) and two social (theory of mind and emotion recognition) domains. After each answer, subjects were also requested to indicate their level of confidence in the answer and to decide whether they desired it to be “counted” toward their total score on the task. Each volunteered answer earned a 5‐cent gain if correct, but an equal fine if wrong.ResultsAs hypothesized, metacognitive monitoring and control had a significant contribution to the prediction of SD over and above neurocognitive functioning and attenuated psychotic symptoms. However, the direction of this association was positive rather than negative. Also, inconsistent with or hypothesis, it was not moderated by the presence of APS.ConclusionsThese pilot results provide preliminary support a modest association between SD and metacognition, which is not reducible to neurocognition and APS. In addition, they raise an intriguing possibility regarding metacognitive monitoring and control being indicators of hyper‐reflectivity that characterizes individuals with SD. However, further research with larger samples and high‐stress assessment conditions are needed to assess this possibility.
Towards a better understanding of soil organic carbon variation in Madagascar
Authors: Andriamananjara A. , Ranaivoson N. , Razafimbelo T. , Hewson J. , Ramifehiarivo N. , Rasolohery A. , Andrisoa R. H. , Razafindrakoto M. A. , Razafimanantsoa M.‐P. , Rabetokotany N. , Razakamanarivo R. H. 
Published: October 2017

SummarySoil organic carbon (SOC) is an important carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Prediction of SOC based on soil properties and environmental factors helps to describe the spatial and vertical distribution in SOC; however, the effectiveness and accuracy of various prediction methods, including classical and recently developed model approaches, need to be tested for tropical soil and environments. In this study, random forest (RF) and linear mixed effects model (LMM) approaches were tested to predict the spatial and vertical variation of SOC stocks in Eastern Madagascar. Topography, climate, soil types and vegetation‐based variables were used as predictor variables for modelling SOC stocks at different soil depths to 1 m. The LMM was the most accurate method for predicting SOC stocks for different depth ranges; altitude, soil clay content, land use and precipitation were identified as the most relevant factors for prediction. The accuracy of prediction in SOC modelling decreased with increasing soil depth, resulting in a root mean square prediction error (RMSE) that ranged from 1.98 Mg ha−1(90–100‐cm depth) to 5.54 Mg ha−1(10–20‐cm depth) for LMM, which resolved 43–68% of the variation in SOC stocks. Explanatory variables, which contributed to the fixed effect of the model, explained from 2.6 to 28.2% of the total variance, whereas the random effect contributed from 21.7 to 35.0%. This study emphasizes the strength of LMM for predicting SOC stocks in tropical soil taking into account the random effect related to sampling. These results could be used to improve SOC mapping in Madagascar.HighlightsPrediction accuracy of vertical variation in SOC stocks was tested with RF and LMM approaches.Linear mixed effects model provides the most accurate predictions of SOC stocks.Altitude, clay content, climate and land use were identified as relevant predictor variables of SOC.The LMM can be used to improve SOC mapping of tropical soil.
Motor performance deterioration accelerates after 50 years of age in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1A patients
Authors: Tozza S. , Bruzzese D. , Pisciotta C. , Iodice R. , Esposito M. , Dubbioso R. , Ruggiero L. , Topa A. , Spina E. , Santoro L. , Manganelli F. 
Published: October 2017

Background and purposeThe aim of our study was to describe, by a case‐control and cross‐sectional design, the correlation between clinical impairment and age in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) patients.MethodsSeventy CMT1A patients and 70 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls were enrolled. Motor performance was assessed through the 10‐m walk test, the 6‐min walk test and the 9‐hole peg test of the dominant and non‐dominant side, and muscle strength was measured by using the Medical Research Council score. In the CMT1A group, disability and quality of life were evaluated using the Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Neuropathy Score (CMTNS) and the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire. Cross‐sectional relationships between age and all clinical measures were analyzed and differences in the slopes between cases and controls were calculated. The occurrence of a structural change in the age‐related progression of clinical measures was explored.ResultsThe deterioration of motor performance correlated with age in both groups with a greater slope in CMT1A patients than controls. The deterioration of CMTNS and SF‐36 correlated with age in the CMT1A group. The deterioration of all clinical measures with the exception of the SF‐36 questionnaire showed a structural change at the 50th year of age. The rate of deterioration was no different between patients and controls until 50 years of age, whereupon it became significantly greater in CMT1A patients.ConclusionOur study supports that the disease progression in CMT1A patients is an age‐related process and the 50th year of age represents a critical moment after which the clinical decline becomes faster.
Tropical forests are thermally buffered despite intensive selective logging
Authors: Senior Rebecca A. , Hill Jane K. , Benedick Suzan , Edwards David P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTropical rainforests are subject to extensive degradation by commercial selective logging. Despite pervasive changes to forest structure, selectively logged forests represent vital refugia for global biodiversity. The ability of these forests to buffer temperature‐sensitive species from climate warming will be an important determinant of their future conservation value, although this topic remains largely unexplored. Thermal buffering potential is broadly determined by: (i) the difference between the “macroclimate” (climate at a local scale, m to ha) and the “microclimate” (climate at a fine‐scale, mm to m, that is distinct from the macroclimate); (ii) thermal stability of microclimates (e.g. variation in daily temperatures); and (iii) the availability of microclimates to organisms. We compared these metrics in undisturbed primary forest and intensively logged forest on Borneo, using thermal images to capture cool microclimates on the surface of the forest floor, and information from dataloggers placed inside deadwood, tree holes and leaf litter. Although major differences in forest structure remained 9–12 years after repeated selective logging, we found that logging activity had very little effect on thermal buffering, in terms of macroclimate and microclimate temperatures, and the overall availability of microclimates. For 1°C warming in the macroclimate, temperature inside deadwood, tree holes and leaf litter warmed slightly more in primary forest than in logged forest, but the effect amounted to <0.1°C difference between forest types. We therefore conclude that selectively logged forests are similar to primary forests in their potential for thermal buffering, and subsequent ability to retain temperature‐sensitive species under climate change. Selectively logged forests can play a crucial role in the long‐term maintenance of global biodiversity.
Resolution of international banks: Can smaller countries cope?
Authors: Schoenmaker Dirk 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe stability of a banking system ultimately depends on the strength and credibility of the fiscal backstop. While large countries can still afford to resolve large global banks on their own, small and medium‐sized countries face a policy choice. This paper investigates the impact of resolution on banking structure. The financial trilemma model suggests that smaller countries can either conduct joint supervision and resolution of their global banks (based on single point of entry resolution) or reduce the size of their global banks and move to separate resolution of these banks' national subsidiaries (based on multiple point of entry resolution). Euro‐area countries are heading for joint resolution based on burden sharing, while the United Kingdom and Switzerland have implemented policies to downsize their banks.
What makes generalist mental health professionals effective when working with people with an intellectual disability? A family member and support person perspective
Authors: Weise Janelle , Fisher Karen R. , Trollor Julian N. 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundGeneralist mental health professionals are inadequately equipped to meet the rights of people with intellectual disability. A better understanding of the attributes of effective professionals may assist in the development of workforce capacity in this area.MethodsTwenty‐eight family/support persons of people with intellectual disability participated in four focus groups. Thematic analysis was undertaken applying the Intellectual Disability Mental Health Core Competencies Framework.ResultsParticipants described attributes that aligned with current professional expectations such as working together and new attributes such as differentiating between behaviour and mental health. An unexpected finding was the need for professionals to be able to infer meaning by interpreting multiple sources of information. Participants also wanted professionals to acknowledge their professional limitations and seek professional support.ConclusionFamily/support persons identified a range of attributes of effective mental health professionals to support people with intellectual disability. Further research is necessary, particularly from the perspective of people with intellectual disability.
Improvements of adolescent psychopathology after insomnia treatment: results from a randomized controlled trial over 1 year
Authors: de Bruin Eduard J. , Bögels Susan M. , Oort Frans J. , Meijer Anne Marie 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundAdolescent insomnia can be treated effectively with cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBTI). However, little is known about effects of CBTI on psychopathology in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate whether (a) CBTI improves psychopathology in Internet‐ (IT) and face‐to‐face group treatment (GT) compared to waitlist (WL), (b) improvement in psychopathology can be attributed to reduced insomnia, (c) improvement in psychopathology remains stable for up to 1 year.MethodsOne hundred and sixteen participants (age = 15.6 years, 25% males) with DSM‐5 insomnia, were randomly assigned to IT, GT or WL. Clinical trial registration: http://www.controlledtrials.com (ISRCTN33922163). Assessments of psychopathology, insomnia and objectively and subjectively measured sleep occurred at baseline, post‐treatment, and at 2‐, 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Multilevel and mediation analyses were run to test hypotheses. The CBTI protocol, ‘Sleeping Smart’ for both IT and GT consisted of six weekly sessions and a booster session after 2 months.ResultsPsychopathology symptoms, insomnia and sleep problems as measured by actigraphy and sleep logs decreased substantially in IT and GT compared with WL at 2‐month follow‐up with medium to large effect sizes (ESs). Psychopathology symptoms remained stable or further improved for up to 12‐month follow‐up. ESs at 12‐month follow‐up for IT and GT were respectively: affective (d = −0.87 and −0.97), anxiety (d = −0.81 for IT), somatic (d = −0.38 and d = −0.52), oppositional (d = −0.42 for GT) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) problems (d = −0.47 and −0.46). Mediation analyses indicated that reduction of insomnia symptoms after CBTI fully mediated the effects of CBTI on affective and anxiety problems, and partially mediated the effect on ADHD problems.ConclusionsThis is the first study demonstrating that Internet and face‐to‐face CBT for insomnia achieves long‐term reduction in adolescent psychopathology and does so by improving insomnia. This finding can have profound implications for youth mental health care.
Jaboticaba byproduct encapsulation by lyophilization: pH and food application stability
Authors: Rodrigues Letícia M. , Dos Santos Suelen S. , Bergamasco Rita C. , Madrona Grasiele S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe study aimed to microencapsulate jaboticaba byproduct extract by lyophilization, followed by the characterization, pH stability and food application of the prepared microcapsules. The products were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and the yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and bioactive compounds (high‐performance liquid chromatography) were determined. The major compounds found (in all samples) were cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, acids ellagic and gallic, and quercetin. The EE% was 80.0% and yield 67.2%. The capsules presented smooth surfaces and varied morphologies, such as broken glass of irregular sizes. The extracts revealed brighter and lighter‐colored solutions in low pH buffers, while microencapsulation protected the monomeric anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, particularly at pH 6.5. At 4 °C, maria‐mole desserts produced with the extract, showed a higher color variation (ΔE) than the product prepared with the microcapsules. Thus, microencapsulation may be an alternative to maintain the stability of the jaboticaba extract, as a way to reuse the agroindustrial byproduct.Practical applicationsThe nutritional and functional properties of a vast biodiversity of plants (and their byproducts) have not yet been fully studied. Jaboticaba byproduct has great potential for economic exploitation and could be a valuable source of natural antioxidants, however, more studies of this byproduct, are required. Moreover, protecting the antioxidants during the fruit extraction process and storage, can improve the utilization and application of bioactives in food products. In this study, the extraction and microencapsulation of jaboticaba byproduct were realized. The results showed microencapsulation may be a feasible alternative to maintain the stability of the jaboticaba extract and provide a way to reuse the agroindustrial byproduct, as an ingredient in the food and, potentially, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.