bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Structure Predicts Statistical Learning and Associative Inference Abilities during Development
Authors: Schlichting Margaret L. , Guarino Katharine F. , Schapiro Anna C. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. , Preston Alison R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite the importance of learning and remembering across the lifespan, little is known about how the episodic memory system develops to support the extraction of associative structure from the environment. Here, we relate individual differences in volumes along the hippocampal long axis to performance on statistical learning and associative inference tasks—both of which require encoding associations that span multiple episodes—in a developmental sample ranging from ages 6 to 30 years. Relating age to volume, we found dissociable patterns across the hippocampal long axis, with opposite nonlinear volume changes in the head and body. These structural differences were paralleled by performance gains across the age range on both tasks, suggesting improvements in the cross-episode binding ability from childhood to adulthood. Controlling for age, we also found that smaller hippocampal heads were associated with superior behavioral performance on both tasks, consistent with this region's hypothesized role in forming generalized codes spanning events. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of examining hippocampal development as a function of position along the hippocampal axis and suggest that the hippocampal head is particularly important in encoding associative structure across development.
Stress and Cognitive Flexibility: Cortisol Increases Are Associated with Enhanced Updating but Impaired Switching
Authors: Goldfarb Elizabeth V. , Froböse Monja I. , Cools Roshan , Phelps Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Acute stress has frequently been shown to impair cognitive flexibility. Most studies have examined the effect of stress on cognitive flexibility by measuring how stress changes performance in paradigms that require participants to switch between different task demands. These processes typically implicate pFC function, a region known to be impaired by stress. However, cognitive flexibility is a multifaceted construct. Another dimension of flexibility, updating to incorporate relevant information, involves the dorsal striatum. Function in this region has been shown to be enhanced by stress. Using a within-subject design, we tested whether updating flexibility in a DMS task would be enhanced by an acute stress manipulation (cold pressor task). Participants' cortisol response to stress positively correlated with a relative increase in accuracy on updating flexibility (compared with trials with no working memory interference). In contrast, in line with earlier studies, cortisol responses correlated with worse performance when switching between trials with different task demands. These results demonstrate that stress-related increases in cortisol are associated with both increases and decreases in cognitive flexibility, depending on task demands.
Oxidative stress induced by acute and sub-chronic cadmium exposure in the ovaries of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense (Dai, 1975)
Authors: Xu P. , Chen H. , Xi Y. , Mao X. , Wang L. 
Published: August 2016

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic environmental pollutants, and is known to have multiple toxic effects on many tissues and organs, including the ovaries. However, the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity on animal ovaries remain unknown. Here we examined the acute and sub-chronic effects of Cd on the ovaries of the freshwater crab,Sinopotamon henanense(Dai, 1975). Acute effects were studied by treating crabs for 3, 5 and 7 days with two Cd concentrations (7.25 or 14.5 mg/l) and sub-chronic Cd treatment was achieved by treating crabs for 7, 14 and 28 days, respectively, with 0.725 or 1.45 mg/l of Cd. Results showed that Cd levels were significantly increased, in both dose- and time-dependent manners in the sub-chronic groups and in a dose-dependent manner in the acute groups. In the sub-chronic groups, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and GPx, initially decreased at day 7 or 14, and increased after 14 and/or 28 days, which was accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and metallothionein (MT) levels. In the acute groups, there were no statistically significant changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes nor in the levels of MDA and MT. To conclude, our results suggest that Cd may do more oxidative damage to cells of crab ovaries at sub-chronic exposure than at acute exposure, which is due to Cd-induced oxidative stress.
Pope Francis, Liberation Theology, and Social Global Justice
Authors: Puggioni Roberto 
Published: August 2016

Pope Francis’ apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (2013) addresses social issues even if it is not a social document. This paper unfolds its social message and detects the possible convergences with some social themes in the Latin American theology of liberation. In doing this, Francis’ considerations will be framed, as far as possible, in the perspective of the traditional Roman Catholic social thought. Thus, providing also insights on where Francis’ teaching adheres more and where less with the previous social magisterium.
After an introductory part and an historical overview on the relationships between the Holy See and liberation theology, we will outline the basic elements of the theology of liberation. Then, drawing from Evangelii Gaudium, we will reflect on Francis’ considerations on themes such as the kingdom of God, the poor, consumerism, and the free-market, for then assessing its relevance for the church in the contemporary world in the concluding part.
Health Care and Mortality among Persons with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Gal Gilad , Munitz Hanan , Levav Itzhak 
Published: August 2016

Objective: Reports show disparities in the health care of persons with severe mental illness (SMI), including in countries with universal health insurance. However, the moderating effect on disparities of specific mental health legislation is yet to be studied. The study aimed to investigate equality of health care for people with SMI in a country with a national health insurance and a comprehensive rehabilitation law for persons with mental disabilities. Method: A case-control epidemiological study compared health services (laboratory tests, visits to specialists, and medications) provided to users with and without a history of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder ( N = 52,131) and with regard to a subgroup of users with diabetes ( n = 16,280). In addition, we examined the mortality rates of the study population. Results: While service users with schizophrenia were somewhat less likely to meet the same indexes of care as controls, those with bipolar disorder did not differ from their counterparts. Yet, mortality risk among service users with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder was 2.4 and 1.7 times higher, respectively. Rates of services to persons with SMI and comorbid diabetes did not differ from their counterparts. Conclusions: In Israel, a country with a national health insurance and a rehabilitation law for persons with mental disabilities, service users with bipolar disorder receive equitable levels of general health care. For users with schizophrenia, the disparities exist in some of the health care measures but to a smaller extent than in other countries with universal health insurance. In contrast, mortality rates are elevated in persons with SMI.
Numerical analysis and experimental validation of Gerotor pumps: A comparison between a lumped parameter and a computational fluid dynamics-based approach
Authors: Pellegri Matteo , Vacca Andrea , Frosina Emma , Buono Dario , Senatore Adolfo 
Published: August 2016

In this paper, two alternative numerical approaches for the simulation of Gerotor units are compared: a fast lumped parameter approach for the fluid dynamics through the unit that permits the co-simulation of the radial micro-motion of the rotors, and a computational fluid dynamics approach that puts emphasis on the description of the detailed features of the flow through the unit. Each approach provides unique insights on the unit operation, although with different assumptions and level of result details. For an objective comparison of these two state-of-art models, the authors compared their results with experiments. A commercial pump taken as reference, and tests focused on steady-state volumetric performance as well as the transient features of the outlet port pressure oscillations. The results presented in the paper permit to gain a high level of understanding of the operation of the unit and of the critical aspects that a designer should consider while analyzing such design of positive displacement machines. While comparing the two simulation approaches, the paper highlights the limits and the strengths of each one of the two approaches. In particular, it is shown how both models can match the experimental results considering proper assumptions, in terms of technological clearances and rotors’ micro-motions. The paper constitutes a unique contribution in the field of numerical simulation of Gerotor units and represents a useful reference to the designers looking for suitable methods for simulating existing or novel design solutions.
Comparisons Between Upper and Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Review of the RIETE Registry
Authors: Cote Lauren P. , Greenberg Steven , Caprini Joseph A. , Tafur Alfonso , Choi Chris , Muñoz Francisco J. , Skride Andris , Valero Beatriz , Porras José Antonio , Ciammaichella Maurizio , Hernández-Blasco Luis Manuel , Monreal Manuel ,   RIETE Investigators
Published: August 2016

Background: The outcome of patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) has not been consistently compared with that in patients with lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT). Methods: We used the Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad Trombo Embólica (RIETE) registry to compare the outcomes during the course of anticoagulant therapy in patients with UEDVT versus outcomes in patients with LEDVT. Results: As of August 2015, 37,366 patients with acute DVT had been enrolled in RIETE: 35094 (94%) had LEDVT, 1334 (3.6%) non-catheter related UEDVT (672 unprovoked and 662 provoked) and 938 (2.5%) had catheter-related UEDVT. During the course of anticoagulation, patients with unprovoked UEDVT had a higher rate of DVT recurrences (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.37-3.43) and a similar rate of PE recurrences or major bleeding than those with unprovoked LEDVT. Patients with non-catheter-related provoked UEDVT had a similar outcome than those with provoked LEDVT. Among patients with UEDVT, those with non-catheter related unprovoked UEDVT had a lower rate of PE recurrences (HR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0-0.35) and major bleeding (HR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.08-0.46) than those with catheter-related UEDVT or those with non-catheter related provoked UEDVT (HR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.004-0.60; and 0.22; 95% CI: 0.08-0.52, respectively). On multivariable analysis, any difference had disappeared. Conclusion: During the course of anticoagulation, patients with UEDVT had a similar outcome than those with LEDVT. Among UEDVT patients, there were some differences according to the presence of catheter or additional risk factors for DVT. These differences disappeared after adjusting for potentially confounding variables.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines: August, September and October, 1940
Authors: Merwin Fred E. 
Published: August 2016

Articles pertaining to journalism during the current quarter continued to emphasize the impact of the war in Europe on both news gathering and news publishing both in this country and abroad. Efforts of publishers to obtain better recognition from the Wage-Hour administration produced numerous comments. The various ramifications of Guild activity were covered pro and con. Discussions of the position of the press in the 1940 presidential election were frequent. Much attention was given to this subject by Arthur Robb, editor of Editor & Publisher. F. E. M.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa and the Association With Hematological Malignancies
Authors: Sotoodian Bahman , Abbas Mariam , Brassard Alain 
Published: August 2016

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting skin sites with a high density of apocrine glands. HS commonly presents after puberty, with most patients diagnosed in the second decade of their life. Several studies have investigated smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia as possible underlying risk factors for HS. However, we encountered 2 patients with a long-standing history of untreated leukemia who developed late-onset HS. Objective: To investigate the presence of malignancy as an underlying risk factor for development of HS. Method: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for keywords such as hidradenitis suppurativa, malignancy, cancer, and epidemiology. Observation: Only 1 retrospective Swedish study with 2119 patients investigated the prevalence of cancer, including 6 hematopoietic malignancies, in HS patients. However, the study did not assess the timeline of developing HS in relation to the cancer diagnosis. We report 2 patients with a long-standing history of hematopoietic cancers who received no continuous treatments for their malignancies and developed late-onset HS: a 60-year-old male patient with hairy cell leukemia and a 68-year-old male patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed HS later in life. Conclusion: Multiple epidemiologic studies found the average age of HS diagnosis to be well prior to the fourth decade of life. The latency of the HS diagnosis as well as the presence of long-standing leukemia in both of our patients raises the necessity for assessing the possibility of malignancy, especially hematopoietic cancer, as a risk factor for HS. Limitation: This is a small retrospective analysis including only 2 patients. Larger studies would better assess the role of malignancy, leukemia in particular, as a possible risk factor for development of HS.
The Short-Term Impact of Dietary Counseling on Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure in Renal Allograft Recipients
Authors: Asai Kanae , Kobayashi Takashi , Miyata Hitomi , Tanaka Yukari , Okada Yoshiyuki , Sakai Kaoru , Negoro Hiromitsu , Kamba Tomomi , Tsuji Hidemi , Shide Kenichiro , Yanagita Motoko , Inagaki Nobuya , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: August 2016

Background: Sodium retention causes posttransplant hypertension, and sodium restriction is recommended in kidney allograft recipients. However, there have been few studies on the impact of dietary counseling on sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) in this population. Objective: To determine the effect of dietary counseling on sodium intake and consequent BP control in kidney allograft recipients. Design, Setting, and Participants: A prospective single-arm study to determine the effect of dietary counseling on sodium intake. Enrolled were renal allograft recipients with sodium intake >100 mEq/d, BP >130/80, antihypertensive use, or body mass index >25 kg/m2. Of 53 renal transplant recipients who met the criteria, 48 participated in the present study. Sodium intake was estimated based on 24-hour urinary sodium excretion before and after 3 sessions of dietary counseling by a board-certified dietitian. Results: Sodium intake was significantly decreased after dietary counseling (158.7 vs 129.6 mEq/d; P = .005). Systolic BP was significantly decreased from 124 mm Hg (interquartile range: 122-134) before counseling to 121 mm Hg (interquartile range: 117-128) after counseling ( P < .001). The number of patients with systolic BP >130 mm Hg was decreased by 30% (n = 19-13; P = .07). Among 34 patients on antihypertensive medications, 8 (23.5%) ceased or reduced their drugs due to improvement in BP, whereas 2 increased or changed the drugs due to poor control of BP. Conclusion: Dietary counseling showed a short-term efficacy of reducing sodium intake and clinically relevant BP improvement in renal allograft recipients.
Changes in synaptic transmission of substantia gelatinosa neurons after spinal cord hemisection revealed by analysis using in vivo patch-clamp recording
Authors: Kozuka Yuji , Kawamata Mikito , Furue Hidemasa , Ishida Takashi , Tanaka Satoshi , Namiki Akiyoshi , Yamakage Michiaki 
Published: August 2016

Background After spinal cord injury, central neuropathic pain develops in the majority of spinal cord injury patients. Spinal hemisection in rats, which has been developed as an animal model of spinal cord injury in humans, results in hyperexcitation of spinal dorsal horn neurons soon after the hemisection and thereafter. The hyperexcitation is likely caused by permanent elimination of the descending pain systems. We examined the change in synaptic transmission of substantia gelatinosa neurons following acute spinal hemisection by using an in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Results An increased spontaneous action potential firings of substantia gelatinosa neurons was detected in hemisected rats compared with that in control animals. The frequencies and amplitudes of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currentss in response to non-noxious and noxious stimuli were not different between hemisected and control animals. On the contrary, the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents of substantia gelatinosa neurons in hemisected animals were significantly smaller and lower, respectively, than those in control animals ( P < 0.01). Large amplitude and high-frequency spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, which could not be elicited by mechanical stimuli, were seen in 44% of substantia gelatinosa neurons in control animals but only in 17% of substantia gelatinosa neurons in hemisected animals. In control animals, such large amplitude spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents were suppressed by spinal application of tetrodotoxin (1 µM). Cervical application of lidocaine (2%, 10 µl) also inhibited such large amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic currents. The proportion of multi-receptive substantia gelatinosa neurons, which exhibit action potential firing in response to non-noxious and noxious stimuli, was much larger in hemisected animals than in control animals. Conclusions These suggest that substantia gelatinosa neurons receive tonic inhibition by spinal inhibitory interneurons which generate persistent action potentials. Spinal hemisection results in hyperexcitation of substantia gelatinosa neurons at least in part by eliminating the tonic descending control of spinal inhibitory interneurons from supraspinal levels.
Multiple sclerosis in First Nations Canadians: A pilot comparison study
Authors: Marrie Ruth Ann , Hall Nicholas , Sadovnick A Dessa 
Published: August 2016

Background Genetic and clinical characteristics associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) may differ by ethnicity but few studies have evaluated whether characteristics of MS differ between individuals according to First Nations (FN) ethnicity. Objective Using a cross-sectional observational design, we compared clinical and genetic characteristics between people with MS of FN and non-FN ethnicity. Methods We recruited participants of FN ethnicity with MS. We conducted a medical records review for each participant followed by a standardized interview and drawing of blood samples. The blood underwent genetic analyses for several HLA alleles. We compared the study sample with 127 non-FN MS participants from another study conducted in the same region using the same data collection procedures. Results We included 144 participants with MS, of whom 17 (11.8%) self-identified as FN. The age of symptom onset was earlier and the diagnostic delay shorter among FN participants although these differences did not reach statistical significance. As compared to non-FN participants, FN participants with MS had increased odds of comorbid psychiatric disease (OR 5.38; 95% CI: 1.84–15.8), and were less likely to be HLA-DRB1*1501 positive (OR 0.32; 95% CI: 0.11–0.96). Conclusion Genetic and clinical characteristics of MS differ among Canadians of FN and non-FN ethnicity.
Refinement of the Lugano Classification lymphoma response criteria in the era of immunomodulatory therapy
Authors: Cheson Bruce D. , Ansell Stephen , Schwartz Larry , Gordon Leo I. , Advani Ranjana , Jacene Heather A. , Hoos Axel , Barrington Sally F. , Armand Philippe 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUniformly adopted response criteria are essential for assessment of therapies incorporating conventional chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy regimens. Recently, immunomodulatory agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, have demonstrated impressive activity in a broad range of lymphoma histologies. However, these agents may be associated with clinical and imaging findings during treatment suggestive of progressive disease (PD) despite evidence of clinical benefit (eg, tumor flare or pseudo-progression). Considering this finding as PD could lead to patients being prematurely removed from a treatment from which they actually stand to benefit. This phenomenon has been well described with checkpoint blockade therapy in solid tumors and anecdotally seen in lymphoma as well. To address this issue in the context of lymphoma immunomodulatory therapy, a workshop was convened to provide provisional recommendations to modify current response criteria in patients receiving these and future agents in clinical trials. The term “indeterminate response” was introduced to identify such lesions until confirmed as flare/pseudo-progression or true PD by either biopsy or subsequent imaging.