bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternatives to biodiversity offsets for mitigating the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems
Authors: Coker Myles E. , Bond Nick R. , Chee Yung En , Walsh Christopher J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGlobally, offset schemes have emerged in many statutory frameworks relating to development activities, with the aim of balancing biodiversity conservation and development. Although the theory and use of biodiversity offsets in terrestrial environments is broadly documented, little attention has been paid to offsets in stream ecosystems. Here we examine the application of offset schemes to stream ecosystems and explore whether they suffer similar shortcomings to those of offset schemes focused on terrestrial biodiversity. To challenge the applicability of offsets further, we discuss typical trajectories of urban expansion and their cascading physical, chemical and biological impacts on stream ecosystems. We argue that the highly connected nature of stream ecosystems and urban drainage networks can transfer impacts of urbanization across wide areas, complicating the notion of like‐for‐like exchange and the prospect of effectively mitigating biodiversity loss. Instead, we identify in‐catchment options for stormwater control, which can avoid or minimize the impacts of development on downstream ecosystems, while presenting additional public and private benefits. We describe the underlying principles of these alternatives, some of the challenges associated with their uptake, and policy initiatives being trialed to facilitate adoption. In conclusion, we argue that stronger policies to avoid and minimize the impacts of urbanization provide better prospects for protecting downstream ecosystems, and can additionally, stimulate economic opportunities and improve urban liveability.
Subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction detected by two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma and preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Ding Li , Zhu Wen Ling , Zeng Zheng Pei , Li Han Zhong , Ji Jin , Fang Li Gang , Sun Jing Ping 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundExcessive catecholamine leads to pressure overload and left ventricular (LV) remodeling. The goal of this study was to explore subclinical LV systolic dysfunction and the mechanism of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma using two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.MethodsA total of 48 patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma and preserved LVEF and 38 age‐ and gender‐matched volunteers were studied. Echocardiographic parameters including LVEF, and global peak longitudinal and circumferential strains were measured. The correlation between echocardiographic parameters and blood pressure as well as biochemical parameters was analyzed.ResultsLVEF was similar between patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma and controls. The amplitude of LV longitudinal strain was decreased, and the amplitude of LV circumferential strain was increased in the pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma group (P = .003 and P = .009). LV mass index and blood pressure were positively correlated with 24‐hour urinary norepinephrine (r = .696, P < .0001; r = .470, P = .0007). The amplitude of LV longitudinal strain reduced with increase in blood pressure, 24‐hour urinary norepinephrine and LV mass index (r = −.305, P = .035; r = −.506, P = .0002; r = −.680, P < .0001).ConclusionsThis study revealed that excessive norepinephrine in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma was associated with increased blood pressure and LV mass. The LV longitudinal strain was decreasing with increase in blood pressure and LV mass index. The enhanced LV circumferential strain might be the mechanism of compensation to maintain the normal LVEF in these patients.
Rural placement experiences in dental education and the impact on professional intentions and employment outcomes—A systematic review
Authors: Johnson G. , Wright F. C. , Foster K. , Blinkhorn A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractContext/IntroductionThe availability of clinical dental services in rural locations is a major concern for many countries as dental care professionals gravitate to work in metropolitan areas. This systematic review examines the literature on Rural Placement Programs within dentistry and their impact on workforce intentions and employment outcomes. The review provides a detailed analysis of the methodological characteristics of the literature, considers the quality of the evidence and compares the outcomes within an international context.Materials and MethodsThe systematic review identified published literature between 2005 and 2016 from databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, NursingOVID and Cochrane. The PRISMA protocol was adopted for the development of the study, and the Health Gains Notation Framework was implemented to assess the quality of the selected research papers.ResultsEleven studies considering Rural Clinical Placement Programs met the inclusion criteria. The studies were from Australia, South Africa, United States, Thailand and India. The evidence in this review indicates that well‐designed, financially supported programmes that provide a perceived valuable clinical experience, good supervision and professional support in a rural environment can lead to dental students stating increased intentions to working in a rural location. However, there was a lack of evidence and research into whether these rural intentions result in positive action to take up employment in a rural location.ConclusionThe evidence suggests that well‐prepared rural clinical placements, which have experienced clinical supervisors, good professional student support from the dental school, provide a valuable clinical experience and are sufficiently funded, can increase intentions to work in a rural location upon graduation. However, there is a lack of evidence in dentistry into whether intentions translate into practitioners taking clinical positions in a rural location. Future research should be planned, which will undertake longitudinal cohort studies to identify factors that have an important influence on rural job choice.
Improving quality of software product line by analysing inconsistencies in feature models using an ontological rule‐based approach
Authors: Bhushan Megha , Goel Shivani , Kumar Ajay 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn software product line engineering, feature models (FMs) represent the variability and commonality of a family of software products. The development of FMs may introduce inaccurate feature relationships. These relationships may cause various types of defects such as inconsistencies, which deteriorate the quality of software products. Several researchers have worked on the identification of defects due to inconsistency in FMs, but only a few of them have explained their causes. In this paper, FM is transformed to predicate‐based feature model ontology using Prolog. Further, first‐order logic is employed for defining rules to identify defects due to inconsistency, the explanations for their causes, and suggestions for their corrections. The proposed approach is explained using an FM available in Software Product Line Online Tools repository. It is validated using 26 FMs of discrete sizes up to 5,543 features, generated using the FeatureIDE tool and real‐world FMs. Results indicate that the proposed methodology is effective, accurate, and scalable and improves software product line.
Accountability and not‐for‐profit organisations: Implications for developing international financial reporting standards
Authors: Crawford Louise , Morgan Gareth G. , Cordery Carolyn J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper provides empirical evidence which informs contemporary debates on developing international financial reporting standards for not‐for‐profit organisations (NPOs). Drawing on a global survey with respondents showing experience of NPO reporting in 179 countries, we explore: practice and beliefs about NPO financial reporting internationally; perceptions of accountability between NPOs and stakeholders; and implications for developing international financial reporting standards. Interpreting our research in the context of accountability, we find considerable support for developing international financial reporting standards for NPOs, recognising broad stewardship accountability to all stakeholders as important, but prioritising accountability upwards to external funders and regulators.
Optimization of pork jerky fermentation with Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Authors: Zhao Changqing , Shu Li , Lu Ziyang , Huang Jing , He Sha , Li Yubin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLactobacillus bulgaricus was used to ferment raw pork to pork jerky at different fermentation conditions, including temperature, initial pH value, and time. Through assessing the sensory attributes, the free amino acids, and pH of the pork jerky, it was determined that the optimum conditions for fermentation was temperature of 35 °C, initial pH of 6.5, and fermentation time of 36 hr. Through fermenting with L. bulgaricus, the texture, the color, and the flavor of the prepared pork jerky were improved. The pH of pork jerky was lower than fresh pork which thus, potentially enhanced the safety of pork jerky. Additionally, the free amino acids contents of pork jerky were higher (greater than 143.5 mg/100 g) than the fresh pork (64.0 mg/100 g) which suggest more benefits and better absorption. The results presented herein demonstrate that the L. bulgaricus can be used for the production of fermented pork jerky to improve the quality attributes and the safety of pork jerky.Practical applicationsPork jerky is a traditional food in China. It is popular because it is tasty and easy to carry. Microbial fermentation technology was applied to the production process of the pork jerky, which can change the traditional dried meat product quality and processing technology that change little for years. The fermented pork jerky not only improves the flavor of pork jerky, also improve its security. Therefore, the fermented pork jerky can overcome the defects of traditional process, such as hard palate, off‐color, and preservative addition.
Prevalence, molecular identification and characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from beef burgers
Authors: Soleimani Maryam , Hosseini Hedayat , Pilevar Zahra , Mehdizadeh Mehrangiz , Carlin Frédéric 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe 3‐component hemolysin BL (Hbl) and non‐hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) are probably associated with Bacillus cereus diarrheal outbreaks. In this study, toxin transcription of 18 biochemically positive isolates isolated from 80 beef burgers containing different percentage of meat (30, 60, and 90%) were evaluated using PCR method. Bacterial growth curves were further obtained by Bioscreen C to predict B. cereus population of uncooked and fried burgers kept at refrigerator and at room temperatures. The results showed that 22.5% of beef burgers (18 of 80 burgers) were contaminated with B. cereus where 14/18 and 5/18 of the samples contaminated to B. cereus with Nhe and Hbl genes, respectively. No significant growth was observed in burgers stored at 4 °C, although after 8 hr the uncooked burgers and within 10 hr the fried burgers stored at 20 °C were considered as spoiled by reaching B. cereus counts of >106 cfu/g.Practical applicationsBacillus cereus is recognized as a causative agent of emetic and diarrheal foodborne poisoning. To differentiate the encoding chromosomal genes of Nhe (i.e., nheA, nheB, and nheC) and Hbl (i.e., hblC, hblD, and hblA), multiplex PCR was quite selective to perform.
Cost‐Effectiveness of a Care Transitions Program in a Multimorbid Older Adult Cohort
Authors: Hanson Gregory J. , Borah Bijan J. , Moriarty James P. , Ransom Jeanine E. , Naessens James M. , Takahashi Paul Y. 
Published: November 2017

Background/ObjectivesFacing penalties for preventable 30‐day hospital readmissions, many provider groups have implemented programs to remedy this problem, but the cost efficacy and value of such programs are not well delineated. The objective was to compare total cost of care over 30 days of individuals enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Care Transitions (MCCT) program and individuals not enrolled.DesignRetrospective cohort study using secondary data analysis of a previously published cohort study.SettingMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.ParticipantsMCCT participants (n = 363) and individuals in a propensity‐matched referent cohort (n = 365).InterventionMCCT program enrollment.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was total cost of care over 30 days after hospital discharge. A 2‐part modeling strategy was used to analyze 30‐day costs: whether individuals had non‐zero costs during the 30 days after discharge and a generalized linear model for individuals who incurred costs. Potential heterogeneous effects of the MCCT program were examined according to decile of 30‐day costs using quantile regression.ResultsMean age was 83 in both groups. Adjusted mean 30‐day cost after hospitalization was $3,363 (95% confidence interval (CI) = $2,512−4,213) in the MCCT group and $4,161 (95% CI = $3,096−5,226) in the control group (P = .25). Cost savings of $2,744 (P = .008) at the eighth decile and $3,388 (P = .20) at the ninth decile were demonstrated. Thus, the only statistically significant differences were in the post hoc subgroup analysis in the highest‐cost subgroups.ConclusionWe did not find a difference in overall mean costs between the MCCT group and the control group, although intervention participants in the upper deciles of costs appeared to experience lower costs than controls. A larger study cohort might better determine the value of the intervention.
Evaluation of a diagnostic therapeutic educational pathway for asthma management in youth
Authors: Guarnaccia Sebastiano , Quecchia Cristina , Festa Andrea , Magoni Michele , Moneda Marco , Gretter Valeria , Scarcella Carmelo , Pluda Ada , Gasparotti Cinzia , Frassine Malica , Vitale Luigi , D'Agata Emanuele , Limina Rosa Maria , Donato Francesco 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundIn spite of some evidence for positive effects of patient's education to asthma self‐management by randomized clinical trials, there are few studies on the impact of patient’ s educational programs in the real world. We aimed to assess the impact of a diagnostic therapeutic educational pathway (DTEP) on asthma control of children and adolescents by comparing frequency of outcomes indicative of asthma control before and after attending the pathway.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study including all patients aged 6‐11 and 12‐17 years who attended the DTEP in 2007‐2014. The DTEP includes 3 specialist's evaluations at 8‐ to 12‐week intervals and two follow‐up visits. Patients and their parents receive an educational course concerning prevention measures, early recognition of symptoms, and appropriate use of drugs and devices. The rates of hospitalizations, outpatient services, emergency room visits, and drug prescriptions were considered as outcomes and computed as number of events divided by person‐time.ResultsA total of 806 patients were enrolled. A statistically significant decrease in rates from before to after DTEP was observed for almost all outcomes, in both age groups, with relative risks ranging from 0.12 to 0.60. The rates of drug prescription showed a statistically significant decrease, from before to after DTEP, for each type of medicine for asthma, in both age groups, from percent difference of −66% to −24.3%.ConclusionsThe positive impact of this program on the outcomes indicative of asthma control in both children and adolescents suggests that it may be valuable for asthma management.
Shaftesbury on Persons, Personal Identity and Character Development
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: November 2017

AbstractShaftesbury's major work Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times was one of the most influential English works in the eighteenth century. This paper focuses on his contributions to debates about persons and personal identity and shows that Shaftesbury regards metaphysical questions of personal identity as closely connected with normative questions of character development. I argue that he is willing to accept that persons are substances and that he takes their continued existence for granted. He sees the need to supplement metaphysical debates of personal identity and believes that we have to turn to the character that is realized by a substance if we want to understand who we are. For Shaftesbury, persons have a particular character, can act and govern themselves. I propose that Shaftesbury's approach to persons has a developmental dimension, which is meant to encourage personal development and improvement of character. The developmental dimension can be understood as an intellectual journey that invites us to search for our true self, to develop our character and to seek happiness, which ultimately involves understanding our place as persons in the order of the universe. I show that my developmental interpretation is preferable to other existing interpretations.
Skeletal open‐bite treatment with zygomatic anchorage for a child with mental retardation: A new modality
Authors: Shetty Y. Rajmohan , Keshan Anisha , Hegde Amitha M. , R Manju , Shetty Ashutosh 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTAnterior open bite (AOB) is one of the most difficult malocclusions to treat and maintain in orthodontics. Malocclusion occurs more frequently in children with disabilities than in healthy children. Surgical correction of severe AOB often requires maxillary impaction to reduce the anterior facial height. The zygomatic buttress area could be a valuable anchorage site to achieve intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth. A 16‐year‐old boy with mental retardation showing signs of persistence of infantile behavior, decreased cognitive functioning, and psychomotor skill deficits (no identified syndrome) with an AOB was treated by intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth using I‐shaped multipurpose titanium miniplate (SK Surgicals, India). A 7 mm AOB was corrected after 6 months of intrusion. The benefits of this treatment as an alternative to conventional orthodontic appliances are significant in subjects who lack the understanding or with manual dexterity to use an orthopedic appliance.
Alternative prenatal care interventions to alleviate Black–White maternal/infant health disparities
Authors: Adams Crystal , Thomas Shameka Poetry 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper attempts to forward the maternal health literature that critiques standard prenatal care in the United States by drawing on intersectionality, medicalization, and fundamental causation theories. We argue that these theories deepen our understanding of the maternal health experiences of Black women and can help explain why alternative prenatal care interventions have value for Black pregnant women. Alternative models of prenatal care, which include the use of midwives, doulas, and group prenatal care, are associated with equal or better health outcomes for infants and mothers compared to the standard prenatal model in the United States. We begin by drawing on these sociological perspectives to identify gaps in the maternal health literature that is critical of standard biomedical maternal health approaches. We then go on to describe select alternative methods of prenatal care and then provide a summary of the epidemiological literature as it relates to sociodemographic trends in usage and the relative effectiveness of alternative models compared to standard care. We conclude by arguing that a joint, critical application of these three theories can help scholars explain the utility of alternative interventions for African American maternal/infant health and can inform policies that aim to alleviate Black–White maternal/infant health disparities.
PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION: A TOOL TO STUDY THE UNDERLYING PHYSICS OF TURBULENCE
Authors: Mohd Yahya Syed , Anwer Syed Fahad , Sanghi Sanjeev 
Published: November 2017

Wall bounded turbulence have been investigated by many authors to understand the underlying physics, experimentally as well as numerically with different techniques and methods. Enormous studies are reported in the literature in the field of turbulence to get the insight of near wall structure in a broad spectrum of Reynolds number. To recognize the contribution of different turbulent scales in a flow a well-known technique, Proper Orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used. Dynamical behaviour of coherent structure in a turbulent channel flow submitted to high temperature gradient is investigated via proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The turbulent data is generated using thermal large eddy simulation (TLES) of channel flow at Re = 180 for two values of temperature ratio between hot and cold wall. The POD technique is applied to fluctuating part of the velocity to study the temporal evolution of the most energetic modes. It is observed that dominant flow structures are elongated in streamwise direction which further distorted due to the interaction with bean shaped propagating modes. The plotted average energy E(t) as a function of non-dimensional time shows a constant level of fluctuating energy with one little peak at t+ = 1000, all other smaller spikes are showing constant fluctuations about mean line. This behavior at quantitatively describe the role of temperature stratification which stabilizes the roll mode energy and prevent them from breakup into smaller scales thus affects the interaction process during turbulent burst event resulting in a chugging or relaminarizing phenomenon. It is observed that thermal stratification decreases the bursting rate by slowing the breaking mechanism of streamwise elongated modes to larger number of bean shaped modes which results in relaminarization of the flow near hot wall.
EFFECT OF VARYING THE DOUBLE RADIAL SWIRLER CONFIGURATION ON THE FLUID DYNAMIC AND EMISSIONS PERFORMANCES IN A CAN COMBUSTOR
Authors: Md Zainul Mohd Najib , Mohd Jaafar Mohammad Nazri , Mat Lazim Tholudin 
Published: November 2017

The main purpose of this article is to present the fluid dynamic and combustion performances of a can combustor applying double radial flow swirler. Analysis was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation (CFD) and compared with experimental works conducted by previous researchers. Air pollution, in the form of gaseous emissions from gas turbine generator reportedly increasing every year. Design modifications was identified and used in this study where air swirler been proven able to reduce the formation rate of gaseous emission such as NOx and CO during combustion. Swirler in a burner is a device that serves to improve the air and fuel mixture in the main combustion zone. Swirlers, presently studied are from a combination of two radial swirlers with different vane angle (primary and secondary) such as 30o/40o, 30o/50o and 30o/60o. Application of Ansys Fluent 14 CFD solvers was used in this study. Turbulent flow model used was from Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) type involving k-ϵ. The fuel used is diesel. The parameters studied were wall temperature distribution along the combustor, the volume of NOx and volume of CO in the main combustion zone. Results from this study showed that the combination of 30o/60o generates the lowest gaseous emissions production rate. The highest average percentage error obtained by simulation studies compared to the actual experimental values for NOx was 22% and CO was 17.8%. Comparison between simulation and actual study proves that the simulation method can be used for preliminary decision and able to be used as benchmark to determine which is the best swirler configuration.