bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Diversity Climate and Psychological Adjustment at School—Equality and Inclusion Versus Cultural Pluralism
Authors: Schachner Maja K. , Noack Peter , Van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Eckstein Katharina 
Published: April 2016

The present study is concerned with cultural diversity climate at school and how it relates to acculturation orientations and psychological school adjustment of early adolescent immigrants. Specifically, the distinct role of two types of diversity policy is investigated, namely (a) fostering equality and inclusion and (b) acknowledging cultural pluralism. Longitudinal multilevel analyses based on 386 early adolescent immigrant students (Mage = 10.49 years) in 44 ethnically heterogeneous classrooms in Germany revealed that the manifestations of both types of policies promote psychological school adjustment (i.e., better well‐being and fewer psychological and behavioral problems) at the individual level. However, they differ in their effects on acculturation orientations. At the classroom level, equality and inclusion promote assimilation. Implications for research and educational practice are discussed.
A historical biogeography of megadiverse Sericini—another story “out of Africa”?
Authors: Eberle Jonas , Fabrizi Silvia , Lago Paul , Ahrens Dirk 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMegadiverse insect groups present special difficulties for biogeographers because poor classification, incomplete knowledge of taxonomy, and many undescribed species can introduce a priori sampling bias to any analysis. The historical biogeography of Sericini, a tribe of melolonthine scarabs comprising about 4000 species, was investigated using the most comprehensive and time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny available today. Problems arising through nomenclatural confusion were overcome by extensive sampling (665 species) from all major lineages of the tribe. A West Gondwanan origin of Sericini (c. 112 Ma) was reconstructed using maximum parsimony, maximum‐likelihood and model‐based ancestral area estimation. Vicariance in the tribe's earliest history separated Neotropical and Old World Sericini, whereas subsequent lower Cretaceous biogeography of the tribe was characterized by repeated migrations out of Africa, resulting in the colonization of Eurasia and Madagascar. North America was colonized from Asia during the Cenozoic and a lineage of “Modern Sericini” reinvaded Africa. Diversification dynamics revealed three independent shifts to increased speciation rates: in African ant‐adapted Trochalus, Oriental Tetraserica, and Asian and African Sericina. Southern Africa is proposed as both cradle and refuge of Sericini. This area has retained many old lineages that portray the evolution of the African Sericini fauna as a series of taxon pulses.
Postoperative antimicrobials after lung transplantation and the development of multidrug‐resistant bacterial and Clostridium difficile infections: an analysis of 500 non‐cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients
Authors: Whiddon Alexandra R. , Dawson Kyle L. , Fuentes Amaris , Perez Katherine K. , Peterson Leif E. , Kaleekal Thomas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundBroad‐spectrum antimicrobials are given prophylactically post‐transplant, although these agents are a risk factor for multidrug‐resistant (MDR) infections and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). This study aimed to determine whether an association exists between the duration of antimicrobials given early post‐transplant and the development of MDR infections or CDI.MethodsA single‐center retrospective analysis was performed on lung transplants from September 2009 to August 2014. Patients were excluded for cystic fibrosis (CF) or postoperative survival less than 30 d. Qualifying infections were defined as any new positive MDR bacterial culture or C. difficile assay from postoperative day 7–90 d after a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial.ResultsA total of 500 patients, 61% male, were identified, median age of 62 yr. MDR infections occurred in 169 (34%) and CDI in 31 (6%). Non‐ICU days were associated with a decreased risk of MDR/CDI (OR 0.891, p = 0.0002), and duration of Gram‐positive antimicrobials (OR 1.073, p = 0.0219) was associated with an increased risk.ConclusionsOne‐third (34%) of non‐CF lung transplants develop MDR infections and 6% develop CDI within 90 d of postoperative antimicrobials. The duration of Gram‐positive antimicrobials may increase the risk of MDR/CDI, while early transfer from the ICU may have a protective effect.
Cellular recruitment in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Bonaventura Aldo , Montecucco Fabrizio , Dallegri Franco 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) is strictly linked to atherosclerosis. Beyond the mechanical narrowing of coronary vessels lumen, during MI a great burden of inflammation is carried out. One of the crucial events is represented by the ischaemia/reperfusion injury, a complex event involving inflammatory cells (such as neutrophils, platelets, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells) and key activating signals (such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors). Cardiac repair following myocardial infarction is dependent on a finely regulated response involving a sequential recruitment and the clearance of different subsets of inflammatory cells.Materials and methodsThis narrative review was based on the works detected on PubMed and MEDLINE up to November 2015.ResultsInfarct healing classically follows three overlapping phases: the inflammatory phase, in which the innate immune pathways are activated and inflammatory leucocytes are recruited in order to clear the wound from dead cells; the proliferative phase, characterized by the suppression of pro‐inflammatory signalling and infiltration of ‘repairing’ cells secreting matrix proteins in the injured area; and the maturation phase, which is associated with the quiescence and the elimination of the reparative cells together with cross‐linking of the matrix. All these phases are timely regulated by the production of soluble mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors.ConclusionTargeting inflammatory cell recruitment early during reperfusion and healing might be promising to selectively inhibit injury and favour repair. This approach might substantially improve adverse postischaemic left ventricle remodelling, characterized by dilation, hypertrophy of viable segments and progressive dysfunction.
Hanging in the treetops: an in situ experiment in ancient hemlock assessing outbreak defoliator performance among crown levels
Authors: HERVIEUX MEGGY , MAGUIRE DOROTHY Y. , JOHNS ROB C. , BAUCE ÉRIC , BUDDLE CHRIS M. , QUIRING DAN T. 
Published: April 2016

1. Past studies have shown that both egg lay and larval feeding of a generalist defoliator, pale‐winged gray (Iridopsis ephyraria Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), are concentrated in the mid‐lower crown of eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.].2. Using tree‐climbing techniques, we carried out in situ bioassays in large hemlock trees (∼25 m) to determine whether the observed foraging preferences are adaptive and how they reflect associated intra‐tree variations in microhabitat quality associated with temperature and foliage nutritional quality.3. In 1 of 2 years, larval survival was significantly higher in the shaded lower versus sunlit upper crown; however, in both years, groups that fed in the sunlit upper crown branches had larger male and female moths and more female‐biased sex ratios.4. Differences in pale‐winged gray performance among crown levels were somewhat supported by trends in foliage nutritional chemistry but not well‐correlated with variation in temperature.5. The present study is one of only a few to carry out bioassays on large mature trees and results reinforce the idea that foraging patterns of herbivores are likely to reflect trade‐offs among several factors that vary between sunlit and shaded branches within forest canopies.
Evaluation of effective stress along the border of lateral notches
Authors: Maggiolini E. , Tovo R. , Livieri P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper analyses the issue of defect nucleation due to fatigue loading in notched components where cracks occur in the proximity of the zone where the major stress gradient occurs. On the basis of recent experimental results where the defects do not nucleate at the notch tip, the effective stress evaluated by means of the implicit gradient approach, can explain the reasons for this apparent discrepancy.Furthermore, in order to find a kind of notch that underlines the nucleation outside the maximum stress zone, rectangular lateral notches have been investigated. Rectangular notches could provide an interesting theoretical and experimental benchmark or reference case in order to validate effective stress definitions. The linear elastic stress field at edges, corners and in the surrounding material of rectangular, sharp or rounded lateral notches has been analysed by means of the implicit gradient approach. The consequent effective values of these notches are evaluated in relation to brittle fractures or their predicted fatigue strength values.
Cheatgrass is favored by warming but not CO2 enrichment in a semi‐arid grassland
Authors: Blumenthal Dana M. , Kray Julie A. , Ortmans William , Ziska Lewis H. , Pendall Elise 
Published: April 2016

AbstractElevated CO2 and warming may alter terrestrial ecosystems by promoting invasive plants with strong community and ecosystem impacts. Invasive plant responses to elevated CO2 and warming are difficult to predict, however, because of the many mechanisms involved, including modification of phenology, physiology, and cycling of nitrogen and water. Understanding the relative and interactive importance of these processes requires multifactor experiments under realistic field conditions. Here, we test how free‐air CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppmv) and infrared warming (+1.5 °C day/3 °C night) influence a functionally and phenologically distinct invasive plant in semi‐arid mixed‐grass prairie. Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), a fast‐growing Eurasian winter annual grass, increases fire frequency and reduces biological diversity across millions of hectares in western North America. Across 2 years, we found that warming more than tripled B. tectorum biomass and seed production, due to a combination of increased recruitment and increased growth. These results were observed with and without competition from native species, under wet and dry conditions (corresponding with tenfold differences in B. tectorum biomass), and despite the fact that warming reduced soil water. In contrast, elevated CO2 had little effect on B. tectorum invasion or soil water, while reducing soil and plant nitrogen (N). We conclude that (1) warming may expand B. tectorum's phenological niche, allowing it to more successfully colonize the extensive, invasion‐resistant northern mixed‐grass prairie, and (2) in ecosystems where elevated CO2 decreases N availability, CO2 may have limited effects on B. tectorum and other nitrophilic invasive species.
Predictors of in‐hospital mortality in octogenarian patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention after ST segment elevated myocardial infarction
Authors: Ipek Gokturk , Kurmus Ozge , Koseoglu Cemal , Onuk Tolga , Gungor Baris , Kirbas Ozgur , Karatas Mehmet B , Keskin Muhammed , Betul Borklu Edibe , Hayiroglu Mert Ilker , Tanik Ozan , Oz Ahmet , Bolca Osman 
Published: April 2016

AimOctogenarian patients have higher mortality and morbidity rates after acute coronary syndromes. Risk factors for in‐hospital mortality in the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era were underrepresented in previous studies. In the present study, we aimed to assess the risk factors of in‐hospital mortality after primary PCI in this population.MethodsWe analyzed 2353 patients who underwent primary PCI after ST segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients were divided into two groups according to aged: ≥80 years (octogenarian) and <80 years (control). Risk factors for in‐hospital mortality were analyzed in the whole group and octogenarian patients.ResultsWe found that octogenarians have 10.6‐fold higher mortality risk after STEMI. After a univariate and multivariate analysis, acute stent thrombosis was the most explicit risk factor for in‐hospital mortality in the octogenarian group (OR 21.13, 95% CI 2.11–102.76,P < 0.001). Additionally, anterior myocardial infarction (OR 4.90, 95% CI 1.90–22.10,P = 0.04), ventricular arrhythmias (OR 15.64, 95% CI 2.81–87.12,P = 0.002), multivessel disease (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.11–38.85,P = 0.04), ejection fraction <30% (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.26–6.00,P = 0.04) and KILLIP score ≥2 (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.20– 7.41,P = 0.01) were also significantly associated with mortality.ConclusionsAcute stent thrombosis, anterior MI, heart failure, low ejection fraction, ventricular arrhythmias and multivessel disease are the independent risk factors for in‐hospital mortality among octogenarian patients after primary PCI.Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 584–590.
Molecular comparison of Slc11a1 and Slc11a2 genes of swamp‐ and riverine‐type water buffaloes
Authors: Padiernos R. B. C. , Mingala C. N. 
Published: April 2016

SummarySolute‐linked carrier 11a and 11a2 (Slc) have been associated with disease resistance and/or susceptibility across animal species. These genes have an important mechanism in the regulation against intracellular infection. This study analysed the genetic characteristic of Slc 11a and 11a2 in swamp‐type and riverine‐type water buffaloes to understand their immunological distinction. Characterization of Slc11a1 and Slc11a2 genes from swamp‐ and riverine‐type water buffaloes was carried out by molecular cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The cloned cDNA of Slc11a1 and Slc11a2 contained an open reading frame of 1647 and 1723 nucleotides, encoding 549 and 574 amino acids, respectively. Nucleotide sequence homology of both Slc11a1 and Slc11a2 had 99% in swamp and riverine type, which gives almost identical polypeptide. However, Slc11a1 and Slc11a2 have substitutions of 5 and 1 amino acid residues, correspondingly. These substitutions suggest as a potential gene markers for resistance and/or susceptibility to intracellular infection. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis confirmed the degree of relationship between the bubaline species and justifies the distinctness of each breed by the bootstrap value generated.
The long‐term effectiveness of a selective, personality‐targeted prevention program in reducing alcohol use and related harms: a cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Newton Nicola C. , Conrod Patricia J. , Slade Tim , Carragher Natacha , Champion Katrina E. , Barrett Emma L. , Kelly Erin V. , Nair Natasha K. , Stapinski Lexine , Teesson Maree 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundThis study investigated the long‐term effectiveness of Preventure, a selective personality‐targeted prevention program, in reducing the uptake of alcohol, harmful use of alcohol, and alcohol‐related harms over a 3‐year period.MethodsA cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Preventure. Schools were block randomized to one of two groups: the Preventure group (n = 7 schools) and the Control group (n = 7 schools). Only students screening as high‐risk on one of four personality profiles (anxiety sensitivity, negative thinking, impulsivity, and sensation seeking) were included in the analysis. All students were assessed at five time points over a 3‐year period: baseline; immediately after the intervention; and 12, 24, and 36 months after baseline. Students were assessed on frequency of drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol‐related harms. Two‐part latent growth models were used to analyze intervention effects, which included all students with data available at each time point. This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12612000026820; www.anzctr.org.au).ResultsA total of 438 high‐risk adolescents (mean age, 13.4 years; SD = 0.47) from 14 Australian schools were recruited to the study and completed baseline assessments. Relative to high‐risk Control students, high‐risk Preventure students displayed significantly reduced growth in their likelihood to consume alcohol [b = −0.225 (0.061); p < .001], to binge drink [b = −0.305 (.096); p = 0.001], and to experience alcohol‐related harms [b = −0.255 (0.096); p = .008] over 36 months.ConclusionsFindings from this study support the use of selective personality‐targeted preventive interventions in reducing the uptake of alcohol, alcohol misuse, and related harms over the long term. This trial is the first to demonstrate the effects of a selective alcohol prevention program over a 3‐year period and the first to demonstrate the effects of a selective preventive intervention in Australia.
Na+‐Activated K+ Channels in Rat Supraoptic Neurones
Authors: Bansal V. , Fisher T. E. 
Published: April 2016

The magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamus secrete the neurohormones vasopressin and oxytocin. The systemic release of these hormones depends on the rate and pattern of MNC firing and it is therefore important to identify the ion channels that contribute to the electrical behaviour of MNCs. In the present study, we report evidence for the presence of Na+‐activated K+ (KNa) channels in rat MNCs. KNa channels mediate outwardly rectifying K+ currents activated by the increases in intracellular Na+ that occur during electrical activity. Although the molecular identity of native KNa channels is unclear, their biophysical properties are consistent with those of expressed Slick (slo 2.1) and Slack (slo 2.2) proteins. Using immunocytochemistry and Western blot experiments, we found that both Slick and Slack proteins are expressed in rat MNCs. Using whole cell voltage clamp techniques on acutely isolated rat MNCs, we found that inhibiting Na+ influx by the addition of the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin or the replacement of Na+ in the external solution with Li+ caused a significant decrease in sustained outward currents. Furthermore, the evoked outward current density was significantly higher in rat MNCs using patch pipettes containing 60 mm Na+ than it was when patch pipettes containing 0 mm Na+ were used. Our data show that functional KNa channels are expressed in rat MNCs. These channels could contribute to the activity‐dependent afterhyperpolarisations that have been identified in the MNCs and thereby play a role in the regulation of their electrical behaviour.
Safety and patient subjective efficacy of using galvanopuncture for the treatment of striae distensae
Authors: Bitencourt Shanna , Lunardelli Adroaldo , Amaral Robson Henrich , Dias Henrique Bregolin , Boschi Emerson Soldateli , de Oliveira Jarbas Rodrigues 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundStriae distensae are linear atrophic dermal scars with associated epidermal atrophy. This recurrent skin disorder causes a significant cosmetic and psychologic concern and remains a therapeutic challenge, especially when they are mature and hypopigmented (striae alba).AimsIn this prospective single‐center study, we evaluated the efficacy, safety, and patient's satisfaction of galvanopuncture for the treatment of striae alba.Patients/MethodsThirty‐two female subjects with striae alba present on the buttocks were treated with galvanopuncture once a week over a period of 10 weeks. Photographs and a percentage category scale were used to assess striae improvement and patient's satisfaction. Biochemical analyses were performed to assess possible systemic inflammatory effects or oxidative stress induction by the treatment.ResultsAll patients achieved a substantial increase in clinical improvement in their striae within 10 treatment sessions. Galvanopuncture did not induce any inflammatory effect; however, it reduced oxidative injury.ConclusionThe use of galvanopuncture for the treatment of striae alba demonstrated a significant improvement in the lesions with visible results. This study supports the high degree of patient's satisfaction and demonstrate the safe and effective use of galvanopuncture in the treatment of striae alba on several skin types.
Exodus from Sovereign Risk: Global Asset and Information Networks in the Pricing of Corporate Credit Risk
Authors: LEE JONGSUB , NARANJO ANDY , SIRMANS STACE 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTUsing five‐year credit default swap (CDS) spreads on 2,364 companies in 54 countries from 2004 to 2011, we find that firms exposed to stronger property rights through their foreign asset positions (institutional channel) and firms cross‐listed on exchanges with stricter disclosure requirements (informational channel) reduce their CDS spreads by 40 bps for a one‐standard‐deviation increase in their exposure to the two channels. These channels capture effects beyond those associated with firm‐ and country‐level fundamentals. Overall, we find that firm‐level global asset and information connections are important mechanisms to delink firms from their sovereign and country risks.
Educational Gradients in Parents' Child‐Care Time Across Countries, 1965–2012
Authors: Dotti Sani Giulia M. , Treas Judith 
Published: April 2016

AbstractParental time with children leads to posive child outcomes. Some studies have reported a posive educational gradient: More educated parents devote more time to children than other parents. Furthermore, some research finds that parental child care increased over time. Less certain is whether more educated parents increased their time more than less educated ones did, whether parenting trends for mothers and fathers are the same, and whether observed patterns characterize all Western countries or only some. Hypotheses inspired by theories of social diffusion, class differentiation, and ideologies of child rearing are tested with time‐use data for 11 Western countries between 1965 and 2012. For both mothers and fathers, results indicated a widespread educational gradient and an increase in child‐care time. In a number of countries, the posive educational gradient increased; nowhere was it dished. Thus, the advantages of intensive parenting continued to accrue to the well‐educated elite.
Melatonin reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in liver of leptin‐deficient mice
Authors: de Luxán‐Delgado Beatriz , Potes Yaiza , Rubio‐González Adrian , Caballero Beatriz , Solano Juan José , Fernández‐Fernández María , Bermúdez Manuel , Rodrigues Moreira Guimarães Marcela , Vega‐Naredo Ignacio , Boga José Antonio , Coto‐Montes Ana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe sedentary lifestyle of modern society along with the high intake of energetic food has made obesity a current worldwide health problem. Despite great efforts to study the obesity and its related diseases, the mechanisms underlying the development of these diseases are not well understood. Therefore, identifying novel strategies to slow the progression of these diseases is urgently needed. Experimental observations indicate that melatonin has an important role in energy metabolism and cell signalling; thus, the use of this molecule may counteract the pathologies of obesity. In this study, wild‐type and obese (ob/ob) mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of melatonin at a dose of 500 μg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, and the livers of these mice were used to evaluate the oxidative stress status, proteolytic (autophagy and proteasome) activity, unfolded protein response, inflammation and insulin signalling. Our results show, for the first time, that melatonin could significantly reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress in leptin‐deficient obese animals and ameliorate several symptoms that characterize this disease. Our study supports the potential of melatonin as a therapeutic treatment for the most common type of obesity and its liver‐associated disorders.