bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing in Fibromyalgia Patients / Termāla Kvantitatīva Sensora Testēšana Fibromialģijas Pacientiem
Authors: Mihailova Marija , Logina Ināra , Rasa Santa , Čapenko Svetlana , Murovska Modra , Krūmiņa Angelika 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder manifested by diffuse musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep, and emotional disturbance. The disorder is probably associated with dysfunction of C and A delta peripheral nerve fibres. Thermal quantitative sensory testing (QST) was used to analyse thinly myelinated A delta fibres and nonmylinated C fibres, which function in the nociceptive sensory system, and the spinothalamic pathway. The observation that FM pain has neuropathic nature increased the value of QST as an additional diagnostic tool. The research group included 51 patients. Somatic symptoms were assessed using the Fatigue Severity Score (FSS), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2010 year diagnostic criteria. QST was performed by using thermal stimulus at wrist and feet. QST results were compared with 20 non-FM controls matched for age and sex. FM patients showed significant alteration of thermal perception and pain threshold compared with that in healthy controls, which demonstrated possible neuropathic pain nature in FM patients. Changes were more expressed in warm perception and heat pain threshold, which probably indicates that in FM patients C fibres are more damaged and warm perception and warm pain threshold are more sensitive, which may be used as FM diagnostics. We also found statistically significant negative correlations between warm and cold perception thresholds and between heat and cold pain thresholds, reflecting central sensitization or a defective pain inhibitory system.
Functional and Structural Evaluation of Afferent Visual System in Multiple Sclerosis Patients / Funkcionālas un Strukturālas Redzes Sistēmas Izmaiņas Multiplās Sklerozes Pacientiem
Authors: Pastare Daina , Ķire Ieva , Erts Renārs , Laganovska Guna , Millers Andrejs 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
There is insufficient information about the progress and variability of multiple sclerosis (MS). Afferent visual pathways are an appropriate MS clinical model. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows to perform precise measurements of axonal tissue in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL). Visual evoked potentials (VEP) provide information about the functional status of visual pathways. The aim of our study was to use OCT and VEP to evaluate MS patients with and without optic neuritis (ON) history and to determine relationships between functional and structural changes. The cross-sectional study included 76 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 28 healthy controls. The lowest mean VEP N75/P100 amplitude was found in ON affected eyes (8.16 mkV, SD = 4.60). However, it was observed that the mean amplitude in patients without ON (M = 9.86; SD = 4.63) was by 4.64 mkV lower than in controls (p < 0.001). Similarly, the mean P 100 latency in ON eyes was 9.26 ms longer than in eyes of patients without ON history (p < 0.01). RNFL in the temporal segment (RNFLT) was the thinnest in ON eyes, and even in patient eyes without ON, it was thinner than in controls. We found a significant positive correlation between RNFLT and mean N75/P100 amplitude in patients without ON (rs = 0.43; p < 0.001), and after ON (rs = 0.45; p < 0.001). Both in patients without ON (rs = -0.40; p < 0.001) and in ON eyes we found a significant negative correlation (rs = -0.55; p > 0.001) between RNFLT and mean P100 latency. In summary, we found that deterioration in the visual system was not associated with the clinical ON episode. Regardless of ON symptoms in history, there exists correlation between functional and structural changes.
Nasal alar and lobule reconstruction – Case presentation
Authors: Budurca Aurelian Radu , Stamate Teodor , Cobzeanu Mihail Dan , Balaur Angelica 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We present a reconstruction of a posttraumatic nasal lobular and alar defect in a three-stage intervention. The first operation restored the cartilaginous support by a combination of a free conchal composite graft and a septal chondromucosal pivotal flap covered by a paramedian forehead pedicled flap. The second operation separated the pedicle of the flap, followed one month later by cosmetic refinements. We restored both length and shape of the nose and a functional symmetrical nostril. Surgical options are discussed regarding available donor areas and techniques.
Conclusion. Lobule reconstruction must be performed as an entire esthetic unit and must address all three layers - skin, cartilage and internal lining. Careful planning is fundamental in ensuring good cosmetic results.
Distribución de la orientación empática en estudiantes de odontología. Cartagena, Colombia
Authors: González Martínez Farith Damian , Díaz Narváez Victor Patricio , Arrieta Vergara Katherine , Díaz Cárdenas Shyrley , Tirado Amador Lesbia Rosa , Madera Anaya Meisser 
Published: November 2015

<p><strong>Objetivo</strong> Describir el nivel de empatía de los alumnos que cursan el programa de odontología en la Universidad de Cartagena.</p><p><strong>Métodos </strong>Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo realizado en una muestra de 360 estudiantes de 1º a 5º año de odontología Universidad de Cartagena (Colombia), durante el segundo periodo académico de 2012. En quienes se aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson (EEMJ) en versión español para estudiantes (versión S). El análisis consistió en la estimación de estadígrafos descriptivos; media aritmética y desviación típica en todos los factores y sus niveles correspondientes. La comparación de las medias se realizó mediante un Análisis de Varianza Bifactorial Modelo III, con interacción de primer orden y se aplicó la prueba de comparación múltiple de Duncan.</p><p><strong>Resultados</strong> Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las variables “nivel” (p&lt;0,005) y “sexo” (p&lt;0,001), existiendo menores valores de orientación empática para los estudiantes de 1º nivel y mayores valores para las mujeres. No se encontró significación en la interacción entre estos dos factores (p&gt;0,05).</p><p><strong>Conclusiones</strong> Los valores de orientación empática en los estudiantes de odontología evaluados, fueron diferentes en los niveles de estudio y el sexo, lo que puede influir en la formación profesional integral que propenden las instituciones de educación superior dentro de sus Proyectos Educativos y hace imperativo impulsar el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales en los educandos desde los primeros años de formación, que contribuya a mejorar la calidad de la atención en salud brindada. </p>
Theory by Analogy
Authors: Blanton C. D. 
Published: November 2015

A is—A.—G. W. F. Hegel (Science of Logic 415)The thing stated and the restatement have constituted an analogy.—Wallace Stevens (129)M-C-M'.—Karl Marx (257)There is a hint of Minerva's owl in medieval philosophy's relation to the apparently mundane formal question of analogy. The problem is everywhere in scholastic thought, inherited from Aristotle and Averroës, then adapted as one of the basic formal mechanisms through which Thomistic logic both transposes its own theological categories onto an older classical framework and apprehends metaphysical relations of being, of identity and difference. Classically, it is by analogy that one conceives the likeness of the unlike, extracting a concept from the individual instances and scattered genera in which it otherwise resides: the quality of wisdom that characterizes God, say, but might differently characterize humans; the property of animation that attaches to humans but differently qualifies beasts. Hegel notes this problem of scholastic analogy in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy, when he comments of Aquinas that the category of “substance (forma substantialis) is, for instance, analogous to” Aristotle's notion of entelechy (3: 71) or when he dismisses medieval Latin more generally as “a quite unsuitable instrument” for the consideration of older philosophical forms—in effect, an imprecise exercise in analogy (38).
The Function of Theory at the Present Time
Authors: Cole Andrew 
Published: November 2015

Das Bekannte überhaupt ist darum, weil es bekannt ist, nicht erkannt.—Martin Luther King, Jr.Let me start by defining “theory,” because the definition itself illustrates why we can name hegel as its inventor, rather than marx or Nietzsche, both of whom pick up where Hegel left off. As I suggest in The Birth of Theory, Hegel founds theory in his break from Kant, which I regard as the signal moment when philosophy transforms into theory as we now know it. What makes Hegel different from Kant, in other words, is what makes his habits of thought— his dialectic, above all—lasting and familiar and such a part of what goes into critical theorizing today, even within schools of thought that celebrate their anti-Hegelianism or are indifferent to Hegel. In Hegel we find the following three features that I am content to call “theory.”
EVALUACIÓN DE IMPACTO DEL SISTEMA DE TRANSPORTE METROLÍNEA: REVISIÓN DE METODOLOGÍAS
Authors: Rodriguez Marin Juan Carlos 
Published: November 2015

<p>El servicio de transporte, como bien intermedio, adquiere una dimensión importante si se quiere mejorar la calidad de vida de la personas. El sistema de transporte público constituye uno de los determinantes de la eficiencia económica de las ciudades y de la integración social de sus habitantes. Por tal razón, los municipios de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Girón y Piedecuesta del Departamento de Santander desarrollaron el Sistema Integrado de Transporte Masivo de Pasajeros para Bucaramanga y su Área metropolitana, SITM Metrolinea. El objetivo del trabajo es construir un marco teórico para la formulación de una metodología de evaluación de impacto de la Fase I del Sistema Metrolínea. Las evaluaciones de impacto proveen elementos conceptuales y analíticos que apoyan la toma de decisiones relacionada con los programas evaluados. Se concluye que las metodologías de Propensity Score Matching y precios hedónicos espaciales son las más adecuadas para realizar la evaluación de impacto, las cuáles se han enfocado hacia el análisis del impacto sobre el tiempo de desplazamiento de los usuarios y los cambios en el valor de la propiedad.</p>
LA EMPRESA AGROINDUSTRIAL COLOMBIANA: UN ANÁLISIS DE RELACIONES DE PODER Y CONFIGURACIÓN DE LA APROPIACIÓN DE FACTORES PRODUCTIVOS
Authors: Mariño Arévalo Andrés , Valencia Toro Marcela 
Published: November 2015

<p>Las organizaciones de producción agroindustrial se han convertido en una de las apuestas productivas más importantes para los países latinoamericanos. Este artículo parte de la pregunta ¿El gobierno colombiano ha desarrollado herramientas jurídicas frente a los factores productivos fundamentales (tierra y trabajo) para permitir el aumento de las ganancias de las empresas agroindustriales?</p><p>Para responder a esta pregunta se establece un marco conceptual, en el cual el concepto fundamental es la concepción relacional del poder. Este concepto permite el análisis de las herramientas jurídicas que se han expedido en lo corrido del periodo presidencial con respecto a los factores productivos. En este trabajo también se presenta una concepción de la tenencia de la tierra en Hispanoamérica desde una perspectiva histórica que culmina en la caracterización de la agroindustria en el país. El marco general del análisis, más allá de lo conceptual, es el impacto del conflicto colombiano y su incidencia en la tenencia de la tierra, pues esto permite comprender la forma de las relaciones de poder que allí surgen y cómo influyen en la configuración de la apropiación de los factores productivos analizados.</p>
La revolución pecuaria: del tradicionalismo a la industrialización
Authors: Vergara Wilson 
Published: November 2015

Las espectaculares tasas de crecimiento del sector pecuario mundiales en las últimas dos décadas han conformado una auténtica revolución agraria. Los cambios demográficos, la urbanización acelerada y el rápido crecimiento económico de las economías emergentes son los factores que han impulsado esta revolución. En este proceso el sector pecuario ha sufrido una transformación de su estructura productiva, desde los sistemas tradicionales extensivos hacia los sistemas industrializados intensivos. Esta revolución pecuaria, sin embargo, confronta desafíos y oportunidades globales que solo de manera reciente han llamado la atención sobre la necesidad de desarrollar una institucionalidad coherente con los cambios, y unas políticas que permitan regular los grandes retos que comporta el nuevo entorno del sector pecuario.
Características, ventajas y desventajas de la hibridización in situ para la identificación de agentes patógenos
Authors: Franco Mesa Martha Lilia 
Published: November 2015

La citogenética molecular y los métodos de hibridización in situ (HIS) han revolucionado la comprensión de la estructura, función, organización y evolución de los genes y el genoma, además de permitir identificar la presencia y expresión de agentes patógenos dentro de las células afectadas. La HIS es una técnica que combina la biología molecular y las técnicas de histoquímica para estudiar la expresión de genes en secciones de tejido y preparados citológicos, de tal manera que el ADN o el ARN puedan localizarse rápidamente en una célula específica. La HIS localiza la secuencia específica de un gen in situ y visualiza el producto de la expresión de dicho gen preservando al tiempo la integridad de la célula dentro del tejido que la rodea, lo cual permite dictar interpretaciones anatómicas significativas. Esta técnica es el resultado de una reacción en la cual una sonda marcada se une a una secuencia de ácido nucleico complementarias entre sí. Los métodos de HIS son aplicables en investigación clínica y en patología diagnóstica, siendo muy utilizados para buscar expresión de genes cromosomales o para detectar la presencia de bacterias o virus en tejidos infectados, ya que permiten diferenciar los agentes contaminantes de los verdaderos agentes patógenos en un proceso infeccioso.
PCP System Shows Optimal Performance in a Heavy Oil Well in Block 59 Ecuador
Authors: Mena F. , Ruiz R. G. , Pozo L. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to define the best artificial lift system for recovering heavy oil in Vinita Field, located in Block 59 of the Ecuadorian Oriente Basin. This field produces from reservoir “M-1” sandstone. The crude oil gravity of M-1 varies between 13.5 and 15.4 °API. In Vinita Field there have been three different types of artificial lift systems installed with local power generators. The amount of energy used in each lifting system is used as a factor in determining the most suitable lifting system for the wells in this oilfield.
The fluid level of each well and other parameters for the simulation process are determined by pressure tests analysis. The flow simulation is an important step to get a better design and predict the future performance of an artificial lift system. The Inflow and Outflow curves are used to identify the optimal production levels and to determine the production capacity of the well.
The Vinita-3 well used to produce by a hydraulic system. This had several mechanical failures resulting in production losses. The decision to implement the first progressive cavity pump completion (PCP) in Petroamazonas EP has been taken in order to reduce production losses and energy consumption. Vinita-3 is a directional well that presents several challenges for implementing a PCP system. All these challenges were satisfactorily overcome using optimal development of variables, getting optimal production and system performance. The initial investment to implement the PCP system was around 80% less than the investment required for other systems installed previously in the same well. The demand of energy consumption decreased from 53.7 Kw-hour to 8 Kw-hour. The PCP system was installed in June of 2014, and the system has been working with normality until today.
The PCP system has had an optimal performance for lifting the heavy oil of Vinita-3 well and the energy required is less than the energy demanded by other lifting systems. The installation of PCP system in others wells with similar conditions to Vinita-3 can reduce energy demand from other companies that handle heavy oil wells.
Proper Management of Risk, Helps To Reduce Drilling Cost
Authors: Garcia J. Vicente 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In an scenario that shows how expensive conventional drilling has become in Ecuador, with the aggravation of the oil price collapse, Operator's reaction was to opt a new strategy focused on optimizing drilling operations by managing some tolerable risks, which increase productivity, reducing time and costs in some specific directional wells, which brings economic benefits to the company and to the continuity of the development of any field through cheap drilling.
The proposed strategy is based on historical data and the application of productivity concepts are classified in three clear categories to be measured and optimize:
Productivity by time Productivity by day Productivity by man-hour
Putting these categories into a simple set of equations (operation/time), will enable any reader to see that variation in the quotient (time) in all of them is reflected directly in productivity value in an inversely proportion, hence directly affecting project costs. Therefore, companies are forced to manage their drilling time day by day.
It has been said that the critical factor in the total cost of a well is time, so the strategy proposed involves the reduction of drilling time by removing one whole section in wells that meet certain technical criteria. Eliminating a whole section along with proper risk management has enabled to lower costs in about 40% (this includes all tangible and intangible costs).
For the drilling department, the standard that has been set for selecting the number of sections per directional well and based on the horizontal displacement is the following:
2-section directional wells with displacements &lt;= 3000 ft 3-section directional wells with displacement &gt; 3000 ft
Presently, a two-section directional well from spud to Rig Release has a cost of about US$1.7 – 1.8 million.
Drilling Department in an effort to improve the productivity and achieve better performance on its operational activities, has focused to analyze technical concepts combined with the application of basic concepts of productivity presicelly in drilling engineering such as changing from 3 to 2 string well designs. These management of ideas from the engineering and operational point of view has allowed the operator drill faster at a lower cost. The optimal use of available resources, the right application of special tools and taking operational risks mitigated by a high level of management, has allowed achieving the expected success.
From a technical-financial point of view, these results are of great benefit to any operator.
Defining the Optimum Exploitation Strategy Combining Water Injection, Field Development and Artificial Lift Analysis to a Mature Field through Surface and Sub-surface Coupled Models
Authors: Espinola O. , Mehranfar R. , Salama D. , Santafe E. , Nuñez F. , Martínez Mendoza J. F. , Ortega H. , Espinosa A. , Alarcón H. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Many producing fields worldwide have reached the mature phase of development, these fields have been producing for several years (25 to 40 years or more), which is typically beyond the design life, and at this stage there are several challenges from different perspectives from the reservoir to the surface and there are nevertheless a number of viable options for extending the economic life. Recent studies estimate than hydrocarbon production from mature fields will account for more than one-half of the global energy mix for the next 20 years, and probably munch longer (Syed,2008), hence the importance of apply technologies and methodologies (IAM) capable to capture all the interaction in this complex system.
There are several key factors in developing mature oil fields. Reservoir conditions, oil prices, development costs, surrounding pipeline infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks. The recovery and production from these fields can be enhanced by infill drilling, different stimulation and remediation techniques, artificial lift systems, secondary or enhanced recovery, etc. Selecting the optimal strategy requires an integrated approach in the total production system and be able to forecast and evaluate different options of integrated performance, linked to the economic value to support the decision making process.
This paper describes a case study where the implementation of an integrated asset model was performed, taking into account the production system elements (well, reservoir, and production network) as part of the reservoir management strategies developed with the purpose of evaluating, designing and optimizing the field exploitation to increase the recovery factor and profitability of the field. Different studies were performed using the reservoir, surface production network and well modeling, under this integrated approach to quantify the possible production rates, identify the potential effect of artificial lift systems, production capacity and all the technical – economical viable options that can help to reach the goals of the asset in terms of investment and production, justify with high level of engineering all the investment vs benefits; and also helping to generate the plans and actions associated in the execution phase.
Several challenges shown by this field are due to its extensive previous exploitation activity, which leads to the integrated approach becoming the key factor for predicting the real alternatives previously mentioned. As a result, an integrated field management proposal was developed seeking for production optimization and evaluation of different artificial lift options along with recovery schemes such as water injection for pressure maintenance.