bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Erythropoietin on Testosterone Levels During Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Tsompos C. , Panoulis C. , Toutouzas K. , Aggeliki Triantafyllou , Zografos G. , Papalois A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Objective: This experimental study examined the effect of erythropoietin (Epo) in a rat model and particularly in an adrenal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) protocol. The effect of that molecule was studied biochemically using blood mean testosterone levels (T).
Materials and methods: 40 rats of mean weight 247.7 g were used in the study. T levels were measured at 60 min (groups A and C) and at 120 min (groups B and D) of reperfusion. Erythropoietin was administered only in groups C and D.
Results: Erythropoietin administration non significantly increased the testosterone levels by 71.21%+44.19% (p=0.1080). Reperfusion time non-significantly decreased the testosterone levels by 65.17%+44.45% (p=0.0792). However, erythropoietin administration and reperfusion time together produced a non-significant combined effect in increasing the testosterone levels by 27.65%+27.21% (p= 0.3006).
Conclusions: Erythropoietin administration whether it interacted or not with reperfusion time has increasing non significant short-term effects on testosterone levels. Perhaps, a longer study time or a higher Epo dose, may reveal clearer and more significant effects.
Young children’s environmental judgement and its relationship with their understanding of the concept of living things
Authors: Villarroel José Domingo , Antón Álvaro , Zuazagoitia Daniel , Nuño Teresa 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Do young children think that plants deserve morally-based respect or, on the contrary, do they feel that respect for plant life is nothing more than another behavioural norm similar to, for instance, one that states that you should not pick your nose in public? This study examines how dilemmas involving environmental, moral and socio-conventional situations are comprehended in early childhood so as to investigate the issue of whether young children attach a significant degree of severity to transgressions against plant life in comparison with disregarding socially accepted rules. Additionally, young children’s judgements are put into perspective alongside their understanding of the concept of living things in order to shed light on the role that grasping essential biological notions might play in the emergence of young children’s assessments of actions that pose a threat to the environment. The sample of the study consists of 328 children (162 girls and 166 boys) who attend Early Years Education or Primary Education and the data examined comes from the individual interviews conducted with the children. The results are discussed in connection with the current understanding of the source of ethical judgements which emphasises the importance that emotions seem to play in the construction of moral thinking.
Koine formation in context
Authors: Neteland Randi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that the koine formation process is better understood when placed in a national context of language norms and use. Researchers often state that in cases of koine formation, where a koine forms within the same speech community from which the speakers originate – for instance within the same nation – the process will be influenced by that same speech community. Yet, most research on koine formation focusses on the local level, such as the levelling between the language variants of the incomers or the negotiations of power between social classes in the new town. The empirical data presented in this paper, collected in the Norwegian industrial town of Sauda, show that the historical context of language norms and use on the national level has influenced the process on the local level. This influence can be demonstrated by the variants that go into the so-called mix, as well as by the direction on the formation and the outcome of the focussing process. The mechanistic view that the majority variant always wins does not fit the facts presented here. I also hypothesise that since the koine formation process stretches out in time, the context of language norms and use may change during that period, and this sociocultural change may cause the formation process to change direction.
Historical sociolinguistics in colonial New Guinea: The Rhenish mission society in the Astrolabe Bay
Authors: Stolberg Doris 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Rhenish Mission Society, a German Protestant mission, was active in a small part of northern New Guinea, the Astrolabe Bay, between 1887 and 1932. Up until 1914, this region was under German colonial rule. The German dominance was also reflected in rules on language use in official contexts such as schools and administration.Missionaries were strongly affected by such rules as their most important tool in mission work was language. In addition, they were also responsible for school education as most schools in the German colonial areas in the Pacific were mission-run. Thus, mission societies had to make decisions about what languages to use, considering their own needs, their ideological convictions, and the colonial government’s requirements. These considerations were framed by the complex setting of New Guinea’s language wealth where several hundred languages were, and still are, spoken.This paper investigates a small set of original documents from the Rhenish Mission Society to trace what steps were taken and what considerations played a major role in the process of agreeing on a suitable means of communication with the people the missionaries wanted to reach, thereby touching upon topics such as language attitudes, language policies and politics, practical considerations of language learning and language spread, and colonial actions impacting local language ecologies.
James Buchanan’s use of Anne Fisher’s A new grammar: Towards the development of an English grammar teaching method in eighteenth-century English grammar writing
Authors: Willems Vera 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn light of the question how the eighteenth-century English grammar writing tradition contributed to the development of Standard English, this article attempts to answer the question to what extent the grammarian James Buchanan made use of Anne Fisher’s grammar in writing his own. While Buchanan admitted that he consulted the works of other grammarians, he did not reveal which he used. It is argued that Buchanan drew on Fisher’s grammar for his focus on English concord, and for the inclusion of example sentences of false syntax and of exercises on bad English. However, the differences in layout and the subjects discussed in the example sentences and exercises are such that the similarities can be said to fall within the remit of acceptable eighteenth-century authorship and that they do not seem evidence of an attempt to plagiarise. On the contrary, Buchanan’s reliance on Fisher’s grammar can best be understood as a concern with the didactics of English grammar rather than with the actual language norms purported by Fisher – though some features seem inspired by her. As such, Buchanan’s use of Fisher’s grammar can be seen as an attempt to further the development of an English grammar teaching method within the discourse community of the eighteenth-century grammarians.
Influence of Permanent Magnet Characteristic Variability on the Wind Generator Operation
Authors: Kudrjavtsev O. , Kallaste A. , Kilk A. , Vaimann T. , Orlova S. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The paper discusses problems concerning the influence of permanent magnet material characteristics on the low-speed permanent magnet generator losses and output characteristics. The variability of the magnet material and its effect on the output parameters of the machine has been quantified. The characteristics of six different grades of neodymium permanent magnets have been measured and compared to the supplier specification data. The simulations of the generator have been carried out using transient finite element analysis. The results show that magnet materials from different suppliers have different characteristics, which have a significant influence on the generator output parameters, such as efficiency and power factor.
Design of Low-Torque-Ripple Synchronous Reluctance Motor with External Rotor
Authors: Lavrinovicha L. , Dirba J. , Dobriyan R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The paper presents new designs for synchronous reluctance motors that have external rotor (segment-shaped rotor, rotor with additional non-magnetic space to the quadrature axis of the rotor, and rotor with several flux barriers). Impact of the external rotor configuration on the electromagnetic torque and torque ripple is analysed. Electromagnetic torque ripple factor is calculated for each studied motor using the results of magnetic field numerical calculations.
Reshaping local borders in Europe today. A critical reflection founded on an analysis of the case of Finland
Authors: Xavier Albacete , Joan Tort 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn Europe, the amalgamation of local authorities is currently used to optimize public resources. Although amalgamation involves several advantages, it needs to fulfil three conditions to be considered successful. First, address local preferences and needs; second, be fair, transparent and accessible to citizens; and third, be a compromise between central and local political elites. In the current paper the fulfilling of these three conditions is analysed using the comprehensive, bottom-up, Finnish reform introduced during the period of 2008-2013. The findings conclude that while the Finnish local reform plan has been successful in reaching a compromise between local and central governments, it has failed insofar as it has not fulfilled the condition of making the process fair, transparent and accessible to citizens. Furthermore, whether the amalgamation has allowed local government to address citizens’ preferences and needs in a meaningful and responsive way has yet to be demonstrated.
Law, Culture, and Mobilization: Legal Pluralism and Women’s Access to Divorce in Egypt
Authors: Ahmed Zaki Hind 
Published: March 2017

AbstractScholarship on personal status law systems in Muslim-majority countries stresses the challenges facing women’s rights activists seeking to reform family laws. Yet, little research is done on how Islamic family law systems, being inherently pluralistic, could enable activists to challenge hegemonic hermeneutical understandings of Islam. This article draws from a qualitative study of a decade and a half long campaign to reform divorce laws in Egypt to argue that dual legal systems, like the Egyptian one, enabled women’s rights activists to push forward novel hybrid rights claims, despite the structural and discursive constraints they faced. Grounding those claims in the context of Egypt’s pluralistic family law system and shrewdly negotiating multiple legal orders, including alternative interpretations of Islamic Shari’a and national codes, women’s rights activists successfully utilized the cultural power of legal pluralism. The success of this campaign demonstrates the ways in which the institutional and discursive dimensions of a pluralistic family law system in Egypt provided a surprising resource for reform. On a theoretical level, the case study presented in this article highlights the complex legacy and consequences of legal pluralism on women’s rights within culturally and politically constrained settings.
Funktionen der GABAergen Übertragung im unreifen Gehirn
Authors: Kirmse Knut , Holthoff Knut 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung:Während γ-Aminobuttersäure (GABA) im adulten Gehirn synaptische Hemmung vermittelt, wirkt es auf unreife Nervenzellen zumeist depolarisierend und teilweise erregend.
Cholinerge Rückkopplungen auf den auditorischen Hirnstamm
Authors: Künzel Thomas , Wagner Hermann 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung:Absteigende Verbindungen von höheren Hirnarealen zurück in die Peripherie sind in vielen sensorischen Bahnen vorhanden und machen adaptive Informationsverarbeitung möglich, so dass eine größere Bandbreite von Eingängen verarbeitet werden kann. Ein gut charakterisiertes absteigendes System ist die olivo-cochleäre Innervation des Innenohrs, welche eine Reduktion der Sensitivität des Innenohrs aufgrund der Wahrnehmung eines lauten Schallreizes vermittelt. Das olivo-cochleäre System unterstützt die Detektion von kurzzeitigen Schallereignissen durch Hemmung der Antworten im Innenohr auf anhaltendes Hintergrundrauschen. Olivo-cochleäre Neurone innervieren aber auch den Nukleus cochlearis durch kollaterale Axone. Hier erhöht der Transmitter Acetylcholin die Erregbarkeit von zentralen Neuronen, ohne ihre zeitliche Präzision zu verringern. So können ihre Zielneurone im superioren Olivenkomplex effektiver die binauralen Informationen verarbeiten. Dieser zentrale Effekt des olivo-cochleären Systems ergänzt die peripheren Effekte in sinnvoller Weise. Zusätzlich stehen olivo-cochleäre Neurone unter dem Einfluss kortikaler Eingänge, was weitergehende Anpassungsmöglichkeiten der Informationsverarbeitung auf der Ebene des auditorischen Hirnstamms ermöglicht.
Does Customer Loyalty Depend on Corporate Social Responsibility?
Authors: Stanisavljević Milena 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study conducted to examine the dependence of customer loyalty on corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is a good opportunity for a company’s differentiation, but only if customers value the company’s efforts in this field. Loyalty is a primary goal of each company, but it is influenced by numerous factors. The goal of this paper was to examine if CSR influences customer loyalty as one possible factor. Based on the presented results, management recommendations are provided concerning business strategy, mission, and vision formulation, so companies can fulfill customers’ interests and gain their loyalty.
Toward a better prescription method for external radiotherapy
Authors: Mrozowska Marzena , Kukołowicz Paweł 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to compare several methods of dose prescription, the mean dose, the median dose, the effective dose and the generalized Equivalent Uniform Dose (gEUD).
Background: The dose distribution in the planning target volume is never fully homogenous. Depending on the dose prescription method for the same prescribed dose different biologically equivalent doses are delivered. The latest ICRU Report 83 proposes to prescribe the dose to the median dose in the PTV. Several other methods are also in common use. It is important to know what are differences of doses actually delivered depending on the dose prescription method.
Materials and methods: The study was performed for three groups of patients treated radically with external beams in Brzozow, over the 2012-2013 period. The groups were of patients with breast, lung and prostate cancer. There were 10 patients in each group. For each patient all metrics, i.e. the mean dose, the median dose, the effective dose and the generalized Equivalent Uniform Dose, were calculated. The influence of the dose homogeneity in the PTV on the results is also evaluated. The gEUD was used as a reference dose prescription method.
Results: For all patients, an almost perfect correlation between the median dose and the gEUD was obtained. Worse correlation was obtained between other metrics and the gEUD. The median dose is almost always a little higher than the gEUD, but the ratio of these two values never exceeded 1.013.
Conclusion: The median dose seems to be a good and simple method of dose prescription.
Short same segment fixation versus short segment fixation in postoperative correction of kyphosis and pain reduction in thoracolumbar spine fractures
Authors: State Mohamed , Zaher Ahmed , Ali Nabil 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Introduction: Posterior short segment pedicle screw fixation is considered the most common way for management of unstable thoracolumbar spine fracture. This study is aiming to evaluate the efficacy of both posterior short same segment and posterior short segment pedicle screw fixation on postoperative kyphotic angle and pain dense score in thoracolumbar fractures.
Methods: This is a Prospective study of 32 patients with single level thoracolumbar spine fracture between June 2011 and May 2014. Patients were divided randomly into 2 groups, one of them was submitted to short same segment posterior pedicle screw fixation with mean age 31.25+9.25ys, while the other group submitted to short segment posterior pedicle screw fixation with mean age 29.18+9.65ys. Cobb method and Denis work scale were used to assess kyphotic angle and pain score respectively on admission, during follow up period and after one year postoperatively.
Results: The short same segment type of operation showed improvement in correction in kyphotic angle deformity at the end of follow up period although this improvement was not statistically significant compared to short segment type. The short same segment patients showed statistically significant improvement as regard pain Denis score among those patients treated by short segment fixation.
Conclusion: In this study short same segment posterior pedicle screw fixation is more efficient in postoperative pain reduction than short segment posterior pedicle screw fixation.
Intradural spinal, extramedullary, T4-T5 cavernous hemangioma - case report
Authors: Iacob G. , Rotund B. , Iancu A. , Madalan A. , Marinescu Andreea , Simion G. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
A very rare, purely intradural, spinal, extramedullary cavernous hemangioma was fortunately discovered in a 56 years old woman, presenting with bilateral brachial paresthesia. Using conventional spin-echo T1 proton density, T2-weighted magnetic resonance and gadolinium images an intradural spinal T4-T5, an extramedullary cavernous hemangioma was discovered. The patient underwent surgery, with laminectomy and microsurgical resection followed by an uneventful postoperative clinical course. Similar as in cerebral locations a mixed signal intensity in all sequences on magnetic resonance images might be indicative of cavernous hemangioma, rendering a presumptive preoperative diagnosis of the lesion and surgical planning for a good microsurgical resection.
A rare case of cervical epidural extramedullary plasmacytoma presenting with monoparesis
Authors: Turk Okan , Atci Ibrahim Burak , Yilmaz Hakan , Ozdemir Nuriye Guzin , Katar Salim , Antar Veysel , Baran Oguz , Sigirci Buket Bambul 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders are characterized by production of a large number of plasma cells in the bone marrow. On the other hand, plasmacytoma results from proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in the soft tissue or skeletal system. Neurological complications are frequently observed in these diseases. The most commonly known complications among those complications are spine fractures, spinal cord compressions, and peripheral neuropathies. Although neurological involvements are common in plasmacytomas, extramedullary spinal epidural localizations have been reported very rarely. In this case report, we aimed to present a plasmacytoma case that presented with acute onset of upper extremity monoparesis. A 40-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with complaints of sudden weakness and numbness in her left arm following neck and left arm pain. Emergency cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an epidural mass and the patient underwent emergency surgery. The patient showed improvement post-operatively and the pathology was reported as plasmacytoma. Following hematology consultation, systemic chemotherapy was initiated and radiotherapy was planned after wound healing.
Epidemiological study of insular glioma – an institutional experience
Authors: Praveen Kumar , Manish Aggrawal , Deo Sinha Virendra , Anu Bhandari 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Object: Insular gliomas are difficult and challenging tumors to operate and manage due to the inherent complexity and the adjacent vital structures around them. Our aim is to define the morbidity profile and the mortality associated with the maximum possible safe resection of these less common tumors.
Methods: The study was conducted on patients who were diagnosed as insular gliomas on MRI. All grades of patients treated by microsurgical techniques at our center from 2010 to 2016 were included in the study.
Results: Median age at diagnosis was 39.52 years, Mean KPS score was 92. Male patients constituted 23 of all patients. 68% patients had right sided tumors. WHO grade 2 was most common grade and constituted 64% of all cases. One patient developed expressive aphasia and five patients developed hemiparesis. There was one mortality due to unrelated causes.
Conclusion: With the use of meticulous microneurosurgical technique, safe yet aggressive resection of the insular gliomas can be accomplished with comparable morbidity and mortality rates even when the modern neurosurgical tool such as intraoperative neuromonitoring and neuronavigation systems are unavailable.
Commonly available CT characteristics and prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury patients
Authors: Kumar Anil , Umamaheswara Reddy V. , Pratyusha Vasuki , Munivenkatappa Ashok , Pal Ranabir , Hegde Kishore V. , Jena Ranjan , Satish Kumar S. , Agrawal Amit 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground: Acute Computerized Tomography (CT) characteristics are used widely and most accepted for prediction of outcome among Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). The commonly available and simple combinations of existing and unexplored CT parameters may be more useful in prediction of outcome. The present study explores commonly available CT characteristics by possible combinations based on anatomical basics.Methods: Abnormal CT sign was considered with any cranial lesion. Based on anatomical locations of cortical lobes, nine possibilities were made that include individual and combinations of mentioned lobes. The laterality was either right or left or bilateral. The outcome was favourable or unfavourable based on discharge Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Binary logistic regression was used to predict outcome.Results: 452 patients were recruited in the present study. There was significant risk of unfavourable outcome among patients with location of Sub Dural Haemorrhage (SDH) in Parietal + Temporal region (OR=10,p<0.001); Cerebral Contusion in Temporal region (OR=3,p=0.03), Frontal + Temporal region(OR=16,P=0.001), Frontal + Parietal + Temporal region (OR=18.7,p<0.001). Patients with four abnormal CT signs had worst outcome. Presence of SDH on right side (OR=4.5,p<0.001) and bilateral Cerebral Contusion (OR=4.5,p=0.003) was at the risk of unfavourable outcome.Conclusion: The present study based on anatomical classification has shown that location and laterality of lesion can significantly predict TBI outcome.