bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress relaxation properties of four orthodontic aligner materials: A 24-hour in vitro study
Authors: Lombardo Luca , Martines Elisa , Mazzanti Valentina , Arreghini Angela , Mollica Francesco , Siciliani Giuseppe 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the stress release properties of four thermoplastic materials used to make orthodontic aligners when subjected to 24 consecutive hours of deflection.
Materials and Methods: Four types of aligner materials (two single and two double layered) were selected. After initial yield strength testing to characterize the materials, each sample was subjected to a constant load for 24 hours in a moist, temperature-regulated environment, and the stress release over time was measured. The test was performed three times on each type of material.
Results: All polymers analyzed released a significant amount of stress during the 24-hour period. Stress release was greater during the first 8 hours, reaching a plateau that generally remained constant. The single-layer materials, F22 Aligner polyurethane (Sweden & Martina, Due Carrare, Padova, Italy) and Duran polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (SCHEU, Iserlohn, Germany), exhibited the greatest values for both absolute stress and stress decay speed. The double-layer materials, Erkoloc-Pro (Erkodent, Pfalzgrafenweiler, Germany) and Durasoft (SCHEU), exhibited very constant stress release, but at absolute values up to four times lower than the single-layer samples tested.
Conclusions: Orthodontic aligner performance is strongly influenced by the material of their construction. Stress release, which may exceed 50% of the initial stress value in the early hours of wear, may cause significant changes in the behavior of the polymers at 24 hours from the application of orthodontic loads, which may influence programmed tooth movement.
Reversion of β-Cell Autoimmunity Changes Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: TEDDY Study
Authors: Vehik Kendra , Lynch Kristian F. , Schatz Desmond A. , Akolkar Beena , Hagopian William , Rewers Marian , She Jin-Xiong , Simell Olli , Toppari Jorma , Ziegler Anette-G. , Lernmark Åke , Bonifacio Ezio , Krischer Jeffrey P. ,   the TEDDY Study Group
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
β-Cell autoantibodies are a feature of the preclinical phase of type 1 diabetes. Here, we asked how frequently they revert in a cohort of children at risk for type 1 diabetes and whether reversion has any effect on type 1 diabetes risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Children were up to 10 years of age and screened more than once for insulin autoantibody, GAD antibody, and insulinoma antigen-2 antibodies. Persistent autoantibody was defined as an autoantibody present on two or more consecutive visits and confirmed in two reference laboratories. Reversion was defined as two or more consecutive negative visits after persistence. Time-dependent Cox regression was used to examine how reversion modified the risk of development of multiple autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS
Reversion was relatively frequent for autoantibodies to GAD65 (19%) and insulin (29%), but was largely restricted to children who had single autoantibodies (24%) and rare in children who had developed multiple autoantibodies (&lt;1%). Most (85%) reversion of single autoantibodies occurred within 2 years of seroconversion. Reversion was associated with HLA genotype, age, and decreasing titer. Children who reverted from single autoantibodies to autoantibody negative had, from birth, a risk for type 1 diabetes of 0.14 per 100 person-years; children who never developed autoantibodies, 0.06 per 100 person-years; and, children who remained single-autoantibody positive, 1.8 per 100 person-years.

CONCLUSIONS
Type 1 diabetes risk remained high in children who had developed multiple β-cell autoantibodies even when individual autoantibodies reverted. We suggest that monitoring children with single autoantibodies for at least 1 year after seroconversion is beneficial for stratification of type 1 diabetes risk.
Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Interventions to Improve Gait Speed in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Moreau Noelle G. , Bodkin Amy Winter , Bjornson Kristie , Hobbs Amy , Soileau Mallary , Lahasky Kay 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundChildren with cerebral palsy (CP) have decreased gait speeds, which can negatively affect their community participation and quality of life. However, evidence for effective rehabilitation interventions to improve gait speed remains unclear.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of interventions for improving gait speed in ambulatory children with CP.Data SourcesMEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, and PEDro were searched from inception through April 2014.Study SelectionThe selected studies were randomized controlled trials or had experimental designs with a comparison group, included a physical therapy or rehabilitation intervention for children with CP, and reported gait speed as an outcome measure.Data ExtractionMethodological quality was assessed by PEDro scores. Means, standard deviations, and change scores for gait speed were extracted. General study information and dosing parameters (frequency, duration, intensity, and volume) of the intervention were recorded.Data SynthesisTwenty-four studies were included. Three categories of interventions were identified: gait training (n=8), resistance training (n=9), and miscellaneous (n=7). Meta-analysis showed that gait training was effective in increasing gait speed, with a standardized effect size of 0.92 (95% confidence interval=0.19, 1.66; P=.01), whereas resistance training was shown to have a negligible effect (effect size=0.06; 95% confidence interval=−0.12, 0.25; P=.51). Effect sizes from negative to large were reported for studies in the miscellaneous category.LimitationsGait speed was the only outcome measure analyzed.ConclusionsGait training was the most effective intervention in improving gait speed for ambulatory children with CP. Strength training, even if properly dosed, was not shown to be effective in improving gait speed. Velocity training, electromyographic biofeedback training, and whole-body vibration were effective in improving gait speed in individual studies and warrant further investigation.
Recherche en stratégie : un problème de granularité
Authors: Martinet Alain Charles 
Published: June 2016

La complexité des situations stratégiques est reconnue par tous les décideurs. Elle appelle donc logiquement une pensée, des concepts et des outils aptes à embrasser cette complexité, dotés d’une granularité adéquate. Mais le courant dominant préfère continuer à établir des micro-relations de causalité simples – si A alors B –, souvent pointillistes et extraites des contextes. Ce faisant le corpus se détourne de sa raison d’être : produire des savoirs d’action, des heuristiques dotées d’une granularité adéquate, à même d’aider les décideurs à rendre intelligibles leurs situations stratégiques, au profit d’un scientisme de plus en plus éloigné des questions du moment. Pourtant la longue et robuste tradition de l’épistémologie pragmatiste, en Occident comme en Orient, offre un paradigme alternatif beaucoup plus en accord avec la raison d’être et les spécificités de la stratégie.
Effect of short-term ε-aminocaproic acid treatment on patients undergoing endovascular coil embolization following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Malekpour Mahdi , Kulwin Charles , Bohnstedt Bradley N. , Radmand Golnar , Sethia Rishabh , Mendenhall Stephen K. , Weyhenmeyer Jonathan , Hendricks Benjamin K. , Leipzig Thomas , Payner Troy D. , Shah Mitesh V. , Scott John , DeNardo Andrew , Sahlein Daniel , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVEAneurysmal rebleeding before definitive obliteration of the aneurysm is a cause of mortality and morbidity. There are limited data on the role of short-term antifibrinolytic therapy among patients undergoing endovascular intervention.METHODSAll consecutive patients receiving endovascular therapy for their ruptured saccular aneurysm at the authors' institution between 2000 and 2011 were included in this study. These patients underwent endovascular coiling of their aneurysm within 72 hours of admission. In patients receiving ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA), the EACA administration was continued until the time of the endovascular procedure. Complications and clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) were compared between EACA-treated and untreated patients.RESULTSDuring the 12-year study period, 341 patients underwent endovascular coiling. Short-term EACA treatment was administered in 146 patients and was withheld in the other 195 patients. EACA treatment did not change the risk of preinterventional rebleeding in this study (OR 0.782, 95% CI 0.176–3.480; p = 0.747). Moreover, EACA treatment did not increase the rate of thromboembolic events. On the other hand, patients who received EACA treatment had a significantly longer duration of hospital stay compared with their counterparts who were not treated with EACA (median 19 days, interquartile range [IQR] 12.5–30 days vs median 14 days, IQR 10–23 days; p < 0.001). EACA treatment was associated with increased odds of shunt requirement (OR 2.047, 95% CI 1.043–4.018; p = 0.037) and decreased odds of developing cardiac complications (OR 0.138, 95% CI 0.031–0.604; p = 0.009) and respiratory insufficiency (OR 0.471, 95% CI 0.239–0.926; p = 0.029). Short-term EACA treatment did not affect the Glasgow Outcome Scale score at discharge, 6 months, or 1 year following discharge.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, short-term EACA treatment in patients who suffered from aSAH and received endovascular aneurysm repair did not decrease the risk of preinterventional rebleeding or increase the risk of thrombotic events. EACA did not affect outcome. Randomized clinical trials are required to provide robust clinical recommendation on short-term use of EACA.
Is there an inherited anatomical conformation favoring aneurysmal formation of the anterior communicating artery?
Authors: Bourcier Romain , Lenoble Cédric , Guyomarch-Delasalle Béatrice , Daumas-Duport Benjamin , Papagiannaki Chrysanthi , Redon Richard , Desal Hubert 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVEThe pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the formation of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) remain only partially elucidated. However, current evidence suggests a genetic component. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific anatomical variations in the arterial complex that are associated with the presence of anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms in the familial forms of IAs.METHODSThis multicenter study investigated bifurcation IAs in patients who had a sporadic ACoA IA without a family history of IA (SACAA group), in patients who had an ACoA IA with a family history of IA (FACAA group), and in their healthy first-degree relatives (HFDRs). Through the use of MR angiography (MRA) reconstructions, the symmetry of the A1 segments and the angle between the A1 and A2 segments were analyzed on 3D models for each group. These measurements were then compared among the 3 groups.RESULTSTwenty-four patients with SACAA, 24 patients with FACAA, and 20 HFDRs were included in the study. Asymmetrical configuration of the A1 segments was more frequent in the FACAA group than in the HFDR group (p = 0.002). The aneurysm-side A1–A2 angle was lower in the FACAA group (p = 0.003) and SACAA group (p = 0.007) than in the HFDR group. On the contralateral side, there was no difference in A1–A2 angles between groups.CONCLUSIONSThe anatomical shape of the ACoA complex seems to be similarly associated with the presence of ACoA IAs in both the FACAA and SACAA groups. This highlights the role played by hemodynamic constraints in aneurysm formation and questions the hypothesis of the hereditary character of these anatomical shapes.
Early venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis in combat-related penetrating brain injury
Authors: Meyer R. Michael , Larkin M. Benjamin , Szuflita Nicholas S. , Neal Chris J. , Tomlin Jeffrey M. , Armonda Rocco A. , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Bell Randy S. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is independently associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Given the numerous studies of civilian closed-head injury, the Brain Trauma Foundation recommends venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis (VTC) after severe TBI. No studies have specifically examined this practice in penetrating brain injury (PBI). Therefore, the authors examined the safety and effectiveness of early VTC after PBI with respect to worsening intracranial hemorrhage and DVT or PE.

METHODS
The Kandahar Airfield neurosurgery service managed 908 consults between January 2010 and March 2013. Eighty of these were US active duty members with PBI, 13 of whom were excluded from analysis because they presented with frankly nonsurvivable CNS injury or they died during initial resuscitation. This is a retrospective analysis of the remaining 67 patients.

RESULTS
Thirty-two patients received early VTC and 35 did not. Mean time to the first dose was 24 hours. Fifty-two patients had blast-related PBI and 15 had gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the head. The incidence of worsened intracranial hemorrhage was 16% after early VTC and 17% when it was not given, with the relative risk approaching 1 (RR = 0.91). The incidence of DVT or PE was 12% after early VTC and 17% when it was not given (RR = 0.73), though this difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Early VTC was safe with regard to the progression of intracranial hemorrhage in this cohort of combat-related PBI patients. Data in this study suggest that this intervention may have been effective for the prevention of DVT or PE but not statistically significantly so. More research is needed to clarify the safety and efficacy of this practice.
History as Politics: Contemporary Israeli Children's and Young Adults' Historical Fiction and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Shikhmanter Rima 
Published: June 2016

Historical fiction serves as a powerful source for the dissemination of historical images and the determination of collective memory. These roles are of particular significance in the context of severe political conflicts. In these cases historical fiction shapes the narrative of the conflict, explains its source and central events, and therefore forms the readers' political stances towards the conflict and its consequences. This article examines the role contemporary Jewish Israeli historical fiction for young adults plays in presenting the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to young readers. It discusses two of the political perspectives this fiction addresses: the traditional hegemonic narrative and the left-wing narrative. Associated with the right-wing sector of Israeli politics, the former promotes the Zionist myth and seeks to justify the necessity and morality of its premises while ignoring and/or dismissing the legitimacy of the Palestinian narrative. The lack of a consensual Jewish historical narrative that does not negate the Palestinian narrative on the one hand, and the ongoing public delegitimisation of the left-wing on the other, forces historical-fiction authors to place their plots at a historical remove, locating them in other places and times.
COSMIC RAYS AND MHD TURBULENCE GENERATION IN INTERSTELLAR GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS
Authors: Schlickeiser R. , Caglar M. , Lazarian A. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The diffusive propagation of nonrelativistic cosmic ray (CR) protons undergoing energy losses by ionization in a dense homogeneous infinitely extended interstellar molecular cloud (MC) is investigated. The steady-state transport equation for the differential number density of nonrelativistic CR protons is solved with the boundary condition that at the edge of cloud it agrees with the interstellar CR number density. It is shown that giant interstellar MCs with column depths much greater than about

cm−2 are an efficient sink of nonrelativistic CRs. At small penetration depths the CRs lose energy by ionizing and heating the molecular gas, whereas at large penetration depths they are collectively dissipated by the streaming instability, which transfers one-half of the energy density of the incoming interstellar nonrelativistic CRs to Alfvénic magnetic field turbulence.
MODELING THE INITIATION OF THE 2006 DECEMBER 13 CORONAL MASS EJECTION IN AR 10930: THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE ERUPTING FLUX ROPE
Authors: Fan Yuhong 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We carry out a 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation to model the initiation of the coronal mass ejection (CME) on 2006 December 13 in the emerging δ-sunspot active region NOAA 10930. The setup of the simulation is similar to a previous simulation by Fan, but with a significantly widened simulation domain to accommodate the wide CME. The simulation shows that the CME can result from the emergence of a east–west oriented twisted flux rope whose positive, following emerging pole corresponds to the observed positive rotating sunspot emerging against the southern edge of the dominant pre-existing negative sunspot. The erupting flux rope in the simulation accelerates to a terminal speed that exceeds 1500 km s−1 and undergoes a counter-clockwise rotation of nearly 180° such that its front and flanks all exhibit southward directed magnetic fields, explaining the observed southward magnetic field in the magnetic cloud impacting the Earth. With continued driving of flux emergence, the source region coronal magnetic field also shows the reformation of a coronal flux rope underlying the flare current sheet of the erupting flux rope, ready for a second eruption. This may explain the build up for another X-class eruptive flare that occurred the following day from the same region.
Un juste prix ?
Authors: Conesa Élisabeth 
Published: June 2016

Comment les analystes fixent-ils le montant de leurs honoraires ? Existe-t-il un « marché » dans ce domaine ? Quels sont les paramètres qui entrent en ligne de compte ? En faisant appel à son expérience propre en tant que patiente et en tant que psychanalyste, l’auteure tente d’apporter quelques réponses non exhaustives à des questions qui, à ses yeux, font appel à la fonction sentiment et à la fonction éthique pour que l’ hubris soit écartée dans ce domaine.
Les sources historiques du quotidien en exil
Authors: Guillaume Valentin 
Published: June 2016

<p class="resume">À travers l’étude de la majorité silencieuse et méconnue des réfugiés politiques polonais du XIXe siècle en France, nous allons interroger l’importance du choix des sources historiques dans l’interprétation qu’un chercheur peut faire du phénomène migratoire qu’il étudie. La découverte et la mise en valeur de sources sur ces « petits » exilés tombés dans l’oubli poussent à une relecture plus sociale et globale, devenue nécessaire, de la Grande Émigration polonaise de 1831 en France.</p>
Méthodologie d’une étude en recherche biographique portant sur les « migrations précaires »
Authors: Gadras Mike 
Published: June 2016

<p class="resume">Cet article présente la démarche méthodologique employée dans le cadre de la réalisation de ma thèse en recherche biographique en éducation. Cette recherche doctorale a comme terrain d’investigation le Collectif des Sorins. Il s’agit d’un groupe de « migrants » originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne, majoritairement constitué d’hommes en « situation irrégulière », qui occupent ensemble un squat d’habitation à Montreuil. La présente étude, menée selon une perspective compréhensive et qualitative, porte sur les processus de construction de l’expérience biographique en situation migratoire et se déploie selon un processus itératif et herméneutique. </p>
Le Château de Dublin de 1880 à 1922 : repaire de traîtres ou d’agents doubles ?
Authors: Berthillot Émilie 
Published: June 2016

Entre 1880 et 1922, le Château de Dublin se
transforme : le quartier général des deux forces de police de la ville
(la Dublin Metropolitan Police et la Royal Irish Constabulary) devient
celui d’un service de renseignement officiel. Cette évolution répond à
celle de la menace à laquelle il doit faire face en tant que symbole
concret de la Couronne. En effet, après les violentes attaques des
Fenians, groupe surveillé de près par la police, le Château devient la
cible des agents doubles de Michael Collins qui l’infiltrent. Le
Château est ainsi le théâtre de nombreux actes de trahison dans le jeu
engagé entre l’observateur et l’observé et joue un rôle clé dans les
relations anglo-irlandaises. Cet article tente, à travers l’étude du
Château de Dublin, de démontrer que la professionnalisation des
méthodes d’espionnage transforme les traîtres d’alors en agents
doubles, mais que le sort qui leur est réservé en cas d’interception
reste le même : la mort.
Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide PromoteBurkholderia pseudomalleiInfection
Authors: Stolt Claudia , Schmidt Imke H. E. , Sayfart Yana , Steinmetz Ivo , Bast Antje 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe environmental bacterium and potential biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, an often fatal infectious disease. Increased serum bilirubin has been shown to be a negative predictive factor in melioidosis patients. We therefore investigated the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which catalyzes the degradation of heme into the bilirubin precursor biliverdin, ferrous iron, and CO during B. pseudomallei infection. We found that infection of murine macrophages induces HO-1 expression, involving activation of several protein kinases and the transcription factor nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Deficiency of Nrf2 improved B. pseudomallei clearance by macrophages, whereas Nrf2 activation by sulforaphane and tert-butylhydroquinone with subsequent HO-1 induction enhanced intracellular bacterial growth. The HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin IX diminished proinflammatory cytokine levels, leading to an increased bacterial burden in macrophages. In contrast, HO-1 gene knockdown reduced the survival of intramacrophage B. pseudomallei. Pharmacological administration of cobalt protoporphyrin IX to mice resulted in an enhanced bacterial load in various organs and was associated with higher mortality of intranasally infected mice. The unfavorable outcome of B. pseudomallei infection after HO-1 induction was associated with higher serum IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels but decreased secretion of IFN-γ. Finally, we demonstrate that the CO-releasing molecule CORM-2 increases the B. pseudomallei load in macrophages and mice. Thus, our data suggest that the B. pseudomallei–mediated induction of HO-1 and the release of its metabolite CO impair bacterial clearance in macrophages and during murine melioidosis.