bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competent Route to Unsymmetric Dimer Architectures: Total Syntheses of (−)‐Lycodine and (−)‐Complanadines A and B, and Evaluation of Their Neurite Outgrowth Activities
Authors: Zhao Le , Tsukano Chihiro , Kwon Eunsang , Shirakawa Hisashi , Kaneko Shuji , Takemoto Yoshiji , Hirama Masahiro 
Published: October 2016

AbstractValuable synthetic routes to the Lycopodium alkaloid lycodine (1) and its unsymmetric dimers, complanadines A (4) and B (5), have been developed. Regioselective construction of the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core structure of lycodine was achieved by a remote functionality‐controlled Diels–Alder reaction and subsequent intramolecular Mizoroki–Heck reaction. A key coupling reaction of the lycodine units, pyridine N‐oxide (66) and aryl bromide (65), through C−H arylation at the C1 position of 66 provided the unsymmetric dimer structure at a late stage of the synthesis. This strategy greatly simplified the construction of the dimeric architecture and functionalization. Complanadines A (4) and B (5) were synthesized by adjusting the oxidation level of the bipyridine mono‐N‐oxide (67). The diverse utility of this common intermediate (67) suggests a possible biosynthetic pathway of complanadines in Nature. Both enantiomers of lycodine (1) and complanadines A (4) and B (5) were prepared in sufficient quantities for biological evaluation. The effect on neuron differentiation of PC‐12 cells upon treatment with culture medium, in which human astrocytoma cells had been cultured in the presence of 1, 4, or 5 was evaluated.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Salvinorin A
Authors: Line Nathan J. , Burns Aaron C. , Butler Sean C. , Casbohm Jerry , Forsyth Craig J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSalvinorin A (1) is natural hallucinogen that binds the human κ‐opioid receptor. A total synthesis has been developed that parlays the stereochemistry of l‐(+)‐tartaric acid into that of (−)‐1 via an unprecedented allylic dithiane intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction to obtain the trans‐decalin scaffold. Tsuji allylation set the C9 quaternary center and a late‐stage stereoselective chiral ligand‐assisted addition of a 3‐titanium furan upon a C12 aldehyde/C17 methyl ester established the furanyl lactone moiety. The tartrate diol was finally converted into the C1,C2 keto‐acetate.
Proposal for Laser Cooling of Complex Polyatomic Molecules
Authors: Kozyryev Ivan , Baum Louis , Matsuda Kyle , Doyle John M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn experimentally feasible strategy for direct laser cooling of polyatomic molecules with six or more atoms is presented. Our approach relies on the attachment of a metal atom to a complex molecule, where it acts as an active photon cycling site. We describe a laser cooling scheme for alkaline earth monoalkoxide free radicals taking advantage of the phase space compression of a cryogenic buffer‐gas beam. Possible applications are presented including laser cooling of chiral molecules and slowing of molecular beams using coherent photon processes.
Effect of different root endophytic fungi on plant community structure in experimental microcosms
Authors: Aguilar‐Trigueros Carlos A. , Rillig Matthias C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of root‐associated microbes in explaining plant community patterns represents a challenge in community ecology. Although typically overlooked, several lines of evidence point out that nonmycorrhizal, root endophytic fungi in the Ascomycota may have the potential to drive changes in plant community ecology given their ubiquitous presence, wide host ranges, and plant species‐specific fitness effects. Thus, we experimentally manipulated the presence of root endophytic fungal species in microcosms and measured its effects on plant communities. Specifically, we tested whether (1) three different root endophyte species can modify plant community structure; (2) those changes can also modified the way plant respond to different soil types; and (3) the effects are modified when all the fungi are present. As a model system, we used plant and fungal species that naturally co‐occur in a temperate grassland. Further, the soil types used in our experiment reflected a strong gradient in soil texture that has been shown to drive changes in plant and fungal community structure in the field. Results showed that each plant species responded differently to infection, resulting in distinct patterns of plant community structure depending on the identity of the fungus present. Those effects depended on the soil type. For example, large positive effects due to presence of the fungi were able to compensate for less nutrients levels in one soil type. Further, host responses when all three fungi were present were different from the ones observed in single fungal inoculations, suggesting that endophyte–endophyte interactions may be important in structuring plant communities. Overall, these results indicate that plant responses to changes in the species identity of nonmycorrhizal fungal community species and their interactions can modify plant community structure.
Increased endogenous antigen presentation in the periphery enhances susceptibility to inflammation‐induced gastric autoimmunity in mice
Authors: Overall Sarah A. , Bourges Dorothée , van Driel Ian R. , Gleeson Paul A. 
Published: October 2016

How the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance under inflammatory conditions is poorly understood. Here we assessed the fate of gastritogenic T cells following inflammatory activation in vivo. Self‐reactive T cells (A23 T cells) specific for the gastric H+/K+ ATPase α subunit (HKα) were transferred into immunosufficient recipient mice and immunised at a site distant to the stomach with adjuvant containing the cognate HKα peptide antigen. Activation of A23 T cells by immunisation did not impact on either immune tolerance or protection from gastric autoimmunity in wild‐type BALB/c mice. However, increased presentation of endogenously derived HKα epitopes by dendritic cells (DCs) in the gastric lymph node of IE‐H+/K+β transgenic mice (IEβ) reduces A23 T‐cell tolerance to gastric antigens after inflammatory activation, with subsequent development of gastritis. While HKα‐specific A23 T cells from immunised wild‐type mice were poorly responsive to in vitro antigen specific activation, A23 T cells from immunised IEβ transgenic mice were readily re‐activated, indicating loss of T‐cell anergy. These findings show that DCs of gastric lymph nodes can maintain tolerance of pathogenic T cells following inflammatory stimulation and that the density of endogenous antigen presented to self‐reactive T cells is critical in the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
Quality evaluation of moluodan concentrated pill using high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting coupled with chemometrics
Authors: Tao Lingyan , Zhang Qing , Wu Yongjiang , Liu Xuesong 
Published: October 2016

In this study, a fast and effective high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed to obtain a fingerprint chromatogram and quantitative analysis simultaneously of four indexes including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, albiflorin and paeoniflorin of the traditional Chinese medicine Moluodan Concentrated Pill. The method was performed by using a Waters X‐bridge C18 reversed phase column on an Agilent 1200S high‐performance liquid chromatography system coupled with diode array detection. The mobile phase of the high‐performance liquid chromatography method was composed of 20 mmol/L phosphate solution and acetonitrile with a 1 mL/min eluent velocity, under a detection temperature of 30°C and a UV detection wavelength of 254 nm. After the methodology validation, 16 batches of Moluodan Concentrated Pill were analyzed by this high‐performance liquid chromatography method and both qualitative and quantitative evaluation results were achieved by similarity analysis, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results of these three chemometrics were in good agreement and all indicated that batch 10 and batch 16 showed significant differences with the other 14 batches. This suggested that the developed high‐performance liquid chromatography method could be applied in the quality evaluation of Moluodan Concentrated Pill.
Short Report: Evidence of Trepanation on a Female Individual from the Middle Bronze Age Necropolis of Casas Velhas (Melides, Portugal)
Authors: Silva A. M. , Gil P. , Soares J. , da Silva C. T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRecent reanalysis of the human remains unearthed from the grave cists of the necropolis of Casas Velhas (Melides, Portugal) from the Southwest Iberian Middle Bronze Age, with a minimal number of 25 individuals (23 adults and 2 non‐adults), allowed relevant anthropological data. This culture, although widespread in southern Portugal and nearby areas of southwest Spain in the Middle Bronze Age, is characterized by the paucity of preserved human remains and thus the anthropological knowledge of these human populations. The adult female skeleton exhumed from cist 30, the last interment of this double burial, exhibit a complete perforation on the right parietal bone. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss this defect, which most probable diagnosis is trepanation.The hole is oval shape exhibiting long term healing. A shallow remodelled area is visible around the defect, which suggests scraping method. No complications or evident reasons for the intervention were observed. In terms of mortuary practices no clear distinction was observed between this individual and others from this cemetery.The features of this trepanation fit in the major points summarized by Silva () for prehistoric Portuguese trepanation. These data sustain the existence of an old tradition of this procedure is this region of Iberia, present, at least, since the Middle Neolithic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy Reform and the Problem of Private Investment: Evidence from the Power Sector
Authors: Urpelainen Johannes , Yang Joonseok 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDevelopment economists frequently emphasize the importance of good infrastructure for economic growth. Can governments attract private capital in infrastructural investments through policy reform? We address this question by showing that, in the case of electricity generation, a simple legislation enabling independent power production increases private investment in electricity generation by more than an order of magnitude. Contrary to the conventional wisdom on the importance of constraints on executive power for credible commitment, we find that such constraints neither draw private capital nor condition the effectiveness of policy reform. We also find that both domestic and foreign investment increase with IPP reform. Evidence for these claims comes from an instrumental variable analysis of power sector reforms and private electricity generation in all developing countries for the years 1982 to 2008. Simple and politically uncontroversial policies can generate positive results in developing countries.
The pathological consequences of impaired genome integrity in humans; disorders of the DNA replication machinery
Authors: O'Driscoll Mark 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAccurate and efficient replication of the human genome occurs in the context of an array of constitutional barriers, including regional topological constraints imposed by chromatin architecture and processes such as transcription, catenation of the helical polymer and spontaneously generated DNA lesions, including base modifications and strand breaks. DNA replication is fundamentally important for tissue development and homeostasis; differentiation programmes are intimately linked with stem cell division. Unsurprisingly, impairments of the DNA replication machinery can have catastrophic consequences for genome stability and cell division. Functional impacts on DNA replication and genome stability have long been known to play roles in malignant transformation through a variety of complex mechanisms, and significant further insights have been gained from studying model organisms in this context. Congenital hypomorphic defects in components of the DNA replication machinery have been and continue to be identified in humans. These disorders present with a wide range of clinical features. Indeed, in some instances, different mutations in the same gene underlie different clinical presentations. Understanding the origin and molecular basis of these features opens a window onto the range of developmental impacts of suboptimal DNA replication and genome instability in humans. Here, I will briefly overview the basic steps involved in DNA replication and the key concepts that have emerged from this area of research, before switching emphasis to the pathological consequences of defects within the DNA replication network; the human disorders. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ammonium acrylate biomanufacturing by an engineeredRhodococcus ruberwith nitrilase overexpression and double-knockout of nitrile hydratase and amidase
Authors: Sun Jizhe , Yu Huimin , Chen Jie , Luo Hui , Shen Zhongyao 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRhodococcus ruber TH was selected as a parent strain to engineer for biomanufacturing of ammonium acrylate; the characteristics of this strain included accelerated growth rate, high cell tolerance and natively overexpressed nitrile hydratase (NHase). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the transcription levels of the native NHase, amidase and nitrilase were extremely high, moderate and extremely low, respectively. Through NHase-amidase double-knockout and amidase single-knockout, the engineered strains R. ruber THdAdN and R. ruber THdA were obtained for overexpression of a heterologous nitrilase from R. rhodochrous tg1-A6 using a urea-induced Pa2 promoter. The nitrilase activity toward substrate acrylonitrile in the engineered THdAdN(Nit) reached 187.0 U/mL at 42 h, threefold of that R. rhodochrous tg1-A6 and 2.3-fold of that of THdA(Nit). The optimal catalysis temperature and pH of the nitrilases in different cells exhibited no significant difference. Using the cells as catalysts, biomanufacturing of ammonium acrylate was performed under room temperature. When catalyzed by the engineered THdAdN(Nit), the titer and productivity of ammonium acrylate dramatically increased to 741.0 g/L and 344.9 g/L/h, which are the highest results reported to date.
Editorial Financial sector reform and policy design in an age of instability
Authors: Bakir Caner , Woo J J 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008 has revealed weaknesses in financial regulatory policies and institutions in many countries. These weaknesses extend to the regional and international domains of financial policy as well. This article calls for the need for better designed financial regulations and policies by taking a policy design perspective. It provides a multi-level approach to understanding financial reform as design that examines the various components of policy design — policy means, goals and change — at the three levels of policymaking — international regional, national. In doing so, we aim to provide a first step towards a more design-centric approach to financial sector reform.
GENDER GAP IN ACQUISITION AND PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: CASE STUDY OF RICE FARMING IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: ZOSSOU ESPÉRANCE , AROUNA AMINOU , DIAGNE ALIOU , AGBOH-NOAMESHIE RITA AFIAVI 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYImproving farmers’ knowledge of new technologies and creating conducive learning opportunities, with particular attention to the marginalized poor (women and youth), are major factors in the move towards sustainable agriculture. To explore the gender gap in agricultural knowledge acquisition and adoption in West Africa, we used baseline data collected in 2013 and 2014 in five countries (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo) with 499 surveyed households. The t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used for analysis. The most quoted source for acquiring knowledge on rice farming methods was ‘other farmers’, showing the importance of social capital for rural African farmers. In Benin, a gender gap was noted in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources, with women being more advantaged. In Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo, no significant gender gap was observed in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources. Regarding the level of knowledge and use of rice farming methods in Côte d'Ivoire and Niger, significant gender gaps were observed. The gender approach to rural development is having impact in West Africa with regard to farmers’ access to agricultural information. However, interactive rural learning approaches (such as farmer-to-farmer video) need to be resorted to make the technologies’ principles well known and improve the ability of marginalized poor to adopt and or innovate with local or limited resources. This study leads to a better understanding of the relationship between gender, knowledge and use of agricultural technologies in order to enhance marginalized farmers’ adoption of improved innovations.
Real Exchange Rate Overvaluation and WTO Dispute Initiation in Developing Countries
Authors: Betz Timm , Kerner Andrew 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhy and when do developing countries file trade disputes at the World Trade Organization (WTO)? Although financial conditions have long been considered an important driver of trade policy, they have been largely absent from the literature on trade disputes. We argue that developing country governments bring more trade dispute to the WTO when overvalued real exchange rates put exporters at a competitive disadvantage. This dynamic is most prevalent in countries where large foreign currency debt burdens discourage nominal currency devaluations that would otherwise serve exporters’ interests. Our findings provide an explanation for differences in dispute participation rates among developing countries, and also suggest a new link between exchange rate regimes and trade policy.
Investment Treaties, Sustainable Development and Reasonableness Review: A Case Against Strict Proportionality Balancing
Authors: ORTINO FEDERICO 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe article tackles the question of how far should investment tribunals go in reviewing the reasonableness of host state conduct. Based on an evolutionary interpretation of the preamble of international investment treaties and focusing on the principle of integration as the key element of the concept of sustainable development, the article's main argument is that investment tribunals should avoid a review based on proportionality stricto sensu or cost-benefit balancing.
Risk and protective factors for comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems among economically disadvantaged African American youth
Authors: Liu Jingwen , Mustanski Brian , Dick Danielle , Bolland John , Kertes Darlene A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractComorbidity of internalizing and externalizing problems and its risk and protective factors have not been well incorporated into developmental research, especially among racial minority youth from high-poverty neighborhoods. The present study identified a latent comorbid factor as well as specific factors underlying internalizing and externalizing problems among 592 African American adolescents living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods (291 male; M age = 15.9 years, SD = 1.43 years). Stressful life events and racial discrimination were associated with higher comorbid problems, whereas stressful life events and exposure to violence were associated with higher specific externalizing problems. Collective efficacy was associated with both lower specific externalizing problems and lower comorbid problems. Moreover, high collective efficacy buffered the risk effects of stressful life events and racial discrimination on comorbid problems. Our results demonstrated the advantages of latent variable modeling to understanding comorbidity by articulating impacts of risk factors on comorbid and specific components underlying internalizing and externalizing problems. They also highlighted the protective effect of collective efficacy in mitigating risks for these problems. These findings broadly call for more studies on comorbidities in developmental psychopathology among youth from diverse sociocultural backgrounds.
Biofilm development of an opportunistic model bacterium analysed at high spatiotemporal resolution in the framework of a precise flow cell
Authors: Lim Chun Ping , Mai Phuong Nguyen Quoc , Roizman Sade Dan , Lam Yee Cheong , Cohen Yehuda 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLife of bacteria is governed by the physical dimensions of life in microscales, which is dominated by fast diffusion and flow at low Reynolds numbers. Microbial biofilms are structurally and functionally heterogeneous and their development is suggested to be interactively related to their microenvironments. In this study, we were guided by the challenging requirements of precise tools and engineered procedures to achieve reproducible experiments at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we developed a robust precise engineering approach allowing for the quantification of real-time, high-content imaging of biofilm behaviour under well-controlled flow conditions. Through the merging of engineering and microbial ecology, we present a rigorous methodology to quantify biofilm development at resolutions of single micrometre and single minute, using a newly developed flow cell. We designed and fabricated a high-precision flow cell to create defined and reproducible flow conditions. We applied high-content confocal laser scanning microscopy and developed image quantification using a model biofilm of a defined opportunistic strain, Pseudomonas putida OUS82. We observed complex patterns in the early events of biofilm formation, which were followed by total dispersal. These patterns were closely related to the flow conditions. These biofilm behavioural phenomena were found to be highly reproducible, despite the heterogeneous nature of biofilm.
Effective suppression of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes: role of significant reduction of carrier density and built-in field
Authors: Yoo Yang-Seok , Na Jong-Ho , Son Sung Jin , Cho Yong-Hoon 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA critical issue in GaN-based high power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is how to suppress the efficiency droop problem occurred at high current injection while improving overall quantum efficiency, especially in conventional c-plane InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW), without using complicated bandgap engineering or unconventional materials and structures. Although increasing thickness of each QW may decrease carrier density in QWs, formation of additional strain and defects as well as increased built-in field effect due to enlarged QW thickness are unavoidable. Here, we propose a facile and effective method for not only reducing efficiency droop but also improving quantum efficiency by utilizing c-plane InGaN/GaN QWs having thinner barriers and increased QW number while keeping the same single well thickness and total active layer thickness. As the barrier thickness decreases and the QW number increases, both internal electric field and carrier density within QWs are simultaneously reduced without degradation of material quality. Furthermore, we found overall improved efficiency and reduced efficiency droop, which was attributed to the decrease of the built-in field and to less influence by non-radiative recombination processes at high carrier density. This simple and effective approach can be extended further for high power ultraviolet, green, and red LEDs.