bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The regulation of host defences to infection by the microbiota
Authors: Brown Rebecca L. , Clarke Thomas B. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe skin and mucosal epithelia of humans and other mammals are permanently colonized by large microbial communities (the microbiota). Due to this life‐long association with the microbiota, these microbes have an extensive influence over the physiology of their host organism. It is now becoming apparent that nearly all tissues and organ systems, whether in direct contact with the microbiota or in deeper host sites, are under microbial influence. The immune system is perhaps the most profoundly affected, with the microbiota programming both its innate and adaptive arms. The regulation of immunity by the microbiota helps to protect the host against intestinal and extra‐intestinal infection by many classes of pathogen. In this review, we will discuss the experimental evidence supporting a role for the microbiota in regulating host defences to extra‐intestinal infection, draw together common mechanistic themes, including the central role of pattern recognition receptors, and outline outstanding questions that need to be answered.
Tackling the undeclared economy in the European Union: an evaluation of the tax morale approach
Authors: Williams Colin C , Horodnic Ioana A 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTo evaluate a new approach towards tackling the undeclared economy, which views participants as social actors rather than rational economic actors, this article reports evidence from 27,563 face‐to‐face interviews conducted across the European Union during 2013. Multilevel logistic regression analysis reveals a strong association between participation in undeclared work and the level of tax morale. Finding that higher tax morale (and thus a lower propensity to engage in undeclared work) is strongly correlated with greater levels of state intervention but also with individual‐level characteristics such as gender, age, education and employment status, the article concludes not only by confirming a political economy approach and refuting modernization and neo‐liberal explanations and remedies, but also by revealing for the first time the importance of solutions not so far considered, including improving educational attainment, older citizens mentoring for younger people and improving women's participation in the labour force.
The implementation of equality legislation: the case of disabled graduates and reasonable adjustments
Authors: William Laura C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article explores how reasonable adjustments, part of UK equality legislation, are secured in the workplace, and argues that an implementation gap exists where the impact of the law is weak, despite legal mandates to aid disabled people in employment. The research points to the importance of employers' knowledge of the effects disability as a key determinant of securing workplace adjustments.
Interim estimates of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against influenza‐associated hospitalization in children in Hong Kong, 2015–16
Authors: Cowling Benjamin J. , Kwan Mike Y. W. , Wong Joshua S. C. , Feng Shuo , Leung Chi‐Wai , Chan Eunice L. Y. , Chan Kwok‐Hung , Ng Tak‐Keung , To Wing‐Kin , Peiris Malik J. S. , Chiu Susan S. 
Published: June 2016

From 1 September 2015 through 31 January 2016, we enrolled 2068 children 6 months to 17 years of age admitted to hospital with a febrile acute respiratory infection in our test‐negative study. Information on receipt of 2015–16 northern hemisphere inactivated influenza vaccination was elicited from parents or legal guardians. Using conditional logistic regression adjusting for age and matching on calendar time, we estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization with influenza A or B to be 79.2% (95% confidence interval: 42.0%–92.4%). Annual influenza vaccination should be more widely used in children in Hong Kong.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Psychosis: A Case Study
Authors: Cashin Andrew 
Published: June 2016

PROBLEMWhile apparently relatively common, there is often little clinician awareness of the risk of psychosis for people with autism.METHODSA comprehensive review of the peer‐reviewed literature and a presentation of a case study.FINDINGSThere is a paucity of research available to determine the prevalence of the experience of psychosis in people with autism.CONCLUSIONThere is significant boundary overlap between autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research and a case study of a 16‐year‐old male with autism who experienced a brief reactive psychosis.
The effects of contrast media volume on acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thongprayoon Charat , Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Podboy Alexander J. , Gillaspie Erin A. , Greason Kevin L. , Kashani Kianoush B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this systematic review was to assess the effects of contrast media volume on transcatheter aortic valve replacement‐related acute kidney injury.MethodsA literature search was performed using Medline, EMbase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and clinicaltrials.gov from the inception of these databases through December 2015. Studies that reported relative risk, odds ratio, or hazard ratio comparing the risks of acute kidney injury following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients who received high contrast media volume were included. Pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using a random‐effect, generic inverse variance method.ResultsFour cohort studies composed of 891 patients were included in the analyses to assess the risk of acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients who received high contrast media volume. The pooled RR of acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients who received a large volume of contrast media was 1.41 (95% CI, 0.87 to 2.28) compared with low contrast media volume. The meta‐analysis was limited to studies using standard acute kidney injury definitions, and the pooled RR of acute kidney injury in patients who received high contrast media volume is 1.12 (95% CI, 0.78 to 1.62).ConclusionOur meta‐analysis shows no significant association between contrast media volume and risk of acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
TEM and AES investigations of the natural surface nano‐oxide layer of an AISI 316L stainless steel microfibre
Authors: RAMACHANDRAN DHANYA , EGOAVIL RICARDO , CRABBE AMANDINE , HAUFFMAN TOM , ABAKUMOV ARTEM , VERBEECK JOHAN , VANDENDAEL ISABELLE , TERRYN HERMAN , SCHRYVERS DOMINIQUE 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe chemical composition, nanostructure and electronic structure of nanosized oxide scales naturally formed on the surface of AISI 316L stainless steel microfibres used for strengthening of composite materials have been characterised using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray, electron energy loss and Auger spectroscopy. The analysis reveals the presence of three sublayers within the total surface oxide scale of 5.0–6.7 nm thick: an outer oxide layer rich in a mixture of FeO.Fe2O3, an intermediate layer rich in Cr2O3 with a mixture of FeO.Fe2O3 and an inner oxide layer rich in nickel.
Huntingtin‐associated protein‐1 is a synapsin I‐binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking
Authors: Mackenzie Kimberly D. , Lumsden Amanda L. , Guo Feng , Duffield Michael D. , Chataway Timothy , Lim Yoon , Zhou Xin‐Fu , Keating Damien J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHuntingtin‐associated protein‐1 (HAP1) is involved in intracellular trafficking, vesicle transport, and membrane receptor endocytosis. However, despite such diverse functions, the role of HAP1 in the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle in nerve terminals remains unclear. Here, we report that HAP1 functions in SV exocytosis, controls total SV turnover and the speed of vesicle fusion in nerve terminals and regulates glutamate release in cortical brain slices. We found that HAP1 interacts with synapsin I, an abundant neuronal phosphoprotein that associates with SVs during neurotransmitter release and regulates synaptic plasticity and neuronal development. The interaction between HAP1 with synapsin I was confirmed by reciprocal co‐immunoprecipitation of the endogenous proteins. Furthermore, HAP1 co‐localizes with synapsin I in cortical neurons as discrete puncta. Interestingly, we find that synapsin I localization is specifically altered in Hap1−/− cortical neurons without an effect on the localization of other SV proteins. This effect on synapsin I localization was not because of changes in the levels of synapsin I or its phosphorylation status in Hap1−/− brains. Furthermore, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in transfected neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein‐synapsin Ia demonstrates that loss of HAP1 protein inhibits synapsin I transport. Thus, we demonstrate that HAP1 regulates SV exocytosis and may do so through binding to synapsin I.
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The Proposed mechanism of synapsin I transport mediated by HAP1 in neurons. HAP1 interacts with synapsin I, regulating the trafficking of synapsin I containing vesicles and/or transport packets, possibly through its engagement of microtubule motors. The absence of HAP1 reduces synapsin I transport and neuronal exocytosis. These findings provide insights into the processes of neuronal trafficking and synaptic signaling.
A Focused Ethnography of Baccalaureate Nursing Students Who Are Using Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Howard Lisa M. , Williams Beverly A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this article is to describe how nursing students learned and used motivational interviewing (MI) in a community‐based clinical context at a primary care vascular risk reduction clinic focused on health promotion.Design and MethodsA focused ethnography was used to access a sample of 20 undergraduate nursing students, 16 patients, and 2 instructors. Data were generated from participant observations, field notes, student journals, and interviews (one‐on‐one and focus group).FindingsCentral to the students’ experience was their transformation because of learning and using MI. Three sub themes describe the social processes that shaped the student experience: learning a relational skill, engaging patients, and collaborating as partners.ConclusionsIt is feasible for nursing students to learn MI and use this approach to enhance collaborative care in a primary care setting. The experience can be transformative for students.Clinical RelevanceSupporting patients to adopt healthy lifestyles is a significant role for nurses in practice. The findings provide key insights and strategies for nurse educators teaching students a collaborative communication approach, such as MI, to engage patients in health behavior change.
Zeaxanthin‐based dietary supplement and topical serum improve hydration and reduce wrinkle count in female subjects
Authors: Schwartz Steve , Frank Emily , Gierhart Dennis , Simpson Paula , Frumento Robert 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundDietary modification, through supplementation and elimination diets, has become an area of interest to help slow skin aging, reduce symptom severity or prevent reoccurrence of certain dermatologic conditions [Clinical Dermatology vol. 31 (2013) 677–700].Free radical components (reactive oxygen species or ROS) or lipid peroxide (LPO) is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of accelerated skin aging when prolonged oxidative stress occurs. The use of antioxidant‐related therapies such as nutraceuticals is of particular interest in restoring skin homeostasis.Antioxidant carotenoid zeaxanthin is concentrated in the eye and skin tissue and believed to decrease the formation of ROS associated with UV light exposure. With zeaxanthin, phytoceramides, and botanical extracts an oral and topical test product (with zeaxanthin, algae extracts, peptides, hyaluronate) have been developed to improve the appearance and condition of skin when used as directed.MethodsSubjects were divided into three groups: two tests (skin formula 1 – oral product alone (ZO‐1), skin formula 2‐ oral product with topical product (ZO‐2 + ZT)), and one placebo control. The study consisted of a washout visit, baseline (randomization), week two (2), week four (4), week six (6), week eight (8), and week twelve (12). Key parameters measured were as follows: fine lines, deep lines, total wrinkles, wrinkle severity, radiance/skin color (L, a*, b*), discolorations, and skin pigment homogeneity.ResultsThirty‐one subjects completed the twelve‐week study; no adverse events were recorded during the study. Statistically significant improvements from baseline mean hydration score were observed in active groups at weeks 2, 6, and 8. A statistically significant difference was observed between mean differences from baseline scores for total wrinkle count at week 4 for the combination active groups compared to placebo. A statistically significant difference from baseline scores for fine lines count was also observed at the week 4 visit compared to placebo for both active groups. Statistically significant differences from baseline scores for average wrinkles severity were seen for week 12 visit for both active groups compared to placebo.ConclusionWe have shown that the combination of zeaxanthin‐based dietary supplement plus a topical formulation produces superior hydration to that of placebo. Additionally, we have shown that the combination of oral and topical combination vs. oral alone has superior abilities to improve parameters associated with facial lines and wrinkles compared to placebo, although the dietary supplement alone proved most effective in reducing wrinkle count and severity.
‘Close to’ a palliative approach: nurses' and care aides' descriptions of caring for people with advancing chronic life‐limiting conditions
Authors: Reimer‐Kirkham Sheryl , Sawatzky Richard , Roberts Della , Cochrane Marie , Stajduhar Kelli 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesThe purpose of the study was to examine nurses' and nursing assistants' perspectives of a palliative approach in a variety of nursing care settings that do not specialise in palliative care.BackgroundAgeing populations worldwide are drawing increasing attention to palliative care. In particular, people with advancing chronic life‐limiting conditions often have unmet needs and may die in acute medical, residential care and home health settings without access to palliative care. A palliative approach offers an upstream orientation to adopt palliative care principles to meet the needs of people with life‐limiting chronic conditions, adapt palliative care knowledge to other chronic illness conditions, and integrate and contextualise this knowledge within the healthcare system (Sawatzky et al. 2016).DesignA qualitative study using the method of interpretive description carried out by a nursing research‐practice collaborative, Initiative for a Palliative Approach: Evidence and Leadership (iPANEL).MethodsTwenty‐five nurses and five nursing assistants from across British Columbia, Canada participated in interviews and focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsThe overarching theme was that of participants close to a palliative approach in that they cared for people who would benefit from a palliative approach, they were committed to providing better end‐of‐life care, and they understood palliative approach as an extension of specialised palliative care services. Participants varied in their self‐reported capacity to integrate a palliative approach, as they were influenced by role clarity, interprofessional collaboration and knowledge.ConclusionsIntegration of a palliative approach requires a conceptual shift and can be enhanced through interpersonal relationships and communication, role clarification and education.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses care for people with advancing chronic life‐limiting conditions in a variety of settings who would benefit from a palliative approach.
Physiological Indices of Maricultured Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in Istria, Croatia: Seasonal and Transplantation Effect
Authors: Pavičić Hamer Dijana , Kovačić Ines , Koščica Lorena , Hamer Bojan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTransplantation of mussels to new aquaculture sites is currently being undertaken in Istria (Croatia) to increase production, minimize potential seasonal urban contamination, and secure safer seafood products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of season and transplantation on physiological indices (condition index and meat yield) of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were obtained from five aquaculture areas in Istria (central Lim Bay, Raša, Budava, Vabriga, and Pomer) and moved to a reference site in inner Lim Bay from April to July. Results showed that both season and transplantation affected physiological indices of mussels. Higher physiological indices were found in cultivated mussels from all areas in summer compared to spring, except in mussels from Vabriga and Pomer. In addition, higher physiological indices were found in mussels transplanted from central Lim Bay to the reference site in inner Lim Bay. Transplantation negatively affected physiological indices of mussels from Vabriga and Pomer, with no change in mussels from Raša and Budava. In conclusion, mussels from all areas exhibit satisfactory commercial results (≥15%) during the peak summer harvesting season. For most transplanted mussels, transplantation itself represents additional stress, bringing into focus adaptation processes, stock genetics, and favorable ecological conditions.
Phylogenetics support an ancient common origin of two scientific icons: Devils Hole and Devils Hole pupfish
Authors: Sağlam İsmaİl K. , Baumsteiger Jason , Smith Matt J. , Linares‐Casenave Javier , Nichols Andrew L. , O'Rourke Sean M. , Miller Michael R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis; DHP) is an icon of conservation biology. Isolated in a 50 m2 pool (Devils Hole), DHP is one of the rarest vertebrate species known and an evolutionary anomaly, having survived in complete isolation for thousands of years. However, recent findings suggest DHP might be younger than commonly thought, potentially introduced to Devils Hole by humans in the past thousand years. As a result, the significance of DHP from an evolutionary and conservation perspective has been questioned. Here we present a high‐resolution genomic analysis of DHP and two closely related species, with the goal of thoroughly examining the temporal divergence of DHP. To this end, we inferred the evolutionary history of DHP from multiple random genomic subsets and evaluated four historical scenarios using the multispecies coalescent. Our results provide substantial information regarding the evolutionary history of DHP. Genomic patterns of secondary contact present strong evidence that DHP were isolated in Devils Hole prior to 20–10 ka and the model best supported by geological history and known mutation rates predicts DHP diverged around 60 ka, approximately the same time Devils Hole opened to the surface. We make the novel prediction that DHP colonized and have survived in Devils Hole since the cavern opened, and the two events (colonization and collapse of the cavern's roof) were caused by a common geologic event. Our results emphasize the power of evolutionary theory as a predictive framework and reaffirm DHP as an important evolutionary novelty, worthy of continued conservation and exploration.
Comprehensive analysis of type 1 fimbriae regulation in fimB‐null strains from the multidrug resistant Escherichia coli ST131 clone
Authors: Sarkar Sohinee , Roberts Leah W. , Phan Minh‐Duy , Tan Lendl , Lo Alvin W. , Peters Kate M. , Paterson David L. , Upton Mathew , Ulett Glen C. , Beatson Scott A. , Totsika Makrina , Schembri Mark A. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryUropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) of sequence type 131 (ST131) are a pandemic multidrug resistant clone associated with urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Type 1 fimbriae, a major UPEC virulence factor, are essential for ST131 bladder colonization. The globally dominant sub‐lineage of ST131 strains, clade C/H30‐R, possess an ISEc55 insertion in the fimB gene that controls phase‐variable type 1 fimbriae expression via the invertible fimS promoter. We report that inactivation of fimB in these strains causes altered regulation of type 1 fimbriae expression. Using a novel read‐mapping approach based on Illumina sequencing, we demonstrate that ‘off’ to ‘on’ fimS inversion is reduced in these strains and controlled by recombinases encoded by the fimE and fimX genes. Unlike typical UPEC strains, the nucleoid‐associated H‐NS protein does not strongly repress fimE transcription in clade C ST131 strains. Using a genetic screen to identify novel regulators of fimE and fimX in the clade C ST131 strain EC958, we defined a new role for the guaB gene in the regulation of type 1 fimbriae and in colonisation of the mouse bladder. Our results provide a comprehensive analysis of type 1 fimbriae regulation in ST131, and highlight important differences in its control compared to non‐ST131 UPEC.
Structural organization of membrane‐inserted hexamers formed by Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin
Authors: Pyburn Tasia M. , Foegeding Nora J. , González‐Rivera Christian , McDonald Nathan A. , Gould Kathleen L. , Cover Timothy L. , Ohi Melanie D. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryHelicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach and is a potential cause of peptic ulceration or gastric adenocarcinoma. H. pylori secretes a pore‐forming toxin known as vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). The 88 kDa secreted VacA protein, composed of an N‐terminal p33 domain and a C‐terminal p55 domain, assembles into water‐soluble oligomers. The structural organization of membrane‐bound VacA has not been characterized in any detail and the role(s) of specific VacA domains in membrane binding and insertion are unclear. We show that membrane‐bound VacA organizes into hexameric oligomers. Comparison of the two‐dimensional averages of membrane‐bound and soluble VacA hexamers generated using single particle electron microscopy reveals a structural difference in the central region of the oligomers (corresponding to the p33 domain), suggesting that membrane association triggers a structural change in the p33 domain. Analyses of the isolated p55 domain and VacA variants demonstrate that while the p55 domain can bind membranes, the p33 domain is required for membrane insertion. Surprisingly, neither VacA oligomerization nor the presence of putative transmembrane GXXXG repeats in the p33 domain is required for membrane insertion. These findings provide new insights into the process by which VacA binds and inserts into the lipid bilayer to form membrane channels.