bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’honneur est-il sauf ?
Authors: Fedi Laurent 
Published: January 2017

L’honneur était une valeur de caste, une valeur aristocratique. Certains en concluent que l’honneur est périmé, qu’il a cédé la place à la notion de dignité, mais cette thèse est discutable. On peut en effet se demander si la qualité distinctive qui était autrefois une qualité d’élite ne s’est pas déplacée vers une qualité morale qui tient aux valeurs d’autodétermination du sujet moderne : on n’admet plus qu’on puisse « être déshonoré » par la faute d’un autre, mais on peut « se déshonorer » par une conduite indigne. La perte du sens de l’honneur semble surtout liée à la disparition des identités symboliques, qui est un phénomène contemporain.
Le discours identitaire des grandes métropoles européennes : émergence d'une maturité communicationnelle
Authors: Faye Benoit , Vignolles Alexandra 
Published: January 2017

Depuis les travaux de Jacobs (1961) et Lynch (1969), la notion d'identité urbaine s'est développée en économie et en géographie urbaines, en psychologie sociale et plus récemment en sciences de gestion (marketing et management touristique). L'état de l'art de ces développements multidisciplinaires montre que les villes génèrent des « identités interprétatives », déconnectées de leurs attributs réels ou perçus, orientée vers le dynamisme pour les grandes villes et la proximité pour les plus petites. Nous testons cette proposition sur un échantillon de 29 métropoles européennes, en empruntant une démarche statistique multidimensionnelle. Les discours identitaires, catégorisés par l'étude en 2011 et 2013 des visuels des pages d'accueil des sites Web de ces villes, montrent une évolution et l'émergence d'une identité plus « constructive » mise en cohérence avec leurs attributs fonctionnels réels et perçus pour les principales cibles (touristes, résidents et firmes).
Abiotic effects on the clear-winged grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acridae) and its fungal pathogen Entomophaga grylli (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) in an intermountain bunch-grass prairie
Authors: Kistner Erica J. , Belovsky Gary E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe grasshopper, Camnula pellucida Scudder (Orthoptera: Acridae), is a severe pest of small grains and rangeland forage in North America. In a field experiment using cages containing C. pellucida in northwestern Montana, United States of America, we manipulated exposure to the fungal entomopathogen, Entomophaga grylli Fresenius (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) pathotype 1, temperature using small greenhouses, and moisture for the pathogen with water pillows. Treatment effects on fungal infection (mycosis) rates and grasshopper survivorship were assessed. Water pillows provided additional moist habitat for E. grylli without having an impact on grasshopper performance or the plant biomass and nitrogen content. Number of fungal spores, pathogen-induced mortality rates, and treatment effects on grass biomass and nitrogen content were also measured. Water pillows benefited the pathogen by increasing fungal spore levels by eightfold, which in turn shortened pathogen-exposed grasshopper survival time by half. In contrast, warming reduced fungal spore levels by 50% and subsequently reduced mortality from E. grylli by 67%. However, warmed pathogen-exposed grasshoppers did not exhibit enhanced survival, which may be due, in part, to intraspecific competition among the surviving grasshoppers.
Physiological and Perceived Effects of Forearm or Head Cooling During Simulated Firefighting Activity and Rehabilitation
Authors: Yeargin Susan , McKenzie Amy L. , Eberman Lindsey E. , Kingsley J. Derek , Dziedzicki David J. , Yoder Patrick 
Published: January 2017

Context: Cooling devices aim to protect firefighters by attenuating a rise in body temperature. Devices for head cooling (HC) while firefighting and forearm cooling (FC) during rehabilitation (RHB) intervals are commonly marketed, but research regarding their efficacy is limited.
Objective: To investigate the physiological and perceived effects of HC and FC during firefighting drills and RHB.
Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.
Setting: Firefighter training center.
Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-seven male career firefighters (age = 39 ± 7 years; height = 169 ± 7 cm; weight = 95.4 ± 16.8 kg).
Intervention(s): Firefighters were randomly assigned to 1 condition: HC (n = 9), in which participants completed drills wearing a cold gel pack inside their helmet; FC (n = 8), in which participants sat on a collapsible chair with water-immersion arm troughs during RHB; or control (n = 10), in which participants used no cooling devices. Firefighters completed four 15-minute drills (D1−D4) wearing full bunker gear and breathing apparatus. Participants had a 15-min RHB after D2 (RHB1) and D4 (RHB2).
Main Outcome Measure(s): Change (Δ) in gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), heart rate (HR), physiological strain index, and perceived thermal sensation.
Results: The TGI increased similarly in the HC and control groups, respectively (D1: 0.57°C ± 0.41°C, 0.73°C ± 0.30°C; D2: 0.92°C ± 0.28°C, 0.85°C ± 0.27°C; D3: −0.37°C ± 0.34°C, −0.01°C ± 0.72°C; D4: 0.25°C ± 0.42°C, 0.57°C ± 0.26°C; P &gt; .05). The ΔHR, Δ physiological strain index, and Δ thermal sensation were similar between the HC and control groups during drills (P &gt; .05). The FC group demonstrated a decreased TGI compared with the control group after RHB1 (−1.61°C ± 0.35°C versus −0.23°C ± 0.34°C; P &lt; .001) and RHB2 (−1.40°C ± 0.38°C versus −0.38°C ± 0.24°C; P &lt; .001). The physiological strain index score decreased in the FC group compared with the control group after RHB1 (−7.9 ± 1.3 versus −2.6 ± 1.7; P &lt; .001) and RHB2 (−7.9 ± 1.6 versus −3.6 ± 1.1; P &lt; .001), but no differences between groups were demonstrated for ΔHR or Δ thermal sensation (P &gt; .05).
Conclusions: The HC did not attenuate rises in physiological or perceptual variables during firefighting drills. The FC effectively reduced TGI and the physiological strain index score but not HR or thermal sensation during RHB. Clinicians and firefighters should not recommend the use of HC during firefighting but can consider using FC during RHB intervals in the field.
Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Patients with Unresectable or Medically Inoperable Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Ming-Yueh , Lo Cheng-Hsiang , Lin Chun-Shu , Chao Hsing-Lung , Yang Jen-Fu , Lin Kuen-Tze , Fan Chao-Yueh , Su Yu-Fu , Huang Wen-Yen 
Published: January 2017

Purpose The role of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) in patients with unresectable or medically inoperable cholangiocarcinoma remains unclear. We examined the efficacy and safety of SABR in this group of patients. Methods From January 2008 to December 2014, 15 patients with 17 lesions were included in this study. The lesions included 14 intrahepatic, 1 hilar, and 2 distal bile duct tumors. Three patients were classified as medically inoperable because of old age or multiple comorbidities. Tumors measured 0.8-13 cm (median, 3.6 cm). The median prescribed dose was 45 Gy delivered in 5 fractions over 5 consecutive days. Results The median follow-up period for surviving patients was 29.9 months. Objective responses were observed for 10 of 17 tumors (58.8%), including 3 complete responses (17.6%). The median survival duration was 12.6 months, and the 1- and 2-year overall survival rates were 50.3% and 14.4%, respectively. The 1- and 2-year in-field failure-free rates were 61.5% and 30.8%, respectively. For patients with biologically effective doses (BEDs) exceeding 75 Gy10, the 1- and 2-year overall survival rates were 58.3% and 33.3%, respectively, compared to 20.0% and 0%, respectively for those with BEDs lower than 75 Gy10. Radiation-induced liver disease did not develop in any patient. Acute toxicities were generally mild and tolerable. Conclusions Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy could be an alternative treatment for unresectable or medically inoperable cholangiocarcinoma. Further dose escalation may be considered to optimize local control.
Comparative Legislative Drafting
Authors: Stefanou Constantin 
Published: January 2017

Comparative Legislative Drafting: Comparing Across Legal Systems
This article is an original, first attempt at establishing a list of comparative criteria for the comparative study of legislative drafting or aspects of legislative drafting between the two families of legal systems: common law and civil law. Because of the limited bibliography in the field of legislative drafting – let alone in comparative legislative drafting between common law and civil law systems – this article adds to existing scholarship on the field aiming to become a basis for further comparative research in legislative drafting. The list of criteria can be used on its own for different jurisdictions within the same family of legal systems, or the two lists can be used to juxtapose civil and common law experiences in legislative drafting. As this is the first time that such lists of comparative criteria in legislative drafting have been produced, it should be stressed that the lists are certainly not exhaustive. The aim of this article is to generate comparative research in legislative drafting, and so, inevitably, such comparative research might add or even subtract criteria from the lists depending on results.
De twitterende wijkagent en het veiligheidsgevoel van de burger
Authors: Smulders Imke , Spooren Wilbert , Kolthoff Emile 
Published: January 2017

Twitter use by community policing officers and citizens’ safety perceptions
This article reports on a conceptual model that provides insight into the relationship between Twitter use by community policing officers and citizens’ safety perceptions. The model has been tested using data from a relatively large-scale survey study and these results are supporting the model. Furthermore, a small impact of Twitter use has been found on feelings of safety and judgments about the police. To confirm these findings, further research on a larger scale is necessary. To find out more about the exact positive and negative effects of Twitter use by community policing officers, a more experimental design is required.
Occurrence of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Río Negro Estuary, Argentina, and their mid-distance movements along the northeastern Patagonian coast
Authors: Failla Mauricio , Seijas Verónica A. , Vermeulen Els 
Published: January 2017

A systematic study was carried out on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Río Negro Estuary (RNE), Patagonia, Argentina, to analyze their occurrence and activity patterns in this region. The photo-identification data of this study was further compared to data from an adjacent region to gain information on the animals' movements along the northeastern Patagonian coast. Information was gathered through land-based observations between the months of March and July of 2008 up to 2011. Data on dolphin activity patterns were collected via an ad libitum focal-group sampling mode. At the same time, dorsal fin images were obtained from as many dolphins as possible for identification and subsequent re-identification of individuals. Total effort equaled 188h, resulting in 58h of observation of 124 dolphin groups [sightings per unit effort (SPUE) = 0.66 group/h]. Most of the groups observed contained between one and five individuals, and two main activity states could be determined, namely traveling (65%) and foraging (26%). The photo-identification effort, which started opportunistically in 2006, resulted in a catalogue of 17 individual dolphins, with a total mean re-identification rate of nine days (max. = 24 days). When comparing these pictures to the existing catalogue of Bahía San Antonio (BSA; approximately 200km west from the study area) dorsal fins of 15 individuals could be matched and most (n = 12) could be subsequently re-identified in both areas, indicating their long distance movements along the northeastern Patagonian coast during the austral autumn months. This season coincides with the lowest dolphin abundance and feeding activity in BSA. This study indicates that bottlenose dolphins enter the RNE to forage at least during autumn. It further suggests that the search for food resources is the main trigger for their movement patterns along the northeastern Patagonian coast during this season, at least for certain individuals. More research is needed to accurately confirm these hypotheses.
Prevalence of aneuploidy and additional anatomic abnormalities in fetuses and neonates with cleft lip with or without cleft palate: a population‐based study in Utah.
Authors: Walker S J , Ball R H , Babcook C J , Feldkamp M M 
Published: January 2017

To determine the prevalence of aneuploidy and additional major anatomic abnormalities in fetuses and neonates with cleft lip with or without cleft palate.All cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cleft lip/cleft palate) occurring in Utah from 1995 through 1999 were reviewed by using the Utah Birth Defect Network population‐based surveillance system. All pregnancy outcomes are included (stillborn, live born, and termination) in this analysis.Of 263 cases of cleft lip/cleft palate, 72 (27.4%) were unilateral cleft lip, 112 (42.6%) were unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, 12 (4.6%) were bilateral cleft lip, and 67 (25.5%) were bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. Fifteen (5.7%) of the 263 fetuses and neonates were aneuploid. One (1.2%) with cleft lip (unilateral and bilateral combined) was aneuploid. Five (4.5%) of the fetuses and neonates with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate were aneuploid compared with 9 (13.4%) of fetuses and neonates with bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. In known or presumed euploid fetuses and neonates, additional sonographically occult major anatomic abnormalities occurred in 5 (7.0%) of 71 with unilateral cleft lip, 18 (16.8%) of 107 with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, 1 (8.3%) of 12 with bilateral cleft lip, and 12 (20.7%) of 58 with bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. These abnormalities primarily involved the heart and the central nervous system.Amniocentesis for karyotype should be offered in all cases of cleft lip/cleft palate because of the risk of aneuploidy. Patients should be counseled that sonographically occult additional anatomic abnormalities might be present with all clefts.
Cardiopulmonary function in rats with lung hemorrhage induced by pulsed ultrasound exposure.
Authors: Kramer J M , Waldrop T G , Frizzell L A , Zachary J F , O'Brien W D 
Published: January 2017

To assess cardiopulmonary function in rats exposed to pulsed ultrasound using superthreshold exposure conditions known to produce significant lung hemorrhage.In 1 group of 9 anesthetized Sprague‐Dawley rats, 5 foci of ultrasound‐induced hemorrhage were produced in the left lung of each rat. In a second group of 6 rats, 5 foci of ultrasound‐induced hemorrhage were produced in the left and right lungs of each rat. Each lesion was induced using superthreshold pulsed ultrasound exposure conditions (3.1‐MHz center frequency, 1.7‐kHz pulse repetition frequency, 1.3‐micro‐second pulse duration, 60‐second exposure duration, 39‐MPa in situ peak compressional pressure, and 17‐MPa in situ peak rarefactional pressure). After exposure, the lungs were fixed in formalin and assessed histologically. The total lesion volume was calculated for each lesion in each lung lobe. Measurements of cardiopulmonary function included assessment of pulsatile arterial pressure, heart rate, end‐tidal carbon dioxide, respiratory rate, and arterial blood gases (PCO2 and PO2). Functional data were quantified before (baseline) and 30 minutes after exposure to ultrasound.In the 9 rats that had lesions in only the left lung, the mean (SEM) lesion volume was 97 (13) mm3 and represented about 3.4% of the total lung volume. In the 6 rats that had lesions in both the left and right lungs, the left, right, and total mean lesion volumes, respectively, were 102 (16), 114 (11), and 216 (18) mm3 and represented about 3.7%, 4.2%, and 7.9% of the total lung volume. There were no statistically significant differences in cardiopulmonary measurements between baseline values and values obtained after exposure to ultrasound in the 9 rats exposed on the left lung only. The 6 rats exposed bilaterally had statistically significant differences in arterial pressure (134 +/‐ 4 versus 113 +/‐ 9 mm Hg; P= .047) and arterial PO2 (70 +/‐ 5 versus 58 +/‐ 4 mm Hg; P = .024) between baseline values and values obtained after exposure to ultrasound.The severity of ultrasound‐induced lesions produced in 1 lung did not affect measurements of cardiopulmonary function because of the functional respiratory reserve in the unexposed lung. However, when both the left and right lungs had ultrasound‐induced lesions, the functional respiratory reserve was decreased to a point at which rats were unable to maintain systemic arterial pressure or resting levels of arterial PO2.
Evaluation of a gel‐coupled quantitative ultrasound device for bone status assessment.
Authors: Njeh C F , Chen M B , Fan B , Grigorian M , Shepherd J A , Saeed I , Genant H K 
Published: January 2017

To evaluate a new gel‐coupled calcaneal quantitative ultrasound system, Osteospace (Medilink, Montpellier, France), which was designed to assess the status of bone in the calcaneus.The study group consisted of 215 healthy white women aged 20 to 85 years and 51 white women aged 60 to 86 years with osteoporotic fractures. Fifty‐two healthy women aged 50 to 85 years were randomly selected from the healthy cohort as the control group. All the women had calcaneal quantitative ultrasonic measurements. The women with osteoporotic fractures and the control group also had proximal femur and lumbar anteroposterior spine bone mineral density measurements using dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Bone mineral density was also measured in a subgroup of 54 women at the calcaneus.There was a significant inverse correlation of broadband ultrasound attenuation and speed of sound with age (P < .001). Short‐term measurement precision values expressed as coefficients of variation were 1.72% for broadband ultrasound attenuation and 0.64% for speed of sound, and standardized short‐term precision values were 6.09% for broadband ultrasound attenuation and 3.87% for speed of sound. The correlations between the quantitative ultrasonic parameters and calcaneal bone mineral density were 0.69 (P = .0001) for broadband ultrasound attenuation and 0.45 (P = .0008) for speed of sound. Both quantitative ultrasonic parameters and all bone mineral density measurements of the hip and spine differed significantly between the control and osteoporotic fracture groups (P < .01). Age‐, weight‐, and height‐adjusted odds ratios per SD decrease were as follows: broadband ultrasound attenuation, 1.79; speed of sound, 1.83; spine bone mineral density, 2.34; femoral neck bone mineral density, 1.69; and total hip bone mineral density, 1.85. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for quantitative ultrasound parameters and bone mineral density measurements were close, ranging from 0.75 to 0.80.This new quantitative ultrasound system can detect age‐ and menopause‐related influences on skeletal status and can discriminate healthy women from those with osteoporotic fractures in a manner comparable with that of bone mineral density measurement by dual X‐ray absorptiometry.
State‐of‐the‐art ultrasonography is as accurate as helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography for detecting unresectable periampullary cancer.
Authors: Morrin M M , Kruskal J B , Raptopoulos V , Weisinger K , Farrell R J , Steer M L , Kane R A 
Published: January 2017

To compare the ability of state‐of‐the‐art ultrasonography with that of helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography in detecting unresectable periampullary cancer. In most patients periampullary cancer is unresectable because of either distant metastasis or local vascular involvement. The advent of gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonography has improved the ability of ultrasonography to detect vascular involvement.Twenty‐three consecutive patients with periampullary cancer were enrolled for prospective staging of their disease by comparing helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography with gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonography of the abdomen. Portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, and superior mesenteric artery involvement was graded 0 to 4, grade 0 being no vascular involvement and grade 4 being total occlusion of the vessel. Agreement between ultrasonography and computed tomographic angiography for determining vascular involvement was measured by chi2 analysis.Two patients (9%) were excluded because excessive overlying bowel gas hampered the ability of ultrasonography to visualize the pancreas. For the remaining 21 patients, there was significant agreement between ultrasonography and computed tomographic angiography for detecting vascular involvement in all vessels (P < .001; portal vein, kappa = 0.67; superior mesenteric vein, kappa = 0.67; splenic vein, kappa = 0.85; and superior mesenteric artery, kappa = 0.59). Ultrasonography was in agreement with computed tomographic angiography in all cases of unresectability. Both modalities were equally poor in preoperatively showing lymphadenopathy and metastases.Provided that there is adequate visualization on ultrasonography of the head of the pancreas in the periampullary region, then state‐of‐the‐art gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonography are as accurate as helical computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography for detecting the unresectability of periampullary cancer. If performed as the initial investigation and the region of the pancreatic head is clearly shown, and if vascular encasement or occlusion or distant metastasis is identified, further investigations are unnecessary.
The single umbilical artery in a high‐risk patient population: what should be offered?
Authors: Budorick N E , Kelly T F , Dunn J A , Scioscia A L 
Published: January 2017

To determine whether fetal echocardiography is warranted in cases of single umbilical artery in a population at risk for aneuploidy.All cases of fetal single umbilical artery identified over a 2‐year period were reviewed for other sonographically detected abnormalities, fetal echocardiographic results, and karyotype.Sixty‐five cases of single umbilical artery were diagnosed on the basis of initial sonograms. Five were subsequently shown to have 3‐vessel cords (8% false‐positive diagnosis; incidence, 1.2%). Excluding 3 from twin gestations, 57 cases formed the study population. Thirty‐one fetuses (54%) were initially thought to have isolated single umbilical arteries, and 26 (46%) had nonisolated single umbilical arteries. Fetal echocardiography was performed in 29 cases (51%), 24 (83%) with normal findings and 5 (17%) with abnormal findings. Four (50%) of 8 nonisolated single umbilical arteries had abnormal echocardiographic findings versus 1 (5%) of 21 apparently isolated single umbilical arteries (P < .05; odds ratio, 20). Karyotypes in 36 cases (63%) showed 25 (69%) euploid and 11 (31%) aneuploid fetuses. An apparently isolated single umbilical artery was never associated with an abnormal karyotype. Eleven (50%) of 22 fetuses with nonisolated single umbilical arteries had aneuploidy (P < .005). The side of the missing umbilical artery did not correlate with other sonographically detected abnormalities, abnormal fetal echocardiographic findings, or aneuploidy.The rate of cardiac malformations seen with apparently isolated single umbilical arteries is significant, and fetal echocardiography should be performed.