bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ageism in Studies on the Management of Osteoporosis
Authors: McGarvey Caoimhe , Coughlan Tara , O'Neill Desmond 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo review the literature to assess whether the fact that osteoporosis is chiefly considered a disease of the older population was reflected in research in the area of the management of osteoporosis and to determine the extent of ageism in studies on the management of osteoporosis.DesignReview.SettingAll randomized control trials on the management of osteoporosis entered in the Cochrane Library Database that reported mean age were included. Exclusion criteria were also examined. Of 284 randomized control trials identified, 102 were eligible for inclusion.ParticipantsOlder adult trail participants.MeasurementsMean age of participants and exclusion criteria used were analyzed.ResultsThe mean age of all participants was 64.0, despite the fact that the average age at hip fracture is 83 for women and 84 for men. Overall, the mean age of those presenting with hip fractures is 84.8. Twenty‐four (23%) of the 102 trials used older age as an exclusion factor. Other exclusion factors were long time since menopause, impaired cardiac or pulmonary function, dependent in ambulation, any severe comorbidity, dementia or any cognitive impairment, recent history of peptic ulcer disease or erosive gastric disease, uncontrolled hypertension, and psychiatric illness.ConclusionThese data show a distinct difference between the mean age of participants in studies of the management of osteoporosis and the mean age of those presenting with hip fractures. Given that osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fractures, this finding could have a significant effect on future studies in this area. It would follow that future research should include a cohort of an age that is more reflective of those most likely to experience the adverse effects of osteoporosis.
Estimates of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in the period 1991–2015 in the Netherlands
Authors: de Graaf G. , Engelen J. J. M. , Gijsbers A. C. J. , Hochstenbach R. , Hoffer M. J. V. , Kooper A. J. A. , Sikkema‐Raddatz B. , Srebniak M. I. , van der Kevie‐Kersemaekers A. M. F. , van Zutven L. J. C. M. , Voorhoeve E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundIn Western countries, increasing maternal age has led to more pregnancies with a child with Down syndrome (DS). However, prenatal screening programs, diagnostic testing and termination of pregnancy influence the actual DS live birth (LB) prevalence as well. The aim of this study is to examine these factors in the Netherlands for the period 1991–2015. In our study, we establish a baseline for DS LB prevalence before non‐invasive prenatal testing will be made available to all pregnant women in the Netherlands in 2017.MethodsFull nationwide data from the Dutch cytogenetic laboratories were used to evaluate the actual DS LB prevalence. In addition, nonselective DS prevalence, which is the DS LB prevalence that would be expected in absence of termination of pregnancies, was estimated on the basis of maternal age distribution in the general population.ResultsBecause of an increase in maternal age, nonselective DS prevalence increased from around 15.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.9–17.4] per 10 000 LBs in 1991 (311 children in total) to around 22.6 (95% CI 20.3–24.9) per 10 000 in 2015 (385), the increase levelling off in recent years. Actual LB prevalence rose from around 11.6 (95% CI 10.9–12.2) per 10 000 in 1991 (230 children) to an estimated peak of 15.9 (95% CI 15.6–16.2) per 10 000 in 2002 (322), gradually decreasing since to 11.1 (95% CI 10.8–11.5) per 10 000 in 2015 (190). Reduction of DS LBs resulting from elective terminations had been fairly constant between 1995 and 2002 at around 28% and rose afterwards from 35% in 2003 to around 50% in 2015.ConclusionsIn spite of expansion of antenatal screening in the Netherlands in the 1990s and early 2000s, actual DS LB prevalence increased during this period. However, after 2002, this trend reversed, probably because of informing all pregnant women about prenatal testing since 2004 and the implementation of a national screening program in 2007.
Demographic Differences in District‐Level Policies Related to School Mental Health and Social Services—United States, 2012
Authors: Demissie Zewditu , Brener Nancy 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMental health conditions among youth are a major concern. Schools can play an important role in supporting students affected by these conditions. This study examined district‐level school health policies related to mental health and social services to determine if they varied by district demographic characteristics.METHODSThe School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS) 2012 collected cross‐sectional data on school health policies and practices from a nationally representative sample of public school districts (N = 684). We used logistic regression to examine the association between district‐level demographic characteristics and school mental health policies.RESULTSSouthern and low‐affluence districts had higher odds of requiring schools to have a specified counselor‐to‐student ratio as compared with Northeastern and average affluence districts, respectively. Northeastern and urban districts had higher odds of requiring educational and credentialing requirements for school mental health or social services staff, compared to other regions and rural districts, respectively.CONCLUSIONSResults describe the extent to which school mental health and social services programs in the United States are meeting various guidelines. More work is necessary to ensure that all schools have the resources needed to support their students' mental health and meet national guidelines, especially in districts with certain characteristics.
Association of Self‐Perceived Physical Competence and Leisure‐Time Physical Activity in Childhood—A Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Hamari Lotta , Heinonen Olli J. , Aromaa Minna , Asanti Riitta , Koivusilta Leena , Koski Pasi , Laaksonen Camilla , Matomäki Jaakko , Pahkala Katja , Pakarinen Anni , Suominen Sakari , Salanterä Sanna 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe basis of self‐perceived physical competence is built in childhood and school personnel have an important role in this developmental process. We investigated the association between initial self‐perceived physical competence and reported leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) longitudinally in 10‐, 12‐, and 15‐year‐old children.METHODSThis longitudinal follow‐up study comprises pupils from an elementary school cohort (N = 1346) in the city of Turku, Finland (175,000 inhabitants). The self‐perceived physical competence (fitness and appearance) and LTPA data were collected with questionnaires. The full longitudinal data were available from 571 pupils based on repeated studies at the ages of 10, 12, and 15 years in 2004, 2006, and 2010. We analyzed the association of self‐perceived physical competence and LTPA using regression models.RESULTSSelf‐perceived physical competence was positively associated with LTPA at all ages (10 years p < .05, 12 years p < .0001, 15 years p < .0001). Increase in the self‐perceived physical fitness scores was likely to associate with higher LTPA at each age point (10 years [odds ratio, OR] = 1.18, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.09‐1.27; 12 years [OR] = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.18‐1.37; and 15 years [OR] = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.19‐1.38).CONCLUSIONSSelf‐perceived physical competence is associated with LTPA in children and adolescents, and the association is strengthened with age.
Ten‐Year Secular Trends in Youth Violence: Results From the Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2003‐2013
Authors: Pool Andrew C. , Patterson Freda , Luna Ingrid Y. , Hohl Bernadette , Bauer Katherine W. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDYouth violence reduction is a public health priority, yet few studies have examined secular trends in violence among urban youth, who may be particularly vulnerable to numerous forms of violence. This study examines 10‐year secular trends in the prevalence of violence‐related behaviors among Philadelphia high school students.METHODSRepeated cross‐sectional data were analyzed from 5 waves of the Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) from 2003 to 2013. Sex‐specific multivariate regression models were used to examine secular trends in multiple types of violence, accounting for age, race/ethnicity, and sampling strategy.RESULTSIn 2013, the most prevalent violent behavior was physical fighting among boys (38.4%) and girls (32.7%). Among girls, the prevalence of sexual assault and suicide attempts declined between 2003 and 2013 (β = −0.13, p = .04 and β = −0.14, p = .007, respectively). Among boys, significant declines in carrying a weapon (β = −0.31, p < .001), carrying a gun (β = −0.16, p = .01), and physical fighting (β = −0.35, p = .001) were observed.CONCLUSIONSWhereas the prevalence of some forms of violence stabilized or declined among Philadelphia youth during 2003‐2013 time span, involvement in violence‐related behaviors remains common among this population. Continued surveillance and evidence‐based violence reduction strategies are needed to address violence among urban youth.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Ready for Recess to Promote Physical Activity in Children
Authors: Wang Hongmei , Li Tao , Siahpush Mohammad , Chen Li‐Wu , Huberty Jennifer 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMany school‐based recess interventions have been shown to be effective in increasing physical activity but their relative efficiency compared to other school‐based programs are unknown. This study examined the cost‐effectiveness of Ready for Recess, a program designed to increase students' physical activity in 2 elementary schools.METHODSStandard cost‐effectiveness analysis method was used from a program's perspective for this study. Program effectiveness was measured as total metabolic equivalent (MET) hours gained. Program costs included equipment, training, and personnel costs during the 1‐year intervention. The cost‐effectiveness was measured as the ratio of program costs to total MET‐hours gained.RESULTSReady for Recess cost $27,643.97 for the 2 schools in the first year of implementation. Physical activity increased by 1.8 MET‐hours per day per student. Approximately 32 cents were spent on Ready for Recess to produce an additional MET‐hour per student per school day in the 2008‐2009 school year.CONCLUSIONSReady for Recess was cost‐effective in its first year of implementation using 35 cents as a benchmark and it was cost‐effective relative to other school‐based physical activity interventions. The program may be more cost‐effective if implemented for a longer time and on a larger scale.
Investigation of iron status and markers of inflammation in anaemic and non‐anaemic hospitalised cats
Authors: von Roedern M. , Buriko Y. , Prittie J. , Lamb K. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo measure iron parameters and markers of inflammation in anaemic cats presented for intensive care unit hospitalisation, and to compare these to cohorts of non‐anaemic hospitalised cats and cats that develop hospital‐acquired anaemia.MethodsBlood samples were collected for measurement of iron panel and serum amyloid A in addition to routine investigation in cats admitted to the intensive care unit. Medical records were reviewed to determine how many of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria were met and to assign Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation scores as a measure of illness severity.ResultsSeventy‐eight cats were enrolled. Anaemia was documented in 34·6% of cats on presentation and another 10·3% developed anaemia during hospitalisation. Compared with non‐anaemic cats, animals that were anaemic on presentation had higher neutrophil and white blood cell counts, and longer hospitalisation. Iron status was consistent with anaemia of inflammation in most anaemic patients. Iron status, serum amyloid A concentration, and prevalence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome did not differ between anaemic and non‐anaemic cohorts. All cause mortality was higher in anaemic cats.Clinical SignificanceAnaemia is common in cats hospitalised in the intensive care unit. Systemic inflammation is also common in these cats. Iron status in anaemic cats suggests that anaemia of inflammatory disease may be a significant contributor to anaemia in this patient population.
Optimum Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels in Juvenile Filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer, Feed
Authors: Khosravi Sanaz , Lee Sang‐Min 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA feeding trial was designed to assess the effects of dietary protein and lipid content on growth, feed utilization efficiency, body composition, and hematological indices of juvenile filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer. Eight experimental diets were formulated with a combination of four protein (35, 40, 45, and 50%) and two dietary lipid levels (7 and 14%). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (3.2 ± 0.06 g) to apparent satiation for 8 wk. Fish growth performance and feed utilization were significantly affected by increasing dietary protein and lipid levels, with no significant interactions between factors. The highest growth performance value, in terms of weight gain, was observed in groups fed the diets with 50% protein (399%). However, fish fed the diet containing 45% protein had comparable growth (357%) while achieving relatively higher protein efficiency ratio. Hepatosomatic index was significantly affected by interaction of dietary lipid and protein with the highest values observed in those fish fed the highest protein (45–50%) and lipid (14%) diets. There was a significant increase in body lipid content (5.1 to 6.6%) and a decrease in body protein (15.8 to 14.8%) and ash (2.47 to 2.16%) with increasing dietary lipid levels from 7 to 14%. Muscle lipid content was significantly affected by both dietary protein and lipid levels and tended to increase with increasing dietary protein and lipid levels, ranging from 0.13 to 1.20%. Liver lipid content (65.9 to 68.7%) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary lipid levels while liver moisture content (28.9 to 25.9%) showed a clear decreasing trend. Hematological values were also altered with the increase in either dietary protein or lipid levels. These findings may suggest that a diet containing 45% protein and 7% lipid, with a protein to energy ratio of 23.8 mg/kJ, could deliver sufficient nutrient and energy to support acceptable growth and feed utilization and avoid excessive fat deposition in juvenile filefish.
Wrongful convictions and prototypical black features: Can a face‐type facilitate misidentifications?
Authors: Kleider‐Offutt Heather M. , Knuycky Leslie R. , Clevinger Amanda M. , Capodanno Megan M. 
Published: March 2017

PurposeEyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions, and Black men, more than other racial groups, are affected by this memory error. A subgroup of Black men who have stereotypically Black features (dark skin, wide lips, and nose) are associated with the criminal‐Black‐man stereotype more than their atypical counterparts. This perception of criminality leads to harsh sentencing and misidentification from line‐ups in laboratory studies. In this study, we investigated whether face‐type biases that lead to misidentifications in the laboratory extend to real‐world cases.MethodParticipants rated the face stereotypicality of Black men exonerated by the Innocence Project (IP) with DNA evidence, who were incarcerated due to eyewitness misidentification (IP eyewitness) and for non‐misidentification reasons (IP other).ResultsHigher stereotypicality‐face ratings were given to IP eyewitness exonerates than to IP other exonerates regardless of participant race. Moreover, the face ratings were unrelated to the race of the eyewitness in the actual case (i.e., cross‐race, same race), suggesting that cross‐race misidentification was not associated with higher stereotypicality ratings of the IP eyewitness exonerates.ConclusionsThese findings are consistent with extant laboratory research wherein Black men with stereotypical facial features are at increased risk for eyewitness misidentification and that face‐type biases extend beyond cross‐race judgements. These results further highlight the risk of face‐type judgements in misidentifications that potentially contribute to error in real‐world cases.
Estimation of minke whale abundance from an acoustic line transect survey of the Mariana Islands
Authors: Norris Thomas F. , Dunleavy Kerry J. , Yack Tina M. , Ferguson Elizabeth L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe minke whale is one of the most abundant species of baleen whales worldwide, yet is rarely sighted in subtropical waters. In the North Pacific, they produce a distinctive sound known as the “boing,” which can be used to acoustically localize individuals. A vessel‐based survey using both visual and passive acoustic monitoring was conducted during the spring of 2007 in a large (616,000 km2) study area encompassing the Mariana Islands. We applied line transect methods to data collected from a towed hydrophone array to estimate the abundance of calling minke whales in our study area. No minke whales were sighted, but there were hundreds of acoustic detections of boings. Computer algorithms were developed to localize calling minke whales from acoustic recordings, resulting in over 30 independent localizations, a six‐fold increase over those estimated during the survey. The two best estimates of abundance of calling minke whales were determined to be 80 and 91 animals (0.13 and 0.15 animals per 1,000 km2, respectively;CV= 34%). These are the first density and abundance estimates for calling minke whales using towed hydrophone array surveys, and the first estimates for this species in the Mariana Islands region. These are considered minimum estimates of the true number of minke whales in the study area.
Rectal gas volume: Defining cut‐offs for screening for evacuation disorders in patients with constipation
Authors: Park S.‐Y. , Khemani D. , Acosta A. , Eckert D. , Camilleri M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundDiagnosis of rectal evacuation disorders (RED) is currently based on anorectal manometry (ARM) and evacuation tests in specialized laboratories; we recently showed higher rectal gas volume (RGV) and maximum rectal gas transaxial area (MRGTA) measured on abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) in patients with documented RED.The aim of this study was to obtain cut‐off values of RGV, MRGTA, and rectal area on scout film (RASF) to differentiate constipated patients with RED from those without RED, based on ARM, balloon expulsion test (BET), and colon transit test.MethodsWe identified 118 constipated patients (65 with RED) with prior record of CT. Using standard CT software, we used a variable region of interest (ROI) program to measure RGV, MRTGA, and RASF, as previously described. We constructed receiver operating characteristics curves based on different values, and we estimated AUC, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) to detect RED in patients with constipation.Key ResultsReceiver operating characteristics of the models to predict RED showed AUC 0.751 for RGV and 0.737 for MRGTA (both P<.001), and 0.623 for RASF (P=.029). At specificity of 90%, RGV of 30 mL had a PPV 77.3%, MRGTA of 10 cm2 had a PPV 75.0%, and RFAS of 9 cm2 had a PPV of 68.8% for identifying constipated patients with RED.Conclusions & InferencesRectal gas measurements on abdominal imaging may indicate RED in patients with constipation. At ~90% specificity for RED, RGV of 20 or 30 mL or MRGTA of 10 cm2 on CT has PPV ~75%, and RASF of >9 cm2 has PPV of ~69%.
Functional anatomy of the cervical region in the late Miocene amphicyonid Magericyon anceps (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae): implications for its feeding behaviour
Authors: Siliceo Gema , Salesa Manuel J. , Antón Mauricio , Peigné Stéphane , Morales Jorge 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe describe the skull and neck morphology of the late Miocene amphicyonid Magericyon anceps, focusing on aspects related to functional anatomy. This species, recorded only from the Vallesian sites of Batallones‐1 and Batallones‐3 (Madrid, Spain), is the last known amphicyonid in the fossil record of Western Europe, with the Batallones populations being one of the best‐known of the family. The morphology of its skull and cervical vertebrae allows us to infer aspects of its associated musculature, such as muscle strength and range of movement. Magericyon anceps had well‐developed neck muscles, suited for providing the head with a high capacity for lateral and rotatory movements, as well as for playing an important role in the extension and stabilization of the head and neck, improving its efficiency in killing and consuming prey. Magericyon anceps shared its habitat with other large carnivorans, which would have strongly influenced its behaviour. Rapid killing and processing of prey would have been an advantage for avoiding kleptoparasitism by other large predators, as well as reducing consumption time, during which M. anceps would have been more vulnerable to attack from competitors.
Moral uncertainty
Authors: Bykvist Krister 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWhat should we do when we are not certain about what we morally should do? There is a long history of theorizing about decision‐making under empirical uncertainty, but surprisingly little has been written about the moral uncertainty expressed by this question. Only very recently have philosophers started to systematically address the nature of such uncertainty and its impacts on decision‐making. This paper addresses the main problems raised by moral uncertainty and critically examines some proposed solutions.
Occurrence of azoxystrobin‐resistant isolates in Passalora fulva, the pathogen of tomato leaf mould disease
Authors: Watanabe H. , Horinouchi H. , Muramoto Y. , Ishii H. 
Published: March 2017

Since 2007, serious damage to tomato from leaf mould caused by Passalora fulva has frequently been observed in commercial greenhouses in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. One of the factors relating to this damage was suspected to be a decrease in azoxystrobin sensitivity of the pathogen. Biological and molecular studies were conducted to characterize fungicide resistance. In in vitro sensitivity tests using mycelial homogenate placed on fungicide‐amended medium, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of azoxystrobin for mycelial growth of the isolates divided into two ranges, 0.031–0.5 mg L−1 and 8–32 mg L−1. Isolates with MICs within the two ranges were considered as sensitive and resistant, respectively, to azoxystrobin because, in in vivo tests, the percentage protection conferred by this fungicide (100 mg a.i. L−1) against these isolates was 89.7–100% and 4.5–31.1%, respectively. Resistant isolates had a replacement of phenylalanine with leucine at codon 129 (F129L) in cytochrome b. Forty‐five percent of the 271 isolates collected from 63 tomato greenhouses from 2007 to 2008 were resistant to azoxystrobin. In many greenhouses where the isolation frequency of resistant isolates was 80% or more, azoxystrobin had been used twice per crop for approximately 6 years. In 2012, 27% of the 405 isolates collected were resistant to azoxystrobin, and there was a marked difference in the frequency of occurrence of resistant isolates in the field populations between the three locations sampled. The occurrence of azoxystrobin‐resistant P. fulva isolates (F129L mutants) inflicted considerable damage on greenhouse tomatoes.