bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Soil Enzyme Activity in Soybean Fields under Long-Term Fertilization and Manuring Practices
Authors: Gupta Vishal , Parmar B.B. , Bhayal Divya , Kumar Kishan , Yadav Brajesh , Choudhary Giriraj , Goyal Utkarsh 
Published: September 2024

The experiment carried out in this field study was between at theAICRP Research Farm in the outward-bound farm of the College of Agriculture, Indore. Indore is a small city in the western part of Madhya Pradesh, Central India, situated on the Malwa Plateau. An experiment was conducted with three replications by using different combination of N, P levels and crop residues in RBD design. Experiment field was medium to black soil with pH of 7.63 and medium in organic carbon 0.58%. The soil was low in available nitrogen (208.0 kgha-1) medium in available phosphorus (21.0 kgha-1) and high in potassium (585 kg ha-1) and divided into gross plot size of 10 x 7.2 m2 and a net plot size of 9 x 6.4 m2, respectively. During crop harvest four different depths were used to gather the soil samples: 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm. All the collected samples are examined separated for Dehydrogenase, Urease enzyme, Acid & alkaline phosphate, Arysulphatase activity. The finding showed that maximum soil DHA, Urease, Acid & alkaline phosphate, Arysulphataseactivitywas observed with the application of treatment T6 treatment (FYM 6 t ha-1 + N20 P13.
The importance of neutral hydrogen for the maintenance of the midlatitude winter nighttime ionosphere: Evidence from IS observations at Kharkiv, Ukraine, and field line interhemispheric plasma model simulations
Authors: Kotov D. V. , Richards P. G. , Bogomaz O. V. , Chernogor L. F. , Truhlik V. , Emelyanov L. Ya. , Chepurnyy Ya. M. , Domnin I. F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study investigates the causes of nighttime enhancements in ionospheric density that are observed in winter by the incoherent scatter radar at Kharkiv, Ukraine. Calculations with a comprehensive physical model reveal that large downward ion fluxes from the plasmasphere are the main cause of the enhancements. These large fluxes are enabled by large upward H+ fluxes into the plasmasphere from the conjugate summer hemisphere during the daytime. The nighttime downward H+ flux at Kharkiv is sensitive to the thermosphere model H density, which had to be increased by factors of 2 to 3 to obtain model‐data agreement for the topside H+ density. Other studies support the need for increasing the thermosphere model H density for all seasons at solar minimum. It was found that neutral winds are less effective than plasmaspheric fluxes for maintaining the nighttime ionosphere. This is partly because increased equatorward winds simultaneously oppose the downward H+ flux. The model calculations also reveal the need for a modest additional heat flow from the plasmasphere in the afternoon. This source could be the quiet time ring current.
The Low‐Energy Neutral Imager (LENI)
Authors: Westlake J. H. , Mitchell D. G. , Brandt P. C.‐son. , Andrews B. G. , Clark G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo achieve breakthroughs in the areas of heliospheric and magnetospheric energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, a new class of instruments is required. We present a high angular resolution ENA imager concept aimed at the suprathermal plasma populations with energies between 0.5 and 20 keV. This instrument is intended for understanding the spatial and temporal structure of the heliospheric boundary recently revealed by Interstellar Boundary Explorer instrumentation and the Cassini Ion and Neutral Camera. The instrument is also well suited to characterize magnetospheric ENA emissions from low‐altitude ENA emissions produced by precipitation of magnetospheric ions into the terrestrial upper atmosphere, or from the magnetosheath where solar wind protons are neutralized by charge exchange, or from portions of the ring current region. We present a new technique utilizing ultrathin carbon foils, 2‐D collimation, and a novel electron optical design to produce high angular resolution (≤2°) and high‐sensitivity (≥10−3 cm2 sr/pixel) ENA imaging in the 0.5–20 keV energy range.
MESSENGER observations of cusp plasma filaments at Mercury
Authors: Poh Gangkai , Slavin James A. , Jia Xianzhe , DiBraccio Gina A. , Raines Jim M. , Imber Suzanne M. , Gershman Daniel J. , Sun Wei‐Jie , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , McNutt Ralph L. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft while in orbit about Mercury observed highly localized, ~3‐s‐long reductions in the dayside magnetospheric magnetic field, with amplitudes up to 90% of the ambient intensity. These magnetic field depressions are termed cusp filaments because they were observed from just poleward of the magnetospheric cusp to midlatitudes, i.e., ~55° to 85°N. We analyzed 345 high‐ and low‐altitude cusp filaments identified from MESSENGER magnetic field data to determine their physical properties. Minimum variance analysis indicates that most filaments resemble cylindrical flux tubes within which the magnetic field intensity decreases toward its central axis. If the filaments move over the spacecraft at an estimated magnetospheric convection speed of ~35 km/s, then they have a typical diameter of ~105 km or ~7 gyroradii for 1 keV H+ ions in a 300 nT magnetic field. During these events, MESSENGER's Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer observed H+ ions with magnetosheath‐like energies. MESSENGER observations during the spacecraft's final low‐altitude campaign revealed that these cusp filaments likely extend down to Mercury's surface. We calculated an occurrence‐rate‐normalized integrated particle precipitation rate onto the surface from all filaments of (2.70 ± 0.09) × 1025 s−1. This precipitation rate is comparable to published estimates of the total precipitation rate in the larger‐scale cusp. Overall, the MESSENGER observations analyzed here suggest that cusp filaments are the magnetospheric extensions of the flux transfer events that form at the magnetopause as a result of localized magnetic reconnection.
Improving deformation models by discounting transient signals in geodetic data: 2. Geodetic data, stress directions, and long‐term strain rates in Italy
Authors: Carafa Michele M. C. , Bird Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe lithosphere of Italy is exposed to a number of different short‐term strain transients, including but not limited to landslides, postseismic relaxation, and volcanic inflation/deflation. These transients affect GPS velocities and complicate the assessment of the long‐term tectonic component of the surface deformation. In a companion paper we present a method for anticipating the principal patterns of nontectonic, short‐term strains and building this information into the covariance matrix of the geodetic velocities. In this work we apply this method to Italian GPS velocities to build an augmented covariance matrix that characterizes all expected discrepancies between short‐ and long‐term velocities. We find that formal uncertainties usually reported for GPS measurements are smaller than the variability of the same benchmarks across a geologic time span. Furthermore, we include in our modeling the azimuths of most compressive horizontal principal stresses (SHmax) because GPS data cannot resolve the active kinematics of coastal and offshore areas. We find that the final tectonic model can be made relatively insensitive to short‐term interfering processes if the augmented covariance matrix and SHmax data records are used in the objective function. This results in a preferred neotectonic model that is also in closer agreement with independent geologic and seismological constraints and has the advantage of reducing short‐term biases in forecasts of long‐term seismicity.
Improving deformation models by discounting transient signals in geodetic data: 1. Concept and synthetic examples
Authors: Bird Peter , Carafa Michele M. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGPS geodesy provides very precise velocities of benchmarks on decadal timescales, and geodesists often describe their uncertainties with a velocity covariance matrix. However, those who model neotectonic deformation to estimate long‐term seismic hazard want constraints on the interseismic velocities of stable bedrock on multithousand‐year timescales. When the former (available data) are used as proxies for the latter (desired constraints), it is necessary to increase uncertainties to characterize a variety of transient and/or surficial noise processes, including magma chamber recharge, postseismic relaxation, pore fluid motion, extremely slow landsliding, and glacial isostatic adjustment. The effects of transient noise on distant reference benchmarks also add to uncertainty of the long‐term velocity reference frame. We augment the reported velocity covariance matrix with transpose products of velocity perturbation vectors from simple models approximately describing anticipated transient and surficial noise sources. No artifacts are introduced by this method because the velocity‐vector data are unchanged. When the inverse of the augmented covariance matrix (the “diminished normal matrix”) is used in the objective function of a neotectonic deformation model partially driven by GPS data, the perturbing effects of transient and surficial signals are greatly reduced. Improvement occurs even when the prior estimates of noise processes are rather crude. We present two examples computed with synthetic data.
Estimate of subduction rate of island arcs to the deep mantle
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroki , Yamamoto Shinji , Kawai Kenji , Kameyama Masanori 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecent geological observations support the subduction of some oceanic arcs into the mantle. For example, the Izu‐Bonin arc is considered to be partially subducting underneath the island of Honshu, Japan, despite its lower density than that of surrounding mantle, after the vertical collision with Honshu at ~17 Ma. Seismological surveys have clarified the internal structure of the arc, which consists of the basaltic and boninitic upper crust, the felsic middle crust, the intermediate upper‐lower crust, and the mafic lower crust. This structure extends and moves northward toward Honshu. Among these components, part of the middle, the intermediate upper‐lower, and the lower crust is thought to be subducting. Here in order to estimate the subduction rate of granitic materials in oceanic arcs to the deep mantle, we have conducted numerical simulations of the subduction of arcs based on the finite element method and investigated the effect of arcs' sizes and shapes and slab temperature. The results show that the subduction rate heavily depends on the geometry of the arcs or temperature profiles of the subducting slabs. When the size of the arc or the temperature of the slab is smaller, the subduction rate grows larger owing to competition between upward buoyancy and downward viscous drag from slabs. The results also show that about 20% of the felsic crust materials in oceanic arcs that are comparable in size to the Izu‐Bonin arc can be subducted into the deep mantle when the temperature of the subducting slab is of the usual value.
Diagnosing ocean feedbacks to the MJO: SST‐modulated surface fluxes and the moist static energy budget
Authors: DeMott Charlotte A. , Benedict James J. , Klingaman Nicholas P. , Woolnough Steven J. , Randall David A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe composite effect of intraseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) variability on the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is studied in the context of the column‐integrated moist static energy (〈m〉) budget using data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA‐I). SST fluctuations influence the Δq and ΔT parts of the bulk surface latent and sensible heat flux calculations, respectively, each of which influence column 〈m〉. Reynolds decomposition of latent and sensible heat fluxes (LH and SH) reveal that the thermodynamic perturbations (e.g.,
for LH) modestly offset the equatorial wind‐driven perturbations (
) and 〈m〉, but strongly offset the subtropical
and 〈m〉. Column moistening east of MJO convection is opposed by
and supported by
. Impacts of intraseasonal SST fluctuations are analyzed by recomputing surface flux component terms using 61 day running‐mean SST. Differences between “full SST” and “smoothed SST” projections onto 〈m〉 and its tendency (∂〈m〉/∂t) yield the “SST effect” on the MJO 〈m〉 budget. Particularly in the Indian Ocean, intraseasonal SST fluctuations maintain equatorial 〈m〉 anomalies at a rate of 1%–2% d−1 and damp subtropical 〈m〉 anomalies at a similar rate. Vertical advection (−〈ω∂m/∂p〉) exports 10%–20% of 〈m〉 per day, implying that the SST modulation of surface fluxes offsets roughly 10% of equatorial 〈m〉 export and amplifies by 10% the subtropical 〈m〉 export by −〈ω∂m/∂p〉. SST fluctuations support MJO propagation by encouraging on‐equator convection and the circulation anomalies that drive MJO propagation, and by contributing up to 10% of ∂〈m〉/∂t across the Warm Pool.
Severe Health‐Related Quality of Life Impairment in Active Primary Sjögren's Syndrome and Patient‐Reported Outcomes: Data From a Large Therapeutic Trial
Authors: Cornec Divi , Devauchelle‐Pensec Valérie , Mariette Xavier , Jousse‐Joulin Sandrine , Berthelot Jean‐Marie , Perdriger Aleth , Puéchal Xavier , Le Guern Véronique , Sibilia Jean , Gottenberg Jacques‐Eric , Chiche Laurent , Hachulla Eric , Yves Hatron Pierre , Goeb Vincent , Hayem Gilles , Morel Jacques , Zarnitsky Charles , Dubost Jean Jacques , Saliou Philippe , Pers Jacques Olivier , Seror Raphaèle , Saraux Alain 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo identify the principal determinants of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) impairment in patients with active primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) participating in a large therapeutic trial, Tolerance and Efficacy of Rituximab in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (TEARS).MethodsAt the inclusion visit for the TEARS trial, 120 patients with active primary SS completed the Short Form 36 health survey (SF‐36), a validated HRQOL assessment tool. Univariate then multivariate linear regression analyses were used to assess associations linking SF‐36 physical and mental components to demographic data, patient‐reported outcomes (symptom intensity assessments for dryness, pain, and fatigue, including the European League Against Rheumatism [EULAR] Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index [ESSPRI]), objective measures of dryness and autoimmunity, and physician evaluation of systemic activity (using the EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index [ESSDAI]).ResultsSF‐36 scores indicated marked HRQOL impairments in our population with active primary SS. Approximately one‐third of the patients had low, moderate, and high systemic activity according to the ESSDAI. ESSPRI and ESSDAI scores were moderately but significantly correlated. The factors most strongly associated with HRQOL impairment were patient‐reported symptoms, best assessed using the ESSPRI, with pain and ocular dryness intensity showing independent associations with HRQOL. Conversely, systemic activity level was not associated with HRQOL impairment in multivariate analyses, even in the patient subset with ESSDAI values indicating moderate‐to‐high systemic activity.ConclusionThe cardinal symptoms of primary SS (dryness, pain, and fatigue, best assessed using the ESSPRI) are stronger predictors of HRQOL impairment than systemic involvement (assessed by the ESSDAI) and should be used as end points in future therapeutic trials focusing on patients’ well‐being. New consensual and data‐driven response criteria are needed for primary SS studies.
Parental Rheumatoid Arthritis, Child Mortality, and Case Fatality: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Rom Ane L. , Wu Chun S. , Olsen Jørn , Jawaheer Damini , Hetland Merete L. , Ottesen Bent , Mørch Lina S. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveWe have previously reported increased long‐term morbidity in children of parents with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we assess child mortality and case fatality in the same cohort.MethodsAll singletons born in Denmark from 1977 to 2008 were identified through linkage of Danish national registries. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of death from all causes among children exposed to parental RA, compared to unexposed children. Risk of death after infection or respiratory diseases was also assessed for children below the age of 5 years.ResultsThis study followed 1,917,723 newborns for an average of 16 years. Of these, 13,556 were exposed to maternal RA and 6,330 to paternal RA. Overall mortality rates in children exposed to maternal or paternal RA did not differ from those in unexposed children (HR 0.98 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.84–1.15] and 1.08 [95% CI 0.86–1.36], respectively), nor did the risk of death below the ages of 5 years, 3 years, or 1 year. In the group of children below the age of 5 years, 6,106 children of parents with RA were diagnosed with respiratory diseases and 3,320 with infectious diseases. The case fatality rate in children with these diseases was not significantly higher than in unexposed children (HR 1.11 [95% CI 0.74–1.66] and 0.84 [95% CI 0.52–1.35], respectively).ConclusionChildren of parents with RA had similar mortality rates as other children, as well as after diagnoses of respiratory or infectious diseases.
Synthesis, Photophysical, Electrochemical Studies, and Antioxidant Properties of Fluorescein‐Linked Glycodendrimers
Authors: Kannan Ayyavoo , Saravanan Velautham , Rajakumar Perumal 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFluorescein‐linked glycodendrimers 1, 2, 3, and 4 were synthesized up to the third generation with glucose surface groups and triazole as the bridging unit by using a CuI‐catalyzed click chemistry protocol. All the synthesized glycodendrimers showed comparable antioxidant behavior to that of the standard with ascorbic acid when tested with both the DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl) scavenging assay and HO radical scavenging assay methods. Higher generation glycodendrimers exhibited superior antioxidant activity than the lower generation glycodendrimers owing to the presence of a greater number of triazole units and multivalent glucose units. The fluorescence and UV absorption intensity increases with the increase in dendrimer generation. All the dendrimers 1–4 showed reduction peaks with negative potentials in their cyclic voltammograms.
Two‐Dimensional Phosphorus Oxides as Energy and Information Materials
Authors: Luo Wei , Xiang Hongjun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhosphorene is a rising star in electronics. Recently, 2D phosphorus oxides with higher stability have been synthesized. In this study, we theoretically explored the structures and properties of 2D phosphorus oxides. We found that the structural features of PxOy vary with the oxygen content. When the oxygen content is low, the most stable PxOy material can be obtained by the adsorption of O atoms on phosphorene. Otherwise, stable structures are no longer based on phosphorene and will contain P–O–P motifs. We found that P4O4 has a direct band gap (about 2.24 eV), good optical absorption, and high stability in water, so it may be suitable for photochemical water splitting. P2O3 adopts two possible stable ferroelectric structures (P2O3‐I and P2O3‐II) with electric polarization perpendicular and parallel to the lateral plane, respectively, as the lowest‐energy configurations, depending on the layer thickness. We propose that P2O3 could be used in novel nanoscale multiple‐state memory devices.
Porous Molybdenum Phosphide Nano‐Octahedrons Derived from Confined Phosphorization in UIO‐66 for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yang Jian , Zhang Fengjun , Wang Xin , He Dongsheng , Wu Geng , Yang Qinghua , Hong Xun , Wu Yuen , Li Yadong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHerein, a series of porous nano‐structured carbocatalysts have been fused and decorated by Mo‐based composites, such as Mo2C, MoN, and MoP, to form a hybrid structures. Using the open porosity derived from the pyrolysis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), the highly dispersive MoO2 small nanoparticles can be deposited in porous carbon by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Undergoing different treatments of carbonization, nitridation, and phosphorization, the Mo2C‐, MoN‐, and MoP‐decorated carbocatalysts can be selectively prepared with un‐changed morphology. Among these Mo‐based composites, the MoP@Porous carbon (MoP@PC) composites exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 0.5 m H2SO4 aqueous solution versus MoO2@PC, Mo2C@PC, and MoN@PC. This study gives a promising family of multifunctional lab‐on‐a‐particle architectures which shed light on energy conversion and fuel‐cell catalysis.
Simultaneous SAXS and SANS Analysis for the Detection of Toroidal Supramolecular Polymers Composed of Noncovalent Supermacrocycles in Solution
Authors: Hollamby Martin J. , Aratsu Keisuke , Pauw Brian R. , Rogers Sarah E. , Smith Andrew J. , Yamauchi Mitsuaki , Lin Xu , Yagai Shiki 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMolecular self‐assembly primarily occurs in solution. To better understand this process, techniques capable of probing the solvated state are consequently required. Small‐angle scattering (SAS) has a proven ability to detect and characterize solutions, but it is rarely applied to more complex assembly shapes. Here, small‐angle X‐ray and neutron scattering are applied to observe toroidal assemblies in solution. Combined analysis confirms that the toroids have a core–shell structure, with a π‐conjugated core and an alkyl shell into which solvent penetrates. The dimensions determined by SAS agree well with those obtained by (dried‐state) atomic force microscopy. Increasing the number of naphthalene units in the molecular building block yields greater rigidity, as evidenced by a larger toroid and a reduction in solvent penetration into the shell. The detailed structural analysis demonstrates the applicability of SAS to monitor complex solution‐based self‐assembly.
Detection of Cyclo‐N5− in THF Solution
Authors: Bazanov Boris , Geiger Uzi , Carmieli Raanan , Grinstein Dan , Welner Shmuel , Haas Yehuda 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCompelling evidence has been found for the formation and direct detection of the cyclopentazole anion (cyclo‐N5−) in solution. The anion was prepared from phenylpentazole in two steps: reduction by an alkali metal to form the phenylpentazole radical anion, followed by thermal dissociation to yield cyclo‐N5−. The reaction solution was analyzed by HPLC coupled with negative mode mass spectrometry. A signal with m/z 70 was eluted about 2.1 min after injection of the sample. Its identification as N5 was supported by single and double labeling with 15N, which yielded signals at m/z=71 and 72, respectively, with identical retention times in the HPLC column. MS/MS analysis of the m/z=70 signal revealed a dissociation product with m/z=42, which can be assigned to N3−. To our knowledge this is the first preparation of cyclo‐N5− in the bulk. The compound is indefinitely stable at temperatures below −40 °C, and has a half‐life of a few minutes at room temperature.