bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOVEL BIOINFORMATICS APPROACH DETECTS HUNDREDS OF PREVIOUSLY UNDETECTED SPLICED TRANSCRIPTS DISCOVERED FROM CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS GENOME
Authors: Luv Kashyap , Shrivastava Kriti , Shrivastava Aakriti , Chauhan Ugam Kumari 
Published: October 2016

<p><strong>CONTEXT:</strong> With the completion of genome sequence of several organisms including free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, precise genome annotations of this sea of raw information are now of prime importance, as they allow the accurate definition of generic regions. Alternative splicing is seen in nearly all metazoan organisms as a means for producing functionally diverse polypeptides from a single gene. <strong>AIM:</strong> In this study, we performed a detailed and in-depth analysis of the full genomic sequence of one of the six chromosomes of C. elegans. <strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> In this study, several bioinformatics tools including gene/exon prediction programs, ORF finders, blast analysis tools, and alignment programs were used to analyze the genes/exons encoded by chromosome 1 of C. elegans with special reference to alternatively spliced transcripts. <strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Using these tools, we have predicted &gt;200 new alternatively spliced hypothetical transcripts from the genes encoded by chromosome 1 in C. elegans. These new spliced transcripts were identified from unusually large untranslated (UTR) regions and large introns present at the 3’ and 5’ ends of the genes with a maximum number of transcripts predicted from 5’ UTR analysis. Further studies and subsequent confirmation of these alternatively spliced transcripts will enhance our understanding of the genome structure, expression, and in elucidating their role during the development of C. elegans.</p>
REVIEW OF FIFTY CULTURE PROVEN SALMONELLA CASES
Authors: Duggal Shalini , Banerjee Priyanka , Chugh Tulsi D. 
Published: October 2016

<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Enteric fever has huge global burden. Surrogate markers may have a role in early diagnosis. <strong>AIM:</strong> Unselected retrospective analysis of 50 culture positive Salmonella enterica cases for epidemiology, laboratory<br />markers, antibacterial susceptibility, therapy, and outcome was done. This was a retrospective chart review of electronic medical records for 50 patients with Salmonella in blood cultures for in our hospital during May 2009-April 2010. <strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Blood culture was by automated Bactec™ system and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method or automated system Phoenix 100™. Sensitivity of Widal, S. typhi IgM, C-reactive protein (CRP), total leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), differential eosinophil and lymphocyte counts, and liver enzymes, was determined for these cases. <strong>RESULTS:</strong> Salmonella cases were seen in all ages from 8 months to 59 years; serotype Typhi was the most common (72%). Sensitivity of S. typhi IgM immunochromatographic test was 78.9%, of Widal was 88.8%, and that of CRP, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) ranged from 81.8 to 89.4%. Eosinophil count of zero and ESR were found to be 78.2% and 85.7% sensitive. Nalidixic acid resistance was seen in 96% cases and ciprofloxacin resistance/intermediate sensitivity in 26% cases. Resistance was not seen with ceftriaxone, while ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole (ACCo) resistance was 4%. Seven cases relapsed mostly due to improper treatment associated with choice/dose/duration of antibiotics. <strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> Surrogate laboratory markers can be utilized pending culture results. Though antibiotics and vaccines against Salmonella, and good sanitation facilities are available, it causes morbidity in all sections, gender, and ages of society. Strategies of prevention have not been very successful; therefore, early detection and effective treatment can prevent its complications and relapses.</p>
USHULUDDIN DAN GLOBALISASI: MENYONGSONG MASA DEPAN DENGAN HARAPAN
Authors: Nur Syaifan 
Published: October 2016

<p>Globalization has been the biggest influence in human life in all areas. Therefore, it becomes a challenge to adapt to the global world with no identity left as the Islamic Higher Education (IHE). In fact, Islamic Theology Department aspart of the IHE must beable to adapt quickly to the global world, in order not to befar be hind in education that has been evolved. Settling in all aspectsof course veryi mportant in order to face the future withthe expectance. The Experience of Islamic State (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga shown how the IHE included as the Department of Islamic Theology had done the alignment with the global world.</p>
PEMBINAAN KARAKTER INTELEKTUAL ACEH DALAM PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT MADANI
Authors: Saifullah Saifullah 
Published: October 2016

<p>Pembinaan karakter di beberapa negara sudah mendapatkan prioritas sejak pendidikan dasar dimulai. Namun di Indonesia, khususnya Aceh pendidikan karakter masih dipandang sebagai wacana dan belum menjadi bagian yang terintegrasi dalam pendidikan formal Makalah ini membahas tentang pentingnya pembinaan karakter intelektual Aceh dalam pembangunan masyarakat madani. Dimulai dengan melihat pengertian dari esensi karakter itu sendiri yang terintegrasi dengan format pembinaan karakter dan peran dari intelektual dalam pembangunan bangsa secara umum dan Aceh secara khusus.</p><p><strong>Keyword</strong>: Pembinaan Karakter, Intelektual, Aceh, Pembangunan,<br />Masyarakat Madani</p>
KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA
Authors: Mislikhah St 
Published: October 2016

<p>Kesantunan merupakan aturan perilaku yang ditetapkan dan disepakati bersama oleh suatu masyarakat tertentu sehingga kesantunan sekaligus menjadi prasyarat yang disepakati oleh perilaku sosial. Kesantunan berbahasa tecermin dalam tatacara berkomunikasi lewat tanda verbal atau tatacara berbahasa. Ketika berkomunikasi, kita tunduk pada norma-norma budaya, tidak hanya sekedar menyampaikan ide yang kita pikirkan. Tatacara berbahasa harus sesuai dengan unsur-unsur budaya yang ada dalam masyarakat tempat hidup dan dipergunakannnya suatu bahasa dalam berkomunikasi.Tujuan utama kesantunan berbahasa adalah memperlancar komunikasi. Oleh karena itu, pemakaian bahasa yang sengaja dibelit-belitkan, yang tidak tepat sasaran, atau yang tidak menyatakan yang sebenarnya karena enggan kepada orang yang lebih tua juga merupakan ketidaksantunan berbahasa. Kenyataan ini sering dijumpai di masyarakat Indonesia karena terbawa oleh budaya “tidak terus terang” dan menonjolkan perasaan.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: Kesantunan dan Berbahasa</p>
Examination of Isteshab principle opposition with threesome principles (acquittal, caution and authority) by lean on sufficiency possessor idea
Authors: Aliabadi Javad 
Published: October 2016

<p>Bearing in mind that Isteshab principle is ranked as established principles and in proportion to other threesome principles, it locates at the top; therefore obviously in lieu of other operation principles, it acts like an indication and it has priority in opposition with acquittal principle, caution and authority with all kinds and fundamentalists have consensus in this case, but whatever in this problem makes difference and contention is the primacy quality of Isteshab principle which is perceptible in principle sources of some theories.</p><p>Some fundamentalists considered primacy from respect of entrance; some from respect of government and some by separation of intellectual and quoted principles believing in government and entrance and some of them believing in to allocation.</p><p>Therefore our try in this article is the examination of the primacy quality of Isteshab principle from fundamentalists’ viewpoint and adaption with sufficiency processor idea and sharehin.</p><p>The result of essay is that apparently primacy aspect of Isteshab in proportion to other practical principles whether intellectual or religiously correct is simply from respect of entrance; because by Isteshab principle, threesome principles subject deliberately is no longer contemplated.</p><p> </p>
ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN SRI RATU TAJUL SAFIATUDDIN’S PERIOD (HISTORICAL REVIEW)
Authors: Putra Rahmad Syah 
Published: October 2016

<p>The background of this study is to see how the Islamic education in Sri Ratu Tajul Alam Safiatuddin’s period, at that time the kingdom of Aceh Darussalam peak of its glory (Century XVII), it was visited by many scholars (Ulama and the Poet), foreign and domestic. Among those who came, there are some scholars who stayed in Aceh and return to his homeland as well. While in Aceh, they became a teacher, especially in the science of religion and the author of books on various branches of science. Since the number of teachers and authors who live in Aceh make Aceh as "Qibla" the study of Islam and other sciences in the archipelago at that time. The purpose of this study was to determine how the system of Islamic education in the XVII century (1050-1086 H = 1641-1675 AD), the progress and the development of Islamic education in Aceh during the reign of Sri Ratu Tajul Alam Safiatuddin and compliance with the current context. Data from this study were obtained through the collection of a variety of references and relevant sources, then in their analysis authors use literature review, the results of the processing of these data are concluded that the Islamic Education In Sri Ratu Tajul Alam Safiatuddin’s period was very advanced, because he encouraged the importance of education and science when he lead, at that time science and education in Aceh were developed so well, the literature of Malay-Aceh was very well-known to all over the world.</p>
Permasalahan dalam Implementasi Sistem Perbenihan
Authors: Sudjindro . 
Published: October 2016

<p>Benih merupakan cikal bakal dari suatu kehidupan tanaman yang harus memiliki mutu genetik, fisiologis, dan fisik yang baik. Namun untuk memahami benih itu apa dan bagaimana memperoleh mutu benih yang baik tidaklah mudah. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi proses untuk memperoleh mutu benih yang baik, yaitu faktor internal (faktor yang ada di dalam benih) dan faktor eksternal (faktor di luar benih atau ling-kungan). Konsep perbenihan dan implementasi di lapangan pada beberapa komoditas di Indonesia belum berjalan dengan baik, sehingga masih perlu penyempurnaan. Dalam konsep perbenihan yang menjadi fokus utama meliputi beberapa aspek, yaitu produksi, pengolahan benih, penyimpanan benih, analisis mutu benih, penanganan benih, distribusi, dan pemasaran benih. Permasalahan dalam usaha perbenihan mencakup ma-salah teknis dan nonteknis. Permasalahan nonteknis antara lain kondisi lingkungan masyarakat dan kebijak-an perbenihan pemerintah yang kurang mendukung lebih besar perannya dibanding dengan masalah teknis. Di samping itu juga pengertian/pemahaman benih masih kurang, informasi tentang teknologi benih juga ma-sih sangat sedikit, sosialisasi tentang tata cara permohonan ijin pemasukan dan pengeluaran benih dari dan ke luar negeri jarang dilakukan, dan sosialisasi pentingnya sertifikasi mutu benih masih sangat kurang. De-ngan demikian implementasi sistem perbenihan di Indonesia perlu disempurnakan. Untuk itu disarankan ke-pada pemerintah untuk membentuk “sistem kelembagaan perbenihan” sebagai pegangan dalam setiap usa-ha pengembangan/perluasan komoditas.</p><p> </p><p>Seeds are a set up of living plants, therefore it has to have a good genetic, physiology, and physic quality. However, to entirely understand what and how to get a good seed is not easy. Factors influencing to get a good quality of seed include internal and external factors. Seed production concept and implementation in Indonesia has not been well established. The concept comprises aspects, i.e. seed production, processing, storage, quality analysis, handling, distribution, and marketing. Problems involved in seed production include technical and non-technical problems. Non-technical problems are more troublesome than technical problem. These include society provision and less government-policy support for seed production system. Moreover, the people perception about seed are insufficient, information about seed technology is also limited, sociali-zation in seed import and export permit is rarely executed, and socialization about the importance of seed certification is inadequate. Therefore, implementation of seed production system needs to be improved. To do this, the government is suggested to put up a “seed institution system” as a guideline for crop develop-ment.</p>
Pengaruh Waktu Inokulasi dan Jumlah Inokulum Terhadap Patogenisitas Phytophthora nicotianae pada Bibit Tembakau
Authors: Hidayah Nurul , Yulianti Titiek 
Published: October 2016

<p>Waktu inokulasi yang tepat serta jumlah inokulum yang digunakan merupakan salah satu faktor yang me-nentukan keberhasilan inokulasi buatan yang lazim dilakukan dalam pengujian ketahanan suatu varietas ter-hadap patogen tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu inokulasi dan jumlah inokulum Phytophthora nicotianae yang paling efektif untuk dapat menimbulkan gejala penyakit lanas pada bibit tembakau. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium dan rumah kasa Fitopatologi Balittas, Malang pada bulan Juli Oktober 2006. Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu umur bibit saat inokulasi (faktor I), terdiri dari tiga tingkat yaitu: 1) bibit berumur 5 minggu setelah se-mai (mss), 2) bibit berumur 6 mss dan 3) bibit berumur 7 mss dan jumlah inokulum (faktor II), terdiri dari 4 tingkat yaitu: 1) tanpa inokulum (kontrol), 2) 1.3502.400 zoospora/bibit, 2) 2.7004.800 zoospora/bibit, dan 4) 5.4009.600 zoospora/bibit. Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Pengamatan dilaku-kan pada masa inkubasi dan kejadian penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masa inkubasi penyakit dipengaruhi oleh umur bibit saat inokulasi. Bibit yang lebih muda mempunyai masa inkubasi lebih cepat yak-ni 4,5 hari dibandingkan dengan bibit yang lebih tua. Kejadian penyakit tertinggi yaitu sebesar 56,9% terjadi pada saat bibit diinokulasi berumur 5 mss dengan jumlah inokulum 1.3502.400 zoospora/bibit.</p><p> </p><p>Suitable time of inoculation and inoculum density are factors to determine the success of artificial inoculation to evaluate of resistant level of plant variety to pathogen. The aim of this research was to study the appro-priate time of inoculation and inoculum density of Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of black shank and damping off on tobacco seedling. The research was conducted in Phytopathology laboratory and screen house of IToFCRI Malang from July-October 2006. This research was arranged in complete randomized de-sign which consisted two factors and three replicates. The first factor was comprised of three times of ino-culation, and the second was the density of P. nicotianae inoculum. The parameters observed were incuba-tion period and disease incidence. The result showed that the incubation period was affected by the age of seedling when it was inoculated. The younger seedling was more susceptible than the older one. The high disease incidence (56.9%) was reached when the seedling five weeks old and inoculated by inoculum con-tained of 1,3502,400 zoospores/seedling.</p>
Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan
Authors: Tirtosastro Samsuri , Murdiyati A.S. 
Published: October 2016

<p>Tembakau merupakan bahan baku utama industri hasil tembakau seperti rokok keretek, cerutu, tembakau iris, dan lain-lain. Sebelum digunakan, daun tembakau harus melalui proses pengolahan. Pengolahan tembakau pada dasarnya merupakan kegiatan pengeringan, dengan penerapan suhu bertahap atau disebut proses kiu-ring (curing). Dalam proses pengolahan tembakau diperlukan energi, yang selama ini berasal dari panas ma-tahari, udara panas buatan hasil pembakaran kayu, minyak tanah, batu bara, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), atau limbah pertanian. Penggunaan bahan bakar ini menyebabkan polusi udara, sehingga mencemari ling-kungan dan meracuni pekerja. Tembakau sendiri mengandung bahan berbahaya seperti, debu tembakau, ni-kotin, residu pestisida, TSNA (tobacco spesific nitrosamine), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene), dan lain-lain. Petunjuk pengendalian bahan berbahaya dan dampak lingkungan tersebut, selama ini sudah tersedia secara lengkap yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi tembakau dunia Coresta dan diimplementasikan oleh perusahaan-perusaha-an mitra petani. Petani yang sistem produksinya dalam bentuk kemitraan dengan perusahaan-perusahaan tembakau, telah melakukan pengendalian dengan baik. Dampak negatif penggunaan bahan bakar dapat di-tekan dengan sistem pemanasan tidak langsung (flue-curing), sedangkan penggunaan batu bara dilakukan dengan tungku pembakaran gasifikasi. Implementasi selanjutnya, selain diperlukan sistem inspeksi sesuai ketentuan juga perlu didorong terbentuknya kemitraan antara perusahaan tembakau dan petani.</p><p> </p><p>Tobacco leaf is the main raw material of tobacco industries such as cigarette, cigar, slices tobacco, etc. Be-fore being used, tobacco leaves have to go through processing. Tobacco processing is basically a drying acti-vity, with the application of temperature or a gradual process called curing. In the processing of tobacco ener-gy needed, which is derived from the hot sun, hot air made by the burning wood, kerosene, coal, LPG (li-quefied petroleum gas), or agricultural waste. The use of these fuels causes air pollution, thus contaminating the environment and poisoning workers. Tobacco itself contain hazardous materials such as tobacco dust, ni-cotine, pesticide residue, TSNA (tobacco specific nitrosamines), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene) and others. In-structions on control of hazardous materials and environmental impact, as long as it is available completely de-termined by the organization of the world tobacco Coresta and implemented by partner company of farmers. Farmer production systems in the form of partnership with tobacco companies, has done well control. The ne-gative impact of fuel use could be reduced by an indirect heating system (flue-curing), while the use of coal gasification is done by burning stove. Subsequent implementation, in addition to the required inspection sys-tem according to the provisions, should also be encouraged such as partnerships between tobacco companies and farmers.</p>
Pemanfaatan Endofit Sebagai Agensia Pengendali Hayati Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman
Authors: Yulianti Titiek 
Published: October 2016

<p>Endofit merupakan mikroorganisme (bakteri, jamur, atau aktinomisetes) yang hidup dan berkoloni di dalam jaringan inang tanpa menimbulkan efek negatif, bahkan banyak memberi keuntungan terhadap inangnya. Salah satu keuntungannya adalah sebagai agensia pengendali hayati baik untuk serangga hama maupun pa-togen penyebab penyakit tanaman. Sebagai agensia hayati, endofit dapat mengurangi kerusakan tanaman oleh serangga, nematoda, atau patogen penyebab penyakit melalui induksi ketahanan tanaman. Selain itu endofit juga dapat berfungsi sebagai agensia hayati melalui interaksi antagonis dan kompetisi. Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas kemampuan endofit sebagai agensia hayati serangga hama dan patogen; mekanisme yang berlang-sung; serta aplikasi endofit dalam dunia pertanian, khususnya tanaman perkebunan.</p><p> </p><p>Endophytes are recognized as microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, or actinomycetes), living and colonizing within host tissues without causing any harm, but giving many benefits to their host. One of the advantages is their role as biocontrol agents for insect pest or plant pathogen. As biocontol agents, endophytes could re-duce plant damage by insects, nematodes, and pathogens through induction for plant resistant mechanisms. Endophytes can also act as biocontrol agents through antagonistic and competition interactions. This article reviews the ability of endophytes as biocontrol agents for insect pest and plant pathogen, the mechanism, and application of endophytes in agriculture, particularly in estate crops.</p>
Pengaruh Cekaman Air Terhadap Karakter Fisiologis Tembakau Temanggung dan Kaitannya dengan Hasil dan Kadar Nikotin Rajangan Kering
Authors: Djumali . , Mulyaningsih Sri 
Published: October 2016

<p>Tembakau temanggung ditanam pada akhir musim penghujan sehingga sering mengalami cekaman air dan berakibat pada penurunan hasil dan kadar nikotin rajangan kering. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh cekaman air terhadap karakter fisiologis tembakau temanggung serta kaitannya dengan hasil dan kadar nikotin rajangan kering. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Balittas Malang pada Maret–Oktober 2010 dengan menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terbagi dan diulang 3 kali. Petak utama terdiri atas 3 jenis tanah yakni Komplek Eutrudepts-Hapludalfs, Komplek Dystrudepts-Hapludalfs, dan Vitraquands. Anak petak terdiri atas 5 tingkat kelembapan tanah (60, 70, 80, 90, dan 100% dari kapasitas lapangan). Hasil penelitian me-nunjukkan bahwa cekaman air pada tiga jenis tanah berpengaruh negatif terhadap konduktivitas stomata, laju fotosintesis, hasil dan kadar nikotin rajangan kering, serta berpengaruh positif terhadap bobot spesifik daun. Pengaruh cekaman air terhadap hasil rajangan kering terjadi melalui penurunan konduktivitas stomata dan laju fotosintesis selama fase setelah pemangkasan. Pengaruh cekaman air terhadap kadar nikotin terjadi me-lalui penurunan konduktivitas stomata sebelum pembungaan dan setelah pemangkasan, penurunan laju fotosintesis setelah pemangkasan, dan peningkatan bobot spesifik daun setelah pemangkasan.</p><p> </p><p>Temanggung tobacco is grown at the end of wet season which so often experience water stress. Water stress can decrease dry slice yield and nicotine content. The study was aimed to determine the effect of water stress on physiological characteristics of temanggung tobacco and its relation to dry slice yield and nicotine content. Research was conducted in greenhouse of Indonesian Sweetener and Fibre Crops Research Institute, Malang from March to October 2010 using splitplot design and repeated three times. The main plot consisted of three types of soil (Complex Eutrudepts-Hapludalfs, Complex Dystrudepts-Hapludalfs, and Vitraquands). The Subplot consisted of five soil moisture levels (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% of field capacity). The results showed that water stress on the third series of the soil negatively affect stomatal conductivity, the photosynthesis rate, dry slice yield and nicotine content, as well as the positive effect on specific leaf weight. Effect of water stress on dry slice yield occurred through the decrease of stomata conductivity and photosynthetic rate during the phase after topping. The effect of water stress on nicotine content occurred through a reduction in stomatal conductivity before flowering and after topping, decrease of photosynthetic rate after topping, and increase of specific leaf weight after topping.</p>