bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupled Abiotic–Biotic Mineralization of 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Authors: Hess Thomas F. , Schrader Paul S. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTMunitions wastes such as TNT are widespread contaminants in soils and ground waters. We investigated a coupled abiotic–biotic treatment scheme for remediation of aqueous solutions of TNT. Mineralization of aqueous TNT (0.22 mM) was initially optimized with minimum reactant use (Fe3+ and H2O2) in light‐assisted and dark, modified Fenton reactions at acidic and neutral pH. Complete TNT degradation occurred under all reaction conditions within 24 h. Using the optimum reactant concentrations, coupled abiotic–biotic reactions showed an increase in TNT mineralization, from 47 to 80%, after biomass addition to the acidic, dark Fenton‐like reaction. Comparable increases of TNT mineralization were observed under neutral pH with similar reaction conditions. In light‐assisted Fenton‐like reactions at neutral pH, no increase in cumulative TNT mineralization (66%) was seen in coupled abiotic–biotic reactions. Abiotic photo‐Fenton‐like reactions alone, at acidic pH, produced complete TNT mineralization and required no biotic assistance. While light‐enhanced Fenton reactions alone can provide high levels of TNT mineralization, the dark abiotic–biotic reaction scheme has perhaps a wider use due to a similar extent of TNT mineralization in the absence of light, leading to possible applications in soil slurry and in situ processes in the subsurface.
Effects of Soil Variability and Weather Conditions on Pesticide Leaching— A Farm‐Level Evaluation
Authors: van Alphen B. J. , Stoorvogel J. J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIn line with European regulations, Dutch law imposes an environmental threshold of 0.1 μg L−1 on pesticide concentrations in ground water. During registration, the risk of exceeding this threshold is assessed through simulations for one or a few standard scenarios that do not reflect spatial variability under field conditions. The introduction of precision agriculture, where soil variability is actively managed, can increase control over pesticide leaching. This study presents a step‐wise evaluation of the effects of soil variability and weather conditions on pesticide leaching. The evaluation was conducted on a 100‐ha arable farm and aimed at identifying opportunities for precision management. As a first step, a relative risk assessment identified pesticides presenting a relatively high risk to the environment. Second, the effect of weather conditions was analyzed through 20 years of simulations for three distinct soil profiles. Results were summarized in cumulative probability plots to provide a probabilistic characterization of historical weather data. The year matching 90% probability (1981) served as a reference to simulate pesticide leaching from 612 soil profiles. After interpolation, areas where concentrations exceeded the environmental threshold were identified. Out of a total of 19 pesticides, isoproturon [N‐dimethyl‐N′‐(4‐(1‐methylethyl)phenyl)urea], metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one], and bentazon [2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one, 3‐isopropyl‐, 2,2‐dioxide] showed the highest risk for leaching. Leaching was strongly affected by soil variability at the within‐field, field, and farm levels. Opportunities for precision management were apparent, but depended on the scale level at which environmental thresholds were implemented. When legislation is formulated in this issue, the presented step‐wise evaluation can serve as a basis for identification and precision management of high‐risk pesticides.
Migration of Trace Elements from Pyrite Tailings in Carbonate Soils
Authors: Dorronsoro C. , Martin F. , Ortiz I. , García I. , Simón M. , Fernández E. , Aguilar J. , Fernández J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIn the carbonate soils contaminated by a toxic spill from a pyrite mine (Aznalcóllar, southern Spain), a study was made of a thin layer (thickness = 4 mm) of polluted soil located between the pyrite tailings and the underlying soil. This layer, reddish‐yellow in color due to a high Fe content, formed when sulfates (from the oxidation of sulfides) infiltrated the soil, causing acidification (to pH 5.6 as opposed to 8.0 of unaffected soil) and pollution (in Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Co, Cd, Sb, Bi, Tl, and In). The less mobile elements (As, Bi, In, Pb, Sb, and Tl) concentrated in the uppermost part of the reddish‐yellow layer, with concentration decreasing downward. The more mobile elements (Co, Cd, Zn, and Cu) tended to precipitate where the pH was basic, toward the bottom of the layer or in the upper part of the underlying soil. The greatest accumulations occurred within the first 6 mm in overall soil depth, and were negligible below 15 mm. In addition, the acidity of the solution from the tailings degraded the minerals of the clay fraction of the soils, both the phyllosilicates as well as the carbonates. Also, within the reddish‐yellow layer, gypsum formed autigenically, together with complex salts of sulfates of Fe, Al, Zn, Ca, and Mn, jarosite, and oxihydroxides of Fe.
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Runoff from a Forested Watershed Fertilized with Biosolids
Authors: Grey Mark , Henry Chuck 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTMunicipal biosolids are typically not used on the steepest of forested slopes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The primary concern in using biosolids on steep slopes is movement of biosolids particles and soluble nutrients to surface waters during runoff events. We examined the pattern and extent of P and N runoff from a perennial stream draining a small, forested 21.4‐ha watershed in western Washington before and after biosolids application. In this study, we applied biosolids at a rate of 13.5 Mg ha−1 (700 kg N ha−1 and 500 kg P ha−1) to 40% of the watershed following nearly 1.5 years of pre‐application water sampling and 1.5 years thereafter. There was no evidence of direct runoff of P or N from biosolids into surface water. Elevated surface water discharge did not change the concentration of PO4–P, biologically available phosphorus (BAP), bioavailable particulate phosphorus (BPP), or total P nor did it affect the concentration–discharge relationship. Some instances of total P concentrations exceeding the USEPA surface water standard of 0.1 mg L−1 were observed following biosolids application. However, total P in 27 Creek was predominately in particulate form and not labile, suggesting that detritus moving into the main creek channel and ephemeral drainage courses may be the principal P source. Ammonium N concentrations in runoff water were consistent before and after biosolids application, ranging from below detection limits (0.01 mg L−1) to 0.1 mg L−1; no concentration–discharge relationship existed. Biosolids application changed the 27 Creek concentration–discharge relationship for NO−3–N. Before application, no relationship existed. Beginning nine months after biosolids application, increases in discharge were positively related to increases in NO−3–N concentrations. Nitrate concentrations in runoff following biosolids application were approximately 10 times less than the USEPA drinking water standard of 10 mg L−1
A Decision Support System for Phosphorus Management at a Watershed Scale
Authors: Djodjic Faruk , Montas Hubert , Shirmohammadi Adel , Bergström Lars , Ulén Barbro 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTPhosphorus (P) is one of the main nutrients controlling algal production in aquatic systems. Proper management of P in agricultural production systems can greatly enhance our ability to combat pollution of aquatic environments. To address this issue, a decision support system (DSS) consisting of the Maryland Phosphorus Index (PI), diagnosis expert system (ES), prescription ES, and a nonpoint‐source pollution model, Ground Water Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS), was developed and applied to an agricultural watershed in southern Sweden. This system can identify critical source areas (CSAs) regarding phosphorus losses within the watershed, make a diagnosis of probable causes, prescribe the most appropriate best management practices (BMPs), and test the environmental effects of the applied BMPs. The PI calculations identified small parts of the watershed as CSAs. Only 10.4% of the total watershed area in 1995 and 5.2% of the total watershed area in 1996 were classed as “high potential P movement.” Four probable causes (high P level in soil, excessive P fertilization, stream proximity, and subsurface drainage) and three BMPs (riparian buffer strips, reduced P fertilizer application, and P fertilizer incorporation) were identified by a diagnosis and prescription expert system. The GLEAMS simulations conducted for one selected CSA field for a 24‐yr period showed that the recommended BMP reduced runoff P losses by 55% and sediment P losses by 71%, if applied from the first year. Results showed that using DSS may enable us to select a proper BMP implementation strategy and to realize the beneficial effect of BMPs on a long‐term basis.
Metolachlor Dechlorination by Zerovalent Iron during Unsaturated Transport
Authors: Gaber H.M. , Comfort S.D. , Shea P.J. , Machacek T.A. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTPermeable zerovalent iron (Fe0) barriers have become an established technology for remediating contaminated ground water. This same technology may be applicable for treating pesticides amenable to dehalogenation as they move downward in the vadose zone. By conducting miscible displacement experiments in the laboratory with metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide; a chloroacetanilide herbicide] under unsaturated flow, we provide proof‐of‐concept for such an approach. Transport experiments were conducted in repacked, unsaturated soil columns attached to vacuum chambers and run under constant matrix potential (−30 kPa) and Darcy flux (approximately 2 cm d−1). Treatments included soil columns equipped with and without a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) consisting of a Fe0–sand (50:50) mixture supplemented with Al2(SO4)3 A continuous pulse of 14C‐labeled metolachlor (1.45 mM) and tritiated water (3H2O) was applied to top of the columns for 10 d. Results indicated complete (100%) metolachlor destruction, with the dehalogenated product observed as the primary degradate in the leachate. Similar results were obtained with a 25:75 Fe0–sand barrier but metolachlor destruction was not as efficient when unannealed iron was used or Al2(SO4)3 was omitted from the barrier. A second set of transport experiments used metolachlor‐contaminated soil in lieu of a 14C‐metolachlor pulse. Under these conditions, the iron barrier decreased metolachlor concentration in the leachate by approximately 50%. These results provide initial evidence that permeable iron barriers can effectively reduce metolachlor leaching under unsaturated flow.
Algorithmic approach of destabilizing factors of improving the technical systems efficiency
Authors: Zhilenkov Anton , Chernyi Sergei , Sokolov Sergei , Nyrkov Anatoliy 
Published: September 2017

In work, the questions of stabilization of factors of reliability of operation of the ship equipment are considered. According to the Navy Register rules, ship electrical power system voltage fluctuations within ±10 % of the nominal voltage are admissible if not lasting longer than 5 seconds; longer fluctuations are admissible if they are within ±5 % of the nominal voltage. The work of the engine with loads is presented. The algorithm for parameter optimization was applied. The calculation is performed on real parameters.
Partitioning daily evapotranspiration from a marsh wetland using stable isotopes in a semiarid region
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Shichun , Zhang Wenguang , Liu Bo , Gong Chao , Jiang Ming , Lv Xianguo , Sheng Lianxi 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The hydrological process of evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in water circulation in wetlands, and understanding the contributions of wetland ET to local and regional water cycles can help in designing effective wetland management strategies. In this paper, a numerical model, vegetation indexes, and stable isotopes were integrated to partition ET in the Momoge Wetland to understand hydrological processes and calculate the contribution of wetland ET to local hydrological cycling. The results of the non-steady state (NSS) model indicated clear deviation of leaf water enrichment (δLb) from an isotopic steady state (ISS) for Phragmites australis, and the model accuracy improved particularly in the early morning and evening when air moisture was highest during the day. The isotopic mass balance showed that E and T contributed approximately 62% and 38% to ET, respectively. Using the estimated proportion of T to ET, in combination for the measured leaf transpiration, total ET was estimated at approximately 8.76 mm d−1. Additionally, the amount of ET clearly changed on an hourly scale, with most primarily occurring at approximately noon. Based on comparison among internationally important wetlands distributed in northeast China, the results in this study are reasonable and will provide theoretical data for wetland water resources management.
New technique for direct fluoroimmunomagnetic detection of rotavirus in water samples
Authors: Villamizar-Gallardo Raquel A. , Osma Johann F. , Ortíz Oscar Orlando 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
A new rapid, sensitive and selective method for rotavirus detection in water samples is described in this paper. Amino pink magnetic microparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies and used to capture, concentrate, separate and detect infectious rotavirus particles in distilled and drinking water samples. The fluorescence of the microparticles was used to determine the presumptive presence of rotaviruses by using confocal microscopy. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the presence of the anti-rotavirus antibodies attached to the surface of the magnetic microparticles as well as that of viruses attached through the antibody. In addition, RNA extraction, quantification and amplification were carried out to validate the microscopic observations. The selectivity of the microparticles was tested in a sample containing a mix of enteric viruses. It was concluded that functionalizing fluoromagnetic microparticles with anti-rotavirus monoclonal antibodies constituted a fast, simple and reliable technique for detecting as low as 10 Rotavirus particles in 1 L of artificial or real water in just 2 hours.
Organic matter degradation in a greywater recycling system using a multistage moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)
Authors: Saidi Assia , Masmoudi Khaoula , Nolde Erwin , El Amrani Btissam , Amraoui Fouad 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Greywater is an important non-conventional water resource which can be treated and recycled in buildings. A decentralized greywater recycling system for 223 inhabitants started operating in 2006 in Berlin, Germany. High load greywater undergoes advanced treatment in a multistage moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) followed by sand filtration and UV disinfection. The treated water is used safely as service water for toilet flushing. Monitoring of the organic matter degradation was pursued to describe the degradation processes in each stage and optimize the system. Results showed that organic matter reduction was achieved for the most part in the first three reactors, whereas the highest reduction rate was observed in the third reactor in terms of COD (chemical oxygen demand), dissolved organic carbon and BOD7 (biological oxygen demand). The results also showed that the average loading rate entering the system was 3.7 kg COD/d, while the removal rate was 3.4 kg COD/d in a total bioreactor volume of 11.7 m³. In terms of BOD, the loading rate was 2.8 kg BOD/d and it was almost totally removed. This system requires little space (0.15 m²/person) and maintenance work of less than one hour per month and it shows operational stability under peak loads.
La variabilidad histórica de la corriente del Río Colorado. El vínculo con la minuta 319
Authors: Samaniego López Marco Antonio 
Published: September 2017

El propósito de este artículo es analizar los efectos de la variabilidad histórica de la corriente del río Colorado y cómo se ha utilizado dicha variabilidad en las discusiones para el control y administración de la mencionada cuenca internacional. Con base en el análisis de estudios realizados por diversos ingenieros, abogados y políticos estadounidenses, demostramos que desde principios del siglo XX se sabía de esta variabilidad. Específicamente se busca explicar el significado y consecuencias que tuvo el tema de la variabilidad en la minuta 319, firmada por la Comisión Internacional de Límites y Aguas (International Border and Water Commission), donde por primera ocasión se contempla de manera explícita el cambio climático, dado que diversos sectores han insistido en profundizar en el tema de definir “sequía extraordinaria”, argumentando que una cuota fija a México no tomó en cuenta el factor de cambio climático.
Development of a novel prognostic score for breast cancer patients using mRNA expression of
CHAC1
Authors: Jahn Beate , Arvandi Marjan , Rochau Ursula , Fiegl Heidi , Goebel Georg , Marth Christian , Siebert Uwe 
Published: September 2017

Aim:
To develop a prognostic score for primary breast cancer patients integrating conventional predictors and the novel biomarker CHAC1 to aid adjuvant chemotherapy decisions.
Patients & methods:
A prognostic score for overall survival was developed using: conventional predictors from a dataset of 1777 patients and the weight of
CHAC1
mRNA expression from an independent dataset of 106 patients using multivariate Cox regression.
Results:
The new score includes:
CHAC1
mRNA expression, age, tumor size, HER2 neu status, lymph node status and degree of malignancy. Using a cut-off value of 11 score points, 10-year survival was 82% in low-risk (n = 34) and 43% in high-risk patients (n = 72). The addition of CHAC1 resulted in 16% reclassification.
Conclusion:
Including CHAC1 in prognostic prediction may aid (and change) personalized treatment selection.
Caracterización Eléctrica de Membranas Poliméricas PVDF/ CF3COOLi
Authors: Vásquez-Bonilla Rodrigo Andrés , Jurado-Meneses Nori Magali , Delgado-Rosero Miguel Iban 
Published: September 2017

Objetivo: Este documento estudia los efectos del trifluoroacetato de litio (CF3 COOLi) al usarse en una matriz de Polifluoruro de vinilideno (PVDF) para mejorar la conductividad iónica para usarse como electrolito para dispositivos electroquímicos. Metodología: Para esto se prepararon membranas en diferentes combinaciones por el método de solución. Las muestras se caracterizaron por espectroscopía de impedancias entre temperaturas de 298 K y 373 K con el fin de identificar el comportamiento de la conductividad de acuerdo a la concentración. Resultados: Los gráficos de conductividad dc en función del inverso de la temperatura, muestran un comportamiento Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) con pseudo-energías de activación entre 7.30 × 10-3 y 5.05 × 10-4 eV. Conclusiones: La máxima conductividad obtenida fue de 3.85 ×10-4 S cm-1 a temperatura ambiente para altas concentraciones de CF3 COOLi, siendo este valor comparable con resultados obtenidos en otros estudios.Palabras clave: Electrolito sólido, Membrana de compuesto CF3 COOLi/PVDF, Polímero iónicos electro-activos. Abstract Objective: This paper studies the effects of lithium trifluoroacetate (CF3 COOLi) when used in a Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane to improve its ionic conductivity for use as electrolyte for electrochemical devices. Method: CF3 COOLi/PVDF Ionic conductive membranes have been prepared by solution method. The samples were characterized by impedance spectroscopy (IS) with temperatures ranging from 298 K at 373 K. Results: The plots of conductivity with the inverse of temperature show an Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) behavior, with pseudo activation energies between 7.30 × 10-3 y 5.05 × 10-4 eV. Conclusions: The higther conductivity (3.848 × 10-4 S cm-1) was obtain at room temperature to higth concentration of CF3 COOLi, this values is similarity with results from other documents.Keywords: Solid electrolytes, CF3 COOLi/PVDF composite membranes, Ionic electroactive polymers. Resumo Objetivo: Este documento estuda os efeitos do trifluoroacetato de lítio (CF3 COOLi) usado numa matriz de Fluoreto de polivinilideno (FP) para melhorar a condutividade iónica e utilizar-se como eletrólito para dispositivos eletroquímicos. Metodologia: Para isto se prepararam membranas em diferentes combinações pelo método de solução. As amostras se caracterizaram por espectroscopia de impedâncias entre temperaturas de 298 K e 373 K com o fim de identificar o comportamento da condutividade de acordo à concentração. Resultados: As figuras de condutividade dc em função do inverso da temperatura, mostram um comportamento Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) com pseudo-energias de ativação entre 7.30 × 10-3 e 5.05 × 10-4 eV. Conclusões: A máxima condutividade obtida foi de 3.85 ×10-4 S cm-1 a temperatura ambiente para altas concentrações de CF3 COOLi, sendo este valor comparável com resultados obtidos em outros estudos.Palavras-chave: Eletrólito sólido, Membrana de composto CF3 COOLi/FP, Polímero iónicos eletroativos.
Blanqueo de caolín por medio de lixiviación en pilas con ácido oxálico
Authors: Barros-Daza Manuel Julián , Bustamante-Baena Pablo , Bustamante-Rúa Moisés Oswaldo 
Published: September 2017

Se estudiaron los resultados experimentales de lixiviación en pilas para el blanqueo del caolín a escala de laboratorio basados en un desarrollo teórico. El objetivo principal fue evaluar la remoción de óxidos de hierro sobre la superficie del caolín, Método con el uso de diferentes concentraciones de ácido oxálico en un tiempo de 48 días. Resultado. El índice de blancura del caolín de alimento fue del 52.1%, con porcentajes de hierro del 0.19%. A partir de los ensayos experimentales, Conclusión los resultados mostraron que para las concentraciones de 0.15M, 0.015M y 0.95M, las remociones de hierro fueron alrededor del 72.2%, 26.7%, 90.8% y los índices de blancura obtenidos fueron de 90.2%, 83.8% y 97% respectivamente.Palabras clave: Acido Oxálico, Blanqueo de Caolín, Hidrometalurgia, Lixiviación en pilas, Óxidos de hierro.AbstractThe experimental results of leaching were studied in batteries for bleaching kaolin scale The experimental results of leaching were studied in batteries for bleaching kaolin scale development based on a theoretical laboratory. The main objective was to evaluate the removal of iron oxides on the surface of kaolin, Methods: the use of different concentrations of oxalic acid drip for 48 days in each heap. Results: The whiteness index of feed Kaolin is 52.1%, with an iron content of 0.19%. Conclusions: The results showed that for acidic concentrations 0.15M, 0.015M and 0.95M, the iron removed was approximately 72.2%, 26.7%, 90.8% and the whiteness index rose to 90.23%, 83.8%, and 97% respectively. Keywords: Oxalic Acid, Bleaching Kaolin, Hydrometallurgy, Heap leaching, Iron Oxides. Resumo Estudaram-se os resultados experimentais de lixiviação por pilha para o branqueamento do caulim a escala de laboratório, baseados num desenvolvimento teórico. Objetivo: avaliar a remoção de óxidos de ferro sobre a superfície do caulim. Método: usaram-se diferentes concentrações de ácido oxálico num tempo de 48 dias. Resultado: A partir dos ensaios experimentais se obteve que o índice de brancura do caulim de alimento foi do 52.1%, com porcentagens de ferro do 0.19%. Conclusão: os resultados mostraram que para as concentrações de 0.15M, 0.015M e 0.95M, as remoções de ferro foram em torno de 72.2%, 26.7% e 90.8% e os índices de branqueamento obtidos foram de 90.2%, 83.8% e 97.0%, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Acido Oxálico, Branqueamento do Caulim, Hidrometalurgia, Lixiviação por pilhas, Óxidos de ferro.