bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Drain Length on Well Performance in Karachaganak Field
Authors: Naurzgaliyev Timur , Mutaliyev Galymzhan 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Karachaganak is a giant gas-condensate field located in north-western Kazakhstan. In 1997 a production sharing agreement was signed between the partner companies and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Karachaganak Petroleum Operating b.v. (KPO b.v.) joint venture is operated by Shell (previously BG-Group) and Eni S.p.A. Chevron, LUKoil and KazMunayGas are the rest shareholders in this project. Karachaganak was discovered in 1979 and the production began in 1984.
The field comprises Permian and Carboniferous reservoirs with complex geological and fluid properties. The reservoir fluids are gas-condensate with the underlying oil leg.
Since 1997 the focus of the field development has been on the oil leg with the objective of producing low gas-oil ratio (GOR) oil. This is being achieved by drilling sub-horizontal wells. The design of these wells is aimed at maximising the reservoir contact to overcome the challenges of significant heterogeneity present in the field. It also allows accessing partially or fully isolated compartments associated both with reservoir heterogeneity and with the presence of clinoforms formed during the prograding phase of the Carboniferous platform evolution. Initially a drain length of sub-horizontal wells was limited to 700 metres by the available drilling technology. Today, modern rigs are capable of drilling a single 2000 metre long sub-horizontal drain to a total well length of more than 6600 metres. Simulation studies indicate that long drains optimise the field development by reducing the number of wells required to maximise the oil recovery. This paper focuses on the impact that drilling long sub-horizontal wells has had on well performance in the Karachaganak field. The paper also discusses the evolution of the well completions from open-hole drains to multistage stimulation completions that allow selective stimulation of a drain interval.
Unique Technologies for Seismic Data Interpretation: Sedimentation and Paleotectonic Analysis, Pseudo 3D
Authors: Avdeev P. , Efremov I. , Gogonenkov G. , Elmanovich S. , Plakhov A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The main purpose of the work is to get the petroleum industry acquainted with a number of unique tools for seismic data interpretation, namely, sedimentation and paleotectonic analysis modules, as well as with technology of 3D interpretation of 2D survey data - "pseudo 3D.
The sedimentation analysis technology is based on rather simple and intuitive algorithm: a set of quasigeoisochronic surfaces in entire volume of seismic cube is calculated with the use of frame of key reflections between adjacent horizons. It makes possible, while moving in the cube continuously in time/depth (in "animated seismics" mode), to perform analysis by a number of parameters (optionally, by cube amplitude, by acoustic impedance, by dip, by coherence, etc.) both along key reflectors, and in intervals between them.
The sedimentation analysis module was used as the basis for creation of work algorithm of the paleotectonic analysis program and "pseudo 3D" technology, what makes these tools unique compared to various analogs.
The multi-year application experience proves that such technological developments promote qualitative and effective solution for interpretation of seismic data of various complexity.
In particular, the sedimentation analysis allows for significant extension of features of seismic methods in study of detailed structure of reservoir intervals holding hydrocarbon deposits, as well as for the most complete extraction of wavefield history changes from the seismic cube related to paleochannels, sedimentation bodies, various anomalies of geological cross-section, as well as faults.
The paleotectonic analysis module makes it possible to assess the geological history of study area.
The technology of creation of a "pseudo 3D" cube by 2D survey data is extensively applied to get an idea of spatial location of local sedimentation bodies, clinoform complexes and prospective objects.
New Production Logging Tool for Inflow Profiling of Low-Rate Oil and Water Horizontal Wells: Case Studies of Field Testing an Experimental Prototype
Authors: Miklashevskiy D. , Shako V. , Borodin I. , Mukhin V. , Skochelyas R. , Shalamov V. , Valiullin R. , Iarullin R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The current results of development of a new production logging (PL) tool based on an azimuthally distributed array of thermal anemometers and aimed at determination of inflow profiles beyond the limits of common mechanical sensors in horizontal wells producing oil and water at low rates are described in this paper.
Theoretical background, implementation technique, and experimental prototype (EXP) were developed for the PL tool using azimuthally distributed thermo-anemometer (TA) sensors to obtain a dataset characterizing the production regime in low-rate (below 150 m3/d) oil and water horizontal wells.
The new PL tool's TA sensors record overheating profiles along a well that depend on the local velocity of the fluid and its phase composition. The periodic heating regime of the TA sensors enabled measuring the undisturbed fluid temperature for determination of overheating and acquiring high-resolution temperature profiles, thus providing a valuable additional dataset of diagnostic attributes for characterization of the inflow.
Laboratory testing allowed determination of calibration dependencies of TA signals versus velocities of single-phase water and oil flows. The calibrations were used for interpretation of data obtained with the PL tool and evaluation of the distribution of fluid phases for cross sections along a well and profiles of phase velocities. These results indicated the new tool's potential for implementation with a standard PL toolstring in low-rate oil and water horizontal wells.
Interpretation of the EXP data together with that from standard PL tools enhanced the reliability of the determination of inflow zone intervals, phase composition of an inflowing fluid, and phase distribution of producing fluid along a well.
Analysis of the field data established that effective resolution of temperature measurements by the new PL tool is approximately 0.015 K to enable registration of the effective fluid velocity in range of 0.5 to 15 m/min with corresponding resolution of 0.01 to 0.3 m/min to result in a spatial resolution of 1 to 20 m of the recorded parameters for uniform inflow along a horizontal wellbore. The evaluated values of spatial resolution are based on optimized logging speed, taking into account TA measurement specifics, well construction design, and total production rate.
In this first field test of the innovative EXP in two horizontal wells producing water and oil at low rates, the tool was conveyed on coiled tubing and tractor. Joint interpretation of data recorded with the EXP and standard PL tools confirmed that the inflow profiles for each well along with profiles of phase velocities and water inflow zones were reliably established.
A New Technology Based on Two-Phase Flow Models for Rapid Selection of Wells for Cyclic Waterflooding
Authors: Rodionov S. P. , Pichugin O. N. , Kosyakov V. P. , Shirshov Y. V. , Pyatkov A. A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The method of cyclic waterflooding is one of the most cost-effective methods of enhanced oil recovery.
Simulation of cyclic waterflooding will take much more time than conventional waterflooding. This is due to the time step limitation which should be much less than the half-period of fluctuations and the characteristictime of pressures equalization in neighboring interlayers.
This paper proposes the flow equations averaged over the cycle period in the case of a periodic law of variation in production rates or bottomhole pressures in wells that are free from the specified time step limitation and allow to simulate cyclic waterflooding in a time comparable to the time of simulating a conventional waterflooding.
The simulations based on the averaged and conventional (used in flow simulators) equations of a two-phase flow are compared using a synthetic example and actual field areas in Western Siberia and Kazakhstan.
A complete solution to the cyclic waterflooding problem involves the selection of the promising areas, well locations, as well as the period and duration of stimulation. As a rule, this requires running multiple simulations. Therefore, in order to reduce the number of simulation runs, in this paper we propose an efficient technology for 3D modeling of cyclic waterflooding in oil fields. This technology allows to select, in real time, the promising areas and to assess the effect on incremental oil recovery of such factors as locations of wells, the frequency of cycles, etc. Also, it allows to predict incremental oil production in a time much shorter than using a conventional simulator, without accuracy losses. The successful results of technology application in some fields of Western Siberia and Kazakhstan are given below.
The Role of Import Replacement in the Development of the Russian Oil and Gas Machine Engineering
Authors: Zhdaneev O. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Detailed analysis and the role of import-replacement for oil and gas machinery building in Russian Federation has been done in the paper. Definition of the import-replacement term has been clarified for oil and gas machinery building. Comprehensive review is presented for one of the import-replacement mechanism – localization. A set of recommendation is listed to ensure success of the import-replacement program in Russia.
For the industries of the fuel and energy complex amid the modernization and innovational development the import replacement program is viewed as the main mechanism for implementation of the Energy Strategy of Russia till 2030 [Minutes of the meeting of the Government Commission on High Technology and Innovations dated August 3, 2010 No.4; Energy Strategy of Russia till the period of 2030].
Currently it is possible to define to main systematic existing risks for the economic security of the Russia oil and gas machine engineering. Firstly, inability to provide the customers in the Russian Federation with the basic range of modern products with full production cycle organized within our country (immediate threat). Secondly, low level of innovations and technologies used for development and production of devices.
One of the methods of facilitation of the economic growth and industrial development in the oil and gas machine engineering is import replacement focused on the replacement of the foreign equipment by similar domestic one.
There are many definitions of "import replacement" [Baranov E.F., 2013; Berezinskaya O.B., Vedev A.L., 2015; Volkodavova E.V., 2009; Zaitsev D.N., 2002; Kadochnikov P.A., 2005; Marketing: Dictionary. Moscow: Economy, 2000; Nazarchuk E.N., 2007; Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L. Sh., Starodubtseva E.B., 1999; Smirnov D.A., 2012; Starovoitova O.V., 2011; Suchkova N.A., 2009; Kalashnikova T.M., 1990; Faltsman V.K., 2015]:
PondR: a process-oriented model to simulate the hydrology of drainage ponds
Authors: Willkommen Sandra , Pfannerstill Matthias , Guse Björn , Ulrich Uta , Fohrer Nicola 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Drainage ponds are a useful measure to manage water resources. However, these small water bodies are characterized by highly dynamic internal processes. This article discusses a simple process-oriented model developed to simulate temporal dynamics of internal processes within drainage ponds. The PondR model is able to simulate the relevant hydrological processes of the pond by using commonly available input data. For model development, data from a 3-year monitoring campaign of the investigated drainage pond served to validate the newly developed model for the autumn and winter time periods. A temporal parameter sensitivity analysis (TEDPAS) revealed that groundwater parameters are predominant during the whole year. The model performed well in simulating outflow together with simulated pond volume and improved the understanding of the hydrological regime for drainage ponds. Regarding the practical benefit, the developed PondR model could be useful in future studies for more precise planning of pond dimensions and water resource management in the field of research and engineering services.
Surrogate-based pumping optimization of coastal aquifers under limited computational budgets
Authors: Christelis Vasileios , Regis Rommel G. , Mantoglou Aristotelis 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe computationally expensive variable density and salt transport numerical models hinder the implementation of simulation-optimization routines for coastal aquifer management. To reduce the computational cost, surrogate models have been utilized in pumping optimization of coastal aquifers. However, it has not been previously addressed whether surrogate modelling is effective given a limited number of numerical simulations with the seawater intrusion model. To that end, two surrogate-based optimization (SBO) frameworks are employed and compared against the direct optimization approach, under restricted computational budgets. The first, a surrogate-assisted algorithm, employs a strategy which aims at a fast local improvement of the surrogate model around optimal values. The other, balances global and local improvement of the surrogate model and is applied for the first time in coastal aquifer management. The performance of the algorithms is investigated for optimization problems of moderate and large dimensionalities. The statistical analysis indicates that for the specified computational budgets, the sample means of the SBO methods are statistically significantly better than those of the direct optimization. Additionally, the selection of cubic radial basis functions as surrogate models, enables the construction of very fast approximations for problems with up to 40 decision variables and 40 constraint functions.
Effects of pH and coexisting chemicals on photolysis of perfluorooctane sulfonate using an excited xenon dimer lamp
Authors: Kishimoto Naoyuki , Doda Koji 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis at the wavelength of 172 nm in a sulfate solution was introduced as a more efficient process for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) degradation than ultraviolet (UV) photolysis at 254 nm. The effects of pH and coexisting chemicals on VUV photolysis under the coexistence of 100 mM sulfate were investigated. VUV irradiation successfully degraded PFOS, and the degradation rate was 5.5 times higher than by UV photolysis. Direct VUV photolysis was inferred to mainly contribute to PFOS degradation. PFOS degradation by VUV irradiation was enhanced at pH less than 2 due to sulfate radicals generated via VUV photolysis of sulfate ions. Consequently, VUV photolysis was superior to UV photolysis for PFOS removal on both the removal rate and energy efficiency. However, the inorganic chemicals phosphoric acid and nitric acid strongly inhibited PFOS degradation, probably by masking PFOS from VUV rays by their VUV absorption. Accordingly, PFOS separation from inorganic materials such as phosphate and nitrate will be recommended for the application of VUV techniques for PFOS removal. In this research, organic solvent abstraction was inferred to be one of candidates for PFOS separation.
FGF23 and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children with CKD
Authors: Mitsnefes Mark M. , Betoko Aisha , Schneider Michael F. , Salusky Isidro B. , Wolf Myles Selig , Jüppner Harald , Warady Bradley A. , Furth Susan L. , Portale Anthony A. 
Published: October 2017

Background and Objectives
High plasma concentration of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in adults with CKD, and induces myocardial hypertrophy in experimental CKD. We hypothesized that high FGF23 levels associate with a higher prevalence of LVH in children with CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We performed echocardiograms and measured plasma C-terminal FGF23 concentrations in 587 children with mild-to-moderate CKD enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. We used linear and logistic regression to analyze the association of plasma FGF23 with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and LVH (LVMI ≥95th percentile), adjusted for demographics, body mass index, eGFR, and CKD-specific factors. We also examined the relationship between FGF23 and LVH by eGFR level.

Results
Median age was 12 years (interquartile range, 8–15) and eGFR was 50 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (interquartile range, 38–64). Overall prevalence of LVH was 11%. After adjustment for demographics and body mass index, the odds of having LVH was higher by 2.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.28 to 4.97; P<0.01) in participants with FGF23 concentrations ≥170 RU/ml compared with those with FGF23<100 RU/ml, but this association was attenuated after full adjustment. Among participants with eGFR≥45 ml/min per 1.73 m2, the prevalence of LVH was 5.4%, 11.2%, and 15.3% for those with FGF23 <100 RU/ml, 100–169 RU/ml, and ≥170 RU/ml, respectively (P
trend=0.01). When eGFR was ≥45 ml/min per 1.73 m2, higher FGF23 concentrations were independently associated with LVH (fully adjusted odds ratio, 3.08 in the highest versus lowest FGF23 category; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 9.24; P<0.05; fully adjusted odds ratio, 2.02 per doubling of FGF23; 95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 3.17; P<0.01). By contrast, in participants with eGFR<45 ml/min per 1.73 m2, FGF23 did not associate with LVH.

Conclusions
Plasma FGF23 concentration ≥170 RU/ml is an independent predictor of LVH in children with eGFR≥45 ml/min per 1.73 m2.
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN LAUT DALAM KASUS TUMPAHAN MINYAK MONTARA DI LAUT TIMOR
Authors: Meinarni Ni Putu Suci 
Published: October 2017

Diplomacy as a means of communication made by various parties, including the negotiations between representations who have been recognized or defined as well as the negotiations when it was not possible to see a bright spot, the one party or two countries who consider necessary, can choose the path of another in the settlement of disputes. Regarding the case Montara, Indonesia can choose the legal path is through ITLOS. When all lanes closed negotiations and diplomacy, international legal channels under the umbrella of ITLOS is open for the settlement of cases of oil spills in the Montara platform. If ITLOS considered too early to have as a line dispute resolution, since the country rarely choose ITLOS as a settlement of the dispute, as evidenced since it entry into force (between 1994 to 2006), only 13 cases were handled by ITLOS, and in UNCLOS itself is possible for more flexible judicial selection and Arbitration still in the high demand.
Diplomasi sebagai suatu cara komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh berbagai pihak termasuk negosiasi antara wakil-wakil yang sudah diakui atau yang diartikan pula sebagai perundingan-perundingan ketika sudah tidak memungkinkan untuk menemui titik terang maka salah satu pihak maupun kedua negara yang mengganggap perlu, dapat memilih jalur lain dalam penyelesaian sengketa. Berkaitan dengan kasus Montara, Indonesia dapat memilih jalur hukum yaitu melalui ITLOS. Bila semua jalur negosiasi dan diplomasi tertutup, jalur hukum internasional dibawah payung ITLOS terbuka untuk penyelesaian kasus tumpahan minyak di sumur Montara. Apabila ITLOS dianggap terlalu dini untuk dipilih sebagai jalur penyelesaian sengketa, karena memang negara jarang sekali memilih ITLOS sebagai tempat penyelesaian sengketa, terbukti sejak entry into force (diantara tahun 1994 sampai dengan tahun 2006), hanya 13 kasus yang di tangani ITLOS di dalam UNCLOS masih memungkinkan adanya pilihan peradilan yang lebih fleksbel dan lebih diminati oleh negara-negara yaitu Arbitrase.
KARAKTERISTIK WISATAWAN BACKPACKER DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PARIWISATA KUTA, BALI
Authors: Menuh Ni Nyoman 
Published: October 2017

The study investigates the characteristics of backpacker touristsin terms of socio demographic, socio-geographical, and sociopsychographicin Kuta, Bali. It also discusses the impacts of backpacker tourists to tourism development in terms of socioeconomic, socio-cultural and environmental aspects in the tourist destination of Kuta Bali. Combining the quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study used 272 respondents who represented the characteristics of foreign backpacker tourists, and respondents from the circle of businessmen, property managers, local communities and community leaders to determine the impacts of the presence of backpacker tourists to tourism industry in Kuta. The research findings shows that the characteristics of backpacker tourists are mostly young Europeans with professional jobs and have a high income. Backpacker tourists’ arrivals not only bring the positive social, economic and cultural impacts but also negative environmental impacts. Some local people felt annoyance of the presence of backpacker tourists.
PEMIKIRAN USHUL FIKIH AL-GHAZÂLÎ TENTANG AL-MASLAHAH AL-MURSALAH (Studi Eksplorasi terhadap Kitab al-Mustashfâ min ‘Ilmi al-Ushûl Karya Al-Ghazâlî)
Authors: Azwar Zainal 
Published: October 2017

Abstract: Imam al-Ghazali is one of the Shafi'i’s ushul fiqh figures. As a scholar of fiqh Shafi'i fiqh, in substance, he has thought of usul fiqh which is in line with the thinking of fiqh imam, al-Shafi'i. However, in some aspects, he just has a different view, even opposite sect priest; as among about the hujjah of al-Maslahah al-mursalah as a proposition of law. So in this article, will be discussed in depth of thought usul fiqh al-Ghazali about al-Maslahah al-mursalah. The main question that will be answered in this paper is how to shape the thinking of usul fiqh al-Ghazali about al-Maslahah al-mursalah? To find the answer, the authors conducted in-depth study of the book of al-Mustashfâ min 'Ilmi al-Usul Al-Ghazali's works and other books as sources of supporting data. After reviewing critically and analytically, it can be concluded that according to Al-Ghazali, al Maslahah al mursalah can be used as proof to the requirements of the following requirements; 1. Al Maslahah it in line with the types of actions Personality '/ establishment of Islamic law. 2. Al Maslahah it should be al maslahah al Daruriyah or hajjiyah who occupies a position dharuriyah. Keyword: al-Maslahah al-Mursalah, Imam Al-Ghazali, Ushul Fiqh. Abstrak: Imam al-Ghazali adalah salah satu tokoh Syafi'i ushul fiqh. Sebagai seorang sarjana fiqh Syafi'i fiqh, secara substansi, dia telah memikirkan ushul fiqh yang sejalan dengan pemikiran imam fiqh al-Syafi'i. Namun, dalam beberapa aspek, ia hanya memiliki pandangan yang berbeda, bahkan berlawanan imam mazhab; sebagai salah tentang hujjah al-Maslahah al-mursalah sebagai dalil hukum. Jadi dalam artikel ini, akan dibahas secara mendalam pemikiran ushul fiqh al-Ghazali tentang al-Maslahah al-mursalah. Pertanyaan utama yang akan dijawab dalam makalah ini adalah bagaimana bentuk pemikiran ushul fiqh al-Ghazali tentang al-Maslahah al-mursalah? Untuk menemukan jawabannya, penulis melakukan penelitian secara mendalam tentang kitab al-Mustashfâ min 'karya Ilmi al-Ushul Al-Ghazali dan buku lainnya sebagai sumber data pendukung. Setelah meninjau secara kritis dan analitis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa menurut Al-Ghazali: 1. al Maslahah al mursalah dapat digunakan sebagai bukti untuk persyaratan persyaratan sebagai berikut. Al Maslahah itu sejalan dengan jenis tindakan syara' pembentukan hukum Islam. 2. Al Maslahah itu harus al maslahah al Daruriyyat al Hajjah yang menempati posisi dharuriyat. Kata Kunci: al-Maslahah al-Mursalah, Imam Al-Ghazali, Ushul Fiqh