bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capacitance‐Assisted Sustainable Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Mineralisation
Authors: Lamb Katie J. , Dowsett Mark R. , Chatzipanagis Konstantinos , Scullion Zhan Wei , Kröger Roland , Lee James D. , Aguiar Pedro M. , North Michael , Parkin Alison 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn electrochemical cell comprising a novel dual‐component graphite and Earth‐crust abundant metal anode, a hydrogen producing cathode and an aqueous sodium chloride electrolyte was constructed and used for carbon dioxide mineralisation. Under an atmosphere of 5 % carbon dioxide in nitrogen, the cell exhibited both capacitive and oxidative electrochemistry at the anode. The graphite acted as a supercapacitive reagent concentrator, pumping carbon dioxide into aqueous solution as hydrogen carbonate. Simultaneous oxidation of the anodic metal generated cations, which reacted with the hydrogen carbonate to give mineralised carbon dioxide. Whilst conventional electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction requires hydrogen, this cell generates hydrogen at the cathode. Carbon capture can be achieved in a highly sustainable manner using scrap metal within the anode, seawater as the electrolyte, an industrially relevant gas stream and a solar panel as an effective zero‐carbon energy source.
Prenatal exposure to ketamine in rats: Implications on animal models of schizophrenia
Authors: Coronel‐Oliveros Carlos M. , Pacheco‐Calderón Renny 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSchizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, anhedonia, flat affect and cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was to propose a prenatal treatment with ketamine, a psychedelic drug that acts as a non‐competitive inhibitor of glutamate NMDA receptors, as a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia. The drug was applied (i.m. 60 mg.kg−1 h−1) in pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats on gestational Day 14. Offspring behavior was studied on pubertal (4 weeks old) and adult (10 weeks old) stages. Also, hippocampal CA1‐CA3 morphology was assessed in adult animals through a Nissl stain. Results showed a disinhibition and hyperactive behavior in pubertal animals exposed to ketamine, followed in adulthood with cognitive impairments, social withdrawal, anxiety, depression, and aggressive‐like behaviors. In the hippocampus, a reduction of the CA3 layer thickness was observed, without changes in cell density. These results strongly suggest a robust link between prenatal pharmacologic manipulation of NMDA receptors and schizophrenia.
Effect of non‐prohibited drugs on the phase II metabolic profile of morphine. An in vitro investigation for doping control purposes
Authors: Ambrosio Gabriella , de la Torre Xavier , Mazzarino Monica , Parr Maria K. , Botrè Francesco 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe potential consequences of drug‐drug interaction on the strategies adopted by anti‐doping laboratories to report an adverse analytical finding for morphine were investigated. We evaluated in vitro the effects of 14 drugs on the principal metabolic pathways of morphine. The selected drugs are among those most commonly used by the athletes, none of them presently included in the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List. The non‐prohibited drugs included 4 antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole), 6 benzodiazepines (alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, and triazolam), and 4 non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and nimesulide). The in vitro assays were based on the use of either human liver microsomes or uridine 5’‐diphospho‐glucuronosyl‐transferases. Morphine and its glucuronides were determined by developed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry procedure after dilution with an aqueous solution containing their deuterated isotopologues as internal standards. Morphine is mainly excreted as phase II metabolites: about 70% of the parent compound is found to be biotransformed by UGT2B7 to morphine‐3‐glucuronide (6065%) and morphine‐6‐glucuronide (5‐10%). A reduction of the enzymatic activity of the UGT2B7 was recorded in the presence of 9 of the 14 drugs under investigation (ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, diclofenac, ibuprofen, clonazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, and triazolam), with a consequent significant reduction of the levels of the glucuronide metabolites. This phenomenon in vivo may affect the rate of the urinary excretion of morphine with the risk of reporting “false negative” results, especially in case of results close to the decision limit value set by WADA.
Turkish graveyards as refuges for orchids against tuber harvest
Authors: Molnár V. Attila , Nagy Timea , Löki Viktor , Süveges Kristóf , Takács Attila , Bódis Judit , Tökölyi Jácint 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHarvest of orchid tubers for salep production is widespread in southwestern Asia and the Balkans and constitutes a major conservation risk for wild orchid populations. Synanthropic habitats, such as graveyards, are important refuges for orchids and other organisms and could offer protection from salep harvesting because of their special cultural role. However, little is known about the occurrence and factors influencing harvesting of salep in graveyards. During field surveys of 474 graveyards throughout Turkey, we observed 333 graveyards with orchids, 311 graveyards with tuberous orchids, and salep harvest in 14 graveyards. Altogether, 530 individuals of 17 orchid species were collected, representing 9% of the individuals recorded. Harvesting intensity was relatively low, and populations were usually not wholly destroyed. However, some species were clearly more affected than others. Salep harvesting risk of orchid species was significantly associated with flowering time, with early‐flowering species being more affected. A marginally significant positive relationship between harvesting risk and species‐specific tuber size was also detected. Our data suggest that graveyards might offer some protection against salep harvesting in Turkey, but they also show that some orchid taxa are much more affected than others. Overall, our observations add more weight to the conservation value of these special habitats.
Population genomics and geographical parthenogenesis in Japanese harvestmen (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae, Leiobunum)
Authors: Burns Mercedes , Hedin Marshal , Tsurusaki Nobuo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNaturally occurring population variation in reproductive mode presents an opportunity for researchers to test hypotheses regarding the evolution of sex. Asexual reproduction frequently assumes a geographical pattern, in which parthenogenesis‐dominated populations are more broadly dispersed than their sexual conspecifics. We evaluate the geographical distribution of genomic signatures associated with parthenogenesis using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data from two Japanese harvestman sister taxa, Leiobunum manubriatum and Leiobunum globosum. Asexual reproduction is putatively facultative in these species, and female‐biased localities are common in habitat margins. Past karyotypic and current cytometric work indicates L. globosum is entirely tetraploid, while L. manubriatum may be either diploid or tetraploid. We estimated species phylogeny, genetic differentiation, diversity, and mitonuclear discordance in females collected across the species range in order to identify range expansion toward marginal habitat, potential for hybrid origin, and persistence of asexual lineages. Our results point to northward expansion of a tetraploid ancestor of L. manubriatum and L. globosum, coupled with support for greater male gene flow in southern L. manubriatum localities. Specimens from localities in the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions were indistinct, particularly those of L. globosum, potentially due to little mitochondrial differentiation or haplotypic variation. Although L. manubriatum overlaps with L. globosum across its entire range, L. globosum was reconstructed as monophyletic with strong support using mtDNA, and marginal support with nuclear loci. Ultimately, we find evidence for continued sexual reproduction in both species and describe opportunities to clarify the rate and mechanism of parthenogenesis.
Specificity of herbivore‐induced responses in an invasive species, Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed)
Authors: Liu Mu , Zhou Fang , Pan Xiaoyun , Zhang Zhijie , Traw Milton B. , Li Bo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHerbivory‐induced responses in plants can both negatively affect subsequently colonizing herbivores and mitigate the effect of herbivory on the host. However, it is still less known whether plants exhibit specific responses to specialist and generalist herbivores in non‐secondary metabolite traits and how specificity to specialists and generalists differs between invasive and native plant populations. We exposed an invasive plant, Alternanthera philoxeroides, to Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae; specialist), Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae; generalist), manual clipping, or application of exogenous jasmonic acid and examined both the specificity of elicitation in traits of fitness (e.g., aboveground biomass), morphology (e.g., root:shoot ratio), and chemistry (e.g., C/N ratio and lignin), and specificity of effect on the subsequent performance of A. hygrophila and S. litura. Then, we assessed variation of the specificity between invasive and native populations (USA and Argentina, respectively). The results showed S. litura induced higher branching intensity and specific leaf area but lower C/N ratio than A. hygrophila, whereas A. hygrophila induced higher trichome density than S. litura. The negative effect of induction on subsequent larval growth was greater for S. litura than for A. hygrophila. Invasive populations had a weaker response to S. litura than to A. hygrophila in triterpenoid saponins and C/N ratio, while native populations responded similarly to these two herbivores. The specific effect on the two herbivores feeding on induced plants did not vary between invasive and native populations. Overall, we demonstrate specificity of elicitation to specialist and generalist herbivores in non‐secondary metabolite traits, and that the generalist is more susceptible to induction than the specialist. Furthermore, chemical responses specific to specialist and generalist herbivores only exist in the invasive populations, consistent with an evolutionary change in specificity in the invasive populations.
Ignorance can be evolutionarily beneficial
Authors: Field Jared M. , Bonsall Michael B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInformation is increasingly being viewed as a resource used by organisms to increase their fitness. Indeed, it has been formally shown that there is a sensible way to assign a reproductive value to information and it is non‐negative. However, all of this work assumed that information collection is cost‐free. Here, we account for such a cost and provide conditions for when the reproductive value of information will be negative. In these instances, counterintuitively, it is in the interest of the organism to remain ignorant. We link our results to empirical studies where Bayesian behavior appears to break down in complex environments and provide an alternative explanation of lowered arousal thresholds in the evolution of sleep.
Tracking plant preference for higher‐quality mycorrhizal symbionts under varying CO2 conditions over multiple generations
Authors: Werner Gijsbert D. A. , Zhou Yeling , Pieterse Corné M. J. , Kiers E. Toby 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe symbiosis between plants and root‐colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is one of the most ecologically important examples of interspecific cooperation in the world. AM fungi provide benefits to plants; in return plants allocate carbon resources to fungi, preferentially allocating more resources to higher‐quality fungi. However, preferential allocations from plants to symbionts may vary with environmental context, particularly when resource availability affects the relative value of symbiotic services. We ask how differences in atmospheric CO2‐levels influence root colonization dynamics between AMF species that differ in their quality as symbiotic partners. We find that with increasing CO2‐conditions and over multiple plant generations, the more beneficial fungal species is able to achieve a relatively higher abundance. This suggests that increasing atmospheric carbon supply enables plants to more effectively allocate carbon to higher‐quality mutualists, and over time helps reduce lower‐quality AM abundance. Our results illustrate how environmental context may affect the extent to which organisms structure interactions with their mutualistic partners and have potential implications for mutualism stability and persistence under global change.
A holistic approach to determine tree structural complexity based on laser scanning data and fractal analysis
Authors: Seidel Dominik 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe three‐dimensional forest structure affects many ecosystem functions and services provided by forests. As forests are made of trees it seems reasonable to approach their structure by investigating individual tree structure. Based on three‐dimensional point clouds from laser scanning, a newly developed holistic approach is presented that enables to calculate the box dimension as a measure of structural complexity of individual trees using fractal analysis. It was found that the box dimension of trees was significantly different among the tested species, among trees belonging to the same species but exposed to different growing conditions (at gap vs. forest interior) or to different kinds of competition (intraspecific vs. interspecific). Furthermore, it was shown that the box dimension is positively related to the trees’ growth rate. The box dimension was identified as an easy to calculate measure that integrates the effect of several external drivers of tree structure, such as competition strength and type, while simultaneously providing information on structure‐related properties, like tree growth.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) based on thread, paper, and fabric
Authors: Gonzalez Ariana , Gaines Michelle , Gallegos Laura Y. , Guevara Ricardo , Gomez Frank A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper describes enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) utilizing microfluidic thread/paper‐based analytical devices (μTPAD), microfluidic fabric‐based analytical devices (μFAD), and microfluidic thread‐based analytical devices (μTAD). Here, the quantitative detection of biotinylated goat anti‐mouse IgG (system one) and rabbit IgG (system two) antibodies via colorimetric analysis is detailed. In both systems, antibody is spotted on the detection site and subjected to a series of washes, addition of streptavidin‐alkaline phosphatase (Strep‐ALP) (system 1) or alkaline phosphatase (ALP)‐conjugated secondary antibody (system 2), and colorimetric substrate. The devices are scanned and analyzed yielding a correlation between inverse yellow (or purple) intensity. For system one, a linear range of detection at low concentrations of streptavidin‐alkaline phosphatase (Strep‐ALP) was observed befire the enzyme reached a Vmax. At higher concentrations of Strep‐ALP, saturation is achieved for both the μTPAD and μFAD devices. For system two, the IC50 values obtained for the non‐trifurcated and trifurcated μTADs were determined to be 180.2 fmol/zone and 133.8 fmol/zone, respectively. The IC50 value was demonstrated to be 1034 fmol/zone and 208.6 fmol/zone for the μTPADs and μFADs, respectively. For all devices the lowest concentration of Strep‐ALP or rabbit IgG used in the assay was 3.75 × 10−4 mg/mL and 0.7 fmol/zone, respectively. The development of this technology should further facilitate the use of these platforms for ELISA to detect and quantitate antibodies.
Real‐time force control for servo‐hydraulic actuator systems using adaptive time series compensator and compliance springs
Authors: Chae Yunbyeong , Rabiee Ramin , Dursun Abdullah , Kim Chul‐Young 
Published: November 2017

SummaryServo‐hydraulic actuators have been widely used for experimental studies in engineering. They can be controlled in either displacement or force control mode depending on the purpose of a test. It is necessary to control the actuators in real time when the rate‐dependency effect of a test specimen needs to be accounted for under dynamic loads. Real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) and effective force testing (EFT) method, which can consider the rate‐dependency effect, have been known as viable alternatives to the shake table testing method. Due to the lack of knowledge in real‐time force control, however, the structures that can be tested with RTHS and EFT are fairly limited. For instance, satisfying the force boundary condition for axially stiff members is a challenging task in RTHS, while EFT has a difficulty to be implemented for nonlinear structures. In order to resolve these issues, this paper introduces new real‐time force control methods utilizing the adaptive time series (ATS) compensator and compliance springs. Unlike existing methods, the proposed force control methods do not require the structural modeling of a test structure, making it easy to be implemented especially for nonlinear structures. The force tracking performance of the proposed methods is evaluated for a small‐scale steel mass block system with a magneto‐rheological damper subjected to various target forces. Accuracy, time delay, and resonance response of these methods are discussed along with their force control performance for an axially stiff member. Overall, a satisfactory force tracking performance was observed by using the proposed force control methods.
Optimum dynamic characteristic control approach for building mass damper design
Authors: Wang Shiang‐Jung , Lee Bo‐Han , Chuang Wei‐Chu , Chang Kuo‐Chun 
Published: November 2017

SummaryA new seismic design manner, namely building mass damper (BMD), which is inspired from a combination of mid‐story isolation and tuned mass damper design concepts, recently attracts immense attention. It is mainly because that the use of partial structural mass of the building as an energy absorber in the BMD design can overcome the drawback of limited response reduction due to insufficient added tuned mass in the conventional tuned mass damper design. In this study, an optimum BMD (OBMD) design approach, namely optimum dynamic characteristic control approach, based on a simplified 3‐lumped‐mass structure model is proposed to seismically protect both the superstructure (or tuned mass) and the substructure (or primary structure), respectively, above and below the control layer. A series of sensitivity analyses and experimental studies on different parameters, including mass, frequency, and damping ratios, of a building model designed with a BMD system were conducted. The test results verify the practical feasibility of the BMD concept as well as the effectiveness of the proposed OBMD design. Furthermore, by comparing with the numerical results of a mid‐story isolated counterpart, it is demonstrated that the proposed OBMD design can have a comparable and even better control performance.
Shape Optimization of PEMFC Flow‐channel Cross‐Sections
Authors: Korkischko I. , Carmo B. S. , Fonseca F. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper presents the modeling, simulation and optimization of a single channel proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) using computational fluid dynamics methods. The shape optimization of the flow‐channels was employed to improve the electrical performance of the fuel cell. The maximization of the current density was the objective function of the single‐objective optimization problem, the upper and lower widths of the flow channels were the control variables and a cross‐section area restriction was imposed. The optimized flow‐channel PEMFC presented improved current generation characteristics, showing higher current and power densities and a more uniform current density distribution than the rectangular flow‐channel.
AHNS Series: Do you know your guidelines? Principles of treatment for locally advanced or unresectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Fulcher Cory D. , Haigentz Missak , Ow Thomas J. ,   The Education Committee of the American Head and Neck Society (AHNS)
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article is a continuation of the “Do You Know Your Guidelines” series, initiated by the Education committee of the American Head and Neck Society. Treatment guidelines for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are reviewed here, including the critical roles of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the recent application of immunotherapy agents. We will be limiting this discussion to include cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. It should be noted that much of the article pertains to human papillomavirus (HPV)‐negative oropharyngeal cancer where applicable, as HPV‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma carries a different natural history, different prognosis, and now different staging criteria. Additionally, the article will not include information on nasopharyngeal or sinus cancers, as these latter topics are covered in separate “Do you know your guidelines?” installments and these diagnoses carry somewhat different approaches to diagnosis and management that diverge from the focus of this article.
Government helper and citizen advocate? A case study of the multiple roles and pressures facing a nongovernmental organization contracted by government to strengthen community health in northern India
Authors: Scott Kerry , George Asha S. , Harvey Steven A. , Mondal Shinjini , Patel Gupteswar , VR Raman , Sheikh Kabir 
Published: November 2017

SummaryWhile nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can potentially strengthen valuable citizen political engagement, NGOs that are increasingly oriented towards donor and government contracts may instead contribute to depoliticizing development. Amidst competing pressures, NGO experiences and agency in managing multiple roles require examination. We present a qualitative case study of an NGO implementing a government‐designed intervention to strengthen Village Health, Sanitation, and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) in rural north India. Despite a challenging context of community scepticism and poor government services, the NGO did successfully form VHSNCs by harnessing its respected interlocutor status, preexisting relationships, and ability to “sell” the VHSNC as a mechanism for improving local well‐being. While the VHSNC enabled community members to voice concerns to government officials, improvements often failed to meet community expectations. NGO staff endured community frustration on one hand and rebuffs from lower‐level officials on the other, while feeling undersupported by the government contract. Consequently, although contracted to strengthen a community institution, the NGO increasingly worked alongside VHSNC members to try to strengthen the public sector. Contrary to assumptions that NGOs become “tamed” through taking government contracts, being contracted to deliver inputs for community participation was intertwined with microlevel political action, though this came at a cost to the NGO.