bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary games of multiplayer cooperation on graphs
Authors: Peña Jorge , Wu Bin , Arranz Jordi , Traulsen Arne 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThere has been much interest in studying evolutionary games in structured populations, often modelled as graphs. However, most analytical results so far have only been obtained for two-player or linear games, while the study of more complex multiplayer games has been usually tackled by computer simulations. Here we investigate evolutionary multiplayer games on graphs updated with a Moran death-Birth process. For cycles, we obtain an exact analytical condition for cooperation to be favored by natural selection, given in terms of the payoffs of the game and a set of structure coefficients. For regular graphs of degree three and larger, we estimate this condition using a combination of pair approximation and diffusion approximation. For a large class of cooperation games, our approximations suggest that graph-structured populations are stronger promoters of cooperation than populations lacking spatial structure. Computer simulations validate our analytical approximations for random regular graphs and cycles, but show systematic differences for graphs with many loops such as lattices. In particular, our simulation results show that these kinds of graphs can even lead to more stringent conditions for the evolution of cooperation than well-mixed populations. Overall, we provide evidence suggesting that the complexity arising from many-player interactions and spatial structure can be captured by pair approximation in the case of random graphs, but that it need to be handled with care for graphs with high clustering.Author SummaryCooperation can be defined as the act of providing fitness benefits to other individuals, often at a personal cost. When interactions occur mainly with neighbors, assortment of strategies can favor cooperation but local competition can undermine it. Previous research has shown that a single coefficient can capture this trade-off when cooperative interactions take place between two players. More complicated, but also more realistic models of cooperative interactions involving multiple players instead require several such coefficients, making it difficult to assess the effects of population structure. Here, we obtain analytical approximations for the coefficients of multiplayer games in graph-structured populations. Computer simulations show that, for particular instances of multiplayer games, these approximate coefficients predict the condition for cooperation to be promoted in random graphs well, but fail to do so in graphs with more structure, such as lattices. Our work extends and generalizes established results on the evolution of cooperation on graphs, but also highlights the importance of explicitly taking into account higher-order statistical associations in order to assess the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation in spatially structured populations.
Getting the Hologenome Concept Right: An Eco-Evolutionary Framework for Hosts and Their Microbiomes
Authors: Theis Kevin R. , Dheilly Nolwenn M. , Klassen Jonathan L. , Brucker Robert M. , Baines John F. , Bosch Thomas C.G. , Cryan John F. , Gilbert Scott F. , Goodnight Charles J. , Lloyd Elisabeth A. , Sapp Jan , Vandenkoornhuyse Philippe , Zilber-Rosenberg Ilana , Rosenberg Eugene , Bordenstein Seth R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGiven the complexity of host-microbiota symbioses, scientists and philosophers are asking questions at new biological levels of hierarchical organization - What is a holobiont and hologenome? When should this vocabulary be applied? Are these concepts a null hypothesis for host-microbe systems or limited to a certain spectrum of symbiotic interactions such as host-microbial coevolution? Critical discourse is necessary in this nascent area, but productive discourse requires that skeptics and proponents use the same lexicon. For instance, critiquing the hologenome concept is not synonymous with critiquing coevolution, and arguing that an entity is not a primary unit of selection dismisses that the hologenome concept has always embraced multi-level selection. Holobionts and hologenomes are incontrovertible, multipartite entities that result from ecological, evolutionary and genetic processes at varying levels. They are not restricted to one special process but constitute a wider vocabulary and framework for host biology in light of the microbiome.
The status of the microbial census: an update
Authors: Schloss Patrick D. , Girard Rene , Martin Thomas , Edwards Joshua , Thrash J. Cameron 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA census is typically carried out for people at a national level; however, microbial ecologists have implemented a molecular census of bacteria and archaea by sequencing their 16S rRNA genes. We assessed how well the microbial census of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences is proceeding in the context of recent advances in high throughput sequencing technologies. Among the 1,411,234 and 53,546 full-length bacterial and archaeal sequences sequences, 94.5% and 95.1% of the bacterial and archeaeal sequences, respectively, belonged to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that have been observed more than once. Although these metrics suggest that the census is approaching completion, 29.2% of the bacterial and 38.5% of the archaeal OTUs have been observed more than once. Thus, there is still considerable microbial diversity to be explored. Unfortunately, the rate of new full-length sequences has been declining and new sequences are primarily being deposited by a small number of studies. Furthermore, sequences from soil and aquatic environments, which are known to be rich in bacterial diversity, only represent 7.8 and 16.5% of the census while sequences associated with zoonotic environments represent 55.0% of the census. Continued use of traditional approaches and new technologies such as single cell genomics and short read assembly are likely to improve our ability to sample rare OTUs if it is possible to overcome this sampling bias. The success of ongoing efforts to use short read sequencing to characterize microbial communities requires that researchers strive to expand the depth and breadth of the microbial census.ImportanceThe biodiversity contained within the bacterial and archaeal domains dwarfs that of the eukaryotes and the services these organisms provide to the biosphere are critical. Surprisingly, we have done a relatively poor job of keeping track of the ongoing effort to characterize the biodiversity as represented in full-length 16S rRNA genes. By understanding how this census is proceeding, it is possible to suggest the best allocation of resources for advancing the census. We found that the ongoing effort has done an excellent job of sampling the most abundant organisms, but struggles to sample the more rare organisms. Through the use of new sequencing technologies we should be able to obtain full-length sequences from these rare organisms. Furthermore, we suggest that by allocating more resources to sampling environments known to have the greatest biodiversity we will be able to make significant advances in our characterization of microbial diversity.
Diel movement patterns influence daily variation in wolf kill rates on moose
Authors: Vander Vennen Lucas M. , Patterson Brent R. , Rodgers Arthur R. , Moffatt Scott , Anderson Morgan L. , Fryxell John M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractVariation in predation can have important consequences for predators and prey, but little is known about associated mechanisms. Diel interactions between predators and prey are commonly assumed to be influenced by movement speeds of both predators and prey individuals,sensuthe ideal gas model, but the influencing factors of diel predation dynamics have yet to be empirically examined.In this study, we apply principles of the ideal gas model to predict diel variation in kill frequency of moose (Alces alces) by wolves (Canis lupus) in northern Ontario, Canada based onGPSradio‐telemetry data combined with field verification of kills.We usedGPStelemetry data from wolves and moose combined with a unique data set on the diel pattern of wolf kills to test whether predator movement rate, prey movement rate, and ambient light condition influence diel variation in kill rates of wolves on moose.Our results indicate that the kill rate between wolves and moose was principally related to the effective movement rate of predators and prey, as predicted by the ideal gas model. We found little evidence that light conditions had any effect on kill rates, but rather the majority of kill rate variation corresponded to wolf movement rate, which was over an order of magnitude higher than that of moose.
High‐Deductible Health Plans: Implications for Substance Use Treatment
Authors: Parthasarathy Sujaya , Campbell Cynthia I. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo examine whether high‐deductible health plans are related to patient complexity, health services use, and medical care costs among substance use treatment patients.Data Source/Study SettingElectronic health record data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California; 2007–2011.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of electronic health record data of substance use treatment patients (N = 31,001). We examined relationship of patient demographics, health comorbidities, and services use and cost to deductible level: none, low ($1–$999), and high (≥$1,000).MethodsDemographic, membership, diagnostic, and utilization data were merged with cost data. Utilization and costs were summarized into 6‐month intervals. Generalized estimation methods for repeated measures with logistic, Poisson, and linear regression were used.Principal FindingsSubstance use patients with deductible plans were younger and had less comorbidity than those without deductibles. Patients with high deductibles had lower emergency room and hospital use 12‐ to 6‐month pretreatment, but rates became similar to other groups in the 6 months immediately prior to treatment; treatment costs were similar.ConclusionImmediately prior to entering treatment, substance use patients with and without high deductibles have similar patterns of health services utilization. We discuss implications for health policy and treatment, particularly in an era of health reform.
Economic and Sociological Correlates of Suicides: Multilevel Analysis of the Time Series Data in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sun Bruce Qiang , Zhang Jie 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFor the effects of social integration on suicides, there have been different and even contradictive conclusions. In this study, the selected economic and social risks of suicide for different age groups and genders in the United Kingdom were identified and the effects were estimated by the multilevel time series analyses. To our knowledge, there exist no previous studies that estimated a dynamic model of suicides on the time series data together with multilevel analysis and autoregressive distributed lags. The investigation indicated that unemployment rate, inflation rate, and divorce rate are all significantly and positively related to the national suicide rates in the United Kingdom from 1981 to 2011. Furthermore, the suicide rates of almost all groups above 40 years are significantly associated with the risk factors of unemployment and inflation rate, in comparison with the younger groups.
Improved control of childhood asthma with low‐dose, short‐term vitamin D supplementation: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Tachimoto H. , Mezawa H. , Segawa T. , Akiyama N. , Ida H. , Urashima M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn our prior randomized trial on preventing influenza, asthma attacks as a secondary outcome occurred less often in the vitamin D group than in the placebo group. We aimed to clarify whether low‐dose, short‐term vitamin D supplementation, in addition to standard treatments, improves control of childhood asthma.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial comparing vitamin D3 supplements (800 IU/day) with placebo for 2 months in schoolchildren with asthma. The primary outcomes were frequency and severity of asthma judging from changes in asthma control levels defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) by collaborating doctors at 2 and 6 months.ResultsJapanese schoolchildren with asthma (n = 89) were randomly assigned to receive vitamin D (n = 54) or placebo (n = 35). At 2 months, GINA asthma control was significantly more improved in the vitamin D group compared with the placebo group (P = 0.015). Childhood asthma control test (CACT) scores, a secondary outcome, were also significantly (P = 0.004) improved in the vitamin D group compared with the placebo group at 2 months, and differences remained significant (P = 0.012) at 6 months. The proportion of patients with a peak expiratory flow rate <80% predicted was significantly less in the vitamin D group (8/54: 15%) than in the placebo group (12/35: 34%) at 6 months (P = 0.032).ConclusionsLow‐dose, short‐term vitamin D supplementation in addition to standard treatment may improve levels of asthma control in schoolchildren.
Evidence of quaternary transtensional tectonics in the Nekor basin (NE Morocco)
Authors: Lafosse Manfred , d'Acremont Elia , Rabaute Alain , Mercier de Lépinay Bernard , Tahayt Abdelilah , Ammar Abdellah , Gorini Christian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe geodynamic processes in the western Mediterranean are driven by both deep (mantle) processes such as slab‐rollback or delamination, oblique plate convergence and inherited structures. The present‐day deformation of the Alboran Sea and in particular the Nekor basin area is linked to these coeval effects. The seismically active Nekor basin is an extensional basin formed in a convergent setting at the eastern part of the Rif Chain whose boundaries extend both onshore and offshore Morocco. We propose a new structural model of the Nekor basin based on high‐resolution offshore data compiled from recent seismic reflection profiles, swath bathymetry acquisitions and industrial seismic reflection profiles. The new data set shows that the northern limit of the basin is oriented N49° with right‐stepping faults from the Bousekkour–Aghbal fault to the sinistral Bokkoya fault zone. This pattern indicates the presence of an inherited left‐lateral basement fault parallel to the major inherited Nekor fault. This fault has been interpreted as a Quaternary active left‐lateral transfer fault localized on weak structural discontinuities inherited from the orogenic period. Onshore and offshore active faults enclose a rhombohedral tectonic Nekor Basin. Normal faults oriented N155° offset the most recent Quaternary deposits in the Nekor basin, and indicate the transtensional behaviour of this basin. The geometry of these faults suggests a likely rollover structure and the presence at depth of a crustal detachment. Inactive Plio‐Quaternary normal faults to the east of the Ras Tarf promontory and geometries of depocentres seem to indicate the migration of deformation from east to west. The local orientations of horizontal stress directions deduced from normal fault orientations are compatible with the extrusion of the Rifian units and coherent with the westward rollback of the Tethyan slab and the localization of the present‐day slab detachment or delamination.
Movement Behavior of Native and Invasive Small Mammals Shows Logging May Facilitate Invasion in a Tropical Rain Forest
Authors: Loveridge Robin , Wearn Oliver R. , Vieira Marcus , Bernard Henry , Ewers Robert M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInvasive species pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. This study investigates the extent to which human disturbance to natural ecosystems facilitates the spread of non‐native species, focusing on a small mammal community in selectively logged rain forest, Sabah, Borneo. The microhabitat preferences of the invasive Rattus rattus and three native species of small mammal were examined in three‐dimensional space by combining the spool‐and‐line technique with a novel method for quantifying fine‐scale habitat selection. These methods allowed the detection of significant differences for each species between the microhabitats used compared with alternative, available microhabitats that were avoided. Rattus rattus showed the greatest preference for heavily disturbed habitats, and in contrast to two native small mammals of the genus Maxomys, R. rattus showed high levels of arboreal behavior, frequently leaving the forest floor and traveling through the understory and midstory forest strata. This behavior may enable R. rattus to effectively utilize the complex three‐dimensional space of the lower strata in degraded forests, which is characterized by dense vegetation. The behavioral flexibility of R. rattus to operate in both terrestrial and arboreal space may facilitate its invasion into degraded forests. Human activities that generate heavily disturbed habitats preferred by R. rattus may promote the establishment of this invasive species in tropical forests in Borneo, and possibly elsewhere. We present this as an example of a synergistic effect, whereby forest disturbance directly threatens biodiversity and indirectly increases the threat posed by invasive species, creating habitat conditions that facilitate the establishment of non‐native fauna.
Children Increase Their Sensitivity to a Speaker's Nonlinguistic Cues Following a Communicative Breakdown
Authors: Yow W. Quin , Markman Ellen M. 
Published: February 2016

Bilingual children regularly face communicative challenges when speakers switch languages. To cope with such challenges, children may attempt to discern a speaker's communicative intent, thereby heightening their sensitivity to nonverbal communicative cues. Two studies examined whether such communication breakdowns increase sensitivity to nonverbal cues. English‐speaking monolingual (n = 64) and bilingual (n = 54) 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds heard instructions in either English only or English mixed with a foreign language. Later, children played a hiding game that relied on nonverbal cues. Hearing a foreign language switch improved both monolingual and bilingual children's use of these cues. Moreover, bilinguals with more prior code‐switching exposure outperformed those with less prior code‐switching exposure. Children's short‐term strategies to repair communication breakdowns may evolve into a more generalizable set of skills.
Contemporary retinal imaging techniques in diabetic retinopathy: a review
Authors: Cole Emily Dawn , Novais Eduardo Amorim , Louzada Ricardo Noguera , Waheed Nadia K 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOver the last decade, there has been an expansion of imaging modalities available to clinicians to diagnose and monitor the treatment and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Recently, advances in image technologies related to OCT and OCT angiography have enabled improved visualization and understanding of this disease. In this review, we will describe the use of imaging techniques such as colour fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, infrared reflectance imaging, OCT, OCT‐Angiography and techniques in adaptive optics and hyperspectral imaging in the diagnosis and management of diabetic retinopathy.
Consistent Partial Matching of Shape Collections via Sparse Modeling
Authors: Cosmo L. , Rodolà E. , Albarelli A. , Mémoli F. , Cremers D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecent efforts in the area of joint object matching approach the problem by taking as input a set of pairwise maps, which are then jointly optimized across the whole collection so that certain accuracy and consistency criteria are satisfied. One natural requirement is cycle‐consistency—namely the fact that map composition should give the same result regardless of the path taken in the shape collection. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to obtain consistent matches without requiring initial pairwise solutions to be given as input. We do so by optimizing a joint measure of metric distortion directly over the space of cycle‐consistent maps; in order to allow for partially similar and extra‐class shapes, we formulate the problem as a series of quadratic programs with sparsity‐inducing constraints, making our technique a natural candidate for analysing collections with a large presence of outliers. The particular form of the problem allows us to leverage results and tools from the field of evolutionary game theory. This enables a highly efficient optimization procedure which assures accurate and provably consistent solutions in a matter of minutes in collections with hundreds of shapes.
microRNA‐497 inhibits invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor‐A
Authors: Qiu Yanyan , Yu Hui , Shi Xiaojing , Xu Ke , Tang Qingfeng , Liang Bo , Hu Songjiao , Bao Yijie , Xu Jianhua , Cai Jie , Peng Wen , Cao Qin , Yin Peihao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesmicroRNAs (miRNAs), are non‐coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, and are involved in tumour development. The aim of this study was to investigate microRNA‐497 (miR‐497) expression and its role in development of colorectal cancer (CRC).Materials and methodsRT‐PCR was performed to detect expression of miR‐497 in CRC cell lines (HCT8, LOVO, Ls‐174, HCT116 and HT29) and in clinical cancer specimens. To further understand its role, we restored expression of miR‐497 in the HCT116 cell line by transfection with miR‐497 mimics or inhibitors. Effects of miR‐497 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion of targets were also determined both in vitro and in vivo.ResultsmiR‐497 expression decreased in 34 CRC tissues compared to non‐tumour tissues and in tumour cell lines. Overexpression of miR‐497 did not inhibit cancer cell growth but suppressed metastasis and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) was confirmed to be a target of miR‐497. Furthermore, we found overexpression of miR‐497 altered expression of key molecules of the VEGF‐A/ERK/MMP‐9 signalling pathway.ConclusionsThus our results provide evidence that miR‐497 might function as a metastasis suppressor in CRC. Targeting miR‐497 may provide a strategy for blocking its metastasis.