bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental Implant Expectations among Partially and Completely Edentulous Patients
Authors: Mekkawy Maha A , Almutairi Huda A 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTPurposeTo assess edentulous patient awareness, expectations, and source of information about dental implants (DIs).Materials and methodsEdentulous patients’ knowledge and awareness in using DIs, as an option in replacing missing teeth, either in implant-supported fixed prosthesis or implantsupported overdenture, were evaluated through a standardized self-explanatory questionnaire distributed in three places: King Saud Hospital, AL Harkan Private Dental Clinics (in Unaizah), and College of Dentistry, Qassim University. The questionnaires were either handed to the patients during their regular dental visits or asked by the dentist. A total of 178 subjects were included in this survey.ResultsAbout 93.3% of participants were aware of DIs, with statistically significant difference between the study groups (p = 0. 012). The participants’ friends and relatives were the main source of information (49.40%), followed by dentists (33.70%). Approximately 41.60% were moderately informed about DIs. Over one-third of patients expected an implant to require more care than natural teeth (39.80%). About 65.3, 73.6, and 80% of single missing, partially, and completely edentulous patients respectively, preferred to have their teeth replaced with DIs. Improvement in function was the predominant reason for completely edentulous patients (57.9%) to consider DIs, while 37.6 and 41.4% of single missing and partially edentulous patients were considered DIs to avoid adjacent teeth damaging. Fear of surgical risks was the major factor in preventing patients from choosing DIs (13.5%), followed by high cost (9.6%) and unknown side effects (6.2%).ConclusionThere was a high awareness about DIs among removable denture patients; however, this awareness was associated with a low level of accurate information.RecommendationsThere is a need to provide more accurate information about DIs to the patients by the dentists.How to cite this articleMekkawy MA, Almutairi HA. Dental Implant Expectations among Partially and Completely Edentulous Patients. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(1):28-34.
Microphysical characterization of long-range transported biomass burning particles from North America at three EARLINET stations
Authors: Ortiz-Amezcua Pablo , Guerrero-Rascado Juan Luis , Granados-Muñoz María José , Benavent-Oltra José Antonio , Böckmann Christine , Samaras Stefanos , Stachlewska Iwona S. , Janicka Łucja , Baars Holger , Bohlmann Stephanie , Alados-Arboledas Lucas 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Strong events of long-range transported biomass burning aerosol were detected during July 2013 at three EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) stations, namely Granada (Spain), Leipzig (Germany) and Warsaw (Poland). Satellite observations from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) instruments, as well as modeling tools such as HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) and NAAPS (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System), have been used to estimate the sources and transport paths of those North American forest fire smoke particles. A multiwavelength Raman lidar technique was applied to obtain vertically resolved particle optical properties, and further inversion of those properties with a regularization algorithm allowed for retrieving microphysical information on the studied particles. The results highlight the presence of smoke layers of 1–2 km thickness, located at about 5 km a.s.l. altitude over Granada and Leipzig and around 2.5 km a.s.l. at Warsaw. These layers were intense, as they accounted for more than 30 % of the total AOD (aerosol optical depth) in all cases, and presented optical and microphysical features typical for different aging degrees: color ratio of lidar ratios (LR532 ∕ LR355) around 2, α-related ångström exponents of less than 1, effective radii of 0.3 µm and large values of single scattering albedos (SSA), nearly spectrally independent. The intensive microphysical properties were compared with columnar retrievals form co-located AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) stations. The intensity of the layers was also characterized in terms of particle volume concentration, and then an experimental relationship between this magnitude and the particle extinction coefficient was established.
Efeito retroativo e multimodalidade no ENEM: análise de questões de inglês e espanhol
Authors: Pinheiro Larisse Lázaro Santos , Quevedo-Camargo Gladys 
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo discute o efeito retroativo potencial do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) na sala de aula de línguas estrangeiras a partir da análise de algumas questões de língua inglesa e língua espanhola utilizadas nas edições de 2013, 2014 e 2015 do ENEM. Esta discussão tem por base os trabalhos de Alderson & Wall (1993), Bachman & Palmer (1996), Scaramucci (2004) e Quevedo-Camargo (2014), assim como a Teoria da Multimodalidade, baseada nos pressupostos teóricos de Kress & Van Leuween (1996) e Baldry & Thibault (2006), que definem o texto multimodal como aquele que tem seus significados realizados por várias semioses, como linguagem, gesto, movimento, imagens, letras, cores, dentre outros. O artigo se configura como uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa em que se privilegia a interpretação e reinterpretação de dados, e caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso interpretativista. As análises das questões em inglês e espanhol levam-nos a refletir sobre os elementos que compõem o ensino de leitura de textos verbais e não verbais bem como sobre a importância de a escola desenvolver multiletramentos. Palavras-chave: Efeito Retroativo; ENEM; Multimodalidade.
Firm Value and External Financing Needs
Authors: Karakaya Aykut , Kurtaran Ayten Turan , Kurtaran Ahmet 
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this paper is to examine effects on firm value of external financing needs and BIST 100 index to firms listed in the index of Istanbul Stock Exchange manufacturing industry by the panel data analysis methods in the period of 2008-2012. As a result of dynamic panel data analysis, it has be found to increase value of firms by previous term value of firm, being the BIST 100 index, the external financing needs, the financial leverage ratio, firm size and profitability. It was observed that manufacturing firms in Turkey are firms having growth potential, profitable at low rate, whereas financial risk of them is high.It has been found that firms benefit from shorts term debt market being lower borrowing cost and risk because long term debt market hasn’t developed in Turkey leads to positive relationship between external financing needs and firm value. Additionally, It is determined that value of firms included in the index is higher from without because firms are necessary providing certain conditions to take part in the BIST 100.
Le mythe urnosséen, ou la fabulation anthropologique selon André Hamel
Authors: Bazin Paul 
Published: May 2017

Au cours du xxe siècle, une série de fouilles archéologiques mena à la découverte d’artefacts provenant vraisemblablement des urnosséens, une peuplade de bergers ayant vécu au iiie millénaire avant le Christ. Au cours des années 1970, le décryptage des anciens textes harappéens vint confirmer cette hypothèse en nous renseignant sur cette culture, et permit de postuler que les inscriptions ornant les artefacts seraient de nature musicale. Archéologues et anthropologues ont longuement spéculé au sujet du rôle que la musique aurait pu jouer pour ces tribus matriarcales de l’Antiquité, et sont parvenus à la conclusion qu’elle avait sans doute été centrale à un rituel remettant périodiquement en scène leur mythe de la création. En 2004 et en 2011, partant de cette hypothèse, le compositeur André Hamel, la compagnie La Nef et les vulgarisateurs scientifiques Bernard Arcand et Michel Rochon ont proposé une reconstitution de ce rituel au public montréalais. Seul accroc dans la trame de ce récit fascinant : l’écriture harappéenne n’a, à ce jour, jamais été déchiffrée…
Can differentiated care models solve the crisis in HIV treatment financing? Analysis of prospects for 38 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Barker Catherine , Dutta Arin , Klein Kate 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Rapid scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the context of financial and health system constraints has resulted in calls to maximize efficiency in ART service delivery. Adopting differentiated care models (DCMs) for ART could potentially be more cost‐efficient and improve outcomes. However, no study comprehensively projects the cost savings across countries. We model the potential reduction in facility‐level costs and number of health workers needed when implementing two types of DCMs while attempting to reach 90‐90‐90 targets in 38 sub‐Saharan African countries from 2016 to 2020.Methods: We estimated the costs of three service delivery models: (1) undifferentiated care, (2) differentiated care by patient age and stability, and (3) differentiated care by patient age, stability, key vs. general population status, and urban vs. rural location. Frequency of facility visits, type and frequency of laboratory testing, and coverage of community ART support vary by patient subgroup. For each model, we estimated the total costs of antiretroviral drugs, laboratory commodities, and facility‐level personnel and overhead. Certain groups under four‐criteria differentiation require more intensive inputs. Community‐based ART costs were included in the DCMs. We take into account underlying uncertainty in the projected numbers on ART and unit costs.Results: Total five‐year facility‐based ART costs for undifferentiated care are estimated to be US$23.33 billion (95% confidence interval [CI]: $23.3–$23.5 billion). An estimated 17.5% (95% CI: 17.4%–17.7%) and 16.8% (95% CI: 16.7%–17.0%) could be saved from 2016 to 2020 from implementing the age and stability DCM and four‐criteria DCM, respectively, with annual cost savings increasing over time. DCMs decrease the full‐time equivalent (FTE) health workforce requirements for ART. An estimated 46.4% (95% CI: 46.1%–46.7%) fewer FTE health workers are needed in 2020 for the age and stability DCM compared with undifferentiated care.Conclusions: Adopting DCMs can result in significant efficiency gains in terms of reduced costs and health workforce needs, even with the costs of scaling up community‐based ART support under DCMs. Efficiency gains remained flat with increased differentiation. More evidence is needed on how to translate analyzed efficiency gains into implemented cost reductions at the facility level.
A call for differentiated approaches to delivering HIV services to key populations
Authors: Macdonald Virginia , Verster Annette , Baggaley Rachel 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Key populations (KPs) are disproportionally affected by HIV and have low rates of access to HIV testing and treatment services compared to the broader population. WHO promotes the use of differentiated approaches for reaching and recruiting KP into the HIV services continuum. These approaches may help increase access to KPs who are often criminalized or stigmatized. By catering to the specific needs of each KP individual, differentiated approaches may increase service acceptability, quality and coverage, reduce costs and support KP members in leading the HIV response among their communities.Discussion: WHO recommends the implementation of community‐based and lay provider administered HIV testing services. Together, these approaches reduce barriers and costs associated with other testing strategies, allow greater ownership in HIV programmes for KP members and reach more people than do facility‐based services. Despite this evidence availability and support for them is limited.Peer‐driven interventions have been shown to be effective in engaging, recruiting and supporting clients. Some programmes employ HIV‐positive or non‐PLHIV “peer navigators” and other staff to provide case management, enrolment and/or re‐enrolment in care and treatment services. However, a better understanding of the impact, cost effectiveness and potential burden on peer volunteers is required.Task shifting and non‐facility‐based service locations for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and maintenance and antiretroviral (ARV) distribution are recommended in both the consolidated HIV treatment and KP guidelines of WHO. These approaches are accepted in generalized epidemics and for the general population where successful models exist; however, few organizations provide or initiate ART at KP community‐based services.Conclusions: The application of a differentiated service approach for KP could increase the number of people who know their status and receive effective and sustained prevention and treatment for HIV. However, while community‐based and lay provider testing are effective and affordable, they are not implemented to scale. Furthermore regulatory barriers to legitimizing lay and peer providers as part of healthcare delivery systems need to be overcome in many settings. WHO recommendations on task shifting and decentralization of ART treatment and care are often not applied to KP settings.
Improving degradation of emerging organic compounds by applying chaotic advection in Managed Aquifer Recharge in randomly heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Rodríguez‐Escales P. , Fernàndez‐Garcia D. , Drechsel J. , Folch A. , Sanchez‐Vila X. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractImproving degradation rates of emerging organic compounds (EOCs) in groundwater is still a challenge. Although their degradation is not fully understood, it has been observed that some substances are preferably degraded under specific redox conditions. The coupling of Managed Aquifer Recharge with soil aquifer remediation treatment, by placing a reactive layer containing organic matter at the bottom of the infiltration pond, is a promising technology to improve the rate of degradation of EOCs. Its success is based on assuming that recharged water and groundwater get well mixed, which is not always true. It has been demonstrated that mixing can be enhanced by inducing chaotic advection through extraction‐injection‐engineering. In this work, we analyze how chaotic advection might enhance the spreading of redox conditions with the final aim of improving degradation of a mix of benzotriazoles: benzotriazole, 5‐methyl‐benzotriazole, and 5‐chloro‐benzotriazole. The degradation of the first two compounds was fastest under aerobic conditions whereas the third compound was best degraded under denitrification conditions. We developed a reactive transport model that describes how a recharged water rich in organic matter mixes with groundwater, how this organic matter is oxidized by different electron acceptors, and how the benzotriazoles are degraded attending for the redox state. The model was tested in different scenarios of recharge, both in homogenous and in heterogenous media. It was found that chaotic flow increases the spreading of the plume of recharged water. Consequently, different redox conditions coexist at a given time, facilitating the degradation of EOCs.
Parameterization and prediction of nanoparticle transport in porous media: A reanalysis using artificial neural network
Authors: Babakhani Peyman , Bridge Jonathan , Doong Ruey‐an , Phenrat Tanapon 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe continuing rapid expansion of industrial and consumer processes based on nanoparticles (NP) necessitates a robust model for delineating their fate and transport in groundwater. An ability to reliably specify the full parameter set for prediction of NP transport using continuum models is crucial. In this paper we report the reanalysis of a data set of 493 published column experiment outcomes together with their continuum modeling results. Experimental properties were parameterized into 20 factors which are commonly available. They were then used to predict five key continuum model parameters as well as the effluent concentration via artificial neural network (ANN)‐based correlations. The Partial Derivatives (PaD) technique and Monte Carlo method were used for the analysis of sensitivities and model‐produced uncertainties, respectively. The outcomes shed light on several controversial relationships between the parameters, e.g., it was revealed that the trend of
with average pore water velocity was positive. The resulting correlations, despite being developed based on a “black‐box” technique (ANN), were able to explain the effects of theoretical parameters such as critical deposition concentration (CDC), even though these parameters were not explicitly considered in the model. Porous media heterogeneity was considered as a parameter for the first time and showed sensitivities higher than those of dispersivity. The model performance was validated well against subsets of the experimental data and was compared with current models. The robustness of the correlation matrices was not completely satisfactory, since they failed to predict the experimental breakthrough curves (BTCs) at extreme values of ionic strengths.
A two‐layer depth‐averaged model for both the dilute and the concentrated parts of pyroclastic currents
Authors: Kelfoun Karim 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPyroclastic currents are very destructive and their complex behavior makes the related hazards difficult to predict. A new numerical model has been developed to simulate the emplacement of both the concentrated and the dilute parts of pyroclastic currents using two coupled depth‐averaged approaches. Interaction laws allow the concentrated current (pyroclastic flow) to generate a dilute current (pyroclastic surge) and, inversely, the dilute current to form a concentrated current or a deposit. The density of the concentrated current is assumed to be constant during emplacement, whereas the density of the dilute current changes depending on the particle supply from the concentrated current and the mass lost through sedimentation. The model is explored theoretically using simplified geometries as proxies for natural source conditions and topographies. It reproduces the relationships observed in the field between the surge genesis and the topography: the increase in surge production in constricted valleys, the decoupling between the concentrated and the dilute currents, and the formation of surge‐derived concentrated flows. The strong nonlinear link between the surge genesis and the velocity of the concentrated flow beneath it could explain the sudden occurrence of powerful and destructive surges and the difficulty of predicting this occurrence. A companion paper compares the results of the model with the field data for the eruption of Merapi in 2010 and demonstrates that the approach is able to reproduce the natural emplacement of the concentrated and the dilute pyroclastic currents studied with good accuracy.
A theoretically consistent stochastic cascade for temporal disaggregation of intermittent rainfall
Authors: Lombardo F. , Volpi E. , Koutsoyiannis D. , Serinaldi F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGenerating fine‐scale time series of intermittent rainfall that are fully consistent with any given coarse‐scale totals is a key and open issue in many hydrological problems. We propose a stationary disaggregation method that simulates rainfall time series with given dependence structure, wet/dry probability, and marginal distribution at a target finer (lower‐level) time scale, preserving full consistency with variables at a parent coarser (higher‐level) time scale. We account for the intermittent character of rainfall at fine time scales by merging a discrete stochastic representation of intermittency and a continuous one of rainfall depths. This approach yields a unique and parsimonious mathematical framework providing general analytical formulations of mean, variance, and autocorrelation function (ACF) for a mixed‐type stochastic process in terms of mean, variance, and ACFs of both continuous and discrete components, respectively. To achieve the full consistency between variables at finer and coarser time scales in terms of marginal distribution and coarse‐scale totals, the generated lower‐level series are adjusted according to a procedure that does not affect the stochastic structure implied by the original model. To assess model performance, we study rainfall process as intermittent with both independent and dependent occurrences, where dependence is quantified by the probability that two consecutive time intervals are dry. In either case, we provide analytical formulations of main statistics of our mixed‐type disaggregation model and show their clear accordance with Monte Carlo simulations. An application to rainfall time series from real world is shown as a proof of concept.
Raindrop interaction in interrill erosion for steady rainfalls: A probabilistic approach
Authors: Nouhou Bako A. , Darboux F. , James F. , Lucas C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe main processes involved in interrill erosion are soil particles detachment and transport. Detachment is caused by shear stresses created by the impacts of raindrops. After sediments are lifted in the water layer, they are transported over a distance that depends on their settling velocities and the water flow velocity. This study calculates the probabilities of interactions between raindrops during soil detachment, and between raindrops and particles during their sedimentation. Raindrops are assumed to be consistent with the Poisson process and their densities are described by raindrop size distribution functions (Marshall‐Palmer, Gamma, and Lognormal laws). Interaction probabilities are calculated based on characteristic time and length scales of the shear stresses and the perturbation created by the raindrop impact inside the water layer. Under the hypothesis of a constant rainfall intensity, the results show that, during soil detachment, raindrops are almost independent. Thus, the total amount of soil detached by a rainfall is practically the sum of soil detached by its individual raindrops. Whereas during sediment transport, the probability of interaction between raindrops and settling particles is very high whatever the rainfall intensity and particle size, emphasizing the need to study further the interaction between raindrops and settling particles.
Gibberellin Transport
Authors: Dayan Jonathan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

As reviewed in the accompanying chapters, significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the gibberellin (GA) signal transduction pathway. Yet, the hormonal nature of GA with respect to its source, transport, and sink sites remains debatable. However, compelling evidence concerning the significance of GA transport is beginning to emerge. Since plants are immobile and lack a central nervous system they use translocation of signalling molecules, mainly hormones, to maintain synchronised growth and response to environmental cues. GA belongs to this group of hormones. While addressing concerns about its local signalling, the chapter reviews the known molecular and physiological experiments that elucidate the significance of GA transport. On the basis of these findings a transport map can be proposed: maturing leaves are a potential origin of the mobile signal in the shoot, with stems and petioles, and stems and roots as routes for polar and non‐polar transport, respectively. Recent findings identify GA
12
, a non‐active GA precursor, as the major mobile GA signal for long‐distance transport in
Arabidopsis
. The continuous cambium and fibre system, as well as unfolded leaves are important GA‐signalling sinks. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the advances from GA labelling and
in vivo
monitoring that would facilitate future research on the GA transport mechanism and its components.