bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a parent‐targeted video in Portuguese to improve pain management practices in neonates
Authors: Bueno Mariana , Costa Rebeca Nogueira , de Camargo Patrícia Ponce , Costa Taine , Harrison Denise 
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectivesTo assess parents' knowledge on breastfeeding, skin to skin care and sweet solutions as neonatal analgesic strategies, and to evaluate parents' perception on the feasibility, acceptability and usefulness of the Portuguese version of the “Be Sweet to Babies” video.BackgroundNeonatal pain management during blood sampling is suboptimal, and knowledge translation strategies are needed to improve clinical practices. The “Be Sweet to Babies” video is a parent‐targeted knowledge translation tool that shows the effectiveness of breastfeeding, skin to skin contact and sweet solutions for procedural pain relief.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsParents of infants hospitalised in an intensive care unit watched the video during their infants' hospitalisation and then answered a survey. Descriptive analyses of the data were performed.ResultsHundred parents were included. The majority did not know about the analgesic effects of breastfeeding (80%), skin to skin contact (69%) and sweet solutions (93%), and a limited number of parents stated their infants had received the strategies during painful procedures (7%, 11%, 2%, respectively). After watching the video, all (100%) parents intended to use or to advocate for one of the strategies; most (90%) of the parents would use any of the methods. All parents (100%) would recommend the video and considered the video useful, easy to understand, easy to apply in real scenarios. Length of the video was considered as ideal by 92%.ConclusionsThe Portuguese version of the “Be Sweet to Babies” video is feasible, acceptable and useful for parental education and is a persuasive knowledge translation tool. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of this parent‐targeted intervention on the implementation of the analgesic strategies during clinical care.Relevance to clinical practiceThis article highlights the importance of exploring evidence‐based knowledge translation tools for improving neonatal care and outcomes.
Developing a caries risk registry to support caries risk assessment and management for children: A quality improvement initiative
Authors: Ruff Jesley C. , Herndon Jill Boylston , Horton Roger A. , Lynch Julie , Mathwig Dawn C. , Leonard Audra , Aravamudhan Krishna 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesHealth registries are commonly used in medicine to support public health activities and are increasingly used in quality improvement (QI) initiatives. Illustrations of dental registries and their QI applications are lacking. Within dentistry, caries risk assessment implementation and documentation are vital to optimal patient care. The purpose of this article is to describe the processes used to develop a caries risk assessment registry as a QI initiative to support clinical caries risk assessment, caries prevention, and disease management for children.MethodsDevelopmental steps reflected Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality recommendations for planning QI registries and included engaging “champions,” defining the project, identifying registry features, defining performance dashboard indicators, and pilot testing with participant feedback. We followed Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence guidelines.ResultsRegistry eligibility is patients aged 0–17 years. QI tools include prompts to register eligible patients; decision support tools grounded in evidence‐based guidelines; and performance dashboard reports delivered at the provider and aggregated levels at regular intervals. The registry was successfully piloted in two practices with documented caries risk assessment increasing from 57 percent to 92 percent and positive feedback regarding the potential to improve dental practice patient centeredness, patient engagement and education, and quality of care.ConclusionsThe caries risk assessment registry demonstrates how dental registries may be used in QI efforts to promote joint patient and provider engagement, foster shared decision making, and systematically collect patient information to generate timely and actionable data to improve care quality and patient outcomes at the individual and population levels.
The mitochondrial membrane protein FgLetm1 regulates mitochondrial integrity, production of endogenous reactive oxygen species and mycotoxin biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Tang Guangfei , Zhang Chengqi , Ju Zhenzhen , Zheng Shiyu , Wen Ziyue , Xu Sunde , Chen Yun , Ma Zhonghua 
Published: October 2017

SummaryDeoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced in cereal crops infected with Fusarium graminearum. DON poses a serious threat to human and animal health, and is a critical virulence factor. Various environmental factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), have been shown to interfere with DON biosynthesis in this pathogen. The regulatory mechanisms of how ROS trigger DON production have been investigated extensively in F. graminearum. However, the role of the endogenous ROS‐generating system in DON biosynthesis is largely unknown. In this study, we genetically analysed the function of leucine zipper‐EF‐hand‐containing transmembrane 1 (LETM1) superfamily proteins and evaluated the role of the mitochondrial‐produced ROS in DON biosynthesis. Our results show that there are two Letm1 orthologues, FgLetm1 and FgLetm2, in F. graminearum. FgLetm1 is localized to the mitochondria and is essential for mitochondrial integrity, whereas FgLetm2 plays a minor role in the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. The ΔFgLetm1 mutant demonstrated a vegetative growth defect, abnormal conidia and increased sensitivity to various stress agents. More importantly, the ΔFgLetm1 mutant showed significantly reduced levels of endogenous ROS, decreased DON biosynthesis and attenuated virulence in planta. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that mitochondrial integrity and endogenous ROS production by mitochondria are important for DON production and virulence in Fusarium species.
Straw preservation reduced total N2O emissions from a sugarcane field
Authors: Pitombo L. M. , Cantarella H. , Packer A. P. C. , Ramos N. P. , do Carmo J. B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPost‐harvest biomass can be used as feedstock for energy production and alter N2O emissions from the soil, which is among the main issues determining bioethanol sustainability. To assess the effects of sugarcane straw return on gas emissions, we established a field experiment in which 0, 50, 75 or 100% (0, 5.65, 8.47 and 11.30 Mg/ha dry biomass, respectively) of the crop residues (straw) was left in the field during the first two ratoon crops. As fertilizer is applied in bands to sugarcane, we also investigated the contribution of different positions to the N2O emissions within the field. There was an interactive effect between straw and inorganic fertilizer, leading to a nonlinear effect of crop residues on the fertilizer emission factor (EF). However, straw consistently reduced N2O emissions from the field, acting mainly in the unfertilized areas in the field (P < 0.05). We observed that considering the typical EF used in the literature, the N2O‐N emissions attributed to fertilizer ranged from 0.19 to 0.79 kg/ha, while the total emissions ranged from 3.3 to 5.2 kg/ha, from the highest amount of straw to the lowest. We conclude that overall, the fertilizer EF is not as relevant as the total emissions, based on this and other studies. Consequently, management practices might be more effective in improving the GHG balance than changing inorganic fertilizer use. We conclude that keeping up to 11 Mg/ha of straw with a large C:N ratio (>100:1) on site might increase sugarcane production sustainability by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from the field.
Cost‐effectiveness of liposomal amphotericin B in hospitalised patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Mistro Sóstenes , Gomes Bárbara , Rosa Lorena , Miranda Ligia , Camargo Marianne , Badaró Roberto 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the cost‐effectiveness of L‐AmB with that of SbV and AmB‐D, for the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in a hospital in north‐east Brazil.MethodsWe developed an economic model based on retrospective data of 73 hospitalised patients in 2006–2012, from hospital and public health system perspectives.ResultsIn the economic model, 82.2% of patients who started treatment with L‐AmB had completed it after 2 months, vs. 22.0% for the SbV and 19.9% for the AmB‐D groups. After 12 months of follow‐up, these proportions were 100% in the L‐AmB, 77.4% in the AmB‐D and 72.2% in the SbV group. Markov chain analyses showed that the group that started therapy with SbV had the lowest mean total cost (US$ 3782.38), followed by AmB‐D (US$ 5211.27) and L‐AmB (US$ 11 337.44). The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio for L‐AmB was US$ 18 816.23 against SbV and US$ 24 504.65 against AmB‐D. In the sensitivity analysis, the drug acquisition cost of L‐AmB significantly influenced the results.ConclusionsIn the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, L‐AmB is a cost‐effective alternative to SbV and AmB‐D owing to its higher effectiveness, safety and shorter course.
English language teaching in Uruguay
Authors: KAISER DJ 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTUruguay is quickly emerging as one of the most innovative countries in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT) by delivering thousands of lessons weekly in public schools via interactive videoconference in a project called Ceibal en Inglés. This article provides a comprehensive look at the history of ELT practices in Uruguay that both necessitated this bold approach and provided the infrastructure to implement it nationally. Special focus is paid to the public school system with historical changes in ELT and teacher preparation. This overview article discusses the many challenges faced in ‘democratizing’ English language instruction in Uruguay and the new practices, policies, and proposals that support this new national objective.
Regional variation in the mechanical properties and fibre‐type composition of the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle
Authors: Kissane Roger W. P. , Egginton Stuart , Askew Graham N. 
Published: October 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Mammalian muscle is typically heterogeneous in fibre‐type distribution, with distinct regional variation in composition. The effects this might have on mechanical performance are largely unknown.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Contractile properties vary regionally within a heterogeneous muscle. The mixed extensor digitorum longus muscle has phenotypically distinct compartments that differ in their isometric twitch kinetics, the optimal cycle frequency for maximal power generation and fatigue resistance. The mechanisms underpinning the decline in performance during fatigue differ between compartments. Regional variation in mechanical performance suggests that regions of the extensor digitorum longus muscle might be differentially recruited during locomotion, depending upon functional demand.

Fibre‐type composition is heterogeneous, and distribution varies spatially in many muscles, indicating that there might be regional variation in recruitment and mechanical output. The rat extensor digitorum longus muscle is composed of predominantly fast‐twitch fibres and exhibits a gradient in phenotype, resulting in oxidative medial (areal composition 24.3% type I/IIa) and glycolytic lateral (92.4% type IIx/IIb) compartments. Here, we investigated the variation in mechanical performance between the medial and lateral compartments during isometric, isotonic and cyclical contractions. Isometric tetanic stress and force–velocity relationships were similar in both compartments, but isometric twitch kinetics were slower in the medial compared with the lateral compartment. The medial compartment also had a lower optimal cycle frequency for maximal net power generation (11 versus 15 Hz; P < 0.05) attributable to slower isometric kinetics, resulting in a lower level of activation and reduced net work generation at higher cycle frequencies, compared with the lateral compartment. The more oxidative, medial compartment had higher fatigue resistance, maintaining net power 26% longer than the lateral compartment. The predominant mechanisms underpinning the decrease in net power varied between the compartments, resulting from an increase in the work to extend the muscle and from a reduction in work during shortening in the medial and lateral compartments, respectively. Regional variation in mechanical performance and resistance to fatigue within a mixed muscle suggests that a differential recruitment pattern is likely during locomotion, with the medial compartment being used during slow‐speed locomotion and the lateral compartment during burst activities.
Investigation of the Heterogeneous Thermal Conductivity in Bulk CVD Diamond for Use in Electronics Thermal Management
Authors: Yates Luke , Cheaito Ramez , Sood Aditya , Cheng Zhe , Bougher Thomas , Asheghi Mehdi , Goodson Kenneth , Goorsky Mark , Faili Firooz , Twitchen Dan , Graham Samuel 
Published: October 2017

From a materials perspective, diamond exhibits properties that are extremely well suited for use in the thermal management of high power and high heat flux electronic devices. While bulk diamond grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been demonstrated since the 1980s, and people have measured thermal conductivities ranging from 500–2000 W/m-K, these measurements have typically taken place over a large domain that encompasses numerous diamond grains. However, many of these techniques do not reveal the heterogenous nature of the diamond thermal conductivity which arises due to the local grain structure and orientation. The diamond sample investigated in this study contained a high level of boron doping on the order of 1021cm−3, giving rise to a reduced thermal conductivity measured as 714 W/m-K with a laser flash method. Similar bulk CVD diamond samples that are undoped show thermal conductivity values of greater than 1500 W/m-K with the same measurement technique.
Through the use of time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) we are able to measure the thermal conductivity of bulk CVD diamond at a spatial resolution smaller than the size of the columnar grains. This allows us to examine significant changes in thermal conductivity as a function of spatial location, which is of great significance when the thermal source from electronics is on the size scale of this variation. Using TDTR, we present an approach involving a variation in the laser spot size using multiple focusing objectives to yield the heterogeneous thermal conductivity in bulk CVD diamond. The data show variations in thermal conductivity near 40% over a diameter of 40 μm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data are presented which also show variation in microstructure over this length scale giving rise to the heterogeneity.
Deciphering the Origin, Evolution, and Physiological Function of the Subtelomeric Aryl-Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Family in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yang Dong-Dong , de Billerbeck Gustavo M. , Zhang Jin-jing , Rosenzweig Frank , Francois Jean-Marie 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Homology searches indicate that
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
strain BY4741 contains seven redundant genes that encode putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenases (AAD). Yeast
AAD
genes are located in subtelomeric regions of different chromosomes, and their functional role(s) remain enigmatic. Here, we show that two of these genes,
AAD4
and
AAD14
, encode functional enzymes that reduce aliphatic and aryl-aldehydes concomitant with the oxidation of cofactor NADPH, and that Aad4p and Aad14p exhibit different substrate preference patterns. Other yeast
AAD
genes are undergoing pseudogenization. The 5′ sequence of
AAD15
has been deleted from the genome. Repair of an
AAD3
missense mutation at the catalytically essential Tyr
73
residue did not result in a functional enzyme. However, ancestral-state reconstruction by fusing Aad6 with Aad16 and by N-terminal repair of Aad10 restores NADPH-dependent aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase activities. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that
AAD
genes are narrowly distributed in wood-saprophyte fungi and in yeast that occupy lignocellulosic niches. Because yeast
AAD
genes exhibit activity on veratraldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, and vanillin, they could serve to detoxify aryl-aldehydes released during lignin degradation. However, none of these compounds induce yeast
AAD
gene expression, and Aad activities do not relieve aryl-aldehyde growth inhibition. Our data suggest an ancestral role for
AAD
genes in lignin degradation that is degenerating as a result of yeast's domestication and use in brewing, baking, and other industrial applications.

IMPORTANCE
Functional characterization of hypothetical genes remains one of the chief tasks of the postgenomic era. Although the first
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
genome sequence was published over 20 years ago, 22% of its estimated 6,603 open reading frames (ORFs) remain unverified. One outstanding example of this category of genes is the enigmatic seven-member
AAD
family. Here, we demonstrate that proteins encoded by two members of this family exhibit aliphatic and aryl-aldehyde reductase activity, and further that such activity can be recovered from pseudogenized
AAD
genes via ancestral-state reconstruction. The phylogeny of yeast
AAD
genes suggests that these proteins may have played an important ancestral role in detoxifying aromatic aldehydes in ligninolytic fungi. However, in yeast adapted to niches rich in sugars,
AAD
genes become subject to mutational erosion. Our findings shed new light on the selective pressures and molecular mechanisms by which genes undergo pseudogenization.
Harnessing the Periplasm of Bacterial Cells To Develop Biocatalysts for the Biosynthesis of Highly Pure Chemicals
Authors: Yang Yun , Wu Yichao , Hu Yidan , Wang Hua , Guo Lin , Fredrickson James K. , Cao Bin 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Although biocatalytic transformation has shown great promise in chemical synthesis, there remain significant challenges in controlling high selectivity without the formation of undesirable by-products. For instance, few attempts to construct biocatalysts for
de novo
synthesis of pure flavin mononucleotide (FMN) have been successful, due to riboflavin (RF) accumulating in the cytoplasm and being secreted with FMN. To address this problem, we show here a novel biosynthesis strategy, compartmentalizing the final FMN biosynthesis step in the periplasm of an engineered
Escherichia coli
strain. This construct is able to overproduce FMN with high specificity (92.4% of total excreted flavins). Such a biosynthesis approach allows isolation of the final biosynthesis step from the cytoplasm to eliminate undesirable by-products, providing a new route to develop biocatalysts for the synthesis of high-purity chemicals.

IMPORTANCE
The periplasm of Gram-negative bacterial hosts is engineered to compartmentalize the final biosynthesis step from the cytoplasm. This strategy is promising for the overproduction of high-value products with high specificity. We demonstrate the successful implementation of this strategy in microbial production of highly pure FMN.
Divergent Responses of Forest Soil Microbial Communities under Elevated CO
2
in Different Depths of Upper Soil Layers
Authors: Yu Hao , He Zhili , Wang Aijie , Xie Jianping , Wu Liyou , Van Nostrand Joy D. , Jin Decai , Shao Zhimin , Schadt Christopher W. , Zhou Jizhong , Deng Ye 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Numerous studies have shown that the continuous increase of atmosphere CO
2
concentrations may have profound effects on the forest ecosystem and its functions. However, little is known about the response of belowground soil microbial communities under elevated atmospheric CO
2
(eCO
2
) at different soil depth profiles in forest ecosystems. Here, we examined soil microbial communities at two soil depths (0 to 5 cm and 5 to 15 cm) after a 10-year eCO
2
exposure using a high-throughput functional gene microarray (GeoChip). The results showed that eCO
2
significantly shifted the compositions, including phylogenetic and functional gene structures, of soil microbial communities at both soil depths. Key functional genes, including those involved in carbon degradation and fixation, methane metabolism, denitrification, ammonification, and nitrogen fixation, were stimulated under eCO
2
at both soil depths, although the stimulation effect of eCO
2
on these functional markers was greater at the soil depth of 0 to 5 cm than of 5 to 15 cm. Moreover, a canonical correspondence analysis suggested that NO
3
-N, total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), and leaf litter were significantly correlated with the composition of the whole microbial community. This study revealed a positive feedback of eCO
2
in forest soil microbial communities, which may provide new insight for a further understanding of forest ecosystem responses to global CO
2
increases.

IMPORTANCE
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) has continuously been increasing since the industrial revolution. Understanding the response of soil microbial communities to elevated atmospheric CO
2
(eCO
2
) is important for predicting the contribution of the forest ecosystem to global atmospheric change. This study analyzed the effect of eCO
2
on microbial communities at two soil depths (0 to 5 cm and 5 to 15 cm) in a forest ecosystem. Our findings suggest that the compositional and functional structures of microbial communities shifted under eCO
2
at both soil depths. More functional genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling were stimulated under eCO
2
at the soil depth of 0 to 5 cm than at the depth of 5 to 15 cm.