bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Cognitive and Functional Decline Using the Telephone‐Administered Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen
Authors: Tremont Geoffrey , Papandonatos George D. , Kelley Patrick , Bryant Kimberly , Galioto Rachel , Ott Brian R. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo examine whether a telephone‐based cognitive assessment—the Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen (MCAS)—is effective in predicting cognitive and functional decline in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and conversion to dementia.DesignLongitudinal.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 60 to 84 with MCI (N = 61).MeasurementsAn initial office visit consisting of a neurological examination, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and neuropsychological testing using the Dementia Rating Scale‐2 (DRS‐2), followed by the MCAS within 1 month. Participants completed up to three follow‐up in‐office neuropsychological assessments, originally scheduled 1 year apart. A multidisciplinary consensus group determined diagnosis (MCI, dementia) at each assessment.ResultsHigher baseline MCAS total scores emerged as a significant predictor of slower functional decline (P = .002) and dementia conversion (P = .02). An increase in score from 43 to 50 points (1st to 3rd quartile) was associated with a 0.59‐point (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23–0.95) lower CDR score at follow‐up, and a 71% (95% CI = 1.11–2.63) increase in median time to dementia conversion from 2 years to 3.5 years. Of the MCAS subscales, delayed word recall predicted functional decline alone (P < .001), whereas computation was nominally associated with cognitive (P = .01) and functional (P = .01) decline.ConclusionThe brief telephone‐administered MCAS provides valuable information about future cognitive and functional decline in older adults with MCI and predicted conversion from MCI to dementia. These findings provide additional support for use of MCAS in clinical and research settings. The instrument may be particularly valuable in settings in which an office visit is difficult.
Health Values and Treatment Goals of Older, Multimorbid Adults Facing Life‐Threatening Illness
Authors: Naik Aanand D. , Martin Lindsey A. , Moye Jennifer , Karel Michele J. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo identify a taxonomy of health‐related values that frame goals of care of older, multimorbid adults who recently faced cancer diagnosis and treatment.DesignQualitative analysis of data from a longitudinal cohort study of multimorbid cancer survivors.SettingCancer registries from regional Department of Veterans Affairs networks in New England and southeast Texas.ParticipantsMultimorbid adults who completed interviews 12 months after diagnosis of head and neck, colorectal, gastric, or esophageal cancer and after cancer treatment (N = 146).MeasurementsAn interdisciplinary team conducted thematic analyses of participants’ intuitive responses to two questions: Now that you have had cancer and may face ongoing decisions about medical care in the future, what would you want your family, friends, and doctors to know about you, in terms of what is most important to you in your life? If your cancer were to recur, is there anything you'd want to be sure your loved ones knew about you and your goals of care?ResultsAnalysis revealed five distinct health‐related values that guide how multimorbid cancer survivors conceptualize specific health care goals and medical decisions: self‐sufficiency, life enjoyment, connectedness and legacy, balancing quality and length of life, and engagement in care. Participants typically endorsed more than one value as important.ConclusionOlder multimorbid adults who recently faced life‐threatening cancer endorsed a multidimensional taxonomy of health‐related values. These health‐related values guide how they frame their goals for care and treatment preferences. Eliciting individuals’ sense of their values during clinical encounters may improve their experiences with health care and more effectively align treatments with goals of care.
Efficacy and Safety of Canagliflozin in Individuals Aged 75 and Older with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pooled Analysis
Authors: Sinclair Alan J. , Bode Bruce , Harris Stewart , Vijapurkar Ujjwala , Shaw Wayne , Desai Mehul , Meininger Gary 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor developed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in individuals younger than 75 and those aged 75 and older.DesignRandomized Phase 3 studies.SettingInternational study centers.ParticipantsAdults with T2DM.MeasurementsChanges from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood pressure (BP), and body weight were measured. Efficacy was evaluated using pooled data from six randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies (N = 4,158; n = 3,975 aged <75, n = 183 aged ≥75). Safety was assessed based on adverse event (AE) reports from eight randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐ and active‐controlled studies (N = 9,439; n = 8,949 aged <75, n = 490 aged ≥75).ResultsCanagliflozin 100 and 300 mg were associated with placebo‐subtracted mean reductions in HbA1c in participants younger than 75 (−0.69% and −0.85%, respectively) and aged 75 and older (−0.65% and −0.55%, respectively). Dose‐related reductions in FPG, body weight, and BP were seen with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg in participants in both age groups. Overall AE incidence was 67.1% with canagliflozin 100 mg, 68.6% with canagliflozin 300 mg, and 65.9% with non‐canagliflozin (pooled group of comparators in all studies) in participants younger than 75, and 72.4%, 79.1%, and 72.3%, respectively, in those aged 75 and older, with a similar safety profile in both groups. The incidence of volume depletion–related AEs was 2.2%, 3.1%, and 1.4% in participants younger than 75 with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg and non‐canagliflozin, respectively, and 4.9%, 8.7%, and 2.6%, respectively, in those aged 75 and older.ConclusionCanagliflozin improved glycemic control, body weight, and BP in participants aged 75 and older. The overall incidence of AEs was high across treatment groups in participants aged 75 and older and higher than in those younger than 75. The safety profile of canagliflozin was generally similar in both age groups, with a higher incidence of AEs related to volume depletion observed with canagliflozin in participants aged 75 and older than in those younger than 75. These findings support canagliflozin, starting with the 100‐mg dose, as an effective therapeutic option for older adults with T2DM.
Multifaceted Prospective Memory Intervention to Improve Medication Adherence
Authors: Insel Kathie C. , Einstein Gilles O. , Morrow Daniel G. , Koerner Kari M. , Hepworth Joseph T. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo test whether a multifaceted prospective memory intervention improved adherence to antihypertensive medications and to assess whether executive function and working memory processes moderated the intervention effects.DesignTwo‐group longitudinal randomized control trial.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older without signs of dementia or symptoms of severe depression who were self‐managing prescribed medication.MeasurementsAfter 4 weeks of initial adherence monitoring using a medication event monitoring system, individuals with 90% or less adherence were randomly assigned to groups.InterventionThe prospective memory intervention was designed to provide strategies that switch older adults from relying on executive function and working memory processes (that show effects of cognitive aging) to mostly automatic associative processes (that are relatively spared with normal aging) for remembering to take medications. Strategies included establishing a routine, establishing cues strongly associated with medication taking actions, performing the action immediately upon thinking about it, using a medication organizer, and imagining medication taking to enhance encoding and improve cuing.ResultsThere was significant improvement in adherence in the intervention group (57% at baseline to 78% after the intervention), but most of these gains were lost after 5 months. The control condition started at 68% and was stable during the intervention, but dropped to 62%. Executive function and working memory moderated the intervention effect, with the intervention producing greater benefit for those with lower executive function and working memory.ConclusionThe intervention improved adherence, but the benefits were not sustained. Further research is needed to determine how to sustain the substantial initial benefits.
A morphological adaptation? The prevalence of enlarged external occipital protuberance in young adults
Authors: Shahar David , Sayers Mark G. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEnthesophytes are bony projections that arise from the sites of ligament, tendon or joint capsule attachment to a bone. They are seen rarely in radiographic findings in young adults, as these bony adaptations are assumed to develop slowly over time. However, in recent years, the presence of an enlarged external occipital protuberance (EEOP) has been observed frequently in radiographs of relatively young patients at the clinic of the lead author. Accordingly, the aim of this project was to assess the prevalence of an EEOP in a young adult population. Analysis involved a retrospective analysis of 218 lateral cervical radiographic studies of 18–30‐year‐old participants. Group A (n = 108; males = 45, females = 63) consisted of asymptomatic university students, while Group B (n = 110; males = 50, females = 60) were an age‐matched mildly symptomatic, non‐student population. The external occipital protuberance (EOP) size was defined as the distance from the most superior point of the EOP (origin) to a point on the EOP that is most distal from the skull. To avoid ambiguity, the threshold for recording the size of an EOP was set at 5 mm, and an EOP was classified as enlarged if it exceeded 10 mm. Reliability testing was also undertaken. Results indicated that an EEOP was present in 41% of the total population, with 10% of all participants presenting with an EOP ≥ 20 mm. An EEOP was significantly more common in males (67.4%) than in females (20.3%), with the mean EEOP size for the combined male population (15 ± 7 mm) being significantly larger (P < 0.001) than for females (10 ± 4 mm). The longest EEOP in the male population was 35.7 mm, while in the female population it was 25.5 mm. Additionally, the mean EEOP size for Group A (14 ± 7 mm) was also significantly greater (P = 0.006) than that recorded for Group B (12 ± 6 mm). This study identified that an EEOP is a condition that is prevalent in the populations tested. The age of the populations, and the prevalence of EEOP, suggest that biomechanical drivers for this phenomenon may be the main reason for this condition in these populations.
Safety surveillance in haemophilia and allied disorders
Authors: Lassila R. , Makris M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe introduction of clotting factor concentrates has transformed the lives of persons with inherited bleeding disorders. With the use of prophylactic treatment, it is now possible to prevent bleeding in these individuals. The early concentrates were contaminated with the HIV and hepatitis C viruses (HCV) and resulted in major morbidity and mortality in the recipients. Current products are much safer, especially in terms of infectious agents, but other adverse events such as alloantibodies (inhibitors), allergic reactions and thrombotic risks remain of concern. Approximately 30% of previously untreated patients with severe haemophilia A develop inhibitors, making this the most important issue in haemophilia care today. Recently, it was suggested that one of the most commonly used concentrates was associated with a higher inhibitor risk, but this was not supported by the evidence from all studies. Good safety surveillance systems are essential for all diseases and products but are particularly so in the group of individuals with inherited bleeding disorders treated with clotting factor concentrates who have suffered disproportionately from the adverse effects of their treatment. National and multinational systems are now in place to allow reporting of adverse events in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. All clinicians treating individuals with inherited bleeding disorders should prospectively report adverse events to treatment even if they are believed to be common and well recognized.
My Pride and Joy? Predicting Favoritism and Disfavoritism in Mother–Adult Child Relations
Authors: Jill Suitor J. , Gilligan Megan , Peng Siyun , Con Gulcin , Rurka Marissa , Pillemer Karl 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this article, we compare predictors of mothers' differentiation among their adult children regarding emotional closeness, pride, conflict, and disappointment. We distinguish between predictors of relational (closeness, conflict) and evaluative (pride, disappointment) dimensions of favoritism and disfavoritism. Multilevel modeling using data collected from 381 older mothers regarding their relationships with 1,421 adult children indicated that adult children's similarity of values played the most prominent role in predicting mothers' favoritism and disfavoritism, followed by children's gender. Children's deviant behaviors in adulthood predicted both pride and disappointment but neither relational dimension. Contrary to expectations, the quantitative analysis indicated that children's normative adult achievements were poor predictors of both relational and evaluative dimensions of mothers' differentiation. Qualitative data shed additional light on mothers' evaluations by revealing that disappointment was shaped by children's achievements relative to their mothers' values and expectations, rather than by the achievement of specific societal, educational, career, and marital milestones.
Dental Applications of Natural‐Origin Polymers in Hard and Soft Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jazayeri Hossein E. , Fahmy Mina D. , Razavi Mehdi , Stein Brett E. , Nowman Aatif , Masri Radi M. , Tayebi Lobat 
Published: March 2016

AbstractClinical advances in the treatment of dentoalveolar defects continue to evolve with the introduction of new innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue bioengineering. Recent developments in tissue engineering are aimed at safely and effectively regenerating a damaged or necrotic area by replenishing its cells and increasing surrounding gene expression. Various techniques have successfully given rise to porous scaffolds being used by clinicians to treat the defect and initiate the repair process. Tissue reconstruction using bioengineered scaffolds is advantageous over traditional autografting, since it prevents the instigation of pain and donor site morbidity while ultimately creating both the environment and machinery needed to induce cell proliferation, migration, and reattachment within the affected area. This review article aims to describe and review the available literature regarding the regenerative capacity of natural polymers used for the treatment of dentoalveolar defects. The repair mechanisms, advantages of protein and polysaccharide derivatives, and the potential of stem cell therapy are discussed.
Long‐Term Effects of an Extensive Cognitive Training on Personality Development
Authors: Sander Julia , Schmiedek Florian , Brose Annette , Wagner Gert G. , Specht Jule 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPrevious research found that cognitive training increases the Big Five personality trait Openness to Experience during and some weeks after the intervention. The present study investigated whether long‐term changes happen in Openness to Experience and other personality traits after an extensive cognitive training of memory and perceptual speed. The intervention group consisted of 204 adults (20–31 years and 65–80 years; 50% female) who received daily 1‐hour cognitive training sessions for about 100 days. The control group consisted of 86 adults (21–29 years and 65–82 years; 51% female) who received no cognitive training. All participants answered the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory before and 2 years after the cognitive training. Latent change models were applied that controlled for age group (young vs. old) and gender. In the long run, the cognitive training did not affect changes in any facet of Openness to Experience. This was true for young and old participants as well as for men and women. Instead, the cognitive training lowered the general increase of Conscientiousness. Even an extensive cognitive training on memory and perceptual speed does not serve as a sufficient intervention for enduring changes in Openness to Experiences or one of its facets.
I Know My Story and I Know Your Story: Developing a Conceptual Framework for Vicarious Life Stories
Authors: Thomsen Dorthe Kirkegaard , Pillemer David B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVicarious life stories are mental representations of other people's life stories. We propose a conceptual framework that situates the study of vicarious life stories at the crossroads between personality and social cognition, identifies their potential functions, and describes possible connections between vicarious and personal life stories. Two preliminary studies compared chapters and specific memories in personal and close others' life stories in two groups of student participants. Ages associated with chapters and specific memories in personal and vicarious life stories showed similar temporal distributions. Emotion ratings of both personal and vicarious life story chapters were related to personality traits and self‐esteem, although relations were more consistent for personal chapters. In conclusion, personal and vicarious life stories share important similarities. Mental models of other people include vicarious life stories that serve to expand the self as well as facilitate understanding of others.
Systematic review of the prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis and management of meniscal injury in dogs: Part 2
Authors: McCready D. J. , Ness M. G. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVETo systematically evaluate the evidence reporting the diagnosis and management of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament failure.STUDY DESIGNSystematic literature review.MATERIALS AND METHODSResearch questions relating to the accuracy of diagnostic techniques for meniscal injury and the effects of meniscal treatment were defined. An electronic database search of PubMed and CAB Abstracts was performed during March 2015. Data were extracted for study participants, design, intervention, outcome measures and results. Studies were evaluated using a validated instrument for assessing methodological quality and assigned a Quality Index score. A level of evidence was then assigned to each study.RESULTSEighty‐nine studies were identified. The median Quality Index score was 14 out of a possible 26. Twenty‐seven studies were prospective case series, 31 retrospective case series, 16 animal research and 15 cadaveric studies. There were no class I or class II studies, 27 class III and 62 class IV studies.CONCLUSIONSDespite a large number of publications the quality of evidence was generally low. No one study or combination of studies provided high quality evidence to support one diagnostic or surgical intervention over another for meniscal injuries in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament failure.
Health impact of catch‐up growth in low‐birth weight infants: systematic review, evidence appraisal, and meta‐analysis
Authors: Martin Anne , Connelly Andrew , Bland Ruth M , Reilly John J 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to systematically review and appraise evidence on the short‐term (e.g. morbidity, mortality) and long‐term (obesity and non‐communicable diseases, NCDs) health consequences of catch‐up growth (vs. no catch‐up growth) in individuals with a history of low birth weight (LBW).We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL plus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis and reference lists. Study quality was assessed using the risk of bias assessment tool from the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, and the evidence base was assessed using the GRADE tool. Eight studies in seven cohorts (two from high‐income countries, five from low‐middle‐income countries) met the inclusion criteria for short‐term (mean age: 13.4 months) and/or longer‐term (mean age: 11.1 years) health outcomes of catch‐up growth, which had occurred by 24 or 59 months. Of five studies on short‐term health outcomes, three found positive associations between weight catch‐up growth and body mass and/or glucose metabolism; one suggested reduced risk of hospitalisation and mortality with catch‐up growth. Three studies on longer‐term health outcomes found catch‐up growth were associated with higher body mass, BMI or cholesterol. GRADE assessment suggested that evidence quantity and quality were low. Catch‐up growth following LBW may have benefits for the individual with LBW in the short term, and may have adverse population health impacts in the long‐term, but the evidence is limited. Future cohort studies could address the question of the consequences of catch‐up growth following LBW more convincingly, with a view to informing future prevention of obesity and NCDs. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
A quantitative study of tau pathology in 11 cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Authors: Armstrong R. A. , McKee A. C. , Stein T. D. , Alvarez V. E. , Cairns N. J. 
Published: March 2016

AimsTo quantify tau pathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and investigate influence of dot‐like lesions (DL), brain region, comorbidity and sporting career length.MethodsDensities of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), astrocytic tangles (AT), DL, oligodendroglial inclusions (GI), neuropil threads (NT), vacuoles, neurons and enlarged neurons (EN) were measured in tau‐immunoreactive sections of upper cortical laminae of frontal and temporal lobes, hippocampus (HC), amygdala and substantia nigra (SN) in 11 cases of CTE.ResultsDL were a consistent finding in CTE. Densities of NFT, NT and DL were greatest in sectors CA1 and CA2 of the HC. Densities of AT were lower than NFT, small numbers of GI were recorded in temporal lobe and low densities of vacuoles and EN were consistently present. β‐Amyloid‐containing neuritic plaques (NP) also occurred at low density. Densities of NFT, NT, DL and AT were greater in sulci than gyri, while vacuole density was greater in gyri. Principal components analysis (PCA) suggested that sporting career length and densities of NFT in entorhinal cortex, NT in CA2 and SN and vacuolation in the DG were significant sources of variation among cases.ConclusionDL are frequent in CTE suggesting affinity with argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PD‐Dem). Densities of AT in all regions and NT/DL in sectors CA2/4 were consistent features of CTE. The 11 cases are neuropathologically heterogeneous which may result from genetic diversity, and variation in anatomical pathways subjected to trauma.