bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience and nursing needs of school‐age children undergoing lumbar puncture during the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a descriptive and qualitative study
Authors: Xie Anwei , Shan Yuying , Niu Mei′e , Chen Yi , Wang Xiya 
Published: December 2016

Aims and objectivesTo describe experiences and nursing needs of school‐age Chinese children undergoing lumbar puncture for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.BackgroundLumbar puncture is an invasive procedure, causing psychological changes and physical discomfort in patients. In a previous study, it was proved that distraction intervention, such as music therapy, relieves pain and anxiety. There is limited evidence regarding the experience and needs of school‐age children during lumbar puncture after being diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. To minimise their anxiety and pain during the procedure, it is important to collect information directly from these children.DesignA descriptive qualitative research.MethodsTwenty‐one school‐age children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia participated in semi‐structured interviews at a Children's Hospital in China. Data were collected by an experienced and trained interviewer. Qualitative content analysis was chosen to describe experiences of children undergoing lumbar puncture.ResultsWhile undergoing lumbar puncture for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, school‐age Chinese children experienced complex psychological feelings (fear, tension, helplessness, sadness and anxiety). They also experienced physical discomfort. They had multipolar needs, such as information, communication, respect, self‐actualisation, environment and equipment.ConclusionsThis study identified important areas that must be closely monitored by healthcare staff, performing lumbar puncture on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia children. Thus, a successful and smooth procedure can be performed on these patients, and their quality of life can be improved.Relevance to clinical practiceThe experiences described in this study contribute to a better understanding of the needs of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia children undergoing lumbar puncture. They also provide valuable information to professional medical care staff that develops future nursing assessments.
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulates carboxy terminal Smad2 phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells by a mechanism dependent on ET receptors and de novo protein synthesis
Authors: Sharifat Narges , Mohammad Zadeh Ghorban , Ghaffari Mohammad-Ali , Dayati Parisa , Kamato Danielle , Little Peter J , Babaahmadi-Rezaei Hossein 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objective
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists through their receptors can transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor and serine/threonine kinase receptors most notably transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor (TβRI). This signalling mechanism represents a major expansion in the cellular outcomes attributable to GPCR signalling. This study addressed the role and mechanisms involved in GPCR agonist, endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated transactivation of the TβRI in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs).

Method
The in-vitro model used BAECs. Signalling intermediate phospho-Smad2 in the carboxy terminal was detected and quantified by Western blotting.

Key finding
ET-1 treatment of BAECs resulted in a time and concentration-dependent increase in pSmad2C. Peak phosphorylation was evident with 100 nm treatment of ET-1 at 4–6 h. TβRI antagonist, SB431542 inhibited ET-1-mediated pSmad2C. In the presence of bosentan, a mixed ETA and ETB receptor antagonist ET-1-mediated pSmad2C levels were inhibited. The ET-mediated pSmad2C was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide.

Conclusion
In BAECs, ET-1 via the ETB receptor is involved in transactivation of the TβRI. The transactivation-dependent response is dependent upon de novo protein synthesis.
Environmental Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats
Authors: Öhlund M. , Egenvall A. , Fall T. , Hansson‐Hamlin H. , Röcklinsberg H. , Holst B.S. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundDiabetes in cats resembles type 2 diabetes in people. The etiology is not fully understood, but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute.ObjectivesTo assess the associations of environmental risk factors with diabetes in cats.AnimalsCats with a diagnosis of diabetes (n = 396) insured by a Swedish insurance company during years 2009–2013, and a control group (n = 1,670) matched on birth year.MethodsA web‐based questionnaire was used in a case–control study. An invitation to participate was sent to owners of 1,369 diabetic cats and 5,363 control cats. The survey contained questions related to the cat's breed, age, sex, neutering status, body condition, housing, access to the outdoors, activity level, diet, eating behavior, feeding routine, general health, stressful events, other pets in the household, medications, and vaccination status. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.ResultsResponse rate was 35% for the diabetic group and 32% for the control group. Indoor confinement, being a greedy eater, and being overweight were associated with an increased risk of diabetes. In cats assessed by owners as being normal weight, there was an association between eating predominantly dry food and an increased risk of diabetes (Odds ratio 3.8; 95% confidence intervals 1.3–11.2).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDry food is commonly fed to cats worldwide. The association found between dry food and an increased risk of diabetes in cats assessed as normal weight by owners warrants further attention.
Duodenitis‐Proximal Jejunitis in Horses After Experimental Administration ofClostridium difficileToxins
Authors: Arroyo L.G. , Costa M.C. , Guest B.B. , Plattner B.L. , Lillie B.N. , Weese J.S. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundDuodenitis‐proximal jejunitis (DPJ) is an acute sporadic gastrointestinal disorder of horses of unknown cause.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesize thatClostridium difficiletoxins are involved in the pathogenesis ofDPJin horses. The objective of this study was to determine whether experimentally deliveredC. difficiletoxins cause clinical signs and histologic lesions similar to those of naturally occurringDPJ.AnimalsSix healthy mature mixed breed horses.MethodsExperimental study: animal model of animal disease. Fasted horses were administered crudeC. difficiletoxins via gastroscopy and monitored for up to 48 hour. Blood was collected for complete blood cell count, biochemistry profile, and plasma fibrinogen assay, and abdominal fluid was collected for cytologic analysis and total solids before and after toxin administration. Physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography were performed throughout the study period. Tissues were collected from the gastrointestinal tract and processed for routine histologic analysis, and lesions were scored.ResultsClinical signs were observed in 2 of 6 horses that are typical although not specific for horses with naturally occurringDPJ. Histopathologic lesions were observed in 6 of 6 horses and were similar to those reported in horses with naturally occurringDPJ. Two horses were severely affected.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDuodenitis‐proximal jejunitis is likely a syndrome with multiple causes that result in the same clinical and pathologic findings, and our data suggest that the toxins ofC. difficilerepresent one cause of this syndrome. Toxin dose and variation in individual animal susceptibility might affect the clinical signs and lesions after administration ofC. difficiletoxins.
Canine and feline colostrum
Authors: Chastant‐Maillard S , Aggouni C , Albaret A , Fournier A , Mila H 
Published: December 2016

ContentsPuppy and kitten survival over the first weeks is particularly dependent on colostrum, a specific secretion of the mammary gland produced during the first 2 days post‐partum. Colostrum is a source of nutrients and immunoglobulins. It also contributes to the digestive tract maturation. Colostrum differentiates from milk mainly based on its concentration in immunoglobulins G: 20–30 g/L in dog colostrum, 40–50 g/L in cats’ vs <1 g/L in milk. IgG concentration rapidly drops after parturition (−50% in 24 hr). Immune quality of colostrum is highly variable between bitches, with no relationship with maternal blood IgG level, dam's age, breed size or litter size. In addition to systemic immune protection, colostrum also plays a major role for local digestive protection, due to IgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin, white blood cells and various cytokines. Energetic concentration of canine and feline colostrum is not superior to that of mature milk. It depends on colostrum fat concentration and is affected by breed size (higher in breeds <10 kg adult body weight). As puppies and kittens are almost agammaglobulinemic at birth, transfer of IgG from their digestive tract into their bloodstream is crucial for their survival, IgG absorption ending at 12–16 hr after birth. Energetic supply over the two first days of life, as evidenced by growth rate over the two first days of life, also affects risk of neonatal mortality. Early and sufficient suckling of colostrum is thus the very first care to be provided to newborns for their later health and survival.
Diethyl Ether as an Ignition Enhancer for Naphtha Creating a Drop in Fuel for Diesel
Authors: Vallinayagam R. , Vedharaj S. , Sarathy S. Mani , Dibble Robert W. 
Published: December 2016

Direct use of naphtha in compression ignition (CI) engines is not advisable because its lower cetane number negatively impacts the auto ignition process. However, engine or fuel modifications can be made to operate naphtha in CI engines. Enhancing a fuel’s auto ignition characteristics presents an opportunity to use low cetane fuel, naphtha, in CI engines. In this research, Di-ethyl ether (DEE) derived from ethanol is used as an ignition enhancer for light naphtha. With this fuel modification, a “drop-in” fuel that is interchangeable with existing diesel fuel has been created.
The ignition characteristics of DEE blended naphtha were studied in an ignition quality tester (IQT); the measured ignition delay time (IDT) for pure naphtha was 6.9 ms. When DEE was added to naphtha, IDT decreased and D30 (30% DEE + 70% naphtha) showed comparable IDT with US NO.2 diesel. The derived cetane number (DCN) of naphtha, D10 (10% DEE + 90% naphtha), D20% DEE + 80% naphtha) and D30 were measured to be 31, 37, 40 and 49, respectively. The addition of 30% DEE in naphtha achieved a DCN equivalent to US NO.2 diesel.
Subsequent experiments in a CI engine exhibited longer ignition delay for naphtha compared to diesel. The peak in-cylinder pressure is higher for naphtha than diesel and other tested fuels. When DEE was added to naphtha, the ignition delay shortened and peak in-cylinder pressure is reduced. A 3.7% increase in peak in-cylinder pressure was observed for naphtha compared to US NO.2 diesel, while D30 showed comparable results with diesel. The pressure rise rate dropped with the addition of DEE to naphtha, thereby reducing the ringing intensity. Naphtha exhibited a peak heat release rate of 280 kJ/m3deg, while D30 showed a comparable peak heat release rate to US NO.2 diesel. The amount of energy released during the premixed combustion phase decreased with the increase of DEE in naphtha. Thus, this study demonstrates the suitability of DEE blended naphtha mixtures as a “drop-in” replacement fuel for diesel.
Power Maximization of a Heavy Duty Diesel Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery System Utilizing Mechanically Coupled and Fully Electrified Turbine Expanders
Authors: Xu Bin , Yebi Adamu , Onori Simona , Filipi Zoran , Liu Xiaobing , Shutty John , Anschel Paul , Hoffman Mark 
Published: December 2016

This paper presents steady state power optimization for an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) waste heat recovery (WHR) system in heavy-duty diesel (HDD) applications and examines attainable power levels. Both recirculated and tail pipe exhaust gas streams are utilized as heat sources via a parallel evaporator configuration. A dynamic, physics-based ORC model is utilized to determine optimized net power production. The optimization variables include: working fluid pump speed, mass flow distribution ratio for the parallel evaporators, turbine speed, and the pump speed of condenser cooling fluid. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for all optimization variables. Working fluid pump speed and expansion turbine speed are demonstrated as the most sensitive variables. Sensitivity results indicate increasing system power production as the working fluid mass flow rate increases. A map is developed to identify optimal and safe ORC operating regions for a given engine cycle. Based on the sensitivity analysis working fluid pump speed is selected as the variable of interest in the steady state optimization and results indicate that system power generation could be improved by as much as 25%.
Analysis of two quasi steady operational cycles, a multi-mode and a constant speed variable load are conducted. ORC power results indicate that a speed-constrained, mechanically coupled turbine expander operates in its peak efficiency zone to produce maximum power output for the steady-state cycles tested. These steady state power optimization results can be used for future power optimization during engine transients.
Electric Turbo Compounding Applied to a CI Engine: A Numerical Evaluation of Different Layouts
Authors: Pasini Gianluca , Frigo Stefano , Antonelli Marco 
Published: December 2016

At present, the application of turbocharging in compression ignition (CI) engines represents almost all of the applications, especially for transportation where fuel efficiency and low emissions are the main targets. Following this approach, the possibility to couple an electric drive to the turbocharger (electric turbo compound, ETC) to recover the residual energy of the exhaust gases is becoming more and more attractive, as demonstrated by several studies around the world.
The present paper shows the first numerical results of a research program under way which is focused on the comparison of the benefits resulting from the application of two ETC configurations to a four cylinders CI engine (1561 cm3). In the first configuration, called single-ETC, a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) is coupled to an electric generator (mechanic connection); in the second, called dual ETC, the two turbomachines (the variable nozzle turbine and the compressor) are separated and each one is coupled to its own electric machine.
Starting from the experimental maps of the turbine and compressor, the complete engine model was created using the AVL BOOST one-dimension code. Compared with the no-ETC engine, the adoption of the single-ETC shows interesting benefits in term of energy recovery at the highest engine speeds and loads, with consequent decrease of fuel consumption. Dual ETC allows the operation of turbine and compressor at different speeds with further reduction of the total brake specific fuel consumption.
Fitness for Service Evaluation of Class 1 Piping Component
Authors: Abdelsalam Usama , Vijay Dk , Glover Andrew 
Published: December 2016

This paper summarizes the methodology, procedure, and results of a fitness for service assessment performed for one CANDU outlet feeder in accordance with the COG FFSG Appendix E (Evaluation of Thinned Regions) ‘Level 3’. A wall thickness of 80% of the pressure-based thickness of the corresponding straight pipe is conservatively considered uniformly distributed along both tight radius bends. Plastic collapse load analyses are performed to address the pressure loading alone (E-6) and the bending moment plus coincident pressure loading (E-9). The crack initiation potential (E-10) is addressed by calculating the cumulative fatigue usage factor (Thermal & Seismic).
This paper highlights the major modelling and analysis details with particular emphasis on the challenges that cut feeder models would face when dealing with the seismic load. These challenges are handled using a full length feeder model and the results from both approaches are compared. It is demonstrated that the cut feeder model for this particular feeder is more conservative compared to the corresponding full length feeder model. As such, it is expected that the full length feeder model would have a significant potential in handling the seismic issues with CANDU feeder pipes. However, more analysis work is needed to confirm and support the findings of this paper in a more general sense.
Fatigue Usage Life and Gradient Factors for ASME Class 1 Piping Fatigue Analyses
Authors: Gosselin Stephen R. , Nunez Daniel , Esselman Thomas C. , Palm Nathan 
Published: December 2016

This paper examines conservatisms associated with two aspects of piping fatigue life as applied in NB 3600 fatigue calculations. First, piping component allowable cyclic life is defined by stress-life (S-N) curves based on constant displacement push-pull test results of small diameter (≤ 0.375 inch (≤ 9.5 mm)) smooth test specimens in air at room temperature. These life estimates are subsequently applied to all Class 1 piping components regardless of their actual size or thickness. Secondly, all component cyclic stresses are treated as uniform through-thickness membrane stresses when most transients induce stresses that vary across the thickness of the pipe.
The application of fatigue usage correction factors that account for: 1) increased cyclic life associated with the growth of engineering size fatigue cracks in thicker components and 2) the presence of actual through-thickness stress gradients is considered. An example case study indicates that, depending on the nature of the applied cyclic loading and pipe section thickness, considerable reductions in design fatigue usage can be obtained.
The Effect of Carbon Diffusion on Creep Behaviours for a Dissimilar Joint Between P91 and 12Cr1MoV Steels
Authors: Zhao Yanping , Gong Jianming , Jiang Yong 
Published: December 2016

Dissimilar joints have been widely used in many applications, especially for steam piping in the superheater and reheater of power plants. However, these dissimilar metal welds tend to fail less than half of their design life, and carbon diffusion is the main cause of the premature failure. Dissimilar joints operated at high temperature or after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) exhibit carbon-enriched zone (CEZ) in the high alloy part and carbon-depleted zone (CDZ) in the low alloy part, causing by the chemical potential gradients across the weld interface. The carbides dissolute in the low alloy part while precipitate in the high alloy part. At the same time, a consequent of strength gradients are generated between the CEZ and CDE. The CDZ results in a loss of creep strength due to the carbides dissolution while an increase of strength due to the carbides precipitation.
In this work, welding consumable of GTR-2CM was used to join P91 and 12Cr1MoV metals together. The stable phases and carbon activities of these metals are calculated by THERMO-CALC software. Carbon diffusion between P91/GTR-2CM/12Cr1MoV dissimilar joint after aging at 550 °C for varying time are predicted by employing dispersed multiphase model in DICTRA software. Volume fractions of carbides varying with distance from both sides of the weld interfaces were also investigated, showing that the formation of CDZs and CEZs is related to the dissolution and precipitation of M23C6 and M7C3 carbides. The dissolution and coarsening of M7C3 and M23C6 particles in the CDZ and CEZ were also modelled by DICTRA software.
The creep properties of base metals, weld metal and the dissimilar joint were investigated at 550 °C. The stress dependence of minimum creep rate and rupture life obeyed the Norton’s power law, and the stress exponents can be used to identify the creep mechanism. Monkman-Grant (MG) relations were also used to study the creep rupture data.
The simulation results of carbon diffusion can be used to study the creep properties of CDZ and CEZ for the P91/GTR-2CM/12Cr1MoV dissimilar joint. The threshold stress concept can be incorporated into the analysis of creep power law. The magnitudes of threshold stress within CEZ and CDZ can be calculated according to the volume fraction and average diameter of carbides from carbon diffusion.
Pressurization Analysis for Flame Heating of a Screw Top Utility Can Loaded With Plutonium Oxide Powder
Authors: Laurinat James E. , Kesterson Matthew R. , Hensel Steve J. 
Published: December 2016

The documented safety analysis for the Savannah River Site (SRS) evaluates the consequences of a postulated 1000 °C (1273 K) fire in a glovebox. The radiological dose consequences for a pressurized release of plutonium oxide powder during such a fire depend on the maximum pressure that is attained inside the oxide storage containers. To enable evaluation of the dose consequences, temperature and pressure transients have been calculated for exposure of a typical set of storage containers to the fire. The oxide storage configuration selected for analysis is can/bag/can, comprised of oxide powder inside an 8.38E−6 m3 stainless steel B vial inside 0.006 kg of polyethylene bagging inside a one-quart screw top utility can of the type commonly used to package solvents or rubber cements.
The analysis accounts for pressurization from gases generated by pyrolysis of the polyethylene bagging and evaporation of moisture adsorbed onto the oxide powder. Results were obtained for different can orientations and different surface fire exposures, with and without initial pressurization of the B vial by hydrogen from the radiolysis of moisture. Based on the results of hydrogen back pressure tests for plutonium oxide powders loaded with moisture, the initial gauge pressure from radiolytic hydrogen was set at a bounding value of 82 psig (5.65E5 Pa). The pressurization analysis credits venting to and from the B vial but does not credit venting or leakage from the can.
Calculated maximum gauge pressures inside the utility can range from 1.98E5 Pa for an upright can exposed to fire on only one side, to 7.78E5 Pa for an upright can engulfed by fire. Maximum gauge pressures inside the B vial vary from 1.36E5 to 1.43E6 Pa. Due to the low rate of venting from the B vial into the can gas space, the can pressure is nearly independent of the B vial pressure.
Calculated maximum pressures are compared to the utility can burst pressure. In lieu of an analytic structural analysis of the utility cans, burst pressures and leakage rates were measured using compressed nitrogen gas. Leakage of gas through the can lid thread and seams prevented the test apparatus from reaching the burst pressure. To achieve the burst pressure, it was necessary to seal the can lid threads and seams by brazing. The measured gauge burst pressure was 2.50E5 +/− 0.43E5 Pa. The measured burst pressures are lower than the calculated maximum pressure due to fire exposure, indicating that the utility cans could burst during exposure to a 1000 °C (1273 K) fire.
Leakage rates were measured for cans initially pressurized to a gauge pressure of 1.24E5 Pa. The measured leakage rates were found to be proportional to the gauge pressure inside the can, with a time constant for leakage of 0.424 +/− 0.010 reciprocal seconds. The leakage time constants follow a threshold Weibull distribution.