bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Control of Cigarette Smoke Deliveries Using Heat-Shrinkable Films
Authors: Crellin R. A. , Brooks G. O. , Horsewell H. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA ventilating filter for cigarettes has been developed which reduces the delivery of smoke constituents from the final two to three puffs. Since the normaI delivery for these three puffs can account for up to half the total particulate matter and nicotine delivered by the whole cigarette, usefuI reductions per cigarette can be produced. The ventilating filter consists of cellulose acetate tow wrapped in heat-shrinkable film and attached to a tobacco rod using perforated tipping paper. When the cigarette is smoked, the perforations remain closed by contact with the impermeable film until transfer of heat to the filter is sufficient to soften the filter tow and shrink the film. Ventilating air now enters the cigarette and reduces the smoke deliveries. The effectiveness of the ventilating filter is increased by using films which have a low shrink temperature, high shrink tension and a high degree of biaxiaI shrinkage. Increases in filter plasticiser level, tipping perforation area and puff volume improve the effectiveness of the ventilating filter but increases in cigarette paper porosity and tobacco butt length reduce the effectiveness
Comparison of Pyrolytic Products from Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaf and a Reconstituted Tobacco Sheet
Authors: Schlotzhauer W. S. , Chortyk O. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPyrolytic products of commercial tobacco sheet, flue-cured tobacco leaf, and stems were compared. The yields of acids, bases, neutrals, and phenolics were determined. The neutrals were further characterized by chromatography in order to examine pyrolysis fractions corresponding to biologically active cigarette smoke fractions. Individual phenols, carboxylic acids, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and nicotine were determined for sheet and leaf pyrolyzate. Analyses of constituents of various pyrolyzate fractions indicated significantly lower amounts of phenols, PAH, and nicotine in sheet and stem pyrolyzates than in leaf pyrolyzates
CORESTA - Method No. 2 Method for the determination of sediments on organochlor-pestizides in tobacco / CORESTA - Methode Nr. 2 Methode für die Bestimmung von Rückständen an Organochlor-Pestiziden in Tabak
Authors: Unterausschuss für Pestizidrückstän  
Published: July 2016

Abstract1. Anwendungsbereich2. Apparatur und Glasgeräte3. Reagenzien4. Eichlösungen5. Vorbereitung der Tabakproben6. Extraktion7. Gaschromatographie
A Smoking Machine Attachment for the Analysis of Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide and Nitric Oxide in the Vapour Phase of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Cumming E. M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
An eight-channel smoking attachment for the collection of the vapour phase from cigarettes has been developed. The utilisation of the device for the simultaneous puff by puff measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide is described. The attachment has been constructed for use with the CSM 300 smoking machine but could readily be adapted for use with other smoking machines.
The Reducing Property of Tobacco Smoke: 1. Modified FIue-Cured Tobacco and Other Smoking Products
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. , Nisbet M.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to determine which tobacco constituents give rise to reducing compounds in smoke as well as to find out what factors affected the reducing property of the latter, modifications of flue-cured tobacco by solvent extraction and chemical impregnations were carried out. While no unequivocal evidence has been obtained as to the main source of reducing activity, all the evidence suggests that lignin and phenolic compounds derived therefrom, are the main contributors to reducing activity. A number of cigarette parameters, strand width, expansion of tobacco, paper porosity and burn control additives were studied and found to have no significant effect, within the Iimits tested, on the reducing power of the smoke. On the other hand, additives such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and carbowax gave distinctly lower reducing activities. Examination of tobacco products showed Iower reducing activities in smoke from Cuban, Latakia and Turkish tobaccos, as well as in smoke from cigarettes made from Indian sun-cured and French dark, fermented tobaccos. The lowest reducing activity was recorded for the highly fermented Perique tobacco. Indian ''bidis'' have specific reducing activities similar to those of standard flue-cured cigarettes. Freshly harvested, rapidly dried green tobacco as well as dried beech leaves, gave specific reducing activities close to those obtained for regular cigarettes. On the other hand, commercially available lettuce cigarettes, which undergo a fermentation step in their manufacture, gave distinctly lower specific activity
Chromatographic Determination of Hydrocarbon Waxes in Tobacco Leaf and Smoke
Authors: Chortyk O.T. , Severson R.F. , Higman H.C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractParaffins of tobacco Ieaf were separated by column chromatography on silicic acid. Leaf paraffins were fractionated from other wax constituents by chromatography in a definite sample to substrate to solvent ratio. The developed method was used to evaluate the transfer of paraffins and neophytadiene from leaf to smoke in a reference cigarette. Gas chromatographic separations were performed on a high-temperature liquid phase. Gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry was used to determine the paraffin composition of a representative flue-cured tobacco, a reference cigarette tobacco, and smoke condensate. It was concluded that paraffins were probably transferred to smoke relatively unchanged, while neophytadiene underwent some pyrolytic decomposition.
Residue Levels of Fatty Compounds and Surfactants as Suckering Agents on Tobacco
Authors: Tso T.C. , Chu H. , DeJong D.W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFatty compounds including lauryI alcohol and methyl laurate and Tween 20 surfactant (polyoxyethylene [20] sorbitan monolaurate) and Tween 80 surfactant (polyoxyethylene [20] sorbitan monooleate) with 14C-labelling at various positions were used as suckering agents for Maryland, Burley, and bright tobacco types (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and their residues on the tobacco determined. An average residue of 1.61 ppm of fatty compounds and 1.0 ppm of surfactants were found. The combined totaI of 2.6 ppm residue due to these suckering agents is far below an earlier preliminary test of 4.8 ppm of residue in comparison with 7.000 ppm naturally occurring fatty compounds in tobacco.
The Thermal Emittance of Cigarette Coal
Authors: Lendvay Andrew T. , Laszlo Tibor S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe radiation intensity emitted by the surface of an extinguished cigarette coal in a heated environment was compared with the radiation intensity of an artificial blackbody at the same temperature. The experiments were carried out at several temperature levels between 50°C and 125°C. The results indicate that the emittance of the cigarette coal is close to unity. The calculated values based on data obtained within the limits of the experiments varied between 0.997 and 0.91 (average 0.97).
Wool Cigarette Filters Part II: Modifications to Promote the Selective Removal of Biologically Active Vapour Phase Components
Authors: Mayfield R.J. , Evans D.J. , Lipson M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractModified-wool cigarette filters have been evaluated for their efficiency in selectively retaining specific biologically active volatile and semivolatile smoke components. Filters containing chemically modified wools or wool treated with low-molecular-weight additives were ineffective. Polymeric additives reduced the cytotoxic level of cigarette smoke by varying degrees. Polyethylenimines were particularly effective additives and selectively removed portions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, phenols and other weakly acidic compounds. Increasing the moisture content of the treated filters markedly improved their performance. The effectiveness of polyethyleniminetreated filters in removing volatile aldehydes was strongly dependent on the pH of the filter, most efficient removaI occurring at pH 6.0-6.2.
Environmental Contamination of Flue-Cured Tobacco with Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides
Authors: Domanski J.J. , Sheets T.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIndirect contamination of tobacco by DDT, TDE, endrin, dieldrin, and toxaphene was investigated under field conditions. Levels of DDT + TDE in soil ranged from << 0.01 to 0.18 ppm, and those in cured leaves ranged from 0.11 to 1.69 ppm. The lower stalk position at the major test location generally had greater concentrations of DDT + TDE than the middle and upper positions, but distribution of these insecticides among leaf positions was variable for other locations. Residues of DDT in the bottom stalk position were positively correlated with those in the soil. Plant-bed soils did not appear to be a major source of DDT + TDE residues in cured tobacco. Residues of endrin and dieldrin were near or below the limit of detection (0.01 ppm) in soil and cured leaf. Residues of toxaphene ranged from << 0.1 to 4.7 ppm in soil and << 0.3 to 7.7 ppm on tobacco. Toxaphene residues in the bottom and top stalk positions were positively correlated with residues in soil. Contamination by toxaphene appeared to be attributable to uptake from soil and to movement of the insecticide as drift or vapour through the air.
Studies on the ldentification of Tobacco Alkaloids, their Mammalian Metabolites and Related Compounds by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Pilotti Ake , Enzell Curt R. , McKennis Herbert , Bowman Edward R. , Dufva Eva , Holmstedt Bo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVarious pyridine compounds, either identified or implied as intermediates in the mammalian metabolism of nicotine or present in tobacco or tobacco smoke, have been studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Spectral and gas chromatographic data for these compounds, which provide a basis for further studies of pyridine compounds in plant and animal tissue, are given. The utility of these data in studies on nicotine and its metabolites in body fluids from humans is illustrated by a determination of nicotine in the plasma from two smokers using quantitative mass fragmentography with the aid of deuterated nicotine.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Isoprene, Acetaldehyde and Acrolein from the Gaseous Phase of Cigarette Smoke - Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von lsopren, Acetaldehyd und Acrolein aus der Gasphase von Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Klimisch H. J. , Wernicke H. , Meißner K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBy means of a special sampling technique with a cooled preliminary column parts of each puff from a cigarette are collected. With the aid of subsequent gas chromatographic analysis a quantitative determination of acrolein, acetaldehyde and isoprene from the gaseous phase is effected. The content of these three substances in some trial cigarettes is discussed.
The Determination of Nicotine in Particulate Matter Using Citric Acid and Bromomaleic Acid
Authors: Bourlas Manuel C. , Thomas Charles E. , Esperdy Robert C. , Kuhn William F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt was found that a system consisting of citric acid and bromomaleic acid each dissolved in acetic anhydride may be used to quantitatively determine nicotine, colourimetrically, in a 2-propanoI extract of smoke particulate matter. The coloured complex between nicotine and the above reagents formed in 25 minutes (at 30°C) and had a l
On the Chemistry of Cigar Smoke: Comparisons between Experimental Little and Large Cigars
Authors: Schmeltz lrwin , Brunnemann Klaus D. , Hoffmann Dietrich , Cornell Alan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractComparative data have been presented and evaluated on levels of various constituents in five different cigar tobaccos and in the smoke they generate when made into little and Iarge cigars. Generally the large cigars deliver a significantly lower level of mainstream smoke particulates such as TPM, nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene, when compared to the little cigars. On a per cigar basis, however, large cigars (as opposed to Iittle cigars) deliver substantially higher levels of CO and other gas phase constituents. A higher delivery of ammonia by large cigars is noted in the sidestream smoke. When little cigars are wrapped in cigarette paper, the major effects are lower levels of CO (reduced by 50 %). Cigar smoke can be distinguished from cigarette smoke on the basis of pH characteristics, ammonia and CO levels. Future studies should be concerned with establishing the material balance for components in mainstream and sidestream smoke of Iittle cigars and large cigars.
Evolution of the Gas-Vapour Phase and the Total Particulate Matter of Cigarette Smoke in a Single Puff
Authors: Ceschini P. , Lafaye A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe concentration of gas-vapour phase components of cigarette smoke increases almost throughout from the beginning to the end of each puff, as produced on a piston-actioned smoking machine. While this is not true for all substances examined in the 5th puff, it is obvious in the 3rd puff, and very pronounced in the 8th puff, where the increase in volatile components from the second to the last thirds of a single puff is important. This indicates without any doubt that the concentration in volatile components increases from the beginning to the end of a puff. This effect is increased as the smoking progresses towards the butt end of the cigarette. The yield of the crude smoke condensate is about the same in each third of a puff. In the last puff, however, the increase from the 2nd to the last puff third is very pronounced and is comparable to the increase in volatile smoke components from the beginning to the end of the puff.
Use of Ion-Selective Electrodes in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke Analyses: A Review
Authors: Morie G. P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIon-selective electrodes have been used for the rapid determination of many components in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The determinations of the following tobacco smoke components with ion-selective electrodes are reviewed: hydrogen sulfide with a sulfide electrode, hydrogen cyanide with a cyanide electrode, nitrogen oxides with a nitrate electrode, and ammonia with an ammonia electrode. The determination of nitrate and ammonia in tobacco is also described. Some possible applications of ion-selective electrodes are discussed, based on the electrode sensitivity and selectivity and the level of certain components in tobacco or tobacco smoke
The Fate of Fatty Compounds and Surfactants Used as Sucker Control Agents on Field Tobacco
Authors: Tso T. C. , Chu H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe fate of fatty compounds and surfactants used for tobacco sucker inhibition was studied with 14C-labelled materials applied to field-grown Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Maryland Catterton plants. Residual materials recovered from test tobacco showed the following: [ 1 ] When lauric acid was used, the residual material was maintained essentially in the acid fraction. [2] When lauryI alcohol was used, a considerable part (9.7-24.8 %) was converted to the acid fraction, indicating possible oxidation of alcohol in the field; smaller amounts (7.4 to 14.8 %) were found in the ester fraction. [3] When methyl laurate was used, most (54-77 %) of the residue was recovered in the acid fraction, a small part (12.6 to 22.7 %) was found in the alcohol fraction, and the rest (10.3-23.3 %) remained in the ester fraction. [4] When Tween surfactants were used, nearly all the residual materials had been hydrolyzed to free polyol and fatty acids
Tobacco as Potential Food Source and Smoke Material
Authors: Tso T.C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFraction I protein is the most abundant protein in tobacco and accounts for 50 % of its soluble protein. It is composed entirely of amino acids. Its specific nutritional value is comparable with milk and surpasses that of soybeans. During tobacco combustion, Fraction I protein may contribute to the formation of HCN and other undesirable nitrogenous constituents in smoke. It can be removed from harvested leaf tobacco through homogenized leaf curing (HLC) process to improve leaf quality and usability. Considering the total world tobacco production as a whole, Fraction I protein and other soluble proteins so recovered may provide enough food for millions of people. In addition, there will also be a better smoking product
Observations on the Distribution of Certain Tobacco Smoke Components with Respect to Particle Size
Authors: Morie G.P. , Baggett M.S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIf the distribution of specific smoke components with respect to particle size were significantly different than the size distribution of particulate matter, a compound or group of compounds might be selectively removed by the selective filtration of a given particle size. Various techniques have been used to determine the particle size distribution of a few smoke components. Berner and Marek used a Goetz aerosol spectrometer to determine the size distribution of potassium in smoke; and Owen, Westcott and Woodman used a conifuge to examine the distribution of three smoke components. In the present work, a cascade impactor was used to separate smoke particles into four fractions of 0.25 to 1.0 µ in diameter based on the principle that particles in a moving airstream impact on a slide placed in their path, if their momentum is sufficient to overcome the drag exerted by the airstream. The particle size distribution of five organic compounds: indole, nicotine, diethyl phthalate, norphytene, and neophytadiene were determined. These size distributions were compared to the distribution of total particulate matter (TPM) and the following observations were made:1. All compounds were distributed in a pattern similar to that of TPM. Therefore, the selective filtration of a given compound by selective filtration of a given particle size is probably unfeasible.2. The concentrations of indole and nicotine were higher in the medium-size particles (0.5 to 0.75 µ) than in the small or large particles.3. It is known that cellulose acetate filters are more efficient for the filtration of small and large particles than they are for medium-size particles. Therefore, the high concentration of nicotine in the medium-size particles may contribute to the slightly higher filtration efficiency these filters have for the TPM than they have for nicotine.
The ldentification of High Molecular Weight Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Biologically Active Fraction of Cigarette Smoke Condensate
Authors: Snook M.E. , Severson R.F. , Arrendale R.F. , Higman H.C. , Chortyk O.T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA gel filtration chromatography method was developed for the isolation and concentration of the high molecular weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in the most biologically active fraction of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). The unusually complex mixture of large PAH found in CSC necessitated the use of preparative gas chromatography followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography to achieve separation and identification. Mass spectral, ultra-violet absorption, and chromatographic retention data were needed for the comprehensive identification of the large molecular weight PAH components of CSC. The majority of the more than 200 isolated compounds were identified. Compounds newly identified in CSC included 3,4-dimethylenepyrene, 3,4-trimethylenepyrene, cyclopenta(c,-d)pyrene, 4,5-methylenetriphenylene, benzo[b]perylene, and several dibenzofluoranthenes.
Genetic Approaches to Varying Chemical Constituents in Tobacco and Smoke
Authors: Chaplin J.F. , Burk L.G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA vast storehouse of genetic variability is contained in collections of Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana species. Methods and techniques of using this material to alter chemical constituents of commercial tobacco are discussed. Simple Mendelian procedures that have resulted in improved varieties may also be used to change chemical constituents. Male-sterility permits the rapid production of F1 hybrids in special situations. Interspecific hybridization allows the transfer of new germplasm. The haploid/diploid method offers instantaneous homozygosity when a haploid is doubled. Any diploidized haploid that shows a favourable change in a chemical trait automatically represents a potentially useful breeding line. Parasexual hybridization is a new technique that involves the fusion of protoplasts. Fusion of protoplasts between diploid tobacco and a species, that cannot be crossed with it by conventional means, provides a valuable new allopolyploid. Thus, conventional breeding methods aided by these new adjunct techniques provide the basis for favourably altering chemical constituents in the leaf and smoke.
Methods to Determine Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products. 4th Report: A Procedure to Determine Vamidothion and its Metabolites/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: IV. Mitteilung: Ein Bestimmungsverfahren fuer Vamidothion und seine Metaboliten
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Moser R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBased on previous work (7) a method to simultaneously determine vamidothion [I], vamidothion-sulfoxide [II] and vamidothion sulfone [III] in tobacco has been developed. The compounds are extracted with water/acetone/acetic acid from the tobacco, cleansed over an aluminium oxide column and then determined on the gas chromatograph with the specific sulphur detector. Rates of recovery are 70 % - 92 %, the determination level is 0.1 ppm. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data of vamidothion [I], vamidothion-sulfoxide [ II ] and vamidothion-sulfone [III] are given.
Thermal Decomposition of Tobacco Cell-wall Polysaccharides
Authors: Ohnishi A. , Katō K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to clarify the thermal decomposition mechanism of tobacco cell-wall polysaccharides, some of the primary pyrolysis products were investigated using a Curie-point pyrolysis technique. The major primary products of tobacco cellulose prepared from midribs of Nicotiana tabacum, heated at 460°C for 5 seconds in helium or in vacuum, were such 1,6-anhydrosugars as levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydrob-D-glucofuranose, 1,4,3,6-dianhydro-a-D-glucopyranose and levoglucosenone, and such furan compounds as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde. The major primary pyrolysis products of tobacco xylan prepared from stalks of Nicotiana tabacum were 3-hydroxy-2-penteno-1,5-lactone and 2-furaldehyde. Some discussions of the thermal reaction mechanism were presented, based on these results.
A Method for the Determination of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues on Tobacco/Eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Rückstände von Organochlor- und Organophosphor-Pestiziden auf Tabak
Authors: Reif H. , Moser F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe methods currently used for the determination of pesticide residues on tobacco are compared to one another, and a new method is described which results from a combination of extraction and clean-up of the extract. For that purpose, a modified Soxhlet extractor is used which serves at the same time as clean-up column. The comparison to other methods shows clear advantages as regards saving of analysis time and consumption of solvents.
On the Question of Defining So-called Tobacco Smoke Condensate/Zur Frage der Begriffsbestimmung des Tabakrauchkondensats
Authors: Neumann H.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt is correct to define as "condensate'' those vaporous organic products of reaction which arise in addition to the products of combustion carbon dioxide and water, when cigarettes are smoked, and which can condense when cooling and forming an aerosol of a liquid phase in a gaseous phase. This condensate is clearly defined in DIN 10 240 as "dry smoke condensate''. Reference to this composite substance as "tar'' must be rejected as it is incorrect and can lead to inaccurate assumptions regarding occurrence and composition.