bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social ranking effects on tooth‐brushing behaviour
Authors: Maltby John , Paterson Kevin , Day Liz , Jones Ceri , Kinnear Hayley , Buchanan Heather 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveA tooth‐brushing social rank hypothesis is tested suggesting tooth‐brushing duration is influenced when individuals position their behaviour in a rank when comparing their behaviour with other individuals.DesignStudy 1 used a correlation design, Study 2 used a semi‐experimental design, and Study 3 used a randomized intervention design to examine the tooth‐brushing social rank hypothesis in terms of self‐reported attitudes, cognitions, and behaviour towards tooth‐brushing duration.MethodsStudy 1 surveyed participants to examine whether the perceived health benefits of tooth‐brushing duration could be predicted from the ranking of each person's tooth‐brushing duration. Study 2 tested whether manipulating the rank position of the tooth‐brushing duration influenced participant‐perceived health benefits of tooth‐brushing duration. Study 3 used a longitudinal intervention method to examine whether messages relating to the rank positions of tooth‐brushing durations causally influenced the self‐report tooth‐brushing duration.ResultsStudy 1 demonstrates that perceptions of the health benefits from tooth‐brushing duration are predicted by the perceptions of how that behaviour ranks in comparison to other people's behaviour. Study 2 demonstrates that the perceptions of the health benefits of tooth‐brushing duration can be manipulated experimentally by changing the ranked position of a person's tooth‐brushing duration. Study 3 experimentally demonstrates the possibility of increasing the length of time for which individuals clean their teeth by focusing on how they rank among their peers in terms of tooth‐brushing duration.ConclusionsThe effectiveness of interventions using social‐ranking methods relative to those that emphasize comparisons made against group averages or normative guidelines are discussed.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Individual make judgements based on social rank information.

Social rank information has been shown to influence positive health behaviours such as exercise.

What does this study add?

The health benefits of tooth‐brushing are predicted by how tooth‐brushing duration ranks within a distribution.

Focussing on how teeth‐cleaning duration ranks among others produces longer teeth‐cleaning durations.
Association of endogenous testosterone with subclinical atherosclerosis in men: the multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis
Authors: Khazai Bahram , Golden Sherita Hill , Colangelo Laura A. , Swerdloff Ronald , Wang Christina , Honoris Lily , Gapstur Susan M. , Ouyang Pamela , Cushman Mary , Li Dong , Kopp Peter , Vaidya Dhananjay , Liu Kiang , Dobs Adrian , Budoff Matthew 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectivesWhether endogenous sex hormones play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in men is unclear. Few studies have examined associations of sex hormones with atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT). We evaluated the association of testosterone (T) and other sex hormones with CACS and cIMT.MethodsUsing the large multi‐ethnic cohort of 3164 men without known CVD in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), cross‐sectional associations of tertiles of endogenous sex hormones with CACS and cIMT were analysed.ResultsIn regard to CAC, there was a significant negative trend (P‐trend = 0·02) for CACS>0 over tertiles of free T (FT) with RRs (95% CI) for the lowest to highest tertiles. There was also a marginally significant positive trend (P‐trend = 0·06) for CACS>0 over tertiles of sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) with RRs for the lowest to highest tertiles. There were no significant associations with CACS >0 for tertiles of TT (Total T), bioavailable T (BT), oestradiol (E2) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). There was significantly higher log CACS after adjustment for CVD risk factors for lower TT levels, compared to higher levels, using 9·54 and 10·4 nmol/l as cut‐off points. In regard to cIMT, there was a significant positive trend (P = 0·003) in mean cIMT over the tertiles of BT, but not for TT, FT, E2, DHEA and SHBG. There was significantly lower cIMT after adjustment for CVD risk factors for lower TT levels compared to higher levels.ConclusionIn a population of male subjects with no known CVD, lower FT is associated with higher RR of CACS>0 and lower TT is associated with higher log CACS. Lower BT and TT are associated with lower cIMT. While these findings support the positive correlation between low T and coronary atherosclerosis, the opposite findings on cIMT warrant further evaluation.
Preferred conservation policies of shark researchers
Authors: Shiffman David S. , Hammerschlag Neil 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThere is increasing concern about the conservation status of sharks. However, the presence of numerous different (and potentially mutually exclusive) policies complicates management implementation and public understanding of the process. We distributed an online survey to members of the largest professional shark and ray research societies to assess member knowledge of and attitudes toward different conservation policies. Questions covered society member opinions on conservation and management policies, personal histories of involvement in advocacy and management, and perceptions of the approach of conservation nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to shark conservation. One hundred and two surveys were completed (overall response rate 21%). Respondents considered themselves knowledgeable about and actively involved in conservation and management policy; a majority believed scientists have a responsibility to advocate for conservation (75%), and majorities have sent formal public comments to policymakers (54%) and included policy suggestions in their papers (53%). They believe sustainable shark fisheries are possible, are currently happening today (in a few places), and should be the goal instead of banning fisheries. Respondents were generally less supportive of newer limit‐based (i.e., policies that ban exploitation entirely without a species‐specific focus) conservation policy tools, such as shark sanctuaries and bans on the sale of shark fins, than of target‐based fisheries management tools (i.e., policies that allow for sustainable harvest of species whose populations can withstand it), such as fishing quotas. Respondents were generally supportive of environmental NGO efforts to conserve sharks but raised concerns about some NGOs that they perceived as using incorrect information and focusing on the wrong problems. Our results show there is an ongoing debate in shark conservation and management circles relative to environmental policy on target‐based natural resources management tools versus limit‐based conservation tools. They also suggest that closer communication between the scientific and environmental NGO communities may be needed to recognize and reconcile differing values and objectives between these groups.
Management approach and surgical strategies for retrorectal tumours: a systematic review
Authors: Toh J. W. T. , Morgan M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe management strategy for retrorectal tumours is complex. Due to their rarity, few surgeons have expertise in management.MethodA systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed database. English language publications in the years 2011−2015 that assessed preoperative management, surgical strategies and chemoradiotherapy for presacral tumours were included. Two hundred and fifty‐one abstracts were screened of which 88 met the inclusion criteria. After review of the full text, this resulted in a final list of 42 studies eligible for review.ResultsIn all, 932 patients (63.2% female, 36.8% male; P < 0.01) with a retrorectal tumour were identified. Most were benign (65.9% vs 33.7%, P < 0.01). Imaging distinguished benign from malignant lesions in 88.1% of cases; preoperative biopsy was superior to imaging in providing an accurate definitive diagnosis (91.3% vs 61.4%, P < 0.05) with negligible seeding risk. Biopsy should be performed in solid tumours. It is useful in guiding neoadjuvant therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumours, sarcomas and desmoid type fibromatosis and may alter the management strategy in cases of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and metastases. Biopsies for cystic lesions are not recommended. The gold standard in imaging is MRI. The posterior Kraske procedure is the most common surgical approach. Overall, the reported recurrence rate was 19.7%.ConclusionThis review evaluated the management strategies for retrorectal tumours. A preoperative biopsy should be performed for solid tumours. MRI is the most useful imaging modality. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. There is limited information on robotic surgery, single‐port surgery, transanal endoscopic microsurgery, chemoradiotherapy and reconstruction.
Clinical pattern and progression of ulcerative proctitis in the Japanese population: a retrospective study of incidence and risk factors influencing progression
Authors: Anzai H. , Hata K. , Kishikawa J. , Ishii H. , Nishikawa T. , Tanaka T. , Tanaka J. , Kiyomatsu T. , Kawai K. , Nozawa H. , Kazama S. , Yamaguchi H. , Ishihara S. , Sunami E. , Kitayama J. , Watanabe T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe rate of extension of proctitis in Western countries has been reported, but no data regarding long‐term follow‐up have been described for the Japanese population. Additionally, patients with long‐standing or extensive ulcerative colitis have an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer. This study evaluated both the rate of extension of the disease and the development of neoplasia among patients with an initial diagnosis of ulcerative proctitis.MethodWe retrospectively investigated the medical charts of patients with proctitis from 1979 to 2014. The primary focus of this research was the extension of the inflammatory area. The secondary focus included risk factors for disease extension and the development of neoplasia.ResultsSixty‐six patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Proximal extension of the disease occurred in 34 patients: 19 patients had left‐sided colitis and 15 had pancolitis. According to a multivariate analysis, disease extension was significantly higher in patients with disease onset before 25 years of age (P‐value = 0.043). The cumulative rates of disease extension at 10 and 20 years were 33.8% and 52.2%, respectively. Three patients were diagnosed with dysplasia during follow‐up, all of whom experienced disease extension before the development of dysplasia.ConclusionThe rate of extension of ulcerative colitis in the Japanese population was comparable to that in Western countries. A younger age of disease onset was associated with disease extension. Extension of proctitis may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Protective factors associated with short‐term cessation of injection drug use among a Canadian cohort of people who inject drugs
Authors: Luchenski Serena , Ti Lianping , Hayashi Kanna , Dong Huiru , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsStrategies are needed to transition persons who inject drugs out of injecting. We undertook this study to identify protective factors associated with cessation of injection drug use.Design and MethodsData were derived from three prospective cohorts of people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada, between September 2005 and November 2011. Generalised estimating equations were used to examine protective factors and 6‐month cessation of injection drug use.ResultsOur sample of 1663 people who inject drugs included 563 (33.9%) women, and median age was 40 years. Overall, 904 (54.4%) individuals had at least one 6‐month injection cessation event. In multivariable analysis, protective factors associated with cessation of injection drug use included the following: having a regular place to stay [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.48]; formal employment (AOR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.01–1.23); social support from personal contacts (AOR = 1.22; 95% CI 1.10–1.35); social support from professionals (AOR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.14–1.39); ability to access health and social services (AOR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.09–1.34); and positive self‐rated health (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.11–1.32).Discussion and ConclusionsOver half of people who inject drugs in this study reported achieving 6‐month cessation of injection drug use, with cessation being associated with a range of modifiable protective factors. Policy makers and practitioners should promote increased access to stable housing, employment, social support and other services to promote cessation of injection drug use. [Luchenski S, Ti L, Hayashi K, Dong H, Wood E, Kerr T. Protective factors associated with short‐term cessation of injection drug use among a Canadian cohort of people who inject drugs Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:620–627]
Typology of alcohol consumers in five Australian nighttime entertainment districts
Authors: Peacock Amy , Norman Thomas , Bruno Raimondo , Pennay Amy , Droste Nicolas , Jenkinson Rebecca , Quinn Brendan , Lubman Dan I. , Miller Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsUnderstanding how types of alcohol consumers differ is important for public policy targeted at reducing adverse events. The aims of the present study were to identify typologies of alcohol consumers in Australian nighttime entertainment districts based on risk factors for harm and to examine variation between the identified groups in drinking setting and harms.Design and MethodsStreet‐intercept surveys were conducted with 5556 alcohol consumers in and around licensed venues in five Australian cities between November 2011 and June 2012. Latent class analysis identified groups based on age and sex, and blood alcohol concentration, pre‐drinking, energy drink use and illicit drug use during that night.ResultsFour classes were identified: general patron group (33%), young pre‐drinker group (27%), intoxicated male pre‐drinker group (31%) and intoxicated illicit drug male group (9%). The proportion of the general patron group interviewed decreased over the night, while the other groups increased (particularly in regional cities). As compared with the general patron group, the remaining three groups reported increased odds of being involved in aggression and any alcohol‐related injuries in the past 3 months, with highest rates of harm amongst the intoxicated illicit drug male group.Discussion and ConclusionsAlcohol consumers in nighttime entertainment districts are not a homogeneous group. One‐third have a low likelihood of risky consumption practices; however, representation of this consumer class diminishes throughout the night. Elevated harms amongst groups characterised by certain risk factors (e.g. pre‐drinking and illicit drug use) emphasise the importance of addressing these behaviours in public policy. [Peacock A, Norman T, Bruno B, Pennay, Droste N, Jenkinson R, Quinn B, Lubman DI, Miller P. Typology of alcohol consumers in five Australian nighttime entertainment districts. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:539–548]
Simulating effects of climate change under direct and diapause development in a butterfly
Authors: Klockmann Michael , Schröder Uta , Karajoli Fajes , Fischer Klaus 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTemperature is one of the most important ecological factors affecting species survival and distributions. Therefore, global climate change, involving increases in mean surface temperature and the occurrence of extreme weather events, may pose a substantial challenge to biodiversity. Whereas tropical ectotherms are believed to be very sensitive to climate change, temperate‐zone species may actually benefit from higher temperatures. However, as in temperate zones large parts of the year are unsuitable for growth and reproduction, seasonal time constraints may complicate matters. Against this background we here investigate the impact of simulated climate change, involving increased mean temperatures and heat waves, across developmental pathways of the butterfly Lycaena tityrus (Poda) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Increased temperatures speeded up development but decreased pupal mass as expected. However, we found no evidence for detrimental effects of increased temperatures or even simulated heat waves. Furthermore, patterns did not differ between indirectly and directly developing individuals, which are assumed to be more time constrained. Our findings support the notion that not all species will be detrimentally affected by climate change, and suggest that species attributes may be more important than potential time constraints imposed by different developmental pathways.
Gait phenotype from mild cognitive impairment to moderate dementia: results from the GOOD initiative
Authors: Allali G. , Annweiler C. , Blumen H. M. , Callisaya M. L. , De Cock A.‐M. , Kressig R. W. , Srikanth V. , Steinmetz J.‐P. , Verghese J. , Beauchet O. 
Published: December 2015

Background and purposeThe differences in gait abnormalities from the earliest to the later stages of dementia and in the different subtypes of dementia have not been fully examined. This study aims to compare spatiotemporal gait parameters in cognitively healthy individuals, patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non‐amnestic MCI, and patients with mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non‐Alzheimer's disease (non‐AD).MethodsBased on a cross‐sectional design, 1719 participants (77.4 ± 7.3 years, 53.9% female) were recruited from cohorts from seven countries participating in the Gait, Cognition and Decline (GOOD) initiative. Mean values and coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters were measured during normal pace walking with the GAITRite system at all sites.ResultsPerformance of spatiotemporal gait parameters declined in parallel with the stage of cognitive decline from MCI status to moderate dementia. Gait parameters of patients with non‐amnestic MCI were more disturbed compared to patients with amnestic MCI, and MCI subgroups performed better than demented patients. Patients with non‐AD dementia had worse gait performance than those with AD dementia. This degradation of gait parameters was similar between mean values and coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters in the earliest stages of cognitive decline, but different in the most advanced stages, especially in the non‐AD subtypes.ConclusionsSpatiotemporal gait parameters were more disturbed in the advanced stages of dementia, and more affected in the non‐AD dementias than in AD. These findings suggest that quantitative gait parameters could be used as a surrogate marker for improving the diagnosis of dementia.
Population‐based comparative analysis of risk of death in children and adolescents with epilepsy and migraine
Authors: Selassie Anbesaw W. , Wilson Dulaney A. , Wagner Janelle L. , Smith Gigi , Wannamaker Braxton B. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectiveFollow‐up studies of children and adolescents with epilepsy (CAW‐E) have revealed higher risk of mortality than children in the general population. The mortality experience of CAW‐E relative to patients with other common neurologic disorders in the pediatric age group is yet undetermined. The objectives of this study are the following: (1) to compare the causes and the adjusted risk of death in CAW‐E with that of children and adolescents with migraine (CAW‐M) in reference to children and adolescents with lower extremity fracture (CAW‐LEF), and children and adolescents in the general population; (2) to evaluate if disparate mortality risks exist by demographic characteristics.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 56,781 children and adolescents 0–18 years of age hospitalized or treated in an emergency or outpatient department from 2000 to 2011 for epilepsy, migraine, or lower extremity fracture from all nonfederal health care facilities. Data on deaths were acquired from linked multiple causes of death data file using person‐specific unique identifiers. Time of follow‐up was from initial clinical encounter to time of death or censoring date of December 31, 2011. The association of risk characteristics with mortality was examined with Cox proportional hazard model after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsFour hundred forty‐seven CAW‐E and 125 CAW‐M died yielding mortality rates of 8.71 and 1.36 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively. The 5‐year risk of death was 4.38% for CAW‐E, 0.68% for CAW‐M, and 0.71% for CAW‐LEF. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 3.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.08–3.72) in CAW‐E and 1.14 (95% CI 0.94–1.34) in CAW‐M relative to CAW‐LEF. Risk of death from neurodevelopmental comorbidities was 5.86 (95% CI 4.24–8.08) times greater than those without in the model that compared epilepsy with LEF.SignificanceThere is an elevated risk of death in CAW‐E with neurodevelopmental comorbidities that remains to be proven.
SNEVPrp19/PSO4 deficiency increases PUVA‐induced senescence in mouse skin
Authors: Monteforte Rossella , Beilhack Georg F. , Grausenburger Reinhard , Mayerhofer Benjamin , Bittner Reginald , Grillari‐Voglauer Regina , Sibilia Maria , Dellago Hanna , Tschachler Erwin , Gruber Florian , Grillari Johannes 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSenescent cells accumulate during ageing in various tissues and contribute to organismal ageing. However, factors that are involved in the induction of senescence in vivo are still not well understood. SNEVPrp19/PSO4 is a multifaceted protein, known to be involved in DNA damage repair and senescence, albeit only in vitro. In this study, we used heterozygous SNEV+/− mice (SNEV‐knockout results in early embryonic lethality) and wild‐type littermate controls as a model to elucidate the role of SNEVPrp19/PSO4 in DNA damage repair and senescence in vivo. We performed PUVA treatment as model system for potently inducing cellular senescence, consisting of 8‐methoxypsoralen in combination with UVA on mouse skin to induce DNA damage and premature skin ageing. We show that SNEVPrp19/PSO4 expression decreases during organismal ageing, while p16, a marker of ageing in vivo, increases. In response to PUVA treatment, we observed in the skin of both SNEVPrp19/PSO4 and wild‐type mice an increase in γ‐H2AX levels, a DNA damage marker. In old SNEVPrp19/PSO4 mice, this increase is accompanied by reduced epidermis thickening and increase in p16 and collagenase levels. Thus, the DNA damage response occurring in the mouse skin upon PUVA treatment is dependent on SNEVPrp19/PSO4 expression and lower levels of SNEVPrp19/PSO4, as in old SNEV+/− mice, result in increase in cellular senescence and acceleration of premature skin ageing.
Effect of the decrease in dialysate sodium in pediatric patients on chronic hemodialysis
Authors: Marsenic Olivera , Anderson Michael , Couloures Kevin G. , Hong Woo S. , Kevin Hall E. , Dahl Neera 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOptimal dialysate sodium (dNa) is unknown, with both higher and lower values suggested in adult studies to improve outcomes. Similar studies in pediatric hemodialysis (HD) population are missing. This is the first report of the effect of two constant dNa concentrations in pediatric patients on chronic HD. 480 standard HD sessions and interdialytic periods were studied in 5 patients (age 4–17 years, weight 20.8–66 kg) during a period of 6–11 months per patient. dNa was 140 mEq/L during the first half, and 138 mEq/L during the second half of the study period for each patient. Lowering dNa was associated with improved preHD hypertension, decreased interdialytic weight gain, decreased need for ultrafiltration, lower sodium gradient and was well tolerated despite lack of concordance with predialysis sNa, that was variable. Further studies are needed to verify our findings and to investigate if an even lower dNa may be more beneficial in the pediatric HD population.