bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Krachtig en kwetsbaar
Authors: Karsten Niels , Schaap Linze , Hendriks Frank 
Published: January 2017

Powerful and vulnerable. The Dutch mayor and the state of a hybrid office
This article describes, on the basis of a broad empirical research, the development of the office of mayor since 2002 (the year of the introduction of a dualist local system in the Netherlands) and the present state of the office. It shows a fundamental change in the office during the last decade and how the already existing hybrid nature of the office has continued to grow since 2002. The article describes the effects of this hybridization and identifies, on the basis of this description, eight power lines and vulnerabilities of the office of mayor. The authors relativize a number of issues that are frequently problematized in relation to the office of mayor, but they also point to new concerns amongst mayors. According to the mayors for example the presidency of the council and the presidency of the board of mayor and aldermen can be combined quite easily in practice. Mayors however, and with good reason, are concerned about the vulnerability of their authority and the sustainability of their neutral position ‘above the parties’, their most important source of authority. For this reason a reorientation of the office of mayor in the Netherlands is needed. This reorientation should start with an answer to the question which roles the mayor has to play in Dutch local government.
De opbrengst van de politiële netwerkfunctie binnen de gebiedsgebonden politiezorg voor de kerntaken handhaving openbare orde en opsporing
Authors: Groenendaal Jelle , Helsloot Ira 
Published: January 2017

The revenues of the police network function within community based policing for the core tasks maintenance of public order and criminal investigation
According to the policy makers of the Dutch police the more complex society for years requires a police organization that can operate as a network player, or even network director, in ever increasing local safety networks to fulfil the police functions of criminal investigation and maintenance of public order in an effective manner. This claim hardly seems to validated by empirical evidence. Validation is important because research shows that a lot of time is spent on the police network function within community based policing. The question is if this time is spent in an effective manner. Therefore this article addresses the question of the revenues of the police network function within community based policing for the core tasks maintenance of political order and criminal investigation. Based on a policy analysis, interviews and five weeks of participatory research in one police force in the Netherlands, the authors conclude that the policy of the police is only to ‘take’ out and not ‘give’ to local safety networks, although according to the practice and the network literature networkers from the police should give to be able to achieve results. Because the police network function does contribute to the quality of life and the social safety in the community, the authors believe that the community is best served by police officers that have a broad network function.
Aansturing van zelfstandige bestuursorganen door ministeries: stijlverschillen
Authors: van Thiel Sandra , van Hendriks Ron 
Published: January 2017

Steering of independent governing bodies by ministries: style differences
Dutch Ministries differ in the manner in which they design and manage their steering relations with independent governing bodies. Based on six cases at four Dutch ministries the authors show these differences. They use two theoretical models (the principal-agent approach and the principal-steward approach) to clarify the kind of relationship. Ministries not only differ in their approach, they also differ in how far they have advanced in the development of their steering relations with independent governing bodies. Because there is no coordination or exchange of knowledge between ministries, ministries that are ‘lagging behind’ cannot learn from the experiences of ministries that have more experience. The authors do not propose one form of central coordination or one model, but they do propose more exchange of knowledge within and between Dutch ministries.
Hij begrijpt er dus helemaal niets van!
Authors: Kruiter Albert Jan , in ‘t Veld Roel 
Published: January 2017

He really doesn’t understand anything at all! Colliding rationalities as a perspective to improve collaboration
This contribution addresses the question of competences and skills for public professionals to improve collaboration. The authors start their search by looking for a conceptual focus. Poor collaboration is conceptualized as ‘colliding rationalities’. Herbert Simon has introduced the concept of ‘bounded rationalities’ to oppose scientists who think that improvement of public administration is possible through ex ante theorizing. Human beings not only have a limited capacity for rational thinking, but there also multiple rationalities that restrict each other. A classic distinction is made by Ig Snellen: a) legal rationality, b) political rationality, c) financial/economic rationality, d) scientific rationality. Not only are rationalities restricted, but also collisions can occur between professionals who adhere to different rationalities. These collisions have to do with their relational network, with the nature of their tasks and with their way of thinking and communicating. Therefore the authors have worked with different groups of professionals to find out which competences they need to deal with these collisions or make them productive. They did so on the basis of specific cases in their daily working practice. Jan Fraanje comments on this contribution as a practitioner in a Dutch municipality.
Ministeriabel – ministersbenoeming als een voor beroep vatbare beschikking
Authors: Martha R.S.J. 
Published: January 2017

Ministeriabel – ministersbenoeming als een voor beroep vatbare beschikking
De Landsverordening integriteit (kandidaat-)ministers heeft de pennen aan het schrijven gekregen. Want levert de in de landsverordening bedoelde schriftelijke mededeling van het niet voordragen voor benoeming een beschikking op in de zin van de Lar? Kan een minister inzake een dergelijke medeling bij de burgerlijke of bestuursrechtelijke rechter terecht? En zo ja, hoe zal deze rechter daarmee om moeten gaan? In deze bijdrage en de drie daaropvolgende bijdragen zijn dr. Martha LLM, prof. mr. Rogier en dr. mr. Sybesma hierover in discussie.
De natuur in het geding
Authors: Bury M.A.M. 
Published: January 2017

De natuur in het geding. Over toekenning van rechten aan de natuur
Er zijn dermate veel voorbeelden in de (staten)praktijk waarbij het milieu wordt opgeofferd voor economische groei dat de vraag rijst wat de juridische mogelijkheden zijn voor het toekennen van rechten aan de natuur. Onderzocht wordt wat deze rechten mogelijk inhouden, waarna dit wordt afgezet tegen de Natuurbeschermingsverordening van Aruba. Kunnen de belangen van de natuur (wereldwijd) beter behartigd worden als zij rechten heeft? Een universele verklaring van de rechten van de natuur leidt ertoe dat de natuur in alle situaties waarin zich (grensoverschrijdende) milieuschade voordoet voor haar rechten kan opkomen.
Dader, slachtoffer, of beiden?
Authors: Rokven Josja , Ruiter Stijn , Tolsma Jochem 
Published: January 2017

Offender, victim or both? An examination of the relationship between victimization and offending.
This study addresses next to the question to what extent offenders become victims themselves also and for the first time in the Netherlands the degree in which victims become suspects of criminal investigations themselves. Furthermore, this study also examines whether this reciprocal relationship is in fact spurious, caused by socio-demographic characteristics of individuals. Annual victimization survey data combined with longitudinal police data show a positive reciprocal relationship, even after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics of individuals. Subgroups that score relatively low on offending and victimization show a stronger reciprocal relationship, while for subgroups with relatively high scores, the relationship is less strong or even negative.
WNT en Wwz bijten elkaar niet
Authors: Vernooij Corine , Voermans Barbara 
Published: January 2017

WNT en Wwz bijten elkaar niet: Stapeling vergoedingen voor topfunctionaris mogelijk?
Kan een wettelijk verschuldigde transitievergoeding cumuleren met een tussen een WNT-plichtige instelling en een topfunctionaris overeengekomen ontslagvergoeding, indien de som van de vergoedingen hoger uitvalt dan het WNT-maximum van € 75.000?Volgens de Kantonrechter Amsterdam staat het een WNT-plichtige instelling en een topfunctionaris niet vrij naast de transitievergoeding een ontslagvergoeding overeen te komen, althans voor zover deze samen boven het WNT-maximum zouden uitkomen.In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van de WNT, Wwz en wetsgeschiedenis betoogd dat de transitievergoeding wel degelijk kan cumuleren met een ontslagvergoeding, ook als de transitievergoeding en de ontslagvergoeding gezamenlijk meer bedragen dan het WNT-maximum.
Een transitievergoeding na een terecht gegeven ontslag op staande voet?
Authors: Verhulp Evert 
Published: January 2017

Een transitievergoeding na een terecht gegeven ontslag op staande voet?
In deze bijdrage onderzoekt de auteur of na de invoering van de Wwz nog reden is vast te houden aan de gedachte dat een werknemer geen verwijt hoeft te treffen van de dringende reden om hem terecht op staande voet te kunnen ontslaan. Indien aan die gedachte wordt vastgehouden, is de vraag of dan niet over en weer vorderingen ontstaan, want waar de werkgever de transitievergoeding aan de werknemer moet betalen, kan de werknemer aan de werkgever de gefixeerde schadevergoeding moeten betalen.
Het gebrekkige afspiegelen door het UWV
Authors: Rietveld Rachel 
Published: January 2017

Het gebrekkige afspiegelen door het UWV
De afspiegeling die werkgever verplicht moet maken bij ontslagen wegens bedrijfseconomische redenen, is een moeilijke opgave. De regels die het UWV heeft opgesteld zijn naast lastig, ook nog eens incompleet en ze worden niet altijd goed uitgevoerd. In dit artikel gaat de auteur in op de doelstelling van afspiegeling en hoe dit doel (beter) bereikt kan worden.
Simultaneous Enrichment and On-line Detection of Low-Concentration Copper, Cobalt, and Nickel Ions in Water by Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics
Authors: Iqbal Jibran , Du Yiping , Howari Fares , Bataineh Mahmoud , Muhammad Nawshad , Rahim Abdur 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Sensitive detection of heavy metal ions in water is of great importance considering the effects that heavy metals have on public health. A developed fluidized bed enrichment technique was used to concentrate and detect low concentrations of Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ in water samples by near-IR diffuse reflectance (NIDR) spectroscopy (NIDRS) directly without using any chemicals or reagents. The NIDR spectraof adsorbent were measured on-line, and quantitative detection was achieved by applying a built partial least-squares chemometric model. Sensitivity and accuracy was improved significantly because large-volume mixture solutions were used in the enrichment process. Root mean square error of cross-validation values for Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ were 0.29, 0.41, and 0.35 μg/mL, respectively, with mean relative error values in the acceptable range of 6.56–10.27%. This study confirms the potential application of fluidized bed enrichment combined with NIDRS and chemometrics for the simultaneous detection of trace heavy metal ions in water, with low relative error.
Characterization of the Thermal Degradation of Vinegar and the Construction of an Identification Model for Chinese Geographical Indication Vinegars by the Py-GC-MS Technique
Authors: Xiong Cen , Su Zhiyi , Zhezng Yanjie , Wang Qi , Ling Yejing , Liu Zhongdong , Li Yongle , Zhang Jingru , Yang Guowu , Zhang Xieguang 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The pyrolysis (Py)-GC-MS technique was first introduced for the identification of two kinds of Chinese geographical indication vinegars because its advantages are that it is a simple and convenient sample pretreatmentand inlet method. Abundant Py information about vinegars was obtained using Py-GC-MS; 21 common peaks were selected. With the help of the classical partial least-squares (PLS) modeling method for data analysis, two identification models for Shanxi extra-aged (SX) and Zhenjiang (ZJ) vinegars were established, respectively. An N-reducing method was used to select the variables. The variables were reduced one at a time to build the PLS models with the lowest number of misjudgments. Both models had good recognition rates, identifying over 90% of samples correctly. Thus, combining Py-GC-MS and PLS could be regarded as an effective method for the identification of SX and ZJ vinegars.
A Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor Based on a Reduced Graphene Oxide and Indole-5-Carboxylic Acid Nanocomposite for the Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Zhang Ze , Yu Hong-Wei , Wan Guang-Cai , Jiang Jing-Hui , Wang Na , Liu Zhi-Yong , Chang Dong , Pan Hong-Zhi 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A label-free DNA hybridization electrochemical sensor for the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae was developed, which could be helpful in the diagnosis of bacterial infections. Indole-5-carboxylic acid (ICA) and graphene oxide (GO) were electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode, and the resulting reduced GO (rGO)-ICA hybrid film served as a platform for immobilizing oligonucleotides on a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) sequence. The conditions were optimized, with excellent electrochemical performance. A significant change was observed after hybridization of ssDNA with the target probe under optimum conditions. Hybridization with complementary, noncomplementary, one-base mismatched, and three-base mismatched DNA targets was studied effectively by differential pulse voltammetry. The proposed strategy could detect target DNA down to 3 × 10−11 M, with a linear range from 1 × 10−6 M to 1 × 10−10 M, showing high sensitivity. This electrochemical method is simple, free from indicator, and shows good selectivity. Hence, electrochemical biosensors are successfully demonstrated for the detection of K. pneumoniae.
Simultaneous Determination of Five Active Components in the Chinese Patent Medicine Niuhuang Jiangya Pill by HPLC-MS/MS
Authors: Xiong Shan , Lei Shanshan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Niuhuang Jiangya (NHJY) pill is one of the well-known Chinese patent medicines in China used in the treatment of high blood pressure. The primary purpose of this study was to establish and validate a method using HPLC with tandem MS for the quality evaluation of NHJY pill through simultaneous determination of the following five active components: baicalin, paeoniflorin, astragaloside IV, ferulic acid, and emodin. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Hypersil GOLD HPLC C18 column (50 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) with acetonitrileand water as mobile phase and gradient elution at a flow rateof 0.4 mL/min. The method established in this study was selective, linear, precise, and accurate and was successfully applied to evaluate five active components in NHJY pill collectedfrom different production batches, which could be considered a good approach to control the quality of NHJY pill and other related botanical drugs.
Evaluation of TA10 Broth for Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from Ground Beef
Authors: Kamisaki-Horikoshi Naoko , Okada Yukio , Takeshita Kazuko , Takada Makoto , Kawamoto Shinichi , Kawasaki Susumu 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In 2009, the enrichment broth TA10 was released for simultaneous recovery of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. This medium was compared with other Salmonella enrichment broths [lactose (LAC) broth, buffered peptone water (BPW), and universal pre-enrichment (UP) broth] for the recovery of heat- and freeze-injured Salmonella spp. in beef by the conventional culture method. There was a significant difference between TA10 and LAC enrichment broths for detecting injured Salmonella spp. In this study, the International Organization for Standardization Listeria pre-enrichment broth (Half-Fraser/Fraser) was compared with TA10 broth for the recovery of L. monocytogenes from ground beef. Ground beef samples were contaminated with single Listeria serovars at levels of 0.096 to 0.001 most probable number/g. Twenty 25 g test portions of the contaminated ground beef were pre-enriched in each broth, and the ISO-11290-1 Listeria official isolation protocol was used thereafter. There was a significant difference between TA10 broth (48 h) and Half-Fraser/Fraser broth (72 h) in the recovery of L. monocytogenes. In addition, the incubation time for TA10 broth was shorter than for Half-Fraser/Fraser broth. The results indicate that TA10 broth should be used instead of Half-Fraser/Fraser broth for analysis of beef that may be contaminated with very low levels of L. monocytogenes.
Au pied de la lettre. La mise en soupçon du romanesque dans L’Enchanteur de René Barjavel
Authors: Arseneau Isabelle 
Published: January 2017

Avec L’Enchanteur, René Barjavel participe au renouvellement du mythe de Merlin dans la littérature française du xxe siècle. Cette réappropriation, qui paraît en 1984, n’a cependant suscité que très peu de commentaires. Il est assez peu risqué de supposer que ce désintérêt de la critique tient à l’apparente volonté du romancier de renouer avec les chimères et les frivolités des « vieux romans » avec lesquelles a cherché à rompre le roman « moderne ». Notre relecture de L’Enchanteur veut plutôt montrer comment son auteur est resté fidèle aux leçons des romans, déjà critiques, du Moyen Âge, où le prophète apparaît très tôt comme l’occasion d’un commentaire métatextuel sur les limites et la puissance de la parole et de l’écriture. Le personnage de l’enfant, dont le regard émerveillé aurait pu fournir au romancier du xxe siècle l’occasion de réenchanter le monde du roman, provoque au contraire une mise à plat des mystères de la langue. Le prosaïsme du discours enfantin a d’ailleurs tôt fait de contaminer le narrateur qui ne se laisse jamais oublier et qui, par des jeux de métalepses savamment orchestrés, force une mise à nue des stratégies d’écriture du romancier. Contre toute attente, on voit alors le roman romanesque procéder à son propre examen et rejoindre les rangs du roman critique.
Risk of transmission of Chagas disease by intrusion of triatomines and wild mammals in Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
Authors: Reyes Marlene , Torres Ángela , Esteban Lyda , Flórez Mónica , Angulo Víctor Manuel 
Published: January 2017

Introducción. La notificación de triatominos en las viviendas de algunos barrios de Bucaramanga motivó la realización de este estudio.Objetivo. Evaluar la intrusión de triatominos y mamíferos, así como algunos factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de Chagas en viviendas urbanas.Materiales y métodos. En un barrio de Bucaramanga, Santander, se recolectaron triatominos mensualmente durante un año con participación comunitaria mediante búsqueda manual en el alumbrado público, y el uso de trampas de luz, cebo animal y atrayentes químicos en el bosque cercano. Los reservorios se recolectaron con trampas cebadas. Los insectos y mamíferos se determinaron y examinaron para establecer su infección natural. Los factores de riesgo de las viviendas se midieron mediante una encuesta sobre factores sociales y ambientales.Resultados. Se recolectaron 11 adultos de Panstrongylus geniculatus y 63 de Rhodnius pallescens en el bosque, en zonas de recreación en el peridomicilio y en el domicilio, incluidas dos hembras y 21 ninfas de R. pallescens en dormitorios. Se capturaron dos ejemplares de Didelphis marsupialis en el bosques adyacente. De los 11 individuos de P. geniculatus capturados, se examinaron nueve, de los cuales cinco fueron positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi (56 %); de los 63 individuos de R. pallescens capturados, se examinaron ocho, cuatro de los cuales fueron positivos para T. cruzi (50 %). De dos especímenes de D. marsupiales capturados, uno fue examinado y se encontró que era positivo para T. cruzi. No se pudo establecer un factor de riesgo significativo, sin embargo, las viviendas con reporte de triatominos se encontraban más cerca del bosque adyacente.Conclusiones. El hallazgo de especies de triatominos intrusivas y de mamíferos con T. cruzi en el domicilio y el peridomicilio, así como en los bosques periurbanos, demuestra el riesgo de infección en las poblaciones que habitan en viviendas urbanas adyacentes a los ecótopos donde se mantiene el ciclo silvestre.
Antibiotic resistance potential of the healthy preterm infant gut microbiome
Authors: Rose Graham , Shaw Alexander G. , Sim Kathleen , Wooldridge David J. , Li Ming-Shi , Gharbia Saheer , Misra Raju , Kroll John Simon 
Published: January 2017

Background
Few studies have investigated the gut microbiome of infants, fewer still preterm infants. In this study we sought to quantify and interrogate the resistome within a cohort of premature infants using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We describe the gut microbiomes from preterm but healthy infants, characterising the taxonomic diversity identified and frequency of antibiotic resistance genes detected.

Results
Dominant clinically important species identified within the microbiomes included C. perfringens, K. pneumoniae and members of the Staphylococci and Enterobacter genera. Screening at the gene level we identified an average of 13 antimicrobial resistance genes per preterm infant, ranging across eight different antibiotic classes, including aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Some antibiotic resistance genes were associated with clinically relevant bacteria, including the identification of mecA and high levels of Staphylococci within some infants. We were able to demonstrate that in a third of the infants the S. aureus identified was unrelated using MLST or metagenome assembly, but low abundance prevented such analysis within the remaining samples.

Conclusions
We found that the healthy preterm infant gut microbiomes in this study harboured a significant diversity of antibiotic resistance genes. This broad picture of resistances and the wider taxonomic diversity identified raises further caution to the use of antibiotics without consideration of the resident microbial communities.
Opportunistic suspension feeding in the intertidal gastropod Olivella columellaris and its implications for the regulation of tidal migrations
Authors: Morse Aaron P , Peters Winfried S 
Published: January 2017

The gastropod Olivella columellaris inhabits sandy beaches of the Tropical East Pacific. These snails perform tidal migrations forcontinuous suspension feeding in the moving backwash zone, possibly controlled by an endogenous circatidal clock. However, O. columellaris readily modifies its circatidal behavior, for example when flow channels develop below natural and artificial tide pools at ebb tide. Suspension feeding continues in such channels while water is running, delaying tidal migration. Such behavioral plasticity questions the significance ofendogenous rhythms for the regulation of tidal migrations in O. columellaris.