bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle networks: Connectivity analysis of EMG activity during postural control
Authors: Boonstra Tjeerd W. , Danna-Dos-Santos Alessander , Xie Hong-Bo , Roerdink Melvyn , Stins John F. , Breakspear Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms that reduce the many degrees of freedom in the musculoskeletal system remains an outstanding challenge. Muscle synergies reduce the dimensionality and hence simplify the control problem. How this is achieved is not yet known. Here we use network theory to assess the coordination between multiple muscles and to elucidate the neural implementation of muscle synergies. We performed connectivity analysis of surface EMG from ten leg muscles to extract the muscle networks while human participants were standing upright in four different conditions. We observed widespread connectivity between muscles at multiple distinct frequency bands. The network topology differed significantly between frequencies and between conditions. These findings demonstrate how muscle networks can be used to investigate the neural circuitry of motor coordination. The presence of disparate muscle networks across frequencies suggests that the neuromuscular system is organized into a multiplex network allowing for parallel and hierarchical control structures.
Vocabulary Skills of Spanish-English Speaking Elementary Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Brice Alejandro , Leung Cynthia , Gorman Brenda K. 
Published: December 2015

Introduction
Bilingualism is the norm worldwide. Despite the fact that nearly one in five individuals (17.9%; U.S. Census Bureau, 2007) speaks another language other than English in the home, knowledge regarding the nature of bilingualism and school performance, particularly vocabulary skills in bilingual children, is still needed.

Purpose
This study investigated vocabulary skills of bilingual, Spanish-English speaking students enrolled in 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades.

Methods
Fifteen Spanish-English speaking students were administered English and Spanish receptive and expressive vocabulary measures. Total conceptual vocabulary scores were also obtained for both the English and Spanish measures.

Results
Results indicated significant differences for 3rd and 5th grade groups on the Spanish expressive vocabulary measure and also on the expressive total conceptual vocabulary measure.

Conclusions
The bilingual students, although the majority had been mainstreamed and exited from ESOL classes and services, appeared to be still acquiring English vocabulary skills and may have not attained complete cognitive academic English language proficiencies. Therefore, it is possible that incomplete vocabulary skills may affect overall academic language skills and overall academic performance. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) must strive to maintain native language skills that facilitate reading comprehension and English academic success.
Spanish for the Audiologist: Is There an App for That?
Authors: Abreu Rosa , Adriatico Terry 
Published: December 2015

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of people, 5 years of age and older speaking a language other than English at home has more than doubled within the last three decades. Spanish speakers are prominent in these numbers. Additionally, 41% report speaking English less than “very well.” We can surmise from this data that a significant number of patients/families seeking hearing health services from audiologists may have limited English proficiency or a language barrier. In contrast, according to ASHA demographics, the majority of audiologists in the United States are monolingual and speak primarily English.Audiology, a discipline with communication at its heart, is in a distinctive position to continue to provide high-quality, accessible, culturally sensitive services, regardless of language barriers. Ten audiologists in northern NJ volunteered to try a real time translation mobile app (Google Translate App) and document their experiences with the use of this tool with their Spanish-speaking patients/families. Results suggest that a mobile translation app may be a viable option to address language barriers in the audiology practice when professional and/or ad-hoc interpreters are not available. Technology driven solutions can then be applied to customize the translation apps to the specific needs of the audiology practice (e.g., vernacular used in adult vs. pediatric populations, or vestibular vs. rehabilitation terminology). Healthcare literacy is also addressed in the content of patient education and cultural competence.
Lockean Money, Indigenism and Globalism
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: December 2015

There are no nations, there are no peoples …. There is only one wholistic system of systems, one vast, interwoven, interacting, multivariant, multinational domain of dollars. It is the international system of currency which determines the totality of life on this planet. That is the natural order of things today.—Clarence Jenson Network, Metro-Goldwyn Mayer, 1976When the seats of power and authority have been attained, there should be no more poetic license.—J. M. Keynes
A Singular and Representative Life: Personal Memory and Systematic Harms
Authors: Campbell Sue 
Published: December 2015

Philosophers have regarded memory of the events of one's own past, which I will call experiential memory, as importantly personal and have written with conviction about the value of personal memory. Annette Baier writes: “Out of a large range of acts, attitudes, and postures … intending and remembering have a central role to play in any adequate philosophy of mind …. Both intentions and memories are, in a special way, personal.” Mary Warnock writes that while all creatures learn from experience and thus have memory, “[h]umans have another capacity which is to reflect on their lives and histories. This is the kind of memory thatmustbe thought of as mental, not physical, for it must be experienced, and experienced privately within the mind of each one of us. I cannot have your memory.”In a tradition of theorizing about memory deriving from Locke, we value experiential memory as fundamental to developing a sense of self as unified and continuous and to developing moral capacities for accountability and self-knowledge. What I find particularly interesting in Warnock's description of memory is the forceful linking of value to uniqueness through reference to what cannot be shared.
Isomaltodextrin, a highly branched α-glucan, increases rat colonic H2 production as well as indigestible dextrin
Authors: Nishimura Naomichi , Tanabe Hiroki , Yamamoto Tatsuro 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Colonic hydrogen (H2) protects against inflammation-induced oxidative stress. We examined the effect of a new highly branched α-glucan, isomaltodextrin (IMD), on colonic H2 production in rats. Rats were fed a 16.7% IMD, 8.8% indigestible dextrin (ID), or 10.4% high amylose cornstarch diet (Expt. 1), were fed diets containing 3.3–16.7% IMD (Expt. 2), or were fed diets containing 16.7% IMD or 5.2% fructooligosaccharide (FOS) (Expt. 3), for 14 days. Compared with the control group, feeding IMD or other α-glucans dose dependently and significantly increased H2 excretion and portal H2 concentration. The ability of IMD to increase H2 production was not inferior to that of FOS. The cecal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the IMD group was 5–14% of that in the control group. The cecal abundance of bifidobacteria was significantly greater in the IMD group than in the control group. Taken together, IMD, as well as other α-glucans, significantly increased colonic H2 production in a dose-dependent manner.
Arithmetic positivity on toric varieties
Authors: Burgos Gil José , Moriwaki Atsushi , Philippon Patrice , Sombra Martín 
Published: December 2015

We continue the study of the arithmetic geometry of toric varieties started by J. Burgos Gil, P. Philippon, and M. Sombra in 2011. In this text, we study the positivity properties of metrized

R

\mathbb {R}

-divisors in the toric setting. For a toric metrized

R

\mathbb {R}

-divisor, we give formulae for its arithmetic volume and its

χ
\chi

-arithmetic volume, and we characterize when it is arithmetically ample, nef, big or pseudo-effective, in terms of combinatorial data. As an application, we prove a higher-dimensional analogue of Dirichlet’s unit theorem for toric varieties, we give a characterization for the existence of a Zariski decomposition of a toric metrized

R

\mathbb {R}

-divisor, and we prove a toric arithmetic Fujita approximation theorem.
Persistence and Recurrence Following Femoral Derotational Osteotomy in Ambulatory Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Church Chris , Lennon Nancy , Pineault Kevin , Abousamra Oussama , Niiler Tim , Henley John , Dabney Kirk , Miller Freeman 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Excessive hip internal rotation is frequently seen in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Femoral derotational osteotomy (FDO) is effective in the short term, but factors associated with long-term correction remain unclear. The purposes of this study were to define the incidence of persistence and recurrence of hip internal rotation following FDO in ambulatory children with CP and to evaluate factors that influence outcome.

Methods:
Following IRB approval, kinematic and passive range of motion (PROM) variables were retrospectively evaluated in children with spastic CP who had FDO to correct hip internal rotation as part of clinical care at a children’s specialty hospital. Children included had a preoperative evaluation (Vpre), a short-term postoperative evaluation (Vshort, 1 to 3 y post), and, in some cases, a long-term postoperative evaluation (Vlong, ≥5 y post). Age at surgery, physical exam measures, and kinematics variables were evaluated as predictors for dynamic and static recurrence.

Results:
Kinematic hip rotation improved from 14±12 degrees (Vpre; internal positive) to 4±13 degrees (Vshort) and relapsed to 9±15 degrees long term (P<0.05 Vpre/Vshort/Vlong; 99 limbs). Hip PROM midpoint improved from 23±9 degrees (Vpre) to 8±11 degrees (Vshort) and relapsed to 14±13 degrees (P<0.01 Vpre/Vshort/Vlong). Persistent hip internal rotation was noted in 41% (kinematics) and 18% (PROM) of limbs at Vshort (105 children, 178 limbs). Of limbs that showed initial improvement at Vshort (62 children, 95 limbs), recurrence was seen in 40% (kinematic hip rotation) and 39% (hip midpoint) at Vlong. Comparing children who had recurrent hip internal rotation and those who maintained long-term correction, we saw higher levels of spasticity and lower gait velocity in the recurrent group (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
Although FDO is an accepted treatment in children with CP, persistence and recurrence of hip internal rotation can occur. Recurrence is associated with spasticity and slower gait velocity. Predictor variables may be useful for surgeons during preoperative discussions of expected outcome with families of FDO candidates.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
SLTAB2is the paramutatedSULFUREAlocus in tomato
Authors: Gouil Quentin , Novák Ondřej , Baulcombe David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThesulfurea (sulf)allele is a silent epigenetic variant of a tomato gene (Solanum lycopersicum)affecting pigment production. It is homozygous lethal but, in a heterozygotesulf/+, the wild type allele undergoes silencing so that the plants exhibit chlorotic sectors. This transfer of the silenced state between alleles resembles the process of paramutation that is best characterised in maize. To understand the mechanism of paramutation we mappedSULFto the orthologSLTAB2of anArabidopsisgene that, consistent with the pigment deficiency, is involved in the translation of photosystem I. Paramutation ofSLTAB2is linked to an increase in DNA methylation and production of small interfering RNAs at its promoter. Virus-induced gene silencing ofSLTAB2phenocopiessulfconsistent with the possibility that siRNAs mediate the paramutation ofSULFUREA. Unlike the maize systems the paramutagenicity ofsulfis not, however, associated with repeated sequences at the region of siRNA production or DNA methylation.
Avtar I-WIN: creating flexi-careers
Authors: Raghavan Srividya , Dastidar Surajit Ghosh 
Published: December 2015

Subject area
Entrepreneurship.

Study level/applicability
MBA level – entrepreneurship courses, MA level – women empowerment issues, MBA – thriving in unstructured environments.

Case overview
Saundarya Rajesh, was the founder-president of AVTAR Career Creators (ACC) a talent consulting firm that offered solutions in training, hiring, selection process outsourcing and human resource information studies to over 400 clients. The case describes the progressive journey of Saundarya as an entrepreneur in discovering and exploiting opportunities as they arise at different points of her career. Saundarya did pioneering work for creating flexi-career opportunities that included tools for Flexidizing® and Unbundling® of jobs. She has won many accolades for her work that included Tie Stree Shakti Awards 2011 for excellence in entrepreneurship, Cavinkare's Chinnikrishnan Innovation Award for Outstanding Entrepreneurship 2011 and India Today's Business Wizards of Tamil Nadu, 2011. Saundarya was happy with the fact that there were 23,000 women currently on the AVTAR I-WIN network and there were 13-15 lakh more women whose talent could be harnessed. She dreamt of ensuring that 1.2 million Indian women, who had dropped out of the workforce in the past 10-15 years, could be brought back to contribute productively. While there appeared to be an acceptance of the flexible working concept among the potential employees and employers, several questions about the future potential of such a work-force needed to be answered.

Expected learning outcomes
To understand the factors that constitute entrepreneur's alertness such as personality traits, social networks and prior knowledge. To understand the importance of entrepreneur's alertness for identifying business opportunities. To understand types of entrepreneurial opportunities. To understand the opportunity identification triad: recognition, development and evaluation. To understand how to develop a business model in under-defined contexts.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Developing a theoretical framework to analyze an urban culinary culture and explain restaurant cluster developments
Authors: Omholt Tore 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework to explain the development of sustainable culinary places and restaurant clusters.Design/methodology/approach– The theoretical approach is based on a multi-level and multi-perspective case study approach toward studying the organization and governance of clusters of culinary activities and firms.Findings– The main part of findings is based on the comparison of two case studies of the development of restaurant clusters, representing two different forms of knowledge management and governance.Research limitations/implications– The findings underscore the importance of local entrepreneurs, cluster organization and governance, knowledge exchange and learning and dependence on a local catchment area. The findings also show that several forms of cluster organization can coexist in the same area and support each other, adding to increased sustainability and connectedness in an urban area.Practical implications– The findings indicate that there is a need for a more realistic approach to the development of culinary places and destinations, and not solely rely on place branding, standard marketing procedures and support from local authorities. To develop a sustainable and connected place, we need an appropriate form of organization and governance. The findings indicate that different types of restaurant clusters require different forms of governance of knowledge management processes to be effective.Social implications– The paper directs attention to the fact that the food sector constitutes an important sector for employment of immigrants, females and part-time workers, which together constitute the largest group with regard to unemployment in many cities. The paper also shows how the evolution of a culinary culture in Oslo has contributed to solidarity within and between ethnic groups, which is sorely needed today.Originality/value– This paper shows that sustainable, liveable and connected places can be developed without reliance on standard branding and marketing procedures, and despite opposition from the retail industry and lack of support from local authorities.
Branding the new city: exploring place branding in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shoaib Turki , Keivani Ramin 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– This study aims to explore the development of a new city brand in Saudi Arabia. Place Branding theory is geared towards existing places and does not take into account newly developed cities. Here “Place Branding” takes on a new significance. How do we develop a brand for a city that does not yet exist? Who are the actors involved and how do they influence the process?Design/methodology/approach– The study uses discourse analysis to investigate the interplay between actors and place brand development in King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC) for two separate branding scenarios. It is further structured through the theoretical lens of actor-network theory (ANT) to take advantage of relational aspects that can lend insight on how a brand is created and enacted.Findings– Initial findings suggest that branding messages in KAEC are fragmented with little government or other stakeholder involvement leading to poor brand awareness and performance. The study also emphasises the importance of branding practices in the beginning stages of new city development. It further suggests that the message itself, the conceptual place brand, can represent a socially constructed idea or belief that can shape perceptions about the project before physical form is developed.Originality/value– The case study in Saudi Arabia will highlight the opportunities and pitfalls associated with place branding in the Middle East while comparing the findings with traditional place-branding approaches in existing cities. By contextualizing discourse analysis research within an ANT-based exploration of the KAEC brand’s gestation in Saudi Arabia, the study highlights the meaningfulness of a place brand construct in the process of city creation.
The effect of physical environment comfort on employees’ performance in office buildings
Authors: Ali Azlan Shah , Chua Shirley Jin Lin , Lim Melissa Ee-Ling 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– Maintaining a comfortable physical environment in the workplace is claimed to be vital as it will create a “healthier” building with optimum environmental conditions, which enable employees to be healthier and have a lower absenteeism rate, and hence be more productive. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to deal with the importance of physical environment comfort in the office workplace. Evaluation was made of the office workers’ performance that is mainly affected by levels of comfort in the office.Design/methodology/approach– Three selected case studies were evaluated based on aspects of employees’ comfort, perceived health and absenteeism rate, by considering the elements of physical comfort that consist of room temperature, relative humidity and luminance level. The selected case studies were the Department of Development and Estate Maintenance of three research universities in Malaysia. Field studies were carried out using hygrometers and lux meters in measuring the said elements as well as post-occupancy evaluation, which involved 30 respondents for each case (total 90 respondents), to determine their perception of comfort and its effect on their health and absenteeism rate. Data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.Findings– The results suggest that employees did not find luminance level uncomfortable, when compared with room temperature, thus proving that employees are more sensitive to room temperature comfort. Furthermore, when the room temperature comfort was low, significant correlations were found with health-related issues such as feeling “stuffy”, being easily tired and having difficulty concentrating.Originality/value– This paper investigates the relationship between employee performance and a comfortable workplace environment. It could be concluded that an uncomfortable environment in an office workplace leads to health-related issues as well as increasing the absenteeism rate. High levels of employee absenteeism lead to decreased employee productivity, therefore affecting their work performance.
Wheat bran promotes enrichment within the human colonic microbiota of butyrate‐producing bacteria that release ferulic acid
Authors: Duncan Sylvia H. , Russell Wendy R. , Quartieri Andrea , Rossi Maddalena , Parkhill Julian , Walker Alan W. , Flint Harry J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryCereal fibres such as wheat bran are considered to offer human health benefits via their impact on the intestinal microbiota. We show here by 16S rRNA gene‐based community analysis that providing amylase‐pretreated wheat bran as the sole added energy source to human intestinal microbial communities in anaerobic fermentors leads to the selective and progressive enrichment of a small number of bacterial species. In particular, OTUs corresponding to uncultured Lachnospiraceae (Firmicutes) related to Eubacterium xylanophilum and Butyrivibrio spp. were strongly enriched (by five to 160 fold) over 48 h in four independent experiments performed with different faecal inocula, while nine other Firmicutes OTUs showed > 5‐fold enrichment in at least one experiment. Ferulic acid was released from the wheat bran during degradation but was rapidly converted to phenylpropionic acid derivatives via hydrogenation, demethylation and dehydroxylation to give metabolites that are detected in human faecal samples. Pure culture work using bacterial isolates related to the enriched OTUs, including several butyrate‐producers, demonstrated that the strains caused substrate weight loss and released ferulic acid, but with limited further conversion. We conclude that breakdown of wheat bran involves specialist primary degraders while the conversion of released ferulic acid is likely to involve a multi‐species pathway.
The deep‐sea glass sponge Lophophysema eversa harbours potential symbionts responsible for the nutrient conversions of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur
Authors: Tian Ren‐Mao , Sun Jin , Cai Lin , Zhang Wei‐Peng , Zhou Guo‐Wei , Qiu Jian‐Wen , Qian Pei‐Yuan 
Published: December 2015

SummaryGlass sponge (Hexactinellida, Porifera) is a special lineage because of its unique tissue organization and skeleton material. Structure and physiology of glass sponge have been extensively studied. However, our knowledge of the glass sponge‐associated microbial community and of the interaction with the host is rather limited. Here, we performed genomic studies on the microbial community in the glass sponge Lophophysema eversa in seamount. The microbial community was dominated by an ammonia‐oxidizing archaeum (AOA), a nitrite‐oxidizing bacterium (NOB) and a sulfur‐oxidizing bacterium (SOB), all of which were autotrophs. Genomic analysis on the AOA, NOB and SOB in the sponge revealed specific functional features of sponge‐associated microorganisms in comparison with the closely related free‐living relatives, including chemotaxis, phage defence, vitamin biosynthesis and nutrient uptake among others, which are related to ecological functions. The three autotrophs play essential roles in the cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in the microenvironment inside the sponge body, and they are considered to play symbiotic roles in the host as scavengers of toxic ammonia, nitrite and sulfide. Our study extends knowledge regarding the metabolism and the evolution of chemolithotrophs inside the invertebrate body.