bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porównanie stężenia fluorków w kościach człowieka, psa, lisa i jenota zamieszkujących północno‑zachodnią Polskę
Authors: Palczewska‑Komsa Mirona 
Published: December 2016

Wstęp: Od początków XX w. notuje się stały wzrost emisji fluorków (F−) do środowiska, przede wszystkim na skutek rozwoju przemysłu, fluorkowania wody pitnej i powszechnego stosowania past do zębów wzbogaconych we fluorki. Wszystko to przyczynia się do intensywniejszego nagromadzania tych substancji w organizmach kręgowców, głównie w utworach kostnych. W związku z tym uzasadnione jest kontrolowanie stężeń F− u ludzi i innych długowiecznych ssaków. Dla celów ekotoksykologicznych od dawna trwają poszukiwania gatunków ssaków, które mogą służyć jako dobre bioindykatory zanieczyszczenia środowiska F−. W przeciwieństwie do ssaków kopytnych, długowieczne udomowione i dziko żyjące ssaki drapieżne (w tym pies, lis i jenot) rzadko są wykorzystywane w bioindykacji zanieczyszczenia środowiska F−. Głównymi celami pracy było: 1) poznanie stężeń F− w kościach uzyskanych od człowieka, psa, lisa i jenota pochodzących z północno‑zachodniej Polski; 2) dokonanie porównań wewnątrz‑ i międzygatunkowych wartości stężenia F− w próbkach kostnych badanych ssaków na tle warunków bytowo‑środowiskowych; 3) zbadanie związków między stężeniami F− w kościach a wiekiem lub kategorią wiekową analizowanych ssaków.Materiał i metody: Materiał do badań stanowiły kości współ- tworzące staw biodrowy, pochodzące od 36 pacjentów po alloplastyce stawu biodrowego, 43 psów ze szczecińskich lecznic oraz 32 lisów i 18 jenotów dostarczonych przez myśliwych. Całość materiału badawczego obejmowała 129 próbek, a oznaczenia F− (metodą potencjometryczną z wykorzystaniem jonoselektywnej elektrody Thermo Orion) wykonano w 3 powtórzeniach. Stężenie F− wyrażono w przeliczeniu na suchą masę.Wyniki: Analiza międzygatunkowa wykazała, że najwięcej różnic w stężeniu F− w materiale kostnym odnotowano między lisem i jenotem, a następnie między psem i lisem oraz psem i dzikimi psowatymi (lis i jenot łącznie). Bliskie istotności statystycznej różnice w koncentracji F− zaznaczyły się mię- dzy próbkami kostnymi człowieka i lisa oraz człowieka i psa. W przypadku człowieka i jenota, człowieka i poszczególnych gatunków psowatych (pies, lis, jenot łącznie) oraz psa i jenota nie odnotowano istotnych statystycznie różnic w stężeniu F− w ich kościach. Wnioski: Stwierdzono, że udomowione i dziko żyjące psowate są dobrymi bioindykatorami zanieczyszczenia środowiska fluorkami, bowiem odzwierciedlają one koncentrację fluorków w kościach obserwowaną u człowieka żyjącego na podobnym obszarze.
The Research and Application of Big-bore Horizontal Well Drilling and Completion Techniques of SAGD in the Super Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Xun Chen , Xinjun Du , Deshui Tong , Chenhao Sun 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The thickness of super heavy oil reservoir in Liaohe oilfield reaches 150 meters, and the practice of using Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) to develop very thick reservoir has made great achievements. In order to further increase the oil recovery rate and the ultimate recovery factor, and make the oilfield development more efficient, the drilling and completion techniques of 95/8" production screen liner have been proposed and applied for the first time at home. Contrast with the conventional 7" production screen liner, the flow area of 95/8" production screen liner increases by 58 percent, and the oil recovery rate increases by 3 percent. The application of big bore horizontal well has successfully solved a variety of technique challenges, such as the design of flow passage and the optimization of strength designing of 95/8" screen liner, the rigidity analysis and mechanical calculation of large size casing, the well trajectory control by reaming-after-boring method in big bore well, the big borehole cleaning by the MMH drilling fluid and polysulfonate drilling fluid, the safe and smooth casing running of the completion pipe string by pseudo-catenary trajectory and rotary guide shoe, segregated completion in horizontal well by external casing packer assisted by high temperature, and so on. The big bore well techniques have been successfully used in three well, and single well has produced 147 tons per day. The daily production of big bore well is three times as many as the conventional well. The practice shows that the application prospect of drilling and completion techniques of big bore horizontal well in SAGD for the development of super heavy oil is bright.
Fluidic Diode Autonomous Inflow Control Device for Heavy Oil Application
Authors: Corona Georgina , Fripp Michael , Kalyani Tejas , Yin Weiqi 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In heavy oil fields, well longevity is limited by water inflow. Passive inflow control devices (ICDs) are effective in terms of balancing production flow and delaying the onset of water production. Nevertheless, when gas and/or water breakthrough occurs, a passive ICD enables production of the unwanted fluid. Autonomous ICDs can provide additional restriction to the unwanted fluids and can further enhance the production of oil.
The fluidic diode autonomous ICD is functionally based on fluid dynamics technology in which internal geometry directs flow movement based on the viscosity of the fluid. The autonomous ICD enhances oil production while restricting water and gas influx, without the requirement of intervention or moving parts within the device. The result is improved sweep efficiency, which can extend well life and thereby assist in reducing operating costs. Effective design of an autonomous ICD completion is aided with an accurate prediction of the flow behavior through the device. This paper describes flow testing and field performance of a fluidic diode autonomous ICD optimized for the production of very heavy oils with a viscosity above 150 centipoise (cp), while restricting water and gas production.
The test results of the autonomous ICD demonstrate that the fluidic diode can produce more oil while restricting water. In fact, heavy oil can flow at a higher rate with less pressure drop than water. Flow performance of this device has been characterized by measuring the pressure drop versus the flow rate at differing viscosities, confirming that the autonomous ICD effectively restricts undesired fluids, while enhancing the production of oil. Numerical simulations demonstrate an improvement of water reduction by more than 50% compared to standalone screen completions. This technology has been used to promote oil production and restrict water influx in fields where the oil viscosity is greater than 700 cp. This paper also demonstrates the appropriate design philosophy when determining the suitable application of the technology to help maximize oil recovery and minimize water production.
Fluid flow performance is what truly distinguishes the autonomous ICD from other devices. This fluidic diode autonomous ICD is a robust, reliable solution with no moving parts, nor the requirement of intervention of any kind. Its predictable flow performance has been proven through testing, modeling, and field application.
Supply Chain Modeling of a Steam-Based Thermal EOR Heavy Oil Field Development Project in Kuwait Lessons Learned
Authors: Al-Obaidi M. , Ortiz-Volcan J. L. , Gomez F. J. , Akbar M. G. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
World class oil and gas operating companies apply supply chain management to minimize the risks of investment costs overrun, delays and future higher operating costs of field development projects. Supply chain is a cross-functional approach to plan the flow of goods and services required by a project, based on its front end loading (FEL) specifications, in order to meet business objectives with a successful execution and total satisfaction of the final customers. This paper presents lessons learnt from modeling the supply chain of a steam-based thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) heavy oil field development project in Kuwait.
A critical building block of a supply chain model is the supply-demand matrix, which is prepared using information about the needs of the steam-based thermal EOR assets (natural and physical) and identification of requirements organized in segments, around capital, technology or manpower categories. A preliminary identification was made about local capabilities to meet these requirements.
A work breakdown structure from the front-end engineering design was used to generate a supply-demand matrix with materials including special needs such as energy, water and logistics. The model allows the identification of critical requirements and the information to design alternate options to reduce the risk of lack of supply. One practical result is a map with all required suppliers classified according to the type of goods or services, and the specifications or scope of work for selecting a contracting strategy.
Supply chain modeling provides a best practice to meet the demand of goods and services of complex heavy oil steam-based thermal enhanced oil recovery projects. It would help to guide the process of building capabilities in Kuwait oil industry for this type of recovery technologies, which will play a critical role in long-term business strategy.
Experimental Study for Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery by Nanofluid Followed by Steam Flooding NFSF
Authors: Alomair Osamah , Alajmi Abdullah 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
With the increasing global demand for energy, great attention has been focused on utilizing heavy oil and bitumen, which cannot be easily recovered. This has been achieved by reservoir heating using conventional methods such as steam. However, these approaches are often accompanied by high energy consumption, large amounts of wastewater generation, and undesirable environmental damage. Recently, nanoparticles have become an attractive agent for enhancing oil recovery (EOR) in the laboratory scale. In addition, nanotechnology was chosen as an alternative method to unlock the remaining oil resources during the last decade. Consequently, this research provides one of the promising techniques for in-situ heavy oil recovery using metal-based nanoparticles to maintain in-situ heat generated by steam. Several core flood experiments were conducted to compare the recovery of Kuwaiti heavy oil using; hot water, superheated steam (SH), nanofluids, and combination of nanofluids and SH team.
Initially, the individual hydrophilic nanoparticles (HFNPs) including; zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and iron oxide (alpha) (Fe2O3-α), of average particle size (APS) of 20–50 nm and different thermal conductivities, were dissolved in formation water to create stable nanofluids. The results of the nanofluids coreflooding showed that ZrO2 provides higher oil recovery than TiO2, Fe2O3-α, or ZnO. However, the combination of ZrO2 (low thermal conductivity) at a concentration of 0.05 wt% with SH at 1 PV exhibits highest oil recovery near 46.9%, followed by combination of ZnO (high thermal conductivity) at same concentration with SH which had a recovery of 42.7%, then followed by SH steam of 35% recovery. This indicates the ability of HFNP with low APS and low thermal conductivity of providing promising EOR results when combined with low steam consumption and low produced water.
Evaluation of Development Strategies and Uncertainties of a Newly Discovered Heavy Oil Field in Kuwait
Authors: Veedu F. Koyassan , Dharanidharan B. , Tye R. , Prasse E. , Flagg S. , Hornbrook J. , Ahmad F. , Al-Dohaiem K. , Jha M. , Bagheri M. , Sanyal T. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper summarizes a reservoir modeling study involving the evaluation of development strategies relevant to a newly discovered, unconsolidated sandstone heavy oil field in Kuwait. The methodologies used provided essential information to define and evaluate feasible options to develop the reservoir.
A reservoir model was developed utilizing seismic, well-log, and core data. Petrophysical estimates of mineralogy, porosity, water saturation (Sw), and permeability were made and calibrated to core data. The field geology and the depositional analog guided the interpretations of the reservoir geomorphology and sediment-distribution patterns. Facies modeling was achieved through multiple-point statistics methodology. Porosity, permeability, and Sw were distributed using Sequential Gaussian Simulation. Various sensitivity runs were made for key parameters to understand the uncertainty of the model forecast. A full-field reservoir model (FFRM) was developed by incorporating available engineering analysis data. Development potential of the field through pressure depletion was studied through full-field reservoir simulations. Considering the high level of uncertainty of a new field, Low, Mid and High forecast cases were established for development through pressure depletion. Simulations of secondary and tertiary recovery techniques were then evaluated through sector model simulations and upscaled to field level. Finally, roadmaps were laid out for several development scenarios considered for the field.
This paper demonstrates how various geological, petrophysical, and engineering data were used to build a representative full-field geocellular model (FFGM) and make field-performance forecasts under uncertainties pertaining to a green, heavy-oil field. During the model development stage, dielectric and elemental spectroscopy log data were utilized to enhance the petrophysical analyses. The distribution of Sw followed a distinct workflow where the distribution within each reservoir zone was based on several oil/water contacts (OWC). Available pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis data were used to estimate and confirm the presence of water zones within the reservoir intervals.
Customized Non-Damaging Drilling Fluids to Address the Challenges for Heavy Oil Wells - Case History from Kuwait
Authors: Soliman Ahmed , Khateeb Samir El , Khaldi Ali Al , Boukhamseen Ali , Ahmed Khaled , Sheer Shahad , Al-Mujalhem Manayer , Alotaibi Ali 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Nowadays the global market demand for Heavy Oil is increasing and Kuwait Oil Company has a plan to increase the production of heavy oil, which is part of a long-term plan set out by parent group Kuwait Petroleum Corp. Drilling heavy oil wells needs a lot of efforts and expertise to be economically developed and produced.
Gauged holes are the key for the production techniques used in this field, where cement channeling and perforation effectiveness are the main concern. To achieve this, a specific drilling fluid design was necessary. Laboratory tests and extensive research were initiated to customize the drilling fluid parameters and wellbore hydraulics necessary to achieve the objectives.
The drilling fluid design goal was to provide enhanced inhibition for the clay and to provide good lubricity with a low friction coefficient to ensure smooth drilling and tripping operations in a gauged hole profile.
This paper is describing the fluid behavior and hydraulics were designed in high profile to remain completely in laminar flow while drilling to minimize washout occurrence and maximize hole cleaning at low circulation rates (140 – 150 GPM) without the use of regular sweeps. The customized drilling parameters and practices, in addition to the knowledge gained from the laboratory testing phase, were transferred to the field. This resulted in field proven successes with more than 200 perfectly gauge holes being drilled. Case history from one well in Kuwait field is included in the paper.
Production Enhancement Initiative in KOC Heavy Oil Field Undergoing Development
Authors: Chandra Pandey Dharmesh , Al-Khamees Waleed , Dashti Hussain , Al Naqi Yasser 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Heavy Oil is a strategic project for KOC with a first phase of field development of a green field in Kuwait by 2018/2019. Several pilot projects are undergoing execution using mobile production facilities. A recent initiative was considered to utilize old shut-in delineation wells near one of the existing production facilities (PF) used for testing horizontal wells provided some available capacity.
As a pilot one of the (PF) was selected to connect the old wells. A work over campaign was carried out to ascertain the integrity and condition of these old wells that included fishing of the parted tubing string in most of the wells, performing casing integrity test, repairing casing leaks, installing new well heads, running cement bond logs and saturation logs. Based on the logs and the sub surface data and proximity to the PF three promising candidate wells out of twelve wells were selected. After completion of the required surface modification and flow-line construction work wells were completed with Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP) and Down Hole Gauge (DHG). The current production results are very encouraging and accounts to almost 12% of the total field production.
The way forward is to replicate the same concept on other existing production facilities in the field and connect additional nearby inactive wells. This paper illustrates the optimization of utilization of existing PF and with inactive wells in the near vicinity. Also, it describes the additional value to the company in terms of production gain.
SmartWater Synergy with Chemical EOR for a Slightly Viscous Arabian Heavy Reservoir
Authors: AlSofi Abdulkareem M , Wang Jinxun , AlBoqmi Abdullah M , AlOtaibi Mohammad B , Ayirala Subhash C , AlYousef Ali A 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The synergy between various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes has always been raised as a potential optimization route for achieving a more economic and effective EOR application. In this study, we investigate the possible synergy between polymer and SmartWater flooding. While the potential for such synergy has been suggested and researched in the literature, we investigate this possibility in a more realistic framework—part of the development of an EOR portfolio for a slightly viscous Arabian Heavy reservoir. In this work, we study the possible synergy between SmartWater and polymer flooding by performing rheological, electrokinetic (Zeta) potential, contact angle and displacement experiments.
Rheological tests as expected demonstrated the possibility of achieving the same target viscosity at lower polymer concentrations. With SmartWater, the polymer concentration required to achieve a target viscosity of 11 mPa.s was found to be one-third lower than that with normal high salinity injection water. Electrokinetic potential and contact angle results demonstrated that polymer presence has a negligible to slight yet favorable impact on wettability alteration induced by SmartWater. On synthetic calcite surfaces, polymer showed negligible impact while on rock surfaces polymer resulted in a further reduction in contact angle beyond that obtained with SmartWater.
Coreflooding experiments conducted at reservoir conditions with finite SmartWater/polymer slugs demonstrated the enhanced performance of SmartWater/polymer compared to either of these individual processes besides yielding comparable performance to surfactant/polymer flooding. A combined SmartWater/polymer process was able to recover substantial additional oil (6.5 to 9.9% OOIC) above that obtained with either of the two processes when applied independently. Ultimate recoveries from the application of SmartWater/polymer (70% OOIC) were quite comparable to – actually slightly higher than – that of surfactant/polymer (67% OOIC). However, in terms of the remaining oil in core (ROIC) post polymer flooding, both processes (SmartWater/polymer and surfactant/polymer) exhibited quite similar incremental recoveries of 20.6 and 20.5% OOIC, respectively.
The results of this work clearly demonstrated the potential synergy between SmartWater and polymer flooding – beyond that of the well-established polymer viscosity enhancement – for a realistic scenario. The additive effect of SmartWater was successfully shown to combine with polymer to increase oil recovery, in addition to lowering the polymer concentration. Therefore, this favorable synergy will reduce chemical consumption and costs and improve recovery and returns to enhance EOR project economics for the slightly viscous Arabian heavy oil reservoir considered in this study.
Using Bayesian Network to Develop Drilling Expert Systems
Authors: Al-Yami Abdullah S. , Al-Shaarawi Amjad , Al-Bahrani Hussain , Wagle Vikrant B. , Al-Gharbi Salem , Al-Khudiri Musab B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Long years of experience in the field and sometimes in the lab are required to develop consultants, Saudi ARAMCO is currently looking into the establishment of a new method to develop a drilling expert system that can be used as a training tool for young engineers or as a consultation system in various drilling engineering concepts such as well control, underbalanced drilling, drilling fluids, completion, and cementing practices.
This method is done by proposing a set of guidelines for the optimal drilling operations in different focus areas, by integrating current best practices through a decision-making system based on Artificial Bayesian Intelligence. Optimum practices collected from literature review and experts’ opinions, are integrated into a Bayesian Network BN to simulate likely scenarios of its use that will honor efficient practices when dictated by varying certain parameters.
The advantage of the artificial Bayesian intelligence method is that it can be updated easily when dealing with different opinions. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show a flexible systematic method to design drilling expert systems. The future plan of this study is to integrate the resultant software with real time operation center within Saudi Aramco. Currently, a validation team of drilling consultants are reviewing and editing the systems.
Glucosa 6 fosfato deshidrogenasa en indígenas piaroas en zona endémica de malaria.
Authors: Bastidas-Pacheco Gilberto Antonio , Hidalgo-Rojas Mariana , Colman-Álvarez Laura Del Carmen , Peña-Toro Marianela , Quintero-Reyes Marco Antonio , Pérez-Carvajal Hilda Antonieta 
Published: December 2016

La Glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (G6PD) mantiene intactos los grupos sulfidrilos y ayuda en la detoxificación de radicales libres y peróxidos, por tanto, el déficit provoca daño oxidativo irreversible y destrucción de los eritrocitos cuando estos son sometidos a sustancias oxidativas y al estrés. La infección por Plasmodium spp., produce anemia como consecuencia de la ruptura del eritrocito por parte de este parásito, misma que puede verse agravada en personas infectadas con deficiencia de G6PD al ser expuestos a drogas. Estudio de campo y descriptivo en que se determinó por pruebas bioquímicas la actividad enzimática de G6PD en una comunidad de indígenas Piaroa del municipio Atures estado Amazonas. La muestra estuvo conformada por 186 individuos, 100 mujeres y 86 hombres. La concentración promedio de hemoglobina fue de 10,6 g/dL, 88, 6% de los sujetos resultaron con anemia moderada y ninguno presento deficiencia de G6PD. Se concluye que la anemia es común en indígenas Piaroas, de tipo moderada y carencial; que por prueba bioquímicas no se detecta deficiencia de G6PD; y que este estudio provee información útil a los organismos del Estado encargados de administrar los cuidados de la salud en Venezuela.