bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whey protein concentrate enhances intestinal integrity and influences transforming growth factor-β1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways in piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge
Authors: Xiao Kan , Jiao Lefei , Cao Shuting , Song Zehe , Hu Caihong , Han Xinyan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhey protein concentrate (WPC) has been reported to have protective effects on the intestinal barrier. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important component in the WPC, but whether TGF-β1 plays a role in these processes is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of WPC on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as whether TGF-β1 is involved in these protection processes in a piglet model after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In total, eighteen weanling pigs were randomly allocated to one of the following three treatment groups: (1) non-challenged control and control diet; (2) LPS-challenged control and control diet; (3) LPS+5 %WPC diet. After 19 d of feeding with control or 5 %WPC diets, pigs were injected with LPS or saline. At 4 h after injection, pigs were killed to harvest jejunal samples. The results showed that WPC improved (P<0·05) intestinal morphology, as indicated by greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio, and intestinal barrier function, which was reflected by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased mucosal-to-serosal paracellular flux of dextran (4 kDa), compared with the LPS group. Moreover, WPC prevented the LPS-induced decrease (P<0·05) in claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludens-1 expressions in the jejunal mucosae. WPC also attenuated intestinal inflammation, indicated by decreased (P<0·05) mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β. Supplementation with WPC also increased (P<0·05) TGF-β1 protein, phosphorylated-Smad2 expression and Smad4 and Smad7 mRNA expressions and decreased (P<0·05) the ratios of the phosphorylated to total c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 (phospho-JNK:JNK and p-p38:p38), whereas it increased (P<0·05) the ratio of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (phospho-ERK:ERK). Collectively, these results suggest that dietary inclusion of WPC attenuates the LPS-induced intestinal injury by improving mucosal barrier function, alleviating intestinal inflammation and influencing TGF-β1 canonical Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways.
Les modalisateurs émergents en français contemporain: présentation théorique et études de cas
Authors: SIOUFFI GILLES , STEUCKARDT AGNÈS , WIONET CHANTAL 
Published: January 2016

RÉSUMÉCet article explicite les points de départ théoriques de la réunion d’études empiriques présentée ici. Une première partie oppose « émergence » et « évolution » et précise en quoi l’approche émergentiste peut être stimulante pour aborder des faits d’usage transitoires qui se signalent par leur lien fort avec le discours. Une deuxième partie étudie les termes circulant actuellement dans la terminologie linguistique, et justifie le choix demodalisateurpar rapport, notamment, àmarqueur discursif. La dernière partie présente les études de cas réunies et formule l’enjeu de la recherche, à la fois sur la diachronie et sur les manières d’aborder la langue.
Improving Accessibility for Students with Visual Disabilities in the Technology-Rich Classroom
Authors: Taylor Michael A. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTAs higher education has increasingly embraced digital technologies, we have been too slow to acknowledge accessibility issues for students with visual disabilities. One of the earliest promises of information and communication technology was increased accessibility to content. In theory, digitized content should be as equally accessible as the printed word on a screen, a braille keyboard, or an audible voice on a speaker. In the majority of educational technology, this promise has gone unfulfilled, and faculty members are largely unaware of the myriad obstacles that students with visual disabilities confront while navigating the technology-rich classroom. The principles of Universal Design in Instruction (UDI) provide guidance for developing curriculum that maximizes accessibility and usability of course content for all learners, including those with disabilities. This article examines the development of political science courses through the lens of UDI.
High‐voltage electrical energy meter with measurement chips floating at 10 kV potentials
Authors: Kang Bing , Hou Tiexin , Bu Zhengliang , Guan Xiangyu , Shu Naiqiu , Li Zipin , Wu Xiaowen 
Published: January 2016

To overcome disadvantages of the conventional electric energy measurement system (CEEMS) in 10 kV distribution network, the study presents a high‐voltage electrical energy meter (HVEEM) comprised of signal sensors, two measurement units, a synthesis unit, power supplies, and extended communication devices. With measurement chip circuit boards floating at 10 kV potentials, HVEEM accomplishes electrical energy measurement at the primary side. With the whole structure, HVEEM can be calibrated as a whole, and the synchronisation error makes no difference on its whole error. As the core component, the capacitive voltage divider (CVD) acts as not only the voltage sensor but also the power supply. The stability of CVDs, which is almost not affected by temperature, can be improved by the manner of voltage accelerated ageing for a certain time. CVDs for power supplies are able to output enough power for measurement chip circuit boards even if a single‐phase ground or an opening fault occurs. The tests both in the laboratory and the field prove that HVEEM has substantial advantages over CEEMS especially in accuracy and reliability.
Life history effects on the molecular clock of autosomes and sex chromosomes
Authors: Amster Guy , Sella Guy 
Published: January 2016

Significance
Recent estimates of mutation rates obtained by sequencing human pedigrees have challenged conceptions about split times between humans and our closest living relatives. In particular, estimates of human split times from chimpanzees and gorillas based on the new mutation rate estimates are more than twofold shorter than previously believed, seemingly at odds with the fossil record. Here we show that accounting for the effects of sex-specific life histories on mutation rates along the hominid phylogeny largely bridges this apparent gap and leads to more accurate split time estimates. Doing so can also explain other intriguing phylogenetic patterns in hominid and mammalian evolution.
Self-dispersed crumpled graphene balls in oil for friction and wear reduction
Authors: Dou Xuan , Koltonow Andrew R. , He Xingliang , Jang Hee Dong , Wang Qian , Chung Yip-Wah , Huang Jiaxing 
Published: January 2016

Significance
Aggregation is a major problem for ultrafine particle additives in lubricant oil because it reduces the effective particle concentrations, prevents particles from entering the contact area of working surfaces, and leads to unstable tribological performance. Molecular ligands can help the particles to disperse, but they tend to degrade under the harsh tribological conditions. Therefore, self-dispersed particles without the need for surfactant are highly desirable. We report here, for the first time to our knowledge, such type of ultrafine particles made of crumpled, paper-ball–like graphene, which indeed can self-disperse in lubricant oil, and exhibit stable and superior tribological performances.
EURAMET.M.M-S8: comparison of 500 kg and 1000 kg weights
Authors: Gutfelt B , Koponen P , Riski K , Vabson V 
Published: January 2016

Mass comparison of conventional masses of 500 kg and 1000 kg weights between three laboratories (AS Metrosert, MIKES, and SP) was carried out in 2012. MIKES was the pilot laboratory. For both 500 kg and 1000 kg, the results show an agreement between the laboratories.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Multiplicity of Sulfate and Molybdate Transporters and Their Role in Nitrogen Fixation in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Rlv3841
Authors: Cheng Guojun , Karunakaran Ramakrishnan , East Alison K. , Poole Philip S. 
Published: January 2016

Rhizobium leguminosarum Rlv3841 contains at least three sulfate transporters, i.e., SulABCD, SulP1 and SulP2, and a single molybdate transporter, ModABC. SulABCD is a high-affinity transporter whose mutation prevented growth on a limiting sulfate concentration, while SulP1 and SulP2 appear to be low-affinity sulfate transporters. ModABC is the sole high-affinity molybdate transport system and is essential for growth with NO3− as a nitrogen source on limiting levels of molybdate (<0.25 μM). However, at 2.5 μM molybdate, a quadruple mutant with all four transporters inactivated, had the longest lag phase on NO3−, suggesting these systems all make some contribution to molybdate transport. Growth of Rlv3841 on limiting levels of sulfate increased sulB, sulP1, modB, and sulP2 expression 313.3-, 114.7-, 6.2-, and 4.0-fold, respectively, while molybdate starvation increased only modB expression (three- to 7.5-fold). When grown in high-sulfate but not low-sulfate medium, pea plants inoculated with LMB695 (modB) reduced acetylene at only 14% of the wild-type rate, and this was not further reduced in the quadruple mutant. Overall, while modB is crucial to nitrogen fixation at limiting molybdate levels in the presence of sulfate, there is an unidentified molybdate transporter also capable of sulfate transport. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY Attribution 4.0 International license .
Developing tourism products and new partnerships through participatory action research in rural Cameroon
Authors: Schmitz Serge , Lekane Tsobgou Dieudonné 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAt present, several obstacles to tourism development have been identified in developing countries. These include: poor infrastructure; shortage of facilities; a weak tourist image; a lack of know‐how with regard to how to welcome visitors and market tourism services; and the scarcity of available capital. In the research reported on in this paper, we explore the involvement of microcredit institutions to alleviate these issues. Because tourism is not yet developed in our study area of West Cameroon, action research was considered the only way to validate (by action) the recommendations of both the actors and the researchers. Action research permits the researchers to study the complex issues that typify the management of tourist destinations, including, for example, governance problems. It allows for networking and capacity to change the ways in which actions are carried out. The paper explores possible synergies between microfinance institutions (MFIs) and small and medium tourism businesses in an African rural community. First, we emphasise the obstacles to the formation of partnerships between MFIs and tourism businesses and we suggest ways to minimise them. Second, we describe how we facilitated networking between tourism actors and MFIs, which enabled the development of tourism products through new partnerships. As a result, four businesses are currently operating. From a research perspective, we point out the strengths and weaknesses of different types of associations and list the challenges. The results indicate that asymmetry of information and a lack of entrepreneurial spirit emerge as key concerns. The action research has promoted place and community based development. However, we underline that proper tourism development also requires the participation of stakeholders acting at different spatial scales.
Prevalence of non-adherence among psychiatric patients in Jordan, a cross sectional study
Authors: Mukattash Tareq L , Alzoubi Karem H , Abu El-Rub Ejlal , Jarab Anan S , Al-Azzam Sayer I , Khdour Maher , Shara Mohd , Al Hamarneh Yazid N 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background
It has been estimated that up to 50% of any patient population is at least partially non-adherent to their prescribed treatment. Identifying barriers to adherence is required to develop effective interventions for psychiatric patients.

Objective
To explore the prevalence and factors of non-adherence among psychiatric patients present at four psychiatric clinics.

Method
A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. A sample of psychiatric patients attending outpatient psychiatric clinics was enrolled between March and April 2011.

Results
A total of 243 psychiatric patients took part in this study with the majority of patients (92.5%) being prescribed more than one psychiatric disorder. The majority (64.2%) of the patients was classified as non-adherent according to the Morisky adherence questionnaire and forgetfulness was the most prevalent reason for that.

Conclusions
Non-adherence is a common and important issue among psychiatric patients. Polypharmacy, safety concerns and lack of insight towards the prescribed treatment were reported as the main reasons of non-adherence.
Describing the role of Australian community pharmacists in oral healthcare
Authors: Taing Meng-Wong , Ford Pauline J , Gartner Coral E , Freeman Christopher R 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate community pharmacist's attitudes, beliefs and practices towards oral health in the Australian setting, describe the frequency and nature of consumer enquiries relating to oral health, and gain insight regarding smoking cessation support for people experiencing oral health problems.MethodsAn online questionnaire was developed based on previous research, validated to ensure accuracy and reliability, and convenience sampling used to advertise across major pharmacy organisational websites and newsletters to maximise community pharmacist responses.Key findingsOne hundred and forty-four valid community pharmacist responses were descriptively analysed. The majority of pharmacists (93%) believed it was their role to deliver oral health advice in the community and almost all (97%) pharmacists believed further education would benefit their practice. The top four consumer enquiries pharmacists reported confidence in handling related to analgesic medication to relieve oral-related pain (95.8%), mouth ulcers (95.1%), oral thrush (94.4%) and toothache (93.8%); and the most frequently reported consumer enquires were those where the majority of pharmacists reported high confidence in handling. A small proportion of pharmacists (8%) always enquired about patient smoking status, and nearly all pharmacists (97%) desired further education and training to benefit their practice in oral healthcare.ConclusionThis study highlights that Australian pharmacists have an important role in oral health and there is opportunity to enhance this role, and address risk factors such as smoking with further training, support and education. The findings from this study can guide future research into the development of appropriate training programmes, standards, and best oral healthcare practices for Australian pharmacists.
Risk factors of urinary incontinence in women: a literature review
Authors: Seshan Vidya , AlKhasawneh Esra , Al Hashmi Iman Hamed 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this literature review is to recapitulate the risk factors and predictors of urinary incontinence (UI) in women identified in different published studies, thereby filling such gap in knowledge. The review identified primary research papers published in peer‐reviewed journals on risk factors and predictors of UI. The search strategy used for collecting the literature was done using PubMed, Google Scholar and CINAHL databases from 2002 to 2012. The full text articles were obtained as part of the second stage selection process, using the pre‐agreed selection criteria. Twelve articles were identified, this includes four cross‐sectional studies, five prospective cohort studies, two co‐relational descriptive studies and one longitudinal study. Majority of these studies concluded that the major risk factors of UI are age, parity, body mass index (BMI), menopause, recurrent UTI, hysterectomy, number of abortions, foetal weight and the comorbid condition such as diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease. Health care providers need to educate women about the risk factors of UI and health‐promoting actions to reduce the risk of UI. Researchers have to enhance primary prevention and promote strategies that help women alter and modify their lifestyle. Lifestyle modification such as healthy food habits, Kegel's exercises and weight reduction ensures the general health promotion and relief from UI symptoms.
Consensus document on the evaluation and treatment of moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis: Psoriasis Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Authors: Daudén E. , Puig L. , Ferrándiz C. , Sánchez‐Carazo J.L. , Hernanz‐Hermosa J.M. ,   the Spanish Psoriasis Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Published: January 2016

AbstractPsoriasis is a highly prevalent disease with a major impact on quality of life; therefore, appropriate patient management is mandatory. Given that many issues in psoriasis are controversial and not clearly defined by evidence‐based medicine, management of psoriasis is very variable. Expert consensus can generate practical guidelines for optimization of patient care. Much has changed since 2009, when the Consensus Document on the Evaluation and Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis was published by the Spanish Psoriasis Group (GEP) of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV). The objective of the present consensus document is to provide the dermatologist with updated recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis. All active members of the GEP of the AEDV were invited to participate in the survey. The final group comprised 46 members from various areas of Spain and with substantial experience in managing psoriasis. A 3‐round Delphi process was used to reach consensus. Consistent agreement and consistent disagreement (consensus) required the achievement of at least two of the following three criteria: Criterion 1, which was based on the position occupied by the mean on a scale of 1–9 and an SD <2; Criterion 2, which was based on the median and interquartile range (IQR) on a scale of 1–9; Criterion 3, which considered the percentage of the voting experts on a scale of 1–9. The items studied were definition of severity, therapeutic objectives, indications for systemic treatment and biologic therapy, induction and maintenance periods, therapeutic failure, loss of response, relapse and rebound, continuous and intermittent therapy, screening of patients before treatment, adherence to therapy, follow‐up of treatment outcome, combination of drugs, transitioning and associated comorbidities. Consistent agreement or disagreement (consensus) was achieved for 198 items (agreement, 3 criteria 146 items, 2 criteria 43 items; disagreement, 3 criteria 9 items, 2 criteria 0 items) based on the criteria described above. Completion of the Delphi consensus process enabled a broad and experienced group of Spanish psoriasis experts to provide useful and practical guidelines for the management and treatment of patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis, particularly in areas where evidence is lacking.
Ecomorphological convergence in planktivorous surgeonfishes
Authors: Friedman S. T. , Price S. A. , Hoey A. S. , Wainwright P. C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMorphological convergence plays a central role in the study of evolution. Often induced by shared ecological specialization, homoplasy hints at underlying selective pressures and adaptive constraints that deterministically shape the diversification of life. Although midwater zooplanktivory has arisen in adult surgeonfishes (family Acanthuridae) at least four independent times, it represents a clearly specialized state, requiring the capacity to swiftly swim in midwater locating and sucking small prey items. Whereas this diet has commonly been associated with specific functional adaptations in fishes, acanthurids present an interesting case study as all nonplanktivorous species feed by grazing on benthic algae and detritus, requiring a vastly different functional morphology that emphasizes biting behaviours. We examined the feeding morphology in 30 acanthurid species and, combined with a pre‐existing phylogenetic tree, compared the fit of evolutionary models across two diet regimes: zooplanktivores and nonzooplanktivorous grazers. Accounting for phylogenetic relationships, the best‐fitting model indicates that zooplanktivorous species are converging on a separate adaptive peak from their grazing relatives. Driving this bimodal landscape, zooplanktivorous acanthurids tend to develop a slender body, reduced facial features, smaller teeth and weakened jaw adductor muscles. However, despite these phenotypic changes, model fitting suggests that lineages have not yet reached the adaptive peak associated with plankton feeding even though some transitions appear to be over 10 million years old. These findings demonstrate that the selective demands of pelagic feeding promote repeated – albeit very gradual – ecomorphological convergence within surgeonfishes, while allowing local divergences between closely related species, contributing to the overall diversity of the clade.
Purines: forgotten mediators in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Jackson Edwin K. , Boison Detlev , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Kochanek Patrick M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecently, the topic of traumatic brain injury has gained attention in both the scientific community and lay press. Similarly, there have been exciting developments on multiple fronts in the area of neurochemistry specifically related to purine biology that are relevant to both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. At the 2105 meeting of the National Neurotrauma Society, a session sponsored by the International Society for Neurochemistry featured three experts in the field of purine biology who discussed new developments that are germane to both the pathomechanisms of secondary injury and development of therapies for traumatic brain injury. This included presentations by Drs. Edwin Jackson on the novel 2′,3′‐cAMP pathway in neuroprotection, Detlev Boison on adenosine in post‐traumatic seizures and epilepsy, and Michael Schwarzschild on the potential of urate to treat central nervous system injury. This mini review summarizes the important findings in these three areas and outlines future directions for the development of new purine‐related therapies for traumatic brain injury and other forms of central nervous system injury.
imageIn this review, novel therapies based on three emerging areas of adenosine‐related pathobiology in traumatic brain injury (TBI) were proposed, namely, therapies targeting 1) the 2′,3′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway, 2) adenosine deficiency after TBI, and 3) augmentation of urate after TBI.
Combined large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: A case report and survey of related literature
Authors: Matsumoto Harunobu , Nasu Kaei , Kai Kentaro , Nishida Masakazu , Narahara Hisashi , Nishida Haruto 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrimary large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium is extremely rare and has a poor prognosis. This report describes a case of combined large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium diagnosed as stage IIIA. The patient underwent surgery and chemotherapy and has been well with no evidence of disease for 20 months. The optimal treatment for this rare tumor has not been established. Considering its rarity and variability, it is difficult to establish an evidence‐based therapeutic regimen.