bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyphenated differential mobility spectrometry for rapid separation and detection
Authors: Yang Liu , Han Qiang , Cao Shuya , Yang Junchao , Zhao Jiang , Ding Mingyu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews hyphenated differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) technology. DMS is a type of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) also called high-field asymmetric waveform IMS. It is widely used in the detection of chemical warfare agents, explosives, drugs, and volatile organic compounds. Stand-alone DMS analysis of complex mixtures in real-field applications is challenging. Hyphenated DMS can improve resolution for rapid separation and detection. This review focuses on hyphenated DMS, including gas chromatography-DMS, DMS-mass spectrometry (MS), DMS-IMS, IMS-DMS, and DMS-DMS, as well as their associated principles, applications, and research procedures. Key problems in hyphenated DMS are considered.
Evidence for a Causal Contribution of Macaque Vestibular, But Not Intraparietal, Cortex to Heading Perception
Authors: Chen Aihua , Gu Yong , Liu Sheng , DeAngelis Gregory C. , Angelaki Dora E. 
Published: March 2016

Multisensory convergence of visual and vestibular signals has been observed within a network of cortical areas involved in representing heading. Vestibular-dominant heading tuning has been found in the macaque parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and the adjacent visual posterior sylvian (VPS) area, whereas relatively balanced visual/vestibular tuning was encountered in the ventral intraparietal (VIP) area and visual-dominant tuning was found in the dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) area. Although the respective functional roles of these areas remain unclear, perceptual deficits in heading discrimination following reversible chemical inactivation of area MSTd area suggested that areas with vestibular-dominant heading tuning also contribute to behavior. To explore the roles of other areas in heading perception, muscimol injections were used to reversibly inactivate either the PIVC or the VIP area bilaterally in macaques. Inactivation of the anterior PIVC increased psychophysical thresholds when heading judgments were based on either optic flow or vestibular cues, although effects were stronger for vestibular stimuli. All behavioral deficits recovered within 36 h. Visual deficits were larger following inactivation of the posterior portion of the PIVC, likely because these injections encroached upon the VPS area, which contains neurons with optic flow tuning (unlike the PIVC). In contrast, VIP inactivation led to no behavioral deficits, despite the fact that VIP neurons show much stronger choice-related activity than MSTd neurons. These results suggest that the VIP area either provides a parallel and partially redundant pathway for this task, or does not participate in heading discrimination. In contrast, the PIVC/VPS area, along with the MSTd area, make causal contributions to heading perception based on either vestibular or visual signals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMultisensory vestibular and visual signals are found in multiple cortical areas, but their causal contribution to self-motion perception has been previously tested only in the dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) area. In these experiments, we show that inactivation of the parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC) also results in causal deficits during heading discrimination for both visual and vestibular cues. In contrast, ventral intraparietal (VIP) area inactivation led to no behavioral deficits, despite the fact that VIP neurons show much stronger choice-related activity than MSTd or PIVC neurons. These results demonstrate that choice-related activity does not always imply a causal role in sensory perception.
Homeostatic Activity-Dependent Tuning of Recurrent Networks for Robust Propagation of Activity
Authors: Gjorgjieva Julijana , Evers Jan Felix , Eglen Stephen J. 
Published: March 2016

Developing neuronal networks display spontaneous bursts of action potentials that are necessary for circuit organization and tuning. While spontaneous activity has been shown to instruct map formation in sensory circuits, it is unknown whether it plays a role in the organization of motor networks that produce rhythmic output. Using computational modeling, we investigate how recurrent networks of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations assemble to produce robust patterns of unidirectional and precisely timed propagating activity during organism locomotion. One example is provided by the motor network inDrosophilalarvae, which generates propagating peristaltic waves of muscle contractions during crawling. We examine two activity-dependent models, which tune weak network connectivity based on spontaneous activity patterns: a Hebbian model, where coincident activity in neighboring populations strengthens connections between them; and a homeostatic model, where connections are homeostatically regulated to maintain a constant level of excitatory activity based on spontaneous input. The homeostatic model successfully tunes network connectivity to generate robust activity patterns with appropriate timing relationships between neighboring populations. These timing relationships can be modulated by the properties of spontaneous activity, suggesting its instructive role for generating functional variability in network output. In contrast, the Hebbian model fails to produce the tight timing relationships between neighboring populations required for unidirectional activity propagation, even when additional assumptions are imposed to constrain synaptic growth. These results argue that homeostatic mechanisms are more likely than Hebbian mechanisms to tune weak connectivity based on spontaneous input in a recurrent network for rhythm generation and robust activity propagation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow are neural circuits organized and tuned to maintain stable function and produce robust output? This task is especially difficult during development, when circuit properties change in response to variable environments and internal states. Many developing circuits exhibit spontaneous activity, but its role in the synaptic organization of motor networks that produce rhythmic output is unknown. We studied a model motor network, that when appropriately tuned, generates propagating activity as during crawling inDrosophilalarvae. Based on experimental evidence of activity-dependent tuning of connectivity, we examined plausible mechanisms by which appropriate connectivity emerges. Our results suggest that activity-dependent homeostatic mechanisms are better suited than Hebbian mechanisms for organizing motor network connectivity, and highlight an important difference from sensory areas.
Causal Evidence for a Mechanism of Semantic Integration in the Angular Gyrus as Revealed by High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Authors: Price Amy Rose , Peelle Jonathan E. , Bonner Michael F. , Grossman Murray , Hamilton Roy H. 
Published: March 2016

A defining aspect of human cognition is the ability to integrate conceptual information into complex semantic combinations. For example, we can comprehend “plaid” and “jacket” as individual concepts, but we can also effortlessly combine these concepts to form the semantic representation of “plaid jacket.” Many neuroanatomic models of semantic memory propose that heteromodal cortical hubs integrate distributed semantic features into coherent representations. However, little work has specifically examined these proposed integrative mechanisms and the causal role of these regions in semantic integration. Here, we test the hypothesis that the angular gyrus (AG) is critical for integrating semantic information by applying high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to an fMRI-guided region-of-interest in the left AG. We found that anodal stimulation to the left AG modulated semantic integration but had no effect on a letter-string control task. Specifically, anodal stimulation to the left AG resulted in faster comprehension of semantically meaningful combinations like “tiny radish” relative to non-meaningful combinations, such as “fast blueberry,” when compared to the effects observed during sham stimulation and stimulation to a right-hemisphere control brain region. Moreover, the size of the effect from brain stimulation correlated with the degree of semantic coherence between the word pairs. These findings demonstrate that the left AG plays a causal role in the integration of lexical-semantic information, and that high-definition tDCS to an associative cortical hub can selectively modulate integrative processes in semantic memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA major goal of neuroscience is to understand the neural basis of behaviors that are fundamental to human intelligence. One essential behavior is the ability to integrate conceptual knowledge from semantic memory, allowing us to construct an almost unlimited number of complex concepts from a limited set of basic constituents (e.g., “leaf” and “wet” can be combined into the more complex representation “wet leaf”). Here, we present a novel approach to studying integrative processes in semantic memory by applying focal brain stimulation to a heteromodal cortical hub implicated in semantic processing. Our findings demonstrate a causal role of the left angular gyrus in lexical-semantic integration and provide motivation for novel therapeutic applications in patients with lexical-semantic deficits.
Retinal Wave Patterns Are Governed by Mutual Excitation among Starburst Amacrine Cells and Drive the Refinement and Maintenance of Visual Circuits
Authors: Xu Hong-Ping , Burbridge Timothy J. , Ye Meijun , Chen Minggang , Ge Xinxin , Zhou Z. Jimmy , Crair Michael C. 
Published: March 2016

Retinal waves are correlated bursts of spontaneous activity whose spatiotemporal patterns are critical for early activity-dependent circuit elaboration and refinement in the mammalian visual system. Three separate developmental wave epochs or stages have been described, but the mechanism(s) of pattern generation of each and their distinct roles in visual circuit development remain incompletely understood. We used neuroanatomical,in vitroandin vivoelectrophysiological, and optical imaging techniques in genetically manipulated mice to examine the mechanisms of wave initiation and propagation and the role of wave patterns in visual circuit development. Through deletion of β2 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2-nAChRs) selectively from starburst amacrine cells (SACs), we show that mutual excitation among SACs is critical for Stage II (cholinergic) retinal wave propagation, supporting models of wave initiation and pattern generation from within a single retinal cell type. We also demonstrate that β2-nAChRs in SACs, and normal wave patterns, are necessary for eye-specific segregation. Finally, we show that Stage III (glutamatergic) retinal waves are not themselves necessary for normal eye-specific segregation, but elimination of both Stage II and Stage III retinal waves dramatically disrupts eye-specific segregation. This suggests that persistent Stage II retinal waves can adequately compensate for Stage III retinal wave loss during the development and refinement of eye-specific segregation. These experiments confirm key features of the “recurrent network” model for retinal wave propagation and clarify the roles of Stage II and Stage III retinal wave patterns in visual circuit development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSpontaneous activity drives early mammalian circuit development, but the initiation and patterning of activity vary across development and among modalities. Cholinergic “retinal waves” are initiated in starburst amacrine cells and propagate to retinal ganglion cells and higher-order visual areas, but the mechanism responsible for creating their unique and critical activity pattern is incompletely understood. We demonstrate that cholinergic wave patterns are dictated by recurrent connectivity within starburst amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells act as “readouts” of patterned activity. We also show that eye-specific segregation occurs normally without glutamatergic waves, but elimination of both cholinergic and glutamatergic waves completely disrupts visual circuit development. These results suggest that each retinal wave pattern during development is optimized for concurrently refining multiple visual circuits.
Complementary Functional Organization of Neuronal Activity Patterns in the Perirhinal, Lateral Entorhinal, and Medial Entorhinal Cortices
Authors: Keene Christopher S. , Bladon John , McKenzie Sam , Liu Cindy D. , O'Keefe Joseph , Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: March 2016

It is commonly conceived that the cortical areas of the hippocampal region are functionally divided into the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), which selectively process object information; and the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), which selectively processes spatial information. Contrary to this notion, in rats performing a task that demands both object and spatial information processing, single neurons in PRC, LEC, and MEC, including those in both superficial and deep cortical areas and in grid, border, and head direction cells of MEC, have a highly similar range of selectivity to object and spatial dimensions of the task. By contrast, representational similarity analysis of population activity reveals a key distinction in the organization of information in these areas, such that PRC and LEC populations prioritize object over location information, whereas MEC populations prioritize location over object information. These findings bring to the hippocampal system a growing emphasis on population analyses as a powerful tool for characterizing neural representations supporting cognition and memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTContrary to the common view that brain regions in the “what” and “where” streams distinctly process object and spatial cues, respectively, we found that both streams encode both object and spatial information but distinctly organize memories for objects and space. Specifically, perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex represent objects and, within the object-specific representations, the locations where they occur. Conversely, medial entorhinal cortex represents relevant locations and, within those spatial representations, the objects that occupy them. Furthermore, these findings reach beyond simple notions of perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex neurons as object detectors and MEC neurons as position detectors, and point to a more complex organization of memory representations within the medial temporal lobe system.
TheDrosophilaReceptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase LAR Is Required for Development of Circadian Pacemaker Neuron Processes That Support Rhythmic Activity in Constant Darkness But Not during Light/Dark Cycles
Authors: Agrawal Parul , Hardin Paul E. 
Published: March 2016

InDrosophila, a transcriptional feedback loop that is activated by CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) complexes and repressed by PERIOD-TIMELESS (PER-TIM) complexes keeps circadian time. The timing of CLK-CYC activation and PER-TIM repression is regulated post-translationally, in part through rhythmic phosphorylation of CLK, PER, and TIM. Although kinases that control PER, TIM, and CLK levels, activity, and/or subcellular localization have been identified, less is known about phosphatases that control clock protein dephosphorylation. To identify clock-relevant phosphatases, clock-cell-specific RNAi knockdowns ofDrosophilaphosphatases were screened for altered activity rhythms. One phosphatase that was identified, the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase leukocyte-antigen-related (LAR), abolished activity rhythms in constant darkness (DD) without disrupting the timekeeping mechanism in brain pacemaker neurons. However, expression of the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), which mediates pacemaker neuron synchrony and output, is eliminated in the dorsal projections from small ventral lateral (sLNv) pacemaker neurons whenLarexpression is knocked down during development, but not in adults. Loss ofLarfunction eliminates sLNvdorsal projections, but PDF expression persists in sLNvand large ventral lateral neuron cell bodies and their remaining projections. In contrast to the defects in lights-on and lights-off anticipatory activity seen in flies that lack PDF,LarRNAi knockdown flies anticipate the lights-on and lights-off transition normally. Our results demonstrate thatLaris required for sLNvdorsal projection development and suggest that PDF expression in LNvcell bodies and their remaining projections mediate anticipation of the lights-on and lights-off transitions during a light/dark cycle.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn animals, circadian clocks drive daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism, and behavior via transcriptional feedback loops. Because key circadian transcriptional activators and repressors are regulated by phosphorylation, we screened for phosphatases that alter activity rhythms when their expression was reduced. One such phosphatase, leukocyte-antigen-related (LAR), abolishes activity rhythms, but does not disrupt feedback loop function. Rather,Lardisrupts clock output by eliminating axonal processes from clock neurons that release pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) neuropeptide into the dorsal brain, but PDF expression persists in their cell bodies and remaining projections. In contrast to flies that lack PDF, flies that lackLaranticipate lights-on and lights-off transitions normally, which suggests that the remaining PDF expression mediates activity during light/dark cycles.
Do I feel ill because I crave for work or do I crave for work because I feel ill? A longitudinal analysis of work craving, self-regulation, and health
Authors: Wojdylo Kamila , Karlsson Wilhelm , Baumann Nicola 
Published: March 2016

Background
The theory of work craving defines workaholism as a pathological work addiction which comprises: (a) obsessive–compulsive desire to work, (b) anticipation of self-worth compensatory incentives from working, (c) anticipation of reduction of negative emotions or withdrawal symptoms from working, and (d) neurotic perfectionism. Research has shown that workaholism is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the antecedents of workaholism and the causal direction of the relationship with health have been largely neglected.

Aims
In the present longitudinal study, we expect that work craving is predicted by deficits in emotional self-regulation (i.e., low action orientation) and mediates the relationship between self-regulation deficits and symptoms of psychological distress. We expected work craving to have an effect on later psychological distress symptoms, but not psychological distress symptoms to have an effect on later work craving.

Methods
In a sample of 170 German employees, a half-longitudinal design using two times of measurement was implemented to specify the paths of two different structural equation models of mediation: (a) action orientation to later work craving and work craving to later psychological distress, and alternatively, (b) the temporal order of action orientation to later distress and distress to later work craving.

Results
Our data indicated that work craving partially mediated the relationship between self-regulation deficits and psychological distress, but psychological distress symptoms were not found to increase later work craving.

Conclusions
The presented longitudinal study indicates important mechanisms of work craving, especially by highlighting the influence of self-regulation deficits on work craving and, in turn, psychological distress.
Examining personalized feedback interventions for gambling disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Marchica Loredana , Derevensky Jeffrey L. 
Published: March 2016

Background and aims
Personalized feedback interventions (PFI) have shown success as a low-cost, scalable intervention for reducing problematic and excessive consumption of alcohol. Recently, researchers have begun to apply PFI as an intervention method for problematic gambling behaviors. A systematic review of the literature on PFI as an intervention/prevention method for gambling behaviors was performed.

Methods
Studies were included if they met the following criteria: the design included both a PFI group and a comparison group, and the interventions focused on gambling prevention and/or reduction. Six relevant studies were found meeting all criteria.

Results
Results revealed that PFI treatment groups showed decreases in a variety of gambling behaviors as compared to control groups, and perceived norms on gambling behaviors significantly decreased after interventions as compared to control groups.

Conclusions
Overall, the research suggests that while PFI applied to gambling is still in its infancy, problematic gamblers appear to benefit from programs incorporating PFIs. Further, PFI may also be used as a promising source of preventative measures for individuals displaying at-risk gambling behaviors. While, evidence is still limited, and additional research needs to be conducted with PFI for gambling problems, the preliminary positive results along with the structure of PFI as a scalable and relatively inexpensive intervention method provides promising support for future studies.
Dewaluacja fiskalna jako narzędzie polityki gospodarczej
Authors: Marczewski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2016

Growing divergence of competitiveness, followed by the appearance of huge current account imbalances among member countries of the Euro zone, have stimulated research for corrective tools beyond the exchange rate. Fiscal devaluation is one such alternative, which consists in the simultaneous shifting of output towards exports and expenditure towards domestic goods by means of a balanced change in the structure of fiscal incidence. Fiscal devaluation is discussed in a broader context of different forms of internal devaluation. The paper reviews recent literature on potential benefits and drawbacks of this tool and conditions of its effectiveness, for countries both in an outside of the currency union. The author concludes that Poland does not fulfil the majority of these conditions. The exchange rate of the country’s currency varies considerably, the ratio of minimal wage to average wage is not particularly high as compared with other EU countries and the range of indexation of public transfers to inflation is relatively wide. In these conditions fiscal devaluation would not work effectively as a tool of external equilibrium maintenance.
AutoCal: A software application for calibrating photometric data
Authors: Wium Daniël J. , Van Soelen Brian 
Published: March 2016

We present a software application for the calibration of stellar magnitudes in the absence of standard stars. It uses an existing algorithm to match stars in the target’s field of view to catalogue entries and computes the average offset between the two sets of magnitudes using a weighted least-squares approach. This offset is used to calibrate the target’s instrumental magnitude. The software application was used to calibrate magnitudes for six Be/X-ray binary sources in the Small Magellanic Cloud and the results were compared with published results for these sources. Where comparisons were possible, our results agreed with those results within the uncertainties specified. Infrared variability was found for all six of the sources tested. The interactive outlier removal that was made possible by our software allowed for smaller uncertainties to be reported for our results.
The AutoCal software is openly available here: http://hdl.handle.net/11660/2382