bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closure and Dedication Practices in the Homol’ovi Settlement Cluster, Northeastern Arizona
Authors: Adams Charles E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper explores material patterns of structure and village closure among several villages in the Homol’ovi Settlement Cluster on the Little Colorado River in northeastern Arizona, with special emphasis on Chevelon Pueblo. Excavations in nearly 200 structures within the cluster reveal a variety of closure practices, including burial of floors and floor features, structural burning, and object placement. It is argued that these patterns are part of a long Pueblo tradition of closure practices used, not to sever connections with a space, community, or landscape, but to continue material connections to these places. Some indications of dedication practices for plazas and features were uncovered at Homol’ovi I and will be discussed as part of broader memory-making practices within the community. Finally, a case will be made that the burning of Chevelon Pueblo may have been a purposeful act of forgetting.
Organizational Variability in Early Aggregated Communities in Middle-Range Societies: An Example from the Kayenta Region of the American Southwest
Authors: Stone Tammy 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEarly aggregated communities are the result of individuals and families from geographically dispersed social networks coming together at a single geographic locale. In the process of this transition, individuals and families must find new ways to relate to one another and are constantly negotiating their positions in new, and highly dynamic, social orders. To facilitate this negotiation, villages, and families within villages, experiment with existing and new social mechanisms. The result can be considerable differences in the organization of villages within the same region and even houses within a village. This study examines this variability at two Tsegi-phase villages (Segazlin Mesa and Pottery Pueblo) in the Kay enta region of the American Southwest to better understand these processes.
Constraints on the source parameters of low‐frequency earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Thomas Amanda M. , Beroza Gregory C. , Shelly David R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLow‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are small repeating earthquakes that occur in conjunction with deep slow slip. Like typical earthquakes, LFEs are thought to represent shear slip on crustal faults, but when compared to earthquakes of the same magnitude, LFEs are depleted in high‐frequency content and have lower corner frequencies, implying longer duration. Here we exploit this difference to estimate the duration of LFEs on the deep San Andreas Fault (SAF). We find that the M ~ 1 LFEs have typical durations of ~0.2 s. Using the annual slip rate of the deep SAF and the average number of LFEs per year, we estimate average LFE slip rates of ~0.24 mm/s. When combined with the LFE magnitude, this number implies a stress drop of ~104 Pa, 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than ordinary earthquakes, and a rupture velocity of 0.7 km/s, 20% of the shear wave speed. Typical earthquakes are thought to have rupture velocities of ~80–90% of the shear wave speed. Together, the slow rupture velocity, low stress drops, and slow slip velocity explain why LFEs are depleted in high‐frequency content relative to ordinary earthquakes and suggest that LFE sources represent areas capable of relatively higher slip speed in deep fault zones. Additionally, changes in rheology may not be required to explain both LFEs and slow slip; the same process that governs the slip speed during slow earthquakes may also limit the rupture velocity of LFEs.
A data‐constrained three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation model for a coronal mass ejection initiation
Authors: Wu S. T. , Zhou Yufen , Jiang Chaowei , Feng Xueshang , Wu Chin‐Chun , Hu Qiang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this study, we present a three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model based on an observed eruptive twisted flux rope (sigmoid) deduced from solar vector magnetograms. This model is a combination of our two very well tested MHD models: (i) data‐driven 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) active region evolution (MHD‐DARE) model for the reconstruction of the observed flux rope and (ii) 3‐D MHD global coronal‐heliosphere evolution (MHD‐GCHE) model to track the propagation of the observed flux rope. The 6 September 2011, AR11283, event is used to test this model. First, the formation of the flux rope (sigmoid) from AR11283 is reproduced by the MHD‐DARE model with input from the measured vector magnetograms given by Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. Second, these results are used as the initial boundary condition for our MHD‐GCHE model for the initiation of a coronal mass ejection (CME) as observed. The model output indicates that the flux rope resulting from MHD‐DARE produces the physical properties of a CME, and the morphology resembles the observations made by STEREO/COR‐1.
Comparison of the transport and deposition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Authors: Zhang Huixin , Zeng Hongbo , Ulrich Ania C. , Liu Yang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLaboratory‐scale columns were employed to study the effect of oxygen and ionic strength on the transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in porous media. In anaerobic experiments, cells were grown and transport experiments were conducted in a well‐controlled anaerobic chamber. Cell surface electrokinetic potentials were measured and surface elemental composition was analyzed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Transport experimental results showed reduced travel distance of PAO1 with increased ionic strength under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, consistent with calculated Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The deposition rates of PAO1 were significantly higher in aerobic than in anaerobic condition at higher ionic strength (10 and 100 mM), although the electrokinetic potentials were similar throughout the tested ionic strength (1, 10, and 100 mM). No difference in PAO1 deposition rate was observed at 1 mM. XPS analysis showed that variation in cell surface composition due to different growth conditions played a primary role in determining the different deposition behaviors.
Random genetic drift, natural selection, and noise in human cranial evolution
Authors: Roseman Charles C. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis study assesses the extent to which relationships among groups complicate comparative studies of adaptation in recent human cranial variation and the extent to which departures from neutral additive models of evolution hinder the reconstruction of population relationships among groups using cranial morphology.Materials and MethodsUsing a maximum likelihood evolutionary model fitting approach and a mixed population genomic and cranial data set, I evaluate the relative fits of several widely used models of human cranial evolution. Moreover, I compare the goodness of fit of models of cranial evolution constrained by genomic variation to test hypotheses about population specific departures from neutrality.ResultsModels from population genomics are much better fits to cranial variation than are traditional models from comparative human biology. There is not enough evolutionary information in the cranium to reconstruct much of recent human evolution but the influence of population history on cranial variation is strong enough to cause comparative studies of adaptation serious difficulties. Deviations from a model of random genetic drift along a tree‐like population history show the importance of environmental effects, gene flow, and/or natural selection on human cranial variation. Moreover, there is a strong signal of the effect of natural selection or an environmental factor on a group of humans from Siberia.DiscussionThe evolution of the human cranium is complex and no one evolutionary process has prevailed at the expense of all others. A holistic unification of phenome, genome, and environmental context, gives us a strong point of purchase on these problems, which is unavailable to any one traditional approach alone. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:582–592, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photodegradation of methylene blue with a titanium dioxide/polyacrylamide photocatalyst under sunlight
Authors: Kazemi Foad , Mohamadnia Zahra , Kaboudin Babak , Karimi Zeinab 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTHydrogels containing TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have photocatalytic properties and degrade pollutants under light. In this study, a polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel was synthesized with TiO2 P25 NPs as the initiator, acrylamide as a monomer, and N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker in aqueous media under sunlight. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were applied to characterize the TiO2/PAAm hydrogel. The effects of different synthetic conditions, such as the initiator concentration, crosslinker, and dilution, on swelling were investigated. The maximum swelling of the TiO2/PAAm hydrogel was 45 g/g in the hydrogel synthesized with optimum conditions by 0.2% TiO2. The photocatalytic degradability of the hydrogel was investigated with methylene blue (MB) as the pollutant target. Also, the effects of the pH and MB concentration were studied. Under optimum conditions, 95.00% of the MB was degraded by the TiO2/PAAm photocatalyst after 5 h of irradiation under sunlight. The comparison of the results with those of the TiO2 P25 powder showed that the TiO2 NPs had better activity than the hydrogel, but unlike the hydrogel, the activity of these NPs decreased in each recycling time because of the aggregation of NPs. Finally, the hydrogel was recycled seven times without a considerable reduction in the degradation efficiency. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43386.
Breaking the ice: the introduction of biofouling organisms to Antarctica on vessel hulls
Authors: Hughes Kevin A. , Ashton Gail V. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Few reports exist that describe marine non‐native species in the Southern Ocean and near‐shore waters around the Antarctic continent. Nevertheless, Antarctica's isolated marine communities, which show high levels of endemism, may be vulnerable to invasion by anthropogenically introduced species from outside Antarctica via vessel hull biofouling.
Hull surveys of the British Antarctic Survey's RRS James Clark Ross were undertaken between 2007 and 2014 at Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula (Lat. 67°34'S; Long. 68°07'W) to investigate levels of biofouling. In each case, following transit through scouring sea‐ice, over 99% of the vessel hull was free of macroscopic fouling communities. However, in some surveys microbial/algal biofilms, balanomorph barnacles and live individuals of the cosmopolitan pelagic barnacle, Conchoderma auritum were found in the vicinity of intake ports, demonstrating the potential for non‐native species to be transported to Antarctica on vessel hulls.
Increasing ship traffic volumes and declining duration of sea ice in waters to the north and west of the Antarctic Peninsula mean the region may be at increased risk of non‐native species introductions. Locations at particular risk may include the waters around popular visitor sites, such as Goudier Island, Neko Harbour, Whalers Bay, Cuverville Island and Half Moon Island, and around northern peninsula research stations.
Simple and cost‐effective mitigation measures, such as intentionally moving transiting ships briefly through available offshore sea ice to scour off accessible biofouling communities, may substantially reduce hull‐borne propagule pressure to the region. Better quantification of the risk of marine non‐native species introductions posed by vessel hulls to both Arctic and Antarctic environments, as sea ice patterns and shipping traffic volumes change, will inform the development of appropriate regional and international management responses.
Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A review of climate change and the implementation of marine biodiversity legislation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Frost Matthew , Bayliss‐Brown Georgia , Buckley Paul , Cox Martyn , Dye Stephen R. , Sanderson William G. , Stoker Bethany , Withers Harvey Narumon 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Marine legislation, the key means by which the conservation of marine biodiversity is achieved, has been developing since the 1960s. In recent decades, an increasing focus on ‘holistic’ policy development is evident, compared with earlier ‘piecemeal’ sectoral approaches. Important marine legislative tools being used in the United Kingdom, and internationally, include the designation of marine protected areas and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) with its aim of meeting ‘Good Environmental Status’ (GES) for European seas by 2020.
There is growing evidence of climate change impacts on marine biodiversity, which may compromise the effectiveness of any legislation intended to promote sustainable marine resource management.
A review of key marine biodiversity legislation relevant to the UK shows climate change was not considered in the drafting of much early legislation. Despite the huge increase in knowledge of climate change impacts in recent decades, legislation is still limited in how it takes these impacts into account. There is scope, however, to account for climate change in implementing much of the legislation through (a) existing references to environmental variability; (b) review cycles; and (c) secondary legislation and complementary policy development.
For legislation relating to marine protected areas (e.g. the EC Habitats and Birds Directives), climate change has generally not been considered in the site‐designation process, or for ongoing management, with the exception of the Marine (Scotland) Act. Given that changing environmental conditions (e.g. rising temperatures and ocean acidification) directly affect the habitats and species that sites are designated for, how this legislation is used to protect marine biodiversity in a changing climate requires further consideration.
Accounting for climate change impacts on marine biodiversity in the development and implementation of legislation is vital to enable timely, adaptive management responses. Marine modelling can play an important role in informing management decisions.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Driver's braking behavior approaching pedestrian crossings: a parametric duration model of the speed reduction times
Authors: Bella Francesco , Silvestri Manuel 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe driver's braking behavior while approaching zebra crossings under different safety measures (curb extensions, parking restrictions, and advance yield markings) and without treatment (baseline condition) was examined. The speed reduction time was the variable used to describe the driver's behavior. Forty‐two drivers drove a driving simulator on an urban scenario in which the baseline condition and the safety measures were implemented. The speed reduction time was modeled with a parametric duration model to compare the effects on driver's braking behavior of vehicle dynamic variables and different countermeasures. The parametric accelerated failure time duration model with a Weibull distribution identified that the vehicle dynamic variables and only the countermeasure curb extensions affected, in a statistically significant way, the driver's speed reduction time in response to a pedestrian crossing.This result shows that the driver, because of the improved visibility of the pedestrian allowed by the curb extensions, was able to receive a clear information and better to adapt his approaching speed to yield to the pedestrian, avoiding abrupt maneuvers. This also means a reduction of likelihood of rear‐end collision due to less aggressive braking. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing into the binding interaction between medroxyprogesterone acetate and bovine serum albumin (BSA): spectroscopic and molecular docking methods
Authors: Fang Fang , Pan Dong‐qi , Qiu Min‐jie , Liu Ting‐Ting , Jiang Min , Wang Qi , Shi Jie‐hua 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTo further understand the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the binding interaction of MPA with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under simulated physiological conditions (pH 7.4) was studied using fluorescence emission spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism and molecular docking methods. The experimental results reveal that the fluorescence of BSA quenches due to the formation of MPA–BSA complex. The number of binding sites (n) and the binding constant for MPA–BSA complex are ~1 and 4.6 × 103 M−1 at 310 K, respectively. However, it can be concluded that the binding process of MPA with BSA is spontaneous and the main interaction forces between MPA and BSA are van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding interaction due to the negative values of ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0 in the binding process of MPA with BSA. MPA prefers binding on the hydrophobic cavity in subdomain IIIA (site II′′) of BSA resulting in a slight change in the conformation of BSA, but BSA retaining the α‐helix structure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolite identification of the antimalarial piperaquine in vivo using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry in combination with multiple data‐mining tools in tandem
Authors: Yang Aijuan , Zang Meitong , Liu Huixiang , Fan Peihong , Xing Jie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractArtemisinin‐based combination therapy is widely used for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and piperaquine (PQ) is one of important partner drugs. The pharmacokinetics of PQ is characterized by a low clearance and a large volume of distribution; however, metabolism of PQ has not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, the metabolite profiling of PQ in human and rat was studied using liquid chromatography tandem high‐resolution LTQ‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HRMS). The biological samples were pretreated by solid‐phase extraction. Data processes were carried out using multiple data‐mining techniques in tandem, i.e., isotope pattern filter followed by mass defect filter. A total of six metabolites (M1–M6) were identified for PQ in human (plasma and urine) and rat (plasma, urine and bile). Three reported metabolites were also found in this study, which included N‐oxidation (M1, M2) and carboxylic products (M3). The subsequent N‐oxidation of M3 resulted in a new metabolite M4 detected in urine and bile samples. A new metabolic pathway N‐dealkylation was found for PQ in human and rat, leading to two new metabolites (M5 and M6). This study demonstrated that LC‐HRMSn in combination with multiple data‐mining techniques in tandem can be a valuable analytical strategy for rapid metabolite profiling of drugs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction between MLL3 genetic polymorphisms, smoking, and alcohol drinking in laryngeal cancer: a case–control study
Authors: Chen Dong , Gong Liang , Jiang Qichuan , Wang Xuefeng , Zhang Bin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA previous study indicated that MLL3 genetic polymorphisms were associated with human cancer. However, whether MLL3 genetic variants are associated with the risk of laryngeal cancer is not clear. This study investigated the association between MLL3 gene polymorphisms and laryngeal cancer in a Chinese population. Four polymorphisms of the MLL3 gene (rs6943984, rs4725443, rs3800836, rs6464211) were genotyped using the TaqMan method in 592 patients with larynx cancer and 602 age‐ and sex‐matched noncancer controls. We found that rs6943984 and rs4725443 of the MLL3 gene were significantly associated with the risk of larynx cancer after Bonferroni correction. The minor allele A for rs6943984 was associated with increased larynx cancer risk (P < 0.001, OR = 1.960, 95% CI = 1.587–2.420). C allele frequency (0.151) for rs4725443 was significantly higher in the case group than the control group (0.072, P < 0.001). Haplotype analyses showed that haplotypes A‐T‐A‐C and G‐T‐G‐C increased the risk of laryngeal cancer (OR = 2.406, 95% CI: 1.820–3.180, P < 0.001; OR = 1.399, 95% CI: 1.180–1.659, respectively), and haplotypes G‐T‐A‐C and G‐T‐G‐T significantly reduced the risk of laryngeal cancer (OR = 0.332, 95% CI: 0.271–0.408, P < 0.001; OR = 0.742, 95% CI: 0.607–0.908, respectively). We also found that MLL3 rs6943984 and rs4725443 polymorphisms had synergistic effects with smoking or alcohol drinking for the risk of laryngeal cancer. This study indicated that MLL3 genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated with larynx cancer in a Chinese population. There was a mutually synergistic effect between smoking, alcohol drinking, and MLL3 gene polymorphisms for laryngeal cancer.
Protein Camouflage: Supramolecular Anion Recognition by Ubiquitin
Authors: Mallon Madeleine , Dutt Som , Schrader Thomas , Crowley Peter B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractProgress in the field of bio‐supramolecular chemistry, the bottom‐up assembly of protein–ligand systems, relies on a detailed knowledge of molecular recognition. To address this issue, we have characterised complex formation between human ubiquitin (HUb) and four supramolecular anions. The ligands were: pyrenetetrasulfonic acid (4PSA), p‐sulfonato‐calix[4]arene (SCLX4), bisphosphate tweezers (CLR01) and meso‐tetrakis (4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS), which vary in net charge, size, shape and hydrophobicity. All four ligands induced significant changes in the HSQC spectrum of HUb. Chemical shift perturbations and line‐broadening effects were used to identify binding sites and to quantify affinities. Supporting data were obtained from docking simulations. It was found that these weakly interacting ligands bind to extensive surface patches on HUb. A comparison of the data suggests some general indicators for the protein‐binding specificity of supramolecular anions. Differences in binding were observed between the cavity‐containing and planar ligands. The former had a preference for the arginine‐rich, flexible C terminus of HUb.
RARα mediates all‐trans‐retinoic acid‐induced VEGF‐C, VEGF‐D, and VEGFR3 expression in lung cancer cells
Authors: Kalitin Nikolay N. , Karamysheva Aida F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe regulation of vascular endothelial growth factors C (VEGF‐C) and D (VEGF‐D), and their receptor VEGFR3 gene and protein expression by all‐trans‐retinoic acid (atRA) in A549 lung cancer cells, was investigated. We showed that atRA treatment increased VEGF‐C, VEGF‐D, and VEGFR3 protein and mRNA contents in dose‐dependent manner. atRA‐mediated increase of both ligands and receptor expression correlated with the elevated level of retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) expression, while the level of another atRA receptor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ), was decreased. We demonstrated that the classical counterpart of RARα, retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), was down‐regulated in both cytoplasm and nucleus of A549 cells upon atRA addition. On the contrary, the nuclear quantity of another possible RARα counterpart, transcription factor Sp1, was increased after atRA treatment.