bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary energy level on body condition and some blood compounds in the dairy cow
Authors: Parker B.N.J. , Lewis Gwyneth 
Published: July 2016

The main objective when considering dietary energy levels in the dairy cow is to achieve optimum economical milk production, not necessarily energy balance, at all stages of lactation. Some cows may attain energy balance by reducing milk yield.In the early part of lactation, while appetite is increasing, a negative energy balance is acceptable, particularly in the high-yielding cow, at the expense of body reserves. During this time and up to peak yield, maximum use must be made of the cow's feeding capacity in order to attain its full milking potential. This is important, since the peak yield considerably influences the rest of the lactation, as concluded by Broster (1972).Failure to achieve a sufficient energy intake in early lactation may be reflected in excessive weight loss as well as in reduced milk production, whereas in the post-peak period, too rapid body-weight gain may be associated with over-generous feeding.
Dietary protein levels and blood composition of dairy cattle
Authors: Treacher R.J. 
Published: July 2016

The protein requirements of farm animals cannot be considered in isolation from their energy requirements and studies on changes in blood composition due to changes in protein intake must be made with defined and preferably constant energy intake. Two experiments have been carried out in which groups of permanently housed cattle have been fed individually different levels of dietary protein while all were receiving the energy intakes recommended by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1965).In the first experiment the basic diet consisted of 6.8 kg hay and 1.8 kg concentrates of either 15.1 per cent digestible crude protein (DCP, high protein) or 6.8 per cent DCP (low protein), fed at 0.4 kg/kg milk produced. The peak milk yield was 13.5 kg/day and at peak yield, the daily metabolizable energy (ME) intake was 130 MJ in both groups. This experiment has been fully reported by Manston, Russel, Dew and Payne (1975).
3.2 The use of cultivated pastures for intensive animal production in developing countries
Authors: Lane I. R. 
Published: July 2016

At present, only a small proportion of livestock in developing countries are kept on cultivated pastures (Williamson and Payne, 1978).This paper is therefore more concerned with the intensification of the pasture production and the levels of animal production which may be achieved. In general, the pastures which may be cultivated in an area and the ways open for their utilization are related to the ecology of that area (Bogdan, 1977; Skerman, 1977). The factors which determine the natural vegetation to be found on a site, and the distribution of the major plant communities in developing countries, will therefore be reviewed first. Then, certain ecological zones which show promise for the intensification of pastures will be selected and, for each, some of the possible lines of development will be discussed.
Consumer attitudes and demand for meat
Authors: Baron Peter J. 
Published: July 2016

The present state of the food market emphasizes the need to reappraise the analysis of the market for meat. Consumer demand for meat is analyzed in terms of a complex mixture of acceptable levels of leanness, tenderness and flavour and of price and income influences. This analysis is a confusing mixture of incomplete economists' and marketeers' models.As with many disciplines, it is in agriculture and food that we see their first application. Economics is a good example of this. The now conventional models of demand have found wide application and provide a sound foundation for an analysis of the general level and trends in the meat market. Thus, the MLC is able to regularly produce an analysis and forecast for the level of demand for beef, lamb, pigmeat and poultry as commodities and by major subdivision of those commodities (MLC, 1981). This paper does not seek to repeat those results other than to note their revelation of a substantially stable overall consumption level, with steady gains by poultrymeat at the expense of carcass meats, particularly lamb.
Fat ewes—matching production to the market
Authors: Darroch A. , Volans K. 
Published: July 2016

This paper considers the importance of fat ewes to sheep producers, the outlets available and the factors which affect price. Ways in which producers can improve their returns from fat ewes, by matching production to the market, are also discussed.Considerable attention has recently been given to developing the market for finished lambs. The total output, including that from fat ewes, must be considered for the full potential of the sheep enterprise to be realized.It is estimated that 1.47 M ewes (and rams) will be slaughtered in the UK in 1983, producing 40 000 t of mutton, as shown in Table 5.10.1. This represents a significant output from the sheep enterprise, amounting to between 10 and 25% of sheep producers’ income — depending on type of enterprise.
The changing demands on producers: from quantity to quality
Authors: Gill A. B. N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProducer marketing of extensive livestock is undergoing rapid change as the political economy adjusts to new global orders and social and commercial pressures condition the nature of the market. British producers are responding to the challenges and opportunities of the market place through a business and marketing approach which embraces farm assurance, collaborative marketing, partnership in the food chain and professional business management. The National Farmers' Union is at the centre of developments in these important areas. This strategy provides the best basis for the maintenance of a viable rural economy.
Grazing management and supplementation for the lowland sheep flock
Authors: Treacher T. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStocking rate is the major determinant of differences in profitability of recorded sheep flocks. Detailed guidelines, based on sward height profiles, for the management of continuously grazed sheep pastures were published in the mid 1980s. The key recommendation of these guidelines was maintenance of a sward height of about 6 cm from April to mid June. It arose from experimentation showing that, at this height, herbage intake by lactating ewes is nearly maximal, the level of herbage utilization was satisfactory and a good sward structure was achieved.The paper reviews recent studies, which suggest modifications to the original management recommendations. Although concentrate supplementation of ewes in the spring, until the sward reached 4 cm, was recommended in the guidelines, there is little evidence of a response in lamb weight at weaning to supplementation unless swards are below 3 cm, which rarely occurs for long in lowland conditions. Decision rules for adjustment of the grazing area to achieve the height guidelines still present some problems, particularly in Scotland, where the growing season is short. An increase in sward height from 6 to 8 cm may be necessary from mid June to maintain high growth rates in lambs and prevent very low growth rates in weaned lambs. Rapid declines in sward height prior to mating may result in intakes below maintenance, which reduce lambing percentage, although this can be prevented by supplementation.Mixed swards of white clover and grass with zero or low N fertilizer input give outputs of lamb production per ha that are 75 to 100% of the output from swards receiving high N fertilizer inputs. Guidelines for management of mixed swards are essentially the same as for pure grass swards.
Nutrition over the winter period — the breeding female
Authors: Robinson J. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDue to the wide variation in both the productivity of sheep systems and the quality of the food resources that they utilize, the formulation of successful feeding strategies for individual flocks during pregnancy and lactation is best achieved from a knowledge of how these physiological states affect food digestion and nutrient utilization. This paper reviews recent data on the principles of food digestion and nutrient utilization in the breeding ewe and translates them into practical feeding regimens that take account of forage quality, the amount and quality of the concentrate supplement and the contribution that body and dietary lipids can make to production.
Sheep health: research developments and emerging problems
Authors: Aitken I. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRelative to other livestock sectors sheep production has a high wastage through mortality, suboptimal husbandry practices and premature culling. A significant but unquantified component of this loss is attributable to infectious and parasitic disease. Some common infectious diseases (e.g. those caused byClostridia) are amenable to effective control but regular sporadic outbreaks indicate that, from time to time, control measures fail or are improperly applied. Other diseases, notably those causing abortion, continue to present problems, particularly chlamydial abortion and toxoplasmosis. Inability to diagnose infection before the onset of clinical signs hinders the control of scrapie and pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) and the only vaccine against orf is of limited efficacy.However, the new information being generated by application of molecular biological techniques in some of these problem areas carries promise of improved control. Good examples are provided by research which has led to a blood test for discriminating between sheep that are genetically susceptible or resistant to scrapie and by studies onChlamydia psittaciwhich have identified essential protective antigens and which thereby improve prospects for significant vaccine enhancement.The world-wide importance of gastrointestinal parasitism and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance have spurred efforts, internationally, to develop an alternative biological control system. Evidence that protective vaccination may be feasible is accruing but the time scale to a real product may be long.Factors to be considered in assessing future disease trends include the impact of a ‘frontier-free’ Europe, changes in husbandry practices, introduction of new livestock species, altered land use and climatic change resulting from global warming. Some predictions are made.
On psychodynamics of personal value-judgements – Nietzsche's theory of resentment and its reception by Karl Jaspers and Kurt Schneider
Authors: Bormuth Matthias 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:A hundred years ago when Karl Jaspers was introducing psychological understanding to psychiatry the founder of the school of Heidelberg spoke of Friedrich Nietzsche as one of the “greatest” psychologists. Especially his theory of resentment with its core thesis unconscious prejudices were influencing our behaviour was able to illuminate the complex structure of human will. Taking into account this horizon of psychiatric history of ideas the presentation wants to persecute the following three questions: 1) Why the postulate which Nietzsche was giving on cultural prejudices of our thoughts, feelings and acts was so provocative so that many of the classical thinkers of psychological understanding were taking it up according to the needs of their disciplines sociology, psychology, psychiatry and philosophy? 2) What were the results of this inspiring theory which could be especially seen in the works of Karl Jaspers and Kurt Schneider? In other words: What were the aspects in which they agreed in their reception of Nietzsche and what were the points in which the two psychiatrists of the school of Heidelberg differed in the way they took the theory of resentment into account for their psychological understanding? 3) What could be the actual significance of the historical fact that Nietzsche and in his footsteps Max Weber were taking deep influence on psychiatric thinking around 1900?
Special gender issues in psychiatry
Authors: Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Sperner-Unterweger Barbara 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Significant gender differences exist in the course, manifestation and treatment of mental illness. Regardless of specific diagnosis age is one of the key factors in gender differences. Such differences between the sexes exist not only concerning origin and perpetuation of specific psychiatric diseases, they are also available and notable in specific fields of pharmacological and psychotherapeutically treatment. That review should sensitize clinicians for their responsibility to provide individualized, optimally effective, gender-specific care to patients suffering from mental diseases in some special topics. It should be a short overview considering some important gender details illustrated in concern with the epidemiological background, the symptoms and general used psychiatric treatment strategies of some frequent psychiatric diagnoses.
Biological aspects of panic disorder
Authors: Timmerman L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive review of biological theories about the development of panic disorder.Noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABA-ergic models of panic disorder are discussed, together with the role of peptides and neuroanatomical hypotheses.The conclusion is that there is no unitary biological explanation of panic disorder.An intergrative bio-psycho-social model seems for the moment the most usefull.
Molecular Biology and Neuropsychiatry
Authors: de Jong A. , Kroon K.A. , Loonen A.J.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn overview is given of some developments in the field of the molecular biological sciences with their impact on neuropsychiatry and psychopharmacology. Interference with the functioning of the cell will give some clues for the development of new psychotropic drugs. The genesis of disorders will be elucidated. This can lead to new methods of therapy. Moreover, the possibility to affect gene expression may offer opportunities for the development of new drugs. The existence and functioning of priones is explained. Interfering with neuroplastic principles may become an important method for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The role of tryptophan in hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Aaldijk C. , Broek W.W. Van Den , Mast R.C. Van Der 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this review the most important hypotheses for the occurrence of the clinical picture of hepatic encephalopathy are discussed. As possible pathogenetic mechanisms are raised: dysfunction of the serotonergic system due to an increased tryptophan uptake in the brain, an elevated intracerebral ammoniac concentration and glutamine synthesis, and a heightened intracerebral GABA-activity.The dysregulation of the serotonergic system as a consequence of the increased intracerebral tryptophan uptake is described as one of the most important pathogenetic mechanisms. The elevated intracerebral ammoniac concentration and the elevated intracerebral glutamine synthesis play in this a facilitating role. The similarity in symptomatology of the clinical picture of HE and the serotonergic syndrome support this hypothesis. Due to contradictory research findings the role of the GABA-ergic system and the occurrence of HE remains unclear.
Night terrors
Authors: Sweden B. Van , Bollen J. , Leroy B. , Mesotten F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe parasomnias are important yet badly recognised dysfunctions in clinical psychiatry. The clinical presentation and consequences in adults differ considerably from the often benign dysfunction in childhood. We present a case of incubus in a patient suffering from recurrent unipolar affective psychosis (type mania). The polysomnographic features are discussed and the differentiation from other paroxysmal amnestic conditions is emphasized. Pathophysiology encompasses a Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) arousal disorder probably related to a serotoninergic dysfunction. The relationship withpsychopa-thology is discussed.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and psychopathology: a review
Authors: Dirkx J. , Reijnierse J. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a large variety of clinical signs. Delirium, affective disorders, psychoses, anxiety disorders, personality changes or combinations oftheforementioned are the mental disorders frequently encountered with SLE. There are only few indications for an obvious pathogenic mechanism responsible for the mental disorders occurring with SLE. It seems that the psychopathology in SLE largely is reactive in its nature and as such related to the presence of a serious disease. Psychotic features are possibly an exception because they may be related to pathological changes in the brain of the SLE patient. The administration of corticosteroids is not responsible for the psychiatric syndromes observed in SLE.
Self-injurious behavior and mental retardation; a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. , Dosen A. , Tuinier S. , Sijben A.E.S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryResearch on the phenomenon of self-injurious behaviour (SIB) has been very limited despite the relative high prevalence of this type of disorder. The relative lack of knowledge of psychopathology in this field and the methodological problems in performing research projects may have contributed to the limitations in the interest for this area. Recently, research into biological aspects of the etiopathogenesis of SIB has yielded results that might open new vistas for a rational and effective pharmacotherapeutical approach. In this concise review the psychiatric, neurological, biological, pharmacological and methodological aspects of SIB in mental retardation will be mentioned.
Interrater reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Authors: Hoencamp E. , Betten I. , Haffmans P.M.J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryInterrater reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for DepressionInterrater reliability of the Dutch version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD 17 items) was investigated. Although sufficient, a kappa of .65, found for all raters, was not very high. Specifically item 2 (feelings of guilt) and item 11 (psychic anxiety) seemed difficult to judge. The most experienced raters achieved the highest kappas as well on the total score of the HRSD.It is concluded that this version of the HRSD, if administered by experienced raters, is a reasonably reliable instrument to obtain a certain ‘cut-off score (for instance in-exclusion criterium) as well as to measure the change in severity of the depression during treatment.
The clinical significance of atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Boer J.A. Den , Westenberg H.G.M. , Louwerens J.W. , Slooff C.J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA concise review is given of the importance of the atypical antipsychotic drugs clozapine, sulpiride, remoxipride and raclopride. Both the concept of atypicality and the pharmacological profile of these compounds is discussed. The newly developed atypical antipsychotic remoxipride has been studied in several double blind studies. In virtually all of these studies a reduced propensity for the induction of extrapyramidal symptoms was found.These findings implicate that atypical antipsychotics may also not induce tardive dyskinesia. In addition to the treatment of acute schizophrenia, these compounds might be of use in the treatment of treatment resistent schizophrenia (clozapine), tardive dyskinesia and psychosis during the course of Parkinson's disease.
Meta-analysis of 38 placebo-controlled studies examining the antidepressant-induced analgesic effect
Authors: Onghena P. , van Houdenhove B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryFor all controlled studies that bear upon the analgesic-effect of antidepressants, a meta-analysis was conducted to get an estimation of the effect size and to get a sight on the possible modes of action. For this purpose both content and methodological variables were coded for each study. The mean size of the analgesic effect is 0.63. This means that the average patient getting an antidepressant has less pain than 74% of the patients getting a placebo. However because of selective drop-out and the use of psychometri-cally inadequate pain scales, this may be an over-estimation. Real analgesic qualities of antidepressive agents seem to offer the most plausible explanation for the effect, but the importance of serotonin reuptake blocking is not confirmed. A main objection, however, is that in all studies the depression variable was insufficiently controlled at inclusion. Because both the estimation of the effect size as the explanation of the effect are confounded with methodological doubts, it is concluded that further studies need to be done to overcome these difficulties.
Diagnostic and classification systems with special emphasis on the Minicompendium
Authors: Bech P. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWith the introduction of major tranquillizers more than three decades ago symptom rating scales were soon accepted as the method of evaluating their clinical effects. The Mini-compendium is a collection of rating scales for measuring outcome of antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, antimanics, and anti-psychotics. The scales have been selected by their “cash values”, i.e. the scales most frequently used for the respective dimensions. These scales have been further developed in terms of strict item definitions. The simple sum of the individual scale items has been considered as a sufficient statistic if they fulfilled latent structure analysis of shared phenomenology.
The flexible brain. On mind and brain, neural darwinism and psychiatry
Authors: den Boer J.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA theoretical introduction is given in which several theoretical viewpoints concerning the mind-brain problem are discussed. During the last decade philosophers like Searle, Dennett and the Churchlands have taken a more or less pure materialistic position in explaining mental phenomena.Investigators in biological psychiatry have hardly ever taken a clear position in this discussion, whereas we believe it is important that the conclusions drawn from biological research are embedded in a theoretical framework related to the mind-brain problem.In this article the thesis is defended that the theory of neural darwinism represents a major step forward and may bridge previous distinctions between biological, clinical and social psychiatry.
Focal neurocognitive dysfunctions in abstinence delirium: a case report
Authors: Mariën P. , Borggreve F. , Spanoghe W. , Saerens J. , Pickut B.A. , Deyn P.P. De 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDue to abrupt interruption of hidden benzodiazepine-use, a 68-year-old woman developed a full-blown abstinence delirium characterized by epileptic seizures and progressive focal neurocognitive symptoms. The evolution of such rare neuro-linguistic phenomena as an echoism, palilalia and glossomania associated with a progressive visuo-perceptive syndrome and a visual hallucinosis are for the first time reported within the context of withdrawal. Notwithstanding the lack of any neuroradiological evidence for a morphological lesion in the clinically expected brain regions, the anatomo-clinical hypothesis of a focal frontal and parieto-occipital dysfunction was explicitly corroborated by repeated 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT findings.