bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SupremeCourt (US) Cases on Corrections
Authors: Magnus Amy M. , Troshynski Emily I. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThere have been various Supreme Court cases that have influenced the United States corrections system particularly with regard to constitutional issues associated with pretrial detention, incarceration, community corrections (probation and parole) as well as the death penalty. Similarly, several Supreme Court cases have also impacted constitutional rights and liberties afforded to individuals not yet charged but detained (detainees), charged and incarcerated (inmates), sentenced to probation in lieu of prison/jail (probationers), placed on parole post‐incarceration (parolees), as well as those on death row.
Residential Programs for Juveniles
Authors: Monell Jack S. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Residential programs are facilities used to house juveniles who have emotional, psychological or drug‐dependent deficiencies. Although they have been used traditionally to address juvenile delinquency in the nineteenth century, they have also been used as an interventional approach for juveniles who may suffer from various crises at home or in educational settings. Group homes, one of the earliest types of residential facilities, were a direct result of the passage of the English Elizabethan Poor Laws in the 1600s, which were created initially for the removal of children. Many residents were forced into apprenticeship or indentured servitude. Ideologically, this was motivated by assisting children and adolescents who were considered incorrigible. Group homes eventually evolved into residential programs, both secure and non‐secure. Similar to the Child Savers' Movement and the creation of juvenile reformatories, the United States expanded on this concept during the 1800s to include many programs to address juveniles in a more therapeutic manner, including day treatment programs and wilderness/outdoor programs.
S
entencing
P
roject, The
Authors: Foley Allison J. , Khatiashvili Giorgi 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Sentencing Project has studied the criminal justice system in the United States since 1986. The nonprofit organization's analytical work reveals a number of inequalities in the administration of justice that disproportionately impact people of color. The Sentencing Project uses this work to advocate for sentencing and other legislative reforms and to propose solutions to reduce these disparities and to improve the impact of crime policy on juveniles, women, children, and society more generally.
S
treib,
V
ictor
Authors: Foley Allison J. , Khatiashvili Giorgi 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Victor Streib is a renowned legal scholar and advocate for legal reform, particularly for juveniles and women. His studies, especially in regards to the death penalty, have shaped society's views and have been cited in many landmark US Supreme Court decisions. His work contributed to a shifting consensus against the execution of juveniles, and brought attention to the previously overlooked gender bias in the imposition of the death penalty.
V
enezuela, Corrections in
Authors: Santiago Neelie Pérez , Birkbeck Christopher 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The correctional system of Venezuela is best understood as a system of internment. The inmate population doubled between 2008 and 2015, and overcrowding is at 270%. Remand and sentenced inmates are usually not segregated and most centers are in a very poor physical state. Control over the interior of facilities is largely in the hands of inmates and rates of violence are very high. Early release mechanisms are a longstanding “benefit” sought by inmates but access to them has been restricted in recent years, leading to widespread and varied forms of protest. The government has recently attempted to improve conditions within internment centers, but the outcome is uncertain.
Work Release Programs
Authors: Powell Zachary A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWork release is a rehabilitation program that offers incarcerated inmates the opportunity to seek employment in a community while serving out their sentence at a penal institution. In theory, working in the community prior to release enables an inmate to have a smoother transition into conventional society, resulting in a decreased likelihood of recidivating. While initial reports indicated that work release was a viable corrections option, rigorous research showing no real effect of work release on recidivism initiated the decline of these programs. In conjunction with a decrease in funding for rehabilitation efforts and negative publicity, work release is rarely used in contemporary corrections.
U
nited
S
tates, Corrections in
Authors: Wells Makeela J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Corrections is an aspect of the US criminal justice system that works to punish, incapacitate, deter, or rehabilitate those who have been convicted and sentenced for a crime. There are an estimated 1.5 million individuals under some type of correctional authority in the United States. The main components of US corrections include jails, prisons, and community corrections. Jails are facilities to hold individuals who are awaiting trial and those who have been sentenced to one year or less of confinement. Prisons are facilities reserved for individuals sentenced to more than one year of incarceration. Community corrections refers to a variety of sentences that allows offenders to serve their time within the community. The most common forms of community corrections are probation and parole. Other methods of community corrections include, but are not limited to, day reporting center, electronic monitoring, and boot camps.
Security Levels
Authors: Ortiz Jennifer Marie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
]p[Security levels are classifications of facilities or units within a correctional establishment based on the level of danger or threat posed by the inmates in that facility. Danger and threat are quantified through a variety of variables, including level of monitoring of inmates, fortification of the facility, and potential inmate violence. This entry provides an overview of state and federal correctional security levels and factors that determine placement in each level. The entry also provides a discussion of the effect of placement in various security levels and suggestions for future research.
U
rban Institute
Authors: Villarreal Kate 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Founded in 1968, the Urban Institute (often referred to simply as Urban) is a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, DC, whose mission is to open minds, shape decisions, and offer solutions through economic and social policy research. The Justice Policy Center, established at Urban in 2000, conducts research to improve criminal justice policy and practice at the national, state, and local levels. While Urban's extensive criminal justice portfolio is diverse, this entry focuses primarily on corrections and re‐entry.
L
ombroso,
C
esare
Authors: Ystehede Per Jørgen 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Cesare Lombroso (Ezechia Marco Lombroso) was born on November 6, 1835 in Verona, Italy, and died in Turin, Italy, on October 19, 1909. He studied literature, linguistics, archeology and medicine and worked as an army doctor prior to becoming a professor of medicine and later, psychiatry (in 1896) at the University of Turin. Lombroso has been acknowledged as one of the founding fathers of criminology and of scientific studies on crime and the criminal.
Recreation Programs
Authors: Norwood Melanie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Recreation programs vary widely in prisons. Their availability is based on the security level of the prison, funding to provide and implement the program, the space within the prison or inside the prison grounds to hold the program, and the gender of inmates that the prison houses. These programs largely fall into the categories of sports, education, technical and vocational skills, and the arts. Unfortunately, the general public often perceives recreation programs as luxuries, despite the vast benefits that participation in these programs may afford inmates. The benefits to offering these programs, the types of programs that might be offered, the challenges to providing these programs, and the current status of these programs are discussed in this entry.
Reduction in Modulus of Suspended Sub‐2 nm Single Crystalline Silicon Nanomembranes
Authors: Zhu Xiaodong , Lu Jiwu , Pan Haihua , Zheng Zejie , Pi Xiaodong , Zhao Yi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUltrathin Si nanomembranes (SiNM) have attracted wide attention due to their potential applications in various fields, including flexible electronics and image sensors for spherical monocentric lens. However, due to silicon's relative high Young modulus, it is quite difficult to perfectly integrate the Si based circuits into these flexible and spherical systems. In this study, we report the reduction in modulus of SiNM when the thickness of SiNM is down to sub‐2 nm. The fabrication steps include the Si thinning process by oxidation of the silicon on insulator (SOI) wafers and the suspended process by semiconductor technology. Direct mechanical measurement by atomic force microscope in contact model shows that the Young's modulus of a 1.6‐nm‐thick SiNMs decreases to 4 Gpa. It is further confirmed by the first‐principle theory simulation. It demonstrates that the surface effects play a significant role in SiNM's mechanical properties. The results in this study are significant for the applications of SiNMs on the flexible electronics.
Modulating the Molecular Packing and Nanophase Blending via a Random Terpolymerization Strategy toward 11% Efficiency Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Cho Hye Jin , Lee Jungho , Yang Yankang , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Li Yongfang , Yang Changduk 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDespite rapid advances in the field of nonfullerene polymer solar cells (NF‐PSCs), successful examples of random polymer‐based NF‐PSCs are limited. In this study, it is demonstrated that random donor polymers based on thieno[2′,3′:5′,6′]pyrido[3,4‐g]thieno[3,2‐c]isoquinoline‐5,11(4H,10H)‐dione (TPTI) containing two simple thiophene (T) and bithiophene (2T) electron‐rich moieties (PTTI‐Tx) can be promising materials for the fabrication of highly efficient NF‐PSCs. With negligible influence on optical bandgaps and energy levels, the crystalline behavior of PTTI‐Tx polymers was modulated by varying the T:2T ratio in the polymer backbone; this resulted in the formation of different microstructures upon blending with a nonfullerene m‐ITIC acceptor in NF‐PSCs. In particular, a PTPTI‐T70:m‐ITIC system enabled favorable small‐scale phase separation with an increased population of face‐on oriented crystallites, thereby boosting the processes of effective exciton dissociation and charge transport in the device. Consequently, the highest power conversion efficiency of 11.02% with an enhanced short‐circuit current density of 17.12 mA cm−2 is achieved for the random polymer‐based NF‐PSCs thus far. These results indicate that random terpolymerization is a simple and practical approach for the optimization of a donor polymer toward highly efficient NF‐PSCs.
Pregnancy and immune stimulation: re‐imagining the fetus as parasite to understand age‐related immune system changes in US women
Authors: Rivara Anna C. , Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectivesPregnancy can increase production of Immunoglobulin E (IgE), an immune response more often directed towards parasite infections. An absence of parasitism makes the US population ideal to test the hypothesis that the maternal immune system recognizes a fetus as a parasite. We predict that total IgE levels are positively associated with a history of pregnancy across all ages of adult women, mirroring patterns of IgE in parasitized populations.MethodsReproductive‐aged women (n = 2201) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005‐2006 were analyzed in a cross‐sectional design using complex survey regression and multiple imputation to evaluate associations between total IgE levels, pregnancy history, and interactions between age and pregnancy.ResultsWomen with a history of pregnancy have significantly higher IgE levels and a significantly shallower slope of IgE levels across ages (P = .031).ConclusionsThis research supports the hypothesis that maternal immune systems respond to prior pregnancies as they do to macro‐parasitic exposures, and may modify the expected linear declines of IgE levels in women that accompanies aging. These finding have implications for understanding the evolution of internal gestation in mammals.
Effect of the melt‐mixing condition on the physical property of poly(l‐lactic acid)/poly(d‐lactic acid) blends
Authors: El‐Khodary Esraa , Fukui Yoko , Yamamoto Masaki , Yamane Hideki 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThe effect of the mixing condition in a mill‐type mixer on the thermal property and the crystal formation of the poly(l‐lactide)/poly(d‐lactide) blends is investigated. The blends melt‐mixed at 200 and 210 °C under application of a high shear flow tend to show a single melting peak of the stereocomplex crystal (SC) in the differential scanning calorimetry first and second heating processes without indicating the trace of the melting of homo‐chiral crystal. The mixing at an elevated temperature causes a serious thermal degradation. Further kneading of the blends at an elevated temperature higher than Tm of SC causes the transesterification between the same enatiomeric chains forming block copolymers of l‐ and d‐chains. This block copolymer acts as a nucleating agent of SC and the compatibilizing agent between poly(l‐lactide) and poly(d‐lactide) and promotes the formation of SC. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45489.
Micelle‐Directing Synthesis of Ag‐Doped WO3 and MoO3 Composites for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation and Organic‐Dye Adsorption
Authors: Bate Nasen , Shi Hongfei , Chen Li , Wang Jiabo , Xu Shasha , Chen Weilin , Li Jianping , Wang Enbo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this paper, an Ag‐doped WO3 (and MoO3) composite has been prepared by following a simple micelle‐directed method and high‐temperature sintering route. The as‐prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The photocatalytic experiments reveal that their oxygen‐production rates are up to 95.43 μmol (75.45 μmol) for Ag‐doped WO3 (MoO3), which is 9.5 (7.3) times higher than that of pure WO3: 9.012 μmol (MoO3: 9.00 μmol) under visible‐light illumination (λ≥420 nm), respectively. The improvement of their photocatalytic activity is attributed to the enhancement of their visible‐light absorption and the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers by Ag doping. Moreover, Ag‐doped WO3 (MoO3) also shows excellent adsorption of rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution, with maximum adsorption capacities towards RhB and MB of 822 and 820 mg g−1 for Ag‐doped WO3, and 642 and 805 mg g−1 for Ag‐doped MoO3, respectively.
Consumer response to brand involved in food safety scandal: An exploratory study based on a recent scandal in India
Authors: Roy Vivek , Tata Sai Vijay , Parsad Chandan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper focuses on the product‐harm oriented brand crisis situation from the perspective of food safety scandal. Food safety scandals cause the deterioration of consumer confidence and thereby affect consumer food choices. However, there exists a lack of studies that examine the consumer response to a brand involved in a food safety scandal. The main research questions addressed are (a) to explicate a detailed mechanism of the consumer response towards a brand involved in food safety scandal and (b) what prompts a consumer to trust the faulty brand again. Further, this study presents empirical contextualization from a real brand‐specific food safety scandal, the 2015 monosodium glutamate scandal of Nestlé Maggi noodles in India. The study is based on 308 Indian consumers and employs structural equation modeling to analyze the data. The results show that the emotional attachment with the brand forms the basis of the restoration of brand trust by enhancing the authenticity perception of the brand among consumers. This, in turn, forms the basis for the enhancement of healthiness perception of ingredients in order to restore the purchase intention and mitigate blame attribution among consumers. The results are further analyzed from the brand perspective to outline critical implications toward food brand crisis management. This study is among the initial studies to focus on the aftermath of food safety scandals from the brand and consumer perspective.
Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma presenting as Richter's syndrome with cerebral involvement in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Puckrin Robert , Pop Paula , Ghorab Zeina , Keith Julia , Chodirker Lisa , Lin Yulia , Callum Jeannie 
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical MessageIntravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is an aggressive non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma which can present with B symptoms, rash, and neurological deterioration. Up to 10% of cases of IVLBCL are associated with other hematological neoplasms, including this extremely rare presentation of IVLBCL as Richter's transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Matrix Derived from Metal‐Organic Framework‐Supported Pt Nanoparticles with Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Activity
Authors: Gu Wenling , Shang Changshuai , Li Jing , Wang Erkang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHerein, a porous nitrogen‐doped carbon material (NH2‐MIL‐101‐C) derived from the metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) of NH2‐MIL‐101 ([Fe3OX(NH2‐BDC)3]n, X: OH, NH2‐BDC: 2‐aminoterephthalic acid) is applied as a corrosion‐resistant support matrix for the growth of Pt nanoparticles (NH2‐MIL‐101‐C@Pt). The Pt nanoparticles could be uniformly and steadily deposited on the porous carbon support matrix, owing to their strong interactions, which effectively inhibited agglomeration of the nanoparticles. NH2‐MIL‐101‐C@Pt is tested for the possible factors as an excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst in basic medium. Compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst, enhanced ORR activity and greater long‐time durability is obtained when using the NH2‐MIL‐101‐C@Pt catalyst. In addition, it is proved that the enhanced activity should be ascribed to the alternate local electron density of Pt in the NH2‐MIL‐101‐C@Pt catalyst, which convincingly change the d‐band center of Pt compared to the Fermi level and promotes faster ORR kinetics.
Frailty is an independent prognostic marker in elderly patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Alonso Salinas Gonzalo Luis , Sanmartin Marcelo , Pascual Izco Marina , Rincon Luis Miguel , Pastor Pueyo Pablo , Marco del Castillo Alvaro , Garcia Guerrero Alberto , Caravaca Perez Pedro , Recio‐Mayoral Alejandro , Camino Asuncion , Jimenez‐Mena Manuel , Zamorano José Luis 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundAcute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients are increasingly older. Conventional prognostic scales include chronological age but do not consider vulnerability. In elderly patients, a frail phenotype represents a better reflection of biological age.Hypothesis:This study aims to determine the prevalence of frailty and its influence on patients age ≥75 years with ACS.MethodsPatients age ≥75 years admitted due to type 1 myocardial infarction were included in 2 tertiary hospitals, and clinical data were collected prospectively. Frailty was defined at admission using the previously validated Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe Frailty Index (SHARE‐FI) tool. The primary endpoint was the combination of death or nonfatal myocardial reinfarction during a follow‐up of 6 months. Major bleeding (hemoglobin decrease ≥3 g/dL or transfusion needed) and readmission rates were also explored.ResultsA total of 234 consecutive patients were included. Frail patients (40.2%) had a higher‐risk profile, based on higher age and comorbidities. On multivariate analysis, frailty was an independent predictor of the combination of death or nonfatal myocardial reinfarction (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12‐5.79), an independent predictor of the combination of death, nonfatal myocardial reinfarction, or major bleeding (aHR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.13‐4.04), and an independent predictor of readmission (aHR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.00‐3.22).ConclusionsFrailty phenotype at admission is common among elderly patients with ACS and is an independent predictor for severe adverse events. It should be considered in future risk‐stratification models.
Plasmonic Gold Nanostars Incorporated into High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Batmunkh Munkhbayar , Macdonald Thomas J. , Peveler William J. , Bati Abdulaziz S. R. , Carmalt Claire J. , Parkin Ivan P. , Shapter Joseph G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIncorporating appropriate plasmonic nanostructures into photovoltaic (PV) systems is of great utility for enhancing photon absorption and thus improving device performance. Herein, the successful integration of plasmonic gold nanostars (AuNSs) into mesoporous TiO2 photoelectrodes for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is reported. The PSCs fabricated with TiO2‐AuNSs photoelectrodes exhibited a device efficiency of up to 17.72 %, whereas the control cells without AuNSs showed a maximum efficiency of 15.19 %. We attribute the origin of increased device performance to enhanced light absorption and suppressed charge recombination.
Frapbot: An open‐source application for FRAP data
Authors: Kohze Robin , Dieteren Cindy E.J. , Koopman Werner J.H. , Brock Roland , Schmidt Samuel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe introduce Frapbot, a free‐of‐charge open source software web application written in R, which provides manual and automated analyses of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) datasets. For automated operation, starting from data tables containing columns of time‐dependent intensity values for various regions of interests within the images, a pattern recognition algorithm recognizes the relevant columns and identifies the presence or absence of prebleach values and the time point of photobleaching. Raw data, residuals, normalization, and boxplots indicating the distribution of half times of recovery (t1/2) of all uploaded files are visualized instantly in a batch‐wise manner using a variety of user‐definable fitting options. The fitted results are provided as .zip file, which contains .csv formatted output tables. Alternatively, the user can manually control any of the options described earlier. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry