bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell-Type Specific Phase Precession in Layer II of the Medial Entorhinal Cortex
Authors: Reifenstein Eric T. , Ebbesen Christian L. , Tang Qiusong , Brecht Michael , Schreiber Susanne , Kempter Richard 
Published: February 2016

The identity of phase-precessing cells in the entorhinal cortex is unknown. Here, we used a classifier derived from cell-attached recordings to separate putative pyramidal cells and putative stellate cells recorded extracellularly in layer II of the medial entorhinal cortex in rats. Using a novel method to identify single runs as temporal periods of elevated spiking activity, we find that both cell types show phase precession but putative stellate cells show steeper slopes of phase precession and larger phase ranges. As the two classes of cells have different projection patterns, phase precession is differentially passed on to different subregions of the hippocampal formation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is a great challenge for neuroscience to reveal the cellular basis of cognitive functions. One such function is the ability to learn and recollect temporal sequences of events. The representation of sequences in the brain is thought to require temporally structured activity of nerve cells. How different types of neurons generate temporally structured activity is currently unknown. In the present study, we use a computational classification procedure to separate different cell types and find that a subpopulation of cells, so-called stellate neurons, exhibits clear temporal coding. Contrary to the stellate cells, pyramidal cells show weaker temporal coding. This discovery sheds light on the cellular basis of temporal coding in the brain.
Histone Modification ofNedd4Ubiquitin Ligase Controls the Loss of AMPA Receptors and Cognitive Impairment Induced by Repeated Stress
Authors: Wei Jing , Xiong Zhe , Lee Janine B. , Cheng Jia , Duffney Lara J. , Matas Emmanuel , Yan Zhen 
Published: February 2016

Stress and the major stress hormone corticosterone induce profound influences in the brain. Altered histone modification and transcriptional dysfunction have been implicated in stress-related mental disorders. We previously found that repeated stress caused an impairment of prefrontal cortex (PFC)-mediated cognitive functions by increasing the ubiquitination and degradation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors via a mechanism depending on the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4. Here, we demonstrated that in PFC of repeatedly stressed rats, active glucocorticoid receptor had the increased binding to the glucocorticoid response element of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) promoter, resulting in the upregulation of HDAC2. Inhibition or knock-down of HDAC2 blocked the stress-induced impairment of synaptic transmission, AMPAR expression, and recognition memory. Furthermore, we found that, in stressed animals, the HDAC2-dependent downregulation of histone methyltransferase Ehmt2 (G9a) led to the loss of repressive histone methylation at theNedd4-1promoter and the transcriptional activation of Nedd4. These results have provided an epigenetic mechanism and a potential treatment strategy for the detrimental effects of chronic stress.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProlonged stress exposure can induce altered histone modification and transcriptional dysfunction, which may underlie the profound influence of stress in regulating brain functions. We report an important finding about the epigenetic mechanism controlling the detrimental effects of repeated stress on synaptic transmission and cognitive function. First, it has revealed the stress-induced alteration of key epigenetic regulators HDAC2 and Ehmt2, which determines the synaptic and behavioral effects of repeated stress. Second, it has uncovered the stress-induced histone modification of the target gene Nedd4, an E3 ligase that is critically involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of AMPA receptors and cognition. Third, it has provided the epigenetic approach, HDAC2 inhibition or knock-down, to rescue synaptic and cognitive functions in stressed animals.
Distorted Tonotopic Coding of Temporal Envelope and Fine Structure with Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Henry Kenneth S. , Kale Sushrut , Heinz Michael G. 
Published: February 2016

People with cochlear hearing loss have substantial difficulty understanding speech in real-world listening environments (e.g., restaurants), even with amplification from a modern digital hearing aid. Unfortunately, a disconnect remains between human perceptual studies implicating diminished sensitivity to fast acoustic temporal fine structure (TFS) and animal studies showing minimal changes in neural coding of TFS or slower envelope (ENV) structure. Here, we used general system-identification (Wiener kernel) analyses of chinchilla auditory nerve fiber responses to Gaussian noise to reveal pronounced distortions in tonotopic coding of TFS and ENV following permanent, noise-induced hearing loss. In basal fibers with characteristic frequencies (CFs) >1.5 kHz, hearing loss introduced robust nontonotopic coding (i.e., at the wrong cochlear place) of low-frequency TFS, while ENV responses typically remained at CF. As a consequence, the highest dominant frequency of TFS coding in response to Gaussian noise was 2.4 kHz in noise-overexposed fibers compared with 4.5 kHz in control fibers. Coding of ENV also became nontonotopic in more pronounced cases of cochlear damage. In apical fibers, more classical hearing-loss effects were observed, i.e., broadened tuning without a significant shift in best frequency. Because these distortions and dissociations of TFS/ENV disrupt tonotopicity, a fundamental principle of auditory processing necessary for robust signal coding in background noise, these results have important implications for understanding communication difficulties faced by people with hearing loss. Further, hearing aids may benefit from distinct amplification strategies for apical and basal cochlear regions to address fundamentally different coding deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSpeech-perception problems associated with noise overexposure are pervasive in today's society, even with modern digital hearing aids. Unfortunately, the underlying physiological deficits in neural coding remain unclear. Here, we used innovative system-identification analyses of auditory nerve fiber responses to Gaussian noise to uncover pronounced distortions in coding of rapidly varying acoustic temporal fine structure and slower envelope cues following noise trauma. Because these distortions degrade and diminish the tonotopic representation of temporal acoustic features, a fundamental principle of auditory processing, the results represent a critical advancement in our understanding of the physiological bases of communication disorders. The detailed knowledge provided by this work will help guide the design of signal-processing strategies aimed at alleviating everyday communication problems for people with hearing loss.
Determinants of RNA metabolism in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome
Authors: Eser Philipp , Wachutka Leonhard , Maier Kerstin C , Demel Carina , Boroni Mariana , Iyer Srignanakshi , Cramer Patrick , Gagneur Julien 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo decrypt the regulatory code of the genome, sequence elements must be defined that determine the kinetics of RNA metabolism and thus gene expression. Here, we attempt such decryption in an eukaryotic model organism, the fission yeast S. pombe. We first derive an improved genome annotation that redefines borders of 36% of expressed mRNAs and adds 487 non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs). We then combine RNA labeling in vivo with mathematical modeling to obtain rates of RNA synthesis and degradation for 5,484 expressed RNAs and splicing rates for 4,958 introns. We identify functional sequence elements in DNA and RNA that control RNA metabolic rates and quantify the contributions of individual nucleotides to RNA synthesis, splicing, and degradation. Our approach reveals distinct kinetics of mRNA and ncRNA metabolism, separates antisense regulation by transcription interference from RNA interference, and provides a general tool for studying the regulatory code of genomes.
Persistent photoconductivity in two-dimensional Mo1−xWxSe2–MoSe2 van der Waals heterojunctions
Authors: Li Xufan , Lin Ming-Wei , Puretzky Alexander A. , Basile Leonardo , Wang Kai , Idrobo Juan C. , Rouleau Christopher M. , Geohegan David B. , Xiao Kai 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Stary Testament a chrześcijanin – Łukaszowy portret Jezusa
Authors: Łabuda Piotr 
Published: February 2016

Autor Trzeciej Ewangelii postanowił zbadać dostępne przekazy, poddać je badaniu i spisać wszystkie prawdziwe i ważne. Wszystko zaś po to, by przekonać adresata do wiary. Pisząc kolejne wersety Ewangelii, Łukasz kreśli sylwetkę Jezusa. Ów portret jest o tyle niezwykły, że ewangelista nigdy nie spotkał się z Mistrzem z Nazaretu. Musiał zatem użyć wzorców. Wydaje się, iż jednym z tych wzorców był mąż Boży z Tiszbe.
Maryjna droga kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego
Authors: Wyszomirski Robert 
Published: February 2016

Kard. Stefan Wyszyński odegrał bardzo ważną rolę we współczesnej historii Polski, a szczególnie w czasie trwania komunizmu. Uważany był przez wielu za duchowego przywódcę narodu. Dzięki niemu Kościół katolicki w Polsce oparł się naciskom ze strony komunistycznego aparatu państwa. Artykuł ten analizuje rolę jego pobożności maryjnej w tych trudnych zmaganiach. Kulminacyjnym momentem na maryjnej drodze kard. Wyszyńskiego było złożenie aktu całkowitego ofiarowania się Maryi w duchu św. Ludwika Marii Grignion de Montfort, co uczynił podczas swojego uwięzienia w intencji ocalenia Kościoła w Polsce i ducha narodu. Programy duszpasterskie, które powstały jako owoc tego aktu, odegrały decydującą rolę w podtrzymaniu wiary w narodzie polskim oraz wpłynęły na Kościół powszechny.
Kościół w publikacjach „Gazety Wyborczej” w czasie Wielkiego Jubileuszu Roku 2000
Authors: Lewandowski Paweł 
Published: February 2016

„Gazeta Wyborcza” uważana jest za jeden z najbardziej wpływowych i opiniotwórczych polskich dzienników. Od początku swojego istnienia systematycznie publikuje artykuły na tematy ściśle związane z Kościołem. W czasie Wielkiego Jubileuszu Roku 2000 na łamach „Gazety Wyborczej” opublikowano 677 tekstów dotyczących Kościoła, jego duszpasterzy i wiernych, tekstów poruszających kwestie etyki i moralności chrześcijańskiej.W materiale prasowym zamieszczonym na łamach „Gazety Wyborczej” w Roku Wielkiego Jubileuszu w sposób jednoznaczny rysuje się wizja Kościoła podzielonego i skłóconego. Brak wewnętrznej jedności redaktorzy dziennika dostrzegają tak między samym duchowieństwem, jak i między duchowieństwem a wiernymi. Redakcja dziennika, nagłaśniając rzekomy podział wewnętrzny Kościoła, wskazuje jednocześnie na konieczność jego dialogu z mentalnością liberalną. Stąd też dziennikarze kreują na łamach dziennika symbole promowanego przez siebie dialogu, tzw. „ciepłe twarze” Kościoła.Z publikacji „Gazety Wyborczej” w Roku Wielkiego Jubileuszu wyłania się również wizja Kościoła jako swoistej grupy socjologicznej i specyficznej formacji politycznej. Dla jego określenia redaktorzy dziennika posługują się najczęściej takimi terminami, jak: „monarchia”, „forteca”, „twierdza”, „mocarstwo”, „sztab”, „urząd” czy „federacja”. „Gazeta Wyborcza” znana jest także z pomysłowości w wyszukiwaniu, jak i barwności w opisywaniu kościelnych sensacji. Każda rewelacja z życia Kościoła i osób z nim związanych nie uchodzi uwadze dziennikarzy i znajduje swoje odzwierciedlenie w licznych doniesieniach prasowych, reportażach czy felietonach. Trzeba dodać, że te „sensacyjne” informacje nierzadko nie mają żadnego odzwierciedlenia w rzeczywistości. Ukazywanie afer i sensacji w Kościele jest działaniem celowym, ma za zadanie ośmieszyć duchowieństwo, a wiernych zniechęcić do Kościoła.
Droga duchowa Hansa Ursa von Balthasara – lata 1940–1988
Authors: Gałda Wojciech 
Published: February 2016

Hans Urs von Balthasar był jednym z najwybitniejszych teologów XX wieku. Jego biografia stanowi interesujące wprowadzenie zarówno do jego oryginalnego teologicznego dorobku, jak i do zrozumienia zasadniczych motywów całej XX-wiecznej teologii. Okres przypadający na lata od 1940 do 1988 to czas w życiu von Balthasara obfitujący w ważne wydarzenia i spotkania z osobami, które decydująco wpłynęły na jego losy i teologiczną twórczość. W tym czasie Balthasar związał się z miejscem, z którym najczęściej jest kojarzony, tzn. z Bazyleą w Szwajcarii. Tam właśnie poznał Adrienne von Speyr. Spotkanie to miało kapitalne znaczenie zarówno dla jego dzieła, jak i dla jego osobistej biografii (zwłaszcza doprowadziło go do trudnej decyzji opuszczenia szeregów Towarzystwa Jezusowego).Owocem ich – według oceny Balthasara – wspólnego posłannictwa było powstanie nowej wspólnoty (Johannesgemeinschaft), nowego wydawnictwa (Johannes Verlag), a przede wszystkim nowej myśli teologicznej, które inspirował św. Jan Apostoł. Jest to także oczywiście czas II Soboru Watykańskiego, który miał wielkie znaczenie dla życia i dzieła von Balthasara. Te i inne ważne wydarzenia i spotkane osoby pomagają nam zrozumieć, jak doszło do napisania słynnej Balthasarowskiej „trylogii” (Estetyka teologiczna, Teodramatyka i Teologika), skąd płynęły inspiracje do Teologii Wielkiej Soboty i co doprowadziło do wyrażenia myśli chrześcijańskiej przy pomocy instrumentarium zaczerpniętego z teorii teatru.
Orthopaedic Patient Information on the World Wide Web
Authors: Cassidy John Tristan , Baker Joseph F. 
Published: February 2016

Background:Patients increasingly use the Internet to research health-related issues. Internet content, unlike other forms of media, is not regulated. Although information accessed online can impact patients’ opinions and expectations, there is limited information about the quality or readability of online orthopaedic information.Methods:PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched using anatomic descriptors and three title keywords (“Internet,” “web,” and “online”). Articles examining online orthopaedic information from January 1, 2000, until April 1, 2015, were recorded. Articles were assessed for the number of reviewers evaluating the online material, whether the article examined for a link between authorship and quality, and the use of recognized quality and readability assessment tools. To facilitate a contemporary discussion, only publications since January 1, 2010, were considered for analysis.Results:A total of thirty-eight peer-reviewed articles published since 2010 examining the quality and/or readability of online orthopaedic information were reviewed. For information quality, there was marked variation in the quality assessment methods utilized, the number of reviewers, and the manner of reporting. To date, the majority of examined information is of poor quality. Studies examining readability have focused on pages produced by professional orthopaedic societies.Conclusions:The quality and readability of online orthopaedic information are generally poor.Clinical Relevance:For modern practices to adapt to the Internet and to prevent misinformation, the orthopaedic community should develop high-quality, readable online patient information.
Comparison of Whole-Blood Metal Ion Levels Among Four Types of Large-Head, Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty Implants
Authors: Hutt Jonathan , Lavigne Martin , Lungu Eugen , Belzile Etienne , Morin François , Vendittoli Pascal-André 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:
Few studies of total hip arthroplasty (THA) implants with a large-diameter femoral head and metal-on-metal design have directly compared the progression of metal ion levels over time and the relationship to complications. As we previously reported, 144 patients received one of four types of large-diameter-head, metal-on-metal THA designs (Durom, Birmingham, ASR XL, or Magnum implants). Cobalt, chromium, and titanium ion levels were measured over five years. We compared ion levels and clinical results over time. The Durom group showed the highest levels of cobalt (p ≤ 0.002) and titanium ions (p ≤ 0.03). Both the Durom and Birmingham groups demonstrated significant ongoing cobalt increases up to five years. Eight patients (seven with a Durom implant and one with a Birmingham implant) developed adverse local tissue reaction. Six Durom implants and one Birmingham implant required revision, with one pseudotumor under surveillance at the time of the most recent follow-up. We found that ion generation and related complications varied among designs. More concerning was that, for some designs, ion levels continued to increase. Coupling a cobalt-chromium adapter sleeve to an unmodified titanium femoral trunnion along with a large metal-on-metal bearing may explain the poor performances of two of the designs in the current study.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Particle-Induced Osteolysis Is Mediated by TIRAP/Mal in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Bechtel Christopher P. , Gebhart Jeremy J. , Tatro Joscelyn M. , Kiss-Toth Endre , Wilkinson J. Mark , Greenfield Edward M. 
Published: February 2016

Background:Proinflammatory signaling by toll-like receptors (TLRs) likely contributes to biologic responses to wear particles causing aseptic loosening. We recently reported associations with aseptic loosening in patients with polymorphisms in the locus encoding an adapter protein specific for TLR-2 and TLR-4 known as toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein/MyD88 adapter-like (TIRAP/Mal). To directly examine the contribution of TIRAP/Mal, we tested the hypothesis that TIRAP/Mal deficiency reduces the activity of wear particles. Signaling by TLR-2 and TLR-4 through TIRAP/Mal can be activated by bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide or endogenous alarmins. To distinguish between those possibilities, we tested the hypothesis that the effects of TIRAP/Mal depend on the adherence of bacterial PAMPs to the particles.Methods:In vitro mRNA levels and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were measured after incubating wild-type and TIRAP/Mal−/−macrophages in the presence or absence of titanium particles with adherent bacterial debris, so-called endotoxin-free particles, or particles with adherent lipopolysaccharide. In vivo osteolysis was measured after implanting titanium particles on the calvaria of wild-type and TIRAP/Mal−/−mice.Results:TIRAP/Mal deficiency significantly inhibited the activity of titanium particles with adherent bacterial debris to stimulate in vivo osteolysis and in vitro cytokine mRNAs and secretion. Those effects are dependent on adherent PAMPs because removal of >99% of the adherent bacterial debris from the particles significantly reduced their activity and the remaining activity was not dependent on TIRAP/Mal. Moreover, adherence of highly purified lipopolysaccharide to the endotoxin-free particles reconstituted the activity and the dependence on TIRAP/Mal.Conclusions:TIRAP/Mal deficiency reduces inflammatory responses and osteolysis induced by particles with adherent PAMPs.Clinical Relevance:Our results, coupled with the genetic associations between aseptic loosening and polymorphisms within the TIRAP/Mal locus, support TLR signaling through TIRAP/Mal as one of the factors that enhances the activity of wear particles and further support the hypothesis that bacterial PAMPs likely contribute to aseptic loosening in a subset of patients.
Predicted and Observed Evolution of Produced-Brine Compositions and Implications for Scale Management
Authors: Hu Yisheng , Mackay Eric , Ishkov Oleg , Strachan Alistair 
Published: February 2016

Summary
Produced water was sampled and measured repeatedly during production from an offshore field, and an extensive brine-chemistry data set was developed. Systematic analysis of this data set enables an in-depth study of brine/brine and brine/rock interactions occurring in the reservoir, with the objective of improving the prediction and management of scale formation, along with improving its prevention and remediation.
A study of the individual-ion trends in the produced brine by use of the plot types developed for the reacting-ions toolkit (Ishkov et al. 2009) provides insights into the components that are involved in in-situ geochemical reactions as the brines are displaced through the reservoir, and how the precipitation and dissolution of minerals and the ion-exchange reactions occurring within the reservoir can be identified. This information is then used to better evaluate the scale risk at the production wells.
A thermodynamic prediction model is used to calculate the risk of scale precipitation in a series of individual produced-water samples, thus providing an evaluation of the actual scaling risk in these samples, rather than the usual theoretical estimate, on the basis of the endpoint formation- and injection-brine compositions and the erroneous assumption that no reactions in the reservoir impact the produced-water composition. Nonetheless, the usual effects of temperature, pressure, and brine composition are accounted for in these calculations by use of classical thermodynamics. The comparison of theoretical and actual results indicates that geochemical reactions taking place in this given reservoir lead to ion depletion, which greatly reduces the severity and potential for scale formation. However, ion-exchange reactions are also observed, and these too affect the scale risk and the effectiveness of scale inhibitors in preventing deposition.
Additionally, comprehensive analysis by use of a geochemical model is conducted to predict the evolution of the produced-brine compositions at the production wells and to test the assumptions about which in-situ reactions are occurring. A good match between the predictions from this geochemical model and the observed produced-brine compositions is obtained, suggesting that the key reactions included in the geochemical model are representative of actual field behavior. This helps to establish confidence that the model can be used as a predictive tool in this field.
Design and Analysis of Leak-Testing Methodology for Gas Lift Valves
Authors: Rocha-Valadez T.. , Hasan A. R. , Mannan M. S. , Kabir C. S. 
Published: February 2016

Summary
Properly operating gas lift valves (GLVs) allow annular gas to flow into the tubing and prevent any backflow. However, erosion, corrosion, and other effects may cause a GLV to leak, thereby posing a serious safety issue. Suspected leaking GLVs are often retrieved for inspection to address safety issues. Proactive testing is a way to minimize costly interventions. Accordingly, nonintrusive test procedures have emerged. For example, tests entailing monitoring of annular transient-pressure response can establish a GLV's integrity by avoiding valve retrieval for inspection.
This study details the development of a forward model that helps design methodology for GLV testing. The model recommends drawing down the annular gas to develop a positive pressure differential to allow fluid flow from the tubing into the annulus through the suspected GLV. This drawdown (DD) is followed by a pressure-buildup (BU) test. These pressure-transient tests allow the determination of the integrity and extent of GLV damage. The forward model also allows the estimation of the time needed for each segment of the transient-test sequence, thereby helping to schedule such tests at a certain operational frequency.