bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrial policy and employment in the UK: evidence from the pharmaceutical sector
Authors: Hannon Enda 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEmployment scholars have a longstanding interest in the potential for an active industrial policy to shift the UK economy to a high‐wage, high‐skill trajectory. This article addresses this topic by examining policy, performance and employment in the UK pharmaceutical sector, which has historically benefited from substantial government assistance. While weaknesses are apparent, overall the industrial policy context has supported the performance of the UK sector, underpinning a sizable number of highly skilled and paid jobs. The findings demonstrate the potential of an active industrial policy to facilitate a shift to a higher skills trajectory. Wider considerations of relevance and policy recommendations are discussed.
John Smith's settlement? The work of the 1992–93 Labour Party—Trade Union Links Review Group
Authors: Wickham‐Jones Mark 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article, I examine the work of the 1992–93 Labour Party Trade Union Links Review Group. I ask whether the measures it proposed amounted to a new, durable settlement that governed internal relationships within the party. I detail disagreements amongst trade unions over the format that parliamentary selections should take; I evaluate the demands for reform of the party‐union link; I ask whether support for reform and for one member, one vote was falling in the early 1990s; I consider whether unions launched a ‘no say no pay campaign’ with regard to the Labour Party; I assess how much restraint was demonstrated at this time by Labour's affiliated unions and I consider what might have been at stake in these debates more generally. I conclude that there was considerable antagonism in party‐union relations during the early 1990s and that the work of the review group did not amount to an enduring settlement.
Motor and Sensory Innervation of Extraocular Eye Muscles
Authors: BÜTTNER‐ENNEVER J.A. , EBERHORN A. , HORN A.K.E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEye muscles are unusual in several ways; one is that they have up to three different layers—the inner global layer, the outer orbital layer, and in some species an external marginal layer has been described. In sheep this is called the “peripheral patch layer.” Three different types of proprioceptors are found in eye muscles—muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and palisade endings. A survey of the organization of their location leads us to the hypothesis that each receptor is confined to a separate layer of the eye muscle. The palisade endings are associated with the global layer, the muscle spindles lie predominantly in the orbital layer, and the Golgi tendon organs are found only in the peripheral patch layer. This well‐organized scheme may help us to understand the proprioceptive system in eye muscles.
Discharge Patterns of Cerebellar Output Neurons in the Caudal Fastigial Nucleus during Head‐Free Gaze Shifts in Primates
Authors: BRETTLER SANDRA C. , FUCHS ALBERT F. , LING LEO 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLesion studies in both human and non‐human primates indicate that the cerebellum is important for accurate and stereotyped saccadic eye movements. Based on single‐unit recordings and pharmacological inactivations in head‐fixed monkeys, we suggested that the caudal fastigial nucleus (CFN) provides the brainstem saccade generator with a burst that helps accelerate contraversive saccades and decelerate ipsiversive ones. Here we examine this suggestion during head‐free gaze shifts where there can be a 10‐fold difference in saccade duration. First, the timing of the burst does not depend on whether the gaze shift has a head component. When a family of either ipsiversive or contraversive gaze shifts with a variety of saccadic durations is aligned on gaze onset, the high‐frequency burst in the associated rasters occurs progressively later as saccade duration increases. Realignment of the same rasters with the end of the saccade reveals a tight timing of burst end with saccade end for all 10 CFN burst neurons studied. The delayed bursts for contraversive saccades were unexpected based on the early burst illustrated in the published head‐fixed data. One hypothesis is that the late activity helps terminate contraversive as well as ipsiversive gaze shifts. An alternative explanation is that the late CFN burst could still be used as an excitatory drive to promote the late reacceleration or prolonged velocity plateau that is present during large gaze shifts.
Adaptive Changes in the Angular VOR: Duration of Gain Changes and Lack of Effect of Nodulo‐Uvulectomy
Authors: YAKUSHIN SERGEI B. , BUKHARINA SVETLANA E. , RAPHAN THEODORE , BÜTTNER‐ENNEVER JEAN , COHEN BERNARD 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlterations in the gain of the vertical angular vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) are dependent on the head position in which the gain changes were produced. We determined how long gravity‐dependent gain changes last in monkeys after four hours of adaptation, and whether the adaptation is mediated through the nodulus and uvula of the vestibulocerebellum. Vertical VOR gains were adaptively modified by rotation about an interaural axis, in phase or out of phase with the visual surround. Vertical VOR gains were modified with the animals in one of three orientations: upright, left‐side down, or right‐side down. Monkeys were tested in darkness for up to four days after adaptation using sinusoidal rotation about an interaural axis that was incrementally tilted in 10° steps from vertical to side down positions. Animals were unrestrained in their cages in normal light conditions between tests. Gravity‐dependent gain changes lasted for a day or less after adaptation while upright, but persisted for two days or more after on‐side adaptation. These data show that gravity‐dependent gain changes can last for prolonged periods after only four hours of adaptation in monkeys, as in humans. They also demonstrate that natural head movements made while upright do not provide an adequate stimulus for rapid recovery of vertical VOR gains that were induced on side. In two animals, the nodulus and uvula were surgically ablated. Vertical gravity‐dependent gain changes were not significantly different before and after surgery, indicating that the nodulus and uvula do not have a critical role in producing them.
Short‐Term Adaptation of the VOR: Non‐Retinal‐Slip Error Signals and Saccade Substitution
Authors: EGGERS SCOTT D.Z. , PENNINGTON NICK DE , WALKER MARK F. , SHELHAMER MARK , ZEE DAVID S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe studied short‐term (30 min) adaptation of the vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) in five normal humans using a “position error” stimulus without retinal image motion. Both before and after adaptation a velocity gain (peak slow‐phase eye velocity/peak head velocity) and a position gain (total eye movement during chair rotation/amplitude of chair motion) were measured in darkness using search coils. The vestibular stimulus was a brief (~700 ms), 15° chair rotation in darkness (peak velocity 43°/s). To elicit adaptation, a straight‐ahead fixation target disappeared during chair movement and when the chair stopped the target reappeared at a new location in front of the subject for gain‐decrease (×0) adaptation, or 10° opposite to chair motion for gain‐increase (×1.67) adaptation. This position‐error stimulus was effective at inducing VOR adaptation, though for gain‐increase adaptation the primary strategy was to substitute augmenting saccades during rotation while for gain‐decrease adaptation both corrective saccades and a decrease in slow‐phase velocity occurred. Finally, the presence of the position‐error signal alone, at the end of head rotation, without any attempt to fix upon it, was not sufficient to induce adaptation. Adaptation did occur, however, if the subject did make a saccade to the target after head rotation, or even if the subject paid attention to the new location of the target without actually looking at it.
A Synaptic Mechanism on Prepositus Hypoglossi Neurons Underlying Eye Fixation
Authors: NAVARRO‐LOPEZ JUAN D. , ALVARADO JUAN CARLOS , ESCUDERO MIGUEL , DELGADO‐GARCÍA JOSÉ M. , YAJEYA JAVIER 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe have studied in vitro and in vivo the origin of the persistent neuronal activity underlying eye positions of fixation after eye saccades in the horizontal plane. It is proposed that the tonic firing presented by prepositus hypoglossi neurons during eye fixations is the result of the combined action of eye‐velocity signals arriving from excitatory burst neurons and the facilitative role of cholinergic terminals of reticular origin.
Involvement of the Frontal Oculomotor Areas in Developmental Compensation for the Directional Asymmetry in Smooth‐Pursuit Eye Movements in Young Primates
Authors: FUKUSHIMA JUNKO , AKAO TEPPEI , TAKEICHI NORIHITO , KANEKO CHRIS R.S. , FUKUSHIMA KIKURO 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe smooth pursuit system moves the eyes in space to accurately track objects of interest and maintain their images on the foveae while compensating for conflicting visual inputs from the moving background and/or vestibular inputs during head movements. Under demanding task conditions, young (but not mature) primates have difficulty with upward smooth gaze (eye in space) movement; pursuit breaks down, and they perform the task with saccades. Proper compensation matures later, after preadolescence. Chemical inactivation of the supplementary eye fields in compensated monkeys reproduced the directional asymmetry that had been compensated developmentally, suggesting that the supplemental eye fields may be involved in the compensation.
Development and validation of a questionnaire evaluating patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: the Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Anxiety Questionnaire (MRI‐AQ)
Authors: Ahlander Britt‐Marie , Årestedt Kristofer , Engvall Jan , Maret Eva , Ericsson Elisabeth 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTo develop and validate a new instrument measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐ Anxiety Questionnaire.BackgroundQuestionnaires measuring patients’ anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations have been the same as used in a wide range of conditions. To learn about patients’ experience during examination and to evaluate interventions, a specific questionnaire measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging is needed.DesignPsychometric cross‐sectional study with test‐retest design.MethodsA new questionnaire, Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Anxiety Questionnaire, was designed from patient expressions of anxiety in Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐scanners. The sample was recruited between October 2012–October 2014. Factor structure was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. Criterion‐related validity, known‐group validity and test‐retest was calculated.ResultsPatients referred for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of either the spine or the heart, were invited to participate. The development and validation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Anxiety Questionnaire resulted in 15 items consisting of two factors. Cronbach's alpha was found to be high. Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Anxiety Questionnaire correlated higher with instruments measuring anxiety than with depression scales. Known‐group validity demonstrated a higher level of anxiety for patients undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan of the heart than for those examining the spine. Test‐retest reliability demonstrated acceptable level for the scale.ConclusionMagnetic Resonance Imaging‐Anxiety Questionnaire bridges a gap among existing questionnaires, making it a simple and useful tool for measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations.
Long‐Term Experiences in Cash and Counseling for Young Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Familial Programme Representative Descriptions
Authors: Harry Melissa L. , MacDonald Lynn , McLuckie Althea , Battista Christina , Mahoney Ellen K. , Mahoney Kevin J. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundOur aim was to explore previously unknown long‐term outcomes of self‐directed personal care services for young adults with intellectual disabilities and limitations in activities of daily living.Materials and MethodsThe present authors utilized participatory action research and qualitative content analysis in interviewing 11 unpaid familial programme representatives of young adults with intellectual disabilities, ages 23–34, who were eligible for income‐based Medicaid and enrolled five or more years in a Cash and Counseling‐based programme of self‐direction in the United States.ResultsYoung adults are represented as receiving services and supports in a supportive and stable environment, with previously identified short‐term programme benefits evident over the long‐term. Young adults are also transitioning to adulthood at home with their families as primary social support and caregivers, bridging a service gap.ConclusionsOur results show that self‐direction helps meet these young adults’ personal care and community engagement needs over time.
The risk of new‐onset cancer associated with HFE C282Y and H63D mutations: evidence from 87,028 participants
Authors: Lv Yang‐Fan , Chang Xian , Hua Rui‐Xi , Yan Guang‐Ning , Meng Gang , Liao Xiao‐Yu , Zhang Xi , Guo Qiao‐Nan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo investigate the association between mutation of HFE (the principal pathogenic gene in hereditary haemochromatosis) and risk of cancer, we conducted a meta‐analysis of all available case–control or cohort studies relating to two missense mutations, C282Y and H63D mutations. Eligible studies were identified by searching databases including PubMed, Embase and the ISI Web of Knowledge. Overall and subgroup analyses were performed and odds ratios (ORs) combined with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to evaluate the association between C282Y mutation, H63D mutation and cancer risk. Sensitivity and cumulative analyses were used to evaluate the stability of the results. A total of 36 eligible studies were included, comprising 13,680 cases and 73,348 controls. C282Y was significantly associated with elevated cancer risk in a recessive genetic model (OR: 1.991, 95% CI: 1.448–2.737). On subgroup analysis stratified by cancer type, statistically significantly increased cancer risks were found for breast cancer, colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma in a recessive model. When stratified by territory, a significantly increased risk of cancer was found in Oceanic populations in a recessive model and in Asian populations in an allele model and dominant model. H63D mutation did not significantly increase overall cancer risk in any genetic model. However, when, stratified by territory, an increased cancer risk was found in the Asian population in an allele and dominant. C282Y but not H63D mutation was related to elevated cancer risk. Further large‐scale studies considering gene–environment interactions and functional research should be conducted to further investigate this association.
Annual Research Review: On the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders
Authors: J. Conrod Patricia , Nikolaou Kyriaki 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundAdolescence represents a period of development during which critical biological, as well as social and cognitive, changes occur that are necessary for the transition into adulthood. A number of researchers have suggested that the pattern of normative brain changes that occurs during this period not only predisposes adolescents to engage in risk behaviours, such as experimentation with drugs, but that they additionally make the adolescent brain more vulnerable to the direct pharmacological impact of substances of abuse. The neural circuits that we examine in this review involve cortico‐basal‐ganglia/limbic networks implicated in the processing of rewards, emotion regulation, and the control of behaviour, emotion and cognition.Findings and ConclusionsWe identify certain neurocognitive and personality/comorbidity‐based risk factors for the onset of substance misuse during adolescence, and summarise the evidence suggesting that these risk factors may be further impacted by the direct effect of drugs on the underlying neural circuits implicated in substance misuse vulnerability.
Propensity score‐matched study of laparoscopic and open surgery for colorectal cancer in rural hospitals
Authors: Nakao Toshihiro , Shimada Mitsuo , Yoshikawa Kozo , Higashijima Jun , Tokunaga Takuya , Nishi Masaaki , Takasu Chie , Kashihara Hideya , Suzuka Ichio , Nishizaki Takashi , Okitsu Hiroshi , Yagi Toshiyuki , Miyake Hidenori , Miura Murato , Fukuyama Mitsutoshi , Wada Daisuke , Bando Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground and AimVarious randomized clinical studies have suggested that short‐ and long‐term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery (LAP) for colorectal cancer are comparable with those of open surgery (OP). However, these studies were performed in high‐volume hospitals. The aim of the present study was to compare the outcomes of LAP versus OP for colorectal cancer in rural hospitals.MethodsThis was a multicenter retrospective propensity score‐matched case–control study of patients who underwent colorectal surgery from January 2004 to April 2009 in 10 hospitals in Japan. All patients underwent curative surgery for pathologically diagnosed stage II or III colorectal cancer. The primary end point was 5‐year overall survival (OS). The secondary end points were disease‐free survival (DFS) and postoperative complications.ResultsIn total, 319 patients who underwent LAP and 1020 patients who underwent OP were balanced to 261 pairs. There was no significant difference in the OS and DFS between two groups. The operation time was significantly shorter for OP than for LAP. Blood loss was significantly lower in LAP than in OP. There was no difference in intraoperative morbidity between the two groups. The postoperative morbidity was significantly lower in LAP than in OP. The hospital stay was significantly shorter in LAP than in OP. There was no significant difference in 90‐day postoperative mortality.ConclusionsLaparoscopic surgery may be a feasible option for colorectal cancer in rural hospitals.
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: Comparison between Chinese herbal medicine and Western medicine‐induced liver injury of 1985 patients
Authors: Zhu Yun , Niu Ming , Chen Jing , Zou Zheng‐sheng , Ma Zhi‐jie , Liu Shu‐hong , Wang Rui‐lin , He Ting‐ting , Song Hai‐bo , Wang Zhong‐xia , Pu Shi‐biao , Ma Xiao , Wang Li‐fu , Bai Zhao‐fang , Zhao Yan‐ling , Li Yong‐gang , Wang Jia‐bo , Xiao Xiao‐he ,   on behalf of The Specialized Committee for Drug‐Induced Liver Diseases, Division of Drug‐Induced Diseases, Chinese Pharmacological Society
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground and AimChinese herbal medicine (CHM), as well as Western medicine (WM), is an important cause of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI). However, the differences between CHM and WM as agents implicated in liver injury have rarely been reported.MethodsOverall, 1985 (2.05%) DILI cases were retrospectively collected from the 96 857 patients hospitalized because of liver dysfunction in the 302 Military Hospital between January 2009 and January 2014.ResultsIn all the enrolled patients with DILI, CHM was implicated in 563 cases (28.4%), while 870 cases (43.8%) were caused by WM and the remaining patients (27.8%) by the combination of WM and CHM. Polygonum multiflorum was the major implicated CHM. Compared with WM, the cases caused by CHM showed more female (51 vs 71%, P < 0.001) and positive rechallenge (6.1 vs 8.9%, P = 0.046), a much greater proportion of hepatocellular injury (62.2 vs 88.5%, P < 0.001), and a higher mortality (2.8 vs 4.8%, P = 0.042); however, no differences in the rates of chronic DILI and ALF were found (12.9 vs 12.4%, P = 0.807; 7.6 vs 7.6%, P = 0.971). Based on Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method, 75.6% of cases caused by CHM were classified as probable and only 16.6% as highly probable, significantly different from WM (38.4 and 60.3%, all P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe causal relationship between CHM and liver injury is much complex, and the clinical characteristics of DILI caused by CHM differ from those caused by WM.
Osteoprotegerin: A novel biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal carcinoma
Authors: De Voogd Floris AE , Gearry Richard B , Mulder Christopher J , Day Andrew S 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOsteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily of proteins. Although initial data illustrated the key role that OPG plays in bone turnover, numerous recent reports indicate that OPG is also an important factor in inflammatory pathways and tumor cell survival. OPG contributes directly to inflammatory processes and has been evaluated as a novel non‐invasive biomarker of gut inflammation. Furthermore, OPG affects cell turn‐over, differentiation, death, and survival via extracellular pathways, correlating with worse prognosis in inflammatory bowel diseases and several gastrointestinal carcinomas. It is now clear that OPG has multiple functions and characteristics. This review gives an overview of OPG, highlights its roles in different extracellular pathways, and outlines how OPG could be used as a novel non‐invasive biological marker in inflammatory bowel diseases and gastrointestinal carcinomas.
Transitions Between Healthcare Settings of Hospice Enrollees at the End of Life
Authors: Wang Shi‐Yi , Aldridge Melissa D. , Gross Cary P. , Canavan Maureen , Cherlin Emily , Johnson‐Hurzeler Rosemary , Bradley Elizabeth 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo characterize the number and types of care transitions in the last 6 months of life of individuals who used hospice and to examine factors associated with having multiple transitions in care.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingOne hundred percent fee‐for‐service Medicare decedent claims data.ParticipantsMedicare beneficiaries aged 66 and older who died between July 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011, and were enrolled in hospice at some time during the last 6 months of life.MeasurementsHierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to identify individual, hospice, and regional factors associated with transitions. The sequence of transitions across healthcare settings was described. Healthcare transitions after hospice enrollment included from and to the hospital, skilled nursing facility, home health agency program, hospice, or home without receiving any service in these four healthcare settings.ResultsOf 311,090 hospice decedents, 31,675 (10.2%) had at least one transition after hospice enrollment, and this varied substantially across the United States; 6.6% of all decedents had more than one transition in care after hospice enrollment (range 2–19 transitions). Of hospice users with transitions, 53.4% were admitted to hospitals, 17.7% were admitted to skilled nursing facilities, 9.6% used home health agencies, and 25.8% had transitions to home without receiving the services from the healthcare settings examined. In adjusted analyses, decedents who were younger, nonwhite, enrolled in a for‐profit or small hospice program, or had less access to hospital‐based palliative care had significantly higher odds of having at least one transition.ConclusionA notable proportion of hospice users experience at least one transition in care in the last 6 months of life, suggesting that further research on the effect of transitions on users and families is warranted.