bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Archaeology of West Africa, ca. 800 BCE to 1500 CE
Authors: Dueppen Stephen A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecent archaeological research has transformed our understandings of events and processes in West Africa between the beginning of iron‐use ca. 800 BCE and the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century CE, forcing reinterpretations of older narratives that were derived from unbalanced archaeological coverage and over‐privileging of the limited textual record. During this period, economic experimentation and transformation were common in West Africa, as farming economies ultimately expanded over the entire region, while specialization and artistic traditions developed within societies for the production of iron, pottery, textiles, terracotta figurines, glass and copper‐based objects. Some societies actively participated in interregional economies and cultivated the growth of trans‐Saharan trade routes, resulting in the development of large‐scale medieval states and empires (e.g. Ghana and Mali) and initial conversions to Islam in northern locations, while elsewhere societies were more focused on local sources of power and authority. Sociopolitical systems varied significantly throughout the region and included mobile foraging groups, diverse village communities, cities with large palaces, cities without hierarchical leadership and territorial states with no urban centres. This article provides an overview of this exciting era in the African past, calling attention to both regional and local historical trajectories.
Performance of honeybee colonies located in neonicotinoid‐treated and untreated cornfields in Quebec
Authors: Alburaki M. , Cheaib B. , Quesnel L. , Mercier P.‐L. , Chagnon M. , Derome N. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTwenty‐two honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were placed in four different cornfield areas in order to study the potential in situ effects of seed‐coated systemic neonicotinoid pesticides used in cornfields (Zea mays spp) on honeybee health. Two apiaries were located in two independent neonicotinoid‐treated cornfield areas and two others in two independent untreated cornfield areas used as controls. These experimental hives were extensively monitored for their performance and health traits over a period of one year. Trapped pollen was collected and microscopically identified to define the visited flowers and the amount of corn pollen collected by bees. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was performed to detect pesticide residues in honeybee foragers and trapped pollen. Honeybee colonies located in neonicotinoid‐treated cornfields expressed significantly higher varroa mite loads than those in untreated cornfields. However, brood production and colony weight were less disturbed by the treatment factor. Sublethal doses of neonicotinoids were detected in the trapped corn pollen and none in bee foragers. Overall, our results show that forager bees collected 20% of corn pollen containing variable concentrations of neonicotinoids. Colonies located in treated cornfields expressed higher varroa loads and long‐term mortality than those in untreated cornfields. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed regarding the brood production and colony weight.
The Chloroplast Genome of Euglena mutabilis—Cluster Arrangement, Intron Analysis, and Intrageneric Trends
Authors: Dabbagh Nadja , Preisfeld Angelika 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome of Euglena mutabilis underlined a high diversity in the evolution of plastids in euglenids. Gene clusters in more derived Euglenales increased in complexity with only a few, but remarkable changes in the genus Euglena. Euglena mutabilis differed from other Euglena species in a mirror‐inverted arrangement of 12 from 15 identified clusters, making it very likely that the emergence at the base of the genus Euglena, which has been considered a long branch artifact, is truly a probable position. This was corroborated by many similarities in gene arrangement and orientation with Strombomonas and Monomorphina, rendering the genome organization of E. mutabilis in certain clusters as plesiomorphic feature. By RNA analysis exact exon–intron boundaries and the type of the 77 introns identified were mostly determined unambiguously. A detailed intron study of psbC pointed at two important issues: First, the number of introns varied even between species, and no trend from few to many introns could be observed. Second, mat1 was localized in Eutreptiales exclusively in intron 1, and mat2 was not identified. With the emergence of Euglenaceae in most species, a new intron containing mat2 inserted in front of the previous intron 1 and thereby became intron 2 with mat1.
Juvenile Waiver 2014: A Review of State Statutes
Authors: Bang Brandon L. , Posey Brianne , Hemmens Craig 
Published: June 2016

AbstractJuvenile waiver has received much attention from the public, practitioners, and scholars. Prior studies have documented the increased use and effects of waiver. In this study we examine the current state of the law regarding juvenile waiver. We replicate 1995 and 2003 studies that examined state waiver statutes and detail the changes in prosecutorial, judicial, and legislative waiver since 2003. While the juvenile crime rate has dropped dramatically, it is unclear why legislatures’ fascination with juvenile waiver has also decreased. In this study we determine that juvenile waiver remains popular with legislatures, although there are signs of change.
Protecting Ohio's Children: Ohio Juvenile Court Jurisdiction to Prevent Nonparty Interference in the Protection of the Best Interest of a Child
Authors: Grendell Timothy J. , Siu Thomas L. , Hurst Anthony J. , Pavlovcak Tara 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOhio Rule of Juvenile Procedure 2(Y) allows juvenile courts to do what other courts cannot: designate additional parties to an action, allowing juvenile courts to better accomplish their statutory purpose of pursuing the best interests of children. However, sometimes this can lead to confusion about juvenile courts’ actions to protect children, especially when courts invoke Rule 2(Y) to stop interference with proceedings. This article will examine the historical foundations of Ohio's juvenile courts, the unique authority that they possess, and the conflicts that can arise due to interference with juvenile court proceedings. Ohio's juvenile courts have unique authority, and they can use that authority in a way that does not conflict with constitutional rights, while still working to protect the interests of children.
Wire‐guided intraduodenal ultrasonography using a catheter probe in the differential diagnosis of enlarged ampullary lesions
Authors: Kim Shin Hee , Moon Jong Ho , Lee Yun Nah , Choi Hyun Jong , Kim Hee Kyung , Choi Moon Han , Lee Tae Hoon , Cha Sang Woo , Choi Seo‐Youn , Lee Hae Kyung 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and AimIt can be difficult to identify the cause of an enlarged ampulla of Vater (AOV). This study evaluated the accuracy of wire‐guided intraduodenal ultrasonography (US) for the differential diagnosis of an enlarged AOV during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Patients and MethodsThirty‐four patients with enlarged AOVs of unknown cause identified on imaging studies or endoscopic observations underwent wire‐guided intraduodenal US using a catheter probe.ResultsThe final diagnoses were malignant or premalignant tumors in 10 patients (29.4%), stones in nine patients (26.5%), inflammation in 14 patients (41.2%), and cyst in one patient (2.9%). The overall diagnostic accuracy of intraduodenal US for enlarged AOVs was 91.2%. The diagnostic accuracies of stones, inflammation, and AOV tumors were 100.0%, 94.1%, and 91.1%, respectively.ConclusionsWire‐guided intraduodenal US using a catheter probe is readily applicable during ERCP and may be useful in the differential diagnosis of enlarged ampullary lesions.
Hepatitis B, C, and D virus infection showing distinct patterns between injection drug users and the general population
Authors: Chen Fei , Zhang Jian , Guo Fengfan , Wen Bo , Luo Shan , Yuan Dongping , Lin Yingbiao , Ou Wensheng , Tang Ping , Dai Guozhi , Li Fangfang , Liu Wenpei , Qu Xiaowang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and AimHepatitis B, C, and D virus (HBV, HCV, and HDV) infections are known to be prevalent in injection drug users (IDUs); however, the relationship between the molecular epidemiologic features of hepatitis virus infection in high‐risk individuals and the general population has not yet been established.MethodsIn total, 1049 IDUs and 672 individuals who underwent physical examinations at Chenzhou hospital, Hunan Province, China, were enrolled. HBV, HCV, and HDV infections were screened with serologic tests in both populations. HBsAg‐positive, anti‐HCV IgG‐positive, and anti‐HDV IgG‐positive samples were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and DNA sequencing.ResultsSignificantly higher HBV (21.54 vs 16.52%, P = 0.01), HCV (45.95% vs 1.34%, P < 0.001), and HDV (5.62% vs 0.30%, P < 0.001) infections were detected in IDUs compared with the general population. The dual infection of HBV/HCV or HBV/HDV was also significantly higher in IDUs than in the general population. HBV genotype B and HDV genotype II were dominants in both populations. HCV infection showed genotype 6a (49.52%) dominant in IDUs, but genotype 1b accounted for 50% infection, which was followed by genotype 6a (33.33%) in the general population. Higher viral loads were associated with HBV genotype B and HCV genotype 6a compared with non‐dominant genotypic infections.ConclusionsHBV and HDV infections shared similar patterns by IDUs and the general populations, and HCV infection exhibited distinct features between two populations. Our results suggest different molecular epidemiologic characteristics of HBV, HCV, and HDV infection in two populations.
A phenotype of IGFBP‐3 knockout mice revealed by dextran sulfate‐induced colitis
Authors: Yancu Debbie , Blouin Marie‐José , Birman Elena , Florianova Livia , Aleynikova Olga , Zakikhani Mahvash , VanderMeulen Heather , Seidman Ernest , Pollak Michael 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and AimInsulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) bioactivity has been shown to be attenuated by insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), one of six IGF‐binding proteins. While prior work revealed no major phenotype associated with IGFBP‐3 knockout mice, we explored the possibility that a phenotype could be revealed under specific conditions of gastrointestinal stress.MethodsThe dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of ulcerative colitis was used for this study.ResultsInsulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 knockout mice had significantly reduced colitis on exposure to DSS as measured by lower levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 (P < 0.0001), TNF‐α (P = 0.0035), and IL‐1β (P = 0.0112), reduced weight loss (P < 0.0001), reduced myeloperoxidase activity (P = 0.0025), and maintenance of colorectal length (P < 0.05), all relative to wild‐type mice exposed to DSS. IGFBP‐3 knockout mice also exhibited increased colon epithelial cell proliferation (P < 0.0001) following DSS exposure. Semi‐quantitative immunohistochemistry showed greater IGF‐1 receptor activation in colon epithelial cells of IGFBP‐3 knockout mice compared with control mice following DSS exposure.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that IGFBP‐3 influences severity of DSS‐induced colitis. The observations suggest that in the absence of IGFBP‐3, enhanced IGF bioactivity leads to increased epithelial proliferation and mucosal barrier repair, thereby lessening inflammation.
Potentially Unsafe Activities and Living Conditions of Older Adults with Dementia
Authors: Amjad Halima , Roth David L. , Samus Quincy M. , Yasar Sevil , Wolff Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the prevalence of dementia in the absence of a reported dementia diagnosis and whether potentially unsafe activities and living conditions vary as a function of dementia diagnosis status in a nationally representative sample of older adults.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsMedicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older enrolled in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (N = 7,609).MeasurementsParticipants were classified into four groups based on self‐report of dementia diagnosis, proxy screening interview, and cognitive testing: probable dementia with reported dementia diagnosis (n = 457), probable dementia without reported dementia diagnosis (n = 581), possible dementia (n = 996), or no dementia (n = 5,575). Potentially unsafe activities (driving, preparing hot meals, managing finances or medications, attending doctor visits alone) and living conditions (falls, living alone, and unmet needs) were examined according to dementia status subgroups in stratified analyses and multivariate models, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, medical comorbidities, and physical capacity.ResultsThe prevalence of driving (22.9%), preparing hot meals (31.0%), managing finances (21.9%), managing medications (36.6%), and attending doctor visits alone (20.6%) was lowest in persons with probable dementia; however, but in persons with probable dementia, the covariate‐adjusted rates of driving, preparing hot meals, managing finances, managing medications, and attending doctor visits alone were significantly higher in those without reported dementia diagnosis than in those with reported diagnosis (all odds ratios ≥2.00, all P < .01).ConclusionOlder adults with probable dementia who are not aware of a dementia diagnosis are more likely to report engaging in potentially unsafe behaviors. Understanding the prevalence of potentially unsafe activities and living conditions can help clinicians focus safety screening and counseling in older adults with diagnosed or suspected dementia.
A qualitative study of patient experiences of Type 2 Diabetes care delivered comparatively by General Practice Nurses and Medical Practitioners
Authors: Boyle Eileen , Saunders Rosemary , Drury Vicki 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore patient experiences of type 2 diabetes mellitus care delivered by general practice nurses in collaboration with the general practitioner.BackgroundAustralian general practice nurses are expanding their role in multidisciplinary type 2 diabetes care with limited research on patient perceptions of care provision within this collaborative model.DesignQualitative interpretive.MethodsPurposeful sampling was used to invite the patients (n = 10). Data were collected from semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews. Braun and Clarke's () inductive coding thematic analysis process was used to interpret the data.ResultsAll participants experienced their General Practice Nurse consultation as a clinical assessment for their General Practitioner. While they appreciated the extra time with the General Practice Nurse, they were unsure of the purpose of the consultation beyond clinical assessment. They described the ongoing challenge of living with T2DM and identified a need for additional information and advice.ConclusionThe results suggest that the model of general practice nurse type 2 diabetes care has an important role to play in the delivery of effective ongoing care of patients. However, this role requires further development to ensure that it is understood by the patients as a role that not only conducts clinical assessments but also provides relevant education and self‐management support as part of a collaborative approach to care delivery with General Practitioners.Relevance to practiceThe findings are relevant to primary health care clinicians providing diabetes care to inform more relevant supportive care by general practice nurses.
Patient awareness and beliefs about the risk factors and comorbidities associated with chronic kidney disease : A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Lopez‐Vargas Pamela A , Tong Allison , Howell Martin , Phoon Richard KS , Chadban Steven J , Shen Yvonne , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimDiabetes, hypertension and smoking may contribute to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications. The aim of this study was to assess patients' awareness and beliefs about these and other risk factors associated with CKD.MethodsParticipants with CKD Stages 1–5 were purposively sampled for participation in a mixed methods study. Focus group participants completed a survey on CKD risk factors and discussed the reasons for their choices. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data.ResultsOf the 38 participants, the proportion who identified hypertension, family history, diabetes and obesity as risk factors for CKD were 89%, 87%, 87% and 70% respectively. Only 54% and 38% recognized that smoking and Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander status were risk factors. Participants considered the risks of heart attack, stroke and premature mortality to be 20–40% lower in people with CKD than those with diabetes or pre‐existing cardiovascular disease. Five themes were identified: invisibility (lack of signs and symptoms of CKD), invincibility (participants did not feel they were at risk), lacking awareness (identified not knowing much about their disease), cumulative comorbidities (concerned about the increased risks of associated diseases) and inevitability of death (there is no cure for CKD).ConclusionParticipants had good understanding of some risk factors for CKD (hypertension and diabetes) but limited understanding of others. Awareness of comorbidities was also less than for other chronic conditions. Compared with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, CKD was perceived to pose less of a threat to life. Patient education that addresses CKD risk factors, comorbidities and outcomes may increase awareness and foster better self‐management for people with CKD.
Activity and MeCP2‐dependent regulation of nNOS levels in enteric neurons
Authors: Wahba G. , Schock S. C. , Cudd S. , Grynspan D. , Humphreys P. , Staines W. A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundRett syndrome (RTT) is a neurological disorder characterized by severe cognitive impairment, motor dyspraxia, and seizures. Rett syndrome arises predominantly from mutations in MECP2, the gene coding for methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MeCP2). MeCP2 is an important mediator of synaptic development and is essential in regulating homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) in the brain. In addition to demonstrating central nervous system impairment, RTT patients also suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility. We hypothesize that this is due to a similar impairment of plasticity‐dependent synaptic function in the enteric nervous system (ENS). We recently reported that MeCP2 is expressed in the ENS, providing evidence that neuronal dysfunction may mediate the GI pathology.MethodsBaseline measures of MeCP2‐KO vs wild‐type (WT) GI neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were assessed in tissue samples and in vitro. Experiments were carried out to measure nNOS in baseline vs activated plasticity states in vitro. Functional in vivo studies were carried out to determine whether MeCP2‐KO mice reproduced the RTT GI hypomotility.Key ResultsMethyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2‐KO mice reproduced the GI hypomotility seen in RTT. MeCP2‐KO GI tissue demonstrated elevated nNOS levels. Cultured WT enteric neurons showed upregulation of nNOS following moderate, prolonged stimulation by hyperkalemia; neurons from MeCP2‐KO mice failed to show this nNOS upregulation.Conclusions & InferencesMeCP2 is required for proper GI motility and normal nNOS levels. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase imbalances could mediate the GI dysmotility seen in RTT. Disruption of MeCP2‐dependent HSP may be the basis for aberrant nNOS levels and hence GI dysmotility in MeCP2‐KO and RTT.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies in childhood kidney transplantation
Authors: Bjerre Anna , Tangeraas Trine , Heidecke Harald , Dragun Duska , Dechend Ralf , Staff Anne Cathrine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAngiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies (AT1RAb) have emerged as non‐HLA Ab present in patients with acute AMR and risk of graft loss. Furthermore, AT1RAb have been shown to increase angiotensin II sensitivity which may play a role in the development of CVD and hypertension. Data on AT1RAb in stable transplant recipients are lacking. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of AT1RAb in a cohort of stable patients after kidney transplantation (tx) in childhood. A cross‐sectional study of 30 children (median age 14, range 3–19 yr, median time since tx five yr) and 28 adults who were transplanted in childhood (median age 26, range 20–40 yr, median time since tx 18 yr) transplanted between 1993–2006 and 1983–2002, respectively, was performed. Healthy controls were 51 healthy children (5–8 yr) and 199 healthy donors (median age 56.5 yr, range 42–83 yr). Plasma AT1RAb were analyzed by immunoassay. Median total AT1RAb IgG concentration was significantly higher in the pediatric‐tx group as compared to the adult‐tx group (40.0 and 10.95 U/mL, p < 0.0001). For both groups, the tx group showed higher levels: the pediatric‐tx group vs. control group (40.0 vs. 13.3 U/mL, p = 0.0006) and the adult‐tx group vs. adult control group (10.95 vs. 6.5 U/mL, p < 0.0001). Age was the strongest indicator of high levels of AT1RAb IgG (p = 0.0003). AT1RAb total IgG levels are significantly higher in a stable pediatric‐tx cohort as compared to adult‐tx patients and healthy controls of comparable age groups. The relevance of our findings in relation to age, time since tx, previous or future rejection, and CVD risk merits future studies.
Predictors of clinical outcome in emphysema patients with atelectasis following endoscopic valve therapy: A retrospective study
Authors: Gompelmann Daniela , Hofbauer Tobias , Gerovasili Vasiliki , Eberhardt Ralf , Lim Hyun‐ju , Herth Felix , Heussel Claus‐Peter 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe aim of endoscopic valve therapy in patients with emphysema is complete lobar atelectasis of the most emphysematous lobe. However, even after the radiological advent of atelectasis, great variability in clinical outcomes can be observed.MethodsThe baseline clinical measures (vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory flow in 1 s (FEV1), residual volume (RV) and 6‐min walk test (6‐MWT)) and computed tomography variables (low attenuation volume (LAV) of the target lobe, LAV% of the target and the ipsilateral untreated lobe and LAV of the target lobe to LAV of the target lung and to LAV of the total lung) of 77 patients with complete atelectasis following valve therapy were retrospectively examined to determine their impact on patient´s outcome (changes in VC, FEV1, RV and 6‐MWT from baseline to the time of atelectasis).ResultsLow attenuation volume of the target lobe to LAV of the target lung predicts a significant FEV1 improvement in patients with complete lobar atelectasis following valve therapy. A 10% difference in that computed tomography predictor was associated with a 82‐mL improvement in FEV1 (P = 0.006). Lower 6‐MWT scores, low VC and high RV at baseline were significantly associated with greater improvement in the respective parameter (all P < 0.001).ConclusionLow attenuation volume of the target lobe to LAV of the target lung and baseline clinical measures seem to significantly predict clinical outcomes in patients with complete lobar atelectasis following valve treatment.