bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radon and Geology in the United States
Authors: Peake R.T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Regional geology and indoor radon concentrations appear to be related in the US. Using data from probability based samples, indoor radon frequency distributions have been developed in areas with similar regional geology. These frequency distributions can be used to define relative radon potential in the US. The geologic factors which determine regional radon potential are: (1) Lithologic: Rock types with known or potentially high uranium concentrations have a high probability of generating elevated indoor radon levels. Lithologies with US DOE National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) equivalent uranium concentrations greater than 3 ppm may constitute high radon potential areas. (2) Soils: Soil permeability greatly influences radon potential. For Example, evidence suggests that high permeabilities (&gt;0.01 cm.s-1) can cause elevated indoor radon levels even if radium concentrations are low.
Measurement and Calibration Experience with Short-Lived Radon Daughters
Authors: Ullmann W. , Röhnsch W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In view of the health effects of short-lived radon daughters, various methods and instruments for determining their concentrations in air have been developed in the National Board for Atomic Safety and Radiation Protection (SAAS) of the GDR for reasons of radiation protection. A survey is given of the respective measurement requirements and of the quantities measured. Devices for short-term as well as time-integrated measurements of the potential alpha energy concentration, using different kinds of detectors, are described in detail, including the determination of the equilibrium factor and of the free fraction of short-lived daughters. Information is given regarding international comparison of measuring devices, of calibration methods applied at the SAAS and of elaboration of a primary standard for the unit of the potential alpha energy concentration. The use of the methods and instruments in the radiation protection practice of the SAAS is outlined.
Laboratory and Field Tests of a Hassock Fan-Ion Generator Radon Decay Product Removal Unit
Authors: Moeller D.W. , Rudnick S.N. , Maher E.F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Laboratory tests in a radon chamber of a hassock fan-ion generator unit, developed for reducing airborne radon decay product concentrations inside buildings, produced reduction in potential alpha energy concentrations (PAECs) ranging from 83% to 86%. Similar reductions were observed in rooms in a home with relatively high radon concentrations. Reduction in a home with relatively low radon concentrations ranged from 76% to 79%. The time required for the removal unit to reach the point of maximum reduction was 6 to 8 h. A major share of the reduction occurred within the first 3 to 4 h. The speed of the fan, which was variable, had little effect on the ultimate removal efficiency. Reductions in the dose equivalent to the lungs, estimated on the basis of laboratory studies utilising several lung dosimetric models, were only slightly less than the observed reductions in PAECs.
Measurement of Single Event Energy Deposition Spectra at 5 nm to 250 nm Simulated Site Sizes
Authors: Kliauga P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
By utilising a simple cylindrical geometry and miniaturising dimensions of all components (anode, field tubes and cavity) so that absolute gas pressures are maintained at &gt; 0.5 kPa (4 Torr) at the smallest simulated size (5 nm) it is demonstrated that the low pressure proportional counter can be made to operate in a proportional mode with adequate gain and resolution to measure single event spectra.
The Dependence of Thermoluminescence Sensitivity Upon the Temperature of Irradiation in Meteorites and in Terrestrial Apatites
Authors: Durrani S.A. , Al-Khalifa I.J.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Measurements are reported on the TL sensitivity (i.e. TL glow output per unit ? ray test dose) of meteoritic specimens as well as terrestrial fluor- and chlor-apatites, as a function of irradiation temperature (Tirr). The irradiation temperatures ranged from liquid nitrogen to room temperature (77 - 293 K). A kilocurie 60Co ? ray source was used to deliver test doses of 400 Gy (40 krad) and 40 Gy (4 krad) to the various samples. A strong dependence of the TL sensitivity upon the temperature of irradiation was noted in the case of Kirin meteorite: its TL sensitivity (for the 493 K readout peak) decreased by a factor of ~2 when Tirr rose from liquid nitrogen (77 K) to dry ice in acetone (197 K) temperature, in the case of both 400 Gy and 40 Gy ? ray doses. In the case of the Antarctic meteorite specimen (ALHA 77182,13), there was a smaller effect, viz. a fall of ~14% in the TL output corresponding to dry ice and higher irradiating temperatures as compared to the 77 K irradiation. For chlorapatite, the TL sensitivity decreased monotonically with increasing temperature for both the 563 K and the 448 K glow peaks. For the fluorapatite, the effect of reduced response was observed only between -17 oC (256 K) and room temperature (293 K). Both the theoretical and the practical implications of these observations are discussed.
Compositional Principle in Fast Neutron Thermoluminescence Dosimetry
Authors: Shaver I.Kh. , Krongauz V.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The principle consists in monitoring the selective phosphor response. The phosphor is one of the elements of the composite detector, the other being a fast neutron scintillator. The selectivity of the phosphor lies in the great difference between accumulation efficiencies of its various traps when passing from high energy photon irradiation to that of light photons, corresponding to the long wavelength band of activator absorption. The luminescence characteristics of SrS:Sm,Tb and CaCO3:Sm,Eu phosphors are presented. The glow curves are shown to have two main peaks: glow peak 1 at 130 oC and glow peak 2 with maximum in the 220-390 oC range. The peak 1 to peak 2 intensity ratio can reach 1000:1 for gamma irradiation and 1:100 for visible light irradiation. The accumulation and luminescence mechanism of selective phosphors is considered. The potential for fast neutron selective dosimetry in mixed fields is also discussed.
Diamond Detectors in Relative Dosimetry of Photon, Electron and Proton Radiation Fields
Authors: Khrunov V.S. , Martynov S.S. , Vatnitsky S.M. , Ermakov I.A. , Chervjakov A.M. , Karlin D.L. , Fominych V.I. , V. Tarbeyev Yu. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Characteristics of the diamond detector for use in the radiation therapy for the relative dosimetry of photon, electron, proton beams are given in the paper. The advantages of the detector as compared with ionising chambers and Si-diodes are presented.
Measurements of Radiation Levels by TLD in the Mineral Processing Plant in Bangladesh
Authors: Mollah A.S. , Rahman M.M. , Molla M.A.R. , Das S.C. , Akan Y. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
As part of the continuing radiometric survey of the environment of Bangladesh, a programme was undertaken to measure the gamma ray field in the beach sand mineral processing pilot plant at Cox's Bazar in order to provide appropriate guidelines for radiation protection and safety of the works and the members of the public in the vicinity. The radiation levels were measured at various locations in and around the area of the plant using LiF (TLD-700) dosemeters. The observed dose rates varied from 0.20 to 8.12 µSv.h-1, however, the dose rates in most of the working areas were less than 3.0 µSv.h-1 resulting in an annual exposure of 7.48 mSv or less.
Feasibility of a High Dosemeter with Metallic Colloid Formation in an Ionic Crystal
Authors: Owaki S. , Nobugai K. , Okada T. , Inabe K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Metallic colloid formation in an ionic crystal by radiation was investigated for possible application as a high-level dosemeter. Density of the colloids was measured as optical absorption intensity by photo-acoustic spectroscopy. Several kinds of ionic single crystals were irradiated by intense 20 MeV electron pulses from a linear accelerator. In NaCl crystals, the absorption intensity due to the colloid density has a smooth correlation with the number of irradiating electron pulses, ranging from 2 x 103 to 2 x 105. The colloid formation was confirmed using an electron microscope.
Thermal and Fast Neutron Detection in a Polyenergetic Field of Neutrons
Authors: Savvides E. , Zamani M. , Charalambous St. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermal treatment of irradiated CN-85 results in increasing energy resolution of alpha particles and fading of proton recoils: thus the reconstruction of neutron spectra in a polyenergetic field becomes more precise. The method is applied to the detection of thermal as well as fast neutrons by means of the 6Li(n,a)3H reaction.
Present State and Future of TLD Laser Heating
Authors: Braunlich (INVITED) P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent advances are reviewed in laser/electro-optics and dosemeter manufacturing technology which have led to the design and construction of a desk-top laser TLD reader for personnel and environmental dosimetry, a two-dimensional dose distribution mapping system and an advanced remote fibre-optic TLD probe. These instruments are the first laser-heated TLD products offered commercially.
Dosimetric Characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,P Phosphors - A Track Structure Interpretation
Authors: Waligorski M.P.R. , Olko P. , Bilski P. , Budzanowski M. , Niewiadomski T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
New sintered LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors with different concentrations of Cu and P are being investigated in this laboratory. These detectors are about 10-30 times more sensitive than LiF:Mg,Ti to gamma ray (60Co, 137Cs) doses and, unlike LiF:Mg,Ti, show no supralinearity up to saturation above 200 Gy of gamma rays, thus being amenable to a 1-hit interpretation, in terms of Katz's track structure theory. Values of model parameters, Eo=200 Gy and ao=20 nm, were estimated after fitting the 1-hit expression to a number of measured X ray and gamma ray dose responses and fitting to the reported measurements of relative efficiency of LiF:Mg,Cu,P after proton and alpha particle irradiations. The gamma ray dose response of LiF:Mg,Ti (e.g. peak 5 in TLD-700) can be described by a mixture of 1-hit and 2-hit expressions, but for model interpretations of exposures to low energy ions, only the 1-hit 'trap' (estimated values: Eo=600 Gy, a=20nm) need be considered. Thus, a quantitative model basis is provided for interpreting the response of LiF:Mg,Cu,P to heavy charged particles and neutrons against the responses of 'classic' LiF:Mg,Ti to the same radiations.
Thermoluminescence, Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission and Emission Spectra of (CaF2:Natural + NaCI) Pellets
Authors: Okuno E. , Owaki S. , Yamamoto T. , Chubaci J.F.D. , Inabe K. , Fukuda Y. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Brazilian fluorite-based dosimetric pellets were X irradiated at -170 oC to record simultaneously TL and TSEE glow curves at a heating rate of 1 oC per 6 s. A close relationship between TL and TSEE was observed for all the peaks from -170 to 400 oC. The effect of high dose and high exposure rate on dosimetric pellets was studied by irradiating them with a 21 MeV electron beam from a linear accelerator. TL due to NaCl used as agglutinant arises for exposures equivalent to 2.58 kC.kg-1 in the form of a sharp glow peak at 225 oC, when CaF2 glow peaks are saturated or decreasing due to radiation damage. Emission spectra of dosimetric pellets were obtained for three TL peaks in the range RT to 350 oC. They are different from peak to peak, indicating that some trapping centres are spatially associated with recombination centres.
Diffuse Reflectance and Transmission Measurements on LiF:Mg,Cu,P Powders and Single Crystals
Authors: McKeever J. , Macintyre D. , Taylor S.R. , McKeever S.W.S. , Horowitz A. , Horowitz Y.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Measurements of optical absorption on LiF:Mg,Cu,P powders and single crystals are described. The absorption spectra for the powders and the single crystals are very similar. The dominant feature is the F centre while absorption in the region of 300-400 nm is related to the presence of Mg. The thermal stability properties of the radiation-induced bands can be correlated with the production of TL and are similar for both powders and crystals. Absorption features due to Cu and P are not observed. The absorption intensity is seen to vary with the Mg,Cu and P contents in a similar fashion to the TL sensitivity.
LiF:Mg,Ti Versus LiF:Mg,Cu,P: The Competition Heats Up
Authors: Horowitz (INVITED) Y.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Current knowledge concerning the dosimetric characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,P and LiF:Mg,Ti is reviewed, including glow curve structure, response to annealing procedures, trap conversion processes, dose response, tissue-equivalence, residual signal and others. The relative merits of these two materials in various dosimetric applications; occupational exposure, clinical and environmental, as well as in mixed field beta/gamma and neutron/gamma dosimetry are evaluated and compared. LiF:Mg,Cu,P emerges as a very useful material with significant advantages over LiF:Mg,Ti in most dosimetric applications. However, it does share some of the faults of LiF:Mg,Ti mainly, complicated glow curve structure and thermal instability. Commercially available LiF:Mg,Cu,P (GR-200) is interior to LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) in one important aspect - its relatively high residual signal. Future elimination/minimisation of the residual signal via materials research and/or readout/annealing procedures should lead to LiF;Mg,Cu,P totally replacing LiF:Mg,Ti.
Confirmation of the Evolution of TLD-100 Glow Peaks 4 and 5 During Storage at Ambient Temperatures
Authors: Delgado A. , Gómez-Ros J.M. , Muñiz J.L. , Bos A.J.J. , Piters T.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The results obtained in an IRI-CIEMAT joint study on the evolution of the main TLD-100 glow peaks 4 and 5 during storage at temperatures in the ambient range are presented. In order to investigate the effect of the fitting procedures on the peak evolution results, IRI and CIEMAT carried out an experiment in which a common set of glow curves were analysed by the computer codes for glow curve analysis independently developed by both laboratories. The results of this experiment confirm previous results on peak 4 and 5 evolution. Both peaks are modified during storage depending not only on the storage conditions but also on the readout parameters. The implications of these peak variations on practical environmental dosimetry are also discussed.
Individual Thermoluminescence Dosemeters for Extremities and Eyes
Authors: Goldfinch E.P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
An International Standards Organisation working group (ISO/TC85/SC2/WG7) has developed a draft standard specifying dosimetric performance requirements and recommending appropriate tests, for dosemeters to be used for extremity or eye dose measurements. The standard is complementary to the IEC standard Thermoluminescence Dosimetry Systems for Personal and Environmental Monitoring (IEC 1066 1991). The new draft standard is due to be circulated by ISO for international 'Member States' comments late in 1992. This paper summarises the content of the draft and gives some background to the technical requirements.
Personal Neutron Diode Dosemeter
Authors: Barthe J. , Lahaye T. , Moiseev T. , Portal G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The control and management of neutron doses, received by workers in nuclear power plants or research facilities, requires a knowledge of cumulated dose equivalent or dose equivalent rate in real time. Individual dosemeters so far developed for this purpose are scarce and not very satisfactory. Passive dosemeters such as TLD systems based on the albedo effect, nuclear emulsions or solid track detectors, do not give sufficiently accurate measurements. Furthermore, the increase in the quality factor and the more restrictive new ICRP recommendations diminish the maximum admissible threshold making currently used systems obsolete. Other than bubble dosemeter systems, based on thermodynamic effects of a superheated gel, no simple electronic device is available at the present time. The development of diode based dosimetric gamma badges, having a size similar to that of credit cards, has stimulated us to design and develop a personal neutron dosemeter based on a double diode system. The results obtained are very encouraging and practical models should become available in the near future.
Extremity Dosimetry in Nuclear Medicine Services using Thermoluminescent Detectors
Authors: Mebhah D. , Djeffal S. , Badreddine A. , Madjahed M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Radiation Protection and Safety Centre in Algiers provides two types of dosemeters, one for monitoring doses to the whole body and skin and the other one for monitoring doses to the extremities of the body. In nuclear medicine services and radiopharmaceutical laboratories, hands and arms are often closer to a given radiation source than the main part of the body and therefore receive greater doses. In this context, extremity doses have been measured by a ring dosemeter and by a fingertip ultra-thin dosemeter. The ring dosemeter consists of a metallic ring with a circular indentation to hold a LiF chip which is covered with a 10 mg.cm-2 shrinkable black polyamide layer. The ultra-thin dosemeter contains a 5 mg.cm-2 LiF element for measuring doses at a depth of 7 mg.cm-2. These extremity dosemeters have been characterised before their use in the field. They have also been tested using radioisotopes of various energies. The doses received by the monitored workers were correlated with the amount of the handled activity. The doses obtained using the fingertip and the ring dosemeters are presented and discussed from a radiological point of view.
Improving the Accuracy of TLD Systems in Clinical Applications
Authors: Toivonen M.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Conditions are outlined for obtaining routine measurements of the highest precision with a TLD system in clinical applications. A method for studying and specifying the inherent uncertainties in a TLD system is also presented. The principles of optimising reader design are given, as is guidance in optimising partial processes of the measurement (e.g. during annealing or constant dose irradiation). Finally, two alternative TLD processes and a clear-cut calibration procedure are presented, along with instructions for the operator on how to keep systematic errors at an insignificant level. The overall uncertainty of measurement using sintered LiF discs was compared with the required accuracy (to within 3%) for the calibration of therapy units. The conclusion was drawn that, to meet this requirement, the random error of measurements should be very small (1 SD below 0.5%) as it is in the best manual TLD systems. Automatic TL readers seem to be far from this goal, but improvements may be made by redesigning light collection geometries for the specific needs of clinical applications.
Experimental Verification of a Superheated Liquid Droplet (Bubble) Neutron Detector Theoretical Model
Authors: Harper M.J. , Nelson (INVITED) M.E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Superheated liquid droplet ('bubble') neutron detectors utilise thousands of microscopic droplets of freon-based compounds suspended in a viscous matrix material. Neutrons can interact with the atoms of the superheated liquid droplets, resulting in the formation of energetic charged recoil ions. These ions transfer their energy to the liquid in the droplets, sometimes resulting in the droplets vaporising and producing visible bubbles. The basis of bubble detector operation is identical to that of bubble chambers, which have been well characterised by researchers such as Wilson, Glaser, Seitz and others since the 1950s. Each of the microscopic superheated liquid droplets behaves like an independent bubble chamber. This paper presents a theoretical model that considers the three principal aspects of detector operation: nuclear reactions, charged particle energy deposition, and thermodynamic bubble formation. All possible nuclear reactions were examined and those which could reasonably result in recoil ions sufficiently energetic to vaporise a droplet were analysed in detail. Feasible interactions having adequate cross sections include elastic and inelastic scattering, n-proton, and n-alpha reactions. Ziegler's transport of ions in matter (TRIM) code was used to calculate the ions' stopping powers in various compounds based on the ionic energies predicted by standard scattering distributions. If the ions deposit enough energy in a small enough volume then the bubble of vapour that forms will grow to 'critical' size, and spontaneously vaporise the rest of the entire droplet without further energy input. Various theories as to the vaporisation of droplets by ionising radiation were studied and a novel method of predicting the critical (minimum) energy was developed. This method can be used to calculate the minimum required stopping power for the ion, from which the threshold neutron energy is obtainable. Experimental verification of the model was accomplished by measuring the response of two different types of bubble detectors to monoenergetic thermal neutrons, as well as to neutrons from the polyenergetic spectra of bare and moderated californium spontaneous fission sources. The model's predicted response compared favourably with the experimental data.
Role of Neutron Bubble Dosemeters
Authors: Riel G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Bubble dosemeters may determine whether routine dosimetry is required, because they are a credible indicator of the presence or absence of neutrons even in strong gamma ray fields. They can be used, as pocket ion chambers are, to complement a primary dosemeter. They are small and need no phantom to measure neutrons from thermal to 25 MeV, so they can map fields varying rapidly with distance. Spectrometers are made from bubble devices(s) with various thresholds. Bubble dosemeters with electronic counters may serve as area monitors. Such roles use the bubble device's high sensitivity, immediate results, freedom from interference, and flat energy response while avoiding its weaknesses in dynamic range, lifetime, and variation of response with temperature.