bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WEAK LOWER EXTREMITY MUSCLE STRENGTH IS A RISK FACTOR FOR TRAUMATIC KNEE INJURY IN YOUTH FEMALE ATHLETES
Authors: Augustsson Sofia Ryman , Ageberg Eva 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe role of muscle strength for the risk of knee injury is not well investigated.ObjectiveTo examine the potential relationship between lower extremity (LE) muscle strength and the risk of traumatic knee injury in young female and male athletes.DesignCase-control study.SettingAthletes at senior high school sport programs in Sweden.Patients (or Participants)226 athletes (43% females) aged 15–19 years participating in ice-hockey, alpine skiing, handball, soccer, basketball or floorball were included. Those with any previous injury were excluded.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)A 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) barbell squat test, adjusted for body weight, was assessed by a well-trained instructor at each school, according to “Fysprofilen™”. The strength variable was dichotomized, according to the median, to analyse “weak” vs “strong” athletes.Main Outcome MeasurementsAny traumatic knee injury (ACL or other ligament injury, meniscal, cartilage damage, fracture) (yes/no) sustained during the high school years was reported by the athletes on a web-based questionnaire.Results115 traumatic knee injuries were reported. The majority (83%) of injuries were in the weak group in females (p=0.0001), while there were no differences between weak and strong groups in males (p=0.589). Females with weak LE strength had 13 times higher risk of sustaining a knee injury compared with strong females (OR, 13.07; 95% CI, 3.53–48.44; p=0.0001). 36 ACL injuries were reported, with a higher prevalence among females (18%) compared with males (5%) (p=0.002). Females in the weak group had 7 times higher risk of sustaining an ACL injury compared with the strong group (OR, 7.64; 95% CI, 1.60–36.52; P=0.011). There were no differences between the weak and strong groups in the male athletes (p=0.348).ConclusionsWeak LE muscle strength appears to be a risk factor for sustaining a traumatic knee injury in youth female athletes but not in males.
IMPACT TESTING OF DIFFERENT ICE HOCKEY BOARD DESIGNS
Authors: Schmitt Kai-Uwe , Muser Markus , Thueler Hansjuerg , Bruegger Othmar 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundImpact to boards is a frequent cause of injury in ice hockey. Improving the board design to reduce the biomechanical loading of a player at impact is one option to prevent injury.ObjectiveCompare the impact performance of different ice hockey boards and investigate whether so-called “flexible” board designs are to be preferred over standard designs.DesignImpact testing of ice hockey boards under laboratory conditions using a dynamic pendulum as well as anthropometric test devices (crash test dummies).Experimental SettingThree board elements including glazing (total length: 7 to 9 m; total height: 2.9 to 3 m) were mounted in the laboratory. A total of 8 systems were tested: two systems featured a standard design while 6 systems represented recent designs that claim to be more flexible. The test conditions were chosen based on previous studies. A pendulum (mass: 60 kg) impacted the boards at heights of 1 m (below handrail) and 1.4 m (on glazing) with velocities of 3.37 m/s and 4.76 m/s. The dummy experiments used a fully instrumented ES-2 dummy that impacted the board in a standing position (mimicking a body check position) at 4.76 m/s.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe deformation of the boards was measured at 1 m and 1.4 m height. Additionally biomechanical relevant measures were recorded using the dummy. The performance of the board and the biomechanical loading of a player were assessed.ResultsGenerally a “flexible” board design allows for more deformation than a standard design, but the performance varies strongly between different board models/ products. While standard boards deformed 13.4±3.6 mm and 30.7±13.1 mm at 1 m and 1.4 m height, respectively, “flexible” boards deformed 40.1±13.3 mm and 56.2±17.7 mm. Acrylic glazing enables more deformation than glass glazing (10–60% increase). The results were consistent for dummy and pendulum impacts.ConclusionsRecent board designs exhibit a larger deformation performance compared to standard designs.
A VIDEO ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS OF SHOULDER INJURIES IN AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL AND A COMPARISON TO OTHER FOOTBALL CODES
Authors: Schwab Laura M 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundShoulder injuries are common in Australian Rules football and often lead to considerable time out due to injury. There are no published studies regarding the mechanisms of shoulder injury in Australian Rules football which may influence medical management and rehabilitation.ObjectiveTo identify from video analysis mechanisms of shoulder injury in Australian Rules football (ARF) and compare those to mechanisms sustained in other codes of football.DesignRetrospective, video analysis, two independent assessors.SettingElite Australian Rules football league.Participants26 elite males, age 18–28 years.Assessment of Risk FactorsMedical staff confirmed all injuries which was defined as an injury causing a player to miss a match. Digital footage of 26 shoulder injuries was obtained from the 2015 playing season.Main Outcome MeasurementsMechanism of shoulder injury, history of previous shoulder injury, time of injury, use of taping during the game and if the player required surgery. This data was then compared to previously published video analysis studies on rugby shoulder injuries.ResultsThree common mechanisms of shoulder injury exist in ARF; 1) tackling, with forced hyperextension of the players arm, 2) direct impact with the ground or another player 3) overhead marking where the arm is in some degree of abduction & external rotation. The final mechanism differs to rugby where a try scorer, forced hyper-flexion mechanism is more common to the code. Almost half of the players injured in the 2015 season required surgery and a quarter had a history of previous shoulder pathology. A high number of injured players were taped at the time of the incident. There was no significant association between injury incidence and game quarter.ConclusionsSystematic video analysis of shoulder injuries can provide a greater understanding of the likely pathology sustained from each mechanism and then may aid the development of injury prevention methods. Crossover exists between football codes with common mechanisms found however elite ARF has a unique mechanism to the code.
AN INCREASING INCIDENCE OF INJURIES DURING THE SUPER RUGBY TOURNAMENT: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OVER 4 YEARS INVOLVING 69 194 PLAYER-HOURS
Authors: Schwellnus Martin , van Rensburg Dina Christina Janse , van Rensburg Charl Janse , Jordaan Esme , van Rensburg Audrey Jansen , Derman Wayne , Readhead Clint 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRugby Union has one of the highest reported incidences of match injuries among all professional sports. The Super Rugby tournament is played annually between professional rugby union teams from three rugby-playing nations in the Southern hemisphere.ObjectiveTo determine if the incidence of injuries in the Super Rugby tournament decreased over a 4-year period.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingSuper Rugby tournament.Patients (or Participants)774 male players from 5 South African teams.Assessment of Risk Factors)Medical staff of South African teams participating in the 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 tournaments recorded all time loss injuries (all injuries and match injuries) and exposure hours (69 194 total playing hours; 6 132 match hours).Main Outcome MeasurementsIncidence of all injuries and match injuries (per 1000 hours play).ResultsThe incidence of all injuries (per 1000 player hours; 95% CI) for each year was as follows: 2012 (9.2; 7.9–10.8); 2013 (11.6; 10.1–13.3); 2014 (11.4; 9.8–13.2), and 2015 (12.4; 10.9–14.1). The incidence of all injuries in 2015 was significantly higher compared to 2012. The overall incidence of match injuries (per 1000 player hours; 95% CI) for each year was as follows: 2012 (83.3; 69.4–99.2); 2013 (120.4; 103.6–139.2); 2014 (98.6; 83.3–116.0), and 2015(119.1; 102.9–137.2). The incidence of match injuries in 2013 and 2015 was significantly higher compared to 2012 and 2014.ConclusionsThere is an increased incidence of all injuries and match injuries in the Super Rugby tournaments between 2012–2015. After 2012, the incidence of match injuries is consistently higher than previously reported for senior male rugby players at elite/professional level (89–96 per 1000 hrs). There is an urgent need to introduce targeted injury prevention strategies in the Super Rugby tournament to reduce the risk of injuries.
SINGAPORE RUGBY UNION INJURY SURVEILLANCE: HOW DO WE COMPARE TO PREVIOUS FINDINGS IN RUGBY UNION AND DO WE NEED TO IMPROVE?
Authors: Sirisena Dinesh , Annie Henderson 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRugby union is a full contact sport in which injuries are a commonplace occurrence. Despite its increasing popularity in South East Asia, the obvious differences in physical attributes of players and environment, there have not been any previous analyses of the injury data so far.ObjectivesTo examine whether rugby union injury rates in Singapore are similar to those reported in other countries and to assess whether the current system of data collection is both accurate and efficient.DesignA retrospective analysis of injury data collected from an injury audit conducted over the 2015/16 Rugby union season.Setting2015/16 Singapore Rugby Union domestic league.ParticipantsPlayers from 5 teams, with 15 adults (>18 yrs) players from each team on the field at any one time for the duration of an 80 minute game.InterventionsNo interventions were implemented during this study.Main Outcome MeasurementsTotal exposure and injury rates (per 1000 player h), and uptake of the current reporting system.ResultsData from a total of 28 of 86 (32%) matches were reported, including a total of 558.6 player hours. Injury incidence (136.1 per 1000 player hours) was higher than previously reported, with muscle (50.1), concussion (21.5), shoulder (14.4), knee (12.6) and facial soft tissue (10.8) injuries being most common.ConclusionsThe high injury rate compared to previous studies in rugby union may have been biased by the low reporting rates. A reporting rate of 32% significantly limits the interpretation of the injury surveillance in Singapore. The low reporting rates may be due to an antiquated system of collecting the data and reporting injuries, but a newer system of reporting injuries is being developed.
LANDING-RELATED ANKLE INJURIES DO NOT OCCUR IN PLANTARFLEXION AS ONCE THOUGHT: A VIDEO ANALYSIS OF ANKLE INJURIES IN WORLD-CLASS VOLLEYBALL FROM THE FIVB INJURY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Authors: Skazalski Christopher , Kruczynski Jacek , Bahr Martin Aase , Bere Tone , Whiteley Rod , Bahr Roald 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAnkle sprains are the most prevalent injury in volleyball and it is suggested they result from player contact at the net. Traditionally, ankle sprains are thought to happen in a plantarflexed position, but case studies suggest plantarflexion may not be involved.ObjectiveTo describe the injury situations and mechanisms for ankle injuries in elite volleyball based on systematic video analyses.DesignDescriptive video analysis.SettingNational teams participating in major Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) senior-level tournaments.MaterialAll acute ankle injuries with subsequent time-loss (n=32) reported through the (FIVB) Injury Surveillance System (ISS) 2010–2014. Of these, video footage of 24 injuries was available for analysis.Assessment of Risk FactorsInjury situation variables included playing situation, player positions, and center line infringement. Variables examining injury mechanisms included lower extremity (ankle, knee, hip) joint positions at first contact and the index injury frame, joint movement between initial contact and the index frame, and the relationship between ankle dorsiflexion and supination.ResultsThe majority of injuries occurred during blocking (n=15) and attacking (n=6). Injuries to blockers resulted from landing on an opponent (n=11) or teammate (n=4). Attacking injuries mostly occurred when a backrow player landed on a front row teammate (n=4). When landing on an opponent, the attacker landed into the opponent's court in 11 of 12 situations compared to 2 situations for the blocker. When landing on another player, the ankle moved into a neutral dorsiflexed position prior to rapid pronation/supination in 15 situations compared to 1 situation of supination in plantarflexion.ConclusionsThe majority of injuries occur while blocking, often landing on an opponent. The attacker is responsible for injuries at the net secondary to crossing the center line. Landing-related injuries mostly occur with the ankle rapidly supinating in a neutral dorsiflexed position.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAEKWONDO INJURIES: 1-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Son Bo Ae , Jeong Hee Seong , Kong In Deok , Lee Sae Yong 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundTaekwondo black belt population of Korea is among nation's best. However, there is no well-organized injury surveillance system (ISS) in Korea.ObjectiveTo analyse epidemiological data of youth Taekwondo injury to compare and examine injury incidence of adult athletes.DesignProspective epidemiological study.SettingTaekwondo competition and practice of 2016 season in Korea.Patients (or Participants)Eighty two middle, 76 high school, and 82 university Taekwondo athletes who registered officially for Korea Taekwondo Association participated in the study.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)The athletes with injuries to examine potential risk factors.Main Outcome MeasurementsChi-square tests were used to compare rate of injury between gender and level. Injury rates per athletic exposure (A-E), odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidential intervals (CI) were conducted.ResultsAmong the 243 registered athletes (33.5% female), a total of 155 injuries, 117 injuries occurred during 476,983 A-E 0.24 injuries per 1,000 AEs during training and 38 injuries during 1,036 per 1,063 AEs; 38.6 per 1,000 A-E during competition were reported. The majority of injury location was ankle (23.4%). Contusion (22.7%) was the most common types of injury. Injury rate was not significantly different between male and female. Youth athletes demonstrated significantly higher injury incidence (OR 2.16; CI: 1.24 to 3.78) as compared to that of adult athletes. However, adult athletes are more likely to have more severe injuries (OR 3.57; CI: 1.46 to 8.70).ConclusionsThis injury surveillance study provides an essential epidemiological information that will help clinicians to consider and develop prevention strategies to reduce injuries for both youth and adult athletes during training/competitions. Future research should evaluate injuries during match with same athletic population based on prospectively collecting ISS data.
SPORTS INJURIES AND ILLNESSES IN THE LILLEHAMMER 2016 YOUTH OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES
Authors: Steffen Kathrin , Moseid Christine Holm , Engebretsen Lars , Søberg Pia Katrine , Amundsen Olav , Kristian Holm , Moger Thomas , Soligard Torbjørn 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundInjury and illness surveillance during high-level junior sports events is an important first step in health prevention and caretaking of the young elite athletes.ObjectiveTo analyse injuries and illnesses that occurred during the 2nd Youth Olympic Winter Games, YOG, held in Lillehammer 2016.DesignProspective cohort study.Participants1083 14–18 year-old elite athletes, 46% (n=502) of them females, from 70 National Olympic Committees (NOC).InterventionWe recorded the daily occurrence (or non-occurrence) of injuries and illnesses through the reporting of 1) all NOC medical teams and 2) the polyclinic and medical venues by the Lillehammer Organising Committee (LYOCOG) medical staff.Main Outcome MeasurementsNewly occurred injuries and illnesses during the 2016 Lillehammer YOG.ResultsNOCs and LYOCOG reported 108 injuries and 81 illnesses, equalling to 9.5 injuries and 7.2 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 10-day competition period. The percentage of injured athletes was highest in the snowboard and freestyle slopestyle and cross disciplines, alpine skiing, and skeleton, and lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines. Approximately, two thirds of the injuries (n=71, 65.7%) prevented the athlete from absence from training or competition, while 10 injuries (9.3%) were registered with an estimated absence from sport for >7 days. The rate of illness was highest in curling and the Nordic skiing disciplines with most of them being respiratory tract infections (81.5%).ConclusionsOverall, 9% of the athletes incurred at least one injury during the games, and 7% an illness, which is similar to the first YOG and slightly lower compared to previous Winter Olympic Games. The incidence of injuries and illnesses varied substantially between sports and will require the implementation of individualized preventive measure.
NOVEL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE SEVERE EXERCISE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CRAMPING (EAMC): A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OF 41 698 DISTANCE RUNNERS
Authors: Swanevelder Sonja , Schwellnus Martin , Jordaan Esme 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEAMC is a common clinical syndrome in endurance runners, and can range in severity. Risk factors for EAMC have been identified and include age, gender, racing distance, a history of chronic diseases, medication, training and competition load, and running injuries. However, to date, risk factors for more severe EAMC (recurrent cramping) have not been investigated.ObjectiveTo document risk factors associated with EAMC in distance runners, including more severe EAMC.DesignData analysis from a 2-year prospective cohort study.Patients (or Participants)41 698 distance runners (21.1 km and 56 km) who completed an online pre-race medical screening questionnaire.Main Outcome MeasurementsIndependent risk factors associated with EAMC (model 1: binary outcome), and risk factors associated with severe EAMC (model 2: defined as recurrent cramping history).ResultsSignificant risk factors (p<0.05) for EAMC (model 1: binary outcome) were: males, age>40 yrs, increased BMI, history of any GIT or kidney/bladder disease; chronic or regular medication use, history of a running injury in the last 12 months, running the 56 km race, recreational running for <5 yrs, training/racing <3 times/week, and slower runners (>6 min/km). In model 2, severe EAMC was associated with all the risk factors for EAMC in model 1, but also included a history of any cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms. In model 2, a lower BMI and running in 21.1 km race were also specific risk factors for severe EAMC. Training volume and pace weren't risk factors in model 2.ConclusionsRisk factors for the clinical syndrome of EAMC in distance runners are identified, including novel risk factors associated with more severe EAMC (a history of CVD symptoms, lower BMI and shorter race distance). Physicians need to consider secondary causes (including underlying chronic diseases) in the diagnosis and prevention of EAMC, and also consider different risk factor for recurrent (severe) EAMC in endurance athletes.
THE PREVENTION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN ATHLETES: CARDIOVASCULAR SCREENING PRACTICES IN UNITED STATES NATIONAL GOVERNING BODIES AND PARALYMPIC COMMITTEES
Authors: Toresdahl Brett , Chang Cindy , Confino Jamie , Asif Irfan 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundCardiac screening in athletes has recently been a focus of investigation and debate among the sports medicine community. Athletic associations and organizations, including the International Olympic Committee, have issued recommendations regarding screening practices in an effort to prevent sudden cardiac death in sport.ObjectiveTo examine cardiovascular screening strategies among Olympic-level athletic teams.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingUnited States National Governing Bodies (NGBs) and National Paralympic Committees (NPCs).ParticipantsMedical team members for US NGBs and NPCs.InterventionsMedical team members were surveyed regarding the cardiovascular screening practices of their respective teams.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe screening components and screening frequency performed by US NGBs and NPCs.ResultsMedical team members for 49/72 (68%) of the US NGBs and NPCs were identified and contact information was obtained through various sources. 42/49 teams (86%) completed the assessment (34 from NGBs and 8 from NPCs). Twenty-one of 42 teams (50%) reported that there was a periodic health evaluation requirement that directed the cardiovascular screening components, frequency, and/or provider. The following screening components were reported as being performed at least once in all or most athletes: personal history (91% of teams), family history (86%), physical exam (81%), electrocardiogram (33%), echocardiogram (5%), and stress test (2%). For teams who did not screen athletes with ECG, the most frequently cited reasons were lack of ECG equipment (40%), lack of evidence (33%), and lack of consensus regarding follow-up testing (20%).ConclusionThe US NGBs and NPCs are a heterogeneous collection of athletic teams that have varying approaches to cardiovascular screening. Lack of infrastructure appears to be the biggest barrier to implementing advanced screening protocols. Results from this investigation can be used to support efforts to provide consistent cardiovascular screening practices to NGB and NPC athletes with the goal of preventing tragedy from sudden cardiac death.
PREVALENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN IN ELITE ROWERS
Authors: Trompeter Katharina , Fett Daniela , Platen Petra 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRowing is a popular sport and considered to be among the most physically demanding endurance sports. Especially elite rowers are exposed to high strain of the musculoskeletal system due to their high training volume. Currently, there is no information on the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the German Elite.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in German elite rowers.DesignThe study was designed as a cross-sectional retrospective survey.SettingAn online questionnaire based on the valid Nordic Questionnaire (Kuorinka, 1987) was sent to German elite division rowers.ParticipantsN=84 German elite rowers (m=43, f=41; 20.7±3.4 yrs., 183.9±8.3 cm, 77.3±11.5 kg) took part in the survey.Main Outcome MeasurementsLifetime prevalence (LTP) and point prevalence (PP) of musculoskeletal pain were determined.ResultsThe most frequently occurring localization of pain was the lower back. LTP of low back pain (LBP) was 87%, followed by the neck (66%), knee (65%), shoulder (61%) thoracic spine (58%), wrist (53%), ankle (33%), hip (32%) and elbow (17%). The highest PP was found in the lower back (48%) followed by the neck (30%), wrist (25%), shoulder (23%), knee (22%), thoracic spine (20%), hip (15%), ankle (7%) and elbow (4%). There were no differences in prevalence regarding sex and age.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that musculoskeletal pain and especially LBP is a relevant medical problem in elite rowing. This is in line with findings in the literature. Bahr (2004) described a LTP of LBP of 63% and a PP of 25% in elite rowers, and Fass (2012) found values of 68% and 19%, respectively. The results underline the necessity of LBP prevention and intervention programs in addition to the discipline specific training loads.AcknowledgementThe study was supported by the Federal Institute for Sport Science, Germany (ZMVI1–080102A/11–18).