bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation at HLA‐DPB1 is associated with dermatomyositis in Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Chang‐E , Li Yang , Wang Zai‐Xing , Gao Jin‐Ping , Zhang Xiao‐Guang , Zuo Xian‐Bo , Sheng Yu‐Jun , Chen Gang , Sun Liang‐Dan , Zhang Xue‐Jun , Xu Jin‐Hua , Yang Sen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDermatomyositis (DM) is a polygenic disorder characterized by inflammation of skeletal muscle and skin. To date, the exact etiopathogenesis of DM remains elusive. To explore the genetic basis of DM, we conducted genome‐wide genotyping analysis of 127 patients and 1566 healthy controls by Illumina Human OmniZhongHua‐8 BeadChips in the Chinese Han population. We investigated whether the three SNP (rs7750458, rs9501251 and rs9500928) at 6p21.32 in the HLA‐DPB1 gene were significantly associated with DM (P < 5 × 10−8) and identified two susceptibility loci at 7q34 (PIP, rs9986765, P = 7.45 × 10−7, odds ratio [OR] = 2.71) and 10q24.2 (CPN1, rs3750716, P = 9.04 × 10−7, OR = 4.39) with suggestive evidence. We imputed 6674 classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, amino acids and SNP from the discovery dataset, and stepwise analysis revealed that HLA‐DPB1*17 in class II HLA genes were significantly associated with DM susceptibility. This study represents the first genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of DM in the Chinese Han population. For the first time, HLA‐DPB1 was found to be associated with DM in this population. Moreover, we identified two novel suggestive susceptibility loci (PIP and CPN1) and confirmed four previously reported genes (DMB, DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1) having potential associations with DM in the Chinese Han population. Our GWAS results in this population should provide important information regarding the genetic etiopathogenesis of DM and facilitate the development of new therapies for the treatment of DM and the prevention of DM progression.
Extravasation Risk Using Ultrasound‐guided Peripheral Intravenous Catheters for Computed Tomography Contrast Administration
Authors: Rupp Jordan D. , Ferre Robinson M. , Boyd Jeremy S. , Dearing Elizabeth , McNaughton Candace D. , Liu Dandan , Jarrell Kelli L. , McWade Conor M. , Self Wesley H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveUltrasound‐guided intravenous catheter (USGIV) insertion is increasingly being used for administration of intravenous (IV) contrast for computed tomography (CT) scans. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the risk of contrast extravasation among patients receiving contrast through USGIV catheters.MethodsA retrospective observational study of adult patients who underwent a contrast‐enhanced CT scan at a tertiary care emergency department during a recent 64‐month period was conducted. The unadjusted prevalence of contrast extravasation was compared between patients with an USGIV and those with a standard peripheral IV inserted without ultrasound. Then, a two‐stage sampling design was used to select a subset of the population for a multivariable logistic regression model evaluating USGIVs as a risk factor for extravasation while adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsIn total, 40,143 patients underwent a contrasted CT scan, including 364 (0.9%) who had contrast administered through an USGIV. Unadjusted prevalence of extravasation was 3.6% for contrast administration through USGIVs and 0.3% for standard IVs (relative risk = 13.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.9 to 24.6). After potential confounders were adjusted for, CT contrast administered through USGIVs was associated with extravasation (adjusted odds ratio = 8.6, 95% CI = 4.6 to 16.2). No patients required surgical management for contrast extravasation; one patient in the standard IV group was admitted for observation due to extravasation.ConclusionsPatients who received contrast for a CT scan through an USGIV had a higher risk of extravasation than those who received contrast through a standard peripheral IV. Clinicians should consider this extravasation risk when weighing the risks and benefits of a contrast‐enhanced CT scan in a patient with USGIV vascular access.
A Different Path for Rural America
Authors: Crabtree John 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA dominant narrative in the United States posits that rural out‐migration and social decline of rural areas and small towns is inevitable. Although there is evidence of that view, there are also positive signs that point to the vitality of rural America. Although rural areas are losing population, that is partly a statistical artifact, since any rural area that succeeds in growing may be reclassified as an urban area, thus incorrectly seeming to indicate rural decline. This article explores three policy changes that could help to restore the vibrancy of rural and small‐town America: increased support for programs targeted toward rural economic development, setting limits on the ability of large farms to accrue a large share of the insurance subsidies available to farmers, and limiting the ability of vertically integrated hog farms to dissuade new farmers from investing in this traditional method of becoming a farmer.
The Center for Rural Affairs: The First 20 Years
Authors: Ralston Don , Strange Marty 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe history of the Center for Rural Affairs, a nonprofit advocacy organization in Nebraska, is recounted by two of its founders. The Center began with roots in the anti‐poverty movement in the 1970s. In subsequent years, the Center served as an activist research center that was devoted to serving the interests of the public and small farmers. For example, a Center study showed that center‐pivot irrigation was an initial step toward heavy capitalization of agriculture, a process that increased the debt of farmers and eventually drove many of them into bankruptcy. In other studies, the Center examined specific policies that were indirectly depopulating rural areas by turning farming into an industry. Joining with other groups, the Center fought to keep Nebraska as free as possible from corporate farming. In contrast to organizations that are located in urban areas and analyze rural problems from a distance, the Center is located in a small town in Nebraska, so the staff are personally aware of rural conditions. In addition to describing the research and activism of the Center, this account also provides information about the early obstacles an advocacy group must overcome in terms of funding, building a strong board, and other factors.
International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading of prostate cancer – An ISUP consensus on contemporary grading
Authors: Egevad Lars , Delahunt Brett , Srigley John R , Samaratunga Hemamali 
Published: May 2016

The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) has issued guidelines for the grading of prostate cancer based on a consensus conference held in 2014. The recommendations resulting from the 2014 consensus conference were a further development of 2005 ISUP modified Gleason grading. In the 2014 system, morphological criteria are clarified, including updated definitions of Gleason pattern 4. In addition to the continued reporting of Gleason scores, we also recommend that Gleason scores ≤6, 3 + 4 = 7, 4 + 3 = 7, 8 and 9–10, respectively, be reported as five groups, i.e. ISUP grades 1–5. This new grading system has the dual benefit of predicting patient outcome as well as facilitating patient communication.
Impact of Implementing a Protocol on the Perioperative Management in Patients Treated with Antithrombotics Admitted for Hip Fracture Surgery: an Observational Study
Authors: Iavecchia Luján , Safiya Ahmad , Salat David , Sabaté Mònica , Bosch Montse , Biarnés Alfons , Camps Angels , Castellà Dolors , Lalueza Pilar , Pons Verònica , Teixidor Jordi , Villar Maria M. , Agustí Antònia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the impact of implementing a protocol on the perioperative management of patients admitted for hip fracture treated with antithrombotics. A protocol was designed based on the recommendations from the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP). After its implementation (May 2012), information on antithrombotic management was collected from admission to 3 months after surgery in retrospective (October 2011‐March 2012) and prospective (October 2012‐March 2013) cohorts. Patients' thromboembolic risk was classified into high, moderate or low according to the ACCP categories. A total of 113 and 101 cases were included in the retrospective and prospective cohorts, respectively. No differences in age, gender, American Society of Anaesthesiology score or thrombotic risk categories were observed between cohorts. Most patients were treated with aspirin or triflusal (55.1% and 48.1% in each cohort, respectively), clopidogrel (24.5% and 26.6%) or acenocoumarol (16.3% and 20.2%). In moderate to high thromboembolic risk patients, a higher rate of bridging therapy with full doses of enoxaparin (18.5% and 50%, p = 0.04 before and 9.1% and 43.7%, p = 0.02 after surgery) and a lower rate of aspirin discontinuation (76% and 55.3%, p = 0.03) were observed in the prospective cohort. Both cohorts had a similar percentage of cases with bleeding (68.1% and 68.3%) and thrombotic events (11.5% and 13%). No differences in the timing between surgery and the discontinuation or resumption of antithrombotics were noted. After the protocol implementation, aspirin was less often stopped and bridging therapy with therapeutic doses of enoxaparin was used more often. However, interruption and resumption times of antithrombotics remained almost unchanged. In order to achieve these goals, more efforts should be made to implement the protocol in clinical practice.
Classification framework for ICT‐based learning technologies for disabled people
Authors: Hersh Marion 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe paper presents the first systematic approach to the classification of inclusive information and communication technologies (ICT)‐based learning technologies and ICT‐based learning technologies for disabled people which covers both assistive and general learning technologies, is valid for all disabled people and considers the full range of relevant factors. Classification is important as it contributes to structuring and understanding the field, determining good practice and facilitating the matching of technologies to learners. The classification framework was developed as part of a network project and involved eight stages of model development, validation, commentary and modification using input from partners in 16 countries. The framework comprises three aims and three different classification methodologies: a very detailed methodology, a simple methodology and a classification of end‐user and contextual factors. The detailed methodology is divided into four sections which cover the characteristics of the intended end‐users, features relating specifically to the technology itself; features of contexts in which the technology can be used; and information about the types of learning activities the technology can be used for. The simple classification is divided into three sections, which summarise this information, and the third classification covers additional context specific factors. The framework has a number of important applications, including establishing for the first time a clear structure which can be used to discuss existing ICT‐based learning technologies for disabled people, identify gaps or the need for modifications and support the design and development process for new technologies. The methodologies will also be valuable in identifying technologies suitable for particular students and in supporting the determination of good practice and have an important role in informing policy and determining the future research agenda.
Associations between markers of colorectal cancer stem cells, mutation, microRNA and the clinical features of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Yang L. , Levi E. , Du J. H. , Zhou H. H. , Miller R. , Majumdar A. P. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimSeveral factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated markers of cancer cell pluripotency, including CD44 and CD166, microRNA‐21 (miR‐21) and microRNA‐215 (miR‐215), and APC, K‐ras and DCC mutations in biopsy specimens from patients with UC to evaluate any correlations with clinical risk factors.MethodWe observed 18 patients with UC and collected two biopsy specimens from each patient at diagnosis and at a follow‐up end‐point. We examined the expression of CD44, CD166, miR‐21 and miR‐215, and APC, K‐ras and DCC mutations. We compared these markers at the two time points and assessed their associations with clinical characteristics, including the duration of colitis, histological alterations and the age of the patient at the onset of UC.ResultsMost (16/18) patients had alleviation of mucosal inflammation or remained stable during follow‐up; one patient developed dysplasia and one had severe aggravation of the lesion during follow‐up. Enhanced expression of CD44, CD166 and miR‐21 with miR‐215 was found in the specimens obtained at follow‐up, despite alleviation of mucosal lesions. Coherence of cancer stem cell markers and miRNAs was seen in patients who had significant worsening of inflammation, dysplasia and a long duration of colitis. APC mutation occurred in only one patient; this patient had the longest duration of UC (23 years).ConclusionEnhanced markers of CRC in follow‐up colonic mucosal samples support the conclusion that the duration of UC plays the most important role in UC‐related carcinogenesis.
Nuclear factor XIIIa staining (clone AC‐1A1 mouse monoclonal) is a highly sensitive marker of sebaceous differentiation in normal and neoplastic sebocytes
Authors: Clark Lindsey N. , Elwood Hillary R. , Uhlenhake Elizabeth E. , Smoller Bruce R. , Shalin Sara C. , Gardner Jerad M. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundSebaceous proliferations are common and may be confused with other cutaneous neoplasms. Few useful or specific immunohistochemical markers for sebaceous differentiation are available. We incidentally observed strong factor XIIIa (Ventana clone AC‐1A1 on Ventana Benchmark Ultra stainer) nuclear staining in normal sebaceous glands and hypothesized that this might be a useful marker in sebaceous proliferations.MethodsImmunohistochemistry for factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1) was performed on seven sebaceous hyperplasias, eight sebaceous adenomas, five sebaceomas, seven sebaceous carcinomas.ResultsStrong nuclear factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1) staining was present in 100% of normal sebaceous glands, 100% of sebaceous hyperplasia, adenoma and carcinoma, and 80% of sebaceoma. Moderately or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (n = 26) were also stained for factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1); two showed focal strong staining (8%), but the remainder showed only weak or negative staining (92%). In contrast, factor XIIIa clones from Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA (EP3372) and Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA (E980.1) were negative in sebocyte nuclei.ConclusionsWe report the novel finding of consistent nuclear factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1) staining in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic sebocytes. Factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1) is a highly sensitive marker of sebaceous differentiation. It may have potential clinical utility as a specific marker to distinguish sebaceous carcinoma from poorly differentiated SCC.
Interacting environmental mosaics drive geographic variation in mussel performance and predation vulnerability
Authors: Kroeker Kristy J. , Sanford Eric , Rose Jeremy M. , Blanchette Carol A. , Chan Francis , Chavez Francisco P. , Gaylord Brian , Helmuth Brian , Hill Tessa M. , Hofmann Gretchen E. , McManus Margaret A. , Menge Bruce A. , Nielsen Karina J. , Raimondi Peter T. , Russell Ann D. , Washburn Libe 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlthough theory suggests geographic variation in species' performance is determined by multiple niche parameters, little consideration has been given to the spatial structure of interacting stressors that may shape local and regional vulnerability to global change. Here, we use spatially explicit mosaics of carbonate chemistry, food availability and temperature spanning 1280 km of coastline to test whether persistent, overlapping environmental mosaics mediate the growth and predation vulnerability of a critical foundation species, the mussel Mytilus californianus. We find growth was highest and predation vulnerability was lowest in dynamic environments with frequent exposure to low pH seawater and consistent food. In contrast, growth was lowest and predation vulnerability highest when exposure to low pH seawater was decoupled from high food availability, or in exceptionally warm locations. These results illustrate how interactions among multiple drivers can cause unexpected, yet persistent geographic mosaics of species performance, interactions and vulnerability to environmental change.
Effects of lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase‐containing food on the oral hygiene status of older individuals: A randomized, double blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Morita Yu , Ishikawa Kentaro , Nakano Manabu , Wakabayashi Hiroyuki , Yamauchi Koji , Abe Fumiaki , Ooka Takafumi , Hironaka Shouji 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimLactoferrin and lactoperoxidase have antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens. This randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled parallel group study tested the efficacy of a lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase‐containing tablet (LF + LPO tablet) in improving the oral hygiene status of older individuals.MethodsA total of 46 participants (31 nursing home residents and 15 healthy older individuals) were randomly assigned to receive either lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase‐containing tablets or placebo tablets, and were asked to suck on a tablet after every meal for 8 weeks. Oral and bacteriological assessments were carried out at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks.ResultsA total of 47 participants (test group n = 20; mean age 80.4 ± 6.4 years; placebo group n = 17; mean age 85.9 ± 6.7 years) were included in the efficacy analysis. In the test group, the total number of bacteria in the tongue coating was significantly reduced at 4 and 8 weeks compared with that at baseline, and the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum was significantly reduced at 8 weeks. The total number of bacteria and the number of P. gingivalis in the supragingival plaque were significantly reduced at 8 weeks. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the change in the number of P. gingivalis in supragingival plaque at 8 weeks between the two groups.ConclusionsLactoferrin and lactoperoxidase‐containing tablet ingestion showed antibacterial effects on periodontal bacteria present in the tongue coating and supragingival plaque, indicating that long‐term ingestion could improve the oral hygiene of older individuals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 714–721.
Role of spleen in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: Splenic congestion during ischemia accelerates leukocyte infiltration within the liver after reperfusion
Authors: Kato Hiroyuki , Hamada Takashi , Kuriyama Naohisa , Ito Takahiro , Magawa Shoichi , Azumi Yoshinori , Kishiwada Masashi , Mizuno Shugo , Usui Masanobu , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Isaji Shuji 
Published: May 2016

AimThe precise mechanism by which prophylactic splenectomy reduces hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) are still unclear. In this study, we focused on the histological changes of spleen during hepatic IRI, and tested how splenectomy provided cytoprotective effects against hepatic IRI.MethodsRats underwent 70% warm hepatic IRI with or without splenectomy prior to IRI. To determine whether splenic congestion by itself induces liver damage in the absence of hepatic IRI, we also undertook a splenic vein clamp model.ResultsLiver injury and macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into the liver after reperfusion were significantly depressed in the animals with prophylactic splenectomy, compared to those without splenectomy. Histology of the spleens showed noted congestion during hepatic ischemia (hepatic hilar clamp), which promptly disappeared after declamping. At 6 and 24 h after reperfusion, the spleens showed remarkable recongestion and parenchymal damage, and the splenic venous level of interleukin‐2, which is secreted by T cells and enhances macrophage recruitment, and its mRNA levels within the spleen were significantly elevated. In the splenic vein clamp model, the splenic vein clamp by itself produced a certain liver injury and macrophage infiltration within liver even without hepatic IRI.ConclusionSpleen plays an important role as an accelerator in hepatic IRI, because splenic congestion and parenchymal damage during ischemia–reperfusion promote splenic IL‐2 excretion and macrophage infiltration within the liver, which in turn exacerbate hepatic injury.
THE CRITICAL THEORY OF HISTORY: RETHINKING THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY IN THE LIGHT OF KOSELLECK'S WORK
Authors: BOUTON CHRISTOPHE 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThere are many ways to consider the philosophy of history. In this article, I claim that one of the most viable approaches to the philosophy of history today is that of critical theory of history, inspired by Reinhart Koselleck. Critical theory of history is based on what I call known history, history as it has been established and expounded by historians. What it contributes—its added value, so to speak—is a reflection on the categories employed to think about historical experience at its different levels, not only as a narrative but also as a series of events: their origins, contexts, terminology, functions (theoretical or practical), and, finally, eventual relevance.
ON THE ELUSIVENESS OF CONTEXT
Authors: SHOGIMEN TAKASHI 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTHow can we decide the pertinent context in which a given object of historical study should be examined? This question has long puzzled historians. In the field of intellectual history, the Cambridge contextual school represented by Quentin Skinner triggered a series of methodological debates, in part relating to its opaque notion of context; critics have argued that a satisfactory answer to the question—how to recover a relevant context—has yet to be given. This article tackles why the question has continued to elude us. The article demonstrates that it is simply impossible to propose a practical set of guidelines on how to reconstruct a correct context because the identification of the relevant context is presupposed in the logical structure of inference in historical inquiries; identifying a relevant context is logically antecedent to the inquiry. In order to show this, the article deploys Charles Sanders Peirce's theory of inference. Thus the article submits that Skinner conceptualized his method as what Peirce called “abduction,” which specifically seeks authorial intention as an explanatory hypothesis. This observation entails two ramifications in relation to the notion of context. One is that context in Skinner's methodology operates on two levels: heuristic and verificatory. Confusing the two functions of context has resulted in a futile debate over the difficulty of reconstructing context. The other ramification is that abduction always requires some sort of context in order to commence an inquiry, and that context is already known to the inquirer. Any attempt to reconstruct a context also requires yet another context to invoke, thus regressing into the search for relevant contexts ad infinitum. The elusiveness of context is thus inherent in the structure of our logical inference, which, according to Peirce, always begins with abduction.