bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Tissues Contribution to HIP Joint Kinematics and Biomechanics
Authors: Zaffagnini Stefano , Signorelli Cecilia , Bonanzinga Tommaso , Lopomo Nicola , Raggi Federico , Roberti Di Sarsina Tommaso , Grassi Alberto , Marcheggiani Muccioli Giulio Maria , Marcacci Maurilio 
Published: May 2016

Purpose To quantitatively describe the kinematic behaviour of the hip joint with particular interest in the contribution of the periarticular soft tissues to the stability. To quantitatively assess the sealing function of the acetabular labrum of an intact labrum, the effect of a labral-chondral separation and different surgical approaches. The biomechanics of the joint during specific clinical examinations was also assessed. Methods All the kinematics tests, manually performed, have been acquired using a navigation systems. For the first part of the study, 4 hemi-corpse specimens were evaluated with the hip in 36 different positions with all the soft tissues intact, after removal of skin and muscles and after partial capsulectomy. During the second and the third part of the analysis 8 fresh frozen hips were analysed. They were tested during 3 different positions used for femeroacetabular impingement (FAI) diagnosis, during pivoting motion and distraction test. Contact area between acetabulum and femoral head, range of movement (RoM) and hip joint centre (HJC) displacement were evaluated. Results Femoral head displacement occured in all 3 directions and increased as more tissue was removed. Considering both pivoting motion and distraction test there was an increase of the HJC displacement after labral tear. Analogously, the tested surgical approaches showed different results compared to intact condition. Our analysis confirmed that the hip position with Hyperextension-External Rotation is specific for the analysis of the posteriorsuperior region of the acetabulum. Conclusions The study showed that hip joint does not act as a true ball-and-socket joint and the femoral head anatomical displacement is strongly affected by the removal of periarticular soft tissues, labral repair as well as labrectomy.
Electron density change of atmospheric-pressure plasmas in helium flow depending on the oxygen/nitrogen ratio of the surrounding atmosphere
Authors: Tomita Kentaro , Urabe Keiichiro , Shirai Naoki , Sato Yuta , Hassaballa Safwat , Bolouki Nima , Yoneda Munehiro , Shimizu Takahiro , Uchino Kiichiro 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Laser Thomson scattering was applied to an atmospheric-pressure plasma produced in a helium (He) gas flow for measuring the spatial profiles of electron density (n
e) and electron temperature (T
e). Aside from the He core flow, the shielding gas flow of N2 or synthesized air (

) surrounding the He flow was introduced to evaluate the effect of ambient gas components on the plasma parameters, eliminating the effect of ambient humidity. The n
e at the discharge center was 2.7 × 1021 m−3 for plasma generated with N2/O2 shielding gas, 50% higher than that generated with N2 shielding.
Constructing higher order DNA origami arrays using DNA junctions of anti-parallel/parallel double crossovers
Authors: Ma Zhipeng , Park Seongsu , Yamashita Naoki , Kawai Kentaro , Hirai Yoshikazu , Tsuchiya Toshiyuki , Tabata Osamu 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
DNA origami provides a versatile method for the construction of nanostructures with defined shape, size and other properties; such nanostructures may enable a hierarchical assembly of large scale architecture for the placement of other nanomaterials with atomic precision. However, the effective use of these higher order structures as functional components depends on knowledge of their assembly behavior and mechanical properties. This paper demonstrates construction of higher order DNA origami arrays with controlled orientations based on the formation of two types of DNA junctions: anti-parallel and parallel double crossovers. A two-step assembly process, in which preformed rectangular DNA origami monomer structures themselves undergo further self-assembly to form numerically unlimited arrays, was investigated to reveal the influences of assembly parameters. AFM observations showed that when parallel double crossover DNA junctions are used, the assembly of DNA origami arrays occurs with fewer monomers than for structures formed using anti-parallel double crossovers, given the same assembly parameters, indicating that the configuration of parallel double crossovers is not energetically preferred. However, the direct measurement by AFM force-controlled mapping shows that both DNA junctions of anti-parallel and parallel double crossovers have homogeneous mechanical stability with any part of DNA origami.
Discharge of viscous UV-curable resin droplets by screen printing for UV nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Tanabe Akira , Uehara Takuya , Nagase Kazuro , Ikedo Hiroaki , Hiroshiba Nobuya , Nakamura Takahiro , Nakagawa Masaru 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We demonstrated a coating method of screen printing for discharging droplets of a high-viscosity resin on a substrate for ultraviolet (UV) nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Compared with a spin-coated resin film on a silicon substrate, discharged resin droplets on a silicon substrate were effective in terms of the uniformity of residual layer thickness (RLT) in contact with a mold with various pattern densities. Fluorescence microscope observations with a fluorescent-dye-containing UV-curable resin enabled the evaluation of the shapes of resin droplets discharged on a substrate surface. Widely used screen mesh plates composed of a stainless mesh covered with a patterned emulsion film caused defects of undischarged parts, whereas defects-free resin droplets with a narrow size distribution were discharged by mesh-free plates prepared with laser ablation. The pitch-to-diameter ratio in the configuration of 10-µm-diameter holes needs to be larger than 2.5 times for printing a resin having a viscosity of 12,800 mPa s.
Simulation study for lifetime distribution of middle-of-line time-dependent dielectric breakdown affected by global and local spacing variations
Authors: Yokogawa Shinji 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The impact of process fluctuations for the lifetime distribution of middle-of-line time-dependent dielectric breakdown was investigated by Monte-Carlo simulation. Global and local variations were simulated using a doubly truncated normal distribution. A goodness of fit to the generated data was determined statistically in terms of the Weibull distribution and clustering model. A change in the standard deviation of the global variation shows a large contribution to lifetime variation. However, it does not affect the average lifetime. A change in the standard deviation of the local variation contributes to both the average lifetime and the distribution variation. The upper limit of the process variation induces the convex upward shape of the lifetime distribution on the Weibull plot. The clustering model well explains the distribution shape.
Detectability of change in winter precipitation within mountain landscapes: Spatial patterns and uncertainty
Authors: Silverman N. L. , Maneta M. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDetecting long‐term change in seasonal precipitation using ground observations is dependent on the representativity of the point measurement to the surrounding landscape. In mountainous regions, representativity can be poor and lead to large uncertainties in precipitation estimates at high elevations or in areas where observations are sparse. If the uncertainty in the estimate is large compared to the long‐term shifts in precipitation, then the change will likely go undetected. In this analysis, we examine the minimum detectable change across mountainous terrain in western Montana, USA. We ask the question: What is the minimum amount of change that is necessary to be detected using our best estimates of precipitation in complex terrain? We evaluate the spatial uncertainty in the precipitation estimates by conditioning historic regional climate model simulations to ground observations using Bayesian inference. By using this uncertainty as a null hypothesis, we test for detectability across the study region. To provide context for the detectability calculations, we look at a range of future scenarios from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) multimodel ensemble downscaled to 4 km resolution using the MACAv2‐METDATA data set. When using the ensemble averages we find that approximately 65% of the significant increases in winter precipitation go undetected at midelevations. At high elevation, approximately 75% of significant increases in winter precipitation are undetectable. Areas where change can be detected are largely controlled by topographic features. Elevation and aspect are key characteristics that determine whether or not changes in winter precipitation can be detected. Furthermore, we find that undetected increases in winter precipitation at high elevation will likely remain as snow under climate change scenarios. Therefore, there is potential for these areas to offset snowpack loss at lower elevations and confound the effects of climate change on water resources.
Plasma transport driven by the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability
Authors: Ma X. , Delamere P. A. , Otto A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTwo important differences between the giant magnetospheres (i.e., Jupiter's and Saturn's magnetospheres) and the terrestrial magnetosphere are the internal plasma sources and the fast planetary rotation. Thus, there must be a radially outward flow to transport the plasma to avoid infinite accumulation of plasma. This radial outflow also carries the magnetic flux away from the inner magnetosphere due to the frozen‐in condition. As such, there also must be a radial inward flow to refill the magnetic flux in the inner magnetosphere. Due to the similarity between Rayleigh‐Taylor (RT) instability and the centrifugal instability, we use a three‐dimensional RT instability to demonstrate that an interchange instability can form a convection flow pattern, locally twisting the magnetic flux, consequently forming a pair of high‐latitude reconnection sites. This process exchanges a part of the flux tube, thereby transporting the plasma radially outward without requiring significant latitudinal convection of magnetic flux in the ionosphere.
Regional influence of climate patterns on the wave climate of the southwestern Pacific: The New Zealand region
Authors: Godoi Victor A. , Bryan Karin R. , Gorman Richard M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis work investigates how the wave climate around New Zealand and the southwest Pacific is modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Zonal Wave‐number‐3 Pattern (ZW3), and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) during the period 1958–2001. Their respective climate indices were correlated with modeled mean wave parameters extracted from a 45 year (1957–2002) wave hindcast carried out with the WAVEWATCH III model using the wind and ice fields from the ERA‐40 reanalysis project. The correlation was performed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient and the wavelet spectral analysis. Prior to that, mean annual and interannual variabilities and trends in significant wave height (Hs) were computed over 44 years (1958–2001). In general, higher annual and interannual variabilities were found along the coastline, in regions dominated by local winds. An increasing trend in Hs was found around the country, with values varying between 1 and 6 cm/decade at the shoreline. The greatest Hs trends were identified to the south of 48°S, suggesting a relationship with the positive trend in the SAM. Seasonal to decadal time scales of the SAM strongly influenced wave parameters throughout the period analyzed. In addition, larger waves were observed during extreme ENSO and IOD events at interannual time scale, while they were more evident at seasonal and intraseasonal time scales in the correlations with the ZW3. Negative phases of the ZW3 and ENSO and positive phases of the IOD, PDO, and SAM resulted in larger waves around most parts of New Zealand.
Determining soil moisture and soil properties in vegetated areas by assimilating soil temperatures
Authors: Dong Jianzhi , Steele‐Dunne Susan C. , Ochsner Tyson E. , van de Giesen Nick 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study addresses two critical barriers to the use of Passive Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) for large‐scale, high‐resolution monitoring of soil moisture. In recent research, a particle batch smoother (PBS) was developed to assimilate sequences of temperature data at two depths into Hydrus‐1D to estimate soil moisture as well as soil thermal and hydraulic properties. However, this approach was limited to bare soil and assumed that the cable depths were perfectly known. In order for Passive DTS to be more broadly applicable as a soil hydrology research and remote sensing soil moisture product validation tool, it must be applicable in vegetated areas. To address this first limitation, the forward model (Hydrus‐1D) was improved through the inclusion of a canopy energy balance scheme. Synthetic tests were used to demonstrate that without the canopy energy balance scheme, the PBS estimated soil moisture could be even worse than the open loop case (no assimilation). When the improved Hydrus‐1D model was used as the forward model in the PBS, vegetation impacts on the soil heat and water transfer were well accounted for. This led to accurate and robust estimates of soil moisture and soil properties. The second limitation is that, cable depths can be highly uncertain in DTS installations. As Passive DTS uses the downward propagation of heat to extract moisture‐related variations in thermal properties, accurate estimates of cable depths are essential. Here synthetic tests were used to demonstrate that observation depths can be jointly estimated with other model states and parameters. The state and parameter results were only slightly poorer than those obtained when the cable depths were perfectly known. Finally, in situ temperature data from four soil profiles with different, but known, soil textures were used to test the proposed approach. Results show good agreement between the observed and estimated soil moisture, hydraulic properties, thermal properties, and observation depths at all locations. The proposed method resulted in soil moisture estimates in the top 10 cm with RMSE values typically <0.04
. This demonstrates the potential of detecting the spatial variability of soil moisture and properties in vegetated areas from Passive DTS data.
Analysis of a Precambrian resonance‐stabilized day length
Authors: Bartlett Benjamin C. , Stevenson David J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDuring the Precambrian era, Earth's decelerating rotation would have passed a 21 h period that would have been resonant with the semidiurnal atmospheric thermal tide. Near this point, the atmospheric torque would have been maximized, being comparable in magnitude but opposite in direction to the lunar torque, halting Earth's rotational deceleration, maintaining a constant day length, as detailed by Zahnle and Walker (1987). We develop a computational model to determine necessary conditions for formation and breakage of this resonant effect. Our simulations show the resonance to be resilient to atmospheric thermal noise but suggest a sudden atmospheric temperature increase like the deglaciation period following a possible “snowball Earth” near the end of the Precambrian would break this resonance; the Marinoan and Sturtian glaciations seem the most likely candidates for this event. Our model provides a simulated day length over time that resembles existing paleorotational data, though further data are needed to verify this hypothesis.
Estimation of magnetospheric plasma ion composition for 1956–1975 by using high time resolution geomagnetic field data created from analog magnetograms
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Nosé M. , Mashiko N. , Morinaga K. , Nagamachi S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study addresses the ion composition in the magnetosphere before the satellite era. We estimate the plasma ion mass for 1956–1975 from the period of low‐latitude Pi2 pulsations found in digital geomagnetic field data that are created from analog magnetograms at Kakioka. The period of investigation covers most of solar cycle 19 and the whole solar cycle 20. To consider long‐term variation, the moving average of the estimated plasma ion mass is calculated with a 1 year time window. We find that 1 year moving average of the plasma ion mass changed by a factor of ∼2 during one solar cycle (i.e., between ∼1.1 amu and ∼2.4 amu for solar cycle 19 and between ∼1.1 amu and ∼2.0 amu for solar cycle 20). The correlation coefficient between the 1 year moving average of the plasma ion mass and that of the F10.7 index is 0.86. This result supports the idea that in long‐term variation, solar radiation increases the density and the temperature of O+ ions in the ionosphere, leads to the outflow of O+ ions, and contributes to the enhancement of the plasma ion mass in the nightside magnetosphere. The digital data created from analog magnetograms provide an important clue to know the space environment in old days and are advantageous for studies of the space weather and space climate.
Light beam attenuation and backscattering properties of particles in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea with relation to biogeochemical properties
Authors: Wang Shengqiang , Qiu Zhongfeng , Sun Deyong , Shen Xiaojing , Zhang Hailong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study reports the first results of the variability in light beam attenuation and the backscattering properties of particles and their controlling factors during the summer in the Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS), which are two typical shallow and semienclosed seas. We observe large variations in the particulate beam attenuation (cp) and backscattering coefficients (bbp); such variations are mainly attributed to changes in the total suspended matter, while the cross‐sectional area concentration shows tighter relationships with both cp and bbp. The mass‐specific beam attenuation (
) and backscattering coefficients (
) vary more widely over about two orders of magnitude. The attenuation (Qce) and backscattering efficiencies (Qbbe) are important factors that control
and
, which clearly separate all the samples into two types. Type 1 samples show low Qce and Qbbe and contain relatively high proportions of organic or large particles, while type 2 samples have high Qce and Qbbe and mainly contain relatively small mineral particles. The majority of the variability in
and
within each type is related to the inverse of the product of particle apparent density (ρa) and mean diameter (DA); ρa plays a major role, while DA exerts only a slight impact. Overall, this study provides general knowledge of particulate beam attenuation and the backscattering properties in the BS and YS, which may improve our understanding of underwater radiative transfer processes, marine biogeochemical processes and ocean color algorithms.
Research Career Persistence for Solar and Space Physics PhD
Authors: Moldwin Mark B. , Morrow Cherilynn 
Published: May 2016

AbstractResults from a recent graduate student survey found unsurprisingly that Solar and Space Physics (S&SP) PhD graduate students almost all aspire to have research careers in Solar and Space Physics. This study reports on the research career persistence over the first decade of the new millennium for S&SP PhDs. We used publication of science citation indexed articles as the indicator for persistence in a research career. We found that nearly two thirds (64%) of PhDs who graduated between 2001 and 2009 published refereed papers in 2012 or 2013, while 17% of PhDs never published another paper beyond the year they received their PhD. The remaining 19% of PhDs stopped publishing within three years of receiving their PhD. We found no gender difference between research persistence. We also found that though there is statistically no difference on persistence of publishing research between graduates of the largest programs compared to all other programs, there are significant differences between individual programs. This study indicates that a majority of S&SP PhDs find research careers but that a significant fraction pursue careers where publishing in science citation indexed journals is not required. Graduate programs, advisors, and potential graduate students can use these data for career planning and developing mentoring programs that meet the career outcomes of all of their graduates.
Combined use of thermal methods and seepage meters to efficiently locate, quantify, and monitor focused groundwater discharge to a sand‐bed stream
Authors: Rosenberry Donald O. , Briggs Martin A. , Delin Geoffrey , Hare Danielle K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractQuantifying flow of groundwater through streambeds often is difficult due to the complexity of aquifer‐scale heterogeneity combined with local‐scale hyporheic exchange. We used fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing (FO‐DTS), seepage meters, and vertical temperature profiling to locate, quantify, and monitor areas of focused groundwater discharge in a geomorphically simple sand‐bed stream. This combined approach allowed us to rapidly focus efforts at locations where prodigious amounts of groundwater discharged to the Quashnet River on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, northeastern USA. FO‐DTS detected numerous anomalously cold reaches one to several m long that persisted over two summers. Seepage meters positioned upstream, within, and downstream of 7 anomalously cold reaches indicated that rapid groundwater discharge occurred precisely where the bed was cold; median upward seepage was nearly 5 times faster than seepage measured in streambed areas not identified as cold. Vertical temperature profilers deployed next to 8 seepage meters provided diurnal‐signal‐based seepage estimates that compared remarkably well with seepage‐meter values. Regression slope and R2 values both were near 1 for seepage ranging from 0.05 to 3.0 m d−1. Temperature‐based seepage model accuracy was improved with thermal diffusivity determined locally from diurnal signals. Similar calculations provided values for streambed sediment scour and deposition at subdaily resolution. Seepage was strongly heterogeneous even along a sand‐bed river that flows over a relatively uniform sand and fine‐gravel aquifer. FO‐DTS was an efficient method for detecting areas of rapid groundwater discharge, even in a strongly gaining river, that can then be quantified over time with inexpensive streambed thermal methods.
Fatigue Models
Authors: Leiva Víctor , Vivanco Juan F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this article, we introduce fatigue models and provide a review of some basic and recent ideas on the topic. We mention certain realistic engineering aspects associated with fatigue models. In addition, we discuss fatigue data sets for different types of materials and an implementation of related‐distributions in theRsoftware using experimental fatigue‐life data with and without considering a stress factor.
Density Estimation Including Examples
Authors: Müller Hans‐Georg , Petersen Alexander 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this brief review, we focus on nonparametric density estimation, a well‐established methodology that has found many applications over the last 60 years. Density estimation includes the time‐honored methods of histograms and kernel density estimation. Several other nonparametric approaches, such as penalized maximum likelihood and density estimation via nonparametric regression, are also reviewed. We include some illustrative examples for one‐dimensional and multivariate density estimation and discuss various extensions.