bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A parametric approach for simultaneous bias correction and high‐resolution downscaling of climate model rainfall
Authors: Mamalakis Antonios , Langousis Andreas , Deidda Roberto , Marrocu Marino 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDistribution mapping has been identified as the most efficient approach to bias‐correct climate model rainfall, while reproducing its statistics at spatial and temporal resolutions suitable to run hydrologic models. Yet its implementation based on empirical distributions derived from control samples (referred to as nonparametric distribution mapping) makes the method's performance sensitive to sample length variations, the presence of outliers, the spatial resolution of climate model results, and may lead to biases, especially in extreme rainfall estimation. To address these shortcomings, we propose a methodology for simultaneous bias correction and high‐resolution downscaling of climate model rainfall products that uses: (a) a two‐component theoretical distribution model (i.e., a generalized Pareto (GP) model for rainfall intensities above a specified threshold u*, and an exponential model for lower rainrates), and (b) proper interpolation of the corresponding distribution parameters on a user‐defined high‐resolution grid, using kriging for uncertain data. We assess the performance of the suggested parametric approach relative to the nonparametric one, using daily raingauge measurements from a dense network in the island of Sardinia (Italy), and rainfall data from four GCM/RCM model chains of the ENSEMBLES project. The obtained results shed light on the competitive advantages of the parametric approach, which is proved more accurate and considerably less sensitive to the characteristics of the calibration period, independent of the GCM/RCM combination used. This is especially the case for extreme rainfall estimation, where the GP assumption allows for more accurate and robust estimates, also beyond the range of the available data.
Heat and water transport in soils and across the soil‐atmosphere interface: 1. Theory and different model concepts
Authors: Vanderborght Jan , Fetzer Thomas , Mosthaf Klaus , Smits Kathleen M. , Helmig Rainer 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEvaporation is an important component of the soil water balance. It is composed of water flow and transport processes in a porous medium that are coupled with heat fluxes and free air flow. This work provides a comprehensive review of model concepts used in different research fields to describe evaporation. Concepts range from nonisothermal two‐phase flow, two‐component transport in the porous medium that is coupled with one‐phase flow, two‐component transport in the free air flow to isothermal liquid water flow in the porous medium with upper boundary conditions defined by a potential evaporation flux when available energy and transfer to the free airflow are limiting or by a critical threshold water pressure when soil water availability is limiting. The latter approach corresponds with the classical Richards equation with mixed boundary conditions. We compare the different approaches on a theoretical level by identifying the underlying simplifications that are made for the different compartments of the system: porous medium, free flow and their interface, and by discussing how processes not explicitly considered are parameterized. Simplifications can be grouped into three sets depending on whether lateral variations in vertical fluxes are considered, whether flow and transport in the air phase in the porous medium are considered, and depending on how the interaction at the interface between the free flow and the porous medium is represented. The consequences of the simplifications are illustrated by numerical simulations in an accompanying paper.
Moderne Anorganische Aerogele
Authors: Ziegler Christoph , Wolf André , Liu Wei , Herrmann Anne‐Kristin , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDer Begriff Aerogel beschreibt im Wesentlichen eine besondere geometrische Struktur der Materie, die materialunabhängig ist und keinem speziellen Syntheseverfahren unterliegt. Grundsätzlich können daher Aerogele aus unzähligen Materialien bestehen, wodurch die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten nahezu unbegrenzt sind. Dasselbe trifft auf Nanopartikel zu. Diese werden ebenso durch ihre geometrischen Eigenschaften definiert. In den letzten Jahrzehnten standen daher nanoskalige Materialien im Fokus der Forschung, und es entwickelten sich mögliche Anwendungen in vielen naturwissenschaftlichen Bereichen. Heute ist eine Vielzahl an Metall‐, Halbleiter‐, Oxid‐ und anderen Nanopartikeln durch kolloidale Synthesen zugänglich. Dennoch ist es für eine Anwendung oft notwendig, dass diese Materialien zuvor in makroskopische Strukturen angeordnet werden. Dieser Aufsatz gibt eine ausführliche Übersicht über die Entwicklung, die die Welt der kolloidalen Nanopartikel und der Aerogele miteinander vereint. Ermöglicht wurde dies durch die kontrollierte Destabilisierung der vorab gebildeten Nanopartikel, die zu einer Anordnung der Nanopartikel zu einem dreidimensionalen, makroskopischen Netzwerk führt. Dieses revolutionäre Konzept verleiht die Möglichkeit, präzise kontrollierte Nanopartikel als Grundbausteine für makroskopische, poröse Strukturen mit einstellbaren Eigenschaften zu nutzen.
Modern Inorganic Aerogels
Authors: Ziegler Christoph , Wolf André , Liu Wei , Herrmann Anne‐Kristin , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEssentially, the term aerogel describes a special geometric structure of matter. It is neither limited to any material nor to any synthesis procedure. Hence, the possible variety of materials and therefore the multitude of their applications are almost unbounded. In fact, the same applies for nanoparticles. These are also just defined by their geometrical properties. In the past few decades nano‐sized materials have been intensively studied and possible applications appeared in nearly all areas of natural sciences. To date a large variety of metal, semiconductor, oxide, and other nanoparticles are available from colloidal synthesis. However, for many applications of these materials an assembly into macroscopic structures is needed. Here we present a comprehensive picture of the developments that enabled the fusion of the colloidal nanoparticle and the aerogel world. This became possible by the controlled destabilization of pre‐formed nanoparticles, which leads to their assembly into three‐dimensional macroscopic networks. This revolutionary approach makes it possible to use precisely controlled nanoparticles as building blocks for macroscopic porous structures with programmable properties.
Heparin versus bivalirudin for non‐primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A post‐Hoc analysis of the CPORT‐E trial
Authors: Czarny Matthew J. , Hwang Chao‐Wei , Naiman Daniel Q. , Lemmon Cynthia C. , Hasan Rani K. , Wang Thomas , Aversano Thomas 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo compare bivalirudin to heparin during non‐primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).BackgroundThe optimal anticoagulant to support PCI remains uncertain.MethodsWe performed a propensity score‐based analysis comparing clinical outcomes of patients receiving heparin to those receiving bivalirudin during non‐primary PCI.ResultsOf 18,867 patients in the Cardiovascular Patient Outcomes Research Team Non‐Primary PCI (CPORT‐E) trial, we selected 7,913 patients undergoing non‐staged PCI of whom 57.3% received heparin and 42.7% received bivalirudin. In‐hospital myocardial infarction occurred in 4.4% of patients receiving bivalirudin and 3.0% of patients receiving heparin (relative risk [RR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.1, P = 0.022); this difference persisted at 6 weeks (5.0% vs. 3.6%, RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.8, P = 0.041). There was no difference in all‐cause mortality either in‐hospital (0.2% vs. 0.1% for heparin vs. bivalirudin, P = 0.887) or at 6 weeks (0.5% vs. 0.7%, P = 0.567). In‐hospital bleeding requiring transfusion occurred in 0.9% of patients receiving bivalirudin and 1.9% of patients receiving heparin (RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.7, P <0.001), but there was no difference at 6 weeks (2.7% for heparin vs. 1.9% for bivalirudin, RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–1.0, P = 0.062).ConclusionsIn patients undergoing non‐primary PCI at hospitals without on‐site cardiac surgery, bivalirudin was associated with a decreased risk of in‐hospital bleeding requiring transfusion and an increased risk of in‐hospital MI compared to heparin. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diastereoselective Radical‐Type Cyclopropanation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes Mediated by the Highly Active Cobalt(II) Tetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene Catalyst
Authors: Chirila Andrei , Gopal Das Braja , Paul Nanda D. , de Bruin Bas 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA new protocol for the catalytic synthesis of cyclopropanes using electron‐deficient alkenes is presented, which is catalysed by a series of affordable, easy to synthesise and highly active substituted cobalt(II) tetraaza[14]annulenes. These catalysts are compatible with the use of sodium tosylhydrazone salts as precursors to diazo compounds in one‐pot catalytic transformations to afford the desired cyclopropanes in almost quantitative yields. The reaction takes advantage of the metalloradical character of the Co complexes to activate the diazo compounds. The reaction is practical and fast, and proceeds from readily available starting materials. It does not require the slow addition of diazo reagents or tosylhydrazone salts or heating and tolerates many solvents, which include protic ones such as MeOH. The CoII complexes derived from the tetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene ligand are easier to prepare than cobalt(II) porphyrins and present a similar catalytic carbene radical reactivity but are more active. The reaction proceeds at 20 °C in a matter of minutes and even at −78 °C in a few hours. The catalytic system is robust and can operate with either the alkene or the diazo reagent as the limiting reagent, which inhibits the dimerisation of diazo compounds totally. The protocol has been applied to synthesise a variety of substituted cyclopropanes. High yields and selectivities were achieved for various substrates with an intrinsic preference for trans cyclopropanes.
The Synergistic Effect to Promote the Direct Conversion of Bioethanol into Isobutene over Ternary Multifunctional CrxZnyZrzOn Catalysts
Authors: Liu Feng , Men Yong , Wang Jinguo , Huang Xiaoxiong , Wang Yuanqiang , An Wei 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA significant beneficial effect of introducing chromium over mesoporous Cr1Zn1Zr8On oxide composite catalysts was observed in the upgrading and direct conversion of bioethanol into isobutene (ETIB), and a 38 % enhancement in the selectivity (yield) to isobutene was observed relative to that observed with its binary Zn1Zr8On counterpart. Two critical factors were related to the surface properties of this catalyst: a proper surface acid/base balance and favorable redox properties dictated the selectivity to isobutene. Through combined experimental and theoretical efforts, synergistic effects of redox‐active Crδ+ in promoting the dehydrogenation of ethanol were elucidated and therefore the production of isobutene. This work provides a guide for the rational design of efficient catalysts for a highly active and selective cascade ETIB reaction, for which the relative strengths of the redox/acid and base/acid sites of the catalyst serve as catalytic descriptors.
Methanesulfonyl Chloride Decomposition as a Key Step for Low‐Temperature Methane Conversions
Authors: Kang Shujuan , Zhou Wei , Ma Qisheng , Zhang Qianwen , Chen Guanyi , Tang Yongchun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe presence of SO2 in methane (CH4) halogenation/chlorination to form methanesulfonyl chloride (CH3SO2Cl, MSC), followed by catalytic decomposition of MSC to produce methyl chloride (CH3Cl) could effectively prevent deeper reactions of CH3Cl to improve the product selectivity. A number of catalytic systems capable of highly selectively decomposing MSC are studied experimentally. Molecular modeling based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution SN2 reaction mechanism for the catalytic MSC decomposition reaction. The order of activation energies of different catalytic systems agrees with the laboratory observations.
Synthesis Optimization, Shaping, and Heat Reallocation Evaluation of the Hydrophilic Metal–Organic Framework MIL‐160(Al)
Authors: Permyakova Anastasia , Skrylnyk Oleksandr , Courbon Emilie , Affram Maame , Wang Sujing , Lee U‐Hwang , Valekar Anil H. , Nouar Farid , Mouchaham Georges , Devic Thomas , De Weireld Guy , Chang Jong‐San , Steunou Nathalie , Frère Marc , Serre Christian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe energy‐storage capacities of a series of water‐stable porous metal–organic frameworks, based on high‐valence metal cations (Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ti4+, Zr4+) and polycarboxylate linkers, were evaluated under the typical conditions of seasonal energy‐storage devices. The results showed that the microporous hydrophilic Al‐dicarboxylate MIL‐160(Al) exhibited one of the best performances. To assess the properties of this material for space‐heating applications on a laboratory pilot scale with an open reactor, a new synthetic route involving safer, greener conditions was developed. This led to the production of MIL‐160(Al) on a 400 g scale, before the material was shaped into pellets through a wet‐granulation method. The material exhibited a very high energy‐storage capacity for a physical‐sorption material (343 Wh kg−1), which is in full agreement with the predicted value.
Howler monkey foraging ecology suggests convergent evolution of routine trichromacy as an adaptation for folivory
Authors: Melin Amanda D. , Khetpal Vishal , Matsushita Yuka , Zhou Kaile , Campos Fernando A. , Welker Barbara , Kawamura Shoji 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPrimates possess remarkably variable color vision, and the ecological and social factors shaping this variation remain heavily debated. Here, we test whether central tenants of the folivory hypothesis of routine trichromacy hold for the foraging ecology of howler monkeys. Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) and paleotropical primates (Parvorder: Catarrhini) have independently acquired routine trichromacy through fixation of distinct mid‐ to long‐wavelength‐sensitive (M/LWS) opsin genes on the X‐chromosome. The presence of routine trichromacy in howlers, while other diurnal neotropical monkeys (Platyrrhini) possess polymorphic trichromacy, is poorly understood. A selective force proposed to explain the evolution of routine trichromacy in catarrhines—reliance on young, red leaves—has received scant attention in howlers, a gap we fill in this study. We recorded diet, sequenced M/LWS opsin genes in four social groups of Alouatta palliata, and conducted colorimetric analysis of leaves consumed in Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. For a majority of food species, including Ficus trees, an important resource year‐round, young leaves were more chromatically conspicuous from mature leaves to trichromatic than to hypothetical dichromatic phenotypes. We found that 18% of opsin genes were MWS/LWS hybrids; when combined with previous research, the incidence of hybrid M/LWS opsins in this species is 13%. In visual models of food discrimination ability, the hybrid trichromatic phenotype performed slightly poorer than normal trichromacy, but substantially better than dichromacy. Our results provide support for the folivory hypothesis of routine trichromacy. Similar ecological pressures, that is, the search for young, reddish leaves, may have driven the independent evolution of routine trichromacy in primates on separate continents. We discuss our results in the context of balancing selection acting on New World monkey opsin genes and hypothesize that howlers experience stronger selection against dichromatic phenotypes than other sympatric species, which rely more heavily on cryptic foods.
Long‐term consistency in spatial patterns of primate seed dispersal
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W. , Culot Laurence , Knogge Christoph , Noriega Piña Tony Enrique , Tirado Herrera Emérita R. , Klapproth Matthias , Zinner Dietmar 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSeed dispersal is a key ecological process in tropical forests, with effects on various levels ranging from plant reproductive success to the carbon storage potential of tropical rainforests. On a local and landscape scale, spatial patterns of seed dispersal create the template for the recruitment process and thus influence the population dynamics of plant species. The strength of this influence will depend on the long‐term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal. We examined the long‐term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal with spatially explicit data on seed dispersal by two neotropical primate species, Leontocebus nigrifrons and Saguinus mystax (Callitrichidae), collected during four independent studies between 1994 and 2013. Using distributions of dispersal probability over distances independent of plant species, cumulative dispersal distances, and kernel density estimates, we show that spatial patterns of seed dispersal are highly consistent over time. For a specific plant species, the legume Parkia panurensis, the convergence of cumulative distributions at a distance of 300 m, and the high probability of dispersal within 100 m from source trees coincide with the dimension of the spatial–genetic structure on the embryo/juvenile (300 m) and adult stage (100 m), respectively, of this plant species. Our results are the first demonstration of long‐term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal created by tropical frugivores. Such consistency may translate into idiosyncratic patterns of regeneration.
Bioaccumulation, stress, and swimming impairment in Daphnia magna exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide
Authors: Cano Amanda M. , Maul Jonathan D. , Saed Mohammad , Shah Smit A. , Green Micah J. , Cañas-Carrell Jaclyn E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

The use of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO) is increasing across many applications because of their unique and versatile properties. These CNMs may enter the aquatic environment through many pathways, creating the potential for organism exposure. The present study addresses the bioaccumulation and toxicity seen in Daphnia magna exposed to CNMs dispersed in sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). In study I, D. magna were exposed to varying outer diameters of MWCNTs for 24 h in moderately hard or hard freshwater. Bioaccumulation of MWCNT was found in all treatments, with the highest concentrations (0.53 ± 0.27 μg/g) in D. magna exposed in hard freshwater (p &lt; 0.005). The median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined for D. magna exposed to CNMs in moderately hard and hard freshwater. In study II, D. magna were exposed to CNMs for 72 h in moderately hard freshwater to assess swimming velocity and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. An overall decrease was seen in D. magna swimming velocity after exposure to CNMs. The generation of ROS was significantly higher (1.54 ± 0.38 dichlorofluorescein mM/mg dry wt) in D. magna exposed to MWCNTs of smaller outer diameters than in controls after 72 h (p &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that further investigation of CNM toxicity and behavior in the aquatic environment is needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2199–2204. © 2017 SETAC
Long-term effects of fungicides on leaf-associated microorganisms and shredder populations—an artificial stream study
Authors: Zubrod Jochen P. , Englert Dominic , Wolfram Jakob , Rosenfeldt Ricki R. , Feckler Alexander , Bundschuh Rebecca , Seitz Frank , Konschak Marco , Baudy Patrick , Lüderwald Simon , Fink Patrick , Lorke Andreas , Schulz Ralf , Bundschuh Mirco 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Leaf litter is a major source of carbon and energy for stream food webs, while both leaf-decomposing microorganisms and macroinvertebrate leaf shredders can be affected by fungicides. Despite the potential for season-long fungicide exposure for these organisms, however, such chronic exposures have not yet been considered. Using an artificial stream facility, effects of a chronic (lasting up to 8 wk) exposure to a mixture of 5 fungicides (sum concentration 20 μg/L) on leaf-associated microorganisms and the key leaf shredder Gammarus fossarum were therefore assessed. While bacterial density and microorganism-mediated leaf decomposition remained unaltered, fungicide exposure reduced fungal biomass (≤71%) on leaves from day 28 onward. Gammarids responded to the combined stress from consumption of fungicide-affected leaves and waterborne exposure with a reduced abundance (≤18%), which triggered reductions in final population biomass (18%) and in the number of precopula pairs (≤22%) but could not fully explain the decreased leaf consumption (19%), lipid content (≤43%; going along with an altered composition of fatty acids), and juvenile production (35%). In contrast, fine particulate organic matter production and stream respiration were unaffected. Our results imply that long-term exposure of leaf-associated fungi and shredders toward fungicides may result in detrimental implications in stream food webs and impairments of detrital material fluxes. These findings render it important to understand decomposer communities’ long-term adaptational capabilities to ensure that functional integrity is safeguarded. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2178–2189. © 2017 SETAC
Cortisol Pharmacodynamic Response to Long‐Term Methylprednisolone in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Tornatore Kathleen M. , Reed Kristine , Walshe J. Joseph , Venuto Rocco C. 
Published: February 2017

Study Objective. To examine the pharmacodynamic patterns of cortisol and pharmacokinetic values of long‐term methylprednisolone in renal transplant recipients.Design. Twenty‐four‐hour pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of patients who participated in a glucocorticoid‐monitoring program.Setting. University‐based renal transplant clinic.Patients. Fourteen renal transplant recipients studied during a clinically stable period.Interventions. The daily oral methylprednisolone dose for each patient was administered intravenously and serial plasma cortisol and methylprednisolone samples were obtained over 24 hours.Measurements and Main Results. Methylprednisolone was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The baseline morning cortisol serum concentrations ranged from 9.8–210.7 ng/ml. After the drug was administered, cortisol declined in a linear fashion with a mean suppression half‐life of 2.4 ± 0.9 hours. The cortisol nadir was reached at 12–16 hours in 11 of 14 patients. The return cortisol area under the curve (AUC‐Cret) was noted in all patients and ranged from 57–987 ng·hr/ml. The total cortisol area under the curve was greater in patients who had been transplanted for longer than 2 years (1676 ± 252 vs 836 ± 405 ng·hr/ml; p<0.05) compared with more recently transplanted patients. Methylprednisolone clearance ranged from 100–1181 ml/hr/kg with a mean volume of distribution of 1.3 ± 0.6 L/kg. The methylprednisolone half‐life ranged from 1.2–4.7 hours. The correlation between AUC‐Cret and methylprednisolone AUC was −0.64 (p<0.05).Conclusions. The pharmacodynamic response of cortisol in renal transplant recipients may be associated in part with long‐term steroid exposure. However, the interrelationship between the endocrine and immune system may also affect cortisol's disposition and subsequent recovery patterns in this population. Considerable interpatient variability was apparent in both the cortisol pharmacodynamic response as well as the pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone. These findings suggest a more individualized dosing method may be necessary to optimize the immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoids and minimize clinical toxicity.