bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Silver Carp
Authors: Rezaie Annahita , Mousavi Seyed Mohammad , Ansari Mahshid Bagherzadeh 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a primitive neoplasm that originates from skeletal muscle progenitor cells. In a routine inspection of a cyprinid farm in southwestern Iran, an approximately 2-year-old female Silver Carp was observed to have a raised mass located on the dorsolateral surface just caudal to the head. Macroscopic examination revealed a firm irregular fleshy pink mass (5 × 4 cm, depth = 3 cm) that appeared to arise from the subcutaneous musculature. Histologic sections were prepared using routine methods and separate sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Massons’ trichrome. Microscopically, the tumor mass was composed of spindle cells that were densely packed and arranged in long interwoven bundles. The nuclei were vesicular and oval to elongated or cigar-shaped. Nuclear pleomorphism and multinucleate tumor giant cells were clearly evident. The neoplastic cell cytoplasm was eosinophilic with indistinct cell margins, and clear cross striations were observed in fibrils. The striated fibrils stained diffusely red with Masson's trichrome. This account represents the first reported occurrence of rhabdomyosarcoma in Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.
Received July 10, 2015; accepted February 4, 2016
Sex‐specific associations of moderate and vigorous physical activity with physical fitness in adolescents
Authors: Kidokoro T. , Tanaka H. , Naoi K. , Ueno K. , Yanaoka T. , Kashiwabara K. , Miyashita M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe present study examined the sex‐specific associations of moderate and vigorous physical activity (VPA) with physical fitness in 300 Japanese adolescents aged 12–14 years. Participants were asked to wear an accelerometer to evaluate physical activity (PA) levels of various intensities (i.e. moderate PA (MPA), 3–5.9 metabolic equivalents (METs); VPA, ≥6 METs; moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), ≥3 METs). Eight fitness items were assessed (grip strength, bent‐leg sit‐up, sit‐and‐reach, side step, 50 m sprint, standing long jump, handball throw, and distance running) as part of the Japanese standardised fitness test. A fitness composite score was calculated using Japanese fitness norms, and participants were categorised according to their score from category A (most fit) to category E (least fit), with participants in categories D and E defined as having low fitness. It was found that for boys, accumulating more than 80.7 min/day of MVPA may reduce the probability of low fitness (odds ratio (ORs) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.17 [0.06–0.47], p = .001). For girls, accumulating only 8.4 min of VPA could reduce the likelihood of exhibiting low fitness (ORs [95% CI] = 0.23 [0.05–0.89], p = .032). These results reveal that there are sex‐specific differences in the relationship between PA and physical fitness in adolescents, suggesting that sex‐specific PA recommendation may be needed to improve physical fitness in adolescents.
Stock Complexes for Fisheries Management in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Farmer Nicholas A. , Malinowski Richard P. , McGovern Mary F. , Rubec Peter J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 2006 required that regional fishery management councils implement annual catch limits and accountability measures for all federally managed stocks by 2011. Many managed species are data limited and no formal stock assessment has been done for them. One possible approach to managing unassessed species is to assign them to assemblages that are managed as units. The utility of this approach was evaluated using fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data from the Gulf of Mexico. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed several consistent assemblages among the 42 reef fish species managed by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. Pearson correlation matrices, nodal analyses, and a weighted mean cluster association index integrated results across cluster analyses and provided additional guidance regarding the placement of rare species into groups. Productivity–susceptibility analysis and life history were also considered, as differences in productivity, vulnerability, life history, and other population-dynamic parameters for the species within complexes might imply different population responses to a similar change in fishing mortality. Identified linkages between species also provide guidance for the impacts of regulations on multispecies fisheries.
Received December 31, 2014; accepted February 18, 2015
Wide binaries in ultrafaint galaxies: a window on to dark matter on the smallest scales
Authors: Peñarrubia Jorge , Ludlow Aaron D. , Chanamé Julio , Walker Matthew G. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We carry out controlled N-body simulations that follow the dynamical evolution of binary stars in the dark matter (DM) haloes of ultrafaint dwarf spheroidals (dSphs). We find that wide binaries with semimajor axes a ≳ at tend to be quickly disrupted by the tidal field of the halo. In smooth potentials the truncation scale, at, is mainly governed by (i) the mass enclosed within the dwarf half-light radius (Rh) and (ii) the slope of the DM halo profile at R ≈ Rh, and is largely independent of the initial eccentricity distribution of the binary systems and the anisotropy of the stellar orbits about the galactic potential. For the reported velocity dispersion and half-light radius of Segue I, the closest ultrafaint, our models predict at values that are a factor of 2–3 smaller in cuspy haloes than in any of the cored models considered here. Using mock observations of Segue I we show that measuring the projected two-point correlation function of stellar pairs with sub-arcsecond resolution may provide a useful tool to constrain the amount and distribution of DM in the smallest and most DM-dominated galaxies.
ASASSN-15jd: WZ Sge-type star with intermediate superoutburst between single and double ones
Authors: Kimura Mariko , Isogai Keisuke , Kato Taichi , Imada Akira , Kojiguchi Naoto , Sugiura Yuki , Fukushima Daiki , Takeda Nao , Matsumoto Katsura , Dvorak Shawn , Vanmunster Tonny , Dubovsky Pavol A. , Kudzej Igor , Miller Ian , Pavlenko Elena P. , Babina Julia V. , Antonyuk Oksana I. , Baklanov Aleksei V. , Stein William L. , Andreev Maksim V. , Tordai Tamás , Itoh Hiroshi , Pickard Roger D. , Nogami Daisaku 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We present optical photometry of a WZ Sge-type dwarf nova (DN), ASASSN-15jd. Its light curve showed a small dip in the middle of the superoutburst in 2015 for the first time among WZ Sge-type DNe. The unusual light curve implies a delay in the growth of the 3 : 1 resonance tidal instability. Also, the light curve is similar to those of two other WZ Sge-type stars, SSS J122221.7−311523 and OT J184228.1+483742, which are believed to be the best candidates for period bouncers on the basis of their small values of the mass ratio (q ≡ M2/M1). Additionally, the small mean superhump amplitude (&lt;0.1 mag) and the long duration of no ordinary superhumps at the early stage of its superoutburst are common to the best candidates for period bouncers. Its average superhump period was Psh = 0.0649810(78) d and no early superhumps were detected. Although we could not estimate a mass ratio of ASASSN-15jd with high accuracy, this object is expected to be a candidate for a period bouncer—a binary accounting for the missing population of post-period minimum cataclysmic variables—based on the above characteristics.
Comparing the Accuracy and Speed of Manual and Tracking Methods of Measuring Hearing Thresholds
Authors: Poling Gayla L. , Kunnel Theresa J. , Dhar Sumitrajit 
Published: May 2016

Objectives:
The reliability of hearing thresholds obtained using the standard clinical method (modified Hughson-Westlake) has been the focus of previous investigation given the potential for tester bias (Margolis et al., 2015). In recent years, more precise methods in laboratory studies have been used that control for sources of bias, often at the expense of longer test times. The aim of this pilot study was to compare test-retest variability and time requirement to obtain a full set of hearing thresholds (0.125 – 20 kHz) of the clinical modified Hughson-Westlake (manual) method with that of the automated, modified (single frequency) Békésy tracking method (Lee et al., 2012).

Design:
Hearing thresholds from 10 subjects (8 female) between 19 to 47 years old (mean = 28.3; SD = 9.4) were measured using two methods with identical test hardware and calibration. Thresholds were obtained using the modified Hughson-Westlake (manual) method and the Békésy method (tracking). Measurements using each method were repeated after one-week. Test-retest variability within each measurement method was computed across test sessions. Results from each test method as well as test time across methods were compared.

Results:
Test-retest variability was comparable and statistically indistinguishable between the two test methods. Thresholds were approximately 5 dB lower when measured using the tracking method. This difference was not statistically significant. The manual method of measuring thresholds was faster by approximately 4 minutes. Both methods required less time (~ 2 mins) in the second session as compared to the first.

Conclusion:
Hearing thresholds obtained using the manual method can be just as reliable as those obtained using the tracking method over the large frequency range explored here (0.125 – 20 kHz). These results perhaps point to the importance of equivalent and valid calibration techniques that can overcome frequency dependent discrepancies, most prominent at higher frequencies, in the sound pressure delivered to the ear.
Changes in the Compressive Nonlinearity of the Cochlea During Early Aging: Estimates From Distortion OAE Input/Output Functions
Authors: Ortmann Amanda J. , Abdala Carolina 
Published: May 2016

Objectives:
The level-dependent growth of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) provides an indirect metric of cochlear compressive nonlinearity. Recent evidence suggests that aging reduces nonlinear distortion emissions more than those associated with linear reflection. Therefore, in this study, we generate input/output (I/O) functions from the isolated distortion component of the DPOAE to probe the effects of early aging on the compressive nonlinearity of the cochlea.

Design:
Thirty adults whose ages ranged from 18 to 64 years participated in this study, forming a continuum of young to middle-age subjects. When necessary for analyses, subjects were divided into a young-adult group with a mean age of 21 years, and a middle-aged group with a mean age of 52 years. All young-adult subjects and 11 of the middle-aged subjects had normal hearing; 4 middle-aged ears had slight audiometric threshold elevation at mid-to-high frequencies. DPOAEs (2f
1 − f
2) were recorded using primary tones swept upward in frequency from 0.5 to 8 kHz, and varied from 25 to 80 dB sound pressure level. The nonlinear distortion component of the total DPOAE was separated and used to create I/O functions at one-half octave intervals from 1.3 to 7.4 kHz. Four features of OAE compression were extracted from a fit to these functions: compression threshold, range of compression, compression slope, and low-level growth. These values were compared between age groups and correlational analyses were conducted between OAE compression threshold and age with audiometric threshold controlled.

Results:
Older ears had reduced DPOAE amplitude compared with young-adult ears. The OAE compression threshold was elevated at test frequencies above 2 kHz in the middle-aged subjects by 19 dB (35 versus 54 dB SPL), thereby reducing the compression range. In addition, middle-aged ears showed steeper amplitude growth beyond the compression threshold. Audiometric threshold was initially found to be a confound in establishing the relationship between compression and age; however, statistical analyses allowed us to control its variance. Correlations performed while controlling for age differences in high-frequency audiometric thresholds showed significant relationships between the DPOAE I/O compression threshold and age: Older subjects tended to have elevated compression thresholds compared with younger subjects and an extended range of monotonic growth.

Conclusions:
Cochlear manifestations of nonlinearity, such as the DPOAE, weaken during early aging, and DPOAE I/O functions become linearized. Commensurate changes in high-frequency audiometric thresholds are not sufficient to fully explain these changes. The results suggest that age-related changes in compressive nonlinearity could produce a reduced dynamic range of hearing, and contribute to perceptual difficulties in older listeners.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Lung Cancer Screening Health Belief Scales
Authors: Carter-Harris Lisa , Slaven James E. , Monohan Patrick , Rawl Susan M. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Lung cancer screening is a recent recommendation for long-term smokers. Understanding individual health beliefs about screening is a critical component in future efforts to facilitate patient-provider conversations about screening participation.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to describe the development and psychometric testing of 4 new scales to measure lung cancer screening health beliefs (perceived risk, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy).

Methods:
In phase I, 4 scales were developed from extensive literature review, item modification from existing Breast and Colorectal Cancer Screening Health Belief Scales, focus groups with long-term smokers, and evaluation/feedback from a panel of 10 content experts. In phase II, we conducted a survey of 497 long-term smokers to assess the final scales’ reliability and validity.

Results:
Phase I: content validity was established with the content expert panel. Phase II: internal consistency reliability of the scales was supported with Cronbach’s α’s ranging from .88 to .92. Construct validity was established with confirmatory factor analysis and testing for differences between screeners and nonscreeners in theoretically proposed directions.

Conclusions:
Initial testing supports the scales are valid and reliable. These new scales can help investigators identify long-term smokers more likely to screen for lung cancer and are useful for the development and testing of behavioral interventions regarding lung cancer screening.

Implications for Practice:
Development of effective interventions to enhance shared decision making about lung cancer screening between patients and providers must first identify factors influencing the individual’s screening participation. Future efforts facilitating patient-provider conversations are better informed by understanding the perspective of the individual making the decision.
Assessing Scleral Contact Lens Satisfaction in a Keratoconus Population
Authors: Bergmanson Jan P. G. , Walker Maria K. , Johnson Leah A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTPurposeTo assess perceived comfort and related experiences of adapted keratoconic scleral contact lens (17–18.2 mm) wearers with a history of wearing other contact lens modalities and to compare these subjective clinical effects with previous experiences.MethodsTwenty-four keratocones were recruited, signed an informed consent approved by the University Internal Review Board, and were asked to complete a survey and a dry eye questionnaire.ResultsPrevious lens wearing experience included soft, piggy back, and hybrid lenses but predominantly was corneal gas permeable. An overwhelming majority strongly preferred the comfort and vision with the scleral contact lenses. This cohort of keratoconus patients were on average dry eye suspects according to a dry eye questionnaire but contained individuals with either normal or significantly dry eye scores. However, patients stated that they experienced less dryness with their scleral lenses, but slightly more than half of these patients experienced, at least occasionally, midday fogging.ConclusionsThe scleral contact lenses are extremely well accepted by keratoconic patients because of comfort and vision these devices provide. For many patients, they offer further relief from dryness symptoms. However, midday fogging remains a limitation for many wearers.
Peripapillary RNFL Thickness Changes after Panretinal Photocoagulation
Authors: Yazdani Shahin , Samadi Poorya , Pakravan Mohammad , Esfandiari Hamed , Ghahari Elham , Nourinia Ramin 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To evaluate changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness as determined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) after panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods
Forty-two eyes of 42 diabetic patients who were scheduled for PRP were enrolled in this interventional case series. Peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured using SD-OCT (OCT 1000; Topcon Co., Tokyo, Japan) at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after PRP.

Results
Mean global RNFL thickness was increased significantly by 3 μm (p = 0.04) 1 month after PRP and was then decreased marginally significantly by 2.4 μm at 6 months (p = 0.054) as compared to baseline values. After 1 month, RNFL thickness was increased in all quadrants, but only changes in the temporal quadrant were significant (p = 0.009). At 6 months, progressive RNFL thinning occurred in all quadrants; however, only changes in the superior quadrant were significant (p = 0.041). Visual acuity was improved by an average of 0.02 logMAR after 6 months, but this change was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
Shortly after PRP, RNFL thickness (as determined by SD-OCT) increases, but a decrease in RNFL thickness occurs at 6 months post-PRP. RNFL thickness changes based on OCT should be interpreted with caution in diabetic eyes undergoing PRP.
Contact Lens-Induced Discomfort and Protein Changes in Tears
Authors: Masoudi Simin , Stapleton Fiona Jane , Willcox Mark Duncan Perry 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTPurposeOcular discomfort is among the main causes of contact lens wear discontinuation. This study investigated the association between subjective ocular comfort ratings and diurnal changes in tear protein concentrations with and without contact lens wear.MethodsThe study was a prospective, open-label, single-group two-staged investigation. Basal tears were collected from 30 experienced contact lens wearers twice a day (morning and evening) using a noninvasive method without lens wear (stage 1) and during wear of Etafilcon A contact lenses (stage 2) for 7 to 10 days. Subjects rated their ocular comfort on a scale of 1 to 100 (with 100 as extremely comfortable) at each time of tear collection. Tears were analyzed using liquid quadrupole mass spectrometry in conjunction with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method.ResultsEnd-of-day comfort was reduced when wearing lenses (87.8 ± 14.3 AM vs. 79.2 ± 16.6 PM) compared to no lens wear (88.3 ± 12.6 AM vs. 84.7 ± 13.3 PM) (AM vs. PM, p < 0.05). A greater reduction in comfort over the day was seen during lens wear (p < 0.01). The concentration of prolactin-induced protein increased from morning to evening in both stages (mean ± SD; 0.08 ± 0.04 mg/ml, AM vs. 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/ml, PM, p < 0.05). There was no change in the concentration of lactoferrin (1.20 ± 0.77 mg/ml), lysozyme (2.11 ± 1.50 mg/ml), lipocalin 1 (1.75 ± 0.99 mg/ml), or proline-rich protein 4 (0.80 ± 0.49 mg/ml). The prolactin-induced protein concentration was negatively associated with discomfort levels in tears (p < 0.05, r = −0.29).ConclusionsOnly the absolute concentration of prolactin-induced protein correlated with subjective comfort ratings. Taking into consideration that prolactin-induced protein can be associated with disruption in water transport in lacrimal glands, our findings may indicate that changes to aqueous secretion are associated with contact lens discomfort.
The Effects of Age, Refractive Status, and Luminance on Pupil Size
Authors: Guillon Michel , Dumbleton Kathryn , Theodoratos Panagiotis , Gobbe Marine , Wooley C. Benjamin , Moody Kurt 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Pupil size is critical for optimal performance of presbyopic contact lenses. Although the effect of luminance is well known, little information is available regarding other contributing factors such as aging and refractive status.

Methods
The cohort population comprised 304 patients (127 male, 177 female) aged 18 to 78 years. Pupils were photographed at three controlled luminance levels 250, 50, and 2.5 cd/m2 using an infra-red macro video camera. Measurements of pupil diameter were conducted after transforming pixel values to linear values in millimeters.

Results
Luminance was the most influential factor with pupil diameter increasing with decreased luminance (p < 0.001, all comparisons). Age was also found to be a significant factor with a smaller diameter in the older groups, but overall the difference was only significant between the pre-presbyopes and the established presbyopes (p = 0.017). Pupil diameter decreased significantly with increasing age, the effect being most marked at low luminance (<0.001). The smallest pupil diameters were measured for hyperopes and the largest for myopes and although refractive error was not a significant factor alone, there was a significant interaction between luminance and refractive error with the greatest differences in pupil diameter between myopes and emmetropes at low luminance (p < 0.001). Pupil diameter changes modeled by multilinear regression (p < 0.001) identified age, luminance, best sphere refraction, and refractive error as significant factors accounting for just over 70% of the average variation in pupil diameter.

Conclusions
Both age and refractive status were found to affect pupil size with larger pupils measured for younger patients and myopes. Designs for multifocal contact lens corrections should take both age and refractive status into consideration; a faster progression from distance to near corrections across the optical zone of the lens is expected to be required for established presbyopes and hyperopes than it is for early presbyopes, myopes, and emmetropes.