bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of the Postcranial Axial Skeleton ofMelanosuchus niger(Crocodylia, Alligatoridae)
Authors: Vieira LucéLia Gonçalves , Lima Fabiano Campos , Mendonôa Sônia Helena Santesso Teixeira , Menezes Lorena Tannús , Hirano Líria Queiroz Luz , Santos André Luiz Quagliatto 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThis study proposes the description of the development of the postcranial axial skeleton, including vertebrae, gastralium, ribs, sternum, and interclavicle, inMelanosuchus niger. Six nests were marked and two eggs removed from each nest at 24‐hr intervals until hatching. For posthatching evaluation, 30 hatchlings were kept in captivity and one exemplar was euthanized at three‐day intervals. Samples were diaphanized using potassium hydroxide (KOH), alizarin red S, and Alcian blue. A routinely generally used method was applied for histological evaluation. It was difficult to define in which vertebrae the development of cartilaginous centers began, but it was possible to observe that this condensation advanced in the craniocaudal direction. The condensation started in the vertebral arches and was visibly stronger in the cervical and dorsal regions, advancing to the lumbar, sacral and, last, to the caudal region. The atlas showed a highly different morphology compared with the other cervical vertebrae, with a short intercenter, two neural arches, and a proatlas. The ossification process began in the body of cervical vertebrae III to VIII and alizarin retention decreased in the last vertebrae, indicating a craniocaudal direction in bone development, similar to cartilage formation. In the histological sections of gastralium and interclavicles ofM. nigerat several development stages, it was possible to observe that these elements showed intramembranous development. Anat Rec, 301:607–623, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visualization Within the Ventricles of the Brain: A Micro‐Focus X‐Ray Study
Authors: de Jager Edwin John , Du Plessis André Francois , Hoffman Jakobus Willem , Oettlé Anna Catherina , Bosman Marius Casparus 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTConceptualization of the ventricular system of the brain by macroscopic studies is complicated by the lack of physical structure of these interconnected cavities. Dissection procedures designed to display the structures in the walls of the ventricles are destructive and not conducive for the appreciation of the ventricular system in its entirety. The application of Micro‐focus X‐ray tomography affords the possibility to appreciate hidden structures in a nondestructive manner. The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of using micro‐focus X‐ray tomography in the three‐dimensional (3D) visualization of the ventricular system as well as the various neuroanatomical structures within its walls for educational purposes. Randomly selected embalmed human cadaver brains were scanned at Necsa (South African Nuclear Energy Corporation) housing the MIXRAD laboratory consisting of a Nikon XTH 225 ST micro‐focus X‐ray tomography facility. A 3D flythrough video of the ventricular system was reconstructed from these scans using software to view the inner surface of the ventricles. Micro‐focus X‐ray tomography provides feasible means of delivering high‐resolution images in a nondestructive way to design a representation of the ventricular system. In addition, structures in the walls of the ventricular system could be appreciated in a novel way. It is envisaged that this 3D‐fly‐through video of the ventricular system will be valuable when integrated with standard prosections and atlas pictures in the educational setting. Further studies evaluating the use of this integrative visualization of the ventricular system of the brain for its applicability in the educational setting should be performed. Anat Rec, 301:1138–1147, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cellular Composition and Glia–Neuron Ratio in the Spinal Cord of a Human and a Nonhuman Primate: Comparison With Other Species and Brain Regions
Authors: Bahney Jami , von Bartheld Christopher S. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe cellular composition of brains shows largely conserved, gradual evolutionary trends between species. In the primate spinal cord, however, the glia–neuron ratio was reported to be greatly increased over that in the rodent spinal cord. Here, we re‐examined the cellular composition of the spinal cord of one human and one nonhuman primate species by employing two different counting methods, the isotropic fractionator and stereology. We also determined whether segmental differences in cellular composition, possibly reflecting increased fine motor control of the upper extremities, may explain a sharply increased glia–neuron ratio in primates. In the cynomolgus monkey spinal cord, the isotropic fractionator and stereology yielded 206–275 million cells, of which 13.3–25.1% were neurons (28–69 million). Stereological estimates yielded 21.1% endothelial cells and 65.5% glial cells (glia–neuron ratio of 4.9–5.6). In human spinal cords, the isotropic fractionator and stereology generated estimates of 1.5–1.7 billion cells and 197–222 million neurons (13.4% neurons, 12.2% endothelial cells, 74.8% glial cells), and a glia–neuron ratio of 5.6–7.1, with estimates of neuron numbers in the human spinal cord based on morphological criteria. The non‐neuronal to neuron ratios in human and cynomolgus monkey spinal cords were 6.5 and 3.2, respectively, suggesting that previous reports overestimated this ratio. We did not find significant segmental differences in the cellular composition between cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels. When compared with brain regions, the spinal cord showed gradual increases of the glia–neuron ratio with increasing brain mass, similar to the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Anat Rec, 301:697–710, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulation of IgG1 immunoeffector function by glycoengineering of the GDP‐fucose biosynthesis pathway
Authors: Kelly Ronan M. , Kowle Ronald L. , Lian Zhirui , Strifler Beth A. , Witcher Derrick R. , Parekh Bhavin S. , Wang Tongtong , Frye Christopher C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCross‐linking of the Fcγ receptors expressed on the surface of hematopoietic cells by IgG immune complexes triggers the activation of key immune effector mechanisms, including antibody‐dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). A conserved N‐glycan positioned at the N‐terminal region of the IgG CH2 domain is critical in maintaining the quaternary structure of the molecule for Fcγ receptor engagement. The removal of a single core fucose residue from the N‐glycan results in a considerable increase in affinity for FcγRIIIa leading to an enhanced receptor‐mediated immunoeffector function. The enhanced potency of the molecule translates into a number of distinct advantages in the development of IgG antibodies for cancer therapy. In an effort to significantly increase the potency of an anti‐CD20, IgG1 molecule, we selectively targeted the de novo GDP‐fucose biosynthesis pathway of the host CHO cell line to generate >80% afucosylated IgG1 resulting in enhanced FcγRIIIa binding (13‐fold) and in vitro ADCC cell‐based activity (11‐fold). In addition, this effective glycoengineering strategy also allowed for the utilization of the alternate GDP‐fucose salvage pathway to provide a fast and efficient mechanism to manipulate the N‐glycan fucosylation level to modulate IgG immune effector function.
Design of a novel continuous flow reactor for low pH viral inactivation
Authors: Parker Stephanie A. , Amarikwa Linus , Vehar Kevin , Orozco Raquel , Godfrey Scott , Coffman Jon , Shamlou Parviz , Bardliving Cameron L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInsufficient mixing in laminar flow reactors due to diffusion‐dominated flow limits their use in applications where narrow residence time distribution (RTD) is required. The aim of this study was to design and characterize a laminar flow (Re 187.7–375.5) tubular reactor for low pH viral inactivation with enhanced radial mixing via the incorporation of curvature and flow inversions. Toward this aim, the reactor described here, Jig in a Box (JIB), was designed with a flow path consisting of alternating 270° turns. The design was optimized by considering the strength of secondary flows characterized by the Dean No., the corresponding secondary flow development length, and the reactor turn lengths. Comprehensive CFD analysis of the reactor centerline velocity profile, cross‐sectional velocity, and secondary flow streamlines confirmed enhanced radial mixing due to secondary flows and changes in flow direction. For initial CFD and experimental studies the reactor was limited to a 16.43 m length. Pulse tracer studies for the reactor were computationally simulated and experimentally generated to determine the RTD, RTD variance, and minimum residence time for the tracer fluid elements leaving the reactor, as well as to validate the computational model. The reactor was scaled length wise to increase incubation time and it was observed that as the reactor length increases the RTD variance increases linearly and the dimensionless RTD profile becomes more symmetrical and tighter about the mean residence time.
Photoautotrophic production of macular pigment in a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain generated by using DNA‐free CRISPR‐Cas9 RNP‐mediated mutagenesis
Authors: Baek Kwangryul , Yu Jihyeon , Jeong Jooyeon , Sim Sang Jun , Bae Sangsu , Jin EonSeon 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLutein and zeaxanthin are dietary carotenoids reported to be protective against age‐related macular degeneration. Recently, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has received attention as a photosynthetic cell factory, but the potential of this alga for carotenoid production has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we selected the C. reinhardtii CC‐4349 strain as the best candidate among seven laboratory strains tested for carotenoid production. A knock‐out mutant of the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene induced by preassembled DNA‐free CRISPR‐Cas9 ribonucleoproteins in the CC‐4349 strain had a significantly higher zeaxanthin content (56‐fold) and productivity (47‐fold) than the wild type without the reduction in lutein level. Furthermore, we produced eggs fortified with lutein (2‐fold) and zeaxanthin (2.2‐fold) by feeding hens a diet containing the mutant. Our results clearly demonstrate the possibility of cost‐effective commercial use of microalgal mutants induced by DNA‐free CRISPR‐Cas9 ribonucleoproteins in algal biotechnology for the production of high‐value products.
Pretreatment advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) for predicting early progression in nivolumab‐treated patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Shiroyama Takayuki , Suzuki Hidekazu , Tamiya Motohiro , Tamiya Akihiro , Tanaka Ayako , Okamoto Norio , Nakahama Kenji , Taniguchi Yoshihiko , Isa Shun‐ichi , Inoue Takako , Imamura Fumio , Atagi Shinji , Hirashima Tomonori 
Published: November 2017

AbstractProgrammed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression status is inadequate for indicating nivolumab in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Because the baseline advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) is reportedly associated with patient outcomes, we investigated whether the pretreatment ALI is prognostic in NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients treated with nivolumab for advanced NSCLC between December 2015 and May 2016 at three Japanese institutes. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of the pretreatment ALI (and other inflammation‐related parameters) on progression‐free survival (PFS) and early progression (i.e., within 8 weeks after starting nivolumab). A total of 201 patients were analyzed; their median age was 68 years (range, 27–87 years), 67% were men, and 24% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2 or higher. An ECOG performance status ≥2, serum albumin <3.7 g/dL, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio ≥4, and ALI <18 were significantly associated with poor PFS and early progression on univariate analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed that pretreatment ALI <18 was independently associated with inferior PFS (median, 1.4 vs. 3.7 months, P < 0.001) and a higher likelihood of early progression (odds ratio, 2.76; 95% confidence interval 1.44–5.34; P = 0.002). The pretreatment ALI was found to be a significant independent predictor of early progression in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving nivolumab, and may help identify patients likely to benefit from continued nivolumab treatment in routine clinical practice.
PKG II effectively reversed EGF‐induced protein expression alterations in human gastric cancer cell lines
Authors: Qian Hai , Tao Yan , Jiang Lu , Wang Ying , Lan Ting , Wu Min , Pang Ji , Appiah‐Kubi Kwaku , Chen Yongchang , Wu Yan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in gastric cancer (GC) progression. Our previous data demonstrated that type II cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG II) could block the EGF‐EGFR axis as well as down‐stream signaling pathways, for example, MAPK, PI3 K, and PLC in GC cells. However, the exact mechanisms of PKG II against cancer remain unclear. Therefore, the present work was to address the above question. Human GC cell line AGS was infected with adenoviral construct encoding cDNA of PKG II (Ad‐PKG II) to up‐regulate PKG II and then treated with 8‐pCPT‐cGMP. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) was used to analyze the changes of protein expression in the cells. The results showed that 17 proteins had more than twofold changes in EGF‐treated group compared with control. However, Ad‐PKG II could effectively reversed the changes. Furthermore, far upstream element‐binding protein 1 (FUBP1) and MarvelD3 were chosen and PKG II activation reversed EGF/EGFR‐induced up‐regulation of FUBP1 and downregulation of MarvelD3, respectively. MarvelD3 silence effectively abolished the inhibitory effect of PKG II on EGF‐triggered migration. These data indicated that the inhibitory effect of PKG II partially was associated with MarvelD3.
Migration of emboli in the retinal artery: case report
Authors: Stepanov Alexandr , Machackova Marketa , Rehakova Tereza , Jiraskova Nada , Lestak Jan 
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical MessageBranch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is a prevalent vascular occlusive disorder of the eye. In transient BRAO, an embolus temporarily blocks the vessel and then moves on resulting in recovery of blood circulation. In this case, we have documented migration of the embolus with recovery of perfusion of the retina and improvement of visual acuity in a patient with transient BRAO. Early diagnosis and fast action are important in the case of patients with retinal artery occlusion.
Construction of NiTe/NiSe Composites on Ni Foam for High‐Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitor
Authors: Ye Beirong , Huang Miaoliang , Bao Quanlin , Jiang Si , Ge Jinhua , Zhao Huang , Fan Leqing , Lin Jianming , Wu Jihuai 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNiTe/NiSe composites grown in situ on Ni foam are successfully developed as a binder‐free electrode for supercapacitors. The as‐obtained NiTe/NiSe composite electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical properties with a higher specific capacitance of 1868 F g−1 (5.60 F cm−2) at a current density of 1 A g−1. In addition, an asymmetric supercapacitor is fabricated with NiTe/NiSe as the positive material and active carbon (AC) as the negative material. The resulting NiTe/NiSe//AC device exhibits a high energy density of 33.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1, providing good cycling performance that retained 86.2 % of the initial capacitance at 2 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. All of the results illustrate that the NiTe/NiSe electrode is promising for potential application in supercapacitors and other fields.
Peripheral Substitution of Tetraphenyl Porphyrins: Fine‐Tuning Self‐Assembly for Enhanced Electroluminescence
Authors: Charisiadis Asterios , Bagaki Anthi , Fresta Elisa , Weber Katharina T. , Charalambidis Georgios , Stangel Christina , Hatzidimitriou Antonios G. , Angaridis Panagiotis A. , Coutsolelos Athanassios G. , Costa Rubén D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study reports the synthesis of two novel zinc porphyrin families bearing four or eight alkoxy chains at their peripheral phenyl rings, with the length of the alkoxy chains ranging from 2, to 6, and to 12 carbon atoms. All zinc porphyrin derivatives were fully characterized with respect to their photophysical and electrochemical features. The zinc porphyrins could be processed into thin films which, depending on the length of the alkoxy chains on the aryl substituents, were found to be either of an ordered or a disordered nature, as it is revealed by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The films containing ordered self‐assemblies displayed significantly enhanced electrical conductivity compared to the disordered films. This led to remarkable differences regarding their electroluminescence response that occurs at lower bias. Furthermore, their luminous efficiency was of almost one order of magnitude higher than that of disordered films.
Synthesis of Nontoxic Protoflavone Derivatives through Selective Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation of the Flavonoid B‐Ring
Authors: Ötvös Sándor B. , Vágvölgyi Máté , Girst Gábor , Kuo Ching‐Ying , Wang Hui‐Chun , Fülöp Ferenc , Hunyadi Attila 
Published: November 2017

AbstractProtoflavones are unique natural flavonoids with a non‐aromatic B‐ring, known for their potent antitumor properties. However, their cytotoxicity represents a strong limitation in the further exploration of their pharmacological potential. In the current study, we sought to selectively saturate the p‐quinol B‐ring of protoapigenone and that of its 1′‐O‐butyl ether, in order to obtain non‐toxic protoflavone analogues expressing the dihydro‐ or tetrahydroprotoflavone structure also occurring in nature. The benefits of a strictly controlled continuous‐flow environment in combination with on‐demand electrolytic H2 gas generation were exploited to suppress undesired side reactions and to safely and selectively yield the desired substances. The obtained tetrahydroprotoflavones were free of the cytotoxicity of their parent compounds, and, even though tetrahydroprotoapigenone 1‐O‐butyl ether showed a weak inhibition of DNA damage response through Chk1, neither compounds influenced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin either.
Synthesis of a novel polymeric magnetic solid phase extraction adsorbent for selective extraction of amphetamine from urine samples coupled with high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Taghvimi Arezou , Ghorbani Marjan , Hamishehkar Hamed 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA novel pH‐responsive block copolymer (Poly ethylene glycol‐b‐poly (N,N‐dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate‐co‐maleic acid) was designed for the decoration and stabilization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as an efficient magnetic nano adsorbent for extraction of amphetamine (AM) from biological urine samples to be determined by high performance liquid chromatography–ultra violet detector (HPLC–UV). Full characterization of the synthesized polymeric magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs) were followed by various techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy, powder x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Important extraction parameters including pH, amount of sample volume, amount of adsorbent, type and amount of extraction organic solvent, time of extraction and desorption, agitation rate (rpm), and ionic strength of the extraction medium were studied and optimized. Under optimized extraction conditions, good linearity was observed in the concentration range of 30–2000 ng/mL for AM. The amount of the qe was calculated as 0.18 (mg/g). The method was applied in determination of AM from positive urine samples with the recovery of 99.84%. Results indicated that the proposed method could be applied in clinical and forensic laboratories for simple, selective, and fast determination of AM from urine samples.
Sensitivity of doping biomarkers after administration of a single dose testosterone gel
Authors: Mullen Jenny , Börjesson Annica , Hopcraft Oscar , Schulze Jenny J. , Ericsson Magnus , Rane Anders , Lehtihet Mikael , Ekström Lena 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMicro‐doping with testosterone (T) is challenging to detect with the current doping tests. Today, the methods available to detect T are longitudinally monitoring of urine biomarkers in the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) and measuring the isotopic composition of excreted biomarkers to distinguish the origin of the molecule. In this study, we investigated the detectability of a single dose of 100 mg T gel in 8 healthy male subjects. We also studied which biomarkers were most sensitive to T gel administration, including blood biomarkers. The ABP successfully detected T gel administration in all 8 subjects. The most sensitive ratio was 5αAdiol/E, however, all ratios showed atypical findings. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) was performed on 5 subjects and only 2 met all the criteria for a positive test according to the rules set by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). The other 3 showed inconclusive results. Other markers that were affected by T gel administration, not used for this detection today, were serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and T as well as reticulocyte count and percentage in whole blood. miRNA‐122 was not significantly affected by the single T dose. A single dose of 100 mg T gel is possible to detect with today's doping tests. Since a single dose of T gel has an impact on some hematological biomarkers, access to both modules of the ABP when evaluating the athletes' profiles will increase the possibility to detect micro‐doses of T. In addition, serum DHT and T may be a useful addition to the future endocrine module of the ABP.
DNA barcoding of reef brittle stars (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata) from the southwestern Indian Ocean evolutionary hot spot of biodiversity
Authors: Boissin Emilie , Hoareau Thierry Bernard , Paulay Gustav , Bruggemann J. Henrich 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn anticipation of the current biodiversity crisis, it has become critical to rapidly and accurately assess biodiversity. DNA barcoding has proved efficient in facilitating the discovery and description of thousands of species and also provides insight into the dynamics of biodiversity. Here, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from all morphospecies of reef brittle stars collected during a large‐scale biodiversity survey in the southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO). Three methods of species delineation (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent model, and Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes) showed concordant results and revealed 51 shallow reef species in the region. Mean intraspecific genetic distances (0.005–0.064) and mean interspecific genetic distances within genera (0.056–0.316) were concordant with previous echinoderm studies. This study revealed that brittle‐star biodiversity is underestimated by 20% within SWIO and by >40% when including specimens from the Pacific Ocean. Results are discussed in terms of endemism, diversification processes, and conservation implications for the Indo‐West Pacific marine biodiversity. We emphasize the need to further our knowledge on biodiversity of invertebrate groups in peripheral areas.