bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological diversification associated with the benthic‐to‐pelagic transition by North American minnows
Authors: Burress E. D. , Holcomb J. M. , Tan M. , Armbruster J. W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEcological opportunity is often regarded as a key factor that explains why diversity is unevenly distributed across life. Colonization of novel environments or adaptive zones may promote diversification. North American minnows exhibit an ancestral benthic‐to‐pelagic habitat shift that coincided with a burst in diversification. Here, we evaluate the phenotypic and ecological implications of this habitat shift by assessing craniofacial and dietary traits among 34 species and testing for morphology–diet covariation, convergence and adaptive optima. There were several instances of morphology–diet covariation such as correlations between mouth angle and the consumption of terrestrial insects and between relative gut length and the consumption of algae. After accounting for size and phylogenetic nonindependence, benthic species had longer heads, longer snouts, eyes positioned higher on their head, smaller mouth angles and longer digestive tracts than pelagic minnows. Benthic minnows also consumed more algae but less terrestrial insects, by volume, than pelagic minnows. Lastly, there were three distinct evolutionary regimes and more convergence in morphology and dietary characteristics than expected under a Brownian motion model of evolution. These findings indicate that colonization of the pelagic zone by minnows involved myriad phenotypic and dietary changes associated with exploitation of terrestrial subsidies. Thus, minnows exhibit phenotype–dietary covariation, an expansion of ecological roles and a burst in diversification rates in response to the ecological opportunity afforded by the colonization of a novel habitat.
Therapists’ Assessments in Treating “Sex Addiction” and Their Relationship to Clients’ Gender, Relationship Status, and Exclusivity Status
Authors: Reddick Geoffrey T. , Heiden‐Rootes Katie M. , Brimhall Andrew S. 
Published: December 2016

A total of 208 therapists and therapists‐in‐training were surveyed to better understand if clinical assessments and recommendations regarding “sex addiction” changed based upon a client's gender, relationship status, or exclusivity status. Using clinical vignettes, this study examined the clinical assessment and recommendations of licensed mental health providers (n = 92) and mental health providers in‐training (n = 116). Results indicated that professional ratings differed based on relationship exclusivity and gender; specifically, female nonmonogamous behavior was rated more negatively than male nonmonogamous behavior, while male monogamous behavior was rated more negatively than female monogamous behavior. Recommendations for treatment varied, with higher addiction ratings leading to greater odds of recommending individual, group, and community support over relational therapy. Clinical and training implications are discussed.Video abstract accessible by clicking here.
Symplectite formation in the presence of a reactive fluid: insights from hydrothermal experiments
Authors: Spruzeniece L. , Piazolo S. , Daczko N. R. , Kilburn M. R. , Putnis A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study describes the microstructural and chemical development of symplectites, obtained in fluid‐mediated mineral replacement experiments. During the experiments polymineralic feldspar‐rich samples were exposed to aqueous Na–SiO2 solution at 600 °C and 2 kbar confining pressures for durations of 12 h to 20 days. The resulting reaction rims display high mineralogical and structural complexity and contain two varieties of symplectites, represented by nanometre‐scale intergrowths of gehlenite–zeolite and grossular–zeolite grains. The experimental fluid was enriched in 18O isotope in order to trace oxygen redistribution during the reaction. The elevated 18O concentration in the reaction products and the heterogeneity in its distribution suggest that symplectite formation was controlled by dissolution–precipitation mechanisms rather than volume‐diffusion processes. Microstructural and chemical observations suggest that symplectite formation occurred in multiple stages in response to spatially heterogeneous and temporarily evolving fluid composition at the reaction interfaces. Hence, our results shed light on the fundamental processes involved in symplectite formation improving our ability to interpret symplectite microstructures.
Vascular inter‐regulation of inflammation: molecular and cellular targets for CNS therapy
Authors: Machado‐Pereira Marta , Santos Tiago , Bernardino Liliana , Ferreira Raquel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAngiogenesis and inflammation are clearly interconnected and interdependent processes that are dysregulated in a series of systemic and brain pathologies. Herein, key aspects regarding endothelial cell function and tissue remodelling that are particularly affected or aggravated by inflammation are presented. Most importantly, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the vascular regulation of the inflammatory processes occurring in several brain disorders and how they impact on disease/injury progression are detailed, highlighting potential targets for therapy. Finally, nanomedicine‐based approaches designed to overcome limitations pertaining to low systemic bioavailability, light, pH and temperature sensitivity and/or rapid degradation of these targets, and to optimize their mode of action are discussed. Ultimately, we expect this review to provide new insight and to suggest novel approaches for the treatment of blood–brain barrier dysfunction per se or as a means to treat the injured or diseased central nervous system.
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Acetate metabolism does not reflect astrocytic activity, contributes directly to GABA synthesis, and is increased by silent information regulator 1 activation
Authors: Rowlands Benjamin D. , Klugmann Matthias , Rae Caroline D. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract[13C]Acetate is known to label metabolites preferentially in astrocytes rather than neurons and it has consequently been used as a marker for astrocytic activity. Recent discoveries suggest that control of acetate metabolism and its contributions to the synthesis of metabolites in brain is not as simple as first thought. Here, using a Guinea pig brain cortical tissue slice model metabolizing [1‐13C]D‐glucose and [1,2‐13C]acetate, we investigated control of acetate metabolism and the degree to which it reflects astrocytic activity. Using a range of [1,2‐13C]acetate concentrations, we found that acetate is a poor substrate for metabolism and will inhibit metabolism of itself and of glucose at concentrations in excess of 2 mmol/L. By activating astrocytes using potassium depolarization, we found that use of [1,2‐13C]acetate to synthesize glutamine decreases significantly under these conditions showing that acetate metabolism does not necessarily reflect astrocytic activity. By blocking synthesis of glutamine using methionine sulfoximine, we found that significant amount of [1,2‐13C]acetate are still incorporated into GABA and its metabolic precursors in neurons, with around 30% of the GABA synthesized from [1,2‐13C]acetate likely to be made directly in neurons rather than from glutamine supplied by astrocytes. Finally, to test whether activity of the acetate metabolizing enzyme acetyl‐CoA synthetase is under acetylation control in the brain, we incubated slices with the AceCS1 deacetylase silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activator SRT 1720 and showed consequential increased incorporation of [1,2‐13C]acetate into metabolites. Taken together, these data show that acetate metabolism is not directly nor exclusively related to astrocytic metabolic activity, that use of acetate is related to enzyme acetylation and that acetate is directly metabolized to a significant degree in GABAergic neurons. Changes in acetate metabolism should be interpreted as modulation of metabolism through changes in cellular energetic status via altered enzyme acetylation levels rather than simply as an adjustment of glial–neuronal metabolic activity.
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Small molecule modulator of sigma 2 receptor is neuroprotective and reduces cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yi Bitna , Sahn James J. , Ardestani Pooneh Memar , Evans Andrew K. , Scott Luisa L. , Chan Jessica Z. , Iyer Sangeetha , Crisp Ashley , Zuniga Gabriella , Pierce Jonathan T. , Martin Stephen F. , Shamloo Mehrdad 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that modulating the sigma 2 receptor (Sig2R) can provide beneficial effects for neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we report the identification of a novel class of Sig2R ligands and their cellular and in vivo activity in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report that SAS‐0132 and DKR‐1051, selective ligands of Sig2R, modulate intracellular Ca2+ levels in human SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma cells. The Sig2R ligands SAS‐0132 and JVW‐1009 are neuroprotective in a C. elegans model of amyloid precursor protein‐mediated neurodegeneration. Since this neuroprotective effect is replicated by genetic knockdown and knockout of vem‐1, the ortholog of progesterone receptor membrane component‐1 (PGRMC1), these results suggest that Sig2R ligands modulate a PGRMC1‐related pathway. Last, we demonstrate that SAS‐0132 improves cognitive performance both in the Thy‐1 hAPPLond/Swe+ transgenic mouse model of AD and in healthy wild‐type mice. These results demonstrate that Sig2R is a promising therapeutic target for neurocognitive disorders including AD.
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Prognostic Factors in Patients With Stemi Undergoing Primary PCI in the Clopidogrel Era: Role of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy at Admission and the Smoking Paradox on Long‐Term Outcome
Authors: Ciccarelli Giovanni , Barbato Emanuele , Golino Marco , Cimmino Giovanni , Bartunek Jozef , Di Serafino Luigi , Di Girolamo Domenico , De Bruyne Bernard , Wijns William , Golino Paolo 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundSeveral clinical and laboratory variables have an impact on the prognosis of STEMI patients undergoing PPCI; however, little is known about the role of ongoing DAPT at the time of the event and the smoking status as prognostic factors affecting the outcome of these patients.Methods and ResultsSeven‐hundred and thirteen consecutive STEMI patients undergoing PPCI, admitted to the S. Anna and S. Sebastiano Hospital (Caserta, Italy) and to the OLV Clinic (Aalst, Belgium), between March 2009 and December 2011, were retrospectively enrolled. Rescue PCI was the only exclusion criterion. Primary end‐point was the combination of death for all causes, re‐infarction, stroke, and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Patients already on DAPT at admission (26.4%) showed a significant increase in the event rate at univariate analysis (HR 2.34, CI 1.62–3.75, P < 0.05), while current smokers (56.5%) had a lower event rate, as compared to non‐smokers (HR 0.67, CI 0.46–0.96, P < 0.05). In smoking patients already on DAPT at admission, a lower event rate was observed than in non‐smoking patients on DAPT. Although, patients already on DAPT had a higher‐risk profile (renal impairment, ongoing statin treatment, ST resolution <50%, and Killip class >1 were more frequently present than in patients not on DAPT), Cox regression analysis confirmed that both DAPT (HR 1.74, 95%CI 1.20–2.53, P < 0.01) and smoking status (HR 0.69, 95%CI 0.48–1.00, P < 0.05) retained their statistical significance, as they and were significantly associated with a worse and a better outcome, respectively, underlying their role as independent prognostic factors.ConclusionsNot being a current smoker and ongoing DAPT at admission, in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI, represent independent negative prognostic value.
Prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome in Brazilian patients infected with human T‐cell lymphotropic virus
Authors: Vale Daniela Assis do , Casseb Jorge , de Oliveira Augusto César Penalva , Bussoloti Filho Ivo , de Sousa Suzana Cantanhede Orsini Machado , Ortega Karem López 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundHuman T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) is known to be associated with neoplastic and neurodegenerative changes, and it is believed to be associated with various systemic inflammatory diseases, including Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Although HTLV‐I infection is endemic in Brazil, there is no information regarding the association between HTLV‐I infection and SS in the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of SS in HTLV‐I‐infected individuals and the prevalence of HTLV‐I infection in individuals diagnosed with SS.MethodsSerology for HTLV‐I was performed in 50 patients presenting with complaints consistent with SS (the SS group). The HTLV‐I group comprised 129 HTLV‐I‐infected patients who were screened for SS.ResultsNone of the patients in the SS group tested positive for HTLV‐I. Of the 129 patients in the HTLV‐I group, 46 (35.7%) had xerostomia, 18 (13.95%) had xerophthalmia, eight (6.2%) had hyposalivation, two (1.55%) showed impaired tear secretion, and one (0.77%) was positive for autoantibodies (anti‐SSB). In addition, six underwent minor salivary gland biopsy, and the histopathological findings were consistent with SS. Only two (1.55%) met the diagnostic criteria for SS.ConclusionsThe prevalence of SS was found to be three times as high in HTLV‐I‐infected individuals as it was in those without HTLV‐I infection. However, given the small number of HTLV‐seropositive patients with SS, it is impossible to state that HTLV acts as an immune‐activating pathogen for SS.
Rehospitalization of preterm infants according to the discharge risk level
Authors: Aykanat Girgin Burcu , Cimete Güler 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurposeThe rehospitalization rate of preterm infants is between 22 and 52% within the first year after discharge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the rehospitalization of preterm infants within 2 months following discharge, considering the level of risks originating from the infant, parents, and the social factors.Design and MethodsThe sample was composed of 238 preterm infants and their parents. The data were collected with a Descriptive Information Form, the Post‐Discharge Infant Follow‐up Form, and the Neonatal Discharge Assessment Tool (N‐DAT). Before discharge, the preterm infants were evaluated in terms of risky discharge via N‐DAT consisting of the subscales Medical, Competencies, Risk factors, Resources, and Parenting. Discharge was determined as low, moderate, and high risk according to N‐DAT total score. Two months after the discharge, rehospitalization of the infants was assessed. The data were evaluated via chi‐square, Mann–Whitney U‐test, and Fisher's exact test.ResultsIn the study, 39.9% of the preterm infants were rehospitalized within the 8 weeks following the discharge, with medical and/or surgical reasons. Medical problems such as pneumonia and acute bronchiolitis were ranked as the first cause for rehospitalization. As expected, according to the N‐DAT scores, the rates of rehospitalization of infants who had been discharged with intermediate and high risk levels were found to be higher (p < .001) than the rates of those with low risk levels. Also, N‐DAT Medical, Competencies, Risk factors, Resources, and Parenting subscale scores of the infants who were rehospitalized with medical problems were found to be higher at a statistically significant level than infants who were not rehospitalized (p < .001).Practice ImplicationsNurses can help to minimize rehospitalization of infants by parental education, telephonic counseling, frequent observation, and home care support.
Development of a simple and objective evaluation method for thickened liquids using funnels
Authors: Watanabe Emi , Yamagata Yoshie , Kogirima Miho , Miyamoto Ken‐ichi , Kayashita Jun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSome patients with dysphagia are prone to aspiration of low‐viscosity liquids. Thickened liquids are often used in attempts to prevent aspiration. The patients should be given thickened liquids with suitable thickness, and the thickness should be constant at all time. While rotational and cone‐and‐plate viscometers are used for the evaluation of thickened liquids, they are high‐precision and expensive equipment. To control the thickness of liquids, a simple and objective evaluation method is thus necessary. We developed a method to evaluate thickened liquids using funnels, and verified the appropriateness of this method. We measured the outflow times of five thickened liquids through funnels. One of the thickened liquids was a commercially available nutritional supplement, another was made with a thickening agent that contained guar gum, and all others were made with a thickening agent that contained xanthan gum. Four funnels with different stem sizes were tested. We found that the outflow time of thickened liquids through a funnel depended on their viscosities at a shear rate between 10 and 50 s−1, when the average inner diameter of the stem was in the range of 5.3–9.0 mm, and the volume of the liquid poured into the funnel was 30 mL. The correlation coefficient between the value of the sensory evaluation and the outflow time of the funnel with an average stem ID of 5.3 mm was 0.946. Therefore, this method may be useful in hospital and nursing home kitchens for evaluating thickened liquids.Practical applicationsThe findings of this study will help develop a new method for the evaluation of thickened liquids. Funnels made from polypropylene, which are inexpensive and light, were used in this method. The process for measuring the outflow time of thickened liquids through a funnel is simple, and we can obtain quantitative data that are objective. Even though line spread test (LST) is well known as a simple measurement method, nutritional supplements and liquids thickened using a thickening agent containing guar gum have not been evaluated accurately. The funnel method was found to have a stronger correlation with sensory evaluation compared to LST. This method is useful in hospital and nursing home kitchens for evaluating thickened liquids.
More improvement than progression of liver fibrosis following antiretroviral therapy in a longitudinal cohort of HIV‐infected patients with or without HBV and HCV co‐infections
Authors: Ding Y. , Duan S. , Ye R. , Yang Y. , Yao S. , Wang J. , Cao D. , Liu X. , Lu L. , Jia M. , Wu Z. , He N. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryWe examined the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on liver fibrosis among HIV‐infected patients with or without hepatitis B (HBV) or C virus (HCV) co‐infection. This was a retrospective cohort study of HIV‐infected patients receiving cART during 2004‐2016. Liver fibrosis was assessed using Fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) score with three classifications: Class 1, <1.45; Class 2, 1.45‐3.25; Class 3, >3.25. Of 3900 participants, 68.6% were HIV mono‐infected, 5.3% were HIV/HBV co‐infected, 23.8% were HIV/HCV co‐infected and 2.3% were HIV/HBV/HCV co‐infected. Participants received follow‐up treatment (median was 3.3 years). Improvement to a lower class was observed in Class 2 (52.6%) and Class 3 (74.2%), respectively. Progression to a higher class was observed in 12.8% and 5.0% in Class 1 and Class 2, respectively, and with a median time of 5.7 months. For improvement to lower classes, older age, male, Dai ethnicity, injection drug use, HCV co‐infection and tenofovir for treatment were negative predictors, but in Class 3 of FIB‐4 and time‐updated increases in CD4 count from baseline were positive predictors. For progression to higher classes, older age, male, Jingpo ethnicity and HCV co‐infection were positive predictors, while baseline CD4 count and in Class 2 of FIB‐4 were negative predictors. Improvement to lower class linked with decreased mortality risk among patients in Class 3. Early cART initiation for HIV‐infected patients with and without hepatitis co‐infections may mitigate or slow down some of liver fibrosis, but special attention should be given to those who are older, male, co‐infected with HCV.
Hepatitis C infection and other drug‐related harms among inpatients who injected drugs in Turkey
Authors: Alaei A. , Alaei K. , Waye K. , Tracy M. , Nalbandyan M. , Mutlu E. , Cetin M. K. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) is easily spread among those who share drug injection equipment. Due to the ease of contraction and growing prevalence of HCV in Eastern Europe, the aims of this study focused on describing risky injection practices as well as the prevalence of HCV, HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among people who inject drugs (PWID) who were admitted to public and private drug treatment centres in Turkey from 2012 to 2013. Other aims included identifying correlates of needle sharing and HCV infection. Of the 4694 inpatients who ever injected drugs and the 3914 who injected in the past 30 days, nearly all (98%) reported heroin as their drug of choice, the vast majority reported ever sharing a needle (73.4% and 79.3%), and the mean age at first injection was 23 years. Of current PWID, 51.9% were HCV‐positive, 5.9% were HBV‐positive and only 0.34% of lifetime PWID were HIV‐positive. Predictors of increased needle sharing include younger age, being unemployed, having lesser education and reporting heroin as a drug of choice. Significant predictors of HCV infection included being 40 years or older, receiving treatment in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, reporting heroin as a primary substance, a longer duration of drug use and sharing needles. With this information, it is essential to improve access to clean injection equipment in Turkey, to focus on improving education on clean injection practices and to enhance efforts in testing and treating HCV‐positive PWID.
Heavier females produce more sons in a low‐density population of red deer
Authors: Borowik T. , Jędrzejewska B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAccording to the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis, females of polygynous mammal species can adaptively modify offspring sex ratio, which would provide them evolutionary benefits in terms of a higher number of grand‐offspring. In red deer (Cervus elaphus), a species where the reproductive success of males is significantly more variable than that of females, mothers that are in good condition are expected to have a male‐biased offspring sex ratio but only in a population below carrying capacity. We aimed at testing the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis on a low‐density population of red deer in large woodlands of north‐eastern Poland. The overall foetal sex ratio did not differ from parity. The mother's probability of having male offspring increased with her body mass independently of age and population density. Such condition‐based adjustment of the offspring sex ratio in female red deer from a low‐density population conforms to the Trivers–Willard hypothesis. However, full support of Trivers–Willard predictions would require further investigations comparing survival and reproductive output of male and female offspring.