bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stellar content of the XMM-Newton slew survey
Authors: Freund S. , Robrade J. , Schneider P. C. , Schmitt J. H. M. M. 
Published: January 2018

Aims. We present a detailed analysis of the stellar content of the current version of the XMM-Newton slew survey (XMMSL2).

Methods. Since stars emit only a small fraction of their total luminosity in the X-ray band, the stellar XMMSL2 sources ought to have relatively bright optical counterparts. Therefore the stellar identifications were obtained by an automatic crossmatch of the XMMSL2 catalog with the first Gaia data release (Gaia DR1), 2MASS, and Tycho2 catalogs. The reliability of this procedure was verified by a comparison with the individually classified Einstein Observatory medium sensitivity survey X-ray sources and by a crossmatch with the Chandra Source Catalog.

Results. We identify 6815 of the 23 252 unique XMMSL2 sources to be stellar sources, while 893 sources are flagged as unreliable. For every counterpart a matching probability is estimated based upon the distance between the XMMSL2 source and the counterpart. Given this matching probability the sample is expected to be reliable to 96.7 % and complete to 96.3 % . The sample contains stars of all spectral types and luminosity classes, and late-type dwarfs have the largest share. For many stellar sources the fractional contribution of the X-ray band to the total energy output is found above the saturation limit of previous studies (Lx/Lbol = 10−3), because the XMMSL2 sources are more affected by flares owing to their short exposure times of typically 6 s. A comparison with the second ROSAT all-sky survey (2RXS) source catalog shows that about 25 % of the stellar XMMSL2 sources are previously unknown X-ray sources. The results of our identification procedure can be accessed via VizieR.
Primary law in medicine, its legal nature
Authors: Zarins K. 
Published: January 2018

Thework will discuss the problems arising from the thesis that the economic opportunities are incompatible with the person's primary law - the right to life and equality of treatment. An actively maintained hypothesis claims that the country's economic opportunities and funding should not restrict or reduce a person's right to life and health. In this aspect, it will also study the role of the constitutional court.
The author points to the fact that the adoption of such, here the Supreme Court decision, successive constitutional court for a preliminary inaccurate claim and interpretation of the country's economic interests, could deny the right of people to life only after the consideration that they are of no use and financially expensive to be maintained.
Evaluation of healthcare policy in Latvia
Authors: Bikava I. , Skride A. 
Published: January 2018

Performance of healthcare system of Latvia has been criticised for several years, due to the problems of accessibility, weak efficiency and insufficient funding. Politicians, foreign and local experts all agree upon the need of reforms to improve the performance of the healthcare system. The aims are defined in long-term policy documents, but there are no defined tasks to be made and aims to be achieved in mid-term and short-term policy.
The aim of the research was to make evaluation of performance of Latvia healthcare system as well as evaluation according to “Health 2020” framework recommendations.
The results showed that changes in the healthcare system in Latvia are made on ‘ad-hoc’ basis without a strategic long-term plan, and despite the fact that guidelines on the public health refear to “Health 2020”, the changes that are made and reforms that are planned are not in compliance with “Health 2020”. Work on social determinants (equity, universal coverage, accessibility) hasn’t been effective, the aim ‘health in all policies’ hasn’t been achieved and the primary healthcare due to its unaccessibility doesn’t provide expected efficiency in the whole healthcare system.
Identification of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) binding sites on the branched actin filament nucleator Arp2/3 complex
Authors: Luan Qing , Zelter Alex , MacCoss Michael J. , Davis Trisha N. , Nolen Brad J. 
Published: January 2018

SignificanceArp2/3 complex is a macromolecular machine that nucleates branched actin filaments in response to cellular signals. WASP family proteins regulate the nucleation activity of Arp2/3 complex, providing a way for cells to assemble branched actin filament networks with the spatiotemporal precision required to orchestrate cellular processes such as cellular motility and endocytosis. Despite its importance, how WASP activates filament nucleation by Arp2/3 complex is still unknown, largely because it has been uncertain how WASP binds to Arp2/3 complex. Here we use a combination of biophysical, biochemical, and computational methods to map the binding of WASP to the complex. These results have important implications for understanding how cells regulate the assembly of actin filaments.
Spatial aspects of olfactory experience
Authors: Aasen Solveig 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSeveral theorists argue that one does not experience something as being at or coming from a distance or direction in olfaction. In contrast to this, I suggest that there can be a variety of spatial aspects of both synchronic and diachronic olfactory experiences, including spatial distance and direction. I emphasise, however, that these are not aspects of every olfactory experience. Thus, I suggest renouncing the widespread assumption there is a uniform account of the nature, including the spatial nature, of what is experienced in olfactory experience.
Police Reforms in Slovenia in the Past 25 Years
Authors: Meško Gorazd , Lobnikar Branko 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSince 1991, policing in Slovenia has been characterized by several police reforms aimed at bringing the police closer to the western democratic style of policing. Initial reforms were symbolic, but important: they involved the renaming of the former militia (milica) to the police (policija) and the changing of insignias. Institutional reform reached its milestone in 1998 with the adoption of the new Police Act, which significantly changed police powers and introduced a civilian oversight of policing. The General Police Directorate became an autonomous body within the Ministry of the Interior. The year 2013 saw the adoption of new police legislation aimed at achieving decentralization, defining cooperation between the police and local communities by emphasizing problem-solving, community policing and intelligence-led policing. All legislative changes and efforts to improve policing in Slovenia are reflected in police training and the level of education required for entering the police increased from secondary school to a higher education qualification. Studies on efforts related to police reforms are also presented.
An Administrative Law Code for Wales: Benefits to Reap and Obstacles to Overcome
Authors: Gardner David C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Wales is about to undergo a radical change to the legislative process. In line with the recommendations of the Law Commission in the report Form and Accessibility of the Law Applicable in Wales, Wales will soon see its first modern legal codes. A decision will need to be made on how the law in Wales will be codified and in what areas. This article will seek to provoke discussion and argue that a code bringing together the principles of administrative law should in the near future form part of the codification programme. The article will propose a model of codification that will incorporate current principles of administrative law and supplement those principles for the benefit of the principle of good administrative justice. The article will also discuss the extent to which the National Assembly has legislative competence to make an administrative law code for Wales. Finally, the article will discuss the current common law nature of administrative law in Wales and argue that codification would bring clarity and certainty without removing the safety and flexibility of the common law.
Infections: a double-edge sword in autoimmunity
Authors: Shamriz Oded , Shoenfeld Yehuda 
Published: January 2018

Purpose of review
Infections play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (AID). Several bacterial and viral pathogens play a double role, as both inducers and inhibitors of AID. In this review, we will present current evidence and discuss different aspects of this notion.

Recent findings
Infectors that both inhibit and induce AID include Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, hepatitis B virus, group B Coxsackieviruses, Epstein–Barr virus and Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Numerous AID are affected by infections, including polyarteritis nodosa, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes. Some pathogens, such as group B Coxsackieviruses, may induce and inhibit the development of the same AID. This reveals a complex role of infections in autoimmunity pathogenesis.

Summary
Elucidating the exact role of each pathogen on each specific AID is important, as this will enable evaluating the manipulation of these infections in the treatment of AID.
Early Risk and Resiliency Factors Predict Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Caregivers of Patients Admitted to a Neuroscience ICU
Authors: Choi Karmel W. , Shaffer Kelly M. , Zale Emily L. , Funes Christopher J. , Koenen Karestan C. , Tehan Tara , Rosand Jonathan , Vranceanu Ana-Maria 
Published: January 2018

Objectives:
Informal caregivers—that is, close family and friends providing unpaid emotional or instrumental care—of patients admitted to ICUs are at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. As a first step toward developing interventions to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in ICU caregivers, we examined the predictive validity of psychosocial risk screening during admission for caregiver posttraumatic stress disorder at 3 and 6 months post hospitalization.

Design:
An observational, prospective study.

Participants:
Ninety-nine caregivers were recruited as part of a longitudinal research program of patient-caregiver dyads in a neuroscience ICU.

Intervention:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Caregiver posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were assessed during admission (baseline), 3 months, and 6 months post hospitalization. We 1) characterized prevalence of clinically significant symptoms at each time point 2); calculated sensitivity and specificity of baseline posttraumatic stress disorder screening in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder at 3 and 6 months; and 3) used recursive partitioning to select potential baseline factors and examine the extent to which they helped predict clinically significant posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at each time point. Rates of caregiver posttraumatic stress disorder remained relatively stable over time (16–22%). Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder at baseline predicted posttraumatic stress disorder at 3 and 6 months with moderate sensitivity (75–80%) and high specificity (92–95%). Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder at baseline was associated with caregiver anxiety, mindfulness (i.e., ability to be aware of one’s thoughts and feelings in the moment), and bond with patient. Furthermore, baseline posttraumatic stress disorder screening was the single most relevant predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder at 3 and 6 months, such that other baseline factors did not significantly improve predictive ability.

Conclusions:
Screening neuroscience ICU caregivers for clinically significant posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during admission is the single most important way to identify the majority of those likely to suffer from chronic posttraumatic stress disorder following discharge. Addressing early posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their psychosocial correlates during admission may help prevent chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in these at-risk caregivers.
Systemic Administration of Carbon Monoxide–Releasing Molecule-3 Protects the Skeletal Muscle in Porcine Model of Compartment Syndrome
Authors: Bihari Aurelia , Cepinskas Gediminas , Sanders David , Lawendy Abdel-Rahman 
Published: January 2018

Objectives:
Acute limb compartment syndrome, a complication of musculoskeletal trauma, results in muscle necrosis and cell death. Carbon monoxide, liberated from the carbon monoxide–releasing molecule-3, has been shown protective in a rat model of compartment syndrome. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of carbon monoxide–releasing molecule-3 in a preclinical large animal model of compartment syndrome, with the ultimate goal of developing a pharmacologic adjunct treatment for compartment syndrome.

Design:
Animal research study.

Setting:
Basic research laboratory in a hospital setting.

Subjects:
Male Yorkshire-Landrace pigs (50–60 kg).

Interventions:
Pigs underwent 6 hours of intracompartmental pressure elevation by infusing fluid into the anterior compartment of the right hind limb. Carbon monoxide–releasing molecule-3 was administered systemically (2 mg/kg, IV) at fasciotomy, followed by 3-hour reperfusion.

Measurements and Main Results:
Muscle perfusion, inflammation, injury, and apoptosis were assessed in the skeletal muscle. Systemic leukocyte activation was assessed during compartment syndrome and reperfusion. Elevation of hind limb intracompartmental pressure resulted in significant microvascular perfusion deficits (44% ± 1% continuously perfused capillaries in compartment syndrome vs 76% ± 4% in sham; p < 0.001), increased tissue injury (ethidium bromide/bisbenzimide of 0.31 ± 0.07 in compartment syndrome vs 0.17 ± 0.03 in sham; p < 0.05), apoptosis (fluorescence in vivo/bisbenzimide of 0.26 ± 0.06 in compartment syndrome vs 0.13 ± 0.03 in sham; p < 0.05), and systemic leukocyte activation (14.7 relative luminescence units/106 polymorphonuclear leukocytes in compartment syndrome vs 1.0 ± 0.1 in baseline; p < 0.001). Systemic application of carbon monoxide–releasing molecule-3 at fasciotomy increased the number of continuously perfused capillaries (68% ± 3%; p < 0.001), diminished tissue injury (ethidium bromide/bisbenzimide of 0.13 ± 0.04; p < 0.05), apoptosis (fluorescence in vivo/bisbenzimide of 0.12 ± 0.03; p < 0.05), and blocked systemic leukocyte activation (3.9 ± 0.3 relative luminescence unit/106 polymorphonuclear leukocytes; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Administration of carbon monoxide–releasing molecule-3 at fasciotomy offered protection against compartment syndrome–induced microvascular perfusion deficit, tissue injury, and systemic leukocyte activation. The data suggest the potential therapeutic application of carbon monoxide–releasing molecule-3 to patients at risk of developing compartment syndrome.
Interleukin-34 Ameliorates Survival and Bacterial Clearance in Polymicrobial Sepsis*
Authors: Lin Xue , Luo Hongchun , Yan Xingxing , Song Zhixin , Gao Xun , Xia Yun , Zhang Liping , Yin Yibing , Cao Ju 
Published: January 2018

Objectives:
Sepsis is a devastating condition with a high mortality rate and limited treatments. Sepsis is characterized by a failed host immune response to contain the infection, resulting in organ dysfunction. Interleukin-34 is new cytokine involved in infection and immunity. Whether interleukin-34 is beneficial or deleterious to sepsis and the underlying mechanisms remains unknown.

Design:
Prospective randomized animal investigation and in vitro studies.

Setting:
Research laboratory at a university hospital.

Subjects:
Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were used for in vivo studies, and septic human patients and healthy human subjects were used to obtain blood for in vitro studies.

Interventions:
Interleukin-34 concentrations were measured in human sepsis patients and healthy individuals. The effects of interleukin-34 administration on survival, bacterial burden, organ injury, and inflammatory response were assessed in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture–induced polymicrobial sepsis.

Measurements and Main Results:
Interleukin-34 levels were significantly elevated in human sepsis and cecal ligation and puncture–induced experimental sepsis. Interleukin-34 administration improved survival and bacterial clearance, although suppressed vascular leakage and organ injury after cecal ligation and puncture–induced polymicrobial sepsis. Neutralization of interleukin-34 increased mortality rate and decreased bacterial clearance in septic mice. An increased neutrophil and macrophage influx were developed in interleukin-34–treated mice at the site of infection, accompanied by elevated production of neutrophil chemokine chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 and macrophage chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in the peritoneal cavity. Depletion of neutrophils or macrophages reversed interleukin-34–mediated protection against polymicrobial sepsis.

Conclusions:
We reported for the first time a potential therapeutic role for interleukin-34 in sepsis and suggested that interleukin-34 is a novel target for the development of therapeutic agents against sepsis.
Additional Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments in Keratoconus
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Nabavi Amin , Bayat Reza , Mohebbi Masoumeh 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the outcome of additional KeraRing (Mediphacos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) implantation in patients with keratoconus with previously implanted INTACS (Addition Technology Inc, Fremont, CA) segments.

Methods:
The KeraRing was implanted in 5 eyes of 3 patients with keratoconus without removal of previous intrastromal corneal ring segments. Tunnels were created manually. Snellen uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity, refractive and keratometric values, and higher-order aberrations were recorded before and after KeraRing implantation.

Results:
UDVA, corrected distance visual acuity, subjective refraction, and keratometric values were improved in 4/5 of cases and remained stable during a median follow-up of 36 months. UDVA improved from 20/200 and 20/100 to 20/100 and 20/40 in the right and left eyes of patient 1, respectively, and from 20/200 to 20/40 in both eyes of patient 2. The reduction in mean keratometric value was 2.1 and 4.4 D in the right and left eyes of patient 1, and 1.4 and 1.9 D in the right and left eyes of patient 2, respectively. In patient 3, UDVA (20/100) and mean keratometric value (52.4) remained unchanged after second intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation. Total higher-order aberrations were improved in all cases. No intraoperative or postoperative complication was observed. However, one of the cases reported glare under scotopic conditions.

Conclusions:
KeraRing implantation in properly selected eyes with previously implanted INTACS could enhance final visual and refractive outcomes.
Infectious Diseases Consultation Improves Treatment and Decreases Mortality by Enterococcal Bacteremia in Children
Authors: Furuichi Munehiro , Furuichi Mihoko , Horikoshi Yuho , Miyairi Isao 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Enterococci can cause severe infectious diseases (IDs). Delaying appropriate antibiotic therapy for enterococcal bacteremia is associated with increased patient mortality.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective analysis examining the characteristics of children with enterococcal bacteremia at the 2 largest children’s hospitals in Japan. We compared outcomes of enterococcal bacteremia patients who received IDs consultation with those who did not. We also evaluated the risk factors for 30-day mortality after onset of enterococcal bacteremia.

Results:
One hundred fifty-two episodes of enterococcal bacteremia developed in 142 children. The most common pathogen was Enterococcus faecalis (94 episodes, 62%) followed by E. faecium (46 episodes, 30%). An underlying disease was present in 146 (96%) episodes. The most common type of infection was catheter-related blood stream infection (90, 59%). ID consultation, provided in 100 of 152 episodes of enterococcal bacteremia, was significantly associated with a higher rate of appropriate empiric therapy (84% versus 56%; P < 0.001) and appropriate definitive therapy (98% versus 73%; P < 0.001), treatment duration ≥7 days (97% versus 78%; P < 0.001), and the survival rate during 1 year postonset (P = 0.047). Seventeen children died within 30 days of enterococcal bacteremia onset. In multivariate analysis, those who received definitive therapy with penicillin without glycopeptides were at a statistically lower risk for death within 30 days after onset of enterococcal bacteremia (OR: 0.12; 95% confidence interval: 0.02–0.70; P = 0.02).

Conclusions:
ID consultation was associated with a higher rate of appropriate therapy and may decrease mortality because of enterococcal bacteremia in children.
Elevated triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as marker of very high risk in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hermans Michel P. , Valensi Paul 
Published: January 2018

Purpose of reviewThe aim of this review is to describe in diabetic patients the determinants underlying atherogenic dyslipidemia, a complex dyslipidemia defined as the coexistence of fasting hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is often comorbid with hyperglycemia in patients with the common form of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), namely that associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and the metabolic syndrome phenotype.Recent findingsThe role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, both fasting and nonfasting, is increasingly considered as a direct driver of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients, even in those receiving best standards of care, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level adequately controlled by statins and/or ezetimibe. The residual cardiovascular risk related to atherogenic dyslipidemia in T2DM patients can be inferred from subgroup analysis of diabetic patients within landmark lipid-lowering trials, or from T2DM-only trials, such as Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes study or Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Lipid trial.SummaryThe presence of atherogenic dyslipidemia markedly increases cardiovascular risk, and there is evidence that part of the residual cardiovascular risk in T2DM can be safely and effectively reduced by fibrates. Ongoing trials will determine whether new classes of drugs or dietary intervention targeting hypertriglyceridemia (such as n-3 fatty acids or SPPARMα) will reduce macro and microvascular residual risk in T2DM patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia at inclusion.
Update on diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: White Perrin C. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose of reviewCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a relatively common inherited disorder of cortisol biosynthesis that can be fatal if untreated.Recent findingsThe basic biochemistry and genetics of CAH have been known for decades but continue to be refined by the discoveries of an alternative ‘backdoor’ metabolic pathway for adrenal androgen synthesis and the secretion of 11-hydroxy and 11-keto analogs of known androgens, by the elucidation of hundreds of new mutations, and by the application of high-throughput sequencing techniques to noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Although hydrocortisone is a mainstay of treatment, overtreatment may have adverse effects on growth, risk of obesity, and cardiovascular disease; conversely, undertreatment may increase risk of testicular adrenal rest tumors in affected men.SummaryRefinements to screening techniques may improve the positive predictive value of newborn screening programs. Alternative dosing forms of hydrocortisone and additional therapeutic modalities are under study. Although surgical treatment of virilized female genitalia is widely accepted by families and patients, it is not without complications or controversy, and some families choose to defer it.