bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Brightness and Legibility at Night of Road Traffic Signs
Authors: Smyth J. S. 
Published: November 2015

An investigation to determine the most satisfactory brightness of lettered signs seen against different background brightness levels is described. “Ideal” sign brightnesses are suggested, lying between the minimum for threshold legibility and the maximum acceptable without ill effects from glare. The ideal brightness for legibility was found to be unaffected by the colour of the sign, and was the same for black on white or white on black signs. The effect of disturbing factors such as glare from automobile headlights, and dirt collection on the sign are considered; such handicaps do not affect legibility distance very greatly, tout may seriously reduce the conspicuity of the sign. The second part of the paper gives an account of a study of reflex reflecting lensed symbols used on traffic signs: methods of fitting lenses, and small modifications to some symbols are suggested to make recognition easier. The work described was carried out by a technical committee, called toy the Illuminating Engineering Society at the request of the Ministry of Transport. The results have led to some recommendations made in the Departmental Report on Traffic Signs, 1944.
Decoration and Industrial Lighting
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: November 2015

The purpose of industrial lighting and decoration is to provide conditions in which an operator can see to work and has the will to work. The fundamental researches on vision directly indicating the type of conditions desirable for good seeing are described and summarised in the form of a set of ideal seeing conditions. Not the least important of these conditions is the provision of agreeable surroundings by the choice of suitable decoration and lighting. Recent researches in colour harmony are described and, although, so far, experiments have been confined to a very restricted set of conditions, this work is used to draw up a series of practical recommendations on industrial decoration. Since the type of decoration scheme suggested is quite different from that found in the majority of factories, details are given of two schemes which have been found successful. These schemes are illustrated by photographs and the practical experience gained since their installation over three years ago is described.
The Application of Modern Flash Discharge Tubes
Authors: Bicknell C. R. 
Published: November 2015

A flash discharge tube is a light source that is designed to be operated by a condenser discharge, and thus to produce flashes of very high intensity and very short duration. It may be operated in conditions in which these flashes are isolated from one another by relatively long periods of time, or in which they follow one another in rapid succession. The high current density conditions of operation result in the production of light of excellent spectral quality, whilst the flash duration is so short as to be capable of arresting very high speed motion. It is not practicable, within the compass of a paper such as this, to refer to all the manifold purposes to which flash discharge tubes can be usefully applied. It has, therefore, been the author's endeavour to discuss flash tube applications on broad rather than specific lines and to cite particular applications as examples of general practice.
Acrylic Plastics in Lighting
Authors: Harper W. E. , Walker H. P. 
Published: November 2015

Acrylic plastics are among the most important of the new materials being used by lighting engineers in the construction of fittings. Available in many varieties, their optical, thermal, and mechanical properties are reviewed and related to the use of the material in lighting equipment. Fabrication methods for moulding and shaping the material must be adapted to its characteristics, and details are given of the more widely used techniques, including shaping, high pressure moulding, machining, and jointing. The developing use of the material in selected fields of lighting practice is outlined, and fittings typical of modern practice described.
The Gas Arc
Authors: Aldington J. N. 
Published: November 2015

The term “Gas Arc” has been applied to a recently developed range of xenon-filled discharge tubes operated under conditions which cause them to emit radiation of sunlight quality. The radiation from the Gas Arc is characterised by an intense continuum extending from the ultra violet through the visible region into the infra red. An introductory section is followed by some considerations of the factors which influenced the development of this new source. The luminous and other characteristics of the Gas Arc in its present form are given, and it is shown that a 5-kw, xenon-filled lamp has an initial efficiency of 25–30 l./w. The simple circuit arrangement necessary for the ignition and operation of Gas Arc lamps is described. The concluding sections deal with some of the latest developments in this field and with an examination of possible applications.
Acrylic Enclosures for Flameproof Lighting Equipment
Authors: Collins P. H. , Harper W. E. 
Published: November 2015

Many of the flameproof lighting fittings used in the large-scale coal-face lighting trials have enclosures made of the acrylic plastic polymethyl methacrylate. This new material has characteristics which are very different from those of the toughened glasses more generally used in flameproof equipment, and it has been necessary to evaluate its relevant properties. The research work described in this paper covers investigations of mechanical, thermal, optical and physical properties of methacrylate, and the effect of various factors on these properties. Performance data have been obtained which should enable the drafting to commence of a new British Standard Specification governing the design of methacrylate enclosures for flameproof lighting fittings.
Lighting of Fibre and Fabric
Authors: Hewitt H. 
Published: November 2015

The paper reviews the applications of artificial lighting at all stages in the manufacture of clothing, from the raw fibre to the fabric, and from the fabric to the finished garment. Industrial lighting requirements are briefly assessed; observations are made upon interesting developments in this field and upon possible future trends. More detailed reference is made to the applications of light sources for quality control, particularly in regard to colour matching and light-fastness testing. The role of the newer illuminants in display lighting is discussed from the viewpoint of both vendor and purchaser, and a new approach is suggested to the problem of apparent colour-change.
Measurement, Representation and Specification of Colour and Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources
Authors: Winch G. T. , Ruff H. R. 
Published: November 2015

The problem is stated and is followed by a description of methods of measuring and specifying colour and colour rendering properties, with particular reference to tubular fluorescent lamps. It has been found desirable in Great Britain to specify the colour characteristics of these light sources in terms of both their colour rendering properties expressed as percentage luminance in eight spectral bands, and their colour appearance in C.I.E. chromaticity co-ordinate limits. Typical forms of colour and spectral band specification are indicated, and a preferred form of block diagram is shown in which the percentage luminance values in the eight spectral bands are plotted on logarithmic ordinates. New and more accurate measuring apparatus is described, to enable lumens, trichromatic co-ordinates and luminance in eight spectral bands to be measured directly on the C.I.E. system in quick succession in the one apparatus. The accuracy of such precision instruments may make it possible ultimately to specify colour rendering properties in terms of percentage luminance in spectral bands alone.
Studies in Interior Lighting
Authors: Waldram J. M. 
Published: November 2015

The mechanism of interior lighting has been recently discussed in a Report of a Committee of the National Illumination Committee. The present paper records studies on three aspects of interior lighting: Adaptation, Revealing of Form and Texture, and Emphasis. It is proposed that effects of Adaptation should be taken into account in lighting calculations and values of Apparent Brightness used, for it is shown that figures of apparent brightness accord much better with experience than figures of absolute luminance, and explain anomalies which are found with absolute figures. A new method of calculation is outlined, whereby the effects of inter-reflection can be found very simply without complex theory and by means suitable for day-to-day work, so that the installation can be designed from a specification of apparent brightness distribution. The mechanism of the revealing of form and texture is discussed. Apparatus for the quantitative and systematic study of modelling and shadow are described; modelling indices and methods of portraying modelling capability of the lighting are proposed. Results in interiors of different types are given. Emphasis is a more subtle effect than modelling and does not lend itself so well to quantitative study; it is discussed qualitatively and more briefly. The techniques of experimental study of complete interiors are described and further general observations recorded. The effects of the factors discussed upon the lighting design for interiors are considered and possible techniques outlined. An appendix gives definitions of special terms used in the paper; a second appendix discusses techniques used, and a third describes the new method of calculation.
Two Supplementary Studies on Glare
Authors: Hopkinson R. G. , Petherbridge P. 
Published: November 2015

An investigation has been made to see if assessments of glare discomfort in model-scale lighting installations are significantly different from assessments made in full-scale installations. A further study has been made to see how far the general population differs in its assessments of glare discomfort from observers experienced in subjective judgments. The results show that the experimental data and empirical formulae derived from model-scale studies on glare can be applied with confidence to the design of full-scale lighting installations, and that the glare conditions derived directly from these formulae will satisfy about 85 per cent. of the general population.
A Preliminary Study of Reflected Glare
Authors: Petherbridge P. , Hopkinson R. G. 
Published: November 2015

Bright light sources, reflected in glossy or semi-matt surfaces, can cause glare which may give rise to serious complaints. The best palliative is naturally to avoid the use of specularly reflecting surfaces, but in many situations this is quite impossible. A study has therefore been initiated of the factors which give rise to reflected glare. This study, although in the preliminary stages, has already demonstrated the important fact that the chief manifestation of reflected glare is the distraction caused, rather than discomfort or disability.
Decorative Lighting—A Designer's Approach
Authors: Durrant D. W. 
Published: November 2015

This paper takes for granted that the technicalities of lighting are well known and therefore deals broadly with the aesthetic aspect. From the assumption that lighting is an integral part of interior-decoration, it examines the approach of a designer when dealing with a known interior, and compares this with the problem of designing fittings for a catalogue. It discusses the inveterate question of what is good design, and a definition is suggested. In reviewing the trend of design, it refers to colour, form, light and shade, contrast and novelty, and considers the factors which influence changes in fashion, taste and technique. It includes an appraisal of some installations in relation to contemporary thought, and concludes with a plea for more good design and “lighting artists” in the industry.
Automobile Headlamps
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: November 2015

The specification of the headlamp meeting beam has been a matter of disagreement between lighting engineers, in Europe on the one hand, and in the United Kingdom and the United States on the other, for many years. Although the setting up of a Joint Working Party to study the question by the International Standards Organisation (I.S.O.) and International Commission on Illumination (C.I.E.) has not resolved these differences, the report(I) submitted by the Working Party to the C.I.E. in Zurich in 1955, and to the I.S.O. in London in 1956, records, for the first time, an attempt by each side to understand the ideas and problems of the other, and registers complete unanimity on the overwhelming importance of the correct use and maintenance of car headlamps. The purpose of this paper is to describe the background against which these tests were carried out, and the nature of the results. The Working Party's recommendations are discussed and the adoption of an asymmetric beam, hitherto the distinguishing characteristic of Anglo-American practice, as the new unified European beam is noted.
Practical Photometry of Lighting Fittings
Authors: Wilman D. 
Published: November 2015

The present interest in photometric data has led to a re-examination of the degree of accuracy and reproducibility reasonably attainable in the photometry of lighting fittings. Practical difficulties limit the degree of accuracy obtainable; care must be exercised in the planning and execution of a test for the data obtained to be of real value. This paper reviews the type of data required, and the basic test equipment necessary. The design of typical test procedures is discussed, with particular attention to details which contribute substantially to consistency and accuracy of results. Special requirements associated with certain discharge lamps are included, and some time-saving aids are described.
Practical Problems of Specifying and Measuring Colour-Rendering Properties
Authors: Winch G. T. 
Published: November 2015

The visual sensations involved in the perception of colour-rendering cannot be measured directly, but subjective experience shows some correlation, over limited ranges, with the spectral energy distribution (spectral radiant power) of the light incident on the surfaces and objects illuminated, when they are viewed under strictly defined conditions. The practical problems which arise in attempts to specify and measure these objective characteristics of the stimulus which are related to colour-rendering, are reviewed and appraised; in particular, attention is drawn to the difficulties of accurate spectro-radiometry, the maintenance of light standards, and the complex nature of the colour shift method now preferred by the USA and Germany. Suggestions are made bearing on the possible proposals to the CIE in 1963 concerning revision of the CIE 1948 provisional recommendations in relation to the measurement and specification of colour-rendering. An interim modified spectral band system is suggested, which would include the ultra-violet region of the spectrum because of its importance in relation to the colour appearance of objects and materials which are fluorescent; colour-rendering in the objective sense would be specified in terms of chromaticity and relative luminance (as in the CIE 1948 system) in the visible bands, with an appropriate weighting factor for the ultra-violet radiation. Tolerances would be based on the Crawford system which takes account of the effects in contiguous bands. Because of the importance of chromaticity and spectral energy distribution measurements in relation to colour and colour-rendering, reference is made to the accuracy currently achieved, both in the standardising laboratory and when using commercial apparatus and techniques at present available to industry. Possible future developments are also indicated.
Artificial Lighting in Hospital Wards
Authors: Cross B. H. , Lyons S. L. 
Published: November 2015

The paper examines the problems relating to artificial lighting in hospital wards, and offers some rational solutions in terms of lighting fittings design. It also shows application techniques to produce adequate illumination with minimum glare. Wards of traditional and modern layout are discussed, and the principles of lighting them are examined in relation to the recumbent patient as well as the needs of the staff; the study includes general lighting, bed-head lighting, night-lighting, watch-lighting and lighting for examination. The technical requirements for ward lighting fittings are considered; as well as having the necessary light distribution and brightnesses, the fittings must be hygienic, safe both electrically and mechanically, silent in operation and easy to maintain. These requirements are achieved in some practical lighting fittings which are described, some of which incorporate unique though simple optical designs. Reference is made to economics and the choice of light sources for ward use. The paper includes a section on the lighting of corridors and shows a possible new method.
Lamp Vibration
Authors: Coaton J. R. 
Published: November 2015

Numerous arbitrary test devices have been introduced which bump or vibrate a lamp to try to select suitable lamps for environments where shock and vibration are present; these devices in general are unsatisfactory. Failure due to vibration is usually caused by a component in the lamp being in resonance with a vibration frequency generated in the environment, which causes large magnifications of movement. A method of vibration testing and of presentation of results has been devised which enables the ‘vibration characteristics' of a lamp to be determined; with a knowledge of the frequency and severity of vibration encountered in its normal use, these two pieces of information can be integrated to give a formula for the ideal lamp. It is usually impractical to have the ideal design for any one service, but useful compromise designs can be made. The lamp fitting can influence the severity and range of frequencies transmitted to the lamp, with useful or disasterous effects if a dangerous range of frequencies is attenuated or amplified; thus proper design of the fitting can make a valuable contribution to improving the life of lamps in rough-service applications. The complete solution is not just a stronger lamp; realistic test procedures, determination of exactly what a lamp must withstand, and the scientific design of both lamp and fitting are some of the aspects to be considered.
Lighting and the Environment
Authors: Hewitt H. , Bridgers D. J. , Simons R. H. 
Published: November 2015

The whole subject of quality in lighting is recognised as a complex of inter-related elements. The limited purpose of the paper is to take up a few loose ends in a tangled skein, to attempt some tentative methods of study, and to make suggestions for further work. There is little difficulty in identifying those qualitative elements in the lighted interior which contribute to the total visual experience. The paper attempts to show the relative influence of those elements, and to investigate two of them in some detail. The paper also reports on a programme of comprehensive appraisals of lighted interiors, and discusses the difficulties inherent in the organisation of subjective assessments, the choice of observers, and the interpretation of the results. The two elements chosen for special study are modelling and the brightness pattern. Results are given of a subjective investigation into the acceptability of various degrees of modelling produced by different lighting arrangements and decorative schemes in a small office. Alternative methods of measuring modelling effects are discussed and attempts are made to relate these measurements to subjective judgments. A simple study of the comparative acceptability of brightness patterns has been carried out by means of an adaptable lighting system and the results of numerous subjective assessments are discussed. Much more experience of such critical studies will be required in order to guide the specification of brightness ratios. At that stage luminance design methods will be required, and the paper includes a practical example of one design method worked out in detail.
The Electrical Control of Lamp Light Output
Authors: Lark G. T. K. , Stevens W. R. 
Published: November 2015

The basis of all electrical dimming systems is that the light output of an electric lamp varies with the current passing through it. Three methods may be recognised, namely, resistive, inductive and electronic; all are applicable, singly or in combination, to both incandescent and discharge lamps. For theatrical work using incandescent lamps, the thyristor permits dimming systems with highly organised control arrangements. The greater difficulties inherent in discharge lamps can also be overcome, so that fluorescent tubes, in particular, can be controlled with precision. Inexpensive automatic control of interior lighting linked to daylight offers intriguing uses particularly as applied to permanent supplementary artificial lighting.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Cognitive Deficits and Hypersexuality Due to “Shaken-Baby Syndrome”
Authors: Schmidt John G. , Schneider William N. 
Published: November 2015

Objective: To describe the clinical effects of amantadine and propranolol in an agitated pediatric patient with cognitive deficits, hyperactivity, and hypersexualism secondary to “shaken-baby syndrome.” Background: Patients with shaken-baby syndrome can present with cognitive and behavioral impairments. Case: A 9-year-old girl presented with cognitive impairments secondary to shaken-baby syndrome at 3 weeks of age. She was receiving many medications, including dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, and clonidine, that were not effective in improving her cognitive status or decreasing her hypersexuality. She was weaned from stimulants and clonidine and prescribed amantadine 100 mg bid with improvement of attention, concentration, and cognition, although hypersexuality remained. She was then started on propranolol 10 mg tid and a gradual increase to 40 mg tid with amelioration of hypersexuality and hyperactivity and no unwanted effects noted. Self-weaning of propranolol was associated with the return of hypersexuality. The combination of amantadine and propranolol led to improvement of cognition and behavior, especially intellectual functioning and appropriate socialization with peers, respectively. Conclusion: Cognitive deficits and hypersexuality with hyperactive features due to shaken-baby syndrome may respond to the drug regimen of amantadine and propranolol.