bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation as a Control for Large Submarine Landslides: Mechanical Modeling and Analysis of the Santa Barbara Basin
Authors: Stoecklin A. , Friedli B. , Puzrin A. M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe volume of submarine landslides is a key controlling factor for their damage potential. Particularly large landslides are found in active sedimentary regions. However, the mechanism controlling their volume, and in particular their thickness, remains unclear. Here we present a mechanism that explains how rapid sedimentation can lead to localized slope failure at a preferential depth and set the conditions for the emergence of large‐scale slope‐parallel landslides. We account for the contractive shearing behavior of the sediments, which locally accelerates the development of overpressures in the pore fluid, even on very mild slopes. When applied to the Santa Barbara basin, the mechanism offers an explanation for the regional variation in landslide thickness and their sedimentation‐controlled recurrence. Although earthquakes are the most likely trigger for these mass movements, our results suggest that the sedimentation process controls the geometry of their source region. The mechanism introduced here is generally applicable and can provide initial conditions for subsequent landslide triggering, runout, and tsunami‐source analyses in sedimentary regions.
Large Uncertainty in Estimating pCO2 From Carbonate Equilibria in Lakes
Authors: Golub Malgorzata , Desai Ankur R. , McKinley Galen A. , Remucal Christina K. , Stanley Emily H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMost estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) evasion from freshwaters rely on calculating partial pressure of aquatic CO2 (pCO2) from two out of three CO2‐related parameters using carbonate equilibria. However, the pCO2 uncertainty has not been systematically evaluated across multiple lake types and equilibria. We quantified random errors in pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and temperature from the North Temperate Lakes Long‐Term Ecological Research site in four lake groups across a broad gradient of chemical composition. These errors were propagated onto pCO2 calculated from three carbonate equilibria, and for overlapping observations, compared against uncertainties in directly measured pCO2. The empirical random errors in CO2‐related parameters were mostly below 2% of their median values. Resulting random pCO2 errors ranged from ±3.7% to ±31.5% of the median depending on alkalinity group and choice of input parameter pairs. Temperature uncertainty had a negligible effect on pCO2. When compared with direct pCO2 measurements, all parameter combinations produced biased pCO2 estimates with less than one third of total uncertainty explained by random pCO2 errors, indicating that systematic uncertainty dominates over random error. Multidecadal trend of pCO2 was difficult to reconstruct from uncertain historical observations of CO2‐related parameters. Given poor precision and accuracy of pCO2 estimates derived from virtually any combination of two CO2‐related parameters, we recommend direct pCO2 measurements where possible. To achieve consistently robust estimates of CO2 emissions from freshwater components of terrestrial carbon balances, future efforts should focus on improving accuracy and precision of CO2‐related parameters (including direct pCO2) measurements and associated pCO2 calculations.
A Newly Identified Role of the Deciduous Forest Floor in the Timing of Green‐Up
Authors: Lapenis Andrei G. , Lawrence Gregory B. , Buyantuev Alexander , Jiang Shiguo , Sullivan Timothy J. , McDonnell Todd C. , Bailey Scott 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPlant phenology studies rarely consider controlling factors other than air temperature. We evaluate here the potential significance of physical and chemical properties of soil (edaphic factors) as additional important controls on phenology. More specifically, we investigate causal connections between satellite‐observed green‐up dates of small forest watersheds and soil properties in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, USA. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, where edaphic controls of spring phenology were found to be marginal, our analyses show that at least three factors manifest themselves as significant controls of seasonal patterns of variation in vegetated land surfaces observed from remote sensing: (1) thickness of the forest floor, (2) concentration of exchangeable soil potassium, and (3) soil acidity. For example, a thick forest floor appears to delay the onset of green‐up. Watersheds with elevated concentrations of potassium are associated with early surface greening. We also found that trees growing in strongly acidified watersheds demonstrate delayed green‐up dates. Overall, our work demonstrates that, at the scale of small forest watersheds, edaphic factors can explain a significant percentage of the observed spatial variation in land surface phenology that is comparable to the percentage that can be explained by climatic and landscape factors. We conclude that physical and chemical properties of forest soil play important roles in forest ecosystems as modulators of climatic drivers controlling the rate of spring soil warming and the transition of trees out of winter dormancy.
Understanding Mesoscale Aggregation of Shallow Cumulus Convection Using Large‐Eddy Simulation
Authors: Bretherton C. S. , Blossey P. N. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMarine shallow cumulus convection, often mixed with thin stratocumulus, is commonly aggregated into mesoscale patches. The mechanism and conditions supporting this aggregation are elucidated using 36 h large‐eddy simulations (LES) on a 128 × 128 km doubly periodic domain, using climatological summertime forcings for a location southeast of Hawaii. Within 12 h, mesoscale patches of higher humidity, more vigorous cumulus convection, and thin detrained cloud at the trade inversion base develop spontaneously. Mesoscale 16 × 16 km subdomains are composited into quartiles of column total water path and their heat and moisture budgets analyzed. The weak temperature gradient approximation is used to explain how apparent heating perturbations drive simulated mesoscale circulations, which in turn induce relative moistening of the moistest subdomains, a form of gross moist instability. Self‐aggregation is affected by precipitation and mesoscale feedbacks of radiative and surface fluxes but still occurs without them. In that minimal‐physics setting, the humidity budget analysis suggests self‐aggregation is more likely if horizontal‐mean humidity is a concave function of the horizontal‐mean virtual potential temperature, a condition favored by radiative cooling and cold advection within the boundary layer.
Coastal Tropical Convection in a Stochastic Modeling Framework
Authors: Bergemann Martin , Khouider Boualem , Jakob Christian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRecent research has suggested that the overall dependence of convection near coasts on large‐scale atmospheric conditions is weaker than over the open ocean or inland areas. This is due to the fact that in coastal regions convection is often supported by meso‐scale land‐sea interactions and the topography of coastal areas. As these effects are not resolved and not included in standard cumulus parametrization schemes, coastal convection is among the most poorly simulated phenomena in global models. To outline a possible parametrization framework for coastal convection we develop an idealized modeling approach and test its ability to capture the main characteristics of coastal convection. The new approach first develops a decision algorithm, or trigger function, for the existence of coastal convection. The function is then applied in a stochastic cloud model to increase the occurrence probability of deep convection when land‐sea interactions are diagnosed to be important. The results suggest that the combination of the trigger function with a stochastic model is able to capture the occurrence of deep convection in atmospheric conditions often found for coastal convection. When coastal effects are deemed to be present the spatial and temporal organization of clouds that has been documented form observations is well captured by the model. The presented modeling approach has therefore potential to improve the representation of clouds and convection in global numerical weather forecasting and climate models.
Carbon–Silica Composites to Produce Highly Robust Thin‐Film Electrochemical Microdevices
Authors: Niu Pengfei , Asturias‐Arribas Laura , Jordà Xavier , Goñi Alejandro R. , Roig Anna , Gich Martí , Fernández‐Sánchez César 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCarbonaceous materials are extensively applied to the development of electrochemical devices for electroanalysis, energy conversion, and storage or electrocatalysis because of their rather unique features that include high chemical stability, low cost, and wide potential window. Furthermore, they are processed into thick or thin‐film structures onto different substrates for producing electrode devices whose widespread use, however, is hampered by the film composition and the poor mechanical stability. Here the application of carbon/silica composites is shown to produce miniaturized thin‐film electrodes, which stand out for their robustness and can thus be used repeatedly for electrochemical analysis. Resorcinol‐formaldehyde/(3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane sol–gel films on silicon substrates are subjected to several processes that combine lithography, etching, and pyrolysis steps to yield carbon/silica thin‐film electrodes, at wafer scale. The presence of silica in the electrode material promotes strong interfacial adhesion to the substrate, dramatically increasing the number of measurements a single electrode can withstand without loss of performance. The thorough electroanalytical characterization by cyclic voltammetry in solutions containing representative redox species reveals an electrode performance comparable to that of glassy carbon for outer‐sphere redox processes. In addition, the modification of the electrode surface with metal nanoparticles allows for the sensitive detection of heavy metal ion pollutants.
An Efficient Metal‐Free Method for the Denitrosation of Aryl N‐Nitrosamines at Room Temperature
Authors: Chaudhary Priyanka , Korde Rishi , Gupta Surabhi , Sureshbabu Popuri , Sabiah Shahulhameed , Kandasamy Jeyakumar 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA simple and practical method for the denitrosation of aryl N‐nitrosamines to secondary amines is reported under metal‐free conditions using iodine and triethylsilane. Several reduction‐susceptible functional groups such as alkene, alkyne, nitrile, nitro, aldehyde, ketone and ester were found to be very stable during the denitrosation, which is remarkable. Broad substrate scope, room temperature reactions and excellent yields are the additional features of the current methodology.magnified image
Catalytic Use of Low‐Valent Cationic Gallium(I) Complexes as π‐Acids
Authors: Li Zhilong , Thiery Guillaume , Lichtenthaler Martin R. , Guillot Régis , Krossing Ingo , Gandon Vincent , Bour Christophe 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTransformations of alkene and alkyne substrates relevant to π‐Lewis acid catalysis have been performed using low‐valent Ga(I) species for the first time. [Ga(I)(PhF)2]+[Al(ORF)4]− and gallium dichloride (i. e. [Ga(I)]+[GaCl4]−) proved to be efficient catalysts for cycloisomerizations, Friedel‐Crafts reactions, transfer hydrogenations, and reductive hydroarylations. Their activity is compared to more common Ga(III) complexes. This study shows that even the readily available and yet overlooked gallium dichloride salt can be a more active π‐Lewis acid catalyst than gallium trichloride or other Ga(III) species.magnified image
OAMDP, a novel podophyllotoxin derivative, induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and autophagy in hepatoma HepG2 cells
Authors: Ren Jie , Liu Yu , Li Lixia , Zhao Yuexin , Li Zhongyu , Wu Chao , Chen Lin , Hu Kun 
Published: October 2017

Abstract4β‐(1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐amino‐5‐methyl)‐4‐deoxypodophyllotoxin (OAMDP), a novel podophyllotoxin derivative, has demonstrated potent anti‐tumor activity with significant cytotoxic effect. Here, we report the anti‐proliferative effect of OAMDP, for which OAMDP could suppress the proliferation of HepG2 cells (human hepatoma cell line) in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. After treating with OAMDP, cell apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V‐FITC/PI double staining assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells. OAMDP increased apoptotic cell population with induction of Bax, cytochrome c (cyt‐c), caspase‐9, caspase‐3, PARP1 and the reduction of Bcl‐2 and p‐Akt protein expressions. The MAPK family, JNK, ERK, p38, p‐JNK, p‐ERK, p‐p38, were also regulated by OAMDP in HepG2 cells. Moreover, cell cycle analysis showed that OAMDP induced S or G2/M phase arrest through modulation of cycle regulatory proteins. In addition, MDC staining and LC3 protein expression indicated that autophagy was induced by OAMDP in HepG2 cells. To sum up, our results suggested that OAMDP, with the ability to induce autophagy, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, has potential to become a novel anti‐tumor agent.
Src promotes EGF‐induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and migration in gastric cancer cells by upregulating ZEB1 and ZEB2 through AKT
Authors: Zhao Lei , Li Xin , Song Na , Li Aodi , Hou Kezuo , Qu Xiujuan , Che Xiaofang , Liu Yunpeng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEpithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays important roles in the migration, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the role of Src in epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐induced EMT and migration in gastric cancer cells remains to be clarified. In the current study, the effect of Src on EGF‐stimulated EMT and migration was explored in gastric cancer cells. EGF induced EMT in gastric cancer cells and increased their migratory ability, which was accompanied by the phosphorylation of Src. PP2, the Src inhibitor, markedly suppressed EGF‐mediated EMT and migration in gastric cancer cells. Additionally, EGF‐stimulated upregulation of zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) was significantly repressed by PP2. Further analysis showed that EGF‐stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) was almost completely abolished by PP2, whereas that of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was only mildly suppressed. Moreover, LY294002, the AKT inhibitor, significantly inhibited EGF‐induced upregulation of ZEB1 and ZEB2 as well as EMT and migration stimulated by EGF in gastric cancer cells. However, neither ERK inhibitor nor STAT3 inhibitor repressed EGF‐induced EMT‐related changes. Taken together, these results suggest that Src promotes EGF‐stimulated EMT and migration by upregulation of ZEB1 and ZEB2 through AKT signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells.
Characteristics of alleged homicide offenders with and without schizophrenia in Sichuan, China
Authors: Chen Xiacan , Zhang Xueli , Wong Stephen C.P. , Yang Min , Kong Di , Hu Junmei 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the characteristics of people with and without schizophrenia who have been charged with homicide in China.Aims and research questionOur research question was what differences are there between alleged homicide offenders with and without psychosis?MethodAll archival records of alleged homicide cases referred for assessment to the West China Forensic Central Medical Service during 1998–2006 were retrieved. The centre serves a large catchment area in the mainly rural province of Sichuan. A random 20% of cases with schizophrenia and all cases without psychosis were selected for comparison. Demographic, criminological and mental health data were extracted from the records, and violence was rated by using the Violence Risk Scale (Chinese version).ResultsThe two groups differed significantly in age, education, occupation, marital status and relationships to victim. The estimated risk of reoffending was higher in the schizophrenia group than the non‐psychotic group, even after controlling for demographic differences. Despite many individuals reporting long histories of mental illness, about 40% of those with schizophrenia had never had any psychiatric treatment and less than 4% were in treatment at the time of the alleged homicide.ConclusionsThe tendency for homicidal people with schizophrenia to be older, less educated and more socially isolated than their non‐psychotic peers is similar to experience in Western countries, but the apparently higher risk scale scores of the Chinese schizophrenia group and their greater tendency to attack strangers are different. The lack of reported previous engagement with mental health services by a clearly ill and risky group of people is a likely explanation. Similar rural problems compared with better served urban areas have been reported in the Chuvash Republic. The case for better rural mental health services seems strong. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary Tests for Electrohydraulic Fragmentation of CFRP for Carbon Fiber Recycling
Authors: Orzol Carsten H. M. , Ohlmeyer Martin , Krampitz Thomas , Jäckel H.‐Georg , Zöllner Mareen , Lieberwirth Holger 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDie Voruntersuchungen zeigen, dass die elektrohydraulischen Zerkleinerung von carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) zur Freilegung von C‐Fasern generell möglich ist. Wie andere Verfahren zum C‐Faser‐Recycling auch, hat die aufgezeigte Methode Vor‐ und Nachteile. Unter der Betrachtung der Versuchsreihen für das Verbundmaterial CFRP und seiner Einzelkomponenten Epoxidharz bzw. C‐Fasern, bei konstanten Prozessbedingungen während gleicher Schockwellenbehandlung von 1 bis 500 Impulsen à 600 J Ladeenergie, lassen sich erste Erkenntnisse für das elektrohydraulische CFRP‐Recycling gewinnen.
A Concept for the Circular Carbon Economy Sector Coupling of the Energy, Waste, and Chemical Industry
Authors: Meyer Bernd , Keller Florian , Wolfersdorf Christian , Lee Roh Pin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEin Konzept zur CO2‐emissionsfreien Schließung des Kohlenstoffkreislaufes durch Kopplung von CO2‐emissionsamer Kohlechemie, Abfallwirtschaft und Energiewirtschaft mithilfe der Co‐Vergasung von Kohle und Abfall unter Einbindung von regenerativ erzeugtem Wasserstoff wird vorgestellt. Ziel ist die Erreichung der CO2‐Emissionsfreiheit durch Einkopplung Erneuerbarer Energie. Am Beispiel der Olefinproduktion in Deutschland wird der dafür erforderliche Bedarf ermittelt. Im Vergleich zeichnet sich die Vergasungsroute durch einen um etwa Faktor zwei geringeren Energiebedarf aus.
Expression of the DNA repair gene MLH1 correlates with survival in patients who have resected pancreatic cancer and have received adjuvant chemoradiation: NRG Oncology RTOG Study 9704
Authors: Lawrence Yaacov R. , Moughan Jennifer , Magliocco Anthony M. , Klimowicz Alexander C. , Regine William F. , Mowat Rex B. , DiPetrillo Thomas A. , Small William , Simko Jeffry P. , Golan Talia , Winter Kathryn A. , Guha Chandan , Crane Christopher H. , Dicker Adam P. 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUNDThe majority of patients with pancreatic cancer who undergo curative resection experience rapid disease recurrence. In previous small studies, high expression of the mismatch‐repair protein mutL protein homolog 1 (MLH1) in pancreatic cancers was associated with better outcomes. The objective of this study was to validate the association between MLH1 expression and survival in patients who underwent resection of pancreatic cancer and received adjuvant chemoradiation.METHODSSamples were obtained from the NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9704 prospective, randomized trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00003216), which compared 2 adjuvant protocols in patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection. Tissue microarrays were prepared from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, resected tumor tissues. MLH1 expression was quantified using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and automated quantitative analysis, and expression was dichotomized above and below the median value.RESULTSImmunohistochemical staining was successfully performed on 117 patients for MLH1 (60 and 57 patients from the 2 arms). The characteristics of the participants who had tissue samples available were similar to those of the trial population as a whole. At the time of analysis, 84% of participants had died, with a median survival of 17 months. Elevated MLH1 expression levels in tumor nuclei were significantly correlated with longer disease‐free and overall survival in each arm individually and in both arms combined. Two‐year overall survival was 16% in patients who had low MLH1 expression levels and 53% in those who had high MLH1 expression levels (P < .0001 for both arms combined). This association remained true on a multivariate analysis that allowed for lymph node status (hazard ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.27‐0.63; P < .0001).CONCLUSIONSIn the current sample, MLH1 expression was correlated with long‐term survival. Further studies should assess whether MLH1 expression predicts which patients with localized pancreatic cancer may benefit most from aggressive, multimodality treatment. Cancer 2018;124:491‐8. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Programmed death‐ligand 1 testing of lung cancer cytology specimens obtained with bronchoscopy
Authors: Stoy Sean P. , Rosen Lauren , Mueller Jeffrey , Murgu Septimiu 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUNDProgrammed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression testing is recommended by guidelines for patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The primary objective of the current study was to determine the success rate of PD‐L1 testing from cytology cell block samples obtained by bronchoscopic needle aspiration. The secondary objective was the assessment of the difference in specimen adequacy acquired via needles of different gauges.METHODSPatients with NSCLC who underwent bronchoscopic needle aspirations for which PD‐L1 testing was requested between November 1, 2016, and February 6, 2017, were included in the current analysis. Patients underwent needle aspiration from intrathoracic adenopathy or a pulmonary lesion. Rapid on‐site cytology evaluation was performed in all cases. PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry was performed using the Abcam anti‐PD‐L1 antibody 28.8 clone on cell block specimen.RESULTSA total of 22 patients had PD‐L1 testing requested on needle cytology samples obtained via bronchoscopy at the time of initial diagnosis (81.8%) and for progression of disease (18.2%). Twenty patients (90.9%) underwent successful PD‐L1 testing. Sample acquisition was via endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration in 72.7% of patients, endobronchial needle aspiration in 18.2% of patients, and peripheral nodule needle aspiration in 9.1% of patients. There was no statistical difference in PD‐L1 test success rates between sample methods (P = .99) or needle sizes (P = 1.00).CONCLUSIONSBronchoscopically obtained cytology needle–based samples are adequate for PD‐L1 testing in patients with NSCLC. There was no difference noted between different needle sizes with regard to adequacy for PD‐L1 testing. These findings are relevant for clinicians caring for patients with lung cancer because a vast majority of patients with advanced NSCLC are diagnosed by bronchoscopic needle‐based techniques using a variety of commercially available needles. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:122‐8. © 2017 American Cancer Society.