bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Immune Responses in Pigs Infected with Chinese Highly Pathogenic PRRS Virus Strain HV and North American Strain NADC-20
Authors: Li X. , Galliher-Beckley A. , Wang L. , Nietfeld J. , Feng W. , Shi J. 
Published: July 2017

Introduction:Chinese HP-PRRSV characterized by high morbidity and mortality of all ages of pigs emerged since 2006 in China. The immune response of HP-PRRSV was never compared with conventional low pathogenic PRRSV strain.Objective:In this study, we compared the immune responses elicited by a Chinese HP-PRRSV strain HV and a North American RRSV strain NADC20 infections.Result:Pigs infected with NADC-20 showed significantly higher Ab titers than HV-PRRSV infected pigs at 9 DPI. Infection with HV-PRRSV induced a significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in both sera and lung tissues and higher IFN-α and IFN-γ in the serum. Flow cytometry analysis showed that HV-PRRSV infected pigs generated significantly higher frequencies of NK cells in the peripheral blood and Th/memory, CTLs, and T-reg cells in the lung as compared with NADC-20 infected pigs.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that different immunity profiles were elicited by HV-PRRSV and NADC-20, and these differences may contribute to the distinct pathogenesis of HV-PRRSV and NADC-20.
Analysis of Genetic Variation of Two NADC30-like Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China
Authors: Zhou Zhi , Wu Jiajun , Zhang Shuo , Hou Bo , Han Tao , Wang Jing , Xu Qi , Wang Dongyue , Liu Yinyi , Xin Shengpeng , Zhai Xinyan 
Published: July 2017

Background:
NADC30-like strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus first appeared in Chinese swine herds in 2012.

Objective and Method:
To explore the possible genetic diversity of these strains, we sequenced and analyzed the complete genomes of two NADC30-like strains. These isolates shared 95.4% homology with NADC30.

Result:
The two strains displayed a discontinuous deletion of 131 amino acids in NSP2, mutations of amino acids in GP3 and GP5, and a 3-nucleotide deletion in the 3′ untranslated region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two isolates formed a new branch and clustered in a subgroup with NADC30 isolates from North America.

Conclusion:
We conclude that the above two NADC30-like strains may have been introduced from North America to China, where they acquired new genetic diversity.
Patrones de movilidad en el Arcaico Tardío: II Región
Authors: Mena Francisco 
Published: July 2017

Numerosos estudios arqueológicos en el sector de vegas de Chiu Chiu, curso medio del río Loa, han permitido definir el complejo cultural fechado entre 3000 y 1500 AC (Gómez 1963; Orellana et al. 1973; Druss 1978) que por sus características se enmarca claramente en el contexto del Arcaico atacameño, aunque aún no se han evaluado en profundidad sus relaciones funcionales con otros sitios asignados a este período.
Investigaciones arqueológicas en Tulor 1
Authors: Llagostera Martínez Agustín , Barón Ana María , Bravo Leandro 
Published: July 2017

Tulor es un sector arqueológico de San Pedro de Atacama, que ha sido asimilado con la eponimia del ayllu inmediato. Este sector, de alrededor de un kilómetro de extensión, contiene por lo menos 10 sitios que presentan vestigios arquitectónicos; hay otros sitios sin este tipo de vestigios, pero con cerámica fragmentada en superficie. Entre los primeros destaca, por sus dimensiones y características, aquel nominado como Tulor Pueblo o Tulor 1. Le Paige mencionó por primera vez Tulor 1, diciendo que es “un pueblo muy antiguo totalmente tapado por la arena donde están sumergidas piedras para moler y otras herramientas de trabajo” (Le Paige 1957?58: 66). También en esa oportunidad publicó, por primera vez, un rústico y parcial plano del poblado. Posteriormente, el mismo autor vuelve a describir el mencionado sitio refiriéndose a él como un “pueblo consistente en cuatro grupos de casas que presenta cimientos de tapias”, con sepulturas de cuerpos en cuclillas enterrados dentro de las habitaciones y ajuar de alfarería negro pulida (Le Paige 1964: 72).
El asentamiento Pircas: nuevas evidencias de tempranas ocupaciones agrarias en el norte de Chile
Authors: Núñez Atencio Lautaro 
Published: July 2017

Se encuentra en curso una valoración multidisciplinaria de las tempranas ocupaciones agrarias en el curso inferior de la quebrada de Tarapacá. Recientes prospecciones y pruebas estratigráficas (Núñez 1982) en la banda norte del distrito Caserones nos permitieron identificar un asentamiento agrario inédito que hemos denominado Pircas. El presente artículo da cuenta preliminarmente de sus principales indicadores morfológicos, antropológicos, culturales y cronológicos e inserta su problemática en el contexto del distrito Caserones.
Iconografía de las tabletas para inhalar sustancias psicoactivas de la zona de San Pedro de Atacama, norte de Chile
Authors: Torres Manuel 
Published: July 2017

Los objetivos de este trabajo son: 1) clasificar la iconografía de las tabletas para inhalar sustancias psicoactivas de la zona de San Pedro de Atacama; 2) definir cada elemento de posible valor iconográfico, establecer sus variantes y asociaciones más frecuentes, y 3) colocar los motivos representados en las tabletas dentro del contexto de imágenes relacionadas con el uso de alucinógenos en Sudamérica.
Orígenes altiplánicos de la Fase Toconce
Authors: Castro Rojas María Victoria , Aldunate Carlos , Berenguer José 
Published: July 2017

Tradicionalmente, la región del Loa Superior (Figura 1) ha sido vinculada a los desarrollos culturales del desierto o complejos “atacameños” (Latcham 1938; Rydén 1944; Mostny 1949; Pollard 1970; Spahni 1964). No hace mucho, sin embargo, sostuvimos que los ocupantes de Likan (Toconce) –un sitio de chullpa situado en la sección sudoriental de esta región o cuenca del río Salado– procedían del altiplano boliviano (Castro et al. 1979a). Quizás bastarían las evidencias presentadas en ese escrito para dar por sentado el hecho, pero estimamos que el “problema de los orígenes de esta ocupación tiene muchas aristas, imponiéndose una investigación histórica más acuciosa.
Análisis antropológico físico del cementerio Mocha 2 (norte de Chile, I Región)
Authors: Standen Ramírez Vivien Grace , Sanhueza Julio 
Published: July 2017

Este informe corresponde al estudio de los restos óseos humanos de un cementerio prehistórico tardío (ca. 1200-1500 DC). Se encuentra ubicado en la banda norte del curso superior de la quebrada de Tarapacá, sector Mocha, a una distancia aproximada de 2 km al sur del pueblo del mismo nombre y a los pies de las ruinas de un pucara. El sector dista aproximadamente 140 km de la costa y tiene una altura de 2400 m.snm, caracterizándose por recursos hídricos regulares, con una producción agrícola que pudo permitir la estabilidad socioeconómica de las poblaciones del pasado.
Introducción a la museografía y museología en la educación básica y media
Authors: Vega Víctor Hugo 
Published: July 2017

IntroducciónEl trabajo que nos ocupa se ha titulado definiendo el área en el que se desarrolló, más que ilustrando su contenido. Este fue abordado con propósitos netamente educacionales, y se refiere específicamente a una serie de observaciones del comportamiento del público-visitante, interactuando en un sistema museo, esto es, intenta aportar una serie de elementos que podrían desencadenar a lo menos una reflexión y quizás una revisión de la organización de los componentes y normas museográficas tal que su optimización conduzca a facilitar la museología a todo nivel especialmente a nivel estudiantil.
Cazadores de la Puna Seca y Salada del Area Centro Sur Andina (norte de Chile)
Authors: Núñez Atencio Lautaro , Santoro Calogero 
Published: July 2017

A comienzos del Holoceno, cerca de los 11000 años AP, habrían arribado los primeros cazadores andinos a los auspiciosos pero no exuberantes territorios de la Puna Seca y Salada, al sur oeste del plateau andino. Esta área de estudio comprende en la actualidad el sur de Perú, norte de Chile y suroeste de Bolivia.En esta oportunidad presentamos una versión resumida de los datos e hipótesis que han explicado el proceso de adaptación y cambio de las poblaciones de cazadores localizados en las regiones puneñas meridionales, cuyas diferencias han sido descritas previamente por nosotros. La Puna Seca, ubicada al norte de la localidad de Lirima, habría sido favorable para los asentamientos basados en actividades de caza y recolección en torno a pisos altoandinos, accesibles durante todo el año. La ausencia de una marcada estacionalidad en la distribución y disponibilidad de los recursos no habría determinado patrones de movilidad regulares o cíclicos como ocurre con los grupos trashumantes adaptados a zonas de marcada variación estacional. Esta última condición persiste en la Puna Salada, donde la disponibilidad estacional de los recursos de caza y recolección y la imposibilidad de ocupar los pisos más altos durante el invierno habría incentivado patrones de asentamientos que se ajustan al modelo clásico de trashumancia. En efecto, muchos de los trabajos previos en el área se han caracterizado por una aplicación general del modelo de trashumancia, sin atender las condiciones y particularidades de ambas punas. Los datos que se presentan a continuación forman parte de un corpus de hipótesis de trabajo que deberán ajustarse en el futuro en relación al avance de los estudios de caza y recolección en los Andes. Es por ahora una primera líneadatum que integra a los principales episodios arcaicos con controles cronoestratigráficos en las tierras altas del norte de Chile, como referencia general para las actuales investigaciones en curso.
Kaunokirjallisuus ja suomalainen yleinen kirjasto
Authors: Tuomi Pirjo 
Published: July 2017

FL Pirjo Tuomen kirjallisuuden alaan kuuluva väitöskirja Kaunokirjallisuus yleiselle kirjastolle haasteena, rasitteena ja mahdollisuutena. Historiallis-argumentatiivinen tarkastelu suomalaisen yleisen kirjastolaitoksen suhteesta kaunokirjallisuuteen ja kirjalliseen järjestelmään (Fiction as a challenge, a burden, and a possibility for the Finnish public library. A historical-argumentative investigation about the relationship between the Finnish public library, fiction, and the literary system) tarkastettiin 5.5.2017 Oulun yliopiston humanistisessa tiedekunnassa. Vastaväittäjänä toimi professori Erkki Sevänen (Itä-Suomen yliopisto) ja kustoksena professori Kuisma Korhonen (Oulun yliopisto). Väitöskirja on julkaistu sarjassa Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. B, Humaniora ja se on luettavissa myös Oulun yliopiston Jultika-julkaisuarkistossa osoitteessa http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215389
Efektivitas Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok denganMemahami Ayat-Ayat Alquran untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa di Mts. Alfurqan Padang
Authors: N Dyla Fajhriani , S Neviyarni , Efendi Mawardi 
Published: July 2017

This research were to see the difference between learning motivation of students in the experimental group taught by applying group guidance service through understanding the verses of Alquran in pretest and posttest, the difference between learning motivation of the students in the experimental group taught by applying group guidance service throught understanding the verses of Alquran and that of the students in the countrol group taught by applying group guidance service without understanding the verses of Alquran in pretest and posttest, and the difference between learning motivation of the students in the experimental group guidance services throught understanding the verses of a Alquran and that of students in the control group guidance taught by applying group guidance service throught understanding the verses of Alquran. This research aplied pretest posttest control group design. Throught this research, the researcher gave a pretest to both sample groups. They then got different treatment. After the treatment was done, a posttest was administrated to both groups. This kind of eksperimental researches would ensure that the difference (if the result is different) occurs between the experimental group and the control group is as the influence of the treatment given. The resesarch findings indicated that learning motivation of the students taught by applying group guidance service throught understanding the verses of Alquran increased.
POLA DAKWAH NAHDLATUL ULAMA DI KOTA BANJARMASIN
Authors: Fahmi Fahmi 
Published: July 2017

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is a big organization in Indonesia and it spreads to the entire areas in Indonesia from Aceh to Papua. In central area of Indonesia, precisely in Banjarmasin, NU can exists and recruits a lot of followers who are generally Pesantren-graduates, which are called "Nahdliyyin". This paper employed a science of da'wah approach with a focus on "NU's pattern of da'wah in Banjarmasin", which includes verbal, action, and written models of preaching (da'wah bil lisan, bil hal wa bil kitab). This showed that NU tends to use verbal and action model of da'wah rather than the written one, such as magazine, newspaper, and so on. This differs from other Islamic organizations such as Muhammadiyah and Al-Irsyad in Banjarmasin. However, the contribution of NU in developing and spreading da'wah and NU's mission is significant despite the fact that it is carried out personally and not on behalf of the organization to which the community can look and recognize it as NU's Islamic preaching.
Geographic structure of migrant labor market in China: A case study of four city-regions in Fujian
Authors: Yu Li , Xu Wei , Zhu Yu , Lin Liyue 
Published: July 2017

This study attempts to examine how local migrant labour markets behave differently in regions with varying development levels and local economic characteristics, based on a 2009 migrant survey conducted in four case cities in Fujian province, China. The study reveals that earnings characteristics and the role of earnings determents vary greatly across geographic regions. Specifically, in the economically more developed region, the return to human capital is higher, the effect of primitive social networks is lower, and the effect of institutional and cultural barriers is weaker.
Іmpact of migration on net reproduction rate, and an assessment of the speed of population growth in the presence of migration, in the districts of Кerala and Аssam (India)
Authors: Sarma Rajan , Choudhury Labananda 
Published: July 2017

In India, due to the lack of age-specific death and birth data, direct calculation of Net Reproduction Rate is not possible, particularly at the district level. Also, conventional Net Reproduction Rate and intrinsic growth rate measures are not suitable for populations affected by migration. The present study attempts to recapture the scenario of migration in the districts of two diverged states of India—Kerala and Assam—by estimating the Net Reproduction Rates before and after allowance for migration. The study also attempts to assess the speed of population growth of these districts from the intrinsic growth rates in the presence of migration.
At the crossroads: Geography, gender and occupational sector in employment-related geographical mobility
Authors: Haan Michael , Walsh Deatra , Neis Barbara 
Published: July 2017

In Canada, patterns of employment-related geographical mobility (E-RGM) are becoming more complex and nuanced, with implications for employers, workers, and their families. This article introduces the concept of E-RGM, and argues that because mobility is a pervasive aspect of working lives in Canada, it deserves more systematic and extensive research. To date, most studies of labour mobility have focused on permanent relocation or short-distance daily commuting. We argue for more research that disaggregates the socio-economic characteristics of those engaged in E-RGM and untangles its complexity. Using the 2006 Canadian confidential master file to create a statistical portrait of E-RGM reveals considerable variation among the Canadian working population, particularly those engaging in more extensive work journeys.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and repeat endoscopic third ventriculostomy in pediatric patients: the Dutch experience
Authors: Breimer Gerben E. , Dammers Ruben , Woerdeman Peter A. , Buis Dennis R. , Delye Hans , Brusse-Keizer Marjolein , Hoving Eelco W. 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVEAfter endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), some patients develop recurrent symptoms of hydrocephalus. The optimal treatment for these patients is not clear: repeat ETV (re-ETV) or CSF shunting. The goals of the study were to assess the effectiveness of re-ETV relative to initial ETV in pediatric patients and validate the ETV success score (ETVSS) for re-ETV.METHODSRetrospective data of 624 ETV and 93 re-ETV procedures were collected from 6 neurosurgical centers in the Netherlands (1998–2015). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to provide an adjusted estimate of the hazard ratio for re-ETV failure relative to ETV failure. The correlation coefficient between ETVSS and the chance of re-ETV success was calculated using Kendall’s tau coefficient. Model discrimination was quantified using the c-statistic. The effects of intraoperative findings and management on re-ETV success were also analyzed.RESULTSThe hazard ratio for re-ETV failure relative to ETV failure was 1.23 (95% CI 0.90–1.69; p = 0.20). At 6 months, the success rates for both ETV and re-ETV were 68%. ETVSS was significantly related to the chances of re-ETV success (τ = 0.37; 95% bias corrected and accelerated CI 0.21–0.52; p < 0.001). The c-statistic was 0.74 (95% CI 0.64–0.85). The presence of prepontine arachnoid membranes and use of an external ventricular drain (EVD) were negatively associated with treatment success, with ORs of 4.0 (95% CI 1.5–10.5) and 9.7 (95% CI 3.4–27.8), respectively.CONCLUSIONSRe-ETV seems to be as safe and effective as initial ETV. ETVSS adequately predicts the chance of successful re-ETV. The presence of prepontine arachnoid membranes and the use of EVD negatively influence the chance of success.
New Horizons Upper Limits on O2 in Pluto’s Present Day Atmosphere
Authors: Kammer J. A. , Stern S. A. , Young L. A. , Steffl A. J. , Gladstone G. R. , Olkin C. B. , Weaver H. A. , Ennico K. ,   The New Horizons Atmospheres and Alice UV Spectrograph Teams
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The surprising discovery by the Rosetta spacecraft of molecular oxygen (O2) in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko challenged our understanding of the inventory of this volatile species on and inside bodies from the Kuiper Belt. That discovery motivated our search for oxygen in the atmosphere of Kuiper Belt planet Pluto, because O2 is volatile even at Pluto’s surface temperatures. During the New Horizons flyby of Pluto in 2015 July, the spacecraft probed the composition of Pluto’s atmosphere using a variety of observations, including an ultraviolet solar occultation observed by the Alice UV spectrograph. As described in these reports, absorption by molecular species in Pluto’s atmosphere yielded detections of N2, as well as hydrocarbon species such as CH4, C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6. Our work here further examines this data to search for UV absorption from molecular oxygen (O2), which has a significant cross-section in the Alice spectrograph bandpass. We find no evidence for O2 absorption and place an upper limit on the total amount of O2 in Pluto’s atmosphere as a function of tangent height up to 700 km. In most of the atmosphere, this upper limit in line-of-sight abundance units is ∼3 × 1015 cm−2, which, depending on tangent height, corresponds to a mixing ratio of 10−6 to 10−4, far lower than in comet 67P/CG.
Microlensing Constraints on the Mass of Single Stars from HST Astrometric Measurements*
Authors: Kains N. , Calamida A. , Sahu K. C. , Casertano S. , Anderson J. , Udalski A. , Zoccali M. , Bond H. , Albrow M. , Bond I. , Brown T. , Dominik M. , Fryer C. , Livio M. , Mao S. , Rejkuba M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We report on the first results from a large-scale observing campaign aiming to use astrometric microlensing to detect and place limits on the mass of single objects, including stellar remnants. We used the Hubble Space Telescope to monitor stars near the Galactic Center for three years, and we measured the brightness and positions of ∼2 million stars at each observing epoch. In addition to this, we monitored the same pointings using the VIMOS imager on the Very Large Telescope. The stars we monitored include several bright microlensing events observed from the ground by the OGLE collaboration. In this paper, we present the analysis of our photometric and astrometric measurements for six of these events, and derive mass constraints for the lens in each of them. Although these constraints are limited by the photometric precision of ground-based data, and our ability to determine the lens distance, we were able to constrain the size of the Einstein ring radius thanks to our precise astrometric measurements—the first routine measurements of this type from a large-scale observing program. This demonstrates the power of astrometric microlensing as a tool to constrain the masses of stars, stellar remnants, and, in the future, extrasolar planets, using precise ground- and space-based observations.
Treating Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: Position Paper on Applying the Treat-to-target Concept to Canadian Daily Practice
Authors: Gladman Dafna D. , Poulin Yves , Adams Karen , Bourcier Marc , Barac Snezana , Barber Kirk , Chandran Vinod , Dutz Jan , Flanagan Cathy , Gooderham Melinda J. , Gulliver Wayne P. , Ho Vincent C. , Hong Chih-Ho , Karsh Jacob , Khraishi Majed M. , Lynde Charles W. , Papp Kim A. , Rahman Proton , Rohekar Sherry , Rosen Cheryl F. , Russell Anthony S. , Vender Ronald B. , Yeung Jensen , Ziouzina Olga , Zummer Michel 
Published: July 2017

Objective.To develop preliminary treat-to-target (T2T) recommendations for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) for Canadian daily practice.Methods.A task force composed of expert Canadian dermatologists and rheumatologists performed a needs assessment among Canadian clinicians treating these diseases as well as an extensive literature search on the outcome measures used in clinical trials and practice.Results.Based on results from the needs assessment and literature search, the task force established 5 overarching principles and developed 8 preliminary T2T recommendations.Conclusion.The proposed recommendations should improve management of psoriasis and PsA in Canadian daily practice. However, these recommendations must be further validated in a real-world observational study to ensure that their use leads to better longterm outcomes.
Insight on the Ancient Arabian Horse from North Arabian Petroglyphs
Authors: Olsen Sandra L. 
Published: July 2017

The origin of the Arabian horse breed has been the topic of much speculation. The earliest clear depictions of horses with Arabian attributes are in Egyptian New Kingdom tomb art, although they were likely first obtained as war booty during Asian battles. Rock art from the 1st millennium BCE to early 1st millennium CE indicates a possible start date for their arrival in the Arabian Peninsula. This study focuses on petroglyphs near Taymāʾ, Ḥāʾil, and al-ʿUlā oases, important caravan way stations along the incense route. Regional artists developed a characteristic style for depicting horses and camels, distinguishing them temporally and spatially. From its initial appearance the breed was closely associated with chariots, but its eventual value to equestrians is equally evident in Arabian rock art. Petroglyphs in this region elucidate physical conformation, military roles, and high status. Practical aspects and cultural indicators such as training, tack, grooming, and henna body painting are revealed in the detailed illustrations.