bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Think of the Children! Epistemic Justification and Cognitively Unsophisticated Subjects
Authors: Stoutenburg Gregory 
Published: November 2015

AbstractI undermine the argument that ‘high’ epistemic standards are false because children and other cognitively unsophisticated subjects possess justification while lacking certain logical and epistemic concepts. I argue, instead, that the standards we often use to attribute logical and epistemic concepts to ordinary, cognitively sophisticated adults can easily be seen to cover many unsophisticated subjects; therefore, the alleged lack of certain concepts is no basis for rejecting ‘high’ epistemic standards. Whether or not such standards are correct has to be argued on other grounds.
Principal Causal Effect Identification and Surrogate end point Evaluation by Multiple Trials
Authors: Jiang Zhichao , Ding Peng , Geng Zhi 
Published: November 2015

Summary
Principal stratification is a causal framework to analyse randomized experiments with a post-treatment variable between the treatment and end point variables. Because the principal strata defined by the potential outcomes of the post-treatment variable are not observable, we generally cannot identify the causal effects within principal strata. Motivated by a real data set of phase III adjuvant colon cancer clinical trials, we propose approaches to identifying and estimating the principal causal effects via multiple trials. For the identifiability, we remove the commonly used exclusion restriction assumption by stipulating that the principal causal effects are homogeneous across these trials. To remove another commonly used monotonicity assumption, we give a necessary condition for the local identifiability, which requires at least three trials. Applying our approaches to the data from adjuvant colon cancer clinical trials, we find that the commonly used monotonicity assumption is untenable, and disease-free survival with 3-year follow-up is a valid surrogate end point for overall survival with 5-year follow-up, which satisfies both causal necessity and causal sufficiency. We also propose a sensitivity analysis approach based on Bayesian hierarchical models to investigate the effect of the deviation from the homogeneity assumption.
The “Saltin–Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale” and its application to health research
Authors: Grimby G. , Börjesson M. , Jonsdottir I. H. , Schnohr P. , Thelle D. S. , Saltin B. 
Published: November 2015

The use of a four‐level questionnaire to assess leisure time physical activity (PA) and its validation is reviewed in this paper. This questionnaire was first published in 1968 and has then been used by more than 600 000 subjects, especially in different population studies in the Nordic countries. A number of modifications to the questionnaire have been published. These are mostly minor changes, such as adding practical examples of activities to illustrate the levels ofPA. Some authors have also added duration requirements that were not included for all levels ofPAin the original version. The concurrent validity, with respect to aerobic capacity and movement analysis using objective measurements has been shown to be good, as has the predictive validity with respect to various risk factors for health conditions and for morbidity and mortality.
Maintained peak leg and pulmonary VO2 despite substantial reduction in muscle mitochondrial capacity
Authors: Boushel R. , Gnaiger E. , Larsen F. J. , Helge J. W. , González‐Alonso J. , Ara I. , Munch‐Andersen T. , van Hall G. , Søndergaard H. , Saltin B. , Calbet J. A. L. 
Published: November 2015

We recently reported the circulatory and muscle oxidative capacities of the arm after prolonged low‐intensity skiing in the arctic (Boushel et al., 2014). In the present study, leg VO2 was measured by the Fick method during leg cycling while muscle mitochondrial capacity was examined on a biopsy of the vastus lateralis in healthy volunteers (7 male, 2 female) before and after 42 days of skiing at 60% HR max. Peak pulmonary VO2 (3.52 ± 0.18 L.min−1 pre vs 3.52 ± 0.19 post) and VO2 across the leg (2.8 ± 0.4L.min−1 pre vs 3.0 ± 0.2 post) were unchanged after the ski journey. Peak leg O2 delivery (3.6 ± 0.2 L.min−1 pre vs 3.8 ± 0.4 post), O2 extraction (82 ± 1% pre vs 83 ± 1 post), and muscle capillaries per mm2 (576 ± 17 pre vs 612 ± 28 post) were also unchanged; however, leg muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity was reduced (90 ± 3 pmol.sec−1.mg−1 pre vs 70 ± 2 post, P < 0.05) as was citrate synthase activity (40 ± 3 μmol.min−1.g−1 pre vs 34 ± 3 vs P < 0.05). These findings indicate that peak muscle VO2 can be sustained with a substantial reduction in mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity. This is achieved at a similar O2 delivery and a higher relative ADP‐stimulated mitochondrial respiration at a higher mitochondrial p50. These findings support the concept that muscle mitochondrial respiration is submaximal at VO2max, and that mitochondrial volume can be downregulated by chronic energy demand.
Computational models of atrial cellular electrophysiology and calcium handling, and their role in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Heijman Jordi , Erfanian Abdoust Pegah , Voigt Niels , Nattel Stanley , Dobrev Dobromir 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe complexity of the heart makes an intuitive understanding of the relative contribution of ion channels, transporters and signalling pathways to cardiac electrophysiology challenging. Computational modelling of cardiac cellular electrophysiology has proven useful to integrate experimental findings, extrapolate results obtained in expression systems or animal models to other systems, test quantitatively ideas based on experimental data and provide novel hypotheses that are experimentally testable. While the bulk of computational modelling has traditionally been directed towards ventricular bioelectricity, increasing recognition of the clinical importance of atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, has led to widespread efforts to apply computational approaches to understanding atrial electrical function. The increasing availability of detailed, atrial‐specific experimental data has stimulated the development of novel computational models of atrial‐cellular electrophysiology and Ca2+ handling. To date, more than 300 studies have employed mathematical simulations to enhance our understanding of atrial electrophysiology, arrhythmogenesis and therapeutic responses. Future modelling studies are likely to move beyond current whole‐cell models by incorporating new data on subcellular architecture, macromolecular protein complexes, and localized ion‐channel regulation by signalling pathways. At the same time, more integrative multicellular models that take into account regional electrophysiological and Ca2+ handling properties, mechano‐electrical feedback and/or autonomic regulation will be needed to investigate the mechanisms governing atrial arrhythmias. A combined experimental and computational approach is expected to provide the more comprehensive understanding of atrial arrhythmogenesis that is required to develop improved diagnostic and therapeutic options. Here, we review this rapidly expanding area, with a particular focus on Ca2+ handling, and provide ideas about potential future directions.
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Risk Assessment of Emergency Diesel Generator Subject to Design-Basis Earthquake Shaking
Authors: Uriz Patxi , Morgan Troy A. 
Published: November 2015

A monitoring system intended to track vibrations associated with the operation of an emergency diesel generator (EDG) at a nuclear power plant was originally installed to trip generators during potential out-of-balance shaking. Years after original installation, plant engineers raised questions as to whether the monitoring system would have functioned properly in the event of excessive vibrations associated with earthquake ground shaking. As part of the plant’s examination of this issue, analytical models were developed for three vibration transducers via experimental characterization. A suite of ground motion records was selected and scaled such that their mean and dispersion were representative of the design-basis event (DBE) level of intensity at the plant site. The scaled suite of ground motions was used as an input for a three-dimensional (3D) analytical model representing the structure and soil-foundation interface, where the EDGs were installed. The voltage signal from the analytical transducer model provided input to the physical vibration alarm monitor. This monitor filters the vibration transducer signal and generates an output to a time-delay relay that will trip the EDG if the output from the vibration monitor is not reset within 5 s. The analysis and testing completed and described in this paper concluded that a DBE would not have caused the vibration monitoring circuit to spuriously trip the EDGs.
Thermal Modeling of Remote Radio Head Units
Authors: Sahini Manasa , Gebrehiwot Betsegaw , Agonafer Dereje , Colapietro Rocky 
Published: November 2015

Thermal modeling of concealed Remote Radio Head (RRH) units which are placed on a cell tower is the main interest of this paper. RRH units which dissipate fixed amount of heat are modeled in higher ambient temperature. The effect of creating an enclosure on the open air assembly of RRH units is studied. The aim of this study is to analyze if concealment of the RRH units is possible under natural convection for cooling under boundary conditions with inlet temperature 55°C, solar loading and wind. Also, the study has been made to investigate if stacking of one, two, or three concealed sections is possible under natural convection cooling process.
Various configurations were modeled and analyzed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. Different temperature profiles are reported. An enclosure has been created and the operating temperatures of the enclosed model and an open model are compared. After studying the air flow pattern in the model, specific design modifications, like placing baffles on top of each RRH unit, are suggested for proper air flow management thereby facilitating efficient thermal management inside the enclosure. Also, addition of baffles helped in removing the hot spots in the model.
Stacking concealed sections poses a challenge since hot exhaust air from a lower section may enter the air inlets of top sections. Thereby, higher surface temperatures on RRH units in the upper sections are observed. Orientation of the upper section has been changed to address this issue. Results show that with proper airflow management and arrangement of sections, it is possible to have three sections one on top of the other.
Durability of Large Electronic Components Undergoing Multi-Axial Vibratory Excitation
Authors: Dasgupta Abhijit , Habtour Ed , Sridharan Raman , Lin Elaine 
Published: November 2015

Shaker table vibration testing is nothing new for electronic components. Such environmental tests are most often conducted in a sequential uniaxial setup, where the test article is sequentially rotated and excited along three different orthogonal orientations. While sequential axis testing does excite modes in all three directions sequentially, it does not quantify or qualify how modes along different axes interact with one another when excited simultaneously.
Traditional linear dynamics does not predict any cross-axis interactions between different spectral modes in vibrating structures, but this has long been suspected to be an oversimplification for many cases. The authors demonstrated this in a previous experiment, in which printed wiring assemblies (PWAs) of the same design were subjected to sequential uniaxial and simultaneous biaxial excitations. Boards undergoing bi-axial excitation suffered fatigue damage accumulation rates much higher than the superposition of damage rates from sequential uniaxial tests. Even as far back as 2010, the military added multi degree of freedom (MDoF) vibration tests to their 810G standard — so MDoF testing is rapidly gaining traction in the accelerated stress testing community. The cost of performing MDoF vibration durability testing can be significant, so an important technical issue turns into identifying when MDoF testing is necessary, and when single degree of freedom (SDoF) testing is sufficient.
This study addresses this issue using a combination of mathematical models and FEA simulations. It is intuitively obvious that larger and more massive circuit components are more susceptible to these nonlinear cross-axis interactions, especially as the excitation levels become significant; however our long term goal is to quantify the effects of such parameters on the nonlinear interactions. The focus of the study is a simple beam with a tip mass — representing a circuit component with leads for mounting to the printed wiring board (PWB). The study also considers the effect of the PWB dynamics on the mechanical response of the circuit element, as it undergoes worst case excitation. The effects of several parameters are investigated, including component properties (e.g. mass, and height) as well as bi-axial excitation conditions (eg. frequency, relative phase and amplitude).
Chip Package Interaction Study to Analyze the Mechanical Integrity of a 3-D TSV Package
Authors: Rajmane Pavan , Mirza Fahad , Khan Hassaan , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: November 2015

The convergence and miniaturization of computing and communications dictates building up rather than out. As planar device miniaturization continues to its ultimate limits, the complexity of circuit interconnections for 2-D devices becomes a limitation for performance and drives up power dissipation [1]. As the consumers demand more functions on their hand-held electronic devices, the need for more devices such as memory, CPU and GPU in hand-held type footprints is increasing. Chip-stacking (3-D) is emerging as a powerful tool that satiates such IC package requirements. A 3-D FPGA would overcome the interconnect limitations, resulting in greater silicon efficiency per function (number of used gates/total number of gates), faster signal/data throughput, and faster switching of the gate-level configuration. 3-D through-silicon-via (TSV) technology is being termed as the “next big thing” in the semiconductor arena and has the potential of revolutionizing the packaging industry but it has some inherent issues that need to be addressed before it could be implemented in the mainstream electronics industry. TSV fabrication process, thermal management of 3-D TSV packages, TSV joule heating, and chip package interaction (CPI), are some of the key issues in this technology [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
In this paper, the thermo-mechanical chip-package-interaction (CPI) analysis is carried out and a full field compact 3D modeling methodology has been leveraged to assess the mechanical integrity of a 2 die 3D TSV package during attachment to substrate. This modeling methodology would provide damage predictions caused due to global and local CTE mismatch between the different package components. Mechanical interaction at the Si/TSV regions, back-end Cu/low-k stack, and the inter die μ-bumps during chip attachment is demonstrated in this paper.
Quantitative Comparison of Environmental Fatigue Methods
Authors: de Haan - de Wilde F. H. E. , Blom F. J. , Hannink M. H. C. 
Published: November 2015

For many nuclear power plants worldwide the operation period will be extended from 40 to 60 years in the coming years. As the operation period increases the importance of knowledge of ageing mechanisms like fatigue increases. Knowledge of the influence of the environment is crucial, since environmental fatigue is a relatively new development which is a modification to the existing assessment method and has to be projected to 60 years as well.
This paper is a follow up of the ASME PVP2013-97695 paper: overview of international implementation of environmental fatigue. A quantitative comparison of the resulting cumulative usage factors including environmental fatigue is made for the most commonly used and well defined methods.
The comparison of the environmental fatigue codes is made on a spray nozzle of the pressurizer. This is a known fatigue relevant location with high stresses due to thermal loading. The high thermal loading is due to the spraying of relative cold water into the warm pressurizer.
The comparison is made for 11 methods, sets of fatigue curves and environmental fatigue correction factors (Fen factor), and 4 types of material. The 4 materials are: low alloy, carbon, nickel alloy and austenitic stainless steel. The fatigue curves of ASME 2007, ASME 2010, KTA 1996, KTA 2013, NUREG/CR-6909 and Code Case N-792 are compared. The Fen factors are compared for the following methods: NUREG/CR-6583, NUREG/CR-5704, NUREG/CR-6909, Code Case N-792, JNES SS-0503, JNES SS-1005 and NUREG/CR-6909 rev1. Code Case N-761 is included for the final comparison of the cumulative usage factors including environmental fatigue.
The differences in percentages are considerable between the different methods. For this specific case, the difference in cumulative usage factor including environmental fatigue for austenitic steels is 70 %. For nickel alloy materials the difference is 115%. For low alloy materials the difference is the highest: 267%. For carbon steels the difference in cumulative usage factor is 146%.
The most conservative cumulative usage factors including environmental fatigue are ASME 2007 or KTA 1996 fatigue curves combined with the NUREG/CR-5704 (austenitic steel and nickel alloy) or NUREG/CR-6583 (low alloy and carbon steel). The next highest results are found by the Japanese methods (JNES-SS-0503 and JNES-SS-1005). The common factor for these methods, is the fatigue curve for austenitic steels as used before 2010. The lowest cumulative usage factors are obtained by implementing NUREG/CR-6909. Using the latest revision of NUREG/CR-6909 the cumulative usage factors increase slightly (about 7%). The paper shows the considerable differences of usage factors when different codes are applied to the same problem.
Results of EC FP7 Structural Performance of MULTI-METAL Component Project: Dissimilar Metal Welds Fracture Resistance Investigation
Authors: Keinänen Heikki , Keim Elisabeth , Karjalainen-Roikonen Paivi , Blasset Sébastien , Gilles Philippe , Nicak Tomas 
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to disseminate the results of an EURATOM project MULTI-METAL focusing on the structural integrity assessment of dissimilar metal welds. The project started in February 2012 and ended in February 2015. The project is coordinated by VTT with 10 partner organizations from Europe : Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland (VTT) – Coordinator, AREVA NP, France and Germany (ANP), Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux energies alternatives, France (CEA), Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Belgium (JRC), EdF-Energy, United Kingdom (BE), Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research, Hungary (BZF), Electricité de France, France (EDF), TECNATOM, Spain (TEC), Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia (JSI), Studsvik Nuclear AB, Sweden (STU).
The underlying aim of the project is to provide recommendations for a good practice approach for the integrity assessment (especially testing) of tough dissimilar metal welds as part of overall ductile integrity analyses; this has been presented in the project overview [1].
Experience on typical DMWs concerning manufacturing, residual stresses, flaw assessment and testing have been reviewed. The specimens were taken from mock-ups of welded plates. Three DMWs design variants have been covered: narrow gap DMW with Ni-52, DMW with austenitic steel buttering and a DMW with Nienriched austenitic steel buttering. Mechanical characterization and fracture mechanics testing (CT, SEN(B) and SEN(T) specimens) have been performed. Interpretation of the test has required numerical analysis since the standard ASTM E1820 [2] (CT, SEN(B)) and guidelines dealing with SEN(T) [3][4] are not directly intended to cover DMW.
The motivation of the project and its results are generally presented and discussed.
Optimization of Hyper Compressors Configuration and Related Plant Arrangement
Authors: Maggi Carmelo , Tognarelli Leonardo , Giorgetti Stefano 
Published: November 2015

A good design of hyper compressors is heavily dependent by the good understanding of all critical aspects of the LDPE plant and on the implementation of appropriate technical solutions, during the design phase, to identify and resolve problems that may arise during the operation of the plant.
The various aspects have to be investigated keeping in mind to reach an optimum performance in agreement with the customer’s requirements.
The real effort is starting at the first design stages where all different departments are involved for dynamic loads acting on the foundation, the torsional analysis involving the motor supplier and the pulsation/vibration considerations interfacing the engineering company, the suppliers of high pressure equipment and the end users.
All the stress levels, the pulsation and vibrations have to be minimized. Such results are influenced by the layout of the plant and the arrangement of the cranks of the compressor’s crank-shaft.
This latter decision can improve the pulsation level, but affect the loads on the foundations.
Here is the optimization of some technical aspects to be faced with the approval of all actors involved.
Qualification, Condition Monitoring, and Management of Ageing of Low Voltage Cables in Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Kang Ki Sig 
Published: November 2015

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) organized an international Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on qualification, condition monitoring, and management of low voltage cables for life management in nuclear power plant. A total of 16 organizations from Technical Service Organizations (TSOs), and Research & Development Organization participated in the CRP and tested and presented their experimental results. The CRP members are actively engaged in providing cable samples, thermal and radiation ageing of cables, and electrical, mechanical, and chemical testing of cables samples.
Preliminary analysis of the test data received show that, for some of the Condition Monitoring (CM) methods, good correlation is observed with ageing time and there is consistency in measurements between the different test labs carrying out the tests. The level of correlation with ageing time and the degree of variability between labs is dependent on the material being tested and the CM method being used.
Creep Crack Growth Testing Under Secondary and Combined Loading
Authors: Kapadia P. , Davies C. M. , Dean D. W. , Nikbin K. M. 
Published: November 2015

Two novel fracture mechanics specimens were developed to enable creep crack growth (CCG) studies, under secondary and combined loading, to be carried out in laboratory controlled environments. Test samples were produced by the insertion of wedges into the mouths of C(T) specimens such that the geometrical misfit of the wedge induced on effective residual stresses. It is shown that the extent of crack tip plasticity generated during wedge insertion was limited which made these specimens ideal for CCG testing under secondary loading. Samples were also made by strategically placing electron beam welds in C(T) specimens, such that the weld induced residual stresses provided the crack driving force in subsequent CCG tests.
These specimens were used to perform crack growth studies under secondary and combined loading conditions in Type 316H stainless steel at 550°C for up to 1,300 h, where crack extensions of up to ≈5 mm occurred. The experimental results are presented and compared to relevant CCG tests published in literature. It is shown that CCG testing under secondary and combined loading conditions requires the creep ductility of the material to be sufficiently low to ensure crack initiation occurs. A low creep ductility was achieved in this study by uniformly pre-compressing the material to 8% plastic strain.