bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of pulverized glass waste particle sizes on the mechanical properties of AA6061-T6 friction stir welded joints.
Authors: Umoru J O , Ogedengbe T I , Abioye T E , Ogunsemi B T 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study sought to investigate the effect of pulverized glass waste (PGW) particle size as reinforcement for AA6061-T6 joints produced by Friction Stir Welding (FSW). The study utilized three particle sizes of 15 microns, 45 microns and 75 microns of the PGW as reinforcement alongside established process parameters of 900 rpm, 1120 rpm, and 1400 rpm for rotational speed, 25 mm /mi n, 40 mm min−1 and 63 mm/min for traverse speed and 1°, 1.5° and 2.5° for tilt angle in a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array experimental design for the welding process. The welding experiments were repeated for each reinforcement particle size utilized in this work. Parallel-hole reinforcement strategy was used on all joints for the application of the PGW. Microstructural analysis, tensile strength and hardness tests were carried out on the welded joints. The volume percentage of the PGW in the aluminum alloy matrix at the welded joint were determined using Image J Processing software. A processing condition of 900 rpm rotational speed, 25 mm/min traverse speed and 1° tilt angle was found to produce the weldment (sample 4) that has a favourable combination of high tensile strength (77.3 MPa) and high hardness (87.3 BHN). The tensile strength was established to increase as the PGW size decreased. This correlation was found to be statistically significant. The hardness of the welded joint did not show any particular trend with the size of the PGW. However, the hardness of the welded joint increased with the increase in the volume percentage of the pulverized glass waste in the welded joint. A moderate Pearson correlation (0.615) between hardness and PGW volume percentage was found.
Lessons learnt from a real-time attribution and contextualisation trial in a National Meteorological and Hydrological Service
Authors: Hope Pandora , Nahar Jannatun , Tolhurst Gen C , Rauniyar Surendra P , McKay Roseanna C , Zhou Linjing , Grose Michael R , Trewin Blair C , Martin David J , Grainger Simon , Ramchurn Avijeet , Risbey James S , Jones David A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
When a record hot month occurs, timely and credible attribution and contextualisation information can enhance public understanding and future preparedness. This is particularly effective if provided in real time by a National Meteorological and Hydrological Service (NMHS). Many NMHSs are working to integrate research-based attribution methods into their operational services. In this study, researchers and climate service staff collaborated to assess the feasibility of delivering such information swiftly and aligned with standard NMHS data and procedures. The record warm July (winter) temperatures of Tasmania, Australia in 2023 were chosen to illustrate the trial. Rapid results were available three days after the event. Approximately half of the unusual warmth was attributed to climate change, with the likelihood of breaking the previous record at least 17 times higher in the current climate compared to a stationary pre-industrial climate (14% vs. 0.4%). The warming trend became evident in the 1980s, and by 2060, average July temperatures in Tasmania match the record temperature of July 2023 under a high emissions scenario. However, average July minimum temperatures were not well modelled, necessitating the addition of a higher-resolution forecast-based attribution method. In subsequent analysis, almost all the forecast temperature anomaly, and reduced storm activity, was attributable to climate change. Statistical analysis revealed that a weak El Niño partly offset the unusual warmth. To expedite these additional approaches, information drawn from real-time forecasts could be used. Lessons learnt from this trial include technical improvements to align better with NMHS protocols including using consistent datasets and baselines, and refining and automating the method suite. Logistical and communication enhancements included training staff to run the suite, improving communication materials, and developing delivery channels. These learnings provide key considerations for NMHSs as they move towards providing timely and credible climate attribution and contextualisation information as part of their operational services.
‘New mining scheme, same old problems?’; risk factors and health challenges in underground community mining in Ghana
Authors: Aram Simon Appah , Saalidong Benjamin M , Yankyera Akwasi , Akoto Akwasi Bamfo , Amoah Samuel Kofi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ghana’s small-scale mining sector has long been a cornerstone of its economy and a vital source of livelihood for many communities. However, the sector is plagued by significant challenges, including environmental degradation, health and safety risks, and illegal practices. In response, the Ghanaian government introduced the Community Mining Scheme (CMS), a new mining model designed to promote local community participation in artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM). This study examines the workplace risk factors and associated health challenges faced by ASGM miners under the CMS, drawing on interviews with fifty underground CMS miners in Ghana. Our findings reveal that miners continue to face numerous health and safety challenges, including inadequate lighting, poor ventilation, exposure to noise and odors, unsupported or poorly supported loose materials, non-use of personal protective equipment, high dust levels, and unsafe blasting practices. Additionally, health concerns such as skin rashes, musculoskeletal injuries, and the risk of mercury poisoning persist. These challenges mirror those reported in the literature on unregulated and illegal ASGM in Ghana, indicating that existing issues remain unresolved under the CMS. To prevent the undermining of this initiative, it is crucial to adopt progressive practices, such as localized coping strategies and the recruitment of trained professionals to lead ASGM operations within the CMS. Enhancing miners’ risk perception through targeted outreach and awareness campaigns is also essential. Further recommendations for mitigating safety risks and health challenges are discussed in the article.
Isolating the Distinction between Acts and Pure Omissions
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Tort law purports to attach significance to a distinction between ‘acts’ and certain kinds of ‘omissions’. Holding everything else fixed—the type of damage or outcome caused, fault with respect to that outcome, and so on—liability is claimed to hinge upon whether the outcome came about by an act or a ‘pure’ omission. This chapter examines the way the distinction is drawn in the current law and the significance attached to it. It is in nine sections. The first three are concerned with providing a more precise statement of the significance of the distinction, a preview of the situations in which duties to act arise in the current law, and an analysis of how the distinction is ordinarily drawn in the current law. The next three sections examine alternative ways of understanding the distinction that the law is seeking to capture—primarily the distinction between making worse and not benefiting. It is argued that the distinction between acts and pure omissions should be replaced with, or at least supplemented by, a particular version of this distinction. The final two substantive sections respond to objections.
Statute
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The first section of this chapter considers express statutory rights to compensation for breach of P-duties. A central example is the liability to compensate for breach of P-duties under the Human Rights Act 1998. It is shown that these P-duties cannot be fully rationalised as situations in which a special fact recognised by the common law is in place. The argument will show that, if the liability to compensate for breach of P-duties under the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 is justified, then the absence of certain special P-duties at common law cannot be justified on substantive grounds. This lays the foundation for Chapter 10’s consideration of the extent to which tort law should recognise more extensive actionable P-duties against public bodies. The second section of the chapter considers the extent to which the tort of breach of statutory duty has been recognised to give rise to actionable P-duties beyond the special facts recognised by the common law.
Beyond Duty Issues: Breach, Causation, Remedies
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Almost all of this book has focussed on when a person has a P-duty, that is, on the existence conditions of a P-duty in tort. This penultimate chapter examines the extent to which P-duties involve, and should involve, distinctive rules in relation to other liability-related questions in tort. It considers three central matters: the standard of the duty (what the duty requires of the duty-bearer), causation (whether distinctive causal rules apply in relation to P-duties), and remedies (whether the P-duty/N-duty distinction bears on what remedies courts will order upon breach). In relation to standard of duty, this will be shown to depend on why the P-duty arises: assumed P-duties should be treated differently from non-assumed P-duties, and in relation to the latter, a distinction should be drawn between innocent risk cases and cases in which the duty-bearer is not responsible for the initial risk. In relation to causation and remedies, the chapter argues against sharp distinctions being drawn between P-duties and N-duties.
Site-discordant expression of myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm
Authors: Bulterys Philip L , Saleem Atif , Brown Ryanne A , Novoa Roberto A , Rieger Kerri E , Natkunam Yasodha , Fernandez-Pol Sebastian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive hematologic neoplasm that can show clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic overlap with acute myeloid leukemia. Myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) is a nuclear protein expressed by myelomonocytic cells previously reported to be reliably absent in BPDCN and proposed as a useful adjunct for the distinction of BPDCN and acute myeloid leukemia. We encountered a case of BPDCN that showed strong nuclear expression of MNDA in bone marrow and breast samples and weak to absent expression in skin samples, prompting us to reevaluate the expression of MNDA in BPDCN.

Methods
We collected all available BPDCN cases from the Stanford University archives collected in the past 10 years and subjected them to MNDA immunohistochemistry. In select cases, molecular profiling by next-generation sequencing was performed.

Results
We found 4 cases (of 8 total examined [50%]) with convincing site-discordant MNDA expression. This expression was seen in 3 of 6 (50%) bone marrow samples, 1 of 2 (50%) breast soft tissue samples, and 3 of 14 (up to 21%) skin samples and was not obviously predicted by age, sex, history of myeloid neoplasm, or treatment history. In 2 cases, MNDA was strongly expressed in 2 distinct sites (breast/bone marrow, skin/bone marrow) and negative in subsequent samples.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that MNDA expression in BPDCN is anatomic site dependent and transient, with noncutaneous infiltrates showing more frequent expression than cutaneous infiltrates. These results caution against the use of MNDA to exclude BPDCN when considering the differential diagnosis of a blastic extramedullary infiltrate.
VCAb: a web-tool for structure-guided exploration of antibodies
Authors: Guo Dongjun , Ng Joseph Chi-Fung , Dunn-Walters Deborah K , Fraternali Franca 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Effective responses against immune challenges require antibodies of different isotypes performing specific effector functions. Structural information on these isotypes is essential to engineer antibodies with desired physico-chemical features of their antigen-binding properties, and optimal developability as potential therapeutics. In silico mutational scanning profiles on antibody structures would further pinpoint candidate mutations for enhancing antibody stability and function. Current antibody structure databases lack consistent annotations of isotypes and structural coverage of 3D antibody structures, as well as computed deep mutation profiles.

Results
The V and C region bearing antibody (VCAb) web-tool is established to clarify these annotations and provides an accessible resource to facilitate antibody engineering and design. VCAb currently provides data on 7,166 experimentally determined antibody structures including both V and C regions from different species. Additionally, VCAb provides annotations of species and isotypes with numbering schemes applied. These information can be interactively queried or downloaded in batch.

Availability and implementation
VCAb is implemented as a R shiny application to enable interactive data interrogation. The online application is freely accessible https://fraternalilab.cs.ucl.ac.uk/VCAb/. The source code to generate the database and the online application is available open-source at https://github.com/Fraternalilab/VCAb.
HunFlair2 in a cross-corpus evaluation of biomedical named entity recognition and normalization tools
Authors: Sänger Mario , Garda Samuele , Wang Xing David , Weber-Genzel Leon , Droop Pia , Fuchs Benedikt , Akbik Alan , Leser Ulf 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Motivation
With the exponential growth of the life sciences literature, biomedical text mining (BTM) has become an essential technology for accelerating the extraction of insights from publications. The identification of entities in texts, such as diseases or genes, and their normalization, i.e. grounding them in knowledge base, are crucial steps in any BTM pipeline to enable information aggregation from multiple documents. However, tools for these two steps are rarely applied in the same context in which they were developed. Instead, they are applied “in the wild,” i.e. on application-dependent text collections from moderately to extremely different from those used for training, varying, e.g. in focus, genre or text type. This raises the question whether the reported performance, usually obtained by training and evaluating on different partitions of the same corpus, can be trusted for downstream applications.

Results
Here, we report on the results of a carefully designed cross-corpus benchmark for entity recognition and normalization, where tools were applied systematically to corpora not used during their training. Based on a survey of 28 published systems, we selected five, based on predefined criteria like feature richness and availability, for an in-depth analysis on three publicly available corpora covering four entity types. Our results present a mixed picture and show that cross-corpus performance is significantly lower than the in-corpus performance. HunFlair2, the redesigned and extended successor of the HunFlair tool, showed the best performance on average, being closely followed by PubTator Central. Our results indicate that users of BTM tools should expect a lower performance than the original published one when applying tools in “the wild” and show that further research is necessary for more robust BTM tools.

Availability and implementation
All our models are integrated into the Natural Language Processing (NLP) framework flair: https://github.com/flairNLP/flair. Code to reproduce our results is available at: https://github.com/hu-ner/hunflair2-experiments.
The loss of dNK1/2 and EVT1 cells at the maternal–fetal interface is associated with recurrent miscarriage
Authors: Yang Yijun , Qiu Jiangnan , Xu Qiaoqiao , Fan Yun , Wang Hui , Qian Hong , Wu Zhu , Zhang Yuchen , Gao Yingchun , Shi Can , Lu Chuncheng , Xia Yankai , Cheng Wenjun 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Recurrent miscarriage is a chronic and heterogeneous pregnancy disorder lacking effective treatment. Alterations at the maternal–fetal interface are commonly observed in recurrent miscarriage, with the loss of certain cell subpopulations believed to be a key cause. Through single-cell sequencing of recurrent miscarriage patients and healthy donors, we aim to identify aberrancy of cellular features in recurrent miscarriage tissues, providing new insights into the research. Natural killer cells, the most abundant immune cells in the decidua, are traditionally classified into dNK1, dNK2, and dNK3. In this study, we identified a new subset, dNK1/2, absent in recurrent miscarriage tissues. This subset was named because it expresses biomarkers of both dNK1 and dNK2. With further analysis, we discovered that dNK1/2 cells play roles in immunoregulation and cytokine secretion. On the villous side of the interface, a notable decrease of extravillous trophoblast cells was identified in recurrent miscarriage tissues. We clustered extravillous trophoblasts into EVT1 (absent in recurrent miscarriage) and EVT2 (retained in recurrent miscarriage). Pseudotime analysis revealed distinct differentiation paths, identifying CCNB1, HMGB1, and NPM1 as EVT1 biomarkers. Additionally, we found that EVT1 is involved in the regulation of cell death, while EVT2 exhibited more angiogenic activity. Cell communication analysis revealed that interaction between EVT1 and dNK1/2 mediates chemotaxis and endothelial cell regulation, crucial for spiral artery remodeling. The loss of this interaction may impair decidualization, which is associated with recurrent miscarriage. In summary, we propose that the loss of dNK1/2 and EVT1 cells is a significant pathological feature of recurrent miscarriage.

Summary Sentence
The communication between EVT1 and dNK1/2 mediated the chemotaxis of EVT1 and facilitated regulation of endothelial cell death, initiating spiral artery remodeling. The loss of this specific cellular interaction may result in impaired decidualization, leading to recurrent miscarriage.
Designing cancer screening trials for reduction in late-stage cancer incidence
Authors: Zhu Kehao , Zhao Ying-Qi , Zheng Yingye 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
Before implementing a biomarker test for early cancer detection into routine clinical care, the test must demonstrate clinical utility, that is, the test results should lead to clinical actions that positively affect patient-relevant outcomes. Unlike therapeutical trials for patients diagnosed with cancer, designing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to demonstrate the clinical utility of an early detection biomarker with mortality and related endpoints poses unique challenges. The hurdles stem from the prolonged natural progression of the disease and the lack of information regarding the time-varying screening effect on the target asymptomatic population. To facilitate the study design of screening trials, we propose using a generic multistate disease history model and derive model-based effect sizes. The model links key performance metrics of the test, such as sensitivity, to primary endpoints like the incidence of late-stage cancer. It also incorporates the practical implementation of the biomarker-testing program in real-world scenarios. Based on the chronological time scale aligned with RCT, our method allows the assessment of study powers based on key features of the new program, including the test sensitivity, the length of follow-up, and the number and frequency of repeated tests. The calculation tool from the proposed method will enable practitioners to perform realistic and quick evaluations when strategizing screening trials for specific diseases. We use numerical examples based on the National Lung Screening Trial to demonstrate the method.
Compensation patterns and altered functional connectivity in alcohol use disorder with and without Korsakoff's syndrome
Authors: Morand Alexandrine , Laniepce Alice , Cabé Nicolas , Boudehent Céline , Segobin Shailendra , Pitel Anne-Lise 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a chronic disease characterized by an inappropriate pattern of drinking, resulting in negative consequences for the individual's physical, mental and social health. Korsakoff's syndrome is a complication of alcohol use disorder and is characterized by severe memory and executive deficits. The fronto-cerebellar and Papez circuits are structurally affected in patients with alcohol use disorder with and without Korsakoff’s syndrome. The first objective of the present study was to measure the effect of chronic and excessive alcohol consumption on resting-state functional connectivity of these two functional brain networks. The second objective was to identify, for the first time, resting-state functional connectivity abnormalities specific to amnesic patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome. In the present study, a neuropsychological assessment and a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging examination were conducted in 31 healthy controls (43.6 ± 6.1 years) and 46 patients (46.6 ± 9.1 years) with alcohol use disorder including 14 patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome (55.5 ± 5.3 years) to examine the effect of chronic and heavy alcohol consumption on functional connectivity of the fronto-cerebellar and the Papez circuits at rest and the specificity of functional connectivity changes in Korsakoff’s syndrome compared to alcohol use disorder without Korsakoff’s syndrome. The resting-state functional connectivity analyses focused on the nodes of the fronto-cerebellar and Papez circuits and combined region of interest and graph theory approaches, and whether these alterations are associated with the neuropsychological profile. In patients pooled together compared to controls, lower global efficiency was observed in the fronto-cerebellar circuit. In addition, certain regions of the fronto-cerebellar and Papez circuits were functionally hyperconnected at rest, which positively correlated with executive functions. Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome showed lower resting-state functional connectivity, lower local and global efficiency within the Papez circuit compared to those without Korsakoff’s syndrome. Resting-state functional connectivity positively correlated with several cognitive scores in patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome. The fronto-cerebellar and Papez circuits, two normally well-segregated networks, are functionally altered by alcohol use disorder. The Papez circuit attempts to compensate for deficits in the fronto-cerebellar circuit, albeit insufficiently as evidenced by patients’ overall lower cognitive performance. Korsakoff’s syndrome is characterized by altered functional connectivity in the Papez circuit known to be centrally involved in memory.