bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous and Intensified Laboratory Process Development at Clariant
Authors: Heitmann Dennis 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe conversion of batch processes into continuous operating regimes offers various advantages in terms of safety, efficiency, product quality, and production costs. The industrial process development also has to be adapted for this purpose. In this essay, the focus will be drawn to the general approach of a process transfer from a batch process towards an intensified continuous process on laboratory scale at Clariant. In this context, process intensification means a holistic approach leading to substantially smaller, cleaner, and more efficient processes, which also result in better products.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Cu and Cu/Ni Nanoparticles on NaP Zeolite Support as Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Behin Jamshid , Shahryarifar Ali , Kazemian Hossein 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial properties of Cu and Cu/Ni nanoparticles loaded on NaP zeolite against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were investigated. Synthesis of Cu and Ni nanoparticles of the NaP substrate was carried out by conventional and sonochemical methods in ethylene glycol medium. A Box‐Behnken design of experiment was employed to analyze the influence of nanoparticle loading, Cu content of nanoparticles, and concentration of metallic salts solution on the antibacterial activity of the synthesized product. The synthesized samples provided an about one‐third higher activity against B. subtilis compared to E. coli. Ultrasonic irradiation significantly improved the antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis. Time‐ and concentration‐dependent bacterial tests of the synthesized sample under optimum conditions were performed with a central composite design of experiment.
Structure and diversity of retinal ganglion cells in steller's sculpin Myoxocephalus stelleri tilesius, 1811
Authors: Pushchin Igor 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTWe studied the morphology and diversity of retinal ganglion cells in Steller's sculpin Myoxocephalus stelleri. The cells were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase and examined in retinal wholemounts. A sample of 123 cells were camera lucida‐drawn and digitized. A total of 18 structural parameters were estimated for each cell. The cells were classified using 10 clustering algorithms. The optimum solution was determined using silhouette analysis. It contained eight clusters and was based on three variables: dendritic field area, vitread stratification boundary, and stratification range. Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA)‐on‐Ranks with post‐hoc Mann–Whitney U‐tests showed significant pairwise between‐cluster differences in two or more of the original variables. The present classification is compared with those proposed for other teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1122–1138, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HOXA5 localization in postnatal and adult mouse brain is suggestive of regulatory roles in postmitotic neurons
Authors: Lizen Benoit , Hutlet Bertrand , Bissen Diane , Sauvegarde Deborah , Hermant Maryse , Ahn Marie‐Thérèse , Gofflot Françoise 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTHoxa5 is a member of the Hox gene family, which plays critical roles in successive steps of the central nervous system formation during embryonic and fetal development. Hoxa5 expression in the adult mouse brain has been reported, suggesting that this gene may be functionally required in the brain after birth. To provide further insight into the Hoxa5 expression pattern and potential functions in the brain, we have characterized its neuroanatomical profile from embryonic stages to adulthood. While most Hox mapping studies have been based solely on transcript analysis, we extended our analysis to HOXA5 protein localization in adulthood using specific antibodies. Our results show that Hoxa5 expression appears in the most caudal part of the hindbrain at fetal stages, where it is maintained until adulthood. In the medulla oblongata and pons, we detected Hoxa5 expression in many precerebellar neurons and in several nuclei implicated in the control of autonomic functions. In these territories, the HOXA5 protein is present solely in neurons, specifically in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, glutamatergic, and catecholaminergic neurons. Finally, we also detected Hoxa5 transcripts, but not the HOXA5 protein, in the thalamus and the cortex, from postnatal stages to adult stages, and in the cerebellum at adulthood. We provide evidence that some larger variants of Hoxa5 transcripts are present in these territories. Our mapping analysis allowed us to build hypotheses regarding HOXA5 functions in the nervous system after birth, such as a potential role in the establishment and refinement/plasticity of precerebellar circuits during postnatal and adult life. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1155–1175, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Central neural alterations predominate in an insect model of nociceptive sensitization
Authors: Tabuena Dennis R. , Solis Allan , Geraldi Ken , Moffatt Christopher A. , Fuse Megumi 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTMany organisms respond to noxious stimuli with defensive maneuvers. This is noted in the hornworm, Manduca sexta, as a defensive strike response. After tissue damage, organisms typically display sensitized responses to both noxious or normally innocuous stimuli. To further understand this phenomenon, we used novel in situ and in vitro preparations based on paired extracellular nerve recordings and videography to identify central and peripheral nerves responsible for nociception and sensitization of the defensive behavior in M. sexta. In addition, we used the in vivo defensive strike response threshold assayed with von Frey filaments to examine the roles that N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and hyperpolarization‐activated, cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels play in this nociceptive sensitization using the inhibitors MK‐801 and AP5 (NMDAR), and ivabradine and ZD7288 (HCN). Using our new preparations, we found that afferent activity evoked by noxious pinch in these preparations was conveyed to central ganglia by axons in the anterior‐ and lateral‐dorsal nerve branches, and that sensitization induced by tissue damage was mediated centrally. Furthermore, sensitization was blocked by all inhibitors tested except the inactive isomer L‐AP5, and reversed by ivabradine both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that M. sexta's sensitization occurs through central signal amplification. Due to the relatively natural sensitization method and conserved molecular actions, we suggest that M. sexta may be a valuable model for studying the electrophysiological properties of nociceptive sensitization and potentially related conditions such as allodynia and hyperalgesia in a comparative setting that offers unique experimental advantages. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1176–1191, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A methodology for constraining power in finite element modeling of radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Jiang Yansheng , Possebon Ricardo , Mulier Stefaan , Wang Chong , Chen Feng , Feng Yuanbo , Xia Qian , Liu Yewei , Yin Ting , Oyen Raymond , Ni Yicheng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive thermal therapy for the treatment of cancer, hyperopia, and cardiac tachyarrhythmia. In RFA, the power delivered to the tissue is a key parameter. The objective of this study was to establish a methodology for the finite element modeling of RFA with constant power. Because of changes in the electric conductivity of tissue with temperature, a nonconventional boundary value problem arises in the mathematic modeling of RFA: neither the voltage (Dirichlet condition) nor the current (Neumann condition), but the power, that is, the product of voltage and current was prescribed on part of boundary. We solved the problem using Lagrange multiplier: the product of the voltage and current on the electrode surface is constrained to be equal to the Joule heating. We theoretically proved the equality between the product of the voltage and current on the surface of the electrode and the Joule heating in the domain. We also proved the well‐posedness of the problem of solving the Laplace equation for the electric potential under a constant power constraint prescribed on the electrode surface. The Pennes bioheat transfer equation and the Laplace equation for electric potential augmented with the constraint of constant power were solved simultaneously using the Newton‐Raphson algorithm. Three problems for validation were solved. Numerical results were compared either with an analytical solution deduced in this study or with results obtained by ANSYS or experiments. This work provides the finite element modeling of constant power RFA with a firm mathematical basis and opens pathway for achieving the optimal RFA power.
Arginine‐Assisted Formation of Hierarchical TiO2 Microspheres for Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Chang Yi‐Chun , Wang Yu‐Xuan , Lee Chi‐Young , Chiu Hsin‐Tien 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA facile route was established to synthesize hierarchically structured high specific surface area (122 m2 g−1) TiO2 microspheres (diameter: 0.5–1 μm). In a heated Teflon‐coated stainless‐steel autoclave, titanium tetrabutoxide Ti(OBu)4, arginine, and absolute ethanol were reacted via the solvothermal reaction to generate the TiO2 precursor. The as‐formed precursor solid was further processed at 673 K under air to generate the TiO2 microspheres of nanosheets (thickness: 18 nm). The products were examined as potential anode materials for Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries. After 100 cycles at 0.1 C (1C=335 mA h g−1), the assembled batteries showed respectable specific capacity 241 mA h g−1 and 145 mA h g−1 for Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries, respectively.
Utilization of Diurnal Rodents in the Research of Depression
Authors: Bilu Carmel , Einat Haim , Kronfeld‐Schor Noga 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

Most neuropsychiatric research, including that related to the circadian system, is performed using nocturnal animals, mainly laboratory mice and rats. Mood disorders are known to be associated with circadian rhythm abnormalities, but the mechanisms by which circadian rhythm disruptions interact with depression remain unclear. As the circadian system of diurnal and nocturnal mammals differs, we previously suggested that the utilization of diurnal animal models may be advantageous for understanding these relations. During the last 10 years, we and others established the validity of several diurnal rodent species as a model for the interactions between circadian rhythms and depression. Diurnal rodents respond to photoperiod manipulation in a similar way to humans, the behavioral outcome is directly related to the circadian system, and treatment that is effective in patients is also effective in the model. Moreover, less effective treatments in patients are also less effective in the model. We, therefore, suggest that using diurnal animal models to study circadian rhythms‐related affective disorders, such as depression, will provide new insights that will hopefully lead to the development of more effective treatments. Drug Dev Res 77 : 347–356, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality versus quantity: Foraging decisions in the honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) feeding on wildflower nectar and fruit juice
Authors: Shackleton Kyle , Balfour Nicholas J. , Al Toufailia Hasan , Gaioski Roberto , de Matos Barbosa Marcela , Silva Carina A. de S. , Bento José M. S. , Alves Denise A. , Ratnieks Francis L. W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractForaging animals must often decide among resources which vary in quality and quantity. Nectar is a resource that exists along a continuum of quality in terms of sugar concentration and is the primary energy source for bees. Alternative sugar sources exist, including fruit juice, which generally has lower energetic value than nectar. We observed many honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata) foraging on juice from fallen guava (Psidium guajava) fruit near others foraging on nectar. To investigate whether fruit and nectar offered contrasting benefits of quality and quantity, we compared honeybee foraging performance on P. guajava fruit versus two wildflowers growing within 50 m, Richardia brasiliensis and Tridax procumbens. Bees gained weight significantly faster on fruit, 2.72 mg/min, than on either flower (0.17 and 0.12 mg/min, respectively). However, the crop sugar concentration of fruit foragers was significantly lower than for either flower (12.4% vs. 37.0% and 22.7%, respectively). Fruit foragers also spent the most time handling and the least time flying, suggesting that fruit juice was energetically inexpensive to collect. We interpret honeybee foraging decisions in the context of existing foraging models and consider how nest‐patch distance may be a key factor for central place foragers choosing between resources of contrasting quality and quantity. We also discuss how dilute solutions, such as fruit juice, can help maintain colony sugar–water balance. These results show the benefits of feeding on resources with contrasting quality and quantity and that even low‐quality resources have value.
Right ventricular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gorter Thomas M. , Hoendermis Elke S. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Voors Adriaan A. , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Geelhoed Bastiaan , Willems Tineke P. , van Melle Joost P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsRight ventricular (RV) dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are increasingly recognized in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The prevalence and prognostic value of RV dysfunction in HFpEF have been widely but variably reported. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses.Methods and resultsEnglish literature until May 2016 was evaluated for prevalence of RV dysfunction [i.e. tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) <16 mm, fractional area change (FAC) <35%, or tricuspid annular systolic velocity (RV S') <9.5 cm/s)] and PH [i.e. mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) ≥25 mmHg or pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) ≥35 mmHg]. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes were calculated. A total of 38 studies was included. In studies with stringent HFpEF criteria, prevalence of RV dysfunction was 28% for TAPSE, 18% for FAC, and 21% for RV S'. Prevalence of PH was 68% for both increased MPAP and PASP. TAPSE (HR 1.26/5 mm decrease; P < 0.0001), FAC (HR 1.15/5% decrease; P < 0.0001), MPAP (HR 1.26/5 mmHg increase; P < 0.0001), and PASP (1.16/5 mmHg increase; P < 0.0001) were all univariably associated with mortality. HRs for RV S' were not reported.ConclusionRV dysfunction and PH are highly prevalent and are both associated with poor outcome in patients with HFpEF.
Relationship between chocolate microstructure, oil migration, and fat bloom in filled chocolates
Authors: Delbaere Claudia , Van de Walle Davy , Depypere Frédéric , Gellynck Xavier , Dewettinck Koen 
Published: September 2016

Fat bloom is one of the main quality problems in the chocolate industry. A bloomed chocolate product is characterized by the loss of its initial gloss and the formation of a gray‐whitish haze, which makes the product unappealing from a consumer point of view. In the industry, most of the fat bloom related problems arise in filled chocolate products, like pralines and chocolate‐coated biscuits. In these products, oil migration is considered the main cause of fat bloom development. It leads to the dissolution of solid cocoa butter crystals in the chocolate shell which may recrystallize with the formation of undesired crystals. These give rise, upon growth, to visual fat bloom. When looking at the available literature, most of the studies elucidate the possible mechanisms of oil migration and the subsequent fat bloom formation using model systems. These model systems are sometimes too distant from the real industrial applications and the important role of the microstructure of the products are often neglected, although it plays a crucial role in migration‐induced fat bloom development. The main objective of this review is to describe the relationships between chocolate microstructure, oil migration, and fat bloom.Practical applications: This review can be used as a base for the development of microstructural strategies to retard oil migration and fat bloom development in filled chocolates. An important strategy to retard oil migration and migration‐induced fat bloom is the creation of more dense structures. By creating denser structures, the overall mobility is reduced leading to a decrease in the rate and extent of oil migration. Also, more dense structures hinder recrystallization and Ostwald ripening, thereby delaying the migration‐induced fat bloom development. As fillings are less standardized and not bound by legislation, modification of the filling composition and microstructure offers more opportunities in delaying fat bloom.The main objective of the review is to describe the relationships between chocolate microstructure, oil migration, and fat bloom, as illustrated in this scheme. The numbers indicate the four parts that are discussed in this review.
Increased prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in CRPS
Authors: Speck V. , Schlereth T. , Birklein F. , Maihöfner C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundAlthough specific psychological disorders in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) have not been identified, studies suggest that CRPS patients may have increased rates of traumatic life events. Because these events do not always lead to apparent psychological symptoms, we systematically screened CRPS patients for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to determine if PTSD could be a risk factor for CRPS.MethodsConsecutive CRPS patients referred to two university hospital centres (University of Erlangen, UMC Mainz) between December 2011 and April 2013 were prospectively examined using a diagnostic PTSD instrument (Post‐traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). We also tested maladaptive coping strategies (brief‐COPE inventory) and the PDS severity score as predictors for CRPS. Patients with non‐CRPS extremity pain and healthy individuals were used as control groups.ResultsWe collected data from 152 patients with CRPS, 55 control patients and 55 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals. Fifty‐eight CRPS patients (38%), six non‐CRPS pain patients (10%) and two healthy individuals (4%) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Initial PTSD symptom onset was prior to CRPS in 50 CRPS patients (86%) and during the course of CRPS in eight patients. Results of a logistic regression revealed that the PTSD severity score was associated with CRPS (p < 0.0001). Maladaptive coping strategies (p < 0.0001) were related to PTSD.Conclusionsposttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more frequent in patients with CRPS than it is in the general population.SignificanceResearch has not yet provided support for specific psychological predictors for CRPS.
Investigating the role of dissolved and droplet oil in aquatic toxicity using dispersed and passive dosing systems
Authors: Redman Aaron D. , Butler Josh D. , Letinski Daniel J. , Parkerton Thomas F. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Characterization of the aquatic toxicity of oil is needed to support hazard assessment and inform spill response. Natural processes and mitigation strategies involving dispersant use can result in exposures to both dissolved and droplet oil that are not typically differentiated when oil exposures are characterized in toxicity tests. Thus, the impact of droplets on aquatic toxicity is largely uncharacterized. To improve the understanding of the role of droplets, acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Americamysis bahia were performed with Endicott crude oil in low-energy mixing systems with and without Corexit 9500 dispersant. Exposures were also prepared by placing crude oil in silicone tubing and passively dosing test media to provide dissolved oil exposures without droplets. A framework is described for characterizing dissolved phase exposures using both mechanistic modeling and passive sampling measurements. The approach is then illustrated by application to data from the present study. Expression of toxicity in terms of toxic units calculated from modeled dissolved oil concentrations or passive sampling measurements showed similar dose responses between exposure systems and organisms, despite the gradient in droplet oil. These results indicate that droplets do not appreciably contribute to toxicity for the 2 species investigated and further support hazard evaluation of dispersed oil on the basis of dissolved exposure metrics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1020–1028. © 2016 SETAC
Tools and terms for understanding illegal wildlife trade
Authors: Phelps Jacob , Biggs Duan , Webb Edward L 
Published: September 2016

Illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is a global conservation issue that threatens thousands of species, including fish, fungi, medicinal plants, and charismatic mammals. Despite widespread recognition of the problem, debates on the science and policy of IWT generally concentrate on a few high‐profile species (eg rhinoceros, tigers, elephants) and often overlook or conflate complex IWT products, actors, networks, and contexts. A poor understanding of IWT is aggravated by the lack of systematic vocabulary and conceptual tools with which to analyze complex phenomena in a more structured way. We synthesize the available evidence on IWT across taxa and contexts into a typology‐based framework that considers (1) the diversity of wildlife products; (2) the roles of various actors involved with IWT, including harvesters, intermediaries, and consumers; and (3) common IWT network configurations. We propose ways in which these tools can inform structured analyses of IWT, to help ensure more nuanced, appropriate, targeted, and effective responses to illegal wildlife harvest, trade, and use.
Innovation Promises and Evidence Realities
Authors: Maschke Karen J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOver the past year media outlets and scientific and bioethics journals have reported about several medical and scientific innovations touted as having the potential to fundamentally change not only how diseases and disorders are diagnosed and treated but even how to alter the genomes of future generations. The purported “miracle” blood‐testing technology of Theranos and the potential use of the genome editing technology CRISPR‐Cas9 to modify human and nonhuman organisms reflect dramatic advances in scientific understanding about the biological mechanisms of humans and other living organisms. Yet evidence about whether these and other innovative biomedical technologies are safe and effective and lead to improved health outcomes for patients young and old is often in dispute. How to assess the safety and effectiveness of innovative biomedical technologies, who should be involved in that effort, and how to define risks and benefits of those technologies are questions at the intersection of values, interests, and politics.
Where Shall We Go?
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis issue of the Hastings Center Report coincides with the annual conference of the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, whose theme this year is “Where do we stand?” The issue addresses that theme with the article by Debra Mathews and colleagues and the set of brief response essays that follow it. Mathews et al., drawing on work carried out by the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, pose questions about how to understand and evaluate the worth of bioethics research. Those questions require them to think very broadly about what bioethics is, in the first place, and how it is related to medicine, health policy, science, and society generally. In short, they are thinking at the highest level about the question, where do we stand?