bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational evidence for the convective transport of dust over the Central United States
Authors: Corr C. A. , Ziemba L. D. , Scheuer E. , Anderson B. E. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Chen G. , Crosbie E. , Moore R. H. , Shook M. , Thornhill K. L. , Winstead E. , Lawson R. P. , Barth M. C. , Schroeder J. R. , Blake D. R. , Dibb J. E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBulk aerosol composition and aerosol size distributions measured aboard the DC‐8 aircraft during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment mission in May/June 2012 were used to investigate the transport of mineral dust through nine storms encountered over Colorado and Oklahoma. Measurements made at low altitudes (<5 km mean sea level (MSL)) in the storm inflow region were compared to those made in cirrus anvils (altitude > 9 km MSL). Storm mean outflow Ca2+ mass concentrations and total coarse (1 µm < diameter < 5 µm) aerosol volume (Vc) were comparable to mean inflow values as demonstrated by average outflow/inflow ratios greater than 0.5. A positive relationship between Ca2+, Vc, ice water content, and large (diameter > 50 µm) ice particle number concentrations was not evident; thus, the influence of ice shatter on these measurements was assumed small. Mean inflow aerosol number concentrations calculated over a diameter range (0.5 µm < diameter < 5.0 µm) relevant for proxy ice nuclei (NPIN) were ~15–300 times higher than ice particle concentrations for all storms. Ratios of predicted interstitial NPIN (calculated as the difference between inflow NPIN and ice particle concentrations) and inflow NPIN were consistent with those calculated for Ca2+ and Vc and indicated that on average less than 10% of the ingested NPIN were activated as ice nuclei during anvil formation. Deep convection may therefore represent an efficient transport mechanism for dust to the upper troposphere where these particles can function as ice nuclei cirrus forming in situ.
Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) into the Yangtze River basin and the relationship with riverine nitrogen export
Authors: Chen Fei , Hou Lijun , Liu Min , Zheng Yanling , Yin Guoyu , Lin Xianbiao , Li Xiaofei , Zong Haibo , Deng Fengyu , Gao Juan , Jiang Xiaofen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study investigated net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI, including atmospheric nitrogen deposition, nitrogenous fertilizer use, net nitrogen import in food and feed, and agricultural nitrogen fixation) and the associated relationship with riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export in the Yangtze River basin during the 1980–2012 period. The total NANI in the Yangtze River basin has increased by more than twofold over the past three decades (3537.0 ± 615.3 to 8176.6 ± 1442.1 kg N km−2 yr−1). The application of chemical fertilizer was the largest component of NANI in the basin (51.1%), followed by net nitrogen import in food and feed (26.0%), atmospheric nitrogen deposition (13.2%), and agricultural nitrogen fixation (9.7%). A regression analysis showed that the riverine DIN export was strongly correlated with NANI and the annual water discharge (R2 = 0.90, p < 0.01). NANI in the Yangtze River basin was estimated to contribute 37–66% to the riverine DIN export. We also forecasted future variations in NANI and riverine DIN export for the years 2013 to 2030, based on possible future changes in human activities and the climate. This work provides a quantitative understanding of NANI in the Yangtze River basin and its effects on riverine DIN export and helps to develop integrated watershed nitrogen management strategies.
Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Copp Andrew J , Greene Nicholas DE 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Neural tube defects are malformations of the central nervous system and axial skeleton that arise before birth, and range from the fatal to the asymptomatic. They are among the commonest birth defects and can affect the brain, as in anencephaly, or the low spine, as in spina bifida. The defects have a strong genetic element, with a role for ‘planar polarity’ genes that control the elongation of the early embryo and cellular enzymes that metabolise folates. Environmental risk factors include maternal diabetes and antiepileptic drugs. Studies of mouse embryos reveal how the neural tube closes normally, and what can go wrong leading to a defect. The actin cytoskeleton is crucial, as is the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural cells. Folic acid can reduce the risk of a neural tube defect, when taken in early pregnancy, although it does not prevent all cases. Other supplements, including inositol, are under investigation to see whether the prevention offered by folic acid can be enhanced in future.

Key Concepts

Neural tube defects are common, disabling birth defects of the central nervous system.

Several types of neural tube defects occur, depending on the embryonic event that goes wrong.

Neural tube closure is the key developmental event whose disturbance leads to spina bifida and anencephaly.

Genes and environmental factors interact to cause neural tube defects.

Genes of folate one‐carbon metabolism, and of the planar cell polarity pathway, are known to participate in the causation of neural tube defects.

Many cellular events of embryonic development have been implicated in the development of neural tube defects.

Folic acid supplements in early pregnancy can prevent some cases of neural tube defect.

Novel therapies are required for the primary prevention of neural tube defects that do not respond to folic acid.
R
adiolaria
Authors: Ishitani Yoshiyuki , Febvre‐Chevalier Colette , Febvre Jean 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Radiolaria are marine unicellular zooplankton characterised by the presence of two types of pseudopodia called axopodia (pseudopodia having axial portion) and reticulopodia (pseudopodia make reticulated network). Class Phaeodarea, traditionally included in Radiolaria, were revised their taxonomic position (out of Radiolaria but in Cercozoa) on the basis of molecular studies. Also, a molecular perspective shows us that Radiolaria have five orders (Spumellaria, Nassellaria, Collodaria, Acantharia and Taxopodida) in two classes (former three in Polycystina, latter two in Spasmaria). Most of Radiolaria (excepting from some species of Collodaria) possess siliceous or celestite shells or spines, and both the fine structure and architectural diversity of the skeletons are used as taxonomic criteria. Good preservation of siliceous shells allows Radiolaria to be used as stratigraphic markers in Paleontology.

Key Concepts

Radiolaria are marine heterotrophic protists, and some harbour symbionts.

Most radiolarians, in particular class Polycystina, have good fossil record from the Cambrian era due to possessing siliceous shells.

Phylogenetic relationship of Radiolaria was revised through molecular phylogeny.

The closest lineage of Radiolaria is the other important microfossil group, Foraminifera.

Radiolaria are a member of eukaryotic supergroup Rhizaria, together with Cercozoa, Endomyxa and Foraminifera.
Jasmonic Acid Signalling
Authors: Roberts Michael R 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant hormone involved in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. A central feature of JA signalling is the repression of JA responses by the JASMONATE ZIM‐DOMAIN (JAZ) protein family. JAZ proteins function to inhibit the activity of transcription factors responsible for driving the expression of JA‐responsive target genes. This is achieved by recruitment of transcriptional repressors and chromatin remodelling proteins. Perception by a COI1‐JAZ coreceptor of the main bioactive molecule in JA signalling, jasmonoyl‐
l
‐isoleucine, results in JAZ protein degradation and release of JA responses from suppression. Specificity in JA signalling is generated by a combination of JAZ protein diversity, cell specificity of JA‐responsive transcription factors and interactions with other plant hormone signalling pathways.

Key Concepts

(+)‐7‐iso‐jasmonoyl‐
l
‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) is the main biologically active compound responsible for jasmonic acid (JA) signalling in higher plants.

JASMONATE ZIM‐DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins function as the central regulators of jasmonate signalling.

JAZ proteins recruit transcriptional repressors to inhibit the activity of transcription factors that positively regulate JA responses.

The F‐box protein COI1 functions along with JAZ proteins as a JA‐Ile coreceptor that controls JA‐dependent JAZ protein degradation.

Specificity in JA signalling is conferred by context‐specific interactions between JAZ proteins and their targets, and by interactions between JA and other signalling pathways.

There are two major pathways for jasmonate‐dependent plant defence responses, which are controlled by antagonistic master‐regulator transcription factors.

Herbivores, pathogens and symbiotic microorganisms can manipulate jasmonate signalling for their own benefit.

Interactions between JAZ and DELLA proteins mediate trade‐offs between growth and defence.

Jasmonates likely function as long‐distance defence signals within, and possibly even between, plants.

Other bioactive jasmonates include 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and
cis
‐jasmone.
Follicular Helper
T
Cells
Authors: Chen Yaping , Atnerkar Anurag , Yu Di 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are a subset of helper T cells with specialised functions to support high‐affinity and long‐term antibody responses. Tfh cells express high levels of transcription factor Bcl6, chemokine receptor CXCR5, cytokine IL‐21 and costimulatory receptor PD‐1 and ICOS, showing a phenotype distinct from other helper T‐cell subsets. The differentiation and function of Tfh cells are regulated by a unique molecular program orchestrated by the transcriptional factor Bcl6. The knowledge of Tfh cells provides new insights into the physiopathology of many human diseases, including immunodeficiency, autoimmune disease, infection and cancer.

Key Concepts

Tfh cells are a helper T‐cell subset.

Tfh cells regulate antibody response.

CXCR5 is an important functional marker for Tfh cells.

The ICOS–Bcl6 pathway critically regulates the differentiation of Tfh cells.

Certain primary immunodeficiencies show defects in Tfh cells.

Aberrant and/or excessive Tfh function promotes autoimmune diseases.
Molecular Genetics of Multiple Osteochondromas
Authors: de Andrea Carlos E , Hogendoorn Pancras CW , Bovée Judith VMG 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Multiple osteochondromas (MOs) is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by MOs (previously named exostoses). Their formation requires bi‐allelic inactivation of
EXT1
or
EXT2
genes in growth plate cartilage. They encode glycosyltransferases that catalyse the chain elongation step in heparan sulfate biosynthesis and when mutated cause a variety of growth factor signalling defects, impaired cell–matrix interactions and loss of polarity. Osteochondromas are not clonal neoplasms, but a mixed population of cells harbouring homozygous loss of either
EXT
genes or cells retaining the
EXT
wild‐type allele. About 1–5% of patients with MO at the age of 30–60 years will eventually develop a secondary chondrosarcoma. Cells harbouring the wild‐type alleles of
EXT1
and
EXT2
genes are thought to preferentially undergo malignant transformation, possibly by inactivation of the
CDKN2A
locus. This locus encodes INK4a (p16), which regulates RB1, and p19ARF, which regulates P53. Inactivation of
CDKN2A
by mutation or deletion is a common pathway for oncogenesis.

Key Concepts

Patients with MO are characterised genetically by germline mutations in
EXT1
and
EXT2
genes and phenotypically by the development of at least two osteochondromas.

Osteochondroma is a benign cartilage‐capped bony projection arising on the external surface of bone containing a marrow cavity that is continuous with that of the underlying bone.

Osteochondromas are the most frequent cartilaginous lesions, most often found on the femur (21%), humerus (17%) and tibia (11%).

Somatic inactivation of both
EXT
alleles results in significantly shorter heparan sulfate chains.

Defective heparan sulfate biosynthesis results in abnormal diffusion and signalling of IHH and FGFR3 causing increased proliferation and delayed differentiation.

Approximately 1–5% of patients with MO at the age of 30–60 years will eventually develop a secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma.

An osteochondroma cap exceeding 1.5–2 cm in adults is suggestive of malignancy.

The most common location for malignant transformation of an osteochondroma is the pelvis, where large lesions can be difficult to excise completely.

Cells harbouring the wild‐type alleles of
EXT1
and
EXT2
genes are thought to preferentially undergo malignant transformation.

Secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma typically shows chromosome instability with gains and losses and genomic diversity that increases with increasing grade of malignancy. Loss of heterozygosity for the chromosomal bands bearing the
RB1
and
CDKN2A
(
p16INK4a
) tumour suppressor genes is often found.
J
ulius
S
achs (1832–1897)
Authors: Nickelsen Kärin 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Julius Sachs (1832–1897), ennobled in 1877 to ‘von Sachs’, was a German plant scientist. He was the first botanist to receive his academic habilitation in ‘plant physiology’ and is considered one of the founding fathers of this discipline. From 1868, Sachs was the Director of the Botanical Institute and the Botanical Garden at the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, which became an internationally renowned centre for teaching and research in plant physiology. Sachs is particularly noted for introducing physical instrumentation into the study of plants. He did pioneering work on a broad range of subjects, including plant germination, nutrition, growth and tropism; and he inspired many botanists of the younger generation to consider plant physiology as a subject to pursue.
Face Perception
Authors: Barton Jason JS 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Face perception is a challenging task, given the richness of information contained in faces, such as identity, expression and age, their dynamic and complex shapes and the subtlety of the differences between faces. Our face expertise shows a marked orientation dependence, being superior for upright faces, and the mechanisms involved process not only facial features but their spatial relationships to each other in a holistic, integrated manner. Cognitive models propose that recognition involves a flow of information through a series of stages, with distinct pathways for different facial properties, such as identity and expression. Anatomically, face processing involve a core face processing network in the occipital and temporal lobes, including the fusiform face area, as well as more extended regions of the brain. Face recognition is impaired in the condition of prosopagnosia, which can be either acquired or developmental. It may also be anomalous in some subjects with autism.

Key Concepts

Many types of information can be gathered through face perception, including the identity, gender, emotional state, age and attractiveness of the person.

The face inversion effect is a marker of an orientation‐dependent perceptual expertise we develop with faces.

The composite face effect and the part–whole advantage are experimental observations that show that we process faces in a holistic manner.

Not all parts of the face are equal in importance: the upper half and the eyes play a greater role in identifying the face.

Cognitive models propose a series of processing stages, with information flowing from perception to memory, and in different streams for identity and expression processing.

Neuroanatomic data show a core face network in the occipital and temporal lobes, more significant in the right side of the brain that interacts with additional regions in frontal and anterior temporal regions.

Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognise the identity of familiar faces, or to learn to recognise new faces.

There is debate about whether the recognition problem in prosopagnosia is limited to faces: some data indicate that identification of other objects for which the patient is also an expert may be affected too.

Prosopagnosia can be developmental, perhaps through a hereditary defect that affects the development of face‐sensitive cortical regions or their connections.

Patients with autism can have difficulty with recognising the identity or expression of faces: some suggest that this is due to their tendency to avoid looking at faces.
Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy: Methods and Applications
Authors: Kremer Anna , Lippens Saskia , Guérin Christopher J 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Light has its limits, and even in the world of ‘super resolution’ microscopy, many cellular structures and even large protein complexes are not resolvable in the light microscope – although it is ideal for watching living cells and tissues and linking structural changes to functional outcomes. Electron microscopy can yield molecular level resolution but is limited to nonliving samples that have been extensively processed to preserve structure and be visible using electron optics. While it would be ideal to have a single system which provided nanoscale information on living samples, until that day arrives, the obvious answer is to use both light microscopy and electron microscopy as complementary approaches. Localising the same labelled structure in both imaging modalities is known as correlative LM and EM or correlated light and electron microscopy. Various methods and instrumentation are used for correlating data from the same sample imaged using both light and electrons.

Key Concepts

Light microscopes cannot resolve specimens at the nanoscale.

Combining light and electron microscopy can link ultrastructure to function.

For CLEM, exactly the same region of interest (ROI) is imaged in both the light and electron microscope.

3D (volume) electron microscopy can provide spatial information at the nanoscale.

Using special probes, proteins can be located in both light and electron microscopes.
Alternative Splicing and Genome Evolution
Authors: Gamazon Eric R 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

The alternative splicing of pre‐messenger ribonucleic acids is an important mechanism of proteomic diversity and plays a significant role in determining a protein's structure, function and localisation. Because of its ubiquity as a mechanism (affecting most human genes) and its broad functional role (in development and physiology), it is expected to make an important contribution to the evolution of trait complexity. Here, we consider the evolutionary consequences of this key cellular mechanism, which are being uncovered by important developments in genomic technology and methodology.

Key Concepts

Alternative splicing is a key cellular process driving phenotypic diversity and functional innovation.

Gene duplication and other molecular processes can interact with alternative splicing in highly complex ways to drive genome evolution.

Gene regulation, including alternative splicing, is thought to account for the extraordinary divergence in traits between closely related species given the small degree of molecular divergence between orthologous protein sequences.

Nonsense‐mediated decay (with its conserved machinery and targets across large evolutionary time spans) can act as a quality control mechanism on alternative splicing to guard the cell against potentially deleterious gene products.

In studies of the evolutionary landscape of alternative splicing (in multiple tissues across hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary time span), the identity of the species is the primary source of the variability in overall alternative splicing patterns, whereas tissue type is the main source for overall gene expression patterns.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection and habitat occupancy of threatened spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus)
Authors: Boothroyd Margaret , Mandrak Nicholas E. , Fox Michael , Wilson Chris C. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Determining the occurrence and site occupancy of rare and endangered species can be challenging, particularly without causing harm or stress to the species of concern.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection was used to assess habitat occupancy by spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), which is federally listed as Threatened in Canada, with known occurrences limited to a small number of locations in southern Ontario.
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were developed to detect spotted gar eDNA, which was detected in all but one previously recorded location. The eDNA method was shown to be more effective than traditional netting for detecting spotted gar habitat use.
The use of qPCR allowed for quantification of substantial variation in detection strength (copy number) among replicate eDNA samples, with implications for establishing sampling designs for detection and surveillance.
The use of eDNA for detection and monitoring of aquatic species of conservation concern shows great potential as a non‐invasive method for assessing species occurrences and habitat occupancy, as well as for informing targeted sampling by conventional capture methods.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Entry into Ecology: Authentic Field Research Experiences for High School Youth
Authors: Flowers Susan K. , Beyer Katherine M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEngaging pre‐college youth in authentic field research experiences is important for supporting entrance of young people into the environmental sciences. Here, we describe a model and outcomes for integration of career exploration programs into the research and restoration imperatives of a university field station and a nature reserve. A progression of two partnered programs provide St. Louis area pre‐college youth with field skills and then the opportunity to apply those skills in assistance to scientists on current research projects. The model provides for early entry into the ecological research career pathway for the youth and creates beneficial connection of professional activities to broader impacts outreach for the scientists. Importantly, the model differs from many other ecology outreach efforts because the youth programs are integrated into research rather than operating as separate outreach programs.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Mercury(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of an 18‐Membered NS4‐Macrocycle
Authors: Lee Eunji , Lee Shim Sung 
Published: January 2016

An 18‐membered NS4
‐macrocycle was employed, and its complexation behaviors with hard and soft metal ions were investigated. Reactions of L with mercury(II) nitrate and thiocyanate afforded endocyclic mononuclear complexes [Hg(L)(NO3
)2] (1) and [Hg(L)(SCN)2] (2), respectively, with anion coordinations. In the nitrato complex 1, the mercury(II) center is six‐coordinate, being bound to three S donors and one pyridine N atom in L, and the coordination sphere is completed by two monodentate nitrate ions from both sides of the macrocyclic plane adopting a distorted octahedral geometry. The thiocyanato complex 2, which contains two crystallographically independent but almost isostructural complex units is five‐coordinate, being bound to NS2
donors in L and two monodentate thiocyanate ions on the same side of the bound macrocycle unlike 1, adopting a distorted square pyramidal geometry. Reaction of L with CuCl2
· 2H2O yielded a dark‐green bis(macrocycle) trinuclear complex, [Cu3(L)2
Cl6
] · 0.5CH2Cl2
(3), in which two endocyclic monocopper(II) complex units are linked by an exocyclic one Cu and two bridging Cl atoms. In 3, interestingly, the local coordination environments of the three copper(II) atoms are different, with four, five, or six coordination, adopting a distorted square pyramidal, tetrahedral, or octahedral geometry, respectively. From these results, it is found that the ditopic ligand L reacts with both soft and hard metal‐ion species to give diverse types of endocyclic complexes whose structures are also dependent on the anions used.