bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximal-intensity exercise
Authors: Williams Craig A , Ratel Sébastien 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Maximal intensity is any activity where the exercise-supplying metabolism demonstrates a higher anaerobic ATP yield than the oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Ethical considerations prevent muscle biopsy techniques in young people, resulting in indirect inferences about anaerobic metabolism during exercise being applied to mostly mechanically derived measurements. These measurements are largely based on cycle ergometry tests like the Wingate test. Compared to aerobic data, maximal-intensity data sets are infrequently published, female data across all age ranges are lacking, and application is limited by a focus on sports performance rather than health. However, regardless of how these data are analysed, children and adolescent performance is inferior to adults. Most studies attempt to explain this from a quantitative muscle (and age) perspective, while explanations of qualitative factors, e.g. hormonal and neuromuscular, have proved elusive. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms underpinning maximal-intensity exercise as an important component of everyday physical activity.
Neuromuscular fatigue
Authors: Ratel Sébastien , Williams Craig A 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Scientific evidence supports the proposition that prepubertal children fatigue less than adults when performing whole-body dynamic activities like maximal cycling, running bouts, and maximal voluntary isometric/isokinetic muscle contractions. Although the mechanisms underpinning differences in fatigue between children and adults are not all fully understood, there is a consensus that children experience less peripheral fatigue (i.e. muscular fatigue) than their older counterparts. Central factors may also account for the lower fatigability in children. Some studies report a higher reduction of muscle voluntary activation during fatiguing exercise in prepubertal children compared to adults. This could reflect a strategy of the central nervous system aimed at limiting the recruitment of motor units, in order to prevent any extensive peripheral fatigue. Further studies are required to clarify this proposition.
Aerobic fitness
Authors: Armstrong Neil , McManus Alison M 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) is the criterion measure of young people's aerobic fitness, and blood lactate accumulation (BLA) is a useful indicator of aerobic fitness with reference to the ability to sustain submaximal exercise. In sport and in everyday life it is the pulmonary (p)V̇O2 kinetics of the non-steady state which best assess the integrated responses of the oxygen delivery system and the metabolic demands of the exercising muscle. Data analysis using sophisticated modelling techniques has enhanced understanding of sexual dimorphism and the independent effects of chronological age, body size, and biological maturity on peak V̇O2 and BLA. The extant data on young people's pV̇O2 kinetic responses to step changes in exercise intensity are sparse, but describe intriguing chronological age and sex differences across exercise domains. However, independent effects of biological maturation are yet to be revealed.
Temperature regulation
Authors: Falk Bareket , Dotan Raffy 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Under all but the most extreme environmental heat conditions, children control their body temperature (at rest and during exercise) as well as adults. Children, however, use a different thermoregulatory strategy. Compared with adults, children rely more on dry heat dissipation and less on evaporative cooling (sweating). Their larger skin surface-area relative to mass does put children at increasing disadvantage, relative to adults, as ambient temperatures rise above skin temperature. Similarly, they become increasingly disadvantaged upon exposure to decreasing temperatures below the thermo-neutral zone. Like adults, children inadvertently dehydrate while exercising in hot conditions and are often hypohydrated, even before exercise, and their core temperature rises considerably more than adults in response to a given fluid (sweat) loss, which may put them at higher risk for heat-related injury. However, epidemiological data show rates of both heat- and cold-related injuries among children and adolescents as similar or lower than at any other age.
Genetics of physical activity and physical fitness
Authors: Schutte Nienke M , Bartels Meike , de Geus Eco JC 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Regular physical activity and fitness are key contributors to children’s health. It is important to understand sources of variation in phenotypes seen among children and adolescents. It is important to calculate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to observed individual differences. Heritability estimates of physical activity vary, depending on sample size and measurement instrument, but the overall importance of environmental factors seems to decrease in adolescence, whereas genetic effects become more prominent. Twin and family studies show that individual differences in maximal oxygen uptake, muscle strength, flexibility, and balance are affected by genetic factors. Some evidence is found for specific genes coding for physical activity and fitness, but children and adolescent studies are limited. Future research should prioritize these target groups as knowledge of the source of individual differences in physical activity and fitness at different time points can optimize the choice and timing of exercise intervention.
Systematic promotion of physical activity
Authors: Kremers Stef , Meertens Ree M , Ruiter Robert AC 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Relevant theoretical and empirical insights regarding the development of interventions to promote physical activity in young people are overviewed. It is argued that physical activity-promoting programmes should be based on a systematic approach combining empirical findings, theoretical insights, and practical considerations. Successful health promotion interventions to increase physical activity typically consist of strategies to improve intra-personal determinants of physical activity, as well as environmental strategies that facilitate the behaviour, break unhealthy habits, or sustain healthy ones. The Intervention Mapping protocol can be a helpful tool in the systematic development, implementation, diffusion, and evaluation of interventions aimed at the promotion of physical activity in young people.
Exercise, physical activity, and diabetes mellitus
Authors: van Mil Edgar GAH 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The main aim for the diabetic child is to live as normal a life as possible via four main targets of management: obtaining good metabolic control, preventing long-term complications, promoting social competence, and self-worth. The main challenges are that the child must receive appropriate insulin subcutaneously and there must be attention given to lifestyle. Participation in sports not only helps to reach those targets, but also forms a great challenge in maintaining good metabolic control as physical activity has an impact on glucose utilization. This chapter discusses the definition of diabetes mellitus, the diagnostic criteria, the aetiology, and the clinical spectrum, as well as all the practical aspects encountered by the child with diabetes mellitus and his/her care givers and how it all relates to sports and physical activity. Finally, it covers strategies to optimize performance and prevent complications.
Exercise, physical activity, and asthma
Authors: Hebestreit Helge , Kriemler Susi , Radtke Thomas 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The incidence of asthma in children varies among countries and can be estimated to range between 5% and 20%. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is common in patients with asthma but can also occur in some children without asthma. Typical symptoms of EIA include cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath shortly after exercise. The pathophysiology of EIA is not completely understood, but it has been shown that airway cooling and drying with increased ventilation during exercise and airway re-warming after exercise play a pivotal role. In addition, a lack of physical activity may also contribute to EIA. Regular exercise may increase fitness and psychological well-being but may also positively influence airway inflammation in children with asthma. The diagnosis of EIA is based on the typical history and may be verified by an exercise challenge test. Every child with EIA should be able to engage in all type of physical activities.
Exercise, physical activity, and cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kriemler Susi , Radtke Thomas , Hebestreit Helge 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease resulting in an impaired mucociliary clearance, chronic bacterial airway infection, and inflammation. The progressive destruction of the lungs is the main cause of morbidity and premature death. Diverse other organ systems such as heart, muscles, bones, gastro-intestinal tract, and sweat glands are often also affected and interfere with exercise capacity. Hence, exercise capacity is reduced as the disease progresses mainly due to reduced functioning of the muscles, heart, and/or lungs. Although there is still growing evidence of positive effects of exercise training in CF on exercise capacity, decline of pulmonary function, and health-related quality of life, the observed effects are encouraging and exercise should be implemented in all patient care. More research is needed to understand pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise limitations and to find optimal exercise modalities to slow down disease progression, predict long-term adherence, and improve health-related quality of life.
Exercise, physical activity, and children with physical or intellectual disabilities
Authors: Zetaruk Merrilee , Mustapha Shareef F 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Many physical and psychological benefits of exercise and sport participation exist for blind or deaf children, as well as children with disabilities such as cerebral palsy, myelomeningocoele, spinal cord injury, and amputations. There are also a number of challenges these children must face in these endeavours. It is important to understand the injuries to which children with disabilities are predisposed and general strategies for prevention. Some adaptations via adjustments in rules and use of specialized wheelchairs and prosthetic devices allow participation in a more diverse range of athletic activity for this population. Many opportunities exist for children with disabilities, including Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities, to participate in sports at a local or recreational level, all the way to the elite level in the Paralympic Games and Special Olympic World Games. It is important that health professionals become familiar with the unique challenges faced by these individuals.
Molecular exercise physiology
Authors: Wackerhage Henning , Smith Jonathon , Wisniewski Darren 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Molecular exercise physiology is the study of exercise physiology using molecular biology methods. The development of differentiated cell types is regulated by transcription factors like the muscle-making MyoD that specifies cell type, while others regulate the development of muscle, tendons, and bones. Maternal nutrition and exercise commonly affect embryonic development through epigenetic mechanisms. Adaptation to exercise involves sensor proteins detecting exercise-related signals, the processing of signals by signalling proteins and networks, and the regulation of the actual adaptations by effector proteins. Many sport- and exercise-related traits depend on both common and rare DNA sequence variations, including the muscle mass-increasing myostatin (GDF8) loss-of-function and the haematocrit-increasing EPOR gain-of-function mutations. Additionally, common DNA sequence variations contribute to the inherited variability of development, body height, strength, and endurance. Finally, in addition to ethical concerns, current genetic performance tests only explain a fraction of the variation of sport and exercise-related traits.
The influence of physical activity and training on growth and maturation
Authors: Malina Robert M 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Physical activity in the general youth population and systematic training for sport among young athletes seems to have no effect on size attained and rate of growth in height, or on maturity status and timing. However, activity and training may influence body weight and composition. While both favourably influence bone mineral, variable effects are noted in some sports. Activity has a minimal effect on fatness in normal weight youth, but regular training generally has a positive influence on fatness in youth athletes. Data for fat-free/lean tissue mass are suggestive, but limited. Constitutional factors play a central role in the selection and retention of young athletes in a sport.
Overtraining syndrome
Authors: Winsley Richard J 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Prevalence rates of overreaching/overtraining syndrome in young athletes are ~30–35%, and burnout ~5–10%, indicating that a significant minority of young athletes are thus affected at some time during their sporting careers. Presenting symptoms vary considerably, most commonly including a sustained reduction or stagnation in performance, increased perception of effort during exercise, feelings of muscle heaviness, frequent upper respiratory tract infections, persistent muscle soreness, mood changes, sleep disturbance, and loss of appetite. Excessive training is not always the cause and both training and non-training stressors need to be considered as potential culprits. Power imbalances, single identity, early specialization, coach and/or parent pressure, conditional love, perfectionism, and entrapment may all help explain overtraining in childhood and adolescence. Screening and prevention strategies should take a holistic overview of the young athlete’s sporting environment in order that he/she continues to enjoy and develop in their chosen sport(s).
Epidemiology and prevention of sports injuries
Authors: Nauta Joske , van Mechelen Willem , Verhagen Evert ALM 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Although sports injuries in children are common, prevention of these injuries is paramount. In order to set out effective prevention programmes, epidemiological studies need to be conducted on incidence, severity, and aetiology of sports injuries. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a preventive measure must be assessed, and the eventual implementation of a programme closely evaluated. When conducting epidemiological studies in sports injuries the injury definition used can have a large impact on the outcome, especially as the aetiology of sports injuries is highly multi-causal and recursive. In addition to distinguishing between ‘sports injury’, ‘sports injury incidence’ and ‘sports participation’, the severity of the injury must be defined by taking six indices into consideration: nature of sports injuries, duration and nature of treatment, sports time loss, working/school time loss, permanent damage, and costs of sports injuries.
Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in physical education
Authors: Collard Dorine CM , Nauta Joske , Backx Frank JG 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Since physical education (PE) classes are often obligatory, the number of injuries sustained during physical education classes is high. The most frequently reported type of injury in PE classes changes as children grow older. Young children (under 12 years of age) most often injure their wrist and elbow, while the incidence of injuries in older children (over 12 years of age) is highest in the hand and ankle. PE classes containing activities like gymnastics and ball games result in the most damage, and PE teachers must play a key role in the prevention of PE-related injuries. PE teachers are responsible for creating a safe environment for sports and play, not only by ensuring that protective devices are used properly, but that equipment is in good order. They should also modify rules as well as screen their pupils for any physical limitations.
Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in competitive non-contact sports
Authors: Junior Luiz Carlos Hespanhol , Barboza Saulo Delfino , Mahler Per Bo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses the aetiology and prevention of paediatric sports injuries in non-contact sports, and the chapter covers bicycling, dance, gymnastics, running, skiing, snowboarding, swimming, tennis, badminton, and volleyball, which were selected based on their worldwide popularity. Each sport is covered in a systematic manner including a brief introduction of the sport practise, the epidemiology and aetiology of sport-specific injuries, risk factors, and preventive strategies. Because of similarities, skiing and snowboarding are grouped and discussed together, as are tennis and badminton. The knowledge summarized should be implemented in real-life situations in order to encourage children and adolescents to participate in sports where they will experience the well-known health benefits of sports participation, but with the lowest risk possible.
Dietary supplements
Authors: Maughan Ronald J , Shirreffs Susan M 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The oral consumption of nutrition/dietary supplements is widespread in the general population and among sports people, both children and adults. Despite this, there is very little research on any aspect of dietary supplement consumption in child/youth athletes and translation of information from adult populations should be undertaken with great caution. Ethical considerations around the use of dietary supplements by child athletes are the same as those for the adult population, with the additional aspect of consideration of effects on growth and development. In spite of their popularity, it is likely that only a very small number of dietary supplements will have a beneficial effect on performance for child athletes who have no underlying nutritional deficiencies. Against this must be weighed the potential negative effects on health and performance and the possibility of inadvertent ingestion of a doping agent.
Doping and anti-doping
Authors: Vernec Alan , Gerrard David 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Doping in sport, with its connotations of unethical behaviour and harm to health, has existed since antiquity. In contemporary times, an acceleration of doping practices resulted in the eventual development of a robust legal and scientific framework now entrenched in the World Anti-Doping Code. Young athletes are not immune to the myriad pressures to excel that exist in high-level sport. Many of these athletes are subject to Anti-Doping regulations and therefore they (and their physicians) must be familiar with Anti-Doping procedures and processes, including the Prohibited List and Therapeutic Use Exemptions. Advances in analytical and non-analytical techniques and strategies have increased detection and accountability. As part of the athletic team, physicians are in a unique position to recognize vulnerabilities and signs of doping behaviour. This must enable them to positively impact the course of a young athlete’s trajectory in life.
Chemical reaction networks for computing logarithm
Authors: Chou Chun Tung 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Living cells constantly process information from their living environment. It has recently been shown that a number of cell signaling mechanisms (e.g. G protein-coupled receptor and epidermal growth factor) can be interpreted as computing the logarithm of the ligand concentration. This suggests that logarithm is a fundamental computation primitive in cells. There is also an increasing interest in the synthetic biology community to implement analog computation and computing the logarithm is one such example. The aim of this article is to study how the computation of logarithm can be realized using chemical reaction networks (CRNs). CRNs cannot compute logarithm exactly. A standard method is to use power series or rational function approximation to compute logarithm approximately. Although CRNs can realize these polynomial or rational function computations in a straightforward manner, the issue is that in order to be able to compute logarithm accurately over a large input range, it is necessary to use high-order approximation that results in CRNs with a large number of reactions. This article proposes a novel method to compute logarithm accurately in CRNs while keeping the number of reactions in CRNs low. The proposed method can create CRNs that can compute logarithm to different levels of accuracy by adjusting two design parameters. In this article, we present the chemical reactions required to realize the CRNs for computing logarithm. The key contribution of this article is a novel method to create CRNs that can compute logarithm accurately over a wide input range using only a small number of chemical reactions.
Cerclage Wiring Through a Mini-Open Approach to Assist Reduction of Subtrochanteric Fractures Treated With Cephalomedullary Fixation: Surgical Technique
Authors: Codesido Pablo , Mejía Ana , Riego Jonathan , Ojeda-Thies Cristina 
Published: April 2017

Summary:Despite advances in the management of subtrochanteric fractures, in particular with the use of cephalomedullary nails, outcomes remain worse than other fractures of the proximal femur. Because an anatomic reduction is needed to offer the best results, several methods of reduction, using clamps and wires have been described. Reduction of fractures in elderly patients is especially complicated because of poor bone quality, comorbidities, and unfavorable fracture patterns. We describe a new technique of reduction and cerclage wiring through a mini-open approach for isolated subtrochanteric, as well as intertrochanteric fractures with extension into the subtrochanteric area, and report our results in a series of patients.
Smoking, Quitting, and the Provision of Smoking Cessation Support: A Survey of Orthopaedic Trauma Patients
Authors: McCrabb Sam , Baker Amanda L. , Attia John , Balogh Zsolt J. , Lott Natalie , Palazzi Kerrin , Naylor Justine , Harris Ian A. , Doran Christopher M. , George Johnson , Wolfenden Luke , Skelton Eliza , Bonevski Billie 
Published: April 2017

Objective:
This study investigates orthopaedic trauma patients smoking cessation history, intentions to quit, receipt of smoking cessation care during hospital admission, and patient-related factors associated with receipt of smoking cessation care.

Methods:
An online cross-sectional survey of orthopaedic trauma patients was conducted in 2 public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Prevalence of smoking and associated variables were described. Logistic regressions were used to examine whether patient characteristics were associated with receipt of smoking cessation care.

Results:
Eight hundred nineteen patients (response rate 73%) participated. More than 1 in 5 patients (21.8%) were current smokers (n = 175). Of the current smokers, more than half (55.3%) indicated making a quit attempt in the last 12 months and the majority (77.6%) were interested in quitting. More than a third of smokers (37.4%) were not advised to quit; 44.3% did not receive any form of nicotine replacement therapy; and 24.1% reported that they did not receive any of these 3 forms of smoking cessation care during their admission. Provision of care was not related to patient characteristics.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of smoking among the sample was high. Respondents were interested in quitting; however, the provision of care during admission was low. Smoking cessation interventions need to be developed to increase the provision of care and to promote quit attempts in this Australian population.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.