bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New properties of whistler modes
Authors: Stenzel R. L. , Urrutia J. M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTwo new properties of whistler modes have been observed in a large laboratory plasma which are relevant to whistler waves in space plasmas. The first is the reflection of whistler modes by nonuniform magnetic fields whose gradient scale length is comparable to the wavelength. Such situations may arise near shock waves, reconnection geometries, lunar crustal magnetic fields, and possibly for long wavelength whistlers in dipolar fields. The second observation shows that whistler modes can have linear polarizations. It arises by interference of wave packets. This observation may help interpret the variety of polarizations observed in magnetospheric whistlers.
Crystal structure of the essential biotin‐dependent carboxylase AccA3 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Bennett Matthew , Högbom Martin 
Published: February 2017

Biotin‐dependent acetyl‐CoA carboxylases catalyze the committed step in type II fatty acid biosynthesis, the main route for production of membrane phospholipids in bacteria, and are considered a key target for antibacterial drug discovery. Here we describe the first structure of AccA3, an essential component of the acetyl‐CoA carboxylase system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). The structure, sequence comparisons, and modeling of ligand‐bound states reveal that the ATP cosubstrate‐binding site shows distinct differences compared to other bacterial and eukaryotic biotin carboxylases, including all human homologs. This suggests the possibility to design MTb AccA3 subtype‐specific inhibitors.DatabaseCoordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with the accession number 5MLK.
Performance and kinetics of membrane and hybrid moving bed biofilm‐membrane bioreactors treating salinity wastewater
Authors: Rodríguez‐Sánchez Alejandro , Leyva‐Díaz Juan Carlos , Poyatos José Manuel , González‐López Jesús 
Published: February 2017

A pilot‐plant membrane bioreactor (MBR) and two pilot‐plant hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor–membrane bioreactors (MBBR–MBRs), divided into three aerobic and one anoxic chambers, were started up for the treatment of salinity‐amended urban wastewater. The MBBR–MBR systems worked with and without carriers in the anoxic zone (MBBR–MBRanox and MBBR–MBRn/anox, respectively). The systems were operated from start‐up to stabilization, showing high removal of organic matter—a maximum of 90% chemical oxygen demand and 98% biochemical oxygen demand on the fifth day for MBBR–MBRn/anox in the stabilization phase—but low nitrogen elimination—30% maximum for MBBR–MBRn/anox in the stabilization phase. Biofilm attached to carriers reached less than 50 mg L−1 in the hybrid system. MBR showed faster kinetics than the two MBBR–MBR systems during start‐up, but the opposite occurred during stabilization. Maximum specific growth rates for heterotrophic and autotrophic biomass were 0.0500 and 0.0059 h−1 for MBBR–MBRn/anox in the stabilization phase. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3329–3342, 2017
Catalytic Friedel–Crafts C−H Borylation of Electron‐Rich Arenes: Dramatic Rate Acceleration by Added Alkenes
Authors: Yin Qin , Klare Hendrik F. T. , Oestreich Martin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the electrophilic C−H borylation of electron‐rich aromatic compounds with catecholborane, the catalytic generation of the boron electrophile is initiated by heterolysis of the B−H bond by various Lewis and Brønsted acids, with a boronium ion formed exclusively. After ligand dissociation, the corresponding borenium ion undergoes regioselective electrophilic aromatic substitution on aniline derivatives as well as nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. The catalysis is optimized using B(C6F5)3 as the initiator and proceeds without the addition of an external base or dihydrogen acceptor. Temperatures above 80 °C are generally required to secure efficient turnover in these Friedel–Crafts‐type reactions. Mechanistic experiments reveal that regeneration of the boronium/borenium ion with dihydrogen release is rate‐determining. This finding finally led to the discovery that, with added alkenes, catalytic C−H borylations can, for the first time, be carried out at room temperature.
Peripheral Arteries May Be Reliable Indicators of Coronary Vascular Disease
Authors: HOEHMANN CHRISTOPHER L. , FUTTERMAN BENNETT , BEATTY BRIAN LEE 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTAtherosclerosis is a stronger predictor for ischemic cardiovascular events than traditional risk factors such as race, age, sex, history, and metabolic profile. Previous research had primarily used ultrasound; however, we performed a study using histopathology to more accurately grade atherosclerosis development using the American Heart Association's grading scale. We cross‐sectioned 13 different arteries from 48 cadavers and placed them into three separate groups based on anatomic location: central arteries, peripheral arteries, and carotid arteries. The central artery group included arteries that are non‐palpable and commonly lead to ischemic diseases when occluded. The peripheral artery group included arteries that are accessible to palpation. The carotid artery group included branches of the carotid artery. We investigated whether a centrally located atherosclerotic vessel was associated with atherosclerosis of a specific peripheral artery. We hypothesized a correlation between carotid, peripheral and central arteries that may point to specific arteries that are more effective to analyze clinically when assessing cardiovascular risk. We observed a correlation between pathology in the left coronary artery and bifurcation of the carotid artery (r = 0.37 P ≤ 0.016), two arteries known to be implicated in ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease. Importantly, our study demonstrates that the radial artery, a peripheral vessel, exhibited a positive correlation between both the pathologic left coronary (r = 0.33 P ≤ 0.041) and bifurcation of the carotid arteries (r = 0.34 P ≤ 0.025). Therefore, we propose investigating the radial artery as a clinically accessible location to monitor with ultrasound when assessing a patient's risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease. Anat Rec, 300:1230–1239, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geniposide protects pancreatic β cells from high glucose‐mediated injury by activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Hao Yanan , Yin Fei , Zhang Yonglan , Liu Jianhui 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOur previous works indicated that geniposide could regulate glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and improved chronic high glucose‐induced dysfunctions in pancreatic β cells, but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in high glucose induced cell injury and explored the associated molecular mechanisms in rat INS‐1 pancreatic β cells. Data suggested that geniposide obviously prevented the cell damage induced by high (25 mM) glucose in INS‐1 cells, which increased the protein levels of cell apoptosis‐associated enzymes, including heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and Bcl‐2, but apparently attenuated the protein level of Bax, an apoptotic protein. In addition, Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, remarkably inhibited the effects of geniposide on the protein levels of HO‐1, Bcl‐2, and Bax, but AICAR, an AMPK activator, potentiated the role of geniposide on the protein levels of HO‐1, Bcl‐2, and Bax. More importantly, geniposide directly prevented the cleavage of caspase‐3 induced by high glucose, and this effect was also evidently prohibited by the pre‐incubation of compound C in high glucose‐treated INS‐1 cells. Furthermore, using the method of RNA interfere, we further proved that treatment with AMPK siRNA attenuated the effects of geniposide on the apoptosis‐associated proteins and cell viability. All these data suggest that AMPK plays a crucial role on geniposide antagonizing high glucose‐induced pancreatic β cells injury.
Electrochemical Lateral Flow Devices: Towards Rapid Immunomagnetic Assays
Authors: Ruiz‐Vega Gisela , Kitsara Maria , Pellitero Miguel Aller , Baldrich Eva , del Campo F. Javier 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPaper has been used for a long time in the production of low‐cost point‐of‐care (POC) detection devices, most of which rely on the detection of colored bands by the user. However, test strips rarely provide the quantitative detection of biomarkers in clinical samples. In contrast, electrochemical detection enables quantitative detection in paper‐based immunoassays. Here, we demonstrate the production of a simple and economical lateral‐flow electrode device using only screen printing. Contrary to previous work, this device is used to simplify the washing and detection of a short and sensitive immunomagnetic assay for myeloperoxidase (MPO) detection. As we show, after incubation of the sample with magnetic beads (MBs) and detection antibody (Ab) for only 5 min, the whole reaction mixture can be directly pipetted onto the strip. Washing and detection can then be performed, as the MBs are retained with the aid of a magnet, and minimal user intervention is needed. The obtained results reveal that MPO can be detected in 1 : 100 diluted serum with limits of detection and quantification of 0.18 and 0.62 ng mL−1, respectively, in less than 15 min.
Chemisorption of a Strained but Flexible Molecule: Cyclooctyne on Si(001)
Authors: Pecher Lisa , Schober Christoph , Tonner Ralf 
Published: February 2017

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Ralf Tonner at the University of Marburg. The image depicts the anchoring of cyclooctyne to a Si(001) surface. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201605952.
Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Carbon Dioxide and Methanol at Room Temperature Using Imidazolium Hydrogen Carbonate Ionic Liquid as a Recyclable Catalyst and Dehydrant
Authors: Zhao Tianxiang , Hu Xingbang , Wu Dongsheng , Li Rui , Yang Guoqiang , Wu Youting 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO2 and CH3OH was achieved at room temperature with 74 % CH3OH conversion in the presence of an imidazolium hydrogen carbonate ionic liquid ([CnCmIm][HCO3]). Experimental and theoretical results reveal that [CnCmIm][HCO3] can transform quickly into a CO2 adduct, which serves as an effective catalyst and dehydrant. Its dehydration ability is reversible. The energy barrier of the rate‐determining step for the DMC synthesis is only 21.7 kcal mol−1. The ionic liquid can be reused easily without a significant loss of its catalytic and dehydrating ability.
DRP: An energy‐efficient routing protocol for underwater sensor networks
Authors: Chao Chih‐Min , Jiang Cheng‐Hong , Li Wei‐Che 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe features of transmissions in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) include lower transmission rate, longer delay time, and higher power consumption when compared with terrestrial radio transmissions. The negative effects of transmission collisions deteriorate in such environments. Existing UWSN routing protocols do not consider the transmission collision probability differences resulting from different transmission distances. In this paper, we show that collision probability plays an important role in route selection and propose an energy‐efficient routing protocol (DRP), which considers the distance‐varied collision probability as well as each node's residual energy. Considering these 2 issues, DRP can find a path with high successful transmission rate and high‐residual energy. In fact, DRP can find the path producing the longest network lifetime, which we have confirmed through theoretical analysis. To the best of our knowledge, DRP is the first UWSN routing protocol that uses transmission collision probability as a factor in route selection. Simulation results verify that DRP extends network lifetime, increases network throughput, and reduces end‐to‐end delay when compared with solutions without considering distance‐varied collision probability or residual energy.
Fine‐scale frequency differentiation along a herbivory gradient in the trichome dimorphism of a wild Arabidopsis
Authors: Sato Yasuhiro , Kudoh Hiroshi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGeographic variation is commonly observed in plant resistance traits, where plant species might experience different selection pressure across a heterogeneous landscape. Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera is dimorphic for trichome production, generating two morphs, trichome‐producing (hairy) and trichomeless (glabrous) plants. Trichomes of A. halleri are known to confer resistance against the white butterfly, cabbage sawfly, and brassica leaf beetle, but not against flea beetles. We combined leaf damage, microclimate, and microsatellite loci data of 26 A. halleri populations in central Japan, to explore factors responsible for fine‐scale geographic variation in the morph frequency. We found that hairy plants were less damaged than glabrous plants within populations, but the among‐site variation was the most significant source of variation in the individual‐level damage. Fixation index () of a putative trichome locus exhibited a significant divergence along population‐level damage with an exception of an outlier population, inferring the local adaptation to herbivory. Notably, this outlier was a population wherein our previous study reported a balancing role of the brassica leaf beetle Phaedon brassicae on the morph frequency. This differentiation of the trichome locus was unrelated to neutral genetic differentiation (evaluated by of microsatellite loci) and meteorological factors (including temperature and solar radiation). The present findings, combined with those of our previous work, provide suggestive evidence that herbivore‐driven divergence and occasional outbreak of a specific herbivore have jointly contributed to the ecogeographic pattern in the frequency of two morphs.
What proportion of patients with chronic heart failure are eligible for sacubitril–valsartan?
Authors: Pellicori Pierpaolo , Urbinati Alessia , Shah Parin , MacNamara Alexandra , Kazmi Syed , Dierckx Riet , Zhang Jufen , Cleland John G.F. , Clark Andrew L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimsThe PARADIGM‐HF trial showed that sacubitril–valsartan, an ARB–neprilysin inhibitor, is more effective than enalapril for some patients with heart failure (HF). It is uncertain what proportion of patients with HF would be eligible for sacubitril–valsartan in clinical practice.Methods and resultsBetween 2001 and 2014, 6131 patients consecutively referred to a community HF clinic with suspected HF were assessed. The criteria required to enter the randomized phase of PARADIGM‐HF, including symptoms, NT‐proBNP, and current treatment with or without target doses of ACE inhibitors or ARBs, were applied to identify the proportion of patients eligible for sacubitril–valsartan. Recognizing the diversity of clinical opinion and guideline recommendations concerning this issue, entry criteria were applied singly and in combination. Of 1396 patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (≤40%, HFrEF) and contemporary measurement of NT‐proBNP, 379 were on target doses of an ACE inhibitor or ARB at their initial visit and, of these, 172 (45%) fulfilled the key entry criteria for the PARADIGM‐HF trial. Lack of symptoms (32%) and NT‐proBNP <600 ng/L (49%) were common reasons for failure to fulfil criteria. A further 122 patients became eligible during follow‐up (n = 294, 21%). However, if background medication and doses were ignored, then 701 (50%) were eligible initially and a further 137 became eligible during follow‐up.ConclusionsOf patients with HFrEF referred to a clinic such as ours, only 21% fulfilled the PARADIGM‐HF randomization criteria, on which the ESC Guidelines are based; this proportion rises to 60% if background medication is ignored.
N‐terminal SAP97 isoforms differentially regulate synaptic structure and postsynaptic surface pools of AMPA receptors
Authors: Goodman Lucy , Baddeley David , Ambroziak Wojciech , Waites Clarissa L. , Garner Craig C. , Soeller Christian , Montgomery Johanna M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe location and density of postsynaptic α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors is controlled by scaffolding proteins within the postsynaptic density (PSD). SAP97 is a PSD protein with two N‐terminal isoforms, α and β, that have opposing effects on synaptic strength thought to result from differential targeting of AMPA receptors into distinct synaptic versus extrasynaptic locations, respectively. In this study, we have applied dSTORM super resolution imaging in order to localize the synaptic and extrasynaptic pools of AMPA receptors in neurons expressing α or βSAP97. Unexpectedly, we observed that both α and βSAP97 enhanced the localization of AMPA receptors at synapses. However, this occurred via different mechanisms: αSAP97 increased PSD size and consequently the number of receptor binding sites, whilst βSAP97 increased synaptic receptor cluster size and surface AMPA receptor density at the PSD edge and surrounding perisynaptic sites without changing PSD size. αSAP97 also strongly enlarged presynaptic active zone protein clusters, consistent with both presynaptic and postsynaptic enhancement underlying the previously observed αSAP97‐induced increase in AMPA receptor‐mediated currents. In contrast, βSAP97‐expressing neurons increased the proportion of immature filopodia that express higher levels of AMPA receptors, decreased the number of functional presynaptic terminals, and also reduced the size of the dendritic tree and delayed the maturation of mushroom spines. Our data reveal that SAP97 isoforms can specifically regulate surface AMPA receptor nanodomain clusters, with βSAP97 increasing extrasynaptic receptor domains at peri‐synaptic and filopodial sites. Moreover, βSAP97 negatively regulates synaptic maturation both structurally and functionally. These data support diverging presynaptic and postsynaptic roles of SAP97 N‐terminal isoforms in synapse maturation and plasticity. As numerous splice isoforms exist in other major PSD proteins (e.g., Shank, PSD95, and SAP102), this alternative splicing may result in individual PSD proteins having divergent functional and structural roles in both physiological and pathophysiological synaptic states.
Modeling rainfall interception loss by two xerophytic shrubs in the Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Xiao‐Yan , Li Wei , Wu Xiu‐Chen , Shi Fang‐Zhong , Fang Wei‐Wei , Pei Ting‐Ting 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRainfall interception loss plays an important role in ecohydrological processes in dryland shrub ecosystems, but its drivers still remain poorly understood. In this study, a statistical model was developed to simulate interception loss based on the mass balance measurements arising from the partitioning of rainfall in 2 dominant xerophytic shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides and Spiraea pubescens) communities in the Loess Plateau. We measured throughfall and stemflow in the field under natural rainfall, calculated the canopy storage capacity in the laboratory, and identified key factors controlling these components for the 2 shrubs. We quantified and scaled up the stemflow and the canopy storage capacity measurements from the branches and/or leaves to stand level. The average interception loss, throughfall, and stemflow fluxes account for 24.9%, 72.2%, and 2.9% of the gross rainfall for H. rhamnoides, and 19.2%, 70.7%, and 10.1% for S. pubescens, respectively. Throughfall increased with increasing rainfall for both shrubs; however, it was only correlated with the leaf area index for S. pubescens. For stemflow measured from individual branches, we found that the rainfall amount and basal diameter are the best predictors for H. rhamnoides, whereas rainfall amount and branch biomass appear to be the best predictors for S. pubescens. At the stand level, stemflow production is affected by the rainfall amount for H. rhamnoides, and it is affected by both the rainfall amount and the leaf area index for S. pubescens. The canopy storage capacity of H. rhamnoides (1.07–1.28 mm) was larger than S. pubescens (0.88–1.07 mm), and it is mainly determined by the branches and stems of H. rhamnoides and the leaves of S. pubescens. The differences in interception loss between the 2 shrub stands are mainly attributed to different canopy structures that induced differences in stemflow production and canopy storage. We evaluated the effects of canopy structure on rainfall interception loss, and our developed model provides a better understanding of the effects of the canopy structure on the water cycles in dryland shrub ecosystems.
On Non‐Hamiltonian Graphs for which every Vertex‐Deleted Subgraph Is Traceable
Authors: Zamfirescu Carol T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe call a graph G a platypus if G is non‐hamiltonian, and for any vertex v in G, the graph is traceable. Every hypohamiltonian and every hypotraceable graph is a platypus, but there exist platypuses that are neither hypohamiltonian nor hypotraceable. Among other things, we give a sharp lower bound on the size of a platypus depending on its order, draw connections to other families of graphs, and solve two open problems of Wiener. We also prove that there exists a k‐connected platypus for every .
Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in animal feed and maize samples from Egypt using LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Abdallah Mohamed F , Girgin Gözde , Baydar Terken , Krska Rudolf , Sulyok Michael 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple toxic fungal and bacterial metabolites in 156 animal feed (n = 77) and maize (n = 79) samples collected from three regions in Upper Egypt. The target analytes were quantified using the ‘dilute and shoot’ approach, followed by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis.RESULTSIn total, 115 fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected in both matrices, including the regulated mycotoxins in the European Union, in addition to the modified forms such as deoxynivalenol‐3‐glucosid. Furthermore, some Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillum metabolites beside other fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected for the first time in Egypt. All of the samples were contaminated with at least four toxins. On average, 26 different metabolites were detected per sample with a trend of more metabolites in feed than in maize. The maximum number of analytes observed per samples was 54 analytes at maximum concentrations ranging from 0.04 µg kg−1 for tentoxin to 25 040 µg kg−1 for kojic acid.CONCLUSIONAccording to the international standards, the contamination rates in the investigated regions were not alarming, except for AFB1 in maize. The necessity of further and continuous monitoring is highly recommended to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry