bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Evaluation of Three-Day Treatment of Vaginal Mycosis with Clotrimazole Vaginal Tablets
Authors: Mizuno Shigemitsu , Cho Nankun 
Published: January 2017

A double-blind study was conducted comparing a 3-day (200 mg once a day for 3 consecutive days) treatment with a 6-day (100 mg once a day for 6 consecutive days) treatment of clotrimazole inpatients with vaginal mycoses. Two days after therapy, fungal eradication was achieved in 87·7% of the patients who received 3-day therapy and 89·1% of patients who received 6-day therapy. With regard to the clinical assessment, 2 days after therapy the symptoms had disappeared in 54·4%, improved in 42·1%, were unchanged in 1·8%, and aggravated in 1·8% of the 3-day therapy group. The corresponding values in the 6-day group were 63·6%, 34·5%, 1·8% and 0%. Reappearance of fungi was found 2 weeks after therapy in 15·6% of the 3-day treatment group and 8·7% of the 6-day treatment group. No adverse reactions were seen in either group which necessitated the discontinuation of therapy. There were no statistical differences between any of the above results and it is therefore concluded that 3-day clotrimazole therapy is an effective treatment for primary vaginal mycosis.
Treatment of Osteoarthrosis of the Spine: A Comparison of Flurbiprofen and Diclofenac
Authors: Famaey J P , Ginsberg F 
Published: January 2017

Forty patients with osteoarthrosis of the spine were entered in a 9-week randomized double-blind crossover trial to compare the efficacy, safety and tolerance of a twice daily regime of flurbiprofen 100 mg with diclofenac 50 mg also given twice daily. There were nineteen patients on the sequence flurbiprofen/diclofenac and twenty-one patients on the reverse sequence, diclofenac/flurbiprofen. Statistically significant improvements were reported for both treatments during the study with respect to pain at rest, pain in the upright position and pain at night and also for the amount of forward flexion, flexion to the right and flexion to the left. Both treatments were equally effective with respect to the degree of improvement shown for these parameters. While the majority of patients on each treatment were considered to be better or even much better, there were no differences between the two drugs with respect to either the physician's or the patient's judgement of patient's progress or with respect to the patient's treatment preference. No important changes in the laboratory data were noted with values remaining within the normal limits. Both drugs were well tolerated with only a few transient side-effects, mostly gastro-intestinal in nature, being reported. On the basis of this trial, flurbiprofen, administered on a twice daily basis, and diclofenac, also given twice daily, have equal therapeutic effects in the treatment of patients with osteoarthrosis of the spine. This study demonstrates the acceptability and efficacy of a twice daily regime of flurbiprofen 100 mg in osteoarthrosis of the spine.
A Comparison of the Bioavailability of Two Carbamazepine Preparations (200 and 400 mg Tablets)
Authors: Monaco Francesco , Porcella Vittoria 
Published: January 2017

A 2-week open, randomized, crossover study was conducted in epileptic patients on chronic therapy, who took either carbamazepine (CBZ) 200 or CBZ 400 mg tablets. The oral dose was 1200 or 1600 mg/day, according to individual needs. There was no difference in absorption or steady-state levels between the two preparations. The new galenic preparation of CBZ will help the neurologist to reduce the number of tablets taken by severe epileptic patients, with no risk but only benefits for the subjects.
Long-Term Treatment of Insomnia with Zolpidem: A Multicentre General Practitioner Study of 107 Patients
Authors: Schlich D. , L'Heritier C. , Coquelin J.P. , Attali P. 
Published: January 2017

The effects of Zolpidem, an imidazopyridine derivative, were studied in 107 patients suffering from insomnia, 60.9% of whom were over 60 years of age, in a 6-month, single-blind, flexible dose, general practitioner study. Comparison was made between baseline, last day of treatment and 10 days after the end of treatment to assess efficacy and rebound insomnia. An improvement in all efficacy parameters – time taken to fall asleep, total amount of nocturnal sleep and number of nocturnal awakenings – was reported by the investigator and the patients; the improvement was evident from the first evaluation day and was maintained throughout the trial. Improvement was also maintained during the washout period with a lack of rebound insomnia. There was no sign of withdrawal symptoms and tolerance to Zolpidem did not develop over the 6-month treatment period. Adverse events were mild and infrequent, and tended to resolve with a dose reduction. It is concluded that 10 mg/day Zolpidem is an appropriate starting dose and is effective and safe for the treatment of sleep disturbances of different origins. Les effets du Zolpidem, un dérivé des 1'imidazopyridines, ont été évalués chez 107 patients insomniaques dont 60,9% étaient âgés de plus de 60 ans. Le Zolpidem a été administré en simple aveugle pendant 6 mois, à des doses variables, par des médecins généralistes. L'évaluation a été effectuée en comparant 1'état initial du patient, à celui observé au dernier jour du traitement et 10 jours après son interruption brutale. Une amélioration de tous les paramètres d'efficacité – temps d'endormissement, durée totale de sommeil et nombre de réveils nocturnes – a été observée tant par les investigateurs que par les patients; elle a été evidente dés le premier jour d'évaluation et s'est maintenue tout au long de l'étude. L'amélioration s'est maintenue après 1'arrêt du traitement, sans que l'on n'observe de rebond d'in-somnie; et aucun phénomène de tolérance au Zolpidem n'a été observé au cours des 6 mois de traitement. Aucun symptôme de sevrage n'a été observé a l'arrêt du traitement. Les effets secondaires ont été peu fréquents et de faible intensité, et ont tendu à disparaître lors d'une rêduction de la dose. On peut conclure de cette étude que la dose de 10 mg de Zolpidem par jour représente une dose initiate adéquate, efficace, et bien tolérée, dans les troubles du sommeil d'origines diverses.
Possible Mechanisms of Alteration in the Capacities of Carcinogen Metabolizing Enzymes during Schistosomiasis and Their Role in Bladder Cancer Induction
Authors: Badawi A F , Mostafa M H 
Published: January 2017

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the most common malignancy in many tropical and subtropical countries. There is a well documented association with chronic urinary schistosomal infection, and bladder cancer associated with schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the endemic areas. Many factors have been suggested as possible causative agents in schistosome-associated bladder carcinogenesis but theories concerning the possible role of schistosomal infection in altering host metabolism of chemical carcinogens have received most attention. In experimental schistosomiasis there is a common pattern of changes in the activities of several hepatic Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Phase I enzymes show increased activities in the early stages of infection but these activities are reduced to below their pre-infection levels in the intermediate and late chronic stages of the disease. The activities of Phase II enzymes are altered in favour of the deconjugation pathways in the later stages of the disease. The possible basic mechanisms that might be involved in such changes during parasitism and their potential role in the induction of bladder neoplasia are discussed. Le carcinome de la vessie est la forme de cancer la plus commune dans de nombreux pays tropicaux et sous-tropicaux. Il existe une association bien documentée avec l'infection schistosomale urinaire chronique, et le cancer de la vessie, associé à la schistosomiase, est une cause importante de morbidité et de mortalité dans les régions end miques. De nombreux facteurs ont été suggérés comme agents causatifs possibles dans la carcinogénétique de la vessie associée aux schistosomes mais les théories concernant le rôle possible de l'infection schistosomale dans l'altération du métabolisme de l'hôte de carcinogènes chimiques, ont été beaucoup plus écoutées. Dans le schistosomiase expérimentale, on observe un module commun dans les modifications de activités des plusieurs enzymes hépatiques de phase I et de phase II. Les enzymes de phase I présentent un accroissement d'activités aux stades précoces de l'infection mais ces activités diminuent pour tomber á des niveaux inférieurs á ceux préables á l'infection pendant les stades intermédiaires et chroniques de la maladie. Les activités des enzymes de phase II sont modifiées en faveur de voies de d conjugaison à des stades plus avancés de la maladie. Les mécanimses de base qui sont peut-être impliqués dans ces changements pendant le parasitisme et leur rôle potentiel dans le déclenchement d'une néoplasie de la vessie sont examinés.
Localization of the Bronchodilatory Effects of Isoproterenol and Aminophylline in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: An Investigation Using Selective Alveolobronchography
Authors: Murata T , Imamura M , Taniguchi M , Tanaka Y 
Published: January 2017

The effect of isoproterenol (isoprenaline) and aminophylline on airway calibre in 18 adult patients with bronchial asthma was measured directly using selective alveolobronchography. Isoproterenol caused a significant dilation in the maximal calibre of the central airway from bifurcation numbers 1 – 5 ( P < 0.05) and number 6 ( P < 0.01). There was no change in bifurcation number 0 (trachea). Aminophylline caused a significant dilatation in bifurcation numbers 3 and 4 ( P < 0.01), with no change in bifurcation numbers 0–2 and 5 – 6. In the minimal calibre of the central airway, both drugs displayed a significant dilatory effect only at bifurcation number 3 ( P < 0.05). These results indicate that the central airway is the main site of the dilatory effects of these drugs. Although their precise mechanisms of action are not known, these results suggest that mechanisms of action of the two drugs are different. Isoproterenol acts on the whole region of the central airway, while the action of aminophylline tends to be limited to bifurcation numbers 3 and 4.
Immunity to Feline Toxoplasmosis: Modification by Administration of Corticosteroids
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Frenkel J. K. 
Published: January 2017

Forty-nine cats were infected orally or parenterally with Toxoplasma gondii. The duration of oocyst shedding after primary infection was similar after single or multiple infection. After 2–32 weeks, cats were challenged orally with toxoplasma cysts, measuring immunity by the degree of suppression of oocyst shedding. None of the 15 cats previously infected with toxoplasma as adults excreted oocysts after challenge; however, eight of 17 first infected as weaned kittens and nine of 11 first infected as suckling kittens excreted oocysts. The stage of toxoplasma inoculated, route of inoculation, and the height of antibody titers did not appear to correlate either with immunity or the lack thereof; however, after challenge, cats excreted fewer toxoplasma oocysts, and for shorter periods, than during primary infection. Of cats infected with T. gondii, Isospora felis and I. rivolta and later challenged with all three coccidia simultaneously, more cats reexcreted I. felis and I. rivolta oocysts than T. gondii oocysts. Effects of hypercorticism on immunity were studied in 29 cats. Oocysts were re-shed by 11 of 21 toxoplasma-infected cats injected with 10–80 mg/kg body weight/week of methyl prednisolone acetate, and by five of eight cats fed prednisone, 10–80 mg/kg body weight/day. Most of the cats died; active toxoplasmic lesions were found in 24 of 29 cats, with pneumonia in 15, hepatitis in 14, pancreatic necrosis in nine, myocarditis in seven, intestinal myositis in eight, and small foci of encephalitis in 11 cats.
Ultrastructure of the Intestinal Mucosa in Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with an Edema Disease-Producing Strain of Escherichia coli (0139:K12:H1)
Authors: Methiyapun S. , Pohlenz J. F. L. , Bertschinger H. U. 
Published: January 2017

The intestinal tissues from 11 pigs orally inoculated with Escherichia coli ( E. coli, 0139:K12:H1) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The colonization of E. coli along the small intestinal mucosa was found in seven principals without any major changes in the enterocytes from day 2 to day 7 after inoculation when the experiment was terminated. Lesions of vessels of the intestinal mucosa could be detected as early as two days after inoculation and persisted until the experiment was terminated. Lesions consisted of endothelial swelling and vacuolation, subendothelial fibrin deposition, perivascular edema, microthrombus formation, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis of the tunica media. The possible pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.
‘Neighbourhood Trivia’ and ‘Coffee Parties’: Hatred and Malice in the Totalitarian Nazi Regime
Authors: Joshi Vandana 
Published: January 2017

The article talks about ordinary German women ‘s willing participation in the discriminatory mechanisms of the racial Nazi regime. It does so by exploring spaces within the patriarchal, sexist and racist power structures of the Nazi regime that ‘Aryan’ women appropriated by articulating and resolving their conflicts with Jewish citizens through acts of denunciation. An intensive treatment of the Gestapo case files of private individuals relating to the Jews visiblizes the so-far-little-talked-about ordinary female denouncers. The article demonstrates how they attempted to mould their ‘private’ lives to their deeply racialized surroundings by cleverly making use of the provision of denunciation, and how they participated in the fight against the ‘alien’ within the racial state. ‘Aryan’ women acted as self-appointed neighbourhood watchdogs of the racial community in hounding out Jewish citizens from their immediate surroundings. Most importantly, the study places the informal power of housewives and mothers at the centre ofthe discourse on anti-Semitism. It argues that the ‘separate sphere’ did not just entail housekeeping, cooking and looking after the children, it also involved keeping a watch on a Jewish neighbour, cooking up malicious stories, eavesdropping, guarding his or her morality and sexuality. This activity required no formal gathering at the fixed place. Shop floors, house floors, doorsteps, staircases and bunkers provided space enough for this racial gossip to do rounds. Kaffeeklatsch (gossip around the coffee table) and Haustratsch (idle gossip with family members or neighbours) took anti-Semitic colour just as living rooms turned into venuesfor drafting letters ofdenunciation signed by groups of ‘disgruntled Aryan women’.
Toxocarosis as Zoonosis. A Review of Literature and the Prevalence of Toxocara Canis Antibodies in 511 Serum Sample
Authors: Theodoridis I. , Frydas S. , Papazahariadou M. , Hatzistilianou M. , Adamama-Moraitou K. K. , Di Gioacchino M. , Felaco M. 
Published: January 2017

A total of 511 serum samples from children aged between 6 months to 15 years old, with different clinical signs – living in the region of Northern Greece – were tested by ELISA (enzyme links immunosorbent assay) technique, for the detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies against T. canis antigen. The reason IgM was detected was because IgM levels are elevated in the acute phase of toxocara infection, in spite of their notorious non-specificity. In this seroepidemiologic survey of children, a remarkably high percentage (12.5%) reacted positively to this method. Sixteen (3.1%) out of 511 sera showed IgG antibodies, 43 (8.4%) showed IgM, while 5 (1%) showed both IgG and IgM antibodies against T. canis E/S (excretory – secretory) antigen. Females were significantly more infected than males. Seropositivity rate was highest in children over the age of 10.
Phagocytes and Their Pharmacological Modulation in Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Fietta Anna , Bersani Carla , Mangiarotti Patrizia , Merlini Carla , Uccelli M. 
Published: January 2017

Altered values of many functional properties of both peripheral phagocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) and alveolar macrophages were demonstrated in patients with chronic bronchitis. Out of this population 16 patients with defective phagocytosis index were included in an open randomized trial to investigate the effect of RU41740, a glycoprotein extract of K1. pneumoniae, on this phagocytic function and its efficacy in reducing the number of exacerbations. A relationship between the restoration of the immunological parameter and the clinical improvement was demonstrated. This effect suggests that phagocytosis can play a role in protecting patients with chronic bronchitis from infectious exacerbations.
Polymeric micelles based on PEGylated chitosan-g-lipoic acid as carrier for efficient intracellular drug delivery
Authors: Liu Gongyan , Li Kaijun , Wang Haibo 
Published: January 2017

To develop a drug delivery system with long circulation and controlled drug release in cancer cells, polymeric micelles based on PEGylated chitosan-g-lipoic acid were prepared to use as a drug delivery platform. These micelles possessed good stability and were stable in physiological environment and high salt concentrations. The in vitro drug release results implied that the drug carrier could maintain their stability and minimize the payload leakage in systemic circulation, but release drugs faster under intracellular redox condition. Furthermore, the cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy of the drug carrier were evaluated in vitro, and the results demonstrated that the drug carrier could escape from the endo/lysosomes of tumor cells effectively and present high cytotoxicity to tumor cells. Therefore, this drug delivery system has the potential to serve as a drug carrier for cancer therapy.
Epidemiology of Syphilis in Hungary between 1952 and 1996
Authors: Várkonyi Viktória , Tisza Timea , Horváth Attila , Takácsy Teréz , Berecz Margit , Kulcsár György , Sárdy Miklós 
Published: January 2017

Trends in morbidity from syphilis in Hungary between 1952 and 1996 were analysed. The incidence of syphilis/100,000 inhabitants declined rapidly owing to the public health and therapeutic measures of the early 1950s (1952: total=73.6, early infections=60.2; 1962: total=13.7, early infections=8.7). After a temporary, slight increase until 1973 the number of reported syphilis cases declined continuously between 1978 and 1989 (1989: total=0.9, early infections=0.84). In 1994 a marked increase occurred when compared with 1993 (1993: total=early: 1.4. 1994: total=2.3, early infections=2.2). Incidence trends were statistically analysed using Chi-square test and linear regression. Chi-square analysis showed that the changes in the incidence of total and early syphilis are significant ( p<0.00001) comparing the time intervals 1952–1962 with 1962–1966 and 1975–1979 with 1988–1992. The same trends were found using the linear regression test, except for the time interval of 1960–1973.
Short-Term Prediction of HIV Infection and AIDS: A Critique of the Working Group's Report to the Department of Health
Authors: Rees Malcolm 
Published: January 2017

The Report of the Working Group on the Short-Term Prediction of AIDS/HIV (the Cox Report) is reviewed mainly to assess its calculations of the numbers of people in England and Wales who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two main methods are used in the report to estimate this total—the direct method and the back projection method. The direct method estimates the number of people infected with HIV by attempting to specify the numbers of people in various at-risk groups, and the percentage infected in those groups. Of particular significance are the estimates given for male homosexuals. The Cox Report suggests that between 4.0% and 4.7% of the male population aged between 16 and 59 are homosexual, and that between 1.9% and 4.5% of these are HIV antibody-positive. The basis on which these estimates are made is not substantiated by the Report, and it is quite possible that the upper limit given for HIV prevalence in male homosexuals represents an understatement of the actual number by a factor of 2.5 or more. The back projection method estimates HIV prevalence from the numbers of cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the incubation function, the relationship between HIV infection and the probabilities of AIDS in each of the years following infection. Using this method the Cox Report fails to produce results that are in accordance with our knowledge of how the epidemic developed during the 1980s. As a consequence of this the various calculations of numbers of HIV antibody-positives to 1987 given in the Cox Report are all almost certainly underestimates. In both the procedures adopted and the results obtained the Report is found deficient. Its assertion that the number of HIV infections to 1987 is likely to be at the lower end of the 20,000 to 60,000 range has not been established. Even less credible is the later model proposed by Anderson et al. in the subsequent Royal Society report that presents results suggesting only 10,000 to 15,000 people were infected with HIV in England and Wales ‘at the period of peak incidence’. (Presumably from their other work this must be up to the end of 1987.) The available evidence suggests that the actual number is greater than 60,000, could be over 100,000, though tighter estimates must await either accurate surveys of population prevalence or further knowledge about character of the AIDS incubation function, and the degree to which AIDS statistics are understating the numbers of AIDS cases and deaths.
Inhibition of Urethane Leukaemia Virus, a Murine Retrovirus, in Mice by Zidovudine
Authors: Harvey T T , Tuffrey M , Wedderburn N , Alexander F , Curtis J , Taylor-Robinson D , Doré C 
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the study was to characterize in vivo an immunodepressive murine retroviral ‘model’ for the possible testing of drugs against HIV infection. Urethane leukaemia virus (ULV) injected into adult BALB/c mice (105 focus-forming units/mouse) caused a small, significant splenomegaly from 2 to at least 9 weeks after virus inoculation. Virus was also present in up to 60% nucleated splenocytes (XC ‘infectious centre assay’). Effects on splenomegaly and virus in splenocytes were assayed following various regimens of zidovudine given as 0.5 mg/ml or 0.25 mg/ml in drinking water. Regimens included continuous treatment both before and after ULV only before, and only after ULV inoculation. Zidovudine was also given for limited period immediately after virus or initiated after virus infection was established. Zidovudine given continuously at and following ULV infection completely prevented splenomegaly and virus expression in splenocytes. No other regimen was as effective; however, limited zidovudine treatment immediately after virus moculation greatly reduced the effects of virus, while the same dose initiated after virus infection was established had only a small ameliorating effect. We conclude that ULV may prove to be a useful addition to other available murine systems, and this is discussed.