bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of statins and reduced risk of recurrence of VTE in an older population
Authors: Eberg Maria , Kahn Susan , Azoulay Laurent , Tagalakis Vicky 
Published: January 2016

SummaryWe aimed to determine whether statin use is associated with a decreased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in older patients. We used a pre-assembled cohort of patients at least 65 years of age diagnosed with incident VTE between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 2004 in the province of Québec, Canada and followed until December 31, 2005. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of recurrent VTE associated with current and past use of statins, compared with non-use. The cohort included 25,681 patients with incident VTE. During a mean follow-up of 3.0 years, there were 2343 recurrent VTE events (rate: 3.1 per 100 personyears). Compared with non-use, current use of statins was associated with a decreased risk of VTE recurrence (rates: 1.55 vs 3.47 per 100 per year, respectively; HR: 0.74, 95 % CI: 0.61–0.89), while no association was observed with past use (HR: 0.98, 95 % CI: 0.76–1.25). In a secondary analysis, longer durations of statin use were associated with greater risk reductions (0–6 months, HR 0.82, 95 % CI: 0.67–1.01; 6–12 months, HR 0.62, 95 % CI: 0.43–0.90; ≥ 12 months, HR: 0.50, 95 % CI: 0.33–0.74; p-value for trend ≤ 0.001). The use of statin was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent VTE in older patients. This study supports the need for randomised controlled trials to assess the efficacy and safety of statins in the long-term treatment of VTE.
The SAME-TT2R2 score predicts the quality of anticoagulation control in patients with acute VTE
Authors: Antonucci Emilia , Lip Gregory , Testa Sophie , Guazzaloca Giuliana , Falanga Anna , Pengo Vittorio , Poli Daniela , Palareti Gualtiero ,   for the START-Register Participants
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe SAMe-TT2R2 score has recently been proposed to predict the quality of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) anticoagulation control in patients with atrial fibrillation. We aimed at investigating whether the score is effective also in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Patients included in the START-Register because started VKA therapy for a recent VTE episode and with > 3 months follow-up were analyzed. The score was calculated using the baseline patient’s characteristics present in the electronic database of the registry, where all INR results were also available and analysed to calculate the time in therapeutic range (TTR). A total of 1308 patients (53.4 % female, median age 68 years) were analysed. During 998 patient-years followup, the median TTR was 63 %. The maximum score in the patients was 4, with 70 % of them having 0–1. INR controls within range (2.0–3.0) were significantly less prevalent in patients with score ≥ 2 vs 0–1 score (58.5 ± 20 % vs 61.5 ± 19 %, respectively, p = 0.046). Patients with score ≥ 2 vs 0–1 had a highly significant lower TTR during the first 3 months of therapy (53 ± 26 % and 61 ± 26 %, respectively; p=0.0001), difference mainly due to more time spent below 2.0 INR (38 ± 28 % vs 31.3 ± 26.7 %, respectively; p=0.0001). In conclusion, the study proved, for the first time, that the SAMe-TT2R2 score is useful to predict among VTE patients those who will have good (score 0–1) or less good (score ≥ 2) VKA anticoagulation control. The score can help decision-making in everyday clinical practice, especially when choosing between VKA and non-vitamin K antagonists direct anticoagulants.Note: The review process for this paper was fully handled by Christian Weber, Editor in Chief.
Cortesia verbal e ensino de língua: reflexões sobre competência comunicativa, jogo interpessoal e normatividade
Authors: Fávero Leonor Lopes , Andrade Maria Lúcia C. V. O. 
Published: January 2016

A partir de uma perspectiva pragmática, este capítulo busca refletir sobre a necessidade de se trabalhar a cortesia verbal no ensino de língua portuguesa, em suas modalidades oral e escrita, observando como se instaura o jogo interpessoal em contextos sociais diversos. Torna-se evidente a necessidade de discussão dos fatores sociais implicados na expressão da cortesia, bem como da capacidade de expressar e interpretar as funções comunicativas e o conhecimento das normas. O trabalho examina a cortesia em interações orais e escritas (registro formal/semiformal), tendo como objeto de análise textos do século XX, a saber, entrevistas de televisão, entrevistas posteriormente impressas, bem como cartas pessoais (trocadas entre amigos ou familiares) e publicadas em coletâneas de estudos literários. Também faz parte deste capítulo uma breve reflexão sobre o tratamento da oralidade e da escrita no ensino de língua portuguesa, visando a sugerir aos professores de ensino fundamental e médio como trabalhar a cortesia verbal nas atividades cotidianas (conversas, entrevistas, cartas, bilhetes), contribuindo para que o aluno possa desempenhar seu papel social adequadamente por meio de variadas práticas discursivas.
A conversação na entrevista de perfil na mídia escrita: uma questão para o ensino
Authors: Dias Ana Rosa Ferreira 
Published: January 2016

<p>A entrevista de perfil é um evento conversacional frequente na mídia. No ensino, como objeto de estudo, vem favorecer o desenvolvimento de uma percepção crítica da interação verbal que ocorre na comunicação social. Neste artigo, procedemos à análise de uma entrevista publicada na Revista <em>Veja</em>, na seção Páginas Amarelas, em 20/10/2004, visando à discussão das estratégias textuais-discursivas de produção do gênero. Preceitos da Análise da Conversação e da Sociolinguística Interacional darão suporte às reflexões.</p>
A Oralidade Em Sala De Aula De Língua Portuguesa: O Que Dizem Os Professores Do Ensino Básico
Authors: Azevedo Josilete Alves Moreira de , Mamede Galvão Marise Adriana 
Published: January 2016

Esta pesquisa teve como foco central uma discussão acerca da modalidade oral e ensino de Língua Portuguesa no nível fundamental de escolarização. Como ponto de partida, ressaltamos a necessidade de os indivíduos desenvolverem competências linguístico-discursivas por meio de diferentes gêneros de textos nas interações da vida cotidiana, tanto nas mais espontâneas quanto nas mais ritualizadas. Buscamos, assim, contribuir com o conhecimento acadêmico-científico na direção de que aos alunos do ensino básico sejam dadas oportunidades de produzir textos orais quer sejam em interações informais, quer sejam naquelas com maior controle e regulação na produção e recepção. Orientamo-nos pela questão: os textos orais estão sendo utilizados como objeto de ensino no desenvolvimento das práticas comunicativas dos alunos em sala de aula? Definimos, como objetivo, investigar acerca da oralidade em sala de aula de Língua Portuguesa com o propósito de descrever, analisar e interpretar o que dizem os docentes acerca do ensino, identificando as concepções de oralidade apontadas por eles e os gêneros textuais orais constitutivos das atividades didáticas propostas em sala de aula. Adotando os postulados da pesquisa qualitativa, buscamos interpretar questões específicas do dizer de professores por meio de 12 entrevistas semiestruturadas, gravadas (em áudio) e posteriormente transcritas. Baseamo-nos teoricamente, entre outros, nos trabalhos de Marcuschi (1986, 2001a e 2001b, 2002, 2005); Castilho (1998); Fávero, Andrade e Aquino (1999); Schneuwly, Dolz e colaboradores (2004); Cavalcante e Teixeira (2007); Gomes-Santos (2012); Leal e Gois (2012). As análises dos dados revelaram que os docentes ainda não têm clareza das noções teóricas sobre a oralidade que os possibilitem realizar ações didáticas canalizadas para a formação de alunos linguisticamente competentes. Dessa forma, no trabalho com a oralidade, os professores precisam privilegiar os aspectos linguísticos, extralinguísiticos, paralinguísticos e cinésicos, propiciando aos alunos vivências em atividades pedagógicas que lhe sirvam de subsídios nas práticas sociais da vida cotidiana.
‘The ICECAP-SCM tells you more about what I’m going through’: A think-aloud study measuring quality of life among patients receiving supportive and palliative care
Authors: Bailey Cara , Kinghorn Philip , Orlando Rosanna , Armour Kathy , Perry Rachel , Jones Louise , Coast Joanna 
Published: January 2016

Background: The ICECAP-Supportive Care Measure is a self-complete questionnaire developed to aid economic evaluation of supportive care interventions. Aim: To determine the feasibility of completing ICECAP–Supportive Care Measure alongside EQ-5D-5L and ICECAP-A (generic measures used in economic evaluation) among patients receiving hospice care, close persons and healthcare professionals. Design: Participants were asked to ‘think aloud’ while completing ICECAP-Supportive Care Measure and two other generic measures used in economic evaluation, EQ-5D-5L and ICECAP-A, and then participate in a semi-structured interview. From verbatim transcripts, five raters identified the frequency of errors in comprehension, retrieval, judgement and response. Qualitative data were analysed using constant comparison. Setting/participants: Eligible patients were identified from one UK hospice by a research nurse. Close persons and healthcare professionals were identified by the patient. In all, 72 semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients ( n = 33), close persons ( n = 22) and healthcare professionals ( n = 17). Results: Patients and close persons reported that the ICECAP-Supportive Care Measure was most appropriate for measuring their quality of life. It appeared more meaningful, easier to complete and had fewest errors (3.9% among patients, 4.5% among close persons) compared to EQ-5D-5L (9.7% among patients, 5.5% among close persons). Healthcare professionals acknowledged the value of the ICECAP-Supportive Care Measure but had fewer errors in completing the EQ-5D-5L (3.5% versus 6.7%). They found it easier to complete because it focuses on observable health states. Conclusions: The ICECAP-Supportive Care Measure is feasible to use and perceived as appropriate for evaluating palliative care interventions. Healthcare professionals with limited knowledge of the patient who act as proxy completers may find the measure difficult to complete.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Skilling
Authors: Ghosh Namrata 
Published: January 2016

Skilling is an important agenda for India in the coming few years. To meet the demands of the growing industry, skilled manpower is required. The existing skill training institutes especially for technical skills are not well equipped in terms of capacity and manpower to handle the growing demand for skills. Alternative training models need to be promoted–private or public-private partnerships. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one way in which skill training needs of the population can be met. In this article we explore how lack of credible certification in skill training can lead to adverse selection in the labour market. This is shown through findings from a study of students trained in ITIs and those trained by a corporate as part of their CSR.
Effects of RAAS Blockers on Atrial Fibrillation Prophylaxis
Authors: Chaugai Sandip , Meng Wen Yeng , Ali Sepehry Amir 
Published: January 2016

Background: Impact of atrial fibrillation on clinical outcomes is well recognized, and application of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers for the prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) is a theoretically appealing concept. However, clinical trials have yielded inconsistent results. Methods: A pooled study of 26 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of RAAS blockers on AF prophylaxis was performed. Results: A total of 28 reports from 26 randomized controlled trials enrolled 165 387 patients, with an overall 24% reduction in the incidence of AF (odds ratio [OR]: 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68-0.85], P = .000). Forty-nine percent reduction in the incidence of AF (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.30-0.85, P = .010) in systolic heart failure was observed, whereas no significant effect was observed in patients with diastolic heart failure, postmyocardial infarction, and high cardiovascular disease risk. There was a 19% (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67-1.00, P = .037) reduction in new-onset and 54% (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.33-0.62, P = .000) reduction in recurrent AF in hypertensive patients with 39% (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.44-0.84, P = .003) risk reduction against calcium blockers and 41% (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.44-0.80, P = .001) risk reduction against β blockers. Angiotensin-receptor blocker appeared marginally superior to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in primary and secondary prevention. Conclusion: This study suggests that RAAS blockade effectively suppresses AF in systolic heart failure, and hypertensives derive greater benefit against new-onset and recurrent AF compared to β blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.
High-resolution myelin water imaging in post-mortem multiple sclerosis spinal cord: A case report
Authors: Laule Cornelia , Yung Andrew , Pavolva Vlady , Bohnet Barry , Kozlowski Piotr , Hashimoto Stanley A , Yip Stephen , Li David KB , Moore GR Wayne 
Published: January 2016

Background: Loss of myelin in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis (MS) is likely an important, and early, contributor to atrophy and associated disability. In vivo measurement of myelin is possible using myelin water fraction (MWF) imaging, but MWF has never been assessed in MS along the entire length of the spinal cord in vivo or in post-mortem tissue. Objective: To assess the feasibility of measuring the distribution of MWF along the entire length of the spinal cord in post-mortem MS tissue using high-field MRI. Methods: One formalin-fixed spinal cord from a female with secondary progressive MS (age: 78 years, disease duration: 25 years) was cut into 104 5-mm-thick cross sections along the entire length of the spinal cord from the cervico-medullary junction to the conus medullaris and imaged using a 64 echo T2 relaxation experiment at 7T. Results: Myelin water maps showed cord anatomy in superb detail, white matter demonstrating a higher MWF than the grey matter. Anatomical variation in myelin distribution along cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions was observed. Lesions demonstrated myelin loss. Conclusion: Post-mortem myelin water imaging of formalin-fixed MS spinal cord is feasible.
Concussion Incidence in Professional Football
Authors: Nathanson John T. , Connolly James G. , Yuk Frank , Gometz Alex , Rasouli Jonathan , Lovell Mark , Choudhri Tanvir 
Published: January 2016

Background: In the United States alone, millions of athletes participate in sports with potential for head injury each year. Although poorly understood, possible long-term neurological consequences of repetitive sports-related concussions have received increased recognition and attention in recent years. A better understanding of the risk factors for concussion remains a public health priority. Despite the attention focused on mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in football, gaps remain in the understanding of the optimal methodology to determine concussion incidence and position-specific risk factors. Purpose: To calculate the rates of concussion in professional football players using established and novel metrics on a group and position-specific basis. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Athletes from the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 National Football League (NFL) seasons were included in this analysis of publicly available data. Concussion incidence rates were analyzed using established (athlete exposure [AE], game position [GP]) and novel (position play [PP]) metrics cumulatively, by game unit and position type (offensive skill players and linemen, defensive skill players and linemen), and by position. Results: In 480 games, there were 292 concussions, resulting in 0.61 concussions per game (95% CI, 0.54-0.68), 6.61 concussions per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 5.85-7.37), 1.38 concussions per 100 GPs (95% CI, 1.22-1.54), and 0.17 concussions per 1000 PPs (95% CI, 0.15-0.19). Depending on the method of calculation, the relative order of at-risk positions changed. In addition, using the PP metric, offensive skill players had a significantly greater rate of concussion than offensive linemen, defensive skill players, and defensive linemen ( P < .05). Conclusion: For this study period, concussion incidence by position and unit varied depending on which metric was used. Compared with AE and GP, the PP metric found that the relative risk of concussion for offensive skill players was significantly greater than other position types. The strengths and limitations of various concussion incidence metrics need further evaluation. Clinical Relevance: A better understanding of the relative risks of the different positions/units is needed to help athletes, team personnel, and medical staff make optimal player safety decisions and enhance rules and equipment.
Combining regenerative medicine strategies to provide durable reconstructive options: auricular cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Jessop Zita M. , Javed Muhammad , Otto Iris A. , Combellack Emman J. , Morgan Siân , Breugem Corstiaan C. , Archer Charles W. , Khan Ilyas M. , Lineaweaver William C. , Kon Moshe , Malda Jos , Whitaker Iain S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecent advances in regenerative medicine place us in a unique position to improve the quality of engineered tissue. We use auricular cartilage as an exemplar to illustrate how the use of tissue-specific adult stem cells, assembly through additive manufacturing and improved understanding of postnatal tissue maturation will allow us to more accurately replicate native tissue anisotropy. This review highlights the limitations of autologous auricular reconstruction, including donor site morbidity, technical considerations and long-term complications. Current tissue-engineered auricular constructs implanted into immune-competent animal models have been observed to undergo inflammation, fibrosis, foreign body reaction, calcification and degradation. Combining biomimetic regenerative medicine strategies will allow us to improve tissue-engineered auricular cartilage with respect to biochemical composition and functionality, as well as microstructural organization and overall shape. Creating functional and durable tissue has the potential to shift the paradigm in reconstructive surgery by obviating the need for donor sites.
Genomes and virulence difference between two physiological races of Phytophthora nicotianae
Authors: liu Hui , Ma Xiao , yu Haiqin , Fang Dunhuang , Li Yongping , Wang Xiao , Wang Wen , Dong Yang , Xiao Bingguang 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background
Black shank is a severe plant disease caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae. Two physiological races of P. nicotianae, races 0 and 1, are predominantly observed in cultivated tobacco fields around the world. Race 0 has been reported to be more aggressive, having a shorter incubation period, and causing worse root rot symptoms, while race 1 causes more severe necrosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the difference in virulence between race 0 and 1 remain elusive.

Findings
We assembled and annotated the genomes of P. nicotianae races 0 and 1, which were obtained by a combination of PacBio single-molecular real-time sequencing and second-generation sequencing (both HiSeq and MiSeq platforms). Gene family analysis revealed a highly expanded ATP-binding cassette transporter gene family in P. nicotianae. Specifically, more RxLR effector genes were found in the genome of race 0 than in that of race 1. In addition, RxLR effector genes were found to be mainly distributed in gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions of the P. nicotianae genome.

Conclusions
These results provide not only high quality reference genomes of P. nicotianae, but also insights into the infection mechanisms of P. nicotianae and its co-evolution with the host plant. They also reveal insights into the difference in virulence between the two physiological races.
Draft genome of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis
Authors: Song Linsheng , Bian Chao , Luo Yongju , Wang Lingling , You Xinxin , Li Jia , Qiu Ying , Ma Xingyu , Zhu Zhifei , Ma Liang , Wang Zhaogen , Lei Ying , Qiang Jun , Li Hongxia , Yu Juhua , Wong Alex , Xu Junmin , Shi Qiong , Xu Pao 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background:
The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is one of the most studied and economically important crustaceans in China. Its transition from a swimming to a crawling method of movement during early development, anadromous migration during growth, and catadromous migration during breeding have been attractive features for research. However, knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes is still very limited.

Findings:
A total of 258.8 gigabases (Gb) of raw reads from whole-genome sequencing of the crab were generated by the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. The final genome assembly (1.12 Gb), about 67.5 % of the estimated genome size (1.66 Gb), is composed of 17,553 scaffolds (&gt;2 kb) with an N50 of 224 kb. We identified 14,436 genes using AUGUSTUS, of which 7,549 were shown to have significant supporting evidence using the GLEAN pipeline. This gene number is much greater than that of the horseshoe crab, and the annotation completeness, as evaluated by CEGMA, reached 66.9 %.

Conclusions:
We report the first genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the Chinese mitten crab. The assembled draft genome will provide a valuable resource for the study of essential developmental processes and genetic determination of important traits of the Chinese mitten crab, and also for investigating crustacean evolution.
Knowledge and risk perception of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer among non-medical university students
Authors: Osazuwa-Peters Nosayaba , Tutlam Nhial T. 
Published: January 2016

Background To assess non-medical university students’ knowledge and perceived risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among non-medical students of a private Midwestern university in the United States in May 2012. Questionnaire assessed demographic information and contained 21 previously validated questions regarding knowledge and perceived risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Knowledge scale was categorized into low and high. Risk level was estimated based on smoking, drinking, and sexual habits. Bivariate associations between continuous and categorical variables were assessed using Pearson correlation and Chi-square tests, respectively. Results The response rate was 87% (100 out of 115 students approached). Eighty-one percent (81%) had low oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer knowledge; and only 2% perceived that their oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer risk was high. Risk perception was negatively correlated with age at sexual debut, r (64) = −0.26, p = 0.037; one-way ANOVA showed a marginally significant association between risk perception and number of sexual partners, F(4, 60) = 2.48, p = 0.05. There was no significant association between knowledge and perception of risk; however, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer knowledge was significantly associated with frequency of prevention of STDs ( p < 0.05). Although 86% had heard about oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer, only 18% had heard of oral mouth examination, and 7% of these reported ever having an oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer exam. Conclusions Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer knowledge and risk perception is low among this student population. Since oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer incidence is increasingly shifting towards younger adults, interventions must be tailored to this group in order to improve prevention and control.