bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecology
Authors: Clark Lynn Schofield 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis entry explores the use of the wordecologywithin approaches to the study of media and communication, focusing primarily on a review of the school of thought known as media ecology. As media ecology is primarily recognized for its association with theories of technology's role in social change, the entry offers clarification on the relevance of media ecology and differing theoretical approaches to media and social and cultural change. The entry also observes points of incommensurability between media ecology and other theoretical approaches within communication and media studies. It concludes with a review of secondary and tertiary uses of the termecology, noting the critique of the media ecology school of thought—a critique embedded in what has been termed materialist media ecology.
Feminism
Authors: Buzzanell Patrice M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn 2015 it is difficult to imagine the discipline of communication without gender and feminist studies. Yet these studies are fairly recent developments and, more importantly, have changed the nature, content, and means by which communication phenomena are conceived and studied. In this entry, feminism in communication is presented in an overview that describes its emergence in the discipline and its contemporary status. Second, what it means to take a feminist lens is explicated. Finally, key tensions in feminist communication are discussed.
Game Studies
Authors: Raessens Joost 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry describes game studies as a dynamic interdisciplinary field of academic study and research that focuses on digital games and play in a wide variety of social and cultural contexts. It examines the history of game studies from its prehistory, when games were looked at as part of other disciplines, to the period when game studies became a discipline or field of its own, and then to the period when interdisciplinarity became dominant. Although game studies is traditionally concerned exclusively with digital games, it increasingly uses its theoretical perspective and concepts (e.g., game, play, and playfulness) to interpret society and culture at large. This not only offers new opportunities for the study of human communication and interaction, but also challenges the core identity of game studies.
Presence
Authors: Lee Kwan Min , Park Namkee 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Presence refers to the psychological state in which the virtuality of experience is unnoticed. It occurs when technology users do not recognize the technology‐mediated nature of experiencing or the artificiality of experienced objects such as computer agents or social robots. There are three types of presence: physical presence, social presence, and self‐presence. Three factors that affect feelings of presence—the objective quality of technologies, technology users' individual differences, and the social characteristics of technologies—have been examined. The effects of presence have been studied in the areas of computer games, advertising and e‐commerce contexts, educational and learning contexts, and online or virtual collaboration.
Digital Humanities
Authors: Brügger Niels 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Digital humanities is an umbrella term for theories, methodologies, and practices related to humanities scholarship that uses the digital computer as an integrated and essential part of its research and teaching activities. The computer can be used for establishing, finding, collecting, and preserving material to study, as an object of study in its own right, as an analytical tool, or for collaborating and for disseminating results. The term “digital humanities” was coined around 2001 and gained currency within academia in the following years. However, computers had been used within the humanities for decades, starting with research fields such as humanities computing or computational linguistics in the 1950s and, later, new media studies and Internet studies. The historical development of digital humanities has been characterized by a focus on three successive but coexisting types of digital material: digitized, born‐digital, and reborn‐digital material.
Semantics
Authors: Rocci Andrea 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe present entry provides an overview of the linguistic subdiscipline of semantics, which focuses on the study of the meaning of signs. Starting from the definition of semantics as the study of the correspondence between expressions and meanings, four basic options on the nature of meaning are introduced. Then semantics is presented as the most distinctive part of semiotics, due to the fact that the proper distinguishing trait of signs is that of carrying meaning. The much debated issue of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics is then discussed, highlighting the importance of considering idiomaticity and contextual factors in determining meaning compositionality. The entry concludes with an empirical application of semantics in the field of cross‐linguistic and cross‐cultural research, which demonstrates the importance of semantic investigations for researchers outside the circle of specialists in this subdiscipline.
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Authors: Barry Cooper S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
What is known today as the Turing machine model captures the character of everyday computation. On the one hand, Alan Turing's design for a universal machine adumbrated the stored‐program computer—the “wheel” of the impending computer revolution and of the new information age. On the other hand, he described the unsolvable “halting problem” of this machine: there is an “incomputability,” observable by us, but not by the machine. Turing seems to have seen still a role for human intelligence, even in today's computationally and socially complex world. And he gave us the mathematics to put the failures of mathematics into context. As for the computers on our desks, Turing proclaimed throughout his later career the complementary roles of computing machine and human being.
Expert System
Authors: Hildebrandt Thomas T. , Cattani Gian Luca 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
An expert system is a computer system for inferring knowledge from a knowledge base, typically by using a set of inference rules. When the concept of expert systems was introduced at Stanford University in the early 1970s, the knowledge base was an unstructured set of facts. Today the knowledge base of expert systems is often given in terms of an ontology, extracted and built from various data sources by employing natural language‐processing and statistics. To emphasize such capabilities, the term “expert” is now often replaced by “cognitive,” “knowledge,” “knowledge‐based,” or “intelligent” system. With very few exceptions, general‐purpose expert systems have failed to emerge so far. However, expert systems are applied in specialized domains, particularly in healthcare. The increasing availability of large quantities of data to organizations today provides a valuable opportunity for the application of expert systems, but also raises issues regarding privacy and legal liability.
Positivism
Authors: Bergman Mats 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The term “positivism” designates a broad family of philosophical and social scientific views according to which knowledge must be grounded in the observation of experiential data. Both classical and later positivists have advocated programmes of unified science with far‐reaching implications for social inquiry. In the field of media and communication studies, positivism has often been associated with the endeavor to develop a rigorous scientific discipline of communication, but the term is also used more liberally to designate a widely censured “paradigm” that requires the use of quantitative and statistical methods as well as a strict separation of fact and value in research. In many respects, the original programmes of positivism have been supplanted by so‐called “postpositivistic” approaches.
Psychoanalysis
Authors: Ivanova Mina , Restivo Angelo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis entry traces the diverse routes via which psychoanalysis, particularly Lacan's oeuvre, entered rhetorical theory and film/media theory—arguably the two most prominent subfields of communication studies. Media scholars in the mid‐1960s, followed by rhetoricians in the 1980s, engaged, in different ways, with Lacan's theory to address questions of identification and ideology, power and agency. By the 1990s, the two traditions began to come together through the combined work of Slavoj Žižek and Ernesto Laclau, both of whom forced a critical shift in focus toward what Lacan called theReal.
Globalization
Authors: Buhari‐Gulmez Didem 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis entry provides a critical summary of the main debates about globalization with a special focus on (1) the definitional and conceptual issues that are particularly associated with “conceptual stretching,” reductionism and dichotomous thinking; (2) the general context and theories which offer different accounts of globalization as a historical continuity and/or change; and (3) the main normative approaches to globalization that consist of such trends as antiglobalization, alterglobalization, hyperglobalism, and “managing globalization.” The entry concludes with a discussion about the possible future directions of globalization research, including multiple modernities, post‐Westernization, world society/culture, and glocalization.
Design
Authors: Krippendorff Klaus 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Designing is fundamental to being human. This entry focuses on the professional design of artifacts for the benefit of diverse stakeholder communities. It sketches the emergence of the design profession from its original preoccupation with crafts and industrial products, through its embrace of larger, more complex and abstract challenges, to efforts of designing and redesigning its own design discourses. In the course of this development, designers became increasingly cognizant of their larger objective of rendering technological developments individually and culturally meaningful. Successful designs not only energize supportive stakeholder networks; they also intervene in the dynamics of existing cultural ecologies of interacting artifacts. While designing is always intentional to begin with, the consequences of different ecologies of artifacts are not easily, if at all, predictable. The latter point is exemplified by the design of artifacts that grew out of human conversations and gave birth to other forms of human communication.
Dewey,John
Authors: Danisch Robert 
Published: October 2016

AbstractJohn Dewey was an influential American philosopher and educational theorist, closely associated with the tradition of American pragmatism. InThe Public and Its Problems,Experience and Nature, and elsewhere he provides us with significant intellectual insight into the aesthetics of communication and the ways in which community life is defined through communication. These insights have served as a rich resource for a range of theoretical works within communication studies over the last hundred years; they also justify Dewey's call for broad‐based participatory democracy, in which a community of inquirers seeks to collaboratively solve problems in and through communication with one another.
Queer Theory
Authors: Calafell Bernadette Marie , Nakayama Thomas K. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry offers an overview of the history and key aspects of queer theory, as well as of its use in communication studies. Additionally, both critiques of queer theory, which are grounded in intersectionality, and the resulting outgrowths of queer of color‐centered perspectives are reviewed. Emerging areas of research, such as transgender studies, are also addressed.
Theory and Practice
Authors: Craig Robert T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe social psychologist Kurt Lewin's oft‐quoted dictum that there is nothing so practical as a good theory should make us wonder what specific qualities, if any, would (in theory) make a theory good in that way and whether any such theory actually exists (in practice). But any answer to these questions must depend on particular conceptions of theory, practice, and the ideal or possible relations between them; and these are as debatable as they are various, ranging from views in which theory can have nothing to do with practice to ones in which theory can be nothing if not deeply practical. This entry sketches a history of the problem of theory and practice in Western thought, surveys current transdisciplinary approaches, and concludes with a discussion of practical theory in the communication field and a brief reflection on theory and practice as a conceptual, normative, and empirical problem.
Social Epistemology
Authors: Fuller Steve 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Social epistemology is the normative study of the organization of inquiry: What makes for better and worse practices in the production and distribution of knowledge? Answers to this question require taking into account the arrangement of people and things. The entry begins by observing social epistemology's dual origins in philosophy and library science. It then considers a precursor, critical rationalism, which was explicitly concerned with the facilitation of inquiry among fallible yet corrigible individuals who acted so as to render the whole greater than the sum of its parts. Next, the centrality of expertise to social epistemology is discussed: Should expertise be seen as a liability or as an asset? Finally, the most general challenge facing social epistemology is how to square moral and epistemic value, which is interpreted as a difference in temporal horizons and attitudes toward risk.
Are Foot and Ankle Characteristics Associated With Falls in People With Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Prospective Study
Authors: Brenton‐Rule Angela , Dalbeth Nicola , Menz Hylton B. , Bassett Sandra , Rome Keith 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether foot and ankle characteristics are associated with falls in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsA total of 201 adults with RA were recruited from rheumatology outpatient clinics in Auckland, New Zealand. Clinical characteristics, common fall risk factors, and foot and ankle variables were measured. Participants were prospectively studied for 12 months to record the occurrence of falls using falls diaries. Logistic regression analysis identified baseline variables that were independent predictors of falls over the 12 months.ResultsEighty‐four participants (42%) fell at least once and 39 (19%) experienced multiple (>1) falls over the 12‐month followup period. In logistic regression analysis, including age and significant baseline variables in bivariate analysis but not baseline fall history, presence of foot or ankle tender joints (odds ratio [OR] 1.95, P = 0.034) and psychotropic medication (OR 2.35, P = 0.025) were independent predictors of prospective falls. However, when baseline fall history was included in the analysis, psychotropic medication (OR 2.34, P = 0.025) and baseline fall history (over the preceding 12 months) (OR 2.27, P = 0.008) were independent predictors of prospective falls.ConclusionFoot and ankle characteristics are not associated with falls in people with RA, independent of prior falls. Inquiry about prior falls and psychotropic medications may assist in identifying patients with RA who are at high risk of future falls.
Epidemiology of Polymyalgia Rheumatica 2000–2014 and Examination of Incidence and Survival Trends Over 45 Years: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Raheel Shafay , Shbeeb Izzat , Crowson Cynthia S. , Matteson Eric L. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo determine time trends in the incidence and survival of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) over a 15‐year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and to examine trends in incidence of PMR in the population by comparing this time period to a previous incidence cohort from the same population base.MethodsAll cases of incident PMR among Olmsted County, Minnesota residents in 2000–2014 were identified to extend the previous 1970–1999 cohort. Detailed review of all individual medical records was performed. Incidence rates were age‐ and sex‐adjusted to the US white 2010 population. Survival rates were compared with the expected rates in the population of Minnesota.ResultsThere were 377 incident cases of PMR during the 15‐year study period. Of these, 64% were female and the mean age at incidence was 74.1 years. The overall age‐ and sex‐adjusted annual incidence of PMR was 63.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 57.4–70.4) per 100,000 population ages ≥50 years. Incidence rates increased with age in both sexes, but incidence fell after age 80 years. There was a slight increase in incidence of PMR in the recent time period compared to 1970–1999 (P = 0.063). Mortality among individuals with PMR was not significantly worse than that expected in the general population (standardized mortality ratio 0.70 [95% CI 0.57–0.85]).ConclusionThe incidence of PMR has increased slightly in the past 15 years compared to previous decades. Survivorship in patients with PMR is not worse than in the general population.
A gain‐switched self‐optimizer for braking controller
Authors: Dincmen Erkin 
Published: October 2016

SummaryAn emergency braking controller is developed with improved operation characteristics near the maximum friction zone. The methodology is based on self‐seeking a‐priori unknown optimum operation point to maximize a performance function representing the optimal behavior of the considered dynamic system. Sliding mode with uncertain direction of control vector approach is utilized in the algorithm. An adaptive variable gain is utilized in the algorithm to improve its performance. Via the variable gain, both fast convergence to the a‐priori unknown optimum operation point and reduced magnitude of oscillations in the braking moment inputs resulting less aggressive control action are achieved. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying Design Thinking Principles to Curricular Development in Medical Education
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Wagner Emilie , Wagner Alexei , Chan Teresa 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMedical education is an ever‐evolving field, resulting in numerous changes and modifications to curricular structure, learner assessment, feedback, and remediation. To best meet the needs of the individual learners, it is important to design curricula that meet their real needs. Design thinking (DT) first gained popularity in the 1960s and, since then, has been applied to problem solving within business, primary education, and medicine. The process involves five stages: discovery, interpretation, ideation, experimentation, and evolution, which are targeted toward empathizing with end‐users to uncover and design for unmet needs. In this paper, we describe the five‐stage DT approach with specific application to medical education and discuss future directions within the medical education field.
Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management
Authors: Pardanani Animesh 
Published: October 2016

Disease overview:Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MC) in one or more extra‐cutaneous organs.Diagnosis: The major criterion is presence of multifocal clusters of morphologically abnormal MC in the bone marrow. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, abnormal MC expression of CD25 and/or CD2, and presence of KITD816V.Risk stratification: The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of SM has been shown to be prognostically relevant. Classification of SM patients into indolent (SM), aggressive SM (ASM), SM associated with a clonal non‐MC lineage disease (SM‐AHNMD) and mast cell leukemia (MCL) subgroups is a useful first step in establishing prognosis.Management: SM treatment is generally palliative. ISM patients have a normal life expectancy and receive symptom‐directed therapy; infrequently, cytoreductive therapy may be indicated for refractory symptoms. ASM patients have disease‐related organ dysfunction; interferon‐α (±corticosteroids) can control dermatological, hematological, gastrointestinal, skeletal and mediator‐release symptoms, but is hampered by poor tolerability. Similarly, cladribine has broad therapeutic activity, with particular utility when rapid MC debulking is indicated; the main toxicity is myelosuppression. Imatinib has a therapeutic role in the presence of an imatinib‐sensitive KIT mutation or in KITD816‐unmutated patients. Treatment of SM‐AHNMD is governed primarily by the non‐MC neoplasm; hydroxyurea has modest utility in this setting; there is a role for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in select cases.Investigational drugs: Recent data confirms midostaurin's significant anti‐MC activity in patients with advanced SM. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1147–1159, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel fecal stable isotope approach to determine the timing of age‐related feeding transitions in wild infant chimpanzees
Authors: Bădescu Iulia , Katzenberg M. Anne , Watts David P. , Sellen Daniel W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesDetermining nutritional development in wild primates is difficult through observations because confirming dietary intake is challenging. Physiological measures are needed to determine the relative contributions of maternal milk and other foods at different ages, and time of weaning. We used fecal stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) and fecal nitrogen concentrations (%N) from wild chimpanzees at Ngogo, Uganda, to derive physiological dietary indicators during the transition from total reliance on maternal milk to adult foods after weaning.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed 560 fecal samples collected non‐invasively from 48 infants, their mothers, and 6 juvenile siblings. Most infant and juvenile samples (90%) were matched to samples collected from mothers on the same day. Isotopic assessments were compared with observations of nursing and feeding.ResultsInfants ≤1 year old showed average δ15N, δ13C and %N ratios that were 2.0‰, 0.8‰ and 1.3% greater than their mothers, respectively, interpreted as trophic level effects. Although data collected on newborns were few, results suggest that solid foods were consumed within 2–5 months after birth. Trophic level differences decreased steadily after 1 year, which indicates a decreasing relative contribution of milk to the diet. Isotopic results indicated infants were weaned by 4.5 years old—more than a year earlier than observations of nipple contacts ceased, which revealed the occurrence of “comfort nursing.” Juvenile isotopic signatures indicate no nursing overlap between siblings.DiscussionOur results resemble the stable isotope differences of human babies. This study contributes to a model of chimpanzee nutritional development required to understand early life history patterns in hominins.