bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Match External Load in Soccer: Methods Comparison
Authors: Castagna Carlo , Varley Matthew , Póvoas Susana C.A. , D’Ottavio Stefano 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:To test the interchangeability of 2 match-analysis approaches for external-load detection considering arbitrary selected speeds and metabolic power (MP) thresholds in male top-level soccer.Methods:Data analyses were performed considering match physical performance of 60 matches (1200 player cases) of randomly selected Spanish, German, and English first-division championship matches (2013–14 season). Match analysis was performed with a validated semiautomated multicamera system operating at 25 Hz.Results:During a match, players covered 10,673 ± 348 m, of which 1778 ± 208 m and 2759 ± 241 m were performed at high intensity, as measured using speed (≥16 km/h, HI) and metabolic power (≥20 W/kg, MPHI) notations. High-intensity notations were nearly perfectly associated (r = .93, P < .0001). A huge method bias (980.63 ± 87.82 m, d = 11.67) was found when considering MPHI and HI. Very large correlations were found between match total distance covered and MPHI (r = .84, P < .0001) and HI (r = .74, P < .0001). Player high-intensity decelerations (≥–2 m/s2) were very largely associated with MPHI (r = .73, P < .0001).Conclusions:The speed and MP methods are highly interchangeable at relative level (magnitude rank) but not absolute level (measure magnitude). The 2 physical match-analysis methods can be independently used to track match external load in elite-level players. However, match-analyst decisions must be based on use of a single method to avoid bias in external-load determination.
Automatic Detection of Pitching and Throwing Events in Baseball With Inertial Measurement Sensors
Authors: Murray Nick B. , Black Georgia M. , Whiteley Rod J. , Gahan Peter , Cole Michael H. , Utting Andy , Gabbett Tim J. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:Throwing loads are known to be closely related to injury risk. However, for logistic reasons, typically only pitchers have their throws counted, and then only during innings. Accordingly, all other throws made are not counted, so estimates of throws made by players may be inaccurately recorded and underreported. A potential solution to this is the use of wearable microtechnology to automatically detect, quantify, and report pitch counts in baseball. This study investigated the accuracy of detection of baseball pitching and throwing in both practice and competition using a commercially available wearable microtechnology unit.Methods:Seventeen elite youth baseball players (mean ± SD age 16.5 ± 0.8 y, height 184.1 ± 5.5 cm, mass 78.3 ± 7.7 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed pitching, fielding, and throwing during practice and competition while wearing a microtechnology unit. Sensitivity and specificity of a pitching and throwing algorithm were determined by comparing automatic measures (ie, microtechnology unit) with direct measures (ie, manually recorded pitching counts).Results:The pitching and throwing algorithm was sensitive during both practice (100%) and competition (100%). Specificity was poorer during both practice (79.8%) and competition (74.4%).Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that the microtechnology unit is sensitive to detect pitching and throwing events, but further development of the pitching algorithm is required to accurately and consistently quantify throwing loads using microtechnology.
How Does Definition of Minimum Break Length Affect Objective Measures of Sitting Outcomes Among Office Workers?
Authors: Kloster Stine , Danquah Ida Høgstedt , Holtermann Andreas , Aadahl Mette , Tolstrup Janne Schurmann 
Published: September 2016

Background:Harmful health effects associated with sedentary behavior may be attenuated by breaking up long periods of sitting by standing or walking. However, studies assess interruptions in sitting time differently, making comparisons between studies difficult. It has not previously been described how the definition of minimum break duration affects sitting outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to address how definitions of break length affect total sitting time, number of sit-to-stand transitions, prolonged sitting periods and time accumulated in prolonged sitting periods among office workers.Methods:Data were collected from 317 office workers. Thigh position was assessed with an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the right thigh. Data were exported with varying bout length of breaks. Afterward, sitting outcomes were calculated for the respective break lengths.Results:Absolute numbers of sit-to-stand transitions decreased, and number of prolonged sitting periods and total time accumulated in prolonged sitting periods increased, with increasing minimum break length. Total sitting time was not influenced by varying break length.Conclusions:The definition of minimum break length influenced the sitting outcomes with the exception of total sitting time. A standard definition of break length is needed for comparison and interpretation of studies in the evolving research field of sedentary behavior.
Changes in Men’s Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Knowledge and Behavior as a Result of Program Exposure: Findings From the Workplace POWERPLAY Program
Authors: Caperchione Cristina M. , Stolp Sean , Bottorff Joan L. , Oliffe John L. , Johnson Steven T. , Seaton Cherisse , Sharp Paul , Jones-Bricker Margaret , Lamont Sonia , Errey Sally , Healy Theresa , Medhurst Kerensa , Christian Holly , Klitch Megan 
Published: September 2016

Background:The purpose of this study was to examine changes in physical activity and healthy eating knowledge and behaviors associated with the level of exposure to POWERPLAY, a men-centered workplace health promotion program.Methods:This study is based on a quasi-experimental prepost design. Using a computer assisted telephone interview survey, data regarding program exposure and physical activity and health eating knowledge and behaviors were collected from men (N = 103) in 4 workplaces.Results:Exposure scores were calculated and participants were categorized as having low (n = 54) or high exposure (n = 49) to POWERPLAY. Compared with the low exposure group, those reporting high exposure scored significantly higher on physical activity knowledge (F (1, 99) =14.17, P < .001, eta2 = .125) and health eating knowledge (F (1, 99) =14.37, P = .001, eta2 = .111). The high exposure group also reported significantly more minutes walked place to place (F (2, 206) = 3.91, P = .022, eta2 = .037) and on minutes walked for leisure (F (2, 230) = 3.08, P = .048, eta2 = .026).Conclusions:POWERPLAY shows significant promise as a workplace health promotion approach and may have an even greater impact when program exposure is augmented with environmental and policy changes.
Does Parents’ Social Cohesion Influence Their Perception of Neighborhood Safety and Their Children’s Active Commuting to and From School?
Authors: Salahuddin Meliha , Nehme Eileen , Ranjit Nalini , Kim Young-Jae , Oluyomi Abiodun O. , Dowdy Diane , Lee Chanam , Ory Marcia , Hoelscher Deanna M. 
Published: September 2016

Background:The role of parents’ perceptions of the neighborhood environment in determining children’s active commuting to and from school (ACS) is understudied. This study examined the association between parents’ perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion, perceived neighborhood safety, and their children’s ACS.Methods:This cross-sectional analysis (n = 857 from 81 elementary schools in Texas) examined baseline data from the Texas Childhood Obesity Prevention Policy Evaluation project. Participants had a mean age of 9.6 (0.6) years, and 50% were girls. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to assess gender-stratified associations between parent’s perceived social cohesion and children’s ACS and their perception of neighborhood safety.Results:A positive significant association was observed between levels of perceived social cohesion and children’s ACS for boys (P = 0.047); however, an inverse significant association was observed among girls (P = 0.033). Parents of boys living in neighborhoods with medium to high social cohesion were more likely to perceive their neighborhood as safe compared with parents living in neighborhoods with low social cohesion, though nonsignificant. Perceived neighborhood safety for walking and biking was associated with greater ACS among boys (P = 0.003).Conclusions:Our study findings indicate that both social and physical environments are important factors in determining ACS among boys.
Relationship of Knee Motions With Static Leg Alignments and Hip Motions in Frontal and Transverse Planes During Double-Leg Landing in Healthy Athletes
Authors: Uota Shogo , Nguyen Anh-Dung , Aminaka Naoko , Shimokochi Yohei 
Published: September 2016

Context:Excessive knee valgus and tibial external rotation relative to the femur during weight bearing motions, such as jump-landing, reportedly increases the risk of developing chronic knee pain, such as patellofemoral pain. Excessive deviations from normal ranges of several static lower extremity alignment measures and dynamic hip motions may also increase the risks for patellofemoral pain.Objective:To determine the relationship between lower extremity alignments and hip motions to frontal and transverse plane knee motions during double-leg landings.Design:Correlational study.Setting:Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:69 healthy, competitive athletes (27 men, 42 women; height, 166.5 ± 9.5 cm; weight, 61.3 ± 9.9 kg; age, 20.7 ± 1.0 y) participated in this study.Interventions:Prone and supine hip version, quadriceps angle, and tibiofemoral angle were measured. Frontal and transverse knee and hip angles at peak knee extensor moment during landing were calculated.Main Outcome Measures:2 separate stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict frontal and transverse plane knee motions using 4 static lower extremity alignment measures and hip motions.Results:Greater hip adduction and prone hip anteversion, and lesser hip internal rotation and supine hip anteversion, were related to greater knee valgus motions (R2 = .475, P < .01). Greater hip adduction was related to greater knee external rotation (R2 = .205, P < .01).Conclusions:Some targeted static lower extremity alignments and hip motions are associated with frontal and transverse knee motions. However, stronger relationships of hip motions with knee motions than static lower extremity alignments provided evidence that improving hip movements may help improve patellofemoral pain in those with lower extremity malalignments.
Not So Black and White: A Multi-Divisional Exploratory Analysis of Male Student-Athletes’ Experiences at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Institutions
Authors: Cooper Joseph N. , Davis Tiffany J. , Dougherty Shaun 
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature and quality of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) male student-athletes’ college experiences across race, sport, and divisional classifications. In recent years, the NCAA and its member institutions have faced intense scrutiny regarding the purpose of intercollegiate athletics within their educational missions. Additional concerns have been levied at the NCAA for persistent academic performance gaps along gender and racial lines across all divisions. However, limited research has engaged in multidivisional analyses of male student-athletes across racial groups and sport types. Using data from the 2006 NCAA GOALS study viewed through the lens of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the current study examined differences in male student-athletes’ experiences across racial groups, type of sport involvement, and divisional classifications. Key findings indicated salient differences between the social experiences across divisional and sport type classifications as well as significant differences between the academic experiences of Black and non-Black male student-athletes. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.Le but de cette étude était d’examiner la nature et la qualité des expériences scolaires des étudiants-athlètes masculins de la National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) en fonction de la race, du sport et la division de pratique. Récemment, la NCAA et ses institutions membres ont dû faire face à un examen minutieux concernant l’adéquation du sport interuniversitaire avec leurs missions éducatives. Des inquiétudes additionnelles ont été exprimées par la NCAA par rapport à la persistance des écarts en termes de réussite académique en fonction du sexe et de la race dans l’ensemble des divisions. Cependant, rares sont les travaux ayant proposé des analyses multidivisionnelles sur les étudiants-athlètes en fonction des groupes raciaux et des types de sports. En s’appuyant sur les données de l’étude NCAA GOALS de 2006, et au prisme de la théorie des systèmes écologiques de Bronfenbrenner, la présente étude a examiné les différences entre les expériences des étudiantsathlètes en fonction des groupes raciaux, du type d’investissement sportif et de la division de pratique. Les principaux résultats montrent des différences saillantes entre les expériences sociales en fonction du type de sport et du niveau de pratique mais aussi des différences significatives entre les expériences académiques des étudiants noirs et non-noirs. Les implications politiques et pratiques sont discutées.
Pyrazinamide Resistance Assays and Two-Month Sputum Culture Status in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Velásquez Gustavo E. , Calderon Roger I. , Mitnick Carole D. , Becerra Mercedes C. , Huang Chuan-Chin , Zhang Zibiao , Contreras Carmen C. , Yataco Rosa M. , Galea Jerome T. , Lecca Leonid W. , Murray Megan B. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing is the current “gold standard” for detecting
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
susceptibility to antituberculous drugs. Pyrazinamide is one antituberculous drug for which the correlation between
in vitro
resistance and clinical outcomes remains unclear. Here we performed latent class analysis (LCA) to develop a consensus gold standard definition of pyrazinamide resistance using three paired standard pyrazinamide resistance assays. We then compared this consensus measure to the 2-month culture results for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) who were treated for 2 months with first-line antituberculous drugs before their resistance results were known. Among 121 patients with MDR-TB, 60 (49.6%) were resistant to pyrazinamide by the Wayne method (L. G. Wayne, Am Rev Respir Dis 109:147–151, 1974), 71 (58.7%) were resistant by the Bactec MGIT 960 method, and 68 (56.2%) were resistant by
pncA
sequencing. LCA grouped isolates with positive results by at least two assays into a category which we considered the “consensus gold standard” for pyrazinamide resistance. The sensitivity and specificity for this consensus gold standard were 82.4% and 92.5%, respectively, for the Wayne method; 95.6% and 88.7%, respectively, for the Bactec MGIT 960 method; and 92.6% and 90.6%, respectively, for
pncA
sequencing. After we adjusted for other factors associated with poor outcomes, including age, sex, alcohol use, and baseline ethambutol resistance, patients whose isolates were resistant by the LCA-derived consensus gold standard were more likely to be culture positive at 2 months with an odds ratio of 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 5.11), but this result was not statistically significant. These findings underscore the need for improved diagnostics for routine use in programmatic settings.
Characterization of Two Multidrug-Resistant IncA/C Plasmids from the 1960s by Using the MinION Sequencer Device
Authors: Szabó Mónika , Nagy Tibor , Wilk Tímea , Farkas Tibor , Hegyi Anna , Olasz Ferenc , Kiss János 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Two A/C incompatibility group (IncA/C family) plasmids from the 1960s have been sequenced and classified into the A/C
2
type 1 group. R16a and IP40a contain novel antibiotic resistance islands and a complete GIsul2 genomic island not previously found in the family. In the 173.1-kb R16a, the 29.9-kb antibiotic resistance island (ARI) is located in a unique backbone position not utilized by ARIs. ARI
R16a
consists of Tn
1
, Tn
6020
, and Tn
6333
, harboring the resistance genes
bla
TEM-1D
and
aphA1b
and a
mer
module, respectively; a truncated Tn
5393
copy; and a gene cluster with unknown function. Plasmid IP40a is 170.4 kb in size and contains a 5.6-kb ARI inserted into the
kfrA
gene. ARI
IP40a
carrying
bla
TEM-1D
and
aphA1b
genes is composed of Tn
1
with a Tn
6023
insertion. Additionally, IP40a harbors single IS
2
, IS
186
, and Tn
1000
insertions scattered in the backbone; an IS
150
copy in GIsul2; and a complete Tn
6333
carrying a
mer
module at the position of ARI
R16a
. Loss of resistance markers in R16a, IP40a, and R55 was observed during stability tests. Every phenotypic change proved to be the result of recombination events involving mobile elements. Intramolecular transposition of IS copies that generated IP40a derivatives lacking large parts of the backbone could account for the formation of other family members, too. The MinION platform proved to be a valuable tool in bacterial genome sequencing since it generates long reads that span repetitive elements and facilitates full-length plasmid or chromosome assembly. Nanopore technology enables rapid characterization of large, low-copy-number plasmids and their rearrangement products.
Antileishmanial Mechanism of Diamidines Involves Targeting Kinetoplasts
Authors: Yang Gyongseon , Choi Gahee , No Joo Hwan 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by pathogenic
Leishmania
parasites; current treatments are toxic and expensive, and drug resistance has emerged. While pentamidine, a diamidine-type compound, is one of the treatments, its antileishmanial mechanism of action has not been investigated in depth. Here we tested several diamidines, including pentamidine and its analog DB75, against
Leishmania donovani
and elucidated their antileishmanial mechanisms. We identified three promising new antileishmanial diamidine compounds with 50% effective concentrations (EC
50
s) of 3.2, 3.4, and 4.5 μM, while pentamidine and DB75 exhibited EC
50
s of 1.46 and 20 μM, respectively. The most potent antileishmanial inhibitor, compound 1, showed strong DNA binding properties, with a shift in the melting temperature (Δ

T
m

) of 24.2°C, whereas pentamidine had a Δ

T
m

value of 2.1°C, and DB75 had a Δ

T
m

value of 7.7°C. Additionally, DB75 localized in
L. donovani
kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and mitochondria but not in nuclear DNA (nDNA). For 2 new diamidines, strong localization signals were observed in kDNA at 1 μM, and at higher concentrations, the signals also appeared in nuclei. All tested diamidines showed selective and dose-dependent inhibition of kDNA, but not nDNA, replication, likely by inhibiting
L. donovani
topoisomerase IB. Overall, these results suggest that diamidine antileishmanial compounds exert activity by accumulating toward and blocking replication of parasite kDNA.
Multidrug-Resistant Sequence Type 235 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates Producing IMP-26 with Increased Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Activities in Vietnam
Authors: Tada Tatsuya , Nhung Pham Hong , Miyoshi-Akiyama Tohru , Shimada Kayo , Tsuchiya Mitsuhiro , Phuong Doan Mai , Anh Nguyen Quoc , Ohmagari Norio , Kirikae Teruo 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Forty clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were obtained in a medical setting in Hanoi, Vietnam. Whole genomes of all 40 isolates were sequenced by MiSeq (Illumina), and phylogenic trees were constructed from the single nucleotide polymorphism concatemers. Of these 40 isolates, 24 (60.0%) harbored metallo-β-lactamase-encoding genes, including
bla
IMP-15
,
bla
IMP-26
,
bla
IMP-51
, and/or
bla
NDM-1
. Of these 24 isolates, 12 harbored
bla
IMP-26
and belonged to sequence type 235 (ST235).
Escherichia coli
expressing
bla
IMP-26
was significantly more resistant to doripenem and meropenem than
E. coli
expressing
bla
IMP-1
and
bla
IMP-15
. IMP-26 showed higher catalytic activity against doripenem and meropenem than IMP-1 and against all carbapenems tested, including doripenem, imipenem, meropenem, and panipenem, than did IMP-15. These data suggest that clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant ST235
P. aeruginosa
producing IMP-26 with increased carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities are spreading in medical settings in Vietnam.
Transport of Azithromycin into Extravascular Space in Rats
Authors: Kobuchi Shinji , Aoki Miki , Inoue Chiaki , Murakami Hiroyuki , Kuwahara Akiko , Nakamura Tsutomu , Yasui Hiroyuki , Ito Yukako , Takada Kanji , Sakaeda Toshiyuki 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Recent clinical trials showed a prolonged retention of subinhibitory concentrations of unbound azithromycin in the interstitial fluid of soft tissues despite the fact that azithromycin is extensively distributed in tissues. In these clinical trials, interstitial fluid samples were obtained by using the microdialysis method, and it was established that drug concentrations represent protein-unbound drug concentrations. The present study was designed to measure total azithromycin concentrations in the interstitial fluid of the skin of rats by directly collecting interstitial fluid samples from a pore formed on the skin by a dissolving microneedle array. The total azithromycin concentrations in interstitial fluid of the skin were about 4 to 5 times higher than those in plasma throughout the experimental period, and stasis of the azithromycin concentration in interstitial fluid was observed when the concentration of azithromycin in plasma was at the lower limit of quantification. In addition, the skin/plasma concentration ratio transiently increased after dosing (from 4.3 to 83.1). Our results suggest that azithromycin was trapped inside white blood cells and/or phagocytic cells in not only blood but also interstitial fluid, resulting in a high total azithromycin concentration and the retention of its antimicrobial activity at the primary infection site. The stasis of azithromycin in interstitial fluid and skin would lead to long-lasting pharmacological effects (including those against skin infection) at concentrations exceeding the MIC.