bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De la lengua materna y sus historias
Authors: Favela Bustillo Tania 
Published: July 2017

Este artículo se propone rastrear relaciones entre mito, lengua y paisaje en algunos poemas del poeta peruano José Watanabe (1946-2007). Pensar en la lengua es también pensar en el hogar, pero sobre todo pensar en la madre, que es la que cría a los hijos y los nutre de lengua. Por el otro lado, pensar el espacio es pensar el paisaje, y el paisaje lleva a la tierra, al suelo en el que se asienta el hogar. Tierra y hogar están vinculados, y por lo tanto la lengua y el paisaje también lo están. La poesía se une a ambos y se desarrolla a partir de éstos, pero ésta a su vez nutre a la lengua y reinventa el paisaje. Mito, paisaje y lengua serán los hilos desde los cuales alumbrar algunos ángulos de la poética de Watanabe.
Long-term resource addition to a detrital food web yields a pattern of responses more complex than pervasive bottom-up control
Authors: Lawrence Kendra L. , Wise David H. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundTheory predicts strong bottom-up control in detritus-based food webs, yet field experiments with detritus-based terrestrial systems have uncovered contradictory evidence regarding the strength and pervasiveness of bottom-up control processes. Two factors likely leading to contradictory results are experiment duration, which influences exposure to temporal variation in abiotic factors such as rainfall and affects the likelihood of detecting approach to a new equilibrium; and openness of the experimental units to immigration and emigration. To investigate the contribution of these two factors, we conducted a long-term experiment with open and fenced plots in the forest that was the site of an earlier, short-term experiment (3.5 months) with open plots (Chen & Wise, 1999) that produced evidence of strong bottom-up control for 14 taxonomic groupings of primary consumers of fungi and detritus (microbi-detritivores) and their predators.MethodsWe added artificial high-quality detritus to ten 2 × 2-m forest-floor plots at bi-weekly intervals from April through September in three consecutive years (Supplemented treatment). Ten comparable Ambient plots were controls. Half of the Supplemented and Ambient plots were enclosed by metal fencing.ResultsArthropod community structure (based upon 18 response variables) diverged over time between Supplemented and Ambient treatments, with no effect of Fencing on the multivariate response pattern. Fencing possibly influenced only ca. 30% of the subsequent univariate analyses. Multi- and univariate analyses revealed bottom-up control during Year 1 of some, but not all, microbi-detritivores and predators. During the following two years the pattern of responses became more complex than that observed by Chen & Wise (1999). Some taxa showed consistent bottom-up control whereas others did not. Variation across years could not be explained completely by differences in rainfall because some taxa exhibited negative, not positive, responses to detrital supplementation.DiscussionOur 3-year experiment did not confirm the conclusion of strong, pervasive bottom-up control of both microbi-detritivores and predators reported by Chen & Wise (1999). Our longer-term experiment revealed a more complex pattern of responses, a pattern much closer to the range of outcomes reported in the literature for many short-term experiments. Much of the variation in responses across studies likely reflects variation in abiotic and biotic factors and the quality of added detritus. Nevertheless, it is also possible that long-term resource enhancement can drive a community towards a new equilibrium state that differs from what would have been predicted from the initial short-term responses exhibited by primary and secondary consumers.
Deglacial changes in the strength of deep southern component water and sediment supply at the Argentine continental margin
Authors: Warratz Grit , Henrich Rüdiger , Voigt Ines , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Kuhn Gerhard , Lantzsch Hendrik 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe deep southern component water (SCW), comprising Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), is a major component of the global oceanic circulation. It has been suggested that the deep Atlantic water mass structure changed significantly during the last glacial/interglacial cycle. However, deep SCW source‐proximal records remain sparse. Here we present three coherent deep SCW paleocurrent records from the deep Argentine continental margin shedding light on deep water circulation and deep SCW flow strength in the Southwest Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Based on increased sortable silt values, we propose enhanced deep SCW flow strength from 14 to 10 cal ka B.P. relative to the early deglacial/LGM and the Holocene. We propose a direct influence of deep northern component water (NCW) on deep SCW flow strength due to vertical narrowing of deep SCW spreading, concurrent with a migration of the high‐energetic LCDW/AABW interface occupying our core sites. We suggest a shoaled NCW until 13 cal ka B.P., thereby providing space for deep SCW spreading that resulted in reduced carbonate preservation at our core sites. Increased carbonate content from 13 cal ka B.P. indicates that the NCW expanded changing deep water properties at our core sites in the deep Southwest Atlantic. However, southern sourced terrigenous sediments continued to be deposited at our core sites, suggesting that deep SCW flow was uninterrupted along the Argentine continental margin since the LGM.
Probabilistic estimates of drought impacts on agricultural production
Authors: Madadgar Shahrbanou , AghaKouchak Amir , Farahmand Alireza , Davis Steven J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIncreases in the severity and frequency of drought in a warming climate may negatively impact agricultural production and food security. Unlike previous studies that have estimated agricultural impacts of climate condition using single‐crop yield distributions, we develop a multivariate probabilistic model that uses projected climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation amount or soil moisture) throughout a growing season to estimate the probability distribution of crop yields. We demonstrate the model by an analysis of the historical period 1980–2012, including the Millennium Drought in Australia (2001–2009). We find that precipitation and soil moisture deficit in dry growing seasons reduced the average annual yield of the five largest crops in Australia (wheat, broad beans, canola, lupine, and barley) by 25–45% relative to the wet growing seasons. Our model can thus produce region‐ and crop‐specific agricultural sensitivities to climate conditions and variability. Probabilistic estimates of yield may help decision‐makers in government and business to quantitatively assess the vulnerability of agriculture to climate variations. We develop a multivariate probabilistic model that uses precipitation to estimate the probability distribution of crop yields. The proposed model shows how the probability distribution of crop yield changes in response to droughts. During Australia's Millennium Drought precipitation and soil moisture deficit reduced the average annual yield of the five largest crops.
V
an
V
oorhis,
P
atricia
Authors: Radatz Dana L. , Wright Emily M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Patricia Van Voorhis is an American criminologist, most notably known for her work on evidence‐based practices within corrections, female offenders, and risk assessments. She, along with other scholars, worked to infuse the knowledge of “what works” in corrections into correctional agencies around the world. Van Voorhis's work has greatly impacted the study of and practices within correctional interventions, which is evident through her numerous journal and book publications, as well as the acceptance of several prominent awards.
Wrongful Convictions
Authors: Campbell Kathryn M. , Denov Myriam , Lenet Jaime 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Wrongful convictions occur when individuals are found guilty of crimes they did not commit. However, recent evidence shows that such errors may not be as rare as was once thought. This entry traces the causes and consequences of wrongful conviction and the contributing factors discussed include eyewitness error, erroneous forensic science, false confessions, the use of jailhouse informants, professional and institutional misconduct, and racial bias. The profound consequences of wrongful conviction and policy responses are also reviewed.
Thinking for a Change
Authors: Taymans Juliana M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Thinking for a Change is a correctional treatment program with three cognitive behavioral interventions: cognitive restructuring, social skills, and problem solving. This closed‐group program focuses on incremental participant skill development through interactive exercises, role playing, and application of the cognitive behavioral skills in real‐life situations. The program is implemented in juvenile and adult corrections systems throughout the United States and is facilitated by a range of correctional professionals ranging from line staff, probation officers, and social workers. Program evaluation studies support the program's effectiveness in terms of prosocial attitude change and reduced recidivism.
Tower of
L
ondon
Authors: Tang Wei 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Tower of London, officially named Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, has played a prominent role in British history. The castle complex it comprises is located in central London. The Tower was commonly operated as a prison from 1100 to 1952. Its many famous prisoners included kings, queens, princes, princesses, traitors, and spies. Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Britain. This entry includes a discussion of some of the famous prisoners who were executed or imprisoned in the Tower.
Time Off for Good Behavior
Authors: Demleitner Nora V. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
So‐called “good time” credits have long been a feature of the correctional system in the United States. They serve to cut an inmate's prison sentence administratively and are awarded either for good behavior or on completion of educational, treatment, or work programs, or both. Because these credits are contingent upon the inmate's actions, “good time” is often also referred to as “earned credit.” Others distinguish between “good time,” awarded upon compliance with prison rules, and “earned time,” the discount granted upon program completion or participation in work projects. Many states also reward especially meritorious acts, such as preventing a prison breakout, with time credit. The scope of these discounts, however, has varied over time and between jurisdictions, inside and outside the United States.
Women Correctional Officers
Authors: Rasche Christine E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Women have been involved in correctional work in America since colonial days, though they often were not officially recognized as professionals. Today women work in almost all areas of corrections, but it took a long time for them to begin to reach employment equality in this field. This entry provides an overview of the history of women working in corrections in America, the many challenges they faced, their fight for equal pay and equal opportunities in the field, and their struggle to be officially recognized as correctional officers alongside their male peers. Some of the remaining issues faced by women correctional officers are also discussed.
Violent Offender Programs
Authors: Polaschek Devon L. L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Violent offender programs are psychological treatment programs designed to reduce a violent offender's risk of further offending. The offenders who are most suitable for these programs have multiple previous convictions for violent and other crimes, and because they are high‐risk, they often bring to treatment a variety of characteristics that affect their treatability. Addressing these responsivity issues (Phase 1) is as essential to treatment success as addressing their dynamic risk factors for violence (Phase 2). Reintegration preparation is the third phase of treatment. Treatment programs for violent offenders are mainly cognitive‐behavioral, intensive, and use multiple methods to change multiple risk factors. Some programs have been adapted to provide a better fit for indigenous offenders. Recidivism outcome evaluations for a small handful of programs show reductions in violent and other recidivism after treatment, suggesting that this challenging population can benefit from intervention.
S
ing
S
ing
C
orrectional
F
acility
Authors: Carter TaLisa J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Sing Sing Correctional Facility is located on the banks of the Hudson River in Westchester County, New York City. An institution of the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, Sing Sing is a maximum‐security, all‐male prison housing over 2,000 inmates and employing approximately 1,000 correctional staff. The third prison built by New York State, Sing Sing's notoriety began from its inception and has continued to the present day. It currently hosts more than 5,000 visitors each month. Sing Sing is most noted for a history of brutal and inhumane confinement conditions, its death house, and, finally, major reforms with regard to the rights and rehabilitation of inmates.
RussianFederation, Corrections in
Authors: Sergevnin Vladimir A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis entry is an overview of the correctional system in the Russian Federation. It includes items on correctional history and recent developments in the penal system in Russia. Profound changes have occurred in Russia's correctional system, accompanying the move from monarchy, to communism, to democracy. In 1998, Russia transferred authority over the correctional system from the Ministry of the Interior to the Ministry of Justice and established a semi‐independent federal agency. Dynamic reforms in the correctional institutions are reviewed, including changes in the correctional system spurred by Russia's inclusion in the Council of Europe.
Security Threat Groups (White)
Authors: Burris Sara W. , Miller J. Mitchell 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Gangs are an continuing national problem that requires constant attention from every level of the criminal justice system. Within the correctional branch of the criminal justice system, there is both an extension of national gang activity into virtually all prison systems in the United States. These organic, yet highly institutionalized, prison gangs are also known as security threat groups. While all prison gangs are security threat groups, the label enables designation of inmate collectives acting as gangs, but not necessarily meeting official gang criteria. Regardless of a gang or security threat group label, these groups categorically are identified by racial and ethnic status and affiliation. This entry focuses on white security threat groups, and includes a discussion of how these groups differ from prison gangs and the basic correctional policy responses.
Parens Patriae
Authors: Fenny Omobolanle 
Published: July 2017

AbstractChildren historically have been considered to be chattel, denied rights in society, and parents had unfettered right to “abuse” their children for any and every infraction. The doctrine ofparens patriaemeaning “father of the country” originated in the twelfth century, and it refers to the power of the state to make decisions for those who are unable to do so. The doctrine refers to the right of the king and the courts to intervene and actin loco parentis(in place of the parents) for all “infants,” “idiots,” and “lunatics.” Typically,parens patriaewas applied to cases involving children, and allowed the courts, under its inherent common law jurisdiction, to prioritize the best interests of the child. This doctrine has evolved over the years, owing to the impact of legislation, Supreme Court decisions, prosecutorial discretion, and juvenile court practices. This entry includes the history of the doctrine, legislative, and other impacts on its application, and implications for juveniles and the juvenile justice system.
Retribution
Authors: Theerathitiwong Sitthana 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRetribution is a theory of punishment founded on the belief that those who commit crimes should be punished, and that the severity of the punishment should be proportional to the crime committed. In its application, however, proportionality cannot be so easily measured, and this can cause a disparity between theory and practice. Moreover, critics of retributive justice argue that the principle is rigid in its singular focus on the offence, thus overlooking other circumstances around the crime. Retributive justice theory is often contrasted with utilitarian and rehabilitative principles of punishment.
Pennsylvania Prison System
Authors: Rubin Ashley 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Pennsylvania system was a distinctive plan for prison organization centered on prisoners' long‐term solitary confinement. Although its ideological origins can be traced to the colonial period, and it manifested in the decades after the American Revolution, the Pennsylvania system primarily refers to the mode of confinement used at Pennsylvania's two state prisons between the 1820s and the 1860s. While prisoners remained in solitary confinement, reformers and prison administrators used the term “separate confinement” to emphasize that prisoners were not completely isolated: they received visits from prison employees as well as select visitors, primarily local penal reformers. The prison administrators, staff, and the local penal reformers offered primary education, often teaching illiterate prisoners to read and write, and sought to instruct the prisoners in issues of morality. Prisoners also worked within their cells on traditional crafts such as weaving, shoemaking, carpentry, and, in a few cases, blacksmithing. Though the subject of significant debate among reformers, legislators, and prison administrators interested in the best mode of prison design, the Pennsylvania system was adopted at only four prisons nationwide. By the time of the Civil War, it existed only within Pennsylvania's prisons, which abandoned the system within a decade of the war's end.
S
outh
A
frica, Corrections in
Authors: Schulz Stefan , Bruyns Hennie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
With the establishment of a constitutional democracy in South Africa in 1994, which brought to an end decades of racial segregation and apartheid, notions of human dignity and human rights reflected a new value horizon that would inform public and private spheres. The abolition of the death penalty in 1995, and creation of a separate juvenile justice system in 2010, have been necessary consequences of the new political order. The democratic development led the Department of Corrections (DCS) to embrace a paradigm shift away from repression and retribution, and towards rehabilitation and social reintegration. The ongoing transformation of DCS deals with hurdles such as demilitarization and professionalization of its staff, satisfying contradicting public policies, overcrowding, and limited resources.
Adapting VMAT plans optimized for an HD120 MLC for delivery with a Millennium MLC
Authors: French Samuel B. , Bhagroo Stephen , Nazareth Daryl P. , Podgorsak Matthew B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLinac downtime invariably impacts delivery of patients' scheduled treatments. Transferring a patient's treatment to an available linac is a common practice. Transferring a Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) plan from a linac equipped with a standard‐definition MLC to one equipped with a higher definition MLC is practical and routine in clinics with multiple MLC‐equipped linacs. However, the reverse transfer presents a challenge because the high‐definition MLC aperture shapes must be adapted for delivery with the lower definition device. We have developed an efficient method to adapt VMAT plans originally designed for a high‐definition MLC to a standard‐definition MLC. We present the dosimetric results of our adaptation method for head‐and‐neck, brain, lung, and prostate VMAT plans. The delivery of the adapted plans was verified using standard phantom measurements.
Retardation of Antigen Release from DNA Hydrogel Using Cholesterol‐Modified DNA for Increased Antigen‐Specific Immune Response
Authors: Umeki Yuka , Saito Masaaki , Takahashi Yuki , Takakura Yoshinobu , Nishikawa Makiya 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOur previous study indicates that cationization of an antigen is effective for sustained release of both immunostimulatory DNA containing unmethylated cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine (CpG) dinucleotides, or CpG DNA, and antigen from a DNA hydrogel. Another approach to sustained antigen release would increase the applicability and versatility of the system. In this study, a hydrophobic interaction‐based sustained release system of ovalbumin (OVA), a model antigen, from immunostimulatory CpG DNA hydrogel is developed by the use of cholesterol‐modified DNA and urea‐denatured OVA (udOVA). Cholesterol‐modified DNA forms a hydrogel, Dgel(chol), and induces IL‐6 mRNA expression in mouse skin after intradermal injection, as DNA without cholesterol does. Cholesterol‐modified DNA associated with OVA and denaturation of OVA using urea increases the interaction. The release of udOVA from Dgel(chol) is significantly slower than that from DNA hydrogel with no cholesterol, Dgel. Moreover, intratumoral injections of udOVA/Dgel(chol) significantly inhibit the growth of EG7‐OVA tumors in mice. These results indicate that sustained release of antigen from Dgel can be achieved by the combination of urea denaturation and cholesterol modification, and retardation of antigen release is effective to induce antigen‐specific cancer immunity.
Aspherical, Nanostructured Microparticles for Targeted Gene Delivery to Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Möhwald Michael , Pinnapireddy Shashank Reddy , Wonnenberg Bodo , Pourasghar Marcel , Jurisic Marijas , Jung Andrea , Fink‐Straube Claudia , Tschernig Thomas , Bakowsky Udo , Schneider Marc 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroducing novel shapes to particulate carrier systems adds unique features to modern drug and gene delivery. Depending on the route of administration, particle geometry can influence deposition and fate within biological environments. In this work, a template‐assisted engineering technique is applied, providing full control of size and shape in the preparation of aspherical, nanostructured microparticles. Based on the interconnection of nanoparticles, stabilized by a functional layer‐by‐layer (LbL) coating, the resulting cylindrical micrometer architecture is especially qualified for pulmonary delivery. Designed as gene delivery system, plasmid‐DNA (pCMV‐luciferase) and branched polyethylenimine are used to reach both structural integrity of the carrier system and delivery of genes into the cells of interest. Due to their size, particles are exclusively taken up by phagocytes, which also adds a targeting effect to the introduced system. The luciferase expression is demonstrated in macrophages showing increasing levels over a time period of at least 7 d. Furthermore, it is shown for the first time that the expression is depending on the LbL design. From in vivo experiments, corresponding luciferase expression is observed in mice alveolar macrophages. Combining site specific transport with the possibility of genetically engineering immunocompetent phagocytes, the presented system offers promising potential to improve applications for cell‐based immunotherapy.