bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Master Surgeons Out of Trainees: Part I. Teaching Surgical Judgment
Authors: Kempton Steve J. , Bentz Michael L. 
Published: April 2016

Summary:
The training of competent and ethical plastic surgery residents has become more difficult, as surgeons face increasing clinical and research demands, concern for medicolegal liability, and pressure to increase efficiency to decrease health care expenditures. The resulting variation in operative experience among plastic surgery trainees exemplifies the need for educational reform to accommodate change. Although the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has mandated a transition to competency-based training, and state-of-the-art technologies in surgical simulation are being developed to improve operative skills, the construction of a system to teach and assess operative judgment is deficient and should be thoughtfully created and implemented. Established educational methods and curriculums can be used in this effort and include apprenticeship operative teaching, surgical simulation, morbidity and mortality conferences, and resident clinics. The first step in this effort is to require trainees to make decisions, communicating their judgments and recommendations using language that demonstrates clear thinking and thoughtful analysis. For faculty, this means carving out dedicated preoperative teaching time in addition to efficient use of intraoperative time and sharing of postoperative outcomes. For programs, this means developing metrics to evaluate progress and build procedure-specific simulations. The goal should be not just to settle for training safe and ethical surgeons but to produce masterful surgeons with mature judgment.
A Novel Approach to Surgical Markings Based on a Topographic Map and a Projected Three-Dimensional Image
Authors: Schreiber Jillian E. , Stern Carrie S. , Garfein Evan S. , Weichman Katie E. , Tepper Oren M. 
Published: April 2016

Summary:
Surgical markings play a crucial role in the planning of plastic surgery procedures.
1–4
However, despite their importance, they are often imprecise. For instance, when assessing patients in need of autologous fat grafting, surgeons often base markings on estimations of where volume deficiency exists and how much volume will correct the deficiency. In this article, the authors describe a novel approach to lipostructure, guided by a computer-based roadmap. A digital three-dimensional topographic surgical map is created using three-dimensional photography and analytic software and then projected as an image onto the patient in the operating room. This unique concept can be applied to most soft-tissue procedures in plastic surgery.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, V.
Male Partner Participation in Antenatal Clinic Services is Associated With Improved HIV-Free Survival Among Infants in Nairobi, Kenya: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Aluisio Adam R. , Bosire Rose , Bourke Betz , Gatuguta Ann , Kiarie James N. , Nduati Ruth , John-Stewart Grace , Farquhar Carey 
Published: April 2016

Objective:
This prospective study investigated the relationship between male antenatal clinic (ANC) involvement and infant HIV-free survival.

Methods:
From 2009 to 2013, HIV-infected pregnant women were enrolled from 6 ANCs in Nairobi, Kenya and followed with their infants until 6 weeks postpartum. Male partners were encouraged to attend antenatally through invitation letters. Men who failed to attend had questionnaires sent for self-completion postnatally. Multivariate regression was used to identify correlates of male attendance. The role of male involvement in infant outcomes of HIV infection, mortality, and HIV-free survival was examined.

Results:
Among 830 enrolled women, 519 (62.5%) consented to male participation and 136 (26.2%) men attended the ANC. For the 383 (73.8%) women whose partners failed to attend, 63 (16.4%) were surveyed through outreach. In multivariate analysis, male report of previous HIV testing was associated with maternal ANC attendance (adjusted odds ratio = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.5 to 8.9, P = 0.003). Thirty-five (6.6%) of 501 infants acquired HIV or died by 6 weeks of life. HIV-free survival was significantly greater among infants born to women with partner attendance (97.7%) than those without (91.3%) (P = 0.01). Infants lacking male ANC engagement had an approximately 4-fold higher risk of death or infection compared with those born to women with partner attendance (HR = 3.95, 95% CI: 1.21 to 12.89, P = 0.023). Adjusting for antiretroviral use, the risk of death or infection remained significantly greater for infants born to mothers without male participation (adjusted hazards ratio = 3.79, 95% CI: 1.15 to 12.42, P = 0.028).

Conclusions:
Male ANC attendance was associated with improved infant HIV-free survival. Promotion of male HIV testing and engagement in ANC/prevention of mother-to-child transmission services may improve infant outcomes.
MALT: Fast alignment and analysis of metagenomic DNA sequence data applied to the Tyrolean Iceman
Authors: Herbig Alexander , Maixner Frank , Bos Kirsten I. , Zink Albert , Krause Johannes , Huson Daniel H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractModern next generation sequencing technologies produce vast amounts of data in the context of large-scale metagenomic studies, in which complex microbial communities can be reconstructed to an unprecedented level of detail. Most prominent examples are human microbiome studies that correlate the bacterial taxonomic profile with specific physiological conditions or diseases.In order to perform these analyses high-throughput computational tools are needed that are able to process these data within a short time while preserving a high level of sensitivity and specificity.Here we present MALT (MEGANALignmentTool) a program for the ultrafast alignment and analysis of metagenomic DNA sequencing data. MALT processes hundreds of millions of sequencing reads within only a few hours. In addition to the alignment procedure MALT implements a taxonomic binning algorithm that is able to specifically assign reads to bacterial species. Its tight integration with the interactive metagenomic analysis software MEGAN allows for visualization and further analyses of results.We demonstrate MALT by its application to the metagenomic analysis of two ancient microbiomes from oral cavity and lung samples of the 5,300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman. Despite the strong environmental background, MALT is able to pick up the weak signal of the original microbiomes and identifies multiple species that are typical representatives of the respective host environment.
The code of silence and female police officers in Slovenia
Authors: Lobnikar Branko , Prislan Kaja , Čuvan Barbara , Meško Gorazd 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– For some time now, research conducted in the field of human behavior and criminology has pertained to the contemporary question as to whether there are any relevant differences between the genders regarding their integrity and opinions held and, if so, which of these lead to different behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there are any gender differences in willingness to report police misconduct and if so, what is the nature of these differences.

Design/methodology/approach
– In spring 2011, the study was conducted on a representative sample of 408 frontline Slovenian police officers (87.3 percent were male and 12.7 percent were female). The assessment of the code of silence was conducted using the method developed by Klockars and Kutnjak Ivković (2004), and consisted of 14 hypothetical scenarios describing a range of various forms of police misconduct, from those that merely give the appearance of a conflict of interest, to incidents of bribery and theft. One of the questions explored in relation to the police code of silence was the police officer’s willingness to report misconduct.

Findings
– Authors discovered significant differences in 11 of the 14 analyzed cases on the willingness to report police misconduct. Interestingly, female police officers were less willing than their male colleagues to report different forms of police misconduct. Female police officers are less willing to report police corruption in seven cases e.g. shooting runaway suspect, supervisor abusing his/her power, excessive force – punching a suspect, falsification of evidence, supervisor not prevent beating a suspect, police officer take bribes, and doing nothing when juveniles paint graffiti. The results were further analyzed from the group dynamic in Slovenian police point of view. The survey findings could be useful for police chiefs, leaders, and managers who want to achieve the main objective of every modern police organization: to prevent corruption and increase social responsibility.

Originality/value
– The study analyzes, comprehensively and originally, whether the female police officers differ from their male colleagues in the level of police integrity and willingness to report the cases of police corruption and/or other forms of police misbehavior.
Pheromone‐trapping the nun moth, Lymantria monacha (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Wang Peng , Chen Guo‐Fa , Zhang Jun‐Sheng , Xue Qi , Zhang Jin‐Hua , Chen Chao , Zhang Qing‐He 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe nun moth, Lymantria monacha L., is one of the most important defoliators of Eurasian coniferous forests. Outbreaks during 2011–2015 in the natural/planted larch, and larch‐birch mixed forests of the Greater Khingan Range in Inner Mongolia, China, caused tremendous timber losses from severe defoliation and tree mortality. A series of trapping experiments were conducted in these outbreak areas to evaluate the efficacy of a synthetic species‐specific pheromone lure based on the female pheromone blend of European nun moth populations. Our results clearly show that the nun moth in Inner Mongolia is highly and specifically attracted to this synthetic pheromone, with few gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) captured. Flight activity monitoring of L. monacha male moths using pheromone‐baited Unitraps at 2 locations during the summer of 2015 indicated that the flight period started in mid‐July, peaking in early August at both locations. Based on male moth captures, there was a strong diurnal rhythm of flight activity throughout the entire scotophase, peaking between 22:00 and 24:00. Unitraps and wing traps had significantly and surprisingly higher catches than the gypsy moth traps. Unitraps fastened to tree trunks 2 m above ground caught significantly more male moths than those at the ground level or at 5 m height. Male L. monacha moths can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps in open areas 150–200 m distant from the infested forest edge. Our data should allow improvement on the performance of pheromone‐baited traps for monitoring or mass‐trapping to combat outbreaks of this pest in northeastern China.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus:current knowledge and unmet needs
Authors: Koning Sarah H. , Hoogenberg Klaas , Lutgers Helen L. , van den Berg Paul P. , Wolffenbuttel Bruce H.R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a global health concern, not only because its prevalence is high and on the increase, but also because of the potential implications for the health of mothers and their offspring. Unfortunately, there is considerable controversy in the literature surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of GDM, as well as the possible long‐term consequences for the offspring. As a result, worldwide there is a lack of uniformly accepted diagnostic criteria and the advice regarding the treatment of GDM, including diet, insulin therapy, and the use of oral blood glucose‐lowering agents, is highly variable. In this review we provide an overview of the important issues in the field of GDM, including diagnostic criteria, different treatment regimens available, and the long‐term consequences of GDM in the offspring.
Towards a new era in fetal medicine in the Nordic countries
Authors: Sitras Vasilis ,   the Steering Committee Group of the Nordic Network of Fetal Medicine (NNFM)
Published: April 2016

AbstractFetal medicine is a subspecialty of obstetrics investigating the development, growth and disease of the human fetus. The advances in fetal imaging (ultrasonography, MRI) and molecular diagnostic techniques, together with the possibility of intervention in utero, make fetal medicine an important, rapidly developing field within women's healthcare. Therefore, a variety of specialists, such as neonatologists, pediatric cardiologists, medical geneticists, radiologists and pediatric surgeons, are necessary to adjunct in the diagnosis and treatment of the fetus as a patient. In this commentary, we provide a description of some organizational and educational aspects of fetal medicine in the Nordic countries, using examples of the management of specific conditions such as aneuploidy screening, red cell allo‐immunization and fetal interventions. Clearly, there are several cultural, legal, organizational and practical differences between the Nordic countries; these are not necessarily negative, given the high standards of care in all Nordic countries. The scope of the newly founded Nordic Network of Fetal Medicine is to enhance cooperation in clinical practice, education and research between the participant countries. Hopefully, this initiative will find the necessary political and economic support from the national authorities and bring a new era in the field of fetal medicine in the Nordic region.
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Robustness of a Second Generation Implantable Stimulator in a Patient With Hemiplegia During 20 Years of Functional Electrical Stimulation of the Common Peroneal Nerve
Authors: Pečlin Polona , Rozman Janez , Krajnik Janez , Ribarič Samo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe evaluated the efficacy and robustness of a second generation implantable stimulator for correcting drop foot (DF) in a patient with left‐sided hemiplegia over 20 years of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the common peroneal nerve (CPN). Dorsal flexion and eversion of the affected foot was partially restored by FES of the superficial region of the CPN innervating mostly the tibialis anterior (TA) and partly peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) muscles. The reasons for implant failure during the long‐term follow‐up assessment were analyzed and resolving procedures were identified. The stimulator had an average failure rate of once every three years, due to repetitive mechanical load on the lead wires of its internal and/or external unit, and had to be serviced once per year to replace the heel switch integrated into the shoe sole. FES‐associated mechanical trauma to the CPN elicited a thickening of the connective tissue around the CPN and a slightly compromised conduction velocity of the CPN. FES of the CPN, with the second generation implantable stimulator, improved gait parameters of the affected leg during the 20 years period. Long‐term, daily FES enables a functional and reliable recruitment of nerve fibers, thus providing a sufficient dorsal flexion and optimal eversion of the affected foot to sustain unassisted, almost normal gait. Therefore, the presented implant is suitable for very long‐term FES of the CPN.
PAFAH1B1 and the lncRNA NONHSAT073641 maintain an angiogenic phenotype in human endothelial cells
Authors: Josipovic I. , Fork C. , Preussner J. , Prior K‐K. , Iloska D. , Vasconez A. E. , Labocha S. , Angioni C. , Thomas D. , Ferreirós N. , Looso M. , Pullamsetti S. S. , Geisslinger G. , Steinhilber D. , Brandes R. P. , Leisegang M. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimPlatelet‐activating factor acetyl hydrolase 1B1 (PAFAH1B1, also known as Lis1) is a protein essentially involved in neurogenesis and mostly studied in the nervous system. As we observed a significant expression of PAFAH1B1 in the vascular system, we hypothesized that PAFAH1B1 is important during angiogenesis of endothelial cells as well as in human vascular diseases.MethodThe functional relevance of the protein in endothelial cell angiogenic function, its downstream targets and the influence of NONHSAT073641, a long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) with 92% similarity to PAFAH1B1, were studied by knockdown and overexpression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).ResultsKnockdown of PAFAH1B1 led to impaired tube formation of HUVEC and decreased sprouting in the spheroid assay. Accordingly, the overexpression of PAFAH1B1 increased tube number, sprout length and sprout number. LncRNA NONHSAT073641 behaved similarly. Microarray analysis after PAFAH1B1 knockdown and its overexpression indicated that the protein maintains Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that PAFAH1B1 is required for active histone marks and proper binding of RNA Polymerase II to the transcriptional start site of MGP. MGP itself was required for endothelial angiogenic capacity and knockdown of both, PAFAH1B1 and MGP, reduced migration. In vascular samples of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), PAFAH1B1 and MGP were upregulated. The function of PAFAH1B1 required the presence of the intact protein as overexpression of NONHSAT073641, which was highly upregulated during CTEPH, did not affect PAFAH1B1 target genes.ConclusionPAFAH1B1 and NONHSAT073641 are important for endothelial angiogenic function.
Feasibility of laparoscopic surgery for complex Crohn's disease of the small intestine
Authors: Manabe Tatsuya , Ueki Takashi , Nagayoshi Kinuko , Moriyama Taiki , Yanai Kosuke , Nagai Shuntaro , Esaki Motohiro , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Nakamura Masafumi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe laparoscopic approach for complex Crohn's disease (CD), which involves abscess formation, fistula formation, and recurrent CD, is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of the laparoscopic approach for complex CD.MethodsFifty‐six patients who had undergone surgery for CD of the small bowel from January 2007 to August 2014 were divided into two groups: the laparoscopic approach for complex CD group (LC group, n = 31) and the laparoscopic approach for simple CD group (LS group, n = 25). The preoperative data and surgical outcomes of the LC group were compared with those of the LS groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences in preoperative data and operating time between the two groups. Blood loss was not significantly different between the LC and LS groups. The incision length was longer in the LC group than the LS group (P = 0.004). The incidence of severe postoperative complications in the LC group was higher than in the LS group (P = 0.026). The length of postoperative stay was similar in the LC and LS groups.ConclusionsThe laparoscopic approach for complex CD is feasible and provides good cosmesis that is comparable to that offered by simple CD.
The role of attainment value, academic self‐efficacy, and message frame in the appraisal of value‐promoting messages
Authors: Symes Wendy , Putwain David W. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundPrior to high‐stakes examinations, teachers may use value‐promoting messages (VPMs) to communicate to students the value and importance of their forthcoming examinations in the hope that they will adopt adaptive learning and study behaviours. These messages can focus on achieving success (gain‐framed) or avoiding failure (loss‐framed).AimsThis study examined how secondary school students appraised hypothetical gain‐ and loss‐framed VPMs, and how these appraisals differed according to self‐reported levels of attainment value (AV) and academic self‐efficacy (ASE).SamplesIn total, 539 secondary school students (284 male, 255 female, mean age 14.8 years) were participated in this study.MethodsParticipants completed self‐report measures of AV and ASE and appraised hypothetical VPMs as challenging, threatening, or irrelevant (disregard). Participants were randomly assigned to a gain‐ or loss‐framed condition.ResultsA challenge appraisal was greater in students with higher AV and ASE. A threat appraisal was greater in students with higher AV and lower ASE. A disregard appraisal was higher in students with lower AV. Message frame did not interact with AV or ASE in the appraisal of VPMs as challenging, threatening, or irrelevant.ConclusionsEducational practitioners should consider the characteristics of their students before using VPMs. In particular, they may not be effective for students high in AV and low in ASE. They are likely to be ineffective for students low in AV.
Everyone is fed, bathed, asleep, and I have made it through another day: Problematizing accommodation, resilience, and care in the neoliberal academy
Authors: Simard‐Gagnon Laurence 
Published: April 2016

Key Messages

Current models of accommodation in academia fail to challenge liberal normative ideals of individuated autonomy and functionality and neoliberal imperatives of competition.
In a neoliberal context, upholding resilience as an ideal in the face of adversity individualizes hardships and adds to the strain of struggling individuals.
As academics we need to articulate and perform a radically different and subversive type of care centred upon relationality and inter‐dependency.
Significance of epithelial cell clusters in pseudomyxoma peritonei
Authors: Badyal R. K. , Khairwa A. , Rajwanshi A. , Nijhawan R. , Radhika S. , Gupta N. , Dey P. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundPseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare clinical syndrome characterised by distension of the peritoneum by jelly‐like ascites. Cytological evaluation of peritoneal fluid is often an initial diagnostic test for possible ovarian and/or appendiceal primary tumours.Aims and objectivesThe present work was conducted to study the usefulness of peritoneal fluid cytomorphology in the early diagnosis of PMP and to evaluate the significance of the presence of epithelial cell (EC) clusters and their prognostic implications.Materials and methodsWe evaluated the detailed cytological features of 21 cases of PMP retrospectively. Both conventional and liquid‐based cytology smears of peritoneal fluid were reviewed, cytological features were compared with histological findings and cases were classified into disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM) and peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis (PMCA).ResultsIn our study, the common causes of PMP were primary gastrointestinal malignancies (appendix and colorectal, 57.14%), followed by primary ovarian mucinous neoplasms (28.57%) and synchronous ovarian and appendicular tumours (14.28%). Thick mucinous material was present in all cases (100%). ECs were present in 18 of 21 (85.17%) patients, with mild nuclear atypia in the majority of cases. Histiocytes, mesothelial cells and fibroblast‐like, spindle‐shaped cells with entrapped mucin were also noted in the background. The cases of PMCA showed greater numbers of EC clusters in cytology smears and these patients had recurrent episodes of PMP.ConclusionOn cytomorphology, high‐grade tumours were more cellular and frequently showed EC clusters with moderate to severe atypia, prominent nucleoli and mitosis, and were more prone to PMCA.