bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure of the Distal Radius and Its Relevance to Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Bain Gregory , McNaughton Tom , Williams Ruth , MacLean Simon 
Published: May 2017

Background There is a paucity of information on the microstructure of the distal radius, and how this relates to its morphology and function.
Purpose This study aims to assess the microanatomical structure of the distal radius, and relate this to its morphology, function, and modes of failure.
Methods Six dry adult skeletal distal radii were examined with microcomputed tomography scan and analyzed with specialist computer software. From 3D and 2D images, the subchondral, cortical, and medullary trabecular were assessed and interpreted based on the overall morphology of the radius.
Results The expanded distal radial metaphysis provides a wide articular surface for distributing the articular load. The extrinsic wrist ligaments are positioned around the articular perimeter, except on the dorsal radial corner. The subchondral bone plate is a 2 mm multilaminar lattice structure, which is thicker below the areas of the maximal articular load. There are spherical voids distally, which become ovoid proximally, which assist in absorbing articular impact. It does not have Haversian canals. From the volar aspect of the lunate facet, there are thick trabecular columns that insert into the volar cortex of the radius at the metaphyseal–diaphyseal junction. For the remainder of the subchondral bone plate, there is an intermediate trabecular network, which transmits the load to the intermediate trabeculae and then to the trabecular arches. The arches pass proximally and coalesce with the ridges of the diaphyseal cortex.
Conclusion The distal radius morphology is similar to an arch bridge. The subchondral bone plate resembles the smooth deck of the bridge that interacts with the mobile load. The load is transmitted to the rim, intermediate struts, and arches. The metaphyseal arches allow the joint loading forces to be transmitted proximally and laterally, providing compression at all levels and avoiding tension. The arches have a natural ability to absorb the impact which protects the articular surface. The distal radius absorbs and transmits the articular impact to the medullary cortex and intermediate trabeculae. The medullary arches are positioned to transmit the load from the intermediate trabeculae to the diaphysis.
Clinical Relevance The microstructure of the distal radius is likely to be important for physiological loading of the radius. The subchondral bone plate is a unique structure that is different to the cancellous and cortical bone. All three bone types have different functions. The unique morphology and microstructure of the distal radius allow it to transmit load and protect the articular cartilage.
Determining Nt-proBNP Levels with Diastolic Dysfunction in Thalassemia Major Patients
Authors: Singh Mable , Kumar Ravindra , Tewari Satyendra , Agarwal Sarita 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBeta thalassemia is an autosomal, recessive disorder, characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis. Chronic transfusions and inability of body to eliminate iron lead to an iron overload, thereby causing damage to heart. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are produced within the heart, which are then released into the circulation in response to ventricular wall stress. We, therefore, aimed to study the relation between ventricular dysfunction and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNPs). We enrolled 105 patients with increased serum ferritin levels and echocardiography was performed. We collected blood samples and NT-proBNP levels were measured in them. Though we found that the studied group had no significant difference in the mean serum NT-proBNP levels, in patients with or without hypertrophy (n = 37, p = 0.992), the NT-proBNP levels were found to be significantly increased in patients with diastolic dysfunction (n = 24, p < 0.0001 with mean values of 577.67 ± 122.01 and 456.50 ± 48.40 pg/mL in patients with and without diastolic dysfunction, respectively). The NT-proBNP levels correlated well with the echocardiography indices, such as left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/E' ratio), and ratio of the early (E) to late (A) ventricular filling velocities (E/A ratio), and were found to have significant positive correlation with the serum ferritin levels. The NT-proBNP levels correlated significantly with diastolic dysfunction; thus, serum ferritin levels could be useful for assessing the diastolic dysfunction in patients with beta thalassemia.
Effect of Anatomical and Developmental Factors on the Risk of Unplanned Extubation in Critically Ill Newborns
Authors: Grubb Peter , Markham Melinda , Scott Theresa , Walsh William , Slaughter James , Stark Ann , Ely E. , Hatch L. 
Published: May 2017

Objective To quantify the daily risk of unplanned extubation (UE) in newborns based on developmental and anatomical factors.
Methods Prospective cohort of ventilated newborns over an 18-month period in a level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We captured UEs through four data streams. We generated multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association of UE with chronological age, birth weight, and postmenstrual age.
Results During the study, 718 infants were ventilated for 5,611 patient days with 117 UEs in 81 infants. The daily risk of UE had a significant, nonlinear relationship (p < 0.01) with chronological age, decreasing until day 7 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–1.47) and increasing after day 7 (day 7–28, OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.75; and >28 days, OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.0–1.14). Birth weight and postmenstrual age were not associated with UE. Adverse events occurred in 83/117 (71%) UE events. Iatrogenic causes of UE were more common in younger, smaller infants, whereas older, larger infants were more likely to self-extubate.
Conclusion The daily risk and causes of UE change over the course of an infant's NICU hospitalization. These data can be used to identify infants at the highest risk of UE for whom targeted proactive interventions can be developed.
Faktoren des Zahlungsausfalls: Eine empirische Analyse von Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors in
Deutschland
Authors: Lohmann Christian , Ohliger Thorsten 
Published: May 2017

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors unterscheiden sich in einer Vielzahl an leistungswirtschaftlichen sowie
betriebswirtschaftlichen Merkmalen von anderen Wirtschaftsunternehmen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang
zwischen bilanziellen Strukturmerkmalen und dem Zahlungsausfall von Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors.
Methodik Die Analyse basiert auf Jahresabschlussdaten von deutschen Gesundheitsunternehmen der Jahre 2005 bis 2009 sowie
zugehöriger Zahlungsausfalldaten. Unter Verwendung des Propensity Score Matching werden insgesamt 61 Zahlungsausfälle (18
Krankenhäuser sowie 43 sonstige Gesundheitsunternehmen) mit Hilfe der logistischen Regressionsanalyse statistisch ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse Ein hoher Eigenkapitalanteil sowie ein großes Umlaufvermögen reduziert die Wahrscheinlichkeit des
Zahlungsausfalls eines Unternehmens des Gesundheitssektors. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Wirtschaftsunternehmen hat die Rentabilität
eines Unternehmens des Gesundheitssektors keinen empirisch nachweisbaren Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit des
Zahlungsausfalls.
Schlussfolgerung Eine solide Finanzausstattung sowie eine zum großen Anteil auch kurzfristig liquidierbare Vermögensstruktur
schützen die Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors vor einem Zahlungsausfall. Die Rentabilität hat für die Unternehmensfortführung
keine empirisch nachweisbare Aussagekraft. Dies resultiert möglicherweise aus der Regulierung des Gesundheitssektors in Bezug auf
die medizinischen Leistungen sowie die damit einhergehenden Erlöse.
Development of an optimized synthetic Notch receptor as an in vivo cell–cell contact sensor
Authors: He Li , Huang Jiuhong , Perrimon Norbert 
Published: May 2017

SignificanceDirect cell–cell contacts are critical to diverse biological processes in multicellular organisms, including stem cell differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, neurotransmission, tumorigenesis, and immunological responses. However, identifying interacting cells in vivo is still a challenging task in complex tissues. Here, we introduce a new genetic tool, synthetic Notch receptor (synNQ), for efficient visualization and genetic manipulation of neighboring cells in vivo. This tool is functional in most fly tissues and can be easily applied using the widely adapted UAS/Gal4 system. Using both randomly generated clones and tissue-specific Gal4 lines, we demonstrate the applications of the synNQ system.
Examining political efficacy among Malaysian voters
Authors: Idid Syed Arabi , Ahmed Ismail Sheikh Yusuf , Souket Rizwanah 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The technological advancement and political situations have dramatically impacted the way traditional and new media have played their role in society, especially in the political development of the country. Studying media use and credibility have been a major concern among scholars to understand audience perceptions and attitudes towards the media and their role in politics. This study investigated the level of media use and credibility among voters and their perception of political efficacy. Drawing on a nationwide quota sampling of 2030 respondents, the findings found voter perception on the media as credible, with the highest trust being on television, followed by newspapers and radio. Internet was found to be the least credible. A factor analysis performed on the political efficacy items extracted three dimensions: Voter Efficacy, Internal Efficacy and External Efficacy. The results of hierarchical regression suggested that traditional and new media use as well as media trust dimensions were significantly correlated with political efficacy but different media use and credibility contributed differently to the various efficacy dimensions. Implications and recommendations are further discussed.
Do important questions demand respectful replies?
Authors: Feldman Ofer , Kinoshita Ken 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This paper examines the attributes of questions asked during televised political interviews in Japan. It details the type, style, and mode of questions posed during broadcast programs to national- and local-level politicians, and nonpoliticians, including experts in different areas. Based on data gathered during 2012–2013 from three interview programs, the paper provides criteria for identifying questions and distinguishing them from other expressions, differentiates the diverse types of questions, and proposes new criteria to analyze interviewers’ questions. Furthermore, the paper replicates and modifies the “Theory of Equivocation” to examine how Japanese interviewees cope with the communicative problems posed to them during televised political interviews and the effects of these questions on the interviewees’ replies.
Neurosurgical Randomized Controlled Trials—Distance Travelled
Authors: Azad Tej D , Veeravagu Anand , Mittal Vaishali , Esparza Rogelio , Johnson Eli , Ioannidis John P A , Grant Gerald A 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The evidence base for many neurosurgical procedures has been limited. We performed a comprehensive and systematic analysis of study design, quality of reporting, and trial results of neurosurgical randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

OBJECTIVE
To systematically assess the design and quality characteristics of neurosurgical RCTs.

METHODS
From January 1961 to June 2016, RCTs with >5 patients assessing any 1 neurosurgical procedure against another procedure, nonsurgical treatment, or no treatment were retrieved from MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library.

RESULTS
The median sample size in the 401 eligible RCTs was 73 patients with a mean patient age of 49.6. Only 111 trials (27.1%) described allocation concealment, 140 (34.6%) provided power calculations, and 117 (28.9%) were adequately powered. Significant efficacy or trend for efficacy was claimed in 226 reports (56.4%), no difference between the procedures was found in 166 trials (41.4%), and significant harm was reported in 9 trials (2.2%). Trials with a larger sample size were more likely to report randomization mode, specify allocation concealment, and power calculations (all P < .001). Government funding was associated with better specification of power calculations (P = .008) and of allocation concealment (P = .026), while industry funding was associated with reporting significant efficacy (P = .02). Reporting of funding, specification of randomization mode and primary outcomes, and mention of power calculations improved significantly (all, P < .05) over time.

CONCLUSION
Several aspects of the design and reporting of RCTs on neurosurgical procedures have improved over time. Better powered and accurately reported trials are needed in neurosurgery to deliver evidence-based care and achieve optimal outcomes.
Neurobiology of Reproduction in Molluscs
Authors: Di Cristo Carlo , Koene Joris M. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Ultimately, the outcome of successful reproduction—fertilization of eggs and production of surviving offspring—is relevant for how these processes evolve. However, a thorough understanding of the underlying, proximate mechanism is essential for interpreting evolutionary outcomes properly. Comparing neuroendocrine processes across different species, with different sexual systems, is one way of uncovering similarities and differences in regulation of their reproductive processes. Here, we provide an overview of the neuroendocrine control of reproductive processes in molluscs. In doing so, we also illustrate that it is relevant to consider the sexual system when addressing the neurobiology of reproduction. For example, our overview indicates that hermaphroditic molluscs seem to regulate their male and female reproduction via largely nonoverlapping neurobiological wiring and neuroendocrine substances, whereas this is not necessarily the case for separate-sexed molluscs. Clearly, this has implications for the available degrees of freedom within sexual systems in terms of evolutionary pathways.
Later Historical Archaeologies of the North Atlantic
Authors: Lucas Gavin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the North Atlantic as a historical entity or domain, tracing specific themes from c. 1500 to the present day. Defined broadly by the area between western Norway and the eastern coast of Canada, it addresses a series of interlocking themes from the local to the regional. From a European or North American perspective, the area is typically regarded as marginal; yet it is precisely its liminal status that forces us to consider it on its own terms. Themes such as subsistence activities from farming to whaling are addressed alongside issues of trade, consumption, and modernity. Case studies draw on such themes in relation to groups such as the Inuit and Icelanders, alongside more general explanatory frameworks such as environmental history and capitalism. The chapter aims to introduce the breadth of work conducted in the region and key research issues, and to present some of its unique aspects.
A History of the Neuropsychology of Impaired Attention
Authors: Mirsky Allan F. , Duncan Connie C. , French Louis M. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The history of attention studies in neuropsychology is in many ways a history of all of neuropsychology. Many clinical groups have been studied, and there has been extensive research aimed at relating aspects of attentive behavior to underlying brain structures. In addition, models of the different components of attention have been proposed, dating back nearly 40 years. This review, by nature and necessity selective, begins with early descriptions of symptoms seen in clinical groups and discusses more recent findings, including impaired attention in various disorders, the possible etiology(ies) of impaired attention, and behavioral and psychophysiological studies of attention. Also reviewed are animal models of attention and attention disturbance, the neuroanatomical bases of attention, and speculations on the relation between our concepts of attention and consciousness.
The Phonology of Language Contact
Authors: Andersson Samuel , Sayeed Oliver , Vaux Bert 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter surveys the impact of language contact on phonological systems. The phonology of one language may influence that of another in several ways, including lexical borrowing, rule borrowing, Sprachbund features, and interlanguage effects. Illustrations of these phenomena are drawn from interactions between English and French, Hawaiian, and Japanese at different historical periods; from Quichean languages; from Slavic-influenced dialects of Albanian; from Dravidian influences on Sanskrit; and from South African English, among other examples. The evidence indicates that language contact may lead to various changes in phoneme inventory, phonotactics, and rule inventory, or to no change at all. Analyses of the data argue against the view that language contact invariably involves simplification but suggest that markedness is an important notion in accounting for certain features of interlanguages.
Use of Lithium in Severe Acute Manic Episodes: Retrospective Prescription Practice From a Tertiary Inpatient Unit
Authors: ÖZDEMIR ARMAĞAN , AKSOY POYRAZ CANA , POYRAZ BURÇ Ç. , USTA SAĞLAM NAZIFE G. , ENGINKAYA SEMRA , TOMRUK NESRIN 
Published: May 2017

Objective:
A retrospective chart review was performed to investigate the common preferences of clinicians for the pharmacological treatment of acute manic episodes, with particular regard to lithium use, and to assess the adherence of clinical practice to established guidelines.

Methods:
Cases of manic episodes in patients admitted to Bakirköy Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Length of stay, medication data, serum levels, and adverse effects were evaluated for patients who received lithium therapy (N=98).

Results:
On the first day of lithium treatment, 81 patients received 900 to 1200 mg of lithium. In total, 44 patients were discharged with the same dose as that given on the first day of treatment. With the exception of 1 patient, the dose was increased by 300 to 600 mg in the remaining patients within the first 10 days on the basis of serum drug concentrations. The mean serum concentrations of lithium in the first week were 0.67±0.17 mEq/L in patients with no dose increase, and 0.51±0.15 mEq/L in patients who did receive a dose increase. In total, 94 patients received at least 1 antipsychotic medication in addition to lithium.

Conclusions:
Clinicians attempted to maintain serum lithium levels above 0.60 mEq/L at the time of acute treatment initiation, consistent with established guidelines. Clinical practice in large inpatient settings may force clinicians to use lithium in combination with antipsychotics for the treatment of acute mania; the delayed action of lithium and the need for rapid stabilization may drive these practices.
Calmer Life: A Hybrid Effectiveness-implementation Trial for Late-life Anxiety Conducted in Low-income, Mental Health-Underserved Communities
Authors: SHRESTHA SRIJANA , WILSON NANCY , KUNIK MARK E. , WAGENER PAULA , AMSPOKER AMBER B. , BARRERA TERRI , FRESHOUR JESSICA , KRAUS-SCHUMAN CYNTHIA , BAVINEAU JANE , TURNER MARIA , STANLEY MELINDA A. 
Published: May 2017

Objective:
Anxiety is common among older adults and is associated with multiple negative outcomes. Late-life anxiety is usually unrecognized by providers and undertreated, although evidence supports the effectiveness of psychosocial treatment. Access to mental health care is especially poor among African American seniors. New treatment models are needed to expand the reach of mental health care to minority elders.

Methods:
Our article outlines a study designed to test the effectiveness and implementation potential of Calmer Life (CL), a community-based, person-centered, flexible and culturally tailored intervention for late-life anxiety and worry, offered in low-income, mental health-underserved and predominantly African American communities. CL is skills-based, but also includes resource counseling and an option to integrate religion/spirituality. The study population includes individuals 50 years of age and older who are experiencing high levels of worry. The program was developed in the context of a community-academic partnership with organizations that provide services for seniors in underserved communities, and it trains nontraditional community providers to deliver the intervention.

Results:
Study progress to date, challenges, and lessons learned are discussed. Data collection is ongoing, and study findings will be available in late 2017.

Conclusions:
CL will offer valuable information to help expand the reach of anxiety treatment among minority seniors living in underserved neighborhoods.
smallrnaseq: short non coding RNA-Seq analysis with Python
Authors: Farrell Damien 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe use of next generation sequencing is now a standard approach to elucidate the small non-coding RNA species (sncRNAs) present in tissue and biofluid samples. This has revealed the wide variety of RNAs with regulatory functions the best studied of which are microRNAs. Profiling of sncRNAs by deep sequencing allows measures of absolute abundance and for the discovery of novel species that have eluded previous methods. Specific considerations must be made when quantifying and cataloging sncRNAs and multiple algorithms are now available, mostly focused on miRNA analysis.smallrnaseqis a Python package that implements some of the standard approaches for quantification and analysis of sncRNAs. This includes miRNA quantification and novel miRNA prediction. A command line interface makes the software accessible for general users.