bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Cytokines in Their Targeted Delivery Based on Autologous Erythrocyte Pharmacocytes
Authors: Zhumadilov Zhaxybay , Berikkhanova Kulzhan , Gulyayev Alexander , Shulgau Zarina , Ibrasheva Dilbar , Bokebaev Zhanybek , Mussin Nadiar , Nurgozhin Talgat 
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Using autologous erythrocytes as drug carriers for targeted delivery of cytokines to the sites of inflammation could potentially provide new opportunities for treatment of patients with purulent diseases. The targeted characteristic of erythrocytes is associated with the nature of purulent inflammation, where a large amount of erythrocytes is phagocytized and drugs encapsulated into the erythrocytes could be easily released. On the other hand, autologous erythrocytes meet all the criteria for the ideal drug carrier. They are nontoxic, not immunogenic, and able to bear a large number of drug molecules while preserving an original conformation of the drugs. Thus, in this study, we aimed to analyze pharmacokinetic profiles of IL-1β encapsulated into erythrocytes’ ghosts (pharmacocytes) in comparison to intravenously injected free IL-1β.Material and methods. Albino rats were randomly divided into two groups, each group receiving a different kind of IV injection via the tail vein. Group A (control) received 500 µg of free IL-1β, and group B received an injection of 1 ml of pharmacocytes loaded with 500 µg of test substance. At fixed time points after injection (15, 30, 60, 180, 540, 720, and 1,440 minutes) serum samples were collected. Homogenates of liver, spleen, lung, heart, kidney, and adipose tissue were obtained 24 hours after injections. Concentration of the tested substance in the collected organs and blood plasma were measured by ELISA. Results. We have observed an increased half-life period (T1/2) for encapsulated IL-1β compared to the control. T1/2 for free IL-1β was one hour, while administration of loaded pharmacocytes allowed the half-life period to increase by more than 15 fold (1,043.40 ± 137.92 min) preserving high level of IL-1β activity in the blood samples up to 24 hours. The increased time of IL-1β presence in the body when administered in the form of pharmacocytes could be explained by reduction of elimination constant (Cel) by 1.6 fold, and clearance (CLel) by more than 100 fold. We also observed an increased concentration of IL-1β in liver, spleen, and lung over at least 24 hours. When administered in free form, IL-1β disappeared from these organs within 6 hours.Conclusions. Pharmacocytes have shown to improve pharmacokinetic profiles of IL-1β by increasing the half-life period of the cytokine, reducing its clearance and elimination as well as increasing the deposition of the drug in liver, spleen and lungs. These data suggest that pharmacocytes be effective drug carriers for targeted delivery of cytokines to the sites of inflammation and have a potential for improving the treatment outcomes of purulent diseases.
The Ambiguity of Justice: Paul Ricoeur on Universalism and Evil
Authors: Dierckxsens Geoffrey 
Published: January 2016

In this article I will examine Ricœur’s idea of the universal in his understanding of justice. Scholars recently discussed the extent to which Ricœur understands universal moral norms and universal rules of justice in his anthropology of human action (e.g., J. Michel, Paul Ricœur: une philosophie de l’agir humain, Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2006), and argue that Ricœur stresses too much the idea of universal moral norms with regard to cultural and moral diversity (e.g., G. H. Taylor, “Ricoeur versus Ricoeur? Between the Universal and the Contextual,” From Ricoeur to Action. The Socio-Political Significance of Ricoeur’s Thinking, Todd S. Mei and David Lewin (eds.), (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2012). G. H. Taylor, “Reenvisioning Justice,” Lo Squarda 12 (2013): 65-80). In this article I will take part in the debate about universalism and approach Ricœur’s idea of the universal from a different angle, in placing it in light of his idea of evil. The point I will aim to make in this article is that Ricœur’s idea of the relation between justice and evil demonstrates what I understand as the ambiguity of justice, which highlights the difficulty of defining universal rules of justice. I will argue that this ambiguity is the following: justice aims at the establishment of social peace and in that sense it is the necessary remedy against human evil, but justice also implies power, and possibly violence, over others in that it relates to violent feelings of vengeance, to institutional mechanism of authority, and to a struggle of values. Yet if rules of justice relate to evil in the sense of power over others, so I argue, then it is problematic to define absolute criteria for rules of justice, i.e., for rules for social peace: because justice relates to particular values, which means that the risk of violence is inherent to institutional rules of justice, there is no ultimate universal set of such rules. This article therefore questions Ricœur’s understanding of universal rules of justice in Oneself as Another. Yet, I will also draw on a series of other texts of Ricœur on justice (i.a., The Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, The Just and Reflections on the Just), and argue that Ricœur’s idea of justice allows understanding how we find common sensibilities about justice through dialogue, a sensibility for the other, and narratives as a way of critique of existing moral norms and rules of justice.
“Indulging in Romance with Wagner”:Tristanin Lars von Trier’sMelancholia(2011)
Authors: Larkin David 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLars von Trier’s Melancholia (2011) makes extensive use of music from the Prelude to Tristan und Isolde. The deployment of cues in this film is analyzed against the backdrop of the director’s earlier output, in particular Epidemic, which has recourse to Wagner’s Overture to Tannhäuser.
Evaluation of Harmful Substances and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Cosmetic Brands in Nigeria
Authors: Nduka John Kanayochukwu , Odiba Isaac Omoche , Aghoghome Eruemrejovwo Inspector , Umedum Ngozi Lilian , Nwosu Maduabuchi Joseph 
Published: January 2016

Forty two different cosmetic samples consisting of 16 facial cosmetics, 6 soaps, 1 shower gel, 12 emulsions, 2 underarm cosmetics, 3 nail cosmetics and 2 perfumes were purchased from department stores and cosmetic shops within Onitsha Main Market and Eke-Awka in Anambra, Nigeria. Seven of these cosmetic (16.67%) were locally manufactured in Nigeria while thirty five (83.33%) were imported into Nigeria. The cosmetics were ashed before digestion and filtration. The filtrates were assayed for mercury and arsenic with AAS SearchTech AA320N. Hydroquinone presence was identified by chromatographic test while steroids, nitrite and N-nitrosamines were identified by colour test and together were assayed by UV-spectrophotometer (Spectrulab 21). The health risk assessment methods developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were employed to explore the potential human health risk of Mercury and Arsenic in cosmeticsamples. Results showed that two (2) of the cosmetic samples contained mercury ( 0.003 + 0.000mg/kg and 0.07 + 0.00mg/kg) while three cosmetic samples contained arsenic (0.002 + 0.000, 0.002+0.000 and 0.005 +0.000 mg/kg). Hydroquinone concentration ranged from 1.14 + 0.00 – 1.83 + 0.03 mg/kg (1.14E-02 – 1.83E-02 %).Steroid was found in only two samples with concentration of 16.70 + 0.74 mg/kg and 17.63 + 0.74 while N-nitrosamines and nitrite occurred in nine and eleven samples in the range of 4.66 + 0.09 – 43.52 + 0.47 and 0.87 + 0.02 – 13.42 + 2.90 respectively. The total cancer and non-cancer risk results indicated that although the chances of cancer risk and non-cancer risk resulting from the use of these cosmetic products were unlikely, build up of these heavy metals overtime on continuous usage could be detrimental.
Picard Approximation Method for Solving Nonlinear Quadratic Volterra Integral Equations
Authors: Ababneh O. Y. , Al-sawalha M. Mossa 
Published: January 2016

<p>In this paper, we use the Picard method for solving nonlinear quadratic Volterra integral equations by using approach of the self-canceling noise terms which is proposed by Wazwaz (Wazwaz, 2013) . The analytical solutions show that only two iterations are needed to obtain accurate approximate solutions.To illustrate the ability and reliability of the method, some examples<br />are given, revealing its effectiveness and simplicity.</p>
Efficient gate control of spin-valve signals and Hanle signals in GaAs channel with p–i–n junction-type back-gate structure
Authors: Miyakawa Takumi , Akiho Takafumi , Ebina Yuya , Yamamoto Masafumi , Uemura Tetsuya 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Efficient gate control of spin-valve signals and Hanle signals was achieved in a GaAs channel with a p–i–n back-gate structure. Experiments showed that the amplitude of the spin-valve signal (ΔV
NL) under constant-injection-current conditions increased for a cross nonlocal geometry when the channel was depleted by the gate voltage (V
G). In contrast, the V
G dependence of ΔV
NL for a nonlocal geometry was complicated. The gate modulation efficiency of spin signals was approximately 50 times that with a graphene or Si channel.
Consideration on Na diffusion and recovery phenomena in potential-induced degradation for crystalline Si photovoltaic modules
Authors: Masuda Atsushi , Hara Yukiko , Jonai Sachiko 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Potential-induced degradation (PID), which brings about a large rapid decrease in output power has been observed in megawatt-scale photovoltaic power plants. Na diffusion from a cover glass to a cell through an encapsulant is possibly the direct origin of PID for p-type crystalline Si photovoltaic modules. On the other hand, PID is suppressed when using an ionomer encapsulant instead of a conventional ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulant. Some researchers consider that the reason is the suppression of Na diffusion when using an ionomer encapsulant. However, there has been no direct observation of Na diffusion behavior to the best of our knowledge for the modules prepared using an ionomer encapsulant. In this study it was found for the first time that Na diffuses in p-type multicrystalline Si photovoltaic modules prepared using an ionomer encapsulant without PID, suggesting that Na diffusion is not a sufficient condition for PID to occur. Another feature of PID is the recovery phenomenon induced by applying reverse voltage after PID occurs. In this study it was also found that reverse voltage application in the initial stage is effective for suppressing PID.
Subionospheric propagation and peak currents of preliminary breakdown pulses before negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges
Authors: Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej , Farges Thomas , Cummer Steven A. , Lán Radek , Uhlíř Luděk 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe analyze broadband electromagnetic measurements of pulse sequences occurring prior to first return strokes of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes. Signals generated by lightning discharges were recorded close to the thunderstorm by a magnetic field receiver and traveled up to 600 km to three distant electric field receivers. We found that amplitudes of observed preliminary breakdown pulses, as well as amplitudes of the corresponding return strokes, are attenuated approximately by 2 dB/100 km when propagating in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide over mountainous terrain. Propagation simulations show that there is a significant contribution of the sky wave signals in the waveforms observed beyond 500 km from their source. The estimated peak currents of the largest preliminary breakdown pulses reach over 60 kA. Such current pulses propagating through in‐cloud lightning leader channels in a strong electric field may be able to initiate terrestrial gamma ray flashes.
A coupled model for carbon and radiocarbon evolution during the last deglaciation
Authors: Mariotti Véronique , Paillard Didier , Bopp Laurent , Roche Didier M. , Bouttes Nathaëlle 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChanges in the ventilation of the Southern Ocean are thought to play an important role on deglacial carbon and radiocarbon evolution but have not been tested within a coupled climate‐carbon model. Here we present such a simulation based on a simple scenario of transient deglacial sinking of brines—sea ice salt rejections—around Antarctica, which modulates Southern Ocean ventilation. This experiment is able to reproduce deglacial atmospheric changes in carbon and radiocarbon and also ocean radiocarbon records measured in the Atlantic, Southern, and Pacific Oceans. Simulated for the first time in a fully coupled climate‐carbon model of intermediate complexity including radiocarbon, our modeling results suggest that the deglacial changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and radiocarbon were achieved by means of a breakdown in the glacial brine‐induced stratification of the Southern Ocean.
Identifying magnetic reconnection events using the FOTE method
Authors: Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Vaivads A. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Andre M. , Dunlop M. , Liu W. L. , Lu H. Y. , Huang S. Y. , Ma Y. D. , Eriksson E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA magnetic reconnection event detected by Cluster is analyzed using three methods: Single‐spacecraft Inference based on Flow‐reversal Sequence (SIFS), Multispacecraft Inference based on Timing a Structure (MITS), and the First‐Order Taylor Expansion (FOTE). Using the SIFS method, we find that the reconnection structure is an X line; while using the MITS and FOTE methods, we find it is a magnetic island (O line). We compare the efficiency and accuracy of these three methods and find that the most efficient and accurate approach to identify a reconnection event is FOTE. In both the guide and nonguide field reconnection regimes, the FOTE method is equally applicable. This study for the first time demonstrates the capability of FOTE in identifying magnetic reconnection events; it would be useful to the forthcoming Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission.
Proton velocity ring‐driven instabilities in the inner magnetosphere: Linear theory and particle‐in‐cell simulations
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Liu Kaijun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLinear dispersion theory and electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations are used to investigate linear growth and nonlinear saturation of the proton velocity ring‐driven instabilities, namely, ion Bernstein instability and Alfvén‐cyclotron instability, which lead to fast magnetosonic waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the inner magnetosphere, respectively. The proton velocity distribution is assumed to consist of 10% of a ring distribution and 90% of a low‐temperature Maxwellian background. Here two cases with ring speeds vr/vA=1 and 2 (vA is the Alfvén speed) are examined in detail. For the two cases, linear theory predicts that the maximum growth rate γm of the Bernstein instability is 0.16Ωp and 0.19Ωp, respectively, and γm of the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability is 0.045Ωp and 0.15Ωp, respectively, where Ωp is the proton cyclotron frequency. Two‐dimensional PIC simulations are carried out for the two cases to examine the instability development and the corresponding evolution of the particle distributions. Initially, Bernstein waves develop and saturate with strong electrostatic fluctuations. Subsequently, electromagnetic Alfvén‐cyclotron waves grow and saturate. Despite their smaller growth rate, the saturation levels of the Alfvén‐cyclotron waves for both cases are larger than those of the Bernstein waves. Resonant interactions with the Bernstein waves lead to scattering of ring protons predominantly along the perpendicular velocity component (toward both decreasing and, at a lesser extent, increasing speeds) without substantial change of either the parallel temperature or the temperature anisotropy. Consequently, the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability can still grow. Furthermore, the free energy resulting from the pitch angle scattering by the Alfvén‐cyclotron waves is larger than the free energy resulting from the perpendicular energy scattering, thereby leading to the larger saturation level of the Alfvén‐cyclotron waves.
Geodetic constraints on frictional properties and earthquake hazard in the Imperial Valley, Southern California
Authors: Lindsey Eric O. , Fialko Yuri 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe analyze a suite of geodetic observations across the Imperial Fault in southern California that span all parts of the earthquake cycle. Coseismic and postseismic surface slips due to the 1979 M 6.6 Imperial Valley earthquake were recorded with trilateration and alignment surveys by Harsh (1982) and Crook et al. (1982), and interseismic deformation is measured using a combination of multiple interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)‐viewing geometries and continuous and survey‐mode GPS. In particular, we combine more than 100 survey‐mode GPS velocities with InSAR data from Envisat descending tracks 84 and 356 and ascending tracks 77 and 306 (149 total acquisitions), processed using a persistent scatterers method. The result is a dense map of interseismic velocities across the Imperial Fault and surrounding areas that allows us to evaluate the rate of interseismic loading and along‐strike variations in surface creep. We compare available geodetic data to models of the earthquake cycle with rate‐ and state‐dependent friction and find that a complete record of the earthquake cycle is required to constrain key fault properties including the rate‐dependence parameter (a − b) as a function of depth, the extent of shallow creep, and the recurrence interval of large events. We find that the data are inconsistent with a high (>30 mm/yr) slip rate on the Imperial Fault and investigate the possibility that an extension of the San Jacinto‐Superstition Hills Fault system through the town of El Centro may accommodate a significant portion of the slip previously attributed to the Imperial Fault. Models including this additional fault are in better agreement with the available observations, suggesting that the long‐term slip rate of the Imperial Fault is lower than previously suggested and that there may be a significant unmapped hazard in the western Imperial Valley.
Bimaterial interfaces at the Karadere segment of the North Anatolian Fault, northwestern Turkey
Authors: Najdahmadi B. , Bohnhoff M. , Ben‐Zion Y. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe image velocity contrast (bimaterial) interfaces along the Karadere Fault of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, toward the eastern part of the 1999 Izmit Mw 7.4 rupture in NW Turkey, using waveforms recorded by a local seismic network. Applying an automatic procedure for identification and picking of fault zone head waves (FZHW) and direct P arrivals, and manually revising the picks through particle motion analysis, we identify two different groups of FZHW as well as fault zone reflected waves (FZRW). The first group of FZHW has a moveout with respect to the direct P arrivals with distance traveled along the fault, indicating a deep bimaterial interface down to the base of the seismogenic crust with an average velocity contrast of ~3.4%. The second group of FZHW has a constant time difference from the direct P arrivals and is associated with a shallow local interface bounding a low‐velocity damage zone or basin structure that extends to a depth of 4–5 km. While the first group of FZHW exists on the slower crustal block, the second group of FZHW and the FZRW are present generally on both sides of the fault. These phases add to the richness and complexity of the early P waveforms observed at stations close to a large fault. The relatively low velocity contrast across the Karadere Fault compared to values to the west may have helped stopping the Izmit rupture.
Application of PMF receptor model merging with PAHs signatures for source apportionment of black carbon in the continental shelf surface sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China
Authors: Fang Yin , Chen Yingjun , Tian Chongguo , Lin Tian , Hu Limin , Li Jun , Zhang Gan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are byproducts generated from the incomplete combustion of organic materials, including fossil fuels and biomass. The similar production processes shared by BC and PAHs provide the possibility to infer the BC sources using the PAHs signatures. This study successfully utilized data sets of BC and PAHs analyzed from the continental shelf surface sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas to a standard receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to apportion the sources of BC in the sediment matrix. Results showed that combustion of fossil fuels (i.e., coal and oil/petroleum) accounted for an average level of 83 ± 5% of the total BC preserved, which was significantly higher than that from the biomass burning (17 ± 5%). The spatial distributions of the fossil BC concentrations and percentages differed significantly from those of the biomass BC, implying their different geochemical behaviors in the continental shelf regimes and further emphasizing the importance to effectively differentiate between fossil BC and biomass BC. In addition to the relative proportions of the BC subtypes (char‐BC/soot‐BC), the regional‐specific hydrodynamic conditions, including the cold cyclonic eddy, resuspension and coastal current, also exerted a significant influence on these spatial variations.
First dedicated hydrographic survey of the Comoros Basin
Authors: Collins C. , Hermes J. C. , Roman R. E. , Reason C. J. C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Comoros Basin, a region of eddies that propagate into the Mozambique Channel and subsequently the Agulhas Current, has not been well studied. This paper presents the findings from the first dedicated research cruise in the basin. ADCP data collected during the cruise show that the circulation in the Comoros Basin is dominated by the strong westward flowing North East Madagascar Current, which bifurcates twice: once upon encountering the Davie Ridge and again upon reaching the East African coast. One of the branches flows southward along the African coastline and appears to continue into the Mozambique Channel while the other branch turns northward to become the East African Coastal Current. The ADCP data also show evidence of a cyclonic eddy along the northwest coast of Madagascar. Water mass analysis indicates that all the major Indian Ocean water masses are present in the Comoros Basin. Surprisingly, North Atlantic Deep Water, a water mass previously assumed to only occur south of ∼16°S in the Mozambique Channel, was found to be present in the basin at depths below 2000 m. Antarctic Intermediate Water is found to enter the basin via two routes; from the west within the North East Madagascar Current and from the south within the northward flowing Mozambique Undercurrent.