bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projected intensification of subseasonal temperature variability and heat waves in the Great Plains
Authors: Teng Haiyan , Branstator Grant , Meehl Gerald A. , Washington Warren M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCompared to changes in the climatological mean temperature, we have less confidence in how much and by what mechanisms temperature variability may be affected by anthropogenic climate change. Here based on a 30‐member climate change projection from an earth system model, we find that summertime subseasonal temperature variability in the U.S. Great Plains is enhanced by approximately 20% in 2070–2100 relative to 1980–2010. In particular, daily temperature departures from the new climatologies during future heat waves are on average 0.6°C warmer than are the corresponding departures under present‐day conditions. Although in both periods heat waves in the Great Plains tend to be associated with planetary wave events, the amplification of future heat waves does not appear to be induced by changes in planetary wave variability in the midlatitudes. Instead, in this experiment the strengthening appears to be primarily caused by enhanced local land‐atmosphere feedbacks resulting from a warmer/drier future climate.
Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Authors: Cassak P. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe motivation for the recently launched Magnetospheric Multiscale mission is learning about the process of magnetic reconnection, especially the physics of what is called the diffusion region. The diffusion region is often treated as a black box but is the home of very important physics, which is of great significance to understanding space weather. This article is a brief review of what is known—and not known—about the diffusion region in magnetic reconnection, written for the broad space weather community and its stakeholders (with an appendix for readers interested in more technical matters). The focus is on the physics of magnetic reconnection and the diffusion region, why it has been challenging to study, how MMS will contribute, and how the community will benefit from its measurements.
Data assimilation of low‐altitude magnetic perturbations into a global magnetosphere model
Authors: Merkin V. G. , Kondrashov D. , Ghil M. , Anderson B. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe ionosphere is the only region of the terrestrial magnetosphere‐ionosphere system where in situ observations with high temporal resolution and approaching global spatial scale are possible. Ionospheric measurements of magnetic fields with such spatiotemporal coverage have become available from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, combining data from the Iridium® satellites. Motivated by the emergence of this data set, we report here on the first results of assimilation of low‐altitude ionospheric magnetic perturbations into the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) global magnetospheric model coupled with the Rice Convection Model (RCM). Our assimilation approach relies on the assumption of a quasi‐steady, linear approximate relation between equatorial magnetospheric pressure and ionospheric Region 2 field‐aligned currents. This approximation is implemented numerically by perturbing large‐scale modes from the Fourier decomposition of equatorial magnetospheric pressures and computing responses of the corresponding modes in the ionospheric magnetic field. This methodology was validated by using model‐based assimilation tests of the so‐called “fraternal twins” type. In this approach, the LFM‐RCM model with one set of parameters is used to generate synthetic observations, while a model version with different parameters is used to assimilate the ionospheric observations and calculate the magnetospheric pressure corrections which are then applied to reproduce the synthetic observations. The model with assimilated synthetic data responded correctly by modifying ionospheric currents and magnetic perturbations in the expected way. We thus found the approach proposed herein to be promising for future assimilation of real data.
Fluoreszierende Rhodamine und fluorogene Carbopyronine für die STED‐Mikroskopie lebender Zellen
Authors: Butkevich Alexey N. , Mitronova Gyuzel Yu. , Sidenstein Sven C. , Klocke Jessica L. , Kamin Dirk , Meineke Dirk N. H. , D'Este Elisa , Kraemer Philip‐Tobias , Danzl Johann G. , Belov Vladimir N. , Hell Stefan W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHelle und photostabile Rhodamine und Carbopyronine mit Absorptionsmaxima im Bereich von λ=500–630 nm wurden entwickelt, die nach Anwendung von HaloTag‐Technologie, gefolgt von einer Färbung mit 1 μm Lösungen der Farbstoff‐Ligand‐Konjugate, die spezifische Markierung von Zellskelettfilamenten ermöglichen. Die Synthese, die photophysikalischen Eigenschaften und die Fluorogenität sowie die Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen der neuen Farbstoffe werden diskutiert. STED‐Fluoreszenzmikroskopie lieferte Ein‐ und Zweifarbenbilder von lebenden Zellen mit einer optischen Auflösung von 40–60 nm.
Fluorescent Rhodamines and Fluorogenic Carbopyronines for Super‐Resolution STED Microscopy in Living Cells
Authors: Butkevich Alexey N. , Mitronova Gyuzel Yu. , Sidenstein Sven C. , Klocke Jessica L. , Kamin Dirk , Meineke Dirk N. H. , D'Este Elisa , Kraemer Philip‐Tobias , Danzl Johann G. , Belov Vladimir N. , Hell Stefan W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA range of bright and photostable rhodamines and carbopyronines with absorption maxima in the range of λ=500–630 nm were prepared, and enabled the specific labeling of cytoskeletal filaments using HaloTag technology followed by staining with 1 μm solutions of the dye–ligand conjugates. The synthesis, photophysical parameters, fluorogenic behavior, and structure–property relationships of the new dyes are discussed. Light microscopy with stimulated emission depletion (STED) provided one‐ and two‐color images of living cells with an optical resolution of 40–60 nm.
Direct Synthesis of Cyclic Imides from Carboxylic Anhydrides and Amines by Nb2O5 as a Water‐Tolerant Lewis Acid Catalyst
Authors: Ali Md. A. , Moromi Sondomoyee K. , Touchy Abeda S. , Shimizu Ken‐ichi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the 20 types of heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts screened, Nb2O5 showed the highest activity for the synthesis of N‐phenylsuccinimide by dehydrative condensation of succinic anhydride and aniline. Nb2O5 was used in the direct imidation of a wide range of carboxylic anhydrides with NH3 or amines with various functional groups and could be reused. Kinetic studies showed that the Lewis acid Nb2O5 catalyst was more water tolerant than both the Lewis acidic oxide TiO2 and the homogeneous Lewis acid ZrCl4, which resulted in higher yields of imides through the use of Nb2O5.
Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Cyclooligomeric Depsipeptides Enabled by Flow Chemistry
Authors: Lücke Daniel , Dalton Toryn , Ley Steven V. , Wilson Zoe E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFlow chemistry has been successfully integrated into the synthesis of a series of cyclooligomeric depsipeptides of three different ring sizes including the natural products beauvericin (1 a), bassianolide (2 b) and enniatin C (1 b). A reliable flow chemistry protocol was established for the coupling and macrocyclisation to form challenging N‐methylated amides. This flexible approach has allowed the rapid synthesis of both natural and unnatural depsipeptides in high yields, enabling further exploration of their promising biological activity.
Total Synthesis of the 7,10‐Epimer of the Proposed Structure of Amphidinolide N, Part II: Synthesis of C17–C29 Subunit and Completion of the Synthesis
Authors: Ochiai Koji , Kuppusamy Sankar , Yasui Yusuke , Harada Kenji , Gupta Nishant R. , Takahashi Yohei , Kubota Takaaki , Kobayashi Jun'ichi , Hayashi Yujiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe total synthesis of 7,10‐epimer of the proposed structure of amphidinolide N was accomplished. The requisite chiral C17–C29 subunit was assembled stereoselectively via Keck allylation, Shi epoxidation, diastereoselective 1,3‐reduction, and a later oxidative synthesis of the THF framework. The C1–C13 and C17–C29 subunits were successfully coupled using a Enders RAMP “linchpin” as the C14–C16 three carbon unit, thereby controlling the chirality at C14 and C16. The labile allyl epoxy moiety was successfully constructed by Grieco–Nishizawa olefination at a final stage of the synthesis.
Dependence of and field patterns of surface coils on the electrical properties of the sample and the MR operating frequency
Authors: Vaidya Manushka V. , Collins Christopher M. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Brown Ryan , Wiggins Graham C. , Lattanzi Riccardo 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn high field MRI, the spatial distribution of the radiofrequency magnetic (
) field is usually affected by the presence of the sample. For hardware design and to aid interpretation of experimental results, it is important both to anticipate and to accurately simulate the behavior of these fields. Fields generated by a radiofrequency surface coil were simulated using dyadic Green's functions, or experimentally measured over a range of frequencies inside an object whose electrical properties were varied to illustrate a variety of transmit (
) and receive (
) field patterns. In this work, we examine how changes in polarization of the field and interference of propagating waves in an object can affect the
spatial distribution. Results are explained conceptually using Maxwell's equations and intuitive illustrations. We demonstrate that the electrical conductivity alters the spatial distribution of distinct polarized components of the field, causing “twisted” transmit and receive field patterns, and asymmetries between
and
. Additionally, interference patterns due to wavelength effects are observed at high field in samples with high relative permittivity and near‐zero conductivity, but are not present in lossy samples due to the attenuation of propagating EM fields. This work provides a conceptual framework for understanding
spatial distributions for surface coils and can provide guidance for RF engineers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 46B: 25–40, 2016
Skin tumor immunity: Site does matter for antigen presentation by DCs
Authors: Waithman Jason , Gebhardt Thomas , Bedoui Sammy 
Published: February 2016

The immune system has the ability to specifically identify and eliminate tumors, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are not fully understood. A study published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology now provides new insights into this important problem. Joncker et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 609‐618] show that the timely mobilization of tumor antigen‐bearing dendritic cells (DCs) from the periphery to the lymph nodes is critical for effective antitumor T‐cell immunity, and that DCs present tumor antigens much more efficiently when encountered in the skin rather than in the subcutaneous tissues.
Effect of outer boundary condition, reservoir size, and CO2 effective permeability on pressure and CO2 saturation predictions under carbon sequestration conditions
Authors: Zhang Liwei , Dilmore Robert M. , Bromhal Grant S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA TOUGH2 simulation was conducted to investigate how the change of key model parameters affects pressure and CO2 saturation response to CO2 injection into a deep CO2 storage reservoir. Given a domain of 100 × 100 km and a formation permeability of 10−13 m2, outer boundary condition does not have a significant impact on pressure increase and CO2 saturation results. In a simulation period of 30 years of CO2 injection + 100 years of post CO2 injection, with a total CO2 injection volume of 6.3×107 m3 at T = 47°C and P = 10.5 MPa (equivalent mass of 30 million tonnes of CO2), there is no pressure difference between the no flow boundary case and the open boundary case given a domain size of 100 x 100 km (a total storage formation pore volume of 1011 m3 at T = 47°C and P = 10.5 MPa), and the maximum CO2 plume radius difference is 0.5%. However, given a domain size of 10 × 10 km, outer boundary condition significantly affects pressure simulation results. At t = 130 years, the pressure increase in the no flow boundary case is 56.5 times of the pressure increase in the open boundary case at the cell 50 m away from the injection well. For the 10 × 10 km case, the impact of outer boundary condition on CO2 saturation results is relatively small. The change in formation permeability significantly affects pressure increase results, while the change in CO2 relative permeability model only affects pressure increase results at cells close to the CO2 injector. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Timing and associated climate change of a 2 °C global warming
Authors: Jiang Dabang , Sui Yue , Lang Xianmei 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTTowards a better insight into the timing and climate change associated with a 2 °C global warming above pre‐industrial levels in the 21st century, here we perform an analysis of all pertinent experiments within the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Considering equally all available CMIP5 models, the probability of crossing the 2 °C target before the year 2100 is 26, 86, and 100% for the Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6 (RCP2.6), 4.5 (RCP4.5), and 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenarios, respectively, with the median years of 2054 for RCP4.5 and 2042 for RCP8.5. A 2 °C global warming would not be felt equally round the globe: stronger warming occurs over land than over the ocean, and the strongest warming occurs in the Arctic. Almost all temperature changes are larger than natural internal variability. Global average signal‐to‐noise ratios (S/N) of annual and seasonal temperature changes are in the range 3.2–5.0, and the largest values occur at low latitudes due to the lower background variability. Precipitation tends to increase at high latitudes but decrease in the subtropics, while all changes are smaller than natural internal variability except in parts of the high northern latitudes. The S/N of annual (seasonal) precipitation changes averages only 0.2 (no more than 0.1) for the globe.
The warm pool variability of the tropical northeast Pacific
Authors: Misra Vasubandhu , Groenen Danielle , Bhardwaj Amit , Mishra Akhilesh 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe Eastern Pacific warm pool (EPWP) defined by the area enclosed within the 28.5 °C isotherm is examined for its seasonal cycle and interannual variability. The study characterizes the EPWP by its area and objectively defined onset, demise, and length of its seasonality. The onset of the EPWP season is defined by the day when the daily anomaly of the area of EPWP exceeds its climatological annual mean. Similarly, the demise of the EPWP season is defined when the daily anomaly of the area of the EPWP falls below its climatological annual mean, after the onset date is detected. We show that the seasonal evolution of the EPWP has a strong asymmetry, with the climatological peak of the EPWP area occurring approximately 41 days from the onset while the demise of the season occurs after nearly 106 days from the climatological peak. The EPWP is part of a larger Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) that extends into the Intra‐Americas Seas and parts of the tropical northwest Atlantic Ocean. This study finds that the EPWP is weakly related to the Atlantic counterpart of the WHWP. This is partly due to the fact that the EPWP season precedes the seasonal peak of the warm pool in the Atlantic by several months and the size of the former is much smaller than the latter; therefore, the EPWP does not have a strong remote forcing on the Atlantic warm pool. The interannual variability of the area of EPWP is closely related to the El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variations in the equatorial Pacific with large (small) EPWP years associated with warm (cold) ENSO years.
Stair dimension affects knee kinematics and kinetics in patients with good outcome after TKA similarly as in healthy subjects
Authors: Trinler Ursula K. , Baty Florent , Mündermann Annegret , Fenner Verena , Behrend Henrik , Jost Bernhard , Wegener Regina 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTJoint biomechanics during stair walking may contain important information on functional deficits in patients with orthopaedic conditions but depend on the stair dimension. The goal of this study was to compare knee kinematics and kinetics between patients with good outcome 2 years after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and age‐matched controls during stair ascent and descent at two different stair heights. Principal component analysis was used to detect differences in gait mechanics between 15 patients and 15 controls at different stair conditions. Linear mixed models showed differences in knee kinematic and kinetic patterns (in flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) between stair heights. The knee adduction angle was more affected by stair heights in stair ascending whereas knee adduction moment and knee power were more affected during stair descent. Some stair by height and subject effects were small but not significant. Overall, good outcome after TKA is reflected in close‐to‐normal knee biomechanics during stair walking. Specific stair configuration must be considered when comparing joint biomechanics between subject groups and studies. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1753–1761, 2016.
Identification of breast cancer margins using intraoperative near‐infrared imaging
Authors: Keating Jane , Tchou Julia , Okusanya Olugbenga , Fisher Carla , Batiste Rebecca , Jiang Jack , Kennedy Gregory , Nie Shuming , Singhal Sunil 
Published: February 2016

Background and ObjectivesCurrent methods of intraoperative breast cancer margin assessment are labor intensive, not fully reliable, and time consuming; therefore novel strategies are necessary. We hypothesized that near infrared (NIR) intraoperative molecular imaging using systemic indocyanine green (ICG) would be helpful in discerning tumor margins.MethodsA mammary cancer cell line, 4T1, was used to establish tumors in mouse flanks (n = 60). Tumors were excised 24 hr after intravenous ICG. Assessment of residual tumor in the wound bed was performed using a combination of NIR imaging and traditional method (by visual inspection and palpation) versus traditional method alone. Next we performed a clinical trial to evaluate the role of NIR imaging after systemic ICG for the margin assessment of 12 patients undergoing breast‐conserving surgery.ResultsTraditional margin assessment identified 30% of positive margins while NIR imaging identified 90% of positive margins. In our clinical trial, all tumors were detected by NIR imaging and there was fluorescent evidence of residual tumor in the tumor bed in 6 of the 12 patients. None of these patients had positive margins on pathology.ConclusionsSystemic ICG reliably accumulates in breast cancers in murine models as well as human breast cancer. While NIR imaging is helpful for detection of retained tumor margins in our animal model, intraoperative imaging for precise margin detection will need further refinement before clinical value can be obtained. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:508–514. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ionic liquid as a mobile phase additive in high‐performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of eleven fluorescent whitening agents in paper materials
Authors: Wang Qing , Chen Xianbo , Qiu Bin , Zhou Liang , Zhang Hui , Xie Juan , Luo Yan , Wang Bin 
Published: February 2016

In the present study, 11 4,4′‐diaminostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid based fluorescent whitening agents with different numbers of sulfonic acid groups were separated by using an ionic liquid as a mobile phase additive in high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The effects of ionic liquid concentration, pH of mobile phase B, and composition of mobile phase A on the separation of fluorescent whitening agents were systematically investigated. The ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate is superior to tetrabutylammomnium bromide for the separation of the fluorescent whitening agents. The optimal separation conditions were an ionic liquid concentration at 8 mM and the pH of mobile phase B at 8.5 with methanol as mobile phase A. The established method exhibited low limits of detection (0.04–0.07 ng/mL) and wide linearity ranges (0.30–20 ng/mL) with high linear correlation coefficients from 0.9994 to 0.9998. The optimized procedure was applied to analyze target analytes in paper samples with satisfactory results. Eleven target analytes were quantified, and the recoveries of spiked paper samples were in the range of 85–105% with the relative standard deviations from 2.1 to 5.1%. The obtained results indicated that the method was efficient for detection of 11 fluorescent whitening agents.
Experimental measuring set‐up and procedure for the traction coefficient on roller‐on‐disc contact
Authors: Gama A. , Cousseau T. , Graça B. , Castro J. , Seabra J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA pin‐on‐disc machine was modified to measure traction coefficient and the potential of contact difference under controlled conditions of slide‐to‐roll ratio, temperature, contact pressure and entrainment speed; oil, grease, grease's base oil and bleed‐oil were tested. This new arrangement proved to be efficient to characterise lubricants traction behaviour, film separation and tribofilm generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Thermo‐Polymerizable Aromatic Diamine: Synthesis and Application in Enhancement of the Properties of Conventional Polyimides
Authors: Luo Yijie , Sun Jing , Wang Jiajia , Jin Kaikai , He Fengkai , Fang Qiang 
Published: February 2016

Owing to their important application in the production of high performance materials, aromatic diamines have received interest in many areas for several years. However, most of the polymers derivated from diamines show poor processability due to their rigid backbone. Although much effort has been made, a balance between the solvent (or heat)‐resistance and processability of the polymers still needs to be achieved. In this contribution, a new aromatic diamine is reported, which has both reactive amine groups and thermo‐polymerizable benzocyclobutene moieties. Starting from the diamine can not only give the corresponding polymers, such as polyamides, polyimides, and polyurethanes, but can also provide new structural materials through the post‐polymerization of the polymers. It is found that adding diamine into a conventional polyimide system can greatly improve the properties of the polyimide, such as Tg, coefficient of thermal expansion, tensile strength, and storage modulus. When the content of the diamine is in the range ≈ 5–10 mol%, the tensile strength of the conventional polyimide is increased by up to 30%. The highest Tg (> 400 °C) is observed when the content of the diamine is 40 mol%.
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