bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Identification of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IBFCBF‐1 with Potential for Biological Control of Phytophthora Blight and Growth Promotion of Pepper
Authors: Zhang Mengjun , Li Jilie , Shen Airong , Tan Shiyong , Yan Zhun , Yu Yongting , Xue Zhaodong , Tan Taimeng , Zeng Liangbin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this study, 76 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of pepper. Of these, 23 bacterial isolates capable of inhibiting Phytophthora capsici growth were selected. Among the antagonistic bacteria, one strain, IBFCBF‐1 showed the strongest antagonistic activity, and was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, physiological and biochemical testing, and morphological characteristics. When tested with a dual‐culture method and with laboratory greenhouse studies, the strain IBFCBF‐1 was found to be a potential biocontrol agent for controlling the plant pathogen, P. capsici. Moreover, it showed high efficiency and broad‐spectrum antifungal properties in vitro. Under greenhouse conditions, IBFCBF‐1 could significantly promote the growth of pepper seedlings, and was able to solubilize phosphate, and produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia. This study clearly demonstrated that IBFCBF‐1 is a potential candidate exhibiting phytophthora blight‐suppressive and plant growth‐promoting effects on pepper.
Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani Associated with Common Bean Web Blight in the Main Bean Growing area of Argentina
Authors: Spedaletti Yamila , Aparicio Mónica , Mercado Cárdenas Guadalupe , Rodriguero Marcela , Taboada Gisel , Aban Carla , Sühring Silvia , Vizgarra Oscar , Galván Marta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCommon bean web blight (WB), caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris), is among the endemic fungal diseases of major impact in north‐western Argentina (NWA). This study aimed to analyse the genetic and pathogenic diversity of R. solani in Salta, NWA, where 97 isolates were recovered from commercial bean cultivars and wild beans showing WB symptoms in a major bean production area. The isolates were characterized on the basis of specific primers, rDNA‐ITS sequences and morphological characteristics. All the isolates were identified as R. solani AG 2‐2WB, and they exhibited considerable intragroup variation. The phylogenetic tree generated with the ITS sequences confirmed the isolates identification. Aggressiveness of the isolates towards bean seedlings was assessed in the greenhouse. A great variability in virulence was observed among the isolates analysed. On the basis of the disease reaction on foliar tissues, the isolates were grouped into three virulence categories as follows: weakly virulent (30%), moderately virulent (38%) and highly virulent (32%). However, no correlation between virulence and geographical origin was detected. The information generated in this study provides initial data on the population variability of the WB pathogen in north‐western Argentina and represents a valuable contribution to regional breeding programmes aimed to obtain cultivars with durable resistance.
Stripe Rust Partial Resistance Increases Spring Bread Wheat Yield in South‐eastern Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Aktaş Hüsnü , Zencirci Nüsret 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is the most serious disease of wheat globally including south‐eastern Anatolia of Turkey, where wheat originated. In this study, 12 spring wheat genotypes were artificially inoculated and preserved in two locations, Diyarbakır and Adıyaman, during the 2011–2012 season to investigate loss in yield and yield components. Genotypes were evaluated at the adult plant stage using two partial resistance parameters: final disease severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). AUDPC ranged from 14.8 to 860 in Diyarbakır, and 74 to 760 in Adıyaman. Yield loss ranged from 0.6 to 68.5% in Diyarbakır and 9.8 to 56.8% in Adıyaman. Genotypes G1, G5, G7 and G8 were found to lose less yield, while higher yield loss was observed in G3, G4 (Nurkent), G5 and G9 (Karacadağ‐98). The highest loss in thousand kernel weight was observed in a susceptible cultivar Karacadağ‐98 in Diyarbakır followed by 43.4 and 24.4% in Adıyaman. Test weight loss reached 8.89% in Diyarbakır and 20.8% in Adıyaman. Yield loss and AUDPC had a positive significant relationship. Based on the values of AUDPC, final disease severity and yield loss, three major clusters were formed for 12 wheat genotypes. Partially resistant genotypes were found to lose less grain yield and seemed to be stronger against severe stripe rust pressure.
Clinical effects of probiotics containing Bacillus species on gingivitis: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Alkaya B. , Laleman I. , Keceli S. , Ozcelik O. , Cenk Haytac M. , Teughels W. 
Published: November 2016

Background and ObjectiveLactobacillus spp. and bifidobacteria are the most frequently used probiotics in oral health research. However, although probiotic effects have been suggested for other genera, such as bacilli, no trials are available to describe the effect of bacilli probiotics on gingivitis in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effects of a bacilli‐containing toothpaste, a mouthrinse and a toothbrush cleaner versus a placebo in patients with generalized gingivitis.Material and MethodsIn this double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomized clinical trial, nonsmoking, systemically healthy patients with generalized gingivitis were included. They used a placebo or an experimental probiotic Bacillus subtilis‐, Bacillus megaterium‐ and Bacillus pumulus‐containing toothpaste, mouthrinse and toothbrush cleaner for 8 wk. Primary outcome measures of interest were plaque and gingivitis index, and the secondary outcome measures were pocket probing depth and bleeding on probing.ResultsTwenty male and 20 female patients were randomized over the two groups. All participants could be included in the final analysis. Although plaque and gingivitis indices were significantly reduced after 8 wk, no intergroup differences could be found at any time point. Also, for the secondary outcome measure, intragroup but no intergroup differences could be detected. No harm or unintended effects were reported by the patients after using the study products.ConclusionsThis study did not show any statistically significant differences between a placebo and a bacilli‐containing toothpaste, mouthrinse and toothbrush cleaner on gingivitis parameters.
Maternal anti‐HBVs suppress the immune response of infants to hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Chen X. , Gui X. , Zhang L. , Huang F. , Zhong H. , Pang Z. , Wang S. , Tang L. , Fu L. , Peng Y. , Shellman Y. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryIt is still controversial whether maternal anti‐HBV antibodies (anti‐HBVs) affect the infants’ immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination. This multicentre study aims to address this question. First, we determined whether the transplacental transfer of maternal anti‐HBVs occurs by measuring the titres of 90 anti‐HBVs‐positive pregnant women and their newborns. The anti‐HBVs‐positive rates of newborns ranged from 89.7% to 100.0%, depending on the maternal anti‐HBVs titres. Secondly, we investigated the effects of maternal anti‐HBVs on the immune response of infants to HBV vaccination. A total of 1063 mother‐and‐infant pairs were enrolled and divided into three groups with maternal anti‐HBVs titres of <10 IU/L (negative – 37.9%), 10–499 and ≥500 IU/L. The infants’ anti‐HBVs‐positive rate and titres were negatively correlated with maternal anti‐HBVs titres: the anti‐HBVs‐positive rate of infants were 88.9% (360/405), 84.5% (381/451) and 77.3% (160/207) in mothers with low, intermediate and high antibody titres, respectively, P<.0001. Median titres of anti‐HBVs (IU/L) among infants were 169.1, 141.0 and 79.4, respectively, P=.020. One hundred and sixty‐two infants were negative for anti‐HBVs after the standard vaccination, and 120 of 131 of these infants (91.6%) reached anti‐HBVs positivity after the first “booster” dose. The maternal anti‐HBVs titres did not significantly affect infant response to this booster. In summary, transplacental transfer of anti‐HBVs occurs and high titres of maternal anti‐HBVs may suppress the immune response of infants to the standard HBV vaccination. The current schedule of the 0, 1 and 6 month may not be the optimal choice of infants with anti‐HBVs‐positive mothers.
Did 26Al and impact‐induced heating differentiate Mercury?
Authors: Bhatia G. K. , Sahijpal S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNumerical models dealing with the planetary scale differentiation of Mercury are presented with the short‐lived nuclide, 26Al, as the major heat source along with the impact‐induced heating during the accretion of planets. These two heat sources are considered to have caused differentiation of Mars, a planet with size comparable to Mercury. The chronological records and the thermal modeling of Mars indicate an early differentiation during the initial ~1 million years (Ma) of the formation of the solar system. We theorize that in case Mercury also accreted over an identical time scale, the two heat sources could have differentiated the planets. Although unlike Mars there is no chronological record of Mercury's differentiation, the proposed mechanism is worth investigation. We demonstrate distinct viable scenarios for a wide range of planetary compositions that could have produced the internal structure of Mercury as deduced by the MESSENGER mission, with a metallic iron (Fe‐Ni‐FeS) core of radius ~2000 km and a silicate mantle thickness of ~400 km. The initial compositions were derived from the enstatite and CB (Bencubbin) chondrites that were formed in the reducing environments of the early solar system. We have also considered distinct planetary accretion scenarios to understand their influence on thermal processing. The majority of our models would require impact‐induced mantle stripping of Mercury by hit and run mechanism with a protoplanet subsequent to its differentiation in order to produce the right size of mantle. However, this can be avoided if we increase the Fe‐Ni‐FeS contents to ~71% by weight. Finally, the models presented here can be used to understand the differentiation of Mercury‐like exoplanets and the planetary embryos of Venus and Earth.
Ontological Parsimony, Erosion, and Conservatism
Authors: Metcalf Thomas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article presents a novel argument against a common principle of parsimony in philosophy. First, it identifies a widely employed principle of positive ontological parsimony, according to which we should, ceteris paribus, prefer smaller ontologies to larger ontologies. Next, it shows how this principle is used as part of a strategy by which to argue for antirealist positions in many subfields of philosophy: the ockhamistic antirealist strategy. Third, it argues that this principle commits its adherents to an implausible epistemological thesis—the Eroding Ontology Thesis—according to which evidence for the existence of some entity is at least prima facie evidence against the existence of all other entities. Antirealists might decide to adopt a related position, ontological conservatism, according to which we should simply resist changing our ontology, but the article shows that it is independently unjustified. Therefore, it concludes, philosophers have good reason to cease employing one very common antirealist strategy.
Myriad Philosophical Methodologies
Authors: Rush Penelope A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article offers an overview of philosophical methodologies. In an attempt to avoid a certain circularity, the article itself tries to avoid consciously or solely deploying and engaging with any current standard notion of what constitutes a philosophical method or philosophy itself. It hopes to find some of the possible places in which philosophy occurs, and this turns out to include (at least) such endeavours as literature, art, poetry, and linguistics. From here it considers how almost anything—for example, conversation, everyday life, and love—can also be philosophy. An attempt is made to identify some characteristic feature of philosophy as it occurs in all such forms. In the end, the simultaneous enacting of a peculiar optimism and particular humility both, in the search for knowledge, is put forward as potentially sufficient to at least begin to identify philosophy across its many guises.
Rewording the Rules on Disjunctive Probability
Authors: Cordero Ronald 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLogic is a central and highly useful part of philosophy. Its value is particularly evident when it comes to keeping our thinking about disjunctive probabilities clear. Because of the two meanings of “or” (“just one of these statements is true,” “at least one of these statements is true”), logic can show how the likelihood of a disjunction being true can be determined quite easily. To gauge the chance that one of two or more exclusive alternatives is true, one need only sum up their respective likelihoods. And to know the chance that at least one of two or more compatible alternatives is true, one simply has to figure the chance that it is false that all of them are false!
The American Girl: Playing with the Wrong Dollie?
Authors: Davion Victoria 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis essay explores the American Girl Just Like You doll through a variety of feminist lenses. It was inspired by my experiences chaperoning my friend Grace (aged eleven) to the American Girl Store in New York City, and returning to the store to shop for my own doll. I returned to the store because I was not sure why I was so extremely disturbed by this doll. The doll is not emaciated, not overtly sexy, and marketed along with outfits that supposedly send girls the message that they can achieve their goals. She comes in a variety of skin, eye, and hair colors, and the line is therefore marketed as racially and ethnically sensitive. I argue that although the Just Like You line appears to be empowering and racially sensitive on a superficial level, an in‐depth feminist analysis indicates that it is not. In fact, the Just Like You line is highly problematic from a feminist perspective.
Membrane skeletal association and post‐translational allosteric regulation of Toxoplasma gondii GAPDH1
Authors: Dubey Rashmi , Staker Bart L. , Foe Ian T. , Bogyo Matthew , Myler Peter J. , Ngô Huân M. , Gubbels Marc‐Jan 
Published: November 2016

SummaryWhen Toxoplasma gondii egresses from the host cell, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GAPDH1), which is primary a glycolysis enzyme but actually a quintessential multifunctional protein, translocates to the unique cortical membrane skeleton. Here, we report the 2.25 Å resolution crystal structure of the GAPDH1 holoenzyme in a quaternary complex providing the basis for the molecular dissection of GAPDH1 structure–function relationships Knockdown of GAPDH1 expression and catalytic site disruption validate the essentiality of GAPDH1 in intracellular replication but we confirmed that glycolysis is not strictly essential. We identify, for the first time, S‐loop phosphorylation as a novel, critical regulator of enzymatic activity that is consistent with the notion that the S‐loop is critical for cofactor binding, allosteric activation and oligomerization. We show that neither enzymatic activity nor phosphorylation state correlate with the ability to translocate to the cortex. However, we demonstrate that association of GAPDH1 with the cortex is mediated by the N‐terminus, likely palmitoylation. Overall, glycolysis and cortical translocation are functionally decoupled by post‐translational modifications.
The evolution of symbiont preference traits in the model legume Medicago truncatula
Authors: Batstone Rebecca T. , Dutton Emily M. , Wang Donglin , Yang Molly , Frederickson Megan E. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Many hosts preferentially associate with or reward better symbionts, but how these symbiont preference traits evolve is an open question. Legumes often form more nodules with or provide more resources to rhizobia that fix more nitrogen (N), but they also acquire N from soil via root foraging. It is unclear whether root responses to abiotically and symbiotically derived N evolve independently.

Here, we measured root foraging and both preferential allocation of root resources to and preferential association with an effective vs an ineffective N‐fixing Ensifer meliloti strain in 35 inbred lines of the model legume Medicago truncatula.

We found that M. truncatula is an efficient root forager and forms more nodules with the effective rhizobium; root biomass increases with the number of effective, but not ineffective, nodules, indicating preferential allocation to roots harbouring effective rhizobia; root foraging is not genetically correlated with either preferential allocation or association; and selection favours plant genotypes that form more effective nodules.

Root foraging and symbiont preference traits appear to be genetically uncoupled in M. truncatula. Rather than evolving to exclude ineffective partners, our results suggest that preference traits probably evolve to take better advantage of effective symbionts.
High spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging reveals the genetically programmed, developmental modification of the distribution of thylakoid membrane lipids among individual cells of maize leaf
Authors: Dueñas Maria Emilia , Klein Adam T. , Alexander Liza E. , Yandeau‐Nelson Marna D. , Nikolau Basil J. , Lee Young Jin 
Published: November 2016

SummaryMetabolism in plants is compartmentalized among different tissues, cells and subcellular organelles. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has recently advanced to allow for the visualization of metabolites at single‐cell resolution. Here we applied 5‐ and 10 μm high spatial resolution MALDI‐MSI to the asymmetric Kranz anatomy of Zea mays (maize) leaves to study the differential localization of two major anionic lipids in thylakoid membranes, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerols (PG). The quantification and localization of SQDG and PG molecular species, among mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells, are compared across the leaf developmental gradient from four maize genotypes (the inbreds B73 and Mo17, and the reciprocal hybrids B73 × Mo17 and Mo17 × B73). SQDG species are uniformly distributed in both photosynthetic cell types, regardless of leaf development or genotype; however, PG shows photosynthetic cell‐specific differential localization depending on the genotype and the fatty acyl chain constituent. Overall, 16:1‐containing PGs primarily contribute to the thylakoid membranes of M cells, whereas BS chloroplasts are mostly composed of 16:0‐containing PGs. Furthermore, PG 32:0 shows genotype‐specific differences in cellular distribution, with preferential localization in BS cells for B73, but more uniform distribution between BS and M cells in Mo17. Maternal inheritance is exhibited within the hybrids, such that the localization of PG 32:0 in B73 × Mo17 is similar to the distribution in the B73 parental inbred, whereas that of Mo17 × B73 resembles the Mo17 parent. This study demonstrates the power of MALDI‐MSI to reveal unprecedented insights on metabolic outcomes in multicellular organisms at single‐cell resolution.
Value of calcium and phosphate in a bicarbonate‐containing platelet additive solution with low plasma levels in maintaining key in vitro platelet storage parameters
Authors: Skripchenko Andrey , Turgeon Annette , Thompson‐Montgomery Dedeene , Awatefe Helen , Wagner Stephen J. 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUNDUse of recently developed platelet (PLT) additive solutions (PAS) with 5% plasma levels may reduce the frequency and/or severity of transfusion reactions attributed to plasma. PLTs suspended in bicarbonate‐containing PAS‐5 with 5% plasma levels can maintain key PLT parameters during 7‐day storage. This study evaluates the role of calcium and phosphate, as constituents of PAS‐5, in maintaining PLT parameters.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSAn Amicus apheresis PLT unit (n = 13) was equally divided into four 60‐mL aliquots in CF‐250 polyolefin bags. Four different formulations of PAS‐5 were prepared: PAS‐5, PAS‐5 without phosphate (−PO4), PAS‐5 without calcium (−Ca), and PAS‐5 without Ca and phosphate (−Ca/−PO4). PLTs were centrifuged, and the supernatant was expressed and replaced with the respective PAS, yielding PLTs suspended in 95% PAS and 5% plasma. PLTs were stored at 20 to 24ºC with agitation for 7 days. PLT in vitro parameters were evaluated on Days 1, 5, and 7.RESULTSIn PLT PAS‐5 aliquots, pH levels were maintained better compared with those in −Ca and –Ca/−PO4 aliquots. Glycolysis was greater in −Ca and –Ca/−PO4 PLT aliquots compared with PAS‐5 aliquots. Hypotonic stress response and morphology were less and p‐selectin (CD62P) binding was greater in –Ca/−PO4 PLT aliquots. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species was greater in –Ca/−PO4 PLTs. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) was greater in –Ca and −Ca/−PO4 PLT aliquots during storage.CONCLUSIONThe removal of calcium and phosphate from PAS‐5 leads to the activation of p38 MAPK and deterioration of key PLT storage parameters.
Post‐translational cleavage of Hv1 in human sperm tunes pH‐ and voltage‐dependent gating
Authors: Berger Thomas K. , Fußhöller David M. , Goodwin Normann , Bönigk Wolfgang , Müller Astrid , Dokani Khesroshahi Nasim , Brenker Christoph , Wachten Dagmar , Krause Eberhard , Kaupp U. Benjamin , Strünker Timo 
Published: November 2016

Key points
In human sperm, proton flux across the membrane is controlled by the voltage‐gated proton channel Hv1.
We show that sperm harbour both Hv1 and an N‐terminally cleaved isoform termed Hv1Sper.
The pH‐control of Hv1Sper and Hv1 is distinctively different.
Hv1Sper and Hv1 can form heterodimers that combine features of both constituents.
Cleavage and heterodimerization of Hv1 might represent an adaptation to the specific requirements of pH control in sperm.
AbstractIn human sperm, the voltage‐gated proton channel Hv1 controls the flux of protons across the flagellar membrane. Here, we show that sperm harbour Hv1 and a shorter isoform, termed Hv1Sper. Hv1Sper is generated from Hv1 by removal of 68 amino acids from the N‐terminus by post‐translational proteolytic cleavage. The pH‐dependent gating of the channel isoforms is distinctly different. In both Hv1 and Hv1Sper, the conductance–voltage relationship is determined by the pH difference across the membrane (∆pH). However, simultaneous changes in intracellular and extracellular pH that leave ΔpH constant strongly shift the activation curve of Hv1Sper but not that of Hv1, demonstrating that cleavage of the N‐terminus tunes pH sensing in Hv1. Moreover, we show that Hv1 and Hv1Sper assemble as heterodimers that combine features of both constituents. We suggest that cleavage and heterodimerization of Hv1 represents an adaptation to the specific requirements of pH control in sperm.