bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study Between Classical and Finite Element Model for Multilayer Viscoelastic Rotors
Authors: Roy H. , Chandraker S. 
Published: February 2016

Nowadays, heavy and bulky rotors are replaced by the light yet strong rotor, where the composite material is only supplementary. The composite may be constructed either by reinforcing long unidirectional fiber into matrix material or stacking of lamina, where each lamina has different orientation of fiber. But mathematical modelling of such type of rotor is little difficult when considering different orientation of fiber. This invokes us to construct multilayer rotors of different isotropic material and associated formulation to show its better dynamic performance.
Generally internal damping has an enormous effect on the dynamics of rotor shaft system. For the sake of modelling, all layers are assumed to made of viscoelastic material and perfectly bonded. The constitutive relationship of each layer is represented by two element voigt model and equation of motion is obtained in time domain.
This paper involves the development of both classical and finite element mathematical model of multilayer viscoelastic rotors, which contents system characteristics. Under these conditions, the complex modal behaviour of the rotor-shaft is studied to get an insight of the dynamic characteristics of the system, in terms of Decay rate, Stability Limit of Spin-speed, First Natural Frequency and also Unbalance frequency response.
Thickness and Blade Angle Distribution for Design of Centrifugal Compressor Stage Return Channel Vane
Authors: Bera Arindam , Singh N. K. 
Published: February 2016

Return channel de-swirl vanes form an integral part of a centrifugal compressor stage for multi-stage configuration. In this paper, a few configurations of return channel vanes (RCV) are arrived at by modifying the blade angle and thickness distribution from leading edge to the trailing edge. Influence of these two parameters on the overall performance of return channel in terms of total pressure loss co-efficient and static pressure recovery co-efficient along with stage exit flow angle are evaluated through CFD analysis.
CFD results show that, proper thickness distribution after maximum thickness point to the trailing edge improves the stage exit flow angle but not the total pressure loss co-efficient and static pressure recovery co-efficient. Whereas, by suitably modifying the blade angle distribution, all the three performance parameters can be improved considerably.
A Bayesian spatial temporal mixtures approach to kinetic parametric images in dynamic positron emission tomography
Authors: Zhu W. , Ouyang J. , Rakvongthai Y. , Guehl N. J. , Wooten D. W. , El Fakhri G. , Normandin M. D. , Fan Y. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:Estimation of parametric maps is challenging for kinetic models in dynamic positron emission tomography. Since voxel kinetics tend to be spatially contiguous, the authors consider groups of homogeneous voxels together. The authors propose a novel algorithm to identify the groups and estimate kinetic parameters simultaneously. Uncertainty estimates for kinetic parameters are also obtained.Methods:Mixture models were used to fit the time activity curves. In order to borrow information from spatially nearby voxels, the Potts model was adopted. A spatial temporal model was built incorporating both spatial and temporal information in the data. Markov chain Monte Carlo was used to carry out parameter estimation. Evaluation and comparisons with existing methods were carried out on cardiac studies using both simulated data sets and a pig study data. One‐compartment kinetic modeling was used, in which K1 is the parameter of interest, providing a measure of local perfusion.Results:Based on simulation experiments, the median standard deviation across all image voxels, of K1 estimates were 0, 0.13, and 0.16 for the proposed spatial mixture models (SMMs), standard curve fitting, and spatial K‐means methods, respectively. The corresponding median mean squared biases for K1 were 0.04, 0.06, and 0.06 for abnormal region of interest (ROI); 0.03, 0.03, and 0.04 for normal ROI; and 0.007, 0.02, and 0.05 for the noise region.Conclusions:SMM is a fully Bayesian algorithm which determines the optimal number of homogeneous voxel groups, voxel group membership, parameter estimation, and parameter uncertainty estimation simultaneously. The voxel membership can also be used for classification purposes. By borrowing information from spatially nearby voxels, SMM substantially reduces the variability of parameter estimates. In some ROIs, SMM also reduces mean squared bias.
Effect of reconstruction methods and x‐ray tube current–time product on nodule detection in an anthropomorphic thorax phantom: A crossed‐modality JAFROC observer study
Authors: Thompson J. D. , Chakraborty D. P. , Szczepura K. , Tootell A. K. , Vamvakas I. , Manning D. J. , Hogg P. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:To evaluate nodule detection in an anthropomorphic chest phantom in computed tomography (CT) images reconstructed with adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D (AIDR3D) and filtered back projection (FBP) over a range of tube current–time product (mAs).Methods:Two phantoms were used in this study: (i) an anthropomorphic chest phantom was loaded with spherical simulated nodules of 5, 8, 10, and 12 mm in diameter and +100, −630, and −800 Hounsfield units electron density; this would generate CT images for the observer study; (ii) a whole‐body dosimetry verification phantom was used to ultimately estimate effective dose and risk according to the model of the BEIR VII committee. Both phantoms were scanned over a mAs range (10, 20, 30, and 40), while all other acquisition parameters remained constant. Images were reconstructed with both AIDR3D and FBP. For the observer study, 34 normal cases (no nodules) and 34 abnormal cases (containing 1–3 nodules, mean 1.35 ± 0.54) were chosen. Eleven observers evaluated images from all mAs and reconstruction methods under the free‐response paradigm. A crossed‐modality jackknife alternative free‐response operating characteristic (JAFROC) analysis method was developed for data analysis, averaging data over the two factors influencing nodule detection in this study: mAs and image reconstruction (AIDR3D or FBP). A Bonferroni correction was applied and the threshold for declaring significance was set at 0.025 to maintain the overall probability of Type I error at α = 0.05. Contrast‐to‐noise (CNR) was also measured for all nodules and evaluated by a linear least squares analysis.Results:For random‐reader fixed‐case crossed‐modality JAFROC analysis, there was no significant difference in nodule detection between AIDR3D and FBP when data were averaged over mAs [F(1, 10) = 0.08, p = 0.789]. However, when data were averaged over reconstruction methods, a significant difference was seen between multiple pairs of mAs settings [F(3, 30) = 15.96, p < 0.001]. Measurements of effective dose and effective risk showed the expected linear dependence on mAs. Nodule CNR was statistically higher for simulated nodules on images reconstructed with AIDR3D (p < 0.001).Conclusions:No significant difference in nodule detection performance was demonstrated between images reconstructed with FBP and AIDR3D. mAs was found to influence nodule detection, though further work is required for dose optimization.
Mycobacterium and Aerobic Actinomycete Culture: Are Two Medium Types and Extended Incubation Times Necessary?
Authors: Simner Patricia J. , Doerr Kelly A. , Steinmetz Lory K. , Wengenack Nancy L. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterial cultures are historically performed using a liquid medium and a solid agar medium with an incubation period of up to 60 days. We performed a retrospective analysis of 21,494 mycobacterial and aerobic actinomycetes cultures performed over 10 months to determine whether two medium types remain necessary and to investigate whether culture incubation length can be shortened. Specimens were cultured using Bactec MGIT liquid medium and Middlebrook 7H11/S7H11 solid medium with incubation periods of 42 and 60 days, respectively. Time-to-positivity and the identity of isolates recovered from each medium were evaluated. A total of 1,205/21,494 cultures (6%) were positive on at least one medium. Of the 1,353 isolates recovered, 1,110 (82%) were nontuberculous mycobacteria, 145 (11%) were aerobic actinomycetes, and 98 (7%) were
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex. Assessing medium types, 1,121 isolates were recovered from solid medium cultures, 922 isolates were recovered from liquid medium cultures, and 690 isolates were recovered on both media. Liquid cultures were positive an average of 10 days before solid cultures when the two medium types were positive (
P
< 0.0001). Isolates detected on solid medium after 6 weeks of incubation included 65 (5%) nontuberculous mycobacteria, 4 (0.3%) aerobic actinomycetes, and 2 (0.2%) isolates from the
M. tuberculosis
complex. Medical chart review suggested that most of these later-growing isolates were insignificant, as the diagnosis was already known, or they were considered colonizers/contaminants. This study reaffirms the need for both liquid medium and solid medium for mycobacterial and aerobic actinomycetes culture and demonstrates that solid medium incubation times may be reduced to 6 weeks without significantly impacting sensitivity.
Development of a Highly Specific IgM Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Bartonella henselae Using Refined
N
-Lauroyl-Sarcosine-Insoluble Proteins for Serodiagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease
Authors: Otsuyama Ken-ichiro , Tsuneoka Hidehiro , Kondou Kaori , Yanagihara Masashi , Tokuda Nobuko , Shirasawa Bungo , Ichihara Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

The conventional anti-
Bartonella henselae
IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-ELISA) methods for diagnosing cat scratch disease (CSD) remain poor in both sensitivity and specificity. We sought to develop an IgM-ELISA with improved accuracy in the serodiagnosis of CSD by exploring the antigens that are most suitable for an ELISA. We prepared 5 different protein antigens: antigen I (sonicated
B. henselae
whole-cell antigen), antigen II (
N
-lauroyl-sarcosine-insoluble antigen), antigen III (processed sarcosine-soluble antigen), and antigen IV and antigen V (sarcosine-insoluble and sarcosine-soluble antigens refined by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow ion-exchange chromatography). The IgM antibodies in the sera of 47 patients with clinically suspected CSD (24 definite, 23 suspected) and of 85 healthy individuals were examined by ELISAs using the 5 antigens, and the results were compared with those of an IgM indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IgM-IFA). In a reference panel, which consisted of 5 positive and 5 negative sera, antigen I and antigen III failed to distinguish between the two statuses, whereas the other three antigens succeeded in distinguishing between them. When the cutoff value was set at the 98th percentile of the ELISA index for healthy individuals, the sensitivity of IgM-IFA for the 24 cases of definite CSD was 54%, whereas the sensitivities of the IgM-ELISAs with antigen II, IV, and V were 75%, 83%, and 75%, respectively. The sensitivities of these three IgM-ELISAs for all 47 of the clinically suspected cases were 49%, 64%, and 51%, respectively. In contrast, the sensitivity of IgM-IFA was 28%. These results indicate that the refined sarcosine-insoluble proteins (antigen IV), which possessed the highest specificity among the 5 antigens, are the most appropriate for developing an IgM-ELISA for the highly specific serodiagnosis of CSD.
Comparative Evaluation of the Novel bioNexia Legionella Test with the BinaxNOW Legionella Card Assay and the Sofia Legionella FIA Assay for Detection of Legionella pneumophila (Serogroup 1) Antigen in Urine Samples
Authors: Congestrì Francesco , Crepaldi Elisabetta , Gagliardi Marina , Pedna Maria Federica , Sambri Vittorio 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

A new immunochromatographic test (bioNexia
Legionella
; bioMérieux) for the detection of
Legionella pneumophila
urinary antigen was evaluated in 255 urine samples. The results were compared with those obtained by the BinaxNOW and Sofia
Legionella
tests. The novel test compared well with those currently in use.
Evaluation of GenoFlow DR-MTB Array Test for Detection of Rifampin and Isoniazid Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Molina-Moya B. , Kazdaglis G. , Lacoma A. , Prat C. , Gómez A. , Villar-Hernández R. , García-García E. , Haba L. , Maldonado J. , Samper S. , Ruiz-Manzano J. , Ausina V. , Domínguez J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the GenoFlow DR-MTB array test (DiagCor Bioscience, Hong Kong) on 70 cultured isolates and 50 sputum specimens. The GenoFlow array test showed good sensitivity and specificity compared to the phenotypic Bactec 460TB. This array accurately detected mutations in
rpoB
,
katG
, and
inhA
associated with resistance to rifampin and isoniazid.
Sequence Diversity, Intersubgroup Relationships, and Origins of the Mouse Leukemia Gammaretroviruses of Laboratory and Wild Mice
Authors: Bamunusinghe Devinka , Naghashfar Zohreh , Buckler-White Alicia , Plishka Ronald , Baliji Surendranath , Liu Qingping , Kassner Joshua , Oler Andrew J. , Hartley Janet , Kozak Christine A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Mouse leukemia viruses (MLVs) are found in the common inbred strains of laboratory mice and in the house mouse subspecies of
Mus musculus
. Receptor usage and envelope (
env
) sequence variation define three MLV host range subgroups in laboratory mice: ecotropic, polytropic, and xenotropic MLVs (E-, P-, and X-MLVs, respectively). These exogenous MLVs derive from endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that were acquired by the wild mouse progenitors of laboratory mice about 1 million years ago. We analyzed the genomes of seven MLVs isolated from Eurasian and American wild mice and three previously sequenced MLVs to describe their relationships and identify their possible ERV progenitors. The phylogenetic tree based on the receptor-determining regions of
env
produced expected host range clusters, but these clusters are not maintained in trees generated from other virus regions. Colinear alignments of the viral genomes identified segmental homologies to ERVs of different host range subgroups. Six MLVs show close relationships to a small xenotropic ERV subgroup largely confined to the inbred mouse Y chromosome.
env
variations define three E-MLV subtypes, one of which carries duplications of various sizes, sequences, and locations in the proline-rich region of
env
. Outside the
env
region, all E-MLVs are related to different nonecotropic MLVs. These results document the diversity in gammaretroviruses isolated from globally distributed
Mus
subspecies, provide insight into their origins and relationships, and indicate that recombination has had an important role in the evolution of these mutagenic and pathogenic agents.

IMPORTANCE
Laboratory mice carry mouse leukemia viruses (MLVs) of three host range groups which were acquired from their wild mouse progenitors. We sequenced the complete genomes of seven infectious MLVs isolated from geographically separated Eurasian and American wild mice and compared them with endogenous germ line retroviruses (ERVs) acquired early in house mouse evolution. We did this because the laboratory mouse viruses derive directly from specific ERVs or arise by recombination between different ERVs. The six distinctively different wild mouse viruses appear to be recombinants, often involving different host range subgroups, and most are related to a distinctive, largely Y-chromosome-linked MLV ERV subtype. MLVs with ecotropic host ranges show the greatest variability with extensive inter- and intrasubtype envelope differences and with homologies to other host range subgroups outside the envelope. The sequence diversity among these wild mouse isolates helps define their relationships and origins and emphasizes the importance of recombination in their evolution.
Predicting admission at triage: are nurses better than a simple objective score?
Authors: Cameron Allan , Ireland Alastair J , McKay Gerard A , Stark Adam , Lowe David J 
Published: February 2016

AimWe compared two methods of predicting hospital admission from ED triage: probabilities estimated by triage nurses and probabilities calculated by the Glasgow Admission Prediction Score (GAPS).MethodsIn this single-centre prospective study, triage nurses estimated the probability of admission using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), and GAPS was generated automatically from triage data. We compared calibration using rank sum tests, discrimination using area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) and accuracy with McNemar's test.ResultsOf 1829 attendances, 745 (40.7%) were admitted, not significantly different from GAPS’ prediction of 750 (41.0%, p=0.678). In contrast, the nurses’ mean VAS predicted 865 admissions (47.3%), overestimating by 6.6% (p<0.0001). GAPS discriminated between admission and discharge as well as nurses, its AUC 0.876 compared with 0.875 for VAS (p=0.93). As a binary predictor, its accuracy was 80.6%, again comparable with VAS (79.0%), p=0.18. In the minority of attendances, when nurses felt at least 95% certain of the outcome, VAS’ accuracy was excellent, at 92.4%. However, in the remaining majority, GAPS significantly outperformed VAS on calibration (+1.2% vs +9.2%, p<0.0001), discrimination (AUC 0.810 vs 0.759, p=0.001) and accuracy (75.1% vs 68.9%, p=0.0009). When we used GAPS, but ‘over-ruled’ it when clinical certainty was ≥95%, this significantly outperformed either method, with AUC 0.891 (0.877–0.907) and accuracy 82.5% (80.7%–84.2%).ConclusionsGAPS, a simple clinical score, is a better predictor of admission than triage nurses, unless the nurse is sure about the outcome, in which case their clinical judgement should be respected.
The Recognition of STEMI by Paramedics and the Effect of Computer inTerpretation (RESPECT): a randomised crossover feasibility study
Authors: Pilbery Richard , Teare M Dawn , Goodacre Steve , Morris Francis 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundThe appropriate management of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) depends on accurate interpretation of the 12-lead ECG by paramedics. Computer interpretation messages on ECGs are often provided, but the effect they exert on paramedics' decision-making is not known. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using an online assessment tool, and collect pilot data, for a definitive trial to determine the effect of computer interpretation messages on paramedics' diagnosis of STEMI.MethodsThe Recognition of STEMI by Paramedics and the Effect of Computer inTerpretation (RESPECT) feasibility study was a randomised crossover trial using a bespoke, web-based assessment tool. Participants were randomly allocated 12 of 48 ECGs, with an equal mix of correct and incorrect computer interpretation messages, and STEMI and STEMI-mimics. The nature of the responses required a cross-classified multi-level model.Results254 paramedics consented into the study, 205 completing the first phase and 150 completing phase two. The adjusted OR for a correct paramedic interpretation, when the computer interpretation was correct (true positive for STEMI or true negative for STEMI-mimic), was 1.80 (95% CI 0.84 to 4.91) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.81) when the computer interpretation was incorrect (false positive for STEMI or false negative for STEMI-mimic). The intraclass correlation coefficient for correct computer interpretations was 0.33 for participants and 0.17 for ECGs, and for incorrect computer interpretations, 0.06 for participants and 0.01 for ECGs.ConclusionsDetermining the effect of computer interpretation messages using a web-based assessment tool is feasible, but the design needs to take clustered data into account. Pilot data suggest that computer messages influence paramedic interpretation, improving accuracy when correct and worsening accuracy when incorrect.
Anti–PD-1 Inhibitor–Related Pneumonitis in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Nishino Mizuki , Chambers Emily S. , Chong Curtis R. , Ramaiya Nikhil H. , Gray Stacy W. , Marcoux J. Paul , Hatabu Hiroto , Jänne Pasi A. , Hodi F. Stephen , Awad Mark M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The recent approval of two PD-1 inhibitors for the treatment of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has rapidly led to the widespread use of these agents in oncology practices. Pneumonitis has been recognized as a potentially life-threatening adverse event among NSCLC patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors; however, the detailed clinical and radiographic manifestations of this entity remain to be described. We report on two cases of anti–PD-1 pneumonitis in advanced NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab after its FDA approval. Both patients presented with ground-glass and reticular opacities and consolidations in a peripheral distribution on CT, demonstrating a radiographic pattern of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Consolidations were extensive and rapidly developed within 8 weeks of therapy in both cases. Both patients were treated with corticosteroids with subsequent improvement of respiratory symptoms and radiographic findings. One patient experienced recurrent pneumonitis after completing corticosteroid taper, or a “pneumonitis flare,” in the absence of nivolumab retreatment, with subsequent improvement upon corticosteroid readministration. With the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in a growing number of tumor types, awareness of the radiographic and clinical manifestations of PD-1 inhibitor–related pneumonitis will be critical for the prompt diagnosis and management of this potentially serious adverse event. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(4); 289–93. ©2016 AACR.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol With Statin Therapy
Authors: Ford Ian , Murray Heather , McCowan Colin , Packard Chris J. 
Published: February 2016

Background—
Extended follow-up of statin-based low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering trials improves the understanding of statin safety and efficacy. Examining cumulative cardiovascular events (total burden of disease) gives a better appreciation of the clinical value of statins. This article evaluates the long-term impact of therapy on mortality and cumulative morbidity in a high-risk cohort of men.

Methods and Results—

The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study was a primary prevention trial in 45- to 64-year-old men with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A total of 6595 men were randomized to receive pravastatin 40 mg once daily or placebo for an average of 4.9 years. Subsequent linkage to electronic health records permitted analysis of major incident events over 20 years. Post trial statin use was recorded for 5 years after the trial but not for the last 10 years. Men allocated to pravastatin had reduced all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.94;
P
=0.0007), attributable mainly to a 21% decrease in cardiovascular death (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–0.90;
P
=0.0004). There was no difference in noncardiovascular or cancer death rates between groups. Cumulative hospitalization event rates were lower in the statin-treated arm: by 18% for any coronary event (
P
=0.002), by 24% for myocardial infarction (
P
=0.01), and by 35% for heart failure (
P
=0.002). There were no significant differences between groups in hospitalization for noncardiovascular causes.

Conclusion—
Statin treatment for 5 years was associated with a legacy benefit, with improved survival and a substantial reduction in cardiovascular disease outcomes over a 20-year period, supporting the wider adoption of primary prevention strategies.