bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Turcam 76W and Myx910 on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2 gal water. At treatment time (19 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 77°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 18.0% sand, 44.4% silt, 37.6% clay; organic matter, 9.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 26.9%; water pH, 6—7; soil pH, 6.3; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 28 DAT (16 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Four Insecticides Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ethoprop (Mocap 10G), imidacloprid (Merit 75SP), isazophos (Triumph 4E), and isofenphos (Oftanol 2F) were applied on 18 Apr (Forsythia in early bloom) OR 2 May (Cornus ftorida in early "full bloom") to 7 × 7 ft plots, which were replicated 5 times in CRB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY consisting primarily of annual bluegrass (30-40%) and creeping bentgrass (60-70%) maintained at 0.5 inch mowing height. All materials were applied by hand. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied with watering cans, using 2 qt water per plot. All applications were made by applying ca. half of the material in one direction and then applying the remainder in the perpendicular direction. The entire test area received 0.25 inch irrigation ca. 1 h after application of the last material on each date. Soil pH was 6.3, water pH of water used for application was 6.2 on 18 April and 6.4 on 2 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 6 Jun by removing 12 cores (1.85 inch diam, 1.5 inch deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 25% early instars (lst-3rd), 25% 4th instar, and 50% 5th instar.
Field Insecticidal Trial Against Certain Pests of Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1994
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu B. K. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 20 May through 26 Sep in an existing, 4 year old ginger planting at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station (Hilo), HI. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 5 plants per replicate arranged in a RCB experimental design. Selected insecticides were applied at the following rates: Talstar T&O; 0.1 lb AI/100 gal, Pageant DF; 0.5 lb AI/100 gal, Marathon 1G; 0.4 lb Al/acre, Mavrik Aquaflow; 0.08 lb AI/100 gal combined with M-Pede 1855 ml AI/100 gal by volume. Foliar insecticides were applied biweekly beginning 14 Jun through 25 Jul for a total of four applications using a solo back pack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 276 KPa (702 liters/ha). A spreader sticker (Adhere, J. R. Simplot, Lanthrop, CA) was added to all foliar treatments including the control at a rate of 0.39 ml/liter solution. Marathon 1G was applied once, around and within the ginger stalks, and watered immediately after treatment. Treatment efficacy was determined by dissecting the flower bracts and terminal leaf sheath and observing for various insect pests. Flowers were considered infested if a single live (moving) insect was found. The three species of mealybugs and two ant species were each pooled for analysis. The percentages of infested flowers were transformed to arcsine square root and subjected to ANOVA. Back transformed means are presented.
Evaluation of Merit for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants in Commercial Grass Sod, 1994
Authors: Lockley Timothy C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were laid out in one acre squares (210’ × 210’) with three replicates each of treated and untreated check. Treatments of Merit 0.5G at 0.4 lb Al/acre were applied on 1 Aug utilizing a Herd GT-77 Seed Spreader (Herd Seed Co., Logansport, IN) mounted on a Ford tractor. A swath of 21 feet was assigned and the vehicle operated at 4.0 mph. RIFA population levels were assessed in 0.25 acre subplots in the center of each treatment plot immediately prior to and at 6 and 12 weeks post-treatment using a population indexing system (Lofgren and Williams, 1982. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:798-803). Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Tukey test.
Control of European Elm Scale and Elm Leaf Aphid with Soil Applied and Trunk Injected Systemic Insecticides, a two Year Evaluation, 1993-1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney , Cooper Dayna , Eckberg Thomas 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted along a parkway median located in Denver, CO on mature American elms, approximately 26 inches DBH. The site was regularly irrigated but some dieback in trees was present and some root disruption had occurred at the site within the previous two years. Plots consisted of single trees, arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. All Arbor,® trunk injections and Orthene 75S (acephate) soil injections were made 5 Jul, 1993. Soil injections of NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) were made 12 Jul, 1993. Trunk injections used Arbor,® capsules containing either 5 ml of NTN 33893 200SL (imidacloprid) or 4 ml of formulated Avid (abamectin) per injection site. Number of injection sites per tree were determined by placing capsules in the root flare at a rate of one per 6 inches of tree circumference at breast height. Soil injections were effected using a Kioritz® soil injector. Insecticides were diluted into a slurry at a concentration that allowed 1 fl oz to be introduced per injection hole. Injections were made at a rate of 2 per inch DBH, in a regularly distributed pattern within the drip line of the tree. During 1993, evaluations of European elm scale were made on 3 dates, using a different sampling method on each. During the 2 Aug evaluation, 2 terminals were clipped from each tree and the number of instar II nymphs present on 10 leaves/terminal were counted. A similar sample was taken 24 Aug, but data collected was of percent mortality. On the 30 Sep evaluation most nymphs had moved to twigs and data collected was based on counts of nymphs found on five (1%-inch) twig sections collected from each of 4 cardinal points/tree. Subsequent evaluations were made in 1994 on 2 dates. During 7-8 Jun twig samples were collected from each cardinal point. Scales on twigs and elm leaf aphid on foliage were counted at this time. An early fall evaluation was then made of scales of the 1994 generation that had returned to twigs in Sep. Elm leaf aphid evaluations were made 15 Jul, 2 Aug 1993 and 19 Jul 1994 by counting all aphids collected from 2 terminals/tree.
Control of Hackberry Nipplegall Maker and Blistergall Psyllid, 1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted on field grown hackberry trees, approximately 12-ft in height, at a nursery in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of individual trees, separated by untreated trees, arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. All treatments were applied 25 May 1994. Soil applications involved use of a Kioritz® soil injector delivering 1 fl oz of insecticide diluted with water in each of 4 injection holes/plant. Foliar applications were made using a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Trunk band applications of Bay NTN 33893 95RTU (imidacloprid) were made by painting a 6 inch wide band on the trunk of the trees using a disposable paintbrush. Evaluations were made 1 Jul and 15 Aug by counting galls on 5 leaves collected randomly from each of 4 cardinal points on the tree.
Control of Spruce Spider Mite on Colorado Blue Spruce, Ft. Collins, Co, 1993
Authors: Cooper Dayna , Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted at a non irrigated planting of Colorado blue spruce, ranging 7 to 10 feet in height. Plots consisted of single trees, approximately 8-ft, and the experiment was arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Orthene treatments were applied 3 Jul using a Kioritz soil injector delivering 1 fl oz of diluted insecticide into each injection hole. Number of injections and total amount applied was based on tree size with 2 injections made per inch at DBH. The predatory mite Mesoseiulus longipes was released at the same time at rates of either 250 or 500 mites per tree. Applications of Chipco Sevimol were foliarly applied. Evaluations were made by beating 4 branches, one from each cardinal point, and collecting the mites on a plastic tray which was then rinsed with 95% ethanol and returned to the lab for evaluation.
Apple, Comparison of Schedules Against OBLR, 1994
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in two orchards. In the LaMont orchard the ‘Tdared’ trees were ca. 12 years old, 12 ft high, and planted 12 by 30 ft apart. In the Brown orchard the ‘Tdared’ trees were ca. 13 ft high and planted 15 by 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard. Two control schedules were compared: An early schedule in which the first spray was applied at the estimated first egg hatch, followed by two more protective sprays, and a standard schedule in which the first spray was applied at 640 DD (base temperature = 50°F) after the first male flight followed by a second protective spray. Sprays were applied in 100 gpa of water except for the last sprays in the LaMont orchard, which were applied in 200 gpa of water. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals from each of five randomly selected trees per plot for live larvae on 12-14 Jul and 2 Aug. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated on 19-22 Aug by sampling 100-150 apples from each of 5 randomly selected trees per plot. Apples were also examined at harvest and classified in USDA grades of Fancy, #1, and culls to evaluate the severity of damage.
Bioassay, Bacillus Thuringiensis Applied in Different Amounts of Water, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Using a leaf-disk bioassay, B. thuringiensis products applied in different amts of water per acre were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae. B. thuringiensis products were applied to 10-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ (Oregon Spur II) on seedling roots that had not been sprayed with conventional insecticides while leaves were present. Treatments were applied at their recommended field rates (see table), carried in water of 400, 100 and 50 gal/acre (gpa), using a conventional speed sprayer operating at 200 psi. Each treatment was replicated three times with four trees in each. Leaves were collected from the interior canopy of treated trees at 1, 3 and 7 d after treatment. One punch (2.3 cm diameter) was taken from each of 20 leaves per treatment on each date. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were set up in each replicate (75 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Tests of Dipel and Myd-0837 on Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The B. thuringiensis insecticide, Dipel, and a related experimental B. thuringiensis, MYD-0837, were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 u.1) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photopervod. Petri dishes were examined after 3 and 7 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Beauveria Bassiana, Bacillus Thuringiensis, and a Feeding Stimulant on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis-L), two B. thuringiensis products (Dipel and Troy Bt), and a feeding stimulant (Konsume) combined with a B. thuringiensis product were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. The Konsume treatments received a constant 1X rate of Dipel and 4X-0.25X rates of Konsume. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Beauveria Bassiana, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Using a leaf-disk bioassay, two formulations of Biobit Bt (liquid and dry); an experimental B. thuringiensis product, XPL-012 (Novo Nordisk Entotech, Inc.); and Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis-L) were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 15 Sep at the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 6 and 8 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Evaluation of Thuricide 48Lv Against Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Reared on Various Host Plants, Laboratory Bioassay, 1992
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted to determine the relative susceptibility of different larval stages of Douglas-fir tussock moth to the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide Thuricide 48LV. Cultures were established from egg masses collected near Vail, CO and larvae were maintained on either white fir, Douglas-fir, or blue spruce foliage. Once larvae were started on a particular host plant, they were fed only that type of food. They were maintained with fresh foliage as needed, and transferred to clean petri dishes when food was changed. Instar II-IV was used for bioassay and were divided into groups of 10, with ten replications for each food type. Foliage was dipped in a 1:400 dilution of Thuricide 48LV, allowed to air dry and subsequently fed to larvae. Mortality was assessed at various intervals between 48 and 213 hours after initial exposure.
Test of Registered and Experimental Compounds Against Western Tentiform Leafminer, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The test was conducted in a commercial orchard near Mattawa, WA. The trees were second leaf ‘Delicious’ planted in double rows with crabapple pollenizers. There were guard rows between rows containing treated trees, and at least three untreated trees between each plot. Each plot consisted of 4 trees, and a composite sample of 20 leaves (5 leaves per tree) was taken from each plot on each count date. The number of mines per leaf was evaluated by classifying them as sap-feeder, tissue-feeder or emerged mines. All mines on five leaves per plot were dissected to determine status of the leafminer. The experimental design was a RCB with nine treatments and four replicates. Plots were blocked on the basis of the pre-treatment count (total mines/leaf). Treatments were applied on 22 Jun with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi.
Spanworm Control, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Materials were applied on 31 May for middle instar BS larval control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Columbia, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a RCBD with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 75% loose cluster and 25% bloom. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot. The larvae were counted and trRn released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test; 0.45 inches of rain were recorded on 1 Jun.
Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products in Summer, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were 2-yr-old ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was ditch irrigated. Treatments were applied on 6 and 17 Jul to five-tree plots replicated five times using a RCBD. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 29 Jul. Each tree was examined and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded.
At Planting and Foliar Insecticides to Control Insects on Snap Beans, 1994
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Snap beans were planted on 11 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft rows planted on 3 ft row spacing and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. An untreated guard row separated each plot. Payload 15G treatments were applied pre planting in furrow using a hand-held shaker. Foliar sprays were applied with a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of nymph and adult thrips on 10 trifoliate leaves/plot on the dates indicated in the table. The leaves were washed in soapy water, filtered through a Buchner funnel, and the thrips counted under a binocular dissecting microscope. A visual count of the number of PLH nymphs on 10 trifoliate leaves/plot was taken on 6 Jul. The first foliar sprays were applied on 8 Jun at prebloom and subsequent sprays were applied based on increasing thrips counts on the dates indicated in the table. When the Payload treatments required a foliar spray, they were treated with Orthene 75S at 0.50 lb (AI)/acre.
Bean Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments consisted of double rows (25 ft) with 4 replications. We planted the cultivar ‘Tenderlake’ since previous research data indicate a susceptibility to TPB pod-feeding. In this cultivar, feeding marks on the pods from TPB become noticeably necrotic rather than remaining as only slight pin pricks that occur with more resistant types. Two buffer rows were located between treatments with a 20 ft alley separating replications. Payload granules were applied in the furrow at planting at the rate of 1 lb Al/acre on 23 Jun. An additional Orthene spray was applied to that plot on 9 Aug when foliage counts on 3 Aug indicated that the Payload granules did not control PLH. Spray applications were applied with a tractor-mounted two-row boom powered by CO2 utilizing 40 lbs PSI with 60 gal of water/acre. PLH was evaluated by examining 25 or 50 trifoliate leaves/treatment/replication for nymphs. Bean pods were evaluated for TPB damage and yield on 23 Aug. Yields were based on 25 plants taken at random from each replication in all four treatments. Damage was based on a 1 lb pod sample taken from each of 25 plants/replication. We counted only heavy damage where distinct necrotic feeding probes and/or distorted pods were observed.
Control of Insects on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Foster R. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were planted 24 May at the O’Neall Memorial Farm, Lafayette, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 5 ft apart, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips delivering 19 gpa at 32 psi. Sprays were applied on 21 Jun, 11 and 20 Jul. Insects were counted on 5 whole plants in each plot. Results are presented as the average number of insects per 5 plants. Cabbages (20 per plot) were harvested and yield data recorded on 25 Jul.