bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triarylmethyl Radical: EPR Signal to Noise at Frequencies between 250 MHz and 1.5 GHz and Dependence of Relaxation on Radical and Salt Concentration and on Frequency
Authors: Shi Yilin , Quine Richard W. , Rinard George A. , Buchanan Laura , Eaton Sandra S. , Eaton Gareth R. , Epel Boris , Seagle Simone Wanless , Halpern Howard J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In vivo oximetry by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance is based on measurements of changes in electron spin relaxation rates of probe molecules, such as the triarylmethyl radicals. A series of experiments was performed at frequencies between 250 MHz and 1.5 GHz to assist in the selection of an optimum frequency for oximetry. Electron spin relaxation rates for the triarylmethyl radical OX063 as a function of radical concentration, salt concentration, and resonance frequency were measured by electron spin echo 2-pulse decay and 3-pulse inversion recovery in the frequency range of 250 MHz–1.5 GHz. At constant OX063 concentration, 1/T1 decreases with increasing frequency because the tumbling dependent processes that dominate relaxation at 250 MHz are less effective at higher frequency. 1/T2 also decreases with increasing frequency because 1/T1 is a significant contribution to 1/T2 for trityl radicals in fluid solution. 1/T2–1/T1, the incomplete motional averaging contribution to 1/T2, increases with increasing frequency. At constant frequency, relaxation rates increase with increasing radical concentration due to contributions from collisions that are more effective for 1/T2 than 1/T1. The collisional contribution to relaxation increases as the concentration of counter-ions in solution increases, which is attributed to interactions of cations with the negatively charged radicals that decrease repulsion between trityl radicals. The Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) of field-swept echo-detected spectra of OX063 were measured in the frequency range of 400 MHz–1 GHz. S/N values, normalized by √Q, increase as frequency increases. Adding salt to the radical solution decreased S/N because salt lowers the resonator Q. Changing the temperature from 19 to 37°C caused little change in S/N at 700 MHz. Both slower relaxation rates and higher S/N at higher frequencies are advantageous for oximetry. The potential disadvantage of higher frequencies is the decreased depth of penetration into tissue.
A High-ResolutionIn VivoAtlas of the Human Brain's Serotonin System
Authors: Beliveau Vincent , Ganz Melanie , Feng Ling , Ozenne Brice , Højgaard Liselotte , Fisher Patrick M. , Svarer Claus , Greve Douglas N. , Knudsen Gitte M. 
Published: November 2016

The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system modulates many important brain functions and is critically involved in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we present a high-resolution, multidimensional,in vivoatlas of four of the human brain's 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT4) and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT). The atlas is created from molecular and structural high-resolution neuroimaging data consisting of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans acquired in a total of 210 healthy individuals. Comparison of the regional PET binding measures with postmortem human brain autoradiography outcomes showed a high correlation for the five 5-HT targets and this enabled us to transform the atlas to represent protein densities (in picomoles per milliliter). We also assessed the regional association between protein concentration and mRNA expression in the human brain by comparing the 5-HT density across the atlas with data from the Allen Human Brain atlas and identified receptor- and transporter-specific associations that show the regional relation between the two measures. Together, these data provide unparalleled insight into the serotonin system of the human brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe present a high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET)- and magnetic resonance imaging-based human brain atlas of important serotonin receptors and the transporter. The regional PET-derived binding measures correlate strongly with the corresponding autoradiography protein levels. The strong correlation enables the transformation of the PET-derived human brain atlas into a protein density map of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system. Next, we compared the regional receptor/transporter protein densities with mRNA levels and uncovered unique associations between protein expression and density at high detail. This newin vivoneuroimaging atlas of the 5-HT system not only provides insight in the human brain's regional protein synthesis, transport, and density, but also represents a valuable source of information for the neuroscience community as a comparative instrument to assess brain disorders.
Coenzyme Q deficiency causes impairment of the sulfide oxidation pathway
Authors: Ziosi Marcello , Di Meo Ivano , Kleiner Giulio , Gao Xing‐Huang , Barca Emanuele , Sanchez‐Quintero Maria J , Tadesse Saba , Jiang Hongfeng , Qiao Changhong , Rodenburg Richard J , Scalais Emmanuel , Schuelke Markus , Willard Belinda , Hatzoglou Maria , Tiranti Valeria , Quinzii Catarina M 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCoenzyme Q (CoQ) is an electron acceptor for sulfide‐quinone reductase (SQR), the first enzyme of the hydrogen sulfide oxidation pathway. Here, we show that lack of CoQ in human skin fibroblasts causes impairment of hydrogen sulfide oxidation, proportional to the residual levels of CoQ. Biochemical and molecular abnormalities are rescued by CoQ supplementation in vitro and recapitulated by pharmacological inhibition of CoQ biosynthesis in skin fibroblasts and ADCK3 depletion in HeLa cells. Kidneys of Pdss2kd/kd mice, which only have ~15% residual CoQ concentrations and are clinically affected, showed (i) reduced protein levels of SQR and downstream enzymes, (ii) accumulation of hydrogen sulfides, and (iii) glutathione depletion. These abnormalities were not present in brain, which maintains ~30% residual CoQ and is clinically unaffected. In Pdss2kd/kd mice, we also observed low levels of plasma and urine thiosulfate and increased blood C4‐C6 acylcarnitines. We propose that impairment of the sulfide oxidation pathway induced by decreased levels of CoQ causes accumulation of sulfides and consequent inhibition of short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and glutathione depletion, which contributes to increased oxidative stress and kidney failure.
Clinical outcomes of a cohort of patients with central nervous system metastases from thyroid cancer
Authors: Simões-Pereira Joana , Macedo Daniel , Bugalho Maria João 
Published: November 2016

Introduction
Metastases to central nervous system (M1-CNS) are rarely reported in thyroid cancer (TC) patients. We aimed to characterize patients with M1-CNS from TC followed in our department.

Methods
Review of the medical records of 27 patients with TC-related M1-CNS.

Results
Mean age at TC diagnosis was 56.9 ± 19.1 years. Papillary TC (55.6%) was the commonest histological type, followed by poorly differentiated (18.5%), medullary (11.1%), follicular (7.4%) and Hürthle cell (7.4%) carcinomas. Angioinvasion and extrathyroidal extension were observed in a high number of patients. At M1-CNS diagnosis, other distant metastases were already present in 77.8% of the patients. Treatment directed to M1-CNS was offered to 20 (74%) patients: 1 was submitted to surgery, 18 to radiotherapy (either whole-brain radiotherapy or stereotaxic radiosurgery or both) and 4 to surgery and radiotherapy. Four patients received cytotoxic chemotherapy and one was submitted to 131I. Median survival since M1-CNS detection was 5.0 months. The only factor associated with better survival was surgery to brain metastases (P = 0.012).

Conclusions
The management of these patients is very challenging given the inexistence of effective treatments, except for brain surgery in selected cases.
Screening in Primary Care: What Is the Best Way to Identify At-Risk Youth for Substance Use?
Authors: D’Amico Elizabeth J. , Parast Layla , Meredith Lisa S. , Ewing Brett A. , Shadel William G. , Stein Bradley D. 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:
It is important to improve primary care providers’ capability to identify youth at risk for alcohol and other drug use. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria to compare screeners for youth for both alcohol and marijuana, given that these are the most frequently used substances by this age group.

METHODS:
We compared the psychometric performance of 4 screeners: the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Screening Guide (NIAAA SG), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Car–Relax–Alone–Forget–Family and Friends–Trouble (CRAFFT) screener, and the Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire Problem Severity Scale (PESQ-PS) in identifying alcohol and marijuana use outcomes. Youth age 12 through 18 (N = 1573; 27% black, 51% Hispanic) were screened with the NIAAA SG, followed by a Web survey that included the other screeners and outcomes.

RESULTS:
Sensitivity for alcohol outcomes indicated that the NIAAA SG (0.87) did not perform as well as the CRAFFT (0.97) or PESQ-PS (0.97) screeners but performed better than the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (0.70). The pattern for sensitivity across screeners for marijuana outcomes was similar.

CONCLUSIONS:
An important tradeoff in primary care settings is precision versus practicality. Because of brevity and focus on frequency of drinking, the NIAAA SG offers ease of administration and is good at identifying youth with probably problematic drinking levels. The PESQ-PS and the CRAFFT correctly identify more at-risk youth for alcohol and marijuana than the NIAAA SG. Future work is needed to elucidate how to efficiently and accurately identify at-risk youth in the primary care setting, including determining the best cutoff points to use to increase sensitivity.
Frequency of occurrence of urticaria after the administration of atracurium
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Jain Anil Kumar , Gupta Sanjeev 
Published: November 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Atracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent generally used for short and intermediate duration surgical procedures. Atracurium may cause urticaria due to direct, non-immunological release of histamine from mast cells.Though cutaneous changes due to histamine release by atracurium have been reported in various studies these changes were not clinically evaluated by dermatologists. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of occurrence of urticaria after the administration of atracurium in the conventional dose schedule. Haemodynamic changes in pulse rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were also evaluated.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 60 patients aged 12 years and above, undergoing various elective surgical procedures were enrolled in the study. Atracurium was administered in a dose of 0.6 mg/kg body weight after induction. Cutaneous changes if any including erythema and urticarial weals were observed during the intraoperative phase and images recorded for further evaluation by the investigators including dermatologists. Baseline values of pulse rate and MAP as well as values 1 min, 3 min and 5 min after the administration of atracurium were recorded.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> None of the patients developed urticarial weals after the administration of atracurium. Five patients (8.33%) developed erythema during the intraoperative period. Changes in pulse rate and MAP were found to be significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Atracurium in conventional dosage is not associated with urticaria. Haemodynamic changes after the administration of atracurium are significant. </p>
Narrow‐ (3.0 mm) Versus Standard‐Diameter (4.0 and 4.5 mm) Implants for Splinted Partial Fixed Restoration of Posterior Mandibular and Maxillary Jaws: A 5‐Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Pieri Francesco , Forlivesi Caterina , Caselli Ernesto , Corinaldesi Giuseppe 
Published: November 2016

Background: Evidence concerning predictability of narrow‐diameter implants (NDIs) (<3.3 mm) to restore partially edentulous posterior maxillary and mandibular areas is limited. The aim of this study is to compare the 5‐year outcomes of NDIs (3.0 mm) and standard‐diameter implants (SDIs) (4.0 to 4.5 mm) supporting fixed partial dentures (FPDs) in posterior mandibular and maxillary jaws.Methods: All patients treated with at least two adjacent NDIs or SDIs according to available bone thickness and with a minimum follow‐up of 5 years after placement were invited to undergo a clinical and radiologic examination. Outcome measures were implant and FPD failures, biologic and prosthetic complications, and marginal bone loss.Results: A total of 107 out of 127 patients attended the examination: 49 (113 implants) of the NDI group, and 58 (126 implants) of the SDI group. Two NDIs failed in one patient versus four SDIs in four patients (P = 0.37). One FPD failed in the NDI group versus two FPDs in the SDI group (P >0.99). Nine biologic complications occurred in the NDI group and twelve in the SDI group (P = 0.81). Twelve prosthetic complications occurred in the NDI group and only two in the SDI group (P = 0.001). Peri‐implant marginal bone loss at 5 years was 0.95 ± 0.84 mm for the NDI group and 1.2 ± 0.86 mm for the SDI group (P = 0.06).Conclusion: Five‐year data indicate that FPD treatment in posterior mandibular and maxillary jaws with NDIs was as reliable as with SDIs, although NDIs showed a higher risk of prosthetic complications.
Fluvastatin Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation and Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Alveolar Bone Erosion in Mice
Authors: Pokhrel Nitin Kumar , Kim Yong‐Gun , Kim Jae‐Young , Kim Hong‐Hee , Lee Youngkyun 
Published: November 2016

Background: Statins have been widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia. In addition to inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, recent reports suggest a bone anabolic property of statins. However, little notice has been paid to the direct effect of statins on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.Methods: The effect of fluvastatin on osteoclast differentiation was determined using in vitro culture of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in the presence of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL). The role of fluvastatin on bone erosion was examined in the Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced alveolar bone loss model in mice.Results: Fluvastatin significantly inhibited both RANKL‐ and LPS‐induced osteoclast differentiation in mouse BMMs. Fluvastatin also markedly reduced expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes Acp5, Calcr, and Ctsk as well as fusion markers Atp6v0d2 and Dcstamp. These were accompanied by decreased expression of c‐Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 transcription factors. Fluvastatin reduced generation of reactive oxygen species upon the addition of RANKL and LPS, suggesting an antioxidant role. Finally, administration of fluvastatin in mice conspicuously reduced Pg LPS‐induced osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone erosion in vivo.Conclusion: Combined, these results suggest fluvastatin directly inhibited osteoclastogenesis and efficiently blocked bone erosion.
Learning in educational computer games for novices: The impact of support provision types on virtual presence, cognitive load, and learning outcomes
Authors: Schrader Claudia , Bastiaens Theo 
Published: November 2016

Embedding support devices in educational computer games has been asserted to positively affect learning outcomes. However, there is only limited direct empirical evidence on which design variations of support provision influence learning. In order to better understand the impact of support design on novices’ learning, the current study investigates how support devices and their type of provision (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) determine games’ effectiveness on learning outcomes. This effectiveness is also related to how the design-type of provision influences learners’ virtual presence and cognitive load. Compared to an educational adventure game without additional support, the results indicate that the game equipped with support devices enhances learning outcomes, although no differences in cognitive load were found. A variation in the design of provision shows no effect. In order to gain a more thorough understanding of support devices and their design for games, additional learner characteristics (e.g., interest) should be considered in future research.<p style="text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px;"> </p>
Open access scholarly publications as OER
Authors: Anderson Terry 
Published: November 2016

<p>This article presents the rationale, common practices, challenges, and some personal anecdotes from a journal editor on the production, use, and re-use of peer-reviewed, scholarly articles as open educational resources (OER). The scholarly and professional discourse related to open educational resources has largely focused on open learning objects, courseware, and textbooks. However, especially in graduate education, articles published in scholarly journals are often a major component of the course content in formal education. In addition, open access journal articles are critical to expanding access to knowledge by scholars in the developing world and in fostering citizen science, by which everyone has access to the latest academic information and research results. In this article, I highlight some of the challenges, economic models, and evidence for quality of open access journal content and look at new affordances provided by the Net for enhanced functionality, access, and distribution.</p><p> </p><p>In the seventeen years since I graduated with a doctorate degree, the climate and acceptance of open access publishing has almost reversed itself. I recall a conversation with my PhD supervisor in which he argued that publishing online was not a viable option as the product would not have permanency, scholarly recognition, or the prestige of a paper publication. His comments reflect the confusion between online resources and those described as open access, but as well illustrate the change in academic acceptance and use of open access products during the past decade. The evolution from paper to online production and consumption is a disruptive technology in which much lower cost and increased accessibility of online work opens the product to a completely new group of potential users. In the case of OER these consumers are primarily students, but certainly access to scholars from all parts of the globe and the availability to support citizen science (Silvertown, 2009) should not be underestimated.</p>
Solubility and Inhibition Efficiency of Phosphonate Scale Inhibitor_Calcium_Magnesium Complexes for Application in a Precipitation-Squeeze Treatment
Authors: Valiakhmetova A.. , Sorbie K. S. , Boak L. S. , Shaw S. S. 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Scale-inhibitor (SI) squeeze treatments are applied extensively for controlling scale formation during oil and gas production. The current research involves phosphonate/metal precipitate studies in the context of precipitation-squeeze treatments. The main focus here is on the precipitation and solubility behavior of the SI_calcium (Ca)_magnesium (Mg) complexes of HEDP (a diphosphonate), DETPMP (a pentaphosphonate), and OMTHP (a hexaphosphonate); these mixed phosphonate/divalent precipitates are denoted as SI_Can1_Mgn2, where n1 and n2 are the stoichiometric ratios of Ca and Mg to SI, respectively.
Precipitation experiments with SI_Can1_Mgn2 species were carried out over a temperature range of 20 to 95°C, while varying the Mg/Ca molar ratio over a wide range from all Ca to all Mg. These precipitates were formed in MgCl2·6H2O/CaCl2·6H2O brine solutions with appropriate molar ratios of metals, then separated from the supernatant by filtration. Subsequently, the solubility of the collected precipitate was found in a solution of the same Mg/Ca molar composition from which it was prepared. In this type of experiment, the solubility of the SI_Can1_Mgn2 precipitate without any respeciation is determined. In addition, another type of solubility experiment was carried out for a precipitate formed in a brine with one fixed Mg/Ca ratio; this was subsequently placed into a solution with different Mg/Ca compositions (from all Ca to all Mg). In these experiments, respeciation of the precipitate may occur.
We have been able to establish the solubility (Cs) of the precipitates of three SIs (HEDP, OMTHP, and DETPMP) as a function of both temperature and Mg/Ca molar ratio. It has been shown that the solubility of precipitate is in equilibrium with Mg and Ca concentrations in solution, and any change of these parameters leads to solubility variation. All phosphonate/metal precipitates become less soluble with increasing temperature and much more soluble with an increasing proportion of Mg. We have found that any change in Mg/Ca ratio of brine does lead to a redistribution of Ca, Mg, and SI concentrations in a given precipitate and bulk solution, and, hence, leads to some variation in the precipitate solubility.
Additionally, the inhibition efficiency (IE) of precipitated and then redissolved HEDP, OMTHP, and DETPMP SIs was tested and compared with the IE of industrial stock products. We show that, unlike polymeric SI precipitates, the inhibition activity of phosphonate SIs does not depend significantly on the precipitation process, and the IE of precipitated and redissolved SI_Ca and SI_Ca_Mg complexes is very close to that of the industrial stock solutions. These results can be used directly for modeling phosphonate precipitation-squeeze treatments, and the significance of these results for field applications is explained.
The Dynamics of Spatial Structure and Spatial Pattern Changes at the Fringe Area of Makassar City
Authors: Surya Batara 
Published: November 2016

The study is conducted at the fringe area of Makassar City by analyzing dynamics of spatial structure and spatial pattern changes at the fringe area of Makassar City. It applies quantitative and qualitative approaches (mixed method). Data is acquired from some sources and informants living at the fringe area of Makassar City. Spatial utilization shift and development of transport infrastructure, especially for main road corridor connecting down town of Makassar City and fringe area, affect significantly spatial structure and spatial pattern changes at the fringe area of Makassar City. Dynamics of spatial structure and spatial pattern changes contributes changes of resident mobility; while, development tendency of the existing spatial and land use is no longer determined based on productivity, but it is valued by functions of space and land at the fringe are of Makassar City.