bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conscientious Objection, Complicity in Wrongdoing, and a Not-So-Moderate Approach
Authors: MINERVA FRANCESCA 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:This article analyzes the problem of complicity in wrongdoing in the case of healthcare practitioners (and in particular Roman Catholic ones) who refuse to perform abortions, but who are nonetheless required to facilitate abortions by informing their patients about this option and by referring them to a willing colleague. Although this solution is widely supported in the literature and is also widely represented in much legislation, the argument here is that it fails to both (1) safeguard the well-being of the patients, and (2) protect the moral integrity of healthcare practitioners. Finally, the article proposes a new solution to this problem that is based on a desirable ratio of conscientious objectors to non-conscientious objectors in a hospital or in a given geographic area.
How to Allow Conscientious Objection in Medicine While Protecting Patient Rights
Authors: ANCELL AARON , SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG WALTER 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:Paradigmatic cases of conscientious objection in medicine are those in which a physician refuses to provide a medical service or good because doing so would conflict with that physician’s personal moral or religious beliefs. Should such refusals be allowed in medicine? We argue that (1) many conscientious objections to providing certain services must be allowed because they fall within the range of freedom that physicians have to determine which services to offer in their practices; (2) at least some conscientious objections to serving particular groups of patients should be allowed because they are not invidiously discriminatory; and (3) even in cases of invidiously discriminatory conscientious objections, legally prohibiting individual physicians from refusing to serve patients on the basis of such objections is not always the best solution.
Refusing to Treat Sexual Dysfunction in Sex Offenders
Authors: DOUGLAS THOMAS 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:This article examines one kind of conscientious refusal: the refusal of healthcare professionals to treat sexual dysfunction in individuals with a history of sexual offending. According to what I call the orthodoxy, such refusal is invariably impermissible, whereas at least one other kind of conscientious refusal—refusal to offer abortion services—is not. I seek to put pressure on the orthodoxy by (1) motivating the view that either both kinds of conscientious refusal are permissible or neither is, and (2) critiquing two attempts to buttress it.
Zur Bedeutung und Erfassung konstruktiver Kommunikationsmuster bei Elternpaaren
Authors: Kröger Christine , Schulz Wolfgang , Hahlweg Kurt 
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Aufgrund der Bedeutung der elterlichen Paarbeziehung für die Entwicklung von Kindern ist es sinnvoll, diese in kindbezogenen Therapiesettings diagnostisch einzuschätzen. Mit der Skala Konstruktive Kommunikation des Fragebogens zur Erfassung partnerschaftlicher Kommunikationsmuster (FPK-KoKom) wird ein entsprechendes Screeninginstrument vorgestellt. Methode: Anhand einer Stichprobe von 201 Elternpaaren wird die Reliabilität und Validität des FPK-KoKom untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die interne Konsistenz ist mit α = .84/.85 (Mütter/Väter) gut. Die Konstruktvalidität wurde durch signifikante erwartungskonforme Zusammenhänge zu relevanten Fragebögen (z. B. Partnerschaftsqualität, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder) bestätigt. Im Rahmen einer Diskriminanzanalyse sagen die FPK-KoKom-Items der Mütter signifikant den Beziehungsstatus über einen 10-Jahreszeitraum voraus. Schlussfolgerungen: Der FPK-KoKom ist ein ökonomisches, reliables und valides Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument, das in Forschung und Praxis bei Eltern eingesetzt werden kann.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsing after first-line pediatric-inspired therapy: a retrospective GRAALL study
Authors: Desjonquères A , Chevallier P , Thomas X , Huguet F , Leguay T , Bernard M , Bay J-O , Tavernier E , Charbonnier A , Isnard F , Hunault M , Turlure P , Renaud M , Bastié J-N , Himberlin C , Lepretre S , Lioure B , Lhéritier V , Asnafi V , Beldjord K , Lafage-Pochitaloff M , Béné M C , Ifrah N , Dombret H ,   on behalf of the French Group for Research in Adult ALL (GRAALL)
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe outcome of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph− ALL) relapsing after pediatric-inspired front-line therapy is ill known. Here 229 relapsing Ph− ALL younger adults (18–63 years) treated within the Group for Research on Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (GRAALL)-2003/-2005 trials were considered. Salvage regimens consisted of potentially curative therapies in 194 cases, low-intensity therapies in 21, allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) in 6 and best supportive care in 8. Overall, 77 patients received allo-SCT after relapse. The median follow-up was 3.1 years. A second complete remission (CR2) was achieved in 121 patients (53%). In multivariate analysis, only younger age <45 years (P=0.008) and CR1 duration ⩾18 months (P=0.009) predicted CR2. Overall survival (OS) at 2 and 5 years was 19.3% (14–24%) and 13.3% (8–18%), respectively. In CR2 patients, disease-free survival (DFS) at 2 and 5 years was 29.0% (21–38%) and 25% (17–33%). In multivariate analysis, CR1 duration ⩾18 months and allo-SCT after relapse were associated with longer DFS (P<0.009 andP=0.004, respectively) and longer OS (P=0.004 andP<0.0001, respectively). In conclusion, although younger adults relapsing after pediatric-inspired ALL therapies retain a poor outcome, some of them may be cured if CR1 duration ⩾18 months and if allo-SCT can be performed in CR2. New therapies are definitely needed for these patients.
Molecular insights into a dinoflagellate bloom
Authors: Gong Weida , Browne Jamie , Hall Nathan , Schruth David , Paerl Hans , Marchetti Adrian 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In coastal waters worldwide, an increase in frequency and intensity of algal blooms has been attributed to eutrophication, with further increases predicted because of climate change. Yet, the cellular-level changes that occur in blooming algae remain largely unknown. Comparative metatranscriptomics was used to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with a dinoflagellate bloom in a eutrophied estuary. Here we show that under bloom conditions, there is increased expression of metabolic pathways indicative of rapidly growing cells, including energy production, carbon metabolism, transporters and synthesis of cellular membrane components. In addition, there is a prominence of highly expressed genes involved in the synthesis of membrane-associated molecules, including those for the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which may serve roles in nutrient acquisition and/or cell surface adhesion. Biotin and thiamine synthesis genes also increased expression along with several cobalamin biosynthesis-associated genes, suggesting processing of B12 intermediates by dinoflagellates. The patterns in gene expression observed are consistent with bloom-forming dinoflagellates eliciting a cellular response to elevated nutrient demands and to promote interactions with their surrounding bacterial consortia, possibly in an effort to cultivate for enhancement of vitamin and nutrient exchanges and/or direct consumption. Our findings provide potential molecular targets for bloom characterization and management efforts.
Environmental fluctuations and host skin bacteria shift survival advantage between frogs and their fungal pathogen
Authors: Longo Ana V , Zamudio Kelly R 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Fluctuating environments can modulate host–pathogen interactions by providing a temporary advantage to one of the interacting organisms. However, we know very little about how environmental conditions facilitate beneficial interactions between hosts and their microbial communities, resulting in individual persistence with a particular pathogen. Here, we experimentally infected Eleutherodactylus coqui frogs with the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) under environmental conditions known to confer the survival advantage to the host during the warm-wet season, or alternatively to the pathogen during the cool-dry season. We used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to quantify changes in bacterial richness and phylogenetic diversity, and identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that became overrepresented or suppressed as a consequence of Bd infection. During the warm-wet season, frogs limited Bd infections, recruited putatively beneficial bacteria and returned to pre-infection levels of richness and phylogenetic diversity. In contrast, during the cool-dry season, Bd infections kept increasing through time, and bacterial diversity remained constant. Our findings confirm that infection outcome not only depends on abiotic factors, but also on biotic interactions between hosts and their associated bacterial communities.
A family of interaction-adjusted indices of community similarity
Authors: Schmidt Thomas Sebastian Benedikt , Matias Rodrigues João Frederico , von Mering Christian 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Interactions between taxa are essential drivers of ecological community structure and dynamics, but they are not taken into account by traditional indices of β diversity. In this study, we propose a novel family of indices that quantify community similarity in the context of taxa interaction networks. Using publicly available datasets, we assessed the performance of two specific indices that are Taxa INteraction-Adjusted (TINA, based on taxa co-occurrence networks), and Phylogenetic INteraction-Adjusted (PINA, based on phylogenetic similarities). TINA and PINA outperformed traditional indices when partitioning human-associated microbial communities according to habitat, even for extremely downsampled datasets, and when organising ocean micro-eukaryotic plankton diversity according to geographical and physicochemical gradients. We argue that interaction-adjusted indices capture novel aspects of diversity outside the scope of traditional approaches, highlighting the biological significance of ecological association networks in the interpretation of community similarity.
Warming and nutrient enrichment in combination increase stochasticity and beta diversity of bacterioplankton assemblages across freshwater mesocosms
Authors: Ren Lijuan , He Dan , Chen Zhen , Jeppesen Erik , Lauridsen Torben L , Søndergaard Martin , Liu Zhengwen , Wu Qinglong L 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The current climate warming and eutrophication are known to interactively threaten freshwater biodiversity; however, the interactive effects on lacustrine bacterioplankton diversity remain to be determined. Here, we analyzed the spring bacterioplankton community composition (BCC) in 24 outdoor, flow-through mesocosms (mimicking shallow lake environments) under 3 temperature scenarios and 2 nutrient regimes. Our results revealed that neither long-term warming (8.5 years) nor nutrient enrichment had significant effects on bacterioplankton alpha diversity, whereas long-term enhanced warming (elevated 50% above the IPCC A2 climate scenario) and nutrient enrichment in combination increased bacterioplankton beta diversity. We also found that BCC shifted significantly under enhanced warming and nutrient-enriched conditions towards decreased relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria, whereas the percentages of Cyanobacteria, total rare phyla and unclassified phyla significantly increased. Null-model tests indicated that deterministic processes played a more important role than stochastic processes in determining BCC. However, the relative importance of stochasticity, primarily ecological drift, was enhanced and contributed to the increased beta diversity of BCC under enhanced warming and nutrient-enriched conditions. Overall, our study suggests that the synergetic effects of warming and nutrient enrichment may result in high variability in the composition of bacterioplankton communities in lacustrine water bodies.
Identification of the fitness determinants of budding yeast on a natural substrate
Authors: Filteau Marie , Charron Guillaume , Landry Christian R 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The budding yeasts are prime models in genomics and cell biology, but the ecological factors that determine their success in non-human-associated habitats is poorly understood. In North America Saccharomyces yeasts are present on the bark of deciduous trees, where they feed on bark and sap exudates. In the North East, Saccharomyces paradoxus is found on maples, which makes maple sap a natural substrate for this species. We measured growth rates of S. paradoxus natural isolates on maple sap and found variation along a geographical gradient not explained by the inherent variation observed under optimal laboratory conditions. We used a functional genomic screen to reveal the ecologically relevant genes and conditions required for optimal growth in this substrate. We found that the allantoin degradation pathway is required for optimal growth in maple sap, in particular genes necessary for allantoate utilization, which we demonstrate is the major nitrogen source available to yeast in this environment. Growth with allantoin or allantoate as the sole nitrogen source recapitulated the variation in growth rates in maple sap among strains. We also show that two lineages of S. paradoxus display different life-history traits on allantoin and allantoate media, highlighting the ecological relevance of this pathway.
Raman signatures of inversion symmetry breaking and structural phase transition in type-II Weyl semimetal MoTe2
Authors: Zhang Kenan , Bao Changhua , Gu Qiangqiang , Ren Xiao , Zhang Haoxiong , Deng Ke , Wu Yang , Li Yuan , Feng Ji , Zhou Shuyun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenide MoTe2 is an important candidate for realizing the newly predicted type-II Weyl fermions, for which the breaking of the inversion symmetry is a prerequisite. Here we present direct spectroscopic evidence for the inversion symmetry breaking in the low-temperature phase of MoTe2 by systematic Raman experiments and first-principles calculations. We identify five lattice vibrational modes that are Raman-active only in the low-temperature noncentrosymmetric structure. A hysteresis is also observed in the peak intensity of inversion symmetry-activated Raman modes, confirming a temperature-induced structural phase transition with a concomitant change in the inversion symmetry. Our results provide definitive evidence for the low-temperature noncentrosymmetric Td phase from vibrational spectroscopy, and suggest MoTe2 as an ideal candidate for investigating the temperature-induced topological phase transition.
TRBP ensures efficient Dicer processing of precursor microRNA in RNA-crowded environments
Authors: Fareh Mohamed , Yeom Kyu-Hyeon , Haagsma Anna C. , Chauhan Sweeny , Heo Inha , Joo Chirlmin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe RNA-binding protein TRBP is a central component of the Dicer complex. Despite a decade of biochemical and structural studies, the essential functionality of TRBP in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis remains unknown. Here we show that TRBP is an integral cofactor for time-efficient Dicer processing in RNA-crowded environments. We competed for Dicer processing of pre-miRNA with a large amount of cellular RNA species and found that Dicer-TRBP, but not Dicer alone, remains resilient. To apprehend the mechanism of this substrate selectivity, we use single-molecule fluorescence. The real-time observation reveals that TRBP acts as a gatekeeper, precluding Dicer from engaging with pre-miRNA-like substrates. TRBP acquires the selectivity using the PAZ domain of Dicer, whereas Dicer moderates the RNA-binding affinity of TRBP for fast turnover. This coordinated action between TRBP and Dicer accomplishes an efficient way of discarding pre-miRNA-like substrates.
Multiple signal classification algorithm for super-resolution fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Agarwal Krishna , Macháň Radek 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSingle-molecule localization techniques are restricted by long acquisition and computational times, or the need of special fluorophores or biologically toxic photochemical environments. Here we propose a statistical super-resolution technique of wide-field fluorescence microscopy we call the multiple signal classification algorithm which has several advantages. It provides resolution down to at least 50 nm, requires fewer frames and lower excitation power and works even at high fluorophore concentrations. Further, it works with any fluorophore that exhibits blinking on the timescale of the recording. The multiple signal classification algorithm shows comparable or better performance in comparison with single-molecule localization techniques and four contemporary statistical super-resolution methods for experiments of in vitro actin filaments and other independently acquired experimental data sets. We also demonstrate super-resolution at timescales of 245 ms (using 49 frames acquired at 200 frames per second) in samples of live-cell microtubules and live-cell actin filaments imaged without imaging buffers.
Carbon monoxide in an extremely metal-poor galaxy
Authors: Shi Yong , Wang Junzhi , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Gao Yu , Hao Cai-Na , Xia Xiao-Yang , Gu Qiusheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractExtremely metal-poor galaxies with metallicity below 10% of the solar value in the local universe are the best analogues to investigating the interstellar medium at a quasi-primitive environment in the early universe. In spite of the ongoing formation of stars in these galaxies, the presence of molecular gas (which is known to provide the material reservoir for star formation in galaxies such as our Milky Way) remains unclear. Here we report the detection of carbon monoxide (CO), the primary tracer of molecular gas, in a galaxy with 7% solar metallicity, with additional detections in two galaxies at higher metallicities. Such detections offer direct evidence for the existence of molecular gas in these galaxies that contain few metals. Using archived infrared data, it is shown that the molecular gas mass per CO luminosity at extremely low metallicity is approximately one-thousand times the Milky Way value.
Nanoscale assembly of superconducting vortices with scanning tunnelling microscope tip
Authors: Ge Jun-Yi , Gladilin Vladimir N. , Tempere Jacques , Xue Cun , Devreese Jozef T. , Van de Vondel Joris , Zhou Youhe , Moshchalkov Victor V. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractVortices play a crucial role in determining the properties of superconductors as well as their applications. Therefore, characterization and manipulation of vortices, especially at the single-vortex level, is of great importance. Among many techniques to study single vortices, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) stands out as a powerful tool, due to its ability to detect the local electronic states and high spatial resolution. However, local control of superconductivity as well as the manipulation of individual vortices with the STM tip is still lacking. Here we report a new function of the STM, namely to control the local pinning in a superconductor through the heating effect. Such effect allows us to quench the superconducting state at nanoscale, and leads to the growth of vortex clusters whose size can be controlled by the bias voltage. We also demonstrate the use of an STM tip to assemble single-quantum vortices into desired nanoscale configurations.
Fe3O4 thin films: controlling and manipulating an elusive quantum material
Authors: Liu Xionghua , Chang Chun-Fu , Rata Aurora Diana , Komarek Alexander Christoph , Tjeng Liu Hao 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFe3O4 (magnetite) is one of the most elusive quantum materials and at the same time one of the most studied transition metal oxide materials for thin-film applications. The theoretically expected half-metallic behaviour generates high expectations that it can be used in spintronic devices. Yet, despite the tremendous amount of work devoted to preparing thin films, the enigmatic first-order metal–insulator transition, and the hallmark of magnetite known as the Verwey transition, is in thin films extremely broad and occurs at substantially lower temperatures as compared with that in high-quality bulk single crystals. Here we have succeeded in finding and making a particular class of substrates that allows the growth of magnetite thin films with the Verwey transition as sharp as in the bulk. Moreover, we are now able to tune the transition temperature and, using tensile strain, increase it to substantially higher values than in the bulk.
Size effect in thermoelectric materials
Authors: Mao Jun , Liu Zihang , Ren Zhifeng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThermoelectric applications have attracted increasing interest recently due to its capability of converting waste heat into electricity without hazardous emissions. Materials with enhanced thermoelectric performance have been reported in recent two decades. The revival of research for thermoelectric materials began in early 1990s when the size effect is considered. Low-dimensional materials with exceptionally high thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) have been presented, which broke the limit of ZT around unity. The idea of size effect in thermoelectric materials even inspired the later nanostructuring and band engineering strategies, which effectively enhanced the thermoelectric performance of bulk materials. In this overview, the size effect in low-dimensional thermoelectric materials is reviewed. We first discuss the quantum confinement effect on carriers, including the enhancement of electronic density of states, semimetal to semiconductor transition and carrier pocket engineering. Then, the effect of assumptions on theoretical calculations is presented. Finally, the effect of phonon confinement and interface scattering on lattice thermal conductivity is discussed.
Charge carrier transition in an ambipolar single-molecule junction: Its mechanical-modulation and reversibility
Authors: Shao Jian , Zhang Xiaoyue , Chen Yun , Zheng Yue 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPrecise control from the bottom-up for realizing tunable functionality is of utmost importance to facilitate the development of molecular electronic devices. Until now, however, manipulating charge carriers over single-molecule scale remains intractable. The origin of the problem is that the nature of charge carriers is often hindered by the complexity of the investigated molecular systems. Here, via ab initio simulations, we show a force-modulated and switched ambipolar single-molecule junction with Au/cyclopropane-1,2-dithiol/Au structure. The cyclopropane ring in the molecule can be opened and closed reversibly and repeatedly by the mechanical force. This structural transition from its closed state to open state enables the ambipolarity in charge carriers—from p-type to n-type. Analysis of electronic structure reveals unambiguously the force-dependent correlation between C–S bond order and the nature of charge carriers. Based on this, we design a binary interconnected junction exhibiting resistance, rectification and negative differential resistance functionalities under mechanical modulation, i.e., loading/unloading or pull/push. This interesting phenomenon provides both illuminating insight and feasible controllability into charge carriers in molecules, and a very general idea and useful approach for single-molecule junctions in practical single-molecule devices.