bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does political uncertainty affect water resources development? The case of the Eastern Nile
Authors: Wu Xun , Jeuland Marc , Whittington Dale 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In water resources, there is a long tradition of utilization of methods to address hydrological and economic uncertainty. Less frequently considered, however, is how uncertainty rooted in political factors such as power asymmetry, the strength of institutions, and the interests of stakeholders, contributes to decision-making. This paper explores political uncertainty and its interaction with more routinely considered forms of uncertainty in international river basins. Using the example of the controversies surrounding major new infrastructure projects in the Eastern Nile Basin, we show that political uncertainty may play a key role in shaping the decisions of individual riparian countries about how to proceed with water resources development. Specifically, we consider whether uncertainty over the prospect of future cooperation might help explain why seemingly optimal economic outcomes that require cooperation (due to interconnectedness) remain elusive. We conclude with reflections on other dimensions of the water resources planning problem – climate change, changes in regional development matters, and preferences – that similarly require a framework that accounts for political uncertainty.
ON WEAKLY -PERMUTABLY EMBEDDED SUBGROUPS OF FINITE GROUPS
Authors: YU HAORAN 
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we obtain some criteria for $p$-nilpotency and $p$-supersolvability of a finite group and extend some known results concerning weakly $S$-permutably embedded subgroups. In particular, we generalise the main results of Zhang et al. [‘Sylow normalizers and $p$-nilpotence of finite groups’, Comm. Algebra43(3) (2015), 1354–1363].
On the Nature of Bacterial Lag
Authors: Penfold William Jas. 
Published: July 2016

(1) If B. coli be subcultured into another sample of the same medium when growing at full pace, it will continue to grow at the same pace.(2) If the maximum rate of growth be interrupted by a short application of cold, growth will recommence without lag on the temperature being raised. If the cold be long continued, lag will tend to reappear.(3) Differences in the size of inoculum have practically no effect on lag in the case of large inoculums, in the case of small ones, on the other hand, diminution of the seeding has the effect of lengthening lag, and this lengthening effect is more marked the smaller the seedings become.(4) Lowering the temperature lengthens the lag. The effect is very similar to the effect on growth.(5) The older a parent culture (within limits) the longer the lag.(6) The length of lag varies with the medium even if adaptation has been arranged for beforehand.(7) Heat-stable products in B. coli cultures on peptone water have, in the case of overnight cultures, but little effect on lag.(8) After washing the bacteria for two hours with saline in order to remove possible inhibiting agents, it was found that the lag, on subculture, still occurred and was indeed slightly longer.(9) If a peptone water culture of B. coli be centrifuged, it is found that the few bacteria remaining in the supernatant commence to grow again at a quick rate but not without a period of lag.
Second Report on the Identification of the Meningococcus in the Naso-Pharynx, with special reference to Serological Reactions
Authors: Griffith Fred 
Published: July 2016

The serological characters of 66 strains of meningococci obtained from the cerebro-spinal fluid in cases of meningitis have been studied. Serological tests of a similar nature have been applied to 86 strains of Gram-negative cocci, culturally identical with meningococci, obtained from the naso-pharynx of non-contacts. The two series have been compared in respect of agglutinability, agglutinogenic capacity, and absorptive capacity with the following results:The majority of the spinal strains can be divided into two main groups by simple agglutination tests with selected spinal sera: about 27 can be assigned to Group I and 34 to Group II, the remaining five being relatively inagglutinable or equally agglutinated by sera of both groups.
The Cerebro-Spinal Fever Epidemic of 1917 at X Depot
Authors: Glover J. A. 
Published: July 2016

(1) There were nineteen cases and eight deaths at the depot during the epidemic.One doubtful case during this period recovered, and a sporadic case in June due to Type I also recovered; these are not included in the above, nor is one man who went on leave to Blackpool, and developed the disease (Type II) on arrival.(2) So far the reserve battalions have had three cases only, with two deaths, although a high carrier-rate wave has been detected in two.(3) All the cases (except the June case) at the depot occurred during exceptionally cold weather. In the chart the cases appear to lie in thetrough of a great depression of the curve of mean weekly temperature (broken line). They also follow immediately upon exceptional crowding (black line).(4) There was a well-marked premonitory rise in the carrier-rate in December 1916, before the first case occurred, and an enormous rise before the epidemic was really established.The carrier-rate, which was 19·25% on December 23rd, reache dwhat is usually considered the danger point of 20% (see War OfficeMemorandum on Cerebro-spinal Fever, page 2) just six days before the first case occurred.It would appear that estimations of the carrier-rate by means of large sample swabbings afford a reliable warning of the imminence or danger of an epidemic.(5) The cases in the epidemic were nearly all due to the meningococcus of Type II, the organism present in the outbreak of 1916.The rise in the carrier-rate was also chiefly due to the increase ofcarriers of this type. Freshly joined recruits showed few carriers at all and very few Type II carriers when swabbed before having slept in the barracks.(6) During the epidemic, the carrier-rate among non-contacts was substantially the same as amongst the actual contacts of cases, averaging34% for the period, in each case.(7) The proportion of agglutinable strains to inagglutinable strains of organisms morphologically indistinguishable from the meningococcus increased very markedly during the epidemic period.(8) The treatment of the whole population by the steam zinc sulphate solution spray (which was carried out daily for two seven-day periods with an interval of a fortnight), was followed by a satisfactory drop in the carrier-rate, and by a temporary cessation of cases on each occasion.(9) 60% of the actual patients suffering from the disease were in their first month of service.40% of the patients had either been inoculated or vaccinated within seven days of onset (three on the same day); 60% within afortnight.(10) Previous and concurrent epidemics of German measles, influenza and bronchitis had helped (by causing coughing and sneezing and by lowering vitality) to produce the great rise in the carrier-rate, which culminated in the case epidemic.
Molecular and morphological variation of Paragonimus westermani in Vietnam with records of new second intermediate crab hosts and a new locality in a northern province
Authors: DOANH N. PHAM , TU A. LUU , BUI T. DUNG , LOAN T. HO , NONAKA NARIAKI , HORII YOICHIRO , BLAIR DAVID , NAWA YUKIFUMI 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYParagonimus westermani is one of the most medically important lung flukes and is widely distributed in Asia. It exhibits considerable variation in morphological, genetic and biological features. In central provinces of Vietnam, a high prevalence of metacercariae of this species has been reported from the crab intermediate host, Vietopotamon aluoiense. In this study, we detected P. westermani metacercariae in two additional crab hosts, Donopotamon haii in Quang Tri Province, central Vietnam and Indochinamon tannanti in Yen Bai Province in the north. The latter is a new locality for P. westermani in a northern region of Vietnam where P. heterotremus is the only species currently known to cause human paragonimiasis. Paragonimus westermani metacercariae found in Vietnam showed considerable morphological variation but slight genetic variation based on DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS2 region and the mitochondrial 16S gene. Co-infection of the same individual crabs with P. westermani and P. heterotremus and/or some other Paragonimus species was found frequently, suggesting potential for co-infection in humans. The findings of the present study emphasize the need for highly specific molecular and immunodiagnostic methods to differentially diagnose between P. westermani and P. heterotremus infections.
XV.—On the Thermo-Electric Properties of Charcoal and certain Alloys, with a Supplementary Thermo-Electric Diagram
Authors: Knott C. G. , MacGregor J. G. 
Published: July 2016

The determination by experiment of the thermo-electric relations of any one substance belonging to the electromotive series to all other such substances is sufficient to fix all mutual thermo-electric relations among these. The first endeavour of the experimenter is then to obtain as convenient a substance for this purpose as possible. In investigating charcoal and certain alloys, we have in almost all cases employed one or other of two alloys of platinum and iridium, which have been already used by Professor Tait for a like purpose. The wires we used were the same which he discusses in his “First Approximation to a Thermo-Electric Diagram,” under the names of M and N. Their complete freedom from oxidation, their elasticity, and the high temperatures of their fusing points, rendered them peculiarly suitable for thermo-electric investigations through long ranges of temperature.Generally both the M and N wires were firmly bound, each by its one extremity to the end or ends of the wire or wires respectively which were under investigation, in a multiple junction. This triple or, as it was in some cases, quadruple junction constituted the “hot junction.” The free extremities of the wires thus united were each bound to a moderately thin copper wire by very thin wire of the same metal, and the copper wires were led from these “cold junctions” to a commutator, which was in connection with a galvanometer. The commutator consisted of an arrangement of small mercury pools, into which the galvanometer and circuit wires, carefully amalgamated to ensure contact, dipped. All the junctions were formed in the manner indicated above, namely, by tightly binding the extremities of the wires together by thin copper wire.
XX.—On Dimethyl-Thetine and its Derivatives
Authors: Brown Crum , Letts E. A. 
Published: July 2016

The analogies existing between elements belonging to one “family,” such, for instance, as the nitrogen family or the sulphur family, have long been recognised, and are pointed out and insisted upon even in elementary textbooks; but the very important analogies existing between substances of different quantivalence are apt to be forgotten or overlooked. For illustrations of such analogies we may point to boron and silicon, elements closely resembling one another in themselves and also in their compounds,—differing, indeed, in little else but that the one is triad and the other tetrad. A similar relation exists between gold and platinum.The elementary substances, sulphur and phosphorus, have many points of similarity: both fuse at a comparatively low temperature, both are transformed by heat into amorphous insoluble modifications, and both have anomalous vapour densities.
Do Developing Countries need Astronomy?
Authors: Eenens Philippe 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAstronomy can help, directly or indirectly, in the acquisition and creation of new technologies, in attracting young people to scientific careers, in providing a scientific education to the general public and in fostering international collaborations. These and other benefits of professional astronomy are critically reviewed in the context of countries which are facing urgent, basic needs. Several criteria are suggested for the best implementation of astronomy in developing countries and the most efficient collaboration with industrialized countries.
Astronomy Research in China
Authors: Wang Jingxiu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDecades of efforts made by Chinese astronomers have established some basic facilities for astronomy observations, such as the 2.16-m optical telescope, the solar magnetic-field telescope, the 13.7-m millimeter-wave radio telescope etc. One mega-science project, the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), intended for astronomical and astrophysical studies requiring wide fields and large samples, has been initiated and funded.To concentrate the efforts on mega-science projects, to operate and open the national astronomical facilities in a more effective way, and to foster the best astronomers and research groups, the National Astronomical Observatories (NAOs) has been coordinated and organizated. Four research centers, jointly sponsored by observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and universities, have been established. Nine principal research fields have received enhanced support at NAOs. They are: large-scale structure of universe, formation and evolution of galaxies, high-energy and cataclysmic processes in astrophysics, star formation and evolution, solar magnetic activity and heliogeospace environment, astrogeodynamics, dynamics of celestial bodies in the solar system and artificial bodies, space-astronomy technology, and new astronomical techniques and methods.
Commission 51: Bioastronomy: Search for Extraterrestrial Life (Bioastronomie: Recherche de la Vie Extraterrestre)
Authors: Bowyer S. , Bowyer S. , Almar I. , Colomb F. , Drake F. , Heidmann J. , Leger A. , Mayor M. , Owen T. , Sullivan W. , Tarter J. , Wellington K. 
Published: July 2016

Professor Colomb resigned as President of the Commission because of pressing demands of work. The Organizing Committee appointed Stuart Bowyer (Vice President) as Acting President.The Commission has proposed changing its name to “Bioastronomy: Search for Extrasolar Planets and Extraterrestial Life” to reflect our long-standing involvement in the search for extrasolar planets. The name change is pending approval of the IAU.
Commission 26: Double and Multiple Stars (Etoiles Doubles Et Multiples)
Authors: Zinnecker H. , Scarfe C. , Allen C. , Armstrong T. , Hartkopf W. , Mathieu R.D. , Tokovinin A. , Valtonen M. 
Published: July 2016

This triennial report (1996-1999) reviews the subject from a somewhat personal angle, mostly related to binary star formation and young binary star populations – a subject whose time had come in the early 1990s and is now in full swing.Many astronomers have searched for binary systems among main-sequence stars, and two large-scale surveys published in 1991 and 1992 have already become classics. Well before they became famous for finding extrasolar planets (see below), observing teams led by Michel Mayor (Geneva Observatory) and Geoffrey Marcy (San Francisco State Univ., now Univ. of Calif, at Berkeley) spent many years searching for low-mass stellar companions of nearby stars. The late Antoine Duquennoy and Mayor surveyed all solar-type dwarfs (spectral types F7 through G9) within 20 pc of the Sun, while Debra Fischer and Marcy studied stars with somewhat lower mass (M dwarfs) slightly nearer to the Sun.
42. Close Binary Stars
Authors: Warner Brian 
Published: July 2016

Interest in close binary stars continues to grow apace. Substantial fractions of the observing time on the International Ultraviolet Explorer and the various X-ray satellites have been devoted to extending our knowledge of a variety of interacting binaries. These, together with applications of novel ground-based techniques and the steady improvement of traditional methods, and developments in methods of analysis, have led to major advances in understanding of the properties and evolution of close binary stars.Our Symposium Close Binary Stars held in Toronto, 7-10 August 1979, was attended by 170 participants from 26 countries and over 100 papers were presented. The proceedings have been published as IAU Symposium No. 88, Close Binary Stars: Observations and Interpretation, eds. M. Plavec, D.M. Popper and R.K. Ulrich; Reidel Publishing Co., 1980.
V. Joint Meeting of Commissions 10, 11, 12 and 13 on the Outermost Layers of the Sun
Authors: Abetti G. , Migeotte M. 
Published: July 2016

Minnaert explained the latest results on the measurements of the darkening at the sun’s limb obtained from plates taken with the Lick refractor in two different wavelengths.UNSÖLD gave a new theory on the variation centre-limb of the intensity of the faint lines in the solar spectrum, and of the variations of the wings in the intense lines. He deduced a new law for the variation of the temperature near the limb. By means of this new theory it is possible to interpret the results of Miss Adam and Redman (published in the Memorie Società Astronomica Italiana, 20, 49, 1949).
Commissions 3. (Notations.)
Authors: Schlesinger F. , Schilt J. 
Published: July 2016

The first point on the agenda dealt with the standard equinox. The Chairman stated that this Committee had to give their opinion about this point as a consequence of a resolution by the General Assembly.The Committee adopted the resolution, proposed by Dr Schlesinger, to use 1900 as standard equinox for all catalogues which are not catalogues of precision, and afterwards the year 2000.In the second place, the Committee discussed the question of the abbreviations for the names of the constellations. The Chairman pointed out that there is a demand for 4-letter abbreviations to be used in cases where a maximum saving of space is not necessary. The proposed 4-letter abbreviations, however, are not intended to replace the 3-letter standard abbreviations as adopted in the meeting at Rome in 1922. Dr Schlesinger moved that the 4-letter abbreviations as used in his Catalogue of Bright Stars be adopted with a few exceptions. Dr Russell suggested a few other exceptions and the Committee finally approved of the following five exceptions: Arie, Cane, Dlph, Tria, and Tr Au, which will be used instead of the abbreviations in the Bright Star Catalogue. In all other cases the abbreviations as printed in the Bright Star Catalogue will be used.
Commission 18. (Longitudes.)
Authors: Perrier M. le Général , Lambert M. A. 
Published: July 2016

Le Président rend hommage à la mémoire de son prédécesseur le Général Ferrié, dont le rôle de premier plan, dans les travaux de la Commission, est présent à tous les esprits, il rappelle aussi le souvenir de M. G. Bigourdan, disparu au cours de l’année. Les éloges de l’un et de l’autre ont été prononcés en séance plénière.Le Rapport présenté à la Commission des Longitudes par son Président et son Secrétaire a été polycopié, puis distribué avant la séance à tous les membres présents à Cambridge, en même temps qu’un certain nombre de documents annexes. Aussi le Président se contente-t-il de rappeler les points essentiels du document qui traite de l’Opération mondiale des Longitudes à exécuter en octobre-novembre 1933.
Commission 20. (Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites.)
Authors: Leuschner A. O. , Wood H. E. 
Published: July 2016

The President extended a welcome to Dr Kopff who was present at the meeting.No formal report was presented to the Commission for adoption, but on the suggestion of the President the meeting discussed seriatim various proposals which had been brought forward by members of the Commission and which had been circulated.(1) A proposal, emanating from Belgium, had been made for an improvement of the present plan for the distribution of observations and computations relating to minor planets and comets, with special reference to those which depart considerably from their ephemerides. The President expressed his opinion that the present arrangements, which were following a natural plan of evolution, were quite satisfactory and should be allowed to continue for some time. Dr Kopff agreed that further organization was at present unnecessary. No motion was taken on this proposal.
Commission 27. (Variable Stars.)
Authors: Shapley Harlow , de Roy M. Felix 
Published: July 2016

The Draft Report was adopted without modification.The following resolutions were referred to the General Assembly:1.The Commission recommends that the yearly subsidy granted by the Union to the Cracow Observatory for the publication of the Ephemerides of Eclipsing Binaries be continued (and increased) to the amount of 1000 gold francs.2.The Commission suggests that, in view of the urgent need for comparison stars for Variables, more especially those requiring international co-operation, a small sub-committee under Dr Shapley be empowered to canvass the needs of observers and to take steps to encourage systematic work on sequences.3.The Commission endorses the proposal made by Prof. Grouiller to compile a list of unpublished observations of Variable Stars, and recommends that this compilation be published by the Union.
Commission 30. (Radial Velocities.)
Authors: Plaskett J. S. , Harper W. E. 
Published: July 2016

The Report as printed was discussed section by section. Section I being only a summary of progress was, with the correction of a typographical error, accepted.Section III was discussed and, on the motion of Frost and Moore, a sub-committee was appointed by the Chairman consisting of Adams, Moore and Harper, to prepare a suitable list of standard velocity stars for the faint stars and to revise the previous list of standard velocity stars, omitting those now known or suspected to vary slightly in velocity.
Commission 34. (Solar Parallax.)
Authors: Schlesinger  , Horrock  
Published: July 2016

In adopting the Draft Report as drawn up by the President of the Commission the meeting recorded its indebtedness to Dr Spencer Jones for his labour in framing it.It was resolved to request the executive committee to make a grant of 2500 Swiss francs annually to the Solar Parallax Commission until the next meeting of the Union.Prof. Kopff regretted that the results of the meridian observations made at Besançon and Rome could not be used in the formation of the Catalogue of Primary Reference Stars as these were received too late for inclusion.
20. Commission Pour l’Observation des Positions et le Calcul des éphémérides des Petites Planètes, des Comètes, et des Satellites
Authors: Leuschner M. A. O. , Banachiewicz MM. , Brown  , Carrasco  , Comas Sola  , Comrie  , Crawford  , Crommelin  , Delporte  , Fabry L. , Fayet  , Heinrich  , Hirayama K. , Kamieński  , Kepiński  , Kopff  , Lagnila  , Michkovitch  , Noumerov  , Reinmuth  , Silva  , Stracke  , Strömgren E. , Van Biesbroeck  , Bilt Van der , Hansen Mlle Vinter , Volta MM. , Whipple  , Wood  
Published: July 2016

In accordance with action taken by the Commission at the 1932 meeting of the Union, the President has taken steps to ascertain the general opinion of computers and observers in regard to the co-operation of the Nautical Almanac offices in furnishing data for the equinox of 1900. The question under discussion is that of the adoption of the standard equinox to which observations and elements should be referred, e.g. 1900, 1950, etc. The opinion is being ascertained through a questionnaire, the results of which will be reported at the meeting. In this connection Commission 4 proposes discussion of the following resolution in co-operation with Commission 20:“That, as from 1938 January 1, the equinox used for expressing the elements of cometary orbits and for cometary ephemerides shall be that of 1950.0. Further that, as from the same date, the equinox used in giving observed positions of comets shall be that of 1950.0, unless the observer, for good reasons, used some other equinox and expressly draws attention to the equinox used.”