bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Newton–Leibniz Calculus Controversy, 1708–1730
Authors: Guicciardini Niccolò 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This article examines the controversy between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz concerning the priority in the invention of the calculus. The dispute began in 1708, when John Keill accused Leibniz of having plagiarized Newton’s method of fluxions. It will be shown that the mathematicians participating in the controversy in the period between 1708 and 1730—most notably Newton, Leibniz, Keill, and Johann Bernoulli—held different conceptions of mathematical method. The dispute began in a political climate agitated by the Hanoverian succession and was intertwined with tensions dividing the Royal Court. It developed into a discussion of technical issues concerning the relation between mathematics and natural philosophy and the methods of the integral calculus.
Uralic Languages
Authors: Abondolo Daniel 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
All but three of the thirty-nine Uralic languages are endangered, most of them seriously so; of the family’s ten main branches, only two have members considered safe (Finnish and Estonian of the Fennic branch, plus Hungarian). This chapter surveys a selection of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features of the Uralic languages; the emphasis is on presenting aspects that are usually ignored, oversimplified, or misrepresented. Among the topics broached are vowel harmony; consonant gradation, which in the Uralic context is of four distinct kinds, three of them quite old; less-than-agglutinative (i.e. fairly fusional features of several languages); problems of phonological reconstruction; the inflection of personal pronouns; person marking on nouns and Subject, Agent, and Object marking on verbs; and kinds of relative, complement, and support clauses.
SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN ENDOGENOUS CANDIDA ENDOPHTHALMITIS AND THEIR CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Authors: Invernizzi Alessandro , Symes Richard , Miserocchi Elisabetta , Cozzi Mariano , Cereda Matteo , Fogliato Giovanni , Staurenghi Giovanni , Cimino Luca , McCluskey Peter 
Published: May 2017

Purpose:To describe vitreal, retinal, and choroidal features of eyes affected by Endogenous candida endophthalmitis (ECE) analyzed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to evaluate their clinical impact.Methods:Medical records and SD-OCT images from eyes diagnosed with ECE at four retina and uveitis tertiary referral centers were retrospectively evaluated. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography images were analyzed to evaluate the structural changes occurring in the vitreous, the retina, and the choroid in areas involved by ECE. Baseline and final best-corrected visual acuity were correlated with SD-OCT findings.Results:Fifteen eyes from nine patients were enrolled. Vitreous involvement (vitreous cells, posterior hyaloid thickening) was detected in 13/15 eyes. Peculiar hyper-reflective preretinal aggregates obscuring the underlying retina because of a shadowing effect (“rain-cloud” sign) were noticed in all eyes with vitreous involvement. Two patterns of retinal and choroidal findings were identified: the first (six eyes) confined within the inner retinal layers (Intraretinal Pattern), the second (nine eyes) involving both retina (full thickness) and choriocapillaris (Chorioretinal Pattern). None of the eyes showed both patterns. None of the eyes, regardless the pattern, showed choroidal thickening. Baseline best-corrected visual acuity was not associated with OCT pattern (P= 0.09). On the contrary, final best-corrected visual acuity was significantly higher in patients showing Intraretinal Pattern (∼20/25, 0.06 ± 0.08 LogMAR) than in subjects with Chorioretinal Pattern (∼20/50, 0.44 ± 0.30 LogMAR) (P= 0.01).Conclusion:Endogenous candida endophthalmitis showed peculiar features on SD-OCT. Two distinct patterns of chorioretinal involvement influencing the final best-corrected visual acuity were identified. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography could be useful in the diagnosis, management, and outcome prediction in ECE.
LONGITUDINAL CHANGE OF OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER AFTER RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL TEAR SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Oishi Akio , Fang Petra P. , Thiele Sarah , Holz Frank G. , Krohne Tim U. 
Published: May 2017

Purpose:
To investigate longitudinal changes of outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness in patients with retinal pigment epithelium tears secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Methods:
This is an institutional retrospective interventional case series. Twenty-six eyes of 22 patients with retinal pigment epithelium tears identified between April 2009 and March 2015. The patients underwent intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents as needed. Volume scans of optical coherence tomography at first diagnosis of tear (baseline) and after 12 months were analyzed. Outer nuclear layer was segmented, and average ONL thickness inside the tear area, at the border of the tear, and in areas outside the tear was measured. Change of ONL thickness. We also explored several factors for their association with ONL thinning including tear area, number of treatments, and the duration with persistent subretinal fluid.

Results:
Thinning of ONL was found in all the investigated areas (P < 0.01, respectively). Among the investigated factors, larger tear area was associated with greater ONL thinning outside the tear area (standardized β = −0.37, P = 0.030), and younger age was associated with greater ONL thinning inside the tear area (standardized β = 0.37, P = 0.041).

Conclusion:
After an retinal pigment epithelium tear, thinning of ONL occurs in the area devoid of retinal pigment epithelium and also in adjacent areas. Few factors were predictive for the degree of ONL thinning. These results provide new insight in disease progression of this particular neovascular age-related macular degeneration subphenotype.
QUANTITATIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF RETINAL DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA AND NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Boiko Ernest V. , Maltsev Dmitrii S. 
Published: May 2017

Purpose:
To investigate the relationship of the pre–anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) retinal tissue area (RTA) and optical density (ODRT) of the retinal optical slice portion located in the central subfield, and their ratio (RTA/ODRT), in the presence of diabetic macular edema or of inraretinal cystic fluid in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, to central retinal thickness and best-corrected visual acuity after anti-VEGF treatment with ME resolution.

Methods:
The optical coherence tomography images and medical records of 33 patients (41 eyes) with neovascular age-related macular degeneration, 15 (21 eyes) with diabetic macular edema and 9 healthy individuals (15 eyes) were retrospectively analyzed. RTA, ODRT, and RTA/ODRT were calculated on pre–anti-VEGF B-scan images. Spearman rank correlation was used to assess the relationship of central retinal thickness and best-corrected visual acuity after anti-VEGF treatment with the variables under study.

Results:
Pre–anti-VEGF RTA was positively correlated with post–anti-VEGF central retinal thickness (ρ = 0.76; P < 0.001) and best-corrected visual acuity (ρ = 0.67; P < 0.001), whereas pre–anti-VEGF ODRT was moderately negatively correlated (ρ = −0.26; P = 0.049 and ρ = −0.48; P = 0.001, respectively) and pre–anti-VEGF RTA/ODRT ratio was strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.75; P < 0.001 and ρ = 0.85; P < 0.001, respectively). The area under curve for RTA/ODRT ratio was 0.93 (P < 0.001), and the cut-off value for post–anti-VEGF LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity of 0.4 (20/50 Snellen equivalent) or worse was 1,406.7 μm2/U (sensitivity: 0.94; specificity: 0.78).

Conclusion:
Both RTA and ODRT, or, preferably, RTA/ODRT ratio alone can be used as predictors of functional and anatomic outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema or neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with anti-VEGF therapy.
DEXAMETHASONE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT FOR CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Capuano Vittorio , Serra Rita , Oubraham Hassiba , Zambrowski Olivia , Amana Danielle , Zerbib Jennifer , Souied Eric H. , Querques Giuseppe 
Published: May 2017

Purpose:
To describe the management of active choroidal neovascularization (CNV) during pregnancy with the use of a dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DXI) (Ozurdex).

Methods:
Case series of active CNV treated with DXI with at least 12-month follow-up retrospectively analyzed at 2 high-volume referral centers in France. Medical records and multimodal macular imaging were evaluated.

Results:
Three eyes of 3 patients (age 30.0 ± 3.6 years) were included. One case of idiopathic CNV and two cases of CNV secondary to multifocal choroiditis were analyzed. Mean follow-up was 20.6 ± 4.0 months (range, 16–23 months). The DXI was given at second trimester of established pregnancy in all cases. Mean central retinal thickness decreased from 359 ± 53 μm to 301 ± 17 μm 1 month after DXI and remained stable up to 12 months of follow-up. Visual improvement in all cases was observed (mean 10 letters; range, 5–30 letters) 1 month after DXI and remained stable/increased up to 12-month follow-up (mean 22 letters; range, 10–30 letters). All patients had an uneventful prenatal course and delivered a healthy full-term infant.

Conclusion:
In the authors' experience, a single DXI revealed safe and effective in CNV treatment during pregnancy.
Development of a Risk-adjustment Model for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Discharge Self-care Functional Status Quality Measure
Authors: Deutsch Anne , Pardasaney Poonam , Iriondo-Perez Jeniffer , Ingber Melvin J. , Porter Kristie A. , McMullen Tara 
Published: May 2017

Background:
Functional status measures are important patient-centered indicators of inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) quality of care. We developed a risk-adjusted self-care functional status measure for the IRF Quality Reporting Program. This paper describes the development and performance of the measure’s risk-adjustment model.

Methods:
Our sample included IRF Medicare fee-for-service patients from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ 2008–2010 Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration. Data sources included the Continuity Assessment Record and Evaluation Item Set, IRF-Patient Assessment Instrument, and Medicare claims. Self-care scores were based on 7 Continuity Assessment Record and Evaluation items. The model was developed using discharge self-care score as the dependent variable, and generalized linear modeling with generalized estimation equation to account for patient characteristics and clustering within IRFs. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics at IRF admission, and clinical characteristics related to the recent hospitalization were tested as risk adjusters.

Results:
A total of 4769 patient stays from 38 IRFs were included. Approximately 57% of the sample was female; 38.4%, 75–84 years; and 31.0%, 65–74 years. The final model, containing 77 risk adjusters, explained 53.7% of variance in discharge self-care scores (P<0.0001). Admission self-care function was the strongest predictor, followed by admission cognitive function and IRF primary diagnosis group. The range of expected and observed scores overlapped very well, with little bias across the range of predicted self-care functioning.

Conclusions:
Our risk-adjustment model demonstrated strong validity for predicting discharge self-care scores. Although the model needs validation with national data, it represents an important first step in evaluation of IRF functional outcomes.
A Case-Control Analysis of Postoperative Fluid Balance and Mortality After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery*
Authors: Delpachitra Meth R. , Namachivayam Siva P. , Millar Johnny , Delzoppo Carmel , Butt Warwick W. 
Published: May 2017

Objectives:
A positive fluid balance after cardiac surgery may be associated with poor outcomes; however, previous studies looking at this association have been limited by the number of deaths in the study population. Our primary aim was to determine the relationship between postoperative cumulative fluid balance and mortality in cardiac surgical patients. Secondary aims were to study the association between fluid balance and duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care and hospital length of stay.

Design:
Case-control study.

Setting:
A 30-bed multidisciplinary PICU.

Patients:
All patients admitted to the PICU following cardiac surgery from 2010 to 2014.

Interventions:
Deaths during PICU admission following cardiac surgery (cases) were matched 1:3 with children who survived to PICU discharge (controls) using the following criteria: age at surgery (within a 20% age range), Risk Adjusted Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) category, and year of admission.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of 1,996 eligible children, 46 died (2.3%) of whom 45 (98%) were successfully matched. Cumulative fluid balance on days 2 and 7 was not associated with PICU mortality. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with mortality were cardiopulmonary bypass time (per 10-min increase, odds ratio [95% CI], 1.06 [1.00–1.12]; p = 0.03), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requirement within 3 days (46.6 [9.47–230.11]; p < 0.001), peak serum chloride (mmol/L) in the first 48 hours (1.12 [1.01–1.23]), and time to start peritoneal dialysis after surgery (in comparison to no peritoneal dialysis, odds ratio [95% CI] in those started on early peritoneal dialysis was 1.07 [0.33–3.41]; p = 0.90 and in late peritoneal dialysis 3.65 [1.21–10.99]; p = 0.02). Children with cumulative fluid balance greater than or equal to 5% by day 2 spent longer on mechanical ventilation (median [interquartile range], 211 hr [97–539] vs 93 hr [34–225]; p <0.001), in PICU (11 d [8–26] vs 6 [3–13]; p < 0.001) and in hospital (22 d [13–39] vs 14 d [8–30]; p = 0.001).

Conclusions:
Early fluid overload is not associated with mortality. However, it is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation and PICU length of stay. Early peritoneal dialysis commencement (compared with late peritoneal dialysis) after surgery was associated with decreased mortality.
Trend and Outcomes of Video Laryngoscope Use Across PICUs*
Authors: Grunwell Jocelyn R. , Kamat Pradip P. , Miksa Michael , Krishna Ashwin , Walson Karen , Simon Dennis , Krawiec Conrad , Breuer Ryan , Lee Jan Hau , Gradidge Eleanor , Tarquinio Keiko , Shenoi Asha , Shults Justine , Nadkarni Vinay , Nishisaki Akira 
Published: May 2017

Objective:
Video (indirect) laryngoscopy is used as a primary tracheal intubation device for difficult airways in emergency departments and in adult ICUs. The use and outcomes of video laryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy has not been quantified in PICUs or cardiac ICUs.

Design:
Retrospective review of prospectively collected observational data from a multicenter tracheal intubation database (National Emergency Airway Registry for Children) from July 2010 to June 2015.

Setting:
Thirty-six PICUs/cardiac ICUs across the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Singapore.

Patients:
Any patient admitted to a PICU or a pediatric cardiac ICU and undergoing tracheal intubation.

Interventions:
Use of direct laryngoscopy versus video laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation.

Measurements and Main Results:
There were 8,875 tracheal intubations reported in the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children database, including 7,947 (89.5%) tracheal intubations performed using direct laryngoscopy and 928 (10.5%) tracheal intubations performed using video laryngoscopy. Wide variability in video laryngoscopy use exists across PICUs (median, 2.6%; range, 0–55%). Video laryngoscopy was more often used in older children (p < 0.001), in children with history of a difficult airway (p = 0.01), in children intubated for ventilatory failure (p < 0.001), and to facilitate the completion of an elective procedure (p = 0.048). After adjusting for patient-level covariates, a secular trend, and site-level variance, the use of video laryngoscopy significantly increased over a 5-year period compared with fiscal year 2011 (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.7–26.8 for fiscal year 2014 and odds ratio, 11.2; 95% CI, 3.2–38.9 for fiscal year 2015). The use of video laryngoscopy was independently associated with a lower occurrence of tracheal intubation adverse events (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42–0.77; p < 0.001) but not with a lower occurrence of severe tracheal intubation adverse events (adjusted odds ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.56–1.32; p = 0.49) or fewer multiple attempts at endotracheal intubation (adjusted odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.71–1.22; p = 0.59).

Conclusions:
Using National Emergency Airway Registry for Children data, we described patient-centered adverse outcomes associated with video laryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in the largest reported international cohort of children to date. Data from this study may be used to design sufficiently powered prospective studies comparing patient-centered outcomes for video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy during endotracheal intubation.
Pediatric In-Hospital Acute Respiratory Compromise: A Report From the American Heart Association’s Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation Registry*
Authors: Andersen Lars W. , Vognsen Mikael , Topjian Alexis , Brown Linda , Berg Robert A. , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Kirkegaard Hans , Donnino Michael W. 
Published: May 2017

Objectives:
The main objectives of this study were to describe in-hospital acute respiratory compromise among children (< 18 yr old), and its association with cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality.

Design:
Observational study using prospectively collected data.

Setting:
U.S. hospitals reporting data to the “Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation” registry.

Patients:
Pediatric patients (< 18 yr old) with acute respiratory compromise. Acute respiratory compromise was defined as absent, agonal, or inadequate respiration that required emergency assisted ventilation and elicited a hospital-wide or unit-based emergency response.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Cardiac arrest during the event was a secondary outcome. To assess the association between patient, event, and hospital characteristics and the outcomes, we created multivariable logistic regressions models accounting for within-hospital clustering. One thousand nine hundred fifty-two patients from 151 hospitals were included. Forty percent of the events occurred on the wards, 19% in the emergency department, 25% in the ICU, and 16% in other locations. Two hundred eighty patients (14.6%) died before hospital discharge. Preexisting hypotension (odds ratio, 3.26 [95% CI, 1.89–5.62]; p < 0.001) and septicemia (odds ratio, 2.46 [95% CI, 1.52–3.97]; p < 0.001) were associated with increased mortality. The acute respiratory compromise event was temporally associated with a cardiac arrest in 182 patients (9.3%), among whom 46.2% died. One thousand two hundred eight patients (62%) required tracheal intubation during the event. In-hospital mortality among patients requiring tracheal intubation during the event was 18.6%.

Conclusions:
In this large, multicenter study of acute respiratory compromise, 40% occurred in ward settings, 9.3% had an associated cardiac arrest, and overall in-hospital mortality was 14.6%. Preevent hypotension and septicemia were associated with increased mortality rate.
Clinical Feasibility of Free-Breathing Dynamic T1-Weighted Imaging With Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Combination of Variable Density Sampling and Compressed Sensing
Authors: Yoon Jeong Hee , Yu Mi Hye , Chang Won , Park Jin-young , Nickel Marcel Dominik , Son Yohan , Kiefer Berthold , Lee Jeong Min 
Published: May 2017

Objectives
The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical feasibility of free-breathing dynamic T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) using Cartesian sampling, compressed sensing, and iterative reconstruction in gadoxetic acid–enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods
This retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. A total of 51 patients at high risk of breath-holding failure underwent dynamic T1WI in a free-breathing manner using volumetric interpolated breath-hold (BH) examination with compressed sensing reconstruction (CS-VIBE) and hard gating. Timing, motion artifacts, and image quality were evaluated by 4 radiologists on a 4-point scale. For patients with low image quality scores (<3) on the late arterial phase, respiratory motion-resolved (extradimension [XD]) reconstruction was additionally performed and reviewed in the same manner. In addition, in 68.6% (35/51) patients who had previously undergone liver MRI, image quality and motion artifacts on dynamic phases using CS-VIBE were compared with previous BH-T1WIs.

Results
In all patients, adequate arterial-phase timing was obtained at least once. Overall image quality of free-breathing T1WI was 3.30 ± 0.59 on precontrast and 2.68 ± 0.70, 2.93 ± 0.65, and 3.30 ± 0.49 on early arterial, late arterial, and portal venous phases, respectively. In 13 patients with lower than average image quality (<3) on the late arterial phase, motion-resolved reconstructed T1WI (XD-reconstructed CS-VIBE) significantly reduced motion artifacts (P < 0.002–0.021) and improved image quality (P < 0.0001–0.002). In comparison with previous BH-T1WI, CS-VIBE with hard gating or XD reconstruction showed less motion artifacts and better image quality on precontrast, arterial, and portal venous phases (P < 0.0001–0.013).

Conclusions
Volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination with compressed sensing has the potential to provide consistent, motion-corrected free-breathing dynamic T1WI for liver MRI in patients at high risk of breath-holding failure.
Protein phosphatase 1 regulates huntingtin exon 1 aggregation and toxicity
Authors: Branco-Santos Joana , Herrera Federico , Poças Gonçalo M. , Pires-Afonso Yolanda , Giorgini Flaviano , Domingos Pedro M. , Outeiro Tiago F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHuntington’s disease (HD) is neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the N-terminal region of the huntingtin protein (N17). Here, we analysed the relative contribution of each phosphorylatable residue in the N17 region (T3, S13 and S16) towards huntingtin exon 1 (HTTex1) oligomerization, aggregation and toxicity in human cells andDrosophilaneurons. We used bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) to show that expression of single phosphomimic mutations completely abolished HTTex1 aggregation in human cells. InDrosophila, Mimicking phosphorylation at T3 decreased HTTex1 aggregation both in larvae and adult flies. Interestingly, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) prevented HTTex1 aggregation in both human cells andDrosophilawhile increasing neurotoxicity in flies. Our findings suggest that PP1 modulates HTTex1 aggregation by regulating phosphorylation on T3. In summary, our study suggests that modulation of HTTex1 single phosphorylation events by PP1 could constitute an efficient and direct molecular target for therapeutic interventions in HD.