bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefits of knowing the costs of disturbance to hibernating bats
Authors: Boyles Justin G. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTManagement of caves where bats hibernate generally consists of limiting access by humans. This management strategy was successful in the 20th century, when the main conservation concern for most cavernicolous bats species was disturbance during hibernation. However, the conservation landscape of the 21st century is different. Currently, the most pressing concern for hibernating bats, at least in North America, is the high mortality rate associated with White‐nose Syndrome (WNS). It is unclear if traditional management strategies that greatly limit researcher access are still the most appropriate balance between costs of disturbances and benefits of knowledge gained about WNS. Regulatory agencies must base management strategies on the best available science. Unfortunately, the best available science pertaining to the costs of disturbance to hibernating bats is often decades old and lags far behind our understanding of other aspects of hibernation physiology and ecology. I suggest research aimed at fully understanding costs of disturbance and benefits of research in hibernation sites should be a priority for biologists and regulatory personnel alike. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
The impact of low education and poor health on unemployment varies by work life stage
Authors: van Zon Sander K. R. , Reijneveld Sijmen A. , Mendes de Leon Carlos F. , Bültmann Ute 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study is to examine associations and interactions of education, and physical and mental health with unemployment in early, mid, and late work life.

Methods
This cross-sectional study uses data from 69,118 respondents from Lifelines. Health status was measured with the RAND-36, education was self-reported, and participants working <12 h per week or indicating to be unemployed were considered unemployed. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was calculated to measure interaction on the additive scale.

Results
Interactions of low education and poor mental health were found in early [RERI: 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 3.65], mid (1.41; 0.61, 2.20) and late (0.63; 0.09, 1.17) work life. Interaction between low education and poor physical health was only found in mid-work life (1.27; 0.61, 1.93).

Conclusions
Low education and poor physical and mental health exacerbate each other’s impact on unemployment varying by work life stage. Policies addressing unemployment may become more effective if they better account for the physical and mental health status of adults in certain stages of their work life.
Setting an evolutionary trap: could the hider strategy be maladaptive for white-tailed deer?
Authors: Chitwood M. Colter , Lashley Marcus A. , Moorman Christopher E. , DePerno Christopher S. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
An evolutionary trap occurs when an organism makes a formerly adaptive decision that now results in a maladaptive outcome. Such traps can be induced by anthropogenic environmental changes, with nonnative species introductions being a leading cause. The recent establishment of coyotes (Canis latrans) into the southeastern USA has the potential to change white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population dynamics through direct predation and behavioral adaptation. We used movement rate and bedsite characteristics of radiocollared neonates to evaluate their antipredator strategies in the context of novel predation risk in a structurally homogeneous, fire-maintained ecosystem. Neonate bedsites had greater plant cover values compared with random sites (t = 30.136; p < 0.001), indicating bedsite selection was consistent with the hider strategy used to avoid predation. We determined selection gradients of coyote predation on neonate movement rate and plant cover and diversity at bedsites during the first 10 days of life. Interestingly, neonates that moved less and bedded in denser cover were more likely to be depredated by coyotes, meaning that greater neonate movement rate and bedsites located in less dense cover were favored by natural selection. These results are counter to expected antipredator strategies in white-tailed deer and exemplify how an adaptive response could be maladaptive in novel contexts.
Sometimes noise is beneficial: stream noise informs vocal communication in the little torrent frog Amolops torrentis
Authors: Zhao Longhui , Zhu Bicheng , Wang Jichao , Brauth Steven E. , Tang Yezhong , Cui Jianguo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Many kinds of environmental noise can interfere with acoustic communication and efficient decision making in terrestrial species. Here we identified an exception to this generalization in a streamside species, the little torrent frog (Amolops torrentis) which communicates in a stream noise environment. To determine whether stream noise can act as a cue regarding the microhabitat characteristics of senders, we performed phonotaxis experiments using stimulus pairs constructed with synthetic male calls (high or low dominant frequency) and stream noise with varied signal-to-noise ratios. We found that females prefer calls with high amplitude stream noise added compared to those with low amplitude stream noise added for both high and low dominant frequency stimulus pairs; however, stream noise itself was not attractive in the absence of calls. These results show that stream noise can function as a cue that may be used by females for enhancing the attractiveness of calls. Stream noise associates closely with rocks, topographies and vegetation and may thus provide useful microhabitat information for signal receivers, thereby acting on sexual selection. These data therefore contribute to our understanding of how the perception of mate attractiveness in heterogeneous ecological environments can evolve.
Resting‐state network dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Badhwar AmanPreet , Tam Angela , Dansereau Christian , Orban Pierre , Hoffstaedter Felix , Bellec Pierre 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) literature to examine consistency of functional connectivity alterations in AD dementia and mild cognitive impairment, using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging.MethodsStudies were screened using a standardized procedure. Multiresolution statistics were performed to assess the spatial consistency of findings across studies.ResultsThirty‐four studies were included (1363 participants, average 40 per study). Consistent alterations in connectivity were found in the default mode, salience, and limbic networks in patients with AD dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or in both groups. We also identified a strong tendency in the literature toward specific examination of the default mode network.DiscussionConvergent evidence across the literature supports the use of resting‐state connectivity as a biomarker of AD. The locations of consistent alterations suggest that highly connected hub regions in the brain might be an early target of AD.
Characteristics of mutual funds with extreme performance
Authors: Berkowitz Jason P. , Schorno Patrick J. , Shapiro Dmitry A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe focus on mutual fund characteristics associated with periods of extreme performance. We find that funds with either positive (hot‐hand) or negative (icy‐hand) persistence tend to have portfolio similarities consistent with riskier positions: compared to no‐streak funds, they hold fewer stocks, invest more in top ten holdings, and have a higher portfolio beta. Also both hot‐hand and icy‐hand funds have significantly higher asset turnover than benchmark funds. Icy‐hand funds tend to be more extreme with riskier positions and asset turnover than hot‐hand funds. At the same time, icy‐hand (hot‐hand) funds tend to have larger (smaller) management teams, and are less (more) likely to be managed by one person. Finally, we do not observe many funds changing their management teams either before or after extreme performance. That is, we find no evidence that the beginning of an extreme performance period is associated with changes in management or that it induces changes in management.
Influence of selenium source on the performance, feathering and meat quality of broilers
Authors: Ravindran V. , Elliott S. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe following trial was conducted to investigate the effects of Se source (inorganic sodium selenite (SS) versus organic use Sel-Plex® (SP; Alltech Inc, Nicholasville, KY, USA)) on the performance, feathering and meat quality of 900, one-day-old male broilers over a 42 day growing period. Pens (n = 20) were randomly assigned to either: Diet A (no Se; negative control), Diet B as for diet A plus 0.3 mg/kg SS (positive control), Diet C as for diet A plus 0.2 mg/kg SP, Diet D as for diet A plus 0.3 mg/kg SP and Diet E as for diet A plus 0.4 mg/kg SP. From day 1 to 28, significant (P < 0.05) treatment effects were seen for feed intake and FCR, with values for the negative control being higher than for the diets containing Se. The best FCR was recorded for the diet containing 0.4 mg/kg SP. Breast meat yield for birds fed the negative control were lower than those fed selenite or SP supplemented diets (P < 0.05). Feather measurements on d 14, 28 and 42 of age showed that, although scores became poorer with age (4.9 at 14 d, 4.6 at 28 d and 3.6 at 42 d), they were unaffected (P > 0.05) by dietary Se inclusion. Numeric trends in favour of SP were seen in cooking losses in meat chilled for 24 hours and seven days. Cooking losses in meat frozen for seven days were significantly influenced by Se inclusion, whereby values for birds fed 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg SP were significantly lower than values for birds fed inorganic selenite (P < 0.05). Tissue Se concentrations were highest for the SP diets. Meat oxidation from the birds fed SP was lower than for the birds fed no Se or SS. The results demonstrated that SP may be more advantageous in improving certain variables of performance and meat quality compared to inorganic sources of Se.
A diverse assemblage of Permian echinoids (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and implications for character evolution in early crown group echinoids
Authors: Thompson Jeffrey R. , Petsios Elizabeth , Bottjer David J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Permian is regarded as one of the most crucial intervals during echinoid evolution because crown group echinoids are first widely known from the Permian. New faunas provide important information regarding the diversity of echinoids during this significant interval as well as the morphological characterization of the earliest crown group and latest stem group echinoids. A new fauna from the Capitanian Lamar Member of the Bell Canyon Formation in the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas comprises at least three new taxa, includingEotiaris guadalupensisThompson n. sp. an indeterminate archaeocidarid, andPronechinus? sp. All specimens represented are silicified and known from disarticulated or semiarticulated interambulacral and ambulacral plates and spines. This assemblage is one of the most diverse echinoid assemblages known from the Permian and, as such, informs the paleoecological setting in which the earliest crown group echinoids lived. This new fauna indicates that crown group echinoids occupied the same environments as stem group echinoids of the Archaeocidaridae and Proterocidaridae. Furthermore, the echinoids described herein begin to elucidate the order of character transitions that likely took place between stem group and crown group echinoids. At least one of the morphological innovations once thought to be characteristic of early crown group echinoids, crenulate tubercles, was in fact widespread in a number of stem group taxa from the Permian as well. Crenulate tubercles are reported from two taxa, and putative cidaroid style U-shaped teeth are present in the fauna. The presence of crenulate tubercles in the archaeocidarid indicates that crenulate tubercles were present in stem group echinoids, and thus the evolution of this character likely preceded the evolution of many of the synapomorphies that define the echinoid crown group.
A New Initiative In Asian Legal Development—Lawasia
Authors: Burn Barbara B. 
Published: April 2017

Legal development in the developing countries is at the same time one of the most urgent needs for modernization and one of the most delicate fields in which non-national organizations, private as well as public, can render assistance.A comprehensive, unified, and depersonalized body of law, a welltrained and adequate legal profession, and an efficient system of judicial administration are necessary to the mobilization of human resources for national development, to the safeguarding of human rights, and to the orderly and impartial operation of government in the developing (and developed) countries. To participate fully in the international community and share in the benefits of international intercourse, economic and political, the developing countries require carefully developed bodies of law relating to commerce and banking, trade and investment, and the whole field of foreign relations.
Photography as Event: Power, the Kodak Camera, and Territoriality in Early Twentieth-Century Tibet
Authors: Koole Simeon 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article rethinks the nature of power and its relation to territory in the photographic event. Focusing on thousands of photographs taken during the British Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa between 1903 and 1904, it reorients understandings of photography as either reproducing or enabling the “negotiation” or contestation of power inequalities between participants. It shows how, in the transitory relations between Tibetans, Chinese, and Britons during and after photographic events, photography acted as a means by which participants constituted themselves as responsible agents—as capable of responding and as “accountable”—in relation to one another and to Tibet as a political entity. Whether in photographs of Tibetans protesting British looting or of their “reading” periodicals containing photographs of themselves, photography, especially Kodak photography, proposed potential new ways of being politically “Tibetan” at a time when the meaning of Tibet as a territory was especially indeterminate. This article therefore examines how the shifting territorial meaning of Tibet, transformed by an ascendant Dalai Lama, weakening Qing empire, and Anglo-Russian competition, converged with transformations in the means of visually reflecting upon it. If photography entailed always-indeterminate power relations through which participants constituted themselves in relation to Tibet, then it also compels our own rethinking of Tibet itself as an event contingent on every event of photography, rather than pre-existing or “constructed” by it.
Determining Emotions and the Burden of Proof in Investigative Commissions to Palestine
Authors: Allen Lori A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe conflict in Palestine has been the subject of numerous international investigative commissions over the past century. These have been dispatched by governments to determine the causes of violent conflicts and how to resolve them. Commissions both produce and reflect political epistemologies, the social processes and categories by which proof and evidence are produced and mobilized in political claim-making. Using archival and ethnographic sources, my analysis focuses on three investigative commissions: the King-Crane (1919), Anglo-American (1946), and Mitchell (2001) commissions. They reveal how “reading affect” has been a diagnostic of political worthiness. Through these investigations, Western colonial agents and “the international community” have given Palestinians false hope that discourse and reason were the appropriate and effective mode of politics. Rather than simply reason, however, what each required was maintenance of an impossible balance between the rational and the emotional. This essay explores the ways that affect as a diagnostic of political worthiness has worked as a technology of rule in imperial orders, and has served as an unspoken legitimating mechanism of domination.
The Bengali Pharaoh: Upper-Caste Aryanism, Pan-Egyptianism, and the Contested History of Biometric Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Bengal
Authors: Mukharji Projit Bihari 
Published: April 2017

AbstractExtant South Asian histories of race, and more specifically biometrics, focus almost exclusively upon the colonial era and especially the nineteenth century. Yet an increasing number of ethnographic accounts observe that Indian scientists have enthusiastically embraced the resurgent raciology engendered by genomic research into human variation. What is sorely lacking is a historical account of how raciology fared in the late colonial and early postcolonial periods, roughly the period between the decline of craniometry and the rise of genomics. It is this history that I explore in this article. I argue that anthropometry, far from being a purely colonial science, was adopted by Indian nationalists quite early on. Various distinctive shades of biometric nationalism publicly competed from the 1920s onward. To counter any sense that biometric nationalism was teleologically inevitable, I contrast it with a radical alternative called “craftology” that emerged on the margins of formal academia amongst scholars practicing what I call “vernacular anthropology.” Craftology and biometric nationalism continued to compete, contrast, and selectively entangle with each other until almost the end of the twentieth century.
C. A. Bayly and the Question of Indian Political Thought
Authors: SARTORI ANDREW 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article reflects on C. A. Bayly's legacy, with particular attention to his late turn to the history of Indian political thought. It highlights the force of his attempt to approach South Asian history with a keen eye to its specificity without correlatively compromising his attention to questions of comparability. It also highlights some of the conceptual and methodological dilemmas with which his final work confronts us.
The IWW in Turin: “Militant History,” Workers’ Struggle, and the Crisis of Fordism in 1970s Italy
Authors: Pizzolato Nicola 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article analyses how in the 1970s a segment of Italian radical activists belonging to the tradition of operaismo (workerism) appropriated and interrogated the history of the International Workers of the World (IWW) using it as a tool of political intervention in the Italian context. Following the upheaval of the ‘Hot Autumn’, the IWW provided to the Italians an inspiring comparison with a militant labour organisation in times of changing composition of the working class and of transformation of the organisation of production. The importance of this political use of the past lies in the way it illuminates the particular context in which these activists operated. In the course of the 1970s, Italian radicals responded to the normalization of industrial relations by joining groups that endorsed a political line tinted with Leninism and advocated a revolution led by a vanguard of militants. This was in contrast to the tenets of shopfloor-centered strategy and grassroots and shopfloor participation typical of operaismo. The – eventually – failed attempt of the ‘militant historians’ to revive, through their distinctive interpretation of the IWW, that political tradition sheds light on the success of the backlash against shopfloor working class militancy at the end of the decade, when vanguard groups had become marginal in the factories and reformist unions lacked a political clout to oppose company restructuring and relocation. This article is based on articles, memoirs and interviews that are evidence of the politically-driven debate about the IWW among Italian radicals. It improves on the existing historiography of the Italian labour movement by resisting its teleological impulse to explain the backlash on the 1980s as an inevitable outcome. It also contributes to the burgeoning transnational labor historiography; it challenges methodological nationalism in the study of workers’ insurgency by charting the influence of US history far beyond its borders and across time, adopting a transnational approach that is, unusually, both geographical and a diachronic. This story tells us more about Italian history than it does about American history, but it is testimony to a far reaching influence of American history and to entanglements that crossed borders through the work of the activists, scholars, and translators who acted as transnational vehicles of ideas and political practices.
Coolie Alibis: Seizing Gold from Chinese Miners in New South Wales
Authors: Loy-Wilson Sophie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines debates over Chinese indentured labor in the Australasian colonies at the height of the gold rushes. It does so through the testimony of Chinese gold miners who protested the seizure of their gold by customs officials in Sydney Harbour. As a result of these protests, a “New South Wales Select Committee into the Seizure of Gold from Chinese Miners” was established in 1857 to investigate customs law and “coolie” rights. The findings of this committee uncovered Chinese and white settler memories over failed coolie transportation schemes, revealing the ways in which the legacies of coolie migration continued to shape understandings in the Australian colonies of law, labor rights, and fair taxation well after the cessation of such schemes in the 1840s. The archive of Chinese grievance against the colonial state, preserved in testimonies given to the select committee, reveal the long shadow of slavery in the British Empire, the complexities of multiracial communities, and the role of law and legal institutions in shaping both.
Adding another dimension to plan evaluation: visualising the dose–volume histogram band in head and neck radiotherapy and exploring its utility
Authors: Samanta S. , Balukrishna S. , Rafic K.M. , Timothy Peace B.S. , Singh I.R.R. , Pavamani S.P. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundTo introduce a method to generate a ‘dose–volume histogram (DVH) band’ for plan evaluation of photon therapy and explore its various potentials.Materials and methodsIntensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans for head and neck cancer patients were analysed, retrospectively, for setup errors noted during treatment. From the maximum observed random errors, absolute displacement was calculated using Euclidian formula. The original plan with same beam parameters and leaf sequence were used to generate six plans with shifts applied in three axes in six directions. The DVH curves from these six plans were superimposed to form the DVH band. Plans were reviewed with set tolerance criteria.ResultsMethod to generate and visualise DVH band was developed. DVH bands were created for 20 patients with head and neck cancer who underwent treatment with IMRT. It was found that seven out these 20 plans were rejected as they crossed the set tolerance criteria using DVH band as an evaluation tool.ConclusionsDVH band in photon therapy can help the clinician visualise the impact of setup errors at planning and may help select the plan with lesser influence of setup errors over another.