bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operative procedures in warm humidified air: Can it reduce adhesion formation? A randomized experimental rat model
Authors: de Vries Arild , Kuhry Esther , Mårvik Ronald 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Background:
Postoperative peritoneal adhesions form in 63–97% of patients, give rise to subsequent adhesion related problems and create a considerable socioeconomic burden. In the present study, a local artificial atmosphere was created around the abdominal cavity during a surgical procedure in an effort to reduce postoperative adhesion formation.

Methods:
Forty-eight Wistar male rats (Clr:WI) were randomized into two groups and weighed about 280 grams each. The abdominal cavities of the rats of the study group were exposed to warm and humidified air (21% O2, 37 °C, 95–100% relative humidity (RH)) during an open surgical procedure, while the rats of the control group were exposed to the air from the operating theatre (21% O2, 21 °C, 40–47% RH). The surgical procedure consisted of a midline laparotomy, four cuts and ischaemic knots in the anterior abdominal wall and blood from the tail vein dripped into the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity was assessed for adhesion formation and the bacterial load (CFU/ml) was measured.

Results:
Significant differences in mean total adhesion, severity, tenacity scores and in the mean rank of the extent scores were found (p<0.001). Also, significant differences in the median numbers of CFU/ml on chocolate agar and blood agar were found (p<0.001).

Conclusions:
Rats in the study group had higher total adhesion, extent, severity and tenacity scores postoperatively compared to rats in the control group. A possible reason could be the observed higher bacterial load amongst the rats of the study group compared to the rats of the control group.

Highlights
Genetic variation in P2RX7 and pain
Authors: Kambur O. , Cajanus K. , Kaunisto M. , Winsvold Bendik , Stubhaug Audun , Zwartd John A. , Nielsen Christopher S. , Kalso E. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background and aims
P2X7 is a purinoceptor and non-selective cation channel that is activated by extracellular ATP, especially in immune and glia cells. Activation of P2X7 triggers the secretion of several pro-inflammatory substances, such as IL- 1P, IL-18, TNF-α, and nitric oxide. P2X7 activation contributes to the pro-inflammatory response to injury or bacterial invasion and mediates apoptosis. It has been implicated in physiological and pathological conditions such as bone tissue remodelling, inflammation, oncogenesis, depression, and inflammatory, neuropathic and chronic pain. Here, we aim to characterize the effects of variation within the P2RX7 gene, which encodes the P2X7 receptor, on pain and opioid requirements in human patients.

Methods
Pain was assessed in Norwegian and Finnish cohorts. The Norwegian cohort represents the 6th wave of the Tromsø Study, a longitudinal and cross-sectional population based study (N = 3700), whereas the Finnish cohort (BrePainGen) consists of patients who underwent breast cancer surgery (N = 1000). For both cohorts, experimental pain data were analyzed. Pain intensity and tolerance were assessed with cold pressor test and after standardized noxious heat stimulation in both cohorts. In addition, data on acute postoperative pain and opioid requirements were analyzed in the BrePainGen cohort. Postoperative pain and opioid responses were followed during 20 h after surgery. In total, 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in P2RX7 were genotyped and their association with outcome variables was assessed using linear regression and analysis of variances (ANOVA).

Results
Several P2RX7 SNPs were associated with the pain phenotypes. The strongest associations were seen with cold pain intensity and tolerance. The results of this study will be presented at the meeting.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that P2X7 and genetic varia-tion in the P2RX7-gene are involved in the modulation of human pain responses.
Aerodynamic Effects of Top-Dressing Operations
Authors: de Bray B. P. G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAerial top-dressing, or the spreading of inorganic fertilisers from aircraft, introduces stringent flying conditions at extremely low altitudes. During release of the fertiliser there are large load and centre-of-gravity changes, and aerodynamic effects the cause of which has hitherto been conjectural. The experiments described in this paper were aimed at obtaining a knowledge of the aerodynamic effects of the cloud of falling material beneath the plane, and the effects of air flow through the empty hopper. The implications upon aircraft design are discussed. The high accident rate experienced in this industry emphasises the necessity for the production of a suitable aircraft designed solely for top-dressing.
The Influence of a 90° Mitre Bend on Transition in Smooth Pipes
Authors: Szomanski E. 
Published: July 2016

In this note a brief description is given of some interesting results obtained in smooth pipes of circular cross section during an investigation of the steady flow losses in a 90° mitre bend at the Endicott Product Development Laboratory of I.B.M. The tests indicated that in a certain Reynolds number range the presence of a mitre bend was sufficient to cause flows of different types to exist in the upstream and downstream tangents of the bend. The definition of the bend loss in the light of this phenomenon is considered.It is hoped that this paper will stimulate comment on similar occurrences, which would lead to a better understanding of flow behaviour in this rather neglected area of fluid mechanics.
Responsibilities of the Individual Air Traffic Control Officer
Authors: Field Arnold 
Published: July 2016

The Oxford Dictionary defines the word responsible as, “liable to be called to account; of good credit or position; trustworthy;” this you will agree is quite a formidable definition.Therefore, I have assumed the title of this paper to indicate that I should try to explain the abstract effects of this definition upon the individual Air Traffic Control Officer, rather than detail a list of the many and varied duties for which he is responsible.
The Future of Air Traffic Control
Authors: Hunt V. A. M. 
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this contribution is to draw attention to some of the major areas in A.T.C. where there are difficulties and to outline the steps that are being taken to surmount them.Before looking quickly at some of the technical problems I think it might be worth taking a brief look at two important aspects which surmount the whole scene: namely the Civil/Military situation and the birth of Eurocontrol.The relationship between service and civil authorities on A.T.C. matters springs directly from the differing requirements of the two sides for air space. The increasing use of jets by civil operators has made this problem more acute because now the Service aircraft not only have to be shepherded up through the commercial traffic, but also protected from them in the upper levels. The requirements of research aircraft are also stringent and yet again, different.
The Royal Aeronautical Society The First Fifty Years
Authors: Laurence Pritchard J. 
Published: July 2016

It was nearly a year after the holding of the Aeronautical Exhibition, before the next meeting of the Society was held on 20th May 1869.Despite the fact that in the first three years of the Society's life much attention had been paid to heavier-than-air ideas, the Chairman, Glaisher, had lost none of his enthusiasm for balloons for certain purposes.“They met that night under peculiar circumstances,” he said, “there being in London at this time the largest balloon yet made.“Glaisher referred to Henri Giffard's captive balloon, capable of lifting twenty people at a time. In a calm it could be held captive at 2,000 ft., and was exhibited at Ashburnham Park. Giffard placed the balloon at the disposal of Glaisher for taking meteorological observations, and he made close on 30 ascents in it on behalf of the British Association, in whose transactions the results are reported.
Design Philosophy of Man Powered Aircraft
Authors: Spillman J. J. 
Published: July 2016

In 1961 I assisted Mr. G. M. Lilley in writing a survey of the design and performance of man powered aircraft. Our conclusions were that man powered flight is just possible if the aircraft is carefully designed to give excellent aerodynamic characteristics, with a stiff, light structure and flown by a pilot whose power output is comparable with that of a National Amateur Cycling Champion. Such a machine would not fly more than fifteen to twenty feet above the ground and could operate only in still air conditions. The type of aircraft which emerged from the calculations was similar in general principles to those being developed currently at Hatfield and Southampton.In this lecture I propose to investigate some of the basic relationships which are involved in the hope that possible ways of obtaining further improvements may emerge. Since the conclusion of our survey was that flight was marginally possible, slight improvements might well go a long way towards making man powered flight possible.
Problems of a Man Powered Rotorcraft
Authors: Graves R. 
Published: July 2016

We are at the moment at what is probably the most interesting phase of the battle between man and gravity. This battle has been waged since the days of the ancient Greeks when men dreamed of emulating the birds, and using various “stick and string” devices tried without success to fly under their own power.In the present day we have much more sophisticated machines into which a great deal of careful thought and design work has gone. Much publicity and speculation is at present centred around the Southampton and Hatfield fixed-wing machines which are enjoying a certain amount of initial success. Whether either machine will ultimately be successful remains to be seen and I am sure that all of us are following their progress with interest and wish them all the best in their endeavours. These are not by any means the only two projects being pursued at present, although there is a definite preference for a fixed-wing machine.
A Relaxation Method for the Solution of Four Boom Single Cell Tubes Under Torsion with Restrained Warping
Authors: Bolland G. B. 
Published: July 2016

Although in recent years aircraft structures have tended to become rather complex, it is still possible in many cases to approximate the structure to a single cell tube with four corner booms during the initial design stages. Since extreme accuracy in computation is neither possible nor desirable in the early stages of design, the analysis has been restricted to structures with bulkheads which may be considered to be rigid in their own plane, although the effect of bulkhead flexibility can readily be included if thought to be of importance.This note is concerned with the solution of the warping constraint problem for such structures without the necessity of solving a large number of linear simultaneous equations. The method is very similar to the Moment Distribution Method for continuous beams.
Airlines’ Approach to Aircraft Selection
Authors: Nivet Raymond 
Published: July 2016

In any industry, success calls not only for a tool which is well adapted to its purpose, correctly maintained and efficiently used, but also for a tool which is unsurpassed by a better one.This is also true of air transport. C. R. Smith (President, American Airlines Inc.) noted some time ago that an aircraft ceases to be efficient as soon as another aircraft becomes available that can do its specific job better. This axiom places emphasis on the selection of aircraft as one of the primary elements of success for airlines which, in order to survive economically, must have available the right number of aircraft of the right type at the right moment.This is the result of two essential characteristics of air transport: intense competition and marginal profits.
Altered resting-state neural activity and changes following a craving behavioral intervention for Internet gaming disorder
Authors: Zhang Jin-Tao , Yao Yuan-Wei , Potenza Marc N. , Xia Cui-Cui , Lan Jing , Liu Lu , Wang Ling-Jiao , Liu Ben , Ma Shan-Shan , Fang Xiao-Yi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInternet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a serious mental health issue worldwide. Evaluating the benefits of interventions for IGD is of great significance. Thirty-six young adults with IGD and 19 healthy comparison (HC) subjects were recruited and underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. Twenty IGD subjects participated in a group craving behavioral intervention (CBI) and were scanned before and after the intervention. The remaining 16 IGD subjects did not receive an intervention. The results showed that IGD subjects showed decreased amplitude of low fluctuation in the orbital frontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex and exhibited increased resting-state functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared with HC subjects. Compared with IGD subjects who did not receive the intervention, those receiving CBI demonstrated significantly reduced resting-state functional connectivity between the: (1) orbital frontal cortex with hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus; and, (2) posterior cingulate cortex with supplementary motor area, precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus. These findings suggest that IGD is associated with abnormal resting-state neural activity in reward-related, default mode and executive control networks. Thus, the CBI may exert effects by reducing interactions between regions within a reward-related network and across the default mode and executive control networks.
Definition of a Skp2-c-Myc Pathway to Expand Human Beta-cells
Authors: Tiwari Shiwani , Roel Chris , Tanwir Mansoor , Wills Rachel , Perianayagam Nidhi , Wang Peng , Fiaschi-Taesch Nathalie M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractType 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and reduced functional β-cell mass. Developmental differences, failure of adaptive expansion and loss of β-cells via β-cell death or de-differentiation have emerged as the possible causes of this reduced β-cell mass. We hypothesized that the proliferative response to mitogens of human β-cells from T2D donors is reduced and that this might contribute to the development and progression of T2D. Here, we demonstrate that the proliferative response of human β-cells from T2D donors in response to cdk6 and cyclin D3 is indeed dramatically impaired. We show that this is accompanied by increased nuclear abundance of the cell cycle inhibitor, p27kip1. Increasing nuclear abundance of p27kip1 by adenoviral delivery decreases the proliferative response of β-cells from non-diabetic donors, mimicking T2D β-cells. However, while both p27kip1 gene silencing and downregulation by Skp2 overexpression increased similarly the proliferative response of human β-cells, only Skp2 was capable of inducing a significant human β-cell expansion. Skp2 was also able to double the proliferative response of T2D β-cells. These studies define c-Myc as a central Skp2 target for the induction of cell cycle entry, expansion and regeneration of human T2D β-cells.
“Calibration-on-the-spot”: How to calibrate an EMCCD camera from its images
Authors: Mortensen Kim I. , Flyvbjerg Henrik 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to count photons with a camera, the camera must be calibrated. Photon counting is necessary, e.g., to determine the precision of localization-based super-resolution microscopy. Here we present a protocol that calibrates an EMCCD camera from information contained in isolated, diffraction-limited spots in any image taken by the camera, thus making dedicated calibration procedures redundant by enabling calibration post festum, from images filed without calibration information.
Redefining the “carrier” state for foot-and-mouth disease from the dynamics of virus persistence in endemically affected cattle populations
Authors: Bronsvoort Barend M. deC. , Handel Ian G. , Nfon Charles K. , Sørensen Karl-Johan , Malirat Viviana , Bergmann Ingrid , Tanya Vincent N. , Morgan Kenton L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) “carrier” state was defined by van Bekkum in 1959. It was based on the recovery of infectious virus 28 days or more post infection and has been a useful construct for experimental studies. Using historic data from 1,107 cattle, collected as part of a population based study of endemic FMD in 2000, we developed a mixed effects logistic regression model to predict the probability of recovering viable FMDV by probang and culture, conditional on the animal’s age and time since last reported outbreak. We constructed a second set of models to predict the probability of an animal being probang positive given its antibody response in three common non-structural protein (NSP) ELISAs and its age. We argue that, in natural ecological settings, the current definition of a ”carrier” fails to capture the dynamics of either persistence of the virus (as measured by recovery using probangs) or the uncertainty in transmission from such animals that the term implies. In these respects it is not particularly useful. We therefore propose the first predictive statistical models for identifying persistently infected cattle in an endemic setting that captures some of the dynamics of the probability of persistence. Furthermore, we provide a set of predictive tools to use alongside NSP ELISAs to help target persistently infected cattle.
Regulation of Schwann cell proliferation and migration by miR-1 targeting brain-derived neurotrophic factor after peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Yi Sheng , Yuan Ying , Chen Qianqian , Wang Xinghui , Gong Leilei , Liu Jie , Gu Xiaosong , Li Shiying 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury is a global problem that causes disability and severe socioeconomic burden. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) benefits peripheral nerve regeneration and becomes a promising therapeutic molecule. In the current study, we found that microRNA-1 (miR-1) directly targeted BDNF by binding to its 3′-UTR and caused both mRNA degradation and translation suppression of BDNF. Moreover, miR-1 induced BDNF mRNA degradation primarily through binding to target site 3 rather than target site 1 or 2 of BDNF 3′-UTR. Following rat sciatic nerve injury, a rough inverse correlation was observed between temporal expression profiles of miR-1 and BDNF in the injured nerve. The overexpression or silencing of miR-1 in cultured Schwann cells (SCs) inhibited or enhanced BDNF secretion from the cells, respectively and also suppressed or promoted SC proliferation and migration, respectively. Interestingly, BDNF knockdown could attenuate the enhancing effect of miR-1 inhibitor on SC proliferation and migration. These findings will contribute to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve injury, which overcomes the limitations of direct administration of exogenous BDNF by using miR-1 to regulate endogenous BDNF expression.
Analysis of Triplet Exciton Loss Pathways in PTB7:PC71BM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Kraus Hannes , Heiber Michael C. , Väth Stefan , Kern Julia , Deibel Carsten , Sperlich Andreas , Dyakonov Vladimir 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA strategy for increasing the conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaics has been to increase the VOC by tuning the energy levels of donor and acceptor components. However, this opens up a new loss pathway from an interfacial charge transfer state to a triplet exciton (TE) state called electron back transfer (EBT), which is detrimental to device performance. To test this hypothesis, we study triplet formation in the high performing PTB7:PC71BM blend system and determine the impact of the morphology-optimizing additive 1,8-diiodoctane (DIO). Using photoluminescence and spin-sensitive optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements at low temperature, we find that TEs form on PC71BM via intersystem crossing from singlet excitons and on PTB7 via EBT mechanism. For DIO blends with smaller fullerene domains, an increased density of PTB7 TEs is observed. The EBT process is found to be significant only at very low temperature. At 300 K, no triplets are detected via ODMR and electrically detected magnetic resonance on optimized solar cells indicates that TEs are only present on the fullerenes. We conclude that in PTB7:PC71BM devices, TE formation via EBT is impacted by fullerene domain size at low temperature, but at room temperature, EBT does not represent a dominant loss pathway.
MSC from fetal and adult lungs possess lung-specific properties compared to bone marrow-derived MSC
Authors: Rolandsson Enes Sara , Andersson Sjöland Annika , Skog Ingrid , Hansson Lennart , Larsson Hillevi , Le Blanc Katarina , Eriksson Leif , Bjermer Leif , Scheding Stefan , Westergren-Thorsson Gunilla 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent cells with regenerative and immune-modulatory properties. Therefore, MSC have been proposed as a potential cell-therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). On the other hand, there are publications demonstrating that MSC might be involved in the development of BOS. Despite limited knowledge regarding the functional role of tissue-resident lung-MSC, several clinical trials have been performed using MSC, particularly bone marrow (BM)-derived MSC, for various lung diseases. We aimed to compare lung-MSC with the well-characterized BM-MSC. Furthermore, MSC isolated from lung-transplanted patients with BOS were compared to patients without BOS. Our study show that lung-MSCs are smaller, possess a higher colony-forming capacity and have a different cytokine profile compared to BM-MSC. Utilizing gene expression profiling, 89 genes including lung-specific FOXF1 and HOXB5 were found to be significantly different between BM-MSC and lung-MSC. No significant differences in cytokine secretion or gene expression were found between MSC isolated from BOS patients compared recipients without BOS. These data demonstrate that lung-resident MSC possess lung-specific properties. Furthermore, these results show that MSC isolated from lung-transplanted patients with BOS do not have an altered phenotype compared to MSC isolated from good outcome recipients.
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection in Primary Human Macrophages; Balancing Higher Fusion against Antiviral Responses
Authors: Flipse Jacky , Diosa-Toro Mayra A. , Hoornweg Tabitha E. , van de Pol Denise P. I. , Urcuqui-Inchima Silvio , Smit Jolanda M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe dogma is that the human immune system protects us against pathogens. Yet, several viruses, like dengue virus, antagonize the hosts’ antibodies to enhance their viral load and disease severity; a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. This study offers novel insights in the molecular mechanism of antibody-mediated enhancement (ADE) of dengue virus infection in primary human macrophages. No differences were observed in the number of bound and internalized DENV particles following infection in the absence and presence of enhancing concentrations of antibodies. Yet, we did find an increase in membrane fusion activity during ADE of DENV infection. The higher fusion activity is coupled to a low antiviral response early in infection and subsequently a higher infection efficiency. Apparently, subtle enhancements early in the viral life cycle cascades into strong effects on infection, virus production and immune response. Importantly and in contrast to other studies, the antibody-opsonized virus particles do not trigger immune suppression and remain sensitive to interferon. Additionally, this study gives insight in how human macrophages interact and respond to viral infections and the tight regulation thereof under various conditions of infection.