bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metadata
Authors: Grossmann Wilfried 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMetadata inform about the meaning of data, the statistical methods used in the production of data, and about the details for accessing the data. In official statistics, metadata modeling has a long tradition in connection with data management. Other areas of computational statistics use metadata more implicitly. Three aspects of metadata are discussed: the role of metadata in managing statistical data, the usage of metadata in statistical analysis, and how metadata support the management of processes inside an organization. Statistical data resemble the data structures of a data warehouse, but a number of peculiarities require an extension of the metadata models used in data warehouses. The extension starts from statistical analysis objects defined by the underlying population, the variables and value domains used for measuring the properties of the population units, and the datasets formed by the variables. For the analysis objects, corresponding metadata objects are defined. A statistical analysis is understood as a sequence of transformations of the analysis objects at the data level as well as the metadata level. For management of statistical processes inside an organization, one has to consider the entire data processing chain of various interrelated statistical projects. This is supported by the application of ideas from business process modeling for statistics and the design of a corporate statistical data warehouse with a common metadata repository.
Clustering
Authors: Cuzick Jack 
Published: February 2016

AbstractClustering problems arise in a number of epidemiological applications, and the temporal and spatial patterns of disease incidence have been a major stimulus for the development of this subject. Evaluating apparent “clusters” of disease in small communities has led to the development of a number of tests for spatial clustering. The study of unexpected outbreaks of disease has led to tests of temporal clustering and also of space–time clustering where closeness both temporally and geographically is required.
Sensitivity Analysis: Introduction
Authors: Goldsmith Charles H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSensitivity analysis is a reassessment of the model components used for data summary that attempts to detect whether changing any of their assumptions leads to different interpretations of the outcome. Sensitivity analysis can be carried out simply by varying input values to assess whether a different interpretation of the response emerges, or more elaborate ideas from Monte Carlo analysis and factorial experiments can also be used. Sensitivity analyses have been used recently for meta‐analysis. Other techniques such as graphical displays and comparison of alternative model formulations are also briefly mentioned.
Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Spence M. Anne , Vieland Veronica J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGenetic epidemiology is the branch of human genetics concerned with the etiology of inherited diseases, with their distributions in populations, and with the discovery of medically relevant genotype–phenotype relationships. In its modern form, the field dates back to the 1960s, when advances in both recombinant DNA technologies and high performance computing gave rise to a renaissance in genetic epidemiologic methods development and application. More recently, the completion of the sequencing of the human genome in 2003 heralded the beginning of a new chapter in human genetics, which has led to an energetic embrace of utilizing sequence data for gene discovery and precision medicine. However, the sheer quantity of sequence variation that each individual carries makes it challenging to distinguish which among a plethora of variants are involved in causing any particular phenotype. For this reason, there is a resurgence of interest in some of the classical methods of genetic epidemiology, especially methods involving the use of family data. In order to fully understand these methods, their limitations, and assumptions, it is helpful to review their development in historical context. We briefly review this history here.
Software Packages for Data Mining
Authors: Haughton Dominique 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

The term
data mining
, AKA
Analytics
,
Data Science
or “
Big Data
” refers to the identification – within a typically large database – of new, valid, and interesting patterns. While data mining is very popular in the context of, for example, database and web marketing, most of the methods under the data mining umbrella have been widely applied in biostatistics. We describe which main applications of data mining have arisen in biostatistics, and introduce the reader to some of the available data mining software packages with a reference to biostatistical needs.
Occupational Mortality, Background on
Authors: Lynge Elsebeth 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe study of occupational mortality involves the systematic tabulation of mortality by occupational or socioeconomic groups. Three main methods are used to conduct these studies: cross‐sectional studies, death certificate studies, and follow‐up studies. Cross‐sectional studies were undertaken in England and Wales from 1851 to 1979–1983, and these studies have provided key data on social inequalities in health. Death certificate studies have been used for identification of occupational groups with high excess risks from specific diseases. Follow‐up studies require linkage of individual records, typically from censuses and death certificates. They have been undertaken in, for example, all the Nordic countries. The follow‐up studies have shown a high mortality for all marginal groups of the labor market, a social gradient in overall mortality, low mortality among farmers, and a widening gap between the mortality rates of blue‐ and white‐collar workers.
Change/Percent Change From Baseline
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Many clinical trials involve baseline and follow‐up assessment of a continuous outcome, such as pain, depression, or blood pressure. Different methods are available to analyze the results of such trials, which include between‐group two‐sample comparisons of the follow‐up measure, change score or percentage change, and linear regression of treatment on the follow‐up measure with the baseline measure as a covariate [analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)]. Each method provides a statistic that may have greater or less clinical applicability, depending on the particular trial involved. ANCOVA has greatest statistical power irrespective of the correlation between baseline and follow‐up measure, the nature of the treatment effect (shift or ratio), whether the control group also experiences change, and the distribution of the follow‐up measure. ANCOVA has additional advantages including control for chance baseline differences and incorporation of randomization strata as covariates. If trials results are best expressed in terms other than ANCOVA, such as a percentage change, then the preferred approach is to analyze the trial using ANCOVA and then convert the results into statistics that can be readily understood by clinicians.
Genomic Clinical Trials
Authors: Simon Richard 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Genomics is important for the study of many human diseases. Inherited polymorphisms can be directly causative of disease, increase the risk of disease, and alter the prognosis of patients with the disease. Genomics can also play a major role in identifying molecular targets for therapeutic development. Cancer is a disease of
DNA
alterations, both inherited and somatic. The identification of alterations, which are causative of oncogenesis or contribute to tumor invasion and progression, plays a fundamental role in the development of new treatments for cancer. The finding of genomic heterogeneity in traditionally defined diagnostic categories is driving therapeutic development and deployment of new clinical trial designs in oncology. We describe here some of these new designs and some of the important changes taking place in clinical trial paradigms in order to keep clinical trials in tune with modern disease biology.
Attributable Fractions
Authors: Sjölander Arvid 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe attributable fraction (AF) for a particular exposure‐outcome pair is defined as the proportion of outcomes that would be prevented in the population if the exposure was completely eliminated. As such, it quantifies the public health impact of the exposure with respect to the outcome. The AF is traditionally defined for binary outcomes, but has recently been extended to time‐to‐event outcomes. Estimation of AFs requires that there are no unmeasured confounders and that measured confounders are properly adjusted for.
Response surface methodology for the optimization of biofuel production at a low molar ratio of supercritical methanol to used palm olein oil
Authors: Sakdasri Winatta , Sawangkeaw Ruengwit , Ngamprasertsith Somkiat 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA large energy input for preheating and recovering of high excess alcohols used are the main issue in the supercritical methanol (SCM) process. This work demonstrated the production of biofuel from used palm olein oil in SCM using a low methanol to oil molar ratio. The effects of the operating temperature (350–400 °C), methanol to oil molar ratio (9:1–12:1), and reaction time (2–10 min), and their reciprocal interactions were evaluated using a central composite design. The optimum process conditions were determined to be a temperature of 395 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, and reaction time of approximately 9 min through the use of response surface methodology. The modified quadratic regression model demonstrated that the triglyceride conversion (%XTG) and methyl ester content (%FAME) were sensitive to changes in the operating temperature and reaction time, while the effect of the methanol to oil molar ratio was minimal. Under the optimal operating conditions, the predicted values of %XTG and %FAME were 100% and 63.67%, respectively, which were in good agreement with the experimental values. The fuel properties of biofuel obtained from optimal conditions were examined and then compared to American and European standards for biodiesel. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vinyl acetate content and electron beam irradiation directed alteration of structure, morphology, and associated properties of EVA/EPDM blends
Authors: Ray Chowdhury Subhendu , Sharma Bhuwanesh Kumar , Mahanwar Prakash , Sarma Kuppa Sivasankara 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTA series of ethylene vinyl acetate/ethylene–propylene diene elastomer (EVA/EPDM) blends with four types of EVAs with various vinyl acetate (VA) content, are prepared without and with crosslinker, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA). These are irradiated by electron beam (EB). As the VA content increases, the gel content, i.e., degree of crosslinking of EVA/EPDM blends, is increased. With increase in VA content, the modulus and tensile strength are decreased but elongation at break is increased due to increase in amorphousness. On EB irradiation, modulus and tensile strengths are increased but at the cost of elongation at break. Crystallinities of all blends are decreased with increase in VA and EB crosslinking. The thermal stability of EVA/EPDM blend is decreased with increase in VA content but increased after EB irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show that with increase in VA content the miscibility of two polymers keeps on increasing, which even become more after EB irradiation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43468.
Poly ionic liquid cryogel of polyethyleneimine: Synthesis, characterization, and testing in absorption studies
Authors: Sahiner Nurettin , Demirci Sahin 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTHere, we report the synthesis of polyethyleneimine (PEI) cryogels for the first time via cryopolymerization technique. The crosslinking of amine groups on the branched PEI chains is accomplished with epoxy groups of glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE) based on epoxy–amine reactions in excess water at −18 °C in about 16 h. Superporous PEI cryogels with pore sizes >100 μm were shown to have very fast equilibrium swelling behavior, e.g., 10 s to reach maximum swelling in DI water. Furthermore, the synthesized PEI cryogels were exposed to anion exchange reaction after protonation by HCl treatments to generate PEI ionic liquid cryogels containing hexafluorophosphate, thiocyanate, dicyanamide, and tetrafluoroborate. It was also demonstrated that PEI cryogels modified with [PF6]− absorbed 47.8 ± 5.7 mg/g of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Moreover, PEI cryogels were shown to be very useful as simple filtration filling materials for the direct removal of organic dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and eosin Y (EY) from their corresponding aqueous solutions with 98.5 and 98.6% yields, respectively. The separation of methylene blue (MB) from MO and EY mixture by using PEI cryogels as column filler materials was also demonstrated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43478.
Sensitive determination of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine by coupling HPLC with [Ag(HIO6)2]5−–luminol chemiluminescence detection
Authors: Wu Dong , Xie He , Lu Haifeng , Li Wei , Zhang Qunlin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBased on the enhancing effects of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP), dopamine (DA) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) on the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction between [Ag(HIO6)2]5− and luminol in alkaline solution, a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with CL detection was explored for the sensitive determination of monoamine neurotransmitters for the first time. The UV–visible absorption spectra were recorded to study the enhancement mechanism of monoamine neurotransmitters on the CL of [Ag(HIO6)2]5− and luminol reaction. The HPLC separation of NE, EP, DA and 5‐HT was achieved with isocratic elution using a mixture of aqueous 0.2% phosphoric acid and methanol (5:95, v/v) within 11.0 min. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of NE, EP, DA, and 5‐HT were 4.8, 0.9, 1.9 and 2.3 ng/mL, respectively, corresponding to 17.6–96.0 pg for 20 μL sample injection. The recoveries of monoamine neurotransmitters in rat brain were >95.6% with the precisions expressed by RSD <5.0%. The validated HPLC‐CL method was successfully applied for the quantification of NE, EP, DA and 5‐HT in rat brain. This method has promising potential for some biological and clinical investigations focusing on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
It is not paradoxical: Risk reduction from transradial occurs across all weight classes proportional to baseline risk
Authors: Gilchrist Ian C. , Schmidt Torrey R. 
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Reductions in bleeding risk through the use of transradial versus transfemoral access can be seen across the spectrum of patient body mass indexes using a large claims based database.
At both the heavy and light extremes of body mass, the radial‐associated reductions in bleeding are most evident with a mortality benefit and a reduction in retroperitoneal bleeding evident in the morbidly obese.
Expansion of radial skills to allow operators to confidently provide these procedures to all appropriate patients regardless of weight would reduce bleeding risks and mortality across the population.
SpontaneousEscherichia colibacterial meningitis mimicking heatstroke in an adult
Authors: Ishida Kenichiro , Noborio Mitsuhiro , Nakamura Masayuki , Ieki Yohei , Sogabe Taku , Sadamitsu Daikai 
Published: February 2016

Key Clinical MessageBacterial meningitis can be difficult to recognize: the meningeal triad symptoms are not always present and the alteration in mental status can mimic heatstroke.Escherichia colimeningitis is a serious disease whose early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic treatment, and hemodynamic management are essential.
Susceptibility to monocular deprivation following immersion in darkness either late into or beyond the critical period
Authors: Duffy Kevin R. , Lingley Alexander J. , Holman Kaitlyn D. , Mitchell Donald E. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAn extended duration of darkness starting near the time of birth preserves immature neuronal characteristics and prolongs the accentuated plasticity observed in young animals. Brief periods of complete darkness have emerged as an effective means of restoring a high capacity for neural plasticity and of promoting recovery from the effects of monocular deprivation (MD). We examined whether 10 days of darkness imposed in adulthood or beyond the peak of the critical period could rejuvenate the ability of MD to reduce the size of neuron somata within deprived layers of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). For adult cats subjected to 10 days of darkness before 7 days of MD, we observed no alteration in neuron size or neurofilament labeling within the dLGN. At 12 weeks of age, MD that followed immediately after 10 days of darkness produced an enhanced reduction of neuron soma size within deprived dLGN layers. For this age we observed that 10 days of darkness also enhanced the loss of neurofilament protein within deprived dLGN layers. These results indicate that, although 10 days of darkness in adulthood does not enhance the susceptibility to 7 days of MD, darkness imposed near the trailing edge of the critical period can restore a heightened susceptibility to MD more typical of an earlier developmental stage. The loss of neurofilament in juveniles exposed to darkness prior to MD suggests that the enhanced capacity for structural plasticity is partially rooted in the ability of darkness to modulate molecules that inhibit plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2643–2653, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variable laterality of corticospinal tract axons that regenerate after spinal cord injury as a result of PTEN deletion or knock‐down
Authors: Willenberg Rafer , Zukor Katherine , Liu Kai , He Zhigang , Steward Oswald 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTCorticospinal tract (CST) axons from one hemisphere normally extend and terminate predominantly in the contralateral spinal cord. We previously showed that deleting the gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the sensorimotor cortex enables CST axons to regenerate after spinal cord injury and that some regenerating axons extend along the “wrong” side. Here, we characterize the degree of specificity of regrowth in terms of laterality. PTEN was selectively deleted via cortical adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐Cre injections in neonatal PTEN‐floxed mice. As adults, mice received dorsal hemisection injuries at T12 or complete crush injuries at T9. CST axons from one hemisphere were traced by unilateral biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injections in PTEN‐deleted mice with spinal cord injury and in noninjured PTEN‐floxed mice that had not received AAV‐Cre. In noninjured mice, 97.9 ± 0.7% of BDA‐labeled axons in white matter and 88.5 ± 1.0% of BDA‐labeled axons in gray matter were contralateral to the cortex of origin. In contrast, laterality of CST axons that extended past a lesion due to PTEN deletion varied across animals. In some cases, regenerated axons extended predominantly on the ipsilateral side; in other cases, axons extended predominantly contralaterally, and in others, axons were similar in numbers on both sides. Similar results were seen in analyses of cases from previous studies using short hairpin (sh)RNA‐mediated PTEN knock‐down. These results indicate that CST axons that extend past a lesion due to PTEN deletion or knock‐down do not maintain the contralateral rule of the noninjured CST, highlighting one aspect of how the resultant circuitry from regenerating axons may differ from that of the uninjured CST. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2654–2676, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uveal melanoma: An analysis of cellular features and comparison to monosomy 3 status
Authors: Hamadeh Fatima , Medina Carlos A. , Singh Arun D. , Reynolds Jordan P. , Biscotti Charles V. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundChoroidal and ciliary body melanomas divide into two approximately equal groups. Local therapy cures one group while the other metastasizes and proves lethal. Monosomy 3 strongly associates with aggressive behavior. We analyzed a series of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas to describe the cellular features and to compare them to monosomy 3 status using the latter as a surrogate for survival.MethodsOne hundred eleven specimens met the study's inclusion criteria. Following ThinPrep processing, samples were analyzed for cellular features including: cell type, nuclear grade, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and the presence of necrosis and melanin. FISH analysis for monosomy 3 was performed on ThinPrep slides using a threshold of 20% monosomic cells per 200 melanoma cells.ResultsSeventy‐two tumors (65%) had a mixed cell type while spindle cell type and epithelioid cell type occurred in 37 (33%) and 2 (1.8%), respectively. Seventy‐five tumors (68%) had Grade 2 nuclear atypia. Monosomy 3 occurred in 57 tumors (51%). Significantly more tumors with Grade 3 nuclei had monosomy 3 (79% vs.43%, P = 0.002) and metastases (29% vs. 8%, P = 0.01). None of the 11 pure spindle cell tumors with Grade 1 nuclei metastasized or had monosomy 3.ConclusionsUveal melanoma has a relatively consistent cellular appearance, characterized by a mixed cell pattern and no more than moderate nuclear atypia. This consistent appearance aids in the cellular diagnosis but limits prognostication using cellular features. Cellular features significantly associate with monosomy 3 status only in the minority of tumors at the extremes of the morphologic spectrum. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:377–383. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased use of antimicrobial medication in bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder prior to the eating disorder treatment
Authors: Raevuori Anu , Lukkariniemi Laura , Suokas Jaana T. , Gissler Mika , Suvisaari Jaana M. , Haukka Jari 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe examined the use of antimicrobial medication as a proxy for infections in large patient cohort treated for binge‐eating disorder (BED), bulimia nervosa (BN), and anorexia nervosa (AN) over the five‐year period preceding eating disorder treatment.MethodPatients (N = 1592) at the Eating Disorder Unit of Helsinki University Central Hospital between 2000 and 2010 were compared with matched general population controls (N = 6368). The study population was linked to the prescription data of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral medication from the Register on Reimbursed Prescription Medicine. Data were analyzed using regression models.ResultsIndividuals with BN and BED had received more often antimicrobial medication prescriptions compared to their controls (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3–2.1; OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.4–4.6, respectively), while no significant difference emerged in AN (OR: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.7–1.0, p = 0.10). Of the main drug categories, the respective pattern was seen in antibacterial and antifungal medication, while increased use for antivirals appeared only in BN (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.3). Measured with the mean number of prescriptions or mean Defined Daily Doses per individual, patients with BN, BED and males with AN had also higher total antimicrobial medication use.DiscussionIndicating increased infections, we found elevated use of antimicrobial medication in BN, BED and in males with AN. Infections may be consequence of hyperglycemia, weight gain, or dysregulation of intestinal microbiota associated with core eating disorder behaviors. Or the other way round; changes in intestinal microbiota due to infections, inflammation, or antibacterial medications might contribute to eating disorders in multiple ways. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:542–552)