bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Adults at risk”: “vulnerability” by any other name?
Authors: Pritchard-Jones Laura 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore and critique the conceptual and terminological shift – particularly from “vulnerability” to “adult at risk” – in adult safeguarding under the Care Act 2014 and the Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper compares the notion of the vulnerable adult in safeguarding, with the notion of an adult at risk under the Care Act 2014 and the Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014 and questions to what extent such a shift addresses existing criticisms of “vulnerability”.

Findings
The paper criticises the notion of the “vulnerable adult” for perpetuating the stigma associated with an impairment or disability, and for the types of legal and policy responses deemed appropriate under such an understanding of vulnerability. While efforts to replace the term “vulnerable adult” with “adult at risk” are, to some extent, to be welcomed, “adult at risk” under the legislation relies on the same characteristics for which the “vulnerable adult” has been criticised. Nevertheless, the safeguarding provisions under the two Acts have made some strides forward in comparison to their legal and policy predecessors and the notion of the “vulnerable adult”.

Originality/value
This paper’s originality and value lie in its scrutiny of the notion of “vulnerability” in adult safeguarding, in comparison to the newer terminology of an “adult at risk”, whilst also suggesting that in important respects – in relation to the interventions deemed appropriate where an adult is perceived to be at risk – the two pieces of legislation are a marked improvement on their predecessors. It also offers some thoughts as to how criticisms of the new legislation may be overcome.
Random assignment in sexual offending programme evaluation: the missing method
Authors: Walton Jamie S. 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe need for random assignment in sexual offending programme evaluation is clear. Decades of high dependence on weak-inference methodology, that of observational studies, has inhibited professional agreement regarding the effects of programmes. Observational studies have a place in evaluation research when more rigorous scientific designs precede them, as occurs in neighbouring fields of drug development and health. If, however, observational studies remain the only method used to evaluate sexual offending programmes, the field will continue to endure uncertainty with confident causal inferences regarding their effects remaining elusive. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a literature review and discussion.FindingsThe case for random assignment is made alongside a rebuttal of arguments against their use.Originality/valueThis is an original look at the need for random assignment in sexual offending programme evaluation taking into account existing studies and discussion topics.
A developed genetic algorithm for solving the multi-objective supply chain scheduling problem
Authors: Borumand Ali , Beheshtinia Mohammad Ali 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Proper management of supplies and their delivery greatly affects the competitiveness of companies. This paper aims to propose an integrated decision-making approach for integrated transportation and production scheduling problem in a two-stage supply chain. The objective functions are minimizing the total delivery tardiness, production cost and the emission by suppliers and vehicles and maximizing the production quality.

Design/methodology/approach
First, the mathematical model of the problem is presented. Consequently, a new algorithm based on a combination of the genetic algorithm (GA) and the VIKOR method in multi-criteria decision-making, named GA-VIKOR, is introduced. To evaluate the efficiency of GA-VIKOR, it is implemented in a pharmaceutical distribution company located in Iran and the results are compared with those obtained by the previous decision-making process. The results are also compared with a similar algorithm which does not use the VIKOR method and other algorithm mentioned in the literature. Finally, the results are compared with the optimized solutions for small-sized problems.

Findings
Results indicate the high efficiency of GA-VIKOR in making decisions regarding integrated production supply chain and transportation scheduling.

Research limitations/implications
This research aids the manufacturers to minimize their total delivery tardiness and production cost and at the same time maximize their production quality. These improve the customer satisfaction as a part of social and manufacturer’s power of competitiveness. Furthermore, the emission minimizing objective functions directly provides benefits to the environment and the society.

Originality/value
This paper investigates a new supply chain scheduling the problems and presents its mathematical formulation. Moreover, a new algorithm is introduced to solve the multi-objective problems.
From slaves to servant leaders: remembering the contributions of John Merrick and Alonzo Herndon
Authors: Prieto Leon C. , Phipps Simone Trixie Allison , Mathur-Helm Babita 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to knowledge in the field of business by recognizing two historic entrepreneurs who played an important role in the African-American community, and by viewing their contributions through the lens of servant leadership.

Design/methodology/approach
The study is conducted by reviewing and synthesizing a number of writings from sources, such as history journals, newspapers and other resources.

Findings
The main finding is that two former slaves (Merrick and Herndon) practiced servant leadership in the early twentieth century as a way to create jobs and transform communities.

Originality/value
The contributions made by African-Americans have not been adequately covered in the literature. This paper begins to fill a noticeable void by highlighting the contributions of two former slaves who managed to become successful servant leaders within their communities.
Dual Effects of Creatinine on the Formation of 2‐Amino‐1‐Methyl‐6‐Phenylimidazo [4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP)
Authors: Yu Chundi , Shao Zeping , Zhang Jinhui , Liu Bing , Kong Lingjie , Zhang Yan , Wang Shuo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCreatinine was found to not only act as a precursor of 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo [4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) formation but also inhibit PhIP formation in a creatinine/phenylalanine model system. The dual mechanistic effects of creatinine on PhIP formation were then investigated in a model system. Adducts of creatinine–PhIP were detected by quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and were found to be a likely explanation for the substantial decrease in the yield of PhIP when excess creatinine was supplied. Structures of probable adducts were predicted in molecular docking studies, which showed that hydrogen bonds were formed between creatinine and PhIP in 1:1 and 2:1 ratios. Furthermore, the active sites during creatinine–PhIP adduct formation (the primary amino groups [N2‐] and sp2 nitrogen atoms [N3] of creatinine and PhIP) match the active sites of PhIP metabolism and adducts of PhIP/lipid‐derived reactive carbonyls. This verifies that creatinine inhibits PhIP production via the formation of adducts with hydrogen bonds at the N2 and N3 sites.Practical ApplicationThis study enhances the understanding of how creatinine affects PhIP formation, reveals a new PhIP inhibition mechanism, and will be useful for developing technology to control PhIP formation during food processing.
Downregulation of gasdermin D promotes gastric cancer proliferation by regulating cell cycle‐related proteins
Authors: Wang Wei Jie , Chen Di , Jiang Ming Zuo , XU Bing , Li Xiao Wei , Chu Yi , Zhang Yu Jie , Mao Ren , Liang Jie , Fan Dai Ming 
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between gasdermin D (GSDMD) and gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation, and to determine whether the downregulated expression of GSDMD contributed to the tumorigenesis and proliferation of GC cells.METHODSGSDMD expressions in GC tissues and matched adjacent non‐cancerous tissues were assessed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The effect of GSDMD on cell proliferation in vitro was assessed by the colony formation assay and cell viability assays. In vivo, xenografted tumors in nude mice were evaluated. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, the alterations of several cell cycle‐related and cell signaling pathway proteins were analyzed by Western blot.RESULTSGSDMD expression was decreased in GC, and the decreased expression of GSDMD could markedly promote the proliferation of tumors in vivo and in vitro. The downregulation of GSDMD accelerated S/G2 cell transition by activating extracellular signal regulated kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways and regulating cell cycle‐related proteins in GC.CONCLUSIONGSDMD may protect against cell proliferation of GC, and it may be used as a diagnostic and treatment strategy for GC.
A retrospective cost analysis of angioplasty compared to bypass surgery for lower limb arterial disease in an Australian tertiary health service
Authors: Ngu Natalie LY , Lisik James , Varma Dinesh , Goh Gerard S 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIntroductionPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and surgical bypass (BYP) are treatment options for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD). PTA and BYP have different clinical outcomes and cost implications. This paper aims to compare hospital‐related costs of PTA and BYP for PAD of the lower limbs in an Australian health service.MethodsA retrospective cost analysis using clinical and financial data from an urban, tertiary hospital was performed. Patient cohorts were matched to existing published studies and 3‐year findings were calculated. Outcomes measured were mean initial admission cost; mean bed stay; mean complication rate; mean cost of re‐intervention at 12 months and extrapolated mean cost at 3 years.ResultsThe mean total admission costs for PTA compared to BYP were $8758 vs. $27,849 (P < 0.001). Patients undergoing BYP were admitted for 10.25 vs. 3.77 nights (P < 0.001). The complication rate was greater in the BYP group for infection only. Re‐intervention was required by 13% of the PTA group and 16% of the BYP group, at a mean cost of $11,798 and $14,728, respectively (P = 0.453). The extrapolated total mean cost at 3 years was higher in the BYP group for patients with both intermittent claudication ($26,764 vs. $11,402) and critical limb ischaemia ($27,719 vs. $12,655).ConclusionsIn this cohort, PTA is a favourable alternative to BYP for PAD of the lower limbs as it is less costly, does not result in a greater re‐intervention rate at 1 year and has been previously demonstrated to have comparable clinical outcomes. Given the limitations of this retrospective analysis, a prospective cost‐effectiveness analysis is recommended.
Comparison of early versus late onset familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Yasar Bilge Nazife Sule , Sari Ismail , Solmaz Dilek , Senel Soner , Emmungil Hakan , Kilic Levent , Yilmaz Oner Sibel , Yildiz Fatih , Yilmaz Sedat , Ersozlu Bozkirli Duygu , Aydin Tufan Muge , Yilmaz Sema , Yazisiz Veli , Pehlivan Yavuz , Bes Cemal , Yildirim Cetin Gozde , Erten Sukran , Gonullu Emel , Sahin Fezan , Akar Servet , Aksu Kenan , Kalyoncu Umut , Direskeneli Haner , Erken Eren , Sayarlioglu Mehmet , Cınar Muhammed , Kasifoglu Timucin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimFamilial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most common autoinflammatory disease. One of the common characteristics of this disease is its young age predominance. Nearly 90% of patients experience disease flares during early adult age periods. Currently there are limited data for the comparison of early versus late onset FMF and therefore the primary aim of this study was to investigate these two subsets with regard to their certain demographic, clinical and genetic differences.MethodsEarly (≤ 20 years, Group 1) and late (> 20 years, Group 2) onset FMF patients were identified from the national FMF registry that involves 2246 patients from 15 adult rheumatology clinics located in different geographical areas of Turkey.ResultsOf the 2246 patients, 1633 (72.7%) were aged ≤ 20 years old (Group 1) and the remaining 613 were older than 20 years (Group 2). Delay in diagnosis was longer in Group 1 and fever, peritonitis, pleuritis, erysipelas‐like erythema (ELE), arthritis, family history of FMF and amyloidosis were more common in Group 1. On the other hand, sex distribution, rates of amyloidosis, vasculitis and kidney failure were not different between the groups. Among patients with available genotypes, homozygous and heterozygous M694V mutations were significantly higher and heterozygous E148Q mutation was significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2.ConclusionPatients with FMF whose symptoms start before 20 years of age seem to have severe symptoms and M694V mutation may be responsible for the early expression of the disease.
Interaction between healthcare professionals and parents is a key determinant of parental distress during childhood hospitalisation for respiratory syncytial virus infection (European RSV Outcomes Study [EROS])
Authors: Carbonell‐Estrany Xavier , Dall'Agnola Alberto , Fullarton John R. , Rodgers‐Gray Barry S. , Girardi Elisa , Mussa Alessandro , Paniagua Natalia , Pieretto Marta , Rodríguez‐Fernandez Rosa , Manzoni Paolo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimWe characterised the distress that parents experienced when their child was hospitalised for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.MethodsThis survey‐based, observational study was conducted during 2014–2015. Meetings were held in Spain and Italy, with 24 parents of RSV hospitalised infants and 11 healthcare professionals experienced in RSV, which identified 110 factors related to parental distress. The resulting questionnaire was completed by another 105 Spanish and Italian parents and 56 healthcare professionals, to assess the impact these factors had on parental distress, using a scale from 0 to 10 (very unimportant to very important).ResultsThe five most important factors for parents were: healthcare professionals’ awareness of the latest developments, readmission, reinfections, painful procedures and positive experiences with healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals associated only medical factors with a meaningful impact on parents. Half of the six medical factors were given similar importance by both groups and the overall scoring for the 110 factors was comparable, with a correlation coefficient of 0.80. A primary concern on discharge was ongoing support.ConclusionThe relationship between parents and healthcare professionals was a significant factor in determining parental distress. Healthcare professionals appeared to have a good understanding of the overall impact on parents, particularly the key medical factors.
Editorial: getting bullish about portal hypertension—chronic treatment with oral taurine?
Authors: Dunne P. D. J. , Fallowfield J. A. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Schwarzer et al and Ferlitsch papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14377 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14477.
Better characterization of vinflunine pharmacokinetics variability and exposure/toxicity relationship to improve its use: Analyses from 18 trials
Authors: Schmitt Antonin , Nguyen Laurent , Zorza Grégoire , Ferré Pierre , Pétain Aurélie 
Published: January 2018

AimsVinflunine is a novel tubulin‐targeted inhibitor indicated as a single agent for the treatment of bladder cancers after failure of prior platinum‐based therapy. Its pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) have been independently characterized through several phase I and phase II studies. However, no global pharmacometric analysis had been conducted as yet.MethodsVinflunine concentrations and safety data from 18 phase I and phase II studies were used to conduct population PK and PK/PD analysis, using Nonmem. A four‐compartment model was used to describe vinflunine PK and several covariates were tested to explain interindividual variability. In terms of PK/PD relationship, a semiphysiological population PK/PD model was applied to describe time course of absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) after vinflunine administration and logistic regression models were used to test the relationship between vinflunine exposure and toxicities.ResultsVinflunine clearance is explained by creatinine clearance, body surface area and combination with PEGylated doxorubicin, leading to a decrease from 28.2 to 25.3% of the interindividual variability. When vinflunine dose is decreased, simulations of ANC time course (via a semiphysiological model) after vinflunine administration show a risk of neutropenia grade 3–4 at cycle 2 always lower than when dose is delayed. As an example, for moderate renal impaired patients, the risk is 42.1% when vinflunine is dosed at 320 mg m–2 once every 4 weeks vs. 23.3% for 280 mg m–2 once every 3 weeks.ConclusionsWe propose for the first time a global comprehensive clinical pharmacological analysis for intravenous vinflunine that may help drive dose adjustment.
Working and caring for a child with chronic illness: A review of current literature
Authors: Kish A. M. , Newcombe P. A. , Haslam D. M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundAdvances in medical knowledge have contributed to the increase in the number of children living with some form of long‐term chronic illness or condition. As a consequence of these advancements, treatments that are more accessible and easier to administer, usually within a child's home, have been developed. However, this may mean that parents take on greater treatment responsibility and require extra time and energy to meet these tasks, additional to other responsibilities. This review paper aims to summarize and critique existing literature on working parents of children with a chronic condition, by focusing on patterns of parent work, the challenges experienced, and the flow‐on consequences to well‐being.MethodsEmploying a narrative, meta‐synthesis of the current literature, this review identified 3 key themes related to working parents of children with chronic illness.ResultsThe paper first identifies that although employment is less common, these parents are not necessarily nonworking. Second, these parents experience numerous challenges including balancing work and family, time constraints, stress, and feelings of “doing it all.” And third, the above challenges lead to additional impacts on parental quality of life.ConclusionsThis review summarizes what is currently known about work patterns, challenges, and consequences in parents of children with chronic conditions. Employment is clearly impacted for these parents. Although workplace challenges have been extensively researched, other challenges (eg, personal and family) and impacts on their well‐being have not. This review discusses the present standing of this research. It outlines the strengths and limitations of the current literature, makes recommendations for future research, and suggests theoretical and practical implications of the further findings.
Trajectories of Infants’ Biobehavioral Development: Timing and Rate of A‐Not‐B Performance Gains and EEG Maturation
Authors: MacNeill Leigha A. , Ram Nilam , Bell Martha Ann , Fox Nathan A. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly 
Published: January 2018

This study examined how timing (i.e., relative maturity) and rate (i.e., how quickly infants attain proficiency) of A‐not‐B performance were related to changes in brain activity from age 6 to 12 months. A‐not‐B performance and resting EEG (electroencephalography) were measured monthly from age 6 to 12 months in 28 infants and were modeled using logistic and linear growth curve models. Infants with faster performance rates reached performance milestones earlier. Infants with faster rates of increase in A‐not‐B performance had lower occipital power at 6 months and greater linear increases in occipital power. The results underscore the importance of considering nonlinear change processes for studying infants’ cognitive development as well as how these changes are related to trajectories of EEG power.
False‐positive result when a diphenylcarbazide spot test is used on trivalent chromium‐passivated zinc surfaces
Authors: Reveko Valeriia , Lampert Felix , Din Rameez U. , Thyssen Jacob P. , Møller Per 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundA colorimetric 1,5‐diphenylcarbazide (DPC)‐based spot test can be used to identify hexavalent chromium on various metallic and leather surfaces. DPC testing on trivalent chromium‐passivated zinc surfaces has unexpectedly given positive results in some cases, apparently indicating the presence of hexavalent chromium; however, the presence of hexavalent chromium has never been confirmed with more sensitive and accurate test methods.ObjectivesTo examine the presence of hexavalent chromium on trivalent chromium‐passivated zinc surfaces with a DPC‐based spot test.MethodsA colorimetric DPC spot test was used for the initial detection of hexavalent chromium on new and 1‐year‐aged trivalent chromium‐passivated zinc surfaces. Then, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed for all samples.ResultsThe DPC spot test indicated the presence of hexavalent chromium in aged, but not new, trivalent chromium passivation on zinc; however, subsequent analysis by XPS could not confirm the presence of chromium in a hexavalent state.ConclusionsUnintended oxidation of DPC induced by atmospheric corrosion is suggested as a possible reason for the false‐positive reaction of the DPC test on a trivalent chromium‐passivated zinc surface. Further validation of the use of the DPC test for chromium‐containing metallic surfaces is required.
Eating down the food chain: generalism is not an evolutionary dead end for herbivores
Authors: Rojas Danny , Ramos Pereira Maria João , Fonseca Carlos , Dávalos Liliana M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe role of trophic specialisation in taxonomic diversification remains unclear. Plant specialists diversify faster than omnivores and animalivores, but at shorter macroevolutionary scales this pattern sometimes reverses. Here, we estimate the effect of diet diversification on speciation rates in noctilionoid bats, controlling for tree shape, rate heterogeneity and macroevolutionary regimes. We hypothesise that niche subdivision among herbivores positively relates to speciation rates, differing between macroevolutionary regimes. We found the rate at which new herbivorous lineages originate decreases as rates of diet evolution increase. Herbivores experience higher speciation rates, but generalist herbivores and predominantly herbivorous omnivores speciate faster than specialised herbivores, omnivores and animalivores. Generalised herbivory is not a dead end. We show that analysing ecological traits and diversification requires accounting for macroevolutionary regimes and within‐ and between‐clade variation in evolutionary rates. Our approach overcomes the high false‐positive rates of other methods and illuminates the roles of herbivory and specialisation in speciation.