bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New evidence from Ankara for thecollegia veteranorumand thealbata decursio
Authors: Bennett Julian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA tombstone of a legionary centurion found in Ankara proves to be of wider and greater significance than was originally recognised. Not only does it offer valuable evidence for early local recruitment patterns into the Roman legions, but, more importantly, it supplies the fifth recorded reference in the entire Roman Empire for acollegium veteranorum, a fraternity of army veterans; and the fourth known record in the whole epigraphic corpus for thealbata decursio, or ‘white parade uniform’.
Anatolia as a bridge from north to south? Recent research in the Hatti heartland
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper aims to reappraise and evaluate central Anatolian connections with the Black Sea region and the Caucasus focusing mainly on the third millennium BC. In its first part, a ceremonial item, the knobbed or ‘mushroom’ macehead, in its various appearances, is discussed in order to reconstruct a possible pattern of circulation and exchange of shapes and values over a longer period of time in the regions of Anatolia, southeast Europe and the Caucasus in the third and late second to early first millennium BC. The second part is devoted to the archaeometrical study of selected metal and mineral artefacts from the Early Bronze Age necropolis of Resuloğlu, which together with the contemporary settlement and graveyard at Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe represent two typical later Early Bronze Age sites in the Anatolian heartland. The high values of tin and arsenic used for most of the smaller jewellery items are suggestive of an attempt to imitate gold and silver, and the amounts of these alloying agents suggest a secure supply from arsenic sources located along the Black Sea littoral in the north and probably tin ores to the southeast of central Anatolia. This places these ‘Hattian’ sites within a trade network that ran from the Pontic mountain ridge to the Taurus foothills.
Obsidian as an indicator of inter-regional contacts and exchange: three case-studies from the Halaf period
Authors: Healey Elizabeth 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObsidian was used to make tools and luxury items which were widely distributed in the ancient Near East. At most sites it is an imported material and, as such, has been used as an indicator of exchange, although little specific detail of the nature of that exchange is available. Even though methods of provenance analysis for obsidian are well established, often only a few samples per site have been analysed. This means there is not enough information to indicate the relative importance of the obsidian from each source, or to establish whether source preference changed through time or whether obsidians from different sources were treated differently. The restriction in numbers analysed is, at least in part, due to the expense and the destructive nature of provenance analysis and problems associated with obtaining sufficient samples. In an attempt to address these problems case-studies examining the obsidian assemblages from three sites of Halaf date will be used to demonstrate the potential of a method of grouping obsidians based on their physical characteristics, including colour; these groupings are confirmed by geochemical analysis. This allows the entire assemblage to be grouped quickly and cost effectively and, if used alongside techno-typological and spatial studies, enables us to begin to confront some of the issues outlined above.
Excavations on the north-central plateau: The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age occupation at Çadır Höyük
Authors: Steadman Sharon R. , Ross Jennifer C. , McMahon Gregory , Gorny Ronald L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe last decade of excavations at Çadır Höyük, in the north-central region of the Anatolian plateau, has revealed a well-established Late Chalcolithic community with continuous occupation into the Early Bronze I period (mid fourth to early third millennium BC). While the Late Chalcolithic town was prosperous, with well-made houses and objects, and even monumental construction, the stability of the settlement had slipped by the Early Bronze I phase. We summarise here the results from ten seasons of work at the site and profile how the findings contribute to our understanding of Çadır's role in a larger regional context. We also offer possible explanations for the changing nature of the Çadır occupation during the periods detailed here.
The Length of the Sarissa
Authors: Matthew Christopher 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn an age when size really did matter, the length of the long pike (sarissa) employed by armies of the Hellenistic Age (c. 350-168 BC) was consistently altered by successive armies trying to gain an advantage over their opponents. These alterations are well attested in the ancient sources — albeit in an ancient Greek unit of measure. But how big were these pikes in terms of modern units of measure? This has been a topic of scholarly debate for some time. This article engages with these debates, and the evidence and theories that these arguments are based upon. A critical review of this evidence not only allows the changing length of thesarissato be calculated in a modern unit of measure, but also examines descriptions in the ancient sources that suggest the forerunner to the Hellenistic pike phalanx was created a generation before the rise of Macedon as a military power in the mid fourth century BC. This, in turn, allows for the configuration of one of the weapons that changed the face of warfare in the ancient world to be much better understood.
The Origins of the Tribunate of the Plebs
Authors: Smith Christopher 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe tribunes of the people at Rome were an immensely significant constitutional institution and are intimately associated with the early days of the Republic. The sources present a varied account of their origin and powers, and the debates visible in those versions are strongly related to the disputed nature of the plebs and its role in the formation of Rome's political community. Moreover, the close connections of the tribunes with writing, record-keeping and with Greekness all raise questions about the sophistication of the early Republic, but are also implicated in debates over the reliability of the historiographical tradition. This paper considers the arguments for accepting the reliability of some aspects of that tradition and presents an account of the tribunes' functions in the early Republic, including their sacrosanctity.
The Emperor and his Virtues: The Qualities of Domitian
Authors: Pitcher R.A. 
Published: July 2016

Martial 9.79:Oderat ante ducum famulos turbamque prioremet Palatinum Roma supercilium:at nunc tantus amor cunctis, Auguste, tuorum estut sit cuique suae cura secunda domus.tam placidae mentes, tanta est reuerentia nostri,tam pacata quies, tantus in ore pudor.nemo suos — haec est aulae natura potentis —,sed domini mores Caesarianus habet.Martial’s ninth book of epigrams contains twenty-nine poems out of a total of one hundred and three which refer to Domitian in some way, providing the largest group of epigrams concerned with an individual in a single book of Martial. The suppression by Martial of his tenth book of epigrams and its reappearance with the Domitianic references expunged means that Book 9 is the last book in which poems to Domitian form an integral part; it can be expected therefore that Martial’s attitude toward Domitian will find its most confident expression in this book.
The Date of Cicero's Pro Archia
Authors: Bellemore Jane 
Published: July 2016

The Bobiensian scholiast tells us that the speech Pro Archia was delivered by Cicero in a court presided over by his brother Quintus as praetor, who held this office in 62 B.C. The scholiast makes two clear references to Quintus (ad Pro Archia 3):(a) Archias presented this case, dealing with the Papian law on Roman citizenship, in the court of Quintus Cicero, the brother of this Marcus Tullius …(b) It is significant that he makes mention of the praetor himself, that is of his brother Quintus Cicero, who was in charge of the trial. Indeed, it is most appropriate that he speaks in praise of a fine poet in the court of someone who takes pleasure in pursuits of this kind, for Quintus Cicero was a writer not only of epic, but also of tragedy.
Aspects of Identity-Construction and Cultural Mimicry among Dalmatian Sailors in the Roman Navy
Authors: Dzino Danijel 
Published: July 2016

C. Ravonius Celer was a sailor of the Misene fleet from Dalmatia.C. Ravonius Celer qui et Bato Scenobarbi (f.) from Naples (CIL 10.3618 = Dessau 2901):D(IS) M(ANIBUS) / C(AIUS) RAVONIUS CELER QUI ET BATO SCE / NOBARBI NATION(E) DAL[M(ATA)] / MANIP(U)L(ARIS) EX (TRIREME) ISID[E MIL(ITAVIT) ANN(IS)] XI VIXIT [ANN(IS) …] / P(UBLIUS) AELIUS V[…] I VENER[(E)…]This inscription from his tombstone provides important evidence about the process of construction of individual identities in the period of the early principate, for it reveals the parallel existence of Roman and indigenous identity in a funerary context, commemorating C. Ravonius Celer, who is also at the same time Bato, a son of Scenobarbus of the Dalmatian ‘nation’. This inscription records the two identities of C. Ravonius Celer/Bato, which were incorporated into his personality as an essential part of who he was, revealing both his private and public self.
The March of Mucianus
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: July 2016

Vespasian was proclaimed at Alexandria on July 1 of the year 69, in Judaea on July 3, and the legions of Syria under Licinius Mucianus quickly followed suit. After a meeting at Berytus to make plans for the war Mucianus set out with an army. The Historiae of Tacitus furnish no details of time or place for defining the itinerary – only the mention of Byzantium.Meanwhile the Flavian partisans in the Balkan and Danubian lands, Antonius Primus in the forefront, had moved to rapid action. Not content with holding the Julian Alps, they decided, in a council of war held at Poetovio, to launch an invasion of northern Italy. They defeated the Vitellian forces in battle outside Cremona on October 24, they captured Rome on December 20. By good fortune, the first date is correct to within a day, and the second is certified.
The Treaty of Apamea and the Later Seleucids
Authors: Paltiel Eliezer 
Published: July 2016

, gloated Roman soldiers after the battle of Magnesia. To the historian they have left the task of assessing the ex-greatness of the Seleucid empire under the shadow of the victor. That all subsequent Seleucid rulers were compelled to play to the Roman audience when acting on the Mediterranean stage needs no emphasis. However to gauge more precisely the degree of their dependence is much more difficult.Prima facie, the literary tradition offers at least one document that clearly delineates the extent of Roman control over Seleucid affairs. The Treaty of Apamea established φιλία (= amicitia) between the Roman people and King Antiochos III , and it is widely assumed that this treaty governed relations between Rome and the Seleucids during the subsequent half-century. However, a cursory reading of the literary sources immediately reveals two or three striking facts that contradict this assumption.
Antiochos IV and Demetrios I of Syria
Authors: Paltiel Eliezer 
Published: July 2016

Antiochos Epiphanes, King of the Seleucid empire, began his political career as a hostage, sent by his father to Rome in 188. About a decade later, when Antiochos’ elder brother Seleukos sent his own son Demetrios to Rome, Antiochos was permitted to leave the city.He went to Athens, and it was probably there that he learned of his brother’s sudden death. Seleukos purportedly fell victim to a palace conspiracy. The king’s syntrophos Heliodoros, accused by Appian of heading the plot, assumed power in Antioch. Inevitably, Antiochos presented a claim to the throne. He was undoubtedly supported by Athenian diplomacy. The Attalid kings of Pergamum, who had not been on good terms with Seleukos, supplied Antiochos with money and an army. In a matter of weeks he was King in Antioch.
The Occasion and Date of Panegyric VIII (V), and the Celebration of Constantine’s Quinquennalia
Authors: Nixon C. E. V. 
Published: July 2016

In this paper I argue that Panegyric VIII (V) was delivered on 25 July 311, at the completion of the celebration of Constantine’s Quinquennalia, and that Constantine always regarded 25 July as his dies imperii.The purpose of Panegyric VIII (V) is to thank the Emperor Constantine for benefactions to the speaker’s civitas Autun. It adheres closely to its theme, offering few allusions to events unconnected with these benefactions, unlike, for example, Mamertinus’ Panegyrics II (X) and III (XI), which retail the recent achievements of his Emperors. What is the occasion and date of its delivery? The answers to these questions will be seen to have a wider significance.
The Empirical Element in the Methods of Early Greek Medical Writers and Herodotus: a Shared Epistemological Response
Authors: Lateiner Donald 
Published: July 2016

Today one expects a truth or the truth to be characterized by objectivity, communicability, and unity. It should be testable, precisely expressed, consistent, and logical. To be all this, the truth must conform to the world of observation, and it must be based on data that can verify or falsify it. A truth may be general or particular, and research in different disciplines, of course, will pursue information and truths by different methods.Some thinkers express dissatisfaction with the narrowness of this concept of truth, which is largely based on the specific needs of the inductive model of the natural sciences. It makes us uncomfortable, however, to say that the poet has one kind of truth, the philosopher another, the doctor, the physicist, and the geographer still others, and the historian another, yet autonomous truth. History is among the fields of study most subject to misapprehension, for it lies between human sciences and human arts, also between cases and laws.
Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto(Terence,Heauton timorumenos77)
Authors: Jocelyn H.D. 
Published: July 2016

One of the verses of classical poetry frequently quoted by those who have had a traditional upbringing is still an iambic senarius originally uttered by an old man in a comedy by Terence:homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto.Few would be willing to interpret it closely. Some would see in it, as Michel de Montaigne did, a man’s confession of his emotional and spiritual weakness. Others, like John of Salisbury, perceive an expression of Christian charity. Others again make it a disavowal of intolerance and prudery in regard to human behaviour. Most would say that it had to do with being ‘humane’ in some very positive sense of this much used word and claim to hear in it a tone both elevated and elevating. The association with knowledge of literature and the fine arts which Varro and Cicero sometimes gave the abstracthumanitasstill exercises a powerful influence and not surprisingly the verse turns up time and again in the public discourses of University professors and in the mottos of institutions concerned with education.
Lex Provinciae and Governor’s Edict
Authors: Hoyos B.D. 
Published: July 2016

The administrative framework of a newly annexed Roman province is generally taken to conform to a regular and predictable pattern. The conquering general, with the help of ten commissioners sent from Rome, laid down a basic lex for the new territory; the edict of each successive governor confirmed or modified details of administrative and legal business.But Roman conquests were often haphazard affairs. A procedure as schematic as this is not, in fact, warranted by our evidence: lex and edict not only resembled each other much more closely, but (as will be argued in this paper) can often be regarded as essentially the same type of ordinance. Their relationship in turn reveals considerable flexibility in Roman provincial rule.
Microcomputer Budget Management System
Authors: McGrann James M. , Olson Kent D. , Powell Timothy A. , Nelson Ted R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe enterprise budget, whole farm cash flow, and income statement are fundamental tools of farm and ranch management. The “Microcomputer Budget Management System” (MBMS) is a microcomputer software package that facilitates the storage and use of information for crop and livestock budgeting. It performs the calculations for several1 enterprise budgeting formats and for preparation of whole farm resource use reports and financial statements. The MBMS also includes internal machinery and irrigation cost calculation routines.MBMS was developed for use by extension staff, researchers, lenders, consultants, and operators of diversified farms and ranches with many enterprises that use enterprise and whole farm budgeting for analysis and planning activities. The flexibility and detailed nature of the program requires the user to have knowledge of enterprise budgeting and operation of complex computer programs. This paper presents a discussion of the features and capabilities of the software and the computational procedures used in the cost calculations.
Urbanized Society Needs Met by Rural People
Authors: Taylor Lee 
Published: July 2016

There are no viable social structures in urbanized society that prevent urban people from providing their own needs in terms of food, fiber and recreation. Therefore, rural people will have to make a concerted effort if they are to fulfill any of the future needs of an urbanized society.In the social institutional organization of urbanized society, food and fiber production are primarily integrated parts of general economic production of goods and services. In the United States, unlike many areas of the world, a major social equilibrium problem is over production of food and fiber. People and land are moved out of this area of economic activity. The affluent resources of the society are increasingly transferred to other social institutional areas.
Off-Farm Income of People Involved in Farming
Authors: Reinsel Edward I. 
Published: July 2016

Two years ago, in his presidential address, Dr. C. E. Bishop told members of the American Agricultural Economics Association that “… our preoccupation with the problems of the farm firm has resulted in little or no attention to problems that are much more important to the majority of the rural population”.Preoccupation with the farm firm is evident in our traditional approach to the study of incomes of farm people. There is still a tendency to look at the incomes of farm firms rather than at the incomes of people who farm. Present income statistics are oriented to the farm firm in a way that makes it fairly difficult to study the economic well-being of people involved in farming.
Toward a More Complete Comparison of Farm and Nonfarm Proprietorship Income
Authors: Carlin Thomas A. , Reinsel Edward I. 
Published: July 2016

Several methods are available to agricultural economists for appraising the income position of farm proprietors. However, most analyses concentrate on a single measure and give little attention to alternative techniques. We suggest that a better understanding of the income situation of a group can be gained by using a combination of techniques.Income of farm proprietors is often compared with that of other broad industrial groups. Such a procedure can partly mask differences and similarities that exist between the farm sector and other businesses. In this paper we compare farm proprietor incomes with those of nonfarm proprietors.
Costs of Solid Waste Management in Rural Texas Communities
Authors: Hall J. Patrick , Jones Lonnie L. 
Published: July 2016

Nationally, expenditures for solid waste collection and disposal are exceeded only by spending on schools and roads [3, p. 1]. In Texas, recent legislation which establishes minimum acceptable standards for disposal of municipal solid wastes materially affects the future costs of operating solid Waste management systems for smaller rural communities.The 1969 amendment to the Texas Solid Waste Disposal Act establishes the minimum legal standards for disposal operations in rural communities. The State Department of Health was given the responsibility for enforcement of regulations involving the collection, handling, storage and disposal of municipal solid wastes. After January 1, 1973, data presented in support of the disposal operations in Texas communities larger than fifteen hundred people must be prepared by a registered professional engineer and submitted to the State Department of Health for approval. Under the auspices of this act all towns with a population of between three thousand and five thousand are required to operate a sanitary landfill with compaction and cover at least twice per week.
Economic Effects of an Exhaustible Irrigation Water Supply: Texas High Plains
Authors: Osborn James E. 
Published: July 2016

Specialization by a region is determined primarily by resources available and the available markets for the products. In addition, specialization in the production of a product or in an industry is an initial stage of regional development but may not be sufficient. As firms locate in a region to produce with the available resources, a derived demand will develop for substitute and complementary resources.Input supply firms will locate in the region to satisfy the derived demand for resources. In addition, other firms will locate in the region to process some of the output of the emerging industry. As associated industries locate in the area, an interdependency will develop between the industry's supply requirements and/or markets for their products. Consequently, regional development has a tendency to include firms that are interdependent.
Sources of Job Information for Migrants
Authors: Bordeaux A. Frank , Morgan Larry C. 
Published: July 2016

Perhaps the degree of accuracy with which migration has been recorded and studied in the U.S. is unique to the relative youth of the nation in historical terms. However, many of the phenomena associated with migration that have economic significance are still very poorly understood. One of these is the functioning of the rural-urban labor market in the migration process. This particular aspect of the migration process is examined in this paper.Specific information on the job research process of 396 migrants from Eastern Kentucky is reported and compared with previous research findings - with subsequent generalizations regarding the policy implications of observed patterns of job search activity.
What can the Public School do to Reduce Dropout Numbers?
Authors: Debertin David L. , Huie John M. 
Published: July 2016

Rural youth who fail to complete high school often experience a great deal of difficulty when competing for available jobs. All rural youth cannot hope to find employment at satisfactory wage levels in the local community. Many must leave. It has long been known that economic mobility is highly related to the educational level of an individual. Dropping out of school at an early age poses a substantial deterrent to educational attainment and subsequent mobility.It has been proposed that the number of dropouts can be reduced by pumping more money into the public schools. Educators have contended that inexperienced, poorly trained, and low-paid teachers often found in rural areas can lead to large numbers of dropouts. The analysis that follows was therefore designed to isolate determinants of dropout numbers from public schools. The model construes the formal educative process in a production function context as have other studies. Minimization of the number of dropouts is assumed to be one of the goals of the local school administrator. Hence, the dropout rate is one possible measure of an output. Inputs to the production process consist of characteristics of the school and community believed to have an influence on a student's decision whether or not to stay in school.