bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BETWEEN REALITY AND IDEALISM: DOES NOVEL READING GENERATE EMPATHY IN ALGERIAN EFL STUDENTS?
Authors: Achiri Samya , Hadjeris Fadhila 
Published: June 2017

This study is an exploration of the extent to which reading novels develops Algerian EFL students’ empathetic attitudes towards human issues in the novel they are exposed to on the one hand and towards current local and worldwide issues on the other. To achieve this aim, a survey questionnaire is designed. The respondents are 50 MA students of Anglo-American Studies at the English Department of Oum El Bouaghi University (Algeria). The students have been exposed to Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a part of their syllabus. Accordingly, their reactions to the questions concerning this novel provide the necessary data around which this study hinges. The findings of the research are meant to help teachers and researchers to seek out new possibilities of developing more effective ways of using novel reading in EFL university classes. Additionally, the results serve to raise Algerian EFL students’ awareness about reading novels and their impact on stimulating their imagination, critical thinking and emotional attitudes.Keywords: EFL teaching/ learning, novel, narrative empathy, empathetic attitudes, critical thinking, Algeria.
THE EMPOWERMENT OF CHILDREN IN EDITH NESBIT’S THE RAILWAY CHILDREN
Authors: Anshori Adam 
Published: June 2017

This research is aimed at describing the empowerment of children in Edith Nesbit’s The Railway Children. The problems formulated in the research will be answered in the descriptions consisting of thoughts, actions, and feelings of the main characters in the novel and presenting other characters’ comments dedicated to the main characters. The main source of the research data was Edith Nesbit’s The Railway Children. It is considered as a children’s literature. The focus of the research was events in the novel which showing the empowerment of the main characters. The data consist of thoughts, actions, and feelings of the main characters and presenting other characters’ admirable comments dedicated to the main characters. The data were analyzed inductively by using qualitative content analysis. The instrument of the research was the researcher himself. To get trustworthiness of the data, the researcher used four criteria, namely: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The findings of the research showed that the novel contains of children’s empowerment, which can be divided into three categories. They are Thought Empowerment, Action Empowerment and Feeling Empowerment. As empowerment of children is considered as an important aspect in children’s story and it has great influence to enrich children’s intelligence and emotion in their growing period, The Railway Children can be categorized as a good novel. Keywords: children’s literature, children’s empowerment
WRITING ABOUT WHAT WE SEE: EKPHRASIS TODAY
Authors: Arnold Josie 
Published: June 2017

Visual media presents us with an opportunity to enter into the written scholarly discussions about an understanding of the paradox that what is seen and what is written are different representation. In this paper I investigate the importance of audience today; I discuss how global communications via new media challenges traditional views of the concept of an audience. I look at how communication is now from one to many, from many to many and from one to one, and how this challenges the term ‘audience’ with ‘users’. This paper enters into the scholarly debate about how interactivity in new media places singular interpretive actions by individuals at its center rather than as the more traditionally peripheral audience. In doing so it suggests that existing audience theory can and should be extended in regard to new media audiences, players or users. This paper also discusses how audience theory remains apposite when it adapts and changes.Keywords: visual media, audience, new media, audience theory
A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF “THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER”
Authors: Khan Shaukat , Jehanzeb Sumaira , Ulah Irfan , Irfan Muhammad 
Published: June 2017

If a specimen of literary art is seen as a fine tapestry of words made by the skilled seamstress—the poet, then the lexis and structure of a language are the raw materials—the fabric and the thread—by weaving which into specific patterns the finished product is achieved. The choice of materials and their arrangement into unique patterns always bear an image of their creator, or the artist; thus, a close view of them reveals the artist’s identity and brings out the meaningful message that underlies the ornate running threads. Mostly, the students of literary studies cannot appreciate the beauty of the literary classics on their own. Consequently, they simply mimic the ideas, and sometimes even the words, of famous professional critics when asked to give their own critical judgment on the aesthetic merit or the thematic quality of a literary work in the shape of a home assignment, classroom presentation or an annual assessment test. Now, the researcher has got the inspiration for carrying out this study from an idea expounded in Widdowson (1975) that this mimicry can be replaced by genuine individual opinion if the students, or even those people who have non-academic concerns with literature, are brought to a standpoint from where they can have a closer view of the raw materials, the language resources, which are involved in the making of a literary product. And, if the product in its finished form cannot elicit a desired response from them then making them sensitive to the process of its making can be quite effective in this regard. Through the present study, an attempt has been made to show an easy access to the outlandish world of verse by means of the linguistic route which is laid with the familiar flagstones of grammar and vocabulary. Meaning thereby that in this study the elusiveness of poetry will be dealt with the precision of a social scientist, the linguist. The approach which serves as the basis of this study is not an invention of the researcher; rather, it is a well-known twentieth century approach known as stylistics (Jeffries & McIntyre, 2010, p. 30). Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s famous ballad, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, being a widely read poem and bearing various stylistics features, offered itself as an ideal object for this study. The poet’s aesthetic message is explored by analyzing the finest details of his linguistic expression. And, careful considerations have been made throughout the study to prevent the overlooking of any instance of deviant linguistic units or recurring patterns for interpretation because such elements contribute largely to the meaning of any literary product. The study is descriptive in its nature therefore qualitative data has been integrated with and substantiated by the quantitative one. Keywords: stylistics, literature, lexical, semantic and graphological deviations
NIGERIANS UTILISATION OF CODE-MIXING AS COMMUNICATIVE DEVICES
Authors: Daniel Iyabode Omolara Akewo 
Published: June 2017

The importance of communication as a central idea in language usage cannot be over-emphasised. This seems to inform how many Nigerian speakers make extensive use of the mixture of indigenous languages and the English language in one and the same breath. It seems to reveal a kind of perception of reality in two ways at the same time. They seem to go through the process of thinking in diverse ways at the same time. This study thus seeks to find out the extent to which the average Nigerian user of the English language makes intelligible contribution to discourses. How much sense is made to and by interlocutors in the course of their discussions? To what extent is reality to them influenced by their knowledge of the English language? The extent of the indigenisation process is also of interest to the study. The expectation is that such contact should be to the advantage of one or the other of the languages in contact. Real time linguistic data were collected and analysed, using linguistic levels as base to access the extent to which Nigerian indigenous languages have been able to influence the English language. The finding shows that codemixing is an important part of the Nigerian communication process and has enabled the vernacularisation of the English language to a very large extent. This has produced a new spatial identity that reveals the Nigerian’s domination of the colonial English language.Keywords: Code-mixing, Communication, Language usage, English vernacularisation, Nigerian indigenous languages, Spatial identity
PRESUPPOSITION ANALYSIS IN SOME SELECTED CONSUMER ADVERTISEMENT SLOGANS OF THE JAKARTA POST
Authors: Ananda Sinta , Wihadi Marwito , Suryana Yayan 
Published: June 2017

This research investigates the presupposition in the slogans of consumer advertisement of the Jakarta Post newspaper on March 2016 edition. This research aimed at finding the types of presupposition and describing the functions of presupposition in advertisement found in consumer advertisement slogans of the Jakarta post newspaper. Yule’s theory and descriptive qualitative research method applied in this research. 20 slogans of consumer advertisement of the Jakarta Post newspaper on March 2016 edition selected to this research. The result of this research showed that the writer found 20 presuppositions. 11 existential presupposition or 55%, 4 factive presupposition or 20%, 3 lexical presupposition or 15%, and 2 non-factual presupposition or 10%. Regarding the function of presupposition in advertisement, the writer found 17 slogans advertisement contains implicit competition, and 11 slogans advertisement contains making the advertisement short and memorable. In conclusion, not all type of presupposition and function of presupposition in advertisement are found, it is influenced by various types and functions in advertisement causing different assumption and presupposition. The writer hopes that further researchers who are interested in observing presupposition to explore more about presupposition in other types of advertisement.Keywords: presupposition, consumer, advertisement, slogan
Clinical Prediction Models for Patients With Nontraumatic Knee Pain in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Internal Validation Study
Authors: Panken Guus , Verhagen Arianne P. , Terwee Caroline B. , Heymans Martijn W. 
Published: June 2017

Study Design Systematic review and validation study. Background Many prognostic models of knee pain outcomes have been developed for use in primary care. Variability among published studies with regard to patient population, outcome measures, and relevant prognostic factors hampers the generalizability and implementation of these models. Objectives To summarize existing prognostic models in patients with knee pain in a primary care setting and to develop and internally validate new summary prognostic models. Methods After a sensitive search strategy, 2 reviewers independently selected prognostic models for patients with nontraumatic knee pain and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. All predictors of the included studies were evaluated, summarized, and classified. The predictors assessed in multiple studies of sufficient quality are presented in this review. Using data from the Musculoskeletal System Study (BAS) cohort of patients with a new episode of knee pain, recruited consecutively by Dutch general medical practitioners (n = 372), we used predictors with a strong level of evidence to develop new prognostic models for each outcome measure and internally validated these models. Results Sixteen studies were eligible for inclusion. We considered 11 studies to be of sufficient quality. None of these studies validated their models. Five predictors with strong evidence were related to function and 6 to recovery, and were used to compose 2 prognostic models for patients with knee pain at 1 year. Running these new models in another data set showed explained variances (R2) of 0.36 (function) and 0.33 (recovery). The area under the curve of the recovery model was 0.79. After internal validation, the adjusted R2 values of the models were 0.30 (function) and 0.20 (recovery), and the area under the curve was 0.73. Conclusion We developed 2 valid prognostic models for function and recovery for patients with nontraumatic knee pain, based on predictors with strong evidence. A longer duration of complaints predicted poorer function but did not adequately predict chance of recovery. Level of Evidence Prognosis, levels 1a and 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(8):518–529. Epub 16 Jun 2017. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7142
Autopolyploidization, geographic origin, and metabolome evolution in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Vergara Fredd , Rymen Bart , Kuwahara Ayuko , Sawada Yuji , Sato Muneo , Hirai Masami Y. 
Published: June 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Autopolyploidy, or whole‐genome duplication, is a recurrent phenomenon in plant evolution. Its existence can be inferred from the presence of massive levels of genetic redundancy revealed by comparative plant phylogenomics. Whole‐genome duplication is theoretically associated with evolutionary novelties such as the development of new metabolic reactions and therefore contributes to the evolution of new plant metabolic profiles. However, very little is yet known about the impact of autopolyploidy on the metabolism of recently formed autopolyploids. This study provides a better understanding of the relevance of this evolutionary process.METHODS:In this study, we compared the metabolic profiles of wild diploids, wild autotetraploids, and artificial autotetraploids of Arabidopsis thaliana using targeted ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐triple quadrupole‐ mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QqQ‐MS) metabolomics.KEY RESULTS:We found that wild and artificial A. thaliana autotetraploids display different metabolic profiles. Furthermore, wild autotetraploids display unique metabolic profiles associated with their geographic origin.CONCLUSIONS:Autopolyploidy might help plants adapt to challenging environmental conditions by allowing the evolution of novel metabolic profiles not present in the parental diploids. We elaborate on the causes and consequences leading to these distinct profiles.
The role of idioblasts in leaf water relations of tropical Rhododendron
Authors: Tulyananda Tatpong , Nilsen Erik T. 
Published: June 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Although much is known about the anatomy of idioblasts, the relationship of leaf idioblasts to leaf physiology is poorly known. Our goal was to understand the relationship between idioblast abundance and leaf water relations. Tropical epiphytic and shrub Rhododendron species were the model system.METHODS:Leaf succulence and idioblast metrics of 61 plants representing 17 species were compared with stomatal and water relation metrics. Correlation, ANOVA, and regression were used to understand which water relation traits were best aligned with the proportion of the leaf occupied by idioblasts for epiphytic and shrub species.KEY RESULTS:Idioblast volume per leaf area varied from 1.4–9.5 mm3·cm−2 among accessions, and an index of stomatal area per leaf area varied from 0.08–3.3. Succulence, stomatal, and water relation metrics varied significantly among species. Total idioblast volume was negatively correlated with leaf succulence metrics, and positively correlated with relative water content at the turgor loss point. Idioblasts were better related to capacitance in thin leaves. All idioblast metrics were significantly greater in epiphytic species.CONCLUSIONS:Leaf idioblasts can have a significant effect on leaf‐lamina water relations. Idioblasts likely function as a water buffering system for thin leaves in tropical Rhododendron species. The association of idioblast prominence with leaf water buffering is greatest for epiphytic species with thin leaves. Thus, the proliferation of leaf idioblasts may have been an important innovation for Rhododendron species diversification into tropical epiphytic habitats.
Pollinia transfer on moth legs in Hoya carnosa (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Mochizuki Ko , Furukawa Saori , Kawakita Atsushi 
Published: June 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The genus Hoya (Apocynaceae; Asclepiadoideae) is characterized by a set of complex floral characters unique among the asclepiads, but their role in pollination is poorly understood. Here, we report a new mechanism of asclepiad pollination in the wax plant Hoya carnosa: the pollinaria are transferred on the legs of medium or large settling moths.METHODS:Floral visitors and their behavior were observed on Amami‐Oshima Island during 2013–2015, and the efficacy of different pollinators was determined by counting the pollinarium loads on different flower visitors. The floral characters were studied to establish the process of pollination in relation to pollinator behavior on the flower.KEY RESULTS:Hoya carnosa was visited by various settling moths at night, but pollinia attachment was confirmed predominantly on the legs of the large moth Erebus ephesperis (Noctuidae) and less frequently on the legs of the medium‐sized moths Bastilla arcuata (Crambidae) and Cleora injectaria (Geometridae). The moths walked around and searched for nectar on the inflorescence, and the corpusculum became clipped to the arolia (adhesive pads on moth tarsi) as they stepped on the pollinaria between the staminal corona. The downward spherical inflorescence of aggregated flowers with flat, velvety petals and a slippery corona provides restricted footholds for the visitors, which efficiently leads pollinator legs to the pollinaria.CONCLUSIONS:Although the pollination system of Hoya is largely unknown, pollination by insect legs may be a major pollination system in this genus because these basic floral characters are shared among many species.
Phenology of perennial, native grass, belowground axillary buds in the northern mixed‐grass prairie
Authors: Russell Morgan L. , Vermeire Lance T. , Ganguli Amy C. , Hendrickson John R. 
Published: June 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Vegetative reproduction from belowground bud banks is the primary driver of grassland systems. Despite the importance of bud banks, the timing of recruitment and the crucial link between formation and maintenance is unknown.METHODS:We assessed patterns of belowground bud development, dormancy, and mortality associated with three perennial native grasses in the northern Great Plains. Temperature and soil moisture were measured below the soil surface to determine relationships with belowground bud development.KEY RESULTS:Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) generated more buds over winter that remained dormant; whereas, C3 species needle‐and‐thread (Hesperostipa comata) and western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), maintained limited dormant buds throughout winter. Soil temperature was a good predictor for C4 species bud production; whereas, soil moisture was a reliable predictor for C3 buds. Distinct differences existed between C4 species blue grama and C3 species needle‐and‐thread, whereas C3 species western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) was intermediate, indicating there is likely a species‐specific continuum between the C3 and C4 extremes rather than a stark difference.CONCLUSIONS:The ability to predict belowground bud development is a novel insight to native perennial grasses. Native grass species’ strategies and adaptability regarding belowground bud bank size and bud phenology are important factors optimizing tiller recruitment given the variable growing conditions. Patterns of bud dormancy and development will provide insight to the underlying mechanisms by which management practices and fluctuations in precipitation amount and growing season length can alter mixed‐grass prairie plant community dynamics.
Protágoras: impostura e impiedad en la democracia ateniense (Éupolis, fr. 157 K-A)
Authors: Barrionuevo Sergio 
Published: June 2017

Dans cet article, j’aborderai principalement le fragment 157 K-A de la comédie Κόλακες (421 avant J.-C.) d’Eupolis. Il s’agira, à travers la mise en scène et le portrait de Protagoras d’Abdère, de saisir les liens qui existaient entre le développement de l’activité intellectuelle du sophiste et le contexte intellectuel et politique à Athènes. En premier lieu, j’analyserai deux mots clefs qui caractérisent Protagoras : le verbe ἀλαζονεύεται et l’adjectif ἀλιτήριος. Ensuite, je discuterai les débats sur l’éventuelle articulation des deux fragments. Enfin, j’analyserai, dans les fragments retenus, l’articulation du “politique” pour ce qui concerne le portrait de Protagoras dans cette comédie.
La cité de la suspicion. Le miroir des révolutions oligarchiques chez les orateurs attiques des V e -IV e siècles av. J.-C.
Authors: Siron Nicolas 
Published: June 2017

Résumé Les révolutions oligarchiques qui ont lieu à Athènes en 411 et 404 sont placées sous le signe de la méfiance chez les orateurs attiques. Elles sont dites découler des soupçons mutuels des citoyens et connaître un climat de suspicion généralisé. Une telle représentation ne correspond pas à la description de la réalité historique, mais à une élaboration visant à “réinventer” Athènes après la crise de la guerre du Péloponnèse. Les oligarques fonctionnent comme le miroir de la démocratie, où règne la confiance et où la justice est respectée. Cela souligne l’importance de la responsabilité du témoin dans les procès athéniens : les juges n’acceptent comme véridiques un témoignage que parce que le déposant peut être poursuivi pour faux témoignage.
La localisation et l’origine de la communauté dépendante des Amyklaioi de la plaine de la Messara en Crète : essai de replacement dans le contexte topographique et historique de la cité de Gortyne
Authors: Pałuchowski Adam 
Published: June 2017

Résumé En partant de l’analyse de toutes les sources épigraphiques, narratives et archéologiques relatives au sanctuaire d’ Amyklaion , dont la chronologie s’étend de l’âge du bronze récent à l’époque hellénistique, on cherche dans un premier temps à déterminer la localisation exacte du sanctuaire dans la plaine de la Messara, puis son origine aussi bien que son statut effectif à l’égard de Gortyne. Les reconfigurations ethniques qui ont eu lieu en Crète entre la chute des États palatiaux et l’âge du fer ancien fournissent un support contextuel. On aborde également la question des références nettes à la toponymie et à l’organisation socio-politique de Sparte ainsi que celle de l’expansionnisme gortynien à l’œuvre dans la plaine de la Messara au tournant de l’époque archaïque à l’époque classique.
L’échec diplomatique existe-t-il pour les Romains ? Réflexions sur cette notion et sa représentation à la fin de la République
Authors: Schettino Maria Teresa 
Published: June 2017

Résumé La notion d’échec diplomatique appartient à notre culture. Dans la vision actuelle des relations internationales, il semble inévitable que l’insuccès des négociations débouche sur un état de guerre. Cette thématique, qui est propre à la réflexion et à la sensibilité modernes à l’égard des relations diplomatiques, nous amène à nous interroger sur l’existence et la perception de la notion d’échec diplomatique dans l’Antiquité, notamment durant la République romaine, c’est-à-dire à l’époque où progresse l’expansion de l’ Vrbs et où les Romains deviennent les maîtres du monde. Si la plupart des sources sur lesquelles nous nous appuierons appartiennent au i er siècle av. J.-C., il faudra néanmoins vérifier dans quelle mesure la tradition qu’elles transmettent et le vocabulaire auquel elles recourent sont représentatifs d’une perspective plus ancienne ou sont le fruit d’une réélaboration des auteurs de la République tardive. Nous analyserons tout d’abord le vocabulaire utilisé pour exprimer l’insuccès dans le domaine diplomatique. Puis, nous préciserons la notion d’échec dans le cadre des relations diplomatiques. Nous essayerons enfin de comprendre comment la représentation de l’échec a évolué au fil des siècles.