bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized controlled trial evaluating the temporal effects of high‐intensity exercise on learning, short‐term and long‐term memory, and prospective memory
Authors: Frith Emily , Sng Eveleen , Loprinzi Paul D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe broader purpose of this study was to examine the temporal effects of high‐intensity exercise on learning, short‐term and long‐term retrospective memory and prospective memory. Among a sample of 88 young adult participants, 22 were randomized into one of four different groups: exercise before learning, control group, exercise during learning, and exercise after learning. The retrospective assessments (learning, short‐term and long‐term memory) were assessed using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Long‐term memory including a 20‐min and 24‐hr follow‐up assessment. Prospective memory was assessed using a time‐based procedure by having participants contact (via phone) the researchers at a follow‐up time period. The exercise stimulus included a 15‐min bout of progressive maximal exertion treadmill exercise. High‐intensity exercise prior to memory encoding (vs. exercise during memory encoding or consolidation) was effective in enhancing long‐term memory (for both 20‐min and 24‐h follow‐up assessments). We did not observe a differential temporal effect of high‐intensity exercise on short‐term memory (immediate post‐memory encoding), learning or prospective memory. The timing of high‐intensity exercise may play an important role in facilitating long‐term memory.
Soil microbial communities drive the resistance of ecosystem multifunctionality to global change in drylands across the globe
Authors: Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Eldridge David J. , Ochoa Victoria , Gozalo Beatriz , Singh Brajesh K. , Maestre Fernando T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe relationship between soil microbial communities and the resistance of multiple ecosystem functions linked to C, N and P cycling (multifunctionality resistance) to global change has never been assessed globally in natural ecosystems. We collected soils from 59 dryland ecosystems worldwide to investigate the importance of microbial communities as predictor of multifunctionality resistance to climate change and nitrogen fertilisation. Multifunctionality had a lower resistance to wetting–drying cycles than to warming or N deposition. Multifunctionality resistance was regulated by changes in microbial composition (relative abundance of phylotypes) but not by richness, total abundance of fungi and bacteria or the fungal: bacterial ratio. Our results suggest that positive effects of particular microbial taxa on multifunctionality resistance could potentially be controlled by altering soil pH. Together, our work demonstrates strong links between microbial community composition and multifunctionality resistance in dryland soils from six continents, and provides insights into the importance of microbial community composition for buffering effects of global change in drylands worldwide.
Plant resistance to drought depends on timely stomatal closure
Authors: Martin‐StPaul Nicolas , Delzon Sylvain , Cochard Hervé 
Published: September 2017

AbstractStomata play a significant role in the Earth's water and carbon cycles, by regulating gaseous exchanges between the plant and the atmosphere. Under drought conditions, stomatal control of transpiration has long been thought to be closely coordinated with the decrease in hydraulic capacity (hydraulic failure due to xylem embolism). We tested this hypothesis by coupling a meta‐analysis of functional traits related to the stomatal response to drought and embolism resistance with simulations from a soil–plant hydraulic model. We report here a previously unreported phenomenon: the existence of an absolute limit by which stomata closure must occur to avoid rapid death in drought conditions. The water potential causing stomatal closure and the xylem pressure at the onset of embolism formation were equal for only a small number of species, and the difference between these two traits (i.e. safety margins) increased continuously with increasing embolism resistance. Our findings demonstrate the need to revise current views about the functional coordination between stomata and hydraulic traits and provide a mechanistic framework for modeling plant mortality under drought conditions.
Diagnostic criteria for adult‐onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia due to CSF1R mutation
Authors: Konno T. , Yoshida K. , Mizuta I. , Mizuno T. , Kawarai T. , Tada M. , Nozaki H. , Ikeda S.‐I. , Onodera O. , Wszolek Z. K. , Ikeuchi T. 
Published: September 2017

Background and purposeTo establish and validate diagnostic criteria for adult‐onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) due to colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) mutation.MethodsWe developed diagnostic criteria for ALSP based on a recent analysis of the clinical characteristics of ALSP. These criteria provide ‘probable’ and ‘possible’ designations for patients who do not have a genetic diagnosis. To verify its sensitivity and specificity, we retrospectively applied our criteria to 83 ALSP cases who had CSF1R mutations (24 of these were analyzed at our institutions and the others were identified from the literature), 53 cases who had CSF1R mutation‐negative leukoencephalopathies and 32 cases who had cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) with NOTCH3 mutations.ResultsAmong the CSF1R mutation‐positive cases, 50 cases (60%) were diagnosed as ‘probable’ and 32 (39%) were diagnosed as ‘possible,’ leading to a sensitivity of 99% if calculated as a ratio of the combined number of cases who fulfilled ‘probable’ or ‘possible’ to the total number of cases. With regard to specificity, 22 cases (42%) with mutation‐negative leukoencephalopathies and 28 (88%) with CADASIL were correctly excluded using these criteria.ConclusionsThese diagnostic criteria are very sensitive for diagnosing ALSP with sufficient specificity for differentiation from CADASIL and moderate specificity for other leukoencephalopathies. Our results suggest that these criteria are useful for the clinical diagnosis of ALSP.
The role of pre‐morbid diabetes on developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: D'Ovidio F. , d'Errico A. , Carnà P. , Calvo A. , Costa G. , Chiò A. 
Published: September 2017

Background and purposeThe literature on the association between diabetes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) consists of a limited number of studies. This cohort study was developed in order to assess the role of diabetes on the risk of developing ALS.MethodsThe study population was represented by all residents in Turin (Italy) at the beginning of 1996 who participated in the 1991 census, over 14 years of age (n = 727 977) and followed up for ALS occurrence from 1998 to 2014. Presence of diabetes at baseline or during follow‐up was ascertained through two Piedmont regional sources: the Diabetes Registry and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Drug Prescription Archive. The risk of ALS was estimated using the Piedmont and Valle d'Aosta ALS Registry (PARALS). The association of diabetes, treated as a time‐dependent variable, with ALS onset was estimated through Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for age, gender, education and marital status.ResultsDuring follow‐up, 397 subjects developed ALS, 24 of whom were already diabetic before ALS onset. Diabetes was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ALS [hazard ratio, 0.30 (95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.45)] without differences in risk by gender, age class or ALS phenotype.ConclusionThe results support the protective role of diabetes toward ALS.
Growth options and firm valuation
Authors: Kraft Holger , Schwartz Eduardo , Weiss Farina 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper studies the relationship between firm value and a firm's growth options. We find strong empirical evidence that Tobin's Q increases with firm‐level volatility. The significance mainly comes from R&D firms, which have more growth options than non‐R&D firms. By decomposing firm‐level volatility into its systematic and unsystematic part, we document that only idiosyncratic volatility has a significant effect on valuation. Second, we analyze the relation of stock returns to realized contemporaneous idiosyncratic volatility and R&D expenses. Sorting on idiosyncratic volatility yields a significant negative relationship between portfolio alphas and contemporaneous idiosyncratic volatility for non‐R&D portfolios.
The nexus of fun and nutrition: Recreational fishing is also about food
Authors: Cooke Steven J , Twardek William M , Lennox Robert J , Zolderdo Aaron J , Bower Shannon D , Gutowsky Lee F G , Danylchuk Andy J , Arlinghaus Robert , Beard Douglas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRecreational fishing is a popular activity in aquatic ecosystems around the globe using a variety of gears including rod and line and to a lesser extent handlines, spears, bow and arrow, traps and nets. Similar to the propensity to engage in voluntary catch‐and‐release, the propensity to harvest fishes strongly varies among cultures, locations, species and fisheries. There is a misconception that because recreational fishing happens during non‐work (i.e. leisure) time, the nutritional motivation is negligible; therefore, the role of recreational fishing in supporting nutrition (and thus food security) at regional, national or global scales is underappreciated. We consider the factors that influence whether fish will be harvested or released by examining the motives that underlie recreational fishing. Next, we provide an overview of the magnitude and role of recreational fishing harvest in supporting nutrition using regional case‐studies. Then, we address issues such as contaminants and parasites that constrain the ability of fish harvested by recreational fishers to be consumed. Although recreational fishing is foremost a leisure activity, the harvest of fish for personal consumption by recreational fishers has contributed and will continue to contribute to human nutrition by providing an accessible, affordable and generally highly sustainable food source, notwithstanding concerns about food safety and possibly overfishing. Attempts to better quantify the role of fish harvested by recreational fishers and the relative contribution to overall food security and personal nutrition will provide resource managers and policymakers the information needed to guide management activities and policy development.
A visual approach of care pathways from the French nationwide SNDS database – from population to individual records: the ePEPS toolbox
Authors: Happe André , Drezen Erwan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSecondary use of medical and administrative databases has become a powerful tool for epidemiological studies. In that respect, the recent access opening of French nationwide health record database or Système National des Données de Santé is a great opportunity to carry out comprehensive health studies at the country level. However, using this database is far from being straightforward for nonexpert data scientists; so, dedicated tools needed to be developed. Our contribution is focused on data management and visualization tools able to query and cope with the complexity of care pathways of patients. The scope of the toolbox presented below goes from interactive tools for building groups of patients to timeline representations of individual patient healthcare trajectories.
Structural characterization and functional analysis of cystathionine β‐synthase: an enzyme involved in the reverse transsulfuration pathway of Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Devi Suneeta , Abdul Rehman Syed A. , Tarique Khaja F. , Gourinath Samudrala 
Published: September 2017

The reverse transsulfuration pathway has been reported to produce cysteine from homocysteine in eukaryotes ranging from protozoans to mammals while bacteria and plants produce cysteine via a de novo pathway. Interestingly, the bacterium Bacillus anthracis includes enzymes of the reverse transsulfuration pathway viz. cystathionine β‐synthase [BaCBS, previously annotated to be an O‐acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS)] and cystathionine γ‐lyase. Here, we report the structure of BaCBS at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The enzyme was found to show CBS activity only with activated serine (O‐acetylserine) and not with serine, and was also observed to display OASS activity but not serine sulfhydrylase activity. BaCBS was also found to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) upon reaction of cysteine and homocysteine. A mutational study revealed Glu 220, conserved in CBS, to be necessary for generating H2S. Structurally, BaCBS display a considerably more open active site than has been found for any other CBS or OASS, which was attributed to the presence of a helix at the junction of the C‐ and N‐terminal domains. The root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) between the backbone Cα carbon atoms of BaCBS and those of other CBSs and OASSs were calculated to be greater than 3.0 Å. The pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate at the active site was not traced, and appeared to be highly flexible due to the active site being wide open. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of an O‐acetylserine‐dependent CBS in the bacterial domain and making separate clade from CBS and OASS indicating its evolution for specific function.DatabaseStructural data are available in the PDB under the accession number 5XW3.
A large‐area, spatially continuous assessment of land cover map error and its impact on downstream analyses
Authors: Estes Lyndon , Chen Peng , Debats Stephanie , Evans Tom , Ferreira Stefanus , Kuemmerle Tobias , Ragazzo Gabrielle , Sheffield Justin , Wolf Adam , Wood Eric , Caylor Kelly 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLand cover maps increasingly underlie research into socioeconomic and environmental patterns and processes, including global change. It is known that map errors impact our understanding of these phenomena, but quantifying these impacts is difficult because many areas lack adequate reference data. We used a highly accurate, high‐resolution map of South African cropland to assess (1) the magnitude of error in several current generation land cover maps, and (2) how these errors propagate in downstream studies. We first quantified pixel‐wise errors in the cropland classes of four widely used land cover maps at resolutions ranging from 1 to 100 km, and then calculated errors in several representative “downstream” (map‐based) analyses, including assessments of vegetative carbon stocks, evapotranspiration, crop production, and household food security. We also evaluated maps’ spatial accuracy based on how precisely they could be used to locate specific landscape features. We found that cropland maps can have substantial biases and poor accuracy at all resolutions (e.g., at 1 km resolution, up to ∼45% underestimates of cropland (bias) and nearly 50% mean absolute error (MAE, describing accuracy); at 100 km, up to 15% underestimates and nearly 20% MAE). National‐scale maps derived from higher‐resolution imagery were most accurate, followed by multi‐map fusion products. Constraining mapped values to match survey statistics may be effective at minimizing bias (provided the statistics are accurate). Errors in downstream analyses could be substantially amplified or muted, depending on the values ascribed to cropland‐adjacent covers (e.g., with forest as adjacent cover, carbon map error was 200%–500% greater than in input cropland maps, but ∼40% less for sparse cover types). The average locational error was 6 km (600%). These findings provide deeper insight into the causes and potential consequences of land cover map error, and suggest several recommendations for land cover map users.
Functional traits determine tree growth and ecosystem productivity of a tropical montane forest: Insights from a long‐term nutrient manipulation experiment
Authors: Báez Selene , Homeier Jürgen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTrait‐response effects are critical to forecast community structure and biomass production in highly diverse tropical forests. Ecological theory and few observation studies indicate that trees with acquisitive functional traits would respond more strongly to higher resource availability than those with conservative traits. We assessed how long‐term tree growth in experimental nutrient addition plots (N, P, and N + P) varied as a function of morphological traits, tree size, and species identity. We also evaluated how trait‐based responses affected stand scale biomass production considering the community structure. We found that tree growth depended on interactions between functional traits and the type or combination of nutrients added. Common species with acquisitive functional traits responded more strongly to nutrient addition, mainly to N + P. Phosphorous enhanced the growth rates of species with acquisitive and conservative traits, had mostly positive effects on common species and neutral or negative effects in rare species. Moreover, trees receiving N + P grew faster irrespective of their initial size relative to trees in control or to trees in other treatment plots. Finally, species responses were highly idiosyncratic suggesting that community processes including competition and niche dimensionality may be altered under increased resource availability. We found no statistically significant effects of nutrient additions on aboveground biomass productivity because acquisitive species had a limited potential to increase their biomass, possibly due to their generally lower wood density. In contrast, P addition increased the growth rates of species characterized by more conservative resource strategies (with higher wood density) that were poorly represented in the plant community. We provide the first long‐term experimental evidence that trait‐based responses, community structure, and community processes modulate the effects of increased nutrient availability on biomass productivity in a tropical forest.
Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities
Authors: Fisher Rosie A. , Koven Charles D. , Anderegg William R. L. , Christoffersen Bradley O. , Dietze Michael C. , Farrior Caroline E. , Holm Jennifer A. , Hurtt George C. , Knox Ryan G. , Lawrence Peter J. , Lichstein Jeremy W. , Longo Marcos , Matheny Ashley M. , Medvigy David , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Powell Thomas L. , Serbin Shawn P. , Sato Hisashi , Shuman Jacquelyn K. , Smith Benjamin , Trugman Anna T. , Viskari Toni , Verbeeck Hans , Weng Ensheng , Xu Chonggang , Xu Xiangtao , Zhang Tao , Moorcroft Paul R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNumerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESMs). These developments are widely viewed as an important step in developing greater realism in predictions of future ecosystem states and fluxes. Increased realism, however, leads to increased model complexity, with new features raising a suite of ecological questions that require empirical constraints. Here, we review the developments that permit the representation of plant demographics inESMs, and identify issues raised by these developments that highlight important gaps in ecological understanding. These issues inevitably translate into uncertainty in model projections but also allow models to be applied to new processes and questions concerning the dynamics of real‐world ecosystems. We argue that stronger and more innovative connections to data, across the range of scales considered, are required to address these gaps in understanding. The development of first‐generation land surface models as a unifying framework for ecophysiological understanding stimulated much research into plant physiological traits and gas exchange. Constraining predictions at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales will require a similar investment of effort and intensified inter‐disciplinary communication.
Quantifying the role of wood density in explaining interspecific variation in growth of tropical trees
Authors: Francis Emily J. , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Wright S. Joseph , Visser Marco D. , Iida Yoshiko , Fletcher Christine , Hubbell Stephen P. , Kassim Abd. Rahman 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate how wood density relates to tree growth rates in simple models and two tropical forests.LocationBarro Colorado Island, Panama; and Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia.Time Period1986–2010.Major Taxa StudiedTrees.MethodsWe derived expected relationships of wood density with diameter growth at a given diameter under a null hypothesis that aboveground biomass growth is independent of wood density, and an alternative hypothesis that biomass growth scales with crown area, which itself increases with wood density. We tested these assumptions and predictions through analyses of interspecific relationships of wood density with height, crown area and diameter growth at constant diameter in two tropical forests.ResultsHeight was unrelated to wood density, whereas crown areas showed a slightly positive relationship to wood density. Thus, the expected exponent of diameter growth with wood density was equal to minus one under the null hypothesis, and equal to the exponent of crown area with wood density minus one under the alternative hypothesis. Empirical relationships of diameter growth and biomass growth with wood density were broadly consistent with the null hypothesis that biomass growth is unrelated to wood density at both sites, except in trees < 13 cm in diameter at Barro Colorado Island, which showed more negative relationships.Main conclusionsAlthough most previous analyses of growth with wood density have examined linear relationships, simple models suggest that both tree diameter growth and tree biomass growth are power functions of wood density. Analyses in two tropical forests showed that aboveground biomass growth was approximately constant with wood density, and thus, that diameter growth was inversely proportional to wood density, for most tree sizes, although confidence intervals on the scaling exponents were broad. More negative relationships of growth with wood density at small sizes might reflect differential environmental filtering, in which higher wood density trees are found in less favourable understorey environments.