bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Piezosurgery-, neuroendoscopy-, and neuronavigation-assisted intracranial approach for removal of a recurrent petrous apex cholesteatoma: technical note
Authors: Grauvogel Juergen , Scheiwe Christian , Masalha Waseem , Grauvogel Tanja , Kaminsky Jan , Vasilikos Ioannis 
Published: December 2017

Current approaches for resection of petrous bone cholesteatomas (PBCs), such as canal wall up (closed) and canal wall down (open) mastoidectomies, in the pediatric population present recurrence rates ranging between 17% and 70% with a high rate of postoperative complications involving hearing loss and facial nerve weakness. This technical note illustrates an alternative intracranial approach that was used in combination with the techniques of piezoelectric surgery, neuroendoscopy, and neuronavigation for safe and effective removal in a difficult pediatric case of recurrent PBC.The third recurrence of a PBC in a 14-year-old girl was diagnosed by CT and MRI. A retrosigmoid approach gave access to the petrous apex, allowing for the safe and complete removal of the lesion and decompression of the facial nerve and internal carotid artery. The intraoperative implementation of piezoelectric surgery, neuronavigation, neuroendoscopy, and neuromonitoring ensured better intraoperative visualization, safer bone removal, and preservation of nerve function, facilitating a macroscopically total resection of the pathology without additional neurological damage of the adjacent tissues.Cholesteatoma extension could be clearly verified by intraoperative neuronavigation. Neuroendoscopy and piezoelectric surgery provided good support in the safe bone removal in close vicinity to neurovascular structures and in full vision inside the cholesteatoma cavity beyond the line of sight of the microscope. Hearing and facial nerve function could be preserved.The presented intracranial retrosigmoid approach combined with multiple intraoperative assisting techniques proved to be effective for the safe and complete removal of recurrent PBC, providing excellent intraoperative visualization and the possibility of preserving cranial nerve function.
Determining the Lorentz Factor and Viewing Angle of GRB 170817A
Authors: Zou Yuan-Chuan , Wang Fei-Fei , Moharana Reetanjali , Liao Bin , Chen Wei , Wu Qingwen , Lei Wei-Hua , Wang Fa-Yin 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The weak short gamma-ray burst (GRB) 170817A was accompanied by the GW170817 gravitational-wave event and is believed to have been produced by an off-beam relativistic jet. Here, we use the

and

relations to determine its Lorentz factor Γ and the viewing angle from the edge of the jet

of GRB 170817A. Our results indicate that

and

, corresponding to an on-axis

and

erg. Therefore, the GRB was an intrinsically weak short GRB. We also find that the afterglow emission was in good agreement with the follow-up multiband observations and that the radio emissions at around 20 days may have come from the off-axis jet. Interestingly, the Doppler factor and luminosity follow a universal relation for GRBs and blazars, thus suggesting that they may share a similar radiation mechanism.
Une politique sans État ?
Authors: Brejon de Lavergnée Matthieu 
Published: December 2017

Le premier xix e siècle connaît un contexte de régulation libérale de l’assistance où l’État se tient en retrait, favorisant une gestion locale des secours dévolue aux échelons communal, associatif et congréganiste. Il s’agit ici de montrer comment les catholiques investissent le champ traditionnel de la charité, renouvelé par la veine philanthropique, au sein de vastes associations particulièrement développées à Paris tout autant que de congrégations féminines qui jouissent d’une quasi-délégation de service public dans les bureaux de bienfaisance, les écoles et les hôpitaux. La démonstration s’appuie sur une analyse de l’espace parisien conduite à l’échelle du quartier et de la rue qui permet de tester l’hypothèse d’une « nébuleuse » charitable / philanthrope / réformatrice à l’heure où la résolution de la question sociale mobilise des univers sociaux et religieux variés.
L’État comme ressource symbolique dans le monde philanthropique ?
Authors: Monier Anne 
Published: December 2017

L’article pose la question des formes de soutien que l’État apporte aux American Friends – associations qui lèvent des fonds aux États-Unis pour les institutions culturelles françaises. Il analyse la centralité des ressources symboliques que les acteurs étatiques étudiés (diplomates, élus, présidents d’institution culturelle, conservateurs, etc.) mettent à leur disposition : ouverture des lieux de pouvoir, remise de décoration, etc. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur une enquête qualitative multisituée menée en France et aux États-Unis, qui éclaire la dimension transnationale de la philanthropie, et questionne l’idée souvent avancée d’un désengagement de l’État face à la globalisation.
Comment étudier les pratiques mémorielles liées aux attentats ?
Authors: Antichan Sylvain 
Published: December 2017

En s’appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique localisée autour des mémoriaux éphémères qui ont pris place dans le 11 e arrondissement parisien après le 13 novembre 2015, l’article propose une réflexion méthodologique visant à approcher les logiques sociales qui façonnent les pratiques mémorielles liées aux attentats. À côté des travaux fondés sur l’hypothèse d’une « mémoire traumatique », une telle démarche montre le rôle des situations sociales, des habitudes et des institutions dans ce qui est dit et fait face aux mémoriaux. Ces derniers induisent en effet des gestes et des propos qui épurent et dépolitisent les représentations hétérogènes des acteurs.
Poétique du réel et optiques littéraires : Friedrich A. Kittler
Authors: Waelti Slaven 
Published: December 2017

La notion lacanienne du réel est au cœur de la pensée de Friedrich A. Kittler. Elle en informe la systématicité autant qu’elle permet de déployer une véritable poétique dans laquelle s’inscrit la science des médias – ou Medienwissenschaft. Cette poétique met en jeu des métaphores et des images, elle met en jeu une théorie de l’optique en tant que déterminée par le rapport de l’homme à ses médias, et une théorie de la littérature fondée sur l’axiome mcluhanien selon lequel le médium c’est le message. De la théorie à la pratique, se pose alors la question de la fécondité des thèses kittlériennes pour les études de lettres en général, et pour les questions qui touchent à l’implémentation de l’optique dans des œuvres littéraires en particulier – des médias traditionnels (lanterne magique) ou techniques (film) jusqu’à l’ordinateur. Si l’ordinateur enfin, médium de tous les médias, élimine dans son fonctionnement toute forme d’optique, l’imaginaire prend chez Kittler une éclatante revanche en organisant le réel lui-même en un grand récit, impensable en dehors de cadres poético-spéculatifs.
Bryophyte-dominated biological soil crusts mitigate soil erosion in an early successional Chinese subtropical forest
Authors: Seitz Steffen , Nebel Martin , Goebes Philipp , Käppeler Kathrin , Schmidt Karsten , Shi Xuezheng , Song Zhengshan , Webber Carla L. , Weber Bettina , Scholten Thomas 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. This study investigated the development of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) in an early successional subtropical forest plantation and their impact on soil erosion. Within a biodiversity and ecosystem functioning experiment in southeast China (biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) China), the effect of these biocrusts on sediment delivery and runoff was assessed within micro-scale runoff plots under natural rainfall, and biocrust cover was surveyed over a 5-year period. Results showed that biocrusts occurred widely in the experimental forest ecosystem and developed from initial light cyanobacteria- and algae-dominated crusts to later-stage bryophyte-dominated crusts within only 3 years. Biocrust cover was still increasing after 6 years of tree growth. Within later-stage crusts, 25 bryophyte species were determined. Surrounding vegetation cover and terrain attributes significantly influenced the development of biocrusts. Besides high crown cover and leaf area index, the development of biocrusts was favoured by low slope gradients, slope orientations towards the incident sunlight and the altitude of the research plots. Measurements showed that bryophyte-dominated biocrusts strongly decreased soil erosion, being more effective than abiotic soil surface cover. Hence, their significant role in mitigating sediment delivery and runoff generation in mesic forest environments and their ability to quickly colonise soil surfaces after disturbance are of particular interest for soil erosion control in early-stage forest plantations.
Multi-proxy reconstructions of May–September precipitation field in China over the past 500 years
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhao Sen , Guo Zhengtang , Goosse Hugues , Yin Qiuzhen 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The dominant modes of variability of precipitation for the whole of China over the past millennium and the mechanism governing their spatial structure remain unclear. This is mainly due to insufficient high-resolution proxy records of precipitation in western China. Numerous tree-ring chronologies have recently been archived in publicly available databases through PAGES2k activities, and these provide an opportunity to refine precipitation field reconstructions for China. Based on 479 proxy records, including 371 tree-ring width chronologies, a tree-ring isotope chronology, and 107 drought/flood indices, we reconstruct the precipitation field for China for the past half millennium using the optimal information extraction method. A total of 3631 of 4189 grid points in the reconstruction field passed the cross-validation process, accounting for 86.68 % of the total number of grid points. The first leading mode of variability of the reconstruction shows coherent variations over most of China. The second mode is a north–south dipole in eastern China characterized by variations of the same sign in western China and northern China (except for Xinjiang province). It is likely controlled by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. The third mode is a sandwich triple mode in eastern China including variations of the same sign in western China and central China. The last two modes are reproduced by most of the six coupled climate models' last millennium simulations performed in the framework of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III (PMIP3). In particular, the link of the second mode with ENSO is confirmed by the models. However, there is a mismatch between models and proxy reconstructions in the time development of different modes. This mismatch suggests the important role of internal variability in the reconstructed precipitation mode variations of the past 500 years.
HIMMELI v1.0: HelsinkI Model of MEthane buiLd-up and emIssion for peatlands
Authors: Raivonen Maarit , Smolander Sampo , Backman Leif , Susiluoto Jouni , Aalto Tuula , Markkanen Tiina , Mäkelä Jarmo , Rinne Janne , Peltola Olli , Aurela Mika , Lohila Annalea , Tomasic Marin , Li Xuefei , Larmola Tuula , Juutinen Sari , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina , Heimann Martin , Sevanto Sanna , Kleinen Thomas , Brovkin Victor , Vesala Timo 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Wetlands are one of the most significant natural sources of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. They emit CH4 because decomposition of soil organic matter in waterlogged anoxic conditions produces CH4, in addition to carbon dioxide (CO2). Production of CH4 and how much of it escapes to the atmosphere depend on a multitude of environmental drivers. Models simulating the processes leading to CH4 emissions are thus needed for upscaling observations to estimate present CH4 emissions and for producing scenarios of future atmospheric CH4 concentrations. Aiming at a CH4 model that can be added to models describing peatland carbon cycling, we composed a model called HIMMELI that describes CH4 build-up in and emissions from peatland soils. It is not a full peatland carbon cycle model but it requires the rate of anoxic soil respiration as input. Driven by soil temperature, leaf area index (LAI) of aerenchymatous peatland vegetation, and water table depth (WTD), it simulates the concentrations and transport of CH4, CO2, and oxygen (O2) in a layered one-dimensional peat column. Here, we present the HIMMELI model structure and results of tests on the model sensitivity to the input data and to the description of the peat column (peat depth and layer thickness), and demonstrate that HIMMELI outputs realistic fluxes by comparing modeled and measured fluxes at two peatland sites. As HIMMELI describes only the CH4-related processes, not the full carbon cycle, our analysis revealed mechanisms and dependencies that may remain hidden when testing CH4 models connected to complete peatland carbon models, which is usually the case. Our results indicated that (1) the model is flexible and robust and thus suitable for different environments; (2) the simulated CH4 emissions largely depend on the prescribed rate of anoxic respiration; (3) the sensitivity of the total CH4 emission to other input variables is mainly mediated via the concentrations of dissolved gases, in particular, the O2 concentrations that affect the CH4 production and oxidation rates; (4) with given input respiration, the peat column description does not significantly affect the simulated CH4 emissions in this model version.
The Role of Demarketing in Reducing Electricity Demand
Authors: AL-Samydai Mahmood Jasim , Yousif Rudaina Othman 
Published: December 2017

The current study aims to examine the influence of demarketing in reducing the demand for electricity in Jordan. According to (Kotler and Levy. 1971) the demarketing is based on three strategies (general demarketing strategy, selective demarketings strategy and ostensible demarketing strategy). The philosophy of demarketing based on creating better and healthier environment for community and it represents an important tool to determine the consumption of a certain product permanently or temporarily.Demarketing considered an important tool that is used to limit demand or consumption, or rationalize its use, of a certain product or service, permanently or temporarily (fuel electricity, water, etc.) due to the rarity of these resources and their importance, economically, to countries. It is used to limit the use of some products that damage public heath, society, and community (like smoking, alcohol, controlled medication and narcotics, etc.). This paper shows the benefit from the general demarketing to influence the demand of electricity.The researchers depended on secondary resources represented by the available literature. In addition, the researcher depended on designing a questionnaire composed of 27 questions that were implemented on a sample of 592 consumers. The information collected was based on a primary exploration study with the purpose of constructing and designing a study model.Many factors were inserted within study model has been developed according to literatures related to the subject. Thus, this study questionnaire consisted of six dimensions, which are the general demarketing strategy, (advertising, campaigns, perception, price, solar energyand and reference group) and the demand of electricity. The development of six hypotheses was based on the dimensions of the study.All six hypotheses were accepted as well as the seventh hypothesis, concerning the relationship of the link between the components of the study model. The statistical analysis has shown that the positive correlation between components consisted of strong correlation (positive relationship) between each component of demarketing and the reducing the demand for electricity. Researchers faced number of difficulties while conducting this study. Many consumers do not agree with the questionnaire, there is no clear understanding of the concept of reverse marketing, and there are not many studies that deal with this field. The importance of this study is reflected through the effective role of demarketing that can play in influencing the reducing of demand for electricity, and improve them, towards rationalization of electricity consumption.
Phylogenic study of Lemnoideae (duckweeds) through complete chloroplast genomes for eight accessions
Authors: Ding Yanqiang , Fang Yang , Guo Ling , Li Zhidan , He Kaize , Zhao Yun , Zhao Hai 
Published: December 2017

Background
Phylogenetic relationship within different genera of Lemnoideae, a kind of small aquatic monocotyledonous plants, was not well resolved, using either morphological characters or traditional markers. Given that rich genetic information in chloroplast genome makes them particularly useful for phylogenetic studies, we used chloroplast genomes to clarify the phylogeny within Lemnoideae.

Methods
DNAs were sequenced with next-generation sequencing. The duckweeds chloroplast genomes were indirectly filtered from the total DNA data, or directly obtained from chloroplast DNA data. To test the reliability of assembling the chloroplast genome based on the filtration of the total DNA, two methods were used to assemble the chloroplast genome of Landoltia punctata strain ZH0202. A phylogenetic tree was built on the basis of the whole chloroplast genome sequences using MrBayes v.3.2.6 and PhyML 3.0.

Results
Eight complete duckweeds chloroplast genomes were assembled, with lengths ranging from 165,775 bp to 171,152 bp, and each contains 80 protein-coding sequences, four rRNAs, 30 tRNAs and two pseudogenes. The identity of L. punctata strain ZH0202 chloroplast genomes assembled through two methods was 100%, and their sequences and lengths were completely identical. The chloroplast genome comparison demonstrated that the differences in chloroplast genome sizes among the Lemnoideae primarily resulted from variation in non-coding regions, especially from repeat sequence variation. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the different genera of Lemnoideae are derived from each other in the following order: Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia.

Discussion
This study demonstrates potential of whole chloroplast genome DNA as an effective option for phylogenetic studies of Lemnoideae. It also showed the possibility of using chloroplast DNA data to elucidate those phylogenies which were not yet solved well by traditional methods even in plants other than duckweeds.
Expression of schizophrenia biomarkers in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus: an explanation for the link between exotropia and schizophrenia?
Authors: Agarwal Andrea B. , Christensen Austin J. , Feng Cheng-Yuan , Wen Dan , Johnson L. Alan , von Bartheld Christopher S. 
Published: December 2017

Recent studies have implicated exotropia as a risk factor for schizophrenia. We determined whether schizophrenia biomarkers have abnormal levels of expression in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus and explored whether differences in gene expression between medial and lateral rectus muscles may explain the specific association of schizophrenia with exotropia but not esotropia. Samples from horizontal extraocular muscles were obtained during strabismus surgery and compared with age- and muscle type-matched normal muscles from organ donors. We used PCR arrays to identify differences in gene expression among 417 signaling molecules. We then focused on established schizophrenia-related growth factors, cytokines, and regulators of the extracellular matrix. Among 36 genes with significantly altered gene expression in dysfunctional horizontal rectus muscles, over one third were schizophrenia-related: CTGF, CXCR4, IL1B, IL10RA, MIF, MMP2, NPY1R, NRG1, NTRK2, SERPINA3, TIMP1, TIMP2, and TNF (adjustedpvalue ≤ 0.016667). By PCR array, expression of three of these genes was significantly different in medial rectus muscles, while eleven were significantly altered in lateral rectus muscles. Comparing baseline levels between muscle types, three schizophrenia-related genes (NPY1R, NTRK2, TIMP2) had lower levels of expression in medial rectus muscles. Despite the surprisingly large number of schizophrenia-related genes with altered gene expression levels in dysfunctional muscles, the lack of specificity for medial rectus muscles undermines a model of shared, region-specific gene expression abnormalities between exotropia and schizophrenia, but rather suggests consideration of the alternative model: that exotropia-induced aberrant early visual experiences may enable and/or contribute as a causative factor to the development of schizophrenia.
Observed and Simulated Sensitivities of Spring Greenup to Preseason Climate in Northern Temperate and Boreal Regions
Authors: Xu Xiyan , Riley William J. , Koven Charles D. , Jia Gensuo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractVegetation phenology plays an important role in regulating land‐atmosphere energy, water, and trace‐gas exchanges. Changes in spring greenup (SG) have been documented in the past half‐century in response to ongoing climate change. We use normalized difference vegetation index generated from NOAA's advanced very high resolution radiometer data in the Global Inventory Modeling and Monitoring Study project over the 1982–2005 period, coupled with climate reanalysis (Climate Research Unit‐National Centers for Environmental Prediction) to investigate the SG responses to preseason climate change in northern temperate and boreal regions. We compared these observed responses to the simulated SG responses to preseason climate inferred from the Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) over 1982–2005. The observationally inferred SG suggests that there has been an advance of about 1 days per decade between 1982 and 2005 in the northern midlatitude to high latitude, with significant spatial heterogeneity. The spatial heterogeneity of the SG advance results from heterogeneity in the change of the preseason climate as well as varied vegetation responses to the preseason climate across biomes. The SG to preseason temperature sensitivity is highest in forests other than deciduous needleleaf forests, followed by temperate grasslands and woody savannas. The SG in deciduous needleleaf forests, open shrublands, and tundra is relatively insensitive to preseason temperature. Although the extent of regions where the SG is sensitive to preseason precipitation is smaller than the extent of regions where the SG is sensitive to preseason temperature, the biomes that are more sensitive to temperature are also more sensitive to precipitation, suggesting the interactive control of temperature and precipitation. In the mean, the CMIP5 ESMs reproduced the dominant latitudinal preseason climate trends and SG advances. However, large biases in individual ESMs for the preseason period, climate, and SG sensitivity imply needed model improvements to climate prediction and phenological process parameterizations.
N, P Co‐doped Hierarchical Porous Graphene as a Metal‐Free Bifunctional Air Cathode for Zn−Air Batteries
Authors: Zhou Lijun , Zhang Chunyan , Cai Xiaoyi , Qian Yao , Jiang Haifeng , Li Baosheng , Lai Linfei , Shen Zexiang , Huang Wei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe development of high‐efficiency Zn−air batteries represents one of the emerging energy storage and conversion technologies. In this work, hierarchically structured N, P co‐doped graphene (NPHG) has been synthesized through the chemical polymerization of aniline and phytic acid in the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles and applied as air cathodes for rechargeable Zn−air batteries, owing to its high bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic activities. The P−N bond, rather than P−C or P=N bonds, in NPHG is proposed to be responsible for the high catalytic activity. The rechargeable Zn−air batteries assembled from this NPHG exhibited much higher reversibility and better stability as compared with a benchmark Pt/C catalyst.