bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Use of Urban Emergency Departments by the U.S. Homeless Population
Authors: Ku Bon S. , Scott Kevin C. , Kertesz Stefan G. , Pitts Stephen R. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Homeless individuals frequently use emergency departments (EDs), but previous studies have investigated local rather than national ED utilization rates. This study sought to characterize homeless people who visited urban EDs across the U.S. Methods. We analyzed the ED subset of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS-ED), a nationally representative probability survey of ED visits, using methods appropriate for complex survey samples to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of visits by homeless vs. non-homeless people for survey years 2005 and 2006. Results. Homeless individuals from all age groups made 550,000 ED visits annually (95% confidence interval [CI] 419,000, 682,000), or 72 visits per 100 homeless people in the U.S. per year. Homeless people were older than others who used EDs (mean age of homeless people = 44 years compared with 36 years for others). ED visits by homeless people were independently associated with male gender, Medicaid coverage and lack of insurance, and Western geographic region. Additionally, homeless ED visitors were more likely to have arrived by ambulance, to be seen by a resident or intern, and to be diagnosed with either a psychiatric or substance abuse problem. Compared with others, ED visits by homeless people were four times more likely to occur within three days of a prior ED evaluation, and more than twice as likely to occur within a week of hospitalization. Conclusions. Homeless people who seek care in urban EDs come by ambulance, lack medical insurance, and have psychiatric and substance abuse diagnoses more often than non-homeless people. The high incidence of repeat ED visits and frequent hospital use identifies a pressing need for policy remedies.
Carbon Monoxide-Related Hospitalizations in the U.S.: Evaluation of a Web-Based Query System for Public Health Surveillance
Authors: Iqbal Shahed , Clower Jacquelyn H. , Boehmer Tegan K. , Yip Fuyuen Y. , Garbe Paul 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is preventable, yet it remains one of the most common causes of poisoning in the U.S. In the absence of a national data reporting system for CO-poisoning surveillance, the burden of CO-related hospitalizations is unknown. Our objective was to generate the first national estimates of CO-related hospitalizations and to evaluate the use of a Web-based query system for public health surveillance. Methods. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's (HCUP's) 2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data were used for CO-related hospitalization estimates. Data for confirmed, probable, and suspected cases were generated using the HCUPnet Web-based query system. We used data from 1993 through 2005 NIS to describe trends in CO-related hospitalizations. We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's surveillance evaluation guidelines to evaluate the system. Results. In 2005, there were 24,891 CO-related hospitalizations nationwide: 16.9% ( n=4,216) were confirmed, 1.1% ( n=279) were probable, and 81.9% ( n=20,396) were suspected CO-poisoning cases. Of the confirmed cases (1.42/100,000 population), the highest hospitalization rates occurred among males, older adults (aged ≥85 years), and Midwestern residents. CO-related hospitalization rates declined from 1993 through 2000 and plateaued from 2001 through 2005. The simplicity, acceptability, sensitivity, and representativeness of the HCUPnet surveillance system were excellent. However, HCUPnet showed limited flexibility and specificity. Conclusions. Nationwide, the burden of CO exposure resulting in hospitalization is substantial. HCUPnet is a useful surveillance tool that efficiently characterized CO-related hospitalizations for the first time. Public health practitioners can utilize this data source for state-level surveillance.
Gender, forests and livelihoods: A note on the political economy of transition in north-east India
Authors: Mishra Deepak K. 
Published: January 2017

The process of livelihood diversification could be highly complex and conflict-ridden, particularly because of unequal access to crucial livelihood resources. Based on mountain regions of north-east India in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular, this paper attempts to analyse the livelihoods diversification in a forest-dependent economy. Along with the manifold transformation of the economies in the region, gender relations have also been altered in a diverse and complex manner. This is primarily because gender relations are deeply embedded in the economy and the politics of control over resources-a dimension which is often neglected in the mainstream discussions on economic development and change. Largely drawing upon micro-studies by the author and others, these interconnections have been examined in relation to few critical issues. They include the changing nature of ownership and control over forests having significant gendered implications. As forest products get commercialized, the way forests and forest-related activities are viewed by the forest dependent population also change. The shift from family and community labour to wage labour for extraction of forest products for market use as well as the interdependencies between farming and forest related activities alters the intra-family distribution of work as well as opportunities for men and women. Finally, the paper also take into account the impact of deforestation and commercialisation of forest products on women's work burden.
Sticky floors, high ceilings: Skilled and ‘gendered’ workforce-learnings from Chennai and Delhi firms
Authors: Raju Saraswati 
Published: January 2017

Issues relating to skill and training acquisition amongst workers are once again up front and significant efforts are underway to bring entrepreneurs together with training providers to ensure that vocational training avoid the frequent trap of becoming rigid, unimaginative and out of date. The World Employment Report (ILO 2004) has expressed concerns in terms of upgrading of existing clusters of small firms to fit in with the contemporary world scenario; increased productivity and its interface with training and skills; need for acquisition of different/appropriate set of skills with technological moves and policy prescription. Traditionally the domain of the State, of late, discussions on skill formation have looked at ways in which closer partnerships between the State and enterprises can be forged on the basis of shared responsibility and mutual support. Based on collaborative IDPAD project, the paper provides overall skill profiles of men and women in India and in the firms of Delhi and Chennai. This is followed by the existing provisions available for training in these firms, particularly for women. The paper also looks at employers’ responses as to how they see their own role in skill formation and training and other related issues. Finally, it is contended that contrary to situations in some industrialized countries, given the nature of Indian firms, their hiring practices and market peculiarities, lower end workers, particularly women are precariously positioned in terms of acquiring skills and training through their employers. Obliquely, the paper also addresses the debates surrounding the role of government and private sectors in ensuring workers’ enhanced/better employability though skill formation and training.
Barriers to Nutrition Intervention for Patients With a Traumatic Brain Injury: Views and Attitudes of Medical and Nursing Practitioners in the Acute Care Setting
Authors: Chapple Lee‐anne , Chapman Marianne , Shalit Natalie , Udy Andrew , Deane Adam , Williams Lauren 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground: Nutrition delivered to patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is typically below prescribed amounts. While the dietitian plays an important role in the assessment and provision of nutrition needs, they are part of a multidisciplinary team. The views and attitudes of medical and nursing practitioners are likely to be crucial to implementation of nutrition to patients with TBI, but there is limited information describing these. Methods: A qualitative exploratory approach was used to explore the views and attitudes of medical and nursing practitioners on nutrition for patients with TBI. Participants at 2 major neurotrauma hospitals in Australia completed individual semi‐structured interviews with a set of questions and a case study. Interviews were transcribed and coded for themes. Results: Thirty‐four health practitioners participated: 18 nurses and 16 physicians. Three major themes emerged: (1) nutrition practices over the hospital admission reflect the recovery course, (2) there are competing priorities when caring for patients with TBI, and (3) the implementation of nutrition therapy is influenced by practitioner roles and expectations. Conclusion: Use of qualitative inquiry in the study of attitudes toward nutrition provision to patients with TBI provided detailed insights into the challenges of operationalizing nutrition therapy. These insights can be used to clarify communication between health practitioners working with patients with TBI across the continuum of care.
Marketing is Marketing—Everywhere!
Authors: Baker Michael J 
Published: January 2017

The theme of this paper is that in seeking to develop strategies for the future, we should not neglect or overlook hard-won lessons from the past. Learning through direct experience is almost invariably a process of experimentation or trial and error. It is uncertain, time-consuming, inefficient, and often risky. Accordingly, if we encounter a problem new to ourselves, our first reaction should be: “Has anyone encountered this problem before?” If so, then “What did they do, with what results?” Answers to these questions are to be found in the so-called secondary sources that record the knowledge gained by previous generations. Knowledge is distilled experience which has accumulated over time. It represents our current understanding of how the world works and, because it has been recorded, it is usually easily available and often free. Common sense dictates that we should start any problem-solving activity by establishing what we know already. To support this argument, this article reviews the processes of knowledge creation and ‘cumulativity’. Unless and until we have confirmed what is already known about a subject, any effort to solve a new problem can only be a hit-or-miss affair — a case of managerial myopia. Therefore, while addressing an important question such as the role of marketing in emerging economies, we should first define what we mean by ‘emerging economies’ and ‘marketing.’ Marketing is a synthetic discipline that integrates findings from other disciplines like economics, psychology, and sociology into a holistic explanation of commercial exchange behaviour. As for emerging economies, indeed, all the advanced economies were emerging economies once, and it is quite evident that as the Industrial Revolution that started in Great Britain in the 18th century spread through Europe and North America, so each newly indutrialized country, in turn, achieved take-off more quickly by learning from the experience of its predecessors. In conclusion, this paper cites three examples of robust ideas that have stood the test of time and offers important insights into marketing today: Ricardo's ‘Theory of Comparative Advantage’ which argues that countries should specialize in doing what they do best and exchange their surpluses with other countries Darwin‘s theory of evolution and its marketing derivative — the product life cycle Copeland's ‘classification of goods’ that first identified the importance of defining goods and services in terms of needs and benefits. The message is that our knowledge of marketing is universal. Marketing is marketing—everywhere.
Relationship Marketing in Emerging Economies: Some Lessons for the Future
Authors: Flambard-Ruaud Sabine 
Published: January 2017

Relationship marketing as a philosophy and a set of practices is now widely accepted by both academics and practitioners. At the centre of the relationship marketing paradigm is the notion that making the most out of existing clients is essential for long-term profitability. Retaining clients by developing relationships with them is crucial to establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage in the market. But, moving away from an analysis of needs to an analysis of the customer, from management of the transaction to management of the relationship marks a fundamental shift which positions relationship marketing as a double innovation: conceptual innovation (it has evolved into an entirely new and separate concept) and organizational innovation (it imposes transformation on organizations that are not limited to the marketing function but require the participation of all components of the firm). But, perceptions on what exactly constitutes relationship marketing may differ in various cultural settings. Indeed, the theoretical domains that relationship marketing has traditionally drawn upon have been Western theories developed in economics, psychology, and management. Having largely exhausted these sources, it is now perhaps time to look more widely and consider less traditional paradigms from a broader range of cultures. The author suggests looking at Eastern cultures where relationships have provided the foundations for business activity for thousands of years. This article is an initial attempt to bridge the gap in existing literature as no adequate conceptual framework exists as yet. It aims to contribute to the knowledge of the reasons for the emergence of relationship marketing in Western economies and makes a brief comparison of the study of relationships in Western and Eastern literature so as to identify how culturally-based relationships are formed. In particular, the focus is on the Chinese complex concept of guanxi (loosely translated as ‘connections’ though ‘relationships’ might be better) and its importance in relationship development. This framework is the starting point for a set of criteria to be taken into account before transferring relationship marketing in emerging economies. In conclusion, this exploratory paper highlights the following: Theory transgresses economies whether they are emerging or not. Marketing has always studied relationships between institutions (B2B) and between institutions and customers (B2C). The basic rules of marketing, therefore, remain the same whatever the economy. What changes is the context. The environment is and remains multi-cultural. In that sense, the dangers of ethnocentrism must be avoided and, on the contrary, the phenomena of acculturation and local appropriation must be embraced. To be successfully implemented, relationship marketing should reflect the value system of the population to which it is targeted.
Displacement: A Socio-Economic Rights Perspective
Authors: Mishra Ratnakar 
Published: January 2017

Development projects have often led to adverse effects in the form of displacement of people from their original place of habitation due to large-scale land acquisition. Despite serious efforts by the state and non-state actors, development-induced displacement in the country has resulted in severe economic, social, and environmental problems to the displaced people. In a developing country like India, ignoring the affected people, largely underprivileged and illiterate, plays havoc. A late realization by the stakeholders leaves no scope for overhauling of the already executed project. This research paper, referring to a case of the Gopalpur project of the Tata Steel Ltd. in Odisha, analysed pre- and post-displacement conditions of the project-affected people. The research objectives of the study are: to assess people's mindsets about the possible changed lifestyle in post-displacement period to see if the displacement is instrumental in changing the profession of people to study the impact of such displacement-related issues on nearby township to study the role of state and non-state actors in the entire process to suggest a remedial action plan to minimize the anomalies, if witnessed. For the purpose of this study, a total of 1,555 Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) families were surveyed to examine their socio-economic rights status. The research construct was based on eight variables — work, earning, animal husbandry, health, education, public participation, spirituality, and infrastructure. The findings obtained on some of the variables like work, earning and animal husbandry showed a decline. The plant could not come up in the acquired land which pushed them to adopt new avocations like construction work in place of their original cultivation work. Other variables like health, education, and infrastructure showed a positive trend. The variables like spirituality and public participation reflected very low significance in the study. Illiteracy of the respondents and the controversial nature of the subject acted as limitations for a broader study. The study suggested the need for revival of the traditional ‘Kewra’ plantation which was an effective additional earning support for the people in the locality before displacement. Development of local self-sustaining groups and smaller cottage industries based on locally available raw materials were also viewed as other options for revival.
Market Reaction to Stock Dividends: Evidence from India
Authors: Mehta Chhavi , Jain P K , Yadav Surendra S 
Published: January 2017

Theoretically, stock dividends have no impact on financial position of the announcing company as net worth and total assets remain the same, though empirical evidence across the globe shows that markets react to stock dividend announcements. The present study analyses the market reaction pertaining to stock dividend decisions in the Indian context. Market reaction has been captured in terms of impact on returns, liquidity, and risk. The sample includes 51 ‘pure’ stock dividend announcements from January 1, 2002 to June 30, 2010. The study finds that the announcement of stock dividends induces an increase in the wealth of the shareholders in India. A consistent pattern of positive average abnormal returns during the pre-announcement window till the announcement day and a pattern of negative average abnormal returns during the post-announcement window have been observed. On cumulating these results, the shareholders of the companies that issued stock dividends gain significant returns. The justification for such results seems to be that the information about the stock dividends announcement reaches the investors prior to the decision date as it is manda-tory for the issuing company to inform the exchange (where it is listed) about the date of the board meeting. It has been observed that the companies usually inform the exchange seven days prior to the day of the board meeting. In most of the cases, the companies provide the agenda item information along with the board meeting date to the exchange. In such a situation, the moment this information about the agenda item is given to the exchange, this becomes public information and investors start reacting to it. The cumulative average abnormal return values over various size event windows depict that an investor can earn substantial returns if he purchases the shares on the day the news of board meeting (to announce stock dividends) comes to the market and sells them one day after the announcement day. The investor can also gain if the shares are purchased one day prior to the announcement day and are sold one day after the announcement day. The trading quantity reduces significantly immediately after these decisions are announced. On a short-term basis, the investors seem to perceive that the announcement of stock dividends provides signals about the firm's bright future prospects. This leads to a decline in trading quantity as investors, who own the shares at the time of announcement, prefer to hold the shares expecting an increase in their wealth in future. In the long-run, a marginally positive impact has been observed. The announcement of stock dividends reduces variability of returns in the short-run as well as in the long run, lending price stability to the stocks of the announcing companies.
Study protocol for a scoping review on rehabilitation scoping reviews
Authors: Colquhoun Heather L , Jesus Tiago S , O’Brien Kelly K , Tricco Andrea C , Chui Adora , Zarin Wasifa , Lillie Erin , Hitzig Sander L , Straus Sharon 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Scoping reviews are increasingly popular in rehabilitation. However, significant variability in scoping review conduct and reporting currently exists, limiting potential for the methodology to advance rehabilitation research, practice and policy. Our aim is to conduct a scoping review of rehabilitation scoping reviews in order to examine the current volume, yearly distribution, proportion, scope and methodological practices involved in the conduct of scoping reviews in rehabilitation. Key areas of methodological improvement will be described. Methods and analysis: We will undertake the review using the Arksey and O’Malley scoping review methodology. Our search will involve two phases. The first will combine a previously conducted scoping review of scoping reviews (not distinct to rehabilitation, with data current to July 2014) together with a rehabilitation keyword search in PubMed. Articles found in the first phase search will undergo a full text review. The second phase will include an update of the previously conducted scoping review of scoping reviews (July 2014 to current). This update will include the search of nine electronic databases, followed by title and abstract screening as well as a full text review. All screening and extraction will be performed independently by two authors. Articles will be included if they are scoping reviews within the field of rehabilitation. A consultation exercise with key targets will inform plans to improve rehabilitation scoping reviews. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics will be required for the consultation phase of our scoping review. Dissemination will include peer-reviewed publication and conferences in rehabilitation-specific contexts.