bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion Management: Unexpected Research Opportunities
Authors: Bianchi Alison J. , Ruch Alexander M. , Ritter Michael J. , Kim Ji Hye 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDuring the process of emotion management, individuals perceive that they are feeling emotions that differ from what is expected within the situation. Consequently, they use cognitive, physical, and/or other means either to display more appropriate emotions or to change their emotions on a deeper level to be consistent with what is customarily expressed. Beginning with the first examinations of emotion management in 1979 by the pioneer Arlie Hochschild, emotion scholars have produced over 6,000 studies of this phenomenon. We join this vibrant research program by proposing new avenues of research using an interdisciplinary strategy. First, we explore possibilities for emotion management research within its “home base” of sociology; then, we branch out to the areas of morality and political science. In so doing, we craft new and unexpected pathways for advancements in theory, theory adjudication, and methodology, for the future of emotion management research.
The State, Unauthorized Mexican Migration, and Vulnerability in the Workplace
Authors: Olvera Jacqueline 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFor the last 20 years, migration scholars have generated a number of important empirical insights about the ways in which the state, through the enactment of immigration policies, creates workplace vulnerabilities such as discrimination, harassment, wage theft, workplace raids, and the threat of deportation. Recent studies of illegality also examine the role of the state but do so in a way that explores what legal status means and how it is experienced in everyday lives of migrants marked as “illegal” by the state. This article reviews recent research that shows that the state operates in a gray zone of enforcement that puts migrants in ambiguous social spaces and heightens their vulnerability at work. However, research also finds that migrants find ways to exert their agency in challenging work environments.
Rethinking Legitimacy and Illegitimacy in Violent Political Conflict
Authors: Schoon Eric W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAnalytic and conceptual ambiguity associated with the study of legitimacy have motivated debates over the utility of this construct in the analysis of violent political conflict. Using these debates as a point of departure, I review several challenges that have limited the study of legitimacy in this area and discuss two features of legitimation that have gone widely overlooked: (i) the asymmetric causes and effects of legitimacy and illegitimacy, and (ii) the relational dynamics of legitimation. I argue that turning explicit analytic attention to the asymmetry and relationality of legitimacy and illegitimacy allows us to overcome the most intractable challenges associated with the analysis of legitimation in violent conflict.
Soap Opera, Then and Now
Authors: Harrington C. Lee 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis essay examines the sustained sociological relevance of US daytime soap operas, a seemingly dead or dying generic form that continues to influence the entertainment landscape as well as media scholars from across the academy. The essay begins by examining soaps' longstanding resonance with three‐core sociological concerns: identity, community or sociality, and cultural legitimacy. It then discusses scholarly research opportunities associated with the recent decline of the genre and concludes by examining current debates in soap opera scholarship.
Motivational interviewing in paediatric residency
Authors: Malas Nasuh , Rofey Dana , Kuchera Anne Marie , Pletcher Jonathan , Ortiz‐Aguayo Roberto , Douaihy Antoine , Gold Melanie 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundMotivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative, evidence‐based, person‐centred counselling style for addressing ambivalence about behaviour change. Despite its proven effectiveness, there is little formal instruction of MI in paediatric training programmes.
MethodsSecond‐year paediatric residents participated in a 4–hour MI workshop, followed by a 1–hour small group review course and hands‐on supervision during their Adolescent Medicine rotation. After the MI workshop, and again after their refresher course, we assessed residents' attitudes and skill with written and online surveys, as well as with a modified Helpful Responses Questionnaire (HRQ).ResultsResults revealed a statistically significant improvement in residents' confidence in eliciting health behaviour change [t‐score(59) = 3.76, p = 0.008]. HRQ scores for all three clinical scenarios improved significantly following the workshop (p < 0.000). Residents most valued the interactive components of the workshop and review course, particularly the practice exercises, videos/video vignettes, feedback and coaching.DiscussionA standardised MI curriculum for paediatric residency training improved residents' confidence in eliciting health behaviour change and use of empathic, reflective language. The curriculum is both feasible and widely accepted by residents, with opportunities for residents to practise MI under supervision during resident training. In conclusion, providing a 4–hour MI workshop for paediatric residents, with reinforcement through a review course and clinical opportunities to practise MI under supervision, improved confidence in eliciting health behaviour change and the use of MI‐consistent language. This innovative and time‐sensitive effort could serve as a future model for MI training for paediatric residents.There is little formal instruction of MI in paediatric training programmes
Validation of an automated enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of serum total thyroxine in cats
Authors: Williams Tim L. , Archer Joy 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundHyperthyroidism is common in older cats, which necessitates frequent screening of serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations. Fast, cheap, and reliable methods to measure TT4 in cats are needed.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was the validation of a human TT4 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for use with feline serum, and derivation of a TT4 reference interval (RI) for cats aged 9 years and older.MethodsAssay precision, reproducibility, and linearity were evaluated. Interference by hemolysis was also assessed. Method comparison studies between the human EIA and a previously validated radioimmunoassay (RIA) and chemiluminescent‐enzyme immunoassay (CEIA) were performed. Healthy cats (> 9 years) were recruited from 3 UK first opinion practices.ResultsThe human TT4 EIA demonstrated good precision and reproducibility, and adequate linearity. Hemolysis did not significantly alter measured TT4 concentrations until HGB > 8 g/L. Method comparison revealed proportional and constant errors between EIA and RIA/CEIA. The TT4 RI for cats (> 9 years) was calculated as 7.1–45.1 nmol/L (n = 49).ConclusionsThe human TT4 EIA was successfully validated for use with feline serum and offers a rapid, cheap, and reliable method for determination of serum TT4 concentrations in cats.
Modified penetrating keratoplasty with Acell® bioscaffold implant in seven horses with deep full‐thickness corneal stromal abscess
Authors: Cichocki Brian M. , Myrna Kathern E. , Moore Phillip A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe and evaluate a modified penetrating keratoplasty technique utilizing ACell® for management of equine deep stromal or full‐thickness corneal stromal abscesses (SA).MethodsCases presenting to the University of Georgia Ophthalmology service for surgical management of SA necessitating penetrating keratoplasty (PK) were included in the study population. Surgery entailed the use of an ACell® disk sutured within the deep level of a stepped full‐thickness corneal incision with an overlying conjunctival pedicle flap placed in the superficial step incision. Patients were evaluated for success as defined by a comfortable, visual outcome.ResultsSurgery was performed in seven horses. Conjunctival flap incorporation and globe retention occurred in all patients. Functional vision was maintained in six of seven eyes (85.7%) at last follow‐up examination (mean of 87.6 days [range 41–251 days]). Mean size of ACell® implant was six millimeters (range 4–8 mm). Postoperative complications included moderate to severe anterior uveitis (n = 2), diffuse keratitis (n = 1), incipient cataract formation (n = 3), and anterior and posterior synechiae (n = 1).ConclusionsThis technique is a viable option for treatment of equine SA requiring PK. The use of bioscaffold implant is an alternative to frozen and fresh donor cornea transplantation.
Inward rectifier potassium (Kir2.1) channels as end‐stage boosters of endothelium‐dependent vasodilators
Authors: Sonkusare Swapnil K. , Dalsgaard Thomas , Bonev Adrian D. , Nelson Mark T. 
Published: February 2016

Key points
Increase in endothelial cell (EC) calcium activates calcium‐sensitive intermediate and small conductance potassium (IK and SK) channels, thereby causing hyperpolarization and endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation.
Endothelial cells express inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels, but their role in endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation is not clear.
In the mesenteric arteries, only ECs, but not smooth muscle cells, displayed Kir currents that were predominantly mediated by the Kir2.1 isoform.
Endothelium‐dependent vasodilatations in response to muscarinic receptor, TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channel and IK/SK channel agonists were highly attenuated by Kir channel inhibitors and by Kir2.1 channel knockdown.
These results point to EC Kir channels as amplifiers of vasodilatation in response to increases in EC calcium and IK/SK channel activation and suggest that EC Kir channels could be targeted to treat endothelial dysfunction, which is a hallmark of vascular disorders.
AbstractEndothelium‐dependent vasodilators, such as acetylcholine, increase intracellular Ca2+ through activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels in the plasma membrane and inositol trisphosphate receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to stimulation of Ca2+‐sensitive intermediate and small conductance K+ (IK and SK, respectively) channels. Although strong inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channels have been reported in the native endothelial cells (ECs) their role in EC‐dependent vasodilatation is not clear. Here, we test the idea that Kir channels boost the EC‐dependent vasodilatation of resistance‐sized arteries. We show that ECs, but not smooth muscle cells, of small mesenteric arteries have Kir currents, which are substantially reduced in EC‐specific Kir2.1 knockdown (EC‐Kir2.1−/−) mice. Elevation of extracellular K+ to 14 mm caused vasodilatation of pressurized arteries, which was prevented by endothelial denudation and Kir channel inhibitors (Ba2+, ML‐133) or in the arteries from EC‐Kir2.1−/− mice. Potassium‐induced dilatations were unaffected by inhibitors of TRPV4, IK and SK channels. The Kir channel blocker, Ba2+, did not affect currents through TRPV4, IK or SK channels. Endothelial cell‐dependent vasodilatations in response to activation of muscarinic receptors, TRPV4 channels or IK/SK channels were reduced, but not eliminated, by Kir channel inhibitors or EC‐Kir2.1−/−. In angiotensin II‐induced hypertension, the Kir channel function was not altered, although the endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation was severely impaired. Our results support the concept that EC Kir2 channels boost vasodilatory signals that are generated by Ca2+‐dependent activation of IK and SK channels.
Assessing hospital cost of joint arthroplasty
Authors: Boniforti Filippo 
Published: February 2016

Purpose: total joint replacement is one of the most successful procedures in medicine and cost reimbursements to hospitals for the joint arthroplasty diagnosisrelated group are among the largest payments made by a Regional Health Service. Despite the popularity of these procedures, there are few high-quality costeffectiveness studies on this topic. This study evaluates the cost of total joint arthroplasty performed in a district hospital.
Methods: direct and indirect costs have been measured and patient procedure pathway was analyzed subdivided into three stages: surgical procedure, inpatient care and outpatient clinic.
Results: the cost of the surgical procedure stage was calculated as 3,798 euros, while that of the inpatient stage was 2,924 euros. The mean hospital costs per procedure amounted to 6,952 euros.
Conclusions: although the Health Service tariffs fully reimburse the cost of providing a joint replacement, our data contribute to point out the role of hospital staff ’s organization to support sustainable improvements on health care for joint replacement surgery.
Level of evidence: Level VI, single economic evaluation.
The NADase-Negative Variant of the Streptococcus pyogenes Toxin NAD
+
Glycohydrolase Induces JNK1-Mediated Programmed Cellular Necrosis
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sukantha , Caparon Michael G. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Virulence factors are often multifunctional and contribute to pathogenesis through synergistic mechanisms. For the human pathogen
Streptococcus pyogenes
, two factors that act synergistically are the
S. pyogenes
NAD
+
glycohydrolase (SPN) and streptolysin O (SLO). Through distinct mechanisms, SLO forms pores in host cell membranes and translocates SPN into the host cell cytosol. Two natural variants of SPN exist, one that exhibits NADase activity and one that lacks this function, and both versions are translocated and act in concert with SLO to cause an accelerated death response in epithelial cells. While NADase
+
SPN is known to trigger a metabolic form of necrosis through the depletion of NAD
+
, the mechanism by which NADase
−
SPN induces cell death was unknown. In the studies described here, we examined the pathway of NADase
−
cell death through analysis of activation patterns of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs).
S. pyogenes
infection resulted in activation of members of three MAPK subfamilies (p38, ERK, and JNK). However, only JNK was activated in an SLO-specific manner. NADase
−
SPN induced necrosis in HeLa epithelial cells associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, activation of NF-κB, and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Remarkably, RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of JNK protected cells from NADase
−
-SPN-mediated necrosis, suggesting that NADase
−
SPN triggers a form of programmed necrosis dependent on JNK signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrate that SPN acts with SLO to elicit necrosis through two different mechanisms depending on its NADase activity, i.e., metabolic (NADase
+
) or programmed (NADase
−
), leading to distinct inflammatory profiles.

IMPORTANCE
Many bacterial pathogens produce toxins that alter how infected host cells interact with the immune system. For
Streptococcus pyogenes
, two toxins, a NAD
+
glycohydrolase (SPN) and streptolysin O (SLO), act in combination to cause infected cells to die. However, there are two natural forms of SPN, and these variants cause dying cells to produce different types of signaling molecules. The NADase
+
form of SPN kills cells by depleting reserves of NAD
+
and cellular energy. The other form of SPN lacks this activity (NADase
−
); thus, the mechanism by which this variant induces toxicity was unknown. Here, we show that infected cells recognize NADase
−
SPN through a specific signaling molecule called JNK, which causes these cells to undergo a form of cellular suicide known as programmed necrosis. This helps us to understand how different forms of toxins alter host cell signaling to help
S. pyogenes
cause different types of diseases.
Reduction of Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization and Dissemination by a Nonopsonic Capsular Polysaccharide Antibody
Authors: Doyle Christopher R. , Pirofski Liise-anne 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae
colonization of the nasopharynx (NP) is a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The marked reduction in IPD that followed the routine use of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has been linked to reduced NP colonization with vaccine-included serotypes (STs), with the caveat that PCVs are less effective against pneumonia than against IPD. Although PCV-elicited opsonic antibodies that enhance phagocytic killing of the homologous ST are considered a key correlate of PCV-mediated protection, recent studies question this relationship for some STs, including ST3. Studies with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS) of ST3 (PPS3) have shown that nonopsonic, as well as opsonic, antibodies can each protect mice against pneumonia and sepsis, but the effect of these types of MAbs on NP colonization is unknown. In this study, we determined the effects of protective opsonic and nonopsonic PPS3 MAbs on ST3 NP colonization in mice. Our results show that a nonopsonic MAb reduced early NP colonization and prevented ST3 dissemination to the lungs and blood, but an opsonic MAb did not. Moreover, the opsonic MAb induced a proinflammatory NP cytokine response, but the nonopsonic MAb had an antiinflammatory effect. The effect of the nonopsonic MAb on colonization did not require its Fc region, but its antiinflammatory effect did. Our findings challenge the paradigm that opsonic MAbs are required to prevent NP colonization and suggest that further studies of the activity of nonopsonic antibodies could advance our understanding of mechanisms of PCV efficacy and provide novel correlates of protection.

IMPORTANCE
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have markedly reduced the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Vaccine-elicited pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) antibodies that enhance
in vitro
phagocyte killing of vaccine-included serotypes (STs) (opsonic antibodies) have been considered correlates of vaccine protection and are thought to exert their effect at the initial site of infection, the nasopharynx (NP). However, the data presented here show that this is not the necessarily the case. A nonopsonic PPS monoclonal antibody (MAb) reduced pneumococcal colonization and dissemination of its homologous ST in mice, but surprisingly, an opsonic PPS MAb to the same ST did not. These results reveal that PPS antibodies can work in different ways than previously thought, challenge the paradigm that opsonic antibodies are required to prevent IPD, and provide new insights into PCV efficacy that could lead to novel correlates of vaccine protection.
‘Much clearer with pictures’: using community-based participatory research to design and test a Picture Option Grid for underserved patients with breast cancer
Authors: Durand Marie-Anne , Alam Shama , Grande Stuart W , Elwyn Glyn 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveWomen of low socioeconomic status (SES) diagnosed with early stage breast cancer experience decision-making, treatment and outcome disparities. Evidence suggests that decision aids can benefit underserved patients, when tailored to their needs. Our aim was to develop and test the usability, acceptability and accessibility of a pictorial encounter decision aid targeted at women of low SES diagnosed with early stage breast cancer.DesignCommunity-based participatory research (CBPR) using think-aloud protocols (phases 1 and 2) and semistructured interviews (phase 3).SettingUnderserved community settings (eg, knitting groups, bingo halls, senior centres) and breast clinics.ParticipantsIn phase 1, we recruited a convenience sample of clinicians and academics. In phase 2, we targeted women over 40 years of age, of low SES, regardless of breast cancer history, and in phase 3, women of low SES, recently diagnosed with breast cancer.InterventionThe pictorial encounter decision aid was derived from an evidence-based table comparing treatment options for breast cancer (http://www.optiongrid.org).Outcome measuresWe assessed the usability, acceptability and accessibility of the pictorial decision aid prototypes using the think-aloud protocol and semistructured interviews.ResultsAfter initial testing of the first prototype with 18 academics and health professionals, new versions were developed and tested with 53 lay individuals in community settings. Usability was high. In response to feedback indicating that the use of cartoon characters was considered insensitive, a picture-only version was developed and tested with 23 lay people in phase 2, and 10 target users in phase 3.Conclusions and relevanceUsing CBPR methods and iterative user testing cycles improved usability and accessibility, and led to the development of the Picture Option Grid, entirely guided by multiple stakeholder feedback. All women of low SES recently diagnosed with early stage breast cancer found the Picture Option Grid usable, acceptable and accessible.
A torso model comparison of temperature preservation devices for use in the prehospital environment
Authors: Zasa Michele , Flowers Neil , Zideman David , Hodgetts Timothy J , Harris Tim 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundHypothermia is an independent predictor of increased morbidity and mortality in patients with trauma. Several strategies and products have been developed to minimise patients’ heat loss in the prehospital arena, but there is little evidence to inform the clinician concerning their effectiveness.MethodsWe used a human torso model consisting of two 5.5-litre fluid bags to simultaneously compare four passive (space blanket, bubble wrap, Blizzard blanket, ambulance blanket) and one active (Ready-Heat II blanket) temperature preservation products. A torso model without any temperature preservation device provided a control. For each test, the torso models were warmed to 37°C and left outdoors. Core temperatures were recorded every 10 min for 1 h in total; tests were repeated 10 times.ResultsA significant difference in temperature was detected among groups at 30 and 60 min (F (1.29, 10.30)=103.58, p<0.001 and F (1.64, 14.78)=163.28, p<0.001, respectively). Mean temperature reductions (95% CI) after 1 h of environmental exposure were the following: 11.6 (10.3 to 12.9) °C in control group, 4.5 (3.9 to 5.1) °C in space blanket group, 3.6 (3 to 4.3) °C in bubble-wrap group, 2.1 (1.7 to 2.5) °C in Blizzard blanket group, 6.1 (5.8 to 6.5) °C in ambulance blanket group and 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) °C in Ready-Heat II blanket group.ConclusionsIn this study, using a torso model based on two 5 L dialysate bags we found the Ready-Heat II heating blanket and Blizzard blanket were associated with lower rates of heat loss after 60 min environmental exposure than the other devices tested.