bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils against some pathogenic bacteria and yeasts shed from poultry
Authors: Ebani Valentina Virginia , Nardoni Simona , Bertelloni Fabrizio , Giovanelli Silvia , Rocchigiani Guido , Pistelli Luisa , Mancianti Francesca 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAntibiotics have been used for decades in poultry diets to increase performance and decrease morbidity and mortality. The growing concern over the spreading of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria among animals and humans has resulted in the ban of the feed use of antibiotic growth promoters in livestock and in some cases additives derived from plants are used as alternative. Four commercial essential oils, from litsea (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), thymus (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their mixtures, were tested against pathogenic bacteria and yeasts that may be shed in faeces by poultry. In particular, the analysis were carried out against reference and wild bacterial strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus durans, E. faecalis, and E. faecium, and wild isolates of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Essential oils had varying degrees of growth inhibition in relationship to the tested bacterial and yeast strains; however the best results were achieved by O. vulgare and T. vulgaris. All mixtures gave good results with reference and field bacterial strains, with MIC values ranging from 1.13 to 0.14 mg/ml. The mixture composed by O. vulgare, T. vulgaris and O. majorana appeared the most effective against the tested yeast isolates, with MIC 1.85 mg/ml. O. vulgare and T. vulgaris showed good antimicrobial activities, thus they seem useful not only to promote poultry growth, but also to control fastidious microorganisms commonly occurring in digestive tract of these animals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The flavor and nutritional characteristic of four strawberry varieties cultured in soilless system
Authors: Liu Li , Ji Mei‐Ling , Chen Min , Sun Ming‐yue , Fu Xi‐ling , Li Ling , Gao Dong‐Sheng , Zhu Cui‐Ying 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStrawberry fruits (cv. Benihoppe, Tochiotome, Sachinoka, and Guimeiren) were harvested and evaluated the flavor and nutritional parameters. By principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, differences were observed based on the volatile compounds composition, sugar and acid concentration, sweetness, and total soluble sugars/total organic acids of the four varieties. A total of 37, 48, 65, and 74 volatile compounds were identified and determined in cv. Benihoppe, Tochiotome, Sachinoka, and Guimeiren strawberry fruits extracted by head‐space solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME), respectively. Esters significantly dominated the chemical composition of the four varieties. Furaneol was detected in cultivars of Sachinoka and Guimeiren, but mesifuran was only found in cv. Tochiotome. Tochiotome and Sachinoka showed higher content of linalool and (E)‐nerolidol. Sachinoka showed the highest content of total sugars and total acids. Guimeiren showed higher sweetness index than the other three cultivars. Firmness of Tochiotome was highest among all the varieties. The highest total soluble solids TSS value was found in cv. Sachinoka, followed by the Guimeiren and Tochiotome varieties. Sachinoka had the highest titratable acidity TA value. The content of ascorbic acid (AsA) of cv. Tochiotome was higher than the others, but there was no significant difference in cultivars of Benihoppe, Tochiotome, and Sachinoka. Fructose and glucose were the major sugars in all cultivars. Citric acid was the major organic acid in cv. Tochiotome, cv. Sachinoka, and cv. Guimeiren. Tochiotome had higher ratios of TSS/TA and total sugars/total organic acids than others, arising from its lower acid content. The order of the comprehensive evaluation score was Sachinoka>Guimeiren>Tochiotome>Benihoppe.
A prospective investigation of dietary patterns and internalizing and externalizing mental health problems in adolescents
Authors: Trapp Georgina S. A. , Allen Karina L. , Black Lucinda J. , Ambrosini Gina L. , Jacoby Peter , Byrne Susan , Martin Karen E. , Oddy Wendy H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInvestigating protective and risk factors that influence mental health in young people is a high priority. While previous cross‐sectional studies have reported associations between diet and mental health among adolescents, few prospective studies exist. The aim of this study was to examine prospective relationships between dietary patterns and mental health among adolescents participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Self‐report questionnaires were used to assess indicators of mental health (Youth Self‐Report externalizing/internalizing T‐scores) and Western and Healthy dietary patterns (identified using factor analysis) at 14 (2003–2005) and 17 years (2006–2008). Multivariate linear and logistic regression were used to assess relationships between dietary patterns and mental health. Complete data were available for 746 adolescents. In females only, the Western dietary pattern z–score at 14 years was positively associated with greater externalizing behaviors at 17 years (β = 1.91; 95% CI: 0.04, 3.78) and a greater odds of having clinically concerning externalizing behaviors at 17 years (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.06, 3.41). No other statistically significant associations were observed. Overall our findings only lend partial support to a link between diet and mental health. We found it to be specific to females consuming a Western dietary pattern and to externalizing behaviors. Future research on dietary patterns and mental health needs to consider possible sex differences and distinguish between different mental health outcomes as well as between healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns.
Defect Detection in Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Electrodes Using Infrared Thermography
Authors: Ulsh M. , Porter J. M. , Bittinat D. C. , Bender G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPolymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are energy conversion devices that offer high power densities and high efficiencies for mobile and other applications. Successful introduction into the marketplace requires addressing cost barriers such as production volumes and platinum loading. For cost reduction, it is vital to minimize waste and maximize quality during the manufacturing of platinum‐containing electrodes, including gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). In this work, we report on developing a quality control diagnostic for GDEs, involving creating an ex situ exothermic reaction on the electrode surface and using infrared thermography to measure the resulting temperature profile. Experiments with a moving GDE containing created defects were conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the diagnostic for real‐time web‐line inspection.
Benefits in tasks related to everyday life competences after a working memory training in older adults
Authors: Cantarella Alessandra , Borella Erika , Carretti Barbara , Kliegel Matthias , de Beni Rossana 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveThe impact of working memory (WM) training on everyday life functioning has rarely been examined, and it is not clear whether WM training gains are transferred to reasoning abilities. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a verbal WM training in older adults, in terms of specific gains and transfer effects to everyday life and reasoning abilities.MethodThirty‐six community dwelling older adults (from 65 to 75 years of age) were randomly assigned to a training or an active control group. The specific gains in a WM task similar to the one trained were assessed. Transfer effects to everyday life and reasoning abilities were also examined using (i) objective performance‐based tasks (the Everyday Problem Test and the Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale) and (ii) the Cattell test and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices, respectively.ResultsOnly the trained group showed specific benefits and transfer effects to one of the everyday abilities measures (the Everyday Problem Test) and in the two reasoning tasks.ConclusionThese results suggest that WM training can positively impact cognitive functioning and, more importantly, older adults' abilities in everyday living. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of service utilisation and costs of working age adults and older adults receiving treatment for psychosis and severe non‐psychotic conditions in England: implications for commissioning
Authors: Nilforooshan Ramin , Benson Lee , Gage Heather , Williams Peter , Zoha Mo , Warner James 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveCurrent plans in the English National Health Service are to replace block contracts for mental health providers with a single tariff for each ‘cluster’ of conditions. A single tariff will not take into account the potential additional complexity and costs inherent in caring for older people. To examine the basis for a uniform tariff, differences in service utilisation and costs between working age adults and older adults in two populous clusters (non‐psychotic, psychotic) were investigated across five mental health healthcare providers in and around London.MethodsRetrospective review of records over 3 months assessing service utilisation and costs using the Client Services Receipt Inventory.ResultsRecords of 362 patients were reviewed, 179 older adults (90 non‐psychotic, 89 psychotic) and 183 adults of working age (83 non‐psychotic, 100 psychotic). Older adults in both clusters had more tests, assessments and home visits. Overall costs of care of older adults were significantly higher in the non‐psychotic cluster (£5634, vs £4405 psychotic, p = 0.044).ConclusionsAn appropriate age‐related tariff is required for each cluster. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Home
Authors: Tunzi Marc 
Published: March 2016

Abstract“Where's Dr. Tunzi?” Flor bellowed from the waiting room. “Is he here today?” Tattooed and built like a short middle linebacker, Flor is one of my favorite people. Despite schizophrenia, hepatitis C, and diabetes, she lives up to her name with a colorful and sunny personality. She and her partner, Nancy (a bipolar breast‐cancer survivor with chronic pain due to severe osteoarthritis of the hip), have been my patients for about fifteen years, since I first met them at the small homeless clinic I help staff. I was away one day last year when Flor and Nancy came in. It would be an understatement to say that it wasted everybody's time. But “team care” and “patient‐centered medical home” are the buzzwords of the day.
Why Bioethics Has a Race Problem
Authors: Hoberman John 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the September‐October 2001 issue of theHastings Center Report,editor Gregory Kaebnick encouraged bioethicists to turn their attention toward “easily overlooked, relatively little‐talked‐about societal topics” such as race. In 2000 the president of the American Society for Bioethics had called for a more socially conscious bioethics. Race was risky territory, Kaebnick pointed out, but this challenge did not justify avoidance. Over the next fifteen years, the response to this editor's invitation to examine the racial dimensions of medicine in theReportwas limited both in quantity and in terms of the range of topics covered. All told, the bioethics community has not responded to the editor's call for bioethicists to engage with the racial dimension of medicine, and theReporthas not really come through on the tacit commitment made in 2001. The lack of interest in race matters evidenced in theReport aswell as theAmerican Journal of Bioethicshas also prevailed in medical humanities journals, whose few pieces on race have tended to remove race relations from our current realities in two ways: some articles locate medical racism in the American past or in colonial Africa, while others analyze the medical disorders of fictional characters. Bioethicists have not embraced the opportunity to create a sociologically and historically informed bioethics that might be applied to the lives of black Americans and their unending health crisis.
Emergence of a Discipline? Growth in U.S. Postsecondary Bioethics Degrees
Authors: Lee Lisa M. , McCarty Frances A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTeaching competency in bioethics has been a concern of the field since its start. In 1976, The Hastings Center published the first report on the teaching of contemporary bioethics. Graduate programs culminating in an MA or PhD were not needed at the time, concluded the report. “In the future, however,” the report speculated, “the development and/or changing social priorities may at some point allow, or even require, the creation of new academic structures for graduate education in bioethics.” Although that future might be upon us, the creation of a terminal degree in bioethics has its detractors. Scholars have debated whether bioethics is a discipline with its own methods and theoretical grounding, a multidisciplinary field bringing various professional perspectives to bear on particular types of problems, a set of problem‐solving skills to resolve moral disagreements, or something else entirely. Whether or not efforts to develop the methods and theory of bioethics have matured to the point that it is now a discipline in the strictest sense, new bioethics training programs have appeared at all postsecondary levels. In this essay, we examine the number and types of U.S. programs and degrees in this growing field.
When Policy Produces Moral Distress: Reclaiming Conscience
Authors: Berlinger Nancy 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFor too long, bioethics has followed law in reducing “conscience” to “conscientious objection,” in other words, to laws and policies permitting and protecting refusal. In “Reframing Conscientious Care: Providing Abortion Care When Law and Conscience Collide,” Mara Buchbinder and colleagues draw our attention to one dimension of the problem of reducing conscience to refusal to provide certain forms of medical care: what about the conscience problems experienced by the professionals who are attempting to provide safe, effective health care that includes services that others associate with conscientious objection? In seeking to disrupt a specific medical practice—one that is legal, desired by the patient, and conducted in accordance with medical standards—North Carolina House Bill 854, The Woman's Right to Know Act, and laws like it, appear to be designed to produce moral distress in physicians and other professionals involved in the provision of abortions. For abortion providers in North Carolina and other states, conscientious objection to the mandates of laws like HB 854 isn't a realistic option. So what can bioethics offer to professionals bound by such laws? We can start by reclaiming the idea of “conscience” as something that can say “yes” to providing health care.
There Are All Kinds of Rights
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSome years ago I received a phone call telling me that my mother, then in her eighties, had been found wandering the street outside her home. It was the first indication my wife and I had of Alzheimer's disease. We arrived to discover that my mother was incoherent, with the house in disorder, bills unpaid, and perishable food in the night table rather than the refrigerator. Having spent much of my career trying to improve the assessment of decisional capacity, in part to avoid unnecessary deprivation of decision‐making rights, I did not take lightly the step to have my mother declared incompetent. But it was necessary. This episode has been on my mind since I returned recently from a conference in Paris devoted to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Tracheal exposure: Anticipatory management of the difficult airway
Authors: Britt Christopher J. , Rohrbach Marc R. , McCulloch Timothy M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundWhen a patient cannot be intubated or ventilated, cricothyrotomy is indicated. Risks associated with emergent cricothyrotomy are significant, and this procedure typically requires revision. Additional options for establishing an emergent airway are limited. Thus, elective tracheotomy to ensure a safe airway after procedures involving the upper aerodigestive tract is common. Although safe and effective overall, this procedure is not without additional risks, added resources, complex cares, and extended hospitalizations.MethodsWe present a case in which exposure of the anterior trachea was performed without tracheotomy in a patient with a high‐risk airway undergoing an open partial laryngectomy.ResultsThe patient did not develop respiratory distress postoperatively and was able to avoid a tracheostomy and its associated cares.ConclusionPretracheotomy with tracheal exposure simplifies emergent surgical access to the airway. We believe tracheal exposure in the appropriately selected patient is a safe and cost‐effective alternative to elective tracheotomy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2446–E2448, 2016
A New Isoflavanol from the Fruits of Kotschya strigosa (Fabaceae)
Authors: Awouafack Maurice D. , Tchuenguem Roland T. , Ito Takuya , Dzoyem Jean P. , Tane Pierre , Morita Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2016

The phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract from fruits of Kotschya strigosa using repeated normal and reversed‐phase column chromatography and Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography led to the isolation and characterization of a new isoflavanol, named kotstrigoisoflavanol (1), together with three known compounds, diosmetin (2), β‐sitosterol (3), and the 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside of β‐sitosterol (4). The antioxidant activity of crude extract, 1, and 2 was determined using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙) method. The crude extract (IC50 61.7 ± 0.2 μg/ml) and 2 (IC50 70.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml) showed moderate antioxidant activities, while 1 was weakly active (IC50 153.1 ± 0.1 μg/ml), as compared with the standard reference l‐ascorbic acid (IC50 21.9 ± 0.0 μg/ml).
Dose site reactions and related findings after vaccine administration in safety studies
Authors: Baldrick Paul 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPotential new human vaccines undergo toxicology testing to evaluate local reactogenicity and systemic toxicity. A review of 30 recently published and in‐house repeat dose toxicity studies with a variety of vaccines was performed. Species tested were generally rat or rabbit, usually by intramuscular (although occasionally subcutaneous) injection. Results showed no unexpected findings indicating vaccine toxicity, but classic signs of enhanced acute and/or chronic inflammation at the dose site compared with that seen in injected control animals, often accompanied by changes in draining lymph nodes and the spleen (lymphoid hyperplasia and/or increased weight). Other associated signs of a response to vaccine dosing were altered clinical pathology parameters (commonly raised blood neutrophil count and altered globulin level). No obvious difference in dose site or systemic reaction was seen across vaccine, species or the dose route used. A non‐dose recovery period of 2 to 4 weeks was sufficient to show evidence of reversibility of dose site effects. Injection site, lymphoid tissue and clinical pathological changes can be interpreted as related to an expected reaction after vaccine dosing, with generation of an immune response largely as a result of the presence of adjuvant, although direct vaccine antigen involvement was also occasionally demonstrated by the presence of a slightly increased inflammatory response seen over adjuvant treatment only. Overall, the need for toxicity testing of vaccines is in line with current regulatory guideline requirements and has proven to be a valuable part of the safety evaluation process prior to human use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of automated segmentation software on optical coherence tomography volume data
Authors: Tian Jing , Varga Boglarka , Tatrai Erika , Fanni Palya , Somfai Gabor Mark , Smiddy William E. , Debuc Delia Cabrera 
Published: March 2016

Over the past two decades a significant number of OCT segmentation approaches have been proposed in the literature. Each methodology has been conceived for and/or evaluated using specific datasets that do not reflect the complexities of the majority of widely available retinal features observed in clinical settings. In addition, there does not exist an appropriate OCT dataset with ground truth that reflects the realities of everyday retinal features observed in clinical settings. While the need for unbiased performance evaluation of automated segmentation algorithms is obvious, the validation process of segmentation algorithms have been usually performed by comparing with manual labelings from each study and there has been a lack of common ground truth. Therefore, a performance comparison of different algorithms using the same ground truth has never been performed. This paper reviews research‐oriented tools for automated segmentation of the retinal tissue on OCT images. It also evaluates and compares the performance of these software tools with a common ground truth.
magnified image
Assessing the efficacy of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering microscopy for the detection of infiltrating glioblastoma in fresh brain samples
Authors: Galli Roberta , Uckermann Ortrud , Temme Achim , Leipnitz Elke , Meinhardt Matthias , Koch Edmund , Schackert Gabriele , Steiner Gerald , Kirsch Matthias 
Published: March 2016

Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is an emerging technique for identification of brain tumors. However, tumor identification by CARS microscopy on bulk samples and in vivo has been so far verified retrospectively on histological sections, which only provide a gross reference for the interpretation of CARS images without matching at cellular level. Therefore, fluorescent labels were exploited for direct assessment of the interpretation of CARS images of solid and infiltrative tumors. Glioblastoma cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were used for induction of tumors in mice (n = 7). The neoplastic nature of cells imaged by CARS microscopy was unequivocally verified by addressing two‐photon fluorescence of GFP on fresh brain slices and in vivo. In fresh unfixed biopsies of human glioblastoma (n = 10), the fluorescence of 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced protoporphyrin IX was used for identification of tumorous tissue. Distinctive morphological features of glioblastoma cells, i.e. larger nuclei, evident nuclear membrane and nucleolus, were identified in the CARS images of both mouse and human brain tumors. This approach demonstrates that the chemical contrast provided by CARS allows the localization of infiltrating tumor cells in fresh tissue and that the cell morphology in CARS images is useful for tumor recognition.
Experimental glioblastoma expressing green fluorescent protein.magnified imageExperimental glioblastoma expressing green fluorescent protein.
easySTORM: a robust, lower‐cost approach to localisation and TIRF microscopy
Authors: Kwakwa Kwasi , Savell Alexander , Davies Timothy , Munro Ian , Parrinello Simona , Purbhoo Marco A. , Dunsby Chris , Neil Mark A.A. , French Paul M.W. 
Published: March 2016

TIRF and STORM microscopy are super‐resolving fluorescence imaging modalities for which current implementations on standard microscopes can present significant complexity and cost. We present a straightforward and low‐cost approach to implement STORM and TIRF taking advantage of multimode optical fibres and multimode diode lasers to provide the required excitation light. Combined with open source software and relatively simple protocols to prepare samples for STORM, including the use of Vectashield for non‐TIRF imaging, this approach enables TIRF and STORM imaging of cells labelled with appropriate dyes or expressing suitable fluorescent proteins to become widely accessible at low cost.
magnified image