bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erosion Potential of Tooth Whitening Regimens as Evaluated with Polarized Light Microscopy
Authors: Kwon So Ran , Qian Fang , Brambert Patrick 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Aims
Tooth whitening is a widely utilized esthetic treatment in dentistry. With increased access to over-the-counter (OTC) systems concerns have been raised as to potential adverse effects associated with overuse of whitening materials. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate enamel erosion due to different whitening regimens when used in excess of recommended guidelines.

Materials and methods
Extracted human teeth (n = 66) were randomly divided into 11 groups (n = 6/group). Specimens were exposed to OTC products: Crest Whitestrips and 5-minute natural white and a do-it-yourself (DIY) strawberry whitening recipe. Within each regimen, groups were further divided per exposure time: specimens receiving the recommended product dosage; 5 times the recommended dosage; and 10 times the recommended dosage. Negative and positive controls were treated with grade 3 water and 1.0% citric acid, respectively. Specimens were nail-varnished to limit application to a 1 × 4 mm window. Following treatment, specimens were sectioned and erosion (drop in μm) measured using polarized light microscopy. Two-sample t-test was used to detect difference in amount of enamel erosion between negative and positive groups, while one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by post hoc Dunnett's test was used to detect difference between set of treatment groups and negative control groups or among all experimental groups.

Results
There was significant difference in mean amount of enamel erosion (p < 0.0001). Mean enamel erosion for positive control group was significantly greater than that for negative control group (23.50 vs 2.65 μm). There was significant effect for type of treatments on enamel erosion [F(9,50) = 25.19; p < 0.0001]. There was no significant difference between the negative control and each of treatment groups (p > 0.05 for all instances), except for Natural White_10 times treatment group (p < 0.0001) that was significantly greater than the negative control group (14.82 vs 2.65 μm).

Conclusion
Caution is advised when using certain over-thecounter products beyond recommended guidelines as there is potential for enamel erosion.

Clinical significance
Enamel erosion due to the overuse of whitening products varies for different modalities and products. Therefore, caution is advised when using certain over-thecounter products beyond recommended guidelines, as there is potential for enamel erosion.

How to cite this article
Brambert P, Qian F, Kwon SR. Erosion Potential of Tooth Whitening Regimens as Evaluated with Polarized Light Microscopy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(11):921-925.
Bemiddeling in strafzaken in Maastricht III
Authors: Claessen Jacques , Zeles Gwenny , Zebel Sven , Nelen Hans 
Published: December 2015

Mediation in penal matters in Maastricht III Recidivism rates for juveniles and adults
In this article we describe the mediation practice that exists at the prosecution office in Maastricht/Limburg and which was established in 1999. First, we summarize the main results of our earlier study on the relation between mediation and recidivism/reoffending rates on the basis of the Maastricht mediation model. In the remaining part of this article, we focus on answering the question whether the main results of our earlier study differ when we distinguish between adult (23 years and older) and juvenile (under 23 years) offenders. In order to answer this question several extra analyses have been carried out. The main conclusion of this article is that offenders with whom is mediated, reoffend significantly less than offenders who got a regular criminal sanction – regardless of whether the offenders are older or younger than 23 years.
Symptom Co-occurrences Associated with Smoking in Individuals with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Newland Pamela , Flick Louise , Xian Hong , Thomas Florian P. 
Published: December 2015

Background: The impact of tobacco on the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease process and symptoms is complex and not clearly understood. Tobacco may be used to self-treat some symptoms but also seems to intensify others. Studies to date have not characterized co-occurring symptoms (symptom patterns) and their association with tobacco use.
Methods: This study describes tobacco use in patients with relapsing-remitting MS and associated symptoms and symptom co-occurrences. In this cross-sectional study, 101 participants with an average age of 43 years completed a survey adapted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the revised MS-Related Symptom Checklist. Data reduction was performed using factor analysis on the 43 items of the checklist, and linear regression was used to detect associations between symptom clusters (factors) and smoking.
Results: Using the factor analysis result, the linear regression analysis found that tobacco use is positively associated with co-occurring symptoms and symptoms of factor 1: Mental/Emotional (anxiety, loneliness, depression, and difficulty sleeping) and factor 4: Neuro/Autonomic (urinary).
Conclusions: Smoking is associated with patterns of symptoms. The study of MS and tobacco use over time will allow determination of the temporal pattern of tobacco use and MS symptoms.
Global occurrence rate of elves and ionospheric heating due to cloud‐to‐ground lightning
Authors: Blaes P. R. , Marshall R. A. , Inan U. S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe present ground‐based observations of elves made using an optical free‐running photometer along with VLF/LF observations of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) magnetic field. We use these experimental observations to investigate the properties of the lightning return stroke that control the production of optical elve emissions. Two summers of data containing observations of over 600 elves along with the LF magnetic field of the associated lightning are analyzed. By training a classifier on features of the EMP ground wave, we find that we are able to accurately predict whether or not a stroke produced an elve. We find that the peak current of the causative discharge predicts elve production with 90% accuracy. Further, we find that the production probability of elves as a function of peak current fits a linear regression, with a 50% elve probability for peak currents of 88 kA. We use this finding along with global data from the GLD360 lightning geolocation network to extrapolate the global elve production rate; we show that ∼0.8% of all cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges produce elves. Finally, using GLD360 data and a numerical model of the lightning EMP, we estimate the total amount of ionospheric heating due to lightning, amounting to approximately 2 MW of continuous power dissipated globally in the lower ionosphere.
Observation of 2.45 MeV neutrons correlated with natural atmospheric lightning discharges by Lead‐Free Gulmarg Neutron Monitor
Authors: Ishtiaq P. M. , Mufti S. , Darzi M. A. , Mir T. A. , Shah G. N. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe first experimental evidence of detecting the neutrons correlated with the natural atmospheric lightning discharges (NALD) was obtained with Lead‐Free Gulmarg Neutron Monitor (LFGNM) operating at High Altitude Research Laboratory, Gulmarg, Kashmir, India, and was reported in the year 1985. The neutron observations still continue with LFGNM. However, the current configuration of LFGNM is the upgraded version of the system used earlier to record neutron bursts (in the recording period of 320 μs in four successive electronic gates of 80 μs each) supposedly originating from an NALD. In the current system the neutron recording time period/interval has been extended to 1260 μs with 63 successive gates of 20 μs each. The system also simultaneously records the differential times—maximum up to 14—between the consecutive strokes of a multistroke lightning flash. The distance between an NALD channel and LFGNM setup is determined empirically by making use of the time delay (td)/time of flight (TOF) measurement of the first detected neutron subsequent to the sensing of the electrostatic field variation caused by the initiation of an NALD in the ambient atmosphere of the LFGNM setup. Assuming a priori incident energy as 2.45 MeV of the detected neutrons supposedly generated due to the fusion of deuterium ions in the lightning discharge channel leads to quantifying the neutron emission flux if the NALD channel distance with respect to the LFGNM setup is established. In this paper we discuss the experiment and the time profiles of several of a large number of the major neutron burst events recorded with LFGNM in association with NALDs. Moreover, a rare and an extraordinary neutron burst event, in terms of its associated “td/TOF” of first detected neutron after triggering, recorded by this system is specifically discussed. In this event, the recorded TOF of 14 μs of the escaping neutron detected by the system immediately after getting triggered by the NALD that struck a nearby tree found located just around 300 m (physically measured) away from the detector position indicates the energy of the detected neutron ϵn ≈2.45 MeV. In the light of this only event, we, therefore, cautiously suggest deuteron‐deuteron fusion reaction, 2H(2H,n)3He, as one of the possible mechanisms of the neutron generation correlated with an NALD. Nonetheless, the observations so far have reconfirmed production of neutrons in an NALD.
Black carbon simulations using a size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model: 2. Aging timescale and its impact over East Asia
Authors: Matsui H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study evaluates the aging timescale and the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of black carbon (BC) over East Asia and its outflow region using a size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF‐chem) with the Aerosol Two‐dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation (ATRAS) and the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). The WRF‐chem/ATRAS‐MOSAIC model explicitly calculates BC aging (condensation and coagulation) and removal processes, with 12 size and 10 BC mixing state bins (128 bins in total). The model reveals large spatial and temporal variability of the BC aging timescale and the CCN activity of BC‐containing particles over East Asia (spring 2009) with their strong size and supersaturation dependence. The BC aging timescale differs from 0.19 to 3.1 days (period and domain average at an altitude of 1 km), depending on the choice of size (mass or number) and supersaturation (1.0% or 0.1%). As a result, almost 100% of BC‐containing particles are CCN‐active at a supersaturation of 1.0%, whereas 20–50% of BC‐containing particles are CCN‐inactive at a supersaturation of 0.1%, with a strong size dependence. These results show the importance of resolving BC aging processes and their dependence on size and supersaturation in models for more accurate simulations of BC concentrations and their distribution and lifetime. A sensitivity simulation without resolving BC mixing state shows the underestimation of total BC mass concentrations by 5–10% and the BC mass concentrations in the CCN‐inactive particles (at a supersaturation of 0.1%) by 40–60% over the outflow region (at 150°E), compared with the simulation resolving BC mixing state. Because BC aging speed is very slow at 150°E and eastward, the change in BC mass and its CCN activity by resolving BC mixing state will continue over long distances and may have a large impact on BC transport from East Asia to remote regions such as North America and the Arctic.
A targeted DNA substrate mechanism for the inhibition of HIV‐1 integrase by inhibitors with antiretroviral activity
Authors: Ammar Farah F. , Hobaika Zeina , Abdel‐Azeim Safwat , Zargarian Loussinée , Maroun Richard G. , Fermandjian Serge 
Published: December 2015

We recently reported that viral DNA could be the primary target of raltegravir (RAL), an efficient anti‐HIV‐1 drug, which acts by inhibiting integrase. To elucidate this mechanism, we conducted a comparative analysis of RAL and TB11, a diketoacid abandoned as an anti‐HIV‐1 drug for its weak efficiency and marked toxicity, and tested the effects of the catalytic cofactor Mg2+ (5 mm) on drug‐binding properties. We used circular dichroism and fluorescence to determine drug affinities for viral DNA long terminal repeats (LTRs) and peptides derived from the integrase active site and DNA retardation assays to assess drug intercalation into DNA base pairs. We found that RAL bound more tightly to LTR ends than did TB11 (a diketo acid bearing an azido group) and that Mg2+ significantly increased the affinity of both RAL and TB11. We also observed a good relationship between drug binding with processed LTR and strand transfer inhibition. This unusual type of inhibition was caused by Mg2+‐assisted binding of drugs to DNA substrate, rather than to enzyme. Notably, while RAL bound exclusively to the cleavable/cleaved site, TB11 further intercalated into DNA base pairs and interacted with the integrase‐derived peptides. These unwanted binding sites explain the weaker bioavailability and higher toxicity of TB11 compared with the more effective RAL.
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Authors: Clericuzio Antonio 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

The Accademia dei Lincei was the first European academy devoted to the natural sciences. It was founded in Rome in 1603 by four young men: Federico Cesi, Johannes Heckius, Francesco Stelluti and Anastasio de Filiis. The Lincei adopted the emblem of the Lynx, an animal remarkable for the quickness of its sight. The Academy met at Cesi family Palazzo, opposed traditional learning and promoted a new way of investigating nature, by means of observation and experiments. The Lynceans pursued research in chemistry, natural history and physics. They were attracted by antiquarian studies too. The Academy established a network of correspondence with naturalists and savants from all Europe. Galilei joined the Academy in 1611 and was supported by Cesi and his colleagues in his endeavour to promote the heliocentric cosmology. Cesi was mainly interested in natural philosophy, gave noticeable contributions to botany and paid special attention to the investigation of fungi. Entomology played a relevant part in the research carried out by the Lincei who published two broadsheets devoted to the bees. They were also meant to revere the Barberini family, whose emblem was a trigon of bees. Academicians sought the Barberini's support, and, after Maffeo Barberini became Urban VIII, Cesi and his colleagues became part of the Barberini system of patronage. Galilei unsuccessfully tried to gain the Pope's support for his effort to have Copernicanism accepted by the Church. The Academy actually closed in 1630 when Federico Cesi died. In 1874 the Accademia dei Lincei was restored as Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. In 1939 the Fascist regime ordered the fusion of the Accademia dei Lincei with the Accademia d'Italia, which was under Benito Mussolini's control. In 1944 the Accademia d'Italia was suppressed and the Accademia dei Lincei was reestablished and was housed in the Renaissance Villa Farnesina in Rome.

Key Concepts

The Accademia dei Lincei contributed to the reorientation of science from individual work to a collaborative enterprise.

Scientific illustration and visual communication were two cornerstones of the Lynceans projects.

The Lynceans adopted Paracelsian medicine and paved the way to the diffusion of chemical medicine in Italy.

Cesi and Galilei embodied two different views of nature, i.e. vitalism and mechanism.
Bitemarks: Their Use in the Contemporary Justice System
Authors: Pretty Iain Alastair 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBitemark evidence has been used in criminal matters since the mid 1960s. However, since the introduction of the science, there has never been a strong evidence base for the principles and practices of positively identifying an individual from a bitemark. The 2009 National Academy of Sciences report into forensic science highlighted bitemark analysis as an area of practice without the necessary evidence base, including error rates, validity, and reliability testing. Since that time, the published research has cast further doubt on the science and has been accompanied by numerous cases of wrongful convictions where bitemark analysis has been shown to be at fault. This article describes how bitemark evidence must be limited if it is to have any continued place within the criminal justice system.
Memory: Reconstructive
Authors: Cochran Kevin J. , Bogart Daniel F. , Peterson Tiamoyo , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRather than working like a recording device, memory is an active, creative, and reconstructive process prone to a number of errors and biases. Memories can be influenced by these biases when they are initially encoded, when they are recalled, or during the intervening retention interval. A number of experimental paradigms and theoretical frameworks have been developed to study the reconstructive memory process, including the misinformation paradigm, the rich false memory paradigm, and the source monitoring framework. The reconstructive nature of memories and the potential for the introduction of errors into memory have important implications for autobiographical memories and eyewitness testimony.
Firesetting
Authors: Beaman Jason 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFiresetting is an activity that is unique in its relation with behavior. When an individual is engaged in firesetting behavior, it is important for the investigator and clinician to understand the clinical signifigance. Firesetting in the context of arson is linked to both psychological and non psychological motives (seePsychodynamics of Arson). The purpose of this article is to address the actual behavior to provide insight into possible mental health symptoms that may help others place this behavior in context of being either normal or abnormal.
SolutionNMRof the Light Main Group Metals
Authors: Hanusa Timothy P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMetal‐centered NMR spectroscopy in solution has long been an important complement to the nonmetal nuclei (e.g.,1H,13C, and31P) routinely used in the NMR characterization of organic, organometallic, and coordination compounds. The chemical shifts of metal nuclei can be sensitive to small changes in molecular geometry and coordination number, revealing subtle differences in the solution composition of complexes, and can be used to study interchange mechanisms. This article is intended as an overview of the characteristics of the NMR‐active nuclei of the seven lightest metals as measured in solution, and as studied with computational methods. All of these elements (Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, and Ca) possess one or more isotopes with nuclear spins that are potentially observable with solution NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques. They all possess quadrupole moments, and their resonances are often broad in asymmetric environments. Apart from those characteristics, they constitute a varied group, with their relative receptivity (a measure of their ease of observation) varying by a factor of over 400 000 to 1. Issues of detection and characteristic chemical shift ranges are discussed, with the aim of assisting the experimentalist in deciding whether metal‐based NMR will be useful in characterizing a system of concern and what information is likely to be obtained. An emphasis is placed on spectra obtained in nonaqueous solutions; in such media, ion‐pairing effects are the greatest, and it is where the species with the largest chemical shifts are typically found. Reviews on individual nuclei are cited where available.
Reimagining theGrignard Reaction
Authors: Krieck Sven , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGrignard reagents count as the most widely used reagents in organic and organometallic chemistry. These reagents are easily available and exhibit a broad reactivity spectrum depending on the nature of the organic groups (bulkiness, electronic properties, nucleophilicity, and denticity owing to peripheral functionalities), solvent, temperature, and additives such as other organometallic components. In recent years, this Grignard‐type chemistry has moved in diverse directions to solve various synthetic challenges. For classic Grignard reactions, the spectrum of applicable solvents has been extended to ionic liquids and even aqueous media. The reactivity of Grignard‐type reagents can be altered by adding more electropositive alkali metal salts, leading to heterobimetallic alkaline earth metallates, or by formation of alkaline earth metal metalates with more electronegative p‐block or transition metals. Species with magnesium‐metal bonds (the so‐called inorganic Grignard reagents) exhibit enormous reactivity as reducing reagents.An attractive alternative to magnesium‐based Grignards is offered by the heavier homologous organoalkaline earth metal derivatives that represent very reactive organometallics. Within the heavier homologous Grignard reagents, the calcium congeners represent the most attractive compounds. Calcium is nontoxic, globally abundant, easily accessible, and inexpensive. Its use is hampered by the enormous reactivity difference of the metal itself (requiring activation procedures before use) and the organometallics derived from it (often leading to ether degradation reactions). Therefore, alkylcalcium complexes usually are stabilized by bulky trialkylsilyl (kinetic stabilization by steric protection) or phenyl groups (electronic protection by delocalization of the anionic charge). The arylcalcium derivatives are easily available and exhibit persistence in ethereal media comparable to organolithium complexes.
Solar Energy and Photovoltaics
Authors: Jäger‐Waldau Arnulf 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAmong all energy resources, solar energy is the most abundant one, and compared to the rate at which all energy is used on this planet, the rate at which solar energy is intercepted by the Earth is about 10 000 times higher. There is a whole family of solar technologies that can deliver heat, cooling, electricity, lighting, and fuels for a host of applications. One of these technologies is photovoltaics, which converts solar energy directly into electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect and are called solar cells. The photovoltaic effect was discovered by Alexandre‐Edmond Becquerel in 1839, but it was not until 1954—more than a hundred years later—that scientists at the Bell Laboratories developed the first modern solar cell, using a silicon semiconductor to convert light into electricity. Since those early days of modern photovoltaics, prices for solar modules have decreased from over USD 1500 per Wp (Watt‐peak) in 1955 (in 1955 USD) to less than USD 1 per Wp in 2014 (in 2014 USD). During the same time, commercial production increased from a few hundred Watts to power satellites—in 1958, Vanguard I, the first satellite powered by solar cells, went into orbit—to a production volume of about 50 GW in 2014. This article explores the role that the lightest natural metals—lithium, beryllium, magnesium, aluminum and calcium, and the adjacent metalloid boron—play in this dynamic technology field.