bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation de la conductivité hydraulique des zones discrètes de réseaux de fractures à partir des charges hydrauliques : application au bassin versant du N’zo (ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Oularé Sékouba , Kouamé Alexis Kassi , Saley Mahaman Bachir , Ake Gabriel Etienne , Kouassi Michel Amani , Adon Gnangui Christian , Kouamé Fernand Koffi , Therrien René 
Published: April 2017

L’estimation de la conductivité hydraulique d’un aquifère de socle à l’échelle régionale demeure un défi majeur. À cette échelle, les données sont rares, en quantité et en qualité. Cette étude propose une approche d’estimation de la conductivité hydraulique des aquifères de socle à partir de la calibration d’un modèle d’écoulement au moyen des charges hydrauliques. Elle est appliquée au bassin du N’zo couvrant une superficie de 4 300 km2. La méthodologie adoptée fait l’hypothèse que la perméabilité de l’aquifère est liée à des fractures verticales, perméables sur 100 m à partir de la surface. Elle fait aussi l’hypothèse que ces fractures peuvent être identifiées sous forme de linéaments et que tous les linéaments sont des fractures et sont perméables. La première étape de cette méthodologie est la cartographie des zones discrètes de perméabilité de l’aquifère. Elles sont identifiées à partir de l’analyse de la densité et l’orientation des « fractures » à l’échelle de mailles de travail. Les fractures sont assimilées aux linéaments cartographiés à partir d’une image radar. Six configurations spatiales de zones discrètes de perméabilité sont générées avec des mailles carrées de 2 à 12 km de côté. La deuxième étape porte sur la construction du modèle numérique d’écoulement à partir des limites extérieures du bassin versant, du MNT (Modèle numérique de terrain), du réseau hydrographique et d’une recharge uniforme. Enfin, la troisième étape consiste à transférer chaque configuration de zones discrètes de perméabilité générée au sein du modèle numérique d’écoulement, puis à le calibrer en régime permanent au moyen de charges hydrauliques observées ponctuellement (86 points de mesure). Les résultats indiquent que le modèle optimal de distribution spatiale des zones discrètes de perméabilité est obtenu avec les mailles de 4 km de côté. Les conductivités hydrauliques calculées oscillent entre 1,1 x 10-6 et 2,4 x 10-5 m∙s-1. Cependant, ces valeurs doivent être prises avec précaution, car l’identification des zones homogènes du réseau de fractures est basée sur l’approche très controversée des linéaments et la calibration est effectuée seulement avec des charges hydrauliques et non avec des flux. Le modèle conceptuel ainsi élaboré pourrait être amélioré en caractérisant l’hétérogénéité de l’aquifère de socle à partir d’autres hypothèses telles que la lithologie et par l’introduction d’autres types de données dans la calibration (ex. : débits, carte piézométrique).
Du renoncement à la couleur à une esthétique et à une éthique du noir et blanc : Averty dans ses oeuvres
Authors: Jost François 
Published: April 2017

Lorsqu’il arrive à la télévision, Averty est saisi par un sentiment de grisaille : alors même qu’elles sont tournées dans des décors en couleurs, les émissions sont filmées en noir et blanc. S’insurgeant contre ce qu’il considère comme une absurdité, il va fonder son esthétique sur le contraste de ces deux couleurs. Les bases en sont jetées par Ubu roi, qui s’appuie sur « De l’inutilité du théâtre au théâtre », de Jarry, et sur une conception de l’image qui mêle à la « perspective signifiante » du Moyen Âge l’art du papier découpé de Braque. En résulte une conception de la télévision qui tourne le dos au cinéma en prenant à la lettre les prescriptions de l’auteur d’Ubu. Mais le noir et blanc n’est pas qu’une position esthétique. Averty va en faire une « affaire de morale ». Le 24 décembre 1964, il offre aux téléspectateurs l’adaptation des Verts pâturages, où les rôles traditionnels sont inversés : Dieu est noir, de même que Jésus et le premier homme, né en Afrique. Cette émission paraît scandaleuse à certains, non seulement parce qu’elle va à l’encontre de la vulgate, mais aussi parce que sa réalisation, basée sur un usage systématique des trucages électroniques, remet en cause le style des émissions de variétés de la décennie précédente tout en fondant un art vidéo.
Ações do enfermeiro na identificação precoce de alterações sistêmicas causadas pela sepse grave
Authors: Garrido Felipe , Tieppo Luana , Pereira Maria Dalva Da Silva , Freitas Rodrigo De , Freitas Welington Maciel de , Filipini Rosangela , Coelho Patricia Granja , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso , Fiorano Ana Maria Marcondes 
Published: April 2017

Introdução: As unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) têm sido organizadas como setores estratégicos para o suporte especializado de assistência ao paciente grave. Objetivo: Verificar as ações do enfermeiro para a identificação precoce das alterações sistêmicas causadas pela sepse grave relacionadas às alterações hemodinâmicas, neurológicas, respiratórias, renais e nutricionais dos pacientes internados em UTIs adulto. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com 24 enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulário composto de questões estruturadas. Resultados: Apenas 36% dos enfermeiros possuem especialização em UTI adulto; verificou-se que os profissionais identificam parcialmente os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelo paciente séptico. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros encontram dificuldade na identificação precoce das alterações sistêmicas causadas pela sepse grave relacionada às alterações hemodinâmicas, neurológicas, respiratórias, renais e nutricionais dos pacientes internados em UTI adulto, o que pode estar relacionado com a falta de treinamento e de protocolos estabelecidos pelas instituições.
Impacto de ação educativa na manutenção do decúbito elevado como medida preventiva de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva
Authors: Mansano Fabiana Petruske Niyama , Belei Renata Aparecida , Vinci Léo Augusto Da Silva , Melo Bruna Luiza Dutra de , Cardoso Lucienne Tibery Queiroz , Garcia Joseani Coelho Pascual , Carrilho Claudia Maria Dantas de Maio , Ezaias Gabriela Machado , Grion Cintia Magalhães Carvalho 
Published: April 2017

Introdução: A pneumonia adquirida na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) ocasiona o prolongamento da hospitalização e impacta na mortalidade. Intervenções educativas com profissionais de saúde são estratégias de prevenção relevantes nas infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar o resultado de uma ação educativa na adesão à manutenção do decúbito elevado, acima de 30 graus, como medida para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Métodos: Estudo quase experimental do tipo antes e depois desenvolvido na UTI do Hospital Universitário de Londrina, no período de março e junho de 2010, dividido em três fases (pré-intervenção, intervenção e pós-intervenção). Durante o período de estudo, foram treinados 49 profissionais. Foram realizadas observações diretas da altura do decúbito antes e após o treinamento e coletados dados clínicos dos pacientes admitidos na UTI. A adesão à recomendação de manter o decúbito elevado foi definida como a manutenção de decúbito acima de 30 graus para cada observação. Resultados: A média de angulação do decúbito apresentou aumento significativo do período pré-intervenção (27,85 ± 6,76 graus) para o primeiro mês pós-intervenção (30,70 ± 8,18 graus; p<0,001), no entanto esses valores não persistiram no terceiro mês de observação pós-intervenção (29,46 ± 6,19 graus). Conclusão: A ação educativa mostrou-se eficaz a curto prazo, na adesão à elevação do decúbito em ambiente hospitalar, porém essa adesão sofreu redução progressiva, demonstrando a necessidade de uma intervenção continuada para manutenção dos resultados.
Sobre leptospirose e informação: ampliando os conceitos de negligência em saúde
Authors: Rodrigues Cláudio Manuel 
Published: April 2017

Quando se utiliza a denominação “negligência” em saúde infere-se que não faltem recursos financeiros para lidar com determinadas doenças ou que existam tratamentos disponíveis, mas que são doenças ignoradas apesar de representarem um potencial risco ou um dano já instalado à saúde pública. O negligenciamento de uma doença possui um duplo significado. O primeiro faz menção ao discurso clássico da negligência decorrente da falta de ação dos atores centrais da saúde pública: indústria farmacêutica, governo e sistema de saúde. Já o segundo, em intrincado e concomitante arranjo, diz respeito ao negligenciamento das populações correlacionadas à pobreza, desenvolvendo um círculo vicioso que acorrenta, pelo menos, um bilhão de pessoas em todo o planeta, segundo dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Esta identifica apenas 17 doenças denominadas “negligenciadas” e que afetam populações de maior vulnerabilidade econômica e social, apesar de não incluir a leptospirose — uma zoonose emergente, endêmica e de incidência global. Tomando por proposta a ampliação do conceito de negligência em saúde, discute-se neste artigo o rompimento com o modelo hegemônico, levando-se em consideração o quanto desassistida seria a leptospirose como a antropozoonose de maior incidência mundial e com uma letalidade elevada em áreas de menor aporte econômico do planeta, apesar de não reconhecida em todo o seu potencial zoonótico por falta de dados confiáveis de carga de doença em populações humanas e animais.
Membrane permeabilization of mammalian cells using bursts of high magnetic field pulses
Authors: Novickij Vitalij , Dermol Janja , Grainys Audrius , Kranjc Matej , Miklavčič Damijan 
Published: April 2017

Background
Cell membrane permeabilization by pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) is a novel contactless method which results in effects similar to conventional electroporation. The non-invasiveness of the methodology, independence from the biological object homogeneity and electrical conductance introduce high flexibility and potential applicability of the PEMF in biomedicine, food processing, and biotechnology. The inferior effectiveness of the PEMF permeabilization compared to standard electroporation and the lack of clear description of the induced transmembrane transport are currently of major concern.

Methods
The PEMF permeabilization experiments have been performed using a 5.5 T, 1.2 J pulse generator with a multilayer inductor as an applicator. We investigated the feasibility to increase membrane permeability of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using short microsecond (15 µs) pulse bursts (100 or 200 pulses) at low frequency (1 Hz) and high dB/dt (>106 T/s). The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using two different fluorescent dyes: propidium iodide (PI) and YO-PRO®-1 (YP). The results were compared to conventional electroporation (single pulse, 1.2 kV/cm, 100 µs), i.e., positive control.

Results
The proposed PEMF protocols (both for 100 and 200 pulses) resulted in increased number of permeable cells (70 ± 11% for PI and 67 ± 9% for YP). Both cell permeabilization assays also showed a significant (8 ± 2% for PI and 35 ± 14% for YP) increase in fluorescence intensity indicating membrane permeabilization. The survival was not affected.

Discussion
The obtained results demonstrate the potential of PEMF as a contactless treatment for achieving reversible permeabilization of biological cells. Similar to electroporation, the PEMF permeabilization efficacy is influenced by pulse parameters in a dose-dependent manner.
Increasing transnational sea‐ice exchange in a changing Arctic Ocean
Authors: Newton Robert , Pfirman Stephanie , Tremblay Bruno , DeRepentigny Patricia 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe changing Arctic sea‐ice cover is likely to impact the trans‐border exchange of sea ice between the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the Arctic nations, affecting the risk of ice‐rafted contamination. We apply the Lagrangian Ice Tracking System (LITS) to identify sea‐ice formation events and track sea ice to its melt locations. Most ice (52%) melts within 100 km of where it is formed; ca. 21% escapes from its EEZ. Thus, most contaminants will be released within an ice parcel's originating EEZ, while material carried by over 1 00,000 km2 of ice—an area larger than France and Germany combined—will be released to other nations' waters. Between the periods 1988–1999 and 2000–2014, sea‐ice formation increased by ∼17% (roughly 6 million km2 vs. 5 million km2 annually). Melting peaks earlier; freeze‐up begins later; and the central Arctic Ocean is more prominent in both formation and melt in the later period. The total area of ice transported between EEZs increased, while transit times decreased: for example, Russian ice reached melt locations in other nations' EEZs an average of 46% faster while North American ice reached destinations in Eurasian waters an average of 37% faster. Increased trans‐border exchange is mainly a result of increased speed (∼14% per decade), allowing first‐year ice to escape the summer melt front, even as the front extends further north. Increased trans‐border exchange over shorter times is bringing the EEZs of the Arctic nations closer together, which should be taken into account in policy development—including establishment of marine‐protected areas.Plain Language SummaryWe use data from satellite images to identify the formation, drift tracks, and melt locations of sea ice in the Arctic. Most ice melts locally: only about 21% is exported from the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in which it is formed. That export is nonetheless about 1,000,000 km2 each year. As the ice cover has thinned and the summer sea ice has retreated in a warming Arctic, formation and melt locations have moved further north, ice drifts have accelerated, and the area of ice formation and melt has increased. We looked at ice formation and transport between the EEZs of the Arctic nations, and broke the record into two periods: 1988–1999 and 2000–2014. As the Arctic warms, more ice is transported between EEZs and it is arriving at the receiving EEZ faster, than in the past. Between the two study periods: Sea ice velocity increased by about 14%/decade; Russian ice reached melt locations in other nations' EEZs 46% faster; and North American ice reached Eurasian destinations 37% faster. Exchanges of ice have increased as a result. For example, export of ice from Russia to Norway increased by 11% and export from Alaska to Russia by 16%.
Relevant climate response tests for stratospheric aerosol injection: A combined ethical and scientific analysis
Authors: Lenferna Georges Alexandre , Russotto Rick D. , Tan Amanda , Gardiner Stephen M. , Ackerman Thomas P. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on stratospheric sulfate injection as a geoengineering scheme, and provide a combined scientific and ethical analysis of climate response tests, which are a subset of outdoor tests that would seek to impose detectable and attributable changes to climate variables on global or regional scales. We assess the current state of scientific understanding on the plausibility and scalability of climate response tests. Then, we delineate a minimal baseline against which to consider whether certain climate response tests would be relevant for a deployment scenario. Our analysis shows that some climate response tests, such as those attempting to detect changes in regional climate impacts, may not be deployable in time periods relevant to realistic geoengineering scenarios. This might pose significant challenges for justifying stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection deployment overall. We then survey some of the major ethical challenges that proposed climate response tests face. We consider what levels of confidence would be required to ethically justify approving a proposed test; whether the consequences of tests are subject to similar questions of justice, compensation, and informed consent as full‐scale deployment; and whether questions of intent and hubris are morally relevant for climate response tests. We suggest further research into laboratory‐based work and modeling may help to narrow the scientific uncertainties related to climate response tests, and help inform future ethical debate. However, even if such work is pursued, the ethical issues raised by proposed climate response tests are significant and manifold.
Visible/near‐infrared spectral diversity from in situ observations of the Bagnold Dune Field sands in Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey R. , Achilles Cherie , Bell James F. , Bender Steve , Cloutis Edward , Ehlmann Bethany , Fraeman Abigail , Gasnault Olivier , Hamilton Victoria E. , Le Mouélic Stéphane , Maurice Sylvestre , Pinet Patrick , Thompson Lucy , Wellington Danika , Wiens Roger C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAs part of the Bagnold Dune campaign conducted by Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity, visible/near‐infrared reflectance spectra of dune sands were acquired using Mast Camera (Mastcam) multispectral imaging (445–1013 nm) and Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) passive point spectroscopy (400–840 nm). By comparing spectra from pristine and rover‐disturbed ripple crests and troughs within the dune field, and through analysis of sieved grain size fractions, constraints on mineral segregation from grain sorting could be determined. In general, the dune areas exhibited low relative reflectance, a weak ~530 nm absorption band, an absorption band near 620 nm, and a spectral downturn after ~685 nm consistent with olivine‐bearing sands. The finest grain size fractions occurred within ripple troughs and in the subsurface and typically exhibited the strongest ~530 nm bands, highest relative reflectances, and weakest red/near‐infrared ratios, consistent with a combination of crystalline and amorphous ferric materials. Coarser‐grained samples were the darkest and bluest and exhibited weaker ~530 nm bands, lower relative reflectances, and stronger downturns in the near‐infrared, consistent with greater proportions of mafic minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. These grains were typically segregated along ripple crests and among the upper surfaces of grain flows in disturbed sands. Sieved dune sands exhibited progressive decreases in reflectance with increasing grain size, as observed in laboratory spectra of olivine size separates. The continuum of spectral features observed between the coarse‐ and fine‐grained dune sands suggests that mafic grains, ferric materials, and air fall dust mix in variable proportions depending on aeolian activity and grain sorting.
The role of biological rates in the simulated warming effect on oceanic CO2 uptake
Authors: Cao Long , Zhang Han 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMarine biology plays an important role in the ocean carbon cycle. However, the effect of warming‐induced changes in biological rates on oceanic CO2 uptake has been largely overlooked. We use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to investigate the effect of temperature‐induced changes in biological rates on oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 and compare it with the effects from warming‐induced changes in CO2 solubility and ocean mixing and circulation. Under the representative CO2 concentration pathway RCP 8.5 and its extension, by year 2500, relative to the simulation without warming effect on the ocean carbon cycle, CO2‐induced warming reduces cumulative oceanic CO2 uptake by 469 Pg C, of which about 20% is associated with the warming‐induced change in marine biological rates. In our simulations, the bulk effect of biological‐mediated changes on CO2 uptake is smaller than that mediated by changes in CO2 solubility and ocean mixing and circulation. However, warming‐induced changes in individual biological rates, including phytoplankton growth, phytoplankton mortality, and detritus remineralization, are found to affect oceanic CO2 uptake by an amount greater than or comparable to that caused by changes in CO2 solubility and ocean physics. Our simulations, which include only a few temperature‐dependent biological processes, demonstrate the important role of biological rates in the oceanic CO2 uptake. In reality, many more complicated biological processes are sensitive to temperature change, and their responses to warming could substantially affect oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2.
Application of decision‐making to a solar flare forecast in the cost‐loss ratio situation
Authors: Park Jongyeob , Moon Yong‐Jae , Choi Seonghwan , Baek Ji‐Hye , Cho Kyung‐Suk , Lee Kangjin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe conventional skill scores for evaluating flare forecast models do not take into account the effect of various cost‐loss ratios. For the first time, we have applied a decision‐making based on skill scores to a flare forecast model in cost‐loss ratio situations. For this study, we consider a flare forecast model which provides daily solar flare probabilities from 2011 to 2014. The skill scores are computed through contingency tables as a function of probability threshold (Pth) for the decision‐making. A value score (VS) is calculated as a function of cost‐loss ratio (C/L) and Pth, which are linearly correlated with each other. The maximum values of VS are 0.57, 0.37, and 0.61 for C‐, M‐, and X‐class flare, respectively. We expect that this study would provide a guideline to determine C/L and Pth for the better decision‐making in similar forecast models.
Development and evaluation of the MTVDI for soil moisture monitoring
Authors: Zhu Wenbin , Lv Aifeng , Jia Shaofeng , Sun Liang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSeveral parameterization schemes have been developed to retrieve the soil moisture information involved in the remotely sensed surface temperature‐vegetation index (Ts − VI) space. However, most of them are performed with the constraint of the dry edge of the Ts − VI space to define the maximum water stressed conditions. In view of the subjectivity and uncertainty involved in the determination of the dry edge, a new index termed as the Modified Temperature‐Vegetation Dryness Index (MTVDI) was developed in this paper to reduce the reliance of the parameterization scheme on the dry edge. In the parameterization scheme of MTVDI, isopleth lines of soil moisture involved in the feature space were retrieved by the temperature‐vegetation index method, and only the maximum surface temperature of bare soil (Tsmax) was indispensable in the definition of maximum water stressed conditions. For evaluation purpose, the MTVDI was demonstrated in the Southern Great Plains region of the U.S. and was compared with two other traditional soil moisture indexes developed under the constraint of dry edge. The comparison confirmed the effectivity of the MTVDI in monitoring the spatial pattern and seasonal variation of soil moisture. Our analyses also suggest that Tsmax, the only parameter needed in the definition of maximum water stressed conditions, can be retrieved directly from the parameterization scheme itself. Therefore, the retrieval of MTVDI can be performed independent of the dry edge, which is a significant improvement to the traditional parameterization schemes of soil moisture from the Ts − VI feature space.