bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol indirect effects from ground‐based retrievals over the rain shadow region in Indian subcontinent
Authors: Harikishan G. , Padmakumari B. , Maheskumar R. S. , Pandithurai G. , Min Q. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAerosol‐induced changes in cloud microphysical and radiative properties have been studied for the first time using ground‐based and airborne observations over a semiarid rain shadow region. The study was conducted for nonprecipitating, ice‐free clouds during monsoon (July to September) and postmonsoon (October) months, when cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations over the region of interest increased monotonically and exhibited characteristics of continental origin. A multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer and microwave radiometric profiler were used to retrieve the cloud optical depth and liquid water path (LWP), respectively, from which cloud effective radius (CER) was obtained. CER showed wide variability from 10–18 µm and a decreasing trend toward the postmonsoon period. During monsoon, the estimated first aerosol indirect effect (AIE) increased from 0.01 to 0.23 with increase in LWP. AIE at different super saturations (SS) showed maximum value (significant at 95%) at 0.4% SS and higher LWP bin (250–300 g/m2). Also, statistically significant AIE values were found at 0.6% and 0.8% SSs but at lower LWP bin (200–250 g/m2). The relationship between CCN and CER showed high correlation at 0.4% SS at higher LWP bin, while at higher SSs good correlations were observed at lower LWPs. Data combined from ground‐based and aircraft observations showed dominance of microphysical effect at aerosol concentrations up to 1500 cm−3 and radiative effect at higher concentrations. This combined cloud microphysical and aerosol radiative effect is more prominent during postmonsoon period due to an increase in aerosol concentration.
Statistics of GNSS amplitude scintillation occurrences over Dakar, Senegal, at varying elevation angles during the maximum phase of solar cycle 24
Authors: Akala A. O. , Awoyele A. , Doherty P. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study characterizes Global Navigation Satellite System amplitude scintillation over Dakar (14.75°N, 17.45°W, magnitude latitude: 5.88°N), Senegal. The data, which we arranged on daily and monthly scales, cover 14 months: September–November 2012; February–December 2013; and January–February 2014. The data were further binned into three levels of scintillation using the S4 index: weak (0.3 ≤ S4 < 0.4), moderate (0.4 ≤ S4 < 0.7), and intense (S4 ≥ 0.7), over varying elevation angles (10°, 20°, and 30°). Daily occurrences of scintillation were most frequent around 22–02 LT. On a month‐by‐month basis, October recorded the highest occurrences of scintillations, while June recorded the least. Furthermore, contrary to Akala et al. (2014, 2015) who earlier reported January as off season for scintillation occurrences at some sites in Africa, namely, Lagos (Central West Africa), Nairobi, and Kampala (East Africa), the current study recorded some scintillation occurrences at Dakar (far west of West Africa) in January. It therefore implies that longitudinal variations do exist in the climatology of ionospheric scintillations over Africa. Consequently, detailed understanding of the climatology and daily distributions of ionospheric scintillations over equatorial Africa, which is our key objective in this study (from the perspective of Dakar), is the basic requirement for developing robust physics‐based scintillation models for the African equatorial region. Finally, we noted that the conventional adoption of high‐elevation masking angles during scintillation data processing, with a view to suppressing multipath effects usually hid important ionospheric‐induced scintillation data.
Predictability of horizontal water vapor transport relative to precipitation: Enhancing situational awareness for forecasting western U.S. extreme precipitation and flooding
Authors: Lavers David A. , Waliser Duane E. , Ralph F. Martin , Dettinger Michael D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe western United States is vulnerable to socioeconomic disruption due to extreme winter precipitation and floods. Traditionally, forecasts of precipitation and river discharge provide the basis for preparations. Herein we show that earlier event awareness may be possible through use of horizontal water vapor transport (integrated vapor transport (IVT)) forecasts. Applying the potential predictability concept to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global ensemble reforecasts, across 31 winters, IVT is found to be more predictable than precipitation. IVT ensemble forecasts with the smallest spreads (least forecast uncertainty) are associated with initiation states with anomalously high geopotential heights south of Alaska, a setup conducive for anticyclonic conditions and weak IVT into the western United States. IVT ensemble forecasts with the greatest spreads (most forecast uncertainty) have initiation states with anomalously low geopotential heights south of Alaska and correspond to atmospheric rivers. The greater IVT predictability could provide warnings of impending storminess with additional lead times for hydrometeorological applications.
Rain‐aerosol relationships influenced by wind speed
Authors: Yang Yang , Russell Lynn M. , Lou Sijia , Liu Ying , Singh Balwinder , Ghan Steven J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAerosol optical depth (AOD) has been shown to correlate with precipitation rate (R) in recent studies. The R‐AOD relationships over oceans are examined in this study using 150 year simulations with the Community Earth System Model. Through partial correlation analysis, with the influence of 10 m wind speed removed, R‐AOD relationships exert a change from positive to negative over the midlatitude oceans, indicating that wind speed makes a large contribution to the relationships by changing the sea‐salt emissions. A simulation with prescribed sea‐salt emissions shows that wind speed leads to increasing R by +0.99 mm d−1 averaged globally, offsetting 64% of the wet scavenging‐induced decrease between polluted and clean conditions, defined according to percentiles of AOD. These demonstrate that wind speed is one of the major drivers of R‐AOD relationships. Relative humidity at 915 hPa can also result in the positive relationships; however, its role is smaller than that of wind speed.
Fault interactions and triggering during the 10 January 2012 Mw 7.2 Sumatra earthquake
Authors: Fan Wenyuan , Shearer Peter M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe 10 January 2012 Mw 7.2 Sumatra earthquake in the Wharton basin occurred 3 months before the great Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.2 earthquakes in the same region, which had complex ruptures and are the largest strike‐slip earthquakes ever recorded. Teleseismic P wave back projection of the Mw 7.2 earthquake images a unilateral rupture lasting ∼40 s without observable frequency dependency (low frequency, 0.05–0.3 Hz, high frequency, 0.3–1 Hz). In addition to radiation bursts during the Mw 7.2 main shock, coherent energy releases from 50 to 75 s and from 100 to 125 s are observed about 143 km northeast of the main shock rupture and landward of the trench. Analysis of globally recorded P waves, in both 0.02–0.05 Hz velocity records and 1–5 Hz stacked envelope functions, confirms the presence of coherent sources during the time windows. The observed energy bursts are likely to be large early aftershocks occurring on or near the subduction interface. Both dynamic and static triggering could have induced these early aftershocks, as they initiated after the surface wave passed by, and the Coulomb stress perturbations from the Mw 7.2 main shock promote earthquakes in the observed locations. The earthquake sequence is a clear example of a seaward‐intraplate strike‐slip earthquake triggering landward‐intraplate earthquakes in the same region, in contrast to previously reported normal‐reverse or reverse‐normal interactions at subduction zones.
Southern Ocean deep convection as a driver of Antarctic warming events
Authors: Pedro J. B. , Martin T. , Steig E. J. , Jochum M. , Park W. , Rasmussen S. O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSimulations with a free‐running coupled climate model show that heat release associated with Southern Ocean deep convection variability can drive centennial‐scale Antarctic temperature variations of up to 2.0°C. The mechanism involves three steps: Preconditioning: heat accumulates at depth in the Southern Ocean; Convection onset: wind and/or sea ice changes tip the buoyantly unstable system into the convective state; and Antarctic warming: fast sea ice‐albedo feedbacks (on annual‐decadal time scales) and slow Southern Ocean frontal and sea surface temperature adjustments to convective heat release (on multidecadal‐century time scales) drive an increase in atmospheric heat and moisture transport toward Antarctica. We discuss the potential of this mechanism to help drive and amplify climate variability as observed in Antarctic ice core records.
Multiyear climate prediction with initialization based on 4D‐Var data assimilation
Authors: Mochizuki Takashi , Masuda Shuhei , Ishikawa Yoichi , Awaji Toshiyuki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn initialization relevant to interannual‐to‐decadal climate prediction has usually used a simple restoring approach for oceanic variables. Here we demonstrate the potential use of four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation on the leading edge of initialization approach particularly in multiyear (5 year long) climate prediction. We perform full‐field initialization rather than anomaly initialization and assimilate the atmosphere states together with the ocean states to an atmosphere‐ocean coupled climate model. In particular, it is noteworthy that ensembles of multiyear hindcasts using our assimilation results as initial conditions exhibit an improved skill in hindcasting the multiyear changes of the upper ocean heat content (OHC) over the central North Pacific. The 4D‐Var approach enables us to directly assimilate a time trajectory of slow changes of the Aleutian Low that are compatible with the sea surface height and the OHC. Consequently, we can estimate a coupled climate state suitable for hindcasting dynamical changes over the extratropical North Pacific as observed.
Multidecadal changes in Iceland Scotland Overflow Water vigor over the last 600 years and its relationship to climate
Authors: Mjell Tor Lien , Ninnemann Ulysses S. , Kleiven Helga F. , Hall Ian R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChanges in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) have commonly been invoked to explain the low‐frequency climate changes evident over millennial‐multidecadal timescales during the Holocene period. While there is growing evidence that deep ocean circulation varied on millennial timescales, little is known about ocean variability on shorter timescales. Here we use a marine sediment core (GS06‐144‐09MC‐D) recovered from a high accumulation rate site on the Gardar Drift in the Iceland Basin (60°19′N, 23°58′W, 2081 m) to reconstruct decadal‐centennial variability in the vigor of Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) with the paleocurrent proxy “sortable silt” mean grain size
. Our
record reveals that changes in ISOW vigor have occurred on multidecadal‐centennial timescales over the past ~600 years; similar timescales as documented in Atlantic Multidecadal Variability observations and reconstructions. Our findings support a link between changes in basin‐wide climate and deep ocean circulation.
Fault‐tolerant control for wireless networked control systems with an integrated scheduler
Authors: Xu D. , Ding S. X. , Wang Y. , Li L. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThis paper addresses a study of fault‐tolerant control (FTC) for wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) in industrial automatic processes. The WNCSs is composed of many subsystems, which operate with different sampling cycles. In order to meet the real‐time requirements and ensure a deterministic data transmission, the time division multiple access (TDMA) mechanism is adopted in WNCSs. The data in WNCSs are transmitted following a TDMA‐based scheduler. According to the periodicity, WNCSs integrated with the scheduler is first formulated as discrete linear time periodic systems (LTPSs). Afterwards, a fault estimation method for LTPSs is developed under a H∞ performance specification with a regional pole constraint. With the achieved state observer and fault estimator, an FTC strategy for LTPSs is explored. Finally, the proposed methods are verified on a physical experimental WiNC platform. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the relative accuracy of anthropometric indicators to assess body fatness as measured by air displacement plethysmography in Indian women
Authors: Varghese Deethu Sara , Sreedhar S. , Balakrishna N. , Venkata Ramana Y. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the relative accuracy of anthropometric indicators of body fatness or adiposity as compared to the percent fat measured by air displacement plethysmography in Indian women with normal body mass index (BMI).MethodsPercent body fat was assessed using the BodPod in 58 women, aged 30–56 years. The relative accuracy of anthropometric indicators of body fatness like BMI, waist‐stature‐ratio (WSR), waist‐thigh‐ratio (WTR), waist‐hip‐ratio (WHR), and circumferences at arm, neck, chest, waist, hip, and thigh were tested using an ROC curve analysis.ResultsSeventy‐nine percent women had excess body fat (≥30%). Among the 10 indicators tested, BMI and arm circumference (AC) demonstrated high accuracy (AUC > 0.9) to assess body fatness with derived cutoffs of 21.2 kg/m2 and 24.2 cm, respectively. WSR and circumferences at neck, chest, waist, hip, and thigh showed moderate accuracy to assess body fatness, whereas WHR and WTR demonstrated poor accuracy.ConclusionsBMI and AC were the best performing indicators of adiposity among the indicators studied. AC, being a single measurement, is practical and a good choice. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:743–745, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population inference from contemporaryAmerican craniometrics
Authors: Algee‐Hewitt Bridget F.B. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis analysis delivers a composite picture of population structure, admixture, ancestry variation, and personal identity in the United States, as observed through the lens of forensic anthropological casework and modern skeletal collections. It tests the applicability of the probabilistic clustering methods commonly used in human population genetics for the analysis of continuous, cranial measurement data, to improve population inference for admixed individuals without prior knowledge of sample origins.Materials and MethodsThe unsupervised model‐based clustering methods of finite mixture analysis are used here to reveal latent population structure and generate admixture proportions for craniofacial measurements from the Forensic Anthropology Data Bank (FDB). Craniometric estimates of ancestry are also generated under a three contributor model, sourcing parental reference populations from the Howells Craniometric Dataset. Tests of association are made among the coefficients of cluster memberships and the demographic information documented for each individual in the FDB. Clustering results are contextualized within the framework of conventional approaches to population structure analysis and individual ancestry estimation to discuss method compatibility.ResultsThe findings reported here for contemporary American craniometrics are in agreement with the expected patterns of intergroup relationships, geographic origins and results from published genetic analyses.DiscussionPopulation inference methods that allow for the model‐bound estimation of admixture and ancestry proportions from craniometric data not only enable parallel—skeletal and genetic—analyses but they are also shown to be more informative than those methods that perform hard classifications using externally‐imposed categories or seek to explain gross variation by low‐dimensional projections. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:604–624, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allergic rhinitis affects the duration of rapid eye movement sleep in children with sleep‐disordered breathing without sleep apnea
Authors: Di Francesco Renata C. , Alvarez Jessica 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundOur goals were to assess whether allergic rhinitis (AR) is an aggravating factor that affects the severity of sleep apnea in children with tonsils/adenoid hypertrophy (T&A) and to compare polysomnographic data from children with and without AR.MethodsThis prospective study included 135 children (age range, 3 to 14 years) with sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) resulting from T&A. Children with lung, neurological, or craniofacial problems; septal deviations; previous pharyngeal surgeries; or orthodontic treatments were excluded. All children underwent a clinical evaluation, nasopharyngoscopy or lateral X‐ray imaging, sleep study, and hypersensitivity skin‐prick test.ResultsThe mean patient age was 6.44 ± 2.55 years (83 males). AR was present in 42.2% of the children; 40% presented with sleep apnea; and 17.04% had sleep apnea and AR. The percentage of time spent in the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage was lower among children with AR without sleep apnea (p = 0.028); however, the percentage of REM sleep was not significantly different among children with apnea (p = 0.2922). No difference in the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) was observed between the children with (AHI = 2.79 events/hour) and without AR (3.75 events/hour, p = 0.4427). A multivariate analysis showed that nasal congestion was an important factor that can affect the duration of the REM sleep stage.ConclusionAR affects REM sleep in children with SDB without sleep apnea, and AR is not an aggravating factor regarding the severity of AHI.
Sphenoid sinus malignancies: a population‐based comprehensive analysis
Authors: Ghosh Ritam , Dubal Pariket M. , Chin Oliver Y. , Patel Tapan D. , Echanique Kristen A. , Baredes Soly , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundSinonasal malignancies are rare, representing less than 1% of all cancers, with the sphenoid sinus accounting for 1% to 2% of these cases. Sphenoid sinus malignancies exhibit very poor outcomes. There is a paucity of literature describing their histopathological features, incidence trends, treatment, and survival. We seek to elucidate these factors using a national population‐based resource.MethodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify malignant sphenoid sinus tumors. The results were analyzed for demographics, incidence, and clinicopathologic trends. Survival was calculated using Kaplan‐Meier analysis.ResultsThe search identified 472 cases. The mean and median age at diagnosis was 60.0 years. Males represented 54.9% of cases. By race/ethnicity, 82.4% were white and 8.5% were black. The four most common histopathologies were squamous cell neoplasms (29.4%), adenocarcinomas (14.4%), non‐Hodgkin's mature B‐cell lymphomas (13.1%), and unspecified epithelial neoplasms (11.0%). The overall incidence from 2000 to 2012 was 0.030 per 100,000. Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated an overall 5‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) of 48.1%. Of the most common histopathological subtypes, 5‐year DSS was best for mature B‐cell NHL (64.0%) and worst for unspecified epithelial neoplasms (25.6%).ConclusionSphenoid sinus malignancies are rare, with high prevalence in white males. The most common histopathology is squamous cell neoplasms. They exhibit significant locoregional extension. Of the common sphenoid sinus malignant subtypes, 5‐year DSS is best for mature B‐cell NHL and worst for unspecified epithelial neoplasms.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of exo‐Peroxyacetals: An Organocatalyzed Peroxyhemiacetalization/oxa‐Michael Addition Cascade
Authors: Maity Sanjay , Parhi Biswajit , Ghorai Prasanta 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn unprecedented enantioselective peroxyhemiacetalization/oxa‐Michael addition cascade of ortho‐formyl homochalcones has been developed using cinchona‐alkaloid‐based chiral bifunctional organocatalysts to provide cis‐configured exo‐peroxyacetals, a new class of organic peroxide, in good yields with excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities. The resulting cis‐configured exo‐peroxyacetals were converted into the corresponding trans‐configured peroxyacetals without affecting the enantioselectivity. Furthermore, the displacement of the peroxide moiety of exo‐peroxyacetals with various nucleophiles has been demonstrated to afford 1,3‐disubstituted isochromans with high diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities.
Substrate‐Controlled Product Divergence: Conversion of CO2 into Heterocyclic Products
Authors: Rintjema Jeroen , Epping Roel , Fiorani Giulia , Martín Eddy , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSubstituted epoxy alcohols and amines allow substrate‐controlled conversion of CO2 into a wide range of heterocyclic structures through different mechanistic manifolds. This new approach results in an unusual scope of CO2‐derived products by initial activation of CO2 through either the amine or alcohol unit, thus providing nucleophiles for intramolecular epoxy ring opening under mild reaction conditions. Control experiments support the crucial role of the amine/alcohol fragment in this process with the nucleophile‐assisted ring‐opening step following an SNi pathway, and a 5‐exo‐tet cyclization, thus leading to heterocyclic scaffolds.
Monodisperse Dual‐Functional Upconversion Nanoparticles Enabled Near‐Infrared Organolead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: He Ming , Pang Xinchang , Liu Xueqin , Jiang Beibei , He Yanjie , Snaith Henry , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExtending the spectral absorption of organolead halide perovskite solar cells from visible into near‐infrared (NIR) range renders the minimization of non‐absorption loss of solar photons with improved energy alignment. Herein, we report on, for the first time, a viable strategy of capitalizing on judiciously synthesized monodisperse NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the mesoporous electrode for CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells and more importantly confer perovskite solar cells to be operative under NIR light. Uniform NaYF4:Yb/Er UCNPs are first crafted by employing rationally designed double hydrophilic star‐like poly(acrylic acid)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PAA‐b‐PEO) diblock copolymer as nanoreactor, imparting the solubility of UCNPs and the tunability of film porosity during the manufacturing process. The subsequent incorporation of NaYF4:Yb/Er UCNPs as the mesoporous electrode led to a high efficiency of 17.8 %, which was further increased to 18.1 % upon NIR irradiation. The in situ integration of upconversion materials as functional components of perovskite solar cells offers the expanded flexibility for engineering the device architecture and broadening the solar spectral use.
3D Bioprinting of Tissue/Organ Models
Authors: Pati Falguni , Gantelius Jesper , Svahn Helene Andersson 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn vitro tissue/organ models are useful platforms that can facilitate systematic, repetitive, and quantitative investigations of drugs/chemicals. The primary objective when developing tissue/organ models is to reproduce physiologically relevant functions that typically require complex culture systems. Bioprinting offers exciting prospects for constructing 3D tissue/organ models, as it enables the reproducible, automated production of complex living tissues. Bioprinted tissues/organs may prove useful for screening novel compounds or predicting toxicity, as the spatial and chemical complexity inherent to native tissues/organs can be recreated. In this Review, we highlight the importance of developing 3D in vitro tissue/organ models by 3D bioprinting techniques, characterization of these models for evaluating their resemblance to native tissue, and their application in the prioritization of lead candidates, toxicity testing, and as disease/tumor models.