bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Proliferation Pattern and Twist Expression in an Aplacophoran Mollusk Argue Against Segmented Ancestry of Mollusca
Authors: Redl Emanuel , Scherholz Maik , Wollesen Tim , Todt Christiane , Wanninger Andreas 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe study of aplacophoran mollusks (i.e., Solenogastres or Neomeniomorpha and Caudofoveata or Chaetodermomorpha) has traditionally been regarded as crucial for reconstructing the morphology of the last common ancestor of the Mollusca. Since their proposed close relatives, the Polyplacophora, show a distinct seriality in certain organ systems, the aplacophorans are also in the focus of attention with regard to the question of a potential segmented ancestry of mollusks. To contribute to this question, we investigated cell proliferation patterns and the expression of the twist ortholog during larval development in solenogasters. In advanced to late larvae, during the outgrowth of the trunk, a pair of longitudinal bands of proliferating cells is found subepithelially in a lateral to ventrolateral position. These bands elongate during subsequent development as the trunk grows longer. Likewise, expression of twist occurs in two laterally positioned, subepithelial longitudinal stripes in advanced larvae. Both, the pattern of proliferating cells and the expression domain of twist demonstrate the existence of extensive and long‐lived mesodermal bands in a worm‐shaped aculiferan, a situation which is similar to annelids but in stark contrast to conchiferans, where the mesodermal bands are usually rudimentary and ephemeral. Yet, in contrast to annelids, neither the bands of proliferating cells nor the twist expression domain show a separation into distinct serial subunits, which clearly argues against a segmented ancestry of mollusks. Furthermore, the lack of twist expression during the development of the ventromedian muscle argues against homology of a ventromedian longitudinal muscle in protostomes with the notochord of chordates.
Evaluation of an institutional project to improve venous thromboembolism prevention
Authors: Minami Christina A. , Yang Anthony D. , Ju Mila , Culver Eckford , Seifert Kathryn , Kreutzer Lindsey , Halverson Terri , O'Leary Kevin J. , Bilimoria Karl Y. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDNorthwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH) was historically a poor performer on the venous thromboembolism (VTE) outcome measure. As this measure has been shown to be flawed by surveillance bias, NMH embraced process‐of‐care measures to ensure appropriate VTE prophylaxis to assess healthcare‐associated VTE prevention efforts.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of an institution‐wide project aimed at improving hospital performance on VTE prophylaxis measures.DESIGNA retrospective observational study.SETTINGNMH, an 885‐bed academic medical center in Chicago, IllinoisPATIENTSInpatients admitted to NMH from January 1, 2013 to May 1, 2013 and from October 1, 2014 to April 1, 2015 were eligible for evaluation.INTERVENTIONUsing the define‐measure‐analyze‐improve‐control (DMAIC) process‐improvement methodology, a multidisciplinary team implemented and iteratively improved 15 data‐driven interventions in 4 broad areas: (1) electronic medical record (EMR) alerts, (2) education initiatives, (3) new EMR order sets, and (4) other EMR changes.MEASUREMENTSThe Joint Commission's 6 core measures and the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) SCIP‐VTE‐2 measure.RESULTSBased on 3103 observations (1679 from January 1, 2013 to May 1, 2013, and 1424 from October 1, 2014 to April 1, 2015), performance on the core measures improved. Performance on measure 1 (chemoprophylaxis) improved from 82.5% to 90.2% on medicine services, and from 94.4% to 97.6% on surgical services. The largest improvements were seen in measure 4 (platelet monitoring), with a performance increase from 76.7% adherence to 100%, and measure 5 (warfarin discharge instructions), with a performance increase from 27.4% to 88.8%.CONCLUSIONA systematic hospital‐wide DMAIC project improved VTE prophylaxis measure performance. Sustained performance has been observed, and novel control mechanisms for continued performance surveillance have been embedded in the hospital system. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:S29–S37. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors: a review of their use in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chen Angela X. , Thynne Tilenka 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTraditional treatment options for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) target the primary pathophysiological defects of increased insulin resistance, hepatic glucose overproduction and progressive pancreatic beta‐cell dysfunction. Sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the newest class of medication for T2DM and provide an alternative, insulin‐independent, pathway for addressing hyperglycaemia, by reducing renal glucose reabsorption. SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and recent trials have indicated, for empagliflozin at least, reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and a slower progression of kidney disease. These characteristics make SGLT2 inhibitors attractive second‐line agents. Adverse effects include an increased risk of genitourinary tract infections, hypotension, fractures and acute renal impairment. Common events in hospitalised older patients, such as volume depletion, indwelling catheter use, potential renal insults (e.g. aminoglycosides or intravenous contrast administration) and unpredictable haemodynamics, may exacerbate these adverse effects, suggesting SGLT2 inhibitors may be best avoided in this setting. Clinical heterogeneity of the older patient cohort calls for individualised management. As there is a lack of evidence to guide diabetes management in older people, this review aims to summarise the available evidence from clinical trials and meta‐analyses and provide a practical perspective on how best to use SGLT2 inhibitors in older patients.
Semi‐automated delineation of breast cancer tumors and subsequent materialization using three‐dimensional printing (rapid prototyping)
Authors: Schulz‐Wendtland Rüdiger , Harz Markus , Meier‐Meitinger Martina , Brehm Barbara , Wacker Till , Hahn Horst K. , Wagner Florian , Wittenberg Thomas , Beckmann Matthias W. , Uder Michael , Fasching Peter A. , Emons Julius 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveThree‐dimensional (3D) printing has become widely available, and a few cases of its use in clinical practice have been described. The aim of this study was to explore facilities for the semi‐automated delineation of breast cancer tumors and to assess the feasibility of 3D printing of breast cancer tumors.MethodsIn a case series of five patients, different 3D imaging methods—magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and 3D ultrasound—were used to capture 3D data for breast cancer tumors. The volumes of the breast tumors were calculated to assess the comparability of the breast tumor models, and the MRI information was used to render models on a commercially available 3D printer to materialize the tumors.ResultsThe tumor volumes calculated from the different 3D methods appeared to be comparable. Tumor models with volumes between 325 mm3 and 7,770 mm3 were printed and compared with the models rendered from MRI. The materialization of the tumors reflected the computer models of them.Conclusion3D printing (rapid prototyping) appears to be feasible. Scenarios for the clinical use of the technology might include presenting the model to the surgeon to provide a better understanding of the tumor's spatial characteristics in the breast, in order to improve decision‐making in relation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or surgical approaches. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:238–242. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleep and Processing of Trauma Memories
Authors: Kobayashi Ihori , Mellman Thomas A. , Altaee Duaa , Howell Mary Katherine , Lavela Joseph 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSleep has been implicated in learning processes that appear to underlie recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The importance of quality and timing of sleep following exposure‐based therapies has been suggested. The present study evaluated relationships between sleep and adaptive emotional processing following written narrative exposure (WNE) to memories of traumatic events experienced by participants with clinically significant PTSD symptoms. Participants included 21 urban‐residing nontreatment‐seeking adults with full or subthreshold symptoms of PTSD who completed 4 sessions of 30‐min WNE with the first session either in the evening or the morning. There was a significant reduction of PTSD symptom severity after WNE sessions (partial η = .65), but there was no interaction between group assignment based on the initial session's proximity to sleep and initial reduction of PTSD symptom severity (partial η = .01). Polysomnography following evening WNE revealed increased duration of total sleep and N2%, reduced N3%, and increased eye movement density during REM sleep compared with baseline recordings (dz = 0.65 to 1.15). Reduced N3% and increased REM density were associated with less improvement of PTSD symptoms (r = .58 & −.63). These findings suggest a relationship between preservation of diminished arousal during sleep and adaptive trauma memory processing.
Brief Practical Screeners in English and Spanish for Acute Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children
Authors: Kassam‐Adams Nancy , Marsac Meghan L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWith millions of children experiencing acute traumatic events, validated screening tools are needed in both research and service contexts. We aimed to identify and evaluate short forms of the Acute Stress Checklist for Children in English (ASC‐Kids) and Spanish (Cuestionario de Estrés Agudo‐Niños [CEA‐N]), using data from 4 samples (Ns of 254, 225, 176, and 80) of children with recent acute trauma. Confirmatory factor analyses of the full checklist in the largest sample guided item selection for 6‐item and 3‐item short forms. Across samples, both short forms (ASC‐6/ASC‐3 in English; CEA‐6/CEA‐3 in Spanish) were correlated with acute stress disorder (ASD) symptom severity on the full checklist (r = .79 to .92), and on an interview measure (r = .52 to .62). Receiver operating curve analyses for each short form detecting current ASD status showed high areas under the curve (.76 to .95). Cutoff scores identified based on Sample 1 provided acceptable sensitivity (.59 to 1.00) and specificity (.57 to .86) across samples. Children scoring above the cutoff on each screener reported greater concurrent impairment from ASD symptoms and more severe posttraumatic stress 3 months later. These very brief measures could expand clinicians’ and researchers’ ability to screen for acute posttraumatic stress in children.
X‐ray diffraction (XRD)‐studies on the temperature dependent interface reactions on hafnium, zirconium, and nickel coated monocrystalline diamonds used in grinding segments for stone and concrete machining
Authors: Tillmann W. , Tolan M. , Pinho Ferreira M. , Paulus M. , Becke M. , Stangier D. 
Published: December 2016

Diamond impregnated metal matrix composites are the state of the art solution for the machining of mineral materials. The type of interface reactions between the metal matrix and diamond surface has an essential influence on the tool performance and durability. To improve the diamond retention, the diamonds can be coated by physical vapour deposition with metallic materials, which enforce interface reactions.Hence, this paper focuses on the investigation of the interfacial area on metal‐coated monocrystalline diamonds. Hafnium and zirconium, both known as carbide forming elements, are used as coating materials. The third coating, which is used to determine its catalytic influences when applied as a physical vapour deposition (PVD)‐layer, is nickel. Additionally, the coated diamond samples were heat‐treated to investigate the starting point of the formation of new phases. X‐ray diffraction‐analyses revealed the assumed carbide formation on hafnium and zirconium coated samples. The formation temperature was identified between 800 °C and 1000 °C for hafnium and zirconium coatings.
Conventional chemical potentials of elements in dilute ferrous solution
Authors: Hauck Alejandro , Knacke Ottmar 
Published: December 2016

Conventional thermochemical standard data are defined for dissolved elementsiin iron. The standard partial enthalpy and entropyandin ideal dilute solution are described as simple temperature functionsurn:x-wiley:01774832:srin00675:equation:srin00675-math-0003aiandbiare constants anddenotes the partial molar heat capacity, which may be considered constant within a certain temperature range. Fromandfurther functions are derived, e.g. the conventional standard chemical potentialand the modified Planck function βi. The constantsai,bi,are evaluated and compiled for α‐, γ, δ‐iron as well as for liquid iron, as far as experimental data are available. In addition to the standard data the first order interaction coefficients for elements dissolved in liquid iron at 1873 K have been revised and tabulated.
The limiting expansion ratio of real materials
Authors: Reissner Josef , Weigl Heinrich 
Published: December 2016

The production of the precut hole was by drilling, turning and finishing. Subsequently, the edges of the hole were polished in order to prevent, as far as possible, any hardening of the edges and also to produce an idealised surface.This procedure is necessary since the effect of the surface quality of the hole edge on the expansion ratio is greater than that of the material itself.The present work shows a possibility of making available the improved results of modern measuring techniques in sheet metal forming for analytical processing as well. By means of numerical balancing calculations, the yield locus and stress‐strain curve are described with the help of polynomial representations and put into an energetic stability criterion.The limiting strains during plunging were calculated using a SWIFT material as an example.
Metallography of telluride on free cutting steel
Authors: Daizhong Li , Shuqin Gao , Liefu Zhang , Zeyu Wang , Xinquen Dong 
Published: December 2016

The results of investigation and analysis of telluride and sulfides in free cutting steel containing tellurium and sulfur can be summerized as follows.No tellurium is found in steel matrix. All the tellurium exists in solid solution in manganese sulfide. The extra amount of tellurium in excess of the solubility in manganese sulfide exists as MnTe in steel. The tellurium content in manganese sulfide is 2.5 wt% on average, and the sulfur content in MnTe is about 3 wt %. In annealed steel, the content of iron solutionized in MnS (steel containing 1–2 % Mn) and in MnTe are both about 2 wt %. MnTe usually forms complex inclusions with MnS. The greater the Te/S, the higher the MnTe content in the complex inclusions. There is no single phase MnTe in steel with Te/S as high as 0.84. When steel is hot worked, MnTe deforms more easily than MnS.MnTe appears light grey in a bright field, and opaque in a dark field. In cast steel it is anisotropic and in forged steel it is isotropic under polarized light. In cold drawn steel, most of the MnS is anisotropic and remained so after annealing at 1100°C. If Te/S in steel is too high, the MnTe formed is prone to stretch in the working direction during press work. Hence, in so far as controlling the shape of the sulfide with the aid of tellurium is concerned, a Te/S of about 0.1 is appropriate. When the MnTe and MnS in steel are separated electrolytely in the four different solutions used in this work, the equilibrium potential of MnS is relatively positive, and that of MnTe is relatively negative in comparison with iron. When an organic solution (No. 3) is used, the MnS in steel can be almost completely and MnTe partly separated.
Hot workability of steels for forgings
Authors: Finkler Helmut , Rennollet Günter 
Published: December 2016

Sufficient hot ductility is one of the prerequisites for the successful forming and heat treatment of steels. The influence of chemical composition (including trace elements), of soaking and deformation temperatures, strain rate and duration of deformation was to be studied in hot tensile testing. To distinguish the different embrittling mechanisms from each other, a great number of steels with systematically varied composition were examined. Test conditions were chosen so as to give maximum agreement with actual hot working operations.In the temperature range from 1 200–600°C, which was covered by this study, hot embrittlement was only found on steels containing at least one of the elements N, Nb, Pb or Bi. Embrittlement due to MnS precipitations did not occur, as the soaking temperature was limited to max. 1 315°C and the Mn/S ratio was at least 30. Nitrogen is the main cause of hot embrittlement in commercial steels. The fact that also unalloyed, aluminium‐free steels embrittle with sufficiently low strain rate shows that nitrogen in solid solution may cause embrittlement even in the absence of nitride formers. The nitride formers accelerate the embrittling process, provided the nitrides are dissolved at soaking temperature. Aluminium, however, has a retarding effect in the presence of vanadium. Embrittlement is attributed to nitrogen atoms entering into multiple voids and micropores, where they recombine to form molecules which impede the slip of dislocations, thus leading to embrittlement. A sufficient length of the deformation operation and recrystallisation being impeded by precipitations are the prerequisites for this type of embrittlement. Titanium, by binding nitrogen at an early stage, prevents precipitation. Also in the case of embrittlement by lead and bismuth, the most conclusive explanation is that atoms of these elements accumulate in voids. Embrittlement by niobium, however, is attributed to deformation‐induced precipitation, as it only occurs on cooling from soaking to test temperature and not on direct heating to test temperature.
Thermodynamic calculation of phase diagrams in the iron‐nitrogen system
Authors: Kunze Joachim 
Published: December 2016

On the basis of recent measurements of the equilibria between N2and NH3containing gas atmospheres, respectively, and of the nitrogen solved in the α, γ and ε iron phases a thermodynamic analysis of the Fe—N system has been carried out. The Gibbs free energy of the γ, ε transformation of pure iron was derived. The composition Fe4.3N was calculated concerning the γ’ phase above 593°C.The phase boundaries were stated as temperature functions of the N2equilibrium pressures. The resulting phase diagram shows the stability regions of the α, γ, γ’ and ε phases and an α/γ/ε triple point which corresponds to that of the pure iron.
Analysis of grain boundary movement analogous to dislocation movement – both with a matrix having precipitates
Authors: Kern Andreas , Reif Winfried 
Published: December 2016

In the present investigation it has been shown exemplarily for an austenite microstructure containing carbonitrides that the specific restraining force of a grain boundary due to the distribution of precipitates can be described by a modified Orowan's law, so that the grain boundary movement is considered to be analogous to the dislocation movement. This is achieved by using a modified restraining force Fr (corresponding to the cubic geometry of the particles), a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the precipitates (in this case, carbonitrides) and selected relation for the interparticle spacing La. The specific restraining force and the interparticle spacing depend on temperature within the austenite range. Each temperature is attached to a couple (Fr/La). The plot Fr against shows straight lines for each steel and from their average slope, a shear module G' of grain boundaries, which is about 64300 N·cm−2, is obtained. Hence, it is possible to describe the specific restraining force of a grain boundary with the help of Orowan's law or as it is conventionally done by using Zener's modell.At a critical temperature T*, which is different for each steel, the specific restraining force is equal to the driving force of the grain boundary. The corresponding values of La are also different for each steel and the steel which is the most resistant to grain coarsening is allowed to have the greatest value of La which still retains the capacity of impeding grain coarsening.
Zusammenhang zwischen dem Oxidationsgrad der Eisenoxide und den Verteilungswerten des Schwefels beim Gleichgewicht zwischen Eisenschmelzen und MgO‐gesättigten Stahlwerksschlacken
Authors: Schürmann Eberhard , Kolm Ingo 
Published: December 2016

Die Oxidationsgrade der Eisenoxide in MgO‐gesättigten Stahlwerksschlacken beim Gleichgewicht mit flüssigem Eisen wurden durch Auswertung zahlreicher im Schrifttum mitgeteilter Versuchsergebnisse bestimmt und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Schlak‐kenzusammensetzung dargestellt.Desgleichen wurde das Entschwefelungsvermögen MgO‐gesättigter Stahlwerksschlacken anhand der Gleichgewichtsverteilungswerte beschrieben. Es wird festgestellt, daß optimale Ergebnisse nur bei gleichzeitiger Kalksättigung zu erzielen sind.Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Schwefelverteilung und dem dreiwertigen Eisengehalt der Schlacke konnte aufgezeigt und durch Bildung von auf dem dreiwertigen Eisenoxid basierenden Oxisulfiden gedeutet werden.
Applications of coulometry to the analysis of steelworks materials
Authors: Jenkins Rhys H. 
Published: December 2016

A brief outline is given of the organisation of research in the British Steel Corporation followed by a description of coulometric techniques developed for the analysis of steelworks materials.Coulometry is an attractive analytical technique since it is based on fundamental concepts expressed in the laws of Faraday. A description is given of the development of constant current methods for determining sulphur and carbon in mild steels, after tube combustion. These methods are suitable for the analysis of high purity steels containing <10 ppm S and <20 ppm C. Additionally, controlled potential coulometry is discussed and an example of the determination of total iron in iron ore is presented. A highly precise method has been developed for this application, showing a standard deviation of 0.015% Fe at the 60% level.Finally a chart is presented, showing the structure and activities of the BSC/BISPA Chemists’ Committee.