bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radial positive definite functions and Schoenberg matrices with negative eigenvalues
Authors: Golinskii L. , Malamud M. , Oridoroga L. 
Published: January 2016

The main object under consideration is a class

Φ
n

∖

Φ

n
+
1

\Phi _n\backslash \Phi _{n+1}

of radial positive definite functions on

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

which do not admit radial positive definite continuation on

R

n
+
1

\mathbb {R}^{n+1}

. We find certain necessary and sufficient conditions on the Schoenberg representation measure

ν
n

\nu _n

of

f
∈

Φ
n

f\in \Phi _n

for

f
∈

Φ

n
+
k

f\in \Phi _{n+k}

,

k
∈

N

k\in \mathbb {N}

. We show that the class

Φ
n

∖

Φ

n
+
k

\Phi _n\backslash \Phi _{n+k}

is rich enough by giving a number of examples. In particular, we give a direct proof of

Ω
n

∈

Φ
n

∖

Φ

n
+
1

\Omega _n\in \Phi _n\backslash \Phi _{n+1}

, which avoids Schoenberg’s theorem;

Ω
n

\Omega _n

is the Schoenberg kernel. We show that

Ω
n

(
a
⋅
)

Ω
n

(
b
⋅
)
∈

Φ
n

∖

Φ

n
+
1

\Omega _n(a\cdot )\Omega _n(b\cdot )\in \Phi _n\backslash \Phi _{n+1}

for

a
≠
b

a\not =b

. Moreover, for the square of this function we prove the surprisingly much stronger result

Ω
n
2

(
a
⋅
)
∈

Φ

2
n
−
1

∖

Φ

2
n

\Omega _n^2(a\cdot )\in \Phi _{2n-1}\backslash \Phi _{2n}

. We also show that any

f
∈

Φ
n

∖

Φ

n
+
1

f\in \Phi _n\backslash \Phi _{n+1}

,

n
≥
2

n\ge 2

, has infinitely many negative squares. The latter means that for an arbitrary positive integer

N
N

there is a finite Schoenberg matrix

S

X

(
f
)
:=
‖
f
(

|

x
i

−

x
j

|

n
+
1

)

‖

i
,
j
=
1

m

\mathcal {S}_X(f) := \|f(|x_i-x_j|_{n+1})\|_{i,j=1}^{m}

,

X
:=
{

x
j

}

j
=
1

m

⊂

R

n
+
1

X := \{x_j\}_{j=1}^m \subset \mathbb {R}^{n+1}

, which has at least

N
N

negative eigenvalues.
The Pediatrics Milestones Assessment Pilot: Development of Workplace-Based Assessment Content, Instruments, and Processes
Authors: Hicks Patricia J. , Margolis Melissa , Poynter Sue E. , Chaffinch Christa , Tenney-Soeiro Rebecca , Turner Teri L. , Waggoner-Fountain Linda , Lockridge Robin , Clyman Stephen G. , Schwartz Alan 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
To report on the development of content and user feedback regarding the assessment process and utility of the workplace-based assessment instruments of the Pediatrics Milestones Assessment Pilot (PMAP).

Method
One multisource feedback instrument and two structured clinical observation instruments were developed and refined by experts in pediatrics and assessment to provide evidence for nine competencies based on the Pediatrics Milestones (PMs) and chosen to inform residency program faculty decisions about learners’ readiness to serve as pediatric interns in the inpatient setting. During the 2012–2013 PMAP study, 18 U.S. pediatric residency programs enrolled interns and subinterns. Faculty, residents, nurses, and other observers used the instruments to assess learner performance through direct observation during a one-month rotation. At the end of the rotation, data were aggregated for each learner, milestone levels were assigned using a milestone classification form, and feedback was provided to learners. Learners and site leads were surveyed and/or interviewed about their experience as participants.

Results
Across the sites, 2,338 instruments assessing 239 learners were completed by 630 unique observers. Regarding end-of-rotation feedback, 93% of learners (128/137) agreed the assessments and feedback “helped me understand how those with whom I work perceive my performance,” and 85% (117/137) agreed they were “useful for constructing future goals or identifying a developmental path.” Site leads identified several benefits and challenges to the assessment process.

Conclusions
PM-based instruments used in workplace-based assessment provide a meaningful and acceptable approach to collecting evidence of learner competency development. Learners valued feedback provided by PM-based assessment.
IMAGING WITH MULTIMODAL ADAPTIVE-OPTICS OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN MULTIPLE EVANESCENT WHITE DOT SYNDROME: THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Labriola Leanne T. , Legarreta Andrew D. , Legarreta John E. , Nadler Zach , Gallagher Denise , Hammer Daniel X. , Ferguson R. Daniel , Iftimia Nicusor , Wollstein Gadi , Schuman Joel S. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:
To elucidate the location of pathological changes in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) with the use of multimodal adaptive optics (AO) imaging.

Methods:
A 5-year observational case study of a 24-year-old female with recurrent MEWDS. Full examination included history, Snellen chart visual acuity, pupil assessment, intraocular pressures, slit lamp evaluation, dilated fundoscopic exam, imaging with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT), blue-light fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography.

Results:
Three distinct acute episodes of MEWDS occurred during the period of follow-up. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography and adaptive-optics imaging showed disturbance in the photoreceptor outer segments (PR OS) in the posterior pole with each flare. The degree of disturbance at the photoreceptor level corresponded to size and extent of the visual field changes. All findings were transient with delineation of the photoreceptor recovery from the outer edges of the lesion inward. Hyperautofluorescence was seen during acute flares. Increase in choroidal thickness did occur with each active flare but resolved.

Conclusion:
Although changes in the choroid and RPE can be observed in MEWDS, Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, and multimodal adaptive optics imaging localized the visually significant changes seen in this disease at the level of the photoreceptors. These transient retinal changes specifically occur at the level of the inner segment ellipsoid and OS/RPE line. En face optical coherence tomography imaging provides a detailed, yet noninvasive method for following the convalescence of MEWDS and provides insight into the structural and functional relationship of this transient inflammatory retinal disease.
Renal risk‐benefit determinants of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in the remnant kidney rat model – hypertension, anaemia, inflammation and drug dose
Authors: Ribeiro Sandra , Garrido Patrícia , Fernandes João , Vala Helena , Rocha‐Pereira Petronila , Costa Elísio , Belo Luís , Reis Flávio , Santos‐Silva Alice 
Published: January 2016

SummaryClinical studies showed that high doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) used to correct anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) hyporesponsive patients may lead to deleterious effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of rHuEPO in doses usually used to correct CKD‐anaemia (100, 200 IU/kg body weight (BW) per week) and in higher doses used in the treatment of hyporesponsive patients (400, 600 IU/kg BW per week), focusing on renal damage, hypoxia, inflammation and fibrosis. Male Wistar rats with chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by 5/6 nephrectomy were treated with rHuEPO or with vehicle, over a 3‐week period. Haematological, biochemical and renal function analyses were performed. Kidney and liver mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein expression by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Kidney histopathological evaluations were also performed. The CRF group developed anaemia, hypertension and a high score of renal histopathologic lesions. Correction of anaemia was achieved with all rHuEPO doses, with improvement in hypertension, renal function and renal lesions. In addition, the higher rHuEPO doses also improved inflammation. Blood pressure was reduced in all rHuEPO‐treated groups, compared to the CRF group, but increased in a dose‐dependent manner. The current study showed that rHuEPO treatment corrected anaemia and improved urinary albumin excretion, particularly at lower doses. In addition, it is suggested that a short‐term treatment with high doses, used to overcome an episode of hyporesponsiveness to rHuEPO therapy, can present benefits by reducing inflammation, without worsening of renal lesions; however, the pro‐hypertensive effect should be considered, and carefully managed to avoid a negative cardiorenal impact.
An Examination of the Sequence of Intersecting Lines using Microspectrophotometry
Authors: Li Biao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe potential of microspectrophotometry as a technique to determine the sequence of intersecting lines was examined. The technique was used to determine the sequence of heterogeneous line intersections produced using inkpad, stamp‐pad ink and ballpoint pens, gel pens, fountain pens, laser and ink‐jet printers. The study was carried out with an assumption that the peak characteristics of spectra from the point of intersection should correspond to the peak characteristics of pure ink which was executed later. According to spectral reflectance curves, microspectrophotometry was possible to determine whether the ink was above or below the inkpad/stamp‐pad ink seals. In blind testing, microspectrophotometry technique results were directly compared to those obtained by five experienced forensic document examiners using optical microscopy regularly employed in casework. As the results obtained from the study were positive, microspectrophotometry technique was found to be very successful in determining the sequence of heterogeneous line intersections under some conditions.
SNP Miniplexes for Individual Identification of Random‐Bred Domestic Cats
Authors: Brooks Ashley , Creighton Erica K. , Gandolfi Barbara , Khan Razib , Grahn Robert A. , Lyons Leslie A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPhenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the cat can be obtained from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses of fur. This study developed miniplexes using SNPs with high discriminating power for random‐bred domestic cats, focusing on individual and phenotypic identification. Seventy‐eight SNPs were investigated using a multiplex PCR followed by a fluorescently labeled single base extension (SBE) technique (SNaPshot®). The SNP miniplexes were evaluated for reliability, reproducibility, sensitivity, species specificity, detection limitations, and assignment accuracy. Six SNPplexes were developed containing 39 intergenic SNPs and 26 phenotypic SNPs, including a sex identification marker, ZFXY. The combined random match probability (cRMP) was 6.58 × 10−19 across all Western cat populations and the likelihood ratio was 1.52 × 1018. These SNPplexes can distinguish individual cats and their phenotypic traits, which could provide insight into crime reconstructions. A SNP database of 237 cats from 13 worldwide populations is now available for forensic applications.
Influence of various stressors on the expression of core genes of the small interfering RNA pathway in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis
Authors: Xie Yi‐Fei , Niu Jin‐Zhi , Jiang Xuan‐Zhao , Yang Wen‐Jia , Shen Guang‐Mao , Wei Dong , Smagghe Guy , Wang Jin‐Jun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi)‐based technology has emerged as a potential tool for controlling insect pests, however, previous studies found that the efficiency of RNAi in Bactrocera dorsalis was variable. In nature, insects often meet various challenges, such as pathogen infections, extreme temperatures, lack of nutrition and heavy metals. To better understand the association of the stressors with efficiency of RNAi, in the current study we tested the expression of three core genes, dicer2 (Bddcr2), r2d2 (Bdr2d2) and argonaute2 (Bdago2), of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway of B. dorsalis upon various stressors. Our results showed that all three genes were upregulated by the infection of invertebrate iridescent virus 6, which suggested a function of the siRNA pathway against viral infection. The loading of FeCl3 could also increase the expression of Bddcr2. The treatments of Escherichia coli, extremely high (40°C) and low (0°C) temperatures, as well as starvation, could negatively influence the expression of Bddcr2 and/or Bdago2. In total, our results showed that various stressors could influence the expression of core components of B. dorsalis siRNA pathway. This highlights further speculation on the RNAi efficiency upon these stressors. Considering the complexity and variation of RNAi efficiency in different conditions, these results provide initial aspects in possible environmental stressors to influence the activity of the siRNA pathway, but the real impact of RNAi efficiency posed by these stressors requires further studies.
Activation of the ventral and dorsal striatum during cue reactivity in Internet gaming disorder
Authors: Liu Lu , Yip Sarah W. , Zhang Jin‐Tao , Wang Ling‐Jiao , Shen Zi‐Jiao , Liu Ben , Ma Shan‐Shan , Yao Yuan‐Wei , Fang Xiao‐Yi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStudies conducted in drug addiction suggest a transition in processing of drug‐related cues from the ventral to the dorsal component of the striatum. However, this process has not been studied in a behavioral addiction. Assessment of this process in a non‐drug addiction can provide insight into the pathophysiology of both substance and behavioral addictions. Thirty‐nine male Internet gaming disorder (IGD) subjects and 23 male matched healthy controls (HCs) participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of a cue‐reactivity task involving alternating presentation of Internet gaming‐related stimuli (game cues) and general Internet surfing‐related stimuli (control cues). Cue‐induced neural activations in the ventral and dorsal striatum (DS) were compared between IGD and HC participants. Associations between cue‐reactivity within these regions and cue‐induced craving and severity and duration of IGD were also explored. IGD participants exhibited higher cue‐induced activations within both the ventral and DS when compared with HCs. Within the IGD group, activity within the left ventral striatum (VS) was correlated negatively with cue‐induced craving; positive associations were found between activations within the DS (right putamen, pallidum and left caudate) and duration of IGD. Cue‐induced activity within the left putamen was negatively associated with right VS volumes among IGD participants. Consistent with studies in substance addictions, our results suggest that a transition from ventral to dorsal striatal processing may occur among individuals with IGD, a condition without the impact of substance intake.
Human Trafficking and Online Networks: Policy, Analysis, and Ignorance
Authors: Mendel Jonathan , Sharapov Kiril 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDominant anti‐trafficking policy discourses represent trafficking as an issue of crime, “illegal” migration, victimhood and humanitarianism. Such a narrow focus is not an adequate response to the interplay between technology, trafficking and anti‐trafficking. This article explores different levels of analysis and the interplay between human trafficking and technology. We argue for a shift from policy discourses with a very limited focus on crime and victimisation to more systemic understandings of trafficking and more robust micro‐analyses of trafficking and everyday life. The article calls for an agnotological understanding of policy responses to trafficking and technology: these depend upon the production of ignorance. We critique limitations in policy understandings of trafficking‐related aspects of online spaces, and argue for better engagement with online networks. We conclude that there is a need to move beyond a focus on “new” technology and exceptionalist claims about “modern slavery” towards greater attention to everyday exploitation within neoliberalism.
Enhancing Beyond What Ought to be the Case ‐ A Conceptual Clarification
Authors: Van Riel Raphael 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn order to do justice to the intuition that medical treatments as such do not form proper instances of bio‐enhancement, as the notion is employed in the ethical debate, we should construe bio‐enhancements as interventions, which do not aim at states that, other things being equal, ought to obtain. In the light of this clarification, we come to see that cases of moral enhancement are not covered by the notion of bio‐enhancement, properly construed.
Clinicopathological significance of TERT promoter mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yin De‐tao , Yu Kun , Lu Run‐qing , Li Xianghua , Xu Jianhui , Lei Mengyuan , Li Hongqiang , Wang Yongfei , Liu Zhen 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe prognostic value of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation, resulting in poor clinical outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), has been generally confirmed. To data, there is no high‐level evidence approving the association of TERT promoter mutation and aggressive clinical behaviours in PTC. To systematically evaluate it, a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the published literatures were carried out.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, OVID and Web of Science databases for relevant studies. We selected all the studies that reported clinicopathological features of PTC patients with information available on TERT promoter mutation status. Individual study‐specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, as were Mantel–Haenszel pooled odds ratios for the combined studies.ResultsEight eligible trials involved 2035 patients were included in the analysis. The average prevalence of the TERT promoter mutation was 10·32%. Compared with the wild‐type TERT promoter gene, the TERT promoter mutation was associated with male gender, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage III/IV, poor clinical outcome (persistence or recurrence) and mortality. The associations were generally consistent across the different study populations.ConclusionsThus, our findings from this large meta‐analysis definitively demonstrate that TERT promoter mutation‐positive PTC is more likely to manifest with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics. In appropriate clinical settings, testing for the TERT promoter mutation is likely to be useful in assisting the risk stratification and management of PTC.
Temperature effects on egg and larval development and phenological forecasting of the smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii
Authors: Graf B. , Höpli H. U. , Höhn H. , Samietz J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe effects of temperature on egg and larval development of Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were studied under controlled conditions to complement the basis for phenological forecasting and thus to optimize the timing of monitoring and control measures with respect to sustainable pest management. Egg development lasted on average 28.1 days at 12.7 °C and 5.5 days at 26.1 °C. Egg mortality was generally low, varying between 12 and 14% within a temperature range of 12.7–22.0 °C, but slightly increased to 20% at 26.1 °C. For egg development, a lower thermal threshold of 9.7 °C and a thermal constant of 90.6 degree days were established. Larval development took on average 76.0 days at 12.7 °C and 21.5 days at 26.1 °C. Larval mortality was 51% at 12.7 °C but only 6–12% at temperatures above 17 °C. The lower thermal threshold and the thermal constant for larval development were 7.6 °C and 389.2 degree days, respectively. Final larval weight increased with temperature from 18.6 mg at 12.7 °C to a maximum of 23.9 mg at 22.0 °C. Based on mortality rates, the optimal temperature range was between 12.7 and 22.0 °C for egg development and between 17.1 and 22.0 °C for larval development, which was confirmed based on the weight of fully grown larvae. These biological parameters of egg and larval development enabled us to parameterise a phenology model for G. lobarzewskii, which was incorporated into an existing decision support system for fruit pests. Precise forecasts of pest phenology facilitate the optimal timing of monitoring and control measures, improve their efficiency, and thereby contribute to sustainable crop protection.
Absence of Mate Choice and Postcopulatory Benefits in a Species with Extreme Sexual Size Dimorphism
Authors: Chelini Marie‐Claire , Hebets Eileen A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMost hypotheses related to the evolution of female‐biased extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD) attribute the differences in the size of each sex to selection for reproduction, either through selection for increased female fecundity or selection for male increased mobility and faster development. Very few studies, however, have tested for direct fitness benefits associated with the latter – small male size. Mecaphesa celer is a crab spider with extreme SSD, whose males are less than half the size of females and often weigh 10 times less. Here, we test the hypotheses that larger size in females and smaller size in males are sexually selected through differential pre‐ and postcopulatory reproductive benefits. To do so, we tested the following predictions: matings between small males and large females are more likely to occur due to mate choice; females mated to small males are less likely to accept second copulation attempts; and matings between small males and large females will result in larger clutches of longer‐lived offspring. Following staged mating trials in the laboratory, we found no support for any of our predictions, suggesting that SSD in M. celer may not be driven by pre‐ or post‐reproductive fitness benefits to small males.
Phenotype Matching and Early Social Conditions Affect Shoaling and Exploration Decisions
Authors: Barbosa Miguel , Camacho‐Cervantes Morelia , Ojanguren Alfredo F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEarly social conditions are vital for the establishment of future social interactions. Less, however, is known about how differences in early social conditions contribute to the process of individual recognition and subsequently in the decision of associating and exploring behaviours. In this study, we address this gap in the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata and test the prediction that fish would show a higher tendency to recognize and associate with individuals of similar phenotype. This prediction was tested by comparing the likelihood of association and latency to explore a novel area in males and females when in the presence of individuals that were familiar (reared together but from different populations), from the same population of origin (from the same population but deprived of interaction with each other), or were unfamiliar (different population and have never interacted). Both early social conditions and population of origin (phenotype matching) affected the tendency to shoal and explore. Females, but not males, exhibited identical preference to associate either with unfamiliar females as with familiar females from a different population. Importantly, female preference did not occur with unfamiliar individuals from a different population. In contrast with our prediction, tendency to shoal did not predict exploration propensity. Males always start exploration before the group whenever unfamiliar males composed the group. Females on the other hand only moved to the novel area after seeing the group doing so, revealing sexual dimorphism in exploratory behaviour. Our results provide evidence for a familiarity and phenotypic matching recognition mechanism at the population level and also highlight the importance of accounting for differences between sexes when investigating the effects of early social conditions.