bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rare indication for lung transplantation – pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: institutional experience of five consecutive cases
Authors: Klikovits Thomas , Slama Alexis , Hoetzenecker Konrad , Waseda Ryuichi , Lambers Christopher , Murakoezy Gabriella , Jaksch Peter , Aigner Clemens , Taghavi Shahrokh , Klepetko Walter , Lang Gyoergy , Hoda Mir Alireza 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare lung disease caused by calcifications within the alveolar space. The only known effective treatment for an end‐stage PAM is lung transplantation (LuTX).MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart review of all individuals that underwent lung transplantation at our center between 1989 and 2013. Five consecutive patients with PAM were identified.ResultsFour females and one male with a mean age of 46.3 yr were identified. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support was required intraoperatively in four cases and post‐operatively in one case. Mean post‐operative intubation time was 3.3 (range, 2–5) d and mean intensive care unit (ICU) stay was 8.3 (range, 4–12) d. No intraoperative complications were observed. One early patient (operated in 1995) underwent acute re‐transplantation on the second post‐operative day (POD) and died from sepsis on the 11 POD. In one patient reperfusion edema was observed requiring a prolonged weaning process. No other severe perioperative complications were observed. Four of five patients are currently still alive with normal follow‐up parameters. No recurrence of PAM was observed.ConclusionsLung transplantation is a feasible therapy option in patients with end‐stage PAM showing good post‐operative results comparable to other indications for LuTX.
Pharmacoepidemiology of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in a large retrospective cohort of kidney transplant recipients with Medicare Part D coverage
Authors: Santos Carlos A. Q. , Brennan Daniel C. , Saeed Mohammed J. , Fraser Victoria J. , Olsen Margaret A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe assembled a cohort of 21 117 kidney transplant patients from July 2006 to June 2011 with Medicare Part D coverage using US Renal Database System data to determine real‐world use of cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis. CMV prophylaxis was defined as filled prescriptions for daily oral valganciclovir (≤900 mg), ganciclovir (≤3 g), or valacyclovir (6–8 g) within 28 d of transplant. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with CMV prophylaxis. CMV prophylaxis (97% valganciclovir) was identified in 61% of kidney transplant recipients (median duration, 64 d); 71% of seronegative recipients of kidneys from seropositive donors (D+/R−); 63% of R+ patients; 60% of patients with unknown serostatus; and 34% of D−/R− patients. Variability in usage of prophylaxis among transplant centers was greater than variability within transplant centers. One in four transplant centers prescribed CMV prophylaxis to >60% of their D−/R− patients. CMV donor/recipient serostatus, lymphocyte‐depleting agents for induction and mycophenolate for maintenance were associated with CMV prophylaxis. CMV prophylaxis was commonly used among kidney transplant recipients. Routine prescription of CMV prophylaxis to D−/R− patients may have occurred in some transplant centers. Limiting unnecessary use of CMV prophylaxis may decrease healthcare costs and drug‐related harms.
Measurement, “scriptural economies,” and social justice: governing HIV/AIDS treatments by numbers in a fragile state, the Central African Republic (CAR)
Authors: David Pierre‐Marie 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFragile states have been raising increasing concern among donors since the mid‐2000s. The policies of the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis (GF) have not excluded fragile states, and this source has provided financing for these countries according to standardized procedures. They represent interesting cases for exploring the meaning and role of measurement in a globalized context. Measurement in the field of HIV/AIDS and its treatment has given rise to a private outsourcing of expertise and auditing, thereby creating a new form of value based on the social process of registration and the creation of realities produced by the intervention itself. These “scriptural economies” must be questioned in terms of the production of knowledge, but also in terms of social justice. Governing HIV/AIDS treatments by numbers in a fragile state is explored in this article through the experience of the Central African Republic (CAR) in terms of epidemiology and access to antiretroviral drugs. The unexpected effects of performance‐based programs in this context underline the need for global health governance to be re‐embedded into a social justice framework.
Understanding Health Research Ethics in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Jeevan Raj , Khatri Rekha , Harper Ian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnlike other countries in South Asia, in Nepal research in the health sector has a relatively recent history. Most health research activities in the country are sponsored by international collaborative assemblages of aid agencies and universities. Data from Nepal Health Research Council shows that, officially, 1,212 health research activities have been carried out between 1991 and 2014. These range from addressing immediate health problems at the country level through operational research, to evaluations and programmatic interventions that are aimed at generating evidence, to more systematic research activities that inform global scientific and policy debates. Established in 1991, the Ethical Review Board of the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) is the central body that has the formal regulating authority of all the health research activities in country, granted through an act of parliament. Based on research conducted between 2010 and 2013, and a workshop on research ethics that the authors conducted in July 2012 in Nepal as a part of the on‐going research, this article highlights the emerging regulatory and ethical fields in this low‐income country that has witnessed these increased health research activities. Issues arising reflect this particular political economy of research (what constitutes health research, where resources come from, who defines the research agenda, culture of contract research, costs of review, developing Nepal's research capacity, through to the politics of publication of data/findings) and includes questions to emerging regulatory and ethical frameworks.
The external globus pallidus: progress and perspectives
Authors: Hegeman Daniel J. , Hong Ellie S. , Hernández Vivian M. , Chan C. Savio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia is in a unique and powerful position to influence processing of motor information by virtue of its widespread projections to all basal ganglia nuclei. Despite the clinical importance of theGPe in common motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, there is only limited information about its cellular composition and organizational principles. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the diversity in the molecular profile, anatomy, physiology and corresponding behaviour during movement ofGPe neurons are described. Importantly, this study attempts to build consensus and highlight commonalities of the cellular classification based on existing but contentious literature. Additionally, an analysis of the literature concerning the intricate reciprocal loops formed between theGPe and major synaptic partners, including both the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus, is provided. In conclusion, theGPe has emerged as a crucial node in the basal ganglia macrocircuit. While subtleties in the cellular makeup and synaptic connection of theGPe create new challenges, modern research tools have shown promise in untangling such complexity, and will provide better understanding of the roles of theGPe in encoding movements and their associated pathologies.
What affects the subjective sleep quality of hospitalized elderly patients?
Authors: Park Mi Jeong , Kim Kon Hee 
Published: February 2016

AimThe present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the subjective sleep quality in elderly inpatients.MethodsThe participants were 290 older adults admitted in three general hospitals. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of scales for general characteristics, sleep quality, activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living and depression. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t‐test, one‐way anova, Scheffé post‐hoc, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in sleep quality according to age, education level, marital status, monthly income and number of cohabitants. The most powerful predictor of sleep quality was depression (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.30). Five variables, depression, perceived health status, diagnosis, number of cohabitants and duration of hospitalization; explained 43.0% of the total variance in sleep quality.ConclusionsElderly inpatients suffered from low sleep quality, and depression affected their sleep. We should develop and apply hospital‐tailored sleep interventions considering older adults' depression, and then hospitalized older adults' sleep could improve. Furthermore, it is useful to identify other sleep‐related factors. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 471–479.
Pelvic venous congestion with castration causes chronic prostatitis in rats
Authors: Sugaya Kimio , Nishijima Saori , Kadekawa Katsumi , Ashitomi Katsuhiro , Ueda Tomoyuki , Yamamoto Hideyuki 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether castration combined with pelvic congestion could cause chronic prostatitis, and to examine the effect of eviprostat in this rat model.MethodsMale rats were divided into three groups, which were the sham, castration combined with pelvic congestion and castration combined with pelvic congestion plus eviprostat groups. Rats in the castration combined with pelvic congestion and castration combined with pelvic congestion plus eviprostat groups were anesthetized with isoflurane, after which ligation of the bilateral common iliac veins and castration were carried out. The sham and castration combined with pelvic congestion groups were fed a standard diet, whereas the castration combined with pelvic congestion plus eviprostat group was fed the same diet containing 0.1% eviprostat. After 4 weeks, continuous cystometry was carried out under urethane anesthesia. Then the bladder and the prostate gland were subjected to histological examination.ResultsThere was no significant difference of the interval between bladder contractions in the sham and castration combined with pelvic congestion plus eviprostat groups, but the interval in the castration combined with pelvic congestion group was significantly shorter than the other groups. There was no difference in the maximum bladder contraction pressure among the three groups. Pathological inflammatory changes of the bladder wall were slightly more severe in the castration combined with pelvic congestion and castration combined with pelvic congestion plus eviprostat groups than in the sham group, whereas bladder vascularity was increased in the castration combined with pelvic congestion plus eviprostat group. In addition, pathological inflammatory changes and glandular atrophy of the prostate were more severe in the castration combined with pelvic congestion and castration combined with pelvic congestion plus eviprostat groups than in the sham group.ConclusionThis rat model of pelvic congestion with castration might assist in the development of new treatments for chronic prostatitis and frequency.
Epidemiology of in‐hospital mortality in acute patients admitted to a tertiary‐level hospital
Authors: Le Guen M. , Tobin A. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundHealthcare professionals may have difficulty in recognising the dying patient in acute care settings, and yet, this is essential if timely end‐of‐life care is to be provided. While approximately one‐third of patients who pass away in‐hospital are reviewed by the rapid response team (RRT), there is limited available research on other factors associated with mortality within the hospital setting.AimsTo describe the epidemiology of in‐hospital mortality within a tertiary‐level hospital, particularly in the context of RRT activation.MethodsWe utilised the database extraction of demographic, admission and RRT activation data on acute patients discharged from an Australian acute tertiary hospital between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2013. Analyses included simple descriptors, Chi‐squared and non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests as appropriate.ResultsOf the 44 297 patients discharged from our hospital, 1603 died during admission. The general medical, haematology/oncology and intensive care teams provided care for the majority of the patients who died. A small number of diagnoses had in‐patient mortality rates of greater than 25%. These included respiratory failure, alcoholic liver disease, vascular disorders of the intestine, sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. Over 75% of patients who received a RRT call survived to hospital discharge; however, patients who received four or more RRT calls during admission had an in‐hospital mortality rate of over 40%.ConclusionAcute in‐patient mortality is unequally distributed throughout the hospital, and a small number of diagnoses has large associated in‐patient mortality rates. Repeated involvement of the RRT is associated with in‐patient mortality.
Genetic background affects the expansion of macrophage subsets in the lungs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected hosts
Authors: Bertolini Thais Barboza , de Souza Alexandre Ignacio , Gembre Ana Flávia , Piñeros Annie Rocio , Prado Rafael de Queiroz , Silva João Santana , Ramalho Leandra Naira Zambelli , Bonato Vânia Luiza Deperon 
Published: February 2016

SummaryM1 macrophages are more effective in the induction of the inflammatory response and clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis than M2 macrophages. Infected C57BL/6 mice generate a stronger cellular immune response compared with BALB/c mice. We hypothesized that infected C57BL/6 mice would exhibit a higher frequency and function of M1 macrophages than infected BALB/c mice. Our findings show a higher ratio of macrophages to M2 macrophages in the lungs of chronically infected C57BL/6 mice compared with BALB/c mice. However, there was no difference in the functional ability of M1 and M2 macrophages for the two strains in vitro. In vivo, a deleterious role for M2 macrophages was confirmed by M2 cell transfer, which rendered the infected C57BL/6, but not the BALB/c mice, more susceptible and resulted in mild lung inflammation compared with C57BL/6 mice that did not undergo cell transfer. M1 cell transfer induced a higher inflammatory response, although not protective, in infected BALB/c mice compared with their counterparts that did not undergo cell transfer. These findings demonstrate that an inflammation mediated by M1 macrophages may not induce bacterial tolerance because protection depends on the host genetic background, which drives the magnitude of the inflammatory response against M. tuberculosis in the pulmonary microenvironment. The contribution of our findings is that although M1 macrophage is an effector leucocyte with microbicidal machinery, its dominant role depends on the balance of M1 and M2 subsets, which is driven by the host genetic background.
Emotional labour and work engagement among nurses: examining perceived compassion, leadership and work ethic as stress buffers
Authors: Mauno Saija , Ruokolainen Mervi , Kinnunen Ulla , De Bloom Jessica 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimThe study examined whether three resources, that is, compassion, transformational leadership and work ethic feasibility, buffer against the negative effects of emotional labour on work engagement.BackgroundEmotional labour is a common job stressor among nurses, but little is known about whether certain personal and work resources buffer against it in relation to work engagement. Revealing buffers of emotional labour would help organizations to design tailored interventions.DesignCross‐sectional online survey conducted in 2014.MethodsParticipants were 3466 Finnish nurses. Hypotheses were tested via hierarchical moderated regression analyses.ResultsHigher emotional labour related to lower engagement. Two interaction effects were found. First, work ethic feasibility buffered against emotional labour: the nurses who perceived work ethic feasibility as high in a situation of high emotional labour, scored higher on engagement compared with those nurses who in this stress situation perceived work ethic feasibility to be low. Second, high compassion was detrimental to engagement in the presence of high emotional labour. Transformational leadership did not act as a buffer but showed a positive relationship with engagement.ConclusionWork ethic feasibility (being able to work according to high ethical standards) is an important resource in nursing as it protects an employee against the negative effects of emotional labour and as it also directly promotes engagement. However, compassion may not always be beneficial in nursing, especially if co‐occurring with high job stress. Transformational leadership has potential to improve engagement in nursing although it may not operate as a stress buffer.
A statement synthesis of emotional eating and body size recognition: advancing nursing science related to obesity research
Authors: Mareno Nicole , Annesi James J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimA discussion of a statement synthesis of the relationship between the concepts of emotional eating and body size recognition.BackgroundThe interrelatedness of the concepts of emotional eating and body size recognition is poorly understood; however, both factors significantly impact weight management. Nurses can be instrumental in developing more effective weight management interventions as a critical step in helping to ameliorate the public health burden of obesity.DesignThis discussion article reports a literary statement synthesis.Data sourcesFive quantitative research studies from 1996 ‐ 2014 were identified, which examined the relationship between the concepts.Implications for nursingA relational statement delineating the direct association between the amount of self‐reported emotional eating and an adult individual's recognition of their body size was constructed. Construction of a relational statement about emotional eating and recognition of body size is a step in the nursing theory‐building process.ConclusionThe constructed relational statement will guide future research and nursing theory development and may ultimately help to construct more effective weight management interventions.
High glucose concentration induces endothelial cell proliferation by regulating cyclin‐D2‐related miR‐98
Authors: Li Xin‐Xin , Liu Yue‐Mei , Li You‐Jie , Xie Ning , Yan Yun‐Fei , Chi Yong‐Liang , Zhou Ling , Xie Shu‐Yang , Wang Ping‐Yu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCyclin D2 is involved in the pathology of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigated the role of cyclin‐D2‐regulated miRNAs in endothelial cell proliferation of T2DM. Results showed that higher glucose concentration (4.5 g/l) significantly promoted the proliferation of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAOECs), and significantly increased the expression of cyclin D2 and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma 1 (p‐RB1) in RAOECs compared with those under low glucose concentration. The cyclin D2‐3′ untranslated region is targeted by miR‐98, as demonstrated by miRNA analysis software. Western blot also confirmed that cyclin D2 and p‐RB1 expression was regulated by miR‐98. The results indicated that miR‐98 treatment can induce RAOEC apoptosis. The suppression of RAOEC growth by miR‐98 might be related to regulation of Bcl‐2, Bax and Caspase 9 expression. Furthermore, the expression levels of miR‐98 decreased in 4.5 g/l glucose‐treated cells compared with those treated by low glucose concentration. Similarly, the expression of miR‐98 significantly decreased in aortas of established streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rat model compared with that in control rats; but cyclin D2 and p‐RB1 levels remarkably increased in aortas of STZ‐induced diabetic rats compared with those in healthy control rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that high glucose concentration induces cyclin D2 up‐regulation and miR‐98 down‐regulation in the RAOECs. By regulating cyclin D2, miR‐98 can inhibit human endothelial cell growth, thereby providing novel therapeutic targets for vascular complication of T2DM.
Aminolevulinic acid and methyl aminolevulinate equally effective in topical photodynamic therapy for non‐melanoma skin cancers
Authors: Tarstedt M. , Gillstedt M. , Wennberg Larkö A.‐M. , Paoli J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundTopical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for superficial non‐melanoma skin cancers. Two prodrugs, 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), are available for clinical use. There is, however, a lack of studies comparing the clinical effectiveness of these two prodrugs.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to compare the clinical response between ALA‐ and MAL‐PDT when treating actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease (BD), nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC) and superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC).MethodsDuring the period 2002–2009, patients with AK, BD, nBCC and sBCC were treated with ALA‐ and MAL‐PDT at the Department of Dermatology at Karlskoga Hospital in Sweden using a fixed protocol. All patients were followed up approximately 6 months after treatment to evaluate the clinical results, which were analysed retrospectively.ResultsIn total, 116 patients with 203 tumours were treated with PDT during the study period. ALA‐ and MAL‐PDT were used for 24 vs. 44 AK fields, 9 vs. 18 BD lesions, 19 vs. 25 nBCCs and 25 vs. 39 sBCCs. Response rates with ALA‐ and MAL‐PDT, respectively, were 63% and 75% for AK, 89% and 78% for BD, 84% and 84% for nBCC and 88% and 87% for sBCC. There were no statistically significant differences in the complete clinical response rates for ALA‐ and MAL‐PDT when used for any of the four lesion types.ConclusionALA‐ and MAL‐PDT appear to be equally effective in the treatment of AK, BD, nBCC and sBCC. Nevertheless, larger, prospective, randomized and controlled studies should be carried out to confirm these results.