bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of external climate forcing for the variability and trends of coastal upwelling in past and future climate
Authors: Tim Nele , Zorita Eduardo , Hünicke Birgit , Yi Xing , Emeis Kay-Christian 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The eastern boundary upwelling systems, located in the subtropics at the eastern boundary of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and mainly driven by the trade winds, are the major coastal upwelling regions. Previous studies have suggested that the intensity of upwelling in these areas in the past centuries may have been influenced by the external radiative forcing, for instance by changes in solar irradiance, and it will also be influenced in the future by the increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases. Here, we analyse the impact of the external climate forcing on these upwelling systems in ensembles of simulations of two Earth system models. The ensembles contain three simulations for each period covering the past millennium (900–1849) and the 20th century (1850–2005). One of these Earth system models additionally includes the near future (2006–2100). Using a set of simulations, differing only in their initial conditions, enables us to test whether the observed variability and trends are driven by the external radiative forcing. Our analysis shows that the variability of the simulated upwelling is largely not affected by the external forcing and that, generally, there are no significant trends in the periods covering the past and future. Only in future simulations with the strongest increase of greenhouse gas concentrations the upwelling trends are significant and appear in all members of the ensemble.
Svangerskapskomplikasjoner og risikoen for astma blant nordmenn født 1967-1993
Authors: Nafstad Per , Samuelsen Sven O. , Irgens Lorentz M. , Bjerkedal Tor 
Published: June 2016

Bakgrunn Metode Resultater Konklusjon Background : Fetal life events may affect the development of the immune and/or respiratory system and increase the risk of asthma and allergic diseases. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that pregnancy complications are associated with the risk of developing asthma in the offspring.Methods : The study population comprised Norwegian live births 1967-1993 (n = 1 548 429) linking the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) (exposure variables) and the National Insurance Administration Register (NIAR) (outcome variables), which covers all Norwegians. The MBRN variables included pregnancy complications, pregnancy outcomes and diseases of the mother. The NIAR provided data on all Norwegians who had received cash benefit for treatment of asthma from 1967 to 1996 (n = 5938, 3.9/1000 persons).Results : In multiple logistic regression analysis, pregnancy complications (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-8 codes: 630-34) were associated with the risk of asthma (odds ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.67–1.98). This was also the case if analyses were performed in different strata according to year of birth, plurality, maternal atopy, geographical district of birth, and maternal education.Conclusions : Pregnancy complications may represent risk factors for the development of asthma in the offspring or express early signs of increased risk for developing the disease.: Svangerskapskomplikasjoner hos mor kan gi økt risiko for utvikling av astma hos barnet eller utrykke tidlige tegn på økt risiko for å utvikle sykdommen: Multipell logistisk regresjonsanalyse viste at svangerskapskomplikasjoner (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-8 kode 630-34) var assosiert med risikoen for å ha fått grunn- og/eller hjelpestønad for astma (odds ratio 1,82, 95% konfidensintervall: 1,67–1,98). Dette var også tilfelle hvis analysene ble utført i forskjellige strata av fødselsår, pluralitet, atopisk sykdom hos mor, utdanningsnivå hos mor og hvor i landet fødselen fant sted.: Undersøkelsespopulasjonen består av levende fødte nordmenn født i perioden 1967-1993(n = 1 548 429). Opplysninger fra Medisinsk fødselsregister (MFR) ble koblet med opplysninger fra Rikstrygdeverket om mottatt grunn- og hjelpestønad. Fødselsregisteret inneholder opplysninger om svangerskapskomplikasjoner og sykdommer hos den gravide/fødende mor og Rikstrygdeverkets register inneholder opplysninger og diagnoser over alle nordmenn som har motatt grunn- og hjelpestønad pga. astma i perioden 1967-1996 (n = 5938, 3,9/1000 personer).: Det er mulig at forhold og hendelser i svangerskapet kan påvirke utviklingen av immunog/eller respirasjonssystemet og dermed øke risikoen for å utvikle astma og allergiske lidelser. I denne artikkelen testes hypotesen om hvorvidt svangerskapskomplikasjoner påvirker risikoen for at barn utvikler astma.
Distal upper limb disorders and ergonomics of VDU work: a review of the epidemiological evidence
Authors: Veiersted Kaj Bo , Wærsted Morten 
Published: June 2016

A review is presented of epidemiological peer-reviewed publications that relate the mechanicalexposure of the arm in work with visual display units (VDU) to musculoskeletal disorders of the upperlimb. The twenty included studies were divided into those with (1-7) and without (8-21) use of physicalexamination in the definition of cases. The main conclusion of this review is the documentation ofevidence for the VDU work per se, none or insufficient lower arm support and non-neutral positions ofthe wrist as predictors of distal upper limb disorders (DULDs). These findings are based solely onstudies that use physical examination or objective signs to define the DULDs, and the conclusions arenot changed after inclusion of studies based only on self-reported symptoms. When the last category ofstudies is included as documentation in the review, the amount of VDU work (and an exposuredose/effect relationship) will also be documented as predictors. The referred studies indicated that notonly the VDU work per se, but also (and in particular) VDU work for more than 20 hours per weekcombined with limited opportunity for rest breaks and without lower arm support is a predictor ofDULDs. Another conclusion is that critical reviews may benefit from use of both strict criteria and lessstrict criteria for inclusion of studies, to optimize the conclusions drawn from existing documentation.
Individuell variasjon i utskillelse av 6-sulfatoksymelatonin og døgnrytmetype analysert hos skiftarbeidere
Authors: Tynes Tore , Haugsdal Bjarte , Kleiven Magnar , Tønnessen Arnfinn 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGI denne studien har vi undersøkt om det finnes noen sammenheng mellom målte verdier av urinmetabolitten6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) tatt ut i porsjoner gjennom døgnet og selvrapportert døgnrytme hos engruppe norske skiftarbeidere. Studien omfatter 19 arbeidstakere ved to produksjonsenheter ved HydroPorsgrunn, magnesiumfabrikken og fullgjødselfabrikk 3. Etter å ha deltatt i en studie der urinprøver blesamlet inn, svarte de involverte senere på et spørreskjema om søvn og døgnrytme. Resultatene indikerer ategenrapporterte B-type mennesker har en tendens til høyere midlere timeutskillelse av aMT6s analysert pådøgnbasis første døgn med nattskift, og en signifikant høyere nattutskillelse (8 timer) i et kontrolldøgnhjemme. I fremtidige studier av melatoninsekresjon og utskillelse av metabolitt i urin, kan det være avinteresse samtidig å samle inn spørreskjemabaserte opplysninger om døgnrytmetype og utfyllende opplysningerom søvn og søvnmønster i relasjon til eksponeringer som skiftarbeid og andre arbeidsmiljøfaktorersom kan ha effekt på hormonbalansen.Tynes T, Haugsdal B, Tønnessen A, Kleiven M. Individual variations in excretion of6-sulfatoxymelatonin in morning and evening type Norwegian shift workers.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between measured values of the urinemetabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) in samples collected at selected intervals and self-reported diurnalrhythm in a group of Norwegian shift workers. The study included 19 workers at two production unitsat Hydro Porsgrunn, the magnesium factory and fertiliser factory 3. After submitting the urine samplesused for the study, subjects filled in a questionnaire on sleep and diurnal rhythm at a later date. The resultsindicate that self-reported evening type subjects have a tendency towards a higher mean hourly aMT6ssecretionfirst day on night shift, and a significantly higher night secretion (8 hours) analysed for a controlday at home. In future studies on secretion of melatonin and its metabolite in urine, the collection ofquestionnaire-based information on diurnal type, sleep and sleep pattern in relation to exposures like shiftwork, and other work-related factors with potential effect on hormone balance might be of interest.1999; 9 (1): 33-38.
Multiple pregnancies among women engaged in agriculture in Norway
Authors: Kristensen Petter , Irgens Lorentz M. 
Published: June 2016

Background. Methods. Results. !30 years, and were more likely to undergo invitro fertilization (IVF). Combined grain farming and seaso nal late blight warnings did not influence theprevalence of DZ pregnancies. Unexpectedly, the same climate variable, in combination with horticulture,was negatively associated with DZ pregnancies (PR 0.3; 95% confidence interval 0.1–0.7).Conclusion. Active Norwegian farmers seem to have a somewhat higher natural occurrence of DZ pregnanciesthan mothers in non-farming sectors of the agricultural population. After the late 1970s this situationwas reversed, mainly because the latter group consisted of more older first-time mothers, and probablywith a higher need of assisted fertility treatment. Interpretations are difficult concerning the inverse relationbetween DZ pregnancy and climatic conditions in horticulture.We identified 2,131 (11.2 per 1,000) multiple pregnancies, 1,322 (6.9) were classified as DZ. Theprevalence of DZ pregnancies was declining until the late 1970s, and increased thereafter. The agriculturalpopulation of Norway is heterogeneous along two dimensions, with a difference between farmers and nonfarmers(mainly engaged in forestry), and a difference according to degree of maternal work input on thefarm holding. Farmers, in particular active farmers, had more DZ pregnancies than non-farmers early in thestudy period; this ratio was reversed late in the study period. Non-farmers had a much higher temporalincrease in the proportion of first-time mothers who were By record linkage of national registers in Norway, we identified 246,043 farm holders andspouses born between 1925 and 1971 in agricultural censuses and the population register. In this population,190,258 pregnancies were recorded in the Medical Birth Registry 1967-91. The prevalences ofmultiple pregnancy, subdivided in DZ and monozygotic (MZ) pregnancies, were examined in strata ofseveral determinants. Exposure, defined as the combination of grain farming and categories of seasonalfungal warnings, was based on data on farm activity and on local fungal warnings in the growth seasons.Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) served as estimates of association.SUMMARY The worldwide occurrence of dizygotic (DZ) multiple pregnancies has increased since 1980as a consequence of assisted fertilization techniques. An opposite influence by environmental factors yetunidentified has been a suspected explanation of decreased multiple pregnancies in several countriesduring 1960-1980. The aim of our study was to describe multiple, in particular DZ, pregnancy patterns inthe Norwegian agricultural population between 1967 and 1991, and to investigate the hypothesis that grainproduction under climatic conditions favoring fungal growth causes a decline in DZ pregnancies.
Ørebetennelser hos barn – "alle har noen, men gutter har flest"
Authors: Kværner Kari J. 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGMellomørebetennelse, eller otitis media, er en infeksjons- eller inflammasjonsprosess i mellomøret somogså rammer de tilgrensende avsnitt av denne delen av øvre luftveier, dvs. tuba auditiva og mastoidcellene,selv om disse sjelden gir manifeste symptomer. OM er nesten alltid sekundært til en oppadstigendeslimhinnepatologi i nesen, epipharynx og tuba auditiva.Kværner KJ. Otitis media in children. Nor J Epidemiol 1999; 9 (2): 123-127. ENGLISH SUMMARYOtitis media refers to an infection or inflammation of the middle ear cavity that also affects the eustachiantube and the mastoid cells. Otitis media is almost always caused by an ascending pathology of theepithelial and subepithelial layers of the middle ear mucoperiostium. This paper firstly describes theclassification and distribution of otitis media. Next, using Norwegian data, host related risk factors forotitis media are discussed, particularly focusing on gender differences.
Public Philosophy and Philosophical Publics: Performative Publishing and the Cultivation of Community
Authors: de Avillez André Rosenbaum , Fisher Mark D. , Klotz Kris , Long Christopher P. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The emergence of new platforms for public communication, public deliberation, and public action presents new possibilities for forming, organizing, and mobilizing public bodies, which invite philosophical reflection concerning the standards we currently look to for coordinating public movements and for evaluating their effects. Developing a broad understanding of public philosophy, this article begins with the view of philosophy and intellectual freedom articulated in Kant's publicly oriented writings. We then focus on the power of philosophical discourse to form and further articulate public bodies. Drawing on Dewey's work, we discuss the role of philosophical discourse in the articulation of publics into self-regulated, sovereign entities. We conclude with an account of how publishing itself might come to play an important role in the practice of public philosophy in a digital age.
Engineered Mesenchymal Cells Improve Passive Immune Protection Against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Exposure
Authors: Braid Lorena R. , Hu Wei-Gang , Davies John E. , Nagata Les P. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being exploited as gene delivery vectors for various disease and injury therapies. We provide proof-of-concept that engineered MSCs can provide a useful, effective platform for protection against infectious disease. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen affecting humans and equines and can be used in bio-warfare. No licensed vaccine or antiviral agent currently exists to combat VEEV infection in humans. Direct antibody administration (passive immunity) is an effective, but short-lived, method of providing immediate protection against a pathogen. We compared the protective efficacy of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs; a rich source of MSCs), engineered with a transgene encoding a humanized VEEV-neutralizing antibody (anti-VEEV), to the purified antibody. In athymic mice, the anti-VEEV antibody had a half-life of 3.7 days, limiting protection to 2 or 3 days after administration. In contrast, engineered HUCPVCs generated protective anti-VEEV serum titers for 21–38 days after a single intramuscular injection. At 109 days after transplantation, 10% of the mice still had circulating anti-VEEV antibody. The mice were protected against exposure to a lethal dose of VEEV by an intramuscular pretreatment injection with engineered HUCPVCs 24 hours or 10 days before exposure, demonstrating both rapid and prolonged immune protection. The present study is the first to describe engineered MSCs as gene delivery vehicles for passive immunity and supports their utility as antibody delivery vehicles for improved, single-dose prophylaxis against endemic and intentionally disseminated pathogens.

Significance
Direct injection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important strategy to immediately protect the recipient from a pathogen. This strategy is critical during natural outbreaks or after the intentional release of bio-weapons. Vaccines require weeks to become effective, which is not practical for first responders immediately deployed to an infected region. However, mAb recipients often require booster shots to maintain protection, which is expensive and impractical once the first responders have been deployed. The present study has shown, for the first time, that mesenchymal stromal cells are effective gene delivery vehicles that can significantly improve mAb-mediated immune protection in a single, intramuscular dose of engineered cells. Such a cell-based delivery system can provide extended life-saving protection in the event of exposure to biological threats using a more practical, single-dose regimen.
Opérationnaliser la théorie de la justice sociale d’Amartya Sen au champ de l’orientation scolaire : les apports d’une étude multicas qualitative et comparative
Authors: Picard France , Pilote Annie , Turcotte Michel , Goastellec Gaële , Olympio Noémie 
Published: June 2016

Cette recherche traite des dispositifs d’orientation scolaire et professionnelle (DOSP) voués au soutien et à l’accompagnement de jeunes inégalement dotés dans leur parcours d’orientation au moment de la transition vers l’enseignement supérieur. Des innovations méthodologiques étaient requises afin d’étudier cette question dans la perspective théorique de justice sociale d’Amartya Sen (1992), dont l’élaboration et la vérification des qualités scientifiques d’outils de récolte de données dans une étude comparative internationale. Cette étude multicas se fonde sur cinq pays : le Burkina Faso, le Canada, la France, la Turquie et la Suisse. Dans chacun des cas, des données qualitatives ont été récoltées sur le système éducatif, sur l’organisation des services et sur les prestations de services d’orientation. Vingt-six entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés auprès de responsables de service, de conseillères et conseillers d’orientation-psychologues ainsi que de jeunes en transition vers l’enseignement supérieur. La validité interne ou crédibilité des outils a été assurée tout au long de l’élaboration et des révisions du protocole de recherche, empruntant les procédés propres à l’étude de cas. La vérification de la validité de construit et de la validité externe ou transférabilité, effectuée à partir des données de la préenquête, a mis en lumière la valeur heuristique des outils. Au final, le cadre comparatif des DOSP, présenté en annexe, compte parmi les toutes premières formes d’opérationnalisation du cadre théorique de Sen au champ de l’orientation.
Étude de la biodégradation des feuilles d’eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) et de laurier rose (Nerium oleander) dans l’eau de l’Oued Aïn Chkef au Maroc
Authors: Bouraada Khalid , Essafi Mariam 
Published: June 2016

Cet article traite de l’aspect global et des effets positifs etnégatifs du phénomène de la décompositiondes feuilles, qui représente l’une des principalescaractéristiques du fonctionnement hétérotrophedes milieux aquatiques. L’objectif de cette étudeétait d’évaluer la relation entre les coursd’eau et les milieux terrestres adjacents, puisque c’est auniveau des interfaces terre/eau que se résument les grandesétapes du fonctionnement d’un écosystème.Nous avons utilisé la technique des sacs à mailles, avecdes sachets de 0,5 cm d’ouverture de mailles permettant ainsi unaccès plus facile à la majeure partie desinvertébrés aquatiques qui interviennent dans ladégradation des feuilles dans l’eau. Les sachetsétaient introduits dans l’eau avec deux ou trois pierrespermettant de les lester au fond. Au niveau de la dégradationdes feuilles, nous avons constaté que les feuilles de laurierrose se décomposent et perdent leurs poids plus rapidement quecelles d’eucalyptus, une perte d’ailleurs trèsrapide puisqu’elle atteint la valeur de 70 % du poidsinitial en 30 jours seulement. Cette perte du poids initial pourraitêtre liée au phénomène de lessivage desfeuilles, lui-même dépendant de la texture et de lastructure des feuilles et de l’action desinvertébrés, particulièrement celle des mollusques(dilacérateurs) et des diptères (filtreurs) quicontribuent pour une part très importante dans ladégradation des feuilles. Cette période est assez rapidepour les feuilles de laurier rose (15 jours), alors qu’elle estrelativement longue pour celles d’eucalyptus (30 jours) dont lacolonisation par les invertébrés, aussi bien en nombrequ’en biomasse, demeure plus faible par rapport à celledes feuilles de laurier.
Understanding Turnover as a Lifecycle Process: The Case of Young Nurses
Authors: Côté Nancy 
Published: June 2016

Based on the life course perspective and the sociology of individuation, this article aims to examine the temporal processes at work in the decision of nurses to leave their jobs and the role played by different life contexts in guiding this decision. A qualitative study was conducted with nurses in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons why so many young nurses decide to leave their jobs.
The theoretical perspective used focuses on the importance of considering the interaction between the different spheres of a person’s life, the social environment in which they live and the work-related decisions they make. We conducted life-narrative interviews during which the nurses were asked about their overall work trajectory and the events in their work, personal, family, and social lives which, in their opinion, contributed to their decision to leave their jobs. A total of 26 nurses under the age of 35 were interviewed. The data analysis helped to identify several job-leaving pathways structured around three main dimensions: 1- the temporal aspects of the job-leaving pathways (short or long term); 2- the nurses’ subjective work experience; and 3- the stage in the nurses’ work lives or personal lives in which they found themselves when they made the decision.
The findings reveal that the nurses’ decision to leave their jobs represents a complex process that developed over a short or longer period of time and involved various dimensions of their lives. Our analysis brought out two sources of tension underlying the nurses’ decision to leave their jobs: 1- a gap between their expectations regarding the possibilities for self-realization in their jobs and the concrete realities of work; and 2- a job situation that limited the possibilities to self-realize in other spheres of their lives.
Words at Work: Constructing a Labour Conflict
Authors: Reshef Yonatan , Keim Charles 
Published: June 2016

We use the 2011-12 conflict between the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation (BCTF) and the British Columbia (BC) government to explore how the union president, Susan Lambert, used language to bring the conflict into being and mobilize union members in opposition to the government. We use newspaper articles and archival material from mid-2011 to June 2012 to explore how Lambert identified the core issues and actors, prescribed roles, relationships and actions, and, importantly, inspired a will to act in union members and supporters.To explore how she constructed the conflict, we adopt a mobilization theory developed by scholars of social movement organizations (SMO). Snow and Benford (1988: 200-202) conceptualize three core pillars of conflict: 1-diagnostic framingidentifies a problem, attributes blame or causality, and identifies the key actors; 2-prognostic framingoffers a solution and identifies strategies, tactics and targets; 3-motivational framingprovides a call to arms, or rationale for action while inspiring an urge to act among members and supporters. In exploring how she urged action among members, we use the four archetypal legitimation strategies identified by Van Leeuwen (2008) and Van Leeuwen and Wodak (1999): authorization, rationalization, moralization and mythopoesis.McAdam (1982: 48) argues that before collective action can begin people must come to view their situation as unjust and subject to change. We use the above framework to structure our exploration of how the union president used language to frame members’ understanding of the conflict. Through language she ushered the reality of labour conflict into being and constructed a reality in which union members could identify themselves as agents of protest and change.