bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Prediction of the Transient Response Sensitivity of High Order Linear Systems Using Low Order Models’
Authors: Towill D. R. , Mehdi Z. 
Published: November 2015

It is shown that low order models can be used to predict adequately the transient response sensitivity of high order linear systems, thus leading to a great reduction in time and complexity during analogue or digital computation, as well as facilitating the understanding of the sensitivity functions themselves. Experimental results on an analogue model of a sixth order aircraft blind landing system confirm the adequacy of the procedure. In this instance the use of the low order model eliminates six integrators from the analysis and it is to be expected that higher order systems will lead to even greater savings. The example used to illustrate the procedure is the practical problem of setting parameter tolerances given acceptable bounds of transient performance. A new low order model is introduced, and when compared with alternative models proposed elsewhere in the literature is found to give an encouraging accuracy of prediction. The new model is particularly useful if the sensitivity analysis is undertaken on an analogue computer.
Business Risk as a Controlled Variable
Authors: Bane W. T. 
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the concept of risk as a factor in the conduct of business enterprises and its control as a necessary pre-occupation of managers of the enterprise. In the paper a highly simplified representation of an enterprise will be put forward and the behaviour of the risk inherent in the enterprise explored to show qualitatively the effects of bad control of risk. The mathematics of the model and control of risk have not been worked out but qualitatively its behaviour corresponds sufficiently with some aspects of real life to suggest that a rigorous theoretical study would be of value.
Measurement Problems in Rolling Mills
Authors: Johnson T. W. 
Published: November 2015

During the conference, a number of measuring instruments, control methods and strategies were described. This, the opening paper, set the broad background against which the later papers were discussed. The emphasis on the broad background is because measurement and control problems in rolling mills are not only technical, those of environment, which is usually the predominantly discussed feature, and performance, but include development, procurement, maintenance and operator acceptance and usage. These factors are combined in an overall concept of cost/benefit and it is the author's belief that, when embarking on a particular instrument or control development, as far as possible all these facets must be considered at the outset and not met individually on an ad hoc basis as the project develops. We should examine critically how much costs are inflated and problems multiplied by treating each installation and development as a separate and unique problem, particularly for the case of special instruments. This has been attempted in what follows which, it is emphasised, is a personal view.
Calibration of High Pressure Gas Meters with Sonic Nozzles
Authors: Peignelin M G 
Published: November 2015

At present, gas meters are calibrated under low pressure with standard Bell provers. As the meters can be used under high pressure on the network, the pressure effect upon the error curve must be determined. To avoid this drawback, we have been searching for another standard of gas flow rate at the Gaz de France test station which disposes of a natural gas having steady characteristics and capable of operating at a pressure of 50 bar and a flow rate about 12 000 m3/h (N). This study led us to the working out of a new technique based upon a critical flow meter: the venturi nozzle with a cylindrical throat. This paper presents: the results of the sonic nozzles calibration a description of the equipment composed of sonic nozzles to calibrate meters and some examples of the use of this standard of flow rate.
Identification of Non-Linear Multi-Variable Systems Subjected to Random Input Signals
Authors: Bell Donald 
Published: November 2015

In the optimal control of any physical process about its operating point, a requirement of prime importance is the identification of the process parameters. This requires the realisation of both the static and dynamic characteristics of the control system. A method of identifying multi-variable non-linear systems is presented in this paper. The method uses correlation techniques around the tracked operating point of the system. The correlation method uses several uncorrelated maximal length (pseudo-random) sequences of small amplitude as test signals. This facilitates on-line identification during the normal process operation. A further advantage of this method is that a system identification may be made in the presence of noise and other inherent disturbances. The technique is first applied to a multi-variable system containing cubic non-linearities and then to one containing four hysteresis elements. Finally, an identification was made of the non-linear cross-coupling dynamics between the roll and yaw axes of an aircraft.
Optimisation of an Amplidyne Speed Control System
Authors: Rashwan A. , Attia H. 
Published: November 2015

The optimal-linear-regulator theory is used to optimise an amplidyne speed control system subjected to a constant load disturbance. As such a regulatory system tends to a steady state in response to a step disturbance. To be able to use a quadratic performance index as an optimisation criterion, three different techniques of variable transformation which moved the steady state to the origin of co-ordinates were employed. The first modification technique yielded an optimal control proportional to the state and to the load disturbance, ie, Feedforward Control. The second method led to an optimal control proportional to the state and the time-integral of the speed error, ie, Integral Feedback Control, while the third resulted in an optimal control proportional to the state and to both the load disturbance and to the time-integral of the speed error. This third control may be described as Integral Feedback/Feedforward Control. The transient responses of the system in the three cases to a step load disturbance were calculated, and the Integral Feedback/Feedforward Control gave the best results.
Measurement of the Opacity of Smoke and Suspensions under Ambient Lighting Conditions
Authors: Churchley A. R. 
Published: November 2015

An entirely solid state photoelectric meter for the measurement of optical density is described. No light sealing arrangements are required, greatly simplifying the cleaning of the optical cell and facilitating the entry and exit of material when measurements are taken on flowing systems. Ambient light reaching the detector does not interfere with the measurements since the reference beam is coded. This beam is generated by a light emitting diode, avoiding many of the problems of conventional sources. The system has a wide application and its robustness should assure it a position in the field as well as the laboratory. Any change in the intensity of the reference beam can be measured, so the properties of transmissive, reflective or scattering systems may be measured.
Process Chromatography
Authors: Huyten F. H. 
Published: November 2015

Process chromatography has become the most important on-line analytical technique in process industry and there is little doubt that in the near future its position will become even more outstanding. New developments, especially the application of microprocessors, will lead to a further increase in reliability, capabilities and sophistication. The paper discusses the reasons why expensive analysers such as process chromatographs are installed to such an extent. It examines their advantages and shortcomings and indicates future needs and trends.
Kinetics of Fluoride in the Oral Fluids
Authors: Dawes C. , Weatherell J.A. 
Published: November 2015

The normal concentration of fluoride in saliva is about 1 μmol/L, which is somewhat less than that in plasma, and the salivary concentration is relatively independent of flow rate. Even this low concentration appears to be significant in terms of maintaining the integrity of tooth mineral. After fluoride consumption, the level in plasma peaks within less than an hour, and this produces a corresponding increase in salivary levels, which achieve baseline values usually within a few hours. At low concentrations (<4 mmol/L) in oral fluids, fluoride undergoes only slight reaction with tooth mineral to form fluorohydroxyapatite. However, at higher concentrations calcium fluoride is formed on the tooth surface. Although this mineral is sparingly soluble in saliva, the process of dissolution is retarded for periods of up to a week or longer by surface deposition of salivary phosphate and pyrophosphate. The rate of clearance of exogenous fluoride from saliva is prolonged when initial concentrations are high, due to the deposition of CaF2 on the tooth surface and its gradual dissolution. The clearance rate is also not constant throughout the mouth, but shows considerable site-specificity. In general, clearance is much more rapid lingually than buccally. This appears to be due to the greater lingual exposure to secretions from the major salivary glands, principally the submandibular, whereas buccally, mainly minor mucous gland secretions are present, and these are very viscous and flow at a slow rate.
The Addict and Alcoholic in Treatment: Some Comparisons
Authors: Huberty David J. 
Published: November 2015

In the past decade there have been dramatic increases in narcotic addiction. Figures from the Bureau of Narcotics range from a low of 46,000 addicts in the early 1960's* to a current estimate by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs of 375,000 narcotic addicts. ** Correspondingly, the need for drug treatment programs, personnel and methods has risen. One way to meet the epidemic has been through increased use of the ex-addict and ex-alcoholic as direct treatment personnel. This use of the paraprofessional has altered the role of the professional away from direct counseling and more in the direction of program planning and supervision. In this role, it is the responsibility of the professional to search out new modalities or combinations of treatment approaches and to retain sufficient flexibility in supervision and training so that a given patient is not limited to the exact method or philosophy of treatment that helped his ex-addict or ex-alcoholic counselor. Since social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists and other professionals are generally more familiar with the dynamics and treatment process of alcoholism than they are with narcotic addiction, a comparison of the two chemical dependencies provides a bridge of understanding that may assist the professional in becoming more familiar with the process of narcotic addiction rehabilitation and thereby assist him in his developing role as supervisor and program developer.
Addiction and Criminal Behavior: A Continuing Examination of Criminal Addicts
Authors: Weissman James C. , Marr Samuel W. , Katsampes Paul L. 
Published: November 2015

The study proposed to examine the relationship between opiate addiction and criminal behavior. The study group was composed of general arrestee population subjects who were identified as regular opiate users. The subjects were interviewed to determine demographic, drug use, and self-report criminal history data; arrest data were collected from official records. The study addressed three research questions: (1) the general effect of addiction upon criminal activity; (2) the effect of addiction upon specific offense categories; and (3) the variations of the effects of addiction upon criminal activity relative to the age of onset of addiction, race, and gender. Study results showed dramatic increases in criminal activity associated with the onset of addiction. The criminal activity increase was displayed in violent crime categories, as well as property acquisitive and drug offense categories. Some differences were apparent according to age of onset of addiction, race, and gender, but the study design did not warrant the drawing of definitive conclusions regarding the differences.
Partial Prohibition of Non-Medical Drug Use: A Proposal
Authors: Rosenthal Michael P. 
Published: November 2015

This article will examine partial prohibition of non-medically sanctioned use (“non-medical use”) of mind-altering drugs as a method of controlling and regulating non-medical use of these substances. Partial prohibition is a policy under which non-medical (1) simple possessions,1 and use, (2) importation, production and cultivation for personal use, and less certainly, (3) small gifts, and (4) even small sales, of mind-altering drugs would not be criminalized or prohibited.2 However, non-medical importation, production, and cultivation for the purpose of distribution; non-medical commercial distribution, and possibly all non-medical distribution; and operating a vehicle under the influence of a mind-altering drug, would be prohibited and criminalzied. Mind-altering drugs, as the term is used in this article, are the “controlled substances”:3 cocaine, amphetamines, and similar stimulants; barbiturates, non-barbiturate sedatives and hypnotics (for example, Quaalude), and minor tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium; strong hallucinogens such as LSD and PCP (“angel dust”); marihuana; and the opiate narcotics. It is the argument of this article that partial prohibition is a better method of control over most of “the controlled substances” than either the total prohibition of their non-medical distribution and use (prohibition of importation, production and cultivation regardless of their purposes, of distribution and of all possession) that prevails almost entirely today in this country, or than legalization of non-medical use of these drugs. Specifically, I view partial prohibition as the preferred method of control over all controlled substances other than marihuana ( i.e., heroin and other opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, and similar stimulants; barbiturates, non-barbiturate sedatives and hypnotics, and minor tranquilizers; and hallucinogens such as LSD and PCP). For marihuana, I see partial prohibition (which we are beginning to approach in “decriminalization” of possession and sometimes small gifts also) as better than total prohibition. But weighing the potential for harm of marihuana against the social costs of both total and partial prohibition, I submit that it would be preferable if marihuana were legalized or regulated.4 In addition, I propose that we institute carefully controlled experimental outpatient programs in which heroin addicts are lawfully maintained on heroin or injectable methadone.
Human Nature, Addictions, and the Geography of Disorder in Three Cultures
Authors: Frankel Barbara 
Published: November 2015

This paper compares social and cultural handling of addicted persons in three large-scale nation states: Russia, China and the United States—all three of which have defined alcoholism, opiate addiction or both as serious social problems calling for social control, and persons who abuse such substances as deviants. Implicated in all frameworks for classification of deviants are fundamental cultural images of “human nature,” and underlying these are notions of order and disorder in human existence. Cognitive mapping of the territory of Disorder in many cultures—including those considered here—draws an important boundary between “disordered” and “disorderly” behavior. Disordered persons are “sick,” hence blameless and in need of help, while disorderly persons are “criminals” or “evildoers,” hence culpable and requiring punishment. They fall, consequently, under the dominion of different sorts of agents of social control. Though the “topography” of the territory of disorder (i.e., features specifying the locus of the problem, given the nature of man as a species) remains rather stable within each cultural tradition, the “political” boundaries whereby deviants are assigned to various agents of social control (such as police or physicians) respond more readily to other social and historical changes. The addictions occupy an ambiguous position on the socio-cultural “maps” of all three cultures considered here, with addicts on the borderline of both “sick” and “criminal” territories. One function of modernization, however, seems to be to enlarge the population within the region inhabited by the “sick” as opposed to the “criminal.” In the United States, which has progressed to the post-industrial age, both addicts and alcoholics are increasingly assigned to the care of medical personnel, a trend far less advanced in the USSR and virtually absent in China. The test of this hypothesis, perhaps, is to witness what will now occur in China as she moves toward industrialization in the post-Mao era.
James M. Barrie and the Expanding Definition of Addiction
Authors: Alexander Bruce K. 
Published: November 2015

In the recent literature, the term, “addiction”, has been defined as overwhelming involvement with the use of any drug (Jaffe, 1980) or with any other activity (Peele, 1981). These broad definitions accurately reflect current research trends, but also create problems of clearly distinguishing addiction from healthy involvement and of explaining why “overwhelming involvement” should be considered pathological at all. A study of Sir James M. Barrie's life is used to address these issues. Barrie had several “overwhelming involvements” which make him ideal for a biographical study of addiction in the expanded sense. His life suggests two basic principles. First, that addiction entails intense involvement for the purpose of evading a crucial difficulty or conflict. Second, that addictive involvements tend to form an “addictive complex” in which no particular habit is essential. Should these concepts be borne out, they would help to clarify how addiction differs from other kinds of involvement and why it is properly considered pathological even when illicit drugs are not involved.
Drifting, Controlling and Overcoming: Opiate Users Who Avoid Becoming Chronically Dependent
Authors: Blackwell Judith Stephenson 
Published: November 2015

Despite extensive experience with opiates, not all users become dependent. This study of 51 users (12 females, 39 males) attempts to identify the kinds of controls they employed over their consumption. One third of the sample had been in a state of “drift” and had not found regulation to be necessary. A second group had developed rules to govern their consumption and to prevent loss of control. Just over one-quarter of the sample (14 respondents) had experienced episodes of dependence; the ways by which these episodes were overcome are described. A natural history model of opiate use has been developed from the use patterns and control styles found in the sample. By accident, I met a college acquaintance, who recommended opium. Opium! dread agent of unimaginable pleasure and pain! I had heard of it as I heard of manna or of ambrosia, but no further. How unmeaning a sound was opium at that time! What solemn chords does it now strike upon my heart! what heart-quaking vibrations of sad and happy remembrances! Reverting for a moment to these, I feel a mystic importance attached to minutest circumstances connected with the place, and the time, and the man (if man it was), that first laid open to me the paradise of opium-eaters. (De Quincey, 1822; 1966:197–198)
A Chemistry for World Peace
Authors: McGlothlin William H. 
Published: November 2015

This paper presents an argument for research into the means of altering individual attitudes, values, and communication abilities in the direction of increased social empathy, which, in turn, would produce a more favorable environment for resolving differences and facilitate peaceful negotiations between individuals and nations. It is proposed that prior research with the drug, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), shows sufficient promise in producing relatively long-lasting changes in the above areas to merit further research. Furthermore, the use of LSD has been demonstrated to be quite safe under supervisory conditions, i.e., the guided “trip.” LSD is also nontoxic and non-addictive. A brief history of psychedelic drugs is provided along with a description of their psychological effects. Some possible modes of action are discussed. LSD and other psychedelics are seen as possible means of tapping mental resources which are not ordinarily available, but which may be of great value to the individual and ultimately to the society. No attempt is made in this paper to discuss how the use of a drug such as LSD might be implemented in international peace negotiations. It is contended, however, that results of previous experiments demonstrate increased tolerance for opposing viewpoints, increased understanding, and increased social empathy. It would be very important, based on the above findings, to explore the potential psychedelic drugs may have in reducing the threat of nuclear war.
Criminology and Economics of Drug Distribution in Britain: Options for Control
Authors: Dorn Nicholas , South Nigel 
Published: November 2015

In this paper focus is upon the criminology and economics of drug control in Britain and criticizes the prevalent and dominating concepts of “supply” and “demand” that underlie current drug control theory and policies. An alternative perspective is proposed that rests upon appreciation of the importance of the drug distribution system (between supply and demand) as a part of the irregular economy and as the primary motor behind recent expansions in heroin use in Britain. The possibilities are discussed for intervention in the irregular economy, viewed within the context of recent trends in thinking about crime prevention and family responses.
Drug Based Religions and Contemporary Drug Taking
Authors: Lyttle Thomas 
Published: November 2015

Contemporary drug taking and giving among the general populace are multi-level phenomena involving highly vicarious origins, needs and/or other supporting social, psychological or spiritual functions. Within this, a specific subgroup has emerged promoting a variety of (drug-based) religions, spiritual doctrines or ethical systems. Dividing such drug-based organizations into two categories of moral/ethical posture—the situational and the iconic/deterministic—a review of each catechism, ethical base and (when applicable) ritual practice is reviewed and annotated.
Gender-Related Differences in Psychoactive Drug Use among Older Adults
Authors: Robbins Cynthia , Clayton Richard R. 
Published: November 2015

Age, sex and ethnic differences in past year medical and non-medical use of tranquilizers, sedatives, stimulants, and analgesics are explored in the 1982 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). In general women are more likely to report past year medical use than are men; whites are more likely to report past year medical use than are blacks or Hispanics; and older adults are more likely to report past year medical use than are younger adults. These differences are not large, however, and several notable exceptions occur. Hispanic women are especially likely to report past year use of prescription analgesics. Women age 45 to 64 report greater prescription psychoactive use than do those age 65 or older. In the 65 and older age group, men are more likely than women to report past year medical use of sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Additional analyses of non-medical pill use and use of alcohol and illicit drugs suggest that young adult men and women, rather than older women, are most at risk for adverse drug interactions, and young adults in the 1985 NHSDA are far more likely than older adults to report psychosocial problems resulting from alcohol or drug use.