bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spieltheoretische Analyse der (impliziten) Koordination von Benzinpreiserhöhungen am deutschen Tankstellenmarkt
Authors: Haaker Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In a recent study, the Federal Cartel Office (Bundeskartellamt) came to the conclusion that the oligopolistic market for petrol in Germany enables the oil companies to coordinate prices at petrol stations. In particular, prices are increased uniformly and on a regular basis on Fridays and just before public holidays. In this essay, possible coordination mechanisms, and their implications, will be analyzed with the aid of game-theoretical instruments. In line with the limits of game theory (Rubinstein, 1991), the empirical question of how (implicit) coordination mechanisms are applied in practice, and their political consequences, will not be examined in detail.
Die finanzielle Entwicklung der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung – Simulationsrechnungen mit dem Rentensimulationsmodell MEA-Pensim
Authors: Gasche Martin , Holthausen Annette , Rausch Johannes , Wilke Christina 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Against the background of the demographic trend the German Pension System is faced with the question of its financial sustainability. In order to predict future developments or potential reforms we apply a simulation model for the German Pension System (MEA-pensim), which enables us to replicate the pension system including all its crucial determinants (i. e. the population and the labour market). We present the model and discuss some selected simulations like the effect of different population and labour market developments on the contribution rate as well as the benefit level or the impacts of the proposal by the federal government to extend the supplementary period (Zurechnungszeit) for disability pensions.
EU-Kohäsionspolitik: Finanzielle Fehlanreize und die Suche nach dem europäischen Mehrwert
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article analyzes both, the reform needs and reform obstacles of EU cohesion spending. Although the empirical evidence is unable to substantiate an European added value, structural funds continue to absorb an increasing amount of resources. The analysis reveals several shortcomings of this policy: First, EU regional programs have neglected institutional constraints on the side of recipient countries and regions. Second, an inflation of policy objectives makes a clear performance measurement increasingly impossible. And third, through the inclusion of rich regions into its programs, cohesion spending has lost its focus. To tackle these shortcomings, a comprehensive reform package is recommended which includes new incentives on the financing side of the EU budget. Only increasing regional co-financing or other financing innovations can reduce disincentives from common pool-financing and overcome reform resistance. Without any such financing side reforms, merely some incremental reforms are consistent with political-economic constraints.
Aufbruch in ein neues Kapitel bei der Angleichung der Lebensbedingungen in Europa
Authors: Hoyer Werner , Berndt Markus 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
All in all, EU Cohesion policy has been a success. It has facilitated growth and jobs in less developed areas, contributing to their prosperity. However, convergence has slowed down significantly during the crisis. This puts even more pressure on safeguarding that cohesion policy generates optimal results to ensure lasting economic and social cohesion. Room for improvement has been identified. The delivery mechanisms can be improved; its territorial dimension strengthened; and its focus more firmly directed at supporting a resource-efficient economy, research, development and innovation.
Even more important, the economic crisis in the EU has underscored the need for creating pan-European institutions, like the banking union, to complete the integration of financial markets. The recent substantial reforms of the EU’s economic architecture are aimed at creating an unprecedented level of integration that will allow private capital to flow more easily and more responsibly to the most productive and growth-enhancing investments in convergence regions. The unleashing of these market forces, combined with a reformed cohesion policy to efficiently address market failures where they exist, carries the potential to initiate a new success story in the convergence of living conditions in the EU.
The EIB is committed to play an important role in this effort. It has already integrated the new smart and sustainable orientations of the Structural Funds and will strive to facilitate better alignment between its sector and regional objectives. Expanding and deepening the nature and scope of financial and non-financial instruments developed jointly with the European Commission will further improve the leverage effect of EU funding and help attract private investors.
Demografie und Wachstum: Die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Effekte einer höheren Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer
Authors: Bachmann Ronald , Braun Sebastian , Friedl Andreas , Giesecke Matthias , Groll Dominik , Kramer Anica , Paloyo Alfredo , Sachs Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper quantifies the effects of increased employment of elderly persons on the growth potential of the German economy until 2030. Starting from an analysis of the labour market situation of elderly persons today, we construct nine scenarios for the future development of the employment level of the elderly. These scenarios differ in participation rates, unemployment rates, and hours worked of the elderly. For each scenario, we then calculate the corresponding production potential of the German economy and percapita income levels. The difference in per-capita income in 2030 between the scenarios with the highest and lowest employment level is 10 %.
Asymmetrien in der Wohnungspolitik reduzieren
Authors: Just Tobias 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
There are four major challenges for housing policy in the near and midterm future: First, rents in many German conurbations have been rising significantly faster than incomes over the last five years. Though it can rightly be argued, that the suggested policies of the new German federal government are less detrimental than often perceived by real estate professionals, it must be feared that policy makers have underestimated indirect negative effects for both housing and labour markets. Still, what is more important, is that the current discussion on housing policies is focused on the short term putative misallocations, and to a significant lesser extent on the other three structural challenges of the German housing markets, i. e. increasing vacancies in outward-migration areas, severe lack of „low-barrier“- housing for seniors and a need to reduce energy emissions in the property stock. This asymmetry is unintelligible, as markets can comparatively easily deal with the first short-term challenge, provided supply-elasticities are increased. However, the other three challenges are to a large extent due to externalities, and this implies that markets cannot easily correct imbalances. It would therefore be important to rebalance the current policy-mix and debate.
Kommunale Konsolidierungshilfen der Länder – Fass ohne Boden oder alternativlose Maßnahmen zur Standortrettung?
Authors: Andrae Kathrin , Kambeck Rainer 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Municipality budgets in Germany finished the fiscal year 2013 in total with a surplus of 1.7 bn euro. In addition, the current year their overall budget will conclude with a surplus. However, there are huge differences in the situation of local budgets. Numerous local authorities have serious problems to balance their budget due to structurally overburden expenditures and due to outstanding large dept levels, especially in terms of “Cash Credits”. The Länder have started to set up different bail out mechanisms because they are responsible for the financial reliability of their local authorities.
Generally spoken, there are good reasons for such bail out programs. However, they should be organized in such a way, that the tax wedge on trade (Gewerbesteuer) and property (Grundsteuer) does not increase continuously. But also there is already data indicating such as development. A rising tax burden, however, weakens the position of our companies in global competition. Therefore, the programs have to be evaluated on a scientific basis. In some cases, they have to be adapted. Budget authorities should focus more on cutting expenses because it usually is the best way to ease the budgetary situation sustainably. At the same time, it helps to avoid rising multipliers in impersonal taxes.
Reputation, Drohungen und Vergeltung: Wiederholte Spiele als Bezugsrahmen für die Analyse von Markteintritten
Authors: Kohn Karsten 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Despite descriptive empirical evidence on start-up numbers and survival rates of young firms, the interaction of market entry decisions and reactions of incumbent competitors is still insufficiently understood in the entrepreneurship literature. Repeated games offer a suitable theoretical framework. This paper provides a review of the literature on repeated games with focus on market entry and its deterrence. It introduces a consistent analytical framework and summarizes central results on equilibrium outcomes of repeated interaction by means of folk theorems. Variants of Selten’s (1978) chain store paradox illustrate the roles of threats and reputation, cooperation, and retaliation. Dovetailing the theory of repeated games and empirical evidence remains a challenge for future research.
Steigende Inanspruchnahme von Hilfe zur Pflege – Reformbedarf für die Pflegeversicherung?
Authors: Kochskämper Susanna 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Since the late 1990s, the number of people who are dependent upon welfare due to the need for long-term care is increasing continuously. This development is not only alarming because receiving social assistance is emotionally difficult for every single person who is in need. It also means an increasing challenge for the local authorities which are responsible for financing this social welfare scheme. However, neither enhancing the statutory long-term care insurance system nor subsidizing supplementary private long-term care insurance will resolve this problem satisfactorily. It is necessary to find different political solutions.
Führt Google Shopping zu einer neuen Art von Wettbewerbsproblem?
Authors: Blanckenburg Korbinian von 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the question of how to deal with Google Shopping’s position on online markets in order to prevent harm to public welfare. From the perspective of sellers and buyers of goods and services in Germany, Google can be seen as a gatekeeper to the Internet and thus as an essential facility. It is shown that Google Shopping represents a typical club good. Therefore, welfare-optimal rules must be adhered. In this context, it should be noted that in the current Google Shopping search results, artificial rivalry is created among the sellers to get the maximum willingness to pay for a top listing. The proposed solution in this paper provides a summary score list of all sellers of a particular product for which a quantitative independent contribution should be required instead of a fee.
Adam Smith und die Bankenregulierung Ein Widerspruch zu einer sonst liberalen Wirtschaftspolitik?
Authors: Kremser Christian E. W. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Proponents of liberal economic policies in the financial market often refer to the moral and economic authority of Adam Smith, the founder of economics as a science, to add weight to their recommendations. They think, they can do so, because Adam Smith is in these circles considered a prominent representative of an economically unbridled laissez-faire liberalism. The fact that Adam Smith also advocated several measures of economic policies for the regulation of banking, like a limit for interest rates of 5 %, the prohibition of paper money under a nominal value of £ 5 and the use of option clauses on banknotes, is little known to the recipients. For this reason, this paper wants to give an answer to the question, whether Adam Smith’s advocacy of banking regulation is a contradiction to his otherwise liberal economic policy or not.
Werte und Institutionen im Wettbewerb. Wirtschaftspolitik, Moral und Verantwortung unter den Bedingungen des gesellschaftlichen Wandels
Authors: Hecker Christian 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper deals with changes in economic behaviour. It demonstrates how economic decision-making is formed by values and institutions, which provide a framework of economic processes. Changes in this framework appear as a result of human creativity and can be influenced by several kinds of policy measures (economic policy, educational policy, social policy). In a liberal society, such measures should aim at providing opportunities to participate in economic and social life for all citizens and at strengthening the link between liberty and responsibility.
Reform des EU-Emissionshandels: Eine Alternative zu Mindestpreisen für Zertifikate und der Marktstabilitätsreserve
Authors: Andor Mark A. , Frondel Manuel , Sommer Stephan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In Europe’s Emission Trading System (ETS), prices for emission permits have remained low for many years now. This fact gave rise to controversies on whether there is a need for fundamentally reforming the ETS. Potential reform proposals include the introduction of a minimum price for certificates and a market stability reserve (MSR). This is a rule-based mechanism to steering the volume of permits in the market. While preparing the introduction of this instrument, the European Commission hopes to be able to increase and stabilize certificate prices in the medium- and long-term. In this article, we recommend retaining the ETS as it is, rather than supplementing it by introducing a minimum price floor or a market stability reserve. Instead, mistakes from the past should be corrected by a single intervention: the final elimination of those 900 million permits that were taken out of the market in 2014, but would again emerge in the market in 2019 and 2020 (backloading).
Der OECD-Aktionsplan gegen die Steuervermeidung multinationaler Unternehmen – eine ordnungsökonomische Analyse der Maßnahmen und Reformoptionen
Authors: Melle Marco C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
On July, 19th, 2013 the OECD published an „Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting“, a catalogue of 15 actions against the tax avoidance strategies of multinational companies. The intention of the present paper is to investigate and evaluate if such a coordination of the national policies is necessary from a constitutional economics perspective. The thesis is that the planned actions against the tax avoidance strategies of multinational companies can strengthen the relation of the national corporation tax revenues to the use of public goods. However, the question arises if for interest and royalty payments an international coordinated withholding taxation would not be preferable and if the European Union additionally should not agree on a common assessment base for corporate taxation.
Die Berücksichtigung von Kindern in den Sozialversicherungen: Reformvorschläge auf dem Prüfstand
Authors: Kochskämper Susanna 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
How to treat families within the German pay-as-you-go financed social insurance systems - this question is repeatedly discussed. A closer look on the statutory pension scheme as well as the statutory health insurance and the care insurance scheme reveals indeed, that people without children are treated to generously within these systems. This will place an additional burden on future generations. Therefore, reforms are necessary. In the statutory pension scheme benefits can be related to the number of children a person raised. In the statutory health and in the statutory care insurance scheme a second, capital funded pillar can be introduced.
Zuwanderung als Chance nutzen
Authors: Wursthorn Jürgen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
How to integrate asyl-seekers and refugees in labour market? In this article we are talking about strategies of the Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) to take advantage of the current immigration. Therefore, we present several examples of best practices and concrete steps, which supports refugees to get a job or a qualification. These examples are either solutions on a federal level or the result of local networking between our jobcenters and other important stakeholders.
Furthermore, we want to provide transparency about all questions to refugees and labour market. We want to give informations to employers how to hire asyl-seekers and refugees and about the opportunities to get a financial benefit for employing these refugees. Finally, we want to show how the German labour market could benefit in general from the current immigration.
Derivatives of the triaminoguanidinium ion, 4. O-Sulfonylation ofN,N′,N″-tris(hydroxybenzylidenamino)guanidinium ions
Authors: Szabo Jan , Maas Gerhard 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAll hydroxy groups of theN,N′,N″-tris(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)guanidinium andN,N′,N″-tris(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidenamino)guanidinium ions could be sulfonylated in good yields to obtain three-fold or six-fold substituted and functionalized derivatives. The 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl containing precursors have been used to construct branched three-armed guanidinium derivatives bearing six dansyl or anthraquinone moieties.
Extracellular Molecular Markers and Soma Size of Inhibitory Neurons: Evidence for Four Subtypes of GABAergic Cells in the Inferior Colliculus
Authors: Beebe Nichole L. , Young Jesse W. , Mellott Jeffrey G. , Schofield Brett R. 
Published: April 2016

Inhibition plays an important role in shaping responses to stimuli throughout the CNS, including in the inferior colliculus (IC), a major hub in both ascending and descending auditory pathways. Subdividing GABAergic cells has furthered the understanding of inhibition in many brain areas, most notably in the cerebral cortex. Here, we seek the same understanding of subcortical inhibitory cell types by combining staining for two types of extracellular markers—perineuronal nets (PNs) and perisomatic rings of terminals expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) —to subdivide IC GABAergic cells in adult guinea pigs. We found four distinct groups of GABAergic cells in the IC: (1) those with both a PN and a VGLUT2 ring; (2) those with only a PN; (3) those with only a VGLUT2 ring; and (4) those with neither marker. In addition, these four GABAergic subtypes differ in their soma size and distribution among IC subdivisions. Functionally, the presence or absence of VGLUT2 rings indicates differences in inputs, whereas the presence or absence of PNs indicates different potential for plasticity and temporal processing. We conclude that these markers distinguish four GABAergic subtypes that almost certainly serve different roles in the processing of auditory stimuli within the IC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGABAergic inhibition plays a critical role throughout the brain. Identification of subclasses of GABAergic cells (up to 15 in the cerebral cortex) has furthered the understanding of GABAergic roles in circuit modulation. Inhibition is also prominent in the inferior colliculus, a subcortical hub in auditory pathways. Here, we use two extracellular markers to identify four distinct groups of GABAergic cells. Perineuronal nets and perisomatic rings of glutamatergic boutons are present in many subcortical areas and often are associated with inhibitory cells, but they have rarely been used to identify inhibitory subtypes. Our results further the understanding of inhibition in the inferior colliculus and suggest that these extracellular molecular markers may provide a key to distinguishing inhibitory subtypes in many subcortical areas.
Dopaminergic Neurons Exhibit an Age-Dependent Decline in Electrophysiological Parameters in the MitoPark Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Branch Sarah Y. , Chen Cang , Sharma Ramaswamy , Lechleiter James D. , Li Senlin , Beckstead Michael J. 
Published: April 2016

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) play a vital role in everyday tasks, such as reward-related behavior and voluntary movement, and excessive loss of these neurons is a primary hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated in PD and many animal models induce parkinsonian features by disrupting mitochondrial function. MitoPark mice are a recently developed genetic model of PD that lacks the gene for mitochondrial transcription factor A specifically in dopaminergic neurons. This model mimics many distinct characteristics of PD including progressive and selective loss of SN dopamine neurons, motor deficits that are improved byl-DOPA, and development of inclusion bodies. Here, we used brain slice electrophysiology to construct a timeline of functional decline in SN dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice. Dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice exhibited decreased cell capacitance and increased input resistance that became more severe with age. Pacemaker firing regularity was disrupted in MitoPark mice and ion channel conductances associated with firing were decreased. Additionally, dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice showed a progressive decrease of endogenous dopamine levels, decreased dopamine release, and smaller D2 dopamine receptor-mediated outward currents. Interestingly, expression of ion channel subunits associated with impulse activity (Cav1.2, Cav1.3, HCN1, Nav1.2, and NavB3) was upregulated in older MitoPark mice. The results describe alterations in intrinsic and synaptic properties of dopaminergic neurons in MitoPark mice occurring at ages both before and concurrent with motor impairment. These findings may help inform future investigations into treatment targets for prodromal PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTParkinson's disease (PD) is the second most diagnosed neurodegenerative disorder, and the classic motor symptoms of the disease are attributed to selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The MitoPark mouse is a genetic model of PD that mimics many of the key characteristics of the disease and enables the study of progressive neurodegeneration in parkinsonism. Here we have identified functional deficits in the ion channel physiology of dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice that both precede and are concurrent with the time course of behavioral symptomatology. Because PD is a progressive disease with a long asymptomatic phase, identification of early functional adaptations could lay the groundwork to test therapeutic interventions that halt or reverse disease progression.