bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational study shows that nurses spend more time caring for mechanically ventilated preterm infants than those receiving noninvasive ventilation
Authors: Langhammer Kristina , Sülz Sandra , Becker‐Peth Michael , Roth Bernhard 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimThis study analysed how nursing workloads in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) depended on the type of respiratory support provided, and how this relationship varied by the infant's postnatal age and weight.MethodsWe used a prospective study design in a NICU in a tertiary perinatal centre in Germany. This entailed collecting data on nursing activities by observing 41 nurses for 155 hours between June 2015 and November 2015 and measuring the average nursing capacity required for direct care. Regression analysis was used to test for differences in nursing workloads between respiratory support types.ResultsMechanically ventilated infants each required an average of 60% of the time one nurse had available to spend on direct care during the periods observed. In contrast, those receiving noninvasive ventilation only required 34% and special care infants required 13%. After the first 72 hours of life, mechanically ventilated infants required an average nursing capacity of 40%, while infants receiving noninvasive ventilation required 32% and special care infants required 25%.ConclusionInvasive support was associated with higher workloads than noninvasive support. The differences were partially moderated by individual factors, such as the infant's age. The findings should be replicated within a multicentre design.
Gestational diabetes care and outcomes for refugee women: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Khan S. , Yao Z. , Shah B. R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimTo determine the prevalence of adverse clinical outcomes, the rates of healthcare utilization, and the incidence of post‐partum Type 2 diabetes in refugees with gestational diabetes (GDM), compared with other immigrants and non‐immigrants.MethodsA population‐based cohort study was conducted using healthcare databases in Ontario, Canada. Over 40 000 women with GDM having singleton live births between 2002 and 2014 were identified. We identified GDM adverse outcomes such as macrosomia, pre‐eclampsia and respiratory distress syndrome. Antenatal and newborn healthcare utilization were ascertained. Women were then followed for diagnosis of diabetes post‐partum.ResultsBoth refugees and other immigrants had a lower rate than non‐immigrants of many adverse GDM outcomes, including pre‐eclampsia [relative risk (RR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.44–0.95 and 0.61, 95% CI 0.52–0.72, respectively], preterm birth (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75–0.995 and 0.85, 95% CI 0.80–0.91, respectively), and respiratory distress syndrome (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.97 and 0.78, 95% CI 0.72–0.84, respectively). However, refugees were less likely to attend well‐baby care in time for the first routine vaccination (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88–0.95). Incidence of post‐partum diabetes was high in all groups, but refugee women were at increased risk (hazard ratio 1.23, 95% CI 1.11–1.37).ConclusionsDespite different circumstances leading to migration, refugees have a similar ‘healthy immigrant effect’ to other immigrants, with respect to adverse GDM outcomes. However, newborns of refugees were less likely to have well‐baby care, and refugee women were also at especially high risk of developing diabetes post‐partum. These are both important public health issues.
Effect of multiparity and ethnicity on the risk of development of diabetes: a large population‐based cohort study
Authors: Almahmeed B. , Shah B. R. , Mukerji G. , Ling V. , Booth G. L. , Feig D. S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimsTo investigate the relationship between increasing parity and diabetes in a large, population‐based cohort, and to examine if this relationship is different among high‐risk ethnic groups.MethodsA population‐based, retrospective cohort study was performed in 738 440 women aged 18–50 years, who delivered babies in Ontario between 1 April 2002 and 31 March 2011. Diabetes incidence postpartum was calculated for each parity and ethnic group. A multivariable analysis of the effect of parity and ethnicity on the incidence of diabetes was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for confounders.ResultsThe diabetes incidence rate per 1000 person‐years was 3.69 in women with 1 delivery, 4.12 in women with 3 deliveries and 7.62 in women with ≥5 deliveries. Women with ≥3 deliveries had a higher risk of developing diabetes compared with women with 1 delivery [adjusted hazard ratios 1.06 (95% CI 1.01–1.11) for 3 deliveries, 1.33 (95% CI 1.25–1.43) for 4 deliveries and 1.53 (95% CI 1.41–1.66) for ≥5 deliveries). A similar rise in risk could be seen in Chinese and South‐Asian women, with the most influence in Chinese women [hazard ratio 4.59 (95% CI 2.36–8.92) for ≥5 deliveries].ConclusionsThere was a positive and graded relationship between increasing parity and risk of development of diabetes. The influence of parity was seen in all ethnicities. This association may be partly related to increasing weight gain and retention with increasing parity, or deterioration in β‐cell function. This merits further exploration.
Influence of structure and temperature on the thermal conductivity of molten CaO–B2O3
Authors: Kim Youngjae , Yanaba Yutaka , Morita Kazuki 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe effect of the temperature and borate structure on the thermal conductivity of the molten CaO–B2O3 binary system was investigated. The thermal conductivity was measured from 1573 K to approximately the liquidus temperature using a transient hot‐wire method, and was found to decrease with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity in the molten oxide system was interpreted in terms of the lifetime of phonon‐like excitations and Maxwell relaxation times. The short‐range order borate structure was investigated through magic angle spinning (MAS) and triple‐quantum MAS (3Q‐MAS) NMR. Although the content of 4‐coordinated boron was not significantly affected by the addition of CaO, structural changes associated with the fraction of 3‐coordinated boron in ring and non‐ring sites were observed. The Raman spectra showed that the intermediate range order borate structure was changed from boroxyl rings to chain‐type metaborate units at higher CaO concentrations. The thermal conductivity decreased with decreasing BO1.5/CaO ratio, owing to the depolymerization of the borate network.
Metabolomics window into diabetic complications
Authors: Wu Tao , Qiao Shuxuan , Shi Chenze , Wang Shuya , Ji Guang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDiabetes has become a major global health problem. The elucidation of characteristic metabolic alterations during the diabetic progression is critical for better understanding its pathogenesis, and identifying potential biomarkers and drug targets. Metabolomics is a promising tool to reveal the metabolic changes and the underlying mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The present review provides an update on the application of metabolomics in diabetic complications, including diabetic coronary artery disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy, and this review provides notes on the prevention and prediction of diabetic complications.
Evolutionary analysis of Old World arenaviruses reveals a major adaptive contribution of the viral polymerase
Authors: Pontremoli Chiara , Forni Diego , Cagliani Rachele , Pozzoli Uberto , Riva Stefania , Bravo Ignacio G. , Clerici Mario , Sironi Manuela 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Old World (OW) arenavirus complex includes several species of rodent‐borne viruses, some of which (i.e., Lassa virus, LASV and Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV) cause human diseases. Most LCMV and LASV infections are caused by rodent‐to‐human transmissions. Thus, viral evolution is largely determined by events that occur in the wildlife reservoirs. We used a set of human‐ and rodent‐derived viral sequences to investigate the evolutionary history underlying OW arenavirus speciation, as well as the more recent selective events that accompanied LASV spread in West Africa. We show that the viral RNA polymerase (L protein) was a major positive selection target in OW arenaviruses and during LASV out‐of‐Nigeria migration. No evidence of selection was observed for the glycoprotein, whereas positive selection acted on the nucleoprotein (NP) during LCMV speciation. Positively selected sites in L and NP are surrounded by highly conserved residues, and the bulk of the viral genome evolves under purifying selection. Several positively selected sites are likely to modulate viral replication/transcription. In both L and NP, structural features (solvent exposed surface area) are important determinants of site‐wise evolutionary rate variation. By incorporating several rodent‐derived sequences, we also performed an analysis of OW arenavirus codon adaptation to the human host. Results do not support a previously hypothesized role of codon adaptation in disease severity for non‐Nigerian strains. In conclusion, L and NP represent the major selection targets and possible determinants of disease presentation; these results suggest that field surveys and experimental studies should primarily focus on these proteins.
Random mutagenesis screen shows that Phytophthora capsici CRN83_152‐mediated cell death is not required for its virulence function(s)
Authors: Amaro Tiago M. M. M. , Thilliez Gaëtan J. A. , Mcleod Rory A. , Huitema Edgar 
Published: August 2017

SummaryWith the increasing availability of plant pathogen genomes, secreted proteins that aid infection (effectors) have emerged as key factors that help to govern plant–microbe interactions. The conserved CRN (CRinkling and Necrosis) effector family was first described in oomycetes by their capacity to induce host cell death. Despite recent advances towards the elucidation of CRN virulence functions, the relevance of CRN‐induced cell death remains unclear. In planta over‐expression of PcCRN83_152, a CRN effector from Phytophthora capsici, causes host cell death and boosts P. capsici virulence. We used these features to ask whether PcCRN83_152‐induced cell death is linked to its virulence function. By randomly mutating this effector, we generated PcCRN83_152 variants with no cell death (NCD) phenotypes, which were subsequently tested for activity towards enhanced virulence. We showed that a subset of PcCRN83_152 NCD variants retained their ability to boost P. capsici virulence. Moreover, NCD variants were shown to have a suppressive effect on PcCRN83_152‐mediated cell death. Our work shows that PcCRN83_152‐induced cell death and virulence function can be separated. Moreover, if these findings hold true for other cell death‐inducing CRN effectors, this work, in turn, will provide a framework for studies aimed at unveiling the virulence functions of these effectors.
Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish
Authors: Haarder S. , Kania P. W. , Holm T. L. , von Gersdorff Jørgensen L. , Buchmann K. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in developed countries is linked with elevated hygienic standards. One of the several factors involved in this question may be reduced exposure to the immunomodulatory effects of parasitic helminths. Several investigations on treatment of mice and humans with helminth‐derived substances have supported this notion, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study therefore dissects to what extent a series of immune‐related genes are modulated in zebrafish with experimentally induced colitis following exposure to excretory‐secretory (ES) products isolated from larval Anisakis, a widely distributed fish nematode. Adult zebrafish intrarectally exposed to the colitis‐inducing agent TNBS developed severe colitis leading to 80% severe morbidity, but if co‐injected (ip) with Anisakis ES products, the morbidity rate was 50% at the end of the experiment (48 hours post‐exposure). Gene expression studies of TNBS‐treated zebrafish showed clear upregulation of a range of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and effector molecules and some induction of genes related to the adaptive response. A distinct innate‐driven immune response was seen in both TNBS and TNBS + ES groups, but expression values were significantly depressed for several important pro‐inflammatory genes in the TNBS + ES group, indicating protective mechanisms of Anisakis ES compounds on intestinal immunopathology in zebrafish.
Usefulness of a routine endoscopic assessment of laryngeal lesions after lung cancer surgery
Authors: Fourdrain Alex , De Dominicis Florence , Iquille Jules , Lafitte Sophie , Merlusca Geoni , Witte Pfister Alejandro , Bagan Patrick , Berna Pascal 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveLaryngeal pathology following lung cancer surgery is associated with post‐operative morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of routine endoscopic assessment.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated vocal cord pathology using laryngeal endoscopy within 24 h post‐surgery. Over 25 months, 276 patients underwent thoracic surgery. We excluded 26 patients with previous laryngectomy or vocal cord paralysis, early post‐operative reintubation or patients who did not consent to an endoscopy. Endoscopic data were reported using a standardized procedure, recording vocal cord paralysis, swallowing disorders with aspiration, detected using a blue‐coloured water test and vocal cord haematoma.ResultsAmong 250 patients, vocal cord paralysis was diagnosed in 13 patients (5.2%) and was associated with a higher rate of post‐operative pneumonia (P = 0.03), post‐operative bronchoscopy (P = 0.01), reintubation (P = 0.007) and a trend towards an increased 90‐day mortality rate (P = 0.09). Swallowing disorders with aspiration were diagnosed in 18 patients (7.2%) and were associated with a higher rate of post‐operative pneumonia (P = 0.007), post‐operative bronchoscopy (P = 0.01), reintubation (P = 0.004) and 90‐day mortality (P = 0.03). Vocal cord haematomas were diagnosed in 28 patients (11.2%) and were not associated with an increased post‐operative morbidity or mortality.ConclusionPost‐operative endoscopic laryngeal assessment is effective for diagnosing laryngeal pathology following thoracic surgery. Routine laryngeal endoscopic assessment may detect clinically silent swallowing disorders early to allow prompt treatment, which may prevent respiratory complications.
Next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based identification of induced mutations in a doubly mutagenized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) population
Authors: Gupta Prateek , Reddaiah Bodanapu , Salava Hymavathi , Upadhyaya Pallawi , Tyagi Kamal , Sarma Supriya , Datta Sneha , Malhotra Bharti , Thomas Sherinmol , Sunkum Anusha , Devulapalli Sameera , Till Bradley John , Sreelakshmi Yellamaraju , Sharma Rameshwar 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe identification of mutations in targeted genes has been significantly simplified by the advent of TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes), speeding up the functional genomic analysis of animals and plants. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is gradually replacing classical TILLING for mutation detection, as it allows the analysis of a large number of amplicons in short durations. The NGS approach was used to identify mutations in a population of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) that was doubly mutagenized by ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS). Twenty‐five genes belonging to carotenoids and folate metabolism were PCR‐amplified and screened to identify potentially beneficial alleles. To augment efficiency, the 600‐bp amplicons were directly sequenced in a non‐overlapping manner in Illumina MiSeq, obviating the need for a fragmentation step before library preparation. A comparison of the different pooling depths revealed that heterozygous mutations could be identified up to 128‐fold pooling. An evaluation of six different software programs (camba, crisp, gatk unified genotyper, lofreq, snver and vipr) revealed that no software program was robust enough to predict mutations with high fidelity. Among these, crisp and camba predicted mutations with lower false discovery rates. The false positives were largely eliminated by considering only mutations commonly predicted by two different software programs. The screening of 23.47 Mb of tomato genome yielded 75 predicted mutations, 64 of which were confirmed by Sanger sequencing with an average mutation density of 1/367 Kb. Our results indicate that NGS combined with multiple variant detection tools can reduce false positives and significantly speed up the mutation discovery rate.
Warm Hydromechanical Deep Drawing of AA 5754-O and Optimization of
Process Parameters
Authors: Acar Doğan , Türköz Mevlüt , Gedikli Hasan , Halkacı Hüseyin Selçuk , Cora Ömer Necati 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Warm hydromechanical deep drawing (WHDD) has increasingly been implemented by automotive industry due to its various benefits including mass reduction opportunities in auto body-in-white components and improved formability for lightweight alloys. In the first part of the current study, WHDD of AA 5754-O was studied. In order to obtain the highest formability, an optimization study was performed for AA 5754-O WHDD process parameters (tool temperature, hydraulic pressure (HP), and blank holder force (BHF) loading profiles) through finite element analysis (FEA) + experimentation approach. Results showed that the optimal temperature for punch is 25 °C and 300 °C for die and blank holder. In addition, HP was found to be more effective on formability when compared to BHF. Both fast increasing HP and blank holder loading profiles contributes to higher formability.
A Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Reductase Promotes Wax Ester Accumulation in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1
Authors: Round James , Roccor Raphael , Li Shu-Nan , Eltis Lindsay D. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Many rhodococci are oleaginous and, as such, have considerable potential for the sustainable production of lipid-based commodity chemicals. Herein, we demonstrated that
Rhodococcus jostii
RHA1, a soil bacterium that catabolizes a wide range of organic compounds, produced wax esters (WEs) up to 0.0002% of its cellular dry weight during exponential growth on glucose. These WEs were fully saturated and contained primarily 31 to 34 carbon atoms. Moreover, they were present at higher levels during exponential growth than under lipid-accumulating conditions. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that RHA1 contains a gene encoding a putative fatty acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) reductase (FcrA). The purified enzyme catalyzed the NADPH-dependent transformation of stearoyl-CoA to stearyl alcohol with a specific activity of 45 ± 3 nmol/mg · min and dodecanal to dodecanol with a specific activity of 5,300 ± 300 nmol/mg · min. Deletion of
fcrA
did not affect WE accumulation when grown in either carbon- or nitrogen-limited medium. However, the Δ
fcrA
mutant accumulated less than 20% of the amount of WEs as the wild-type strain under conditions of nitric oxide stress. A strain of RHA1 overproducing FcrA accumulated WEs to ∼13% cellular dry weight under lipid-accumulating conditions, and their acyl moieties had longer average chain lengths than those in wild-type cells (C
17
versus C
16
). The results provide insight into the biosynthesis of WEs in rhodococci and facilitate the development of this genus for the production of high-value neutral lipids.

IMPORTANCE
Among the best-studied oleaginous bacteria, rhodococci have considerable potential for the sustainable production of lipid-based commodity chemicals, such as wax esters. However, many aspects of lipid synthesis in these bacteria are poorly understood. The current study identifies a key enzyme in wax ester synthesis in rhodococci and exploits it to significantly improve the yield of wax esters in bacteria. In so doing, this work contributes to the development of novel bioprocesses for an important class of oleochemicals that may ultimately allow us to phase out their unsustainable production from sources such as petroleum and palm oil.
Veillonella Catalase Protects the Growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum in Microaerophilic and Streptococcus gordonii-Resident Environments
Authors: Zhou Peng , Li Xiaoli , Huang I-Hsiu , Qi Fengxia 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe oral biofilm is a multispecies community in which antagonism and mutualism coexist among friends and foes to keep an ecological balance of community members. The pioneer colonizers, such asStreptococcus gordonii, produce H2O2to inhibit the growth of competitors, like the mutans streptococci, as well as strict anaerobic middle and later colonizers of the dental biofilm. Interestingly,Veillonellaspecies, as early colonizers, physically interact (coaggregate) withS. gordonii. A putative catalase gene (catA) is found in most sequencedVeillonellaspecies; however, the function of this gene is unknown. In this study, we characterized the ecological function ofcatAfromVeillonella parvulaPK1910 by integrating it into the only transformable strain,Veillonella atypicaOK5, which iscatAnegative. The strain (OK5-catA) became more resistant to H2O2. Further studies demonstrated that thecatAgene expression is induced by the addition of H2O2or coculture withS. gordonii. Mixed-culture experiments further revealed that the transgenic OK5-catAstrain not only enhanced the growth ofFusobacterium nucleatum, a strict anaerobic periodontopathogen, under microaerophilic conditions, but it also rescuedF. nucleatumfrom killing byS. gordonii. A potential role of catalase in veillonellae in biofilm ecology and pathogenesis is discussed here.IMPORTANCEVeillonellaspecies, as early colonizers, can coaggregate with many bacteria, including the initial colonizerStreptococcus gordoniiand periodontal pathogenFusobacterium nucleatum, during various stages of oral biofilm formation. In addition to providing binding sites for many microbes, our previous study also showed thatVeillonellaproduces nutrients for the survival and growth of periodontal pathogens. These findings indicate thatVeillonellaplays an important “bridging” role in the development of oral biofilms and the ecology of the human oral cavity. In this study, we demonstrated that the reducing activity ofVeillonellacan rescue the growth ofFusobacterium nucleatumnot only under microaerophilic conditions, but also in an environment in whichStreptococcus gordoniiis present. Thus, this study will provide a new insight for future studies on the mechanisms of human oral biofilm formation and the control of periodontal diseases.