bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cinema in Latin America
Authors: Gronemann Claudia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry traces the history of Hispano‐American cinema by analyzing the main patterns and epochs from its very beginnings at the end of the nineteenth century. As a postcolonial (in the historical sense) media technology, cinema developed in Latin America very specifically and metamorphosed from a popular practice of national imageries into a multicontextual and global media nowadays. This process did not progress as coherent but ran through highs and lows, through different phases of national recovery or decline due to political, economic, and cultural factors as explained here.
Colonialism
Authors: Francuski Biljana Djoric , Todorovic Ivana 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis entry provides a definition and a compact history of European colonialism, as the major political and economic phenomenon of the New Era. The entry covers the topics of the reasons for the foundation of colonial empires, the stages in their development, and finally the factors that led to their fall, as well as a brief overview of the global impact of colonialism.
Condé, Maryse
Authors: Vété‐Congolo Hanétha 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMaryse Condé is probably the leading woman writer of the French Caribbean. Born in Guadeloupe, she has lived on three continents and produced in four decades an impressive number of literary texts in all genres, includingI Tituba,Black Witch of Salem,The Children of Segu, andWho Slashed Célanire's Throat?.
Creolization and
Créolité
Authors: Adlai Murdoch H. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The concept of creolization covers a number of key areas, including transnationalism, multiculturalism, diversity,
métissage
, and hybridization. Its origins lie in the interrelated processes of colonization, slavery, and migration that brought the New World into being. It originally referred to a European or an African subject displaced by place rather than race, along with the Creole languages that first appeared on slave plantations. These languages combined a European acrolect with a range of African basilects, joining these grammatical features to a relexification of colonial languages.

Creolization, then, defines cultures and identities in constant transformation. Today, creolization focuses on the growing intensity of global migration, and the intersection and interaction of majority and minority cultures across national boundaries. Ultimately, creolization should be understood as an unending, fluid process that cannot be reduced to a single path or principle, and it emphasizes the unpredictable results of cultural contact.
Dangarembga, Tsitsi
Authors: Dodgson‐Katiyo Pauline 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Tsitsi Dangarembga is a Zimbabwean writer and filmmaker. Her early playwriting showed her commitment to exploring the role of women in society, a theme developed in her fiction. Her first novel,
Nervous Conditions
, has become a canonical text in African women's writing and is noted for its representation of women's oppression and resistance, and female sexuality. The sequel,
The Book of Not
describes a young woman's experiences at a white convent school and shows how she internalizes the racism she encounters. Dangarembga's first feature film was the development‐funded social issues film
Everyone's Child
; her more recent work such as
Kare Kare Zvako
has taken a more aesthetic and experimental approach.
Desani, G. V.
Authors: Abdul‐Majid Ruksana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

G. V. Desani (Govindas Vishnoodas Desani, 1909–2000), journalist and author, is known principally for his unconventional and innovative novel,
All About H
.
Hatterr
(1948). An abiding cult classic with a singular publication history, the novel was revised and reprinted in several editions appearing across a span of almost 60 years. Lauded for his linguistic virtuosity, and frequently compared to James Joyce, Desani is most often granted originary status and located as a literary precursor – alongside R. K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao – to latter twentieth‐century Anglophone Indian writing. Widely acknowledged as an important nodal point in the evolution of the Indian English novel, Desani's novel made a lasting impression on subsequent generations of Indian writers.
Dussel, Enrique
Authors: Ramos Juan G. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Known for his contributions to philosophy of liberation, particularly as applied to ethics, political philosophy, history, and theology, Enrique Dussel is one of the most prominent Latin American philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. This entry traces Dussel's philosophical development from a re‐evaluation of history and theology in Latin America to a philosophy of liberation, particularly an ethics of liberation, as well as political philosophy in relation to globalization. Dussel has also done extensive work in related areas by presenting a critique of Marx's writing in connection to philosophy of liberation, as well as critiques on discourses on the idea of modernity from the perspective of the periphery. Since the 1960s, Dussel has sought to delineate the contours of a philosophy of liberation, while grounding his ideas in key fields (ethics, political philosophy, history, theology, phenomenology, political economy) and how these can lead to praxis of liberation.
Empire
Authors: Ganapathy‐Doré Geetha 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Derived from Latin
imperium
, related to
imperare
“to command,” the term “empire” refers to “an extensive group of states or countries ruled over by a single monarch, an oligarchy, or a sovereign state,” according to the Oxford Dictionaries online. In the case of the British Empire, the modalities of extension took different forms, starting from small overseas possessions and trading posts, through colonies and dominions, not to mention protectorates and mandates, and developing into a vast empire on which the sun never set. The territorial dimension of empire is closely linked to the centrality and hegemony of its power. The sphere of influence of an empire may exceed its sheer geographical scope and time frame.
Constitution in Latin America
Authors: Rudan Paola 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA postcolonial history of the concept of “constitution” in Latin America should set out from the fundamental laws enacted to regulate the newly independent states, looking at the influence of constitutional precedents such as those of the United States, France, or Cádiz. This historical analysis does not aim to read the Latin American constitutional experience along the path of “constitutionalism,” conceived as the progressive expansion of individual rights against the abuse of political power. Rather, it will question this progressive history by showing how the colonial past survived both after independence and within Latin American political modernity. Following this analytical path, the nature of constitutionalism as an “ordering discourse” will emerge, and the continuity between “constitutional colonialism” – the coercive and disciplinary legal, institutional, and social techniques of imperial domination – and the modern constitutional orders of Latin American States will be pointed out by speaking of a “colonial constitutionalism.”
Fanon, Frantz
Authors: Gibson Nigel C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Author of
Black Skin, White Masks
,
A Dying Colonialism
, and
The Wretched of the Earth
, and active in the Algerian revolution, Frantz Fanon became an important intellectual of decolonization. Since his death in 1961 his work continues to influence social movements and intellectual currents.
Fernández Retamar, Roberto
Authors: Gonzales Carlos 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Roberto Fernández Retamar (1930) is the embodiment of the intellectual actively engaged in the leadership of his country. Retamar is considered to be a great poet and essayist; however, his essays have received more critical attention than his poems. The Cuban Revolution (1959) provided the context for his political affiliation and intellectual associations as well as for his poetic and essayistic production. In fact in “Calibán,” his most renowned essay, Retamar is inspired by Shakespeare's
The Tempest
(1611) and concentrates on one character: Caliban. The main purpose of “Calibán” was to give voice to the Spanish American resentment against the neocolonial attitude of the United States. He has continued to be an advocate for the cause of the oppressed in his writings as well as in his political activities.
Ferré, Rosario
Authors: Weldt‐Basson Helene C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Rosario Ferré is Puerto Rico's most famous contemporary writer. She is the author of numerous collections of poetry, short stories, and essays, as well as several novels. Ferré's early work, notably the collection of short stories
Papeles de Pandora
(1976), stands out for its feminist stance, while later works, such as
Maldito amor
(1989) and
Vuelo del cisne
(2002), although continuing this critical vein, focus on United States imperialism in Puerto Rico and thus have a postcolonial bent. Recently Ferré has been criticized for her shift from support for independence to statehood. Her work, rich in symbols and narrative ambiguity, has earned her a place among Latin America's most important writers.
German Empire
Authors: Hesse Isabelle 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Germany only became a colonial power at the end of the nineteenth century, but it was soon the fourth largest empire of its time. Its first colonies were acquired in 1884 and relinquished after World War I in 1919. Germany's colonial expansion was mainly centered on the African continent, with colonies in today's Burundi, Cameroon, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Togo. Other German territories included Shandong province in China as well as Samoa, New Guinea, and a number of smaller Pacific Islands. However, scholarly attention to Germany's colonial past only emerged in the 1960s, and it was not until the 1980s that colonialism was placed in a comparative framework with Germany's Nazi past, examining the ways in which German imperialism influenced Hitler and Nazi ideology, particularly ideas of race and space in relation to the expansion in the East and genocidal practices during World War II.
Griot
Authors: Jansen Jan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Griots are famous for their word art, their historical knowledge, and their music. In the twentieth century they gained prestige for imbuing the colonial and postcolonial states of West Africa with a historical dimension. They also secured a firm position in the international world music scene. The current crisis of the nation‐state has negatively impacted their role in African societies, while benefiting traditional hunters, nowadays celebrated as Africa's proto‐democrats.
Hall, Stuart
Authors: Alexander Claire 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Stuart McPhail Hall (1932–2014) was one of the foremost figures in the theorization of race, ethnicity, and postcolonial studies. This entry maps some of the key transitions in Hall's intellectual career from the development of cultural studies, through his work on left politics in Britain, to his paradigm‐shifting work on “new ethnicities” and postcolonial identities.
Harris, Wilson
Authors: Niblett Michael 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Wilson Harris is a Guyanese author whose fiction, poetry, and critical essays have established him as a highly influential and distinctive voice in the fields of Caribbean literature and postcolonial studies. Born in Guyana in 1921, he has produced 23 novels, stretching from
Palace of the Peacock
in 1960 to
The Ghost of Memory
in 2006. His work is characterized by a densely poetic, anti‐realist literary style and an emphasis on the redemptive potential of the imagination. In addition to his novels, his important theoretical writings on creolization and cross‐culturalism have provoked much discussion in postcolonial studies. More recently, his emphasis on the mutually constitutive relationship between human and extra‐human natures has drawn attention from the field of postcolonial ecocriticism.
Hegemony
Authors: Orihuela Sharada Balachandran 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
“Hegemony” very broadly refers to forms of indirect rule that take shape through nonviolent means. The use of this critical term was popularized by Antonio Gramsci. Violence does not fall away under hegemony, but rather coexists with other nonviolent forms of domination. Culture is integral to the replication of power under the Gramscian model of hegemony. Furthermore, hegemony is not purely coercive but, rather, depends on consent for replication. A range of Marxist and postcolonial critics in the South Asian and Latin American contexts took up this term in the late twentieth century. These critics include Raymond Williams, Edward Said, Ranajit Guha, Néstor García Canclini, the Subaltern Studies Group, and, later, the Latin American Subaltern Studies Group.
Hegemony in Latin America
Authors: Dove Patrick 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry discusses the conceptual development of hegemony theory from Marx through Gramsci to Laclau, with specific focus on the theory's reception in Latin America, and particularly in Argentina during the turbulent decade of the 1960s. In addition to describing the salient commonalities and differences between Marx, Gramsci, and Laclau, the entry also explores the presumed strengths and possible weaknesses of hegemony theory in its capacity to account for the social as totality without losing sight of heterogeneity or reducing it to mere difference. The entry concludes by asking questions about Laclau's recent participation in the Kirchner regimes in Argentina as a public intellectual of the state.
Hispanidad
Authors: García Antonio Rivera 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Hispanidad
is a reactionary version of Hispanism or Hispano‐Americanism. Its proponents thought that Spain, with its traditional lifestyle, was the nation that could save Europe and Western civilization from the crisis of modernity. Its defenders tried to convert an ideology that had been anachronistic and marginal since the beginning of the twentieth century into an ideology that would be central and contemporary. This entry examines the ideology and its proponents.
Hurston, Zora Neale
Authors: Cummins Amy 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960) was an African American creative writer and anthropologist. Associated with Florida and New York in the United States, Hurston was the most widely known woman writer of the Harlem Renaissance era. Her most famous book is the novel
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(1937). Evidence of Hurston's strong and increasing reputation as an anthropologist and creative writer includes the recent publication of folklore she collected but did not publish in her lifetime, the appearance of children's books by and about her, and the steady appearance of new and interdisciplinary scholarship about her.
Immigration
Authors: Kurz Joshua J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Postcolonial theory undermines the distinctions of inside and outside, of inclusion and exclusion, that form the basis of the very notion of immigration and its taken‐for‐granted assumptions: that a group belongs in a place and to move to a new place requires permission from the proper authorities. Postcolonial theory draws attention to the fact that “immigration” is, at its most basic level, a political technology of division that allows for the existence and replication of intense inequality, a system of global apartheid.
Italian Empire
Authors: Sofo Giuseppe 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Italian Empire officially lasted from 1936 to 1947, although Italy had already lost its colonies in Eastern Africa by 1941, but the short‐lived Fascist empire is just the core of a much longer history of practices of colonialism and tendencies toward imperialism, from the birth of the unified country to the ambiguous relationship with the legacy of the past in contemporary culture. The image of a more human Italian colonialism is still dominant in Italy, although historians have shown that horrible war crimes have been committed in all the areas occupied, from Africa to Yugoslavia, including the extensive use of chemical weapons, and deportation to concentration camps. The emerging Italian postcolonial literature of recent decades could be the key for a new understanding of the colonial past.
Japanese Modern Literature from Okinawa
Authors: Bhowmik Davinder L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractModern Japanese literature from Okinawa is closely tied to historical events beginning with the 1609 colonization of the Ryūkyū Kingdom to the 1879 incorporation of Okinawa into the nation‐state of Japan, the 1945 Battle of Okinawa, and the reversion to Japanese sovereignty in 1972. Identity is a key theme of pre‐war literature and wartime memory is a major theme of postwar and contemporary literature. Distinct characteristics of this literature include expressions of culture, language, identity, and resistance.
Governmentality
Authors: Turner Ellen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Governmentality, a concept which originates from the work of the French philosopher Michel Foucault, primarily relates to an analytics of power which highlights the artificiality of government. The term refers to a way of understanding the functioning of power as that which emanates from diverse societal institutions rather than one centralized, top‐down source, such as the sovereign state. Over the last 20 years studies in governmentality have gained impetus and have led to the development of a variety of approaches across multiple disciplines, all of which use the concept in some way as a theoretical tool. Understood as such, governmentality can be viewed as a bundle of useful methods for understanding and unraveling how power functions in different social and historical contexts, and how different societies think about power. This entry discusses developments in the field.
Laye, Camara
Authors: Wanberg Kyle 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Camara Laye (1928–80) was a Francophone writer from French Guinea whose work, spanning colonialism and independence, has become a matter of controversy. As a writer who flirted with different prose styles throughout his career, Laye developed an African form of modernism that challenged prevailing paradigms of colonialism, ethnicity, politics, and existence. However, early in Laye's writing career he faced criticism from other African writers, like Wole Soyinka and Mongo Beti, who saw his work as derivative or not anti‐colonial enough. And later, after he died, accusations of plagiarism were raised, conferring an atmosphere of suspicion and conjecture upon his legacy and work. Laye's works attained a global readership, and their reception in Europe and the United States incorporates some of the complex dynamics that faced African writers publishing in the mid‐twentieth century.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Authors: Laird Heather 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870−1924), was a Russian revolutionary, a political and economic theorist, and a communist politician. One of the most influential and controversial figures of the twentieth century, Lenin was the main architect and first leader of the Soviet Union. He was also one of the first critics of modern imperialism, defining it in
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
(1917) as capitalism in its final monopolistic stage. His corresponding belief in the revolutionary potential of nationalism, when employed against imperialist exploitation, led to disagreement between Lenin and some of his fellow revolutionaries for whom nationalism, approached from a more conventional Marxist perspective, was invariably a distraction from class conflict.
Latin American Literature of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Montaldo Graciela 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLatin American nineteenth‐century writing was a collection of geo‐ and biopolitical positionings that was not organized around a developing line of progress. Instead, it intervened in precise circumstances and in ways that reflected an intent to politically and culturally relocate the American territories and populations, to give them a place in a world that was reorganizing its borders.
Lovelace, Earl
Authors: Schwarz Bill 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Earl Lovelace is one of the Caribbean's premier novelists. Through his life he has published a succession of audacious novels which have entered the public life of Trinidad and Tobago. In addition he has published plays, short stories, essays, and fiction for children. Much of the energy of his writing derives from his determination to recuperate the “other” Trinidad – blacker, more vernacular, free from the imprint of colonial respectability. Above all, Lovelace is preoccupied with the political and psychic struggles for selfhood. In addition, the attempt to reconstruct in his fiction the rhythms of popular speech and the forms of calypso produces in the later novels particularly, a hybrid genre of performative epic.
Malcolm X
Authors: Winston Dennis L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Malcolm X, also known as El‐Hajj Malik El‐Shabazz, was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925. Less than 40 years later, on February 21, 1965, he was shot and killed at the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan, New York. Malcolm was perhaps the most polarizing figure to have emerged from the African American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He is often cited as the philosophical and ideological antithesis to Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X continues to be a legendary figure whose powerful intellectual abilities are celebrated particularly among communities who believe that their humanity depends on a profound understanding and dedication to their culture. Malcolm X's most important written work,
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
, became a national best seller in the years following his death. It continues to be revered as an important American story, which attests to its worldwide acclaim and extensive scholarly attention.
Mandela, Nelson
Authors: Murray Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry surveys the life of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first freely elected black president. Protesting the apartheid regime throughout the 1940s to1960s, Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison after being convicted of treason at the Rivonia trial. During his incarceration, Mandela became an international symbol of black South African resistance. With growing tensions throughout the country as well as building international pressures and sanctions, the South African government, led by President Botha, began talks with Mandela to transition the country to democracy. After Botha suffered a stroke, his successor, F. W. de Klerk, freed Mandela and the two negotiated the transfer of power for which they were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Mandela served as president from 1994 to1999 and a milestone of his tenure was the emphasis placed upon reconciliation between white and black South Africans.
Mudrooroo (Colin Thomas Johnson)
Authors: Henningsgaard Per 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

When Mudrooroo's semi‐autobiographical novel
Wild Cat Falling
was published in 1965, Colin Johnson (as he was then known) was regarded as the first Aboriginal Australian novelist. In 1996, however, controversy erupted when Mudrooroo's sister publicly stated that their family had no Aboriginal ancestry. Consequently, the status of Mudrooroo's extensive bibliography of published works – including novels, poetry collections, historical and critical works, and theatrical and film scripts – has been called into question. Mudrooroo was born Colin Thomas Johnson on August 21, 1938, on a farm near the small town of Narogin, Western Australia. Mudrooroo has also published under the names Mudrooroo Narogin and Mudrooroo Nyoongah.