bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐year follow‐up of a primary care‐based intervention to prevent and manage childhood obesity: the High Five for Kids study
Authors: Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Taveras Elsie M. , Gortmaker Steven L. , Hohman Katherine H. , Horan Christine M. , Kleinman Ken P. , Mitchell Kathleen , Price Sarah , Prosser Lisa A. , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe obesity epidemic has spared no age group, even young infants. Most childhood obesity is incident by the age of 5 years, making prevention in preschool years a priority.ObjectiveTo examine 2‐year changes in age‐ and sex‐specific BMI z‐scores and obesity‐related behaviours among 441 of the 475 originally recruited participants in High Five for Kids, a cluster randomized controlled trial in 10 paediatric practices.MethodsThe intervention included a more intensive 1‐year intervention period (four in‐person visits and two phone calls) followed by a less intensive 1‐year maintenance period (two in‐person visits) among children who were overweight or obese and age 2–6 years at enrolment. The five intervention practices restructured care to manage these children including motivational interviewing and educational modules targeting television viewing and intakes of fast food and sugar‐sweetened beverages.ResultsAfter 2 years, compared with usual care, intervention participants had similar changes in BMI z‐scores (−0.04 units; 95% CI −0.14, 0.06), television viewing (−0.20 h/d; −0.49 to 0.09) and intakes of fast food (−0.09 servings/week; −0.34 to 0.17) and sugar‐sweetened beverages (−0.26 servings/day; −0.67 to 0.14).ConclusionHigh Five for Kids, a primarily clinical‐based intervention, did not affect BMI z‐scores or obesity‐related behaviours after 2 years.
Parental monitoring may protect impulsive children from overeating
Authors: Bennett C. , Blissett J. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundResearch has highlighted links between impulsivity and weight in children and adults. Nevertheless, little is known about the nature of this link in very young children or about the underlying mechanism by which impulsivity leads to greater adiposity.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to explore relationships between impulsivity, weight and eating behaviour in a sample of 95 2 to 4‐year‐olds.MethodParent–child dyads visited the laboratory and consumed a meal after which parents completed measures of child impulsivity, eating behaviour and parental feeding, whilst children completed impulsivity tasks measuring the impulsivity facet delay of gratification (Snack Delay task), motor impulsivity (Line Walking task) and inhibitory control (Tower task).ResultsPearson's correlations showed that girls with greater motor impulsivity were heavier. Additionally, monitoring moderated the relationship between impulsivity and food approach behaviour, indicating that monitoring may protect more impulsive children from displaying problematic eating behaviours.ConclusionsThe motor impulsivity facet appears particularly relevant to child weight; parents can modulate the impact of impulsivity on child eating behaviour through their feeding style.
Reliability, validity and cutoff score of the Intra‐Oral Injection Fear scale
Authors: Berge Karin G. , Vika Margrethe , Agdal Maren Lillehaug , Lie Stein Atle , Skeie Marit Slåttelid 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundA proper assessment tool is needed to gain more knowledge about fear of intraoral injections in children.AimThe aims of this study were to evaluate the reliability and validity of the novel Intra‐Oral Injection Fear scale (IOIF‐s) and to establish a cutoff score for a high level of such fear.MethodsData were obtained from two samples of 10‐ to 16‐year‐olds in Hordaland, Norway. Sample I, 1460 pupils attending elementary and high schools, provided questionnaire‐based data. The survey instruments used were IOIF‐s, Children's Fear Survey Schedule‐Dental Subscale (CFSS‐DS), Mutilation Questionnaire for Children (MQ‐c) and Injection phobia Scale for Children (IS‐c). Sample II was 67 patients, diagnosed with intraoral injection phobia at the Center for Odontophobia, Oral Health Center of Expertise in Western Norway‐Hordaland, who provided IOIF‐s data.ResultsCronbach's alpha was 0.95. The IOIF‐s discriminated between subjects with and without intraoral injection phobia and was associated with the other survey instruments of similar construct. Principal component analysis revealed a two‐component solution, characterized as ‘Contact Fear’ and ‘Distal Fear’. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that a cutoff score of 38 was appropriate.ConclusionThe IOIF‐s showed satisfying psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity.
Adjustment mechanisms and intergenerational actuarial neutrality in pension reforms
Authors: Meneu Robert , Devesa Enrique , Devesa Mar , Domínguez Inmaculada , Encinas Borja 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the context of the reform of defined benefit pension systems under population ageing, we focus on the introduction of automatic adjustment mechanisms linked to life expectancy. Our goal is to establish a relationship between changes in the key parameters of the pension system and changes in life expectancy, applying the principle of intergenerational actuarial neutrality. For a defined benefit pension scheme, we first obtain the fundamental adjustment equation and then, for particular cases, we derive different designs of automatic adjustment mechanisms depending on the involved parameter. We include a numerical application only for illustrative purposes.
Maternal supplementation with a megadose of vitamin A reduces colostrum level of α‐tocopherol: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Grilo E. C. , Medeiros W. F. , Silva A. G. A. , Gurgel C. S. S. , Ramalho H. M. M. , Dimenstein R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundMaternal supplementation with vitamin A is one of the strategies for controlling its deficiency in the mother–child dyad, although studies with animals showed that supplementation with high doses of vitamin A reduces the levels of α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) in the mother's serum and milk. The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of maternal supplementation with vitamin A on the concentration of retinol and α‐tocopherol in human milk.MethodsHealthy puerperal women were randomly distributed into a control group (n = 44) and a supplemented group (n = 44). Blood and colostrum samples were collected after delivery, and mature milk samples were collected 30 days later. The supplemented group received 200 000 IU of retinyl palmitate after the first colostrum collection. The retinol and α‐tocopherol levels in the samples were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsThe mean (SD) retinol and α‐tocopherol levels in the maternal serum were considered adequate at 46.4 (15.9) and 1023.6 (380.4) μg dL−1, respectively. The colostrum retinol levels of the supplemented group increased significantly 24 h after the intervention (P < 0.001). However, the retinol levels in the mature milk of both groups did not differ (P > 0.05). Moreover, after maternal supplementation with vitamin A, the colostrum α‐tocopherol level decreased by 16.4%, which is a significant reduction (P < 0.05). However, vitamin A supplementation did not affect the α‐tocopherol level of mature milk (P > 0.05).ConclusionsMaternal supplementation with high doses of vitamin A increased the colostrum level of this nutrient but reduced the bioavailability of α‐tocopherol, which may harm the newborn's health because newborns have limited vitamin E reserves.
An Integrative Review of Engaging Clinical Nurses in Nursing Research
Authors: Scala Elizabeth , Price Carrie , Day Jennifer 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPurposeTo review the literature for best practices for engaging clinical nurses in nursing research.DesignReview of the research and nonresearch papers published between 2005 and 2015 that answered the evidence‐based practice (EBP) question: what are the best practices for engaging clinical nursing staff in nursing research?MethodsPubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Joanna Briggs Institute, and Cochrane were searched using a combination of controlled vocabulary and key words. Nineteen papers that answered the EBP question were selected for review.ResultsIt can be difficult to involve clinical nurses in research. There are multiple factors to consider when nursing leadership looks to engage clinical nurses in nursing research.ConclusionsNurse leaders can take many approaches to engage clinical nurses in research. Each organization must perform its own assessment to identify areas of opportunity. Nursing leadership can take these areas of opportunity to structure a multifaceted approach to support clinical staff in the conduct and dissemination of nursing research.Clinical RelevanceThe evidence from this review offers EBP recommendations as well as reports on the gaps in the literature related to best practices for engaging clinical nurses in nursing research.
Deferasirox pharmacokinetic evaluation in β-thalassaemia paediatric patients
Authors: Allegra Sarah , Cusato Jessica , De Francia Silvia , Pirro Elisa , Massano Davide , Piga Antonio , D'Avolio Antonio 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Iron chelation in the transfusion-dependent anaemias management is essential to prevent end-organ damage and to improve survival. Deferasirox is a once-daily orally active tridentate selective iron chelator which pharmacokinetic disposition could influence treatment efficacy and toxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is an important tool for optimizing drug utilization and doses.

Methods
A fully validated chromatographic method was used to quantify deferasirox concentration in plasma collected from paediatric patients with β-thalassaemia. Samples obtained after 5 days of washout or in naïve patients before and after 2, 4, 6 and 24 h drug administration were evaluated.

Key findings
Associations between variables were tested using the Pearson test. Twenty paediatric patients were enrolled; they were mainly men (13.65%), with median age of 6.35 years and body mass index of 15.45 kg/m2. Concerning pharmacokinetic parameters, a higher interindividual variability was shown. A positive, but not significant, correlation (r = 0.363; P = 0.115) was found between deferasirox area under the concentration curve over 24 h (AUC) and drug dose.

Conclusions
Monitoring plasma deferasirox concentrations appears beneficial for guiding appropriate patient treatment, enhancing effectiveness and minimizing toxicity.
Blocking the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway inhibits neuregulin-1-mediated rescue of neurotoxicity induced by Aβ1–42
Authors: Baik Tai-Kyoung , Kim Young-Jung , Kang Se-Mi , Song Dae-Yong , Min Sun Seek , Woo Ran-Sook 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) has an important role in both the development and the plasticity of the brain as well as neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the downstream pathways of NRG1 signalling and their role in the prevention of Aβ1–42-induced neurotoxicity.

Methods
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and TUNEL staining were assayed to examine the neuroprotective properties in primary rat cortical neurons.

Key findings
The inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation abolished the ability of NRG1 to prevent Aβ1–42-induced LDH release and increased TUNEL-positive cell count and reactive oxygen species accumulation in primary cortical neurons.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that NRG1 signalling exerts a neuroprotective effect against Aβ1–42-induced neurotoxicity via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, this suggests that NRG1 has neuroprotective potential for the treatment of AD.
Anti-arthritic activity of 11-O-(4′-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin and Crassula capitella extract in rats
Authors: El-Hawary Seham S , Mohammed Rabab , Abouzid Sameh , Ali Zeinab Y , Elwekeel Ahlam 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Isolation and identification of phytochemicals of Crassula capitella (Thunberg), evaluation of the anti-arthritic potential of the extract and the major isolated compound; 11-O-(4′-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin and underlying their mechanism on rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods
Different fractions were subjected to column chromatography giving fourteen compound identified by mass and NMR spectroscopic techniques. RA was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the right hind paw of rats. Influence of tested samples in comparable to methotrexate on paw oedema, body weight gain, serum diagnostic markers, cartilage and bone degeneration enzymes, pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress biomarkers in arthritic rats.

Key findings
Fourteen phenolic compounds were isolated and identified for the first time from C. capitella. The major compound identified as 11-O-(4′-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin. Treatment of arthritic rats with extract or 11-O-(4′-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin with the tested doses can reduce the progression and severity of RA.

Conclusion
Crassula capitella is a new natural and abundant source for 11-O-(4′-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin for resolving chronic inflammatory diseases as RA through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing mechanism.
A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model capturing the time course of torasemide‐induced diuresis in the dog
Authors: Paulin A. , Schneider M. , Dron F. , Woehrlé F. 
Published: May 2016

A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling approach was used to determine a dosage regimen which maximizes diuretic efficiency of torasemide in dogs. Kinetic profiles of plasma concentration, torasemide excretion rate in urine (TERU) and diuresis were investigated in 10 dogs after single oral administrations at 3 dose levels, 0.2, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg, and an intravenous injection of 0.2 mg/kg. Endogenous regulation was evidenced by a proteresis loop between TERU and diuresis. To describe the diuresis–time profile, TERU served as input into a turnover model with inhibition of loss of response, extended by a moderator acting on both loss and production of response. Estimated maximum inhibition of loss of response, Imax, was 0.984 showing that torasemide is an efficacious diuretic able to suppress almost total water reabsorption. A TERU50, value producing half of Imax, of 1.45 μg/kg/h was estimated from the model. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were used to simulate the torasemide dose–effect relationship after oral administration. Model predictions were in good agreement with diuresis measured in a validation study conducted in 10 dogs, which were administered oral doses of 0.15, 0.4, 0.75, 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg for 5 days. Finally, oral dose associated with the highest daily diuretic efficiency was predicted to be 0.1 mg/kg.
Addressing epidemiological and public health analytic challenges in outcome and impact research: a commentary on ‘Prechewing Infant Food, Consumption of Sweets and Dairy and Not Breastfeeding are Associated with Increased Diarrhea Risk of Ten Month Old Infants’
Authors: Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Pelto Gretel H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBased on a paper by Conkle et al 2016, in which the authors use a descriptive epidemiological design to examine the relationship of premastication and other dietary behavioral variables to childhood diarrhea in the US, we address larger issues of “plausible causality” and the challenges involved in moving from epidemiological studies to public health policy. Drawing on examples from breastfeeding research and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) research, we discuss the following propositions: 1. Effective outcome analyses require simultaneous investigation of different, even contradictory, pathways; 2. Outcome versus impact assessments require different analytic procedures including context analysis; 3. Impact analysis requires understanding the trade‐offs between detrimental and beneficial outcomes in relation to potential interventions; 4. No estimates exist for the likely detrimental and beneficial impacts of banning premastication, much less for their trade‐offs.
Systematic review of paediatric weight management interventions delivered in the home setting
Authors: Appelhans B. M. , Moss O. A. , Cerwinske L. A. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryTo increase their accessibility, paediatric weight management interventions are increasingly designed to be delivered in the home setting by trained staff. This systematic review summarizes the available evidence for interventions featuring home visitation and identifies key gaps in the literature. PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane and PsycINFO were searched for intervention studies that reported change in objectively measured adiposity outcomes in youth ages 2–18 years. Studies published between 1 January 1995 and 12 February 2016 were analysed. Of 15 eligible studies, nine reported that interventions with home visitation were either superior to a control/comparison condition or achieved significant within‐subjects reductions in adiposity. Interventions in which professional staff (e.g. dietitians and exercise trainers) conducted home visits tended to be more efficacious than those delivered by paraprofessional or community‐based staff, as were interventions with more frequent contact. Most studies were judged to have low or unclear risk of bias across various domains. As most studies compared interventions with home visits with less intensive and qualitatively different approaches, it remains unclear whether home visitation per se enhances weight loss efficacy. Overall, paediatric weight management interventions that feature home visitation are promising, but the incremental benefit of the home visitation treatment modality remains to be rigorously evaluated. © 2016 World Obesity
Using priority effects to manipulate competitive relationships in restoration
Authors: Young Truman P. , Stuble Katharine L. , Balachowski Jennifer A. , Werner Chhaya M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRestoration success is often hampered by the failure of less dominant competitors to establish. An emerging literature on priority effects suggests the manipulation of community assembly as a useful technique to help overcome these difficulties by altering competitive relationships. We present data from a set of four priority experiments, carried out at each of three sites in restoration settings in California grasslands. These data, combined with patterns summarized from the literature, indicate that both short‐term priority (1–3 weeks) and long‐term priority (1 year) can profoundly shift interspecific relationships and benefit otherwise subordinate plant species, but that these effects are sometimes transitory, asymmetric, and contingent on environmental conditions and species composition. Restoration interventions that can produce priority effects include staggered planting times, weed control, seed pre‐germination, plug planting, and spatial aggregation. Such interventions are likely to be at least initially effective, but their strength and persistence can differ considerably across systems in space and time. Further research may help identify the conditions that maximize the strength and persistence of priority effects in restoration settings.
Effect of holding a racket on propulsion technique of wheelchair tennis players
Authors: de Groot S. , Bos F. , Koopman J. , Hoekstra A. E. , Vegter R. J. K. 
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine possible differences in propulsion technique between propelling the wheelchair with and without a racket in the hand. Eight experienced wheelchair tennis players performed three submaximal exercise tests and six sprint tests on a wheelchair ergometer. Torque and velocity were measured during the tests and power output and timing variables were calculated. Differences between the conditions with and without racket were analyzed. When propelling with the racket, the racket side showed a significantly lower push time (P = 0.03), lower percentage push time (P = 0.001), shorter contact angle (P < 0.001), more power loss before (P = 0.006) and after (P = 0.001) the push, a higher peak (P = 0.009) and mean (P = 0.005) power output during the push, and a lower mean overall velocity (P = 0.03). When the same hand is compared when propelling with and without racket or when the sprint data were analyzed, similar significant differences were found. Propelling the wheelchair while holding a racket has negative effects on the propulsion technique and may lead to injuries of the upper extremity. The longer time needed to couple the hand with the racket to the rim leads to higher power losses and subsequently higher power output generation during the shorter push phase.
Testing Theories of Transfer Using Error Rate Learning Curves
Authors: Koedinger Kenneth R. , Yudelson Michael V. , Pavlik Philip I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe analyze naturally occurring datasets from student use of educational technologies to explore a long‐standing question of the scope of transfer of learning. We contrast a faculty theory of broad transfer with a component theory of more constrained transfer. To test these theories, we develop statistical models of them. These models use latent variables to represent mental functions that are changed while learning to cause a reduction in error rates for new tasks. Strong versions of these models provide a common explanation for the variance in task difficulty and transfer. Weak versions decouple difficulty and transfer explanations by describing task difficulty with parameters for each unique task. We evaluate these models in terms of both their prediction accuracy on held‐out data and their power in explaining task difficulty and learning transfer. In comparisons across eight datasets, we find that the component models provide both better predictions and better explanations than the faculty models. Weak model variations tend to improve generalization across students, but hurt generalization across items and make a sacrifice to explanatory power. More generally, the approach could be used to identify malleable components of cognitive functions, such as spatial reasoning or executive functions.
Requirement for flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) to maintain genomic stability and transcriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Jixiang , Xie Shaojun , Zhu Jian‐Kang , Gong Zhizhong 
Published: May 2016

SummaryAs a central component in the maturation of Okazaki fragments, flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) removes the 5′‐flap and maintains genomic stability. Here, FEN1 was cloned as a suppressor of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) from a forward genetic screen. FEN1 is abundant in the root and shoot apical meristems and FEN1‐GFP shows a nucleolus‐localized signal in tobacco cells. The Arabidopsis fen1‐1 mutant is hypersensitive to methyl methanesulfonate and shows reduced telomere length. Interestingly, genome‐wide chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA sequencing results demonstrate that FEN1 mutation leads to a decrease in the level of H3K27me3 and an increase in the expression of a subset of genes marked with H3K27me3. Overall, these results uncover a role for FEN1 in mediating TGS as well as maintaining genome stability in Arabidopsis.