bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid identification of seized controlled substances and related compounds by tandem mass spectrometry without chromatography
Authors: Fletcher Carl M. , Sleeman Richard 
Published: March 2016

RationaleThis study demonstrates the capability of using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the identification of substances of abuse and related compounds without the need for chromatography. The elimination of chromatography is not only cost‐effective because of reduced sample work‐up and consumables, but also reduces the environmental impact of solvents.MethodsTwo chromatography‐free techniques were used to screen for a large suite of compounds using a rapid, inexpensive technique: a thermal desorber coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. First, questioned materials in solution were introduced via an autosampler; and secondly, the materials were introduced directly by means of disposable toothpicks. The results were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).ResultsMS/MS was shown to be capable of the identification of the same drugs within the samples as the conventional method of GC/MS, but with better sensitivity and shorter analysis times. Presented herein is an automated screening method based on an algorithm containing more than 60 precursor ion/product ion ‘transitions’ (i.e. 30+ compounds simultaneously; two precursor/product ion transitions per analyte), requiring less than 2 min for identification using an autosampler or instantaneously by means of manual sample introduction. Therefore, by eliminating chromatography, a higher laboratory throughput is achievable with simplified sample preparation.ConclusionsAn inexpensive, rapid and reliable method was successfully developed for the identification of controlled substances within unknown matrices using MS/MS without any chromatographic separation. This technique could be further validated with reference to an increasing database of MS/MS spectra to help to identify an expanding suite of compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrepancy properties for random regular digraphs
Authors: Cook Nicholas A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFor the uniform random regular directed graph we prove concentration inequalities for (1) codegrees and (2) the number of edges passing from one set of vertices to another. As a consequence, we can deduce discrepancy properties for the distribution of edges essentially matching results for Erdős–Rényi digraphs obtained from Chernoff‐type bounds. The proofs make use of the method of exchangeable pairs, developed for concentration of measure by Chatterjee in (Chatterjee, Probab Theory and Relat Fields 138 (2007), 305–321). Exchangeable pairs are constructed using two involutions on the set of regular digraphs: a well‐known “simple switching” operation, as well as a novel “reflection” operation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 50, 23–58, 2017
Distinct dendritic morphology across the blades of the rodent dentate gyrus
Authors: Gallitano Amelia L. , Satvat Elham , Gil Mario , Marrone Diano F. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe dentate gyrus (DG) is a hippocampal region that has long been characterized as a critical mediator of enduring memory formation and retrieval. As such, there is a wealth of studies investigating this area. Most of these studies have either treated the DG as a homogeneous structure, or examined differences in neurons along the septal‐temporal axis. Recent data, however, have indicated that a functional distinction exists between the suprapyramidal and infrapyramidal blades of the DG, with the former showing more robust responses during spatial tasks. To date, few anatomical studies have addressed this functional gradient in rats, and no study has done so in the mouse. To address this, we investigated dendritic morphology and spine density in hippocampal granule cells of rats and mice using the Golgi‐Cox technique. We find that granule cells from the suprapyramidal blade of the DG contain greater dendritic material in the region receiving spatial information from the medial perforant path. This provides a potential anatomical substrate for the asymmetric response of the DG to spatial input. Synapse 70:277–282, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DEGRO practical guidelines for radiotherapy of breast cancer VI: therapy of locoregional breast cancer recurrences
Authors: Harms Wolfgang , Budach W. , Dunst J. , Feyer P. , Fietkau R. , Haase W. , Krug D. , Piroth M. D. , Sautter-Bihl M.-L. , Sedlmayer F. , Souchon R. , Wenz F. , Sauer R. ,   Breast Cancer Expert Panel of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO)
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Objective
To update the practical guidelines for radiotherapy of patients with locoregional breast cancer recurrences based on the current German interdisciplinary S3 guidelines 2012.

Methods
A comprehensive survey of the literature using the search phrases “locoregional breast cancer recurrence”, “chest wall recurrence”, “local recurrence”, “regional recurrence”, and “breast cancer” was performed, using the limits “clinical trials”, “randomized trials”, “meta-analysis”, “systematic review”, and “guidelines”.

Conclusions
Patients with isolated in-breast or regional breast cancer recurrences should be treated with curative intent. Mastectomy is the standard of care for patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. In a subset of patients, a second breast conservation followed by partial breast irradiation (PBI) is an appropriate alternative to mastectomy. If a second breast conservation is performed, additional irradiation should be mandatory. The largest reirradiation experience base exists for multicatheter brachytherapy; however, prospective clinical trials are needed to clearly define selection criteria, long-term local control, and toxicity.
Following primary mastectomy, patients with resectable locoregional breast cancer recurrences should receive multimodality therapy including systemic therapy, surgery, and radiation +/− hyperthermia. This approach results in high local control rates and long-term survival is achieved in a subset of patients. In radiation-naive patients with unresectable locoregional recurrences, radiation therapy is mandatory. In previously irradiated patients with a high risk of a second local recurrence after surgical resection or in patients with unresectable recurrences, reirradiation should be strongly considered. Indication and dose concepts depend on the time interval to first radiotherapy, presence of late radiation effects, and concurrent or sequential systemic treatment. Combination with hyperthermia can further improve tumor control.
In patients with isolated axillary or supraclavicular recurrence, durable disease control is best achieved with multimodality therapy including surgery and radiotherapy. Radiation therapy significantly improves local control and should be applied whenever feasible.
Connectivity in the network macrostructure of Tursiops truncatus in the Pelagos Sanctuary (NW Mediterranean Sea): does landscape matter?
Authors: Carnabuci Massimiliano , Schiavon Giulia , Bellingeri Michela , Fossa Fulvio , Paoli Chiara , Vassallo Paolo , Gnone Guido 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821) is a regularly observed species in the Mediterranean Sea, but its network organization has never been investigated on a large scale. We described the network macrostructure of the bottlenose dolphin (meta)population inhabiting the Pelagos Sanctuary (a wide protected area located in the north‐western portion of the Mediterranean basin) and we analysed its connectivity in relation to the landscape traits. We pooled effort and sighting data collected by 13 different research institutions operating within the Pelagos Sanctuary from 1994 to 2011 to examine the distribution of bottlenose dolphins in the Pelagos study area and then we applied a social network analysis, investigating the association patterns of the photo‐identified dolphins (806 individuals in 605 sightings). The bottlenose dolphin (meta)population inhabiting the Pelagos Sanctuary is clustered in discrete units whose borders coincide with habitat breakages. This complex structure seems to be shaped by the geo‐morphological and ecological features of the landscape, through a mechanism of local specialization of the resident dolphins. Five distinct clusters were identified in the (meta)population and two of them were solid enough to be further investigated and compared. Significant differences were found in the network parameters, suggesting a different social organization of the clusters, possibly as a consequence of the different local specialization.
A theoretical approach for zone‐based management of the deer population on Yakushima Island
Authors: Fujimaki Aomi , Shioya Katsunori , Tagawa Satoshi , Matsuda Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe biological balance of Yakushima Island is currently being compromised by overpopulation of sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae). We predicted that the island's deer population would continue to grow unless control efforts are raised threefold from their 2012 levels. To identify the best management practice for future implementation, we evaluated and compared the performances of three different zone‐based management strategies. Under the current management scenario, the median population size of the sika deer on the island would temporarily decrease, but it would subsequently rebound. Under a scenario that allows management zones to be prioritized according to the occurrence of threatened plant species and deer population size, model simulations suggested that the scenario focusing on the central zone would show the best performance based on the probability of achievement of the management goal (assuming that there is no dispersal between zones). This course of action would lead to a decrease in the median deer population size and would further ensure a high probability of achieving the 2022 target population size across most zones (up to 85 %), even if catch levels were not increased. In a future study, we would need to conduct a more detailed analysis of plants and deer density distributions.
Microhabitat affects acorn removal in three sympatric and endangered Neotropical oak species
Authors: García‐Hernández María de los Ángeles , López‐Barrera Fabiola , Vásquez‐Reyes Víctor Manuel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAcorn removal and predation are processes that can influence forest dynamics and the ecological niche segregation of sympatric oak species. Different factors affect these processes, including differences in acorn germination rate and exposure to predators and/or dispersers. This study evaluated acorn removal and predation patterns in three threatened tropical cloud forest oak species (Quercus germana, Quercus sartorii and Quercus cortesii). Acorns were placed in two accessibility treatments (open to all potential acorn consumers vs. accessible to mice only) and in two types of microhabitat (covered by trunks, shrubs and herbaceous plants vs. uncovered). In addition, acorn germination rate was evaluated in a greenhouse. After 130 days, 76.67 ± 2.45 % of the seeds had been removed and the two accessibility treatments did not differ significantly. Mice were therefore shown as important predators and/or dispersers of acorns. Removal was greater in the covered (93.33 ± 2.04 %) compared to the uncovered (60.00 ± 4.01 %; P < 0.05) microhabitat. Acorn removal and germination were highest for Q. germana (82.00 ± 3.86 %, 91.67 ± 4.41 %, respectively), followed by Q. sartorii (79.00 ± 4.09 %; 50.00 ± 7.64 %) and Q. cortesii (69.00 ± 4.64 %; 13.33 ± 4.41 %); the same trend was recorded in the acorn germination rate (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that uncovered sites with partial shade might function as regeneration microhabitats where less acorn removal and higher germination occur. The implications of differential acorn trait preferences by rodents for the coexistence of these oak species are discussed.
Mary Barkas: a New Zealand pioneer at the Maudsley
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveAn account of the life of pioneer New Zealand psychiatrist Mary Barkas.ConclusionAt a time when women were rare in psychiatry, New Zealand-born Mary Barkas excelled. A pioneer in the early years of the Maudsley Hospital, Barkas demonstrated her versatility in organic psychiatry, psychoanalysis and child psychiatry. Her career was terminated at an early stage and her life took a puzzling turn after she returned to New Zealand in 1933. Many questions about this intriguing and accomplished psychiatrist need to be explored.
Circulatingn-3 fatty acids andtrans-fatty acids,PLA2G2Agene variation and sudden cardiac arrest
Authors: Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Bartz Traci M. , King Irena B. , Brody Jennifer A. , McKnight Barbara , Sotoodehnia Nona , Rea Thomas D. , Johnson Catherine O. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Hesselson Stephanie , Kwok Pui-Yan , Siscovick David S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWhether genetic factors influence the associations of fatty acids with the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is largely unknown. To investigate possible gene–fatty acid interactions on SCA risk, we used a case-only approach and measured fatty acids in erythrocyte samples from 1869 SCA cases in a population-based repository with genetic data. We selected 191 SNP in ENCODE-identified regulatory regions of fifty-five candidate genes in fatty acid metabolic pathways. Using linear regression and additive genetic models, we investigated the association of the selected SNP with erythrocyte levels of fatty acids, including DHA, EPA andtrans-fatty acids among the SCA cases. The assumption of no association in non-cases was supported by analysis of publicly available datasets containing over 8000 samples. None of the SNP–fatty acid associations tested among the cases reached statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. One SNP, rs4654990 nearPLA2G2A, with an allele frequency of 0·33, was nominally associated with lower levels of DHA and EPA and higher levels oftrans-fatty acids. The strongest association was with DHA levels (exponentiated coefficient for one unit (1 % of total fatty acids), 0·90, 95 % CI 0·85, 0·97;P = 0·003), indicating that for subjects with a coded allele, the OR of SCA associated with one unit higher DHA is about 90 % what it is for subjects with one fewer coded allele. These findings suggest that the associations of circulatingn-3 andtrans-fatty acids with SCA risk may be more pronounced in carriers of the rs4654990 G allele.
Restriction of dietary protein does not promote hepatic lipogenesis in lean or fatty pigs
Authors: Madeira Marta S. , Pires Virgínia M. R. , Alfaia Cristina M. , Lopes Paula A. , Martins Susana V. , Pinto Rui M. A. , Prates José A. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe influence of genotype (leanv.fatty) and dietary protein level (normalv.reduced) on plasma metabolites, hepatic fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of lipid-sensitive factors is reported for the first time, using the pig as an experimental model. The experiment was conducted on forty entire male pigs (twenty lean pigs of Large White×Landrace×Pietrain cross-breed and twenty fatty pigs of Alentejana purebreed) from 60 to 93 kg of live weight. Each pig genotype was divided into two subgroups, which were fed the following diets: a normal protein diet (NPD) equilibrated for lysine (17·5 % crude protein and 0·7 % lysine) and a reduced protein diet (RPD) not equilibrated for lysine (13·1 % crude protein and 0·4 % lysine). The majority of plasma metabolites were affected by genotype, with lean pigs having higher contents of lipids, whereas fatty pigs presented higher insulin, leptin and urea levels. RPD increased plasma TAG, free fatty acids and VLDL-cholesterol compared with NPD. Hepatic total lipids were higher in fatty pigs than in the lean genotype. RPD affected hepatic fatty acid composition but had a slight influence on gene expression levels in the liver. Sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 was down-regulated by RPD, and fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4)were affected by the interaction between genotype and diet. In pigs fed RPD,FADS1was up-regulated in the lean genotype, whereasFABP4increased in the fatty genotype. Although there is a genotype-specific effect of dietary protein restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism, lipogenesis is not promoted in the liver of lean or fatty pigs.
Foraminiferal record in a condensed marine succession: a case study from the Albian and Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of Annopol, Poland
Authors: DUBICKA ZOFIA , MACHALSKI MARCIN 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA condensed succession at Annopol is of key importance for the mid-Cretaceous palaeontology and palaeobiogeography in Poland. Here, the planktonic and benthic foraminifera from the Albian and Cenomanian intervals are studied. The local foraminiferal record is strongly influenced by burrowers. On the one hand, piping down of the foraminiferal tests through burrows disturbed the original succession, for example by introduction of the Cenomanian foraminifera into the Albian phosphorite horizon. On the other hand, the foraminifera in the burrow fills near the base of the Cenomanian provide the sole piece of evidence of a lower upper Cenomanian unit lost from the record by erosion. Changes in foraminiferal assemblages allow for the interpretation of the succession in terms of bathymetry and biological productivity. The highest rate of primary production is deduced for the Albian phosphorite horizon. Integration of foraminiferal and ammonite biostratigraphy with sedimentology allows for the comparison of a pattern of sea-level oscillations recorded at Annopol with the relevant portion of the classic graph of sea-level changes for the British Isles. It turns out that all important elements of the British curve, that is, transgressive peaks and regressive troughs or lows, left their distinctive, albeit highly residual, record in the Annopol succession. This study demonstrates that even extremely condensed marine deposits, such as those at Annopol, may provide a foraminiferal record of better quality, order and resolution than conventionally anticipated.
Securing the Sasana through Law: Buddhist constitutionalism and Buddhist-interest litigation in Sri Lanka
Authors: SCHONTHAL BENJAMIN 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article examines the history and effects of Buddhist constitutionalism in Sri Lanka, by which is meant the inclusion of special protections and status for Buddhism in the island's 1972 and 1978 constitutions, alongside guarantees of general religious rights and other features of liberal constitutionalism. By analysing Sri Lankan constitutional disputes that have occurred since the 1970s, this article demonstrates how the ‘Buddhism Chapter’ of Sri Lanka's constitution has given citizens potent opportunities and incentives for transforming specific disagreements and political concerns into abstract contests over the nature of Buddhism and the state's obligations to protect it. Through this process, a culture of Buddhist legal activism and Buddhist-interest litigation has taken shape. This article also augments important theories about the work of ‘theocratic’ or religiously preferential constitutions and argues for an alternative, litigant-focused method of investigating them.
Toxoplasma gondii infection in pork produced in France
Authors: DJOKIC V. , BLAGA R. , AUBERT D. , DURAND B. , PERRET C. , GEERS R. , DUCRY T. , VALLEE I. , DJURKOVIC DJAKOVIC O. , MZABI A. , VILLENA I. , BOIREAU P. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite in pork produced in France, and to determine infection risk factors. An innovative survey was designed based on annual numbers of slaughtered pigs from intensive and outdoor farms in France. A total of 1549 samples of cardiac fluids were collected from pig hearts to determine seroprevalence using a Modified Agglutination Test. Of those, 160 hearts were bio-assayed in mice to isolate live parasites. The overall seroprevalence among fattening pigs was 2·9%. The adjusted seroprevalence in pigs from intensive farms was 3·0%; the highest in sows (13·4%); 2·9% in fattening pigs and 2·6% in piglets. Adjusted seroprevalence in fattening animals from outdoor farms was 6·3%. Strains were isolated from 41 animals and all were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism as type II. Risk-factor analysis showed that the risk of infection was more than three times higher for outdoor pigs, and that sows’ risk was almost five times higher than that of fattening animals. This study provides further evidence of extensive pork infection with T. gondii regardless of breeding systems, indicating that farm conditions are still insufficient to guarantee ‘Toxoplasma-free pork’.
Cross-generational transmission from drug abuse in parents to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Ohlsson H. , Sundquist K. , Sundquist J. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predisposes to drug abuse (DA) and twin studies suggest shared genetic effects. We here seek to determine, using adoption and adoption-like samples, the magnitude of the cross-generational transmission from DA in parents to ADHD in their children and clarify the degree to which this arises from genetic v. rearing effects.MethodWe ascertained ADHD and DA from multiple Swedish registries. Statistical analysis was performed by Cox and path models.ResultsRisk for ADHD was significantly and similarly increased in the offspring of biological mothers and fathers with DA who did v. did not rear their offspring. Risk for ADHD was not elevated in the offspring of adoptive or step-parents with DA.ConclusionsCross-generational transmission was observed from DA in parents to ADHD in their children. An analysis of adoptive and adoptive-like parent–offspring relationships suggested that this transmission results from genetic and not from rearing effects.
Understanding the Greek Family in Australia
Authors: Rodopoulos Loula 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews the relevant literature and attempts to highlight the implications of the research findings of Social Network Analysis for understanding the Greek family in Australia, with particular emphasis on its relevance for practitioners in the “helping” professions.The author is concerned with the paucity of information available to practitioners in the field in the variety of settings where immigrant families seek personal help, and believes that the lack of such information lends itself to reinforcing, rather than eliminating, stereotypes and to inappropriate intervention in the lives of Greek immigrant families. The paper also highlights the need to understand Greek immigrant families within the context of the host community and to consider factors with regard to family functioning, that are common to all families.
The Impact of Media on Children in Australia Today
Authors: Canavan Kelvin B. 
Published: March 2016

Children in Australia are spending more time with the mass media than with any other single activity, sleeping excepted. The average child spends three hours a day sitting in front of television and another couple of hours with films, radio and the press.The considerable influence of television has been well documented. A summary statement in Children and Television, Senate Standing Committee on Education and the Arts, 1978, says:“Clearly television has emerged as the dominant experience in the life of the average Australian child …”(4.33)