bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cannabis and tolerance: acute drug impairment as a function of cannabis use history
Authors: Ramaekers J. G. , van Wel J. H. , Spronk D. B. , Toennes S. W. , Kuypers K. P. C. , Theunissen E. L. , Verkes R. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCannabis use history as predictor of neurocognitive response to cannabis intoxication remains subject to scientific and policy debates. The present study assessed the influence of cannabis on neurocognition in cannabis users whose cannabis use history ranged from infrequent to daily use. Drug users (N = 122) received acute doses of cannabis (300 μg/kg THC), cocaine HCl (300 mg) and placebo. Cocaine served as active control for demonstrating neurocognitive test sensitivity. Executive function, impulse control, attention, psychomotor function and subjective intoxication were significantly worse after cannabis administration relative to placebo. Cocaine improved psychomotor function and attention, impaired impulse control and increased feelings of intoxication. Acute effects of cannabis and cocaine on neurocognitive performance were similar across cannabis users irrespective of their cannabis use history. Absence of tolerance implies that that frequent cannabis use and intoxication can be expected to interfere with neurocognitive performance in many daily environments such as school, work or traffic.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Exerts the Neuroprotective Effects in Obese-Insulin Resistant Rats, Leading to the Improvement of Cognitive Function
Authors: Chunchai Titikorn , Samniang Bencharunan , Sripetchwandee Jirapas , Pintana Hiranya , Pongkan Wanpitak , Kumfu Sirinart , Shinlapawittayatorn Krekwit , KenKnight Bruce H , Chattipakorn Nipon , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy was shown to improve peripheral insulin sensitivity. However, the effects of chronic VNS therapy on brain insulin sensitivity, dendritic spine density, brain mitochondrial function, apoptosis and cognition in obese-insulin resistant subjects have never been investigated. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were fed with either a normal diet (n = 8) or a HFD (n = 16) for 12 weeks. At week 13, HFD-fed rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 8/group). Each group was received either sham therapy or VNS therapy for an additional 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, cognitive function, metabolic parameters, brain insulin sensitivity, brain mitochondrial function, brain apoptosis and dendritic spines were determined in each rat. The HFD-fed with Sham therapy developed brain insulin resistance, brain oxidative stress, brain inflammation and brain apoptosis, resulting in the cognitive decline. The VNS group showed an improvement in peripheral and brain insulin sensitivity. VNS treatment attenuated brain mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. In addition, VNS therapy increased dendritic spine density and improved cognitive function. These findings suggest that VNS attenuates cognitive decline in obese-insulin resistant rats by attenuating brain mitochondrial dysfunction, improving brain insulin sensitivity, decreasing cell apoptosis and increasing dendritic spine density.
Highly specific targeted mutagenesis in plants using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9
Authors: Kaya Hidetaka , Mikami Masafumi , Endo Akira , Endo Masaki , Toki Seiichi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe CRISPR/Cas9 system is an efficient and convenient tool for genome editing in plants. Cas9 nuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) is commonly used in this system. Recently, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9)-mediated genome editing was reported in human cells and Arabidopsis. Because SaCas9 (1053 a.a.) is smaller than SpCas9 (1368 a.a.), SaCas9 could have substantial advantages for delivering and expressing Cas9 protein, especially using virus vectors. Since the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence of SaCas9 (5′-NNGRRT-3′) differs from that of SpCas9 (5′-NGG-3′), the use of this alternative Cas9 nuclease could expand the selectivity at potential cleavage target sites of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Here we show that SaCas9 can mutagenize target sequences in tobacco and rice with efficiencies similar to those of SpCas9. We also analyzed the base preference for ‘T’ at the 6th position of the SaCas9 PAM. Targeted mutagenesis efficiencies in target sequences with non-canonical PAMs (5′-NNGRRV-3′) were much lower than those with a canonical PAM (5′-NNGRRT-3′). The length of target sequence recognized by SaCas9 is one or two nucleotides longer than that recognized by SpCas9. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SaCas9 has higher sequence recognition capacity than SpCas9 and is useful for reducing off-target mutations in crop.
Transverse-electric plasmonic modes of cylindrical graphene-based waveguide at near-infrared and visible frequencies
Authors: Kuzmin Dmitry A. , Bychkov Igor V. , Shavrov Vladimir G. , Kotov Leonid N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTransverse-electric (TE) surface plasmons (SPs) are very unusual for plasmonics phenomenon. Graphene proposes a unique possibility to observe these plasmons. Due to transverse motion of carriers, TE SPs speed is usually close to bulk light one. In this work we discuss conditions of TE SPs propagation in cylindrical graphene-based waveguides. We found that the negativity of graphene conductivity’s imaginary part is not a sufficient condition. The structure supports TE SPs when the core radius of waveguide is larger than the critical value Rcr. Critical radius depends on the light frequency and the difference of permittivities inside and outside the waveguide. Minimum value of Rcr is comparable with the wavelength of volume wave and corresponds to interband carriers transition in graphene. We predict that use of multilayer graphene will lead to decrease of critical radius. TE SPs speed may differ more significantly from bulk light one in case of epsilon-near-zero core and shell of the waveguide. Results may open the door for practical applications of TE SPs in optics, including telecommunications.
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome is associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Population-based Study
Authors: Liao Chun-Hou , Lin Herng-Ching , Huang Chao-Yuan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to examine this association by comparing the risk of prior irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) between patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and matched controls in Taiwan. Data were retrieved from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005. This study included 4870 cases with CP/CPPS and 4870 age-matched controls. Conditional logistic regressions were conducted to examine associations of CP/CPPS with previously diagnosed IBS. We found that a total of 753 (7.7%) of the 9740 sampled patients had IBS prior to the index date; IBS was found in 497 (10.2%) cases and in 256 (5.3%) controls. Conditional logistic regression revealed a higher odds ratio (OR) of prior IBS (OR 2.05, 95% CI = 1.75–2.40) for cases than controls. Furthermore, after adjusting for the patients’ monthly income, geographical location, urbanization level and hypertension and coronary heart disease, the conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that cases were more likely than controls to have prior IBS (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.67–2.29). Furthermore, we found that CP/CPPS was consistently and significantly associated with prior IBS regardless of age group. We concluded that the diagnosis of CP/CPPS was associated with previously diagnosed IBS. Urologists should be aware of the association between CP/CPPS and IBS when treating patients.
Inhibiting miR-21 attenuates experimental hepatic fibrosis by suppressing both the ERK1 pathway in HSC and hepatocyte EMT
Authors: Wu Kaiming , Ye Changhong , Lin Lin , Chu Yimin , Ji Meng , Dai Weiping , Zeng Xin , Lin Yong 
Published: May 2016

MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has emerged as a critical regulatory molecule and an important serum marker in hepatic fibrogenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of inhibiting miR-21 on hepatic fibrosis treatment. Serum miR-21 levels in 60 healthy individuals and 180 patients with different stages of liver cirrhosis were examined, miR-21 levels in normal or cirrhotic human liver tissues (n=10 each) were also detected. An adenoviral vector (Ad-TuD-21) carrying the sponging ToughDecoy (TuD)-RNA sequence against miR-21 was constructed to reduce miR-21 expression efficiently in vitro and in vivo. Histological and immunohistological examinations were performed to evaluate the inhibitory effects and mechanism of Ad-TuD-21 delivery into carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic fibrosis rats by targeting extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) signalling in hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and hepatocyte epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our results revealed that enhanced miR-21 levels in cirrhotic patients were related to the severity and activity of liver cirrhosis. Ad-TuD-21 administered to liver fibrosis rats could remarkably suppress profibrotic gene expression, cause histological improvements in liver and attenuate hepatic fibrosis significantly. More importantly, after Ad-TuD-21 treatment, inhibition of both the ERK1 signalling pathway in HSC and hepatocyte EMT was confirmed, which paralleled the enhancement of miR-21 target genes–sprouty2 (SPRY2) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α)–expression in vivo. These data demonstrated that miR-21 is a key regulator to promote hepatic fibrogenesis, and sponging miR-21 expression may present a novel potentially therapeutic option for hepatic fibrosis.
Approach for ambipolar behaviour suppression in tunnel FET by workfunction engineering
Authors: Nigam Kaushal , kondekar Pravin , Sharma Dheeraj 
Published: May 2016

A dual material control gate tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) for asymmetric doping at source and drain regions is proposed. The gate consists of three segment different workfunctions ϕ1, ϕ2, and ϕ3, which are named as tunnelling gate (M1), control gate (M2), and auxiliary gate (M3), respectively. Forward to this, three possible combinations of ϕ1, ϕ2 and ϕ3 to maintain the dual workfunctionality of the device (ϕ2 = ϕ3 > ϕ1, ϕ1 = ϕ2 > ϕ3, ϕ1 = ϕ3 < ϕ2) were considered. Further, the comparison of these possible combinations are performed with conventional TFET (ϕ1 = ϕ2 = ϕ3). Among these ϕ1 = ϕ3 < ϕ2, generates most optimum results in terms of suppression of ambipolar behaviour, and enhancement in ON state current (ION) of the device. The proposed device shows significant improvement in terms of ION (1.66 × 10−5A/μ m for SiO2), ION/IOFF (7.22 × 1011), and sub‐threshold swing (∼19 mV/decade) as compared with conventional and the dual material TFET devices. Further, the analysis of analogue/RF performance is performed for the devices showing optimum performance in terms of suppression of ambipolar behaviour.
CYP450-derived oxylipins mediate inflammatory resolution
Authors: Gilroy Derek W. , Edin Matthew L. , De Maeyer Roel P. H. , Bystrom Jonas , Newson Justine , Lih Fred B. , Stables Melanie , Zeldin Darryl C. , Bishop-Bailey David 
Published: May 2016

Significance
A number of lipid mediators are known to contribute to inflammatory resolution. Fatty acid metabolites of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are found in abundance; however, their roles in inflammatory resolution are not known. Targeted lipidomics revealed that CYP450-epoxy-oxylipins were present during acute inflammation and inflammatory resolution. Using mice lacking soluble epoxide hydrolase, the major metabolizing pathway for CYP450-derived fatty acid mediators, and CYP450 epoxygenase inhibition specifically during resolution, we show that CYP450-derived lipids dramatically limit the accumulation of inflammatory monocytes during resolution. Moreover, all cells of the monocyte lineage examined showed a dramatic alteration in their proresolution phenotype following epoxygenase inhibition. These findings demonstrate that the CYP450-epoxy-oxylipins pathway has a critical role in monocyte lineage recruitment and resolution activity during inflammatory resolution.
Medication-Assisted Treatment for Substance use Disorders within a National Community Health Center Research Network
Authors: Rieckmann Traci , Muench John , McBurnie Mary Ann , Leo Michael C. , Crawford Phillip , Ford Daren , Stubbs Jennifer , O'Cleirigh Conall , Mayer Kenneth H. , Fiscella Kevin , Wright Nicole , Doe-Simkins Maya , Cuddeback Matthew , Salisbury-Afshar Elizabeth , Nelson Christine 
Published: May 2016

Background: The Affordable Care Act increases access to treatment services for people who suffer from substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and opioid use disorders (OUDs). This increased access to treatment has broad implications for delivering health services and creates a dramatic need for transformation in clinical care, service lines, and collaborative care models. Medication-assisted treatments (MAT) are effective for helping SUD patients reach better outcomes. This article uses electronic health record (EHR) data to examine the prevalence of EHR-documented SUDs, patient characteristics, and patterns of MAT prescribing and screening for patients within the Community Health Applied Research Network (CHARN), a national network of 17 community health centers that facilitates patient-centered outcomes research among underserved populations. Methods: Hierarchical generalized linear models examined patient characteristics, SUD occurrence rates, MAT prescription, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis virus C screening for patients with AUDs or OUDs. Results: Among 572,582 CHARN adult patients, 16,947 (3.0%) had a documented AUD diagnosis and 6,080 (1.1%) an OUD diagnosis. Alcohol MAT prescriptions were documented for 547 AUD patients (3.2%) and opioid MAT for 1,764 OUD patients (29.0%). Among OUD patients, opioid MAT was significantly associated with HIV screening (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, P < .001) in OUD patients, as was alcohol MAT among AUD patients (OR = 1.30, P = .013). Conclusions: These findings suggest that effective opioid and alcohol MAT may be substantially underprescribed among safety-net patients identified as having OUDs or AUDs.
Gibbon on Islam
Authors: Fowden Garth 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A strand in current scholarship examines early Islam and the Caliphate against a late antique backdrop of Sasanid–Roman tension, dogmatic strife in the Church, and the maturation of rabbinic Judaism. Gibbon long ago insisted that there had been more than one road out of Antiquity, leading not just to the formation of Latin Christendom— the Papacy, German Empire and Italian Renaissance—but also to Greek Christendom and the rise of Islam. Yet this aspect of Decline and Fall remains unappreciated, especially in John Pocock’s monumental Barbarism and Religion . The present article traces the origins of Gibbon’s eastward turn in his reading of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Arabists, historians and travellers, and in his decision to follow East Roman history down to 1453. Not only Voltaire but also the Universal History (London, 1736–66) encouraged Gibbon to look beyond Europe and its Christian narrative, while attitudes to Islam had softened in the decades around 1700 as a consequence of greater familiarity with its literature and the weakening of theological prejudice. Gibbon achieved a powerful, empathetic portrait of Muḥammad as a political leader as well as a prophet. His account of the Muslim empires from their Medinan origins to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople offers revealing comparisons with ancient Iran and Rome. Although his Classical Greek and Roman criterion of cultural and historical value forced him to conclude that Islam too was, in the end, tyranny and imposture, nevertheless the weight that Gibbon accorded to the Muslim world anticipates the more inclusive methods of global historians in our day.
Cerebral Hemorrhage and High INR
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Anticoagulation-associated cerebral hemorrhage often results in expansion and worsening of the clinical condition. Early reversal of an anticoagulant is key to reduce the hemorrhage volume. Traditionally, it involves administration of fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K, but this chapter discusses more current pharmacological approaches. One is use of prothrombin complex concentrates, which are the most effective way to reverse warfarin. Another is use of protamine, which reverses unfractionated heparin. Correction of other types of acquired coagulopathies is also mentioned in the chapter.
Traumatic Brain Injury arriving in the Emergency Department
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
New traumatic brain contusions may rapidly result in increased intracranial pressure (ICP). This chapter discusses how to recognize early increased intracranial pressure. The first line of ICP control is provided in this chapter. Placement of an ICP monitor, maintaining safe levels of ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure, and use of hypertonic saline are discussed, as is the importance of treating infections without delay. The effects and side effects of different osmotic diuretics are also discussed. Last-resort measures for refractory ICP are induced hypothermia or decompressive craniectomy. The chapter summarizes the major priorities of care in the first hours after traumatic brain injury.
Meningitis Not Improving After IV Antibiotics
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Outcome in acute bacterial meningitis is dependent on early initiation of antibiotic treatment; it needs to be treated aggressively with corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics as early as possible. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of corticosteroids and choice of antibiotics. It also discusses how to rapidly assess the severity of the illness using neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination and how to find the source. Patients may not improve due to cerebral infarcts or severe meningeal inflammation causing hydrocephalus. Patients may need time to recover after a severe bout and early transition to palliative care only may be inappropriate, except for patients with refractory sepsis and multiorgan failure.
Acute Paraplegia After Aortic Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia usually results in substantial neurological morbidity. It is usually encountered after complex aortic surgery and when the procedure has been acute, such as in an aortic dissection. Most patients with spinal cord ischemia present with acute flaccid weakness, sensory level, and sphincter dysfunction. Treatment options using lumbar drainage to reduce cerebrospinal fluid pressure are discussed in this chapter. Spinal cord infarction is often disabling, but some patients can still achieve a favorable functional outcome despite initial severe deficits.
Rapid-Onset Coma and Chest X-Ray Whiteout After a Fracture
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray and oxygen desaturation may indicate several acute conditions. How to differentiate neurogenic and cardiogenic pulmonary edema from aspiration and how to best treat these conditions initially is discussed in this chapter. Aspiration is more common, particularly after a seizure, vomiting, and difficult intubation. Clinical suspicion of acute pulmonary emboli is based on sudden oxygen desaturation with increased A-a gradient, but normal chest X-ray. Fat emboli should be considered in a patient with a recent major long bone fracture who develops sudden respiratory failure and neurological decline. Treatment may include broad-spectrum antibiotics (suspected aspiration), high positive end expiratory pressure (flash pulmonary edema), and repeated bronchoscopy.
Increasing Serum Sodium After Surgery for Tumor in the Pituitary Region
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Postoperative polyuria after surgery for a suprasellar tumor should promptly raise suspicion of diabetes insipidus. Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus is based on the presence of polyuria associated with hypernatremia, serum hyperosmolality, and urine hypoosmolality. Diabetes insipidus is a difficult management problem after surgery for resection of a centrally located brain tumor. In a catastrophically injured patient, diabetes insipidus may be one of the first signs of brain death. Fluid management, administration of vasopressin, and monitoring of effect of treatment are discussed in this chapter. Management of central diabetes insipidus consists of aggressive rehydration and intravenous administration of desmopressin.
What Neurologists Know About Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury and What Other Physicians Want to Know
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Statistical prognostic models have been developed in traumatic brain injury and future disability can be predicted with some certainty. For example, half of comatose patients with severe traumatic brain injury will improve significantly over 6 months. How does this all work in practice, and do clinicians use this information in discussions with family members? The pitfalls, uncertainties, and major reservations in prognostication are discussed in this chapter. Heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury limits prognostication, and prognostication is particularly challenging in young patients. Impact of intracranial pressure monitoring on the outcome of traumatic brain injury is uncertain. Cognitive impairment, depression, and agitation are major causes of decreased functional independence after severe traumatic brain injury.
Noninferior Antibiotics: When Is “Not Bad” “Good Enough”?
Authors: DiNubile Mark J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNovel treatment options are urgently needed for patients with serious multidrug-resistant infections seen increasingly in routine everyday clinical practice, both in the hospital and nursing home as well as in the clinic and office setting. Unfortunately, the problem is no longer confined to chronically ill, repeatedly hospitalized patients. This essay explores the role of noninferiorly studies in addressing the pressing need for new antimicrobial agents to combat the emerging “superbugs”, calling attention to the nuances of interpreting their sometimes less-than-straightforward results. The overriding aim is not to find better antibiotics for routinely treatable infections but to identify safe and efficacious treatment options where none presently exist.