bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in vitro study examining a novel suction curette device for lumbar discectomy compared with standard manual discectomy
Authors: Lavelle William F. , Ordway Nathaniel R. , Araghi Ali , Buckley Rudolph A. , Fayyazi Amir H. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE
This purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate and assess the efficacy and efficiency of discectomy and endplate preparation during transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) using traditional manual instrumentation versus a novel suction discectomy curette. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion is the most widely used approach for lumbar arthrodesis, and its success depends on the ability to achieve fusion. Complete preparation of intervertebral disc space (removal of the nucleus, endplate cartilage, and margin of inner annulus) is the surgical goal. Performing an adequate discectomy requires numerous instrument passes, increasing surgical time and the risk of complications.

METHODS
Four experienced spinal surgeons performed transforaminal discectomies from T-12 to S-1 on 5 whole-body cadavers. Each level (n = 26) was randomly assigned to either a control group using traditional instruments (12 levels) or to a suction curette group (14 levels). The time required to perform the discectomy and the number of passes through the annulus were recorded. Motion segments were dissected and analyzed by digital photogrammetric analysis. The intervertebral disc and the discectomy cross-sectional areas were measured on both superior and inferior images of each dissected surgical level. Areas were divided into 4 quadrants based on a midsagittal and midcoronal axis and analyzed for regional efficiency. In addition, a cross-sectional area of bony endplate (the area still covered with cartilage) and an area of endplate perforation were evaluated.

RESULTS
There was no significant difference in surgical time between the techniques (7:51 ± 2:43 minutes in the manual discectomy [MD] group and 7:06 ± 3:33 minutes in the suction curette discectomy [SD] group). There were significantly fewer (p < 0.01) instrument passes in the SD group (13 passes) compared with the MD group (43 passes). For both techniques, the amount of disc removed depended upon the anatomical region, with the posterior-contralateral side having the least amount of disc material removed. There was significantly less (p < 0.01) disc material removed in the MD group (38%) compared with the SD group (48%). The amount of disc material removed was significantly more (p < 0.05) in each quadrant when comparing the SD and MD groups, with the anterior regions showing the largest difference. For both techniques, the preparation of the endplate within the discectomy area resulted in a mostly cartilaginous interface (50% MD, 48% SD); a smaller amount of bony interface area (31% MD, 38% SD); and a smaller amount of perforation to the interface area (19% MD, 13% SD). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of endplate preparation.

CONCLUSIONS
The improved discectomy observed with the suction curette device could potentially improve the clinical fusion rate.
Head and neck cancers—major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual
Authors: Lydiatt William M. , Patel Snehal G. , O'Sullivan Brian , Brandwein Margaret S. , Ridge John A. , Migliacci Jocelyn C. , Loomis Ashley M. , Shah Jatin P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAnswer questions and earn CME/CNEThe recently released eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Staging Manual, Head and Neck Section, introduces significant modifications from the prior seventh edition. This article details several of the most significant modifications, and the rationale for the revisions, to alert the reader to evolution of the field. The most significant update creates a separate staging algorithm for high‐risk human papillomavirus‐associated cancer of the oropharynx, distinguishing it from oropharyngeal cancer with other causes. Other modifications include: the reorganizing of skin cancer (other than melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma) from a general chapter for the entire body to a head and neck‐specific cutaneous malignancies chapter; division of cancer of the pharynx into 3 separate chapters; changes to the tumor (T) categories for oral cavity, skin, and nasopharynx; and the addition of extranodal cancer extension to lymph node category (N) in all but the viral‐related cancers and mucosal melanoma. The Head and Neck Task Force worked with colleagues around the world to derive a staging system that reflects ongoing changes in head and neck oncology; it remains user friendly and consistent with the traditional tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) staging paradigm. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:122–137. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Étude des coutumes funéraires en Crète néopalatiale.
Authors: Devolder Maud 
Published: January 2017

Exploring the Cretan Neopalatial Funerary Record.
The poverty of the Neopalatial funerary record (1650/ 1640-1440/ 1430 B. C.) is the subject of this paper, for which both natural and cultural factors are explored. The exposition of corpses to the elements or their crude deposition in natural cavities seems to be the reason for their rarity in the Neopalatial archaeological landscape. It can also be related to ancient Cretan practices. The palatial sphere now appears as the alternative ritual context, better suited to the needs of the population. It seems to take an active part in the marked lack of interest for former, monumental, funerary sites, which were key features of the Pre-and Protopalatial periods. Despite the poverty of the corpus, the relevant funerary information is explored. The diversity of the funerary sites is stressed, together with their material content and the ritual practices they were the focus of.
On the Rotationally Driven Pevatron in the Center of the Milky Way
Authors: Osmanov Z , Mahajan S , Machabeli G 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Based on the collective linear and nonlinear processes in a magnetized plasma surrounding the black hole at the Galactic center (GC), an acceleration mechanism is proposed to explain the recent detection/discovery of PeV protons. In a two-stage process, the gravitation energy is first converted to the electrical energy in fast-growing Langmuir waves, and then the electrical energy is transformed to the particle kinetic energy through Landau damping of waves. It is shown that, for the characteristic parameters of GC plasma, proton energy can be boosted up to 5 PeV.
The VMC Survey. XXII. Hierarchical Star Formation in the 30 Doradus-N158–N159–N160 Star-forming Complex
Authors: Sun Ning-Chen , Grijs Richard de , Subramanian Smitha , Cioni Maria-Rosa L. , Rubele Stefano , Bekki Kenji , Ivanov Valentin D. , Piatti Andrés E. , Ripepi Vincenzo 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We study the hierarchical stellar structures in a ∼1.5 deg2 area covering the 30 Doradus-N158–N159–N160 star-forming complex with the VISTA Survey of Magellanic Clouds. Based on the young upper main-sequence stars, we find that the surface densities cover a wide range of values, from log(

pc2) ≲ −2.0 to log(

pc2) ≳ 0.0. Their distributions are highly non-uniform, showing groups that frequently have subgroups inside. The sizes of the stellar groups do not exhibit characteristic values, and range continuously from several parsecs to more than 100 pc; the cumulative size distribution can be well described by a single power law, with the power-law index indicating a projected fractal dimension D
2 = 1.6 ± 0.3. We suggest that the phenomena revealed here support a scenario of hierarchical star formation. Comparisons with other star-forming regions and galaxies are also discussed.
Characterizations of Operator Birkhoff–James Orthogonality
Authors: Sal Moslehian Mohammad , Zamani Ali 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we obtain some characterizations of the (strong) Birkhoff–James orthogonality for elements of Hilbert C*-modules and certain elements of . Moreover, we obtain a kind of Pythagorean relation for bounded linear operators. In addition, for we prove that if the norm attaining set is a unit sphere of some finite dimensional subspace of and , then for every , T is the strong Birkhoff–James orthogonal to S if and only if there exists a unit vector such that . Finally, we introduce a new type of approximate orthogonality and investigate this notion in the setting of inner product C*-modules.
Environmental Principles and the Evolution of Environmental Law
Authors: Scotford Eloise 
Published: January 2017

Environmental principles—from the polluter pays and precautionary principles to the principles of integration and sustainability—proliferate in domestic international legal and policy discourse, refl ecting key goals of environmental protection and sustainable development on which there is apparent political consensus. Environmental principles also have a high profile in environmental law, beyond their popularity as policy and political concepts, as ideas that might unify the subject and provide it with conceptual foundations or boost its delivery of environmental outcomes. However, environmental principles are elusive legal concepts.
This book deepens the legal understanding of environmental principles in light of recent legal developments. It analyses the increasing legal effects of environmental principles in different jurisdictions and demonstrates how they are shaping and revealing innovative and evolving bodies of environmental law. This analysis is a step forward in understanding a key feature of modern environmental law and presents a robust methodology for dealing with novel legal concepts in the subject. It also makes a contribution to environmental policy debates and discussions internationally that rely heavily on environmental principles, including their supposed legal effects.
Becoming Atheist
Authors: Brown Callum G. 
Published: January 2017

The Western World is becoming atheist. In the space of three generations churchgoing and religious belief have become alien to millions. We are in the midst of one of humankind’s great cultural changes. How has this happened?
Becoming Atheist explores how people of the sixties’ generation have come to live their lives as if there is no God. It tells the life narratives of those from Britain, Western Europe, the United States and Canada who came from Christian, Jewish and other backgrounds to be without faith. Based on interviews with 85 people born in 18 countries, Callum Brown shows how gender, ethnicity and childhood shape how individuals lose religion.
This book moves from statistical and broad cultural analysis to use frank, humorous and sometimes harrowing personal testimony. Becoming Atheist exposes people’s role in renegotiating their own identities, and fashioning a secular and humanist culture for the Western world.
Political Economy of Adult Learning Systems
Authors: Desjardins Richard 
Published: January 2017

Based on comparative adult education statistics offered by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) and country case studies, this book analyses the policies and structures that foster adult learning. It examines a variety of forms of adult learning, ranging from initial forms of post-compulsory education, such as upper secondary tracks and tertiary education, to firm training, compensatory adult education and learning for civic and leisure oriented purposes.
Throughout the book, adult learning systems are directly linked to a variety of structural and public policy frameworks using a comparative welfare state approach. Themes such as pathways to learning and transition systems, participation patterns in higher education and participation patterns in other organized forms of adult learning are covered. The countries discussed are the UK, the USA, Korea, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands.
Situated at the intersection between scholarship and policy and using a mixed-methods approach, this title contributes fundamental insights into the further study of policies and structures related to alternative post-compulsory learning pathways.
Nietzsche and Kantian Ethics
Authors: Constâncio João , Bailey Tom 
Published: January 2017

Much high-quality work has recently been done to elucidate Nietzsche’s ethics. But little attention has been given to the critical relations between his ethics and the Kantian approach to ethics and politics, dominant in both his and our time.
Nietzsche and Kantian Ethics examines the critical responses to Kantian senses of agency, freedom, responsibility, duty, equality and normativity and to specific Kantian moral and political duties that can be derived from Nietzsche’s work. These responses and the normative, theoretical and methodological issues that they raise are analysed and evaluated by established scholars from both Nietzschean and Kantian perspectives. The result is a rich and extensive treatment of the critical significance of Nietzsche and Kantian ethics and politics for each other.
Direct observations of organic aerosols in common wintertime hazes in North China: insights into direct emissions from Chinese residential stoves
Authors: Chen Shurui , Xu Liang , Zhang Yinxiao , Chen Bing , Wang Xinfeng , Zhang Xiaoye , Zheng Mei , Chen Jianmin , Wang Wenxing , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Li Weijun 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Many studies have focused on the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles in unusually severe haze episodes in North China instead of the more frequent and less severe hazes. Consistent with this lack of attention, the morphology and mixing state of organic matter (OM) particles in the frequent light and moderate (L &amp; M) hazes in winter in the North China Plain (NCP) have not been examined, even though OM dominates these fine particles. In the present work, morphology, mixing state, and size of organic aerosols in the L &amp; M hazes were systematically characterized using transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometer, with the comparisons among an urban site (Jinan, S1), a mountain site (Mt. Tai, S2), and a background island site (Changdao, S3) in the same hazes. Based on their morphologies, the OM particles were divided into six different types: spherical (type 1), near-spherical (type 2), irregular (type 3), domelike (type 4), dispersed-OM (type 5), and OM-coating (type 6). In the three sampling sites, types 1–3 of OM particles were most abundant in the L &amp; M hazes and most of them were internally mixed with non-OM particles. The abundant near-spherical OM particles with higher sphericity and lower aspect ratio indicate that these primary OM particles formed in the cooling process after polluted plumes were emitted from coal combustion and biomass burning. Based on the Si-O-C ratio in OM particles, we estimated that 71 % of type 1–3 OM particles were associated with coal combustion. Our result suggests that coal combustion in residential stoves was a widespread source from urban to rural areas in NCP. Average OM thickness which correlates with the age of the air masses in type 6 particles only slightly increased from S1 to S2 to S3, suggesting that the L &amp; M hazes were usually dry (relative humidity < 60 %) with weak photochemistry and heterogeneous reactions between particles and gases. We conclude that the direct emissions from these coal stoves without any pollution controls in rural areas and in urban outskirts contribute large amounts of primary OM particles to the regional L &amp; M hazes in North China.
Decadal changes in global surface NOx emissions from multi-constituent satellite data assimilation
Authors: Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Eskes Henk , Sudo Kengo , Boersma K. Folkert , Bowman Kevin , Kanaya Yugo 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Global surface emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) over a 10-year period (2005–2014) are estimated from an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets: tropospheric NO2 columns from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), O3 profiles from Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), CO profiles from Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), and O3 and HNO3 profiles from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) using an ensemble Kalman filter technique. Chemical concentrations of various species and emission sources of several precursors are simultaneously optimized. This is expected to improve the emission inversion because the emission estimates are influenced by biases in the modelled tropospheric chemistry, which can be partly corrected by also optimizing the concentrations. We present detailed distributions of the estimated emission distributions for all major regions, the diurnal and seasonal variability, and the evolution of these emissions over the 10-year period. The estimated regional total emissions show a strong positive trend over India (+29 % decade−1), China (+26 % decade−1), and the Middle East (+20 % decade−1), and a negative trend over the USA (−38 % decade−1), southern Africa (−8.2 % decade−1), and western Europe (−8.8 % decade−1). The negative trends in the USA and western Europe are larger during 2005–2010 relative to 2011–2014, whereas the trend in China becomes negative after 2011. The data assimilation also suggests a large uncertainty in anthropogenic and fire-related emission factors and an important underestimation of soil NOx sources in the emission inventories. Despite the large trends observed for individual regions, the global total emission is almost constant between 2005 (47.9 Tg N yr−1) and 2014 (47.5 Tg N yr−1).
Spatially distributed characterization of soil-moisture dynamics using travel-time distributions
Authors: Heße Falk , Zink Matthias , Kumar Rohini , Samaniego Luis , Attinger Sabine 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Travel-time distributions are a comprehensive tool for the characterization of hydrological system dynamics. Unlike the streamflow hydrograph, they describe the movement and storage of water within and throughout the hydrological system. Until recently, studies using such travel-time distributions have generally either been applied to lumped models or to real-world catchments using available time series, e.g., stable isotopes. Whereas the former are limited in their realism and lack information on the spatial arrangements of the relevant quantities, the latter are limited in their use of available data sets. In our study, we employ the spatially distributed mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM) and apply it to a catchment in central Germany. Being able to draw on multiple large data sets for calibration and verification, we generate a large array of spatially distributed states and fluxes. These hydrological outputs are then used to compute the travel-time distributions for every grid cell in the modeling domain. A statistical analysis indicates the general soundness of the upscaling scheme employed in mHM and reveals precipitation, saturated soil moisture and potential evapotranspiration as important predictors for explaining the spatial heterogeneity of mean travel times. In addition, we demonstrate and discuss the high information content of mean travel times for characterization of internal hydrological processes.
Publicité des droits et prescription acquisitive : des liaisons dangereuses?
Authors: Gidrol-Mistral Gaële , Tran Thuy Nam Tran 
Published: January 2017

L’influence de la publicité des droits sur la prescription acquisitive au Québec est apparue dans toute sa force lors de la réforme du Code civil. Le législateur avait pour ambition de conférer à la publicité des droits une force probatoire qui aurait relégué la prescription acquisitive au second plan. Cette réforme ambitieuse nécessitait une immatriculation des immeubles. En attendant sa mise en place, des dispositions transitoires ont suspendu l’application des règles qui devaient organiser ce système. En 2000, la réforme a été abandonnée et plusieurs articles du Code ont été modifiés ou abrogés. Cette nouvelle situation a entraîné une certaine confusion quant au rôle de la publicité foncière, confusion encore perceptible aujourd’hui. La Cour d’appel du Québec, fin août 2015, a rendu une décision qui s’inscrit dans ce débat, révélant pleinement les liaisons dangereuses que la publicité des droits entretient avec la prescription acquisitive. L’analyse diachronique de cette saga législative permettra de faire la lumière sur le couronnement et l’éclipse de la publicité des droits.
La notion d’économie du contrat en droit français et québécois
Authors: Fokou Éric 
Published: January 2017

Pour la doctrine française, l’économie du contrat constitue l’une des notions prétoriennes les plus influentes en droit contemporain des contrats. Notion à géométrie variable, née en jurisprudence française en 1894, l’économie du contrat fut reprise dès 1919 par les juridictions québécoises. Son essor reste cependant plus significatif en droit français où elle a reçu, depuis lors, une stature constitutionnelle. Cette étude propose, dans une approche systématico-fonctionnaliste, d’examiner les contours et les solutions que la notion inspire à travers le prisme du droit comparé, et présente dès lors un grand intérêt pour la doctrine québécoise où elle demeure encore peu connue.
Transcranial Doppler Monitoring in Carotid Endarterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Udesh Reshmi , Natarajan Piruthiviraj , Thiagarajan Karthy , Wechsler Lawrence R. , Crammond Donald J. , Balzer Jeffrey R. , Thirumala Parthasarathy D. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring in predicting perioperative strokes after carotid endarterectomy (CEA).MethodsAn electronic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted for studies on transcranial Doppler monitoring in CEA published from January 1970 through September 2015. All titles and abstracts were independently screened on the basis of predetermined inclusion criteria, which included randomized clinical trials and prospective or retrospective cohort reviews, patients who underwent CEA with intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring (either middle cerebral artery velocity [MCAV] or cerebral microembolic signals [MES]) and postoperative neurologic assessments up to 30 days after the surgery, and studies including an abstract, published in English on adult humans 18 years and older with a sample size of 50 or greater.ResultsA total of 25articles with a sample population of 4705 patients were analyzed. Among the study patients, 189 developed perioperative strokes. Transcranial Doppler monitoring (either MCAV or MES) showed specificity of 72.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.2%–81.8%) and sensitivity of 56.1% (95% CI, 46.8%–65.0%) for predicting perioperative strokes. Intraoperative MCAV changes during CEA showed strong specificity of 84.1% (95% CI, 74.4%–90.6) and sensitivity of 49.7% (95% CI, 40.6%–58.8) for predicting perioperative strokes.ConclusionsPatients with perioperative strokes are 4 times more likely to have had transcranial Doppler changes (either MCAV or MES) during CEA compared to patients without strokes. Simultaneous MCAV and MES monitoring by transcranial Doppler sonography and combined intraoperative monitoring of transcranial Doppler sonography with somatosensory evoked potentials and electroencephalography during CEA to predict perioperative stroke could not be evaluated because of a lack of clinical studies combining these measures.