bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper Limit on Star Formation and Metal Enrichment in Minihalos
Authors: Cen Renyue 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
An analysis of negative radiative feedback from resident stars in minihalos is performed. It is found that the most effective mechanism to suppress star formation is provided by infrared photons from resident stars via photo-detachment of H−. It is shown that a stringent upper bound on (total stellar mass, metallicity) of (∼1000 M⊙, −3.3 ± 0.2) in any newly minted atomic cooling halo can be placed, with the actual values possibly significantly lower. This has both important physical ramifications on formation of stars and supermassive black seeds in atomic cooling halos at high redshift, pertaining to processes of low temperature metal cooling, dust formation and fragmentation, and direct consequences on the faint end galaxy luminosity function at high redshift and cosmological reionization. The luminosity function of galaxies at the epoch of reionization may be substantially affected due to the combined effect of a diminished role of minihalos and an enhanced contribution from Pop III stars in atomic cooling halos. Upcoming results on reionization optical depth from Planck High-Frequency Instrument data may provide a significant constraint on and a unique probe of this star formation physical process in minihalos. As a numerical example, in the absence of significant contributions from minihalos with virial masses below 1.5 × 108 M⊙ the reionization optical depth is expected to be no greater than 0.065, whereas allowing for minihalos of masses as low as (107 M⊙, 106.5 M⊙) to form stars unconstrained by this self-regulation physical process, the reionization optical depth is expected to exceed (0.075, 0.085), respectively.
The Real Effects of Liquidity During the Financial Crisis: Evidence from Automobiles*
Authors: Benmelech Efraim , Meisenzahl Ralf R. , Ramcharan Rodney 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIlliquidity in short-term credit markets during the financial crisis might have severely curtailed the supply of nonbank consumer credit. Using a new data set linking every car sold in the United States to the credit supplier involved in each transaction, we find that the collapse of the asset-backed commercial paper market reduced the financing capacity of such nonbank lenders as captive leasing companies in the automobile industry. As a result, car sales in counties that traditionally depended on nonbank lenders declined sharply. Although other lenders increased their supply of credit, the net aggregate effect of illiquidity on car sales is large and negative. We conclude that the decline in auto sales during the financial crisis was caused in part by a credit supply shock driven by the illiquidity of the most important providers of consumer finance in the auto loan market. These results also imply that interventions aimed at arresting illiquidity in short-term credit markets might have helped contain the real effects of the crisis.
Sex Differences in Body Mass Index and Obesity in Chinese Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Li Qiongzhen , Chen Dachuan , Liu Tiebang , Walss-Bass Consuelo , de Quevedo Joao L. , Soares Jair C. , Zhao Jingping , Zhang Xiang Yang 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Sex differences in schizophrenia have been well recognized. However, sex differences in obesity associated with antipsychotics have received little systematic study. This study was conducted to compare sex difference effects of antipsychotics and related risk factors on obesity and body mass index (BMI) in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. A total of 204 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia (males/females = 140/66) were recruited. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and serum glucose and lipid levels were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess patients' psychopathology. The prevalence of obesity in female patients (21/66, 31.82%) was approximately 2 times that of male patients (22/140, 15.83%; P < 0.001) and women also had higher BMI than men (25.49 ± 4.42 kg/m2 versus 23.95 ± 3.67 kg/m2; P < 0.005). Regression analyses showed that obesity was associated with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05) and triglycerides (P < 0.05) in women, and limited to triglyceride in men (P < 0.01). Further correlation analysis showed that BMI was associated with the PANSS negative symptom subscore (P < 0.001) and the PANSS total score (P < 0.01) in men. In addition, women had higher low-density lipoprotein plasma levels than men. Our findings suggest that there are significant sex differences in bodyweight and obesity in chronic medicated patients with schizophrenia, with worse lipid metabolic dysfunction in female patients.
Changes in interoceptive processes following brain stimulation
Authors: Pollatos Olga , Herbert Beate M. , Mai Sandra , Kammer Thomas 
Published: October 2016

The processing and perception of individual internal bodily signals (interoception) has been differentiated to comprise different levels and processes involved. The so-called heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) offers an additional possibility to examine automatic processing of cardiac signals. Knowledge on neural structures potentially supporting different facets of interoception is still sparse. One way to get insights into neuroanatomical function is to manipulate the activity of different brain structures. In this study, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and a continuous theta-burst protocol to inhibit specific central locations of the interoceptive network including the right anterior insula and the right somatosensory cortices and assessed effects on interoceptive facets and the HEP in 18 male participants. Main results were that inhibiting anterior insula resulted in a significant decline in cardiac and respiratory interoceptive accuracy (IAc) and in a consistent decrease in perception confidence. Continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over somatosensory cortices reduced only cardiac IAc and affected perception confidence. Inhibiting right anterior insula and right somatosensory cortices increased interoceptive sensibility and reduced the HEP amplitude over frontocentral locations. Our findings strongly suggest that cTBS is an effective tool to investigate the neural network supporting interoceptive processes.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
RNAModR: Functional analysis of mRNA modifications in R
Authors: Evers Maurits , Shafik Andrew , Schumann Ulrike , Preiss Thomas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMotivationResearch in the emerging field of epitranscriptomics is increasingly generating comprehensive maps of chemical modifications in messenger RNAs (mRNAs). A computational framework allowing a reproducible and standardised analysis of these mRNA modification data is missing, but will be crucial for reliable functional meta-gene analyses and cross-study comparisons.ResultsWe have developed RNAModR, an open-source and R-based set of methods, to analyse and visualise the transcriptome-wide distribution of mRNA modifications. RNAModR allows the statistical evaluation of the mRNA modification site distribution relative to null sites on a meta-gene level, providing insight into the functional role of these mRNA modifications on e.g. mRNA structure and stability.Availability and implementationRNAModR is available under the GNU General Public License (GPL) as an R-package fromhttps://github.com/mevers/RNAModR.Contactmaurits.evers@anu.edu.au
Gas Exchange and C Allocation in Dunaliella salina Cells in Response to the N Source and CO2 Concentration Used for Growth
Authors: Giordano M. , Bowes G. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina was cultured on 10 mM NH4+ or NO3- with air CO2 or 5% (v/v) CO2. Cells grown on NH4+ rather than NO3- were up to 17% larger in volume but had similar division rates. The photosynthetic K0.5 of dissolved inorganic C per cell was reduced, but the light- and CO2-saturated photosynthesis, dark respiration, and light-independent fixation rates were increased. The cells exhibited 2- to 5-fold greater activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and carboxykinase, and carbonic anhydrase and more soluble and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase protein. Chlorophyll and β-carotene also increased by 30 to 70%. However, starch and glycerol decreased, indicating that C was reallocated from carbohydrates into protein and pigments by growth on NH4+. Algae cultured on air-CO2 rather than a high CO2 concentration were 44% smaller with 55 to 67% lower cell division rates and thus appeared C-limited, despite the operation of a CO2-concentrating mechanism. Cells cultured on air-CO2 had less protein and starch and 28% more glycerol, but the pigment content was unchanged. In only one growth regime was the cell glycerol concentration sufficient to maintain osmotic equilibrium with the external medium, indicating that an additional osmoticum was required. It appears that the N source, as well as the growth [CO2], substantially modifies photosynthetic and growth characteristics, light-independent C metabolism, and C-allocation patterns of D. salina cells.
RNase Activities Are Reduced Concomitantly with Conservation of Total Cellular RNA and Ribosomes in O2-Deprived Seedling Roots of Maize
Authors: Fennoy S. L. , Jayachandran S. , Bailey-Serres J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The effect of O2 deprivation on the activities of RNases and levels of total cellular RNA and ribosomes in seedling roots of maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels containing RNA were used to distinguish RNase isoenzymes by apparent molecular mass. Since O2 deprivation causes a decrease in cytosolic pH from approximately pH 7.4 to 6.4 and an elevation in cytosolic Ca2+, RNase levels were examined in the physiological range of cytosolic pH and in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, ethylenediaminetetracetate, or ethyleneglycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N[prime]-tetraacetic acid. The activity of a number of RNases present in aerobic roots was reduced in response to O2 deprivation. Several RNases with a pH optimum of 6.4 were rapidly down-regulated by O2 deprivation. Spectrophotometric assay of extracts revealed that RNase activity was higher at pH 6.4 than at 7.2, and ethylenediaminetetracetate-insensitive RNase activity decreased in response to O2 deprivation. The decrease in RNase activity was correlated with no loss of total cellular RNA or ribosomes, despite a 4-fold decrease in run-on transcription of rRNA in isolated nuclei. Regulation of RNase activity may facilitate the conservation of nontranslating ribosomes and poorly translated mRNAs during O2 deprivation.
Substrate Kinetics of the Plant Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase and the Effects of Pyruvate
Authors: Hoefnagel MHN. , Rich P. R. , Zhang Q. , Wiskich J. T. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The kinetics of alternative oxidase (AOX) of Arum italicum spadices and soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons were studied both with intact mitochondria and with a solubilized, partially purified enzyme. Ubiquinone analogs were screened for their suitability as substrates and ubiquinol-1 was found to be most suitable. The kinetics of ubiquinol-1 oxidation via AOX in both systems followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, suggesting that the reaction is limited by a single-step substrate reaction. The kinetics are quite different from those previously described, in which the redox state of ubiquinone-10 was monitored and an increase in substrate was accompanied by a decrease in product. The difference between the systems is discussed. Pyruvate is a potent activator of the enzyme and its presence is essential for maximum activity. The addition of pyruvate to the solubilized enzyme increased the maximum initial velocity from 6.2 [plus or minus] 1.3 to 16.9 [plus or minus] 2.8 [mu]mol O2 mg-1 protein min-1 but had little effect on the Michaelis constant for ubiquinol-1, an analog of ubiquinol, which changed from 116 [plus or minus] 73 to 157 [plus or minus] 68 [mu]M. It is concluded that pyruvate (and presumably other keto acids) increases the activity of AOX but does not increase its affinity for its substrate. In agreement with this is the finding that removal of pyruvate (using lactate dehydrogenase and NADH) leads to an 80 to 90% decrease in the reaction rate, suggesting that pyruvate is important in the mechanism of reaction of AOX. The removal of pyruvate from the enzyme required turnover, suggesting that pyruvate is bound to the enzyme and is released during turnover.
Source Strength Regulates an Early Phase Transition of Tobacco Shoot Morphogenesis
Authors: Tsai C. H. , Miller A. , Spalding M. , Rodermel S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We have taken advantage of specific reductions in the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase concentration in rbcS antisense mutants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to assess the contribution of source strength (carbohydrate production) to the control of shoot development. Wild-type and antisense plants undergo distinct phases of shoot development that can be distinguished from one another on the basis of differences in stem elongation rates, internode distances, plastochron indices, leaf sizes, and leaf morphologies. An early phase of shoot morphogenesis is markedly prolonged in the antisense plants, and an increased number of leaves emerge during this phase in the mutants. This delay is specific, inasmuch as the duration and expression of traits characteristic of later phases of shoot development proceed normally. In addition to altered shoot developmental patterns, the antisense mutants have enhanced shoot/root ratios and markedly increased leaf longevities. It is likely that these are adaptations that enhance photosynthetic rates. Consistent with this proposal, the total leaf areas and dry weights of the mutant and wild type are similar at flowering. Collectively, our results indicate that source strength regulates the duration of an early phase of tobacco shoot development and the transition to a later phase. We suggest that this phase change may occur in response to the attainment of a threshold source strength, which is delayed in the mutant plants.
Market effects of SEC regulation of short-term borrowing disclosure
Authors: Chamberlain Trevor C. , Khokhar Abdul-Rahman , Sarkar Sudipto 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to offer an alternative approach to measure the cost-benefit tradeoff, by analyzing stockholders’ reactions to the announcement and vote on the proposed rule. More specifically, the authors use event study methodology to investigate the stock price reaction on two key dates; that is, the announcement date and the voting date of the proposed short-term borrowing disclosure regulation, and argue that positive abnormal stock returns indicate that the expected benefits of the regulation outweigh the compliance costs. A negative reaction would indicate that, in the eyes of investors, the costs of compliance exceed the expected benefits.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use event study analysis and apply the market model to equal-weighted portfolios of 2,450 financial and 3,985 non-financial US firms to calculate mean cumulative abnormal stock returns (MCARs, hereafter) on the announcement and voting dates. Then, the authors conduct mean difference tests on firm-level MCARs across three event windows, that is, (−30,−1), (0,+1) and (+2,+30), to confirm if the MCARs of financial firms are different from those of non-financial firms on both the announcement and the voting dates. Finally, robustness tests are performed with alternate benchmark, using value-weighted portfolios, for the market.

Findings
The authors find that the market reaction is positive and significant at the announcement date and negative and significant at the voting date of the proposed regulation of short-term borrowing disclosure regulation. Overall, the paper documents a positive market reaction, indicating the usefulness of the disclosure from the vantage point of users. Examining and comparing the results for various subsets, including commercial banks and saving institutions, bank holding companies, size quartiles, and exchange listed and OTC registrants, the authors find that a “one-size-fits-all” approach to regulation is undesirable.

Originality/value
This is first empirical study, to best of the authors’ knowledge, to explore stockholder reaction to a proposed, rather than an enforced, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation and may contribute to the SEC’s final decision on the rule. Second, given a dissimilar reaction from investors of different firms, the results suggest that the SEC needs to reconsider its one-size-fit-all approach for the proposed rule. Finally, because the proposed disclosure would affect all SEC registrants, the economic implications of the findings are important not only for stockholders, but also for regulators, as they attempt to manage systematic risk and optimize the level of market intervention.
New Scientometric‐Based Knowledge Map of Food Science Research (2003 to 2014)
Authors: Blázquez‐Ruiz Jesús , Guerrero‐Bote Vicente P. , Moya‐Anegón Félix 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article describes an analysis of keywords which was aimed at revealing publication patterns in the field of Food Science (FS) during the last decade, including the temporal evolution of its different research lines. To this end, the records of the specific subject area of FS were 1st retrieved from Scopus, and then their keywords were processed to resolve the obvious problems of synonymy and to limit the study to those most frequently used. These keywords were grouped into thematic clusters based on a scientometric technique known as co‐word analysis. The structure of the clusters, their scientific impact, and their temporal evolution were then analyzed. This type of analysis is of great interest for all researchers in FS—for new researchers because they can form an objective vision of the subject based on the data from papers that have been published in the last decade, and for experienced researchers because they can contrast their own vision of the field with this objective overview. The results showed there to has been a clear increase in scientific production related to FS. This production had a structure corresponding to 5 major clusters which were themselves disaggregated into 18 2nd‐level clusters. The cluster that had received most attention was that corresponding to antioxidants in food, being the cluster with the greatest scientific impact and the greatest growth in the period.
Technology Optimization of Lysozyme's Fresh Maintaining Effect on Apple
Authors: Jun‐hong Liu , Kun‐yu Wang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLysozyme is a kind of alkaline globin, which functions well in the degradation of the cell wall of microbe. Currently, lysozyme is widely used in various fields, such as medicine, fruit, and vegetable industry, dairy industry, and so on. Therefore, the exploitation and utilization of lysozyme is of significant economic benefit. Taking apple as material, weight loss ratio and reducing sugar content as objectives, this paper studied the fresh‐keeping effect of lysozyme. Influential factors, lysozyme concentration, soaking time, modified temperature, and reaction time were discussed in detail. The results showed that reducing sugar content was 2.043% and the weight loss ratio was the minimum in the presence of soaking time of 2 min, modified temperature of 65 °C, reaction time of 4 d, and lysozyme concentration of 0.5 g/L.
Severe sepsis in the ICU is often missing in hospital discharge codes
Authors: Wilhelms S. B. , Walther S. M. , Huss F. , Sjöberg F. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundDifferent International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐based code abstraction strategies have been used when studying the epidemiology of severe sepsis. The aim of this study was to compare three previously used ICD code abstraction strategies to the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP/SCCM) consensus criteria for severe sepsis, in a setting of intensive care patients.MethodsAll patients (≥ 18 years of age) with severe sepsis according to the ACCP/SCCM criteria registered in the Swedish Intensive Care Registry (2005–2009) were included in the study. Using the Swedish National Patient Register, we investigated whether these patients fulfilled an ICD code compilation for severe sepsis at hospital discharge.ResultsOverall, 9271 patients with severe sepsis were registered in the Swedish Intensive Care Registry. A majority of these patients (55.4%) were discharged from the hospital with ICD codes that did not correspond to any of the ICD code compilations. A minority of patients (10.3%) were discharged with ICD codes corresponding to all three code abstraction strategies applied. Overall, the proportion of patients discharged with ICD codes corresponding to the criteria of Angus et al. was 15.1%, to the criteria of Flaatten was 39.8%, and to the criteria of Martin et al. was 16.0%.ConclusionsA majority of patients with severe sepsis according to the ACCP/SCCM criteria were not discharged with ICD codes corresponding to the ICD code abstraction strategies; thus, the abstraction strategies did not identify the correct patients.
Internal control deficiencies and audit pricing: evidence from initial public offerings
Authors: Lee Jong Eun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPrior evidence on the association between internal control deficiencies and audit fees pertains to public companies. In this study, I investigate the association between internal control deficiencies identified in initial public offering (IPO) audits and audit fees, as well as which factors drive the association. I find that IPO firms with internal control deficiencies regarding pre‐IPO financial reporting are likely to pay higher IPO audit fees, which suggests that auditors adjust audit fees for the increased internal control risk. In addition, I find that the fees are positively and significantly associated with the severity of the type of deficiencies.