bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES. 18. SYNTHESIS OF 8‐CHLOROMORPHINANDIENONES AND 8‐CHLOROHOMOMORPHINANDIENONES
Authors: HARA H. , HOSHINO O. , UMEZAWA B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie aus den Tetrahydroisochinolinolen (I) hergestellten p‐Chinolacetate (II) cyclisieren bei der Behandlung mit Trifluoressigsäure zu Morphinandienonen (IIIa) und Homomorphinandienonen (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROTHERMAL INTERACTIONS OF BASALTS WITH CESIUM AND STRONTIUM OF SPENT FUEL ELEMENTS. IMPLICATIONS TO BASALT AS A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY
Authors: KOMARNENI S. , SCHEETZ B. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEinige Cs‐Verbindungen wie Cs,‐ MoO4, CsOH, CsI und β‐Cs,U,O‐" die möglicherweise Komponenten abgebrannter Kernbrennstoffelemente darstellen (keine gesicherte Kenntnis der Phasenzusammen‐ Setzung), reagieren mit Basalt oder Basaltphasen unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen (lOO‐300 °C, 300 bar) hauptsächlich zu Pollucit, CsAlSi2O6 und in einigen Fällen zu CsAlSiO4.
ChemInform Abstract: ALUMINUM‐27 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINUM(III). PART 4. HYDROLYSIS USING SODIUM CARBONATE
Authors: AKITT J. W. , FARTHING A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHydrolyse mit Na2CO3 in der kürzest möglichen Zeit und ohne anschließende Alterung führt zu Lösungen, deren Zusammensetzung vom erreichten Hydrolysegrad abhängt und die verschiedene Anteile an [Al(OH)6 13+ 9 [(H2O)4AI(OH)2AI(OH2)4 14" und [AIO4AI"(OH)24(OH2)I2 17 enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGH TEMPERATURE TORSIONAL LOW CYCLE FATIGUE OF OFHC COPPER
Authors: ARAN A. , GUECER D. E. + 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTorsions‐Wech‐ ′selversuche an Reinkupfer im Temp.‐Bereich 293‐668 K zeigen, daß Cu sich bei cyclischer Beanspruchung verfestigt und die Gesamtverformung für die Verfestigung für verschiedene Verformungsamplituden annähernd konstant ist.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGH/LOW MODULUS SILICON NITRIDE‐BORON NITRIDE COMPOSITE FOR IMPROVED ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL SHOCK BEHAVIOR
Authors: MAZDIYASNI K. S. , RUH R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHochdichte Si3N4‐BN‐Verbundstoffe′(mit 5‐50% BN), die bei 1750°C mit 6% CeO2 heißgepreßt wurden, weisen verbessertes elektrisches und Wärmeschockverhalten auf.
ChemInform Abstract: DYNAMIC NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF TRIS(DIPHENYLTHIOPHOSPHORYL)METHANE AND SOME RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: COLQUHOUN I. J. , MCFARLANE W. , BASSETT J.‐M. , GRIM S. O. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract3′ P‐NM R‐Spektren der Verbindungen (I) im Bereich von ‐10O bis +40°C zeigen, daß die innere Rotation um die P‐Methin‐C‐Bindung in (Ia) im wesentlichen ungehindert, in (Ib) und (Ic) aber eingeschränkt ist.
ChemInform Abstract: A NESTING CONFORMATION OF THE 5′‐BROMO‐1′,3′‐XYLYL‐18‐CROWN‐5‐TERT.‐BUTYLAMMONIUM HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE COMPLEX; THE CORRELATION OF THE STRUCTURES OF CROWN ETHER COMPLEXES IN THE SOLID STATE AND IN SOLUTION
Authors: REINHOUDT D. N. , DEN HERTOG H. J. JUN. , DE JONG F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Struktur des Komplexes (I) wird über röntgenographische Untersuchungen bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND COMPLEXING PROPERTIES OF CHIRAL MACROCYCLES CONTAINING ENFORCED CAVITIES
Authors: HELGESON R. C. , MAZALEYRAT J.‐P. , CRAM D. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas (R)‐Binaphthyldibromid (I) läßt sich in THF bei ‐80 °Cmit sek. Butyl‐Li umsetzen und anschließend, als stark verdünnte Lösung zu Fe(III)‐acetylacetonat in Benzol zugegeben, zu Sphäranden mit 3‐5 Binaphthyleinheiten wie z.B. (II) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: EQUILIBRIUMS OF SOME α‐AMINO‐ACIDS CONTAINING SULFUR ATOMS IN THE CHAIN WITH METAL(II) IONS. PART 1. DL‐4,4′‐DITHIOBIS(2‐AMINOBUTYRIC) ACID WITH MANGANESE(II), COBALT(II), AND NICKEL(II) IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: BIGOLI F. , LEPORATI E. , PELLINGHELLI M. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Komplexbildung zwischen dem Titelliganden und den Titelmetalli‐onen in wäßriger Lösung wird in Abhängigkeit vom pH‐Wert untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: OPENING OF CYCLIC ACETALS BY TRICHLORO‐, DICHLORO‐, AND TRIBROMOBORANE
Authors: BONNER T. G. , LEWIS D. , RUTTER K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt in der Ringöffnung der cyclischen Acetale (I) durch BCl3 zu den α‐Chlorethern (IV) steht im Einklang mit der Bildung eines 0x0‐ carbeniumions.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF CARBONYL OXIDES. CHARACTERISTIC NUCLEOPHILIC OXYGEN ATOM TRANSFER FROM R2COO BESIDE ELECTROPHILIC AND RADICAL REACTIONS
Authors: SAWAKI Y. , KATO H. , OGATA Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWährend die direkte Photooxidation des Diazomethans (IIa) in Gegenwart von Methanol den Methylether (Ia) ergibt, werden durch die z.B. mit Methylenblau sensibilisierte Photoreaktion von (IIb) über das nach MINDO/3‐Rechnungen zwitterionische Carbonyloxid das Hydroperoxid (III), das Keton (IV) neben (Ib) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS. IV. CARBENE ADDITIONS TO (4)RADIALENE
Authors: TRABERT L. , HOPF H. , SCHOMBURG D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Carbene (IIa) bzw. (IIb), erzeugt aus CHCl3 mit Benzyltriethylammoniumchlorid/NaOH bei 20°C bzw. aus CHBr3 mit KO‐tBu bei ‐30 °C, reagieren in situ mit [4]Radialen (I) zu den entsprechenden isomeren Bisaddukten (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF TERTIARY ALKYL, BENZYL, AND ALLYL HALIDES TO HYDROCARBONS USING LITHIUM 9,9‐DI‐N‐BUTYL‐9‐BORABICYCLO(3.3.1)NONANATE
Authors: TOI H. , YAMAMOTO Y. , SONODA A. , MURAHASHI S.‐I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Halogenide (I) werden mit l Moläquiv. des Titelreagenzes (ID in Hexan bei 20°C selektiv zu den Kohlenwasserstoffen (III) dehalogeniert.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐AMINO ACIDS AS NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL EQUIVALENTS. V. STERICALLY DIRECTED MICHAEL ADDITION OF OXAZOLIN‐5‐ONE ANIONS TO ACTIVATED DOUBLE BONDS; SYNTHESIS OF 1,4‐DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND Γ‐OXONITRILES
Authors: WEGMANN H. , STEGLICH W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOxazolinone vom Typ (II) [zugänglich aus den geschützten Aminosäuren (I)], die in 2‐Stellung mit einem sperrigen Rest blockiert sind, addieren die Olefine (III) . regioselektiv am C‐4 unter Bildung der Derivate (IV), von denen (IVa)‐(IVe) bzw. (IVf)‐(IVg) zu den Aminosäuren (V) bzw. (VI) hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTIONS OF SOME 1,1,1‐TRIBROMOALKYL SYSTEMS WITH THIOLATE ANIONS
Authors: BAIRD M. S. , HOORFAR A. , MITRA M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract2,2,2‐Tribromethyl‐benzol (I) wird durch (II) je nach Mengenverhältnis zum Dibromstyrol (III) bzw. zu den isomeren w‐Brom‐styrolen (IV) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTION OF AROMATIC β‐NITROSULFONES WITH ELECTROPHILIC AGENTS
Authors: NEPLYUEV V. M. , SINENKO T. A. , PEL'KIS P. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractArylsulfonyl‐nitromethane (I) reagieren mit Diazoniumsalzen (II) zu den Arylsulfonyl‐arylhydrazono‐nitromethanen (IIIa)‐(IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ISOMERIC 2‐AMINO‐1,3‐DIHYDROXYINDANES FROM NINHYDRIN
Authors: CROOKS P. A. , DEEKS T. , DESIMONE F. , RAMUNDO E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Synthese der im Titel genannten Verbindungen (IV)‐(VI) erfolgt durch Kondensation von Ninhydrin (I) mit Carbonsäureamiden (II) zu 2‐Hydroxyindanderivaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF N‐ACYL‐ AND N‐SULFONYLINDOLES
Authors: KIKUGAWA Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie selektive Acylierung und Sulfonylierung von Indolen (I) am Stickstoff gelingt mit Säurechloriden (II) in Gegenwart von gepulvertem Kaliumhydroxid.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON DUBOISIA SPECIES. PART 6. 1,3‐CYCLOADDITION OF DIAZOMETHANE TO ALKAMINE AND METHYL α‐METHYLENEPHENYLACETATE
Authors: KAGEI K. , OGATA Y. , KUNI T. , HAYASHI K. , TOYOSHIMA S. , MATSUURA S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie 1,3‐Cycloaddition von Diazomethan (II) mit den α‐Methylenphenylessigsäureestern (Ia)‐(Ic) von Metha‐ nol, Tropin und Scopin liefert die 3‐Pheny1‐3‐alkoxycarbonyl‐1‐pyrazoline (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 4,6‐DIALKYL‐2H,8H‐BENZO(1,2‐B; 5,4‐B′)DIPYRAN‐2,8‐DIONES
Authors: ELKASABY M. A. , SALEM M. A. I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung der Polyhydroxybenzole (I) mit den β‐Ketoestern (II) liefert die Pyranocumarine (III), die auch aus (I) und den Propiolestern (IV) erhalten werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: TWO NEW XANTHONES, CALOZEYLOXANTHONE AND ZEYLOXANTHONONE, FROM CALOPHYLLUM ZEYLANICUM (GUTTIFERAE)
Authors: GUNASKERA S. P. , SOTHEESWARAN S. , SULTANBAWA M. U. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDen beiden aus der Rinde von C. zeylanicum neben anderen bekannten Verbindungen isolierten Titelxanthonen werden aufgrund chemischer Reaktionen, UV‐, 1H‐, 13C‐NMR‐ sowie massenspektroskopischer Untersuchungen und Vergleichen die Strukturen (I) bzw. (II) zuerkannt.
ChemInform Abstract: FURO(3,2‐B)PYRIDINE AND THIENO(3,2‐B)PYRIDINE
Authors: HICKSON C. L. , MCNAB H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den ungesättigten Aldehyden (I) stellt man die O‐Alkyloxime (II) dar, deren Vakuumpyrolyse in geringen Ausbeuten zu anellierten Pyridin‐Derivaten (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOPHENE AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES. PART 9. THIENOPYRAZINE 1,4‐DIOXIDES
Authors: BINDER D. , NOE C. R. , GEISSLER F. , HILLEBRAND F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Synthese der beiden isomeren Thienopyrazin‐l ,4‐dioxide (IV) und (VIII) wird ausgehend von den Diaminothiophenen (I) und (VI) durch Ringschluß mit Diacetyl (II) und anschließende Oxidation beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF N‐ACYLATED 1‐AMINOALKYLDIPHENYLPHOSPHINE OXIDES BY AMIDOALKYLATION OF DIPHENYLCHLOROPHOSPHINE
Authors: OLEKSYSZYN J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Kondensation von Amiden (I), Aldehyden (II) und Chlordiphenylphosphin (III) führt in mäßigen Ausbeuten zu Phosphinoxiden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: IR‐SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE REACTION OF DIETHYLANILIDOPHOSPHITE AND DIETHYL ESTER OF N,N′‐DIPHENYLAMIDINOPHOSPHONIC ACID WITH PHENYL ISOCYANATE
Authors: BAKHITOV M. I. , ZHARKOV V. V. , KUZNETSOV E. V. , KHAZEEVA Z. KH. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMit Hilfe der IR‐Spektroskopie wird festgestellt, daß Diethylanilidophosphit (I) mit Phenyl‐isocyanat (II) im Molverhältnis 1:2 zunächst zu Diphenylcarbodiimid (III) und dem Diethylester (IV) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MIXED COMPLEXES. THE COPPER(II) COMPLEX WITH 2,2′‐BIPYRIDYL AND OXYDIACETATE
Authors: BONOMO R. P. , RIZZARELLI E. , BRESCIANI PAHOR N. , NARDIN G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Titelkomplex (I) wurde durch Reaktion der stöchiometrischen Menge Bipyridyl in HzO/EtOH mit einer 150 heißen wäßrigen Lösung des Cu(II)‐oxydiacetats dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: STABLE DIMERIC COMPLEXES WITH SULFUR MONOXIDE LIGAND: FORMATION OF (RH(SO)X(PPH3))2 (X = CL OR BR)
Authors: ARULSAMY K. S. , PANDEY K. K. , AGARWALA U. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie diamagnetischen Titelkomplexe (III) werden durch Umsetzung der Halogeno‐tris‐[phosphin]‐Rh(I)‐Komplexe (I) mit Stilbenepisulfoxid (II) unter Eliminierung von Stilben, Triphenylphosphinoxid und ‐sulfid gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: EPOXIDE CONFIGURATION IN 3β‐ACETOXY‐7α‐HYDROXY‐14,15‐EPOXYAPOTIRUCALLANE PREPARED FROM TIRUCALLA‐7,24‐DIEN‐3‐ONE. X‐RAY ANALYSIS
Authors: MERRIEN A. , MEUNIER B. , PASCARD C. , POLONSKY J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus dem Tirucallol‐ Derivat (Ia) zugängliche Acetat (Ib) wird in das Epoxid (II) übergeführt, dessen "apo"‐ Umlagerungsprodukt (IIIa) zu dem Titelepoxid (IVa) (Struktur durch Röntgenkristallanalyse sichergestellt) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE ALKALOIDS JULANDINE AND IPALBIDINE. USE OF SILICON(IV) CHLORIDE
Authors: CRAGG J. E. , HEDGES S. H. , HERBERT R. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUse of Silicon (IV) Chloride.‐ Das N‐Styryl‐piperidinderivat (I) kann mit Friedel‐Crafts‐Katalysatoren, deren spezifische Wirksamkeit untersucht wird, zum Alkaloid Julandin (II) cyclisiert und reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: BACTOBOLINS, ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS FROM PSEUDOMONAS. 2. SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: MUNAKATA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBactobolin (Ia) wird mit verschiedenen Aminosäuren, Chlorkohlensäurederivaten und Methansulfonylchlorid in die entsprechenden N‐Acylderivate (Ib)‐(Id) übergeführt, deren antimikrobielle Aktivität diskutiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CHIRAL SYNTHESIS OF (2S,3S,7S)‐3,7‐DIMETHYLPENTADECAN‐2‐YL ACETATE AND PROPIONATE, POTENTIAL SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE PINE SAW‐FLY NEODIPRION SERTIFER (GEOFF.)
Authors: BYSTROEM S. + , HOEGBERG H.‐E. + , NORIN T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Li‐Verbindung (I) reagiert mit dem Lacton (II) zu dem Ketoalkohol (III) und dem Ringisomeren (IV), die bei der Huang‐Minlon‐Reduktion den Alkohol (Va) liefern.
Br⊘nsted Acid Catalyzed gem‐Difluoroallylation of Aldehydes and Ketone with β‐Tosyloxy‐γ,γ‐difluroallylboronic Acid Pinacol Ester
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhang Xingang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA shelf‐stable gem‐difluorinated reagent β‐tosyloxy‐γ,γ‐difluroallylboronic acid pinacol ester has been prepared, which can be easily used for the preparation of gem‐difluorinated homoallylic alcohols through Br⊘nsted acid (PhCO2H) catalyzed gem‐difluoroallylation of aldehydes and ketone.
Fabrication of 3 D Mesoporous Black TiO2/MoS2/TiO2 Nanosheets for Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalysis
Authors: Liu Xuefeng , Xing Zipeng , Zhang Hang , Wang Wenmei , Zhang Yan , Li Zhenzi , Wu Xiaoyan , Yu Xiujuan , Zhou Wei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA novel 3 D mesoporous black TiO2 (MBT)/MoS2/MBT sandwich‐like nanosheet was successfully fabricated using a facile mechanochemical process combined with an in situ solid‐state chemical reduction approach, followed by mild calcination (350 °C) under an argon atmosphere. The MBT/MoS2/MBT exhibits a 3 D sandwich‐like nanosheet structure and heterojunctions are formed at the interfaces between MoS2 and black TiO2. The significantly narrowed band gap of MBT/MoS2/MBT is attributed to the introduction of MoS2 and the formed Ti3+ species in the frameworks. The visible‐light photocatalytic degradation rate of methyl orange and the hydrogen production rate are as high as 89.86 % and 0.56 mmol h−1 g−1, respectively. The introduction of MoS2 and Ti3+ in the frameworks favors the visible‐light absorption and the separation of photogenerated charges, and the 3 D sandwich‐like heterojunction structure facilitates the transfer of photogenerated charges.
Management adaptation of invertebrate fisheries to an extreme marine heat wave event at a global warming hot spot
Authors: Caputi Nick , Kangas Mervi , Denham Ainslie , Feng Ming , Pearce Alan , Hetzel Yasha , Chandrapavan Arani 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn extreme marine heat wave which affected 2000 km of the midwest coast of Australia occurred in the 2010/11 austral summer, with sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies of 2–5°C above normal climatology. The heat wave was influenced by a strong Leeuwin Current during an extreme La Niña event at a global warming hot spot in the Indian Ocean. This event had a significant effect on the marine ecosystem with changes to seagrass/algae and coral habitats, as well as fish kills and southern extension of the range of some tropical species. The effect has been exacerbated by above‐average SST in the following two summers, 2011/12 and 2012/13. This study examined the major impact the event had on invertebrate fisheries and the management adaption applied. A 99% mortality of Roei abalone (Haliotis roei) and major reductions in recruitment of scallops (Amusium balloti), king (Penaeus latisulcatus) and tiger (P. esculentus) prawns, and blue swimmer crabs were detected with management adapting with effort reductions or spatial/temporal closures to protect the spawning stock and restocking being evaluated. This study illustrates that fisheries management under extreme temperature events requires an early identification of temperature hot spots, early detection of abundance changes (preferably using pre‐recruit surveys), and flexible harvest strategies which allow a quick response to minimize the effect of heavy fishing on poor recruitment to enable protection of the spawning stock. This has required researchers, managers, and industry to adapt to fish stocks affected by an extreme environmental event that may become more frequent due to climate change.
Microhabitat selection in the common lizard: implications of biotic interactions, age, sex, local processes, and model transferability among populations
Authors: Peñalver‐Alcázar Miguel , Aragón Pedro , Breedveld Merel C. , Fitze Patrick S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractModeling species' habitat requirements are crucial to assess impacts of global change, for conservation efforts and to test mechanisms driving species presence. While the influence of abiotic factors has been widely examined, the importance of biotic factors and biotic interactions, and the potential implications of local processes are not well understood. Testing their importance requires additional knowledge and analyses at local habitat scale. Here, we recorded the locations of species presence at the microhabitat scale and measured abiotic and biotic parameters in three different common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) populations using a standardized sampling protocol. Thereafter, space use models and cross‐evaluations among populations were run to infer local processes and estimate the importance of biotic parameters, biotic interactions, sex, and age. Biotic parameters explained more variation than abiotic parameters, and intraspecific interactions significantly predicted the spatial distribution. Significant differences among populations in the relationship between abiotic parameters and lizard distribution, and the greater model transferability within populations than between populations are in line with effects predicted by local adaptation and/or phenotypic plasticity. These results underline the importance of including biotic parameters and biotic interactions in space use models at the population level. There were significant differences in space use between sexes, and between adults and yearlings, the latter showing no association with the measured parameters. Consequently, predictive habitat models at the population level taking into account different sexes and age classes are required to understand a specie's ecological requirements and to allow for precise conservation strategies. Our study therefore stresses that future predictive habitat models at the population level and their transferability should take these parameters into account.
Medical resource use and expenditure in patients with chronic heart failure: a population‐based analysis of 88 195 patients
Authors: Farré Nuria , Vela Emili , Clèries Montse , Bustins Montse , Cainzos‐Achirica Miguel , Enjuanes Cristina , Moliner Pedro , Ruiz Sonia , Verdú‐Rotellar Jose Maria , Comín‐Colet Josep 
Published: April 2016

AimsHeart failure (HF) is one of the diseases with greater healthcare expenditure. However, little is known about the cost of HF at a population level. Hence, our aim was to study the population‐level distribution and predictors of healthcare expenditure in patients with HF.Methods and resultsThis was a population‐based longitudinal study including all prevalent HF cases in Catalonia (Spain) on 31 December 2012 (n = 88 195). We evaluated 1‐year healthcare resource use and expenditure using the Health Department (CatSalut) surveillance system that collects detailed information on healthcare usage for the entire population. Mean age was 77.4 (12) years; 55% were women. One‐year mortality rate was 14%. All‐cause emergency department visits and unplanned hospitalizations were required at least once in 53.4% and 30.8% of patients, respectively. During 2013, a total of €536.2 million were spent in the care of HF patients (7.1% of the total healthcare budget). The main source of expenditure was hospitalization (39% of the total) whereas outpatient care represented 20% of the total expenditure. In the general population, outpatient care and hospitalization were the main expenses. In multivariate analysis, younger age, higher presence of co‐morbidities, and a recent HF or all‐cause hospitalization were independently associated with higher healthcare expenditure.ConclusionsIn Catalonia, a large portion of the annual healthcare budget is devoted to HF patients. Unplanned hospitalization represents the main source of healthcare‐related expenditure. The knowledge of how expenditure is distributed in a non‐selected HF population might allow health providers to plan the distribution of resources in patients with HF.
Assessing the applicability of unsaturated effective stress models to tensile fracturing of sandstone in CO2‐water two‐phase fluids
Authors: Liu Mingze , Bai Bing , Li Xiaochun , Gao Shuai , Hu Shaobin , Wang Lei , Wu Haiqing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe description of rock effective stress in CO2‐water two‐phase fluid (CWTPF) is a key issue in the mechanical stability analysis of CO2 geological sequestration. Related simulation studies often directly used the unsaturated effective stress models without verifying their applicability. In this study, we present a self‐developed hollow‐cylinder tensile tester and a corresponding experimental method to measure the fracturing pressure of sandstone in CWTPF. Based on the apparatus, we conducted tensile fracturing experiments of sandstone in CWTPF. We also carried out fracturing tests of sandstone saturated with water under different effective confining pressure to fit the function of the sandstone's fracturing pressure and effective confining pressure. Then, we selected seven typical unsaturated effective stress models and Finally, we compared the results from the prediction models and experiments to indirectly verify the applicability of these unsaturated effective stress models under CWTPF conditions. The results indicated that the model proposed by Bishop and Donald in 1961 could best describe the effective stress of the tested sandstone in tension fracturing behavior under CWTPF condition. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd