bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharî'a i praksis: fatwa, forbrug og feminisme
Authors: Crone Manni , Jacobsen Brian Arly 
Published: December 2016

Sharî‘a har de seneste år været genstand for en vis opmærksomhed. Ofte fremstilles Sharî‘a som et middelalderligt retssystem, der bl.a. indebærer straffemetoder som piskning eller stening. Det er en meget forenklet fremstilling. Sharî‘a (arabisk: “vej” eller “sti”) henviser kort fortalt til den “vej” muslimer bør følge ifølge islamisk tradition. Sharî‘a er afledt af islams hellige tekst (koranen), og traditioner (hadith) indsamlet fra profeten Muhammeds liv. Der er forskellige fortolkninger af Sharî‘a, afhængigt af den tankegang (Madh’hab), og de særlige intellektuelle (Ulema), der er involveret i Sharî‘a processen. Islamisk retspraksis (Fiqh) fortolker og forfiner Sharî‘a ved at udvide gældende principper til at håndtere nye spørgsmål. Islamiske dommere (Qadi) benytter sig af Sharî‘a , men moderne anvendelse varierer fra land til land. Sharî‘a behandler mange aspekter af livet, herunder kriminalitet, politik, økonomi, banker, forretninger, kontrakter, familie, seksualitet, hygiejne og sociale spørgsmål.I dette nummer af Tidsskrift for Islamforskning sætter vi fokus på, hvorledes Sharî‘a i øjeblikket forandrer sig og tilpasser sig en nutidig europæisk kontekst.Karen-Lise Karman Johansen ser nærmere på The European Council for Fatwa and Research, der udsteder fatwaer om, hvordan Sharî‘a skal fortolkes i en europæisk kontekst. Artiklen viser, at Rådet på den ene side opfordrer til øget integration via medborgerskab og demokrati, og samtidig søger at institutionalisere islam gennem etableringen af islamiske voldgiftdomstole.Halal-forbrug af kød, medicin, chokolade, kiks, shampo og lignende forbrugsvarer udgør i dag et kæmpe marked. Johan Fischer analyserer halalforbrug i London og viser, at halal ikke bare handler om at følge et religiøst påbud, men i lige så høj grad om sundhed, smag og pris. I dag kræver bevidste halal-forbrugere ikke bare religiøs, men også videnskabelig legitimering for at acceptere en vare som halal.Kvindelige selvmordsbombere har de seneste år været genstand for stor opmærksomhed. Louise Lund Liebman viser, hvorledes kvindelige palæstinensiske selvmordsbombere destabiliserer de patriarkalske normer, der kendetegner diskursen om den palæstinensiske nation. Derfor nedtoner offentlige fremstillinger ofte det kontroversielle ved deres handlinger og fremstiller dem enten som nationens ”brude” eller ligefrem som ukønnede teenagere.Endelig gennemgår Mark Sedgwick forskellige forståelser af salafisme og giver et bud på, hvordan salafisme kan forstås i dag.
Paradoxes du voir et de l’aveuglement dans Ceux d’à côté de Laurent Mauvignier
Authors: Michaud-Lapointe Alice 
Published: December 2016

« Comment fermer les yeux pour voir ? » : telle est la question à laquelle tente de répondre cet article qui analyse comment l’avènement de la vue laisse, dans Ceux d’à côté de Laurent Mauvignier, à tout moment présager sa possible perte. L’article analyse aussi de quelles façons le geste criminel devient « aveugle » au moment même où il est perpétré. En regardant plus particulièrement la figure de l’alter ego, ce « moi à côté », tantôt coupable, tantôt témoin, qui hante le récit de Mauvignier, cet essai étudie les principaux effets « miroirs », symétries et réversibilité des rôles qui se produisent entre l’Homme, Catherine et Claire, les trois personnages du roman. S’appuyant sur les travaux d’Hélène Cixous, de Georges Didi-Huberman, de Jean-Bertrand Pontalis et de Maurice Merleau-Ponty, l’article examine plusieurs motifs du roman : le voyeurisme, l’anonymat de la foule, la spectralité, le déplacement de la vue à l’ouïe et au toucher, de même que tous les effets de clair-obscur qui font la force du roman. Il tente finalement de saisir cette tension entre le voir et le dire dans la langue même où l’on « baisse les yeux » pour éviter de « dévorer » du regard.
Self-assembly method for controlling spatial frequency response of plasmonic back reflectors in organic thin-film solar cells
Authors: Okamoto Takayuki , Shinotsuka Kei , Kawamukai Etsuko , Ishibashi Koji 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We propose a novel colloidal lithography technique that uses a mixture of colloidal particles with a few different diameters. This technique can be used for fabricating quasi-random nanostructures whose k-space spectra can be easily controlled by using an appropriate combination of particles. We introduced such nanostructures into the back reflectors of organic thin-film solar cells, where they serve as plasmonic back reflectors for recycling the nonabsorbed transmitted light into surface plasmons. The obtained photon-to-current efficiency was enhanced by 14–20% compared with that of a flat cell.
The Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project (CFDDP): New insight on caldera structure, evolution and hazard implications for the Naples area (Southern Italy)
Authors: De Natale Giuseppe , Troise Claudia , Mark Darren , Mormone Angela , Piochi Monica , Di Vito Mauro A. , Isaia Roberto , Carlino Stefano , Barra Diana , Somma Renato 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe 501 m deep hole of the Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project, located west of the Naples metropolitan area and inside the Campi Flegrei caldera, gives new insight to reconstruct the volcano‐tectonic evolution of this highly populated volcano. It is one of the highest risk volcanic areas in the world, but its tectonic structure, eruptive history, and size of the largest eruptions are intensely debated in the literature. New stratigraphic and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological dating allow us to determine, for the first time, the age of intracaldera deposits belonging to the two highest magnitude caldera‐forming eruptions (i.e., Campanian Ignimbrite, CI, 39 ka, and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, NYT, 14.9 ka) and to estimate the amount of collapse. Tuffs from 439 m of depth yield the first 40Ar/39Ar age of ca. 39 ka within the caldera, consistent with the CI. Volcanic rocks from the NYT were, moreover, detected between 250 and 160 m. Our findings highlight: (i) a reduction of the area affected by caldera collapse, which appears to not include the city of Naples; (ii) a small volume of the infilling caldera deposits, particularly for the CI, and (iii) the need for reassessment of the collapse amounts and mechanisms related to larger eruptions. Our results also imply a revaluation of volcanic risk for the eastern caldera area, including the city of Naples. The results of this study point out that large calderas are characterized by complex collapse mechanisms and dynamics, whose understanding needs more robust constraints, which can be obtained from scientific drilling.
Uneven onset and pace of ice‐dynamical imbalance in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Authors: Konrad Hannes , Gilbert Lin , Cornford Stephen L. , Payne Antony , Hogg Anna , Muir Alan , Shepherd Andrew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe combine measurements acquired by five satellite altimeter missions to obtain an uninterrupted record of ice sheet elevation change over the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, since 1992. Using these data, we examine the onset of surface lowering arising through ice‐dynamical imbalance, and the pace at which it has propagated inland, by tracking elevation changes along glacier flow lines. Surface lowering has spread slowest (<6 km/yr) along the Pope, Smith, and Kohler (PSK) Glaciers, due to their small extent. Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is characterized by a continuous inland spreading of surface lowering, notably fast at rates of 13 to 15 km/yr along tributaries draining the southeastern lobe, possibly due to basal conditions or tributary geometry. Surface lowering on Thwaites Glacier (THG) has been episodic and has spread inland fastest (10 to 12 km/yr) along its central flow lines. The current episodes of surface lowering started approximately 10 years before the first measurements on PSK, around 1990 on PIG, and around 2000 on THG. Ice‐dynamical imbalance across the sector has therefore been uneven during the satellite record.
Rossby wave breaking, the upper level jet, and serial clustering of extratropical cyclones in western Europe
Authors: Priestley Matthew D. K. , Pinto Joaquim G. , Dacre Helen F. , Shaffrey Len C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWinter 2013/14 was the stormiest on record for the UK and was characterized by recurrent clustering of extratropical cyclones. This clustering was associated with a strong, straight and persistent North Atlantic jet and was also associated with Rossby wave breaking (RWB) on both flanks, pinning the jet in place. The occurrence of RWB and cyclone clustering is further studied in 36 years of the ERA‐Interim Reanalysis. Clustering at 55°N is associated with an extended and anomalously strong eddy‐driven jet flanked on both sides by RWB. However, clustering at 65(45)°N has a dominance of RWB to the south (north) of the jet, deflecting the jet northward (southward). A positive correlation was found between clustering and RWB occurrence to the north and south of the jet. However, there is considerable spread in these relationships.
Explaining occurrences of auroral kilometric radiation in Van Allen radiation belts
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Zhou Qinghua , Su Zhenpeng , He Zhaoguo , Yang Chang , Liu Si , He Yihua , Gao Zhonglei 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAuroral kilometric radiation (AKR) is a strong terrestrial radio emission and dominates at higher latitudes because of reflection in vicinities of the source cavity and plasmapause. Recently, Van Allen Probes have observed occurrences of AKR emission in the equatorial region of Earth's radiation belts but its origin still remains an open question. Equatorial AKR can produce efficient acceleration of radiation belt electrons and is a risk to space weather. Here we report high‐resolution observations during two small storm periods 4–6 April and 18–20 May 2013 and show, using a 3‐D ray tracing simulation, that AKR can propagate downward all the way into the equatorial plane in the radiation belts under appropriate conditions. The simulated results can successfully explain the observed AKR's spatial distribution and frequency range, and the current results have a wide application to all other magnetized astrophysical objects in the universe.
Bayesian techniques to analyze and merge lightning locating system data
Authors: Bitzer Phillip M. , Burchfield Jeffrey C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAs more lightning locating systems (LLSs) become available, there is a growing need to assess how each LLS performs and how to best merge data from multiple LLSs. A Bayesian analysis is used to compare the worldwide data of LLSs from three providers for November 2014 to October 2015: Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN, Earth Networks), the combined data from the Global Lightning Detection 360 and National Lightning Detection Network (Vaisala), and the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN, University of Washington). By using the union of the data sets we are able to determine an estimate for the upper limit of the absolute detection efficiency of each system. Globally, ENTLN detected 56.8% of the discharges, the combined Vaisala networks detected 59.8%, and WWLLN detected 7.9%. In addition, there were 2.842 × 109 unique discharges detected by these LLSs, an average of 90.1 strokes/s.
The neurobiology of parenting: A neural circuit perspective
Authors: Kohl Johannes , Autry Anita E. , Dulac Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Social interactions are essential for animals to reproduce, defend their territory, and raise their young. The conserved nature of social behaviors across animal species suggests that the neural pathways underlying the motivation for, and the execution of, specific social responses are also maintained. Modern tools of neuroscience have offered new opportunities for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms controlling specific social responses. We will review here recent insights into the neural circuits underlying a particularly fascinating and important form of social interaction, that of parental care. We will discuss how these findings open new avenues to deconstruct infant‐directed behavioral control in males and females, and to help understand the neural basis of parenting in a variety of animal species, including humans.Please also see the video abstract here.
Uric acid is associated with vascular dementia in Chinese population
Authors: Xu Yuzhen , Wang Qian , Cui Ruiting , Lu Kaili , Liu Yunlin , Zhao Yuwu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveMounting evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD). Uric acid (UA) has long been implicated as a critical cause of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, UA was also expected to play an important role in antioxidant and neuroprotection recently. We hypothesized that UA may have a protective role against VD. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between serum UA and cognitive dysfunction in VD.Materials and MethodsThere were altogether 127 VD subjects and 81 nondemented controls enrolled in our study. Serum UA, demographic, and clinical characteristics were recorded at baseline, and all participants underwent Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the beginning of the trial.ResultsThe VD group showed lower MMSE scores and serum UA levels than nondemented controls and there was significant statistical difference between the two groups (p < .05). Demographic and clinical characteristics such as age, gender, education, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) did not differ dramatically between groups (p > .05). In VD subjects, there was a positive correlation between serum UA and MMSE scores (r = .32, p < .05), and this correlation was independent of demographic and clinical characteristics (β = .272, p < .05).ConclusionsVD subjects have dramatically lower serum UA levels in comparison to nondemented controls. Lower serum UA levels are linked to cognitive dysfunction and could serve as a potential predictor for VD.
Inverse Electron Demand Diels−Alder Reactivity and Electrochemistry of New Tetrazine Derivatives
Authors: Li Yuan , Miomandre Fabien , Clavier Gilles , Galmiche Laurent , Alain‐Rizzo Valérie , Audebert Pierre 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNew tetrazine derivatives were prepared and their electrochemical properties as well as their reactivity in the inverse demand Diels−Alder (DAinv) reaction were investigated. DFT calculations were performed to calculate the energy and electronic distribution in the frontier molecular orbitals. In particular, the reactivity of these tetrazine derivatives has been compared with that of the already known dichlorotetrazine. A comparison of the gathered data allows a rough correlation to be established between the reactivity and the electron‐withdrawing character of the substituent, but only a closer examination of the involved orbitals can enable an accurate prediction of the DAinv reactivity of the investigated compounds.
MYD88, CD79B, and CARD11 gene mutations in CD5‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Takeuchi Toshifumi , Yamaguchi Motoko , Kobayashi Kyoko , Miyazaki Kana , Tawara Isao , Imai Hiroshi , Ono Ryoichi , Nosaka Tetsuya , Tanaka Kyosuke , Katayama Naoyuki 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDCD5‐positive (CD5+) diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by frequent central nervous system recurrence and a predominant activated B‐cell‐like nature. Primary DLBCL in sanctuary sites (DLBCL‐SS) also demonstrates these features, and >70% of patients harbor myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) (L265P) and CD79B mutations. The objective of the current study was to elucidate a possible relationship between CD5+ DLBCL and DLBCL‐SS.METHODSMYD88, CD79B, CD79A, and caspase recruitment domain family member 11 (CARD11) mutations were examined in samples from 40 patients with CD5+ DLBCL. Mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing.RESULTSMYD88 and CD79B mutations were detected in 33% (13 patients) and 38% (15 patients), respectively, of the 40 patients with CD5+ DLBCL. Ten patients had these 2 gene mutations, and 1 had a CD79A mutation. One of 2 patients with testicular involvement had both MYD88 and CD79B mutations. The other patient had a MYD88 mutation alone. None of the 31 patients examined was found to have a CARD11 mutation. MYD88 and CD79B mutations were found to be associated with localized disease (P = .038 and P = .003, respectively). Primary extranodal lymphoma was associated with higher frequencies of mutations in MYD88 or both MYD88 and CD79B (P = .008 and P = .014, respectively). There was no significant difference in overall survival based on MYD88 and CD79B mutation status.CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of MYD88 and CD79B mutations in patients with CD5+ DLBCL is lower than that in patients with DLBCL‐SS, suggesting that CD5+ DLBCL is not the same disease as DLBCL‐SS in terms of gene mutation status. CARD11 mutations are rare in patients with CD5+ DLBCL. Cancer 2017;123:1166–1173. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Competing Mechanisms in the Acetaldehyde Functionalization of Positively Charged Hydrogenated Silicene
Authors: Yang Li‐Kun , Zhang Xia‐Guang , Yang Fang‐Zu , Wu De‐Yin , Liu Xiang‐Yang , Tian Zhong‐Qun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDensity functional theory calculations were used to elucidate the mechanism of the addition reaction of acetaldehyde to positively charged hydrogenated silicene (H‐silicene). We found that the positively charged H‐silicene plane could be partially restructured to form a vacant Si site, which enabled an additional nucleophilic addition reaction. After attachment of the acetaldehyde molecule to the H‐silicene plane, two competing pathways were found to be involved in the hydrogen‐abstraction process: a random‐reaction mechanism and a chain‐reaction mechanism. The theoretical results provided detailed information about stable structures and thermodynamic parameters of the reaction pathways, such as equilibrium geometries, Gibbs free energies, and the evolution of the spin densities and atomic charges. Our results reveal that the existence of a positive charge can significantly activate the grafting of unsaturated species on hydrogenated silicene, even if no silicon dangling bond is created proactively. The simulated Raman spectra of the two products were analyzed to elucidate the features of the competing mechanisms.
Unconventional Pretreatment of Lignocellulose with Low‐Temperature Plasma
Authors: Vanneste Jens , Ennaert Thijs , Vanhulsel Annick , Sels Bert 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLignocellulose represents a potential supply of sustainable feedstock for the production of biofuels and chemicals. There is, however, an important cost and efficiency challenge associated with the conversion of such lignocellulosics. Because its structure is complex and not prone to undergo chemical reactions very easily, chemical and mechanical pretreatments are usually necessary to be able to refine them into the compositional building blocks (carbohydrates and lignin) from which value‐added platform molecules, such as glucose, ethylene glycol, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, and levulinic acid, and biofuels, such as bioderived naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fractions, will be produced. Conventional (wet) methods are usually polluting, aggressive, and highly energy consuming, so any alternative activation procedure of the lignocellulose is highly recommended and anticipated in recent and future biomass research. Lignocellulosic plasma activation has emerged as an interesting (dry) treatment technique. In the long run, in particular, in times of fairly accessible renewable electricity, plasma may be considered as an alternative to conventional pretreatment methods, but current knowledge is too little and examples too few to guarantee that statement. This review therefore highlights recent knowledge, advancements, and shortcomings in the field of plasma treatment of cellulose and lignocellulose with regard to the (structural and chemical) effects and impact on the future of pretreatment methods.
Optimal AraC‐Cytotoxicity to AML Cells Requires ERK5 Activity
Authors: Zheng Ruifang , Studzinski George P. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTCytarabine (AraC) has been the primary treatment agent for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the past 30 years, but the precise mechanism of its action is not completely known. Here we assessed the role of ERK5 in AraC‐induced cell death in AML cell lines HL60 and U937 using ERK5 inhibitors BIX02189 and XMD8‐92. We report that inhibition of MEK5/ERK5 activity reduces AraC‐induced cell death, DNA damage, the upregulated DNA damage biomarkers, and produced G2 phase cell cycle arrest. In addition, the pro‐survival protein P‐Bcl2 Ser70 was found to be associated with decreased AraC‐induced cell death following XMD8‐92 treatment, suggesting a regulatory role of ERK5 on Bcl2 phosphorylation. Our study shows that the full potency of AraC cytotoxicity requires optimal ERK5 activity, suggesting a novel role of ERK5 in cancer chemotherapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1583–1589, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phagocytosis of Collagen Fibrils by Fibroblasts In Vivo Is Independent of the uPARAP/Endo180 Receptor
Authors: Sprangers Sara , Behrendt Niels , Engelholm Lars , Cao Yixuan , Everts Vincent 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTAs a crucial step in ECM remodeling, collagen degradation occurs through different processes, including both extracellular and intracellular degradation. The extracellular pathways of collagen degradation require secretion of collagenolytic proteases, whereas intracellular collagen degradation occurs in the lysosomal compartment after uptake, involving either pre‐cleaved or intact fibrillar collagen. The endocytic collagen receptor uPARAP/Endo180 plays an important role in internalization of large collagen degradation products, whereas its role in the phagocytosis of fibrillar collagen has been debated. In fact, the role of this receptor in regular collagen phagocytosis in vivo has not been established. In this study, we have studied the role of uPARAP in the phagocytosis of collagen fibrils in vivo by analyzing different connective tissues of mice lacking uPARAP. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found that fibroblasts in the periosteum of tibia and calvaria, as well as in the periodontal ligament of molar and incisor, phagocytosed collagen fibrils independently of uPARAP. Quantification of phagocytosed collagen in the periodontal ligament of uPARAP‐deficient mice and controls revealed no difference in the amount of fibrillar collagen taken up by uPARAP‐deficient mice. The findings show that under in vivo conditions uPARAP does not play a role in the phagocytic uptake of collagen fibrils by fibroblasts. Consequently, the cellular uptake of collagen fibrils and collagen cleavage products probably occurs through fundamentally different pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1590–1595, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.