bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Watercolor Illusion
Authors: Pinna Baingio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The watercolor illusion is a long-range assimilative spread of color emanating from a thin colored line running contiguous to a darker chromatic contour and imparting a figure-ground effect across a large area. The watercolored figure appears evenly colored by an opaque light veil of chromatic tint (coloration effect), with a clear surface color property spreading from the lighter edges. At the same time, the watercolored figure manifests a strong figure-ground organization and a solid figural appearance comparable to a rounded surface segregated in depth which extends out from the flat surface. The complementary region appears as a hole or empty space. The phenomenal properties of coloration and figure-ground effects and their relationship are described and demonstrated. The watercolor illusion and its main effects are discussed in the light of parallel mechanisms. Boundary and surface dynamics are processed by the boundary contour system and by the feature contour system.
The Glare Effect
Authors: Zavagno Daniele , Daneyko Olga 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The glare effect consists in a strong brightness enhancement of a bright region determined solely by the presence of linear luminance gradients organized in such a way that the bright ends of the gradients delimit the bright region. The effect is obtained with both achromatic and chromatic gradients. In its achromatic version, the illusion has been employed to study the perception of luminosity and the effects of brightness on lightness in simultaneous contrast configurations. The role of photometric gradients and their distribution in space are discussed, with demos showing how luminance gradients can be employed to generate also darkness enhancements and impressions of illumination. A variant of the glare effect is illustrated in which the brightness enhancement is obtained by employing discrete grey steps separated in space, organized to form so-called luminance pseudo-ramps.
Improbable Illusory Contours
Authors: Anderson Barton L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Illusory contours are one of the most widely studied kinds of visual illusion. Illusory contours are often understood as an adaptive response to filling-in missing information created from conditions of camouflage. This chapter describes a new class of very vivid illusory contours that appear impossible to understand as forms of rational inference. It presents a set of illusory contours that emerge in conditions for which there is no missing information or need for their synthesis. It argues that such contours provide a valuable testing ground for both specific theories of illusory contour formation, and general theories of perceptual organization. Videos made specifically for this chapter help illustrate the concepts discussed.
The Rotating Tilted Lines Illusion
Authors: Gori Simone 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes the Rotating-Tilted-Lines illusion , which is a new motion illusion that arises in a circular pattern composed by black, radial lines tilted to the right and presented on a white background. When one approaches the stimulus pattern, the radial lines appear to rotate in the counterclockwise direction, whereas when one recedes from it, they appear to rotate clockwise. It is the simplest pattern able to elicit illusory rotatory motion in presence of physical radial expansion. This surprising misperception of motion seems to be a result of the competition between two motion processing units in the primary visual cortex (V1, V5)
Second-Order Reversed Phi
Authors: Lu Zhong-Lin , Sperling George 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A second-order reversed-phi stimulus is composed of moving features (areas filled with texture) whose overall amount of texture-contrast is reversed between successive frames. In peripheral vision, the stimulus is perceived as moving in the reversed direction (opposite to the feature displacement). In central vision, it is perceived in the forward direction at low temporal frequencies but in the reversed direction at high temporal frequencies. Moving the observer away from the displays has the same effect as changing from central to periphery vision: reversed motion becomes more dominant. The illusion demonstrates the different properties of the second- and third-order motion systems.
Two-Stroke Apparent Motion
Authors: Mather George 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
“Two-stroke” apparent motion is a powerful illusion of directional motion generated by alternating just two animation frames, which occurs when a brief blank interframe interval is inserted at alternate frame transitions. This chapter discusses this illusion, which can be explained in terms of the receptive field properties of motion-sensing neurons in the human visual system. The temporal response of these neurons contains both an excitatory phase and an inhibitory phase; when the timing of the interframe interval just matches the switch in response sign, the illusion occurs. Concepts covered in this chapter include four-stroke as well as two-stroke apparent motion, motion aftereffect, and motion detection.
Color Wagon-Wheel Illusion
Authors: Shapiro Arthur G. , Kistler William 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The wagon-wheel illusion is a well-known cinematic effect in which a wheel rotates in one direction but is perceived as rotating in the opposite direction. This effect is created by the limitations of the frame rate at which the motion is sampled. This chapter examines variants of the color wagon-wheel illusion, an effect that arises when one or more elements of the rotating wagon wheel is colored or otherwise distinguished from other elements. In the color wagon-wheel illusion, the wheel is overall perceived as moving counterclockwise, but the colored elements are perceived as moving clockwise. The chapter explores equiluminant versions of the color wagon-wheel effect to show that separable motion directions can be used to tap into different types of motion perception systems.
The Motion Standstill Illusion
Authors: Sperling George , Lyu Son-Hee , Tseng Chia-Huei , Lu Zhong-Lin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the motion standstill illusion, a pattern that is moving quite rapidly is perceived as being absolutely motionless, and yet its details are not blurred but clearly visible. The illusion can be observed in a wide variety of special moving stimuli that either disadvantage or fatigue the motion systems to the point where no motion is perceived but where the shape, texture, color, and depth systems are still able to function sufficiently to extract a stable image from the moving display. It demonstrates that visual processing systems for attributes such as shape, texture, color, and depth extract stable representations from moving images; only visual motion systems are capable of producing the sensation of motion.
Objectless Motion
Authors: Sperling George , Lu Zhong-Lin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The sum of two sine waves of the same frequency is yet another sine wave. When a moving sinewave grating (e.g., continuously translating from left to right) is added to (superimposed on) a stationary sinewave grating (the pedestal) with twice the amplitude, the sum is a sine-wave grating that wobbles back and forth. Remarkably, the left–right direction of the moving grating can be perceived just as accurately in pedestalled motion as in normal motion. At temporal frequencies of 10 Hz and greater, the wobble is too quick to be perceived. The moving pedestalled sine-wave grating is perceived as an invisible left-to-right horizontal wind above the summed sine-wave grating that wobbles back and forth at low temporal frequencies of motion but appears to be absolutely stationary at high temporal frequencies.
Silencing the Awareness of Change
Authors: Suchow Jordan W. , Alvarez George A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Determining whether an object is changing is usually a simple matter of looking at it. But sometimes looking is not enough. For example, in the case of change blindness, drastic changes to a viewed scene become undetectable either because of a distracting flash that competes for attention or because the changes are slow and gradual. In silencing, a form of change blindness caused by the presence of motion, rapid and salient changes become hard to notice even without distraction This chapter describes the illusion of silencing. The strength of silencing depends on the speed of the motion, the structure of the objects, and whether the viewers move their eyes. The related concepts of awareness, consciousness, color perception, change blindness, attention, and motion processing are covered. The brief glimpse hypothesis and its limitations are also explored.
High Phi and Ghost Phi
Authors: Wexler Mark 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When a moving stimulus is followed by certain transient events, an illusion of very fast motion is perceived, in which a random texture undergoes a slow rotation, but every second most observers perceive a very fast jump in the direction opposite to the preceding or “inducing” rotation. These jumps are illusory: during the perceived jump, every frame is a new, random texture, uncorrelated with the previous textures; the last of these random textures is set to turning once again, and the sequence repeats. Thus there is there is no specific correspondence between the textures before, during, and after the jumps and no motion energy corresponding to the jumps. These illusory jumps are called “high phi.” If the transient is immediately “undone,” a different kind of illusory motion is perceived, called “ghost phi.” This example shows a study of the effects of motion adaptation.
The Venus Effect
Authors: Bertamini Marco , Latto Richard 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When an image shows an individual and a mirror, observers tend to describe the scene by saying that the individual is looking at his or her own refection in the mirror, even when the layout makes this impossible. The name comes from the many examples of paintings of Venus with a mirror, but the effect is not specific to pictures or to women. In addition to difficulties understanding what is visible in a mirror from different viewpoints, observers also struggle to appreciate information such as size of images on transparent surfaces, either mirror or windows. These illusions and difficulties stem from the nature of a visual system tuned to distal information and from the need to discard accidental information from changing perspectives.
The Presidential Illusion
Authors: Gilad-Gutnick Sharon , Sinha Pawan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The effectiveness of the presidential illusion underscores the important point that by excluding external facial features, such as the head and hair shape, we lose critical information about the way faces are represented in real life. This chapter considers the question of whether whole-head processing is a general principle that can be extended to all face processes or if it specifically reflects the nature of facial encoding used by the visual system for the identification of individuals. For example, would supplementing the internal features of one face with those of another affect the perception of other common facial attributes, such as gender, race, or age? The eyes, nose, and mouth are believed to be the primary purveyors of facial identity. The presidential illusion challenges this dogma and suggests that external head features (the hair and jawline) are also crucial constituents of facial representation and strongly influence identity judgments.
The Wobbling Face Illusion
Authors: Ueda Sayako , Kitaoka Akiyoshi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter introduces a novel type of illusion produced by duplicating facial parts, called the Wobbling Face illusion, which causes an unstable feeling for many observers. Four experiments intended to characterize the illusion are examined. In Experiments 1 and 2, the results indicated that the Wobbling Face illusion should be specific to the face, and the unstable feeling may arise from rivalry of perception between doubled facial features. Experiment 3 showed that this illusion was the strongest when eyes were duplicated. Experiment 4 suggested that the unstable perception of this illusion did not reflect retinal slips or eye movement instabilities. Thus this face-specific illusion is not a simple motion illusion but might be based on attention instability.
Adaptation Aftereffects in the Perception of Faces
Authors: Webster Michael A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Most people are adept at recognizing a face they have seen previously, or inferring from the face an individual’s traits. These abilities suggest that some aspects of the visual representation of faces remain stable. Yet, face perception may also involve highly dynamic processes that are continuously recalibrated by the variety of faces to which we are exposed. In particular, the appearance of a face can be rapidly and dramatically changed after viewing—and thus adapting—to a different face. Thus tThe perceived identity or characteristics of a face appears can be strongly biased by the set of faces seen previously. For example, after viewing a narrow face, a normally proportioned face appears too wide. These face aftereffects are similar in form and dynamics to the classic adaptation effects of color, form, and motion but may depend in part on response changes at high and possibly face-specific levels of visual processing.
Amodally Completed Angles
Authors: Gerbino Walter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When the vertex of an occluded angle geometrically belongs to the side of the occluding surface, the occluded angle looks distorted. This characteristic effect of coincidental occlusion—called the Gerbino illusion—is consistent with the phenomenal rounding of angles observed under conditions of symmetrical occlusion. Both effects are robust and appear in static and dynamic displays. The Gerbino illusion differs from distortions observed in Poggendorff-like displays, runs against the tendency to global Prägnanz, and reveals important aspects of amodal completion processes. Alternative explanations based on visual interpolation and visual approximation are discussed. According to the approximation-based explanation, the possible discrepancy between internal models and the sensory input is perceptually represented as a phenomenal distortion.
Adaptation to Brightness Change, Contours, Jogging, and Apparent Motion
Authors: Anstis Stuart 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Frisby and Stone have dubbed adaptation the “psychophysicist’s electrode” and John Mollon once famously said, “If it adapts, it’s there.” Psychologists piously hope that their many experiments on visual adaptation will tell physiologists where to look inside the brain. This chapter describes visual adaptation to temporal ramps, spatial edges, and apparent motion and touches on kinesthetic aftereffects from jogging. Sawtooth adaptation, a ramp aftereffect that is produced by gazing at a spatially uniform patch whose luminance is temporally modulated by a repetitive sawtooth, either gradually dimming and turning sharply back on (rapid-on) or gradually brightening and turning sharply back off (rapid-off), is discussed. Related concepts that are covered include pattern-specific contrast adaptation, contour adaptation, adaptation to apparent motion, and adapting to flicker, which changes apparent spatial frequency.
Contrast Asynchronies
Authors: Shapiro Arthur G. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Contrast asynchronies juxtapose color and color contrast information. The basic configuration of a contrast asynchrony consists of two identical disks whose luminance levels change in time from light to dark and back again; one disk is surrounded by a bright field and the other by a dark field; at 1Hz, observers report seeing the disks modulating in antiphase, yet also becoming light and dark at the same time. While such a configuration may look like a dynamic brightness illusion, the actual effect occurs because the visual system separates the in-phase luminance information from the antiphase contrast information. Variations of the contrast asynchrony paradigm can isolate different types of visual responses information.
Hidden Images
Authors: Wade Nicholas J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
It is relatively easy to hide pictorial images, but this is of little value if they remain hidden. Presenting hidden images for visual purposes is a modern preoccupation, and some of the perceptual processes involved in them are described in this chapter. Pictorial images can be concealed in terms of detection or recognition. In both cases there is interplay between the global features of the concealed image and the local elements that carry it. Gestalt grouping principles can hinder as well as help recognition. Examples of images (mostly faces) hidden in geometrical designs and text as well as orientation are shown. Rather than being pictorial puzzles alone, hidden images can reveal aspects of visual processing. This chapter explores these concepts and related ideas such as perceptual portraits and pictorial puzzles.
The McGurk Effect and the Primacy of Multisensory Perception
Authors: Dias James W. , Cook Theresa C. , Rosenblum Lawrence D. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The McGurk effect is an audiovisual speech illusion in which tacit lip-reading of a spoken syllable influences perception of a synchronized, but discrepant, auditory syllable. The effect works on speakers of different native languages and on prelinguistic infants. The effect is also robust to various image manipulations and to observers’ conscious awareness of the stimulus composition. For these reasons, the effect has become one of the preeminent demonstrations of multisensory perception. This chapter discusses research on the McGurk effect, as well as its influence on theories of speech perception and its importance to the reconceptualization of the perceptual brain as designed around multisensory input.
Scripture
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
If spiritual gifts signify the possibility of new revelation, scripture represents a fixed standard. However, Mormonism’s standard is expansive and open to further development. Mormons read the Bible with a limited literalism but consider it to be missing “plain and precious things” and in need of correction and supplement. Joseph provided a new “translation,” but it was not canonized in whole. The Book of Mormon functions more as a sign of Smith’s authority than as a reservoir of doctrine, though it was important in providing a template for the organization of the church, priesthood, and basic sacraments. The Doctrine and Covenants is a compendium of Smith’s revelations, and though it is open in principle, only a few revelations not of his authorship have been added. And the Pearl of Great Price canonized his visionary experiences and a tremendously important text of purported Mosaic origin, along with a problematic account attributed to Abraham.
Worship
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Mormons have a very low liturgy in their worship services, in contrast to the high formalism of their temples. In its anti-formalism, Mormon worship may be closest to Quakerism. Mormons are strict Sabbatarians, with worship oriented around taking “the sacrament” of the Lord’s Supper, supplemented with “talks” and hymns (called the sacrament meeting). Scriptures are often employed in the talks, but there is no formal requirement to do so, no readings or recitations. And topics may include grace, or resurrection, or the beatitudes, but may also focus on practical matters of self-reliance or thrift. Mormons also practice fasting once a month and have a monthly service that is a blend of Quaker informalism and Puritan conversion narrative, which they call “testimony bearing.” Twice a year, they convene at a General Conference to hear from the leadership of the church.
Multimodal mechanistic signatures for neurodegenerative diseases (NeuroMMSig): a web server for mechanism enrichment
Authors: Domingo-Fernández Daniel , Kodamullil Alpha Tom , Iyappan Anandhi , Naz Mufassra , Emon Mohammad Asif , Raschka Tamara , Karki Reagon , Springstubbe Stephan , Ebeling Christian , Hofmann-Apitius Martin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Motivation
The concept of a ‘mechanism-based taxonomy of human disease’ is currently replacing the outdated paradigm of diseases classified by clinical appearance. We have tackled the paradigm of mechanism-based patient subgroup identification in the challenging area of research on neurodegenerative diseases.

Results
We have developed a knowledge base representing essential pathophysiology mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. Together with dedicated algorithms, this knowledge base forms the basis for a ‘mechanism-enrichment server’ that supports the mechanistic interpretation of multiscale, multimodal clinical data.

Availability and implementation
NeuroMMSig is available at http://neurommsig.scai.fraunhofer.de/

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
TSGSIS: a high-dimensional grouped variable selection approach for detection of whole-genome SNP–SNP interactions
Authors: Fang Yao-Hwei , Wang Jie-Huei , Hsiung Chao A 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions is an important and challenging topic in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Many approaches have been applied to detecting whole-genome interactions. However, these approaches to interaction analysis tend to miss causal interaction effects when the individual marginal effects are uncorrelated to trait, while their interaction effects are highly associated with the trait.

Results
A grouped variable selection technique, called two-stage grouped sure independence screening (TS-GSIS), is developed to study interactions that may not have marginal effects. The proposed TS-GSIS is shown to be very helpful in identifying not only causal SNP effects that are uncorrelated to trait but also their corresponding SNP–SNP interaction effects. The benefit of TS-GSIS are gaining detection of interaction effects by taking the joint information among the SNPs and determining the size of candidate sets in the model. Simulation studies under various scenarios are performed to compare performance of TS-GSIS and current approaches. We also apply our approach to a real rheumatoid arthritis (RA) dataset. Both the simulation and real data studies show that the TS-GSIS performs very well in detecting SNP–SNP interactions.

Availability and implementation
R-package is delivered through CRAN and is available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/TSGSIS/index.html.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.