bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The estate of Cú Chonnacht Maguire of Tempo: a case history from the Williamite land settlement
Authors: Maguire W.A. 
Published: August 2016

As J.G. Simms remarked more than thirty years ago in the introduction to his notable book on the subject, ‘the Williamite confiscation was the last of a series which in the course of a century and a half changed the ownership of the greater part of Ireland’. The Williamite confiscation in Ireland, 1690–1703 was a landmark in the complicated and, till then, much misunderstood history of the subject. In fact, and rather oddly considering the importance of the war of 1689–91 and its consequences, there was no earlier detailed account of the confiscation of Irish land that followed the defeat of the Jacobites at the Boyne, Aughrim, and Limerick; and most references to it were based upon the printed report of the parliamentary commissioners of 1699, in some important respects a highly tendentious and misleading document. Simms based his work upon manuscript sources not previously used: the detailed records of the 1699 commissioners; the records of the forfeiture trustees who succeeded them; and the Books of Survey and Distribution that recorded the ownership of Irish land and its redistribution during the years after 1641. His main general conclusions —
that the treaty of Limerick and the dispute between William and his English commons made the confiscation much less comprehensive than it would otherwise have been; but that many of the catholics who thus succeeded in retaining their estates were induced to change their faith in the course of the eighteenth century by the pressure of the penal laws— have provided all later students of the subject with a firm frame of reference within which to examine the details of the settlement.
The Maynooth question of 1845
Authors: Norman E.R. 
Published: August 2016

The protestants behave shockingly, and display a narrow-mindedness and want of sense on the subject of religion which is quite a disgrace to the nation.Queen Victoria, in 1845The Maynooth question, which occupied so much public attention in 1845—which Harriet Martineau remarked was ‘the great political controversy of the year, the subject on which society seemed to be going mad’—in fact comprised several issues of unequal significance. As a political question, it lurched the conservative party to the point of grave division; it was a dress-rehearsal for the corn law split in the following year. It was also an incident in the Irish policy of the great Peel ministry, a part of the general reconstitution of higher education in Ireland, and an attempt, together with the charitable bequests act and the creation of the Queen’s Colleges, to conciliate moderate catholic opinion and syphon off some quantity of O’Connell’s abundant support.
John Mandeville and the Irish crimes act of 1887
Authors: Geary Laurence M. 
Published: August 2016

Imprisonment is a reality of discipline most useful to the modern soul, lapped as it is in physical sloth and self-indulgence. Like a sickness or a spiritual retreat it purifies and ennobles; and the soul emerges from it stronger and more self-contained. Alas, that these influences should so soon lose their power! And yet, fall as we may from the higher level, they do not wholly perish, but remain for us a wholesonle recollection and a standard of all that we can imagine best for this life and another. (Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, In vinculis (London, 1889), pp vii-viii.)We have repeatedly called attention to the fact. .that the food and discipline to which prisoners are evidently subjected, under at least the first stage of the penal system, and during short terms of confinement in her majesty’s jails and penitentiaries, are destructive to health and consequently dangerous to life. (Lancet, 21 Jan. 1882.)
The devaluation of 1460 and the origins of the Irish pound
Authors: McDowell J Moore 
Published: August 2016

The Irish parliament which met at Drogheda in 1460 is best known for its legislative declaration of its own sovereignty Although this was subsequently abrogated by Poynings’ law, the 1460 parliament effected one lasting change, to which little attention has been given: it established a separate Irish currency for the first time and in so doing created an institution which with varying visibility and value was to last until 1826 — the Irish pound.Before 1460 an Irish coinage existed. This was, however, merely a local minting to a common bullion standard which applied in England and Ireland since the first Irish minting under King John at the very beginning of the thirteenth century. Considerable historical attention of a numismatic bent has been paid to the coinages issued under the Normans. It has been concentrated in the main on the more or less mechanical questions of where, how many and by whom coins were issued. Wider analysis has been almost entirely political or related to the problems of the exchequer — mintings in place and in quantity being indicators of Norman influence and of the cost of such administration as existed in medieval Ireland.
The 1941 mission of Frank Aiken to the United States: an American perspective
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph L. 
Published: August 2016

Éire was economically and militarily impotent, strategically significant, and the only European neutral behind allied lines in World War II. Although the Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera, refused to co-operate openly with his protectors in Britain and his friends in America or even to distinguish publicly between them and Nazi Germany, he wanted Anglo-American aid, and he wanted it without conditions. He wanted what the American minister at Dublin, David Gray, called a ‘free ride’On St Patrick’s Day, 1941, de Valera announced that he would send a special agent to purchase American food and weapons and expressed the hope that Ireland’s friends would help the mission. Acknowledging that the war was causing shortages, he repeated earlier claims that the belligerents, blockading each other, were blockading Éire, a land determined to avoid involvement in any ‘imperial adventure’
The Irish in New York in the early eighteen-sixties
Authors: Man Albon P 
Published: August 2016

July 1863 was the turning point of the American civil Avar. Prospects of ultimate victory for the north improved greatly that month, when General Lee's thrust into Pennsylvania was repulsed at the battle of Gettysburg, and Vicksburg, last confederate stronghold on the Mississippi, fell after a long siege. Yet during the sultry week of 12 July 1863 the most violent race riots of American history took place in the streets of New York, touched off by enforcement of a conscription act which congress had passed four months earlier How many negroes were lynched by white rioters and their bodies borne away on the waters surrounding Manhattan Island can never be known. But between twelve and fifteen hundred white persons died in this civil war within a civil war, most of them slain by police and soldiers charged with quelling the upheaval.If newspaper accounts, official reports, and other sources of information agree upon any point about the draft disorders, it is that almost all the participants were Irish. ‘The immediate actors in the late riots in this city, got up to resist the draft and to create a diversion in favor of the southern rebellion, were almost exclusively Irishmen and catholics’ , wrote Orestes A. Brownson, America's leading convert to the Catholic Church.
English Institutions in Medieval Ireland
Authors: Richardson H. G. 
Published: August 2016

A new edition of Professor Curti's History of Medieval Ireland is very welcome. Though essentially the same book, much has been rewritten : there are additions to the text as it appeared in 1923, and a good deal of detail and some footnotes have been omitted, for which the first edition must be consulted. Other changes are the division of the chapters into headed sections, the inclusion of genealogical tables, and appendices on the Ostmen, the towns and the legal treatment of the Irish.The merits of Dr.Curti's work are very great, and chiefly his determination to write the history of the whole of Ireland, to rest every statement upon evidence, and to give exact references.
Nasal airflow and brain activity: is there a link?
Authors: Price A , Eccles R 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:Over the past few decades, evidence has emerged suggesting that nasal airflow asymmetry and brain asymmetry are linked. The nose exhibits asymmetrical airflow, with the dominant airflow alternating from one nasal passage to the other over a period of hours. Some authors have suggested a correlation between cerebral hemisphere dominance and nostril dominance. Others have proposed an association between rhythmic fluctuations in nasal airflow and corresponding fluctuations in cerebral hemisphere activity. Based on ancient yoga breathing techniques, newer evidence suggests that altering nasal airflow can influence brain activity, with reports of improved cognitive function caused by unilateral forced nostril breathing. It seems that a nasal airflow stimulus may have an activating effect on the brain, as it has also been shown to trigger seizure activity in epileptic patients.Objectives:This article explores these theories in detail, reviews the evidence, and presents new models linking nasal airflow and brain activity.
Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischaemic Stroke in Young Adult Patients
Authors: Poppe Alexandre Y. , Buchan Alastair M. , Hill Michael D. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) has been studied primarily in patients over age 50. We sought to describe baseline differences in adult patients ≤50 years-old taken from a large prospective cohort of acute stroke patients treated with intravenous tPA (IV tPA) and to determine whether outcomes differed for this population.Methods:Data (n = 1120) prospectively collected from the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES) were reviewed and patients aged ≤50 years-old (n=99) were compared with those aged >50 years (n=1021) with regards to baseline characteristics, symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH), functional outcome at 90 days and death.Results:Nine percent of patients were ≤50 years-old. Among patients aged ≤50 years, 40.4% were women and median age was 42 ± 6.1 years (range 20 to 50). They had significantly more current cigarette use but fewer other vascular risk factors than older patients (p<0.05) and their baseline median NIHSS score was lower (13 versus 15, P=0.001). Although this group was more likely to have a favourable 90-day outcome, multivariable regression confirmed that age ≤50 years, while independently associated with a decreased risk of death (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.95), was not itself predictive of favourable 90-day outcome or decreased risk of sICH.Conclusions:Adult patients ≤50 years-old had fewer medical co-morbidities and a modestly lower baseline median NIHSS score than their older counterparts. Age ≤50 years was independently associated with a decreased risk of death but not with favourable outcome or risk of sICH.
The Determination of Turbulent Skin Friction by Means of Pitot Tubes
Authors: Preston J. H. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA simple method of determining local turbulent skin friction on a smooth surface has been developed which utilises a round pitot tube resting on the surface. Assuming the existence of a region near the surface in which conditions are functions only of the skin friction, the relevant physical constants of the fluid and a suitable length, a universal non-dimensional relation is obtained for the difference between the total pressure recorded by the tube and the static pressure at the wall, in terms of the skin friction. This relation, on this assumption, is independent of the pressure gradient. The truth and form of the relation were first established, to a considerable degree of accuracy, in a pipe using four geometrically similar round pitot tubes—the diameter being taken as representative length. These four pitot tubes were then used to determine the local skin friction coefficient at three stations on a wind tunnel wall, under varying conditions of pressure gradient. At each station, within the limits of experimental accuracy, the deduced skin friction coefficient was found to be the same for each pitot tube, thus confirming the basic assumption and leaving little doubt as to the correctness of the skin friction so found. Pitot traverses were then made in the pipe and in the boundary layer on the wind tunnel wall. The results were plotted in two non-dimensional forms on the basis already suggested and they fell close together in a region whose outer limit represented the breakdown of the basic assumption, but close to the wall the results spread out, due to the unknown displacement of the effective centre of a pitot tube near a wall. This again provides further evidence of the existence of a region of local dynamical similarity and of the correctness of the skin friction deduced from measurements with round pitot tubes on the wind tunnel wall. The extent of the region in which the local dynamical similarity may be expected to hold appears to vary from about 1/5 to 1/20 of the boundary-layer thickness for conditions remote from, and close to, separation respectively.
Progress in Sailplane Design
Authors: Wilkinson K. G. 
Published: August 2016

Compared with the general advance of aeronautics in the past decade, or indeed with sailplane development in the 20's and 30's, progress in sailplane design has recently been very leisurely. This is due in part to the fact that there is less scope and partly because little effort has been expended. The most important advances in the art have been in the understanding and use of meteorological conditions which make soaring flight possible; sailplanes good enough for the purpose have existed.Before the Second World War the main design impetus came from Germany and Poland and in most current designs the German influence is still strongly evident. Since the war there have been outbreaks of activity in Switzerland (W.L.M.I., Moswey), Canada (where Shenstone and Czerwinski have inspired designs at Toronto) and in the United States. The total effort has not added up to that in pre-war Germany.
Ocean Air Transport
Authors: Trippe J. T. 
Published: August 2016

That this distinguished gathering has convened here to-day, amid the chaos of a war-torn world, for a lecture on civil aeronautics is indeed a singular expression of the true spirit of our profession. It is, I think, graphic proof of the fact that all of us in aviation are looking forward to the day when the aeroplane can lay aside its duties of destruction and once more assume its truly great role as a constructive force in world civilisation.I am, therefore, particularly sensible of the privilege of delivering, at this historic meeting, the Twenty-ninth Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture. Under any circumstances, we in America feel that an invitation to address you, the parent body of the aeronautical profession, is one of the highest honours which can be attained by an individual engaged in aviation.My role here, of course, is hardly that of an individual. In the narrowest justifiable sense, I can but speak for what has been accomplished by the 7,000 men and women who are the Pan American Airways System.
The General Theory of Cylindrical and Conical Tubes under Torsion and Bending Loads
Authors: Hadji-Argyris J. , Dunne P. C. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryPart 5 continues the theory given in Parts 1–4 in the February 1947 issue of the Journal (pp. 199–269). The present paper deals with the stresses and deformations of conical and cylindrical tubes under arbitrary loading, thus completing the analysis given in Part 4 which dealt only with pure torque.A remarkable unification of the theory of bending and torsion is achieved. It is shown that the axial constraint stresses, i.e. the corrections to the engineers' stresses, may in general be calculated as if caused by torque about axes different in each mode. The analysis proves that it is in no circumstances correct to calculate the axial constraint stresses from the torque about the flexural axis.Functions giving the cross-wise distribution of stress are fully worked out for the n-boom tube of arbitrary cross-section and for the singly symmetrical trapezoidal tube with continuous direct stress-carrying covers. The analysis is a considerable extension of the results given for the four-boom tube in Part 4.
On the Art of Dynamometry with Particular Reference to the Measurement of Engine Power in Flight
Authors: Muir N. S. 
Published: August 2016

It is safe to say that in no branch of applied science have the difficulties been greater or the process of development more rapid than in aeronautics. By far. the largest factor in the triumph of the aeroplane has been the improved internal combustion engine, a class of prime mover which, generating a maximum of power for a minimum of weight from concentrated fuel, is to-day such an outstanding engineering achievement as to arouse one's curiosity regarding its origin and development.I cannot find better words, adequately to express my meaning, than those of John Farey (I) in his remarkable book, “On the Steam Engine,” published in 1827. Applying Farey's statement also to internal combustion as we know it, we might well say that in common with the steam engine, “It is an invention highly creditable to human genius and industry for it exhibits the most valuable application of philosophical principles to the arts of life and has produced greater and more general changes in the practice of mechanics than has ever been effected by any one invention in history.”
Rigorous Performance Prediction Without Drudgery.
Authors: Reid Elliott G. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA new graphical method of predicting aeroplane performance has been evolved by utilising the unique properties of Eiffel's logarithmic propeller chart. Its substitution for rigorous numerical methods results in the saving of labour without sacrifice of accuracy. Particularly convenient when constant speed propellers are involved, this method yields performance characteristics for altitudes below, as well as above, the critical ones for supercharged engines.Although coupling of the word “ rigorous ” with any method of aeroplane performance prediction may be somewhat of a misnomer, the title of this paper is intended to identify a method which falls short of complete rigour only to the extent dictated by acceptance of the following simplifying assumptions :—(1)That the propeller thrust acts along the direction of the flight path, and(2)That lift is equal to weight in steady rectilinear flight.The amount of labour involved in predicting the performance of a modern aeroplane with even this degree of rigour is so great that methods which incorporate additional simplifying assumptions have come into common use—despite their sacrifice of accuracy to convenience—and the more laborious methods are now rarely employed except in studies of very painstaking character. The desirability of minimising the drudgery of rigorous prediction has long impressed the writer and it is the purpose of this paper to describe a graphical method of attaining that objective.The principal departure which characterises the new method is the adaptation of Eiffel's logarithmic propeller chart to the construction of available power curves. The use of “ indicated airspeed ” (σ1/2V) and the analogous quantity “ indicated power ” (σ1/2 h.p.) as co-ordinates causes a single curve to represent the power requirements for level flight at all altitudes. Other simplifications arising from the recognition of certain engine characteristics, utilisation of the unique properties of the Eiffel chart and development of a convenient method for evaluating the excess available power (from logarithmic curves) make it possible to eliminate a large portion of the labour previously required for rigorous performance prediction. The method is not only applicable to, but especially convenient in, the case of the constant speed propeller; moreover, it yields complete level flight and climb characteristics for altitudes below, as well as above, the critical altitudes of supercharged engines.
Definition of Specific Impulse
Authors: Greenwood S. W. 
Published: August 2016

Regarding the recent Technical Note of Mr. RAsquith and Mr. Whitaker (May 1954 journal):1. The dependence of the weight of a given mass on location is a sufficient reason for the abolition of the ” weight” definition of specific impulse. This is likely to become increasingly apparent as rockets penetrate further into interplanetary space.2. It is convenient that the “weight” definition gives values of specific impulse which are independent of the units employed, provided that the units of thrust and weight are the same, for the unit of time employed in the definitions under discussion is the second. This raises the question of whether the unit of time should have been specified in the definitions. It seems to me that an improvement on fundamental grounds would be to define (S.I.)m as thrust per unit mass of propellants consumed per unit time and (S.I.)ω as thrust per unit weight of propellants consumed per unit time.
The Flexural Centre or Centre of Shear
Authors: Jacobs J. A. 
Published: August 2016

Professor koiter, in his note (January 1954 Journal) states that I (April 1953 Journal) was “ apparently unaware” of Weber's two papers on the subject, published in 1924 and 1926. I was aware of the papers, having cited them in the bulletin by Seely, Putnam and Schwalbe on “The Torsional Effect of Transverse Bending Loads on Channel Beams.“Some references in addition to those already cited may be of interest. The unorthodox behaviour of a channel beam in bending was observed and reported by C. Bach in 1909–1910. A. and L. Foppl wrote a section on the “Schubmittelpunkt” in their book “Drang und Zwang.“
Plastics and their Application to Aircraft Construction
Authors: Zhibitsky J. T. 
Published: August 2016

Economical organisation and practically inexhaustible supplies of raw material in our country create exceptionally favourable conditions for the rapid development of the plastics industry. The raw material is drawn from the by-products of various branches of the chemical and agricultural industries.By their technical properties, plastics present many advantages over many other materials. Some of them are as strong as metal, as transparent as glass, and as light as wood. Plastics are endowed with high dielectric properties, great thermo-stability, and low conductibility for sound and heat; they can be machined, pressed, moulded, and have a pleasing exterior.
On the Calculation of the Boundary Layer
Authors: Gottingen L. Prandtl 
Published: August 2016

The field of viscosity forces in fluid currents of low viscosity—i.e., high Reynolds number—is frequently confined to a narrow zone in the vicinity of the surface; consequently, calculation can be simplified by the following assumptions :—1. In the friction zone, customarily called the “ boundary layer,” only the most effective components of the viscosity force μΔω, are considered—e.g., for the x component of this force, μΔu (calling the direction of main flow parallel to the surface, the x direction, and that perpendicular thereto the y direction) the expressions μ (∂2u/∂x2) and μ (∂2u/∂z2) can be neglected for μ (∂2u/∂y2).