bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involving users and carers in the assessment of preregistration nursing students' clinical nursing practice: a strategy for patient empowerment and quality improvement?
Authors: Haycock‐Stuart Elaine , Donaghy Eddie , Darbyshire Chris 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine (1) nursing lecturers' and (2) preregistration nursing students' perspectives of user and carer involvement in the formal assessment of preregistration nursing students' clinical practice.BackgroundThe involvement of service users and carers in the assessment of clinical practice in nursing education is a recent phenomenon. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Standards in the UK clearly reflect a shift in thinking from paternalistic approaches to person‐centred approaches. This shift in thinking includes service user and carer involvement in student nursing assessment and there is evidence that this is being developed in several countries.DesignLocated in the interpretive paradigm, data from a two‐staged, multicentre qualitative study are presented.MethodsInterpretive analysis of semi‐structured, one to one interviews with nursing lecturers (n = 15) and focus groups with nursing students (n = 51) across 11 Higher Educational Institutions.ResultsThere is a strong commitment for working alongside service users and carers in the education and training of nursing students; however, involving service users and carers in formal practice assessment is identified as more challenging compared with other areas of service user/carer involvement. Service user/carers should provide feedback/review or comment, but not necessarily formal, summative ‘assessment’.ConclusionsThe evidence base for involving users and carers in assessment is limited. Involvement of users and carers in providing feedback to nursing students is welcomed. However, concerns exist about the preparedness of users and carers for formal clinical assessment.Relevance to clinical practiceDiscussion and clarification with clinical mentors and user and carer groups is necessary to understand if they agree with the policy direction of user and carer involvement in the assessment of nursing students. Quality assurance concerns are raised by students and lecturers when involving user and carer in assessing nursing students' clinical skills. Mentors are seen as key to this process, but little is known about their perspectives.
Differences in Family Norms for Men and Women Across Europe
Authors: Rijken Arieke J. , Liefbroer Aart C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe authors examined double standards regarding divorce among parents with young children and regarding having children within nonmarital cohabitation across Europe. Whether people disapprove more of men or of women engaging in these behaviors is not a priori clear. The authors formulated arguments in both directions and expected double standards to vary cross‐nationally by the level of socioeconomic gender equality in a country. They conducted multilevel analyses on a sample of about 44,000 individuals nested in 25 countries, obtained from the European Social Survey (2006). Double standards were measured with a split‐ballot design. The findings indicated that men were generally more disapproved of than women when displaying the family behaviors under study. Overall, women endorsed both double standards, whereas men endorsed only the double standard regarding divorce. However, substantial cross‐national differences in the double standards exist. The higher the level of socioeconomic gender equality, the larger these double standards in favor of women.
Entrepreneurship as a Platform for Pursuing Multiple Goals: A Special Issue on Sustainability, Ethics, and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Markman Gideon D. , Russo Michael , Lumpkin G. T. , Jennings P. Devereaux (Dev) , Mair Johanna 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe great challenge of sustainability is addressed by firms with varying levels of social and environmental responsibility and performance. Though traditionally, firms sought a balance, we argue that this is not enough. Rather, we advocate that the natural environment be the foundation on which society resides and the economy operates. Sustainable, ethical, entrepreneurial (SEE) enterprises are moving in this direction, seeking to regenerate the environment and drive positive societal changes rather than only minimizing harm. We also note that sustainability is justified and motivated by ethical considerations and pioneered by entrepreneurial engagement. The eight articles included in this Special Issue draw from cross‐disciplinary scholarship to elaborate how SEE enterprises approach sustainability through new organizational forms, business models and innovation, and new governance mechanisms. They also emphasize the roles of institutional forces and logics, government policies and social movements for promoting or impeding sustainable practices. Collectively, they reveal new and compelling insights while spotlighting the great questions for SEE enterprise that await study.
Impact of physical exercise/activity on vascular structure and inflammation in pediatric populations: A literature review
Authors: Cayres Suziane Ungari , Agostinete Ricardo Ribeiro , de Moura Mello Antunes Barbara , Lira Fabio Santos , Fernandes Rômulo Araújo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPurposeTo describe the effects of physical exercise/activity on the vascular architecture of children and adolescents, as well as to identify the effects of inflammation and sedentary behaviors on this relationship.MethodsPotentially relevant articles were identified in the databases MEDLINE and PubMed covering the period from 2000 to 2015. No language restrictions were applied.ResultsThirteen articles were found that included obese boys and girls in their samples (aged 9–19). Six interventional studies assessed inflammation and in five of these, physical exercise decreased inflammation. In 10 studies, vascular architecture was affected by physical exercise/activity.ConclusionsThe impact of physical exercise on vascular architecture and inflammation seems relevant, but has been mainly investigated in obese groups.Practical ImplicationsHealth professionals should act together in organized interventions in schools, targeting the promotion of higher physical activity levels in children and adolescents.
Comparison of a single‐channel EEG sleep study to polysomnography
Authors: Lucey Brendan P. , Mcleland Jennifer S. , Toedebusch Cristina D. , Boyd Jill , Morris John C. , Landsness Eric C. , Yamada Kelvin , Holtzman David M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAn accurate home sleep study to assess electroencephalography (EEG)‐based sleep stages and EEG power would be advantageous for both clinical and research purposes, such as for longitudinal studies measuring changes in sleep stages over time. The purpose of this study was to compare sleep scoring of a single‐channel EEG recorded simultaneously on the forehead against attended polysomnography. Participants were recruited from both a clinical sleep centre and a longitudinal research study investigating cognitively normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Analysis for overall epoch‐by‐epoch agreement found strong and substantial agreement between the single‐channel EEG compared to polysomnography (κ = 0.67). Slow wave activity in the frontal regions was also similar when comparing the single‐channel EEG device to polysomnography. As expected, Stage N1 showed poor agreement (sensitivity 0.2) due to lack of occipital electrodes. Other sleep parameters, such as sleep latency and rapid eye movement (REM) onset latency, had decreased agreement. Participants with disrupted sleep consolidation, such as from obstructive sleep apnea, also had poor agreement. We suspect that disagreement in sleep parameters between the single‐channel EEG and polysomnography is due partially to altered waveform morphology and/or poorer signal quality in the single‐channel derivation. Our results show that single‐channel EEG provides comparable results to polysomnography in assessing REM, combined Stages N2 and N3 sleep and several other parameters, including frontal slow wave activity. The data establish that single‐channel EEG can be a useful research tool.
Target rocks, impact glasses, and melt rocks from the Lonar crater, India: Highly siderophile element systematics and Sr‐Nd‐Os isotopic signatures
Authors: Schulz Toni , Luguet Ambre , Wegner Wencke , van Acken David , Koeberl Christian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Lonar crater is a ~0.57‐Myr‐old impact structure located in the Deccan Traps of the Indian peninsula. It probably represents the best‐preserved impact structure hosted in continental flood basalts, providing unique opportunities to study processes of impact cratering in basaltic targets. Here we present highly siderophile element (HSE) abundances and Sr‐Nd and Os isotope data for target basalts and impactites (impact glasses and impact melt rocks) from the Lonar area. These tools may enable us to better constrain the interplay of a variety of impact‐related processes such as mixing, volatilization, and contamination. Strontium and Nd isotopic compositions of impactites confirm and extend earlier suggestions about the incorporation of ancient basement rocks in Lonar impactites. In the Re‐Os isochron plot, target basalts exhibit considerable scatter around a 65.6 Myr Re‐Os reference isochron, most likely reflecting weathering and/or magma replenishment processes. Most impactites plot at distinctly lower187Re/188Os and187Os/188Os ratios compared to the target rocks and exhibit up to two orders of magnitude higher abundances of Ir, Os, and Ru. Moreover, the impactites show near‐chondritic interelement ratios ofHSE. We interpret our results in terms of an addition of up to 0.03% of a chondritc component to most impact glasses and impact melt rocks. The magnitude of the admixture is significantly lower than the earlier reported 12–20 wt% of extraterrestrial component for Lonar impact spherules, reflecting the typical difference in the distribution of projectile component between impact glass spherules and bulk impactites.
A comparison of self‐reported quality of life for an Australian haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration cohort
Authors: Hill Kathleen E , Kim Susan , Crail Susan , Elias Tony J , Whittington Tiffany 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimsHaemodiafiltration (HDF) has been widely studied for evidence of superior outcomes in comparison with conventional haemodialysis (HD), and there is increasing interest in determining if HDF confers any benefit in relation to quality of life. Studies have been conducted with randomized incident patients; however, little is known regarding HDF and quality of life for prevalent patients. This study examined and compared self–reported quality of life at two time points, 12 months apart in a cohort of satellite HD and HDF patients, using a disease specific questionnaire to determine if HDF conferred an advantage.MethodsA longitudinal study with a linear mixed‐effect model measuring quality of life in a cohort of 171 patients (HD, n = 85, HDF, n = 86) in seven South Australian satellite dialysis centres.ResultsFactors associated with significant reduction across the Kidney Disease Quality Of Life™ domains measured were younger age (‐ 20 to ‐ 29) and comorbid diabetes (‐ 4.8 to ‐ 11.1). HDF was not associated with moderation of this reduction at either time point (P > 0.05). Baseline physical functioning was reported as very low (median 33.9) and further reduced at time point two. In addition, dialysing for more than 12 h per week in a satellite dialysis unit was associated with reduced quality of life in relation to the burden of kidney disease (‐ 13.69).ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that younger age and comorbid diabetes were responsible for a statistically significant reduction in quality of life, and HDF did not confer any advantage.
The incidence rate and characteristics of clinically diagnosed defecatory disorders in the community
Authors: Noelting J. , Eaton J. E. , Choung R. S. , Zinsmeister A. R. , Locke G. R. , Bharucha A. E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundDefecatory disorders (DD) are defined by clinical and objective features of impaired rectal evacuation. The epidemiology of DD in the population is unknown, partly because many constipated patients do not undergo anorectal tests. Our objectives were to estimate the incidence rate and clinical features of DD in the community.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of all patients older than 16 years in Olmsted County, MN, who had constipation and underwent anorectal manometry from 1999 through 2008. Criteria for diagnosing DD were constipation for 6 months or longer and one of the following: (i) abnormal rectal balloon expulsion test; (ii) reduced or increased perineal descent; or (iii) two or more abnormal features with defecography or surface electromyography.Key ResultsOf 11 112 constipated patients, 516 had undergone anorectal tests; 245 of these (209 women, 36 men) had a DD. The mean (±SD) age at diagnosis was 44 years (±18) among women and 49 years (±19) among men. The overall age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence rate per 100 000 person‐years was 19.3 (95% CI: 16.8–21.8). The age‐adjusted incidence per 100 000 person‐years was greater (p < 0.0001) in women (31.8, 95% CI: 27.4–36.1) than in men (6.6, 95% CI: 4.4–8.9). Prior to the diagnosis of DD, nearly 30% of patients had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 48% had a psychiatric diagnosis, 18% had a history of abuse, and 21% reported urinary and/or fecal incontinence.Conclusions & InferencesAmong constipated patients, DD are fourfold more common in women than men and often associated with IBS and psychiatric diagnoses.
Multiplex PCR genotyping for five bacterial blight resistance genes applied to marker‐assisted selection in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Yap Ruishen , Hsu Yu‐Chia , Wu Yong‐Pei , Lin Yann‐Rong , Kuo Chei‐Wei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBacterial blight (BB) is the most economically damaging disease of rice in Asia and other parts of the world. In this study, a multiplex PCR genotyping method was developed to simultaneously identify genotypes of five BB resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21. The resistance R alleles were amplified using five functional markers (FMs) to generate amplicons of 217, 103, 179, 381 and 595 bp in IRBB66. Amplicons of 198, 107, 87, 391 and 467 bp corresponded to susceptible alleles in Taiwanese japonica rice cultivars. In backcross breeding programmes, the multiplex PCR assay was integrated into selection from a population using BB resistance donor IRBB66 crossed to rice cultivar ‘Tainung82’. Two plants with homozygosity for Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21 were selected from 1100 BC2F2 plants. In addition, the five BB resistance genes were also accurately identified in F2 populations. This multiplex PCR method provides a rapid and efficient method for detecting various BB resistance genes, which will assist in pyramiding genes to improve durability of BB resistance in Taiwanese elite rice cultivars.
Infection process of Phoma koolunga on stem and leaf tissue of resistant and susceptible field pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Tran H. S. , You M. P. , Khan T. N. , Barbetti M. J. 
Published: June 2016

This study investigates the infection process of Phoma koolunga on field pea (Pisum sativum) stems and leaves using different susceptible and resistant pea genotypes for each tissue, viz. 05P778‐BSR‐701 (resistant) and 06P830‐(F5)‐BSR‐5 (susceptible) for stems and ATC 866 (resistant) and ATC 5347 (susceptible) for leaves. On both resistant and susceptible genotypes, light and scanning electron microscopy showed P. koolunga conidia infect stem and leaf tissues directly via appressoria or stomatal penetration, but with more infections involving formation of appressoria on stems than on leaves. On leaves of the resistant genotype, at 72 h post‐inoculation, P. koolunga penetrated more frequently via stomata (5.2 conidia per 36 893 μm2) than by formation of appressoria (1.8 conidia); yet no such difference was observed on stems of the resistant genotype. In contrast, at the same time point, the number of conidia infecting the susceptible genotype by formation of appressoria on either stems (135 conidia) or leaves (11.3 conidia) was significantly greater than via stomata (8 and 7.3 conidia, stems and leaves, respectively). Mean germ tube length of germinating P. koolunga conidia on both stems (29.8 μm) and leaves (32.9 μm) of the resistant genotype was less than on the susceptible genotype (40.5 and 63.7 μm, stem and leaves, respectively). In addition, there were differences in the number of germ tubes emerging from conidia on resistant and susceptible genotypes. These are the first insights into the nature of leaf and stem resistance mechanisms operating in field pea against P. koolunga.
The Problem of Secondary Effects
Authors: Engelhardt Jeff 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that two principles held by many metaphysicians and philosophers of mind are inconsistent: (1) there is no systematic overdetermination, and (2) some causal effects are also determined by their metaphysical grounds. Call this “The Problem of Secondary Effects.” After introducing the problem and noting philosophical theories that face it, the paper offers further clarification by considering three potential strategies for solving it. All fail. An approach that sacrifices ‘secondary effects’ is briefly sketched as a solution.
Wealth Inequality: Historical Trends and Cross‐National Differences
Authors: Kus Basak 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the recent literature on wealth inequality from a comparative and historical perspective. I first discuss how the stock, composition, and distribution of wealth changed from the 18th century onwards. In the second part of the paper, I move on to the causal questions: What factors drive wealth inequality? Why does the distribution of wealth vary across nations? In the third and concluding section I briefly discuss the socio‐political challenges posed by increasing wealth inequality, and identify several key questions for research going forward.
The Environmental Psychology of the Ecological Citizen: Comparing Competing Models of Pro‐Environmental Behavior*
Authors: Jagers Sverker C. , Martinsson Johan , Matti Simon 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThe overall objective of this article is to contribute to the identification of underlying factors causing individuals’ pro‐environmental behavior (PEB).MethodsThis is done by the amalgamation of an empirically‐derived theory originating in the behavioral science research—the value‐belief‐norm (VBN) theory (e.g., Stern et al., 1999)—and a rather recently developed theory in political science—the ecological citizenship (EC) model (e.g., Dobson, 2003). Using survey data, this article empirically tests the explanatory power of these two theories, both separately and as a joint model.
Cost of hospitalisation for non‐communicable diseases in India: are we pro‐poor?
Authors: Tripathy J. P. , Prasad B. M. , Shewade H. D. , Kumar A. M. V. , Zachariah R. , Chadha S. , Tonsing J. , Harries A. D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditure due to hospitalisation from NCDs and its impact on households in India.MethodsThe study analysed nationwide representative data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 2014 that reported health service utilisation and healthcare‐related OOP expenditure by income quintiles and by type of health facility (public or private). The recall period for inpatient hospitalisation expenditure was 365 days. Consumption expenditure was collected for a recall period of 1 month. OOP expenditure amounting to >10% of annual consumption expenditure was termed as catastrophic. Weighted analysis was performed.ResultsThe median expenditure per episode of hospitalisation due to NCDs was USD 149 – this was ~3 times higher among the richest quintile compared to poorest quintile. There was a significantly higher prevalence of catastrophic expenditure among the poorest quintile, more so for cancers (85%), psychiatric and neurological disorders (63%) and injuries (63%). Mean private‐sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure was nearly five times higher than that in the public sector. Medicines accounted for 40% and 27% of public‐ and private‐sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure, respectively.ConclusionStrengthening of public health facilities is required at community level for the prevention, control and management of NCDs. Promotion of generic medicines, better availability of essential drugs and possible subsidisation for the poorest quintile will be measures to consider to reduce OOP expenditure in public‐sector facilities.
Comparison of two automated mononuclear cell collection systems in patients undergoing extracorporeal photopheresis: a prospective crossover equivalence study
Authors: Del Fante Claudia , Scudeller Luigia , Martinasso Alberto , Viarengo Gianluca , Perotti Cesare 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUNDExtracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an effective cell therapy employed in several diseases, including graft versus host disease (GVHD) and organ rejection. When ECP is performed using an off‐line technique, mononuclear cell (MNC) collection by leukapheresis is necessary for further manipulation (addition of 8‐methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet A irradiation before reinfusion to the patient). We report the results of the first crossover equivalence study on yield and purity of MNCs collected from patients undergoing ECP with two different automated systems: MNC and CMNC (working with intermittent and continuous‐flow collection, respectively), released by Terumo BCT.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSFifty‐one patients (15 males and 36 females) with GVHD or chronic lung allograft dysfunction were consecutively enrolled and randomly assigned to MNC collection alternatively by the CMNC or MNC system within each ECP cycle (two procedures) in two consecutive cycles. ECP procedures were performed using the off‐line technique, according to our internal protocol, processing 1.5 blood volumes.RESULTSA total of 204 ECP procedures were evaluated. The MNC system showed a higher MNC concentration capacity than the CMNC (mean difference, −13.46; 95% confidence interval, −21.05 to −5.47; p < 0.001). Collection efficiency was higher with the CMNC system as well as total MNC bag content, while MNC bag purity was equivalent for both systems. Platelet loss was higher with the CMNC. Equivalence was shown for MNC purity and anticoagulant infused to the patient.CONCLUSIONCMNC and MNC systems offer different advantages in different clinical conditions, and both are safe and efficient in collecting MNCs for ECP.