bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma opacity induced by laser-driven movement of background ions
Authors: Liu Bin , Lei Bifeng , Gao Ying , Wen Meng , Zhu Kun 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The transition threshold from relativistically transparent regime to opaque regime in the interaction of an ultra-intense laser pulse and a bulk plasma with mobile background ions is investigated. The threshold corresponds to the onset of laser hole-boring. We show that for an ultra-intense laser, the threshold depends on the ion composition of the plasma, and the corresponding plasma density is significantly lower than that with ion immobile plasma. These are supported by 1D PIC simulations by using hydrogen plasma and fully ionized carbon plasma. The movement of background ions modifies the dynamics and distribution of electrons in the plasma, which results in the Doppler-red-shift of the incident laser and the increase of the effective plasma density. An intuitive model, which gives the dependence of the transparency-opaqueness threshold on laser intensity and frequency, as well as the ion composition, is established. It is tested by multi-dimensional PIC simulations with hydrogen plasma.
Quantum estimation of the stokes vector rotation for a general polarimetric transformation
Authors: Pedram Ali , Besaga Vira R , Gassab Lea , Setzpfandt Frank , Müstecaplıoğlu Özgür E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Classical polarimetry is a well-established discipline with diverse applications across different branches of science. The burgeoning interest in leveraging quantum resources to achieve highly sensitive measurements has spurred researchers to elucidate the behavior of polarized light within a quantum mechanical framework, thereby fostering the development of a quantum theory of polarimetry. In this work, drawing inspiration from polarimetric investigations in biological tissues, we investigate the precision limits of polarization rotation angle estimation about a known rotation axis, in a quantum polarimetric process, comprising three distinct quantum channels. The rotation angle to be estimated is induced by the retarder channel on the Stokes vector of the probe state. The diattenuator and depolarizer channels, acting on the probe state, can be thought of as effective noise processes. We explore the precision constraints inherent in quantum polarimetry by evaluating the quantum Fisher information for probe states of significance in quantum metrology, namely NOON, Kings of Quantumness, and Coherent states. The effects of the noise channels as well as their ordering is analyzed on the estimation error of the rotation angle to characterize practical and optimal quantum probe states for quantum polarimetry. Furthermore, we propose an experimental framework tailored for NOON state quantum polarimetry, aiming to bridge theoretical insights with empirical validation.
Multiple soliton solutions and other travelling wave solutions to new structured (2+1)-dimensional integro-partial differential equation using efficient technique
Authors: Hussein Hisham H , Ahmed Hamdy M , Rabie Wafaa B , Ahmed Karim K , Hashemi Mir Sajjad , Bayram Mustafa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Ito equation belongs to the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) family and is commonly employed to predict how ships roll in regular seas. Additionally, it characterizes the interaction between two internal long waves. In the 1980s, Ito extended the bilinear KdV equation, resulting in the well-known (1+1)-dimensional and (2+1)-dimensional Ito equations. In this study finds numerous classes of exact solutions for a new structured (2 + 1)-dimensional Ito integro-differential equation using the help of the Mathematica software. The Improved Modified Extended Tanh Function Scheme (IMETFS) is utilised to address the aforementioned equation analytically. Bright, dark, and singular soliton solutions are produced. Additionally, periodic, exponential, rational, singular periodic, and Weierstrass elliptic doubly periodic results are achieved. The method employed includes the nonlinear evolution equations that arise in a variety of real-world situations, and it is efficient, applicable, and simple to handle. For certain obtained solutions, specific options of free constants are presented in 3D, 2D, and contour graphical depictions.
Quasi-invariant Utiyama’s approach to Chern—Simons’ theory
Authors: Acevedo O A , Cuzinatto R R , Pimentel B M , Pompeia P J , Sumire Esquia J C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We extend Utiyama’s approach to gauge theory by allowing the quasi-invariance of the Lagrangian density, that is the necessary and sufficient condition for the invariance of the action. Such an extension is possible because it is the invariance of the action, rather than the strict invariance of the Lagrangian density (that was the condition imposed by Utiyama), the condition that defines a symmetry. We obtain as a result that Chern—Simons’ theories, in the Abelian, non-Abelian, and gravity cases can be systematically obtained from the new set of Utiyama’s equations.
Exploring the influence of sudan IV Azo dye on the structural, optical, and dispersion characteristics of PVA/Su-IV composites
Authors: Al-Muntaser A A , Alzahrani Eman , Saeed Abdu , Al-Ghamdi S A , Alwafi Reem , Abo-Dief Hala M , Yassin A Y 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Flexible polymeric film composites consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Sudan IV azo dye (Su-IV) were synthesized using a casting method. Despite the known optical properties of PVA and azo dyes individually, the combined effects of Su-IV doping in PVA on the material’s optical and nonlinear optical properties have not been thoroughly investigated. This study addresses this gap by exploring the interactions between PVA and Su-IV at various doping concentrations (0.1–0.8 wt%) and their subsequent impact on the material’s structural and optical characteristics. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify distinct vibrational groups within the composites, revealing that the incorporation of Su-IV induced random deviations in most absorption intensities compared to pristine PVA. Notably, new peaks at 519 and 444 cm−1 emerged, intensifying with increasing Su-IV concentrations, indicating significant interactions between the composite constituents. The optical properties were analyzed through transmittance and reflectance measurements, which uncovered new absorption peaks at 518 and 357 nm in PVA/Su-IV composites. These peaks correspond to electronic energy transitions of 2.4 and 3.6 eV, respectively, and their intensities increased with higher Su-IV content. Additionally, the indirect and direct bandgaps were decreased as Su-IV concentrations increased. The refractive index (n) analysis showed typical dispersion behavior between 850 and 2500 nm, aligning with the Wemple-DiDomenico (WDD) model. Furthermore, the oscillator parameters were calculated. Also, the nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) was boosted from 4.19 × 10−6 for pure PVA to 3.60 × 10−4 for the sample with 0.8 wt% Su-IV. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) was also measured at 8.55 × 10−2 for the doped sample. These findings demonstrate the potential of PVA/Su-IV composites for applications in nonlinear optics and photonics.
Ensemble learning and graph topological indices for predicting physical properties of mental disorder drugs
Authors: Ejima O , Abubakar M S , Sarkin Pawa S S , Ibrahim A H , Aremu K O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we use the ensemble machine learning technique to evaluate the strength of three supervised machine learning algorithms, namely, the random forest regression (RFR), support vector regression (SVR) and the gradient boosting regression (GBR) in the prediction of physical properties of mental disorder drugs with small dataset. The model was implemented on a dataset of neighborhood degree-based topological indices which served as predictor variables and physical properties of the drugs which served as target variables. To compute the neighborhood degree-based indices, we employed an algorithm that utilizes the canonical SmilES notations of the drugs. The ensemble method identifies the neighborhood third Zagreb index (NM3(G)) as an efficient predictor of boiling point, flash point and enthalpy of vaporization. The neighborhood Randic index (NR(G)) provides better prediction for molar refractivity, molar volume and polarizability. In the same vein, the neighborhood sum connectivity index (NSC(G)) is an efficient predictor of surface tension while the neighborhood reciprocal Randic index (NRR(G)) is most effective in the prediction of polar surface area. Furthermore, the comparison of the average performance between the ensemble method and the base models (RFR, SVR, GBR) over the neighborhood topological indices shows efficient performance of the individual models across multiple physical properties of mental disorder drugs, when using the neighborhood topological indices as the predictor or input feature. Overall, this research highlights the combination of three supervised machine learning models in an ensemble environment to mitigating the challenges associated with small datasets when applying machine learning models in QSPR analysis.
Analysis of rock-breaking mechanisms of high-voltage pulsed electric electrode bits
Authors: Zhu Xiaohua , Liu Siqi , Liu Weiji , Zhou Xin , Zhang Youjian , Liu Ming 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
High-voltage pulsed electric rock-breaking technology is an innovative, green, and efficient method with substantial potential in the field of rock fragmentation. The efficiency of this technology is primarily determined by the design of the electrode bit. To investigate the impact of electrode bit design on rock fragmentation, this study developed a three-dimensional electro-rock breaking model based on the coupling of multiple fields: current field, electrostatic field, breakdown field, heat transfer field, and solid mechanics field. Using this comprehensive three-dimensional model, we conducted dynamic electrical breakdown simulations of granite, incorporating five different electrode bit structures and six degrees of rock heterogeneity. The simulation results elucidate the effects of pulsed peak voltage, granite heterogeneity
H
, and electrode bit structure on the efficiency of high-voltage pulsed electric rock breaking. To validate the simulation results, laboratory experiments on electro-rock breaking were performed. The experimental findings indicate that the conical electrode bit exhibited the highest rock-breaking efficiency, while the pentagonal prism-shaped electrode bit showed the poorest performance. The tip of prismatic electrodes generates a tip discharge effect; for the triangular prism, this effect often results in irregular rock fragmentation, which is detrimental to drilling efficiency. These results highlight the significant influence of electrode shape on rocks’ electrical breakdown and fragmentation. This study provides valuable insights into the engineering application of high-voltage pulsed electric rock-breaking technology.
Efficient in situ learning of hybrid LIF neurons using WTA mechanism for high-speed low-power neuromorphic systems
Authors: Hussain Syed Ali , Prasad V P N S B S V , Sanki Pradyut Kumar 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The emerging market for hardware neuromorphic systems has fulfilled the growing demand for fast and energy-efficient computer architectures. Memristor-based neural networks are a viable approach to meet the need for low-power neuromorphic devices. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are widely recognized as the best hardware solution for mimicking the brain’s efficient processing capabilities. To build the SNN model, we have designed an energy-efficient hybrid Leaky Integrated and Fire (LIF) neuron model using Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistors (CNTFET) and memristors. This hybrid neuron operates at 3.89 MHz, with 1.047nW and 0.257fJ of power and energy per spike with a constant power supply (V
dd
) and an excitation voltage of 0.5V, under the ideal conditions. When the intrinsic constraints of CNTFETs and memristors, such as parasitic elements and hysteresis effects, are taken into consideration, the operating frequency is lowered to 3.45 MHz (an 11.5% decrease), and energy consumption rises to 0.317 fJ per spike (a 23.3% increase). Despite these limitations, our design outperforms with existing works. On the other hand the development of in situ, Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) learning through memristors as synapses results in a computational challenge. In this paper, we adopt a potent technique capable of carrying out both learning and inference. The weight modulation is accomplished using a linear memristor model, resulting in high speed and reduced power consumption. We intend to apply the winner-takes-all (WTA) mechanism within the SNN architecture, which incorporates recurrently connected proposed neurons in the output layer, for real-time pattern recognition. The proposed design has been implemented and the performance metrics superseded the existing works in terms of power, energy, and accuracy. Furthermore, the design is capable of classifying 50×104 images per second.
Fermi Blazars in the Zwicky Transient Facility Survey: Properties of Large Optical Variations
Authors: Sun Si-Si , Wang Zhong-Xiang , Ji Shun-Hao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We analyze the optical light curve data, obtained with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey, for 47 γ-ray blazars monitored by the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi). These 47 sources are selected because they are among the Fermi blazars with the largest optical variations in the ZTF data. Two color–magnitude variation patterns are seen in them, with one being redder-to-stable-when-brighter (RSWB; in 31 sources) and the other being stable when brighter (in 16 sources). The patterns fit with the results recently reported in several similar studies with different data. Moreover, we find that the colors in the stable state of the sources share similar values, for which (after being corrected for the Galactic extinction) most sources are in a range of 0.4–0.55. This feature could be intrinsic and may be applied in, for example, study of the intragalactic medium. We also determine the turning points for the sources showing the RSWB pattern, after which the color changes saturate and become stable. We find a correlation between optical fluxes and γ-ray fluxes at the turning points. The physical implications of the correlation remain to be investigated, probably better with a sample of high-quality γ-ray flux measurements.
Deuterium plasma induced preferential erosion in ultra-high temperature ceramics TiB2 and ZrB2
*
Authors: Nuckols L. , Baldwin M.J. , Meyer III H.M. , Nishijima D. , Patino M.I. , Parish C.M. , Rapp J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Steady-state deuterium plasma exposures were performed on ultra-high temperature ceramics titanium diboride (TiB2) and zirconium diboride (ZrB2) using the PISCES-RF linear plasma device (LPD) as early screening for first wall, plasma-facing applications. Deuterium plasma exposures were performed using 40 eV ion energies at 240, 525, and 800 °C sample temperatures and 90 eV ion energies at 240 °C sample temperatures to analyze TiB2 and ZrB2 surface morphology and chemistry evolution behavior. Post-plasma exposure chemistry characterization of the near surface (

<

50 nm) region of the samples all show transition metal enrichment, indicating boron preferential erosion. Transition metal to boron fractions vary with plasma exposure temperature under the 40 eV ion energy; metal enrichment is maximized at 800 °C and then minimized at 525 °C. SEM micrographs of all plasma exposed sample surfaces show no significant or noticeable plasma induced damage from cracking or blistering.
Biofabrication & cryopreservation of tissue engineered constructs for on-demand applications
Authors: Budharaju Harshavardhan , Sundaramurthi Dhakshinamoorthy , Sethuraman Swaminathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Tissue engineered constructs prepared using conventional scaffold-based approaches have the potential to repair or regenerate damaged tissues and organs. Various scaffold fabrication strategies such as electrospinning, solvent casting, particulate leaching, gas foaming, hydrogels, freeze-drying, and 3D bioprinting have been used to fabricate artificial tissues. In recent times, 3D bioprinting has been predominantly used in various biomedical fields, including healthcare and pharmaceutical applications due to precision in 3D geometry. However, there are no viable strategies to preserve bioprinted constructs for on-demand applications because of the lack of specialized techniques or cryopreservation agents to maintain the cell viability and functionality of the bioprinted tissues. To solve this issue, cryopreservation of bioprinted tissues has emerged in recent years to develop methods to create and cryopreserve bioprinted constructs for on-demand applications. This review discusses various techniques used for producing ready-to-use tissue engineered products such as electrospinning, hydrogels, 3D bioprinting, and other bioprinting approaches. Further, the factors influencing the bioprinted tissues, such as cryoprotectants, polymer types and crosslinker concentrations, crosslinking approaches, viscoelastic properties, storage facilities, etc, were also discussed in detail. The potential of cryopreservable bioprinted tissues in various healthcare applications are elaborated with lucid examples. Finally, the conclusions and possible future directions for the fabrication and cryopreservation of tissue engineered products are highlighted.
Design and fabrication of polarization independent LCoS phase modulators with polymer waveplate and analog driving
Authors: Zachmann Isaac , Zhang Qirui , Svanidze Anastasiia , Ji Lianhua , Mao Chongchang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Phase-only liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulators are used in a variety of applications. Despite their wide use, current phase-only LCoS devices are hindered by their single-polarization modulation. We propose a polarization independent LCoS device which uses a polymer quarter-wave plate for polarization conversion. We designed a custom pixel circuit which enables high driving voltage and high pixel grayscale by utilizing an analog driving frame buffer pixel circuit. Our pixel circuit is optimized for small pixel size and the silicon backplanes can be fabricated at a traditional foundry. We demonstrate polarization independent phase modulation through optical beam steering tests for various input polarizations. Our fabricated device lays the foundation for commercial LCoS devices highly suitable for wavelength selective switches, holographic display, wavefront correction, and optical beam shaping.
Mitigation of soil salinity by addition of different rice straw biochar doses in salt-affected acid soil
Authors: Shwe Kyi Kyi , Chaopayao Nantanat , Yampracha Sukunya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The current study was carried out to evaluate the effect of rice straw biochar amendment and to identify the appropriate dose of biochar application to reduce soil acidity, salinity, toxicity, and sodicity in salt-affected acid soils. The rice straw biochar at 4 different rates of 0%, (control) 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w) was mixed with 6 salt-affected acid soils: S1 (non-saline), S2 and S3 (low saline), and S4, S5, and S6 (moderate saline). The mixture was continuously shaken in distilled water for 7 days. The biochar application significantly increased soil pH and saturated electrical conductivity (ECe) with an increasing biochar application rate compared with the control. Significant decreases in sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values below the critical level of sodicity were observed above the biochar application rate of 1%. Soluble chloride (Cl–) and soluble and exchangeable sodium (Na+) were significantly reduced above the biochar application rate of 1%. The biochar application (≥ 1%) led to a significant increase in soluble and exchangeable potassium (K+) and declines in soluble and exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). This study concluded that the biochar application rate of 1% was suitable for reducing soil acidity to a safe level for rice plants. The rice straw biochar application improved soil toxicity and sodicity by reducing soluble Cl– and soluble and exchangeable Na+, decreasing SAR and ESP. The biochar application also increased available K+, essential for rice plant growth and development in salt-affected soils.
Gate leakage reduction in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using in situ ion treatment
Authors: Nawaz Muhammad Imran , Gurbuz Abdulkadir , Salkim Gurur , Zafar Salahuddin , Akoglu Busra Cankaya , Bek Alpan , Ozbay Ekmel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A new in situ treatment method is proposed to reduce the gate leakage in normally-on AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. It consists of O2-Ar ion bombardment before the gate metalization. Ion treatment is found to improve the quality of gate metal and semiconductor interfaces. This process reduces the gate leakage current by around 25 times. The process is validated for wafer level uniformity and temperature dependency against the traditional NH4OH treatment. Ion treated HEMT devices are found to possess two orders of magnitude smaller standard deviations in gate leakage distribution across the wafer. The gate leakage is found to be less dependent on temperature comparatively. The trap energy level of the HEMTs treated using the proposed method is found to be higher than the traditional ones as extracted from Poole-Frenkel electron emission analysis. The new method results in a 0.13 dB improvement in the minimum noise figure of the HEMT on average from DC—16 GHz.