bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Características morfológicas e desempenho de crescimento de monossexo macho de tilápia da variedade GIFT e Saint Peter®
Authors: Marengoni Nilton Garcia , Machado Luciana Maria Curty , Oliveira Carlos Antonio Lopes de , Yoshida Grazyella Massako , Kunita Natali Miwa , Ribeiro Ricardo Pereira 
Published: November 2015

<p>This study aimed to compare the morphological traits and growth performance of monosex populations of the Genetic Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) and Saint Peter® of male tilapias reared in a mixed system. The experiment was carried out from June 2012 to November 2012 in Sgarbi fish farm, Palotina, Paraná State, Brazil. GIFT juveniles were obtained from the State University of Maringá (UEM/Codapar) fish farm broodstock, and the red hybrids were from the Sgarbi fish farm broodstock. The average genetic values of GIFT from three genetic groups (I, II, and III) were obtained by controlling individual pedigree and genetic evaluation using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP). Information from complete GIFT pedigree since its introduction in Brazil was used, and the genetic groups were ranked as I (upper group), II (middle group), and III (inferior group). In all, 1,880 fish, including 480 GIFT strain and 1,400 red hybrids, with an average initial weight of 15 g, were placed in a semi-intensive system with a density of 4.7 fish m-2. The fish were individually identified using Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags. Harvesting was performed at the end of a 160 d period. The performance data including final weight and daily weight gain, and morphological traits including total length, standard length, body depth, head length, tail depth, tail width, body width, head length/standard length, body area and body volume were evaluated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test at 5% probability level were applied. The average final weight and daily weight gain among the three genetic groups of GIFT did not show significant differences. However all GIFT groups (I, II, and III) presented average values of performance and morphological traits higher that the Saint Peter®. Among the GIFT genetic groups, only body depth between groups I and III showed significant differences (p&lt;0.001). The morphological traits and growth performance are superior in the GIFT strain, regardless of its genetic group, when compared to Saint Peter®, except for the head length/standard length ratio. </p>
Lecture et lecteurs : l’impensé politique de la littérature française
Authors: Cusset François 
Published: November 2015

Cet article met en lumière l’écart institutionnel et culturel qui sépare les politiques de la littérature aux États-Unis et en France. Dans le monde universitaire américain, et particulièrement dans les départements de littérature, prévaut une politique de relativisme textuel qui mène à une pratique de suspicion généralisée à l’égard du texte dans les études féministes, culturelles et postcoloniales ; à l’inverse, dans le monde universitaire français, persiste une éthique protectionniste, fondée sur un canon littéraire incontesté et sur un fort isolationnisme disciplinaire. Cet article suggère que le malentendu transatlantique autour des théories critiques de la littérature qui dure depuis plusieurs décennies s’explique par le fait que les théoriciens américains s’intéressent à la lecture et à ses effets politiques, alors que les Français se préoccupent presque exclusivement de l’écriture et de l’écrivain.
An impulse response function for the “long tail” of excess atmospheric CO2 in an Earth system model
Authors: Lord N. S. , Ridgwell A. , Thorne M. C. , Lunt D. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe ultimate fate of (fossil fuel) CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is governed by a range of sedimentological and geological processes operating on timescales of up to the ca. hundred thousand year response of the silicate weathering feedback. However, how the various geological CO2 sinks might saturate and feedbacks weaken in response to increasing total emissions is poorly known. Here we explore the relative importance and timescales of these processes using a 3‐D ocean‐based Earth system model. We first generate an ensemble of 1 Myr duration CO2 decay curves spanning cumulative emissions of up to 20,000 Pg C. To aid characterization and understanding of the model response to increasing emission size, we then generate an impulse response function description for the long‐term fate of CO2 in the model. In terms of the process of carbonate weathering and burial, our analysis is consistent with a progressively increasing fraction of total emissions that are removed from the atmosphere as emissions increase, due to the ocean carbon sink becoming saturated, together with a lengthening of the timescale of removal from the atmosphere. However, we find that in our model the ultimate CO2 sink—silicate weathering feedback—is approximately invariant with respect to cumulative emissions, both in terms of its importance (it removes the remaining excess ~7% of total emissions from the atmosphere) and timescale (~270 kyr). Because a simple pulse‐response description leads to initially large predictive errors for a realistic time‐varying carbon release, we also develop a convolution‐based description of atmospheric CO2 decay which can be used as a simple and efficient means of making long‐term carbon cycle perturbation projections.
Effect of interhemispheric currents on equivalent ionospheric currents in two hemispheres: Simulation results
Authors: Lyatskaya Sonya , Lyatsky Wladislaw , Zesta Eftyhia 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this research, we used numerical simulation to study the effect of interhemispheric field‐aligned currents (IHCs), going between two conjugate ionospheres in two hemispheres, on the equivalent ionospheric currents (EICs). We computed the maps of these EICs in two hemispheres during summer‐winter conditions, when the effect of the IHCs is especially significant. The main results may be summarized as follows. (1) In winter hemisphere, the IHCs may significantly exceed and be a substitute for the local R1 currents, and they may strongly affect the magnitude, location, and direction of the EICs in the nightside winter auroral ionosphere. (2) While in summer polar cap the EICs tend to flow sunward, and in winter polar cap the EICs turn toward dawn due to the effect of the IHCs. (3) The well‐known reversal in the direction of the EICs in the vicinity of the midnight meridian, in winter hemisphere, is observed not at the polar caps boundary (as usually expected) but equatorward of this boundary in the region of the IHCs location. (4) The IHCs in winter hemisphere may be, in fact, not only a substitute for the R1 currents but also the major source of the Westward Auroral Electrojet, observed in both hemispheres during substorm activity.
Nature's Grand Experiment: Linkage between magnetospheric convection and the radiation belts
Authors: Rodger Craig J. , Cresswell‐Moorcock Kathy , Clilverd Mark A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe solar minimum of 2007–2010 was unusually deep and long lived. In the later stages of this period the electron fluxes in the radiation belts dropped to extremely low levels. The flux of relativistic electrons (>1 MeV) was significantly diminished and at times was below instrument thresholds both for spacecraft located in geostationary orbits and also those in low‐Earth orbit. This period has been described as a natural “Grand Experiment” allowing us to test our understanding of basic radiation belt physics and in particular the acceleration mechanisms which lead to enhancements in outer belt relativistic electron fluxes. Here we test the hypothesis that processes which initiate repetitive substorm onsets drive magnetospheric convection, which in turn triggers enhancement in whistler mode chorus that accelerates radiation belt electrons to relativistic energies. Conversely, individual substorms would not be associated with radiation belt acceleration. Contrasting observations from multiple satellites of energetic and relativistic electrons with substorm event lists, as well as chorus measurements, show that the data are consistent with the hypothesis. We show that repetitive substorms are associated with enhancements in the flux of energetic and relativistic electrons and enhanced whistler mode wave intensities. The enhancement in chorus wave power starts slightly before the repetitive substorm epoch onset. During the 2009/2010 period the only relativistic electron flux enhancements that occurred were preceded by repeated substorm onsets, consistent with enhanced magnetospheric convection as a trigger.
Particle delivery to the benthos of coastal Lake Michigan
Authors: Waples James T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA 2‐D non‐steady state model was applied to measured profiles of 234Th/238U and 90Y/90Sr disequilibria in a shallow (22 m) water column of coastal Lake Michigan. Downward fluxes of 234Th and 90Y were primarily driven by onshore horizontal advection. Concordance between 234Th and 90Y‐derived mass flux estimates from the water column could only be realistically achieved under a nuclide scavenging scenario dominated by direct sorption on bottom or near‐bottom sediment and vertical convection in the water column—not sinking particles. An estimated vertical 234Th/90Y flux ratio of ∼0.31 in the water column agreed with measured 234Th/90Y activity ratios on collected ejecta from bottom dwelling dreissenid mussels (0.26 ± 0.05) and not with water column particles (3.3 ± 1.3). A similar 238U/90Sr parent nuclide activity ratio of 0.30 ± 0.02 suggests that both 234Th and 90Y are scavenged in toto below the maximum sampling depth (17 m) and near the sediment/water interface. Determining the mechanism by which particles are transported to the bottom is important for understanding not only how benthos are supplied with water column material, but also how particle fluxes should be measured and calculated.
An ocean‐biology‐induced negative feedback on ENSO as derived from a hybrid coupled model of the tropical Pacific
Authors: Zhang Rong‐Hua 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBiological conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., phytoplankton biomass) are strongly regulated by physical changes that are associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The existence and variation of phytoplankton biomass act to modulate the vertical penetration of the incoming sunlight into the upper ocean, which causes an ocean‐biology‐induced heating (OBH) effect on the climate system. Previously, the penetration depth of solar radiation in the upper ocean (Hp) has been defined to describe the related bioclimate connections. An empirical model for interannual Hp variability that is parameterized in terms of its relationship with the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific was derived from remotely sensed ocean color data and is incorporated into a hybrid coupled model (HCM) to represent the OBH effects. In this paper, several HCM experiments are performed to demonstrate the biofeedback onto the ENSO, including a climatological Hp run (in which Hp is prescribed as only seasonally varying), interannual Hp runs (with different intensities of the interannually varying OBH effects), and a run in which the sign of the OBH effect is reversed. Significant modulating impacts on the interannual variability are found in the HCM and are characterized by a negative feedback between the ocean biology and the climate system in the tropical Pacific; stronger the OBH feedback, weaker the interannual variability. The processes that are involved in the feedback are analyzed. The SST is modulated indirectly by dynamic ocean processes that are induced by OBH. The significance and implication of the OBH effects are discussed in terms of their roles in ENSO variability and the model biases in the tropical Pacific.
On the aerosol and cloud phase function expansion moments for radiative transfer simulations
Authors: Li Jiangnan , Barker Howard , Yang Ping , Yi Bingqi 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe accuracy of the Henyey‐Greenstein (HG) approximation in radiative transfer process is systematically investigated for aerosol and cloud particles. For small‐size aerosols, the phase function moment by the HG approximation is close to that of the true phase function; therefore, the differences in four‐stream radiative transfer calculations are very small whether using the HG approximation or the true phase function moments. However, for large‐size aerosols, liquid cloud droplets and ice crystals, the HG approximation produces very different phase function moment result compared to the true phase function. In case of small optical depth, the single layer four‐stream radiative transfer calculations show that the HG approximation can produce relative errors larger than 20% while the errors are generally less than 5% by using true phase function moments. By applying the four‐stream radiative transfer scheme to a multilayer atmosphere with aerosol and cloud, the differences in flux error are generally less than 2 Wm−2 by using either the HG approximation or true phase function moments, but can be over 10 Wm−2 for ice cloud case. The aerosol/cloud instantaneous radiative forcing has been analyzed in climate simulation. Compared to the four‐stream radiative transfer scheme, the two‐stream radiative transfer scheme overestimates the aerosol radiative flux in low‐latitude regions and underestimates the upward flux for the high‐latitude regions. By using the HG approximation, the difference in aerosol radiative forcing between the four‐stream and the two‐stream radiative transfer schemes is enhanced; the enhancement can be up to 0.5 Wm−2. The parameterization schemes for aerosol and cloud optical properties must be extended to contain higher‐order phase function moments, if higher‐order stream radiative transfer algorithms are to be used.
Intuitive Ontologies and Domain Specificity
Authors: Boyer Pascal , Barrett H. Clark 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEvolutionary reasoning and empirical evidence converge to suggest that knowledge of the natural and social world is supported by domain‐specific neurocognitive systems, organized around recurrent adaptive challenges. In the past, understanding of such functional specialization has been obscured by confusing debates on innateness and modularity. We survey several particular examples of domain‐specific knowledge, and proceed to highlight more general properties of these domain‐specific systems, notably that (a) these are automatically activated by information that meets their input format, and only by such information; (b) their domains of operation correspond to recurrent adaptive challenges (e.g., tool‐making, predator‐prey interaction) rather than scientifically or metaphysically accurate categories of objects in the world (e.g., artifacts, living beings); (c) they all require normal developmental environments, that is, circumstances that approximate the environments of genetic evolution; (d) they produce intuitive mental representations, not deliberate reflections; and (e) they all combine representations of the environments with motivation towards adaptive courses of action.
The Evolutionary Psychology of Food Intake and Choice
Authors: Rozin Paul , Todd Peter M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Food choice plays a fundamental role in both biological and cultural evolution. As social generalists eating a wide range of foods, humans have faced two great problems in their evolution: how to figure out what is toxic and what is nutritive—the omnivore's dilemma—and how to coordinate the learned knowledge of multiple individuals to succeed in omnivorous food selection. Generalists like humans and rats find food sources by searching and deciding how long to stay with particular sources (as studied in the optimal foraging literature), and choose which particular foods to eat on the basis of evolved preferences, in particular for sweet tastes and fatty textures, and evolved learning abilities, including social copying and learned taste aversions.The cultural evolution of the use of many basic foods such as corn, milk, and meat in different cuisines has engaged a number of genetically programmed human predispositions, including the fat and sweet preferences. The basic emotion of disgust was originally related to the food system, but through cultural preadaptation has come to be involved with many other domains of human life. Given its centrality in much of human behavior, food choice should take a more prominent place in evolutionary psychology.
Adaptations to Predators and Prey
Authors: Barrett H. Clark 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Predator‐prey interactions have shaped our evolutionary lineage since long before we were human. Predation has had a profound influence on the evolution of our perceptual, emotional, cognitive, and social systems, stretching back to the origin of vertebrates. More recently, hunting has shaped the evolution of the hominin lineage, including the evolution of big brains, tool use, and cultural transmission in our genus. This chapter reviews the many influences predator‐prey interactions have had on human psychology. A survey of the evolutionary history of predator‐prey interactions in our lineage is followed by reviews of the influence of predator‐prey interactions on various domains of human psychology including perception, foraging, emotions, learning, inference, and reasoning. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on the influence of predator‐prey interactions on human psychology and behavior.
Physical Attractiveness: An Adaptationist Perspective
Authors: Sugiyama Lawrence S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHow and why do our minds generate different levels of attraction to others? This chapter integrates life history, evolutionary psychology, and human biology approaches to address this question. Biological adaptations regulate a vast number of life history trade‐offs that affect how we look, smell, sound, and behave. Selection produced adaptations that evaluate these cues and regulate our degree of attraction to others based on their relative probable social value to us in different contexts. This chapter outlinesthe alternative evolutionary explanations for the emergence of an attraction,basic components necessary for attraction systems to evolve, and sources of variation in attractiveness assessment. It identifies different domains of social value for which attractiveness assessment evolved, reviews evidence for some of the hypothesized attractiveness‐assessment adaptations in those domains, and highlights avenues calling for increased attention. Finally, it calls for greater integration of evolutionary psychology, human biological research, and data from small‐scale foraging societies to generate predictions about these domains of social value, the cues or signals associated with them, adaptations selected to regulate attraction to them, and the life history trade‐offs involved in these processes. New research on body shape attractiveness is presented to illustrate these points.
Contest Competition in Men
Authors: Puts David A. , Bailey Drew H. , Reno Philip L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore how men's phenotypes, including their psychologies, have been shaped by contest competition, a form of sexual selection involving the use of force or threat of force to exclude same‐sex competitors from mates. We first evaluate the intensity of sexual selection in men, finding evidence of a positive and moderately strong relationship between men's mating success and reproductive success, and between each of these and putative sexually selected traits. Next, we use a comparative and functional approach to evaluate how men's phenotypes were shaped specifically by contest competition. Contrary to inferences made from our negligible canine size and modest body mass dimorphism, we find that human beings are sexually differentiated along dimensions expected of a species with an evolutionary history of male contests, and that men's phenotypes show evidence of design for contest competition. Finally, we explore how contests may have contributed to male mating and reproductive success over human evolution.
Women's Sexual Interests Across the Ovulatory Cycle
Authors: Gangestad Steven W. , Thornhill Randy , Garver‐Apgar Christine E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWomen can conceive an offspring about 6 days of every ovulatory cycle and yet are sexually active throughout the cycle. But why? And are women's sexual interests nonetheless sensitive to hormonal changes across the cycle? This chapter explores these issues, and emphasizes several themes: (a) Women appear to have retained a form of fertile‐phase estrus, which shares functional and physiological underpinnings with estrus of other primates; (b) a key unresolved question is whether nonconceptive sexual interests are a diminished form of estrous interests (the graded sexuality model) or have been shaped to have distinct functions (the extended sexuality model); (c) whether and how women's estrous sexual interests have been modified since the evolution of pairbonding also remains unresolved; (d) women are subtly more attractive during the fertile phase, but likely as a by‐product of hormonal variations and not because women signal their fertility status.
Sexual Coercion
Authors: Huppin Mark , Malamuth Neil M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe highlight evolutionary psychological perspectives on sexual coercion, with consideration to hypotheses regarding evolved mechanisms for both males and females. We suggest that over evolutionary history, the possibility of being raped is liable to have been a particularly costly adaptive risk for females relative to the potential adaptive gains for men of being able to impose their will by forcing sexual intercourse. We therefore expect that clearer evidence can be found in women for evolved psychological mechanisms designed to limit the costs of such forced sexual mating than evidence supporting the existence of specialized mechanisms in men. A growing body of research on females' counteradaptations designed to minimize the cost imposed by males' coercion, including studies on the effects of ovulatory cycle status, indeed largely supports the existence of evolved specialized mechanisms in females designed to avoid being sexually coerced. Furthermore, we do find some supportive evidence for the possibility that for males, sexual arousal to force may be an evolved specialized mechanism that under certain conditions may serve as an approach emotion designed to increase the likelihood of engaging in sexually coercive behavior. We outline a model, theevolutionary functionalmodel, whichconsiders the possibility that some perceived negative reactions from females may calibratethis mechanism for some men in a direction more conducive to engaging in coercion. We summarize how this model has fared in its predictions in contrast to other models focusing only on proximate causes as well as to a by‐product evolutionary model.
Parental Investment and Parent‐Offspring Conflict
Authors: Salmon Catherine 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNot all species engage in parental care. As researchers have noted, investment by parents in offspring is investment that cannot be directed elsewhere, into either somatic effort or other mating opportunities. Which parental and offspring factors influence the degree of parental investment is one of the focuses of this chapter. An additional focus is conflict between parents and offspring. At first glance, the relationship between parent and child seems to begin in perfect harmony. The image of parents' devotion to their infant is one that has been depicted in art for thousands of years and sometimes seems like a sharp contrast to the modern portrayal of the typical adolescent‐parent relationship as full of strife. But is either image really accurate? What factors shape the degree of conflict between parent and child? An adaptationist perspective provides useful insight into these questions.