bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INSEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E NUTRICIONAL NO BRASIL: CAUSAS E PERSPECTIVAS
Authors:   Francisca Marta Nascimento de Oliveira Freitas, Machado Gezia Da Silva , Silva Iara Felix Da , Corrêa Raimunda Cardoso ,   Luiz Eduardo Rodrigues Lima
Published: October 2024

A insegurança alimentar e nutricional (ISAN) no Brasil representa um desafio contínuo, apesar de alguns avanços recentes. Dados de 2023 mostram uma redução no percentual de lares afetados pela ISAN, que caiu de 36,7% para 27,6%. Contudo, cerca de 119 milhões de brasileiros ainda enfrentam ISAN moderada. Os principais fatores que contribuem para a insegurança alimentar incluem desigualdade social, pobreza e vulnerabilidade econômica. A concentração de renda e desigualdade estrutural limitam o acesso a alimentos adequados e nutritivos. Além disso, a baixa escolaridade e desemprego agravam a situação, especialmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, onde a insegurança alimentar é mais prevalente. Embora políticas públicas e programas assistenciais tenham mostrado progresso, eles permanecem insuficientes para erradicar a insegurança alimentar. Desperdício de alimentos e ineficiência na distribuição também são desafios críticos que precisam ser abordados. A agricultura familiar, especialmente em comunidades quilombolas e áreas rurais, desempenha um papel importante na promoção da segurança alimentar através da produção local. As disparidades regionais continuam a impactar a situação, com a insegurança alimentar sendo mais severa em áreas empobrecidas e remotas. É necessário adotar estratégias integradas que abordem a desigualdade econômica e melhorem a eficiência na distribuição de alimentos para enfrentar a insegurança alimentar de maneira mais eficaz.
Melting glaciers, emerging pandemics?
Authors: Chandrakanth Adarshini 
Published: October 2024

The world contains over 198,000 to 200,000 glaciers, covering in total over 726,000 square kilometers of Earth’s surface (Davies; “Glacier Quick Facts”). The repetitive cycle of snowfall forming layers and compressing into ice sheets over the course of centuries has allowed the formation of these unique, massive masses of ice. Apart from being huge reservoirs of water, glaciers are also hosts of many interconnected microbiomes, fostering active and dormant bacteria, fungi, viruses and other extremophiles. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), or the peak of the ice age around 23,000-19,000 years ago, the sea surface temperature was at its lowest accompanied by low atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration (“How Does Present Glacier Extent”; Quamar et al.). This was when glaciers covered over 32% of Earth’s total surface. However, today, glaciers account for just around 10% of land (“Glacier Quick Facts”). The rise of human choices, especially our indulgence in activities like industrialisation, consumerism and wastage have contributed to the emission of greenhouse gasses, which has in turn led to global warming. A consequence of this phenomenon is the melting of glaciers. Melting glaciers not only results in the release of water and rising sea levels, but also the unveiling of previously trapped microbiomes. This raised the hypothesis that melting glaciers, and other sections of the cryosphere can expose previously frozen, potentially pandemic-causing pathogens to the world. This descriptive research paper will serve the purpose of encapsulating existing research regarding whether the disintegration of the cryosphere can cause pandemics.
An overview of maglev trains
Authors: Sheth Dhairya 
Published: October 2024

This paper provides a detailed review of maglev (magnetic levitation) trains, explaining the technology and underlying principles behind it. It also covers the history of this evolving mode of transport. Moreover, it addresses and analyzes the advantages and challenges of maglev trains compared to the traditional rail system: technical, infrastructural, and economic factors have been taken into consideration. Further, it explores the potential improvements to the technology to make it more efficient and cost-effective. The paper will focus slightly more on the Japanese maglev trains as they are the most developed. This paper aims to become a one-place resource for readers to gain knowledge about maglev trains. The author was motivated by the fact that this field, despite being so heavily researched, has a lack of research papers or articles published for readers and inquirers to easily learn about the whole concept; the majority of papers found were published in the early 2000s. Therefore, this paper also intends to include the latest advancements. It is an overview, written after going through multiple past research papers, websites, informative videos and videos of interviews from reliable and credible sources.
Optimalisasi Proses Packing di PT. XYZ Melalui Identifikasi dan Analisis Downtime
Authors: Enda Enda , Suwarno Agus , Supriyati Supriyati 
Published: October 2024

PT. XYZ adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang beroperasi di bidang pembuatan sepeda motor, dalam proses produksinya dibagi menjadi dua departemen atau bagian yaitu perakitan dan pengemasan (packing). Namun dalam perusahaan sering terjadi masalah, yaitu terkait dalam pemenuhan permintaan konsumen, berupa target yang tidak tercapai, ini terjadi karena tingginya nilai downtime dalam proses produksi. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis aktivitas penyebab downtime pada proses produksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif-kuantutatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat enam aktivitas yang terindikasi menjadi penyebab utama downtime pada proses packing, dengan nilai tertinggi pada aktivitas supply material dan komunikasi dengan foreman disela aktifitas produksi, mencapai 78% dari total wktu downtime. Beberapa rekomendasi perbaikan yang diusulkan dari hasil penelitian meliputi efisiensi metode penyediaan material, pengaturan komunikasi, pembuatan peta proses operasi, penerapan system FIFO, dan perbaikan layeout pada conveyor.
Computer vision-based algorithm for precise defect detection and classification in photovoltaic modules
Authors: Guo Jian 
Published: October 2024

In recent years, driven by advancements in the photovoltaic industry, solar power generation has emerged as a crucial energy source in China and the globe. A progressive annotation approach is employed to pinpoint and label defect samples to enhance the precision of automated detection technology for minor defects within photovoltaic modules. Subsequently, computer vision techniques are harnessed to segment photovoltaic modules and defect samples amidst intricate backgrounds accurately. Finally, a transfer learning training model is deployed to classify and identify defects effectively. The results indicate that the mask-region convolutional neural network model achieves remarkable accuracy and recall rates of 98.7% and 0.913, respectively. Furthermore, the detection speed and inference time are 280.69 frames per second and 3.53 ms, respectively. In essence, the defect detection and classification algorithm utilizing computer vision techniques significantly enhances the precision of automated detection technology in identifying minor defects within complex environments. This advancement holds profound practical significance in ensuring photovoltaic modules’ quality and operational reliability.
Effect of Fertigation of Water-Soluble Fertilizers on Growth, Yield of Cowpea and Nutrients Availability in Soil under Rice-cowpea Cropping Sequence
Authors: Jayanthi T. , Latha H. S. , Madappa Savitha , Umilsingh Nunavath , Umesh H. R. , L. B Ashok. 
Published: October 2024

A investigation was carried out to study the Growth and yield of cowpea and primary nutrients availability in soil as influenced by fertigation of water-soluble fertilizers under rice-cowpea cropping sequence. Hybrid rice was tested under aerobic condition during Kharif 2015-16 and 2016-17 with 16 treatments replicated thrice in randomized block design. The results indicated that, the treatment, 100% RDF through water soluble fertilizer at 8 DI was recorded significantly higher growth and yield determinants, higher seed yield (12.94 q ha-1) and haulm yield (26.17 q ha-1) of cowpea. Significant higher organic carbon (0.57 %) was recorded with the application 100% STCR dose with WSF through fertigation at 8 DI and higher available N (146.38 kg N ha-1 ), P2O5 (122.67 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and K2O (130.17 kg K2O ha-1 ) content in soil recorded 100% water soluble fertilizers (WSF) applied at 4 DI. However, exchangeable calcium [3.51 cmol (p+) kg-1], magnesium [2.55 cmol (p+) kg-1], available sulphur [12.50 ppm] in soil were recorded with 100% conventional fertilizers applied plots through PoP. Significantly higher DTPA extractable Fe (18.45 mg kg-1) noticed with 100% STCR of WSF at 8 DI. However, significantly higher DTPA extractable Zn (1.44 mg kg-1) and Cu (0.57 mg kg-1) was recorded with the application of 100% RDF with WSF at 4 DI. Significantly higher DTPA extractable Mn (22.78 mg kg-1) noticed with 100% STCR of WSF at 4 DI.
Lateral variability of subtidal flow at the mid‐reaches of a macrotidal estuary
Authors: Ross Lauren , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo , Sottolichio Aldo , Huybrechts Nicolas 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTransverse variations of tidal and subtidal flow were investigated in a macrotidal and convergent estuary. This was accomplished by combining data analysis of current velocities and water density with numerical modeling at the mid‐reaches of the Gironde Estuary (France). Nonlinear mechanisms responsible for overtide generation and hence subtidal flows were found to vary across the estuary and from neap to spring tides. Subtidal flows were driven by a combination of internal asymmetry, tidal advective accelerations, nonlinear effects of water level variations, quadratic friction, and river discharge. The quarter‐diurnal overtide band (D4) in the flow was generated by internal asymmetry and tidal advective accelerations during neap tide. The ratio of quarter‐diurnal to squared semidiurnal bands (D4/D22) was largest (>0.3) in sections of the channel showing subtidal outflow. River discharge increased from neap to spring tides causing a subsequent increase of seaward subtidal currents. During spring tide, D4 was generated by tidal advective accelerations and quadratic friction combined with river discharge, rather than by internal asymmetry. The sixth‐diurnal overtide (D6) in the flow was comparable to D4 for both neap and spring tides. Largest D6/D23 ratios were found in the shallowest cross‐channel locations during both neap and spring tides.
The role of wave‐current interaction in Lake Erie's seasonal and episodic dynamics
Authors: Niu Qianru , Xia Meng 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAlthough the significance of surface gravity waves has been consistently emphasized in previous limnetic studies, the roles of wave‐current interactions in lake dynamics are not sufficiently understood due to the lack of high‐resolution wave information. With a two‐way coupled hydrodynamic and wave model system, this study investigated how the Lake Erie dynamics are impacted by the wave‐induced surface and radiation stresses on the seasonal‐mean and episodic scales. The results showed that the surface radiation stress was the same as or an order of magnitude larger than the wave‐induced surface stress in the nearshore area (<5 km offshore), while the latter prevailed in the offshore areas. By enhancing air‐lake momentum and heat transfers, the wave‐enhanced surface stress improved the model's skill in simulating hydrodynamics in the Central and Eastern Basins, and it was of greater importance (at least an order of magnitude larger) in modifying surges, offshore currents, and thermal structures compared to those of the radiation stress. Nevertheless, the radiation stress played key roles in wave‐induced nearshore currents, especially in the shallow Western Basin. Their significances reached O (0.01–0.1 m/s) on the seasonal and episodic scales, respectively, and could have similar importance in other shallow water environments.
Variability of the subtropical mode water in the Southwest Pacific
Authors: Fernandez Denise , Sutton Philip , Bowen Melissa 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe variability of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) in the Southwest Pacific is investigated using a 28 year‐long time series (1986–2014) of high‐resolution expendable bathythermograph data north of New Zealand (PX06) and a shorter time series, the Roemmich‐Gilson monthly Argo optimal interpolation for the 2004–2014 period. The variability in STMW inventories is compared to the variability in air‐sea heat fluxes, mixed layer depths and transport of the East Auckland Current (EAUC) to assess both the atmospheric and oceanic roles influencing the formation and decay of STMW. The STMW north of New Zealand has a short lifespan with little persistence of the water mass from 1 year to the next one. Deeper mixed layers and negative anomalies in surface heat fluxes are correlated with increased formation of STMW. The heat content of the STMW layer is anticorrelated with inventories, particularly during the El Niño years. This suggests that large volumes of STMW are coincident with cooler conditions in the prior winter and less oceanic heat storage. There is significant seasonal and interannual variability in STMW inventories, however there are no trends in STMW properties, including its core layer temperature over the last decade. The variability of the winter EAUC transport is highly correlated with the STMW inventories and thermocline depth in the following spring, suggesting ocean dynamics deepen the thermocline and precondition for deeper mixed layers.
Fine‐scale variability of isopycnal salinity in the California Current System
Authors: Itoh Sachihiko , Rudnick Daniel L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the fine‐scale structure and seasonal fluctuations of the isopycnal salinity of the California Current System from 2007 to 2013 using temperature and salinity profiles obtained from a series of underwater glider surveys. The seasonal mean distributions of the spectral power of the isopycnal salinity gradient averaged over submesoscale (12–30 km) and mesoscale (30–60 km) ranges along three survey lines off Monterey Bay, Point Conception, and Dana Point were obtained from 298 transects. The mesoscale and submesoscale variance increased as coastal upwelling caused the isopycnal salinity gradient to steepen. Areas of elevated variance were clearly observed around the salinity front during the summer then spread offshore through the fall and winter. The high fine‐scale variances were observed typically above 25.8 kg m−3 and decreased with depth to a minimum at around 26.3 kg m−3. The mean spectral slope of the isopycnal salinity gradient with respect to wavenumber was 0.19 ± 0.27 over the horizontal scale of 12–60 km, and 31%–35% of the spectra had significantly positive slopes. In contrast, the spectral slope over 12–30 km was mostly flat, with mean values of −0.025 ± 0.32. An increase in submesoscale variability accompanying the steepening of the spectral slope was often observed in inshore areas; e.g., off Monterey Bay in winter, where a sharp front developed between the California Current and the California Under Current, and the lower layers of the Southern California Bight, where vigorous interaction between a synoptic current and bottom topography is to be expected.
The warmer the ocean surface, the shallower the mixed layer. How much of this is true?
Authors: Somavilla R. , González‐Pola C. , Fernández‐Diaz J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOcean surface warming is commonly associated with a more stratified, less productive, and less oxygenated ocean. Such an assertion is mainly based on consistent projections of increased near‐surface stratification and shallower mixed layers under global warming scenarios. However, while the observed sea surface temperature (SST) is rising at midlatitudes, the concurrent ocean record shows that stratification is not unequivocally increasing nor is MLD shoaling. We find that while SST increases at three study areas at midlatitudes, stratification both increases and decreases, and MLD deepens with enhanced deepening of winter MLDs at rates over
. These results rely on the estimation of several MLD and stratification indexes of different complexity on hydrographic profiles from long‐term hydrographic time‐series, ocean reanalysis, and Argo floats. Combining this information with estimated MLDs from buoyancy fluxes and the enhanced deepening/attenuation of the winter MLD trends due to changes in the Ekman pumping, MLD variability involves a subtle interplay between circulation and atmospheric forcing at midlatitudes. Besides, it is highlighted that the density difference between the surface and 200 m, the most widely used stratification index, should not be expected to reliably inform about changes in the vertical extent of mixing.
Pathways and supply of dissolved iron in the Amundsen Sea (Antarctica)
Authors: St‐Laurent P. , Yager P. L. , Sherrell R. M. , Stammerjohn S. E. , Dinniman M. S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNumerous coastal polynyas fringe the Antarctic continent and strongly influence the productivity of Antarctic shelf systems. Of the 46 Antarctic coastal polynyas documented in a recent study, the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) stands out as having the highest net primary production per unit area. Incubation experiments suggest that this productivity is partly controlled by the availability of dissolved iron (dFe). As a first step toward understanding the iron supply of the ASP, we introduce four plausible sources of dFe and simulate their steady spatial distribution using conservative numerical tracers. The modeled distributions replicate important features from observations including dFe maxima at the bottom of deep troughs and enhanced concentrations near the ice shelf fronts. A perturbation experiment with an idealized drawdown mimicking summertime biological uptake and subsequent resupply suggests that glacial meltwater and sediment‐derived dFe are the main contributors to the prebloom dFe inventory in the top 100 m of the ASP. The sediment‐derived dFe depends strongly on the buoyancy‐driven overturning circulation associated with the melting ice shelves (the “meltwater pump”) to add dFe to the upper 300 m of the water column. The results support the view that ice shelf melting plays an important direct and indirect role in the dFe supply and delivery to polynyas such as the ASP.
Large Wind Shears and Their Implications for Diffusion in Regions With Enhanced Static Stability: The Mesopause and the Tropopause
Authors: Liu H.‐L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, with a quasi‐uniform horizontal resolution of ∼25 km and a vertical resolution of 0.1 scale height, produces large vertical shear of horizontal wind with peaks around the mesopause and the tropical and midlatitude tropopause. In these regions, the static stability also reaches peak values and therefore allows large vertical shears before the onset of dynamical instability. The wind shear peaks near the mesopause and the tropopause from the simulation compare well with those identified in observations, including the magnitude, latitudinal dependence, and large shear statistics. By analyzing the probability density functions of the wind shears and their dependence on the zonal scales, it is found that smaller scale processes, likely gravity waves, contribute significantly to the large shears and may play a dominant role in producing the largest shears. Climatological tidal waves have secondary contribution to the large winds and shears, but spectral analysis suggests that they can modulate wind shear perturbations by gravity waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Implications for tracer transport and mixing in these regions are explored by estimating diffusion coefficients based on the root‐mean‐square winds, shears, and corresponding spatial scales from model results.
A parsimonious modular approach to building a mechanistic belowground carbon and nitrogen model
Authors: Abramoff Rose Z. , Davidson Eric A. , Finzi Adrien C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSoil decomposition models range from simple empirical functions to those that represent physical, chemical, and biological processes. Here we develop a parsimonious, modular C and N cycle model, the Dual Arrhenius Michaelis‐Menten‐Microbial Carbon and Nitrogen Phyisology (DAMM‐MCNiP), that generates testable hypotheses regarding the effect of temperature, moisture, and substrate supply on C and N cycling. We compared this model to DAMM alone and an empirical model of heterotrophic respiration based on Harvard Forest data. We show that while different model structures explain similar amounts of variation in respiration, they differ in their ability to infer processes that affect C flux. We applied DAMM‐MCNiP to explain an observed seasonal hysteresis in the relationship between respiration and temperature and show using an exudation simulation that the strength of the priming effect depended on the stoichiometry of the inputs. Low C:N inputs stimulated priming of soil organic matter decomposition, but high C:N inputs were preferentially utilized by microbes as a C source with limited priming. The simplicity of DAMM‐MCNiP's simultaneous representations of temperature, moisture, substrate supply, enzyme activity, and microbial growth processes is unique among microbial physiology models and is sufficiently parsimonious that it could be incorporated into larger‐scale models of C and N cycling.
Stabilization and reference tracking for constrained switching systems: A predictive control approach
Authors: Lucia Walter , Franzè Giuseppe 
Published: August 2017

SummaryIn this paper, the problem of designing a compensator capable of ensuring constraint satisfaction and tracking performance for a plant switching among a finite family of constrained linear time‐invariant configurations is investigated. We assume that switching occurrences are governed by a logical rule, which prescribes that any information pertaining to time or state dependence of the system mode transitions is unavailable to the controller side. The novelty of the proposed approach, based on the exploitation of command governor ideas in connection with the receding horizon control philosophy, relies on the capability to online manage unpredictable mode switching by jointly preserving uniformly ultimate boundedness and constraint fulfillment despite any admissible disturbance effect.
Injectable In Situ Forming Depot Systems for Long‐Acting Contraception
Authors: Janagam Dileep R. , Ananthula Suryatheja , Chaudhry Kamaljit , Wu Linfeng , Mandrell Timothy D. , Johnson James R. , Lowe Tao L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUp to date, no long‐acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) is developed to be injectable through needles smaller than 18 G and can also provide contraception for more than 3 months after single injection. In this study, injectable polymeric in situ forming depot (ISD) systems are developed to have injectability through 21–23 G needles, and capability of sustained release of levonorgestrel (LNG) for at least 7 months in vitro and in vivo after single subcutaneous injection in rats. The systems are polymeric solutions composed of biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) and poly(lactic acid) polymers dissolved in a mixture of solvents likeN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and benzyl benzoate or triethyl citrate. LNG released from ISD systems successfully suppressed the estrous cycle of rats at plasma concentration above 0.35 ng mL−1. At the end of the treatment, when LNG plasma concentration drops down to be nondetectable, predictable return of fertility is observed in rats. The designed ISD systems have great potential to be further developed into robust injectable LARCs that can be injected through a 21 G or smaller needle and achieve a variety of contraception durations with high patient compliance and low cost.