bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation bias for dynamic data race detection
Authors: Wood Benjamin P. , Cao Man , Bond Michael D. , Grossman Dan 
Published: October 2017

This paper presents Fast Instrumentation Bias (FIB), a sound and complete dynamic data race detection algorithm that improves performance by reducing or eliminating the costs of analysis atomicity. In addition to checking for errors in target programs, dynamic data race detectors must introduce synchronization to guard against metadata races that may corrupt analysis state and compromise soundness or completeness. Pessimistic analysis synchronization can account for nontrivial performance overhead in a data race detector.
The core contribution of FIB is a novel cooperative ownership-based synchronization protocol whose states and transitions are derived purely from preexisting analysis metadata and logic in a standard data race detection algorithm. By exploiting work already done by the analysis, FIB ensures atomicity of dynamic analysis actions with zero additional time or space cost in the common case. Analysis of temporally thread-local or read-shared accesses completes safely with no synchronization. Uncommon write-sharing transitions require synchronous cross-thread coordination to ensure common cases may proceed synchronization-free.
We implemented FIB in the Jikes RVM Java virtual machine. Experimental evaluation shows that FIB eliminates nearly all instrumentation atomicity costs on programs where data often experience windows of thread-local access. Adaptive extensions to the ownership policy effectively eliminate high coordination costs of the core ownership protocol on programs with high rates of serialized sharing. FIB outperforms a naive pessimistic synchronization scheme by 50% on average. Compared to a tuned optimistic metadata synchronization scheme based on conventional fine-grained atomic compare-and-swap operations, FIB is competitive overall, and up to 17% faster on some programs. Overall, FIB effectively exploits latent analysis and program invariants to bring strong integrity guarantees to an otherwise unsynchronized data race detection algorithm at minimal cost.
Understanding the use of lambda expressions in Java
Authors: Mazinanian Davood , Ketkar Ameya , Tsantalis Nikolaos , Dig Danny 
Published: October 2017

Java 8 retrofitted lambda expressions, a core feature of functional programming, into a mainstream object-oriented language with an imperative paradigm. However, we do not know how Java developers have adapted to the functional style of thinking, and more importantly, what are the reasons motivating Java developers to adopt functional programming. Without such knowledge, researchers miss opportunities to improve the state of the art, tool builders use unrealistic assumptions, language designers fail to improve upon their designs, and developers are unable to explore efficient and effective use of lambdas.We present the first large-scale, quantitative and qualitative empirical study to shed light on how imperative programmers use lambda expressions as a gateway into functional thinking. Particularly, we statically scrutinize the source code of 241 open-source projects with 19,770 contributors, to study the characteristics of 100,540 lambda expressions. Moreover, we investigate the historical trends and adoption rates of lambdas in the studied projects. To get a complementary perspective, we seek the underlying reasons on why developers introduce lambda expressions, by surveying 97 developers who are introducing lambdas in their projects, using the firehouse interview method.Among others, our findings revealed an increasing trend in the adoption of lambdas in Java: in 2016, the ratio of lambdas introduced per added line of code increased by 54% compared to 2015. Lambdas were used for various reasons, including but not limited to (i) making existing code more succinct and readable, (ii) avoiding code duplication, and (iii) simulating lazy evaluation of functions. Interestingly, we found out that developers are using Java's built-in functional interfaces inefficiently, i.e., they prefer to use general functional interfaces over the specialized ones, overlooking the performance overheads that might be imposed. Furthermore, developers are not adopting techniques from functional programming, e.g., currying. Finally, we present the implications of our findings for researchers, tool builders, language designers, and developers.
Bounded exhaustive test-input generation on GPUs
Authors: Celik Ahmet , Pai Sreepathi , Khurshid Sarfraz , Gligoric Milos 
Published: October 2017

Bounded exhaustive testing is an effective methodology for detecting bugs in a wide range of applications. A well-known approach for bounded exhaustive testing is Korat. It generates all test inputs, up to a given small size, based on a formal specification that is written as an executable predicate and characterizes properties of desired inputs. Korat uses the predicate's executions on candidate inputs to implement a backtracking search based on pruning to systematically explore the space of all possible inputs and generate only those that satisfy the specification.
This paper presents a novel approach for speeding up test generation for bounded exhaustive testing using Korat. The novelty of our approach is two-fold. One, we introduce a new technique for writing the specification predicate based on an abstract representation of candidate inputs, so that the predicate executes directly on these abstract structures and each execution has a lower cost. Two, we use the abstract representation as the basis to define the first technique for utilizing GPUs for systematic test generation using executable predicates. Moreover, we present a suite of optimizations that enable effective utilization of the computational resources offered by modern GPUs. We use our prototype tool KoratG to experimentally evaluate our approach using a suite of 7 data structures that were used in prior studies on bounded exhaustive testing. Our results show that our abstract representation can speed up test generation by 5.68 times on a standard CPU, while execution on a GPU speeds up the execution, on average, by 17.46 times.
P/Taint: unified points-to and taint analysis
Authors: Grech Neville , Smaragdakis Yannis 
Published: October 2017

Static information-flow analysis (especially taint-analysis) is a key technique in software security, computing where sensitive or untrusted data can propagate in a program. Points-to analysis is a fundamental static program analysis, computing what abstract objects a program expression may point to. In this work, we propose a deep unification of information-flow and points-to analysis. We observe that information-flow analysis is not a mere high-level client of points-to information, but it is indeed identical to points-to analysis on artificial abstract objects that represent different information sources. The very same algorithm can compute, simultaneously, two interlinked but separate results (points-to and information-flow values) with changes only to its initial conditions.
The benefits of such a unification are manifold. We can use existing points-to analysis implementations, with virtually no modification (only minor additions of extra logic for sanitization) to compute information flow concepts, such as value tainting. The algorithmic enhancements of points-to analysis (e.g., different flavors of context sensitivity) can be applied transparently to information-flow analysis. Heavy engineering work on points-to analysis (e.g., handling of the reflection API for Java) applies to information-flow analysis without extra effort. We demonstrate the benefits in a realistic implementation that leverages the Doop points-to analysis framework (including its context-sensitivity and reflection analysis features) to provide an information-flow analysis with excellent precision (over 91%) and recall (over 99%) for standard Java information-flow benchmarks.

The analysis comfortably scales to large, real-world Android applications, analyzing the Facebook Messenger app with more than 55
K
classes in under 7 hours.
Paxos made EPR: decidable reasoning about distributed protocols
Authors: Padon Oded , Losa Giuliano , Sagiv Mooly , Shoham Sharon 
Published: October 2017

Distributed protocols such as Paxos play an important role in many computer systems. Therefore, a bug in a distributed protocol may have tremendous effects. Accordingly, a lot of effort has been invested in verifying such protocols. However, checking invariants of such protocols is undecidable and hard in practice, as it requires reasoning about an unbounded number of nodes and messages. Moreover, protocol actions and invariants involve both quantifier alternations and higher-order concepts such as set cardinalities and arithmetic.This paper makes a step towards automatic verification of such protocols. We aim at a technique that can verify correct protocols and identify bugs in incorrect protocols. To this end, we develop a methodology for deductive verification based on effectively propositional logic (EPR)—a decidable fragment of first-order logic (also known as the Bernays-Schönfinkel-Ramsey class). In addition to decidability, EPR also enjoys the finite model property, allowing to display violations as finite structures which are intuitive for users. Our methodology involves modeling protocols using general (uninterpreted) first-order logic, and then systematically transforming the model to obtain a model and an inductive invariant that are decidable to check. The steps of the transformations are also mechanically checked, ensuring the soundness of the method. We have used our methodology to verify the safety of Paxos, and several of its variants, including Multi-Paxos, Vertical Paxos, Fast Paxos, Flexible Paxos and Stoppable Paxos. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to verify these protocols using a decidable logic, and the first formal verification of Vertical Paxos, Fast Paxos and Stoppable Paxos.
Impaired HLA Class I Antigen Processing and Presentation as a Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
Authors: Gettinger Scott , Choi Jungmin , Hastings Katherine , Truini Anna , Datar Ila , Sowell Ryan , Wurtz Anna , Dong Weilai , Cai Guoping , Melnick Mary Ann , Du Victor Y. , Schlessinger Joseph , Goldberg Sarah B. , Chiang Anne , Sanmamed Miguel F. , Melero Ignacio , Agorreta Jackeline , Montuenga Luis M. , Lifton Richard , Ferrone Soldano , Kavathas Paula , Rimm David L. , Kaech Susan M. , Schalper Kurt , Herbst Roy S. , Politi Katerina 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Mechanisms of acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are poorly understood. We leveraged a collection of 14 ICI-resistant lung cancer samples to investigate whether alterations in genes encoding HLA Class I antigen processing and presentation machinery (APM) components or interferon signaling play a role in acquired resistance to PD-1 or PD-L1 antagonistic antibodies. Recurrent mutations or copy-number changes were not detected in our cohort. In one case, we found acquired homozygous loss of B2M that caused lack of cell-surface HLA Class I expression in the tumor and a matched patient-derived xenograft (PDX). Downregulation of B2M was also found in two additional PDXs established from ICI-resistant tumors. CRISPR-mediated knockout of B2m in an immunocompetent lung cancer mouse model conferred resistance to PD-1 blockade in vivo, proving its role in resistance to ICIs. These results indicate that HLA Class I APM disruption can mediate escape from ICIs in lung cancer.
Significance: As programmed death 1 axis inhibitors are becoming more established in standard treatment algorithms for diverse malignancies, acquired resistance to these therapies is increasingly being encountered. Here, we found that defective antigen processing and presentation can serve as a mechanism of such resistance in lung cancer. Cancer Discov; 7(12); 1420–35. ©2017 AACR.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1355
Opposing Actions of AKT (Protein Kinase B) Isoforms in Vascular Smooth Muscle Injury and Therapeutic Response
Authors: Jin Yu , Xie Yi , Ostriker Allison C. , Zhang Xinbo , Liu Renjing , Lee Monica Y. , Leslie Kristen L. , Tang Waiho , Du Jing , Lee Seung Hee , Wang Yingdi , Sessa William C. , Hwa John , Yu Jun , Martin Kathleen A. 
Published: October 2017

Objective—
Drug-eluting stent delivery of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) inhibitors is highly effective in preventing intimal hyperplasia after coronary revascularization, but adverse effects limit their use for systemic vascular disease. Understanding the mechanism of action may lead to new treatment strategies. We have shown that rapamycin promotes vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in an AKT2-dependent manner in vitro. Here, we investigate the roles of AKT (protein kinase B) isoforms in intimal hyperplasia.

Approach and Results—

We found that germ-line–specific or smooth muscle–specific deletion of
Akt2
resulted in more severe intimal hyperplasia compared with control mice after arterial denudation injury. Conversely, smooth muscle–specific
Akt1
knockout prevented intimal hyperplasia, whereas germ-line
Akt1
deletion caused severe thrombosis. Notably, rapamycin prevented intimal hyperplasia in wild-type mice but had no therapeutic benefit in
Akt2
knockouts. We identified opposing roles for AKT1 and AKT2 isoforms in smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and rapamycin response in vitro. Mechanistically, rapamycin induced
MYOCD
(myocardin) mRNA expression. This was mediated by AKT2 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FOXO4 (forkhead box O4), inhibiting its binding to the
MYOCD
promoter.

Conclusions—
Our data reveal opposing roles for AKT isoforms in smooth muscle cell remodeling. AKT2 is required for rapamycin’s therapeutic inhibition of intimal hyperplasia, likely mediated in part through AKT2-specific regulation of MYOCD via FOXO4. Because AKT2 signaling is impaired in diabetes mellitus, this work has important implications for rapamycin therapy, particularly in diabetic patients.
Long-Term Potassium Monitoring and Dynamics in Heart Failure and Risk of Mortality
Authors: Núñez Julio , Bayés-Genís Antoni , Zannad Faiez , Rossignol Patrick , Núñez Eduardo , Bodí Vicent , Miñana Gema , Santas Enrique , Chorro Francisco J. , Mollar Anna , Carratalá Arturo , Navarro Jorge , Górriz Jose Luis , Lupón Josep , Husser Oliver , Metra Marco , Sanchis Juan 
Published: October 2017

Background:
The prognostic value of long-term potassium monitoring and dynamics in heart failure has not been characterized completely. We sought to determine the association between serum potassium values collected at follow-up with all-cause mortality in a prospective and consecutive cohort of patients discharged from a previous acute heart failure admission.

Methods:
Serum potassium was measured at every physician-patient encounter, including hospital admissions and ambulatory settings. The multivariable-adjusted association of serum potassium with mortality was assessed by using comprehensive state-of-the-art regression methods that can accommodate time-dependent exposure modeling.

Results:

The study sample included 2164 patients with a total of 16 116 potassium observations. Mean potassium at discharge was 4.3±0.48 mEq/L. Hypokalemia (<3.5 mEq/L), normokalemia (3.5–5.0 mEq/L), and hyperkalemia (>5 mEq/L) were observed at the index admission in 77 (3.6%), 1965 (90.8%), and 122 (5.6%) patients, respectively. At a median follow-up of 2.8 years (range, 0.03–12.8 years), 1090 patients died (50.4%). On a continuous scale, the multivariable-adjusted association of potassium values and mortality revealed a nonlinear association (U-shaped) with higher risk at both ends of its distribution (omnibus
P
=0.001). Likewise, the adjusted hazard ratios for hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, normokalemia as reference, were 2.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.40–3.93;
P
=0.001) and 1.55 (95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.16;
P
=0.011), respectively (omnibus
P
=0.0003). Furthermore, dynamic changes in potassium were independently associated with substantial differences in mortality risk. Potassium normalization was independently associated with lower mortality risk (
P
=0.001).

Conclusions:
Either modeled continuously or categorically, serum potassium levels during long-term monitoring were independently associated with mortality in patients with heart failure. Likewise, persistence of abnormal potassium levels was linked to a higher risk of death in comparison with patients who maintained or returned to normal values.
Dialogues and Narratives Surrounding Confucius and His Disciples in the Shanghai Museum Manuscripts (上博楚簡有關孔子師徒的對話與故事)
Authors: Qiyong (郭齊勇) Guo 
Published: October 2017

This article is a study of narratives and dialogues surrounding Confucius and his disciples in the Shanghai Museum Manuscripts, focusing on their relationship with received texts, as well as their periodization and genre division. The Shanghai Museum narratives seem to be situated between Lun yu (Analects) and Han Shi waizhuan (Han Ying’s Outer Commentary to the Poetry), in that they are not as succinct and precise as the former, but also not overly elaborate like the latter. These narratives are possibly the work of Confucians from the mid to late Warring States period.
通過討論上博簡中孔子與顔淵、子路、子貢等的對話或故事與經典的關係及其文字屬性問題,本文認爲其中有關內容,介於《論語》與《韓詩外傳》諸書之間,不如前者精煉、準確,又不像後者鋪陳太過。這可能就是戰國中後期的儒家作品。
Bureaus and Offices in Qin County-Level Administration (秦縣的列曹與諸官—— 從《洪範五行傳》一則佚文説起)
Authors: Wenbo (孫聞博) Sun 
Published: October 2017

A prominent feature of Qin county-level administrative organization displayed in the newly unearthed Liye Qin slips is the division between bureaus (cao 曹) and offices (guan 官). On this point, fruitful comparison may be made with a recompiled excerpt from the lost Hongfan wuxing zhuan (Great Plan Five Phases Commentary), where government agencies are named according to the sexagenary ganzhi 干支 “heavenly stems and earthly branches” cycle. During the Qin period, bureaus were already established in commanderies and counties, however it would be inappropriate to classify all subordinate functionaries together as members of just “the arrayed bureaus” (liecao 列曹), as they were actually assigned to both bureaus and offices. Moreover, the role that Scribe (shi 史) personnel played in the operation of these bureaus and offices is also striking.
里耶秦簡所見縣級組織的突出特點是曹、官之分。這與《洪範五行傳》一則干支名官的佚文，可以對應。秦代郡縣已設曹，且郡、縣屬吏分類不宜以“列曹”統攝曹、官。而曹、官運作背後，引人注目的則是史類吏員的活躍。
The Military History of Qin and the Composition of Its Expeditionary Forces (秦國戰役史與遠征軍的構成)
Authors: Miyake (宮宅潔) Kiyoshi 
Published: October 2017

From the late fourth century b.c.e. onward, the state of Qin launched several long-term military expeditions. If, however, the army had consisted of “alternating garrisons” (gengshu 更戍) serving a maximum enlistment of one year, such expeditions could not have been carried out. The author thereby argues that the term “surplus garrisons” (rongshu 冗戍) seen in the Liye Qin manuscripts designates long-term conscripts, with which Qin managed to sustain its long-term military operations.
公元前四世紀末期以後，秦國屢次進行長時段軍事遠征。如果兵士是以最長爲一年的任期而輪換的“更戍”，就不能完成這樣的軍事作戰。筆者推測，里耶秦簡所見“冗戍”是長期從軍的應徵兵。利用冗戍的兵力，秦國得以維持了長期軍事活動。
A Study of Sun Wu Seed Grain Loan Registers from Zoumalou (走馬樓吳簡中的種糧給貸簿研究)
Authors: Qu (熊曲) Xiong , Shaohua (宋少華) Song 
Published: October 2017

This paper reconstructs two documents from the Three Kingdoms state of Wu unearthed at Zoumalou, Changsha, based on archaeological information as well as the form and contents of the excavated slips and tablets. The documents are registers of the state loaning seed grain to commoners: one type are “registers of grain loans,” while the other are “registers of seed grain loans from the Jiahe 3rd year.” Based on this reconstruction, we show that the standard unit to which the government loaned seed was the household, that the purpose was emergency relief of the poor, and that people received more grain than they needed for seed and were then able to eat some of it.
根據考古信息、簡牘形制及其內容，本文嘗試復原了走馬樓吳簡中的兩個官府種糧給貸簿書——出禾給貸簿和嘉禾三年種糧給貸簿。并由此認爲，官府借貸種糧以一户爲標準，以救濟貧民爲目的，但種糧的用途除了耕種外，也會用於口糧。
Satellite-Based Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Development and Applications
Authors: Menzel W. Paul , Schmit Timothy J. , Zhang Peng , Li Jun 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Atmospheric sounding of the vertical changes in temperature and moisture is one of the key contributions from meteorological satellites. The concept of using satellite infrared radiation observations for retrieving atmospheric temperature was first proposed by Jean I. F. King. Lewis D. Kaplan noted that the radiation from different spectral regions are primarily emanating from different atmospheric layers, which can be used to retrieve the atmospheric temperature at different heights in the atmosphere. The United States launched the first meteorological satellite Television Infrared Observation Satellite-1 (TIROS-1) on 1 April 1960, opening a new era of observing the Earth and its atmosphere from space. Since then, hundreds of meteorological satellites have been launched by space agencies, including those in Europe, China, Japan, Russia, India, Korea, and others. With the rapid development of atmospheric sounding technology and radiative transfer models, it became possible to determine the atmospheric state from combined satellite- and ground-based measurements. With advances in computing power, forecast model development, data assimilation, and observing technologies, numerical weather prediction (NWP) has achieved consistently better results and thereby improved the prediction and early warning of severe weather events as well as fostered the initial monitoring of global climate change. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and discuss the development of satellite vertical sounding capability, quantitative profile retrieval theory, and applications of satellite-based atmospheric sounding measurements, with a focus on infrared sounding.
Large-Scale Circulation Anomalies and Intraseasonal Oscillations Associated with Long-Lived Extreme Heat Events in South China
Authors: Chen Ruidan , Wen Zhiping , Lu Riyu 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
South China experiences extreme heat (EH) most frequently in eastern China. This study specifically explores the large-scale circulation anomalies associated with long-lived EH events in south China. The results show that there is an anomalous cyclone (anticyclone) and active (inactive) convection over south China (the western Pacific) before the EH onset; then, an anticyclone develops and moves northwestward and dominates over south China on the onset day. The anomalous anticyclone maintains its strength over south China and then diminishes and is replaced by another cyclone migrating from the western Pacific after the final day of the EH event. Consequently, the temperature increases over south China around the onset day and is anomalously warm for approximately 10 days on average and then decreases shortly thereafter. The fluctuating anomalies over south China and the western Pacific are intimately related to two intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) modes, namely, the 5–25- and 30–90-day oscillations, which originate from the tropical western Pacific and propagate northwestward. The 5–25-day oscillation is vital to triggering and terminating EH, accounting for approximately half of the original temperature and circulation anomaly transitions. The 30–90-day oscillation favors the persistent warming during EH events, accounting for approximately one-third of the original prolonged warming and anticyclonic anomaly. This result suggests that different ISO modes play crucial roles at different stages of the events. Moreover, a higher annual frequency of long-lived EH days in south China is associated with the transition phase from El Niño to La Niña. It is suggested that both medium-range and interannual forecasting of long-lived EH in south China are possible.