bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Regulatory Function of Eosinophils
Authors: Wen Ting , Rothenberg Marc E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Eosinophils are a minority circulating granulocyte classically viewed as being involved in host defense against parasites and promoting allergic reactions. However, a series of new regulatory functions for these cells have been identified in the past decade. During homeostasis, eosinophils develop in the bone marrow and migrate from the blood into target tissues following an eotaxin gradient, with interleukin-5 being a key cytokine for eosinophil proliferation, survival, and priming. In multiple target tissues, eosinophils actively regulate a variety of immune functions through their vast arsenal of granule products and cytokines, as well as direct cellular interaction with cells in proximity. The immunologic regulation of eosinophils extends from innate immunity to adaptive immunity and also involves non-immune cells. Herein, we summarize recent findings regarding novel roles of murine and human eosinophils, focusing on interactions with other hematopoietic cells. We also review new experimental tools available and remaining questions to uncover a greater understanding of this enigmatic cell.
Lectin Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells
Authors: Brown Gordon D. , Crocker Paul R. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTLectins recognize a diverse array of carbohydrate structures and perform numerous essential biological functions. Here we focus on only two families of lectins, the Siglecs and C-type lectins. Triggering of intracellular signaling cascades following ligand recognition by these receptors can have profound effects on the induction and modulation of immunity. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of each family and then focus on selected examples that highlight how these lectins can influence myeloid cell functioning in health and disease. Receptors that are discussed include Sn (Siglec-1), CD33 (Siglec-3), and Siglec-5, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -14, -15, -E, -F, and -G as well as Dectin-1, MICL, Dectin-2, Mincle/MCL, and the macrophage mannose receptor.
Clinical Presentations and Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Geerlings Suzanne E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections, and the incidence in women is much higher than in men. The diagnosis of a UTI can be made based on a combination of symptoms and a positive urine analysis or culture. Most UTIs are uncomplicated UTIs, defined as cystitis in a woman who is not pregnant, is not immunocompromised, has no anatomical and functional abnormalities of the urogenital tract, and does not exhibit signs of tissue invasion and systemic infection. All UTIs that are not uncomplicated are considered to be complicated UTIs. Differentiation between uncomplicated and complicated UTIs has implications for therapy because the risks of complications or treatment failure are increased for patients with a complicated UTI. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is defined as the presence of a positive urine culture collected from a patient without symptoms of a UTI. Concerning the complicated UTI, it is possible to make a differentiation between UTI with systemic symptoms (febrile UTI) and UTI in a host, which carries an increased risk to develop complications of this UTI. Febrile UTIs are urosepsis, pyelonephritis, and prostatitis. A complicated host is defined as one that has an increased risk for complications, to which the following groups belong: men, pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, or those who have an anatomical or functional abnormality of the urogenital tract (e.g., spinal cord-injury patients, renal stones, urinary catheter).
Effects of Electroacupuncture and the Retinoid X Receptor (Rxr) Signalling Pathway on Oligodendrocyte Differentiation in the Demyelinated Spinal Cord of Rats
Authors: Yang Xiao-Hua , Ding Ying , Li Wen , Zhang Rong-Yi , Wu Jin-Lang , Ling Eng-Ang , Wu Wutian , Zeng Yuan-shan 
Published: October 2016

Objectives In spinal cord demyelination, some oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) remain in the demyelinated region but have a reduced capacity to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. This study investigated whether ‘Governor Vessel’ (GV) electroacupuncture (EA) would promote the differentiation of endogenous OPCs into oligodendrocytes by activating the retinoid X receptor γ (RXR-γ)-mediated signalling pathway. Methods Adult rats were microinjected with ethidium bromide (EB) into the T10 spinal cord to establish a model of spinal cord demyelination. EB-injected rats remained untreated (EB group, n=26) or received EA treatment (EB+EA group, n=26). A control group (n=26) was also included that underwent dural exposure without EB injection. After euthanasia at 7 days (n=5 per group), 15 days (n=8 per group) or 30 days (n=13 per group), protein expression of RXR-γ in the demyelinated spinal cord was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. In addition, OPCs derived from rat embryonic spinal cord were cultured in vitro, and exogenous 9-cis-RA (retinoic acid) and RXR-γ antagonist HX531 were administered to determine whether RA could activate RXR-γ and promote OPC differentiation. Results EA was found to increase the numbers of both OPCs and oligodendrocytes expressing RXR-γ and RALDH2, and promote remyelination in the remyelinated spinal cord. Exogenous 9-cis-RA enhanced the differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes by activating RXR-γ. Conclusions The results suggest that EA may activate RXR signalling to promote the differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes in spinal cord demyelination.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the adolescent HIV continuum of care in South Africa: the Cresting Wave
Authors: Zanoni Brian C , Archary Moherndran , Buchan Sarah , Katz Ingrid T , Haberer Jessica E 
Published: October 2016

ContextSouth Africa has the most HIV infections of any country in the world, yet little is known about the adolescent continuum of care from HIV diagnosis through viral suppression.ObjectiveTo determine the adolescent HIV continuum of care in South Africa.Data sourcesWe searched PubMed, Google Scholar and online conference proceedings from International AIDS Society (IAS), International AIDS Conference (AIDS) and Conference on Retrovirology and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) from 1 January 2005 to 31 July 2015.Data extractionWe selected published literature containing South African cohorts and epidemiological data reporting primary data for youth (15–24 years of age) at any stage of the HIV continuum of care (ie, diagnosis, treatment, retention, viral suppression). For the meta-analysis we used six sources for retention in care and nine for viral suppression.ResultsAmong the estimated 867 283 HIV-infected youth from 15 to 24 years old in South Africa in 2013, 14% accessed antiretroviral therapy (ART). Of those on therapy, ∼83% were retained in care and 81% were virally suppressed. Overall, we estimate that 10% of HIV-infected youth in South Africa in 2013 were virally suppressed.LimitationsThis analysis relies on published data from large mostly urban South Africa cohorts limiting the generalisability to all adolescents.ConclusionsDespite a large increase in ART programmes in South Africa that have relatively high retention rates and viral suppression rates among HIV-infected youth, only a small percentage are virally suppressed, largely due to low numbers of adolescents and young adults accessing ART.
Does subjective sleep quality improve by a walking intervention? A real-world study in a Japanese workplace
Authors: Hori Hikaru , Ikenouchi-Sugita Atsuko , Yoshimura Reiji , Nakamura Jun 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a 4-week walking intervention on subjective sleep quality.DesignA prospective open-label study.ParticipantsA total of 490 healthy workers were included in the study. The 490 participants were divided into a group of 214 participants with exercise habits (exercising group, EG) and a group of 276 participants without exercise habits (non-EG).InterventionsA walking intervention with a target of walking 10 000 steps daily for 4 weeks.Outcome measuresThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire was administered twice (before the start and after the end of the study).ResultsOverall, the walking intervention improved the participants’ PSQI global score, sleep latency (minutes), sleep duration (hours), perceived sleep quality factor and daily disturbance factor. Among the EG participants, the walking intervention significantly improved the PSQI global score and perceived sleep quality. Among the non-EG participants, the walking intervention significantly improved the PSQI global score, sleep latency, sleep duration and perceived sleep quality.ConclusionsA walking intervention might reduce the sleep latency and increase total sleep duration in working persons without exercise habits.
Efficacy of various types of laryngoscope (direct, Pentax Airway Scope and GlideScope) for endotracheal intubation in various cervical immobilisation scenarios: a randomised cross-over simulation study
Authors: Kim Jong Won , Lee Kyeong Ryong , Hong Dae Young , Baek Kwang Je , Lee Young Hwan , Park Sang O 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of direct laryngoscopy (DL), Pentax Airway Scope (PAWS) and GlideScope video laryngoscope (GVL) systems for endotracheal intubation (ETI) in various cervical immobilisation scenarios: manual in-line stabilisation (MILS), Philadelphia neck collar (PNC) (moderate limit of mouth opening) and Stifneck collar (SNC) (severe limit of mouth opening).DesignRandomised cross-over simulation study.Setting and Participants35 physicians who had >30 successful ETI experiences at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea.Primary and secondary outcome measuresParticipants performed ETI using PAWS, GVL and DL randomly in simulated MILS, PNC and SNC scenarios in our simulation centre. The end points were successful ETI and the time to complete ETI. In addition, modified Cormack-Lehane (CL) classification and pressure to teeth were recorded.ResultsIn MILS, there were no significant differences in the rate of success of ETI between the three devices: 33/35(94.3%) for DL vs 32/35(91.4%) for GVL vs 35/35(100.0%) for PAWS; p=0.230). PAWS achieved successful ETI more quickly (19.8 s) than DL (29.6 s) and GVL (35.4 s). For the PNC scenario, a higher rate of successful ETI was achieved with GVL 33/35 (94.3%) than PAWS 29/35 (82.9%) or DL 25/35 (71.4%) (p=0.040). For the SNC scenario, a higher rate of successful ETI was achieved with GVL 28/35(80.0%) than with DL 14/35(40.0%) and PAWS 7/35(20.0%) (p<0.001). For the PNC and SNC scenarios, GVL provided a relatively good view of the glottis, but a frequent pressure to teeth occurred.ConclusionsAll three devices are suitable for ETI in MILS. DL is not suitable in both neck collar scenarios. PAWS showed faster intubations in MILS, but was not suitable in the SNC scenario. GVL is most suitable in all cervical immobilisation scenarios, but may cause pressure to teeth more frequently.
Ambulance smartphone tool for field triage of ruptured aortic aneurysms (FILTR): study protocol for a prospective observational validation of diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Lewis Thomas L , Fothergill Rachael T ,   Aneurysm-FILTR Study Group, Karthikesalingam Alan 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionRupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) carries a considerable mortality rate and is often fatal. rAAA can be treated through open or endovascular surgical intervention and it is possible that more rapid access to definitive intervention might be a key aspect of improving mortality for rAAA. Diagnosis is not always straightforward with up to 42% of rAAA initially misdiagnosed, introducing potentially harmful delay. There is a need for an effective clinical decision support tool for accurate prehospital diagnosis and triage to enable transfer to an appropriate centre.Methods and analysisProspective multicentre observational study assessing the diagnostic accuracy of a prehospital smartphone triage tool for detection of rAAA. The study will be conducted across London in conjunction with London Ambulance Service (LAS). A logistic score predicting the risk of rAAA by assessing ten key parameters was developed and retrospectively validated through logistic regression analysis of ambulance records and Hospital Episode Statistics data for 2200 patients from 2005 to 2010. The triage tool is integrated into a secure mobile app for major smartphone platforms. Key parameters collected from the app will be retrospectively matched with final hospital discharge diagnosis for each patient encounter. The primary outcome is to assess the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the rAAA triage tool logistic score in prospective use as a mob app for prehospital ambulance clinicians. Data collection started in November 2014 and the study will recruit a minimum of 1150 non-consecutive patients over a time period of 2 years.Ethics and disseminationFull ethical approval has been gained for this study. The results of this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications, and international/national presentations.Trial registration numberCPMS 16459; pre-results.
Impact of referral templates on patient experience of the referral and care process: a cluster randomised trial
Authors: Wåhlberg Henrik , Braaten Tonje , Broderstad Ann Ragnhild 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate if a referral intervention improves the patient experience of the referral and treatment process.SettingInterface between 14 primary care surgeries and a district general hospital.ParticipantsThe 14 general practitioner (GP) surgeries (7 intervention, 7 control) in the area around the University Hospital of North Norway Harstad were randomised and all completed the study. Consecutive individual patients were recruited at their hospital appointment. A total of 500 patients were recruited with 281 in the intervention and 219 in the control arm.InterventionsDissemination of referral templates for 4 diagnostic groups (dyspepsia, suspected colorectal cancer, chest pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) coupled with intermittent surgery visits by study personnel. The control arm continued standard referral practice. The intervention was in use for 2.5 years.OutcomeThe main outcome was a quality indicator score. This paper reports a secondary outcome, the patient experience, as measured by self-report questionnaires. GPs in the intervention group could not be blinded. Patients were blinded to intervention status. Analysis was based on single-question comparison with a questionnaire subscore used to assess the effect of clustering.ResultsOn the individual questions, overall satisfaction was very high with minor differences between the intervention and control group. Interestingly, the most negative responses, in both groups concerned questions relating to patient interaction and information. Very little evidence of clustering was found with an estimated intracluster correlations coefficient at 1.21e−11.ConclusionsIn total, this indicates no clear effect of the implementation of referral templates on the patient experience, in a setting of generally high patient satisfaction.Trial registration numberNCT01470963; Results.
Factors important for women who breastfeed in public: a content analysis of review data from FeedFinder
Authors: Simpson Emma , Garbett Andrew , Comber Rob , Balaam Madeline 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo examine how the breastfeeding experience is represented by users of FeedFinder (a mobile phone application for finding, reviewing and sharing places to breastfeed in public).DesignContent analysis using FeedFinder database.SettingFeedFinder, UK, September 2013–June 2015.MethodsReviews obtained through FeedFinder over a period of 21 months were systematically coded using a conventional content analysis approach, average review scores were calculated for the rating criteria in FeedFinder (comfort, hygiene, privacy, baby facilities) and review texts were analysed for sentiment. We used data from Foursquare to describe the type of venues visited and cross-referenced the location of venues with the Indices of Multiple Deprivation.ResultsA total of 1757 reviews were analysed. Of all the reviews obtained, 80% of those were classified as positive, 15.4% were classified as neutral and 4.3% were classified as negative. Important factors that were discussed by women include facilities, service, level of privacy available and qualities of a venue. The majority of venues were classified as cafes (26.4%), shops (24.4%) and pubs (13.4%). Data on IMD were available for 1229 venues mapped within FeedFinder, 23% were located within the most deprived quintile and 16% were located in the least deprived quintile.ConclusionsWomen create content that is positive and informative when describing their breastfeeding experience in public. Public health bodies and business owners have the potential to use the data from FeedFinder to impact on service provision. Further work is needed to explore the demographic differences that may help to tailor public health interventions aimed at increasing breastfeeding rates in the UK.
Birth cohort trends in the global epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol-related harms in men and women: systematic review and metaregression
Authors: Slade Tim , Chapman Cath , Swift Wendy , Keyes Katherine , Tonks Zoe , Teesson Maree 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveHistorically, alcohol use and related harms are more prevalent in men than in women. However, emerging evidence suggests the epidemiology of alcohol use is changing in younger cohorts. The current study aimed to systematically summarise published literature on birth cohort changes in male-to-female ratios in indicators of alcohol use and related harms.MethodsWe identified 68 studies that met inclusion criteria. We calculated male-to-female ratios for 3 broad categories of alcohol use and harms (any alcohol use, problematic alcohol use and alcohol-related harms) stratified by 5-year birth cohorts ranging from 1891 to 2001, generating 1568 sex ratios. Random-effects meta-analyses produced pooled sex ratios within these 3 categories separately for each birth cohort.FindingsThere was a linear decrease over time in the sex ratio for all 3 categories of alcohol use and related harms. Among those born in the early 1900s, males were 2.2 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.5) times more likely than females to consume alcohol, 3.0 (95% CI 1.5 to 6.0) times more likely to drink alcohol in ways suggestive of problematic use and 3.6 (95% CI 0.4 to 30.3) times more likely to experience alcohol-related harms. Among cohorts born in the late 1900s, males were 1.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.2) times more likely than females to consume alcohol, 1.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) times more likely to drink alcohol in ways suggestive of problematic use and 1.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.3) times more likely to experience alcohol-related harms.ConclusionsFindings confirm the closing male–female gap in indicators of alcohol use and related harms. The closing male–female gap is most evident among young adults, highlighting the importance of prospectively tracking young male and female cohorts as they age into their 30s, 40s and beyond.
Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections to meet patient expectations: a mixed methods study
Authors: Fletcher-Lartey Stephanie , Yee Melissa , Gaarslev Christina , Khan Rabia 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo describe the role patient expectations play in general practitioners (GPs) antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI).MethodsConcurrent explanatory mixed methods approach using a cross-sectional survey and semistructured interviews.SettingsPrimary care GPs in Australia.Participants584 GPs (response rate of 23.6%) completed the cross-sectional survey. 32 GPs were interviewed individually.Outcome measurePrescribing of antibiotics for URTI.ResultsMore than half the GP respondents to the survey in Australia self-reported that they would prescribe antibiotics for an URTI to meet patient expectations. Our qualitative findings suggest that ‘patient expectations’ may be the main reason given for inappropriate prescribing, but it is an all-encompassing phrase that includes other reasons. These include limited time, poor doctor–patient communication and diagnostic uncertainty. We have identified three role archetypes to explain the behaviour of GPs in reference to antibiotic prescribing for URTIs. The main themes emerging from the qualitative component was that many GPs did not think that antibiotic prescribing in primary care was responsible for the development of antibiotic resistance nor that their individual prescribing would make any difference in light of other bigger issues like hospital prescribing or veterinary use. For them, there were negligible negative consequences from their inappropriate prescribing.ConclusionsThere is a need to increase awareness of the scope and magnitude of antibiotic resistance and the role primary care prescribing plays, and of the contribution of individual prescribing decisions to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
China PEACE risk estimation tool for in-hospital death from acute myocardial infarction: an early risk classification tree for decisions about fibrinolytic therapy
Authors: Li Xi , Li Jing , Masoudi Frederick A , Spertus John A , Lin Zhenqiu , Krumholz Harlan M , Jiang Lixin 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesAs the predominant approach to acute reperfusion for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in many countries, fibrinolytic therapy provides a relative risk reduction for death of ∼16% across the range of baseline risk. For patients with low baseline mortality risk, fibrinolytic therapy may therefore provide little benefit, which may be offset by the risk of major bleeding. We aimed to construct a tool to determine if it is possible to identify a low-risk group among fibrinolytic therapy-eligible patients.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe China Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events (PEACE) study includes a nationally representative retrospective sample of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 162 hospitals.Participants3741 patients with STEMI who were fibrinolytic-eligible but did not receive reperfusion therapy.Main outcome measuresIn-hospital mortality, which was defined as a composite of death occurring within hospitalisation or withdrawal from treatment due to a terminal status at discharge.ResultsIn the study cohort, the in-hospital mortality was 14.7%. In the derivation cohort and the validation cohort, the combination of systolic blood pressure (≥100 mm Hg), age (<60 years old) and gender (male) identified one-fifth of the cohort with an average mortality rate of <3.0%. Half of this low risk group—those with non-anterior AMI—had an average in-hospital death risk of 1.5%.ConclusionsNearly, one in five patients with STEMI who are eligible for fibrinolytic therapy are at a low risk for in-hospital death. Three simple factors available at the time of presentation can identify these individuals and support decision-making about the use of fibrinolytic therapy.Trial registration numberNCT01624883.