bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mite Airblast Experiment on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A , Krawczyk Grzegorz 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental and registered acaricide treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a RCB design consisting of three replicates of ‘Yorking’ and one replicate of ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 24 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA, driven at 2.4 mph for a complete spray. All treatments were applied as complete sprays except for the Pyramite treatment that was applied as two alternate row middle applications. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP, Topsin 85 DF, and Ziram 76 WP) and nutrients (CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50 WP and Imidan 70 WP) were applied as needed at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments on ERM, AF and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The predatory mite SP was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Mite pressure was high. The cumulative number of mite days was determined for each treatment.
Impact of Insecticides and an Entomophagous Fungus on Pepper Weevil, Melon Thrips, Broad Mite, and Minute Pirate Bug in Hot Pepper, 1997
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Greenhouse-raised ‘Serrano’ pepper plants were transplanted on 2 Apr at 10-inch spacing in single rows on 4 pairs of subirrigated beds, 32 inches wide and 240 ft long on 6-ft centers. Beds had been fertilized with a bottom mix of 80 lb/acre of 5-16-8 and a banded top mix of 500 lb/acre of 19-0-19 supplemented with an injection of 40 lb N/acre on 22 Apr, fumigated with methyl bromide/chloropicrin (66/33) at a rate of 2201b/acre and covered with black polyethylene film mulch. Plants were sprayed with a combination of Maneb 80 WP at 1 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 3 lb/acre as necessary for disease control. Each pair of beds was separated by an additional bed of Jalapefio pepper planted on 4 Mar and removed on 28 May which was inoculated with pepper weevils from an adjacent field on 27 Mar. Bed pairs were divided into 12 plots 40 ft long and assigned to 12 treatments in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied weekly for 9 weeks beginning 7 May using a high-clearance sprayer with two vertical and one horizontal boom fitted with ceramic “yellow” Albuztm hollow-cone nozzles delivering spray at 200 psi. Initial configuration was three noz-zles, one overhead and one on each side spraying at a rate of 33 gpa. One more nozzle was added to each vertical drop 29 May for a total of five per row and an output of 55 gpa. A pre-treatment count made 6 May on 3 leaves per plant from 10 plants per replication showed a total of 1 pepper weevil, 7 green peach aphids, 8 broad mites and 17 melon thrips. An examination of the inoculum row showed similar levels of these insects except for pepper weevil which numbered more than 2 per plant. Weekly evaluations beginning 14 May were made on 8 plants per plot, searching flowers and terminals for adult pepper weevils. The youngest 3 expanding leaves on all the terminals were rated for aphids, thrips, and broad mite damage on a scale of 0-3: 0 = none, 1 up to 20% terminals damaged, 2 &gt; 20 &lt; 50% damage and 3 &gt; 50% damaged. Orius insidiosus adults and nymphs were included in the count beginning 20 May. All fruit an inch or more in length was harvested, counted, and weighed on 18 Jun and 14 Jul. Incidence of weevil damage was evaluated by cut-ting open each fruit.
Evaluation of New Foliar Materials to Control Insects on Potatoes, 1997
Authors: Nault Brian A. , Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 3 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 20-ft-long rows. Plots were separated across rows by 3 ft and within rows by 6 ft of bare ground. The experiment had 5 treatments plus an untreated check arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Insecticide application timings were targeted for control of CPB, not ECB. Initial applications were made on 29 May when small (LI + L2) and large (L3 + L4) CPB larvae were present and many of the egg masses in the field had hatched. One additional application of each treatment was made on 12 Jun. Insecticides were applied using a propane-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows calibrated to deliver 46 gpa at 40 psi. On 13 Jun and 1 Jul, potato leafhoppers, Empoascafabae, were controlled with Dimethoate 4EC at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre using a tractor-mounted sprayer that deliv-ered 40 gal. of spray/acre at 100 psi. Data were taken weekly from 3 through 30 Jun from the center 2 rows of each plot and included the following: the number of CPB adults, egg masses, small and large larvae/10 randomly selected stems in each plot, the number of ECB damaged stems/20 randomly chosen stems per plot, and a visual estimation of percent defoliation within each plot. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 10 Jul and tubers were graded and weighed.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetlel on Irish Potato, 1996
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was an RCB with 5 replicates planted 29 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1995. The 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.8-m space between the fourrow plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by 7 foliar applications of mancozeb. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 5.6 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.47 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 20 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rain-fall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 8.5, 11.8, and 6.2 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 18.3, 19.4, and 20.0 deg. C.
Evaluation of Selected Soil Insecticides and Foliar Insecticides for Control of Banded Cucumber Beetle, White Grub, and Whitefringed Beetle, 1997
Authors: Hammond A. M. , Story R. N. , Murray M. J. , McCown C. R. , Ring D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A test was conducted in St. Landry Parish, LA to determine the efficacy of two soil insecticides and six foliar treatments for control of the insects listed above. Treatments were arranged in a CRB design with four replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (4 ft/row) and 46 ft long. Soil insecticides were applied on 10 Jun. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was transplanted 14 Jun. Foliar insecticide applications began three weeks after transplanting and were made at approximately weekly intervals. A CO2-pressurized back pack sprayer was used (30 psi) with a single row boom (20 inches wide) containing three nozzles (Cone Jet SX-10) and calibrated to deliver 15 gpa. Sweet potatoes were harvested on 13 and 14 Oct and field graded into U.S. number 1, 2, or 3. From each plot, in each of the 3 grades, 25 potatoes were randomly selected and evaluated for insect damage. The number of holes present caused by banded cucumber beetle, the number of potatoes with white grub feeding scars, and the number of potatoes damaged by whitefringed beetle were counted.
Control of Potato/Tomato Psyllid on Tomato, 1997
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted at the Colorado State Horticulture Research Farm. Ft. Collins, CO on transplanted ‘Roma’ tomatoes. Plots were single rows, each row consisting of eight plants, arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. Spray treatments were applied 17 Jul and 2 Aug as a single pass with a flat-fan nozzle from a CO2-compressed air sprayer; FloTox sulfur was applied with a Dustin-Miser crank duster. Evaluations were done on four plants in the center of each plot and counting all psyllids in a 30-second examination.
Indirect Pest Evaluation on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a RCB design consisting of 4 replicates of ‘Yorking’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 9 year old and planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2.4 mph. Dates of applications are given in the first table. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50 DF, Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP and Ziram 76 WP and the insecticide Imidan 70 WP. All maintenance materials were applied using the alternate row middle method of application. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness on the spirea aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphidinfested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf, where a rating scale (0-4) was used instead of counting live aphids (see table footnotes for scale). The number of natural enemies of aphids was determined by counting the number observed on 10 growing shoots per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of tissue-feeding mines around the periphery of the trees at the end of the first and second generations. Also, the percentage stage distribution of sap-feeding and tissue-feeding mines of STLM was determined by randomly selecting 44 sap-feeding mines and observing their development every other day until all STLM eclosed as adults or the leafminer larva/pupa died. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Roberts S. J. , Armbrust E. J. , Finger J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated on a 2-year stand during the 1st alfalfa cutting period at the Southern Illinois University, Belleville Research Center. Plots were 40 X 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a RCB design. Efficacy of the pyrethroid insecticides Warrior 1 EC, Mustang 1.5 EW, and Baythroid 2 EC was compared with the commonly used insecticide Furadan 4°F and 2 experimental compounds. Treatments were applied 24 Apr with a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 15.7 gpa at 25 psi and 2.5 mph through a 20-ft boom equipped with flat-fan nozzles (TeeJet 8002 VS) spaced 20 inches apart. Pre-treatment sweeps averaged 0.72, 3rd to 4th instar larvae per sweep.
Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control in Alfalfa, 1997
Authors: Stolz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Test plots were established near Kimberly, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Three treatments and an untreated check were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each individual test plot was 25 ft by 25 ft. Treatments were applied as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gpa (4, 10X hollow cone nozzles row). Sampling was accomplished by taking five, 90-degree pendulum sweeps (15 inch diam sweep net) per plot. Counts were made of all alfalfa pest species present as well as all beneficial insects. A pre-treatment count was made and all treatments were applied on 9 Jun. Additional counts were made at 7, 14, 21, and 30 d post treatment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Neuman-Keuls multiple means comparison (P = .05).
Airblast Concentrate Insecticide Evaluation on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawcyzk Grzegorz 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental insecticide sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a RCB design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ (only 2 replicates for the control plot) and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking’ with a buffer row between plots. Trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 22 years old. All samples were taken from one tagged tree in each plot. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.0 mph. Application dates for all materials are given in the table containing data on WALH. The 5 Jun application for all plots corresponded to approximately 250° DD (base 50° F) after the first emergence of coding moth adults during the first brood. All applications were complete sprays. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate 50 DF, Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP, and Ziram 76 WP) was maintained throughout the experiment. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the treatments on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 top actively growing shoots, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf, where a rating scale (0-4) was used instead of counting live aphids (see table footnotes for scale). The total number of aphid natural enemies was determined by counting the number observed on 10 shoots per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM and AF was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. STLM was evaluated by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines present during a 5 minute examination around the periphery of one tree/replicate. OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 5-min examination. Effectiveness of chemicals on all fruit feeders was assessed by scoring dropped apples for injury on 8 and 21 Jul; 4, 11 and 19 Aug; and 3 Sep, and picked samples of 40 and 100 fruit per replication on 19 Aug and 18 Sep, respectively. Russet evaluations were made on Golden Delicious fruits (30 per replicate). Each replicate (2) was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of % of surface russeted) are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface). Pest pressure was high throughout the season.
Control of Insect Pestsl On Fall-Seeded Canola, 1997B
Authors: Bragg D. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established in a RCBD with 4 replicates of 20 X 30 ft at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA, on 10 Oct. Treatments were made at full bloom with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi on 21 May except for Gaucho 75 ST applied as a seed treatment at planting. All sprayed insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0. Treatments were evaluated for pre-treatment count 215 DAE, 7 DAT (222 DAE), 12 DAT (227 DAE), and 25 DAT (240 DAE) by counting the number of CA colonies per m2 (6.6 linear ft of row) with mean number of CA per colony. CSPW were counted with per 180° sweeps of a 14-inch sweep net on evaluation dates. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate were made at harvest, and yield data was collected.
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Control on Winter Canola, 1996
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots, 3.5 X 12 ft, arranged in a split-plot design with each chem-ical treatment replicated 3 times, and each of 4 genotypes replicated twice within each treatment strip, were planted at Moscow, ID on 20 Aug, 1995 at 9.5 lb/acre using a small-plot, cone seeder. Capture 2 EC and methyl parathion 4 E were applied 5 Jun with a CO2-pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on an 8.3-ft boom that delivered 20 gpa at 30 psi. At the time of treatment, wind conditions were calm (&lt;5 mph), and ambient air tem-perature was above 60°F. Plots were sampled for adult CSW 2 before treatment and 2 d after treatment by dislodging them into a 5-gal plastic bucket with a beat of a hand at each end of a plot. To determine the number of exit holes, 10 pods were removed from 10 racemes from each side of each plot on 17 and 18 Jul. Plots were harvested 15 Aug with a small-plot combine (4.6 ft header). All data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Conventional and Low-Volume Microtube Application of Insecticide Treatments for Management of Corn Rootworm Larvae and Residual Control of First-Generation European Corn Borers, 1997
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was carried out at sites near Garretson and New Holland, South Dakota to assess the efficacy of preplant-incorporated and planting-time insecticides against com rootworms and to evaluate residual control of first-generation European corn borers (ECB). Treatment plots consisted of single 15.2-m-long rows which were spaced 96.5 cm apart. The study was arranged in a RCBD with four replicates at each site.
Evaluation of Reduced Rates of Insecticides for Control of Larval Corn Rootworm in 15-Inch Row Spacing, 1997
Authors: DeVries Terry A. , Wright Robert J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted at Clay Center, NE to evaluate the effectiveness of M. labelled rates of planting time soil insecticides in protecting corn roots from rootworm injury when grown at a 15-inch row spacing. Local population consisted of &gt;95% WCR and &lt;5% NCR. Plots were in trap crop (insecticide free) during 1996. In 1995, multi-class soil insecticide trials were conducted in the study area. Plots were in trap crop during 1994. In 1993, multi-class soil insecticide trials were conducted and all plots were in trap crop during 1992. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Plot size was 6 rows X 150 ft long with 15-inch row spacing. Plots were planted with a 4-row 7300 JD Maximerge II vacuum planter on 7 May. Standard planter insecticide boxes were used to direct insecticides into the open seed furrow (IF) or a 7-inch band in front of the press wheel over the open seed furrow (TB). Established plant populations were evaluated on 6 Jun. The avg number of plants in the middle 100 ft of the center two rows in each plot were used to analyze plant populations. On 9 Jun, initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected. Larval feeding damage was evaluated on 15 Jul. Ten plants were dug from the middle two rows of each plot and rated for root damage using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding, to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Root injury ratings and plant populations were analyzed by ANOVA for RCB with mean separation using DMRT. Plots were hand harvested on 30 Sep. Harvest data was obtained from two locations (subplot size = two center rows X 20 ft long) per plot. Corn was shelled on 6 and 7 Oct. Percent moisture and lb of grain were recorded and converted to 56 lb/bu @ 15.5% moisture. Yields were analyzed by ANOVA for a split-plot design with mean separation using DMRT.
Effect of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Field Corn Following an Application of Granular Insecticide at Planting, 1997
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Field corn was ridge planted to a non-tilled seed bed near North Platte, NE, on 1 May. The soil in these plots was a Cozad silt loam. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination and the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was about 7° C. Granular soil insecticides were applied in a 7-inch T-band at planting to 10 X 40 ft plots with a Nobel box on a bicycle wheel-type applicator. Bicep II herbicide was applied at a rate of 0.375 lb (AI)/acre 14 days after planting. The sulfonylurea herbicides, Basis Gold 90DF and Accent 75 WDG, were applied with a backpack CO2-charged sprayer as separate treatments made over the whorl of V3-stage field corn plants on 23 Jun. The herbicides were applied in a total volume of 10 gpa, at 30 psi, through 11001 VPTT flat-fan nozzles. Crop oil concentrate, at a rate of 1% v/v, was added to all Basis Gold 90DF treatments. Valent X-77 was added, at a rate of 0.25% v/v, to the Accent 75 WDG treatment. Liquid nitrogen fertilizer (28-0-0) was added, at a rate of 0.25 lb/acre, to all herbicide treatments. Four repl ications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. The effect of the herbicides on plant survival, plant height, plant condition and leaf greenness was evaluated 7 and 14 DAT. Plant conditions considered to be related to the herbicide application included reduced height, yellowed leaves and/or twisted whorls. The severity of these conditions was evaluated on a 1 to 5 scale where 1 represented little damage and 5 represented severely damaged and stunted plants. The effect of the herbicides on leaf greenness was evaluated with a handheld chlorophyll meter. This meter records depth of green color in a dimension less value. The effect of the herbicides plus insecticide was compared with plots treated with Counter CR insecticide alone. Treatment means for each variable were analyzed with ANOVA and were separated with Fisher’s Protected Test of Least Significant Difference.
The Effectiveness of Beauveria Bassiana for Control of First- and Second-Generation European Corn Borer, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Each plot consisted of four rows 30-inch wide by 60 ft long with 10-ft-wide alleys between the four replications. A RCB design with four replications was utilized. A plot treated with blank granules was used as the baseline treatment and a Pounce treated plot along with a Bt hybrid corn line (Pioneer 34R06) were included for comparison. Manual infestations were made to 15 consecutive plants in each of the middle two rows of each 4-row plot. Manual ECB infestations to simulate the first generation were made on 2 Jul, at the 7-leaf stage by applying 2 ECB egg masses (on wax paper) to the whorls of corn plants. Manual ECB infestations to simulate the second-generation were made at corn anthesis on 8 Aug, by applying one ECB egg mass (black-head stage) per leaf axil above and below the ear node. On 23 Jun, granular treatments of Beauveria bassiana were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV). All treatments were metered through Noble units mounted in brackets on the rear of the HCV. The Noble units were driven with electric motors, and the granules were applied over the whorls in a 7-inch band. The banders were similar to banders on conventional row-planters that are used to deliver soil insecticides. On 10 Jul, Pounce 1.5 G at a rate of 10 lb product/acre was metered through the same type of Noble units that were used to apply the Beauveria bassiana treatments. On 18 Aug, Pounce 3.2 EC at a rate of 0.15 lb (AI)/acre was applied with two 8003 TeeJet flat-fan nozzles (one per row), as a broadcast over the row, with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 9.7 gpa at 20 psi and a speed of 2.5 mph. The height of the nozzles above the whorls was 10 to 12 inches.