bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multiscale study of ion heating in Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Lapenta Giovanni , Ashour‐Abdalla Maha , Walker Raymond J. , El Alaoui Mostafa 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIon heating during a substorm on 15 February 2008, starting at 0348 UT, is studied with a new approach recently described in Ashour‐Abdalla et al. (2015). The general conditions of the magnetotail are obtained from a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model and are used to drive a full kinetic particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation of a 3‐D region of the tail. Within the kinetic box, the ions, the electrons, and the fields evolve self‐consistently. The large scales are captured by the MHD model and the small scales by the PIC model based on the MHD state. This approach is used to study ion heating. Different heating mechanisms were analyzed by examining the velocity distributions at different locations. In the x direction heating occurs as the reconnection‐generated ion jet interacts with the environment in which it propagates. The heating is found mostly in the separatrices and increases downstream of the reconnection region. In the y direction the heating is less intense and is found near the dipolarization fronts. It occurs as ions become magnetized and gyrotropize the distribution function. In addition, ions can be heated in the y direction by the reconnection electric field near the reconnection site. In the z direction the ions are heated by the formation of beams moving along z between the separatrices.
The importance of sea ice area biases in 21st century multimodel projections of Antarctic temperature and precipitation
Authors: Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Stephenson David B. , Turner John , Phillips Tony 
Published: December 2015

AbstractClimate models exhibit large biases in sea ice area (SIA) in their historical simulations. This study explores the impacts of these biases on multimodel uncertainty in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble projections of 21st century change in Antarctic surface temperature, net precipitation, and SIA. The analysis is based on time slice climatologies in the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 future scenario (2070–2099) and historical (1970–1999) simulations across 37 different CMIP5 models. Projected changes in net precipitation, temperature, and SIA are found to be strongly associated with simulated historical mean SIA (e.g., cross‐model correlations of r = 0.77, 0.71, and −0.85, respectively). Furthermore, historical SIA bias is found to have a large impact on the simulated ratio between net precipitation response and temperature response. This ratio is smaller in models with smaller‐than‐observed SIA. These strong emergent relationships on SIA bias could, if found to be physically robust, be exploited to give more precise climate projections for Antarctica.
Prevalence of Psoriatic Arthritis in Primary Care Patients With Psoriasis
Authors: Karreman Maren C. , Weel Angelique E. A. M. , van der Ven Myrthe , Vis Marijn , Tchetverikov Ilja , Nijsten Tamar E. C. , Wakkee Marlies , Hazes Johanna M. W. , Luime Jolanda J. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in primary care patients diagnosed as having psoriasis and to estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in psoriasis patients in primary care.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study in adult primary care patients with psoriasis. Responding patients reporting pain in joints, entheses, or the lower back were interviewed by telephone to determine eligibility and, if eligible, were invited for clinical evaluation. During clinical evaluation, skin, nails, joints, and entheses were assessed. Additionally, ultrasound of the enthesis was performed by an independent trained examiner if a patient had at least 1 tender enthesis (determined by the Leeds Enthesitis Index and the Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score). Patients who fulfilled the Classification of Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) Study Group criteria were classified as having PsA.ResultsWe invited 2,564 psoriasis patients from databases of 97 participating general practitioners. Of 1,673 responders (65.2%), 841 (50.3%) were willing to participate. A total of 823 patients (32.1%) reported having musculoskeletal symptoms; 659 of these patients were determined to be eligible, 524 of whom were clinically evaluated. We identified 64 cases of established PsA and another 17 cases of newly diagnosed PsA, leading to a prevalence of 3.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.5–3.9) among psoriasis patients in primary care. This prevalence would increase to 4.6% (95% CI 3.8–5.4) if PsA cases based on enthesitis were also taken into account.ConclusionAmong psoriasis patients in primary care, the prevalence of PsA is conservatively estimated to be 3.2%, increasing to 4.6% if enthesitis is taken into account. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among psoriasis patients is comparable with the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the general population.
Brief Report: Monoclonal Gammopathy and Risk of Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma in Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Tomi Anne‐Laurence , Belkhir Rakiba , Nocturne Gaétane , Desmoulins Frédéric , Berge Elisabeth , Pavy Stephan , Miceli‐Richard Corinne , Mariette Xavier , Seror Raphaèle 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the link between monoclonal gammopathy (MG), disease activity, and incidence of malignant hematologic disorders (MHDs), including lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM), in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS).MethodsScreening for the presence of MG was performed in 352 primary SS patients. Each patient with MG was paired with 2 age‐ and sex‐matched primary SS controls without MG. Their characteristics were compared for the presence of risk factors for MG and for the relationship between MG and MHD.Results Twenty‐six of the 352 primary SS patients (7.4%) had MG; 88% were women, with a median age of 62.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 50.3–69.1 years) and a median disease duration of 7.8 years (IQR 3.6–12.8 years). The parameters associated with MG on multivariate analysis were higher disease activity, as measured by either the European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 9.7, P = 0.0002) or the Clinical ESSDAI (adjusted OR 6.7, P = 0.001), and low C4 level (adjusted OR 3.4, P = 0.04). After a median follow‐up of 6.3 years (IQR 3.1–9.5 years), 10 patients with MG had developed an MHD (38.5%; 4 had lymphomas and 6 had MM), as compared with 4 patients in the control group (7.7%; all had lymphomas) (OR 7.5, P = 0.002). The only factor associated with the risk of MHDs was the presence of MG (adjusted OR 5.5, P = 0.02), which was principally associated with an increased risk of MM (23% versus 0%; P = 0.0009), but not lymphoma (15% versus 8%; P = 0.3).ConclusionThe presence of MG was associated with higher disease activity and an increased risk of MHD in primary SS. In the presence of MG, the risk of MM was even higher than the risk of lymphoma. These results suggest that regular monitoring of primary SS patients with MG for the emergence of both lymphoma and MM is necessary.
Development of Th17‐Associated Interstitial Kidney Inflammation in Lupus‐Prone Mice Lacking the Gene Encoding STAT‐1
Authors: Yiu Gloria , Rasmussen Tue K. , Ajami Bahareh , Haddon David J. , Chu Alvina D. , Tangsombatvisit Stephanie , Haynes Winston A. , Diep Vivian , Steinman Larry , Faix James , Utz Paul J. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveType I interferon (IFN) signaling is a central pathogenic pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and therapeutics targeting type I IFN signaling are in development. Multiple proteins with overlapping functions play a role in IFN signaling, but the signaling events downstream of receptor engagement are unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the roles of the type I and type II IFN signaling components IFN‐α/β/ω receptor 2 (IFNAR‐2), IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF‐9), and STAT‐1 in a mouse model of SLE.MethodsWe used immunohistochemical staining and highly multiplexed assays to characterize pathologic changes in histology, autoantibody production, cytokine/chemokine profiles, and STAT phosphorylation in order to investigate the individual roles of IFNAR‐2, IRF‐9, and STAT‐1 in MRL/lpr mice.ResultsWe found that STAT‐1−/− mice, but not IRF‐9−/− or IFNAR‐2−/− mice, developed interstitial nephritis characterized by infiltration with retinoic acid receptor–related orphan nuclear receptor γt–positive lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils. Despite pronounced interstitial kidney disease and abnormal kidney function, STAT‐1−/− mice had decreased proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, and autoantibody production. Phosphospecific flow cytometry revealed shunting of STAT phosphorylation from STAT‐1 to STAT‐3/4.ConclusionWe describe unique contributions of STAT‐1 to pathology in different kidney compartments in a mouse model, and provide potentially novel insight into tubulointerstitial nephritis, a poorly understood complication that predicts end‐stage kidney disease in SLE patients.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of CYP inhibition by 1‐aminobenzotriazole in rats
Authors: Parrish Karen E. , Mao Jialin , Chen Jacob , Jaochico Allan , Ly Justin , Ho Quynh , Mukadam Sophie , Wright Matthew 
Published: December 2015

Abstract1‐Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is a non‐isoform specific, time‐dependent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes used extensively in preclinical studies to determine the relative contribution of oxidative metabolism. Although ABT has been widely used, the extent and duration of its inhibitory effect is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to characterize ABT inhibition of CYP in rats at both the hepatic and intestinal levels. In vivo studies using midazolam (p.o. and i.v.), as a probe for CYP activity, demonstrated that CYP inhibition was not complete even at the highest dose (300 mg/kg). Additional in vivo studies demonstrated that even at 26 h following ABT administration, there was significant CYP inhibition remaining. In vitro studies, conducted in both rat liver microsomes and rat hepatocytes, confirm that ABT is a time‐dependent inhibitor of rat CYP orthologs. However, in rat liver microsomes, there was more than 15% CYP activity remaining following a 60 min preincubation at 2 mm ABT and 5–10% of CYP activity was remaining in rat hepatocytes suspended in rat plasma following a 60 min preincubation at 2 mm ABT. 1‐Aminobenzotriazole is a useful tool in elucidating the oxidative component of metabolism in preclinical species; however, conclusions made from the preclinical use of ABT should not operate under the assumption that CYP enzymatic activity is completely inhibited. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using three different approaches of OSL for the study of young fluvial sediments at the coastal plain of the Usumacinta–Grijalva River Basin, southern Mexico
Authors: Muñoz‐Salinas Esperanza , Castillo Miguel , Sanderson David , Kinnaird Tim , Cruz‐Zaragoza Epifanio 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe use three different approaches of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to study young fluvial sediments located at the main channels of one of the largest fluvial systems of North America: the Usumacinta–Grijalva. We use the pulsed photo‐stimulated luminescence (PPSL) system also known as portable OSL reader, full OSL dating and profiling OSL dating in samples extracted from vertical sediment profiles (n= 9) of riverbanks to detect changes in depositional rates of sediments and to obtain the age of the deposits. The results of the PPSL system show that the luminescence signals of vertical sediment profiles highly scattered from the top to the bottom contrast with the luminescence pattern observed on well‐reset sequences of fluvial deposits where luminescence increase from the top to the bottom of the profile. The profiling and full OSL ages yielded large uncertainty values on their ages. Based on the inconsistencies observed in both ages and luminescence patterns of profiles we suggest that these fluvial deposits were not fully reset during their transport. As an explanation, we propose that in the Usumacinta and Grijalva rivers the cyclonic storms during the wet season promote the entrainment of large volumes of sediments due to high‐erosional episodes around the basin resulting from hyper‐concentrated and turbid flows. We conclude that the PPSL, profiling and full OSL dating of sediments are useful tools to quantify and to assess the depositional patterns in fluvial settings during the Holocene. These techniques also can yield information about sites where increases in the sediment load of rivers may produce poorly resetting of grains affecting the results of OSL dating. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distribution of emergency obstetric and newborn care services in Ghana: Using the evidence to plan interventions
Authors: Bosomprah Samuel , Tatem Andrew J. , Dotse‐Gborgbortsi Winfred , Aboagye Patrick , Matthews Zoe 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo provide clear policy directions for gaps in the provision of signal function services and sub‐regions requiring priority attention using data from the 2010 Ghana Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (EmONC) survey.MethodsUsing 2010 survey data, the fraction of facilities with only one or two signal functions missing was calculated for each facility type and EmONC designation. Thematic maps were used to provide insight into inequities in service provision.ResultsOf 1159 maternity facilities, 89 provided all the necessary basic or comprehensive EmONC signal functions 3 months prior to the 2010 survey. Only 21% of facility‐based births were in fully functioning EmONC facilities, but an additional 30% occurred in facilities missing one or two basic signal functions—most often assisted vaginal delivery and removal of retained products. Tackling these missing signal functions would extend births taking place in fully functioning facilities to over 50%. Subnational analyses based on estimated total pregnancies in each district revealed a pattern of inequity in service provision across the country.ConclusionUpgrading facilities missing only one or two signal functions will allow Ghana to meet international standards for availability of EmONC services. Reducing maternal deaths will require high national priority given to addressing inequities in the distribution of EmONC services.
Directed evolution of Tau class glutathione transferases reveals a site that regulates catalytic efficiency and masks co-operativity
Authors: Axarli Irine , Muleta Abdi W. , Vlachakis Dimitrios , Kossida Sophia , Kotzia Georgia , Maltezos Anastasios , Dhavala Prathusha , Papageorgiou Anastassios C. , Labrou Nikolaos E. 
Published: December 2015

A library of Tau class GSTs (glutathione transferases) was constructed by DNA shuffling using the DNA encoding the Glycine max GSTs GmGSTU2-2, GmGSTU4-4 and GmGSTU10-10. The parental GSTs are &gt;88% identical at the sequence level; however, their specificity varies towards different substrates. The DNA library contained chimaeric structures of alternated segments of the parental sequences and point mutations. Chimaeric GST sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli and their enzymatic activities towards CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and the herbicide fluorodifen (4-nitrophenyl α,α,α-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether) were determined. A chimaeric clone (Sh14) with enhanced CDNB- and fluorodifen-detoxifying activities, and unusual co-operative kinetics towards CDNB and fluorodifen, but not towards GSH, was identified. The structure of Sh14 was determined at 1.75 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution in complex with S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-glutathione. Analysis of the Sh14 structure showed that a W114C point mutation is responsible for the altered kinetic properties. This was confirmed by the kinetic properties of the Sh14 C114W mutant. It is suggested that the replacement of the bulky tryptophan residue by a smaller amino acid (cysteine) results in conformational changes of the active-site cavity, leading to enhanced catalytic activity of Sh14. Moreover, the structural changes allow the strengthening of the two salt bridges between Glu66 and Lys104 at the dimer interface that triggers an allosteric effect and the communication between the hydrophobic sites.
The regulation of function, growth and survival of GLP-1-producing L-cells
Authors: Kuhre Rune E. , Holst Jens J. , Kappe Camilla 
Published: December 2015

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone, released from intestinal L-cells in response to hormonal, neural and nutrient stimuli. In addition to potentiation of meal-stimulated insulin secretion, GLP-1 signalling exerts numerous pleiotropic effects on various tissues, regulating energy absorption and disposal, as well as cell proliferation and survival. In Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) reduced plasma levels of GLP-1 have been observed, and plasma levels of GLP-1, as well as reduced numbers of GLP-1 producing cells, have been correlated to obesity and insulin resistance. Increasing endogenous secretion of GLP-1 by selective targeting of the molecular mechanisms regulating secretion from the L-cell has been the focus of much recent research. An additional and promising strategy for enhancing endogenous secretion may be to increase the L-cell mass in the intestinal epithelium, but the mechanisms that regulate the growth, survival and function of these cells are largely unknown. We recently showed that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the fatty acid palmitate induced lipotoxic effects, similar to those operative in insulin-producing cells, in an in vitro model of GLP-1-producing cells. The mechanisms inducing this lipototoxicity involved increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, regulation of GLP-1-secreting cells is discussed, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion, long-term regulation of growth, differentiation and survival under normal as well as diabetic conditions of hypernutrition.
Big picture of relativistic molecular quantum mechanics
Authors: Liu Wenjian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAny quantum mechanical calculation on electronic structure ought to choose first an appropriate Hamiltonian H and then an Ansatz for parameterizing the wave function Ψ, from which the desired energy/property E(λ) can finally be calculated. Therefore, the very first question is: what is the most accurate many-electron Hamiltonian H? It is shown that such a Hamiltonian i.e. effective quantum electrodynamics (eQED) Hamiltonian, can be obtained naturally by incorporating properly the charge conjugation symmetry when normal ordering the second quantized fermion operators. Taking this eQED Hamiltonian as the basis, various approximate relativistic many-electron Hamiltonians can be obtained based entirely on physical arguments. All these Hamiltonians together form a complete and continuous ‘Hamiltonian ladder’, from which one can pick up the right one according to the target physics and accuracy. As for the many-electron wave function Ψ, the most intriguing questions are as follows. (i) How to do relativistic explicit correlation? (ii) How to handle strong correlation? Both general principles and practical strategies are outlined here to handle these issues. Among the electronic properties E(λ) that sample the electronic wave function nearby the nuclear region, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shielding and nuclear spin-rotation (NSR) coupling constant are especially challenging: they require body-fixed molecular Hamiltonians that treat both the electrons and nuclei as relativistic quantum particles. Nevertheless, they have been formulated rigorously. In particular, a very robust ‘relativistic mapping’ between the two properties has been established, which can translate experimentally measured NSR coupling constants to very accurate absolute NMR shielding scales that otherwise cannot be obtained experimentally. Since the most general and fundamental issues pertinent to all the three components of the quantum mechanical equation HΨ = EΨ (i.e. Hamiltonian H, wave function Ψ, and energy/property E(λ)) have fully been understood, the big picture of relativistic molecular quantum mechanics can now be regarded as established.
Surgical and Patient Risk Factors for Severe Arterial Line Complications in Adults
Authors: Nuttall Gregory , Burckhardt Jennifer , Hadley Anita , Kane Sarah , Kor Daryl , Marienau Mary Shirk , Schroeder Darrell R. , Handlogten Kathryn , Wilson Gregory , Oliver William C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAbstract
In a series of 57,787 patients receiving arterial cannulation, 21 patients were identified as having experienced vascular complications or nerve injuries, resulting in a very low complication rate of 3.4/10,000. The rate of complications differed significantly (P < 0.001) across the three most common catheter sizes (2.7/10,000 for 20 gauge, 17.2/10,000 for 18 gauge, and 9.4/10,000 for 5 French). Given the low frequency of complications observed, the current study does not have sufficient statistical power to make definitive conclusions regarding the risk factors (listed in the appendix).

Background
Prior research has provided inconsistent data regarding the risk factors associated with complications from arterial cannulation. The goal of this study was to clearly define the incidence and risks factors associated with arterial cannulation complications.

Methods
After obtaining institutional review board approval, all patients requiring arterial line placement with documentation were included in this retrospective study between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2012. Leveraging two robust data warehouses, the Perioperative DataMart and the Mayo Clinic Life Silences System, the authors cross-matched arterial line cannulation with a documented vascular consult, neurologic consult, infection, or return to surgery within 30 days in order to identify the initial patient population.

Results
A total of 62,626 arterial lines were placed in 57,787 patients, and 90.1% of the catheters placed were 20-gauge catheters. The radial artery was cannulated in 94.5% of patients. A total of 21 patients were identified as having experienced vascular complications or nerve injuries, resulting in a complication rate of 3.4 per 10,000 (95% CI, 2.1 to 5.1). Cardiac surgery had the largest number of catheters placed (n = 15,419) with 12 complications (complication rate = 7.8 per 10,000; 95% CI, 4.0 to 13.6). The rate of complications differed significantly (P < 0.001) across the three most common catheter sizes (2.7 per 10,000 [95% CI, 1.5 to 4.4] for 20 gauge, 17.2 per 10,000 [95% CI, 4.7 to 43.9] for 18 gauge, and 9.4 per 10,000 [95% CI, 1.1 to 34.1] for 5 French).

Conclusion
In a large retrospective study, the authors document a very low rate of complications with arterial line placement.