bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shape memory natural rubber
Authors: Katzenberg Frank , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTCharles Goodyear discovered the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) 170 years ago and transferred the gooey natural compound into the first representative of an entirely new class of materials; the elastomers. Thenceforth, NR was intensively explored and was used for countless products to date. All the more surprising, it was found recently that NR exhibits superior and unexpected properties whenever it is cross‐linked to a degree smaller than 0.4% which is fairly below the commonly used 1%–2%. This article gives a brief overview on the exceptional properties of lightly cross‐linked NR, named shape memory natural rubber (SMNR), including the cold programmable shape memory effect, storing of extremely large strain, energy and cold, and its capability to sense and memorize environmental parameters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1381–1388
Solution structure of TbTFIIS2‐1 PWWP domain from Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhang Jiahai , Liao Shanhui , Tu Xiaoming 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTTbTFIIS2‐1, one of the two TFIIS homologues of Trypanosome brucei (T. brucei), cooperates with TbTFIIS1 in regulating transcription in T. brcuei. Structurally divergent from other TFIIS homologues from higher organisms, TbTFIIS2‐1 contains an additional N‐terminal PWWP domain besides other three conserved domains, which may imply potential role of TbTFIIS2‐1 in transcription regulation. Here, we determined the solution structure of PWWP domain of TbTFIIS2‐1 by NMR spectroscopy, which was the first solution structure of PWWP domain solved in trypanosomatid. In spite of poor sequence similarity between PWWP domains, this domain of TbTFIIS2‐1 adopts a conserved 3D‐structure, which contains a five‐stranded β‐barrel and a C‐terminal α‐helix. Furthermore, we found that TbTFIIS2‐1 PWWP domain may be a protein–protein interaction module without the ability of DNA recognition and methyl‐group interaction. Proteins 2016; 84:912–919. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo drug disposition of cilengitide in animals and human
Authors: Dolgos Hugues , Freisleben Achim , Wimmer Elmar , Scheible Holger , Krätzer Friedrich , Yamagata Tetsuo , Gallemann Dieter , Fluck Markus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCilengitide is very low permeable (1.0 nm/sec) stable cyclic pentapeptide containing an Arg‐Gly‐Asp motif responsible for selective binding to αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins administered intravenously (i.v.). In vivo studies in the mouse and Cynomolgus monkeys showed the major component in plasma was unchanged drug (>85%). These results, together with the absence of metabolism in vitro and in animals, indicate minimal metabolism in both species. The excretion of [14C]‐cilengitide showed profound species differences, with a high renal excretion of the parent drug observed in Cynomolgus monkey (50% dose), but not in mouse (7 and 28%: m/f). Consistently fecal (biliary) secretion was high in mouse (87 and 66% dose: m/f) but low in Cynomolgus monkey (36.5%). Human volunteers administrated with [14C]‐cilengitide showed that most of the dose was recovered in urine as unchanged drug (77.5%, referred to Becker et al. 2015), indicating that the Cynomolgus monkey was the closer species to human. In order to better understand the species difference between human and mouse, the hepatobiliary disposition of [14C]‐cilengitide was determined in sandwich‐cultured hepatocytes. Cilengitide exhibited modest biliary efflux (30–40%) in mouse, while in human hepatocytes this was negligible. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the uptake of cilengitide into human hepatocytes was minor and appeared to be passive. In summary, the extent of renal and biliary secretion of cilengitide appears to be highly species specific and is qualitatively well explained using sandwich hepatocyte culture models.
Oxime conjugation in protein chemistry: from carbonyl incorporation to nucleophilic catalysis
Authors: Agten Stijn M. , Dawson Philip E. , Hackeng Tilman M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUse of oxime forming reactions has become a widely applied strategy for peptide and protein bioconjugation. The efficiency of the reaction and robust stability of the oxime product has led to the development of a growing list of methods to introduce the required ketone or aldehyde functionality site specifically into proteins. Early methods focused on site‐specific oxidation of an N‐terminal serine or threonine and more recently transamination methods have been developed to convert a broader set of N‐terminal amino acids into a ketone or aldehyde. More recently, site‐specific modification of protein has been attained through engineering enzymes involved in posttranslational modifications in order to accommodate aldehyde‐containing substrates. Similarly, a growing list of unnatural amino acids can be introduced through development of selective amino‐acyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs combined with codon reassignment. In the case of glycoproteins, glycans can be selectively modified chemically or enzymatically to introduce aldehyde functional groups. Finally, the total chemical synthesis of proteins complements these biological and chemoenzymatic approaches. Once introduced, the oxime ligation of these aldehyde and ketone groups can be catalyzed by aniline or a variety of aniline derivatives to tune the activity, pH preference, stability and solubility of the catalyst. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angler Harvest, Hatchery Return, and Tributary Stray Rates of Recycled Adult Summer Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Cowlitz River, Washington
Authors: Kock T. J. , Perry R. W. , Gleizes C. , Dammers W. , Liedtke T. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHatchery ‘recycling’ programs have been used to increase angling opportunities by re‐releasing fish into a river after they returned to a hatchery or fish trap. Recycling is intended to increase opportunities for fishermen, but this strategy could affect wild fish populations if some recycled fish remain in the river and interact with wild fish populations. To quantify hatchery return and angler harvest rates of recycled steelhead, we conducted a 2‐year study on the Cowlitz River, Washington. A total of 1051 steelhead were recycled, including 218 fish that were radio‐tagged. Fates of recycled steelhead were similar between years: 48.4% returned to the hatchery, 19.2% were reported captured by anglers, and 32.4% remained in the river. A multistate model quantified the effects of covariates on hatchery return and angler harvest rates, which were positively affected by river discharge and negatively affected by time since release. However, hatchery return rates increased and angler harvest rates decreased during periods of increasing discharge. A total of 21.1% (46 fish) of the radio‐tagged steelhead failed to return to the hatchery or be reported by anglers, but nearly half of those fish (20 fish) appeared to be harvested and not reported. The remaining tagged fish (11.9% of the radio‐tagged population) were monitored into the spawning period, but only five fish (2.3% of the radio‐tagged population) entered tributaries where wild steelhead spawning occurs. Future research focused on straying behaviour, and spawning success of recycled steelhead may further advance the understanding of the effects of recycling as a management strategy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple remote sensing based information system for monitoring sites of conservation importance
Authors: Szantoi Zoltan , Brink Andreas , Buchanan Graeme , Bastin Lucy , Lupi Andrea , Simonetti Dario , Mayaux Philippe , Peedell Stephen , Davy James 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMonitoring is essential for conservation of sites, but capacity to undertake it in the field is often limited. Data collected by remote sensing has been identified as a partial solution to this problem, and is becoming a feasible option, since increasing quantities of satellite data in particular are becoming available to conservationists. When suitably classified, satellite imagery can be used to delineate land cover types such as forest, and to identify any changes over time. However, the conservation community lacks (a) a simple tool appropriate to the needs for monitoring change in all types of land cover (e.g. not just forest), and (b) an easily accessible information system which allows for simple land cover change analysis and data sharing to reduce duplication of effort. To meet these needs, we developed a web‐based information system which allows users to assess land cover dynamics in and around protected areas (or other sites of conservation importance) from multi‐temporal medium resolution satellite imagery. The system is based around an open access toolbox that pre‐processes and classifies Landsat‐type imagery, and then allows users to interactively verify the classification. These data are then open for others to utilize through the online information system. We first explain imagery processing and data accessibility features, and then demonstrate the toolbox and the value of user verification using a case study on Nakuru National Park, Kenya. Monitoring and detection of disturbances can support implementation of effective protection, assist the work of park managers and conservation scientists, and thus contribute to conservation planning, priority assessment and potentially to meeting monitoring needs for Aichi target 11.
Is R&D risky?
Authors: Bromiley Philip , Rau Devaki , Zhang Yu 
Published: March 2016

Research summary: Many studies use research and development (R&D) intensity or R&D spending as a proxy for risk taking, but we have little evidence that either associates positively with firm risk. We analyze the relations between R&D intensity (R&D spending to sales) and R&D spending on the one hand and 11 different indicators of firm risk on the other, using data from 1,907 to 3,908 firms in various industries over 13 years. The analysis finds a general lack of consistent positive association between R&D and firm risk, making the use of R&D as an indicator of risk taking questionable. Furthermore, R&D intensity and spending do not correlate positively, suggesting they measure different constructs. We discuss potential reasons for these nonsignificant results. Our study demonstrates that researchers should avoid casual use of R&D as a proxy for risk taking without explicitly providing a clear definition and measurement model for risk.Managerial summary: Risk is a key construct in strategic management research. Many studies in this area measure risk taking by research and development (R&D) intensity (the ratio of R&D spending to sales) or R&D spending. However, since R&D intensity and spending have also been used to measure various other things such as information processing demands, this raises the question of whether R&D intensity and spending are valid indicators of firm risk. We examine this issue by considering the associations of R&D intensity and R&D spending with conventional measures of firm risk. We find a general lack of consistent positive association between R&D and firm risk, making the use of R&D as an indicator of risk taking questionable. Furthermore, R&D intensity and spending do not correlate positively, suggesting they measure different things. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multimodal micro, nano, and size conversion ultrasound agents for imaging and therapy
Authors: Huynh Elizabeth , Rajora Maneesha A. , Zheng Gang 
Published: March 2016

Ultrasound (US) is one of the most commonly used clinical imaging techniques. However, the use of US and US‐based intravenous agents extends far beyond imaging. In particular, there has been a surge in the fabrication of multimodality US contrast agents and theranostic US agents for cancer imaging and therapy. The unique interaction of US waves with microscale and nanoscale agents has attracted much attention in the development of contrast agents and drug‐delivery vehicles. The dimensions of the agent not only dictate how it behaves in vivo, but also how it interacts with US for imaging and drug delivery. Furthermore, these agents are also unique due to their ability to convert from the nanoscale to the microscale and vice versa, having imaging and therapeutic utility in both dimensions. Here, we review multimodality and multifunctional US‐based agents, according to their size, and also highlight recent developments in size conversion US agents. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:796–813. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1398This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Crystal Structure and Luminescent Properties of Diverse Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymers Based on A Semirigid Multicarboxylate Ligand
Authors: Ye Run‐Ping , Zhang Xin , Qin Ye‐Yan , Yao Yuan‐Gen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFour CdII metal coordination polymers, namely, [Cd(HL)(H2O)3]n (1), [Cd(HL)(4,4′‐bpy)]n·nH2O (2), [Cd3(L)2(2,2′‐bpy)3(H2O)3]n·2nH2O (3), and [Cd3(L)2(phen)2(H2O)]n·2.5nH2O (4) [H3L = 3‐(3‐carboxyphenoxy) phthalic acid, 4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline], were synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and IR spectroscopy. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses reveal that complexes 1–3 have different one‐dimensional (1D) chain structures including zigzag chain, ladder chain, and helical chain, whereas complex 4 shows a 0D trinuclear motif. These low‐dimensional complexes are further extended to 3D supramolecular networks by intermolecular π–π interactions and hydrogen bonds. The ligand H3L exhibits five coordination modes: μ1‐η2‐chelating/μ1‐η2‐chelating, μ1‐η2‐chelating/μ1‐η2‐chelating/μ1‐η2‐chelating, μ1‐η2‐chelating/μ1‐η2‐chelating/μ1‐η1‐bridging, μ1‐η2‐chelating/μ2‐η2‐bridging/μ2‐η1:η1‐bridging, and μ2‐η2‐chelating:η1‐bridging/μ2‐η2‐chelating:η1‐bridging/μ1‐η1‐bridging. Moreover, the photoluminescent properties of complexes 1–4 were studied in the solid‐state at room temperature.
Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese(I) Carbonyl Complexes of the Type [(OC)4Mn{μ‐P(R)Aryl}]2
Authors: Mede Ralf , Blohm Sascha , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMetalation of secondary phosphanes HPRR′ [R = R′ = C6H4‐4‐Me, C6H3‐3,5‐Me2 (3), C6H4‐4‐NMe2 (4); R/R′ = Ph/cHex] with Mn2(CO)10 in boiling xylene (mixture of isomers), until the evolution of gaseous carbon monoxide ceases, leads to the formation of the dinuclear complexes of the type [(OC)4Mn(μ‐PRR′)]2 [R = R′ = C6H4‐4‐Me (5), C6H3‐3,5‐Me2 (6), R/R′ = Ph/cHex (7), R = R′ = C6H4‐4‐NMe2 (8)] with poor to moderate yields. These manganese(I) complexes are only sparingly soluble or even nearly insoluble in hydrocarbons at room temperature. Planar four‐membered Mn2P2 rings represent the central moiety with four carbonyl ligands at each manganese(I) atom. The steric demand of the P‐bound substituents influences the Mn–P bond lengths as well as the P–Mn–P bond angles.
750 GeV diphoton resonance from singlets in an exceptional supersymmetric standard model
Authors: King Stephen F. , Nevzorov Roman 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The 750-760 GeV diphoton resonance may be identified as one or two scalars and/or one or two pseudoscalars contained in the two singlet superfields S1,2 arising from the three 27-dimensional representations of E6. The three 27s also contain three copies of colour-triplet charge ∓1/3 vector-like fermions D,$$ \overline{D} $$

D
¯

and two copies of charged inert Higgsinos $$ {\tilde{H}}^{+} $$

H
˜

+

,$$ {\tilde{H}}^{-} $$

H
˜

−

to which the singlets S1,2 may couple. We propose a variant of the E6SSM where the third singlet S3 breaks a gauged U(1)N above the TeV scale, predicting Z
N
′
, D,$$ \overline{D} $$

D
¯

, $$ {\tilde{H}}^{+} $$

H
˜

+

,$$ {\tilde{H}}^{-} $$

H
˜

−

at LHC Run 2, leaving the two lighter singlets S1,2 with masses around 750 GeV. We calculate the branching ratios and cross-sections for the two scalar and two pseudoscalar states associated with the S1,2 singlets, including possible degeneracies and maximal mixing, subject to the constraint that their couplings remain perturbative up to the unification scale.
Performance of two alpine plant species along environmental gradients in an alpine meadow ecosystem in central Tibet
Authors: Dorji Tsechoe , Moe Stein R. , Klein Julia A. , Wang Shiping , Totland Ørjan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUnderstanding how biotic interactions and abiotic conditions affect plant performance is important for predicting changes in ecosystem function and services in variable environments. We tested how performances of Astragalus rigidulus and Potentilla fruticosa change along gradients of biotic interactions (represented by plant species richness, abundance of the dominant plant species Kobresia pygmaea, and herbivory intensity) and abiotic conditions (represented by elevation, aspect, and slope steepness) across a semi‐arid landscape in central Tibet. Redundancy analyses showed that the biotic variables explained 30 and 39 % of the variation in overall performance of A. rigidulus (P = 0.03) and P. fruticosa (P = 0.01), respectively. Abiotic variables did not contribute significantly to variation among A. rigidulus populations. Plant size decreased with species richness in both species and was larger on south‐ rather than north‐facing slopes. Reproductive effort for both species was significantly negatively related to the abundance of K. pygmaea and both species had larger reproductive effort on south‐ rather than north‐ and west‐facing slopes. The proportion of biomass allocated to sexual reproduction in P. fruticosa was negatively correlated with K. pygmaea abundance and herbivory intensity. The population density of P. fruticosa was positively related to elevation, species richness, and K. pygmaea abundance. We conclude that plant performance at a local scale was more strongly related to biotic than abiotic conditions, but different components of plant performance responded differently to predictor variables and the responses were species‐specific. These findings have important implications for rangeland management under changing environmental conditions.
Evaluation of global warming impacts on the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in monsoon Asia: a multi‐model analysis
Authors: Ito Akihiko , Nishina Kazuya , Noda Hibiki M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study assesses the potential impacts of future global warming on the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems across monsoon Asia using the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI‐MIP) dataset. We used simulation results of two emission pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5), climate projections of five climate models, and seven terrestrial biome models to analyze the changes in net primary production and carbon stocks in the South, Southeast, and East Asian subregions during the period 1981–2099. The simulations indicated that by the end of the 21st century, net primary production would increase by 9–45 % and ecosystem carbon storage would increase by 42–86 Pg C. The clearest climatic impacts were found when using the adaptation‐oriented emission scenario (RCP8.5), which assumes a greater CO2 increase and a larger change in climatic conditions. Substantial disparities in temporal trajectories and spatial patterns were found in the estimated changes, owing to the uncertainties in the emission scenarios, climate projections, and ecosystem models. We attempted to derive consistent patterns throughout the simulations to specify potential hotspots of climatic impacts (e.g., soil carbon change in the southern Tibetan Plateau). Finally, we discuss changes to the climatic characteristics in the study region (e.g., a change in the rainy season), the implications for ecosystem services, and the need for collaborative field monitoring studies.
A modified bowel preparation protocol improves the quality of bowel cleansing for colonoscopy
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Fan , Liang Cheng‐Chao , Lin Cheng‐Kuan , Lee Tzong‐Hsi , Chung Chen‐Shuan 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAdequate colonic cleansing is essential for a high quality colonoscopy. Few studies have investigated the association between patient education and quality of bowel preparation. The control group comprised 165 participants who underwent colonoscopy after a standard bowel preparation protocol during the period September–October 2013 and the study group comprised 251 individuals who underwent colonoscopy after a modified bowel preparation protocol during the period January–February 2014. The modified bowel preparation protocol included an instructional video and leaflet, a dietician‐designed 2‐day low fiber diet, a follow‐up phone message, and information to confirm stool characteristics. The Aronchick Bowel Preparation Scale was used to define the quality of bowel preparation. The endoscopists who performed the procedures were blinded to the preparation protocols. The percentage of participants with excellent bowel preparation quality was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (35.9% vs. 21.8%, p = 0.002). Also, the percentage of participants with poorly prepared bowels was significantly higher in the control group than in the study group (3% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.042). Moreover, the adenoma detection rate was significantly higher in the study group (35.1% vs. 24.8%, p = 0.028). The results show that the quality of bowel cleansing can be improved by providing patients with a modified bowel preparation protocol.
Predicting the progression of Alzheimer's disease dementia: A multidomain health policy model
Authors: Green Colin , Zhang Shenqiu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe develop a multidomain model to predict progression of Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD).MethodsData from the US National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (n = 3009) are used to examine change in symptom status and to estimate transition probabilities between health states described using cognitive function, functional ability, and behavior. A model is used to predict progression and to assess a hypothetical treatment scenario that slows mild to moderate AD progression.ResultsMore than 70% of participants moved state over 12 months. The majority moved in domains other than cognitive function. Over 5 years, of those alive more than half are in severe AD health states. Assessing an intervention scenario, we see fewer years in more severe health states and a potential impact (life years saved) due to mortality improvements.DiscussionThe model developed is exploratory and has limitations but illustrates the importance of using a multidomain approach when assessing impacts of AD and interventions.