bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine in Patients with Vasoplegic Shock after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hajjar Ludhmila Abrahao , Vincent Jean Louis , Barbosa Gomes Galas Filomena Regina , Rhodes Andrew , Landoni Giovanni , Osawa Eduardo Atsushi , Melo Renato Rosa , Sundin Marcia Rodrigues , Grande Solimar Miranda , Gaiotto Fabio A. , Pomerantzeff Pablo Maria , Dallan Luis Oliveira , Franco Rafael Alves , Nakamura Rosana Ely , Lisboa Luiz Augusto , de Almeida Juliano Pinheiro , Gerent Aline Muller , Souza Dayenne Hianae , Gaiane Maria Alice , Fukushima Julia Tizue , Park Clarice Lee , Zambolim Cristiane , Rocha Ferreira Graziela Santos , Strabelli Tânia Mara , Fernandes Felipe Lourenco , Camara Ligia , Zeferino Suely , Santos Valter Garcia , Piccioni Marilde Albuquerque , Jatene Fabio Biscegli , Costa Auler Jose Otavio , Filho Roberto Kalil 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background
Vasoplegic syndrome is a common complication after cardiac surgery and impacts negatively on patient outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether vasopressin is superior to norepinephrine in reducing postoperative complications in patients with vasoplegic syndrome.

Methods
This prospective, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted at the Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, between January 2012 and March 2014. Patients with vasoplegic shock (defined as mean arterial pressure less than 65 mmHg resistant to fluid challenge and cardiac index greater than 2.2 l · min−2 · m−2) after cardiac surgery were randomized to receive vasopressin (0.01 to 0.06 U/min) or norepinephrine (10 to 60 μg/min) to maintain arterial pressure. The primary endpoint was a composite of mortality or severe complications (stroke, requirement for mechanical ventilation for longer than 48 h, deep sternal wound infection, reoperation, or acute renal failure) within 30 days.

Results
A total of 330 patients were randomized, and 300 were infused with one of the study drugs (vasopressin, 149; norepinephrine, 151). The primary outcome occurred in 32% of the vasopressin patients and in 49% of the norepinephrine patients (unadjusted hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.80; P = 0.0014). Regarding adverse events, the authors found a lower occurrence of atrial fibrillation in the vasopressin group (63.8% vs. 82.1%; P = 0.0004) and no difference between groups in the rates of digital ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, hyponatremia, and myocardial infarction.

Conclusions
The authors’ results suggest that vasopressin can be used as a first-line vasopressor agent in postcardiac surgery vasoplegic shock and improves clinical outcomes.
Sinonasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: updates on treatment
Authors: Al-Asousi Fahad , Dadgostar Anali , Javer Amin 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Over the past two decades, the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in chronic rhinosinusitis has posed significant challenges. This document reviews current management techniques and novel treatment modalities for sinonasal MRSA infections.

Recent findings
Topical antibiotic therapy, that is, drops (ofloxacin) and ointments (mupirocin) as off-label use for the management of MRSA chronic sinusitis, has shown beneficial results. Other more recently trialed nonantibiotic modalities such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and colloidal silver irrigation are also showing promise.

Summary
Sinonasal MRSA is considered to be associated with recalcitrant chronic sinusitis. Advancements in systemic and local antibiotics in its management have been slow and unsatisfactory. Attention is shifting to the use of nonantibiotic antibacterial treatments. Knowledge of these options is critical to improve the overall management of these chronic patients.
Incidence of Bladder Injury During Retropubic Midurethral Sling Placement After Prior Burch Colpopexy
Authors: Gephart Laura Faye , Kuehl Thomas J. , Reyes Michelle , Yandell Paul M. , Larsen Wilma I. 
Published: November 2016

Objectives
To elucidate if prior Burch changes the risk of bladder injury or rates of voiding dysfunction and continence in the immediate postoperative period when undergoing retropubic midurethral sling (MUS) placement.

Methods
In this retrospective case control, charts were selected by Current Procedural Terminology codes for MUS placement. Women undergoing retropubic MUS placement with history of Burch urethropexy were considered. For every case, 2 age-matched and parity-matched controls without prior Burch were selected.

Results
In total, 538 charts were reviewed from 2010 to 2014. Twenty cases were found. There was a difference (P = 0.023) in trocar penetration of the bladder. Twenty-five percent (5/20) of women with prior Burch had a 9-fold (odds ratio [OR], 9.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–82) higher chance of bladder penetration compared with women without prior retropubic surgery as calculated with Mantel-Haenszel paired test. Women with prior Burch had more success passing their voiding trials (OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 1.1–49.2). At 6 weeks, there was no difference in voiding dysfunction. Cure of stress incontinence at 6 weeks occurred more in controls than cases (P = 0.044) with match pairs manifesting an OR of 0.20 and 95% CI of 0.04–1.1.

Discussion
This study shows a significant increase risk of trocar penetration of the bladder during retropubic MUS placement in women with a history of Burch urethropexy. Despite this, MUS placement was successful in all women. Women with prior surgery were much more likely to pass their voiding trials. There was no difference in voiding dysfunction at 6 weeks between the 2 groups.

Conclusions
This indicates that though bladder penetration with a trocar is more common in the setting of previous retropubic surgery, it does not impact a woman's short-term intraoperative or postoperative course.
Last mile farm inputs: farm shop delivers
Authors: Diochon Monica C. , Ghore Yogesh 
Published: November 2016

Subject area
The subject areas are social entrepreneurship and marketing in social enterprises.

Study level/applicability
This study is applicable to undergraduate or MBA-level courses; possibly executive programs as well.

Case overview
Farm Shop was established in 2012 as a not-for-profit trust, with an aim of developing a distribution platform for poor, rural communities across sub-Saharan Africa so that smallholder farmers could get the farm inputs and services needed to increase their productivity and income. Attempting to reach scale, this social enterprise is in the process of building a micro-franchise network. Unlike franchises in industrialized countries where the franchisor starts with a vetted and replicable turnkey business, Farm Shop was created from scratch. After prototyping the shop concept and validating the business model in Kiambu County of Kenya, Farm Shop has 10 fully operational shops and is keen to start its growth phase, aiming to have 120 shops in its network within the next 12-18 months. It is only at that point that break-even will be achieved. Recognizing the key role of marketing in Farm Shop’s growth efforts, the founders are now focused on finalizing their go-to-market (GTM) strategy. Having initiated and measured the results of a number of marketing activities over the past six months, it is now time to decide which of these activities should be incorporated into their micro-franchise system. The management team knows that to provide advice, training and quality products to farmers, they first needed to develop awareness, interest and desire for what Farm Shop has to offer, not to mention the need to gain the farmers’ trust. Fundamentally, farmers needed to be convinced that Farm Shop can help them improve their productivity and income.

Expected learning outcomes
The study enables to gain an overall understanding of the range of challenges and opportunities associated with establishing a micro-franchise in an emerging market context; to gain a better understanding of social marketing, including the four types of behavioral influence it attempts to achieve and the similarities and differences between social and commercial marketing; to introduce the “theory of change” concept, providing a framework for understanding how and why change will occur; to introduce the concept of business models and explore the differences between “traditional” and “social entrepreneurship” business models; to understand how a competitive advantage is created; to introduce basic marketing concepts and the GTM concept and its role and application in a business model for a new social enterprise and to understand how marketing contributes to the social enterprise’s strategic goals and sustainability, thereby gaining an understanding of how “social marketing” is differentiated from commercial marketing.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
rehh 2.0: a reimplementation of the R package rehh to detect positive selection from haplotype structure
Authors: Gautier Mathieu , Klassmann Alexander , Vitalis Renaud 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIdentifying genomic regions with unusually high local haplotype homozygosity represents a powerful strategy to characterize candidate genes responding to natural or artificial positive selection. To that end, statistics measuring the extent of haplotype homozygosity within (e.g. EHH, iHS) and between (Rsb or XP‐EHH) populations have been proposed in the literature. The rehh package for r was previously developed to facilitate genome‐wide scans of selection, based on the analysis of long‐range haplotypes. However, its performance was not sufficient to cope with the growing size of available data sets. Here, we propose a major upgrade of the rehh package, which includes an improved processing of the input files, a faster algorithm to enumerate haplotypes, as well as multithreading. As illustrated with the analysis of large human haplotype data sets, these improvements decrease the computation time by more than one order of magnitude. This new version of rehh will thus allow performing iHS‐, Rsb‐ or XP‐EHH‐based scans on large data sets. The package rehh 2.0 is available from the CRAN repository (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rehh/index.html) together with help files and a detailed manual.
Efficacy and safety of etanercept in patients from Latin America, Central Europe and Asia with early non‐radiographic axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Wei James Cheng‐Chung , Tsai Wen‐Chan , Citera Gustavo , Kotak Sameer , Llamado Lyndon 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate etanercept in patients from Latin America, Central/Eastern Europe, and Asia with non‐radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr‐axSpA).MethodsA subset analysis was performed on nr‐axSpA patients from Argentina, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Russia and Taiwan who were enrolled in EMBARK (NCT01258738). Patients received either etanercept 50 mg or placebo once weekly. The primary endpoint was proportion of patients achieving 40% improvement from baseline based on Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria. Secondary endpoints included other efficacy assessments, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and safety.ResultsOf the 117 patients in this subset, 59 were treated with etanercept and 58 received placebo. At week 12, numerically greater improvements from baseline were observed for all efficacy endpoints in etanercept‐treated patients compared with those receiving placebo. Statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups were observed for proportion of patients achieving ASAS40 (P = 0.0413, at week 8), ASAS5/6 (P = 0.0126), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score ‐ C‐reactive protein (CRP) inactive disease (P = 0.0093), Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging of sacroiliac joint scores (P = 0.0014), high‐sensitivity CRP (P=0.032), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.0082). Statistically significant improvements in the etanercept‐treated group compared with placebo group were observed for nocturnal back pain (P = 0.040), total back pain (P = 0.025), physician global assessment of disease (P = 0.023), and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire percent impairment while working (P = 0.047). Adverse events were similar between the two treatment groups.ConclusionsIn this subset of patients with nr‐axSpA from Latin America, Central/Eastern Europe, and Asia, treatment with etanercept, compared with placebo, resulted in improved disease symptoms and patient HRQoL. Etanercept was well tolerated.
Validity and reliability of the Health Assessment Questionnaire among patients with spondyloarthritis in Singapore
Authors: Kwan Yu Heng , Fong Warren , Lui Nai Lee , Yong Si Ting , Cheung Yin Bun , Malhotra Rahul , Thumboo Julian , Østbye Truls 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimThe Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) is a popular tool used to measure disability. Few studies have assessed its psychometric properties in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). We therefore aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the HAQ in patients with SpA in Singapore.MethodCross‐sectional data from a registry of 196 patients with SpA recruited from a dedicated tertiary referral clinic in Singapore from 2011 to 2014 was used. Analyses were guided by the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) framework. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Convergent construct validity was assessed by 30 a priori hypotheses through correlation of the summary score and the eight domain scores of the HAQ with other health outcome measures: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Global Score (BASG), pain, Patient's Global Assessment (PGA) and Short Form‐36 Health Survey (SF‐36). Divergent construct validity was assessed by poor correlation of HAQ with SF‐36 Mental component score (MCS).ResultsAmong 196 patients (155 males [79.1%] median [range] age: 36 [17–70]; 166 Chinese [84.7%]), the HAQ showed a high internal consistency of 0.78–0.84. Convergent validity was supported by achieving 26 out of the 30 a priori hypotheses. Divergent validity was also established‐ correlation of SF‐36 MCS with seven domains and summary scores of the HAQ were not statistically significant.ConclusionThis study supports the HAQ as a valid and reliable measure of disability for use in patients with SpA.
The Effects of Ethanol Exposure During Distinct Periods of Brain Development on Oxidative Stress in the Adult Rat Brain
Authors: Brocardo Patricia S. , Gil‐Mohapel Joana , Wortman Ryan , Noonan Athena , McGinnis Eric , Patten Anna R. , Christie Brian R. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundThe consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can result in abnormal fetal development and impaired brain function in humans and experimental animal models. Depending on the pattern of consumption, the dose, and the period of exposure to ethanol (EtOH), a variety of structural and functional brain deficits can be observed.MethodsThis study compared the effects of EtOH exposure during distinct periods of brain development on oxidative damage and endogenous antioxidant status in various brain regions of adult female and male Sprague Dawley rats. Pregnant dams and neonatal rats were exposed to EtOH during one of the following time windows: between gestational days (GDs) 1 and 10 (first trimester equivalent); between GDs 11 and 21 (second trimester equivalent); or between postnatal days (PNDs) 4 and 10 (third trimester equivalent).ResultsEtOH exposure during any of the 3 trimester equivalents significantly increased lipid peroxidation in both the cornus ammonis (CA) and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampus, while also decreasing the levels of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione in the hippocampal CA and DG subregions as well as the prefrontal cortex of young adult animals (PND 60).ConclusionsThese results indicate that EtOH exposure during restricted periods of brain development can have long‐term consequences in the adult brain by dysregulating its redox status. This dysfunction may underlie, at least in part, the long‐term alterations in brain function associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Electrical pulse stimulation of cultured skeletal muscle cells as a model for in vitro exercise – possibilities and limitations
Authors: Nikolić N. , Görgens S. W. , Thoresen G. H. , Aas V. , Eckel J. , Eckardt K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe beneficial health‐related effects of exercise are well recognized, and numerous studies have investigated underlying mechanism using various in vivo and in vitro models. Although electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for the induction of muscle contraction has been used for quite some time, its application on cultured skeletal muscle cells of animal or human origin as a model of in vitro exercise is a more recent development. In this review, we compare in vivo exercise and in vitro EPS with regard to effects on signalling, expression level and metabolism. We provide a comprehensive overview of different EPS protocols and their applications, discuss technical aspects of this model including critical controls and the importance of a proper maintenance procedure and finally discuss the limitations of the EPS model.
Sex differences in confidence influence patterns of conformity
Authors: Cross Catharine P. , Brown Gillian R. , Morgan Thomas J. H. , Laland Kevin N. 
Published: November 2016

Lack of confidence in one's own ability can increase the likelihood of relying on social information. Sex differences in confidence have been extensively investigated in cognitive tasks, but implications for conformity have not been directly tested. Here, we tested the hypothesis that, in a task that shows sex differences in confidence, an indirect effect of sex on social information use will also be evident. Participants (N = 168) were administered a mental rotation (MR) task or a letter transformation (LT) task. After providing an answer, participants reported their confidence before seeing the responses of demonstrators and being allowed to change their initial answer. In the MR, but not the LT, task, women showed lower levels of confidence than men, and confidence mediated an indirect effect of sex on the likelihood of switching answers. These results provide novel, experimental evidence that confidence is a general explanatory mechanism underpinning susceptibility to social influences. Our results have implications for the interpretation of the wider literature on sex differences in conformity.
Attachment in the Early Life Course: Meta‐Analytic Evidence for Its Role in Socioemotional Development
Authors: Groh Ashley M. , Fearon R. M. Pasco , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Roisman Glenn I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAfter decades of research on early attachment relationships, questions remain concerning whether the evidence supports claims made by attachment theory, in particular, that variation in early attachment predicts children's developmental adaptation or maladaptation, and that characteristics of children's temperament does not determine attachment. To evaluate these claims, we conducted meta‐analyses on early attachment and children's social competence with peers, externalizing problems, internalizing symptoms, and temperament. In this article, we summarize our findings, which support attachment theory—though we note caveats. We also call for new measurement models, a focus on mediating and moderating mechanisms, and multisite replications.
Effect of statins on serum vitamin D concentrations: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mazidi Mohsen , Rezaie Peyman , Vatanparast Hassan , Kengne Andre Pascal 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the effects of statin therapy on serum vitamin D concentrations.Materials and methodsWe searched multiple databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar from inception to May 2016, for studies on the effects of statin treatment on serum vitamin D concentration. Quantitative data synthesis used random‐effects models meta‐analysis, with sensitivity analysis conducted using the leave‐one‐out method. Heterogeneity was quantitatively assessed using the I2 index. The systematic review's registration number was CRD42016035974.ResultsIn all, seven of 644 studies met our selection criteria including three randomized controlled trials (RCT), three observational cohort studies and one case–control study. Across RCTs, treatment with statins was associated a significant increase in serum vitamin D concentrations [weighted mean difference (WMD) 2·71 ng/mL, 95% CI 0·19–5·24, I2 62·1%). Across studies of non‐RCT design, statins treatment was associated with a decrease in vitamin D concentrations (WMD −0·70 ng/mL, 95% CI −1·20 to −0·20, I2 56·3%). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis was inconclusive on the effects of statins on vitamin D, with conflicting directions of the effects from interventional and observational studies. The suggested favourable effects from RCTs need to be confirmed in larger studies with extended follow‐up in order to determine the possible health benefits.
Guttural pouch empyema caused byCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisin a pregnant mare
Authors: DeLoache P. , Whelchel D. , Beetz R. , Carter J. , Eichelberger A. , Pusterla N. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryDuring medical management of mild colic in a 12‐year‐old Quarter Horse, mid‐gestation mare, unilateral purulent nasal discharge from the right nostril was noted. Endoscopic examination revealed guttural pouch empyema. Culture was positive forCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisand negative forStreptococcus equissp.equi. A synergistic haemolysis inhibition titre of 1024 was consistent withC. pseudotuberculosisinfection. Treatment included serial lavages and local infusion of antibiotics into the guttural pouches along with a 6‐week course of oral trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin. Overall, no additional sites of infection were identified and the mare responded well to treatment, delivering a healthy, full‐term foal. This case emphasises thatC. pseudotuberculosis, although uncommon, should be considered as a differential for guttural pouch empyema.