bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Phthalocyaninatosilicon With Bridging Ligands (L) (L = Dimethylsilane, Diphenylsilane, Methylphenylsilane)
Authors: Park Ha Sun , Ryu Haiil , Jang Nak Han 
Published: January 2016

Several new types of cofacial compounds of μ‐(dimethylsilane)phthalocyaninatosilicon [PcSi(dms)]
n
, μ‐(diphenyl‐ silane)phthalocyaninatosilicon [PcSi(dps)]
n
, and μ‐(methylphenylsilane)phthalocyaninatosilicon [PcSi(mps)]
n
were synthesized by the reaction of dichlorophthalocyaninatosilicon (PcSiCl2
) with dichlorodimethylsilane, dichlorodiphenylsilane, and dichloromethylphenylsilane in xylene, respectively. The corresponding silane‐bridged phthalocyaninatosilicon compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR),
29Si‐NMR, UV–vis, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The electrical conductivities of the compounds were measured by the four‐probe method, and the bridged phthalocyaninatosilicon compounds without the dopant showed very low electrical conductivity. A clear increase in conductivity, however, was observed for the doped compounds [PcSi(L)Iy]
n
and [PcSi(L)(ClO4
)
y
]
n
, which was found to be in the range σ
RT
= 10−6–10−3 S/cm with doping (I2
, AgClO4
).
Mortality in eating disorders ‐ results of a large prospective clinical longitudinal study
Authors: Fichter Manfred Maximilian , Quadflieg Norbert 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo report on long‐term mortality in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (ED‐NOS), causes of death, and predictors of early death.MethodA large sample of consecutively admitted inpatients (N = 5,839) was followed‐up on vital status through the German civil registry office. Of these patients 1,639 were treated for AN, 1,930 for BN, 363 for BED, and 1,907 for ED‐NOS. Data from the main inpatient hospital treatment were applied to bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses on survival time from onset of eating disorder to death or end of observation. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were computed matched for age, gender, and person‐years.ResultsSMR were 5.35 for AN, 1.49 for BN, 1.50 for BED, 2.39 for narrowly defined ED‐NOS, and 1.70 for widely defined ED‐NOS. Patients with AN died earlier than patients with BN, BED, or ED‐NOS who did not differ. A diagnosis of AN, chronicity, later age of onset, not living in a relationship, and an irregular type of discharge from index inpatient treatment were major predictors of a shorter time to death. Suicidality was a univariate predictor of a shorter time to death in BN only. AN patients mostly died from natural causes related to their eating disorder.DiscussionMortality in AN is excessive and considerably higher than in BN, BED, and ED‐NOS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:391–401).
Decarbonizing the Global Energy System: An Updated Summary of the IPCC Report on Mitigating Climate Change
Authors: Bruckner Thomas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe third volume of the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published in 2104 provides a comprehensive assessment of options for mitigating climate change through limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The entire AR5 serves as the main scientific input for the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris at the end of 2015. The assessment was carried out by Working Group III (WG III) of the IPCC by taking into account literature that has been accepted for publication before October 2013. Meanwhile, important publications were released describing the technical progress made and the recent cost trends seen in the field of low carbon energy supply technologies. On the basis of a brief summary of the energy‐related content of the WG III contribution to AR5, this Essay provides an overview of the latest trends. It further describes the associated implications that should be considered while interpreting the results of IPCC AR5.
Challenges to the representation of suspended sediment transfer using a depth‐averaged flux
Authors: Cheng Chen , Huang Huiming , Liu Chengyan , Jiang Weimin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe sediment saturation recovery process (i.e. the adaptation of suspended sediment concentration [SSC] to local forcing) is the main feature of the non‐equilibrium suspended sediment transport (SST) frequently occurring in fluvial, estuarine and coastal waters. In order to quantitatively describe this phenomenon, a series solution is analytically derived, including the evolution of both vertical SSC profile and near‐bed sediment flux (NBSF), and is verified by net erosion and net deposition experiments, respectively. The results suggest that the sediment saturation recovery process involves vertically varying fluxes that are not represented correctly by depth‐averaging. Consequently, a vertical two‐dimensional (2D) combined scheme is established and applied respectively in to a dredged trench and to a sand wave feature to demonstrate this argument. By analyzing the variations of the calculated depth‐averaged SSC and NBSF we reveal that the equilibrium state presented by the sediment carrying capacity (SCC) form of the NBSF, which is usually applied in depth‐integrated SST models, lags behind the actual dynamic bed equilibrium state. Moreover, the key factor α, the so‐called saturation recovery coefficient within this form, is not only a function of local Rouse number but also is influenced by the local SSC profile. Finally, a three‐dimensional (3D) non‐orthogonal curvilinear body‐fitted SST model is developed and validated in the Yangtze estuary, China, combined with the in situ hourly hydrographic data from August 14–15, 2007 during spring tide in the wet season. Model results confirm that the vertically varying sediment saturation recovery process, the discrepancies between the actual and SCC form of NBSF and non‐constant value of α are significant in actual real geomorphic cases. The quantitative morphological change resulting from variations in environmental conditions may not be correctly represented by uncorrected depth‐integrated SST models if they do not treat the effects of vertical motion on the sediment saturation recovery process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of radio frequency heating on nutritional quality and protein solubility of corn
Authors: Hassan Amro B. , Pawelzik Elke , von Hoersten Dieter 
Published: January 2016

AbstactIn this study, radio frequency heat treatment at varying temperatures (50, 55, and 60°C) was applied to investigate its impact on the nutritional quality and protein solubility of corn. The nutritive value was measured in terms of crude protein content, in vitro protein digestibility, bioavailability of Fe and Ca, and antinutritional factors, tannins and total polyphenols contents. No significant change in total and digestible protein of corn flour was observed after treatments. On the other hand, the availability of Ca and Fe was significantly increased, whereas the antinutritional factors, tannins and total polyphenols contents were decreased after radio frequency heating. Moreover, protein solubility was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in treated corn than in control sample. Regarding these results, radio frequency heating at controlled temperature up to 60°C might be used as postharvest method to enhance the nutritional quality of corn.
A lower Viséan (Carboniferous) brachiopod fauna from the eastern Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, and its palaeobiogeographical implications
Authors: Qiao Li , Falahatgar Mostafa , Shen Shu‐Zhong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe brachiopods from the upper part of the Mobarak Formation at the Kiyasar section in the eastern Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, have been studied in detail. Fifteen species assigned to 13 genera of Strophomenida, Orthotetida, Orthida, Productida, Athyridida and Spiriferida are described. The fauna is determined as early Viséan in age based on the presence of Eomarginifera paucispinosa, Grandispirifer mylkensis and Unispirifer sp., and their associated foraminifers Uralodiscus, Paraarchaediscus, Glomodiscus and Endothyra, though taxa ranging through the Tournaisian–Viséan are also present. A comparison of its palaeogeographical affinities with other faunas show that the Alborz brachiopod fauna maintains strong Palaeotethyan affinities based on its general similarities with those of Eurasia, North America and Australia. This is suggestive of a prevailing oceanic current that circulated between the northern and southern shelf sea of the Palaeotethys Ocean, with which the warm‐water brachiopod taxa were widespread in the Palaeotethyan Realm through the early Viséan. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racial and ethnic differences in cognitive function among older adults in the USA
Authors: Díaz‐Venegas Carlos , Downer Brian , Langa Kenneth M. , Wong Rebeca 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveExamine differences in cognition between Hispanic, non‐Hispanic black (NHB), and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) older adults in the United States.Data/MethodsThe final sample includes 18 982 participants aged 51 or older who received a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status during the 2010 Health and Retirement Study follow‐up. Ordinary least squares will be used to examine differences in overall cognition according to race/ethnicity.ResultsHispanics and NHB had lower cognition than NHW for all age groups (51‐59, 60‐69, 70‐79, 80+). Hispanics had higher cognition than NHB for all age groups but these differences were all within one point. The lower cognition among NHB compared to NHW remained significant after controlling for age, gender, and education, whereas the differences in cognition between Hispanics and NHW were no longer significant after controlling for these covariates. Cognitive scores increased with greater educational attainment for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics exhibited the least benefit.DiscussionOur results highlight the role of education in race/ethnic differences in cognitive function during old age. Education seems beneficial for cognition in old age for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics appear to receive a lower benefit compared to other race/ethnic groups. Further research is needed on the racial and ethnic differences in the pathways of the benefits of educational attainment for late‐life cognitive function. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease with the clock drawing test
Authors: Terwindt Paul W. , Hubers Anna A.M. , Giltay Erik J. , van der Mast Rose C. , van Duijn Erik 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe aim of the study is to investigate the performance of the clock drawing test as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD) mutation carriers.MethodsThe performance of the clock drawing test was assessed in 65 mutation carriers using the Shulman and the Freund scoring systems. The mini‐mental state examination, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Verbal Fluency Test, and the Stroop tests were used as comparisons for the evaluation of cognitive functioning. Correlations of the clock drawing test with various cognitive tests (convergent validity), neuropsychiatric characteristics (divergent validity) and clinical characteristics were analysed using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Receiver‐operator characteristic analyses were performed for the clock drawing test against both the mini‐mental state examination and against a composite variable for executive cognitive functioning to assess optimal cut‐off scores.ResultsInter‐rater reliability was high for both the Shulman and Freund scoring systems (ICC = 0.95 and ICC = 0.90 respectively). The clock drawing tests showed moderate to high correlations with the composite variable for executive cognitive functioning (mean ρ = 0.75) and weaker correlations with the mini‐mental state examination (mean ρ = 0.62). Mean sensitivity of the clock drawing tests was 0.82 and mean specificity was 0.79, whereas the mean positive predictive value was 0.66 and the mean negative predictive value was 0.87.ConclusionThe clock drawing test is a suitable screening instrument for cognitive dysfunction in HD, because it was shown to be accurate, particularly so with respect to executive cognitive functioning, and is easy and quick to use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glacial Lake Pickering: stratigraphy and chronology of a proglacial lake dammed by the North Sea Lobe of the British–Irish Ice Sheet
Authors: Evans David J. A. , Bateman Mark D. , Roberts David H. , Medialdea Alicia , Hayes Laura , Duller Geoff A. T. , Fabel Derek , Clark Chris D. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTWe report the first chronology, using four new optically stimulated luminescence dates, on the sedimentary record of Glacial Lake Pickering, dammed by the North Sea Lobe of the British–Irish Ice Sheet during the Dimlington Stadial (24–11 ka cal BP). Dates range from 17.6 ± 1.0 to 15.8 ± 0.9 ka for the sedimentation of the Sherburn Sands at East Heslerton, which were formed by multiple coalescing alluvial fans prograding into the falling water levels of the lake and fed by progressively larger volumes of debris from the Wolds. Fan formation ceased ∼15.8 ka, at a time when permafrost was degrading and nival‐fed streams were no longer capable of supplying sediment to the fans. A further age of 10.1 ± 0.7 ka dates the reworking of coversand into the early part of the Holocene, immediately post‐dating Younger Dryas periglacial structures. A 45‐m lake level dates to ∼17.6 ka, when the North Sea Lobe was already in retreat, having moved eastward of the Wykeham Moraine; it stood further east at the Flamborough Moraine by ∼17.3 ka. The highest (70 m) lake level and the occupation of the Wykeham Moraine date to an earlier phase of the North Sea Lobe occupation of the Vale of Pickering.
Alternating or continuous exposure to cafeteria diet leads to similar shifts in gut microbiota compared to chow diet
Authors: Kaakoush Nadeem O. , Martire Sarah I. , Raipuria Mukesh , Mitchell Hazel M. , Nielsen Shaun , Westbrook R. Fred , Morris Margaret J. 
Published: January 2016

ScopeOverconsumption of energy‐rich food is a major contributor to the obesity epidemic. The eating habits of many people are characterized by the cycling between overconsumption of energy‐rich foods and dieting, the effects of which on the microbiota are currently unknown.Methods and resultsWe compared the fecal microbiota of rats either continuously fed chow or palatable cafeteria diet to a “cycled” group switched between the two diets (chow for 4, cafeteria for 3 days/wk, n = 12/group) over 16 wk. Enriched bacterial metabolic pathways were predicted, and a range of metabolic parameters was correlated to microbial taxa and pathways. Cycled rats showed large excursions in food intake on each diet switch. When switched from chow to cafeteria, they overconsumed, and when switched back to chow they underconsumed relative to those maintained on the two diets. Metabolic parameters of cycled rats were intermediate between those of the other diet groups (p < 0.05). The microbiota of cycled rats was nearly indistinguishable from rats under constant cafeteria diet, and both groups were significantly different to the chow group. Correlation analyses identified microbial metabolic pathways associated with an obese phenotype.ConclusionThese data suggest that continuous or intermittent exposure to palatable foods have similar effects on the gut microbiota.
A Survey of Occupational Therapy Practice in Beijing, China
Authors: Shi Yun , Howe Tsu‐Hsin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThere is an increasing demand for rehabilitation services in China as a result of the growing number of people with physical and mental challenges, as well as the growing population of older adults. The purpose of this study was to explore the current occupational therapy (OT) resources available in Beijing, China, to serve as the first step in planning the response to increasing demand for OT services from the people of China. Specifically, using the snowball sampling survey method, we explored the work practice, including years of working experience, work setting, weekly work hours, annual income and factors related to job satisfaction among occupational therapists in Beijing, China. A total of 44 occupational therapists currently working in the Beijing area responded to our survey. The results demonstrated that most of the therapists working in Beijing area were young and inexperienced. Despite the fact that the participants had an average age of 31 years old and an average of 8 years' working experience, 61.4% of therapists were under 30 years old and more than half of therapists had less than 5 years of OT experiences. Among those included in the study sample, 50% had earned degrees in OT, and the rest of the OT personnel received OT‐related on‐the‐job training in various forms and lengths of time. A majority of the participants worked in hospital settings with adults or children with physical disabilities and used therapeutic activities and therapeutic exercises. Being an occupational therapist is not a high‐paying job. Education satisfaction, work experience and annual income are the factors related to job satisfaction for the participants. The majority of occupational therapists expressed the need to receive more support for clinical‐related trainings. We plan to expand this pilot study nationwide to gain an in‐depth and comprehensive understanding of the OT workforce in China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do Nighttime Driving Restrictions Reduce Criminal Participation Among Teenagers? Evidence From Graduated Driver Licensing
Authors: Deza Monica , Litwok Daniel 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTo date, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have a three‐stage Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) system that phases in driving privileges for teenagers. GDL laws effectively impose a statutory driving curfew and a limitation on the number of passengers in motor vehicles. Both the timing of motor vehicle access and a limitation on the peer influences available in a motor vehicle could significantly affect the production of criminal behavior. Using the Uniform Crime Reports 1995 to 2011 and a triple‐differences approach, we find that the implementation of GDL decreased criminal participation by 6 percent among teenagers ages 16 and 17, as measured by arrests. These effects are larger in magnitude in states where the nighttime driving curfew is required for a longer period of time. We also show that GDL plays an important role in reducing crime in periods of low gasoline prices, a time when teen driver prevalence would otherwise have been high. These results suggest that there is another benefit to states for adopting GDL laws and provide insight into the production of teenage crime.
Relay selection scheme for amplify‐and‐forward cooperative communication system with artificial noise
Authors: Zhou Nan Run , Liang Xiao Rong , Zhou Zhi Hong , Farouk Ahmed 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCooperative communication can improve the performance of communication system under multi‐path fading conditions by relaying. If there is an eavesdropper in communication system, the secrecy capacity of the system will decrease. Sending artificial noise can enhance the secrecy capacity of communication system. A novel scheme combining relay selection with artificial noise for amplify‐and‐forward cooperative communication system in the presence of an eavesdropper is designed, which seeks the relay with the highest signal‐to‐noise ratio. The location of optimal relay node is found out in this scheme by the relay selection scheme based on distance. However, there is not always a relay node at the optimal location. If there is no relay at the optimal location, then the suboptimal relay node can be found out by drawing circles centered on the optimal location. After that, the optimal relay forwards the signals and sends the artificial noise in the null space of the legitimate channel to confuse the eavesdropper. A close‐form expression for maximizing the secrecy capacity is derived, and it is used as the objective function to select the optimal or suboptimal relay node. The algorithm complexity of the relay selection scheme based on distance is lower than that of the relay selection scheme based on instantaneous channel states. Moreover, it can achieve higher secrecy capacity compared with the scheme without artificial noise. Simulations are conducted to validate the theoretical analyses, and the results demonstrate the validity and reliable security of the scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The KSHV RNA regulator ORF57: target specificity and its role in the viral life cycle
Authors: Vogt Carolin , Bohne Jens 
Published: January 2016

Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes ORF57, which enhances the expression of intron‐less KSHV genes on multiple post‐transcriptional levels mainly affecting RNA stability and export to the cytoplasm. Yet, it remains elusive how ORF57 recognizes viral RNAs and discriminates them from cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Although one common binding motif on three separate KSHV RNAs has been described, most other lytic genes lack this sequence element. In this article we will review the sequence requirements for ORF57 to enhance RNA expression and discuss a model how ORF57 achieves specificity for viral RNAs. Finally, the role of ORF57 is integrated into the viral life cycle as a complex interplay with other viral and host factors and with implications for cellular gene expression. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:173–185. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1323This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Optimising the ProB model checker for B using partial order reduction
Authors: Dobrikov Ivaylo , Leuschel Michael 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Partial order reduction has been very successful at combatting the state explosion problem for lower-level formalisms, but has thus far made hardly any impact for model checking higher-level formalisms such as B, Z or TLA
+
. This paper attempts to remedy this issue in the context of Event-B, with its much more fine-grained events and thus increased potential for event-independence and partial order reduction. In this work, we provide a detailed description of a partial order reduction for explicit state model checking in ProB. The technique is evaluated on a variety of models. The implementation of the method is discussed, which is based on new constraint-based analyses. Further, we give a comprehensive description for elaborating the implementation into the LTL model checker of ProB for checking LTL

−
X

formulae.
A definition for gamification: anchoring gamification in the service marketing literature
Authors: Huotari Kai , Hamari Juho 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
“Gamification” has gained considerable scholarly and practitioner attention; however, the discussion in academia has been largely confined to the human–computer interaction and game studies domains. Since gamification is often used in service design, it is important that the concept be brought in line with the service literature. So far, though, there has been a dearth of such literature. This article is an attempt to tie in gamification with service marketing theory, which conceptualizes the consumer as a co-producer of the service. It presents games as service systems composed of operant and operand resources. It proposes a definition for gamification, one that emphasizes its experiential nature. The definition highlights four important aspects of gamification: affordances, psychological mediators, goals of gamification and the context of gamification. Using the definition the article identifies four possible gamifying actors and examines gamification as communicative staging of the service environment.