bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dust Extinction in Galactic Discs
Authors: Di Bartolomeo A. , Barbaro G. , Perinotto M. 
Published: July 2016

We have solved the radiative transfer equation taking into account both absorption and scattering into the line of sight to the observer to model the disc of spiral galaxies.A dust model has been adopted, suitable for the diffuse interstellar medium of our Galaxy, to obtain, in aU the considered spectral range (1000 ÷ 10000 Å), consistent quantities to describe both the absorption and the scattering properties of the dust.
13. The processes in active regions on the sun and electromagnetics
Authors: Severny A. B. 
Published: July 2016

1. Brief summary of the dynamics of flare development, based on the analysis of moving picture and spectroscopic data. Some new spectroscopic data on the fine structure of emission in active regions, evidencing the peculiar character of motions in them: outbursts of corpuscules, ascending grains of continuous emission, explosive processes and shock-waves.2. Summary of the observational data on the motions in prominences. Regular electromagnetic and turbulent motions, ‘explosive’ motions and their admissible interpretation. Some data on the coronal forms above active regions and on the possible role of hydromagnetics in their formation.3. Some remarks on the role of hydromagnetics, admissible, from the observational aspect.
21. On the magnetic fields in interstellar space and in nebulae
Authors: Shajn G. A. 
Published: July 2016

Some aspects of the problem of magnetic fields in the interstellar space and in the nebulae are discussed in this paper. Our observational basis are the numerous photographs of the nebulae in Hα and other rays, taken with high-speed 450 and 640 mm cameras.The greatly elongated shape of many emission nebulae is interpreted as a result of three factors, the effect of the magnetic field, the macroscopic motions in these nebulae (including the tendency to expand) and the high electrical conductivity of matter. The expansion of nebulae is to be generally accompanied by the considerable decrease in brightness (roughly about d–5), but if the expansion is only in one direction, owing to the presence of a regular magnetic field, the brightness decreases much more slowly (roughly about d–2) and the nebulae remain visible for a longer time. The filamentary structure, which is very often inherent to the elongated nebulae, is, probably, an additional factor of a longer visibility of the nebulae under consideration. The great lengthening of nebulae may be reached in the period of the order of 106 years.In the dark nebulae the matter seems to be electrically conductive and the macroscopic motions of the order of 1–2 km/sec are present there, so that there are reasons to suggest that the magnetic field is also responsible for the elongated shape of many dark nebulae. One may prove that the observed elongated shape of dark and emission nebulae could not be caused by differential galactic rotation.
Rabies outbreak in Greece during 2012–2014: use of Geographical Information System for analysis, risk assessment and control
Authors: GIANNAKOPOULOS A. , VALIAKOS G. , PAPASPYROPOULOS K. , DOUGAS G. , KOROU L. M. , TASIOUDI K. E. , FTHENAKIS G. C. , HUTCHINGS M. R. , KAIMARAS D. , TSOKANA C. N. , ILIADOU P. , SPYROU V. , TZANI M. , BIRTSAS P. , KOSTOGLOU P. , SOKOS C. , DOUDOUNAKIS S. , YON L. , HANNANT D. , ARTOIS M. , TSIODRAS S. , HADJICHRISTODOULOU C. , BILLINIS C. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe objectives of this work were (i) geographical analysis of the 2012–2014 outbreak of rabies in Greece using GIS and (ii) comparative analysis of animal cases with data of potential human exposure to rabies together with environmental data, in order to provide information for risk assessment, effective monitoring and control. Most animal cases (40/48) involved red foxes, while domestic animals were also diagnosed with rabies. Overall, 80% of the cases were diagnosed in central northern Greece; 75% of the cases were diagnosed in low altitudes (<343·5 m), within a distance of 1 km from human settlements. Median distance from livestock farms was 201·25 m. Most people potentially exposed to rabies (889/1060) presented with dog bite injuries. Maximum entropy analysis revealed that distance from farms contributed the highest percentage in defining environmental niche profiles for rabid foxes. Oral vaccination programmes were implemented in 24 administrative units of the country during 2013 and 2014, covering a total surface area of ~60 000 km2. Rabies re-occurrence in Greece emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance in cross-border areas and in areas with intense human activity.
Regulation of post-Golgi LH3 trafficking is essential for collagen homeostasis
Authors: Banushi Blerida , Forneris Federico , Straatman-Iwanowska Anna , Strange Adam , Lyne Anne-Marie , Rogerson Clare , Burden Jemima J. , Heywood Wendy E. , Hanley Joanna , Doykov Ivan , Straatman Kornelis R. , Smith Holly , Bem Danai , Kriston-Vizi Janos , Ariceta Gema , Risteli Maija , Wang Chunguang , Ardill Rosalyn E. , Zaniew Marcin , Latka-Grot Julita , Waddington Simon N. , Howe S. J. , Ferraro Francesco , Gjinovci Asllan , Lawrence Scott , Marsh Mark , Girolami Mark , Bozec Laurent , Mills Kevin , Gissen Paul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPost-translational modifications are necessary for collagen precursor molecules (procollagens) to acquire final shape and function. However, the mechanism and contribution of collagen modifications that occur outside the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi are not understood. We discovered that VIPAR, with its partner proteins, regulate sorting of lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3, also known as PLOD3) into newly identified post-Golgi collagen IV carriers and that VIPAR-dependent sorting is essential for modification of lysines in multiple collagen types. Identification of structural and functional collagen abnormalities in cells and tissues from patients and murine models of the autosomal recessive multisystem disorder Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction and Cholestasis syndrome caused by VIPAR and VPS33B deficiencies confirmed our findings. Thus, regulation of post-Golgi LH3 trafficking is essential for collagen homeostasis and for the development and function of multiple organs and tissues.
Zero-bias photocurrent in ferromagnetic topological insulator
Authors: Ogawa N. , Yoshimi R. , Yasuda K. , Tsukazaki A. , Kawasaki M. , Tokura Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMagnetic interactions in topological insulators cause essential modifications in the originally mass-less surface states. They offer a mass gap at the Dirac point and/or largely deform the energy dispersion, providing a new path towards exotic physics and applications to realize dissipation-less electronics. The nonequilibrium electron dynamics at these modified Dirac states unveil additional functions, such as highly efficient photon to spin-current conversion. Here we demonstrate the generation of large zero-bias photocurrent in magnetic topological insulator thin films on mid-infrared photoexcitation, pointing to the controllable band asymmetry in the momentum space. The photocurrent spectra with a maximal response to the intra-Dirac-band excitations can be a sensitive measure for the correlation between Dirac electrons and magnetic moments.
Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks
Authors: Lenders H. J. R. , Chamuleau T. P. M. , Hendriks A. J. , Lauwerier R. C. G. M. , Leuven R. S. E. W. , Verberk W. C. E. P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe collapse of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks throughout North-Western Europe is generally ascribed to large-scale river regulation, water pollution and over-fishing in the 19thand 20thcentury. However, other causes have rarely been quantified, especially those acting before the 19thcentury. By analysing historical fishery, market and tax statistics, independently confirmed by archaeozoological records, we demonstrate that populations declined by up to 90% during the transitional period between the Early Middle Ages (c. 450–900 AD) and Early Modern Times (c. 1600 AD). These dramatic declines coincided with improvements in watermill technology and their geographical expansion across Europe. Our extrapolations suggest that historical Atlantic salmon runs must have once been very abundant indeed. The historical perspective presented here contributes to a better understanding of the primary factors that led to major declines in salmon populations. Such understanding provides an essential basis for the effective ecological rehabilitation of freshwater ecosystems.
The bacterial DNA repair protein Mfd confers resistance to the host nitrogen immune response
Authors: Guillemet Elisabeth , Leréec Alain , Tran Seav-Ly , Royer Corinne , Barbosa Isabelle , Sansonetti Philippe , Lereclus Didier , Ramarao Nalini 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProduction of reactive nitrogen species (NO) is a key step in the immune response following infections. NO induces lesions to bacterial DNA, thus limiting bacterial growth within hosts. Using two pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Shigella flexneri, we show that the DNA-repair protein Mfd (Mutation-Frequency-Decline) is required for bacterial resistance to the host-NO-response. In both species, a mutant deficient for mfd does not survive to NO, produced in vitro or by phagocytic cells. In vivo, the ∆mfd mutant is avirulent and unable to survive the NO-stress. Moreover, NO induces DNA-double-strand-breaks and point mutations in the Δmfd mutant. In overall, these observations demonstrate that NO damages bacterial DNA and that Mfd is required to maintain bacterial genomic integrity. This unexpected discovery reveals that Mfd, a typical housekeeping gene, turns out to be a true virulence factor allowing survival and growth of the pathogen in its host, due to its capacity to protect the bacterium against NO, a key molecule of the innate immune defense. As Mfd is widely conserved in the bacterial kingdom, these data highlight a mechanism that may be used by a large spectrum of bacteria to overcome the host immune response and especially the mutagenic properties of NO.
Anomalous behaviors of Wyrtki Jets in the equatorial Indian Ocean during 2013
Authors: Duan Yongliang , Liu Lin , Han Guoqing , Liu Hongwei , Yu Weidong , Yang Guang , Wang Huiwu , Wang Haiyuan , Liu Yanliang , Zahid  , Waheed Hussain 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn-situ measurement of the upper ocean velocity discloses significant abnormal behaviors of two Wyrtki Jets (WJs) respectively in boreal spring and fall, over the tropical Indian Ocean in 2013. The two WJs both occurred within upper 130 m depth and persisted more than one month. The exceptional spring jet in May was unusually stronger than its counterpart in fall, which is clearly against the previous understanding. Furthermore, the fall WJ in 2013 unexpectedly peaked in December, one month later than its climatology. Data analysis and numerical experiments illustrate that the anomalous changes in the equatorial zonal wind, associated with the strong intra-seasonal oscillation events, are most likely the primary reason for such anomalous WJs activities.
Contributions of natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing to mass loss of Northern Hemisphere mountain glaciers and quantifying their uncertainties
Authors: Hirabayashi Yukiko , Nakano Kazunari , Zhang Yong , Watanabe Satoshi , Tanoue Masahiro , Kanae Shinjiro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObservational evidence indicates that a number of glaciers have lost mass in the past. Given that glaciers are highly impacted by the surrounding climate, human-influenced global warming may be partly responsible for mass loss. However, previous research studies have been limited to analyzing the past several decades and it remains unclear whether past glacier mass losses are within the range of natural internal climate variability. Here, we apply an optimal fingerprinting technique to observed and reconstructed mass losses as well as multi-model general circulation model (GCM) simulations of mountain glacier mass to detect and attribute past glacier mass changes. An 8,800-year control simulation of glaciers enabled us to evaluate detectability. The results indicate that human-induced increases in greenhouse gases have contributed to the decreased area-weighted average masses of 85 analyzed glaciers. The effect was larger than the mass increase caused by natural forcing, although the contributions of natural and anthropogenic forcing to decreases in mass varied at the local scale. We also showed that the detection of anthropogenic or natural influences could not be fully attributed when natural internal climate variability was taken into account.
Multiple G-quartet structures in pre-edited mRNAs suggest evolutionary driving force for RNA editing in trypanosomes
Authors: Leeder W.-Matthias , Hummel Niklas F. C. , Göringer H. Ulrich 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMitochondrial transcript maturation in African trypanosomes requires a U-nucleotide specific RNA editing reaction. In its most extreme form hundreds of U’s are inserted into and deleted from primary transcripts to generate functional mRNAs. Unfortunately, both origin and biological role of the process have remained enigmatic. Here we report a so far unrecognized structural feature of pre-edited mRNAs. We demonstrate that the cryptic pre-mRNAs contain numerous clustered G-nt, which fold into G-quadruplex (GQ) structures. We identified 27 GQ’s in the different pre-mRNAs and demonstrate a positive correlation between the steady state abundance of guide (g)RNAs and the sequence position of GQ-elements. We postulate that the driving force for selecting G-rich sequences lies in the formation of DNA/RNA hybrid G-quadruplex (HQ) structures between the pre-edited transcripts and the non-template strands of mitochondrial DNA. HQ’s are transcription termination/replication initiation sites and thus guarantee an unperturbed replication of the mt-genome. This is of special importance in the insect-stage of the parasite. In the transcription-on state, the identified GQ’s require editing as a GQ-resolving activity indicating a link between replication, transcription and RNA editing. We propose that the different processes have coevolved and suggest the parasite life-cycle and the single mitochondrion as evolutionary driving forces.
Efficient second-harmonic imaging of collagen in histological slides using Bessel beam excitation
Authors: Vuillemin Nelly , Mahou Pierre , Débarre Delphine , Gacoin Thierry , Tharaux Pierre-Louis , Schanne-Klein Marie-Claire , Supatto Willy , Beaurepaire Emmanuel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSecond-harmonic generation (SHG) is the most specific label-free indicator of collagen accumulation in widespread pathologies such as fibrosis, and SHG-based measurements hold important potential for biomedical analyses. However, efficient collagen SHG scoring in histological slides is hampered by the limited depth-of-field of usual nonlinear microscopes relying on focused Gaussian beam excitation. In this work we analyze theoretically and experimentally the use of Bessel beam excitation to address this issue. Focused Bessel beams can provide an axially extended excitation volume for nonlinear microscopy while preserving lateral resolution. We show that shaping the focal volume has consequences on signal level and scattering directionality in the case of coherent signals (such as SHG) which significantly differ from the case of incoherent signals (two-photon excited fluorescence, 2PEF). We demonstrate extended-depth SHG-2PEF imaging of fibrotic mouse kidney histological slides. Finally, we show that Bessel beam excitation combined with spatial filtering of the harmonic light in wave vector space can be used to probe collagen accumulation more efficiently than the usual Gaussian excitation scheme. These results open the way to SHG-based histological diagnoses.
A metabolic profile in Ruditapes philippinarum associated with growth-promoting effects of alginate hydrolysates
Authors: Yamasaki Yasuhiro , Taga Shigeru , Kishioka Masanobu , Kawano Shuichi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study is to demonstrate the growth-promoting effect of alginate hydrolysates (AHs) on the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, and to verify the physiological change occurring within a living R. philippinarum stimulated by AHs. We show that growth of clams was dramatically promoted by supplementing a diet of the diatom Chaetoceros neogracile with AHs at 4 mg/L. Furthermore, metabolomics indicates that each state of starvation, food satiation, and sexual maturation have a characteristic pattern. In the groups given AHs in addition to C. neogracile in particular, excess carbohydrate was actively utilized for the development of reproductive tissue. In contrast, it appeared that clams in the groups given C. neogracile only were actively growing, utilizing their adequate carbohydrate resources. Meanwhile, the unfed groups have slowed growth because of the lack of an energy source. Hence, supplementation of AHs in addition to the algal diet may be an inexpensive way to shorten the rearing period of R. philippinarum. Moreover, metabolomics can evaluate the growth condition of R. philippinarum in a comprehensive way, and this approach is crucially important for not only the development of a mass culture method but also for the conservation of the clam resource in the field.
3D Imaging of Nanoparticle Distribution in Biological Tissue by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Gimenez Y. , Busser B. , Trichard F. , Kulesza A. , Laurent J. M. , Zaun V. , Lux F. , Benoit J. M. , Panczer G. , Dugourd P. , Tillement O. , Pelascini F. , Sancey L. , Motto-Ros V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNanomaterials represent a rapidly expanding area of research with huge potential for future medical applications. Nanotechnology indeed promises to revolutionize diagnostics, drug delivery, gene therapy and many other areas of research. For any biological investigation involving nanomaterials, it is crucial to study the behavior of such nano-objects within tissues to evaluate both their efficacy and their toxicity. Here, we provide the first account of 3D label-free nanoparticle imaging at the entire-organ scale. The technology used is known as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and possesses several advantages such as speed of operation, ease of use and full compatibility with optical microscopy. We then used two different but complementary approaches to achieve 3D elemental imaging with LIBS: a volume reconstruction of a sliced organ and in-depth analysis. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the quantitative imaging of both endogenous and exogenous elements within entire organs and paves the way for innumerable applications.
Chronic administration of aripiprazole activates GSK3β-dependent signalling pathways and up-regulates GABAA receptor expression and CREB1 activity in rats
Authors: Pan Bo , Huang Xu-Feng , Deng Chao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAripiprazole is a D2-like receptor (D2R) partial agonist with a favourable clinical profile. Previous investigations indicated that acute and short-term administration of aripiprazole had effects on PKA activity, GSK3β-dependent pathways, GABAA receptors, NMDA receptor and CREB1 in the brain. Since antipsychotics are used chronically in clinics, the present study investigated the long-term effects of chronic oral aripiprazole treatment on these cellular signalling pathways, in comparison with haloperidol (a D2R antagonist) and bifeprunox (a potent D2R partial agonist). We found that the Akt-GSK3β pathway was activated by aripiprazole and bifeprunox in the prefrontal cortex; NMDA NR2A levels were reduced by aripiprazole and haloperidol. In the nucleus accumbens, all three drugs increased Akt-GSK3β signalling; in addition, both aripiprazole and haloperidol, but not bifeprunox, increased the expression of Dvl-3, β-catenin and GABAA receptors, NMDA receptor subunits, as well as CREB1 phosphorylation levels. The results suggest that chronic oral administration of aripiprazole affects schizophrenia-related cellular signalling pathways and markers (including Akt-GSK3β signalling, Dvl-GSK3β-β-catenin signalling, GABAA receptor, NMDA receptor and CREB1) in a brain-region-dependent manner; the selective effects of aripiprazole on these signalling pathways might be associated with its unique clinical effects.
Aluminium-induced reduction of plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is mediated by interrupting auxin transport and accumulation in roots
Authors: Wang Shengyin , Ren Xiaoyan , Huang Bingru , Wang Ge , Zhou Peng , An Yuan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate Al3+-induced IAA transport, distribution, and the relation of these two processes to Al3+-inhibition of root growth in alfalfa. Alfalfa seedlings with or without apical buds were exposed to 0 or 100 μM AlCl3 and were foliar sprayed with water or 6 mg L−1 IAA. Aluminium stress resulted in disordered arrangement of cells, deformed cell shapes, altered cell structure, and a shorter length of the meristematic zone in root tips. Aluminium stress significantly decreased the IAA concentration in apical buds and root tips. The distribution of IAA fluorescence signals in root tips was disturbed, and the IAA transportation from shoot base to root tip was inhibited. The highest intensity of fluorescence signals was detected in the apical meristematic zone. Exogenous application of IAA markedly alleviated the Al3+-induced inhibition of root growth by increasing IAA accumulation and recovering the damaged cell structure in root tips. In addition, Al3+ stress up-regulated expression of AUX1 and PIN2 genes. These results indicate that Al3+-induced reduction of root growth could be associated with the inhibitions of IAA synthesis in apical buds and IAA transportation in roots, as well as the imbalance of IAA distribution in root tips.
Highly luminescent InP/GaP/ZnS QDs emitting in the entire color range via a heating up process
Authors: Park Joong Pill , Lee Jae-Joon , Kim Sang-Wook 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInP-based quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention for use in optical applications, and several types of QDs such as InP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, and InP/GaP/ZnS have been developed. However, early synthetic methods that involved rapid injection at high temperatures have not been able to reproducibly produce the required optical properties. They were also not able to support commercialization efforts successfully. Herein, we introduce a simple synthetic method for InP/GaP/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs via a heating process. The reaction was completed within 0.5 h and a full color range from blue to red was achieved. For emitting blue color, t-DDT was applied to prevent particle growth. From green to orange, color variation was achieved by adjusting the quantity of myristic acid. Utilizing large quantities of gallium chloride led to red color. With this method, we produced high-quality InP/GaP/ZnS QDs (blue QY: ~40%, FWHM: 50 nm; green QY: ~85%, FWHM: 41 nm; red QY: ~60%, FWHM: 65 nm). We utilized t-DDT as a new sulfur source. Compared with n-DDT, t-DDT was more reactive, which allowed for the formation of a thicker shell.