bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Temperature Superconductors
Authors: Ketterson J. B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the discovery of cuprate superconductors. In 1986 Bednorz and Müller discovered a material with a composition La2−x3+Bax+2Cu+2O4 (referred to as 214 for short) and a transition temperature of approximately 35 K. The 214 discovery was followed by the observation of a superconducting transition above 90 K in a compound now known to be YBa2Cu3O7−δ (123 or YBCO). Subsequent work showed that the 214 and 123 compounds were members of a large family of copper-based, cuprate, superconductors; however they are similar in that they all contain CuO2 planes. The remainder of the chapter discusses the phenomenology of cuprate superconductors, the electronic structure of cuprates, model Hamiltonians, doping, determining the Fermi surface in cuprates, Josephson coupled layered systems, the kinds of vortex matter states encountered in high temperature superconductors and associated phase diagrams, non-cuprate high temperature superconductors, and the historical evolution of superconducting transition temperatures.
Artificially Structured and Patterned Materials; Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Ketterson J. B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Techniques have been developed for growing materials under controlled but non-equilibrium conditions. One category is the artificially layered materials which can be formed by exposing some substrate to alternating incoming mass fluxes from two (or more) sources, which sequentially deposit on that substrate. Such structures may be prepared as an individual layer buried in an otherwise uniform second constituent, or as systems consisting of multiple layers both periodic and non-periodic. Furthermore, the constituents may be chosen from the same or different materials categories including: metals, superconductors, semiconductors, insulators, ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, and ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics. This chapter discusses the following: artificial superlattices, multi-layer semiconductors, quantum wells and minibands, multiple wells and superlattices, metallic multilayers, spin tunneling, spin torque oscillators, surface states, atoms at a free surface, calculating surface and interface electronic properties, the chemical potential, the work function, and electron affinity. Sample problems are also provided at the end of the chapter.
The Quantum Hall Effects
Authors: Ketterson J. B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter first analyses the integer quantum Hall effect, covering an electron in two dimensions in a magnetic field; a two-dimensional electron gas in a magnetic field; motion under orthogonal electric and magnetic fields; the quantization of the Hall voltage; an electron in two dimensions in a magnetic field; edge states; and localized states. The chapter then turns to the fractional quantum Hall effect, discussing a semi-empirical accounting for observed filling fractions; many-body ground states for non-interacting electrons in the lowest Landau level; adding flux tubes to the non-interacting many-body ground state wave function; and trial ground states for the fractional quantum Hall effect. Sample problems are also provided at the end of the chapter.
Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Fullerenes
Authors: Ketterson J. B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers the electrical and optical properties of different forms of carbon (i.e., carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and graphene) as well as their existing and potential applications. It begins with a discussion of the electronic structure of graphene, which may be pictured as a single cleaved plane of graphite (supported from its perimeter or on some substrate). From a conceptual point of view, it is the simplest of the alternative forms of carbon structures. The remainder of the chapter discusses graphene multilayers; the band structure of graphene from angle resolved photo-emission spectoscopy (ARPES); graphene in a magnetic field; The quantum Hall effect in graphene; and single-walled nanotubes. Sample problems are also provided at the end of the chapter.
Regression analysis: Fixed effects models
Authors: Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses linear regression models with intercepts differing between individuals and/or periods. These differences, representing unobserved spatial and temporal heterogeneity, are represented by fixed parameters. The first part considers models with only fixed individual-specific heterogeneity, the second part also time-specific heterogeneity. Several applications of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) are considered. The chapter also introduces the reader to algebra for Kronecker-products.
Regression analysis with heterogeneous coefficients
Authors: Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis chapter focuses on models and methods for panel data where both coefficients and disturbance variances vary between individuals. Both fixed and random coefficients are considered, and estimation by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) are explained. Coefficient prediction in the random coefficient case is discussed. Estimation in the fixed coefficient case is contrasted with coefficient prediction in the random coefficient case.
Latent heterogeneity correlated with regressors
Authors: Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis chapter explains problems for regression analysis created by correlation between latent heterogeneity and specified regressors and discusses ways of resolving them. The extension considered in this chapter exploits the potential of panel data to address nuisance variables problems, in particular for time-invariant explanatory variables. Essential elements in the procedures are instrumental variables and elements of GLS. The Hausman–Taylor type of specifications, with extensions, an order condition for identification, and applications of the Hausman specification test are discussed.
Measurement errors
Authors: Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA main objective of the chapter is to demonstrate how measurement error problems which are non-tractable in cross-section data can be overcome when (balanced) panel data are available. Transformations (including differences) recommended to eliminate fixed effects, can, in measurement error situations, magnify the relative noise–signal variation. The anatomy of the problems is illustrated by contrasting ‘disaggregate’ and ‘aggregate’ estimators. Ways of combining inconsistent estimators to obtain consistency is discussed. The contrast between N- and T-consistency is elaborated. Models with one error-ridden regressor, estimated by simple instrumental variable (IV) procedures, and multi-regressor generalizations estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) are discussed. Testing of orthogonality conditions by Sargan–Hansen procedures is considered.
Analysis of discrete response
Authors: Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe chapter considers modelling of qualitative responses, represented by binary variables, in panel data contexts. Continuous latent variables, which may sometimes be given utility interpretations, may be underlying the responses observed. Identification problems are discussed. The focus is on logit-models for binary responses with unobserved individual heterogeneity (fixed or random) and ML estimation. A conditional ML procedure for the binomial fixed effects logit model, ensuring consistent slope coefficient estimation in short panels, is explained. Briefly discussed are also probit models and logit generalizations allowing for more than two possible responses.
Panel data with systematic unbalance
Authors: Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik , Biørn Erik 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe chapter relates to, and extends parts of, Chapters 9 and 10. In focus are observation (selection) rules and systematically unbalanced panel data. The unbalance may follow from the sampling process, which often involves endogenous variables, violates ‘classical’ assumptions in regression analysis and makes the observations distorted by the data generating process. Core concepts are censoring and truncation. Truncated normal and binormal distributions therefore are essential. A specific question addressed is which kind of biases arise when the observation rules are neglected in estimation. Estimation, by OLS and ML is considered, partly with examples.
The Predominance of the Fulvii
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a study of the influential role played by the Fulvii in the late third century bc and the first half of the second century bc and of their political alliances. Special attention is given to the members of the gens Flavia that held the consulship in this period, and the connections that they formed with sectors of the patrician order. A general view is put forward: the Fulvii were a dominant presence in the political life of the Republic at various crucial junctions until the Gracchan period, and that the role of Q. Fulvius Flaccus in the conquest of Capua played a crucial role in establishing their prestige.
The Politics of the Marcii
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The paper provides a discussion of the place of the Marcii in the political history of the mid-Republic and in the power set-up of the Roman nobility at the time. Special emphasis is placed on their connections with the so-called ‘Fulvio-Claudian group’, as well as their later connections with the Marian faction. Their prominence within the plebeian order is stressed. The remarkable figure of Q. Marcius Philippus (cos. 186, 169 BC) receives considerable attention, as well as the other branch of the gens, the Marcii Censorini. The discussion ends with the consulship of L. Marcius Philippus (cos. 38 BC), who was the last member of the gens to hold that office.
The Speech for Roscius of Ameria
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a study of Cicero’s speech in defence of Sextus Roscius from Ameria, focusing on the background of the prosecution, the chronology of the case, and its link with the wider political context of the time in which it was given, especially the Sullan settlement and the proscriptions. Special attention is given to the role that the Metelli played in the background of the case, notably through their connection with the Roscii. The political and social position of the freedman Chrysogonus in the case and the strategies through which Cicero represents it in the speech also receive close discussion.
M. Aemilius Lepidus (cos. 78 bc)
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
A discussion of the political ambitions and strategy of M. Aemilius Lepidus and of his involvement in the Italian revolt of 78–77, as well as of his previous connection with Sulla. Some specific themes are singled out within a general account of the period. Special attention is given to the early stages of his career, his position in the Civil War, his connection with Norba, and his standing within the context of the nobility in the Sullan period. Close consideration is given to the evidence of Sallust’s Oratio Lepidi and its place within the wider narrative and interpretative framework of the Historiae.
Satellites of Sulla
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the evidence for Sulla’s closest associates in the years following his victory in the Civil War, with special emphasis on passages of Sallust’s Histories. The freedmen Tarula and Scirtus receive special attention, as well as the identity and background of Vettius Picens and the scribe Cornelius. This leads to some wider remarks on the historiographical and narrative strategies pursued by Sallust in his most ambitious work. The political career of Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianus is also surveyed in detail, within a reassessment of the background of the consular elections for 78 and 77 BC.
The Unspeakable Fufidius
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the evidence for the life and career of L. Fufidius, a centurion who is singled out by some sources as a crucial figure in Sulla’s inner circle in the aftermath of the Civil War. Close consideration is given to the assessment that Sallust provides of this individual in the Histories. Fufidius’s association with Arpinum is discussed, as well as the epigraphical evidence for Fufidii in other communities in Central Italy.
Rome and Arpinum
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the ties between the elite of Arpinum and Rome. The links between the Marii, the Gratidii, and the Tullii are explored, and the integration of some municipal notables in the Roman elite receives detailed consideration. The position of the Fufidii, the Caesii, and the Fadii is also discussed, chiefly on the basis of epigraphical evidence from Arpinum and other Italian communities.
The Consular Elections, 70–66 bc
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the consular elections between 70 and 66 bc, their backgrounds and outcomes, and the known candidates, and their wider political repercussions. Its central contention is that the elections of 66 must be understood against the background of the development of the post-Sullan oligarchy, and notably with the political context of 70 BC. The known candidates that stood for election to the consulship in this period and their political careers receive close attention in this context. The relevance of the elections of 66 BC to the later political developments (notably the conspiracy of Catiline) is also brought out in this connection.
Catilina’s Three Marriages
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a prosopographical study of the evidence for Catiline’s marriages and their political implications. The identities of Catiline’s wifes receive close consideration, as well as the likely chronology of the three marriages. Marriages are regarded as important political operations in their own right. The background of Catiline’s third wife, Aurelia Orestilla, receives especially close attention. The evidence shows that she was in control of a considerable fortune, hence correcting Sallust’s emphasis on her beauty.
Crassus, Catilina, and the Vestal Virgins
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed discussion of the fragmentary evidence for the scandals in which Catiline, Crassus, and the Vestal Virgins were implicated in the years preceding the conspiracy of Catiline. The family backgrounds of the Vestals that were implicated in the case receive close consideration, as well as the consequences of the case for the political career and standing of Crassus. Some speculation is offered about the identities of the prosecutors. Their motives are identified with the aim to launch an attack on sectors of the Sullan faction.
P. Sulla (cos. cand. 66 bc)
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
An overview of the life and career of P. Sulla, nephew of the Dictator and client of Cicero in a major criminal case. His position within the Roman nobility, the extent of his debt to his distinguished relative, the connection with Pompey, his election to the consulship, and his prosecution receive close attention, as well as his involvement in the Civil War and his relationship with Cicero and Sallust. The careers of his descendants are also surveyed.
The Gay Sempronia
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a study of the identity of Sempronia, the noblewoman that plays a distinctive role in Sallust’s account of the conspiracy of Catilina. The reasons for Sallust’s interest in this character are explored, and are discussed against the background of the political role of the Sempronii in the late Republican period. Various hypotheses are canvassed on the family background of Sempronia, as well as on the identity of her descendants and the political role that they may have played in Sallust’s time. Some discussion is also devoted to the character of another noblewoman in Catiline’s War, Fulvia, and her possible connection with Sempronia.
The End of the Fulvii
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The paper provides a discussion of the process that led to the disappearance of the Fulvii from the Roman political elite in the late Republican period. Special attention is given to the remarkable figure of Fulvia, the wife of Mark Antony, who stands right at the end of the history of the gens. A number of lesser figures and the role that they played in the late Republican period also receive some discussion, as well as the evidence for the involvement of Fulvii in the conspiracy of Catilina.
Caesar as Pontifex Maximus
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper discusses of Caesar’s tenure of the priesthood of pontifex maximus and its place in the development of his political career. The circumstances that led to his election to that important office receive close consideration, as well as the evidence for Caesar’s fulfilment of his priestly duties. Some general remarks are offered on the role of public priesthoods in the Roman Republic, on the significance of the highest pontificate, and on the interaction between the religious and political domains. A comparison is developed between Caesar’s use of his priesthood and the precedent set by Sulla in the same domain.
Nicolaus of Damascus XXVIII and XXXI
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This study discusses two passages of Nicolaus of Damascus on Octavian’s early career and the circle of friends and associates that supported him at the time. A critical view of the value of Nicolaus’s evidence is put forward, partly building on the earlier work of E. Schwartz, and a number of prosopographical proposals on the identifications of the individuals mentioned in these passages are put forward, with varying degrees of confidence. Some suggestions are made on their geographical origins. The absence of Salvidienus from Nicolaus’s account receives especially close discussion and is explained with Salvidienus’s eventual fall from grace with Octavian.
Towards Non-Being
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTowards Non-Being presents an account of the semantics of intentional verbs such as ‘believes’, ‘fears’, ‘seeks’, and ‘imagines’. It tackles problems concerning intentional states which are often brushed under the carpet, such as their failure to be closed under deducibility. Drawing on the noneist work of the late Richard Routley (Sylvan), the book proceeds in terms of objects that may be existent or non-existent, at worlds that may either be possible or impossible. Since Russell, non-existent objects have had a bad press in Western philosophy. The book mounts a full-scale defenc ... More Towards Non-Being presents an account of the semantics of intentional verbs such as ‘believes’, ‘fears’, ‘seeks’, and ‘imagines’. It tackles problems concerning intentional states which are often brushed under the carpet, such as their failure to be closed under deducibility. Drawing on the noneist work of the late Richard Routley (Sylvan), the book proceeds in terms of objects that may be existent or non-existent, at worlds that may either be possible or impossible. Since Russell, non-existent objects have had a bad press in Western philosophy. The book mounts a full-scale defence, and in the process, offers an account of both fictional and mathematical objects as non-existent. The second edition adds 10 new chapters to the original eight. These further develop the ideas of the first edition, reply to critics, and explore new areas of relevance. Towards Non-Being presents an account of the semantics of intentional verbs such as ‘believes’, ‘fears’, ‘seeks’, and ‘imagines’. It tackles problems concerning intentional states which are often brushed under the carpet, such as their failure to be closed under deducibility. Drawing on the noneist work of the late Richard Routley (Sylvan), the book proceeds in terms of objects that may be existent or non-existent, at worlds that may either be possible or impossible. Since Russell, non-existent objects have had a bad press in Western philosophy. The book mounts a full-scale defence, and in the process, offers an account of both fictional and mathematical objects as non-existent.
Introduction
Authors: Barker Hannah 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The Introduction presents the main themes of the book—including families, business, religion, gender, and generation—and provides a précis of each chapter. It describes the importance of trade to the fast-growing towns of north-west England during the period of the Industrial Revolution, and the meanings of the terms ‘Industrial Revolution’ and ‘tradesmen’ (and women). It examines the nature of urban social structures during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and the place of those ‘in trade’ within such hierarchies, providing new insights into the lives of ordinary men and women.
Wealth-Holding and Investment
Authors: Barker Hannah , Ishizu Mina 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores how traders managed and invested their wealth by examining their wills. Businesses and real estate tended to constitute their most valuable possessions, which might suggest an aversion to risk among those in trade. However, this seems likely to have been the result of pragmatism, based on rates of return and the paucity of other forms of investment. As other possibilities became more accessible to the trading classes from the 1790s, they began to impact on their investing practices. In Liverpool, we also see evidence that traders invested in shipping. Individuals and families showed flexibility in the face of changing economic contexts, at the same time as they considered the best way to negotiate their own family resources and setbacks. Such practices reveal often quite sophisticated attitudes towards investment and risk, and also meant that specific directions made in wills were often ignored.
Cooperation, Duty, and Love
Authors: Barker Hannah 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the emotional life of families and suggests that familial relations were not governed solely or largely by duty and self-interest. An examination of the personal testimonies of men and women in trade reveals the extent to which close family members were bound together by emotional attachments, and, in particular, by love. This was most evident in relationships between spouses, and between parents and their children, though it was also apparent among siblings and other family members, including those related by marriage rather than by blood. Romantic love between courting and married couples also appears to have been accompanied by a desire for emotional and spiritual comfort.
Home, Business, and Household
Authors: Barker Hannah , Hamlett Jane 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the buildings occupied by trading households, where the commercial and the domestic continued to coexist under the same roof throughout the period of the Industrial Revolution. It explores the numbers of individuals who lived and worked together in these households, the structures and internal layouts of the houses that they occupied, and the possible uses of the different rooms within them, as suggested by practices of room naming and the material objects listed in inventories. A variety of households are described, in terms of the number of people that constituted them, and the amount of physical space that they occupied. Maintaining a differentiation between living and commercial space was something that appears to have been generally attempted, although not always realized, which renders notions of sharply delineated public and private space problematic in the context of those in trade.