bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Capital Gains Tax Treatments on Optimal Livestock Enterprise Selection
Authors: Pounder John T. , Schoney Richard A. , Peterson Gustof A. 
Published: July 2016

Current income tax provisions bear little resemblance to those enacted by the original law, the Revenue Act of 1913. Because of the progressive nature of the federal income tax, a need for special provisions for capital gains was recognized. In 1921, gains from the sale or disposition of capital assets and certain other capital items were identified and taxed differently from income from other sources. The capital gains provisions resulted in the separation of ordinary and capital gains income.Gains and losses from the sale or exchange of a capital asset and other capital items are classified as either short- or long-term, depending on the period of time the property is held. Income from items held for less than the required period is taxed as ordinary income. Income from items held for longer than the required period receive preferential treatment only if the net long-term gain exceeds the net short-term capital loss. If long-term capital gains are realized, 60 percent of the excess gain is claimable as a deduction; the remaining 40 percent of the net gain is taxed at the taxpayer's ordinary tax rate. If the net short-term capital gain exceeds the net long-term loss, 100 percent of the excess is taxable at the normal rate.
Evaluating Use of Outlook Information in Grain Sorghum Storage Decisions
Authors: Rister M. Edward , Skees Jerry R. , Black J. Roy 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study examines grain sorghum storage decisions in the Texas Coastal Bend region. Decisions involving use and non-use of outlook information are compared using stochastic dominance criteria. Results indicate outlook information is of value to most classes of decisionmakers. The value of outlook information, however, is contingent upon producers' risk preferences. The methodology presented could be used to evaluate a more extensive set of marketing strategies for grain sorghum as well as for other crops.
Assessment of Journals Used by Agricultural Economists at Land-Grant Universities
Authors: Broder Josef M. , Ziemer Rod F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAgricultural economists at land-grant universities were surveyed to evaluate the use and assessment of professional journals. Faculty rankings of journals are reported along with faculty perceptions of changes in the quality of selected journals. Of 25 journals used by agricultural economics faculties, the Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics ranked first among regional agricultural economics journals in personal usefulness, subscriptions held, papers submitted, papers published, and participation in the editorial and review processes. The SJAE was also ranked as the second most improved journal among all journals evaluated.
Risk Management Strategies to Reduce Net Income Variability for Farmers
Authors: Falatoonzadeh Hamid , Conner J. Richard , Pope Rulon D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe most useful and practical strategy available for reducing variability of net farm income is ascertained. Of the many risk management tools presently available, five of the most commonly used are simultaneously incorporated in an empirically tested model. Quadratic programming provides the basis for decisionmaking in risk management wherein expected utility is assumed to be a function of the mean and variance of net income. Results demonstrate that farmers can reduce production and price risks when a combination strategy including a diversified crop production plan and participation in the futures market and the Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) is implemented.
A Mathematical Programming Model for Vegetable Rotations
Authors: Musser Wesley N. , Alexander Vickie J. , Tew Bernard V. , Smittle Doyle A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRotations have historically been used to alleviate pest problems in crop production. This paper considers methods of modeling rotations in linear programming models for Southeastern vegetable production. In such models, entering each possible crop rotation as a separate activity can be burdensome because of the large numbers of possible rotational alternatives. Conventional methodology for double crop rotations reduces the number of activities but must be adapted to accommodate triple crop rotational requirements in vegetable production. This paper demonstrates these methods both for a simple example and an empirical problem with numerous rotation alternatives. While the methods presented in this paper may have computational disadvantages compared to entering each rotation as a separate activity, they do have advantages in model design and data management.
Supplier Substitutability and the Impacts of the 1980 U.S. Grain Embargo
Authors: Abbott Philip C. , Paarlberg Philip L. , Patterson Paul M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe 1980 U.S. suspension of grain sales to the Soviet Union illustrates the importance of the choice of conceptual framework for empirical analysis of international trade problems. A spatial equilibrium model of wheat and coarse grains trade assumes perfect substitution among exporting nations' commoditites by importers and, thus, precludes the embargo from having a large impact. The imperfect substitutability assumption of an Armington model results in larger consequences from the embargo. For small shocks, the Armington model better captures the rigidities characteristic of international grain markets. The spatial model provides insights on adjustments to large shocks, but rigidities persist in actual markets.
Allocation of Farm Financial Stress Among Income, Leverage, and Interest Rate Components: A Kansas Example
Authors: Featherstone Allen M. , Schroeder Ted C. , Burton Robert O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSuggested methods to reduce farm financial stress have included interest rate buy-downs and debt forgiveness. This study develops a method to estimate the proportion of individual farm financial stress attributable to an income problem, a leverage problem, and an interest rate problem. Of the Kansas Farm Management Association farms with a financial problem, 30 percent of the total financial problem is caused by an interest rate problem, 28 percent by a leverage problem, and 42 percent by an income problem. A reduction of leverage or interest rate to the level attained by the average nonstressed farms would make 31 percent and 32 percent of the stressed farms profitable, respectively. Therefore, in the short run, an interest rate buy-down or a debt reduction would be equally effective.
Forecasting Agricultural Prices Using a Bayesian Composite Approach
Authors: McIntosh Christopher S. , Bessler David A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractForecast users and market analysts need quality forecast information to improve their decision-making abilities. When more than one forecast is available, the analyst can improve forecast accuracy by using a composite forecast. One of several approaches to forming composite forecasts is a Bayesian approach using matrix beta priors. This paper explains the matrix beta approach and applies it to three individual forecasts of U.S. hog prices. The Bayesian composite forecast is evaluated relative to composites made from simple averages, restricted least squares, and an adaptive weighting technique.
A Comparison of Subjective and Historical Crop Yield Probability Distributions
Authors: Pease James W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractForecast distributions based on historical yields and subjective expectations for 1987 expected crop yields were compared for 90 Western Kentucky grain farms. Different subjective probability elicitation techniques were also compared. In many individual cases, results indicate large differences between subjective and empirical moments. Overall, farmer expectations for 1987 corn yields were below those predicted from their past yields, while soybean expectations were above the historical forecast. Geographical location plays a larger role than crop in comparisons of relative variability of yield. Neither elicitation technique nor manager characteristics have significant effects on the comparisons of the forecasts.
A Bio-economic Dynamic Programming Analysis of the Seasonal Supply Response by Florida Dairy Producers
Authors: Gao X. M. , Spreen Thomas H. , DeLorenzo Michael A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSeasonal price premiums have been proposed as a means of dampening the highly seasonal patterns of milk production in Florida. A Markov decision bio-economic model of the breeding and replacement decisions was solved via stochastic dynamic programming and used to analyze the potential supply response to seasonal price premiums. The results of the analysis suggest that the seasonal milk supply in Florida is highly price inelastic.
An Analysis of Oklahoma's Economy by Districts Using Input-Output Techniques
Authors: Doeksen Gerald A. , Little Charles H. 
Published: July 2016

In order to adequately appraise a district's potential for economic growth and development, it is important to know as much as possible about the economic structure of the particular district under analysis. Recent input-output analysis research conducted for the state of Oklahoma provided an examination of the economic base of the state, but this examination proved inadequate when considering the economic structure of the districts within the state.The Oklahoma model provided an “average” or “aggregate” description of the various economic structures found in the state.
Selection of a Farm Machinery Replacement Criterion Using Simulation
Authors: Kletke Darrel 
Published: July 2016

Little research has focused on developing a model which farmers can use to make yearly machinery replacement decisions. This paper contains an optimizing replacement criterion and then demonstrates the results of alternative rules of thumb used to implement the criterion in a real world situation.The economic life of a machine is here defined as the interval of time during which that machine reaches its minimum average yearly cost. If a machine is replaced by an exact duplicate with the same annual costs, replacement occurs when the currently owned machine attains its economic life. When average cost reaches its minimum, marginal cost and average cost are equal. This is the same as saying that when economic life is reached, the actual yearly cost (marginal cost) is equal to the average yearly cost of the machine. Theoretically, replacement should occur when marginal cost first crosses average cost from below.
Current and Developing Issues in Interregional Competition and Agricultural Transportation
Authors: Johnson Marc A. 
Published: July 2016

This paper identifies current and developing issues in interregional competition and agricultural transportation. These topics are related to the extent that the cost and quality of transportation services is one major determinant of the economic distance between regions.Interregional competition analysis was introduced to agricultural economics in the late 1930s, with the stimulus of agricultural research funds authorized by the Bankhead-Jones Act of 1935, under the leadership of Sherman E. Johnson and John D. Black. Interregional competition developed as a synonym for regional comparative advantage. Interregional competition analysis is a general set of tools designed to measure regional comparative advantage.
Impact of a More Intensive Insect Pest Infestation Level on Cotton Production: Texas High Plains
Authors: Masud Sharif M. , Lacewell Ronald D. , Stoll John R. , Walker J. Knox , Leser James F. , Sellar Christine 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated implications of increased bollworm problems in a 20-county area of the Texas High Plains relative to cotton yields and economic impact. Results did not indicate a serious effect of bollworms upon lint yield when insecticides were used for control. However, estimated annual reduction in farmer profit due to the bollworm for 1979-81 was over $30 million. Yields were estimated to decline about 300,000 bales without insecticide use and about 30,000 bales with insecticide use. This decline suggests potentially serious implications for the comparative economic position of cotton in this region if insecticide resistance were to develop among insect pests.
An Economic Analysis of Selected U. S. Dairy Program Changes
Authors: Whipple Glen D. , Powe Charles , Gray Morgan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn interregional reactive programming model of the United States dairy industry is used to test the welfare implications of several dairy program changes on milk producers, milk consumers, and taxpayers. The results showed that each of the tested alternatives (price support reduction, price support reduction with frozen minimum Class I price, assessments, and production quotas) could reduce price support expenditures substantially. However, assessments reduced expenditures most effectively in terms of cost to milk producers for the United States generally while price support reduction with frozen minimum Class I price was most efficacious in terms of cost to Southeast producers.
Developing Realistic Agricultural Production Functions for Use in Undergraduate Classes
Authors: Debertin David L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis note describes an approach for teaching undergraduate students basic properties of cost and production functions with the aid of computer-generated illustrations. Parameters of a third degree polynomial are derived by making use of both the theoretical restrictions and the specific agricultural production process. The function is then used as the basis for the development of a simple computer graphics program which generates illustrations of the corresponding MPP, AC, and MC functions. Such illustrations can be used to make technically accurate visual aids.
Soybean Trader: A Microcomputer Simulation of International Agricultural Trade
Authors: Levins Richard A. , Brown/ Earl H. , Rosson C. Parr 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSoybean Trader is a microcomputer simulation of international grain trading. The program uses the format of a graphics-oriented game to teach basic economic principles and to stimulate interest in agricultural trade. Profits from trading serve as a score, and competition is encouraged by ranking top scores in Traders' Hall of Fame. Results of tests with adult and youth audiences indicated that the program is an interesting and effective teaching tool.
Pest Information Markets and Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Wetzstein Michael E. 
Published: July 2016

Integrated pest management (IPM) programs vary from employing field scouts to planting trap crops, as inputs in production, to control crop losses. Scouts provide pest information, helping to determine the need for pesticide applications. This increased information may indicate a reduction of periodic application, which would diminish the negative external effects that such treatments have on environmental quality.Recent research in this area has determined the need for pest information (Regev et al.) and the rationale for established information markets (Feder). Currently, such sources exist throughout the United States, and both public and private consultants supply information to agricultural producers.
Policy Science in the Land-Grant Complex: A Perspective on Natural Resource Economics
Authors: Randall Alan 
Published: July 2016

Natural resource economics has long been identified as a policy science. Its chief concerns—problems attributable to “market failures” of various kinds (e.g., Castle 1965) and the special difficulties that arise in intertemporal and intergenerational resource allocation (e.g., Solow)—inherently require some kind of public solution, whether it be by reaffirmation or redefinition of property rights, regulation, taxation policy, or public enterprise.In a time of some general disenchantment with government and selective retrenchment of public sector activity, resource economists (and many other social and economic scientists) are receiving mixed signals. Mostly we tend to work in or for the public sector, the political stock of which is not exactly booming.
Advertising and Retail Promotion of Washington Apples: A Structural Latent Variable Approach to Promotion Evaluation
Authors: Richards Timothy J. , Gao X.M. , Patterson Paul M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract“Commodity promotion” consists of many activities, each designed to contribute to a consumer's product knowledge or influence tastes. However, both knowledge and tastes are unobservable, or latent, variables influencing demand. This paper specifies a dynamic structural model of fresh fruit demand that treats promotion and other socioeconomic variables as “causal” variables influencing these latent variables. Estimating this state-space model using a Kalman filter approach provides estimates of both the system parameters and a latent variable series. The results show that these latent effects contribute positively to apple and other fruit consumption, while reducing banana consumption.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Value-added Production on Cow-Calf Farms
Authors: Popp Michael P. , Faminow Merle D. , Parsch Lucas D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFactors that affect the decision to feed or sell calves at weaning are analyzed for Arkansas cow-calf operators. A discrete choice logit model is used to analyze the adoption of value-added cattle production. Farm size, human capital, perception of risk/returns and enterprise diversification are hypothesized to explain this decision. Regional factors and land quality are also accounted for. Operator perceptions towards risk, profitability and facilities were important. Production control and attention to marketing were also significant, but farm size and scale of cattle production had a minimal impact. Effects of human capital and off-farm labor opportunities need further investigation.
Application of Recursive Partitioning to Agricultural Credit Scoring
Authors: Novak Michael P. , LaDue Eddy 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecursive Partitioning Algorithm (RPA) is introduced as a technique for credit scoring analysis, which allows direct incorporation of misclassification costs. This study corroborates nonagricultural credit studies, which indicate that RPA outperforms logistic regression based on within-sample observations. However, validation based on more appropriate out-of-sample observations indicates that logistic regression is superior under some conditions. Incorporation of misclassification costs can influence the creditworthiness decision.
Early chewing mechanisms in mammalian herbivores
Authors: Rensberger John M. 
Published: July 2016

A comparison of the morphology and wear of the chewing surfaces among archaic Paleocene herbivores suggests that a compressive type of interaction between opposing chewing surfaces was becoming a dominant mode of chewing, unlike the translative (grinding or shearing) mechanisms common in Eocene and later herbivores. In part, the evidence for this conclusion is that most of the wear occurs on horizontal surfaces centered at the tips of the cusps and pronounced unidirectional striae tend to be lacking in these areas. In the diverse early Paleocene periptychid condylarths, multidirectional striae occur on the wear surfaces and there is a measured loss of directionality of the crests and enamel edges from the condition in the earliest condylarth, the Late Cretaceous Protungulatum. The patterns are even more random in the later Paleocene phenacodontids, suggesting that this was a broad characteristic for the larger Paleocene condylarths.Efficiency (that is, the volume of food processed per stroke) in compressional chewing systems is theoretically proportional to the area of the opposing surfaces, with large, relatively flat surfaces optimal, whereas in translational systems linear structures are dominant. The reduction in alignment of striae and in linearity of topographic features of the chewing surfaces is consistent with an increasing dominance of compressive chewing from the condition characteristic of palaeoryctid and probably other Cretaceous insectivores in which both compression and shearing occurred between opposing surfaces. The change was brought about by expanding surface areas at the expense of edge length, which was accomplished independently and differently by the phenacodontids and the periptychids, one by increasing both the cylindrical shape and size of the cusps, the other by increasing the cylindrical shape and converging the cusps. The retention of large paraconules and metaconules in the upper molars, cusps essentially lost in the periptychids, preadapted the phenacodontid pattern for later development of the oblique lophodonty and translatory chewing component characteristic of perissodactyls (horses and their relatives), the dominant herbivores of the Eocene.
Morphogenetic gradients in Paleozoic bryozoan colonies
Authors: Anstey Robert L. , Pachut Joseph F. , Prezbindowski Dennis R. 
Published: July 2016

Subcolony boundaries within Paleozoic bryozoan colonies, not otherwise easily observable, can be located precisely by computer mapping of variables derived from Fourier series. The monticule-centered subcolonies were maintained by morphogenetic gradients that controlled zooecial size and form, zooidal degeneration (producing brown bodies), and the spacing of monticules with respect to each other. These gradients were probably determined by the release of a budding inhibitor from polymorphic zooids within the monticule. In colonies with active monticular budding the morphogenetic gradients represent ontogenetic series, as the zooids that arose in the monticule gradually migrated outward along modified spiral pathways. Polymorphism, including reproductive functions, is probably reflected in the spatial order of zooids away from a monticule. In subcolonies with monticular budding, polymorphs represent different stages in the life history of a single zooid, with gradual transitions in zooecial form between castes.The structural similarity between monticules and oghurd dunes supports the idea that they also functioned as excurrent water outlets, possibly with reproductive polymorphs clustered near the outflow. The variability of monticular size and spacing in some colonies indicates that hydrodynamic efficiency was compromised by the need for developmental plasticity. The development of active budding within monticules is considered an ecophenotypic response to the external environment, suggesting that all monticules within the Stenolaemata were potential budding sites. Monticules were successful adaptations in bryozoans because they performed a multiplicity of functions. While regulating the morphogenesis of the colony, they simultaneously served the metabolic functions of waste removal, feeding and reproduction.