bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel social network mining approach for customer segmentation and viral marketing
Authors: Helal Nivin A. , Ismail Rasha M. , Badr Nagwa L. , Mostafa Mostafa G. M. 
Published: July 2016

Emergence of social networks facilitates individuals to communicate, share opinions and form communities. Organizations benefit from social networks in monitoring customers’ behavior. Social networks mining and analysis aims to segment customers and determine the most influential actors for viral marketing. In this article, we propose a novel social network mining approach for influential analysis and community detection. The community detection task benefits from the most influential users in the network. The proposed approach identifies the most influential users by using a direct mining leaders discovery algorithm and uses these leaders as core points to expand communities around them. This is based on the observation that communities tend to be formed around users of great influence. Extensive experiments have been completed on a real dataset and results show that our approach can contribute in identifying communities of high quality. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:177–189. doi: 10.1002/widm.1183This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Motivation and Emergence of Data Mining
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Buckling of Cylindrical Shells with Arbitrary Circumferential Thickness Variations Under External Pressure
Authors: Feng W.-Z. , Chen Z.-P. , Jiao P. , Zhou F. , Fan H.-G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical study on the buckling of cylindrical shells with arbitrary circumferential thickness variations under external pressure. Firstly, based on the thin shell theory and separation of variables, corresponding ordinary differential equations of laterally pressured cylinders are obtained. Secondly, the general asymptotic formula of buckling load, which is in terms of thickness variation parameter up to arbitrary order, is derived by combining the perturbation method and Fourier series expansion. Thirdly, the effects of uniform and circumferential modal thickness variations on the buckling of cylindrical shells under external pressure are investigated, respectively, and the results agree well with those available in literature. Particularly, the buckling load reduction of cylinders with circumferential modal thickness variation obtained by the proposed method coincides with the numerical results presented by Gusic et al. This analytical method is applicable for evaluating the stability of laterally pressured cylindrical shells with arbitrary circumferential thickness variations, once the thickness variation is known.
A Jewish Riot against Muslims: The Polemics of History in Late Colonial Algeria
Authors: Schreier Joshua 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOn Rosh Hashanah, 1961, six months before the conclusion of the Evian accords promised independence for Algeria, riots broke out in the city of Oran. Surprisingly to many, the aggressors were overwhelmingly Jews, while those injured or killed were largely Muslims. The events—widely covered in the media but since forgotten—were a product of Oran's particular social chemistry, but were also shaped by far wider set of debates about a chasm that was growing between Jews and Arabs in France, Algeria, and the wider Arab world. This article focuses on responses to these riots, especially how they drew on polemical renderings of a shared Muslim-Jewish history. I make two interrelated arguments based on printed matter of the period, French government archives, and memoirs. First, Algerian Jewish observers and pro-FLN nationalist writers, groups that only rarely agreed on the question of Algerian independence, both recalled that the two groups' shared a largely harmonious history. They vehemently disagreed, however, on what this shared, harmonious history meant in terms of political obligations. The article's second argument is that the Israel-Palestine conflict helped sour relations between Jews and Muslims in Algeria, as well as historical renderings of these relations, during the Algerian War of Independence. Specifically, the question of Palestine frequently appeared as a reference when interpreting the riots. Together, the two arguments demonstrate how international issues helped occlude the particular, local stories and belongingness of Algerians, while they defined the future, religio-ethnic contours of the Algerian nation.
Legitimising the care market: the social recognition of migrant care workers in Italy
Authors: CORDINI MARTA , RANCI COSTANZO 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe sizeable presence of migrant care workers in the private care market in many European countries is confirmed by several studies that have explained the phenomenon through functional arguments, stressing the economic convenience of transnational markets and the crucial role played by public regulation. This paper focuses instead on the public and institutional discourses that have contributed to legitimising this private care market, characterised by the worsening of employment conditions and the decrease in care quality. The main argument of this paper is that the social recognition of these workers provides the public with the new concepts and rationales that determine the actual shape of the private care market.Migrant care workers are usually, compared to other migrant workers, more welcome in the host society and less targeted by xenophobic attitudes, especially where their labour helps to meet a lack of public provision as is happening in Southern European countries. Nevertheless, their rights are not fully granted either as citizens or as workers: basic requirements in this migrant care market include for instance reduced wages, great flexibility, and informal contracts.Our hypothesis is tested through the reconstruction of the public regulation and a content analysis of the public discourse that has accompanied this regulation for ten years (2002–2012) in Italy. The two main national newspapers have been taken into account. This analysis provides evidence on how market dynamics have been shaped by a deliberate political construction, which has relieved governments of the task of finding a public solution to care needs and has relegated migrant care workers to a subordinate social position, which is functional in making the care market work.
Actuarial Activity in General Insurance in the Northern Countries of Europe
Authors: Wilhelmsen L. 
Published: July 2016

Although actuaries have been connected with life insurance business for more than 100 years, it is only more recently that actuarial activities in the non-life branches have taken place.The problem of calculating level premiums for the steadily increasing risk in life insurance immediately calls for mathematical ability. The need for mathematically trained specialists is not so easily seen when the problem is to calculate premium rates for fire and casualty insurances. The premium rates in this field have to a great extent been fixed by persons with none or very little knowledge in mathematics and mathematical statistics. When the market conditions allow for considerable margins this arrangement works out very well. The statistical investigation needed later on for controlling the premium rates is not very complicated, and the premium rates can if necessary be changed on short notice. A mistake made in the premium stipulation, will generally not have a lasting effect. In life insurance on the other hand, the contracts often stretch over many years and a mistake in the premium stipulation cannot easily be corrected. These circumstances explain the reason why actuaries have been more often engaged in life insurance than in the fire and casualty branches.But a closer study shows that from a mathematical point of view, the proper fixing of premium rates is often more complicated in the fire and casualty branches than in life. In the fire and casualty field a steady changing of market conditions seems to take place. The competition grows keener and keener, and the margins are cut down. Sooner or later we reach a point where it is of vital importance to know as exactly as possible where we stand. This means that we have to study the risk premium, the security loading and the expense loading separately, and to estimate these quantities with the highest efficiency.
ASTIN Memoirs
Authors: Johansen Paul 
Published: July 2016

Nous avons pensé que les assurances contre l'incendie pouvaient aussi s'étayer du calcul. (T. J. Barrois, 1835)To a mathematician 25 is a very uninteresting number: Just the square of a small prime. For a historian it means an epoch. If 25 years bring us back to one of the cataclysms of recent history, then it is worth looking back at them. (S. Vajda, 1964)
An Application of Game Theory: Cost Allocation
Authors: Lemaire Jean 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe allocation of operating costs among the lines of an insurance company is one'of the toughest problems of accounting; it is first shown that most of the methods used by the accountants fail to satisfy some natural requirements. Next it is proved that a cost allocation problem is identical to the determination of the value of a cooperative game with transferable utilities, and 4 new accounting methods that originate from game theory are proposed. One of those methods, the proportional nucleus, is recommended, due to its properties. Several practical examples are discussed throughout the paper.
Claims frequency and risk premium rate as a function of the size of the risk
Authors: Benktander Gunnar 
Published: July 2016

The rapid economic growth in the last decade and the fierce competition have forced industry to raise its output, to develop new manufacturing methods and, where possible, to lower the fixed costs per unit of output. Consequently bigger factories and warehouses have been and are being built. Furthermore increasing labour costs have speeded up rationalisation and the introduction of efficient machinery.Often, in the course of this development, too little attention has been paid to safety. This is reflected in the increasing number of Fire and Consequential Loss claims which have become so costly that the premium income has proved inadequate. Insurers have therefore adjusted their tariffs and increased their rates.Of course, this is no solution to the problem. Insurers have to insist on adequate fire prevention and fire protection measures. Progress in the right direction can certainly be expedited by realistic tariffs which take account of all the positive features (sprinklers, inspection reports, etc.) and the negative features of a given risk (in commerce or industry).Rating experts say that the tariffs of industrialized countries do not always point to the actual risk and claims fluctuations; one very important factor here, the size of the risk or of the building (i.e. its insured value, volume, surface area), brings me to the main theme of my today's talk.
Mathematical Models in Insurance
Authors: Borch Karl 
Published: July 2016

This paper contains little which can be considered as new. It gives a survey of results which have been presented over the last 10-15 years. At one time these results seemed very promising, but in retrospect it is doubtful if they have fulfilled the expectations they raised. In this situation it may be useful to retrace one's steps and see if problems can be reformulated or if new approaches can be found.Mathematical models have been used in insurance for a long time. One of the first was the Gompertz mortality law; a more recent model, which has been intensively studied is the Compound Poisson Distribution in Lundberg's risk theory.When a model is introduced, one usually proceeds by stages. The first step is to see if the model appears acceptable on a priori reasons. If it does, the second step is to examine the implications of the model, to see if any of these are in obvious contradiction with observations. If the result of this examination is satisfactory, the third step is usually a statistical analysis to find out how well the model approximates the situation in real life, which one wants to analyse. If the model passes this second examination, the next and final step may be to estimate the parameters of the model, and use it in practice, i.e. to make decisions in the real world.The advantage of working with a model is that it gives an overall purpose to the collection and analysis of data. A good model should tell us which data we need, and why.
An Investigation of the Use of Weighted Averages in the Estimation of the Mean of a Long-Tailed Claim Size Distribution
Authors: Taylor G. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe paper discusses the problem of estimating the mean of a long-tailed claim size distribution when the investigator's knowledge of the distribution is only vague.One method of dealing with this problem, the method developed by Johnson and Hey, is examined and found to produce strongly biased estimators.The situation in which a sufficient statistic (but nothing else) for the claim size distribution is known is examined, and an approximately unbiased estimator developed. This estimator is substantially more efficient than the arithmetic mean in some cases. It appears to be quite successful when the sufficient statistic is real-valued. It is of limited use when the sufficient statistic is vector-valued.
Recursions for Compound Distributions
Authors: Panjer H. H. , Willmot G. E. 
Published: July 2016

Various methods for developing recursive formulae for compound distributions have been reported recently by Panjer (1980, including discussion), Panjer (1981), Sundt and Jewell (1981) and Gerber (1982) for a class of claim frequency distributions and arbitrary claim amount distributions. The recursions are particularly useful for computational purposes since the number of calculations required to obtain the distribution function of total claims and related values such as net stop-loss premiums may be greatly reduced when compared with the usual method based on convolutions.In this paper a broader class of claims frequency distributions is considered and methods for developing recursions for the corresponding compound distributions are examined. The methods make use of the Laplace transform of the density of the compound distribution.Consider the class of claim frequency distributions which has the property that successive probabilities may be written as the ratio of two polynomials. For convenience we write the polynomials in terms of descending factorial powers. For obvious reasons, only distributions on the non-negative integers are considered.
Distribution du coût d'un sinistre dans l'assurance sociale contre les accidents
Authors: Latscha R. 
Published: July 2016

On n'a guère entendu dire jusqu'ici que la distribution empirique du coût d'un sinistre dans l'assurance sociale en cas d'accidents ait fait l'objet d'études spéciales. Comme la Caisse nationale suisse d'assurance en cas d'accidents est en train de faire de tels examens en vue de résoudre certains problèmes de tarification que pose l'application de la théorie du risque, nous avons pensé qu'il serait intéressant de présenter une courte communication à ce sujet). Le présent rapport a pour objet l'étude des fonctions empiriques de la distribution du coût d'un accident professionnel dans cinq branches industrielles et artisanales en Suisse). Nous voudrions faire précéder notre exposé de quelques considérations sur l'organisation et les tâches de l'assurance sociale contre les accidents en Suisse ainsi que de l'énumération des désignations et abréviations employées dans ce rapport.La Caisse nationale suisse d'assurance en cas d'accidents à Lucerne, en fonction depuis 1918, est un établissement de droit public autonome. Elle assure obligatoirement contre les conséquences économiques des accidents professionnels et non professionnels les ouvriers et employés des entreprises soumises à l'assurance conformément à la loi sur l'assurance en cas de maladie et d'accidents de 1911. Sont considérés comme accidents professionnels les accidents qui se produisent pendant le travail dans l'entreprise ainsi que les maladies professionnelles. Tous les autres accidents, notamment ceux qui se produisent sur le chemin pour se rendre au travail et en revenir, sont des accidents non professionnels. L'assurance des accidents professionnels et celle des accidents non professionnels forment deux branches d'assurance distinctes. Dans les deux branches, les prestations d'assurance sont les mêmes. Elles consistent dans le paiement des frais de traitement, d'une indemnité de chômage ainsi que dans l'octroi de rentes d'invalidité et de survivants.
Reassurance du Cumul D'Accidents
Authors: Sousselier Jean 
Published: July 2016

Une Compagnie d'assurances délivre par l'intérmediaire d'Agences de Voyage des contrats d'assurances individuelles garantissant les personnes prenant place dans des autocars contre les décès par accident. Le capital garanti est uniforme. Il sera pris égal à I par simplification.Cette Compagnie prend à sa charge le paiement de i décès au maximum dans chaque accident et demande à un Réassureur de payer, aux termes d'un traité en excédent de sinistre, les autres décès; autrement dit, si un accident cause d décès, la Compagnie paie I, le Réassureur en excess paie d — I.Il s'agit de calculer la prime de ce traité en excédent de sinistre?La solution dépend de trois paramètres:n nombre de passagers par autocar, égal au maximum au nombre de places; on supposera, pour fixer les idées, n = 502).d nombre de décès survenus dans un même accident. C'est une variable stochastique comprise entre 0 et n.Il n'y a pas lieu de faire intervenir la fréquence d'accidents (entraînant des morts) q, car celle-ci est un des éléments constitutifs du tarif appliqué par la Cédante et la prime de réassurance est exprimée comme une fraction de la prime originale. Si celle-ci est incorrecte, trop basse ou trop élevée, l'Assureur réalise une perte ou un bénéfice et il est normal que le Réassureur suive en cela la fortune de sa Cédante. La seule question est celle d'un partage équitable de la prime perçue, bonne ou mauvaise, entre la Cédante et le Réassureur.
The insurer's ruin
Authors: de Jongh B. H. 
Published: July 2016

This paper was written in connection with the preparation of Marché Commun regulations in the insurance sector and has been submitted to the Commission Technique pour l'étude d'un indice de solvabilité relatif aux entreprises d'assurances contre les dommages. It aims at explaining the scope of the problem to non-mathematicians and for that reason emphasizes its logical in contradistinction to its computational aspects.The probability of the insurer's ruin has two aspects. The occurrence of the event ruin may be considered with respect to a fixed period but also with respect to a period of undetermined length. In both cases the period starts at a moment at which the insurer's capital (patrimoine) is known and it is intuitively clear that in both cases the probability of ruin will be the higher as the insurer's capital is smaller and the risk to which he is exposed heavier.For some purposes more precise conclusions are required. This requirement gives rise to problems which will be considered here with respect to the probability of the occurrence of ruin in a period of undetermined length. It will be taken for granted that besides the artificial events occurring in games of chance there are other classes of uncertain events to which numerical probabilities can be assigned and that, as far as claims are concerned, the insurer's losses belong to one of the said classes. On this understanding it makes sense to consider a numerical probability of ruin depending on a fixed initial capital, random losses to which numerical probabilities are assigned, and other profits and losses.
Experience Rating When the Company Aims to Increase the Volume of its Business
Authors: Bohman Harald 
Published: July 2016

An insurance company aims to increase the volume of its business.The volume is measured by the premium income during one year.The company makes use of N tariff groups.pn = premium charged by the company per unit of insurance in tariff group n.qn = premium per unit of insurance in tariff group n corresponding to the statistical experience in the said group.Ln = The size of the market in tariff group n. If all insurances in the group pay the same premium and if the company is able to cover the whole of its potential market then Ln is equal to the number of policies. If the premium per policy is equal to pn times the sum insured and if the company is able to cover the whole of its potential market then Ln is equal to the total sum insured.Fn(p) = the proportion of Ln that actually buys insurance in tariff group n if the company charges the premium p per unit of insurance.
Magnitude control of technical reserves in Finland
Authors: Pesonen Erkki 
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with some requirements put forward by the Finnish Supervisory Service on technical reserves mainly for solvency reasons. Consequently only one but nevertheless an important aspect of solvency problem is touched upon. The solvency question in its entirety is discussed in a paper of Dr. Pentikainen at this same colloquium.According to the instructions of the Supervisory Service, given by virtue of the Insurance Companies Act, insurance companies are obliged to calculate a so-called equalisation reserve in a specific way. Simplifying slightly, this equalisation reserve is that part of the technical reserves which exceeds the premium reserve and the claims reserve calculated according to classical actuarial principles; that is to say, the present value of the expectation value of the net insurance liabilities. The Insurance Companies Act calls for this reserve because conventional technical reserves do not take into account the random feature of claims amount.
Some Analyses of Car Insurance Claim-Rates
Authors: Munden J. M. 
Published: July 2016

We have printed the foregoing paper by Mr. Munden as submitted because we think that the detailed analysis will be of interest to all who have interests in the field of motor insurance rating. Of necessity, the data does not lend itself to analysis with respect to some of the known variables and we are conscious that some of the conclusions are controversial; some factors have also emerged from the discussions within ASTIN on motor insurance and it is therefore hoped that the following comments will be of value in relation to the paper.It is of the utmost importance that a clear distinction is drawn between the concept of accident proneness and the heterogeneity shown from observations of claim frequencies under insurance policies. As the discussion at La Baule brought out, the first conclusion to be derived when a compound Poisson distribution emerged is that there is a degree of heterogeneity in the data. This might be due to differences in accident probabilities of the underlying risks, but it could be due, for example, to different exposures of similar risks. Lanteli's paper to the Rättvik colloquium showed a substantial variation of claims experience with annual mileage and thus without an analysis controlled with respect to mileage the conclusion that a proneness factor is solely involved must be suspect.