bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiscal Incidence in Tanzania
Authors: Younger Stephen D. , Myamba Flora , Mdadila Kenneth 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe use methods developed by the Commitment to Equity and data from the 2011/12 Household Budget Survey to assess the effects of government taxation, social spending and indirect subsidies on poverty and inequality in Tanzania. We also simulate several policy reforms to assess their distributional consequences. We find that Tanzania redistributes more than expected given its relatively low income and inequality, largely because both direct and indirect taxes are more progressive than in other countries. Tanzania's nascent conditional cash transfer program has an excellent targeting mechanism. If the program were expanded to a size that is typical for lower‐middle income countries, it could reduce poverty significantly. On the other hand, electricity subsidies are regressive despite attempts to make them more pro‐poor with a lifeline tariff.
HIV/AIDS Sero‐prevalence and Socio‐economic Status: Evidence from Uganda
Authors: Kasirye Ibrahim 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAlthough Uganda reported large reductions in HIV/AIDS prevalence during the 1990s, recent evidence suggests that the country's rate of new HIV infections is on the rise. Motivated by Uganda's reversal of fortunes regarding HIV/AIDS control, this study explores the factors that are correlated with sexual behaviour and the risk of HIV infection using a unique dataset of 19,534 individuals from the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey. This survey tested individuals 15–49 years of age for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. We estimate probit models for the correlates of risky sexual behaviours that can lead to HIV infection, such as having concurrent sexual partners. In addition, we estimate models for correlates of the risk of testing HIV positive. We find that higher education attainment and access to health facilities are important for adopting safe sexual behaviour, as well as reducing the risk of testing HIV positive. Among HIV infected couples, we find that women have a higher rate of discordance, which is at odds with the low rates of self‐reported extra‐marital sexual behaviour.
An Analysis of Patterns and Trends in United States Stormwater Utility Systems
Authors: Kea Kandace , Dymond Randel , Campbell Warren 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSeveral factors, such as municipality location and population, are thought to influence trends among stormwater utilities (SWUs); however, no analysis of the relationship between these factors andSWUcharacteristics has been performed. This article corroborates hypothesized relationships and identifies trends and patterns in the establishment, funding mechanism, and magnitude ofSWUs by analyzing location, population density, home value, and year of establishment for a comprehensive nationalSWUdatabase with data for 1,490SWUs. The equivalent residential unit (ERU), aSWUthat charges based on impervious area, was the most prevalent funding mechanism in all National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Regions of the United States except the West and West‐North‐Central. TheERUwas also found in larger cities with high population densities, whereas the Flat Fee, aSWUthat charges a single rate for all properties, was found in smaller towns. Higher home values were correlated with higher monthly fees for 28% of the municipalities analyzed. The residential equivalence factor, aSWUthat charges based on runoff produced, was popular in municipalities with higher home values, whereas the Flat Fee was popular in municipalities with lower home values. The number ofSWUs established increased with Phase I municipal separate stormwater and sewer system (MS4) permit and PhaseIIsmallMS4 permit deadlines. Summary tables provide guidance to aid municipalities considering aSWU.
Management of pseudophakic myopic anisometropic amblyopia with piggyback Visian® implantable collamer lens
Authors: Eissa Sherif A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPurposeTo assess the outcomes of sulcus implantation of the Visian® implantable collamer lens (ICL) to correct pseudophakic myopic anisometropic amblyopia with myopic shift and/or primary refractive overcorrection.MethodsProspective case series enrolled 14 pseudophakic eyes of 14 patients, 5–9 years old, with history of cataract surgery and primary in the bag‐intraocular lenses (IOL) implantation, followed by myopic shift and/or refractive overcorrection and anisometropic amblyopia of variable degrees. All cases had implantation of a piggyback ICL/toric ICL, to correct the myopia/myopic astigmatism. Preoperatively, we evaluated the uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), intraocular pressure (IOP) and endothelial cell density (ECD). We assessed the position and vaulting of the ICLs on slit lamp examination and confirmed by Scheimpflug tomography. Postoperative follow‐up was at 1st week and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months.ResultsUncorrected distance visual acuity improved in all cases, and CDVA improved in 11 amblyopic eyes (2–4 lines). There was no evidence of interlenticular opacification (ILO) throughout the 2‐year follow‐up. Two cases were complicated with early postoperative acute elevation of IOP and were controlled with topical beta‐blockers. Postoperative acute anterior uveitis occurred in six eyes and controlled by topical steroids. Implantable collamer lens (ICL) vault was measured using Pentacam, with mean value of 470 ± 238 μm.ConclusionSulcus implantation of the secondary piggyback ICL to correct unilateral pseudophakic myopic refractive error in children was safe, efficient, predictable and well tolerated in management of anisometropic amblyopia in all eyes.
High glucose concentration abrogates sevoflurane post‐conditioning cardioprotection by advancing mitochondrial fission but dynamin‐related protein 1 inhibitor restores these effects
Authors: Yu J. , Maimaitili Y. , Xie P. , Wu J. J. , Wang J. , Yang Y. N. , Ma H. P. , Zheng H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimHyperglycaemia‐induced cell injury is a primary cause of cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes. In vivo studies demonstrated that sevoflurane post‐conditioning (SpostC) was cardioprotective against ischaemia/reperfusion injury, which was blocked by hyperglycaemia. This study investigated whether high glucose concentration abrogated SpostC cardioprotection in vitro by advancing mitochondrial fission and whether mitochondrial division inhibitor‐1 (Mdivi‐1) restored SpostC cardioprotection in cultured primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs).MethodsPrimary cultured NCMs in low and high glucose concentrations were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. SpostC was carried out by adding 2.4% sevoflurane to the cells at the beginning of reoxygenation for 15 min. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, cell death, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening level, as well as fission‐ and fusion‐related proteins, were measured after H/R injury. Mdivi‐1 treatment was performed 40 min before hypoxia to inhibit DRP1.ResultsSpostC protected cultured cardiomyocytes by increasing cell viability and reducing the LDH level and cell death following H/R, but high glucose concentration eliminated the cardioprotective effect. High glucose concentration abrogated SpostC cardioprotection via mitochondrial fragmentation (evidenced by decreased mitochondrial interconnectivity and elongation) and facilitation of mPTP opening. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential was investigated with increased DRP1, FIS1 and MFN2 and decreased MFN1 and OPA1 expressions. Mdivi‐1 (100 μmol L−1) inhibited excessive mitochondrial fission and restored the cardioprotective effect of SpostC in high glucose conditions.ConclusionSpostC‐induced cardioprotection against H/R injury was impaired under high glucose concentrations, but the inhibition of excess mitochondrial fission restored these effects.
Clinical Pharmacology in Denmark in 2016 – 40 Years with the Danish Society of Clinical Pharmacology and 20 Years as a Medical Speciality
Authors: Brøsen Kim , Andersen Stig Ejdrup , Borregaard Jeanett , Christensen Hanne Rolighed , Christensen Palle Mark , Dalhoff Kim Peder , Damkier Per , Hallas Jesper , Heisterberg Jens , Jessen Niels , Jürgens Gesche , Kampmann Jens Peter Konnerup , Laursen Britt Elmedal , Laursen Torben , Nielsen Lars Peter , Poulsen Birgitte Klindt , Poulsen Henrik Enghusen , Andersen Ljubica Vukelic , Senderovitz Thomas , Sonne Jesper 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Danish Society of Clinical Pharmacology was founded in 1976, and mainly thanks to the persistent efforts of the society, clinical pharmacology became an independent medical speciality in Denmark in 1996. Since then, clinical pharmacology has gone from strength to strength. In the Danish healthcare system, clinical pharmacology has established itself as an indispensible part of the efforts to promote the rational, safe and economic use of drugs. Clinical pharmacologists are active in drug committees both in hospitals and in the primary sector. All clinical pharmacology centres offer a local medicines information service. Some centres have established an adverse drug effect manager function. Only one centre offers a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Clinical pharmacologists are responsible for the toxicological advice at the Danish Poison Information Centre at Bispebjerg University Hospital in the Capital Region. The Department of Clinical Pharmacology at Aarhus University Hospital works closely together with forensic toxicologists and pathologists, covering issues regarding illicit substances, forensic pharmacology, post‐mortem toxicology, expert testimony and research. Therapeutic geriatric and psychiatric teach‐inns for specialist and junior doctors are among the newest initiatives organized by clinical pharmacologists. Clinical pharmacologists work also in the Danish Medicines Agency and in the Danish pharmaceutical industry, and the latter has in particular a great growth potential for creating new jobs and career opportunities for clinical pharmacologists. As of July 2016, the Danish Society of Clinical Pharmacology has 175 members, and 70 of these are specialists in clinical pharmacology corresponding to approximately 2.5 specialists per 1000 doctors (Denmark has in total 28,000 doctors) or approximately 12 specialists per one million inhabitants.
The effects of instructor participation and class size on student participation in an online class discussion forum
Authors: Parks‐Stamm Elizabeth J. , Zafonte Maria , Palenque Stephanie M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStudent participation in online discussion forums is associated with positive outcomes for student achievement and satisfaction, but research findings on the impact of class size and instructors’ participation on student participation have been mixed. The present study analyzed the frequency of instructor and student posts in asynchronous discussion forums in 500 online courses to examine factors contributing to student participation. Results showed significant effects of both class size and amount of instructor participation, with a significant interaction between the two. In medium class sizes (with 15–30 students), amount of instructor participation did not predict the number of posts per student, but in smaller classes, significant differences in student participation were found depending on amount of instructor participation. Implications for fostering student participation in online discussion forums and interpreting research in this area are discussed.
When to perform preoperative chest computed tomography for renal cancer staging
Authors: Larcher Alessandro , Dell'Oglio Paolo , Fossati Nicola , Nini Alessandro , Muttin Fabio , Suardi Nazareno , De Cobelli Francesco , Salonia Andrea , Briganti Alberto , Zhang Xu , Montorsi Francesco , Bertini Roberto , Capitanio Umberto 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo provide objective criteria for preoperative staging chest computed tomography (CT) in patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) because, in the absence of established indications, the decision for preoperative chest CT remains subjective.Patients and MethodsA total of 1 946 patients undergoing surgical treatment of RCC, whose data were collected in a prospective institutional database, were assessed. The outcome of the study was presence of pulmonary metastases at staging chest CT. A multivariable logistic regression model predicting positive chest CT was fitted. Predictors consisted of preoperative clinical tumour (cT) and nodal (cN) stage, presence of systemic symptoms and platelet count (PLT)/haemoglobin (Hb) ratio.ResultsThe rate of positive chest CT was 6% (n = 119). At multivariable logistic regression, ≥cT1b, cN1, systemic symptoms and Hb/PLT ratio were all associated with higher risk of positive chest CT (all P < 0.001). After 2000‐sample bootstrap validation, the concordance index was found to be 0.88. At decision‐curve analysis, the net benefit of the proposed strategy was superior to the select‐all and select‐none strategies. Accordingly, if chest CT had been performed when the risk of a positive result was >1%, a negative chest CT would have been spared in 37% of the population and a positive chest CT would have been missed in 0.2% of the population only.ConclusionsThe proposed strategy estimates the risk of positive chest CT at RCC staging with optimum accuracy and the results were statistically and clinically relevant. The findings of the present study support a recommendation for chest CT in patients with ≥cT1b, cN1, systemic symptoms or anaemia and thrombocythemia. Conversely, in patients with cT1a, cN0 without systemic symptoms, anaemia and thrombocythemia, chest CT could be omitted.
Race Essentialism and Social Contextual Differences in Children's Racial Stereotyping
Authors: Pauker Kristin , Xu Yiyuan , Williams Amanda , Biddle Ashley M. 
Published: September 2016

The authors explored the differential emergence and correlates of racial stereotyping in 136 children ages 4–11 years across two broad social contexts: Hawai'i and Massachusetts. Children completed measures assessing race salience, race essentialism, and in‐group and out‐group stereotyping. Results indicated that the type of racial stereotypes emerging with age was context dependent. In both contexts in‐group stereotyping increased with age. In contrast, there was only an age‐related increase in out‐group stereotyping in Massachusetts. Older children in Massachusetts reported more essentialist thinking (i.e., believing that race cannot change) than their counterparts in Hawai'i, which explained their higher out‐group stereotyping. These results provide insight into the factors that may shape contextual differences in racial stereotyping.
Ethnic Attitudes and Social Projection in the Classroom
Authors: Thijs Jochem , Verkuyten Maykel 
Published: September 2016

This research examined the process and conditions of social projection of biased ethnic attitudes to classmates in two samples of Grades 4–6 children (n = 342, Mage = 10.75, SD = 0.98; 49% girls; and n = 525, Mage = 10.49 years, SD = 0.96; 51% girls). Children reported on the ethnic group norm in their classroom and on their own ethnic attitudes. Multilevel analyses showed that ethnic majority (Studies 1 and 2) and ethnic minority (Study 2) children's norm perceptions were partly accurate as they not only reflected the aggregated attitudes in each classroom but also related to children's unique attitudes that indicated social projection. Projection was stronger for the most disadvantaged minority group and for children with less depressed affect.
Race‐Based Humor and Peer Group Dynamics in Adolescence: Bystander Intervention and Social Exclusion
Authors: Mulvey Kelly Lynn , Palmer Sally B. , Abrams Dominic 
Published: September 2016

Adolescents’ evaluations of discriminatory race‐based humor and their expectations about peer responses to discrimination were investigated in 8th‐ (Mage = 13.80) and 10th‐grade (Mage = 16.11) primarily European‐American participants (N = 256). Older adolescents judged race‐based humor as more acceptable than did younger adolescents and were less likely to expect peer intervention. Participants who rejected discrimination were more likely to reference welfare/rights and prejudice and to anticipate that peers would intervene. Showing awareness of group processes, adolescents who rejected race‐based humor believed that peers who intervened would be more likely to be excluded. They also disapproved of exclusion more than did participants who supported race‐based humor. Results expose the complexity of situations involving subtle discrimination. Implications for bullying interventions are discussed.
Who attends a Children's Hospital Emergency Department for dental reasons? A two‐step cluster analysis approach
Authors: Marshman Z. , Broomhead T. , Rodd H. D. , Jones K. , Burke D. , Baker S. R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesEmergency departments (EDs) have been identified as key providers of dental care although few studies have examined patterns of attendance or clusters of characteristics. The aim was to identify the reasons for visits to an ED, whether these remained stable over time, and characterize clusters of patients by socio‐demographic and attendance variables.MethodsPseudonymized data were obtained for children who attended the ED in 2003–2004, 2004–2005 and 2012–2013. Presenting complaint was categorized as attending for dental or nondental reasons. Other variables analysed included patient (age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation) and attendance characteristics (distance travelled, season, nature of complaint, time elapsed since onset of symptoms, day of week and hours of attendance), together with treatment outcome (advice, antibiotics and referral). To assess trends over time, analyses were conducted on patient, attendance and treatment outcome variables. To examine whether patients could be characterized by socio‐demographic and attendance variables, a two‐step cluster analysis was undertaken on 2003–2004 data set and validated on 2004–2005 and 2012–2013 data sets.ResultsIn 2003–2004, 550 children attended the ED for dental reasons rising to 687 in 2012–2013. The most important predictors of dental attendance were as follows: nature of complaint, ethnicity, time elapsed, sex and deprivation of the area in which children lived. The analysis showed two clusters: cluster 1 was comprised of children who attended the ED for dental injury, were of White ethnicity and attended within 24 h of onset of symptoms. Children in this cluster were likely to be from the least or less deprived areas (compared to Cluster 2) and were more likely to be males. Cluster 2 comprised of children attending the ED for caries, oral mucosal lesions or other complaints, were likely to be of other (non‐White) ethnicities and were likely to attend more than 24 h after symptoms began. Children in this cluster were more likely to come from the most deprived areas and were both males and females. The clusters varied according to treatment outcome; those patients in Cluster 2 were more likely to be prescribed medication, whilst those children in Cluster 1 were more likely to be referred to another specialty.ConclusionsA significant number of visits to the ED were for dental reasons with two clusters of children. The results have identified groups of patients for whom appropriate dental provision is lacking and where targeted services are needed to improve outcomes for children and reduce the burden on EDs.
How do Australians living with MS experience oral health and accessing dental care? A focus group study
Authors: Pateman K. , Cockburn N. , Campbell J. , Ford P.J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) can affect oral care and access to dental services, but there is limited literature describing the oral health and perceived oral healthcare needs of people with MS. This study aimed to explore the oral health experiences, oral health behaviours and barriers to accessing dental care perceived by people living with MS in Australia.MethodsSix focus groups were held across two metropolitan areas (Brisbane, Queensland and Melbourne, Victoria) and one regional area (Toowoomba, Queensland). Focus group data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsLiving with MS was a highly individual experience due to the range of symptoms that may be experienced. In addition to having different symptom experiences to others with MS, individual symptoms also differed on a daily basis as the disease relapsed and remitted. The physical expressions of MS directly and indirectly affected the oral health of participants. Additionally, oral health was affected by the side effects of medications and orofacial pain symptoms. Depending on the symptoms experienced by the individual, personal oral hygiene was affected and professional dental appointments were difficult. Participants also experienced structural barriers to accessing professional dental care including difficulty accessing transport to‐and‐from dental appointments, space limitations in the dental surgery and financial barriers to care.DiscussionDental care was perceived to be inflexible and was not tailored to individual experiences of MS, which contributed to perceptions of poor quality and appropriateness of care. It is important for dental professionals to offer tailored and individualized dental care when treating people with MS. Our findings suggest that there needs to be greater interprofessional communication and referral to manage atypical dental pain symptoms. Oral health education for people with MS should include altered strategies to performing daily oral hygiene, the management of xerostomia and advice regarding low cariogenic diets suitable for dysphagia. Additionally, policy and strategies to improve the oral health of people with MS should focus on enhancing access through transport, reducing the cost of dental services to the individual and providing domiciliary oral health care.