bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial resolution in electrical impedance tomography: A topical review
Authors: Chitturi Venkatratnam , Farrukh Nagi 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a relatively new imaging technique. It has the advantages of low cost, portability, non-invasiveness and is free from radiation effects. So far, this imaging technique has shown satisfactory results in functional imaging. However, it is not yet fully suitable for anatomical imaging due to its poor spatial resolution. In this paper, we review the basic directions of research in the area of the spatial resolution of the EIT systems. The improvements to the hardware and the software developments are highlighted. Finally, possible techniques to enhance the spatial resolution of the EIT systems using array processing beamforming methods are discussed.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition: influence of a newly implanted cardiac device
Authors: Pinto Luiz Wellington , Gandra Silvia Veloso , Carvalho Alves Matheus de , Gomes Isabel , Sternick Eduardo Back 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Current guidelines do not recommend bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in patients with implanted cardiac devices. There is no data on the influence of such devices over the parameters assessed by BIA. We aimed to assess the influence of cardiac devices on the parameters assessed by BIA as well as to evaluate the likelihood of electromagnetic interference of BIA in patients with implanted cardiac devices. Sixty-two consecutive patients over 18 years of age who underwent single (PM) or multisite (CRT) pacemaker or defibrillator (ICD) implantation were included. Body composition assessment was done using a single frequency device, on both right and left sides, before and after cardiac device implantation. During BIA analysis after device implantation, we did real-time telemetry to assess electromagnetic interference. Patients were 67+14 years old and 51.6% male. PM was implanted in 52 patients (83.9%), ICD in 7 (11.3%), ICD with CRT in 2 (3.2%) and CRT in 1 (1.6%). During real-time telemetry, there was no electromagnetic interference including interruption of telemetry. Default device programming did not change after BIA assessment. After surgery, resistance and fat mass were smaller, while cellular mass, fat-free mass, metabolic rate and total body water/ body weight increased, on right and left sides measurements. We concluded that decreased resistance and related parameters after device implantation were probably influenced to a change in hydration status, regardless of the implanted device. Bioimpedance analysis is safe in patients with an implanted cardiac device.
Physical and Mechanical Therapies for Lower-Limb Problems in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Fellas Antoni , Coda Andrea , Hawke Fiona 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease, is the most common arthritis affecting children younger than 16 years. Children with JIA commonly experience lower-limb dysfunction and disability. We systematically reviewed the effectiveness of physical and mechanical therapies for lower-limb problems in JIA.

Methods:
Randomized controlled trials of physical and mechanical interventions for lower-limb problems in children with JIA were included. Primary outcome was pain. Secondary outcomes included disability, functional ability, and health-related quality of life. Several databases were searched for eligible studies. Authors of included studies and researchers in the field were contacted to identify additional studies.

Results:
Two studies evaluating the effectiveness of customized/custom foot orthoses in treating foot and ankle pain in children with JIA (N = 100) were included. One study also evaluated simple cushioned inserts. Meta-analyses for comparisons between custom/customized foot orthoses and a control intervention after 3 months were not significant for the outcomes of pain (mean difference, –8.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], –18.01 to 0.07), child-rated health-related quality of life (mean difference, 4.38; 95% CI, –3.68 to 12.44), and parent-rated health-related quality of life (mean difference, 1.77; 95% CI, –6.35 to 9.90). Meta-analyses were supported by sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions:
There is a paucity of research evaluating physical and mechanical therapies for lower-limb problems in JIA. No physical therapy has been evaluated in randomized controlled trials, and mechanical therapy evaluation is limited to foot orthoses and shoe inserts for foot and ankle pain. The existing research is hampered by small sample sizes. Until further research is conducted, the effectiveness of mechanical and physical therapies for lower-limb problems in JIA remains unclear.
Upper mantle velocity structure beneath the Arabian shield from Rayleigh surface wave tomography and its implications
Authors: Yao Zhixiang , Mooney Walter D. , Zahran Hani M. , Youssef Salah El‐Hadidy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe measured phase velocities at 13 periods from 20 s to 143 s using Rayleigh wave data recorded at recently installed, dense (135) broadband seismic stations in the Arabian shield and determined the shear‐wave velocity structure. Our results clearly reveal a 300 km wide upper mantle seismic low‐velocity zone (LVZ) beneath the western Arabian shield at a depth of 60 km and with a thickness of 130 km. The LVZ has a north‐south trend and follows the late‐Cenozoic volcanic areas. The lithosphere beneath the western Arabian shield is remarkably thin (60–90 km). The 130 km thick mantle LVZ does not appear beneath the western Red Sea and the spreading axis. Thus, the Red Sea at 20°–26°N is an asymmetric rift, with thin lithosphere located east of the Red Sea axis, as predicted by the low‐angle detachment model for rift development. Passive rifting at the Red Sea and extensional stresses in the shield are probably driven by slab pull from the Zagros subduction zone. The low shear‐wave velocity (4.0–4.2 km/s) and the geometry of LVZ beneath the western shield indicate northward flow of hot asthenosphere from the Afar hot spot. The upwelling of basaltic melt in fractures or zones of localized lithospheric thinning has produced extensive late Cenozoic volcanism on the western edge of the shield, and the buoyant LVZ has caused pronounced topography uplift there. Thus, the evolution of the Red Sea and the Arabian shield is driven by subduction of the Arabian plate along its northeastern boundary.
Estimation of high‐resolution near‐surface freeze/thaw state by the integration of microwave and thermal infrared remote sensing data on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Tianjie , Shi Jiancheng , Hu Tongxi , Zhao Lin , Zou Defu , Wang Tianxing , Ji Dabin , Li Rui , Wang Pingkai 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate how the complementarity between microwave and thermal infrared remote sensing can be exploited for a high‐resolution near‐surface freeze/thaw state estimation. The basic idea is to establish a feasible relationship between the microwave‐derived freeze/thaw state and thermal infrared observations. A quantitative freeze/thaw index from microwave observations at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz is innovatively defined and is assumed to be linearly correlated with land surface temperature from thermal infrared observations. Thus, a linear regression method is proposed and verified to be effective over a multiscale network of Naqu of the Tibetan Plateau. In order to demonstrate the potentiality of the proposed method, it is implemented in the entire Tibetan Plateau. It is found that the linear relationship is quite reliable for most areas and can obtain a high‐resolution near‐surface soil freeze/thaw state with integrated information from microwave and thermal infrared remote sensing. The validation of the high‐resolution freeze/thaw state against soil temperature measured at active layer monitoring sites along the Qinghai‐Tibet Highway illustrates a moderate accuracy over a decade scale. This study provides new insights for high‐resolution freeze/thaw mapping beyond the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission.
Intercomparison between CMIP5 model and MODIS satellite‐retrieved data of aerosol optical depth, cloud fraction, and cloud‐aerosol interactions
Authors: Sockol Alyssa , Small Griswold Jennifer D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAerosols are a critical component of the Earth's atmosphere and can affect the climate of the Earth through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. Cloud fraction (CF) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used with analogous cloud and aerosol properties from Historical Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model runs that explicitly include anthropogenic aerosols and parameterized cloud‐aerosol interactions. The models underestimate AOD by approximately 15% and underestimate CF by approximately 10% overall on a global scale. A regional analysis is then used to evaluate model performance in two regions with known biomass burning activity and absorbing aerosol (South America (SAM) and South Africa (SAF)). In SAM, the models overestimate AOD by 4.8% and underestimate CF by 14%. In SAF, the models underestimate AOD by 35% and overestimate CF by 13.4%. Average annual cycles show that the monthly timing of AOD peaks closely match satellite data in both SAM and SAF for all except the Community Atmosphere Model 5 and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) models. Monthly timing of CF peaks closely match for all models (except GFDL) for SAM and SAF. Sorting monthly averaged 2° × 2.5° model or MODIS CF as a function of AOD does not result in the previously observed “boomerang”‐shaped CF versus AOD relationship characteristic of regions with absorbing aerosols from biomass burning. Cloud‐aerosol interactions, as observed using daily (or higher) temporal resolution data, are not reproducible at the spatial or temporal resolution provided by the CMIP5 models.
Simultaneous stabilization of global temperature and precipitation through cocktail geoengineering
Authors: Cao Long , Duan Lei , Bala Govindasamy , Caldeira Ken 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSolar geoengineering has been proposed as a backup plan to offset some aspects of anthropogenic climate change if timely CO2 emission reductions fail to materialize. Modeling studies have shown that there are trade‐offs between changes in temperature and hydrological cycle in response to solar geoengineering. Here we investigate the possibility of stabilizing both global mean temperature and precipitation simultaneously by combining two geoengineering approaches: stratospheric sulfate aerosol increase (SAI) that deflects sunlight to space and cirrus cloud thinning (CCT) that enables more longwave radiation to escape to space. Using the slab ocean configuration of National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model, we simulate SAI by uniformly adding sulfate aerosol in the upper stratosphere and CCT by uniformly increasing cirrus cloud ice particle falling speed. Under an idealized warming scenario of abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric CO2, we show that by combining appropriate amounts of SAI and CCT geoengineering, global mean (or land mean) temperature and precipitation can be restored simultaneously to preindustrial levels. However, compared to SAI, cocktail geoengineering by mixing SAI and CCT does not markedly improve the overall similarity between geoengineered climate and preindustrial climate on regional scales. Some optimal spatially nonuniform mixture of SAI with CCT might have the potential to better mitigate climate change at both the global and regional scales.
Statistical properties of low‐frequency plasmaspheric hiss
Authors: Malaspina David M. , Jaynes Allison N. , Hospodarsky George , Bortnik Jacob , Ergun Robert E. , Wygant John 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss is an important wave mode for the dynamics of inner terrestrial magnetosphere plasma populations. It acts to scatter high‐energy electrons out of trapped orbits about Earth and into the atmosphere, defining the inner edge of the radiation belts over a range of energies. A low‐frequency component of hiss was recently identified and is important for its ability to interact with higher‐energy electrons compared to typically considered hiss frequencies. This study compares the statistical properties of low‐ and high‐frequency plasmaspheric hiss in the terrestrial magnetosphere, demonstrating that they are statistically distinct wave populations. Low‐frequency hiss shows different behavior in frequency space, different spatial localization (in magnetic local time and radial distance), and different amplitude distributions compared to high‐frequency hiss. The observed statistical properties of low‐frequency hiss are found to be consistent with recently developed theories for low‐frequency hiss generation. The results presented here suggest that careful consideration of low‐frequency hiss properties can be important for accurate inclusion of this wave population in predictive models of inner magnetosphere plasma dynamics.
The dynamics of volcanic jets: Temporal evolution of particles exit velocity from shock‐tube experiments
Authors: Cigala V. , Kueppers U. , Peña Fernández J. J. , Taddeucci J. , Sesterhenn J. , Dingwell D. B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPyroclast ejection during explosive volcanic eruptions occurs under highly dynamic conditions involving great variations in flux, particle sizes, and velocities. This variability must be a direct consequence of complex interactions between physical and chemical parameters inside the volcanic plumbing system. The boundary conditions of such phenomena cannot be fully characterized via field observation and indirect measurements alone. In order to understand better eruptive processes, we conducted scaled and controlled laboratory experiments. By performing shock‐tube experiments at known conditions, we defined the influence of physical boundary conditions on the dynamics of pyroclast ejection. If applied to nature, we are focusing in the near‐vent processes where, independently of fragmentation mechanism, impulsively released gas‐pyroclast mixtures can be observed. These conditions can be met during, e.g., Strombolian or Vulcanian eruptions, parts of Plinian eruptions, or phreatomagmatic explosions. The following parameters were varied: (1) tube length, (2) vent geometry, (3) particle load, (4) temperature, and (5) particle size distribution. Gas and particles in the experiments are not coupled (St >> 1). The initial overpressure, with respect to atmosphere, was always at 15 MPa. We found a positive correlation of pyroclast ejection velocity with (1) particle load, (2) diverging vent walls, and (3) temperature as well as a negative correlation with (1) tube length and (2) particle size. Additionally, we found that particle load strongly affects the temporal evolution of particle ejection velocity. These findings stress the importance of scaled and repeatable laboratory experiments for a better understanding of volcanic phenomena and therefore volcanic hazard assessment.
Connecting crustal seismicity and earthquake‐driven stress evolution in Southern California
Authors: Pollitz Fred F. , Cattania Camilla 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTectonic stress in the crust evolves during a seismic cycle, with slow stress accumulation over interseismic periods, episodic stress steps at the time of earthquakes, and transient stress readjustment during a postseismic period that may last months to years. Static stress transfer to surrounding faults has been well documented to alter regional seismicity rates over both short and long time scales. While static stress transfer is instantaneous and long lived, postseismic stress transfer driven by viscoelastic relaxation of the ductile lower crust and mantle leads to additional, slowly varying stress perturbations. Both processes may be tested by comparing a decade‐long record of regional seismicity to predicted time‐dependent seismicity rates based on a stress evolution model that includes viscoelastic stress transfer. Here we explore crustal stress evolution arising from the seismic cycle in Southern California from 1981 to 2014 using five M≥6.5 source quakes: the M7.3 1992 Landers, M6.5 1992 Big Bear, M6.7 1994 Big Bear, M7.1 1999 Hector Mine, and M7.2 2010 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquakes. We relate the stress readjustment in the surrounding crust generated by each quake to regional seismicity using rate‐and‐state friction theory. Using a log likelihood approach, we quantify the potential to trigger seismicity of both static and viscoelastic stress transfer, finding that both processes have systematically shaped the spatial pattern of Southern California seismicity since 1992.
Variety and sustainability of volcanic lakes: Response to subaqueous thermal activity predicted by a numerical model
Authors: Terada Akihiko , Hashimoto Takeshi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe use a numerical model to investigate the factors that control the presence or absence of a hot crater lake at an active volcano. We find that given a suitable pair of parameters (e.g., the enthalpy of subaqueous fumaroles and the ratio of mass flux of the fluid input at the lake bottom to lake surface area), hot crater lakes can be sustained on relatively long timescales. Neither a high rate of precipitation nor an impermeable layer beneath the lake bottom are always necessary for long‐term sustainability. The two controlling parameters affect various hydrological properties of crater lakes, including temperature, chemical concentrations, and temporal variations in water levels. In the case of low‐temperature crater lakes, increases in flux and enthalpy, which are a common precursor to phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions, result in an increase in both temperature and water level. In contrast, a decrease in water level accompanied by a rise in temperature occurs at high‐temperature lakes. Furthermore, our model suggests that crater geometry is a key control on water temperature. For lakes with a conical topography, a perturbation in the water level due to trivial nonvolcanic activity, such as low levels of precipitation, can cause persistent increases in water temperature and chemical concentrations, and a decrease in the water level, even though subaqueous fumarolic activity does not change. Such changes in hot crater lakes which are not caused by changes in volcanic activity resemble the volcanic unrest that precedes eruptions.
Newly Designed Silica‐Containing Redox Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Novel TOP2 Catalytic Inhibitor for Treating Colon Cancer
Authors: Vong Long Binh , Kimura Shinya , Nagasaki Yukio 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAlthough oral drug delivery is the most common route of drug administration, the conventional polymeric nanocarriers exhibit a low drug loading capacity and low stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) environments. In this study, a newly designed silica‐containing redox nanoparticle (siRNP) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity is developed as an ideal oral nanocarrier for a novel hydrophobic anticancer compound BNS‐22 to treat colitis‐associated colon cancer in vivo. Crosslinking of silica moieties significantly enhances the stability under acidic conditions and improves BNS‐22 loading capacity of siRNP compared to the conventional redox nanoparticle. After oral administration to mice, BNS‐22‐loaded siRNP (BNS‐22@siRNP) remarkably improves bioavailability and colonic tumor distribution of BNS‐22. As the result, BNS‐22@siRNP significantly inhibits the tumor progression in colitis‐associated colon cancer mice compared to other control treatments. It is noteworthy that no systemic absorption of siRNP carrier is observed after oral administration. Interestingly, orally administered BNS‐22@siRNP significantly suppresses the adverse effects of BNS‐22 owing to its ROS scavenging capacity, and no other noticeable toxicities are observed in mice treated with BNS‐22@siRNP although siRNP is localized in the GI tract. Our results indicate that siRNP is a promising oral drug nanocarrier for cancer therapy.
Polythiophene–Peptide Biohybrid Assemblies for Enhancing Photoinduced Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Lu Huan , Zhou Chengcheng , Zhou Xin , Sun Han , Bai Haotian , Wang Yunxia , Lv Fengting , Liu Libing , Ma Yuguo , Wang Shu 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe self‐assembly of short peptide offers versatile processes for adjusting the ordered stacking of organic functional materials to enhance photoinduced electron transfer. Herein, this study presents the first demonstration of the use of Aβ16–22 peptide to prepare polythiophene/Aβ16–22 assemblies for a photocatalytic water splitting system. Isothermal titration microcalorimetry results show that the driving forces for polythiophene/Aβ16–22 assembly formation are electrostatic interactions, as well as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The assemblies accelerate the photoinduced electrons transfer from polythiophene upon light excitation and eventually enhance the hydrogen evolution. This work opens a new way into the development of biohybrid materials as novel photocatalytic water splitting platform for hydrogen evolution.
TiO2 Nanocrystal/Perovskite Bilayer for High‐Performance Photodetectors
Authors: Yi Xiaohui , Ren Zhenwei , Chen Ningli , Li Cheng , Zhong Xinhua , Yang Shiyong , Wang Jizheng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOwing to their attractive performance in photovoltaic devices, organolead halide perovskite materials have attracted enormous interest for photodetector applications. However, current perovskite‐based photodetectors mainly rely on high‐conductive 2D materials such as graphene or transition metal sulfides to transport photocarriers, which indeed significantly improve the photoresponsivity but seriously weaken other parameters such as on/off ratio or response speed. Achieving a high overall performance remains a challenge. Here, a solution‐processed TiO2 nanocrystal (NC) film is employed to transport photocarriers. The designed TiO2 NC/perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) bilayer device exhibits satisfactory overall performance with on/off ratio of 4000, photodetectivity of 1.85 × 1012 Jones, and rise/decay time of 0.49/0.56 s. The device can also be integrated on flexible polyimide substrate. This work provides a strategy to realize high‐performance perovskite‐based photodetectors and clearly demonstrates their potential applications in future flexible optoelectronics.