bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet‐induced changes of redox potential underlie compositional shifts in the rumen archaeal community
Authors: Friedman Nir , Shriker Eran , Gold Ben , Durman Thomer , Zarecki Raphy , Ruppin Eytan , Mizrahi Itzhak 
Published: October 2016

SummaryDietary changes are known to affect gut community structure, but questions remain about the mechanisms by which diet induces shifts in microbiome membership. Here, we addressed these questions in the rumen microbiome ecosystem – a complex microbial community that resides in the upper digestive tract of ruminant animals and is responsible for the degradation of the ingested plant material. Our dietary intervention experiments revealed that diet affects the most abundant taxa within the microbiome and that a specific group of methanogenic archaea of the order Methanomicrobiales is highly sensitive to its changes. Using metabolomic analyses together with in vitro microbiology approaches and whole‐genome sequencing of Methanomicrobium mobile, a key species within this group, we identified that redox potential changes with diet and is the main factor that causes these dietary induced alternations in this taxa's abundance. Our genomic analysis suggests that the redox potential effect stems from a reduced number of anti‐reactive oxygen species proteins coded in this taxon's genome. Our study highlights redox potential as a pivotal factor that could serve as a sculpturing force of community assembly within anaerobic gut microbial communities.
Ecological and genetic determinants of plasmid distribution in Escherichia coli
Authors: Medaney Frances , Ellis Richard J. , Raymond Ben 
Published: October 2016

SummaryBacterial plasmids are important carriers of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Nevertheless, little is known of the determinants of plasmid distribution in bacterial populations. Here the factors affecting the diversity and distribution of the large plasmids of Escherichia coli were explored in cattle grazing on semi‐natural grassland, a set of populations with low frequencies of antibiotic resistance genes. Critically, the population genetic structure of bacterial hosts was chararacterized. This revealed structured E. coli populations with high diversity between sites and individuals but low diversity within cattle hosts. Plasmid profiles, however, varied considerably within the same E. coli genotype. Both ecological and genetic factors affected plasmid distribution: plasmid profiles were affected by site, E. coli diversity, E. coli genotype and the presence of other large plasmids. Notably 3/26 E. coli serotypes accounted for half the observed plasmid‐free isolates indicating that within species variation can substantially affect carriage of the major conjugative plasmids. The observed population structure suggest that most of the opportunities for within species plasmid transfer occur between different individuals of the same genotype and support recent experimental work indicating that plasmid–host coevolution, and epistatic interactions on fitness costs are likely to be important in determining occupancy.
Cell‐specific nitrogen‐ and carbon‐fixation of cyanobacteria in a temperate marine system (Baltic Sea)
Authors: Klawonn I. , Nahar N. , Walve J. , Andersson B. , Olofsson M. , Svedén J. B. , Littmann S. , Whitehouse M. J. , Kuypers M. M. M. , Ploug H 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe analysed N2‐ and carbon (C) fixation in individual cells of Baltic Sea cyanobacteria by combining stable isotope incubations with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Specific growth rates based on N2‐ and C‐fixation were higher for cells of Dolichospermum spp. than for Aphanizomenon sp. and Nodularia spumigena. The cyanobacterial biomass, however, was dominated by Aphanizomenon sp., which contributed most to total N2‐fixation in surface waters of the Northern Baltic Proper. N2‐fixation by Pseudanabaena sp. and colonial picocyanobacteria was not detectable. N2‐fixation by Aphanizomenon sp., Dolichospermum spp. and N. spumigena populations summed up to total N2‐fixation, thus these genera appeared as sole diazotrophs within the Baltic Sea's euphotic zone, while their mean contribution to total C‐fixation was 21%. Intriguingly, cell‐specific N2‐fixation was eightfold higher at a coastal station compared to an offshore station, revealing coastal zones as habitats with substantial N2‐fixation. At the coastal station, the cell‐specific C‐ to N2‐fixation ratio was below the cellular C:N ratio, i.e. N2 was assimilated in excess to C‐fixation, whereas the C‐ to N2‐fixation ratio exceeded the C:N ratio in offshore sampled diazotrophs. Our findings highlight SIMS as a powerful tool not only for qualitative but also for quantitative N2‐fixation assays in aquatic environments.
Recommendations for best practice in response to parental alienation: findings from a systematic review
Authors: Templer Kate , Matthewson Mandy , Haines Janet , Cox Georgina 
Published: October 2016

This study aimed to systematically review the literature pertaining to parental alienation to determine best practice for therapists and legal practitioners. Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO academic databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and conference abstracts were searched. Included articles were peer reviewed journal articles or books published in English pertaining to a psychological or legal intervention for parental alienation. Ten articles were included in the review. It was found that changes in custodial or residential arrangements in favour of the targeted parent are effective in ameliorating parental alienation. Specialized family therapy addressing the alienation is effective in restoring family relationships and family functioning. A coordinated approach from therapists and legal practitioners is important in resolving parental alienation.Practitioner points

Parental alienation requires legal and therapeutic management to enhance family functioning
Awarding primary parental responsibility to the targeted parent and providing specialized family therapy is effective in ameliorating parental alienation
A specialized form of systemic family therapy for parental alienation can improve family functioning and prevent further parental alienation
Blunt chest trauma in a non‐specialist centre: Right treatment, right place?
Authors: Maher Lesley , Jayathissa Sisira 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo compare patient characteristics, management and outcomes for patients admitted with isolated blunt chest trauma, managed by medical or surgical teams.MethodsWe reviewed adult patients admitted with blunt chest trauma between 1 September 2006 and 31 August 2011 to a secondary hospital in New Zealand. Inclusion criteria were: blunt chest trauma, with at least one radiologically demonstrated rib fracture. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes were development of pneumonia, and use of analgesia.ResultsSeventy‐two patients were included. Thirty‐three patients were managed by medical teams and 39 by surgical teams. In‐hospital mortality was greater amongst medical patients 5/33 (15%) versus surgical 0/39 (0%); P = 0.012. Pneumonia occurred in 15/33 (45%); medical patients versus surgical 2/39 (5%), P <0.001. Use of epidural, regional or patient‐controlled analgesia was greater in the group managed by surgical teams (12/39 [30.7%] vs 1/33 [3%] P = 0.002). Medically managed patients were older (median 73 vs 63 years; P = 0.02), had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (median 5 vs 3; P = 0.013). The mechanism of injury for medically managed patients was more likely to be low trauma fall compared to surgically managed patients (28/33 [85%] vs 9/39 [27%]; P <0.0001).ConclusionAmongst patients with isolated blunt chest trauma, those managed by medical teams were older, had more comorbidities and were more likely to have become injured with a low trauma fall than those managed by surgical teams. They had less access to analgesic options, developed pneumonia more often and had higher mortality.
Transcriptome analysis of sugar beet root maggot (Tetanops myopaeformis) genes modulated by the Beta vulgaris host
Authors: Li Haiyan , Smigocki Ann C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSugar beet root maggot (SBRM, Tetanops myopaeformis von Röder) is a major but poorly understood insect pest of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense responses are well documented, however, little information is available about complementary mechanisms for insect adaptive responses to overcome host resistance. To date, no studies have been published on SBRM gene expression profiling. Suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) generated more than 300 SBRM ESTs differentially expressed in the interaction of the pest with a moderately resistant (F1016) and a susceptible (F1010) sugar beet line. Blast2GO v. 3.2 search indicated that over 40% of the differentially expressed genes had known functions, primarily driven by fruit fly D. melanogaster genes. Expression patterns of 18 selected EST clones were confirmed by RT‐PCR analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis predicted a dominance of metabolic and catalytic genes involved in the interaction of SBRM with its host. SBRM genes functioning during development, regulation, cellular process, signaling and under stress conditions were annotated. SBRM genes that were common or unique in response to resistant or susceptible interactions with the host were identified and their possible roles in insect responses to the host are discussed.
Effects of sugammadex vs. pyridostigmine–glycopyrrolate on post‐operative nausea and vomiting: propensity score matching
Authors: Lee O. H. , Choi G. J. , Kang H. , Baek C. W. , Jung Y. H. , Woo Y. C. , Oh J. , Park Y. H. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundSugammadex is a new agent that reverses neuromuscular blockade by aminosteroid neuromuscular blocker. This retrospective study compared the effects of sugammadex on post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) with those of a pyridostigmine–glycopyrrolate mixture.MethodsWe reviewed the electronic medical records of 7179 patients who had received fentanyl‐based, intravenous, patient‐controlled analgesia (IV‐PCA) at Chung‐Ang University Hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015. We categorized the patients into two groups on the basis of the type of reversal agent to neuromuscular blockade that was used: a traditional reversal agent (pyridostigmine–glycopyrrolate mixture; Group R; n = 7059) and sugammadex (Group S; n = 120). The propensity score matching method was then used to select 408 subjects in Group R and 115 subjects in Group S; on the basis of their covariates, these subjects were then matched with a counterpart in the other group.ResultsAfter propensity score matching, the two groups were well balanced with respect to all baseline covariates. In Group S, the numeric rating scale of nausea on day 0, as well as the number of patients who vomited on day 0, was lower than that in group R. Furthermore, Group S used fewer rescue antiemetics on day 0 and had a higher complete response on day 0.ConclusionSugammadex might be more beneficial for PONV compared to pyridostigmine–glycopyrrolate mixture for patients who have received opioid‐based IV‐PCA.
Low degree of satisfactory individual pain relief in post‐operative pain trials
Authors: Geisler A. , Dahl J. B. , Karlsen A. P. H. , Persson E. , Mathiesen O. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe majority of clinical trials regarding post‐operative pain treatment focuses on the average analgesic efficacy, rather than on efficacy in individual patients. It has been argued, that in acute pain trials, the underlying distributions are often skewed, which makes the average unfit as the only way to measure efficacy. Consequently, dichotomised, individual responder analyses using a predefined ‘favourable’ response, e.g. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scores ≤ 30, have recently been suggested as a more clinical relevant outcome.MethodsWe re‐analysed data from 16 randomised controlled trials of post‐operative pain treatment and from meta‐analyses of a systematic review regarding hip arthroplasty. The predefined success criterion was that at least 80% of patients in active treatment groups should obtain VAS < 30 at 6 and 24 h post‐operatively.ResultsIn the analysis of data from the randomised controlled trials, we found that at 6 h post‐operatively, 50% (95% CI: 31–69) of patients allocated to active treatment reached the success criterion for pain at rest and 14% (95% CI: 5–34) for pain during mobilisation. At 24 h post‐operatively, 60% (95% CI: 38–78) of patients allocated to active treatment reached the success criterion for pain at rest, and 15% (95% CI: 5–36) for pain during mobilisation. Similar results were found for trials from the meta‐analyses.ConclusionOur results indicate that for conventional, explanatory trials of post‐operative pain, individual patient's achievement of a favourable response to analgesic treatment is rather low. Future pragmatic clinical trials should focus on both average pain levels and individual responder analyses in order to promote effective pain treatment at the individually patient level.
Modulatory effects of vitamin D on peripheral cellular immunity in patients with recurrent miscarriage
Authors: Chen Xian , Yin Biao , Lian Ruo‐Chun , Zhang Tao , Zhang Hong‐Zhan , Diao Liang‐Hui , Li Yu‐Ye , Huang Chun‐Yu , Liang De‐Sheng , Zeng Yong 
Published: October 2016

ProblemWe aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of vitamin D on peripheral blood cellular immune response in patients with recurrent miscarriage (RM).Method of studyThe effect of vitamin D on the number of peripheral blood cells, T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines, and NK cytotoxicity was measured in 99 women with RM.ResultsThe percentage of CD19+ B cells and NK cytotoxicity at an effector‐to‐target cell (E:T) ratio of 50:1, 25:1, and 12.5:1 were significantly higher in the vitamin D insufficiency group (VDI) than in the vitamin D normal group (VDN) (P<.05 each). The proportion of TNF‐α‐expressing Th cells was significantly higher in the vitamin D deficiency group (VDD) than in VDN (P<.05). However, there were no significant differences between VDI and VDD. This dysregulation was significantly reduced with 1,25(OH)2D supplementation.ConclusionThe data suggest that the abnormalities of cellular immune response were observed in RM patients with a low vitamin D level, which could be regulated to some extent with 1,25(OH)2D supplementation.
A policy of routine umbilical cord blood gas analysis decreased missing samples from high‐risk births
Authors: Ahlberg M , Elvander C , Johansson S , Cnattingius S , Stephansson O 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThis study compared obstetric units practicing routine or selective umbilical cord blood gas analysis, with respect to the risk of missing samples in high‐risk deliveries and in infants with birth asphyxia.MethodsThis was a Swedish population‐based cohort study that used register data for 155 235 deliveries of live singleton infants between 2008 and 2014. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the association between routine and selective umbilical cord blood gas sampling strategies and the risk of missing samples.ResultsSelective sampling increased the risk ratios when routine sampling was used as the reference, with a value of 1.0, and these were significant in high‐risk deliveries and birth asphyxia. The risk ratios for selective sampling were large‐for‐gestational age (9.07), preterm delivery at up to 36 weeks of gestation (8.24), small‐for‐gestational age (7.94), two or more foetal scalp blood samples (5.96), an Apgar score of less than seven at one minute (2.36), emergency Caesarean section (1.67) and instrumental vaginal delivery (1.24).ConclusionCompared with routine sampling, selective umbilical cord blood gas sampling significantly increased the risks of missing samples in high‐risk deliveries and in infants with birth asphyxia.
Gene–Gene Interactions Among PRKCA, NOS3 and BDKRB2 Polymorphisms Affect the Antihypertensive Effects of Enalapril
Authors: Oliveira‐Paula Gustavo H. , Luizon Marcelo R. , Lacchini Riccardo , Fontana Vanessa , Silva Pamela S. , Biagi Celso , Tanus‐Santos Jose E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProtein kinase C (PKC) signalling is critically involved in the control of blood pressure. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) affect PKC expression and activity, which are partially associated with the responses to ACEi. We examined whether PRKCA (protein kinase C, alpha) polymorphisms (rs887797 C>T, rs1010544 T>C and rs16960228 G>A), or haplotypes, and gene–gene interactions within the ACEi pathway affect the antihypertensive responses in 104 hypertensive patients treated with enalapril as monotherapy. Patients were classified as poor responders (PR) or good responders (GR) to enalapril if their changes in mean arterial pressure were lower or higher than the median value, respectively. Multi‐factor dimensionality reduction was used to characterize interactions among PRKCA, NOS3 (nitric oxide synthase 3) and BDKRB2 (bradykinin receptor B2) polymorphisms. The TC+CC genotypes for the rs1010544 polymorphism were more frequent in GR than in PR (p = 0.037). Conversely, the GA+AA genotypes for the rs16960228 polymorphism, and the CTA haplotype, were more frequent in PR than in GR (p = 0.040 and p = 0.008, respectively). Moreover, the GG genotype for the PRKCA rs16960228 polymorphism was associated with PR or GR depending on the genotypes for the rs2070744 (NOS3) and rs1799722 (BDKRB2) polymorphisms (p = 0.012). Our results suggest that PRKCA polymorphisms and gene–gene interactions within the ACEi pathway affect the antihypertensive responses to enalapril.
Child behaviour problems and childhood illness: development of the Eczema Behaviour Checklist
Authors: Mitchell A. E. , Morawska A. , Fraser J. A. , Sillar K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesChildren with atopic dermatitis are at increased risk of both general behaviour problems, and those specific to the condition and its treatment. This can hamper the ability of parents to carry out treatment and manage the condition effectively. To date, there is no published instrument available to assess child behaviour difficulties in the context of atopic dermatitis management. Our aim was to develop a reliable and valid instrument to assess atopic dermatitis‐specific child behaviour problems, and parents' self‐efficacy (confidence) for managing these behaviours.MethodsThe Eczema Behaviour Checklist (EBC) was developed as a 25‐item questionnaire to measure (i) extent of behaviour problems (EBC Extent scale), and (ii) parents' self‐efficacy for managing behaviour problems (EBC Confidence scale), in the context of child atopic dermatitis management. A community‐based sample of 292 parents completed the EBC, measures of general behaviour difficulties, self‐efficacy with atopic dermatitis management and use of dysfunctional parenting strategies.ResultsThere was satisfactory internal consistency and construct validity for EBC Extent and Confidence scales. There was a negative correlation between atopic dermatitis‐specific behaviour problems and parents' self‐efficacy for dealing with behaviours (r = −.53, p < .001). Factor analyses revealed a three‐factor structure for both scales: (i) treatment‐related behaviours; (ii) symptom‐related behaviours; and (iii) behaviours related to impact of the illness. Variation in parents' self‐efficacy for managing their child's atopic dermatitis was explained by intensity of illness‐specific child behaviour problems and parents' self‐efficacy for dealing with the behaviours.ConclusionsThe new measure of atopic dermatitis‐specific child behaviour problems was a stronger predictor of parents' self‐efficacy for managing their child's condition than was the measure of general child behaviour difficulties. Results provide preliminary evidence of reliability and validity of the EBC, which has potential for use in clinical and research settings, and warrant further psychometric evaluation.
Metabolic health profile in young adults with Prader–Willi syndrome: results of a 2‐year randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover GH trial
Authors: Kuppens R.J. , Bakker N.E. , Siemensma E.P.C. , Donze S.H. , Stijnen T. , Hokken‐Koelega A.C.S. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryContextPatients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) have an increased fat mass and decreased lean body mass. GH‐treated young adults with PWS who have attained adult height benefit from continuation of growth hormone (GH) treatment, as GH maintained their improved body composition, whereas fat mass increased during the placebo period. Adults with PWS are predisposed to T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Whether GH affects metabolic health profile of this patient group is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of GH vs placebo on metabolic health, in young adults with PWS who were GH‐treated for many years during childhood and had attained adult height (AH).MethodA 2‐year, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study with stratification for gender and BMI in 27 young adults with PWS. Intervention with GH (0·67 mg/m2/day) and placebo, both for 1‐year duration.ResultsCompared to placebo, GH treatment resulted in similar glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test. Only fasting glucose and insulin were slightly higher during GH vs placebo (+0·2 mmol/l and +18·4 pmol/l), although both remained within normal ranges in both phases. Blood pressure and lipid profile were similar after GH vs placebo. At baseline (AH) and during GH, no patients had metabolic syndrome, while 1 developed it during placebo treatment.ConclusionsGrowth hormone treatment has no adverse effects on metabolic health profile. Thus, GH‐treated young adults with PWS who have attained AH benefit from continuation of GH treatment without safety concerns regarding metabolic health.
Toward reassessing data‐deficient species
Authors: Bland Lucie M. , Bielby Jon , Kearney Stephen , Orme C. David L. , Watson James E. M. , Collen Ben 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOne in 6 species (13,465 species) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is classified as data deficient due to lack of information on their taxonomy, population status, or impact of threats. Despite the chance that many are at high risk of extinction, data‐deficient species are typically excluded from global and local conservation priorities, as well as funding schemes. The number of data‐deficient species will greatly increase as the IUCN Red List becomes more inclusive of poorly known and speciose groups. A strategic approach is urgently needed to enhance the conservation value of data‐deficient assessments. To develop this, we reviewed 2879 data‐deficient assessments in 6 animal groups and identified 8 main justifications for assigning data‐deficient status (type series, few records, old records, uncertain provenance, uncertain population status or distribution, uncertain threats, taxonomic uncertainty, and new species). Assigning a consistent set of justification tags (i.e., consistent assignment to assessment justifications) to species classified as data deficient is a simple way to achieve more strategic assessments. Such tags would clarify the causes of data deficiency; facilitate the prediction of extinction risk; facilitate comparisons of data deficiency among taxonomic groups; and help prioritize species for reassessment. With renewed efforts, it could be straightforward to prevent thousands of data‐deficient species slipping unnoticed toward extinction.