bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brief Dietary Assessment Predicts Executive Dysfunction in an Elderly Cohort: Results from the Einstein Aging Study
Authors: Sundermann Erin E. , Katz Mindy J. , Lipton Richard B. , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Derby Carol A. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the association between diet and executive function, episodic memory and global verbal cognition in the Einstein Aging Study (EAS) cohort and determine whether race modifies this relationship.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsEAS participants without dementia who completed the Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients (REAP) (N = 492).MeasurementsThe previously validated REAP is based on the 2000 U.S. dietary guidelines. REAP scores were dichotomized as less‐healthy (<median) or healthier (≥median) diet. Nine neurocognitive tests underwent principle component analysis, revealing three significant orthogonal components: episodic memory, executive function, and global cognition. Impaired cognitive function in each domain was defined as 2 standard deviations (SD) or more below the mean on any task or a total score of 1.5 SD or more below the mean. Using logistic regression, the association between diet and cognitive impairment was assessed, adjusting for age, education, sex, cardiovascular comorbidities, hypertension, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, depressive symptoms, race, and the interaction between race and diet group.ResultsThe sample was 60% female and 74% white and had a mean age of 80. In the entire sample, impaired executive function was associated with the interaction between race and diet group (P = .08), whereas other cognitive domains were not. In race‐stratified analyses, healthier diet was associated with lower odds of impaired executive function in whites (odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21–0.93, P = .03), as were healthier scores on the saturated fat subscale (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16–0.71, P = .004). In blacks, REAP scores were not associated with cognitive domains.ConclusionHealthy diet was associated with lower risk of executive dysfunction in whites. Race differences may be due to greater vascular risk in blacks or differences in generalizability of the REAP.
Cardioprotective potential of curcumin against norepinephrine‐induced cell death: a microscopic study
Authors: MANGHANI C. , GUPTA A. , TRIPATHI V. , RANI V. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryCardiomyopathy and associated heart failure continues to be one of the most severe complications that threaten a large population. Curcumin, one of the three curcuminoids of the spice turmeric, is very well known for a multitude of health benefits and functions. Norepinephrine (NE), a catecholamine and also a stress hormone may cause the cardiomyocytes to develop increased sensitivity to death with its increasing concentrations. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of curcumin in NE‐induced cardiac apoptosis using several fluorescent and nonfluorescent microscopic techniques like DAPI, PI, Giemsa, PicroSirius and TUNEL. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of curcumin in preventing the occurrence of features underlying apoptosis such as nuclear disruption, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and alterations in mitochondrial membrane permeability. Our results show that curcumin protects the cardiomyocytes against apoptosis significantly and also helps them to revert to their normal physiological state. Hence, we propose that curcumin has the potential to act as a therapeutic agent for the attenuation of NE‐induced cardiac cell death and modulation of apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.
A Mixed‐Methods Study of Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth In Certified Nurse‐Midwives
Authors: Beck Cheryl Tatano , Rivera Jamie , Gable Robert K. 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionThe purpose of this mixed‐methods study was to investigate vicarious posttraumatic growth in certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) who have struggled after attending traumatic births. Vicarious posttraumatic growth involves positive changes in a clinician's life due to caring for patients who are traumatized.MethodsA convergent parallel mixed‐methods design was used. The American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) sent out e‐mails to all CNM members with a link to the electronic survey. CNMs completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and the Core Beliefs Inventory in the quantitative portion. For the qualitative portion CNMs responded to a statement asking them to describe their experiences of any positive changes in their beliefs or life after attending traumatic births. IBM SPSS 23.0 and Krippendorff's content analysis were used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.ResultsThe sample consisted of 425 CNMs who completed the quantitative portion and 315 (74%) who completed the qualitative portion. CNMs reported a small degree of both disruption of their core beliefs and vicarious posttraumatic growth. Personal Strength was the dimension of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory that reflected the highest growth, followed by Appreciation of Life, Relating to Others, Spiritual Change, and New Possibilities. In the qualitative findings, Personal Strength was also the category of vicarious posttraumatic growth most frequently described.DiscussionThis study confirmed a positive relationship between the degree that a CNM's core beliefs are challenged and the amount of vicarious posttraumatic growth that is experienced. The qualitative comments of the CNMs matched the quantitative scores of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory.
Provider Perspectives on Safety in Primary Care in Albania
Authors: Gabrani Jonila Cyco , Knibb Wendy , Petrela Elizana , Hoxha Adrian , Gabrani Adriatik 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the safety attitudes of specialist physicians (SPs), general physicians (GPs), and nurses in primary care in Albania.DesignThe study was cross‐sectional. It involved the SPs, GPs, and nurses from five districts in Albania. A demographic questionnaire and the adapted Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ)‐Long Ambulatory Version A was used to gather critical information regarding the participant's profile, perception of management, working conditions, job satisfaction, stress recognition, safety climate, and perceived teamwork.MethodsThe onsite data collectors distributed questionnaires at the primary care clinics and then collected them. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the responses. The significance of mean difference among SPs, GPs, and nurses was tested using analysis of variance.FindingsFive hundred twenty‐three questionnaires were completed. The concept of patient safety in relation to job satisfaction received the highest ratings. Stress recognition had low ratings. There was a high level of teamwork in SPs, GPs, and nurses. Healthcare staff agreed that it was difficult to discuss errors in their primary healthcare center. Physicians in contrast to nurses were most likely to affirm that they do not make errors in hostile situations.ConclusionsErrors are difficult to discuss. It was clear that primary care staff, such as physicians, never considered the likelihood of errors occurring during tense situations.Clinical RelevanceStaff at primary healthcare centers are used to adverse events and errors. Despite the demand for safety improvement and the existing evidence on the epidemiology of outpatient medical errors, most research has only been conducted in hospital settings. Many patients are put at risk and some are harmed as a result of adverse events in primary care. Adequate communication and technical skills should be utilized by primary care providers (PCPs) for improvement of patient safety. The patient safety measures should include assessment of the safety attitudes of PCPs.
From ideals to resignation – interprofessional teams perspectives on everyday life processes in psychiatric inpatient care
Authors: Molin Jenny , Graneheim Ulla Hällgren , Ringnér Anders , Lindgren Britt‐Marie 
Published: October 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Psychiatric inpatient care has been described by both ward staff and patients as being demanding and disorganized, lacking opportunities for quality interactions in everyday life through joint activities.

Qualitative research on interprofessional teams' perspectives on everyday life processes in psychiatric inpatient care is lacking.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Staff have ideals about care and collaboration, but the obstacles they face in everyday life, such as a poor environment, power asymmetry, lacking structure and the demands of managing chaos, mean that they appear to resign and shift focus from the patients' best interests to self‐survival.

Different professions in general describe the same obstacles in everyday life on the wards but there are also profession‐specific perspectives on distancing and feelings of abandonment. To our knowledge, these findings have not been reported in the international evidence.

What are the implications for practice?

Given these findings we suggest interventions such as Protected Engagement Time as well as reflective dialogues within interprofessional teams.

This would help staff to resume their caring role in everyday life in psychiatric inpatient care and put their ideals into practice.

AbstractIntroductionPatients and ward staff describe psychiatric inpatient care as demanding, characterized by unpredictable events, yet research on interprofessional teams perspectives of everyday life processes in psychiatric inpatient care lacks.AimThis study aims to explore everyday life processes in psychiatric inpatient care, as reported by staff in interprofessional teams.MethodA grounded theory design was used and 36 participants were interviewed.ResultsThe analysis resulted in a process‐oriented core category From ideals to resignation. Related to this core category were three further categories: Knowing where to go, Walking a path of obstacles and Shifting focus from the patient's best interests to self‐survival. The staff had ideals about care and collaboration, but a poor environment, power asymmetry, lacking structure and demands of managing chaos meant that they appeared to resign from putting their ideals into practice.DiscussionDifferent professions in general describe the same obstacles in everyday life on the wards but there are also profession‐specific perspectives on distancing and feelings of abandonment. To our knowledge similar findings have not been reported in the international evidence.ImplicationsIn order to support interprofessional teams to work according to their ideals, interventions such as Protected Engagement Time and reflective dialogues within the teams are suggested.
Alien versus predators: effective induced defenses of an invasive frog in response to native predators
Authors: Pujol‐Buxó E. , García‐Guerrero C. , Llorente G. A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInducible defenses enhance fitness of prey living in environments with unpredictable predation risk, but these plastic reactions depend on the detection of the threat by the prey. To anuran larvae confronted with unknown predators, only prey‐borne cues are noticeable, generally triggering either an incomplete set of reactions or no response at all. Thus, we should expect a certain disadvantage for establishing invasive anurans if tadpoles are unable to recognize local predators. Here, we test the presence and effectiveness of inducible defenses in tadpoles of the invasive frog Discoglossus pictus confronting two native predators. Using both lab and mesocosm experiments, we also evaluate the effects these predators may exert on the invasive frog populations. Interestingly, although D. pictus has been introduced from another continent, its native (African) and invasive (European) ranges are included in the same ecoregion (Mediterranean Basin), sharing several genera and species of aquatic predators. In both experiments and using both invertebrates, tadpoles responded to the native predators, and our results match those usually reported in similar predator‐prey systems using combinations of native species. Moreover, these reactions seem clearly effective in reducing mortality and injury rates of D. pictus tadpoles. We believe that the introduced frog is highly benefiting from a previous knowledge of populations of these or similar predator species. Therefore, even though native and invasive ranges of D. pictus are in different continents, the similarity of predator communities of both areas may be advantageous for its establishment and expansion.
Fossorial and durophagous: implications of molluscivory for head size and bite capacity in a burrowing worm lizard
Authors: Baeckens S. , García‐Roa R. , Martín J. , Ortega J. , Huyghe K. , Van Damme R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLimbless animals that burrow head‐first are often considered to be evolutionarily constrained in the development of a large head, due to limitations imposed while penetrating the soil. Whilst animals with a small head experience less resistance when digging, they are believed to have a weak bite, hence restricting their potential dietary spectrum to soft prey. Yet, recent findings established molluscivory in the fossorial worm lizard Trogonophis wiegmanni (Amphisbaenia), suggesting a high bite capacity for this burrowing species necessary to crush snail shells. To tackle this burrow/crush dilemma, we examined the relationship between head morphology, bite force and gastropod diet in T. wiegmanni males and females. In vivo bite force analyses and shell hardness measurements were used to assess the potential dietary spectrum of the amphisbaenians. In addition, phylogenetic analyses were performed to put T. wiegmanni's head size and bite force into an interspecific comparative context. Our results show a strong positive relation between head size and bite force, and we found no evidence for sexual dimorphism. In sharp contrast to other durophagous lizards, T. wiegmanni combines a relatively small body and a (disproportionally) small head with relatively high biting forces. In fact, T. wiegmanni is able to crush a wide array of the most abundant gastropod shells in their environment. However, the head size of the strongest biters imposes a limitation towards a common alternative snail‐feeding strategy: entering the opening of the gastropod shell. This study shows that head size, and consequently bite force, increases the number and variety of gastropods that can be consumed by ‘shell‐crushing’, but reduces the number and variety of snails that can be consumed by ‘shell‐entering’, and vice versa. The cranial design of (durophagous) limbless burrowers may therefore not only evolve under constraints for efficient soil penetration, but also through selection for diet.
Early and dynamic colonization of Central America drives speciation in Neotropical army ants
Authors: Winston Max E. , Kronauer Daniel J. C. , Moreau Corrie S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe emergence of the Isthmus of Panama is one of the most important events in recent geological history, yet its timing and role in fundamental evolutionary processes remain controversial. While the formation of the isthmus was complete around 3 million years ago (Ma), recent studies have suggested prior intercontinental biotic exchange. In particular, the possibility of early intermittent land bridges facilitating colonization constitutes a potential mechanism for speciation and colonization before full closure of the isthmus. To test this hypothesis, we employed genomic methods to study the biogeography of the army ant genus Eciton, a group of keystone arthropod predators in Neotropical rainforests. Army ant colonies are unable to disperse across water and are therefore ideally suited to study the biogeographic impact of land bridge formation. Using a reduced representation genome sequencing approach, we show that all strictly Central American lineages of Eciton diverged from their respective South American sister lineage between 4 and 7 Ma, significantly prior to the complete closure of the isthmus. Furthermore, three of the lineage pairs form extensive and coincident secondary contact zones in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with no evidence of gene flow. Such a discrete and repeated biogeographic pattern indicates at least two waves of army ant dispersal into Central America that were separated by significant genetic divergence times. Thus, by integrating phylogenomic, population genomic and geographic evidence, we show that early colonization of Central America across the emerging Isthmus of Panamá drove parallel speciation in Eciton army ants.
Habituation and Hermeneutics: Toward a Thomistic Account of Pre‐Understanding
Authors: Walkey Jeffrey 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHuman existence entails that our encounter with the world is mediated by the context, historicity, and concrete particularities of that existence. Consequently, this situatedness, which contributes to our pre‐understanding, makes us more or less capable of “seeing” the truth of the world we encounter. The hermeneutical principle of pre‐understanding is sometimes presupposed to be ambivalent toward, if not in opposition to, traditional metaphysics. The present essay shows how traditional metaphysics, specifically of a Thomistic sort, need not be pitted against hermeneutics, but rather, offers the ground for understanding the way in which pre‐understanding, as our habituation into and connaturality with truth, and ultimately, God, is that means by which right interpretation is made possible.
Baseline impedance measured during high‐resolution esophageal impedance manometry reliably discriminates GERD patients
Authors: Ravi K. , Geno D. M. , Vela M. F. , Crowell M. D. , Katzka D. A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundBaseline impedance measured with ambulatory impedance pH monitoring (MII‐pH) and a mucosal impedance catheter detects gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, these tools are limited by cost or patient tolerance. We investigated whether baseline impedance measured during high‐resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) distinguishes GERD patients from controls.MethodsConsecutive patients with clinical HRIM and MII‐pH testing were identified. Gastroesophageal reflux disease was defined by esophageal pH <4 for ≥5% of both the supine and total study time, whereas controls had an esophageal pH <4 for ≤3% of the study performed off PPI. Baseline impedance was measured over 15 seconds during the landmark period of HRIM and over three 10 minute intervals during the overnight period of MII‐pH.Key ResultsAmong 29 GERD patients and 26 controls, GERD patients had a mean esophageal acid exposure time of 22.7% compared to 1.2% in controls (P<.0001). Mean baseline impedance during HRIM was lower in GERD (1061 Ω) than controls (2814 Ω) (P<.0001). Baseline mucosal impedance measured during HRIM and MII‐pH correlated (r=0.59, P<.0001). High‐resolution esophageal manometry baseline impedance had high diagnostic accuracy for GERD, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.931 on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. A HRIM baseline impedance threshold of 1582 Ω had a sensitivity of 86.2% and specificity of 88.5% for GERD, with a positive predictive value of 89.3% and negative predictive value of 85.2%.Conclusions & InferencesBaseline impedance measured during HRIM can reliably discriminate GERD patients with at least moderate esophageal acid exposure from controls. This diagnostic tool may represent an accurate, cost‐effective, and less invasive test for GERD.
Biology and evolution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in the light of genomics
Authors: Kamel Laurent , Keller‐Pearson Michelle , Roux Christophe , Ané Jean‐Michel 
Published: October 2016

SummaryArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associate with the vast majority of land plants, providing mutual nutritional benefits and protecting hosts against biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress was made recently in our understanding of the genomic organization, the obligate requirements, and the sexual nature of these fungi through the release and subsequent mining of genome sequences. Genomic and genetic approaches also improved our understanding of the signal repertoire used by AM fungi and their plant hosts to recognize each other for the initiation and maintenance of this association. Evolutionary and bioinformatic analyses of host and nonhost plant genomes represent novel ways with which to decipher host mechanisms controlling these associations and shed light on the stepwise acquisition of this genetic toolkit during plant evolution. Mining fungal and plant genomes along with evolutionary and genetic approaches will improve understanding of these symbiotic associations and, in the long term, their usefulness in agricultural settings.

Contents

Summary
531

I.
Introduction
531

II.
Genomics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
532

III.
Genomic insights into the obligate nature of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
532

IV.
Interdisciplinary approaches to unravel the host–symbiont interactome
534

V.
Evolution of mycorrhizal associations revealed by comparative genomics
534

Acknowledgements
535

References
535
Causes of homelessness prevalence: Relationship between homelessness and disability
Authors: Nishio Akihiro , Horita Ryo , Sado Tadahiro , Mizutani Seiko , Watanabe Takahiro , Uehara Ryosuke , Yamamoto Mayumi 
Published: October 2016

AimMany studies have reported that the prevalence of mental illness and cognitive disability is higher among homeless individuals compared to the general population, and the rates of mental illness among the homeless population have recently increased. This study: (i) compares causes of homelessness or barriers to escaping homelessness for people with/without mental illness/cognitive disability; (ii) reveals problems with the Japanese homeless policy; and (iii) proposes an effective and necessary support system.MethodsThe participants were 114 homeless individuals. A psychiatric diagnostic interview and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, version III were used to measure participants’ mental health and cognitive abilities. A questionnaire was administered comprising 17 items related to the causes of their homelessness and barriers to escaping from it. Participants were divided into four groups – with/without mental illness or cognitive disability – and Fisher's exact test was used to compare the questionnaire results.ResultsIndividuals with cognitive disabilities considered bad relationships with their family members to be the cause of their homelessness. Conversely, normal individuals considered their homelessness to be the result of debt more so than did individuals with mental problems. Individuals with mental illness had more difficulties escaping homelessness than did either normal individuals or individuals with cognitive disability. This tendency was observed most strongly among individuals with both mental illness and cognitive disability.ConclusionMost homeless individuals considered economic problems to be the cause of their homelessness; however, difficulties with human relationships were also important factors and were more difficult for participants to acknowledge. Furthermore, these difficulties were exacerbated among those individuals with mental problems.
Sclerotic Regressing Large Congenital Nevus
Authors: Patsatsi Aikaterini , Kokolios Miltiadis , Pikou Olga , Lambropoulos Vasilios , Efstratiou Ioannis , Sotiriadis Dimitrios 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRegression of congenital nevi is usually associated with loss of pigment or halo formation. In rare cases, regression is characterized by sclerosis and hair loss. We describe a rare case of a sclerotic hypopigmented large congenital melanocytic nevus in which a localized scleroderma‐like reaction process of regression seemed to have started in utero and progressed throughout early childhood.