bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bipolar and Small Singlet‐Triplet Splitting Energy Host with Triplet Energy Lower Than a Blue Phosphor for Phosphorescent OLEDs in Panchromatic Range
Authors: Wang Chuanjun , Liu Gaowen , Liu Shaojie , Zhang Xunlu , Ou Changjin , Wang Lu , Sun Wei , Mi Baoxiu , Song Juan , Gao Zhiqiang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA bipolar host material, 2,4,6‐tris(3‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐triazine (TCPZ), was synthesized according to reported method. Due to the higher triplet energy compared to green and red phosphors, TCPZ is suitable to host them in phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). Although the triplet of TCPZ is slightly lower than a common blue phosphor, good blue PhOLEDs using TCPZ as the host were successfully demonstrated in this work. By low temperature emission measurement, it was found that the energy splitting between the singlet and triplet of TCPZ is as small as 0.24 eV. Therefore, thermal activated energy transfer from triplet to singlet in the host TCPZ is expected to occur, which can be afterwards efficiently transferred to the blue phosphor, hence enabling it to host blue phosphor. As a result, TCPZ can be used as host for phosphors in panchromatic range. Additionally, single‐carrier devices clearly prove its good bipolar transport feature, beneficial to device performance. By using TCPZ as a host, high performance deep‐red, green and blue PhOLEDs have been achieved, with maximum efficiencies of 9.3 cd·A−1 (13.2%), 81.3 cd·A−1 (23.1%) and 17.03 cd·A−1 (10.4%), respectively.
Race/ethnicity‐specific disparities in cancer incidence, burden of disease, and overall survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States
Authors: Ha John , Yan Melissa , Aguilar Maria , Bhuket Taft , Tana Michele M. , Liu Benny , Gish Robert G. , Wong Robert J. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the fastest rising causes of cancer‐related deaths in the United States, with disparities observed in cancer incidence and survival between ethnic groups. This report provides updated analyses on race‐specific disparities in US HCC trends.METHODSThis large, population‐based cohort study was conducted using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry data from 2003 to 2011 to investigate race‐specific disparities in HCC incidence and survival. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional‐hazards models.RESULTSFrom 2003 to 2011, Asians had the highest HCC incidence, followed by blacks, Hispanics, and non‐Hispanic whites. During the same period, Hispanics had the greatest increase in HCC incidence (+35.8%), whereas Asians experienced a 5.5% decrease. Although patients aged ≥65 years had the highest HCC incidence among all racial/ethnic groups, the higher HCC incidence in Asians was observed only for patients ages <50 and ≥65 years, whereas HCC incidence among patients ages 50 to 64 years was similar among Asians, blacks, and Hispanics. The overall 5‐year HCC survival rate was highest among Asians (26.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24.5%‐27.6%) and lowest among blacks (21.3%; 95% CI, 19.5%‐23.1%). On multivariate regression, Asians (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79‐0.87; P < .001) and blacks (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89‐0.99; P = .01) had significantly higher survival compared with non‐Hispanic whites.CONCLUSIONSAsians were the only group to demonstrate a declining HCC incidence in the form of a shift from advanced HCC to more localized HCC. These findings most likely reflect improved screening and surveillance efforts for this group. Cancer 2016;122:2512–23. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Attribute reduction in decision‐theoretic rough set model based on minimum decision cost
Authors: Bi Zhongqin , Xu Feifei , Lei Jingsheng , Jiang Teng 
Published: May 2016

SummaryAttribute reduction is one of the most important topics in rough set theory. In the classical rough sets, the method for attribute reduction is mainly to keep positive region, boundary region, and negative region unchanged. However, the three regions are no longer monotonic with respect to adding or deleting an attribute in decision‐theoretic rough sets. In decision‐theoretic rough set model, the decision regions are determined by using the Bayesian decision procedure, and decision‐making should take consideration of the cost. In this paper, two attribute reduction methods based on minimum decision cost are proposed from the algebraic view and the information theory, respectively. First, significance of joint attributes is introduced to measure the classification ability of selected attribute subset to decision‐making, which overcomes the disadvantage of only considering the significance of single attribute. By using significance of joint attributes, a heuristic method based on minimum decision cost for attribute reduction is presented. Second, conditional mutual information is proposed to evaluate the significance of attribute subset for decision‐making in minimum cost attribute reduction. To decrease the computational complexity of the conditional mutual information, an approximate computation method is calculated from both maximum relevance and maximum significance. To evaluate the two proposed algorithms, extensive experiments are conducted on 10 University of California at Irvine data sets. We compare our proposed algorithms with several existing cost minimization attribute reduction algorithms. Experiment results show that our proposed algorithms have a superior performance in achieving the reduct. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downscaling patterns of complementarity to a finer resolution and its implications for conservation prioritization
Authors: de Albuquerque Fábio Suzart , Beier Paul 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGiven species inventories of all sites in a planning area, integer programming or heuristic algorithms can prioritize sites in terms of the site's complementary value, that is, the ability of the site to complement (add unrepresented species to) other sites prioritized for conservation. The utility of these procedures is limited because distributions of species are typically available only as coarse atlases or range maps, whereas conservation planners need to prioritize relatively small sites. If such coarse‐resolution information can be used to identify small sites that efficiently represent species (i.e., downscaled), then such data can be useful for conservation planning. We develop and test a new type of surrogate for biodiversity, which we call downscaled complementarity. In this approach, complementarity values from large cells are downscaled to small cells, using statistical methods or simple map overlays. We illustrate our approach for birds in Spain by building models at coarse scale (50 × 50 km atlas of European birds, and global range maps of birds interpreted at the same 50 × 50 km grid size), using this model to predict complementary value for 10 × 10 km cells in Spain, and testing how well‐prioritized cells represented bird distributions in an independent bird atlas of those 10 × 10 km cells. Downscaled complementarity was about 63–77% as effective as having full knowledge of the 10‐km atlas data in its ability to improve on random selection of sites. Downscaled complementarity has relatively low data acquisition cost and meets representation goals well compared with other surrogates currently in use. Our study justifies additional tests to determine whether downscaled complementarity is an effective surrogate for other regions and taxa, and at spatial resolution finer than 10 × 10 km cells. Until such tests have been completed, we caution against assuming that any surrogate can reliably prioritize sites for species representation.
Sea‐louse parasites on juvenile wild salmon in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Peacock Stephanie J. , Bateman Andrew W. , Krkošek Martin , Connors Brendan , Rogers Scott , Portner Lauren , Polk Zephyr , Webb Coady , Morton Alexandra 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe global expansion of aquaculture has changed the structure of fish populations in coastal environments, with implications for disease dynamics. In Pacific Canada, farmed salmon act as reservoir hosts for parasites and pathogens, including sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus clemensi) that can transmit to migrating wild salmon. Assessing the impact of salmon farms on wild salmon requires regular monitoring of sea‐louse infections on both farmed and wild fish. Since 2001, we have collected juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon annually at three sites in the Broughton Archipelago in British Columbia, Canada, during the annual juvenile salmon migration from fresh water to the open ocean. From sampled fish, we recorded counts of parasitic copepodid‐, chalimus‐, and motile‐stage sea lice. We report louse abundances as well as supplementary observations of fish size, development, and health.
Clinical outcomes according to QRS duration and morphology in the irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function (I‐PRESERVE) trial
Authors: Cannon Jane A. , Shen Li , Jhund Pardeep S. , Anand Inder S. , Komajda Michel , McKelvie Robert S. , Zile Michael R. , Carson Peter E. , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of QRS prolongation and abnormal QRS morphology in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HF‐PEF) and to examine the relationship between these QRS abnormalities and clinical outcomes.Methods and resultsWe categorized patients in the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction trial (I‐PRESERVE) according to QRS duration <120 vs. ≥120 ms and QRS morphology: normal, left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right bundle branch block (RBBB) or other non‐specific intra‐ventricular conduction defect (IVCD). The outcomes examined were the composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (and its components) and all‐cause mortality. Of the 4128 patients enrolled in I‐PRESERVE, 3754 were included in the present analyses. A total of 606 patients had a QRS duration ≥120 ms, 302 had LBBB and 742 had RBBB/IVCD. Patients with an abnormal QRS had evidence of more severe heart failure [lower left ventricular ejection fraction, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, higher N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP)] and worse clinical status (higher New York Heart Association functional class and greater use of diuretics). Both abnormalities of QRS duration and QRS morphology were associated with worse outcomes. The rates of the composite outcome were: 6.0 and 9.3 per 100 patient years in the <120 ms and ≥120 ms groups, respectively [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.57; P = 0.002) and 6.0, 7.7 and 8.7 per 100 patient years in the normal, non‐LBBB and LBBB groups, respectively (adjusted HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.00–1.42, P = 0.046; and HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03–1.66, P = 0.026, respectively, compared with normal). The heightened risk related to QRS abnormalities persisted after adjustment for other prognostic variables, including NT‐proBNP.ConclusionWe found that both prolongation of QRS duration and abnormal QRS morphology were associated with a high risk of fatal and non‐fatal adverse outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Phytoplankton Studies in Lower Narragansett Bay1
Authors: SMAYDA THEODORE J. 
Published: May 2016

A total of 82 surfacc samples were collected at three stations in lower Narragansett Bay from June 1954 through February 1955. Measurements of temperature, salinity, transparency, phosphate, iron, and oxygen were made, and 75 production and nutrient metabolism experiments were conducted.Maximum phytoplankton populations were encountered in September and January, the mean standing crop being considerably in excess of that recorded in adjacent areas. Two hurricanes evoked a vigorous response in the phytoplankton. Skeletonema costatum accounted for 81.2 per cent of the total population. Subsidence of the late winter flowering coincided with minimal phosphate concentrations. The development of the September maximum may reflect a decreased grazing rate. The role of stability and the degree of enclosure in the development of phytoplankton populations in protected areas are discussed.An “atypical” phosphate cycle was encountered in which a summer maximum and a winter minimum occurred. It is postulated that the periods of phytoplankton activity with their accompanying rates of assimilation and regeneration govern this. Three fractions of iron were characterized by marked variations in concentrations.A mean phosphate assimilation rate of 0.087 µg‐at./L/day was obtained; regeneration rates were consistently negative. Iron assimilation had to be expressed as trends. On the average, diatoms increased by 53 per cent per day in the light bottle but decreased by 1.2 per cent per day in the dark one. The effect of this on measurements of respiration and gross production were discussed. Average rates of gross production and respiration were 0.43 and 0.32 ml O2/L/day, respectively. The annual surface production was calculated to be 84 g C/m3 whereas it was 64 g C/m3 during the period of investigation.
Avalanche risk evaluation and protective dam optimal design using extreme value statistics
Authors: FAVIER PHILOMÈNE , ECKERT NICOLAS , FAUG THIERRY , BERTRAND DAVID , NAAIM MOHAMED 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn snow avalanche long-term forecasting, existing risk-based methods remain difficult to use in a real engineering context. In this work, we expand a quasi analytical decisional model to obtain simple formulae to quantify risk and to perform the optimal design of an avalanche dam in a quick and efficient way. Specifically, the exponential runout model is replaced by the Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), which has theoretical justifications that promote its use for modelling the different possible runout tail behaviours. Regarding the defence structure/flow interaction, a simple law based on kinetic energy dissipation is compared with a law based on the volume stored upstream of the dam, whose flexibility allows us to cope with various types of snow. We show how a detailed sensitivity study can be conducted, leading to intervals and bounds for risk estimates and optimal design values. Application to a typical case study from the French Alps, highlights potential operational difficulties and how they can be tackled. For instance, the highest sensitivity to the runout tail type and interaction law is found at abscissas of legal importance for hazard zoning (return periods of 10–1000 a), a crucial result for practical purposes.
Oscillatory dynamics in a bacterial cross-protection mutualism
Authors: Yurtsev Eugene Anatoly , Conwill Arolyn , Gore Jeff 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Enzymatic deactivation of antibiotics is a cooperative behavior that can allow resistant cells to protect sensitive cells from antibiotics. The prevalence of this mechanism of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates and in soil bacteria makes it important both clinically and ecologically. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that two populations of resistant bacteria can form a cross-protection mutualism in a two-drug environment, allowing the coculture to survive high antibiotic concentrations at which neither of the two strains can survive alone. Moreover, we find that daily growth-dilution cycles result in large oscillations in the relative abundances of the two strains, thus demonstrating that mutualisms can display striking dynamical behavior.
PANTHER-PSEP: predicting disease-causing genetic variants using position-specific evolutionary preservation
Authors: Tang Haiming , Thomas Paul D. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Summary: PANTHER-PSEP is a new software tool for predicting non-synonymous genetic variants that may play a causal role in human disease. Several previous variant pathogenicity prediction methods have been proposed that quantify evolutionary conservation among homologous proteins from different organisms. PANTHER-PSEP employs a related but distinct metric based on ‘evolutionary preservation’: homologous proteins are used to reconstruct the likely sequences of ancestral proteins at nodes in a phylogenetic tree, and the history of each amino acid can be traced back in time from its current state to estimate how long that state has been preserved in its ancestors. Here, we describe the PSEP tool, and assess its performance on standard benchmarks for distinguishing disease-associated from neutral variation in humans. On these benchmarks, PSEP outperforms not only previous tools that utilize evolutionary conservation, but also several highly used tools that include multiple other sources of information as well. For predicting pathogenic human variants, the trace back of course starts with a human ‘reference’ protein sequence, but the PSEP tool can also be applied to predicting deleterious or pathogenic variants in reference proteins from any of the ∼100 other species in the PANTHER database.
Availability and implementation: PANTHER-PSEP is freely available on the web at http://pantherdb.org/tools/csnpScoreForm.jsp. Users can also download the command-line based tool at ftp://ftp.pantherdb.org/cSNP_analysis/PSEP/.
Contact: pdthomas@usc.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Applying Adult Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Bundle Evidence to the Ventilated Neonate
Authors: Weber Carla D. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in neonates can be reduced by implementing preventive care practices. Implementation of a group, or bundle, of evidence-based practices that improve processes of care has been shown to be cost-effective and to have better outcomes than implementation of individual single practices.

Purpose:
The purpose of this article is to describe a safe, effective, and efficient neonatal VAP prevention protocol developed for caregivers in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Improved understanding of VAP causes, effects of care practices, and rationale for interventions can help reduce VAP risk to neonatal patients.

Method:
In order to improve care practices to affect VAP rates, initial and annual education occurred on improved protocol components after surveying staff practices and auditing documentation compliance.

Findings/Results:
In 2009, a tertiary care level III NICU in the Midwestern United States had 14 VAP cases. Lacking evidence-based VAP prevention practices for neonates, effective adult strategies were modified to meet the complex needs of the ventilated neonate. A protocol was developed over time and resulted in an annual decrease in VAP until rates were zero for 20 consecutive months from October 2012 to May 2014.

Implications for Practice:
This article describes a VAP prevention protocol developed to address care practices surrounding hand hygiene, intubation, feeding, suctioning, positioning, oral care, and respiratory equipment in the NICU.

Implications for Research:
Implementation of this VAP prevention protocol in other facilities with appropriate monitoring and tracking would provide broader support for standardization of care. Individual components of this VAP protocol could be studied to strengthen the inclusion of each; however, bundled interventions are often considered stronger when implemented as a whole.
Consumer envy during service encounters
Authors: Anaya Gerardo Joel , Miao Li , Mattila Anna S. , Almanza Barbara 
Published: May 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to explore consumer envy in the context of service encounters. Envy-elicited cognitive appraisals, emotions, interpersonal and organizational consequences were examined.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was used to collect 311 actual episodes of consumer envy. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to answer the research questions.FindingsThis research identified five different triggers of consumer envy during service encounters, each associated with distinct cognitive appraisal patterns. Moreover, envious customers might experience three qualitatively different shades of envy labeled as “blue envy”, “red envy” and “green envy”. Actions taken by service providers are found to be a major cause of consumer envy, and they elicit emotions associated with complaining, negative word of mouth, lower encounter satisfaction and lower repurchase intention.Research limitations/implicationsWhile significant contributions are made, this study relied on self-reported data. Given that envy is considered a private and sensitive emotion, participants may have withheld from sharing some of the more socially undesirable details of their envy episodes.Practical implicationsThe results stress the importance for service providers to avoid a perception of unfair preferential treatment. This perception of service unfairness is associated with hostility directed at service employees and negative organizational consequences.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to examine consumer envy in the context of service encounters.
Small ruminant lentiviral Vif proteins commonly utilize cyclophilin A, an evolutionarily and structurally conserved protein, to degrade ovine and caprine APOBEC3 proteins
Authors: Yoshikawa Rokusuke , Izumi Taisuke , Nakano Yusuke , Yamada Eri , Moriwaki Miyu , Misawa Naoko , Ren Fengrong , Kobayashi Tomoko , Koyanagi Yoshio , Sato Kei 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTMammals have co‐evolved with retroviruses, including lentiviruses, over a long period. Evidence supporting this contention is that viral infectivity factor (Vif) encoded by lentiviruses antagonizes the anti‐viral action of cellular apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide‐like 3 (APOBEC3) of the host. To orchestrate E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for APOBEC3 degradation, Vifs utilize mammalian proteins such as core‐binding factor beta (CBFB; for primate lentiviruses) or cyclophilin A (CYPA; for Maedi–Visna virus [MVV]). However, the co‐evolutionary relationship between lentiviral Vif and the mammalian proteins associated with Vif‐mediated APOBEC3 degradation is poorly understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether Vif proteins of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), including MVV and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), commonly utilize CYPA to degrade the APOBEC3 of their hosts. In this study, molecular phylogenetic and protein homology modeling revealed that Vif co‐factors are evolutionarily and structurally conserved. It was also found that not only MVV but also CAEV Vifs degrade APOBEC3 of both sheep and goats and that CAEV Vifs interact with CYPA. These findings suggest that lentiviral Vifs chose evolutionarily and structurally stable proteins as their partners (e.g., CBFB or CYPA) for APOBEC3 degradation and, particularly, that SRLV Vifs evolved to utilize CYPA as their co‐factor in degradation of ovine and caprine APOBEC3.