bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diflubenzuron for Rice Water Weevil Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Grigarick A. A. , Smith K. A. , Oraze M. J. , Hesler L. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the California Rice Experiment Station, Biggs, in 1987 to compare RWW larval control among 3 different rates of diflubenzuron (25% WP). A RCBD was used with 4 replications of 3 rates of diflubenzuron and an untreated control. Treatment plots (6.1 × 11.3 m) were bordered on the north and south by soil levees and on the east and west by 0.7-m tall aluminum sheeting pushed 4-5 cm into the soil. Plots were flooded on 2 May and water-seeded with presoaked seed at a rate of 140 kg/ha on 4 May. Water inlet furrows were closed on 15 May, when plots received application of diflubenzuron using a CO2- pressurized sprayer equipped with a 6.1-m boom. Plants had emerged about 3 cm above the water surface at application time. Water levels receded and remained shallow (1-5 cm) until inlets were re-opened 4 wk later. At other times during the experiment, water depth was maintained at 10 cm. On 22- 23 Jun ten 10-cm diam soil cores per plot (1 plant per core) were removed. Soil was washed from the roots and the number of immature RWW (larvae plus pupae) per core was recorded. Plants removed from the cores were placed in plastic bags, frozen, and later measured and weighed. Plots were harvested by a small field combine on 29 Sep. Grain was air-dried, and yield data were corrected to a seed moisture of 21%.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Ntn 33893, 1991
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were 20 ft × 8 ft and broadcast planted at 70 lb seed/acre on 1 May. Seed was untreated (no fungicide) except that which was treated with 3 oz of NTN 33893/100 lb seed by Mobay employee Dr. Lyndon Almand. The seed-bed was cloddy and dry at planting after which plots were culti-packed to cover seed. Urea was applied at 63, 51, and 51 lb N/acre at planting, immediately before the permanent flood, and at panicle differentiation, respectively. Thiobencarb was applied pre-emergence at 4 lb (AI)/acre, and propanil and bentazon were applied at 4 and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, 3 d before initiation of the permanent flood which was applied 24 d after rice emergence. From planting to permanent flood, plots were flush irrigated as needed. Bensulfuron methyl was applied at 1.0 oz (AI)/acre 6 d after initiation of the permanent flood. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand shaker at the times designated in the table. Five, 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 plant) per plot were removed, washed and inspected for immature RWW 19 d after initiation of the permanent flood. At maturity, the middle 2.5 ft × 20 ft of each plot was harvested with a small combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Where appropriate, data were transformed (Vx + 0.5) and analyzed by ANOVA.
Southern Green Stink Bug Control on Soybean in Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Boyd M. L. , Wier A. T. , Thomas J. D. , Lingren S. , Boethel D. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of SGSB was evaluated in 2 small plot insecticide trials at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish, LA. Treatments in both tests were applied to ‘Buckshot 723’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage using a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.66 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots in both tests were 5 rows wide (0.91 m row spacing) by 15.2 m and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. At 2 and 7 DAT in each test, one 25 sweep sample was taken from each plot with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. Both nymph and adult SGSB were counted. Treatments in Test 1 were applied on 6 Sep and in Test 2 on 22 Sep. No rainfall occurred during Test 1; 2.47 cm occurred on 27 Sep during Test 2.
Controlling Aphids in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1993
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett Marion L. , Taylor J. Delano , Lambert Amy L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 9 Apr at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were carried out according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied; Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 3 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) × 20 ft long were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Seven insecticide treatments (plus an untreated check) were applied on 31 May to control an aphid population that averaged around 500 per 3 plants (4 upper leaves). The foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 30 gpa at 40 psi. Each plot was separated by an untreated border row and a 4 ft alley on each end. The number of live aphids on the 4 uppermost leaves was recorded on plants 3, 4 and 6 on row 2 of each plot prior to application and 3, 7, and 14 DAT. On each sampling date the number of live tobacco budworms also was recorded from 8 plants on row 2 of each plot. On 6 and 12 Jul, 8 plants on row 2 were harvested and yield estimates obtained. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
Aphid Control in Headed Spring Wheat Using M-Pede and M-Pede Combinations, Mahnomen, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer , Holder Bobby 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A commercial field of wheat containing less than 85% of stems infested at flag leaf but more than 85% at late pre-milk was selected for this trial. Plots were 25 ft × 25 ft in size. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Application was made using a hand held CO2 sprayer delivering 5 gpa at 40 psi. Twenty-five heads per plot were collected 7 DAT, stored in alcohol, and aphids counted later under a binocular microscope. Yields were combined in a 5 ft × 25 ft swath from the best stand in the plot.
Foliar-Applied Rescue Treatments for Army and Pale Western Cutworm Control in Winter Wheat, 1993
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , McLeod M. J. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A winter wheat field near Murdo, SD, was chosen for this experiment. Pretreatment counts indicated that the field was naturally infested with an average of 2.4 live cutworm larvae per 2 ft2. The study involved a performance comparison of 12 insecticide treatments with an untreated check. A RCBD replicated 3 times was used. Pretreatment infestation level was used as the blocking criterion. Treatment plots were 30 × 30 ft sections of winter wheat separated by 3-ft alleys on all sides. Insecticide applications were carried out (14 May) using a CO2-propelled backpack canister sprayer system and a 6-ft boom equipped with 4, TeeJet 8002 flat fan nozzles delivering 20 gpa at 30 psi. Live cutworm counts were conducted at 6 DAT (20 May) to determine insecticide efficacy. A sample consisted of randomly selecting a 2 linear ft section of wheat within a row, then sifting ca. 2 inches deep through a 6-inch wide swath of soil including, and on either side of the row. Two samples were taken from each quadrant within a plot (i.e., a total of eight 2 ft2-samples were taken randomly from each plot). Cutworm count data were analyzed via SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Apple, Leafhopper Test, 1993
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Polk Dean , Rizio Eugene 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (PF—11 May), 5th cover (5th—12 Jun) and 6th cover (6th—3 Aug). The orchard was treated with Captan for disease control as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mitedays already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Leafhoppers (White apple and/or Rose) were evaluated at 1,3, 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment using a 20 leaves/tree (PF) or 50 leaves/tree (5th and 6th) sample. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute counts of larvae and adults. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means.
Control of Black Cutworm on Greens 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a golf course nursery. The experimental design was an RCB, replicated 4 times, with 6 ft × 6 ft plots. Treatments were applied 13 Aug and rated 20 Aug. Liquid treatments were applied with a watering can and granular treatments with a salt shaker applicator. Dylox was watered in with 2 gal/plot. Neem was not watered in. The BCW were predominantly 5th instar. Although neem dried on the foliage, the weather was cool and damp for 3 DAT. Conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 68.2°F; soil temperature, 65.5°F; thatch depth, 0.75 inch; soil texture, sandy loam. Plots were rated by flushing the plot with a soap solution and counting the emerging BCW. Plots could not be rated for feeding damage due to excessive disease.
Evaluation of Adjuvants for Mole Cricket Control in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two rates of Orthene 75S and four adjuvants were evaluated for tawny mole cricket control on a bermudagrass fairway at Ocean Harbour Golf Course in Brunswick Co. Plots 15 ft x 80 ft were established in areas where fresh mole cricket damage was evident. Treatments were randomly assigned with four replications. Soil had 0.38 humic matter and a pH of 6.1. Spray water had a pH of 7.5. The plots were preirrigated with 0.25 inch of water and treated on 23 Sep. Soil temperature was 78°F, air temperature 84°F. The chemicals were applied late in the day with a Broyhill® fairway sprayer delivering 114 gal/acre. The chemicals were not watered-in. Plots were evaluated by taking 5 random damage grid samples/replicate. The grid was placed randomly and fresh damage observed in each of the 9 subgrids (0 = no damage, 9 = severe damage) was recorded. Evaluations were conducted on 29 Sep (6 DAT) and 7 Oct (14 DAT). All data were transformed VX + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Evaluation of Granular Insecticides for Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A bermudagrass fairway at Brierwood Golf Course in Shallotte was chosen to evaluate rates and methods of application of several granular insecticides for control of the newly hatched nymphs of the tawny mole cricket. Plots 18 ft × 95 ft were established and treatments were randomly assigned with four replicates. The broadcast treatments were applied using a standard push type Lesco fertilizer spreader to deliver a weighed portion of insecticide to the broadcast plots. All other treatments were applied using a tractor drawn Canaan TG70 subsurface granular applicator and overseeder (Canaan Industries, Inc., Dothan, AL) to place the materials one inch deep in the soil. Treatment took place on 28 Jul for all subsurface treatments, 29 Jul for all surface treatment except for the Mocap (7.5 lb [AlJ/acre) and the Crusade (4.0 lb [AI]/acre) surface treatments which were applied on 4 Aug. Air temperature was 100°F. The soil was 90°F and moist at the time of application. Soil type was mineral with 1.5% humic matter and a pH of 6.1. The entire test was irrigated with 0.5 inch of water after the chemicals were applied. Pretreatment sampling showed the presence of young nymphs. Plots were evaluated on 11 (14 DAT) and 25 Aug (28 DAT). Damage evaluations were conducted using the damage grid rating method as developed by Dr. Pat Cobb, Auburn University. Plots were evaluated by randomly placing a grid divided into 9 subsections in each plot and examining each subsection of the grid for fresh damage. A damage rating is given from 0 to 9 depending on the number of squares that contain fresh damage. This was done 5 times/plot and the damage averaged. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Preventative Treatments for Mole Cricket Control in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A trial was conducted at Oak Island Golf and Country Club (Brunswick Co.) to determine the efficacy of two rates and two formulations of Merit insecticide (NTN33898) as a preventive residual treatment for the control of mole crickets. Test plots (20 ft × 20 ft) were established on the bermudagrass fairway of hole 17 in an area which has a history of mole cricket problems. Treatments (3 replicates) were applied on the morning of 1 Jul after a light irrigation of the plots. Sprays were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles and operating at a pressure of 40 psi. Granular treatments were applied using shaker jars to deliver appropriate amounts of insecticide to each plot. Air temperature was 84°F and soil temperature was 79°F. The sandy mineral soil had 1.0% humic matter and a pH of 6.3. Fairway irrigation was used to wet the soil to a depth of 0.5 inch, immediately after application. Nymph counts were made on 21 Jul (20 DAT) by using soapy water flushes to sample three 1 m2 areas/plot and recording the number of nymphs recovered. Damage evaluations were made on 27 Jul (26 DAT) and again on 11 Aug (41 DAT) by taking three grid damage ratings (0-9) plot. Actual means are reported in the table. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Evaluation of Imidacloprid for Control of White Grubs in Turfgrass, 1993
Authors: Merchant Michael 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Granular and wettable powder formulations of Merit (imidacloprid) were evaluated for control of white grubs in common bermudagrass at a city park in Richardson, Texas. The soil was heavy clay, similar to Austin silty clay (pH 7.6-7.9). Treatments were applied 11 Aug to 10 ft by 10 ft plots arranged in a RCB with four replications. Liquid formulations were applied using a pressurized CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 5 gal of spray solution per 1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied using an Ortho Whirlybird® cyclone-type spreader. Plots were irrigated immediately following application with approximately 0.25 inch of water. Treatments were evaluated by counting white grubs from ten randomly located, 4-inch diam by 4-inch-deep soil core samples, removed from each plot using a golf course cup-cutter. Pre-treatment counts were made 4-9 Aug, and post-treatment counts were made 16-20 Sep. Pre-treatment counts indicated a mean of 16 1st- and 2nd-instar white grubs/ft2.
Preventive Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Rough in Palmerton, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway (site two) consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (29 Apr) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 59°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 60°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 58°F; RH, 51%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, loam to sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 51.0% sand, 37.0% silt, 12.0% sand; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.1; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 137 DAT (13 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Curative Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with An Experimental and Conventional Formulation on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment (18 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, sandy-loam; soil particle size analysis: 72.0% sand, 16.0% silt, 12.0% sand; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 51.9; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.0; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 23 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Full Season Japanese Beetle Grub Control with Merit, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two formulations of Merit were compared for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course fairway in Amherst, NH. Plots were 10 × 10 ft, replicated 4 times in an RCB design. Treatments were applied 26 Apr and rated 24 Sep. The granular formulation was applied with a homemade salt shaker. The wettable powder was applied in a watering can at a volume of 5 gal water/1000 ft2. After application, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches water. Plots were rated by counting the number of live grubs in a 3 ft2 sample. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 53.3°F; soil temperature, 2 inches, 50.8°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil pH, 5.8; slope, 1%; soil texture, sandy loam, 53% sand, 43% silt, 4% clay; soil organic matter, 6.5% soil moisture, 19.4%.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Turcam and Dylox Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Bendiocarb (Turcam 76WP and Turcam 2.5G) and trichlorfon (Dylox 80SP and Dylox 6.2G) were applied on 28 Apr (Forsythia in full bloom) or 10 May (Cornus florida in full bloom) or on both dates (Turcam only) to 2 × 2 m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a CRD. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY—annual bluegrass 60%, creeping bentgrass 40%), maintained at 1.3 cm. All materials were applied by hand. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied with watering cans, using 2 liters water per plot. All applications were made by applying ca. half of the material in one direction and then applying the remainder in the perpendicular direction. The entire test area received 0.4—0.6 cm irrigation within 1 h after application on each date. Soil pH was 6.3, water pH of water used for application was 6.0 on 28 Apr, 6.2 on 10 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 14 Jun by removing 12 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 12% 3rd instar, 21% 4th instar, 47% 5th instar, and 21% pupae.
Control of Annual White Grubs with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Conventional Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 1.5 inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.5 inches (finger compressed, 0.25 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 6 × 6 ft, and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 31 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO, sprayer using an LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 3 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Granular insecticides were applied with a pre-calibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water. A total of 1.48 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 23 Sep (23 DAT) by removing from each plot three 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of the Southern Masked Chafer at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center, W. Lafayette, In, 1993
Authors: Gibb T. J. , Buhler W. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
All treatments were applied to a 4 ft2 area (plot), replicated five times in a RCB design. A PVC cylinder (6 inch inside diam) was buried 4 inches into the soil and projected 1 inch above the soil in the center of each plot. Five third-instar grubs were infested within each cylinder, with the exception of plots treated with Merit which were infested with second-instar grubs, 2 d prior to treatment, 2 Sep. Dispersible formulations were applied at 2 gal/1000 ft2 using a 2 pint squeeze bottle with a mist nozzle. Granular formulations were applied with a homemade salt shaker. All plots with the exception of those treated with Triumph, Diazinon, and one Orthene 15G treatment (not watered-in), received 0.5 inches of irrigation immediately after treatment. Triumph and Diazinon treatments were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water 24 h after treatment. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 22°C; soil temp, at 1 inch, 20°C; thatch depth (natural), 0.13-0.25 inches; soil texture, silt loam; RH 92%; wind speed 3-5 mph. Turf in PVC cylinders that was treated with chlorpyrifos (FN 5354 and NAF-53) and its associated wetting agent (HM 8902) was brought in from another location and had a thatch layer of 0.5 inches. Efficacy was evaluated 30 DAT by extracting the cylinders, separating the soil and grass, and recording the number of live grubs.