bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The infralimbic and prelimbic cortices contribute to the inhibitory control of cocaine‐seeking behavior during a discriminative stimulus task in rats
Authors: Gutman Andrea L. , Ewald Victoria A. , Cosme Caitlin V. , Worth Wensday R. , LaLumiere Ryan T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe infralimbic and prelimbic (IL and PL, respectively) regions of the medial prefrontal cortex regulate the control of drug‐seeking behavior. However, their roles in cocaine seeking in a discriminative stimulus (DS)‐based self‐administration task are unclear. To address this issue, male Sprague Dawley rats were trained on a DS task in which, on a trial‐by‐trial basis, a DS+ indicated that a lever press would produce a cocaine infusion, whereas a distinct DS− indicated that a lever press would produce nothing. IL and PL inactivation via GABA receptor activation decreased performance accuracy and disinhibited behavioral responding on DS− trials, resulting in greater lever pressing during the DS− presentation. This was accompanied by a decrease in cocaine infusions obtained, a finding confirmed in a subsequent experiment using a standard FR1 cocaine self‐administration paradigm. We repeated the DS study using a food reward and found that inactivation of each region decreased performance accuracy but had no effect on the total number of food pellets earned. Additional experiments with the cocaine DS task found that dopamine receptor blockade in the IL, but not PL, reduced performance accuracy and disinhibited behavioral responding on DS− trials, whereas AMPA receptor blockade in the IL and PL had no effect on performance accuracy. These findings strongly suggest that, in a DS‐based self‐administration task in which rats must actively decide whether to engage in lever pressing (DS+) or withhold lever pressing (DS−) on a trial‐by‐trial basis, both the IL and PL contribute to the inhibitory control of drug‐seeking behavior.
Nicotine self‐administration remodels perineuronal nets in ventral tegmental area and orbitofrontal cortex in adult male rats
Authors: Vazquez‐Sanroman Dolores B. , Monje Reyna D. , Bardo Michael T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNicotine, a major psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, alters gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Changes in structural neuroplasticity can occur in GABAergic parvalbumin (PRV) positive neurons, which are enveloped by structures of the extracellular matrix called perineuronal nets (PNNs). In the current study, rats were trained to self‐administer intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) for 21 days in 1‐hour daily sessions with an incrementing fixed ratio requirement; a control group received saline infusions. At either 45 minutes or 72 hours after the last session, immunofluorescence measurements for PNNs, PRV and c‐Fos were conducted. In VTA, nicotine self‐administration reduced the number of PRV+ cells surrounded by PNNs at 45 minutes, as well as reducing the intensity of PNNs, suggesting a remodeling of GABA interneurons in this region; the number of PRV+ cells surrounded by PNNs was also reduced at 72 hours. A similar reduction of PNNs occurred in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) but not in medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic or infralimbic), 45 minutes after the last session; PNNs were not detected in nucleus accumbens (shell or core). The reduction of PNNs in VTA and OFC was unrelated to c‐Fos + cells, as the percent of wisteria floribunda agglutinin + cells co‐expressing c‐Fos was decreased in OFC but not in VTA. Thus, nicotine self‐administration remodeled PNNs surrounding GABA interneurons in VTA and its indirect connections to OFC, suggesting a new possible molecular target where nicotine‐induced neuroplasticity takes place. PNN manipulations may prevent or reverse the different stages of tobacco addiction.
Application of novel quantitative techniques for fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Wang Duo , Koh Eng‐Siew , Descallar Joseph , Pramana Ariyanto , Vinod Shalini K , Ho Shon Ivan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimFlurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG‐PET/CT) is routinely used in non‐small‐cell lung cancer. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of quantitative FDG‐PET/CT parameters including standard uptake value (SUV), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesional glycolysis (TLG) in non‐small‐cell lung cancer.MethodsA retrospective review of 92 nonsurgical patients with pathologically confirmed stage I–III non‐small‐cell lung cancers treated with radical dose radiotherapy (≥50 Gy) was conducted. Metabolically active tumor regions on FDG‐PET/CT scans were contoured manually. SUV, MTV and TLG were calculated for primary, nodal and whole‐body disease. Univariate and multivariate (adjusting for age, sex, disease stage and primary tumor size in centimeters) Cox regression modeling were performed to assess the association between these parameters and both overall and progression‐free survival (PFS).ResultsOn univariate analysis, overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with primary MTV (P = 0.03), whole‐body MTV (P = 0.02), whole‐body maximum SUV (P = 0.05) and whole‐body TLG (P = 0.03). PFS was significantly associated with primary MTV (P = 0.01), primary TLG (P = 0.04), whole‐body MTV (P < 0.01) and whole‐body TLG (P = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, OS was significantly associated with whole‐body MTV (P = 0.05). PFS was significantly associated with whole‐body MTV (P = 0.02) and whole‐body TLG (P = 0.05).ConclusionsWhole‐body MTV was significantly associated with overall and PFS, and whole‐body TLG was significantly associated with PFS on multivariate analysis. These two parameters may be significant prognostic factors independent of other factors such as stage. SUV was not significantly associated with survival on multivariate analysis.
The postneoliberal fabulation of power: On statecraft, precarious infrastructures, and public mobilization in Brazil
Authors: BIEHL JOÃO 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn Brazil's hybrid government of social protection and market expansion, there is under way afabulation of power, which ultimately serves to “de‐poor” people seeking care, working infrastructures, and justice while also shoring up state politics as usual. This process became evident through the failure of a collaborative research project that I coordinated on right‐to‐health litigation. In rethinking that failure as an experiment in public ethnography, I draw on core disagreements with public officials over the interpretation of our findings from a legal database. Analyzing these disagreements provides an entry point into the mechanisms of veridiction and falsification at work in Brazil, whose government sees itself as providing public goods beyond the minimum neoliberal state. Countering state mythology, public ethnography thus illuminates the improvised quality of postneoliberal democratic institutions and opens up new avenues for theorizing power and the political field. [public ethnography, judicialization of health, precarious infrastructures, postneoliberal statecraft, de‐pooring people, public mobilization, Brazil]Está em andamento no governo brasileiro—espécie híbrida de proteção social e expansão de mercado—umafabulação do poder. Ela serve, em última análise, para “despauperizar” as pessoas que procuram por assistência à saúde, infraestruturas eficientes e justiça, enquanto que, simultaneamente, escora as políticas convencionais de Estado. Neste artigo, repenso um fracassado projeto de pesquisa colaborativa sobre a judicialização do direito à saúde como um experimento de etnografia pública. Para tanto, tomo as discordâncias interpretativas que tivemos com agentes públicos acerca de achados em um banco de dados de ações judiciais como uma janela para o entendimento dos mecanismos de veridicção e falsificação em atividade no Brasil, cujo governo se vê como provedor de bens e serviços públicos muito além do que um Estado neoliberal mínimo faria. Contrapondo mitologias estatais, essa etnografia pública ilumina o caráter improvisado das instituições democráticas pós‐neoliberais brasileiras, abrindo novos caminhos para teorizar o poder e o campo político. [etnografia pública, judicialização da saúde, infraestruturas precárias, estadismo pós‐neoliberal, despauperização, mobilização pública, Brasil]
Settler agnosia in the field: Indigenous action, functional ignorance, and the origins of ethnographic entrapment
Authors: ARNDT GRANT 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn the late 1930s a novice fieldworker from the University of Chicago wrote in his field notes that his collaboration with a Ho‐Chunk interpreter had failed because of the interpreter's “aggressions” in the struggle for “white class status.” The notes exhibit a pattern of perceptual failure that I call “settler agnosia,” elements of which have been noted in research on the obstacles facing Indigenous activists. The case shows that the tendency of older anthropological accounts of contemporary American Indian life to obscure evidence of both colonial oppression and Indigenous action may have originated as consequences of a form of functional ignorance triggered by interpersonal struggles over position in the everyday relations of settler society. An ethnographic investigation of the links between settler agnosia and the practice of settlerness connects perception in everyday interactions to larger issues of knowledge production in and of settler societies. [settler colonialism, field theory, Bourdieu, race, ignorance, indigeneity, Native North America]
Immediate nipple reconstruction with a C‐V flap and areolar reconstruction with an autograft of the ipsilateral areola
Authors: Jung Younglae , Lee Jeeyeon , Lee Seokwon , Bae Youngtae 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe authors report a new nipple‐areolar complex (NAC) reconstruction technique using an autograft of the ipsilateral areola for breast cancer with nipple invasion.MethodsA total of 43 patients with breast cancer involving nipple invasion underwent oncoplastic surgery with NAC reconstruction. The nipple was reconstructed with a C‐V flap, and the areola was autografted onto the new areola bed after the ipsilateral areola was confirmed to be tumour‐free. The cosmetic results were self‐evaluated by the patients after chemotherapy or radiotherapy according to a 4‐point scoring system.ResultsOverall satisfaction with the cosmetic result was assessed as follows: excellent (n = 14), good (n = 19), fair (n = 7) or poor (n = 3). Oncological evaluation revealed no cases of local recurrence and five cases of distant metastasis.ConclusionThe immediate NAC reconstruction technique involving a C‐V flap and autografting of the ipsilateral areola is a feasible method for obtaining realistic areolar reconstruction.
Lost in transition: A review of the unmet need of patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder transitioning to adulthood
Authors: Treuer Tamás , Chan Kwok Ling Phyllis , Kim Bung Nyun , Kunjithapatham Ganesh , Wynchank Dora , Semerci Bengi , Montgomery William , Novick Diego , Dueñas Héctor 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis review discusses the unmet needs of patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who are transitioning into adulthood. Although awareness and recognition of ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults have improved in recent years, there is often an interruption in management of the disorder when adolescent patients transition to adult health care services. This review has the following objectives: (1) to identify key issues patients with ADHD (with or without an early diagnosis) face during transition into adulthood; (2) to review the current clinical practice and country‐specific approaches to the management of the transition into adulthood for patients with ADHD; (3) to discuss challenges facing clinicians and their patients when drug treatment for ADHD is initiated; (4) to review current ADHD guidelines on transition management in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Turkey, and Africa; and (5) to examine economic consequences associated with ADHD. The review suggests that the transition period to adult ADHD may be an underresearched and underserved area. The transition period plays an important role regarding how ADHD symptoms may be perceived and acted upon by adult psychiatrists. Further studies are needed to explore the characteristics of the transition period. If only a fraction of adolescents go on to have mental disorders during adulthood, especially ADHD, it is crucial to identify their characteristics to target appropriate interventions at the beginning of the course of illness. There continues to be low recognition of adult ADHD and a severe lack of medical services equipped to diagnose and care for patients with ADHD transitioning from child to adult services.
The efficacy and safety of direct acting antiviral treatment and clinical significance of drug–drug interactions in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Vermehren J. , Peiffer K.‐H. , Welsch C. , Grammatikos G. , Welker M.‐W. , Weiler N. , Zeuzem S. , Welzel T. M. , Sarrazin C. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundDirect antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have expanded treatment options for neglected patient populations, including elderly patients who are ineligible/intolerant to receive interferon (IFN)‐based therapy.AimTo investigate the efficacy, tolerability and potential for drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of IFN‐free treatment in patients aged ≥65 years in a large real‐world cohort.MethodsA total of 541 patients were treated with different combinations of direct antiviral agents (DAAs: ledipasvir/sofosbuvir ±ribavirin; daclatasvir/sofosbuvir ±ribavirin; paritaprevir/ombitasvir ±dasabuvir ±ribavirin or simeprevir/sofosbuvir ±ribavirin in genotype 1/4, and daclatasvir/sofosbuvir ±ribavirin or sofosbuvir/ribavirin in genotype 2/3). Efficacy, safety and potential DDIs were analysed and compared between patients aged <65 years (n = 404) and patients aged ≥65 years (n = 137) of whom 41 patients were ≥75 years.ResultsSustained virological response rates were 98% and 91% in patients aged ≥65 years and <65 years, respectively. Elderly patients took significantly more concomitant medications (79% vs. 51%; P < 0.0001). The number of concomitant drugs per patient was highest in patients ≥65 years with cirrhosis (median, three per patient; range, 0–10). Based on the hep‐druginteractions database, the proportion of predicted clinically significant DDIs was significantly higher in elderly patients (54% vs. 28%; P < 0.0001). The number of patients who experienced treatment‐associated adverse events was similar between the two age groups (63% vs. 65%; P = n.s.).ConclusionsElderly patients are at increased risk for significant DDIs when treated with DAAs for chronic HCV infection. However, with careful pre‐treatment assessment of concomitant medications, on‐treatment monitoring or dose‐modifications, significant DDIs and associated adverse events can be avoided.
Diagnostic performance of FibroTest, SteatoTest and ActiTest in patients with NAFLD using the SAF score as histological reference
Authors: Munteanu M. , Tiniakos D. , Anstee Q. , Charlotte F. , Marchesini G. , Bugianesi E. , Trauner M. , Romero Gomez M. , Oliveira C. , Day C. , Dufour J.‐F. , Bellentani S. , Ngo Y. , Traussnig S. , Perazzo H. , Deckmyn O. , Bedossa P. , Ratziu V. , Poynard T. ,   the FLIP Consortium and the FibroFrance Group
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundBlood tests of liver injury are less well validated in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) than in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.AimsTo improve the validation of three blood tests used in NAFLD patients, FibroTest for fibrosis staging, SteatoTest for steatosis grading and ActiTest for inflammation activity grading.MethodsWe pre‐included new NAFLD patients with biopsy and blood tests from a single‐centre cohort (FibroFrance) and from the multicentre FLIP consortium. Contemporaneous biopsies were blindly assessed using the new steatosis, activity and fibrosis (SAF) score, which provides a reliable and reproducible diagnosis and grading/staging of the three elementary features of NAFLD (steatosis, inflammatory activity) and fibrosis with reduced interobserver variability. We used nonbinary‐ROC (NonBinAUROC) as the main endpoint to prevent spectrum effect and multiple testing.ResultsA total of 600 patients with reliable tests and biopsies were included. The mean NonBinAUROCs (95% CI) of tests were all significant (P < 0.0001): 0.878 (0.864–0.892) for FibroTest and fibrosis stages, 0.846 (0.830–0.862) for ActiTest and activity grades, and 0.822 (0.804–0.840) for SteatoTest and steatosis grades. FibroTest had a higher NonBinAUROC than BARD (0.836; 0.820–0.852; P = 0.0001), FIB4 (0.845; 0.829–0.861; P = 0.007) but not significantly different than the NAFLD score (0.866; 0.850–0.882; P = 0.26). FibroTest had a significant difference in median values between adjacent stage F2 and stage F1 contrarily to BARD, FIB4 and NAFLD scores (Bonferroni test P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn patients with NAFLD, SteatoTest, ActiTest and FibroTest are non‐invasive tests that offer an alternative to biopsy, and they correlate with the simple grading/staging of the SAF scoring system across the three elementary features of NAFLD: steatosis, inflammatory activity and fibrosis.
Reduction of chronic hepatitis B‐related hepatocellular carcinoma with anti‐viral therapy, including low risk patients
Authors: Lin D. , Yang H.‐I. , Nguyen N. , Hoang J. , Kim Y. , Vu V. , Le A. , Chaung K. , Nguyen V. , Trinh H. , Li J. , Zhang J. , Hsing A. , Chen C.‐J. , Nguyen M. H. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundAnti‐viral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) primary described in patients with cirrhosis.AimTo examine the effects of treatment on HCC incidence in CHB with and without cirrhosis, after adjustment for background risks.MethodsA total of 2255 CHB patients from a US cohort (973 received anti‐viral therapy) and 3653 patients from the community‐based Taiwanese REVEAL‐HBV study, none of whom received treatment. We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate the risk of developing HCC after adjustment with the previously validated REACH‐B risk score.ResultsWe found 273 incident cases of HCC. After adjustment, therapy lowered the risk of HCC development in the US treated cohort when compared to the US untreated cohort (HR 0.31; 95% CI: 0.15–0.66; P = 0.002). HCC risk reduction was also confirmed when compared to the REVEAL cohort (HR 0.22; 95% CI: 0.12–0.40; P < 0.001). Each REACH‐B point was associated with a 53% increased risk of HCC (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.46–1.59; P < 0.001). We found a significant statistical reduction in HCC incidence with therapy regardless of gender, age, cirrhosis status, HBeAg serology, alanine aminotransferase level, REACH‐B score or treatment medication. Therapy was beneficial to those with mildly‐ to moderately elevated HBV DNA levels (>2000 IU/mL) and of even greater benefit to those with levels >200 000 IU/mL.ConclusionAfter adjustment for background risk, anti‐viral therapy was associated with a significant reduction in HCC incidence in both community and real‐life clinical cohorts, including in those patients previously thought to be at low risk.
Use of a cocktail probe to assess potential drug interactions with cytochrome P450 after administration of belatacept, a costimulatory immunomodulator
Authors: Williams Daphne , Tao Xiaolu , Zhu Lili , Stonier Michele , Lutz Justin D. , Masson Eric , Zhang Sean , Ganguly Bishu , Tzogas Zoe , Lubin Susan , Murthy Bindu 
Published: August 2016

AimThis open‐label study investigated the effect of belatacept on cytokine levels and on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, losartan, omeprazole, dextromethorphan and midazolam, as CYP probe substrates after oral administration of the Inje cocktail in healthy volunteers.MethodsTwenty‐two evaluable subjects received the Inje cocktail on Days 1, 4, 7 and 11 and belatacept infusion on Day 4.ResultsSince belatacept caused no major alterations to cytokine levels, there were no major effects on CYP‐substrate pharmacokinetics, except for a slight (16–30%) increase in omeprazole exposure, which was probably due to omeprazole‐mediated, time‐dependent CYP inhibition. Belatacept did not cause major alterations in the pharmacokinetics, as measured by the geometric mean ratios and associated 90% confidence interval for area under the plasma concentration ‐time curve from time zero to infinity on Day 7 comparing administration with and without belatacept for caffeine (1.002 [0.914, 1.098]), dextromethorphan (1.031 [0.885, 1.200]), losartan (1.016 [0.938, 1.101)], midazolam (0.968 [0.892, 1.049]) or their respective metabolites.ConclusionsTherefore, no dose adjustments of CYP substrates are indicated with belatacept coadministration.
Supporting Women Planning a Vaginal Breech Birth: An International Survey
Authors: Petrovska Karolina , Watts Nicole P. , Catling Christine , Bisits Andrew , Homer Caroline S.E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the experiences of women who planned a vaginal breech birth.MethodAn online survey was developed consisting of questions regarding women's experiences surrounding planned vaginal breech birth. The survey was distributed between April 2014 and January 2015 to closed membership Facebook groups that had a consumer focus on vaginal breech birth.ResultsIn total, 204 unique responses to the survey were obtained from women who had sought the option of a vaginal breech birth in a previous pregnancy. Most women (80.8%) stated that they were happy with the birth choices they made, and a significant proportion (89.4%) would attempt a vaginal breech birth in subsequent pregnancies. Less than half of women were formally referred to a clinician skilled in vaginal breech birth when their baby was diagnosed breech (41.8%), while the remainder sourced a clinician themselves. Half of the women felt supported by their care provider (56.7%) and less than half (42.3%) felt supported by family and friends.ConclusionThe women who responded to this international survey sought the option of a vaginal breech birth, were subsequently happy with this decision, and would attempt a vaginal breech birth in their next pregnancy. Access to vaginal breech birth is important for some women; however, this choice may be challenging to achieve. Consistent information and support from clinicians is important to assist decision‐making.