bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refining expectations for environmental characteristics of refugia: two ranges of differing elevation and topographical complexity are mesic refugia in an arid landscape
Authors: Byrne Margaret , Millar Melissa A. , Coates David J. , Macdonald Bronwyn M. , McArthur Shelley M. , Zhou Michael , van Leeuwen Stephen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimTopographically complex areas are hypothesized to be mesic refugia in arid environments during periods of climatic change. We tested the hypothesis that an elevated and topographically complex range has been a historical refugium in an arid environment during Pleistocene climatic oscillations for a widespread eucalypt.LocationPilbara region, north‐west Australia.MethodsWe evaluated genetic diversity and differentiation in chloroplast and nuclear genomes using microsatellite loci in 20 populations of Eucalyptus leucophloia from across the distribution in the Pilbara bioregion, including two ranges with differing topographical complexity and elevation. We evaluated phylogeographical structure using Permut and Network analysis, and assessed genetic structure using principle coordinate (PCoA) and Bayesian analyses.ResultsWe found moderate levels of genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation among populations, typical of widespread eucalypts. There was no evidence of genetic structure across the sampled range. Populations in both the Hamersley and Chichester ranges showed higher levels of chloroplast haplotype and nuclear diversity than those in surrounding areas. Diversity was negatively correlated with evapotranspiration, and positively correlated with precipitation.Main conclusionsGenetic signals of high diversity and low differentiation indicated population persistence throughout historical climate change in ranges, with a signal of expansion in surrounding areas. Our analysis was consistent with the hypothesis of the elevated, topographically complex Hamersley Range acting as a refugium, but revealed an unexpected result of the lower elevation, less rugged Chichester Range also being a refugium. Our results suggest refinement to expectations of environmental characteristics that facilitate persistence, where thresholds of mesic environments for refugia may be lower than expected and moisture availability may be an important contributory aspect of elevation and topographical complexity. In contrast to patterns in reptile species, lack of genetic structure associated with geological substrate and geomorphological features indicates dispersal is not impeded by these landscape features for this widespread eucalypt.
Evaluation of outpatient therapeutic programme (OTP) for treatment of severe acute malnutrition in Yemen: a focus on treatment default and its risk factors
Authors: Al Amad Mohammed , Al‐Eryani Lina , Al Serouri Abdulwahed , Khader Yousef S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to measure the treatment default rate among children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) who were admitted to the outpatient therapeutic programme (OTP) in Yemen and determine its risk factors.MethodsA prospective study was conducted among children with SAM who were newly admitted to the 11 OTPs in primary health centres of Sana'a city. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used for data collection at admission and at after 2 months of admission to the OTP. Univariate and multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression were used to analyse the risk factors of treatment default.ResultsThis study included 339 SAM children. Of those, 186 (55%) children discharged as defaulters, 141 (42%) were cured, and 12 (3%) were transferred to other treatment sites. Many factors related to poor accessibility, poor satisfaction with staff and system, and treatment and acceptability of OTP services factors were significantly associated with treatment default. Having difficulty to attend OTP every week (OR 8.4), unavailability of medication during follow‐up visits (OR 5.0), not liking to eat Plumpy'Nut (OR 5.8), and not gaining weight since the start of treatment (OR 9.3) were the strongest predictors of treatment default.ConclusionsThis study showed a high default rate among SAM children in Sana'a city. Factors related to poor accessibility, poor satisfaction with staff and system, and factors related to treatment and acceptability of OTP services were significantly associated with high default rate. Expansion of OTP services and training OTPs staff on SAM treatment protocols are highly recommended.
Comparison of different polishing methods on the surface roughness of microhybrid, microfill, and nanofill composite resins
Authors: Moda Mariana D. , Godas André Gustavo de L. , Fernandes Juliana C. , Suzuki Thaís Y. U. , Guedes Ana Paula A. , Briso André L. F. , Bedran‐Russo Ana Karina , dos Santos Paulo H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different polishing methods on the surface roughness of resin‐based composites subjected to a thermocycling procedure.MethodsA total of 192 specimens were divided into 24 groups, according to composite materials (Filtek Z250, Point 4, Renamel Nanofill, Filtek Supreme Plus, Renamel Microfill, and Premise) and finishing and polishing systems (Sof‐Lex Pop On, Super Snap, Flexidisc, and Flexidisc+Enamelize). The specimens were subjected to thermocycling (5000 cycles).ResultsFiltek Supreme Plus showed the lowest surface roughness values before thermocycling. After thermocycling, Filtek Supreme Plus continued to have the lowest surface roughness, with a statistically‐significant difference for the other materials. After thermocycling, there was no statistically‐significant difference among all the polishing techniques studied.ConclusionsThe thermocycling was concluded as being able to change composite resins' surface roughness, whereas different finishing and polishing methods did not result in surface roughness changes after thermocycling.
Electricity Intensity of Internet Data Transmission: Untangling the Estimates
Authors: Aslan Joshua , Mayers Kieren , Koomey Jonathan G. , France Chris 
Published: August 2017

SummaryIn order to understand the electricity use of Internet services, it is important to have accurate estimates for the average electricity intensity of transmitting data through the Internet (measured as kilowatt‐hours per gigabyte [kWh/GB]). This study identifies representative estimates for the average electricity intensity of fixed‐line Internet transmission networks over time and suggests criteria for making accurate estimates in the future. Differences in system boundary, assumptions used, and year to which the data apply significantly affect such estimates. Surprisingly, methodology used is not a major source of error, as has been suggested in the past. This article derives criteria to identify accurate estimates over time and provides a new estimate of 0.06 kWh/GB for 2015. By retroactively applying our criteria to existing studies, we were able to determine that the electricity intensity of data transmission (core and fixed‐line access networks) has decreased by half approximately every 2 years since 2000 (for developed countries), a rate of change comparable to that found in the efficiency of computing more generally.
Insights into the complexity of crustal differentiation: K2O‐poor leucosomes within metasedimentary migmatites from the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa
Authors: Nicoli G. , Stevens G. , Moyen J‐F. , Vezinet A. , Mayne M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDifferentiation of the continental crust is the result of complex interactions between a large number of processes, which govern partial melting of the deep crust, magma formation and segregation, and magma ascent to significantly higher crustal levels. The anatectic metasedimentary rocks exposed in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt represent an unusually well‐exposed natural laboratory where the portion of these processes that operate in the deep crust can be directly investigated in the field. The formation of these migmatites occurred via absent incongruent melting reactions involving biotite, which produced cm‐ to m‐scale, K2O‐poor garnet‐bearing stromatic leucosomes, with high Ca/Na ratios relative to their source rocks. Field investigation combined with geochemical analyses, and phase equilibrium modelling designed to investigate some aspects of disequilibrium partial melting show that the outcrop features and compositions of the leucosomes suggest several steps in their evolution: (1) Melting of a portion of the source, with restricted plagioclase availability due to kinetic controls, to produce a magma (melt + entrained peritectic minerals in variable proportions relative to melt); (2) Segregation of the magma at near peak metamorphic conditions into melt accumulation sites (MAS), also known as future leucosome; (3a) Re‐equilibration of the magma with a portion of the bounding mafic residuum via chemical diffusion (H2O, K2O), which triggers the co‐precipitation of quartz and plagioclase in the MAS; (3b) Extraction of melt‐dominated magma to higher crustal levels, leaving peritectic minerals entrained from the site of the melting reaction, and the minerals precipitated in the MASs to form the leucosome in the source. The key mechanism controlling this behaviour is the kinetically induced restriction of the amount of plagioclase available to the melting reaction. This results in elevated melt H2O and K2O and chemical potential gradient for these components across the leucosome/mafic residuum contact. The combination of all of these processes accurately explains the composition of the K2O‐poor leucosomes. These findings have important implications for our understanding of melt segregation in the lower crust and minimum melt residency time which, according to the chemical modelling, is <5 years. We demonstrate that in some migmatitic granulites, the leucosomes constitute a type of felsic refractory residuum, rather than evidence of failed magma extraction. This provides a new insight into the ways that source heterogeneity may control anatexis.
Vertebral column regionalisation in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Authors: De Clercq A. , Perrott M. R. , Davie P. S. , Preece M. A. , Wybourne B. , Ruff N. , Huysseune A. , Witten P. E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTeleost vertebral centra are often similar in size and shape, but vertebral‐associated elements, i.e. neural arches, haemal arches and ribs, show regional differences. Here we examine how the presence, absence and specific anatomical and histological characters of vertebral centra‐associated elements can be used to define vertebral column regions in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). To investigate if the presence of regions within the vertebral column is independent of temperature, animals raised at 8 and 12 °C were studied at 1400 and 1530 degreedays, in the freshwater phase of the life cycle. Anatomy and composition of the skeletal tissues of the vertebral column were analysed using Alizarin red S whole‐mount staining and histological sections. Six regions, termed I–VI, are recognised in the vertebral column of specimens of both temperature groups. Postcranial vertebrae (region I) carry neural arches and parapophyses but lack ribs. Abdominal vertebrae (region II) carry neural arches and ribs that articulate with parapophyses. Elastic‐ and fibrohyaline cartilage and Sharpey's fibres connect the bone of the parapophyses to the bone of the ribs. In the transitional region (III) vertebrae carry neural arches and parapophyses change stepwise into haemal arches. Ribs decrease in size, anterior to posterior. Vestigial ribs remain attached to the haemal arches with Sharpey's fibres. Caudal vertebrae (region IV) carry neural and haemal arches and spines. Basidorsals and basiventrals are small and surrounded by cancellous bone. Preural vertebrae (region V) carry neural and haemal arches with modified neural and haemal spines to support the caudal fin. Ural vertebrae (region VI) carry hypurals and epurals that represent modified haemal and neural arches and spines, respectively. The postcranial and transitional vertebrae and their respective characters are usually recognised, but should be considered as regions within the vertebral column of teleosts because of their distinctive morphological characters. While the number of vertebrae within each region can vary, each of the six regions is recognised in specimens of both temperature groups. This refined identification of regionalisation in the vertebral column of Chinook salmon can help to address evolutionary developmental and functional questions, and to support applied research into this farmed species.
Why Do Investors Hold Socially Responsible Mutual Funds?
Authors: RIEDL ARNO , SMEETS PAUL 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTTo understand why investors hold socially responsible mutual funds, we link administrative data to survey responses and behavior in incentivized experiments. We find that both social preferences and social signaling explain socially responsible investment (SRI) decisions. Financial motives play less of a role. Socially responsible investors in our sample expect to earn lower returns on SRI funds than on conventional funds and pay higher management fees. This suggests that investors are willing to forgo financial performance in order to invest in accordance with their social preferences.
Differences in the Mathematics‐Vocabulary Knowledge of Fifth‐Grade Students With and Without Learning Difficulties
Authors: Forsyth Suzanne R. , Powell Sarah R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to explore the impact of mathematics and reading learning difficulties on the mathematics‐vocabulary understanding of fifth‐grade students. Students (n = 114) completed three measures: mathematics computation, general vocabulary, and mathematics vocabulary. Based on performance on the mathematics computation and general vocabulary measures, students were categorized with no learning difficulty (i.e., typical), mathematics difficulty without reading difficulty (MD‐only), reading difficulty without mathematics difficulty (RD‐only), and combined mathematics and reading difficulties (MDRD). On the mathematics‐vocabulary measure, students with MD‐only or RD‐only scored significantly lower than typical students, and students with MDRD demonstrated significantly lower performance than students with MD‐only or RD‐only.
Impact of monopolar TURP, bipolar TURP and photoselective vaporization of prostate for enlarged prostate on erectile function
Authors: Vasudeva Pawan , Kumar Niraj , Kumar Anup , Kumar Gaurav , Patel Mikir , Gupta Pankaj 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo compare monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), bipolar TURP and photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) by 120‐W GreenLight laser with regard to the impact on International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)‐5 score in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to prostate >80 mL.MethodsBetween April 2012 and March 2015, 110 patients who satisfied eligibility criteria were divided into three groups according to surgical modality adopted to treat benign prostatic enlargement. Preoperative, perioperative, and follow‐up data were collected. The three groups were as follows: group A, monopolar TURP; group B, bipolar TURP; and group C, PVP.ResultsThe baseline characteristics of the three groups were similar. All the perioperative parameters were significantly favorable in group C compared with the other two groups, except for mean operative time, which was significantly higher in group C. International Prostate Symptom Score, postvoid residual urine, maximum flow rate and quality of life score had significant and similar improvement during follow up in all three groups. Also, prostate volume reduced significantly in all three groups following surgery, but it remained significantly higher in group C patients compared with groups A and B. Mean IIEF‐5 score was similar between the three groups at baseline and during each of the follow‐up visits. Groups A, B and C had declines of 3.27% (P = 0.34), 2.68% (P = 0.40) and 3.36% (P = 0.35), respectively, in mean IIEF‐5 score at 12‐month follow up compared with baseline.ConclusionsMonopolar TURP, bipolar TURP and PVP by 120‐W GreenLight laser for prostate size >80 mL do not have a significant impact on IIEF‐5 score at 12‐month follow up.
Evolution of defence cocktails: Antimicrobial peptide combinations reduce mortality and persistent infection
Authors: Zanchi Caroline , Johnston Paul R. , Rolff Jens 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe simultaneous expression of costly immune effectors such as multiple antimicrobial peptides is a hallmark of innate immunity of multicellular organisms, yet the adaptive advantage remains unresolved. Here, we test current hypotheses on the evolution of such defence cocktails. We use RNAi gene knock‐down to explore, the effects of three highly expressed antimicrobial peptides, displaying different degrees of activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, during an infection in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. We find that a defensin confers no survival benefit but reduces bacterial loads. A coleoptericin contributes to host survival without affecting bacterial loads. An attacin has no individual effect. Simultaneous knock‐down of the defensin with the other AMPs results in increased mortality and elevated bacterial loads. Contrary to common expectations, the effects on host survival and bacterial load can be independent. The expression of multiple AMPs increases host survival and contributes to the control of persisting infections and tolerance. This is an emerging property that explains the adaptive benefit of defence cocktails.
Effect of intragastric FODMAP infusion on upper gastrointestinal motility, gastrointestinal, and psychological symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome vs healthy controls
Authors: Masuy I. , Van Oudenhove L. , Tack J. , Biesiekierski J. R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe low fermentable oligo‐, di‐, mono‐saccharides and polyol (FODMAP) diet is a treatment strategy to reduce symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Acute effects of FODMAPs on upper gastrointestinal motility are incompletely understood. Our objectives were to assess the acute effects of intragastric FODMAP infusions on upper gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms in healthy controls (HC) and IBS patients.MethodsA high‐resolution solid‐state manometry probe and an infusion tube were positioned into the stomach. Fructans, fructose, FODMAP mix, or glucose was intragastrically administered to HC, and fructans or glucose was administered to IBS patients until full satiation (score 0‐5), in a randomized crossover fashion. Manometric measurements continued for 3 hours. Gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms were assessed by questionnaires at predefined time points. The study was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02980406).Key ResultsTwenty HC and 20 IBS patients were included. Fructans induced higher postprandial gastric pressures compared with glucose over both groups (P<.001). Bloating, belching, and pain increased more in IBS over both carbohydrates (P<.041). In addition, IBS patients reported more flatulence and cramps compared with HC following fructans (P<.001). Glucose induced more fatigue and dominance compared with fructans (P=.028, P=.001). Irritable bowel syndrome patients reported a higher increase in anger (P=.030) and a stronger decrease in positive affect (P=.021).Conclusions & InferencesThe upper gastrointestinal motility response varies between carbohydrates. Irritable bowel syndrome patients are more sensitive to fructan infusion, reflected in their higher gastrointestinal symptom scores. Acute carbohydrate infusion can have differential psychological effects in IBS and HC.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia without favorable cytogenetics
Authors: Suh Jin Kyung , Lee Seong Wook , Koh Kyung‐Nam , Im Ho Joon , Choi Eun Seok , Jang Seongsoo , Park Chan‐Jeoung , Seo Jong Jin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntensified chemotherapy, HSCT, and supportive care improve the survival of pediatric patients with AML. However, no consensus has been reached regarding the role of HSCT in patients without favorable cytogenetics. We evaluated OS and EFS according to prognostic factors that affect clinical outcomes, including cytogenetics risk group, conditioning regimen, donor type, disease status at the time of HSCT, and number of chemotherapy cycles prior to HSCT in 65 pediatric patients with AML without favorable cytogenetics who underwent HSCT. Fifteen of the 65 patients died: three of TRM and 12 of disease‐related mortality. The 5‐year OS and EFS were 78.0% and 72.0%, respectively, and the 5‐year cumulative relapse and TRM rates were 26.9% and 5.1%, respectively. Survival rates were not influenced by cytogenetic group (intermediated vs. poor), donor type (related vs. unrelated), transplant type (myeloablative vs. reduced‐intensity conditioning), or number of pretransplant chemotherapy cycles (≤3 vs. >3 cycles). The low TRM rate and encouraging outcomes suggest that HSCT may be a feasible treatment for pediatric patients with AML without favorable cytogenetics.
A case of Chediak‐Higashi syndrome presented with accelerated phase could be treated effectively by unrelated cord blood transplantation
Authors: Zhang Yan , Gao Zhiyong , Yu Xinjian 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCHS is a rare immunodeficiency syndrome with defects in the functions of cytotoxic cells and neutrophils. Approximately 85% of patients with CHS undergo an AP within the first decade, which is similar to FHLH. Chemotherapy could induce transient remission, but only allogeneic HCT could correct the underlying genetic defect and prevent relapse. We reported a case of CHS diagnosed at 19 months, who had an elder brother who had previously succumbed to the same disease. The little girl presented with severe AP manifestations including recurrent high fever, enlarged superficial lymph nodes, and extraordinary hepatosplenomegaly occupying the whole abdominal and pelvic cavity. Comprehensive therapies including HLH 2004 protocol, supportive care, and antibiotics, especially antituberculous agents, were given to her to induce remission. After remission, the patient received fully HLA‐matched UCBT. The transplantation course was uneventful, except for fluctuation of donor chimerism. The patient has been alive for 36 months without infection and neurologic manifestations and is under further follow‐up. Our result provides another case that UCBT can be effective for treating patients with CHS and remission before HCT is important for good prognosis.