bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stapels koopwaar als eene bestendige aanlokking voor dieven’. De economische visie op criminaliteit en criminaliteitscontrole in de haven van Antwerpen (1880-1940)
Authors: Leloup P. 
Published: November 2015

‘To plunder wherever an opportunity offers’. An economic perspective on crime and crime control in the port of Antwerp (1880-1940).
This contribution focuses on the manner in which between 1880 and 1940 private actors in the port of Antwerp, whether or not in cooperation with the public authorities, interpreted crime and crime control in terms of risk management, loss prevention and situational crime prevention through a strict economic approach, as opposed to the then dominant institutionalized and criminological discourse. Whereas crime control by the major criminal justice institutions put an emphasis on the biological, psychological and sociological characteristics of the offender, measures taken by maritime, industrial and commercial organizations were aimed exclusively at manipulating the temporal and spatial dimensions of the opportunity structures in which criminal activities, which posed a threat to the economic profitability, could develop.
« L’Allemagne que j’abhorre. L’Allemagne que j’adore1. »
Authors: Filion Louise-Hélène 
Published: November 2015

Le roman Ça va aller (2002), de Catherine Mavrikakis, entremêle les filiations littéraires, culturelles et généalogiques en empruntant à la fois au « roman familial » et au « récit de filiation » : c’est ainsi qu’il est notamment porteur d’un imaginaire allemand aux ramifications considérables. Le roman étonne par le traitement qu’il réserve aux cultures germanophones, sa narratrice oscillant entre germanophobie et germanophilie. Ambivalente, la perception de l’Allemagne fait souvent glisser le texte du côté de l’injonction ou de la sommation idéologique. Cet article a pour objectif de décrire la perception globale de l’Autre proposée dans Ça va aller, à partir d’analyses sémiologique, sociocritique, interdiscursive et intertextuelle, lesquelles dévoilent tour à tour la dimension polémique, voire éthique de la perception de l’Allemagne.
The effects of household wealth on HIV prevalence in Manicaland, Zimbabwe – a prospective household census and population‐based open cohort study
Authors: Schur Nadine , Mylne Adrian , Mushati Phyllis , Takaruza Albert , Ward Helen , Nyamukapa Constance , Gregson Simon 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionIntensified poverty arising from economic decline and crisis may have contributed to reductions in HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe.ObjectivesTo assess the impact of the economic decline on household wealth and prevalent HIV infection using data from a population‐based open cohort.MethodsHousehold wealth was estimated using data from a prospective household census in Manicaland Province (1998 to 2011). Temporal trends in summed asset ownership indices for sellable, non‐sellable and all assets combined were compared for households in four socio‐economic strata (small towns, agricultural estates, roadside settlements and subsistence farming areas). Multivariate logistic random‐effects models were used to measure differences in individual‐level associations between prevalent HIV infection and place of residence, absolute wealth group and occupation.ResultsHousehold mean asset scores remained similar at around 0.37 (on a scale of 0 to 1) up to 2007 but decreased to below 0.35 thereafter. Sellable assets fell substantially from 2004 while non‐sellable assets continued increasing until 2008. Small‐town households had the highest wealth scores but the gap to other locations decreased over time, especially for sellable assets. Concurrently, adult HIV prevalence fell from 22.3 to 14.3%. HIV prevalence was highest in better‐off locations (small towns) but differed little by household wealth or occupation. Initially, HIV prevalence was elevated in women from poorer households and lower in men in professional occupations. However, most recently (2009 to 2011), men and women in the poorest households had lower HIV prevalence and men in professional occupations had similar prevalence to unemployed men.ConclusionsThe economic crisis drove more households into extreme poverty. However, HIV prevalence fell in all socio‐economic locations and sub‐groups, and there was limited evidence that increased poverty contributed to HIV prevalence decline.
Professionalization and Professionalism: the Case of Italian Dentistry
Authors: Vicarelli Giovanna , Spina Elena 
Published: November 2015

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the process of professionalization of Italian dentists and the profession’s current configuration. It is based on three lines of inquiry. The first line adopts a historical perspective through the analysis of legislation that has regulated the dental sector over time. The second line depicts the current configuration of the profession through institutional and sectoral statistics. The third line focuses on the impact of the 2008 economic crisis, using the main findings of a survey conducted among the profession’s representatives. The economic crisis has exacerbated the profession’s structural weaknesses caused by the difficulties associated with self-regulation and by organizational–managerial inefficiency. Given this situation, one may inquire as to the actual professional nature of dentistry in Italy: It is not pointless to ask whether—and, if so, what type of—professionalism exists in dentistry in Italy today.
Keywords: Italian dental profession, professionalization, professionalism, economic crisis, occupational change.
Vesiculation in rhyolite at low H2O contents: A thermodynamic model
Authors: Ryan Amy G. , Russell James K. , Hess Kai‐Uwe , Phillion Andre B. , Dingwell Donald B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present experimental data on the thermodynamics and kinetics of bubble nucleation and growth in weakly H2O‐oversaturated rhyolitic melts. The high‐temperature (900–1100°C) experiments involve heating of rhyolitic obsidian from Hrafntinnuhryggur, Krafla, Iceland to above their glass transition temperature (Tg ∼ 690°C) at 0.1 MPa for times of 0.25–24 h. During experiments, the rhyolite cores increase in volume as H2O vapor‐filled bubbles nucleate and expand. The extent of vesiculation, as tracked by porosity, is mapped in temperature‐time (T‐t) space. At constant temperature and for a characteristic dwell time, the rhyolite cores achieve a maximum volume where the T‐t conditions reach thermochemical equilibrium. For each T‐t snapshot of vesiculation, we use 3‐D analysis of X‐ray computed tomographic (XCT) images of the quenched cores to obtain the bubble number density (BND) and bubble‐size distribution (BSD). BNDs for the experimental cores are insensitive to T and t, indicating a single nucleation event. All BSDs converge to a common distribution, independent of T, melt viscosity (η), or initial degree of saturation, suggesting a common growth process. We use these data to calibrate an empirical model for predicting the rates and amounts of vesiculation in rhyolitic melts as a function of η and thermochemical affinity (A): two computable parameters that are dependent on T, pressure and H2O content. The model reproduces the experimental data set and data from the literature to within experimental error, and has application to natural volcanic systems where bubble formation and growth are not diffusion limited (e.g., lavas, domes, ignimbrites, conduit infill).
Evidence of a decadal solar signal in the Amazon River: 1903 to 2013
Authors: Antico Andrés , Torres María E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIt has been shown that tropical climates can be notably influenced by the decadal solar cycle; however, the relationship between this solar forcing and the tropical Amazon River has been overlooked in previous research. In this study, we reveal evidence of such a link by analyzing a 1903–2013 record of Amazon discharge. We identify a decadal flow cycle that is anticorrelated with the solar activity measured by the decadal sunspot cycle. This relationship persists through time and appears to result from a solar influence on the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The amplitude of the decadal solar signal in flow is apparently modulated by the interdecadal North Atlantic variability. Because Amazonia is an important element of the planetary water cycle, our findings have implications for studies on global change.
Dynamics of density cavities generated by frictional heating: Formation, distortion, and instability
Authors: Zettergren M. D. , Semeter J. L. , Dahlgren H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA simulation study of the generation and evolution of mesoscale density cavities in the polar ionosphere is conducted using a time‐dependent, nonlinear, quasi‐electrostatic model. The model demonstrates that density cavities, generated by frictional heating, can form in as little as 90 s due to strong electric fields of ∼120 mV/m, which are sometimes observed near auroral zone and polar cap arcs. Asymmetric density cavity features and strong plasma density gradients perpendicular to the geomagnetic field are naturally generated as a consequence of the strong convection and finite extent of the auroral feature. The walls of the auroral density cavities are shown to be susceptible to large‐scale distortion and gradient‐drift instability, hence indicating that arc‐related regions of frictional heating may be a source of polar ionospheric density irregularities.
Data‐driven modeling of the solar wind from 1 Rs to 1 AU
Authors: Feng Xueshang , Ma Xiaopeng , Xiang Changqing 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present here a time‐dependent three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solar wind simulation from the solar surface to the Earth's orbit driven by time‐varying line‐of‐sight solar magnetic field data. The simulation is based on the three‐dimensional (3‐D) solar‐interplanetary (SIP) adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) space‐time conservation element and solution element (CESE) MHD (SIP‐AMR‐CESE MHD) model. In this simulation, we first achieve the initial solar wind background with the time‐relaxation method by inputting a potential field obtained from the synoptic photospheric magnetic field and then generate the time‐evolving solar wind by advancing the initial 3‐D solar wind background with continuously varying photospheric magnetic field. The model updates the inner boundary conditions by using the projected normal characteristic method, inputting the high‐cadence photospheric magnetic field data corrected by solar differential rotation, and limiting the mass flux escaping from the solar photosphere. We investigate the solar wind evolution from 1 July to 11 August 2008 with the model driven by the consecutive synoptic maps from the Global Oscillation Network Group. We compare the numerical results with the previous studies on the solar wind, the solar coronal observations from the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope board on Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, and the measurements from OMNI at 1 astronomical unit (AU). Comparisons show that the present data‐driven MHD model's results have overall good agreement with the large‐scale dynamical coronal and interplanetary structures, including the sizes and distributions of the coronal holes, the positions and shapes of the streamer belts, the heliocentric distances of the Alfvénic surface, and the transitions of the solar wind speeds. However, the model fails to capture the small‐sized equatorial holes, and the modeled solar wind near 1 AU has a somewhat higher density and weaker magnetic field strength than observed. Perhaps better preprocessing of high‐cadence observed photospheric magnetic field (particularly 3‐D global measurements), combined with plasma measurements and higher resolution grids, will enable the data‐driven model to more accurately capture the time‐dependent changes of the ambient solar wind for further improvements. In addition, other measures may also be needed when the model is employed in the period of high solar activity.
Maternal maya ancestry and birth weight in Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , Vázquez‐Vázquez Adriana , Mendez Nina , Carlos Salazar Juan , Datta‐Banik Sudip 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to analyze the association between maternal Maya ancestry and the birth weight of infants born in Yucatan, Mexico, during 2013.MethodsA total of 30,435 singletons born at term (≥37 weeks) in Yucatan during 2013 were analyzed. Birth weights, gestational ages, and maternal socioeconomic data were provided by the Ministry of Health of Yucatan. Maternal Maya ancestry was defined by the presence of Maya surnames in: (1) non‐Maya surnames (NM‐NM), (2) one Maya surname (NM‐M), and (3) two Maya surnames (M‐M). Biological and socioeconomic parameters were compared between the categories of ancestry through one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multiple regression model was used to analyze the association between ancestry and infants' birth weight controlling for influence of covariates.ResultsMean birth weight was 3,114 g (SD = 406) (NM‐NM: 3,150 g [SD = 404], NM‐M: 3,106 g [SD = 402], M‐M: 3,088 g [SD = 408]). With the biological and socioeconomic variables statistically adjusted for, the presence of one and two maternal Maya surnames was associated with decreases in birth weight of 42 g and 63 g, respectively. None of the interactions between ancestry and other predictors was statistically significant.ConclusionsThe lower mean birth weights of Maya infants are consistent with studies reporting poor growth and nutritional status of Maya children from Yucatan. Historically adverse socioeconomic conditions experienced by the Maya population are probably linked to the relatively lower birth weights of their infants. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:436–439, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles With Fully Substituted N‐fused Pyrrole Rings
Authors: Bakshi Debanjan , Singh Anand 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe efficient synthesis of C‐2 alkylated indolizine, pyrrolo[1,2‐a]isoquinoline, and pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline derivatives utilizing a single reactivity platform is described. Employing a [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reaction between heterocyclic N‐ylides and allenoates, the incorporation of C‐2 alkyl substituents was achieved resulting in various N‐fused heterocycles with a fully substituted pyrrole ring. This metal‐free route employing allenoates as a dipolarophile solves the longstanding limitations of functional diversity at the C‐2 position and the efficient creation of the pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline motif.
Functionalizations of Mixtures of Regioisomeric Aryllithium Compounds by Selective Trapping with Dichlorozirconocene
Authors: Castelló‐Micó Alicia , Herbert Simon A. , León Thierry , Bein Thomas , Knochel Paul 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe reaction of mixtures of aryllithium regioisomers obtained either by directed lithiation or by Br/Li exchange with substoichiometric amounts of Cp2ZrCl2 proceeds with high regioselectivity. The least sterically hindered regioisomeric aryllithium is selectively transmetalated to the corresponding arylzirconium species leaving the more hindered aryllithium ready for various reactions with electrophiles. As an application, these regioselective transmetalations from Li to Zr were used to prepare all three lithiated regioisomers of 1,3‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene.
Self‐assembling amphiphilic PEGylated block copolymers obtained through RAFT polymerization for drug‐delivery applications
Authors: Colombo Claudio , Gatti Simone , Ferrari Raffaele , Casalini Tommaso , Cuccato Danilo , Morosi Lavinia , Zucchetti Massimo , Moscatelli Davide 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, ring‐opening polymerization and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) have been employed for the production of block copolymers where the backbone is brushed with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polyester chains. Because of their amphiphilic properties, they are able to self‐assemble in water, forming micelles. Molecular dynamics simulations have been accomplished to study the behavior of the copolymer single chain in water, and the self‐assembly properties have been characterized and correlated to the copolymer structure in terms of critical micellar concentration and particle size. As a proof of their flexibility, these materials have been employed for the production of polymer–lipid hybrid nanoparticles with tunable dimensions (from 120 to 260 nm) adopted for the controlled release of anticancer compounds (paclitaxel and curcumin). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43084.
Latex co‐coagulation approach to fabrication of polyurethane/graphene nanocomposites with improved electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and barrier property
Authors: Wu Sheng Li , Shi Tie Jun , Zhang Li Yuan 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThis study describes a simple and effective method of synthesis of a polyurethane/graphene nanocomposite. Cationic waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) was used as the polymer matrix, and graphene oxide (GO) as a starting nanofiller. The CWPU/GO nanocomposite was prepared by first mixing a CWPU emulsion with a GO colloidal dispersion. The positively charged CWPU latex particles were assembled on the surfaces of the negatively charged GO nanoplatelets through electrostatic interactions. Then, the CWPU/chemically reduced GO (RGO) was obtained by treating the CWPU/GO with hydrazine hydrate in DMF. The results of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman analysis showed that the RGO nanoplatelets were well dispersed and exfoliated in the CWPU matrix. The electrical conductivity of the CWPU/RGO nanocomposite could reach 0.28 S m−1, and the thermal conductivity was as high as 1.71 W m−1 K−1. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the CWPU/RGO‐coated PET film was significantly decreased to 0.6 cm3 m−2 day−1, indicating a high oxygen barrier property. This remarkable improvement in the electrical and thermal conductivity and barrier property of the CWPU/RGO nanocomposite is attributed to the electrostatic interactions and the molecular‐level dispersion of RGO nanoplatelets in the CWPU matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43117.
Preparation of cinchonine molecularly imprinted photonic crystal film and its specific recognition and optical responsive properties
Authors: Zhang Yanan , Huang Shaomei , Qian Chuntong , Wu Quanzhou , He Jianfeng 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe cinchonine molecularly imprinted photonic polymer (MIPP) film was prepared by using methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross linker, benzoyl peroxide and N,N‐dimethylaniline as initiation system by a combination of colloidal crystal template method and molecular imprinting technique. The structure and morphology of the polymer film were characterized by infrared spectra and scanning electronic microscope. The results exhibit that a highly ordered three‐dimensionally interconnected macroporous array with typical face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure was formed in the MIPP film. The binding experiments showed that the special, hierarchical porous structure enabled this polymer to possess rapid adsorption kinetics, improved binding capacity, and specificity to analytes. The Bragg diffractive measurements showed that the MIPP film has good specific responsiveness for the template molecules. The Bragg diffraction peaks shifted from 527 to 503 nm with the concentration of the cinchonine varying from 0 to 10−3 mol/L, whereas there were no obvious peaks shifts for its structural analogues. This may be ascribed that the changes in the lattice constants and the average refractive indices of MIPP film caused by the special adsorption of template molecules toward recognition sites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43191.
The role of real‐life mathematics instruction on mathematics outcomes in kindergarten
Authors: Gottfried Michael 
Published: November 2015

In an era of a declining quality and quantity of students entering and persisting in mathematics in the USA, researchers and policy makers are looking for new strategies to engage students in these fields and improve mathematics outcomes. One push has been to make mathematics instruction more relevant with real‐world applications throughout the K‐12 curriculum—i.e. to make instruction more focused on real‐life situations. This empirical study examines specifically whether real‐life mathematics instruction can influence mathematics achievement for students at the beginning of the educational pipeline. Using a newly released national‐level dataset of a cohort of US kindergarten students, approximately ages 5–6 years old, from the 2010/11 school year (ECLS‐K:2011), the findings indicate a positive relationship between the frequency of real‐life mathematics instruction, as reported by the teacher and mathematics outcomes. The results are differentiated by student demographics, and implications are discussed.
Evaluation of the effect of post‐translational modification toward protein structure: Chemical synthesis of glycosyl crambins having either a high mannose‐type or a complex‐type oligosaccharide
Authors: Dedola Simone , Izumi Masayuki , Makimura Yutaka , Ito Yukishige , Kajihara Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTGlycoproteins are assembled and folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to the Golgi for further processing of their oligosaccharides. During these processes, two types of oligosaccharides are used: that is, high mannose‐type oligosaccharide in the ER and complex‐type oligosaccharide in the Golgi. We were interested to know how two different types of oligosaccharides could influence the folding pathway or the final three‐dimensional structure of the glycoproteins. For this purpose, we synthesized a new glycosyl crambin having complex‐type oligosaccharide and evaluated the folding process, the final protein structure analyzed by NMR, and compared the CD spectra with previously synthesized glycosyl crambin bearing high mannose‐type oligosaccharides. From our analysis, we found that the two different oligosaccharides do not influence the folding pathway in vitro and the final structure of the small glycoproteins. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 446–452, 2016.
Effect of spacer length and type on the biological activity of peptide–polysaccharide matrices
Authors: Kumai Jun , Hozumi Kentaro , Yamada Yuji , Katagiri Fumihiko , Kikkawa Yamato , Nomizu Motoyoshi 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTPeptide–polysaccharide matrices can mimic extracellular matrix structure and function and are useful for tissue and cell engineering. The spacer between the peptide and the polysaccharide is important for both peptide conformation and the interaction between the peptide and receptors. Here, the effect of a spacer on the biological activity of peptide–polysaccharide matrices using various lengths of spacers consisting of glycine, β‐alanine, and ε‐aminocaproic acid has been examined. Active laminin‐derived peptides, including a syndecan‐binding peptide (AG73: RKRLQVQLSIRT), an integrin αvβ3‐binding peptide (A99a: ALRGDN), and an integrin α6β1‐binding peptide (A2G10: SYWYRIEASRTG), were used as the peptide ligands and chitosan was used as a polysaccharide matrix. The spacers did not influence the biological activity of the AG73‐chitosan matrix. In contrast, the integrin‐binding peptide–chitosan matrices showed spacer‐dependent activity. Hydrophobic spacers enhanced the cell attachment activity of the A99a‐chitosan matrix. A four‐glycine spacer showed the strongest effect for the biological activity of the A2G10‐chitosan matrix. These results suggested that spacer‐optimization for each peptide is important for designing effective peptide–polysaccharide matrices. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 512–520, 2016.