bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF THE MOLYBDENUM‐MOLYBDENUM TRIPLE BOND IN THE (η5‐C5H5)2MO2(CO)(C12H20) METALLACYCLE
Authors: SLATER S. , MUETTERTIES E. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie thermische Reaktion des Zweikernkomplexes (I) (MoEMo) mit Hexin‐(3) (II) führt zu dem Komplex (III), der eine MoEMo‐Dreifachbindung enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEX HALIDES OF THE TRANSITION METALS. 28. ONE‐ELECTRON OXIDATIONS OF QUADRUPLY BONDED MOLYBDENUM DIMERS
Authors: ZIETLOW T. C. , KLENDWORTH D. D. , NIMRY T. , SALMON D. J. , WALTON R. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas elektrochemische Verhalten der Mo‐Komplexe (I) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC NITROSYL CHEMISTRY. 15. NEW CYCLOPENTADIENYLNITROSYL COMPLEXES S OF MANGANESE
Authors: HAMES B. W. , KOLTHAMMER B. W. S. , LEGZDINS P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie thermisch instabilen Komplexe (I) unterliegen bei Einwirkung von Zn‐Amalgam einer Kopplungsreaktion vom Wurtz‐Typ unter Bildung der bereits bekannten Dimeren (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF MANGANESE(II) COMPLEXES CONTAINING PENTADENTATE LIGANDS WITH O2N3, O3N2, AND O2SN2 DONOR SETS
Authors: COLEMAN W. M. , BOGGESS R. K. , HUGHES J. W. , TAYLOR L. T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Mn(II)‐Komplexe (I) werden durch die in‐situ‐Reaktion von Mn(II)‐acetat in Ethanol unter Stickstoff mit den aus entsprechenden Aldehyden und Diaminen gebildeten und deprotonierten Liganden synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOGENERATION OF VERY ACTIVE HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS USING LASER LIGHT EXCITATION OF IRON CARBONYL PRECURSORS
Authors: MITCHENER J. C. , WRIGHTON M. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Photolyse von Fe(CO)5 oder Fe3(CO)12 liefert einen sehr aktiven Katalysator für die Alken‐Isomerisierung und Hydrosilylierung.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND DECARBONYLATION OF FLUOROCARBON‐BIS(ACYL)TETRACARBONYLIRON COMPLEXES
Authors: HENSLEY D. W. , WURSTER W. L. , STEWART R. P. JUN. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie nicht‐chelatisierten Bis‐acyl‐Komplexe (III) werden in guten Ausb. aus der Reaktion der Anhydride (II) mit dem Komplex (I) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: AN UNUSUAL CYCLOBUTANONE RING CLEAVAGE IN TRICARBONYL((η‐2,3,4,5)‐9,9‐DIPHENYLBICYCLO(5.2.0)NONA‐2,4‐DIEN‐8‐ONE)IRON
Authors: GOLDSCHMIDT Z. , ANTEBI S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Eisen‐Komplex (I) isomerisiert sowohl basen‐ als auch säurekatalysiert unter Öffnung des Cyclobutanon‐Ringes zu dem Keton (II); Reaktionswege hierfür werden vorgeschlagen.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLECULAR CARBINOLAMINE AND IMINE FORMATION WITH COBALT(III)‐AMINE COMPLEXES. SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND REACTIVITY
Authors: GAINSFORD A. R. , PIZER R. S. , SARGESON A. M. , WHIMP P. O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer DMSO‐Co(III)‐Komplex (I) bildet mit d,l‐Aminopropanol‐(2) (IIa) den Aminopropanol‐Komplex (IIIa) und dessen O‐Analoges in äquimolaren Mengen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF TRIBENZO(21)ANEN6: A METAL TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS
Authors: GRANT G. J. , ROYER D. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus Na‐tris‐ (carbonato)cobalt(III), Bis‐[(o‐amino‐phenyl)‐amino]propan und o‐Diamino‐benzol wird in wäßriger Lösung der Komplex (I) hergestellt, der mit dem Ditosylat (II) in einer zweistufigen Reaktion (je 48 h) in den Komplex (III) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERS OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES CONTAINING QUADRIDENTATE LIGANDS WITH A SIX‐MEMBERED CHELATE RING. OPTICALLY ACTIVE 2,3,2‐TET DERIVATIVES
Authors: AJIOKA M. , YANO S. , SABURI M. , YOSHIKAWA S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus der Reaktion von Co‐chlorid mit den Liganden (Ia) und (Ib) wurden von den möglichen Isomeren die Komplexe (II) und (III) bzw. (IV)‐(VI) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF IODINATION OF PARA‐SUBSTITUTED BENZYLBIS(DIMETHYLGLYOXIMATO)(PYRIDINE)COBALT(III). HIGH REACTIVITY OF THE BASE‐OFF FORM
Authors: OKAMOTO T. , GOTO M. , OKA S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie spektrophotometrische Untersuchung der Reaktion der Titelkomplexe (Benzylsubstituenten: ‐H, ‐O‐Me, ‐Me, ‐Cl, ‐NO,) mit I, in Benzol bei 40°C zeigt, daß nach der geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Dissoziation von Pyridin (Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und thermodynamische Parameter der Dissoziation sind angegeben der basenfreie fünffach‐koordinierte Komplex schnell mit Iod reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF COORDINATIVELY UNSATURATED PLATINACYCLOBUTANES
Authors: KLINGLER R. J. , HUFFMAN J. C. , KOCHI J. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Platin(IV)‐Komplex (I) wird elektrochemisch zu dem Platinacyclobutan (II) reduziert, dessen nahezu planare Struktur röntgenographisch nachgewiesen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF METALLIC COMPLEXES OF β,β′,β′′‐TRIAMINOTRIETHYLAMINE. 14. BASE HYDROLYSIS, CHLORIDE ANATION, AND SYNTHESIS OF SOME RHODIUM(III) COMPLEXES OF β,β′,β′′‐TRIAMINOTRIETHYLAMINE: EVIDENCE FOR CHEMICALLY NONEQUIVALENT COORDINATION SITES IN THE (RH(TREN)XY)N+ CATION
Authors: SALIBY M. J. , KAPLAN E. B. , SHERIDAN P. S. , MADAN S. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Kinetik der Hydrolyse von [RhC12(tren)] und von α‐ und β‐[RhC1(OH)(tren) 1" in alkalischer Lösung, die der sauren Hydrolyse von β‐[RhCl(tren)(OH,)] 2 und die der zweistufigen Chlorid‐Anation von [Rh(tren)(OH2)2] 3+ in saurer Lösung wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CYTOSINE AND 5‐METHYLCYTOSINE WITH OSMIUM(VIII) REAGENTS: SYNTHESES AND DEAMINATION TO URACIL AND THYMINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: CHANG C.‐H. , FORD H. , BEHRMAN E. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCytosin (Ia) und 5‐Methylcytosin (Ib) reagieren ebenso wie Cytidin (Ic) mit Os‐tetraoxid in Gegenwart von 2,2′‐Bipyridyl oder N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylendiamin unter Addition an die 5,6;‐ Doppelbindung zu den Oxo‐Os(VI)‐Estern (II).
ChemInform Abstract: TEN‐VERTEX CLOSO‐ AND HYPER‐CLOSO‐PHOSPHINOMETALLOCARBORANE COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM SODIUM DODECAHYDRO‐1,3‐DICARBA‐ARACHNO‐NONABORATE(1‐)
Authors: JUNG C. W. , BAKER R. T. , HAWTHORNE M. F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion des Titelborats (I) mit den Komplexen (II) bzw. (III) in Ether bei Raumtemp. führt zu den im festen Zustand luftstabilen, isostrukturellen 18‐Elektronen‐closo‐Komplexen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF β‐BISABOLENE BY THE MANGANESE(III) ACETATE REACTION
Authors: FUKAMIYA N. , OKI M. , OKANO M. , ARATANI T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion von Limonen (I) mit Mn(III)‐acetat (II) liefert neben dem Lacton (III) die Carbonsäure (IV), die sich mit LiAlH4 zum Alkohol (V) reduzieren läßt. Die Oxidation von (V) mit Dimethylsulfoxid (VI)/Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid (VII) /Trifluoressigsäure 3 (VIII) führt zum Aldehyd (IX), der nach Wittig mit dem Phosphoniurnsalz (X) das β‐Bisabolen (XI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE CYCLIZATION AND FRAGMENTATION OF STEROIDAL ALCOHOLS INDUCED BY CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE
Authors: BALASUBRAMANIAN V. , ROBINSON C. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMit Cerammoniumnitrat (CAN) erhält man aus den Steroidalkoholen (I) die Folgeprodukte (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A METHIONINE‐5‐ENKEPHALIN RETRO ANALOG
Authors: SHVACHKIN YU. P. , SHISHKINA A. A. , SMIRNOVA A. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Pentapeptid (II), das isomer zum Methionin‐5‐encephalin (I) ist, wird hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIMETHYLSILYL BROMIDE AS A MILD, STEREOSELECTIVE ANOMERIC BROMINATING AGENT
Authors: GILLARD J. W. , ISRAEL M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Behandlung mit Trimethylsilylbromid (II) erhält man aus der Acetoxy‐furanose (I) die anomeren Bromide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION OF NITRENES TO CYCLIC VINYLETHERS. APPLICATIONS TO THE SYNTHESES OF AMINO SUGARS
Authors: KOZLOWSKA‐GRAMSZ E. , DESCOTES G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den ungesättigten Ethem (I) erhält man mit Azidokohlensäureester (II) über Nitrene als Zwischenstufen die isomeren Addukte (III) und (IV), die mit Alkoholen zu den verschiedenen Stereoisomeren der Aminozucker (V) gespalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROSPECIFIC AND STEREOSELECTIVE REACTIONS. IV. A ONE‐STEP PREPARATION OF 2,3‐ANHYDRO‐4,6‐O‐BENZYLIDENE‐α‐D‐ALLOPYRANOSIDE AND ‐GULOPYRANOSIDE
Authors: MITSUNOBU O. , KUDO T. , NISHIDA M. , TSUDA N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Methyldideoxyglucopyranosid (I) reagiert mit Azodicarbonsäureester (II) und Triphenylphosphan (III) zum Anhydroallopyranosid (IV) und Spuren des Anhydromannopyranosids (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS FROM A FULVENE WITH THE Ω‐SIDE CHAIN EQUIVALENT
Authors: SAKAI K. , KOBORI T. , FUJISAWA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Ketoester (I) wird zu (IIa) ketalisiert und dann über das Carbinol (IIb) in den Aldehyd (IIc) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: FIRST SYNTHESIS OF AN EPIMER OF (.+‐.)‐PENTENOMYCIN I
Authors: SHONO T. , MATSUMURA Y. , YAMANE S. , SUZUKI M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas durch anodische Oxidation des Butoxycarbonylfurfurylacetats (I) in Methanol leicht zugängliche Dihydrodimethoxyfuran (II) wird am sauren Ionenaustauscher unter Hydrolyse zum AcetoxyJ d hydroxycyclopentenoncarbonsäureester (III) umgelagert.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF ANTITUMOR AGENT AT‐125, (αS,5S)‐α‐AMINO‐3‐CHLORO‐4,5‐DIHYDRO‐5‐ISOXAZOLEACETIC ACID
Authors: BALDWIN J. E. , KRUSE L. I. , CHA J.‐K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Antimetabolit AT‐125 (VI) aus Streptomyce zeigt eine Antitumorwirksamkeit bei der Maus.
ChemInform Abstract: CORROSION TRAILS, PASSING SCENERY, AND DISTANT VIEWS
Authors: UHLIG H. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReview: Vortrag anläßlich des 21. Corrosion science‐Symposiums (Oxford University, September 1980) zu den Glanzlichtem der Korrosionsforschung am MIT aus den letzten 30 Jahren.
n‐Channel Organic Transistors Processed from Halogen‐Free Solvents: Solvent Effect on Thin‐Film Morphology and Charge Transport
Authors: Gao Simin , Hu Yonghui , Duan Zhiming , Gao Xike 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNon‐chlorinated solvents are highly preferable for organic electronic processing due to their environmentally friendly characteristics. Four different halogen‐free solvents, tetrafuran, toluene, meta‐xylene and 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, were selected to fabricate n‐channel organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) based on 3‐hexylundecyl substituted naphthalene diimides fused with (1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)malononitrile groups (NDI3HU‐DTYM2). The OTFTs based on NDI3HU‐DTYM2 showed electron mobility of up to 1.37 cm2·V−1·s−1 under ambient condition. This is among the highest device performance for n‐channel OTFTs processed from halogen‐free solvents. The different thin‐film morphologies, from featureless low crystalline morphology to well‐aligned nanofibres, have a great effect on the device performance. These results might shed some light on solvent selection and the resulting solution process for organic electronic devices.
Superior Electrocatalytic Activity of a Robust Carbon‐Felt Electrode with Oxygen‐Rich Phosphate Groups for All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Kim Ki Jae , Lee Heon Seong , Kim Jeonghun , Park Min‐Sik , Kim Jung Ho , Kim Young‐Jun , Skyllas‐Kazacos Maria 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA newly prepared type of carbon felt with oxygen‐rich phosphate groups is proposed as a promising electrode with good stability for all‐vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Through direct surface modification with ammonium hexafluorophosphate (NH4PF6), phosphorus can be successfully incorporated onto the surface of the carbon felt by forming phosphate functional groups with −OH chemical moieties that exhibit good hydrophilicity. The electrochemical reactivity of the carbon felt toward the redox reactions of VO2+/VO2+ (in the catholyte) and V3+/V2+ (in the anolyte) can be effectively improved owing to the superior catalytic effects of the oxygen‐rich phosphate groups. Furthermore, undesirable hydrogen evolution can be suppressed by minimizing the overpotential for the V3+/V2+ redox reaction in the anolyte of the VRFB. Cell‐cycling tests with the catalyzed electrodes show improved energy efficiencies of 88.2 and 87.2 % in the 1st and 20th cycles compared with 83.0 and 81.1 %, respectively, for the pristine electrodes at a constant current density of 32 mA cm−2. These improvements are mainly attributed to the faster charge transfer allowed by the integration of the oxygen‐rich phosphate groups on the carbon‐felt electrode.
Reconsidering the Hypothetical Adolescent in Evaluating and Teaching Young Adult Literature
Authors: Sulzer Mark A. , Thein Amanda Haertling 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCourses on teaching young adult literature (YAL) often encourage preservice English language arts teachers to consider their future students as they evaluate texts for classroom use. In this study, Sulzer and Thein analyzed preservice teachers' responses to familiar questions used to frame discussions ofYAL—questions that ask them to read on behalf of a hypothetical adolescent reader. Findings suggest that evaluatingYALthis way may naturalize myths about who adolescents are, what they care about, and what they are capable of. Understanding and addressing these myths may be beneficial to all who are involved in selecting literature for adolescents.
Cuticle and subsurface ornamentation of intact plant leaf epidermis under confocal and superresolution microscopy
Authors: Urban Michael A. , Barclay Richard S. , Sivaguru Mayandi , Punyasena Surangi W. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPlant cuticle micromorphology is an invaluable tool in modern ecology and paleoecology. It has expanded our knowledge of systematic relationships among diverse plant groups and can be used to identify fossil plants. Furthermore, fossil plant leaf micromorphology is used for reconstructing past environments, most notably for estimating atmospheric CO2concentration. Here we outline a new protocol for imaging plant cuticle for archival and paleoecological applications. Traditionally, both modern reference and fossil samples undergo maceration with subsequent imaging via environmental SEM, widefield fluorescence, or light microscopy. In this paper, we demonstrate the capabilities of alternative preparation and imaging methods using confocal and superresolution microscopy with intact leaf samples. This method produces detailed three‐dimensional images of surficial and subsurface structures of the intact leaf. Multiple layers are captured simultaneously, which previously required independent maceration and microtome steps. We compared clearing agents (chloral hydrate, KOH, and Visikol); mounting media (Eukitt and Hoyer's); fluorescent stains (periodic acid Schiff, propidium iodide); and confocal vs. superresolution microscopes. We conclude that Eukitt is the best medium for long‐term preservation and imaging. Because of nontoxicity and ease of procurement, Visikol made for the best clearing agent. Staining improves contrast and under most circumstances PAS provided the clearest images. Supperresolution produced higher clarity images than traditional confocal, but the information gained was minimal. This new protocol provides the botanical and paleobotanical community an alternative to traditional techniques. Our proposed workflow has the net benefit of being more efficient than traditional methods, which only capture the surface of the plant epidermis.Microsc. Res. Tech. 81:129–140, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anoikis‐resistant cholangiocarcinoma cells display aggressive characteristics and increase STAT3 activation
Authors: Huyen Nguyen Thi Bich , Prachayasittikul Virapong , Chan‐On Waraporn 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundAnoikis is a specialized cell apoptosis triggered by loss of cell adhesion. Acquisition of anoikis resistance is a key cancer hallmark that has been associated with metastasis of human malignancies. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly metastatic cancer of the bile duct, in which mechanisms underlying its resistance to anoikis has not been well elucidated.MethodsHuCCT1 and Huh28 were utilized as in vitro models to examine biological characteristics of anoikis resistant‐CCA cells. Expression and activation of signaling molecules were determined by western blotting.ResultsWe demonstrated that a significant proportion of CCA cells including HuCCT1 and Huh28 resisted anoikis induced by anchorage‐independent condition. Notably, anoikis‐resistant CCA cells, especially HuCCT1, substantially increased invasive potential and became resistant to gemcitabine, which is the standard chemotherapeutic agent for CCA. Mechanistically, the anoikis‐resistant HuCCT1 cells markedly increased activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and concomitantly upregulated anti‐apoptotic proteins, Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐2. Inhibition of STAT3 by AG 490 significantly induced HuCCT1 cells to undergo anoikis.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings uncover the aggressive properties of CCA cells that overcome anoikis, and reveal the involvement of STAT3 signaling pathway in anoikis resistance in CCA. Targeting STAT3 may restore anoikis and prevent metastasis of the disease.
Young People's Creative and Performing Arts Participation and Arts Self‐concept: A Longitudinal Study of Reciprocal Effects
Authors: Mansour Marianne , Martin Andrew J. , Anderson Michael , Gibson Robyn , Liem Gregory A.D. , Sudmalis David 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis longitudinal study examines the relationship between young people's creative and performing arts participation (e.g., in dance, drama, film, music, visual arts) and their arts self‐concept. Drawing on the positive youth development (PYD) framework and the reciprocal effects model (REM) of self‐concept, a cross‐lagged panel design is implemented to explore the connections between arts self‐concept and each of school (e.g., school‐based arts instruction), home (e.g., parent–child arts interaction), and community (e.g., out‐of‐school arts instruction) creative and performing arts participation. The study drew on an Australian sample of 643 elementary and high school students from 15 schools. Analyses showed that beyond the effects of socio‐demographics and prior achievement, there are longitudinal associations (including reciprocal effects) between numerous forms of creative and performing arts participation and arts self‐concept. Implications are discussed.
An Exploration of Some Antecedents and Consequences of Creative Self‐Efficacy among College Students
Authors: Puente‐Diaz Rogelio , Cavazos‐Arroyo Judith 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTwo studies examined the role of task‐, self‐, and other‐approach achievement goals, trait curiosity, and enjoyment as antecedents of creative self‐efficacy and the influence of creative self‐efficacy on grade point average and perceived performance/effort exerted among college business students from Mexico. To test our research hypotheses, we used Structural Equation Modeling treating the variables as latent. Results from study 1 showed that task/self‐approach goal was a significant antecedent of creative self‐efficacy and enjoyment a marginally significant antecedent. Results from study 2 showed a positive, significant influence of trait curiosity on creative self‐efficacy. Similarly, creative self‐efficacy had a positive, direct influence on perceived performance/effort exerted and an indirect influence on students' grade point average. The implications of our results were discussed.
Characterization of synovial fluid cytokine profiles in chronic meniscal tear of the knee
Authors: Bigoni Marco , Turati Marco , Sacerdote Paola , Gaddi Diego , Piatti Massimiliano , Castelnuovo Alberto , Franchi Silvia , Gandolla Marta , Pedrocchi Alessandra , Omeljaniuk Robert J. , Bresciani Elena , Locatelli Vittorio , Torsello Antonio 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTConcentrations of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid samples collected from patients with chronic meniscal tears were investigated. An acute inflammatory response is generally reported 24–48 h after knee injury, but the largest body of data available in literature concerns anterior cruciate ligament injury and very little information is available about the balance of soluble factors in the synovial fluid of knees with chronic meniscal tears. Sixty‐nine patients (46 males and 23 females) with meniscal tear that occurred more than 3 months earlier were enrolled. According to cartilage integrity assessment by arthroscopic examination, patients were assigned to one of the following groups: (i) no chondral damage (n = 18); (ii) chondral damage graded from I to II (n = 15); and (iii) chondral damage graded from III to IV (n = 37). In all groups, levels of IL‐10 and inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐8 where greater compared with those reported in the intact population; by contrast, levels of IL‐1ra and IL‐1β were significantly lower. Interestingly, IL‐6 levels were higher in female than male patients. Cytokine levels did not correlate with degree of chondral damage. IL‐6 and IL‐1ra levels positively correlated with IL‐1β, and negatively correlated with TNF‐α. Interestingly, levels of IL‐1β and TNF‐α were inversely correlated. Our data demonstrate increased levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α) in the chronic phase of meniscal trauma. This pro‐inflammatory state is maintained in the joint from the time of initial injury to several months later and could be a key factor in hampering cartilage regeneration. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:340–346, 2017.
Determining the drivers of long‐term aridity variability: a southern African case study
Authors: Chevalier Manuel , Chase Brian M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper highlights the importance of differentiating between precipitation amount and moisture availability (‘humidity’/‘aridity’) when considering proxy records of climate change. While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, moisture availability is determined by both (i) precipitation amount and (ii) temperature, through its influence on potential evapotranspiration. As many palaeoenvironmental proxies reflect changes in this water balance rather than purely precipitation amount, it is important to distinguish between the potential relative influences of precipitation and temperature if those records are to be interpreted in terms of climate mechanisms and/or compared with model outputs. As a case study, we explore how precipitation and temperature have determined moisture availability in South Africa's summer rainfall zone over the last 45 000 years. Using quantitative reconstructions of mean annual temperature, summer rainfall amount and an aridity index, our analysis reveals strong spatiotemporal variability in the relative influences of precipitation and temperature on aridity. Temperature is shown to have exerted a considerable and even dominant influence on moisture availability, resulting in elevated humidity during the last glacial period, despite significant reductions in precipitation amount.