bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gauging Through the Crowd: A Crowd‐Sourcing Approach to Urban Rainfall Measurement and Storm Water Modeling Implications
Authors: Yang Pan , Ng Tze Ling 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAccurate rainfall measurement at high spatial and temporal resolutions is critical for the modeling and management of urban storm water. In this study, we conduct computer simulation experiments to test the potential of a crowd‐sourcing approach, where smartphones, surveillance cameras, and other devices act as precipitation sensors, as an alternative to the traditional approach of using rain gauges to monitor urban rainfall. The crowd‐sourcing approach is promising as it has the potential to provide high‐density measurements, albeit with relatively large individual errors. We explore the potential of this approach for urban rainfall monitoring and the subsequent implications for storm water modeling through a series of simulation experiments involving synthetically generated crowd‐sourced rainfall data and a storm water model. The results show that even under conservative assumptions, crowd‐sourced rainfall data lead to more accurate modeling of storm water flows as compared to rain gauge data. We observe the relative superiority of the crowd‐sourcing approach to vary depending on crowd participation rate, measurement accuracy, drainage area, choice of performance statistic, and crowd‐sourced observation type. A possible reason for our findings is the differences between the error structures of crowd‐sourced and rain gauge rainfall fields resulting from the differences between the errors and densities of the raw measurement data underlying the two field types.
Sensitivity of Catchment Transit Times to Rainfall Variability Under Present and Future Climates
Authors: Wilusz Daniel C. , Harman Ciaran J. , Ball William P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHydrologists have a relatively good understanding of how rainfall variability shapes the catchment hydrograph, a reflection of the celerity of hydraulic head propagation. Much less is known about the influence of rainfall variability on catchment transit times, a reflection of water velocities that control solute transport. This work uses catchment‐scale lumped parameter models to decompose the relationship between rainfall variability and an important metric of transit times, the time‐varying fraction of young water (<90 days old) in streams (FYW). A coupled rainfall‐runoff model and rank StorAge Selection (rSAS) transit time model were calibrated to extensive hydrometric and environmental tracer data from neighboring headwater catchments in Plynlimon, Wales from 1999 to 2008. At both sites, the mean annual FYW increased more than 13 percentage points from the driest to the wettest year. Yearly mean rainfall explained most between‐year variation, but certain signatures of rainfall pattern were also associated with higher FYW including: more clustered storms, more negatively skewed storms, and higher covariance between daily rainfall and discharge. We show that these signatures are symptomatic of an “inverse storage effect” that may be common among watersheds. Looking to the future, changes in rainfall due to projected climate change caused an up to 19 percentage point increase in simulated mean winter FYW and similarly large decreases in the mean summer FYW. Thus, climate change could seasonally alter the ages of water in streams at these sites, with concomitant impacts on water quality.
Inclusion of Topological Measurements into Analytic Estimates of Effective Permeability in Fractured Media
Authors: Sævik P. N. , Nixon C. W. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe demonstrate how topology‐based measures of connectivity can be used to improve analytical estimates of effective permeability in 2‐D fracture networks, which is one of the key parameters necessary for fluid flow simulations at the reservoir scale. Existing methods in this field usually compute fracture connectivity using the average fracture length. This approach is valid for ideally shaped, randomly distributed fractures, but is not immediately applicable to natural fracture networks. In particular, natural networks tend to be more connected than randomly positioned fractures of comparable lengths, since natural fractures often terminate in each other. The proposed topological connectivity measure is based on the number of intersections and fracture terminations per sampling area, which for statistically stationary networks can be obtained directly from limited outcrop exposures. To evaluate the method, numerical permeability upscaling was performed on a large number of synthetic and natural fracture networks, with varying topology and geometry. The proposed method was seen to provide much more reliable permeability estimates than the length‐based approach, across a wide range of fracture patterns. We summarize our results in a single, explicit formula for the effective permeability.
Hydropower Optimization Using Artificial Neural Network Surrogate Models of a High‐Fidelity Hydrodynamics and Water Quality Model
Authors: Shaw Amelia R. , Smith Sawyer Heather , LeBoeuf Eugene J. , McDonald Mark P. , Hadjerioua Boualem 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHydropower operations optimization subject to environmental constraints is limited by challenges associated with dimensionality and spatial and temporal resolution. The need for high‐fidelity hydrodynamic and water quality models within optimization schemes is driven by improved computational capabilities, increased requirements to meet specific points of compliance with greater resolution, and the need to optimize operations of not just single reservoirs but systems of reservoirs. This study describes an important advancement for computing hourly power generation schemes for a hydropower reservoir using high‐fidelity models, surrogate modeling techniques, and optimization methods. The predictive power of the high‐fidelity hydrodynamic and water quality model CE‐QUAL‐W2 is successfully emulated by an artificial neural network, then integrated into a genetic algorithm optimization approach to maximize hydropower generation subject to constraints on dam operations and water quality. This methodology is applied to a multipurpose reservoir near Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The model successfully reproduced high‐fidelity reservoir information while enabling 6.8% and 6.6% increases in hydropower production value relative to actual operations for dissolved oxygen (DO) limits of 5 and 6 mg/L, respectively, while witnessing an expected decrease in power generation at more restrictive DO constraints. Exploration of simultaneous temperature and DO constraints revealed capability to address multiple water quality constraints at specified locations. The reduced computational requirements of the new modeling approach demonstrated an ability to provide decision support for reservoir operations scheduling while maintaining high‐fidelity hydrodynamic and water quality information as part of the optimization decision support routines.
Disturbance Hydrology: Preparing for an Increasingly Disturbed Future
Authors: Mirus Benjamin B. , Ebel Brian A. , Mohr Christian H. , Zegre Nicolas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis special issue is the result of several fruitful conference sessions on disturbance hydrology, which started at the 2013 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco and have continued every year since. The stimulating presentations and discussions surrounding those sessions have focused on understanding both the disruption of hydrologic functioning following discrete disturbances, as well as the subsequent recovery or change within the affected watershed system. Whereas some hydrologic disturbances are directly linked to anthropogenic activities, such as resource extraction, the contributions to this special issue focus primarily on those with indirect or less pronounced human involvement, such as bark‐beetle infestation, wildfire, and other natural hazards. However, human activities are enhancing the severity and frequency of these seemingly natural disturbances, thereby contributing to acute hydrologic problems and hazards. Major research challenges for our increasingly disturbed planet include the lack of continuous pre and postdisturbance monitoring, hydrologic impacts that vary spatially and temporally based on environmental and hydroclimatic conditions, and the preponderance of overlapping or compounding disturbance sequences. In addition, a conceptual framework for characterizing commonalities and differences among hydrologic disturbances is still in its infancy. In this introduction to the special issue, we advance the fusion of concepts and terminology from ecology and hydrology to begin filling this gap. We briefly explore some preliminary approaches for comparing different disturbances and their hydrologic impacts, which provides a starting point for further dialogue and research progress.
genRE: A Method to Extend Gridded Precipitation Climatology Data Sets in Near Real‐Time for Hydrological Forecasting Purposes
Authors: van Osnabrugge B. , Weerts A. H. , Uijlenhoet R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTo enable operational flood forecasting and drought monitoring, reliable and consistent methods for precipitation interpolation are needed. Such methods need to deal with the deficiencies of sparse operational real‐time data compared to quality‐controlled offline data sources used in historical analyses. In particular, often only a fraction of the measurement network reports in near real‐time. For this purpose, we present an interpolation method, generalized REGNIE (genRE), which makes use of climatological monthly background grids derived from existing gridded precipitation climatology data sets. We show how genRE can be used to mimic and extend climatological precipitation data sets in near real‐time using (sparse) real‐time measurement networks in the Rhine basin upstream of the Netherlands (approximately 160,000 km2). In the process, we create a 1.2 × 1.2 km transnational gridded hourly precipitation data set for the Rhine basin. Precipitation gauge data are collected, spatially interpolated for the period 1996–2015 with genRE and inverse‐distance squared weighting (IDW), and then evaluated on the yearly and daily time scale against the HYRAS and EOBS climatological data sets. Hourly fields are compared qualitatively with RADOLAN radar‐based precipitation estimates. Two sources of uncertainty are evaluated: station density and the impact of different background grids (HYRAS versus EOBS). The results show that the genRE method successfully mimics climatological precipitation data sets (HYRAS/EOBS) over daily, monthly, and yearly time frames. We conclude that genRE is a good interpolation method of choice for real‐time operational use. genRE has the largest added value over IDW for cases with a low real‐time station density and a high‐resolution background grid.
Copula‐Based Modeling of Flood Control Reservoirs
Authors: Balistrocchi M. , Orlandini S. , Ranzi R. , Bacchi B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCopulas are shown in this paper to provide an effective strategy to describe the statistical dependence between peak flow discharge and flood volume featuring hydrographs forcing a flood control reservoir. A 52 year time series of flow discharges observed in the Panaro River (Northern Italian Apennines) is used to fit an event‐based bivariate distribution and to support time‐continuous modeling of a flood control reservoir, located online along the river system. With regard to reservoir performances, a method aimed at estimating the bivariate return period is analytically developed, by exploiting the derived distribution theory and a simplified routing scheme. In this approach, the return period is that of the peak flow discharge released downstream from the reservoir. Therefore, in order to verify the reliability of the proposed method, a nonparametric version of its frequency distribution is assessed by means of continuous simulation statistics. Copula derived and nonparametric distributions of the downstream peak flow discharge are found to be in satisfactory agreement. Finally, a comparison of bivariate return period estimates carried out by using alternative approaches is illustrated.
Structural enzymology comparisons of multifunctional enzyme, type‐1 (MFE1): the flexibility of its dehydrogenase part
Authors: Kasaragod Prasad , Midekessa Getnet B. , Sridhar Shruthi , Schmitz Werner , Kiema Tiila‐Riikka , Hiltunen Jukka K. , Wierenga Rik K. 
Published: October 2017

Multifunctional enzyme, type‐1 (MFE1) is a monomeric enzyme with a 2E‐enoyl‐CoA hydratase and a 3S‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) active site. Enzyme kinetic data of rat peroxisomal MFE1 show that the catalytic efficiencies for converting the short‐chain substrate 2E‐butenoyl‐CoA into acetoacetyl‐CoA are much lower when compared with those of the homologous monofunctional enzymes. The mode of binding of acetoacetyl‐CoA (to the hydratase active site) and the very similar mode of binding of NAD+ and NADH (to the HAD part) are described and compared with those of their monofunctional counterparts. Structural comparisons suggest that the conformational flexibility of the HAD and hydratase parts of MFE1 are correlated. The possible importance of the conformational flexibility of MFE1 for its biocatalytic properties is discussed.DatabaseStructural data are available in PDB database under the accession number 5MGB.
Morphological Characterization of the Self‐Assembly of Virus Movement Proteins into Nanotubes in the Absence of Virus Particles
Authors: Schwan Stefan , Ludtka Christopher , Friedmann Andrea , Cismak Andreas , Berthold Lutz , Goehre Felix , Kiesow Andreas , Heilmann Andreas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOne infection mechanism of plant viruses is the generation of nanotubes by viral movement proteins, allowing cell‐to‐cell virus particle transport. Previously, it was assumed that viral nanotubes extend directly from the host‐cell plasma membrane. In virus‐infected plants, these nanotubes reach an extraordinary diameter:length ratio (≈100 nm:µm or mm range). Here, viral nanotubes are produced in a transient protoplast system; the coding sequence for alfalfa mosaic virus movement protein is translationally fused to green fluorescent protein. The maximum extension of viral nanotubes into the culture medium is achieved 24–48 h posttransfection, with lengths in the micro‐ and millimeter ranges. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy show that strong inhomogeneous viral nanotubes are formed compared to particle‐filled systems. The nanotubes have similar length, but fluctuating wall thickness and diameter and are susceptible to entanglement and recombination. Indirect methods demonstrate that movement proteins assemble independently at the top of the nanotube. These viral nanotubes grow distinctly from previously known natural particle‐filled systems and are a unique biological tubular nanomaterial that has the potential for micro‐ or nanoapplications as a mechanically stable structural component.
Hierarchically Controlled Inside‐Out Doping of Mg Nanocomposites for Moderate Temperature Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Cho Eun Seon , Ruminski Anne M. , Liu Yi‐Sheng , Shea Patrick T. , Kang ShinYoung , Zaia Edmond W. , Park Jae Yeol , Chuang Yi‐De , Yuk Jong Min , Zhou Xiaowang , Heo Tae Wook , Guo Jinghua , Wood Brandon C. , Urban Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDemand for pragmatic alternatives to carbon‐intensive fossil fuels is growing more strident. Hydrogen represents an ideal zero‐carbon clean energy carrier with high energy density. For hydrogen fuel to compete with alternatives, safe and high capacity storage materials that are readily cycled are imperative. Here, development of such a material, comprised of nickel‐doped Mg nanocrystals encapsulated by molecular‐sieving reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layers, is reported. While most work on advanced hydrogen storage composites to date endeavor to explore either nanosizing or addition of carbon materials as secondary additives individually, methods to enable both are pioneered: “dual‐channel” doping combines the benefits of two different modalities of enhancement. Specifically, both external (rGO strain) and internal (Ni doping) mechanisms are used to efficiently promote both hydriding and dehydriding processes of Mg nanocrystals, simultaneously achieving high hydrogen storage capacity (6.5 wt% in the total composite) and excellent kinetics while maintaining robustness. Furthermore, hydrogen uptake is remarkably accomplished at room temperature and also under 1 bar—as observed during in situ measurements—which is a substantial advance for a reversible metal hydride material. The realization of three complementary functional components in one material breaks new ground in metal hydrides and makes solid‐state materials viable candidates for hydrogen‐fueled applications.
Novel Reversible Humidity‐Responsive Light Transmission Hybrid Thin‐Film Material Based on a Dispersive Porous Structure with Embedded Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Substances
Authors: Castellón Erick , Zayat Marcos , Levy David 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe article describes a new concept of an optical hybrid thin‐film material that exhibits reversible humidity‐driven light transmittance (scattering) properties. The film consists of a dispersive porous structure, with embedded hygroscopic and deliquescent compounds, that is able to scavenge water molecules from humid air to fill up the pores and become transparent to the incident light. Upon exposure to dry air, water is released from the structure and the material recovers its original light scattering properties. The developed thin films can change their transparency when exposed to air with different relative humidity (RH), adjusting the light throughput. This material can, therefore, be used to design new optical switching systems, having the advantage that they do not require liquid crystal, transparent conductive glass substrates, or complex layer‐by‐layer architectures for operation. In this work, a thin film was prepared by the sol–gel technique using calcium chloride as deliquescent substance embedded in a hybrid silica–titania matrix. At dry air, the thin films show a highly dispersive state, with a light transmittance T = 0.06, while at 51% RH the film exhibits a transparent state with a transmittance T =0.67 (measured at 633 nm).
Inkjet‐Printed Nanocavities on a Photonic Crystal Template
Authors: Brossard Frederic S. F. , Pecunia Vincenzo , Ramsay Andrew J. , Griffiths Jonathan P. , Hugues Maxime , Sirringhaus Henning 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe last decade has witnessed the rapid development of inkjet printing as an attractive bottom‐up microfabrication technology due to its simplicity and potentially low cost. The wealth of printable materials has been key to its widespread adoption in organic optoelectronics and biotechnology. However, its implementation in nanophotonics has so far been limited by the coarse resolution of conventional inkjet‐printing methods. In addition, the low refractive index of organic materials prevents the use of “soft‐photonics” in applications where strong light confinement is required. This study introduces a hybrid approach for creating and fine tuning high‐Q nanocavities, involving the local deposition of an organic ink on the surface of an inorganic 2D photonic crystal template using a commercially available high‐resolution inkjet printer. The controllability of this approach is demonstrated by tuning the resonance of the printed nanocavities by the number of printer passes and by the fabrication of photonic crystal molecules with controllable splitting. The versatility of this method is evidenced by the realization of nanocavities obtained by surface deposition on a blank photonic crystal. A new method for a free‐form, high‐density, material‐independent, and high‐throughput fabrication technique is thus established with a manifold of opportunities in photonic applications.
Modular Lego‐Electronics
Authors: Shaikh Sohail F. , Ghoneim Mohamed T. , Bahabry Rabab R. , Khan Sherjeel M. , Hussain Muhammad M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractElectronic system components have thousands of individual field effect transistors (FETs) interconnected executing dedicated functions. Assembly yield of >80% will guarantee system failure since a single interconnect failure will result in undesired performance. Hence, a paradigm shift is needed in the self‐assembly or integration of state‐of‐the‐art integrated circuits (ICs) for a physically compliant system. Traditionally, most ICs share same geometry with only variations in dimensions and packaging. Here, a generic manufacturable method of converting state‐of‐the‐art complementary metal oxide semiconductor‐based ICs into modular Lego‐electronics is shown with unique geometry that is physically identifiable to ease manufacturing and enhance throughput. Various geometries at the backside of the silicon die and on the destination site having the same geometry with relaxed dimension (up to 50 µm extra) allow targeted site binding like DNA assembly. Different geometries, angles, and heights for different modules provide a unique identity to each of the ICs. A two‐level geometric combination presented here helps in maintaining the uniqueness of individual module to assemble at exact matching site like a perfect lock‐and‐key model. The assembled ICs offer uncompromised electrical performance, higher yield, and fabrication ease. In future, this method can further be expanded for fluidic assisted self‐assembly.
Utilizing HomoFRET to Extend DNA‐Scaffolded Photonic Networks and Increase Light‐Harvesting Capability
Authors: Klein William P. , Díaz Sebastián A. , Buckhout‐White Susan , Melinger Joseph S. , Cunningham Paul D. , Goldman Ellen R. , Ancona Mario G. , Kuang Wan , Medintz Igor L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDNA‐based photonic wires that exploit Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between pendant fluorophores to direct and focus excitonic energy have high research interest due to their potential applications in light harvesting, biocomputing, and biosensing. One important goal with these structures is to increase their ability to harvest energy and then transfer it over multiple steps both across extended portions of the spectra and physical space. Toward these goals, incorporating extended homogeneous or homoFRET sections into three unique FRET cascade DNA dendrimer architectures are explored. The effects of inserting increasingly longer homoFRET modules into assemblies based on AF488→Cy3→Cy3.5→Cy5→Cy5.5 dye‐displaying four‐arm, eight‐arm, and 2:1 dendrimeric DNA photonic wires are evaluated to understand what these hybrid structures may offer toward increased efficiency. Each structure incorporates an extendable Cy3 homoFRET region capable of incorporating one to six Cy3 repeats. Steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence measurements along with detailed analysis and simulations reveal that despite their modest relay capabilities, the structures are capable of acting as efficient antennas, with the dendrimeric structure manifesting a remarkably high sixfold gain. Moreover, an energy transfer efficiency of ≈3% is possible over nine sequential FRET steps.
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroboration of 1,1‐Disubstituted Alkenes: Method Development, Applications and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Wen Lu , Cheng Fengchang , Li Han , Zhang Shuoqing , Hong Xin , Meng Fanke 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCu‐catalyzed enantioselective Cu–B(pin) addition to 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes generating tertiary alkylcopper complexes that contain a quaternary stereogenic center, followed by the protonation of the complexes are presented. The resulting formal hydroboration products are formed in up to 98 % yield and 99:1 enantiomeric ratio. The C–B(pin) moiety can be converted to a variety of useful functional groups. The method is applied to the enantioselective formal synthesis of (R)‐ketoprofen. Detailed stereochemical models for enantioselective induction were elucidated through DFT calculations.