bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Aspects of Structural Design
Authors: Fisher W. A. P. 
Published: August 2016

The problems associated with the fatigue life of aeroplane structures have been so thoroughly discussed by experts of international repute that it is with some trepidation that the present speaker ventures into this difficult and controversial field. However, the need for more experimental fatigue data on actual structural components (as distinct from idealised test specimens) is undeniable; further, it is hoped that the present paper may stimulate discussion. Opinions expressed in this paper are the author's personal views, and do not necessarily reflect the policy of the Ministry of Supply.A comprehensive bibliography on this subject has been given recently by Lundberg in the 18th Wright Brothers’ Lecture.
The Size of Aerofoil Models for Quantitative Hydraulic Analogy Research
Authors: Bryant R. A. A. 
Published: August 2016

In a recent article Lundberg has made reference to use of the “ Hydraulic Analogy ” for quantitative investigation of gas dynamics phenomena. This is quite feasible provided that the basic analogy and its limitations are properly understood. In fact, considerable progress has already been made and it has been proved possible to utilise the analogy for both supersonic and transonic research.A study of the mathematical analogy indicates that the strongest physical analogy between a two-dimensional (inviscid) gas flow and a three-dimensional (viscous) water flow exists for the transonic case when the water depth is approximately one quarter inch and the model is towed. Only thin profiles with small incidence can be sensibly investigated. Under such conditions the analogous water flow may be considered as a distorted dissimilar model of a corresponding prototype gas flow.
Fins
Authors: Wolkovitch J. 
Published: August 2016

Judging by the number of present-day aircraft which have suffered changes of fin shape, it is clear that there is still some difficulty in estimating the size and shape of fin required on a new project. In this paper some of the principles on which fin design is based will be explained, and some of the difficulties involved described.It is necessary to have some sort of fin to provide weathercock, or directional, stability. This is illustrated in Fig. 1. This shows the balance of yawing moments, due to sideslipping. In general, the side force acting on the fuselage, represented by the black arrow, has its c.p. ahead of the e.g. of the aircraft, and hence it produces a destabilising moment about the e.g. Sufficient fin area must be provided for the yawing moment due to the fin side force, represented by the white arrow, to at least equal the destabilising fuselage moment. Otherwise, when disturbed laterally due to, say, a gust, the aeroplane will tend to swing still further out of wind, making it difficult to fly accurately. The minimum permissible fin area can, in fact, be fixed simply by this requirement for weathercock stability.
The Twist Due To Bending Moment in Cantilevers Curved in flan
Authors: Johnson W. 
Published: August 2016

The twist that arises from bending stresses in straight cantilevers of thin-walled section asymmetrical about any vertical plane, is well known and eventually leads to the concept of a shear centre. If an analysis is made along the same lines as that used for investigating straight beams, of cantilevers curved in plan, it is found that the bending moments transmitted are again responsible for shear stresses in the flanges of the beam and cause twisting.The following analyses refer, principally, to cases in which the cantilever carries a concentrated load at its end and are confined to the relatively simple forms of the channel and I-section. Each cantilever is perfectly built-in at one end and, for simplicity, it is considered that the web of a section offers no resistance to bending and that the beams are of constant curvature in plan.
Engineering Aspects of Commercial High Altitude Flying
Authors: Younger John E. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThis paper presents the twenty or more principal problems encountered in the designing of aeroplanes for passenger service at altitudes of about 20,000 to 30,000 feet, together with a discussion of the recent attempts made in the United States to solve these problems. Particular attention is given to the design features of pressure cabins for maintaining low altitude air pressure at high altitudes.
Ground Transport for an Air Organisation
Authors: Allen R. E. H. 
Published: August 2016

Probably few realise that a self–contained organisation for maintaining an air fleet would need many more different types of ground vehicles than aircraft. This is true in the case of the Royal Air Force even if all vehicles of a purely military nature are excluded. It is highly probable that a civilian air organisation of similar magnitude would have fewer types of aircraft, but if it were to be self–contained and operate in different parts of the globe, it could not do with many less types of ground vehicles than the R.A.F. finds necessary.Obviously this depends on the interpretation of the term “self–contained.” Most of the small aerial transport companies have their own ground transport organisations, but they are far from being self–contained in the sense in which the author wishes to use the term to–night. We would all like to see a vast civilian air organisation operating in and between all the different units which comprise the British Empire. Nothing would do more to knit us and the Dominions and Colonies into one impregnable whole.
Man and the Machine
Authors: Flack Martin 
Published: August 2016

What may be termed broadly the medical aspects of flying are far more wide–reaching than is generally supposed, especially since such a term embraces both the physiological and psychological aspects of the subject. All the while, therefore, that man acts as the controlling and co–ordinating mechanism of the machine, the study of man in relation to his machine must occupy an important place in the progress of aviation. It is because this aspect of the subject has tended to be somewhat overlooked that I venture to address this Society again to–night.In the first place I wish to consider what happens when a man learns to fly. As the result of information gleaned by his various senses he is taught, according to his aptitude, to perform or to try to perform certain arm and leg movements which will control the machine safely while it is in the air. To do this, however, in addition to perceiving, he must in certain circumstances display judgment before he acts, although, as he becomes more experienced in flying, he will automatically perform certain movements in response to certain sensations.
Aeronautics
Authors: Guidoni A. 
Published: August 2016

Since the vaiious nations definitely set out upon the course of aeronautical armaments, the problem of the organisation of this new service has arisen, and appears to present serious difficulties if it should be necessary to effect periodical changes and modifications or at least substitutions in personnel.This uncertainty is due partly to the fact that quite new questions are being dealt with; partly to the erroneous process of enforcing upon the new fighting service the rules of the older ones—the army and navy; and in a larger measure to the practical difficulties which have to be faced at every turn in passing from the theoretical field to the actual.In the following pages an attempt is made to present the chief problems which arise in the aeronautical field, so as to form an idea for their solution, adducing opinions frequently diverse and antagonistic which the experts maintain in their respective arguments.
Extracts from the Scientific and Technical Press
Authors: R.T.P.  
Published: August 2016

Physical–chemical study of light fuels and of lubricants in Aeronautics. (M. Moutte, La Technique Aeronautique, Sept.–Oct., 1926, pp. 279-281 and 305-319) (8.51/5096 France)Systematic tests of fuels in an engine on the test bench were commenced in 1917, in conjunction with a systematic determination of physical properties, and as far as possible of chemical composition. It was found that homogeneity, volatility and high latent heat of evaporisation were the most desirable qualities. In agreement with Ricardo, the aromatic compounds of hydrogen are found to be the least amenable to propagation of explosion, then the saturated cyclic compounds, and lastly the saturated acyclic compounds. In identifying fuels use is made of characteristic curves of distillation:—Temperature—Volume Distilled, Density;—Volume Distilled.Temperature—Density, Temperature—Solubility.Temperature of distillation plotted against critical temperature of solubility in aniline gives highly characteristic differences, and is considered a fundamental method. Optical methods are also used for approximate quantitative determination. The formation of clouds of condensed drops affords another method of determination. The mechanical conditions were also examined:—Variation of inlet pressure, condensation, centrifugal separation.
Airships
Authors: Wyn Evans H. B. 
Published: August 2016

Not to go too far back in years, and to relate a few facts within the lifetime of most of you present to-night, I may commence by saying that it was in 1909 that Admiral Lord Fisher instructed Admiral Bacon to proceed with the design and construction of a rigid airship, attention having been called to the success attending Count Zeppelin's efforts and to the fact that we could not realise the dangers to which we might be exposed until we possessed airships of our own.Admiral Bacon got into touch with Messrs. Vickers' experts, and Naval Airship No. 1, nicknamed the “ Mayfly,” was built at Barrow. Messrs. Vickers deserve all credit for their pioneer work on airship design and construction in this country, and it was only very bad luck that prevented their building the bigger ships.
Fog
Authors: Entwistle F. 
Published: August 2016

Among the various applications of meteorology to the practical requirements of everyday life, the observation of fog, as a meteorological element, has. been associated primarily, in the past, with locomotion on land and with navigation on the sea. The first scale of fog intensity used by meteorological observers in this country was, in fact, based on the effect of different degrees of atmospheric obscurity on navigation. The scale was drawn up in 1903 as the result of an investigation into the conditions of formation of London fogs, and subsequently modified by the Meteorological Office, in conjunction with the Admiralty and Trinity House (see Table I.). It included five specifications of fog intensity ranging from a clear atmosphere free from fog or mist, represented by “ of,” to a thick fog, denoted by “ sf.”Within the last twelve years, while the importance of fog as an obstruction to road and rail transport and to shipping has in no way diminished, the reporting and forecasting of fog has assumed a new significance in relation to air navigation.
An Interview with Jim Eisenreich
Authors: Fuerst Mark L. 
Published: August 2016

Seventeen years after professional baseball player Jim Eisenreich first developed symptoms of Tourette syndrome (TS), the correct diagnosis was finally made.At age 6, his rapid eye blinking led to a diagnosis of hyperactivity. “I was told I would grow out of it,” says the 39-year-old Eisenreich, who may have played his last game as a Los Angeles Dodger. “I knew I was different even then.”In the early 1980s, Eisenreich's condition first became public. Since then, his achievements as a professional athlete have made him a role model for other TS patients.Sports were always a haven for him as he grew up. “I found peace, comfort, and security in sports. Whatever the season, I played the sport—football, baseball, hockey,” says Eisenreich. “Socially, I didn't go to the movies or go out much with girls.”After 2 years in the minor leagues, he was called up by the Minnesota Twins in 1982 as an outfielder. During the season, a TS specialist recognized his grunting and sniffling as signs of the disease. “I had no idea what the specialist was talking about, and the Twins doctors dismissed it because I didn't have copralalia,” he says. The Twins team physician (an internist) prescribed a sedative. Then Eisenreich tried Inderal, which caused hyperventilation, and Catapres, which caused depression.
Sleep Patterns in Patients with OCD
Authors: Okasha A. , El Sayed M. , Asaad T. , El Dawla A. Self , Okasha T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectives:(1) To determine whether there are sleep variables specific for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that are identifiable on polysomnographic findings; (2) to determine the possible relationship of OCD to other psychopathological disorders, with special emphasis on major depressive disorder (MDD).Methods:Eighteen patients suffering from OCD (five of whom had a comorbid depressive disorder) were assessed by means of a standardized sleep questionnaire, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) for the assessment of severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and overnight polysomnography. Results were compared with those from a control group of 18 age- and sex-matched controls with no history of psychiatric disorders.Results:We found a significant decrease in sleep efficiency index (SEI), REM percent, REM latency, and slow wave sleep latency among OCD patients, compared with controls. The presence of comorbid major depression had no effect on the severity of OCD and had no significant effect on the sleep measures.Conclusions:Sleep changes recorded polysomnographically in patients with OCD can be primary in origin and are independent of an associated major depressive disorder.
Obsessions and Delusions: Separate and Distinct, or Overlapping?
Authors: Bermanzohn Paul C. , Porto Linda , Arlow Phyllis B. , Axelrod Sylvia , Stronger Roslyn , Martino-beyer Jeannette , Pollack Simcha , Siris Samuel G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe convergence of obsessive and schizophrenic symptoms, particularly the blending of obsessional and delusional features into complex symptoms, calls for a clarification of the relationship between obsessions and delusions, which are usually thought of as separate and distinct, even opposite entities. This brief review is a preliminary attempt to assess some of the difficult issues raised by these phenomena.We evaluate obsessions and delusions, and how they may overlap. A patient's degree of insight has been deemed a determining factor in distinguishing between these primary symptoms. However, our review of the literature shows that a definite distinction between obsessions and delusions cannot be made solely on the basis of insight.
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Simuni Tanya , Stern Matthew B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The last 5 years have been marked by rapid developments in understanding the pathophysiology of PD as well as by the introduction of a number of new drugs for symptomatic treatment of the disease. On the other hand, the diagnosis of PD is still made purely on clinical grounds. Due to continuing advances in therapy, it is increasingly important to recognize PD in its earliest stages and to distinguish it from other causes of parkinsonism, for which prognosis and response to treatment differ. This article reviews the epidemiology of PD and then elaborates on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
COMT Inhibitors: Novel Treatments for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Adler Charles H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCatechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors are a new class of medication being developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The enzyme COMT metabolizes levodopa and dopamine, both peripherally and centrally. Coadministration of a COMT inhibitor with levodopa creates an increase in peripheral and central levodopa bioavailability, as well as higher central dopamine concentrations. Because these actions improve the duration of response to levodopa, the COMT inhibitors should prove to be useful adjunctive therapies in PD patients.
The Spectrum Model: A More Coherent Approach to the Complexity of Psychiatric Symptomatology
Authors: Frank Ellen , Cassano Giovanni B. , Shear M. Katherine , Rotondo Alessandro , Dell'Osso Liliana , Mauri Mauro , Maser Jack , Grochocinski Victoria 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe current tools used to define and diagnose mental disorders, including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases, have added specificity to the psychiatric nomenclature. However, their stereotypic rigidity in classification has resulted in the failure to identify the full range of potentially debilitating psychiatric symptoms with which patients may present. A spectrum model of psychopathology is more adept at recognizing the subclinical or threshold symptomatology that may occur concomitantly with core psychiatric disorders. The authors discuss the development of a spectrum approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders, which offers the potential to improve treatment selection and therapeutic outcomes.
Trichotillomania in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Reeve Elizabeth A. , Keuthen Nancy J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTrichotillomania (TTM), or hair pulling, in children and adolescents is a heterogeneous disorder requiring a sophisticated approach to each patient. Hair pulling in a young, preschool child may have a different etiology and prognosis than hair pulling in an adolescent. Treatment providers must have a clear understanding of an individual's hair-pulling history, family interactions, and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Behavioral strategies are the primary treatment for most children and adolescents, although there may be indications for pharmacotherapy in some individuals. While research in adult TTM has been increasing in recent years, fewer studies have investigated childhood hair pulling. This article will discuss aspects of TTM unique to children and adolescents and will provide a clinical description of childhood hair pullers and treatment strategies.
OC Spectrum Disorders: The Impulsive and Schizo-Obsessive Clusters
Authors: Hollander Eric , Rosen Jennifer ,   IOCDC OC Spectrum Work Group
Published: August 2016

AbstractTwo symptom clusters within the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum—the impulsive cluster and the schizo-obsessive cluster—are discussed in this paper. Disorders characterized by impulsivity include disorders of impulse control (eg, intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania, pathologic gambling, trichotillomania); paraphilias, sexual impulsions, and sexual addictions; and impulsive aggression personality disorders (eg, borderline, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders). The schizo-obsessive cluster includes comorbid symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. Both clusters of disorders have a substantial impact on individuals and society. This article examines the overlap of symptoms between OCD and OC spectrum disorders, along with possible treatment options. Studies on the effectiveness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating pathologic gambling, compulsive buying, and comorbid OCD and schizophrenia are presented. The need for additional large scale, adequately-controlled studies is discussed.
Circadian Rhythms in Medicine
Authors: Smolensky Michael H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCircadian (24-hour) rhythms are important to the practice of medicine. The phasing and amplitude of key physiologic and biochemical circadian rhythms contribute to predict in-time patterns in the manifestation and exacerbation of most medical conditions. Moreover, body rhythms can significantly affect responses of patients to diagnostic tests and medications. Rhythmicity in the pathophysiology of medical conditions is the rationale for chronotherapeutics—the purposeful variance of the concentration of medicines in synchrony with biological rhythm-determinants of disease activity—to optimize treatment outcomes. This article discusses the concept of biological time structure and its relevance to the practice of medicine, with a focus on neurologic issues.
Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms: Toward an Alternative Paradigm for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Ballas Christos A. , Staab Jeffrey P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe treatment of patients with unexplained medical symptoms is difficult because there is neither a clear etiology for the symptoms, nor a useful paradigm with which to understand and treat them. Patients with such symptoms are often referred to psychiatry with vague diagnoses of “somatization” or “hypochondriasis.” Rather than considering somatoform diagnoses based on the number or diversity of physical symptoms, evolving research suggests an emphasis on the type of physical symptom as an indicator of Axis I pathology. This article links specific symptomatic complaints, such as chronic pain, chest pain, and dizziness, to the respective Axis I disorders associated with them, such as depression, panic disorder, and anxiety disorders.
Understanding the Delay Before Epilepsy Surgery: Who Develops Intractable Focal Epilepsy and When?
Authors: Berg Anne T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntractable temporal lobe epilepsy that is surgically treated in adulthood is a disorder whose onset frequently occurs during childhood and early adolescence. The average duration of epilepsy prior to surgery is on the order of 20 years. The long delay between onset and surgery has at least two components: time from onset to intractability and time from evidence of intractability to surgery. The first interval is prolonged >10 years especially if the onset is during childhood. This suggests a complex natural history that we have not fully appreciated as well as a potential window of opportunity for early secondary intervention. The second interval is also prolonged, especially if onset was during childhood. Reasons for this are not fully clear but may include a reluctance to consider surgery and perhaps difficulty deciding whether seizures are sufficiently intractable to warrant surgery especially after what may have been a relatively benign initial course. Factors involved in the second delay need to be better understood so that surgical interventions can be appropriately targeted early rather than late, thereby reducing serious social, psychological, and educational consequences associated with uncontrolled seizures.
Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Caused by a Second-Messenger Imbalance?
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Perez Jorge , Cassano Giovanni B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlthough the precise etiologic nature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), one of the most common psychiatric conditions, is unknown, several findings indicate involvement of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter. Apart from the specific effects of selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, other studies show decreased functionality of the platelet 5-HT transporter in OCD. In this report, the authors combine data from two independent studies of patients with OCD, showing both an increased activity of protein kinase type C (PKC) and a decreased activity of protein kinase type A (PKA). The authors propose a unifying hypothesis that OCD might be determined by an imbalance between PKC and PKA, with a prevalence of the former and, more generally, of the phosphoinositide over the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. Should this hypothesis prove correct, the path would be open for new therapeutic interventions in the treatment of OCD.