bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in Urban Philippines and Their Associations with Stunting, Anemia, and Deficiencies of Iron and Vitamin A
Authors: Rohner Fabian , Bradley A. Woodruff , Grant J. Aaron , Elizabeth A. Yakes , Lebanan May Antonnette O. , Rayco-Solon Pura , Saniel Ofelia P. 
Published: November 2015

Background The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies are persistently high in young children in the Philippines, and among other factors, suboptimal infant and young child feeding behavior may contribute to these forms of malnutrition. Objective To improve the understanding of contributors associated with the nutritional status of children 6 to 23 months of age living in urban areas of the Philippines. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted covering five urban centers in the Philippines. Data on infant and young child feeding and nutritional status (including wasting, stunting, underweight, anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency) were collected for 1,784 children. Results Among children from urban and predominantly poor and very poor households, 26% were stunted, 18% were underweight, and 5% were wasted. Forty-two percent were anemic, 28% were iron deficient, and 3% were vitamin A deficient. About half of the children were breastfed within an hour after birth, were breastfed at the time of the survey, and had been continuously breastfed up to 1 year of age. Of the factors investigated, low socio-economic status, use of cheaper cooking fuel, and nonuse of multivitamins were all independently associated with stunting. The prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency were independently associated with the same factors and poorer sanitation facilities, lower maternal education, current unemployment, and inflammation. Conclusions These factors merit attention in future programming, and interventions may include promotion of the timely introduction of appropriate fortified complementary foods, the use of affordable multiple micronutrient preparations, and measures to reduce infections.
Developing Evidence-Based Advocacy and Policy Change Strategies to Protect, Promote, and Support Infant and Young Child Feeding
Authors: Hajeebhoy Nemat , Rigsby Andrew , McColl Alyson , Sanghvi Tina , Abrha Teweldebrhan Hailu , Godana Andenet , Roy Sumitro , Phan Linh Thi Hong , Vu Ha Thi Thu , Sather Megan , Uddin Belal 
Published: November 2015

Background Despite the existence of a strong evidence base for investing in infant and young child feeding (IYCF), sufficiently supported IYCF policies and programs are rare. Objective To develop evidence-based advocacy strategies in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Vietnam to enable policy change and to increase investments in and ensure scale-up and sustainability of IYCF programs. Methods Situational analysis, formative and opinion leader research, and stakeholder consultations were used to develop three contextualized advocacy strategies. Results Data were used to determine how IYCF was perceived and prioritized, identify opinion leaders and partners, identify barriers to and opportunities for strengthening commitment, and select messages, materials, and communication channels. Opinion leader research showed that malnutrition was a concern but not a priority for policy action. Where food security was an issue, poverty reduction strategies rather than IYCF programs were viewed as the solution. Few opinion leaders were aware of the importance of the first 1,000 days of life. In addition to policy gaps, awareness and implementation of existing policies were limited. This was often complicated by intragovernment conflicts and perspectives. Advocacy messages needed to be evidence based and delivered by credible champions. Engaging medical associations and the media presented an opportunity rarely leveraged in IYCF advocacy. Conclusions Although sociopolitical contexts may vary, awareness of the importance of IYCF is an overarching advocacy challenge. Consequently, investments in IYCF programs and policies lag. Evidence-based advocacy design has a potential for impact on national policies, investments, and commitment to implementation and should be used more widely to inform program design.
A Novel Mobile Phone Application to Assess Nutrition Environment Measures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Kanter Rebecca , Alvey Jeniece , Fuentes Deborah 
Published: November 2015

Background Consumer nutrition environment measures are important to understanding the food environment, which affects individual dietary intake. A nutrition environment measures survey for supermarkets (NEMS-S) has been designed on paper for use in Guatemala. However, a paper survey is not an inconspicuous data collection method. Objective To design, pilot test, and validate the Guatemala NEMS-S in the form of a mobile phone application (mobile app). Methods CommCare, a free and open-source software application, was used to design the NEMS-S for Guatemala in the form of a mobile app. Two raters tested the mobile app in a single Guatemalan supermarket. Both the interrater and the test—retest reliability of the mobile app were determined using percent agreement and Cohen's kappa score and compared with the interrater and test—retest reliability of the paper version. Results Interrater reliability was very high between the paper survey and the mobile app (Cohen's kappa > 0.90). Test—retest reliability ranged from kappa 0.78 to 0.91. Between two certified NEMS-S raters, survey completion time using the mobile app was 5 minutes less than that with the paper form (35 vs. 40 minutes). Conclusions The NEMS-S mobile app provides for more rapid data collection, with equivalent reliability and validity to the NEMS-S paper version, with advantages over a paper-based survey of multiple language capability and concomitant data entry.
Assessing the Potential of Wild Foods to Reduce the Cost of a Nutritionally Adequate Diet: An Example from Eastern Baringo District, Kenya
Authors: Termote Céline , Raneri Jessica , Deptford Amy , Cogill Bruce 
Published: November 2015

Background Wild foods and their actual and potential contributions to nutrition security have rarely been studied or considered in nutrition and conservation programs. Objective To study the role of wild food biodiversity in achieving a cost reduction of a nutritionally adequate diet for women and young children in Kenya using linear programming. Methods An ethnobiological inventory of available food biodiversity was carried out by means of focus group discussions, and five wild foods were selected for further modeling. A market survey assessed available food prices by season. Diets were modeled to minimize cost and maximize nutrient adequacy using the Cost of Diet linear programming tool. Modeling was done without and with wild foods. Results The modeled diets without wild species were deficient in iron for all age groups during the dry season, deficient in vitamin B6 and calcium for infants aged 6 to 8 months during the dry season, and deficient in iron and zinc for infants aged 6 to 8 months over the whole year. Adding wild foods, especially Berchemia discolor, to the modeled diets resulted in a lower-cost diet, while meeting recommended iron intakes for women and children between 12 and 23 months of age. Even after integrating wild foods into the model, targeted approaches are needed to meet micronutrient requirements for infants from 6 to 8 and from 9 to 11 months of age. Conclusions An application of linear programming to screen available wild foods for meeting recommended nutrient intakes at a minimal cost was illustrated. This type of study helps to objectively assess the potential of biodiversity to contribute to diets and nutrition.
A Developmental Function of Motor Activity among Nutritionally At-Risk Children
Authors: Pollitt Ernesto , Huang Jia-Fen , Jahari Abas 
Published: November 2015

Learning about the dynamics of early childhood development in the context of poverty and malnutrition is an effective way to identify the periods of highest psychosocial vulnerability and the role of timing in the differential responsivity of young children to interventions. Motor activity under natural conditions is one area of development that requires further study because of its biological and psychological developmental importance. This paper presents an estimate of the development function of motor activity among poorly nourished children whose ages ranged from 12 to 30 months. It also focuses on the longitudinal relationship between the nature, level of motor development, and intensity of motor actions, on the one hand, and physical growth, dietary intake, and motor activity, on the other. Two cohorts (12 and 18 months old) of rural West Javanese children were studied. Motor activity, energy intake, physical growth, and motor development were measured every two months. A motor activity score was calculated based on the estimated energy cost and intensity of each activity and their frequency and duration during each of the periods of observation. Intensity was classified according to a three-point scale (high = 1.25, moderate = 1.0, low = 0.75). the Bayley Scale of Motor Development and a scale of motor milestones were used to assess motor development (e.g., crawling, creeping, walking, and running). The developmental function of activity was curvilinear. It showed a moderately fast acceleration from 12 to about 18 to 20 months; at that point the curve reached a plateau. the functions of growth and energy intake were linear. the average motor behaviour of these children was characterized by its low level of intensity. Although the relationship between motor activity and motor development was relatively close up to about 20 months, thereafter the motor activity and motor development scores were independent of each other. the changes in activity level were primarily determined by a significant decline of involvement in activities having a low energy cost and an increase in activities having moderate or high energy cost. the decline of motor activity observed at 18 months is reminiscent of the decline in growth velocity observed during the first six months of life among malnourished children. It is plausible that the pattern of activity observed could be explained by either contextual or cultural factors.
Management of patients with faecal incontinence
Authors: Duelund-Jakobsen Jakob , Worsoe Jonas , Lundby Lilli , Christensen Peter , Krogh Klaus 
Published: November 2015

Faecal incontinence, defined as the involuntary loss of solid or liquid stool, is a common problem affecting 0.8–8.3% of the adult population. Individuals suffering from faecal incontinence often live a restricted life with reduced quality of life. The present paper is a clinically oriented review of the pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of faecal incontinence. First-line therapy should be conservative and usually include dietary adjustments, fibre supplement, constipating agents or mini enemas. Biofeedback therapy to improve external anal sphincter function can be offered but the evidence for long-term effect is poor. There is good evidence that colonic irrigation can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life, especially in patients with neurogenic faecal incontinence. Surgical interventions should only be considered if conservative measures fail. Sacral nerve stimulation is a minimally invasive procedure with high rate of success. Advanced surgical procedures should be restricted to highly selected patients and only performed at specialist centres. A stoma should be considered if other treatment modalities fail.
Postoperative Infection After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Gobbi Alberto , Karnatzikos Georgios , Chaurasia Sanyam , Abhishek Mudhigere , Bulgherhoni Erica , Lane John 
Published: November 2015

Context: Infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is uncommon; if it occurs, it can lead to disastrous complications. Objective: To analyze post-ACLR infections and identify related complications to provide the most effective treatment protocol. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: Among approximately 1850 ACLRs performed by a single surgeon over the past 20 years, 7 cases of post-ACLR infection were identified (incidence, 0.37%). Five patients presenting with low-severity infection were successfully treated without any complication or residual functional disability. The remaining 2 patients, although successfully treated, presented with minor residual limitations. From a literature review, 16 studies including 246 cases of infection were reported among 35,795 ACLRs, making the rate of infection 0.68% (range, 0.14%-2.6%). Conclusion: With proper treatment protocols, post-ACLR infection is rare but can compromise outcomes.
Incidental prostate cancer diagnosed following a transurethral resection of the prostate: A national database analysis in England
Authors: Anastasiadis Eleni , van der Meulen Jan , Emberton Mark 
Published: November 2015

Objectives: The aim was to compare prostate cancer and all-cause mortality in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer following a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) (incidental prostate cancer, IPC), to men diagnosed with localised non-incidental prostate cancer (NIPC). Patients and methods: Men diagnosed with localised prostate cancer between 2000 and 2008 were identified from the English national cancer registry. Their records were linked to the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) database of hospital admissions in England to identify men who had a TURP. Men were considered to have IPC if prostate cancer was diagnosed less than 60 days after TURP. Mortality rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Mortality rate ratios (RR) comparing IPC and NIPC were calculated with multivariable Poisson regression adjusting for age group, co-morbidities, year of diagnosis and radical treatment. Results: A total of 192,960 men were included. Of these, 6666 (3.5%) had IPC and 186,294 (96.5%) NIPC. Median follow-up was 4.7 years (0.5–11.0). Ten-year prostate cancer mortality was 17.1% in IPC, 19.0% in NIPC. With adjustment, the prostate cancer-specific mortality in IPC was 30% lower than NIPC (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.65–0.75, p<0.001), with no difference in all-cause mortality. Conclusion: Ten-year prostate cancer mortality in IPC was 17%. Men with IPC had lower prostate cancer-specific mortality than other prostate cancer patients.
The outcome of intravesical onabotulinum toxin injections for salvage therapy of refractory detrusor overactivity following augmentation enterocystoplasty
Authors: Mishra Vibhash , Pakzad Mahreen , Hamid Rizwan , Shah P Julian R , Ockrim Jeremy L , Greenwell Tamsin J 
Published: November 2015

Objective: The objective of this article is to assess the effect of intravesical onabotulinum toxin A (OBTX-A) injections in patients with persistent/refractory symptomatic detrusor overactivity (DO) and urge urinary incontinence (UUI) following previous augmentation enterocystoplasty. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with previous augmentation enterocystoplasty having intravesical OBTX-A for persistent/refractory DO and UUI. Information on demographics, original diagnosis, date and technique of enterocystoplasty, dose of OBTX-A and symptomatic outcomes was recorded. Results: Fifteen patients (three men) with mean age 42 years were studied. Eight out of 15 (53%) reported complete continence or significant improvement, while the remaining seven (47%) noticed no difference in their symptoms. Urodynamics were repeated in these seven patients and persistent DO was confirmed. Four out of five (80%) NDO patients who received 300 U of OBTX-A reported a favourable outcome, whereas a favourable response was noted in only four out of 10 IDO (40%) when smaller amounts of OBTX-A (100 U or 200 U) were used. Conclusions: Intravesical OBTX-A injections completely resolved or significantly improved persistent/recurrent symptoms of DO in 53% of patients with a previous augmentation enterocystoplasty. The success rate was higher for those receiving the higher dose of 300 U and/or those with NDO.
Transfer factor, lung volumes, resistance and ventilation distribution in healthy adults
Authors: Verbanck Sylvia , Van Muylem Alain , Schuermans Daniel , Bautmans Ivan , Thompson Bruce , Vincken Walter 
Published: November 2015

Monitoring of chronic lung disease requires reference values of lung function indices, including putative markers of small airway function, spanning a wide age range.We measured spirometry, transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO), static lung volume, resistance and ventilation distribution in a healthy population, studying at least 20 subjects per sex and per decade between the ages of 20 and 80 years.With respect to the Global Lung Function Initiative reference data, our subjects had average z-scores for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC of −0.12, 0.04 and −0.32, respectively. Reference equations were obtained which could account for a potential dependence of index variability on age and height. This was done for (but not limited to) indices that are pertinent to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease studies: forced expired volume in 6 s, forced expiratory flow,TLCO, specific airway conductance, residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC), and ventilation heterogeneity in acinar and conductive lung zones.Deterioration in acinar ventilation heterogeneity and lung clearance index with age were more marked beyond 60 years, and conductive ventilation heterogeneity showed the greatest increase in variability with age. The most clinically relevant deviation from published reference values concerned RV/TLC values, which were considerably smaller than American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society-endorsed reference values.
European IPF Patient Charter: unmet needs and a call to action for healthcare policymakers
Authors: Bonella Francesco , Wijsenbeek Marlies , Molina-Molina Maria , Duck Annette , Mele Rosalba , Geissler Klaus , Wuyts Wim 
Published: November 2015

Patient advocacy groups play an important role in supporting patients with chronic diseases and promoting better care. The aim of this patient–physician initiative was to gather perceptions from European idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patient advocacy groups regarding inequalities and unmet needs in IPF care, in order to develop a Patient Charter to advocate for better care.In total, 11 European patient advocacy groups were interviewed regarding the care of patients with IPF in their countries. Interview feedback was presented to a Working Group including patient advocacy group representatives and IPF specialists; key areas of agreement were developed into the European IPF Patient Charter.The interviews identified five key themes that fed into the final Charter: the need for improved diagnosis, treatment access, holistic care, disease awareness and palliative care. The final Charter was endorsed by patient advocacy groups and presented to 26 Members of the European Parliament in September 2014. It has received >8900 signatures to date.This patient–physician initiative highlights the inequalities and unmet needs in IPF care across Europe, and demonstrates how this insight can inform the development of a Patient Charter, designed as a call to action for healthcare policymakers to drive improvement in European IPF care.
Predicting mortality in bronchiectasis using bronchiectasis severity index and FACED scores: a 19-year cohort study
Authors: Ellis Huw C. , Cowman Steven , Fernandes Michele , Wilson Robert , Loebinger Michael R. 
Published: November 2015

The clinical course of bronchiectasis is unpredictable, posing a challenge both in clinical practice and in research. Two mortality prediction scores, the bronchiectasis severity index (BSI) and FACED scores, have recently been developed. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of these scores to predict long-term mortality and to compare the two scores.The study was a single-centre retrospective cohort analysis consisting of 91 subjects originally recruited in 1994. BSI and FACED scores were calculated at the time of enrolment and long-term mortality ascertained. Data was available for 74 patients with a median of 18.8 years of follow-up.Both scoring systems had similar predictive power for 5-year mortality (area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) 0.79 for BSI and 0.8 for FACED). Both scores were able to predict 15-year mortality with the FACED score showing slightly superior predictive power (AUC 0.82versus0.69, p=0.0495).This study provides further validation of the FACED and BSI scores for the prediction of mortality in bronchiectasis and demonstrates their utility over a longer period than originally described. Whilst both scores had excellent predictive power, the FACED score was superior for 15-year mortality.
Changes in airway inflammation during pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Ratjen Felix , Waters Valerie , Klingel Michelle , McDonald Nancy , Dell Sharon , Leahy Timothy Ronan , Yau Yvonne , Grasemann Hartmut 
Published: November 2015

Lung disease in patients with both primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with impaired mucociliary clearance; however, clinical outcomes are typically worse in CF patients. We assessed whether CF and PCD patients differ in inflammatory response in the airways during pulmonary exacerbation.We first studied clinically stable PCD patients with a spectrum of bacterial pathogens to assess inflammatory response to different pathogens. Subsequently, PCD and CF patients with similar bacterial pathogens were studied at the time of a pulmonary exacerbation and after 21 days of antibiotics treatment. Qualitative and quantitative microbiology, cell counts, interleukin-8 concentrations, and neutrophil elastase activity were assessed in sputum samples obtained before and after treatment.In stable PCD patients, no significant differences were found in sputum inflammatory markers between individuals colonised with different bacterial pathogens. Pulmonary exacerbation severity assessed by a pulmonary exacerbation score and lung function decline from their previous baseline did not differ between CF and PCD patients. Bacterial density forStaphylococcus aureusandHaemophilus influenzaewas higher in CFversusPCD (p<0.05), but absolute neutrophil counts were higher in PCD patients (p=0.02). While sputum elastase activity was similar in PCD and CF at the time of exacerbation, it decreased with antibiotic therapy in PCD (p<0.05) but not CF patients.PCD patients differ from those with CF in their responses to treatment of pulmonary exacerbations, with higher neutrophil elastase activity persisting in the CF airways at the end of treatment.