bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suprathermal Outflowing H+ Ions in the Lobe Driven by an Interplanetary Shock: 2. A 3D Global Hybrid Simulation
Authors: Wang Chih‐Ping , Wang Xueyi , Lin Yu , Mouikis C. G. , Masson Arnaud 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWe conduct a global hybrid simulation of an observation event to affirm that an interplanetary (IP) shock can drive significant suprathermal (tens to hundreds of eV) H+ outflows from the polar cap. The event showed that a spacecraft in the lobe at ∼6.5 RE altitude above the polar cap observed the appearance of suprathermal outflowing H+ ions about 8 min after observing enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxes caused by the shock impact. The simulation includes H+ ions from both the solar wind and the ionospheric sources. The cusp/mantle region can be accessed by ions from both sources, but only the outflow ions can get into the lobe. Despite that upward flowing solar wind ions can be seen within part of the cusp/mantle region and their locations undergo large transient changes in response to the magnetosphere compression caused by the shock impact, the simulation rules out the possibility that the observed outflowing H+ ions was due to the spacecraft encountering the moving cusp/mantle. On the other hand, the enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxes caused by the shock impact drive more upward suprathermal outflows, which reach higher altitudes a few minutes later, explaining the observed time delay. Also, these simulated outflowing ions become highly field‐aligned in the upward direction at high altitudes, consistent with the observed energy and pitch‐angle distributions. This simulation‐observation comparison study provides us the physical understanding of the suprathermal outflow H+ ions coming up from the polar cap.
The Influence of Ionospheric Conductance on Magnetospheric Convection During the Southward IMF
Authors: Zhu Minghui , Dai Lei , Wang Chi , Gonzalez Walter , Samsonov Andrey , Guo Xiaocheng , Ren Yong , Tang Binbin , Xu Qiuyu 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMagnetospheric convection is a fundamental process in the coupling of the solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere. Recent studies have shown that dayside magnetopause reconnection drives magnetospheric convection, progressing from the dayside to the nightside within approximately 10–20 min in response to southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. In this study, we use global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to investigate the influence of ionospheric conductance on dayside‐driven convection. We conduct three simulation runs: two with normal ionospheric conductance and one with nearly infinite conductance. The temporal and spatial pattern of magnetospheric convection largely remain consistent across all three simulation runs. Comparing the results, we observe a reduction of 20% in magnetospheric convection and a 30% increase of ionospheric Region 1 field‐aligned current (FAC) and Pedersen current in the run with nearly infinite conductance, compared to the normal conductance model. The results indicate that ionospheric conductance does not affect the response time of enhanced magnetospheric convection to the solar wind. We suggest that the 10–20 min timescale for establishing magnetospheric convection corresponds to the anti‐sunward drag of reconnected magnetic field lines from the sub‐solar point to the flank magnetopause. In cases of larger ionospheric conductance, the ionosphere footprints of dragged field lines become more stationary, potentially resulting in larger Region 1 FAC and ionosphere Pedersen current. A larger Pedersen current is associated with stronger sunward J × B force in the ionosphere, which corresponds to a stronger anti‐sunward force in the magnetosphere, thereby reducing sunward convection of closed field lines.
Relationship Between Low‐Latitude Pi2 Pulsations and Cavity Mode Oscillations
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Lysak Robert , Majmudar Khilav 
Published: September 2024

AbstractOn the ground, Pi2 magnetic pulsations are detected at low latitudes at all magnetic local times (MLTs), unlike in the inner magnetosphere. To gain insight into the mechanism for the global appearance, we study the MLT dependence of the properties of low‐latitude ground Pi2 pulsations detected at four longitudinally separated stations. The pulsation properties are defined with respect to compressional magnetic field oscillations detected by Van Allen Probes at = 2.5–6.5 within 2 hr of midnight. Up to two peaks between 6.7 and 40 mHz found in the spectrum are selected as possible signatures of the source of ground Pi2 pulsations. For each spectral peak, we compute the coherence of the ground horizontal northward component with , and those events exhibiting high coherence are used in statistical analyses. The radial mode structure of the oscillations indicates they are fundamental or second harmonics of cavity mode oscillations (CMOs). Ground pulsations appear primarily in the component with time delays of less than a few seconds and amplitudes comparable relative to the oscillations in the low‐ region. The observations suggest that, if the dayside ground Pi2 pulsations are driven by ionospheric currents as previously proposed, the current must be coupled to the CMOs, not to the currents flowing on field lines connected to the auroral zone.
EISCAT Observations of Depleted High‐Latitude F‐Region During an HSS/SIR‐Driven Magnetic Storm
Authors: Ellahouny N. M. , Aikio A. T. , Vanhamäki H. , Virtanen I. I. , Cai L. , Marchaudon A. , Blelly P.‐L. , Coster A. , Norberg J. , Maute A. , Oyama S.‐I. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe effect of storms driven by solar wind high‐speed streams (HSSs) on the high‐latitude ionosphere is inadequately understood. We study the ionospheric F‐region during a moderate magnetic storm on 14 March 2016 using the EISCAT Tromsø and Svalbard radar latitude scans. AMPERE field‐aligned current (FAC) measurements are also utilized. Long‐duration 5‐day electron density depletions (20%–80%) are the dominant feature outside of precipitation‐dominated midnight and morning sectors. Depletions are found in two major regions. In the afternoon to evening sector (12–21 magnetic local time, MLT) the depleted region is 10–18 magnetic latitude (MLAT) in width, with the largest latitudinal extent 62–80 MLAT in the afternoon. The second region is in the morning to pre‐noon sector (04–10 MLT), where the depletion region occurs at 72–80 MLAT within the auroral oval and extends to the polar cap. Using EISCAT ion temperature and ion velocity data, we show that local ion‐frictional heating is observed roughly in 50% of the depleted regions with ion temperature increase by 200 K or more. For the rest of the depletions, we suggest that the mechanism is composition changes due to ion‐neutral frictional heating transported by neutral winds. Even though depleted F‐regions may occur within any of the large‐scale FAC regions or outside of them, the downward FAC regions (R2 in the afternoon and evening, R0 in the afternoon, and R1 in the morning) are favored, suggesting that downward currents carried by upward moving ionospheric electrons may provide a small additional effect for depletion.
Steatotic liver disease associated with 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1 deficiency
Authors: Kohlmaier Benno , Skok Kristijan , Lackner Carolin , Haselrieder Greta , Müller Thomas , Sailer Sabrina , Zschocke Johannes , Keller Markus A. , Knisely A. S. , Janecke Andreas R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is considered multifactorial with a number of predisposing gene polymorphisms known.

Methods
The occurrence of MASLD in 7 and 10 year old siblings, one without classical risk factors and one with type 2 diabetes suggested a monogenic etiology and prompted next-generation sequencing. Exome sequencing was performed in the proband, both parents and both siblings. The impact of a likely disease-causing DNA variant was assessed on the transcript and protein level.

Results
Two siblings have hepatomegaly, elevated serum transaminase activity, and steatosis and harbor a homozygous DECR1 splice-site variant, c.330+3A>T. The variant caused DECR1 transcript decay. Immunostaining demonstrated lack of DECR1 in patient liver.

Conclusions
These patients may represent the first individuals with DECR1 deficiency, then defining within MASLD an autosomal-recessive entity, well corresponding to the reported steatotic liver disease in Decr1 knockout mice. DECR1 may need to be considered in the genetic work-up of MASLD.
Systematic review of Apgar scores & cyanosis in Black, Asian, and ethnic minority infants
Authors: Fair Frankie J. , Furness Amy , Higginbottom Gina , Oddie Sam J. , Soltani Hora 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Apgar score and cyanosis assessment may disadvantage darker-skinned babies. This review explored cyanosis and Apgar score assessments in Black, Asian, or minority ethnic neonates compared to White neonates.

Material and methods
Four databases were searched. Studies of any methodology were included. A narrative synthesis was undertaken.

Results
Ten studies were included. Three studies involving over 39 million neonates showed Apgar score ≤3 was predictive of neonatal mortality across all ethnicities. Black babies with Apgar score ≤3 had lower mortality rates before 28 days, however, variations in scoring practices were also observed. Three further studies (n = 39,290,014) associated low Apgar scores with poorer mental development up to 22 months, especially in mixed ethnicity and Black infants. One study reported inadequate training in assessing ethnic minority neonates. Cyanosis was the focus of three included studies (n = 455) revealing poor visual assessment of cyanosis across ethnicities. With pulse oximetry occult hypoxemia occurred slightly more frequently in Black neonates. Tongue color indicated oxygen requirement at birth, regardless of ethnicity.

Conclusions
Apgar scores correlate well with neonatal mortality in all ethnicities, however scoring variations exist. Cyanosis assessment is challenging, with tongue and lips the best places to observe in the absence of pulse oximetry.

Impact

Assessment of the color component of the Apgar score and of cyanosis visually are not accurate in babies with darker skin. Small racial differences may exist for pulse oximetry in neonates, but it is more reliable than visual assessment.
Development and child health in a world of synthetic chemicals
Authors: Wager Jessica L. , Thompson Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chemical pollution is one of today’s most significant threats to the developmental potential of children worldwide. Maternal exposure to toxicants can perturb sensitive windows of fetal development, indirectly through promoting antenatal disorders, abnormal placental adaptation, or directly through maternal-fetal transport. Current evidence clearly shows that persistent organic chemicals promote hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, placental abnormalities, and fetal growth restriction, whereas findings are less consistent for phthalates and bisphenols. Prospective birth cohorts strongly support a link between adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes and prenatal exposure to flame retardants and organophosphate pesticides. Emerging evidence reveals a potential association between in utero exposure to bisphenols and childhood behavioral disorders, while childhood metabolic health is more consistently associated with postnatal exposure to phthalates and bisphenols.

Impact

Synthesizes emerging evidence linking modern forms of chemical pollution to antenatal disorders, fetal growth restriction and childhood disorders.

Highlights potential developmental impacts of emerging pollutants of concern now ubiquitous in our environment but without regulatory restrictions.
Exploring the transcriptional cooperation between RUNX2 and its associated elncRNA RAIN
Authors: Vitale Emanuele , Manicardi Veronica , Gugnoni Mila , Torricelli Federica , Donati Benedetta , Muccioli Silvia , Salviato Elisa , Rossi Teresa , Manzotti Gloria , Piana Simonetta , Ciarrocchi Alessia 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRecent insights into the mechanisms controlling gene expression identified enhancer-associated long non-coding RNAs (elncRNAs) as master players of transcription in cancers. RUNX2, a mammalian RUNT-related transcription factor, is increasingly recognized in cancer biology for its role in supporting survival and progression also in thyroid cancer (TC). We recently identified, within the RUNX2 locus, a novel elncRNA that we named RAIN (RUNX2 associated intergenic lncRNA). We showed that RAIN and RUNX2 expression correlate in TC, both in vitro and in vivo, and that RAIN promotes RUNX2 expression by interacting with and affecting the activity of the RUNX2 P2 promoter through two distinct mechanisms. Here, we took forward these observations to explore the genome-wide transcriptional function of RAIN and its contribution to the RUNX2-dependent gene expression program in TC. By combining multiple omics data, we demonstrated that RAIN functionally cooperates with RUNX2 to the regulation of a subset of functionally related genes involved in promoting matrix remodeling, migration, and loss of differentiation. We showed that RAIN interacts with RUNX2 and its expression is required for the efficient recruitment of this TF to its target regulatory regions. In addition, our data revealed that besides RUNX2, RAIN governs a hierarchically organized complex transcriptional program by controlling a core of cancer-associated TFs that, in turn, orchestrate the expression of downstream genes. This evidence indicates that the functional cooperation observed between RAIN and RUNX2 can be a diffuse work mechanism for this elncRNA.
Short-term efficacy of photobiomodulation in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: the PBM4AMD study
Authors: Nassisi Marco , Mainetti Claudia , Paparella Giorgia Rosapia , Belloni Baroni Luca , Milella Paolo , Leone Gaia , Galli Davide , Pozzo Giuffrida Francesco , Dell’Arti Laura , Mapelli Chiara , Casalino Giuseppe , Viola Francesco 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Objectives
This independent prospective study evaluated the short-term effects and safety of photobiomodulation (PBM) in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration.

Methods
patients were treated with PBM in one eye. Functional parameters and drusen volume were measured at one (W4), three- (W12) and six-months (W24) after PBM.

Results
The study included 38 subjects who completed the PBM protocol. Two patients developed macular neovascularization during the study period. Best corrected visual acuity improved from 77.82 ± 5.83 ETDRS letters at baseline to 82.44 ± 5.67 at W12 (p < 0.01), then declined to 80.05 ± 5.79 at W24 (p < 0.01 vs. baseline). Low luminance visual acuity showed a similar pattern, improving from 61.18 ± 8.58 ETDRS letters at baseline to 66.33 ± 8.55 at W12 (p < 0.01), and decreasing to 62.05 ± 9.71 at W24 (p = 0.02). Contrast sensitivity improved at W12 (20.11 ± 9.23 ETDRS letters, p < 0.01), but returned to baseline by W24 (16.45 ± 9.12, p = 0.5). Scotopic microperimetry showed a decrease in mean absolute retinal sensitivity from 9.24 ± 3.44 dB to 7.47 ± 4.41 dB at W24 (p < 0.01), while relative sensitivity decreased only at W24 (p = 0.04). Drusen volume decreased at W4 (0.018 ± 0.009 mm3, p < 0.01) and W12 (0.017 ± 0.009 mm3, p < 0.01), with a slight increase at W24 (0.019 ± 0.012 mm3, p = 0.154).

Conclusions
PBM resulted in temporary improvements in visual function and a reduction in drusen volume, but these effects were not sustained at six months. The long-term efficacy and impact on disease progression are uncertain, necessitating further research to confirm these findings and determine optimal patient selection.
Genome-wide discovery and integrative genomic characterization of insulin resistance loci using serum triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a proxy
Authors: DeForest Natalie , Wang Yuqi , Zhu Zhiyi , Dron Jacqueline S. , Koesterer Ryan , Natarajan Pradeep , Flannick Jason , Amariuta Tiffany , Peloso Gina M. , Majithia Amit R. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractInsulin resistance causes multiple epidemic metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and fatty liver, but is not routinely measured in epidemiological studies. To discover novel insulin resistance genes in the general population, we conducted genome-wide association studies in 382,129 individuals for triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL), a surrogate marker of insulin resistance calculable from commonly measured serum lipid profiles. We identified 251 independent loci, of which 62 were more strongly associated with TG/HDL compared to TG or HDL alone, suggesting them as insulin resistance loci. Candidate causal genes at these loci were prioritized by fine mapping with directions-of-effect and tissue specificity annotated through analysis of protein coding and expression quantitative trait variation. Directions-of-effect were corroborated in an independent cohort of individuals with directly measured insulin resistance. We highlight two phospholipase encoding genes, PLA2G12A and PLA2G6, which liberate arachidonic acid and improve insulin sensitivity, and VGLL3, a transcriptional co-factor that increases insulin resistance partially through enhanced adiposity. Finally, we implicate the anti-apoptotic gene TNFAIP8 as a sex-dimorphic insulin resistance factor, which acts by increasing visceral adiposity, specifically in females. In summary, our study identifies several candidate modulators of insulin resistance that have the potential to serve as biomarkers and pharmacological targets.
A primordial noble gas component discovered in the Ryugu asteroid and its implications
Authors: Verchovsky Alexander B. , Abernethy Feargus A. J. , Anand Mahesh , Franchi Ian A. , Grady Monica M. , Greenwood Richard C. , Barber Simeon J. , Suttle Martin , Ito Motoo , Tomioka Naotaka , Uesugi Masayuki , Yamaguchi Akira , Kimura Makoto , Imae Naoya , Shirai Naoki , Ohigashi Takuji , Liu Ming-Chang , Uesugi Kentaro , Nakato Aiko , Yogata Kasumi , Yuzawa Hayato , Karouji Yuzuru , Nakazawa Satoru , Okada Tatsuaki , Saiki Takanao , Tanaka Satoshi , Terui Fuyuto , Yoshikawa Makoto , Miyazaki Akiko , Nishimura Masahiro , Yada Toru , Abe Masanao , Usui Tomohiro , Watanabe Sen-ichiro , Tsuda Yuichi ,   Consortium Phase2 curation team Kochi, Imae Naoya , Shirai Naoki , Hirahara Kaoki , Sakurai Ikuya , Okado Ikuo , Findlay Ross , Malley James A. , Zhao Xuchao , Pilorget Cerdic , Bebring Jean-Pierre , Loizeau Dambien , Carter John , Riu Lucie , Le Pivert-Jolivet Tania , McCain Katlyn , Matsuda Nozomi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRyugu is the C-type asteroid from which material was brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 mission. A number of individual grains and fine-grained samples analysed so far for noble gases have indicated that solar wind and planetary (known as P1) noble gases are present in Ryugu samples with concentrations higher than those observed in CIs, suggesting the former to be more primitive compared to the latter. Here we present results of analyses of three fine-grained samples from Ryugu, in one of which Xe concentration is an order of magnitude higher than determined so far in other samples from Ryugu. Isotopically, this Xe resembles P1, but with a much stronger isotopic fractionation relative to solar wind and significantly lower 36Ar/132Xe ratio than in P1. This previously unknown primordial noble gas component (here termed P7) provides clues to constrain how the solar composition was fractionated to form the planetary components.
Lewy body pathology exacerbates brain hypometabolism and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Collij Lyduine E. , Mastenbroek Sophie E. , Mattsson-Carlgren Niklas , Strandberg Olof , Smith Ruben , Janelidze Shorena , Palmqvist Sebastian , Ossenkoppele Rik , Hansson Oskar 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIdentifying concomitant Lewy body (LB) pathology through seed amplification assays (SAA) might enhance the diagnostic and prognostic work-up of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in clinical practice and trials. This study examined whether LB pathology exacerbates AD-related disease progression in 795 cognitively impaired individuals (Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia) from the longitudinal multi-center observational ADNI cohort. Participants were on average 75 years of age (SD = 7.89), 40.8% were female, 184 (23.1%) had no biomarker evidence of AD/LB pathology, 39 (4.9%) had isolated LB pathology (AD-LB+), 395 (49.7%) had only AD pathology (AD+LB-), and 177 (22.3%) had both pathologies (AD+LB+). The AD+LB+ group showed worst baseline performance for most cognitive outcomes and compared to the AD+LB− group faster global cognitive decline and more cortical hypometabolism, particularly in posterior brain regions. Neuropathological examination (n = 61) showed high sensitivity (26/27, 96.3%) and specificity (27/28, 96.4%) of the SAA-test. We showed that co-existing LB-positivity exacerbates cognitive decline and cortical brain hypometabolism in AD. In vivo LB pathology detection could enhance prognostic evaluations in clinical practice and could have implications for clinical AD trial design.
Compression-sensitive smart windows: inclined pores for dynamic transparency changes
Authors: Chen Haomin , Chang Gunho , Lee Tae Hee , Min Seokhwan , Nam Sanghyeon , Cho Donghwi , Ko Kwonhwan , Bae Gwangmin , Lee Yoonseong , Feng Jirou , Zhang Heng , Kim Jang-Kyo , Shin Jonghwa , Hong Jung-Wuk , Jeon Seokwoo 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSmart windows, capable of tailoring light transmission, can significantly reduce energy consumption in building services. While mechano-responsive windows activated by strains are promising candidates, they face long-lasting challenges in which the space for the light scatterer’s operation has to be enlarged along with the window size, undermining the practicality. Recent attempts to tackle this challenge inevitably generate side effects with compromised performance in light modulation. Here, we introduce a cuttlefish-inspired design to enable the closing and opening of pores within the 3D porous structure by through-thickness compression, offering opacity and transparency upon release and compression. By changing the activation mode from the conventional in-plane to through-thickness direction, the space requirement is intrinsically decoupled from the lateral size of the scatterer. Central to our design is the asymmetry of pore orientation in the 3D porous structure. These inclined pores against the normal direction increase the opaqueness upon release and improve light modulation sensitivity to compression, enabling transmittance regulation upon compression by an infinitesimal displacement of 50 μm. This work establishes a milestone for smart window technologies and will drive advancements in the development of opto-electric devices.