bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Mpilog macromodels for Signal and Power Integrity Simulations
Authors: Signorini Gianni , Siviero Claudio , Stievano Igor Simone , Grivet-Talocia Stefano 
Published: November 2015

Due to increasingly stringent low-cost and small form-factor design constraints, Signal and Power Integrity analyses (SI&PI) have gained a paramount importance in the definition and optimization of mobile platforms. Operating margins are dramatically reduced in order to meet all the required design targets and constraints (extensive re-use, time-to-market, etc.).
In this scenario, transistor-level simulations for platform-level analyses are inefficient and often, impractical. I/O-buffer models become essential and their accuracy is crucial for the reliability of SI&PI studies. As data-rates increase, signaling swing reduces and power-supply voltage noise becomes inevitable, state-of-the-art legacy models are limited for SI&PI co-simulations.
This work summarizes the recent enhancements of “Mpilog”-class macromodels for high-speed I/O-buffers. Mpilog macromodels reproduce voltage and currents at I/O and (multiple) supply ports as weighted combinations of pull-up/pull-down static and dynamic components. The static parts are extracted via nested DC sweeps simulations and reproduced by tensor representations obtained via high-order singular value decomposition (SVD) processes. The dynamic components are described by linear state-space models identified from device's transient responses to suitable stimuli. For transmitters, the weighting functions match the output-port transitions and the dynamic supply-current profiles, capturing also the dependency of switching delays upon supply-voltage fluctuations; this is a key feature that enables Mpilog macromodels to precisely reproduce simultaneous-switching-noise (SSN) effects in complex system-level SI&PI simulations. The macromodels can be readily synthesized as SPICE netlists (including resistors, capacitors and controlled-sources) or Verilog-A codes; this allows their use in any SPICE-type electrical solver.
Several examples of realistic SI&PI simulations for single-ended and differential interfaces are presented. Transistor-level simulations are compared with the corresponding ones based on Mpilog-macromodels: the resulting accuracy and the speed-up factors are extensively discussed. Comparisons with state-of-the-art legacy models (IBIS) are also discussed.
Optimizing Diamond Heat Spreaders for Thermal Management of Hotspots for GaN Devices
Authors: Obeloer Thomas , Bolliger Bruce , Han Yong , Lau Boon Long , Tang Gongyue , Zhang Xiaowu 
Published: November 2015

As devices become smaller while still requiring high reliability in the presence of extreme power densities, new thermal management solutions are needed. Nowhere is this more evident than with the use of Gallium Nitride (GaN) transistors, where engineers struggle with the thermal barriers limiting the ability to achieve the intrinsic performance potential of GaN semiconductor devices.
Emerging as a common solution to this GaN thermal management challenge are metallized diamond heat spreaders. In this paper, a diamond heat spreader has been applied with a hybrid Si micro-cooler for to cool GaN devices. Several different grades and thicknesses of microwave CVD diamond heat spreaders, as well as various bonding layers, are characterized for their thermal effects. The heat spreader is bonded through a TCB (thermal compression bonding) process to a Si thermal test chip designed to mimic the hotspots of 8 GaN units. The heat dissipation capabilities were compared through experimental tests and fluid-solid coupling simulations, both showing consistent results. In one configuration, using a diamond heat spreader 400μm thick with a thermal conductivity &gt; 2000W/mK, to dissipate 70W heating power, the maximum chip temperature can be reduced by 40.4%, for test chips 100μm thick. And 10kW/cm2 hotspot heat flux can be dissipated while maintaining the maximum hotspot temperature under 160°C. The concentrated heat flux has been effectively reduced by the diamond heat spreader, and much better cooling capability of the Si micro-cooler has been achieved for high power GaN devices.
Pressure-less AgNP Sintering for High-power MCM Assembly for Extreme Environment Applications
Authors: Shen Zhenzhen , Reiderman Aleksey , Anude Casey 
Published: November 2015

Silver nano-particle (AgNP) sintering has been a promising bonding material for high-temperature applications. There is an increasing demand for designs implemented as multi-chip module (MCM) in the high-temperature markets, like the oil and gas industry, primarily because of MCM's smaller size, higher-performance capability, and higher overall reliability when compared to traditional high Tg printed circuit boards.
In this work, pressure-less AgNP sintering paste was used in the assembly of multi-chip modules. The assemblies included die-mounted on aluminum nitride and alumina substrates that were metallized with various thin and thick films. Sintered silver nano-particle attachments were also attempted for surface-mounted technology (SMT) chip components. Different assembly parameters such as bonding line thickness and sintering profiles were evaluated to discover the optimal assembly process window that would yield acceptable reliability for 250°C and higher ambient temperature applications. The assemblies were subjected to various tests including thermal cycling, high-ramp rate thermal shocks, and high-temperature storage tests. Shear strength measurements and analysis of the cross sections and fracture surfaces were performed to understand failure mechanisms.
One of the findings was a certain and unique failure mode associated with bonding of thin-film gold metallized surfaces using pressure-less silver nano-particles sintering. That failure mode begins after a short exposure to temperatures of 200°C and higher. However, silver nano-particle sintering on substrates metallized with thin-film silver and some thick-film formulations yields dramatically better results.
Large Scale Photodesmear for Via Residue Cleaning in High Density Interconnect substrates
Authors: Habu Tomoyuki , Namai Masahito , Aiba Akira , Kikuiri Hajime , Maruyama Shun , Horibe Hiroki , Suzuki Hiroko , Endo Shinichi , Fujinami Toru , Yabu Shintaro , Jain Rahul , Darmawikarta Kristof , Obrien Michael 
Published: November 2015

Smear residue from the build-up dielectric material is left at the bottom of the microvia after laser drill process which, if not cleaned, poses risk to the electrical functionality of the device. Thus, microvia cleanliness is the key to a reliable and electrically functional device. Currently, industry employs a wet process to clean the etch residue that results in significant chemical waste. Here, we evaluated an alternative, but effective Photodesmear method that provides a low cost of ownership and almost negligible environmental impact. We have demonstrated in IMAPS 2013 that this process can achieve residue- and silica filler free via bottoms by a two-step process: i) illuminating 172 nm vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) on the panels, resulting in a photochemical ashing, and ii) a water clean. This process does not reduce the surface energy of the build-up material, thus not impacting the downstream processes.
The main technical challenge in developing Photodesmear technology will be panel level uniformity in cleaning all the microvias within the same process step. We have demonstrated that our process can achieve a highly uniform treatment over 510 mm wide panels. The process was optimized to clean microvias with a range of aspect ratios on insulating film (material N) drilled by CO2 laser. The microvia bottoms were also found to be clean when the vias were drilled by UV laser to test the desmear capability.
The quality of the Photodesmear was tested by measuring the peel strength between electrolytically plated Cu and dielectric surface, and by performing the quick via pull (QVP) to verify the failing interface. We found high peel strength of 0.7 kgf/cm when sputtered Cu seed layer was used. QVP experiments confirmed that the via residue is cleaned effectively since the interface between the plated Cu and the underlying Cu pad did not fail. This study shows that Photodesmear process is capable to produce clean vias along with acceptable peel strength. Future issues are to research the reliability, productivity, and cost of the Photodesmear process to compare with the existing process.
Observations of multiple stationary striation phenomena in an atmospheric pressure neon plasma jet
Authors: Fujiwara Yutaka , Sakakita Hajime , Yamada Hiromasa , Yamagishi Yusuke , Itagaki Hirotomo , Kiyama Satoru , Fujiwara Masanori , Ikehara Yuzuru , Kim Jaeho 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The formation of multiple stationary striations between a nozzle exit and a conductive target plate was clearly observed at regular intervals using a digital camera along an atmospheric pressure plasma jet of dielectric barrier discharge using a neon gas into ambient air. From the results of measuring using a high-speed camera during the positive current phase, the emission initially started in the middle between the nozzle and the target, and striations progressed in both upward and downward directions. During the negative current phase, the emission initially started in a region near the target, and the striations rapidly progressed to the nozzle.
Relevance of Cloud Computing: A Case for UK Small and Medium Sized Tourism Firms
Authors: Imhanwa Samuel , Greenhill Anita , Owrak Ali 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCloud computing represents a connection of internet technologies and personal or business computing that is changing the way computing solutions are designed, delivered and managed. This model of computing where all data, application, are hosted over a network is a significant shift from the traditional model of computing where data, software’s resources are hosted on a local computer or the client server model of business computing where resources are hosted on the firms servers and requires specialist staff for implementing and maintaining IT services. For several organizations especially in the case of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME’s), the cloud is an attractive technology solution as it enables them to reduce the total cost of ownership of their IT by passing the demands of maintaining hardware and software to a third party i.e. a cloud service provider thus enabling them to focus their spend on growing the business while developing innovative services. This paper draws on the concept of cloud computing to illustrate the significance of cloud technology to small medium businesses in the UK tourism industry-an industry heavily dependent on the internet for its survival. The study was conducted through an extensive review of academic journals, publications, articles as well as industry white papers and reports. This paper reveals that cloud computing drives small tourism firms to become more customer focused while enabling them quickly respond to tourist needs.
Clinical Importance and Surgical Outcomes of Green Type III Cystocele in Women With Anterior Vaginal Prolapse
Authors: Huang Wen-Chen , Yang Shwu-Huey , Yang Jenn-Ming 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo explore the clinical importance and surgical outcomes of Green type III cystocele in women with anterior vaginal prolapse.MethodsA database of 336 women with a Ba point higher than −3 cm on the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system was retrospectively reviewed. Investigated data comprised those obtained from a clinical interview, the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system, and sonography. Initially, the baseline data between women with (n = 126) and without (n = 210) Green type III cystocele on sonography were compared. Subsequently, 6‐month postoperative data between women who had Green type III cystocele on sonography and underwent either anterior colporrhaphy (n = 25) or a Perigee procedure (n = 76) were compared.ResultsWomen with Green type III cystocele had symptoms of voiding dysfunction more frequently, stress urinary incontinence less frequently, and more bulging (mean ± SD, 2.7 ± 1.2 versus 1.9 ± 1.5 for women with versus without Green type III cystocele; P = .001), a greater likelihood of stage II or higher cystocele (86.5% versus 60.0% for women with versus without Green type III cystocele; P < .001), as well as more caudodorsal bladder neck and genitohiatal positions and a wider genital hiatus on sonography. Women with Green type III cystocele had a greater likelihood of stage 0 cystocele (64.0% versus 89.5% for anterior colporrhaphy versus Perigee; P< .001) and more ventral bladder neck positions after Perigee procedures.ConclusionsThe presence of Green type III cystocele in women with anterior vaginal prolapse is associated with more functional impairments and anatomic defects. Despite comparable functional outcomes, Perigee procedures provide better anatomic outcomes for the anterior vagina in women with Green type III cystocele than anterior colporrhaphy does in the short term.
Contrast‐Enhanced Sonographic Features Before and After Interventional Treatment of Ovarian Endometrial Cysts
Authors: Shao Xiao-Hui , Zhang Li-Wei , Wang Lu-Lu , Wang Si-Ming , Dong Xiao-Qiu 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess contrast‐enhanced sonography features before and after interventional treatment of ovarian endometrial cysts.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 53 patients with ovarian endometrial cysts who underwent contrast‐enhanced sonography before and after interventional treatment to assess the sonographic features of the cysts at these different times. The sonographic features and quantitative parameters for the cysts were compared before and after treatment.ResultsThe wash‐in mode showed rapid annular enhancement of the cyst wall and slow wash‐out with even and uneven enhancement types. Compared to the internal iliac artery, the enhancement intensity was weaker, and the wash‐in and wash‐out times were longer in the cyst wall; furthermore, all 5 quantitative parameters differed between the cyst wall and internal iliac artery. The wash‐in and wash‐out characteristics of the cysts before and after interventional treatment were almost identical. The enhancement was primarily even before treatment and uneven after treatment; the enhancement intensity was low in all cases. Although the wash‐in time before and after treatment did not differ, the wash‐out time for the cysts before treatment was significantly lower than that observed after treatment. Two quantitative parameters differed before and after treatment.ConclusionsThe contrast‐enhanced sonographic features and quantitative parameters for the walls of ovarian endometrial cysts differed before and after ultrasound‐guided interventional treatment. These characteristics could be valuable for evaluating the efficacy of interventional treatment of ovarian endometrial cysts.
Sonographic Detection and Clinical Importance of Growth Restriction in Pregnancies With Gastroschisis
Authors: Nelson David B. , Martin Robert , Twickler Diane M. , Santiago-Munoz Patricia C. , McIntire Donald D. , Dashe Jodi S. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to estimate the utility of sonography to detect small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates in pregnancies with gastroschisis and to evaluate neonatal outcomes according to birth weight percentile.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies with fetal gastroschisis delivered at our hospital between August 1997 and December 2012. Diagnosis of growth restriction was based on estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile using the nomogram of Hadlock et al (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151:333–337), evaluated at 4‐week intervals throughout gestation and compared with subsequent birth weight, to evaluate the accuracy of sonography to detect and exclude SGA neonates. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were evaluated according to birth weight percentile.ResultsThere were 111 births with gastroschisis (6 per 10,000), and one‐third (n = 37) had birth weight below the 10th percentile. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of sonography for an SGA neonate both approached 90% by 32 weeks and were approximately 95% thereafter. Detection increased with advancing gestational age (P = .02). The birth weight percentile was not associated with preterm birth, infection, bowel complications requiring surgery, duration of hospitalization, or perinatal mortality. Delayed closure of the gastroschisis defect was more frequent with birth weights at or below the 3rd percentile (P = .03).ConclusionsSonography reliably identified SGA neonates with gastroschisis in our series, and its utility improved with advancing gestation. Apart from delayed closure of the defect, a low birth weight percentile was not associated with an increased risk of morbidity or mortality in the immediate neonatal period.
Pharmacologic basis for the use of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of neuropathic pain conditions
Authors: Webster Michael 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Introduction
This article will review the pharmacologic and clinical evidence supporting the use of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, most notably atomoxetine, for the treatment of neuropathic pain states. Many medications initially marketed for psychiatric indications have gained widespread use for their analgesic properties after additional research.

Methods
In search of alternative treatments for neuropathic pain, current guidelines, published reviews, and primary literature, including both rodent and human trials, were reviewed.

Results and Discussion
The first group of medications to gain widespread use in pain management was the tricyclic antidepressants. As further research was completed and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors began to be utilized for their analgesic properties, a growing body of evidence began to indicate that the analgesic properties of these medications were primarily due to the blockade of norepinephrine reuptake with serotonin playing only a minimal role.
Evidence and clinical considerations for the use of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of painful neuropathy
Authors: Sigler Meredith , VandenBerg Amy , Thompson Amy 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Peripheral neuropathy is a painful condition that can lead to a reduction in quality of life. The pain, which stems from damaged, hyperexcitable neurons, does not respond to traditional analgesics. However, due to the underlying mechanism of pain, some antidepressants are effective in managing peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the available literature on serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for the management of peripheral neuropathy and outline clinical considerations for choosing an agent.

Methods
PubMed, Ovid/MEDLINE, and Scopus queries were conducted for relevant literature. Search types were limited to keyword searches and articles were limited to those published prior to March 31, 2015.

Results
There were 19 randomized controlled trials included in this review. No articles were found investigating the use of desvenlafaxine, milnacipran, or levomilnacipran for treatment of neuropathy. Both duloxetine and venlafaxine improved pain severity scores for patients suffering from painful peripheral neuropathy compared to placebo.

Discussion
Duloxetine and venlafaxine are able to decrease the severity of peripheral neuropathic pain. None of the trials found that either one of the therapies was able to completely eliminate pain for the patients, which should be an important counseling point for patients to understand. Additionally, patient-specific factors should be considered when choosing an agent, including comorbid disease states and potentially interacting medications.
Chemistry‐turbulence interactions and mesoscale variability influence the cleansing efficiency of the atmosphere
Authors: Kaser L. , Karl T. , Yuan B. , Mauldin R. L. , Cantrell C. A. , Guenther A. B. , Patton E. G. , Weinheimer A. J. , Knote C. , Orlando J. , Emmons L. , Apel E. , Hornbrook R. , Shertz S. , Ullmann K. , Hall S. , Graus M. , de Gouw J. , Zhou X. , Ye C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe hydroxyl radical (OH) is the most important oxidant in the atmosphere and the primary sink for isoprene, the dominant volatile organic compound emitted by vegetation. Recent research on the atmospheric oxidation capacity in isoprene‐dominated environments has suggested missing radical sources leading to significant overestimation of the lifetime of isoprene. Here we report, for the first time, a comprehensive experimental budget of isoprene in the planetary boundary layer based on airborne flux measurements along with in situ OH observations in the Southeast and Central U.S. Our findings show that surface heterogeneity of isoprene emissions lead to a physical separation of isoprene and OH resulting in an effective slowdown in the chemistry. Depending on surface heterogeneity, the intensity of segregation (Is) could locally slow down isoprene chemistry up to 30%. The effect of segregated reactants in the planetary boundary layer on average has an influence on modeled OH radicals that is comparable to that of recently proposed radical recycling mechanisms.
Enhancement of odd nitrogen modifies mesospheric ozone chemistry during polar winter
Authors: Verronen P. T. , Lehmann R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEnergetic particle precipitation (EPP) enhances odd nitrogen (NOx) in the polar upper atmosphere. Model studies have reported a solar cycle response in mesospheric ozone (O3) caused by EPP‐related NOx enhancements which are included by applying a vertical NOx flux at around 80 km. However, it is not clear how O3 can be affected when the main chemical catalyst of odd oxygen (Ox = O + O(1D) + O3) loss in the mesosphere is odd hydrogen (HOx). Here we use a 1‐D atmospheric model and show how enhanced NOx affects mesospheric chemistry and changes HOx partitioning, which subsequently leads to increase in Ox loss through standard HOx‐driven catalytic cycles. Another, smaller increase of Ox loss results from HOx storage in HNO3 during night and its release by daytime photodissociation. Our results suggest that EPP, through NOx enhancements, could have a longer‐term effect on mesospheric HOx and Ox in polar winter.