bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence establishing a link between prenatal and early-life stress and asthma development
Authors: Rosa Maria José , Lee Alison G. , Wright Rosalind J. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose of review
The objective of this review is to provide an update on our evolving understanding of the effects of stress in pregnancy and during early development on the onset of asthma-related phenotypes across childhood, adolescence, and into early adulthood.

Recent findings
Accumulating evidence over the past 2 decades has established that prenatal and early-life psychological stress and stress correlates (e.g., maternal anxiety or depression) increase the risk for childhood respiratory disorders. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses including numerous prospective epidemiological and case–control studies substantiate a significant effect of prenatal stress and stress in early childhood on the development of wheeze, asthma, and other atopic-related disorders (eczema and allergic rhinitis), with many studies showing an exposure–response relationship. Offspring of both sexes are susceptible to perinatal stress, but effects differ. The impact of stress on child wheeze/asthma can also be modified by exposure timing. Moreover, coexposure to prenatal stress can enhance the effect of chemical stressors, such as prenatal traffic-related air pollution, on childhood respiratory disease risk. Understanding complex interactions among exposure dose, timing, child sex, and concurrent environmental exposures promises to more fully characterize stress effects and identify susceptible subgroups. Although the link between perinatal stress and childhood asthma-related phenotypes is now well established, pathways by which stress predisposes children to chronic respiratory disorders are not as well delineated. Mechanisms central to the pathophysiology of wheeze/asthma and lung growth and development overlap and involve a cascade of events that include disrupted immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function as well as oxidative stress. Altered homeostatic functioning of these integrated systems during development can enhance vulnerability to asthma and altered lung development.

Summary
Mechanistic studies that more comprehensively assess biomarkers reflecting alterations across interrelated stress response systems and associated regulatory processes, in both pregnant women and young children, could be highly informative. Leveraging high-throughput systems-wide technologies to include epigenomics (e.g., DNA methylation, microRNAs), transcriptomics, and microbiomics as well as integrated multiomics are needed to advance this field of science. Understanding stress-induced physiological changes occurring during vulnerable life periods that contribute to chronic respiratory disease risk could lead to the development of preventive strategies and novel therapeutic interventions.
Developmental Effects in Masking Release for Speech-in-Speech Perception Due to a Target/Masker Sex Mismatch
Authors: Leibold Lori J. , Buss Emily , Calandruccio Lauren 
Published: January 2018

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which infants, school-age children, and adults benefit from a target/masker sex mismatch in the context of speech detection or recognition in a background of 2 competing talkers. It was hypothesized that the ability to benefit from a target/masker sex mismatch develops between infancy and the early school-age years, as children gain listening experience in multi-talker environments.

Design:
Listeners were infants (7 to 13 months), children (5 to 10 years), and adults (18 to 33 years) with normal hearing. A series of five experiments compared speech detection or recognition in continuous two-talker speech across target/masker conditions that were sex matched or sex mismatched. In experiments 1 and 2, an observer-based, single-interval procedure was used to estimate speech detection thresholds for a spondaic word in a two-talker speech masker. In experiments 3 and 4, speech recognition thresholds were estimated in continuous two-talker speech using a four-alternative, forced-choice procedure. In experiment 5, speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were estimated for adults using the forced-choice recognition procedure after ideal time-frequency segregation processing was applied to the stimuli.

Results:
Speech detection thresholds for adults tested in experiments 1 and 2 were significantly higher when the target word and speech masker were matched in sex than when they were mismatched, but thresholds for infants were similar across sex-matched and sex-mismatched conditions. Results for experiments 3 and 4 showed that school-age children and adults benefit from a target/masker sex mismatch for a forced-choice word recognition task. Children, however, obtained greater benefit than adults in 1 condition, perhaps due to greater susceptibility to masking overall. In experiment 5, adults had substantial threshold reductions and more uniform performance across the 4 conditions evaluated in experiments 3 and 4 after the application of ideal time-frequency segregation to the stimuli.

Conclusions:
The pattern of results observed across experiments suggests that the ability to take advantage of differences in vocal characteristics typically found between speech produced by male and female talkers develops between infancy and the school-age years. Considerable child–adult differences in susceptibility to speech-in-speech masking were observed for school-age children as old as 11 years of age in both sex-matched and sex-mismatched conditions.
Using technology to support clinical care and research in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Dixon William G. , Michaud Kaleb 
Published: January 2018

Purpose of review
As digital technology becomes more ubiquitous, understanding the current state-of-the-art in digital information use for clinical care and research for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is timely and relevant.

Recent findings
The opportunities for recording and utilizing high-quality data from rheumatologists are reviewed, as well as opportunities from collecting, integrating and analysing patient-generated data to deliver a step-change in the support and management of RA.

Summary
Once greater adoption, standardization and implementation of relevant RA measures are in place within electronic health records (EHRs), patient care will improve and the ability to learn from aggregate experiences increases dramatically. Incorporating passive and patient-reported outcomes into self-management apps and integrating such data into the patient's health record will provide more responsive and better treatment results.
Diabetes medications and cardiovascular disease: at long last progress
Authors: Lupsa Beatrice C. , Inzucchi Silvio E. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose of review
Although intensive control of hyperglycemia has been proven to decrease the risk of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, it has had little apparent effect on reducing cardiovascular complications – the leading cause of mortality in this disease. We review the cardiovascular effects of various glucose-lowering medications, with a particular focus on the recent studies demonstrating clear benefits from members of several drug categories.

Recent findings
Recently, several randomized controlled studies have revealed significant improvements in cardiovascular outcomes from a thiazolidinedione, two sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and two glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists.

Summary
These data suggest that certain glucose lowering agents after metformin should be favored in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when there is underlying cardiovascular disease.
Button Battery Powered Fidget Spinners
Authors: Khalaf Racha T. , Gurevich Yoseph , Marwan Ahmed I. , Miller Angie L. , Kramer Robert E. , Sahn Benjamin 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTToys entering the marketplace may have unrecognized hazard risks until data on injury become known. The fidget spinner is a new popular toy mass marketed to children and is primarily sold without warning labels. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission has recently issued a formal statement on potential safety concerns related to ingestion of the toy parts and other hazards. Button batteries within this toy pose the greatest danger to children as ingestion can lead to lethal injury. We report 2 cases of children who swallowed a button battery from a fidget spinner, causing severe esophageal injury. Various aspects of this type of ingestion important for clinicians to be aware of are reviewed.
Pain Intensity and Risk of Bone Fracture in Children With Minor Extremity Injuries
Authors: Zanchi Chiara , Giangreco Manuela , Ronfani Luca , Germani Claudio , Giorgi Rita , Calligaris Lorenzo , Norbedo Stefania , Liccari Giulio , Cozzi Giorgio , Barbi Egidio 
Published: January 2018

Objectives
Injuries are one of the most common causes of pediatric emergency department (ED) visit. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the intensity of pain at the ED visit of children presenting with an extremity injury and the risk of fracture.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study, considering all patients presenting to the ED of a children's hospital in Italy, with an accidental extremity injury, between May and December 2015. We selected all children aged 8 to 17 years who underwent an x-ray. Children with major, multiple, or nonextremity injuries were excluded. Age, sex, spontaneous and palpation pain, local swelling, time between injury, and medical evaluation were recorded. Sensibility and specificity of spontaneous and palpation pain in detecting a fracture were calculated.

Results
We reviewed 994 medical records; of these, 344 (34.6%) reported a fracture. Children's median age was 12 years (interquartile range [IQR], 10–14). Median spontaneous pain at the ED visit was not significantly different between children with and without a fracture: 4.0 (1.0–6.0) and 5 (1.0–6.0), respectively (P = 0.129). Children with mild palpation pain and children without an increase of pain of at least 2 points between spontaneous and palpation pain were fractured in 3.2% and 0.97% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions
In this series, pain intensity in children with a minor extremity injury was not a good marker of fracture. Nevertheless, children with mild palpation pain or with a mild increase of pain between spontaneous and palpation pain had a low risk of fracture.
Dynamic compensation and homeostasis: a feedback control perspective
Authors: Fliess Michel , Join Cédric 
Published: January 2018

Abstract“Dynamic compensation” is a robustness property where a perturbed biological circuit maintains a suitable output [Karin O., Swisa A., Glaser B., Dor Y., Alon U. (2016). Mol. Syst. Biol., 12: 886]. In spite of several attempts, no fully convincing analysis seems now to be on hand. This communication suggests an explanation via “model-free control” and the corresponding “intelligent” controllers [Fliess M., Join C. (2013). Int. J. Contr., 86, 2228-2252], which are already successfully applied in many concrete situations. As a byproduct this setting provides also a slightly different presentation of homeostasis, or “exact adaptation,” where the working conditions are assumed to be “mild.” Several convincing, but academic, computer simulations are provided and discussed.
Rhythmic neural spiking and attentional sampling arising from cortical receptive field interactions
Authors: Kienitz Ricardo , Schmiedt Joscha T. , Shapcott Katharine A. , Kouroupaki Kleopatra , Saunders Richard C. , Schmid Michael C. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryGrowing evidence suggests that distributed spatial attention may invoke theta (3-9 Hz) rhythmic sampling processes. The neuronal basis of such attentional sampling is however not fully understood. Here we show using array recordings in visual cortical area V4 of two awake macaques that presenting separate visual stimuli to the excitatory center and suppressive surround of neuronal receptive fields elicits rhythmic multi-unit activity (MUA) at 3-6 Hz. This neuronal rhythm did not depend on small fixational eye movements. In the context of a distributed spatial attention task, during which the monkeys detected a spatially and temporally uncertain target, reaction times (RT) exhibited similar rhythmic fluctuations. RTs were fast or slow depending on the target occurrence during high or low MUA, resulting in rhythmic MUA-RT cross-correlations at at theta frequencies. These findings suggest that theta-rhythmic neuronal activity arises from competitive receptive field interactions and that this rhythm may subserve attentional sampling.HighlightsCenter-surround interactions induce theta-rhythmic MUA of visual cortex neuronsThe MUA rhythm does not depend on small fixational eye movementsReaction time fluctuations lock to the neuronal rhythm under distributed attention
Cellular tolerance at the μ-opioid receptor is phosphorylation dependent
Authors: Arttamangkul Seksiri , Heinze Daniel A , Bunzow James R , Song Xianqiang , Williams John T 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe role of phosphorylation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in desensitization, internalization and long-term tolerance was examined in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Viral expression of wild type (exWT) and mutant MORs, where all phosphorylation sites on the C-terminus (Total Phosphorylation Deficient (TPD)) were mutated to alanine, were examined in a MOR knockout rat. Both expressed receptors acutely activate potassium conductance similar to endogenous receptors in wild type animals. The exWT receptors, like endogenous receptors, displayed signs of tolerance after chronic morphine treatment. There was however a loss of agonist-induced desensitization and internalization in experiments with the TPD receptors. In addition the development of tolerance was not observed in the TPD receptors following chronic morphine treatment. The results indicate a key role of C-terminal phosphorylation in the expression of acute desensitization, trafficking and long-term tolerance to morphine.
Normative age modelling of cortical thickness in autistic males
Authors: Bethlehem Richard A. I , Seidlitz Jakob , Romero-Garcia Rafael , Dumas Guillaume , Lombardo Michael V. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractUnderstanding heterogeneity in neural phenotypes is an important goal on the path to precision medicine for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Age is a critically important variable in normal structural brain development and examining structural features with respect to age-related norms could help to explain ASD heterogeneity in neural phenotypes. Here we examined how cortical thickness (CT) in ASD can be parameterized as an individualized metric of deviance relative to typically-developing (TD) age-related norms. Across a large sample (n=870 per group) and wide age range (5-40 years), we applied a normative modelling approach that provides individualized whole-brain maps of age-related CT deviance in ASD. This approach isolates a subgroup of ASD individuals with highly age-deviant CT. The median prevalence of this ASD subgroup across all brain regions is 7.6%, and can reach as high as 10% for some brain regions. This work showcases an individualized approach for understanding ASD heterogeneity that could potentially further prioritize work on a subset of individuals with significant cortical pathophysiology represented in age-related CT deviance. Rather than cortical thickness pathology being a widespread characteristic of most ASD patients, only a small subset of ASD individuals are actually highly deviant relative to age-norms. These individuals drive small on-average effects from case-control comparisons. Rather than sticking to the diagnostic label of autism, future research should pivot to focus on isolating subsets of autism patients with highly deviant phenotypes and better understand the underlying mechanisms that drive those phenotypes.
A semi-automatic approach to implement rapid non-immersive virtual maintenance simulation
Authors: Geng Jie , Peng Xu , Li Ying , Lv Chuan , Wang Zili , Zhou Dong 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Current virtual simulation platforms provide various tools to generate non-immersive simulation processes purposefully in different domains. The generated simulation processes are adopted for analysis, presentation, demonstration and verification. In the virtual maintenance domain, this intuitive and visual method has benefitted product maintainability design and improvement. Generating an ideal and reasonable non-immersive virtual maintenance simulation is always time-consuming because of the complicated human operations and logical relationships involved. This study aims to propose a semiautomatic approach to increase efficiency in non-immersive virtual maintenance simulation implementation.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology analyzes the general catalogs of common maintenance tasks and explores the corresponding secondary development approaches of simulation tools that can achieve motion simulation in virtual environments, by focusing on the diversity, complexity and uncertainty in non-immersive virtual simulation process generation. Afterward, a single virtual human motion can be generated by controlling the parameters and indices of the simulation tools. Subsequently, all of the generated single motions are connected logically to simulate the entire maintenance process.

Findings
Instead of selecting various tools, such as that in a traditional method, the proposed methodology analyzes and integrates the necessary basic parameters considering the characteristics of virtual maintenance simulation for a target maintenance activity.

Originality/value
The user can control the predefined parameters to generate the simulation combining several other simple operations in virtual environments. Consequently, the methodology decreases simulation tool selection and logic consideration and increases efficiency to a certain extent in non-immersive virtual maintenance simulation generation.
The impact of digitalization on business models
Authors: Bouwman Harry , Nikou Shahrokh , Molina-Castillo Francisco J. , de Reuver Mark 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to explore how digital technologies have forced small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to reconsider and experiment with their business models (BMs) and how this contributes to their innovativeness and performance.

Design/methodology/approach
An empirical study has been conducted on 338 European SMEs actively using social media and big data to innovate their BMs. Four in-depth case studies of companies involved in BM innovation have also been carried out.

Findings
Findings show that the use of social media and big data in BMI is mainly driven by strategic and innovation-related internal motives. External technology turbulence plays a role too. BMI driven by social media and big data has a positive impact on business performance. Analysis of the case studies shows that BM is driven by big data rather than by social media.

Research limitations/implications
Research into big data- and social media-driven BMs needs more insight into how components are affected and how SMEs are experimenting with adjusting their BMs, specifically in terms of human and organizational factors.

Practical implications
Findings of this study can be used by managers and top-level executives to better understand how firms experiment with BMI, what affects business model components and how implementation might affect BMI performance.

Originality/value
This paper is one of the first research contributions to analyse the impact of digitalization, specifically the impact of social media and big data on a large number of European SMEs.
The optimism-pessimism ratio as predictor of employee creativity: the promise of duality
Authors: Rego Arménio , Cunha Miguel Pina e , Reis Júnior Dálcio , Anastácio Cátia , Savagnago Moriel 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study if the employees’ optimism-pessimism ratio predicts their creativity.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 134 employees reported their optimism and pessimism, and the respective supervisors described the employees’ creativity.FindingsThe relationship between the optimism-pessimism ratio and creativity is curvilinear (inverted U-shaped); beyond a certain level of the optimism-pessimism ratio, the positive relationship between the ratio and creativity weakens, suggesting that the possible positive effects of (high) optimism may be weakened by a very low level of pessimism.Research limitations/implicationsBeing cross-sectional, the study examines neither the causal links between the optimism-pessimism ratio and creativity nor other plausible causal links. The study was carried out at a single moment and did not capture the dynamics that occur over the course of time involving changes in optimism/pessimism and creativity. Future studies may adopt longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs.Practical implicationsManagers and organizations must consider that, even though positivity promotes creativity, some level of negativity may help positivity to produce creativity.Originality/valueThis study suggests that scholars who want to study the antecedents of creativity (and innovation) must be cautious in focusing only on the positive or the negative sides of individuals’ characteristics, and rather they must explore the interplay between both poles. Individuals may experience both positive and negative states/traits (Smith et al., 2016), and this both/and approach may impel them to think divergently, to challenge the status quo and to propose “out the box” and useful ideas.
Evaluations of a sequence of affective events presented simultaneously
Authors: Thomas Dominic , Olsen Douglas , Murray Kyle 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
A key finding in the affect integration literature is that for a sequence of events that unfolds sequentially, individuals attend to specific aspects of these events, such as the spread, peak, end, or trend. Due to recent findings of deviations from the peak-end rule, this study closely examines the integration processes of affective events presented sequentially and simultaneously.

Design/methodology/approach
Three experimental studies were conducted. Study 1a (financial dashboard) and Study 1b (charity advertisement) examine consumers’ overall evaluation for a sequence of mixed affective events. Using eye trackers, Study 2 examines individuals’ attention to particular affective moments presented sequentially and simultaneously.

Findings
The present research provides additional support for the peak–end rule for the sequential presentation of mixed-valence affective events. However, in the simultaneous mode of presentation, the flexibility to view various affective events decreases the disproportionate weights given to specific events, a divergence from the peak–end rule.

Research limitations/implications
Although the tempering effect of simultaneous presentation can be concluded, further studies are required to discern how individuals process these events and develop a predictive rule.

Practical implications
The results of the present study provide clear and actionable directions for application developers and advertising agencies: when communicating information or developing an advertisement, consideration should be given to how each affective event is being communicated.

Originality/value
It is argued that in the simultaneous mode of presentation, the flexibility to view various affective events allows greater shifts in attention that increase the salience of interconnections and thereby decrease the disproportionate weights given to specific events.