bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thunderstorm hail and lightning detection parameters based on dual‐polarization Doppler weather radar data
Authors: Voormansik Tanel , Rossi Pekka J. , Moisseev Dmitri , Tanilsoo Tarmo , Post Piia 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTFour years (2011–2014) of the summer period (May–September) dual‐polarization Doppler C‐band weather radar data for Sürgavere, Estonia, were examined to determine the best indicator for cloud‐to‐ground lightning activity. Furthermore, the legacy radar‐derived hail indicator probability of hail and the storm maximum reflectivity were compared with the polarimetric hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA) to establish a link between them and ensure data continuity. The study is based on convective storm cells identified from radar reflectivity data, using a 35 dBZ reflectivity threshold. Applying this threshold to the radar data resulted in 123 360 individual storm cells. It was found that 33.9% of the identified cells produced lightning and 25.9% hail. The number of individual storm cells on average is highest in the afternoon at 1600 local time and the mean storm cell area is largest in the evening at 2100 local time. Echo top 15 dBZ (ET15), ET20 and ET25 achieved the highest scores in terms of critical success index (0.39, 0.39 and 0.38 respectively), Heidke skill score (0.24, 0.26, 0.27) and equitable threat score (0.14, 0.15, 0.16). The graupel class of the dual‐polarization radar hydrometeor classification showed a similar performance to the 35 dBZ echo top. It was also shown that the reflectivity value just below 50 dBZ indicates the best skill for detection of hail, if HCA hail detection is used as the ground truth. The probability of hail value that shows the best agreement with the HCA hail class is 0.2.
Biexponential T1ρ relaxation mapping of human knee cartilage in vivo at 3 T
Authors: Sharafi Azadeh , Xia Ding , Chang Gregory , Regatte Ravinder R. 
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of biexponential T1ρ relaxation mapping of human knee cartilage in vivo. A three‐dimensional, customized, turbo‐flash sequence was used to acquire T1ρ‐weighted images from healthy volunteers employing a standard 3‐T MRI clinical scanner. A series of T1ρ‐weighted images was fitted using monoexponential and biexponential models with two‐ and four‐parametric non‐linear approaches, respectively. Non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐statistical tests were used to evaluate the regional relaxation and gender differences, respectively, with a level of significance of P = 0.05. Biexponential relaxations were detected in the cartilage of all volunteers. The short and long relaxation components of T1ρ were estimated to be 6.9 and 51.0 ms, respectively. Similarly, the fractions of short and long T1ρ were 37.6% and 62.4%, respectively. The monoexponential relaxation of T1ρ was 32.6 ms. The experiments showed good repeatability with a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 20%. A biexponential relaxation model showed a better fit than a monoexponential model to the T1ρ relaxation decay in knee cartilage. Biexponential T1ρ components could potentially be used to increase the specificity to detect early osteoarthritis by the measurement of different water compartments and their fractions.
Simulating system‐wide effects of reducing irrigation withdrawals in a disputed river basin
Authors: Leitman S. F. , Kiker G. A. , Wright D. L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractStakeholders in river systems often target larger upstream water consumers as an intuitive solution for increasing flows for downstream ecological needs. Within regulated river systems, simplistic panaceas may have unexpected and unintended results at a watershed level. The Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin is a large watershed in the south‐eastern United States whose management has been the source of conflict for several decades. This paper tests the hypothesis of whether a reduction in consumptive losses to Flint River flows through the large‐scale implementation of water‐saving agricultural irrigation technologies and practices will have a positive effect on downstream ecosystem water requirements in the Apalachicola River. An existing integrated reservoir/reach model was used to explore multiple irrigation water use scenarios.Because of current federal reservoir operating rules in the Chattahoochee River, irrigation decreases in the Flint River do not always directly translate to elevated flows downstream in the Apalachicola River. In drought years, a large percentage of the Flint River water savings is captured as greater storage volume at upstream Chattahoochee reservoirs because of a requirement to supplement downstream flows to a prescribed minimum level. In nondrought years, the majority of irrigation decreases translate to increased flow in the Apalachicola River. Given these simulation results, public policy decisions need to be formulated with regard to what portion of the Flint River water savings from changing irrigation practices in drought years should be allocated to the upstream Chattahoochee storage reservoirs and what portion to supporting downstream environmental and social needs in the Apalachicola watershed.
Self‐Inflicted Abdominal Stab Wounds Have a Higher Rate of Non‐therapeutic Laparotomy/Laparoscopy and a Lower Risk of Injury
Authors: Bugaev Nikolay , McKay Kevin , Breeze Janis L. , Arabian Sandra S. , Rabinovici Reuven 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe profile and management of self‐inflicted abdominal stab wounds (SI‐ASW) patients is still obscure.MethodsThe National Trauma Data Bank (2012) was queried for adults with abdominal stab wounds (n = 9544). Patients with SI‐ASW (n = 1724) and non‐SI‐ASW (n = 7820) were compared. Predictors for non‐therapeutic laparotomy/laparoscopy (non‐TL) in SI‐ASW patients were identified.ResultsSI‐ASW patients were older, had more females and behavioral disorders, similar physiology, but a lower Injury Severity Score. They had more laparotomies overall (54 versus 48%, p < 0.0001) and more non‐TL (42 versus 32%, p < 0.0001), but less injuries (43 versus 53%, p < 0.0001), although peritoneal violation rate was similar. Complications and mortality were similar. In the SI‐ASW cohort, non‐TL patients were more likely to be female and younger, and to have Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≥13 and a higher systolic blood pressure. History of psychiatric, drug and alcohol disorders was associated with SI‐ASW, but did not independently predict the need for treatment in adjusted models.ConclusionPatients with SI‐ASW underwent more non‐TL than patients with non‐SI‐ASW. Female gender, younger age, and a higher GCS and systolic blood pressure predicted non‐TL in this group.
Evaporating pure, binary and ternary droplets: thermal effects and axial symmetry breaking
Authors: Diddens Christian , Tan Huanshu , Lv Pengyu , Versluis Michel , Kuerten J. G. M. , Zhang Xuehua , Lohse Detlef 
Published: June 2017

The Greek aperitif Ouzo is not only famous for its specific anise-flavoured taste, but also for its ability to turn from a transparent miscible liquid to a milky-white coloured emulsion when water is added. Recently, it has been shown that this so-called Ouzo effect, i.e. the spontaneous emulsification of oil microdroplets, can also be triggered by the preferential evaporation of ethanol in an evaporating sessile Ouzo drop, leading to an amazingly rich drying process with multiple phase transitions (Tan et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 113 (31), 2016, pp. 8642–8647). Due to the enhanced evaporation near the contact line, the nucleation of oil droplets starts at the rim which results in an oil ring encircling the drop. Furthermore, the oil droplets are advected through the Ouzo drop by a fast solutal Marangoni flow. In this article, we investigate the evaporation of mixture droplets in more detail, by successively increasing the mixture complexity from pure water over a binary water–ethanol mixture to the ternary Ouzo mixture (water, ethanol and anise oil). In particular, axisymmetric and full three-dimensional finite element method simulations have been performed on these droplets to discuss thermal effects and the complicated flow in the droplet driven by an interplay of preferential evaporation, evaporative cooling and solutal and thermal Marangoni flow. By using image analysis techniques and micro-particle-image-velocimetry measurements, we are able to compare the numerically predicted volume evolutions and velocity fields with experimental data. The Ouzo droplet is furthermore investigated by confocal microscopy. It is shown that the oil ring predominantly emerges due to coalescence.
Marine life in a greenhouse world: cephalopod biodiversity and biogeography during the early Late Cretaceous
Authors: Yacobucci Margaret M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTwo end-member models are proposed to explain marine biotic responses to greenhouse conditions. Global warming and increasing sea level may: (1) promote dispersal of marine species, leading to larger geographic ranges and decreased speciation and biodiversity; or (2) result in formation of isolated epicontinental basins that host endemic radiations, leading to smaller geographic ranges and increased speciation and biodiversity. The Cenomanian–Turonian (C–T) interval, marked by greenhouse warming, sea-level rise, ocean anoxia, and biotic turnover, presents an opportunity to test these two end-member models. In particular, how cephalopods responded to these global changes has not been clear. A global database of 7262 cephalopod occurrences was used to evaluate biodiversity changes through the C–T interval. Both species- and genus-level diversity peaked in the late Cenomanian. The global diversity drop across the C/T boundary was modest; rather, diversity was low during the middle Cenomanian and middle Turonian, times of brief cooling. Regional variations in diversity responses may reflect the degree and timing of environmental perturbations within different oceanographic settings. Surprisingly, cephalopod faunas in the European Platform, Western Interior, and South Atlantic all shifted equatorward across the C/T boundary, whereas other regions saw no change in latitudinal distributions. Global generic geographic ranges did not change through the C–T interval, but the percentage of cosmopolitan genera did increase significantly across the C/T, both globally and within the Western Interior and Europe, whereas cosmopolitans dropped in the Pacific and South Atlantic. Neither end-member model for biodiversity change in a greenhouse world is supported for C–T cephalopods, as diversity increased without an associated increase in geographic range. It may be that sea-level rise and global warming led to both endemic radiations in epicontinental basins and an increase in cosmopolitan taxa in some regions, demonstrating the importance of combining global and regional-scale analyses.
Old Menace in New China: Coastal smuggling, illicit markets, and symbiotic economies in the early People's Republic
Authors: THAI PHILIP 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article explores the ambiguous role of coastal smuggling during the first decade and a half of Communist rule (1949–65). Fearing that the illicit flow of commodities siphoned critical revenues and undermined foreign policy, Communist China repurposed and expanded Nationalist China's war on smuggling while employing novel tactics of mobilization. Yet smuggling was not just a threat; it was also a lifeline that alleviated widespread material shortages and supplied the everyday needs of individuals and firms during the tumultuous transition to central planning. Businesses from ‘underground factories’ to state-owned enterprises relied on black markets to meet ambitious production targets and circumvent bottlenecks in official supply channels. Smuggling was thus more than just ‘corruption’ practised by officials—it was also a ‘creative accommodation’ employed by broad swaths of social actors coping with the enormous changes. This article argues that the nascent command economy and the vibrant underground economy existed symbiotically rather than antagonistically. Exploration into this complex relationship reveals many cross-border connections between Communist China and the capitalist world that both complemented and undermined domestic state consolidation.
What Makes a Child a Good Language Learner? Interactional Competence, Identity, and Immersion in a Swedish Classroom
Authors: Cekaite Asta 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe research presented here is an examination of how child language novices (zero beginners) develop interactional competences and repertoires in a Swedish as a second language classroom. Two 7-year-old girls’ learning trajectories are the focus in a yearlong study of their second language (L2) development. The girls’ transition from highly repetitious and formulaic production to formally and semantically more diverse discourse is documented, along with a broadening of the girls’ classroom interactional repertoires. They initiated and took part in interactions with teachers and peers and participated in a growing range of classroom discursive activities. The longitudinal analysis also documents the differences in their two learning trajectories, particularly in terms of their L2 resources and pragmatic skills, as well as their identities as successful or unsuccessful language learners (as ascribed to them by the teachers). The study illustrates an intricate and synergistic, rather than unidirectional, relationship between these two child novice learners’ competences, L2 features, and identities.
Spherical recurrence and locally isometric embeddings of trees into positive density subsets of ℤd
Authors: BULINSKI KAMIL 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMagyar has shown that if B ⊂ ℤd has positive upper density (d ⩾ 5), then the set of squared distances {||b1 − b2||2 : b1, b2 ∈ B} contains an infinitely long arithmetic progression, whose period depends only on the upper density of B. We extend this result by showing that B contains locally isometrically embedded copies of every tree with edge lengths in some given arithmetic progression (whose period depends only on the upper density of B and the number of vertices of the sought tree). In particular, B contains all chains of elements with gaps in some given arithmetic progression (which depends on the length of the sought chain). This is a discrete analogue of a result obtained recently by Bennett, Iosevich and Taylor on chains with prescribed gaps in sets of large Haussdorf dimension. Our techniques are Ergodic theoretic and may be of independent interest to Ergodic theorists. In particular, we obtain Ergodic theoretic analogues of recent optimal spherical distribution results of Lyall and Magyar which, via Furstenberg's correspondence principle, recover their combinatorial results.
Powder XRD and TEM study on crystal structure and interstratification of Zn-chlorite (baileychlore)
Authors: Lee Seungyeol , Xu Huifang 
Published: June 2017

Baileychlore is Zn-end member trioctahedral chlorite, named by Audrey C. Rule and Frank Radke in 1988 for the honor of Professor Sturges W. Bailey of the University of Wisconsin – Madison, USA. Baileychlore occurs as dark green chlorite on calcite veins from garnet-vesuvianite skarn clasts at Red Dome ore deposit, Chillagoe, Queensland, Australia. The baileychlore has been studied by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray energy-dispersive analytical electron microscopy analyses to determine crystal structure and interstratified layers. Baileychlore with stacking disorder displays streaking reflections of 0k0 (≠6n) hhl (h ≠ 3n). Unit-cell parameters for baileychlore (type I polytype) with a space group of C$ \bar 1$ are: a = 5.351(3), b = 9.266(5), c = 14.418(8) Å, α = 89.741(3)°, β = 96.741(4)°, and γ = 90.122(2)°. The strong lines of the measured XRD pattern [d(Å)(I)(hkl)] are: 14.331(7.151)(90.5)(002); 4.574(23.2)(1$ \bar 1$0, 11$ \bar 1$); 3.572(38.5)(004); 2.653(31.4)($ \bar 1$31, 200, 13$ \bar 1$); 2.406(49.4)(202, $ \bar 1$33, 13$ \bar 3$); 1.543(27.6)($ \bar 3$31, 060, 33$ \bar 1$), respectively. Reitveld refinement provides a composition (Zn2.49Al0.09Fe2+ 0.09□0.33)0.61− for the octahedral sheet and (Si3.53Al0.47)0.47− for the tetrahedral sheets within the 2:1 layer with (Al1.08Fe1.08Mg0.84)1.08+ for the interlayer sheet. The refinement results indicate that baileychlore is an intergrowth of type I and II polytypes. High-resolution TEM images show stacking disorder of baileychlore with small amount of isolated smectite layers.
Spawning performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) induced with ethanol preserved and fresh catfish pituitary extract
Authors: Okomoda V.T. , Tiamiyu L.O. , Kwaghger D. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThis study was conducted to determine the efficacy of preserved and fresh pituitary extract of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) to induced spawning in the same species. Growth performance of fry was also monitored for 15 days to determine the possible effect of natural hormone treatment on the fry. Pituitary glands (PG) were obtained from 12 male broodstocks, six extracted PG were preserved in 96% ethanol 24 h before injection, while the other were extracted and used in their fresh state. The PG solutions (1 g ml−1 of saline water) were injected at 1 ml kg−1 of the female broodstock. Ovaprim® (a synthetic hormone) was used as the control and administered at a rate of 0.5 ml kg −1 of fish. After a uniform latency period of 9 h 30 min, fish were striped, fertilized, incubated and the performance evaluated. Results obtained revealed better hatching performance using Ovaprim® synthetic hormone (64.52%), however, preserved PG gave better hatchability (59.74%) than fresh PG extract (51.39%). After 15 days of feeding ad libitum with shell-free Artemia cysts, the growth of fry spawn with preserved PG was comparable with that of the control, while least performance was observed using the fresh PG. It was concluded that preservation of PG in ethanol 24 h before injection had a positive effect on breeding performance and could be exploited in the commercial production of C. gariepinus fingerlings.
Mid-term results of percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure with Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II in children
Authors: Pamukcu Ozge , Narin Nazmi , Baykan Ali , Sunkak Suleyman , Tasci Onur , Uzum Kazim 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to share the mid-term results of percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure using Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II in children.BackgroundNowadays, percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure is accepted as an alternative to surgery, but so far no ideal device has been developed for this procedure.MethodsIn the study centre, between April, 2011 and October, 2016, the ventricular septal defect of 49 patients was closed percutaneously using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II device, and seven of them were <1 year old.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 86.8±52.6 months. The mean weight of the patients was 24.3±16 kg. The mean diameter of the defect was 3.7±1.4 mm. Mean fluoroscopy time and total procedure time were 37±19.3 and 74.1±27 minutes, respectively. The types of ventricular septal defects were muscular in six patients, and were perimembranous in the rest of them. We did not face any major complications during the procedure, but one patient was admitted with a complete atrioventricular block in the 6th month of follow-up. The total follow-up period was 66 months.ConclusionTo our knowledge, our study includes the largest series of paediatric patients whose ventricular septal defect was closed using Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II percutaneously. When the complications during the 66-month follow-up period are taken into consideration, we can state that Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II is a safe and effective device, even in infants aged <1 year.
Characterisation of vitamin and mineral supplement users differentiated according to their motives for using supplements: results of the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT)
Authors: Frey Anne , Hoffmann Ingrid , Heuer Thorsten 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise German vitamin and mineral supplement users differentiated by their motives for supplement use.DesignData were obtained from the German National Nutrition Monitoring (2010/11) via two 24 h dietary recalls and a telephone interview. Motive-based subgroups of supplement users were identified by factor and cluster analysis. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, health and dietary characteristics and supplement use were examined. Differences were analysed using χ2 tests, logistic and linear regression models.SettingGermany, nationwide.SubjectsIndividuals (n 1589) aged 18–80 years.ResultsThree motive-based subgroups were identified: a ‘Prevention’ subgroup (n 324), characterised by the motive to prevent nutrient deficiencies; a ‘Prevention and additional benefits’ subgroup (n 166), characterised by motives to prevent health problems and improve well-being and performance; and a ‘Treatment’ subgroup (n 136), characterised by motives to treat nutrient deficiencies or diseases. Members of the two prevention subgroups had a higher Healthy Eating Index score and tended to be more physically active than non-users. Those in the ‘Prevention and additional benefits’ subgroup supplemented with a greater number of micronutrients. Members of the ‘Treatment’ subgroup tended to be older and have a lower self-reported health status than non-users, and supplemented with a smaller number of micronutrients.ConclusionsThe majority of supplement users take supplements for preventive purposes and they are more health conscious than non-users of supplements due to their concerns about developing health problems. Those supplementing for treatment purposes may have underlying health indications and may be more likely to benefit from supplementation than those supplementing for preventive purposes.
Postoperative single versus multiple fractions high-dose rate iridium-192 surface mould brachytherapy for keloid treatment: a comparative study
Authors: Ahmad Misbah , Ahmad Habib , Khattak Muhammad Rauf , Shah Kamran Ali , Javed Nabila , Shah Syed Jawad Ali , Shaheen Wajeeha , Mansoor Kehkashan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground and purposeIn developing countries like Pakistan the cost effectiveness and patient convenience in any treatment modality is a question of major concern. The purpose of this study was two-fold; first to report our experience with a high-dose rate Iridium-192 surface mould brachytherapy of keloid scars after surgical excision, using different radiation treatment regimen and second to establish the most convenient and cost effective treatment protocol having no compromise on the treatment outcomes.Materials and methodsFrom January 2012 to April 2015 a total 51 patients with 65 keloid lesions underwent postoperative Iridium-192 high-dose rate surface mould brachytherapy. The dose regimen used was: 8 Gy in a single fraction, 10 Gy in a single fraction, 15 Gy in three fractions and 18 Gy in three fractions. The median follow-up period was 33 months (range 15–53 months).ResultsThe success rates were 57·2, 89·5, 85 and 89·5% for the treatment regimen of 8 Gy/F×1, 10 Gy/F×1, 5 Gy/F×3 and 6 Gy/F×3, respectively. Grade 2 or above radiation induced toxicity was not observed.FindingsThe results of this study show that a dose regimen of 10 Gy (biological effective dose=20 Gy) in a single fraction have comparable results with a dose regimen of 15 Gy in three fractions or 18 Gy in three fractions. 10 Gy in a single fraction is therefore the most convenient and cost effective dose regimen for the management of keloid scars in developing countries like Pakistan, while 8 Gy in a single fraction is considered suboptimal and discouraged in practice.