bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Brightenings in a Failed Solar Filament Eruption
Authors: Li Y. , Ding M. D. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Failed filament eruptions are solar eruptions that are not associated with coronal mass ejections. In a failed filament eruption, the filament materials usually show some ascending and falling motions as well as generating bright EUV emissions. Here we report a failed filament eruption (SOL2016-07-22) that occurred in a quiet-Sun region observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. In this event, the filament spreads out but gets confined by the surrounding magnetic field. When interacting with the ambient magnetic field, the filament material brightens up and flows along the magnetic field lines through the corona to the chromosphere. We find that some materials slide down along the lifting magnetic structure containing the filament and impact the chromosphere, and through kinetic energy dissipation, cause two ribbon-like brightenings in a wide temperature range. There is evidence suggesting that magnetic reconnection occurs between the filament magnetic structure and the surrounding magnetic fields where filament plasma is heated to coronal temperatures. In addition, thread-like brightenings show up on top of the erupting magnetic fields at low temperatures, which might be produced by an energy imbalance from a fast drop of radiative cooling due to plasma rarefaction. Thus, this single event of a failed filament eruption shows the existence of a variety of plasma brightenings that may be caused by completely different heating mechanisms.
Instructional Strategy: Didactic Media Presentation to Optimize Student Learning
Authors: Schilling Jim 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Subject matter is presented to athletic training students in the classroom using various modes of media. The specific type of mode and when to use it should be considered to maximize learning effectiveness. Other factors to consider in this process include a student's knowledge base and the complexity of material.

Objective:
To introduce instructional strategies within the didactic component of an undergraduate or graduate athletic training program that effectively address split-attention, redundancy, and modality effects, which in turn will minimize extraneous cognitive load and optimize working memory storage capacity.

Background:
With technological advances in education, a vast assortment of content in athletic training programs, and inconsistency in student learning styles, a variety of modes through which to present course material should be implemented for optimal learning. Traditional instructional strategies do not always respect the limited capacity of working memory and present information using media in a way that negatively affects learning.

Description:
An explanation is given in the use of various media sources to present information within the classroom and to examine the impact they have on extraneous cognitive load and, ultimately, learning. Specific instructional strategies will be introduced that target the classroom presentation of information with the goal of minimizing split-attention and redundancy effects and optimizing the modality effect.

Clinical Advantage(s):
To optimize athletic training student learning effectiveness through considerations in the various modes of media presentation with course subject matter within the classroom.

Conclusion(s):
The presentation of material in athletic training education using a multimodal approach is essential to student interest and learning. Space occupied in working memory can be minimized when classroom presentation of material takes into consideration the split-attention and redundancy effects. Strategies consistent with the modality effect help expand the capacity to withhold information in working memory.
Comparative evaluation of iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in assessing neural crest tumors: Will they play a complementary role?
Authors: Kundu Soumyakanti , Kand Purushottam , Basu Sandip 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background: 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has established a role in the evaluation of several malignancies. However, its precise clinical role in the neural crest cell tumors continues to evolve. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) and FDG-PET of head to head in patients with neural crest tumors both qualitatively and semiquantitatively and to determine their clinical utility in disease status evaluation and further management. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 patients who had undergone 131I-MIBG and FDG-PET prospectively were evaluated and clinicopathologically grouped into three categories: neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and medullary carcinoma thyroid. Results: In 18 patients of neuroblastoma, FDG PET and 131I-MIBG showed patient-specific sensitivity of 84% and 72%, respectively. The mean maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary lesions in patients with unfavorable histology was found to be relatively higher than those with favorable histology (5.18 ± 2.38 vs. 3.21 ± 1.69). The mean SUVmaxof two common sites (posterior superior iliac spine [PSIS] and greater trochanter) was higher in patients with involved marrow than those with uninvolved one (2.36 and 2.75 vs. 1.26 and 1.34, respectively). The ratio of SUVmaxof the involved/contralateral normal sites was 2.16 ± 1.9. In equivocal bone marrow results, the uptake pattern with SUV estimation can depict metastatic involvement and help in redirecting the biopsy site. Among seven patients of pheochromocytoma, FDG-PET revealed 100% patient-specific sensitivity. FDG-PET detected more metastatic foci than 131I-MIBG (18 vs. 13 sites). In seven patients of medullary carcinoma thyroid, FDG-PET localized residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease with much higher sensitivity (32 metastatic foci with 72% patient specific sensitivity) than 131I-MIBG, trending along the higher serum calcitonin levels. Conclusions: FDG-PET is not only a good complementary modality in the management of neural crest cell tumors but also it can even be superior, especially in cases of 131I-MIBG nonavid tumors.
Assessment of stress changes in dentoalveolar and skeletal structures of the mandible with the miniplate anchored Forsus: A three-dimensional finite element stress analysis study
Authors: Patil Harshal Ashok , Tekale Pawankumar Dnyandeo , Kerudi Veerendra V. , Sharan Jitendra S. , Lohakpure Ratnadip Arunrao , Mude Nakul N. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveThe study conducted to assess the effects of a fixed functional appliance (Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) on the mandible with three-dimensional (3D) finite element stress analysis.Materials and MethodsA 3D finite element model of mandible with miniplate at mandibular symphysis was prepared using SolidEdge software along with the plate geometry. The changes were deliberated with the finite element method, in the form of highest von Mises stress and maximum principal stress regions.ResultsMore areas of stress were seen in the model of the mandible at cortical bone in canine region at bone and miniplate interface.ConclusionsThis fixed functional appliance studied by finite element model analysis caused more von Mises stress and principal stress in both the cortical bone and the condylar region.
Evaluation of the periodontal status of uprighted mandibular second molars using microscrews placed in the retromolar area: A comparison of two surgical techniques
Authors: Deshmukh Shailesh , Kshirsagar Rajesh 
Published: March 2017

Objective
Permanent mandibular second molar impaction can lead to dental problems including periodontal pockets. In this study, uprighting of impacted mandibular second molars was carried out. Two surgical techniques were compared for time taken to upright the impacted mandibular second molar and if any periodontal pocket was formed on the distal aspect of the uprighted molar due to the surgical removal of bone distal to the impacted second molar after uprighting.

Materials and Methods
A total of 20 subjects with impacted mandibular second molars were chosen from our orthodontic practice for this study. All the second molars were mesio-angularly impacted and unerupted. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group I comprised ten subjects with the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of the unerupted impacted second molar apical to the level of the alveolar ridge. Group II comprised ten subjects with the CEJ of the unerupted impacted second molars at or coronal to the level of the alveolar ridge. 1.8 mm diameter and 10 mm length self-drilling microscrews (3M Unitek temporary anchorage devices) were placed into the retromolar area distal to the impacted second molars. Groups II and I underwent surgical exposure of the impacted second molars and placement of 10 mm length microscrews. In Group I subjects, bone was removed from the entire distal aspect (furrowing) of the impacted second molar. Group II subjects did not undergo any removal of bone on the distal aspect of the impacted second molars. One button each was bonded on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the surgically exposed second molars. Elastomeric chains were attached from the microscrew head to the buccal and lingual buttons so as to bodily upright the molar. After complete uprighting, a single examiner (periodontist) who was blinded to the type of surgical technique evaluated the periodontal status of the second molar by clinical probing of the sulcus depth (SD). The comparison of the significance of the difference of average duration and average SD between the two study groups was tested using Mann–Whitney U-test (a nonparametric test). The value of P < 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant.

Results
Average duration of uprighting was significantly longer in Group II compared to Group I (P < 0.001). SD on an average is significantly deeper in Group I (furrowing) as compared to Group II (no furrowing) at distal surfaces (P < 0.001 for all distal sites). Average SD did not differ significantly between Groups II and I at mesial surfaces (P > 0.05 for all mesial sites).

Conclusion
In Group I subjects, uprighting was hastened in comparison to Group II subjects where the CEJ was at or coronal to the alveolar bone. The furrowing of the bone does cause a deepening of the SD on the distal surface of the second molar, but this is not clinically significant. This deepening cannot be termed as a periodontal pocket as it is well within normal limits.
Differentiating spontaneous vertical root fracture in endodontically treated tooth
Authors: Lim Myung-Jin , Kim Jung-Ae , Choi Yoorina , Hong Chan-Ui , Min Kyung-San 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTAlthough vertical root fracture (VRF) is mostly found in endodontically treated teeth, it also occurs spontaneously. If VRF is recognized after endodontic treatment, it is considered to be iatrogenic and can lead to legal trouble. However, legal problems can be averted if the dentist can prove that the VRF existed before endodontic treatment. This case report describes an unusual, spontaneous VRF in an endodontically treated tooth and presents a useful tip for determining whether a fracture is iatrogenic. We performed nonsurgical endodontic treatment on a mandibular first molar with irreversible pulpitis. After 6 months, the patient revisited with localized swelling, and we diagnosed VRF of the mesial root. We extracted the tooth and prepared it for microscopic examination. We found gutta-percha in the fracture line of the transversely sectioned root, and it appeared to have penetrated to the fracture line through the force generated from the filling. The patient was informed and agreed that the fracture occurred spontaneously before treatment. This case demonstrates the time point of VRF occurrence by identifying the presence of gutta-percha in the fracture line. We suggest that this procedure can be used to demonstrate whether VRFs in endodontically treated teeth are spontaneous or iatrogenic.
Effects of delivering the same radiant exposures at 730, 1450, and 2920 mW/cm2 to two resin-based composites
Authors: AlShaafi Maan M. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effects of curing two resin-based composites (RBC) with the same radiant exposures at 730, 1450, and 2920 mW/cm2. Materials and Methods: Two types of RBC, Filtek Supreme Ultra and Tetric-EvoCeram-Bulk Fill, were light-cured to deliver the same radiant exposures for 5, 10, or 20 s by means of a modified Valo light emitted diode light-curing unit with the light tip placed directly over each specimen. The RBC was expressed into metal rings that were 2.0 and 4.0 mm in thickness, directly on an attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared plate heated to 33°C, and the degree of conversion (DC) of the RBC was recorded. The specimens were then removed and the Knoop microhardness (KHN) was tested at both the bottom and the top of each specimen. The KHN was tested again after 24 h and 7 days of storage in the dark at 37°C and 100% humidity. The DC and KHN results were analyzed with Fisher's protected least significant difference at α = 0.05. Results: The DC values for the specimens cured at the three different irradiance levels were similar. However, at different depths, there were differences in the DC values. In general, there were no clear differences among the samples cured in the three different groups, and the KHN was always greater 24 h and 7 days later (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite the curing time, and as long as the samples were cured with the same radiant exposures, there were no significant effects on the DC and KHN of both RBCs.
Influence of reuse and cervical preflaring on the fracture strength of reciprocating instruments
Authors: Maniglia-Ferreira Claudio , de Almeida Gomes Fabio , Ximenes Tatyana , Neto Murilo Alves Teixeira , Arruda Thiane Elys , Ribamar Giovani Gonçalves , Herculano Luis Flávio Gaspar 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Objective: This study sought to assess the influence of cervical preflaring and reuse after resterilization, on fracture strength and plastic deformation and/or surface cracking in reciprocating nickel–titanium [NiTi] endodontic instruments after root canal instrumentation of extracted human teeth. Materials and Methods: Forty engine-driven reciprocating NiTi instruments (20 Reciproc® [RC], VDW; 20 WaveOne® [WO], Dentsply) were used in root canal instrumentation of extracted human molars. A total of 485 human upper molars with similar anatomical features were selected and randomly distributed across four groups according to the instrumentation procedures performed (G1 and G3: RC; G2 and G4: WO). Reciprocating instruments were used as per manufacturer instructions. In groups G3 and G4, cervical preflaring was performed prior to instrumentation. After each use of each instrument, sterilization was repeated and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained to check for plastic deformations and/or cracks on instrument surfaces. Each instrument was used repeatedly until fracture occurred. Results: Regardless of flaring, RC files exhibited greater fracture strength than WO instruments (P<0.01) with and without preflaring. Cervical preflaring significantly reduced the risk of instrument fracture (P<0.01). No plastic deformations were observed before fracturing. However, cracks were found on WO instruments shortly after their first use. RC and WO instruments resisted fracturing after autoclave sterilization. Conclusions: Cervical preflaring allowed a significant increase in the number of times RC and WO files could be reused safely.
Shifts of subgingival bacterial population after nonsurgical and pharmacological therapy of localized aggressive periodontitis, followed for 1 year by Ion Torrent PGM platform
Authors: Campisciano Giuseppina , Toschetti Annamaria , Comar Manola , Taranto Rosanna Di , Berton Federico , Stacchi Claudio 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe possibility of targeting the hypervariable region V3 of the 16S rRNA gene using Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) could provide a complete analysis of subgingival plaque samples, potentially able to identify microbiological species missed by culture-based methods. A 16-year-old female smoker patient, affected by localized aggressive periodontitis, underwent a full-mouth disinfection protocol and was inserted in a 3-month recall program. Microbiological samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 100, 365 days follow-up and analyzed by Ion Torrent PGM. Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Treponema were the most represented pathogens at baseline. Nonsurgical treatment and systemic antibiotics drastically lowered the anaerobic species, and their presence remained limited after 100 days, while a consistent recolonization by anaerobic bacteria was detected at 365 days. The patient showed a general improvement of periodontal conditions. Differently from polymerase chain reaction and other microarray techniques, Ion Torrent performs a quantitative analysis of the microbiota, irrespective of the searched species. An accurate definition of the shifts of the bacterial community might help periodontal researchers for a better understanding of the impact of different treatment approaches or in intercepting nonresponsive conditions.
Nitrate transboundary heavy pollution over East Asia in winter
Authors: Itahashi Syuichi , Uno Itsushi , Osada Kazuo , Kamiguchi Yusuke , Yamamoto Shigekazu , Tamura Kei , Wang Zhe , Kurosaki Yasunori , Kanaya Yugo 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. High PM2. 5 concentrations of around 100 µg m−3 were observed twice during an intensive observation campaign in January 2015 at Fukuoka (33.52° N, 130.47° E) in western Japan. These events were analyzed comprehensively with a regional chemical transport model and synergetic ground-based observations with state-of-the-art measurement systems, which can capture the behavior of secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+). The first episode of high PM2. 5 concentration was dominated by NO3− (type N) and the second episode by SO42− (type S). The concentration of NH4+ (the counterion for SO42− and NO3−) was high for both types. A sensitivity simulation in the chemical transport model showed that the dominant contribution was from transboundary air pollution for both types. To investigate the differences between these types further, the chemical transport model results were examined, and a backward trajectory analysis was used to provide additional information. During both types of episodes, high concentrations of NO3− were found above China, and an air mass that originated from northeast China reached Fukuoka. The travel time from the coastline of China to Fukuoka differed between types: it was 18 h for type N and 24 h for type S. The conversion ratio of SO2 to SO42− (Fs) was less than 0.1 for type N, but reached 0.3 for type S as the air mass approached Fukuoka. The higher Fs for type S was related to the higher relative humidity and the concentration of HO2, which produces H2O2, the most effective oxidant for the aqueous-phase production of SO42−. Analyzing the gas ratio as an indicator of the sensitivity of NO3− to changes in SO42− and NH4+ showed that the air mass over China was NH3-rich for type N, but almost NH3-neutral for type S. Thus, although the high concentration of NO3− above China gradually decreased during transport from China to Fukuoka, higher NO3− concentrations were maintained during transport owing to the lower SO42− for type N. In contrast, for type S, the production of SO42− led to the decomposition of NH4NO3, and more SO42− was transported. Notably, the type N transport pattern was limited to western Japan, especially the island of Kyushu. Transboundary air pollution dominated by SO42− (type S) has been recognized as a major pattern of pollution over East Asia. However, our study confirms the importance of transboundary air pollution dominated by NO3−, which will help refine our understanding of transboundary heavy PM2. 5 pollution in winter over East Asia.
High-magnitude flooding across Britain since AD 1750
Authors: Macdonald Neil , Sangster Heather 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The last decade has witnessed severe flooding across much of the globe, but have these floods really been exceptional? Globally, relatively few instrumental river flow series extend beyond 50 years, with short records presenting significant challenges in determining flood risk from high-magnitude floods. A perceived increase in extreme floods in recent years has decreased public confidence in conventional flood risk estimates; the results affect society (insurance costs), individuals (personal vulnerability) and companies (e.g. water resource managers). Here, we show how historical records from Britain have improved understanding of high-magnitude floods, by examining past spatial and temporal variability. The findings identify that whilst recent floods are notable, several comparable periods of increased flooding are identifiable historically, with periods of greater frequency (flood-rich periods). Statistically significant relationships between the British flood index, the Atlantic Meridional Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation Index are identified. The use of historical records identifies that the largest floods often transcend single catchments affecting regions and that the current flood-rich period is not unprecedented.
Southern Criminology: Guest Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Hogg Russell , Scott John , Sozzo Máximo 
Published: March 2017

Knowledge is a commodity and knowledge production does not occur in a geo-political vacuum. With respect to this, it has to be argued that neo-imperialism involves economic and knowledge flows across continuous space, which is transnational and distinct from the old forms of colonialism which were based on country-to-country occupation. In the context of contemporary geo-politics, these conditions render territorial terrain as less important than discursive terrain (Lo 2011). So, how is global knowledge in the social sciences (and more specifically in criminology) produced and shared? Where does this production take place? Who are the producers? Whose experiences and whose voices are reflected in dominant academic discourses? How is knowledge disseminated and who gets access to it? These are some of the questions that the project of southern criminology seeks to tackle.
To access the full text of the introductory article to this special issue on southern criminology, download the accompanying PDF file.