bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sclerostin Antibody Treatment Stimulates Bone Formation to Normalize Bone Mass in Male Down Syndrome Mice
Authors: Williams Diarra K , Parham Sean G , Schryver Eric , Akel Nisreen S , Shelton R Shane , Webber Jessica , Swain Francis L , Schmidt Jami , Suva Larry J , Gaddy Dana 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTDown syndrome (DS), characterized by trisomy of human chromosome 21, is associated with a variety of endocrine disorders as well as profound skeletal abnormalities. The low bone mass phenotype in DS is defined by low bone turnover due to decreased osteoclast and osteoblast activity, decreasing the utility of antiresorptive agents in people with DS. Sclerostin antibody (SclAb) is a therapeutic candidate currently being evaluated as a bone anabolic agent. Scl, the product of the sclerostin gene (SOST), inhibits bone formation through its inhibition of Wnt signaling. SclAb increases bone mass by suppressing the action of the endogenous inhibitor of bone formation, Scl. To examine the effects of SclAb on the DS bone phenotype, 8‐week‐old male wild‐type (WT) andTs65Dn DS mice were treated with 4 weekly iv injections of 100 mg/kg SclAb. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), microCT, and dynamic histomorphometry analyses revealed that SclAb had a significant anabolic effect on both age‐matched WT littermate controls and Ts65Dn DS mice that was osteoblast mediated, without significant changes in osteoclast parameters. SclAb treatment significantly increased both cortical and trabecular bone mass at multiple sites; SclAb treatment resulted in the normalization of Ts65Dn bone mineral density (BMD) to WT levels in the proximal tibia, distal femur, and whole body. Ex vivo bone marrow cultures demonstrated that SclAb increased the recruitment of the mesenchymal progenitors into the osteoblast lineage, as indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase–positive colonies, with no effect on osteoclast differentiation. Together, in the setting of a murine model of DS and decreased bone turnover, SclAb had a potent anabolic effect. SclAb stimulated bone formation and increased osteoblastogenesis without affecting osteoclastogenesis or bone resorption. These data suggest that SclAb is a promising new therapy to improve bone mass and reduce fracture risk in the face of the low bone mass and turnover prevalent in the DS population. © 2017 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Factorial Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Innovative Behavior Questionnaire
Authors: Purc Ewelina , Laguna Mariola 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe article presents an analysis of the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the Innovative Behavior Questionnaire, developed by Scott and Bruce. Although the instrument is widely used to capture individuals' innovative behavior, very little evidence concerning its psychometric properties is available. A time‐lagged study among 382 employees was conducted to check the factorial structure of the questionnaire, using confirmatory factor analysis, as well as its measurement invariance across gender and time. One‐factor structure (with correlated error terms of first three items) and strict invariance across time and across gender of the Innovative Behavior Questionnaire were demonstrated. As such, the measure can be used as a reliable tool for capturing individuals' innovative behavior by self‐report.
Perception of a privilege walk activity and its impact on pharmacy students’ views on social justice in a service learning elective: a pilot study
Authors: Jacob Sabrina Anne , Palanisamy Uma D. , Chung Carole Mei Choo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for students involved in service learning units to be aware of their own positions of privilege so as to help them understand the contributing factors in systems of inequality.AimTo explore pharmacy students’ perceptions of a Privilege Walk Activity (PWA) and its impact on their views on social justice.MethodA cross‐sectional pilot study was conducted involving undergraduate Bachelor of Pharmacy students enrolled in a service learning unit. The survey was administered at the end of a PWA and was made up of nine Likert‐style questions and three open‐ended questions.Results18 out of 23 students responded (78.3%). More than 60% of students agreed that the activity provided them with some insight about the different privileges people had growing up, while approximately 80% claimed that the PWA would help in their communication and interaction with those being served by the NGOs to which they will be attached as part of undertaking the service learning unit. From the qualitative analysis, four main themes emerged: preconceived notions, expressions of gratitude, effect of PWA on self‐reflection, and impact of PWA on approach to service learning. Students expressed shock to discover differences in privilege among their peers. A number of students felt the session made them more reflective, and taught them to be non‐judgmental when dealing with the underprivileged.ConclusionThe PWA managed to raise an awareness in the students of the imbalances in privilege. Findings can be used to encourage the incorporation of more theoretical content on issues of social justice within service learning units.
Referral patterns from emergency department to otolaryngology clinic
Authors: Garneau Jonathan C. , Wasserman Isaac , Konuthula Neeraja , Malkin Benjamin D. 
Published: November 2017

Objectives/HypothesisPatients who present to the emergency department (ED) with various otolaryngologic disorders are frequently referred to an otolaryngologist for follow‐up care. Our aim was to further characterize this group as it has not been well described in the literature.Study DesignCross‐sectional retrospective study.MethodsWe reviewed the charts of patients seen during an 18‐month period in an urban public hospital trauma center adult ED and referred to an otolaryngology clinic for follow‐up care.ResultsSeven hundred thirty‐eight patients were seen and referred; the most common diagnoses made by ED providers were peripheral vertigo (12%), otitis externa (8%), and nasal fractures (8%). Nine percent of patients were evaluated during their ED visit by an otolaryngology provider. Three hundred seventy‐two (50%) patients returned for their otolaryngology clinic visit; facial trauma patients were least likely to return. The most common diagnoses made by otolaryngology providers were otitis externa (12%), peripheral vertigo (12%), and nasal fractures (7%). There was 50% concordance between patients’ diagnoses made by ED and otolaryngology providers. The most common differences were otitis media versus otitis externa (10%) and acute pharyngitis versus laryngopharyngeal reflux (8%). During 37% of follow‐up visits, an in‐office procedure was performed, most commonly flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy, cerumen removal, and nasal endoscopy.ConclusionsOur analysis reports comprehensive characteristics of this referral group, identifying potential areas for improvement in patient management, resident education and efficiency. Otolaryngologists covering EDs should be familiar with this population in terms of types of cases that may affect their practices.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 128:1062–1067, 2018
Impact of an oral appliance on obstructive sleep apnea severity, quality of life, and biomarkers
Authors: Fernández‐Julián Enrique , Pérez‐Carbonell Tomás , Marco Rocío , Pellicer Verónica , Rodriguez‐Borja Enrique , Marco Jaime 
Published: November 2017

Objective/HypothesisTo investigate outcomes including efficacy, quality of life, and levels of inflammatory markers of a mandibular advancement device (MAD) for moderate‐to‐severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Study DesignCase‐control study.MethodsPatients with apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15/hr who only accepted MAD therapy (study group) or who refused any treatment (control group) were recruited. At baseline and at 6 months, polysomnography, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) were assessed in both groups.ResultsAt baseline, the study group (n = 30) showed a higher percentage of rapid eye movement sleep and higher CRP levels (P < .05) than the control group (n = 10). At 6 months, the MAD significantly improved AHI and lowest oxygen saturation (P < .01), non–rapid eye movement (N)1 and N3 sleep stages (P < .05), ESS score (P < .05), FOSQ total score (P < .01), interleukin 1β (P < .05), and TNF‐α (P < .01) compared with the untreated group. In the overall, moderate, and severe OSA groups, 63.3%, 75%, and 50%, respectively, achieved at least good response.ConclusionsUse of a MAD significantly improved polysomnographic parameters, quality of life, and some inflammatory markers (CRP, IL‐β, and TNF‐α) in a significant proportion of patients with moderate OSA and in some patients with severe OSA. Hence, a MAD may be a viable alternative therapy in patients with moderate‐to‐severe OSA who refuse continuous positive airway pressure.Level of Evidence3b. Laryngoscope, 128:1720–1726, 2018
Cyanate distribution and uptake above and within the Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen deficient zone
Authors: Widner Brittany , Mordy Calvin W. , Mulholland Margaret R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCyanate is a simple reduced nitrogen (N) compound that can be a source of N and carbon (C) for marine organisms and may also be a substrate for dissimilatory N processes such as nitrification and anammox. We measured cyanate distributions and cyanate and urea uptake in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific, a region defined by coastal upwelling, high primary productivity, a shallow oxic layer, and rapid N loss from a large oxygen deficient zone (ODZ). Cyanate concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (0.4 nM) to 45 nM in the oxic upper water column. Below the oxycline, cyanate concentrations were largely below detection except for small cyanate peaks (2–8.3 nM) within the core of the ODZ at some stations. The majority of N taken up in the shallow oxic layer was from ammonium and urea (78% ± 8%); cyanate uptake was < 2% of these. Uptake of cyanate fluctuated diurnally with the highest rates of cyanate N uptake in the early afternoon. In the ODZ, rates of cyanate, urea, and ammonium uptake were similar to each other (0.1–14 nmol N L−1 d−1) and to previously reported rates of 29N2 production supported by cyanate and ammonium (3–14 nmol N2 L−1 d−1). This suggests a role for cyanate in the metabolism of anaerobic microbes and a potential role for cyanate in the anammox reaction (cyanammox). To our knowledge, these represent the first rates of N uptake in a marine anoxic water column.
Efficient filtration of micron and submicron particles by ascidians from oligotrophic waters
Authors: Jacobi Yuval , Yahel Gitai , Shenkar Noa 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSuspended food particles in oligotrophic waters are scarce and the planktonic community is dominated by minute picoplanktonic (< 2 μm) cells. Consequently, suspension feeders inhabiting such environments are faced with the dual challenge of capturing extremely small particles and efficiently processing large volumes of water. We used direct in situ techniques to characterize the size‐dependent capture efficiency curve of four solitary ascidian species (Chordata, Tunicata) from the ultra‐oligotrophic East‐Mediterranean, and two species from the oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba (Northern Red‐Sea). To control for confounding factors such as particle surface chemistry, we used a suspension of artificial polystyrene microspheres with a wide range of sizes (from 0.3 μm to 10 μm) but identical surface chemistry. This suspension was introduced into the inhalant siphon while the water inhaled and exhaled by the otherwise undisturbed ascidian was cleanly sampled. All the investigated ascidian species captured ≥ 1 μm microspheres at 95% ± 8% efficiency (mean ± 95% Confidence Interval) with no significant difference between species. Moreover, and in contrast to reports from eutrophic waters, both in situ and laboratory experiments revealed an efficient capture of submicron 0.3 μm microspheres at close to 50% efficiency. For most of the species tested, the capture efficiency of microspheres dropped below optimum between 1 μm and 0.5 μm providing an estimation of their mucus mesh pore size. We suggest that ascidians from oligotrophic waters are adapted for capturing submicron particles picoplankton and other. Such adaptation enables “oligotrophic” ascidians to access a much larger food source and facilitates the transfer of planktonic C, N, and P from the water column to the benthos.
Copepod avoidance of thin chemical layers of harmful algal compounds
Authors: True A. C. , Webster D. R. , Weissburg M. J. , Yen J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn a physical model of a thin planktonic layer, the estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa strongly avoided weakly stratified layers of dissolved chemical compounds from the harmful dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Chemical‐induced changes in swimming kinematics allowed copepods to effectively avoid the layer and surrounding volume, highlighting the relevance of harmful alga‐grazer interactions at a distance that involve dissolved chemical signals. Avoidance increased significantly with increasing chemical concentration representative of a range of ecologically relevant bloom conditions (1–104 cells/mL equivalent). Under mid to maximal bloom conditions, Acartia displayed visually and hydrodynamically conspicuous avoidance jumps featuring large, rapid displacements with swimming speeds near those reported for predatory escape reactions. Previous findings show K. brevis is both toxic and nutritionally inadequate to A. tonsa when ingested and that exposure to dissolved chemical compounds likely rapidly suppresses effective sampling and grazing behaviors. Thus, copepods have strong incentive to sense and avoid nearby, spatially discrete patches of toxic algae in order to improve fitness by avoiding exposure and/or ingestion and associated negative impacts. Our results suggest harmful alga not only produce deleterious physiological effects in copepod grazers, but chemical‐induced behavioral responses also likely alter grazer distributions and top‐down control via avoidance reactions (reduced harmful alga‐grazer encounter rates). Additionally, predator‐prey encounter rates at higher trophic levels are likely enhanced via significant changes in copepod swimming kinematics. These combined mechanisms could protect and sustain harmful blooms contained in subsurface thin layers until blooms reach critical mass and produce widespread impacts at the ecosystem level, the “cryptic bloom” effect.
Complications from microfocused transcutaneous ultrasound: Case series and review of the literature
Authors: Friedmann Daniel P. , Bourgeois Gregory P. , Chan Henry H.L. , Zedlitz Ann C. , Butterwick Kimberly J. 
Published: November 2017

Background and ObjectiveMicrofocused ultrasound (MFUS) technology has been utilized since 2009 for improvement in mild to moderate skin and soft tissue laxity of the face and neck. Few complications have been previously reported, the majority of which include mild and transient erythema, edema, ecchymosis, and nerve paralysis. Rare yet serious potential complications of MFUS for noninvasive skin tightening of the face and neck are, however, possible.Methods & MaterialsRetrospective multicenter case series of five patients from the authors’ practice who developed serious adverse events directly related to MFUS with a commercially available device (Ultherapy; Merz North America, Inc., Raleigh, NC).ResultsFive patients developed blistering, erosion/ulceration, cutaneous, or subcutaneous tissue edema with resulting atrophy, and/or cutaneous necrosis following single sessions of MFUS.ConclusionDespite their rarity, serious adverse events secondary to MFUS are nevertheless possible and may be underreported. Early management of complications includes local wound care, patient reassurance, and topical corticosteroids and/or pulsed‐dye laser to mitigate inflammatory sequelae. Other cosmetic and surgical therapies should be utilized when conservative measures have failed. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:13–19, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges to laser‐assisted drug delivery: Applying theory to clinical practice
Authors: Ibrahim Omer , Wenande Emily , Hogan Sara , Arndt Kenneth A. , Haedersdal Merete , Dover Jeffrey S. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundThe percutaneous penetration of topically applied compounds can be enhanced using external chemical or physical sources and thus laser‐assisted drug delivery is a burgeoning area of interest within the field of dermatology.ObjectivesThis article briefly discusses the mechanism of laser‐assisted drug delivery and expands upon the challenges and safety issues that may arise in the clinical implementation of this modality.ResultsThe existing literature demonstrates that investigators and clinicians in dermatology have successfully delivered anti‐inflammatory, anti‐neoplastic, and anti‐oxidative medications transdermally for the treatment of a variety of conditions including scarring, photoageing, and cutaneous neoplasia. Despite growth of the field, much remains to be learned about the applicability of laser‐assisted drug delivery in humans, and practitioners are faced with new safety concerns that may be associated with this treatment modality.ConclusionsChallenges in laser assisted drug delivery include unpredictability of dosing and response to therapy, possibility of inducing local and systemic reactions, and variability in treatment regimens. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:20–27, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological and anatomical dead space in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
Authors: Dassios Theodore , Dixon Paul , Hickey Ann , Fouzas Sotirios , Greenough Anne 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the anatomical (VD‐Ana) and alveolar dead space (VD‐Alv) in term and prematurely born infants and identify the clinical determinants of those indices.Working HypothesisVD‐Ana and VD‐Alv will be higher in prematurely born compared to term born infants.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of data collected at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.Patient SelectionFifty‐six infants (11 term, 45 preterm) were studied at a median age of 8 (IQR 2‐33) days.MethodologyVD‐Ana was determined using Fowler's method of volumetric capnography. VD‐Alv was determined by subtracting VD‐Ana from the physiological dead space which was determined by the Bohr‐Enghoff equation. VD‐Ana and VD‐Alv were related to body weight at the time of study.ResultsThe median VD‐Ana/kg was higher in prematurely born infants [3.7 (IQR: 3.0‐4.5) mL/kg] compared to term infants [2.4 (IQR: 1.9‐2.9) mL/kg, adjusted P = 0.001]. The median VD‐Alv/kg was not higher in prematurely born infants [0.3 (IQR: 0.1‐0.5)] compared to term infants [0.1 (IQR: 0.0‐0.2) mL/kg] after adjusting for differences in respiratory rate and days of ventilation (P = 0.482). VD‐Ana/kg was related to postmenstrual age (r = −0.388, P < 0.001), birth weight (r = −0.397, P < 0.001), and weight at measurement (r = −0.476, P < 0.001). VD‐Alv/kg was related to postmenstrual age (r = −0.254, P < 0.001), birth weight (r = −0.291, P = 0.002), and weight at measurement (r = −0.281, P = 0.003) and related to days of ventilation (r = 0.194, P = 0.044).ConclusionsVD‐Ana/kg and VD‐Alv/kg increased with decreasing weight and gestation. VD‐Alv was higher in infants that have undergone prolonged mechanical ventilation.
And now for something completely different
Authors: Broadribb Michael P. 
Published: November 2017

Process safety management systems are generally credited with reducing major accident risk in the process industries. While those systems have been around for many years—the EU introduced the Seveso Directive in 1982, and US OSHA promulgated the PSM regulation 10 years later— many companies today are challenged by inadequate and/or stagnant process safety management system performance. Several companies have experienced major incidents, particularly when they are subject to prescriptive regulations such as OSHA PSM.Reliance on compliance with prescriptive regulations is no guarantee of preventing major incidents. No regulator anywhere has ever thought of everything that can cause a process safety incident and then written a regulation to safeguard against that occurrence. Good process safety requires that hazards are identified, the risks of these hazards are understood, and those risks are managed by “doing the right thing.” This frequently requires additional activities that go beyond regulatory compliance.In 2007, CCPS introduced Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS), which builds on lessons learned since the early 1980s, and applies management system principles of Plan, Do, Check, Act. Being risk‐based, RBPS is not prescriptive. It recognizes that all hazards and risks are NOT equal, and focuses more resources on the higher hazards and risks that have been identified. This enables finite company resources to be optimally deployed to efficiently improve process safety performance. The 20 elements of RBPS go beyond OSHA PSM to include other elements, such as risk analysis and performance metrics.Some companies have embraced RBPS and moved away from compliance‐driven process safety management systems. However, RBPS is primarily focused on process plant operations. While some elements of RBPS can be applied to large and small projects, RBPS and its guidance does not comprehensively address projects or certain other aspects of process safety.The paper highlights “some completely different” process safety elements for which no RBPS guidance is currently available, and discusses the application of a more comprehensive RBPS approach to fill these gaps. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Process Saf Prog 37:25–30, 2018
Projecting the Number of Elderly with Cognitive Impairment in China Using a Multi‐State Dynamic Population Model
Authors: Ansah John P. , Koh Victoria , Chiu Chi‐Tsun , Chei Choy‐Lye , Zeng Yi , Yin Zhao‐Xue , Shi Xiao‐Ming , Matchar David B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChina is aging rapidly, and the number of Chinese elderly with dementia is expected to rise. This paper projects, up to year 2060, the number of Chinese elderly within four distinct cognitive states. A multi‐state population model was developed using system dynamics and parametrized with age–gender‐specific transition rates (between intact, mild, moderate and severe cognitive impairment and death) estimated from two waves (2012 and 2014) of a community‐based cohort of elderly in China aged ≥65 years (N = 1824). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and the bootstrap method was used to obtain the 95% confidence interval of the transition rates. The number of elderly with any degree of cognitive impairment increases; with severe cognitive impairment increasing the most, at 698%. Among elderly with cognitive impairment, the proportion of very old elderly (age ≥ 80) is expected to rise from 53% to 78% by 2060. This will affect the demand for social and health services China.Copyright © 2017 System Dynamics Society