bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sonofragmentation of Ionic Crystals
Authors: Kim Hyo Na , Suslick Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMechanochemistry deals with the interface between the chemical and the mechanical worlds and explores the physical and chemical changes in materials caused by an input of mechanical energy. As such, the chemical and physical effects of ultrasound, i.e., sonochemistry, are forms of mechanochemistry. In this paper, the fragmentation of ionic crystals during ultrasonic irradiation of slurries has been quantitatively investigated: the rate of fragmentation depends strongly on the strength of the materials (as measured by Vickers hardness or by Young's modulus). This is a mechanochemical extension of the Bell–Evans–Polanyi Principle or Hammond's Postulate: activation energies for solid fracture correlate with binding energies of solids. Sonofragmentation is unaffected by slurry loading or liquid vapor pressure, but is suppressed by increasing liquid viscosity. The mechanism of the particle breakage is consistent with a direct interaction between the shockwaves created by the ultrasound (through acoustic cavitation) and the solid particles in the slurry. Fragmentation is proposed to occur from defects in the solids induced by compression–expansion, bending, or torsional distortions of the crystals.
Modeling Milk Heating Processes for the Production of Milk Shelf‐stable without Refrigeration
Authors: Stoeckel Marina , Lidolt Melanie , Hinrichs Jörg 
Published: December 2016

AbstractModeling milk heating processes leading to milk shelf‐stable without refrigeration was studied. Evaluated criteria were: inactivation of bacterial spores and highly thermosresistant spores (HTRS), reduction of the plasmin activity and Pseudomonas peptidases, lactulose formation, browning, and thiamin loss. Special emphasis was laid on including the inactivation of milk spoilage enzymes in the modeling approach. The reduction of bacterial spores and plasmin activity was shown to be essential for the shelf‐stability. Using modeling, risks posed by the selected criteria can be identified and eliminated by adapting the processes.
Selenophenes: Introducing a New Element into the Core of Non‐Steroidal Estrogen Receptor Ligands
Authors: Zhang Silong , Wang Zhiyong , Hu Zhiye , Li Changhao , Tang Chu , Carlson Kathryn E. , Luo Junjie , Dong Chune , Katzenellenbogen John A. , Huang Jian , Zhou Hai‐Bing 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe importance of the heterocyclic core elements with peripheral phenolic and alkyl substituents as a dominant structural motif of ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER) has been well recognized. In this study we expanded the structural diversity of core elements by preparing selenium‐containing heterocycles and exploring the activities of these selenophenes on the two ERs, ERα and ERβ. Careful structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis of their ER binding affinities showed that most selenophenes are ERβ‐selective, with the position of the phenol substituents on the selenophene core and the nature of these substituents having a marked effect on their binding affinities. The compound bis(2‐fluoro‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)selenophene (2 f) has the highest relative binding affinity (RBA) of 24.3 for ERβ. In transcription assays, most selenophenes were found to exhibit partial to full agonist activity for both ER subtypes, with compounds bis(2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)selenophene (2 b), bis(4‐fluoro‐3‐hydroxyphenyl)3‐bromoselenophene (6 f), and 2,3,5‐tris(hydroxyphenyl)thiophenes (8 b and 8 d) profiling as superagonists for ERα; however, several compounds display a range of ERα or ERβ antagonistic activities. A few selenophenes exhibited antiproliferative activity, with compound 8 c showing antiproliferative effects similar to that of 4‐hydroxytamoxifen in breast cancer MCF‐7 cells while being nontoxic to normal VERO cells. These new ligands could act as models for the development of novel agents leading to improved therapeutics that target the estrogen receptor.
A multi‐institutional analysis of peritransplantation radiotherapy in patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Milgrom Sarah A. , Jauhari Shekeab , Plastaras John P. , Nieto Yago , Dabaja Bouthaina S. , Pinnix Chelsea C. , Smith Grace L. , Allen Pamela K. , Lukens J. Nicholas , Maity Amit , Oki Yasuhiro , Fanale Michelle A. , Nasta Sunita D. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDNo consensus exists regarding the use of radiotherapy (RT) in conjunction with high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT) for patients with relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The objectives of the current study were to characterize practice patterns and assess the efficacy and toxicity of RT at 2 major transplantation centers.METHODSEligible patients underwent HDC/ASCT from 2006 through 2015 using the combination of either carmustine (BCNU), etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) or cyclophosphamide, BCNU, and etoposide (CBV).RESULTSFor the cohort of 189 patients, the 4‐year overall survival rate was 80%, the progression‐free survival rate was 67%, and the local control (LC) rate was 68%. RT was used within 4 months of ASCT for 22 patients (12%) and was given more often for disease that was early stage, primary refractory, or [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐avid at the time of HDC/ASCT. Disease recurrence occurring after HDC/ASCT was associated with primary refractory disease and FDG‐avidity at the time of HDC/ASCT. RT was not found to be associated with LC, progression‐free survival, or overall survival on univariate analysis. In a model incorporating primary refractory HL and FDG‐avid disease at the time of HDC/ASCT, RT was found to be associated with a decreased risk of local disease recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.3; P = .02). In patients with primary refractory HL and/or FDG‐avid disease at the time of HDC/ASCT, the 4‐year LC rate was 81% with RT versus 49% without RT (P = .03). There was one case of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade ≥ 3 RT‐related toxicity (acute grade 3 pancytopenia).CONCLUSIONSIn patients undergoing ASCT for relapsed/refractory HL, peritransplantation RT was used more often for disease that was early stage, primary refractory, or FDG‐avid after salvage conventional‐dose chemotherapy. RT was associated with improved LC of high‐risk localized disease and was well tolerated with modern techniques. Cancer 2017;123:1363–1371. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Mid‐life environmental enrichment increases synaptic density in CA1 in a mouse model of Aβ‐associated pathology and positively influences synaptic and cognitive health in healthy ageing
Authors: Stuart Kimberley E. , King Anna E. , Fernandez‐Martos Carmen M. , Dittmann Justin , Summers Mathew J. , Vickers James C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEarly‐life cognitive enrichment may reduce the risk of experiencing cognitive deterioration and dementia in later‐life. However, an intervention to prevent or delay dementia is likely to be taken up in mid to later‐life. Hence, we investigated the effects of environmental enrichment in wildtype mice and in a mouse model of Aβ neuropathology (APPSWE/PS1dE9) from 6 months of age. After 6 months of housing in standard laboratory cages, APPSWE/PS1dE9 (n = 27) and healthy wildtype (n = 21) mice were randomly assigned to either enriched or standard housing. At 12 months of age, wildtype mice showed altered synaptic protein levels and relatively superior cognitive performance afforded by environmental enrichment. Environmental enrichment was not associated with alterations to Aβ plaque pathology in the neocortex or hippocampus of APPSWE/PS1dE9 mice. However, a significant increase in synaptophysin immunolabeled puncta in the hippocampal subregion, CA1, in APPSWE/PS1dE9 mice was detected, with no significant synaptic density changes observed in CA3, or the Fr2 region of the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, a significant increase in hippocampal BDNF was detected in APPSWE/PS1dE9 mice exposed to EE, however, no changes were detected in neocortex or between Wt animals. These results demonstrate that mid to later‐life cognitive enrichment has the potential to promote synaptic and cognitive health in ageing, and to enhance compensatory capacity for synaptic connectivity in pathological ageing associated with Aβ deposition.
Multifunctional Photonic Molecular Logic Gate Based On A Biphotochromic Dyad With Reduced Energy Transfer
Authors: Budyka Mikhail F. , Li Vitalii M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUsing molecular logic gates (MLGs) for information processing attracts attention due to perspectives of creating molecular computers. Biphotochromic dyads are suitable models of photonic MLGs. However, they suffer from one weakness: the activity of one of the photochromes is often quenched because of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Herein, we designed a dyad with reduced FRET, in which both photochromes keep their photoactivity thanks to spectral and spatial separation, allowing MLG switching between different states. This novel dyad reproduces the functionality of the full set of 16 two‐input gates, as well a reversible gate–dual inverter, all gates are photonic.
From 1,4‐Phenylenebis(phenylmaleate) to a Room‐Temperature Liquid‐Crystalline Benzo[ghi]perylene Diimide
Authors: Belarmino Cabral Marília Gabriela , Pereira de Oliveira Santos Deise Maria , Cristiano Rodrigo , Gallardo Hugo , Bentaleb Ahmed , Hillard Elizabeth A. , Durola Fabien , Bock Harald 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe photocyclization of tetraethyl 1,4‐phenylenebis(phenylmaleate) in the presence of iodine and oxygen predominantly yields tetraethyl [5]helicene‐5,6,9,10‐tetracarboxylate, together with small amounts of tetraethyl dibenz[a,h]anthracene‐5,6,12,13‐tetracarboxylate and tetraethyl benzo[ghi]perylene‐3,4,11,12‐tetracarboxylate. The helicene tetraester is planarized to the benzoperylene tetraester by Scholl reaction with AlCl3 followed by reesterification of the partially hydrolyzed crude product. Subsequent treatment with a branched alkylamine yields a columnar liquid‐crystalline benzoperylene diimide whose mesophase is stable at room temperature despite its limited and non‐centrosymmetric alkyl periphery. Its absorption spectrum is markedly red‐shifted compared to that of a similar benzoperylene triimide.
Carbonate Ions Induce Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by Cobalt Oxyhydroxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Aiso Kaoru , Takeuchi Ryouchi , Masaki Takeshi , Chandra Debraj , Saito Kenji , Yui Tatsuto , Yagi Masayuki 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSynthetic models of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) are used not only to gain better understanding of the mechanism and the roles of cofactors for water oxidation in photosynthesis, but also as water oxidation catalysts to realize artificial photosynthesis, which is anticipated as a promising solar fuel production system. However, although much attention has been paid to the composition and structure of active sites for development of heterogeneous OEC models, the cofactors, which are essential for water oxidation by the photosynthetic OEC, remain little studied. The high activity of CoO(OH) nanoparticles for electrocatalytic water oxidation is shown to be induced by a CO32− cofactor. The possibility of CO32− ions acting as proton acceptors for O−O bond formation based on the proton‐concerted oxygen atom transfer mechanism is proposed. The O−O bond formation is supposed to be accelerated due to effective proton acceptance by adjacent CO32− ions coordinated on the CoIV center in the intermediate, which is consistent with Michaelis–Menten‐type kinetics and the significant H/D isotope effect observed in electrocatalysis.
Sunlight‐Dependent Hydrogen Production by Photosensitizer/Hydrogenase Systems
Authors: Adam David , Bösche Lisa , Castañeda‐Losada Leonardo , Winkler Martin , Apfel Ulf‐Peter , Happe Thomas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe report a sustainable in vitro system for enzyme‐based photohydrogen production. The [FeFe]‐hydrogenase HydA1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was tested for photohydrogen production as a proton‐reducing catalyst in combination with eight different photosensitizers. Using the organic dye 5‐carboxyeosin as a photosensitizer and plant‐type ferredoxin PetF as an electron mediator, HydA1 achieves the highest light‐driven turnover number (TONHydA1) yet reported for an enzyme‐based in vitro system (2.9×106 mol(H2) mol(cat)−1) and a maximum turnover frequency (TOFHydA1) of 550 mol(H2) mol(HydA1)−1 s−1. The system is fueled very effectively by ambient daylight and can be further simplified by using 5‐carboxyeosin and HydA1 as a two‐component photosensitizer/biocatalyst system without an additional redox mediator.
Making the cut: Innovative methods for optimizing perfusion‐based migration assays
Authors: Holt Andrew W. , Howard William E. , Ables Elizabeth T. , George Stephanie M. , Kukoly Cindy A. , Rabidou Jake E. , Francisco Jake T. , Chukwu Angel N. , Tulis David A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractApplication of fluid shear stress to adherent cells dramatically influences their cytoskeletal makeup and differentially regulates their migratory phenotype. Because cytoskeletal rearrangements are necessary for cell motility and migration, preserving these adaptations under in vitro conditions and in the presence of fluid flow are physiologically essential. With this in mind, parallel plate flow chambers and microchannels are often used to conduct in vitro perfusion experiments. However, both of these systems currently lack capacity to accurately study cell migration in the same location where cells were perfused. The most common perfusion/migration assays involve cell perfusion followed by trypsinization which can compromise adaptive cytoskeletal geometry and lead to misleading phenotypic conclusions. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively highlight some limitations commonly found with currently used cell migration approaches and to introduce two new advances which use additive manufacturing (3D printing) or laser capture microdissection (LCM) technology. The residue‐free 3D printed insert allows accurate cell seeding within defined areas, increases cell yield for downstream analyses, and more closely resembles the reported levels of fluid shear stress calculated with computational fluid dynamics as compared to other residue‐free cell seeding techniques. The LCM approach uses an ultraviolet laser for “touchless technology” to rapidly and accurately introduce a custom‐sized wound area in otherwise inaccessible perfusion microchannels. The wound area introduced by LCM elicits comparable migration characteristics compared to traditional pipette tip‐induced injuries. When used in perfusion experiments, both of these newly characterized tools were effective in yielding similar results yet without the limitations of the traditional modalities. These innovative methods provide valuable tools for exploring mechanisms of clinically important aspects of cell migration fundamental to the pathogenesis of many flow‐mediated disorders and are applicable to other perfusion‐based models where migration is of central importance. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Do settlement dynamics influence competitive interactions between an alien tunicate and its native congener?
Authors: Bouchemousse Sarah , Lévêque Laurent , Viard Frédérique 
Published: December 2016

AbstractVariation in density of early stages, that is, larvae and juveniles, is a major determinant of the distribution and abundance of the adult population of most marine invertebrates. These early stages thus play a key role in competitive interactions, and, more specifically, in invasion dynamics when biologically similar native and non‐native species (NNS) come into contact in the same habitat. We examined the settlement dynamics and settlement rate of two important members of the fouling community that are common on human‐made infrastructures around the world: Ciona robusta (formerly known as Ciona intestinalis type A) and C. intestinalis (formerly known as C. intestinalis type B). In the western English Channel, the two species live in close syntopy following the recent introduction of C. robusta in the native European range of C. intestinalis. Using settlement panels replaced monthly over 2 years in four marinas (including one studied over 4 years) and species‐diagnostic molecular markers to distinguish between juveniles of both species (N = 1,650), we documented similar settlement dynamics of both species, with two settlement periods within a calendar year. With one exception, settlement times were highly similar in the congeners. Although the NNS showed lower settlement density than that of the native congener, its juvenile recruitment was high during the second settlement period that occurs after the warm season, a pattern also observed in adult populations. Altogether, our results suggest that species’ settlement dynamics do not lead to the dominance of one species over the other through space monopolization. In addition, we showed that changes over time are more pronounced in the NNS than in the native species. This is possibly due to a higher sensitivity of the NNS to changes of environmental factors such as temperature and salinity. Environmental changes may thus eventually modify the strength of competitive interactions between the two species as well as species dominance.
Detrending phenological time series improves climate–phenology analyses and reveals evidence of plasticity
Authors: Iler Amy M. , Inouye David W. , Schmidt Niels M. , Høye Toke T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTime series have played a critical role in documenting how phenology responds to climate change. However, regressing phenological responses against climatic predictors involves the risk of finding potentially spurious climate–phenology relationships simply because both variables also change across years. Detrending by year is a way to address this issue. Additionally, detrending isolates interannual variation in phenology and climate, so that detrended climate–phenology relationships can represent statistical evidence of phenotypic plasticity. Using two flowering phenology time series from Colorado, USA and Greenland, we detrend flowering date and two climate predictors known to be important in these ecosystems: temperature and snowmelt date. In Colorado, all climate–phenology relationships persist after detrending. In Greenland, 75% of the temperature–phenology relationships disappear after detrending (three of four species). At both sites, the relationships that persist after detrending suggest that plasticity is a major component of sensitivity of flowering phenology to climate. Finally, simulations that created different strengths of correlations among year, climate, and phenology provide broader support for our two empirical case studies. This study highlights the utility of detrending to determine whether phenology is related to a climate variable in observational data sets. Applying this as a best practice will increase our understanding of phenological responses to climatic variation and change.
Community assembly and the functioning of ecosystems: how metacommunity processes alter ecosystems attributes
Authors: Leibold Mathew A. , Chase Jonathan M. , Ernest S. K. Morgan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRecent work linking community structure and ecosystem function has primarily focused on the effects of local species richness but has neglected the dispersal‐dependent processes of community assembly that are ultimately involved in determining community structure and its relation to ecosystems. Here we combine simple consumer‐resource competition models and metacommunity theory with discussion of case studies to outline how spatial processes within metacommunities can alter community assembly and modify expectations about how species diversity and composition influence ecosystem attributes at local scales. We argue that when community assembly is strongly limited by dispersal, this can constrain ecosystem functioning by reducing positive selection effects (reducing the probability of the most productive species becoming dominant) even though it may often also enhance complementarity (favoring combinations of species that enhance production even though they may not individually be most productive). Conversely, excess dispersal with strong source‐sink relations among heterogeneous habitats can reduce ecosystem functioning by swamping local filters that would normally favor better‐suited species. Ecosystem function is thus most likely maximized at intermediate levels of dispersal where both of these effects are minimized. In this scenario, we find that the selection effect is maximized, while complementarity is often reduced and local diversity may often be relatively low. Our synthesis emphasizes that it is the entire set of community assembly processes that affect the functioning of ecosystems, not just the part that determines local species richness.
Do species' strategies and type of stress predict net positive effects in an arid ecosystem?
Authors: Graff Pamela , Aguiar Martin R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA proposed refinement to the stress‐gradient hypothesis requires consideration of the strategies of the interacting species and the characteristics of the stress factors. While the strength and direction of these interactions can be predicted for different ecosystems, this idea remains largely untested in the field. We performed a manipulative field experiment complemented with a descriptive study to test the predictions in a natural setting that represents the extreme end of a precipitation gradient. There, wind driven desiccation and water availability are the main stressors (non‐resource and resource‐based stresses, respectively). We evaluated the interaction between the shrub and grasses that are dominant in the Patagonian steppe. The species had differences in morpho‐functional traits and drought tolerance that fit into the C–S axis of Grime's strategies. We experimentally separated root zones to limit direct competition for soil moisture and reduce the resource‐based stress on grasses. We also manipulated the distance to shrubs to evaluate non‐resource stress amelioration by canopies (e.g., sun and wind) on grasses. Finally, we evaluated the distribution of naturally established C and S grasses in the neighborhood of C and S shrubs to infer process‐pattern relationships. Our growth data coincide to a large degree to the predictions. We found positive effects on the growth of beneficiaries when stress was non‐resource based and when strategies differed (i.e., Cshrub–Sgrass and Sshrub–Cgrass). We also found strong negative effects when the abiotic stress was driven by water, particularly on C grasses. Additionally, shrubs only increased the survival of grasses when strategies differed (i.e., Cshrub–Sgrass and Sshrub–Cgrass). Our manipulative and descriptive study supported previous results that showed that stress‐tolerant species are important for the persistence of competitive species at high stress. While the applicability and generality of these predictions remains to be tested with more field experiments, some ecological factors, such as stress types and species traits, can explain much of the variation in how dominant shrubs and grasses interact in this extreme arid environment. Moreover, this framework could be extended to specifically test the importance of facilitation under different levels of stress.