bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic carrier transportation induced by surface acoustic waves in graphene in solution
Authors: Okuda Satoshi , Ikuta Takashi , Kanai Yasushi , Ono Takao , Ogawa Shinpei , Fujisawa Daisuke , Shimatani Masaaki , Inoue Koichi , Maehashi Kenzo , Matsumoto Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The acoustic charge transportation induced by surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation in graphene in solution was investigated. The sign of acoustic current (I
A) was found to switch when crossing the Dirac point because the major carrier was transitioned from holes to electrons by the change in electrolyte-gate voltage. I
A also exhibited a peak value under conditions of both hole and electron conduction. These results can be explained on the basis of a change in the type of major carrier in graphene, as well as a change in the carrier mobility of graphene.
Fabrication of crack-free AlN film on sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy using an in situ etching method
Authors: Liu Xue-Hua , Zhang Ji-Cai , Su Xu-Jun , Huang Jun , Zheng Shu-Nan , Hu Yun-Yun , Ye Bin-Bin , Zhao Jing-Jing , Wang Jian-Feng , Zhang Jin-Ping , Xu Ke 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Crack-free AlN films were grown on sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy, with in situ etching applied during growth. Nanoscale voids were formed at a chosen growth stage by interrupting the growth and performing in situ etching in an H2 atmosphere at elevated temperature. Transmission electron microscopy showed the voids located at strongly distorted locations, and hence relaxing the strain and reducing the dislocation density. Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction measurements further demonstrated important role played by the nanoscale voids in releasing misfit strain and reducing dislocations. This work opens a promising perspective for fabricating thick, high-quality AlN.
Simulation and comparative study of tunneling field effect transistors with dopant-segregated Schottky source/drain
Authors: Zhang Yi Bo , Sun Lei , Xu Hao , Han Jing Wen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Dopant-segregated Schottky source/drain tunneling field effect transistors (STFET) are investigated in this paper. The working mechanisms of STFET and the influence of device parameters are studied with Synopsys Sentaurus. Schottky source/drain MOSFETs possess several advantages over conventional MOSFETs, and dopant segregation can be feasibly achieved within current silicidation process. With dopant segregation, highly doped regions can be obtained after silicidation, which is necessary for band-to-band tunneling. With proper parameter setting, STFET can achieve comparable performance as TFET. High segregation doping for STFET is required to increase band-to-band tunneling probability and suppress bipolar behaviors. Increasing the electron barrier height at source side helps to provide larger drive current and higher on/off ratio. It is also found that STFET’s on-state performance is irrelevant to the segregation length when the segregation length is larger than a certain value. Furthermore, STFET is also insensitive to the Schottky barrier at drain side when the Schottky barrier at source side is fixed, which would relax the requirement for source/drain fabrication.
Fracture toughness anisotropy in shale
Authors: Chandler Michael R. , Meredith Philip G. , Brantut Nicolas , Crawford Brian R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe use of hydraulic fracturing to recover shale gas has focused attention on the fundamental fracture properties of gas‐bearing shales, but there remains a paucity of available experimental data on their mechanical and physical properties. Such shales are strongly anisotropic, so that their fracture propagation trajectories depend on the interaction between their anisotropic mechanical properties and the anisotropic in situ stress field in the shallow crust. Here we report fracture toughness measurements on Mancos shale determined in all three principal fracture orientations: Divider, Short Transverse, and Arrester, using a modified short‐rod methodology. Experimental results for a range of other sedimentary and carbonate rocks are also reported for comparison purposes. Significant anisotropy is observed in shale fracture toughness measurements at ambient conditions, with values, as high as 0.72 MPa m1/2 where the crack plane is normal to the bedding, and values as low as 0.21 MPa m1/2 where the crack plane is parallel to the bedding. For cracks propagating nonparallel to bedding, we observe a tendency for deviation toward the bedding‐parallel orientation. Applying a maximum energy release rate criterion, we determined the conditions under which such deviations are more or less likely to occur under more generalized mixed‐mode loading conditions. We find for Mancos shale that the fracture should deviate toward the plane with lowest toughness regardless of the loading conditions.
Modeling grain size adjustments in the downstream reach following run‐of‐river development
Authors: Fuller Theodore K. , Venditti Jeremy G. , Nelson Peter A. , Palen Wendy J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDisruptions to sediment supply continuity caused by run‐of‐river (RoR) hydropower development have the potential to cause downstream changes in surface sediment grain size which can influence the productivity of salmon habitat. The most common approach to understanding the impacts of RoR hydropower is to study channel changes in the years following project development, but by then, any impacts are manifest and difficult to reverse. Here we use a more proactive approach, focused on predicting impacts in the project planning stage. We use a one‐dimensional morphodynamic model to test the hypothesis that the greatest risk of geomorphic change and impact to salmon habitat from a temporary sediment supply disruption exists where predevelopment sediment supply is high and project design creates substantial sediment storage volume. We focus on the potential impacts in the reach downstream of a powerhouse for a range of development scenarios that are typical of projects developed in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia. Results indicate that increases in the median bed surface size (D50) are minor if development occurs on low sediment supply streams (<1 mm for supply rates 1 × 10−5 m2 s−1 or lower), and substantial for development on high sediment supply streams (8–30 mm for supply rates between 5.5 × 10−4 and 1 × 10−3 m2 s−1). However, high sediment supply streams recover rapidly to the predevelopment surface D50 (∼1 year) if sediment supply can be reestablished.
Predicting long‐term streamflow variability in moist eucalypt forests using forest growth models and a sapwood area index
Authors: Jaskierniak D. , Kuczera G. , Benyon R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA major challenge in surface hydrology involves predicting streamflow in ungauged catchments with heterogeneous vegetation and spatiotemporally varying evapotranspiration (ET) rates. We present a top‐down approach for quantifying the influence of broad‐scale changes in forest structure on ET and hence streamflow. Across three catchments between 18 and 100 km2 in size and with regenerating Eucalyptus regnans and E. delegatensis forest, we demonstrate how variation in ET can be mapped in space and over time using LiDAR data and commonly available forest inventory data. The model scales plot‐level sapwood area (SA) to the catchment‐level using basal area (BA) and tree stocking density (N) estimates in forest growth models. The SA estimates over a 69 year regeneration period are used in a relationship between SA and vegetation induced streamflow loss (L) to predict annual streamflow (Q) with annual rainfall (P) estimates. Without calibrating P, BA, N, SA, and L to Q data, we predict annual Q with R2 between 0.68 and 0.75 and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) between 0.44 and 0.48. To remove bias, the model was extended to allow for runoff carry‐over into the following year as well as minor correction to rainfall bias, which produced R2 values between 0.72 and 0.79, and NSE between 0.70 and 0.79. The model under‐predicts streamflow during drought periods as it lacks representation of ecohydrological processes that reduce L with either reduced growth rates or rainfall interception during drought. Refining the relationship between sapwood thickness and forest inventory variables is likely to further improve results.
Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Performance, modes of action, and synergy
Authors: Müller Patrick , Schartel Bernhard 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTMelamine poly(metal phosphates) (MPMeP) are halogen‐free flame retardants commercialized under the brand name Safire. Melamine poly(aluminum phosphate) (MPAlP), melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPZnP), and melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (MPMgP) were compared in an epoxy resin (EP). The thermal decomposition, flammability, burning behavior, and glass transition temperature were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter, UL 94 testing, cone calorimeter, and differential scanning calorimetry. While the materials exhibited similarities in their pyrolysis, EP + MPZnP and EP + MPMgP showed better fire behavior than EP + MPAlP due to superior protective properties of the fire residues. Maintaining the 20 wt % loading, MPZnP was combined with various other flame retardants. A synergistic effect was evident for melamine polyphosphate (MPP), boehmite, and a derivative of 6H‐Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine‐6‐oxide. The best overall performance was observed for EP + (MPZnP + MPP) because of the best protection effectiveness of the fire residue. EP + (MPZnP + MPP) achieved V1/V0 in UL 94, and an 80% reduction in the peak heat release rate. This study evaluates the efficiency of MPMeP in EP, alone and in combination with other flame retardants. MPMeP is a suitable flame retardant for epoxy resin, depending on its kind and synergists. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43549.
Observation of Single Pt Nanoparticle Collisions: Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity on a Pd Ultramicroelectrode
Authors: Shin Changhwan , Park Tae Eun , Park Changki , Kwon Seong Jung 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSingle Pt nanoparticle (NP) collisions on an electrode surface were detected by using an electrocatalytic amplification method with a Pd ultramicroelectrode (UME). Pd is not a preferred material for UMEs for the detection of single Pt NP collisions, because Pd shows similar electrocatalytic activity compared with Pt for hydrazine oxidation, thus resulting in a high background current level. However, a Pt NP colliding on the Pd UME shows greatly enhanced activity compared with a Pt NP on an inert UME, such as a Au UME, which is usually used for the detection of single Pt NP collisions. The use of an electroactive UME material instead of an inert one facilitated the study of single‐NP activity on the various solid supports, which is important in many NP applications.
An efficient protocol for the global sensitivity analysis of stochastic ecological models
Authors: Prowse Thomas A. A. , Bradshaw Corey J. A. , Delean Steven , Cassey Phillip , Lacy Robert C. , Wells Konstans , Aiello‐Lammens Matthew E. , Akçakaya H. R. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStochastic simulation models requiring many input parameters are widely used to inform the management of ecological systems. The interpretation of complex models is aided by global sensitivity analysis, using simulations for distinct parameter sets sampled from multidimensional space. Ecologists typically analyze such output using an “emulator”; that is, a statistical model used to approximate the relationship between parameter inputs and simulation outputs and to derive sensitivity measures. However, it is typical for ad hoc decisions to be made regarding: (1) trading off the number of parameter samples against the number of simulation iterations run per sample, (2) determining whether parameter sampling is sufficient, and (3) selecting an appropriate emulator. To evaluate these choices, we coupled different sensitivity‐analysis designs and emulators for a stochastic, 20‐parameter model that simulated the re‐introduction of a threatened species subject to predation and disease, and then validated the emulators against new output generated from the simulation model. Our results lead to the following sensitivity analysis‐protocol for stochastic ecological models. (1) Run a single simulation iteration per parameter sample generated, even if the focal response is a probabilistic outcome, while sampling extensively across the parameter space. In contrast to designs that invested in many model iterations (tens to thousands) per parameter sample, this approach allowed emulators to capture the input‐output relationship of the simulation model more accurately and also to produce sensitivity measures that were robust to variation inherent in the parameter‐sampling stage. (2) Confirm that parameter sampling is sufficient, by emulating subsamples of the sensitivity‐analysis output. As the subsample size is increased, the cross‐validatory performance of the emulator and sensitivity measures derived from it should exhibit asymptotic behavior. This approach can also be used to compare candidate emulators and select an appropriate interaction depth. (3) If required, conduct further simulations for additional parameter samples, and then report sensitivity measures and illustrate key response curves using the selected emulator. This protocol will generate robust sensitivity measures and facilitate the interpretation of complex ecological models, while minimizing simulation effort.
Pressure‐induced conformational switch of an interfacial protein
Authors: Johnson Quentin R. , Lindsay Richard J. , Nellas Ricky B. , Shen Tongye 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA special class of proteins adopts an inactive conformation in aqueous solution and activates at an interface (such as the surface of lipid droplet) by switching their conformations. Lipase, an essential enzyme for breaking down lipids, serves as a model system for studying such interfacial proteins. The underlying conformational switch of lipase induced by solvent condition is achieved through changing the status of the gated substrate‐access channel. Interestingly, a lipase was also reported to exhibit pressure activation, which indicates it is drastically active at high hydrostatic pressure. To unravel the molecular mechanism of this unusual phenomenon, we examined the structural changes induced by high hydrostatic pressures (up to 1500 MPa) using molecular dynamics simulations. By monitoring the width of the access channel, we found that the protein undergoes a conformational transition and opens the access channel at high pressures (>100 MPa). Particularly, a disordered amphiphilic α5 region of the protein becomes ordered at high pressure. This positive correlation between the channel opening and α5 ordering is consistent with the early findings of the gating motion in the presence of a water–oil interface. Statistical analysis of the ensemble of conformations also reveals the essential collective motions of the protein and how these motions contribute to gating. Arguments are presented as to why heightened sensitivity to high‐pressure perturbation can be a general feature of switchable interfacial proteins. Further mutations are also suggested to validate our observations. Proteins 2016; 84:820–827. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutritional Quality, Functional Properties, Bioactivity, and Microstructure of Defatted Pistachio Kernel Flour
Authors: Ling Bo , Zhang Bo , Li Rui , Wang Shaojin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDefatted pistachio kernel flour (DPKF) is a byproduct of specialty oil industries and a promising product to be further used as a food ingredient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutritional value, functional properties, bioactivity, and microstructure of DPKF prepared by cold pressing (partially defatted, ~22 % residue fat d.b.) and pre‐press‐solvent extraction (totally defatted, <1 % residue fat d.b.) methods both using raw and roasted kernels. DPKF was rich in protein (34.36–46.47/100 g flour, d.b.) and carbohydrate (36.61–48.71/100 g flour, d.b.). Also, DPKF showed low Na contents with high concentrations of K, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Se. Excluding the sulfur amino acid, all essential amino acids were significantly higher than the reference values recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization/WHO. Totally defatted flours presented better functional properties than the partially defatted ones with exceptions of foaming stability. DPKF also exhibited appreciably higher total phenolic (552–792 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g flour, d.b.) and flavonoid (124–280 mg RE/100 g flour, d.b.) contents as well as antioxidant capacities. Therefore, DPKF may have potential applications as functional ingredients and supplements in foods.
Lactate: Friend or Foe
Authors: Hall Mederic M. , Rajasekaran Sathish , Thomsen Timothy W. , Peterson Andrew R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLactic acid has played an important role in the traditional theory of muscle fatigue and limitation of endurance exercise performance. It has been called a waste product of anaerobic metabolism and has been believed to be responsible for the uncomfortable “burn” of intense exercise and directly responsible for the metabolic acidosis of exercise, leading to decreased muscle contractility and ultimately cessation of exercise. Although this premise has been commonly taught, it is not supported by the scientific literature and has led to a great deal of confusion among the sports medicine and exercise science communities. This review will provide the sports medicine clinician with an understanding of contemporary lactate theories, including lactate's role in energy production, its contributions to metabolic acidosis, and its function as an energy substrate for a variety of tissues. Lactate threshold concepts will also be discussed, including a practical approach to understanding prediction of performance and monitoring of training progress based on these parameters.
The Kinetic Chain Revisited: New Concepts on Throwing Mechanics and Injury
Authors: Chu Samuel K. , Jayabalan Prakash , Kibler W. Ben , Press Joel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe overhead throwing motion is a complex activity that is achieved through activation of the kinetic chain. The kinetic chain refers to the linkage of multiple segments of the body that allows for transfer of forces and motion. The lower extremities and core provide a base of support, generating energy that is transferred eventually through the throwing arm and hand, resulting in release of the ball. The kinetic chain requires optimal anatomy, physiology, and mechanics and is involved in all 6 phases of overhead throwing: windup, stride, arm cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow‐through. Breaks or deficits in the kinetic chain can lead to injury or decreased performance. Through an understanding of the mechanics and pathomechanics seen in each phase of throwing, the clinician can better evaluate and screen for potential kinetic chain deficits in the overhead throwing athlete. The purpose of this article is to review the biomechanics of the overhead throwing motion, the role of the kinetic chain in throwing, and the clinical evaluation and management of abnormal throwing mechanics and related injuries.
Psychological Factors Are Related to Pain Intensity in Back‐Healthy People Who Develop Clinically Relevant Pain During Prolonged Standing: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Sorensen Christopher J. , George Steven Z. , Callaghan Jack P. , Van Dillen Linda R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundAn induced‐pain paradigm has been used to examine risk factors for the development of low back pain (LBP) during prolonged standing in back‐healthy people (standing paradigm). Previous studies that used induced‐pain methods suggest that pain intensity may be related to psychologic factors. It is not currently known, however, whether pain intensity reported during the standing paradigm is related to psychologic factors.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between LBP symptom intensity and psychological factors (fear of pain and pain catastrophizing) in back‐healthy people who develop LBP during prolonged standing. We hypothesized that symptom intensity during standing would be positively related to initial levels of fear of pain and pain catastrophizing in people who developed LBP during standing.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingMovement science research center at an academic medical center.ParticipantsFifty seven back‐healthy participants.MethodsParticipants completed the Fear of Pain Questionnaire‐III (FPQ‐III) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) before a 2‐hour standing protocol. Participants rated LBP intensity on a 100‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS) throughout standing and were classified as pain developers (PDs) or nonpain developers (NPDs). Relationships between LBP intensity and psychological measures were examined in PDs that did and did not have a ≥20 mm maximum VAS score.Main Outcome MeasurementsFPQ‐III and PCS total scores, maximum and average VAS scores during standing.ResultsThere were 24 (42%) PDs. Five PDs reported a maximum VAS score ≥20 mm. For PDs with a maximum VAS score <20 mm, correlations between average VAS scores and each psychological measure were small and nonsignificant (FPQ‐III: r = 0.16, P = .50; PCS: r = 0.27, P = .26). For PDs with a maximum VAS score ≥20 mm, correlation between average VAS scores and FPQ‐III was large and significant (r = 0.91, P = .03), and large for PCS but nonsignificant (r = 0.87, P = .06).ConclusionThese preliminary data suggest that if pain exceeds a clinically meaningful threshold (20 mm) during standing, pain intensity is related to psychological factors. Understanding factors that modulate acute pain response can inform early intervention strategies.Level of EvidenceII