bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aproximación a una experiencia regional de responsabilidad social empresarial en el suroccidente colombiano
Authors: Azuero Rodríguez Andrés Ramiro , García Mónica , Betancourt Benjamín 
Published: December 2016

Hoy es importante la articulación de diversos actores en torno a experiencias de responsabilidad social regional, que aporten al desarrollo local, dadas las múltiples necesidades de las regiones que no pueden ser resueltas por un solo actor. Esta articulación es una oportunidad de construir proyectos desde múltiplesperspectivas y capacidades locales. Por ello, los grupos de investigación Humanismo y Gestión y Previsión y Pensamiento Estratégico de la Universidad del Valle, plantean una investigación que tiene como objetivo identicar y visibilizar los avances, logros, aprendizajes, dicultades y retos del proceso de consolidación de la experiencia de región socialmente responsable en el norte del Cauca. Para ello se realiza un estudio de tipo exploratorio, descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo donde se emplean técnicas como entrevistas en profundidad, grupos focales y talleres de formulación colectiva con los actores de la región. Los resultados muestran que la estrategia ha aportado a la visibilización de la región y a la construcción de proyectos conjuntos de mayor impacto contando con la participación de empresarios, instituciones y gobierno. Se reconocen dicultades como la de lograr acuerdos institucionales en torno algunos temas y la consecución y disposición de recursos por parte del gobierno nacional, para resolver problemas locales. Esta experiencia permite reexionar sobre aprendizajes, retos y dicultades que aunque son particulares pueden ser un ejemplo para otras regiones que estén interesadas en articularse en torno a proyectos conjuntos.
Importance of Routine Histopathological Examination of Gallbladder Specimen in Detecting Incidental Malignancies
Authors: Tiwari Archana , Rai Ramji , Jain Surendra Kumar 
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common cancer of biliary tree and the 5th most common gastrointestinal malignancy. An early diagnosis is essential as this malignancy progresses silently with a late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Epidemiological studies have identified striking geographic and ethnic variation with high occurrence in Southeast Asia, yet low elsewhere in the world. Gallbladder carcinoma, in 15-30% of patients, show no preoperative or intraoperative evidence and are detected only on histopathological examination. They are called as incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC). The objective of this study was to find out the occurrence of IGBC in cholecystectomy specimens received in our histopathology laboratory and to analyze their clinico-pathological features.

Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Histopathology, Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital during a period of two years from May 2014 to April 2016. The study included 800 cases of cholecystectomized Gall bladder specimens.

Result: Ninety seven percent of the specimens (n=776) revealed benign pathology. Malignancy was detected incidentally in 8 cases (1.25%). The mean age of patients with incidental Gall bladder carcinoma was 69 years (SD=4.1) and F:M ratio was 9:1. Out of 10 incidental malignancies, cholelithiesis was found in 8 (80%) cases. Fundus was the most common location (n=5, 50%) and focal fragile necrotic area was most common (n=3, 30%) gross morphology. On pathological staging, all the incidentally detected malignancies (n=10) were found to be in surgically resectable stages.

Conclusion: IGBC was found in 1.25% of the gallbladder specimen. Detailed gross and histopathological examination of gallbladder specimen is mandatory for every cholecystectomy specimen, even for benign diseases, to detect incidental carcinoma at potentially curable stage.
Who's in Charge Here? The General Hospital School of Nursing, St. John's, Newfoundland, 1903-30
Authors: White Linda 
Published: December 2016

This essay examines the effect of the political economy of the General Hospital, St. John’s, Newfoundland, on the development of the General Hospital School of Nursing from 1903 to 1930. The General Hospital was the only government-funded hospital in Newfoundland providing health care for the entire colony of 124,000 people. The School of Nursing was the only nurses’ training program in Newfoundland until 1929 when a second school opened. Two conflicting personalities who played an important role in the development of nursing at these institutions were Mgry Southcott, Superintendent of Nurses from 1903 to 1916, and Lawrence Keegan, Medical Superintendent of the hospital. The resulting tension between these two people led to a major crisis at the hospital in 1914 with the government instigatin a Royal Commission to examine the struggle between the nurses and the a d ministration (doctors and government officials) over who had the ower and authority to determine the nurses' role and status within the hospita p . After a year of investigation, the Royal Commission agreed with Keegan's view and subsequently organized the hospital along new lines. Southcott was fired and a new, more compliant nurse put in her place. The second period, 1916 to 1930, saw the reconunendations of the Royal Commission implemented, including establishment of a Board of Covemors to run the hospital on a more businesslike footing.
Charles H. Best, the Canadian Red Cross Society, and Canada’s First National Blood Donation Program
Authors: Kapp Richard W. 
Published: December 2016

This article examines how Canada’s first national blood donation program originated during World War II. It focuses on the genesis of Charles H. Best’s serum project at the University of Toronto, and the federal government’s decision in 1940 to sponsor it as the nation’s most viable blood banking option. While Best’s personal initiatives were crucial, his project’s success was also a resuit of the larger scientific, political, and institutional circumstances of Canadian medicine. The article also analyzes why the federal government gave responsibility for blood collection to the Canadian Red Cross Society. It shows how the organization's traditional association with military medicine, its more recent involvement with community health services (including blood transfusion), and its flexible national structure suited it for this task. Moreover, Ottawa's willingness to assign this role to a volunteer agency was an indication of the structural deficiencies in Canada's primitive health-care system. The decisions of 1940 flowed from the immediate wartime pressures and individual initiatives. They reflected as well the deeper scientific, institutional, and cultural realities of the time.
Doctors and Dying Declarations: The Role of the State in Abortion Regulation in British Columbia, 1917-37
Authors: Klausen Susanne 
Published: December 2016

In Canada, the history of state regulation of abortion is underexamined, leaving the general impression that the state played a secondary role to that of the medical profession in attempting to enforce the federal anti-abortion law. Studies have focused on “regular” physicians as a regulator of abortion to such an extent that the state’s involvement in this process has been largely neglected or obscured. In contrast, this study highlights the actions taken by lower-level state agencies. namely, the Coroner’s Inquisition and municipal and provincial police, to enforce the federal abortion law in British Columbia. The study examines the records of the inquests held into the deaths of 34 women from illegal abortion and offers three main observations. First, state agencies consistently sought information about abortionists and the circumstances surrounding the abortions from the women in hospital, their families, lovers, and doctors. Especially important is how authorities routinely attempted to extract dying declarations from the ill women. Second, while it is clear doctors participated in the investigative process, the records suggest they were often ambivalent or reluctant to do so. Finally, this study concludes that many of the actors involved in these events resisted the authorities’ attempts to enforce the law, some successfully, thereby effectively undermining state regulatory practices as a result.
“They Gave Their Care, but We Gave Loving Care”: Defining and Defending Boundaries of Skill and Craft in the Nursing Service of a Manitoba Mental Hospital during the Great Depression
Authors: Dooley Chris 
Published: December 2016

The School of Nursing at the Brandon Hospital for Mental Diseases was established in 1921 to equip the hospital with a corps of nurses equal to those found in urban general hospitals. While the school replicated the form of the general hospital training school, its credential was rejected by the national associations of graduate nurses. Without the possibility of registration, the mental nurses of the 1920s evolved a culture of resistance to the strictures of the training school, one which included affiliation with a trade union. Although still shut-out by the general nursing community, the nurses of the 1930s, arriving with a different sense of their occupational and social mobility, were more disposed to embrace the professional ideology of the training school. By invoking their superior ability to care and their learned capacity to function in the unpredictable environment of the mental hospital, they constructed mental nursing as a skilled craft based on proprietary knowledge, different from the work of both the general hospital nurse and the untrained ward attendant.
L’Accouchement Sans Douleur. Un enjeu politique en France pendant la guerre froide
Authors: Caron-Leulliez Marianne 
Published: December 2016

L’Accouchement Sans Douleur (ASD) fut introduit en France par le docteur Lamaze en 1951. Si l’événement fut d’importance dans l’histoire de l’obstétrique et de la condition féminine, c’est à un autre aspect que nous voulons nous attacher ici en montrant combien il fut lié aux débats politiques qui agitaient cette époque. Nous étions en pleine guerre froide. Lamaze, sans être membre du parti communiste (PCF), en était sympathisant. Il dirigeait une maternité appartenant à la CGT, un syndicat proche du PCF. Et c’est lors d’un voyage en URSS qu’il avait découvert en 1951 cette nouvelle méthode visant à analgésier les couches par une formation psychologique inspirée de Pavlov. A son retour, lorsqu’il se consacra à la diffusion de l’ASD, il trouva l’aide du PCF et s’appuya sur son réseau de propagande ; ce qui suscita en retour méfiance et hostilité. En quelques années pourtant, l’ASD s’imposa grâce au soutien des femmes conquises par ce progrès. Au moment où Lamaze triomphait, il fut victime d’un sursaut du stalinisme : avec son équipe, il dénonça l’intervention soviétique en Hongrie et perdit le soutien financier des syndicalistes propriétaires de sa clinique. Fatigué et profondément déçu, il mourut en mars 1957.
From King Kong Pills to Mother’s Little Helpers—Career Cycles of Two Families of Psychotropic Drugs: The Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
Authors: Pieters Toine , Snelders Stephen 
Published: December 2016

This article compares the careers of two families of 20th-century psychotropic drugs, the barbiturates and the benzodiazepines, in five different countries. Both families of drugs were used as so-called hypnotics and sedatives, and later as minor tranquillizers. In addition these drugs were extensively used as self-medication. The careers show a cyclical temporal course and generally encompass three phases: first, an expanding use of the drugs, accompanied by high expectations; then, rising criticism and disappointment; and finally contracting use and limited application. These phases need not have been sequential: they often overlapped. The cycle sometimes ended by the disappearance of the drug from mental health care, only to be replaced by new drugs with a profile of promise and hope. These cycles, which we term Seige cycles, are generally typical for the careers of psychotropic drugs. The analytical concept of the Seige cycle facilitates a comparative perspective on the commonalities as well as the differences between the various drug careers under consideration.
Bismarck and the Containment of France, 1873-1877
Authors: Stone James 
Published: December 2016

Between 1873 and 1877 Germany repeatedly intervened in the internal affairs of France’s neighbours. In Belgium, Spain, and Italy Bismarck exerted strong and sustained political pressure to support the election or appointment of liberal, anticlerical governments. These German initiatives have been viewed primarily as by-products of the Kulturkampf, as diplomatic sideshows. However a detailed study of the origins and interrelationships of these episodes reveals that Bismarck's alliance with western European liberalism was part of an integrated strategy to promote republicanism in France by strategically and ideologically isolating the clerical-monarchist regime of President MacMahon. He hoped that by creating a cordon sanitaire of liberal states around France he could help French republicans defeat MacMahon and his reactionary supporters. The modern concept of containment provides a useful model for understanding the dynamics of Bismarck's proliberal political system in western Europe. It also helps explain Germany's brief entanglement in the eastern question in 1874 when she opposed French initiatives in the Ottoman Empire as part of a more “global” bid to erode MacMahon's popularity at home. But the Bismarckian version of containment was highly pragmatic. The German chancellor exploited the Kulturkampf to ally himself with liberal parties in western Europe, but did not hesitate to use conservative governments whenever they could help. Bismarck's policy of containing the anti­republican forces led by MacMahon had a major impact on the states bordering France and contributed to the final victory of French republicanism in 1877. However these gains were purchased at great cost. The other European powers were alienated by Bismarck’s interventionist and confrontational tactics which fuelled fears of German hegemonial aspirations.
“Help us to Secure a Strong, Healthy, Prosperous and Peaceful Britain”: The Social Arguments of the Campaign for Compulsory Military Service in Britain, 1899-1914
Authors: Hendley Matthew 
Published: December 2016

The National Service League was a pressure group which argued the case for compulsory military service in Britain between 1899-1914. Previous historiography has focused on their fear-mongering over invasion and full-throated calls for patriotism. However, social arguments in favour of conscription also played a surprisingly prominent role. The initial impetus for the formation of the National Service League was the Boer War. Concerns over British military strength and especially problems with existing schemes of army recruitment led to the league’s formation in 1902. Social arguments linking conscription to a healthy Britain grew out of the fears over physical deterioration which arose from the Boer War. Pamphlets and speeches of the National Service League, especially before 1906 pointed to Germany as a nation which combined compulsory military service and social reform to create a nation of healthy citizens. The National Service League rejected suggestions that conscription would interfere unduly with the economy and claimed it would lead to a more prosperous Britain. Paradoxically, although much of the conscriptionist argument for “prosperity” supported modernization in education and other realms, many conscriptionists also longed for a nostalgic agricultural past. A final argument of the conscription movement insisted that conscription was not a departure from peaceful British traditions. Historical examples of compulsory service in Britain’s past were put forward and Switzerland was presented as a society which combined freedom with conscription.
Impact of mesh points number on the accuracy of deterministic calculations of control rods worth for Tehran research reactor
Authors: Boustani E. , Khakshournia S. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this paper two different computational approaches, a deterministic and a stochastic one, were used for calculation of the control rods worth of the Tehran research reactor. For the deterministic approach the MTR_PC package composed of the WIMS code and diffusion code CITVAP was used, while for the stochastic one the Monte Carlo code MCNPX was applied. On comparing our results obtained by the Monte Carlo approach and those previously reported in the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) of Tehran research reactor produced by the deterministic approach large discrepancies were seen. To uncover the root cause of these discrepancies, some efforts were made and finally was discerned that the number of spatial mesh points in the deterministic approach was the critical cause of these discrepancies. Therefore, the mesh optimization was performed for different regions of the core such that the results of deterministic approach based on the optimized mesh points have a good agreement with those obtained by the Monte Carlo approach.
Effect of ultra high temperature ceramics as fuel cladding materials on the nuclear reactor performance by SERPENT Monte Carlo code
Authors: Korkut T. , Kara A. , Korkut H. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) have low density and high melting point. So they are useful materials in the nuclear industry especially reactor core design. Three UHTCs (silicon carbide, vanadium carbide, and zirconium carbide) were evaluated as the nuclear fuel cladding materials. The SERPENT Monte Carlo code was used to model CANDU, PWR, and VVER type reactor core and to calculate burnup parameters. Some changes were observed at the same burnup and neutronic parameters (keff, neutron flux, absorption rate, and fission rate, depletion of U-238, U-238, Xe-135, Sm-149) with the use of these UHTCs. Results were compared to conventional cladding material zircalloy.
Le verbe grec ΔΙΦΑΩ : Lexique et étymologie
Authors: Dieu Eric 
Published: December 2016

The aim of this paper is to present a new etymology for Greek δῑφάω “ to search after”. After showing that this verb is semantically related to a small group of verbs ending in -φάω (ἁφάω “ to handle, turn over” and ψηλαφάω “ to feel or grope about”), I suggest that this ending in δῑφάω results from the formal influence of ἁφάω and ψηλαφάω, and that the verbal basis δῑ-is the zero-grade of the PIE root * dieh1 -/ * dih1 -“ to hasten”, which is attested in the Greek verbs δίεμαι and διώκω
“ to hunt, chase, pursue”. The meaning of δῑφάω can be explained by a contamination of the meaning of this PIE root and the meaning of ἁφάω and ψηλαφάω.
Biotic and abiotic factors associated with altitudinal variation in plant traits and herbivory in a dominant oak species
Authors: Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Rasmann Sergio , Berny‐Mier y Terán Jorge C. , Covelo Felisa , Glauser Gaétan , Moreira Xoaquín 
Published: December 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:It is generally thought that herbivore pressure is higher at lower elevations where climate is warmer and less seasonal, and that this has led to higher levels of plant defense investment at low elevations. However, the generality of this expectation has been called into question by recent studies.METHODS:We tested for altitudinal gradients in insect leaf damage, plant defenses (phenolic compounds), and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen) in leaves of the long‐lived tree Quercus robur, and further investigated the abiotic factors associated with such gradients. We sampled 20 populations of Q. robur distributed along an altitudinal gradient spanning 35–869 m above sea level, which covered most of the altitudinal range of this species and varied substantially in abiotic conditions, plant traits, and herbivory.KEY RESULTS:Univariate regressions showed that leaf herbivory, phenolics, and phosphorus increased toward higher elevations, whereas leaf nitrogen did not vary with altitude. Multiple regression analyses indicated that temperature was the single most important factor associated with herbivory and appears to be strongly associated with altitudinal variation in damage. Leaf phenolics were also correlated with herbivory, but in a manner that suggests these chemical defenses do not underlie altitudinal variation in damage. In addition, we found that variation in leaf traits (phenolics and nutrients) was in turn associated with both climatic and soil variables.CONCLUSIONS:Overall, these findings suggest that altitudinal gradients in herbivory and defenses in Q. robur are uncoupled and that elevational variation in herbivory and plant traits responds mainly to abiotic factors.
PHOTOIONIZATION MODELS FOR THE SEMI-FORBIDDEN C iii] 1909 EMISSION IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES
Authors: Jaskot A. E. , Ravindranath S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The increasing neutrality of the intergalactic medium at z > 6 suppresses Lyα emission, and spectroscopic confirmation of galaxy redshifts requires the detection of alternative ultraviolet lines. The strong [C iii] λ1907+C iii] λ1909 doublet frequently observed in low-metallicity, actively star-forming galaxies is a promising emission feature. We present CLOUDY photoionization model predictions for C iii] equivalent widths (EWs) and line ratios as a function of starburst age, metallicity, and ionization parameter. Our models include a range of C/O abundances, dust content, and gas density. We also examine the effects of varying the nebular geometry and optical depth. Only the stellar models that incorporate binary interaction effects reproduce the highest observed C iii] EWs. The spectral energy distributions from the binary stellar population models also generate observable C iii] over a longer timescale relative to single-star models. We show that diagnostics using C iii] and nebular He ii λ1640 can separate star-forming regions from shock-ionized gas. We also find that density-bounded systems should exhibit weaker C iii] EWs at a given ionization parameter, and C iii] EWs could, therefore, select candidate Lyman continuum-leaking systems. In almost all models, C iii] is the next strongest line at <2700 Å after Lyα, and C iii] reaches detectable levels for a wide range of conditions at low metallicity. C iii] may therefore serve as an important diagnostic for characterizing galaxies at z > 6.