bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy with intraoperative microvascular Doppler ultrasound leads to the pain-free outcome after surgery
Authors: Lv Kun-Long , Zhang Ya-Dong , Zhuang Jin-Tao , Gao Yong , Zhao Liang , Wan Zi , Zhou Ming-Kuan , Yu Jing-Wei , Sun Xiang-Zhou , Zhang Yuan-Yuan , Deng Chun-Hua , Tu Xiang-An 
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE: To determine efficacy of intraoperative microvascular Doppler ultrasound in assisting subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy for pain relief in the treatment of painful varicoceles, compared to the microsurgery without Doppler ultrasound. METHODS: Total 153 patients underwent microsurgical varicocelectomy were randomly allocated to two groups: Groups 1 and 2 included 82 and 71 patients monitored with and without using intraoperative microvascular Doppler ultrasound, respectively. The assessments were compared between two groups, including intraoperative parameters (vessel numbers and operative time) and postoperative outcomes (pain resolution, complications and recurrence). RESULTS: The average numbers of internal spermatic veins ligated (13.87±6.43 vs 11.72±5.66) and arteries preserved (1.96±0.87 vs 1.73±0.86) were significantly greater in Group 1 with Doppler ultrasound. Precisely, the smaller size of the internal spermatic veins was ligated and the more encircled arteries were also preserved in Group 1. In two groups with and without using Doppler ultrasound, 56 (68.3%) and 36 (50.7%) patients experienced a complete resolution of pain, 21 (25.6%) and 29 (40.9%) patients experienced partial resolution, whereas 5 (6.1%) and 6 (8.5%) patients experienced no change in the chronic pain, respectively. Thus, patients in Group 1 had a better outcome in chronic pain resolution ( P = 0.033). The operative time, complications and recurrence rate were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy is an effective method to treat painful varicoceles. With the assistance of Doppler Ultrasound monitoring, greater numbers of vessels were identified and a better outcome of pain resolution was achieved.
High-energy Gamma-Ray Activity from V404 Cygni Detected by AGILE during the 2015 June Outburst
Authors: Piano G. , Munar-Adrover P. , Verrecchia F. , Tavani M. , Trushkin S. A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The AGILE satellite detected transient high-energy γ-ray emission from the X-ray binary V404 Cygni, during the 2015 June outburst observed in radio, optical, X-ray, and soft γ-ray frequencies. The activity was observed by AGILE in the 50–400 MeV energy band, between 2015 June 24 UT 06:00:00 and 2015 June 26 UT 06:00:00 (MJD 57197.25–57199.25), with a detection significance of ∼4.3σ. The γ-ray detection, consistent with a contemporaneous observation by Fermi-LAT, is correlated with a bright flare observed at radio and hard X-ray frequencies, and with a strong enhancement of the 511 keV line emission, possibly indicating plasmoid ejections in a lepton-dominated transient jet. The AGILE observations of this binary system are compatible with a microquasar scenario in which transient jets are responsible for the high-energy γ-ray emission.
EBV MicroRNA BART16 Suppresses Type I IFN Signaling
Authors: Hooykaas Marjolein J. G. , van Gent Michiel , Soppe Jasper A. , Kruse Elisabeth , Boer Ingrid G. J. , van Leenen Dik , Groot Koerkamp Marian J. A. , Holstege Frank C. P. , Ressing Maaike E. , Wiertz Emmanuel J. H. J. , Lebbink Robert Jan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Type I IFNs play critical roles in orchestrating the antiviral defense by inducing direct antiviral activities and shaping the adaptive immune response. Viruses have evolved numerous strategies to specifically interfere with IFN production or its downstream mediators, thereby allowing successful infection of the host to occur. The prototypic human gammaherpesvirus EBV, which is associated with infectious mononucleosis and malignant tumors, harbors many immune-evasion proteins that manipulate the adaptive and innate immune systems. In addition to proteins, the virus encodes &gt;40 mature microRNAs for which the functions remain largely unknown. In this article, we identify EBV-encoded miR-BART16 as a novel viral immune-evasion factor that interferes with the type I IFN signaling pathway. miR-BART16 directly targets CREB-binding protein, a key transcriptional coactivator in IFN signaling, thereby inducing CREB-binding protein downregulation in EBV-transformed B cells and gastric carcinoma cells. miR-BART16 abrogates the production of IFN-stimulated genes in response to IFN-α stimulation and it inhibits the antiproliferative effect of IFN-α on latently infected BL cells. By obstructing the type I IFN–induced antiviral response, miR-BART16 provides a means to facilitate the establishment of latent EBV infection and enhance viral replication.
Timescale dependence of environmental controls on methane efflux from Poyang Hu, China
Authors: Liu Lixiang , Xu Ming , Li Renqiang , Shao Rui 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Lakes are an important natural source of CH4 to the atmosphere. However, the multi-seasonal CH4 efflux from lakes has been rarely studied. In this study, the CH4 efflux from Poyang Hu, the largest freshwater lake in China, was measured monthly over a 4-year period by using the floating-chamber technique. The mean annual CH4 efflux throughout the 4 years was 0.54 mmol m−2 day−1, ranging from 0.47 to 0.60 mmol m−2 day−1. The CH4 efflux had a high seasonal variation with an average summer (June to August) efflux of 1.34 mmol m−2 day−1 and winter (December to February) efflux of merely 0.18 mmol m−2 day−1. The efflux showed no apparent diel pattern, although most of the peak effluxes appeared in the late morning, from 10:00 to 12:00 CST (GMT + 8). Multivariate stepwise regression on a seasonal scale showed that environmental factors, such as sediment temperature, sediment total nitrogen content, dissolved oxygen, and total phosphorus content in the water, mainly regulated the CH4 efflux. However, the CH4 efflux only showed a strong positive linear correlation with wind speed within 1 day on a bihourly scale in the multivariate regression analyses but almost no correlation with wind speed on diurnal and seasonal scales.
Dual modality electrical impedance and ultrasound reflection tomography to improve image quality
Authors: Ain K. , Kurniadi D. , Suprijanto S. , Santoso O. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is relatively new. It is a verypromising technique to be developed especially in the medical field. The advantages of EIT are that it is non-ionizing, simple, and portable and that it produces a high contrast image. Unfortunately, this modality does not have the capability to generate a highresolution image. Almost all imaging modalities has both advantages and disadvantages. Combining one modality with another is hence expected to cover the weaknesses of each other. The problem is how to develop the concepts, measurement systems and algorithm of dual modalities, particularly electrical and acoustical. The electrical modality can produce high contrast and the acoustical modality can produce high resolution. Combination of these will enhance the image resolution of EIT. High image resolution from the ultrasound reflection tomography is used as the prior information to improve the image resolution of the EIT. Finite Element Model (FEM) can be arranged by non-uniform elements, which are adapted to the boundary. Element models with higher density are arranged at the boundaries to obtain improvements of resolution and the model elements with lower density arranged at other locations to reduce the computational cost. The dual modality EIT with Ultrasound Reflection (EIT-UR) can produce high resolution and contrast image. The resolution improvement can also accelerate the convergence of the Newton-Raphson reconstruction methods.
Manuseio e descarte de perfurocortantes por profissionais de enfermagem de unidade de terapia intensiva The handling and disposal of sharps among nursing staff of an intensive care unit
Authors: Lapa Alessandra Terra , Del Giudice Dias Pricilla , Spindola Thelma , Mello da Silva Jessica , Dos Santos Paula Raquel , Pereira Costa Larissa 
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que expõem os trabalhadores de enfermagem de UTI aos acidentes por perfurocortantes durante a sua manipulação e descarte. Método: Quantitativo, descritivo e exploratório com emprego da técnica de análise documental. Analisada 39 fichas de acidentes com os trabalhadores de enfermagem de quatro UTI nos anos de 2005-2010, de um Hospital Universitário no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: Os anos de 2008 e 2009 apresentaram os maiores registros de acidentes. Quanto aos setores, o Centro de Tratamento Intensivo Geral obteve o maior (46%) percentual. Dentre os profissionais que mais se acidentaram, os enfermeiros obtiveram maior (49%) destaque e a agulha foi o material mais (69,2%) envolvido nos acidentes. Conclusão: A implementação de estratégias para diminuir a exposição dos profissionais aos riscos, especialmente medidas que permitam o descarte e armazenamento adequado dos materiais perfurocortantes.
Contribution of storm time substorms to the prompt electric field disturbances in the equatorial ionosphere
Authors: Hui Debrup , Chakrabarty D. , Sekar R. , Reeves G. D. , Yoshikawa A. , Shiokawa K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study tries to bring out the fact that storm time substorms can compete and at times significantly contribute to the geomagnetically disturbed time prompt penetration electric field effects on low and equatorial latitudes. Observations of unusual equatorial plasma drift data from Jicamarca Unattended Long‐term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere during two space weather events show that substorms can induce both eastward and westward penetration electric fields under steady southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz) conditions. During the first event on 2 January 2005, the enhancement of the daytime eastward electric field over Jicamarca due to substorm is found to be comparable with the Sq and interplanetary electric field (IEFy) generated electric fields combined. During the second event on 19 August 2006, the substorm is seen to weaken the daytime eastward field thereby inducing a westward field in spite of the absence of northward turning of IMF Bz (overshielding). The westward electric field perturbation in the absence of any overshielding events is observationally sparse and contrary to the earlier results. Further, the substorm‐induced field is found to be strong enough to compete or almost nullify the effects of storm time IEFy fields. This study also shows quantitatively that at times substorm contribution to the disturbed time prompt electric fields can be significant and thus should be taken into consideration in evaluating penetration events over low latitudes.
Effect of hot anisotropic He+ ions on the growth and damping of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Lee D.‐Y. , Noh S.‐J. , Choi C.‐R. , Lee J. J. , Hwang J. A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPhysics of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is complicated by inclusion of heavy ions. In particular, He+ ions in the magnetosphere have long been considered to play important roles. Motivated by recent observations, we examine the effect of the inclusion of hot anisotropic He+ ions in addition to the usual hot anisotropic protons. We solve the kinetic dispersion relation for this examination and find the following results. First, inclusion of hot anisotropic He+ ions leads to the growth of EMIC waves at frequencies below the He+ gyrofrequency (He band) and a reduction of the EMIC wave growth rates (or damping of the waves) at frequencies between the proton and He+ gyrofrequencies (H band). Second, this effect is more dramatic for higher temperatures of He+ that would play a role in damping EMIC waves for both frequency bands and especially for cases without a He+ temperature anisotropy. Lastly, the effect is more prominent for cold plasma dominant conditions such as the region inside the plasmasphere or plume than for hot proton dominant conditions such as the region outside the plasmasphere. We propose that this last effect can at least partially explain the satellite observations indicating the preferred (though not exclusive) occurrence of He band waves inside the plasmasphere for the times when hot anisotropic He+ ions are supplied from the plasma sheet and ring current.
Interplay between spatially explicit sediment sourcing, hierarchical river‐network structure, and in‐channel bed material sediment transport and storage dynamics
Authors: Czuba Jonathan A. , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi , Gran Karen B. , Belmont Patrick , Wilcock Peter R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUnderstanding how sediment moves along source to sink pathways through watersheds—from hillslopes to channels and in and out of floodplains—is a fundamental problem in geomorphology. We contribute to advancing this understanding by modeling the transport and in‐channel storage dynamics of bed material sediment on a river network over a 600 year time period. Specifically, we present spatiotemporal changes in bed sediment thickness along an entire river network to elucidate how river networks organize and process sediment supply. We apply our model to sand transport in the agricultural Greater Blue Earth River Basin in Minnesota. By casting the arrival of sediment to links of the network as a Poisson process, we derive analytically (under supply‐limited conditions) the time‐averaged probability distribution function of bed sediment thickness for each link of the river network for any spatial distribution of inputs. Under transport‐limited conditions, the analytical assumptions of the Poisson arrival process are violated (due to in‐channel storage dynamics) where we find large fluctuations and periodicity in the time series of bed sediment thickness. The time series of bed sediment thickness is the result of dynamics on a network in propagating, altering, and amalgamating sediment inputs in sometimes unexpected ways. One key insight gleaned from the model is that there can be a small fraction of reaches with relatively low‐transport capacity within a nonequilibrium river network acting as “bottlenecks” that control sediment to downstream reaches, whereby fluctuations in bed elevation can dissociate from signals in sediment supply.
ENSO effects on MLT diurnal tides: A 21 year reanalysis data‐driven GAIA model simulation
Authors: Liu Huixin , Sun Yang‐Yi , Miyoshi Yasunobu , Jin Hidekatsu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTidal responses to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) are investigated for the first time using reanalysis data‐driven simulations covering 21 years. The simulation is carried out with the Ground‐to‐topside Atmosphere‐Ionosphere model for Aeronomy (GAIA) during 1996–2016, which covers nine ENSO events. ENSO impacts on diurnal tides at 100 km altitude are analyzed and cross‐compared among temperature (T), zonal wind (U), and meridional wind (V), which reveals the following salient features: (1) Tidal response can differ significantly among T, U, and V in terms of magnitude and latitudinal structure, making detection of ENSO effects sensitive to the parameter used and the location of a ground station; (2) the nonmigrating DE3 tide in T and U shows a prominent hemisphere asymmetric response to La Niña, with an increase between 0° and 30°N and a decrease between 30° and 0°S. In contrast, DE3 in V exhibits no significant response; (3) the migrating DW1 enhances during El Niño in equatorial regions for T and U but in off‐equatorial regions for V. As the first ENSO study based on reanalysis‐driven simulations, GAIA's full set of tidal responses in T, U, and V provides us with a necessary global context to better understand and cross‐compare observations during ENSO events. Comparisons with observations during the 1997–98 El Niño and 2010–11 La Niña reveal good agreement in both magnitude and timing. Comparisons with “free‐run” WACCM simulations (T) show consistent results in nonmigrating tides DE2 and DE3 but differences in the migrating DW1 tide.
The Plasminogen Activation System
Authors: Medcalf Robert L 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe plasminogen activation system is a vertebrate extracellular enzyme system consisting of serine proteases, protease inhibitors of the serpin family and various binding proteins. The plasminogen activation system generates extracellular proteolytic activity for physiological and pathophysiological fibrinolysis and tissue remodelling. The capacity of this system to remove the fibrin component of blood clots led to the pharmaceutical development of the plasminogen activators for thrombotic complications initially for myocardial infarction and later for ischaemic stroke. It also has a major role in the central nervous system, where it influences neuronal function in relation to learning and memory, and has a major influence on blood–brain barrier function. While these are physiological processes, overactivation of the plasminogen‐activating system can promote excessive bleeding and also initiate both protective and damaging effects in the brain.Key ConceptsPlasminogen activation was initially described for its role in the removal of blood clots.This system uses many receptors to permit protease activation on cell surfaces.Bacteria harness this system to help in dissemination.This system actively contributes to cancer progression.Recent findings have established important roles for the plasminogen‐activating system in the brain.Modulation of this system can be used for therapeutic benefit.
Toll‐Like Receptors
Authors: O'Connell Sarah , McKernan Declan P 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors involved in innate immunity. TLRs are expressed both intracellularly and on cell surfaces. They recognise pathogen‐associated molecular patterns on molecules associated with bacteria, fungi and viruses. TLR protein signalling culminates in the production of chemicals known as cytokines which control the inflammatory response. TLRs are expressed on a wide variety of immune and nonimmune cells and are involved in a variety of biological activities. TLR signalling is tightly regulated to prevent unnecessary inflammation. Genetic mutation of these receptors has been associated with a variety of diseases. The receptors are involved in the pathologies of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration and rheumatoid arthritis. The expression of TLRs varies with cell type, age, sex and disease progression. Attempts to target TLRs pharmacologically have had some success in disease models.

Key Concepts

Toll‐like receptors recognise similar molecular patterns on bacteria and viruses.

Toll‐like receptors can relay the presence of microorganisms to intracellular protein networks.

Cytokine molecules are synthesised and released as a consequence of toll‐like receptor activation.

Toll‐like receptor activity is highly regulated in cells to prevent unnecessary inflammation.

Toll‐like receptor expression varies in different tissues and disease states.

Mutations in toll‐like receptor genes have been associated with an array of diseases.

Targeting toll‐like receptors with drugs may prove to be therapeutically beneficial.
Genetic Testing of Children: A Clinical Perspective
Authors: Jain Vani , Procter Annie 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

It is generally well recognised and accepted that opportunities exist to test individuals for genetic disorders; however, the application of such genetic testing during childhood is subject to controversy and debate. The views of the child, parent and professional must be considered and how these views are weighted will vary with each and every case. For conditions where there is a recognised medical treatment, childhood genetic testing is generally justified. However, testing children for carrier status or predictively for an adult‐onset condition should be approached with extreme caution. The introduction of more sophisticated genetic testing methods such as array CGH and next‐generation sequencing has another level of complexity, with the increased identification of incidental findings and variants of uncertain significance. The advent of direct‐to‐consumer testing and advances in prenatal and newborn testing have also influenced the debate about testing in childhood.

Key Concepts

Genetic tests may be diagnostic, predictive or assess carrier status.

Genetic testing may be performed prenatally, in the newborn period, in childhood, adulthood or on stored DNA from deceased relatives.

Childhood genetic testing is generally instigated by parents/guardians, but the views and opinions of children must be sought.

Testing in childhood that is performed predictively or to assess carrier status takes away the child's right to decide on testing for themselves when older.

New genetic testing technologies increase the diagnostic rate but may identify uncertain or incidental findings.
Endopolyploidy in Plants
Authors: Leitch Ilia J , Dodsworth Steven 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Endopolyploidy is a general term describing the multiplication of nuclear DNA within the cell. In plants, this takes place via several mechanisms but mainly through the process of endoreduplication. Endoreduplication involves the replication of chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) without intervening mitoses and no obvious chromatin condensation/decondensation, with chromatids staying united either at the centromere or rarely, along their entire length. The occurrence of this form of endopolyploidy is uneven across plants; thus far, it has not been detected in some lineages (e.g. liverworts), whereas it is common in angiosperms (flowering plants), where very high levels (up to 24 567C) of endopolyploidy have been reported in some tissues. Internal and external factors contribute to the mechanisms underlying endopolyploidy, which can be seen as a key part of the developmental flexibility of plants. Recent work has shown that endopolyploidy may also play an important role in the response of plants to environmental stress.

Key Concepts

The frequency of endopolyploidy varies across different lineages of land plants.

Three types of endopolyploidy have been reported in plants – endocycles, endomitosis and progressive partial endoreduplication, of which the endocycle is the most common.

Endopolyploidy can reach very high levels in some plant cells (up to 24 567C).

Endopolyploidy can lead to an increase in cell size, especially when the number of endocycles is high.

The switch from the mitotic cell cycle to the endocycle involves changes in the regulation and abundance of a variety of cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins (CYC) and regulatory proteins/transcription factors.

Endopolyploidy is common in reproductive tissues of plants, for example the nutritive tissue of the endosperm in seeds.

The onset of endopolyploidy is induced in some cell tissues in response to stress.