bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Deepwater Projects
Authors: Iversen Morten 
Published: June 2017

Technology Focus
The oil-price downturn has dominated the news cycle during the past 18 months and is expected to dictate the fate of many deepwater developments. In addition, the prices have challenged the economic viability of many future deepwater projects, resulting in cancellations and deferred sanctioning.
Optimism about a possible recovery of oil prices has picked up recently in the offshore energy industry, but I believe that 2017 and 2018 are going to be complicated and that this optimism may be premature.
Despite near-term concerns, the long-term fundamentals for deepwater activity remain strong.
The need to offset declining production from mature basins, as well as the ability of international oil companies to access larger reserves with the use of new exploration-and-production technology, will continue to drive deepwater expenditure.
Deepwater exploration-and-production activities are driven by a variety of supply- and demand-side factors:
The need to offset declining production from onshore and shallow-water basins
The potential discovery of large hydrocarbon reserves, with East Africa a clear example
Economic viability of deepwater developments
Despite the prolonged low oil prices, there are some fast-track development plans for large deepwater fields such as Eni’s Zohr gas discovery in the Mediterranean offshore Egypt and ExxonMobil’s Liza discovery off Guyana, which are capital-intensive but provide large potential returns on investment.
In line with this growing trend, Royal Dutch Shell has categorized deep water as one of its growth priorities for the next 5 years.
From now until 2020, growth in the deepwater market is expected to be constrained as low oil prices increase pressure on project economics. Operators, subsea manufacturers, and rig owners are likely to find the next few years to be difficult as project delays continue through the forecast period.
However, decreasing drilling and equipment costs may provide a limited upside for sanctioning.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
OTC 27161 Floater and SURF Combined and Optimized Solutions by Blaise Seguin, Subsea 7, et al.
OTC 27260 Progress in the Development of Test Methods and Flexible Composite Risers for 3000-m Water Depths by T.A. Anderson, GE, et al.
SPE 179056 Deepwater Riserless Operations With Coiled Tubing in the Gulf of Mexico: An Innovative, Safe, and Efficient Plug-and-Abandonment Technique by Renny Ottolina, Coil Tubing Services, et al.
Technology Focus: Intelligent Fields Technology (May 2017)
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: June 2017

Technology Focus
In the early days of intelligent fields, we tended to see the game as more data, more control, more models, and more integration. All these aspects, of course, are still key components to the system solutions that are now emerging. However, the most-competitive emerging systems blend artificial intelligence to bring better efficiency to the human work that results in good business decisions. As a result, we waste less time and fewer resources finding and manipulating data and focus more on complex engineering judgment and building richness into the bases of our decisions.
When Deep Blue beat Kasparov, it was a watershed event, but the timing of the event was the only surprise. That a computer could beat the best human chess player at some point was certain long before it happened.
As with most industries, the oil industry is ripe for automation of the type that is likely to trivialize much of what consumes our days as engineers today—which might seem threatening if you are a Kasparov. Unlike chess players, we have a much larger endgame, and our effective mastery of these technologies can help us sustain and deliver in an environment of intense competitive pressures. The body of knowledge and practice in this area is large and growing quickly, and some of the recommended articles in this section are examples of the current state of the art.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
OTC 26509 Limitations of Using Smart Wells To Achieve Waterflood Conformance in Stacked Heterogeneous Reservoirs: Case Study From Piltun Field by Harsimran Khural, Shell, et al.
SPE 180165 DAS/DTS/DSS/DPS/DxS—Do We Measure What Adds Value? by Kousha Gohari, Baker Hughes, et al.
SPE 181110 Optimal Field Development and Control Yield Accelerated, More-Reliable Production: A North Sea Case Study by M. Haghighat Sefat, Heriot-Watt University, et al.
SPE 181435 Machine-Learning Approach for Irregularity Detection in Dynamic Operating Conditions by Mohamed Sidahmed, BP, et al.
Technology Focus: Cementing/Zonal Isolation (May 2017)
Authors: DeBruijn Gunnar 
Published: June 2017

Technology Focus
The terms “cement” and “isolation” are used interchangeably in the oil field. Stating the obvious, cement is a material that is mixed as a slurry, pumped into place, and then predictably turns into an impermeable (very low permeability) solid. Despite cement’s remarkable properties, the search continues for enhancements in the areas of cost and isolation performance. Several themes are evident throughout the sessions and papers that were presented at SPE events this year. Efficiencies and enhancements have been explored even to the point of replacing cement with other materials. Along with each improvement, verification of zonal isolation has been investigated.
Replacements for cement systems, such as geopolymers and resins, are investigated in a number of papers. Geopolymers have promising long-term strength and bonding properties. Resins also have desirable performance characteristics, especially related to strength and flexibility. However, we have yet to find a system that exceeds both the economic and the technical performance of cement in today’s wells for zonal isolation. As we continue to search for new isolation systems, we also continue to enhance our existing processes and materials.
Enhancing performance in cementing is a necessary component of challenging, and improving, the costs of drilling a well. New components, updates to additives, and specifically designed cement systems are enablers to providing zonal isolation in increasingly challenging environments, including deeper water, long-reach wells, and wells subjected to large temperature and pressure cycles throughout the life of the well. Every geographic location presents unique challenges.
As engineers in the drilling industry, we also continue to look for verification that isolation has been achieved. Programs, laboratory tests, real-time monitoring, and post-job documentation all contribute to a holistic approach to cementing and barrier verification. The featured papers, along with the additional reading, explore new materials, improved techniques, and optimized performance for zonal isolation.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE/IADC 184672 High Assurance on Barrier Placement and Evaluation for Deepwater Wells in Brazil by V. Reveth, Schlumberger, et al.
SPE 180344 Relating Cement-Additive Performance to Mix-Water Composition for Deepwater and Salt-Zone Applications by B.R. Reddy, Aramco, et al.
SPE/IADC 184675 True Self-Healing Geopolymer Cements for Improved Zonal Isolation and Well Abandonment by Xiangyu Liu, The University of Texas at Austin, et al.
Cement Placement With Tubing Left in Hole During Plug-and-Abandonment Operations
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: June 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper IADC/SPE 178840, “Cement Placement With Tubing Left in Hole During Plug-and-Abandonment Operations,” by Bjarne Aas, Jostein Sørbø, and Sigmund Stokka, SPE, IRIS/DrillWell; Arild Saasen, SPE, Det Norske Oljeselskap; Rune Godøy, SPE, Statoil; øyvind Lunde, ConocoPhillips; and Torbjørn Vrålstad, SPE, SINTEF Petroleum Research/DrillWell, prepared for the 2016 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference and Exhibition, Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 1–3 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
One way to reduce costs during plugging and abandonment is to leave most of the production tubing in the well. A major concern with such an approach, however, is whether the cement will displace the original fluid improperly because of lack of tubing centralization and possible unfavorable flow dynamics in the annulus. This paper presents full-scale tests that show it is possible to obtain good cement placement when the tubing is left in the hole.
Introduction
The fundamental goal of plugging and abandonment is to restore caprock functionality to maintain well integrity permanently. Normally, these operations are conducted by removing completion equipment and placing a series of cement plugs. One way to reduce costs is to leave most of the production tubing in the well, which would save significant rig time. A major concern with such an approach, however, is whether the cement has displaced the original fluid properly in the annulus outside the tubing where the plug is planned. Poor cement quality there may result from designing the original cement job with insufficient cement slurry, from a lack of tubing centralization, or from unfavorable flow dynamics in the annulus. Regardless of the equipment used for the operation, the most economical way is to leave as much of the tubing as possible in the well. If tubing can be left in hole in a way that satisfies long-term abandonment criteria, a significant restriction to cost-efficient plugging and abandonment is overcome.
This paper presents full-scale tests that confirm the possibility of obtaining good cement placement when the tubing is left in the hole. This is the case both with and without control lines attached to the tubing.
Experimental Equipment and Methods
Full-scale tests, with several assemblies of 7-in. tubing cemented in 9 5/8-in. casing, were performed to determine the sealing ability of annulus cement when tubing is left in hole. Tests were performed with both conventional cement and expandable cement, and with and without control lines present.
The quality of the cement placement was determined by pressure tests with water—where leakage rates and pressure drops over the test sections were recorded—and by visual inspection after cutting the test assemblies at different places.
Effect of Novel Chelating Agent Seawater Based System on the Integrity of Sandstone Rocks
Authors: Ahmed Abdulazeem , Mohamed Mahmoud , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Barri Assad , Muhammadain Abdulrahim 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The objective of sandstone acidizing the objective is to reduce the skin around the wellbore. This process may affect the stability of the formation and may decrease the efficiency of the stimulation job. One of the main problems related to rock integrity is sand production. Sand causes erosion of surface and down hole equipment. The objective of this work is to introduce DTPA (diethylene tri-amine pentaacetic acid) to sandstone acidizing. Moreover, use mechanical properties estimated based on acoustic measurements to address the impact of the new formulation on the integrity of Bandera and Berea sandstone cores after stimulation.
In this study, DTPA and EDTA (ethylene di-amine tetra-acetic acid) chelating agents at high pH diluted with seawater combined with potassium carbonate were used to acidize Bandera and Berea sandstone cores. Core flooding system was used to acidize the sandstone samples. Non-destructive tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of injected solution volume on the rock integrity. The samples were scanned using Computed Tomography (CT) to detect any precipitations after using the seawater based chelating agents.
The results showed that DTPA and EDTA chelating agents at pH of 11 diluted using sea water injected at rate of 5 cm3/min into 2-inch Bandera and Berea sandstone cores at temperature of 250°F enhanced the permeability ratio. Furthermore, increasing the fluid injected pore volumes raised the permeability improvement ratio of the sandstone cores. CT-number of the treated samples decreased which means no precipitations formed inside the cores. Elastic moduli of the cores after the acidizing showed that the integrity of the samples was not affected and no sand production is expected under the flooding conditions. The obtained results of this work will provide the engineers with sandstone acidizing seawater based fluids that will not affect the rock integrity after stimulation.
Evaluating the Effect of Surface Tension on Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes
Authors: Ba geri Ali S. , Gajbhiye Rahul , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Two phase gas/liquid flow in pipes is common occurrence in the petroleum, chemical, nuclear and geothermal industry. In the petroleum industry, it is encountered in the production, transportation and processing of hydrocarbon from oil and gas field. In designing these systems, accurate prediction of pressure drop is imperative which is determine from flow pattern and flow regime map. Unfortunately, most of the flow regime maps were developed for air-water system and widely used for the oil/gas system. In spite of the practical importance the general applicability of these maps is not addressed. In order to improve generality of flow regime maps it is necessary to evaluate the effect of surface tension which differ by great magnitude (air/water = 72 dyne/cm and gas/oil = 35 dyne/cm) on flow regime map. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of surface tension on the flow regime map and address its application.
A number of flow regime maps in the area of gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes have been developed. Further, to formulate the flow regime maps, some mapping parameters and dimensionless groups are used as coordinates. To generalize the applicability of the flow regime maps, combination of parameters and dimensionless number are used. Therefore, to generate these maps lots of experimental data is required and usually it is not feasible to evaluate the effect of each individual parameter (density, viscosity, surface tension, pipe size or geometry) on the flow regime map.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of surface tension on flow regimes in horizontal pipe for air water system. The experiments were carried out with two phase water-air system to evaluate the effect of surface tension. The effect of surface tension has been introduced by reducing the surface tension with the aid of surfactant. The experimental data was utilized to generate flow pattern map and the effect of surface tension was evaluated based on the variation in the boundaries of different flow patterns. Four different concentrations (0.01, 0.05 0.1, 0.5%) of a surfactant have been selected to evaluate the effect of the surface on the boundaries of different flow patterns.
Evaluation of a Probe-Based PCR-ELISA System for Simultaneous Semi Quantitative Detection and Genotyping of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection in Clinical Specimens
Authors: Talkhabifard Majid , Javid Naeme , Moradi Abdolvahab , Ghaemi Amir , Tabarraei Alijan 
Published: June 2017

Background:Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common opportunistic pathogen that causes serious complications in immunosuppressed patients and infected newborns. In this study, PCR-ELISA was optimized for semi-quantitative detection of infection in clinical specimens and simultaneous genotyping of glycoprotein B for 4 major genotypes, due to its significance.Method:During DIG-labeling PCR, a pair of primers amplifies a fragment of variable region of the glycoprotein B encoding sequence. Under optimized conditions, labeled Target amplicons hybridize to biotinated specific probes and are detected in an ELISA system.Results:PCR-ELISA system showed specific performance with detection limit of approximately 100 copies of CMV DNA. The linear correlation was observed between the PCR-ELISA results (OD) and logarithmic scale of CMV (r=0.979). Repeatability of PCR-ELISA detection system for intra-assay and inter-assay was evaluated for negative and positive samples. In optimized conditions of hybridization, differentiation between genotypes of glycoprotein B was feasible using genotype-specific probes in PCR-ELISA genotyping system.In comparison with sequencing method, genotyping system was confirmed with kappa index of 1.Conclusion:PCR-ELISA is proposed as an applicable and reliable technique for semi-quantitative diagnosis and typing of the infection. This technique is flexible to apply in a variety of molecular fields.
Effectiveness of Exercise and Local Steroid Injections for the Thoracolumbar Junction Syndrome (The Maigne’s Syndrome) Treatment
Authors: Alptekin Kerem , Örnek Nurettin Irem , Aydın Tuğba , Alkan Mirsad , Toprak Mehmet , A. Balcı Leyla , Öncü Alptekin Jülide 
Published: June 2017

Purpose:Patients diagnosed as thoracolumbar junction syndrome were divided into 3 treatment groups and the results of each modality were compared.Materials and Method:30 Patients were included in the study with the definitive diagnosis of Maigne’s Syndrome. The first group received exercise therapy, the second group was treated with local steroid injections and the third group was the combination therapy group of both injection and exercise.Findings:30 Patients were divided into 3 groups. Each group had 10 patients. The average age of the groups was detected to be 23.43 ± 3.75. A flattening was detected in 4 patients of the first group (40%), 6 patients of the second group (60%) and 4 patients of the third group (40%) during the lumbar lordosis. While the average difference of the VAS values was (2.80) as the lowest for the injection group before and after treatment at rest, the highest value (3.30) was observed in the combined treatment group. The results shown on the Oswestry scale of the first month difference (16.10), and the third month difference (22.40) were statistically better than the other groups in the combined treatment group.Results:As a result of this study, while in all three treatment groups in the Oswestry scale, VAS scores at rest or at movement during the regular controls before and after the treatment showed statistically significant difference; the best results were obtained in the group administered to the combined injection and exercise therapy.
O estabelecimento de relações de causalidade sob a perspetiva da sociolinguística variacionista
Authors: Aguiar Joana 
Published: June 2017

O presente trabalho insere-se no domínio da variação sintática e tem como objetivo promover a discussão em torno da importância das variáveis sociais na interpretação dos dados linguísticos. Partindo do pressuposto de que a mesma relação semântica pode ser estabelecida através de diferentes estruturas sintáticas, são analisados os mecanismos de conexão frásica que permitem o estabelecimento da relação de causalidade. Seguindo as propostas de Schiffrin (1987), Sweetser (1990), Paiva e Braga (2010), propõe-se a tripartição da noção de causalidade em: causa real, causa explicativa, e causa interacional. Esta divisão é motivada por três fatores: tipologia de ato de fala envolvido (assertivo / não assertivo), tipologia de relação estabelecida (asserida ou pressuposta), e domínio de atuação (domínio do conteúdo, domínio epistémico e domínio ilocutório/interacional). Os resultados da análise revelam que as relações de causa explicativa são as mais frequentes, independentemente do corpus em análise. Quando observamos os dados para o cruzamento das variáveis sociais, constata-se que a variável grau de escolaridade influencia a ocorrência da relação de causalidade: informantes com mais anos de escolaridade tendem a estabelecer mais frequentemente relações de causa explicativa.
Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kathleen Kara , Darcy Alison , Vierhile Molly 
Published: June 2017

Background
Web-based cognitive-behavioral therapeutic (CBT) apps have demonstrated efficacy but are characterized by poor adherence. Conversational agents may offer a convenient, engaging way of getting support at any time.

Objective
The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a fully automated conversational agent to deliver a self-help program for college students who self-identify as having symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Methods
In an unblinded trial, 70 individuals age 18-28 years were recruited online from a university community social media site and were randomized to receive either 2 weeks (up to 20 sessions) of self-help content derived from CBT principles in a conversational format with a text-based conversational agent (Woebot) (n=34) or were directed to the National Institute of Mental Health ebook, “Depression in College Students,” as an information-only control group (n=36). All participants completed Web-based versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale at baseline and 2-3 weeks later (T2).

Results
Participants were on average 22.2 years old (SD 2.33), 67% female (47/70), mostly non-Hispanic (93%, 54/58), and Caucasian (79%, 46/58). Participants in the Woebot group engaged with the conversational agent an average of 12.14 (SD 2.23) times over the study period. No significant differences existed between the groups at baseline, and 83% (58/70) of participants provided data at T2 (17% attrition). Intent-to-treat univariate analysis of covariance revealed a significant group difference on depression such that those in the Woebot group significantly reduced their symptoms of depression over the study period as measured by the PHQ-9 (F=6.47; P=.01) while those in the information control group did not. In an analysis of completers, participants in both groups significantly reduced anxiety as measured by the GAD-7 (F1,54= 9.24; P=.004). Participants’ comments suggest that process factors were more influential on their acceptability of the program than content factors mirroring traditional therapy.

Conclusions
Conversational agents appear to be a feasible, engaging, and effective way to deliver CBT.
Periodontitis una enfermedad multifactorial: Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Aguilar Soto Fabian Enrique , Sosa Morales Fernando Josafaht , Bojórquez Anaya Yolanda , Fontes García Zureya 
Published: June 2017

La periodontitis es una enfermedad multifactorial, en la cual la placa bacteriana es el factor iniciador, influyendo a la vez factores locales como sistémicos. La diabetes es una enfermedad sistémica debida a una disminución de la secreción de la hormona insulina o a una deficiencia de su acción.Objetivo: el propósito de este trabajo es explicar algunos conceptos básicos que ayuden a la compresión de la asociación bidireccional de la enfermedad periodontal con Diabetes Mellitus, con base en los hallazgos científicos encontrados. Con el objetivo de conocer, tratar y cuidar la salud de un paciente diabético.Metodología: se realizo una búsqueda bibliográfica en base de datos (pubmed, periodontology 2000, medline, scielo, elsevier, intramed, j periodontol, etc.) nacionales e internacionales, utilizando palabras claves.Resultados: se escogieron 55 artículos para el estudio, destacando el objetivo de este trabajo que es la relación entre Diabetes Mellitus y enfermedad periodontal y viceversa.Discusión/Conclusión: la asociación entre Diabetes Mellitus y periodontitis se ha reportado en numerosos estudios, al igual que en estudios en animales sugieren que la presencia de una condición tiende aumentar el riesgo y la severidad de la otra.