bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and Quantitative Changes of Upper Secondary Education in Poland
Authors: Hnatiuk Michał 
Published: June 2016

Abstract The article presents the Polish educational system, its constituent part - upper secondary education, in particular. Describing the qualitative changes in the upper secondary schools (secondary schools of the second extent) the author singles out one significant document that has changed the direction of education, created the conditions for change of the educational management system and introduced the economic rules in educational activities. It also shows the structure of upper secondary education, which was formed in the final stage of the educational reforms. The peculiarities of the qualitative changes have been indicated. The previous system of assessing students’ knowledge was preserved; however, an external evaluation of the students’ achievements was introduced. The introduction of the external exams and assessments has enabled a fair comparison of the level of skills that the student has achieved to the skills that are required by the syllabus. Therefore, it is believed that the changes introduced have become one of the pillars of the reform of the educational system in Poland. The quantitative changes have been introduced along with the qualitative ones. Quantitative changes were compared in the period 2000-2015 and juxtaposed with the year 1990. On the basis of the gathered statistical data a trend was set (downward or upward) in Polish upper secondary education.
Ang-2, Tie-2, and Ang-2/Tie-2 ratio serum levels as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in critically ill patients
Authors: Szederjesi János , Georgescu Anca , Santini Ario , Almásy Emőke , Lazar Alexandra , Hutanu Adina , Copotoiu Sanda-Maria , Azamfirei Leonard 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Sepsis represents one the main cause of death in patients admitted to the intensive care. Biomarkers offer an alternative approach to the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation and improve the outcomes. Angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2) and Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tie-2) are biomarkers which may be involved in sepsis, Ang-2 being responsible for vascular remodelling while Tie-2 is their endothelial receptor.
The aim of the study: To assess the Ang-2, Tie-2 and Ang-2/Tie-2 ratio serum levels in septic and non-septic patients and to investigate the independent value of circulating Ang-2, Tie-2, and Ang-2/Tie-2 ratios as predictors of prognosis in critically ill medical patients.
Study design: The study included 74 adults admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). The patients were separated in two groups: Group A [sepsis: n=40] and Group B [no-sepsis: n= 34] patients. Serum levels of Ang-2 and Tie-2 were determined in the first 12 hours after admission and were correlated with ICU severity scores, APACHE II, SOFA and SAPS and with the death rate.
Results: Group A gave significantly higher values (p=0.01), for serum Ang-2 (11.07±9.21 ng/ml) compared to Group B (6.18±5.28 ng/ml). The level of Tie-2 was also higher (11.03±5.12 ng/ml) in Group A compared to Group B (9.46±4.99 ng/ml) (p=0.19). In Group A, the Ang-2/Tie2 ratio showed higher values than Group B (p=0.02). There was a positive association between severity scores (APACHE II, SAPS, and SOFA) and Ang-2, and Ang-2/ Tie-2 ratio, but not for Tie2.
Conclusions: In our study Ang-2 and Ang-2/Tie-2 ratio serum levels had independent diagnostic value in patients with sepsis, as measured on admission.
Pre-treatment antinuclear antibody positivity, therapeutic efficacy and persistence of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Codreanu Cătălin , Mogoșan Corina , Popescu Claudiu Costinel , Rednic Simona , Popovici Horațiu , Pârvu Magda , Opriș Daniela , Ionescu Ruxandra 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are poor prognostic factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The therapeutic implication of antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity in RA is still debated. The study aims to evaluate ANA positivity as a prognostic factor for the therapeutic response to biologics in RA.
Methods: observational study; data were gathered from the Romanian Registry of Rheumatic Diseases which comprises all biological-treated RA patients in Romania. We included only RA patients who were tested for ANA before initiating biologics.
Results: A number of 740 RA patients were included (72.4% treated with TNF-α blockers, 27.6% with rituximab). Compared to ANA-negative patients, ANA-positive patients (26.9%) had: a higher disease activity score (DAS28) prior to biologics, at the time of treatment switch and after the observation period; lower drug persistence (p < 0.001 for all tests). Multiple linear regressions showed that ANA positivity is a significant predictor of the current value of DAS28, independently of the presence of RF and/or ACPA (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: ANA positivity in RA patients before starting biologics may be a poor prognosis factor for efficacy and drug persistence. Further studies are needed to confirm these observations.
Multiple Approaches of Solving Allocation Problems on Postal Transportation Network in Conditions of Large Countries
Authors: Madleňák Radovan , Madleňáková Lucia , Štefunko Jozef , Keil Reiner 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The article deals with the optimizing the postal transportation network with two different optimizing methods. The research adopted in this article uses allocation models within graph theory to obtain results for addressed optimization problem. The article presents and compares two types of these models: p-median and uncapacitated fixed charge facility location model. The aim of p-median model is to find the location of P facilities in network, serving all demands in a way ensuring the average transport cost to be minimal. Fixed charge location model approach the issue of facility location based on minimizing the overall costs of implementation of selected variants. The latter this two models are subsequently applied on the postal network to determine the optimal location of postal facilities. These two models are adopted in the condition of large country with area above 300 000 km2. The Italy was chosen as a typical country that fits this condition. The underlying infrastructure of Italy is represented by simplified model of a postal network, abstracted by a graph G = (V, E, c, w).
The results can serve as a basis for modification of the used models for the simulation of networks in the postal sector and as a key that compares the opportunities and results of application of these two models in the conditions large countries.
In vitro neuroprotective potential of the monoterpenes α-pinene and 1,8-cineole against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells
Authors: Porres-Martínez María , González-Burgos Elena , Carretero M. Emilia , Gómez-Serranillos M. Pilar 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Natural products are considered as therapeutically useful antioxidant agents against reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have evaluated the antioxidant and protective potential of the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole and α-pinene against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma) cells. Pretreatment with these monoterpenes was found to attenuate the loss of cell viability and the changes in cell morphology. Moreover, they inhibited the intracellular ROS production and markedly enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1). In addition, they were able to decrease apoptosis as is evident from reduced capase-3 activity. The mechanisms of their antioxidant action appear to involve ROS scavenging and induction of the nuclear Nrf2 factor. This study demonstrates the potential beneficial therapeutic effect of these common monoterpenes on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in diseases of the nervous system.
Pediatric Resident Workload Intensity and Variability
Authors: Was Adam , Blankenburg Rebecca , Park K.T. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:
Research on resident workloads has focused primarily on the quantity of hours worked, rather than the content of those hours or the variability among residents. We hypothesize that there are statistically significant variations in resident workloads and better understanding of workload intensity could improve resident education.

METHODS:
The Stanford Children’s Health research database was queried for all electronic notes and orders written by pediatric residents from June 2012 to March 2014. The dataset was narrowed to ensure an accurate comparison among residents. A survey was used to determine residents’ self-perceived workload intensity. Variability of total notes written and orders entered was analyzed by χ2 test and a Monte Carlo simulation. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between note-writing and order-entry workload intensity.

RESULTS:
A total of 20 280 notes and 112 214 orders were written by 26 pediatric interns during 6 core rotations between June 2012 and June 2013. Both order-entry and note-writing workload intensity showed highly significant (P &lt; .001) variability among residents. “High workload” residents, defined as the top quartile of total workload intensity, wrote 91% more orders and 19% more notes than “low workload” residents in the bottom quartile. Statistically significant correlation was observed between note-writing and order-entry workload intensity (R2 = 0.22; P = .02). There was no significant correlation between residents’ self-perceived workload intensity and their objective workload.

CONCLUSIONS:
Significant variations in workload exist among pediatric residents. This may contribute to heterogeneous educational opportunities, physician wellness, and quality of patient care.
Función de la verdad en los discursos y efectos de su capitalización
Authors: Sanmiguel Ardila Pio Eduardo 
Published: June 2016

<p>La capitalización de la verdad tiene efectos nefastos sobre el lazo social. El paso de una verdad reprimida, que retorna en el síntoma y en la agencia misma de un discurso, a una verdad forcluída, que retorna en lo real, no parece facilitar en nada los procesos de paz y reconciliación porque abre las puertas al fortalecimiento de una verdad cínica en el grupo social. Se requiere que pueda discernirse algo de la verdad del discurso en juego, que es siempre el discurso imperante, para preparar la posibilidad de un giro en el discurso que en un grupo social dado haga las veces de lazo social. ¡Cómo, sin embargo, intervenir en un discurso que obtura el lugar de la verdad!.</p>
Sujeto y verdad
Authors: Gallo Héctor 
Published: June 2016

<p>Este texto se ocupa de mostrar, por un lado, por qué cada vez que un sujeto habla anhela que lo escuchen como si estuviera diciendo algo verdadero, y, por otro, que más allá de la verdad de una proposición está la verdad de lo que no puede ser dicho. Esto hace que los seres humanos se muevan entre un estado en el que viven “sin la verdad” y un estado en el que no son si no ven que la verdad se inscribe en sus proposiciones. Se deduce que el lenguaje mismo constituye un límite, pues conviven en él lo que se dice y lo que hay que callar porque no es posible decirlo.</p>
Pasaje al acto y verdad
Authors: Muñoz Pablo 
Published: June 2016

<p>En este artículo se presentan las principales conclusiones sobre la génesis, delimitación y transformaciones del concepto de pasaje al acto en la enseñanza de Lacan. Se indaga aquí el modo en que Jacques Lacan conceptualiza este concepto en El Seminario 14: La lógica del fantasma y El Seminario 15: El acto psicoanalítico.</p>
Lo que la erótica y la poética enseñan al psicoanálisis en relación a la verdad
Authors: Laje Matías , Otero Tomás , Lombardi Gabriel 
Published: June 2016

<p>El analista, a la hora de pensar el estatuto de la verdad en psicoanálisis, encuentra que existen dos vías férreas donde, no sin pasar por la verdad, se puede cernir ese real que es el corazón de la práctica analítica. La primera vía es el amor, en tanto transferencia tal como fue articulado por Freud y reformulado por Lacan; la segunda es el decir de los poetas, enseñanza a la que no han querido renunciar ninguno de estos dos maestros y de la cual han sabido extraer sus consecuencias.</p>
Verdad sublime y madre asesina en Christine V., versión de Marguerite Duras
Authors: González Holguín Juliana 
Published: June 2016

<p>Todo relato es ficción, versión y, así mismo, verdad, bajo una u otra concepción de la misma, es decir, desde una perspectiva que se enfoca según la intención y la subjetividad de uno o más actores, de uno o más narradores. El texto de Marguerite Duras intitulado Sublime forcément sublime Christine V. involucra, por su contenido y su contexto, varias versiones que contrastan y se interrogan entre sí. La escritora se posiciona de tal manera que, a través de recursos propios del oficio literario, desentraña una verdad que puede no ajustarse a la realidad o al saber, pero que nos enfrenta a los límites de lo pulsional y lo ominoso.</p>
¿Verdad de la víctima o víctima de la verdad? Observaciones sobre la sugestión y sus implicaciones clínicas y políticas
Authors: Tuiran Rougeon Maria , Candiago Philippe 
Published: June 2016

<p>Los autores, a través de dos viñetas clínicas, cuestionan el lugar asignado a la verdad en nuestro nuevo lazo social. Proponen la hipótesis según la cual las figuras de víctima y de protocolización son intentos para acceder a la verdad en forma concreta, evitando así tener en cuenta la división subjetiva y, por consiguiente, el inconsciente. No obstante, el analista, a partir de los nuevos dispositivos, debe mantener una escucha que implique la equivocidad, de tal manera que el sujeto de la palabra verdadera pueda advenir.</p>
Real–idad y re–presentación en el proyecto de psicología para neurólogos de Sigmund Freud
Authors: Santamaría Jaime 
Published: June 2016

<p>Tal como Freud nos permite avanzar en El proyecto de psicología para neurólogos, la realidad debe entenderse dentro del marco de un encuentro primero: el de la cría humana con un adulto experimentado. Lo llamativo de la exposición freudiana es que este adulto, que es más propiamente un prójimo auxiliador (Nebenmensch), produce placer y dolor. Así, el otro se constituye con una división estructural que marcará el derrotero de los estados compulsivos del deseo y el afecto, respectivamente; lo relevante es que la realidad, tal como Freud nos enseña, es producida por estos dos estados compulsivos. Volvemos al Proyecto porque nos presenta una articulación original acerca de la relación del sujeto con lo real, con la verdad y con la representación del mundo; una relación que no concuerda, en últimas, una relación imposible.</p>
The Future of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Horn Leora , Reck Martin , Spigel David R. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for 10%–15% of lung cancer cases, is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread metastasis. Although up to 80% of patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, most eventually relapse, and there are no approved agents beyond the second line. Despite the high incidence of mutations in SCLC, to date no targeted therapy has shown a benefit for this patient population, and systemic treatment has not changed significantly during the past 3 decades. Given that extensive-stage SCLC has a 5-year survival rate of only 1%–2%, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating antitumor responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with SCLC. Of the immunotherapies being investigated for patients with SCLC, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are perhaps the most promising. Because these immune checkpoint pathways, which under normal circumstances function to protect healthy tissues from damage during inflammatory responses and maintain self-tolerance, can help tumor cells evade elimination by the immune system, they represent potential therapeutic targets. This review discusses the rationale for immunotherapy and the early clinical results of immunotherapeutic agents being investigated in SCLC.
Модели коммуникации власти и общества в механизме публичного управления современной Японии
Authors: Мухаев Рашид Тазитдинович 
Published: June 2016

<p class="Style91"><span class="FontStyle213"><span>В статье раскрывается проблема когнитивных основ формирования и функционирования коммуникативных практик в механизме публичного управления незападных обществ на примере Японии.</span></span></p><p class="Style91"><span class="FontStyle213"><span>Анализируются легальные и теневые каналы участия различных заинтересованных групп в распределении «общественного блага» с использованием институтов публичной власти. Все коммуникативные практики в сфере публичных услуг включены в особый образец социальных и политических диспозиций, которые в решающей мере определяют эффективность политической системы и ее институтов в разных странах. Диспозиции и паттерны поведения объясняют, почему универсальные институты и практики демократического правления по-разному работают в разных культурных средах. </span></span></p><p class="Style91"><span class="FontStyle213"><span>Структура институтов публичного управления в Японии аналогична парламентским моделям, распространенным на Западе, но адаптированным к местной культурной среде. По этой причине современная система политической коммуникации Японии представляет собой синтез традиционных начал и институциональных новаций. Благодаря развитой культурной традиции и ориентации элит на реализацию национальных интересов система публичного управления Японии чрезвычайно восприимчива к внешним изменениям и способна трансформироваться. Провозглашая свою исконную, глубинную связь с религиозно-философской и этической традицией, японцы, тем не менее, всегда проявляли большую гибкость и готовность принять иноземные элементы, если те открывали новые возможности для процветания страны и повышали легитимность публичной власти. Для лучшего восприятия и адаптации к повседневной жизни эти новшества были облечены в национально-культурные формы. Усвоенные таким образом зарубежные практики становились привычно японскими, что означало «вестернизацию» содержания религиозно-философской традиции, формирование на этой основе обновленной традиции, переосмысленной в соответствии с требованиями времени. В этом смысле система государственного управления Японии носит инновационный характер, она постоянно совершенствовалась путем заимствования институтов и процедур западного (континентального и англо-американского) государственного менеджмента. </span></span></p>
Всемирный год Шекспира — 400 лет бессмертия поэта
Authors: Захаров Николай Владимирович , Гайдин Борис Николаевич , Макаров Владимир Сергеевич 
Published: June 2016

<p>В статье представлены мероприятия2016 г., посвященные 400-й годовщине памяти У. Шекспира. Обозначены характеристики Великого Барда как культурной константы, представлены причины непреходящей популярности британского драматурга.</p>
Цели перехода к устойчивому развитию человеческой цивилизации
Authors: Урсул Аркадий Дмитриевич , Урсул Татьяна Альбертовна 
Published: June 2016

<p>До недавнего времени считалось, что для человечества, которое возникло естественным образом и развивалось стихийно, вряд ли подходит понятие цели. Но обладающее индивидуальным и общественным сознанием человечество может на определенной ступени своего развития ставить все более широкие и отдаленные по времени цели. От этого зависит его существование и дальнейшее развитие. После Конференции ООН по окружающей среде и развитию (ЮНСЕД) в 1992 г. в Рио-де-Жанейро человечество поставило цель выжить и перейти к социоприродному устойчивому развитию. Под устойчивым развитием стал пониматься наиболее приемлемый и безопасный тип социоприродной эволюции, направленной на сохранение цивилизации и биосферы, их сосуществование и коэволюцию.</p><p>На 70-й Генеральной ассамблее ООН в рамках Саммита по устойчивому развитию в сентябре 2015 г. была принята Повестка дня в области устойчивого развития до 2030 г., в которую включены 17 глобальных целей устойчивого развития. Авторы анализируют документ и делают ряд выводов. Смена целей устойчивого развития с течением времени влияет на общее понимание устойчивого развития и перспективы его реализации, но важно также обращать внимание и на концептуальные трансформации. Несовершенство современной концепции устойчивого развития оказывается одной из серьезных причин того, что человечество не может идти достаточно быстро в направлении своего выживания. Выживание зависит не только от экологических факторов. Представляется странным, что в состав целей устойчивого развития не вошла цель обеспечения мира и международной безопасности. Важно проанализировать проблему безопасности с позиций глобальных и междисциплинарных исследований и обеспечить формирование единой методологии исследования проблемы и понятия безопасности в связи с расширительной интерпретацией устойчивого развития. </p><p>Выживание цивилизации и сохранение биосферы, на чем сосредоточены основные цели устойчивого развития на весьма длительную перспективу, — это необходимое условие становления сферы разума, и они включаются в этот процесс как составная часть и одна из главных целей устойчивого развития в еще более отдаленный период времени. </p>
Farmacocinética comparada de metformina, en forma sólida y en formulación extemporánea líquida para pediatría, en voluntarios adultos sanos
Authors: Rivera-Espinosa L , Pérez-Guillé G , Chávez-Pacheco JL , Torres-Espíndola LM , Juárez-Olguín H , Alemón-Medina R 
Published: June 2016

ANTECEDENTES: fraccionar o pulverizar tabletas de metformina para ajustar dosis pediátricas dificulta su administración, genera inestabilidad del fármaco (oxidación/fotosensibilidad) y relativiza su biodisponibilidad. Se propone como alternativa de ajuste de dosis y de uniformidad de contenido una formulación extemporánea líquida a partir de tabletas de marca comercial.OBJETIVO: determinar la biodisponibilidad de metformina en formulación líquida, en voluntarios adultos sanos, para demostrar que su comportamiento farmacocinético permanece inalterado.MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio clínico, aleatorio, cruzado y longitudinal, en adultos sanos voluntarios (n=12), 7 varones y 5 mujeres, de 24.3 ± 1.8 años, con índice de masa corporal = 24.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas en gotas, colectadas en tarjetas Whatman 903®, a las 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 y 12 horas de ingerir 250 mg del fármaco. Se extrajo el fármaco a partir de 5 discos de papel filtro con sangre impregnada (16 μL), por precipitación directa, con acetonitrilo (ACN) y metanol. La detección fue en una columna AcQuity UPLC BEH HILIC (2.1 × 100mm, 1.7 μm) por espectrometría de masas en tándem. Fase móvil: acetato de amonio 5 mM y ACN (80:20; v/v), a 0.25 mL/min isocráticamente. La farmacocinética se determinó mediante el programa Win Nonlin Pro 3.1 y las diferencias se evaluaron por ANOVA de una vía (p ≤ 0.05).RESULTADOS: el método fue exacto, preciso, selectivo y lineal entre 50 y 1000 ng/mL, coeficiente de determinación (r) de 0.9982. Las muestras extraídas y almacenadas a 4°C fueron estables por 17 horas y hasta 2 meses a -80°C. La metformina en tableta tuvo una Cmáx de 553.4 ng/mL y de 692.2 ng/mL con la formulación líquida. El Tmáx fue menor con la solución edulcorada (1.6 h) que con la tableta (1.8 h). La ke fue menor con la forma líquida (0.29 vs. 0.32 h-1), lo que sugiere que se eliminó más rápidamente. El AUC0-12 fue igual en ambas formas (F=0.002, Fcrit=6.3).CONCLUSIONES: la formulación líquida de metformina es igualmente biodisponible que la forma farmacéutica original, con la ventaja de permitir dosis menores que la tableta, ajuste preciso de dosis y uniformidad de contenido.