bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Danish Ophthalmology – from start to 1865
Authors: Norn Mogens 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis short paper mentioned the medical treatment using the ‘holy’ springs, the first ‘eye doctor’ in Denmark, the first picture of spectacles which was found in Viborg Cathedral of the high priest before he performs circumcisio præputii on Jesus Christ, further cataract reclination in Denmark from around year zero and cataract extraction in 1667 in Denmark on a goose by Francisco Borri and on humans by the Danish Georg Heuermann in 1755. Epidemic military eye diseases in 1807, 1856 and 1865 are also described in this study. From 1856, a new ophthalmological period started in Denmark with the first eye hospital (lazaret only for eye diseases), and in 1864, patients with eye diseases were transported from the few beds in the surgical departments in the municipal hospital to the first civil eye department in Denmark, the eye hospital Sct. Annae in Copenhagen. The new scientific period started with Jacob Christian Bentz (ophthalmia granulosa, joint editor of the Danish Medical Journal) and Heinrich Lehmann.
HORIZONTAL MERGERS WITH CAPITAL ADJUSTMENT: WORKERS' COOPERATIVES AND THE MERGER PARADOX
Authors: DELBONO Flavio , LAMBERTINI Luca 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWe study the incentives towards horizontal merger among firms when the amount of capital is the strategic variable. We focus on workers' cooperatives, but our conclusions apply also to employment‐constrained profit maximizers. Within a simple oligopoly model, we prove that the horizontal merger, for any merger size, is: (i) privately efficient for insiders as well as for outsiders; (ii) socially efficient if market size is large enough, even in the case of merger to monopoly.
CHANGING ORGANIZATIONAL FORM: DEMUTUALIZATION AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF COMMUNAL WEALTH – AUSTRALIAN CREDIT UNION EXPERIENCES
Authors: DAVIS Kevin 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTRecent decades have seen substantial demutualization of financial institutions around the world, involving the conversion of accumulated communally owned wealth into private wealth. Whether driven by a quest for a more efficient organizational structure or by wealth expropriation incentives, different methods of demutualization have different implications for wealth allocation among current members and transfers of wealth to outsiders. While credit union sectors internationally have, to date, experienced few demutualizations, there are increasing incentives for such organizational change. Three alternative demutualization strategies (share issue to members plus an external capital raising, liquidation and cash distribution to members (a quasi‐demutualization), and merger with a listed company) recently used by Australian credit unions are analysed to highlight wealth implications, survival risks for the mutual form and potential problems arising in the demutualization process.
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a reduced risk of developing eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: von Arnim U. , Wex T. , Link A. , Messerschmidt M. , Venerito M. , Miehlke S. , Malfertheiner P. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundEosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) represents a chronic immune‐antigen‐mediated allergic disease of the oesophagus of still unknown aetiology. Environmental exposure has been postulated to play a pathogenetic role. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been inversely associated with allergic diseases including atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis and H. pylori may play a protective role in these conditions. Little is known about the relationship between EoE and H. pylori.AimTo investigate in a case–control study whether H. pylori infection is associated with a reduced risk of developing EoE.MethodsH. pylori infection was evaluated by serology in 58 [11(19%) female, 47 (81%) male, median age: 36.5 years, range 20–72 years] patients with a clinical and histologically proven diagnosis of EoE and 116 age and sex‐matched controls (1 case: 2 controls). Antibodies against H. pylori were identified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with H. pylori‐specific IgG ≥30 enzyme immunounits were classified as H. pylori‐positive.Results3/58 (5.2%) patients with EoE had serological evidence of H. pylori infection (EoE – H. pylori current infection) and 5/58 (8.6%) reported prior eradication therapy for H. pylori infection (EoE – H. pylori former infection). The control group demonstrated significantly higher seroprevalence of H. pylori (37.9%, P < 0.0001) when compared to patients with EoE. EoE was inversely associated with H. pylori infection [odds ratio (OR) 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11–0.50].ConclusionHelicobacter pylori infection is inversely associated with EoE. Our results may contribute to further understanding the pathogenesis and evolving aetiology of EoE.
Parents' involvement in care order decisions: a cross‐country study of front‐line practice
Authors: Berrick Jill , Dickens Jonathan , Pösö Tarja , Skivenes Marit 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article examines parents' involvement in care order decision‐making in four countries at one particular point in the care order process, namely, when the child protection worker discusses with the parents his or her considerations regarding child removal. The countries represent different child welfare systems with Norway and Finland categorized as ‘family service systems’ and the USA as a ‘child protection system’, with England somewhere in between. The focus is on whether the forms and intensity of involvement are different in these four countries and whether the system orientation towards family services or child protection influences practice in the social welfare agencies with parents. Involvement is studied in terms of providing information to parents, collecting information from parents and ensuring inclusion in the decision‐making processes. A vignette method is employed in a survey with 768 responses from child protection workers in four countries. The findings do not show a consistent pattern of difference regarding parental involvement in care order preparations that align with the type of child welfare system in which staff work. The goal in each child welfare system is to include parents, but the precise ways in which it is carried out (or not) vary. Methodological suggestions are given for further studies.
Differential Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Focal Seizures in the Intrahippocampal Kainate Mouse Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Duveau Venceslas , Pouyatos Benoît , Bressand Karine , Bouyssières Céline , Chabrol Tanguy , Roche Yann , Depaulis Antoine , Roucard Corinne 
Published: February 2016

SummaryAimsMesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common form of drug‐refractory epilepsy. Most of the morphological and electrophysiological features of human MTLE can be reproduced in a mouse by a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainate (MTLE mouse model). The effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the occurrence of recurrent focal hippocampal seizures in this model remain to be specified. Here, we addressed the pharmacological reactivity of this model to the most commonly used AEDs.MethodsUsing depth electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings, we tested the dose–response effects of acute injection of nine AEDs on the occurrence of hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPDs) as well as on ictal and interictal power spectra in the MTLE mouse model.ResultsValproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine dose dependently suppressed HPDs and modified the general behavior and/or EEG activity. Levetiracetam and pregabalin suppressed HPDs at high doses but without any behavioral nor interictal EEG changes. Finally, phenobarbital, tiagabine, vigabatrin, and diazepam suppressed HPDs in a dose‐dependent manner at doses devoid of obvious behavioral effects.ConclusionThe MTLE mouse model displays a differential sensitivity to AEDs with a greater efficacy of drug that facilitates GABAergic transmission. This model provides an efficient tool to identify new treatment for drug‐resistant forms of focal epilepsies.
Timing of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: dos Santos L. V. , Faria T. M. V. , Lima A. B. C. , Abdalla K. C. , de Moraes E. D. , Cruz M. R. , Lima J. P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimDelay in commencing adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer seems to impair survival in some retrospective studies. This study was planned to evaluate its impact on survival.MethodsThis was a retrospective study enrolling patients registered from 2000 to 2012 in two large cancer‐dedicated institutions in Brazil. The primary outcome was overall survival according to early vs late chemotherapy initiation. The interval between the primary surgery and the start of adjuvant chemotherapy was calculated. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and the impact of multiple prognostic factors on survival by Cox regression analysis.ResultsBy the end of 2012, a total of 1963 Stage II and III colorectal patients were identified and 1318 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, with 22% and 46% of those starting adjuvant chemotherapy within 6 weeks and 8 weeks of surgery. The median period of follow‐up was 41 months. Patients starting chemotherapy within 6–8 weeks of surgery had longer overall survival compared with those who started after (6 weeks vs later, hazard ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.57–0.99, P = 0.046; 8 weeks vs later, hazard ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.93, P = 0.011). In the multivariate analysis, age, stage, histological grade, angiolymphatic invasion, emergency surgery and preoperative therapy were independent prognostic factors, but the interval between surgery and start of adjuvant therapy was not.ConclusionIn this large retrospective study, the standard prognostic factors impacted on survival whereas the timing of adjuvant therapy did not. Patients with delayed adjuvant chemotherapy may have worse prognostic factors which could play a major role in their poor outcome.
Perceptual Learning of Intonation Contour Categories in Adults and 9‐ to 11‐Year‐Old Children: Adults Are More Narrow‐Minded
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod , Olejarczuk Paul , Redford Melissa A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report on rapid perceptual learning of intonation contour categories in adults and 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children. Intonation contours are temporally extended patterns, whose perception requires temporal integration and therefore poses significant working memory challenges. Both children and adults form relatively abstract representations of intonation contours: Previously encountered and novel exemplars are categorized together equally often, as long as distance from the prototype is controlled. However, age‐related differences in categorization performance also exist. Given the same experience, adults form narrower categories than children. In addition, adults pay more attention to the end of the contour, while children appear to pay equal attention to the beginning and the end. The age range we examine appears to capture the tail‐end of the developmental trajectory for learning intonation contour categories: There is a continuous effect of age on category breadth within the child group, but the oldest children (older than 10;3) are adult‐like.
Preschoolers have better long‐term memory for rhyming text than adults
Authors: Király Ildikó , Takács Szilvia , Kaldy Zsuzsa , Blaser Erik 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe dominant view of children's memory is that it is slow to develop and is inferior to adults’. Here we pitted 4‐year‐old children against adults in a test of verbatim recall of verbal material. Parents read a novel rhyming verse (and an integrated word list) as their child's bedtime story on ten consecutive days. A group of young adults listened to the verse, matching the exposure of children. All participants subsequently performed a free‐recall of the verse, verbatim. (Parents and young adults knew they would be tested; children did not.) Four‐year‐olds significantly outperformed both their parents and the young adults. There were no significant differences in the ability to recall the gist of the verse, nor the integrated word list, allaying concerns about differences in engagement or motivation. Verbatim recall of verse is a skill amenable to practice, and children, we argue, by virtue of the prominence of verse in their culture and their reliance on oral transmission, have honed this skill to exceed adults’.
The Arab Uprisings and the United States: The Dichotomy Between Balancing Stability and Upholding Commitment to Democracy
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Arab Spring, a revolutionary movement for democracy that swept across the Arab Middle East in 2010, has contributed to the downfall of several oppressive authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. The movement represented several uprisings that placed the United States in a precarious position. While the uprisings have shaken U.S. policy to the core, they also presented a historic opportunity for American policymakers to craft a new and comprehensive policy that is compatible with the much‐coveted principles of democracy, freedom, and justice in a region that has historically been unable to grasp such principles. This article argues that the American administration under President Barak Obama squandered this opportunity by pursuing an incoherent and inconsistent policy. This policy revealed Obama's support of the uprisings calls for political reforms that aligned with American liberal values. However, the policy also reflected a commitment to ensure security and stability by maintaining autocratic regimes the protesters hoped to overthrow. This article demonstrates that the policy lacked consistency and clarity as it shifted from one uprising to another.
Altitude‐Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on One‐Day Rapid Ascent of Mount Fuji: Incidence and Therapeutic Effects of Sildenafil
Authors: Iwase Masatsugu , Itou Yoshihiro , Takada Kayoko , Shiino Kenji , Kato Yasuchika , Ozaki Yukio 
Published: February 2016

AimsExposure to high altitudes especially with rapid ascent may induce hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) possibly leading to life‐threatening high‐altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of PH on a 1‐day rapid ascent up Mount Fuji (3775 m) in recreational climbers and also to determine the effectiveness of sildenafil for this rapid ascent‐induced PH as measured by echocardiography.Methods and resultsTwenty‐five subjects who climbed Mount Fuji showed significantly increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) from 22.3 ± 5.3 mmHg at sea level to 29.4 ± 8.7 mmHg at 3775 m. Five subjects showed PASP >35 mmHg (35.6–46.2 mmHg, average 42.0 ± 3.9 mmHg) and took oral sildenafil 50 mg after which PASP decreased significantly to 24.5 ± 4.6 mmHg (18.7–31.0 mmHg) after 30 minutes.ConclusionsOne‐day rapid ascent of Mount Fuji may induce mild‐to‐moderate PH and intervention with sildenafil can reduce this PH, suggesting that the therapeutic use of sildenafil would be more reasonable for the relatively infrequent occurrence of altitude‐induced PH than its prophylactic use.
Does a selection interview predict year 1 performance in dental school?
Authors: McAndrew R. , Ellis J. , Valentine R. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is important for dental schools to select students who will complete their degree and progress on to become the dentists of the future. The process should be transparent, fair and ethical and utilise selection tools that select appropriate students. The interview is an integral part of UK dental schools student selection procedures.ObjectiveThis study was undertaken in order to determine whether different interview methods (Cardiff with a multiple mini interview and Newcastle with a more traditional interview process) along with other components used in selection predicted academic performance in students.MethodsThe admissions selection data for two dental schools (Cardiff and Newcastle) were collected and analysed alongside student performance in academic examinations in Year 1 of the respective schools. Correlation statistics were used to determine whether selection tools had any relevance to academic performance once students were admitted to their respective Universities.ResultsData was available for a total of 177 students (77 Cardiff and 100 Newcastle). Examination performance did not correlate with admission interview scores at either school; however UKCAT score was linked to poor academic performance.DiscussionAlthough interview methodology does not appear to correlate with academic performance it remains an integral and very necessary part of the admissions process. Ultimately schools need to be comfortable with their admissions procedures in attracting and selecting the calibre of students they desire.
Nerve‐racking – apoptotic and non‐apoptotic roles of caspases in the nervous system of Drosophila
Authors: Melzer Juliane , Broemer Meike 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStudies using Drosophila as a model system have contributed enormously to our knowledge of caspase function and regulation. Caspases are best known as central executioners of apoptosis but also control essential physiological processes in a non‐apoptotic manner. The Drosophila genome codes for seven caspases and in this review we provide an overview of current knowledge about caspase function in the nervous system. Caspases regulate neuronal death at all developmental stages and in various neuronal populations. In contrast, non‐apoptotic roles are less well understood. The development of new genetically encoded sensors for caspase activity provides unprecedented opportunities to study caspase function in the nervous system in more detail. In light of these new tools we discuss the potential of Drosophila as a model to discover new apoptotic and non‐apoptotic neuronal roles of caspases.
Neuroanatomical correlates of tube dependency and impaired oral intake after hemispheric stroke
Authors: Galovic M. , Leisi N. , Müller M. , Weber J. , Tettenborn B. , Brugger F. , Abela E. , Weder B. , Kägi G. 
Published: February 2016

Background and purposeAcute stroke patients with severely impaired oral intake are at risk of malnutrition and dehydration. Rapid identification of these patients is necessary to establish early enteral tube feeding. Whether specific lesion location predicts early tube dependency was analysed, and the neural correlates of impaired oral intake after hemispheric ischaemic stroke were assessed.MethodsTube dependency and functional oral intake were evaluated with a standardized comprehensive swallowing assessment within the first 48 h after magnetic resonance imaging proven first‐time acute supratentorial ischaemic stroke. Voxel‐based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) was performed to compare lesion location between tube‐dependent patients versus patients without tube feeding and impaired versus unimpaired oral intake.ResultsOut of 119 included patients 43 (36%) had impaired oral intake and 12 (10%) were tube dependent. Both tube dependency and impaired oral intake were significantly associated with a higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and larger infarct volume and these patients had worse clinical outcome at discharge. Clinical characteristics did not differ between left and right hemispheric strokes. In the VLSM analysis, mildly impaired oral intake correlated with lesions of the Rolandic operculum, the insular cortex, the superior corona radiata and to a lesser extent of the putamen, the external capsule and the superior longitudinal fascicle. Tube dependency was significantly associated with affection of the anterior insular cortex.ConclusionsMild impairment of oral intake correlates with damage to a widespread operculo‐insular swallowing network. However, specific lesions of the anterior insula lead to severe impairment and tube dependency and clinicians might consider early enteral tube feeding in these patients.
Rapid movement and instability of an invasive hybrid swarm
Authors: Glotzbecker Gregory J. , Walters David M. , Blum Michael J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnstable hybrid swarms that arise following the introduction of non‐native species can overwhelm native congeners, yet the stability of invasive hybrid swarms has not been well documented over time. Here, we examine genetic variation and clinal stability across a recently formed hybrid swarm involving native blacktail shiner (Cyprinella venusta) and non‐native red shiner (C. lutrensis) in the Upper Coosa River basin, which is widely considered to be a global hot spot of aquatic biodiversity. Examination of phenotypic, multilocus genotypic, and mitochondrial haplotype variability between 2005 and 2011 revealed that the proportion of hybrids has increased over time, with more than a third of all sampled individuals exhibiting admixture in the final year of sampling. Comparisons of clines over time indicated that the hybrid swarm has been rapidly progressing upstream, but at a declining and slower pace than rates estimated from historical collection records. Clinal comparisons also showed that the hybrid swarm has been expanding and contracting over time. Additionally, we documented the presence of red shiner and hybrids farther downstream than prior studies have detected, which suggests that congeners in the Coosa River basin, including all remaining populations of the threatened blue shiner (Cyprinella caerulea), are at greater risk than previously thought.
Serum amyloid A1 secreted from UV‐irradiated keratinocytes induces matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in fibroblasts through toll‐like receptor 4
Authors: Han Sangbum , Jin Seon‐Pil , Oh Jang‐Hee , Seo Eun‐Young , Park Chi‐Hyun , Yoon Hyun‐Sun , Lee Dong Hun , Chung Jin Ho 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) irradiation on skin triggers photoageing‐related phenotypes such as formation of wrinkles. UV ray upregulates matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1), which in turn degrades extracellular matrix proteins, mostly collagens. Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an acute‐phase protein of which plasma concentration increases in response to inflammation. Although the expression of SAA1 in the skin was reported, its function in the skin is yet to be studied. In this research, we found that the expression of SAA1 was increased in acute UV‐irradiated buttock skin and photoaged forearm skin in vivo. UV irradiation also increased SAA1 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), and treatment of recombinant human SAA1 (rhSAA1) induced MMP‐1 in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) but not in NHEK. Next, we demonstrated that NHDF treated with UV‐irradiated keratinocyte‐conditioned media showed the increased MMP‐1 expression; however, this increase of MMP‐1 in NHDF was inhibited by knockdown of SAA1 in NHEK. In addition, knockdown of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibited rhSAA1‐induced MMP‐1 expression in NHDF. Taken together, our data showed that UV‐induced SAA1 production in NHEK, and this secreted SAA1 induced MMP‐1 expression in NHDF in a paracrine manner through TLR4 signalling pathway. Therefore, our results suggest that SAA1 can be a potential mediator for UV‐induced MMP‐1 expression in human skin.