bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unravelling the Maturation Pathway of a Eukaryotic Virus through Cryo-EM
Authors: Castells-Graells Roger , Hesketh Emma L. , Matsui Tsutomu , Johnson John E. , Ranson Neil A. , Lawson David M. , Lomonossoff George P. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTThe importance of virus maturation has been appreciated for nearly 70 years1as it provides models for large-scale protein reorganization resulting in functional activation as well as being a target for antiviral therapies2. However, a detailed description of the pathway from the initial assembly product (procapsid) to the mature, infectious particle (virion) has been elusive. This is due to the “in cell” nature of the natural process, the 2- state behavior of maturation (no detectable intermediates) in some virusesin vitro3and heterogeneous populations of particle intermediates that are only partially matured in other systems4. The non-enveloped, T=4, ssRNA-containing,Nudaurelia capensisomega virus (NωV), is a highly accessible model system that exemplifies the maturation process of a eukaryotic virus. During maturation the particle shrinks in outer diameter from 482 Å (pH 7.5) to 428 Å (pH 5.0). It is possible to mimic the maturation processin vitroby lowering the pH of a population of procapsids produced in heterologous systems5. Indeed, by controlling the pHin vitroit is possible to produce homogenous populations of intermediate NωV virus-like particles (VLPs) that occur too fleetingly to be observedin vivo6.Here we report structural models, based on cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), of five intermediates in the NωV maturation process. The structures of the intermediate particles reveal unique, quaternary position-dependent trajectories and refolding of subunit N and C-terminal regions, including the formation of the autocatalytic cleavage site at N570. The detailed structures reported here, coupled with previously determined structures of the procapsids and mature particles, allows the maturation pathway to be described in detail for the first time for a eukaryotic virus.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 virus exposure in goats and sheep
Authors: Wong Foong Ying , Yaqub Tahir , Zhang Rong , Mukhtar Nadia , Pervaiz Hamda , Hussain Yawar Hafiz Usama , Iqbal Mubashir , bin Aslam Hassaan , Aziz Muhammad Waqar , Akram Maham , Raza Sumbal , Low Jenny G , Cronin Peter , Laing Eric D , Low Dolyce HW , Webby Richard J , Su Yvonne CF , Smith Gavin JD 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in North and South America, including widespread infection of cattle in the United States, calls for an urgent assessment of the host range of influenza A viruses, particularly for subtypes of pandemic concern. We conducted a serological survey for binding antibodies to influenza A and B viruses in goats (n=452) and sheep (n=329) in Pakistan and found high seropositive rates for the hemagglutinin (HA) of avian influenza A viruses (AIV) H5 (23.9–34.0%), H7 (13.9– 37.1%), and H9 (17.0–34.7%). In contrast, there were low levels of seropositivity against the HA of human and swine pandemic H1N1/pdm09 (0.9–1.8%) in goats and against swine H3 (0.6%) in sheep. Notably, we observed high reactivity to the neuraminidase of human H1N1/2009 (57.8–60.6%) and swine H3N2 (14.0–14.4%), likely due to cross-reactivity with the N1 and N2 proteins of H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs, respectively. Interestingly, we also detected seropositivity against influenza B HA in both goats (7.1%) and sheep (4.6%). The presence of AIV antibodies in goats and sheep suggest these species represent previously unrecognized hosts for viruses of pandemic concern, revealing extensive gaps in our current understanding of the ecology of influenza A and B viruses.
Quantitative physiology and biomass composition ofCyberlindnera jadiniiin ethanol-grown cultures
Authors: Vieira-Lara Marcel A. , Warmerdam Marieke , de Hulster Erik A. F. , van den Broek Marcel , Daran Jean-Marc , Pronk Jack T. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundElimination of greenhouse gas emissions in industrial biotechnology requires replacement of carbohydrates by alternative carbon substrates, produced from CO2and waste streams. Ethanol is already industrially produced from agricultural residues and waste gas and is miscible with water, self-sterilising and energy-dense. The yeastC. jadiniican grow on ethanol and has a history in the production of single-cell protein (SCP) for feed and food applications. To address a knowledge gap in quantitative physiology ofC. jadiniiduring growth on ethanol, this study investigates growth kinetics, growth energetics, nutritional requirements, and biomass composition ofC. jadiniistrains in batch, chemostat and fed-batch cultures.ResultsIn aerobic, ethanol-limited chemostat cultures,C. jadiniiCBS 621 exhibited a maximum biomass yield on ethanol (Yx/smax) of 0.83 gbiomass(gethanol)-1and an estimated maintenance requirement for ATP (mATP) of 2.7 mmol·(gbiomass)-1·h-1. Even at specific growth rates below 0.05 h-1, a stable protein content of approximately 0.54 gprotein·(gbiomass)-1was observed. At low specific growth rates, up to 17% of the proteome consisted of alcohol dehydrogenase proteins, followed by aldehyde dehydrogenases and acetyl-CoA synthetase. Of 13C. jadiniistrains evaluated, 11 displayed fast growth on ethanol (μmax> 0.4 h-1) in mineral medium without vitamins, and CBS 621 was found to be a thiamine auxotroph. The prototrophic strainC. jadiniiCBS 5947 was grown on an inorganic salts medium in fed-batch cultures (10-L scale) fed with pure ethanol. Biomass concentrations in these cultures increased up to 100 gbiomass·(kgbroth)-1, with a biomass yield of 0.65 gbiomass·(gethanol)-1. Model-based simulation, based on quantitative parameters determined in chemostat cultures, adequately predicted biomass production. A different protein content of chemostat- and fed-batch-grown biomass (54% and 42%, respectively) may reflect the more dynamic conditions in fed-batch cultures.ConclusionsAnalysis of ethanol-grown batch, chemostat and fed-batch cultures provided a quantitative physiology baseline for fundamental and applied research onC. jadinii. Its high maximum growth rate, high energetic efficiency of ethanol dissimilation, simple nutritional requirements and high protein content, makeC. jadiniia highly interesting platform for production of SCP and other products from ethanol.
Noradrenaline causes a spread of association in the hippocampal cognitive map
Authors: Koolschijn Renée S , Parthasarathy Prakriti , Browning Michael , Przygodda Xenia , Clarke William T , Vogels Tim P , O’Reilly Jill X , Barron Helen C 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe mammalian brain stores relationships between items and events in the world as cognitive maps in the hippocampal system. However, the neural mechanisms that control cognitive map formation remain unclear. Here, using a double-blind study design with a pharmacological intervention in humans, we show that the neuromodulator noradrenaline elicits a significant ‘spread of association’ across the hippocampal cognitive map. This neural spread of association predicts overgeneralisation errors measured in behaviour, and is predicted by physiological markers for noradrenergic arousal, namely an increase in the pupil dilation response and reduced cortical GABAergic tone. Thus, noradrenaline sets the width of the ‘smoothing kernel’ for plasticity across the cognitive map. Elevated noradrenaline can allow disparate memories to become linked, introducing potential for distortions in the cognitive map that deviate from direct experience.Graphical abstract
The spatiotemporal distribution of LIN-5/NuMA regulates spindle orientation and tissue organization in theC. elegansgerm line
Authors: Zellag Réda M. , Poupart Vincent , Negishi Takefumi , Labbé Jean-Claude , Gerhold Abigail R. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMitotic spindle orientation sets the cell division plane and is thus critical for maintaining tissue organization. TheC. elegansgonad is tube-shaped, with germ cells forming a circumferential monolayer around a shared inner core of cytoplasm called the rachis. Each germ cell is connected to the rachis via a stable cytoplasmic bridge, polarizing germ cells along their rachis-basal axis. How this tissue organization is maintained during development is unclear, as germ cells lack the canonical cell-cell junctions that, in other tissue types, ensure proper spindle orientation. Here we use live-cell imaging ofC. elegansgerm cells, bothin situand in gonad explants, to show that the microtubule force generator dynein and its conserved regulator LIN-5/NuMA regulate spindle orientation inC. elegansgerm cells and are required for germline tissue organization. We uncover a cyclic, polarized pattern of LIN-5/NuMA cortical localization that predicts centriole/centrosome positioning throughout the cell cycle, providing a means to align spindle orientation with the tissue plane. This work reveals a new mechanism by which oriented cell division can be achieved to maintain tissue organization during animal development.
Host and antibiotic jointly select for greater virulence inStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Su Michelle , Hoang Kim L. , Penley McKenna , Davis Michelle H. , Gresham Jennifer D. , Morran Levi T. , Read Timothy D. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTWidespread antibiotic usage has resulted in the rapid evolution of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and poses significant threats to public health. Resolving how pathogens respond to antibiotics under different contexts is critical for understanding disease emergence and evolution going forward. The impact of antibiotics has been demonstrated most directly throughin vitropathogen passaging experiments. Independent from antibiotic selection, interactions with hosts have also altered the evolutionary trajectories and fitness landscapes of pathogens, shaping infectious disease outcomes. However, it is unclear how interactions between hosts and antibiotics impact the evolution of pathogen virulence. Here, we evolved and re-sequencedStaphylococcus aureus,a major bacterial pathogen, varying exposure to host and antibiotics to tease apart the contributions of these selective pressures on pathogen adaptation. After 12 passages,S. aureusevolving inCaenorhabditis elegansnematodes exposed to a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic (oxacillin) became highly virulent, regardless of whether the ancestral pathogen was methicillin-resistant (MRSA) or methicillin-sensitive (MSSA). Host and antibiotic exposure selected for reduced drug susceptibility in MSSA lineages while increasing MRSA total growth outside hosts. We identified mutations in genes involved in complex regulatory networks linking virulence and metabolism, includingcodY,agr, andgdpP, suggesting that rapid adaptation to infect hosts may have pleiotropic effects. In particular, MSSA populations under selection from host and antibiotic accumulated mutations in the global regulator genecodY, which controls biofilm formation inS. aureus.These populations had indeed evolved more robust biofilms—a trait linked to both virulence and antibiotic resistance—suggesting evolution of one trait can confer multiple adaptive benefits. Despite evolving in similar environments, MRSA and MSSA populations proceeded on divergent evolutionary paths, with MSSA populations exhibiting more similarities across replicate populations. Our results underscore the importance of considering multiple and concurrent selective pressures as drivers of pervasive pathogen traits.
Dispersal of influenza virus populations within the respiratory tract shapes their evolutionary potential
Authors: Ferreri Lucas M. , Seibert Brittany , Caceres C. Joaquin , Patatanian Kayle , Holmes Katie E. , Gay L. Claire , Faccin Flavio Cargnin , Cardenas Matias , Carnaccini Silvia , Shetty Nishit , Rajao Daniela , Koelle Katia , Marr Linsey C. , Perez Daniel R. , Lowen Anice C. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractViral infections are characterized by dispersal from an initial site to secondary locations within the host. How the resultant spatial heterogeneity shapes within-host genetic diversity and viral evolutionary pathways is poorly understood. Here we show that dispersal within and between the nasal cavity and trachea maintains diversity and is therefore conducive to adaptive evolution, whereas dispersal to the lungs is stochastic and gives rise to population heterogeneity. We infected ferrets either intranasally or by aerosol with a barcoded influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus. At 1, 2 or 4 days post infection, dispersal was assessed by collecting 52 samples from throughout the respiratory tract of each animal. Irrespective of inoculation route, barcode compositions across the nasal turbinates and trachea were similar and highly diverse, revealing little constraint on the establishment of infection in the nasal cavity and descent through the trachea. By comparison, infection of the lungs produced genetically distinct viral populations. Lung populations were pauci-clonal, suggesting that each seeded location received relatively few viral genotypes. While aerosol inoculation gave distinct populations at every lung site sampled, within-host dispersal after intranasal inoculation produced larger patches, indicative of local expansion following seeding of the lungs. Throughout the respiratory tract, barcode diversity declined over time, but new diversity was generated through mutation. De novo variants were often unique to a given location, indicating that localized replication following dispersal resulted in population divergence. In summary, dispersal within the respiratory tract operates differently between regions and contributes to the potential for viral evolution to proceed independently in multiple within-host subpopulations.
“The dark spiral: exploring the impact of employee exploitation on cutting corners, unraveling the link through negative emotions and moral disengagement”
Authors: Burhan Qurat-ul-Ain , Malik Muhammad Faisal 
Published: September 2024

PurposeThe pervasive issue of employee exploitation has surfaced as a salient ethical quandary within the context of modern-day workplaces, thereby demanding expeditious and imperative deliberation and redressal. This research endeavor aims to meticulously investigate the ramifications of employee exploitation on the proclivity to partake in the act of cutting corners within the workplace. This analysis encompasses the sequential mediating variables of negative emotions, namely resentment, anger, and frustration, as well as moral disengagement.Design/methodology/approachA purposive sampling technique and self-administered questionnaires were utilized in this study of 132 SME sector personnel. The current study is time-lagged in nature and uses the Amos software, the data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as structural equation modeling.FindingsAccording to the results, employee exploitation has a strong positive impact on cutting corners. This effect is mediated progressively by negative emotions (resentment, anguish, frustration), as well as moral disengagement. According to the findings, organizations should prioritize addressing employee exploitation to build a healthy work environment that promotes employee well-being and encourages employee voice.Originality/valueThis study’s novelty comes from its analysis of the sequential mediation of negative emotions, as well as moral disengagement, in the relationship between employee exploitation and cutting corners. The study’s findings add to the body of literature concerning management development, conflict handling, and employees’ attitudes and behaviors by offering a thorough grasp of the detrimental effects of employee exploitation on cutting corners as well as useful recommendations for businesses looking to promote productive workplaces.
A new level of refinement at Sirah Heritage Holdings
Authors: Sahim Ahmad Izzat Fauzan , Raja Yusof Raja Nerina 
Published: September 2024

Learning outcomes
At the end of the case study exercise, students will be able to evaluate a company’s competitive standing and formulate business growth strategies based on internal and external environment analysis, develop business strategies for a company to strategise product offerings and recommend promotional strategies for a company to best market new product offerings.

Case overview/synopsis
This case study is about the Central Production Unit (CPU), a wholly owned subsidiary of Sirah Heritage Holdings Sdn. Bhd. (owner of the popular restaurant brand “Tuuu […] Dia Pak Tam”), which was initially set up to standardise production for the whole company. However, ever since the subsidiary was set up, the management realised a few pertinent issues that needed their attention. Firstly, the CPU was underutilised even with the large number of Tuuu […] Dia Pak Tam restaurants across Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, the CPU was also tasked to introduce new products and services that could attract consumers and increase the visibility of their restaurants, but the company had no idea how to promote its new products. This study aims to look at the issues faced by the CPU by applying analytical tools such as SWOT analysis, Ansoff matrix and promotion mix.

Complexity academic level
This case study is designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students who are taking courses such as strategic management, marketing management and business development. This case study can also be used by training departments, corporate trainers and other relevant managers to improve growth strategies using business theories.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 8: Marketing
Mechanism design and mechanical analysis of pipeline inspection robot
Authors: Wang Yongming , Wang Jinlong , Zhou Qi , Feng Sai , Wang Xiaomin 
Published: September 2024

Purpose
This study aims to address the issues of limited pipe diameter adaptability and low inspection efficiency of current pipeline inspection robots, a new type of pipeline inspection robot capable of adapting to various pipe diameters was designed.

Design/methodology/approach
The diameter-changing mechanism uses a multilink elastic telescopic structure consisting of telescopic rods, connecting rods and wheel frames, driven by a single motor with a helical drive scheme. A geometric model of the position relationships of the hinge points was established based on the two extreme positions of the diameter-changing mechanism.

Findings
A pipeline inspection robot was designed using a simple linkage agency, which significantly reduced the weight of the robot and enhanced its adaptive pipe diameter ability. The analysis determined that the robot could accommodate pipe diameters ranging from 332 mm to 438 mm. A static equilibrium equation was established for the robot in the hovering state, and the minimum pressing force of the wheels against the pipe wall was determined to be 36.68 N. After experimental testing, the robots could successfully pass a height of 15 mm, demonstrating the good obstacle capacity of the robot.

Practical implications
This paper explores and proposes a new type of multilink elastic telescopic variable diameter pipeline inspection robot, which has the characteristics of strong adaptability and flexible operation, which makes it more competitive in the field of pipeline inspection robots and has great potential market value.

Originality/value
The robot is characterized by the innovative design of a multilink elastic telescopic structure and the use of a single motor to drive the wheel for spiral motion. On the basis of reducing the weight of the robot, it has good pipeline adaptability, climbing ability and obstacle-crossing ability.
Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory for the analysis of two temperature generalized thermoelastic interactions in an anisotropic medium with memory
Authors: Seth Tanmoy , Mallik Sadek Hossain 
Published: September 2024

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermoelastic interactions in a homogeneous, transversely isotropic infinite medium with a spherical cavity in the context of two temperature Lord-Shulman (2TLS) generalized theory of thermoelasticity considering Eringen’s nonlocal theory and memory dependent derivative (MDD). Memory-dependent derivative is found to be better than fractional calculus for reflecting the memory effect which leads us to the current investigation.Design/methodology/approachThe governing field equations of the problem are solved analytically using the eigenvalue approach in the transformed domain of Laplace when the cavity’s boundary is being loaded thermomechanically. Using MATLAB software the numerical solution in real space-time domain is obtained by Stehfest method.FindingsNumerical results for the different thermophysical quantities are presented in graphs and the effects of delay time parameter, non-local parameter and two temperature parameters are studied thereafter. The outcomes of this study convince that the displacement u, conductive temperature ϕ, thermodynamic temperature θ are concave upward whereas radial stress τrr is concave downward for every choice of delay time parameter ω, two temperature parameter η and non-local parameter “ζ”. As a specific instance of our findings, the conclusions of an equivalent problem involving integer order thermoelasticity theory can be obtained, and the corresponding results of this article can be readily inferred for isotropic materials.Originality/valueThe novelty of this research lies in the adoption of generalized thermoelastic theory with memory dependent derivative and Eringen’s nonlocality for analyzing the thermoelastic interactions in an infinite body with spherical cavity by employing eigenvalue approach. It has applications to many thermo-dynamical systems.
Fighting fear: the buffering of well-being-HRM on the effects of nurses’ fear of COVID-19 on job stress and patient care
Authors: Bartram Timothy , Tham Tse Leng , Meacham Hannah , Halvorsen Beni , Pariona-Cabrera Patricia , Cavanagh Jillian , Holland Peter , Afshari Leila 
Published: September 2024

PurposePre-pandemic research demonstrated the challenges of the nursing workforce and the provision of quality of patient care. Such challenges have been significantly intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, not least in the workplace and fear of staff catching and transmitting COVID-19. We draw on conservation of resources (COR) theory to examine the impact of the fear of COVID-19 on nurses and the role of well-being-HRM (WBHRM) in negating the fear of COVID-19 and its impact on job stress and perceived quality of patient care.Design/methodology/approachWe collected data from 260 nurses (treating COVID-19 patients) employed in US hospitals across two-waves. Data were analyzed using mediated regression and moderated mediation.FindingsThe results indicated that when nurses report higher levels of fear of COVID-19, this translates into higher levels of nursing job stress. This, in turn, reduces nurses’ perceptions of quality of patient care they can provide. As previous research has found, decreased perceptions of quality of patient care is a significant factor driving intentions to leave the profession. The results demonstrated that WBHRM practices buffer the negative impact of fear of COVID-19 on job stress, and in turn, the perceived quality of patient care.Originality/valueOur paper contributes to new knowledge for healthcare managers on WBHRM bundles and their efficacy in buffering the effects of fear on job stress and quality of patient care. We contribute new knowledge on fear at work and how to manage employees’ fear through WBHRM practices.