bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss ofPtf1aLeads to a Widespread Cell-Fate Misspecification in the Brainstem, Affecting the Development of Somatosensory and Viscerosensory Nuclei
Authors: Iskusnykh Igor Y. , Steshina Ekaterina Y. , Chizhikov Victor V. 
Published: March 2016

The brainstem contains diverse neuronal populations that regulate a wide range of processes vital to the organism. Proper cell-fate specification decisions are critical to achieve neuronal diversity in the CNS, but the mechanisms regulating cell-fate specification in the developing brainstem are poorly understood. Previously, it has been shown that basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Ptf1a is required for the differentiation and survival of neurons of the inferior olivary and cochlear brainstem nuclei, which contribute to motor coordination and sound processing, respectively. In this study, we show that the loss ofPtf1acompromises the development of the nucleus of the solitary tract, which processes viscerosensory information, and the spinal and principal trigeminal nuclei, which integrate somatosensory information of the face. Combining genetic fate-mapping, birth-dating, and gene expression studies, we found that at least a subset of brainstem abnormalities inPtf1a−/−mice are mediated by a dramatic cell-fate misspecification in rhombomeres 2–7, which results in the production of supernumerary viscerosensory and somatosensory neurons of the Lmx1b lineage at the expense of Pax2+GABAergic viscerosensory and somatosensory neurons, and inferior olivary neurons. Our data identifyPtf1aas a major regulator of cell-fate specification decisions in the developing brainstem, and as a previously unrecognized developmental regulator of both viscerosensory and somatosensory brainstem nuclei.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCell-fate specification decisions are critical for normal CNS development. Although extensively studied in the cerebellum and spinal cord, the mechanisms mediating cell-fate decisions in the brainstem, which regulates a wide range of processes vital to the organism, remain largely unknown. Here we identified mousePtf1aas a novel regulator of cell-fate decisions during both early and late brainstem neurogenesis, which are critical for proper development of several major classes of brainstem cells, including neurons of the somatosensory and viscerosensory nuclei. Since loss-of-functionPTF1Amutations were described in human patients, we suggestPtf1a-dependent cell-fate misspecification as a novel mechanism of human brainstem pathology.
Laminar- and Target-Specific Amygdalar Inputs in Rat Primary Gustatory Cortex
Authors: Haley Melissa S. , Fontanini Alfredo , Maffei Arianna 
Published: March 2016

The primary gustatory cortex (GC) receives projections from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). Behavioral and electrophysiological studies demonstrated that this projection is involved in encoding the hedonic value of taste and is a source of anticipatory activity in GC. Anatomically, this projection is largest in the agranular portion of GC; however, its synaptic targets and synaptic properties are currently unknown.In vivoelectrophysiological recordings report conflicting evidence about BLA afferents either selectively activating excitatory neurons or driving a compound response consistent with the activation of inhibitory circuits. Here we demonstrate that BLA afferents directly activate excitatory neurons and two distinct populations of inhibitory neurons in both superficial and deep layers of rat GC. BLA afferents recruit different proportions of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and show distinct patterns of circuit activation in the superficial and deep layers of GC. These results provide the first circuit-level analysis of BLA inputs to a sensory area. Laminar- and target-specific differences of BLA inputs likely explain the complexity of amygdalocortical interactions during sensory processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProjections from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the cortex convey information about the emotional value and the expectation of a sensory stimulus. Although much work has been done to establish the behavioral role of BLA inputs to sensory cortices, very little is known about the circuit organization of BLA projections. Here we provide the first in-depth analysis of connectivity and synaptic properties of the BLA input to the gustatory cortex. We show that BLA afferents activate excitatory and inhibitory circuits in a layer-specific and pattern-specific manner. Our results provide important new information about how neural circuits establishing the hedonic value of sensory stimuli and driving anticipatory behaviors are organized at the synaptic level.
Flexion Reflex Can Interrupt and Reset the Swimming Rhythm
Authors: Elson Matthew S. , Berkowitz Ari 
Published: March 2016

The spinal cord can generate the hip flexor nerve activity underlying leg withdrawal (flexion reflex) and the rhythmic, alternating hip flexor and extensor activities underlying locomotion and scratching, even in the absence of brain inputs and movement-related sensory feedback. It has been hypothesized that a common set of spinal interneurons mediates flexion reflex and the flexion components of locomotion and scratching. Leg cutaneous stimuli that evoke flexion reflex can alter the timing of (i.e., reset) cat walking and turtle scratching rhythms; in addition, reflex responses to leg cutaneous stimuli can be modified during cat and human walking and turtle scratching. Both of these effects depend on the phase (flexion or extension) of the rhythm in which the stimuli occur. However, similar interactions between leg flexion reflex and swimming have not been reported. We show here that a tap to the foot interrupted and reset the rhythm of forward swimming in spinal, immobilized turtles if the tap occurred during the swim hip extensor phase. In addition, the hip flexor nerve response to an electrical foot stimulus was reduced or eliminated during the swim hip extensor phase. These two phase-dependent effects of flexion reflex on the swim rhythm and vice versa together demonstrate that the flexion reflex spinal circuit shares key components with or has strong interactions with the swimming spinal network, as has been shown previously for cat walking and turtle scratching. Therefore, leg flexion reflex circuits likely share key spinal interneurons with locomotion and scratching networks across limbed vertebrates generally.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe spinal cord can generate leg withdrawal (flexion reflex), locomotion, and scratching in limbed vertebrates. It has been hypothesized that there is a common set of spinal cord neurons that produce hip flexion during flexion reflex, locomotion, and scratching based on evidence from studies of cat and human walking and turtle scratching. We show here that flexion reflex and swimming also share key spinal cord components based on evidence from turtles. Foot stimulation can reset the timing of the swimming rhythm and the response to each foot stimulation can itself be altered by the swim rhythm. Collectively, these studies suggest that spinal cord neuronal networks underlying flexion reflex, multiple forms of locomotion, and scratching share key components.
Pinturas murales del yacimiento romano de Cambre (A Coruña)
Authors: Loira Enríquez María 
Published: March 2016

Se trata de un estudio sobre las pinturas murales musealizadas en el Centro de Recepción del yacimiento romano de Cambre, pertenecientes al balneum de una villa tardoantigua documentada en el área. Se inicia con el contexto arqueológico, descripción de los restos y restitución hipotética; se analizan las técnicas de ejecución de las pinturas; se establecen los paralelos; se fija una cronología y, por último, una propuesta de interpretación.
A EFETIVA IMPLANTAÇÃO DAS UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL POR MEIO DA DESAPROPRIAÇÃO
Authors: Rezende Elcio Nacur , Coelho Hebert Alves 
Published: March 2016

O presente artigo analisa a importância das unidades de conservação ambientais. Demonstra que a simples criação das unidades de conservação não é suficiente para se promover adequadamente a tutela ambiental. É imprescindível uma efetiva implantação das unidades de conservação para uma proteção eficaz do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, em especial da biodiversidade. Constata-se que a desapropriação das propriedades privadas em áreas constituídas como unidades de conservação é um importante instrumento para se concretizar esta efetiva implantação. Buscou-se compreender o problema por meio de raciocínio dedutivo, com vertente metodológica jurídico-teórica, alicerçando-se na análise de doutrinas e artigos relacionados ao tema proposto.
INGLÊS: A LÍNGUA DA INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO
Authors: Fonseca Ana Lúcia Simões Borges 
Published: March 2016

A internacionalização é uma das metas em todos ossetores das instituições de ensino superior do Brasil,seja na graduação ou nos programas de pós-graduação,haja vista a crescente oferta e a procurapor exames de proficiência, como o Test of Englishas a Foreign Language (TOEFL), e os exames de proficiênciana pós-graduação. A análise de uma sériede dados empíricos de 1998, ano em que começaa ser aplicado o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio(ENEM), até 2013, mostra o relevo da língua estrangeiramoderna e a escolha dos alunos, pontuandoa seguinte avaliação: a de motivação e relevânciaatribuída à língua. A reflexão e a discussão propostasacerca da (não) relevância do ensino de inglêsapresentam, portanto, uma situação dissonante,qual seja, para a graduação e pós-graduação, noBrasil, a Língua Inglesa ocupa um espaço de prestígioe hegemonia. Contudo, na educação básica, porevidência da escolha dos discentes acerca da línguaestrangeira na prova do ENEM, vemos a emergênciado espanhol. Objetivamos, pois, analisar qual o papeldo inglês e que motivações levam um aluno aescolhê-lo (ou não) em avaliações oficiais, em examespara estudos em nível de pós-graduação e naescolha do país/língua no Programa Ciência semFronteiras. Em suma, relevar a importância do ensinode inglês desde as séries iniciais possibilita aabertura de espaços para debates e ações articuladasque levem ao estabelecimento de uma políticalinguística explícita e traduzida às especificidadesde uma dada comunidade.
Online Privacy Concerns Of Indian Consumers
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Soumava 
Published: March 2016

This paper describes an empirical study that investigates the factors that influence consumers’ online privacy concerns and their outcomes in the rapidly growing Indian online market. Indian consumers’ online privacy concerns are found to be positively impacted by their perceived vulnerability to unauthorized gathering and use of personal information, and negatively impacted by their perceived ability to control the manner in which their personal information is collected and used online. The consumers’ perceived vulnerability is negatively affected by their level of Internet literacy and their perceived ability to control the collection and use of information. In turn, the perceived ability to control information collection and use is positively influenced by both the Internet literacy level and the social awareness of the consumer. The privacy concerns of Indian consumers are found to negatively impact both their willingness to provide personal information to Websites, and their willingness to engage in e-commerce transactions. The implications of the findings for Websites targeting the Indian audience are discussed.
Kepercayaan Klien terhadap Konsultan Humas
Authors: Priandono Tito Edy 
Published: March 2016

The aim of this research is understand the process of building the trust based on client experience. Business relationship was related to the risk of profit or loss, so the decision of going the trust to the business partners is driven by a rational considerations. The conceptual framework that had been used are primary factors of trust consist of reputation, performance, and appearance while the secondary factors of trust consist of accountability, pre commitment, and communication atmosphere. The research used qualitative approach using rational choice theory. The respondent of this research is public relations consultant whose client include both corporate profit organization and non profit institutions of national and international organization background. The result of this research showed that the reputation is the most significant of primary aspect in the formation process of client’s trust to the consultant on pre relations stage. While the secondary pre commitment as secondary factors. On relationship stage, the performance consultant is primary factor that determined the client trust of consultant rather than other aspects such as appearances, the situations of communication and accountabilities.
Literasi Internet pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama
Authors: Sumiaty Noneng , Sumiaty Neti 
Published: March 2016

Internet literacy can be used to acknowledge the world's growth in many sectors as quickly and accurately , as well as in education. The focus of this research is what level of internet literacy in students of SMPN 8 Purwakarta? This purposes of this research is to obtain information about the level of internet literacy in students of SMPN 8 Purwakarta. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The study population was all students in grade 8, while the sample was two students taken from each classes. There are 7 classes of grade 8 . So the overall sample was 14 informants . The theory used is adopted from Ciolek, Matthew (2003) on the understanding of internet which consists of: basic skills , moderate skill, and advanced skills. The results showed that only a few informants have extensive knowledge of the overall level of mastering the internet. Most of the students of SMP 8 only master and understand the basic rate only. Students of SMP 8 are expected to master and understand all levels of understanding of the Internet gradually.
Relationship between Financial Compensation and Organizational Commitment among Malaysian Bank Workers
Authors: Kee Low Bee , Ahmad Rusli bin , Abdullah Siti Mariam 
Published: March 2016

<p>This research examines the relationship between financial compensation and organizational commitment among workers in the banking industry, Malaysia. This research is significant in addressing the preceding gap on the types of financial compensation such as salaries, bonuses and merit pay with a stronger relationship with organizational commitment. Although these variables have been widely studied, few studies have explored their relationship to organizational commitment. Quantitative methodology is utilized to explore the relationship between financial compensation and organizational commitment. In data collection, a questionnaire was administered among 150 workers working in several selected banks in Bera; a town situated in the state of Pahang, Malaysia. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents in the survey. The research findings showed that there is a significant relationship between financial compensation such as salaries, bonuses and merit pay and organizational commitment. Besides that, merit-based pay is identified as the dominant factor in influencing the organizational commitment among the bank workers under study. The research findings contribute to a better understanding for all related parties on the application of theories and model in relation with financial compensation aspects and organizational commitment. </p>
The Seventh Finance Commission and Its Fault Lines
Authors: Misra S. N. , Ghadai Sanjaya Ku. 
Published: March 2016

<p>Bureaucracy is a vital institutional cog to foster Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and promote Human Development Index (HDI) in India. Of late its dysfunctionality and sub-serving character has been dismaying discerning sociologists like Merton &amp; Parsons. The Seventh Finance Commission has also lamented this aspect while providing a bonanza to all, extending One Rank One Pension (OROP) to all categories of pensioners and improving the living conditions of the Group “C” employees. The paper brings out the novel aspects of the report like its emphasis on Skill India but laments about its inadequate attention to aspects like burgeoning Fiscal Deficit (FD) and lack of concern to improve productivity. The paper calls upon bureaucracy to follow the Weberian approach of being apolitical, rational and foster the process of shared prosperity through Rule of Law. </p>
Book Review: Our Necessary Shadow: The Nature and Meaning of Psychiatry. Tom Burns. UK: Penguin Books 2013. ISBN 978-1-846-14465-3
Authors: Yang Que-ping , Tsui Man C.M. , Zhang Guofu 
Published: March 2016

<p>Psychiatry is a “special” specialty (comparing with other specialties) in a sense that it raises queries and even criticisms on its existence and hence diagnosis and interventions. </p>
Treatment of Head and Neck Injuries in the Helmeted Athlete
Authors: Diduch B. Kent , Hudson Korin , Resch Jacob E. , Shen Francis , Broshek Donna K. , Brady William , Cole Steven L. , Courson Ron , Castens Titus , Shimer Adam , Miller Mark D. 
Published: March 2016

➢ Sport-related concussion treatment includes three major phases: initial evaluation at the time of the injury, treatment while the patient is symptomatic, and evaluation of the readiness for a gradual return to participation.➢ Each concussion evaluation should include similar elements: assessment of symptoms, assessment of cognitive ability, assessment of coordination (of the eyes, upper extremities, and lower extremities), and assessment for additional injuries.➢ The spine-boarding recommendations from the American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and National Athletic Trainers’ Association have changed. These recommendations include both decreased use of spinal immobilization and removal of the helmet and shoulder pads prior to securing the athlete to the board when sufficient numbers of trained providers are present.➢ Preseason training and pregame meetings or “medical time outs” should become standard practice for the sidelines medical team (including the athletic trainer, team physician, emergency response personnel, and possibly others).
Mobile Phones for Mobile People: The Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among Livestock Traders and Borana Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Debsu Dejene Negassa , Little Peter D. , Tiki Waktole , Guagliardo Sarah Anne J. , Kitron Uriel 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The recent widespread use of mobile communication technologies has sparked considerable interest in their application to social and economic development in low-income countries. In this article we examine the different uses of mobile phones among livestock traders and Borana pastoralists of southern Ethiopia, where increased adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been recent and shows potential for improvements in local livelihoods and marketing systems. We draw on an ongoing study of pastoralists and livestock traders who, in the past five years, have increased their reliance on mobile phones. They increasingly employ them to access information on grazing, weather and market conditions despite local differences in adoption rates. The article argues that differential rates of ICT adoption among groups of herders and traders relate to unequal access to the technology and infrastructure, as well as differences in local practices of information gathering. We show that the high-level of sharing of mobile technologies between owners and non-owners, however, dampens some of the negative effects of unequal ownership and infrastructure deficiencies. In the conclusion, we address the program and policy implications of the study's findings and point to the need for additional research on mobile phone use among pastoralists.
Herders' Territorialities and Social Differentiation in Western Burkina Faso
Authors: Gonin Alexis , Gautier Denis 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Some authors have linked the question of inequalities among pastoralists to rights of access to pastureland, but their analyses of pastoralists' rights of access generally focused on the privatisation of pastureland. We reveal that a wider range of power relations between farmers and herders, local and national institutions affects pastoralists' rights of access to pastureland. We demonstrate that socio-economic inequalities among the Fulbe people are linked to the unequal capacity of pastoralists to manage territorialisation processes to their own advantage. Reciprocally, the entrenchment of the territories that results from these processes reifies inequalities between pastoralists.
La recherche des cadastres antiques dans la région Nord - Pas-de-Calais (état provisoire de la recherche).
Authors: Malvache Éric , Pouchain Gilles 
Published: March 2016

Suite aux travaux de F. Jacques dans la région de Cassel, E. Malvache et G. Pouchain ont recherché en Atrébatie et en Morinie respectivement, cités du nord de la Gaule, s'il n'existait pas de traces de parcellaires antiques organisés, autrement dit de cadastres romains.
Cinq grandes orientations sont apparues : le 51°NO qui semble la plus ancienne, le 39°NO, le 35°-32°NO et le 27°NO.
Il faut à cela ajouter quatre directions plus localisées = le 3°NO, le 15°NO, le 44-46°NO et le 61° 30NO.
Le fonctionnement de ces trames les unes par rapport aux autres apparaît relativement complexe, mais ces réseaux qui servaient alors de cadre à l'installation de l'homme nous donnent une idée de l'espace mis en valeur à l'époque antique.
Winning in style: Longer styles receive more pollen, but style length does not affect pollen attrition in wild Clarkia populations
Authors: Mazer Susan J. , Moghaddasi Arrash , Bello Alexandra K. , Hove Alisa A. 
Published: March 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:One proposed function of long styles is to intensify selection among male gametophytes relative to short styles. If so, given sufficient competition, longer styles will have higher rates of pollen tube attrition (failure to reach the style base) within the style than shorter ones. Alternatively, style length may influence pollen receipt, which itself may affect attrition rates.METHODS:We tested these predictions by collecting senescing styles from wild populations of two insect‐pollinated Clarkia species. We examined the number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma, length of styles, and rates of attrition from the stigma surface to the stigma–style junction (SSJ), from the SSJ to the style base, and from the stigma surface to the style base. Multivariate analyses estimated the independent effects of pollen grains per stigma, the number of pollen tubes at the SSJ, and style length on attrition.KEY RESULTS:Style length was generally positively correlated with pollen receipt, and the number of pollen grains per stigma was positively correlated with all three attrition rates. In neither species was any attrition rate affected by style length independent of the number of pollen grains per stigma.CONCLUSIONS:Pollen attrition was mediated by style length, but the function of style length was primarily to increase the number of germinating pollen grains, which affected attrition rates either through stigma clogging or pollen–pollen interactions. Style length may have a direct effect on pollen receipt due to the stigma's position relative to pollinator body parts, but traits correlated with style length may also directly affect pollen receipt.