bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating desalination to reservoir operation to increase redundancy for more secure water supply
Authors: Bhushan Rashi , Ng Tze Ling 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigate the potential of integrating desalination to existing reservoir systems to mitigate supply uncertainty. Desalinated seawater and wastewater are relatively reliable but expensive. Water from natural resources like reservoirs is generally cheaper but climate sensitive. We propose combining the operation of a reservoir and seawater and wastewater desalination plants for an overall system that is less vulnerable to scarcity and uncertainty, while constraining total cost. The joint system is modeled as a multiobjective optimization problem with the double objectives of minimizing risk and vulnerability, subject to a minimum limit on resilience. The joint model is applied to two cases, one based on the climate and demands of a location in India and the other of a location in California. The results for the Indian case indicate that it is possible for the joint system to reduce risk and vulnerability to zero given a budget increase of 20–120% under current climate conditions and 30–150% under projected future conditions. For the Californian case, this would require budget increases of 20–80% and 30–140% under current and future conditions, respectively. Further, our analysis shows a two‐way interaction between the reservoir and desalination plants where the optimal operation of the former is just as much affected by the latter as the latter by the former. This highlights the importance of an integrated management approach. This study contributes to a greater quantitative understanding of desalination as a redundancy measure for adapting water supply infrastructures for a future of greater scarcity and uncertainty.
Passive remote sensing of aerosol layer height using near‐UV multiangle polarization measurements
Authors: Wu Lianghai , Hasekamp Otto , van Diedenhoven Bastiaan , Cairns Brian , Yorks John E. , Chowdhary Jacek 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate that multiangle polarization measurements in the near‐UV and blue part of the spectrum are very well suited for passive remote sensing of aerosol layer height. For this purpose we use simulated measurements with different setups (different wavelength ranges, with and without polarization, different polarimetric accuracies) as well as airborne measurements from the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) obtained over the continental USA. We find good agreement of the retrieved aerosol layer height from RSP with measurements from the Cloud Physics Lidar showing a mean absolute difference of less than 1 km. Furthermore, we found that the information on aerosol layer height is provided for large part by the multiangle polarization measurements with high accuracy rather than the multiangle intensity measurements. The information on aerosol layer height is significantly decreased when the shortest RSP wavelength (410 nm) is excluded from the retrieval and is virtually absent when 550 nm is used as shortest wavelength.
Single‐station monitoring of volcanoes using seismic ambient noise
Authors: De Plaen Raphael S. M. , Lecocq Thomas , Caudron Corentin , Ferrazzini Valérie , Francis Olivier 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeismic ambient noise cross correlation is increasingly used to monitor volcanic activity. However, this method is usually limited to volcanoes equipped with large and dense networks of broadband stations. The single‐station approach may provide a powerful and reliable alternative to the classical “cross‐station” approach when measuring variation of seismic velocities. We implemented it on the Piton de la Fournaise in Reunion Island, a very active volcano with a remarkable multidisciplinary continuous monitoring. Over the past decade, this volcano has been increasingly studied using the traditional cross‐correlation technique and therefore represents a unique laboratory to validate our approach. Our results, tested on stations located up to 3.5 km from the eruptive site, performed as well as the classical approach to detect the volcanic eruption in the 1–2 Hz frequency band. This opens new perspectives to successfully forecast volcanic activity at volcanoes equipped with a single three‐component seismometer.
The effects of moist entropy and moisture budgets on tropical cyclone development
Authors: Juračić Ana , Raymond David J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the moist entropy and moisture budgets in tropical cyclones, as well as their relation to tropical cyclone's development. This analysis focuses on the dropsonde data collected during Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel project and the accompanying satellite data. Two tropical cyclones of interest are Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2013) and Hurricane Edouard (2014). There were three research flights into Gabrielle (2013), during its nondeveloping and decaying stages. Edouard (2014) was visited four times in different stages of its life cycle, twice during the intensification and twice during the decay. Also, we extended our analysis on the larger data set, consisting of 11 nonintensifying and 12 intensifying systems. Our study shows that the moist entropy tends to increase during intensification and decrease during nonintensifying stages. On the other hand, the moisture budget relates better to the tropical cyclone's current intensity than its development. The sign of the moist entropy tendency depends on the ability of surface fluxes and irreversible moist entropy generation to overcome lateral export of moist entropy and loss due to radiative cooling. Edouard's decay during the last research flight was likely the result of increasing wind shear and low sea surface temperatures. During its decay, Gabrielle had strong column‐integrated lateral export of moist entropy and drying between 1 and 4 km height. This is probably the consequence of a dry environment at multiple levels, amplified by a warm and dry anomaly left behind by previous convective activity.
Characterizing land surface phenology and responses to rainfall in the Sahara desert
Authors: Yan Dong , Zhang Xiaoyang , Yu Yunyue , Guo Wei , Hanan Niall P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLand surface phenology (LSP) in the Sahara desert is poorly understood due to the difficulty in detecting subtle variations in vegetation greenness. This study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of LSP and its responses to rainfall seasonality in the Sahara desert. We first generated daily two‐band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) from half‐hourly observations acquired by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager on board the Meteosat Second Generation series of geostationary satellites from 2006 to 2012. The EVI2 time series was used to retrieve LSP based on the Hybrid Piecewise Logistic Model. We further investigated the associations of spatial and temporal patterns in LSP with those in rainfall seasonality derived from the daily rainfall time series of the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission. Results show that the spatial shifts in the start of the vegetation growing season generally follow the rainy season onset that is controlled by the summer rainfall regime in the southern Sahara desert. In contrast, the end of the growing season significantly lags the end of the rainy season without any significant dependence. Vegetation growing season can unfold during the dry seasons after onset is triggered during rainy seasons. Vegetation growing season can be as long as 300 days or more in some areas and years. However, the EVI2 amplitude and accumulation across the Sahara region was very low indicating sparse vegetation as expected in desert regions. EVI2 amplitude and accumulated EVI2 strongly depended on rainfall received during the growing season and the preceding dormancy period.
High occurrence of rhinitis symptoms in hairdressing apprentices
Authors: Foss‐Skiftesvik Majken H. , Winther Lone , Johnsen Claus R. , Søsted Heidi , Mosbech Holger F. , Zachariae Claus , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundLittle is known about the occurrence of respiratory symptoms among hairdressing apprentices during their training. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether hairdressing apprentices are at increased risk of rhinitis and asthma symptoms when compared with other young adults from the general population.MethodsA questionnaire was completed by 504 hairdressing apprentices and 1400 control participants from the general population with a similar age, gender, and geographic distribution.ResultsThe 1‐year prevalence of rhinitis symptoms was higher in hairdressing apprentices than in controls (58.1% vs 46.6%; odds ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.30‐1.98), and the prevalence was higher among hairdressing apprentices in the last years of training compared with apprentices in the first year of training (62.4% vs 41.8%, p = 0.003). Current smoking was more common in hairdressing apprentices (28.4% vs 17.2%, p < 0.001). Asthma symptoms were equally common in the 2 groups; however, hairdressing apprentices had a later age of onset of wheezing than did the controls (18 years vs 14 years, p < 0.00001) and a decreased risk of wheezing (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.95) after adjusting for smoking, education level, and degree of rurality. Bleaching products were the most frequently reported cause of rhinitis and asthma symptoms in hairdressing apprentices.ConclusionsHairdressing apprentices seem to have an increased risk of occupational rhinitis, and bleaching products are the main cause of respiratory symptoms. In addition, our findings suggest that a healthy worker effect exists in relation to asthma among hairdressing apprentices.
A Synthetic Supramolecular Receptor for the Hydrosulfide Anion
Authors: Hartle Matthew D. , Hansen Ryan J. , Tresca Blakely W. , Prakel Samuel S. , Zakharov Lev N. , Haley Michael M. , Pluth Michael D. , Johnson Darren W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a crucial biomolecule in physiology and cellular signaling. Key challenges associated with developing new chemical tools for understanding the biological roles of H2S include developing platforms that enable reversible binding of this important biomolecule. The first synthetic small molecule receptor for the hydrosulfide anion, HS−, using only reversible, hydrogen‐bonding interactions in a series of bis(ethynylaniline) derivatives, is reported. Binding constants of up to 90 300±8700 m−1 were obtained in MeCN. The fundamental science of reversible sulfide binding, in this case featuring a key CH⋅⋅⋅S hydrogen bond, will expand the possibility for discovery of sulfide protein targets and molecular recognition agents.
Iodierte (Perfluor)alkylchinoxaline über radikalische Atom‐Transfer‐Additionsreaktionen mit ortho‐Diisocyanarenen als Radikalakzeptoren
Authors: Leifert Dirk , Studer Armido 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEine neue und einfache Methode zur Herstellung von funktionalisierten Chinoxalinen wird vorgestellt. Ausgehend von leicht zugänglichen ortho‐Diisocyanarenen und (Perfluor)alkyliodiden wird das Chinoxalin‐Gerüst über eine radikalische Atom‐Transfer‐Additionsreaktion aufgebaut, um 2‐Iod‐3‐(perfluor)alkylchinoxaline zu erhalten. Diese Radikalkaskade kann sowohl durch sichtbares Licht als auch durch α,α′‐Azobisisobutyronitril (AIBN) initiiert werden. Die Methode liefert gute Ausbeuten (bis 94 %) und lässt sich auch im großen Maßstab leicht durchführen. Folgechemie zeigt den Nutzen dieser neuen radikalischen Chinoxalin‐Synthese auf.
Cascade Biocatalysis for Sustainable Asymmetric Synthesis: From Biobased l‐Phenylalanine to High‐Value Chiral Chemicals
Authors: Zhou Yi , Wu Shuke , Li Zhi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSustainable synthesis of useful and valuable chiral fine chemicals from renewable feedstocks is highly desirable but remains challenging. Reported herein is a designed and engineered set of unique non‐natural biocatalytic cascades to achieve the asymmetric synthesis of chiral epoxide, diols, hydroxy acid, and amino acid in high yield and with excellent ee values from the easily available biobased l‐phenylalanine. Each of the cascades was efficiently performed in one pot by using the cells of a single recombinant strain over‐expressing 4–10 different enzymes. The cascade biocatalysis approach is promising for upgrading biobased bulk chemicals to high‐value chiral chemicals. In addition, combining the non‐natural enzyme cascades with the natural metabolic pathway of the host strain enabled the fermentative production of the chiral fine chemicals from glucose.
Selective High‐Resolution Detection of Membrane Protein–Ligand Interaction in Native Membranes Using Trityl–Nitroxide PELDOR
Authors: Joseph Benesh , Tormyshev Victor M. , Rogozhnikova Olga Yu. , Akhmetzyanov Dmitry , Bagryanskaya Elena G. , Prisner Thomas F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe orchestrated interaction of transmembrane proteins with other molecules mediates several crucial biological processes. Detergent solubilization may significantly alter or even abolish such hetero‐oligomeric interactions, which makes observing them at high resolution in their native environment technically challenging. Dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques such as pulsed electro–electron double resonance (PELDOR) can provide very precise distances within biomolecules. To concurrently determine the inter‐subunit interaction and the intra‐subunit conformational changes in hetero‐oligomeric complexes, a combination of different spin labels is required. Orthogonal spin labeling using a triarylmethyl (TAM) label in combination with a nitroxide label is used to detect protein–ligand interactions in native lipid bilayers. This approach provides a higher sensitivity and total selectivity and will greatly facilitate the investigation of multimeric transmembrane complexes employing different spin labels in the native lipid environment.
Bis(4‐nitraminofurazanyl‐3‐azoxy)azofurazan and Derivatives: 1,2,5‐Oxadiazole Structures and High‐Performance Energetic Materials
Authors: Liu Yuji , Zhang Jiaheng , Wang Kangcai , Li Jinshan , Zhang Qinghua , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBis(4‐nitraminofurazanyl‐3‐azoxy)azofurazan (1) and ten of its energetic salts were prepared and fully characterized. Computational analysis based on isochemical shielding surface and trigger bond dissociation enthalpy provide a better understanding of the thermal stabilities for nitramine‐furazans. These energetic compounds exhibit good densities, high heats of formation, and excellent detonation velocity and pressure. Some representative compounds, for example, 1 (vD: 9541 m s−1; P: 40.5 GPa), and 4 (vD: 9256 m s−1; P: 38.0 GPa) exhibit excellent detonation performances, which are comparable with current high explosives such as RDX (vD: 8724 m s−1; P: 35.2 GPa) and HMX (vD: 9059 m s−1; P: 39.2 GPa).
Modifying the 5′‐Cap for Click Reactions of Eukaryotic mRNA and To Tune Translation Efficiency in Living Cells
Authors: Holstein Josephin M. , Anhäuser Lea , Rentmeister Andrea 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe 5′‐cap is a hallmark of eukaryotic mRNAs and plays fundamental roles in RNA metabolism, ranging from quality control to export and translation. Modifying the 5′‐cap may thus enable modulation of the underlying processes and investigation or tuning of several biological functions. A straightforward approach is presented for the efficient production of a range of N7‐modified caps based on the highly promiscuous methyltransferase Ecm1. We show that these, as well as N2‐modified 5′‐caps, can be used to tune translation of the respective mRNAs both in vitro and in cells. Appropriate modifications allow subsequent bioorthogonal chemistry, as demonstrated by intracellular live‐cell labeling of a target mRNA. The efficient and versatile N7 manipulation of the mRNA cap makes mRNAs amenable to both modulation of their biological function and intracellular labeling, and represents a valuable addition to the chemical biology toolbox.
A Catalyst‐Controlled Aerobic Coupling of ortho‐Quinones and Phenols Applied to the Synthesis of Aryl Ethers
Authors: Huang Zheng , Lumb Jean‐Philip 
Published: August 2016

Abstractortho‐Quinones are underutilized six‐carbon‐atom building blocks. We herein describe an approach for controlling their reactivity with copper that gives rise to a catalytic aerobic cross‐coupling with phenols. The resulting aryl ethers are generated in high yield across a broad substrate scope under mild conditions. This method represents a unique example where the covalent modification of an ortho‐quinone is catalyzed by a transition metal, creating new opportunities for their utilization in synthesis.
Tuning the properties of alginate—chitosan membranes by varying the viscosity and the proportions of polymers
Authors: Bierhalz Andréa C. K. , Moraes Ângela Maria 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, alginate (A) and chitosan (C)‐based membranes designed for skin tissue engineering applications were prepared using three different A to C mass ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3). Each formulation was produced with alginate of two different viscosities (low and medium). Porous membranes were obtained through foaming by adding the surfactant Poloxamer 188 to the formulations at the concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% (w/w) in excess of the biopolymers mass. The physicochemical properties of the membranes were evaluated, showing that the formation of more stable, resistant, and porous structures with Poloxamer 188 was favored in membranes prepared with medium‐viscosity alginate. The surfactant also exerted the most pronounced porogenic effect on the formulation with alginate:chitosan mass ratio equal to 3:1. These membranes consequently had greater thickness, roughness, opacity, water vapor transmission rate, and lower mechanical resistance than 1:1 and 1:3 membranes. Taken together, the results indicated that it is possible to improve and tune the properties of alginate—chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes by varying the viscosity of alginate and proportions of biopolymers and surfactant. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44216.
Effect of hesperidin on the pharmacokinetics of CPT‐11 and its active metabolite SN‐38 by regulating hepatic Mrp2 in rats
Authors: Wang Xingdong , Rao Zhi , Qin Hongyan , Zhang Guoqiang , Ma Yanrong , Jin Yongwen , Han Miao , Shi Axi , Wang Yanping , Wu Xinan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe usage of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT‐11) chemotherapy is hindered by its dose‐limiting diarrhea which appears to be associated with the intestinal exposure to SN‐38, the active metabolite of CPT‐11. Hesperidin, a safe and natural food ingredient flavonoid, exhibits various biological properties. Accumulated evidence showed that the regulatory effect of hesperidin on the expression of Mrp2 in the liver may be one of the critical factors controlling the biliary excretion of SN‐38. This study examined the effect of hesperidin on the pharmacokinetics of CPT‐11 and SN‐38 as well as the regulatory effect on the hepatic expression of Mrp2. Compared with the control group, the AUC5‐t was increased to 115% of CPT‐11 and 122% of SN‐38; the CL was decreased to 87% for CPT‐11; the tissue concentration was increased in the liver, kidney and colon; and the accumulated biliary excretion was significantly decreased to 77% for CPT‐11 and 76% for SN‐38 in hesperidin‐treated rats. Furthermore, the expression of Mrp2 in the liver was significantly decreased to 37% in the hesperidin‐treated rats compared with that of the control group. These results indicate that oral administration of hesperidin significantly increased the AUC5‐t and reduced the clearance of CPT‐11 and SN‐38, possibly by decreasing the hepatic expression of Mrp2, and thus inhibiting the biliary excretion of CPT‐11 and SN‐38. The results from this present study suggest that hesperidin may reduce the exposure of CPT‐11 and SN‐38 in the intestine by reducing the amount of biliary excretion of CPT‐11 and SN‐38. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Gist of Delay of Gratification: Understanding and Predicting Problem Behaviors
Authors: Reyna Valerie F. , Wilhelms Evan A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDelay of gratification captures elements of temptation and self‐denial that characterize real‐life problems with money and other problem behaviors such as unhealthy risk taking. According to fuzzy‐trace theory, decision makers mentally represent social values such as delay of gratification in a coarse but meaningful form of memory called “gist.” Applying this theory, we developed a gist measure of delay of gratification that does not involve quantitative trade‐offs (as delay discounting does) and hypothesize that this construct explains unique variance beyond sensation seeking and inhibition in accounting for problem behaviors. Across four studies, we examine this Delay‐of‐gratification Gist Scale by using principal components analyses and evaluating convergent and divergent validity with other potentially related scales such as Future Orientation, Propensity to Plan, Time Perspectives Inventory, Spendthrift‐Tightwad, Sensation Seeking, Cognitive Reflection, Barratt Impulsiveness, and the Monetary Choice Questionnaire (delay discounting). The new 12‐item measure captured a single dimension of delay of gratification, correlated as predicted with other scales, but accounted for unique variance in predicting such outcomes as overdrawing bank accounts, substance abuse, and overall subjective well‐being. Results support a theoretical distinction between reward‐related approach motivation, including sensation seeking, and inhibitory faculties, including cognitive reflection. However, individuals' agreement with the qualitative gist of delay of gratification, as expressed in many cultural traditions, could not be reduced to such dualist distinctions nor to quantitative conceptions of delay discounting, shedding light on mechanisms of self‐control and risk taking. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Well Do We Know Our Inner Daredevil? Probing the Relationship Between Self‐Report and Behavioral Measures of Risk Taking
Authors: Rolison Jonathan J. , Pachur Thorsten 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo measure a person's risk‐taking tendency, research has relied interchangeably on self‐report scales (e.g., “Indicate your likelihood of engaging in the risky behavior”) and more direct measures, such as behavioral tasks (e.g., “Do you accept or reject the risky option?”). It is currently unclear, however, how the two approaches map upon each other. We examined the relationship between self‐report likelihood ratings for risky choice in a monetary gamble task and actual choice, and tested how the relationship is affected by task ambiguity (i.e., when part of the information about risks and benefits is missing) and age. Five hundred participants (aged 19–85 years) were presented with 27 gambles, either in an unambiguous or an ambiguous condition. In a likelihood rating task, participants rated for each gamble the likelihood that they would accept it. In a separate choice task, they were asked to either accept or reject each gamble. Analyses using a signal‐detection approach showed that people's likelihood ratings discriminated between accept and reject cases in their choices rather well. However, task ambiguity weakened the association between likelihood ratings and choice. Further, older adults' likelihood ratings anticipated their choices more poorly than younger adults'. We discuss implications of these findings for existing approaches to the study of risk‐taking propensity, which have often relied on self‐reported risk tendency for ambiguous activities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.