bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of non‐carious cervical lesion size, occlusal loading and restoration on biomechanical behaviour of premolar teeth
Authors: Zeola LF , Pereira FA , Machado AC , Reis BR , Kaidonis J , Xie Z , Townsend GC , Ranjitkar S , Soares PV 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundInformation on fracture biomechanics has implications in materials research and clinical practice. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of non‐carious cervical lesion (NCCL) size, restorative status and direction of occlusal loading on the biomechanical behaviour of mandibular premolars, using finite element analysis (FEA), strain gauge tests and fracture resistance tests.MethodsTen buccal cusps were loaded on the outer and inner slopes to calculate the strain generated cervically. Data were collected for healthy teeth at baseline and progressively at three lesion depths (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm), followed by restoration with resin composite. The magnitude and distribution of von Mises stress and maximum principal stress were simulated at all stages using FEA, and fracture strength was also determined (n = 7 per group).ResultsThere were significant effects of the lesion size and loading directions on stress, strain and fracture resistance (p < 0.05). Fracture resistance values decreased with increase in lesion size, but returned to baseline with restorations.ConclusionsCombined assessment of computer‐based and experimental techniques provide an holistic approach to characterize the biomechanical behaviour of teeth with both unrestored and restored NCCLs.
Macrophage Phenotype Is Associated With the Regenerative Response in Experimental Replacement of the Porcine Esophagus
Authors: Jönsson Linus , Dellenmark Blom Michaela , Friberg Lars , Gatzinsky Vladimir , Holmquist Olof , Jennische Eva , Sandin Anders , Abrahamsson Kate 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA porcine model for bridging circumferential defects in the intrathoracic esophagus has been developed in order to improve the treatment of children born with long‐gap esophageal atresia. The aim of this study was to identify factors beneficial for tissue regeneration in the bridging area in this model and to describe the histological progression 20 days after replacement with a silicone‐stented Biodesign mesh. Resection of 3 cm of intrathoracic esophagus and replacement with a bridging graft was performed in six newly weaned piglets. They were fed through a gastrostomy for 10 days, and then had probe formula orally for another 10 days prior to sacrifice. Two out of six piglets had stent loss prior to sacrifice. In the four piglets with the stent in place, a tissue tube, with visible muscle in the wall, was seen at sacrifice. Histology showed that the wall of the healing area was well organized with layers of inflammatory cells, in‐growing vessels, and smooth muscle cells. CD163+ macrophages was seen toward the esophageal lumen. In the animals where the stent was lost, the bridging area was narrow, and histology showed a less organized structure in the bridging area without the presence of CD163+ macrophages. This study indicates that regenerative healing was seen in the porcine esophagus 20 days after replacement of a part of the intrathoracic esophagus with a silicone‐stented Biodesign mesh, if the bridging graft is retained. If the graft is lost, the inflammatory pattern changes with invasion of proinflammatory, M1 macrophages in the entire wall, which seems to redirect the healing process toward scar formation.
Clinical features of functional somatic symptoms in children and referral patterns to child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Tøt‐Strate Simone , Dehlholm‐Lambertsen Gitte , Lassen Karin , Rask Charlotte Ulrikka 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimFunctional somatic symptoms (FSS) are common in paediatric patients who are referred to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS), but little is known about current referral practices. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate clinical features of paediatric inpatients with FSS referred to CAMHS and to describe why paediatricians referred them.MethodsThe study population comprised 60 children with FSS admitted to a large Danish paediatric department during 2012. We compared medical record data on the clinical characteristics and paediatric management of 16 children who had been referred and 44 children who had not.ResultsMost paediatric records lacked information on psychosocial factors and symptoms. Referred children were significantly more multisymptomatic of FSS (p < 0.01) than the controls, had longer symptom duration, underwent more clinical investigations, had longer paediatric admissions of at least two weeks and received more treatment elements before referral. The most frequently stated referral reason was inadequate treatment response.ConclusionPaediatric inpatients with more severe FSS were more likely to be referred to CAMHS, but referral reasons were generally vague and psychosocial information was frequently missing. Clinical guidelines are needed to improve and systematise mental health referrals for children with FSS.
Trends, correlates, and disease patterns of antipsychotic use among elderly persons in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo Chia‐Lun , Chien I.‐Chia , Lin Ching‐Heng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionWe used the population‐based database to investigate the trends, correlates, and disease patterns of antipsychotic use among elderly people in Taiwan.MethodsThe National Health Research Institutes provided a database of 1,000,000 random subjects for health service studies. We analyzed a sample of subjects over the age of 65 years from 1997 to 2005. The trends in and factors associated with antipsychotic use were detected. We also examined the proportions of antipsychotics used for psychiatric and medical disorders.ResultsThe 1‐year prevalence of antipsychotic use in elderly persons increased from 9.8% in 1997 to 12.8% in 2005. The prevalence of first‐generation antipsychotic (FGA) use increased from 9.8% to 11.6%, and the prevalence of second‐generation antipsychotic (SGA) use increased greatly from 0.01% to 2.02%. Higher prevalence of both FGAs and SGAs were associated with age and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. Psychiatric disorders were commonly found in SGA users (80.8%), whereas only 19.3% of the FGA users had psychiatric disorders. Among the major psychiatric disorders, greater proportions of antipsychotic use were for senile and presenile organic psychotic conditions, other organic psychotic conditions, and affective psychoses. FGAs were much more commonly prescribed for nonpsychiatric disorders, including diseases of symptoms, signs, and ill‐defined conditions, the digestive system, and the respiratory system.DiscussionThe prevalence of antipsychotic use, particularly the use of SGAs, increased greatly from 1997 to 2005 among elderly persons in Taiwan. SGAs were most used by subjects with psychiatric disorders, and FGAs were most used by those with nonpsychiatric disorders.
Alterations in neural Theory of Mind processing in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and unaffected relatives
Authors: Willert Anna , Mohnke Sebastian , Erk Susanne , Schnell Knut , Romanczuk‐Seiferth Nina , Quinlivan Esther , Schreiter Stefanie , Spengler Stephanie , Herold Dorrit , Wackerhagen Carolin , Romund Lydia , Garbusow Maria , Lett Tristram , Stamm Thomas , Adli Mazda , Heinz Andreas , Bermpohl Felix , Walter Henrik 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesBehavioral deficits in the Theory of Mind (ToM) have been robustly demonstrated in bipolar disorder. These deficits may represent an intermediate phenotype of the disease. The aim of this study was: (i) to investigate alterations in neural ToM processing in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, and (ii) to examine whether similar effects are present in unaffected relatives of patients with bipolar disorder suggesting that ToM functional activation may be, in part, due to genetic risk for the disease.MethodsA total of 24 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, 21 unaffected first‐degree relatives, and 81 healthy controls completed a ToM task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsWe observed reduced bilateral activation of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and diminished functional fronto‐temporoparietal connectivity in patients compared to controls. Relatives tended towards intermediate temporoparietal activity and functional coupling with medial prefrontal areas. There was also evidence for a potentially compensatory enhanced recruitment of the right middle temporal gyrus and stronger connectivity between this region and the medial prefrontal cortex in relatives.ConclusionsThese findings provide further evidence of altered neural ToM processing in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Further, our findings in relatives lend support to the idea that altered ToM processing may act as an intermediate phenotype of the disorder.
‘He's got his father's bias’: Parental influence on weight bias in young children
Authors: Spiel Emma C. , Rodgers Rachel F. , Paxton Susan J. , Wertheim Eleanor H. , Damiano Stephanie R. , Gregg Karen J. , McLean Siân A. 
Published: December 2015

Our aim was to explore the role of parents in the transmission of stereotypical body size attitudes and awareness of weight loss strategies to preschool children. Participants were 279 3‐year‐old children and their parents, who provided data at baseline and 1 year later. Parents completed self‐report body size attitude and dieting measures. Child weight bias and awareness of weight loss strategies were assessed through interview. Over time, negative associations with large bodies and awareness of weight loss strategies increased. Fathers’ attitudes prospectively predicted boys’ weight bias and awareness of weight loss strategies. Among girls, parental attitudes were less predictive. Findings confirm the importance of fathers in the development of boys’ body attitudes and inform prevention programmes.
Cretaceous evolution of the Andean margin between 36°S and 40°S latitude through a multi‐proxy provenance analysis of Neuquén Basin strata (Argentina)
Authors: Di Giulio Andrea , Ronchi Ausonio , Sanfilippo Alessio , Balgord Elizabeth A. , Carrapa Barbara , Ramos Victor A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDuring the Cretaceous, the Neuquén Basin transitioned from an extensional back‐arc to a retroarc foreland basin. We present a multi‐proxy provenance study of Aptian to Santonian (125–84 Ma) continental sedimentary rocks preserved in the Neuquén Basin used to resolve changes of sediment drainage pattern in response to the change in tectonic regime. Sandstone petrology and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology constrain the source units delivering detritus to the basin; apatite U–Pb and fission track dating further resolve provenance and determine the age and patterns of exhumation of the source rocks. Sandstone provenance records a sharp change from a mixed orogenic source during Aptian time (ca. 125 Ma), to a magmatic arc provenance in the Cenomanian (ca. 100 Ma). We interpret this provenance change as the result of the drainage pattern reorganisation from divergent to convergent caused by tectonic basin inversion. During this inversion and early stages of contraction, a transient phase of uplift and basin erosion, possibly due to continental buckling, caused the pre‐Cenomanian unconformity dividing the Lower from Upper Cretaceous strata in the Neuquén Basin. This phase was followed by the development of a retroarc foreland basin characterised by a volcanic arc sediment provenance progressively shifting to a mixed continental basement provenance during Turonian‐Santonian (90–84). According to multi‐proxy provenance data and lag times derived from apatite fission track analysis, this trend is the result of a rapidly exhuming source within the Cordillera to the west, in response to active compressional tectonics along the western margin of South America, coupled with the increasing contribution of material from the stable craton to the east; this contribution is thought to be the result of the weak uplift and exhumation of the foreland due to eastward migration of the forebulge.
TERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of recurrence and death due to papillary thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Bullock Martyn , Ren Yan , O'Neill Christine , Gill Anthony , Aniss Adam , Sywak Mark , Sidhu Stan , Delbridge Leigh , Learoyd Diana , de Vathaire Florent , Robinson Bruce G. , Clifton‐Bligh Roderick J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryContextTERT promoter mutations have been associated with adverse prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs).ObjectiveWe investigated the association between TERT promoter mutations and survival from PTC.DesignRetrospective observational cohort study.PatientsEighty consecutive patients with PTC who underwent surgery between 1990 and 2003.MeasurementsTERT promoter was genotyped in DNA from 80 archival PTCs by Sanger sequencing. Median follow‐up was 106 months (range 1–270). Outcomes analysis was stratified according to disease and overall survival status. For each parameter, relative risk (RR) adjusted for age at first surgery and gender was estimated. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression models.ResultsPTCs from 11 patients (14%) contained either C228T or C250T TERT promoter mutation. TERT mutations were significantly associated with adverse prognostic features such as older age (P = 0·002), male gender (P = 0·01) and Stage IV disease (P = 0·03). Four patients died from PTC during follow‐up: 3 patients with TERT mutations (27%) and one without (1·5%). Disease‐related mortality rate with or without TERT mutations was 33·7 vs 1·6 per 1000 patient‐years respectively, that is 10 (95% CI = 1·0–104·1, P = 0·05) fold higher, after adjustment for age at first surgery and gender. The combination of TERT promoter mutation and BRAFV600E significantly increased disease‐related death risk (P = 0·002). TERT mutations increased expression of a reporter gene in thyroid cells containing BRAFV600E.ConclusionsTERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of death due to PTCs. Conversely, absence of TERT mutations portends better survival.
Management recommendations for osteoporosis in clinical guidelines
Authors: Wang Michael , Bolland Mark , Grey Andrew 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectiveNumerous guidelines advise about management of osteoporosis, but little research has been conducted on their recommendations. We analysed recommendations on management of bone health in clinical guidelines.DesignWe surveyed recommendations on assessment, treatment and monitoring of bone health in 78 clinical guidelines (22 primary focus osteoporosis, 56 primary focus not osteoporosis) lodged at the Agency for Health Research and Quality National Guidelines Clearinghouse between 1/1/2009 and 12/31/2014.MeasurementsGovernance of guidelines; discussion of fracture risk in the target population; recommendations for assessment, treatment and monitoring of bone health.ResultsOnly 14% of guidelines discussed fracture risk in the target population. When guidelines discussed assessment, 98% recommended bone mineral density (BMD) measurement but only 27% recommended estimation of fracture risk. When guidelines discussed treatment, 63–71% recommended calcium and/or vitamin D, while <12% recommended avoiding low body weight or smoking cessation. When guidelines discussed intervention, 53% did so on the basis of BMD measurement, and only 27% on the basis of estimated fracture risk. When guidelines discussed monitoring, >90% recommended BMD measurements, and only 3% recommended estimation of fracture risk. About 65% of guidelines that suggested a BMD monitoring interval recommended one of ≤3 years. Compared to guidelines with a primary focus on osteoporosis, guidelines whose primary focus was not osteoporosis were less likely to discuss fracture risk in the target population (2% vs 45%), recommend estimation of fracture risk (11% vs 55%) and recommend intervention on the basis of estimated fracture risk (10% vs 67%) (all P < 0·005).ConclusionsOur findings highlight a strong focus in clinical guidelines on BMD, a surrogate measure, rather than fracture risk, the clinically important outcome, particularly when bone health is not the primary focus. Addressing this issue might facilitate more rational use of resources and improve patient care.
What is a cladogram and what is not?
Authors: Brower Andrew V.Z. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe origins and meanings of “cladogram” are reviewed. Traditionally, “cladogram” has been defined as a graphical representation of an empirical hypothesis of relationships among taxa, based on evidence from synapomorphies alone. Disturbingly, numerous recent authors treat “cladogram” as synonymous with “dendrogram” and do not appreciate the particular methodological connotations of the former term. This is lamented.
Physiological and biochemical differences amongUlmus minorgenotypes showing a gradient of resistance toDutch elm disease
Authors: Li M. , López R. , Venturas M. , Martín J. A. , Domínguez J. , Gordaliza G. G. , Gil L. , Rodríguez‐Calcerrada J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryDutch elm disease (DED) spread across Europe and North America in the 20th century killing most natural elm populations. Today, breeding programmes aim at identifying, propagating and studying elm clones resistant toDED. Here, we have compared the physiology and biochemistry of six genotypes ofUlmus minorof variableDEDresistance. Leaf gas exchange, water potential, stem hydraulic conductivity and biochemical status were studied in 5‐year‐old trees ofAB‐AM2.4, M‐DV2.3, M‐DV2 × M‐CC1.5 and M‐DV1 and 6‐year‐old trees ofVA‐AP38 andBU‐FL7 before and after inoculation withOphiostoma novo‐ulmi. Leaf water potential and net photosynthesis rates declined, while the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) increased after the inoculation in susceptible trees. By the 21st day, leaf predawn and midday water potential, stomatal conductance to water vapour and net photosynthesis rates were lower, andPLCwas higher in trees of susceptible (S) genotypes inoculated with the pathogen than in control trees inoculated with water, whereas no significant treatment effect was observed on these variables in the resistant (R) genotypes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed a different biochemical profile for branches of R and S clones. R clones showed higher absorption peaks that could be assigned to phenolic compounds, saturated hydrocarbons, cellulose and hemicellulose than S clones. The differences were more marked at the end of the experiment than at the beginning, suggesting that R and S clones responded differently to the inevitable wounding from inoculation and repeated sampling over the experimental course. We hypothesize that a weak activation of the defence system in response to experimental wounding can contribute to the susceptibility of some genotypes toO. novo‐ulmi. In turn, the decline in shoot hydraulic conductivity and leaf carbon uptake caused by the infection further exacerbates tree susceptibility to the fungus.
Perinatal citalopram does not prevent the effect of prenatal stress on anxiety, depressive‐like behaviour and serotonergic transmission in adult rat offspring
Authors: Zohar Inbar , Shoham Shai , Weinstock Marta 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIt is still not clear whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors frequently prescribed to depressed pregnant women improve the behavioural outcome in their children. The current study investigated whether administration of citalopram to pregnant rats could prevent anxiety and depressive‐like behaviour induced by gestational stress in their offspring, and restore the expression of serotonin 1A autoreceptors in GABAergic interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphe nuclei in males, and of corticotropin‐releasing factor type 2 receptors in GABAergic interneurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei in females. Activation of these receptors modulates serotonergic transmission to target areas and is reduced in a sex‐dependent manner by prenatal stress. Citalopram (10 mg/kg/day), administered orally from day 7 of gestation until 21 days postpartum, prevented the increase in anxiety in stressed mothers but did not reduce anxiety and depressive‐like behaviour in their offspring and even induced depressive‐like behaviour in the offspring of control mothers. Citalopram failed to restore the reduction in the expression of serotonin 1A autoreceptors in the prefrontal cortex of males and in corticotropin‐releasing factor type 2 receptors in the dorsal raphe nuclei of females induced by prenatal stress. Prenatal citalopram did not prevent the behavioural changes or reduction in serotonergic transmission to target areas induced by prenatal stress. It had adverse behavioural effects in the offspring of control rats, which, together with the lack of any change in prenatally‐stressed rats, may be due to inhibition of the foetal serotonin transporter thereby preventing normal development of the serotonin system.
Bacteria as transporters of phosphorus through soil
Authors: Glæsner N. , Bælum J. , Jacobsen C. S. , Ritz C. , Rubæk G. H. , Kjaergaard C. , Magid J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe transport of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land has led to the eutrophication of surface waters worldwide, especially in areas with intensive animal production. In this research, we investigated the role of bacteria in the leaching of P through three agricultural soils with different textures, before and after the surface application of dairy slurry manure (Bos taurus L.). Leachates of intact soil columns (diameter 20 cm, height 20 cm) of loamy sand, sandy loam and loam were analysed for total bacterial cells measured by universal 16S rRNA genes, and compared with the P content of leachates. The number of 16S rRNA genes per bacterial cell was validated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a universal 16S rRNA gene primer set. Enumeration of bacterial cells by DAPI staining of cells extracted by density gradient centrifugation of the sandy loam estimated 4.6 16S rRNA genes cell−1. Leaching of bacteria was in the range of 2.5–4.5 × 105 cells ml−1 prior to application of slurry to the three soil textures. After slurry application, leaching increased to 1.1 × 106 cells ml−1 in the loamy sand, 4.9 × 106 cells ml−1 in the sandy loam and 5.0 × 106 cells ml−1 in the loam. Based on the reported P content of soil bacteria, 0.3–1.8% of the total P leached was present in the bacterial biomass when no slurry was applied, whereas slurry application increased the leaching of P from the bacterial biomass to 3−7.9% of total P leached. Bacterial leaching was related to the particulate P fraction of leachates of the loamy sand and sandy loam, but was also related to both dissolved and particulate leachate fractions of the loam. These results indicate that bacterial transport might play a role in the leaching of P from soil where manure has been applied, but this mechanism of transport is generally not addressed when considering the leaching of P.