bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional imaging for volume measurement of hypertrophic and keloid scars, reliability of a previously validated simplified technique in clinical setting
Authors: Verhiel S. H. W. L. , Piatkowski de Grzymala A. A. , Van den Kerckhove E. , Colla C. , van der Hulst R. R. W. J. 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionEvidence behind many of the current treatments in hypertrophic and keloid scars remains limited. Current objective methods to assess efficacy and provide follow‐up can be complex and are not easily applied in clinical setting. The aim of this study was to assess reliability of a recently validated simplified technique for volume measurement in clinical practice.MethodsVolume measurement of 28 hypertrophic and keloid scars was conducted in 22 consecutive patients, using a three‐dimensional stereophotogrammetry. Intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV). The measurement error was expressed as limits of agreement (LoA).ResultsThe simplified method for three‐dimensional volume measurement showed good intra‐rater reliability with an ICC of 0.997 and a CV of 7.3%, and a good inter‐rater reliability with an ICC of 0.999 and a CV of 5.7%. The plot of the differences and LoA showed near‐perfect agreement between observers.ConclusionObjective evaluation of scar volume using the simplified three‐dimensional measurement technique may complement subjective scoring and improve the ability to quantitatively compare the response to therapeutic methods.
A molecular phylogeny of marine amphipods in the herbivorous family Ampithoidae
Authors: Sotka Erik E. , Bell Tina , Hughes Lauren E. , Lowry James K. , Poore Alistair G. B. 
Published: June 2016

Ampithoid amphipods dominate invertebrate assemblages associated with shallow‐water macroalgae and seagrasses worldwide and represent the most species‐rich family of herbivorous amphipod known. To generate the first molecular phylogeny of this family, we sequenced 35 species from 10 genera at two mitochondrial genes [the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the large subunit of 16 s (LSU)] and two nuclear loci [sodium–potassium ATPase (NAK) and elongation factor 1‐alpha (EF1)], for a total of 1453 base pairs. All 10 genera are embedded within an apparently monophyletic Ampithoidae (Amphitholina, Ampithoe, Biancolina, Cymadusa, Exampithoe, Paragrubia, Peramphithoe, Pleonexes, Plumithoe, Pseudoamphithoides and Sunamphitoe). Biancolina was previously placed within its own superfamily in another suborder. Within the family, single‐locus trees were generally poor at resolving relationships among genera. Combined‐locus trees were better at resolving deeper nodes, but complete resolution will require greater taxon sampling of ampithoids and closely related outgroup species, and more molecular characters. Despite these difficulties, our data generally support the monophyly of Ampithoidae, novel evolutionary relationships among genera, several currently accepted genera that will require revisions via alpha taxonomy and the presence of cryptic species.
Thermal Stress Measurement in Continuous Welded Rails Using the Hole-Drilling Method
Authors: Zhu Xuan , Lanza di Scalea Francesco , Fateh Mahmood 
Published: June 2016

Continuous Welded Rail (CWR) has been widely used in modern railway system for it provides smooth ride, higher freight speed, and less maintenance. A major safety concern with this type of structure is the absence of the expansion joints and the potential of buckling in hot weather. According to the FRA safety statistics, the track alignment irregularity is one of the leading factors responsible for the accidents and the most economic/environmental damages, among all the railway accident causes. However, the thermal stress measurement in the CWR for buckling prevention has been an unresolved problem in railroad maintenance.
In this study, a method is introduced to determine the in-situ thermal stress of the in-service CWR by using the Hole-Drilling method. The ASTM Hole-Drilling test procedure, as one type of stress relaxation methods, was originally developed to measure the in-plane residual stresses close to the specimen surfaces. The residual stresses are typically computed based on the relieved strains with the calibration coefficients. Inspired by the stress relaxation philosophy, an investigation on the thermal stress measurement of the CWR using the Hole-Drilling test procedure is conducted in this paper. First, the feasibility of using the Hole-Drilling method of the thermal stress measurement is examined via a 3-D finite element model. The stress relaxation computed from the Hole-Drilling test is compared with the applied uniaxial thermal stress. To facilitate the implementation on the CWR, a new set of calibration coefficients with finer depth increment is computed with a novel three-dimensional finite element model for more realistic simulation. The updated coefficients are experimentally validated with an aluminum column specimen under uniaxial load. For the experimental studies, a roadside prototype is developed and two sets of tests are carried out on free-to-expand rail tracks and on rails subjected to controlled thermal loads at UCSD Powell Laboratories. The relieved stresses are computed using the updated calibration coefficients, and a linear relationship between the axial and vertical residual stresses at the neutral axis is observed for both 136RE and 141RE rails. Furthermore, the in-situ thermal stresses are estimated with the residual stress compensation and the neutral temperatures are predicted according to linear thermal expansion theory. These tests illustrate that the determination of the thermal stresses by the Hole-Drilling method is in principle possible, once ways are developed to compensate for the residual stress relaxation. One such compensation is proposed in this paper. A statistical interpretation on the proposed method is also given to provide a reference for railroad applications.
Laboratory Evaluation of Fouled Ballast Under Heavy-Axle Load and High Traffic Conditions
Authors: Faghihi Kashani Hamed , Ho Carlton L. , Hyslip James P. 
Published: June 2016

Excessively fouled ballast can result a high amount of plastic settlement and reduction of vertical and lateral resistance of the track. A significant portion of railroad maintenance costs is associated with degraded fouled ballast. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of ballast fouling at different moisture levels on the behavior of ballast under repeated loading conditions. Development of the testing equipment and procedure to better simulate and evaluate the performance of ballast under heavy loading and high traffic conditions can help the railroad industry to better understand the track risk factors.
In this study a modified railroad ballast box test apparatus has been used to evaluate the effect of fouling on the plastic deformation of ballast in different moisture conditions up to 2,500,000 cycles, or the equivalent of 300MGT of heavy axle load traffic. The tests have been conducted under equivalent Heavy-Axle Load (HAL) loading conditions and for ballasts with <5%, 15% and 30% fouling. The tests simulate the gradual elastic and plastic deformation of fouled ballast by increase in repetitive cycles of load from dry condition to saturated condition. This paper presents the design and construction of the ballast box device with initial results of the tests. The results show a clear effect of water content and fouling percentage on the amount and rate of both plastic and elastic deformation in cyclic loading. Also, the factor of safety against track failure has been evaluated in highly fouled ballast at saturated conditions.
Effect of Concrete Release Strength on the Development Length and Flexural Capacity of Members Made With Different Prestressing Strands
Authors: Momeni Amir Farid , Peterman Robert J. , Beck B. Terry , Wu Chih-Hang John , Bodapati Naga Narendra B. 
Published: June 2016

Load tests were conducted on pretensioned members made with five different strands (three 7-wire strands and two 3-wire strands) to determine the effect of concrete release strength on the development length and flexural capacity of members. Strands named generically SA, SC, SD, SE and SF and they were all indented except SA (no surface indentation). All strands had diameter of 3/8″ (9.52 mm) except SC which had diameter of 5/16″ (7.94 mm). Among all types of strands used in manufacturing of test prisms, SC and SF were 3-wire strands, while SA, SD and SE were 7-wire strands. A consistent concrete mixture was used for the manufacture of all test specimens, and the different release strengths were obtained by allowing the specimens to cure for different amounts of time prior to de-tensioning. For SA, SD, SE and SF strands, each prismatic specimen (prism) had a 5.5″ (139.7 mm) × 5.5″ (139.7 mm) square cross section with four strands arranged symmetrically. However, prisms made with SC strand had 4.5″ (114.3 mm) × 4.5″ (114.3 mm) square cross section with four strands arranged symmetrically. The prisms were identical except for the strand type and the compressive strength at the time of de-tensioning. All four strands were pulled and de-tensioned gradually when the concrete compressive strength reached 3500 (24.13 MPa), 4500 (31.03 MPa) and 6000 (41.37 MPa) psi. Precise de-tensioning strengths were ensured by testing 4-in.-diameter (101.6 mm) × 8-in.-long (203.2 mm) compression strength cylinders that were temperature match-cured.
The prisms were loaded in 3-point-bending to determine the ultimate bond characteristics of each reinforcement type for the different concrete release strengths. A loading rate of 900 lb/min (4003 N/min) for 5.5″ (139.7 mm) × 5.5″ (139.7 mm) prisms was applied at mid-span and the maximum sustained moment was calculated for each. Same procedure with loading rate of 500 lb/min (2224 N/min) was applied to 4.5″ (114.3 mm) × 4.5″ (114.3 mm) prisms. Three 69-in.-long (175.26 cm) prisms, each having different concrete release strength, were tested with each of the 5 strand types. Two out of three testing prisms were tested at only one end and one was tested at its both ends. Thus, for each strand type and concrete release strength evaluated, a total of 4 tests were conducted for a total of 60 tests (5 strand types × 3 release strengths × 4 tested embedment lengths). Test results indicate that the concrete compressive strength at de-tensioning can have a direct impact on the ultimate flexural capacity of the members, and this has significant design implications for pretensioned concrete railroad ties. Results are discussed and recommendations made.
Assessing Potential Impact of Tin Whiskers on Rail Transportation Safety
Authors: Moturu Sahith 
Published: June 2016

This paper identifies and explores possible safety implications of RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) compliance on railway equipment, with the purpose of presenting this topic for further consideration in North American industry standards, e.g. AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association) guidelines. Of specific interest is the topic of tin whiskers, which are known to grow in electric circuits that are Lead free. Tin whiskers have the ability to bridge the gap between two vital signals in a circuit, creating the possibility for a potentially hazardous scenario to occur in a safety-critical system.
As rail transportation technologies become progressively more dependent on safety critical electronics that are RoHS compliant, the subject of tin whiskers merits its due consideration in the industry. There are verified incidents of tin whiskers having adverse impact in the automotive and aerospace industries; examples are provided in the paper. If precautionary measures are not respected, it is possible that a short circuit resulting from tin whiskers may lead to an undesirable incident in the rail industry also.
Research has shown that there are proven techniques which can inhibit tin whisker growth to an acceptable level. Mitigating measures and their effectiveness in deterring whisker growth are discussed in this paper.
Awareness is essential in prevention of a hazard. Railroads and Transit agencies that recognize hazards posed by metal whisker growth will be in a better position to evaluate the safety of RoHS compliant products provided by system integrators, who, in turn, must account for the issues presented in this paper in their internal quality processes. In due course, the safety implications of RoHS transitioning should be considered in an industry-wide guideline such as AREMA, laying the foundation for future RoHS compliant railway equipment that is safeguarded against safety concerns from tin whisker growth.
GEOTRACK-2015: An Upgraded Software Tool for Railroad Track Analysis
Authors: Mishra Debakanta , Sharma Sadichchha , Shrestha Anup , Li Dingqing , Basye Colin 
Published: June 2016

GEOTRACK is a software for track structure analysis under vertical quasi-dynamic loads. It uses a three dimensional, multilayer elastic model for determining track and subgrade responses. Originally developed by Chang et al. in 1980, GEOTRACK has been validated by several studies to closely match the elastic response of railroad tracks in operation. GEOTRACK can be used to calculate different track response values in the superstructure as well as substructure. The most recent version of GEOTRACK, GEOTRACK for Windows, was developed in 1992 at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. However, the source code for this executable version was lost before the software rights were acquired by the Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI). Accordingly, the current executable version, which only runs on 32-bit Windows operating systems, cannot be upgraded. The source code currently available to TTCI does not correspond to the current executable version of GEOTRACK, and was written in the VAX FORTRAN language, making it incompatible with modern compilers and operating systems. Considering the widespread need for GEOTRACK by researchers and practitioners in the railroad industry, a research collaboration was recently initiated between Boise State University and TTCI to develop a new upgraded version of the GETORACK program.
This paper will present preliminary results from this developmental effort, and will introduce different features being incorporated into the new version. Developed using the C#.net platform, the new program features an intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI) with enhanced pre- and post-processing capabilities. Fundamental approach behind railroad track analysis using the multilayer elastic theory is presented in this paper along with basic analysis framework being used in the newly developed program.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Heat-Resistant Mutant Strains (A52 and B41) of the Photosynthetic Hydrogen-Producing Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus
Authors: Gokce Abdulmecit , Cakar Zeynep Petek , Yucel Meral , Ozcan Orhan , Sencan Sevde , Sertdemir Ibrahim , Erguner Bekir , Yuceturk Betul , Sarac Aydan , Yuksel Bayram , Ozturk Yavuz 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

The draft genome sequences of two heat-resistant mutant strains, A52 and B41, derived from
Rhodobacter capsulatus
DSM 1710, and with different hydrogen production levels, are reported here. These sequences may help understand the molecular basis of heat resistance and hydrogen production in
R. capsulatus
.
Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus succinus Strain CSM-77, a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from a Triassic Salt Mine
Authors: Megaw Julianne , Gilmore Brendan F. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Staphylococcus succinus
strain CSM-77. This moderately halophilic bacterium was isolated from the surface of a halite sample obtained from a Triassic salt mine.
Sensitivity analysis for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) in the Aceh Fault Segment, Indonesia
Authors: Omang Amalfi , Cummins Phil R. , Robinson David , Hidayati Sri 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Slip rate, locking width and ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) selection are important in seismic hazard analysis because they are used to estimate earthquake recurrence, to limit the maximum magnitude in an earthquake source and to estimate earthquake ground shaking. In this study, we examine the sensitivity of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) to fault slip rates, fault locking width and the selection of GMPEs for the Aceh Fault Segment, Indonesia. The hazard level differences vary considerably owing to changes in these three parameters. Therefore, careful consideration is needed in applying PSHA in areas of high fault parameter uncertainty.
TENDÊNCIAS TEMÁTICAS EM CAPACIDADES DINÂMICAS: UM MAPEAMENTO DO CAMPO POR MEIO DE UM ESTUDO DE CO-CITAÇÃO.
Authors: Cardoso Andre Luis Janzkovsk , Martins Tomas Sparano , Kato Heitor Takashi 
Published: June 2016

Muitos pesquisadores da área de estratégia, recentemente, têm se dedicado ao estudo das capacidades dinâmicas, porém a proliferação de estudos sobre este tema ocorre de maneira não homogênea e concensual, tanto que ainda há uma quantidade significativa de artigos que discute a natureza e o conceito de capacidades dinâmicas. Desta forma, a proposta deste artigo foi mapear a evolução temática da área por meio de um estudo biblométrico de cocitação. Foram identificados 467 artigos, com mais de 20 citações, no ISI Web of Knowledge, entre os anos de 1992 e 2012 e agrupados em três períodos de sete anos. As matrizes de cocitação dos três períodos foram a base para análise fatorial, que possibilitou a extração de temas-chave conceituais, como especialidades, correntes teóricas ou subcampos. A análise fatorial possibilitou identificar 9 fatores, que representam nove subcampos do tema capacidades dinâmicas: 1) estudos sobre a natureza das capacidades dinâmicas; 2) RBV como base para as capacidades dinâmicas; 3) Capacidades dinâmicas como elementos de construção de redes organizacionais; 4) Capacidades dinâmicas e visão baseada em conhecimento (KBV); 5) Capacidades dinâmicas e aprendizagem intraorganizacional; 6) Modelos estatísticos para capacidades dinâmicas; 7) Inovação, desenvolvimento de competências e capacidades dinâmicas; 8) Capacidades dinâmicas e aprendizagem organizacional; 9) Capacidades dinâmicas e competências essenciais. Diante dos subcampos identificados e sua decorrente evolução no tempo, as duas principais contribuições do presente artigo foram mapear conceitualmente a área e identificar as mudanças que ocorreram em sua estrutura intelectual, assim possibilitando que estudos posteriores possam ser desenvolvidos com base neste framework.
Systematic Bias in Baroclinic Energy Estimates in Shelf Seas
Authors: Stephenson Gordon R. , Green J. A. Mattias , Inall Mark E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA simple model of an internal wave advected by an oscillating barotropic flow suggests flaws in standard approaches to estimating properties of the internal tide. When the M2 barotropic tidal current amplitude is of similar size to the phase speed of the M2 baroclinic tide, spectral and harmonic analysis techniques lead to erroneous estimates of the amplitude, phase, and energy in the M2 internal tide. In general, harmonic fits and bandpass or low-pass filters that attempt to isolate the lowest M2 harmonic significantly underestimate the strength of M2 baroclinic energy fluxes in shelf seas. Baroclinic energy flux estimates may show artificial spatial variability, giving the illusion of sources and sinks of energy where none are actually present. Analysis of previously published estimates of baroclinic energy fluxes in the Celtic Sea suggests this mechanism may lead to values being 25%–60% too low.
Time-lapse full-waveform inversion with ocean-bottom-cable data: Application on Valhall field
Authors: Yang Di , Liu Faqi , Morton Scott , Malcolm Alison , Fehler Michael 
Published: June 2016

Knowledge of changes in reservoir properties resulting from extracting hydrocarbons or injecting fluid is critical to future production planning. Full-waveform inversion (FWI) of time-lapse seismic data provides a quantitative approach to characterize the changes by taking the difference of the inverted baseline and monitor models. The baseline and monitor data sets can be inverted either independently or jointly. Time-lapse seismic data collected by ocean-bottom cables (OBCs) in the Valhall field in the North Sea are suitable for such time-lapse FWI practice because the acquisitions are of a long offset, and the surveys are well-repeated. We have applied independent and joint FWI schemes to two time-lapse Valhall OBC data sets, which were acquired 28 months apart. The joint FWI scheme is double-difference waveform inversion (DDWI), which inverts differenced data (the monitor survey subtracted by the baseline survey) for model changes. We have found that DDWI gave a cleaner and more easily interpreted image of the reservoir changes compared with that obtained with the independent FWI schemes. A synthetic example is used to demonstrate the advantage of DDWI in mitigating spurious estimates of property changes and to provide cross validations for the Valhall data results.