bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Has cost inhibited the uptake of more potent statins in England?
Authors: Chapman Stephen R. , Fitzpatrick Raymond W. , Aladul Mohammed I. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe use of statins has increased substantially over the last 2 decades in England and represents a significant cost burden to the National Health Service. Therefore, it is important to understand what influences prescribers' choice.ObjectivesThis study examines the changes in use pattern of all statins in England (1998‐2015). The study focuses on the use of simvastatin and atorvastatin before and after their patent expiry and rosuvastatin, to investigate the impact of the reduced acquisition costs on prescribing.MethodsInterrupted time series analysis of primary care use data from the health and social care information centre database from 1998 to 2015.ResultsPrimary care expenditure on statins increased by 125% during the period 1998 to 2004 driven by branded simvastatin and atorvastatin. Before 2003, the rate of use of more potent branded atorvastatin exceeds branded simvastatin. Between 2004 and 2011, the less potent but less expensive agent generic simvastatin has the higher utilisation rate (66%). Since 2012, the more potent agent but less expensive generic atorvastatin has the higher utilisation rate (50%). The more potent branded rosuvastatin failed to make a significant impact on the English statins market.ConclusionsThe availability of generic statins has reduced overall expenditure significantly. When there is a significant price difference, acquisition cost appears to be the main influencing factor in prescribing statins, but, when costs are similar, potency is a key factor. This suggests that English prescribers are cost sensitive and appear to be prepared to trade marginal benefit for savings.
Reliability of commercial triple junction concentrator solar cells under real climatic conditions and its influence on electricity cost
Authors: Vazquez Manuel , Tamayo‐Arriola Julen , Orlando Vincenzo , Nuñez Neftali , Alburquerque Olga , Algora Carlos 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a methodology for assessing the concentrator solar cell reliability in a real application for a given location provided the results from accelerated life tests. We have applied this methodology for the evaluation of warranty times of commercial triple junction solar cells operating inside real concentrator modules in Golden (Colorado, USA), Madrid (Spain) and Tucson (Arizona, USA) for the period 2012–2015. Warranty times in Golden and Madrid, namely, 68 and 31 years, respectively, for the analysed period, indicate the robustness of commercial triple junction solar cells. Nevertheless, the warranty time of 15 years for Tucson suggests the need of improvement in the heat extraction of the solar cell within the concentrator module. Therefore, the influence of the location on the reliability of concentrator solar cells is huge, and it has no sense to supply general reliability values for a given concentrator product. The influence of these warranty times for the three locations on the levelised cost of electricity has been analysed. Cost of €c10–12/kWh can be achieved nowadays, while after 1 GWp cumulative installed power, a dramatic reduction to levels of €c2–3/kWh is achievable. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New copolymers with thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene or dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene units possessing electron‐withdrawing 4‐cyanophenyl groups: Synthesis and photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent properties
Authors: Výprachtický Drahomír , Demirtas Ilknur , Dzhabarov Vagif , Pokorná Veronika , Ertas Erdal , Ozturk Turan , Cimrová Věra 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTNew monomers containing 4‐cyanophenyl (–PhCN) groups attached to a thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (TT) or dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene (DTT) structure were synthesized and characterized as 4‐(2,5‐dibromothieno[3,2‐b]thiophen‐3‐yl)benzonitrile (Br–TT–PhCN) or 4,4′‐(2,6‐dibromodithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene‐3,5‐diyl)dibenzonitrile (Br–DTT–PhCN). The Suzuki coupling of 9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diboronic acid bis(1,3‐propanediol)ester and the Br–TT–PhCN or Br–DTT–PhCN monomer was utilized for the syntheses of novel copolymers poly{9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐3‐(4′‐cyanophenyl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐2,5‐diyl} (PFTT–PhCN) and poly{9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐3,5‐bis(4′‐cyanophenyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene‐2,6‐diyl} (PFDTT–PhCN), respectively. The photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent (EL) properties of these novel copolymers were studied. Their photoluminescence (PL) exhibited the same emission maximum for both copolymers in solution. Red‐shifted PL emissions were observed in the thin films. The PL emission maximum of PFTT–PhCN was more significantly redshifted than that of PFDTT–PhCN, indicating more pronounced excimer or aggregate formation in PFTT–PhCN. The ionization potential (HOMO level) and electron affinity (LUMO level) values were 5.54 and 2.81 eV, respectively, for PFTT–PhCN and were 5.57 and 2.92 eV, respectively, for PFDTT–PhCN. Polymer light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with copolymer active layers were fabricated and studied. Anomalous behavior and memory effects were observed from the current–voltage characteristics of the LEDs for both copolymers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2629–2638
Terpene based sustainable methacrylate copolymer series by emulsion polymerization: Synthesis and structure‐property relationship
Authors: Sarkar Preetom , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThis work demonstrates the fabrication of terpene based sustainable methacrylate polymers by an environmentally benign emulsion polymerization method. The polymerization reaction has been found to be influenced by the side chain length of the methacrylate(s), which has been quantitatively calculated from the density functional theory. Apart from the analysis of the copolymer microstructure, various properties of the synthesized polymers have been studied and correlated with the structure of the methacrylate(s). The sub‐ambient glass transition temperature indicates rubbery nature of the synthesized copolymers. While the presence of residual unsaturations from the terpene moiety could act as an additional crosslinking site, the methacrylate group may facilitate the dispersion of polar additives. The completely new class of terpene‐based sustainable rubbery methacrylate polymers is thus envisaged as promising materials for polymer and allied industries. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2639–2649
Healable network polymers bearing flexible poly(lauryl methacrylate) chains via thermo‐reversible furan‐maleimide diels–alder reaction
Authors: Patil Sachin S. , Torris Arun , Wadgaonkar Prakash P. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTA new ATRP initiator containing two furyl rings, namely, bis(furan‐2‐ylmethyl) 2‐bromopentanedioate was synthesized starting from commercially available l‐glutamic acid as a precursor. Well‐defined bisfuryl‐terminated poly(lauryl methacrylate) macromonomers with molecular weight and dispersity in the range 5000–12,000 g mol−1 and 1.30–1.37, respectively, were synthesized employing the initiator by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Independently, 1,1′,1″‐(nitrilotris(ethane‐2,1‐diyl))tris(1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione) was synthesized as a tris‐maleimide counterpart for furan‐maleimide click reaction. Thermo‐reversible network polymer bearing flexible poly(lauryl methacrylate; (PLMA) chains was obtained by furan‐maleimide Diels–Alder click reaction of bisfuryl‐terminated PLMA with 1,1′,1″‐(nitrilotris(ethane‐2,1‐diyl))tris(1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione). The prepared network polymer showed retro‐Diels–Alder reaction in the temperature range 110–170 °C as determined from DSC analysis. The presence of low Tg (–40 °C) PLMA chains induced chain mobility to the network structure which led to the complete scratch healing of the coating at 60 °C in five days due to furan‐maleimide adduct formation. The storage modulus of the network polymer was found to be 3.7 × 104 Pa at the constant angular frequency of 5 rad/sec and strain of 0.5%. The regular reversal of storage (G′) and loss modulus (G″) was observed with repeated heating (40 to 110 °C) and cooling cycles (110 to 40 °C) at constant angular frequency and strain. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2700–2712
Surface reconstructions of (0001) AlN during metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Pristovsek Markus , Bellman Konrad , Mehnke Frank , Stellmach Joachim , Wernicke Tim , Kneissl Michael 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe observed (0001) AlN wurzite surfaces by atomic force microscopy after 500 nm regrowth in metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. The steps changed from double to single height with decreasing V/III ratio. The single height step edges were alternating smooth and rough due to the two different step types on (0001) wurzite surfaces. By reducing the V/III ratio, the widths equalize for terraces with smooth and rough edges, until Al terminated steps start to dominate, and thus promote again double height steps. Using in situ ellipsometry at nm under static conditions, we could directly identify three different surface reconstructions at high , low , and without which correlates with the different step terminations.
Die StreetScooter-Meilensteine 2008 – 2017
Authors: Kampker Achim , Gerdes Jürgen , Schuh Günther 
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungVon Null auf „A12“ in einem Jahr. Vom Beginn der Post-Ära bis heute. Was in einem überschaubaren Zeitraum von ein paar Jahren aus dem StreetScooter geworden ist – hier ein Schnelldurchlauf.
Die StreetScooter-Lösungsbausteine
Authors: Kampker Achim , Gerdes Jürgen , Schuh Günther 
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungAuf den ersten Blick ist der StreetScooter ein E-Mobil: vier Räder, ein Chassis, ein elektrisches Antriebsaggregat. Doch das ist nicht die Innovation, die elektrisiert. Der StreetScooter ist vor allem ein erfolgreiches Beispiel für ein radikal anderes Denken in puncto Industrialisierung und Umsetzung von Entwicklungsprozessen. Dieser Erfolg basiert auf einer bestimmten Denkweise, einer konkreten Strategie sowie klar definierten Lösungsbausteinen und -prinzipien.
The Efficacy of Genetic Counseling for Psychiatric Disorders: a Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Moldovan Ramona , Pintea Sebastian , Austin Jehannine 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPsychiatric illnesses are complex, highly heritable disorders that have substantial implications for both affected individuals and their families. Though genetic testing is currently limited in its clinical usefulness in this area, interest in genetic counseling for psychiatric disorders has a relatively long history and many positive outcomes have been posited. Yet, empirical studies of genetic counseling outcomes have been emerging only more recently. The aim of the current meta‐analysis was to analyze the efficacy of genetic counseling and explore potential moderators of its effect. An extensive electronic search was conducted investigating the literature published until July 2016. The initial search resulted in 2367 articles, four of which met the inclusion criteria and were included in the quantitative meta‐analysis. Effect size parameters and sample sizes for all variables in each study were included. The efficacy has ben demonstrated both at post‐intervention and at follow up, with an overall statistically significant effect size of moderate intensity. Implications of this study are discussed in detail.
Invasive Prenatal Diagnostic Testing Recommendations are Influenced by Maternal Age, Statistical Misconception and Perceived Liability
Authors: Miron‐Shatz Talya , Rapaport Sivan R. , Srebnik Naama , Hanoch Yaniv , Rabinowitz Jonina , Doniger Glen M. , Levi Linda , Rolison Jonathan J. , Tsafrir Avi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFunding policy and medico‐legal climate are part of physicians’ reality and might permeate clinical decisions. This study evaluates the influence of maternal age and government funding on obstetrician/gynecologist recommendation for invasive prenatal testing (i.e. amniocentesis) for Down syndrome (DS), and its association with the physician's assessment of the risk of liability for medical malpractice unless they recommend amniocentesis. Israeli physicians (N = 171) completed a questionnaire and provided amniocentesis recommendations for women at 18 weeks gestation with normal preliminary screening results, identical except aged 28 and 37. Amniocentesis recommendations were reversed for the younger (‘yes’ regardless of testing results: 6.4%; ‘no’ regardless of testing results: 31.6%) versus older woman (‘yes’ regardless of testing results: 40.9%; ‘no’ regardless of testing results: 7.0%; χ2 = 71.55, p < .01). About half of the physicians endorsed different recommendations per scenario; of these, 65.6% recommended amniocentesis regardless of testing results for the 37‐year‐old woman. Physicians routinely performing amniocentesis and those advocating for amniocentesis for all women ≥ age 35 were approximately twice as likely to vary their recommendations per scenario. Physicians who perceived risk of liability for malpractice as large were nearly one‐and‐a‐half times more likely to vary recommendations. The results indicate physicians’ recommendations are influenced by maternal age, though age is already incorporated in prenatal DS risk evaluations. The physician's assessment of the risk that they will be sued unless they recommend amniocentesis may contribute to this spurious influence.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Modulation of the TGF-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated by P1 and P2 purine receptors in MDCK cells
Authors: Zuccarini Mariachiara , Giuliani Patricia , Buccella Silvana , Di Liberto Valentina , Mudò Giuseppa , Belluardo Natale , Carluccio Marzia , Rossini Margherita , Condorelli Daniele Filippo , Rathbone Michel Piers , Caciagli Francesco , Ciccarelli Renata , Di Iorio Patrizia 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEpithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs during embryogenesis or under pathological conditions such as hypoxia, injury, chronic inflammation, or tissue fibrosis. In renal tubular epithelial cells (MDCK), TGF-β1 induces EMT by reducing or increasing epithelial or mesenchymal marker expression, respectively. In this study, we confirmed that the cAMP analogues, 8-CPT-cAMP or N6-Ph-cAMP, inhibited the TGF-β1-driven overexpression of the mesenchymal markers ZEB-1, Slug, Fibronectin, and α-SMA. Furthermore, we showed that A1, A2A, P2Y1, P2Y11, and P2X7 purine receptor agonists modulated the TGF-β1-induced EMT through the involvement of PKA and/or MAPK/ERK signaling. The stimulation of A2A receptor reduced the overexpression of the EMT-related markers, mainly through the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway, as confirmed by cell pre-treatment with Myr-PKI. Both A1 and P2Y1 receptor stimulation exacerbated the TGF-β1-driven effects, which were reduced by cell pre-treatment with the MAPK inhibitor PD98059, according to the increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation upon receptor activation. The effects induced by P2Y11 receptor activation were oppositely modulated by PKA or MAPK inhibition, in line with the dual nature of the Gs- and Gq-coupled receptor. Differently, P2X7 receptor induced, per se, similar and not additive effects compared to TGF-β1, after prolonged cell exposure to BzATP. These results suggest a putative role of purine receptors as target for anti-fibrotic agents.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among members of a health care delivery system
Authors: Flatt Jason D. , Gilsanz Paola , Quesenberry Charles P. , Albers Kathleen B. , Whitmer Rachel A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroductionPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased risk of dementia in male veterans, but little is known in females and civilians.MethodsPTSD and comorbidities were abstracted from medical records from 1/1/1996 to 12/31/2001. Dementia incidence from 1/1/2002 to 12/31/2014 in 499,844 health care members aged 60+ years over an average of 8.2 years. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for age, demographics, and comorbidities.ResultsPTSD was associated with increased risk of dementia over an average of 8 years of follow‐up (females: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30–1.95; males: HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.51–2.55). There was a two‐fold risk of dementia in those with both PTSD and depression (females: HR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.66–2.59; males: HR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.47–2.91) versus those without.DiscussionPTSD was a risk factor for dementia in both sexes, with a heightened risk in those with comorbid depression.
Anthropogenic CO2in the Dakar (Senegal) Urban Area Deduced from14C Concentration in Tree Leaves
Authors: Ndeye Maurice , Sène Matar , Diop Doudou , Saliège Jean-François 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRadiocarbon (14C) in atmospheric CO2for the Dakar (Senegal) urban area was measured using tree leaves collected by botanists from 1900 to 2003. The aim of our study was to compare the local Suess effect in Dakar to the global one during the 20th century. The ∆14C of atmospheric CO2in this region decreased from 1900 to 1958 during the pre-bomb era (–2±5‰ to –22±4‰). From 1958 to 1964, nuclear bomb tests injected a large amount of artificial14C into the atmosphere, reflected in the rise of ∆14C values. In the Dakar region, the atmospheric ∆14C reached 773±8‰ in 1964, but subsequently decreased to 80±5‰ by 2003, which is consistent with the global exponential decreasing trend. The ∆14C record presented here remains slightly lower than the global record. This result is attributed to the input of anthropogenic fossil carbon into the atmosphere. The amount of carbon input can be evaluated by comparing urban areas to those of clean air sites. The calculation of anthropogenic fossil carbon is deduced from a simple mathematical model.
MORAL LEARNING IN THE OPEN SOCIETY: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF NATURAL LIBERTY
Authors: Gaus Gerald , Nichols Shaun 
Published: June 2017

Abstract:When people reason on the basis of moral rules, do they suppose that in the absence of a prohibitory rule they are free to act, or do they suppose that morality always requires a justification establishing a permission to act? In this essay we present a series of learning experiments that indicate when learners tend to close their system on the basis of natural liberty and when on the principle of residual prohibition. Those who are taught prohibitory rules tend to infer natural liberty while those taught permission rules tend to infer residual prohibition. In mixed cases, where learners are taught both types of rules, there is some tendency to suppose that natural liberty is the default. Both natural liberty and its denial can be learned; is there a reason to adopt one system of moral rules or the other? We argue that systems of social morality based on a principle of natural liberty have a striking advantage over their competitors: they are well adapted to effectively exploring the constant novel circumstances that arise in open, dynamic, societies.
THREE CONCEPTS OF POLITICAL STABILITY: AN AGENT-BASED MODEL
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract:Public reason liberalism includes an ideal of political stability where justified institutions reach a kind of self-enforcing equilibrium. Such an order must be stable for the right reasons — where persons comply with the rules of the order for moral reasons, rather than out of fear or self-interest. John Rawls called a society stable in this way well-ordered.In this essay, I contend that a more sophisticated model of a well-ordered society, specifically an agent-based model, yields a richer and more attractive understanding of political stability. An agent-based model helps us to distinguish between three concepts of political stability — durability, balance, and immunity. A well-ordered society is one that possesses a high degree of social trust and cooperative behavior among its citizens (durability) with low short-run variability (balance). A well-ordered society also resists destabilization caused by noncompliant agents in or entering the system (immunity).Distinguishing between these three concepts complicates the necessary reformulation of the idea of a well-ordered society. Going forward, public reason theorists must now distinguish between types of assurance, specify heretofore unknown aspects of reasonable behavior, and reconceive of the nonideal preconditions for forming a stable, ideal social order.
PERSPECTIVES, NORMS, AND AGENCY
Authors: Muldoon Ryan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract:A core set of assumptions in economic modeling is that rational agents, who have a defined preference set, assess their options and determine which best satisfies their preferences. The rational actor model supposes that the world provides us with a menu of options, and we simply choose what’s best for us. Agents are independent of one another, and they can rationally assess which of their options they wish to pursue. This gives special authority to the choices that people make, since they are understood to be the outcomes of the agent’s considered judgments. However, we have come to see that the independence assumption does not always hold in the way that we may have initially thought. Social norms can govern our choices even when we disagree with them. Here we can begin to see how the standard model of choice and agency begins to weaken: no longer are my choices wholly mine, but instead there is a subset of choices that are governed by the broader culture that I live in. Social norms constrain my behavior with informal coercion — my desire to remain a community member in good standing requires me to behave in accordance with the community’s social norms. What I wish to challenge more substantively is the claim that the menu of choices agents “see” is in fact the objective set of options that is transparently provided by the world. Instead, I argue that the options that people perceive and the evidence they use to make choices are mediated by perspectives. Perspectives can importantly interact with social norms to make some norms more resilient to change, and others harder to adopt. This further shapes both our descriptive and normative understanding of agency. Our choices are not over all of the objectively available options, but over the options that we can see. The evidence we marshal to support our choices is not the full set of evidence, but the evidence that we recognize as salient. This is not to deny that individuals have agency, but rather we need a more nuanced understanding of the nature of this agency.
Imaging metal-like monoclinic phase stabilized by surface coordination effect in vanadium dioxide nanobeam
Authors: Li Zejun , Wu Jiajing , Hu Zhenpeng , Lin Yue , Chen Qi , Guo Yuqiao , Liu Yuhua , Zhao Yingcheng , Peng Jing , Chu Wangsheng , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn correlated systems, intermediate states usually appear transiently across phase transitions even at the femtosecond scale. It therefore remains an open question how to determine these intermediate states—a critical issue for understanding the origin of their correlated behaviour. Here we report a surface coordination route to successfully stabilize and directly image an intermediate state in the metal-insulator transition of vanadium dioxide. As a prototype metal-insulator transition material, we capture an unusual metal-like monoclinic phase at room temperature that has long been predicted. Coordinate bonding of L-ascorbic acid molecules with vanadium dioxide nanobeams induces charge-carrier density reorganization and stabilizes metallic monoclinic vanadium dioxide, unravelling orbital-selective Mott correlation for gap opening of the vanadium dioxide metal–insulator transition. Our study contributes to completing phase-evolution pathways in the metal-insulator transition process, and we anticipate that coordination chemistry may be a powerful tool for engineering properties of low-dimensional correlated solids.