bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF DYNAMICAL WATER QUALITY ON SHRIMP CULTURE IN THE INTEGRATED MULTITROPIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA)
Authors: Pantjara Brata , Syafaat Muhammad Nur , Kristanto Anang Hari 
Published: September 2016

One of the technologies to improve the productivity of shrimp farms are environmentally friendly shrimp farming multitrophic integrated system known as Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA). The aims of the study were to observe the water quality dynamic on the integrated multitrophic aquaculture and the effect on the production. This study was used four plots which each of pond had 4,000 m2 in sizing, located in experiment pond, at Research and Development Institute for Coastal Aquaculture, Maros. The main commodities used were tiger and vannamei shrimp. In the A pond was cultivated the tiger shrimp with density 12 ind./m2, in B pond was tiger shrimp with density 8 ind./m2, C pond was vannamei shrimp with density 50 ind./m2, and D pond was vannamei shrimp with density 25 ind./m2. Other commodities were red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Each pond had stocking density 2,400 ind./plot which was divided into 5 hapas having a size of (6 m x 4 m x 1.2 m)/each, mangrove oysters (Crassostrea iredalei and Saccostrea cucullata) with density 7,500 ind./4,000 m2 and seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa) of 500 kg/4,000 m2. The observation of dynamic water quality in the pond was conducted every day i.e. temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and measured pH, while the total organic matter total (TOM), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, phosphate were taken every two weeks. The measurements methods of water quality in laboratory was refered to APHA (2008); and Boyd (1990). During the study, absorption of N and P in seaweed were measured, the obtained plankton was identified and the ratio of carbon and nitrogen during the observation was also calculated. To determine the effect of dominant water quality on production was used the principal component analysis (PCA). The result showed that water quality during the study was suitable for shrimp and red tilapia culture. The dominant water qualities which effected the shrimp production in IMTA system were total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), oxygen, total organic matter (TOM), phosphate, and salinity. The survival rate of the tiger shrimp in intensive pond and semi intensive pond was 50.68% and 59.28% respectively, while the survival rate of the vannamei shrimp in intensive and semi intensive was 71.26% and 68.06% respectively. The highest shrimp production in the cultivation of IMTA reached was 1,488 kg/pond (3,720 kg/ha) in C pond. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained in the D pond (0.89). The highest production of red tilapia in IMTA reached in C pond (426.65 kg/pond).
THE DYNAMICS OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THREE GENERATIONS OF MASS SELECTION FOR FAST GROWTH IN AFRICAN CATFISH, Clarias gariepinus ASSESSED BY MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
Authors: Imron Imron , Iswanto Bambang , Marnis Huria , Suprapto Rommy , Ridzwan Narita Syawalia 
Published: September 2016

Selective breeding aiming at improving the performance of economically important traits acts by exploiting population’s phenotypic variance. Due to the relationship between phenotype and genotype, selection on phenotype may also affect the profile of genotype. This study was aimed to monitor the impact of three generations of mass selection for fast growth in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, on genetic variability, assessed by microsatellite. A total of 350 fish representing four populations, namely a composite base population (G-0), selected lines of the first generation (G-1) to the third generation (G-3), were sampled. The samples were screened for their genetic diversity using five microsatellite loci1 namely cga01, cga02, cga03, cga05, and cga09. Several genetic parameters including number of allele (A), allelic richness (AR), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, and fixation index (Fis) were evaluated. The results showed that there was a slight increase in the value of diversity indices in the G-1 relative to the G-0 and to the other two generations. Among these parameters, the number of allele seemed to be the most sensitive parameter in detecting genetic changes. All populations experienced heterozygote deficit and positive fixation index indicating the phenomena of inbreeding. Overall, selection for growth for three generations in African catfish breeding program resulted in significant genetic differentiation between populations. Further, the level of genetic differentiation seemed to accumulate along with the number of generaton in breeding program. However, selection did not result in a decline in genetic diversity within population. A relatively short period of the program, along with the use a high number of broodstock (mating pairs) to produce each generation seems to be able to maintain the stability of genetic diversity of the population.
IDENTIFICATION OF A LOCAL PROBIOTIC BACTERIUM USING 16S rRNA GENE SEQUENCE THAT WAS USED FOR FIELD TRIAL TO ENHANCED WHITELEG SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) SURVIVAL
Authors: Rahayu Tb. Haeru , Sugama Ketut 
Published: September 2016

The use of local probiotics in the culture of aquatic organisms is increasing with the demand for more environmental-friendly aquaculture practices. The local bacterium isolate considered as a probiotic was added into the water of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture in a field trial. Four rectangular plastic ponds (ca. 20 m x 30 m per pond) were used for 100 days experimentation for six consecutive crops in two years experiment. Survival, harvest size, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and Vibrio bacterial count was compared with those of shrimp receiving and none of local isolate. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence shown those isolate was Bacillus pumilus strain DURCK14 with 99% homology. Water shrimp pond added a local isolate had significantly higher survival at about 10.0% to 11.7% than shrimp without added the isolate (p<0.05), and better FCR, but no significant different in shrimp harvest size. Vibrio bacterial was undetected by total plate count. Moreover, it shown better projected yields on an annual basis (three crops per year).
SEBARAN HASIL TANGKAPAN MADIDIHANG (Thunnus albacares Bonnaterre, 1788) DI SAMUDERA HINDIA BAGIAN TIMUR
Authors: Wujdi Arief , Sulistyaningsih Ririk Kartika , Rochman Fathur 
Published: September 2016

<p>Ikan Madidihang (Thunnus albacares Bobbaterre, 1788) merupakan salah satu komoditaspenting bagi industri perikanan di Indonesia dimana hasil tangkapannya merupakan yang tertinggi dibandingkan jenis tuna lainnya. Saat ini, kondisi stok madidihang berada dalam kondisi yang baik. Namun, untuk menjaga kelangsungan pemantaatan stok ikan tuna, diperlukan upaya pengelolaan sumber daya tuna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi laju tangkap madidihang di Samudera Hindia Bagian Timur. Pengumpulan data dilakukan oleh pemantau ilmiah pada kapal rawai tuna komersial yang berbasis di Benoa, Pelabuhanratu dan Bungus dari Agustus 2005 sampai Desember 2013; serta program monitoring pendaratan tuna yang berbasis di Benoa tahun 2010-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju pancing bervariasi secara bulanan dan tahunan. Rata-rata bulanan laju pancing tertinggi terjadi pada Mei (0,17 ekor/100 pancing) dan terendah pada Februari (0,01 ekor/100 pancing), sedangkan rata-rata laju pancing tahunan tertinggi pada 2006 (0,11 ekor/100 pancing) dan terendah pada 2011 (0,06 ekor/100 pancing). Rata-rata laju pancing tahunan cenderung mengalami penurunan sebesar 29,48%/ tahun. Ikan madidihang tertangkap oleh rawai tuna Indonesia tersebar dari 0°-34° LS dan 76°-134° BT. Sebaran spasial laju pancing tertinggi berada di sekitar Kepulauan Mentawai dan selatan Jawa Timur hingga Nusa Tenggara.</p><p><br /><em>Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares Bobbaterre, 1788) is one of the important commodity for the fishing industry in Indonesia because it has the highest catches compared with other tunas. Nowadays, the yellowfin stock is currently in good condition (not overfished and not subject to overfishing). However, management measure was required to support sustainability of tuna fishery. This study aims to determine the hook rate distribution of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Indian Ocean. Data was obtained by scientific observers on commercial tuna longline vessels, mainly based in Benoa, Palabuhan Ratu and Bungus Fihing Port, from August 2005 to November 2013; </em><em>also monitoring program of tuna catches mainly landed in Benoa during 2010 to 2013. The results showed that the hook rate of yellowfin tuna was varied monthly and yearly. The highest of monthly </em><em>average CPUE occurred in May (0,17 fish/100 hooks) and the lowest were in February (0,01 fish/100 hooks), while the highest annually CPUE also occurred in 2006 (0,11 fish/100 hooks) and the lowest in 2011 (0,06 fish/100 hooks). CPUE also has declining with 29,48%/year. Distribution of yellowfin tuna caught by Indonesia tuna longline spreads from 0°-34° S dan 76°-134° E. The highest CPUE was around Mentawai islands and also in south coast of East Java to Nusa Tenggara.</em></p>
PRODUKTIVITAS DAN MUSIM PENANGKAPAN IKAN MADIDIHANG (Thunnus albacares Bonnaterre, 1788) PADA PERIKANAN SKALA KECIL DI PALABUHANRATU, JAWA BARAT
Authors: Nurdin Erfind , Sondita Muhamad Fedi Alfiadi , Yusfiandayani Roza , Baskoro Mulyono 
Published: September 2016

<p>Pemanfaatan sumber daya perikanan tuna skala kecil di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara (PPN) Palabuhanratu menggunakan armada pancing tonda (troll liners) dengan mengoperasikan lima macam jenis pancing. Penelitian perikanan tuna skala kecil dilakukan di PPN Pelabuhanratu pada April – Juli 2015, dengan tujuan untuk menganalisa produktivitas (laju tangkap), faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil tangkapan dan musim penangkapan madidihang (yellowfin tuna). Laju tangkap (hasil tangkapan per trip) digunakan sebagai indikator produktivitas, moving average persentage digunakan untuk mengetahui pola musim penangkapan, dan fungsi produksi (Cobb Douglas) untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor teknis yang mempengaruhi hasil tangkapan tuna pada perikanan pancing tonda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa madidihang merupakan hasil tangkapan paling dominan armada pancing tonda dengan laju tangkap sebanyak 339,93 kg/trip dengan musim penangkapan terjadi pada Mei hingga Oktober. Analisa Cobb Douglas menunjukkan secara simultan 84% hasil produksi (dependent variable) yang diperoleh, dipengaruhi secara bersama oleh variabel independen yang digunakan (BBM, kekuatan mesin, GT dan jumlah ABK).</p><p><br /><em>The utilization of tuna resources on small scale (artisanal) fishery in Palabuhanratu is using trolling fishing fleets (trolling liners) characterized by five types of fishing lines during their operation. Research on small scale tuna fishery was conducted at Pelabuhanratu fishing port on April to July 2015 with the aims to analyze the productivity (catch rate), variable effects on the catch and fishing season for yellowfin tuna. The catch rate (the catch per trip) is used as productivity indicator, while the moving average percentage is used to determine the pattern of fishing season, and Cobb Douglas production function to identify the technical factors that influence to the catch of yellowfin tuna. Analysis result showed that the catch rate of yellowfin tuna by trolling liners is about 339.93kg/ </em><em>trip and the fishing season occured during May to October. Cobb Douglas analysis showed simultaneously 84% of obtained catch production (dependent variable) affected by the four independent variables (fuel consumption, power engine, gross tonnage and number of crew).</em></p>
ANALISIS KERENTANAN JENIS IKAN PELAGIS KECIL DI PERAIRAN SELAT BALI DAN SELAT MAKASSAR TERHADAP DINAMIKA SUHU PERMUKAAN LAUT
Authors: Puspasari Reny , Rachmawati Puput Fitri , Wijopriono Wijopriono 
Published: September 2016

Kondisi oseanografi Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh dinamika proses oseanografi global. Salah satu proses tersebut adalah Arlindo yang menghantarkan massa air bersuhu hangat dari Samudera Pasifik ke Samudera Hindia melalui Selat Makassar. Dinamika suhu perairan akan mempengaruhi kondisi sumberdaya ikan di perairan tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak dinamika suhu permukaan laut terhadap empat jenis ikan pelagis yaitu ikan layang biru (Decapterus macarellus), kembung (Ratrelliger kanagurta), lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) dan tongkol (Auxis thazard). Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2015 dengan membuat profil biologis setiap jenis ikan, kemudian dilakukan penilaian oleh para ahli mengenai kerentanan setiap jenis ikan terhadap paparan dinamika SPL. Hasil penilaian para ahli kemudian dianalisis menggunakan metode kerentanan jenis yang digunakan oleh NOAA. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa empat jenis ikan pelagis yang dianalisis mempunyai tingkat kerentanan yang rendah terhadap paparan dinamika suhu permukaan laut. Tingkat kerentanan ikan pelagis kecil di perairan Selat Bali lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan Selat Makassar. Oceanographic condition of Indonesian waters is highly influenced by global oceanographic processes. Indonesian through flow is one of the global oceanographic processes that affect the oceanographic condition in Indonesia waters, it delivers warm water from Pacific Ocean to Indian Ocean through the strait of Makassar. Therefore, the dynamic of sea water temperature will affect the fish resources condition. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of the dynamic of sea surface temperature to pelagic fishes such as mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus), Indian mackerel (Ratrelliger. kanagurta), Bali sardine (Sardinella. lemuru) and frigate tuna (Auxis. thazard). The study was conducted in 2015 consists of three phases of process, describing biological profile of the species, then scoring based on expert adjustment, and analyzed the expert scores using NOAA’s standard method of species vulnerability to climate change. The result showed that all of species analyzed have low vulnerability to the expose of the dynamic of sea surface temperature. The rank of vulnerability of all species is higher in Bali Strait than Makassar Strait.
STATUS STOK IKAN KARANG TARGET DI KAWASAN KONSERVASI TAMAN NASIONAL KARIMUNJAWA
Authors: Yuliana Ernik , Boer Mennofatria , Fahrudin Achmad , Kamal M Mukhlis , Muttaqin Efin 
Published: September 2016

Sumber daya ikan karang di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa (TNKJ) mengalami tekanan eksploitasi seiring dengan peningkatan permintaan sumber daya ikan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi ikan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status stok ikan karang target di TNKJ. Penelitian dilakukan di TNKJ Kabupaten Jepara, Provinsi Jawa Tengah, pada April-Agustus 2015. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode survei dan observasi, mencakup data primer dan sekunder. Empat jenis ikan karang dipilih untuk mewakili ikan karang, yaitu ekor kuning, pisang-pisang, sunu macan, dan jenggot. Hasil tangkapan dianalisis dengan CPUE dan indeks musim. Mortalitas diduga dengan kurva penangkapan yang dilinierkan berdasarkan data komposisi panjang ikan. Penilaian status stok menggunakan metode analitik dengan menghitung laju eksploitasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CPUE ikan karang mempunyai tren yang meningkat. Ikan karang secara agregat tersedia pada setiap bulan sepanjang tahun, tidak ada musim puncak penangkapan dan musim paceklik. Ikan pisang-pisang dan sunu macan telah dieksploitasi melebihi batas kelestariannya, yaitu 114,50% dan 154,00%.Coral reef fish resources in Karimunjawa National Park (KNP) are under exploitation pressure with increasing demand of fish for human consumption. This study is aimed to analyze the status of target reef fishes in KNP. Field survey was conducted in KNP District of Jepara, Central Java, in April-August 2015. Data consists of primary and secondary data was obtained by using survey and observation method. Four species of reef fishes were chosen to represent reef fish, namely yellow tail fusilier (Caesio cuning), blue and gold fusilier (Caesio caerulaurea), highfin coral grouper (Plectropomus oligocanthus), and dash-and-dot goatfish (Parupeneus barberinus). Reef fish catch data was analyzed using catch per unit effort (CPUE) and seasonal index. Fish mortality was predicted by catch curve based on length-converted. The results indicate increasing trend of reef fishes CPUE. Reef fishes in aggregate are available every month in year-round and there is no seasonality trend. Fish length analysis reveals that status of blue and gold fusilier and highfin coral grouper have been exploited over maximum sustainable limit, with the rate of exploitation 114.50% and 154.00%, respectively.
IDENTIFIKASI KANDIDAT MARKA MHC I PADA IKAN LELE (Clarias sp.) TAHAN INFEKSI Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Azis Azis , Alimuddin Alimuddin , Sukenda Sukenda , Junior Muhammad Zairin 
Published: September 2016

<p>Penyakit motile aeromonad septicemia disebabkan oleh bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila dapat menyebabkan kematian tinggi pada ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kandidat marka MHC I dalam seleksi berbasis marka molekuler untuk menghasilkan ikan lele varietas sangkuriang tahan infeksi bakteri A. hydrophila. Sebanyak 200 ekor ikan lele dengan bobot 60±5 g diuji tantang dengan menyuntikkan bakteri A. hydrophila dengan konsentrasi 106 cfu/mL sebanyak 0,1 mL/ekor ikan. Hasil uji tantang menunjukkan sintasan ikan lele sebesar 54% (14 ekor ikan tanpa luka, dan 94 ekor ikan luka dan kemudian sembuh). Tujuh pasang primer didesain berdasarkan sekuen gen major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I ikan Clarias gariepinus yang terdapat di Bank Gen. DNA diekstraksi dari jaringan sirip ekor ikan hidup dan yang mati, kemudian dijadikan cetakan dalam amplifikasi PCR. Hasil PCR menggunakan salah satu set primer menunjukkan adanya pita DNA spesifik berukuran sekitar 300, 500, dan 1.000 bp pada ikan yang<br />hidup pascatantang. Hasil analisis sekuen menggunakan basic local alignment search tools (BLAST) menunjukkan bahwa produk PCR tersebut memiliki kesamaan 69%-88% dengan gen MHC I ikan C. gariepinus. Dengan demikian, fragmen MHC I tersebut dapat menjadi marka molekuler ikan lele tahan infeksi A. hydrophila.</p>
KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN TAMBAK EKSISTING DI KECAMATAN PULAU DERAWAN KABUPATEN BERAU PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Authors: Hasnawi Hasnawi , Asaad Andi Indra Jaya , Mustafa Akhmad 
Published: September 2016

Kabupaten Berau Provinsi Kalimantan Timur memiliki potensi lahan tambak yang cukup luas terutama di Kecamatan Pulau Derawan. Lahan tambak yang ada (eksisting) di Kecamatan Pulau Derawan terletak di sepanjang pesisir pantai yang umumnya dibangun pada lahan bekas hutan mangrove yang merupakan pulau-pulau (Delta Berau) dan hanya sebagian kecil saja yang berada di daratan utama. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik lahan tambak yang ada secara spasial. Metode survei diaplikasikan padakawasan pertambakan di Kecamatan Pulau Derawan Kabupaten Berau. Parameter yang digunakan dalam menganalisis karakteristik lahan tambak adalah: kondisi tanah, kualitas air, topografi, hidrologi, dan iklim.Analisis spasial dengan penginderaan jarak jauh dan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) menggunakan metode geostatistik kriging digunakan dalam menggambarkan karakteristik lahan tambak yang ada di Kecamatan Pulau Derawan Kabupaten Berau. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa topografi tambak relatif landai dan elevasi tidak terlalu tinggi, tanah tergolong tanah sulfat masam, kualitas air secara umum mendukung budidaya di tambak, dan curah hujan tergolong tinggi. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan untukdasar pengelolaan lahan tambak guna meningkatkan produktivitas tambak yang berkelanjutan, serta dapat menjadi acuan pemerintah Kabupaten Berau dalam penentuan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Pesisir.
The Paris Climate Agreement and the Three Largest Emitters: China, the United States, and the European Union
Authors: Schreurs Miranda A. 
Published: September 2016

The Paris Agreement would not have come into being had China, the United States (US), and the European Union (EU), which together contribute more than half of all global greenhouse gas emissions, not signaled their intent to take major steps to reduce their domestic emissions. The EU has been at the forefront of global climate change measures for years having issued binding domestic emission reduction targets for 2020 and 2030. For many years, China refused to announce a target date for when it might begin reducing its greenhouse gas emissions, and the US Congress blocked action on climate change. In the lead up to the Paris climate negotiations, however, there were major shifts in China’s and the US’s climate positions. This commentary examines the climate policies of the three largest emitters and the factors motivating the positions they took in the Paris negotiations. Given that the commitments made in Paris are most likely insufficient to keep global temperature from rising 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, the commentary also considers what the likelihood is that these three major economies will strengthen their emission reduction targets in the near future.
Teori Gradasi : Komparasi Antara Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi Dan Mulla Sadra
Authors: Susilo Benny 
Published: September 2016

Prior to Mullā Ṣadrā, the discussion of the gradation (al-tashkīk) was limited on the category of quality and that of quantity, both are known as the differential gradation (al-tashkīk al- tafāḍulī). In Ibn Sīnā’s point of view, the gradation occurs in the accidental matters (al-tashkīk fī al-‘araḍī) while in Suhrawardi’s, it occurs in the quiddity (al-tashkīk fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Ṣadrā rejects both views and proves that essentially (bi al-dhāt) the gradation, in the specific sense, occurs in the reality of existence (tashkīk fī ḥaqīqat al-wujūd), while the gradation in the general sense just follows (bi al-ilḥaq) it. Using descriptive-analytical method and comparative approache, this article is aimed to show the meeting points as well as separating ones of the thoughts of the three philosophers concerning gradation; also, to point out that after proving the oneness in the reality of existence and asserting the differential gradation in it, Mullā Ṣadrā proceeds to elaborate two other kinds of gradation: (1) that which is more specific than the differential gradation, i.e., the causal gradation (al-tashkīk al-‘illī), and (2) that which is outside of the differential gradation, i.e., the accidental gradation.Keywords : gradation, the gradation in matters, the causal gradation, the accidental gradation. Pembahasan gradasi (al-tasykīk) sebelum periode Mullā Shadrā terbatas pada kategori kualitas dan kuantitas, atau dikenal dengan istilah gradasi diferensial (al-tasykīk al- tafādhulī). Dalam pandangan Ibn Sīnā, gradasi terjadi pada hal-hal aksidental (al-tasykīk fī al-‘aradhī); sementara menurut Suhrawardī, gradasi terjadi pada quiditas (al-tasykīk fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Shadrā menolak kedua pandangan tersebut dan membuktikan bahwa gradasi, dalam makna spesifik, secara esensial (bi al-dzāt) terjadi pada hakikat eksistensi (tasykīk fī ḥaqīqat al-wujūd), sedangkan gradasi dalam makna umum terjadi tidak secara esensial melainkan hanya mengikuti (bi al-ilḥaq). Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif- analitis dan pendekatan komparatif, ulasan artikel ini ditujukan untuk memperlihatkan titik temu dan perbedaan pandangan ketiga filsuf tersebut seputar gradasi; juga, menunjukkan bagaimana Mullā Shadrā, setelah membuktikan klaim adanya kesatuan dan gradasi diferensial pada hakikat eksistensi, melanjutkan mengelaborasi dua gradasi lainnya: (1) pertama, gradasi yang lebih spesifik (akhashsh) dari gradasi diferensial, yaitu gradasi kausal (al-tasykīk al-‘illī); dan, (2) kedua, gradasi di luar gradasi direfensial, yaitu gradasi aksidental (al-tasykīk al-‘aradhi). Kata-kata Kunci : gradasi, gradasi dalam materi, gradasi kausal, gradasi aksidental.