bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation and analysis of MOPITT CO observations of the Amazon Basin
Authors: Deeter M. N. , Martínez-Alonso S. , Gatti L. V. , Gloor M. , Miller J. B. , Domingues L. G. , Correia C. S. C. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We analyze satellite retrievals of carbon monoxide from the MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument over the Amazon Basin, focusing on the MOPITT Version 6 "multispectral" retrieval product (exploiting both thermal-infrared and near-infrared channels). Validation results based on in situ vertical profiles measured between 2010 and 2013 are presented for four sites in the Amazon Basin. Results indicate a significant negative bias in retrieved lower-tropospheric CO concentrations. The possible influence of smoke aerosol as a source of retrieval bias is investigated using collocated Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements at two sites but does not appear to be significant. Finally, we exploit the MOPITT record to analyze both the mean annual cycle and the interannual variability of CO over the Amazon Basin since 2002.
Moderate topsoil erosion rates constrain the magnitude of the
erosion-induced carbon sink and agricultural productivity losses on the
Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhao Jianlin , Van Oost Kristof , Chen Longqian , Govers Gerard 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Despite a multitude of studies, overall erosion rates as well as the contribution of different erosion processes on Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) remain uncertain, which hampers a correct assessment of the impact of soil erosion on carbon and nutrient cycling as well as on crop productivity. In this paper we used a novel approach, based on field evidence, to reassess erosion rates on the CLP before and after conservation measures were implemented (1950 vs. 2005). We found that current average topsoil erosion rates are 3 to 9 times lower than earlier estimates suggested. Under 2005 conditions, more sediment was produced by non-topsoil erosion (gully erosion (0.23 ± 0.28 Gt yr−1) and landsliding (0.28 ± 0.23 Gt yr−1) combined) than by topsoil erosion (ca. 0.30 ± 0.08 Gt yr−1). Overall, these erosion processes mobilized ca. 4.77 ± 1.96 Tg yr−1 of soil organic carbon (SOC): the latter number sets the maximum magnitude of the erosion-induced carbon sink, which is ca. 4 times lower than one other recent estimate suggests. The programs implemented from the 1950s onwards reduced topsoil erosion from 0.51 ± 0.13 to 0.30 ± 0.08 Gt yr−1 while SOC mobilization was reduced from 7.63 ± 3.52 to 4.77 ± 1.96 Tg C yr−1. Conservation efforts and reservoir construction have disrupted the equilibrium that previously existed between sediment and SOC mobilization on the one hand and sediment and SOC export to the Bohai sea on the other hand: nowadays, most eroded sediments and carbon are stored on land. Despite the fact that average topsoil losses on the CLP are still relatively high, a major increase in agricultural productivity has occurred since 1980. Fertilizer application rates nowadays more than compensate for the nutrient losses by (topsoil) erosion: this was likely not the case before the dramatic rise of fertilizer use that started around 1980. Hence, erosion is currently not a direct threat to agricultural productivity on the CLP but the long-term effects of erosion on soil quality remain important.
Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent inputs on planktonic
metabolic rates and microbial community composition in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Vaquer-Sunyer Raquel , Reader Heather E. , Muthusamy Saraladevi , Lindh Markus V. , Pinhassi Jarone , Conley Daniel J. , Kritzberg Emma S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The Baltic Sea is the world's largest area suffering from eutrophication-driven hypoxia. Low oxygen levels are threatening its biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The main causes for eutrophication-driven hypoxia are high nutrient loadings and global warming. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) contribute to eutrophication as they are important sources of nitrogen to coastal areas. Here, we evaluated the effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent inputs on Baltic Sea planktonic communities in four experiments. We tested for effects of effluent inputs on chlorophyll a content, bacterial community composition, and metabolic rates: gross primary production (GPP), net community production (NCP), community respiration (CR) and bacterial production (BP). Nitrogen-rich dissolved organic matter (DOM) inputs from effluents increased bacterial production and decreased primary production and community respiration. Nutrient amendments and seasonally variable environmental conditions lead to lower alpha-diversity and shifts in bacterial community composition (e.g. increased abundance of a few cyanobacterial populations in the summer experiment), concomitant with changes in metabolic rates. An increase in BP and decrease in CR could be caused by high lability of the DOM that can support secondary bacterial production, without an increase in respiration. Increases in bacterial production and simultaneous decreases of primary production lead to more carbon being consumed in the microbial loop, and may shift the ecosystem towards heterotrophy.
John H. Jackson (1932–2015)
Authors: McRae Donald 
Published: August 2016

It is with the deepest regret that the Journal records the passing of John Jackson—teacher, scholar, contributor to this Journal and longtime member of its editorial board, and pioneer of international trade and economic law. The following is a tribute to John in recognition of his immense contribution to international law.In 1969, World Trade and the Law of GATT was published. In some sense, this was the beginning of what is known today as international trade law. Based on meticulous research into documents of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which hitherto had barely seen the light of day and certainly not the eyes of scholars, the work was to be”pragmatic” and designed to address the “intricate complexity” of the law of GATT and to be of use to “the government or GATT official, the private attorney and the legal scholar.” The scale was ambitious but characteristically expressed in modest terms.
“The Houses of the Tulips”: Persian Poetry on the Fallen in the Iran–Iraq War
Authors: Seyed-Gohrab Ali-Asghar 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOne of the notions triggered by the culture of martyrdom after the Islamic Revolution (1979) was the vogue of martyrdom. In the years prior to the Islamic Revolution and especially during the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88), martyrdom was idealized and even glamorized. The newly established Islamic government accorded an elevated position to the martyr, his family, friends, and even acquaintances. Such a death brought not merely public respect, but it also secured the family economically, as the family would receive money; and the brothers or sisters could secure, for instance, a place at the university, something that is difficult to achieve even for talented students as there is limited enrollment. In addition to these advantages, the alleys and streets were immediately named after these martyrs. This aspect of idealizing the cult of martyrdom is still evident in the majority of street names, changing the public sphere into a museum of martyrdom.
Reflection of War Rhetoric in the Persian War Novel Zimistān-i 62 (The Winter of 1983)
Authors: Shahnahpur Saeedeh 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
As one of the most influential historical events of the late twentieth century, the Iran‒Iraq war (1980–88) enriched the corpus of Persian novels from a thematic standpoint.1 This war introduced the war novel to Iranian society, a new literary genre that focused not only on the Iran‒Iraq war but also on the pertinent issues that stemmed from it. During the war, Persian war novels attempted to strengthen the military sentiment for the war and mobilize the masses to join the front lines. They did so by depicting the war as a great blessing and particularly by accentuating the Islamic nuances embodied in martyrdom. Ismā’īl Faṣīḥ’s Zimistān-i 62 (The winter of 1983) was one of the earliest Persian war novels that promoted martyrdom among Iranian volunteers. This article highlights the utility of the various genres of expression—such as dirge (nauḥa), slogan (shu’ār), and martyrs’ testaments (vaṣiyyatnāma-yi shuhadā)—that played a central role in propagating the concept of martyrdom in that novel. Analyzing the novel’s war rhetoric makes it possible to understand how it was received in Iranian society and adopted into the government’s policies in the course of the war. Furthermore, since the novel is often a reflection of the various aspects of the author’s society, ranging from politics to culture, analyzing The Winter of 1983 from this perspective makes it possible to reveal the complexities of Iranian culture at yet another pivotal time in its history, the Iran‒Iraq war.
On Oral and Poetic Transculturalism in Franco-Persian Novels
Authors: Daneshvar Esfaindyar 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this article I will attempt to show how the role of Romanesque writing and the technical choices therein expose readers to transcultural perspectives. Franco-Iranian author Ali Erfan approaches recurring themes surrounding the situation of exile in his novel Adieu Ménilmontant (Goodbye Ménilmontant) and is a good example of this phenomenon.1 He explores the sociocultural and historical antagonisms of his host country and Iran by anachronistically hiding—all the while inciting the reader to reflect upon—ideologies such as Nazism and Islamism. He places the responsibility of engaging in national politics upon the story’s main character, borrowing upon narrative elements (e.g., imagery), and themes from the oral tradition of the Oriental tale, including the search for one’s self and its reflection in the metaphorical mirror—by remodeling them in the (post)modern context. Finally, the surreal ending of the plot and the character’s psychological profile emphasize, once more, the possibilities of fictional writing within the totally free space of creativity.
Nutritional Quality and Functional Properties of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Pulp from Tanzania
Authors: Aluko Angela Ezra , Kinyuru John , Chove Lucy Mlipano , Kahenya Peter , Owino Willis 
Published: August 2016

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a majestic tree associated with human habitation in some of the semi-arid regions of Africa and establishes an enormous economic and nutritional importance to the rural residential districts. The fruit pulp is considered to be of high nutritional significance; particularly vitamin C and calcium, also possess antioxidant functions as well as high dietary fiber content. Although it is a potential fruit for improving local diets and livelihoods,this fruit is underutilized and its potential not yet fully acknowledged. This work was contracted with the aim of defining the nutritional quality and functional properties of baobab pulp harvested from some selected parts of Tanzania.Results indicated that the pulp from the three locations had moisture content which ranged between 9.16% to 10.30%, fat 0.46%-1.98%, ash 4.75%-5.21%, fiber 5.91%-9.65%, protein 3.23%-3.53%, carbohydrate 80.49%-85.19, vitamin C 169.74mg/100g-231.57mg/100g, beta-carotene 2.16 mg/100g-3.19mg/100g.Fructose 0.56±0.15-0.81±0.17g/100g, glucose 0.77±0.26-0.87±0.31g/100g and sucrose 0.75±0.25-0.84±0.29g/100g. The substantial differences (p≤ 0.05) between locations were observed in fat, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and fructose. Vitamin C, beta-carotene, protein, ash, moisture, sucrose and glucose showed no significance difference (p≤ 0.05) among locations. The functional properties included emulsification, foaming and gelling properties which ranged between 37.9-45.15%, 1.85-6.57% and 11-12% respectively and were significantly different (p≤ 0.05) among locations. The results show that baobab pulp has a good content of nutrients and functional properties which can be useful in food industries.
Beschikkingen ten behoeve van geestelijk verzorgers
Authors: de Jonge H.J. 
Published: August 2016

Beschikkingen ten behoeve van geestelijk verzorgers
De auteur onderzoekt de mogelijkheid om geestelijk verzorgers als bedoeld in artikel 4:59 lid 1 BW krachtens uiterste wilsbeschikking te bevoordelen en gaat hierbij in op aanverwante rechtsfiguren.
Morphologic Accuracy in Differentiating Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma From Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cytology Specimens
Authors: Zakowski Maureen F. , Rekhtman Natasha , Auger Manon , Booth Christine N. , Crothers Barbara , Ghofrani Mohiddean , Khalbuss Walid , Laucirica Rodolfo , Moriarty Ann T. , Tabatabai Z. Laura , Barkan Güliz A. 
Published: August 2016

Context.—The National Cancer Care Network and the combined College of American Pathologists/International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/Association for Molecular Pathology guidelines indicate that all lung adenocarcinomas (ADCs) should be tested for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements. As the majority of patients present at a later stage, the subclassification and molecular analysis must be done on cytologic material.
Objective.—To evaluate the accuracy and interobserver variability among cytopathologists in subtyping non–small cell lung carcinoma using cytologic preparations.
Design.—Nine cytopathologists from different institutions submitted cases of non–small cell lung carcinoma with surgical follow-up. Cases were independently, blindly reviewed by each cytopathologist. A diagnosis of ADC or squamous cell carcinoma was rendered based on the Diff-Quik, Papanicolaou, and hematoxylin-eosin stains. The specimen types included fine-needle aspiration from lung, lymph node, and bone; touch preparations from lung core biopsies; bronchial washings; and bronchial brushes. A major disagreement was defined as a case being misclassified 3 or more times.
Results.—Ninety-three cases (69 ADC, 24 squamous cell carcinoma) were examined. Of 818 chances (93 cases × 9 cytopathologists) to correctly identify all the cases, 753 correct diagnoses were made (92% overall accuracy). Twenty-five of 69 cases of ADC (36%) and 7 of 24 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (29%) had disagreement (P = .16). Touch preparations were more frequently misdiagnosed compared with other specimens. Diagnostic accuracy of each cytopathologist varied from 78.4% to 98.7% (mean, 91.7%).
Conclusion.—Lung ADC can accurately be distinguished from squamous cell carcinoma by morphology in cytologic specimens with excellent interobserver concordance across multiple institutions and levels of cytology experience.
Histopathologic Features of Prognostic Significance in High-Grade Osteosarcoma
Authors: Chui Michael Herman , Kandel Rita A. , Wong Marcus , Griffin Anthony M. , Bell Robert S. , Blackstein Martin E. , Wunder Jay S. , Dickson Brendan C. 
Published: August 2016

Context.—
In osteosarcoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy the extent of tumor necrosis on resection is considered an indicator of treatment response, and this has been shown to correlate with survival in most but not all studies.

Objective.—
To identify additional histologic variables of prognostic significance in high-grade osteosarcoma.

Design.—
Slides of pretreatment biopsy and primary postneoadjuvant chemotherapy resections from 165 patients with high-grade osteosarcoma were reviewed. Univariate (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate (Cox regression) analyses were performed to identify clinical and histomorphologic attributes associated with overall survival.

Results.—
Univariate analyses confirmed the prognostic significance of metastatic status on presentation, primary tumor size, anatomic site, and histologic subtype. Additionally, the identification of lymphovascular invasion, 10% or more residual viable tumor, and 10 or more mitoses per 10 high-powered fields assessed in posttreatment resections were associated with poor survival, retaining significance in multivariate analyses. Based on results from multivariate analysis, we developed a prognostic index incorporating primary tumor size and site, and significant histologic features assessed on resection (ie, lymphovascular invasion status, mitotic rate, and extent of viable tumor). This scoring system segregates patients into 3 risk categories with significant differences in overall survival and retained significance in an independent validation set of 42 cases.

Conclusions.—
The integration of clinical and microscopic features improves prognostication of patients with osteosarcoma.
Misinterpretation Rates of High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion in the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic PAP Education and PAP Proficiency Test Program
Authors: Zhao Chengquan , Crothers Barbara A. , Ghofrani Mohiedean , Li Zaibo , Souers Rhona J. , Hussain Mujtaba , Fan Fang , Ocal Idris Tolgay , Davey Diane D. ,   College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee
Published: August 2016

Context.—Misinterpretation of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) is an important problem in daily practice and in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) PAP Proficiency Test (PAP-PT).Objective.—To investigate factors related to misinterpretation of HSIL through responses in a proficiency test versus an educational environment.Design.—We retrospectively evaluated 28 000 responses in the PAP Education Program (PAP-Edu) and 59 140 responses in PAP-PT from 1147 field-validated HSIL slides from 2007 to 2014. The related factors, such as program types, preparation types, participant types, and program years, were evaluated.Results.—Overall, 4.0% (2379 of 59 140) of responses for HSIL slides from PAP-PT were misinterpreted as either low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or negative, significantly more than those from PAP-Edu (3.2%; 898 of 28 000). However, the false-negative rate (misinterpreted as negative) was 0.9% (519 of 59 140) for PAP-PT, lower than that for PAP-Edu (1.0%; 266 of 28 000). The misinterpretation rates in PAP-PT trended down with time. Misinterpretation rates did not vary significantly by preparation methods. The misinterpretation rate for HSIL in the pathologists' responses was lower than that in cytotechnologists' responses in PAP-PT. More HSIL was misinterpreted as LSIL than as benign in both programs. Cytotechnologists interpreted HSIL as LSIL twice as much as pathologists. The most common false-negative misinterpretations were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy and reparative change.Conclusions.—The higher LSIL misinterpretation rate by cytotechnologists may be related to the differences in reporting responsibilities and proficiency test grading criteria. The trend of gradually decreasing misinterpretation rates of a reference diagnosis of HSIL in the PAP-PT program may be related to higher test-taking confidence and better preparation through educational programs. The fact that pathologists performed better than cytotechnologists in PAP-PT, but not in PAP-Edu, may reflect a heightened approach and attentiveness in the test-taking environment for pathologists.
Traduire les sciences humaines. Auteur, traducteur et incertitudes
Authors: Leclerc-Olive Michèle 
Published: August 2016

Cet article se propose d’examiner la spécificité de la traduction des textes ayant des ambitions conceptuelles, qu’ils relèvent des sciences humaines et sociales ou de la philosophie. En effet, outre les problèmes que leur traduction partage avec la traduction littéraire, le travail sur les concepts à l’oeuvre dans ces textes requiert une attention et un engagement particuliers de la part du traducteur. Les recherches qui président à ses choix, et souvent reléguées aux coulisses de la science, soutiennent sa fonction auctoriale propre. La spécificité de cette pratique est analysée ici à la lumière de deux propositions théoriques : d’une part, la distinction entre concept thématique et concept opératoire, introduite par Eugen Fink, et, d’autre part, la distinction entre incertitude-nuance et incertitude-alternative qui nous vient de la philosophie de l’aléatoire. Rapprocher ces ressources catégorielles permet tout à la fois de documenter cette pratique traductive particulière et d’avancer quelques hypothèses sur la tâche du traducteur et sa responsabilité auctoriale dans ce champ particulier de la traduction. Les séquences argumentatives de l’article s’appuient sur des exemples empruntés à diverses expériences de traduction (notamment de George Herbert Mead, d’Aristote, du Coran et de Paul Ricoeur).
Doute et négociation : la perception des traducteurs professionnels
Authors: Collombat Isabelle 
Published: August 2016

Le présent article, qui porte sur la perception qu’ont les traducteurs et traductrices du doute et de la négociation dans leur pratique professionnelle, part du constat que l’intégration explicite des compétences dites « émotionnelles » dans la compétence globale du traducteur est encore embryonnaire, alors que les spécialistes de la notion de compétence en ont démontré le rôle central. De fait, la gestion du doute (rationnel comme personnel) et la négociation, qui ressortissent à la dimension interpersonnelle, sont omniprésentes dans l’exercice de la profession : mal gérée, la composante relationnelle peut constituer une source de difficultés obérant la compétence globale du traducteur en nuisant notamment à sa confiance en soi.
Les aspects concrets du doute et de la négociation dans la pratique de la traduction professionnelle y sont étudiés par l’intermédiaire d’un sondage effectué auprès de traducteurs professionnels francophones du Québec et du Canada, visant à examiner la manière dont ils vivent et gèrent le doute dans la négociation au quotidien. L’analyse des réponses des 180 participants est abordée selon quatre thématiques couvrant les différences entre hommes et femmes ainsi que l’influence du nombre d’années d’expérience, du domaine de spécialité et du contexte d’exercice de la profession.
La réception ambivalente de Orientalism d’Edward Saïd dans le monde arabe – une question de traduction ?
Authors: El Qasem Faiza 
Published: August 2016

Tout acte de traduction laisse des traces dans la mesure où le traducteur « emprunte » une voix qui n’est pas la sienne. Ce faisant, le traducteur révèle la clé de sa démarche, qui vise soit à s’effacer derrière la voix de l’auteur traduit, à être le passeur en quelque sorte d’une autre parole poétique, d’un autre regard sur le monde, soit au contraire à imprimer sa voix, à influer sur le traduire. Cela implique une prise en compte de la visibilité du traducteur, donc de sa subjectivité et par là même, une remise en cause des concepts traditionnels de la théorie et de la pratique de la traduction ayant trait à la fidélité, au sens et à l’interprétation. Traduire, c’est réécrire l’original non seulement pour faire passer un sens mais aussi pour refléter une certaine idéologie, introduire de nouveaux concepts, de nouveaux genres, bref, innover.
La position du traducteur face à l’altérité diffère selon qu’il cherche à narguer les règles de sa langue culture estimant qu’elles ne suffisent pas à rendre compte du contenu du texte à traduire, ou à l’inverse, à ne pas laisser subsister de points d’interrogation pour ne pas désorienter le lecteur et concevoir ainsi la lecture d’un texte traduit comme si l’auteur s’était directement exprimé dans la langue de traduction.
Dans ce contexte, nous interrogerons les pratiques des traducteurs arabes de l’ouvrage phare d’Edward Saïd, Orientalism, telles qu’elles sont données à lire à travers leurs préfaces. Nous ferons ensuite le lien avec la réception de l’ouvrage dans le monde arabe. Ces préfaces interrogent aussi le statut du traducteur : auteur de plein droit ou traducteur découvreur ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles nous nous intéresserons pour étudier l’empreinte du traducteur sur le texte.