bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Money secrets: How does trade secret legal protection affect firm market value? Evidence from the uniform trade secret act
Authors: Castellaneta Francesco , Conti Raffaele , Kacperczyk Aleksandra 
Published: May 2016

Research summary: We investigate the impact of trade secret legal protection on firm market value in the context of acquisitions. On one hand, market value may increase because trade secret assets become better protected from rivals. On the other hand, market value may decrease because trade secret protection reduces information about the target and its competitors available to potential buyers, increasing uncertainty about its value. Buyers will discount their offers in expectation of being compensated for riskier deals. Using a sample of private equity investments in the United States, we find that trade secret protection has a positive effect in industries with high mobility of knowledge workers, but a negative effect in industries with (1) high resource–value uncertainty and (2) high poor‐investment risk.Managerial summary: We argue that an increase in trade secret legal protection might not unequivocally benefit firm owners when selling their business. A stronger trade secret protection increases the market value of firms in industries with high workers' mobility, but it decreases the market value of firms in industries with uncertain resource value and/or high risk of poor‐acquisition investments. Based on the contingent effect of trade secret protection, companies may want to adjust their strategic decisions, including where to locate or relocate, based in part on whether they will derive benefits or suffer losses when trade secrets are better protected. Finally, our study should help policymakers understand more fully the economic impact of government policies associated with trade secrets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The global regulator LaeA controls production of citric acid and endoglucanases inAspergillus carbonarius
Authors: Linde Tore , Zoglowek Marta , Lübeck Mette , Frisvad Jens Christian , Lübeck Peter Stephensen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe global regulatory protein LaeA is known for regulating the production of many kinds of secondary metabolites in Aspergillus species, as well as sexual and asexual reproduction, and morphology. In Aspergillus carbonarius, it has been shown that LaeA regulates production of ochratoxin. We have investigated the regulatory effect of LaeA on production of citric acid and cellulolytic enzymes in A. carbonarius. Two types of A. carbonarius strains, having laeA knocked out or overexpressed, were constructed and tested in fermentation. The knockout of laeA significantly decreased the production of citric acid and endoglucanases, but did not reduce the production of beta-glucosidases or xylanases. The citric acid accumulation was reduced with 74–96 % compared to the wild type. The endoglucanase activity was reduced with 51–78 %. Overexpression of LaeA seemed not to have an effect on citric acid production or on cellulose or xylanase activity.
Minimum sampling area for the monitoring of herb diversity in riparian zone of temperate rivers, China
Authors: Kong Weijing , Xia Huijuan , Zhang Yuan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOptimal sampling area for biodiversity monitoring is a classical scientific topic for the biodiversity research in view of the cost, human resources and ecological significance. However, how much sampling area is enough for biodiversity monitoring in riparian area, the ecotone among freshwater and terrestrial system? Whether the optimal sampling areas are different among ecoregions? To explore these scientific questions, the minimum sampling area of riparian herbs was studied in Taizi river, Liaoning province, China. The species‐area relationship was modeled using average species richness in the same area (2.25, 4.5, 6.75 and 9 m2) of 55 sites distributed along riparian zone of Taizi river water course. The power model S = aAb modeled best, and was selected to fit species‐area curves. The minimum sampling areas for total species and dominant families were calculated via the selected model and corresponding estimated species richness. Results showed that the minimum sampling areas (MSAs) for herbs diversity monitoring in whole basin, highland ecoregion, midland ecoregion and lowland ecoregion of Taizi river were 12.82, 12.06, 13.46 and 13.08 m2,respectively. The MSAs of dominant families Compositae species and Graminale species were similar to that of total species. The minimum sampling area of Taizi river riparian zone was similar to other temperate riparian grassland and wet grassland, larger than dry grassland and salt meadow. So we did not need consider ecoregion difference for temperate riparian herbs diversity monitoring in watershed scale.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offpsring's psychiatric morbidity in early adulthood. Findings from the Finnish Family Competence Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Niemelä S. , Mikola S. , Sourander A. , Rautava P. , Sillanpää M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionPrenatal smoking exposure is one of the most common insults during the fetal period prevalence varying from 5 to 19% in the European countries [1].ObjectivesPrenatal smoking exposure increases the risk of psychiatric morbidity in the offspring, externalizing disorders in particular. However, less is known whether maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk for anxiety disorders [1].AimsTo study the associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring psychiatric morbidity in early adulthood in a Finnish birth cohort study.MethodsA prospective data collection from 10th gestational week (GW10) to early adulthood (n = 475, 37% from the original sample). Information on self-reported smoking during pregnancy was collected using questionnaires at GW10 and GW28. Offspring psychiatric diagnoses and clinically relevant symptoms were assessed using Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA)-interviews at age 18 to 20 years. Information on parental alcohol use, depressive mood, anxiety, and education level, as well as offspring's gender, education level, and birth weight were used as covariates.ResultsMaternal smoking during pregnancy associated independently associated with PTSD (OR = 6.9, 95% CI 1.3–35.6, P = 0.021), and conduct disorder (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.02–6.9, P = 0.046) in a multivariate analysis after adjusting for other psychiatric diagnoses, offspring and parental variables (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.5–6.9, P = 0.359).ConclusionsIn addition to conduct problems, prenatal nicotine exposure may increase the offspring's risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This relationship may be explained, in part, by effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and uteroplacental mechanisms [1].Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Searching for new markers of panic disorder – the examination of stem cells mobilization and levels of factors involved in their trafficking
Authors: Kucharska-Mazur Jolanta , Jabłoński Marcin , Tarnowski Maciej , Dołęgowska Barbara , Mariusz Z. Ratajczak , Samochowiec Jerzy 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionRegeneration processes are the new target in looking for biological markers of psychiatric disorders.AimsIn this study, we considered the role of stem cells and factors responsible for their trafficking in panic disorder (PD).MethodsA group of 30 patients with panic disorder was examined and compared with a group of 30 healthy volunteers. In peripheral blood we have analysed: the number of hematopoetic stem cells – HSC (Lin−/CD45+/CD34+) and HSC (Lin−/CD45+/AC133+), the number of very small embryonic – like stem cells – VSEL (Lin−/CD45−/CD34+) and VSEL (Lin−/CD45−/CD133+) and concentration of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and some proteins of the complement cascade.ResultsPeripheral blood concentration of HSCs (Lin−/CD45+/AC133+) was significantly lower in PD group compared to control group, before and after antidepressant treatment. Peripheral blood concentration of VSEL (Lin−/CD45−/CD133+) was significantly lower in PD group before treatment compared to concentration after treatment. In PD group concentrations of factors involved in stem cell trafficking were statistically significant lower in PD group (before and after treatment) compared to control group.ConclusionExamination of regeneration system seems to be useful in PD diagnostics.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Delays to diagnosis and treatment in patients presenting to mental health services with bipolar disorder
Authors: Patel R. , Shetty H. , Jackson R. , Broadbent M. , Stewart R. , Boydell J. , McGuire P. , Taylor M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThere are often substantial delays before diagnosis and initiation of treatment in people bipolar disorder. Increased delays are a source of considerable morbidity among affected individuals.AimsTo investigate the factors associated with delays to diagnosis and treatment in people with bipolar disorder.MethodsRetrospective cohort study using electronic health record data from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) from 1364 adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The following predictor variables were analysed in a multivariable Cox regression analysis on diagnostic delay and treatment delay from first presentation to SLaM: age, gender, ethnicity, compulsory admission to hospital under the UK Mental Health Act, marital status and other diagnoses prior to bipolar disorder.ResultsThe median diagnostic delay was 62 days (interquartile range: 17–243) and median treatment delay was 31 days (4–122). Compulsory hospital admission was associated with a significant reduction in both diagnostic delay (hazard ratio 2.58, 95% CI 2.18–3.06) and treatment delay (4.40, 3.63–5.62). Prior diagnoses of other psychiatric disorders were associated with increased diagnostic delay, particularly alcohol (0.48, 0.33–0.41) and substance misuse disorders (0.44, 0.31–0.61). Prior diagnosis of schizophrenia and psychotic depression were associated with reduced treatment delay.ConclusionsSome individuals experience a significant delay in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder, particularly those with alcohol/substance misuse disorders. These findings highlight a need to better identify the symptoms of bipolar disorder and offer appropriate treatment sooner in order to facilitate improved clinical outcomes. This may include the development of specialist early intervention services.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Trends of hospitalization for major bipolar unspecified in USA: A nationwide analysis
Authors: Sutaria A. , Mansuri Z. , Rathod M. , Shambhu S. , Mansuri U. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesBipolar unspecified (BP-U) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. While BP-U has been extensively studied in the past, the contemporary data for impact of BP-U on cost of hospitalization are largely lacking.MethodsWe queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) dataset between 1998–2011 using the ICD-9 codes. Severity of comorbid conditions was defined by Deyo modification of Charlson comorbidity index. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and secondary outcome was total charges for hospitalization. Using SAS 9.2, Chi2 test, t-test and Cochran-Armitage test were used to test significance.ResultsA total of 711,147 patients were analyzed; 61.33% were female and 38.67% were male (P < 0.0001); 77.63% were white, 13.17% black and 9.2% of other race (P < 0.0001). Rate of hospitalization increased from 2,310.28/million to 74,908.88/million from 1998–2011. Overall mortality was 0.81% and mean cost of hospitalization was $25,152.02. The in-hospital mortality reduced from 1.24% to 0.97% (P < 0.0001) and mean cost of hospitalization increased from 11,308.05$ to 32,211.67$. Total yearly spending on BP-U related admissions have increased from $207 million/year to $19.15 billion/year.ConclusionsWhile mortality has slightly decreased from 1998 to 2011, the cost has significantly increased from $0.21 billion/year $19.15 billion/year, which leads to an estimated $18.94 billion/year additional burden to US health care system. In the era of cost conscious care, preventing BP-U related hospitalization could save billions of dollars every year. Focused efforts are needed to establish preventive measures for BP-U related hospitalization.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Suicidality and psychiatric comorbidities among adults with childhood identified ADHD: Gender differences – a population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Yoshimasu K. , Barbaresi W.J. , Colligan R.C. , Voigt R.G. , Killian J.M. , Weaver A.L. , Katusic S.K. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of comorbid psychiatric disorders (PD) on the association between childhood ADHD and suicidality and the effect of gender on the association between PDs and suicidality among adults with childhood ADHD.MethodSubjects were recruited from a birth cohort of all children born 1976–1982 remaining in Rochester, MN after five years of age. Participating subjects with research-identified childhood ADHD (n = 232; mean age 27.0 years; 72% men) and non-ADHD controls (n = 335; mean age 28.6 years; 63% men) were administered a structured psychiatric interview (MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview) to assess suicidality and psychiatric comorbidities.ResultsCompared to controls, ADHD cases were significantly more likely to meet criteria for suicidality [odds ratio (OR) = 2.7, 95% CI 1.7–4.5]. Although this association was not moderated by the presence of PDs (P = 0.63 for interaction effect), the association between ADHD and suicidality was partially mediated by the presence of PDs [OR decreased from 2.7 to 2.1 (95% CI 1.2–3.5)]. Among adults with childhood ADHD, there was no significant moderating effect of gender on the association between suicidality and PD (P = 0.26 for interaction effect). However, the odds of suicidality was 6.1 (95% CI, 2.3–15.9) times higher among males with both externalizing and internalizing PDs compared to males with no disorders; among females the corresponding odds ratio was 3.4 (95% CI, 0.7–16.6).ConclusionChildhood ADHD is significantly associated with adult suicidal risk. Among those with ADHD, associations between suicidality and comorbid psychiatric disorders are more apparent in men among those with comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Loneliness is adversely associated with lifestyle and physical and mental health
Authors: Richard A. , Rohrmann S. , Vandeleur C.L. , Schmid M. , Eichholzer M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionLoneliness is a common emotional distress experience and there is increasing evidence of associations with unhealthy lifestyle and adverse health-related factors. Little is known about age and sex as potential effect modifiers, and about the prevalence of loneliness.Objective/aimsTo assess the associations of loneliness with behavioral, physical and mental health factors, taking sex and age into account and to examine the prevalence of loneliness in individuals aged 15+ years.MethodsData from 20,007 participants of the cross-sectional population-based Swiss Health Survey 2012 were analyzed. The association of loneliness with lifestyle and health-related factors were assessed with logistic regression analyses. Wald tests were used to test for age and sex differences.ResultsLoneliness was reported by 64.1% of individuals, and was associated with smoking (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05–1.23), physical inactivity (1.20, 1.10–1.31), non-adherence to the 5-a-day recommendation for fruit and vegetable consumption (1.21, 1.07–1.37), and more visits to a physician within the last year (1.29, 1.17–1.42). Loneliness was also associated with high cholesterol levels (1.31, 1.18–1.45), diabetes (1.40, 1.16–1.67), self-reported chronic diseases (1.41, 1.30–1.54), impaired self-perceived health (1.94, 1.74–2.16), moderate and high psychological distress (3.74, 3.37–4.16), and depression (2.78, 2.22–3.48). Age modulated the associations in BMI, smoking, visiting a physician within the past year, and self-perceived health. Sex did generally not modulate the associations.ConclusionLoneliness is associated with unhealthy lifestyle, and poorer physical and mental health. Associations were modulated by age, but not sex. Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the causal relationships of these associations.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Parkinsonism and basal ganglia volumes in first-episode psychosis
Authors: Cuesta M.J. , Sánchez-Torres A.M. , Cabada T. , Lecumberri P. , Lorente-Omeñaca R. , López-Ilundain J.M. , Ribeiro M. , Moreno-Izco L. , Gómez M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionParkinsonian motor signs are the most frequent of the genuine motor abnormalities present in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia, and are also present in patients with a first-episode of psychosis (FEP).ObjectiveTo study whether there are differences in basal ganglia volumes depending on the presence of Parkinsonism in FEP.MethodsForty-six patients with a FEP were included in the study. Twenty-three controls were included to normalise patients’ brain volume data. Parkinsonism was assessed with the UKU scale. Brain volumes were obtained with MRI (1.5 Tesla Siemens Avanto). Reconstruction and volumetric segmentation was made with the Freesurfer© software (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/). Patients were divided into two groups, considering the presence/absence of Parkinsonism (UKU total score cutoff point = 4). Patients have been treated with antipsychotics a mean of less than 2 months. There were not significant differences in the total exposure to antipsychotics between both groups. ANCOVAS were performed including gender as covariate.ResultsPatients with Parkinsonism showed a trend towards significance to exhibit reduced volumes in the left caudate and right putamen (Fig. 1).ConclusionsFEP patients who exhibit Parkinsonian signs tend to show reduced left caudate and right putamen volumes in the early phases of psychotic illness, after correcting by gender.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Detection of CYP2D6 polymorphism using Luminex xTAG technology in autism spectrum disorder: CYP2D6 activity score and its association with risperidone levels
Authors: Sukasem C. , Santon S. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe determination of the accurate CYP2D6 genotyping is essential in the clinical setting and individualization of drug therapy.ObjectivesIn this study, was to apply the Luminex xTAG technology to detect significant CYP2D6 polymorphisms and copy number variation, including assessment the relationship of CYP2D6 polymorphisms and risperidone plasma concentration in autism spectrum disorder children (ASD) treated with risperidone.MethodsAll 84 ASD patients included in this study had been receiving risperidone at least for 1 month. The CYP2D6 genotypes were determined by luminex assay. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone were measured using LC/MS/MS.ResultsAmong the 84 patients, the most common genotype was CYP2D6*1/*10 (26.19%). The most common allele was CYP2D6*10 (51.79%) and the second most allele was CYP2D6*1 (27.98%). There were 46 (55.42%) classified as EM, 33 (39.76%) as IM, and 4 (4.82%) as UM. The plasma concentration of risperidone and risperidone/9-hydroxyrisperidone ratio in the patients were significant differences among the CYP2D6 predicted phenotype group (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, the plasma concentration of risperidone and risperidone/9-hydroxyrisperidone ratio in the patients with CYP2D6 activity score 0.5 were significantly higher than those with the CYP2D6 activity score 2.0 (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively).DiscussionsThe present study suggests that it would be ideal to identify the CYP2D6 genotype of patients before prescribing and administering risperidone. Furthermore, the use of CYP2D6 gene scoring system to determine an individual's metabolic capacity may become an essential tool for a more rational and safer drug administration.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Birth by cesarean section and schizophrenia. Results from the multi-center FACE-SZ dataset
Authors: Fond G. , Boyer L. , Llorca P.M. , Leboyer M. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesChildren born by cesarean section (“c-birth”) are known to have different microbiota and a natural history of different disorders including allergy, asthma and overweight compared to vaginally born (“v-birth”) children. C-birth is not known to increase the risk of schizophrenia (SZ), but to be associated with an earlier age at onset. To further explore possible links between c-birth and SZ, we compared clinical and biological characteristics of c-born SZ patients compared to v-born ones.MethodFour hundred and fifty-four stable community-dwelling SZ patients (mean age = 32.4 years, 75.8% male gender) were systematically included in the multicentre network of FondaMental Expert Center for schizophrenia (FACE-SZ).ResultsOverall, 49 patients (10.8%) were c-born. These patients had a mean age at schizophrenia onset of 21.9 ± 6.7 years, a mean duration of illness of 10.5 ± 8.7 years and a mean PANSS total score of 70.9 ± 18.7. None of these variables was significantly associated with c-birth. Multivariate analysis showed that c-birth remained associated with lower peripheral inflammation (aOR = 0.07; 95% CI 0.009–0.555, P = 0.012) and lower premorbid ability (aOR = 0.945; 95% CI 0.898–0.994, P = 0.03) independently of age, age at illness onset, sex, education level, psychotic and mood symptomatology, antipsychotic treatment, tobacco consumption, birth weight and mothers suffering from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.ConclusionAltogether, literature data as well as our results suggest that c-birth is associated with lower weight gain and lower inflammation in schizophrenia, which could be explained by microbiota differences. Further studies should take into account c-birth when exploring the role of microbiota in SZ patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.