bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical concepts, practice recommendations, and research perspectives of pixantrone therapy in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: a SIE, SIES, and GITMO consensus paper
Authors: Zinzani Pier Luigi , Corradini Paolo , Martelli Maurizio , Minotti Giorgio , Oliva Stefano , Spina Michele , Barosi Giovanni , Tura Sante 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesIn this paper, we present a review of critical concepts and research perspectives and produce recommendations on the optimal use of pixantrone in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) by group discussion from an expert panel appointed by the Italian Society of Hematology and the affiliate societies, Società Italiana di Ematologia Sperimentale and Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo.MethodsRecommendations were produced using the Delphi process. Scientific evidence on pixantrone efficacy was analyzed using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology in the areas where at least one randomized trial was published. The following key issues were addressed for practical recommendations: pixantrone monotherapy in aggressive relapsed or refractory non‐Hodgkin B‐cell lymphomas and toxicity risk management in patients candidates to pixantrone.Results and conclusionsAfter a balanced and value‐oriented discussion, the panel agreed that the benefit/risk profile was in favor of pixantrone in the treatment of adult patients with multiply relapsed or refractory aggressive NHL B‐cell lymphomas. Pixantrone was deemed to be contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled cardiovascular disease. Despite a low rate of cardiotoxicity of pixantrone reported in clinical trials, the panel recommended that all patients receiving pixantrone should undergo periodical cardiac monitoring.
Effects of different secondary metabolite profiles in plant defense syndromes on specialist and generalist herbivores
Authors: Okamura Yu , Sawada Yuji , Hirai Masami Yokota , Murakami Masashi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPlants defend themselves against herbivores not only by a single trait but also by diversified multiple defense strategies. It remains unclear how these multiple defense mechanisms are effectively organized against herbivores. In this study, we focused on Brassicaceae plants, which have one of the most diversified secondary metabolites, glucosinolates (GSLs), as a defense against herbivores. By analyzing various defense traits including GSL profiles among 12 species (11 genera) of Brassicaceae plants, it is revealed that their defense strategies can be divided into three categories as multiple defenses. The GSL profiles differed between these three categories: (i) high nutritional level with long‐chain aliphatic GSLs; (ii) low nutritional level and high physical defenses with short‐chain aliphatic GSLs; and (iii) high nutritional level and low defense. The feeding experiment was conducted using two types of herbivores, Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) as a specialist herbivore and the Eri silkmoth Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) as a generalist, to assess the ability of each plant in multiple defense strategy. It was observed that the Eri silkmoth's performance differed according to which defense strategy it was exposed to. However, the growth rate of P. rapae did not vary among the three categories of defense strategy. These results suggest that the diversified defense strategies of Brassicaceae species have evolved to cope with diversified herbivores.
Statistics of single‐fibre tensile strength incorporating spatial distribution of microcracks
Authors: Lei W.‐S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe random distribution of single‐fibre tensile strength has been commonly characterized by the two‐parameter Weibull statistics. However, the calibrated Weibull model from one set of strength data at a given gauge length cannot accurately predicts the strength variation of the fibre at different gauge lengths. Instead of presuming the two‐parameter Weibull distribution or any other specific statistical distribution for the single‐fibre strength to begin with, this work proposes an approach to incorporating the appropriate spatial flaw distribution within a fibre and synchronizing multiple sets of tensile strength data to evaluate the single‐fibre strength distribution. The approach is examined and validated by published single‐fibre strength data sets of glass, ceramic and synthetic and natural carbon fibres. It is shown that the single‐fibre strength statistics does not necessarily always follow the two‐parameter Weibull distribution.
Regional atmospheric CO2 inversion reveals seasonal and geographic differences in Amazon net biome exchange
Authors: Alden Caroline B. , Miller John B. , Gatti Luciana V. , Gloor Manuel M. , Guan Kaiyu , Michalak Anna M. , van der Laan‐Luijkx Ingrid T. , Touma Danielle , Andrews Arlyn , Basso Luana S. , Correia Caio S. C. , Domingues Lucas G. , Joiner Joanna , Krol Maarten C. , Lyapustin Alexei I. , Peters Wouter , Shiga Yoichi P. , Thoning Kirk , van der Velde Ivar R. , van Leeuwen Thijs T. , Yadav Vineet , Diffenbaugh Noah S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnderstanding tropical rainforest carbon exchange and its response to heat and drought is critical for quantifying the effects of climate change on tropical ecosystems, including global climate–carbon feedbacks. Of particular importance for the global carbon budget is net biome exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere (NBE), which represents nonfire carbon fluxes into and out of biomass and soils. Subannual and sub‐Basin Amazon NBE estimates have relied heavily on process‐based biosphere models, despite lack of model agreement with plot‐scale observations. We present a new analysis of airborne measurements that reveals monthly, regional‐scale (~1–8 × 106 km2) NBE variations. We develop a regional atmospheric CO2 inversion that provides the first analysis of geographic and temporal variability in Amazon biosphere–atmosphere carbon exchange and that is minimally influenced by biosphere model‐based first guesses of seasonal and annual mean fluxes. We find little evidence for a clear seasonal cycle in Amazon NBE but do find NBE sensitivity to aberrations from long‐term mean climate. In particular, we observe increased NBE (more carbon emitted to the atmosphere) associated with heat and drought in 2010, and correlations between wet season NBE and precipitation (negative correlation) and temperature (positive correlation). In the eastern Amazon, pulses of increased NBE persisted through 2011, suggesting legacy effects of 2010 heat and drought. We also identify regional differences in postdrought NBE that appear related to long‐term water availability. We examine satellite proxies and find evidence for higher gross primary productivity (GPP) during a pulse of increased carbon uptake in 2011, and lower GPP during a period of increased NBE in the 2010 dry season drought, but links between GPP and NBE changes are not conclusive. These results provide novel evidence of NBE sensitivity to short‐term temperature and moisture extremes in the Amazon, where monthly and sub‐Basin estimates have not been previously available.
Is it getting hot in here? Adjustment of hydraulic parameters in six boreal and temperate tree species after 5 years of warming
Authors: McCulloh Katherine A. , Petitmermet Joshua , Stefanski Artur , Rice Karen E. , Rich Roy L. , Montgomery Rebecca A. , Reich Peter B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGlobal temperatures (T) are rising, and for many plant species, their physiological response to this change has not been well characterized. In particular, how hydraulic parameters may change has only been examined experimentally for a few species. To address this, we measured characteristics of the hydraulic architecture of six species growing in ambient T and ambient +3.4 °C T plots in two experimentally warmed forest sites in Minnesota. These sites are at the temperate–boreal ecotone, and we measured three species from each forest type. We hypothesized that relative to boreal species, temperate species near their northern range border would increase xylem conduit diameters when grown under elevated T. We also predicted a continuum of responses among wood types, with conduit diameter increases correlating with increases in the complexity of wood structure. Finally, we predicted that increases in conduit diameter and specific hydraulic conductivity would positively affect photosynthetic rates and growth. Our results generally supported our hypotheses, and conduit diameter increased under elevated T across all species, although this pattern was driven predominantly by three species. Two of these species were temperate angiosperms, but one was a boreal conifer, contrary to predictions. We observed positive relationships between the change in specific hydraulic conductivity and both photosynthetic rate (P = 0.080) and growth (P = 0.012). Our results indicate that species differ in their ability to adjust hydraulically to increases in T. Specifically, species with more complex xylem anatomy, particularly those individuals growing near the cooler edge of their range, appeared to be better able to increase conduit diameters and specific hydraulic conductivity, which permitted increases in photosynthesis and growth. Our data support results that indicate individual's ability to physiologically adjust is related to their location within their species range, and highlight that some wood types may adjust more easily than others.
Association between interleukin‐21 gene polymorphisms (rs12508721) and HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Q. X. , Li S. L. , Yao Y. Q. , Li T. J. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryInterleukin‐21 (IL‐21), as a multifunctional cytokine, plays an important role in many diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We aimed to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of IL‐21 gene and susceptibility of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a Chinese population. Studied subjects were divided into three groups: 100 patients with HBV‐related HCC, 115 patients with chronic HBV infection and 127 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and the polymerase chain reaction–ligase detection reaction (PCR‐LDR) method was used to genotype the SNPs (rs2221903, rs907715 and rs12508721) within IL‐21 gene. Our results showed that IL‐21 polymorphisms were associated with the risk of HCC and chronic HBV infection when compared with healthy controls. The rs2221903A/G AG genotype was associated with a higher risk of chronic HBV infection when compared with healthy controls [AG versus AA + GG, P = 0.036, OR = 1.898, 95%CI = 1.038–3.471]. The rs12508721C/T TT genotype was related with a lower risk of chronic HBV infection and HBV‐related HCC than in healthy controls [TT versus CT + CC, P = 0.026, OR = 0.451, 95%CI = 0.221–0.920; P = 0.049, OR = 0.482, 95%CI = 0.231–1.005]. No significant difference in the genotype and allele distrubutions of rs907715G/A SNP was observed in the HBV‐related HCC group, chronic HBV‐infected group and the healthy control group when compared to each other. Our findings suggest that the rs12508721T/C and rs2221903A/G polymorphisms of IL‐21 gene are associated with the susceptibility of HBV‐related HCC and chronic HBV infection. The genetic variant may in fact cause protection against the HBV‐related HCC. However, the function in these SNPs of IL‐21 gene needs to clarify the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HBV‐related HCC further.
Drought Tolerance and Water‐Use Efficiency of Biogas Crops: A Comparison of Cup Plant, Maize and Lucerne‐Grass
Authors: Schoo B. , Wittich K. P. , Böttcher U. , Kage H. , Schittenhelm S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is discussed as an alternative energy crop for biogas production in Germany due to its ecological benefits over continuously grown maize. Moreover, a certain drought tolerance is assumed because of its intensive root growth and the dew water collection by the leaf cups, formed by fused leaf pairs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), water‐use efficiency (WUE) and the relevance of the leaf cups for the cup plant's water balance in a 2‐year field experiment. Parallel investigations were conducted for the two reference crops maize (high WUE) and lucerne‐grass (deep and intensive rooting) under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Root system performance was assessed by measuring water depletion at various soil depths. Transpiration‐use efficiency (TUE) was estimated using a model approach. Averaged over the 2 years, drought‐related above‐ground dry matter reduction was higher for the cup plant (33 %) than for the maize (18 %) and lucerne‐grass (14 %). The WUE of the cup plant (33 kg ha−1 mm−1) was significantly lower than for maize (50 kg ha−1 mm−1). The cup plant had a lower water uptake capacity than lucerne‐grass. Cup plant dry matter yields as high as those of maize will only be attainable at sites that are well supplied with water, be it through a large soil water reserve, groundwater connection, high rainfall or supplemental irrigation.
Effect of Microwave Assisted Baking on Quality of Rice Flour Bread
Authors: Therdthai Nantawan , Tanvarakom Thitima , Ritthiruangdej Pitiporn , Zhou Weibiao 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTo develop gluten free bread, rice flour dough with the addition of whey protein concentrate (WPC, 0–6 g/100 g flour) was baked under three conditions – hot air baking (HA), microwave baking (MW) and microwave‐assisted hot air baking (HA‐MW). An increase in the WPC content increased the volume and the moisture content of the bread (P ≤ 0.05). The MW and HA‐MW methods increased the hardness of bread crumbs and the L* value of the bread crust (P ≤ 0.05). The estimated glycemic index (GI) of the HA bread was 80.34 ± 0.88. With the addition of 6 g WPC/100 g flour, the GI was reduced to 70.46 ± 1.70. By changing from HA to MW, the GI was further reduced to 61.67 ± 0.69. Without the addition of WPC, enthalpy of retrogradation (ΔH) of the freshly baked bread using MW was higher than from HA and HA‐MW. The enthalpy tended to increase with increased storage time.Practical ApplicationsMicrowave could increase the heating rate during baking and affect the protein‐starch matrix in gluten free bread made from rice flour. Consequently, bread made using the microwave baking method has low starch digestibility and a high enthalpy of retrogradation with increased volume. Therefore, MW with the addition of whey protein concentrate is recommended to develop crustless, gluten‐free bread with a reduced glycemic index, which is good for people who suffer from obesity, diabetes and celiac disease.
Individual, parent and social–environmental correlates of caregiving experiences among parents of adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Burke M. , Heller T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionCompared to parents of adults with other types of disabilities, parents of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience worse well‐being. Thus, it is crucial to identify the individual, parent and social–environmental correlates of caregiving experiences among parents of adults with ASD.MethodFor this study, 130 parents of adults with ASD responded to a survey about caregiving satisfaction, self‐efficacy and burden.ResultsGreater future planning and community involvement related to more caregiving satisfaction and increased caregiving self‐efficacy, respectively. Less choicemaking of the adult with ASD related to greater caregiving satisfaction and self‐efficacy. Maladaptive behaviours and poor health of the adult with ASD related to greater caregiving burden.ConclusionsImplications for policymakers, practitioners and future research are discussed.
Consonant differentiation mediates the discrepancy between non‐verbal and verbal abilities in children with ASD
Authors: Key A. P. , Yoder P. J. , Stone W. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundMany children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate verbal communication disorders reflected in lower verbal than non‐verbal abilities. The present study examined the extent to which this discrepancy is associated with atypical speech sound differentiation.MethodsDifferences in the amplitude of auditory event‐related potentials elicited by contrasting consonant–vowel syllables during a passive listening paradigm were used to assess speech sound differentiation in 24 children with ASD and 18 chronological age‐matched children with typical development (TD), M age 6.90 years (SD = 1.39).ResultsResults revealed that compared with TD peers, children with ASD showed reduced consonant differentiation in the 84‐ to 308‐ms period. Brain responses indexing consonant differentiation were negatively related to the degree of discrepancy in non‐verbal and verbal abilities and mediated the relationship between diagnostic group membership and the greater discrepancy.ConclusionsWe discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of the brain's response to speech sound contrasts possibly explaining the greater non‐verbal versus language ability in children with ASD compared with that in typically developing children.
South African families raising children with autism spectrum disorders: relationship between family routines, cognitive appraisal and family quality of life
Authors: Schlebusch L. , Samuels A. E. , Dada S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family routines, cognitive appraisal of the impact of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) on the family and family quality of life (FQOL) in families raising children with ASD in South Africa.MethodsA sample of 180 families of young children with ASD who were receiving disability‐related services in the Gauteng province of South Africa completed a self‐administered survey. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the direct relationship between the regularity of family routines and FQOL, and the mediating effect of cognitive appraisal on this relationship.ResultsThe results suggested a direct, positive relationship between the regularity of family routines and families' satisfaction with their FQOL. Furthermore, cognitive appraisal of the impact of ASD on the family mediated this relationship in a partial manner.ConclusionA higher frequency of regular family routines was strongly associated with a higher satisfaction level of FQOL. Also, cognitive appraisal of the impact of ASD acted as a mechanism through which the regularity of family routines influenced FQOL. We discuss the research and clinical implications of these findings.
Elemental mapping of Neuromelanin organelles of human Substantia Nigra: correlative ultrastructural and chemical analysis by analytical transmission electron microscopy and nano‐secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Biesemeier Antje , Eibl Oliver , Eswara Santhana , Audinot Jean‐Nicolas , Wirtz Tom , Pezzoli Gianni , Zucca Fabio A. , Zecca Luigi , Schraermeyer Ulrich 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNeuromelanin (NM) is a compound which highly accumulates mainly in catecholamine neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), and is contained in organelles (NM‐containing organelles) with lipid bodies and proteins. These neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson's disease and NM can play either a protective or toxic role. NM‐containing organelles of SN were investigated by Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) and Nano‐Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS) within human tissue sections with respect to ultrastructure and elemental composition. Within the NM‐containing organelle, the single NM granules and lipid bodies had sizes of about 200–600 nm. Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray microanalysis spectra of the NM granules and lipid bodies were acquired with 100 nm beam diameter in AEM, NanoSIMS yielded elemental maps with a lateral resolution of about 150 nm. AEM yielded the quantitative elemental composition of NM granules and bound metals, e.g., iron with a mole fraction of about 0.15 atomic percent. Chemical analyses by AEM and NanoSIMS were consistent at the subcellular level so that nanoSIMS measurements have been quantitated. In NM granules of SN from healthy subjects, a significant amount of S, Fe, and Cu was found. In lipid bodies an amount of P consistent with the presence of phospholipids was measured. The improved detection limits of nanoSIMS offer new possibilities for chemical mapping, high‐sensitivity trace element detection, and reduced acquisition times. Variations between individual NM granules can now be investigated effectively and quantitatively by NanoSIMS mapping Cu and Fe. This should yield new insight into the changes in chemical composition of NM pigments during healthy aging and disease.
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Neuromelanin‐containing organelles of dopamine neurons in normal human substantia nigra were investigated by analytical electron mircoscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS) yielding the ultrastructure and elemental composition. In neuromelanin granules a significant amount of S, Fe and Cu was found. In lipid bodies an amount of P consistent with the presence of phospholipids was measured. The improved sensitivity of NanoSIMS shows differences in chemical composition between individual neuromelanin granules and allows to study chemical changes of neuromelanin organelles during aging and disease.
Health Promotion Efforts as Predictors of Physical Activity in Schools: An Application of the Diffusion of Innovations Model
Authors: Glowacki Elizabeth M. , Centeio Erin E. , Van Dongen Daniel J. , Carson Russell L. , Castelli Darla M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDImplementing a comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) effectively addresses public health issues by providing opportunities for physical activity (PA). Grounded in the Diffusion of Innovations model, the purpose of this study was to identify how health promotion efforts facilitate opportunities for PA.METHODSPhysical and health education teachers (N = 256) nationwide were surveyed using a CSPAP Index to identify teacher's efforts for providing opportunities for PA within a school setting.RESULTSA hierarchical regression analysis revealed total number of PA opportunities was significantly predicted by teachers' health promotion efforts, p < .001. Sex and years of experience were not significant covariates, p = .35, in the final step of the model. Accounting for teaching environments, the model was significant, p < .001. The strongest predictors were the promotional efforts of PA for family and community, p < .001, PA for staff members, p < .01, PA during the school day, p < .05, and PA before school, p < .05.CONCLUSIONSTo increase PA opportunities for children in schools, emphasis should be placed on health promotion. This study confirms the importance of teachers involving family, community, and staff members as co‐health promoters when trying to increase PA engagement surrounding schools.