bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychodynamic Basis of Compensation: a Contribution to the Study of Ego Defences
Authors: Sarwer-Foner G. J. , Dancy T. E. 
Published: May 2017

Thus we see in this brief and necessarily incomplete summary of a very complex problem, covering the breadth and scope of psychiatry in its magnitude, how the use of a new parameter (consisting of the cultural and sociological changes which permit the organizations described in this paper, or in industry, to take greater responsibility for the individual's welfare and care) is incorporated by the patient and used as an additional framework within which psychopathology can operate. This framework is often used by some as part and parcel of their ego defences, i.e., their defences to maintain touch with reality against underlying psychopathological conflicts. Modifications in the form, symptomatology, interpersonal relations, and “natural course” of psychiatric, medical, surgical illnesses thereby result. Amnestic data, too, becomes distorted so that the obtaining of accurate information sometimes becomes impossible since this, too, is tailored, often unconsciously, to fit this new reality framework of being able to obtain care and money. New cultural value systems come into play. Some groups consider it moral to get as much money as possible out of an impersonal state or institution which can be visualized alternately as benevolent and all giving, or denying and hostile. Many jokes exist in totalitarian communities about the state. A patient, a former citizen of a totalitarian country, reported a saying current there which seemed apropos, to wit: “Ah! This is an awfully rich country—everyone steals and there is so much left over.” Such comments illustrate the changes produced in value systems where huge, impersonal institutions, rather than individuals, are related to, as givers of care, security, and welfare measures. These cases, therefore, furnish excellent experimental data on how the new social conditions offer a framework for modification of psychiatric symptomatology. The psychodynamic basis of the functional neuroses and psychoses remain the same. Their symptomatic expression, and the incorporation of these new bits of reality into the framework of ego defences, produces the symptomatic modification of these illnesses in adaptation to the changes in the social matrix. These cases therefore offer fruitful material for the study of ego defences in relationship to social change.
Factors Influencing First Admission Rates to Canadian Mental Hospitals.: III. An Analysis by Education, Marital Status, Country of Birth, Religion and Rural-Urban Residence, 1950–1952.
Authors: Gregory Ian , Psych D. 
Published: May 2017

This is the third and final part of a study of factors influencing first admission rates to Canadian mental hospitals, and consists of an analysis of variations in these rates (during the period 1950–1952) according to education, marital status, country of birth, religion and rural-urban residence. In the two earlier parts of this study, variations according to time and place were analysed, and it was concluded that first admission rates do not simply reflect incidence, but that other basic determinants include such factors as the reliability of data and calculations, social judgement concerning what constitutes mental abnormality, social demand for mental hospital care, availability of mental hospital accommodation and of alternative facilities for psychiatric treatment, and variations in diagnostic criteria. Nevertheless, variation in first admission rates may also result from variations in incidence, and in this event differences in rates between social groups may be interpreted as due to either selection (on the basis of established abnormality or of predisposition) or protection (against precipitating environmental stress or deprivation). The present study confirms previous findings of high first admission rates among those of limited education; among the single, widowed and divorced; and among the foreign born, particularly fairly recent immigrants. It appears that, in so far as these rates reflect differences in incidence, the latter are predominantly related to selection rather than protection; and it is postulated that selection (by education, marriage, migration, etc.) occurs on the basis of such factors as physical health, intellectual capacity, emotional stability and socio-economic opportunity. Differences in rates according to religious affiliation and rural-urban residence have been discussed, and appear to reflect interaction of a number of variables.
Child Guidance, the Exceptional Child, and the School System
Authors: Asselstine J. 
Published: May 2017

The school child occupies a unique position in that while he is still immature and living in close relationship with his family, a great part of his waking life is nevertheless spent in school where he comes under the direct influence of professional persons. There should be a comprehensive, coordinated Child Guidance Service within the school system which operates at every level of the organization to exploit to the fullest extent the opportunities presented to bring to the school age child every possible benefit of modern knowledge in the mental health field. From 10–15% of the school population may be classified as “exceptional children”. Their needs are best met when their over-all program is planned by a team composed of the personnel of the Special Education Services, the Health Services, and the Child Guidance Services. The team functions best when the organization brings these persons under one administrative authority. Suggestions have been made in regard to the numbers of specially trained personnel required in the Child Guidance Services, and diagrams were presented outlining a model administrative organization covering the whole of the pupil-personnel services.
Curse, Invocation and Mental Health among the Yoruba
Authors: Prince Raymond 
Published: May 2017

On the basis of one and a half years spent in the Western Region of Nigeria, an attempt has been made to describe some Yoruba beliefs and practices relating to the magical power of words and language. Methods of Cursing, Blessing and Invocation have been described in some detail and some examples of psychiatric disturbances and possibly deaths due to these methods have been given. In the discussion a hypothesis of a four stage scheme for the evolution of language and reality mastery is presented. This hypothesis is based upon certain psychoanalytic concepts and upon observations during model psychoses. It is suggested that the Yoruba belief in the omnipotence of the word is a memory of one of the early phases of ego development.
Bilateral Vs. Bimedial Lobotomy: Social Evaluation of Outcome of Operation in Two Matched Groups of 60 Patients
Authors: Hobbs G. E. , Drake C. G. , Wanklin J. M. , Essert G. G. 
Published: May 2017

A sample of 60 cases operated on by the bimediallobotomy approach was compared with a similar number operated on by the standard bilateral technique. These two groups were stratified in terms of diagnosis and duration of hospitalization before operation. The status of the group for other variables still differed sufficiently to require more refined statistical breakdown of these unstratified variables. The outcome following operation was determined by the use of discharge probabilities up to the period of 4 years and by a classification of adjustment at the time of observation in terms of good, moderate or poor, determined by the score on an objective social rating scale. It was not possible to demonstrate any measurable and consistent statistical difference between the outcome of the following of two lobotomy procedures by the various techniques employed. These results would support the suggestion of Fulton” that the medial aspect of the section is the crucial one physiologically and would not support the suggestion of McLardy and Meyer” that improvement was related to the amount of prefrontal cortex isolated from its white matter. Although this method of comparison shows the outcome by the two techniques to be similar, one technique may be preferred over the other because of other factors not considered in this study. If such is the case, then one can come to this decision with the knowledge that the results in terms of social outcome are identical. Certainly it would appear to the authors that the bimedial approach, producing similar results in terms of social recovery, might well be preferred to the standard procedure on the basis of its more limited destructive nature.
Objective Evaluation of an Activity Treatment Program for Seriously Regressed Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Henderson Kent 
Published: May 2017

A controlled study, investigating the effects of an activity treatment program on the behavior of 18 severely regressed schizophrenic patients, indicated that a one-year program produced definite changes toward improved hospital adjustment and a reduction in symptoms of severe pathology. Psychological test results indicate that the changes were fairly superficial, little inroad being made on the schizophrenic process itself. Standard psychological procedures are limited in usefulness as some patients are unwilling or unable to co-operate. However, a highly suggestive relationship was found between co-operativeness and other measures of pathology.
A Preliminary Report on a New Tranquilizer Thioridazine
Authors: Turski M. 
Published: May 2017

A preliminary study was made on a phenothazine derivative, Thioridazine (Mellaril). The purpose of the study was to see how this new drug would compare in clinical effectiveness and occurrence of side-effects with well known neuroleptics, such as Largactil and Pacatal. Ten chronic male patients were selected for this study. All of them had previously been on Largactil and/or Pacatal medication and Mellaril was substituted for them in equal doses. The impressions gained from the study were that the advantages of Mellaril are characterized by 1) absence of cataleptic effect; 2) absence of side-effects; 3) clinical effectiveness in some cases with lower doses than those of the substituted drugs; 4) no significant changes in blood pressure, temperature and pulse rate; 5) lack of anti-emetic effect, which might prevent masking of toxic symptoms. It was also the impression that it controlled anxiety and tension less effectively than the substituted drugs. It is a potent drug that compares favourably with Largactil and Pacatal and because of low toxicity, absence of side-effects and cataleptic effects, it is considered a suitable drug for non-hospitalized patients and those hospital patients who are on an active therapeutic programme.
2. Reflections on the Progress of Psychotherapy
Authors: Watterson Donald J. 
Published: May 2017

To sum up, we need both further observational study and speculative induction before we can more fully grasp the processes of treatment. We may then possibly discover that the differences between the processes of treatments of different lengths (or different names) are less important (as regards progress and outcome) than certain helpful processes which are common to all. Meanwhile, we must in some way not allow our very research to make our therapy sterile. Perhaps one of the important attributes of psychotherapy is that it remain fresh so that, in a sense, the processes of psychotherapy may be forever undergoing change. And now I must apologize for the characteristic fault of papers on psychotherapy mentioned earlier—namely that I have dealt with only one small aspect of the subject, and have probably written as if this small aspect were all-important.
Family Therapy and Schizophrenia
Authors: Waring E.M. 
Published: May 2017

The early concepts of family influences in the development of schizophrenic illness have been reviewed. The empirical research which these concepts generated has failed in large measure to confirm many of these hypotheses, but has demonstrated reliable and valid differences between families of schizophrenics and those of patient and non-patient controls. However, these empirical findings have had little impact to date on family therapy as it is practised, and the failure to confirm theoretical concepts from psychoanalysis, systems, and communication theories has not led to a re-examination of family therapy and its theoretical basis. The author suggests that the empirical research on family influences in schizophrenia and particularly those factors which precipitate and perpetuate schizophrenic symptomatology can be applied to evaluation of schizophrenics and their families, specific family therapy with families of schizophrenics, and particularly suggest that evaluative research on the effectiveness of family therapy in schizophrenia will be necessary for family therapy to become more than a highly fascinating and experimental technique in the total management of schizophrenic patients.
Anorexia Nervosa in Boys
Authors: Sreenivasan Uma 
Published: May 2017

The literature on primary anorexia nervosa in the male is reviewed and the case histories of 3 new patients are reported. Most surveys comment on the rarity of the syndrome in the male, with the sex ratio in the range of 1 in 10 to 1 in 20. The patients reported here had certain features in common. All the mothers and fathers were overweight, but obesity was marked only in the fathers, who also showed moderate to severe degrees of alcoholism. The mothers were oversensitive, insecure individuals, and the marriages suffered in proportion to the severity of the husband's alcoholism. Preoccupation with food was observed on home visits. There was overt mutual hostility between each father and anorexic son; the boys showed pronounced obsessional traits in their personalities. Dieting in order to ameliorate real or feared obesity was a first step in the development of the syndrome in each boy. In the past 3 years an equal number of boys and girls (new patients) have been referred for treatment in the psychiatric unit. Speculative reasons for this are discussed.
An Epidemiological Study of Population Health Reveals Social Smoking as a Major Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Authors: Gawlik Kate Sustersic , Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , Tan Alai 
Published: May 2017

Purpose: To present nationally representative data on the prevalence of “social” smoking and its relationship to cardiovascular health. Design: A population-based, cross-sectional survey on cardiovascular health and its risk factors across the United States. Setting: Million Hearts® cardiovascular screenings that took place in community settings. Participants: De-identified data were collected on a convenient sample of 39, 555 participants. Measures: Reported smoking status, blood pressure, and total cholesterol. Analysis: The prevalence of current smoking, social smoking, and non-smoking were cross-tabulated and stratified by sample characteristics. The adjusted estimates were derived from multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for demographics and other biometric measures. Results: Ten percent identified as social smokers. Social smokers were more likely to be aged between 21 and 40, male, and Hispanic. Social smokers had significantly higher risks of having hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80-2.41) and elevated cholesterol (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.33-1.75) than non-smokers. There was no significant difference between social smokers and current smokers (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.80-1.14 for hypertension and OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.81-1.11 for elevated cholesterol). Conclusion: This is the first population health study to compare the blood pressure and cholesterol levels of people who self-identify as current verses social smokers. Although previous smoking behavior was not controlled for in the analysis, this study demonstrates there is no significant difference in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure or cholesterol among the 2 smoking groups.
A randomized, open-label study to investigate the effect of belimumab on pneumococcal vaccination in patients with active, autoantibody-positive systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Chatham W , Chadha A , Fettiplace J , Kleoudis C , Bass D , Roth D , Gordon D 
Published: May 2017

Objective Intravenous belimumab 10 mg/kg is approved as an add-on therapy in patients with active, autoantibody-positive systemic lupus erythematosus. This study aimed to assess the impact of belimumab on immune response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods This was a Phase 4, open-label study (GSK BEL115470; NCT01597492) conducted in the United States. Patients were randomized (7:9) to receive a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccination four weeks prior to (pre-belimumab cohort) or 24 weeks after (belimumab-concurrent cohort) commencing four-weekly belimumab 10 mg/kg intravenous treatment plus standard systemic lupus erythematosus therapy. Analyses of vaccine titers were performed on the as-treated population (received ≥1 dose of belimumab). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with positive antibody responses (≥2-fold increase from pre-vaccination levels, or post-vaccination level ≥ 0.6 µg/mL if pre-vaccination levels were unquantifiable) to ≥1 of 23 pneumococcal vaccine serotypes, four weeks post vaccination. Other endpoints included the proportion of patients with positive antibody responses to ≥2 to ≥10, and ≥11–23 (post hoc analysis) of serotypes. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events. Results Seventy-nine patients received pneumococcal vaccination (pre-belimumab cohort, n = 34; belimumab-concurrent cohort, n = 45). The majority (87.3% [69/79]) completed the study; 10 (12.7%) withdrew (patient request, n = 3; adverse event, n = 3; lost to follow-up, n = 2; other, n = 2). At Week 4 post-vaccination, 97.0% (32/33) and 97.6% (40/41) of patients (pre-belimumab and concurrent belimumab cohorts, respectively) had a positive response to ≥1 of 23 pneumococcal serotypes. Over 85% of patients in both cohorts responded to ≥10 of serotypes, approximately 80% responded to ≥12 serotypes, and approximately two-thirds responded to ≥16 serotypes. Little difference was observed between cohorts across a broad response, up to 23 serotypes. Eight (23.5%) patients experienced an adverse event considered by the investigator to be treatment-related in the pre-belimumab cohort and four (8.9%) in the belimumab-concurrent cohort; seven patients experienced non-fatal serious adverse events (pre-belimumab cohort, 11.8% [ n = 4]; concurrent-belimumab cohort, 6.7% [ n = 3]), and no deaths were reported. Conclusion The proportion of patients generating a response to ≥1 pneumococcal serotype did not differ between the pre-belimumab and belimumab-concurrent cohorts; the proportions were also comparable across a broader response (from ≥2 serotypes to 23 serotypes).
The validity and reliability of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Quality of Life Questionnaire (L-QoL) in a Turkish population
Authors: Duruöz M T , Unal C , Toprak C Sanal , Sezer İ , Yilmaz F , Ulutatar F , Atagündüz P , Baklacioglu H S 
Published: May 2017

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have a profound impact on quality of life. There is increasing interest in measuring quality of life in lupus patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of SLE Quality of Life Questionnaire (L-QoL) in Turkish SLE patients. Methods SLE according to 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria were recruited into the study. Demographic data, clinical parameters and disease activity measured with the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2000 (SLEDAI-2K); were noted. Nottingham Health Profile and Health Assessment Questionnaire were filled out in addition to the Turkish L-QoL (LQoL-TR). Internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated. Results The mean age of participants was 43.55 ± 14.33 years and the mean disease duration was 89.8 ± 92.1 months. The patients filled out LQoL-TR in 2.5 min. Strong correlation of LQoL-TR with all subgroups of the Nottingham Health Profile and the Health Assessment Questionnaire were established showing the convergent validity. The highest correlation was demonstrated with emotional reactions (rho = 0.72) and sleep component (rho = 0.65) of the Nottingham Health Profile scale ( p < 0.0001). Its poor and not significant correlation with nonfunctional parameters (age, disease duration, perceived general health, SLEDAI-2K) showed its discriminative properties. LQoL-TR demonstrated good internal reliability with a Cronbach’s α of 0.93 and test–retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.87. Conclusion The LQoL-TR is a practical and useful tool which demonstrates good validity and reliability.
Evaluating Seeking Safety for Women in Prison: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tripodi Stephen J. , Mennicke Annelise M. , McCarter Susan A. , Ropes Katie 
Published: May 2017

Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of Seeking Safety on depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with incarcerated women. Method: A randomized controlled trial ( N = 40) was used to analyze Seeking Safety’s effectiveness compared to a treatment-as-usual control group. Analyses of covariance were used to assess differences at posttest ( n = 33) and 4-month follow-up ( n = 29) while repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the influence of the intervention on changes over time ( n = 29). The researchers also analyzed individual participants’ scores from pretest to 4-month follow-up ( n = 29). Results: Both groups decreased their scores on the Center for Epidemiology Studies–Depression Scale and the PTSD Checklist, although improvement was greater for treatment group participants except for depression at 4-month follow-up. Conclusion: Results support the continued use of Seeking Safety as a helpful corrections-based intervention for women, but more research with larger sample sizes is needed to consider it an effective intervention.
Do non-native languages have an effect on word order processing in first language Turkish?
Authors: Cedden Gülay , Aydın Özgür 
Published: May 2017

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Existing studies on sentence processing in bi-/multilinguals are typically centred on the first language (L1) influence on second language sentence processing. However, there is almost no evidence of influence in the other direction. The aim of this study is to find out whether being mono-, bi-, tri- or plurilingual has an effect on reading times (RTs) in the native language. To this end, Turkish native speakers’ RTs are measured when processing Turkish canonical subject–object–verb sentences, subject–verb–object (SVO) sentences where constituents move to post-verbal positions and SVO– ki sentences where post-verbal constituents are base generated. Design/Methodology/Approach: A non-cumulative self-paced reading task is used in order to measure the RTs of a sentence. The area of interest contains (i) the critical verb, (ii) the verb of the complement clause and (iii) the argument or adjunct of the complement clause (32 sentences + 12 filler sentences). All elements are matched according to their frequency of occurrence and their syllable structure. Data and Analysis: Analyses of variance are performed on RTs of the area of interest. Findings/Conclusions: One of the main findings in this study is that all three sentence types are processed significantly slower by the monolingual group than by the bi- and multilingual groups. We infer that non-native languages have a positive effect on processing the word order in the L1, which might lead to a faster processing in the three sentence types. The findings are discussed in terms of working memory and the “gap-driven strategy”. Originality and Significance/Implications: The results are interpreted from psycholinguistic and syntactic points of view.