bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct growth of nanocrystalline graphitic carbon films on BaF2 by alcohol CVD
Authors: Tan Yan , Nakamura Atsushi , Kubono Atsushi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Multilayered nanocrystalline graphitic carbon films were directly formed on BaF2 substrates by the alcohol chemical vapor deposition method using ethanol. Domain size was typically 46 nm as estimated from the peak intensity ratios of G- and D-band of the Raman spectra, which were higher than currently reported values for various dielectric substrates. Sheet resistance measured by the four-probe method was 900 Ω/sq. A possible formation mechanism of the graphitic carbon layer was discussed referring to the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for a composition analysis. It was found that the graphitic carbon layers were formed on the BaO surface, which was produced by the oxidization of the BaF2 substrate by the ethanol source.
The Instruments to Maintain Cluster Activities within the territory of the region
Authors: Juliya Tsertseil 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAvailability of special economic zones within the territory of clusters raises the level of coordination and confidence between the cluster participants, strengthens industrial cooperation and increases the frequency of transactions between them Within the frames of cluster development the emergence and evolvement of special economic zones reflect the level of governmental support both on federal and regional levels. Special economic zone situated on the territory of regions was formed according to the following principles: cluster approach to make provisions for efficient manufacturing relations, steady development of the territories at their intensive utilization, sustainable accounting of ecological, economic, social and other factors at implementation of planning and engineering infrastructural assets of special economic zone.
Iron and magnesium isotopic constraints on the origin of chemical heterogeneity in podiform chromitite from the Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet
Authors: Xiao Yan , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Su Ben‐Xun , Hu Yan , Zhou Mei‐Fu , Zhu Bin , Shi Ren‐Deng , Huang Qi‐Shuai , Gong Xiao‐Han , He Yong‐Sheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe present high‐precision measurements of iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) isotopic compositions of olivine, orthopyroxene, and chromite separates from harzburgites, dunites, and chromitites in the mantle section of the Luobusa ophiolite, southern Tibet, to investigate the origins of podiform chromitite. Two harzburgites in the Zedong ophiolite, southern Tibet, are also reported for comparison. The olivine and orthopyroxene in the Luobusa and Zedong harzburgites have similar Fe and Mg isotopic compositions, with δ56Fe values ranging from 0‰ to +0.083‰ in olivine, from −0.034‰ to +0.081‰ in orthopyroxene and δ26Mg values ranging from −0.25‰ to −0.20‰ in olivine, from −0.29‰ to −0.26‰ in orthopyroxene, respectively. The olivines of two dunites from the Luobusa display small Fe and Mg isotopic variations, with δ56Fe values of +0.014‰ and +0.116‰ and δ26Mg values of −0.21‰ and −0.29‰. All chromites in the Luobusa chromitites have lighter Fe isotopic compositions than the coexisting olivines, with δ56Fe values ranging from −0.247‰ to +0.043‰ in chromite and from −0.146‰ to +0.215‰ in olivine (Δ56FeChr‐Ol = −0.294 to −0.101‰). The chromite δ26Mg values span a significant range from −0.41‰ to +0.14‰. Large disequilibrium Fe and Mg isotope fractionation between chromite and olivine, as well as positive correlation of chromite δ56Fe values with their MgO contents, could be attributed to Fe‐Mg exchange between chromite and olivine. In the disseminated chromitites, the higher modal abundances of olivine than chromite would result in a more extensive Fe‐Mg exchange, whereas chromite in the massive chromitite where olivine is rare could not be affected by this process.
Spatial boundaries of Aerosol Robotic Network observations over the Mediterranean basin
Authors: Mishra A. K. , Rudich Y. , Koren I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAccurate knowledge of aerosol variability on a relatively high spatiotemporal scale is needed for better assessment of aerosol radiative effects and aerosol‐climate interactions. We investigated the spatial boundaries of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations over the Mediterranean basin using a statistical approach. We used 13 years (2002–2014) of aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and 15 AERONET sites around the Mediterranean basin. The gridded correlation maps show moderate to high correlations (R > 0.5) around each AERONET site up to ~200–500 km radius depending on location. Such analyses provide information on the spatial domain in which the AERONET measurements can be reliably used per site. The statistical model provides a better daytime AOD product on finer temporal resolution with higher spatial coverage as compared to using AERONET/MODIS observations separately. The findings from this study can be useful for the assimilation‐based model forecasting of aerosol properties.
Modeling of circulation in the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman: Skill assessment and seasonal thermohaline structure
Authors: Al Azhar Muchamad , Temimi Marouane , Zhao Jun , Ghedira Hosni 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHindcast simulations of the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) are quantitatively evaluated with basin‐wide hydrographic data and time series measurements. The model shows comparable skill in reproducing moored observations of current velocities structure in upper and bottom depths. The skill in simulating observed temperature is higher of 0.93 (scale 0–1) in upper depths compared to 0.52 in bottom depths. Model results are sensitive to parameterization of water clarity. A lower sensitivity was noticed to KPP, GLS, and MY2.5 turbulence closures. When coastal turbid water parameterization is used, accuracy of the model in reproducing seasonal and spatial variations of temperature and salinity increased by 25% compared to the clear water case whereas only 10% increase was noticed when applying KPP turbulent closure. The model reproduces well anticlockwise circulation in the Gulf. A stronger surface inflow of fresher water to the Arabian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz is simulated in summer compared to winter conditions, mainly due to upper layer horizontal gradient of density between the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Less seasonal variability of outflow between 0.15 and 0.20 m s−1 at 50 m to bottom depth around the Strait of Hormuz was noticed in the model results. Modeled surface layer stratification is stronger in summer than winter and varies spatially in the Arabian Gulf with highest stratification near the Strait of Hormuz. Overall, the stratification in shallow water area of the Arabian Gulf remains low throughout the year.
The tug‐of‐war between the West Philippine Sea and South China Sea Tropical Waters and Intermediate Waters in the Okinawa Trough
Authors: Chen Chen‐Tung Arthur , Yeh Ya‐Ting , Yanagi Tetsuo , Bai Yan , He Xianqiang , Huang Ting‐Hsuan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractKuroshio subsurface waters are the major source of nutrients to the East China Sea continental shelf, a major fishing ground. These subsurface waters are heavily affected by the South China Sea (SCS) Tropical and Intermediate Waters which contain more nutrients than the tropical (Smax) and intermediate (Smin) waters from the West Philippine Sea (WPS). A front was found to separate these waters from the SCS and WPS. The reported front in the Okinawa Trough, however, was identified based only on one‐time data from a single cross section. Here historical hydrographic data between March 1950 and December 2011 are analyzed. A vertical front tilted toward the west is found in all seasons in all years in the Okinawa Trough. In winter, the presence of the SCS Tropical Water is the most prominent. It is the weakest in autumn. As for intermediate waters (Smin), the WPS and SCS Intermediate Waters show much weaker seasonality compared with tropical waters although in summer, the WPS Intermediate Water contribution is slightly larger than during other times.
Illuminating wildfire erosion and deposition patterns with repeat terrestrial lidar
Authors: Rengers F. K. , Tucker G. E. , Moody J. A. , Ebel B. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractErosion following a wildfire is much greater than background erosion in forests because of wildfire‐induced changes to soil erodibility and water infiltration. While many previous studies have documented post‐wildfire erosion with point and small plot‐scale measurements, the spatial distribution of post‐fire erosion patterns at the watershed scale remains largely unexplored. In this study lidar surveys were collected periodically in a small, first‐order drainage basin over a period of 2 years following a wildfire. The study site was relatively steep with slopes ranging from 17° to > 30°. During the study period, several different types of rain storms occurred on the site including low‐intensity frontal storms (2.4 mm h−1) and high‐intensity convective thunderstorms (79 mm h−1). These storms were the dominant drivers of erosion. Erosion resulting from dry ravel and debris flows was notably absent at the site. Successive lidar surveys were subtracted from one another to obtain digital maps of topographic change between surveys. The results show an evolution in geomorphic response, such that the erosional response after rain storms was strongly influenced by the previous erosional events and pre‐fire site morphology. Hillslope and channel roughness increased over time, and the watershed armored as coarse cobbles and boulders were exposed. The erosional response was spatially nonuniform; shallow erosion from hillslopes (87% of the study area) contributed 3 times more sediment volume than erosion from convergent areas (13% of the study area). However, the total normalized erosion depth (volume/area) was highest in convergent areas. From a detailed understanding of the spatial locations of erosion, we made inferences regarding the processes driving erosion. It appears that hillslope erosion is controlled by rain splash (for detachment) and overland flow (for transport and quasi‐channelized erosion), with the sites of highest erosion corresponding to locations with the lowest roughness. By contrast, in convergent areas we found erosion caused by overland flow. Soil erosion was locally interrupted by immobile objects such as boulders, bedrock, or tree trunks, resulting in a patchy erosion network with increasing roughness over time.
Evidence of trends in rain event size effecting trends in rain fade
Authors: Paulson Kevin S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRain gauge studies have shown that the incidence of rain at rates associated with outage on terrestrial links has shown an increasing trend in several countries over the last 30 years. However, no evidence is available from microwave links to show whether outage rates, or the incidence of fade, is similarly increasing. This paper presents evidence of fade trends, derived from a decade of rain radar data. Although a decade is too short a period to observe rain rate trends, evidence is presented that trends in the size of rain events is leading to changes in the relationship between point rain rates and rain fade. Furthermore, these trends are shown to vary significantly across the UK. Temporal trends in both rain rates and their link to rain fade, make it more difficult to adapt International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Reccomendations to a changing climate.
Zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronology of Neoproterozoic strata from the Mackenzie Mountains, Canada: Implications for the Phanerozoic exhumation and deformation history of the northern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Powell Jeremy , Schneider David , Stockli Daniel , Fallas Karen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSedimentary strata of the Neoproterozoic Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup (MMSG) and Windermere Supergroup (WSG) occupy the cores of anticlines in the Mackenzie Mountains of the Canadian Cordilleran Foreland Belt. Stratigraphic and structural evidence suggest that these rocks have undergone several episodes of burial and unroofing relatively intact. We report single‐grain detrital muscovite 40Ar/39Ar and zircon (U‐Th)/He (ZHe) data from a suite of samples across the fold‐thrust belt and the Neoproterozoic stratigraphic record. The strata have not reached high enough temperatures to reset the muscovite 40Ar/39Ar system, and instead our detrital muscovite data refine Tonian‐Cryogenian depositional ages. Single‐crystal ZHe dates range from 432 ± 35 to 46 ± 4 Ma, indicating that MMSG and WSG strata have not been heated sufficiently to fully reset the ZHe system. These factors make the Neoproterozoic strata an attractive natural laboratory to test the utility of the zircon radiation damage and annealing model on the quantification of thermal histories from detrital zircon populations that have accumulated radiation damage over long geologic timescales. Thermal modeling reveals that (1) a substantial sedimentary package was deposited following the Devonian and removed during Permo‐Triassic cooling, and (2) the Cordilleran deformation front propagated through the study area from the Albian to the Paleocene, with a moderate increase in cooling rates between 75–67 Ma in the southwest and 60–55 Ma at the deformation front. Ultimately, relationships between radiation damage and helium diffusion kinetics in zircon explain substantial ZHe date dispersion and elucidate the temperature‐time history of the northern Canadian Cordillera.
High cloud size dependency in the applicability of the fixed anvil temperature hypothesis using global nonhydrostatic simulations
Authors: Noda A. T. , Seiki T. , Satoh M. , Yamada Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe applicability of the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) hypothesis is examined using data of a global nonhydrostatic model, focusing particularly on high cloud size dependency. Decomposition of outgoing‐longwave radiation (OLR) into three components, including cloud top temperature (TCT), upward cloud emissivity (ε), and clear‐sky OLR (FCLR), reveals that the relative contributions of these three components to changes of OLR are highly dependent on cloud size. That is, the FAT hypothesis is applicable only for smaller clouds, because the contribution of TCT by those clouds is small, and ε is more important. In contrast, for larger clouds, the contribution of ε is comparable to that of TCT, and thus, both components are equally important. FCLR slightly reduces OLR but shows dependence on cloud size.
Tide‐modulated ice flow variations drive seismicity near the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, Greenland
Authors: Podolskiy Evgeny A. , Sugiyama Shin , Funk Martin , Walter Fabian , Genco Riccardo , Tsutaki Shun , Minowa Masahiro , Ripepe Maurizio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGlacier microseismicity is a promising tool to study glacier dynamics. However, physical processes connecting seismic signals and ice dynamics are not clearly understood at present. Particularly, the relationship between tide‐modulated seismicity and dynamics of calving glaciers remains elusive. Here we analyze records from an on‐ice seismometer placed 250 m from the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, Greenland. Using high‐frequency glacier flow speed measurements, we show that the microseismic activity is related to strain rate variations. The seismic activity correlates with longitudinal stretching measured at the glacier surface. Both higher melt rates and falling tides accelerate glacier motion and increase longitudinal stretching. Long‐term microseismic monitoring could therefore provide insights on how a calving glacier's force balance and flow regime react to changes at the ice‐ocean interface.
The auroral ionosphere TEC response to an interplanetary shock
Authors: Jin Yaqi , Zhou Xiaoyan , Moen Jøran I. , Hairston Marc 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis letter investigates the global total electron content (TEC) response in the auroral ionosphere to an interplanetary shock on 8 March 2012, using GPS TEC data from three pierce point chains. One is a longitudinal chain along ~65° magnetic latitude (MLAT) from ~19 magnetic local time (MLT) through dayside to 03 MLT clockwise; one meridional chain is around 14 MLT from 88° to 59° MLAT; and the third one is a chain along ~75° MLAT from ~14 to 00 MLT clockwise. The first chain clearly presents a TEC signal propagation away from ~14 MLT, indicating the shock impact location. Such a propagation is well consistent with the diffuse shock aurora propagation, and the impact location is well predicted by the shock normal direction calculated using the Geotail solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data. The meridional chain reveals a very fast TEC signal equatorward expansion at ~45 km/s, which is the manifestation of the shock impact and further compression near the subsolar magnetopause. While TEC along the high‐latitude chain varies randomly, lacking any pattern, it is consistent with the discrete aurora dynamics along the poleward boundary of the auroral oval. These findings strongly support the shock aurora mechanisms of adiabatic compression and field‐aligned current establishment or enhancement, suggest that due to the same mechanisms a shock‐generated TEC variation is a “duplication” of the shock aurora from the global picture to the auroral forms and their dynamics, and open the door for the TEC to be an important tool to understand the solar wind and geospace coupling. These results, for the first time, reveal the prompt, intense, and global ionospheric TEC response to the interplanetary fast‐forward shock.
Daytime midlatitude plasma depletions observed by Swarm: Topside signatures of the rocket exhaust
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Kil Hyosub , Stolle Claudia , Lühr Hermann , Coley William R. , Coster Anthea , Kwak Young‐Sil 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe daytime midlatitude plasma depletions (DMLPDs) observed on 22 May 2014 and 20 May 2015 by the Swarm constellation are not explained by any known natural phenomena. The DMLPDs were detected after rocket launches, and the DMLPD traces converged to the launch station. The event in 2015, for which sufficient total electron content (TEC) data are available, is accompanied with TEC depletion lasting for about 6 h. The persistence generally agrees with the lifetime expected for rocket exhaust depletions (REDs) which is determined by the recombination of the ionospheric oxygen ion with water molecules in the rocket exhaust. These results lead to the conclusion that DMLPDs are REDs in the topside. The RED characteristics identified from the observations on both days are (1) enhancement in electron temperature, (2) reduction in electron pressure, and (3) absence of substructures down to scale sizes of about 8 km (Nyquist's scale size).
Uncovering Uncertainty through Disagreement
Authors: Paletz Susannah B. F. , Chan Joel , Schunn Christian D. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThis study explored the association between different types of brief disagreements and subsequent levels of expressed psychological uncertainty, a fundamental cognitive aspect of complex problem solving. We examined 11 hours (11 861 utterances) of conversations in expert science teams, sampled across the first 90 days of the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Utterances were independently coded for micro‐conflicts and expressed psychological uncertainty. Using time‐lagged hierarchical linear modeling applied to blocks of 25 utterances, we found that micro‐conflicts regarding rover planning were followed by greater uncertainty. Brief disagreements about science issues were followed by an increase in expressed uncertainty early in the mission. Examining the potential reverse temporal association, uncertainty actually predicted fewer subsequent disagreements, ruling out indirect, third variable associations of conflict and uncertainty. Overall, these findings suggest that some forms of disagreement may serve to uncover important areas of uncertainty in complex teamwork, perhaps via revealing differences in mental models.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ene Reductase Enzymes for the Aromatisation of Tetralones and Cyclohexenones to Naphthols and Phenols
Authors: Kelly Paul P. , Lipscomb David , Quinn Derek J. , Lemon Ken , Caswell Jill , Spratt Jenny , Kosjek Birgit , Truppo Matthew , Moody Thomas S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEne reductases (EREDs) have great potential as oxidation biocatalysts, as demonstrated by their efficient conversion of a number of tetralones to the corresponding naphthols. Of 96 enzymes tested, 57 were able to produce 2‐naphthol in this way. Further tests with substituted tetralones revealed typically high conversions up to >99%. The reactions were performed under mild conditions in aqueous buffer with only co‐solvent, biocatalyst and oxidation substrate required for conversion. Production of a methoxy‐substituted naphthol was also successfully performed on a gram scale, with 91% yield. This methodology provides a new avenue to produce substituted naphthols as valuable building blocks, with the possibility to extend the approach to the production of phenols also being demonstrated.magnified image
Catalysts Containing the Adamantane Scaffold
Authors: Agnew‐Francis Kylie A. , Williams Craig M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe bulky, but symmetrically beautiful, adamantane ring system is now pervasive throughout physical, medicinal and synthetic chemistry, since it was first discovered in 1924 and coined “dekaterpene”. This fascinating name lived up to its natural product roots when adamantane was isolated from crude oil in 1933, but it was not until 1957 in a landmark contribution by Paul von Ragué Schleyer that adamantane was made readily accessible through synthesis. Beyond the legacy to physical and medicinal chemistry, the adamantane moiety has been quintessential in the development of some of the most important catalysts to date. Considering adamantane's impact on catalyst development past, present and future, this subject is for the first time reviewed herein.magnified image
tert‐Butoxide‐Mediated Arylation of 2‐Substituted Cyanoacetates with Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Qian Xiaofei , Han Jianwei , Wang Limin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA transition metal‐free direct arylation of 2‐substituted cyanoacetates with diaryliodonium salts was developed. With this approach, a wide range of α‐tolunitrile derivatives has been synthesized in good to excellent yields of 45–92%. Furthermore, the practicability of this approach is further manifested in the synthesis of a related bioactive agent of glutarimide.magnified image