bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel 7-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Clonotyping Test Allows Rapid Prediction of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Extraintestinal Escherichia coli Directly From Urine Specimens
Authors: Tchesnokova Veronika , Avagyan Hovhannes , Billig Mariya , Chattopadhyay Sujay , Aprikian Pavel , Chan Diana , Pseunova Julietta , Rechkina Elena , Riddell Kim , Scholes Delia , Fang Ferric C. , Johnson James R. , Sokurenko Evgeni V. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Background.  Escherichia coli is a highly clonal pathogen. Extraintestinal isolates belong to a limited number of genetically related groups, which often exhibit characteristic antimicrobial resistance profiles.
Methods.  We developed a rapid clonotyping method for extraintestinal E coli based on detection of the presence or absence of 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 2 genes (fumC and fimH). A reference set of 2559 E coli isolates, primarily of urinary origin, was used to predict the resolving power of the 7-SNP-based typing method, and 582 representative strains from this set were used to evaluate test robustness.
Results.  Fifty-four unique SNP combinations (“septatypes”) were identified in the reference strains. These septatypes yielded a clonal group resolution power on par with that of traditional multilocus sequence typing. In 72% of isolates, septatype identity predicted sequence type identity with at least 90% (mean, 97%) accuracy. Most septatypes exhibited highly distinctive antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The 7-SNP-based test could be performed with high specificity and sensitivity using single or multiplex conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR. In the latter format, E coli presence and septatype identity were determined directly in urine specimens within 45 minutes with bacterial loads as low as 102 colony-forming units/mL and, at clinically significant bacterial loads, with 100% sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusions.  7-SNP-based typing of E coli can be used for both epidemiological studies and clinical diagnostics, which could greatly improve the empirical selection of antimicrobial therapy.
Long-Term Sentinel Surveillance for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Minnesota
Authors: Medus Carlota , Besser John M. , Juni Billie A. , Koziol Bonnie , Lappi Victoria , Smith Kirk E. , Hedberg Craig W. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Background.  Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are not detected by conventional culture methods. The prevalence of ETEC infections in the United States is unknown, and recognized cases are primarily associated with foreign travel. Gaps remain in our understanding of STEC epidemiology.
Methods.  Two sentinel surveillance sites were enrolled: an urban health maintenance organization laboratory (Laboratory A) and a rural hospital laboratory (Laboratory B). Residual sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC) plates from stool cultures performed at Laboratory A (1996–2006) and Laboratory B (2000–2008) were collected. Colony sweeps from SMAC plates were tested for genes encoding STEC toxins stx1 and stx2 (1996–2008) and ETEC heat-labile and heat-stable toxins eltB, estA 1, 2 and 3 (2000–2008) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays.
Results.  In Laboratory A, a bacterial pathogen was identified in 7.0% of 21 970 specimens. During 1996–2006, Campylobacter was the most common bacterial pathogen (2.7% of cultures), followed by Salmonella (1.2%), Shigella (1.0%), and STEC (0.9%). Among STEC (n = 196), O157 was the most common serogroup (31%). During 2000–2006, ETEC (1.9%) was the second most common bacterial pathogen after Campylobacter (2.6%). In Laboratory B, of 19 293 specimens tested, a bacterial pathogen was identified for 5.5%, including Campylobacter (2.1%), STEC (1.3%), Salmonella (1.0%), and ETEC (0.8%). Among STEC (n = 253), O157 was the leading serogroup (35%). Among ETEC cases, 61% traveled internationally.
Conclusions.  Enterotoxigenic E. coli and STEC infections were as common as most other enteric bacterial pathogens, and ETEC may be detected more frequently by culture-independent multiplex PCR diagnostic methods. A high proportion of ETEC cases were domestically acquired.
Neonatal Invasive Procedures Predict Pain Intensity at School Age in Children Born Very Preterm
Authors: Valeri Beatriz O. , Ranger Manon , Chau Cecil M.Y. , Cepeda Ivan L. , Synnes Anne , Linhares Maria Beatriz M. , Grunau Ruth E. 
Published: January 2016

Introduction:
Children born very preterm display altered pain thresholds. Little is known about the neonatal clinical and psychosocial factors associated with their later pain perception.

Objective:
We aimed to examine whether the number of neonatal invasive procedures, adjusted for other clinical and psychosocial factors, was associated with self-ratings of pain during a blood collection procedure at school age in children born very preterm.

Materials and Methods:
56 children born very preterm (24 to 32 weeks gestational age), followed longitudinally from birth, and free of major neurodevelopmental impairments underwent a blood collection by venipuncture at age 7.5 years. The children’s pain was self-reported using the Coloured Analog Scale and the Facial Affective Scale. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Pain exposure (the number of invasive procedures) and clinical factors from birth to term-equivalent age were obtained prospectively. Multiple linear regression was used to predict children’s pain self-ratings from neonatal pain exposure after adjusting for neonatal clinical and concurrent psychosocial factors.

Results:
A greater number of neonatal invasive procedures and higher parent trait-anxiety were associated with higher pain intensity ratings during venipuncture at age 7.5 years. Fewer surgeries and lower concurrent child externalizing behaviors were associated with a higher pain intensity.

Conclusions:
In very preterm children, exposure to neonatal pain was related to altered pain self-ratings at school age, independent of other neonatal factors. Neonatal surgeries and concurrent psychosocial factors were also associated with pain ratings.
Using the Human Activity Profile to Assess Functional Performance in Heart Failure
Authors: Ribeiro-Samora Giane Amorim , Pereira Danielle Aparecida Gomes , Vieira Otávia Alves , de Alencar Maria Clara Noman , Rodrigues Roseane Santo , Carvalho Maria Luiza Vieira , Montemezzo Dayane , Britto Raquel Rodrigues 
Published: January 2016

PURPOSE:
To investigate (1) the validity of using the Human Activity Profile (HAP) in patients with heart failure (HF) to estimate functional capacity; (2) the association between the HAP and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) distance; and (3) the ability of the HAP to differentiate between New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes.

METHODS:
In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated 62 clinically stable patients with HF (mean age, 47.98 years; NYHA class I-III). Variables included maximal functional capacity as measured by peak oxygen uptake (

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2) using a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), peak

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2 as estimated by the HAP, and exercise capacity as measured by the 6MWT.

RESULTS:
The difference between the measured (CPET) and estimated (HAP) peak

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2 against the average values showed a bias of 2.18 mL/kg/min (P = .007). No agreement was seen between these measures when applying the Bland-Altman method. Peak

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2 in the HAP showed a moderate association with the 6MWT distance (r = 0.62; P < .0001). Peak

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2 in the HAP was able to statistically differentiate NYHA functional classes I, II, and III (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:
The estimated peak

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2 using the HAP was not concordant with the gold standard CPET measure. On the contrary, the HAP was able to differentiate NYHA functional class associated with the 6MWT distance; therefore, the HAP is a useful tool for assessing functional performance in patients with HF.
The Relation of Ocular Surface Irregularity and Visual Disturbance in Early Stage Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Authors: Matsumoto Yukihiro , Kodama Asako , Goto Eiki , Kawakita Tetsuya , Dogru Murat , Tsubota Kazuo 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:
To evaluate the relation between ocular surface irregularity and visual disturbance in early stage Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK).

Methods:
Fifteen patients with culture-proven AK underwent routine ophthalmic examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, slitlamp biomicroscope examination, and corneal fluorescein dye staining test, in both the eyes. We also evaluated the corneal sensitivity with Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, tear functions by Schirmer's test, and ocular surface irregularity by corneal topography and compared the results with the contralateral healthy eyes in this study.

Results:
The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA (0.71±0.77) was significantly lower in the eyes with AK (P=0.002). Epithelial disorders were present in all eyes, and radial keratoneuritis in 14 eyes (93.3%). The mean corneal sensitivity (39.3±24.1 mm) was significantly lower in eyes with AK compared with the healthy eyes (P=0.005). The mean Schirmer's test value (22.5±12.0 mm) in eyes with AK was significantly higher compared with the healthy eyes (P=0.01). The ocular surface irregularity indices (the surface regularity index, 2.47±0.42; the surface asymmetry index, 3.24±1.31) were significantly higher in eyes with AK compared with contralateral healthy eyes (P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively).

Conclusions:
The ocular surface disease in AK is associated with decrease in corneal sensitivity and increase in Schirmer's test value and ocular surface irregularity indices. The visual disturbance in AK may owe not only to corneal haze but also to ocular surface irregularity.
The Effect of Demodex Infestation on Blepharitis and the Ocular Symptoms
Authors: Kabataş Naciye , Doğan Aysun Şanal , Kabataş Emrah Utku , Acar Mutlu , Biçer Tolga , Gürdal Canan 
Published: January 2016

Objective:
This study aimed to determine the frequency of Demodex infestation of eyelashes in patients with and without blepharitis and to determine the effects of Demodex infestation on blepharitis and the ocular symptoms.

Methods:
The study included patients with chronic mixed (anterior + posterior) blepharitis who presented to our clinic. Patients with refractive error and no ocular disease were enrolled as the control group. From each participant, a total of 4 eyelashes were removed and were then examined under a light microscope for Demodex infestation. Symptoms, fluorescein tear breakup time, and ocular surface staining pattern were recorded.

Results:
The prevalence of Demodex infection in the blepharitis group was 67.2%, versus 54.9% in the control group (P=0.18). The incidence of itching in the blepharitis group was significantly higher in the Demodex (+) patients than in the Demodex (−) patients (P<0.001). Fluorescein tear breakup time in the Demodex (+) patients was significantly shorter than in the Demodex (−) patients (P<0.001). There was not a significant difference in the fluorescein staining pattern between the 2 groups (P=0.57). The incidence of advanced stage blepharitis was significantly higher among the Demodex (+) patients (P=0.007). The incidence of cylindrical eyelash dandruff in the blepharitis group was significantly higher in the Demodex (+) patients (P<0.001). There was a significant difference in meibomian gland dysfunction between the 2 groups (P=0.039).

Conclusion:

Demodex infestation must be investigated in patients with advanced stage blepharitis, itching, and shorter than normal fluorescein tear breakup time.
Evaluation of Autograft Characteristics After Pterygium Excision Surgery: Autologous Blood Coagulum Versus Fibrin Glue
Authors: Mittal Kanhaiya , Gupta Shikha , Khokhar Sudarshan , Vanathi Murugesan , Sharma Namrata , Agarwal Tushar , Vajpayee Rasik Bihari 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:
To compare graft outcomes following pterygium excision and conjunctival autograft fixation using patient's in situ autologous blood or standard fibrin glue-assisted conjunctival autograft adhesion.

Methods:
Outcomes of 23 consecutive eyes which underwent pterygium excision and conjunctival autograft with autologous in situ blood coagulum (group I) were compared with historical case controls (20 eyes) that had undergone fibrin glue-assisted conjunctival autograft (group II). Primary outcome measure was graft stability. Secondary outcome measure was severity of graft inflammation at day 1, day 7, 3 months, and 6 months.

Results:
The two groups were similar regarding age, gender, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error, tear function tests, and pterygium size. Mean surgical time was similar for the two groups (14.2±2.74 min, group I; 12.25±1.88 min, group II; P=0.1); with the mean difference in operative time being 1.95 min (95% CI, 0.48–3.42 min). Postoperatively, there was a statistically significant reduction in astigmatism and improvement in UCVA, BCVA, and spherical equivalent in all eyes. No difference was found in mean epithelial defect healing time, UCVA, BCVA, astigmatism, tear film break-up time, and Schirmer I and II at 6 months between the two groups. Initial graft stability was better for group II at 1 month (P=0.001) but was similar for both groups at 6 months. Median score of graft inflammation was significantly more for group II during the first week (P<0.05; Wilcoxon rank-sum test).

Conclusion:
Autologous blood may be used as an effective alternative with lesser postoperative inflammation in comparison to glue-assisted autograft fixation.
Efficacy and Safety of 0.2% Hyaluronic Acid in the Management of Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Pinto-Fraga José , López-de la Rosa Alberto , Blázquez Arauzo Francisco , Urbano Rodríguez Rubén , González-García María J. 
Published: January 2016

Objectives:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new artificial tear containing 0.2% hyaluronic acid, as compared with 0.9% saline solution, in mild dry eye patients after 1-month use in a crossover study design with washout periods.

Methods:
Overall, 16 mild dry eye patients were included. After a week of washout, every patient used the experimental product (Visaid 0.2%) and the control product (0.9% saline solution), each for a month (3–8 drops daily). Both products were preservative free. The percentage change for the following variables were calculated and analyzed: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, ophthalmoscopy evaluation, biomicroscopy findings, fluorescein corneal staining and lissamine green conjunctival staining, tear breakup time, contrast sensitivity, Schirmer's test, and subject satisfaction.

Results:
Patients reported an improvement (a significant decrease of −19.5%±27.5%) in OSDI scores after using Visaid 0.2% and a worsening (a significant increase of 19.2%±32.4%) after using 0.9% saline solution; the difference was significant (P=0.0087, Student's t test). Significant changes (P≤0.04, Wilcoxon's test) were found comparing Visaid 0.2% with saline solution for bulbar hyperemia (−39.1%±50.8% vs. 7.8%±12.0%, respectively), corneal staining (−26.0%±53.0% vs. 36.5%±73.3%), conjunctival staining (−54.7%±53.4% vs. −7.8%±47.2%), and subjective satisfaction (26.8%±28.5% vs. −13.3%±22.5%). There were no significant differences in the safety parameters for either solution.

Conclusion:
This clinical trial demonstrates the safety of Visaid 0.2% and its clear benefit over 0.9% saline solution.
Traumatic Canalicular Laceration Repair with a New Monocanalicular Silicone Tube
Authors: Tavakoli Mehdi , Karimi Sayeh , Behdad Bahareh , Dizani Setareh , Salour Hossein 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:
This study evaluated the efficacy of a new pushed monocanalicular silicone tube in reconstructing traumatic canalicular laceration.

Methods:
This interventional case series enrolled 48 patients with a traumatic canalicular laceration. Patients with bicanalicular involvement were excluded. Canalicular repair was performed under an operating microscope and involved proximal end exploration of the canaliculus, stenting of the canaliculus with a 35-mm Masterka tube, and approximation of the lacerated canaliculi margins. After 6 months, anatomical and functional success rates were evaluated by diagnostic probing and by asking the patients (or their guardians) about tearing.

Results:
The mean age of patients was 32.2 ± 21.2 years (1.5–75 years). Of the 48 patients included, 38 were males. Lower canaliculus was involved in 35 patients. Other ocular injuries were observed in 38 patients. The average interval between the surgery and Masterka removal was 12.2 ± 1.4 weeks (10–16 weeks). Early tube extrusion was observed in 3 patients. No significant complication was observed in this series. Anatomical and functional success rates were 87% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion:
The results demonstrated that intubation of lacerated canaliculi with Masterka tube for canalicular repair was safe, effective, and simple with minimal complications.
Lower Eyelid Reconstruction with Combined Sliding Tarsal and Rhomboid Skin Flaps
Authors: Custer Philip L. , Neimkin Michael 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:
To report results in patients undergoing lower eyelid reconstruction following Mohs surgery using a combination of surgical techniques, the rhomboid skin flap and a sliding tarsal flap.

Methods:
An IRB approved, retrospective case series of patients undergoing surgery between April 2007 and October 2014. Outcomes include establishment of a functional eyelid, quality of postoperative eyelid margin contour, and postoperative complications.

Results:
During the study period, sliding tarsal flaps were used to repair marginal lower eyelid defects in 32 patients. Coexisting anterior lamellar defects were repaired with a modified rhomboid skin flap in 24 patients, a full thickness skin graft in 4 patients, and combined skin graft and rhomboid flaps in 4 patients. The average width of the marginal defects was 11.3 mm (range: 7–19 mm). Reconstruction resulted in a functional lower eyelid in all patients, the majority having an excellent cosmetic result (n = 20). Minimal contour abnormalities were present in 9 patients, while 3 patients developed a noticeable notch following surgery. Patients repaired with a rhomboid flap were more likely to have isolated postoperative misdirected lashes (5/24) than those repaired using a skin graft with or without a flap (0/8).

Conclusion:
Combined sliding tarsal and modified rhomboid skin flaps are an effective method of repairing superficial defects of the lower eyelid margin. This tissue-preserving technique maintains the ability to perform subsequent upper eyelid tarsoconjunctival flaps and lateral canthal procedures should a future need arise. Isolated misdirected lashes and minor contour abnormalities are the most common complications of the procedure.
The Relationship Between Schizotypy and Reactive Aggression in Western Adults Is Mediated by Victimization
Authors: Yeung Shi Chung Valerie , McGuire Jonathan , Langdon Robyn 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A large body of literature suggests that schizophrenia and nonclinical schizotypal personality traits, or “schizotypy,” are associated with increased aggression. However, recent studies focused on school-aged Asian samples have examined the relationship between schizotypal personality and 2 distinct forms of aggression: reactive and proactive aggression. This study aimed to investigate whether schizotypal personality traits would be associated more strongly with reactive, compared with proactive, aggression in an adult Western sample and whether victimization experiences mediated the schizotypy-reactive aggression relation. One hundred twenty-one Australian university undergraduates completed self-report inventories measuring levels of schizotypal personality, reactive and proactive aggression, and victimization. Results showed that, as hypothesized, schizotypal personality traits were more strongly associated with reactive than proactive aggression and that victimization experiences mediated the schizotypy-reactive aggression relationship. While acknowledging the limitations of nonclinical schizotypy research, the findings are discussed with regard to possible implications for the treatment of aggression in schizophrenia.
Pediatric Temporal Bone Fractures
Authors: Wexler Sonya , Poletto Erica , Chennupati Sri Kiran 
Published: January 2016

Objective
The aim of the study was to compare the traditional and newer temporal bone fracture classification systems and their reliability in predicting serious outcomes of hearing loss and facial nerve (FN) injury.

Methods
We queried the medical record database for hospital visits from 2002 to 2013 related to the search term temporal. A total of 1144 records were identified, and of these, 46 records with documented temporal bone fractures were reviewed for patient age, etiology and classification of the temporal bone fracture, FN examination, and hearing status. Of these records, radiology images were available for 38 patients and 40 fractures.

Results
Thirty-eight patients with accessible radiologic studies, aged 10 months to 16 years, were identified as having 40 temporal bone fractures for which the otolaryngology service was consulted. Twenty fractures (50.0%) were classified as longitudinal, 5 (12.5%) as transverse, and 15 (37.5%) as mixed. Using the otic capsule sparing (OCS)/violating nomenclature, 32 (80.0%) of fractures were classified as OCS, 2 (5.0%) otic capsule violating (OCV), and 6 (15.0%) could not be classified using this system. The otic capsule was involved in 1 (5%) of the longitudinal fractures, none of the transverse fractures, and 1 (6.7%) of the mixed fractures. Sensorineural hearing loss was found in only 2 fractures (5.0%) and conductive hearing loss (CHL) in 6 fractures (15.0%). Two fractures (5.0%) had ipsilateral facial palsy but no visualized fracture through the course of the FN canal. Neither the longitudinal/transverse/mixed nor OCS/OCV classifications were predictors of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), CHL, or FN involvement by Fisher exact statistical analysis (for SNHL: P = 0.37 vs 0.16; for CHL: P = 0.71 vs 0.33; for FN: P = 0.62 vs 0.94, respectively).

Conclusions
In this large pediatric series, neither classification system of longitudinal/transverse/mixed nor OCS/OCV was predictive of SNHL, CHL, or FN palsy. A more robust database of audiologic results would be helpful in demonstrating this relationship.