bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deploying the Industrial Internet in Oil & Gas: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Baudoin Claude R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Various industries have been applying the concepts and technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) since it appeared, and are participating in – or driving IoT standardization and security efforts. The Oil & Gas industry is a relative laggard in applying the full capabilities of the Industrial Internet. Yet all the elements of success are lining up. There is now a published Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA), which means not having to reinvent the wheel. An ecosystem of device suppliers and system integrators is growing. And communication protocols such as the OPC Foundation's OPC-UA and the OMG's Data
Distribution Service are being interfaced to each other for seamless integration.
From case studies developed by others, especially the smart grid sector, we can derive useful guidance to improve operations, perform predictive maintenance, optimize production, improve safety and more. While these initiatives require an investment at a time of widespread, severe cost-cutting, this is also key to reducing production costs, automating labor-intensive tasks, and expanding remote operation, all of which contributes to the bottom line. Security is still a challenge, but the appropriate techniques exist and at least the issue is no longer being ignored. Data residency is also an obstacle, which will be tougher to remove in many regions because it is political and legal, not technical.
In this paper, we combine all this information to propose a roadmap for Industrial Internet application in O&G, give advice on organizing and governing such efforts (especially with respect to the frequent chasm between corporate IT and Operational Technology groups), and indicate resources that can help jumpstart such an effort.
Planning for Safe and Effective Execution of Work: Late Risk Identification
Authors: Sarshar Sizarta , Haugen Stein , Skjerve Ann Britt 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
When plans for execution of work offshore are prepared, a range of significant risks to HSE are only addressed late in the planning process. This paper highlights and discusses the challenges associated with late risk identification in the planning from the perspective of safe and efficient task execution offshore, and how to enable earlier identification of risks. The paper is based on data obtained from multiple sources based on the principle of triangulation: a literature study of major accident theories, analyses of investigation reports on hydrocarbon leakages, interviews with staff members involved in developing plans for offshore work, and two workshops on the topic of planning with two different operating companies operating on the Norwegian continental shelf. The study suggests that late risk identification reduces the quality of the plans and as a consequence the quality of their execution. Late risk identification leads to a range of inadequacies in planning, e.g. insufficient work descriptions, and relevant information which remains unaddressed during the planning process. These are all factors that can lead to unsafe and less effective task execution. As an example, work with hydrocarbon carrying systems requires end controls in several steps. Such control activities should be included in the job description when the job is established in the systems, rather than identified during the progression of the task execution process. The opportunities lie in earlier risk identification in the planning process and we specify in which phases improvements can be made. The study highlights the importance of quality in planning and how higher plan quality can be achieved through earlier risk identification for work to be executed offshore. This will influence work safety as well as efficiency.
A PROTOSTELLAR JET EMANATING FROM A HYPERCOMPACT H ii REGION
Authors: Guzmán Andrés E. , Garay Guido , Rodríguez Luis F. , Contreras Yanett , Dougados Catherine , Cabrit Sylvie 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present radio continuum observations of the high-mass young stellar object (HMYSO) G345.4938+01.4677 obtained using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 5, 9, 17, and 19 GHz. These observations provide definite evidence that the outer and inner pairs of radio lobes consist of shock-ionized material being excited by an underlying collimated and fast protostellar jet emanating from a hypercompact H ii region. By comparing with images taken 6 years earlier at 5 and 9 GHz using the same telescope, we assess the proper motions (PMs) of the radio sources. The outer west and east lobes exhibit PMs of 64 ± 12 and 48 ± 13 mas yr−1, indicating velocities projected in the plane of the sky and receding from G345.4938+01.4677 of 520 and 390

, respectively. The internal radio lobes also display PM signals consistently receding from the HMYSO with magnitudes of 17 ± 11 and 35 ± 10 mas yr−1 for the inner west and east lobes, respectively. The morphology of the outer west lobe is that of a detached bow shock. At 17 and 19 GHz, the outer east lobe displays an arcuate morphology also suggesting a bow shock. These results show that disk accretion and jet acceleration—possibly occurring in a very similar way compared with low-mass protostars—is taking place in G345.4938+01.4677 despite the presence of ionizing radiation and the associated hypercompact H ii region.
INVERSE COMPTON X-RAY EMISSION FROM TeV BLAZAR MRK 421 DURING A HISTORICAL LOW-FLUX STATE OBSERVED WITH NuSTAR
Authors: Kataoka Jun , Stawarz Łukasz 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on the detection of excess hard X-ray emission from the TeV BL Lac object Mrk 421 during the historical low-flux state of the source in 2013 January. Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array observations were conducted four times between MJD 56294 and MJD 56312 with a total exposure of 80.9 ks. The source flux in the 3–40 keV range was nearly constant, except for MJD 56307 when the average flux level increased by a factor of three. Throughout the exposure, the X-ray spectra of Mrk 421 were well represented by a steep power-law model with a photon index of Γ ≃ 3.1, although a significant excess was noted above 20 keV in the MJD 56302 data when the source was in its faintest state. Moreover, Mrk 421 was detected at more than the 4σ level in the 40–79 keV count maps for both MJD 56307 and MJD 56302 but not during the remaining two observations. The detected excess hard X-ray emission connects smoothly with the extrapolation of the high-energy γ-ray continuum of the blazar constrained by Fermi-LAT during source quiescence. These findings indicate that while the overall X-ray spectrum of Mrk 421 is dominated by the highest-energy tail of the synchrotron continuum, the variable excess hard X-ray emission above 20 keV (on the timescale of a week) is related to the inverse Compton emission component. We discuss the resulting constraints on the variability and spectral properties of the low-energy segment of the electron energy distribution in the source.
SPATIALLY RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES AT z ≃ 2*
Authors: Olivares V. , Treister E. , Privon G. C. , Alaghband-Zadeh S. , Casey Caitlin M. , Schawinski K. , Kurczynski P. , Gawiser E. , Nagar N. , Chapman S. , Bauer F. E. , Sanders D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present near-infrared integral-field spectroscopic observations targeting Hα in eight submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z = 1.3–2.5 using the Very Large Telescope/Spectrograph for Integral Field Observations in the Near Infrared, obtaining significant detections for six of them. The star formation rates derived from the Hα emission are ∼100 M
⊙ yr−1, which account for only ∼20%–30% of the infrared-derived values, thus suggesting that these systems are very dusty. Two of these systems present [N ii]/Hα ratios indicative of the presence of an active galactic nucleus. We mapped the spatial distribution and kinematics of the star-forming regions in these galaxies on kiloparsec scales. In general, the Hα morphologies tend to be highly irregular and/or clumpy, showing spatial extents of ∼3–11 kpc. We find evidence for significant spatial offsets, of ∼0.″1–0.″4 or 1.2–3.4 kpc, between the Hα and the continuum emission in three of the sources. Performing a kinemetry analysis, we conclude that the majority of the sample is not consistent with disk-like rotation-dominated kinematics. Instead, they tend to show irregular and/or clumpy and turbulent velocity and velocity dispersion fields. This can be interpreted as evidence for a scenario in which these extreme star formation episodes are triggered by galaxy–galaxy interactions and major mergers. In contrast to recent results for SMGs, these sources appear to follow the same relations between gas and star-forming rate densities as less luminous and/or normal star-forming galaxies.
DETECTABILITY OF COSMIC DARK FLOW IN THE TYPE IA SUPERNOVA REDSHIFT–DISTANCE RELATION
Authors: Mathews G. J. , Rose B. M. , Garnavich P. M. , Yamazaki D. G. , Kajino T. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We reanalyze the detectability of large-scale dark flow (or local bulk flow) with respect to the CMB background based upon the redshift–distance relation for SN Ia. We made two independent analyses: one based upon identifying the three Cartesian velocity components; and the other based upon the cosine dependence of the deviation from Hubble flow on the sky. We apply these analyses to the Union2.1 SN Ia data and to the SDSS-II supernova survey. For both methods, results for low redshift,

, are consistent with previous searches. We find a local bulk flow of v
bf ∼ 300 km s−1 in the direction of (l, b) ∼ (270, 35)°. However, the search for a dark flow at

is inconclusive. Based upon simulated data sets, we deduce that the difficulty in detecting a dark flow at high redshifts arises mostly from the observational error in the distance modulus. Thus, even if it exists, a dark flow is not detectable at large redshift with current SN Ia data sets. We estimate that a detection would require both significant sky coverage of SN Ia out to z = 0.3 and a reduction in the effective distance modulus error from 0.2 mag to ≲0.02 mag. We estimate that a greatly expanded data sample of ∼104 SN Ia might detect a dark flow as small as 300 km s−1 out to z = 0.3 even with a distance modulus error of 0.2 mag. This may be achievable in a next generation large survey like LSST.
He2+ HEATING VIA PARAMETRIC INSTABILITIES OF PARALLEL PROPAGATING ALFVÉN WAVES WITH AN INCOHERENT SPECTRUM
Authors: He Peng , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Wang Shui 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The preferential heating of heavy ions in the solar corona and solar wind has been a long-standing hot topic. In this paper we use a one-dimensional hybrid simulation model to investigate the heating of He2+ particles during the parametric instabilities of parallel propagating Alfvén waves with an incoherent spectrum. The evolution of the parametric instabilities has two stages and involves the heavy ion heating during the entire evolution. In the first stage, the density fluctuations are generated by the modulation of the pump Alfvén waves with a spectrum, which then results in rapid coupling with the pump Alfvén waves and the cascade of the magnetic fluctuations. In the second stage, each pump Alfvén wave decays into a forward density mode and a backward daughter Alfvén mode, which is similar to that of a monochromatic pump Alfvén wave. In both stages the perpendicular heating of He2+ particles occurs. This is caused by the cyclotron resonance between He2+ particles and the high-frequency magnetic fluctuations, whereas the Landau resonance between He2+ particles and the density fluctuations leads to the parallel heating of He2+ particles. The influence of the drift velocity between the protons and the He2+ particles on the heating of He2+ particles is also discussed in this paper.
PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF H2O ICE CRYSTALLINITY ON TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS*
Authors: Terai Tsuyoshi , Itoh Yoichi , Oasa Yumiko , Furusho Reiko , Watanabe Junichi 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a measurement of H2O ice crystallinity on the surface of trans-neptunian objects with near-infrared narrow-band imaging. The newly developed photometric technique allows us to efficiently determine the strength of a 1.65 μm absorption feature in crystalline H2O ice. Our data for three large objects—Haumea, Quaoar, and Orcus—which are known to contain crystalline H2O ice on the surfaces, show a reasonable result with high fractions of the crystalline phase. It can also be pointed out that if the grain size of H2O ice is larger than ∼20 μm, the crystallinities of these objects are obviously below 1.0, which suggests the presence of the amorphous phase. In particular, Orcus exhibits a high abundance of amorphous H2O ice compared to Haumea and Quaoar, possibly indicating a correlation between the bulk density of the bodies and the degree of surface crystallization. We also found the presence of crystalline H2O ice on Typhon and 2008 AP129, both of which are smaller than the minimum size limit for inducing cryovolcanism as well as a transition from amorphous to crystalline phase through thermal evolution due to the decay of long-lived isotopes.
RELATIVISTIC DOPPLER BEAMING AND MISALIGNMENTS IN AGN JETS
Authors: Singal Ashok K. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Radio maps of active galactic nuclei often show linear features, called jets, on both parsec and kiloparsec scales. These jets supposedly possess relativistic motion and are oriented close to the line of sight of the observer, and accordingly the relativistic Doppler beaming makes them look much brighter than they really are in their respective rest frames. The flux boosting due to the relativistic beaming is a very sensitive function of the jet orientation angle, as seen by the observer. Sometimes, large bends are seen in these jets, with misalignments being 90° or more, which might imply a change in the orientation angle that should cause a large change in the relativistic beaming factor. Hence, if relativistic beaming does play an important role in these jets such large bends should usually show high contrast in the brightness of the jets before and after the bend. It needs to be kept in mind that sometimes a small intrinsic change in the jet angle might appear as a much larger misalignment due to the effects of geometrical projection, especially when seen close to the line of sight. What really matters are the initial and final orientation angles of the jet with respect to the observer’s line of sight. Taking the geometrical projection effects properly into account, we calculate the consequences of the presumed relativistic beaming and demonstrate that there ought to be large brightness ratios in jets before and after the observed misalignments.
A Study on the Prevalence of Genital Trichomoniasis among Female Outpatients Attending Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Muthusamy Swapna , Elangovan Selvi 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Women with high-risk sexual behavior accounts for more than half of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic attendees. The prevalence of trichomoniasis is as low as 5% in the general population to as high as 60% in high-risk population. This infection can pave the way to the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus and other STIs, vice versa and is even associated with cancer.
Objectives: To identify, isolate and study the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in genital specimens of female outpatients.
Materials and Methods: Total number of subjects involved in the study was 130, among them 85 belonged to high-risk group and 45 belonged to low-risk group. Two high vaginal swabs were collected from each patient. Saline wet mount, Giemsa stain, and culture in modified cysteine peptone liver infusion maltose medium were performed. Results were tabulated and analyzed.
Results: Saline wet mount was positive for trichomoniasis in seven individuals, Giemsa detected trichomoniasis in five patients, and culture was positive in eight patients. Of these eight culture positive cases, one was wet mount negative and four were Giemsa stain negative.
Conclusion: Culture is more sensitive than wet mount and Giemsa stain.
Maximal Weight Composition Factors for Weyl Modules
Authors: Jantzen Jens Carsten 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFix an irreducible (finite) root system R and a choice of positive roots. For any algebraically closed field k consider the almost simple, simply connected algebraic group Gk over k with root system k. One associates with any dominant weight λ for R two Gk-modules with highest weight λ, the Weyl module V( λ)k and its simple quotient L(µ)k . Let λ and μ be dominant weights with μ < j such that μ is maximal with this property. Garibaldi, Guralnick, and Nakano have asked under which condition there exists k such that L(μ)k is a composition factor of V(j)k , and they exhibit an example in type E8 where this is not the case. The purpose of this paper is to to show that their example is the only one. It contains two proofs for this fact: one that uses a classiffication of the possible pairs (λ, μ), and another that relies only on the classiûcation of root systems.
Leadership for All: An Internal Medicine Residency Leadership Development Program
Authors: Moore Jared M. , Wininger David A. , Martin Bryan 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Developing effective leadership skills in physicians is critical for safe patient care. Few residency-based models of leadership training exist.

Objective
We evaluated residents' readiness to engage in leadership training, feasibility of implementing training for all residents, and residents' acceptance of training.

Methods
In its fourth year, the Leadership Development Program (LDP) consists of twelve 90-minute modules (eg, Team Decision Making and Bias, Leadership Styles, Authentic Leadership) targeting all categorical postgraduate year (PGY) 1 residents. Modules are taught during regularly scheduled educational time. Focus group surveys and discussions, as well as annual surveys of PGY-1s assessed residents' readiness to engage in training. LDP feasibility was assessed by considering sustainability of program structures and faculty retention, and resident acceptance of training was assessed by measuring attendance, with the attendance goal of 8 of 12 modules.

Results
Residents thought leadership training would be valuable if content remained applicable to daily work, and PGY-1 residents expressed high levels of interest in training. The LDP is part of the core educational programming for PGY-1 residents. Except for 2 modules, faculty presenters have remained consistent. During academic year 2014–2015, 45% (13 of 29) of categorical residents participated in at least 8 of 12 modules, and 72% (21 of 29) participated in at least 7 of 12. To date, 125 categorical residents have participated in training.

Conclusions
Residents appeared ready to engage in leadership training, and the LDP was feasible to implement. The attendance goal was not met, but attendance was sufficient to justify program continuation.
MELT PATTERNS IN ICE OVER SHALLOW WATERS
Authors: Woodcock Alfred H. 
Published: August 2016

Evidence is presented that convection as well as pressure may be involved in the formation of the cell‐like melt centers that are often seen in ice sheets formed over natural waters. Pressure due to the weight of snow supplies the primary force necessary to cause the flow of water producing the melting. Convective overturning of the water under the ice and the consequent differential melting of the underside of the ice are thought to influence the position at which the melt centers become established.Temperature data are given showing the presence of convective overturning of shallow water under ice due to solar radiation absorption there. Pressure measurements are also given, indicating the change in the equilibrium water level with reference to a 25‐cm thick ice cover immediately after a heavy snowfall.
SOME MEASUREMENTS OF CURRENT BY SHALLOW DROGUES IN THE FLORIDA CURRENT
Authors: Chew Frank , Berberian George A. 
Published: August 2016

Several shallow parachute drogues were cast adrift in the region of the speed axis of the Florida Current and tracked for 27 hr by a Decca Hi‐Fix navigation system in a test run to explore the advantages of combining Lagrangian‐ and Eulerian‐type data. Their initial separations were of the order of 50–100 m, 200–500 m, and 2–4 km, but all turned cyclonically and then anticyclonically to trace out a meander with amplitude of some 3 km and a wavelength of some 150 km. Bathythermograph casts along the path revealed a thermal field marked by a cool column at the cyclonic bend.In the absence of friction and downstream acceleration, the geostrophic departure is computed at −27 cm/sec at the cyclonic and 16 cm/sec at the anticyclonic turn. The implied difference in the cross‐stream slope of the sea surface is consistent with the presence of the cool column. For stationary, homogeneous conditions, the turbulence level is estimated to be 1%, with a corresponding coefficient of lateral kinematic eddy viscosity of 8.5 × 104 cm2/sec.The drogue data were combined with Richardson dropsonde data collected by Nova University personnel a day before, for a synoptic view. The presence of the cool column, detected along the drogue path, may then be interpreted as a consequence of upstream horizontal divergence, detected by the dropsondes. The magnitude of the horizontal divergence is of the order of 10−5/sec. All these features are consistent with a proposed meandering model based on the theorem of conservation of potential vorticity. Some alternative interpretations are reviewed.
Factors controlling the biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in fresh and coastal marine waters as revealed by artificial radioisotopes
Authors: Santschi P. H. 
Published: August 2016

Radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems can provide important insights into the way physical, chemical, biological, and sedimentological processes are coupled into networks to control the transfer of major and trace elements within the waterbody itself and across its boundaries. Examples from artificial radionuclide studies in freshwater (Experimental Lakes Area in Northern Ontario, ELA) and coastal marine ecosystem enclosures (MERL tanks at Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island) show the cycling of selected trace elements across the sediment‐water interface as these are influenced by various biogeochemical factors.The approach to meaningful studies using radiotracers should include the separate characterization of the physical transport processes, and preferably a comparison of the fate of radiotracers to those of stable elements in the same system, to allow for kinetic studies of chemical forms. The kinetics of transformation of different chemical species of Co, Hg, Ag, Se, and Cr ions, under variable pH (ELA) or redox (MERL) conditions appeared to be indirectly linked to the kinetics of organic carbon cycling. A better knowledge of the predominant chemical species of trace elements present in these systems will be important in understanding bioavailability, biomagnification, and toxicity of trace elements in aquatic ecosystems.