bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational and dynamic downscaling analysis of a heavy rainfall event in Beijing, China during the 2008 Olympic Games
Authors: Li Huiqi , Cui Xiaopeng , Zhang Wenlong , Qiao Lin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA local precipitation event with several dispersedly distributed heavy rainfall centers exceeding 50 mm occurred in Beijing, China on 14 August 2008 during the Beijing Olympic Games. The heavy rainfall event was produced by a few scattered convective storms. Detailed observational analysis with data from automatic weather stations (AWSs) as well as the meteorological radar in Beijing and a dynamic downscaling analysis with a diagnostic model, California Meteorological Model (CALMET), showed that convergence zones caused by small‐scale topography and colliding outflow boundaries were key influencing factors in the initiation and development of the convective storms. Convergence helped to induce upward vertical motion as well as concentrate moisture to reduce the convective inhibition (CIN). Horizontal wind speed may modulate the effectiveness of convergence. Downscaled wind fields by CALMET not only retain the overall features of the original fields, but also present more detailed structures, especially near complex terrain, which is much helpful in analyzing and predicting the development of the storms.
ChemInform Abstract: Potentiostatic Studies of the Corrosion of Grey Cast Iron in H2SO4 and NaOH Solutions.
Authors: AL‐SHAMA L. M. , SALEH J. M. , HIKMAT N. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe corrosion behaviour of two grey cast iron species has been investigated in 2.5 M H2SO4 and 1.0 M NaOH solutions between 303 and 333 K (rates of corrosion, active and passive states, activation energies of the corrosion process).
ChemInform Abstract: The Rate Constant for the Reaction I + F2 → IF + F
Authors: LILENFELD H. V. , BRADBURN G. R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstracthas been measured at room temp. in a discharge‐flow reactor to be 1.9·10‐14 cm3 molecule‐1 s‐1 For the dark reaction between the precursors CF3I and F2 an upper limit for the rate constant of 1·10‐17 cm3 molecule‐1 s‐1has been estimated.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Growth of Calcite Single Crystal in NaCl Solution.
Authors: HIRANO S. , KIKUTA K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe solubility of calcite in a 3 mol kg‐1 NaCl solution has been measured as a function of temp. at 100 MPa by the weight‐loss method and is shown to increase with increasing temperature (2.0 g l‐1 at 500 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Silene Stereochemistry. Part 8. The Stereospecific Addition of Methanol to Silenes.
Authors: JONES P. R. , BATES T. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe isomeric anthracene adducts (III) are prepared as precursors for the stereospecific generation of (E)‐ and (Z)‐silene (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Dimerization of Alkali Metal Salts of Crotonic Acid in the Solid State.
Authors: NARUCHI K. , MIURA M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn contrast to Na‐crotonate, previously reported to give the dicarboxylate corresponding to (II) on heating in a nearly quantitative yield, the K‐crotonate (I) on heating (250‐320 °C) leads to three isomers, isolated as (II), (III), and (IV) after esterification.
ChemInform Abstract: The Nucleophilic Reaction Upon Electron‐Deficient Pyridone Derivatives. Part 8. Novel Fragmentation of 3,5‐Dinitro‐2‐pyridone by Primary Amine.
Authors: TOHDA Y. , ARIGA M. , KAWASHIMA T. , MATSUMURA E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFragmentation of the dinitropyridones (I) by the prim. amines (II) gives the nitroacetamides (III) and the nitromalonaldehyde diimines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation, Electrophilic Substitution, and Formal (3 + 2) Cyclization of (2‐Carbamoylallyl)lithium Reagents.
Authors: BEAK P. , WILSON K. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe unsaturated amide (I) is directly lithiated to form the (2‐carbamoylallyl)lithium reagent (II), which is treated with a number of electrophiles (III) to form mixtures of the substitution products (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry and Photophysics of Glycolaldehyde in Solution.
Authors: BEEBY A. , MOHAMMED D. B. HJ. , SODEAU J. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe end products of the photolysis of HO‐CH2‐CHO in H2O are monitored by MS, FT‐IR, 1H, and 13C NMR, MeOH, CO, HCHO, and malonaldehyde being the major photochemical products in accord with earlier CIDNP studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Series. Part 150. General Series. Part 208. A Photochemical Long‐Range Pinacol Rearrangement. Mechanistic and Exploratory Organic Photochemistry.
Authors: ZIMMERMAN H. E. , NUSS J. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe pentenol (Ia) and the methyl ethers (Ib), (Va), and (Vb) are prepared from the ester (II) as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photochemistry. Part 67. Photolytic Cleavage of Remote Functional Groups in Polyfunctional Molecules. Activation of a γ C‐Cl Bond in the endo‐ and exo‐Benzobicyclo(3.2.1)octen‐3‐yl Chlorides.
Authors: MORRISON H. , MUTHURAMU K. , SEVERANCE D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhotolysis of the isomeric benzobicyclooctenyl chlorides (Ia) and (Ib) yields mixtures of various products as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Observation of a 1,4‐Hydrogen Shift in Vinyl Radicals Derived from the Reaction of Alkynes with Thiyl Radicals.
Authors: GILBERT B. C. , PARRY D. J. , GROSSI L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractESR experiments demonstrate that in vinyl radicals such as (III) generated from thiyl radicals (I) and alkynes (II), intermolecular abstraction of a thiol hydrogen (k ca. 107 dm3/mol·s) is in competition with 1,n‐hydrogen shifts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Elaboration of Diosphenols: Replacement of Hydroxyl by Halogen.
Authors: PONARAS A. A. , ZAIM OE. + 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe thiocarbamoyl derivative (III) of the α‐hydroxy cyclopentenone (Ia) reacts with lithium halides in acetonitrile/acetic acid to give the corresponding halo compounds (Ib) and (Ic).
ChemInform Abstract: Diatomic Sulfur (S2).
Authors: STELIOU K. , SALAMA P. , BRODEUR D. , GAREAU Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe sulfuration of the quite stable monothiones (I) leads to the intense blue bis(thiocarbonyl) analogues (II) which eject S2 upon formation to give (V), in accordance with the calculated heats of formation for (I), (II), and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylic Organoboranes. Part 1. A Convenient Synthesis of Acetylenes via the Reaction of Lithium (1‐Alkynyl)organoborates with Iodine.
Authors: SUZUKI A. , MIYAURA N. , ABIKO S. , ITOH M. , MIDLAND M. M. , SINCLAIR J. A. , BROWN H. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the lithium acetylides (II) with the organoboranes (I) yields lithium (1‐alkynyl)organoborates as intermediates which are converted to the acetylenes (III) on treatment with iodine.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 3‐(2‐Methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl)tropolone Methyl Ethers with Hydrazines, Thiourea, Guanidine, and Amidines.
Authors: IMAFUKU K. , KIKUCHI Y. , YIN B.‐Z. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe tropolone (I) is methylated to give the tropones (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active β,γ‐Epoxy Alcohols and Secondary Allylic Alcohols via Diastereoselective Addition of α‐Trimethylsilyl‐α,β‐epoxy Aldehydes with Organometallic Compounds.
Authors: TAKEDA Y. , MATSUMOTO T. , SATO F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe silylated aldehydes (Ia) are prepared by two different routes based on procedures already described in the literature available.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(0) Catalyzed Conversion of α‐Nitroepoxides into 1,2‐Diketones.
Authors: VANKAR Y. D. , SINGH S. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe nitroepoxides (I) are cleaved in the presence of Pd(0) to form the 1,2‐diketones (II), whereas the 2‐butyl derivatives (III) produce only the α‐nitroketones (IV) under the same reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hexahydroindenones Through a Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition and Nazarov Cyclization Sequence of Triene Alcohols.
Authors: WADA E. , FUJIWARA I. , KANEMASA S. , TSUGE O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDiels‐Alder cycloaddition of the methylenehexadienols (I) and the olefinic dienophiles (IV)‐(VI) gives the cyclohexenylpropenols (II), which are oxidized to the dienones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The 5‐, 6‐, and 10‐Fluoro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracenes. Comparative Acid‐Catalyzed Isomerization to Exo Methylene Tautomers: A 6‐Fluoro Peri Effect.
Authors: WITIAK D. T. , ABOOD N. A. , GOSWAMI S. , MILO G. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe fluoro analogues (Ib) ‐ (Id) of the benzanthracene derivative (Ia) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of Aminyl Radicals Generated by Anodic Oxidation of Lithium Alkenylamides. Stereo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of cis‐1‐Alkyl‐2,5‐disubstituted Pyrrolidines.
Authors: TOKUDA M. , YAMADA Y. , TAKAGI T. , SUGINOME H. , FURUSAKI A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNeutral aminyl radicals (III), generated by anodic oxidation of the lithium derivatives (II) derived from the alkenylamides (I), undergo a stereospecific and regiospecific cyclization reaction to give the pyrrolidines (IV) in low to moderate yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Anthrapyrazole Anticancer Agents. Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationships Against Murine Leukemias.
Authors: SHOWALTER H. D. H. , JOHNSON J. L. , HOFTIEZER J. M. , TURNER W. R. , WERBEL L. M. , LEOPOLD W. R. , SHILLIS J. L. , JACKSON R. C. , ELSLAGER E. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe dichloroanthraquinones (I) and (VI) cyclize with the hydrazines (II) to give the chloroanthrapyrazoles (III) and (VII) respectively which are converted to the amino derivatives (V) and (IX) by reaction with the amines (IV) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Imidazole Derivatives. Synthesis and Acyl Activation of 2‐Acyl‐1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazoles.
Authors: OHTA S. , HAYAKAWA S. , MORIWAKI H. , HARADA S. , OKAMOTO M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of the 1‐acylpyrrolidines (I) with 2‐lithio‐1‐methylimidazole (II) yields the 2‐acylimidazoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐(3,6‐Dihydro‐1(2H)‐pyridinyl)benzamides with Hyperglycemic‐Hypoglycemic Activity.
Authors: YEUNG J. M. , KNAUS E. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAmination of the pyridines (I) using the hydroxylamine derivatives (II) and subsequent benzoylation produce the N‐phenylcarbonylimino pyridinium ylides (V) which are reduced to give the compounds (VI) mentioned in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐((2‐Ethoxyphenoxy)methyl)piperidine Derivatives. Synthesis and Antidepressant Activity.
Authors: BALSAMO A. , GIORGI I. , LAPUCCI A. , LUCACCHINI A. , MACCHIA B. , MACCHIA F. , MARTINI C. , ROSSI A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe piperidines (I) and (VI) are converted to the derivatives (IV), (V), and (VIII) which are evaluated for antidepressant activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Indolizines. Part 2. Preparation of 1‐ and 3‐Indolizinols and Their Esters.
Authors: WADSWORTH D. H. , BENDER S. L. , SMITH D. L. , LUSS H. R. , WEIDNER C. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the diarylcyclopropenones (II) with the pyridines (I) yields almost exclusively the 1‐indolizinols (III) which are characterized as the esters (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel (3,3)‐Rearrangement of 1,2‐Dihydro(N‐arylamino)pyridines: Formation of Unusual Fused Indolines.
Authors: ABRAMOVITCH R. A. , SIANI A. C. , HUTTNER G. , ZSOLNAI L. , MILLER J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe N‐mesyl derivatives (II) of the pyridinium salts (I) react with excess triethylamine, forming the bridged α‐carboline derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Boron Chelate Compounds via the Thioboration of Phenylacetonitrile.
Authors: DOROKHOV V. A. , BOLDYREVA O. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of phenylacetonitrile (I) with the dialkylthioalkylboranes (II) produces the dimeric aminoboranes (III) and the cyclic compounds (IV) and (V), depending on the conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Oligophosphaalkanes. Part 17. Functionalized Tri‐, Tetra‐ and Pentaphosphaalkanes with the Donor Sequence P‐C‐C‐P and P‐C‐C‐C‐P.
Authors: HIETKAMP S. , LEBBE T. , SPIEGEL G. U. , STELZER O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStarting with the phosphinic acid ester (I) and the sec. phosphanes (II), the triphosphaalkanes (IV) containing one terminal PH‐group are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthetic Reactions with (Ph3Sn)2Zn·TMEDA Complex. Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Vinylstannanes.
Authors: NONAKA T. , OKUDA Y. , MATSUBARA S. , OSHIMA K. , UTIMOTO K. , NOZAKI H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe terminal alkynes (I) react with the complex (II) to give the vinylstannanes (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Comparison of the Relative π‐Donor Abilities of Amido and Phosphido Ligands. 1,2‐Bis(di‐tert‐butylphosphido)tetrakis(dimethylamido)dimolybdenum and ‐ditungsten: 1,2‐M2(P(t‐Bu)2)2(NMe2)4(MM).
Authors: BUHRO W. E. , CHISHOLM M. H. , FOLTING K. , HUFFMAN J. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe dichloro complex (I) (M.qplbond.M) reacts with two equiv. LiP(tBu)2 to give the air‐sensitive title complexes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Bonds Between Main‐Group Elements and Transition Metals. Part 33. Oxidative Addition of Hydrogen Telluride to Organometallic Fragments.
Authors: HERRMANN W. A. , HECHT C. , HERDTWECK E. , KNEUPER H.‐J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract(η5‐C5Me5)Re(CO)2(THF), photochemically generated from the tricarbonyl (I), reacts with TeH2 to give the ReTe compounds (II)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Naphthoquinone Derivatives. Part 2. Synthesis of Shikalkin (.+‐.)Shikonin and Related Compounds.
Authors: TERADA A. , TANOUE Y. , HATADA A. , SAKAMOTO H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA three‐step procedure leads from the naphthalenediol (I) to the aldehyde (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Two Hexaprenols with the Hydroxyl Group in Different Positions.
Authors: GRIGOR'EVA N. YA. , YUDINA O. N. , MOISEENKOV A. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compounds (XII) and (XIV) are prepared from the imine (IX) and the aldehydes (VI) or (VIII) as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Corey Lactone Analogue from Iridoid Glucoside Aucubin and Its Utilization in the Synthesis of a New 12‐epi‐PGF2α Modified at C‐11.
Authors: BERNINI R. , DAVINI E. , IAVARONE C. , TROGOLO C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHexaacetylaucubin (I) is oxidized to form the lactone (II) which yields the acid (IIIb) upon methanolysis and subsequent saponification.
ChemInform Abstract: “Remote Control” of Flavin Reactivities by an Intramolecular Crown Ring Serving as a Metal‐Binding Site.
Authors: SHINKAI S. , KAMEOKA K. , UEDA K. , MANABE O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe two concepts, "remote functionalization" in steroid photochemistry and "lariat ethers" in crown ether chemistry are applied to design flavins with an allosteric functionality.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylic Organoboranes. Part 3. Pheromones via Organoboranes. Part 1. Stereospecific Synthesis of Straight‐Chain Z‐Monoolefinic Insect Pheromones via Lithium (1‐Alkynyl)trialkylborates.
Authors: BROWN H. C. , WANG K. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe trialkylboranes (II), prepared from the alkenes (I), react with the lithium acetylides (III) to give the corresponding lithium (1‐alkynyl)trialkylborates which yield the alkynes (IV) upon treatment with iodine.
Hydrologic response and recovery to prescribed fire and vegetation removal in a small rangeland catchment
Authors: Flerchinger G. N. , Seyfried M. S. , Hardegree S. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrescribed fire can be used to return wild lands to their natural fire cycle, control invasive weeds, and reduce fuel loads, but there are gaps in the understanding of post‐disturbance responses of vegetation and hydrology. The impact of a prescribed fire and subsequent aspen cutting on evapotranspiration (ET) and streamflow was assessed for the Upper Sheep Creek catchment, a 26‐ha headwater catchment dominated by low sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush, and aspen within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. The 2007 prescribed fire consumed 100% of the mountain big sagebrush and approximately 21% of the low sagebrush. The aspen, which were mostly untouched by the fire, were cut in the fall of 2008. Post‐disturbance ET and vegetation recovery were related to the loss of rooting depth. ET recovered within 2 years on the low sagebrush area with limited rooting depth, while that on the deeper‐rooted mountain big sagebrush area took 4 years to recover. ET from the aspen trees, which can sprout from existing roots, recovered within 2 years. The influence of vegetation disturbance on streamflow was assessed using both empirical time trend analysis and process‐based modelling. Although both approaches suggested approximately a 20% increase in streamflow during the 6 years post‐disturbance, results from the empirical time trend analysis were marginally significant (p = 0·055), while those from the process‐based modelling were not statistically significant. Marginal streamflow response can be attributed to rapid post‐disturbance recovery of the aspen where most of the streamflow originates. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Agricultural land‐use history causes persistent loss of plant phylogenetic diversity
Authors: Turley Nash E. , Brudvig Lars A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntensive land use activities, such as agriculture, are a leading cause of biodiversity loss and can have lasting impacts on ecological systems. Yet, few studies have investigated how land‐use legacies impact phylogenetic diversity (the total amount of evolutionary history in a community) or how restoration activities might mitigate legacy effects on biodiversity. We studied ground‐layer plant communities in 27 pairs of Remnant (no agricultural history) and Post‐agricultural (agriculture abandoned >60 yr ago) longleaf pine savannas, half of which we restored by thinning trees to reinstate open savanna conditions. We found that agricultural history had no impact on species richness, but did alter community composition and reduce phylogenetic diversity by 566 million years/1,000 m2. This loss of phylogenetic diversity in post‐agricultural savannas was due to, in part, a reduction in the average evolutionary distance between pairs of closely related species, that is, increased phylogenetic clustering. Habitat restoration increased species richness by 27% and phylogenetic diversity by 914 million years but did not eliminate the effects of agricultural land use on community composition and phylogenetic structure. These results demonstrate the persistence of agricultural legacies, even in the face of intensive restoration efforts, and the importance of considering biodiversity broadly when evaluating human impacts on ecosystems.
MALDI‐TOF MS portrait of emetic and non‐emetic Bacillus cereus group members
Authors: Fiedoruk Krzysztof , Daniluk Tamara , Fiodor Angelika , Drewicka Ewa , Buczynska Katarzyna , Leszczynska Katarzyna , Bideshi Dennis Ken , Swiecicka Izabela 
Published: May 2016

The number of foodborne intoxications caused by emetic Bacillus cereus isolates has increased significantly. As such, rapid and reliable methods to identify emetic strains appear to be clinically relevant. In this study, intact cell matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) was used to differentiate emetic and non‐emetic bacilli. The phyloproteomic clustering of 34 B. cereus emetic and 88 non‐emetic isolates classified as B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, and Bacillus mycoides, showed (i) a clear separation of both groups at a similarity level of 43%, and (ii) a high relatedness among the emetic isolates (similarity of 78%). Specifically, 83 mass peak classes were recognized in the spectral window range between m/z 4000 and 12 000 that were tentatively assigned to 41 protein variants based on a bioinformatic approach. Mass variation between the emetic and the non‐emetic subsets was recorded for 27 of them, including ten ribosomal subunit proteins, for which inter‐strain polymorphism was confirmed by gene sequencing. Additional peaks were assigned to other proteins such as small acid soluble proteins, cold shock proteins and hypothetical proteins, e.g., carbohydrate kinase. Moreover, the results were supported by in silico analysis of the biomarkers in 259 members of B. cereus group, including Bacillus anthracis, based on their whole‐genome sequences. In conclusion, the proteomic profiling by MALDI‐TOF MS is a promising and rapid method for pre‐screening B. cereus to identify medically relevant isolates and for epidemiologic purposes.
Resting state morphology predicts the effect of theta burst stimulation in false belief reasoning
Authors: Hartwright Charlotte E. , Hardwick Robert M. , Apperly Ian A. , Hansen Peter C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWhen required to represent a perspective that conflicts with one's own, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggests that the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rvlPFC) supports the inhibition of that conflicting self‐perspective. The present task dissociated inhibition of self‐perspective from other executive control processes by contrasting belief reasoning—a cognitive state where the presence of conflicting perspectives was manipulated—with a conative desire state wherein no systematic conflict existed. Linear modeling was used to examine the effect of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to rvlPFC on participants’ reaction times in belief and desire reasoning. It was anticipated that cTBS applied to rvlPFC would affect belief but not desire reasoning, by modulating activity in the Ventral Attention System (VAS). We further anticipated that this effect would be mediated by functional connectivity within this network, which was identified using resting state fMRI and an unbiased model‐free approach. Simple reaction‐time analysis failed to detect an effect of cTBS. However, by additionally modeling individual measures from within the stimulated network, the hypothesized effect of cTBS to belief (but, importantly, not desire) reasoning was demonstrated. Structural morphology within the stimulated region, rvlPFC, and right temporoparietal junction were demonstrated to underlie this effect. These data provide evidence that inconsistencies found with cTBS can be mediated by the composition of the functional network that is being stimulated. We suggest that the common claim that this network constitutes the VAS explains the effect of cTBS to this network on false belief reasoning. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3502–3514, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacologic, Pharmacokinetic, and Clinical Assessment of Illicitly Used γ‐Hydroxybutyrate
Authors: White C. Michael 
Published: May 2016

Abstractγ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a common drug of abuse and poses important health risks to users in the form of respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, or traumatic adverse events. GHB has non‐dose‐proportional effects and pharmacologic effects such as sedation and retrograde amnesia, which can incapacitate people targeted for assault. It has Krebs cycle metabolism, rapid clearance, relative hydrophilicity, and unique drug interactions. Promptly seeking medical attention during intentional or inadvertent overdose is critical to survival, as is prompt supportive care once medical personnel are alerted. People drugged before assault also need to promptly notify authorities because the period to detect the drug in the urine or blood is brief and the ultimate metabolites are carbon dioxide and water. After acute treatment has passed, withdrawal could be severe in chronic abusers that could harm the patient directly or drive them back into reuse.