bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stacking of Basal Debris Layers Without Bulk Freezing-on: Isotopic Evidence from West Greenland
Authors: Knight Peter G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper tests and falsifies the theory that the development of thick sequences of vertically stacked clean and debris-laden ice layers at the margin of the Greenland ice sheet can be attributed solely to simple freezing-on of material at the bed. Isotopic analysis in δD and δ18O of ice from the ice-sheet margin near Søndre Stramfjord indicates that the debris-rich and debris-poor elements of the basal sequence have different origins. While the debris bands display isotopic fractionation consistent with a freezing origin, the intercalated clean ice layers do not. The clean ice layers have isotopic values indistinguishable from debris-bearing ice immediately above the debris-band sequence and from unaltered glacier ice, and are entrained by a different process from the debris bands. Debris may be entrained by freezing at the bed, but the development of a vertically stacked sequence of debris bands must be attributed to some other mechanism.
The Development of Aligned Columnar Sea Ice: A Field Investigation
Authors: Stander Ed , Michel Bernard 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe development of strong preferred c-axis alignments in sea ice has been a subject of debate since its initial discovery in 1959. Although numerous theories have been proposed for its development, none has been able to account for all of its field characteristics.A detailed field investigation was carried out at Pond Inlet, N.W.T., to describe further the occurrence and structure of this ice type. Data collected over the winter of 1983–84 suggest two possible mechanisms of development. The first involves the selective growth of crystals during the formation of the initial ice skim, while the second requires the solid-state rotation of slip planes during constrained plastic deformation.
Evaluation of Avalanche-mass Determination Approaches: An Example from the Himalaya, Pakistan
Authors: De Scally F.A. , Gardner J.S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn equation for prediction of annual avalanche mass was tested on nine avalanche paths in the Kaghan area of the Himalaya in Pakistan. The predicted masses were compared to measured avalanche-deposit masses produced during two winters (1985–86, 1986–87). The results indicate that, while the annual mass of avalanches could be predicted relatively well on the very large paths in the study area, significant over- and underestimation occurs on other paths. The average yield coefficient, or proportion of snow in the catchment which avalanches, is 0.0991 m−3. This figure varies significantly between paths but generally less between two winters on any given path. More accurate determination of annual avalanche masses in the study area requires both improved measurements of the equation parameters, as well as refinement of the empirically derived yield coefficient to reflect better the terrain and winter climatic conditions in the region.
Bending Shear: The Rate-controlling Mechanism for Calving Ice Walls
Authors: Hughes Terence , Nakagawa Masayuki 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBending shear was observed to produce nearly vertical shear bands in a calving ice wall standing on dry land on Deception Island (lat. 63.0°S., long. 60.6 W.), and slabs calved straight downward when shear rupture occurred along these shear bands (Hughes, 1989). A formula for the calving rate was developed from the Deception Island data, and we have attempted to justify generalizing this formula to include ice walls standing along beaches or in water. These are environments in which a wave-washed groove develops along the base of the ice wall or along a water line above the base. The rate of wave erosion provides an alternative mechanism for controlling the calving rate in these environments. We have determined that the rate at which bending creep produces nearly vertical shear bands, along which shear rupture occurs, controls the calving rate in all environments. Shear rupture occurs at a calving shear stress of about 1 bar. Our results justify using the calving formula to compute the calving rate of ice walls in computer models of ice-sheet dynamics. This is especially important in simulating retreat of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last deglaciation, when marine and lacustrine environments were common along retreating ice margins. These margins would have been ice walls standing along beaches or in water, because floating ice shelves are not expected in the ablation zone of retreating ice sheets.
Leprosy Reactions: Clinical and Therapeutic Profile of Patients Registered at a Dermatology Reference Center in Brazil
Authors: De Sousa Danielle Oliveira , De Oliveira Karolyne Moura Rique , Centeno Deborah Marques , Mainardi Carolina Ribeiro , Souza Jean Carlos Alves de Lima , De França Tiago Gallan , Bellesi Lucas Mendonça de Araújo , Pires Carla Andrea Avelar 
Published: November 2017

Introduction: During the course of leprosy, 10 to 50% of individuals can be surprised by reaction states, which are immune system reactions of the patient to Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy reactions constitute the main cause of nerve damage and disability caused by leprosy.
Objective:To analyze the clinical and therapeutic profile of patients with leprosy reactions registered in a Dermatology Service in the city of Belém-PA.
Methods:This is a cross-seccional, descriptive study. It was investigated through analysis of medical records, 52 patients who fit the established inclusion criteria. Data were collected in july and august 2016.
Results: It was found a predominance of men, from the metropolitan region. The clinical form most common of Leprosy was Borderline, and the leprosy reaction type 1. The most of reactions occurred right after the introduction of multidrug therapy,and more than a half of patients with type 1 reaction showed edema of limbs. Regarding the type 2, fever and general symptoms were the most common, present in all cases. The frequency of neural damage was evident, showing reduction of motor force level andloss of protective sensation.
Conclusion: Early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management of reactive events is critical to the prevention of disabilities.
Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-mass Stars. II. Planetary Systems Observed During Campaigns 1–7
Authors: Dressing Courtney D. , Vanderburg Andrew , Schlieder Joshua E. , Crossfield Ian J. M. , Knutson Heather A. , Newton Elisabeth R. , Ciardi David R. , Fulton Benjamin J. , Gonzales Erica J. , Howard Andrew W. , Isaacson Howard , Livingston John , Petigura Erik A. , Sinukoff Evan , Everett Mark , Horch Elliott , Howell Steve B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We recently used near-infrared spectroscopy to improve the characterization of 76 low-mass stars around which K2 had detected 79 candidate transiting planets. 29 of these worlds were new discoveries that had not previously been published. We calculate the false positive probabilities that the transit-like signals are actually caused by non-planetary astrophysical phenomena and reject five new transit-like events and three previously reported events as false positives. We also statistically validate 17 planets (7 of which were previously unpublished), confirm the earlier validation of 22 planets, and announce 17 newly discovered planet candidates. Revising the properties of the associated planet candidates based on the updated host star characteristics and refitting the transit photometry, we find that our sample contains 21 planets or planet candidates with radii smaller than 1.25 R
⊕, 18 super-Earths (1.25–2 R
⊕), 21 small Neptunes (2–4 R
⊕), three large Neptunes (4–6 R
⊕), and eight giant planets (>6 R
⊕). Most of these planets are highly irradiated, but EPIC 206209135.04 (K2-72e,

), EPIC 211988320.01 (

), and EPIC 212690867.01 (

) orbit within optimistic habitable zone boundaries set by the “recent Venus” inner limit and the “early Mars” outer limit. In total, our planet sample includes eight moderately irradiated 1.5–3 R
⊕ planet candidates (F

p
≲ 20 F
⊕) orbiting brighter stars (Ks < 11) that are well-suited for atmospheric investigations with the Hubble, Spitzer, and/or James Webb Space Telescopes. Five validated planets orbit relatively bright stars (Kp < 12.5) and are expected to yield radial velocity semi-amplitudes of at least 2 m s−1. Accordingly, they are possible targets for radial velocity mass measurement with current facilities or the upcoming generation of red optical and near-infrared high-precision RV spectrographs.
Different Types of Ion Populations Upstream of the 2013 October 8 Interplanetary Shock
Authors: Kajdič Primož , Hietala Heli , Blanco-Cano Xóchitl 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We show for the first time that different types of suprathermal ion distributions may exist upstream of a single interplanetary shock. ACE and the two ARTEMIS satellites observed a shock on 2013 October 8. The ARTEMIS P1 and P2 spacecraft first observed field-aligned ions (P1) and gyrating ions (P2) arriving from the shock. These were followed by intermediate ions and later by a diffuse population. At the location of the P2 the shock exhibited an Alfvénic Mach number of M
A = 5.7 and was marginally quasi-perpendicular (

). At P1 spacecraft the shock was weaker (M
A = 4.9) and more perpendicular (

). Consequently, the observed suprathermal ion and ultra-low-frequency wave properties were somewhat different. At P2 the ultra-low-frequency waves are more intense and extend farther upstream from the shock. The energies of field-aligned and gyrating ions in the shock rest-frame were ∼20 keV, which is much more than in the case of the stronger (M
A = 6–7) Earth’s bow shock, where they are less than 10 keV.
The Mass Growth and Stellar Ages of Galaxies: Observations versus Simulations
Authors: Hill Allison R. , Muzzin Adam , Franx Marijn , Marchesini Danilo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Using observed stellar mass functions out to z = 5, we measure the main progenitor stellar mass growth of descendant galaxies with masses of

at

using an evolving cumulative number density selection. From these mass growth histories, we are able to measure the time at which half the total stellar mass of the descendant galaxy was assembled, t

a
, which in order of decreasing mass corresponds to redshifts of

, and 0.51. We compare this to the median light-weighted stellar age t
* (

and 0.37) of a sample of low-redshift SDSS galaxies (from the literature) and find the timescales are consistent with more massive galaxies forming a higher fraction of their stars ex situ compared to lower-mass descendants. We find that both t
* and t

a
strongly correlate with mass, which is in contrast to what is found in the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation that shows a flat relationship between t

a
and M
*. However, the semi-analytic model (SAM) of Henriques et al. is consistent with the observations in both t

a
and t
* with M
*, showing that the most recent SAMs are better able to decouple the evolution of the baryons from the dark matter in lower-mass galaxies.
Genetic Mark–Recapture Improves Estimates of Maternity Colony Size for Indiana Bats
Authors: Oyler-McCance Sara J. , Fike Jennifer A. , Lukacs Paul M. , Sparks Dale W. , O'Shea Thomas J. , Whitaker John O. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Genetic mark–recapture methods are increasingly being used to estimate demographic parameters in species where traditional techniques are problematic or imprecise. The federally endangered Indiana bat Myotis sodalis has declined dramatically and threats such as white-nose syndrome continue to afflict this species. To date, important demographic information for Indiana bats has been difficult to estimate precisely using traditional techniques such as emergence counts. Successful management and protection of Indiana bats requires better methods to estimate population sizes and survival rates throughout the year, particularly during summer when these bats reproduce and are widely dispersed away from their winter hibernacula. In addition, the familial makeup of maternity colonies is unknown, yet important for understanding local and regional population dynamics. We had four objectives in this study. For the first two objectives we investigated the potential use of DNA from fecal samples (fecal DNA) collected at roosts to obtain genetically based mark–recapture estimates of 1) colony size and 2) survival rates, for an Indiana bat maternity colony in Indianapolis, Indiana. The third objective was to compare our genetically based colony-size estimates with emergence counts conducted at the same roost tree to evaluate the genetic mark–recapture method. Our fourth objective was to use fecal DNA to estimate levels of relatedness among individuals sampled at the roost. In the summer of 2008, we collected fecal pellets and conducted emergence counts at a prominent roost tree during three time periods each lasting 7 or 8 d. We genotyped fecal DNA using five highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to identify individuals and used a robust-design mark–recapture approach to estimate survival rates as well as colony size at the roost tree. Emergence count estimates at the roost tree ranged from 100 to 215, whereas genetic mark–recapture estimates were higher, ranging from 122 to 266 and more precise. Apparent survival was 0.994 (SE = 0.04) between sampling periods suggesting that few bats died or permanently emigrated during the course of the study. Relatedness estimates, r, between all pairs of individuals averaged 0.055 ranging from 0 to 0.779, indicating that most individuals were not closely related. We demonstrate here the promise of using fecal DNA to estimate demographic information for Indiana bats and potentially other bat species.
Reduction of Thermal Stress - Part I: Passivation Thickness Optimization of Standard Surface Bump Design
Authors: Sethu Raj Sekar , Kulkarni Salil Hari , Ha How Ung , Soon Kok Heng 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Thermal cooling of solder bumps using Under Bump Metalization (UBM) with isotropic undercuts can result in an increase in stress concentration. The stress concentration on the passivation layers can result in cracking, especially when there are surface defects. Opportunities in reducing thermal stress depend on the type of passivation layer design as well as other factors. In Part I of this series of papers, the focus is on optimizing the thickness of the standard passivation design. In the standard passivation layer design, dielectrics would conformally cover the top metalization through two series of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) coatings. Change in thickness for the two passivation layers' thickness using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) techniques combined with statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) allowed optimization of these layer thicknesses which brought about minimal stress on the passivation.
Durability and Reliability of Electro-Mechanical Relays for Oil and Gas
Authors: Rafie Saeed , Boulaknadal Youssef 
Published: November 2017

AbstractElectro-mechanical relays (EMRs) are widely used in variety of manufacturing industries including oil and gas. One of their applications in the oil and gas industry is in the design of downhole logging wireline and measurement-while-drilling/logging-while-drilling (MWD/LWD) instruments such as magnetic resonance instruments, formation testing instruments, cement bond tools, etc.EMRs are mainly electrically operated switches that multiplex high-powered circuits using a low-power signal. Typically, EMRs consist of one or two wire coils wrapped around magnetic cores, a movable armature, and a set of contact(s) that reside inside a sealed vacuum compartment.The structural durability and reliability of EMRs has been the subject of research for many years, and these characteristics are considered a prime reliability concerns in the oil and gas industry. Their poor reliability has been documented by their several inherent failure modes, e.g., limited life expectancy due to shock, vibration, temperature and moisture, thermal stresses caused by soldering, contact wear, contact bouncing, and contact arcing/welding.This paper presents results from a reliability study and an engineering assessment to determine the applicability and functionality of EMRs in electromagnetic-acoustic sensors. The discussion includes steps to improve and minimize the risk.
E-Band 4-Bit Phase Shifter using SP4T Flip Chip Switches
Authors: Chieh Jia-Chi Samuel , Nguyen Anh-Vu , Rowland Jason , Sharma Satish 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
A 4-bit millimeter-wave switched delay line phase shifter is presented. The phase shifter is designed using commercially available SP4T flip-chip millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) attached to an alumina substrate. The module operates in the E-Band from 82 – 84 GHz and has an average insertion loss of 20 dB. The size of the module is 10 mm × 7.5 mm. This paper presents a cost effective 4-bit E-Band phase shifter.
Surviving the Heat Wave – A presentation on thermally induced failures and reliability risks created by advancements in electronics technologies
Authors: Caswell Greg 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Since the advent of surface mount technology back in the 1970's we, as an industry, have continually worked to miniaturize our products. This evolution of product design has impacted us at the semiconductor, package, circuit board and system levels. So, the question is, Why do Electronics Fail Under Thermal Cycling?
At the semiconductor level, you can have issues with delamination, IC complexity, degradation mechanisms, associated ceramic capacitor wearout, and electrical overstress (EOS). At the package level issues with bond wires and stacked die add to the reliability impact. At the printed circuit board level issues with solder wearout, solder phase coarsening, PWB laminates and glass materials, plated through hole (PTH) fatigue, and the impact of potting can also affect reliability while at the system level, heat sinks and other methods of heat removal can improve the situation.
What drives these issues is that we use a variety of materials e.g. semiconductors, ceramics, metals and polymers. We then bond them together with other materials like solder and adhesives. Each of these materials has a Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) that is unique and therefore expands and contracts at different rates.
Ultra-fine Cu Wiring Surrounded by Electroless-Plated Ni: Effective Structure for High Insulation Reliable Wiring Applicable to Panel Level Fabrication
Authors: Toba Masaya , Mitsukura Kazuyuki , Ejiri Yoshinori , Minegishi Tomonori , Kurafuchi Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Panel level packages such as 2.1D organic interposer and fan-out packages have been attracting the attention as a low cost substrate technology with high density fine wiring layers which interconnect multiple die set side by side. The Cu trench wirings for these packages are usually fabricated by fine and almost rectangular shaped pattern formation of insulation film followed by Ti/Cu sputtering as a seed layer formation, Cu electroplating and CMP. However, sputtering tends to be difficult to deposit on the side wall of almost rectangular shaped pattern. Another challenge is insulation reliability between ultra-fine wirings because electrochemical migration of Cu ion is one of the most serious problems for ultra-fine wirings. Here, instead of seed sputtering, we applied a Ni electroless plating because electroless plating is appropriate to panel process and Ni has high corrosion resistance. Ni seed was uniformly formed on both side wall and bottom of these rectangular patterns. After Cu electroplating, CMP and Ni selective electroless plating on Cu, Cu trench wiring fully surrounded by Ni in 1.5/1.5 μm of line and space was fabricated which has passed biased HAST over 200 h by suppressing corrosion of wiring.
Additive Packaging for Microwave Applications
Authors: Trulli Susan , Armiento Craig , Laighton Christopher , Harper Elicia , Haghzadeh Mahdi , Akyurtlu Alkim 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper describes efforts to apply Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies to microelectronic packaging of devices and subsystems for RF and microwave applications. This work, which was conducted at the Raytheon-University of Massachusetts Lowell Research Institute (RURI), is directed at a variety of applications such as 2D and 3D phased array antennas and tunable frequency selective surfaces (FSS). This paper will describe research on device modeling/simulation, formulation of novel functional inks, development of process/printing technologies and new material characterization techniques. Important elements of the additive packaging efforts include the integration of active die with printed components, replacement of wire bonds with printed chip interconnects and the development of integrated, printed connectors. Research on printed, tunable microwave components, such as varactors and phase shifters, are also discussed.
Integration and Miniaturization of a Ka-band Stepped Frequency Radar for Un-manned Aerial Vehicle Applications
Authors: McDaniel Jay W. , Yeary Mark B. , Sigmarsson Hjalti H. , Wolf J. Ambrose , Garrison Sean , Byers Kyle , Clewell Matthew 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we present a highly integrated and miniaturized Ka-band stepped frequency radar that can be used for un-manned aerial vehicle applications. The microwave portion of the radar is integrated onto a low temperature co-fired ceramic multi-chip module, utilizing a triple-print gold thick-film metallization, allowing for wire-bonding and solder capabilities. In addition to miniaturization, a metal seal frame was designed to surround the individual microwave circuits providing isolation barriers to reduce electromagnetic coupling within the system and disturbances from outside interferers. The radar implementation is based on a previous Ka-band radar system designed at the University of Oklahoma using connectorized commercial-off-the-shelf components. This new design results in a 64 times size reduction in foot-print area, half the power consumption, and greater than a 10 times weight reduction compared to the previous implementation. To ensure desired system performance is maintained, both radars were subjected to a direct loop-back test and the intermediate frequency output spectrums, prior to base-band down-conversion, are recorded and compared. Both outputs contain a spectrally pure tone at 12.8 GHz near the expected power indicating that the new radar performs as intended and is comparable to its predecessor. The packaging techniques presented show extreme promise for system integration and miniaturization of future radar and communication systems following the trend to reduce size, weight, and power.
Development of Stacking Process for 3D TSV (Through Silicon Via) Structure using Laser
Authors: Choi Kwang-Seong , Braganca Wagno Alves , Jang Keon-Soo , Bae Hyun-Cheol , Eom Yong-Sung 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
TSV chips were designed and fabricated to investigate the effects of the types of the stacking process on the manufacturability. Two processes were compared: thermocompression and laser bonding. The pitch of UBMs, solder bumps, and TSVs were 50μm. A fluxing underfill was developed and used as a pre-applied underfill during the stacking process. The bonding profiles and the solder joint morphology based on the thermocompression and the laser bonding were compared.