bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cadmium‐induced and trans‐generational changes in the cultivable and total seed endophytic community of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Truyens S. , Beckers B. , Thijs S. , Weyens N. , Cuypers A. , Vangronsveld J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTrans‐generational adaptation is important to respond rapidly to environmental challenges and increase overall plant fitness. Besides well‐known mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications, vertically transmitted endophytic bacteria might contribute to this process. The cultivable and total endophytic communities of several generations of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds harvested from plants exposed to cadmium (Cd) or not exposed were investigated. The diversity and richness of the seed endophytic community decreased with an increasing number of generations. Aeromicrobium and Pseudonocardia were identified as indicator species in seeds from Cd‐exposed plants, while Rhizobium was abundantly present in both seed types. Remarkably, Rhizobium was the only genus that was consistently detected in seeds of all generations, which suggests that the phenotypic characteristics were more important as selection criteria for which bacteria are transferred to the next plant generation than the actual genera. Production of IAA was an important trait for endophytes from both seed types, while ACC deaminase activity and Cd tolerance were mainly associated with seed endophytes from Cd‐exposed plants. Understanding how different factors influence the seed endophytic community can help us to improve seed quality and plant growth through different biotechnological applications.
Comparison of Diverse Differential Plating Methods to Enrich Bovine Spermatogonial Cells
Authors: Giassetti MI , Goissis MD , de Barros FRO , Bruno AH , Assumpção MEOA , Visintin JA 
Published: November 2015

ContentsSpermatogonial stem cells (SSC) have important applications in domestic animal reproduction and advanced biotechnologies. Because differential plating is one of the most common methods used for SSC enrichment, the goal of this study was to compare three differential plating methods for the enrichment of bovine SSC. To achieve this goal, testicular parenchyma from pre‐pubertal calves was minced and single cells were obtained after two enzymatic digestions. We compared three coating methods for differential plating: laminin (20 ng/ml), BSA (0.05 mg/ml) and PBS. Cells were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 in air for 15 min onto laminin‐coated dishes or 2 h onto BSA‐ or PBS‐coated dishes. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion method. Recovered cells were analysed for the expression of SSC molecular markers by quantitative RT‐PCR (GFRA1, CXCR4, ITGA6, THY1) and flow cytometry (GFRA1, CXCR4 and ITGA6). Cells at time 0, adherent cells on laminin and non‐adherent cells from BSA and PBS groups had the same cell viability (p = 0.0655). GFRA1, CXCR4 and THY1 relative gene expression was higher (p = 0.0402, p = 0.0007, p = 0.0117, respectively) for non‐adherent cells selected in PBS group. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the presence of GFRA‐positive (GFRA+) cells was higher in non‐adherent cells from BSA and PBS groups (p < 0.001). However, laminin‐adherent cells had higher number of ITGA6+ cells (p < 0.001) and lower presence of CXCR4+ cells (p = 0.0012). In conclusion, differential plating is an effective method for the enrichment of bovine undifferentiated spermatogonia and higher expression of SSC markers is obtained without laminin or BSA coating.
Risk factors associated with Chagas disease in pregnant women in Santander, a highly endemic Colombian area
Authors: Castellanos‐Domínguez Yeny Z. , Cucunubá Zulma M. , Orozco Luis C. , Valencia‐Hernández Carlos A. , León Cielo M. , Florez Astrid C. , Muñoz Lyda , Pavía Paula , Montilla Marleny , Uribe Luz Marina , García Carlos , Ardila William , Nicholls Rubén Santiago , Puerta Concepción J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Chagas disease in pregnant women in an endemic area of Santander, Colombia.MethodsCross‐sectional study included 23 municipalities of Santander, Colombia. Serological IFAT and ELISA tests were undertaken to detect IgG anti‐ Trypanosoma cruzi. A questionnaire was conducted for assessing the risk factors of each participant. Newborns were evaluated at birth and followed up to 1 year of age to determine congenital infection.ResultsAn overall prevalence of 3.2% (95% CI 2.4–4.2) among 1518 pregnant women was detected. Prevalences by provinces were as follows: Guanentina: 6.0% (95% CI 4.1–8.5), García Rovira: 2.9% (95% CI: 1.5–4.8) and Comunera: 0.4% (0.4–2.3). The main risk factors identified were age >32 years old (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–3.9); currently having a thatched roof (OR: 11.8; CI95% 2.2–63.2) and a thatched roof during childhood (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4–6.6); having below primary school education level (OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 2.2–9.5); and a history of a close contact with the vector (triatomine bugs) at least once during their lifetime (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 3.7–12.9). No congenital cases were detected by parasitological or serological techniques.ConclusionsPrevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women is a potential source of infection in this Colombian endemic area. The main risk factors associated with seropositivity were related to conditions favouring the contact with the vector. The results show that it is necessary to continue an active surveillance in order to offer diagnosis and treatment to mothers and their newborns in addition to screening to pregnant women from endemic areas.
Urinary di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites for detecting transfusion of autologous blood stored in plasticizer‐free bags
Authors: Leuenberger Nicolas , Barras Laura , Nicoli Raul , Robinson Neil , Baume Norbert , Lion Niels , Barelli Stefano , Tissot Jean‐Daniel , Saugy Martial 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDAutologous blood transfusion (ABT) efficiently increases sport performance and is the most challenging doping method to detect. Current methods for detecting this practice center on the plasticizer di(2‐ethlyhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which enters the stored blood from blood bags. Quantification of this plasticizer and its metabolites in urine can detect the transfusion of autologous blood stored in these bags. However, DEHP‐free blood bags are available on the market, including n‐butyryl‐tri‐(n‐hexyl)‐citrate (BTHC) blood bags. Athletes may shift to using such bags to avoid the detection of urinary DEHP metabolites.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA clinical randomized double‐blinded two‐phase study was conducted of healthy male volunteers who underwent ABT using DEHP‐containing or BTHC blood bags. All subjects received a saline injection for the control phase and a blood donation followed by ABT 36 days later. Kinetic excretion of five urinary DEHP metabolites was quantified with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.RESULTSSurprisingly, considerable levels of urinary DEHP metabolites were observed up to 1 day after blood transfusion with BTHC blood bags. The long‐term metabolites mono‐(2‐ethyl‐5‐carboxypentyl) phthalate and mono‐(2‐carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate were the most sensitive biomarkers to detect ABT with BTHC blood bags. Levels of DEHP were high in BTHC bags (6.6%), the tubing in the transfusion kit (25.2%), and the white blood cell filter (22.3%).CONCLUSIONSThe BTHC bag contained DEHP, despite being labeled DEHP‐free. Urinary DEHP metabolite measurement is a cost‐effective way to detect ABT in the antidoping field even when BTHC bags are used for blood storage.
Use of a Separability Parameter for the Design of a High Frequency Dielectrophoresis Cell Sorter Device
Authors: Hadady Hanieh , Hiibel Sage R. , Redelman Doug , Geiger Emil J. 
Published: November 2015

We present a method to quantify and enhance separation of binary cells mixture in the microfluidic device using high frequency dielectrophoresis (>20 MHz). At these frequencies, the DEP response depends primarily on the dielectric properties of the cytoplasm. In order to achieve efficient separation, there must be a difference in the intrinsic dielectric properties of the populations to be sorted. For algae cells, the shift in high frequency dielectrophoresis response during lipid accumulation can be used as a basis of separation. We defined a separability parameter based on the expected difference in the dielectrophoresis responses of the algae cells.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were cultured in regular media and then the same cells were cultured under nitrogenfree conditions to accumulate neutral (non-polar) lipids. Separability of microalgae cells with different lipid content via high frequency dielectrophoresis were investigated by a thin needle shaped electrodes patterned by standard photolithographic and wet etching procedures. Experimental separability factors were measured by estimation of relative lipid content with BODIPY 505/515 fluorescence dye and calculating the area-weighted intensity average of fluorescent images. Theoretical separability parameter was calculated using analytical analysis of single shell model by MATLAB.
Theoretical and experimental separability parameters, as tools to determine the optimal separation method, were calculated for microalgae cells with different lipid content. This objective function was maximized in the range of 35–45 MHz for C. reinhardtii cells after 21 days of lipid accumulation in a static separation. In order to design a continuous cell sorter device, the theoretical separation factor was maximized based on differences in the magnitude or the direction of the DEP force.
Design of Multiscale Nanofluidic Networks
Authors: Stephenson David , Lockerby Duncan A. , Borg Matthew K. , Reese Jason M. 
Published: November 2015

We present a hybrid molecular-continuum method for the design and simulation of high-aspect-ratio nanofluidic networks. By generalising the application of constraints, we enable the geometry, i.e. channel heights and lengths, to be the output of the method, removing the need for a costly trial-and-error process.
We compare multiple constraint combinations of our hybrid method with a full molecular dynamics simulation for a network consisting of a straight channel between two reservoirs. We show that, in each case, our method converges quickly, within 3 iterations, providing a computational speed-up over a full molecular simulation of 3:9. The speed-up demonstrated is far more modest than it would be for larger networks, but our verification case is restricted by the need to perform a full molecular simulation. Excellent agreement is found between our hybrid method and the full molecular simulation, with relative errors of < 1% for all cases.
Shrinkage of Post-Cure Die Attach Adhesives During Isothermal Storage
Authors: Liu Ruiyang , Lee HoHyung , Park Seungbae , Xue Xiaojie 
Published: November 2015

Polymeric die-attach adhesives have been widely utilized for attaching the sensor die to the lead-frame substrate in the packaging of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Although much study has been performed regarding viscoelastic behaviors of packaging materials, less literature has addressed the issue of post-cure shrinkage, which occurs in isothermal storage and in accelerated tests. However, the influence of post-cure shrinkage cannot be ignored in characterizing long-term viscoelastic properties or evaluating long-term reliability for highly sensitive automotive sensors.
In this study, a non-contact digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to characterize the post-cure aging shrinkage on a commercial epoxy-based die attach adhesive. The shrinkage strain of bulk specimens was monitored over a period of isothermal aging. Analysis indicates that the process of postcure shrinkage can be expressed in terms of exponential time functions. Using hygroscopic shrinking as an analogous process, this aging was introduced into a time-dependent finite element (FE) simulation in ANSYS®15.0. FE case studies combining both stress and dimensional relaxation indicate that certain differences can occur in the long-term finite element analysis if the shrinkage strain is ignored.
Nuclear Fatigue Analysis Codified Design Rules: Comparison of Cyclic Plasticity Effects
Authors: Faidy Claude , Wasylyk Andrew 
Published: November 2015

Large uncertainties exist in fatigue life evaluation using existing elastic stress analysis.
The usage factor is obtained by comparison of strain amplitude evaluation on different points of the components and the fatigue S-N curve of the material.
This paper will review existing codified rules in major nuclear Codes that are proposed as simplified elastic-plastic analysis of strain amplitude.
The different formulas proposed by the different Codes are described with their own background document and compared on typical cases.
Methods are based on simplified elastic-plastic approach (elastic analysis plus correction factor) with associated material data.
The Code comparison includes nuclear Codes, as ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III, French RCC-M and RCC-MRx and German KTA; Russian PNAEG Code and JSME rules are also considered based on specific English version of the Codes for fatigue rules.
Two types of components are concerned by the comparison: vessels and piping systems.
All these Codes are proposing different Ke and Kv rules based on different assumption.
Finally, a first set of recommendation to perform reference inelastic analysis will be presented to improve existing codes on an harmonized way, associated to analytical recommendations, all material properties needed and criteria to apply this modern methods.
This review is mainly done in World Nuclear Association (WNA), Cooperation in Reactor Design Evaluation and Licensing (CORDEL) Working Group, Codes & Standards Task Force.
The Investigation of Significance of the Geometrical Nonlinearity for 1-D Crack Stress Intensity Factor Calculation in Slightly Distorted Thin-Walled Pressurized Pipe
Authors: Orynyak Igor , Oryniak Andrii 
Published: November 2015

The consideration of a geometrical nonlinearity is a common practice for the thin-walled structures. The relevance here are two well-known cases treated in ASME codes. First one is accounting for reduction of the pipe bends flexibility due to the inner pressure. The second one is the retarded increasing (and subsequent saturation) of additional local bending stress with increasing of inner pressure in a pipe with initial cross section form distortion. In both cases the rerounding effect and decreasing of local flexibilities take place. The crack can be treated as the concentrated flexibility and it is quite natural to expect that the stress intensity factor should grow nonlinearly with applied load.
Two cases of SIF calculation for 1-D long axial surface crack in a pipe loaded by inner pressure are considered here: a) cross section has an ideal circular form: b) the form has a small distortion and crack is located in the place of maximal additional bending stresses.
The theoretical analysis is based on: a) the well known crack compliance method [1] and b) analytical linearized solution obtained for deformation of the curved beam in case of action of fixed circumferential stress due to pressure written in the form convenient for transfer matrix method application.
It was shown that for moderately deep crack (crack depth to the wall thickness ratio is 0.5 and bigger) and typical dimensions of pipes used for oil and gas transportation (radius to thickness ratio is 25–40) and loading which can reach up to 200 to 300 MPa, the effect investigated can be quite noticeable and can lead to 5–15 percent reduction of calculated SIF as compared with linear calculation.
The analytical results are supported by nonlinear FEM calculation.
Using Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening Material Models for Elastic-Plastic Ratcheting Analysis
Authors: Gilman Tim , Weitze Bill , Rudolph Jürgen , Willuweit Adrian , Kalnins Arturs 
Published: November 2015

Applicable design codes for power plant components and pressure vessels demand for a design check against progressive plastic deformation. In the simplest case, this demand is satisfied by compliance with shakedown rules in connection with elastic analyses. The possible non-compliance implicates the requirement of ratcheting analyses on elastic-plastic basis. In this case, criteria are specified on maximum allowable accumulated growth strain without clear guidance on what material models for cyclic plasticity are to be used. This is a considerable gap and a challenge for the practicing CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) engineer.
As a follow-up to two independent previous papers PVP2013-98150 ASME [1] and PVP2014-28772 [2] it is the aim of this paper to close this gap by giving further detailed recommendation on the appropriate application of the nonlinear kinematic material model of Chaboche on an engineering scale and based on implementations already available within commercial finite element codes such as ANSYS® and ABAQUS®. Consistency of temperature-dependent runs in ANSYS® and ABAQUS® is to be checked. All three papers together constitute a comprehensive guideline for elasto-plastic ratcheting analysis.
The following issues are examined and/or referenced:
• Application of monotonic or cyclic material data for ratcheting analysis based on the Chaboche material model
• Discussion of using monotonic and cyclic data for assessment of the (non-stabilized) cyclic deformation behavior
• Number of backstress terms to be applied for consistent ratcheting results
• Consideration of the temperature dependency of the relevant material parameters
• Consistency of temperature-dependent runs in ANSYS® and ABAQUS®
• Identification of material parameters dependent on the number of backstress terms
• Identification of material data for different types of material (carbon steel, austenitic stainless steel) including the appropriate determination of the elastic limit
• Quantification of conservatism of simple elastic-perfectly plastic behavior
• Application of engineering versus true stress-strain data
• Visual checks of data input consistency
• Appropriate type of allowable accumulated growth strain.
This way, a more accurate inelastic analysis methodology for direct practical application to real world examples in the framework of the design code conforming elasto-plastic ratcheting check is proposed.
Trends in clinical development timeframes for antiviral drugs launched in the UK, 1981–2014: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Ward Derek J , Hammond Edward , Linden-Phillips Luan , Stevens Andrew J 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesRecent decades have witnessed the development of highly innovative new antiviral drug therapies. However, there are concerns that rising costs and lengthening development times could have implications for future patient access to innovative new drugs. We sought to establish whether the time taken for the clinical development of new antiviral drugs launched in the UK had increased since the 1980s.Design and settingRetrospective observational study of all new antiviral drugs licensed for use in the UK.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDuration of clinical development (from initiation of studies in humans to receipt of Marketing Authorisation), subdivided into clinical trial and regulatory approval periods by the date of Marketing Authorisation Application.Results48 new antiviral drugs were licensed for use in the UK between 1981 and 2014 (inclusive), over half (54%) initially for HIV infection. The overall mean duration of clinical development was 77.2 months, of which 64.6 months was spent in clinical trials before regulatory submission. The total time in clinical development increased from 41.7 months for drugs licensed 1981–1992 to 91.7 months for drugs licensed 2004–2014. This increase was accounted for by an increase in the clinical trials period and not the regulatory approval period, for which there was no observable trend. Drugs initially licensed to treat hepatitis C had a longer duration of clinical development than those indicated for other viral infections. However, the, initially shorter clinical development durations of drugs indicated for HIV infection increased more rapidly across the study period than those indicated for other viral infections.ConclusionsThe time spent by antiviral drugs in clinical development has increased markedly in recent decades despite many initiatives to speed access to innovative new drugs. However, this represents only one part of the translational research pathway, and a complete picture of development timeframes is lacking.
Augmented standard model and the simplest scenario
Authors: Wu Tai Tsun , Wu Sau Lan 
Published: November 2015

The experimental discovery of the Higgs particle in 2012 by the ATLAS Collaboration and the CMS Collaboration at CERN ushers in a new era of particle physics. On the basis of these data, scalar quarks and scalar leptons are added to each generation of quarks and leptons. The resulting augmented standard model has fermion–boson symmetry for each of three generations, but only one Higgs doublet giving masses to all the elementary particles. A specific special case, the simplest scenario, is studied in detail. In this case, there are twenty six quadratic divergences, and all these divergences are cancelled provided that one single relation between the masses is satisfied. This mass relation contains a great deal of information, and in particular determines the masses of all the right-handed scalar quarks and scalar leptons, while gives relations for the masses of the left-handed ones. An alternative procedure is also given with a different starting point and less reliance on the experimental data. The result is of course the same.
A checklist of amphibians of Kerala, India
Authors: Das Sandeep 
Published: November 2015

<p>A checklist of amphibians of Kerala State is presented in this paper. Accepted English names, scientific binomen, vernacular names in Malayalam, IUCN conservation status, endemism, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act schedules, and the appendices in the CITES, pertaining to the amphibians of Kerala are also given. The State of Kerala has 151 species of amphibians, 136 of which are endemic to Western Ghats and 50 species fall under the various threatened categories of IUCN. </p><div> </div>