bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RISK‐SHARING MATCHING AND MORAL HAZARD
Authors: Chen Pu , Li Sanxi , Ye Bing 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study we model the endogenous relationship formation between risk‐averse principals and agents in a CARA‐normal framework. Agents exert unobservable efforts to increase mean outputs and reduce risks. We show that risk‐reduction efforts are more important than mean‐increasing efforts in determining the matching patterns. Compared to cases without moral hazard, the agency problem in risk reduction induces more positive‐assortative matchings.
Agonism of free fatty acid receptors 1 and 4 generates peptide YY‐mediated inhibitory responses in mouse colon
Authors: Moodaley Runisha , Smith David M , Tough Iain R , Schindler Marcus , Cox Helen M 
Published: October 2017

Background and PurposeFree fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 are located on enteroendocrine L cells with the highest gastrointestinal (GI) expression in descending colon. Their activation causes the release of glucagon‐like peptide 1 and peptide YY (PYY) from L cells. Additionally, FFA1 agonism releases insulin from pancreatic β cells. As these receptors are modulators of nutrient‐stimulated glucose regulation, the aim of this study was to compare the pharmacology of commercially available agonists (TUG424, TUG891, GW9508) with proven selective agonists (JTT, TAK‐875, AZ423, Metabolex‐36) in mice.Experimental ApproachMouse mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers, voltage‐clamped and the resultant short‐circuit current (Isc) was recorded continuously. Pretreatments included antagonists of FFA1, Y1 or Y2 receptors. Glucose sensitivity was investigated by mannitol replacement apically, and colonic and upper GI transit was assessed in vitro and in vivo.Key ResultsFFA1 and FFA4 agonism required glucose and reduced Isc in a PYY‐Y1 receptor‐dependent manner. The novel compounds were more potent than GW9508. The FFA1 antagonists (GW1100 and ANT825) blocked FFA1 activity only and revealed FFA1 tonic activity. The FFA4 agonist, Metabolex‐36, slowed colonic transit in vitro but increased small intestinal transit in vivo.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe selective FFA1 and FFA4 agonists were more potent at reducing Isc than GW9508, a dual FFA1 and FFA4 agonist. A paracrine epithelial mechanism involving PYY‐stimulated Y1 receptors mediated their responses, which were glucose sensitive, potentially limiting hypoglycaemia. ANT825 revealed tonic activity and the possibility of endogenous FFA1 ligands causing PYY release. Finally, FFA4 agonism induced regional differences in transit.
Characterization of a rat model of bortezomib‐induced painful neuropathy
Authors: Duggett Natalie A , Flatters Sarah J L 
Published: October 2017

Background and PurposeBortezomib (Velcade®) is a breakthrough treatment for multiple myeloma, significantly improving patient survival. However, its use is limited by painful neuropathy often resulting in dose reduction/cessation of first‐line treatment due to lack of treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize a clinically relevant rat model of bortezomib‐induced painful neuropathy, using established evoked measures and novel ethological techniques, to aid drug discovery.Experimental ApproachAdult male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected i.p. with 0.1 and 0.2 mg·kg−1 bortezomib, or its vehicle, on days 0, 3, 7 and 10. Multiple behavioural approaches were utilized: mechanical hypersensitivity, cold allodynia, heat hypersensitivity, motor co‐ordination, burrowing and voluntary wheel running. At maximal bortezomib‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity, 200 mg·kg−1 ethosuximide/vehicle and 100 mg·kg−1 phenyl N‐tert‐butylnitrone (PBN)/vehicle were administered i.p. in separate experiments, and mechanical hypersensitivity assessed 1, 3 and 24 h later.Key ResultsBortezomib induced dose‐related mechanical hypersensitivity for up to 80 days. Bortezomib induced short‐term cold allodynia, but no significant change in heat hypersensitivity, motor co‐ordination, voluntary wheel running and burrowing behaviour compared to vehicle‐treated controls. Systemic PBN and ethosuximide significantly ameliorated bortezomib‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese data characterize a reproducible rat model of clinical‐grade bortezomib‐induced neuropathy demonstrating long‐lasting pain behaviours to evoked stimuli. Inhibition by ethosuximide and PBN suggests involvement of calcium and/or ROS in bortezomib‐induced painful neuropathy. These drugs could be used as preclinical positive controls to assess novel analgesics. As ethosuximide is widely used clinically, translation to the clinic to treat bortezomib‐induced painful neuropathy may be possible.
Resource tracking and its conservation implications for an obligate frugivore (Procnias tricarunculatus, the three‐wattled bellbird)
Authors: Hamilton Debra , Singleton Rhine , Joslin John D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn Monteverde, Costa Rica, the vulnerable Three‐wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus) feeds primarily upon the fruit of Lauraceae species during its reproductive and post‐reproductive seasons. To understand and advance appropriate conservation measures, this study identified the bellbird's foraging challenges in its search for a temporally and spatially fluctuating resource. Although there are at least 96 species of Lauraceae found in the five life zones of Monteverde, the distinct distributions of tree species both among and within life zones require the bellbirds to track seasonal fruiting across the various zones. In this 6‐year study, we monitored the fruiting of tree species and bellbird abundance in 24 study plots within its post‐reproductive life zone, the Premontane Wet forest, to identify preferred bellbird food resources and how the fruiting of these species drives the spatial distribution of the bellbird. Our research revealed phenological patterns of annual, biennial, and triennial fruiting with high levels of fruiting synchrony within several identified key fruit species. Of critical conservation importance is that no single species of Lauraceae produced a consistent food supply for bellbirds each year. Therefore, even within life zones, the bellbird's survival depends on its mobility to search for and obtain fruit, as well as the availability of fruits of multiple tree species. The conservation implications include focused attention on multiple core areas within given life zones, protection of existing forest and remnant trees, and forest restoration with plantings of multiple tree species. We suspect that other tropical frugivorous species face similar conservation challenges.
Infants Distinguish Between Two Events Based on Their Relative Likelihood
Authors: Kayhan Ezgi , Gredebäck Gustaf , Lindskog Marcus 
Published: October 2017

Likelihood estimations are crucial for dealing with the uncertainty of life. Here, infants' sensitivity to the difference in likelihood between two events was investigated. Infants aged 6, 12, and 18 months (N = 75) were shown animated movies of a machine simultaneously drawing likely and unlikely samples from a box filled with different colored balls. In different trials, the difference in likelihood between the two samples was manipulated. The infants' looking patterns varied as a function of the magnitude of the difference in likelihood and were modulated by the number of items in the samples. Looking patterns showed qualitative similarities across age groups. This study demonstrates that infants' looking responses are sensitive to the magnitude of the difference in likelihood between two events.
Childhood Amnesia in Children: A Prospective Study Across Eight Years
Authors: Peterson Carole , Hallett Darcy , Compton‐Gillingham Cassy 
Published: October 2017

This was a prospective study of earliest memories across 8 years for 37 children who were of age 4–9 years initially. In three interviews (initial and after 2 and 8 years) children provided their three earliest memories; those from earlier interviews that were not spontaneously provided later were cued. There was little consistency in the earliest memory or overlap across interviews in spontaneous memories. The youngest group also forgot over half their initial memories although few were forgotten by older children. For consistency of content, 25%–32% of information by former 6‐ to 9‐year‐olds was the same after 8 years, but < 10% provided by the youngest children was the same and 22% was contradictory. Emotion and contextual coherence predicted memory retention.
Atopy in people aged 40 years and over: Relation to airflow limitation
Authors: Guevara‐Rattray E. M. , Garden F. L. , James A. L. , Wood‐Baker R. , Abramson M. J. , Johns D. P. , Sonia Buist A. , Burney P. G. J. , Haydn Walters E. , Toelle B. G. , Marks G. B. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBackgroundPrevious studies have reached conflicting conclusions about the role of atopy as a risk factor for COPD. In part, this is attributable to variation in the definitions of airflow limitation and the treatment of people with asthma.ObjectiveTo establish whether there is any independent association between atopy and post‐bronchodilator airflow limitation in the general population aged 40 years and over.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a general population sample of 2415 people aged 40 years and over in Australia. A history of ever being diagnosed with asthma was elicited by questionnaire. Atopy was defined as any skin prick test weal to common aeroallergens ≥4 mm. Airflow limitation was defined as post‐bronchodilator spirometric (FEV1/FVC) ratio <lower limit of normal. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding due to age, sex, smoking, race and socio‐economic status.ResultsThe prevalence of atopy, ever diagnosed asthma and post‐bronchodilator airflow obstruction was 44.8%, 19.3% and 7.5%, respectively. In the population as a whole, atopy was associated with lower FEV₁ (adjusted difference −0.068L, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.104 to −0.032), FVC (adj. difference −0.043L, 95% CI −0.086 to −0.0009) and post‐bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC ratio (adj. difference −0.011, 95% CI −0.017 to −0.0055). The effect of atopy on lung function was no longer apparent when participants who reported ever diagnosed asthma were excluded (FEV₁ −0.011L, [95% CI −0.05 to 0.028L], FVC −0.012L [95% CI −0.060 to 0.036] and FEV₁/FVC ratio −0.0012 [95% CI −0.0072 to 0.0047L]).Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceThe apparent association between atopy and post‐bronchodilator airflow limitation in the general population appears to be explained by the association between atopy and having ever diagnosed asthma and the effect of asthma on lung function.
Decrease in salivary cortisol levels after glucocorticoid dose reduction in patients with adrenal insufficiency: A prospective proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Ceccato Filippo , Barbot Mattia , Lizzul Laura , Selmin Elisa , Saller Alois , Albiger Nora , Betterle Corrado , Boscaro Marco , Scaroni Carla 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBackground and aimPatients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) require lifelong glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy. Cortisol measurement in saliva is increasingly being used: we assessed salivary cortisol rhythm in outpatients with AI, to provide new insights regarding the management of GC treatment.Materials and methodsNineteen AI outpatients collected six saliva samples from awakening (Fa, before taking the morning GC therapy), during the day (F1.5 h, F6 h before the afternoon GC dose, F8.5 h, F12 h) until bedtime (Fb). We measured daily cortisol exposure by calculating the area under the curve (AUCFa→Fb). Saliva samples were collected at baseline and one year after GG dose reduction (by at least 5 mg of hydrocortisone).ResultsHydrocortisone equivalents decreased from median 25 mg/d (baseline, interquartile range IQR 20‐27.5) to 15 mg/d (IQR 15‐20, P < .01). As expected, we observed a reduction in both daily cortisol exposure (AUCFa→Fb 23 982 nmol·h/L, IQR 12 635‐45 369, to 14 689 nmol·h/L, IQR 7168‐25 378, P < .001) and salivary cortisol levels at F6 h (24.8 nmol/L, IQR 20.1‐35.7, to 21 nmol/L, IQR 8.7‐29.2, P < .05) and Fb (8.7 nmol/L, IQR 3.4‐20.2, to 3.7 nmol/L, IQR 3.0‐5.8, P < .05). None of the patients developed signs or symptoms consistent with AI after GC reduction. Median diastolic blood pressure (DPB) values fell from baseline to the end of follow‐up (87.5 mm Hg, IQR 80‐90, to 80 mm Hg, IQR 80‐85, P < .05). The AUCFa→Fb of patients at baseline was above the reference value (90th percentile of controls) in 12 patients (60%); after the dosage reduction, 30% of patients normalized their daily cortisol exposure (AUCFa→Fb).ConclusionsThe reduction in GC treatment in patients with AI resulted in better control of daily cortisol rhythm, measured with salivary cortisol, and in an improvement of DPB. Further studies are needed to ascertain if salivary cortisol could be used as a biomarker to manage GC replacement therapy.
Reserve Sizes Needed to Protect Coral Reef Fishes
Authors: Krueck Nils C. , Legrand Christelle , Ahmadia Gabby N. , Estradivari  , Green Alison , Jones Geoffrey P. , Riginos Cynthia , Treml Eric A. , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMarine reserves are a commonly applied conservation tool, but their size is often chosen based on considerations of socioeconomic rather than ecological impact. Here, we use a simple individual‐based model together with the latest empirical information on home ranges, densities and schooling behaviour in 66 coral reef fishes to quantify the conservation effectiveness of various reserve sizes. We find that standard reserves with a diameter of 1–2 km can achieve partial protection (≥50% of the maximum number of individuals) of 56% of all simulated species. Partial protection of the most important fishery species, and of species with diverse functional roles, required 2–10 km wide reserves. Full protection of nearly all simulated species required 100 km wide reserves. Linear regressions based on the mean home range and density, and even just the maximum length, of fish species approximated these results reliably, and can therefore be used to support locally effective decision making.
Impact of machine perfusion after long static cold storage on delayed graft function incidence and duration and time to hospital discharge
Authors: Matos Ana Cristina C. , Requiao Moura Lúcio Roberto , Borrelli Milton , Nogueira Mario , Clarizia Gabriela , Ongaro Paula , Durão Marcelino Souza , Pacheco‐Silva Alvaro 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDelayed graft function (DGF) is very high in our center (70%‐80%), and we usually receive a kidney for transplant after more than 22 hours of static cold ischemia time (CIT). Also, there is an inadequate care of the donors, contributing to a high rate of DGF. We decided to test whether machine perfusion (MP) after a CIT improved the outcome of our transplant patients. We analyzed the incidence of DGF, its duration, and the length of hospital stay (LOS) in patients who received a kidney preserved with MP after a CIT (hybrid perfusion—HP). We included 54 deceased donors kidneys preserved with HP transplanted from Feb/13 to Jul/14, and compared them to 101 kidney transplants preserved by static cold storage (CS) from Nov/08 to May/12. The median pumping time was 11 hours. DGF incidence was 61.1% vs 79.2% (P = .02), median DGF duration was 5 vs 11 days (P < .001), and median LOS was 13 vs 18 days (P < .011), for the HP compared to CS group. The observed reduction of DGF with machine perfusion did not occur in donors over 50 years old. In the multivariate analysis, risk factors for DGF, adjusted for CIT, were donor age (OR, 1.04; P = .005) and the absence of use of MP (OR, 1.54; P = .051). In conclusion, the use of HP contributed to faster recovery of renal function and to a shorter length of hospital stay.
Large variation in measures used to assess outcomes of opioid dependence treatment: A systematic review of longitudinal observational studies
Authors: Wiessing Lucas , Ferri Marica , Darke Shane , Simon Roland , Griffiths Paul 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIssuesTreatment outcomes for drug users are critical for informing policy and therapeutic practice. The coherence of outcomes, changes and drug use measures from observational studies on opioid use treatment were reviewed.ApproachSystematic review of the literature for longitudinal observational studies, from 1980 through November 2015, in all languages, with data on treated opioid users, using Pubmed, the Cochrane Library and additional strategies (e.g. Pubmed function ‘related citations’ and checking reference lists of eligible studies).Key FindingsTwenty‐seven studies were included (11 countries, 85 publications, recruitment 1962–2009). Baseline n was >65 686 and median follow‐up 34.5 months (21 studies) or 51.4 person‐months (10 studies). Eight outcome domains were identified: ‘drug use’ (21/27 studies), ‘crime’ (13), ‘health’ (13), ‘treatment‐related’ outcomes (16), ‘social functioning’ (13), ‘harms’ (8), ‘mortality’ (13) and ‘economic estimates’ (2 studies). All studies using drug use outcomes included a binary (abstinence) category in at least one measure. Studies typically reported outcomes on less than half (on average 3.7 or 46%) of the eight outcome domains, while the average was 5.1 (64%) in seven studies initiated since 2000.Implications and ConclusionWide variation exists in outcome measures found in longitudinal observational studies of treatment of opioid users. This reduces replicability of studies and suggests a lack of common expectations on treatment success. Future studies should consider using all or most of eight outcome domains identified (excluding economic analyses if unfeasible), non‐binary measures and amount/value of drugs used and consensus meetings with joint ownership of scientific, treatment and patient communities.
High sensitivity and specificity in proposed clinical diagnostic criteria for anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis
Authors: Ho Alvin C C , Mohammad Shekeeb S , Pillai Sekhar C , Tantsis Esther , Jones Hannah , Ho Reena , Lim Ming , Hacohen Yael , Vincent Angela , Dale Russell C 
Published: October 2017

AimTo determine the validity of the proposed clinical diagnostic criteria for anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in paediatric patients.MethodThe diagnostic criteria for anti‐NMDAR encephalitis proposed by Graus et al. (2016) use clinical features and conventional investigations to facilitate early immunotherapy before antibody status is available. The criteria are satisfied if patients develop four out of six symptom groups within 3 months, together with at least one abnormal investigation (electroencephalography/cerebrospinal fluid) and reasonable exclusion of other disorders. We evaluated the validity of the criteria using a retrospective cohort of paediatric patients with encephalitis. Twenty‐nine patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and 74 comparison children with encephalitis were included.ResultsAs expected, the percentage of patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis who fulfilled the clinical criteria increased over time. During the hospital inpatient admission, most patients (26/29, 90%) with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis fulfilled the criteria, significantly more than the comparison group (3/74, 4%) (p<0.001). The median time of fulfilling the criteria in patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis was 2 weeks from first symptom onset (range 1–6). The sensitivity of the criteria was 90% (95% confidence interval 73–98) and the specificity was 96% (95% confidence interval 89–99).InterpretationThe proposed diagnostic criteria for anti‐NMDAR encephalitis have good sensitivity and specificity. Incomplete criteria do not exclude the diagnosis.What this paper adds

The proposed clinical diagnostic criteria for anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis by Graus et al. (2016) have high sensitivity and specificity in paediatric patients.

The median time of fulfilling the criteria in patients with anti‐NMDAR was 2 weeks from first symptom onset.
Work‐related traumatic dental injuries: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors
Authors: Ugolini Alessandro , Parodi Giovanni Battista , Casali Claudia , Silvestrini‐Biavati Armando , Giacinti Flavio 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackground/AimsThe prevalence of work‐related oral trauma is underestimated because minor dental injuries are often not reported in patients with several injuries in different parts of the body. In addition, little data are available regarding their characteristics. The aim of this epidemiological study was to determine the prevalence, types, and characteristics of occupational traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in a large working community.Materials and MethodsWork‐related TDIs that occurred during the period between 2011 and 2013 in the District of Genoa (Northwest of Italy, 0.86 million inhabitants) were analyzed. Patients’ data were obtained from the National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work database.ResultsDuring the 2 year period, 112 TDIs (345 traumatized teeth) were recorded. The prevalence was 5.6‰ of the total amount of occupational trauma. The highest prevalence was found in the fourth and fifth decades of life (OR=3.6, P < .001), and males were injured more often than females (70.5% vs 29.5%, OR=2.8, P < .001). Service and office workers represented 52% of the sample, and construction/farm/factory workers and craftsmen were 48%. TDIs involved only teeth and surrounding tissue in 66% of cases, or in combination with another maxillofacial injury in 34%. They were statistically associated with construction/farm/factory workers group (Chi squared P < .01). Crown fracture was recorded in 34.5% of cases, subluxation/luxation in 10.7%, avulsion in 9%, root fracture in 3.8%, and concussion in 3.5%. Thirty‐two subjects (28.6%, 133 teeth, OR=4.3, P < .001) presented at least 1 traumatized tooth with previous dental treatment. Among 212 (61.4%) traumatized teeth, 67.5% were upper incisors, 17.5% were lower incisors, 3.3% were upper canines, 1.9% were lower canines, and 9.9% were bicuspids and molars.ConclusionsWork‐related TDIs had a low overall prevalence, and fractures were the most frequent dental injury. Age, gender, and preexisting dental treatments represented risk factors for work‐related TDIs.
Responding to sounds from unseen locations: crossmodal attentional orienting in response to sounds presented from the rear
Authors: Spence Charles , Lee Jae , Van der Stoep Nathan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTo date, most of the research on spatial attention has focused on probing people's responses to stimuli presented in frontal space. That is, few researchers have attempted to assess what happens in the space that is currently unseen (essentially rear space). In a sense, then, ‘out of sight’ is, very much, ‘out of mind’. In this review, we highlight what is presently known about the perception and processing of sensory stimuli (focusing on sounds) whose source is not currently visible. We briefly summarize known differences in the localizability of sounds presented from different locations in 3D space, and discuss the consequences for the crossmodal attentional and multisensory perceptual interactions taking place in various regions of space. The latest research now clearly shows that the kinds of crossmodal interactions that take place in rear space are very often different in kind from those that have been documented in frontal space. Developing a better understanding of how people respond to unseen sound sources in naturalistic environments by integrating findings emerging from multiple fields of research will likely lead to the design of better warning signals in the future. This review highlights the need for neuroscientists interested in spatial attention to spend more time researching what happens (in terms of the covert and overt crossmodal orienting of attention) in rear space.