bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of Encryption Algorithms Using the Hidden Markov Model
Authors: Ray Prabhat Kumar , Kant Shri , Roy Bimal , Basu Ayanendranath 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat The “Hidden Markov Model”, HMM for short, represents a very rich class of stochastic models which is extensively used in modeling real data. In particular it has proved to be a strong and powerful tool for classification problems in some specific application areas including speech recognition and image analysis. The model involves a complex stochastic formulation of the underlying process and the implementation is numerically somewhat involved. In this article we present some results involving the application of hidden Markov models in trying to classify a cipher text in terms of the source algorithm generating the cipher when it is known that the source algorithm belongs to a finite list of algorithms. Our specific application is based on ten source algorithms, five each of the stream cipher and block cipher types. We perform a statistical analysis of each cipher text leading to the evaluation of the posterior chances of the cipher being generated by each of the competing source algorithms. Although there are some other instances of the use of the hidden Markov model in the area of cryptology there is little literature relating to the previous use of this model in the specific context of classification of encryption algorithms, which makes it hard to judge its performance or compare it against an existing standard. However on the basis of our limited study we feel that there is clear indication to suggest that further investigation of the hidden Markov model in the context of classification of encryption algorithms may be worthwhile as they appear to lead to classification results which are clearly better than random assignment.
Designs for Searching two Two-Factor and One Three-Factor Interaction Effect Under the Tree Structure
Authors: Qin Hong , Sarkar Angshuman , Chatterjee Kashinath 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat Search designs form an indispensable tool under model uncertainty. However, the progress in this area has been limited due to com- plexities of checking the necessary rank condition for search designs. Designs for searching two two-factor and one three-factor interaction effects under a tree structure in the presence of the general mean and all the main effects are provided here. These designs are obtained under the assumption that four-factor and higher order interaction effects are all absent. Probability of correct searching obtained through simulations is also discussed.
On Nonparametric Estimation of the Density of a Non-Negative Function of Observations
Authors: Chaubey Yogendra P. , Sen Pranab K. 
Published: August 2016

Let { X1, ..., X n} be a random sample from a continuous distri- bution F defined on the k−dimensional Euclidean space Rk; for some k≥1. In many statistical applications we are interested in statistical properties of a function h( X1, ..., X m) of m ≥ 1 observations. Frees (1994, J. Amer. Stat. Assoc.) considered estimating the density function g associated with the distribution function [Formula: see text] using the kernel method. In many applications, though, the functions of interest are non-negative where the usual symmetric kernels applied in the kernel density estimation are not appropriate. This paper adapts the alter- native density estimator developed in Chaubey and Sen (1996, Statistics and Decisions) by smoothing the so called empirical kernel distribution function: [Formula: see text] where 1( A) denotes the indicator of A and [Formula: see text] denotes sum over all possible [Formula: see text] combinations. Applications and asymptotic properties of the alternative estimator are investigated.
Multiple Point Hypothesis Test Problems and Effective Numbers of Tests for Control of the Family-Wise Error Rate
Authors: Dickhaus Thorsten , Stange Jens 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat We consider a specific class of multiple test problems, consisting of M simultaneous point hypothesis tests in local statistical experiments. Under certain structural assumptions the global hypothesis contains exactly one element ϑ* (say), and ϑ* is least favourable parameter configuration with respect to the family-wise error rate (FWER) of multiple single-step tests, meaning that the FWER of such tests becomes largest under ϑ*. Further-more, it turns out that concepts of positive dependence are applicable to the involved test statistics in many practically relevant cases, in particular, for multivariate normal and chi-square distributions. Altogether, this allows for a relaxation of the adjustment for multiplicity by making use of the intrinsic correlation structure in the data. We represent product-type bounds for the FWER in terms of a relaxed Šidák-type correction of the overall significance level and compute “effective numbers of tests”. Our methodology can be applied to a variety of simultaneous inference problems for multi-dimensional (location) parameters, as frequently occurring in analysis of variance models or in the context of simultaneous categorical data analysis. For example, simultaneous chi-square tests for association of categorical features are ubiquitous in genetic association studies. In this type of model, Moskvina and Schmidt (2008) gave a formula for an effective number of tests utilizing Pearson's haplotypic correlation coeffcient as a linkage disequilibrium measure. Their result follows as a corollary from our general theory and will be gen- eralized.
Ban Estimates of Class Boundaries Under Likert-Type Scaling
Authors: Bhattacharya Tuhinsubhra , Sengupta Arindam 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat We prove that under very mild assumptions, the estimated class boundaries for the method of Likert-type scaling are Best Asymptotic Normal estimators of the true values. Also, we show that in the situation where the number of categories increases with sample size, the estimates are uniformly consistent under suitable conditions.
Comparison Among Clustering and Classification Techniques on the Basis of Galaxy Data
Authors: De Tuli , Chattopadhyay Tanuka , Chattopadhyay Asis Kumar 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat Clustering and classification of difierent astronomical objects have become one of the most important area in the field of Astrostatistics. The basic objective of cluster analysis is related to segmentation of a collection of objects into a number, may be unknown, of clusters such that objects in the same cluster are more closely related than those assigned to different clusters. Various methods are available for clustering, which may be broadly categorized under supervised and unsupervised learning. In case of supervised learning there are some input variables, called predictors and also some output variables, called responses. But in case of unsupervised learning only predictors are under consideration in the absence of responses. Under both the above mentioned categories, for clustering and classification, several methods have been developed on the basis of the underlying nature of data sets. However, there is no well known criteria to compare the performances of difierent techniques. The present paper is an attempt to compare the appli- cability of some of the clustering techniques on the basis of Gaussian and non Gaussian astronomical data sets. A post classification technique is used as a supervised learning to justify the robustness of the variety of unsupervised methods used in this purpose. Finally the similarity of clusters, obtained from different methods, is viewed in terms of astrophysical properties of the objects grouped in different clusters.
On the Admissibility of Horvitz-Thompson Strategies for Estimating Finite Population Proportions in Direct and Randomized Response Surveys
Authors: Sengupta S. 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat Ramkrishnan (1975) had proved that in an open set-up any Horvitz-Thompson strategy for estimating a finite population mean of a quantitative variable is admissible within a class of comparable unbiased strategies. Sengupta and Kundu (1989) had proved a parallel result on the admissibility of similar strategies based on fixed size sampling designs under a randomized response model. In this paper we demonstrate that neither of these results is generally true for estimating a finite population proportion but some restricted versions of the results hold good.
Why do we Attend Refresher Courses? - A Case Study of Preference Data Analysis
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Souvik , Roy Sugata Sen , Ganguli Bhaswati 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat Participants of a refresher course sponsored by the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India were asked to rank six possible reasons for attending the course. They were later also asked to rate the reasons on a five point preference scale. In this paper, our objective is to characterise and quantify the preference for these six reasons. Standard methods for the analysis of contingency tables are not appropriate for ranked preference data so we develop a variant of the y measure of association for ordinal data to examine excess preference in pairwise comparisons. The bootstrap is used to derive p-values and condence intervals for the proposed statistic. Finally, we fit a Bradley-Terry regression model to the rankings and estimate the preference for each reason in terms of ‘worth’ parameters. We repeat this analysis on the ratings data and estimate the worth parameters as functions of covariates. The model is further extended to include dependencies between the ratings. Salient results indicate that career advancement has the highest preference across all covariate classes while the preference for service to society is by far the lowest. However, the magnitude of the preferences is influenced by the number of years for which a participant has taught and whether or not he holds a doctoral degree. There are some differences in conclusions from the analysis of the ratings and rankings datasets.
Estimation and Prediction Based on K-Record Values from Logistic Distribution
Authors: Chacko Manoj , Shy Mary M. 
Published: August 2016

Abtsrcat In this paper, we consider k-record values arising from logistic distribution. We derive some recurrence relations for the single and product moments of the upper k-record values from logistic distribution. After computing the means, variances and covariances of the upper k-record values, we determine the best linear unbiased estimators for the location and scale parameters of logistic distribution. The best linear unbiased predictor of future k-record values is also determined. Finally, a real data is given to illustrate the inference procedures developed in this paper.
Do Learned Alarm Sounds Interfere With Working Memory?
Authors: Lacherez Philippe , Donaldson Liam , Burt Jennifer S. 
Published: August 2016

Objective: To assess whether identifying (or ignoring) learned alarm sounds interferes with performance on a task involving working memory. Background: A number of researchers have suggested that auditory alarms could interfere with working memory in complex task environments, and this could serve as a caution against their use. Changing auditory information has been shown to interfere with serial recall, even when the auditory information is to be ignored. However, previous researchers have not examined well-learned patterns, such as familiar alarms. Method: One group of participants learned a set of alarms (either a melody, a rhythmic pulse, or a spoken nonword phrase) and subsequently undertook a digits-forward task in three conditions (no alarms, identify the alarm, or ignore the alarm). A comparison group undertook the baseline and ignore conditions but had no prior exposure to the alarms. Results: All alarms interfered with serial recall when participants were asked to identify them; however, only the nonword phrase interfered with recall when ignored. Moreover, there was no difference between trained and untrained participants in terms of recall performance when ignoring the alarms, suggesting that previous training does not make alarms less ignorable. Conclusion: Identifying any alarm sound may interfere with immediate working memory; however, spoken alarms may interfere even when ignored. Application: It is worth considering the importance of alarms in environments requiring high working memory performance and in particular avoiding spoken alarms in such environments.
Clinicopathology of Immunoglobulin G4–Related Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis
Authors: Chang Dun‐Hao , Wu Pao‐Shu , Wang Yu‐Chen , Lin Chin‐Hsuan , Li Wing‐Yin , Ma Hsu , Perng Chern‐Kang 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with immunoglobulin G4–related chronic sclerosing sialadenitis (IgG4‐RCSS), a recently recognized disease.Study DesignCase series with chart review and pathology study.SettingsTertiary care hospital.Subjects and MethodsWe evaluated chronic sialadenitis specimens obtained over 11 years using pathologic examination and IgG4 immunohistochemistry staining. The specimens were assigned a revised diagnosis of IgG4‐RCSS or chronic sialadenitis not otherwise specified, and clinicopathologic data from each group were compared.ResultsOf the 84 patients, 21 were diagnosed with IgG4‐RCSS and 63 with chronic sialadenitis not otherwise specified. IgG4‐RCSS patients were older (68.2 ± 13.9 vs 54.2 ± 15.8 years, P =. 001), predominantly male (85.7% vs 61.9%, P =. 036), and more likely to present with painless swelling (75% vs 44.3%, P =. 001) and bilateral involvement (52.4% vs 6.3%, P <. 001). Ratio of IgG4‐positive plasma cells to IgG‐positive plasma cells in IgG4‐RCSS tissues was 0.81 ± 0.14. The mean value of serum IgG4 in IgG4‐RCSS patients was 918.8 mg/dL.ConclusionIgG4‐RCSS is more common in older male patients and frequently presents with bilateral involvement. Informing head and neck surgeons of the clinical features of IgG4‐RCSS and promoting a combined approach of clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy can improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnoses.
Medications for Allergic Rhinitis: An Opportunity for Quality Improvement?
Authors: Roditi Rachel E. , Ishman Stacey , Lee Stella , Lin Sandra , Shin Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesAdherence to the allergic rhinitis clinical practice guideline is being considered as a potential focus for national performance metrics. To help inform this discussion, we assessed patient‐ and clinician‐reported medication administration among nationally representative populations of patients with allergic rhinitis.Study DesignCross‐sectional analyses.Setting and SubjectsHome health assessments, ambulatory visits.MethodsParticipants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey / National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were assessed. The primary outcomes were the percentage of patients reporting receipt of antihistamines and/or nasal steroids among those with allergy‐related symptoms and the percentage for whom a clinician administered these medications when diagnosing allergic rhinitis. Secondary outcomes included assessments of those with worse quality of life, confirmatory allergy testing, and leukotriene receptor antagonist use.ResultsWithin the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, an estimated 29.2 million patients were diagnosed with “hay fever,” while 92.2 million were diagnosed with “allergies.” Patients with symptoms of allergic rhinitis reported that antihistamines or nasal steroids were prescribed in 21.1% to 24.0% of cases. Leukotriene receptor antagonists were given to 1.7% of those without asthma or use of other allergy medications. Within the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey / National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, observations representing 149.5 million visits for allergic rhinitis demonstrated that nasal steroids were administered in 29.6% of cases, while nonsedating and sedating antihistamines were given in 22.4% and 17.2%, respectively.ConclusionsDespite a high prevalence of allergic rhinitis, per patient report and clinician entry, a substantial number of affected patients do not receive antihistamines and nasal steroids.
Is There a Need for Repeat Radiologic Examination of Children with Esophageal Coin Foreign Body?
Authors: Dedhia Kavita , Chang Yue‐Fang , Leonardis Rachel , Chi David H. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo determine factors associated with the passage of coins. To determine the need for repeat preoperative chest x‐ray (CXR) for esophageal coin foreign body.SettingAcademic tertiary care center.DesignCase series with chart review.Subjects and MethodsPatient information was retrieved from an Institutional Review Board–approved database. We identified 1359 children with esophageal coin foreign bodies from 2001 to 2013. Patients with both initial diagnostic and immediate preoperative CXR were included.ResultsA total of 406 patients met inclusion criteria. The average age was 47 months (range, 1.8‐194 months). On preoperative CXR, the position changed in 29 patients (7%). Age, type of coin, and location of coin were all statistically significant factors affecting the passage of the coin (P <. 0001). Coins in the distal esophagus were 9.3 times more likely to pass than coins in the proximal esophagus. The longer the object was in the esophagus, the less likely it was to pass.ConclusionsThis study characterizes when esophageal coins may pass. Age, type of coin, location of coin at initial x‐ray, and length of time are all important considerations to determine if the coin will pass. This information may be used to counsel families about the likelihood of coins to pass and whether repeat x‐ray is necessary prior to surgical removal. Additionally, it may be more cost‐effective to obtain repeat films in select patients and prevent those from going to the operating theater who are more likely to pass the coin spontaneously.
Sleep Quality Among Psychiatry Residents
Authors: Carvalho Aguiar Melo Matias , das Chagas Medeiros Francisco , Meireles Sales de Bruin Veralice , Pinheiro Santana José Abraão , Bastos Lima Alexandre , De Francesco Daher Elizabeth 
Published: August 2016

Objective: Medical residency programs are traditionally known for long working hours, which can be associated with a poor quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness. However, few studies have focused on this theme. Our objective was to investigate sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and their relation with anxiety, social phobia, and depressive symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study involved 59 psychiatry residents. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to measure the quality of sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness ([EDS] and ESS > 10), respectively. Results: Among the 59 psychiatry residents, 59.3% had poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) and 28.8% had EDS. Poor sleep quality was associated with higher EDS ( P = 0.03) and the year of residency program ( P = 0.03). Only 20% of residents with poor sleep had consulted at least once for sleep problems; 54.2% had used medications for sleep; and 16.9% were using medications at the time of interview. Only 30% obtained medication during medical consultations. Poor sleep was associated with irregular sleep hours ( P = 0.001) and long periods lying down without sleep ( P = 0.03). Poor sleep quality was also associated with high scores of anxiety symptoms ( P < 0.001) and social phobia symptoms ( P = 0.02). Conclusion: Psychiatry residents frequently have poor sleep quality and EDS. Considering that sleep disorders can affect quality of life, predispose to metabolic syndrome, and be associated with worse performance at work, attention to this clinical problem is needed.
An Epidemiological Profile of CrossFit Athletes in Brazil
Authors: Sprey Jan W.C. , Ferreira Thiago , de Lima Marcos V. , Duarte Aires , Jorge Pedro B. , Santili Claudio 
Published: August 2016

Background: CrossFit is a conditioning and training program that has been gaining recognition and interest among the physically active population. Approximately 440 certified and registered CrossFit fitness centers and gyms exist in Brazil, with approximately 40,000 athletes. To date, there have been no epidemiological studies about the CrossFit athlete in Brazil. Purpose: To evaluate the profile, sports history, training routine, and presence of injuries among athletes of CrossFit. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on a questionnaire administered to CrossFit athletes from various specialized fitness centers in Brazil. Data were collected from May 2015 to July 2015 through an electronic questionnaire that included demographic data, level of sedentary lifestyle at work, sports training history prior to starting CrossFit, current sports activities, professional monitoring, and whether the participants experienced any injuries while practicing CrossFit. Results: A total of 622 questionnaires were received, including 566 (243 women [42.9%] and 323 men [57.1%]) that were completely filled out and met the inclusion criteria and 9% that were incompletely filled out. Overall, 176 individuals (31.0%) mentioned having experienced some type of injury while practicing CrossFit. We found no significant difference in injury incidence rates regarding demographic data. There was no significant difference regarding previous sports activities because individuals who did not practice prior physical activity showed very similar injury rates to those who practiced at any level. Conclusion: CrossFit injury rates are comparable to those of other recreational or competitive sports, and the injuries show a profile similar to weight lifting, power lifting, weight training, Olympic gymnastics, and running, which have an injury incidence rate nearly half that of soccer.
Endo-lysosomal TRP mucolipin-1 channels trigger global ER Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx
Authors: Kilpatrick Bethan S. , Yates Elizabeth , Grimm Christian , Schapira Anthony H. , Patel Sandip 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Transient receptor potential (TRP) mucolipins (TRPMLs), encoded by the MCOLN genes, are patho-physiologically relevant endo-lysosomal ion channels crucial for membrane trafficking. Several lines of evidence suggest that TRPMLs mediate localised Ca2+ release but their role in Ca2+ signalling is not clear. Here, we show that activation of endogenous and recombinant TRPMLs with synthetic agonists evoked global Ca2+ signals in human cells. These signals were blocked by a dominant-negative TRPML1 construct and a TRPML antagonist. We further show that, despite a predominant lysosomal localisation, TRPML1 supports both Ca2+ release and Ca2+ entry. Ca2+ release required lysosomal and ER Ca2+ stores suggesting that TRPMLs, like other endo-lysosomal Ca2+ channels, are capable of ‘chatter’ with ER Ca2+ channels. Our data identify new modalities for TRPML1 action.