bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Scales to Assess Parental Instrumental Social Support and Influence on Provision of Social Support for Physical Activity in Children
Authors: Dominick Gregory M. , Saunders Ruth , Kenison Kelli 
Published: August 2016

Background:An important influence on youth physical activity (PA) is the provision of instrumental social support (ISS) by parents and other adults. Limited research exists about factors that influence parental provision of ISS for youth PA. Following a theory-based conceptual model, a measure for assessing ISS for PA was developed from elicitation survey results. The purpose of this paper is to describe elicitation methodology and ISS instrument development.Methods:Parents (N = 37) of children (5–14 years) responded to open-ended questions assessing modal beliefs about their provision of ISS for PA regarding a) positive/negative beliefs, b) normative beliefs, c) self-efficacy (SE), and d) ISS for PA. Data were analyzed qualitatively.Results:ISS behaviors reported by parents include enroll/sign-up youth for structured PA, paying expenses for participation in structured/unstructured PA, and providing transportation for unstructured/structured PA. Child health and fitness (benefits), and time/scheduling conflicts (barriers) were most frequently reported behavioral beliefs. Family members were most frequently identified as specific referents for normative beliefs. Final instrument scales yielded moderately high internal consistency reliability scores.Conclusions:When developing scales not previously assessed in a population, eliciting modal beliefs about a behavior is an important formative step in instrument development.
Development of the Physical Activity Index as a Measure of Total Activity Load and Total Kilocalorie Expenditure During Submaximal Walking
Authors: Smith Kimberly A. , Gallagher Michael , Hays Anne E. , Goss Fredric L. , Robertson Robert 
Published: August 2016

Background:Pedometers are most accurate at measuring steps, less accurate at estimating distance, and even less accurate at estimating kilocalorie expenditure. The purpose of this investigation was to create a Physical Activity Index (PAI) using pedometer step counts and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to enhance the ability to estimate kilocalorie expenditure during walking exercise.Methods:Thirty-two females performed 3 counterbalanced walking bouts. During each bout, oxygen consumption, RPE, and step counts were measured. The PAI was calculated as the product of RPE and step count for each of the bouts.Results:Concurrent validation of the PAI was established using VO2 as the criterion variable. A multiple regression analysis revealed a strong, positive relation between PAI score and VO2 (r = .91). Data were then used to develop a statistical model to estimate kcal expenditure using the PAI score as the predictor variable.Conclusion:The PAI was found to be an accurate method of estimating kcal expenditure and is a simple, unobtrusive and inexpensive tool which may be used in public health settings.
Prevalence and Correlates of Dog Walking Among Japanese Dog Owners
Authors: Oka Koichiro , Shibata Ai 
Published: August 2016

Background:Exploring the detailed pattern and correlates of dog walking is crucial to designing effective interventions to increase the proportion of dog walkers. The current study examined the prevalence and pattern of dog walking, the association between dog walking and health-related physical activity, and the correlates of dog walking among dog owners in Japan.Methods:Japanese dog owners’ (n = 930) responses to an Internet-based cross-sectional survey were analyzed. A self-reported measure of physical activity, dog walking characteristics, and sociodemographic and dog-specific variables were obtained. Analyses of covariance and multivariate logistic regressions were used.Results:Overall, 64.4% of the surveyed dog owners walked their dogs. On an average, they walked their dogs 214.1 ± 189.5 minutes per week. The dog walkers were 3.47 times more likely to meet physical activity recommendations, were significantly less likely to be unmarried (OR = 0.61), and had higher levels of attachment with their dogs (OR = 2.32) than the nondog walkers.Conclusion:The findings confirmed that dog walking significantly helps dog owners meet physical activity recommendations for health and revealed that dog-specific factors such as dog attachment might be stronger correlates of dog walking than sociodemographic factors.
Associations Between Physical Activity and Overweight Among U.S. Youth by Immigrant Generation: Results From the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health
Authors: Ross Sharon E. Taverno , Francis Lori A. , BeLue Rhonda Z. , Viruell-Fuentes Edna A. 
Published: August 2016

Background:This study examines relations between parent and youth physical activity (PA; days per week), sports participation, and overweight (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) among U.S. youth, and whether this relationship varies by immigrant generation and sex.Methods:Participants included 28,691 youth ages 10–17 years from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health. Youth were grouped into first, second, and third or higher generation. Primary analyses include Chi-square and post hoc tests to assess mean differences, and adjusted logistic regressions to test associations between weight status and independent variables.Results:Each additional day youth participated in PA decreased their odds of overweight (OW) by 10% [OR: 0.90 (0.87–0.94)]; participation in sports significantly reduced their odds of OW by 17% [OR: 0.83 (0.71–0.98)]. First generation boys who participated in sports had 70% lower odds of OW [OR: 0.30 (0.11–0.83)] compared with first generation boys who did not participate in sports. For third generation girls, participation in sports reduced the odds of OW by 23% [OR: 0.77 (0.62–0.96)] compared with those who did not participate in sports.Conclusion:The protective influence of PA on youth’s risk of OW varies by immigrant generation and sex. Parent PA was not related to youth’s risk of OW.
Predictors of Adherence to Supervised and Unsupervised Exercise in the Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Courneya Kerry S. , Karvinen Kristina H. , McNeely Margaret L. , Campbell Kristin L. , Brar Sony , Woolcott Christy G. , McTiernan Anne , Ballard-Barbash Rachel , Friedenreich Christine M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Few studies have examined the predictors of adherence separately for supervised and unsupervised exercise or in postmenopausal women over an extended time period. Here, we report the predictors of exercise adherence in the Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention (ALPHA) Trial.Methods:The ALPHA trial randomized 160 postmenopausal women in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada to an exercise intervention that consisted of an average of 200 min/wk of supervised (123 minutes) and unsupervised (77 minutes) exercise over a 1-year period. Baseline data were collected on demographic, health-related fitness, quality of life, and motivational variables from the theory of planned behavior.Results:Participants completed an average of 95% of their supervised exercise and 79% of their unsupervised exercise. In multivariate analyses, 8.1% (P = .001) of the variance was explained for supervised exercise by being from Edmonton (β = 0.22; P = .004) and older (β = 0.15; P = .050). For unsupervised exercise, 21.1% (P < .001) of the variance was explained by being from Calgary (β = –0.39; P < .001), having a family history of breast cancer (β = 0.21; P = .003), and having higher vitality (β = 0.19; P = .011).Conclusions:Predictors of adherence may differ for supervised and unsupervised exercise, moreover, predicting adherence to supervised exercise may be particularly difficult in well-controlled efficacy trials.
Influence of Moderate, Daily Physical Activity On Body Composition and Blood Lipid Profile in Swedish Adults
Authors: Pagels Peter , Raustorp Anders , Archer Trevor , Lidman Ulf , Alricsson Marie 
Published: August 2016

Background:Health organizations suggest that adults ought to engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity daily physical activity. This study investigated the effects of a 30-minute single daily bout of brisk walking upon risk factors for coronary heart disease with blood lipid profile in particular.Methods:Thirty-three (25–45 y) adults, were randomly assigned into an exercise group (EG; n = 16, 9w) and a control group (CG; n = 17, 6w). The EG walked briskly 30 minutes daily during the 3-week test period. Compliance/adherence was maximal throughout the 3-week intervention due to stringent daily monitoring.Results:The EG showed a significant decrease in concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) during the intervention period. A significant inverse correlation between Δ energy expenditure/day and Δ LDL-C (r = –0.39, P < .05) and an improvement in weight and BMI in the EG was found. Average steps during 30 minutes brisk walking bout was 3669 steps/bout generating a mean energy expenditure of 191 kcal/ bout.Conclusions:The most unique findings were that daily single bouts of moderate-intensity physical activity for 30 minutes, during 3 weeks, induced favorable effects upon body weight, BMI, and blood concentration of LDL-C and TC in healthy adults.
Validation of Secondary Commercial Data Sources for Physical Activity Facilities in Urban and Nonurban Settings
Authors: Han Euna , Powell Lisa , Slater Sandy , Quinn Christopher 
Published: August 2016

Background:Secondary data are often necessary to assess the availability of commercial physical activity (PA) facilities and examine its association with individual behaviors and outcomes, yet the validity of such sources has been explored only in a limited number of studies.Methods:Field data were collected on the presence and attributes of commercial PA facilities in a random sample of 30 urban, 15 suburban, and 15 rural Census tracts in the Chicago metropolitan statistical area and surrounding area.Results:Approximately 40% of PA establishments in the field data were listed for both urban and nonurban tracts in both lists except for nonurban tracts in D&B (35%), which was significantly improved in the combined list of D&B and InfoUSA. Approximately one-quarter of the PA facilities listed in D&B were found on the ground, whereas 40% to 50% of PA facilities listed in InfoUSA were found on the ground. PA establishments that offered instruction programs or lessons or that had a court or pool were less likely to be listed, particularly in the nonurban tracts.Conclusions:Secondary commercial business lists on PA facilities should be used with caution in assessing the built environment.
Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation during the Star Excursion Balance Tests
Authors: Earl Jennifer Erin , Hertel Jay 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To identify integrated EMG (I-EMG) activity of 6 lower-extremity muscles during the 8 Star Excursion Balance Tests (SEBTs).Design and Setting:Repeated measures, laboratory setting.Subjects:10 healthy young adults.Interventions:The SEBTs require the subject to balance on the stance leg and maximally reach with the contralateral foot along each of 8 lines extending from a common axis at 45° intervals.Measures:I-EMG activity of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), medial hamstring (MH), biceps femoris (BF), anterior tibialis (AT), and gas-trocnemius.Results:Significant differences were found in all muscles (P< .05) except the gastrocnemius (P= .08). VMO and VL activity tended to be greatest with anteriorly directed excursions, whereas the MH and BF activity were greatest with posteriorly directed excursions. AT activity was lowest with the lateral excursion.Conclusions:Performance of the different SEBTs results in different lower-extremity muscle-activation patterns.
The Effect of General Anesthesia on Passive-Knee-Extension Range of Motion
Authors: Dompier Thomas P. , Denegar Craig R. , Buckley W.E. , Miller S. John , Hertel Jay , Sebastianelli Wayne J. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Flexibility is promoted as essential to physical fitness, but the mechanisms limiting it are not fully understood.Objective:To investigate the effects of general anesthesia on hamstring extensibility.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Hospital operating room.Subjects:Eight volunteers undergoing orthopedic surgeries unrelated to the tested limb.Measurement:Three measurements of passive knee extension (PKE) taken before and after administration of general anesthesia. The force applied during the measurements was consistent between trials.Results:Mean PKE range of motion (ROM) was significantly greater before anesthesia (75.0° ± 11.8°) than after (53.3° ± 17°; t = 5.6, P < .001). Pearson product correlation revealed a significant correlation between the mean difference in PKE ROM between treatment conditions and subjects’ body weight (r = .91, P < .05).Conclusions:The findings might be attributable to diminished neural drive to the antagonist muscle groups and suggest a more complex neural control of flexibility than simply neural drive to an agonist muscle.
Changes in Isokinetic Muscle Strength of the Lower Extremity in Recreational Athletes with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Urabe Yukio , Ochi Mitsuo , Onari Kiyoshi 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To investigate changes in muscle strength in the lower extremity after ACL reconstruction.Design:Prospective case series.Dependent Variables:Isokinetic muscle strength measured in 6 movements (hip extension/flexion, hip adduction/abduction, knee extension/flexion) and circumference of the thigh/calf.Setting:Clinic and home.Patients:44 (24 men, 20 women) between the ages of 16 and 47 years with an ACL rupture. All underwent reconstruction via a semitendinosus autograft.Main Outcome Measures:The peak torque for each joint movement was recorded. Repeated-measures ANOVA and power analysis were conducted to detect significant interaction effects.Results:The decline of muscle strength after ACL reconstruction remained not only in the knee extensors and flexors but also in the hip adductors.Conclusion:Rehabilitation programs that address the behavioral patterns and physiological characteristics of an ACL injury will benefit the athlete’s whole body and lead to a full recovery.
Postrehabilitation Outcomes of Muscle Power (Torque-Acceleration Energy) in Patients with Selected Shoulder Dysfunctions
Authors: Manske Robert C. , Davies George J. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Most patients on an index concentric isokinetic test of the shoulder internal and external rotators have significant torque-acceleration-energy (TAE) deficits.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation on muscle power in patients with shoulder dysfunctions.Design:Prospective, pretest–posttest.Setting:Physical therapy clinic.Participants:67, mean age 28.7 ± 12.89 years.Main Outcome Measures:Concentric shoulder internal and external rotators measured with arm at 90° of abduction, 90° of elbow flexion. Isokinetic velocities tested: 60°, 180°, and 300°/s.Results:A paired t test (P < .05) compared the differences from index to discharge test for involved and uninvolved internal and external shoulder rotators. Percentages of TAE deficits involved vs uninvolved on discharge and change in TAE from index to discharge were also analyzed. Significant improvement of the involved shoulder for all velocities for both internal and external rotators was seen. The uninvolved extremity saw statistically significant improvements at all velocities for external rotators yet only at 300°/s for internal rotators. Involved-extremity TAE deficits returned to within 10% on discharge.Conclusions:The study demonstrated improved muscle power as measured by TAE in shoulder internal and external rotators in a sample of patients treated in an outpatient clinic.
Intertester Reproducibility of the Isokinetic LIDO-Back System
Authors: Saur Petra , Koch Dagmar , Steinmetz Ulrich , Czech Michaela , Pfingsten Michael , Hildebrandt Jan 
Published: August 2016

Context:Trunk flexion and extension in normal participants using the Biodex and a LIDO-Back isokinetic trunk dynamometer.Objective:Assessment of interreproducibility of the isokinetic LIDO-Back system.Design and Setting:Intertester reproducibility study in a tertiary-care center (outpatient rehabilitation).Participants:10 healthy individuals (4 women and 6 men) with a mean age of 29 years.Main Outcome Measures:Intertester reproducibility correlations of the isokinetic LIDO-Back. Measurements of 2 therapists were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,1).Results:For the flexion parameters the ICCs were between .86 and .98, and for extension, between .63 and .78.Conclusions:A high intertester reproducibility relating to measurements of the LIDO-Back isokinetic trunk dynamometer was demonstrated. Intertester-reproducibility studies should become a routine method in the rehabilitation process.
The Effects of Ice Massage on Maximum Isokinetic-Torque Production
Authors: Borgmeyer Jeffrey A. , Scott Bradley A. , Mayhew Jerry L. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The effect of ice massage on muscle-strength performance is equivocal.Objective:To determine the effects of ice massage on maximum isokinetic torque produced during a 20-minute interval.Design:Participants performed a maximal isokinetic contraction of the right arm at 30°/s every 2 minutes for 20 minutes, once after a 10-minute ice massage over the right biceps brachii muscle belly and once without ice treatment. Sessions were randomized.Participants:11 college men.Measurements:Torque was measured with a Cybex® II dynamometer. Biceps skinfold was measured with a Harpenden caliper.Results:A repeated-measures ANCOVA revealed no significant interaction between time and treatment condition when the effect of skinfold thickness was held constant. A main effect for time indicated that torque production was significantly higher at 4 and 8 minutes and declined thereafter.Conclusions:A 10-minute ice massage neither enhanced nor retarded muscle-force output and thus may be used for its pain-reducing effect to allow resistance exercise during the rehabilitation process
The Effect of Select Shoulder Exercises on Strength, Active Angle Reproduction, Single-Arm Balance, and Functional Performance
Authors: Padua Darin A. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Prentice William E. , Schneider Robert E. , Shields Edgar W. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine whether select shoulder exercises influence shoulder-rotation strength, active angle reproduction (AAR), single-arm dynamic stability, and functional throwing performance in healthy individuals.Design:Pretest–posttest.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:54, randomly placed in 4 training groups.Intervention:Four 5-week training protocols.Main Outcome Measures:Average shoulder-rotation torque, AAR, single-arm dynamic stability, and functional throwing performance.Results:Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed a significant group-by-test interaction for average torque (P > .05). Post hoc analyses revealed significantly increased average torque in the open kinetic chain and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) groups after training. AAR and sway velocity were not affected in any of the groups (P > .05), but functional performance revealed a significant group-by-test interaction (P < .05). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that the PNF group significantly improved after training (P < .05).Conclusions:Shoulder strength can be improved in healthy individuals, but improvements depend on the exercise performed. Shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control were unchanged in all groups, but functional performance improved in the PNF group
Contrast-Bath Therapy and Sensation Over the Anterior Talofibular Ligament
Authors: Cotts Billy E. , Knight Kenneth L. , Myrer J. William , Schulthies Shane S. 
Published: August 2016

Context:It has been suggested that contrast-bath therapy alters sensation and enables patients to return to exercise more quickly.Objective:To determine whether contrast-bath therapy alters sensation of pressure in the ankle.Design:A 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design with repeated measures on 2 factors. Independent variables included gender, time (preapplication and 1, 6, and 11 min postapplication), and treatment (control, cold bath, hot bath, and contrast bath).Setting:Laboratory.Participants:12 men and 12 women, college track athletes actively engaged in preseason workouts 5-6 days/wk.Interventions:Sensation of pressure was tested preapplication and 1, 6, and 11 min postapplication. Each treatment lasted 20 min.Main Outcome Measure:Sensation of pressure at baseline and 1, 6, and 11 min postapplication over the anterior talofibular ligament of the right ankle.Results:There was no difference between genders. Sensation of pressure was greater for the heat condition than the other 3 conditions at 1 and 6 min postapplication. During the heating condition, sensation of pressure was greater at 1 and 6 min postapplication than during preapplication. During the contrast condition, sensation of pressure was less at 6 min postapplication than during preapplication.Conclusion:Contrast- and cold-bath therapy (at 13 °C) do not affect numbness.
Assessing Functional Ankle Instability with Joint Position Sense, Time to Stabilization, and Electromyography
Authors: Brown Cathleen , Ross Scott , Mynark Rick , Guskiewicz Kevin 
Published: August 2016

Context:Functional ankle instability (FAI) is difficult to identify and quantify.Objective:To compare joint position sense (JPS), time to stabilization (TTS), and electromy-ography (EMG) of ankle musculature in recreational athletes with and without FAI.Design:Case-control compared with t tests and ANOVAs.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:20 recreational athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Passive angle reproduction, TTS, and mean EMG amplitude of the tibialis anterior, peroneals, lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles during single-leg-jump landing.Results:No differences in JPS or medial-lateral TTS measures between groups. Significantly longer anterior-posterior TTS (P < .05) in the unstable ankle group. The stable ankle group had significantly higher mean EMG soleus amplitude after landing (P < .05). No other significant differences were found for mean EMG amplitudes before or after landing.Conclusions:Subjects with FAI demonstrated deficits in landing stability and soleus muscle activity during landing that may represent chronic adaptive changes following injury.
A Comparison of Intramuscular Temperatures during 10-Minute 1.0-MHz Ultrasound Treatments at Different Intensities
Authors: Leonard Jamie , Merrick Mark , Ingersoll Chris , Cordova Mitchell 
Published: August 2016

Context:Research on therapeutic ultrasound has not focused on the duration needed to cause thermal change with various ultrasound intensities.Objective:To analyze triceps surae intramuscular temperature using 4 intensity levels after a 10-min 1-MHz continuous ultrasound treatment at a depth of 4 cm.Design:1 × 4 repeated measures. Independent variable: intensity of 4 levels—0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 W/cm2. Dependent variable: peak intramuscular temperature.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:19 volunteers with no lower leg pathologies.Intervention:Treatment order was balanced via Latin square and performed 24 hr apart.Main Outcome Measures:Peak intramuscular temperatures.Results:The only significant difference detected was that the mean temperature after the 1.0-W/cm2 treatment (37.3 °C) was greater than that at 2.0-W/cm2 intensity (36.1 °C). No treatment reached the desired 4° increase needed for therapeutic efficacy.Conclusions:Treatments at 1.0 W/cm2 increased tissue temperatures more than those at 2.0 W/cm2.