bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fire severity alters the distribution of pyrogenic carbon stocks across ecosystem pools in a Californian mixed‐conifer forest
Authors: Maestrini Bernardo , Alvey Erin C. , Hurteau Matthew D. , Safford Hugh , Miesel Jessica R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPyrogenic carbon (PyC) is hypothesized to play an important role in the carbon (C) cycle due to its resistance to decomposition; however, much uncertainty still exists regarding the stocks of PyC that persist on‐site after the initial erosion in postfire forests. Therefore, understanding how fire characteristics influence PyC stocks is vital, particularly in the context of California forests for which an increase of high‐severity fires is predicted over the next decades. We measured forest C and persistent PyC stocks in areas burned by low‐to‐moderate and high‐severity fire, as well as in adjacent unburned areas in a California mixed‐conifer forest, 2 to 3 years after wildfire. We measured C and PyC stocks in the following compartments: standing trees, downed wood, forest floor, and mineral soil (0–5 cm), and we identified PyC using the weak nitric acid digestion method. We found that the total stock of PyC did not differ among fire severity classes (overall mean 248 ± 30 g C m−2); however, fire severity influenced the distribution of PyC in the individual compartments. Areas burned by high‐severity fire had 2.5 times more PyC stocked in the coarse woody debris (p < 0.05), 3.3 times more PyC stocked in standing trees (p < 0.05), and a lower PyC stock in the forest floor (−22%, p < 0.05) compared to low‐to‐moderate fire severity areas. These results have important implications for the permanence time of PyC, which is putatively higher in standing trees and coarse woody debris compared to the forest floor, where it is susceptible to rapid losses through erosion.
3D Inkjet Printing of Electronics Using UV Conversion
Authors: Saleh Ehab , Zhang Fan , He Yinfeng , Vaithilingam Jayasheelan , Fernandez Javier Ledesma , Wildman Ricky , Ashcroft Ian , Hague Richard , Dickens Phill , Tuck Christopher 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe production of electronic circuits and devices is limited by current manufacturing methods that limit both the form and potentially the performance of these systems. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a technology that has been shown to provide cross‐sectoral manufacturing industries with significant geometrical freedom. A research domain known as multifunctional AM (MFAM) in its infancy looks to couple the positive attributes of AM with application in the electronics sector can have a significant impact on the development of new products; however, there are significant hurdles to overcome. This paper reports on the single step MFAM of 3D electronic circuitry within a polymeric structure using a combination of conductive and nonconductive materials within a single material jetting‐based AM system. The basis of this breakthrough is a study of the optical absorption regions of a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) conductive ink which leads to a novel method to rapidly process and sinter AgNP inks in ambient conditions using simple UV radiation contemporaneously with UV‐curing of deposited polymeric structures.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Multiaryl‐substituted Naphthols via a Removable Directing Group
Authors: Wang Lianhui , Yu Yunliang , Yang Mengqi , Kuai Changsheng , Cai Dingding , Yu Jinfeng , Cui Xiuling 
Published: August 2017

AbstractArene homologation employing internal alkynes as coupling partners and 2‐pyridyloxyl as directing group through dual C−H bond functionalization was accomplished using (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)‐rhodium(III) chloride dimer as a pre‐catalyst. This protocol proved tolerant of synthetically valuable functional groups, and provided an expeditious access to highly congested naphthalene derivatives in moderate to good yields. Furthermore, the pyridyl moiety could be removed to furnish the versatile (OH)‐free naphthols.magnified image
Fractal Electrochemical Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Hota Mrinal K. , Jiang Qiu , Mashraei Yousof , Salama Khaled N. , Alshareef Husam N. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe first successful fabrication of microsupercapacitors (μ‐SCs) using fractal electrode designs is reported. Using sputtered anhydrous RuO2 thin‐film electrodes as prototypes, μ‐SCs are fabricated using Hilbert, Peano, and Moore fractal designs, and their performance is compared to conventional interdigital electrode structures. Microsupercapacitor performance, including energy density, areal and volumetric capacitances, changes with fractal electrode geometry. Specifically, the μ‐SCs based on the Moore design show a 32% enhancement in energy density compared to conventional interdigital structures, when compared at the same power density and using the same thin‐film RuO2 electrodes. The energy density of the Moore design is 23.2 mWh cm−3 at a volumetric power density of 769 mW cm−3. In contrast, the interdigital design shows an energy density of only 17.5 mWh cm−3 at the same power density. We show that active electrode surface area cannot alone explain the increase in capacitance and energy density. We propose that the increase in electrical lines of force, due to edging effects in the fractal electrodes, also contribute to the higher capacitance. This study shows that electrode fractal design is a viable strategy for improving the performance of integrated μ‐SCs that use thin‐film electrodes at no extra processing or fabrication cost.
Gender Differences in Language of Standardized Letter of Evaluation Narratives for Emergency Medicine Residency Applicants
Authors: Li Simiao , Fant Abra L. , McCarthy Danielle M. , Miller Danielle , Craig Jill , Kontrick Amy 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveWhile gender differences in language for letters of recommendation have been identified in other fields, no prior studies have evaluated the narrative portion of the emergency medicine (EM) standardized letter of evaluation (SLOE). We aim to examine the differences in language used to describe male and female applicants within the SLOE narrative.MethodsInvited applicants to a 4‐year academic EM residency program within a single application year with a SLOE were included in the sample. Exclusion criteria were SLOE of applicants from non–Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) schools or first rotation SLOE not available for download. Data were collected on applicant gender, age, rotation grade, Alpha Omega Alpha designation, and medical school rank. The previously validated Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program was used to analyze frequency of words within categories relevant to letters of recommendation. Descriptive statistics, t‐tests, and chi‐square tests were employed in analysis.ResultsOf 1,025 applicants within a single application year, 265 were invited to interview; 237 applicants had a first rotation SLOE available for analysis. There were no differences between male and female applicants for baseline characteristics. The median word count per SLOE narrative was 199; within the LIWC dictionary and user‐defined categories, words within the categories of affiliation and ability appeared more frequently for female applicants.ConclusionsOur results with respect to the SLOE narrative reinforce prior research that letters of recommendation for female applicants highlight communal characteristics of teamwork, helpfulness, and compassion. Contrary to prior research, ability words highlighting intelligence and skill appeared with greater frequency for female applicants. No pervasive differences were found in other word categories. In this sample, the standardized format of the SLOE resulted in letters that were relatively free of gender bias.
Housing and Child Welfare: Emerging Evidence and Implications for Scaling up Services
Authors: Fowler Patrick J. , Farrell Anne F. , Marcal Katherine E. , Chung Saras , Hovmand Peter S. 
Published: August 2017

Highlights

A review of housing interventions reveals systemic constraints for scale‐up in child welfare.
Current practices that target highest risk families may diminish effectiveness and increase demand.
Scale‐up provides opportunities to better coordinate housing services with the child welfare system
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A distinctive histidine residue is essential for in vivo glycation‐inactivation of human CD59 transgenically expressed in mice erythrocytes: Implications for human diabetes complications
Authors: Sahoo Rupam , Ghosh Pamela , Chorev Michael , Halperin Jose A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractClinical and experimental evidences support a link between the complement system and the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. CD59, an extracellular cell membrane‐anchored protein, inhibits formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), the main effector of complement‐mediated tissue damage. This complement regulatory activity of human CD59 (hCD59) is inhibited by hyperglycemia‐induced ɛ‐amino glycation of Lys41. Biochemical and structural analyses of glycated proteins with known three‐dimensional structure revealed that glycation of ɛ‐amino lysyl residues occurs predominantly at “glycation motives” that include lysyl/lysyl pairs or proximity of a histidyl residue, in which the imidazolyl moiety is ≈ 5Å from the ɛ‐amino group. hCD59 contains a distinctive Lys41/His44 putative glycation motif within its active site. In a model of transgenic diabetic mice expressing in erythrocytes either the wild type or a H44Q mutant form of hCD59, we demonstrate in vivo that the His44 is required for Lys41 glycation and consequent functional inactivation of hCD59, as evidenced using a mouse erythrocytes hemolytic assay. Since (1) the His44 residue is not present in CD59 from other animal species and (2) humans are particularly prone to develop complications of diabetes, our results indicate that the Lys41/His44 glycation motif in human CD59 may confer humans a higher risk of developing vascular disease in response to hyperglycemia.
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 controls iron homeostasis in mice independent of Bmp6
Authors: Canali Susanna , Wang Chia‐Yu , Zumbrennen‐Bullough Kimberly B. , Bayer Abraham , Babitt Jodie L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHepcidin is a key iron regulatory hormone that controls expression of the iron exporter ferroportin to increase the iron supply when needed to support erythropoiesis and other essential functions, but to prevent the toxicity of iron excess. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐SMAD signaling pathway, through the ligand BMP6 and the co‐receptor hemojuvelin, is a central regulator of hepcidin transcription in the liver in response to iron. Here, we show that dietary iron loading has a residual ability to induce Smad signaling and hepcidin expression in Bmp6‐/‐ mice, effects that are blocked by a neutralizing BMP2/4 antibody. Moreover, BMP2/4 antibody inhibits hepcidin expression and induces iron loading in wildtype mice, whereas a BMP4 antibody has no effect. Bmp2 mRNA is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells of the liver, where its baseline expression is higher, but its induction by iron is less robust than Bmp6. Mice with a conditional ablation of Bmp2 in endothelial cells exhibit hepcidin deficiency, serum iron overload, and tissue iron loading in liver, pancreas and heart, with reduced spleen iron. Together, these data demonstrate that in addition to BMP6, endothelial cell BMP2 has a non‐redundant role in hepcidin regulation by iron.
Chemotaxis‐Guided Hybrid Neutrophil Micromotors for Targeted Drug Transport
Authors: Shao Jingxin , Xuan Mingjun , Zhang Hongyue , Lin Xiankun , Wu Zhiguang , He Qiang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEngineering self‐propelled micromotors with good biocompatibility and biodegradability for actively seeking disease sites and targeted drug transport remains a huge challenge. In this study, neutrophils with intrinsic chemotaxis capability were transformed into self‐guided hybrid micromotors by integrating mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with high loading capability. To ensure the compatibility of neutrophil cells with drug‐loaded MSNs, bacteria membranes derived from E. coli were coated on MSNs in advance by a camouflaging strategy. The resulting biohybrid micromotors inherited the characteristic chemotaxis capability of native neutrophils and could effectively move along the chemoattractant gradients produced by E. coli. Our studies suggest that this camouflaging approach, which favors the uptake of MSNs into neutrophils without loss of cellular activity and motility, could be used to construct synthetic nanoparticle‐loaded biohybrid micromotors for advanced biomedical applications.
Deuterium‐ and Tritium‐Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences
Authors: Atzrodt Jens , Derdau Volker , Kerr William J. , Reid Marc 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium‐labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass‐spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Chlorocyanation of Alkynes
Authors: Barrado Alejandro G. , Zieliński Adam , Goddard Richard , Alcarazo Manuel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA variety of terminal and internal alkynes were converted regio‐ and stereoselectively into (Z)‐3‐chloroacrylonitriles by treatment with BCl3 in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of imidazolium thiocyanates. These products could be readily functionalized to provide useful building blocks, thus demonstrating the synthetic value of the method. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest initial activation of the cationic thiocyanate by the Lewis acid, followed by electrophilic attack of the alkyne. The syn addition of a chloride to the vinyl cation intermediate and final elimination of the thiourea unit afford the desired chloroacrylonitriles.
Anionic Palladium(0) and Palladium(II) Ate Complexes
Authors: Kolter Marlene , Böck Katharina , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Koszinowski Konrad 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPalladium ate complexes are frequently invoked as important intermediates in Heck and cross‐coupling reactions, but so far have largely eluded characterization at the molecular level. Here, we use electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry, electrical conductivity measurements, and NMR spectroscopy to show that the electron‐poor catalyst [L3Pd] (L=tris[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine) readily reacts with Br−ions to afford the anionic, zero‐valent ate complex [L3PdBr]−. In contrast, more‐electron‐rich Pd catalysts display lower tendencies toward the formation of ate complexes. Combining [L3Pd] with LiI and an aryl iodide substrate (ArI) results in the observation of the PdIIate complex [L2Pd(Ar)I2]−.
Self‐assembling chitosan hydrogel: A drug‐delivery device enabling the sustained release of proteins
Authors: Kiene Klara , Porta Fabiola , Topacogullari Buket , Detampel Pascal , Huwyler Jörg 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe development of a self‐assembling hydrogel, prepared from maleimide‐modified and thiolated chitosan (CS), is described. Under mild reaction conditions, the natural CS polymer was coupled with either maleimide or sulfhydryl moieties in a one‐step synthesis. Subsequently, these CS polymers spontaneously formed a covalently crosslinked CS hydrogel when mixed. The three‐dimensional network structure was visualized with scanning electron microscopy. The swelling and degradation behavior was evaluated, and viscosity measurements were conducted. The gel was loaded with the model protein albumin, and prolonged release was achieved. These properties were preserved after lyophilization and rehydration. This makes the hydrogel a promising scaffold for biological wound dressings for the treatment of chronic wounds. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45638.
Differential Distribution of Renal Nerves in the Sympathetic Ganglia of the Rat
Authors: Maeda Seishi , Fujihira Mayumi , Minato Yusuke , Kuwahara‐Otani Sachi , Tanaka Koichi , Hayakawa Tetsu , Yagi Hideshi 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe renal nerve plexus comprises efferent and afferent fibers. It controls urine production and bodily fluid homeostasis. Efferent fibers to the kidney include sympathetic nerve fibers from their main ganglia, the prevertebral suprarenal ganglia (SrG), and the paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia (ChG). In the present study, we examined topological innervation from these ganglia to the renal parenchymal segments of the left kidney of the rat. Fluoro‐Gold was injected into the rostral or caudal poles of the left kidney. Approximately 50% of the cells in the SrG of rats injected in the rostral pole were labeled, while 60% of the cells in the ChG T13 of rats injected in the caudal pole were labeled. In addition, we performed dual‐probe retrograde tracing of the nerves using two kinds of fluorescent‐conjugated cholera toxins (f‐CTbs) injected into the rostral and caudal poles of the left kidney. The cells labeled with each f‐CTb were distributed differently in the left SrG and the lower ChGs; no dual‐labeled cells were found in these ganglia. Anterograde tracing with pCAGGS‐tdTomato vector transfected into the left SrG showed that tdTomato‐labeled nerve varicosities extended to the cortical arterioles and urinary tubules. Immunohistochemistry revealed that they were positive to tyrosine hydroxylase and synaptophysin, suggesting that they possessed sympathetic nerve endings. Our results show that renal efferent nerves in the SrG may control the rostral part of the kidney and innervate the multiple effectors in the cortex. Anat Rec, 300:2263–2272, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High Order in a Self‐Assembled Iridium(III) Complex Gelator Towards Nanostructured IrO2 Thin Films
Authors: Scarpelli Francesca , Ionescu Andreea , Aiello Iolinda , La Deda Massimo , Crispini Alessandra , Ghedini Mauro , Brunelli Elvira , Sesti Settimio , Godbert Nicolas 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of a new metallogelator based on the IrIII discrete cyclometalated complex [(ppy)2Ir(bpy)](CH3CH2OCH2CO2) are reported, where H(ppy) is 2‐phenylpiridine and bpy is 2,2′‐bipyridine, which is used as an ancillary ligand. The compound is able to self‐assemble in water in a range of concentrations between 3 % and 6 % w/w, creating a luminescent ordered supramolecular gel. The gel and xerogel architectures were investigated through polarized optical microscopy (POM), SEM and TEM microscopies coupled with powder X‐ray diffraction. The gel supramolecular organization is characterized by columnar tetragonal strands, already present at high dilution conditions, of cations surrounded by counteranions. These strands, in turn, are self‐assembled in an oblique columnar cell upon gelification. The xerogel thin films obtained upon complete dehydration maintained the gel supramolecular order and can be used as a precursor for the preparation of nanostructured IrO2 thin films.
Tailoring Hierarchical Zeolites with Designed Cationic Surfactants and Their High Catalytic Performance
Authors: Zhang Kai , Li Chao , Liu Zewei , Wang Min , Yan Xin , Xi Hongxia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThree hierarchical porous zeolites (H‐*BEA, H‐MTW, and H‐*MRE) were successfully synthesized with the assistance of designed cationic surfactants under hydrothermal synthesis conditions. The as‐synthesized zeolite samples can be easily regulated by changing the number of long hydrophobic n‐alkyl chains. Also, we investigated the relationship between the length of the surfactant and the formation of the microporous structure of the zeolite. Furthermore, the alkylation of benzene with propene was performed as a probe reaction to evaluate the catalytic performance of the synthesized hierarchical zeolites. The resulting materials were characterized by using a complementary combination of techniques, that is, X‐ray powder diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, 28Si and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, and computer simulation. These analysis results indicated that quaternary ammonium surfactants acted as organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) in the formation of these hierarchical zeolite samples, whether the surfactant had long hydrophobic tail groups or not. The simulation results indicated that the organic molecules with no long hydrophobic chain could lead to the synthesis of zeolite through charge control, and the hydrophobic molecules with long hydrophobic chains could form zeolites through orbital control. These hierarchical zeolites showed improved catalytic activity towards the industrially relevant alkylation of benzene with propene compared with conventional zeolites with the same frameworks. More importantly, the success of using quaternary ammonium surfactants with no hydrophobic n‐alkyl tail group in the synthesis of hierarchically structured mesoporous zeolites provides a new pathway for the synthesis of hierarchical porous materials by a soft‐templating method.
Desired Compensation Adaptive Repetitive Control of Electrical‐Optical Gyro‐Stabilized Platform with High‐Precision Disturbance Compensation
Authors: Wu Yuefei , Yue Dong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this paper, the influences of unknown disturbances are first analyzed, and the structural properties of the disturbances are given. By appropriately applying Fourier series approximation, a novel continuously differentiable nonlinear friction model is synthesized by modifying the traditional piecewise continuous LuGre model, then a desired compensation version of the proposed adaptive repetitive controller is developed for precise tracking control of servo systems to compensate for spatial periodic disturbance and random disturbance. To further reduce noise sensitivity and improve tracking accuracy, the desired compensation robust control term is also constructed to effectively attenuate the effect of approximation errors, and thus a theoretically asymptotic tracking performance is achieved by the proposed controller, which is very important for the high accuracy tracking control of servo systems. Extensive comparative experimental results are obtained to verify the high‐performance nature of the proposed control strategies.