bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of abiotic niche shifts in allopolyploids relative to their progenitors
Authors: Blaine Marchant D. , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPolyploidy has extensive genetic, physiological, morphological, and ecological ramifications. While the patterns underlying the genetic and morphological consequences of polyploidy are being rapidly elucidated, the effects on ecological niche are still largely unknown.This study investigated 13 allopolyploid systems in North America (10 ferns and three angiosperms) using digitized natural history museum specimens. The abiotic niches of the allopolyploids were compared with those of their diploid progenitors using ecological niche modeling, niche analyses, and multivariate analyses.We identified four patterns of niche shifts through our analyses: niche expansion, niche contraction, niche intermediacy, and niche novelty. The classification of these shifts depended on the amount of niche overlap and breadth between the polyploid and progenitors. The most common niche shift was niche intermediacy in which the polyploid inhabited a geographic range between that of the progenitors and had a high degree of niche overlap.Each polyploid had at least partial geographic sympatry and abiotic niche overlap with one of its progenitors, suggesting that biotic and/or microclimate factors may play a larger role in polyploid establishment than previously hypothesized. This study provides a baseline for future comparisons of the diverse outcomes of genome merger and duplication on abiotic niche preference.
Increased phosphate uptake but not resorption alleviates phosphorus deficiency induced by nitrogen deposition in temperate Larix principis‐rupprechtii plantations
Authors: Deng Meifeng , Liu Lingli , Sun Zhenzhong , Piao Shilong , Ma Yuecun , Chen Yiwei , Wang Jing , Qiao Chunlian , Wang Xin , Li Ping 
Published: July 2016

Summary

The imbalance between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition may shift temperate ecosystems from N‐ to P‐limitation. However, it is unclear how the imbalanced N : P input affects the strategies of plants to acquire P and, therefore, the growth of plants and the competition among species.

We conducted a 4‐yr N‐addition experiment in young and mature larch (Larix principis‐rupprechtii) stands. Plant growth and P acquisition strategies were assessed for larch and understorey vegetation.

N addition stimulated the aboveground productivity of understorey vegetation in the young stand and larch in the mature stand, with other species unaffected. The competitive advantages of understorey vegetation in the young stand and larch in the mature stand were associated with their high stoichiometric homoeostasis. To maintain the N : P homoeostasis of these species, an increase in phosphatase activity but not P resorption efficiency increased the supply of P. Additionally, N addition accelerated P mineralization by decreasing the fungal‐to‐bacterial ratios and improved uptake of soil P by increasing the arbuscular mycorrhizas‐to‐ectomycorrhizas ratios.

Our results suggest that plants with high stoichiometric homoeostasis could better cope with N deposition‐induced P‐deficiency. Although P resorption efficiency showed little plasticity in response, plants activated a variety of P‐acquisition pathways to alleviate the P‐deficiency caused by N deposition.
The Fiscal Multiplier in a Liquidity‐Constrained New Keynesian Economy
Authors: Kara Engin , Sin Jasmin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe study the effects of fiscal policy on the macroeconomy using a liquidity‐constrained New Keynesian model in which government bonds are liquid, and private financial assets are only partially liquid. We find that the fiscal multipliers in this economic environment are large enough for fiscal policy to be highly effective. In this model, a bond‐financed fiscal expansion can stimulate output because higher public borrowing improves liquidity by increasing the proportion of liquid assets in private‐sector wealth.
Multi-scale label-map extraction for texture synthesis
Authors: Lockerman Yitzchak David , Sauvage Basile , Allègre Rémi , Dischler Jean-Michel , Dorsey Julie , Rushmeier Holly 
Published: July 2016

Texture synthesis is a well-established area, with many important applications in computer graphics and vision. However, despite their success, synthesis techniques are not used widely in practice because the creation of good exemplars remains challenging and extremely tedious. In this paper, we introduce an unsupervised method for analyzing texture content across multiple scales that automatically extracts good exemplars from natural images. Unlike existing methods, which require extensive manual tuning, our method is fully automatic. This allows the user to focus on using texture palettes derived from their own images, rather than on manual interactions dictated by the needs of an underlying algorithm.
Most natural textures exhibit patterns at multiple scales that may vary according to the location (non-stationarity). To handle such textures many synthesis algorithms rely on an analysis of the input and a guidance of the synthesis. Our new analysis is based on a labeling of texture patterns that is both (i) multi-scale and (ii) unsupervised -- that is, patterns are labeled at multiple scales, and the scales and the number of labeled clusters are selected automatically. Our method works in two stages. The first builds a hierarchical extension of superpixels and the second labels the superpixels based on random walk in a graph of similarity between superpixels and a nonnegative matrix factorization. Our label-maps provide descriptors for pixels and regions that benefit state-of-the-art texture synthesis algorithms. We show several applications including guidance of non-stationary synthesis, content selection and texture painting. Our method is designed to treat large inputs and can scale to many megapixels. In addition to traditional exemplar inputs, our method can also handle natural images containing different textured regions.
Penerapan Logika Fuzzy dan Pulse Width Modulation untuk Sistem Kendali Kecepatan Robot Line Follower
Authors: Supani Ahyar , Azwardi Azwardi 
Published: July 2016

Satu kendala robot line follower (LF) yaitu kendali kecepatan putaran saat belok mengikuti garis belok tajam, belok sedang, belok sedikit, dan tidak ada garis. Kendala tersebut adalah robot LF selalu menggerakkan satu roda saja kiri atau kanan dengan kecepatan maksimum. Kendala ini diatasi dengan menerapkan logika fuzzy untuk mengkomputasi nilai on/off motor saat belokan garis tajam, belokan sedang, dan sedikit. Selanjutnya penerapan Pulse Width Modulation untuk mengatur sinyal lamanya waktu on/off motor. Pengujian dengan sudut 900 dan 450 menghasilkan satu rodakecepatan maksimum, satu roda lagi mengalami dua kecepatan 14,5 % dan 43,1 % dari maksimum. Pengujian sudut 100 satu roda kecepatan maksimum dan satu roda 43,1% dari maksimum.
Efeito da aplicação sônica do adesivo na resistência de união de pinos de fibra cimentado à dentina exposta ao hipoclorito de sódio
Authors: Marques Juliana , Dantas Marta , Simão Renata , Prado Maira 
Published: July 2016

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação sônica do adesivo na resistência de união de pinos de fibra cimentado à dentinapreviamente exposta ao hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl). Material e Métodos: Trinta dentes bovinos unirradiculares foram utilizados. Os dentes foram seccionados produzindo espécimes com 7mm, referente ao terço cervical e parte do terço médio da raiz. Os canais foram preparados e as amostras divididas em três grupos (n=10). No grupo 1, as raízes foram irrigadas com água destilada e secas com cone de papel. Nos grupos 2 e 3, as raízes foramimersas em NaOCle, em seguida, irrigadas e secas como descrito no grupo 1. Para cimentação do pino, nos grupos 1 e 2, o adesivo foi aplicado manualmente e no grupo 3 com o dispositivo sônico Smart Sonic. Após cimentação dos pinos, os espécimes foram segmentados em slicese submetidos ao teste de push-out para análise deresistência de união. Os dados foram avaliados estatisticamente pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann Whitney (p<0,05). Resultados: Os resultados de resistência de união expressos em mediana (MPa) foram: Grupo 1 (4,12 MPa) =Grupo 3 (3,41 MPa)
?Grupo 2 (2,71 MPa).Conclusão: Conclui-se que a aplicação sônica do adesivo afetou os níveis de resistência de união do sistema Âmbar/AllCem à dentina exposta ao NaOCl, atingindo valores significativamente semelhantes ao grupo sem NaOCl.
El giro a la izquierda y la confianza en el Estado. El proceso ecuatoriano
Authors: Plaza Martín Diana 
Published: July 2016

Los liderazgos políticos de izquierda que emergieron en América Latina al iniciar el siglo xxi para responder a las crisis de las dos últimas décadas del siglo xx, tuvieron en común que buscaron devolver la confianza en las instituciones. Consignas tales como “¡Que se vayan todos!” responsabilizaban en particular a la clase política y abrían el escenario a novedosos proyectos. Esta novedad estaría en el contenido de las propuestas y en la estrategia para llegar al poder. Ante el conflicto de representación que vivían países como Ecuador, se optó por un peligroso movimiento que se reveló primero como una crisis de las instituciones, para después proponer el discurso de “volver a tener patria”. Un ejercicio que ha mantenido en el poder a la mayoría de los que “giraron a la izquierda”, tras varias victorias electorales contundentes.
Movimientismos en perspectiva comparada: peronismo y radicalismo yrigoyenista
Authors: Tcach César 
Published: July 2016

Este artículo analiza el movimientismo como fórmula política y componente de la identidad de las dos principales fuerzas argentinas: el radicalismo y el peronismo. Sostiene la hipótesis de dos tipos distintos de movimientismo: uno “débil” (el radical) y otro “fuerte” (el peronista). En función de este interés centra su atención en cuatro aspectos: las culturas políticas de radicales y peronistas, los tipos de liderazgo, las fórmulas organizativas y la relación con el Estado.
Para além da virtualização: a educação a distância e a revolução comunicacional no mundo contemporâneo
Authors: Abelha Cavenaghi Ana Raquel , Gonçalves André Richard 
Published: July 2016

O artigo tem por objetivo sugerir que a educação a distância (EAD) é parte de um paradigma comunicacional em processo de estruturação no mundo contemporâneo. Ela deve, portanto, ser pensada a partir de elementos mais ou menos específicos e irredutíveis às questões apresentadas pela educação presencial. Como se trata de fenômeno historicamente recente, as proposições teóricas atuais parecem insuficientes para compreender a questão. Mesmo assim, utilizam-se, neste texto, certos constructos voltados especialmente para os conceitos de linguagem e convergência de mídias, bem como o conceito de paradigma. É necessário pensar a EAD considerando sua natureza específica, apresentando, em primeiro lugar, o papel dos sujeitos do conhecimento, ressaltando a atuação triádica de professores, tutores e alunos e enfatizando o processo de autonomia destes; em segundo lugar, embora gerada num novo paradigma comunicacional, a EAD deve resguardar o tempo para maturação das ideias na construção do conhecimento, mesmo num mundo de aceleração na circulação informacional
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering microscopy: Recent advance in tip production
Authors: Fujita Yasuhiko , Walke Peter , De Feyter Steven , Uji-i Hiroshi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) microscopy is a technique that combines the chemical sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy with the resolving power of scanning probe microscopy. The key component of any TERS setup is a plasmonically-active noble metal tip, which serves to couple far-field incident radiation with the near-field. Thus, the design and implementation of reproducible probes are crucial for the continued development of TERS as a tool for nanoscopic analysis. Here we discuss conventional methods for the fabrication of TERS-ready tips, highlighting the problems therein, as well as detailing more recent developments to improve reducibility. In addition, the idea of remote excitation-TERS is enlightened upon, whereby TERS sensitivity is further improved by using propagating surface plasmons to separate the incident radiation from the tip apex, as well as how this can be incorporated into the fabrication process.
Full-set mode analysis of three-mode fibers calculated from polarization components of near-field pattern
Authors: Kokubun Yasuo , Watanabe Tatsuhiko , Kawata Ryo , Morita Kohei 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a novel mode analysis method that can provide a full set of amplitudes, phases, and polarization states of guided modes including degenerate modes in few-mode fibers. The method is based on the calculation of amplitude components and phase differences from the intensity profiles that passed through a polarizer with angles of 0, 45, and 90°. The accuracies of calculation formulas are shown by simulation to be less than 10−10 for amplitudes and 10−3 rad for phase differences. The method was applied to a graded-index three-mode fiber, and the off-axis mode excitation ratio characteristics were compared with theoretical ones.
Reported work‐related injuries and illnesses among Hispanic workers: Results from an emergency department surveillance system follow‐back survey
Authors: Tonozzi Theresa R. , Marsh Suzanne M. , Reichard Audrey A. , Bhandari Ruchi 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundResearch suggests Hispanic workers underreport injuries/illnesses to their employer.MethodsThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System—occupational supplement was used to conduct a follow‐back study of workers treated in emergency departments (EDs) from June 2012 through December 2013.ResultsAn estimated 448,000 (95%CI 230,000–665,000) Hispanic workers treated in EDs for a work‐related injury or illness were represented by 362 completed interviews. Of these, an estimated 443,000 (95%CI 228,000–657,000) workers reported the injury or illness to their employer or were self‐employed. The majority had not heard of workers’ compensation. Only 10% expected workers’ compensation to cover their medical payment while 62% expected payment to be covered by their employer.ConclusionWe characterized our respondent workforce who reported their injury or illness. We determined that NEISS‐Work data are not the most appropriate source to capture underreporting of work‐related injuries and illnesses to employers among Hispanic workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:621–629, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyberterrorism targeting the general public through social media
Authors: Ayres Nicholas , Maglaras Leandros A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCurrent literature suggests that critical national infrastructure is the main focus of attack for cyberterrorism, but this research will address the issue of whether a mimetic virus would be a viable cyberterrorist attack against a target population. Statistical data was obtained from questionnaires with 100 random participants regarding their understanding and current levels of fear of a cyberterrorist attack against them; responses indicated that there was a good level of understanding as to what cyberterrorism was and that participants' fear levels of an impending attack were low. The participants were then introduced using a fabricated video clip to what they were led to believe was a real weaponised computer virus that attacked laptop batteries causing them to explode. The data showed that not only had participants' fear levels increased but also would modify future habits and behaviour. This research highlighted that the general public could indeed be a target of cyberterrorism, and a mimetic virus could be an effective method of attack. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Trends in Neuropathic Pain Treatments with Special Reference to Fibromyalgia
Authors: Offenbaecher Martin , Ackenheil Manfred 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNeuropathic pain and fibromyalgia are prevalent diseases which have major consequences on healthcare resources and the individual. From the clinical point of view neuropathic pains represent a heterogeneous group of aetiologically different diseases ranging from cancer to diabetes. Patients with fibromyalgia also display clinical features common in neuropathic pain suggesting that there might be some overlap. The mechanisms responsible for symptoms and signs in both diseases are still unknown. Recently, there have been numerous reports of various pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia with often disappointing results. Most of the studies were of short duration, had high attrition rates, and displayed other methodological problems. Some compounds had high rates of adverse effects which makes it often difficult for the patients to tolerate the treatment, especially in the long-term. At present, the best options for medication treatment are tricyclic antidepressants in lower dosage than usual in psychiatric disorders and a wide range of anticonvulsants. Opioids are sometimes recommended but have been found to have minor efficacy. Recently, there have been more controlled trials, which are reported here if they had been published between 2002 and 2004. Various compounds have been tested in different studies. Treatment of fibromyalgia, which has many features in common with depressive symptoms, became the focus of interest. New promising studies with dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine and milnacipram) and a newer antiepileptic drug (pregabalin) are in progress. Future research will have to apply new approaches (eg, using a mechanism based classification of neuropathic pain and carrying out studies in populations with the same symptom but not necessarily the same disease) in order to find effective treatments for these common and often debilitating diseases.
Prevalence and predictors of bias in the reporting of primary efficacy and toxicity endpoints in randomized clinical trials of radiation oncology
Authors: Tan Teng Hwee , Chen Desiree , Soon Yu Yang , Tey Jeremy Chee Seong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionTo determine the prevalence and predictors of bias in reporting of primary efficacy and toxicity endpoints in randomized trials (RCTs) of radiation oncology.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE for eligible RCTs published from January 1994 to October 2014. Bias in reporting of primary efficacy endpoint was defined as reporting that treatment was beneficial based on secondary endpoints despite a statistically non‐significant difference in primary endpoint. Bias in reporting of toxicity endpoint was defined as not reporting toxicity findings in the abstract, discussion or results table. Logistic regression multivariate models were used to determine predictors of biased reporting.ResultsWe found that 13% of 323 RCTs have bias in the reporting of primary efficacy endpoint with non‐cooperative group trials as a significant predictor of bias (odds ratio (OR) 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–4.00, P = 0.04). Thirty‐five per cent of 279 RCTs were judged to have bias in the reporting of toxicity endpoint with trials not listed in Clinicaltrials.gov as a significant predictor of bias (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.43–7.14, P = 0.004).ConclusionThe prevalence of bias in reporting of primary efficacy and toxicity endpoint for radiotherapy RCTs was 13% and 35% respectively. Non‐cooperative group trials were more likely to have bias in the reporting of primary efficacy endpoint. Trials not listed in Clinicaltrials.gov were more likely to have bias in the reporting of toxicity endpoint.
Isocapnic hyperventilation shortens washout time for sevoflurane – an experimental in vivo study
Authors: Hallén K. , Stenqvist O. , Ricksten S.‐E. , Lindgren S. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundIsocapnic hyperventilation (IHV) is a method that fastens weaning from inhalation anaesthesia by increasing airway concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) during hyperventilation (HV). In an animal model, we evaluated a technique of adding CO2 directly to the breathing circuit of a standard anaesthesia apparatus.MethodsEight anaesthetised pigs weighing 28 ± 2 kg were intubated and mechanically ventilated. From a baseline ventilation of 5 l/min, HV was achieved by doubling minute volume and fresh gas flow. Respiratory rate was increased from 15 to 22/min. The CO2 absorber was disconnected and CO2 was delivered (DCO2) to the inspiratory limb of a standard breathing circuit via a mixing box. Time required to decrease end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration from 2.7% to 0.2% was defined as washout time. Respiration and haemodynamics were monitored by blood gas analysis, spirometry, electric impedance tomography and pulse contour analysis.ResultsA DCO2 of 261 ± 19 ml/min was necessary to achieve isocapnia during HV. The corresponding FICO2‐level remained stable at 3.1 ± 0.3%. During IHV, washout of sevoflurane was three times faster, 433 ± 135 s vs. 1387 ± 204 s (P < 0.001). Arterial CO2 tension and end‐tidal CO2, was 5.2 ± 0.4 kPa and 5.6 ± 0.4%, respectively, before IHV and 5.1 ± 0.3 kPa and 5.7 ± 0.3%, respectively, during IHV.ConclusionsIn this experimental in vivo model of isocapnic hyperventilation, the washout time of sevoflurane anaesthesia was one‐third compared to normal ventilation. The method for isocapnic hyperventilation described can potentially be transferred to a clinical setting with the intention to decrease emergence time from inhalation anaesthesia.
Diagnostic accuracy of urine Helicobacter pylori antibody test in junior and senior high school students in Japan
Authors: Mabe Katushiro , Kikuchi Shogo , Okuda Masumi , Takamasa Mitsuharu , Kato Mototsugu , Asaka Masahiro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundTo prevent gastric cancer, a Helicobacter pylori test‐and‐treat strategy has been proposed. In Japan, routine urine examinations are performed to screen for kidney diseases; it is therefore convenient to screen for H. pylori infection via urine antibody (u‐Ab) testing.AimTo evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of u‐Ab testing in students using 13C‐urea breath testing (UBT) as a standard.MethodsThe study population included 806 junior or senior high school students in Japan who provided urine samples and/or underwent UBT. Students with a positive u‐Ab test or discrepant results between the u‐Ab test and UBT were asked to provide additional stool and/or blood samples or to repeat the UBT. Urinary protein was detected using a urine test strip.ResultsThe positive rates for the u‐Ab test and UBT were 8.9% (71/795) and 5.5% (44/801), respectively. The u‐Ab test showed 88.4% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity using UBT as a standard. In the final diagnoses, the u‐Ab test showed 97.6% sensitivity, 96.5% specificity, 61.2% positive predictive value (PPV), and 99.9% negative predictive value (NPV). Of the 508 samples tested using a urine test strip, negative results were obtained for 450 subjects with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 97.9%, PPV of 66.7%, and NPV of 99.5%. Proteinuria was detected in 58 samples, with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 88.9%, PPV of 40%, and NPV of 100%.ConclusionsThe u‐Ab test is highly accurate and suitable for detecting H. pylori infection. However, the occurrence of proteinuria may yield false‐positive results.