bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overlapping but distinct TDP‐43 and tau pathologic patterns in aged hippocampi
Authors: Smith Vanessa D. , Bachstetter Adam D. , Ighodaro Eseosa , Roberts Kelly , Abner Erin L. , Fardo David W. , Nelson Peter T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntracellular proteinaceous aggregates (inclusion bodies) are almost always detectable at autopsy in brains of elderly individuals. Inclusion bodies composed of TDP‐43 and tau proteins often coexist in the same brain, and each of these pathologic biomarkers is associated independently with cognitive impairment. However, uncertainties remain about how the presence and neuroanatomical distribution of inclusion bodies correlate with underlying diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed data from the University of Kentucky AD Center autopsy series (n = 247); none of the brains had frontotemporal lobar degeneration. A specific question for this study was whether neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology outside of the Braak NFT staging scheme is characteristic of brains with TDP‐43 pathology but lacking AD, that is those with cerebral age‐related TDP‐43 with sclerosis (CARTS). We also tested whether TDP‐43 pathology is associated with comorbid AD pathology, and whether argyrophilic grains are relatively likely to be present in cases with, vs. without, TDP‐43 pathology. Consistent with prior studies, hippocampal TDP‐43 pathology was associated with advanced AD – Braak NFT stages V/VI. However, argyrophilic grain pathology was not more common in cases with TDP‐43 pathology in this data set. In brains with CARTS (TDP‐43[+]/AD[−] cases), there were more NFTs in dentate granule neurons than were seen in TDP‐43[−]/AD[−] cases. These dentate granule cell NFTs could provide a proxy indicator of CARTS pathology in cases lacking substantial AD pathology. Immunofluorescent experiments in a subsample of cases found that, in both advanced AD and CARTS, approximately 1% of dentate granule neurons were PHF‐1 immunopositive, whereas ∼25% of TDP‐43 positive cells showed colocalized PHF‐1 immunoreactivity. We conclude that NFTs in hippocampal dentate granule neurons are often present in CARTS, and TDP‐43 pathology may be secondary to or occurring in parallel with tauopathy.
“Watchful observation” follow‐up scheme after endoscopic CO2 laser treatment for small glottic carcinomas: A retrospective study of 93 cases
Authors: Gallet P. , Rumeau C. , Nguyen D.T. , Teixeira P.A. , Baumann C. , Toussaint B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesEvaluate the clinical outcome of patients treated with CO2 laser surgery for early‐stage glottic carcinomas followed up with 3‐month laryngoscopy regardless of tumor grade and margins.DesignCase series.SettingRetrospective review of the clinical records of patients treated at the ENT department of a tertiary university hospital.Participants and methodClinical records from patients with early‐stage glottic carcinomas (Tis/T2) treated with curative intent by CO2 laser surgery in a ten‐year period were evaluated. Regardless of tumor margin status, patients underwent fiber endoscopy 6 weeks after surgery and a systematic second look by direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia at 3 months.Main outcome measuresLocal control, laryngeal preservation rate.ResultsNinety‐three patients were included. Disease control was obtained in 90/93 cases. Laryngeal preservation rate was 96.8%. Twenty patients had a local residual disease or recurrence after the first laser surgery, but 17 were salvaged (85%). Local residual disease and recurrence were more frequent in patients with advanced disease (T1b/T2), invasion of anterior commissure and “non‐safe” margins.ConclusionThe proposed follow‐up scheme might be a valuable option, but with caution for positive or unevaluable margins as the latter is an independent risk factor for local recurrence. An early laser excision procedure (eg, within the first two months after surgery) or an alternative strategy may be discussed in this situation. “Watchful observation” should be reserved for compliant patients only so that the risk of missing potential recurrences is minimised.
Extreme Returns in the European financial crisis
Authors: Chouliaras Andreas , Grammatikos Theoharry 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe examine the transmission of financial shocks among the euro‐periphery (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain), the euro‐core (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Finland, Belgium), and the major European Union (but not euro) countries (Sweden, the United Kingdom, Poland, the Czech Republic, Denmark). Using extreme returns on daily stock market data from 2004 until 2013, we find transmission effects for the tails of the returns distributions for the pre‐crisis, US crisis and euro crisis periods from the euro‐periphery to the non‐euro and euro‐core groups. During the crises, the shocks transmitted were more substantial, indicating significantly higher losses on extreme return days.
Liberalization by inertia: The politics of land reform under Zambia's movement for multiparty democracy, 1991–2011
Authors: Taylor Scott D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractZambian land is governed under hybrid system that includes statutory and customary tenure, and the administration of the sector has long been regarded as inadequate by a host of international and domestic stakeholders, both neoliberals and pro‐poor advocates alike. Consequently, major land reform has been on the agenda for 2 decades, particularly during the rule of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) from 1991–2011, yet scant progress was made. The status quo appeared untenable, inasmuch as it left all sides unsatisfied: It was inconsistent with the country's generally neoliberal, investor‐friendly focus; it denied rural smallholders' access to collateral through title, and it simultaneously left rural voters potentially at the mercy of unscrupulous chiefs and savvy domestic and international land investors and speculators. The government largely failed to advance land reform despite years of rhetoric to the contrary. This paper identifies 3 principal reasons for this inertia: first, the system prevented opportunities for rent extraction by unscrupulous chiefs and their counterparts in the local and national land bodies and their international beneficiaries. Second, demand for land reform among the rural poor was diffuse and weakly articulated, meaning advocacy scanty. And third, although perhaps not as incendiary as countries such as Zimbabwe or Kenya, land reform was and remains politically sensitive. As Zambian politics grew increasingly competitive, the MMD could not afford to alienate any constituency. Siding with “investors” would needlessly alienate chiefs and the main users of customary lands, the rural poor, whereas the reverse would jeopardize investment imperatives, particularly in the land‐hungry mining, agriculture, and tourism sectors. Thus, Zambia under the MMD can be seen as caught between a model of “traditional,” customary tenure, and a “modern” property rights regime: Various proposals for reforms could not mutually satisfy address poverty alleviation needs and market demand for land. The best solution politically, therefore, was inertia. Yet the result of policy inertia over time is de facto land “reform” by other means, namely, the gradual alienation of the poor from lands to which they previously enjoyed access, in favor of the investor class.
Observed parent–child feeding dynamics in relation to child body mass index and adiposity
Authors: Johnson C. M. , Henderson M. S. , Tripicchio G. , Rozin P. , Heo M. , Pietrobelli A. , Berkowitz R. I. , Keller K. L. , Faith M. S. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundRestrictive feeding is associated with child overweight; however, the majority of studies used parent‐report questionnaires.ObjectivesThe relationship between child adiposity measures and directly observed parent and child behaviours were tested using a novel behavioural coding system (BCS).MethodsData from 109 children, participants in a twin study and their mothers, were analyzed. Parent–child dyads were video‐recorded twice in the laboratory, while children ate ad libitum from a buffet lunch. Mother and child behaviours were assessed using the BCS. Height, body weight and body fat were directly measured for each child. Associations between child adiposity measures and average BCS behaviour (i.e. pooled across visits) were tested using partial correlations adjusting for child age.ResultsRegarding discouragement prompts, child body mass index (BMI) z‐score was significantly associated with a greater rate of total discouragements (per minute, min−1), nonverbal discouragements (min−1) and temporary (delay) discouragements (min−1) (p < 0.05). Child percent body fat was associated with greater nonverbal discouragements (min−1). Regarding encouragement prompts, child BMI z‐score was significantly associated with a greater rate of total encouragements (min−1), nonverbal encouragements (min−1) and reward encouragements (min−1). Child BMI z‐score and percent body fat were both positively associated with greater maternal health encouragements (min−1). Associations with encouragement to eat prompts were no longer significant when accounting for the dependence among twins (being part of the same family).ConclusionsHeavier children received greater maternal discouragements to eat and, with qualifications, encouragements to eat. The role of nonverbal parenting cues warrants further research regarding child eating regulation and obesity.
Trends in diabetic retinopathy and related medical practices among type 2 diabetes patients: Results from the National Insurance Service Survey 2006–2013
Authors: Song Su Jeong , Han Kyungdo , Choi Kyung Seek , Ko Seung‐Hyun , Rhee Eun‐jung , Park Cheol‐Young , Park Joong‐Yeol , Lee Ki‐Up , Ko Kyung‐Soo ,   the Task Force Team for Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association
Published: March 2017

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe present study aimed to analyze the temporal changes in the prevalence, screening rate, visual impairments and treatment patterns of diabetic retinopathy in the Korean population over 8 years.Materials and MethodsThis was a retrospective population‐based study of Korean national health insurance beneficiaries aged 30 years or older with type 2 diabetes, obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Claims database from 2006 to 2013 (n = 1,655,495 in 2006 and 2,720,777 in 2013). The annual prevalence rates of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, dilated fundus examinations, visual impairment, laser treatment and vitrectomy, as determined based on diagnostic and treatment codes, were analyzed.ResultsThere was a steady increase in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, from 14.3% in 2006 to 15.9% in 2013. However, the incidence of new diabetic retinopathy cases decreased from 6.7/100 person‐years in 2006 to 5.6 in 2013. Approximately 98% of patients underwent at least one dilated fundus examination during the follow‐up period. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy peaked in the 60–69 years age group. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was higher in female than in male diabetes patients. The proportion of patients who underwent an annual dilated fundus examination improved from 24.3% in 2006 to 30.0% in 2013. Among patients with diabetic retinopathy, constant decreases in the proportions of those who received laser treatment (11.4% in 2006 to 6.9% in 2013) and who underwent vitrectomy (2.4% in 2006 to 1.7% in 2013) were noted. Additionally, a decreasing trend in the prevalence of visual impairment was noted among the patients with diabetic retinopathy, from 2% (4,820/237,267) in 2006 to 0.08% (3,572/431,964) in 2013.ConclusionsAlthough there was a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes in the Korean population in the past decade, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy remained stable during the study period. However, just three out of 10 patients with diabetes underwent regular annual dilated fundus examinations. Thus, an improvement in the continuity of diabetic retinopathy screening among patients with diabetes is necessary to reduce the risk of visual impairment as a result of diabetic retinopathy.
Local adaptation along an environmental cline in a species with an inversion polymorphism
Authors: Wellenreuther M. , Rosenquist H. , Jaksons P. , Larson K. W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPolymorphic inversions are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom and are frequently associated with clines in inversion frequencies across environmental gradients. Such clines are thought to result from selection favouring local adaptation; however, empirical tests are scarce. The seaweed fly Coelopa frigida has an α/β inversion polymorphism, and previous work demonstrated that the α inversion frequency declines from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea and is correlated with changes in tidal range, salinity, algal composition and wrackbed stability. Here, we explicitly test the hypothesis that populations of C. frigida along this cline are locally adapted by conducting a reciprocal transplant experiment of four populations along this cline to quantify survival. We found that survival varied significantly across treatments and detected a significant Location x Substrate interaction, indicating local adaptation. Survival models showed that flies from locations at both extremes had highest survival on their native substrates, demonstrating that local adaptation is present at the extremes of the cline. Survival at the two intermediate locations was, however, not elevated at the native substrates, suggesting that gene flow in intermediate habitats may override selection. Together, our results support the notion that population extremes of species with polymorphic inversions are often locally adapted, even when spatially close, consistent with the growing view that inversions can have direct and strong effects on the fitness of species.
Genetic population structure in an equatorial sparrow: roles for culture and geography
Authors: Danner J. E. , Fleischer R. C. , Danner R. M. , Moore I. T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFemale preference for local cultural traits has been proposed as a barrier to breeding among animal populations. As such, several studies have found correlations between male bird song dialects and population genetics over relatively large distances. To investigate whether female choice for local dialects could act as a barrier to breeding between nearby and contiguous populations, we tested whether variation in male song dialects explains genetic structure among eight populations of rufous‐collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) in Ecuador. Our study sites lay along a transect, and adjacent study sites were separated by approximately 25 km, an order of magnitude less than previously examined for this and most other species. This transect crossed an Andean ridge and through the Quijos River Valley, both of which may be barriers to gene flow. Using a variance partitioning approach, we show that song dialect is important in explaining population genetics, independent of the geographic variables: distance, the river valley and the Andean Ridge. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that song acts as a barrier to breeding among populations in close proximity. In addition, songs of contiguous populations differed by the same degree or more than between two populations previously shown to exhibit female preference for local dialect, suggesting that birds from these populations would also breed preferentially with locals. As expected, all geographic variables (distance, the river valley and the Andean Ridge) also predicted population genetic structure. Our results have important implications for the understanding whether, and at what spatial scale, culture can affect population divergence.
Nanodiamonds and silicate minerals in ordinary chondrites as determined by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Saikia Bhaskar J. , Parthasarathy Gopalakrishnarao , Borah Rashmi R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe present here the Raman spectroscopic study of silicate and carbonaceous minerals in three ordinary chondrites with the aim to improve our understanding the impact process including the peak metamorphic pressures present in carbon‐bearing ordinary chondites. The characteristic Raman vibrational peaks of olivines, pyroxenes, and plagioclase have been determined on three ordinary chondrites from India, Dergaon (H5), Mahadevpur (H4/5), and Kamargaon (L6). The Raman spectra of these meteorite samples show the presence of nanodiamonds at 1334–1345 cm−1 and 1591–1619 cm−1. The full‐width at half maximum (FWHM) of Raman peaks for Mahadevpur and Dergaon reflect the nature of shock metamorphism in these meteorites. The frequency shift in Raman spectra might be because of shock effects during the formation of the diamond/graphite grains.
Shifting Gears: Triage and Traffic in Urban India
Authors: Solomon Harris 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWhile studies of triage in clinical medical literature tend to focus on the knowledge required to carry out sorting, this article details the spatial features of triage. It is based on participation observation of traffic‐related injuries in a Mumbai hospital casualty ward. It pays close attention to movement, specifically to adjustments, which include moving bodies, changes in treatment priority, and interruptions in care. The article draws on several ethnographic cases of injury and its aftermath that gather and separate patients, kin, and bystanders, all while a triage medical authority is charged with sorting them out. I argue that attention must be paid to differences in movement, which can be overlooked if medical decision‐making is taken to be a static verdict. The explanatory significance of this distinction between adjustment and adjudication is a more nuanced understanding of triage as an iterative, spatial process.
Vismodegib Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma in an 8‐Year‐Old Chinese Boy with Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Authors: Fife Douglas , Laitinen Marko A. , Myers David J. , Landsteiner Pamela B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractVismodegib is an oral inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway and has been used to treat basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in adults. This article reports clearance of a nodular BCC of the nasal tip in an 8‐year‐old boy with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). BCC can pose therapeutic challenges when located in areas that are not amenable to traditional therapies such as Mohs micrographic surgery or topical agents. Vismodegib was used at a dose of 150 mg/day to treat the boy's BCC. After 4 months of therapy, we achieved complete clinical clearance. During 21 months of follow‐up, the patient's nose remained clinically clear of tumor. Vismodegib was successfully used to treat a child with XP and nodular BCC. Our goal in using vismodegib was tumor regression while avoiding cosmetic and functional disfigurement. Vismodegib was effective in clinically clearing the tumor, and the patient has shown no signs of recurrence. Further studies are warranted.
Immunohistochemical Staining of Pediatric Solitary Angiokeratomas
Authors: Prindaville Brea , Lawrence Hillary , Singh Vivekanand , Nopper Amy J. , Horii Kimberly A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe precise etiology and subtype of vessels constituting angiokeratomas is poorly understood. We sought to characterize the vessels by studying prospero‐related homeobox gene‐1 and D2‐40 expression in 22 pediatric solitary angiokeratomas. Routine histologic examination demonstrated a mix of lymph‐containing vessels and erythrocyte‐filled small vessels. Our results suggest that angiokeratomas may in part be comprised of vessels with lymphatic differentiation.
Shaler: in situ analysis of a fluvial sedimentary deposit on Mars
Authors: Edgar Lauren A. , Gupta Sanjeev , Rubin David M. , Lewis Kevin W. , Kocurek Gary A. , Anderson Ryan B. , Bell James F. , Dromart Gilles , Edgett Kenneth S. , Grotzinger John P. , Hardgrove Craig , Kah Linda C. , Leveille Richard , Malin Michael C. , Mangold Nicolas , Milliken Ralph E. , Minitti Michelle , Palucis Marisa , Rice Melissa , Rowland Scott K. , Schieber Juergen , Stack Kathryn M. , Sumner Dawn Y. , Wiens Roger C. , Williams Rebecca M. E. , Williams Amy J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper characterizes the detailed sedimentology of a fluvial sandbody on Mars for the first time and interprets its depositional processes and palaeoenvironmental setting. Despite numerous orbital observations of fluvial landforms on the surface of Mars, ground‐based characterization of the sedimentology of such fluvial deposits has not previously been possible. Results from the NASA Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover provide an opportunity to reconstruct at fine scale the sedimentary architecture and palaeomorphology of a fluvial environment on Mars. This work describes the grain size, texture and sedimentary facies of the Shaler outcrop, reconstructs the bedding architecture, and analyses cross‐stratification to determine palaeocurrents. On the basis of bedset geometry and inclination, grain‐size distribution and bedform migration direction, this study concludes that the Shaler outcrop probably records the accretion of a fluvial barform. The majority of the outcrop consists of large‐scale trough cross‐bedding of coarse sand and granules. Palaeocurrent analyses and bedform reconstruction indicate that the beds were deposited by bedforms that migrated towards the north‐east, across the surface of a bar that migrated south‐east. Stacked cosets of dune cross‐bedding suggest aggradation of multiple bedforms, which provides evidence for short periods of sustained flow during Shaler deposition. However, local evidence for aeolian reworking and the presence of potential desiccation cracks within the outcrop suggest that fluvial deposition may have been intermittent. The uppermost strata at Shaler are distinct in terms of texture and chemistry and are inferred to record deposition from a different sediment dispersal system with a contrasting provenance. The outcrop as a whole is a testament to the availability of liquid water on the surface of Mars in its early history.
Is Contracting out of Public Services still the Great Panacea? A Systematic Review of Studies on Economic and Quality Effects from 2000 to 2014
Authors: Petersen Ole Helby , Hjelmar Ulf , Vrangbæk Karsten 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article presents the results of a systematic review of international studies on economic and quality effects of contracting out published in the period from 2000 to 2014. We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature and identified 49 relevant studies. There are three main findings of the systematic review: (1) cost savings documented in international contracting out literature have been decreasing over time; (2) cost savings have been much greater in technical services than in social services; and (3) economic effects have been twice as large in Anglo‐Saxon countries compared with other countries. With regard to measuring the effect of contracting out on service quality, which is a vital component of any service delivery arrangement, very few studies assess this issue in a comprehensive manner. There is also a significant lack of studies that include measures of transaction costs, thereby making it difficult to evaluate the impact of contracting out on overall cost‐effectiveness of public service delivery. We conclude that generalization of effects from contracting out should be made with caution and are likely to depend, among other things, on the transaction costs characteristics of the service, the market situation and the institutional/regulatory setting.