bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double‐blind, randomized crossover study of intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate versus 5% dextrose on depressive symptoms in adults with treatment‐resistant depression
Authors: Mehdi Syed M. A. , Atlas Steven E. , Qadir Sidra , Musselman Dominique , Goldberg Sharon , Woolger Judi M. , Corredor Raul , Abbas Muhammad H. , Arosemena Leopoldo , Caccamo Simone , Campbell Carmen S. G. , Farooqi Ashar , Gao Jinrun , Konefal Janet , Lages Lucas C. , Lantigua Laura , Lopez Johanna , Padilla Vanessa , Rasul Ammar , Ray Anna M. , Simões Herbert G. , Tiozzo Eduard , Lewis John E. 
Published: November 2016

AimTreatment‐resistant depression patients are more likely to suffer from comorbid physical and mental disorders, experience marked and protracted functional impairment, and incur higher health‐care costs than non‐affected individuals. Magnesium sulfate is a treatment option that may offer great potential for patients with treatment‐resistant depression based on prior work in animals and humans.MethodsTwelve subjects with mild or moderate treatment‐resistant depression were randomized into a double‐blind crossover trial to receive an infusion of 4 g of magnesium sulfate in 5% dextrose or placebo infusion of 5% dextrose with a 5‐day washout in between the 8‐day intervention period. Subjects were assessed before and after the intervention for serum and urine magnesium, lipid panel, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9.ResultsWe found a difference in serum magnesium from day 2 to 8 (pre‐infusion) (P < 0.002) and from baseline to day 8 (P < 0.02). No changes were noted on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 24 h post‐treatment, but as serum magnesium increased from baseline to day 7, the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 decreased from baseline to day 7 (P = 0.02).ConclusionMagnesium sulfate did not significantly affect depression 24 h post‐infusion, but other results were consistent with the literature. The association between changes in serum magnesium and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 supports the idea that magnesium sulfate may be used to address treatment‐resistant depression, an ongoing medical challenge.
Wei‐Jin PeriodXuanxue‘Neo‐Daoism’: Re‐working the Relationship Between Confucian and Daoist Themes
Authors: D'Ambrosio Paul J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn recent years, philosophical ideas developed during the Wei‐Jin period, broadly referred to asxuanxue(玄學) in Chinese and ‘Neo‐Daoism’ or ‘Dark Learning’ in English, have been accorded increasing attention in academia. This article provides an introduction to some major thinkers of the Wei‐Jin period, addressing both their original writings and recent scholarly interpretations. The article aims to demonstrate that many Wei‐Jin period intellectuals formed their theories through reinterpreting the relationship between texts associated with Daoism and Confucianism. Thinkers of this period often attempted to show how these defining ‘schools’ of pre‐Qin Chinese thought did not propose theories that were fundamentally inconsistent, and that their ideas could be woven together as elements of a coherent view. This intellectual movement can thus be, and often has been, viewed as an attempt to integrate Daoism and Confucianism. However, a more nuanced reading demonstrates that these thinkers were reworking the relationship between what were seen as predominately Daoist or Confucian themes from their very foundation. Accordingly, the common description of Wei‐Jin thinkers as ‘(Neo‐)Daoist’ is decidedly incongruous.
Civil Disobedience
Authors: Delmas Candice 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMany historical and recent forms of protest usually referred to as civil disobedience do not fit the standard philosophical definition of “civil disobedience”. The moral and political importance of this point is explained in section 1, and two theoretical lessons are drawn: one, we should broaden the concept of civil disobedience, and two, we should start thinking about uncivil disobedience. Section 2 is devoted to the main objections against, and theorists' defenses of, civil disobedience.
Neurosexism and Neurofeminism
Authors: Hoffman Ginger A. , Bluhm Robyn 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAs neuroscience has gained an increased ability to enchant the general public, it has become more and more common to appeal to it as an authority on a wide variety of questions about how humans do and should act. This is especially apparent with the question of gender roles. The term ‘neurosexism’ has been coined to describe the phenomenon of using neuroscientific practices and results to promote sexist conclusions; its feminist response is called ‘neurofeminism’. Here, our aim is to survey the phenomena of neurosexism and neurofeminism using a largely philosophical approach, incorporating concepts from the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of science, ethics, and feminist philosophy. First, we delineate how neuroscientific studies purporting to show sex brain differences may be prone to bias at a number of methodological levels – including the choice of categories to be studied, and the choice of tools for data gathering, analysis, and presentation. Then, we show how interpretations of such studies may wrongly assume the notion of ‘hard‐wiring’. Furthermore, lack of attention to distinctions within philosophy of mind may result in a mistaken supposition that brain differences lead to mental and/or psychological and/or behavioral ones. It is not difficult to see how these forms of neurosexism, leading to claims of ‘hard‐wired’ gender differences that map onto traditional and harmful gender stereotypes, raise ethical questions. We conclude by briefly considering one: are the harms caused by neurosexist studies and their interpretations outweighed by their potential benefits?
Skill in epistemology I: Skill and knowledge
Authors: Pavese Carlotta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractKnowledge and skill are intimately connected. In this essay, I discuss the question of their relationship and of which (if any) is prior to which in the order of explanation. I review some of the answers that have been given thus far in the literature, with a particular focus on the many foundational issues in epistemology that intersect with the philosophy of skill.
Mencius and Xunzi on Xing (Human Nature)
Authors: Sung Winnie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article introduces and analyses the debate between Mencius and Xunzi on xing 性 (human nature). While Mencius claims that xing is good, Xunzi claims that xing is bad. A common way of interpreting these two different claims is to determine the scope of xing. It is generally agreed that, for Mencius, it is the heart/mind that falls within the scope of xing, for Xunzi, the sensory desires. This article also explores a different way of approaching Mencius's and Xunzi's different claims about xing. It is suggested that Mencius's and Xunzi's different views on xing can be understood in terms of their different views on the heart/mind (xin 心). While Mencius thinks that the heart/mind has a morally good natural tendency, Xunzi thinks that the heart/mind has a morally problematic tendency.
Skill in epistemology II: Skill and know how
Authors: Pavese Carlotta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe prequel to this paper has discussed the relation between knowledge and skill and introduced the topic of the relationship between skill and know how. This sequel continues the discussion. First, I survey the recent debate on intellectualism about knowing how (Sections 1–3). Then, I tackle the question as to whether intellectualism (and anti‐intellectualism) about skill and intellectualism (and anti‐intellectualism) about know how fall or stand together (Sections 4–5).
Reliable detection of unevenly distributed Verticillium dahliae in diseased olive trees
Authors: Keykhasaber M. , Pham K. T. K. , Thomma B. P. H. J. , Hiemstra J. A. 
Published: November 2016

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is one of the most threatening diseases of olive worldwide. For pre‐planting and post‐planting control of verticillium wilt in olive trees, availability of a rapid, reliable and non‐destructive method for detection of V. dahliae is essential. For such a method, suitable and easily performed sampling and efficient processing of samples for extraction of DNA are necessary. In this study, the suitability of young twig and leaf samples of olive trees, which are easy to collect and extract DNA from, were assessed for the detection of V. dahliae in routine procedures. The lower (about 50 cm from the tip) and top parts (about 5 cm from the tip) of twigs, as well as leaves from infected olive trees were screened for V. dahliae infection and distribution using real‐time PCR. The biomass of V. dahliae detected in individual twigs was highly variable, but there was no significant difference between mean quantities of V. dahliae DNA detected in top and lower parts of twigs. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that analysis of combined samples containing DNA extracted from five twigs of an infected tree accurately detected the presence of the pathogen. Similarly, testing combined samples of 5–10 leaves enabled reliable detection of the pathogen in an infected tree. The development of this assay enables reliable detection of V. dahliae in infected olive trees that can aid in management decisions for the implementation of integrated disease management.
Potential sources of bias in the use of Escherichia coli to measure waterborne diarrhoea risk in low‐income settings
Authors: Ercumen Ayse , Arnold Benjamin F. , Naser Abu Mohd. , Unicomb Leanne , Colford John M. , Luby Stephen P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesEscherichia coli is the standard water quality indicator for diarrhoea risk. Yet, the association between E. coli and diarrhoea is inconsistent across studies without a systematic assessment of methodological differences behind this variation. Most studies measure water quality cross‐sectionally with diarrhoea, risking exposure misclassification and reverse causation. Studies use different recall windows for self‐reported diarrhoea; longer periods increase potential outcome misclassification through misrecall. Control of confounding is inconsistent across studies. Additionally, diarrhoea measured in unblinded intervention trials can present courtesy bias. We utilised measurements from a randomised trial of water interventions in Bangladesh to assess how these factors affect the E. coli–diarrhoea association.MethodsWe compared cross‐sectional versus prospective measurements of water quality and diarrhoea, 2‐versus 7‐day symptom recall periods, estimates with and without controlling for confounding and using measurements from control versus intervention arms of the trial.ResultsIn the control arm, 2‐day diarrhoea prevalence, measured prospectively 1 month after water quality, significantly increased with log10 E. coli (PR = 1.50, 1.02–2.20). This association weakened when we used 7‐day recall (PR = 1.18, 0.88–1.57), cross‐sectional measurements of E. coli and diarrhoea (PR = 1.11, 0.79–1.56) or did not control for confounding (PR = 1.20, 0.88–1.62). Including data from intervention arms led to less interpretable associations, potentially due to courtesy bias, effect modification and/or reverse causation.ConclusionsBy systematically addressing potential sources of bias, our analysis demonstrates a clear relationship between E. coli in drinking water and diarrhoea, suggesting that the continued use of E. coli as an indicator of waterborne diarrhoea risk is justified.
Integrated Process- and Quality Control to Secure the Production of Slabs for Plates for Line Pipe Application
Authors: Weinberg Matthias , Meuser Heike 
Published: November 2016

For safety reasons, the demands made on line pipe steels have been continuously increasing in recent years. The focus is on the steels’ mechanical, weldability and toughness properties, in particular. In addition to this typical pattern of increasing demands, it is also observable that customers increasingly require an integrated process and quality control system, from the steel-making process right through to ultimate plate production. Awareness of the potentials available in the production of the steel and of the plate, and their interaction in process improvement, is an essential factor in the meeting of such demands for comprehensive process control.
Both steelmaking plant and rolling-mill processes are increasingly being automated via the incorporation of sophisticated control and instrumentation technology. This creates optimum conditions for precise adjustment of these processes on the criteria of product quality.
The methods of process adjustment using the latest quality-evaluation tools, such as SILENOS (Steel Inclusion Level Evaluation by Numerical Optical Systems) and THEMiS (Testing for Heterogeneous Microinclusions and Segregation) are examined here. SILENOS is a new procedure for the assessment of steel cleanliness in which particle diameters of above 20 micron are analysed using computer-tomographic images.
A special CNC milling machine, a high-resolution scanner and a laser spectrometer examine the layers of metal by removing a large number of 10 μm layers in order to obtain a statistically correct evaluation. An automated procedure determines the concentration, size, geometry and chemical composition of the particles.
THEMiS was developed for assessment of the quality of the centre zone of slabs. Centre segregation in slabs is monitored and non-metallic inclusions evaluated simultaneously. A large number of spark-spectrometric analyses are performed perpendicular to the centreline segregation for this purpose. The classical spectrometric analyses and individual sparks are evaluated. This permits precise description of centre segregation by measurement, and also assessment of non-metallic inclusions of between 1 and 10 μm in the centre zone. The cleanliness and quality of the centre zone can then be described with very great accuracy and a new confidence level.
These specific measuring instruments are used for control of the steel-making processes at HKM (Hüttenwerke Krupp Mannnesmann) and at SMGB (Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech) in order to accommodate end-customers’ requirements and are directly correlated to production data and can be used for a product improvement.
This paper’s topic is the evaluation of an integrated improvement and quality assurance process extending from the very start of steel production, and including the interlinking of the properties of the cast slabs and the ultimate outcome in the form of the final plate. The benefits for the end customer and milestones along this evaluation route are examined and discussed.
Loss Coefficient for Viscous Mixtures of Light and Heavy Crude Oil in Y-Junctions
Authors: Piñero Andres , Caldera Elionora , Borregales Manuel , Asuaje Miguel 
Published: November 2016

One of the challenges of transporting highly viscous crude oil is to ensure that the flow of oil will be delivered. It is also necessary to keep the operational standards and conditions along sections of pipes and fittings. Today, with low oil prices, it is important to minimize energy losses through the pipelines and accessories. However, new designs are often based on correlations that have not been developed for heavy oil water mixtures and are not frequently reported in the literature. Moreover, conventional calculations do not take into account the presence of accessory lines, or simply consider by empirically adding an extra percentage of energy loss or according to the engineer design test. Even more, the current correlations that could estimate accessory loss do not work well for viscous fluids and are even less suitable for the case of two-phase mixtures. For example, Gardel correlation [1] was made for water flow through yee type accessories. Applying this correlation to viscous fluids result in high deviations, more than 500% compared to CFD simulations. The present work attempts to predict the fluid dynamics behavior and the energy losses of these viscous fluids and mixtures (oil - water) going through a Yee type confluence.
All simulations were carried out using ANSY CFX® v14.5. Mesh number of elements was optimized using Pipe-It® (optimization software). A grid independence study was also carried out automatically in Pipe-It® to ensure the quality of results. Several conditions have been simulated: angle confluence of 45°–75°, diameter ratio 2–7, oil viscosity from 10 to 105 cP, and water cut of 0–1. As the main result, a correlation that predicts the behavior of viscous mixtures in their passage through yee type confluences was developed using a genetic algorithms technique [2]. This correlation takes into account: viscosity, fluid fractions, input speeds, confluence angle and other parameters that are not normally considered by other authors. Therefore, it may be used in mixtures of water with light and heavy crude oil. Finally, correlations with 10% deviation compared to CFD simulations were obtained.
Preliminary Monitoring of Ground Slumping Across a Natural Gas Distribution Network With Satellite Radar
Authors: Henschel Michael D. , Deschamps Benjamin , Robert Gillian , Zulkoski Dan 
Published: November 2016

Ground deformation from natural or anthropogenic processes is a significant factor in the integrity management plan for natural gas distribution networks. Rapid or large scale deformation can pose an immediate rupture threat. Smaller, more gradual or repeated ground deformations may lead to material stresses, damage and strain accumulation, posing a longer-term threat. Satellite monitoring can play a key role in pipeline integrity management programs by measuring ground deformation over an entire pipeline network, at high spatial and temporal resolutions with the ability to capture both rapid large scale and subtle, repeated ground movement over a longer period of time.
Millimeter accuracy ground deformation estimates are derived from radar satellite imagery using InSAR, a well-established and validated remote sensing technique. InSAR is an effective tool for rapidly identifying new regions requiring ground geotechnical surveys, deriving estimates of deformation rate, extents, and evolution of deformation patterns, for validating or extending traditional ground-based measurements, and for forward-looking operational monitoring.
We present the results of InSAR ground deformation monitoring over a natural gas distribution pipeline network in Saskatchewan, Canada. At the case study site, small diameter pipelines (up to 40 years old) have been subjected to ground slumping from a retrogressive landslide affecting multiple lakeshore communities and compounded in recent years by a high water table. Some locations have recently experienced slumping at rates greater than 50 cm/yr leading to important structural issues with roads, buildings, water mains, and gas pipelines.
The ground movement analysis is based on RADARSAT-2 satellite imagery acquired at 24-day intervals over a short period in 2015. Thousands of suitable measurement points were identified over two communities on opposite shores of the lake. The measured InSAR deformation time series showed deformation toward the lake. The extents of the deformation are clearly delineated by the InSAR measurements.
Acoustic Leak Detection at a Distance: A Key Enabler for Real-Time Pipeline Monitoring With the Internet of Things
Authors: Ocalan Murat , Edlebeck John P. , Siebenaler Shane P. 
Published: November 2016

Real-time leak monitoring of pipelines is a need that is growing with the aging of the assets and the rise of the population living in their close proximity. While traditional deployment of external monitoring solutions on legacy assets may require extensive construction and trenching on the pipeline right-of-way, a new class of self-powered and wirelessly communicating devices provides an intriguing alternative. These devices are installed on the right-of-way with no need for mechanical excavation and allow continuous monitoring of a pipeline over long distances. Their low-power requirement makes it possible to operate the monitoring system continuously on battery power and their wireless communication is established through a self-forming network. These attributes make real-time monitoring possible without requiring any wiring to be deployed on the right-of way. The devices take advantage of the pipe’s characteristics that guide the acoustic waves generated by the leak along the pipeline to detect leaks. These characteristics make the detection possible even from a device that is not in close proximity of the leak.
Since device spacing is a key parameter in the cost of monitoring with the leak detection system, it is important to understand the parameters that govern the propagation of leak sound on pipelines. Testing was performed for this purpose to validate the ability of these novel acoustic sensors in an outdoor test facility under a variety of leak conditions. This testing evaluated the propagation of acoustic waves emanating from small leaks on a buried pipe. This was achieved by pressurizing the pipeline to different levels of pressure and inducing leaks through various orifice sizes. The acoustic disturbances induced by these leaks were measured by sensors deployed at various stations on the pipe. The results of this testing demonstrated the ability of such an approach to be used for detecting very small disturbances in soil from an offset position caused by leaking liquids.
Detection of Crack Initiation Based on Repeat In-Line Inspection
Authors: Palmer Michael , Davies Christopher , Ginten Markus , Palmer-Jones Roland 
Published: November 2016

As Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and other cracking related issues become a more recognised hazard or threat that can be monitored by in-line inspection (ILI), there have been high expectations for the pipeline inspection industry to produce a reliable solution for identifying and sizing cracks. The current leading ILI technologies provided for pipeline crack detection are Ultrasonic (UT) and Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT). The introduction of EMAT In-Line Inspection technologies has provided a proven solution for crack detection that can be used in gas pipelines without having to introduce a liquid couplant into the pipeline.
With the development of these technologies worldwide pipeline regulators are putting more pressure on the industry to monitor integrity issues relating to cracking. For example USA pipeline operators are required by the Office of Pipeline Safety to inspect and assess their pipelines that operate within high consequence areas for integrity issues, such as SCC, and repair or replace affected pipe. The inspection options for this include the use of Inline inspection tools — “smart pigs”. These regulations in combination with the majority of pipeline incidents relating to SCC occurring in gas pipelines have led to a significant increase in the use of EMAT ILI technology in recent years.
With repeat EMAT ILIs now being conducted on some pipelines there is the option to compare data sets to identify any changes between inspections. Due to the complexities of the EMAT measurement principle and the volumes of data recorded, the process of directly comparing raw signal data from two runs is still in its infancy and cannot currently be used to confirm or discount evidence of crack growth, such as the industry has seen with estimation of corrosion growth based on Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) technology signal comparison. However the comparison of EMAT data sets can aid the identification of crack initiation. This technical paper presents a method for identifying the initiation of crack growth (the development of newly detectable cracks) based on repeat EMAT ILI, using feature matching and comparison of raw EMAT inspection data. The implications for integrity management of the identification of newly detectable SCC are discussed, and possible future improvements are outlined. The paper includes a case study that illustrates some of the issues.