bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Howard University
Authors: Porter Dorothy 
Published: July 2016

Africana at Howard University, Washington, D.C., developed as records on the African background of the American Negro were required to supplement the Library's collection of works written by and about persons of African descent.
Among the first books acquired by the Library soon after Howard University was incorporated on March 2, 1867, were titles on Africa. Some of the founders of the University interested in foreign missions donated to the Library their files on periodicals, books of travel and description, histories of Africa, and biographies of missionaries. Among these was the first edition of Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels issued in four volumes in 1704; seven editions of the works of Hiob Ludolf, the Elder ( … Historia Aethiopica, 1681; … Aethiopicam … commentarius, 1691; … Lexicon Amharico, 1698; … Grammatica Aethiopica, 1702; A New History of Ethiopia, 1682 and 1684); Barbot's Description of the Coasts of North and South Guinea (1732); the 1639 reissue of the 1632 edition of Africae descriptio of Leo Africanus; and works of travel by Bosman, Proyart, Kolbe, Bruce, Smith, Vaillant, and Sparrman. Some of the serial files presented were the Missionary Herald (1821-1882); Africa's Luminary (1839-1840); African Repository (1825-1900); Mouvement Antiesclavagiste (1889-1906); Liberia (1892-1908); Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (1833-1849); Afrique Explorée et Civilisée (1879-1882); and Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique Française (1891-1919).
The United States and the New Africa
Authors: Williams G. Mennen 
Published: July 2016

It is a high honor to be with the distinguished Africanists who form the
African Studies Association.
Five years ago, you had the vision to recognize that what most people
then thought was esoteric learning about a dark continent was, in fact, the
essential understanding which would permit the people of America to live
fruitfully with one of the most dynamic movements in world history.
This unique position in the intellectual world gives you not only an
unusual opportunity to influence the events of your time, but a heavy
responsibility to make certain that the fruit of your labors is of the very
highest quality. Though I am but a neophyte in the field, I know many of you
well enough to appreciate your recognition of and devotion to this awesome
trust.
Map Resources on Africa
Authors: Dahlberg Richard E. , Thomas Benjamin E. 
Published: July 2016

One of the problems encountered in doing many types of research on Africa is the absence of adequate bibliographical materials on maps. It is true that reliable maps at the desired scales do not exist for some features or areas of Africa. Often, however, the maps do exist but are so scattered through map files and journals and other publications that finding them is a research job in itself. Unlike the situation on books, periodicals, and journal articles, there are only a few references which deal with the nature and availability of African maps, and none of these cover all types of maps.
The range of subjects covered by maps, of course, is enormous--from natural features like the amount of rainfall or types of soils to cultural topics like population distribution, tribal areas, and agricultural products. The major purposes here will be to describe the common types of maps of Africa, to give some suggestions on their uses and availability, and to list a few references which give further information. The authors are making a survey of maps of Africa which is supported by the African Studies Center of U.C.L.A. and welcome this opportunity to call attention to the problems and scope of the project.
‘Wandering Nuns’: The Return of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary to the South of England, 1862–1945
Authors: Kirkus M. Gregory 
Published: July 2016

‘Woods, M. Joseph died ye 20 April 1822, the last of ye Ladies of ye Establishment’So ends the register of the convent founded in Hammersmith in 1669, and with the death of Sister Joseph the Institute of Mary became extinct in the south of England. But in distant Belfast the story of its revival was already taking shape. On 1st April 1812 a little girl, Mary Petronilla, was born there to a Protestant Doctor Barratt and his wife. We know nothing of her childhood, but it is thought that as a young woman she taught singing in a Loreto convent. About the year 1835 she was received into the Catholic Church, and so embarked upon a career that was to have far-reaching effects. The presence of a Roman Catholic daughter may have been embarrassing to the doctor’s household, or perhaps it was just the desire to learn German and to see the world that prompted Mary Barratt to follow the advice of the Loreto Sisters and to accept a teaching post advertised in Augsburg. There she not only learned German in return for giving English lessons, but she observed religious life as lived in the oldest house of the Institute. Strict as the régime was (the nuns rose at 4.30 am. all the year round) she fell in love with it and asked to be received into the novitiate. On 10th September 1844 she was clothed in the habit and given the name Sister Petronilla, though this was later changed to Sister Ignatius.
‘Haeres…Thomae More Cancellarii’: Fr Thomas More 1722–1795
Authors: Holt Geoffry 
Published: July 2016

Fr Thomas More—the last descendant in the direct male line of St.Thomas More, Lord Chancellor of England—died on 20 May 1795 in Bath. He had been the Jesuit provincial superior at the time of the suppression of the Society in 1773.Thomas More was the eldest of the five children of Thomas and Catherine (née Giffard) of Barnborough or Bamburg Hall in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Born on 19 September 1722, he was followed by Christopher, Bridget, Catherine and Mary. Both sons became Jesuits. Bridget married twice—Peter Metcalfe and Robert Dalton and had descendants; she died in 1797. Catherine died unmarried in 1786. Mary became Sister Mary Augustine of the Austin Canonesses at Bruges and died in 1807. Their home, Barnborough Hall, had been in the family since John, the only son of St. Thomas, had acquired it by his marriage to Anne Cresacre and it remained so until the nineteenth century.
‘To Whom Should We Turn?’ Aspects of the Relationship Between the English and Welsh Hierarchy and Rome, 1880s–1920s
Authors: Doyle Peter 
Published: July 2016

On 25 March 1882 Bishop Bernard O’Reilly, the third Bishop of Liverpool, wrote to the Cardinal Prefect of Propaganda as follows:It causes me great grief that Your Eminence seems to regard my enterprises with little favour, indeed I would say that I seem to be altogether deprived of Your Eminence’s protection, since every complaint and testimony (against me) from any source is immediately accepted. Almost overcome with sorrow and burdened with work beyond my strength, to whom can I speak heart to heart if not to Your Eminence? Whose help and protection may I claim for myself and my Diocese if not yours?
William Turner, First Bishop of Salford, Pastor and Educator
Authors: Lannon David 
Published: July 2016

The Bolton Catholics are now subject to the Bishop of the Diocese of Salford, the Right Rev. William Turner, D.D., consecrated July 25th, 1851. His residence is at Bishop’s House, 24 Crescent, Salford. He is a divine whose life is humble, watchful and exemplary; and whose endeavours are continually exerted for the education of his flock in Christian piety, in morality, and in virtue.William Turner in 1851 became the first Bishop of Salford, one of the original dioceses created when the English and Welsh Hierarchy was restored.
Clergy Funds and Episcopal Control—Was John Stanford Maligned?
Authors: Turner Richard H. 
Published: July 2016

John Stanford, missioner with the Hunlokes at Wingerworth in Derbyshire from 1692 to 1737, is nowadays remembered for one event. ‘In a huff and a pett’, the received story goes, he—being unable in 1725 properly to account as administrator for the Common Fund of the secular clergy of the Midland District—handed it over to his vicar apostolic, John Talbot Stonor.To those familiar with the traditions of clergy fund independence, this peevish act must appear self-evident treachery. However—just how soundly based is the story?
Buddhism, meditation, and ‘the inner world’
Authors: PURTON CAMPBELL 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBuddhist meditation seems to involve giving attention to one's thoughts and feelings, to one's ‘inner world’. In this article I explore what is involved in such talk of one's inner world, with special reference to Wittgenstein's claim that ‘the inner’ is a delusion. The article explores the nature of thoughts and feelings, and suggests that we cannot fully understand what is involved in meditation without some consideration of its ethical and religious context. I conclude with some reflections on how the pictures we naturally employ in thinking about meditation can lead us into a misleading metaphysical view of ‘the inner’.
V.—On an Elementary Solution of a Partial Differential Equation of Parabolic Type. Part II: The Nature of the Singularity.
Authors: Copson E. T. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIt is shown that the elementary solution Γ(x, ξ; t – τ) of the equationbehaves, as t → τ + O, in very much the same manner as the elementary solution of the equation of heat.
IX.—On a Certain Variation of the Distributive Law for a Commutative Algebraic Field
Authors: Robinsohn Abraham 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA quasi-field is denned by the postulates of a commutative algebraic field, except that the distributive law a(b + c) = ab + ac is replaced by a(b1+ … +bn)=ab1+ … +abn for a fixed integer n.The properties of quasi-fields are investigated. The study of their ideals is reduced to the study of the ideals of a certain type of ring. A particular quasi-field is constructed formally by means of polynomial domains modulo a natural number, with addition specially defined.Quasi-fields are connected with multiple fields—another generalisation of the conception of a commutative field, in which a fixed number of elements (> 2) co-operate symmetrically in the formation of any sum or product.
XXII.—Some Applications of Marcel Riesz's Integrals of Fractional Order
Authors: Copson E. T. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn account is given of Professor Marcel Riesz's generalisation of the Riemann-Liouville integral of fractional order. It is shown that the new ideas introduced by Riesz may prove valuable in the theory of partial differential equations and in the theory of the wave-equation in momentum space.
XXIV.—On the Equation of Motion of a Free Particle in the Expanding Universe of Kinematical Relativity
Authors: Milne E. A. 
Published: July 2016

In a recent paper in these Proceedings, Dr G. C. McVittie has published some criticisms of kinematical relativity. These criticisms are to a large extent based on his formula (4.10), namely,It must be stated at the outset that McVittie's interpretation of his derivation of (1) as a derivation of “Milne's formula for the acceleration of a ‘free particle moving in the presence of a substratum,’ for the special case of one spatial co-ordinate only” is wrong. McVittie does not derive the result, as he claims, from what he calls the “axioms of kinematical relativity” alone; he deduces it from these axioms together with an additional assumption, which is equivalent to begging the answer to the whole problem it was my object to solve. Instead of considering a free particle, as I did—that is, a particle whose motion we do not a priori know—he prescribes a priori the motion of his particle as being constrained to obey the rule, in his notation,
V.—On Whittaker's Solution of Laplace's Equation
Authors: Copson E. T. 
Published: July 2016

In 1902, Professor E. T. Whittaker gave a general solution of Laplace's equation in the formwhere f is an arbitrary function of the two variables. It appears that this is not the most general solution, since there are harmonic functions, such as r−1Q0(cos θ), which cannot be expressed in this form near the origin. The difficulty is naturally connected with the location of the singular points of the harmonic function. It seems therefore to be worth while considering afresh the conditions under which Whittaker's solution is valid.
VIII.—A Measurement of the Velocity of Light in Water
Authors: Houstoun R. A. 
Published: July 2016

In the Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. (Houstoun, 1941) I described a new method of measuring the velocity of light. Owing to the difficulties of the times progress has been slow, but I have now succeeded in measuring the velocity of light in water and communicate the result here.Previous Measurements.—Every elementary textbook on Light explains how Newton's, corpuscular theory required the velocity of light in water to be μ times the velocity in air, whereas Huygens's wave theory required it to be I/μ times the velocity in air, and how Foucault's determination decided between the two theories. As a matter of fact it did, but Foucault's determination was not an accurate one and there have been only four previous determinations of the velocity of light in water, none of which can lay claim to accuracy. These are the determinations of Foucault (1850), Fizeau and Bréguet (1850), A. A. Michelson (1891), and Gutton (1911).
XII.—Quantum Mechanics of Fields. II. Statistics of Pure Fields
Authors: Born Max , Peng H. W. 
Published: July 2016

The quantum mechanics of fields recently developed by us leads to a modification of statistical mechanics of elementary particles which seems to overcome some of the difficulties (divergence of integrals) occurring in the usual quantum theory of fields. The main difference between the new theory and the usual one is as follows.In the usual theory the wave-vector k is introduced classically and, so to speak, kinematically by the Fourier analysis of the field. The Fourier coefficients of the field components are then treated according to quantum mechanics as non-commuting quantities; those belonging to the wave-vector k describe the corresponding “model” mechanical system, namely the kth radiation oscillator. But the statement that the Fourier coefficients belonging to a certain k all vanish, which statement classically is significant, is now meaningless because there is a lowest state with zero-point energy for each radiation oscillator. The field is thus made to be equivalent to the assembly of radiation oscillators of all possible wave-vectors which, being necessarily infinite in number, contribute an infinite zero-point energy for the pure field and lead to other divergent integrals for the interaction between different fields.
XXXI.—Thermal Diffusion in some Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Docherty Archibald C. , Ritchie Mowbray 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThermal diffusion in aqueous solutions of raffinose, sucrose, glucose, xylose, glycerol and acetone was studied in respect of variation of concentration and of temperature. Initial rates of separation were determined as produced by an apparatus consisting of two vertical concentric glass tubes of length 130 cm. and mean annular separation o·68 mm.With a solution of glucose of 1·7 gm. mol. per litre, the initial rate of separation for the extremes of temperature which could be experimentally applied was found to be independent of the column length for lengths greater than 100 cm.With the exception of acetone, all the solutes concentrated at the column foot. In singlesolute solutions a maximum rate was observed at an intermediate concentration, which in the sugar series was at a lower molar concentration the higher the molar weight of the solute. With the two-solute solutions sucrose-glucose and sucrose-glycerol little or no relative separation was obtained, contrary to expectation based on the single-solute data.Initial rates increased with rise in mean temperature and with increase in the applied temperature gradient.
XXXII.—An Elementary Treatment of Thermal Diffusion in Gaseous and Liquid Systems
Authors: Ritchie Mowbray 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn elementary theory of thermal diffusion applicable to gaseous and liquid systems has been developed. This is based on the difference of diffusional characteristics of a molecule considered as diffusing through two different temperature regions, when the pressure is constant throughout.For gaseous systems, the resultant expression is shown to be in general accordance with experimental variation of temperature, mass, and diameter factors, and is further developed to include isotopic separation, change of sign of separation with concentration, and general force law considerations.A similar approach to thermal diffusion in solution, combined with the convection effect of a “cascade” system, gives an expression which is in general agreement with the results of experimental variation of mean temperature and temperature gradient for aqueous solutions of sucrose, glucose and glycerol. The simple expression does not account rigidly for the sign of separation or the effect of altered concentrations. These discrepancies are discussed in relation to the general formula; it is concluded that in addition to the diffusion diameters, the relative thermal expansions of solute and solvent are of importance in this connection.
XLIII.—On the Gravitational Mass of a System of Particles
Authors: Clark G. L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn classical mechanics the mass of a system of gravitating particles can be denned to be the mass of an equivalent particle which gives the same field at great distances, or alternatively the mass can be defined by means of Gauss' Theorem. Reference to the former procedure was made by Eddington and Clark (1938) in a discussion on the problem of n bodies. The relativistic extension of Gauss' Theorem has been investigated by Whittaker (1935) for a particular form of the line-element and for more general fields by Ruse (1935). The latter, treating the problem from a purely geometrical point of view, expressed the integral of the normal component of the gravitational force as the sum of two volume integrals. The physical significance of one of these integrals was quite obvious but the meaning of the other was far from clear. In this paper the terms in Ruse's result are examined as far as the order m2 in the case of a fundamental observer at rest and the 1938 discussion modified to bring the two investigations into line. It is concluded that the surface integral of the normal component of the gravitational force taken over an infinite sphere is –4π × the energy of the system.
XLVII.—Non-Associative Arithmetics
Authors: Etherington I. M. H. 
Published: July 2016

Introduction and SummaryThe systems of “partitive numbers” introduced in this paper differ from ordinary number systems in being subject to non-associative addition. They are intended primarily to serve as the indices of powers in algebraic systems having non-associative multiplication, or as the coefficients of multiples in systems with non-associative addition, but are defined more generally than is probably necessary for these purposes. They are essentially the same as root-trees (Setzbäume) with non-branching knots other than terminal knots ignored, with operations of addition and multiplication defined.Partitive numbers are of two kinds, partitioned cardinals and partitioned serials, defined respectively as the partition-types of repeatedly partitioned classes and series. For each kind, multiplication is binary (i.e. any ordered pair has a unique product) and associative. Addition is in general a free operation (i.e. the summands are not limited to two, and indeed, assuming the multiplicative axiom, may form an infinite class or series); but it is non-associative, which means that for example a + b + c (involving one operation of addition) is distinguished from (a + b) + c and a + (b + c) (involving two operations). A one-sided distributive law is obeyed:Partitioned cardinals are commutative in addition.
V.—Les transformations asymptotiquement presque périodiques discontinues et le lemme ergodique. (Première Note.)
Authors: Fréchet Maurice 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisWith the aim of establishing, under wide conditions, the ergodic theorem of G. D. Birkhoff, the author extends the class of asymptotically almost-periodic functions, considering now not only continuous functions, as he had already done in 1943, but discontinuous functions. Definitions and properties of the extended class of functions are set out, some comparisons being made with almost-periodic functions in the sense of Bohr, Stepanoff, Weyl and Besicovitch. Applications to the ergodic theorem are adumbrated.
VII.—Parallel Planes in a Riemannian Vn
Authors: Ruse H. S. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisIn an earlier paper a description was given, in terms of classical projective geometry, of some of the properties of parallel fields of vector spaces (parallel planes) in a Riemannian Vn, and a detailed analysis was made of the case n = 4. The present paper contains the corresponding formulae for any n, though omits their projective interpretation. A parallel þ-plane is said to be of nullity q when the þ vectors of any normal basis contain q null and þ − q non-null vectors. The conditions of parallelism, namely that the co-variant derivatives of the basis-vectors should depend linearly upon these vectors, are examined for any þ and any q(<þ), and attention is thereafter mainly confined to the cases (i) n even, q = ½n − 1, p = ½n − 1 or ½n; (ii) n odd, q = ½(n − 3)) ,p = ½(n − 1), which possess exceptional features. In the former of these cases light is thrown upon the curious circumstance, noted in the previous paper, that the existence in a V4 of a null parallel i-plane necessitates the existence of parallel planes other than its conjugate. For a general n similar situations arise in the cases indicated.
X.—The Reciprocity Theory of Electrodynamics
Authors: Green H. S. , Cheng K. C. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThis paper represents the application of the Principle of Reciprocity, formulated in a previous communication, to the outstanding problems of classical and quantum electrodynamics.The first step consists in the formulation of a reciprocally invariant Lagrangian function for a system of electrons in interaction with the electromagnetic field. A study is made of the unaccelerated motion of an electron, and this is subsequently extended to embrace the problem of an electron in arbitrary motion. It is found that the usual difficulties of classical electrodynamics do not appear. The methods of the earlier paper are applied to the derivation of the Hamiltonian energy of electron and field, and this enables a quantized formulation of the theory to be given, which also does not lead to the usual divergence difficulties.
XI.—Application of Relaxation Methods to Compressible Flow past a Double Wedge
Authors: Mitchell A. R. , Rutherford D. E. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThe relaxation technique of R. V. Southwell is shown to be applicable in certain cases to transonic problems. For a uniform stream with a low subsonic velocity impinging on a symmetrical 2-dimensional double wedge, an asymmetrical supersonic region can be isolated in the neighbourhood of the corner of the wedge, and the streamlines and the values of the Mach number within this supersonic region can be determined with the aid of relaxation methods. Difficulties must be expected to occur in the neighbourhood of the sonic line, but in the present problem these have been surmounted.