bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pivotal Role of a Lawyer in Combating Official Corruption in Nigeria
Authors: Ebuara Ushie James 
Published: April 2017

Nigeria is ranked internationally as one of the most corrupt nations in the world. As embarrassing as this status is, it is indeed the reality of our situation. The general public and now even the executive arm of the Federal government have continued to question how members of the legal profession discharge their role in applying the law because they have absolute belief in the law as their protection against the tendencies that are depriving them of their well being, dehumanizing them and even threatening the existence of their country, they waited for the law to respond to these tendencies by putting them in check, stop them completely or control them, they have watched helplessly the inability of law to effectively respond to these tendencies and have watched the tendencies continue unabated and escalated into the conditions we found ourselves today The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of lawyers as Judges, as Prosecutors and defence Attorneys in promoting and encouraging corruption in our body politics. It further examines in contrast the role lawyers should play in the renewed fight against corruption. Lawyers as agents of social change should be in the vanguard for the reorientation of the mind set of Nigerian in the renewed fight against corruption and social rebirth generally. To effectively play this role members of the legal profession must purge themselves of corrupt tendencies and must be seen to be above board.
Outcomes in Paediatric Intensive Care Units for Children with Life-Limiting Conditions: A national data linkage study
Authors: Fraser Lorna , Fleming Sarah , Parslow Roger 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo identify children with a Life-Limiting Condition (LLC) who have had an admission to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in England and their outcomes.
ApproachData for all children who had had a PICU admission in the UK between 1st Jan 2004 and 31st March 2015 were identified from the PICANet dataset.
Linkage to inpatient Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data was undertaken by the NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre for all children who had been resident in England. Their standard algorithm using NHS number, date of birth, sex and postcode was used. All inpatient HES episodes from the financial years 1997/98-2014/15 were received.
Although the data quality is high in the PICANet dataset, comorbidities are variably coded therefore identifying whether a child has a LLC or not is not possible. A previously developed ICD10 coding framework was used to identify individuals with one or more of these LLC codes in the inpatient HES dataset.
ResultsA total of 199,548 PICU admissions in the UK for 135,759 individuals occurred during the time period of the study. Data for 43,565 admissions (32,025 individuals) were excluded due to not having been resident in England or poor quality demographic data.
Data on 103,734 individuals (155,983 admissions) were sent for linkage. Successful linkage occurred in 102,722 individuals (99.4%). Individuals who could not be linked were excluded from the analysis.51.0% of these children had a LLC and these children accounted for 62.7% of the PICU admissions.
The crude PICU death rate in the children with a LLC was 5.0% (n=4826) compared to 3.1% (n=1786) in those without a LLC. The OR of death in a model adjusted for diagnostic group, sex, age, and expected risk of mortality for children with a LLC was 2.11 (95%CI 1.97-2.27).
ConclusionsChildren with a LLC account for a large proportion of all PICU admissions in England. Although only one in twenty of these children die in PICU, as death may be expected in this population of children more integration of specialist palliative care with PICU services may allow more choice for children and families.
The Housing Regeneration and Health Study
Authors: Rodgers Sarah , Johnson Rhodri , Bailey Rowena , Dunstan Frank , Poortinga Wouter , Berridge Damon , Smith Robert , Lyons Ronan 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
ObjectivesA social housing regeneration programme, delivered by one Welsh local authority, has invested £204M (US$308M) to upgrade its housing stock in order to meet a national housing quality standard; the Welsh Housing Quality Standard (WHQS). Homes may receive new bathrooms, kitchens, heating, windows and doors, and insulation. Our objective is to evaluate the effect of implementing the concentrated WHQS investment policy on the physical and mental health of the residents compared to the standard ‘business as usual’ policy of housing stock maintenance.
ApproachUsing housing and regeneration data from the Local Authority and an anonymised databank (Secure Anonymised Information Linkage, SAIL) we have established a residence-based cohort. The primary outcome is a relative change in emergency hospital admissions (injuries, cardiovascular and respiratory conditions) following housing improvements; secondary outcomes include health care utilisation costs, primary care mental health conditions and deaths. Different comparator groups will be used to adjust for trends over time.
ResultsWe have linked housing data to individuals and their health data using a novel data linkage system. There are about 32 000 residents in the intervention group, 49 000 in a social housing comparator group; and 231 000 in a large general comparator group. Residents who migrate within the social housing cohort are retained using data linkage methods. Records relating to respiratory and cardiovascular conditions as well as falls and burns were obtained retrospectively for each individual, from 2005 to 2015, with measurements captured in 123 monthly time intervals. We are using a three-level negative binomial model, in which time is nested within individuals within properties, to examine the effects of the housing improvements on the mean number of emergency hospital admissions, whilst adjusting for individual-level explanatory variables such as gender, age and comorbidities.
Conclusion We discuss the challenges and benefits of linking routine housing and health data to evaluate a natural experiment. We have identified differences between residents in the study area and the comparator groups to evaluate the health benefits of a targeted housing improvement program to implement the WHQS.
The evaluation was funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Public Health Research Programme, United Kingdom. (http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/projects/phr/09300602).
The comparative analysis of the welfare attitude in accordance with the dual status of taxpayer and welfare recipient by using data linkage
Authors: Oh Miae , Choi Hyunsoo 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
BackgroundData linkage is a method to form a complete data that can provide more abundant information by combining a plurality of different data files. In this study, we construct the matched data combined with Korea Welfare Panel Survey and National Survey of Tax and Benefit by using statistical matching methodology. We aim to provide the empirical and advisable evidence for tax and welfare policy by analyzing about the welfare attitude in accordance with the welfare status of taxpayer or welfare recipient using matched data.
ResultsAccording to the analysis results, people with dual status of taxpayer above the tax break-even point and welfare recipient due to recent enlargement of welfare programs are relatively more positive about the expansion of the universal welfare than taxpayers who never receive welfare benefit. Also, in the group with dual status, the recognition that the current tax burden of middle class is low is relatively higher and the negative thinking about the need to increase tax burden for the enlargement of the universal welfare programs is relatively lower than the group who pay tax but never receive welfare benefit.
Mothers of children with autism have different rates of cancer according to the presence of intellectual disability in their child
Authors: Fairthorne Jenny , Leonard Helen , De Klerk Nick , Whitehouse Andrew 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackground Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability (ID) are neurodevelopmental disorders with a strong genetic component. Increasing research attention has focused on whether the genetic factors that convey susceptibility for these conditions, also influence the risk for other health conditions, such as cancer. AimsWe compared hospital admissions and treatment/services for cancer in mothers of ASD probands to other mothers.
MethodsUsing West Australian databases, we calculated the hazard ratios (HRs) of hospitalisations for cancer in case and comparator mothers.Results In the multivariate model and compared to mothers of children with no ASD or ID, mothers of children with ASD without ID were more likely to have had an admission associated with a cancer diagnosis [HR=1.33(95% CI: 1.1, 1.7)] or a treatment or service associated with cancer [HR=1.54(95% CI: 1.1, 2.2)]. Furthermore, these HRs were significantly greater (p-values < 0.00005) than the corresponding HRs for mothers of children with ASD with ID [HR=1.05(95% CI: 0.8, 1.3) and HR= 0.97(95% CI: 0.7, 1.4)].
Conclusions We suggest that genes increasing the risk of autism without ID and cancer have common pathways and that the genetic basis of ASD with ID differs from ASD without ID.
The paradox of invasive therapy following non-ST-acute coronary syndrome in older higher risk patients: A population level study in South Wales 2000-2014
Authors: Protty Majd , Lacey Arron , Smith Dave , Freeman Phillip 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
ObjectivesFollowing non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS), patients are treated with medication and considered for invasive therapy and revascularization. Mortality for this whole population is high in the first year with multiple studies suggesting anything from 4% to 10%. However, the risk of death after the first year has a wide distribution amongst the whole population with a much higher risk in older patients. We will highlight that decisions to revascularise are predominantly focused on a younger lower risk population with smaller improvements in outcome. Older, higher risk patients frequently do not receive invasive therapy despite the potential to benefit the most. However, the evidence base for using invasive therapy in this group is poor overall. With the use of data linkage from a novel national NSTEACS registry dataset we aim to clarify the influence of invasive therapy on this group in terms of adjusted mortality, reinfarction, re-admission with ischaemia, stroke and major bleeding.
ApproachAll patients over a 14-year period in south Wales with a first diagnosis of NSTEACS and treated either medically or invasively. Cohorts identified by a combination of ICD-10 codes, operation codes, and linkage to coronary angiography data. Extraction of cohorts validated externally using novel national NSTEACS registry data. Multivariate analysis of baseline-characteristics for understanding how these factors influence treatment decisions. Propensity matching between medical cohorts and invasive cohorts to show the corrected effect of invasive vs. medical therapy.
ResultsTotal population 83,712 from 2000 until 2015. With 23,670 patients invasive therapy, 57,042 medical therapy. Invasive therapy was common in the 65-69 age groups and below but the proportion was never more than 50%. Above 65-69 exponential decline in invasive therapy, 75-79 (24.4%) 80-84 (14.7%) and 85-89 (6.5%). Unadjusted mortality revealed highly significant improvements in survival for the invasively treated patients in all age groups but with large increases as age increased. Adjusted and matched results to follow.
ConclusionInitial results suggest increasing age and cardiovascular risk is associated with much higher mortality at one year and beyond. Older higher risk patients have very low rates of invasive revascularization but appear to have more to gain from this approach (than younger, lower risk patients), in terms of mortality and morbidity. In the older higher risk population these results suggest that increased frequency of invasive therapy will lead to reduced short and long term mortality, reduced hospital readmission with less frequent development of heart failure and reinfarction.
Linking Federal Administrative Records to Respondents and Nonrespondents in Household Surveys: A Case Study
Authors: Sakshaug Joseph , Antoni Manfred , Sauckel Reinhard 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
BackgroundIn response to increasing nonresponse rates in household surveys, auxiliary information is being sought to augment survey samples and adjust for possible nonresponse bias in key survey estimates. Auxiliary data options are typically limited in most general population surveys and there are questions concerning their utility for nonresponse adjustment. Federal administrative databases provide a potentially rich source of auxiliary information for nonresponse adjustment, but linking them to general population samples is usually restricted to surveys which draw their samples from population registers containing unique personal identity numbers which can be directly linked to federal databases.
MethodIn this article, we examine the feasibility of linking a federal administrative database to a general population survey sample without a unique identifier. We employ a series of indirect linkage procedures that rely instead on non-unique and error-prone identifiers collected from the sampling frame to link a federal employment database to a general population survey in Germany. The quality and selectivity of the established links are evaluated using household- and person-level interview data in accordance with German data protection laws.
ResultsWe report a linkage rate of 60 percent for the entire sample under a strict linkage criterion, and 80 percent under a more relaxed criterion. Linkage rates varied across some household- and person-level characteristics that are likely specific to the particular administrative database used in this case study.
ConclusionWe conclude with a general discussion of the practical implications of this work for survey organizations considering performing similar linkages and highlight some opportunities for future linkage research.
Refining an antidepressant-based indicator to improve the ascertainment of depression from Australian administrative data
Authors: Havard Alys , Lujic Sanja , Tran Duong , Jorm Louisa 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivesIn the absence of whole-of-population data regarding depression in Australia, antidepressant supply identified through pharmaceutical data has been used by some as an indicator of depression. This approach has been criticised on the basis that up to 30% of antidepressants are prescribed for indications other than depression, including anxiety disorders, insomnia and pain. This study examines whether the identification of patients treated for depression can be improved by refining this antidepressant-based indicator via a series of pre-determined algorithms.ApproachPharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and Medicare Benefits Scheme (MBS) records were linked to follow-up questionnaires completed between September 2012 and December 2014 by participants of the 45 and Up Study - a cohort study of residents of New South Wales, Australia, aged 45 years and older. After exclusions, 58,425 participants were included in the analyses. According to the basic antidepressant-based indicator, the supply of any antidepressant (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification (ATC) code beginning with N06A) in the 30 days prior to the survey completion date was considered indicative of depression treatment in the last month. This algorithm was refined to: i) exclude tricyclic antidepressants (ATC code N06AA), which are commonly prescribed for insomnia and pain; and ii) re-categorise as ‘not treated for depression’ those antidepressant recipients who were also supplied an anxiolytic or sedative (ATC codes beginning with N05B and N05C) in the 12 months prior to the survey. Self-reported receipt of treatment for depression in the last month, from the questionnaire data, was used as a gold standard.ResultsThe basic antidepressant-based indicator returned a sensitivity (Sn) of 59.9%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 43.4% and a specificity (Sp) of 94.7%. When refined algorithm i) was applied, the PPV and Sp increased to 51.8% and 96.5% respectively, while Sn decreased to 54.6%. Refined algorithms ii) yielded similar PPVs and Sps to algorithm i) while Sns were lower. Further refinements to the indicator will be explored using primary care (MBS) data. Although MBS data do not contain diagnoses, they do contain indicators of when certain mental health services were provided, allowing for algorithms in which the prescription of antidepressants for mental health reasons is distinguished from their prescription for physical health problems.ConclusionThe algorithms developed in this study can be applied to identify depression in future research based on Australian administrative health data.
We acknowledge the Commonwealth Department of Human Services for supplying PBS and MBS data.
Conducting Population Health Intervention Research using Linked Databases: An Evaluation of Home Visiting Programs for At-Risk Families
Authors: Chartier Mariette , Brownell Marni , Isaac Mike , Chateau Dan , Nickel Nathan , Sarkar Joykrishna , Burland Elaine , Katz Alan 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe objective of this population health intervention research was to determine the effectiveness in improving children’s outcomes of a provincial home visiting program for at-risk families in Manitoba, Canada. Home visiting programs have been evaluated in highly structured and supervised conditions which may provide different results than those evaluated in real-world delivery systems.
ApproachIn this retrospective cohort study, data for 4,562 children from home visiting program families and 5,184 comparison children were linked to de-identified administrative health, social services, and education data held securely at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. Inverse probability of treatment weights were used to address the selection bias inherent in delivering a voluntary program. We used generalized linear modelling to calculate program effects among those exposed to the program, those unexposed and the average effect. Child outcomes examined included being taken into care of child welfare, hospitalizations for maltreatment-related injuries, and child development scores at school entry.
ResultsThe home visiting program was associated with lower rates of children being taken into care and lower rates of hospitalization for maltreatment-related injuries. For being taken into care by child’s first birthday, the adjusted Risk Ratio (aRR) was 0.75 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.66, 0.86); for being taken into care by second birthday, aRR=0.79, (95% CI: 0.70, 0.88); and for hospitalizations for maltreatment-related injuries by third birthday, aRR=0.59 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.99). Similar program effects would be expected among comparison children if they had received the program (i.e., average treatment effect for the untreated). No differences between groups were found across five domains of child development at school entry.
ConclusionHome visiting programs can be an effective strategy for decreasing child maltreatment at a population level. Home visiting program enhancements are necessary to improve child development scores when children enter school. Use of population-based linkable data systems provides an opportunity to evaluate interventions using large, real-world samples, adjusting for a wide range of risk factors, and examining a variety of outcomes.
Influence of early life exposure to social disadvantages on deliberate self-harm (DSH) among children of parents with mental health disorders
Authors: Hu Nan , Taylor Catherine , Glauert Rebecca , Li Jianghong , Wong Janice 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionIt is well established that parental mental health disorders increase children’s risk of deliberate self-harm (DSH). However, little is known about how early life exposure to social disadvantage influences DSH among children whose parents have a mental health disorder.
AimsTo examine how early life exposure to high neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and having a teen mother influence the DSH risk among children whose parents have a mental health disorder.
MethodsThis study was based on the linkage of population-level records routinely collected by government agencies in Western Australia. A birth cohort including 474,860 non-Aboriginal individuals born between 1981 and 2001 was followed up until 2011. A nested case-control sample was compiled from the birth cohort for data analysis. A total of 7,151 people with DSH-related contacts (cases) and 143,020 matched controls were analysed. Conditional logistic regression models were utilised in this study.
ResultsExposure to high neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with additionally increased odds of DSH among children exposed to maternal mental health disorders during early childhood (1-4 years) (OR=1.75, 95%CI:1.30-2.36, p<0.001). However, this was not observed for children exposed to maternal mental health disorders during late childhood (5-9 years) or adolescence (10-19 years). Comparatively, exposure to high socioeconomic disadvantage was related to additionally increased odds of DSH among children exposed to paternal mental health disorders during adolescence (10-19 years) (OR=2.25, 95%CI:1.60-3.16, p<0.001), but not childhood. Having a teen mother was significantly associated with additionally increased odds of DSH, regardless of when the parental mental health disorders occurred. Children with a teen mother and early life exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage were at additionally increased odds of DSH, compared to children with only one form of disadvantage (OR=1.51,95%CI:1.07-2.12%,p=0.018) among children exposed to parental mental health disorders during childhood, but not during adolescence.
Conclusion Among children of parents with mental health disorders, early life exposure to social disadvantage is not uncommon, and confers additionally increased risk of DSH. Therefore, preventive strategies need to be based on joint actions involving both social and health services, and need to incorporate child mental health interventions into adult mental health services. The cross-cutting efforts would provide a greater positive impact in effectively addressing the multifaceted nature of reducing DSH among children of parents with mental health disorders.