bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audit feedback on reading performance of screening mammograms: An international comparison
Authors: Hofvind S , Bennett RL , Brisson J , Lee W , Pelletier E , Flugelman A , Geller B 
Published: February 2016

Objective Providing feedback to mammography radiologists and facilities may improve interpretive performance. We conducted a web-based survey to investigate how and why such feedback is undertaken and used in mammographic screening programmes. Methods The survey was sent to representatives in 30 International Cancer Screening Network member countries where mammographic screening is offered. Results Seventeen programmes in 14 countries responded to the survey. Audit feedback was aimed at readers in 14 programmes, and facilities in 12 programmes. Monitoring quality assurance was the most common purpose of audit feedback. Screening volume, recall rate, and rate of screen-detected cancers were typically reported performance measures. Audit reports were commonly provided annually, but more frequently when target guidelines were not reached. Conclusion The purpose, target audience, performance measures included, form and frequency of the audit feedback varied amongst mammographic screening programmes. These variations may provide a basis for those developing and improving such programmes.
A preliminary report: The new protocol of managing acute partial-thickness hand burns
Authors: Feng Jiajun , Yong Cheryl , Bin Kasmin Muhammad Razi , Tan Kok Chai , Tan Bien-Keem , Chong Si Jack 
Published: February 2016

Background: Optimal hand function recovery is the key to the successful management of hand burns. It starts with a timely burns coverage in the acute setting. A new hand burns protocol has been introduced to cover hand burn wounds within 24 hours after admission. BiobraneTM and split skin graft (SSG) are the coverage methods for partial-thickness burns. A three-year prospective study is being carried out to evaluate the short- and long-term clinical and functional outcomes of the two treatment modalities. This paper reports the preliminary short-term results of the first 34 hand burns of the study. Methodology: This report includes consecutive hand burns patients admitted between September 2014 and May 2015. The recruited hand burns patients underwent clinical and functional assessments seven days after the coverage with either SSG or BiobraneTM. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the outcomes. Results and discussion: Eleven burnt hands were treated with SSG and 23 with BiobraneTM. The clinical and functional outcomes, including range of motion, power and sensitivity, were similar in both treatment groups. Further study to recruit more patients is necessary to ascertain the significance of the above findings. More importantly, long-term functional outcomes have to be assessed to conclude the treatment efficacy of early hand burns coverage with BiobraneTM or SSG.
Intra- and interspecies gene expression models for predicting drug response in canine osteosarcoma
Authors: Fowles Jared S. , Brown Kristen C. , Hess Ann M. , Duval Dawn L. , Gustafson Daniel L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
Genomics-based predictors of drug response have the potential to improve outcomes associated with cancer therapy. Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone cancer in dogs, is commonly treated with adjuvant doxorubicin or carboplatin following amputation of the affected limb. We evaluated the use of gene-expression based models built in an intra- or interspecies manner to predict chemosensitivity and treatment outcome in canine OS. Models were built and evaluated using microarray gene expression and drug sensitivity data from human and canine cancer cell lines, and canine OS tumor datasets. The “COXEN” method was utilized to filter gene signatures between human and dog datasets based on strong co-expression patterns. Models were built using linear discriminant analysis via the misclassification penalized posterior algorithm.

Results
The best doxorubicin model involved genes identified in human lines that were co-expressed and trained on canine OS tumor data, which accurately predicted clinical outcome in 73 % of dogs (p = 0.0262, binomial). The best carboplatin model utilized canine lines for gene identification and model training, with canine OS tumor data for co-expression. Dogs whose treatment matched our predictions had significantly better clinical outcomes than those that didn’t (p = 0.0006, Log Rank), and this predictor significantly associated with longer disease free intervals in a Cox multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 0.3102, p = 0.0124).

Conclusions
Our data show that intra- and interspecies gene expression models can successfully predict response in canine OS, which may improve outcome in dogs and serve as pre-clinical validation for similar methods in human cancer research.
Evx1 and Evx2 specify excitatory neurotransmitter fates and suppress inhibitory fates through a Pax2-independent mechanism
Authors: Juárez-Morales José L. , Schulte Claus J. , Pezoa Sofia A. , Vallejo Grace K. , Hilinski William C. , England Samantha J. , de Jager Sarah , Lewis Katharine E. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
For neurons to function correctly in neuronal circuitry they must utilize appropriate neurotransmitters. However, even though neurotransmitter specificity is one of the most important and defining properties of a neuron we still do not fully understand how neurotransmitter fates are specified during development. Most neuronal properties are determined by the transcription factors that neurons express as they start to differentiate. While we know a few transcription factors that specify the neurotransmitter fates of particular neurons, there are still many spinal neurons for which the transcription factors specifying this critical phenotype are unknown. Strikingly, all of the transcription factors that have been identified so far as specifying inhibitory fates in the spinal cord act through Pax2. Even Tlx1 and Tlx3, which specify the excitatory fates of dI3 and dI5 spinal neurons work at least in part by down-regulating Pax2.

Methods
In this paper we use single and double mutant zebrafish embryos to identify the spinal cord functions of Evx1 and Evx2.

Results
We demonstrate that Evx1 and Evx2 are expressed by spinal cord V0v cells and we show that these cells develop into excitatory (glutamatergic) Commissural Ascending (CoSA) interneurons. In the absence of both Evx1 and Evx2, V0v cells still form and develop a CoSA morphology. However, they lose their excitatory fate and instead express markers of a glycinergic fate. Interestingly, they do not express Pax2, suggesting that they are acquiring their inhibitory fate through a novel Pax2-independent mechanism.

Conclusions
Evx1 and Evx2 are required, partially redundantly, for spinal cord V0v cells to become excitatory (glutamatergic) interneurons. These results significantly increase our understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal specification and the genetic networks involved in these processes.
Painted plaster and glazed brick fragments from Achaemenid Pasargadae and Persepolis, Iran
Authors: Aloiz Emily , Douglas Janet G. , Nagel Alexander 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
Architectural fragments of decorated walls, floors, and columns excavated by Ernst Herzfeld (1879–1948) at the archaeological sites of Persepolis and Pasargadae in Iran are housed in the Freer Study Collection at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (FSG), Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. Technical studies of these painted earthen plasters and glazed brick fragments were undertaken to enhance our knowledge of materials and technology of Achaemenid Persia between the late sixth and fourth centuries BCE. Initial analysis was done on the surface of the fragments using non-invasive X-ray fluorescence with a portable instrument. Polished cross-sections were used to examine the layering stratigraphy of paints and glazes, and to undertake compositional analysis using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

Results
Up to five layers of paint are present on the Pasargadae plaster, constituting the remnants of a geometric design. The plasters were bound with clay tempered with an organic material that has long since degraded, leaving small voids throughout. Pigments identified include Egyptian blue, malachite green, red ocher, and cinnabar red. The floor fragments from Persepolis were finished with a lime plaster and two layers of hematite-rich paint. The brick fragments from Persepolis were found to be composed of high-silica material similar to faience, which were decorated with alkaline glazes, including a yellow glazed colored with lead antimonate, gray glaze colored with magnesium and iron, and green glazed colored with copper.

Conclusions
While the exact ages of the finishes are unknown, a similar technology was employed to decorate Achaemenid architecture in its principle Iranian cities. The variety of materials excavated by Herzfeld demonstrates the ability of Achaemenid artisans to work with multiple mediums to create a polychromatic finish including that of glazed tiles, earthen plaster tempered with gravel, earthen plaster tempered with organic matter, colored earths, pigmented paints and lime plasters. The layering of these materials can be seen and analyzed in cross-section although surface deterioration is often quite severe. The analysis of the compositional data on the architectural fragments inform their long-term preservation at the FSG as well as at the sites themselves.
Estimated Maximal Safe Dosages of Tumescent Lidocaine
Authors: Klein Jeffrey A. , Jeske Daniel R. 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND:
Tumescent lidocaine anesthesia consists of subcutaneous injection of relatively large volumes (up to 4 L or more) of dilute lidocaine (≤1 g/L) and epinephrine (≤1 mg/L). Although tumescent lidocaine anesthesia is used for an increasing variety of surgical procedures, the maximum safe dosage is unknown. Our primary aim in this study was to measure serum lidocaine concentrations after subcutaneous administration of tumescent lidocaine with and without liposuction. Our hypotheses were that even with large doses (i.e., >30 mg/kg), serum lidocaine concentrations would be below levels associated with mild toxicity and that the concentration-time profile would be lower after liposuction than without liposuction.

METHODS:
Volunteers participated in 1 to 2 infiltration studies without liposuction and then one study with tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia. Serum lidocaine concentrations were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 24 hours after each tumescent lidocaine infiltration. Area under the curve (AUC∞) of the serum lidocaine concentration-time profiles and peak serum lidocaine concentrations (Cmax) were determined with and without liposuction. For any given milligram per kilogram dosage, the probability that Cmax >6 μg/mL, the threshold for mild lidocaine toxicity was estimated using tolerance interval analysis.

RESULTS:
In 41 tumescent infiltration procedures among 14 volunteer subjects, tumescent lidocaine dosages ranged from 19.2 to 52 mg/kg. Measured serum lidocaine concentrations were all <6 μg/mL over the 24-hour study period. AUC∞s with liposuction were significantly less than those without liposuction (P = 0.001). The estimated risk of lidocaine toxicity without liposuction at a dose of 28 mg/kg and with liposuction at a dose of 45 mg/kg was ≤1 per 2000.

CONCLUSIONS:
Preliminary estimates for maximum safe dosages of tumescent lidocaine are 28 mg/kg without liposuction and 45 mg/kg with liposuction. As a result of delayed systemic absorption, these dosages yield serum lidocaine concentrations below levels associated with mild toxicity and are a nonsignificant risk of harm to patients.
Co-expression networks in generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Paul Sharan , Pflieger Lance , Dansithong Warunee , Figueroa Karla P. , Gao Fuying , Coppola Giovanni , Pulst Stefan M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We developed an adenoviral vector, in which Yamanaka's four reprogramming factors (RFs) were controlled by individual CMV promoters in a single cassette (Ad-SOcMK). This permitted coordinated expression of RFs (SOX2, OCT3/4, c-MYC and KLF4) in a cell for a transient period of time, synchronizing the reprogramming process with the majority of transduced cells assuming induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-like characteristics as early as three days post-transduction. These reprogrammed cells resembled human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with regard to morphology, biomarker expression, and could be differentiated into cells of the germ layers in vitro and in vivo. These iPSC-like cells, however, failed to expand into larger iPSC colonies. The short and synchronized reprogramming process allowed us to study global transcription changes within short time intervals. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified sixteen large gene co-expression modules, each including members of gene ontology categories involved in cell differentiation and development. In particular, the brown module contained a significant number of ESC marker genes, whereas the turquoise module contained cell-cycle-related genes that were downregulated in contrast to upregulation in human ESCs. Strong coordinated expression of all four RFs via adenoviral transduction may constrain stochastic processes and lead to silencing of genes important for cellular proliferation.
Transmembrane protein TMEM170A is a newly discovered regulator of ER and nuclear envelope morphogenesis in human cells
Authors: Christodoulou Andri , Santarella-Mellwig Rachel , Santama Niovi , Mattaj Iain W. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphogenesis is incompletely understood. ER tubules are shaped by the reticulons (RTNs) and DP1/Yop1p family members, but the mechanism of ER sheet formation is much less clear. Here, we characterize TMEM170A, a human transmembrane protein, which localizes in ER and nuclear envelope membranes. Silencing or overexpressing TMEM170A in HeLa K cells alters ER shape and morphology. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that downregulation of TMEM170A specifically induces tubular ER formation, whereas overexpression of TMEM170A induces ER sheet formation, indicating that TMEM170A is a newly discovered ER-sheet-promoting protein. Additionally, downregulation of TMEM170A alters nuclear shape and size, decreases the density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in the nuclear envelope and causes either a reduction in inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins or their relocalization to the ER. TMEM170A interacts with RTN4, a member of the reticulon family; simultaneous co-silencing of TMEM170A and RTN4 rescues ER, NPC and nuclear-envelope-related phenotypes, implying that the two proteins have antagonistic effects on ER membrane organization, and nuclear envelope and NPC formation.
Contingência e Legitimação
Authors: Giorgi Raffaele De 
Published: February 2016

O presente artigo analisa a evolução da epistemologia do direito natural para a epistemologia do direito positivo a partir da relação entre contingência e legitimação. Enquanto o direito natural se apresentava como verdade normativa – e, portanto, não contingente – capaz de legitimar-se a partir do interior de uma filosofia prática fundada na razão universal, o direito positivo, que é fruto de um processo de fragmentação da razão, apresenta à epistemologia o desafio de legitimar o contingente. Diante desse desafio, Kelsen foi capaz de legitimar o direito positivo com base em uma concepção puramente formal de validade como existência da norma. Entretanto, deixou em aberto a possibilidade de legitimação teórica com referência à razão jurídica – tarefa que foi retomada pelos autores que o sucederam. A hipótese levantada ao final do artigo é a de que a epistemologia jurídica é uma estratégia global de legitimação da contingência normativa que caracteriza um direito burguês orientado para a repressão da realidade objetiva das relações sociais de produção. This article analyzes the evolution from the epistemology of natural law to the epistemology of positive law from the perspective of the relation between contingency and legitimacy. On the one hand, natural law has been constructed as normative truth – and therefore not contingent – capable of being legitimized by a practical philosophy grounded on universal reason. On the other hand, positive law – which is the product of the fragmentation of reason – has presented epistemology with the challenge of legitimizing contingency. Kelsen was able to legitimize positive law using a purely formal conception that equates the validity and the existence of a norm. However, he did not answer the question about the legitimacy of positive law based on legal reason – which was later done by other German authors. The hypothesis generated in this article is that the epistemology of law is a global strategy of legitimacy of the normative contingency that characterizes a bourgeois law oriented at the repression of the objective reality of the social relations of production.
Dano ao erário em hipóteses de licitação ou contrato
Authors: Medina Marcelo Borges de Mattos 
Published: February 2016

Este artigo investiga a ocorrência de dano ao patrimônio público, nos casos em que a contratação mostra-se eivada de vício, mas não há superfaturamento. Estuda a legislação pertinente, notadamente as Leis nos 4.717/1965, 8.429/1992 e 8.666/1993. Bem assim, analisa a jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça sobre o ponto. Ao final, conclui que o dano ao erário resulta da contratação ilegal, independentemente da prática de preço superior ao de mercado. E o pagamento de indenização não importará enriquecimento ilícito da administração. This paper investigates the occurrence of prejudice to the state treasury, when the contract is void, but is not overpriced. It studies the statutes regarding to the subject, in special “Leis nos 4.717/1965, 8.429/1992 e 8.666/1993”. Besides, it examines precedents of “Superior Tribunal de Justiça” about the topic. In the end, concludes that the treasury is harmed whenever the contract is illegal, regardless of the absence of overprice. In this situation, the indemnification will not cause improper enrichment of the government.
O urbanismo e o direito por um prisma interdisciplinar: um estudo sobre a produção normativa para a efetivação do direito à cidade
Authors: Costa Igor Sporch da 
Published: February 2016

Este artigo objetiva apresentar as relações de comunicação entre o direito e o urbanismo, que, longe de considerarem o espaço como realidade meramente física e imutável, comprometem-se com a emancipação dos indivíduos, por meio da produção de normas voltadas à efetivação do direito à cidade, compreendido como acessibilidade aos bens urbanos e participação no processo decisório. This article objectives to present relations of communication between law and urbanism that, far from considering the space as physical and mere invariant reality, are committed to the emancipation of the individuals, by means of the production of rules directed to the effectiveness of the right to the city, understood as accessibility to the urban possessions and participation in the decision process.
A responsabilização do advogado de Estado perante os Tribunais de Contas pela emissão de pareceres jurídicos
Authors: Cunha Bruno Santos 
Published: February 2016

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a (im)possibilidade e consequente inviabilidade de se tentar responsabilizar os advogados de Estado perante os Tribunais de Contas pela emissão de pareceres jurídicos que, eventualmente, subsidiem posteriores atos de gestão administrativa. Para tal, é necessário demonstrar as peculiaridades da atuação dos advogados de Estado, sobretudo quando lotados nos órgãos responsáveis pela consultoria jurídica da administração. The present work aims to analyze the (im)possibility and unfeasibility of trying to make responsible the public lawyers for issuing legal opinions that, eventually, subsidize posterior acts of administrative management. In such scope, it is necessary to demonstrate the peculiarities of the performance of the public lawyers, mainly when working with legal opinions and advice to the public administration.
O formato jurídico da gestão da saúde pública: a opção do MP nº 520/2010 por modelo empresarial, sob perspectiva jurisprudencial
Authors: Pereira Junior Jessé Torres 
Published: February 2016

Entre as características das Constituições do movimento constitucionalista do pós-guerra está a de traçarem políticas públicas cogentes, como forma de limitar o poder estatal para ditá-las mediante atos de governo ou meramente administrativos. Exemplo de política pública traçada constitucionalmente é a implementação do direito à saúde. As Constituições contemporâneas também dão nova conformação aos princípios (e.g., eficiência), incumbindo-os de apontar o norte e assegurar congruência a todo o sistema jurídico, na qualidade de proposições gerais, impessoais e abstratas, providas de efetividade e de cogência. Os governos buscam conceber, respeitada a política pública constitucional para a saúde, fórmulas que elevem o grau de eficiência do SUS e dos planos de saúde, postos em discussão entre seus respectivos usuários. Entre as ideias sob análise está a da Medida Provisória nº 520, de 31 de dezembro de 2010, que “autoriza o Poder Executivo a criar a empresa pública denominada Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares S/A”, na presunção de que o modelo empresarial seria mais adequado para alcançar níveis desejados de eficiência no setor, sob permanente pressão de demanda e escassez de recursos. Tal o objeto das reflexões deste texto: qual o formato jurídico da gestão dos hospitais públicos, superiormente apto a elevar-lhe o nível de eficiência — serviço administrativo ou modelo empresarial, em face das diretrizes da política pública estabelecida pela Constituição da República para a saúde? Due to the World War II, constitutional movements soared towards Magna Cartas that were able to establish, or at least set the lines of public policy. This was thought of and implemented with the goal of limiting State power. An example of a public policy frequently mapped out by constitutions is the implementation of the right to health. Contemporary constitutions also give legal principles (efficiency could be an example of this) a new shape by qualifying them as impersonal and abstract general proposals that are both bonding and provided with social effectiveness. Governments strive to conceive formulas that may heighten both SUS’s (Unified Healthcare System) and healthcare plans’ degree of efficiency. The idea behind the institution of the Medida Provisória (Provisional Measure) nº 520, that authorizes the Executive Power to create the public company named “Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Públicos” is among those that are currently in heating the discussion of whether a business model would be more adequate to reach a desirable degree of efficiency in the sector (under permanent pressure of demand and lack of resources). Therefore, the object of reflection of this article is to answer to the following question: what is the legal form of public hospital management in view of the public policy guidelines established by the Constitution of 1988 with regards to health?