bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Levels in Ischemic Stroke Subject
Authors: Hidayat Andri , Arief Mansyur , Wijaya Andi , As'ad Suryani 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) present during early neuronal development and play important roles in the process of neurorepairing includes angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity after ischemic stroke. In this study, we observed VEGF and BDNF levels of subjects with ischemic stroke in different onset time.METHODS: A cross sectional study was designed. Study subjects were 51 ischemic stroke subjects, aged 30-80 years old, recruited from Gatot Subroto Army Central Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Ischemic stroke was diagnosed by neurologist, based on clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) result. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on onset time of stroke: <7 days (group A), 7-30 days (group B) and >30 days (Group C). VEGF and BDNF levels from serum were measured using lumine Magpix. The data was analyzed for comparison and correlation.RESULTS: VEGF and BDNF levels of group B and C were significantly different with p=0.034 and p=0.007, respectively. Group B had the highest VEGF levels, whereas Group C had the highest BDNF level. VEGF and BDNF levels in each group were not significantly correlated.CONCLUSION: Each stage of time after ischemic stroke has different recovery activities like angiogenesis, neurogenesis and plasticity. Angiogenesis process was optimum in 7-30 days after onset. in more than 30 days onset, Low VEGF with high BDNF have important role in a long period of time after the onset of stroke in the regeneration and repair, such as maintaining neuronal survival and plasticity.KEYWORDS: ischemic stroke, VEGF, BDNF
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Manage Endogenous Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Dewi Nurrani Mustika , Wijaya Andi 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND: Current findings set a new understanding that every adult tissue has its own intrinsic progenitor or stem cell, give a potency for their innate turnover dynamics. This broke the old assumption that adult tissues cannot regenerate themselves. Localized tissue regeneration was regulatory oversight by a separate class of local cells originating as perivascular cells, suggested a profound influence on using specific cells for cell therapies as a health care delivery tool set.CONTENT: The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) could be mobilized from the marrow or other depots or can be culture-expanded MSCs which are delivered to the damage site either by direct or systemic injection. MSCs act paracrine and autocrine by inducing a variety of cytokines and growth factors which suppress local immune system, inhibit fibrosis (scar formation) and apoptosis, enhanceangiogenesis, and stimulate mitosis and differentiation of tissue, intrinsic reparative or stem cells. These referred a trophic effects, different from the direct differentiation of MSCs into repair tissue. Thus, MSC suggested as a multidrug delivery vehicles in response of injury. In this regard, the trophic effects of MSCs may have profound clinical use.SUMMARY: Managing the body’s natural repair and regeneration capacities is the new frontier for modern medicine and the basis for the science of cell therapies. Study of MSCs become one avenue that being pursued to explore the endogenous tissue regeneration management, so that people have a great expectation to solve many severe diseases.KEYWORDS: mesenchymal stromal/stem cell, paracrine or autocrine activities, trophic mediator, inflammation, wound healing
Education and its Impact on Social Change in Punjab
Authors: Sarkaria Maninder S. , Sharma Shiwani 
Published: July 2016

<div><p><em>Significance of education in the development process has been well recognized by the educational planners, economists and development planners the world over. Based on empirical evidences of connection between education and socio-economic development, this paper posits that education is instrumental in the socio-economic development. Specifically, this paper examines the impact of educational progress on fertility rate, population growth rate, child/infant mortality rate, life expectancy, gender disparity, poverty of the state. The analysis is based on information of the entire state on various variables such as literacy rate, enrolment, per capita income, fertility rate, population growth rate, incidence of poverty, etc. gathered from the secondary sources from 1966 onward. To sort out the strength and direction of relationships between education and various components of social developments, data have been analyzed by employing simple regression models. </em></p><p><em>The findings show that female education at all levels has been found to be highly significant in lowering infant mortality. Male and female life expectancy at birth and at specific ages have been found to be positively related with enrolment at different educational levels.</em></p><p><em>In line with the research conducted in different parts of the world, this study also confirms that increased female education at all the stages (i.e. primary, elementary, secondary and for all education levels put together) consistently lowers fertility rates. </em></p><p><em> Our regression results show positive relationship between the progress of education at different stages and the gender disparity in infant mortality. Further, The poverty reduction effect of education has been confirmed from the inverse relationship of the educational progress at different stages of schooling with the incidence of deprivation (poverty). </em></p></div>
Teaching ‘Standard English’ or local, code-switched New Englishes in schools in ‘Outer Circle’ countries? Insights from selected secondary school teachers of English in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mareva Rugare , Kaburise Phyllis K. , Klu Ernest K. 
Published: July 2016

<div><p><em>The study investigated the English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers’ perceptions on the relationship between code-switching and emerging varieties of English called New Englishes, as well as the teachers’ perceptions on the teaching of such local varieties of English. The inquiry adopted a qualitative research paradigm and focused on two purposively sampled secondary schools comprising one rural day, and one urban boarding school. Four ESL teachers were interviewed (two teachers per school). The inquiry revealed that there was unanimous agreement among the four teachers that there is a relationship between code-switching and New Englishes. In addition, two of the teachers expressed the view that there is nothing wrong with teaching the local variety of English in the schools, while the other two said they preferred the teaching of Standard English.The study recommends that language policy planners in Zimbabwe consider adopting a balance of the endo-normative and the exo-normative models of English for the education system. Such a model, while acknowledging the importance of Standard English, would not undermine the importance of the local variety of English. In addition, the inquiry recommends that the Zimbabwe School Examinations Council (ZIMSEC) be sensitive to aspects of the local variety of English rather than set exo-normative models. Finally, the study recommends that further research be done on the perceptions of ESL teachers on the teaching of Standard English and New Englishes in school types which were not included in the sample for the present study.</em></p></div>
Portraying the Performing Artistes in Early India in the Context of Ancient Indian Scripters
Authors: T.V. Ajesh 
Published: July 2016

<p><em><strong>I</strong>n ancient India theatrical performances were the main attractions for the people. Literary evidences prove that ancient Indian theatre is a comprehensive one and is a very popular for entertainment. Cultural arts like dancing, singing, puppet shows etc. were formulated and enacted from pre-Vedic period onwards. Historically, the origin of dance as a form of entertainment can be traced in the Indus valley period. The findings of archeological excavations from Mohenjo-Daro suggest that dance was very much popular in those days. ‘Some of the earliest representations of scenes of dancing occur in cave paintings found in Mesolithic rock shelters. Subsequently, finds of sculpture and representations on seals from Harappan civilization (c. 2700- 1800 BCE) have been taken to represent dancers.’<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/SPub/Desktop/July%202016%20IRA%20Issues/IRAJEMS/IRAJEMS8.docx#_edn1"><sup><sup>[i]</sup></sup></a> The posture of grey slate figure of a male dancer from Harappa reminds of tāṇḍava and supports the affinity between the male deity of Harappan culture and later Śiva. It seems that Indus people were interested in theatrical art very much<sup>.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/SPub/Desktop/July%202016%20IRA%20Issues/IRAJEMS/IRAJEMS8.docx#_edn2"><sup>[ii]</sup></a></sup></em></p><p><em>Some scholars hold the view that theatrical performances developed from the instinct of primitive peoples to imitate the action of people and nature around them.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/SPub/Desktop/July%202016%20IRA%20Issues/IRAJEMS/IRAJEMS8.docx#_edn3"><sup><sup>[iii]</sup></sup></a>During their leisure they had cultivated various kinds of fine arts, music, dance etc. Further, it developed as theatrical art and it provides suitable jobs, artistic engagements and also a source of livelihood for men and women. Scholars suggest that performance tradition emerged probably from ritual contexts. A.L. Basham says, ‘as in most other civilizations there is little doubt that the Indian drama developed from ritual miming song and dance.’<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/SPub/Desktop/July%202016%20IRA%20Issues/IRAJEMS/IRAJEMS8.docx#_edn4"><sup><sup>[iv]</sup></sup></a>A.B. Keith also shares this opinion. He states, ‘The Vedic ritual contained within themselves the germs of drama, yet there are nothing but elements of representation.’<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/SPub/Desktop/July%202016%20IRA%20Issues/IRAJEMS/IRAJEMS8.docx#_edn5"><sup><sup>[v]</sup></sup></a>Most probably dancing and singing were regarded as important features of ritual performances. Practice of various forms of performing arts in the socio-economic life of people has been traced in ancient Indian literature. ‘In Vedic period, music and dance can be divided mainly under two heads; ritual and secular/ social.’<sup><sup><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/SPub/Desktop/July%202016%20IRA%20Issues/IRAJEMS/IRAJEMS8.docx#_edn6">[vi]</a></sup></sup></em></p><div> </div>
Coefficient of Friction Reducing Efficiency of ARC Eco-Lube
Authors: Amanullah Md 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The torque and drag problem is one of the major drilling challenges in deviated, horizontal, extended reach and multilateral wells and thus needs industry attention. In case of HTHP drilling, the excessive torque and drag can lead to various drilling problems including downhole tool failure. This problem is further aggravated in the presence of water-based muds due to usually high Coeffiecnt of Friction (COF) values of WBMs compared to OBMs. The COF of WBMs often lead to the termination of drilling operation before the target point, especially in extended reach drilling operations. That is why various types of solids and liquid lubricants are incorporated into a water-based mud to overcome the torque and drag problems. Most of the conventional lubricants are, however, not environment friendly and thus not appropriate in sensitive environments. This paper describes the application of an ecofriendly lubricant that can reduce the COF values of water-based mud significantly. It has been developed using a waste by-product of the food industry without including any additives to maintain the environment friendliness of the finished product. To evaluate the performance of the new lubricant, lubricity tests were conducted on three different water-based muds by incorporating 2-4% by volume of the new lubricant.
Experimental results indicate a significant reduction of the COF values of water-based muds in the presence of the new lubricant. Comparison of the COF reduction capability of the new lubricant with diesel and mineral oil lubricants indicates that the new lubricant has similar or better performance with respect to these lubricants. As the lubricant has been developed using a locally available food industry waste product, additional benfits may be realized in the potential growth of local industries. Due to the eco-friendly nature of the lubricant it will have no detrimental impact to the surrounding environments, ecosystems, localities and habitats.
Method and Apparatus to Reduce the Probability of Differential Sticking
Authors: Amanullah Md , Al-Arfaj Mohammad K 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Drilling fluid is the life line of safe and economic drilling operations to explore for oil and gas resources beneath the earth's crust. It is, however, also the root cause of various mud related drilling problems that make safe and economic drilling operations extremely challenging. Problems such as shale-drilling fluid interactions, borehole instability, loss of circulation, differential pipe sticking, etc. are frequent events associated with drilling mud and mudcake characteristics. As differential pressure sticking is one of the major drilling problems that frequently occurs in the presence of a permeable formations, every step should be taken to reduce the probability and likelihood of this occurring.
Drilling muds that produce mudcake with strong sticking bonds are more prone to cause differential sticking. On the other hand, drilling muds that deposit mudcake with weak sticking bonds significantly reduces the scope of differential sticking due to easy shearing and tearing of the sticking bonds. In the event of a stuck pipe situation, the recovery is much easier in the presence of a mudcake of lower sticking bond strength than a mudcake of higher sticking bond strength. Hence, the selection of a drilling mud that has the capability to produce a mudcake of weak sticking bonds is one of the most effective preventive approaches in avoiding or mitigating differential sticking. This paper describes a novel test apparatus and method for screening and evaluating various mud systems to select the most suitable drilling mud for a differential sticking prone zone. Based on the experimental results, two index parameters were defined to provide quantitative information and valuable technical guidelines to select a suitable mud system. The method and apparatus will also guide the mud engineers in selecting mud additives and designing new mud systems to lower the risk of differential sticking.
A Simple Mathematical Model for Predicting Temperature Profile in Underbalanced Drilling
Authors: Shan Liqun , Guo Boyun , Wei Na 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
It is generally recognized that oil influx from pay zones creates high-temperature fluid streams in Underbalanced drilling (UBD) and increases drilling cost due to bore hole complications. However there is lack of an accurate and simple method to predict the fluid temperature that is necessary for taking actions to prevent down hole complications. This study fills the gap. A simple analytical method was developed to replace sophisticated mathematics involving numerical solution procedure. The analytical model includes closed form equations for predicting the fluid temperature profiles inside the drill string and in the annulus. The analytical model considers formation oil influx, entrained cuttings and Joule-Thomason cooling effect at the drill bit. A field case study and a sensitivity analysis with the analytical model were conducted. The field case study with the analytical model indicates that the model can match temperature measurement perfectly by tuning three parameters namely temperature drop at bit, formation oil influx rate, and thermal conductivity of cement sheath. Result of sensitivity analysis shows that the temperature profiles in UBD is very sensitive to the temperature drop at bit and sensitive to the formation oil influx rate and thermal conductivity of cement sheath, especially in the low range of influx rate and thermal conductivity. More clean data sets are required to further validate the newly developed analytical model. Once fully validated, this analytical model can be used in the petroleum industry to improve Underbalanced drilling performance by reducing drilling complications and thus cost of operations.
The Application of Cluster Drilling Technology in High Pressure Salt Gypsum Formation in Swamp Wetland of N.A Oilfield of Iran
Authors: Ping Liqiu , Wang Xi , Zou Ke 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a case of cluster well development in swamp wetland in high pressure salt gypsum formation of N.A Oilfield of Iran and analyzes the advantages and challenges of cluster drilling and completion. Experience and lessons learned from cluster drilling and completion are issued.
The major challenges of cluster drilling and completion is anti-collision and higher torque and drag in three dimensional trajectory well. The cluster drilling and completion is more difficult due to the existence of high pressure salt gypsum with high pressure salt water in N.A Oilfield. This paper presents well trajectory optimization design, anti-collision design and technical treatment to decrease drag and torque in three dimensional trajectory well for cluster wells in N.A Oilfield. The above mentioned cluster drilling technology has been used in more than 50 wells in N.A Oilfield and solve the three dimensional trajectory well drilling and completion difficulties such as drill string stuck, casing stuck and so on.
The key technology of the cluster well is trajectory design and control to drill a smooth hole and decrease collision. The completed wells show that the duration of three dimensional trajectory well is 10 days longer than that of the two dimensional trajectory well for 3D trajectory is more difficult for drilling, running casing, completion, acidizing due to higher torque and drag. So the composite cost of the three dimensional trajectory well is 1 million dollars more than that of the two dimensional trajectory well. It is economically feasible to use three dimensional cluster well for the cost of construction of one pad is about 3-4 million dollars in the swamp wetland surface conditions. The technical difficulties and economic evaluation shall be considered in the design of cluster well development and not all the cluster well drilling is economically feasible.
Cluster well is a practical and economic development mode in offshore oil production, offshore oil on the land and some harsh surface conditions such as swamp. Considering the complexity and cost of drilling three dimensional trajectory well, it is recommended to design two dimensional trajectory well in cluster well deployment if there is no limitation in the land surface condition.
Milling Reliability Curves as Decision-Making Tools in Cased Hole Sidetracking Applications
Authors: Palomino Dario , Pinard Christopher , Steinke Steve , Moss Brandon 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The oilfield industry is facing more challenges as wells have become more complex. Companies are designing casing programs that utilize larger casing sizes and setting them deeper than ever before. For cased hole sidetracking projects, this means sidetracks with increasing levels of difficulty such as thicker casing walls, double casing exits, and extended ratholes. These new challenges also represent issues involving premature cutting structure damage, ringouts, coreouts, twistoff, and undergauge windows and ratholes that require unplanned or additional runs—both of which result in nonproductive time to the operator. The ability to analyze and predict the performance of milling tools is critical, and reliability performance curves provide value to the remedial operation planning phase of the sidetrack project. These curves can also be used as a decision-making tool while on a job.
These are the first known reliability and performance curves for sidetrack milling tools. The curves are built using 10 years of historical data, including mill type, size, and casing grade. The parameters were selected based on acceptable gauge criteria, among others. Up to six casing grades can be analyzed and compared for median hours of milling, average ROP, percentage of cutting structure wear, and milling tool reliability.
These curves establish a baseline of performance for mills in their current and future designed state. Any future design changes can then be referenced against these curves to monitor improvement of the tools over time. Engineers may also utilize the curves to conduct operational risk assessments and estimate the performance of mills, especially in challenging environments such as hard formations or thick or double casing string applications. Educated decisions can then be made to prevent or reduce unexpected time loss.
Reliability curves are being generated to improve planning for sidetracking operations as well as making informed decisions on when to pull a mill and replace with the backup. This helps to maintain a full-gauge window or rathole, avoiding tool failures, unplanned trips, and nonproductive time. This decision-making tool can save valuable rig time, which is increasingly important with larger spread rates and deeper wells.
A real scenario was analyzed from a previous job and demonstrated that using the curves as a decisionmaking tool could have saved 30% of the actual downtime.
Experiment and Numerical Calculation Study on the Influence of Fracture Deformation to Tight Oil Production
Authors: Sun L. , Liu Y. T. , Yu P. , He X. P. , Zhao X. , Feng Y. L. , Liu J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Tight oil is a new energy in nearly two decades in the world. Due to the increased demand for energy and enhanced environmental protection awareness, tight oil resources gradually attracted the attention of our government. Tight oil reservoirs usually have extremely low permeability and relatively low porosity, so currently tight oil reservoirs that have been put into industry development often has well developed fracture system with massive fracturing. Fracture system generally has the characteristics of anisotropy and pressure-sensitivity. Therefore, tight oil reservoirs development is extremely complicated. The research of percolation mechanism to tight oil reservoirs is necessary.
This paper typically researches anisotropic medium in consider with pressure sensitivity in tight oil reservoir. The similarity criterion for physical simulation experiment in tight oil reservoir is obtained by dimensional analysis. Percolation experiments simulated anisotropic fractured tight oil reservoirs are done by new physical experiment method with similar materials. Ffracture deformation can be observed at low pressure or atmospheric pressure. The percolation mechanism and principle in pressure sensitive deformation and anisotropy fracture medium is revealed. A new fracture deformation characteristics model is established, and this model has strong applicability. With tensor theory and coordinate transformation method, full tensor permeability model of anisotropic fracture medium is established. Based on the established mathematical model, the main factors affecting the development of tight oil reservoirs are analyzed. Full tensor permeability is of ‘rotation effect’ with nonlinear deformation of multiple groups of fractures. The rules of numerical calculation and experimental results are consistent. Fracturing parameters, pressure sensitivity, anisotropy have great impact on the permeability in tight oil reservoirs. Research shows that in the exploitation of tight oil reservoirs, fracture development and reservoir reconstruction in tight oil reservoirs play a significant role in the contribution of tight oil production capacity.