bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The neurobiology of addiction: the perspective from magnetic resonance imaging present and future
Authors: Suckling John , Nestor Liam J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground and AimsAddiction is associated with severe economic and social consequences and personal tragedies, the scientific exploration of which draws upon investigations at the molecular, cellular and systems levels with a wide variety of technologies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been key to mapping effects observed at the microscopic and mesoscopic scales. The range of measurements from this apparatus has opened new avenues linking neurobiology to behaviour. This review considers the role of MRI in addiction research, and what future technological improvements might offer.MethodsA hermeneutic strategy supplemented by an expansive, systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering from database inception to October 2015, with a conjunction of search terms relevant to addiction and MRI. Formal meta‐analyses were prioritized.ResultsResults from methods that probe brain structure and function suggest frontostriatal circuitry disturbances within specific cognitive domains, some of which predict drug relapse and treatment response. New methods of processing imaging data are opening opportunities for understanding the role of cerebral vasculature, a global view of brain communication and the complex topology of the cortical surface and drug action. Future technological advances include increases in MRI field strength, with concomitant improvements in image quality.ConclusionsThe magnetic resonance imaging literature provides a limited but convergent picture of the neurobiology of addiction as global changes to brain structure and functional disturbances to frontostriatal circuitry, accompanied by changes in anterior white matter.
GO‐FAANG meeting: a Gathering On Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes
Authors: Tuggle Christopher K. , Giuffra Elisabetta , White Stephen N. , Clarke Laura , Zhou Huaijun , Ross Pablo J. , Acloque Hervé , Reecy James M. , Archibald Alan , Bellone Rebecca R. , Boichard Michèle , Chamberlain Amanda , Cheng Hans , Crooijmans Richard P.M.A. , Delany Mary E. , Finno Carrie J. , Groenen Martien A. M. , Hayes Ben , Lunney Joan K. , Petersen Jessica L. , Plastow Graham S. , Schmidt Carl J. , Song Jiuzhou , Watson Mick 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) Consortium recently held a Gathering On FAANG (GO‐FAANG) Workshop in Washington, DC on October 7–8, 2015. This consortium is a grass‐roots organization formed to advance the annotation of newly assembled genomes of domesticated and non‐model organisms (www.faang.org). The workshop gathered together from around the world a group of 100+ genome scientists, administrators, representatives of funding agencies and commodity groups to discuss the latest advancements of the consortium, new perspectives, next steps and implementation plans. The workshop was streamed live and recorded, and all talks, along with speaker slide presentations, are available at www.faang.org. In this report, we describe the major activities and outcomes of this meeting. We also provide updates on ongoing efforts to implement discussions and decisions taken at GO‐FAANG to guide future FAANG activities. In summary, reference datasets are being established under pilot projects; plans for tissue sets, morphological classification and methods of sample collection for different tissues were organized; and core assays and data and meta‐data analysis standards were established.
Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer: A single institution experience
Authors: Nicholls Luke , Keir Gregory J , Murphy Michelle A , Mai Tao , Lehman Margot 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimTo compare patient demographics, prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) utilization and overall survival (OS) of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) referred to a large tertiary center with those reported in large clinical trials.Patients and MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of consecutive patients with limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES) SCLC diagnosed at the Princess Alexandra Hospital between January 2008 and December 2013.ResultsTwo hundred and three patients with a mean age of 65.4 (±10.7) years were followed for a median duration of 7.6 months (range 0.5–76.5). At diagnosis, 129 (64%) patients had ES‐SCLC, including 39 (19.2%) with cerebral metastases. Median OS in LS‐SCLC patients receiving PCI was 18.8 months (0.9–69.4), compared with 8.2 months (0.1–34.4) in patients who did not receive PCI (P < 0.001). Median OS in the ES‐SCLC cohort receiving PCI was 13.6 months (5.2–37.5) compared to 5.6 months (0.1–73.6) in patients who did not receive the therapy (P < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in intracranial disease‐free survival of 7.1 months in patients with ES‐SCLC who received PCI. Forty‐two LS‐SCLC patients (57%) did not receive PCI due to patient suitability.ConclusionsIn our SCLC cohort, median OS following PCI in LS‐SCLC and ES‐SCLC is comparable to published data. PCI use at our institution was lower than utilization rates in large meta‐analyses, predominately due to poor chemotherapy tolerance and patient suitability. This may be more representative of patients treated in clinical practice rather than those recruited into large phase III trials.
The prognostic value of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography metabolic tumor volume in solitary colorectal liver metastasis
Authors: Huang Yi‐Tung T , Park Joomann , Chong Shanley , Hugh Thomas J , Ng Weng Leong , Lin Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundManagement of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is evolving but surgery remains the most effective treatment in improving survival. Optimal preoperative patient selection is important and semiquantitative F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) parameters may provide valuable prognostic information.MethodsSixty‐one patients with solitary CRLM as first site of distant dissemination and preoperatively staged with PET were retrospectively studied. Various semiquantitative PET parameters, pathological size of the hepatic lesion and clinical variables were correlated with survival outcome. The data were analyzed with nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test and univariate Cox regression. Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival and disease‐free survival (DFS) were log‐rank tested.ResultsMean follow‐up for the 61 subjects was 48 months. The 1‐ and 3‐year survival rates were 98.7% and 72.2%. The median DFS was 16 months with recurrence in 10 (16.4%) patients following surgery. Univariate analysis found a statistically significant increased risk of death for higher mean PET tumor diameter (hazard ratio [HR] 2.95, P = 0.014), mean metabolic tumor volume (HR 3.0, P = 0.009) and median pathological size of hepatic lesion (HR 2.97, P = 0.022). Maximum standardized uptake value of the liver metastasis and calculated standardized uptake value ratio between tumor and normal liver parenchyma (tumor background ratio) were not predictive of overall survival. None of the PET parameters or clincopathological variables statistically correlated with DFS.ConclusionSemiquantitative PET variables are potentially valuable prognostic biomarkers in CRLM. Volumetric data like metabolic tumor volume enable better estimation of tumor burden and its utility may improve preoperative risk stratification and optimize outcome.
A review of recent ecological changes in the Sahel, with particular reference to land‐use change, plants, birds and mammals
Authors: Walther Bruno A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis review focuses on recent ecological changes in the Sahel. While other recent reviews focused mainly on agricultural changes, remote sensing, and the evolution and distribution of biodiversity, no review focused on ecological changes over time although these changes needed to be summarized to better understand the recent and often dramatic species declines across the Sahel during the last half century. Therefore, I conducted a literature review to summarize these changes, in particular changes to (i) land‐use and land‐cover, (ii) wetlands, (iii) plants, (iv) birds, especially large and migratory birds and (v) large mammals. The main conclusion is that the exceptionally severe Sahel drought in the late 20th century was extremely detrimental to both human society and nature, but thereafter, rainfall, agricultural productivity and human welfare increased again. As human populations and their ecological footprint increased dramatically, the Sahel's biodiversity continued to become more and more impoverished, whereby woody vegetation, migratory birds, and large birds and mammals suffered particularly severe declines. Besides the agricultural expansion, the other main reasons for these declines are wetland conversions, increased fire frequency, overharvesting, persecution, poisoning and death caused by human artefacts and disturbance. More effective protected areas are urgently needed, which could also generate much needed tourism revenue.
The associations of maternal body mass index with birthweight and placental weight. Does maternal diabetes matter? A population study of 106 191 pregnancies
Authors: Strøm‐Roum Ellen M. , Tanbo Tom G. , Eskild Anne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to study whether the associations of maternal body mass index with offspring birthweight and placental weight differ by maternal diabetes status.Material and methodsWe performed a population study of 106 191 singleton pregnancies by using data from the years 2009–2012 in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We estimated changes in birthweight and in placental weight (in grams) by maternal body mass index by linear regression analysis.ResultsIn pregnancies of women without diabetes, birthweight increased by 14.7 g (95% confidence interval 14.1–15.2) per unit increase in maternal body mass index, and the increase in placental weight was 4.2 g (95% confidence interval 4.0–4.4). In pregnancies of women with gestational diabetes, the corresponding figures were 11.8 g (95% confidence interval 8.3–15.4) and 2.9 g (95% confidence interval 1.7–4.0). In pregnancies of women with type 1 diabetes we found no significant changes in birthweight or in placental weight by maternal body mass index. Overall, mean birthweight was 513.9 g (95% confidence interval 475.6–552.1) higher in pregnancies involving type 1 diabetes than in pregnancies of women without diabetes. Mean placental weight was 102.1 g (95% confidence interval 89.3–114.9) higher. Also, in pregnancies of women with gestational diabetes, both birthweight and placental weight were higher than in women without diabetes (168.2 g and 46.5 g, respectively). Adjustments were made for maternal body mass index and gestational age at birth.ConclusionsBirthweight and placental weight increased with increasing maternal body mass index in pregnancies of women without diabetes and in pregnancies of women with gestational diabetes, but not in pregnancies of women with type 1 diabetes. Independent of body mass index, mean birthweight and mean placental weight were highest in pregnancies of women with type 1 diabetes.
Ovarian and tubal cancer in Denmark: an update on incidence and survival
Authors: Gottschau Mathilde , Mellemkjaer Lene , Hannibal Charlotte G. , Kjaer Susanne K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe Nordic countries are areas with a high‐incidence of ovarian cancer; however, differences between the countries exist.Material and methodsWe used the Danish Cancer Registry to identify 11 264 cases of ovarian cancer and 363 cases of tubal cancer during 1993–2013. We calculated age‐standardized (world standard population) incidence rates for overall and subtype‐specific ovarian cancer, and for tubal cancer. We compared age‐standardized incidence rates, and 1‐ and 5‐year age‐standardized relative survival rates, respectively, for ovarian and tubal cancer combined in four Nordic countries using the NORDCAN database.ResultsThe incidence rate of ovarian cancer overall in Denmark decreased statistically significantly by approximately 2.3% per year among women aged <70 years, whereas no change was seen among women aged 70+ years. In the <70‐year age‐group, the incidence of serous tumors was fairly steady, whereas that of other and unspecified epithelial tumors decreased significantly by 6.4% per year. The incidence of tubal cancer was quite stable. In Norway and Finland, the incidence rates of ovarian and tubal cancer combined decreased from 1993 to 2013 in women aged <70 years, whereas in Sweden the incidence rates decreased independently of age. The 1‐ and 5‐year relative survival rates of ovarian and tubal cancer combined increased during the study period in all the Nordic countries. Denmark had the lowest survival; however, the survival rates approached those of the other countries in recent years.ConclusionsIn Denmark, the positive development in ovarian cancer has continued during recent years with a lower incidence and an increased survival.
High‐salt diet induces outward remodelling of efferent arterioles in mice with reduced renal mass
Authors: Zhao L. , Gao Y. , Cao X. , Gao D. , Zhou S. , Zhang S. , Cai X. , Han F. , Wilcox C. S. , Li L. , Lai E. Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimThe glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls progressively in chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is caused by a reduction in the number of functional nephrons. The dysfunctional nephron exhibits a lower glomerular capillary pressure that is induced by an unbalance between afferent and efferent arteriole. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress induced by CKD differentially impairs the structure or function of efferent vs. afferent arterioles.MethodsC57BL/6 mice received sham operations (sham) or 5/6 nephrectomy (RRM) and three months of normal‐ or high‐salt diet or tempol. GFR was assessed from the plasma inulin clearance, arteriolar remodelling from media/lumen area ratio, myogenic responses from changes in luminal diameter with increases in perfusion pressure and passive wall compliance from the wall stress/strain relationships.ResultsMice with RRM fed a high salt (vs. sham) had a lower GFR (553 ± 25 vs. 758 ± 36 μL min−1 g−1 kidney, P < 0.01) and a larger efferent arteriolar diameter (9.6 ± 0.8 vs. 7.4 ± 0.7 μm, P < 0.05) resulting in a lower media/lumen area ratio (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2, P < 0.01). These alterations were corrected by tempol. The myogenic responses of efferent arterioles were about one‐half that of afferent arterioles and were unaffected by RRM or salt. Passive wall compliance was reduced by high salt in both afferent and efferent arterioles.ConclusionA reduction in renal mass with a high‐salt diet induces oxidative stress that leads to an outward eutrophic remodelling in efferent arterioles and reduced wall compliance in both afferent and efferent arterioles. This may contribute to the lower GFR in this model of CKD.
Effects of competition, shade and soil conditions on the recolonization of three forest herbs in tree‐planted riparian zones
Authors: Bourgeois Bérenger , Vanasse Anne , Poulin Monique 
Published: July 2016

AbstractQuestionsIn mesic forests, ecological filters due to past agricultural land use reduce forest herb recolonization. Is the recruitment of such species also limited in tree‐planted riparian zones by local filters such as competition, shade level and soil conditions?LocationTwo agricultural watersheds, southeastern Québec, Canada.MethodsThree herbs characteristic of natural riparian forests were selected for this study: one graminoid, Glyceria striata, and two ferns, Matteuccia struthiopteris and Onoclea sensibilis. Effects of shade level (75% vs 50%) and soil type (forest vs agricultural soil) on seedling emergence were evaluated in a seed‐sowing greenhouse experiment. In a 2‐yr transplant field experiment, seedling and sporophyte establishment was monitored in five natural riparian forests and five tree‐planted post‐agricultural riparian zones on microsites with understorey vegetation kept intact or cleared and on forest or agricultural soils. Using a priori contrasts, we assessed the influence of habitat type (natural riparian forests or tree‐planted riparian zones), competition and post‐agricultural soil type on transplant survival and growth.ResultsSeedling emergence tended to be higher on forest soils for G. striata while sporophyte emergence increased under 75% shade for M. struthiopteris. Transplanted seedlings and sporophytes of the three species survived and grew as well in tree‐planted riparian zones as in natural riparian forests. In tree‐planted riparian zones however, competing understorey vegetation reduced the survival and growth of G. striata and agricultural soil reduced the growth of M. struthiopteris. For O. sensibilis, only sporophyte survival was reduced by competition in tree‐planted riparian zones.ConclusionsPlanting trees in post‐agricultural riparian zones fosters establishment of forest herbs similar than those observed in natural riparian forests. Additional environmental filters specific to tree‐planted riparian zones, however, offset the positive influence of trees and limit recolonization of the three studied species. Considering the partial restoration success of establishment niches by tree planting, controlling spontaneous vegetation after tree planting is advised when conceivable and cost‐effective to promote the recolonization of environmentally‐limited forest herbs. Long‐term transplant experiments should be more often conducted to identify the ecological filters that reduce plant recolonization, and thereby design the most effective restoration strategies.
The impact of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPTSTF) recommendations against prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing on PSA testing in Australia
Authors: Zargar Homayoun , van den Bergh Roderick , Moon Daniel , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Costello Anthony , Murphy Declan 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPTSTF) recommendations on prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing, prostate biopsy, and prostatectomy in Australian men based on the available Medicare data.Patients and MethodsEvents were identified using Medicare item numbers for PSA testing (66655, 66659), prostate biopsy (37219), prostatectomy (37210), and prostatectomy with lymph node dissection (37211). The occurrences of each procedure was queried per 100 000 capita for consecutive financial years over the period 2000–2015. For each item number, reports were also generated for all Australian States. For PSA testing the data was stratified into three age groups of 45–54, 55–64, and 65–74 years. For assessing the rate of prostatectomy the capita rate values for two item numbers of prostatectomy (37210) and prostatectomy with lymph node dissection (37211) were combined.ResultsSteady declines in per capita incidences of all five item numbers assessed were seen for the three consecutive financial years (2013–2015) since the publication of the USPTSTF recommendation statement. These declines were seen across all Australian States. When examining the rate of PSA testing for the three age brackets 45–54, 55–64, and 65–74 years, similar trends were identified.ConclusionsSince the introduction of the USPTSTF recommendation statement there has been a steady nationwide decline in per capita incidences of PSA testing, prostate biopsy, and prostatectomy based on the Australian Medicare data. Whether these declines are in the right direction toward reduction in over‐diagnosis and overtreatment of clinically insignificant prostate cancer or stage migration toward more locally advanced disease due to lost opportunity in diagnosing and treating early clinically significant prostate cancer will remain to be seen.
Discoloration of the mucosa caused by different restorative materials – a spectrophotometric in vitro study
Authors: Ioannidis Alexis , Cathomen Elena , Jung Ronald E. , Fehmer Vincent , Hüsler Jürg , Thoma Daniel S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the discoloration of the mucosa caused by different ceramic and metal‐based materials.Material and MethodsOn six pig maxillae, trap‐door flaps were prepared bilaterally. Different ceramic and metal‐based specimens were placed underneath the flap. To simulate increasing mucosal thicknesses (MC), connective tissue grafts (CTGs) were harvested. Spectrophotometric measurements were performed prior to flap elevation (TBL) and for each material under the flap alone (1 mm MC) (TMC1), with a 1‐mm CTG (2‐mm MC) (TMC2) and with a 2‐mm CTG (3‐mm MC) (TMC3). Tested materials were as follows: Zr1 (zirconia), Zr2 (zirconia + pink ceramic), Zr3 (zirconia), Zr4 (fluorescent zirconia), Zr5 (zirconia), Zr6 (high translucent zirconia), Zr7 (low translucent zirconia) and Zr8 (low translucent zirconia), Gol (gold alloy), Ti1 (titanium alloy), Ti2 (anodized gold‐shaded titanium alloy) and Ti3 (anodized pink‐shaded titanium alloy). Color differences (ΔE) were calculated comparing the measurement of the native tissue (TBL) and the measurements with varying mucosal thicknesses (TMC1‐3).ResultsFor ceramic materials, the median ΔE values for the different time‐point comparison ranged as follows: 3.80 (Zr4) – 7.47 (Zr2) (pooled); 3.15 (Zr4) – 8.13 (Zr2) (TBL‐TMC1); 3.39 (Zr4) – 7.24 (Zr2) (TBL‐TMC2); 4.31 (Zr8) – 6.99 (Zr2) (TBL‐TMC3). For metal‐based materials, the median ΔE values were as follows: 4.20 (Gol) – 5.82 (Ti3) (pooled); 3.21 (Gol) – 13.56 (Ti1) (TBL‐TCM1); 4.0 (Ti1) – 5.27 (Gol) (TBL‐TCM2); 3.11 (Ti1) – 5.11 (Gol) (TBL‐TCM2). The comparison of the materials and the time points showed in the nonparametric linear mixed model a significant interaction effect between material and time point (P < 0.001). The side was not a significant main effect, nor as term in an interaction with the other two effects.ConclusionsReconstructive materials result in an evident discoloration of the mucosal tissue, tending to decrease with increasing mucosal thickness. The use of fluorescent zirconia (ceramic materials) or gold alloy (metal‐based materials) lead to the least discoloration.
Lingual tonsil: clinically applicable macroscopic anatomical classification system
Authors: Costello R. , Prabhu V. , Whittet H. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo classify the adult lingual tonsil according to the macroscopic appearance.Study designProspective study.Level of evidenceFour.MethodsLingual tonsils were classified according to their appearance and relationship to surrounding structures. This was possible following serial views of lingual tonsils. The classification was named ‘Swansea classification for lingual tonsil’, representing the place of origin. The classification was then discussed with fellow clinicians. Independent professional observers graded lingual tonsil pictures. Intra‐observer agreements were measured to validate the classification.ResultsA total of 22 professional observers went through a set of six pictures of three different grades of lingual tonsil. The pictures were then graded for validation. The intra‐observer agreement was 0.81, confirming good agreement.ConclusionSwansea classification for lingual tonsil is reliable and reproducible. This classification should be routinely used during ENT examination, enabling accurate documentation and providing opportunities for future research and audit of practice.