bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ochratoxin A in wine: importance of preharvest factors in the spread of ochratoxin-producing fungi and on toxin accumulation in grapes.
Authors: Battilani P. , Pietri A. , Giorni P. , Kozakiewicz Z. , Logrieco A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) in grapes and their processed products is a significant postharvest problem. However, it is also important to assess the role that preharvest factors play in this problem. Field trials were conducted in Italy in 1999 and 2000 aimed at identifying fungi responsible for OTA production in grapes and investigating how and when these fungi are able to produce OTA. During the two-year survey many isolates belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were obtained; the majority (95%) were identified as Aspergillus section Nigri. Isolates were attributed to two groupings according to their morphology: uniseriate or biseriate conidial heads, with A. carbonarius being identified to species level within the biseriate grouping. All the isolates were tested for OTA production in vitro. Aspergillus carbonarius proved to be the most toxigenic with 60% of strains producing OTA; other species within section Nigri were only 3-5% OTA positive. Aspergilli and penicillia were present on grapes starting at setting, but from early veraison (colour change) their frequency increased significantly. Only in 1999 was OTA detected in grape bunches in significant amounts at early veraison in few vineyards in the south of the country, with increasing amounts at ripening. Cultural factors investigated did not show a clear role in determining OTA content in grapes, the most significant factors being the year (rainfall) and the geographic region. According to these results, which concur with other authors, Aspergillus section Nigri, and in particular A. carbonarius, play the main role in OTA production, but factors influencing their metabolism are not yet defined. Further research is needed on factors influencing growth of OTA-producing fungi and OTA synthesis in grapes. A European Union project was started in 2001 to assess the risk of OTA to consumers of grapes and wine produced Europe. Its aims are to reduce the amount of toxin present with the aid of an integrated management system for production and processing.
Slow generation of phosphine using QuickPHlo-CTM technology.
Authors: Waterford C. J. , Asher P. P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A slow-release generator, QuickPHlo-CTM, developed to provide a controlled rate of phosphine production, was tested at 10 g/h. This rate was maintained up to 16 days, supplying a relatively constant flow of fumigant in air, to service active fumigation techniques such as SIROFLO. Results of a controlled, phosphine-generation trial are presented. The generator consists of a reactor and related accessories for controlled on-site production of phosphine. Phosphine is produced by the action of water sprayed onto specially formulated blocks of aluminium phosphide and paraffin wax, sized to produce average rates of 5, 10 and 20 g/h phosphine over 16 days. Air is drawn through the reactor to safely displace the generated phosphine into the storage and maintain a uniform effective concentration throughout the fumigation. Safety systems to handle power failure and safe shutdown were tested and are described in this paper.
Ecologically friendly methods used in Cyprus for grain storage and protection (a combination of hermetic storage, aeration and fumigation using phosphine from cylinders and in sleeves).
Authors: Varnava A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Experience in Cyprus shows that the use of storage structures such as hermetic bins, bunkers and platforms, in combination with fumigation systems (such as SIROFLO using phosphine gas from cylinders, or fumigation with phosphine in the form of strips, sleeves or crushed tablets), followed by aeration to remove chemical residues, is a successful means for safe, ecologically friendly protection of grain during storage. The aeration of grain in bins is an important way to protect grain quality, minimizing the need for insecticides. The new technology of aeration of grain in bunkers may solve condensation problems and increase the permissible initial moisture content of grain for bunker storage. The storage of grain in bunkers is a low-cost way to rapidly increase the storage capacity of many countries. The above methods of storage and grain protection minimize the need to use liquid insecticides or methyl bromide and they have ecological advantages.
Insect control of cocoa pests using a novel vacuum approach.
Authors: Finkelman S. , Navarro S. , Lotan Y. , Debruin T. , Isikber A. A. , Rindner M. , Dias R. , Azrieli A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Two field trials were carried out using 24 tonnes of cocoa beans to evaluate the feasibility of storage and pest control under low pressure using a novel approach on the application of vacuum technology. In these field trials, a new transportable, flexible storage system of 15-m3 capacity termed the Volcani Cube or GrainPro Cocoon, and a rotary oil-lubricated vacuum pump were used. A preliminary trial was conducted in March 2001 in Israel, at the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) campus using 2 Volcani cubes to evaluate the vacuum system performance ahead of the demonstration trial. Here we report on the demonstration field trial performed for Nestlé. It was conducted using 2 cubes in November 2001 at Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. The pressure in the cubes was maintained within the range of 25 and 50 mm Hg for durations of 3 and 7 days. Each cube contained 87 jute bags, each weighing 65 kg (total 5650 kg per cube). All life stages of Ephestia cautella [Cadra cautella], Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum were used as bioassay test insects. Caged insects were placed in the cubes before the start of the trial. Complete mortality of all life stages of all species was obtained in all 4 cubes. These results showed that the use of low pressure for controlling storage insect pests is feasible without the need for the large, rigid chambers employed in conventional vacuum-fumigation facilities today.
Physiological aspects of diatomaceous-earth-treated cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).
Authors: Prasantha B. D. R. , Reichmuth C. , Hetz S. K. , Adler C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Investigations were carried out on the effects of a diatomaceous earth (DE) treatment on the physiology of the cowpea weevil C. maculatus. Adult female cowpea weevils were treated with DE at 25°C and 40, 75 or 99.9% relative humidity to determine the changes in body water content and cuticular water permeability. A twin differential microcalorimeter was used to determine the average energy production. Carbon dioxide release of single C. maculatus was recorded in a flow-through respirometer at 25°C. The highest body water loss rate occurred at 40% relative humidity. Even at 99.9% relative humidity, DE-treated insects continuously lost body water until they died after loosing 46% of their body water. Microcalorimetric studies revealed that metabolic heat production rates in DE-treated cowpea weevils were significantly higher than in untreated insects. Predominately at 25°C ambient temperature, the DE-treated insects showed different respiratory patterns compared with untreated insects. The carbon dioxide release in untreated animals was more or less discontinuous, whereas in treated set ups, it occurred almost continuously. It is argued that the death of DE-treated cowpea weevils could be the result of high water loss together with stress-related high physiological metabolic activity.
Optimisation of inert dusts used as grain protectants and residual surface treatments.
Authors: Arthur F. H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Inert dusts such as diatomaceous earth (DE) are being advocated as natural control methods to eliminate insect infestations in stored grain, milling and processing plants, and food storage areas. However, efficacy of DE can be highly variable, depending upon the product, insect species, life stages used in tests, methods of exposure, environmental conditions, and presence of food material. It is important to identify these sources of variation so that controlled laboratory studies are relevant to field applications. In this paper, examples are used to illustrate concepts and ideas for inert dusts used as grain protectants and as residual surface treatments in indoor areas. New research approaches will also be discussed, in which inert dusts are used in combination with other insecticides to control stored product insects.
Models linking insecticidal efficacy decline and residue concentration decrease with time, temperature and water activity in chlorpyrifos-methyl treated wheat.
Authors: Fleurat-Lessard F. , Wilbert T. , Vidal M. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Contact insecticide admixture with stored grain is widely used in France to give long-term protection of stored cereals. Among the range of registered insecticides, organophosphates such as chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM) are commonly used. To predict the level of CPM residues at any time within the storage period, changes in CPM residue content and their efficacy against the most harmful species (Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium castaneum) during storage time were investigated. Wheat conditioned at two different moisture contents (corresponding to water activities (Aw) of 0.7 and 0.8 in grain) was treated at 2 mg/kg CPM, then stored at constant and controlled conditions of relative humidity (at equilibrium with Aw) and temperature. Subsamples of treated grain were stored at 15, 22.5 and 30°C. During a 20-week storage period, measurements of CPM residue content and residual efficacy were carried out every 3 weeks. Models of degradation were produced over the Aw range 0.7-0.8 and at the three temperature levels of the experimental design. With these models, the half-life of residues was accurately predicted. A generalized model was then developed through a multivariate linear regression with the three measurable variables: storage time, temperature and Aw. Bioassays were performed on the two target insect species to assess the decline in efficacy of residues. The length of the period with no insect survival and the storage time when the point of 50% survival is observed (for each species) were also assessed. A more rapid decline of efficacy of CPM residues with T. castaneum than with S. granarius was observed. The limit for 50% mortality of T. castaneum in the different storage conditions was observed in the same range of the half-life of CPM residues.
A survey of psocid species infesting stored grain in China and resistance to phosphine in field populations of Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae).
Authors: Cao Yang Cao Yang , Song Yi Song Yi , Sun GuanYing Sun GuanYing 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A survey of the distribution of psocids in major grain storage systems in various provinces of China (Jilin, Liaoning, Gansu, Shanxi, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi) was conducted. L. entomophila was the most common and widely distributed, followed by L. decolor. L. paeta and Liposcelis mendax were also detected. Ten strains of L. entomophila were evaluated for resistance to phosphine. All strains showed resistance compared with a susceptible reference strain, with resistant factors ranging from 40- to 80-fold. Resistance to phosphine appears to be the major factor determining psocid infestation in grain storage facilities in China.
Diatomaceous earth structural treatment against Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) under fluctuating UK conditions.
Authors: Cook D. A. , Collins L. E. , Armitage D. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The first UK trial to evaluate diatomaceous earth (DE) structural treatment was carried out during February 2002. A bin containing 20 t of "heating" insect-infested wheat resulted in migration of large numbers of O. surinamensis into the storage structure and surrounding area. The DE "Silico-Sec" was applied at approximately 10 g/m2 to the outsides, undersides and concrete floor beneath a nest of six, galvanized steel 3×3×4 m bins. Hand-operated, electric and gas-powered dusters were compared for ease of treatment. I-SPy Insect Indicators, incorporating multi-species lures, were placed before and after treatment. The number of insects trapped from an initial average of 406 per trap was reduced by 86-100%. Before treatment, a sample of the population was used to set up bioassays in petri dishes containing 100 insects each. Paired bioassays, one uncovered and one closed, were designated as treated and untreated controls. The mean mortality increased from 52% at 7 days to 99% after 14 days and 100% after 21 days. The mean temperature for this period was 6°C with the relative humidity at 80%. The low temperature and high humidity allowed testing under the most challenging environmental conditions for the DE dust. Photographed tracks gave an indication of insect movement after treatment. The electric-powered duster proved too powerful for the treatment of the steel structure, blowing away the dust that had been applied. The hand-operated model was very flexible and the speed of the treatment could be easily adjusted. The smaller, gas-powered applicator was well-suited for the treatment of small areas.
The efficacy of flufenoxuron, azadirachtin and a diatomaceous earth, when admixed with oilseed rape, against storage mite pests.
Authors: Collins D. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficacy of three compounds that might prove suitable alternatives to organophosphorus compounds (OP) were evaluated, when admixed with oilseed rape (cv. Capricorn), against mixed stages of OP-susceptible strains of Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae at 15°C and 80% relative humidity. The treatments consisted of flufenoxuron at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg; azadirachtin at 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg; and Protect-It (diatomaceous earth) at 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 g/kg. Population inhibition was evaluated after at least one generation. Protect-It appeared to be the most effective treatment against all the mite species, with 3 g/kg inhibiting the populations by >96%. Flufenoxuron was highly effective at all rates against L. destructor, resulting in >90% inhibition. Azadirachtin appeared to be the least effective against all the species, recording an inhibition of 66-80% at the highest rate.
The use of a propane burner to control an artificially induced "hotspot".
Authors: Conyers S. T. , Llewellin B. E. , Cook D. A. , Bell C. H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

An artificial hotspot was induced in a floor store of grain by introducing 36 kg of wheat grains infested with 4200/kg of all the stages of Oryzaephilus surinamensis, and 13 000/kg of adult and 4800/kg of developing Sitophilus granarius. The insects were left for four weeks to allow their populations to develop. Population numbers were monitored by trapping on and below the surface of the grain and by grain sampling. Five days before treatment commenced, trap counts at 1 m depth at the hotspot gave 6825 juveniles and 267 adults of O. surinamensis, and 245 adults of S. granarius. Grain samples collected within 0.5 m of the hotspot three days before treatment started ranged from 128 to 574 adults/kg for O. surinamensis, and from 382 to 505 adults/kg for S. granarius. The development of the hotspot was also monitored by static thermocouples within the grain. These showed a steady rise in temperature. Ambient temperature during the period did not exceed 8°C, and the grain bulk had a mean of 6°C at 0.5 m and 11°C at 1.0 m depth. After four weeks, the hotspot reached 38°C and an average of 31.5°C, 0.5 m away at 1.0 m depth. An exothermic inert atmosphere generator was used to treat the hotspot for a two-week period. It produced a modified atmosphere (MA) of 0.6% oxygen (O2) and 13% carbon dioxide. The output of 200 litre/minute from the generator was passed to the site by plastic pipe with a loop at the end that surrounded the hotspot. Lengths of pipe pushed down into the grain were used to introduce the atmosphere under the hotspot. The area was then covered by a 7 m2 plastic sheet. The input flow maintained an O2 level between 0.2 and 0.9% at all points in the hotspot. The O2 readings below those of the output were probably caused by microbial activity. On starting the flow, there was an immediate drop in temperature in the treated area. The core of the hotspot dropped to 17°C by the end of the treatment. Grain samples and trap collections were made at the end of the trial and continued for two months. No survivors were found by either method. Therefore, MA resulted in the complete control of the insect populations with no sign of any dispersal in the bulk due to the treatment.
Disinfestation of rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), yellow meal worm (Tenebrio molitor), Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella) and Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) with sulfuryl fluoride in flour mills.
Authors: Reichmuth C. , Rassmann W. , Binker G. , Fröba G. , Drinkall M. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Fumigations with sulfuryl fluoride were conducted in flour mills in Germany in July 1998 and 1999, and April 2000 with sulfuryl fluoride (tradename ProFame) to evaluate the effectiveness of the fumigant under practical conditions. Bioassays of all life stages of the stored product insects E. kuehniella, P. interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Tenebrio molitor and Oryzaephilus surinamensis were introduced into the mills before fumigation. Sealing was achieved using tape and polyethylene in two mills and in the third by covering with tarpaulins to achieve effective gastight enclosures. The mills were heated as part of the fumigation procedure using either coil-in-oil electric heaters or ducted hot air generated by external oil burners. The temperatures and relative humidities recorded at the bioassay locations ranged from 22 to 40°C and 20 to 80%, respectively. The fumigation periods (exposure times) were approximately 36 or 48 h with rates (concentration × time products) between 1860 and 2255 g h-1 m-3. A very high level of mortality of all species and life stages was obtained, confirming that sulfuryl fluoride is effective for the disinfestation of flour mills under practical conditions.
Rapid generation of phosphine using QuickPhlo-RTM technology.
Authors: Asher P. P. , Waterford C. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Results are presented of trials of equipment designed to use a new formulation of aluminium phosphide, QuickPHlo-RTM, for phosphine generation. A quick-release generator that delivers up to 6 kg of phosphine per hour to rapidly establish an effective concentration in sealed storage has been tested. The equipment consists of a reactor and related accessories for controlled on-site generation of phosphine. Air is recirculated to safely displace the generated phosphine into the storage and attain a uniform effective concentration in a short time. The system does not leave solid residues in grains. It is easy to apply, uses less labour and the equipment is 'user friendly'. The technique is suitable for fumigation of all types of sealed storages and structures.
Heat disinfestation of empty farm silos before inloading.
Authors: Beckett S. J. , Qaisrani R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficacy of heat treatment for the control of adult populations of Tribolium castaneum and mixed-age populations of Rhyzopertha dominica at an experimental 50-tonne silo was evaluated. Heating was conducted with a 54-kW electric heater with an 11-kW radial fan with a speed regulator to pump the hot air into the silo, or with a more powerful heating system consisting of electric liquid petroleum gas burner with a 15-kW axial flow fan. Populations of T. castaneum were completely destroyed by the time a target air temperature of 54°C was reached (10 minutes). Grain temperatures of 53.4 and 55.2°C for periods of 4 and 3 h, respectively, resulted in a mortality of up to 99.99% in the most tolerant developmental stage of R. dominica. Complete mortality was obtained by the time a grain temperature of 60.6°C was reached at all but one location. An alternative method of heating resulted in complete mortality at 61.8°C. Heat disinfestation will be most effectively and economically achieved by using high inlet temperatures to produce rapid heating to a temperature where complete mortality is guaranteed by the time that temperature is reached. The energy cost of such a treatment could be less than $A1.00 (US$0.58).
Effect of organophosphates on Acarophenax lacunatus (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) parasitising Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae).
Authors: Faroni L. R. D'A. , Guedes R. N. C. , Gonçalves J. R. , Zanuncio J. C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The interaction between the organophosphate insecticides fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl with A. lacunatus, an egg parasite of the stored grain pest R. dominica, was evaluated. Petri dishes containing 25 g of whole wheat grains (13% moisture content) were treated with insecticides (0.9, 1.8, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 ppm for fenitrothion, and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 or 8.0 ppm for pirimiphos-methyl) and infested with 25 adults of R. dominica. Seven days after insect infestation, mites were released at different densities per experimental unit. The number of physogastric females of A. lacunatus and egg parasitism increased with the decrease in insecticide rate and increase in mite density for both organophosphates. Lower insecticide rates for and mite densities resulted in higher instantaneous rates of increase in mite population. In general, lower instantaneous rates of increase in A. lacunatus population were obtained with pirimiphos-methyl. The sustained presence of the mite species at all insecticide rates suggests that this biological control agent may be used together with insecticidal applications for controlling R. dominica, although higher insecticide rates, especially of pirimiphos-methyl, retard the growth of the mite population.
Investigation of the use of ozone fumigation to control several species of stored grain insects.
Authors: Qin ZhangGui Qin ZhangGui , Wu Xia Wu Xia , Deng Gang Deng Gang , Yan XiaoPing Yan XiaoPing , He XueChao He XueChao , Xi DeKe Xi DeKe , Liao XingWen Liao XingWen 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficacy of ozone as a fumigant was evaluated against various primary grain insects under laboratory conditions. Ozone was effective for the control of phosphine-susceptible strains of Sitophilus zeamais, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum, and phosphine-resistant strains of S. oryzae, R. dominica, and T. castaneum on rice, wheat and maize. Ozone killed all the adults of the evaluated species in 2 days at 120 ppm, in 4-6 days at 100 ppm, in 6-7 days at 70 ppm and in 12 days at 15-20 ppm. Similar results were obtained in an experiment conducted in maize and rice warehouses at Sichuan province, China. Ozone appears to have some potential for use in controlling insects in stored products.