bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Concepts of Physiopathogenesis A Review
Authors: Labadie Enrique L. , Glover David 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:From the present review it seems clear that the physiopathogenesis of the chronic subdural hematoma is far from being completely understood. However, an analysis of the known data can be summarized as follows:The development of subdural hematomas most likely occurs following minimal trauma in those patients with predisposing factors.Experimental data substantiates the fact that an accumulation of clotted blood in the subdural or subcutaneous space induces the formation of the fibroplastic neomembrane. The hypothesis that blood must come in contact with cerebrospinal fluid in order for the growth to occur, is still controversial.It has been virtually disproven that osmosis, referring to the electrolyte gradient as measured by freezing point depression, has any significance as a growth inducing factor.The protein oncotic gradient theory, having been the most widely accepted explanation as to the progressive enlargement of the subdural hematoma sac, has little experimental data supporting it.A larger body of clinical evidence exists supporting the concept that plasma and/or erythrocytes continuously penetrate into the subdural cavity, where enhanced fibrinolytic activity is present.However, this chronic rebleeding cannot fully explain the observed growth, because the composition of the hematoma fluid is somewhat different from serum or plasma, and the protein content is also progressively diluted by fluid arising from an unknown source.There is some clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that a production - reabsorption balance may be a significant growth variable.No work has been done to define the role, if any, of local inflammatory mechanisms in the chronic subdural hematoma.Sound clinical evidence has shown that after the initial formation of the subdural clot, growth follows, then a slow, complete reabsorption usually occurs. Aside from the plausible production - reabsorption balance concept, it is not known why the evolution proceeds in this manner.
Polyarteritis Nodosa Complicated by a Multiple Sclerosis Like Syndrome
Authors: Waisburg H. , Meloff K.L. , Buncic R. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A case is presented of a 16-year-old boy with angiographically proven polyarteritis nodosa who developed a multiple sclerosis like syndrome affecting the brain stem and cerebrum. His serum demyelinated nerve in tissue culture. The case is reviewed in detail and the mechanism of myelotoxicity is discussed.
Simultaneous Recordings of Visual Cortex and Superior Colliculus Field Potentials in the Rabbit
Authors: Molotchnikoff Stephane , Dubuc Michel , Brunette Jean Real 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The field potentials recorded simultaneously at various depth of the rabbit’s visual cortex and superior colliculus were analysed following light ON and light OFF. The collicular ON and OFF potentials exhibited three slow components superimposed by fast rhythmic oscillations. Only the first slow component reversed its polarity with penetration from surface negative to positive in depth. The cortical ON and OFF responses similarly contained three slow waves which all reversed their polarity with electrode penetration: from surface positive to negative in deeper layers. The most striking difference between ON and OFF cortical responses is the absence of fast rhythmic oscillations in the cortical ON response.
Sleep, Subcortical Stimulation and Kindling in the Cat
Authors: Tanaka T. , Lange H. , Naquet R. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A longitudinal study of the effects of sleep on amygdaloid kindling showed that kindling disrupted normal sleep patterns by reducing REM sleep and increasing awake time. Few interictal spike discharges were observed during the awake stage, while a marked increase in discharge was observed during the light and deep sleep stages. No discharges were observed during REM sleep. During the immediate post-stimulation period the nonstimulated amygdala showed a much higher rate of spike discharge. On the other hand, there was an increase in spike discharge in the stimulated amygdala during natural sleep without preceding amygdaloid stimulation. Amygdaloid stimulation at the generalized seizure threshold during each sleep stage resulted in a generalized convulsion.The influence of subcortical electrical stimulation on kindled amygdaloid convulsions was investigated in a second experiment. Stimulation of the centre median and the caudate nucleus was without effect on kindled convulsions, while stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation at high frequency (300 Hz) reduced the latency of onset of kindled generalized convulsions. Stimulation of the nucleus ventralis lateralis of the thalamus at low frequency (10 Hz) prolonged the convulsion latency, and at high current levels blocked the induced convulsion. Stimulation in the central gray matter at low frequency (10 Hz) also blocked kindled amygdaloid convulsions.
Aneurysm of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Presenting as Intraventricular Hemorrhage in a Child: Report of a Case With Survival
Authors: Leblanc Richard , Blundell John E. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A case of intraventricular hemorrhage secondary to a ruptured aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in a child is presented. Treatment is discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Friedreich's Ataxia in Northern Italy: I. Clinical, Neurophysiological and In Vivo Biochemical Studies
Authors: D’Angelo A. , Di Donato S. , Negri G. , Beulche F. , Uziel G. , Boeri R. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Eighteen patients with the presumptive diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia were studied. Clinical, neurophysiological and biochemical data were concordant in 14 patients and led to the diagnosis of typical Friedreich's ataxia in this group of patients. The remaining 4 patients differed from the typical patients in several respects, but mainly in the cardiological findings. It is concluded that no single clinical or laboratory finding is typical of F.A. Multidisciplinary approaches are essential to the diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia.
Giant Axonal Neuropathy: Visual and Oculomotor Deficits
Authors: Kirkham T.H. , Guitton D. , Coupland S.G. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Giant axonal neuropathy, a generalised disorder or neurofilaments, presents as a chronic, progressive peripheral neuropathy in childhood. Evidence for central nervous system involvement is demonstrated in this study of four male patients with giant axonal neuropathy who had defective visual function and abnormal ocular motility. The visual system was studied by electroretinography, which showed normal retinal function, and by visual evoked potentials, which showed disease of both optic nerves and retrochiasmal visual pathways. The ocular motility disorder, studied by electrooculography, comprised defective pursuit, inability to maintain eccentric gaze with gaze paretic and rebound nystagmus, abnormal optokinetic responses and failure of suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by fixation. These findings suggested involvement by giant axonal neuropathy of the cerebellar and brain stem pathways important in the control of ocular motility.
Scar Prevention in Peripheral Nerve Surgery
Authors: Saunders Fraser W. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Constriction of a peripheral nerve may precipitate a primary problem or prevent recovery from a pre-existing one. Any surgical technique to minimize subsequent constrictive scar formation would be advantageous. In this study, using rat femoral nerves, various modes of protection were evaluated. Wrapping the nerve with free fat seemed to offer the best prophylaxis.
Peripheral Neurophathies Associated With Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Bolton C.F. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A variety of peripheral nerve disorders may be associated with chronic renal failure. The polyneuropathy due to uremic toxins is a distal, motor and sensory polyneuropathy in which there is segmental demyelination, axonal degeneration, and segmental remyelination. The nature of the uremic toxin and the underlying mechanism of these changes is unknown.The incidence in patients with “endstage” renal disease has fallen in recent years, severe cases now being rare, perhaps due to refinements in chronic hemodialysis, transplantation, and other therapies. However, while chronic hemodialysis stabilizes uremic neuropathy, manipulation of hemodialysis schedules may not alter its course, according to current assessment. Successful renal transplantation improves both the clinical and electrophysiological signs, even in severe uremic neuropathy.
Methylmercury Poisoning in Canadian Indians — The Elusive Diagnosis
Authors: Wheatley Brian , Barbeau André , Clarkson Thomas W. , Lapham Lowell W. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A World Health Organization Expert Committee has concluded that symptoms of methylmercury poisoning may appear at blood concentrations of 200-500 ng Hg/ml. Blood levels in this range have been found in several Indian and Inuit communities in Canada. The syndrome of severe methylmercury poisoning (Hunter-Russell syndrome) is well described. However, diagnosis of less severe cases is difficult. This paper reviews the present situation in Canada. The problems of diagnosis currently being encountered are discussed and are illustrated by the case of an individual who had one of the highest blood concentrations (551 ng Hg/ml) ever described in fish-eating populations outside of the outbreaks in Minamata and Niigata in Japan. Although mercury concentrations in brain were estimated to have been in the “symptomatic” range at least once in the two years prior to his death, neurohisiological examination was normal. Detailed examination by two teams of neurologists revealed effects that may be associated with methylmercury poisoning but a definitive diagnosis remained elusive.
Sensations from Surgically Transferred Glabrous Skin; Central Versus Peripheral Factors
Authors: Dykes R.W. , Terzis J.K. , Strauch B. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:In reinnervatedskin transferred from the foot to the hand, sensory thresholds approach normal values — an observation not predicted by the theoretical relationship between innervation density and tactile acuity. Therefore, we suggest that innervation density is not the major factor determining tactile acuity. Rather, the hand region of the central somesthelic map may be specialized to provide a calibre of function unavailable to other regions.
Effect of Phenytoin on Protein Binding of Valproic Acid
Authors: Bruni J. , Gallo J.M. , Wilder B.J. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:In vitro experiments using the equilibrium dialysis technique were performed to determine the binding of valproic acid to plasma components in the absence and presence of therapeutic concentrations of phenytoin. The free fraction of valproic acid was found to be dependent on the total valproic acid concentration. Phenytoin did not influence valproic acid protein binding.
Sodium Valproate in the Treatment of Cerebellar Disorders
Authors: Neophytides Andreas N. , Teychenne Paul F. , Pfeiffer Ronald F. , Calne Donald B. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Because of the high concentrations of ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei, an attempt was made to enhance GABAergic transmission in patients with cerebellar disease. Maximum tolerated doses of sodium valproate, a drug which inhibits the degradation of GABA, failed to influence cerebellar deficits in a double blind crossover study on six patients.
Tumeurs Cerebrales de l'enfant en milieu Canadien-Francais
Authors: Renevey F. , Amyot Y. , Geoffroy G. , Vanasse M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Between 1964 and 1976, we have seen 197 cases of cerebral tumors in children. We have studied the frequency of each histological group of tumors, their localization, the results of the clinical investigation, their clinical manifestations and the prognosis for each group.This study has confirmed that in children brain tumors are more frequently localized in the posterior fossa (56.4%). As in other series, tumors derived from the glia represent nearly 80% of the total. Clinically, increased intra-cranial pressure is the most frequent manifestation of posterior fossa lesion (75% of cases) while cerebellar involvement was seen in 60% of these childdren. Brain stem lesions and supratentorial tumors are more insidious in their presentation and their clinical manifestations more diversified.The EEG appeared useful in the investigation of brain tumors and showed irregularities in 78% of our patients. However, a more specific diagnosis required more invasive techniques such as angiography, pneumoencephalography or ventriculography.As in previous series, the mortality rate remained high in the children we have followed, particularly for some groups of tumors (glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, brain stem lesions). It is to be hoped that with the introduction of the CT Scan, the improvement of neurosurgical techniques and the use of immuno and chemotherapy, the prognosis may be improved.
Epilepsy and Pregnancy
Authors: Bruni Joseph , Willmore L. James 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The management of the pregnant epileptic requires close cooperation between the neurologist and obstetrician.
To prevent complications, knowledge is required about the natural history of epilepsy during pregnancy, the possible teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs, and changes in their absorption, biotransformation, and excretion. Close plasma antiepileptic drug monitoring is required because of the change in the handling of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. The treatment of status epilepticus with intravenous phenytoin is effective. Drug interactions which may lead to toxic plasma levels of some drugs and subtherapeutic plasma levels of others should be anticipated. The risk of problems resulting from antiepileptic drug therapy during pregnancy appears to be minor, provided that proper medical supervision is available. Newer antiepileptic drugs should not be administered to the pregnant epileptic until their safety in pregnancy is fully established.
Painful Tonic Seizures in Multiple Sclerosis: Localization of a Lesion
Authors: Watson C.Peter , Chiu M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The history of a patient with painful tonic seizures in association with multiple sclerosis is related. These seizures have been thought by most authors to be spinal in origin. This case is reported because of the localization of a supratentorial lesion, clinically and on CT scan.
Human Cysticercosis: A Probable Case of Cerebral Cysticercosis with Generalized Subcutaneous Nodular Lesions
Authors: Ali-Khan Z. , Chayasirisobhon S. , Aubé M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A case is reported in Montreal of human cysticercosis in a 44-year-old man who emigrated from Italy in 1956. Numerous subcutaneous nodules were found throughout his body. X-ray of his thighs and chest sho wed oblong calcific densities measuring 1 x 0.5 cm in size. Examination of an excised nodule from the right biceps revealed a cysticercus larva morphologically similar to Cysticercus cellulosae although the scolex lacked hooks. On the basis of the intensity of infection, focal and generalized epileptic seizures, changes in the CSF, and well demarcated lucencies observed in brain scan, cerebral cysticercosis was considered the most likely diagnosis.
Increased Dependence on Visual Information for Movement Control in Patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Cooke J.D. , Brown J.D. , Brooks V.B. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Studies were made of visually and nonrvisitally guided movements by patients with Parkinson's disease. The subjects moved a light, horizontal handle using rotation primarily about the elbow. During visually guided trials both handle and target positions were displayed to the subject; during non-visually guided trials only the handle position was displayed. During non-visually guided trials all patients showed a tendency for an overall flexion drift, although there was no change in average movement amplitude. The overall error in position by the end of the non-visually guided trials was greatly in excess of the reported values for passive displacement thresholds in normal subjects. It is suggested that the data indicate an increased dependence on visual information for control of motor activity in Parkinson's patients.
Transient Paralytic Attacks of Obscure Nature: The Question of Non-Convulsive Seizure Paralysis
Authors: Fisher C. Miller 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Eleven patients with transient paralytic attacks of obscure nature are described. Paralysis could involve face or leg alone, face and hand, or face, arm and leg. The duration varied from two minutes to one day. Four patients had brain tumors, six probably had brain infarcts, and one a degenerative process. The differential diagnosis included TIAs, migraine accompaniments, and seizures. In the absence of good evidence for the first two, the cases are discussed from the standpoint of possibly representing nonconvulsive seizure paralysis (ictal paralysis, inhibitory seizure paralysis or somatic inhibitory seizure). Because of the difficulty in defining seizures as well as TIAs and migraine in their atypical variations, a firm conclusion concerning the mechanisms of the spells was not attained. Two cases of the hypertensive amaurosis-seizure syndrome have been added as further examples of ictal deficits.
Muscle Changes in Lambs with Surgically Created Scoliosis Produced in Utero
Authors: Kent G.M. , Zingg W. , Armstrong D. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Spinal curves may be produced in fetal lambs with three surgical techniques. These procedures vary from mere exposure of the costo-vertebral junction of three ribs through a paravertebral incision, to resection of the head and part of the adjacent shaft of three ribs. The fetal age varies from forty-nine to seventy-three days. The degree of curvature present at birth seems to increase in severity with decreasing fetal age at the time of surgery, but the type of surgical procedure does not appear to influence the severity of the curve, suggesting that the mechanical presence of the ribs does not prevent the development of scoliosis in these animals.Histological studies of the m. longissimus dorsi at the apices of the curves reveal two main types of abnormality in the muscle fibers. Both Type I and Type II fibers were significantly reduced in size in the biopsies taken from the side on which the surgery was performed, and there was marked alteration in the proportion of one fiber type to the other in most biopsies taken from both operated sides when compared with biopsies from unoperated twin animals.The fetal age and amount of surgical trauma appeared to play no role in the degree of muscle alteration, suggesting that even minimal surgical trauma to the paraspinal region at any fetal age between 49–73 days is sufficient to produce significant muscle fiber abnormality and spinal curvature.A parallel is drawn between these muscle findings and those in a number of human musculoskeletal diseases, and suggests the possibility of a developmental defect in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
The Prolonged Anticonvulsant Action of Taurine on Genetically Determined Seizure-Susceptibility
Authors: Huxtable R. , Laird H. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A prolonged anticonvulsant action of taurine has been shown in a strain of seizure susceptible rats. The audiogenic rat (AS) has lower intracerebral electroshock thresholds in three auditory nuclei; the ventral cochlear, the inferior colliculi and the medial geniculate, and in one nonauditory structure; the reticular formation, than a strain of nonaudiogenic rats (NAS). Furthermore, the AS animals routinely display maximal (tonic-clonic) convulsion, regardless of brain structure stimulated, whereas NAS subjects respond with minimal (clonic) convulsions. Within three minutes of intraventricular injection of 8 μ moles, taurine reduces the susceptibility of AS rats to intracerebral electroshock seizures along with attenuation of the severity of the convulsion. The initial elevation in intracerebral electroshock threshold returns to pretreatment value at 24 hours, only to rise again at 48 hours and to remain elevated through day six after injection. In contrast, the severity of convulsions remains attenuated through 24 hours, after which it returns to pre-injection level. By comparison, NAS animals injected intracerebroventricularly in an identical fashion to the AS rats showed no changes in either seizure threshold or severity of convulsion. The direct injection of 200n-moles of taurine in the inferior colliculi of AS rats produced a slow developing, but prolonged, elevation of intracerebral electroshock threshold of this auditory nuclei. However, at no time after the intracerebral injection of taurine was convulsive severity changed. Injection of taurine into the inferior colliculi of NAS subjects did not change either susceptibility or severity of intracerebral electroshock seizures. The data indicate that taurine produces an anticonvulsant effect which is slow in onset, potent, selective and prolonged.
Hot Water Epilepsy
Authors: Szymonowicz Wanda , Meloff Keith L. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A case of hot water epilepsy is presented and the literature on the subject is reviewed. The data show that hot water epilepsy is a benign form of rejlex epilepsy occurring mainly in children. Males are affected more than females. The triggering stimulus is immersion in hot water (over 37°C). The seizure is usually psychomotor, although generalized convulsions may occur. The EEG findings indicate that the abnormality lies in the temporal lobe.
Vascular Amyloid in the Aging Central Nervous System: Clinico-Pathological Study and Literature Review
Authors: Bruni Joseph , Bilbao Juan M. , Pritzker Kenneth P.H. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The clinico-pathological features of five patients with vascular amyloid restricted to the central nervous system are presented.In three normotensive patients, intracerebral hemorrhage was the dramatic manifestation of amyloid angiopathy. In two other cases, one of amyloid in an arteriovenous malformation, the other of amyloid following therapeutic radiation, amyloid deposition was asymptomatic.Clinically, amyloid angiopathy must be considered in the different diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage, independent of the presence of dementia. Pathologically, a factor common to the syndrome of cerebrovascular amyloid appears to be locally increased vascular permeability resulting from a variety of previous tissue injuries.
Pure Spastic Paralysis of Corticospinal Origin
Authors: Fisher C. M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:This presentation includes six cases of chronic bilateral pure motor hemiplegia, one of these with pathological findings; one clinical case of chronic pure motor quadriplegia and one pathologically-studied case of chronic pure motor paraplegia. These cases may illustrate a spectrum of pure corticospinal disorders that heretofore has not been fully recognized.