bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De toetsing van de hardheid van een vordering in een verzetprocedure op basis van artikel 2:404 lid 5 BW
Authors: van der Kraan J. 
Published: January 2016

De toetsing van de hardheid van een vordering in een verzetprocedure op basis van artikel 2:404 lid 5 BW
Na de intrekking van een 403-verklaring kan de overblijvende aansprakelijkheid worden beëindigd. Schuldeisers kunnen daartegen in verzet komen. Zij dienen te stellen dat zij een vordering hebben waarvan de nakoming onzeker is en om een zekerheid te verzoeken. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de onderbouwing van de gepretendeerde vorderingen.
Het (aanvullend) legaat aan de langstlevende echtgenoot en de wettelijke verdeling
Authors: Boelens G.G.B. 
Published: January 2016

Het (aanvullend) legaat aan de langstlevende echtgenoot en de wettelijke verdeling
Het (niet-verworpen) legaat bij de wettelijke verdeling aan de langstlevende echtgenoot van een geldsom of van een tot de nalatenschap behorend goed, welk legaat ten laste van het kind komt, sorteert naar mijn mening waardetechnisch effect en verkleint derhalve de geldvordering van het kind uit hoofde van de wettelijke verdeling. Ik meen dan ook dat het mogelijk is om een aanvullend legaat aan de langstlevende te combineren met de wettelijke verdeling, hetgeen bijvoorbeeld in een ‘TROS-Radarachtige casus’ ervoor kan zorgen dat na het overlijden van de eerste echtgenoot geen of een beperkte heffing van erfbelasting plaatsvindt.
The History of Infant Formula: Quality, Safety, and Standard Methods
Authors: Wargo Wayne F 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Food-related laws and regulations have existed since ancient times. Egyptian scrolls prescribed the labeling needed for certain foods. In ancient Athens, beer and wines were inspected for purity and soundness, and the Romans had a well-organized state food control system to protect consumers from fraud or bad produce. In Europe during the Middle Ages, individual countries passed laws concerning the quality and safety of eggs, sausages, cheese, beer, wine, and bread; some of these laws still exist today. But more modern dietary guidelines and food regulations have their origins in the latter half of the 19th century when the first general food laws were adopted and basic food control systems were implemented to monitor compliance. Around this time, science and food chemistry began to provide the tools to determine “purity” of food based primarily on chemical composition and to determine whether it had been adulterated in any way. Since the key chemical components of mammalian milk were first understood, infant formulas have steadily advanced in complexity as manufacturers attempt to close the compositional gap with human breast milk. To verify these compositional innovations and ensure product quality and safety, infant formula has become one of the most regulated foods in the world. The present paper examines the historical development of nutritional alternatives to breastfeeding, focusing on efforts undertaken to ensure the quality and safety from antiquity to present day. The impact of commercial infant formulas on global regulations is addressed, along with the resulting need for harmonized, fit-for-purpose, voluntary consensus standard methods.
Controverses sur la réactualisation du travail informel au Brésil
Authors: Yerochewski Carole 
Published: January 2016

Rassemblant au Brésil toute une partie des travailleurs informels, l’économie solidaire est un sujet controversé parmi les acteurs syndicaux et politiques. Est-elle un lieu d’insertion des travailleurs, et (surtout) travailleuses, pauvres ou informels qui sont rejetés par un marché nécessairement compétitif ? Ou les différentes mobilisations, et certaines des pratiques autogestionnaires de ces travailleurs dits marginalisés, constituent-elles des luttes pour l’égalité et la justice sociale qui dépassent les revendications (en termes de salaires, de durée du travail, etc.) issues du compromis de la société salariale — compromis qui n’a jamais eu vocation à couvrir plus qu’une minorité de travailleurs dans le monde ? Étayé par des entretiens approfondis menés auprès de responsables communautaires, syndicaux et politiques impliqués dans l’économie solidaire au Brésil, l’article met ainsi en lumière les relations entre leurs choix stratégiques et les façons d’analyser le problème de la remontée du travail informel. Les controverses suscitées sont révélatrices de conceptions plus globales sur l’économie et la place des mobilisations de travailleurs dans le changement social.
Application of Al–Nb alloy film to metal capping layer on Cu
Authors: Takeyama Mayumi B. , Noya Atsushi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
An Al–Nb alloy film with the Al72Nb28 composition is applied as a candidate metal capping layer on Cu interconnects. In the Al72Nb28/Cu/SiO2/Si model system, the preferential oxidation of Al forming a thin surface Al2O3 layer occurs owing to oxidation in air for 1 h at temperatures up to ∼300 °C, resulting in the protection of the layers underneath from further oxidation, although a slight Cu intermixing into Al–Nb occurs. With increasing oxidation temperature up to 500 °C, the surface Al2O3 layer still grows by the preferential oxidation of Al and rejects Cu atoms from the surface oxidized layer. Although Nb atoms are left behind in the surface oxidized layer, they are in a metallic state owing to the high solubility of oxygen before forming an oxide. The extremely low solubility of Nb in Cu also protects Cu without excess intermixing. A good passivation characteristic of the Al72Nb28 alloy film on Cu is demonstrated.
Development of AC-driven liquid electrode plasma for sensitive detection of metals
Authors: Van Khoai Do , Miyahara Hidekazu , Yamamoto Tamotsu , Tue Phan Trong , Okino Akitoshi , Takamura Yuzuru 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A novel liquid electrode plasma (LEP) driven by AC, which is used as an excitation source for elemental analysis, has been developed for the first time. The conditions such as chip layout and flow rate were found to produce the plasma in the channel. The mechanism of AC LEP generation was determined. AC LEP could be sustained in the resin channel with no severe damage on the channel. The emission spectra of electrolyte, lead and cadmium solution were obtained and compared with those generated by DC LEP. AC LEP was developed for the quantitative determination of lead and cadmium with limits of detection of 75.0 µg/L (ppb) and 4.5 µg/L (ppb), respectively. The novel plasma source is promising for on-chip combination and integration because it could be maintained at low flow rates on a resin-based platform.
Global boron cycle in the Anthropocene
Authors: Schlesinger William H. , Vengosh Avner 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a revised and updated synthesis of the biogeochemical cycle of boron at the Earth's surface, where the largest fluxes are associated with the injection of sea‐salt aerosols to the atmosphere (1.44 Tg B/yr), production and combustion of fossil fuels (1.2 Tg B/yr), atmospheric deposition (3.48 Tg B/yr), the mining of B ores (1.1 Tg B/yr), and the transport of dissolved and suspended matter in rivers (0.80 Tg B/yr). The new estimates show that anthropogenic mobilization of B from the continental crust exceeds the naturally occurring processes, resulting in substantial fluxes to the ocean and the hydrosphere. The anthropogenic component contributes 81% of the flux in rivers. The mean residence time for B in seawater supports the use of δ11B in marine carbonates as an index of changes in the pH of seawater over time periods of > 1 Ma.
Potential groundwater and heterogeneous heat source contributions to ice sheet dynamics in critical submarine basins of East Antarctica
Authors: Gooch Brad T. , Young Duncan A. , Blankenship Donald D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present the results of two numerical models describing contributions of groundwater and heterogeneous heat sources to ice dynamics directly relevant to basal processes in East Antarctica. A two‐phase, one‐dimensional hydrothermal model demonstrates the importance of groundwater flow in vertical heat flux advection near the ice‐bed interface. Typical, conservative vertical components of groundwater volume fluxes (from either topographical gradients or vertically channeled flow) on the order of ±1–10 mm/yr can alter vertical heat flux by ±50–500 mW/m2 given parameters typical for the interior of East Antarctica. This heat flux has the potential to produce considerable volumes of meltwater depending on basin geometry and geothermal heat production. A one‐dimensional hydromechanical model demonstrates that groundwater is mainly recharged into saturated, partially poroelastic (i.e., vertical stress only; not coupled to a deformation equation) sedimentary aquifers during ice advance. During ice retreat, groundwater discharges into the ice‐bed interface, which may contribute to water budgets on the order of 0.1–1 mm/yr. We also present an estimated map of potentially heterogeneous heat flow provinces using radiogenic heat production data from East Antarctica and southern Australia, calculated sedimentary basin depths, and radar‐derived bed roughness. These are overlaid together to delineate the areas of greatest potential effect from these modeled processes on the ice sheet dynamics of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Enhancement of phytoplankton chlorophyll by submesoscale frontal dynamics in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Liu Xiao , Levine Naomi M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSubtropical gyres contribute significantly to global ocean productivity. As the climate warms, the strength of these gyres as a biological carbon pump is predicted to diminish due to increased stratification and depleted surface nutrients. We present results suggesting that the impact of submesoscale physics on phytoplankton in the oligotrophic ocean is substantial and may either compensate or exacerbate future changes in carbon cycling. A new statistical tool was developed to quantify surface patchiness from sea surface temperatures. Chlorophyll concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre were shown to be enhanced by submesoscale frontal dynamics with an average increase of 38% (maximum of 83%) during late winter. The magnitude of this enhancement is comparable to the observed decline in chlorophyll due to a warming of ~1.1°C. These results highlight the need for an improved understanding of fine‐scale physical variability in order to predict the response of marine ecosystems to projected climate changes.
Measuring the seeds of ion outflow: Auroral sounding rocket observations of low‐altitude ion heating and circulation
Authors: Fernandes P. A. , Lynch K. A. , Zettergren M. , Hampton D. L. , Bekkeng T. A. , Cohen I. J. , Conde M. , Fisher L. E. , Horak P. , Lessard M. R. , Miceli R. J. , Michell R. G. , Moen J. , Powell S. P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present an analysis of in situ measurements from the MICA (Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Alfvén Resonator) nightside auroral sounding rocket with comparisons to a multifluid ionospheric model. MICA made observations at altitudes below 325 km of the thermal ion kinetic particle distributions that are the origins of ion outflow. Late flight, in the vicinity of an auroral arc, we observe frictional processes controlling the ion temperature. Upflow of these cold ions is attributed to either the ambipolar field resulting from the heated electrons or possibly to ion‐neutral collisions. We measure
convection away from the arc (poleward) and downflows of hundreds of m s−1 poleward of this arc, indicating small‐scale low‐altitude plasma circulation. In the early flight we observe DC electromagnetic Poynting flux and associated ELF wave activity influencing the thermal ion temperature in regions of Alfvénic aurora. We observe enhanced, anisotropic ion temperatures which we conjecture are caused by transverse heating by wave‐particle interactions (WPI) even at these low altitudes. Throughout this region we observe several hundred m s−1 upflow of the bulk thermal ions colocated with WPI; however, the mirror force is negligible at these low energies; thus, the upflow is attributed to ambipolar fields (or possibly neutral upwelling drivers). The low‐altitude MICA observations serve to inform future ionospheric modeling and simulations of (a) the need to consider the effects of heating by WPI at altitudes lower than previously considered viable and (b) the occurrence of structured and localized upflows/downflows below where higher‐altitude heating rocesses are expected.
Exploring the relationship between the magnitudes of seismic events
Authors: Spassiani Ilaria , Sebastiani Giovanni 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe distribution of the magnitudes of seismic events is generally assumed to be independent on past seismicity. However, by considering events in causal relation, for example, mother‐daughter, it seems natural to assume that the magnitude of a daughter event is conditionally dependent on one of the corresponding mother events. In order to find experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis, we analyze different catalogs, both real and simulated, in two different ways. From each catalog, we obtain the law of the magnitude of the triggered events by kernel density. The results obtained show that the distribution density of the magnitude of the triggered events varies with the magnitude of their corresponding mother events. As the intuition suggests, an increase of the magnitude of the mother events induces an increase of the probability of having “high” values of the magnitude of the triggered events. In addition, we see a statistically significant increasing linear dependence of the magnitude means.
On the nature of the frontal zone of the Choctawhatchee Bay plume in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Huguenard K. D. , Bogucki D. J. , Ortiz‐Suslow D. G. , Laxague N. J. M. , MacMahan J. H. , Özgökmen T. M. , Haus B. K. , Reniers A. J. H. M. , Hargrove J. , Soloviev A.V. , Graber H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRiver plumes often feature turbulent processes in the frontal zone and interfacial region at base of the plume, which ultimately impact spreading and mixing rates with the ambient coastal ocean. The degree to which these processes govern overall plume mixing is yet to be quantified with microstructure observations. A field campaign was conducted in a river plume in the northeast Gulf of Mexico in December 2013, in order to assess mixing processes that could potentially impact transport and dispersion of surface material near coastal regions. Current velocity, density, and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Values, ε, were obtained using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), a Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) profiler, a Vertical Microstructure Profiler (VMP), and two Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADVs). The frontal region contained ε values on the order of 10−5 m2 s−3, which were markedly larger than in the ambient water beneath (O 10−9 m2 s−3). An energetic wake of moderate ε values (O 10−6 m2 s−3) was observed trailing the frontal edge. The interfacial region of an interior section of the plume featured opposing horizontal velocities and a ε value on the order of 10−6 m2 s−3. A simplified mixing budget was used under significant assumptions to compare contributions from wind, tides, and frontal regions of the plume. The results from this order of magnitude analysis indicated that frontal processes (59%) dominated in overall mixing. This emphasizes the importance of adequate parameterization of river plume frontal processes in coastal predictive models.
Climate controls multidecadal variability in U. S. extreme sea level records
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Chambers Don P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe investigate the links between multidecadal changes in extreme sea levels (expressed as 100 year return water levels (RWLs)) along the United States coastline and large‐scale climate variability. We develop different sets of simple and multiple linear regression models using both traditional climate indices and tailored indices based on nearby atmospheric/oceanic variables (winds, pressure, sea surface temperature) as independent predictors. The models, after being tested for spatial and temporal stability, are capable of explaining large fractions of the observed variability, up to 96% at individual sites and more than 80% on average across the region. Using the model predictions as covariates in a quasi nonstationary extreme value analysis also significantly reduces the range of change in the 100 year RWLs over time, turning a nonstationary process into a stationary one. This suggests that the models—when used with regional and global climate model output of the predictors—will also be capable of projecting future RWL changes. Such information is highly relevant for decision makers in the climate adaptation context in addition to projections of long‐term sea level rise.
Modulation of the boreal wintertime Madden‐Julian oscillation by the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation
Authors: Yoo Changhyun , Son Seok‐Woo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMadden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropical troposphere, has a significant impact on global weather and climate. Here we present that the year‐to‐year variation of the MJO activity shows significant changes with the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical stratosphere. Specifically, the boreal winter MJO amplitude, evaluated by various metrics, is typically stronger than normal during the QBO easterly phase at 50 hPa and weaker than normal during the QBO westerly phase at 50 hPa. This relationship, which is possibly mediated by the QBO‐related static stability and/or vertical wind shear changes in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, is robust whether or not the activeness of the MJO or QBO is taken into account. This result suggests a new potential route from the stratosphere that regulates the organized tropical convection, helping to improve the prediction skill of the boreal winter MJO.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Divergent Arylation with Triazolopyridines: One‐Pot Synthesis of 6‐Aryl‐2‐α‐styrylpyridines
Authors: Moon Youngtaek , Kwon Soonhyung , Kang Dahye , Im Honggu , Hong Sungwoo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe have developed a new strategy for palladium‐catalyzed arylation reactions with triazolopyridines, wherein two different chemical transformations (C‐3 vs. C‐7) are observed by differentiating the substrates using different bases. The reactive palladium carbenoids were directly generated from triazolopyridines and underwent denitrogenative arylations with aryl bromides. Intriguingly, when potassium carbonate was replaced with potassium tert‐butoxide, direct CH arylation occurred at the most acidic position (C‐7). Moreover, two different catalytic arylation events were successfully performed in a one‐pot sequence, providing a convenient access to 6‐aryl‐2‐α‐styrylpyridines.magnified image
Determining the Optimum Parting Direction in Plastic Injection Molds Based on Minimizing Rough Machining Time during Mold Manufacturing
Authors: Sarmiento‐Merida L. A. , Guevara‐Morales A. , Figueroa‐López U. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe versatility of plastic materials allows engineering components of very complex geometries and functionalities to be injection molded from them. Because the manufacturing cost of a mold increases with the complexity of the cavity, it is important to optimize the design of component and mold concurrently. In this study, a methodology for determining the optimum parting direction (PD) considering mold‐manufacturing factors such as tool accessibility and the amount of material to be removed is presented. The methodology starts with an accessibility analysis in which a three‐dimensional part is discretized, and candidate PDs are selected based on maximizing the accessible area, that is, the area that can be machined with a single workpiece orientation or setup. Then, the rough machining process is considered, and an optimum PD that minimizes the rough machining time for both the cavity and core plates is selected. The methodology is applied to four different automotive components: a mirror cover, an interior panel, a pillar, and a fender splash shield.
Inner ear morphology of the cioclovina early modern European calvaria from Romania
Authors: Uhl Alexandra , Reyes‐Centeno Hugo , Grigorescu Dan , Kranioti Elena F. , Harvati Katerina 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe morphology of the human bony labyrinth is thought to preserve a strong phylogenetic signal and to be minimally, if at all, affected by postnatal processes. The form of the semicircular canals is considered a derived feature of Neanderthals and different from the modern human anatomy. Among other hominins, European Middle Pleistocene humans have been found to be most similar to Neanderthals. Early modern humans have been proposed to show a pattern that is distinct, but most similar to that of Holocene people. Here we examine the inner ear structures of the Cioclovina calvaria, one of the earliest reliably dated and relatively complete modern human crania from Europe, in the context of recent and fossil human variation.Materials and MethodsBony labyrinths were virtually extracted from CT scans of recent Europeans and Cioclovina. Using univariate and multivariate methods, measurements of the semicircular canals were compared with published measurements of other fossil specimens.ResultsOur results show that Cioclovina's inner ear morphology falls within the range of modern variation, with affinities to both Late Pleistocene modern humans and recent Europeans. Using discriminant functions, the sex of the Cioclovina specimen is estimated as male.DiscussionResults agree with previous work showing that Cioclovina exhibits fully modern cranial morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:62–70, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Z‐Shaped Pentaleno‐Acene Dimers with High Stability and Small Band Gap
Authors: Dai Gaole , Chang Jingjing , Luo Jie , Dong Shaoqiang , Aratani Naoki , Zheng Bin , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Yamada Hiroko , Chi Chunyan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAcene‐based materials have promising applications for organic electronics but the major constrain comes from their poor stability. Herein a new strategy to stabilize reactive acenes, by fusion of an anti‐aromatic pentalene unit onto the zigzag edges of two acene units to form a Z‐shaped acene dimer, is introduced. The Z‐shaped acene dimers are extremely stable and show a small energy gap resulting from intramolecular donor–acceptor interactions. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed their unique geometry and one‐dimensional slip‐stack columnar structure. Besides optical and electrochemical characterizations, solution‐processed field‐effect transistors were also fabricated.
Simple Peptide‐Tuned Self‐Assembly of Photosensitizers towards Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Kai , Xing Ruirui , Zou Qianli , Ma Guanghui , Möhwald Helmuth , Yan Xuehai 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPeptide‐tuned self‐assembly of functional components offers a strategy towards improved properties and unique functions of materials, but the requirement of many different functions and a lack of understanding of complex structures present a high barrier for applications. Herein, we report a photosensitive drug delivery system for photodynamic therapy (PDT) by a simple dipeptide‐ or amphiphilic amino‐acid‐tuned self‐assembly of photosensitizers (PSs). The assembled nanodrugs exhibit multiple favorable therapeutic features, including tunable size, high loading efficiency, and on‐demand drug release responding to pH, surfactant, and enzyme stimuli, as well as preferable cellular uptake and biodistribution. These features result in greatly enhanced PDT efficacy in vitro and in vivo, leading to almost complete tumor eradication in mice receiving a single drug dose and a single exposure to light.