bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4. Professor Forbes communicated the following memorandum respecting the Polarization of Heat
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

“I have recently ascertained the following facts respecting heat.“1st, That heat polarized in any plane, and then reflected from the surface of a refracting medium, changes its plane of polarization in a manner similar to what obtains in the case of light. Thus, with a thick plate of mica, which polarized homogeneous red light most completely at an incidence of about 59°, the plane of polarization of reflected polarized heat remained on the same side of the plane of reflection when the incidence was great, and was on the contrary side when the incidence was small. The limiting angle of incidence was about 57°, which therefore should be the polarizing angle of dark heat for mica. This mode of observing the polarizing angle offers some advantages above more direct methods.
Observations on the Chemical Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Hope  
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper is to propose a modification of the nomenclature of inorganic compounds now in use among chemists, which shall display with accuracy the ingredients of each compound, and the atomic ratios of each ingredient.After stating the introduction of the principle of employing a descriptive nomenclature in chemistry by Bergman, and the happy application of it by Lavoisier and his associates, and subsequently by Berzelius, he traced the various changes rendered necessary by the improved knowledge of the more intimate constitution of compounds, resulting from the discovery of combination in definite proportions, and the atomic ratios in which combinations take place, adopted by Wollaston, Thomson, Thenard, Turner, &c.
1. Observations on Terrestrial Magnetism made in different parts of Europe, especially with reference to the influence of Height
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

These observations have reference chiefly to the intensity of the earth's magnetism, and were made for the most part with Hansteen's apparatus, in the possession of the society.The first section of the paper refers to the method of making the observations, which is nearly that of Professor Hansteen.The second refers to the corrections applied. These are—1. for the rate of the chronometer; 2. for reduction of the vibrations of the intensity needles to infinitely small arcs; 3. for the effect of temperature in diminishing the magnetism of the needles, which was determined for each by direct experiment; 4. for changes in the earth's magnetism; 5. for progressive changes in the needle's magnetism, which were considerable for one of the Hansteen needles, but for the other very small.
1. On the Condition of the Earth, as it is first described in the Mosaic Account of the Creation
Authors: Ponton Mungo 
Published: June 2016

In this paper, the author confined his attention principally to those words of the original, which, in the received translation, are rendered “without form and void.” He considered that, in a philological point of view, the most correct translation is “vastness and emptiness,” or, in the adjective form, “immeasurable and imponderable.”The bearing of the most recent philosophical discoveries, and of the opinions of natural philosophers and geologists, upon the interpretation of this passage, formed the next subject of inquiry. It was stated that there are three prevailing opinions in regard to the Mosaic account of creation, arising out of three different views with respect to the period when those strata were formed which contain organic remains.
3. Description of a Single Achromatic Eye-Glass
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The author observes that, “in combining the surfaces of an achromatic eye-piece, a very limited question is resolved. The condition is, that pencils of light falling upon the first surface in directions parallel [approximately] to the axis of the instrument, emerge from the last surface in such a way, that the different rays into which each is decomposed may be parallel among themselves. On account of this restriction, achromatism can be obtained by the use of only one medium, and it is unnecessary to combine substances acting differently on the light of various colours.”The author then proceeds to show that, since the only required conditions are that two refractions shall take place of a certain amount and at certain distances, these conditions may be fulfilled by two refracting surfaces, or by a single lens of a certain thickness.
2. Notice of the remarkable Mathematical Properties of a certain Parallelogram
Authors: Russell John Scott 
Published: June 2016

The parallelogram which formed the subject of this communication is the rectangle whose sides are to each other in the ratio of the diagonal of a square to its side,—a figure well known to architects, sculptors, and painters, from its beauty, and frequently adopted in the practical arts.The author shewed that if the given rectangle be bisected by a line parallel to its shortest side, each segment will be a figure similar in all respects to the original rectangle; and if either of these halves be itself bisected in the same manner, their halves will be rectangles similar to the original rectangle; and so on ad infinitum. The sides of the primary figure and its halves are continual proportionals, represented by the series
The author endeavours to trace an analogy between the properties of this parallelogram and the logarithmic spiral.
2. Remarks on the Illustrations presented by the Surface of the Moon, respecting certain Geological Phenomena. In a Letter to Sir J. Robinson, K. H, &c.
Authors: Nichol  
Published: June 2016

Professor Nichol conceives that, as the upheaving cause is a general or cosmical phenomenon, no true or complete theory of it can be deduced from a review of its merely terrestrial actions; and in the notice read to the Society, he called the attention of geologists to a few general but important inferences, from the peculiar form of the elevations in the moon.The author introduced his observations, by adverting to the following facts, as now ascertained and generally known concerning these elevations.
Discussion of one Year's Observations of Thermometers sunk to different Depths in different localities in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

These observations were made, at Professor Forbes's suggestion, at the expense of the British Association. They are still continued, and the present notice contains only a first approximation to the solution of the problems which they are intended to give.The chief aim of the experiments is to ascertain the progress of Solar Heat in the Crust of the Globe, and has no immediate reference to the question of central heat; the depth to which the experiments extend being inadequate to afford decisive results on that head.
2. Investigation of analogous properties of Co-ordinates of Elliptic and Hyperbolic Sectors
Authors: Wallace W. 
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper is to investigate, for the ellipse and hyperbola, a series of propositions analogous to those which, in the circle, constitute the calculus of sines.Any diameter of an ellipse, or a transverse diameter of a hyperbola, is expressed by a, its conjugate diameter by b, and the ratio of these diameters, viz. by c. The nature of the curves is exbpressed by this formula, In the ellipse, c has the sign +, but in the hyperbola the sign −.
Additional Remarks on the fatal effects of air admitted into the Veins of the Neck during Surgical Operations
Authors: Bell Charles 
Published: June 2016

“He stated some interesting facts from veterinary practice. But the principal addition he desired to make was the notice of certain experiments made on the human subject after death, and which Dr Reid repeated and verified.“A small incision being made in the lower part of the neck, the external jugular vein was found flat; but an incision being made into it on raising the shoulder and clavicle of that side, the vein opened. On holding open the integuments so that the wound might hold fluid, milk was poured into it: the milk remained stationary as in a cup; but on elevating the shoulder and clavicle, the milk descended into the vein and disappeared.
1. On the Sea-Level of the Neapolitan Coast
Authors: Forbes John S. 
Published: June 2016

This paper is intended to give an account of the more recent researches of the Italian antiquaries and geologists connected with the well-known temple of Jupiter Serapis at Pozzuoli, which have been verified in several particulars by the author, by personal inspection, and extended to other parts of the western coast of Italy, where traces of marine lithophagi have been found at a height, as alleged by Niccolini, of even 250 feet above the present sea-level.The most interesting modern observations are those of Niccolini on the actual change of relative level of the sea and land, ascertained by a fixed gauge which he has observed frequently between 1823 and 1838. In that time the land appears to have risen through a height of 112 millimetres or 4½ inches; and this change has been progressively and not suddenly effected.
3. Chemical Examination of the Tagua-Nut, or Vegetable Ivory
Authors: Connell  
Published: June 2016

This remarkable nut is now well known as being extensively carved into ornaments, having the high polish and general appearance of the finest ivory.It is a seed or nut of a palm called Phytelephas macrocarpa, which is found on the banks of the Magdalena river, in the republic of Columbia.For analysis the fine turnings of the vegetable ivory were employed. These were well rubbed in a mortar successively with cold and hot water, and were then heated with hot alcohol.
2. On a remarkable Oscillation of the Sea observed at various places on the coasts of Great Britain, in the first week of July 1843
Authors: Milne David 
Published: June 2016

This phenomenon was observed on the 5th July and three following days. It did not occur on all parts of the coasts of Great Britain. In England, it was observed only on the south shores of Cornwall and Devonshire. In Scotland, it was observed on the east coast; and there it was seen at a great many places, between Eyemouth in Berwickshire and the Shetland Islands.It was only on the 5th July that the oscillation occurred on the Cornish and Devonshire coasts. It prevailed on the Scottish coast, however, from the 5th to the 7th July inclusive.The phenomenon consisted of a flux and reflux of the sea, beyond what could be accounted for by ordinary tides, or any wind prevailing at the time. The water suddenly rose up and sunk down from 2 to 5 feet in perpendicular height, producing effects more or less striking, according to the shelving character of the shore.
2. On the Geology of Cockburn-Law and its Neighbourhood
Authors: Stevenson William 
Published: June 2016

The author, in the first part of his paper, described the nature of the formations, and in the last part offered his views in explanation of the appearances.In describing the formations, he enumerated, first, those of aqueous, and last those of ligneous origin.I. The former consist of the greywacke, the old red sandstone, and the coal-measure formations.
2. On the Most Volatile Constituents of American Petroleum
Authors: Ronalds Edmund 
Published: June 2016

It was shown by this paper that the gases dissolved in American petroleum, and which gave to it such a high degree of inflammability, were composed of the lower members of the marsh gas series, having the general formula,and to which the liquid products have already been referred.The gases evolved from the Pennsylvanian oil were collected at a temperature of −1° Cent., as they floated, mixed with air, over the surface of the liquid in the casks in which it is imported into this country and the hydrocarbons were shown by eudiometrical analysis to have the composition of a mixture in nearly equal proportions of the hydrides of ethyl and propyl.
2. The Law of Aëriform Volumes extended to dense bodies
Authors: Macvicar J. G. 
Published: June 2016

In this communication the author proceeds to show that when dense bodies, whether liquids or solids, are regarded as consisting of certain molecules, the volumes of these molecules are either equals, halves, or doubles, &c, as in aëriforms.This he proves by showing that the densities of bodies in general, as determined by the balance, are proportional to the numbers which express the weights of their molecules.
4. On the Use of Graphic Representations of Chemical Formula
Authors: Brown A. Crum 
Published: June 2016

The idea of atomicity, or the definite equivalence of chemical atoms, is the necessary consequence of the theory of replacement. It was employed by Frankland to explain the nature of the organometallic bodies, and its application was further extended by Kolbe to a large number of organic substances.It is, however, to Kekulé that we owe the complete generalisation of this idea and its systematic application to all classes of compounds. This first rendered it possible to represent, as it is often advantageous to do, the constitution of compounds by completely dissected formulæ.
5. On the Fairy Stones found in the Elwand Water near Melrose
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

On the banks of the Elwand Water, which runs into the Tweed, about two miles above Melrose, there is a picturesque glen called the Fairy Dean, which has become a favourite place of resort, from its association with the incidents in “The Monastery” by Sir Walter Scott. It has acquired an interest of a different kind from certain mineral concretions which have received the name of Fairy Stones, from their being found in that part of the rivulet which runs through the Fairy Dean.When the Waverley Novels were not acknowledged by their author, facts or incidents to which they referred, were always welcome subjects of conversation at Abbotsford; and on one occasion when I happened to mention that singular stones were found in the Fairy Dean, Sir Walter Scott expressed a desire to see them, and to know how they were formed.
1. Account of the Extension of the Seven-Place Logarithmic Tables, from 100,000 to 200,000
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper the details were given of the computations made for extending the Table of Seven-Place Logarithms to 200,000 and of the precautions taken to ensure accuracy in the printed work.The calculations were originally intended for a Nine-Place Table to One Million; and the manuscript shows the logarithms to fifteen places, with their first and second differences for all numbers from 100,000 to 200,000.
2. Note. On the Use of the Scholastic Terms Vetus Logica and Nova Logica, with a Remark upon the corresponding Terms Antiqui and Moderni
Authors: Lindsay Thomas M. 
Published: June 2016

During the earlier part of the middle ages, or until the middle of the eleventh century, students of logic had a very incomplete knowledge of the logical works of Aristotle. They knew the translations which Boethius had made of Porphyry's Εἰσαγωγὴ of Aristotle's περὶ κατεγορίων, and of his περὶ ἑρμηνείας, and they knew little else. Their labours did not go beyond the reproduction of, and commenting on, these old Greek writings.Towards the beginning of the twelfth century, however, the gradual diffusion of knowledge had brought with it acquaintance with the remaining treatises of Aristotle's Organon. The old translations of Boethius were recovered, and new translations were made. We are told that “Jacobus Clericus of Venetia translated from Greek into Latin certain books of Aristotle, and commented on them, namely, the Topica, the Analytics Prior and Posterior, and the Elenchi, although,” adds the chronicler, “an earlier translation of these same books may be had.”
Opening Address, Session 1871–72
Authors: Christison Robert 
Published: June 2016

At the commencement of this, the 89th session of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, I beg to congratulate you on the successful issue of that which has just come to an end. The number of our members has increased, in consequence both of a low proportion of deaths among us, and likewise of an increase of new members beyond the average; so that, from 326 at the same period last year, the Society has grown to 331 at the present time.We may appeal with equal, and even more, satisfaction to the success of our late meetings; which, in the first place, were carried on a full month longer than usual before exhausting the list of communications approved by your Council as worthy of being read before you; and which, in the second place, attracted from first to last unusual attendance and interest, on the part both of ourselves and of our visitors, by reason of the variety and value of the inquiries communicated at them.
2. On Vortex Motion
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper is a sequel to several communications which have already appeared in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. It commences with an investigation of the circumstances under which a portion of an incompressible frictionless liquid, supposed to extend through all space, or through space wholly or partially bounded by a rigid solid, can be projected so as to continue to move through the surrounding liquid without change of shape; and goes on to investigate vibrations executed by a portion of liquid so projected, and slightly disturbed from the condition that gives uniformity. The greatest and least quantities of energy which a finite liquid mass of any given initial shape and any given initial motion can possess, after any variations of its bounding surface ending in the initial shape, are next investigated; and the theory of the dissipation of energy in a finite or infinite frictionless liquid is deduced.
2. Notice of a New Family of the Echinodermata
Authors: Thomson Wyville 
Published: June 2016

During the deep sea dredging expedition of H.M. ships ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine,’ in the summers of 1868–69 and 1870, two or three nearly perfect specimens, and a number of fragments were procured of three species of regular echinideans, which were referred by the author to a new family, the Echinothuridæ, intermediate in their more essential characters between the Cidaridæ and the Diadematidæ.In these urchins the test is circular and greatly depressed. The plates of the perisom are long and strap-shaped, and the interambulacral plates overlap one another regularly from the apical towards the oral poll, while the ambulacral plates overlap in a similar way in the opposite direction.
3. On the Lunar Diurnal Variation of Magnetic Declination at Trevandrum, near the Magnetic Equator
Authors: Broun J. A. 
Published: June 2016

The author gives the results derived from different discussions of nearly eighty thousand observations, made hourly during the eleven years 1854 to 1864. They are as follows:—1. That the lunar diurnal variation consists of a double maximum and minimum in each month of the year.2. That in December and January the maxima occur near the times of the moon's upper and lower passages of the meridian; while in June and July they occur six hours later, the minima then occurring near the times of the two passages.3. The change of the law for December and January to that for June and July does not happen, as in the case of the solar diurnal variations, by leaps in the course of a month (those of March and October), but more or less gradually for the different maxima and minima.
1. Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle  
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this chapter Dr Heddle considered the micas occurring in Scotland. These he found to be Muscovite or Muscovy glass, and margarodite—of the white micas; Biotite, lepidomelane, and a new species which he proposes to call Haughtonite, after Professor Haughton of Dublin—of the dark micas. He also finds the species pihlite, hitherto unrecognised in Britain, occurring in quantity in the central districts of Banffshire, and in the west of Aberdeenshire.In connection with the first of these micas, the mode of formation of exfiltration veins, and the metamorphism of gneiss into the grey granite of Aberdeenshire, were considered.
2. Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle  
Published: June 2016

In this Chapter, Dr Heddle discussed the substances usually thrown together, under the term of Chloritic Minerals. He showed, by an extensive series of analyses, that they were to be divided into three groups—those which occurred in metamorphic rocks, in recent strata, and in volcanic rocks.He proposed to confine the term Chloritic to the minerals which are found in metamorphic rocks, and to apply the term, the Saponites, to those which occur in volcanic rocks.
1. On Gravitational Oscillations of Rotating Water
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis is really Laplace's subject in his Dynamical Theory of the Tides; where it is dealt with in its utmost generality except one important restriction,—the motion of each particle to be infinitely nearly horizontal, and the velocity to be always. equal for all particles in the same vertical. This implies that the greatest depth must be small in comparison with the distance that has to be travelled to find the deviation from levelness of the water-surface altered by a sensible fraction of its maximum amount. In the present short communication I adopt this restriction; and farther, instead of supposing the water to cover the whole or a large part of the surface of a solid spheroid as does Laplace, I take the simpler problem of an area of water so small that the equilibrium-figure of its surface is not sensibly curved.
1. The Anatomy of the Northern Beluga (B. Catodon) compared with that of other Whales
Authors: Watson Morrison , Young Alfred H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe specimen which formed the subject of this memoir was one of three, imported into England by Mr Farini of London.The skeleton being already well known, and the state of the parts preventing an examination of the muscular anatomy, attention was directed solely to that of the viscera, of which no complete description had hitherto been given. Drs Barclay and Neill in this country, and subsequently Professor Wyman in America, had previously investigated some points in the anatomy of the soft parts of Beluga, but their descriptions are so fragmentary as to necessitate a more accurate and extended investigation of the viscera.
1. References, by Dr Charles Maclaren and Professor Geikie, to Striae and Boulders on the Pentlands
Authors: Geikie  , Croll Jas 
Published: June 2016

Mr M'Laren, in his “Geology of Fife and the Lothians,” states:—“There are few opportunities of observing ‘groovings’ on the Pentland Hills. I noticed them, however, at Westwater of Dunsyre, on the top of a thick bed of hard sandstone, from which 12 or 14 feet of alluvium had been removed. The dressings pointed exactly east and west; and the evidence was the more satisfactory, as the direction of the stream on whose bank the rock was situated, and of the valley in which the stream flowed, was south and north. They were very distinct, the larger groovings being about 1½ inch broad, and ths of an inch deep.
4. On a Calculus of Relationship
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander 
Published: June 2016

1. De Morgan read a paper on the ‘Logic of Relations’ before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and the paper is printed in their Transactions. He attempts to deal not only with the idea of relationship, but with the idea of relation in general. As he does not deal with exact ideas, he cannot give any exact results.2. Among the writings of Leslie Ellis there are printed some notes on Boole's ‘Laws of Thought,’ and there he refers to the idea of relation. He makes the important remark:— ‘It seems to me that the mind passes from idea to idea in accordance with various principles of suggestion, and that, in correspondence with the different. classes of such principles of suggestion, we ought to recognise different branches of the general theory of inference.’