bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fair Trade as an Instrument for the Regulation of Risks in the Cross-Border Surrogacy Market
Authors: Bassan Sharon 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCross-border surrogacy transactions [CBST] entail several risks for the participants and the resulting child and, consequentially, for their states. In the absence of clear standards or coherent legal rules, the global industry depends on private contracts, the result of negotiations between parties from different countries with unequal bargaining power, which distributes risks and benefits unfairly. In this article I suggest a Fair Trade model as an instrument for the regulation of these transactions.The Fair Trade model addresses market failures and the externalization of risks. The basic principles of Fair Trade include trading process according to proper standards of quality and ethics based on a certification mechanism, a minimum price to producers, direct purchasing, transparent rules and fair distribution. In addition to quality and ethics, Fair Trade is a developmental tool, ensuring more of the economic benefits to producers in the global south.Applying these elements on the cross-border surrogacy market can be fruitful for the regulation of risks entailed in CBST. Certification of surrogacy services can ensure proper medical standards and fundamental rights, and decrease health risks; direct purchasing through democratically elected surrogates’ co-operatives could improve the surrogates’ power of negotiation and decrease contractual risks; a minimum price could guarantee a greater income to surrogates, and social premium could be used to fund communal projects and help surrogates to improve their social position. Finally, transparency can address administrative risks and ensure that children’s rights are not violated.
An Ounce for Prevention… Germany’s Public Policy on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Authors: Loer Kathrin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis section discusses the regulation of “lifestyle risks” a term that can apply to both substances and behaviours. Lifestyle risks take place along the line of “abstinence - consumption - abuse - addiction”. This can concern substances such as food, alcohol or drugs, as well as behaviours such as gambling or sports. The section also addresses the question of the appropriate point of equilibrium between free choice and state intervention (regulation), as well as the question of when risks can be considered to be acceptable or tolerable. In line with the interdisciplinary scope of the journal, the section aims at updating readers on both the regulatory and the scientific developments in the field. It analyses legislative initiatives and judicial decisions and at the same time it provides insight into recent empirical studies on lifestyle risks.
Freedom of Information Law and Its Application in Indonesia: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Butt Simon 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn 2008, Indonesia introduced its first “freedom of information” statute – Law 14 of 2008 on Disclosure of Public Information (the “FOI Law” or the “Law”) – which became fully operational in 2010. The FOI Law is an important component of the government transparency and accountability mechanisms established after Soeharto and his authoritarian “New Order” government fell in 1998. This article assesses the extent to which the FOI Law has been effective in requiring public bodies to disclose “public” information that they would rather keep within their ranks. More time is needed for these reforms to take hold. However, this article, which provides the first academic analysis of the freedom of information reforms “in practice”, shows that Indonesia’s central Information Commission and the courts have, with two important exceptions, applied the FOI Law in favour of information-seekers, thereby providing some reason for optimism for the future of this reform.
Comparative Law, Anti-essentialism and Intersectionality: Reflections from Southeast Asia in Search of an Elusive Balance
Authors: Jamal Arif A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper explores the paradox of diversity and similarity within legal “traditions”. More particularly, in looking especially at comparative law scholarship on Southeast Asia, it asks if there are any lessons that comparative law theory can learn about how to account for commonality and difference in large and diverse contexts from the perspectives of intersectionality and anti-essentialism that have been developed in feminist scholarship. The paper concludes that feminist scholarship does not resolve the paradox that comparative legal study makes evident but that it does make us better realise the importance of open-textured “narratives of affinity” and “contingent classification” in legal contexts.
A Bolder Step towards Privacy Protection in Hong Kong: A Statutory Cause of Action
Authors: Mo Yun Ching Jojo , Koo A. K. C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPrivacy is an important value which is internationally recognised as worthy of protection. However, it has been under constant challenge for a number of reasons including changes in technology which facilitate informational and other forms of surveillance and privacy-invasive media practices. Because of its multi-faceted nature, privacy is typically regulated by a variety of different means. Data protection laws seek to ensure the fair handling of personal information. Criminal sanctions are used to outlaw more serious invasions of privacy, including certain breaches of communications privacy and uses of surveillance devices. Assorted civil actions are relied on to protect broader interests in privacy. However, the piecemeal nature of privacy protection is often found to be inadequate and victims frequently lack appropriate remedies. Therefore, many common law countries either provide for or are actively considering the introduction of civil remedies to specifically address general privacy issues. There has also been active consideration of measures to regulate media organisations, especially in the light of the Murdoch scandal in the United Kingdom. The inadequacies in the law have prompted calls for law reform in Hong Kong, and recommendations have been made in the report on Civil Liability for Invasion of Privacy (2004). It examined the need of individuals to be able to seek civil remedies for unwarranted invasion of privacy. In it the Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong (HKLRC) proposed the introduction of specific statutory torts of privacy to cover acts and conduct frustrating the reasonable expectation of an individual’s privacy. It proposed that a person, who invaded another’s privacy by intruding upon their solitude or seclusion, or by intruding into their private affairs or concerns, should be liable in tort. It also recommended another tort for invasion of privacy arising out of public disclosure of private facts. This article focuses on the issue of civil liability and analyses the inadequacies of existing laws and regulatory regimes and attempts to come up with a model that is most suitable for Hong Kong. It takes the HKLRC’s recommendations as its starting point but refines and modifies them, drawing on the insights that have since become available from the work of other law reform bodies and further developments in overseas case law.
Jie Huang: Interregional Recognition and Enforcement of Civil and Commercial Judgments, Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing, 2014, 352 pp. Hardcover £65/€84.50
Authors: Cheng Tan Lee 
Published: February 2017

AbstractReview of “Interregional Recognition and Enforcement of Civil and Commercial Judgments” by Professor Jie Huang (Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014) which analyses the status quo of judgment recognition and enforcement in the Mainland China, Macao and Hong Kong under the ‘One Country, Two Systems’ regime. The book also presents a comparative study of the interregional recognition and enforcement of judgments in the US and EU.
Boats That Fly
Authors: Hume D. C. M. 
Published: February 2017

You all know those jolly words from “ Alice's Adventures through the Looking Glass,” and in a measure we are about to push our way through the melting mirror of hearsay to the strange world of wonderful facts, where boats fly, and men think nothing of the sort of ascent that blew the breath out of the poor White King when he received his first dusting in the air. We will talk, you and I, of shoes for aircraft—ships that fly and sealing wax that guards the secrets that have made the British seaplane the greatest example of its kind in all the wide world.First of all you would like to find out, I know, how aircraft manage to fly at all.You can find that out easily. Take a large box lid or other flat surface, hold it up vertically before you and run across the room with it.“ The time has come, ” the Walrus said,“ To talk of many things ;Of shoes and ships and sealing wax,Of cabbages and kings. ”Lewis Carroll
Special Light Weight Aero Engine
Authors: Chorlton A. E. L. 
Published: February 2017

The high performance engine, whether military or commercial, is essentially the light one.The motor
which made flying possible was an internal combustion engine, and the basic reason of its success was the direct
use of an easily volatile fuel of high heat value, namely, petrol.The first engine
developed to use this fuel was that of Daimler, and all motor-car, boat and aviation engines have sprung from
this engine.In order to more readily have in mind our problem, we can with advantage briefly run through
the main aero engines so far constructed with the progressive results of tests.The engine of Gottlieb
Daimler is illustrated by Slide No. I. It had automatic inlet valves and exhaust governing, the latter being a
point to be noted.The next slide shows the engine of the Wright Brothers. This engine weighed 8.75 lbs. per
B.H.P. inclusive; the most successful engine of to-day weighs under 3 lbs. inclusive.
Note on the Mooring of Airships by “Free” Wire Systems
Authors: Frazer R. A. , Simmons L. F. G. 
Published: February 2017

In his recent lecture on “ Airship Mooring and Handling,” Captain Butcher refers to certain experiments carried out with the use of models in connection with three-wire mooring. It is, perhaps, useful to add some further details of these special experiments, which were conducted at the National Physical Laboratory.Mention was made by Captain Butcher of the original or “ fixed ” three-wire system (see Fig. 1), which originated from the emergency mooring of R.9. Its defects lie in the occasional slackening and subsequent impulsive tightening of one or more of the mooring cables when the airship is riding in gusty weather. In the particular modifications introduced by the N.P.L., breakdown due to this contingency is eliminated.
A Note on the Theories of Screw Propulsion
Authors: Watts Henry C. 
Published: February 2017

The object of this note is to draw attention to a misconception of the theory of screw propulsion which appears in much good work now being done.This misconception lies in the combination of the Froude inflow theory and the Drzewiecki blade element theory used in conjunction with aerofoil characteristics obtained from tests in an air tunnel.To explain further one must refer briefly to the various theories which are put forward to account, wholly or partially, for the behaviour of a screw propeller.The theory and method of design in use for aircraft propellers is that due to Drzewiecki and modifications of it. The method in its simplest form consists in considering a tangential element of the blade as an aerofoil.
Notes on the Storage of Aircraft
Authors: Hoare P. V. 
Published: February 2017

Before storing an aircraft, it has to be housed, and this in turn gives rise to various operations of handling, in which each type of aircraft calls for particular detail. It is now proposed to consider the questions of housing and handling for each of the types of aircraft given as typical examples for storage.As for storage, there again appears general facts which may apply equally well to all types of aircraft, and then particular treatment for each type.With a large type of aircraft a good deal of care is necessary in handling during the process of getting it into and out of the storage shed. The difficulties then experienced will be increased in windy weather, but these may be overcome by increasing the personnel of the handling party.
Propellers:
Authors: Bramwell Francis H. 
Published: February 2017

The material for this paper was collected for a written communication to the Research Committee for publication in The Aëronautical Journal, in the form of a brief annotated account of the work of a number of experimenters on the performance of the screw propeller in air and water; but, at the request of the Council, a month ago, the article has been re–cast in the form of a paper.
As can be readily understood, such a catalogue would be extremely boring to those who have so kindly come here to–night to listen, so that it was considered preferable to give only some general conclusions with sufficient experimental evidence to attempt to justify them.
The short résumé has, however, been retained in the form of an Appendix, for the use of those who desire to refer to it.
It was hoped that, by keeping the paper as short as possible in this manner, there would be plenty of time for the meeting to hear the opinions of the many able members who have had experience of this subject.
The Rational Design of Aeroplanes
Authors: Low Archibald R. 
Published: February 2017

In dealing with the flow of fluids, and the reactions set up on moving surfaces, water and steam turbine engineers have to deal with definite masses of water or steam flowing along channels whose boundary walls are fixed.

Fig. 1 (reproduced from Stodola's Steam Turbines, 3rd edition) shows the nature of the assumption made for the so–called impulse turbine, assumptions which hold to an equal approximation for water turbines, showing nozzle and moving vanes
Reaction turbines present a more complicated state of affairs, which offers a less direct analogy with aeroplanes and airscrews, and which therefore need not be considered here.
In the figure (1) the mass of working fluid delivered per second is the cross section of the nozzle or channels between vanes, at any point, multiplied by the velocity of the fluid relatively to the walls of the channel at that point.
The Technique of Flight
Authors: Hill R. M. 
Published: February 2017

In my last lecture I promised to try and show how the pilot can foresee and effectively eliminate practically all the danger which attends the art of flying. You will probably notice that most of the danger arises, at least indirectly, from some misbehaviour of the engine; so that in estimating the danger I shall be compelled to lay considerable emphasis on the possibility of engine failure, in spite of the fact that it is comparatively remote. If we look back to the infancy of any mechanical means of locomotion, we realise how unreliable it was in the initial stages; we may therefore look forward with absolute confidence to the future reliability of the aero engine and its installation.Every day almost marks an improvement, and if the early pioneers who lost their lives could trace its development what surprise they would express ! At the same time the possibility of one unreasonable engine failure is a menace to the whole of flying, which cannot and must not be blinked at.
Wind Gusts and the Structure of Aerial Disturbances
Authors: Shaw W. N. 
Published: February 2017

Aeronautics is certainly the science of the future and its professors and preachers have the qualities of their science. When you were good enough to ask me to read a paper, by way of opening a discussion this evening, you told me beforehand the subject which I should select. It is a new departure, characteristic of these new times. If you will look at the practice of education in this or any other country you will find that hitherto subjects have been selected, not by those who are to hear, but by those who are to speak. They are the subjects upon which the teacher has already made up his mind. The principle of selection is that the teacher must be able to display superior knowledge and the process of education is a sort of wave of superior knowledge going down from the universities into the most elementary recesses without much regard for what it looks like from the point of view of those hungry for the knowledge of “how it goes,” and still more “why it goes?”
You have provoked this digression by giving me the subject, “Wind Gusts
and the Structure of Aerial Disturbances.”
The Value of Ballooning as a Training for Flying
Authors: Brewer Griffith , Fletcher J. N. 
Published: February 2017

Members of this Society may be forgiven if, in view of the glorious progress of aviation, they regard the balloon as an extinct species of aeronautical apparatus. The object of this paper is to show that, in spite of the strides aviation has made, the balloon still has its part to play in the navigation and study of the air, and that those who go to the trouble of making balloon ascents not only reap considerable pleasure by employing that means of transit, but they also learn facts about the atmosphere which may be of service to them in becoming more than mere chauffeurs of aeroplanes.
The best sailors who navigate our steamships have served their apprenticeship on sailing vessels, where they learn the true force and effects of winds and gain a knowledge of the sea not so readily acquired under steam power. In the same way, I venture to suggest that the much–despised balloon is a means for acquiring a knowledge of the atmosphere which cannot be gained when tearing through the air at fifty miles an hour.
The Measurement of Air Speed
Authors: Thurston A. P. 
Published: February 2017

It is a matter of extreme importance to be able to measure accurately the speed of the air in any situation and under any condition, because all our knowledge of the dynamical properties of the air is dependent upon a correct measurement of its velocity, and because the safety of a pilot depends upon knowing accurately the speed at which he is flying. He is then able to guard himself against the risk of stalling his machine or of attaining too great a speed. An air speed indicator is really as indispensable to a pilot as a foot rule is to a carpenter or a “hooter” to a motorist.
The velocity of the air may be determined by three main methods.
In the first method the velocity is measured directly by the time taken by a particle, body or substance floating in or dragged along by the air to travel from one point to another.
Wing Adjustments of Pterodactyls
Authors: Howard Short G. 
Published: February 2017

In view of the very interesting information about pterodactyls contained in the foregoing paper by Dr. Hankin and Mr. Watson it will be worth while to endeavour to reconstruct the animal and to ascertain as far as possible the effect of the various adjustments upon the shape of the membrane which forms the wing.
This can best be accomplished by a study of the drawings accompanying this paper.
In the first place, it is important to remember that the wing membrane (plainly visible in some of the smaller fossils) doubtless resembled that of a bat in being extremely extensible and elastic. Possibly it had muscles attached to it which could tighten it in various directions and possibly increase and diminish camber. Air pressure upon this membrane would be certain to make the back margin of the wing a curved line with the convexity upward and the front margin of the wing (formed chiefly by the supporting bones) would have to follow this curved line more or less closely, otherwise the angle of incidence would vary excessively in different parts of the wing.
The Manoeuvres of Getting off and Landing
Authors: Hill R. M. 
Published: February 2017

The manoeuvres of getting off and landing are to me the beginning and the send of flight; they separate the sheep from the goats; the aristocrat of the flying world uses them for the display of his genius, leaving his would-be imitators to find what consolation they can in the amusement with which they innocently provide the onlookers.In commercial flying the manoeuvres of getting off and landing are still the most obvious calls on the pilot's skill; and who shall deny the splendid response? But a determination to ease the pilot's task is not thereby for an instant to be excused. This, one of the most urgent problems before applied design to-day, lies in the conflicting requirements of ease and safety in getting off and landing and those of economy and usefulness in full flight. To assist in the statement of this problem is the object of my Paper. These are the manoeuvres perhaps about which most has been said, and, from the pilot's point of view, least written. Since first a heavier-than-air machine left the ground, they have never failed as a topic of conversation throughout the whole flying community; and this has tempted me to analyse them on the basis of my own experience and that of the many pilots I have known.
The Design of Aeroplane Control Surfaces, with Special Reference to Balancing
Authors: Irving H. B. 
Published: February 2017

In a recent article in “ Engineering ” the writer has given an account of the principles which govern the design of aeroplane control surfaces, making special reference to wing ailerons. Included in the information presented were data on the properties of wing ailerons of the ordinary unbalanced form, but varying in span and chord length and fitted to wing tips of different plan forms. From these data several conclusions of practical importance were drawn, some of them finding general application in the design of control surfaces, and it may be useful to give a résumé of these before proceeding to deal with the balancing of control surfaces.(i) All ailerons and elevators become relatively inefficient for movements above about 15° to 20° from the normal position, owing to a sudden reduction in the slope of the curve relating moment on machine with angle of aileron or elevator. For movements up to about 15° or 20° the moment is nearly proportional to the angle.
On Observation of Transiently Visible Movements
Authors: Hankin E. H. 
Published: February 2017

It is a commonplace of laboratory experience that one or two months' practice may be required to “get one's eye in” for an apparently so simple task as taking the readings of a polarimeter. But it does not seem to be so widely realised that similar practice is necessary to get one's eye in for seeing objects that are only visible for minute periods of time. Consequently, anyone who has had such practice is liable to incur criticism from those who do not realise its nature and value.Colonel de Villamil is sceptical as to my statement that in certain cases the smoke issuing from a steamer funnel assumes the form of two vortex filaments lying side by side and rotating in opposite directions. The changes of shape of the smoke masses and their rotary movements are so rapid that they are by no means easy to recognise. I have seen the movements in question both on P. and O. steamers and on excursion steamers from Bournemouth. Mr. J. H. Field, of the Agra Aerological Observatory, kindly permits me to state that he has frequently seen the double spiral in steamer smoke as I have described it. His observations were ,made independently of mine and before he had seen my paper. The necessary condition for the formation of the spirals is that a strong wind should be blowing across the top of the funnel.