bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of Measures Specifically Designed to Prevent Oil Pollution in the Arctic Marine Environment from Offshore Petroleum Activities
Authors: Jacobsen Sigurd , Haver Karianne , Gudmestad Ove , Tuntland Øyvind 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The Kiruna Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council in 2013 identified an action to develop an overview of the existing and potential technical and operational safety measures specifically designed to prevent oil pollution in the Arctic marine environment due to offshore petroleum activities. The Task Force on Arctic Marine Oil Pollution Prevention (TFOPP) was subsequently established and delivered its recommendations to the Iqaluit Ministerial Meeting in 2015. The report presented in this paper is a response to one of the recommendations.
The report (Haver, 2015) was prepared by Proactima for the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority acting on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The final report was delivered to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for further processing within the Arctic Council.
A comprehensive overview of measures has been established based on contributions from the industry and R&D institutions through a baseline survey in addition to reviewing open sources. The report endeavours to provide a broad overview, covering the most important areas subject to the scope of work.
An objective of the report is to provide a catalogue of existing pollution prevention measures for petroleum activities in the Arctic and a basis for evaluating the need for development of new measures. The aim is to make best use of existing knowledge in operations and optimum use of resources when considering future research and development projects.
The report demonstrates that extensive research and development initiatives have been ongoing for several decades related to enhancing the safety of offshore petroleum activities in the Arctic and cold climate regions. The report, although being a documentation of facts, presents observations, recommendations and suggestions for further work.
The objective of this paper is to make the report known to the wider community of petroleum professionals with special interest in activity in the Arctic. The paper should provide sufficient information to motivate the community to review the report and make use of it where applicable.
Note: This paper is an extract of the report (Haver, 2015) and the text is primarily taken directly from the report. The report has extensive references that are not included in this paper. The report is openly available for download at: http://www.ptil.no/getfile.php/PDF/Rapporter/Overview%20of%20measures_report_TFOPP.pdf
Technology Challenges for Year-Round Oil and Gas Production at 74°N in the Barents Sea
Authors: Per Olav Moslet , Hjelmtveit Lille Gunnar 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The paper describes the technology challenges for year-round oil and gas production on 74°N in the Norwegian part of the Barents Sea. The northernmost blocks in the ongoing 23rd licensing round on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) are at 74°N and the physical environment in this area differs from other areas on the NCS where there are oil and gas production today. Firstly the paper briefly describes the physical environment in the Barents Sea, secondly it describes the technology challenges given year-round production. There are identified eleven key technologies which are enabling year-round oil and gas production in the Barents Sea. The technologies are grouped into which technologies that are considered necessary for enabling production, and which can enhance the production in either reducing CAPEX and OPEX or increasing production. All identified technologies have a relatively high technology maturity level. This means that in many cases technologies have already been applied other places in the world (e.g. Canadian Grand Banks) and could be adopted with minor modifications. In some other cases, technologies would have to be further tested at full scale before they could be applied.
Model Tests on Wave Induced Sea Ice Breakup
Authors: Reimer N. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Many offshore operations are today located in the so called marginal ice zone (MIZ) in which ice is broken up and moved by waves. The impact of ice and waves will cause high loads on offshore structures. Typical operations as vessel approach and launching of rescue and evacuation crafts can also be affected negatively. The correlation of wave parameters and resulting ice field properties is one key factor for the prediction and simulation of such processes. First results of the laboratory test campaigns have shown that they can fill gaps left in the description and quantification of wave ice interaction processes by theoretic models, satellite observation and field measurement campaigns.
A model testing campaign with wave propagation into a solid ice field has been carried out in a 70m by 10m ice model basin. The wave parameters (length and height) were increased stepwise and the interaction process with the ice sheet was monitored and documented. Relevant parameters like the crack length and orientation and resulting floes size distribution after different runs of wave application were measured and analysed by image processing. The relation between controlled wave parameters and ice field properties in the basin are compared to theoretic approaches which are based on linear wave- and elasticity theory.
The interaction processes of waves and model ice result in a typical pattern with areas of smaller floes at the ice edge and increasing floe size with distance from the first contact zone. The floe size decreases with duration of wave application until reaching a minimum which can be related to the wave length and height (wave steepness). The first breakup of the ice sheet is observed at certain wave amplitude depending on the ice thickness.
The main purpose of the test campaign was to assess the feasibility of combined wave ice tests in a model basin. Thereby the focus was to compare observations and results of the model tests to observations in nature and theoretic descriptions of wave ice interaction. This analysis provides valuable information on scaling problems, limitations of testing range and model ice behavior in cyclic loading. The information can be used to evaluate the significance of such model tests for ice scenarios and load investigations for offshore installations.
Overview of the 2012 Iceberg Profiling Program
Authors: Younan Adel , Ralph Freeman , Ralph Todd , Bruce Jonathon 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In June of 2012, a 25-day field program was carried out off the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador with the objective of obtaining high quality 3D profiles of both grounded and freely floating icebergs. The motivation for collecting the data was to provide valuable information relating to the design of offshore platforms in iceberg-prone environments. Specifically, the data was originally acquired to provide insight regarding contact area growth as a function of penetration during a simulated impact with an offshore structure, and to assist in assessing the risk of topsides impact. The above water portion (sail) of the icebergs were profiled using photogrammetry while the below water portion of the icebergs (keel) were profiled using a multibeam system mounted on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The drift and rotation of the iceberg during the profiling process was derived using the above water photogrammetry, and was used to correct the below water multibeam data to account for the motion of freely floating icebergs. The drift and rotation was also used to merge the above and below water portions of the iceberg. An overview of the program and resulting data set is presented in this paper. Ultimately, twenty nine three dimensional iceberg profiles were obtained as a result of this work, providing significant improvements in the iceberg shape data available for input in the design of offshore platforms in regions where icebergs present a risk to these structures.
Iceberg Impact Loads on a Concrete Floating Production Facility
Authors: Stuckey Paul , Parr Grant , Moore Perry , Sablok Anil , Blundon Andrew 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe majority of exploration, development and production offshore Newfoundland has occurred in shallow water. Currently there are two floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessels and one gravity based structure producing oil on the Grand Banks. In recent years, there has been a move to deeper water offshore Newfoundland. There have been significant discoveries at Bay du Nord and Mizzen, and new licence blocks are opening up towards the north and northwest of the existing producing fields. With the move towards deeper water, new challenges arise. Supply facilities, search and rescue equipment and other required infrastructure is much further away. A GBS structure is no longer an option due to the water depth.A disconnectable concrete Spar is being considered as a concept for deep water locations off Canada’s east coast. The platform is designed to withstand iceberg impacts, or to be disconnected and moved off location to avoid impacts from very large ice features. Global design loads (ice crushing forces on the platform) and mooring systems global loads were estimated using a two-step approach. First the concrete Spar was assumed to be fixed (i.e. not able to move during an iceberg impact) and quasi-static global design loads were estimated using the Iceberg Load Software (ILS). The ILS was developed to model iceberg impacts with a fixed platform such as a gravity based structure (GBS). Assuming the concrete Spar to be fixed is a very conservative assumption for floating platforms which are free to move upon impact, albeit limited by a mooring system. Second, the inertial properties of the platform and the mooring compliance were approximated using a one-dimensional timestep model. Since the time domain model is not as efficient computationally, a subset of the simulated impacts from the quasi-static analysis was used as input into the time domain model, and dynamic design loads were estimated. The resulting design loads were used by designers to ensure that the structure meets the requirements of ISO 19906:2010. The end product is a more effective design for the platform, while not compromising the safety of the personnel onboard or the integrity of the structure, mooring system or risers.
Die effek van finansiële trauma na aftrede op eiewaarde
Authors: Kleinschmidt Fredrieka M.J. 
Published: November 2016

The effect of financial trauma after retirement on selfworth. The South African community, as communities worldwide, is characterised by longevity. This results in a steadily increasing number of people still retiring in accordance with the current retirement policy at the ages 60 to 65 years, despite the higher life expectancy. The rising cost of living, unforeseen events and circumstances as well as the fact that retirees ‘outlive’ their retirement funds, result in an increased number of retirees experiencing financial need. In a recent study by the author the effect thereof, especially on self-worth, was investigated. It became evident that pastors are often not sufficiently informed or equipped to recognise and deal with the negative emotions experienced by elderly people who had not lived in chronic poverty, but had become impoverished after retirement. The urgent need for a better understanding of the causes and extent of financial trauma after retirement and the effect thereof on selfworth compelled the author to conduct an investigation into the matter with the aim of providing a holistic approach to pastoral guidance.
Metrics for Electronic-Nursing-Record-Based Narratives: cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Kim Kidong , Jeong Suyeon , Lee Kyogu , Park Hyeoun-Ae , Min Yul , Lee Joo , Kim Yekyung , Yoo Sooyoung , Doh Gippeum , Ahn Soyeon 
Published: November 2016

Summary
ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the characteristics of quantitative metrics for nursing narratives documented in electronic nursing records and their association with hospital admission traits and diagnoses in a large data set not limited to specific patient events or hypotheses.
MethodsWe collected 135,406,873 electronic, structured coded nursing narratives from 231,494 hospital admissions of patients discharged between 2008 and 2012 at a tertiary teaching institution that routinely uses an electronic health records system. The standardized number of nursing narratives (i.e., the total number of nursing narratives divided by the length of the hospital stay) was suggested to integrate the frequency and quantity of nursing documentation.
ResultsThe standardized number of nursing narratives was higher for patients aged ≥ 70 years (median = 30.2 narratives/day, interquartile range [IQR] = 24.0–39.4 narratives/day), long (≥ 8 days) hospital stays (median = 34.6 narratives/day, IQR = 27.2–43.5 narratives/day), and hospital deaths (median = 59.1 narratives/day, IQR = 47.0–74.8 narratives/day). The standardized number of narratives was higher in “pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium” (median = 46.5, IQR = 39.0–54.7) and “diseases of the circulatory system” admissions (median = 35.7, IQR = 29.0–43.4).
ConclusionsDiverse hospital admissions can be consistently described with nursing-documentderived metrics for similar hospital admissions and diagnoses. Some areas of hospital admissions may have consistently increasing volumes of nursing documentation across years. Usability of electronic nursing document metrics for evaluating healthcare requires multiple aspects of hospital admissions to be considered.
Citation: Kim K, Jeong S, Lee K, Park H-A, Min YH, Lee JY, Kim Y, Yoo S, Doh G, Ahn S. Metrics for electronicnursing-record-based narratives: cross-sectional analysis.
Seismic hazard in low slip rate crustal faults, estimating the characteristic event and the most hazardous zone: study case San Ramón Fault, in southern Andes
Authors: Estay Nicolás P. , Yáñez Gonzalo , Carretier Sebastien , Lira Elias , Maringue José 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Crustal faults located close to cities may induce catastrophic damages. When recurrence times are in the range of 1000–10 000 or higher, actions to mitigate the effects of the associated earthquake are hampered by the lack of a full seismic record, and in many cases, also of geological evidences. In order to characterize the fault behavior and its effects, we propose three different already-developed time-integration methodologies to define the most likely scenarios of rupture, and then to quantify the hazard with an empirical equation of peak ground acceleration (PGA). We consider the following methodologies: (1) stream gradient and (2) sinuosity indexes to estimate fault-related topographic effects, and (3) gravity profiles across the fault to identify the fault scarp in the basement. We chose the San Ramón Fault on which to apply these methodologies. It is a  ∼ 30 km N–S trending fault with a low slip rate (0.1–0.5 mm yr−1) and an approximated recurrence of 9000 years. It is located in the foothills of the Andes near the large city of Santiago, the capital of Chile (> 6 000 000 inhabitants). Along the fault trace we define four segments, with a mean length of  ∼ 10 km, which probably become active independently. We tested the present-day seismic activity by deploying a local seismological network for 1 year, finding five events that are spatially related to the fault. In addition, fault geometry along the most evident scarp was imaged in terms of its electrical resistivity response by a high resolution TEM (transient electromagnetic) profile. Seismic event distribution and TEM imaging allowed the constraint of the fault dip angle (∼ 65°) and its capacity to break into the surface. Using the empirical equation of Chiou and Youngs (2014) for crustal faults and considering the characteristic seismic event (thrust high-angle fault,  ∼ 10 km, Mw  =  6.2–6.7), we estimate the acceleration distribution in Santiago and the hazardous zones. City domains that are under high risk include the hanging wall zone covered by sediments and narrow zones where the fault could break the surface. Over these domains horizontal PGA can be greater than 0.5 g and eventually produce building collapse.
Osteoblast–Seeded Bioglass/Gelatin Nanocomposite: A Promising Bone Substitute in Critical-Size Calvarial Defect Repair in Rat
Authors: Johari Behrooz , Kadivar Mehdi , Lak Shirin , Gholipourmalekabadi Mazaher , Urbanska Aleksandra M. , Mozafari Masoud , Ahmadzadehzarajabad Maryam , Azarnezhad Asaad , Afshari Samane , Zargan Jamil , Kargozar Saeid 
Published: November 2016

Introduction Amid the plethora of methods to repair critical bone defects, there is no one perfect approach. In this study, we sought to evaluate a potent 3-dimensional (3D) bioactive SiO2-CaO-P2O5 glasses (bioglass)/gelatin (gel) scaffold for its biocompatibility by seeding cells as well as for its regenerative properties by animal implantation. Methods Osteoblast cells were seeded onto nanocomposite scaffolds to investigate the process of critical-size calvarial defect via new bone formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to validate topography of the scaffolds, its homogeneity and ideal cellular attachment. Proliferation assay and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate its biocompatibility. To validate osteogenesis of the bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds, they were first implanted into rats and later removed and analyzed at different time points post mortem using histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric methods. Results Based on in vitro results, we showed that our nanocomposite is highly cell-compatible material and allows for osteoblasts to adhere, spread and proliferate. In vivo results indicate that our nanocomposite provides a significant contribution to bone regeneration and is highly biodegradable and biocompatible. So, seeded scaffolds with osteoblasts enhanced repair of critical bone defects via osteogenesis. Conclusions We demonstrate the feasibility of engineering a nanocomposite scaffold with an architecture resembling the human bone, and provide proof-of-concept validation for our scaffold using a rat animal model.
La géographie de la francophonie au Canada: le pivot québécois et la diaspora dans le reste du Pays
Authors: Gavinelli Dino 
Published: November 2016

L’histoire de la francophonie canadienne passe à travers de nombreuses manifestations et des combats politiques, linguistiques et culturels menés sans relâche pour la défense et le maintien d’une langue et d’une culture particulière, toujours menacées par le spectre de l’assimilation anglophone. Ces luttes, toujours actuelels, ont obtenu certains résultats: de quelques milliers d’habitants qu’ils étaient au début de l’ère coloniale, au 17e 18siècle, en Acadie et en Nouvelle France, les Canadiens dont la langue d’usage est le français sont maintenant 9 millions environ, concentrés dans un Québec devenu une sorte de pivot de la francophonie, ou bien présents en Ontario et dans le Provinces Maritimes ou encore dans une diaspora vers l’Ouest et le Nord. Tous ces francophones canadiens sont aujourd’hui reconnus par les institutions politiques et par les instances économiques et culturelles et confirment que la vitalité de ces communautés est au coeur de la principale dualité linguistique anglais/français au Canada. En tenant compte de nombreux aspects (linguistiques, historiques, spirituels, sociologiques, politiques et institutionnels), l’approche géographique de cette contribution analysera donc non seulement la distribution de la francophonie au Canada mais aussi sa genèse et sa morphologie, ses représentations, son sentiment d’appartenance à une même communauté et de partage des valeurs ainsi que ses enjeux et ses problèmes.
Improved crystalline quality of N-polar GaN epitaxial layers grown with reformed flow-rate-modulation technology
Authors: Zhang Heng , Zhang Xiong , Wang Shuchang , Wang Xiaolei , Zhao Jianguo , Wu Zili , Dai Qian , Yang Hongquan , Cui Yiping 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A reformed flow-rate-modulation technology was developed for the metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth of the N-polar GaN epitaxial layers. To improve the crystalline quality of the N-polar GaN epitaxial layers, a GaN nucleation layer was grown at relatively low temperature with carefully-controlled pulsed supply of Ga source and showed diverse morphology with atomic force microscope (AFM). Furthermore, the electrical and optical properties of the grown N-polar GaN epitaxial layers were investigated extensively by means of Hall effect, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray rocking curve (XRC) measurements. The characterization results revealed that as compared with the N-polar GaN epitaxial layer grown over the conventional GaN nucleation layer which was deposited with continuous supply of both N and Ga sources, the electrical and optical properties of the N-polar GaN epitaxial layer grown with optimized supply of Ga source for the GaN nucleation layer were significantly improved.
Photoredox‐Catalyzed Dimerization of Arylalkenes via an Oxidative [4+2] Cycloaddition Sequence: Synthesis of Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Wei Donglei , Li Yanru , Liang Fushun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe report a radical cation [4+2] annulation of arylalkenes to afford naphthalene derivatives using an organic photosensitizer (9‐mesityl‐10‐methylacridinium perchlorate) under visible light photocatalysis. In the presence of oxygen (in the air), the oxidative dimerization/intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of two alkene molecules provides 3,4‐dihydronaphthalen‐1(2H)‐ones in good to high yields. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, (dihydro)naphthalenes were attained in moderate to excellent yields by using Selectfluor as the oxidant. The transformation proceeds via a tandem dimeric electrophilic addition/Friedel–Crafts cyclization/radical coupling/elimination sequence. This approach represents a mild and straightforward assembly of the naphthalene skeleton using a visible light photocatalytic cascade strategy.magnified image
Synthesis of (E)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls via Silver‐Catalyzed Tandem Epoxide Rearrangement/Intermolecular Carbonyl‐ Heteroalkyne Metathesis
Authors: Zhu Hui , Jin Weiwei , He Jiayao , Zhang Yan , Zhu Gangguo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA regio‐ and stereoselective method for the synthesis of (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated carbonyls has been developed via a silver‐catalyzed tandem epoxide rearrangement/intermolecular carbonyl‐heteroalkyne metathesis. Various heteroalkynes including ynol ethers, ynamides, and thioalkynes work well for this transformation, leading to the production of (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated esters, amides, and thioesters in moderate to excellent yields with good functional group compatibility. It represents one of the rare examples of regio‐ and stereoselective intermolecular alkyne‐carbonyl metathesis (ACM).magnified image