bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rock varnish on architectural stone: microscopy and analysis of nanoscale manganese oxide deposits on the Smithsonian Castle, Washington, DC
Authors: Vicenzi Edward P. , Grissom Carol A. , Livingston Richard A. , Weldon-Yochim Zoe 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The Smithsonian Institution Building, commonly referred to as the Castle, is located on the National Mall in Washington, DC, and was constructed in the mid-nineteenth century for the purpose of housing all museum and scientific functions for the newly formed institution. Matching gateposts designed by the Castle’s architect were erected more than a century later in the Enid A. Haupt Garden opposite the Castle. Black patches were recently noted on both structures, which are clad with locally quarried Seneca red sandstone. Portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry links the discoloration with elevated Mn concentrations. The discolored patches resemble rock varnish, a Mn-rich coating observed on rock surfaces formed in a variety of environments. Bulk rock and varnish chemistry, in addition to microscopy and microanalysis of the varnish, are presented here. On a bulk chemical basis, the Seneca sandstone is relatively poor in Mn, containing ~500 ppmw. In contrast, the rock varnish is greatly enriched in Mn relative to the stone and to a lesser degree in Pb, Ca, Zn, Cu and Ni. Cross sections of the black encrusted regions show that the stone’s red coloration has been modified by black pigmentation from the surface down to ~250 μm. X-ray diffraction of blackened particles produced no discernable pattern, indicating concentrations below the detection limit, poor crystallinity, or both. Scanning electron microscopy and EDS-based x-ray microanalysis of the uppermost portion of the cross section reveal nanometer scale (<20–200 nm) Mn-rich and clay particles concentrated in a thin film (≪1 μm) at the surface. Additionally, Mn oxide particles decorate the surfaces of fine-grained minerals in sandstone pores within the discolored zone. Imaging and microanalysis of the rock surface reveal that the Mn-rich varnish is a discontinuous film ≪1 μm in thickness with an estimated composition of Na0.2Ca0.1Mg0.1Al0.1Si0.5Mn1.9Fe0.5O6.7. This composition most likely represents a nanoscale mixture of a Mn oxide (e.g., birnessite or todorokite) and an Al-rich silicate mineral. Seneca sandstone on the Smithsonian Castle and gateposts is discolored in patches owing to the Mn-rich phase being deposited into two zones: (1) a vanishingly thin patina, and (2) nanoparticles coating grain boundaries and pores in the uppermost ~200–250 μm of the stone. While the mineralogy is similar to well-studied varnish formed in arid settings, rock varnish on the Smithsonian structures is significantly thinner. Because this architectural rock varnish is young, it may represent the earliest stages of formation of the more commonly described varnishes reported in the literature.
Characterization of Haku Maki prints from the “Poem” series using light-based techniques
Authors: Chua Lynn , Hoevel Claire , Smith Gregory D. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Four brightly colored calligraphic prints from the “Poem” series (1970/71) by Japanese artist Haku Maki (1924–2000) were examined using multiple light-based analytical techniques in an effort to address conservation concerns regarding these artworks. A distracting white haze on the surface of some of the prints was determined by light microscopy and infrared microanalysis to be fungal mycelium from an inactive mold infestation that occurred prior to the artwork’s acquisition by the museum. Pigment analysis by Raman, X-ray fluorescence, and infrared microspectroscopies identified the artist’s palette as containing common printing ink colors such as aniline black (PBk1), carbon black (PBk7), phthalocyanine blue (PB15), Prussian blue (PB27), ultramarine blue (PB29), molybdate orange (PR104), chrome yellow (PY34), barium yellow (PY31), viridian (PG17), barium sulphate (PW21), and synthetic organic red pigments (PR3, PR22, PR48:3). Although aniline black and molybdate orange are common industrial pigments, reference vibrational spectra to assist in their identification have not appeared previously in the conservation literature. Moreover, this investigation includes to the authors’ knowledge the first published identification of these pigments in a work of fine art. Haku Maki’s unique ‘cement-on-woodblock’ printing technique in combination with his vibrant palette creates dynamic, embossed effects in these prints. However, lightfastness testing using a microfade tester identified the potential for light-based damage to the artwork, in some instances showing poorer lightfastness for colors reported to be stable pigments and greater stability than anticipated for others. These analyses are the first objective study of this innovative artist’s material choices, and they enhance our understanding of his printing technique while helping to determine the proper stewardship protocols to protect his artistic legacy.
Early Mortality on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT): The Prairie CRRT Study
Authors: Prasad Bhanu , Urbanski Michelle , Ferguson Thomas W. , Karreman Erwin , Tangri Nav 
Published: July 2016

Background: Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) have an increased short-term and long-term risk of mortality. In most North American intensive care units (ICUs), these patients receive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Objective: We aim to identify clinical and demographic factors associated with mortality within 24 h of initiating CRRT. Design: This paper is a prospective cohort study. Setting: The setting involves three ICUs (12-bed surgical ICU, 10-bed medical ICU, and a 7-bed combined ICU for both medical and surgical patients) of the Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region (RQHR) Saskatchewan, Canada. Patients: The patients were 106 individuals with AKI who were admitted to the ICUs and received CRRT from April 2013 to September 2014. Measurements: Date and time of admission, transfer to, and initiation of CRRT were documented. Demographic data, use of vasoactive medications, ventilator settings, pH, urine output, and chronic disease comorbidities were measured. Methods: The methods involved a stepwise multiple variable logistic regression model using death within 24 h of starting CRRT as the dependent variable, with significant variables derived from univariate analysis as covariates. Results: Of the 2634 patients admitted to the ICUs in the study period (April 2013 to September 2014), 83. 6 % (2201/2634) had no AKI. Two hundred and sixty-nine or 10.2 % of the patients had stage 3 AKI. One hundred six of the 269 patients (40%) were started on CRRT. Of those on CRRT, 66/106 died in the ICU while on CRRT. Seventeen of the 66 patients (26%) died within 24 h of initiating therapy. In univariate logistic regression models, factors associated with early mortality included fraction of inspired oxygen (per 0.1 unit) (OR 1.39, 95 % CI 1.09-1.77); epinephrine dose >10 μg/min (OR 5.81, 95 % CI 1.86-18.16); vasopressin >0.02 μg/min (OR 3.99, 95 % CI 1.07-14.84); and norepinephrine dose >20 μg/min (OR 11.04, 95 % CI 2.38-51.24) which were associated with early mortality. When included in stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, only FiO2 (per 0.1 unit) and the dose of norepinephrine of >20 μg/min were independently associated with early mortality. Limitations: The small sample size was a limitation of this study. Conclusion: Patients admitted to the ICU with AKI requiring CRRT have a high risk of early mortality. In these patients, vasopressor use and hypoxia were independently associated with adverse short-term survival.
Caffeine in Brazil: intake, socioeconomic and demographic determinants, and major dietary sources
Authors: Giovanini de Oliveira Sartori Alan , Vieira da Silva Marina 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Background
The objectives of the study were to describe caffeine intake by 10 years of age or older Brazilian individuals and to investigate possible associations with demographic and socioeconomic determinants as well as the major dietary sources.

Methods
The data used are from the personal food consumption module (n = 34,003) of a country-representative household budget survey. Consumed foods and beverages were identified during the application of food diaries. Caffeine contents in food and beverage sources were obtained primarily in national publications. Multivariate regressions were calculated to assess the correlations between population factors and caffeine intake.

Results
The daily intake per person was estimated as 115.7 mg, ranging from 84.7 mg, for 10–13 years of age children and adolescents, to 139.8 mg, for individuals with no education. The percentage of individuals whom diet reveals daily caffeine intake higher than 400 mg is up to 3.0 %, according to age groups. Males and individuals living in the Northeast or South regions or in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo are likely to ingest higher contents of the substance. The major dietary sources are coffee (63.1 %) and coffee with milk (24.9 %), cola soft drinks (3.6 %) and yerba mate (1.9 %).

Conclusions
Caffeine intake in Brazil is below the recommended limit reference value for adults, and the percentage of individuals whom diet reveals excessive content of caffeine is low. Thus, excessive caffeine intake may not be a health issue in Brazil and depends on the domicile and gender. The major source in the Brazilian diet is coffee.
Further testing of the bedding-plane-slip model for hydraulic-fracture opening using moment-tensor inversions
Authors: Tan Yunhui , Engelder Terry 
Published: July 2016

Moment tensors are calculated by using the P-wave first motion peak amplitudes of 59 microseismic events with high signal-to-noise ratio. These events are from a surface microseismic data set gathered during hydraulic-fracture stimulation of the Marcellus gas shale in Washington County, Pennsylvania, USA. The majority of these 59 events have a horizontal nodal plane ([Formula: see text] a few degrees) characteristic of a dip-slip/horizontal-slip moment tensor. If the horizontal nodal plane is an auxiliary, the vertical nodal plane has a pure dip-slip motion, which is inconsistent with the opening motion for vertical hydraulic fractures that enables proppant loading. This points to slip on horizontal nodal planes with the auxiliary vertical nodal planes aligned with the local maximum horizontal stress orientation as indicated by drilling-induced fractures in nearby vertical wells. These 59 microseismic events are caused by slip on horizontal mechanical discontinuities such as bedding planes during the opening of vertical hydraulic fractures, a model first proposed by research teams headed by Rutledge and Eisner, respectively. During several stimulation stages in the Washington County Marcellus gas shale, a pattern of opposite slip direction develops within “double lineaments” of microseismic clouds. This suggests that fracking fluid is not only able to move in the direction of fracture propagation, but it can also spread sideways into previously unstimulated rock. A secondary microseismic cloud consistently initiates at approximately 133 m (400 ft) from the position opposite the central perforation toward the unstimulated heel of the horizontal wells. From these moment tensors, we have concluded that microseismic focal mechanisms with horizontal nodal planes are direct evidence of the presence of treatment fluid in open hydraulic fractures.
Stochastic inversion for facies: A case study on the Schiehallion field
Authors: Walker Matthew , Grant Sara , Connolly Patrick , Smith Lindsey 
Published: July 2016

Schiehallion is a Palaeocene-age oil field located 175 km west of Shetland in the North Atlantic Ocean. Accurate mapping of lithofacies in this mature field is vital for continuous development of the reservoir model and for identification of infill drilling opportunities. Our new 1D stochastic inversion (ODiSI) tool can be used to estimate reservoir properties of interest (e.g., volume of shale and porosity), with associated uncertainties on these quantities (in the form of standard deviations at each sample in the inverted data sets). In addition, ODiSI outputs a set of possible lithofacies profiles at each trace location in the data set. We have outlined our initial attempts to use these profiles to generate a single lithofacies estimate volume over a small area of the original inversion. The resulting lithofacies estimate volume clearly indicates a geologically plausible distribution of the four lithofacies modeled in the field (shale, sand, shaley sand, and cemented sand) in a lateral sense. However, unlike the inputs to the estimate, the vertical distribution of facies returned is only reasonably consistent with the lithofacies logs observed at the available well control. From this, we have concluded that the process of deriving a lithofacies estimate from the ODiSI outputs needs further development.
Inferring shear-velocity structure of the upper 200 m using cultural ambient noise at the Ngatamariki geothermal field, Central North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Civilini Francesco , Pancha Aasha , Savage Martha Kane , Sewell Steven , Townend John 
Published: July 2016

We have determined subsurface structure using the refraction microtremor (ReMi) method at the Ngatamariki geothermal field, Central North Island, New Zealand. The local geology is such that refraction and reflection studies are hindered by energy scattering and attenuation in the near-surface layers. The ReMi method uses surface waves from ambient noise and active sources to determine S-wave velocities in the shallow subsurface. We have deployed two lines of 72-channel, 10 Hz vertical geophones with 10 m spacing, and we were able to model near-surface S-wave velocity to depths of 57–93 m for 2D profiles and as much as 165 m for 1D profiles. Shear-velocity anomalies were detected on one line that were spatially correlated with a fault. The location of the fault was previously inferred from stratigraphic offset in the geothermal wells, suggesting that the ReMi method can provide important constraints on near-surface geology in noisy geothermal settings.
Recording Territory, Recording History: Negotiating the Sociopolitical Landscape in Colonial Highland Maya Títulos
Authors: Matsumoto Mallory E. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The colonial-era documents commonly referred to as títulos were composed in Maya communities of the Guatemalan highlands in the context of significant societal change following the initial Spanish conquests in the region in 1524. Based on detailed analysis of five Nija’ib’ K’iche’ títulos and examples from other Highland Maya títulos, this article argues that the Highland Maya títulos served as instruments in negotiating power in the immediate community. As community records composed by indigenous scribes using the alphabet introduced by the colonizers, the títulos physically manifested their elite authors’ privileged access to literacy and their influence on local historiography. Furthermore, the títulos redefined the sociopolitical landscape by integrating written records of territorial claims, historical events, social relationships, and political status into the dialogue of local-level power negotiations.
Within the Grasp of Company Law: Land, Legitimacy, and the Racialization of the Métis, 1815–1821
Authors: Hughes Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBy 1815 the Red River Métis were coalescing as a social and political group, asserting their rights to land as an indigenous community. Their opponents, the Hudson’s Bay Company, sought to establish a colony at Red River, while their allies, the North West Company, claimed access to these lands due to prior usage. After conflict between the parties erupted at the Battle of Seven Oaks, both companies waged propaganda campaigns to articulate their version of events. These publications sought to legitimate both companies’ rule through their specific constructions of jurisdiction, land rights, Métis family structure, and race.
A locus inPristionchus pacificusthat is responsible for the ability to give rise to fertile offspring at higher temperatures
Authors: Leaver Mark , Kienle Simone , Begasse Maria L. , Sommer Ralf J. , Hyman Anthony A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTTemperature is a stress factor that varies temporally and spatially, and can affect the fitness of cold-blooded organisms, leading to a loss of reproductive output; however, little is understood about the genetics behind the long-term response of organisms to temperature. Here, we approach this problem in the model nematode Pristionchus pacificus by utilising a large collection of natural isolates with diverse phenotypes. From this collection we identify two strains, one from California that can give rise to fertile offspring up to 28°C and one from Japan that is fertile up to 30°C. We show that the optimum temperature and the upper temperature limit for fertility is shifted higher in the Japanese strain suggesting that there is a mechanism that controls the temperature response of fertility across a range of temperatures. By crossing the two strains, and using genetic mapping, we identify a region on chromosome V that is responsible for maintaining fertility at higher temperatures. Thus, we conclude that fitness of P. pacificus at high temperature is under genetic control, suggesting that it could be subject to natural selection.
A Corporate Beauty Contest
Authors: Graham John R. , Harvey Campbell R. , Puri Manju 
Published: July 2016

We provide new evidence that the subjective “look of competence” rather than beauty is important for CEO selection and compensation. Our experiments, studying the facial traits of CEOs using nearly 2,000 subjects, link facial characteristics to both CEO compensation and performance. In one experiment, we use pairs of photographs and find that subjects rate CEO faces as appearing more “competent” than non-CEO faces. Another experiment matches CEOs from large firms against CEOs from smaller firms and finds large-firm CEOs look more competent. In a third experiment, subjects numerically score the facial traits of CEOs. We find competent looks are priced into CEO compensation, more so than attractiveness. Our evidence suggests this premium has a behavioral origin. First, we find no evidence that the premium is associated with superior performance. Second, we separately analyze inside and outside CEO hires and find that the competence compensation premium is driven by outside hires—the situation where first impressions are likely to be more important. This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
O Programa Nuclear Iraniano e o Acordo E3/EU+3 | The Iranian Nuclear Program and the E3/EU+3 Agreement
Authors: Morales Martinez Elias David , Mena del Prete Giovani Benito 
Published: July 2016

O artigo analisa o desenvolvimento do programa nuclear iraniano e a sua relação com o acordo entre o Irã e o grupo E3/EU+3 que está sendo negociado desde 2013. A partir de uma análise histórica, consideramos os diferentes momentos do programa nuclear iraniano desde a sua criação, que contou com o apoio estadunidense nos anos 1950, passando pela sua paralisação com a Revolução Islâmica de 1979. A partir dos anos 1990 evidenciamos três fases. A primeira com o presidente Kathami, responsável pela sua retomada. No século XXI o presidente Ahmadinejad imprime ao programa nuclear o discurso dissuasório utilizando-o como ferramenta política, a qual foi acertadamente aproveitada pelo atual presidente Rohani, quem iniciou as negociações com o grupo E3/EU+3 para o acordo histórico sobre o programa nuclear do Irã.ABSTRACTThe article analyzes the development of the Iranian nuclear program and its relation to the agreement between Iran and the E3/EU+3 group. From an historical analysis, we consider the different milestones of the Iranian nuclear program from the time when its inception, which was supported by the U.S. since the 1950s, until its closure from the Islamic Revolution in 1979. We noted three phases of this program starting from the 1990’s. The first phase occurred during the time of President Khatami, who was responsible for the resumption (of the program). At the beginning of the XXI century President Ahmadinejad marked the roadmap of the nuclear program with a dissuasive speech using it as a political tool, which was rightly seized by President Rohani, who initiated the negotiations with the E3/EU+3 group for the historic agreement for Iran’s nuclear program (2013-2015).Palavras-chave: Irã, Programa Nuclear Iraniano, Grupo E3/EU+3.Keywords: Iran; Iranian Nuclear Program, E3/EU+3 Group DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2015.16847Recebido em 23 de junho de 2015 / Aceito em 13 de novembro de 2015.Received June 23, 2015 / Accepted November 13, 2015
TICKNER, Arlene. B.; BLANEY, David. L. (EDS.). Claiming the International. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013. ISSN: 9780415630689
Authors: Bandarra Leonardo Carvalho Leite Azeredo 
Published: July 2016

O campo da teoria das relações internacionais passa, atualmente, por processo de alargamento do seu escopo e de suas percepções da realidade. Um dos diversos fatores que têm contribuído para esse processo é o crescente interesse dos teóricos do Sul Global em tentar fazer com que suas vozes sejam ouvidas. Um exemplo desse processo são as Epistemologias Geoculturais, que tentam promover a compreensão das relações internacionais por meio do contexto histórico e da visão de mundo peculiar dos países do Sul Global. Instar a criação de um quadro inteligível das Epistemologias Geoculturais é o principal objetivo do livro Claiming the International, organizado pelos professores Arlene Tickner e David Blaney.ABSTRACTThe field of International Relations theory is currently experiencing a process of widening of its scope and of perceptions of reality. One of the sundry factors that have contributed to that process is the increasing interest of theorists from the Global South to attempt to make their voices heard. An example of this process is the Geocultural Epistemologies, which try to foster the understanding of International Relations through the historical background and peculiar world-view of the countries of the Global South. Providing an intelligible framework of the Geocultural Epistemologies is the main objective of the book Claiming the International, which was organised by professors Arlene Tickner and David Blaney.Palavras-chave: epistemologias geoculturais; teoria das Relações Internacionais; Sul GlobalKeywords: geocultural epistemologies; theory of International Relations; Global South DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2015.17411 Recebido em 15 de Julho de 2015 / Received on July 15, 2015.Aceito em 20 de Dezembro de 2015 / Accepted December 20, 2015.