bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal gain modulability is determined by dendritic morphology: a computational optogenetic study
Authors: Jarvis Sarah , Nikolic Konstantin , Schultz Simon R 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe mechanisms by which the gain of the neuronal input-output function may be modulated have been the subject of much investigation. However, little is known of the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. New optogenetic experimental paradigms based on spatial profiles or patterns of light stimulation offer the prospect of elucidating many aspects of single cell function, including the role of dendrites in gain control. We thus developed a model to investigate how competing excitatory and inhibitory input within the dendritic arbor alters neuronal gain, incorporating kinetic models of opsins into our modeling to ensure it is experimentally testable. To investigate how different topologies of the neuronal dendritic tree affect the neuron’s input-output characteristics we generate branching geometries which replicate morphological features of most common neurons, but keep the number of branches and overall area of dendrites approximately constant. We found a relationship between a neuron’s gain modulability and its dendritic morphology, with neurons with bipolar dendrites with a moderate degree of branching being most receptive to control of the gain of their input-output relationship. The theory was then tested and confirmed on two examples of realistic neurons: 1) layer V pyramidal cells - confirming their role in neural circuits as a regulator of the gain in the circuit in addition to acting as the primary excitatory neurons, and 2) stellate cells. In addition to providing testable predictions and a novel application of dual-opsins, our model suggests that innervation of all dendritic subdomains is required for full gain modulation, revealing the importance of dendritic targeting in the generation of neuronal gain control and the functions that it subserves. Finally, our study also demonstrates that neurophysiological investigations which use direct current injection into the soma and bypass the dendrites may miss some important neuronal functions, such as gain modulation.Author SummaryGain modulability indicated by dendritic morphologyPyramidal cell-like shapes optimally receptive to modulationAll dendritic subdomains required for gain modulation, partial illumination is insufficientComputational optogenetic models improve and refine experimental protocols
Aggregation of biological particles under radial directional guidance
Authors: Bica Ion , Hillen Thomas , Painter Kevin J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMany biological environments display an almost radially-symmetric structure, allowing proteins, cells or animals to move in an oriented fashion. Motivated by specific examples of cell movement in tissues, pigment protein movement in pigment cells and animal movement near watering holes, we consider a class of radially-symmetric anisotropic diffusion problems, which we call thestar problem. The corresponding diffusion tensorD(x) is radially symmetric with isotropic diffusion at the origin. We show that the anisotropic geometry of the environment can lead to strong aggregations and blow-up at the origin. We classify the nature of aggregation and blow-up solutions and provide corresponding numerical simulations. A surprising element of this strong aggregation mechanism is that it is entirely based on geometry and does not derive from chemotaxis, adhesion or other well known aggregating mechanisms. We use these aggregate solutions to discuss the process of pigmentation changes in animals, cancer invasion in an oriented fibrous habitat (such as collagen fibres), and sheep distributions around watering holes.JTB classification:21.050, 21.160, 52.250, 71.060
Genetic and transgenic reagents forDrosophila simulans, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba, D. santomeaandD. virilis
Authors: Stern David L. , Crocker Justin , Ding Yun , Frankel Nicolas , Kappes Gretchen , Kim Elizabeth , Kuzmickas Ryan , Lemire Andrew , Mast Joshua D. , Picard Serge 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSpecies of theDrosophila melanogasterspecies subgroup, including the speciesD. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba, andD. santomea, have long served as model systems for studying evolution. Studies in these species have been limited, however, by a paucity of genetic and transgenic reagents. Here we describe a collection of transgenic and genetic strains generated to facilitate genetic studies within and between these species. We have generated many strains of each species containing mappedpiggyBactransposons including anenhanced yellow fluorescent proteingene expressed in the eyes and aphiC31 attPsite-specific integration site. We have tested a subset of these lines for integration efficiency and reporter gene expression levels. We have also generated a smaller collection of other lines expressing other genetically encoded fluorescent molecules in the eyes and a number of other transgenic reagents that will be useful for functional studies in these species. In addition, we have mapped the insertion locations of 58 transposable elements inD. virilisthat will be useful for genetic mapping studies.
Regulatory B cell is critical in bone union process through suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and stimulating Foxp3 in Treg cells
Authors: Sun Guojing , Wang Yicun , Ti Yunfan , Wang Jun , Zhao Jianning , Qian Hongbo 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBone fractures may result in delayed union (DU) or non‐union (NU) in some patients. Evidence suggests that the skewing of the immune system toward the proinflammatory type is a contributing factor. Because B cells were previously found to infiltrate the fracture healing site at abundant levels, we examined the regulatory B cells (Bregs) in DU/NU patients. In bone fracture patients with normal healing, the frequency of interleukin (IL)‐10‐expressing B cells was significantly upregulated in the early healing process (6 weeks post‐surgery) and was downregulated later on (18 weeks post‐surgery), whereas in DU/NU patients, the early upregulation of IL‐10‐expressing B cells was missing. The majority of IL‐10‐expressing B cells were concentrated in the IgM+CD27+ fraction in both controls and patients. IgM+CD27+ B cells effectively suppressed interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), and IL‐2 expression from CD4+ T cells, as well as IFN‐γ and TNF‐α expression from CD8+ T cells. The IgM+CD27+ B cell‐mediated suppression was restricted to the sample from the early healing time point in controls, as the IgM+CD27+ B cells from normal healing patients later on or from DU/NU patients did not present significant regulatory function. In addition, culturing of CD4+CD25+ Tregs with IgM+CD27+ B cells from controls at early healing time point resulted in higher Foxp3 expression, a function absent in controls at later time point, or in DU/NU patients. In conclusion, our results support a role of B cell‐mediated regulation early during the bone healing process.
Beyond the Urban–Suburban Divide: Urbanization and the Production of the Urban in Zurich North
Authors: Nüssli Rahel , Schmid Christian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractStarting from current debates on ‘global suburbanism' and ‘postsuburbia', this article explores the changes that the former ‘urban periphery' of Zurich North has experienced in the last three decades. It mobilizes Henri Lefebvre's triadic concept of conceived, perceived and lived space in aid of an analysis of the profound urban transformations that can be observed. The construction of a new tramline serves as a guideline for an analysis of the implementation of new governance arrangements strengthening cross‐border cooperation between individual municipalities and new strategies of cooptation and expertise. This resulted in the production of new urban structures which led to a more densely woven and connected urban fabric primarily providing spaces for the headquarter economy and middle‐class housing. Concomitantly, great efforts have been made to create new public spaces, an urban image and even an urban atmosphere. These have proved at least partially successful, thus promoting a symbolic redefinition of the former urban periphery as a distinctively ‘urban' space. Conventional definitions and concepts no longer suffice to adequately understand such novel urban forms, leading to the conclusion that division into an ‘urban' and a ‘suburban' world is no longer a useful tool for urban analysis.
Spatial Dislocation and Affective Displacement: Youth Perspectives on Gentrification in London
Authors: Butcher Melissa , Dickens Luke 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAnalyses of contemporary processes of gentrification have been primarily produced from adult perspectives with little focus on how age affects or mediates urban change. However, in analysing young people's responses to transformations in their neighbourhood we argue that there is evidence for a more complex relationship between ‘gentrifiers' and residents than existing arguments of antagonism or tolerance would suggest. Using a participatory video methodology to document experiences of gentrification in the east London borough of Hackney, we found that young people involved in this study experienced their transforming city through processes of spatial dislocation and affective displacement. The former incorporated a sense of disorientation in the temporal disjunctions of the speed of change, while the latter invoked the embodiment of a sense of not belonging generated within classed and intercultural interactions. However, there are expressions of ambivalence rather than straightforward rejection. Benefits of gentrification were noted, including conditions of alterity and the possibility to transcend normative behaviours that they found uncomfortable. Young people demonstrated the capacity to reimagine their relationship with the complex spaces they call home. The findings suggest a need to reframe debates on gentrification to include a more nuanced understanding of its differential impact on young people.
Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification in stage III/IV lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQC)
Authors: Guo Qinxiang , Sun Yu , Yu Sifan , Bai Hua , Zhao Jun , Zhuo Minglei , Wang Jie 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThis study was conducted to explore programmed cell death‐ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) expression and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification in stage IIIB/IV lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQC). Correlations between PD‐L1 and FGFR1, and with clinicopathological characteristics, efficacy of platinum‐based chemotherapy, and prognosis were analyzed.MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐eight consecutive stage III/IV SQC patients were enrolled in this study from 2009 to 2014. Seventy‐eight patients received platinum‐based chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess PD‐L1 expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied to detect FGFR1 amplification.Results
PD‐L1 expression was detected in 61.7% (79/128) of lung SQC patients. Smokers had significantly higher PD‐L1 expression rates than non‐smokers (66.1% vs. 44.0%,
P
= 0.042, respectively). The objective response and disease control rates for platinum‐based chemotherapy were not significantly different between PD‐L1 negative and positive patients (43.3% vs. 36.2%,
P
= 0.434; 80.0% vs. 78.7%
P
= 0.840, respectively); however, overall survival in PD‐L1‐negative patients was significantly longer than in PD‐L1‐positive patients (41.5 vs. 19.3 months,
P
= 0.001). Twenty‐five percent (32/128) of patients displayed FGFR1 amplification, with a lower rate in stage III patients compared to stage IV (17.1% vs. 36.5%,
P
= 0.013, respectively). There was no significant difference in FGFR1 amplification levels between overall response, disease control or overall survival rates. No correlation was observed between PD‐L1 expression and FGFR1 amplification (
P
= 0.916).Conclusion
PD‐L1 expression may function as a prognostic factor in Chinese stage III/IV SQC patients. FGFR1 amplification is more prevalent in late stage SQC patients but does not predict chemotherapy response. There is no apparent correlation between PD‐L1 expression and FGFR1 amplification.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the management of chronic refractory pouchitis with an evidence‐based treatment algorithm
Authors: Segal J. P. , Ding N. S. , Worley G. , Mclaughlin S. , Preston S. , Faiz O. D. , Clark S. K. , Hart A. L. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundRestorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is considered the procedure of choice in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) refractory to medical therapy. The incidence of pouchitis is 40% at 5 years. Ten to 15% of patients with pouchitis experience chronic pouchitis.AimTo determine the efficacy of medical therapies for the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis in patients undergoing IPAA for UC.MethodsA systematic computer‐assisted search of the on‐line bibliographic database MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed between 1966 and February 2016. All original studies reporting remission rates following medical treatment for chronic pouchitis were included. All study designs were considered. Remission was defined according to the individual study. Remission endpoints ranged from 15 days to 10 weeks. Chronic pouchitis was defined by each study.ResultsTwenty‐one papers were considered eligible. Results from all studies combined suggested that overall remission was obtained in 59% of patients (95% CI: 44–73%). Antibiotics significantly induced remission in patients with chronic pouchitis with 74% remission rate (95% CI:56–93%), (P < 0.001). Biologics significantly induced remission in patients with chronic pouchitis with 53% remission rate (95% CI:30–76%), (P < 0.001). Steroids, bismuth, elemental diet and tacrolimus all can induce remission but failed to achieve significance. Faecal microbiota transplantation in a single study was not found to achieve remission.ConclusionsTreatment of chronic refractory pouchitis remains difficult and is largely empirical. Larger randomised controlled trials will help aid the management of chronic pouchitis.
Mast cells are permissive for rhinovirus replication: potential implications for asthma exacerbations
Authors: Akoto C. , Davies D. E. , Swindle E. J. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundHuman rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major trigger of asthma exacerbations, with the bronchial epithelium being the major site of HRV infection and replication. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in asthma where their numbers are increased in the bronchial epithelium with increasing disease severity.ObjectiveIn view of the emerging role of MCs in innate immunity and increased localization to the asthmatic bronchial epithelium, we investigated whether HRV infection of MCs generated innate immune responses which were protective against infection.MethodsThe LAD2 MC line or primary human cord blood‐derived MCs (CBMCs) were infected with HRV or UV‐irradiated HRV at increasing multiplicities of infection (MOI) without or with IFN‐β or IFN‐λ. After 24 h, innate immune responses were assessed by RT‐qPCR and IFN protein release by ELISA. Viral replication was determined by RT‐qPCR and virion release by TCID50 assay.ResultsHRV infection of LAD2 MCs induced expression of IFN‐β, IFN‐λ and IFN‐stimulated genes. However, LAD2 MCs were permissive for HRV replication and release of infectious HRV particles. Similar findings were observed with CBMCs. Neutralization of the type I IFN receptor had minimal effects on viral shedding, suggesting that endogenous type I IFN signalling offered limited protection against HRV. However, augmentation of these responses by exogenous IFN‐β, but not IFN‐λ, protected MCs against HRV infection.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceMCs are permissive for the replication and release of HRV, which is prevented by exogenous IFN‐β treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby MCs may contribute to HRV‐induced asthma exacerbations.
Health‐related quality of life and psychological well‐being in adults with differences/disorders of sex development
Authors: Bennecke Elena , Thyen Ute , Grüters Annette , Lux Anke , Köhler Birgit 
Published: December 2016

SummaryObjectiveRare congenital conditions with incongruence of chromosomal, gonadal and phenotypic sex have been classified as differences/disorders of sex development (DSD). Included in DSD are conditions with diverse genetic aetiology, varying levels of prenatal androgen effects, phenotypes and, subsequently, different medical treatments. Quality of life (QoL) and psychological well‐being are indicators of successful psychosocial adaptation to the conditions. We sought to investigate the HRQoL and psychological well‐being in this population.DesignThis multicentre clinical evaluation study was part of a German network related to DSD funded by the German Ministry of Science and Education (BMBF 2003 to 2007).MethodsTo assess health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), we used the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), and for psychological well‐being, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Participants were classified into five groups: females with CAH, females with XY DSD conditions where there is a partial androgen effect (partial androgen insensitivity, mixed/partial gonadal dysgenesis, disorders of androgen biosynthesis), females with XY DSD without androgen effect (complete androgen insensitivity, complete gonadal dysgenesis), males with XY DSD, and individuals with DSD conditions and other gender.ResultsParticipants included 110 adults with DSD (age range 17–62). We found a trend of lowered mental HRQoL and significant higher physical HRQoL for participants as compared to the norm. The high physical HRQoL especially applied to females with androgen effect and XY karyotype. Participants reported significant higher psychological distress compared to the norm. Forty‐seven participants (42·7%) reported distress in a clinically relevant range on the BSI.ConclusionsAlthough we did not find significant impairments in overall HRQoL, participants reported significant impaired psychological well‐being. Specialized interdisciplinary care should focus in particular on psychological issues to ensure good overall health and well‐being.
Managerial Labor Market during Institutional Transition: A study of CEO compensation and voluntary turnover
Authors: He Lerong , Shaw Tara Shankar , Fang Junxiong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis paper investigates the influence of CEO compensation on voluntary turnover and the moderating role of the managerial labor market. It explores how institutional contingencies related to labor market transparency, mobility, and competitiveness shape supply and demand conditions of the managerial labor market, and consequently affect the relationship between CEO underpayment and turnover.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a sample of Chinese listed firms between 2002 and 2011, we document that underpaid CEOs are associated with a larger likelihood of voluntary turnover in China. Importantly, we find that CEO underpayment will increase the likelihood of voluntary turnover to a greater extent when executive compensation disclosure is mandatory, when regional labor mobility is higher, and when industry growth rate is larger. Overall, our study demonstrates that underpayment below the market rate motivates CEOs to exit their organizations and such a reaction is more likely to materialize when managerial labor market conditions are favorable enough to create a strong pull force.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study adopts an interdisciplinary perspective built on institutional theory, organizational psychology, and labor economics to examine the role of the managerial labor market during institutional transition. It integrates the social psychological explanation of turnover with the perspective of labor economics by linking both pull side and push side drivers of organizational participation with demand and supply conditions of the managerial labor market.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study suggests that the design of executive compensation should consider the ongoing labor market rate for retention and motivation reasons, especially when managerial talent is under tight supply and strong demand.
BALF cytokines in different phenotypes of chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant patients
Authors: Berastegui Cristina , Gómez‐Ollés Susana , Sánchez‐Vidaurre Sara , Culebras Mario , Monforte Victor , López‐Meseguer Manuel , Bravo Carlos , Ramon Maria‐Antonia , Romero Laura , Sole Joan , Cruz Maria‐Jesus , Román Antonio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe long‐term success of lung transplantation (LT) is limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Different phenotypes of CLAD have been described, such as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as markers of these CLAD phenotypes. BALF was collected from 51 recipients who underwent (bilateral and unilateral) LT. The study population was divided into three groups: stable (ST), BOS, and RAS. Levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐13, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were measured using the multiplex technology. BALF neutrophilia medians were higher in BOS (38%) and RAS (30%) than in ST (8%) (P=.008; P=.012). Regarding BALF cytokines, BOS and RAS patients showed higher levels of INF‐γ than ST (P=.02; P=.008). Only IL‐5 presented significant differences between BOS and RAS (P=.001). BALF neutrophilia is as a marker for both CLAD phenotypes, BOS and RAS, and IL‐5 seems to be a potential biomarker for the RAS phenotype.
Cell count‐based triaging of cytology samples for cell block preparation
Authors: Srebotnik Kirbiš I. , Strojan Fležar M. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveCytology samples can sometimes yield cell blocks of low cellularity that are inadequate for cytomorphological evaluation and ancillary studies. The purpose of this study was to analyse the value of cell count based‐triaging of samples for cell block preparation.MethodsCell blocks were prepared from different cytology samples using HistoGel™ according to the manufacturer's instructions following cell count assessment. The adequacy of cell blocks was semi‐quantitatively scored as empty, scanty, moderate or highly cellular by evaluating corresponding haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections. Cell blocks with moderate and highly cellular H&E sections were considered adequate whereas cell blocks with empty and scanty cells in H&E sections were inadequate for cytomorphological evaluation. The average, range and a median number of cells (×106) embedded in adequate and inadequate cell blocks were compared.ResultsAmong 54 cell blocks prepared from fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNAs, 32), effusions (4), brushings (13) and cell lines (5), 20 cell blocks (37%) yielded moderate or highly cellular H&E sections and were considered adequate whereas 34 (63%) cell blocks were empty or scanty and thus considered inadequate. The average (± SD) number of cells (×106) embedded in adequate and inadequate cell blocks was 2.1 ± 4.3 and 0.5 ± 0.3, respectively. Samples containing at least 1 × 106 cells yielded adequate cell blocks in 12/16 cases (75%) whereas samples with less than 1 × 106 cells in 13/38 (34%) cases.ConclusionThe present study showed that cell count‐based triaging of cytology samples could reduce the number of low cellular cell blocks.