bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
That's what friends are for: how intergroup friendships promote historically disadvantaged groups’ substantive political representation
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Karlsson David 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe interests of historically disadvantaged groups risk being overlooked if they are not present in the decision‐making process. However, a mere presence in politics does not guarantee political success. Often groups need allies to promote their interests successfully. We argue that one way to identify such allies is to judge politicians by whether they have friends in historically disadvantaged groups, as intergroup friendships have been shown to make people understand and feel empathy for outgroups. In other words, intergroup friendships may function as an important complement to descriptive representation. We test our argument with a unique survey that asks all elected political representatives in Sweden's 290 municipalities (response rate 79 per cent) about their friendship ties to, and their representation of, five historically disadvantaged groups: women, immigrants, youths, pensioners and blue‐collar workers. We find a strong correlation between representatives’ friendship ties to these groups and their commitment to represent them. The correlation is especially strong for youths and blue‐collar workers, which likely can be explained by the fact that these groups usually lack crucial political resources (such as experience and education). We conclude that friendship ties function as an important complement to descriptive representation for achieving substantive representation.
Prognostic Value of Predialysis Indices for Technique Failure and Mortality in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Matsui Masaru , Akai Yasuhiro , Samejima Ken‐ichi , Tsushima Hideo , Tanabe Kaori , Morimoto Katsuhiko , Tagawa Miho , Saito Yoshihiko 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTechnique failure remains a frequent cause of peritoneal dialysis (PD) withdrawal. Many post‐commencement predictors of PD technique failure have been identified, while predialysis predictors have remained unclear. The aim of this study was to identify predialysis indices for technique failure in PD patients. We recruited 206 consecutive PD patients who were treated at Nara Medical University Hospital between 1 April 1997 and 31 December 2012. Forty‐eight patients were excluded because of transition from hemodialysis (HD) or withdrawal from PD within 3 months, leaving 158 patients for analysis. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data from within 3 months preceding PD commencement were analyzed. The primary outcome was the composite of time to combined use of HD, transition to HD, and all‐cause mortality within 2 years after PD commencement. During the study period, the primary outcome was observed in 50 patients. Using multivariate analysis, greater age (odds ratios (ORs) [95%CI], 3.08 [1.72–5.61]), anemia (ORs [95%CI], 2.12 [1.08–4.43]), overweight/obesity (ORs [95%CI], 2.09 [1.16–3.72]), and hypocalcemia (ORs [95%CI], 1.86 [1.04–3.35]) were independently associated with technique failure. Adding corrected calcium to the model incorporating age, body mass index, and hemoglobin significantly increased the c‐statistic from 0.678 to 0.755 (P = 0.048) relative to the model incorporating age alone. The integrated discrimination improvement was 0.085 (95% CI 0.036–0.134, P < 0.001) and the continuous net reclassification improvement was 0.395 (95% CI 0.066–0.724, P = 0.02). In conclusion, the combination of predialysis indices comprising age, overweight/obesity, anemia, and corrected calcium could provide a significant predictive value for technique failure of PD.
Differential expression of microRNA related to irritable bowel syndrome in a rabbit model
Authors: Yang Qin Qin , Xu Xiao Ping , Zhao Hong Shu , Cai Yue Qin , Pan Yong Ming , Xu Jian Qin , Ma Quan Xin , Chen Min Li 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to evaluate the differential expressions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in white hair black eye (WHBE) rabbits of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).METHODSWHBE and Japanese white (JW) rabbits were divided into the control and IBS groups. The IBS groups were exposed to moist heat, stress and low‐dose laxatives. Their intestinal movement rate was measured. Blood samples were taken to detect serum 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and dopamine levels and colonic tissues were obtained to detect c‐Fos expression by immunohistochemistry. Deep sequencing technology was used to obtain miRNA sequences in the intestinal tissues of WHBE and JW control groups. Expressions of 14 miRNAs were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction in both the control and the IBS model groups.RESULTSSerum 5‐HT and dopamine levels, intestinal movement rate and c‐Fos expressions in the WHBE rabbits were significantly increased compared with the control group. MiR‐29a‐3p, miR‐24‐3p, miR‐221‐3p, let‐7f‐5p, let‐7g‐5p, let‐7i‐5p, miR‐192‐5p, miR‐126‐3p and miR‐130b‐3p expressions in WHBE IBS rabbits at day 14 were significantly higher than those in the control group while miR‐324‐3p and miR‐132 were downregulated. MiR‐29a‐3p, let‐7i‐5p, miR‐192‐5p and miR‐126‐3p were significantly upregulated only in JW IBS rabbits at day 14 and miR‐324‐3p, miR‐223‐3p and miR‐132 were significantly downregulated in JW IBS group. MiR‐24‐3p, miR‐221‐3p, let‐7f‐5p, miR‐126‐3p and miR‐130b‐3p expressions in WHBE IBS rabbits were higher than that in JW IBS rabbits.CONCLUSIONSTwelve miRNAs were differentially expressed in IBS rabbits. Five are specific in WHBE IBS rabbits, suggesting that they play a role in increased sensitivity to IBS.
Role of diffusion‐weighted imaging in distinguishing thoracoabdominal neuroblastic tumours of various histological types and differentiation grades
Authors: Wen Yang , Peng Yun , Duan Xiao Min , Zhang Nan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionDiffusion‐weighted MR imaging (DWI) has demonstrated a great potential to help distinguish benign from malignant tumours in paediatric body. Our purpose is to evaluate whether DWI allow discrimination of thoracoabdominal neuroblastic tumours of various histological types and differentiation grades.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed DWI scans of the thoracoabdominal neuroblastic tumours in 25 children (11 girls, 14 boys). DWI was performed with two b‐values of 0 and 800 s/mm2 on a 3.0T MR scanner. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of different classifications of tumours were compared with Independent‐Samples T Test.ResultsIn the 25 cases, ganglioneuroma (GN) was in 3 cases, ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB) in 7 (GNB‐Intermixed in 4, GNB‐Nodular in 3) and neuroblastoma (NB) in 15. In three cases of GNB‐Nodular, two cases had poorly differentiated nodules and another had differentiated nodules. In 15 cases of NB, poorly differentiated, differentiated and undifferentiated tumours were, respectively, in eight, five and two cases. The ADC value of the NB was significantly lower than that of GN/GNB (P < 0.001). The ADC of GNB‐Nodular/NB was significantly less than that of GN/GNB‐Intermixed (P < 0.0001). In GNB‐Nodular/NB detection, there was a cut‐off value of 1.165 × 10−3 mm2/s. In GNB‐Nodular/NB, the tumours with poorly differentiated and undifferentiated lesions (n = 12) had significantly smaller ADC than those with differentiated composition (n = 6) (P = 0.0012).ConclusionADC of DWI is highly valuable for discriminating thoracoabdominal neuroblastic tumours of different histological types and differentiation grades.
Comparison of the time taken for localised breast surgery pre‐ and post‐introduction of intra‐operative digital specimen mammography
Authors: Carraro do Nascimento Vinicius , Bourke Anita G 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionMore than half of the patients with an impalpable malignant breast lesion have a mammographically detected and imaged‐guided localisation, which can be technically challenging for the breast surgeon. Specimen imaging is used to confirm successful excision of the localised index lesion and has improved the operating list efficiency resulting in a higher number of excisions per surgical list. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether introducing IDSM (intra‐operative digital specimen mammography) saved operation time for localised breast surgery.MethodsA single‐centre retrospective review was undertaken to compare the operation time (from incision to wound closure) taken for excision of 114 consecutive image‐guided localised impalpable breast lesions, performed using departmental specimen radiography (DSR), 6 months prior to the introduction of IDSM (Hologic, Trident®) in March 2013, with the theatre time taken for excision of 121 consecutive image‐guided localised impalpable breast lesions in the 6 months following introduction of IDSM.ResultsThere was no significant difference in mean surgical time, which were 47.8 (±27.3) minutes in the CSR group and 48.8 (±25.7) minutes in the IDSM group.ConclusionWe were expecting to confirm a reduction in theatre time with the introduction of IDSM. Surprisingly, no difference in operating times was demonstrated. Factors that influenced the impact of IDSM included the proximity of the imaging department to the operating theatre.
The effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration and irrigation needle extension on biofilm removal from a simulated root canal model
Authors: Mohmmed Saifalarab A. , Vianna Morgana E. , Penny Matthew R. , Hilton Stephen T. , Knowles Jonathan C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTo investigate the effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration and needle extension on removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm, sixty root canal models were 3D printed. Biofilms were grown on the apical 3 mm of the canal for 10 days. Irrigation for 60s with 9 mL of either 5.25% or 2.5% NaOCl or water was performed using a needle inserted either 3 or 2 mm from the canal terminus and imaged using fluorescence microscopy and residual biofilm percentages were calculated using imaging software. The data were analysed using analysis of covariance and two‐sample t‐tests. A significance level of 0.05 was used throughout. Residual biofilm was less using 5.25% than with 2.5% NaOCl. Statistically significant biofilm removal was evident with the needle placed closer to the canal terminus. A greater reduction of available chlorine and pH was noted as the concentration increased. One‐minute irrigation was not sufficient for complete biofilm removal.
Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) communities of metropolitan Perth, Western Australia, and implications for managing pest and public health risks
Authors: Janes Ryan , Jardine Andrew , Neville Peter J , Nicholson Jay , Lindsay Michael D A 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMosquito population data in the Perth Metropolitan area are limited. This research aimed to determine mosquito species abundance and composition within three local government areas of inner metropolitan Perth. A secondary aim was to determine whether mosquito species abundance and composition in the study area were related to proximity of known saltmarsh mosquito breeding sites along two major tidal estuary systems. Eleven mosquito species were collected, of which four were found in high abundance: Aedes vigilax, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex annulirostris and Aedes notoscriptus. The majority of mosquitoes were collected within 1 km of the tidal estuary systems, suggesting that productive mosquito breeding habitat is likely to be located along the fringe of the estuaries. The implication for mosquito management is that saltmarsh mosquitoes are not the only type of mosquito species in the study area. Broadening surveillance and management methods to include freshwater and container breeding species will reduce nuisance concerns for the public and is also likely to reduce incidence of disease in the area.
Changing diagnosis coding routines may confound the results of longitudinal childhood pneumonia studies
Authors: Eriksson Margareta , Nilsson Anna , Bennet Rutger 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimThis Swedish study compared the discharge diagnosis codes used for children up to the age of five hospitalised for acute lower respiratory tract infections before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2007.MethodsThe International Classification of Diseases–10th revision codes were used. We compared the discharge diagnosis codes at the Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2007 (n=1,127) and 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2013 (n=1,240) in relation to the diagnostic methods used.ResultsThere was a 54% reduction in the rate of all‐cause pneumonia from the first to the second period in children aged 0–1 years, but some of this could have been due to the improved diagnosis of viral infections and us changing the code for respiratory syncytial virus infection from pneumonia to bronchiolitis. The overall rate of acute lower respiratory tract infections was unchanged.ConclusionWe could not determine how much of the reduction in bacterial pneumonia in children under one was because of the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, based solely on discharge codes. Longitudinal register studies should take changes in diagnosis codes into account.
The specialisation of the third metacarpal and hand in arboreal frogs: Adaptation for arboreal habitat?
Authors: Dang Ning‐Xin , Wang Ji‐Shan , Liang Jin , Jiang De‐Chun , Liu Jun , Wang Li , Li Jia‐Tang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSkeletal morphology is directly associated with habitat characteristics. To investigate the arboreal adaptation, we studied the osteological morphology of the forelimbs and the third metacarpals of arboreal frogs (Rhacophoridae and Hylidae) and non‐arboreal frogs (Bombinatoridae, Bufonidae, Megophryidae, Ranidae, and Microhylidae) using transparent specimens or X‐rays of skeletons. Our results revealed that the bony knob on the third metacarpal, which formed by a dilated and elongated lateral articular cartilage (AL) through endochondral ossification, occurred only in species of Rhacophorinae. The results of the phylogenetic comparative methods and correlation analysis strongly supported the conclusion that the bony knob is a phylogenetic independent evolution trait and had a significant correlation with the arboreal habitat. Furthermore, anatomical observation showed that a muscle adhered to the bony knob. Therefore, we speculated that the bony knob might act as an enlarged attachment point for larger or more musculatures to help with grasping. In addition, the relative length of the hand showed a significant difference between arboreal and non‐arboreal species (p = .007), suggesting that longer hands might be an arboreal adaptive trait. Overall, this study leads to a deeper understanding of the arboreal adaptation.
Serological weak D phenotypes: a review and guidance for interpreting the RhD blood type using the RHD genotype
Authors: Sandler S. Gerald , Chen Leonard N. , Flegel Willy A. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryApproximately 0·2–1% of routine RhD blood typings result in a “serological weak D phenotype.” For more than 50 years, serological weak D phenotypes have been managed by policies to protect RhD‐negative women of child‐bearing potential from exposure to weak D antigens. Typically, blood donors with a serological weak D phenotype have been managed as RhD‐positive, in contrast to transfusion recipients and pregnant women, who have been managed as RhD‐negative. Most serological weak D phenotypes in Caucasians express molecularly defined weak D types 1, 2 or 3 and can be managed safely as RhD‐positive, eliminating unnecessary injections of Rh immune globulin and conserving limited supplies of RhD‐negative RBCs. If laboratories in the UK, Ireland and other European countries validated the use of potent anti‐D reagents to result in weak D types 1, 2 and 3 typing initially as RhD‐positive, such laboratory results would not require further testing. When serological weak D phenotypes are detected, laboratories should complete RhD testing by determining RHD genotypes (internally or by referral). Individuals with a serological weak D phenotype should be managed as RhD‐positive or RhD‐negative, according to their RHD genotype.
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY
Authors: Ma Yong , Song Ke 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTUsing cross‐country panel data over the period 1996–2012, this paper examines the impact of financial development on macroeconomic volatility using GMM estimators. In contrast to the linear relationship identified in many previous studies, we present robust evidence suggesting that the effect of financial development on macroeconomic volatility is nonlinear and U‐shaped. We also investigate the potential differences between developed and developing countries. The results of the paper add new evidence and shed interesting insights into the recent debate on the role of finance in macroeconomic fluctuations.
How do caregivers understand and respond to unsettled infant behaviour in Vietnam? A qualitative study
Authors: Murray L. , Tran T. , Thang V. V. , Cass L. , Fisher J. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundUnsettled infant behaviours are a common source of concern for new parents and have been associated with perinatal common mental disorders amongst women in high‐income settings. There is little evidence about how unsettled infant behaviours are understood and managed in low and lower‐middle income countries. This study aimed to describe caregivers' understandings of, and responses to, unsettled infant behaviours in Vietnam and their family caregiving contexts.MethodsWomen who were mothers of infants aged 0–6 months were purposively recruited from two sites in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam (one urban and one rural). An additional group of women who were grandmothers were recruited by snowball sampling. Data were collected in semi‐structured interviews about demographic information, infant feeding practices, descriptions of infant crying episodes, beliefs about why infants cry, settling strategies, infant sleeping arrangements and sources of advice on infant care. Translated interview transcripts were analysed thematically.ResultsTwenty‐four interviews were undertaken (21 with mothers and 3 with grandmothers). Five major themes emerged from the data after analysis: infant settling techniques, sources of information on unsettled infant behaviour, understandings of the causes of infant crying, the emotional responses of caregivers and the intergenerational household context. Infants were commonly cared for by people from multiple generations, particularly during the day. Infant settling was characterized by attending to infants immediately, breastfeeding and bed‐sharing with parents during the night. Most mothers received advice on caregiving from family members. Infant crying was attributed to hunger and loneliness, as well as traditional beliefs that the infant was being upset by ‘ghosts’ or becoming ‘hot’. Women described feeling anxious, frustrated and helpless in relation to unsettled behaviours amongst their infants.ConclusionsEducational interventions on interpreting infant cues, infant sleep requirements and bed sharing may be appropriate in Vietnam if multiple generations are included and traditional beliefs about infant crying are addressed.
The Development of Theory of Mind: Historical Reflections
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this article, I reflect on theory of mind as a field, including how it arose and how it developed. My research has been intertwined with this process; beginning right out of graduate school, my career developed along with the field, and I contributed to the field and its development at various points. So this essay also traces my path as I strived, and still strive, to understand how theory of mind begins and unfolds in human development, what forces shape that development, and what accounts best explain the timetables and progressions of theory‐of‐mind understandings in humans. I end with my sense of where theory‐of‐mind research is likely to head in the near future.
The magnitude of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous oral health inequalities in Brazil, New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Schuch Helena S. , Haag Dandara G. , Kapellas Kostas , Arantes Rui , Peres Marco A. , Thomson W. M. , Jamieson Lisa M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the magnitude of relative oral health inequalities between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous persons from Brazil, New Zealand and Australia.MethodsData were from surveys in Brazil (2010), New Zealand (2009) and Australia (2004‐06 and 2012). Participants were aged 35‐44 years and 65‐74 years. Indigenous and non‐Indigenous inequalities were estimated by prevalence ratios (PR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for sex, age and income. Outcomes included inadequate dentition, untreated dental caries, periodontal disease and the prevalence of “fair” or “poor” self‐rated oral health in Australia and New Zealand, and satisfaction with mouth/teeth in Brazil (SROH).ResultsIrrespective of country, Indigenous persons had worse oral health than their non‐Indigenous counterparts in all indicators. The magnitude of these ratios was greatest among Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians, who, after adjustments, had 2.77 times the prevalence of untreated dental caries (95% CI 1.76, 4.37), 5.14 times the prevalence of fair/poor SROH (95% CI 2.53, 10.43).ConclusionIndigenous people had poorer oral health than their non‐Indigenous counterparts, regardless of setting. The magnitude of the relative inequalities was greatest among Indigenous Australians for untreated dental decay and poor SROH.
Expression of the filaggrin gene in umbilical cord blood predicts eczema risk in infancy: A birth cohort study
Authors: Ziyab A. H. , Ewart S. , Lockett G. A. , Zhang H. , Arshad H. , Holloway J. W. , Karmaus W. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundFilaggrin gene (FLG) expression, particularly in the skin, has been linked to the development of the skin barrier and is associated with eczema risk. However, knowledge as to whether FLG expression in umbilical cord blood (UCB) is associated with eczema development and prediction is lacking.ObjectiveThis study sought to assess whether FLG expression in UCB associates with and predicts the development of eczema in infancy.MethodsInfants enrolled in a birth cohort study (n=94) were assessed for eczema at ages 3, 6, and 12 months. Five probes measuring FLG transcripts expression in UCB were available from genomewide gene expression profiling. FLG genetic variants R501X, 2282del4, and S3247X were genotyped. Associations were assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation. Area under the curve (AUC), describing the discriminatory/predictive performance of fitted models, was estimated from logistic regression.ResultsIncreased level of FLG expression measured by probe A_24_P51322 was associated with reduced risk of eczema during the first year of life (RR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.38‐0.95). In contrast, increased level of FLG antisense transcripts measured by probe A_21_P0014075 was associated with increased risk of eczema (RR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.10‐3.72). In prediction models including FLG expression, FLG genetic variants, and sex, discrimination between children who will and will not develop eczema at 3 months of age was high (AUC: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84‐0.98).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThis study demonstrated, for the first time, that FLG expression in UCB is associated with eczema development in infancy. Moreover, our analysis provided prediction models that were capable of discriminating, to a great extent, between those who will and will not develop eczema in infancy. Therefore, early identification of infants at increased risk of developing eczema is possible and such high‐risk newborns may benefit from early stratification and intervention.