bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Urban Agglomeration on Economic Growth of Cities
Authors: Khan Zahid Ullah , Awan Masood Sarwar 
Published: January 2018

Purpose: Current study attempts to identify the impact of urban agglomerations on economic growth of cities in Punjab, Pakistan. Additionally the study attempted to identify the non-linearity of urban system in Punjab. The study utilized the district level data collected from secondary sources. For the purpose of estimations the study utilized recursive econometric technique. The results of the study showed that market size, district land area and Govt. policy for agglomeration has a positive and significant impact on urban agglomeration. While district vehicle density and district urbanization level negatively and significantly affect urban agglomeration. Results for urban economic growth regression showed that urban agglomeration positively and significantly affect urban economic growth. The study also supported the shaped non-linearity of the core-periphery (CP) model in Punjab's urban system.
Pembelajaran Kooperatif dengan Media Virtual untuk Peningkatan Penguasaan Konsep Fluida Statis Siswa
Authors: Nisrina Nina , Gunawan Gunawan , Harjono Ahmad 
Published: January 2018

Physics is contain a lot of abstract concept.this thing arise studentÃ¢â¬â¢s difficulty in learning physics individually. This difficulty can be solved by educatorsÃÂ with using the method of cooperative learning on teaching their pupil. Beside of that, on teaching abstract concept can be helped by using virtual media. Because of that, this research is aim to test the effect of cooperative learning with virtual media toward the studentÃ¢â¬â¢s conceptual understanding in physics on static fluid matter. Pre-test and post-test was gived to experiment and control class. The instrument of the test is conceptual test which consist of six cognitive aspect. The result show that the cooperative learning with virtual media increased studentÃ¢â¬â¢s conceptual understanding in static fluid and significantly increased at sub-matter Archimedes law and fluid pressure. This result also showed the increase of studentÃ¢â¬â¢s cognitive abilty on experiment class, but one of cognitive aspect C6 (create), control class more better than experiment class.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Advance Organizer Menggunakan Video Pembelajaran Terhadap Hasil Belajar Fisika Peserta Didik Kelas XI
Authors: Hamdanillah Nurul , Harjono Ahmad , Susilawati Susilawati 
Published: January 2018

This research is aimed to identify the effect of advance organizer learning model through video learning towards physics learning outcome of second grade students MIA SMAN 2 Labuapi. Advance Organizer is a learning model which consists of 3 phases: presentation of Advance Organizer, presentation of learning assignment or learning of material, and strengthen the cognitive structure. There are three domains of learning objective concerned in the study, which are, first cognitive aspect from C1 until C6 (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation), second is affective aspect and the last is psychomotor aspect. The student cognitive learning outcome was done by using objective test. Based on data analysis, t count > t table, as the result, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted that there was the influence of advance organizer learning model through video learning towards physics learning outcome ofÃÂ second grade students MIA SMAN 2 Labuapi.
Reflections of Practical Implementation of the academic course Analysis and Design of Algorithms taught in the Universities of Pakistan
Authors: Shamsi Faryal , Nazeer Muhammad Irshad , Memon Raheel Ahmed , Mangrio Muhammad Ismail 
Published: January 2018

This Analysis and Design of Algorithm is considered as a compulsory course in the field of Computer Science. It increases the logical and problem solving skills of the students and make their solutions efficient in terms of time and space. These objectives can only be achieved if a student practically implements what he or she has studied throughout the course. But if the contents of this course are merely studied and rarely practiced then the actual goals of the course is not fulfilled.
This article will explore the extent of practical implementation of the course of analysis and design of algorithm. Problems faced by the computer science community and major barriers in the field are also enumerated. Finally, some recommendations are made to overcome the obstacles in the practical implementation of analysis and design of algorithms.
Vascular Injury and Its Management: Experience at Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal
Authors: Shah Santosh , Poudel Rajesh , Bhandari Tika Ram , Shah Damber Bikram , Sigdel Ghanshyam , Chandra Kailash 
Published: January 2018

INTRODUCTION: Vascular trauma is a common life-threatening injury leading to serious consequences if not timely and efficiently managed. Although they represent less than 3% of all injuries, they deserve special attention because of their severe complications. The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of injury, presentations, surgical (recent) approaches, outcomes, and complications of vascular trauma. MATERIALS & METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis performed over 6 months. From December 2015 to May 2016, 12 patients were included in the study and were operated upon for peripheral vascular injuries. Diagnosis was made by physical examination as well as with hand Doppler alone or in combination with Doppler scan. Primary vascular repair was carried out whenever possible; however, if it was not possible, an interposition vein graft was placed. RESULTS: Of the total 12 patients who sustained major vascular injuries during this period, 9 sustained injuries to the upper limb vessels, 3 had injuries of the lower limb vessels. Trauma with sharp object was the cause in 4 cases, blunt trauma was the cause in 4 cases and rupture pesudoaneurysm was the cause in 2 cases and ruptured aneurysm was the cause in 2 cases. Of the 12 patients, 12 patients were successfully managed by vascular reconstruction without any residual disability. There were 8 male patients (66.67%) and 4 female patients (33.33%), and their ages ranged from 16–60 years (mean 35 years). CONCLUSION: Patients who suffer vascular injuries should be transferred to vascular surgery centers as soon as possible. Decisive management of peripheral vascular trauma will maximize patient survival and limb salvage. Priorities must be established in the management of associated injuries, and delay must be avoided when ischemic changes are present.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol.05 No.01 Issue 15, Page: 8-11
Effect of Early Surgery on Outcome In Perforation Peritonitis
Authors: Bhandari Tika Ram , Poudel Rajesh , Chandra Kailash 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis and emergent surgical management of perforation peritonitis remain the mainstay of treatment. The aim of study was to find the effect of early surgery on postoperative outcome in patients with perforation peritonitis.MATERIALS & METHODS: A retrospective medical report of 200 patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy and proceed for perforation peritonitis from July 2015 to December 2016 was studied. Patients were divided into two groups based on the time of surgery i.e: Early (<6 hours) and late (≥6 hours) intervention groups. All perioperative outcome of surgery were analyzed.RESULTS: Late intervention patients were more likely to develop complications (34.3 and 17.8%, P < 0.05) and mortality (14 and 6%, P<0.05) in comparison to early intervention patients and had significantly higher median time to resumption of normal diet (5and 2.8 days, length of hospital stay (15 and 9 days) and length of ICU stay (8 and 4 days) (P < 0.05). The time to operation (≥ 6 hours) and preoperative hypotension were independent risk factors for postoperative complications in multivariate analysis.CONCLUSION: Early surgical intervention within six hours along with broad spectrum antibiotics preceded by adequate aggressive resuscitation improves postoperative outcomes in perforation peritonitis.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol.05 No.01 Issue 15, page: 12-16
A Cadaveric Study of Length of Trachea in Nepalese Population of Various Age Groups
Authors: Sharma Nitasha , Khan Gulam Anwar , Pandit Ruku 
Published: January 2018

INTRODUCTION :The trachea is centrally located membranocartilaginous unpaired hollow organ extending downwards as a continuation of the larynx. The study of the semorphometric variations is of profound clinical importance as it may help the clinicians to understand the etiology of several pulmonary diseases and the surgeons to deal with resection and reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree. This knowledge is also helpful for smooth conduction of some maneuvers like endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopic procedures.MATERIALS & METHODS: A study of length of human trachea was undertaken in the Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Science Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal from april 2012 to December 2013. Twenty nine specimens were collected out of which, sixteen were male and thirteen were female. The specimens were grouped into five age groups for both sexes. The length of trachea, was measured and, standard error (SE), standard deviation(SD) and test of significance were calculated using independent sample 't' test and multiple comparison test. RESULTS:The length of trachea, there was a rapid increase in length from 0-15 years group to 16-25 years group in both the sexes. Thereafter it exhibited very insignificant variations from 26-40 and 41-55 years group in both sexes. From 41-55 years age group to >55 years age group there was a slight increase in tracheal length in both sexes. CONCLUSION: The length of trachea varies with age and the results observed are comparatively less than written in standard books from foreign authors ,hence racial difference plays a key role in the length of trachea. Furthermore, we suggest more research is required in this field from our regional area.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol.05 No.01 Issue 15 17, page: 17-21
Fundus Changes In Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
Authors: Karki Poojyashree , Basnet PS , Basnet A , Sijapati MJ , KC Manish , Pokharel K 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND: Ocular involvement in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) is common. Hypertensive disorders have a propensity to involve the vascular tissue, which makes the ocular vessels particularly susceptible. Widespread changes in the conjunctiva, retina, vessels, choroid, optic nerve, and occipital cortex have been documented in these patients; some of them leading to decreased vision too.Various studies have correlated the fundus changes with maternal and foetal outcomes and documented the progression of retinal vascular changes a sign of increasing severity of PIH. So this study was carried out to find out fundus changes in PIH.MATERIALS & METHODS: Study design was retrospective descriptive type. Records of 96 patients admitted in the Obstetrics ward, KIST Medical College Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal, with the diagnosis of PIH were reviewed and duration of study was 3 years (October 2010 – October 2013). Patients were evaluated for hypertensive fundus changes.RESULTS: Fundus changes were found in 16.6% patients of PIH. Fundus findings comprised of vascular changes, extravascular retinal changes, optic neuropathy and choroidopathy. Vitreous hemorrhage, serous retinal detachment and macular star were not found in this study. CONCLUSION: Fundus evaluation in patients with PIH is an important part of their management as there are various fundus changes found in these patients which may lead to decrease in vision. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol.05 No.01 Issue 15, page: 42-44
Influence of Radiographic Positioning on Canine Sacroiliac and Lumbosacral Angle Measurements
Authors: Jones Susan , Savage Mason , Naughton Brian , Singh Susheela , Robertson Ian , Roe Simon , Marcellin-Little Denis , Mathews Kyle 
Published: January 2018

Objectives To evaluate the influence of radiographic malpositioning on canine sacroiliac and lumbosacral inclination angles.
Methods Using canine cadavers, lateral pelvic radiographs were acquired with the radiographic beam in a neutral position and then rotated 5, 10 and 15° to mimic rotational malpositioning. The focal point of the beam was then focused over the abdomen and again over mid-diaphysis of the femur to mimic an abdominal or femoral radiographic study.
Results Five degrees of rotational malpositioning did not influence measurements of sacroiliac or lumbosacral inclination, but malpositioning by more than 5° led to a significant decrease in both sacroiliac and lumbosacral angles. Moving the focal point to the femur significantly decreased the measured lumbosacral angle. Abdominally centred radiographs had no effect on lumbosacral and sacroiliac angle measurements.
Clinical Significance When evaluating canine lumbosacral and sacroiliac angles radiographically, pelvic rotation of more than 5° should be avoided as should the use of lateral radiographs centred over the femur.
Inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions during 2006–2012 using different inverse models and reassessed atmospheric observations
Authors: Bergamaschi Peter , Karstens Ute , Manning Alistair J. , Saunois Marielle , Tsuruta Aki , Berchet Antoine , Vermeulen Alexander T. , Arnold Tim , Janssens-Maenhout Greet , Hammer Samuel , Levin Ingeborg , Schmidt Martina , Ramonet Michel , Lopez Morgan , Lavric Jost , Aalto Tuula , Chen Huilin , Feist Dietrich G. , Gerbig Christoph , Haszpra László , Hermansen Ove , Manca Giovanni , Moncrieff John , Meinhardt Frank , Necki Jaroslaw , Galkowski Michal , O'Doherty Simon , Paramonova Nina , Scheeren Hubertus A. , Steinbacher Martin , Dlugokencky Ed 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. We present inverse modelling (top down) estimates of European methane (CH4) emissions for 2006–2012 based on a new quality-controlled and harmonised in situ data set from 18 European atmospheric monitoring stations. We applied an ensemble of seven inverse models and performed four inversion experiments, investigating the impact of different sets of stations and the use of a priori information on emissions. The inverse models infer total CH4 emissions of 26.8 (20.2–29.7) Tg CH4 yr−1 (mean, 10th and 90th percentiles from all inversions) for the EU-28 for 2006–2012 from the four inversion experiments. For comparison, total anthropogenic CH4 emissions reported to UNFCCC (bottom up, based on statistical data and emissions factors) amount to only 21.3 Tg CH4 yr−1 (2006) to 18.8 Tg CH4 yr−1 (2012). A potential explanation for the higher range of top-down estimates compared to bottom-up inventories could be the contribution from natural sources, such as peatlands, wetlands, and wet soils. Based on seven different wetland inventories from the Wetland and Wetland CH4 Inter-comparison of Models Project (WETCHIMP), total wetland emissions of 4.3 (2.3–8.2) Tg CH4 yr−1 from the EU-28 are estimated. The hypothesis of significant natural emissions is supported by the finding that several inverse models yield significant seasonal cycles of derived CH4 emissions with maxima in summer, while anthropogenic CH4 emissions are assumed to have much lower seasonal variability. Taking into account the wetland emissions from the WETCHIMP ensemble, the top-down estimates are broadly consistent with the sum of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories. However, the contribution of natural sources and their regional distribution remain rather uncertain. Furthermore, we investigate potential biases in the inverse models by comparison with regular aircraft profiles at four European sites and with vertical profiles obtained during the Infrastructure for Measurement of the European Carbon Cycle (IMECC) aircraft campaign. We present a novel approach to estimate the biases in the derived emissions, based on the comparison of simulated and measured enhancements of CH4 compared to the background, integrated over the entire boundary layer and over the lower troposphere. The estimated average regional biases range between −40 and 20 % at the aircraft profile sites in France, Hungary and Poland.
Wind regimes and their relation to synoptic variables using self-organizing maps
Authors: Berkovic Sigalit 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. This study exemplifies the ability of the self-organizing maps (SOM) method to directly define well known wind regimes over Israel during the entire year, except summer period, at 12:00 UTC. This procedure may be applied at other hours and is highly relevant to future automatic climatological analysis and applications. The investigation is performed by analysing surface wind measurements from 53 Israel Meteorological Service stations. The relation between the synoptic variables and the wind regimes is revealed from the averages of ECMWF ERA-INTERIM reanalysis variables for each SOM wind regime. The inspection of wind regimes and their average geopotential anomalies has shown that wind regimes relate to the gradient of the pressure anomalies, rather than to the specific isobars pattern. Two main wind regimes – strong western and the strong eastern or northern – are well known over this region. The frequencies of the regimes according to seasons is verified. Strong eastern regimes are dominant during winter, while strong western regimes are frequent in all seasons.
Consumer Importance on Sustainable Water Sanitation & Hygiene Facilities Provided in Rural District Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Abid , Shah Mussawar , Abid Yasrab , Qamar Zia Ul , Qamar Hina 
Published: January 2018

This study was accompanied with objectives to analyze the usefulness of, Water Distribution Practices prevailed in targeted union counsel of rural district Peshawar, and Behavior change in WASH. A sample size 359 respondents were randomly selected in rural district of Peshawar. The data was analyzed through SPSS (20) by the application of Chi-Square test statistics and simple univariate analysis. The study concluded that improved Water Distribution Practice had highly significant association with enhancement in behavior change in WASH, adoption of positive Health behaviors, health advocacy and awareness help healthy physique and behavior change in WASH as a way towards healthy life as well as sound human resource, and this human resource can play role in boosting Country’s GDP. This study concentrated on aspect of current water distribution practice and behavior change in WASH, in the study area where this study affirmed that sound body has a sound brain. Use of healthy and fresh water from secure water storage and source directly related to healthy physique. Safe drinking water is the only source of avoidance from all types of water born disease i.e. diarrhea, dysentery, cholera etc. And ill health especially for those who have no or less access to health services in rurality. This study also indicated the importance of mass awareness campaign, general perceptions of common men in terms of better and healthy life.
An Epochal Bifurcation: The International Criminal Court, the African Court and the Struggle against Gross Human Rights Abuses
Authors: Onoma Ato Kwamena 
Published: January 2018

An Epochal Bifurcation: The International Criminal Court, the African Court and the Struggle against Gross Human Rights Abuses
Focus on whether a criminal chamber in a reformed African Court represents progress or retrogression relative to advances made in the Rome Statute shifts attention from the similar foundation of the two courts on an epochal bifurcation between the worst human rights abuses and quotidian wrongs. This bifurcation compromises our understanding of how abuses are related, what we should do about them and how we should go about studying them. It is at the core of aspects of the International Criminal Court (ICC) that have come under severe criticism. It also imperils the criminal chamber of the nascent African Court.
De aanstellingswijze gewogen
Authors: van Ostaaijen Julien , Karsten Niels , Tops Pieter 
Published: January 2018

The mode of appointment weighed. An overview of arguments for and against different modes of mayoral appointment
This article offers the reader an overview of arguments for and against the different modes of appointments of Dutch mayors. The authors do this from different perspectives that are based on relevant values of good governance. In relation to the intended deconstitutionalization of the mode of appointment, they want to contribute with this overview to the debate on the role of the mayor and the mode of appointment. The three modes of appointment discussed are nomination by the Crown, election by the municipal council and direct election by citizens. On the basis of this research, they conclude that changing the mode of appointment to one of the three (pure) modes of appointment has advantages as well as disadvantages, but that the combination has important consequences for the functioning of the local governance system as a whole. In addition, they conclude somewhat paradoxically that the mode of appointment is only one of the factors that influences the functioning of a mayor. Therefore, the question about the mode of appointment of Dutch mayors must be considered within a broader framework of possible measures, with the underlying questions: what kind of mayor, and what kind of local governance, do we want ultimately?
A Critical Appraisal of the Role of Retribution in Malawian Sentencing Jurisprudence
Authors: Gumboh Esther 
Published: January 2018

A Critical Appraisal of the Role of Retribution in Malawian Sentencing Jurisprudence
The theory of retribution is a central tenet in Malawian sentencing jurisprudence. Courts have given expression to retribution in various ways, most conspicuously through the recognition of the principle of proportionality as the most important principle in sentencing. Retribution has permeated courts’ consideration of certain sentencing factors such as the seriousness of the offence, family obligations and public opinion. Overall, retribution rightly plays a pivotal role in Malawian sentencing jurisprudence by elevating the principle of proportionality to the most important principle in sentencing. Malawian courts have also noted that whether in pursuit of retribution or utilitarianism, the ultimate objective is to arrive at a sentence that is just and fair in relation to the crime and the offender. This also ensures that the sentence imposed does not offend the prohibition of cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.