bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adherence to low‐carbohydrate and low‐fat diets in relation to weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Hu T. , Yao L. , Reynolds K. , Niu T. , Li S. , Whelton P. K. , He J. , Steffen L. M. , Bazzano L. A. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryObjectiveA low‐carbohydrate diet can reduce body weight and some cardiovascular disease risk factors more than a low‐fat diet, but differential adherence may play a role in these effects.MethodsData were used from 148 adults who participated in a 12‐month clinical trial examining the effect of a low‐carbohydrate diet (<40 g d−1) and a low‐fat diet (<30% fat and <7% saturated fat) on weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors. We compared attendance at counselling sessions, deviation from nutrient goals, urinary ketone presence and composite scores representing the overall adherence based on the distribution of these individual indicators between two interventions.ResultsComposite scores were similar between the two groups. A one‐interquartile‐range increase in composite score representing better adherence to a low‐carbohydrate diet was associated with 2.2 kg or 2.3% greater weight loss, 1.1 greater reduction in percent fat mass and 1.3 greater increase in proportion of lean mass. Indicators of adherence to a low‐fat diet were not associated with changes in weight, fat mass or lean mass.ConclusionsDespite comparable adherence between groups, a low‐carbohydrate diet was associated with greater reductions in body weight and improvement in body composition, while a low‐fat diet was not associated with weight loss.
Solution polymerization of polybenzimidazole
Authors: Fishel Kayley J. , Gulledge Alexander L. , Pingitore Andrew T. , Hoffman Jason P. , Steckle Warren P. , Benicewicz Brian C. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPolybenzimidazoles (PBI) are an important class of heterocyclic polymers that exhibit high thermal and oxidative stabilities. The two dominant polymerization methods used for the synthesis of PBI are the melt/solid polymerization route and solution polymerization using polyphosphoric acid as the solvent. Both methods have been widely used to produce high‐molecular weight PBI, but also highlight the obvious absence of a practical organic solution‐based method of polymerization. This current work explores the synthesis of high‐molecular weight meta‐PBI in N,N‐dimethyl acetamide (DMAc). Initially, model compound studies examined the reactivity of small molecules with various chemical functionalities that could be used to produce 2‐phenyl‐benzimidazole in high yield with minimal side reactions. 1H NMR and FTIR studies indicated that benzimidazoles could be efficiently synthesized in DMAc by reaction of an o‐diamine and the bisulfite adduct of an aromatic aldehyde. Polymerizations were conducted at various polymer concentrations (2‐26 wt % polymer) using difunctional monomers to optimize reaction conditions in DMAc which resulted in the preparation of high‐molecular weight m‐PBI (inherent viscosities up to 1.3 dL g−1). TGA and DSC confirmed that m‐PBI produced via this route has comparable properties to that of commercial m‐PBI. This method is advantageous in that it not only allows for high‐polymer concentrations of m‐PBI to be synthesized directly and efficiently, but can be applied to the synthesis of many PBI derivatives. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1795–1802
Organocatalytic Fluoromalonate Addition to Tetrahydroisoquinolines through a CDC process
Authors: Shirley Luke D. , Ceban Victor , Meazza Marta , Rios Ramon 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecently green chemistry has attracted much attention from organic chemists due the problems that our society faces in terms of waste generation and energy consumption. For this reason cross dehydrogenative couplings (CDC) have emerged as one of the most important strategies for C−C bond formation nowadays. In our research group, enticed by the use of organocatalytic cross dehydrogenative coupling reactions and in the synthesis of fluorinated compounds, we developed a new organocatalytic methodology based on the CDC activation of tetrahydroisoquinolines followed by addition of fluoromalonates. The reaction is simply catalyzed by organic dyes (Rose Bengal) using green LED as a light source and oxygen as stoichiometric oxidant and let us to obtain the final fluorinated compounds in good yields.
Uranium(VI) hybrid materials with [(UO2)3(µ3‐O)(µ2‐OH)3]+as the sub–building unit via uranyl–cation interactions
Authors: Zhang Yingjie , Clegg Jack K. , Lu Kim , Lumpkin Gregory R. , Tran Toan Trong , Aharonovich Igor , Scales Nicholas , Li Feng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe hydrothermal reaction of uranyl nitrate with 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2bdc) in the presence of strontium or potassium hydroxides and nitrates afford the formation of two new uranyl hybrid materials featuring extensive uranyl‐strontium or uranyl‐potassium interactions with [(UO2)3(µ3‐O)(µ2‐OH)3]+as the sub‐building unit. Sr1.5[(UO2)12(O)3(OH)13(bdc)4]⋅6H2O (1) contains one‐dimensional (1D) uranyl oxohydroxyl ribbons made of trinuclear pentagonal bipyramidal uranyl units. The ribbons are linked together via uranyl‐strontium interactions to form 2D inorganic domains which are further connected throughµ4‐bdc anions forming a 3D hybrid structure. This is the first reported uranyl‐strontium interaction in extended hybrid solid with the shortest Sr‐O−ylbond length of 2.596 (8) Å. K3[(UO2)12(O)3(OH)13(bdc)4]⋅8H2O (2) has a similar 3D hybrid structure built up through extensive K‐O−ylinteractions with the shortest K‐O−ylbond length of 2.620 (6) Å. Raman spectroscopy has confirmed the presence of oxo‐bridging (U−O−U) vibrations. Thermal stabilities and photoluminescent properties are reported.
Toward integrated historical climate research: the example of Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth
Authors: Allan Rob , Endfield Georgina , Damodaran Vinita , Adamson George , Hannaford Matthew , Carroll Fiona , Macdonald Neil , Groom Nick , Jones Julie , Williamson Fiona , Hendy Erica , Holper Paul , Arroyo‐Mora J. Pablo , Hughes Lorna , Bickers Robert , Bliuc Ana‐Maria 
Published: January 2016

Climate change has become a key environmental narrative of the 21st century. However, emphasis on the science of climate change has overshadowed studies focusing on human interpretations of climate history, of adaptation and resilience, and of explorations of the institutions and cultural coping strategies that may have helped people adapt to climate changes in the past. Moreover, although the idea of climate change has been subject to considerable scrutiny by the physical sciences, recent climate scholarship has highlighted the need for a re‐examination of the cultural and spatial dimensions of climate, with contributions from the humanities and social sciences. Establishing a multidisciplinary dialogue and approach to climate research past, present, and future has arguably never been more important. This article outlines developments in historical climatology research and considers examples of integrated multidisciplinary approaches to climate, climatic variability, and climate change research, conducted across the physical sciences, social sciences, humanities, and the arts. We highlight the international Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) initiative as one example of such an integrated approach. Initially, ACRE began as a response from climate science to the needs of the agricultural sector in Queensland, Australia for a longer, more spatially, and temporally‐complete database of the weather. ACRE has now evolved to embrace an international group of researchers working together across disciplines to integrate their efforts into a four‐dimensional (4D) dynamical global historical climate‐quality reanalysis (reconstruction). WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:164–174. doi: 10.1002/wcc.379This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
West Nile virus, climate change, and circumpolar vulnerability
Authors: Hoover Kara C. , Barker Christopher M. 
Published: January 2016

Climate has strong impacts on the spatial ranges of vector‐borne infectious diseases as well as the timing and intensity of disease outbreaks; these and shifting challenges to human health driven by future climate change are critical concerns. Many diseases of tropical origin, including West Nile virus (WNV), are sensitive to climate and likely to change their distributions in the coming decades. The 1999 outbreak of WNV in North America is an example of rapid viral adaptation to a new geographic area while recent outbreaks in Europe demonstrate the capacity of multiple viral strains to expand rapidly. WNV is one of the most widely distributed arboviruses and has displayed high rates of mutability, adaptability, and virulence. Northward expansion of WNV is happening in Europe and North America and may make WNV an increasingly worrying health risk at higher latitudes. Circumpolar northward expansion of WNV’s enzootic range appears unlikely over the coming century—at least for sustained enzootic transmission—but isolated and ephemeral transmission events might occur if the virus were to be introduced by migrating birds during warm months. Human populations in this area are at greater risk for health impacts from WNV transmission due to limited healthcare in rural areas, higher underlying morbidity in indigenous populations, and prolonged human‐environment interactions (in populations engaging in traditional lifestyles). This review presents a multidisciplinary synthesis on WNV and climate change, potential for WNV expansion, and the vulnerability of the circumpolar north. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:283–300. doi: 10.1002/wcc.382This article is categorized under:

Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
The vascular access in the elderly: a position statement of the Vascular Access Working Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology
Authors: Lomonte Carlo , Forneris Giacomo , Gallieni Maurizio , Tazza Luigi , Meola Mario , Lodi Massimo , Senatore Massimo , Morale Walter , Spina Monica , Napoli Marcello , Bonucchi Decenzio , Galli Franco 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe incident hemodialysis (HD) population is aging, and the elderly group is the one with the most rapid increase. In this context it is important to define the factors associated with outcomes in elderly patients. The high prevalence of comorbidities, particularly diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease and congestive heart failure, usually make vascular access (VA) creation more difficult. Furthermore, many of these patients may have an insufficient vasculature for fistula maturation. Finally, many fistulas may never be used due to the competing risk of death before dialysis initiation. In these cases, an arteriovenous graft and in some cases a central venous catheter become a valid alternative form of VA. Nephrologists need to know what is the most appropriate VA option in these patients. Age should not be a limiting factor when determining candidacy for arteriovenous fistula creation. The aim of this position statement, prepared by experts of the Vascular Access Working Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology, is to critically review the current evidence on VA in elderly HD patients. To this end, relevant clinical studies and recent guidelines on VA are reviewed and commented. The main advantages and potential drawbacks of the different VA modalities in the elderly patients are discussed.
International note: Confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory in a sample of Portuguese adolescents
Authors: Simões Margarida , Lopes José , Gonçalves Rui Abrunhosa 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper was to test the factorial structure and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). The YPI is composed of 10 dimensions that further represent three hypothesized facets of the classical description of psychopathy: callousness, interpersonal manipulation and impulsiveness. A sample of 500 adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.87; SD = 1.67) from northern Portugal participated in this study. The results generally confirmed the factorial structure of the YPI in this sample, with some qualifications.
Predictive values of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel‐density levels in initial biopsy for prostate cancer
Authors: Kervancioglu Enis , Kosan Murat , Erinanc Hilal , Gonulalan Umut , Oguzulgen Ahmet Ibrahim , Coskun Esra Zeynep , Ozkardes Hakan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAngiogenesis is an important factor in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCA). We aimed to investigate the values of vascular‐endothelial‐growth‐factor (VEGF) expression level and microvessel density (MVD) in the prediction of PCA diagnosis at repeated prostate biopsy (re‐PBx). We retrospectively evaluated 167 patients with re‐PBx according to elevated prostate‐specific antigen levels, suspicious digital rectal examination, and the presence of premalignant lesions. Patients with PCA on re‐PBx were included in the cancer group (n = 17). Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or normal tissues on re‐PBx were included in the control group (n = 21). The groups were compared according to the expression level of VEGF and MVD in initial prostate biopsy. There was no statistically significant difference between groups according to age and serum prostate‐specific‐antigen values. The mean VEGF scores of the cancer and control groups were 232.64 ± 11.14 and 183.09 ± 14.56, respectively (p < 0.05). The mean MVD of the biopsy samples in the cancer and control groups were 246.47 ± 17.59 n/mm2 and 197.33 ± 16.26 n/mm2, respectively (p < 0.05). The cutoff values of VEGF scores and MVD were set as 200 and 215, respectively, for PCA detection in our study. Our results showed that the expression level of VEGF and MVD significantly increased in the initial prostate‐biopsy samples of patients with PCA diagnosed with re‐PBx. The evaluation of VEGF expression level and MVD might have an important value in the prediction of PCA at re‐PBx. The expression level of VEGF and MVD should be kept in mind as PCA‐related histopathological changes that indicate the increased angiogenesis in prostatic tissue.
‘ZIMBABWEANS ARE FOOLISHLY LITIGIOUS’: EXPLORING THE LOGIC OF APPEALS TO A POLITICIZED LEGAL SYSTEM
Authors: Verheul Susanne 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, I focus on the narratives of two men, Patrick and Father Marko Mkandla. I ask whether their continued interactions with, and appeals to, Zimbabwe's politicized legal system were ‘foolish’. The two men inhabited different geographic regions and diverged in their economic positions, political engagement, and ties to Zimbabwe's human rights networks. They nonetheless both started their accounts by recollecting that they persisted in reporting cases of political violence to the Zimbabwe Republic Police. Their accounts show us that imagining, invoking and interacting with the law in Zimbabwe was often an ambiguous, occasionally dangerous, and very contradictory exercise. Under ZANU-PF's rule, judicial institutions were increasingly politicized as instruments for repression. The men nevertheless continued to interact with the state and its officials as if these were bound by rules. This allowed Patrick and Father Mkandla to perform their rights-based citizenship, to experience occasional ‘successes’, and to differentiate themselves from the ‘unprofessional’ politicized civil servants they encountered during their appeals. Rather than ‘foolishly’ invoking the law, some Zimbabwean citizens engaged it as a shared language through which they could articulate their imagination of, hopes for, and belonging to a rule-bound state in the future.
GOVERNMENT PROPERTIES: THE NIGERIA POLICE FORCE AS TOTAL INSTITUTION?
Authors: Owen Olly 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThis article looks at the relationships between Nigerian police officers and the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) in which they serve. Against simplistic portraits of police institutions as mechanistic agents of governmental power, the article looks inside one such institution to examine how it exercises power over its own personnel, in a totalizing institutional project which combines duty and identity within a hierarchical and paramilitarized structure. Police officers are caught between their embodying of state authority and their lack of authority within their own institution. At the same time, it depicts individual officers' attempts to navigate this structure to their own advantage, creating a counter-current within the institutional world. Both ultimately affect the way in which the NPF exercises its powers within wider society. According to this perspective, the violence and corruption, negligence and evasion that often typify interactions with the police may be less signs of police officers' power than of their attempts to cope with the lack of it.
A ‘DESPICABLE SHAMBLES’: LABOUR, PROPERTY AND STATUS IN FAYA-LARGEAU, NORTHERN CHAD
Authors: Brachet Julien , Scheele Judith 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTFaya-Largeau, the largest oasis in northern Chad, seems to present a classic picture of Saharan labour relations and status groups. Colonial officers spoke of nomadic ‘overlords’ who used to exploit sedentary ‘serfs’ of slave descent, but indirectly favoured the latter; today, former status relations are renegotiated, at times violently so. Access to vital resources, and especially agricultural land, is the focus of much contemporary conflict. Yet, on a closer look, this picture becomes less familiar: local agriculture requires little labour, property rights are uncertain, bilateral descent, exogamy and a high degree of mobility blur boundaries, while state involvement remains limited and ambiguous, and education little valued. Status, property and labour hence emerge as contextual categories that depend on as much as they constitute a historically specific and inherently unstable mode of production.
LABOUR POLITICS AND AFRICANIZATION AT A TANZANIAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 1949–66
Authors: Poleykett Branwyn , Mangesho Peter 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article we examine labour politics and unionization at a scientific research station: the former Institute of Malaria and Vector Borne Diseases (‘Amani’) in north-eastern Tanzania. Drawing on an analysis of an archive found at Amani, this paper approaches the process of decolonizing and Africanizing science and medical research from the perspective of African technicians. The technician cadre at Amani was drawn to scientific employment as it seemed to offer the promise of training, education and advancement. The union at Amani argued that African labour was crucial to the production of scientific knowledge at the station and that there ought to be a ‘ladder’ of promotion and progress that led from auxiliary scientific technician to independent researcher. The daily politics of the decolonization of science was conducted as everyday contentious labour relations and as increasingly vociferous claims upon the cultural power of science by African workers. Drawing attention to the social and spatial practices of African workers at Amani in the 1960s, we argue that Amani functioned not just within globalized networks of tropical medicine and scientific research but as a place bound both to local economies of labour and to larger geographies of African ambition and aspiration.
KENYA: TWENDAPI?: RE-READING ABDILATIF ABDALLA'S PAMPHLET FIFTY YEARS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Kresse Kai 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe pamphletKenya: Twendapi?(Kenya: Where are we heading?) is a text often referred to but rarely read or analysed. Abdilatif Abdalla wrote it as a twenty-two-year-old political activist of the KPU opposition as a critique of the dictatorial tendencies of Jomo Kenyatta and his KANU government in 1968, and consequently suffered three years of isolation in prison. Many (at least on the East African political and literary scene) know aboutKenya: Twendapi?but few seem to have read it – indeed, it seems almost unavailable to read. This contribution toAfrica's Local Intellectuals series provides a summary reconstruction of its main points and arguments, and a contextual discussion of the text. This is combined with the first published English translation (overseen by Abdalla himself) and a reprint of the original Swahili text, an important but almost inaccessible document. The article proceeds with a perspective first on the political context in Kenya at the time – an early turning point in postcolonial politics – and second on the work and life of its author, Abdilatif Abdalla who had been trained as a Swahili poet by elder family members who were poets. As most students of Swahili literature know, Abdalla's collection of poetrySauti ya Dhiki(1973) originated in the prison cell but they know little about the pamphletKenya: Twendapi?, nor the circumstances of its authorship. Part of my wider point for discussion is that Abdalla, as an engaged poet and political activist, can be usefully understood as a local intellectual who transcended the local from early on – topically and through global references and comparisons, but also through his experience in prison and exile. Concerns about Kenyan politics and Swahili literature have remained central to his life. This reflects Abdalla's continued and overarching connectedness to the Swahili-speaking region. Abdalla wrote in Swahili and was deeply familar with local Swahili genres and discursive conventions, language and verbal specifications (of critique, of emotions, of reflections) that use the whole range and depth of Kimvita, the Mombasan dialect of Kiswahili, as a reservoir of expression.
Potential sources of microbial colonizers in an initial soil ecosystem after retreat of an alpine glacier
Authors: Rime Thomas , Hartmann Martin , Frey Beat 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Rapid disintegration of alpine glaciers has led to the formation of new terrain consisting of mineral debris colonized by microorganisms. Despite the importance of microbial pioneers in triggering the formation of terrestrial ecosystems, their sources (endogenous versus exogenous) and identities remain elusive. We used 454-pyrosequencing to characterize the bacterial and fungal communities in endogenous glacier habitats (ice, sub-, supraglacial sediments and glacier stream leaving the glacier forefront) and in atmospheric deposition (snow, rain and aeolian dust). We compared these microbial communities with those occurring in recently deglaciated barren soils before and after snow melt (snow-covered soil and barren soil). Atmospheric bacteria and fungi were dominated by plant-epiphytic organisms and differed from endogenous glacier habitats and soils indicating that atmospheric input of microorganisms is not a major source of microbial pioneers in newly formed soils. We found, however, that bacterial communities in newly exposed soils resembled those of endogenous habitats, which suggests that bacterial pioneers originating from sub- and supraglacial sediments contributed to the colonization of newly exposed soils. Conversely, fungal communities differed between habitats suggesting a lower dispersal capability than bacteria. Yeasts putatively adapted to cold habitats characteristic of snow and supraglacial sediments were similar, despite the fact that these habitats were not spatially connected. These findings suggest that environmental filtering selects particular fungi in cold habitats. Atmospheric deposition provided important sources of dissolved organic C, nitrate and ammonium. Overall, microbial colonizers triggering soil development in alpine environments mainly originate from endogenous glacier habitats, whereas atmospheric deposition contributes to the establishment of microbial communities by providing sources of C and N.