bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Fasting Plasma Glucose, Diabetes, and Its Risk Factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Authors: Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Forouzanfar Mohammad Hossein , El Bcheraoui Charbel , Daoud Farah , Afshin Ashkan , Hanson Sarah Wulf , Vos Theo , Naghavi Mohsen , Murray Christopher J.L. , Mokdad Ali H. ,   on behalf of the Global Burden of Disease Collaborators on Eastern Mediterranean Region and Diabetes
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE
The prevalence of diabetes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is among the highest in the world. We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study to calculate the burden of diabetes in the EMR.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The burden of diabetes and burden attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) were calculated for each of the 22 countries in the EMR between 1990 and 2013. A systematic analysis was performed on mortality and morbidity data to estimate prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

RESULTS
The diabetes death rate increased by 60.7%, from 12.1 per 100,000 population (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 11.2–13.2) in 1990 to 19.5 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 17.4–21.5) in 2013. The diabetes DALY rate increased from 589.9 per 100,000 (95% UI: 498.0–698.0) in 1990 to 883.5 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 732.2–1,051.5) in 2013. In 2013, HFPG accounted for 4.9% (95% UI: 4.4–5.3) of DALYs from all causes. Total DALYs from diabetes increased by 148.6% during 1990–2013; population growth accounted for a 62.9% increase, and aging and increase in age-specific DALY rates accounted for 31.8% and 53.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings show that diabetes causes a major burden in the EMR, which is increasing. Aging and population growth do not fully explain this increase in the diabetes burden. Programs and policies are urgently needed to reduce risk factors for diabetes, increase awareness of the disease, and improve diagnosis and control of diabetes to reduce its burden.
HIGH-RESOLUTION IR ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE 3 μm REGION: ROLE OF PERIPHERY
Authors: Maltseva Elena , Petrignani Annemieke , Candian Alessandra , Mackie Cameron J. , Huang Xinchuan , Lee Timothy J. , Tielens Alexander G. G. M. , Oomens Jos , Buma Wybren Jan 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
In this work we report on high-resolution IR absorption studies that provide a detailed view on how the peripheral structure of irregular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) affects the shape and position of their 3 μm absorption band. For this purpose, we present mass-selected, high-resolution absorption spectra of cold and isolated phenanthrene, pyrene, benz[a]antracene, chrysene, triphenylene, and perylene molecules in the 2950–3150 cm−1 range. The experimental spectra are compared with standard harmonic calculations and anharmonic calculations using a modified version of the SPECTRO program that incorporates a Fermi resonance treatment utilizing intensity redistribution. We show that the 3 μm region is dominated by the effects of anharmonicity, resulting in many more bands than would have been expected in a purely harmonic approximation. Importantly, we find that anharmonic spectra as calculated by SPECTRO are in good agreement with the experimental spectra. Together with previously reported high-resolution spectra of linear acenes, the present spectra provide us with an extensive data set of spectra of PAHs with a varying number of aromatic rings, with geometries that range from open to highly condensed structures, and featuring CH groups in all possible edge configurations. We discuss the astrophysical implications of the comparison of these spectra on the interpretation of the appearance of the aromatic infrared 3 μm band, and on features such as the two-component emission character of this band and the 3 μm emission plateau.
EFFECTS OF SPIN ON HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION FROM ACCRETING BLACK HOLES
Authors: O’ Riordan Michael , Pe’er Asaf , McKinney Jonathan C. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Observations of jets in X-ray binaries show a correlation between radio power and black hole spin. This correlation, if confirmed, points toward the idea that relativistic jets may be powered by the rotational energy of black holes. In order to examine this further, we perform general relativistic radiative transport calculations on magnetically arrested accretion flows, which are known to produce powerful jets via the Blandford–Znajek (BZ) mechanism. We find that the X-ray and γ-ray emission strongly depend on spin and inclination angle. Surprisingly, the high-energy power does not show the same dependence on spin as the BZ jet power, but instead can be understood as a redshift effect. In particular, photons observed perpendicular to the spin axis suffer little net redshift until originating from close to the horizon. Such observers see deeper into the hot, dense, highly magnetized inner disk region. This effect is largest for rapidly rotating black holes due to a combination of frame dragging and decreasing horizon radius. While the X-ray emission is dominated by the near horizon region, the near-infrared (NIR) radiation originates at larger radii. Therefore, the ratio of X-ray to NIR power is an observational signature of black hole spin.
THE INTERMEDIATE-LINE REGION IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
Authors: Adhikari T. P. , Różańska A. , Czerny B. , Hryniewicz K. , Ferland G. J. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
We show that the recently observed suppression of the gap between the broad-line region (BLR) and the narrow-line region (NLR) in some active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can be fully explained by an increase of the gas density in the emitting region. Our model predicts the formation of the intermediate-line region (ILR) that is observed in some Seyfert galaxies by the detection of emission lines with intermediate-velocity FWHM ∼ 700–1200 km s−1. These lines are believed to be originating from an ILR located somewhere between the BLR and NLR. As was previously proved, the apparent gap is assumed to be caused by the presence of dust beyond the sublimation radius. Our computations with the use of the cloudy photoionization code show that the differences in the shape of the spectral energy distribution from the central region of AGNs do not diminish the apparent gap in the line emission in those objects. A strong discontinuity in the line emission versus radius exists for all lines at the dust sublimation radius. However, increasing the gas density to ∼

cm−3 at the sublimation radius provides the continuous line emission versus radius and fully explains the recently observed lack of apparent gap in some AGNs. We show that such a high density is consistent with the density of upper layers of an accretion disk atmosphere. Therefore, the upper layers of the disk atmosphere can give rise to the formation of observed emission-line clouds.
LINKS BETWEEN THE SHOCK INSTABILITY IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE AND ASYMMETRIC ACCRETIONS OF ENVELOPES
Authors: Takahashi Kazuya , Iwakami Wakana , Yamamoto Yu , Yamada Shoichi 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) has not been fully understood yet, but multidimensional fluid instabilities such as standing accretion shock instability and convection are now believed to be crucial for shock revival. Another multidimensional effect that has been recently argued is the asymmetric structures in progenitors, which are induced by violent convections in silicon/oxygen layers that occur before the onset of collapse, as revealed by recent numerical simulations of the last stage of massive star evolutions. Furthermore, it has been also demonstrated numerically that accretions of such nonspherical envelopes could facilitate shock revival. These two multidimensional effects may hence hold a key to successful explosions. In this paper, we performed a linear stability analysis of the standing accretion shock in CCSNe, taking into account nonspherical, unsteady accretion flows onto the shock to clarify the possible links between the two effects. We found that such preshock perturbations can excite the fluid instabilities efficiently and hence help the shock revive in CCSNe.
Une vocation nouvelle pour la criminologie
Authors: Bauer Alain , Raufer Xavier , Roucaute Yves 
Published: October 2016

Cette déclaration collective vise à engager la criminologie, en tant que discipline académique nouvelle, sur une voie doublement originale. Celle de l’internationalisation d’abord, tous les phénomènes criminels et terroristes importants étant aujourd’hui transnationaux ; celle de l’étude prioritaire des phénomènes collectifs ensuite, le crime organisé et le terrorisme ne fonctionnant qu’en familles, clans, réseaux, tribus, et ignorant le plus souvent l’individu ou l’individuel.
De la nouveauté en matière de terrorisme
Authors: Huyghe François-Bernard 
Published: October 2016

Quoi de “neuf" en matière de terrorisme dix ans après le 11 septembre ? L’auteur suggère en guise de tendances émergentes : la montée en puissance de groupes de type AQMI (alternant terrorisme, guérilla et activités criminelles), des attentats plus sanglants mais avec un taux de réussite inférieure, et une prédilection des groupes ou des individus pour une “propagande par le fait" orientée vers l’image spectaculaire et les réseaux sociaux.
Les mutations d’Al-Qaïda : évolutions combattantes et effet démultiplicateur du cyber-djihad
Authors: Migaux Philippe 
Published: October 2016

La mouvance moudjahidine a évolué depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. La neutralisation de nombreux cadres historiques dans la région afghano-pakistanaise n’a toutefois pas anéanti Al-Qaïda, qui reste le modèle fondateur. L’organisation, mutante et active, a adapté sa stratégie combattante pour crédibiliser l’existence d’un djihad global et a affiné sa stratégie de communication. Quatre organisations « franchisées » suivent la stratégie du djihad global : Al-Qaïda dans la Péninsule Arabique, Al-Qaïda au Maghreb islamique, Al-Qaïda au pays des deux rivières et Mouvement de la Jeunesse Islamique – les Shebabs. Depuis 2005, Al-Qaïda a aussi su compléter sa panoplie opérationnelle par le développement de cellules dormantes, de groupes domestiques et de loups solitaires, composés de militants auto-radicalisés, en particulier grâce à Internet.
Comprendre et appréhender le risque terroriste : les faiblesses françaises de la prospective
Authors: Cettina Nathalie 
Published: October 2016

La réflexion prospective est insuffisamment développée au sein de la communauté du renseignement. En matière d’antiterrorisme, l’absence d’analyse scientifique des faits et des motivations des acteurs conduit à privilégier une approche globale de la menace, conférant systématiquement une dimension internationale à des phénomènes qui sont à l’origine locaux. Redonner au terrorisme la place qui est la sienne au sein des phénomènes criminels, dédramatiser son emprise sur les démocraties modernes, repenser le discours sur la menace en s’extirpant d’un discours politique partisan et développer une riposte proactive sont les enjeux attachés à un travail de prospective. Mais ce regard renouvelé sur nous-mêmes, l’État a-t-il la volonté de l’affronter ?
BATF Modulates the Th2 Locus Control Region and Regulates CD4+ T Cell Fate during Antihelminth Immunity
Authors: Bao Katherine , Carr Tiffany , Wu Jianxuan , Barclay William , Jin Jingxiao , Ciofani Maria , Reinhardt R. Lee 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The AP-1 factor basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) is important for CD4+ Th17, Th9, and follicular Th cell development. However, its precise role in Th2 differentiation and function remains unclear, and the requirement for BATF in nonallergic settings of type-2 immunity has not been explored. In this article, we show that, in response to parasitic helminths, Batf−/− mice are unable to generate follicular Th and Th2 cells. As a consequence, they fail to establish productive type-2 immunity during primary and secondary infection. Batf−/− CD4+ T cells do not achieve type-2 cytokine competency, which implies that BATF plays a key role in the regulation of IL-4 and IL-13. In contrast to Th17 and Th9 cell subsets in which BATF binds directly to promoter and enhancer regions to regulate cytokine expression, our results show that BATF is significantly enriched at Rad50 hypersensitivity site (RHS)6 and RHS7 of the locus control region relative to AP-1 sites surrounding type-2 cytokine loci in Th2 cells. Indeed, Batf−/− CD4+ T cells do not obtain permissive epigenetic modifications within the Th2 locus, which were linked to RHS6 and RHS7 function. In sum, these findings reveal BATF as a central modulator of peripheral and humoral hallmarks of type-2 immunity and begin to elucidate a novel mechanism by which it regulates type-2 cytokine production through its modification of the Th2 locus control region.
Noción de emprendimiento para una formación escolar en competencia emprendedora
Authors: Núñez Ladeveze Luis , Núñez Canal Margarita 
Published: October 2016

Se entiende la competencia emprendedora como actitud para resolver nuevos problemas mediante respuestas no conocidas,se propone una revisión del concepto de “emprendimiento” para aplicarlo al contexto educativo. Método: Recurriendo a la fenomenología relacional para gestionar la evolución del significado se revisa su origen, las fases de su variación conceptual, las diversas concepciones y estado del arte de la noción de “emprendimiento”. Resultados: El análisis identifica los nexos entre la actividad económica y una educación orientada a incentivar la competencia emprendedora de los alumnos. Orientación que las instituciones mundiales y europeas recomiendan como adecuada para afrontar los problemas económicos en la sociedad digital. Conclusión: Las propuestas de incluir una disciplina curricular de “economía emprendedora” o aplicar una “formación transversal”, no son excluyentes. Desde una perspectiva sincrética, una disciplina concreta es complementaria de una formación transversal en emprendimiento.
Le Corbusier. La dualidad "architecure mâle" y "architecture femelle"
Authors: García González Andrea 
Published: October 2016

<p><em>In the 50´s, Le Corbusier publishes two books, Le Modulor (1950) and Le Poème de l´Angle Droit (1955). They are extremely important given that they represent the synthesis of his architectural thought at the height of his career. In both, references can be observed to the duality of male-female, which do not seem to have been previously part of the architect´s consistent theoretical body. One decade later, duality imbues the architectural critics, who interpret it as the opposition between two residential projects from early 1920´s, the Maisons Monol and the Maisons Citrohan. Both projects are proclaimed as a germ of two genealogical lines which come to an end with the Villas Sarabhai and Shodhan in the 50´s. They are related respectively with two concepts "architecture femelle" and "architecture mâle", cited by Le Corbusier in Le Modulor. However, the exhaustive analysis of the paradigm of both architectures through different periods, a complete reading of both texts and its relationship with Le Corbusier´s pictorial production, brings to light the importance of ambiguity and polysemy in the architect's work, which is difficult to divide in hermetic categories.</em></p>
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antibiotic Patterns of Lebanese Dentists for the Management of Dentoalveolar Abscesses
Authors: Asmar Ghada , Cochelard Dominique , Mokhbat Jacques , Lemdani Mohamed , Haddadi Ahmed 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
General dentists issue approximately 10% of antibiotic prescriptions across the global medical community consummation. The use of antibiotics for the management of dentoalveolar infections should be considered only in the presence of an increased risk of a systemic involvement or to prevent metastatic infections. This study aimed to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic prescription patterns of Lebanese dentists for the management of dentoalveolar abscesses. The aim was to evaluate the influence of the patients’ medical condition and clinical signs data on the patterns of antibiotics prescription.

Materials and methods
Only patients with a dentoalveolar abscess were included in the study. Age, medical history, reason for consultation, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, type of local treatment, and type of antibiotherapy were collected for each patient attending dental clinics in Beirut. The data were analyzed with chi-square test and multivariate regression.

Results
Out of the 563 initial patients, 127 were selected for the study and received a local treatment. The patient's medical condition and age did not affect the decision to prescribe antibiotics 36.2% patients with pain and 11.8% patients with swelling were prescribed antibiotics. Pain and swelling contributed to a higher level of antibiotic prescription compared to other signs and symptoms. Antibiotics were prescribed inappropriately to 51.76 and 38.10% among patients with an acute or chronic dentoalveolar abscess respectively. The main prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin.

Conclusion
This study showed that dentists often did not follow the current prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic prescription guidelines.

Clinical significance
Antibiotics prescriptions in dentistry will be more pertinent, leading to a decrease in inadequacy of prescriptions, microbial resistance, and the development of multiresistant germs against antibiotics.

How to cite this article
Asmar G, Cochelard D, Mokhbat J, Lemdani M, Haddadi A, Ayoub F. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antibiotic Patterns of Lebanese Dentists for the Management of Dentoalveolar Abscesses. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(6):425-433.
Abdomen Abierto y Presión Subatmosférica: Experiencia con un Sistema Artesanal
Authors: Facundo Helena , Troncoso Juan Manuel 
Published: October 2016

RESUMEN

Antecedentes
La necesidad de mantener la cavidad abdominal abierta ha sido reconocida y empleada desde hace 35 años. El desarrollo del sistema de vacío continuo, ha constituido una nueva manera de abordar este problema quirúrgico.
Los sistemas comerciales son costosos, lo que limita su utilización. Varios grupos han reportado sistemas de fabricación local, con resultados satisfactorios. Aquí mostramos nuestra experiencia al respecto y los detalles técnicos del sistema que usamos.

Materiales y métodos
Se describen los aspectos técnicos del sistema de vacío artesanal y un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo, con los pacientes en que se aplicó succión continua abdominal entre enero de 2007 y marzo de 2013.

Resultados
Describimos 77 casos. Los tres primeros diagnósticos de ingreso fueron trauma penetrante abdominal (25 casos); obstrucción intestinal (7 casos) y pancreatitis aguda (6 casos). Hubo 42 casos con fistula enterostomal; 41 con fístula antes del inicio de la terapia. En 12 casos (28,6%) se cerró la fístula con manejo médico y en 14 (33,3%) con cirugía. El porcentaje de cierre de la cavidad abdominal es de 31%.

Conclusión
La complejidad de los pacientes con abdomen abierto y fístulas enterostomales, condiciona una morbimortalidad importante. Consideramos que el principio general de manejo con el sistema de vacío continuo en la cavidad abdominal y particularmente con nuestro sistema es una herramienta valiosa que posibilita la protección de la piel, el drenaje permanente de la cavidad y la cuantificación de drenajes; disminuye el tiempo para lograr el cierre abdominal y el número de intervenciones quirúrgicas.

How to cite this article
Facundo H, Troncoso JM. Abdomen Abierto y Presión Subatmosférica: Experiencia con un Sistema Artesanal. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(1): 11-17.
Small Bowel Obstruction in a Young Female following an Unsafe Abortion: An Unusual Cause
Authors: Goel Apoorv , Agarwal Ayush , Bansal Roli , Goel Sarita 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The number of unsafe abortions has declined over the years in India but we still come across many cases and few of them with fatal complications. Usually such cases may present as bleeding per vaginum with features of sepsis and often instrumentation causing uterine or bowel injury. Our case is a 16 year old unmarried girl who had a history of 5 months of amenorrhea and underwent abortion by a quack in a village presented with features of frank small bowel obstruction due a rare unusual cause.

How to cite this article
Goel A, Bansal R, Goel S, Agarwal A. Small Bowel Obstruction in a Young Female following an Unsafe Abortion: An Unusual Cause. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(1):61-63.
Pathophysiological insights into the antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Manukyan Davit , Müller-Calleja Nadine , Lackner Karl 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by venous and/or arterial thrombosis and severe pregnancy morbidity in presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). While there is compelling evidence that aPL cause the clinical manifestations of APS, the underlying mechanisms are still a matter of scientific debate. This is mainly related to the broad heterogeneity of aPL. There are three major types of aPL: The first one binds to (anionic) phospholipids, e.g. cardiolipin, in absence of other factors (cofactor independent aPL). The second type binds to phospholipids only in presence of protein cofactors, e.g. ß2-glycoprotein I (ß2GPI) (cofactor dependent aPL). The third type binds to cofactor proteins directly without need for phospholipids. It is widely believed that cofactor independent aPL (type 1) are associated with infections and, more importantly, non-pathogenic, while pathogenic aPL belong to the second and in particular to the third type. This view, in particular with regard to type 1 aPL, has not been undisputed and novel research data have shown that it is in fact untenable. We summarize the available data on the pathogenetic role of aPL and the implications for diagnosis of APS and future research.