bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delivering Better Quality of Care: Relentless Focus and Starting with the End in Mind at DaVita
Authors: Nissenson Allen R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe care of patients with end‐stage renal disease has been evolving since the implementation of the Medicare entitlement for ESRD in 1973. Over the past 43 years, patients with ESRD have become increasingly complex with multiple comorbid conditions and the average age of new ESRD patients has continued to climb. Despite these challenges, progress has been made in improving mortality and morbidity, but the pace has generally been slow. The consolidation of the US dialysis industry has afforded large providers to achieve economies of scale and efficiencies. By reinvesting resources in innovative programs, the improvements in outcomes have accelerated. At DaVita, we have reimagined care for our ESRD patients by creating a Patient‐Focused Quality Pyramid, an approach to holistic, patient‐centered care that builds on the foundation of well‐known dialysis metrics like adequacy and anemia management to drive more complex programs like fluid, medication, diabetes, and infection management. The ultimate goal is to improve survival, keep patients healthy and out of the hospital, enhance the patient experience of care, and thereby achieve optimal health‐related quality of life. For two consecutive years, DaVita facilities, using this approach, have achieved superior performance in the CMS 5‐Star rating program, most recently with 46% of facilities achieving 4 or 5 stars compared with only 23% of facilities outside of DaVita receiving 4 or 5 stars. This rating system has components of fundamentals, and more complex outcomes and our results are an external validation of the success of our approach in improving the lives of patients.
Patient‐Centered Dialysis Care: Depression, Pain, and Quality of Life
Authors: Weisbord Steven D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRemarkable advancements have been made in the provision of chronic dialysis therapy since its inception decades ago. A series of studies inform current dialysis dosing recommendations, while advancements in strategies to treat mineral and bone disease, acid‐base and electrolyte disturbances, and anemia have facilitated the management of these well‐recognized complications of ESRD. The collective result has been a model of chronic dialysis care focused principally on the achievement of metabolic and dialysis‐related targets. In fact, guidelines such as the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative put forth by the National Kidney Foundation recommend metrics that characterize successful dialysis care, including the attainment of specific solute clearance targets; maintenance of hemoglobin, calcium, phosphorous, and parathyroid hormone levels within target ranges; and the preferred use of primary arteriovenous fistulae for vascular access. This focus on serologic and dialysis‐specific outcomes has helped renal providers manage the biochemical effects related to the loss of kidney function and has reduced ESRD‐related morbidity and mortality. Yet, absent from this model of care is an emphasis on the treatment of bothersome symptoms and the impact of such treatment on quality of life (QOL). Among the many symptoms that affect patients on chronic dialysis, depression and pain are particularly common, strongly associated with decrements in QOL, and potentially treatable. This review discusses key research findings and unanswered questions pertaining to the prevalence, significance, and treatment of depression and pain and the effect of such treatment on QOL in patients dependent on chronic dialysis, with the broad goal of incorporating symptom management strategies into a paradigm of patient‐centered dialysis care.
Is Happiness Infectious?
Authors: Knight John , Gunatilaka Ramani 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe paper uses an appropriate survey from rural China to answer the question: is happiness infectious, i.e. does the happiness of an individual depend positively on the happiness of his or her reference group? The evidence is consistent with this hypothesis, but the challenge is to solve the ‘reflection problem’, i.e. is the apparent effect of neighbours’ happiness on own happiness a causal one or merely a reflection? A ‘quasi‐panel’ approach is adopted, treating villages as groups and individuals as multiple observations within each group, and using an error components 2SLSestimator. The results suggest that the relationship might be largely causal. The normative and policy implications are briefly considered.
Inflation convergence in Central and Eastern Europe vs. the Eurozone: Non‐linearities and long memory
Authors: Cuestas Juan Carlos , Gil‐Alana Luis A. , Taylor Karl 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we consider inflation rate differentials between seven Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the Eurozone. We test for convergence in the inflation rate differentials, incorporating non‐linearities in the autoregressive parameters, fractional integration with endogenous structural changes, and also consider club convergence analysis for theCEECs over the period 1997 to 2015 based on monthly data. Our empirical findings suggest that the majority of countries experience non‐linearities in the inflation rate differential; however, there is only evidence of a persistent difference in some countries. Complementary to this analysis we apply the Phillips and Sul (2007) test for club convergence and find that there is evidence that most of theCEECs converge to a common steady state.
Comparison of Suicide Attempters and Decedents in the U.S. Army: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Skopp Nancy A. , Smolenski Derek J. , Sheppard Sean C. , Bush Nigel. E. , Luxton David D. 
Published: January 2016

A clearer understanding of risk factors for suicidal behavior among soldiers is of principal importance to military suicide prevention. It is unclear whether soldiers who attempt suicide and those who die by suicide have different patterns of risk factors. As such, preventive efforts aimed toward reducing suicide attempts and suicides, respectively, may require different strategies. We conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) to examine classes of risk factors among suicide attempters (n = 1,433) and decedents (n = 424). Both groups were represented by three classes: (1) External/Antisocial Risk Factors, (2) Mental Health Risk Factors, and (3) No Pattern. These findings support the conceptualization that military suicide attempters and decedents represent a single population.
Theoretical Analysis on the Measurement Errors of Local 2D DIC: Part II Assessment of Strain Errors of the Local Smoothing Method–Approaching an Answer to the Overlap Question
Authors: Wang Y. , Lava P. , Reu P. , Debruyne D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the strain error of subset‐based two‐dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) is theoretically derived. Analytical solutions are provided to estimate the strain error. A dimensionless factor is proposed, namely the overlap magnifier, which reveals the dependency of the strain error on the DIC regularisation parameters, that is, subset size, step size and strain window size. The derived equations are validated numerically and experimentally. The estimated random strain error is in good accordance with the experimental data. The proposed derivation can be readily extended to stereo DIC.
Short‐term effects of polyacrylamide and dicyandiamide on C and N mineralization in a sandy loam soil
Authors: Watson C. , Singh Y. , Iqbal T. , Knoblauch C. , Simon P. , Wichern F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe soil conditioners anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) and dicyandiamide (DCD) are frequently applied to soils to reduce soil erosion and nitrogen loss, respectively. A 27‐day incubation study was set up to gauge their interactive effects on the microbial biomass, carbon (C) mineralization and nitrification activity of a sandy loam soil in the presence or absence of maize straw. PAM‐amended soils received 308 or 615 mg PAM/kg. Nitrogen (N)‐fertilized soils were amended with 1800 mg/kg ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4], with or without 70 mg DCD/kg. Maize straw was added to soil at the rate of 4500 mg/kg. Maize straw application increased soil microbial biomass and respiration. PAM stimulated nitrification and C mineralization, as evidenced by significant increases in extractable nitrate and evolved carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. This is likely to have been effected by the PAM improving microbial conditions and partially being utilized as a substrate, with the latter being indicated by a PAM‐induced significant increase in the metabolic quotient. PAM did not reduce the microbial biomass except in one treatment at the highest application rate. Ammonium sulphate stimulated nitrification and reduced microbial biomass; the resultant acidification of the former is likely to have caused these effects. N fertilizer application may also have induced short‐term C‐limitation in the soil with impacts on microbial growth and respiration. The nitrification inhibitor DCD reduced the negative impacts on microbial biomass of (NH4)2SO4 and proved to be an effective soil amendment to reduce nitrification under conditions where mineralization was increased by addition of PAM.
Reduction of red blood cell transfusions by implementation of a concise pretransfusion checklist
Authors: van Gammeren A. J. , Haneveer M. M. C. , Slappendel R. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundThis study assesses the effect of the implementation of a concise pretransfusion checklist as a means for restrictive blood transfusion strategy.ObjectivesTo achieve an optimal use of red blood cells and to prevent overdosing of transfusion by implementation of a decision support algorithm.MethodsTo ensure adequate use of red blood cells, physicians were obliged to complete the checklist with pretransfusion patient information before transfusion was approved. Laboratory employees checked the information and provided approval or refused to process the request. The red blood cell transfusion events, length of stay and mortality were analysed during a pre‐ and post‐implementation period of 1 year.ResultsTransfusion requests decreased by 17·0%. The proportion of 1‐unit and 2‐unit transfusions decreased by 5·6% and 29·2%, respectively, corresponding with a total red blood cell units reduction of 22·6% and a yearly direct local cost reduction of 190·000 €. The median length of stay of transfused patients on wards decreased by 1·07 days (P < 0·05). Average pre‐ and post‐transfusion haemoglobin levels before and after implementation of the checklist decreased by 0·32–0·35 g L−1 (P < 0·05) for one unit red blood cell transfusions and 0·72–0·87 g L−1 (P < 0·05) for two units of red blood cell transfusions.ConclusionDecision support for transfusion necessity, in the form of a concise checklist as part of the transfusion request, is an example of a successful restricted blood transfusion strategy. The checklist can be applied in other hospitals as well.
Modeling Two‐Channel Speech Processing With the EPIC Cognitive Architecture
Authors: Kieras David E. , Wakefield Gregory H. , Thompson Eric R. , Iyer Nandini , Simpson Brian D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn important application of cognitive architectures is to provide human performance models that capture psychological mechanisms in a form that can be “programmed” to predict task performance of human–machine system designs. Although many aspects of human performance have been successfully modeled in this approach, accounting for multitalker speech task performance is a novel problem. This article presents a model for performance in a two‐talker task that incorporates concepts from psychoacoustics, in particular, masking effects and stream formation.
Instance‐Based Models of Metacognition in the Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Stevens Christopher A. , Taatgen Niels A. , Cnossen Fokie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this article, we examine the advantages of simple metacognitive capabilities in a repeated social dilemma. Two types of metacognitive agent were developed and compared with a non‐metacognitive agent and two fixed‐strategy agents. The first type of metacognitive agent (opponent perspective) takes the perspective of the opponent to anticipate the opponent's future actions and respond accordingly. The other metacognitive agent (modeler) predicts the opponent's next move based on the previous moves of the agent and the opponent. The modeler agent achieves better individual outcomes than a non‐metacognitive agent and is more successful at encouraging cooperation. The opponent‐perspective agent, by contrast, fails to achieve these outcomes because it lacks important information about the opponent. These simple agents provide insights regarding modeling of metacognition in more complex tasks.
An Individual's Rate of Forgetting Is Stable Over Time but Differs Across Materials
Authors: Sense Florian , Behrens Friederike , Meijer Rob R. , van Rijn Hedderik 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOne of the goals of computerized tutoring systems is to optimize the learning of facts. Over a hundred years of declarative memory research have identified two robust effects that can improve such systems: the spacing and the testing effect. By making optimal use of both and adjusting the system to the individual learner using cognitive models based on declarative memory theories, such systems consistently outperform traditional methods (Van Rijn, Van Maanen, & Van Woudenberg, 2009). This adjustment process is driven by a continuously updated estimate of the rate of forgetting for each item and learner on the basis of the learner's accuracy and response time. In this study, we investigated to what extent these estimates of individual rates of forgetting are stable over time and across different materials. We demonstrate that they are stable over time but not across materials. Even though most theories of human declarative memory assume a single underlying rate of forgetting, we show that, in practice, it makes sense to assume different materials are forgotten at different rates. If a computerized, adaptive fact‐learning system allowed different rates of forgetting for different materials, it could adapt to individual learners more readily.
Reconciling Two Computational Models of Working Memory in Aging
Authors: Hoareau Violette , Lemaire Benoît , Portrat Sophie , Plancher Gaën 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIt is well known that working memory performance changes with age. Two recent computational models of working memory,TBRS* andSOB‐CS, developed from young adultsWMperformances are opposed regarding the postulated causes of forgetting, namely time‐based decay and interference forTBRS* andSOB‐CS, respectively. In the present study, these models are applied on a set of complex span data produced by young and older adults. As expected, these models are unable to account for the older adult data. An investigation on the effect of the main parameters of these models showed that the poorer performance of older adults does not come from a weaker encoding of item but rather from difficulties during the free time that immediately follows each distractor, as well as from a higher level of confusion between items. These results are discussed with respect to the current theories of working memory and aging.
Cognitive Modeling at ICCM: State of the Art and Future Directions
Authors: Taatgen Niels A. , van Vugt Marieke K. , Borst Jelmer P. , Mehlhorn Katja 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe goal of cognitive modeling is to build faithful simulations of human cognition. One of the challenges is that multiple models can often explain the same phenomena. Another challenge is that models are often very hard to understand, explore, and reuse by others. We discuss some of the solutions that were discussed during the 2015 International Conference on Cognitive Modeling.
Rational Irrationality: Modeling Climate Change Belief Polarization Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Cook John , Lewandowsky Stephan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBelief polarization is said to occur when two people respond to the same evidence by updating their beliefs in opposite directions. This response is considered to be “irrational” because it involves contrary updating, a form of belief updating that appears to violate normatively optimal responding, as for example dictated by Bayes' theorem. In light of much evidence that people are capable of normatively optimal behavior, belief polarization presents a puzzling exception. We show that Bayesian networks, or Bayes nets, can simulate rational belief updating. When fit to experimental data, Bayes nets can help identify the factors that contribute to polarization. We present a study into belief updating concerning the reality of climate change in response to information about the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW). The study used representative samples of Australian and U.S. participants. Among Australians, consensus information partially neutralized the influence of worldview, with free‐market supporters showing a greater increase in acceptance of human‐caused global warming relative to free‐market opponents. In contrast, while consensus information overall had a positive effect on perceived consensus among U.S. participants, there was a reduction in perceived consensus and acceptance of human‐caused global warming for strong supporters of unregulated free markets. Fitting a Bayes net model to the data indicated that under a Bayesian framework, free‐market support is a significant driver of beliefs about climate change and trust in climate scientists. Further, active distrust of climate scientists among a small number of U.S. conservatives drives contrary updating in response to consensus information among this particular group.
Future Global Change and Cognition
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe 11 articles in this issue explore how people respond to climate change and other global challenges. The articles pursue three broad strands of enquiry that relate (1) to the effects and causes of “skepticism” about climate change, (2) the purely cognitive challenges that are posed by a complex scientific issue, and (3) the ways in which climate change can be communicated to a wider audience. Cognitive science can contribute to understanding people's responses to global challenges in many ways, and it may also contribute to implementing solutions to those problems.
Attention Modulates Spatial Precision in Multiple‐Object Tracking
Authors: Srivastava Nisheeth , Vul Ed 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present a computational model of multiple‐object tracking that makes trial‐level predictions about the allocation of visual attention and the effect of this allocation on observers' ability to track multiple objects simultaneously. This model follows the intuition that increased attention to a location increases the spatial resolution of its internal representation. Using a combination of empirical and computational experiments, we demonstrate the existence of a tight coupling between cognitive and perceptual resources in this task: Low‐level tracking of objects generates bottom‐up predictions of error likelihood, and high‐level attention allocation selectively reduces error probabilities in attended locations while increasing it at non‐attended locations. Whereas earlier models of multiple‐object tracking have predicted the big picture relationship between stimulus complexity and response accuracy, our approach makes accurate predictions of both the macro‐scale effect of target number and velocity on tracking difficulty and micro‐scale variations in difficulty across individual trials and targets arising from the idiosyncratic within‐trial interactions of targets and distractors.
Using the knowns to discover the unknowns: MS‐based dereplication uncovers structural diversity in 17‐hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside production in the Solanaceae
Authors: Heiling Sven , Khanal Santosh , Barsch Aiko , Zurek Gabriela , Baldwin Ian T. , Gaquerel Emmanuel 
Published: January 2016

SummaryExploring the diversity of plant secondary metabolism requires efficient methods to obtain sufficient structural insights to discriminate previously known from unknown metabolites. De novo structure elucidation and confirmation of known metabolites (dereplication) remain a major bottleneck for mass spectrometry‐based metabolomic workflows, and few systematic dereplication strategies have been developed for the analysis of entire compound classes across plant families, partly due to the complexity of plant metabolic profiles that complicates cross‐species comparisons. 17‐hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL‐DTGs) are abundant defensive secondary metabolites whose malonyl and glycosyl decorations are induced by jasmonate signaling in the ecological model plant Nicotiana attenuata. The multiple labile glycosidic bonds of HGL‐DTGs result in extensive in‐source fragmentation (IS‐CID) during ionization. To reconstruct these IS‐CID clusters from profiling data and identify precursor ions, we applied a deconvolution algorithm and created an MS/MS library from positive‐ion spectra of purified HGL‐DTGs. From this library, 251 non‐redundant fragments were annotated, and a workflow to characterize leaf, flower and fruit extracts of 35 solanaceous species was established. These analyses predicted 105 novel HGL‐DTGs that were restricted to Nicotiana, Capsicum and Lycium species. Interestingly, malonylation is a highly conserved step in HGL‐DTG metabolism, but is differentially affected by jasmonate signaling among Nicotiana species. This MS‐based workflow is readily applicable for cross‐species re‐identification/annotation of other compound classes with sufficient fragmentation knowledge, and therefore has the potential to support hypotheses regarding secondary metabolism diversification.
Orchestration of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in brassinosteroid‐mediated systemic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Deng Xing‐Guang , Zhu Tong , Zou Li‐Juan , Han Xue‐Ying , Zhou Xue , Xi De‐Hui , Zhang Da‐Wei , Lin Hong‐Hui 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBrassinosteroids (BRs) play essential roles in modulating plant growth, development and stress responses. Here, involvement of BRs in plant systemic resistance to virus was studied. Treatment of local leaves in Nicotiana benthamiana with BRs induced virus resistance in upper untreated leaves, accompanied by accumulations of H2O2 and NO. Scavenging of H2O2 or NO in upper leaves blocked BR‐induced systemic virus resistance. BR‐induced systemic H2O2 accumulation was blocked by local pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase or silencing of respiratory burst oxidase homolog gene NbRBOHB, but not by systemic NADPH oxidase inhibition or NbRBOHA silencing. Silencing of the nitrite‐dependent nitrate reductase gene NbNR or systemic pharmacological inhibition of NR compromised BR‐triggered systemic NO accumulation, while local inhibition of NR, silencing of NbNOA1 and inhibition of NOS had little effect. Moreover, we provide evidence that BR‐activated H2O2 is required for NO synthesis. Pharmacological scavenging or genetic inhibiting of H2O2 generation blocked BR‐induced systemic NO production, but BR‐induced H2O2 production was not sensitive to NO scavengers or silencing of NbNR. Systemically applied sodium nitroprusside rescued BR‐induced systemic virus defense in NbRBOHB‐silenced plants, but H2O2 did not reverse the effect of NbNR silencing on BR‐induced systemic virus resistance. Finally, we demonstrate that the receptor kinase BRI1(BR insensitive 1) is an upstream component in BR‐mediated systemic defense signaling, as silencing of NbBRI1 compromised the BR‐induced H2O2 and NO production associated with systemic virus resistance. Together, our pharmacological and genetic data suggest the existence of a signaling pathway leading to BR‐mediated systemic virus resistance that involves local Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog B (RBOHB)‐dependent H2O2 production and subsequent systemic NR‐dependent NO generation.