bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in adapting existing clinical natural language processing systems to multiple, diverse health care settings
Authors: Carrell David S , Schoen Robert E , Leffler Daniel A , Morris Michele , Rose Sherri , Baer Andrew , Crockett Seth D , Gourevitch Rebecca A , Dean Katie M , Mehrotra Ateev 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjective: Widespread application of clinical natural language processing (NLP) systems requires taking existing NLP systems and adapting them to diverse and heterogeneous settings. We describe the challenges faced and lessons learned in adapting an existing NLP system for measuring colonoscopy quality.Materials and Methods: Colonoscopy and pathology reports from 4 settings during 2013–2015, varying by geographic location, practice type, compensation structure, and electronic health record.Results: Though successful, adaptation required considerably more time and effort than anticipated. Typical NLP challenges in assembling corpora, diverse report structures, and idiosyncratic linguistic content were greatly magnified.Discussion: Strategies for addressing adaptation challenges include assessing site-specific diversity, setting realistic timelines, leveraging local electronic health record expertise, and undertaking extensive iterative development. More research is needed on how to make it easier to adapt NLP systems to new clinical settings.Conclusions: A key challenge in widespread application of NLP is adapting existing systems to new clinical settings.
Physiology of blood vessels
Authors: van Hinsbergh Victor W.M. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This chapter covers two major fields of the blood circulation: ‘distribution’ and ‘exchange’. After a short survey of the types of vessels, which form the circulation system together with the heart, the chapter describes how hydrostatic pressure derived from the heartbeat and vascular resistance determine the volume of blood that is locally delivered per time unit. The vascular resistance depends on the length of the vessel, blood viscosity, and, in particular, on the diameter of the vessel, as formulated in the Poiseuille-Hagen equation. Blood flow can be determined in vivo by different imaging modalities. A summary is provided of how smooth muscle cell contraction is regulated at the cellular level, and how neuronal, humoral, and paracrine factors affect smooth muscle contraction and thereby blood pressure and blood volume distribution among tissues. Subsequently the exchange of solutes and macromolecules over the capillary endothelium and the contribution of its surface layer, the glycocalyx, are discussed. After a description of the Starling equation for capillary exchange, new insights are summarized(in the so-called glycocalyx cleft model) that led to a new view on exchange along the capillary and on the contribution of oncotic pressure. Finally mechanisms are indicated in brief that play a role in keeping the blood volume constant, as a constant volume is a prerequisite for adequate functioning of the circulatory system.
Vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Bochaton-Piallat Marie-Luce , de Vries Carlie J.M. , van Eys Guillaume J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
To understand the function of arteries in the regulation of blood supply throughout the body it is essential to realize that the vessel wall is composed predominantly of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with only one single layer of luminal endothelial cells. SMCs determine the structure of arteries and are decisive in the regulation of blood flow. This review describes the reason for the large variation of SMCs throughout the vascular tree. This depends on embryonic origin and local conditions. SMCs have the unique capacity to react to these conditions by modulating their phenotype. So, in one situation SMCs may be contractile in response to blood pressure, in another situation they may be synthetic, providing compounds to increase the strength of the vascular wall by reinforcing the extracellular matrix. This phenotypic plasticity is necessary to keep arteries functional in fulfilling the metabolic demands in the various tissues of the body.
An adolescent with chest pain and cardiac hemangioma
Authors: Shaner Marie L. , Pauliks Linda B. , Leach Don , Myers John L. , Chang Dennis 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Less than 5% of chest pain in children is cardiac in origin, yet this complaint still represents one of the top reasons children are referred to pediatric cardiologists. This article describes a patient whose cardiac tumor illustrates the challenges of evaluating pediatric chest pain and the Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plan algorithm that can help.
Photography in Dermatologic Surgery: Selection of an Appropriate Camera Type for a Particular Clinical Application
Authors: Chen Brian R. , Poon Emily , Alam Murad 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND
Photographs are an essential tool for the documentation and sharing of findings in dermatologic surgery, and various camera types are available.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the currently available camera types in view of the special functional needs of procedural dermatologists.

METHODS
Mobile phone, point and shoot, digital single-lens reflex (DSLR), digital medium format, and 3-dimensional cameras were compared in terms of their usefulness for dermatologic surgeons. For each camera type, the image quality, as well as the other practical benefits and limitations, were evaluated with reference to a set of ideal camera characteristics. Based on these assessments, recommendations were made regarding the specific clinical circumstances in which each camera type would likely be most useful.

RESULTS
Mobile photography may be adequate when ease of use, availability, and accessibility are prioritized. Point and shoot cameras and DSLR cameras provide sufficient resolution for a range of clinical circumstances, while providing the added benefit of portability. Digital medium format cameras offer the highest image quality, with accurate color rendition and greater color depth. Three-dimensional imaging may be optimal for the definition of skin contour.

CONCLUSION
The selection of an optimal camera depends on the context in which it will be used.
Two-Year Clinical Outcome of 500 Consecutive Cases Undergoing Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Peraza-Nieves Jorge , Baydoun Lamis , Dapena Isabel , Ilyas Abbas , Frank Laurence E. , Luceri Salvatore , Ham Lisanne , Oellerich Silke , Melles Gerrit R. J. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:To evaluate the clinical outcome of 500 consecutive cases up to 2 years after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and to assess which parameters may have influenced the clinical outcome.Methods:From a group of 500 eyes (393 patients), which underwent DMEK for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), bullous keratopathy, failed corneal transplants and other indications, clinical outcomes [best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central endothelial cell density (ECD), and central corneal thickness] were evaluated before, and at 6, 12, and 24 months after DMEK and postoperative complications were documented.Results:At 12 months postoperatively, 81% of eyes reached a BCVA of ≥20/25 (≥0.8), 49% ≥20/20 (≥1.0), and 15% ≥20/18 (≥1.2) (n = 396) and remained stable up to 24 months (P= 0.828). Compared with preoperative ECD, mean postoperative ECD decreased by 37 (±18)%, 40 (±18)%, and 45 (±18)% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively (P< 0.05 for all time points). Surgery indication and graft attachment status were related to postoperative BCVA and ECD results. Eyes with FECD and attached grafts showed better BCVA outcomes and higher ECD (P< 0.05). Central corneal thickness decreased by 20 (±11)% to 525 (±46) μm from preoperative to 6 months postoperatively and remained stable thereafter (P> 0.05). Within the study period, retransplantation was required in 32 eyes (6.4%). Principal longer-term complications were secondary graft failure (1.4%) and allograft rejection (1.4%).Conclusions:Clinical outcomes remain excellent up to 2 years after DMEK, in particular for eyes operated on for FECD and with completely attached grafts.
Generation and comparative analysis of full-length transcriptomes in sweetpotato and its putative wild ancestorI. trifida
Authors: Luo Yonghai , Ding Na , Shi Xuan , Wu Yunxiang , Wang Ruyuan , Pei Lingquan , Xu Ruoyu , Cheng Shuo , Lian Yongyan , Gao Jingyan , Wang Aimin , Tang Jun , Cao Qinghe 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.] is one of the most important crops in many developing countries and provides a candidate source of bioenergy. However, neither high-quality reference genome nor large-scale full-length cDNA sequences for this outcrossing hexaploid are still lacking, which in turn impedes progress in research studies in sweetpotato functional genomics and molecular breeding. In this study, we apply a combination of second- and third-generation sequencing technologies to sequence full-length transcriptomes in sweetpotato and its putative ancestorI. trifida. In total, we obtained 53,861/51,184 high-quality transcripts, which includes 34,963/33,637 putative full-length cDNA sequences, from sweetpotato/I. trifida. Amongst, we identified 104,540/94,174 open reading frames, 1476/1475 transcription factors, 25,315/27,090 simple sequence repeats, 417/531 long non-coding RNAs out of the sweetpotato/I. trifidadataset. By utilizing public available genomic contigs, we analyzed the gene features (including exon number, exon size, intron number, intron size, exon-intron structure) of 33,119 and 32,793 full-length transcripts in sweetpotato andI. trifida, respectively. Furthermore, comparative analysis between our transcript datasets and other large-scale cDNA datasets from different plant species enables us assessing the quality of public datasets, estimating the genetic similarity across relative species, and surveyed the evolutionary pattern of genes. Overall, our study provided fundamental resources of large-scale full-length transcripts in sweetpotato and its putative ancestor, for the first time, and would facilitate structural, functional and comparative genomics studies in this important crop.
Predicting Causal Relationships from Biological Data: Applying Automated Casual Discovery on Mass Cytometry Data of Human Immune Cells
Authors: Triantafillou Sofia , Lagani Vincenzo , Heinze-Deml Christina , Schmidt Angelika , Tegner Jesper , Tsamardinos Ioannis 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTLearning the causal relationships that define a molecular system allows us to predict how the system will respond to different interventions. Distinguishing causality from mere association typically requires randomized experiments. Methods for automated causal discovery from limited experiments exist, but have so far rarely been tested in systems biology applications. In this work, we apply state-of-the art causal discovery methods on a large collection of public mass cytometry data sets, measuring intra-cellular signaling proteins of the human immune system and their response to several perturbations. We show how different experimental conditions can be used to facilitate causal discovery, and apply two fundamental methods that produce context-specific causal predictions. Causal predictions were reproducible across independent data sets from two different studies, but often disagree with the KEGG pathway databases. Within this context, we discuss the caveats we need to overcome for automated causal discovery to become a part of the routine data analysis in systems biology.
Managing graduate unemployment: the case of education students in Cyprus
Authors: Eliophotou Menon Maria , Athanasoula-Reppa Anastasia 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problems faced by unemployed and underemployed graduate students in a small European country. It focusses on the way young people adjust to unemployment and underemployment and on the specific strategies they use to enhance their employability. Various aspects of these strategies as they relate to student decision making and analysis are discussed. The role of new skills and competencies in managing graduate unemployment is examined.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative research was conducted with 15 graduate students of the Education Department of the University of Cyprus. In-depth interviews and focus-group interviews were used to collect data.

Findings
The results indicate that the main strategy used by respondents in order to enhance their prospects of employment is the acquisition of additional skills and competencies. A secondary strategy is the pursuit of employment opportunities abroad. Student decisions and perspectives appear to be optimistic, partially rational, placed within a short-term horizon and influenced by the belief in the investment value of education.

Research limitations/implications
The findings are qualitative and cannot be considered to be representative of the population. However, they allow an in-depth analysis of the way a group of students experiences and manages unemployment and underemployment.

Originality/value
The way young people deal with unemployment and underemployment has not been investigated in many studies, especially in relation to the degree to which graduates formulate specific strategies in order to manage the transition from the university to the world of work. Students’ and graduates’ perceptions regarding the association between skills and employment can provide the basis for more informed planning and policy making in higher education.
Social embeddedness, formal labor supply, and participation in informal work
Authors: Slack Tim , Cope Michael R. , Jensen Leif , Tickamyer Ann R. 
Published: March 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze data from the first-ever national-level study of informal work in the USA to test two prominent points of focus in the literature: how participation in informal work relates to social embeddedness and formal labor supply. This paper also provides a comparative test of the factors associated with exchange-based informal work (i.e. money/barter) vs self-provisioning activities.Design/methodology/approachThe study draws on data from a national-level household telephone survey and uses descriptive statistics and logistic regression models.FindingsThe data show that participation in the informal economy is widespread in the USA. Consistent with theory, it is found that measures of social embeddedness and formal labor supply are much more salient for predicting participation in informal work for money/barter compared to self-provisioning.Originality/valueDrawing on unique data from the first national-level household survey of informal work in the USA, this study provides generalizable support for the contention that the informal sector stands as a persistent structural feature in modern society. The results build on the wealth of information produced by qualitative case studies examining informal economic activity as well as a smaller number of regionally targeted surveys to provide important theoretical insights.
An investigation of marketing capabilities of informal microenterprises
Authors: Khan Eijaz Ahmed 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
Marketing capabilities of large- and medium-sized enterprise is well understood and focused, but little research has been done on microenterprise, especially in informal sector microenterprise. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what are the marketing capabilities of informal microenterprises (IMs) that could be sources of competitive performance.

Design/methodology/approach
At first, a literature review and pilot study was used to develop a list of marketing capabilities of IM street food vending. Then a quantitative approach was undertaken where questionnaire was developed and distributed to 42 street food vendors and 52 customers in Bangkok, Thailand. The collected data were analyzed using a descriptive statistic, principle component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and k-mean clustering technique.

Findings
Analysis revealed that IM street food vending has some unique marketing capabilities compared to formal restaurant. From the vendors’ point of view, it was found that cheaper pricing and quicker food delivery were the major contributors. On the other hand, from the customer point of view, convenient location, flexible business hours, fulfill customer food requirements, and cooking demonstration were noted significant.

Social implications
Policy makers and development agencies could be developed using various policy strategies such as business development support services as a tool to support IM operators.

Originality/value
This study provides a first step toward marketing capabilities of IM and makes several contributions to the literature.
Explaining participation in undeclared work in France: lessons for policy evaluation
Authors: Windebank Jan , Horodnic Ioana Alexandra 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
France is a model of best practice in the European Union as regards policy to combat undeclared work. The purpose of this paper is to take the country as a case study to evaluate the competing explanations of why people engage in undeclared work which underpin such policy, namely, the dominant rational-economic-actor approach and the more recent social-actor approach.

Design/methodology/approach
To evaluate these approaches, the results of 1,027 interviews undertaken in 2013 with a representative sample of the French population are analysed.

Findings
The finding is that higher perceived penalties and risks of detection have no significant impact on the likelihood of conducting undeclared work in France. In contrast, the level of tax morale has a significant impact on engagement in the activity: the higher the tax morale, the lower is the likelihood of participation in the undeclared economy. Higher penalties and risks of detection only decrease the likelihood of participation in undeclared work amongst the small minority of the French population with very low tax morale.

Practical implications
Current policy in France to counter undeclared work is informed principally by the rational-economic-actor approach based on a highly developed infrastructure for detection and significant penalties alongside incentives to declare small-scale own-account work. The present analysis suggests that this approach needs to be supplemented with measures to improve citizens’ commitment to compliance by enhancing tax morale.

Originality/value
This case study of a country with a well-developed policy framework to combat undeclared work provides evidence to support the social-actor approach for informing policy change.
Educational leadership for social justice in Costa Rica, Mexico, and Spain
Authors: Silva Patricia , Slater Charles L. , Lopez Gorosave Gema , Cerdas Victoria , Torres Nancy , Antunez Serafin , Briceno Fernando 
Published: March 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of school leaders to provide social justice in three contexts: Costa Rica, Mexico, and Spain.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative study was conducted under the interpretative tradition characterized by a search for an understanding of the social world from the point of view of a school director from each of the three countries. Interviews were conducted to determine their views on social justice, the actions they took, and the obstacles they confronted.FindingsThe directors conceived of education as a right and believed in equal educational opportunity, and fair distribution of resources. They used a variety of methods to promote social justice, increase social cohesion, and provide emotional education. Obstacles came from educational authorities who tried to control rather than support their efforts. They were committed to working in schools with marginalized populations, but their efforts had taken a toll on their personal and professional lives.Research limitations/implicationsThe research looked at just three principals whose experiences were unique to their context. However, the study has the advantage of looking at schools not typically included in educational research.Practical implicationsThe work of these school directors underscores the need for preparation in skills, knowledge, and values to work for social justice.Originality/valueThe value of this research is to illuminate the narratives of school leaders. Working across borders can provide insights about the possibilities of change and strength to persevere.
Estimates and inferences in accounting panel data sets: comparing approaches
Authors: Canitz Felix , Ballis-Papanastasiou Panagiotis , Fieberg Christian , Lopatta Kerstin , Varmaz Armin , Walker Thomas 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the methods commonly used in accounting literature to correct for cointegrated data and data that are neither stationary nor cointegrated.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted Monte Carlo simulations according to Baltagi et al. (2011), Petersen (2009) and Gow et al. (2010), to analyze how regression results are affected by the possible nonstationarity of the variables of interest.

Findings
The results of this study suggest that biases in regression estimates can be reduced and valid inferences can be obtained by using robust standard errors clustered by firm, clustered by firm and time or Fama–MacBeth t-statistics based on the mean and standard errors of the cross section of coefficients from time-series regressions.

Originality/value
The findings of this study are suited to guide future researchers regarding which estimation methods are the most reliable given the possible nonstationarity of the variables of interest.
Are community-managed libraries effective?
Authors: Cavanagh Michael John 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of community-managed libraries (CMLs) in England. It traces their history and considers the evidence base in respect of their effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach
Through quantitative research (web surveys) with volunteers and chief librarians, the study establishes: the range of services being delivered; the perceived need for and extent of training given to volunteers; the criteria through which public library effectiveness can be measured, and the extent to which CMLs are able to deliver against these criteria.

Findings
The study found widespread variation in the range of services offered and the extent of training received. Further, it found significant differences of opinion and priorities between the research groups in respect of the relative importance of various effectiveness criteria and the ability of CMLs to deliver against these criteria. The evidence from this study points to a fragmented and inconsistent network of volunteer delivered libraries. A key reason is the variation in approach and level of support from local authorities. The paper concludes that the lack of national standards and consistently applied professional advice could be contributing to this variation and points to the Welsh Public Libraries approach, based on their standards framework, as a model that could be replicated.

Originality/value
These findings have implications for policy makers in respect of the case made for the reintroduction of a standard/quality framework to reduce service variability. The findings will also be of value to local authorities that are considering implementing a community-managed library model.