bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy and Practice in Childcare and Nursery Education
Authors: PENN HELEN 
Published: July 2002

Historically there have been three strands of policy concerning provision
for young children. Nursery education has traditionally been provided for
three and four-year-olds as a free, part-time, school based service provided
by qualified teachers, and is regulated by education legislation. Childcare
for working parents is a full-time care service for children 0–5 to cover
working hours, provided by nursery nurses or unqualified care staff in a
variety of private settings including domestic settings; finding and paying
for this service has until now been the responsibility of parents. Childcare
is subject to the 1989 Children Act and the regulation is carried out by
social services departments. Welfare care for vulnerable children or children
in need is provided for young children aged 0–5 referred by social
workers to local authority social services or voluntary run day nurseries
or family centres, and also regulated under the terms of the Children Act.
All these policy strands are now under review by the government.There are a number of local authorities, voluntary organisations and
private firms who have attempted to provide nurseries which combine all
three strands of nursery education, childcare and welfare for vulnerable
children. This article draws on case study research carried out in
1995–97 on five such innovative integrated nurseries. The findings suggest
that there are very different kinds of practices with children which go
on in nursery education, childcare and welfare settings, and that these
practices tend to persist even when the functions of the institution are
broadened. The article concludes that a more fundamental analysis of
daily practice in nurseries is necessary to underpin any policy changes.
Human Services and the Voluntary Sector: Towards a

Theory of Comparative Advantage
Authors: BILLIS DAVID , GLENNERSTER HOWARD 
Published: July 2002

This article explores whether human service organisations

in the voluntary

sector possess characteristics which might assure them of possible

comparative advantages over the for-profit and public sectors with

respect to certain sorts of users. We argue that there are

inherent structural

characteristics of organisations in each sector (for example, ownership,

stakeholders and resources) which predispose them to respond

more or less sensitively to different states of

‘disadvantage’ experienced

by their users. These states are defined as financial, personal,

societal and

community disadvantage. We suggest that voluntary organisations have

a comparative advantage over other sector agencies in areas where their

distinctive ambiguous and hybrid structures enable them to overcome

problems of principal–agent gap, median voter reluctance,

weak messages from politicians to staff and lack of market interest.By taking ideas of comparative advantage into account, a coherent case

can be developed regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the expanded

role of voluntary agencies in welfare provision. In essence, the

article contends

that a diminution in stakeholder ambiguity, resulting from organisational

growth, lowers the comparative advantage of voluntary agencies.
Shepherds, innkeepers, and census-takers: the 1905 census in
two villages in Epirus
Authors: CAFTANZOGLOU ROXANE 
Published: July 2002

The origins of joint family households in the Balkans remain an
issue of
interest to many scholars of family history. This article focuses on the

joint family household pattern recorded in the 1905 Ottoman census in
two communities in Epirus. Related issues will also be discussed, such
as
the variations in household-formation behaviour within a community
regarded as ‘ethnically’ homogeneous, the extent to which joint
family
households should be viewed as an intrinsic trait of the culture and
economy of the Vlachs, and the problems that arise from relying
exclusively on quantitative data for understanding household and family
life.The 1905 census, the last one undertaken by the Ottoman authorities,

was intended to provide information on the Empire's ethnic composition,

in a context of increasing unrest and tension caused by rising nationalist

movements. The 1905 population listings of the two villages discussed in

this article, the Vlach village of Syrrako and the Greek one of Aristi
(or
Artsista, the older version of the village's name, used before the
trend to
‘Hellenicize’ Slav-sounding place names), are among the few
such
documents relating to Epirus to have been preserved. A relatively large

body of literature on Epirus communities, produced by travellers, local

historians, and geographers, furnishes additional information.
History of Air Maps and Charts
Authors: Steele Philip 
Published: July 2002

There is no generally accepted definition of the difference between
a map and a
chart. A widespread feeling probably exists favouring the old saying that
maps are
to look at and charts to work on. It is true that the term ‘aeronautical
chart’
gained a general currency over alternative terms as contact flying gave
way to
aerial navigation. But, in this paper, the terms ‘map’
and ‘chart’ will be used
as seems appropriate to each occasion, without attempt to conform to any

particular definition.We can get an idea of what was available to the earliest aviators by
looking at
an Ordnance Survey reprint of one of their nineteenth century maps (Fig.
1).
They are printed in one colour only, black on white. By far the predominant

feature is the hill shading. Quite gentle hills are hachured with a heaviness
which
tends to obscure both natural features like rivers, lakes and woodlands
and man-made constructions such as towns and villages, roads, canals and railways.
Hills
are, of course, very important features to those on the ground, since they
limit
the extent to which other features can be seen. To the soldier, the significance

of high ground is self-evident, and it was principally for the ordnance

requirements of soldiers that these maps had been developed. But when men

began to view the ground from the air, the perspective changed. Hills appeared

flattened out and, provided that you knew the height of the tallest in
the area
and were sure none would impede your take-off or landing, were of minor

significance. Lakes and woods, though, were spread out before you in their

distinctive shapes, while railway lines and canals presented bold straight
lines and
curves, and rivers their unique courses, to your view. The need was for
new
kinds of maps which would give due prominence to such features.
Testing the surveys and visual and track censuses of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra)
Authors: Ruiz‐Olmo Jordi , Saavedra Deli , Jiménez Juan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAt the end of the 1970s otter surveys were developed to study the distribution of the Eurasian otterLutra lutra. The method was quickly adopted and expanded to include other species of otter. Different methods to estimate otter density were also used. There is some uncertainty, however, as to the significance and precision of the results. Otter surveys, radio‐tracking studies and otter censuses (tracks and visual) were conducted in the same areas simultaneously. Comparison of the home ranges of otters tagged with transmitters with the results from otter surveys carried out in the same areas showed very similar otter distribution. Some 71+ of those sites examined in which only one otter lived were positive, and 97+ of those sites with two or more otters. Differences were found between different watercourses. In small or average sites with waterways, one single otter was capable of marking many kilometres so that it could be detected in most of the conventional 600 m sites (here 71+ of sites). The data obtained by radio‐tracking showed that almost all otters can be seen by experienced observers, confirming the validity of visual censuses. A high correlation was found between the number of otters seen during visual censuses and the number of otters detected by means of the length of their footprints. Using new and old tracks (2‐days‐old or more) the number of otters was overestimated.
Growth and ageing of feral Xenopus laevis (Daudin) in South Wales, U.K.
Authors: Measey G. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA feral population of African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis from a small pond in South Wales was sampled continuously for 2 years to assess morphometric growth. Toe‐clips taken at intervals over a 4‐year period were found to contain lines of arrested growth (LAG) which corresponded to each consecutive winter. The first toe‐clips revealed a population structure within the pond consisting of a dominant cohort of frogs with one LAG that metamorphosed in 1993, and a few older individuals. Subsequent toe‐clips in 1996 and 1998 gave two and four more LAG, respectively. Morphometric growth was found to be restricted to a short growing season, significant differences in the growth rates of males and females being first detected in their third growth season. Reproductively active frogs were still within their initial period of growth, suggesting that Xenopus laevis does not conform to the standard energy resource allocation mechanisms of typical ectotherms.
The foraging ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment: is a larger body size advantageous?
Authors: Bugalho M. N. , Milne J. A. , Racey P. A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn Mediterranean environments browse is expected to be a major component of the diet of red deer Cervus elaphus during the summer when most grasses senesce. In this study the hypothesis is tested that, if browse is an essential food resource at this time, the sex with the larger body size may have a greater physical ability to reach the tree canopy and include a higher proportion of browse in its diet. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) and composition of the diet of a population of red deer males and females were measured between July and September, in 1996 and 1997, in an area of Portugal with a Mediterranean type of climate, using the n‐alkane technique. Direct observations of animals browsing on tree canopies and shrubs were made also during the same period. The OMD of the diet was significantly different between sexes and between years and was higher in males than females both in 1996 (means ±sem for males and females, 0.65 and 0.58 ± 0.026, respectively) and 1997 (means for males and females, 0.59 and 0.48 ± 0.045, respectively). The proportion of cork oak Quercus suber in the diet was also significantly different between sexes and between years, with males having a higher proportion of cork oak in their diets in 1996 (males and females, 0.30 and 0.16 ± 0.037, respectively) and 1997 (males and females, 0.41 and 0.23 ± 0.064, respectively). A significantly lower proportion of the herbage layer was found in the diet of males in 1996 (males and females, 0.46 and 0.64 ± 0.048) but not in 1997. The number of observations of males browsing on tree canopies was significantly higher than females. It is concluded that there are differences between sexes in the composition and quality of the diet and that a larger body size may confer advantages in situations where browse is an essential food resource.
Critical exponent in a Stefan problem with kinetic condition
Authors: GUAN ZHICHENG , WANG XU-JIA 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we deal with the one-dimensional Stefan problemut−uxx

=s˙(t)δ(x−s(t))

in ℝ ;× ℝ+, u(x, 0)

=u0(x)with kinetic condition s˙(t)=f(u)

on the free boundary F={(x, t),

x=s(t)}, where δ(x) is the

Dirac function. We proved in [1] that if

[mid ]f(u)[mid ][les ]Meγ[mid ]u[mid ]

for some M>0 and γ∈(0, 1/4), then

there exists a global solution to the above problem; and the solution may
blow

up in finite time if f(u)[ges ]

Ceγ1[mid ]u[mid ]

for some γ1 large. In this paper we obtain the optimal

exponent, which turns out to be

√2πe. That is, the above problem has a global solution
if

[mid ]f(u)[mid ][les ]Meγ[mid ]u[mid ]

for some γ∈(0, √2πe),

and the solution may blow up in finite time if

f(u)[ges ]

Ce√2πe[mid ]u[mid ].
Special issue on Dependent Type Theory Meets Programming Practice CALL FOR PAPERS
Authors: Barthe Gilles , Dybjer Peter , Thiemann Peter 
Published: July 2002

Modern programming languages rely on advanced type systems that detect errors at compile-time.
While the benefits of type systems have long been recognized, there are some areas where
the standard systems in programming languages are not expressive enough. Language designers
usually trade expressiveness for decidability of the type system. Some interesting programs
will always be rejected (despite their semantical soundness) or be assigned uninformative
types.There are several remedies to this situation. Dependent type systems, which allow the
formation of types that explicitly depend on other types or values, are one of the most
promising approaches. These systems are well-investigated from a theoretical point of view
by logicians and type theorists. For example, dependent types are used in proof assistants to
implement various logics and there are sophisticated proof editors for developing programs
in a dependently typed language.To the present day, the impact of these developments on practical programming has been
small, partially because of the level of sophistication of these systems and of their type checkers.
Only recently, there have been efforts to integrate dependent systems into intermediate
languages in compilers and programming languages. Additional uses have been identified in
high-profile applications such as mobile code security, where terms of a dependently typed
lambda calculus to encode safety proofs.A special issue of the Journal of Functional Programming will be devoted to the interplay between
dependent type theory and programming practice. We welcome technical contributions
in the field, as well as position papers that:[bull ] make researchers in programming languages aware of new developments and research
directions on the theory side;[bull ] point out to theorists practical uses of advanced type systems and urge them to address
theoretical problems arising in emerging applications.Authors who are concerned about the appropriateness of a topic are welcome to contact
the guest editors. Manuscripts should be unpublished works and not submitted elsewhere.
Revised and enhanced versions of papers published in conference proceedings that have not
appeared in archival journals are eligible for submission. All submissions will be reviewed
according to the usual standards of scholarship and originality.Submissions should be sent to Gilles Barthe (Gilles.Barthe@inria.fr), with a copy to
Nasreen Ahmad (nasreen@dcs.gla.ac.uk). Submitted articles should be sent in postscript
format, preferably gzipped and uuencoded. In addition, please send, as plain text, title,
abstract and contact information.The submission deadline is December 1st, 2001.
EDITORIAL
Authors: PEYTON JONES SIMON , WADLER PHIL 
Published: July 2002

In the end, research on functional languages does little good unless
they are used
to write something other than compilers for functional languages. However,
if one
scans a typical functional programming conference or journal, one mainly
sees papers
on twists in language design, speed-ups in compiled code, clever new analyses,
or
refinements to semantic models. It much less common to see a paper that
considers
a functional language as a tool to some other practical end. We would like
to see
this change.The Journal of Functional Programming carries, and will continue
to carry, articles
on all aspects of functional programming from lambda calculus theory to
language
design to implementation. But we have specially sought, and will continue
to seek,
papers on functional programming practice and experience.Research and papers on practice and experience sometimes receive less
attention
because they are perceived as possessing less academic content. So we want
to
remind potential authors that we have published a number of papers on this
topic
in the past, and to spell out the criteria we apply to such papers.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: Dyer Joseph , Harper John 
Published: July 2002

Three of the articles in this issue of Plainsong & Medieval Music
were presented at a session devoted to medieval saints' offices
sponsored by the Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society at the 1999
International Medieval Congress at the University of Leeds. Two of the
papers (Caldwell, Hiley) are devoted to English saints, while a third
(Hankeln) surveys offices, monastic and secular, of the sainted royal
patrons of the diocese of Bamberg, Henry and Kunigunde. Elizabeth
Leach's article on the four-voice balades of Guillaume de Machaut brings
together considerations of transmission, fourteenth-century contrapuntal
theory, and performance practice.Beginning with this issue of Plainsong & Medieval Music every article
will be preceded by a short abstract. Brief identifications of the
authors, who will most likely be already known to readers in the
relatively small field of medieval music research, will include
their e-mail addresses.
A Large Deviation Inequality for Functions
of Independent, Multi-Way Choices
Authors: GRABLE D. A. 
Published: July 2002

Often when analysing randomized algorithms, especially
parallel or distributed algorithms,
one is called upon to show that some function of many
independent choices is tightly
concentrated about its expected value. For example, the
algorithm might colour the
vertices of a given graph with two colours and one would
wish to show that, with high
probability, very nearly half of all edges are monochromatic.The classic result of Chernoff [3] gives such a
large deviation result when the function
is a sum of independent indicator random variables. The
results of Hoeffding [5] and
Azuma [2] give similar results for functions which
can be expressed as martingales with
a bounded difference property. Roughly speaking, this means
that each individual choice
has a bounded effect on the value of the function. McDiarmid
[9] nicely summarized
these results and gave a host of applications. Expressed a
little differently, his main result is as follows.
On Dominating Sets and Independent Sets of Graphs
Authors: HARANT JOCHEN , PRUCHNEWSKI ANJA , VOIGT MARGIT 
Published: July 2002

For a graph G on vertex set V = {1, …, n} let
k = (k1, …, kn)
be an integral vector such that
1 [les ] ki [les ] di for
i ∈ V, where di is the degree of the vertex
i in G. A k-dominating set is a set
Dk ⊆ V such that every vertex
i ∈ V[setmn ]Dk has at least
ki neighbours in Dk. The
k-domination number γk(G) of G
is the cardinality of a smallest k-dominating set of G.For k1 = · · · = kn = 1,
k-domination corresponds to the usual concept of domination.
Our approach yields an improvement of an upper bound for the domination number found
by N. Alon and J. H. Spencer.If ki = di for
i = 1, …, n, then the notion of k-dominating set corresponds to the
complement of an independent set. A function fk(p)
is defined, and it will be proved that
γk(G) = min fk(p),
where the minimum is taken over the n-dimensional cube
Cn = {p = (p1, …, pn)
[mid ] pi ∈ ℝ, 0 [les ] pi
[les ] 1, i = 1, …, n}. An
[Oscr ](Δ22Δn-algorithm is presented, where Δ
is the maximum degree of G, with INPUT: p ∈ Cn
and OUTPUT: a k-dominating set Dk of G with
[mid ]Dk[mid ][les ]fk(p).
Comparative DNA Sequence Analysis of Mouse and Human Protocadherin Gene Clusters
Authors: Wu Qiang , Zhang Theresa , Cheng Jan-Fang , Kim Youngwook , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Dickson Mark , Noonan James P. , Zhang Michael Q. , Myers Richard M. , Maniatis Tom 
Published: July 2002

The genomic organization of the human protocadherin α, β, and γ gene clusters (designated Pcdhα [gene symbol PCDHA], Pcdhβ [PCDHB], and Pcdhγ [PCDHG]) is remarkably similar to that of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. The extracellular and transmembrane domains of each protocadherin protein are encoded by an unusually large “variable” region exon, while the intracellular domains are encoded by three small “constant” region exons located downstream from a tandem array of variable region exons. Here we report the results of a comparative DNA sequence analysis of the orthologous human (750 kb) and mouse (900 kb) protocadherin gene clusters. The organization of Pcdhα andPcdhγ gene clusters in the two species is virtually identical, whereas the mouse Pcdhβ gene cluster is larger and contains more genes than the human Pcdhβ gene cluster. We identified conserved DNA sequences upstream of the variable region exons, and found that these sequences are more conserved between orthologs than between paralogs. Within this region, there is a highly conserved DNA sequence motif located at about the same position upstream of the translation start codon of each variable region exon. In addition, the variable region of each gene cluster contains a rich array of CpG islands, whose location corresponds to the position of each variable region exon. These observations are consistent with the proposal that the expression of each variable region exon is regulated by a distinct promoter, which is highly conserved between orthologous variable region exons in mouse and human.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ data library under accession nos. AY013756–AY013813,AY013873–AY013878, AF332005, and AF332006.]
Reduced Na+ Uptake in the NaCl-Hypersensitive sos1 Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ding L. , Zhu J. K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
sos1 is an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with&gt;20 times higher sensitivity toward Na+ inhibition due to a defective high-affinity potassium-uptake system. We report here that sos1 accumulates less Na+ than the wild type in response to NaCl stress. The Na+ contents in sos1 seedlings exposed to 25 mM NaCl for 2 or more d are about 43% lower than those in the wild type. When assayed at 20 mM external NaCl, sos1 seedlings pretreated with low potassium have 32% lower Na+ uptake than the wild type. However, little difference in Na+ uptake could be measured when the seedlings were not pretreated with low potassium. Low-potassium treatment was shown to induce high-affinity potassium-uptake activity in Arabidopsis seedlings. No substantial difference in Na+ efflux between sos1 and the wild type was detected. The results show that the reduced Na+ accumulation in sos1 is due to a lower Na+ influx rate. Therefore, the sos1 mutation appears to disrupt low-affinity Na+ uptake in addition to its impairment of high-affinity K+ uptake.