bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peroneal tendon disorders
Authors: Davda Kinner , Malhotra Karan , O’Donnell Paul , Singh Dishan , Cullen Nicholas 
Published: June 2017

Pathological abnormality of the peroneal tendons is an under-appreciated source of lateral hindfoot pain and dysfunction that can be difficult to distinguish from lateral ankle ligament injuries. Enclosed within the lateral compartment of the leg, the peroneal tendons are the primary evertors of the foot and function as lateral ankle stabilisers. Pathology of the tendons falls into three broad categories: tendinitis and tenosynovitis, tendon subluxation and dislocation, and tendon splits and tears. These can be associated with ankle instability, hindfoot deformity and anomalous anatomy such as a low lying peroneus brevis or peroneus quartus. A thorough clinical examination should include an assessment of foot type (cavus or planovalgus), palpation of the peronei in the retromalleolar groove on resisted ankle dorsiflexion and eversion as well as testing of lateral ankle ligaments. Imaging including radiographs, ultrasound and MRI will help determine the diagnosis. Treatment recommendations for these disorders are primarily based on case series and expert opinion. The aim of this review is to summarise the current understanding of the anatomy and diagnostic evaluation of the peroneal tendons, and to present both conservative and operative management options of peroneal tendon lesions.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:281-292. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160047
Dynamic Panel Analysis of Construction Accidents in Hong Kong
Authors: Li Rita Yi Man , Chau Kwong Wing , Ho Daniel Chi Wing 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The construction industry is one of the riskiest industries with a large number of deaths and injuries every year. Large amounts of money are spent annually on workers’ compensation. Thus, it is important to investigate the factors which affect accident compensation in the eyes of judges. In this research paper, we utilized the court case reports available in HKLII from 2000 to 2015. Most of the victims have studied in secondary schools, are aged between 30 and 49 and have a monthly salary of less than HK$20,000. All the data were then analyzed and summarized by the content analysis method. After that, we used the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation and System-GMM dynamic panel econometrics method to study the dynamic relationship between these factors and the compensation for accidents. Academically, analysis of accident compensation in the past usually depended on analysis by the labour department. There is a limited number of quantitative court case reports analysis based on economic modelling. Furthermore, none of the previous research utilized the dynamic panel technique to study the relationships. It also fills the gap of the research in identifying whether non-Cantonese speakers are in disadvantage positions when they seek for compensation, longer hearings favour the contractors and whether mental disorder after accident shall lead to larger amount of compensation. Practically, the research offer important information for contractors and employers who may need to pay compensation due to workers’ accidents. The results show that non-Cantonese speakers receive less compensation as compared to locals and court cases with longer hearings are usually associated with larger amount of compensation. There is, however, no significant difference between victims with and without mental disorder in terms of compensation.
Old English Poetic Superlatives
Authors: Stanley E. G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper is designed to show how difficult it is for us in the twenty-first century to establish a valid response to the superlative of adjectives as used in Old English verse. In contradistinction to the monochromatically excessive use of superlatives in modern advertising, the distribution of superlatives is very varied in the English verse of more than a thousand years ago. The first part of the paper consists of a general survey of Old English superlatives, chiefly in the vernacular verse of the Anglo-Saxons, but their prose has not been wholly neglected. The study is evaluative, more so than is usual in sober Linguistics; to this purpose the superlative degree and its statistics contribute to an understanding of the triumphant ending of Beowulf, and grammar is to be seen as the handmaiden of literature.
The second part of the paper is more literary, and is based on the incidence of superlatives as presented in the first part. The density of superlatives in the opening of the minor poem Maxims II is observed, without any reasoning for that density. The density of rare superlatives in the last lines of Beowulf is admired for its aesthetic quality, brought out in Edwin Morgan’s poetic rendering of the poem. It is not forgotten that the rarity of a superlative in the extant verse may be because we cannot know if it would have been less rare had more verse survived. The reading of poetry must, if worthwhile, involve an aesthetic response. The paper, at the same time as exercising that response, stresses our insecurity when we respond to Old English poetry.
Norse Loans in Middle English and their Influence on Late Medieval London English
Authors: Lutz Angelika 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMost of the Norse legal and administrative terms attested in Old English were replaced by equivalents from the French superstrate soon after the Norman Conquest, whereas a remarkable number of more basic terms are known to have become part of the very basic vocabulary of modern Standard English. This paper focuses on Norse lexical loans that survived during and beyond the period of French rule and became part of this basic vocabulary. It explores (1) the regional and textual conditions for the survival of such loans and (2) their expansion into late medieval London English and into the emerging standard language. Based on selective textual evidence it is argued that they were not quite as basic originally, that they typically survived and developed in regional centres far away from the French-dominated court, and eventually infiltrated the area in and around late medieval London owing to its growing attraction as an economic and intellectual centre. Both the survival of Norse loans and their later usage expansion are shown to be in harmony with the principles of comparative contact linguistics.
Financial Model for Universal Minimum Benefit for Spain
Authors: Pena Miguel Noemi , De la Peña Esteban J. Inaki , Fernandez-Sainz Ana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The paper proposes a financial model suitable for ensuring the economic, financial and social sustainability of this basic protection. We have calculated the estimated cost for the Spanish population in 2010 and have estimated the cost for the following 12 years (three legislatures) under a range of demographic and economic assumptions. The results are then analysed to draw conclusions about the viability and sustainability of this basic social protection floor. A remarkable finding is that it is feasible to obtain greater coverage, but by requiring contributions of the State or other financial resources.
A quantitative approach to weighted Carleson condition
Authors: Rivera-Ríos Israel P. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Quantitative versions of weighted estimates obtained by F. Ruiz and J.L. Torrea [30, 31] for the operator are obtained. As a consequence, some sufficient conditions for the boundedness of Min the two weight setting in the spirit of the results obtained by C. Pérez and E. Rela [26] and very recently by M. Lacey and S. Spencer [17] for the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator are derived. As a byproduct some new quantitative estimates for the Poisson integral are obtained.
Performance properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate/brewers’ spent grain foamed composites as function of isocyanate index
Authors: Hejna Aleksander , Haponiuk Józef , Piszczyk Łukasz , Klein Marek , Formela Krzysztof 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn the presented work, rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams filled with brewers’ spent grain (BSG) were prepared. The influence of the isocyanate index (II) on its performance was investigated. Foams obtained with higher isocyanate index required a higher amount of hydrofluorocarbon physical blowing agent to provide the same apparent density of material. An increase of isocyanate index resulted in a slight decrease of cell size, which was related to the increased crosslink density due to enhanced generation of allophanate and biuret groups. Deterioration of compressive strength, from 226 to 202 kPa was observed with the rise of the isocyanate index. Dynamic mechanical analysis and swelling tests confirmed the increase of crosslink density with the increasing isocyanate index. The glass transition temperature rose from 165.7°C to 193.2°C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated an increase of the isocyanurate rings’ content in composites with a higher isocyanate index, causing noticeable enhancement of thermal stability. The onset of degradation was shifted from 196°C to 211°C.
Longitudinal Mediation Analysis with Time-varying Mediators and Exposures, with Application to Survival Outcomes
Authors: Zheng Wenjing , van der Laan Mark 
Published: June 2017

Abstract:1 In this paper, we study the effect of a time-varying exposure mediated by a time-varying intermediate variable. We consider general longitudinal settings, including survival outcomes. At a given time point, the exposure and mediator of interest are influenced by past covariates, mediators and exposures, and affect future covariates, mediators and exposures. Right censoring, if present, occurs in response to past history. To address the challenges in mediation analysis that are unique to these settings, we propose a formulation in terms of random interventions based on conditional distributions for the mediator. This formulation, in particular, allows for well-defined natural direct and indirect effects in the survival setting, and natural decomposition of the standard total effect. Upon establishing identifiability and the corresponding statistical estimands, we derive the efficient influence curves and establish their robustness properties. Applying Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation, we use these efficient influence curves to construct multiply robust and efficient estimators. We also present an inverse probability weighted estimator and a nested non-targeted substitution estimator for these parameters.
Assessment of insulin like growth factor-1 and IGF binding protein-3 in healthy Indian girls from Delhi and their correlation with age, pubertal status, obesity and thyroid hormonal status
Authors: Marwaha Raman K. , Garg M.K. , Gupta Sushil , Khurana A.K. , Narang Archna , Shukla Manoj , Arora Preeti , Chadha Aditi , Nayak Deb Datta , Manchanda R.K. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground:Population specific data and influence of sub-clinical hypothyroidism on insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in Indian children is lacking. This study was undertaken to evaluate serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and their correlation with age, gender, pubertal status and thyroid functions.Methods:A total of 840 apparently healthy school girls aged 6–18 years, were recruited for the study and underwent assessment of height, weight, body mass index, pubertal status and serum T3, T4, TSH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio.Results:The mean serum levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 levels and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio were 381.8±240.5 ng/mL, 4.19±2.08 μg/mL and 40.5±37.2%, respectively. The serum IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio increased significantly (p<0.0001) at 11 years followed by a steady yet non-significant rise till 16 years of age. A similar pattern was observed for IGFBP-3 showing a steep rise at 12 years and peaking at 16 years. Likewise, serum levels of IGF-1 and molar ratio of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 increased significantly with pubertal maturation from stage 1 to 3 and were higher in overweight girls compared to normal weight and obese girls. The growth factors were no different in girls with or without subclinical hypothyroidism.Conclusions:There was no significant impact of age on IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in pre-pubertal girls. A sudden marked increase at 11 years followed by a gradual rise in growth factors till 16 years is indicative of pubertal initiation and maturation. Subclinical hypothyroidism did not influence growth factors in girls.
High prevalence of organ specific autoantibodies in Indian type 1 diabetic patients
Authors: Shivaprasad Channabasappa , Kolly Anish , Pulikkal Annie , Kumar K.M. Prasanna 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground:Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is frequently associated with other autoimmune conditions such as autoimmune thyroiditis, coeliac disease (CD) and Addison’s disease. There are sparse data on the prevalence of antibodies against these conditions in Indian patients with T1D. This study aims to evaluate prevalence of these T1D associated autoantibodies in Indian patients.Methods:Two hundred and fifty-eight patients with T1D were recruited from the Bangalore Diabetes Hospital and the Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (VIMS) for the study. Participants diagnosed with diabetes before the age of 18 years, as per the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, and who were classified as T1D based on clinical grounds were recruited for the study. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) and IgA tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTG) were estimated in all the patients. 21-Hydroxylase antibody (21-OHAb) were estimated in 170 patients. All assays were done by commercial immunoassay. Eighty-eight unrelated age-matched healthy controls were chosen for comparison.Results:The mean age of T1D patients was 14.33 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 4.88 years. Anti-TPO was positive in 43 (16.7%) patients with T1D as compared to 3 (3.4%) in controls. IgA tTG was positive in 12 (4.65%) patients with T1D and was absent in controls. 21-OHAb was positive in two (1.1%) patients with T1D and was absent in controls. Both patients who had positive 21-OHab had the other two antibodies. Five patients had positive anti-TPO and IgA-tTG antibodies.Conclusions:Anti-TPO antibody was the most prevalent antibody in patients with T1D. Anti-TPO and IgA-tTG antibodies were significantly higher than in the control population. Further studies will be required to assess the clinical significance of these positive antibodies.
Validation of a new algorithm for the short-term variation of the fetal heart rate: an antepartum prospective study
Authors: Kouskouti Christina , Jonas Hella , Regner Kerstin , Ruisinger Pia , Knabl Julia , Kainer Franz 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAims:Currently one of the most widespread systems for the computerized analysis of the fetal heart rate (FHR) is the Dawes-Redman system, where the short-term variation (STV) of the FHR is measured by dividing each minute into 16 segments (STV16). Technical progress has allowed for the development of a new algorithm, which measures the STV by dividing each minute into 240 segments (STV240), thus approximating the beat-to-beat variation. The STV240 still lacks reference values. Our aim was to develop clinically relevant reference values for the STV240 and compare them to the ones for the STV16.Methods:In a single centre, observational study, a total of 228 cardiotocograms were registered and subsequently analyzed with both algorithms (STV240 and STV16).Results:The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for both algorithms. The values of the STV240 were significantly lower in comparison to the ones of the STV16. Not only the mean values but also the 95thpercentile of the STV240 lay beneath the existent cut-off value for the STV16.Conclusions:Every clinician using the new algorithm must be aware that the normal values for the STV240 lie beneath the, up until now, established cut-off values for the STV16.
Products Liability As Enterprise Liability
Authors: Keating Gregory C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the American legal academy, the prevailing wisdom about the rise of modern products liability law is framed by a debate which took place more than thirty years ago. George Priest’s brilliant 1985 paper The Invention of Enterprise Liability, asserted that modern American products liability law in its formative moment was enterprise liability incarnate, but condemned this commitment as itself a profound defect in products liability law. With rhetoric worthy of a Biblical Jeremiad, Priest argued that the “unavoidable implication of the three presuppositions of [enterprise liability] is absolute liability. The presuppositions themselves do not incorporate any conceptual limit to manufacturer liability.” Priest’s work was both immensely influential and sharply contested. Gary Schwartz, writing independently at first, argued that products liability law was really fault liability all along. According to Schwartz, the “vitality of negligence” was the driving force behind the expansion of tort liability over the course of the 20th century. Negligence conceptions lurked beneath product liability law’s surface embrace of strict liability. Or so Schwartz argued. Product defect liability was strict liability in name, but the risk-utility test of product defectiveness was in fact an aggressive application of negligence criteria.
Adulterated pharmaceutical chemicals in botanical dietary supplements: novel screening approaches
Authors: Liu Yan , Lu Feng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe increased availability and use of botanical dietary supplements (BDS) has been accompanied by an increased frequency of adulteration of these products with pharmaceutical chemicals. These adulterated products are a worldwide problem, and their consumption poses health risks to consumers. The main focus of this paper is to highlight novel screening approaches utilized in the detection of adulterants in BDS marketed for different therapeutic purposes. We summarize spectroscopic methods involving near-infrared, infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as feasible and interesting in-field screening tools for the analysis of suspected products (adulterated or not) before being sent to a laboratory for deeper inspection. In addition, the new approaches based on chromatographic methods such as liquid chromatography-circular dichroism, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, thin layer chromatography-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and thin layer chromatography-mass spectrometry are discussed and reviewed. Novel analysis strategies from targeted analysis to post-targeted and non-targeted analysis allowing simultaneous determination of the number of multiclass pharmaceuticals are discussed.
Networks Underpinning Symbiosis Revealed Through Cross-Species eQTL Mapping
Authors: Guo Yuelong , Fudali Sylwia , Gimeno Jacinta , DiGennaro Peter , Chang Stella , Williamson Valerie M , Bird David McK , Nielsen Dahlia M 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInteractions between species are pervasive among plants, animals, and microbes, and identifying the molecular signals involved is an active area of research..Organisms engage in extensive cross-species molecular dialog, yet the underlying molecular actors are known for only a few interactions. Many techniques have been designed to uncover genes involved in signaling between organisms. Typically, these focus on only one of the partners. We developed an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping-based approach to identify cause-and-effect relationships between genes from two partners engaged in an interspecific interaction. We demonstrated the approach by assaying expression of 98 isogenic plants (Medicago truncatula), each inoculated with a genetically distinct line of the diploid parasitic nematode Meloidogyne hapla. With this design, systematic differences in gene expression across host plants could be mapped to genetic polymorphisms of their infecting parasites. The effects of parasite genotypes on plant gene expression were often substantial, with up to 90-fold (P = 3.2 × 10−52) changes in expression levels caused by individual parasite loci. Mapped loci included a number of pleiotropic sites, including one 87-kb parasite locus that modulated expression of &gt;60 host genes. The 213 host genes identified were substantially enriched for transcription factors. We distilled higher-order connections between polymorphisms and genes from both species via network inference. To replicate our results and test whether effects were conserved across a broader host range, we performed a confirmatory experiment using M. hapla-infected tomato. This revealed that homologous genes were similarly affected. Finally, to validate the broader utility of cross-species eQTL mapping, we applied the strategy to data from a Salmonella infection study, successfully identifying polymorphisms in the human genome affecting bacterial expression.
KOMPOSISI NUTRISI RUMPUT LAUT Calcareous Halimeda opuntia PADA LINGKUNGAN PERAIRAN INDONESIA
Authors: Nurhayati Nurhayati , Apriani Siti Nurbaity Kartika , Nurbayasari Rodiah , Murdinah Murdinah 
Published: June 2017

Halimeda opuntia merupakan rumput laut Chlorophyta berkapur yang memiliki kandungan nutrisi untuk pangan fungsional. Namun, pergeseran komposisi nutrisi dapat terjadi akibat perubahan lingkungan akibat limpasan nutrien dan bahan organik lainnya yang umum terjadi di perairan pesisir Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan identifikasi pergeseran kandungan nutrisi H. opuntia yang tumbuh di zona intertidal agar dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pemilihan lokasi pengambilan bahan baku H. opuntia untuk produk fungsional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di empat lokasi perairan di Indonesia, yaitu perairan Binuangeun (Banten), Lampung Selatan, Lombok Timur (Nusa Tenggara Barat) dan Konawe Selatan (Sulawesi Tenggara). Karakteristik nutrisi dari rumput laut target meliputi kadar air, abu, protein, lemak, karbohidrat, dan serat kasar. Informasi lingkungan dari habitat sampel ditunjukkan melalui variabel kimia air yaitu DO, pH, salinitas, pCO2, kalsium aragonit, nitrogen anorganik terlarut, serta fosfat anorganik terlarut. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kondisi lingkungan eutrofik berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap komposisi nutrisi H. opuntia. pH dan salinitas menjadi faktor determinan positif (R2 = 0,75 pada p<0,05) terhadap kadar karbohidrat, sementara nitrogen anorganik terlarut menjadi faktor determinan negatif terhadap kadar protein dan lemak (R2= 0,81 dan 0,61 pada p<0,05). Berdasarkan kandungan nutrisinya, maka H. opuntia yang diperoleh dari habitat alamiah merupakan bahan baku produk fungsional yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan biota selaras dari perairan eutrofik.