bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Chromatin Dynamics in Radiation Carcinogenesis Modelling: Advantages and Uncertainties
Authors: Andreev S.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Existing experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that initiation of radiation-induced carcinogenesis is a highly frequent epigenetic event and does not require the impairment of specific genes directly by radiation. An attempt to formulate a model of radiation neoplastic transformation including an epigenetic mechanism is undertaken which is based on the close relationships between gene expression and chromatin structure. The model simulates some data on morphological transformation and allows the prediction of dose-response curves but still with insufficient accuracy. On the basis of modelling possible relationships between the damage of chromatin domains and carcinogenic initial lesions are discussed.
The Influence of Dust on the 210Po Signal in Retrospective Radon Measurements
Authors: Johansson L. , Wolff M. , Samuelsson C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In retrospective radon measurements, the signal from implanted 210Po is to be correlated with the long-term radon concentration of the indoor environment. The magnitude of the surface activity of 210Po is affected by external factors such as plateout rate. In our evaluation of the retrospective method, using sheets of glass as samples, an obstacle for implantation of 210Po in glass might be the thin layer of dust covering every authentic sample. Dust is present in every 'normal' indoor aerosol environment and tends to cover openly exposed surfaces like pictures and photographs. Since the range of the recoiling nuclides from the alpha decay is short, approximately 50 nm, the dust particles may prevent radon daughters from implantation in the glass. In this study, 20 authentically dusty glass samples were exposed to high radon concentrations in a radon room facility. The 210Po signal was then evaluated and compared with a clean reference glass, exposed under the same circumstances. The aerosol conditions were kept at an appropriate level typical for the indoor dwelling environment. To quantify the area of the dust particles on the glass, extinction measurements were performed on the dust layer of the glass samples.
Mapping the Proportion of the Housing Stock Exceeding a Radon Reference Level
Authors: Miles J.C.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In order to identify homes with high radon levels as efficiently as possible, it is necessary to have accurate numerical information on radon-prone areas. Maps based on geological indicators are generally qualitative and sometimes contain significant errors. Maps based on radon measurement in homes are definitive if sufficient results are available. Often there are small numbers of measurements, making it difficult to map the fraction of the housing stock which exceeds the reference level. However, distributions of radon levels are usually lognormal, so modelling of the distribution allows the fraction of the housing stock exceeding any level to be calculated. A database of 62,555 radon results in southwest England is used to show that the data within 5 km grid squares are consistent with lognormal distributions and to develop techniques for estimating for fraction of homes exceeding a radon reference level in each grid square, even where data are sparse.
Calibration of a Polycarbonate Etched Track Detector
Authors: Vanmarcke H. , Toye A. , Oberstedt S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The efficiency of the Karlsruhe etched track detector was determined over a wide range of radon exposures. Sixty four detectors were placed in an airtight chamber. The radon concentration was kept at about 80 kBq.m-3 by circulating air over a solid radium source. At predetermined times, a group of four detectors was taken out of the chamber. The exposure period varied from a few hours up to several months in order to determine the efficiency curve for low exposure as well as for the region of saturation. The functional form y=a(1-e-bx) was fitted to the data. The low exposure range was fitted with only first six data points. The slope is 0.546 tracks.cm-2.kBq-1.m3.h-1, which is comparable to the earlier value of 0.55 tracks.cm-2.kBq-1.m3.h-1. The high exposure range was fitted with the whole data set. The two curves intersect at 2700 tracks.cm-2. At higher track densities the curve based on the whole data set has to be used to convert the number of tracks into an exposure.
Radon Programme in the Netherlands: Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Authors: Jung D.W.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Dutch policy on the control of the risk of radon is predominantly based on the results of the Radon Research Programme. Important topics of the Radon Research Programme are described. Furthermore, the Dutch policy on indoor radiation is reviewed in view of the national environmental policy and radiation risk management. The policy on the control of radon in domestic and other buildings is related to other policies, both national and international, e.g. economic, environmental and housing policy. A short review of these relations in the Netherlands is given. In brief a description will be given of the attention paid by the government to the communication strategies used in order to enforce, for instance, remedial actions and the implementation of risk reduction technology.
The Effect of Temperatures up to 130 oC on the Responses of TLD 700
Authors: Douglas J.A. , Binns P.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The need to measure doses at temperatures up to 130 oC led to an investigation into the effect of exposure and storage at these temperatures on the response of TLD 700 before and after UV photo-transfer. As a preliminary, the delays required during the UV re-estimation process were optimised. The effects of storage and exposure were compared. This was followed by a detailed examination of the effects of storage at temperatures up to 130 oC. Glow curves were analysed to investigate the rates of growth and decay of the different peaks. The findings for peaks 6 and 7 are compatible with previously reported effects at lower temperatures on peaks 3, 4 and 5. Storage at temperatures of 130 oC or below for periods up to 28 days does not affect the UV photo-transfer response.
The Use of the Pre-Dose Technique for Environmental Dosimetry
Authors: Bailiff I.K. , Haskell E.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The pre-dose effect associated with the 100 oC TL peak of quartz is the basis of a dating technique developed at the Oxford Laboratory, and now in use to date pottery and brick at the Durham Laboratory. Recently its use for the measurement of fallout gamma dose has been initiated at the University of Utah. Using quartz extracted from fired brick, the technique has been shown to be sufficiently sensitive to measure doses in the region of 10 mGy. The complexities of the technique encountered during dating in its upper range (~5 Gy) are equally apparent in its lower range (10 mGy). With a common interest in the pre-dose technique, we discuss the research that is being performed to apply the technique through its full range in environmental dosimetry.
Calibration of Thermoluminescence Skin Dosemeter Response to Beta Emitters Found in Ontario Hydro Nuclear Power Stations
Authors: Walsh M.L. , Agnew D.A. , Donnelly K.E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In this study the response of the Ontario Hydro Thermoluminescence Dosimetry System to beta radiation in nuclear power station environments was evaluated. Synthetic beta spectra were constructed, based on activity samples from heat transport systems and fuelling machine contamination smears at nuclear power stations. Using these spectra and dosemeter energy response functions, an overall response factor for the skin dosemeter relative to skin dose at 7 mg.cm-2 was calculated. This calculation was done assuming three specific geometries; (1) an infinte uniformly contaminated plane source at a distance of 33 cm (50 mg.cm-2 total shielding) from the receptor; (2) an infinite cloud surrounding the receptor; (3) a point source at 33 cm. Based on these calculations, a conservative response factor of 0.7 has been chosen. This provides an equation for skin dose assignment: Skin Dose = 1.4 x Skin Dosemeter Reading, when the skin dosemeter is directly calibrated in mGy (gamma).
Temperature Dependence of the Fluorescence Spectra of Single Crystal CaF2:Mn
Authors: Abbundi R.J. , Cooke D.W. , Mathur V.K , Royce G.A. , Brown M.D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The temperature dependence of the fluorescence under X ray excitation of single crystal CaF2:Mn (3%) was examined from 13-519 K. The fluorescence spectra consisted of a broad band centred near 500 nm. The full width at half maximum steadily increased from 0.191 eV at 13 K to 0.295 eV at 519 K. A fit of these data to the usual expression for the full width of an emission band W(T) = W(0) [coth (h?/2kT)]1/2 yielded W(0) = 0.206 eV and ? = 7.0 x 1013 sec-1. The shape of the distribution was found to be non-Gaussian at all temperatures with a skewness to the high wavelength side. The peak position was observed to shift, as a result of the reduction in the crystal field, about 5 nm toward lower wavelength between 13-300 K and then remain stationary with further increase in temperature. The area under the fluorescence peak increased, between 13-400 K, by a factor of 2 and then gradually decreased at higher temperature.
Dose Independent Use of LiF Detectors in Mixed Neutron-Gamma Radiation Fields
Authors: Uray I. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The glow curve characteristics of TLD-100, -600 and -700 ribbons were investigated after irradiation by various mixed neutron-gamma fields. It was stated, that the supralinearity of the detectors shows a clear dose dependence, which can be handled mathematically. By this method the neutron and gamma responses of the detectors can be separately determined over a wide range of dose and mixing ratios. The accuracy of the separation of the response components is characterised mostly by the statistical error. The response to dose conversion for the gamma component is simple, while for the neutron component it depends on the neutron spectra and on the type of the detector. Simultaneous use of different types of LiF detectors may therefore give us some information about the energy spectra of the neutrons also. By this means a response to dose conversion is already achievable, also when the neutron spectra are unknown.
A Solid Basis for Individual Monitoring Systems. Silver Iodide, Lithium Fluoride or Silicon?
Authors: Dennis (INVITED) J.A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Technical experts have a tendency to believe that the selection of an appropriate system for personal dosimetry, i.e. photographic film, thermoluminescence, exoelectron emission, etc., will be determined by technical merit. There is in particular a tendency to believe that the accuracy and precision of the dosemeter is an overriding factor in selection. In fact, within the concepts and accuracies required and possible for personal monitoring, there is very little difference between the various systems. The perception of a need for innovation, the institutional image, accounting methods, and system reliability, are often decisive factors and ultimately in the modern world the economic factors of capital investment and running costs. System reliability is one of the most important and possibly neglected aspects of running costs, and a factor which has so far prevented the replacement of photographic film in many individual monitoring systems.
Thermoluminescence Dating of Sediments
Authors: Mejdahl (INVITED) V. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) dating of sediments is based on the observation that exposure of quartz and feldspar to sunlight rapidly reduces the TL level to a small residual value. Therefore, sediments transported by air or water will usually be deposited with a very small TL level. When the sediment has been covered as a result of subsequent sedimentation, the TL level again increases with time as a result of exposure of the minerals to the natural background radiation. The TL level is thus a measure of the accumulated radiation dose (the palaeodose), and the time elapsed since sedimentation is given by the ratio of the palaeodose to the annual dose. Techniques for determining the palaeodose are described including the regeneration, additive dose and R-T methods. Insufficient bleaching during transport, instability of the latent TL signal and non-linear dose response for older samples pose particular problems which are discussed. In several respects, TL dating of sediments is still at the experimental stage, but the method has a great potential for dating sediments within the last 500,000 years, a period for which there are few other absolute dating methods.
Properties of Radiophotoluminescent Glass Dosemeter Systems Using Pulsed Laser UV Excitation
Authors: Piesch E. , Burgkhardt B. , Fischer M. , Röber H.G. , Ugi S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The UV pulsed laser excitation of PL glasses has been investigated using the new Toshiba reader FGD-8 and flat FD-7 glasses of size 16x16x1.5 mm3. In comparison with the conventional UV excitation with mercury lamps, the nitrogen laser excitation decreases the pre-dose Ho by a factor of 100 to about 10 µSv. Glass cleaning is no longer necessary. The main parameters studied were the empirical standard deviation s(H) relative to dose, the total random uncertainty sR(H) with dose, and the lowest detectable dose HLDL has been found to be 30 µSv and 7 µSv for 10 laser pulses and 200 laser pulses per readout. For a dose equivalent &gt;1 mSv the relative s-value is &lt;1%. The photon energy dependence of flat glass dosemeters for the indication of Hp(10) is ±13% in the energy range 15 keV - 1.2 MeV. In combination with an automatic readout still in development at Toshiba the RPL system will in future be attractive for a large scale use in personal and environmental monitoring.
Mixed Field Multi-Element Beta/Gamma Dosemeter Design
Authors: Rayes I.M. , Stoebe T.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A multi-element TLD badge system has been designed for use with a Teledyne Isotopes TLD system. The badge contains four areas, each with its unique filtration, to allow discrimination between beta and gamma contributions at the various energies present in a mixed radiation field. The active TL element in the badge consists of CaSO4:Dy embedded in Teflon. Filtration from three filter elements allows energy and radiation discrimination in the badge. These filters are designed as follows: (a) a beta shield to filter out 97% of the incident betas; (b) a gamma energy compensation filter to allow dose determination for photon radiation of all energies; and (c) a bias filter to record all high energy photons. Doses recorded by the TL element under each filter are compared with the total dose recorded under an open window. Intercomparisons of recorded doses from these four areas then allow both beta-gamma discrimination and gamma energy discrimination.
The Reconstruction Problem in Microdosimetry
Authors: Breckow J. , Friede H. , Hahn K. , Roos H. , Kellerer A.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A generalised formulation of microdosimetry clarifies the linkages between the spatial distribution of energy deposits, their proximity function, and the specific energy. The role of the proximity function suggest that it may replace, for various purposes, the inchoate distribution. The Fourier transform of the proximity function is the product of the Fourier transform of the inchoate distribution with its conjugate. This operation causes the loss of phase information, and the reconstruction problem - the reconstruction of the inchoate distribution from its proximity function - can, therefore, not be resolved by a mere deconvolution. For any finite point pattern one can, however, show that its proximity function permits, in principle, the reconstruction. Numerical examples with 2-dimensional patterns of up to 30 points have consistently led to unique solutions, apart from reflections. While there is a finite algorithm, it is readily seen that the number of steps becomes excessive when the number of points in the pattern increases. The reconstruction problem can, thus, be solved in principle but not necessarily in practice. A more general approach must thus be based on numerical optimisation. The algorithm starts with an assumed initial point pattern and utilises a suitable measure for the difference between its proximity function and that of the original pattern. Minimising this difference can lead to the original or to a similar pattern. With simple algorithms one obtains convergence only for patterns of few points; but improved optimisation methods are likely to provide more general solutions.
Biological Action of Single Heavy Ions on Individual Yeast Cells
Authors: Kost M. , Schneider E. , Kiefer J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Diploid yeast cells placed on nuclear track detector foils were exposed to heavy ions of different atomic number and energy. To assess the action of one single heavy ion on an individual yeast cell, track parameters and the respective colony forming capabilities were determined with the help of computer aided image analysis. The results show that the biological action depends on atomic number and specific energy of the impinging heavy ions.
Highly Sensitive Thermoluminescent Anion-Defect Alpha-Al2O3:C Single Crystal Detectors
Authors: Akselrod M.S. , Kortov V.S. , Kravetsky D.J. , Gotlib V.I. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
New highly sensitive thermoluminescence detectors of universal application on the basis of anion-defect a-Al2O3:C single crystals have been developed. The decisive role of non-stoichiometry in forming luminescence properties of crystals has been ascertained by methods of optical, luminescent and exoemission spectroscopy. Detectors possess the sum total of unique dosimetric properties: sensitivity to gamma radiation 50 times higher than that of LiF:Mg,Ti: low background; dose threshold about 10-6 Gy; a single glow peak at 460 K; blue luminescence band at 420 nm; negligible fading and possibility of re-use without annealing procedures.
Thermoluminescence and Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission in Ca3(PO4)2:Ce
Authors: Fukuda Y. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Ca3(PO4)2, an essential constituent of bones and teeth, was doped with CeO2 and X irradiated to study its thermoluminescence (TL) and thermally exoelectron emission (TSEE). The intensity of the TL response against irradiation dose was increased remarkably by the addition of Ce ions, the TL peaks being found at (1) 90-100 oC, (2) 125-130 oC, (3) 225-235 oC, (4) 315-320 oC, and (5) 340-350 oC. These peaks appeared in a-Ca3(PO4)2 doped with CeO2 obtained by heating the ß phase. In the TSEE glow spectra of a-Ca3(PO4)2 doped with CeO2 the TSEE peaks were found at (A) 115-120 oC, (B) 245-250 oC, and (C) 340-345 oC. Peaks (A), (B), and (C) seem to correspond to the TL peaks (2), (3), and (5), respectively. The TL emission spectra for Ca3(PO4)2 doped with CeO2 showed a maximum at 350 nm for all temperatures during TL measurements. The emission is possibly due to the recombination reaction: Ce4+ + e ® Ce3+* ® Ce3+ + hv (350 nm).
Thermoluminescent Response of 6LiF (Mg,Cu,P) and 7LiF (Mg,Cu,P) TL Chips in Neutron and Gamma Ray Mixed Radiation Fields
Authors: Wang S.S. , Cai G.G. , Zhou K.Q. , Zhou R.X. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The newly developed 6LiF (Mg,Cu,P) and 7LiF (Mg,Cu,P) TL chips have been investigated for their relative TL sensitivity, glow curve structure, photon energy dependence, gamma ray and neutron dose response linearity. The experimental results given in this paper establish that: (1) the TL sensitivities of 6LiF (Mg,Cu,P) and 7LiF (Mg,Cu,P) were nearly the same as that of LiF (Mg,Cu,P) for gamma rays; (2) the TL response (reading) of 6LiF (Mg,Cu,P) was nine times larger than that of 6LiF (Mg,Ti) for thermal neutrons, but normalised to gamma ray response this ratio was 0.33; and (3) normalised to gamma ray response the sensitivity for thermal neutrons was much lower for 7LiF (Mg,Cu,P) than for TLD-700.
TSEE and TL Beta Dosimetry
Authors: Hobzová L. , Novotný J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) and thermally stimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE) responses of various detectors to beta emitters of different maximum energy have been studied for the purposes of beta dosimetry. Theoretically calculated values of relative dose distribution in tissue and plastics were compared with experimentally observed responses. The improvement in beta detection efficiency of newly prepared TL materials with or without graphite was also investigated.
Triboluminescence of Sodium Chloride
Authors: Copty-Wergles K. , Nowotny R. , Hille P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The triboluminescence of sodium chloride was measured by shaking the grain material in a flat pan in an axial direction. The glow curves were measured over periods longer than 270 min. The influence of radiation dose was investigated in a dose range of 0.1 Gy and 3 kGy. Saturation occurs at 1.5 kGy. The total light output measured for triboluminescence is more than a factor of 192 of that observed for lyoluminescence depending on the integration interval. Triboluminescence was also measured for other alkali halides such as LiF (TLD-100), NaBr and LiCl using the same apparatus and glow curve patterns different from that of NaCl were observed.
On the Physical Properties of Metallic Colloids in Ionic Crystal Applicable to a Dosemeter
Authors: Inabe K. , Owaki S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermal stability of Na colloids formed in NaC1 after intense electron irradiation was investigated by using photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). It was found that both isothermal and isochronal bleaching of the colloidal band (C-band) consists of two stages: initial slow and subsequently rapid decay, which shows an exponential decrease associated with a thermal activation energy more than 2.0 eV. The rapid decay of the C-band was also found to accompany a TL glow peak indicating the recombination between the colloids and the hole centres.
Modelling Supralinearity in Gamma Irradiated TL Dosemeters
Authors: McKeever (INVITED) S.W.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The growth of TL peak 5 in LiF:Mg,Ti with absorbed dose is well known to be linear-supralinear-sublinear and many different models have been proposed to explain this behaviour. However, the observation of a linear-sublinear growth of the optical absorption bands associated with this TL peak precludes any model which involves mechanisms active during the absorption stage. This paper argues in favour of a competition-during-heating model and briefly discusses both a phenomenological and a defect interaction description of the process. Both descriptions yield the same equation for the growth of the TL signal with applied dose. By incorporating spatial association between the traps and recombination sites the linear-supralinearity behaviour is predicted. The relevance of the analysis to other TLDs is discussed.