bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NATURAL PERMEATION ENHANCER FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AND PERMEATION EVALUATION: A REVIEW
Authors: Das Asha , Ahmed Abdul Baquee 
Published: September 2017

The transdermal drug delivery route is evolving as a potential route due to its advantages of bypassing the hepatic first pass metabolism, decreased side effects and gastrointestinal effects, improve patience compliance as it is a pain-free self-administration for patients, etc. The major setback appearing in this route is the difficulty of the drugs to penetrate through the skin as the stratum corneum (outermost layer of the skin) forms a protective barrier for the underlying tissues from the outer environment. A transdermally delivered drug can only show its action when it can cross the transdermal barrier to reach the systemic circulation and for helping on doing that the penetration enhancer are the agents which increase the permeability of the skin which on return maintains the drug level in the blood. Permeation enhancers can be of a chemical type, natural type, and physical type. The present review describes the natural permeation enhancers can be which be employed for transdermal permeation of drugs.
The Effects of Using Bank Auditors on Audit Quality and the Agency Cost of Bank Loans
Authors: Chan K. Hung , Jiang Ellen Jin , Mo Phyllis Lai Lan 
Published: September 2017

SYNOPSIS
In this study, we examine the effect of a borrower having the same auditor as its main creditor bank on audit quality and the cost of the firm's bank loans. Japan is chosen as the context for this study because of its long-established bank-based system and the heavy reliance of Japanese companies on bank loans as a source of financing. The recent accounting scandals at Olympus Corporation and Toshiba Corporation highlight concerns about audit quality in Japan. Using a sample of Japanese listed companies, we provide evidence that the more a borrowing company depends on its main bank loans as a source of financing, the more likely the company is to choose the same auditor as its main bank. We also provide empirical evidence that, compared with companies that use different auditors, companies that use the same auditor as their main banks have higher audit quality, which reduces agency problems and results in a lower cost of bank loans. As bank loans are the most important source of external financing for listed and privately held firms in many countries, our results have implications for banks in terms of extending credit to their customers and for firm managers' financial management.
SEC Filings, Regulatory Deadlines, and Capital Market Consequences
Authors: Bartov Eli , Konchitchki Yaniv 
Published: September 2017

SYNOPSIS
Timely disclosure of financial statement information is a critical requirement for firms and well-functioning capital markets. Yet, every quarter or year, a non-trivial number of firms are late in filing their financial statements. This paper identifies and probes various capital market consequences for late filings of quarterly and annual financial statements. It examines the short- and long-window reaction to late filings, as well as how equity investors process statements accompanying late filing announcements, such as managers declaring intentions to file within/outside the SEC's allowed grace periods. This paper documents that delayed quarterly filings have distinctly different valuation implications than delayed annual filings over the short and long run, and that accounting problems play a unique role in signaling the seriousness of the delay. It also shows that investors do not accept management's delay-related assertions at face value, and that delayed filing announcements signal continued poor performance that is not fully reflected in stock prices at the time the announcements are made. Overall, this paper sheds new light on important capital market consequences of filing financial statements late.
Voluntary Clawback Adoption and the Use of Financial Measures in CFO Bonus Plans
Authors: Kroos Peter , Schabus Mario , Verbeeten Frank 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Firms trade off CFOs' fiduciary duties against their decision-making duties when designing CFO bonus plans. Decreasing bonus incentives tied to financial measures benefits CFOs' fiduciary responsibilities at the expense of motivating their decision-making duties. As prior research indicates that clawbacks increase personal misreporting costs through the loss of previously awarded compensation, we examine whether clawbacks allow firms to increase incentives in CFO bonus contracts. Based on a sample of U.S. firms between 2007 and 2013, we find that clawbacks are associated with greater CFO bonus incentives. We also find the increase in incentives to be more pronounced for CFOs relative to other executives. Our results are moderated by firms' susceptibility to misreporting. The relation between clawbacks and incentives is weaker when firms experienced internal control deficiencies, have larger abnormal accruals, when CFOs are more vulnerable to pressure from CEOs, and when audit committees have less financial expertise and prestige.
Finding Common Ground: COSO's Control Frameworks and the Levers of Control
Authors: Balakrishnan Ramji , Matsumura Ella Mae , Ramamoorti Sridhar 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
We examine the extent to which the 2013 COSO Internal Control—Integrated Framework (ICIF) succeeds in the goal to expand its application beyond a compliance framework. We do so by mapping the points of focus in the 2013 ICIF to the principles articulated in the Levers of Control (LOC) framework advocated by Simons (1995). The analysis shows how the revision achieves partial success. This identification of areas in which the frameworks overlap promotes an integrated view of organizational control and aids assessment of the efficacy of a firm's control over its strategic and operational processes. We also examine the extent to which the 2016 COSO Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Exposure Draft captures non-overlapping areas between the 2013 ICIF and the LOC, and highlight implications for future work in this evolving area.
Incidence, Demographics, and Clinical Characteristics of Diabetes of the Exocrine Pancreas (Type 3c): A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Woodmansey Chris , McGovern Andrew P. , McCullough Katherine A. , Whyte Martin B. , Munro Neil M. , Correa Ana C. , Gatenby Piers A.C. , Jones Simon A. , de Lusignan Simon 
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVEThis study was conducted to describe the incidence of diabetes following pancreatic disease, assess how these patients are classified by clinicians, and compare clinical characteristics with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSPrimary care records in England (n = 2,360,631) were searched for incident cases of adult-onset diabetes between 1 January 2005 and 31 March 2016. We examined demographics, diabetes classification, glycemic control, and insulin use in those with and without pancreatic disease (subcategorized into acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatic disease) before diabetes diagnosis. Regression analysis was used to control for baseline potential risk factors for poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥7% [53 mmol/mol]) and insulin requirement.RESULTSWe identified 31,789 new diagnoses of adult-onset diabetes. Diabetes following pancreatic disease (2.59 [95% CI 2.38–2.81] per 100,000 person-years) was more common than type 1 diabetes (1.64 [1.47–1.82]; P &lt; 0.001). The 559 cases of diabetes following pancreatic disease were mostly classified by clinicians as type 2 diabetes (87.8%) and uncommonly as diabetes of the exocrine pancreas (2.7%). Diabetes following pancreatic disease was diagnosed at a median age of 59 years and BMI of 29.2 kg/m2. Diabetes following pancreatic disease was associated with poor glycemic control (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7 [1.3–2.2]; P &lt; 0.001) compared with type 2 diabetes. Insulin use within 5 years was 4.1% (3.8–4.4) with type 2 diabetes, 20.9% (14.6–28.9) with diabetes following acute pancreatitis, and 45.8% (34.2–57.9) with diabetes following chronic pancreatic disease.CONCLUSIONSDiabetes of the exocrine pancreas is frequently labeled type 2 diabetes but has worse glycemic control and a markedly greater requirement for insulin.
Dysglycemia and Index60 as Prediagnostic End Points for Type 1 Diabetes Prevention Trials
Authors: Nathan Brandon M. , Boulware David , Geyer Susan , Atkinson Mark A. , Colman Peter , Goland Robin , Russell William , Wentworth John M. , Wilson Darrell M. , Evans-Molina Carmella , Wherrett Diane , Skyler Jay S. , Moran Antoinette , Sosenko Jay M. ,   the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet and Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 Study Groups
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE
We assessed dysglycemia and a T1D Diagnostic Index60 (Index60) ≥1.00 (on the basis of fasting C-peptide, 60-min glucose, and 60-min C-peptide levels) as prediagnostic end points for type 1 diabetes among Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study participants.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two cohorts were analyzed: 1) baseline normoglycemic oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) with an incident dysglycemic OGTT and 2) baseline Index60 &lt;1.00 OGTTs with an incident Index60 ≥1.00 OGTT. Incident dysglycemic OGTTs were divided into those with (DYS/IND+) and without (DYS/IND−) concomitant Index60 ≥1.00. Incident Index60 ≥1.00 OGTTs were divided into those with (IND/DYS+) and without (IND/DYS−) concomitant dysglycemia.

RESULTS
The cumulative incidence for type 1 diabetes was greater after IND/DYS− than after DYS/IND− (P &lt; 0.01). Within the normoglycemic cohort, the cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes was higher after DYS/IND+ than after DYS/IND− (P &lt; 0.001), whereas within the Index60 &lt;1.00 cohort, the cumulative incidence after IND/DYS+ and after IND/DYS− did not differ significantly. Among nonprogressors, type 1 diabetes risk at the last OGTT was greater for IND/DYS− than for DYS/IND− (P &lt; 0.001). Hazard ratios (HRs) of DYS/IND− with age and 30- to 0-min C-peptide were positive (P &lt; 0.001 for both), whereas HRs of type 1 diabetes with these variables were inverse (P &lt; 0.001 for both). In contrast, HRs of IND/DYS− and type 1 diabetes with age and 30- to 0-min C-peptide were consistent (all inverse [P &lt; 0.01 for all]).

CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that incident dysglycemia without Index60 ≥1.00 is a suboptimal prediagnostic end point for type 1 diabetes. Measures that include both glucose and C-peptide levels, such as Index60 ≥1.00, appear better suited as prediagnostic end points.
Boletín de Filología. Santiago de Chile. Tomo 8 (1954-1955): Homenaje a Rodolfo Oroz.
Authors: Lope Blanch Juan M. 
Published: September 2017

Se reseñó: Boletín de Filología. Santiago de Chile. Tomo 8 (1954-1955): Homenaje a Rodolfo Oroz.
James Willis Robb, Patterns of image and structure in the essays of Alfonso Reyes. Abstract of a dissertation. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D. C., 1958; 92 pp. (Studies in Romance Languages and Literatures, 66).
Authors: Mejía Sánchez Ernesto 
Published: September 2017

Se reseñó el libro: Patterns of image and structure in the essays of Alfonso Reyes.
Sinus Bacteriology in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis or Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Møller Maria E. , Alanin Mikkel C. , Grønhøj Christian , Aanœs Kasper , Høiby Niels , von Buchwaldm Christian 
Published: September 2017

Background A correlation exists between the microbial flora of the upper and lower airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The sinuses can function as a bacterial reservoir where gram-negative bacteria adapt to the airways and repeatedly are aspirated to and colonize the lungs according to the theory of the united (unified) airways. Whereas the pattern of bacterial flora in the lower airways has been extensively studied, the upper airways have drawn limited attention. Objective Our aim was to review the literature that reported bacterial flora in the sinuses and nasal cavities of patients with CF or PCD. Methods A number of medical literature data bases were systematically searched between January 1960 and July 2016. We applied the following inclusion criteria: a minimum of one case of PCD (or Kartagener syndrome) or CF, and microbiology analyses from the nose or paranasal sinuses. Results We included 46 studies (1823 patients) from 16 countries. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 30% of the noses and sinuses of patients with CF. Other common bacteria found included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and Haemophilus influenzae. In PCD, H. influenzae was the most common bacteria (28%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. If studies that included nonsurgical swab and blowing samples were excluded, then P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in patients with CF (34%) and in patients with PCD (50%), followed by S. aureus and H. influenza. Conclusion S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and H. influenzae dominated in the upper airways of patients with CF. In patients with PCD, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa dominated. When studies that included swab and blowing samples were excluded, P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in both groups. Direct comparisons among the studies were restricted due to very heterogeneous methods, and a better standardization of procedures and outcomes is needed.
Primary Endoscopic Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy for Pediatric Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Saniasiaya Jeyasakthy , Abdullah Baharudin , Husain Salina , Wang De Yun , Mohammad Zahiruddin Wan 
Published: September 2017

Background Epiphora secondary to nasolacrimal duct obstruction is common in the pediatric age group. The mainstay treatment among these young patients has been conservative. Once epiphora becomes recalcitrant, however, an external or an endonasal approach is considered. Objective Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR) entails creating an opening from the lacrimal sac directly into the nasal cavity to counteract nasolacrimal duct obstruction. We reviewed the literature to determine the effectiveness and the safety of primary EDCR to treat pediatric nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Method A literature search was conducted by using a number of medical literature data bases for the period from 1995 to 2016. The following search words were used either individually or in combination: epiphora, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, laser-assisted endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, children, congenital, acquired, presaccal obstruction, and postsaccal obstruction. In addition, a few articles were identified based on the experience and information provided by the senior authors (B.A., S.H., D.Y.W.). The search was conducted over a 1-month period (January 2017). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions were followed when possible. Results Only 10 original clinical research articles were selected based on our objectives and selection criteria. All the studies were at level of evidence III: nonrandomized and noncomparative prospective or retrospective case series. Altogether, 313 patients with ages that ranged from 4 months to 18 years were enrolled. A total of 352 EDCRs were performed that were either single sided (n = 313) or bilateral (n = 39). The most common causes of the obstruction were classified as congenital, followed by idiopathic, and then acquired. A meta-analysis was not performed because of the heterogeneity of the patient groups and variability of the methods used to measure outcomes. Conclusion Analysis of the results indicated that EDCR was an effective, safe therapeutic approach to treating nasolacrimal duct obstruction in pediatric patients. It should be considered as an alternative procedure to external dacryocystorhinostomy after a failed conservative treatment.
Outcomes of Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with and without Association of Inverted Papilloma: A Multi-Institutional Analysis
Authors: Lobo Brian C. , D'Anza Brian , Farlow Janice L. , Tang Dennis , Woodard Troy D. , Ting Jonathan Y. , Sindwani Raj 
Published: September 2017

Introduction Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for <1% of all malignancies but represents 70% of sinonasal cancer. Up to 10% of SCCs are associated with inverted papilloma (IPSCC). Studies that compare patients, treatment, and outcomes of SCC and IPSCC are absent in the literature. Methods A retrospective review of patients with SCC and those with IPSCC at Cleveland Clinic and Indiana University from 1995 to 2015. The records were analyzed for demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Results The study comprised 117 patients with SCC, of whom, 29 had IPSCC. The mean age at diagnosis was similar: 63 and 64 years for patients with SCC and patients with IPSCC, respectively; with female patients representing 36% and 34%, respectively (p > 0.99). Smokers represented 64% of the patients with SCC and 55% of patients with IPSCC (p = 0.3); excessive alcohol intake was noted in 16% of the patients with SCC and 21% of the patients with IPSCC (p = 0.56). The maxillary sinus was most commonly involved, followed by the nasal cavity (51% versus 35% SCC, 45% versus 38% IPSCC). Frontal ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses contained primary tumors only in patients with SCC. Upfront treatment was surgery in 84% of patients with SCC and 97% of patients with IPSCC (p = 0.18); 68 and 55% received radiation, respectively, and 25 and 21% received chemotherapy, respectively. Overall survival averaged 5.5 and 3.4 years for patients with SCC and patients with IPSCC, respectively (p = 0.12); disease-free survival was 4.8 and 2.9 years, respectively (p = 0.18). Nodal metastasis was more likely in patients with SCC (18 versus 0%; p = 0.02). When divided into high- and low-stage disease: more common nodal metastases were demonstrated in high-stage SCC than in low-stage disease (p = 0.03). Overall survival was decreased between high- and low-grade disease but not when subdivided between SCC and IPSCC. Conclusion Although SCC with and without IP association are considered different diseases, their demographics and outcomes seem similar. Nodal metastasis was noted to be higher in the SCC cohort, which may indicate different tumor biology. Further study is warranted.
Comparison Between Amaryl and Nut Grass (Cyperus rotindus L.) Rhizome Extract on Blood Sugar Levels of Male Mice (Mus musculus L.) Induced by Alloxan
Authors: Besty Prastiwy Ayu Ayssca , Busman Hendri , Nurcahyani Nuning 
Published: September 2017

Nut grass rhizome contains several chemical compounds including aetheric oil, flavonoid, saponine, and antidiabetic agents, where as amaryl is a chemical medicine used to treat diabetes. A study about the comparison between amaryl and nut grass rhizome extract on blood sugar levels of male mice has been conducted. The study aimed to determine the effect of nut grass rhizome extract compared to amaryl in decreasing the blood sugar levels of male mice. The mice were divided into four groups of treatment, each group consists of six mice. The mice were intraperitoneally induced by alloxan to induce diabetes with the dosage of 0,15 mg/40 gr BB, using 0,9% of NaCl as solvent, before being given the medicine. Later, the mice were given amaryl and the nut grass rhizome extract, they were group 1 as control : amaryl 0,4 mg/40 gr BW in 0,4 ml/100 ml of aqua bidest, group 2: nut grass rhizome extract 4,5 mg/40 gr BB in 0,4 ml/100 ml of aqua bidest, group 3: nut grass rhizome extract 45 mg/40 gr BB in 0,4 ml/100 ml of aqua bidest, group 4: nut grass rhizome extract 135 mg/40 gr BB in 0,4 ml/100 ml of aqua bidest. The result showed that the mice given nut grass rhizome extract with the dosage of 135 mg/40 g BW had significantly decreased blood sugar level compared to amaryl. This was the effect of flavoniod compound in the nut grass rhizome extract which was rich in antioxidants so it could decrease the blood sugar levels of the diabetic mice.Key words: amaryl, nut grass rhizome extract, intraperitoneal, flavonoid, anti oxidants, diabetes.
Effect of Citric Acid, Aluminum and It’s Interaction in The Seedling Growth of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Varietas Anjasmoro
Authors: Hervidea Radella , Zulkifli Zulkifli , Lande Martha Lulus 
Published: September 2017

The objective of this research was to know whether citric acid was able to decrease effect of aluminum on the seedling growth of soybean (Glycine max L.) varietas anjasmoro. The experiment was conducted in Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Lampung University on January 2016 in 2x3 factorial designs. Factor A was aluminum with 2 levels : 0 mM and 5 mM. Factor B was citric acid with 3 levels : 0 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM. Variables in this research were fress weight, dry weight, relative water content and total chlorophyll content. Analysis of variance was conducted at 5% significant level. If interaction was not significant, main effect was determined with lsd test at 5% significant level. If interaction was significant simple effect was determined with F test at 5% significant level. The result showed that the citric acid decreased fress weight, dry weight, relative water content and no effect on total chlorophyll content while aluminum did not affect all variables and no interaction between citric acid and aluminum on all variables. It is concluded that citric acid was not able to inprove seedling growth of soybean varietas anjasmoro with aluminum or no aluminum. Keyword : Citric acid, Aluminum, Soybean, Frees weight , dry weight