bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who's Afraid of the Human Genome Project?
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: January 2016

The Human Genome Project (henceforth HGP) arouses strong feelings. Enthusiasts view it as the culmination of the extraordinary progress of molecular biology during the past half century and as the beginnings of a revolutionized biology and medicine (Gilbert 1992, Caskey 1992). Detractors charge that it is wasteful, misguided, and pregnant with possibilities for social harm (Lewontin 1992, Hubbard and Wald 1993). In a short paper it is plainly impossible to explore all the sources of disagreement. My aim will be to consider the debate about the purely scientific merit of the HGP, to sketch the nature of the short-term issues which the project raises, and, finally, to identify what I take to be the deepest and most difficult questions.The official goals of the HGP are to map and sequence the human genome, and the genomes of other organisms (so-called “model organisms”).
Canopy position has a profound effect on soybean seed composition
Authors: Huber Steven C , Li Kunzhi , Nelson Randall , Ulyanov Alexander , DeMuro Catherine M. , Baxter Ivan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough soybean seeds appear homogeneous, their composition (protein, oil and mineral concentrations) can vary significantly with the canopy position where they were produced. In studies with 10 cultivars grown over a 3-yr period, we found that seeds produced at the top of the canopy have higher concentrations of protein but less oil and lower concentrations of minerals such as Mg, Fe, and Cu compared to seeds produced at the bottom of the canopy. Among cultivars, mean protein concentration (average of different positions) correlated positively with mean concentrations of S, Zn and Fe, but not other minerals. Therefore, on a whole plant basis, the uptake and allocation of S, Zn and Fe to seeds correlated with the production and allocation of reduced N to seed protein; however, the reduced N and correlated minerals (S, Zn and Fe) showed different patterns of allocation among node positions. For example, while mean concentrations of protein and Fe correlated positively, the two parameters correlated negatively in terms of variation with canopy position. Altering the microenvironment within the soybean canopy by removing neighboring plants at flowering increased protein concentration in particular at lower node positions and thus altered the node-position gradient in protein (and oil) without altering the distribution of Mg, Fe and Cu, suggesting different underlying control mechanisms. Metabolomic analysis of developing seeds at different positions in the canopy suggests that availability of free asparagine may be a positive determinant of storage protein accumulation in seeds and may explain the increased protein accumulation in seeds produced at the top of the canopy. Our results establish node-position variation in seed constituents and provide a new experimental system to identify genes controlling key aspects of seed composition. In addition, our results provide an unexpected and simple approach to link agronomic practices to improve human nutrition and health in developing countries because food products produced from seeds at the bottom of the canopy contained higher Fe concentrations than products from the top of the canopy. Therefore, using seeds produced in the lower canopy for production of iron-rich soy foods for human consumption could be important when plants are the major source of protein and human diets can be chronically deficient in Fe and other minerals.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Promotes V-ATPase Activation and Vacuolar Acidification and Delays Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Leaf Senescence
Authors: Liu Jian , Ji Yingbin , Zhou Jun , Xing Da 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
PI3K and its product PI3P are both involved in plant development and stress responses. In this study, the down-regulation of PI3K activity accelerated leaf senescence induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and suppressed the activation of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). Yeast two-hybrid analyses indicated that PI3K bound to the V-ATPase B subunit (VHA-B). Analysis of bimolecular fluorescence complementation in tobacco guard cells showed that PI3K interacted with VHA-B2 in the tonoplasts. Through the use of pharmacological and genetic tools, we found that PI3K and V-ATPase promoted vacuolar acidification and stomatal closure during leaf senescence. Vacuolar acidification was suppressed by the PIKfyve inhibitor in 35S:AtVPS34-YFP Arabidopsis during MeJA-induced leaf senescence, but the decrease was lower than that in YFP-labeled Arabidopsis. These results suggest that PI3K promotes V-ATPase activation and consequently induces vacuolar acidification and stomatal closure, thereby delaying MeJA-induced leaf senescence.
Boston sport organizations and community disaster recovery
Authors: Finch Bryan 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role played by sport organizations in the community recovery efforts in Boston following the 2013 marathon bombings.

Design/methodology/approach
– Interview questions were created following initial site visits and content analysis of 40 media reports specifically dealing with social recovery efforts following the attacks. Six semi-structured interviews with professional team and organizational leaders were completed and analyzed to gain insight into the leader’s perspectives of the relief process. Finally, the media reports and interviews were reviewed and specific recovery efforts were classified into tangible, emotional, or informational support categories.

Findings
– The findings of this case study are specific to the disaster relief efforts in Boston, Massachusetts following the 2013 marathon bombings and therefore cannot be generalized beyond this scope. This paper provided focussed analysis of the reactions of several Boston area sport organizations during the immediate disaster recovery period. The long-term impacts of these efforts require further investigation.

Practical implications
– The examination of the viewpoints of the sport organization leaders following the disaster may provide insight for other sport organization leaders and civic officials as they prepare for future challenges.

Originality/value
– This paper provides a detailed examination of several sport organizations responses following the community disaster in Boston. It also provides unique perspectives from the sport organization leaders.
The game changes: “Disaster Prevention and Management” after a quarter of a century
Authors: Alexander David E. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to mark the 25th anniversary of the founding ofDisaster Prevention and Management. It reviews the modern-day challenges facing researchers, scholars and practitioners who work in the field of disaster risk reduction (DRR).Design/methodology/approach– The paper reviews key issues in DRR, including the relationship between capital and labour and its influence on vulnerability, the role of human mobility and migration in disaster vulnerability and the definition of welfare.Findings– There is a need for a major revision in the body of disaster theory so that it can take account dynamic changes in the modern world. In the future, climate change and migration may radically alter the bases of vulnerability, risk and impact. The ways in which this will occur are not yet clear, but indications can be gained from current trends and the state of foment in which the world presently exists.Research limitations/implications– Prediction of future developments is always subject to the caveat that unexpected influences may change the expected course of events. However, the authors need to anticipate developments in order to produce theory, policies and practical solutions that are well-thought-out and viable.Practical implications– Disaster theory must adapt to new conditions if it is to remain the “road-map” that clarifies complex realities and enables disasters to be managed and abated.Social implications– Huge changes in the stability, expectations and vulnerabilities of populations are underway. These need to be understood much more fully in terms of their ability to influence disaster risks and impacts.Originality/value– Presently, few analyses of the dynamism of global society are able to present a clear picture of the future needs of theory generation, scholarship and research.
Bullying and victimisation are common in four‐year‐old children and are associated with somatic symptoms and conduct and peer problems
Authors: Ilola Anna‐Marja , Lempinen Lotta , Huttunen Jukka , Ristkari Terja , Sourander Andre 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThere are few population‐based studies on bullying behaviour among preschool children. The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence of bullying behaviour among four‐year‐old children, as reported by their parents, the prevalence of types of bullying behaviour and the associations between bullying behaviour and psychosocial factors.MethodsThis study was based on a population‐based study sample of 931 children who attended their check‐up at a child health clinic at four years of age. Parents completed the questionnaire about their child's bullying behaviour and risk factors during the check‐up.ResultsBullying behaviour, especially being both a bully and a victim, was a common phenomenon among four‐year‐old children. Being a bully or both a bully and victim were most strongly associated with conduct problems, while being a victim was associated with somatic symptoms and peer problems.ConclusionBullying behaviour was frequently found in preschool children and associated with a wide range of other problems, which indicate that routine checking of bullying behaviour should be included in child health clinic check‐ups. Bullying prevention programmes are usually targeted at school‐aged children, but this study highlights the importance of focusing already on preschool children.
ABCG2 deficiency in skin impairs re‐epithelialization in cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Chang Hsiao‐Min , Huang Wen‐Yen , Lin Sung‐Jan , Huang Wei‐Chao , Shen Chia‐Rui , Mao Wan‐Yu , Shen Chia‐Ning 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe ATP‐binding cassette transporter ABCG2 is expressed in the interfollicular epidermis and mediates the side‐population phenotype in skin cells. However, the role of ABCG2 in skin is unclear. Increased expression levels of ABCG2 were found at the basal layer of transitional epidermis adjacent to cutaneous wounds in human patients, indicating that ABCG2 may be involved in regulating the wound healing process. To investigate the role of ABCG2 in cutaneous wound healing, full‐thickness skin wounds were created in ABCG2 knockout (ABCG2‐KO) and wild‐type mice. The healing process was analysed and revealed that ABCG2 deficiency in skin results in delays in wound closure and impairments in re‐epithelialization, as evidenced by reductions in both suprabasal differentiation and in p63‐expressing keratinocytes migrating from transitional epidermis to epithelial tongues. The reduction in p63‐expressing cells may be due to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in ABCG2‐KO epidermis, which can cause DNA damage and lead to proliferation arrest. To determine whether ABCG2 deficiency affects the potency of epidermal stem/progenitor cells (EPCs), transplantation studies were carried out, which demonstrated that ABCG2‐KO EPCs display higher levels of γH2AX and lose the capacity to differentiate into suprabasal keratinocytes. A competitive repopulation assay confirmed that ABCG2 expression is critical for the proper expansion and differentiation of EPCs in cutaneous wounds. As EPCs are known to contribute to the healing of larger wounds, the current findings imply a functional role for ABCG2 in the expansion and differentiation of p63‐expressing EPCs. Thus, ABCG2 deficiency in skin impairs re‐epithelialization in cutaneous wound healing.
Gestational Age at Term, Delivery Circumstance, and Their Association with Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
Authors: Talge Nicole M. , Allswede Dana M. , Holzman Claudia 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundPerinatal characteristics may identify subgroups of term‐born children at risk for academic and behavioural difficulties. Using follow‐up data from the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health Study, we subdivided term births according to two potential markers of perinatal risk (gestational age, delivery circumstance) and evaluated their association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.MethodsWe included children born at term whose mothers completed the Conners’ Parent Rating Scales‐Revised‐Short Form (CPRS‐R‐S) (n = 610; ages: 3–9 years). The CPRS‐R‐S yields age and sex‐referenced T‐scores for the two primary dimensions of ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity) and an ADHD Index that reflects both dimensions. Using general linear models, we evaluated whether: (1) term delivery defined by gestational week (reference: 39–40 weeks), or (2) term delivery circumstance defined by labour onset type and mode of delivery (reference: spontaneous labour, vaginal delivery) was associated with these problems.ResultsFollowing adjustment for parity, sociodemographics, and maternal mental health both during pregnancy and at the child follow‐up survey, the induced labour plus caesarean group exhibited higher inattention and ADHD Index scores relative to the spontaneous labour, vaginal delivery group (inattention: mean difference = 5.1, 95% CI 0.6, 9.7; ADHD Index: mean difference = 4.1, 95% CI 0.5, 7.8). Findings were primarily driven by male children.ConclusionsAmong term‐born children, only those whose mothers experienced induction of labour that culminated in caesarean delivery exhibited higher levels of ADHD symptoms. Prenatal, antepartum, and/or postnatal factors associated with this delivery profile may reflect increased risk for such problems.
Human Cytomegalovirus Stimulates the Synthesis of Select Akt-Dependent Antiapoptotic Proteins during Viral Entry To Promote Survival of Infected Monocytes
Authors: Peppenelli Megan A. , Arend Kyle C. , Cojohari Olesea , Moorman Nathaniel J. , Chan Gary C. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPrimary peripheral blood monocytes are responsible for the hematogenous dissemination of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) following a primary infection. To facilitate viral spread, we have previously shown HCMV to extend the short 48-h life span of monocytes. Mechanistically, HCMV upregulated two specific cellular antiapoptotic proteins, myeloid leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), to block the two proteolytic cleavages necessary for the formation of fully active caspase 3 and the subsequent initiation of apoptosis. We now show that HCMV more robustly upregulated Mcl-1 than normal myeloid growth factors and that Mcl-1 was the only myeloid survival factor to rapidly induce HSP27 prior to the 48-h cell fate checkpoint. We determined that HCMV glycoproteins gB and gH signal through the cellular epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and αvβ3 integrin, respectively, during viral entry in order to drive the increase of Mcl-1 and HSP27 in an Akt-dependent manner. Although Akt is known to regulate protein stability and transcription, we found that gB- and gH-initiated signaling preferentially and cooperatively stimulated the synthesis of Mcl-1 and HSP27 through mTOR-mediated translation. Overall, these data suggest that the unique signaling network generated during the viral entry process stimulates the upregulation of select antiapoptotic proteins allowing for the differentiation of short-lived monocytes into long-lived macrophages, a key step in the viral dissemination strategy.IMPORTANCEHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is endemic within the human population. Although primary infection is generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, HCMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised. The multiorgan inflammatory diseases associated with symptomatic HCMV infection are a direct consequence of the monocyte-mediated systemic spread of the virus. In order for peripheral blood monocytes to facilitate viral dissemination, HCMV subverts the short 48-h life span of monocytes by inducing the expression of cellular antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and HSP27. Here, we demonstrate that the rapid and simultaneous upregulation of Mcl-1 and HSP27 is a distinctive feature of HCMV-induced monocyte survival. Moreover, we decipher the signaling pathways activated during viral entry needed for the robust synthesis of Mcl-1 and HSP27. Identifying the virus-specific mechanisms used to upregulate select cellular factors required for the survival of HCMV-infected monocytes is important to the development of new classes of anti-HCMV drugs.
State injury prevention policies and variation in death from injury
Authors: Kaufman Elinore J , Wiebe Douglas J 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesDeath from injury is frequently preventable, but injury remains a leading cause of death in the USA. While evidence-based strategies exist to prevent many types of injuries, effective policies for implementing these strategies at the population level are needed to reduce injury deaths. We identified promising injury prevention policies and evaluated their association with injury death rate (IDR).MethodsWe identified 11 injury prevention policies and accessed data on 2013 state and county IDRs. States were divided into strong, moderate and weak tertiles based on total number of policies in place. Adjusted regression modelling compared the strength of state prevention policies with IDRs at the state level and then at the county level to account for variability within states.ResultsThe strength of state prevention policies (tertile) was not significantly associated with IDR in US states. However, counties in strong policy states had a 11.8-point lower IDR compared with those in weak policy states (p=0.001).ConclusionsStates with more injury prevention policies in place have lower rates of death from injury, particularly when evaluated at the county level. Implementing recommended prevention policies holds potential to prevent injury death in the USA.
Severe stress following bereavement during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: results from a population-based cohort study
Authors: Plana-Ripoll Oleguer , Parner Erik , Olsen Jørn , Li Jiong 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundPrevious findings on the association between stress during pregnancy and pregnancy loss are inconsistent. We aimed to estimate this association using a large prospective cohort.MethodsThis population-based study included all 1 303 660 clinically recognised pregnancies in Denmark between 1995 and 2008. We categorised women as exposed to severe stress if they lost a child, sibling or parent during pregnancy. Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to study the association between exposure and rate of fetal death, starting with the follow-up on the day of completion of week 4 of pregnancy. In an attempt to control for unknown potential confounders, we also designed a pregnancy-matched analysis in which each woman had her own baseline risk of pregnancy loss and controls therefore for genetic and time-stable environmental factors.ResultsA total of 146 031 pregnancies ended in clinically recognised fetal loss (11.2%) and a total of 10 808 (0.8%) women were categorised as exposed. The overall risk of pregnancy loss was similar in the exposed and unexposed (aHR=1.05, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.15). Results from the pregnancy-matched analysis (performed in 423 women) showed stronger and significant associations (aHR=1.83, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.25). All the analyses indicated a stronger effect of bereavement when the mother lost a child or when the death was unexpected.ConclusionsOur main results suggested no strong association between severe stress during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss. Results from the pregnancy-matched analyses considered information from a selected and small group of women for whom there may exist a stronger association between stress during pregnancy and pregnancy loss. The fact that an unexpected death or the loss of a child had a stronger effect in both analyses may indicate that severe stressful situations increase the risk of pregnancy loss.
Carey grammar school
Authors: Taylor Richard , Fitzpatrick Michael 
Published: January 2016

Many senior managers in schools see the acquisition and implementation of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) as key drivers in the advancement of their schools. Over the last 20 years pioneering schools, such as Carey Grammar School (Carey) in Melbourne, Australia have invested heavily in ICTs and created communities of digitally rich individuals. However, the extent to which these schools can be considered to have the attributes of a digital society, where there are shared beliefs, policies and practices with respect to the use of ICTs, has not been fully explored.
As schools such as Carey continue to heavily invest in ICTs, perhaps the biggest challenges senior managers will need to resolve are the apparent tensions that exist between the values and attitudes of staff, students and parents populations towards the ever changing digital environment. While it may never be possible for these schools to completely exhibit the characteristics of a digital society, it may be possible to measure the extent to which these schools shares common values and attitudes, and use the findings to inform future digital strategies.
To determine the extent that Carey is progressing towards becoming a digital society a questionnaire will be circulated to students in the 11th Grade (16--17 years old) that seeks to present their values and attitudes which underpin their relationship with technology. The analysis of the quantitative information from these questionnaires will provide baseline information that can be used to develop digital strategies in the future.