bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limited transferability of stream‐fish distribution models among river catchments: reasons and implications
Authors: Huang Jian , Frimpong Emmanuel A. 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Spatial transfers of species distribution models (SDMs) are often applied in the study of land use and climate‐change effects, spread of invasive species and conservation planning. However, model transferability and risk of error are rarely evaluated prior to predicting species distribution to different regions. We aim to assess spatial transferability of SDMs for stream fish and to evaluate the effect of model types and habitat heterogeneity on transferability.

We developed SDMs for 21 fish species and made predictions of occurrence of these species among five pairs of river catchments (i.e. model transfers). Forty eight transfers were made for each of three modelling approaches (Lasso‐regularised logistic regression (LLR), boosted regression trees (BRT) and MaxEnt) after incorporating spatial autocorrelation. In addition to internal and external evaluation of discrimination power, we assessed the cross‐catchment consistency of variable selections, fish‐habitat relationships and predicted probabilities of species presences.

Approximately half of 144 spatial transfers of SDMs had moderate to high discrimination power. Discrimination power was low for the rest of the models. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation could not improve discrimination power in the model transfers. Friedman test showed that BRT did not differ significantly from LLR but it outperformed MaxEnt in terms of AUC in the model transfers. BRT and LLR models tended to have high overall accuracy and specificity, whereas MaxEnt tended to have high sensitivity in the model transfers.

The degree of model transferability varied among species, and was asymmetric when reciprocal transfers were made between paired catchments. Ranks of variable importance in BRT models differed among catchments for most species. Temperature, base flow index, altitude and habitat condition index were more often ranked as the most important predictors in the five study river catchments, although the functional forms of their effects on fish presence were sometimes inconsistent between paired catchments.

Compared to published transferability of some terrestrial taxa SDMs, spatial transferability of stream‐fish distribution models was limited, reflecting the natural barriers to dispersal among catchments, and the necessity of evaluating model transferability in conservation applications (e.g. evaluation of climate‐ or landscape‐change effects, invasive species risk assessments and species reintroduction planning). We suggest the following strategies to enhance spatial transferability: (i) match the range and location of the habitat predictors between the model region and prediction region, or alternatively choose a model training region with a large extent and a wide range of environmental gradients; (ii) use presence–absence models such as BRT and LLR and (iii) include habitat features with a sound ecological basis such as temperature and hydrology.
Trade‐offs between savanna woody plant diversity and carbon storage in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Pellegrini Adam F.A. , Socolar Jacob B. , Elsen Paul R. , Giam Xingli 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIncentivizing carbon storage can be a win‐win pathway to conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. In savannas, however, the situation is more complex. Promoting carbon storage through woody encroachment may reduce plant diversity of savanna endemics, even as the diversity of encroaching forest species increases. This trade‐off has important implications for the management of biodiversity and carbon in savanna habitats, but has rarely been evaluated empirically. We quantified the nature of carbon‐diversity relationships in the Brazilian Cerrado by analyzing how woody plant species richness changed with carbon storage in 206 sites across the 2.2 million km2 region at two spatial scales. We show that total woody plant species diversity increases with carbon storage, as expected, but that the richness of endemic savanna woody plant species declines with carbon storage both at the local scale, as woody biomass accumulates within plots, and at the landscape scale, as forest replaces savanna. The sharpest trade‐offs between carbon storage and savanna diversity occurred at the early stages of carbon accumulation at the local scale but the final stages of forest encroachment at the landscape scale. Furthermore, the loss of savanna species quickens in the final stages of forest encroachment, and beyond a point, savanna species losses outpace forest species gains with increasing carbon accumulation. Our results suggest that although woody encroachment in savanna ecosystems may provide substantial carbon benefits, it comes at the rapidly accruing cost of woody plant species adapted to the open savanna environment. Moreover, the dependence of carbon‐diversity trade‐offs on the amount of savanna area remaining requires land managers to carefully consider local conditions. Widespread woody encroachment in both Australian and African savannas and grasslands may present similar threats to biodiversity.
In vivo tracking of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation in Xenopus laevis during tail regeneration
Authors: Suzuki Miyuki , Takagi Chiyo , Miura Shinichirou , Sakane Yuto , Suzuki Makoto , Sakuma Tetsushi , Sakamoto Naoaki , Endo Tetsuya , Kamei Yasuhiro , Sato Yuko , Kimura Hiroshi , Yamamoto Takashi , Ueno Naoto , Suzuki Ken‐ichi T. 
Published: February 2016

Xenopus laevis tadpoles can completely regenerate their appendages, such as tail and limbs, and therefore provide a unique model to decipher the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration in vertebrates. Epigenetic modifications are likely to be involved in this remarkable regeneration capacity, but they remain largely unknown. To examine the involvement of histone modification during organ regeneration, we generated transgenic X. laevis ubiquitously expressing a fluorescent modification‐specific intracellular antibody (Mintbody) that is able to track histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in vivo through nuclear enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence. In embryos ubiquitously expressing H3K9ac‐Mintbody, robust fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of somites. Interestingly, H3K9ac‐Mintbody signals predominantly accumulated in nuclei of regenerating notochord at 24 h postamputation following activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, apocynin (APO), an inhibitor of ROS production, attenuated H3K9ac‐Mintbody signals in regenerating notochord. Our results suggest that ROS production is involved in acetylation of H3K9 in regenerating notochord at the onset of tail regeneration. We also show this transgenic Xenopus to be a useful tool to investigate epigenetic modification, not only in organogenesis but also in organ regeneration.
Application of a central composite design to evaluate the influence of colouring agents in lipstick formulation
Authors: Zibetti F. M. , Cardoso A. C. A. , Desmarais G. C. , de Almeida K. B. , do Nascimento L. M. , Rolim L. F. , Rocha M. S. , Duarte N. G. D. , Azevedo P. H. R. A. , Araújo J. L. , Mourão S. C. , Falcão D. Q. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate by central composite design the influence of colouring agents in lipstick colour, expressed by L*, a*, b* parameters (CIELab system) where L* indicates lightness, and a* and b* are the chromaticity coordinates. The a* indicates colour direction from red to green and b* from yellow to blue.MethodsLipsticks were formulated as described by (Recent Adv. Prosp. Potent Med. Plants, 2009 and 39). The combined effect of three variables (dye, pigment and opacifier) was evaluated by different formulations in a central composite design. Colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) were analysed by reflectance spectrophotometry. Lipsticks were characterized by visual analyses and melting point.ResultsAll formulations were integrate and homogeneous. The pigments and dye do not influence in colour transfer neither in melting point of lipsticks. On the other hand, results indicated that variables studied show influence only in parameter b*, whereas for L* and a* values there was no significant difference (P < 0.05).ConclusionIt was possible to verify that only the colour parameter b* was influenced by the variation in colouring agent's concentrations in lipstick formulation, leading to the production of the colour ranging between violet and light red. Such results are useful for developing new lipstick formulations to obtain the desired colour in the final product.
Plant‐based active photoprotectants for sunscreens
Authors: Cefali L. C. , Ataide J. A. , Moriel P. , Foglio M. A. , Mazzola P. G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExcessive exposure to the sun's radiation is the major exogenous mediator of skin damage, which accelerates skin ageing and increases the risk of developing skin cancer. Compounds with photoprotectant activity are extremely useful for decreasing the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin; however, numerous sun filters, especially organic sunscreens, are allergenic. Therefore, the development of formulations containing plant extracts, which may be potentially safer, is extensively being explored. Plant‐based cosmetics are commonly used to avoid skin ageing because they contain antioxidant agents that minimize free radical activity, and numerous studies have investigated the skin‐protectant effects of related plant species. In addition to their antioxidant properties, plant‐based cosmetics protect the skin against solar radiation because they contain polyphenols such as flavonoids and carotenoids. Therefore, this study aims to present a review of plant species commonly used in sunscreens to protect the skin against damage due to sunlight exposure.
Self‐reported periodontal conditions among Dutch women during pregnancy
Authors: Stelmakh V , Slot DE , van der Weijden GA 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundWomen can experience symptoms of gingival inflammation during pregnancy. However, whether clinical signs of gingival inflammation were present already before pregnancy and whether women perceive an alteration in their periodontal health status during pregnancy compared to their periodontal health status before pregnancy remain unclear.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the self‐reported periodontal conditions in pregnant Dutch women as perceived before and during pregnancy.MethodsThis cross‐sectional survey was performed by asking women visiting two midwifery practices to complete a structured questionnaire. The data, which considered the women's oral hygiene habits, perceived periodontal health status before and during pregnancy and dental visits, were gathered and analysed. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used when appropriate.ResultsMost of the respondents (mean age: 29.6 years) brushed their teeth twice a day (72.2%), and 62.0% used interdental cleaning devices. Significant differences in periodontal health before and during pregnancy were perceived. No differences with respect to periodontal disease symptoms between the three trimesters during pregnancy were found. The symptom with the greatest increase was bleeding gums. This was followed by symptoms of painful and swollen gums. Of the 61.5% women who disclosed their plans to become pregnant to their dental care practitioner, 53.9% received information regarding the possibility of alterations in oral health status during pregnancy. Because of the perceived alterations in oral health status during pregnancy, approximately 11% of the women scheduled an additional appointment with their dental care professional for advice.ConclusionDuring the pregnancy period, perceived alterations in periodontal health status were reported as compared to the oral health situation before pregnancy. Furthermore, approximately 50% of the women who visited a dental professional and disclosed their (plans) of pregnancy did not receive specific information concerning their periodontal health during pregnancy.
The Revolving Fund Pharmacy Model: backing up the Ministry of Health supply chain in western Kenya
Authors: Manji Imran , Manyara Simon M , Jakait Beatrice , Ogallo William , Hagedorn Isabel C , Lukas Stephanie , Kosgei Eunice J , Pastakia Sonak D 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Objectives
A pressing challenge in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) is inadequate access to essential medicines, especially for chronic diseases. The Revolving Fund Pharmacy (RFP) model is an initiative to provide high-quality medications consistently to patients, using revenues generated from the sale of medications to sustainably resupply medications. This article describes the utilization of RFPs developed by the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) with the aim of stimulating the implementation of similar models elsewhere to ensure sustainable access to quality and affordable medications in similar LMIC settings.

Methods
The service evaluation of three pilot RFPs started between April 2011 and January 2012 in select government facilities is described. The evaluation assessed cross-sectional availability of essential medicines before and after implementation of the RFPs, number of patient encounters and the impact of community awareness activities.

Findings
Availability of essential medicines in the three pilot RFPs increased from 40%, 36% and &lt;10% to 90%, 94% and 91% respectively. After the first year of operation, the pilot RFPs had a total of 33 714 patient encounters. As of February 2014, almost 3 years after starting up the first RFP, the RFPs had a total of 115 991 patient encounters. In the Eldoret RFP, community awareness activities led to a 51% increase in sales.

Conclusions
With proper oversight and stakeholder involvement, this model is a potential solution to improve availability of essential medicines in LMICs. These pilots exemplify the feasibility of implementing and scaling up this model in other locations.
Differential gene expression of two extreme honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies showing varroa tolerance and susceptibility
Authors: Jiang S. , Robertson T. , Mostajeran M. , Robertson A. J. , Qiu X. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractVarroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of honey bees (Apis mellifera), is the most serious pest threatening the apiculture industry. In our honey bee breeding programme, two honey bee colonies showing extreme phenotypes for varroa tolerance/resistance (S88) and susceptibility (G4) were identified by natural selection from a large gene pool over a 6‐year period. To investigate potential defence mechanisms for honey bee tolerance to varroa infestation, we employed DNA microarray and real time quantitative (PCR) analyses to identify differentially expressed genes in the tolerant and susceptible colonies at pupa and adult stages. Our results showed that more differentially expressed genes were identified in the tolerant bees than in bees from the susceptible colony, indicating that the tolerant colony showed an increased genetic capacity to respond to varroa mite infestation. In both colonies, there were more differentially expressed genes identified at the pupa stage than at the adult stage, indicating that pupa bees are more responsive to varroa infestation than adult bees. Genes showing differential expression in the colony phenotypes were categorized into several groups based on their molecular functions, such as olfactory signalling, detoxification processes, exoskeleton formation, protein degradation and long‐chain fatty acid metabolism, suggesting that these biological processes play roles in conferring varroa tolerance to naturally selected colonies. Identification of differentially expressed genes between the two colony phenotypes provides potential molecular markers for selecting and breeding varroa‐tolerant honey bees.
Motivation for physical activity and exercise in severe mental illness: A systematic review of intervention studies
Authors: Farholm Anders , Sørensen Marit 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThere has been increasing interest for research on motivation for physical activity (PA) and exercise among individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). The aim of this systematic review is to summarize findings from all intervention studies on PA or exercise that either include empirical data on motivational constructs or apply motivational techniques/theories in their intervention. Systematic searches of seven databases were conducted from database inception to February 2015. Studies were eligible if they: (i) included participants with SMI, (ii) had PA as part of the intervention, and (iii) reported empirical data on motivational constructs related to PA or incorporated motivational techniques/theory in their intervention. Of the 79 studies that met the inclusion criteria only one had motivation for PA as its main outcome. Nine additional interventions reported empirical data on motivational constructs. Altogether these studies yielded mixed results with respect to change in motivational constructs. Only one of those examined the association between motivation and PA, but found none. Sixty‐four studies reported using motivational techniques/theory in their intervention. Motivational interviewing and goal‐setting were the most popular techniques. Due to the exploratory nature of most of these studies, findings from intervention studies do not so far give very clear directions for motivational work with the patients. There is an urgent need for a more systematic theory based approach when developing strategies that target to increase engagement in PA among people with SMI.
A matheuristic for the discrete bilevel problem with multiple objectives at the lower level
Authors: Alekseeva Ekaterina , Kochetov Yury , Talbi El‐Ghazali 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we solve a discrete bilevel problem with multiple objectives at the lower level and constraints at the upper level coupling variables of both levels. In the case of a multiobjective lower level, we deal with a set of Pareto‐efficient solutions rather than a single optimal lower level solution. To calculate the upper level objective function value, we need to select one solution out of a potentially large set of efficient lower level solutions. To avoid the enumeration of the whole set of Pareto solutions, we formulate an auxiliary mixed integer linear programming problem with a large number of constraints. We propose an iterative exact method to solve it. To find a near‐optimal upper level solution, we apply a metaheuristic. The method is tested on the discrete ()‐centroid problem with multiple objectives at the lower level.
Regulating food risk management—a government–manufacturer game facing endogenous consumer demand
Authors: Song Cen , Zhuang Jun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the food industry, manufacturers may add some chemical additives to augment the appearance or taste of food. This may increase the food demand and sales profits, but may also cause health problems to consumers. The government could use a punishment policy to regulate and deter such risky behavior but could also benefit from economic prosperity and tax income based on their revenues. This generates a tradeoff for the government to balance tax income, punishment income, and health risks. Adapting to government regulations, the manufacturers choose the level of chemical additives, which impacts the consumer demand. To our knowledge, no prior work has studied the strategic interactions of regulating the government and the manufacturers, faced with strategic customers. This paper fills this gap by (a) building a government‐manufacturer model and comparing the corresponding decentralized and centralized models; and (b) applying the 2008 Sanlu food contamination data to validate and illustrate the models.
Optimal inventory control policy and supply chain coordination problem with carbon footprint constraints
Authors: Tao Feng , Fan Tijun , Lai Kin Keung 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCarbon footprint constraints exert pressure on supply chains to reexamine decisions. In this paper, we consider carbon transfer cost and carbon holding cost in a supply chain. A multiperiod dynamic programming model with carbon footprint constraints is presented to investigate the impact of carbon transfer cost and carbon holding cost on inventory control policy as well as the supply chain coordination problem. A two‐control limit inventory control policy is proved to be optimal and a contract with wholesale price, subsidy, and fixed setup cost is verified analytically to coordinate the supply chain. Finally, a numerical study is conducted to reveal managerial insights. We find that when the supply chain is coordinated, the chain's profit is more sensitive to carbon transfer cost while inventory level is more sensitive to carbon holding cost. Additionally, because of the complexity of the coordinated contract, when it is not easy to coordinate the supply chain, it is better to keep the values of wholesale price, subsidy, and fixed setup cost below the corresponding values for the coordinated supply chain.
Day Service Provision for People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Case Study Mapping 15‐Year Trends in Ireland
Authors: Fleming Padraic , McGilloway Sinead , Barry Sarah 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundDay services for people with intellectual disabilities are experiencing a global paradigm shift towards innovative person‐centred models of care. This study maps changing trends in day service utilization to highlight how policy, emergent patterns and demographic trends influence service delivery.MethodsNational intellectual disability data (1998–2013) were analysed using WINPEPI software and mapped using QGIS Geographic Information System.ResultsStatistically significant changes indicated fewer people availing of day services as a proportion of the general population; more males; fewer people aged <35; a doubling in person‐centred plans; and an emerging urban/rural divide. Day services did not change substantially and often did not reflect demand.ConclusionsEmergent trends can inform future direction of disability services. Government funds should support individualized models, more adaptive to changing trends. National databases need flexibility to respond to policy and user demands. Future research should focus on day service utilization of younger people and the impact of rurality on service availability, utilization, quality and migration.