bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Course on Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Preparation for the Impact of Climate Change
Authors: Williams Holly , Downes Elizabeth 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeThe effects of climate change are far‐reaching and multifactorial, with potential impacts on food security and conflict. Large population movements, whether from the aftermath of natural disasters or resulting from conflict, can precipitate the need for humanitarian response in what can become complex humanitarian emergencies (CHEs). Nurses need to be prepared to respond to affected communities in need, whether the emergency is domestic or global. The purpose of the article is to describe a novel course for nursing students interested in practice within the confines of CHEs and natural disasters.Methods and FrameworkThe authors used the Sphere Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards as a practical framework to inform the course development. They completed a review of the literature on the interaction on climate change, conflict and health, and competencies related to working CHEs. Resettled refugees, as well as experts in the area of humanitarian response, recovery, and mitigation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and nongovernmental organizations further informed the development of the course.Clinical RelevanceThis course prepares the nursing workforce to respond appropriately to large population movements that may arise from the aftermath of natural disasters or conflict, both of which can comprise a complex humanitarian disaster. Using The Sphere Project e‐learning course, students learn about the Sphere Project, which works to ensure accountability and quality in humanitarian response and offers core minimal standards for technical assistance. These guidelines are seen globally as the gold standard for humanitarian response and address many of the competencies for disaster nursing (http://www.sphereproject.org/learning/e-learning-course/).
Hepatitis C in a new therapeutic era: Recontextualising the lived experience
Authors: Whiteley David , Whittaker Anne , Elliott Lawrie , Cunningham‐Burley Sarah 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo explore the experience of adults living with hepatitis C in a new era of interferon‐free treatment.BackgroundHepatitis C is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a significant challenge to global public health. Historically, the treatment of hepatitis C was poorly efficacious and highly demanding; however, more effective and tolerable therapies have become available in high‐income nations in recent years. This is the first study to explore how these significant developments in the treatment of hepatitis C may have influenced the experience of those living with the virus, and their understanding of the disease.DesignA qualitative study underpinned by social phenomenological theory.MethodsData were generated through semi‐structured interviews with a purposive sample of 20 hepatitis C positive adults living in a large city in Scotland.ResultsThematic analysis identified three overriding themes. “Positioning hepatitis C” illustrated how the disease was understood within wider sociocultural, medical and politico‐economic contexts. “Beyond a physical burden” emphasised the emotional aspect of infection, and “a new uncertainty” revealed participants’ cautious response to the advances in hepatitis C therapy.ConclusionsInterthematic discourse portrayed the new era of hepatitis C treatment as holding little sway over constructions of the illness, as narratives resonated with previous studies. Such unmoving “lay” understandings of hepatitis C may pose potential barriers to the new therapeutic era from reaching its full potential.Relevance to clinical practiceHow people living with the virus perceive and understand hepatitis C can have an adverse impact on their engagement with care and treatment. Whilst global medical discourse eulogises the arrival of a new era of therapy, there remain significant challenges for nurses engaging those with hepatitis C in therapeutic pathways.
Prevalence of pressure ulcer and associated risk factors in middle‐ and older‐aged medical inpatients in Norway
Authors: Børsting Tove E , Tvedt Christine R , Skogestad Ingrid J , Granheim Tove I , Gay Caryl L , Lerdal Anners 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo describe the prevalence of pressure ulcers among middle‐ and older‐aged patients in a general medical hospital in Norway and to describe the associations between pressure ulcers and potential risk factors additional to the Braden risk score.BackgroundDegrees of mobility, activity, perfusion and skin status are risk factors for development of pressure ulcer. Nurses’ clinical judgements combined with risk assessment tools are effective to detect pressure ulcer risk.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsThe study was performed as part of a research project conducted between September 2012–May 2014 in a general hospital in the capital of Norway. Registered nurses and nursing students collected data from all eligible patients on 10 days during the students’ clinical practice studies. The Braden scale was used to measure pressure ulcer risk, and skin examinations were performed to classify the skin area as normal or as indicative of pressure ulcer according to the definitions by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Comorbidities were collected by patient's self‐report. This analysis focused on the 255 inpatients at the medical wards ≥52 years of age, most of whom had more than one comorbidity.ResultsThe prevalence of pressure ulcers was 14.9% in this sample. Higher age, underweight, diabetes and worse Braden scores were factors associated with pressure ulcer, and pressure ulcer was most frequently sited at the sacrum or heel.ConclusionAdding age, weight and diabetes status to pressure ulcer risk assessment scales may improve identification of patients at risk for pressure ulcers.Relevance to clinical practiceKnowledge about strengths and limitations of risk assessment tools is important for clinical practice. Age, weight and diabetes status should be considered for inclusion in risk assessment tools for pressure ulcers in medical wards.
Factors associated with demoralisation syndrome in patients before and after cardiac surgery
Authors: Liao Hsiu‐Yun , Chiu Chaw‐Chi , Ko Ying‐Ying , Chen Hsing‐Mei 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the incidence of and contributors to demoralisation syndrome among patients before and after cardiac surgery.BackgroundDemoralisation syndrome is a common but neglected phenomenon in nursing practice. Patients who require cardiac surgery experience demoralisation syndrome more often than they experience depression.DesignA prospective correlational design was applied.MethodsA convenience sample of 76 participants undergoing cardiac surgery was recruited from the cardiovascular wards of two medical centres in Taiwan. The instruments applied included the Demoralization Scale (DS), the Patient Outcome Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) and the Perception of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Stay Questionnaire.ResultsHigh demoralisation was present in 44.7% of the participants before surgery but significantly decreased to 36.8% after surgery (p < .05); conversely, depression was present in 15.8% of participants before surgery and did not significantly decrease after surgery (rate after surgery, 9.2%; p > .05). A multiple regression analysis using the backward‐selection method showed that depression (p < .001) and retirement (p < .05) were important predictors of pre‐operative demoralisation syndrome (R2 = 0.250), whereas depression (p < .001) and perceptions of ICU stay (p > .05) remained in the regression model after surgery (R2 = 0.291).ConclusionsThe study findings suggest that demoralisation syndrome is highly prevalent in patients undergoing cardiac surgery but is significantly reduced after cardiac surgery. Before surgery, depression and retirement were significant predictors of demoralisation. After surgery, depression was the only predictor. Although the perception of ICU stay was not an important predictor, it was significantly correlated with demoralisation.Relevance to clinical practiceBefore cardiac surgery, nurses should emphasise the importance of demoralisation development among patients who suffer from depressive symptoms and are retired. After cardiac surgery, continued follow‐up is needed for the early detection and minimisation of the effect of depression and the development of demoralisation.
High prevalence of developmental concern amongst infants at 12 months following hospitalised parechovirus infection
Authors: Britton Philip N , Khandaker Gulam , Khatami Ameneh , Teutsch Suzy , Francis Stephanie , McMullan Brendan J , Jones Cheryl A 
Published: September 2017

AimThe human parechovirus (HPeV) is an increasingly recognised cause of sepsis and central nervous system infection in young infants for which there are limited long‐term outcome data. We aimed to assess neurodevelopmental outcome and quality of life in infants following hospitalised HPeV infection.MethodsThis cohort study was a 12‐month follow‐up of infants who were hospitalised with confirmed HPeV infection at the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network during an outbreak in Sydney in 2013. Telephone interviews were conducted with parents/guardians. We administered standardised questionnaires, including: Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Liverpool Outcome Score‐follow‐up, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory(PedsQL) Infant scales and Short‐Form health survey (SF‐12).ResultsWe followed up 46 of 79 infants (58%) aged between 12 and 16 months who had been hospitalised with HPeV infection; 19% showed significant concern in developmental attainment (ASQ3 score <2 standard deviation below population mean), and 50% showed some concern (<1 standard deviation below mean). ASQ3 developmental outcome was associated with the presence of neurodevelopmental sequelae (lower total Liverpool Outcome Score) and poorer health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in physical functioning (PedsQL physical component score), but not overall HRQOL (total PedsQL score) or parental HRQOL (SF‐12 scores). No significant associations were identified between clinical or laboratory features during acute hospitalisation and adverse outcome on ASQ3.ConclusionsA high proportion of infants show developmental concern at 12‐month follow‐up post‐hospitalisation with HPeV infection. Clinical features during hospitalisation were not associated with adverse outcomes at 12 months. These results suggest that careful follow‐up of young infants hospitalised with HPeV disease may be warranted.
JAK1/2 Inhibitors AZD1480 and CYT387 Inhibit Canine B‐Cell Lymphoma Growth by Increasing Apoptosis and Disrupting Cell Proliferation
Authors: Lu Z. , Hong C.C. , Jark P.C. , Assumpção A.L.F.V. , Bollig N. , Kong G. , Pan X. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundCanine diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common and aggressive hematologic malignancy. The lack of conventional therapies with sustainable efficacy warrants further investigation of novel therapeutics. The Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways play important roles in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies in humans including DLBCLs. AZD1480 and CYT387 are novel JAK1/2 inhibitors that have been used in clinical trials for treating various hematologic cancers in humans. No studies have characterized the antitumor effects of JAK inhibitors on DLBCL in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesize that JAK1/2 inhibitors AZD1480 and CYT387 can effectively inhibit growth of canine DLBCL in vitro. We aim to assess the antitumor activity of AZD1480 and CYT387 in canine DLBCL and to determine the underlying mechanisms of action.MethodsIn vitro study of canine lymphoma cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis by viability, proliferation and apoptosis assays.ResultsA significant decrease in viable canine lymphoma cells was observed after AZD1480 and CYT387 treatments. In addition, AZD1480 and CYT387 treatment resulted in decreased lymphoma cell proliferation and increased early apoptosis.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceAZD1480 and CYT387 inhibit canine lymphoma cell growth in a dose‐dependent manner. Our findings justify further phase I/II clinical investigations of the safety and efficacy of JAK1/2 inhibitors in canine DLBCL and suggest new opportunities for novel anticancer therapies.
Chronic Gingivostomatitis with Esophagitis in Cats
Authors: Kouki M.I. , Papadimitriou S.A. , Psalla D. , Kolokotronis A. , Rallis T.S. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundChronic gingivostomatitis in cats (FCG) is a debilitating disease with potentially deleterious effects on overall health.Hypothesis/ObjectivesLittle is known about the pathophysiology and overall impact of FCG. The aims of our study were to investigate whether gingivostomatitis occurs concurrently with esophagitis, if FCG treatment contributes to esophagitis and if esophagitis exacerbates signs of FCG.AnimalsFifty‐eight cats with clinical signs of FCG and 12 healthy control cats exhibiting no signs of oral disease, all client‐owned.MethodsProspective study. Physical, oral and endoscopic examinations were performed on all cats. Measurements of salivary and esophageal lumen pH were obtained from both groups. Biopsies were acquired from sites of esophageal inflammation in cats with FCG and from normal‐appearing esophageal mucosa in control cats.ResultsThe majority of cats with clinical signs of FCG exhibited some degree of esophagitis especially in the proximal (44/58) and distal (53/58) parts (P < 0.001) with or without columnar metaplasia, compared to controls. All cats lacked signs related to gastrointestinal disease. Salivary and esophageal lumen pH were not statistically different compared to controls.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFeline chronic gingivostomatitis seems to occur concurrently with esophagitis. Esophagitis also should be managed in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis because it may aggravate the existing condition.
Coordinated EDX and micro‐Raman analysis of presolar silicon carbide: A novel, nondestructive method to identify rare subgroup SiC
Authors: Liu Nan , Steele Andrew , Nittler Larry R. , Stroud Rhonda M. , De Gregorio Bradley T. , Alexander Conel M. O'D. , Wang Jianhua 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe report the development of a novel method to nondestructively identify presolar silicon carbide (SiC) grains with high initial 26Al/27Al ratios (>0.01) and extreme 13C‐enrichments (12C/13C ≤ 10) by backscattered electron‐energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and micro‐Raman analyses. Our survey of a large number of presolar SiC demonstrates that (1) ~80% of core‐collapse supernova and putative nova SiC can be identified by quantitative EDX and Raman analyses with >70% confidence; (2) ~90% of presolar SiC are predominantly 3C‐SiC, as indicated by their Raman transverse optical (TO) peak position and width; (3) presolar 3C‐SiC with 12C/13C ≤ 10 show lower Raman TO phonon frequencies compared to mainstream 3C‐SiC. The downward shifted phonon frequencies of the 13C‐enriched SiC with concomitant peak broadening are a natural consequence of isotope substitution. 13C‐enriched SiC can therefore be identified by micro‐Raman analysis; (4) larger shifts in the Raman TO peak position and width indicate deviations from the ideal 3C structure, including rare polytypes. Coordinated transmission electron microscopy analysis of one X and one mainstream SiC grain found them to be of 6H and 15R polytypes, respectively; (5) our correlated Raman and NanoSIMS study of mainstream SiC shows that high nitrogen content is a dominant factor in causing mainstream SiC Raman peak broadening without significant peak shifts; and (6) we found that the SiC condensation conditions in different stellar sites are astonishingly similar, except for X grains, which often condensed more rapidly and at higher atmospheric densities and temperatures, resulting in a higher fraction of grains with much downward shifted and broadened Raman TO peaks.
The TPR domain of BepA is required for productive interaction with substrate proteins and the β‐barrel assembly machinery complex
Authors: Daimon Yasushi , Iwama‐Masui Chigusa , Tanaka Yoshiki , Shiota Takuya , Suzuki Takehiro , Miyazaki Ryoji , Sakurada Hiroto , Lithgow Trevor , Dohmae Naoshi , Mori Hiroyuki , Tsukazaki Tomoya , Narita Shin‐ichiro , Akiyama Yoshinori 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBepA (formerly YfgC) is an Escherichia coli periplasmic protein consisting of an N‐terminal protease domain and a C‐terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain. We have previously shown that BepA is a dual functional protein with chaperone‐like and proteolytic activities involved in membrane assembly and proteolytic quality control of LptD, a major component of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide translocon. Intriguingly, BepA can associate with the BAM complex: the β‐barrel assembly machinery (BAM) driving integration of β‐barrel proteins into the outer membrane. However, the molecular mechanism of BepA function and its association with the BAM complex remains unclear. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the BepA TPR domain, which revealed the presence of two subdomains formed by four TPR motifs. Systematic site‐directed in vivo photo‐cross‐linking was used to map the protein–protein interactions mediated by the BepA TPR domain, showing that this domain interacts both with a substrate and with the BAM complex. Mutational analysis indicated that these interactions are important for the BepA functions. These results suggest that the TPR domain plays critical roles in BepA functions through interactions both with substrates and with the BAM complex. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism of biogenesis and quality control of the outer membrane.
Recovery of mammal diversity in tropical forests: a functional approach to measuring restoration
Authors: Derhé Mia A. , Murphy Helen T. , Preece Noel D. , Lawes Michael J. , Menéndez Rosa 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEcological restoration is increasingly applied in tropical forests to mitigate biodiversity loss and recover ecosystem functions. In restoration ecology, functional richness, rather than species richness, often determines community assembly, and measures of functional diversity provide a mechanistic link between diversity and ecological functioning of restored habitat. Vertebrate animals are important for ecosystem functioning. Here, we examine the functional diversity of small‐to‐medium sized mammals to evaluate the diversity and functional recovery of tropical rainforest. We assess how mammal species diversity and composition and functional diversity and composition, vary along a restoration chronosequence from degraded pasture to “old‐growth” tropical rainforest in the Wet Tropics of Australia. Species richness, diversity, evenness, and abundance did not vary, but total mammal biomass and mean species body mass increased with restoration age. Species composition in restoration forests converged on the composition of old‐growth rainforest and diverged from pasture with increasing restoration age. Functional metrics provided a clearer pattern of recovery than traditional species metrics, with most functional metrics significantly increasing with restoration age when taxonomic‐based metrics did not. Functional evenness and dispersion increased significantly with restoration age, suggesting that niche complementarity enhances species' abundances in restored sites. The change in community composition represented a functional shift from invasive, herbivorous, terrestrial habitat generalists and open environment specialists in pasture and young restoration sites, to predominantly endemic, folivorous, arboreal, and fossorial forest species in older restoration sites. This shift has positive implications for conservation and demonstrates the potential of tropical forest restoration to recover rainforest‐like, diverse faunal communities.
Clinoform development and topset evolution in a mud‐rich delta – the Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation, Norwegian Barents Sea
Authors: Klausen Tore Grane , Torland Jonas Aas , Eide Christian Haug , Alaei Behzad , Olaussen Snorre , Chiarella Domenico 
Published: September 2017

AbstractClinoform surfaces are routinely used to mark transitions from shallow waters to deep basins. This concept represents a valuable tool for screening potential reservoir intervals in frontier basins where limited data are available. Variations in the character of clinoform geometries and shoreline and shelf‐edge trajectories are indicators of a range of different factors, such as palaeobathymetry, changes in relative sea‐level and sediment supply. Applications of conceptual and generalized models might, however, lead to erroneous assumptions about the supply of coarse‐grained material to the delta front and basin when superficial similarities between clinoform geometries are not treated holistically. The present study examines the mudstone‐dominated Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation – a potential hydrocarbon reservoir interval in the Barents Sea, where prodeltaic to deltaic deposits can be examined in cores, well logs and two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional seismic data. Despite pronounced acoustic impedance contrast to the surrounding shale, channel belt networks are not observed close to the platform edge in seismic datasets, even at maximum regressive stages. However, sub‐seismic prodeltaic deposits observed on the shallow platform indicate that prodeltaic deposits were sourced directly from the delta plain. Clinoform surfaces with different geometries and scale are observed basinward of the palaeoplatform edge of underlying progradational sequences, correlative to mudstone‐dominated prodeltaic core sections. Results indicate that platform‐edge deltas developed at discrete sites in the basin due to normal regression, but the positions of these deltas are not directly relatable to variations in clinoform geometries. Transitions from third‐order to fourth‐order clinoform geometries record discrete transgressive–regressive cycles but are not necessarily good indicators of sandstone deposition. Because of prolonged periods with high accommodation, channel avulsions were frequent and only very fine‐grained sandstone was deposited in heterolithic units at the delta front. Sandstones with good reservoir properties are predominantly found along basin margins.