bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlamydia trachomatisgenotypes in a cross-sectional study of urogenital samples from remote Northern and Central Australia
Authors: Giffard Philip M , Brenner Nicole C , Tabrizi Sepehr N , Garland Suzanne M , Holt Deborah C , Andersson Patiyan , Lilliebridge Rachael A , Tong Steven Y C , Karimi Mahdad , Boylan Prudence , Ryder Nathan , Johns Tracy , Singh Gurmeet 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe objective was to determine the frequency of trachoma genotypes ofChlamydia trachomatis-positive urogenital tract (UGT) specimens from remote areas of the Australian Northern Territory (NT).SettingThe setting was analysis of remnants ofC. trachomatispositive primarily UGT specimens obtained in the course of clinical practice. The specimens were obtained from two pathology service providers.ParticipantsFrom 3356C. trachomatisspecimens collected during May 2012–April 2013, 439 were selected for genotyping, with a focus on specimens from postpubescent patients, in remote Aboriginal communities where ocular trachoma is potentially present.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was the proportion of successfully genotyped UGT specimens that were trachoma genotypes. The secondary outcome measures were the distribution of genotypes, and the frequencies of different classes of specimens able to be genotyped.ResultsZero of 217 successfully genotyped UGT specimens yielded trachoma genotypes (95% CI for frequency=0–0.017). For UGT specimens, the genotypes were E (41%), F (22%), D (21%) and K (7%), with J, H and G and mixed genotypes each at 1–4%. Four of the five genotyped eye swabs yielded trachoma genotype Ba, and the other genotype J. Two hundred twenty-two specimens (50.6%) were successfully genotyped. Urine specimens were less likely to be typable than vaginal swabs (p<0.0001).ConclusionsUnlike in some other studies, in the remote NT, trachoma genotypes ofC. trachomatiswere not found circulating in UGT specimens from 2012 to 2013. Therefore,C. trachomatisgenotypes in UGT specimens from young children can be informative as to whether the organism has been acquired through sexual contact. We suggest inclusion ofC. trachomatisgenotyping in guidelines examining the source of sexually transmitted infections in young children in areas where trachoma genotypes may continue to circulate, and continued surveillance of UGTC. trachomatisgenotypes.
Impact of health insurance for tertiary care on postoperative outcomes and seeking care for symptoms: quasi-experimental evidence from Karnataka, India
Authors: Sood Neeraj , Wagner Zachary 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of a government insurance programme covering tertiary care for the poor in Karnataka, India—Vajpayee Arogyashree Scheme (VAS)—on treatment seeking and postoperative outcomes.DesignGeographic regression discontinuity.Setting572 villages in Karnataka, India.Participants3478 households in 300 villages where VAS was implemented and 3486 households in 272 neighbouring matched villages ineligible for VAS.InterventionA government insurance programme that provided free tertiary care to households below the poverty line in half of villages in Karnataka from February 2010 to August 2012.Main outcome measureSeeking treatment for symptoms, posthospitalisation well-being, occurrence of infections during hospitalisation and need for rehospitalisation.ResultsThe prevalence of symptoms was nearly identical for households in VAS-eligible villages compared with households in VAS-ineligible villages. However, households eligible for VAS were 4.96 percentage points (95% CI 1 to 8.9; p=0.014) more likely to seek treatment for their symptoms. The increase in treatment seeking was more pronounced for symptoms of cardiac conditions, the condition most frequently covered by VAS. Respondents from VAS-eligible villages reported greater improvements in well-being after a hospitalisation in all categories assessed and they were statistically significant in 3 of the 6 categories (walking ability, pain and anxiety). Respondents eligible for VAS were 9.4 percentage points less likely to report any infection after their hospitalisation (95% CI −20.2 to 1.4; p=0.087) and 16.5 percentage points less likely to have to be rehospitalised after the initial hospitalisation (95% CI −28.7 to −4.3; p<0.01).ConclusionsInsurance for tertiary care increased treatment seeking among eligible households. Moreover, insured patients experienced better posthospitalisation outcomes, suggesting better quality of care received. These results suggest that there are several pathways through which tertiary care insurance could improve health, aside from increasing utilisation of the services that the programme directly subsidises.
Digital alienation as the foundation of online privacy concerns
Authors: Dainow Brandt 
Published: January 2016

The term 'digital alienation' is used in critical IS research to refer to manifestations of alienation online. This paper explores the difficulties of using a traditional Marxist analysis to account for digital alienation. The problem is that the activity people undertake online does not look coerced or estranged from the creator's individuality, both of which are typically seen as necessary for the production of alienation. As a result of this apparent difficulty, much of the research has focused on the relationship between digital alienation and digital labour.
This paper attempts to overcome these difficulties by discarding the traditional approach. We argue one can better understand digital alienation by focusing on the relationship between user intent and technical infrastructure, rather than concerns with labour. Under the existing economic model dominating the internet, free services are financed by recording user activity and then using the products of this commercial surveillance to sell information about people to others. We show how the real harm in current online business models is that commercial surveillance is being used to commodify private life.
Seeking to define personal data in more precise terms, we will introduce two new concepts necessary for a detailed discussion of any ethical issues regarding personal data - the digital shadow and the digital persona. We will then show how affordances in current online systems are tuned to commodification of the user's personality. We will then explore the nature of online surveillance and show how affordances combine with the surveillance economy to produce digital alienation.
The view from the gallery
Authors: Adams Andrew A. , Murata Kiyoshi , Fukuta Yasunori , Orito Yohko , Palma Ana María Lara 
Published: January 2016

The series of revelations made by Edward Snowden revelations starting on 5th June 2013 exposed a true picture of state surveillance or, more precisely, surveillance conducted by an industrial-government complex in the democratic nations. His revelations have attracted heavy doses of both praise and censure; whereas some have positively evaluated his deed as an act of valour to protect democracy against the tyranny of the state, others have criticised him as a traitor to his country that have been preoccupied with responses to the threat of terrorism since the 9.11 attacks. Indeed, the US government filed charges of spying against him on 21st June, and he is forced to live in exile in Moscow. He said that only the American people could decide whether sacrificing his life was worth it by their response [10]. The Pew Research Foundation found in a survey that although Americans are deeply split on whether Snowden's actions served or harmed the public interest, that younger groups regarded his actions as more beneficial than harmful when compared with older groups
Inspired by the Pew Research Foundation's surveys [13, 14], an international group of academics led by the authors of this paper have conducted surveys on young people (students at their universities) about their attitudes to privacy online, and the actions of Bradley/Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden in separate and different modes of grand leaks. This survey has been deployed in China, Germany, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and Taiwan. with further deployments expected.
Atherosclerosis at arterial bifurcations: evidence for the role of haemodynamics and geometry
Authors: Morbiducci Umberto , Kok Annette M. , Kwak Brenda R. , Stone Peter H. , Steinman David A. , Wentzel Jolanda J. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryAtherosclerotic plaques are found at distinct locations in the arterial system, despite the exposure to systemic risk factors of the entire vascular tree. From the study of arterial bifurcation regions, emerges ample evidence that haemodynamics are involved in the local onset and progression of the atherosclerotic disease. This observed co-localisation of disturbed flow regions and lesion prevalence at geometrically predisposed districts such as arterial bifurcations has led to the formulation of a ‘haemodynamic hypothesis’, that in this review is grounded to the most current research concerning localising factors of vascular disease. In particular, this review focuses on carotid and coronary bifurcations because of their primary relevance to stroke and heart attack. We highlight reported relationships between atherosclerotic plaque location, progression and composition, and fluid forces at vessel’s wall, in particular shear stress and its ‘easier-tomeasure’ surrogates, i.e. vascular geometric attributes (because geometry shapes the flow) and intravascular flow features (because they mediate disturbed shear stress), in order to give more insight in plaque initiation and destabilisation. Analogous to Virchow’s triad for thrombosis, atherosclerosis must be thought of as subject to a triad of, and especially interactions among, haemodynamic forces, systemic risk factors, and the biological response of the wall.
Ivor–Lewis oesophagogastrectomy with Roux-en-Y duodenal bypass
Authors: Cartwright J , Forbat E , Botha A 
Published: January 2016

Oesophagectomies and gastrectomies are performed predominantly for the treatment of malignant disease. However, in this case series, we describe three patients with benign disease who had a laparoscopic oesophagogastrectomy with gastroduodenal detachment and Roux-en-Y biliary diversion, and discuss the operative feasibility and consequent patient outcomes. Our aim was to modify the procedure using an established reconstruction already practised in gastric and bariatric surgery, thereby preventing operative sequelae that lead to a poor quality of life (eg reflux oesophagitis and vomiting). During the first postoperative year, our first two patients experienced weight loss, indigestion and lower bowel symptoms with no apparent improvement in gastric function compared with a standard gastric tube pull-up reconstruction. In the longer term, in both patients, the gastric tube interpositions appeared to function well and there was no evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, delayed gastric emptying or troublesome indigestion. Our third patient, who had lifelong severe reflux symptoms, was eating normally three months after the operation with no need for antacid medication. We therefore conclude that laparoscopic Ivor–Lewis oesophagogastrectomy with Roux-en-Y bypass is a more complex reconstruction with added risks but may in the long term result in better overall outcomes and satisfaction for patients, particularly those with benign disease.
A identidade religiosa na antroponímia de Marechal Cândido Rondon
Authors: Sipavicius Seide Márcia 
Published: January 2016

Resumo: Este artigo investiga a escolha de nomes por motivação religiosa em Marechal Cândido Rondon, município situado no oeste do estado do Paraná, com base em três corpora, um de 2012, coletado de relatos de alunos do 2o.ano de Letras; outro de 2013, de questionários aplicados a alunos do 4º. ano de Letras; e uma amostra de certidões de nascimento – 500 nomes, no total, cobrindo o período de 1961 a 2001. A pesquisa tem como pressupostos que os nomes próprios são caracterizados por apresentar lema e função de nome próprio (LANGENDONCK, 2007) e serem resultado de uma escolha consciente por parte do designador da qual resulta um fato onomástico cuja análise requer estudos interdisciplinares. Os resultados mostram uma diminuição da escolha de nomes por motivo religioso, a qual não está relacionada a uma diminuição na religiosidade, mas, sim, a mudanças no conceito de identidade religiosa.Palavras-chave: Onomástica; antroponímia; identidade religiosa.Abstract: This paper investigates proper name’s choice for religious motives in Marechal Cândido Rondon, a city located on the West side of the state of Paraná in the South of Brazil. This research is based on three corpora: one collected in 2012 from reports of 2nd.-year students of Letters; another collected in 2013 from questionnaires given to 4th-year students of Letters; and a sample of 500 birth certificates from 1960 to 2000. The article assumes the point of view that anthroponymy is characterized by presenting lemma and function for the first name’s choice (LANGENDONCK, 2007); therefore naming is a result of a conscious choice by the designator, which generates an onomastic fact that requires interdisciplinary studies to be analyzed. The results show a reduction on choices of names for religious motives, and also that this is not related to a decrease in religiosity, but rather to changes in religious identity conception.Keywords: Onomastics; Anthroponymy; Religious Identity.
Cervical root schwannoma: a case series
Authors: Nikte Harshad , Virmani Nitish , Dabholkar Jyoti 
Published: January 2016

Cervical root schwannoma is an infrequent benign peripheral nerve tumor though those arising from high cervical spinal root are common amongst the spinal schwannomas. This mass commonly presents as a slow growing, asymptomatic, solitary neck mass with rare potential of malignant degeneration. Displacement of Internal jugular vein and carotids anteriorly is frequently seen though abutment of esophagus is uncommon. Pre operative diagnosis can be established with imaging and Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Complete Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Horner’s syndrome is the most common post operative neurological manifestation. Here we have recorded clinical features intra-operative findings and surgical histopathology. We have described a case of 19 year old male with cellular schwannoma of cervical sympathetic chain with intraspinal extension and arising from C5-C8 level. Another case of cervical root schwannoma is described in a 5 year old girl arising at C4-C5 level. Complete surgical excision was done for both patients with no postoperative neurological affection. The clinico-pathological evaluation and management are described
De l’informalité à la « transparence »
Authors: Fischer Nicolas 
Published: January 2016

En mobilisant des sources de presse et archivistiques, cette contribution propose un retour socio-historique sur trois séquences « critiques » de réforme de la rétention des étrangers en France. Le rapprochement de ces trois périodes – les années 1975-1984, le seuil des années 2000, et enfin la période 2007-2010 – révèle en premier lieu l’institutionnalisation de la rétention, pratique policière informelle progressivement codifiée et amplifiée. Elle souligne surtout la configuration particulière dans laquelle s’inscrit l’institution à chacune de ses réformes : dès les années 1980, chaque centre accueille en effet des militants associatifs officiellement mandatés pour assister les étrangers, mais qui conservent également la faculté de dénoncer publiquement certaines situations observées sur le terrain. Chaque réforme de l’organisation des centres de rétention est alors simultanément l’occasion de réexaminer les conditions de l’expression légitime de cette critique et les formats qu’elle peut adopter. Mais l’existence de cette critique associative « instituée » tend également à modifier les conditions dans lesquelles ces réformes mêmes sont débattues, en élargissant l’arène de discussion à de nouveaux acteurs ou de nouvelles thématiques.
Division morale du travail et recompositions du sens de l’enfermement en Centre éducatif fermé
Authors: Frauenfelder Arnaud , Nada Éva , Bugnon Géraldine 
Published: January 2016

Sur la base d’une enquête réalisée dans un CEF de Suisse romande, cet article éclaire le rôle des transformations récentes du champ d’intervention professionnelle dans le processus de recomposition du sens de l’enfermement. À partir de l’analyse des « rivalités » de territoires opposant groupes installés, éducateurs et maîtres socio-professionnels, et nouveaux entrants, agents de détention et corps médical, cet article vise à montrer que la nouvelle économie morale de l’enfermement s’explique moins par les mutations de l’« esprit » des lois pénales que par l’augmentation des rapports d’interdépendance et de concurrence entre les groupes concernés qui s’accompagnent d’une légitimation « savante » du cadre contenant.
Puesta en valor de yacimientos arqueológicos amortizados. La hipótesis virtual al servicio de la arqueología de gestión y la difusión cultural. El yacimiento medieval de La Poza. Baltanás (Palencia)
Authors: Almeida Olmedo José R. , Cruz Sánchez Pedro J. , Martín Rodríguez Eva Mª 
Published: January 2016

<p>The archaeological site of La Poza in Baltanás (Palencia) provides new data on medieval rural society in the area of El Cerrato between the ninth and thirteenth centuries. Again emergency archaeology has allowed the recovery of a settlement destined to disappear new data that provide insight into early medieval domestic architecture held in perishable materials.</p>
On Some Properties of *-annihilators and *-maximal Ideals in Rings with Involution
Authors: Shatila Maya A. 
Published: January 2016

We describe the ∗-right annihilator (∗-left anihilator) of a subset of a ring and we investigate the relationships between the right annihilator and ∗-right annihilator. These connections permit the transfer of various properties from annihilators to ∗-annihilators . It is known that the quotient ring constructed from a ring and a maximal ideal is a field, whereas we prove that the quotient ring constructed from a ring and a *-maximal ideal is not a *-field. Equivalent definitions to ∗-regular ring are given.
Patient-Derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Gingival Fibroblasts Composited With Defined Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan/Gelatin Porous Scaffolds as Potential Bone Graft Substitutes
Authors: Ji Jun , Tong Xin , Huang Xiaofeng , Zhang Junfeng , Qin Haiyan , Hu Qingang 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Human embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells have always been the cell source for bone tissue engineering. However, their limitations are obvious, including ethical concerns and/or a short lifespan. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) could avoid these problems. Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) is an important component of natural bone and bone tissue engineering scaffolds. However, its regulation on osteogenic differentiation with hiPSCs from human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the osteogenic differentiation of hiPSCs from patient-derived hGFs regulated by nHA/chitosan/gelatin (HCG) scaffolds with different nHA ratios, such as HCG-111 (1 wt/vol% nHA) and HCG-311 (3 wt/vol% nHA). First, hGFs were reprogrammed into hiPSCs, which have enhanced osteogenic differentiation capability. Second, HCG-111 and HCG-311 scaffolds were successfully synthesized. Finally, hiPSC/HCG complexes were cultured in vitro or subcutaneously transplanted into immunocompromised mice in vivo. The osteogenic differentiation effects of two types of HCG scaffolds on hiPSCs were assessed for up to 12 weeks. The results showed that HCG-311 increased osteogenic-related gene expression of hiPSCs in vitro proved by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and hiPSC/HCG-311 complexes formed much bone-like tissue in vivo, indicated by cone-beam computed tomography imaging, H&E staining, Masson staining, and RUNX-2, OCN immunohistochemistry staining. In conclusion, our study has shown that osteogenic differentiation of hiPSCs from hGFs was improved by HCG-311. The mechanism might be that the nHA addition stimulates osteogenic marker expression of hiPSCs from hGFs. Our work has provided an innovative autologous cell-based bone tissue engineering approach with soft tissues such as clinically abundant gingiva.

Significance
The present study focused on patient-personalized bone tissue engineering. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were established from clinically easily derived human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and defined nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan/gelatin (HCG) scaffolds. hiPSCs derived from hGFs had better osteogenesis capability than that of hGFs. More interestingly, osteogenic differentiation of hiPSCs from hGFs was elevated significantly when composited with HCG-311 scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. The present study has uncovered the important role of different nHA ratios in HCG scaffolds in osteogenesis induction of hiPSCs derived from hGFs. This technique could serve as a potential innovative approach for bone tissue engineering, especially large bone regeneration clinically.
Cassini observations of ionospheric plasma in Saturn's magnetotail lobes
Authors: Felici M. , Arridge C. S. , Coates A. J. , Badman S. V. , Dougherty M. K. , Jackman C. M. , Kurth W. S. , Melin H. , Mitchell D. G. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Sergis N. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStudies of Saturn's magnetosphere with the Cassini mission have established the importance of Enceladus as the dominant mass source for Saturn's magnetosphere. It is well known that the ionosphere is an important mass source at Earth during periods of intense geomagnetic activity, but lesser attention has been dedicated to study the ionospheric mass source at Saturn. In this paper we describe a case study of data from Saturn's magnetotail, when Cassini was located at ≃ 2200 h Saturn local time at 36 RS from Saturn. During several entries into the magnetotail lobe, tailward flowing cold electrons and a cold ion beam were observed directly adjacent to the plasma sheet and extending deeper into the lobe. The electrons and ions appear to be dispersed, dropping to lower energies with time. The composition of both the plasma sheet and lobe ions show very low fluxes (sometimes zero within measurement error) of water group ions. The magnetic field has a swept‐forward configuration which is atypical for this region, and the total magnetic field strength is larger than expected at this distance from the planet. Ultraviolet auroral observations show a dawn brightening, and upstream heliospheric models suggest that the magnetosphere is being compressed by a region of high solar wind ram pressure. We interpret this event as the observation of ionospheric outflow in Saturn's magnetotail. We estimate a number flux between (2.95 ± 0.43) × 109 and (1.43 ± 0.21) × 1010 cm−2 s−1, 1 or about 2 orders of magnitude larger than suggested by steady state MHD models, with a mass source between 1.4 ×102 and 1.1 ×103 kg/s. After considering several configurations for the active atmospheric regions, we consider as most probable the main auroral oval, with associated mass source between 49.7 ±13.4 and 239.8 ±64.8 kg/s for an average auroral oval, and 10 ±4 and 49 ±23 kg/s for the specific auroral oval morphology found during this event. It is not clear how much of this mass is trapped within the magnetosphere and how much is lost to the solar wind.