bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of an intervention incorporating precision teaching to train procedural skills among final cycle medical students
Authors: Lydon Sinéad , Burns Nadine , Healy Olive , O'Connor Paul , Reid McDermott Bronwyn , Byrne Dara 
Published: February 2017

IntroductionA lack of preparedness for practice has been observed among new medical graduates. Simulation technology may offer one means of producing competency. This paper describes the application of a simulation-based intervention incorporating precision teaching (PT), a method of defining target skills, assessing individual progress and guiding instructional decisions, which is used to monitor learning and the development of behavioural fluency in other domains, to procedural skills training. Behavioural fluency refers to accurate and rapid responding that does not deteriorate with time, is resistant to distraction and can be adapted into new, more complex responses.MethodThis study used a between-groups design to evaluate the efficacy of a simulation-based intervention incorporating PT for teaching venepuncture among 11 medical students. The intervention consisted of timed learning trials during which participants carried out the skill in pairs and received corrective feedback. Two control groups of 11 untrained medical students and 11 junior doctors were also included in the study.ResultsIntervention group participants required an average of five trials and 21.9 min to reach the criterion for fluency. The intervention group demonstrated significantly higher accuracy in venepuncture performance than either control group. Improvements persisted over time, did not deteriorate during distraction, generalised to performance with patients and performance of an untargeted skill also improved.ConclusionsThe outcomes of this preliminary study support the application of PT within medical education. The implications of these data for clinical and procedural skills training are explored and suggestions are made for further research.
Contributors to pedestrian distraction and risky behaviours during road crossings in Romania
Authors: Hamann Cara , Dulf Diana , Baragan-Andrada Erika , Price Morgan , Peek-Asa Corinne 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivePedestrian fatalities due to collisions with motor vehicles are a large public health problem in Romania, ranking them among the highest in Eastern Europe. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of crash factors by examining how roadway and environmental characteristics contribute to pedestrian distraction and risky behaviours at pedestrian MVC (PMVC) locations in Cluj County, Romania.MethodsA sample of PMVC locations was selected from the 2010 Cluj County police reported crash database for on-site examination. A total of 100 sites were visited to collect details on site characteristics and typical pedestrian and driver behaviours. Variable distributions were examined and rate ratios of pedestrian distraction and risky behaviours were calculated.ResultsPedestrian distraction and risky behaviours were observed at rates of 6.3 and 24.3 per 100 observed pedestrians. The majority of distractions were related to electronic device use. Risky behaviours were evenly split between unpredictable, partial use of a crosswalk and midblock illegal crossings. Distractions and risky behaviours decreased as the number of pedestrians and average vehicle speeds at a site increased. RR of distraction was higher at intersections and locations with crosswalks.ConclusionsPedestrian distraction was highly correlated with pedestrian risky behaviours at PMVC locations in Romania. Higher pedestrian volume was protective against pedestrian distraction and risky behaviours. Locations with painted crosswalks had increased distraction. Targeted distraction prevention, particularly at intersections and crosswalk locations, may contribute to the prevention of PMVCs.
Children and motorcycles: a systematic review of risk factors and interventions
Authors: Brown Julie , Schonstein Lisa , Ivers Rebecca , Keay Lisa 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo (i) identify person, vehicle and environmental risk factors for injury among children using motorcycles, and (ii) identify and appraise studies of interventions designed to reduce the occurrence or severity of injury among children using these vehicles.MethodA systematic approach was used to collate data from published and grey literature globally on risk factors for motorcycles injury, and studies reporting evaluation of interventions to counter this injury. Academic data sets and public search engines (including Google and Yahoo!) were used. Websites of major conferences, organisations and networks were also searched. Finally, researchers and units working in this area were also contacted by email or phone seeking relevant research. All study types were eligible, excluding clinical case studies. The Haddon Matrix was used as a framework for synthesising the data.ResultsThe review revealed that robust investigations of risk factors for injury among children using motorcycles are relatively scarce, and there are few interventional studies reporting effectiveness of countermeasures to this problem. Epidemiological literature is generally limited to discussion of human factors, and less attention has been given to vehicle and environmental factors. Furthermore, much of the literature is commentaries and descriptive studies. There has been little rigorous study of risk factors unique to children riding motorcycles.ConclusionsThis first attempt at extensively reviewing literature related to risk factors and interventions for children and motorcycles using the Haddon Matrix as a framework clearly highlights need for more rigorous study as information is lacking in all cells of this matrix.
Pneumocystis Colonization in Asthmatic Patients not Receiving Oral Corticosteroid Therapy
Authors: Davey Emma L , Colombo Rhonda E , Fiorentino Charles , Fahle Gary , Davey Richard T , Olivier Kenneth N , Kovacs Joseph A 
Published: February 2017

Pneumocystis jirovecii can colonize patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To determine if colonization occurs in asthma patients, sputum samples from 10 patients with mild asthma, who were not receiving oral corticosteroids, were evaluated by a sensitive real-time PCR assay that targets a multicopy gene of P. jirovecii. 2 patients (20%) had Pneumocystis DNA detected; 1 patient had 3 positive samples over an 11-day period. Thus, Pneumocystis colonization occurs in asthma patients, and further studies are warranted to evaluate its role in airways disease. Trial registration number NCT01113034.
Safe and Effective Sarcoma Therapy through Bispecific Targeting of EGFR and uPAR
Authors: Borgatti Antonella , Koopmeiners Joseph S. , Sarver Aaron L. , Winter Amber L. , Stuebner Kathleen , Todhunter Deborah , Rizzardi Anthony E. , Henriksen Jonathan C. , Schmechel Stephen , Forster Colleen L. , Kim Jong-Hyuk , Froelich Jerry , Walz Jillian , Henson Michael S. , Breen Matthew , Lindblad-Toh Kerstin , Oh Felix , Pilbeam Kristy , Modiano Jaime F. , Vallera Daniel A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Sarcomas differ from carcinomas in their mesenchymal origin. Therapeutic advancements have come slowly, so alternative drugs and models are urgently needed. These studies report a new drug for sarcomas that simultaneously targets both tumor and tumor neovasculature. eBAT is a bispecific angiotoxin consisting of truncated, deimmunized Pseudomonas exotoxin fused to EGF and the amino terminal fragment of urokinase. Here, we study the drug in an in vivo “ontarget” companion dog trial as eBAT effectively kills canine hemangiosarcoma and human sarcoma cells in vitro. We reasoned the model has value due to the common occurrence of spontaneous sarcomas in dogs and a limited lifespan allowing for rapid accrual and data collection. Splenectomized dogs with minimal residual disease were given one cycle of eBAT followed by adjuvant doxorubicin in an adaptive dose-finding, phase I–II study of 23 dogs with spontaneous, stage I–II, splenic hemangiosarcoma. eBAT improved 6-month survival from &lt;40% in a comparison population to approximately 70% in dogs treated at a biologically active dose (50 μg/kg). Six dogs were long-term survivors, living &gt;450 days. eBAT abated expected toxicity associated with EGFR targeting, a finding supported by mouse studies. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and EGFR are targets for human sarcomas, so thorough evaluation is crucial for validation of the dog model. Thus, we validated these markers for human sarcoma targeting in the study of 212 human and 97 canine sarcoma samples. Our results support further translation of eBAT for human patients with sarcomas and perhaps other EGFR-expressing malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 956–65. ©2017 AACR.
Lack of Phenotypic Differences by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MYH7 (β-Myosin Heavy Chain)- Versus MYBPC3 (Myosin-Binding Protein C)-Related Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Weissler-Snir Adaya , Hindieh Waseem , Gruner Christiane , Fourey Dana , Appelbaum Evan , Rowin Ethan , Care Melanie , Lesser John R. , Haas Tammy S. , Udelson James E. , Manning Warren J. , Olivotto Iacopo , Tomberli Benedetta , Maron Barry J. , Maron Martin S. , Crean Andrew M. , Rakowski Harry , Chan Raymond H. 
Published: February 2017

Background—
The 2 most commonly affected genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are MYH7 (β-myosin heavy chain) and MYBPC3 (β-myosin-binding protein C). Phenotypic differences between patients with mutations in these 2 genes have been inconsistent. Scarce data exist on the genotype–phenotype association as assessed by tomographic imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods and Results—

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 358 consecutive genotyped hypertrophic cardiomyopathy probands at 5 tertiary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy centers. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic mutation in 159 patients (44.4%). The most common genes identified were MYH7 (n=53) and MYBPC3 (n=75); 33.1% and 47% of genopositive patients, respectively. Phenotypic characteristics by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of these 2 groups were similar, including left ventricular volumes, mass, maximal wall thickness, morphology, left atrial volume, and mitral valve leaflet lengths (all
P
=non-significant). The presence of late gadolinium enhancement (65% versus 64%;
P
=0.99) and the proportion of total left ventricular mass (%late gadolinium enhancement; 10.4±13.2% versus 8.5±8.5%;
P
=0.44) were also similar.

Conclusions—
This multicenter multinational study shows lack of phenotypic differences between MYH7- and MYBPC3-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy when assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Postmutational mechanisms appear more relevant to thick-filament disease expression and outcome than the disease-causing variant per se.
Apparent Aortic Stiffness in Children With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Schäfer Michal , Ivy D. Dunbar , Abman Steven H. , Barker Alex J. , Browne Lorna P. , Fonseca Brian , Kheyfets Vitaly , Hunter Kendall S. , Truong Uyen 
Published: February 2017

Background—
Left ventricular dysfunction, mediated by ventricular interdependence, has been associated with negative outcomes in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Considering the dilation of the pulmonary arteries as a paramount sign of PAH, we hypothesized that the ascending aorta will present signs of apparent stiffness in children with PAH and that this effect may be because of mechanical interaction with the dilated main pulmonary artery (MPA).

Methods and Results—

Forty-two children with PAH and 26 age- and size-matched controls underwent comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation. Assessment of aortic stiffness was evaluated by measuring pulse wave velocity, aortic strain, and distensibility. Children with PAH had significantly increased pulse wave velocity in the ascending aorta (3.4 versus 2.3 m/s for PAH and controls, respectively;
P
=0.001) and reduced aortic strain (23% versus 29%;
P
<0.0001) and distensibility (0.47 versus 0.64%/mm Hg;
P
=0.02). Indexed MPA diameter correlated with pulse wave velocity (
P
=0.04) and with aortic strain (
P
=0.02). The ratio of MPA to aortic size correlated with pulse wave velocity (
P
=0.0098), strain (
P
=0.0099), and distensibility (
P
=0.015). Furthermore, aortic relative area change was associated with left ventricular ejection fraction (
P
=0.045) and ventricular–vascular coupling ratio (
P
=0.042).

Conclusions—
Pediatric PAH patients have increased apparent ascending aortic stiffness, which was strongly associated with the degree of MPA distension. We speculate that distension of the MPA may play a major role in limiting full aortic expansion during systole, which modulates left ventricular performance and impacts systemic hemodynamics in pediatric PAH.
Regulating the Access to Awareness: Brain Activity Related to Probe-related and Spontaneous Reversals in Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Metzger Brian A. , Mathewson Kyle E. , Tapia Evelina , Fabiani Monica , Gratton Gabriele , Beck Diane M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Research on the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) has implicated an assortment of brain regions, ERP components, and network properties associated with visual awareness. Recently, the P3b ERP component has emerged as a leading NCC candidate. However, typical P3b paradigms depend on the detection of some stimulus change, making it difficult to separate brain processes elicited by the stimulus itself from those associated with updates or changes in visual awareness. Here we used binocular rivalry to ask whether the P3b is associated with changes in awareness even in the absence of changes in the object of awareness. We recorded ERPs during a probe-mediated binocular rivalry paradigm in which brief probes were presented over the image in either the suppressed or dominant eye to determine whether the elicited P3b activity is probe or reversal related. We found that the timing of P3b (but not its amplitude) was closely related to the timing of the report of a perceptual change rather than to the onset of the probe. This is consistent with the proposal that P3b indexes updates in conscious awareness, rather than being related to stimulus processing per se. Conversely, the probe-related P1 amplitude (but not its latency) was associated with reversal latency, suggesting that the degree to which the probe is processed increases the likelihood of a fast perceptual reversal. Finally, the response-locked P3b amplitude (but not its latency) was associated with the duration of an intermediate stage between reversals in which parts of both percepts coexist (piecemeal period). Together, the data suggest that the P3b reflects an update in consciousness and that the intensity of that process (as indexed by P3b amplitude) predicts how immediate that update is.
Source Localization of Brain States Associated with Canonical Neuroimaging Postures
Authors: Lifshitz Michael , Thibault Robert T. , Roth Raquel R. , Raz Amir 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Cognitive neuroscientists rarely consider the influence that body position exerts on brain activity; yet, postural variation holds important implications for the acquisition and interpretation of neuroimaging data. Whereas participants in most behavioral and EEG experiments sit upright, many prominent brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI) require participants to lie supine. Here we demonstrate that physical comportment profoundly alters baseline brain activity as measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG)—an imaging modality that permits multipostural acquisition. We collected resting-state MEG data from 12 healthy participants in three postures (lying supine, reclining at 45°, and sitting upright). Source-modeling analysis revealed a broadly distributed influence of posture on resting brain function. Sitting upright versus lying supine was associated with greater high-frequency (i.e., beta and gamma) activity in widespread parieto-occipital cortex. Moreover, sitting upright and reclining postures correlated with dampened activity in prefrontal regions across a range of bandwidths (i.e., from alpha to low gamma). The observed effects were large, with a mean Cohen's d of 0.95 (SD = 0.23). In addition to neural activity, physiological parameters such as muscle tension and eye blinks may have contributed to these posture-dependent changes in brain signal. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, however, the present results have important implications for the acquisition and interpretation of multimodal imaging data (e.g., studies combining fMRI or PET with EEG or MEG). More broadly, our findings indicate that generalizing results—from supine neuroimaging measurements to erect positions typical of ecological human behavior—would call for considering the influence that posture wields on brain dynamics.
Chances and Challenges: 從演化網絡的角度來研究漢語方言史——機遇與挑戰
Authors: List Johann-Mattis 
Published: February 2017

提要
目前，學界對漢語方言歷史的了解還不夠完整。語言學家運用各種傳統方法與標準，試圖從假設的共同祖語來擬定聲調或音段的發展，從而界定主要的方言區。但是，有關聲調、音段的發展細節，學界尚遠未達成共識。學者們意見不統一的主要原因在於語言接觸在漢語方言歷史上所扮演的角色。漢語方言的情況跟其他語言不一樣：它們從來沒有真正分開過，也從來沒有獨立地發展，而是不斷在相互影響中演變。因此，我們很難確定方言之間的共同特征是從祖語繼承而來的還是從其他方言中借過來的。最新的生物學演化網絡方法可以作為借鑒，這昭示出歷史語言學一個新的探索方向。這類方法運用縱向及橫向網絡以了解細菌的演化過程。語言學家開始運用這些方法來研究語言的發展，并已獲得可喜的初步成績。本文以漢語方言作為專題研究，運用演化網絡方法來分析漢語歷史語言學的問題。在具體操作上，我們精心挑選了200個核心詞彙，並在該基礎上建立了23種漢語方言的數據集。隨後，筆者針對漢語方言的各種分類理論作出了不同的比較和測試，從而判斷其普遍合理性。比較的結果表明，演化網絡方法對漢語方言史的定量和定性研究起到了舉足輕重的補充作用。為了充分發揮其潛力，我們需要建立更適合語言學研究的演化發展模型，例如加入地理信息等其他佐證，才能夠更全面、更細緻地描述漢語方言的歷史演變。
How Utterances are Divided into Tone Groups in Yongning Na: 短語切分、重點突出與形態聲調學——永寧摩梭話的語句如何形成聲調組
Authors: Michaud Alexis 
Published: February 2017

提要永寧摩梭話(納語)是漢藏語族納語組的一種語言，位於雲南跟四川交界地帶的永寧壩與瀘沽湖地區。永寧納語的聲調系統有高、中、低三個調域。本文介紹和分析納語中的語句如何被劃分為“聲調組”。選擇何種聲調組往往反映了語句不同的信息結構。由於句法結構跟聲調組的切分沒有硬性直接的對應，說話人可以選擇將一個大的組塊整合為一個聲調組，從而使結構更加緊密，或者也可以把語句分成一些聲調組，加強不同成分的風格效應。論文用例子詳細說明在語句分為聲調組的過程中，說話人選擇某種變調類型的動機。結構越緊密的語句，其可能劃分的聲調組就越少。而在生動語境裡，說話人可以將句子分作更多的聲調組，表示強調。
Modeling Urban Precipitation Modification by Spatially Heterogeneous Aerosols
Authors: Schmid Paul E. , Niyogi Dev 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study introduces a methodology to simulate how spatially heterogeneous urban aerosols modify a precipitating thunderstorm in a numerical weather model. An air quality model (simple photochemical model) was coupled with a high-resolution mesoscale weather model (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) and generated variable urban cloud condensation nuclei values consistent with those measured in previous field studies. The coupled emission model was used to simulate the passage of a synoptic low pressure system with embedded thunderstorms over an idealized city using the real-atmosphere idealized land surface (RAIL) method. Experiments were conducted to calibrate the surface formation of cloud-nucleating aerosols in an urban environment and then to assess the specific response of different aerosol loads on simulated precipitation. The model response to aerosol heterogeneity reduced the total precipitation but significantly increased simulated rain rates. High-aerosol-loading scenarios produced a peak city-edge precipitation rate of over 100 mm h−1 greater than a control containing only a city land surface with no emissions. In comparing the control with a scenario with no city, it was seen that the land surface effect produced a rain rate increase of up to 20 mm h−1. Results indicate, within the limits of the model framework, that the urban rainfall modification is a combination of land heterogeneity causing the dynamical lifting of the air mass and aerosols, with rainfall enhancement being maintained and synergistically increased because of the aerosol indirect effects on cloud properties.
Eddy Memory Mode of Multidecadal Variability in Residual-Mean Ocean Circulations with Application to the Beaufort Gyre
Authors: Manucharyan Georgy E. , Thompson Andrew F. , Spall Michael A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMesoscale eddies shape the Beaufort Gyre response to Ekman pumping, but their transient dynamics are poorly understood. Climate models commonly use the Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization, taking the eddy streamfunction to be proportional to an isopycnal slope s and an eddy diffusivity K. This local-in-time parameterization leads to exponential equilibration of currents. Here, an idealized, eddy-resolving Beaufort Gyre model is used to demonstrate that carries a finite memory of past ocean states, violating a key GM assumption. As a consequence, an equilibrating gyre follows a spiral sink trajectory implying the existence of a damped mode of variability—the eddy memory (EM) mode. The EM mode manifests during the spinup as a 15% overshoot in isopycnal slope (2000 km3 freshwater content overshoot) and cannot be explained by the GM parameterization. An improved parameterization is developed, such that is proportional to an effective isopycnal slope , carrying a finite memory γ of past slopes. Introducing eddy memory explains the model results and brings to light an oscillation with a period ≈ 50 yr, where the eddy diffusion time scale TE ~ 10 yr and γ ≈ 6 yr are diagnosed from the eddy-resolving model. The EM mode increases the Ekman-driven gyre variance by γ/TE ≈ 50% ± 15%, a fraction that stays relatively constant despite both time scales decreasing with increased mean forcing. This study suggests that the EM mode is a general property of rotating turbulent flows and highlights the need for better observational constraints on transient eddy field characteristics.
Advection on Cut-Cell Grids for an Idealized Mountain of Constant Slope
Authors: Steppeler J. , Klemp J. B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Cut cells use regular or nearly regular polygonal cells to describe fields. For a given orography, some cells may be completely under the mountain, some completely above the mountain, and some are partially filled with air. While there are reports indicating considerably improved simulations with cut cells, inaccuracies may arise with some approximations, producing noise in fields near the surface. This behavior may depend strongly on the approximations made for the advection terms near the surface. This paper investigates the accuracy of advection for numerical schemes for a nondivergent flow near a mountain surface. The schemes use C-grid staggering with densities located at cell centers or on the corners of cells. Also, a nonconserving scheme is considered, which was used in the past with real-data cut-cell simulations. Since the cut cells near the surface create an irregular resolution, the accuracy and order of some approximations may break down near the surface. The objective of this paper is to find schemes having the same accuracy for advection near the surface as in the interior of the domain. As a test problem, uniform advection by a nondivergent velocity field is used with a 45° slope mountain (represented as a straight line) on a rectangular grid. Along the surface a sequence of triangular and pentagonal cells of quite different sizes are generated. Some schemes being discussed for cut cells lead to inaccurate and noisy solutions for this perfectly smooth mountain. A scheme using piecewise linear basis functions in a C grid with density points at the cell corners avoids these inaccuracies.