bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Yield for Multiple Line Processes: Product Acceptance Determination
Authors: Pearn W. L. , Tai Y. T. , Chiu Y. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Product inspection and quality testing are very important, particularly for product sentencing in product acceptance determination. Because the production yield requirements for most high-tech processes are very stringent, processes with a very low fraction of defectives are common. In such cases, process capability indices have been widely applied to provide numerical evaluations in process capability, which are effective tools for quality assurance. In product acceptance determination, methods of evaluating yield for processes with a single manufacturing line have been investigated extensively, but processes with multiple lines have been comparatively neglected. However, multiple manufacturing lines are popular in many factory applications because of high demand. Consequently, in this paper, we consider the product acceptance sampling plan based on CMpk to deal with product acceptance determination for processes with multiple lines. The required sample sizes and the critical acceptance values for various levels of producers’ and customers’ risks with various values of acceptable quality level (AQL) and lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD) are tabulated. In addition, a Monte Carlo simulation is conducted and the coverage rates of producers’ and customers’ risks for various values of AQL and LTPD are provided. The product acceptance determination based on CMpu for processes with one-sided specification limits and multiple lines are also discussed. The computational results are useful to the practitioners for their in-plant applications.
Non-Newly Generated, “Immature” Neurons in the Sheep Brain Are Not Restricted to Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Piumatti Matteo , Palazzo Ottavia , La Rosa Chiara , Crociara Paola , Parolisi Roberta , Luzzati Federico , Lévy Frederic , Bonfanti Luca 
Published: December 2017

A newly proposed form of brain structural plasticity consists of non-newly generated, “immature” neurons of the adult cerebral cortex. Similar to newly generated neurons, these cells express the cytoskeletal protein Doublecortin (DCX), yet they are generated prenatally and then remain in a state of immaturity for long periods. In rodents, the immature neurons are restricted to the paleocortex, whereas in other mammals, they are also found in neocortex. Here, we analyzed the DCX-expressing cells in the whole sheep brain of both sexes to search for an indicator of structural plasticity at a cellular level in a relatively large-brained, long-living mammal. Brains from adult and newborn sheep (injected with BrdU and analyzed at different survival times) were processed for DCX, cell proliferation markers (Ki-67, BrdU), pallial/subpallial developmental origin (Tbr1,Sp8), and neuronal/glial antigens for phenotype characterization. We found immature-like neurons in the whole sheep cortex and in large populations of DCX-expressing cells within the external capsule and the surrounding gray matter (claustrum and amygdala). BrdU and Ki-67 detection at neonatal and adult ages showed that all of these DCX+cells were generated during embryogenesis, not after birth. These results show that the adult sheep, unlike rodents, is largely endowed with non-newly generated neurons retaining immature features, suggesting that such plasticity might be particularly important in large-brained, long-living mammals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBrain plasticity is important in adaptation and brain repair. Structural changes span from synaptic plasticity to adult neurogenesis, the latter being highly reduced in large-brained, long-living mammals (e.g., humans). The cerebral cortex contains “immature” neurons, which are generated prenatally and then remain in an undifferentiated state for long periods, being detectable with markers of immaturity. We studied the distribution and developmental origin of these cells in the whole brain of sheep, relatively large-brained, long-living mammals. In addition to the expected cortical location, we also found populations of non-newly generated neurons in several subcortical regions (external capsule, claustrum, and amygdala). These results suggests that non-neurogenic, parenchymal structural plasticity might be more important in large mammals with respect to adult neurogenesis.
Dopamine-Dependent Sensitization of Rod Bipolar Cells by GABA Is Conveyed through Wide-Field Amacrine Cells
Authors: Travis Amanda M. , Heflin Stephanie J. , Hirano Arlene A. , Brecha Nicholas C. , Arshavsky Vadim Y. 
Published: December 2017

The vertebrate retina has the remarkable ability to support visual function under conditions of limited illumination, including the processing of signals evoked by single photons. Dim-light vision is regulated by several adaptive mechanisms. The mechanism explored in this study is responsible for increasing the light sensitivity and operational range of rod bipolar cells, the retinal neurons operating immediately downstream of rod photoreceptors. This sensitization is achieved through the sustained dopamine-dependent GABA release from other retinal neurons. Our goals were to identify the cell type responsible for the GABA release and the site of its modulation by dopamine. Previous studies have suggested the involvement of amacrine and/or horizontal cells. We now demonstrate, using mice of both sexes, that horizontal cells do not participate in this mechanism. Instead, sustained GABA input is provided by a subpopulation of wide-field amacrine cells, which stimulate the GABACreceptors at rod bipolar cell axons. We also found that dopamine does not act directly on either of these cells. Rather, it suppresses inhibition imposed on these wide-field cells by another subpopulation of upstream GABAergic amacrine cells, thereby sustaining the GABACreceptor activation required for rod bipolar cell sensitization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe vertebrate retina has an exquisite ability to adjust information processing to ever-changing conditions of ambient illumination, from bright sunlight to single-photon counting under dim starlight. Operation under each of these functional regimes requires an engagement of specific adaptation mechanisms. Here, we describe a mechanism optimizing the performance of the dim-light channel of vision, which consists of sensitizing rod bipolar cells by a sustained GABAergic input originating from a population of wide-field amacrine cells. Wide-field amacrine cells span large segments of the retina, making them uniquely equipped to normalize and optimize response sensitivity across distant receptive fields and preclude any bias toward local light-intensity fluctuations.
Sustained MAPK/ERK Activation in Adult Schwann Cells Impairs Nerve Repair
Authors: Cervellini Ilaria , Galino Jorge , Zhu Ning , Allen Shannen , Birchmeier Carmen , Bennett David L. 
Published: December 2017

The MAPK/ERK pathway has a critical role in PNS development. It is required for Schwann cell (SC) differentiation and myelination; sustained embryonic MAPK/ERK activation in SCs enhances myelin growth overcoming signals that normally end myelination. Excess activation of this pathway can be maladaptive as in adulthood acute strong activation of MAPK/ERK has been shown to cause SC dedifferentiation and demyelination. We used a mouse model (including male and female animals) in which the gain-of-functionMEK1DDallele produces sustained MAPK/ERK activation in adult SCs, and we determined the impact of such activation on nerve repair. In the uninjured nerve, MAPK/ERK activation neither impaired myelin nor reactivated myelination. However, in the injured nerve it was detrimental and resulted in delayed repair and functional recovery. In the early phase of injury, the rate of myelin clearance was faster. Four weeks following injury, when nerve repair is normally advanced, myelinated axons ofMEK1DDmutants demonstrated higher rates of myelin decompaction, a reduced number of Cajal bands. and decreased internodal length. We noted the presence of abnormal Remak bundles with long SCs processes and reduced numbers of C-fibers/Remak bundle. Both the total number of regenerating axons and the intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the skin were reduced. Sustained activation of MAPK/ERK in adult SCs is therefore deleterious to successful nerve repair, emphasizing the differences in the signaling processes coordinating nerve development and repair. Our results also underline the key role of SCs in axon regeneration and successful target reinnervation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe MAPK/ERK pathway promotes developmental myelination and its sustained activation in SCs induced continuous myelin growth, compensating for the absence of essential myelination signals. However, the strength of activation is fundamental because acute strong induction of MAPK/ERK in adulthood induces demyelination. What has been unknown is the effect of a mild but sustained MAPK/ERK activation in SCs on nerve repair in adulthood. This promoted myelin clearance but led to abnormalities in nonmyelinating and myelinating SCs in the later phases of nerve repair, resulting in slowed axon regeneration, cutaneous reinnervation, and functional recovery. Our results emphasize the distinct role of the MAPK/ERK pathway in developmental myelination versus remyelination and the importance of signaling between SCs and axons for successful axon regeneration.
The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Early Myelination and Contributes to Timely Remyelination
Authors: Ahrendsen Jared T. , Harlow Danielle E. , Finseth Lisbet T. , Bourne Jennifer N. , Hickey Sean P. , Gould Elizabeth A. , Culp Cecilia M. , Macklin Wendy B. 
Published: December 2017

Shp2 is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that has been shown to influence neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, Shp2 is a known regulator of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin and ERK signaling pathways in multiple cellular contexts, including oligodendrocytes. Its role during later postnatal CNS development or in response to demyelination injury has not been examined. Based on the current studies, we hypothesize that Shp2 is a negative regulator of CNS myelination. Using transgenic mouse technology, we show that Shp2 is involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation and early myelination, but is not necessary for myelin maintenance. We also show that Shp2 regulates the timely differentiation of oligodendrocytes following lysolecithin-induced demyelination, although apparently normal remyelination occurs at a delayed time point. These data suggest that Shp2 is a relevant therapeutic target in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the present study, we show that the protein phosphatase Shp2 is an important mediator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, both during developmental myelination as well as during myelin regeneration. We provide important insight into the signaling mechanisms regulating myelination and propose that Shp2 acts as a transient brake to the developmental myelination process. Furthermore, we show that Shp2 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation following demyelination and therefore has important therapeutic implications in diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
A natureza da pragmática: percurso teórico em um piscar de olhos
Authors: Ibaños Ana Maria T. , Costa Jorge Campos da 
Published: December 2017

O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar aspectos gerais sobre o desenvolvimento da pragmática, desde suas origens e discussões estritamente teóricas, no que concerne às pragmáticas e suas vertentes. De fato, tal disciplina pode ser caracterizada de várias maneiras, especialmente como subárea da Linguística Pura, ou como forma de abordagem de caráter instrumental, em que se identificam contextos para as diversas situações de uso da linguagem. Dada essa complexidade que envolve a Pragmática, parece justa a pretensão de nosso trabalho ao ser voltado para os fundamentos, conceitos básicos e debates típicos. Isso vai na direção de familiarizar e permitir compreender as questões motivadoras de pesquisa que cercam uma multiplicidade de problemas relevantes na área.
O ensino de pragmática por professores nativos e não-nativos de línguas: o que eles sabem e o que relatam estar fazendo
Authors: Cohen Andrew D. 
Published: December 2017

O artigo aborda a questão de como professores não-nativos de uma língua alvo (PNNs) lidam com a pragmática em suas salas de aula. Inicia com uma discussão sobre o que é pragmática. Em seguida, traz aspectos relacionados ao ensino de pragmática, tais como o background do professor, comparações entre ensino de segunda língua (L2) e língua estrangeira (LE) e o potencial da mídia digital e outros meios para prover modelos de comportamento pragmático. Após, é apresentada uma pesquisa internacional, a qual investigou as experiências de PNNs de várias línguas com relação ao ensino da pragmática. Um total de 113 professores relataram o que ensinavam: 30 professores nativos (PNs) e 83 professores não-nativos (PNNs). Foi solicitado a eles que falassem sobre suas experiências como professores de pragmática da L2 e LE. Sendo a pragmática uma mescla de língua e cultura, aos professores foi solicitado que avaliassem seus conhecimentos de pragmalinguística (formas linguísticas) e sociopragmática (conhecimento sociocultural). Ademais, foram instruídos a darem suas opiniões em relação a semelhanças e diferenças entre o ensino da pragmática da LE e da L2, pois essa dicotomia tradicional acarreta uma realidade mais híbrida em um mundo cada vez mais globalizado. Da mesma forma, perguntas foram feitas sobre seus métodos de ensino de pragmática, sua utilização de mídia digital e seu tratamento de diferenças dialetais. Por fim, foi-lhes solicitado que sugerissem áreas nas quais fossem desenvolvidas pesquisas sobre o ensino de pragmática. O artigo relata os resultados do estudo, incluindo dados sobre o ensino de censuras, sarcasmo e blasfêmia, além do uso de mídia digital e coleta de dados pragmáticos feita por alunos.
O humor no ensino de línguas
Authors: Andrade Leila Minatti , Rauen Fábio José 
Published: December 2017

Neste artigo, defendemos que o humor, especificamente em piadas, facilita o ensino da língua espanhola para estudantes brasileiros. Para tanto, apresentamos argumentos em favor da importância da utilização do humor para o ensino e a aprendizagem; mostramos como a teoria da relevância (SPERBER; WILSON, 1986, 1995) nos auxilia a compreender como as pessoas compreendem piadas; argumentamos que o docente deve prever possíveis traduções feitas pelos alunos para utilizar piadas em sala de aula apropriadamente; e, por fim, analisamos três piadas baseando-nos na classificação de Yus (2010). Concluímos que piadas transferíveis têm mais chances de serem compreendidas pelos estudantes, quando comparadas com piadas substituíveis e desafiadoras.
O estudo da aquisição de inferências pragmáticas como elemento na escolha entre modelos teóricos em disputa
Authors: Goldnadel Marcos 
Published: December 2017

Fenômeno de comportamento ambivalente, pressuposição tem desafiado algumas gerações de linguistas em relação a dois problemas complementares: o problema da projeção de pressuposições e o problema da origem das pressuposições. Embora o problema descritivo da projeção tenha recebido maior atenção, não se pode lidar com ele sem assumir algum posicionamento quanto ao problema explanatório, relativo à origem das inferências consideradas pressuposicionais. O desacordo que se observa quanto à descrição da projeção de pressuposições contrasta, no entanto, com um relativo consenso, historicamente construído, sobre a natureza das pressuposições. Segundo esse consenso, pressuposição é fenômeno de natureza convencional, sujeito, apenas em sua projeção, a injunções de ordem conversacional. Mais recentemente, esse consenso tem sido abalado por uma nova onda de trabalhos, que, de diversos modos, passaram a defender a ideia de que pressuposição é fenômeno de natureza fundamentalmente conversacional. Entre essas propostas, uma que merece atenção pela plausibilidade é a que identifica pressuposição com implicatura de quantidade escalar. As duas formas de encarar a origem de pressuposições, no entanto, permitem realizar predições distintas quanto ao seu processamento. Interessados na comprovação de uma das duas hipóteses, estudos experimentais foram conduzidos recentemente com a finalidade de avaliar o modo como pressuposições e implicaturas escalares são processadas. Os resultados desses estudos têm sido importante elemento no debate sobre o problema explanatório da origem de pressuposições. Este artigo revisita alguns experimentos que avaliam o modo como ocorre o processamento de implicaturas escalares e pressuposições e procura avaliar a importância, no quadro mais geral desse debate, de trabalhos que investiguem o modo como sujeitos em fase de aquisição processam inferências pragmáticas. Mostra, nesse percurso, que as evidências obtidas podem ser vistas como elementos de apoio a certos modelos ou, alternativamente, como pistas para o aprimoramento das suposições dos modelos que, inicialmente, parecem problematizar.
Compreensão de expressões idiomáticas em período de aquisição da linguagem
Authors: Siqueira Maity , Duarte Junior Sergio , Pereira Laura Baiocco , Ferrari Caroline Girardi , Lopes Nichele 
Published: December 2017

São muitos os estudos sobre a compreensão de expressões idiomáticas. Entretanto, ainda são raros os trabalhos sobre o tema no desenvolvimento da linguagem em língua portuguesa. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a aplicação e os resultados de uma tarefa de compreensão de expressões idiomáticas em 270 participantes em três faixas etárias (crianças, adolescentes e adultos). A tarefa é composta por seis itens: sentenças seguidas de uma pergunta aberta e uma pergunta fechada. A comparação das respostas nos três grupos indica um aumento gradual na compreensão de expressões idiomáticas. Além da idade, discute-se a implicação das variáveis linguísticas contexto, transparência, metaforicidade e familiaridade na compreensão do fenômeno. As análises sugerem que esse fenômeno complexo deve ser estudado levando em conta todos esses aspectos.
Powerfully queered
Authors: Hiramoto Mie 
Published: December 2017

This paper investigates representations of castrated male characters in Chinese martial arts films. In my data, without exception, the castrated kungfu practitioners are villainous, powerful and extremely tenacious. After careful examination of the characterisations of these sexually unorthodox male martial artist characters in mainstream films, I find a strikingly simplistic equation that links the castrated male characters and their visual and linguistic representations. While the castrated males are some of the most physically capable martial arts practitioners in this genre, they are stereotypically presented as lacking masculinity, and in turn both feminised and dehumanised. Through layers of mediatisation, the fictional castrated male characters are shown to be freaks and monsters by being linguistically and visually queered.
Gender stereotype as a vehicle for social change?
Authors: Kang M. Agnes , Chen Katherine Hoi Ying 
Published: December 2017

The Kong Girl stereotype has been circulating in the media since the mid-2000s. The indexical process of associating social meanings to the Kong Girl label becomes heightened in situations of uncertainty and change. Kira Hall uses the term ‘indexical dissonance’ to explain the state of identity under globalisation. In this paper, we identify three strategies by which more ‘positive’ representations of Kong Girls emerge: (1) the Kong Girl label shifts in semantic meaning; (2) the specific Kong Girl qualities taken as stance objects shift; and (3) the Kong Girl label is reappropriated. Through these strategies, we show how the meanings associated with a gender stereotype may be co-opted in emerging discourses of social change.
On the Evaluation of Sample Size Required for a Good Approximation by the Normal Curve for Some Statistics
Authors: Wywiał Janusz L. 
Published: December 2017

Testing hypotheses or evaluation confidence intervals requires knowledge of some statistics’ distributions. It is convenient if the probability distribution of the statistic converges to normal distribution when the sample size is sufficiently large. This paper examines the problem of how to evaluate sample size in order to determine that a statistic’s distribution does not depart from normal distribution by more than an assumed amount. Two procedures are proposed to evaluate the necessary sample size. The first is based on Berry-Esseen inequality while the second is based on simulation procedure. In order to evaluate the necessary sample size, the distribution of the sample mean is generated by replicating samples of a fixed size. Next, the normal distribution of the evaluated sample means is tested. The size of the generated samples is gradually increased until the hypothesis on the normality of the sample mean distribution is not rejected. This procedure is applied in the cases of statistics other than sample mean.
Wykorzystanie modelu przepływów międzygałęziowych do ocen makroekonomicznych gospodarki
Authors: Czyżewski Andrzej , Grzelak Aleksander 
Published: December 2017

The objective of the article is to present the possibilities of using an input-output model in macroeconomic evaluations of the economy taking into account past experience and suggestions for the future. During the study we found that the input-output model is a useful tool for evaluating and interpreting economic phenomena. It can be used primarily to evaluate relationships and to diagnose the sources of diversified development between branches within a given economy. There is a need to expand the interpretation of the input-output model by adding a fourth part. This would entail publishing data on the distribution of generated income. Further, it would be interesting to attempt to use this model to present supply inequality while taking into account the environmental context of the macroeconomic analysis.
Território Audiovisual: imagens e sons como estratégia metodológica de pesquisa
Authors: Resende Fernanda Elisa Costa P. , Morás Teder Muniz 
Published: December 2017

Resumo: este artigo traz a reflexão de questões levantadas no Simpósio 23,
coordenado pelos autores durante o VI Reunião de Teoria Arqueológica da
America do Sul (TAAS), realizado em 2012. Os trabalhos, cuja temática
percorrem a Arqueologia, Antropologia, Etnologia e o campo do audiovisual,
conferiram medidas do caráter interdisciplinar e dialógico dessas áreas.

Palavras-chave: Patrimônio Cultural. Acervo Audiovisual. Contexto analógico
e digital. Imagens e sons.
A Cidade e suas Crises, o Patrimônio pelos viés da Memória: por que e como preservar o passado?
Authors: Rocha Ana Luiza Carvalho da , Eckert Cornelia 
Published: December 2017

Problematiza-se o lugar do patrimônio relacionado à s modernas cidades no Brasil. Demonstra-se como a produção antropológica, hoje, referida ao paradigma que trata da dialética temporal e com pesquisa etnográfica sobre a memória social e coletiva dos habitantes na cidade, possibilita interpretar os sentidos dos lugares urbanos e do pertencimento do público aos territórios da vida social como experiências de habitá-los e definir uma reflexividade crítica de políticas oficiais de patrimonialização.