bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processes of believing: Where do they come from? What are they good for?
Authors: Seitz Rüdiger J. , Paloutzian Raymond F. , Angel Hans-Ferdinand 
Published: October 2016

Despite the long scholarly discourse in Western theology and philosophy on religion, spirituality, and faith, explanations of what a belief and what believing is are still lacking. Recently, cognitive neuroscience research addressed the human capacity of believing. We present evidence suggesting that believing is a human brain function which results in probabilistic representations with attributes of personal meaning and value and thereby guides individuals’ behavior. We propose that the same mental processes operating on narratives and rituals constitute belief systems in individuals and social groups. Our theoretical model of believing is suited to account for secular and non-secular belief formation.
The multifactorial aetiology of fracture nonunion and the importance of searching for latent infection
Authors: Mills L. , Tsang J. , Hopper G. , Keenan G. , Simpson A. H. R. W. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesA successful outcome following treatment of nonunion requires the correct identification of all of the underlying cause(s) and addressing them appropriately. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and frequency of causative factors in a consecutive cohort of nonunion patients in order to optimise the management strategy for individual patients presenting with nonunion.MethodsCauses of the nonunion were divided into four categories: mechanical; infection; dead bone with a gap; and host. Prospective and retrospective data of 100 consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for long bone fracture nonunion were analysed.ResultsA total of 31% of patients had a single attributable cause, 55% had two causes, 14% had three causes and 1% had all four. Of those (31%) with only a single attributable cause, half were due to a mechanical factor and a quarter had dead bone with a gap. Mechanical causation was found in 59% of all patients, dead bone and a gap was present in 47%, host factors in 43% and infection was a causative factor in 38% of patients. In all, three of 58 patients (5%) thought to be aseptic and two of nine (22%) suspected of possible infection were found to be infected. A total of 100% of previously treated patients no longer considered to have ongoing infection, had multiple positive microbiology results.ConclusionTwo thirds of patients had multiple contributing factors for their nonunion and 5% had entirely unexpected infection. This study highlights the importance of identifying all of the aetiological factors and routinely testing tissue for infection in treating nonunion. It raises key points regarding the inadequacy of a purely radiographic nonunion classification system and the variety of different definitions for atrophic nonunion in the current mainstream classifications used for nonunion. Cite this article: L. Mills, J. Tsang, G. Hopper, G. Keenan, A. H. R. W. Simpson. The multifactorial aetiology of fracture nonunion and the importance of searching for latent infection. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:512–519. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.510.BJR-2016-0138.
Role of Atypical Bacteria in Hospitalized Patients with Nursing Home-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Meyer-Junco Laura 
Published: October 2016

Background Nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP) has been identified as one of the leading causes of mortality and hospitalization for long-term care residents. However, current and previous pneumonia guidelines differ on the appropriate management of NHAP in hospitalized patients, specifically in regard to the role of atypical bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella. Objectives The purpose of this review is to evaluate clinical trials conducted in hospitalized patients with NHAP to determine the prevalence of atypical bacteria and thus the role for empiric antibiotic coverage of these pathogens in NHAP. Methods Comprehensive MEDLINE (1966-April 2016) and Embase (1980-April 2016) searches were performed using the terms “atypical bacteria”, “atypical pneumonia”, “nursing-home acquired pneumonia”, “pneumonia”, “elderly”, “nursing homes”, and “long term care”. Additional articles were retrieved from the review of references cited in the collected studies. Thirteen published clinical trials were identified. Results In the majority of studies, atypical bacteria were infrequently identified in patients hospitalized with NHAP. However, when an active community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) cohort was available, the rate of atypical bacteria between NHAP and CAP study arms was similar. Only 3 studies in this review adhered to recommended strategies for investigating atypical bacteria; in 2 of these studies, C. pneumoniae was the most common pathogen identified in NHAP cohorts. Conclusion Although atypical bacteria were uncommon in most NHAP studies in this review, suboptimal microbial investigations were commonly performed. To accurately describe the role of atypical bacteria in NHAP, more studies using validated diagnostic tests are needed.
Amazon Rainforest Ant-Fauna of Parque Estadual do Cristalino: Understory and Ground-Dwelling Ants
Authors: Vicente Ricardo Eduardo , Prado Lívia Pires , Izzo Thiago Junqueira 
Published: October 2016

Ants are ecologically dominant and have been used as valuable bio-indicators of environmental change or disturbance being used in monitoring inventories. However, the majority of inventories has concentrated in ground-dwelling ant fauna disregarding the arboreal fauna. This paper aimed to list the ant species collected both on the ground and in the vegetation of the Parque Estadual do Cristalino, an important protected site in the center of the southern Amazon. Moreover, we compared the composition of the ground dwelling and vegetation foraging ants. Was sampled 203 species distributed among 23 genera and eight subfamilies, wherein 35 species had not yet been reported in the literature for Mato Grosso State. As expected, the abundance and richness of ants was higher on the ground than in the understory. Also, the ant assemblages composition was different between these habitats (with only 20% occurring in both). It indicate that complementary methods which include arboreal and terrestrial ants are indicated for efficient inventory. This study provides an inventory of the arboreal and ground ant fauna contributing to the knowledge and conservation of ant fauna of the Amazonian.
The Musculoskeletal Difficulties in Dental Professionals
Authors: Landim Lívia Maria Dos Santos , Lopes Jéssica Mariano Uchôa , Sousa Gledson Fernandes de , Oliveira Sidney Medeiros de , Vieira Anny Caroline Costa , Batista Hermes melo Teixeira , Fechine Elisian Macêdo 
Published: October 2016

The appearance of musculoskeletal symptoms in dental professionals is increasing worldwide. In Brazil, has already begun acquires expressive and socially relevant numbers. Since the 80's, it has become a problem of public health and social, because of their scope and magnitude. These professionals are constantly subjected to a number of risks for the appearance of injuries attributed to their work. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of signs and symptoms in musculoskeletal dental professionals in the city of Barbalha- Ceará, Brasil. This is a quantitative field study, with 25 dentists. The instrument was the Nordic questionnaire for musculoskeletal symptoms and another for verification of professional knowledge about MDRW (Musculoskeletal disorders related to work). The results were worrying because some work more than one shift, and 40% of them showed signs and musculoskeletal symptoms. The superior limbs seemed more affected and 36% was in column dorsal, lumbar and lower limbs. With regard to the procedure with a higher rate of pain, was extracted. For the pathologies, the tendonitis was the most diagnosed. It was concluded that the dental surgeons in Barbalha- Ceará, Brasil, seemed very exposed to risk factors, with respect to the emergence of MDRW. Keywords: MDRW, musculoskeletal, symptoms, pain.
The development of critical reflection skills: An application of school and teacher themed movies
Authors: Kaşkaya Alper , Selçuk Ziya 
Published: October 2016

The present research aims to determine the effect of films including school and teacher whose learning processes are applied with “Critical Reflection Skills (CRS)” on the critical reflection skills of 4th primary education teachers. In accordance with this purpose, the research was carried out with 73 participants who were the 4th grade students in the Primary Education Teacher Training Department of Gazi Faculty of Education in Gazi University in 2012-2013 education year. The qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied together during the process. Data were collected with “The Critical Reflection Self-assessment Scale (CRSS)” - “Critical Team Application Focus Team Interview Form (CTAFTIF)” and “ Meta Team Observation Form”. During the data collection process, the participants watched the school and teacher containing films at first and then, “Critical Reflection Application (CRA)” adapted from “Critical Reflection Strategy with Teams” was applied. Content analysis was adopted in the analysis of the qualitative data gathered during the research process. In the analysis of the quantitative data, t-test and one-way variance analysis were used. The results of the conducted research demonstrated that teachers started to generate thinking of critical reflection with school and teacher containing films and the CRA process. It was noticed that statistically a significant difference occurred between the control and experimental groups in terms of critical reflection skills.
Geometric features of pig airways using computed tomography
Authors: Azad Md K. , Mansy Hansen A. , Gamage Peshala T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the airway geometry is needed when constructing physical models of the airway tree and for numerical modeling of flow or sound propagation in the airways. Human and animal experiments are conducted to validate these models. Many studies documented the geometric details of the human airways. However, information about the geometry of pig airways is scarcer. Earlier studies suggested that the morphology of animal airways can be significantly different from that of humans. The objective of this study is to measure the airway diameter, length and bifurcation angles in domestic pigs using computed tomography. In this study, lungs of six pigs were imaged, then segmentation software tools were used to extract the geometry of the airway lumen. The airway dimensions were measured from the resulting 3‐D models for the first 24 airway generations. Results showed that the size and morphology of the airways of the six pigs were similar. The trachea diameters were found to be comparable to the typical human adult, but the diameter, length and branching angles of other airways were noticeably different from that of humans. For example, pig airways consistently had an early branching from the trachea that feeds the top right lung lobe and precedes the main carina. This branch is absent in the human airways. The results suggested that the pig airways geometry may not be accurately approximated by human airways and this approximation may contribute to increasing the errors in computational models of the pig chest.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38 target regenerating islet‐derived 3γ expression is upregulated in cardiac inflammatory response in the rat heart
Authors: Säkkinen Hanna , Aro Jani , Kaikkonen Leena , Ohukainen Pauli , Näpänkangas Juha , Tokola Heikki , Ruskoaho Heikki , Rysä Jaana 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRegenerating islet‐derived 3γ (Reg3γ) is a multifunctional protein, associated with various tissue injuries and inflammatory states. Since chronic inflammation is characteristics also for heart failure, the aim of this study was to characterize Reg3γ expression in cardiac inflammatory conditions. Reg3γ expression was studied in experimental rat models of myocardial infarction (MI) and pressure overload in vivo. For cell culture studies neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs) were used. In addition, adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer of upstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 3b and p38α MAPK in vivo and in vitro was performed. Reg3γ mRNA (12.8‐fold, P < 0.01) and protein (5.8‐fold, P < 0.001) levels were upregulated during the postinfarction remodeling at day 1 after MI, and angiotensin II (Ang II) markedly increased Reg3γ mRNA levels from 6 h to 2 weeks. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the Ang II‐induced expression of Reg3γ was localized into the cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of the proliferating connective tissue in the heart. Stretching and treatments with endothelin‐1, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and fibroblast growth factor‐1 increased Reg3γ mRNA levels in NRCMs. SB203580, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, markedly attenuated LPS and mechanical stretch‐induced upregulation of Reg3γ gene expression. Moreover, combined overexpression of MKK3bE and WT p38α increased Reg3γ gene expression in cultured cardiomyocytes in vitro and in the rat heart in vivo. Our study shows that cardiac stress activates Reg3γ expression and p38 MAPK is an upstream regulator of Reg3γ gene expression in heart. Altogether our data suggest Reg3γ is associated with cardiac inflammatory signaling.
Lack of replication of associations between multiple genetic polymorphisms and endurance athlete status in Japanese population
Authors: Yvert Thomas , Miyamoto‐Mikami Eri , Murakami Haruka , Miyachi Motohiko , Kawahara Takashi , Fuku Noriyuki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine a polygenic profile related to endurance performance, based on current knowledge, in the Japanese population. We analyzed 21 genetic polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with endurance performance and its related phenotypes in 175 endurance runners (60 international‐, 94 national‐, and 21 regional‐level) and 649 controls in the Japanese population. Then, we calculated the total genotype score (TGS) (maximum value of 100 for the theoretically optimum polygenic score) for endurance performance. There was no association between the TGS and endurance athlete status (Control: 49.0 ± 7.6, Regional: 47.3 ± 7.6, National: 49.1 ± 5.7, and International: 48.2 ± 7.0, P = 0.626). These results suggested that TGSs based on the 21 previously published endurance performance‐associated polymorphisms do not influence endurance running performance in the Japanese population. Nevertheless, some marginal tendencies have to be noted: the frequencies of the ACTN3 R577X rs1815739 RR+RX genotype and the GNB3 rs5443 CC+CT genotype were higher in international athletes than in controls (85% vs. 73.6%, P = 0.042 and 90% vs. 76%, P = 0.007, respectively), but not significantly different after Bonferroni correction.
Simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in tissue homogenates and calculation of effective P/O ratios
Authors: Salin Karine , Villasevil Eugenia M. , Auer Sonya K. , Anderson Graeme J. , Selman Colin , Metcalfe Neil B. , Chinopoulos Christos 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe use of tissue homogenate has greatly aided the study of the functioning of mitochondria. However, the amount of ATP produced per oxygen molecule consumed, that is, the effective P/O ratio, has never been measured directly in tissue homogenate. Here we combine and refine existing methods previously used in permeabilized cells and isolated mitochondria to simultaneously measure mitochondrial ATP production (JATP) and oxygen consumption (JO2) in tissue homogenate. A major improvement over existing methods is in the control of ATPases that otherwise interfere with the ATP assay: our modified technique facilitates simultaneous measurement of the rates of “uncorrected” ATP synthesis and of ATP hydrolysis, thus minimizing the amount of tissue and time needed. Finally, we develop a novel method of calculating effective P/O ratios which corrects measurements of JATP and JO2 for rates of nonmitochondrial ATP hydrolysis and respiration, respectively. Measurements of JATP and JO2 in liver homogenates from brown trout (Salmo trutta) were highly reproducible, although activity declined once homogenates were 2 h old. We compared mitochondrial properties from fed and food‐deprived animals to demonstrate that the method can detect mitochondrial flexibility in P/O ratios in response to nutritional state. This method simplifies studies examining the mitochondrial bioenergetics of tissue homogenates, obviating the need for differential centrifugation or chemical permeabilization and avoiding the use of nonmitochondrial ATPase inhibitors. We conclude that our approach for characterizing effective P/O ratio opens up new possibilities in the study of mitochondrial function in very small samples, where the use of other methods is limited.
Transcriptional coactivator NT‐PGC‐1α promotes gluconeogenic gene expression and enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis
Authors: Chang Ji Suk , Jun Hee‐Jin , Park Minsung 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe transcriptional coactivator PGC‐1α plays a central role in hepatic gluconeogenesis. We previously reported that alternative splicing of the PGC‐1α gene produces an additional transcript encoding the truncated protein NT‐PGC‐1α. NT‐PGC‐1α is co‐expressed with PGC‐1α and highly induced by fasting in the liver. NT‐PGC‐1α regulates tissue‐specific metabolism, but its role in the liver has not been investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the role of hepatic NT‐PGC‐1α in the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Adenovirus‐mediated expression of NT‐PGC‐1α in primary hepatocytes strongly stimulated the expression of key gluconeogenic enzyme genes (PEPCK and G6Pase), leading to increased glucose production. To further understand NT‐PGC‐1α function in hepatic gluconeogenesis in vivo, we took advantage of a previously reported FL‐PGC‐1α−/− mouse line that lacks full‐length PGC‐1α (FL‐PGC‐1α) but retains a slightly shorter and functionally equivalent form of NT‐PGC‐1α (NT‐PGC‐1α254). In FL‐PGC‐1α−/− mice, NT‐PGC‐1α254 was induced by fasting in the liver and recruited to the promoters of PEPCK and G6Pase genes. The enrichment of NT‐PGC‐1α254 at the promoters was closely associated with fasting‐induced increase in PEPCK and G6Pase gene expression and efficient production of glucose from pyruvate during a pyruvate tolerance test in FL‐PGC‐1α−/− mice. Moreover, FL‐PGC‐1α−/− primary hepatocytes showed a significant increase in gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production after treatment with dexamethasone and forskolin, suggesting that NT‐PGC‐1α254 is sufficient to stimulate the gluconeogenic program in the absence of FL‐PGC‐1α. Collectively, our findings highlight the role of hepatic NT‐PGC‐1α in stimulating gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production.
Numerical modelling of oil spill in New York Bay
Authors: Toz Ali Cemal , Koseoglu Burak , Sakar Cenk 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
New York Bay is one of the most important transition regions of ships trading to east America. The region plays an important role in the commerce of the New York metropolitan area. The area is surrounded with the coasts that have various levels of environmental sensitivity. The area accommodates high diversity of native ecosystems and species that are rather vulnerable in case of oil spill. Thus getting well informed about the likelihood, or fate, of oil spills around this region is of great importance so that proactive measures can be taken. The purpose of this study is to investigate the oil spill and predict the future accidents likely to be encountered around the Bay of New York. Two trajectory models have been conducted for the study. ADIOS (Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills), has been conducted for natural degradation calculations, and, GNOME (General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment), has been conducted for surface spread simulation. The results gained through these efforts are hoped to be useful for many organizations dealing with oil spill response operations and contribute to an effective and efficient coordination among the relevant institutions.
NH4+ adsorption and adsorption kinetics by sediments in a drinking water reservoir
Authors: Suna Hongyan , Wanga Xiaoyun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe sorption isotherm and sorption kinetics of NH4+by the Fen River reservoir sediment were investigated for a better understanding of the NH4+sorption characteristics and parameters. The results showed that Q (adsorption content) increased with the increase of Ceq(equilibrium concentration), sorption isotherms could be described by Freundlich equation (R2from 0.97 to 0.99). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) had a significant correlation with the parameters K and n (R2was 0.85 and 0.95, respectively). The ENC0(Ceqas Q was zero) of S1, S2, S3 and S4 was 1.25, 0.57, 1.15 and 1.14 mg L-1, respectively, and they were less than the NH4+concentrations in reservoir water. The sediments released NH4+to the Fen River reservoir water and acted as a pollution source, in the form of complex and heterogeneous adsorbents. The NH4+adsorption kinetic process was composed of ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ reaction patterns and could be fitted using both Elovich equation and Pseudo second-equation. More than one-step may be involved in the NH4+sorption processes, and interior diffusion was not dominant ion action.
Activity and functional diversity of microbial communities in long-term hydrocarbon and heavy metal contaminated soils
Authors: Markowicz Anna , Płaza Grażyna , Piotrowska-Seget Zofia 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe impacts of long-term polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal pollution on soil microbial communities functioning were studied in soils taken from an old coke plant. The concentrations of PAHs in the tested soils ranged from 171 to 2137 mg kg-1. From the group of tested heavy metals, concentrations of lead were found to be the highest, ranging from 57 to 3478 mg kg-1, while zinc concentrations varied from 247 to 704 mg kg-1and nickel from 10 to 666 mg kg-1. High dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in the most contaminated soil. This may indicate bacterial adaptation to long-term heavy metal and hydrocarbon contamination. However, the Community Level Physiological Profiles (CLPPs) analysis showed that the microbial functional diversity was reduced and influenced to a higher extent by some metals (Pb, Ni), moisture and conductivity than by PAHs.
Exploring the potential of fungal-bacterial consortium for low-cost biodegradation and detoxification of textile effluent
Authors: Lade Harshad , Kadam Avinash , Paul Diby , Govindwar Sanjay 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the present study, the enrichment and isolation of textile effluent decolorizing bacteria were carried out in wheat bran (WB) medium. The isolated bacterium Providencia rettgeri strain HSL1 was then tested for decolorization of textile effluent in consortium with a dyestuff degrading fungus Aspergillus ochraceus NCIM 1146. Decolorization study suggests that A. ochraceus NCIM 1146 and P. rettgeri strain HSL1 alone re moves only 6 and 32% of textile effluent American Dye Manufacturing Institute respectively in 30 h at 30 ±0.2°C of microaerophilic incubation, while the fungal-bacterial consortium does 92% ADMI removal within the same time period. The fungal-bacterial consortium exhibited enhanced decolorization rate due to the induction in activities of catalytic enzymes laccase (196%), lignin peroxidase (77%), azoreductase (80%) and NADH-DCIP reductase (84%). The HPLC analysis confirmed the biodegradation of textile effluent into various metabolites. Detoxification studies of textile effluent before and after treatment with fungal-bacterial consortium revealed reduced toxicity of degradation metabolites. The efficient degradation and detoxification by fungal-bacterial consortium pre-grown in agricultural based medium thus suggest a promising approach in designing low-cost treatment technologies for textile effluent.