bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond nutrients: a meta‐analysis of the diverse effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plants and soils
Authors: Delavaux Camille S. , Smith‐Ramesh Lauren M. , Kuebbing Sara E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant fitness under certain environmental conditions. Among the mechanisms that may drive this mutualism, the most studied is provisioning of nutrients by AMF in exchange for carbon from plant hosts. However, AMF may also provide a suite of non‐nutritional benefits to plants including improved water uptake, disease resistance, plant chemical defense, soil aggregation, and allelochemical transport and protection. Here, we use a meta‐analysis of 93 studies to assess the relative effect of AMF on nutritional and non‐nutritional factors that may influence plant fitness. We find that the positive effects of AMF on soil aggregation, water flow and disease resistance are equal to the effect of AMF on plant nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. However, AMF had no effect on the uptake of other nutrients, plant water content, allelopathic transport or production of chemical defense compounds. We suggest future research directions, including experimentally assessing the relative contribution on plant fitness of AMF interactions by untangling the independence of alternative benefits of AMF from an increase in nutrient uptake. This will lead to a more holistic view of the mycorrhizal‐plant association and a more accurate picture of the net impact on the plant or plant community in question.
Biogeochemistry drives diversity in the prokaryotes, fungi, and invertebrates of a Panama forest
Authors: Kaspari Michael , Bujan Jelena , Weiser Michael D. , Ning Daliang , Michaletz Sean T. , Zhili He , Enquist Brian J. , Waide Robert B. , Zhou Jizhong , Turner Benjamin L. , Wright S. Joseph 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHumans are both fertilizing the world and depleting its soils, decreasing the diversity of aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial plants in the process. We know less about how nutrients shape the abundance and diversity of the prokaryotes, fungi, and invertebrates of Earth's soils. Here we explore this question in the soils of a Panama forest subject to a 13‐yr fertilization with factorial combinations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and a separate micronutrient cocktail. We contrast three hypotheses linking biogeochemistry to abundance and diversity. Consistent with the Stress Hypothesis, adding N suppressed the abundance of invertebrates and the richness of all three groups of organisms by ca. 1 SDor more below controls. Nitrogen addition plots were 0.8pHunits more acidic with 18% more exchangeable aluminum, which is toxic to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These stress effects were frequently reversed, however, when N was added with P (for prokaryotes and invertebrates) and with added K (for fungi). Consistent with the Abundance Hypothesis, adding P generally increased prokaryote and invertebrate diversity, and adding K enhanced invertebrate diversity. Also consistent with the Abundance Hypothesis, increases in invertebrate abundance generated increases in richness. We found little evidence for the Competition Hypothesis: that single nutrients suppressed diversity by favoring a subset of high nutrient specialists, and that nutrient combinations suppressed diversity even more. Instead, combinations of nutrients, and especially the cation/micronutrient treatment, yielded the largest increases in richness in the two eukaryote groups. In sum, changes in soil biogeochemistry revealed a diversity of responses among the three dominant soil groups, positive synergies among nutrients, and–in contrast with terrestrial plants–the frequent enhancement of soil biodiversity.
Fire catalyzed rapid ecological change in lowland coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest over the past 14,000 years
Authors: Crausbay Shelley D. , Higuera Philip E. , Sprugel Douglas G. , Brubaker Linda B. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDisturbance can catalyze rapid ecological change by causing widespread mortality and initiating successional pathways, and during times of climate change, disturbance may contribute to ecosystem state changes by initiating a new successional pathway. In the Pacific Northwest of North America (PNW), disturbance by wildfires strongly shapes the composition and structure of lowland forests, but understanding the role of fire over periods of climate change is challenging, because fire‐return intervals are long (e.g., millennia) and the coniferous trees dominating these forests can live for many centuries. We developed stand‐scale paleorecords of vegetation and fire that span nearly the past 14,000 yr to study how fire was associated with state changes and rapid dynamics in forest vegetation at the stand scale (1–3 ha). We studied forest history with sediment cores from small hollow sites in the Marckworth State Forest, located ~1 km apart in the Tsuga heterophylla Zone in the Puget Lowland ecoregion of western Washington, USA. The median rate of change in pollen/spore assemblages was similar between sites (0.12 and 0.14% per year), but at both sites, rates of change increased significantly following fire events (ranging up to 1% per year, with a median of 0.28 and 0.38%, P < 0.003). During times of low climate velocity, forest composition was resilient to fires, which initiated successional pathways leading back to the dominant vegetation type. In contrast, during times of high climate variability and velocity (e.g., the early Holocene) forests were not resilient to fires, which triggered large‐scale state changes. These records provide clear evidence that disturbance, in the form of an individual fire event, can be an important catalyst for rapid state changes, accelerating vegetation shifts in response to large‐scale climate change.
Application of RNS in refractory epilepsy: Targeting insula
Authors: Chen Hai , Dugan Patricia , Chong Derek J. , Liu Anli , Doyle Werner , Friedman Daniel 
Published: May 2017

SummaryAlthough responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is approved for treatment of resistant focal epilepsy in adults, little is known about response to treatment of specific cortical targets. We describe the experience of RNS targeting the insular lobe. We identified patients who had RNS implantation with at least one electrode within the insula between April 2014 and October 2015. We performed a retrospective review of preoperative clinical features, imaging, electrocardiogram (EEG), intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG), and postoperative seizure outcome. Eight patients with at least 6 months of postimplant follow‐up were identified. Ictal localization was inconclusive with MRI or scalp EEG findings. Intracranial EEG monitoring or intraoperative ECoG demonstrated clear ictal onsets and/or frequent interictal discharges in the insula. Four patients demonstrated overall 50–75% reduction in seizure frequency. Two patients did not show appreciable seizure improvement. One patient has experienced a 75% reduction of seizure frequency, and another is nearly seizure free postoperatively. There were no reported direct complications of insular RNS electrode placement or stimulation, though two patients had postoperative complications thought to be related to craniotomy (hydrocephalus and late infection). Our study suggests that insular RNS electrode placement in selected patients is relatively safe and that RNS treatment may benefit selected patients with insular epilepsy.
Interneuronopathies and their role in early life epilepsies and neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Katsarou Anna‐Maria , Moshé Solomon L. , Galanopoulou Aristea S. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryGABAergic interneurons control the neural circuitry and network activity in the brain. The advances in genetics have identified genes that control the development, maturation, and integration of GABAergic interneurons and implicate them in the pathogenesis of epileptic encephalopathies and neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, mutations of the aristaless‐related homeobox X‐linked gene (ARX) may result in defective GABAergic interneuronal migration in infants with epileptic encephalopathies like West syndrome (WS), Ohtahara syndrome, or X‐linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG). The concept of “interneuronopathy,” that is, impaired development, migration, or function of interneurons, has emerged as a possible etiopathogenic mechanism for epileptic encephalopathies. Treatments that enhance γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels may help seizure control but do not necessarily show disease modifying effect. On the other hand, interneuronopathies can be seen in other conditions in which epilepsy may not be the primary manifestation, such as autism. In this review, we plan to outline briefly the current state of knowledge on the origin, development, and migration and integration of GABAergic interneurons, present neurodevelopmental conditions, with or without epilepsy, that have been associated with interneuronopathies, and discuss the evidence linking certain types of interneuronal dysfunction with epilepsy and/or cognitive or behavioral deficits.
Local resectability assessment of head and neck cancer: Positron emission tomography/MRI versus positron emission tomography/CT
Authors: Sekine Tetsuro , Barbosa Felipe de Galiza , Delso Gaspar , Burger Irene A. , Stolzmann Paul , ter Voert Edwin E. , Huber Gerhard F. , Kollias Spyros S. , von Schulthess Gustav K. , Veit‐Haibach Patrick , Huellner Martin W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI with PET/CT for local resectability of head and neck cancer.MethodsSequential contrast‐enhanced PET/CT‐MRI was performed in 58 patients referred for the staging or restaging of head and neck cancer. Tumors were assessed with PET/CT and PET/MRI for the presence of resectability‐defining factors: T4b status (mediastinal invasion, invasion of the prevertebral space, and vascular encasement), and another 8 findings that would imply obstacles for surgical cure (invasion of the laryngeal cartilage, invasion of the preepiglottic fat pad, perineural spread, orbital invasion, bone infiltration, skull base invasion, dural infiltration, and invasion of the brachial plexus).ResultsThe sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of local resectability‐defining factors of PET/CT and PET/MRI was 0.92/0.99/0.98 and 0.98/0.99/0.99 (P = .727), respectively, per lesion, and 0.96/0.87/0.91 and 0.96/0.90/0.93 (P = .687), respectively, per patient.ConclusionBoth contrast‐enhanced PET/MRI and contrast‐enhanced PET/CT can serve as reliable examinations for defining local resectability of head and neck cancer.
Confounded by forgotten legacies: Effectively managing watersheds in the contemporary age of unknown unknowns
Authors: Kellner Elliott , Hubbart Jason A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractContemporary watershed management practices can reflect oversimplifications of relationships between anthropogenic pressures and resource degradation. Remediation and restoration efforts often focus on recent land use practices as the primary driver of hydrologic regime changes. We present a case study that serves as an example to the scientific and watershed management communities of the lasting influences of historic land use practices and natural physical processes on a stream in the central United States listed as impaired by the federal government. Abnormal spatiotemporal streamflow relationships, determined by means of an experimental watershed study, alerted the authors to possible sink/source behavior in the upper‐watershed. Subsequent research uncovered archival evidence of coal mining, which may provide at least partial explanation. Additional investigation identified hydrologic processes associated with natural landscape evolution, noted by early‐20th‐century researchers, which are considered in the context of the current water quality and flow regime. Despite best‐intended management practices, regulatory agencies, scientists, and local decision makers have not accounted for such practices and processes, instead relying on recent development as the proximate cause of designated impairment. We present argumentation that historic land use (coal mining) and landscape processes comprise cumulative yet unconsidered legacy effects that contribute systemically to the observed hydrologic regime of the watershed. Results hold important implications for contemporary watershed management, and support rethinking the case‐by‐case appropriateness of federal and state water impairment listings, and the achievability of restoration efforts in many developing watersheds.
The importance of aspect for modelling the hydrological response in a glacier catchment in Central Asia
Authors: Gao Hongkai , Ding Yongjian , Zhao Qiudong , Hrachowitz Markus , Savenije Hubert H.G. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnderstanding how explicit consideration of topographic information influences hydrological model performance and upscaling in glacier dominated catchments remains underexplored. In this study, the Urumqi glacier no. 1 catchment in northwest China, with 52% of the area covered by glaciers, was selected as study site. A conceptual glacier‐hydrological model was developed and tested to systematically, simultaneously, and robustly reproduce the hydrograph, separate the discharge into contributions from glacier and nonglacier parts of the catchment, and establish estimates of the annual glacier mass balance, the annual equilibrium line altitude, and the daily catchment snow water equivalent. This was done by extending and adapting a recently proposed landscape‐based semidistributed conceptual hydrological model (FLEX‐Topo) to represent glacier and snowmelt processes. The adapted model, FLEXG, allows to explicitly account for the influence of topography, that is, elevation and aspect, on the distribution of temperature and precipitation and thus on melt dynamics. It is shown that the model can not only reproduce long‐term runoff observations but also variations in glacier and snow cover. Furthermore, FLEXG was successfully transferred and up‐scaled to a larger catchment exclusively by adjusting the areal proportions of elevation and aspect without the need for further calibration. This underlines the value of topographic information to meaningfully represent the dominant hydrological processes in the region and is further exacerbated by comparing the model to a model formulation that does not account for differences in aspect (FLEXG,nA) and which, in spite of satisfactorily reproducing the observed hydrograph, does not capture the influence of spatial variability of snow and ice, which as a consequence reduces model transferability. This highlights the importance of accounting for topography and landscape heterogeneity in conceptual hydrological models in mountainous and snow‐, and glacier‐dominated regions.
Meta‐analysis of the effect of the maternal vitamin D level on the risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss
Authors: Zhang Heng , Huang Zhaohui , Xiao Limin , Jiang Xinye , Chen Daozhen , Wei Yarong 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe association between vitamin D deficiency and early spontaneous pregnancy loss (SPL) is unclear.ObjectivesTo assess the association of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and SPL.Search strategyEmbase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for relevant papers published before February 20, 2016, using search terms including “vitamin D” and “pregnancy loss.”Selection criteriaCase–control and cohort studies investigating the relationship of maternal serum 25(OH)D and SPL were included.Data collection and analysisTwo authors independently extracted original data from the selected papers. The DerSimonian–Laird random‐effects model was used to perform the meta‐analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by calculating I2.Main resultsFive studies, including 10 630 pregnant women, met the inclusion criteria. There was no significant association between a low 25(OH)D level and an increased risk of SPL. In a subgroup analysis, an extremely low 25(OH)D level (<20 ng/mL) was significantly associated with an increased risk of SPL in the first trimester (relative risk 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.15–4.37); the heterogeneity across studies was not significant (I2=0.0%, P=0.355).ConclusionsSevere Vitamin D deficiency could be detrimental to early embryonic development and increase the risk of early SPL.
Immunolocalization of Substance P and NK‐1 Receptor in ADIPOSE Stem Cells
Authors: Muñoz Miguel , Muñoz Mario F. , Ayala Antonio 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTSubstance P (SP) is a neuropeptide belonging to the thachykinin peptide family. SP, after binding to its receptor, the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), controls several transcription factors such as NF‐κB, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF‐1α), c‐myc, c‐fos, c‐jun, and AP‐1. SP and NK1R have a widespread distribution in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are also present in cells not belonging to the nervous system (immune cells, placenta, etc.). SP is located in all body fluids, that is, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, etc., making it ubiquitous throughout the human body. SP and NK1R genes are expressed in the stem cell line TF‐1 and in primary stem cells derived from human placental cord blood. However, to our knowledge, the presence of SP and the NK1R receptor in adipose stem cells (ADSC) is unknown. We demonstrated by immunofluorescence the localization of SP and NK1R in human and rat ADSC. SP and NK1R are located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of these cells. The NK1R is higher in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm of ADSCs. By Western blot we demonstrated the presence of different isoforms of NK1R that have different subcellular locations in the ADSC. SP induces proliferation and mitogenesis through NK1R in ADSCs. These findings reported here for the first time suggest an important role for a SP/NK1R system, either as genetic and/or epigenetic factor, in both the cytoplasm and nucleus functions of the ADSCs. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4686–4696, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Frequency and Self‐perceived Impact on Daily Life of Motor and Non‐motor Symptoms in Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Smit Marenka , Bartels Anna L. , Kuiper Anouk , Kamphuis Arwen S. J. , Han Vladimir , Tijssen Marina A. J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundEvidence suggests that non‐motor symptoms (NMS) are the most important predictors of decreased health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) in patients with cervical dystonia (CD). In this study, we evaluate an NMS screening list and examine the influence of motor symptoms and NMS on HR‐QoL.MethodsIn 40 patients with CD, the frequency of NMS was evaluated using an extended NMS questionnaire. Furthermore, patients composed a list of their 5 most burdensome motor symptoms and NMS and scored the severity of predefined symptoms. HR‐QoL was examined with the RAND 36‐item Health Survey.ResultsOf 40 patients, 38 experienced NMS (median number of NMS, 6.5; range, 0–13; maximum, 15). The self‐perceived most burdensome symptoms were tremor/jerks, pain, sleep disturbances, daily‐life limitations, and fatigue. Also, of the predefined symptom list, tremor and fatigue were identified as the most disturbing. Several domains of HR‐QoL were significantly influenced by NMS, whereas motor symptoms had only a small influence on the physical functioning domain of HR‐QoL.ConclusionOur findings highlight the impact of NMS on HR‐QoL and emphasize the importance of a standardized, validated NMS questionnaire for patients with dystonia. This would enable us to monitor the effect of treatment for motor symptoms and NMS on an individual basis and improve treatment options.
Which ante mortem clinical features predict progressive supranuclear palsy pathology?
Authors: Respondek Gesine , Kurz Carolin , Arzberger Thomas , Compta Yaroslau , Englund Elisabet , Ferguson Leslie W. , Gelpi Ellen , Giese Armin , Irwin David J. , Meissner Wassilios G. , Nilsson Christer , Pantelyat Alexander , Rajput Alex , van Swieten John C. , Troakes Claire , Josephs Keith A. , Lang Anthony E. , Mollenhauer Brit , Müller Ulrich , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Antonini Angelo , Bhatia Kailash P. , Bordelon Yvette , Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Colosimo Carlo , Dodel Richard , Grossman Murray , Kassubek Jan , Krismer Florian , Levin Johannes , Lorenzl Stefan , Morris Huw , Nestor Peter , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Rowe James B. , van Eimeren Thilo , Wenning Gregor K. , Boxer Adam , Golbe Lawrence I. , Litvan Irene , Stamelou Maria , Höglinger Günter U. ,   for the Movement Disorder Society‐Endorsed PSP Study Group
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neuropathologically defined disease presenting with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes.ObjectiveTo identify clinical features and investigations that predict or exclude PSP pathology during life, aiming at an optimization of the clinical diagnostic criteria for PSP.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the literature published since 1996 to identify clinical features and investigations that may predict or exclude PSP pathology. We then extracted standardized data from clinical charts of patients with pathologically diagnosed PSP and relevant disease controls and calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of key clinical features for PSP in this cohort.ResultsOf 4166 articles identified by the database inquiry, 269 met predefined standards. The literature review identified clinical features predictive of PSP, including features of the following 4 functional domains: ocular motor dysfunction, postural instability, akinesia, and cognitive dysfunction. No biomarker or genetic feature was found reliably validated to predict definite PSP. High‐quality original natural history data were available from 206 patients with pathologically diagnosed PSP and from 231 pathologically diagnosed disease controls (54 corticobasal degeneration, 51 multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism, 53 Parkinson's disease, 73 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia). We identified clinical features that predicted PSP pathology, including phenotypes other than Richardson's syndrome, with varying sensitivity and specificity.ConclusionsOur results highlight the clinical variability of PSP and the high prevalence of phenotypes other than Richardson's syndrome. The features of variant phenotypes with high specificity and sensitivity should serve to optimize clinical diagnosis of PSP. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Magnetic resonance neurography and diffusion tensor imaging of the peripheral nerves in patients with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Type 1A
Authors: Vaeggemose Michael , Vaeth Signe , Pham Mirko , Ringgaard Steffen , Jensen Uffe B. , Tankisi Hatice , Ejskjaer Niels , Heiland Sabine , Andersen Henning 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionInvestigation of peripheral neuropathies by magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) may provide increased diagnostic accuracy when performed in combination with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This study seeks to evaluate DTI in the detection of neuropathic abnormalities in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1A (CMT1A).MethodsMRI of the sciatic and tibial nerves, including MRN and DTI, was prospectively performed in 15 CMT1A patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs). The following MRI parameters were evaluated and correlated with clinical and neurophysiological findings: T2‐relaxation time, proton spin density (PD) and DTI (fractional anisotropy [FA] and apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC]).ResultsDTI showed lower FA and higher ADC in CMT1A compared with HCs. T2 relaxation time showed no difference; however, PD of the sciatic nerve was higher in CMT1A. There were some close associations between neuropathy severity and MRN‐DTI, with the closest correlation between FA and nerve conduction velocity in the sciatic nerve (r = 0.76, P < 0.01).DiscussionMRN‐DTI evaluation of sciatic and tibial nerves improves the detection of nerve abnormalities in patients with CMT1A. Muscle Nerve 56: E78–E84, 2017