bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifestyle Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in BRCA1/2‐Mutation Carriers Around Childbearing Age
Authors: van Erkelens A. , Derks L. , Sie A. S. , Egbers L. , Woldringh G. , Prins J. B. , Manders P. , Hoogerbrugge N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBRCA1/2‐mutation carriers are at high risk of breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer. Physical inactivity, overweight (body mass index ≥25, BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption are jointly responsible for about 1 in 4 postmenopausal BC cases in the general population. Limited evidence suggests physical activity also increases BC risk in BRCA1/2‐mutation carriers. Women who have children often reduce physical activity and have weight gain, which increases BC risk. We assessed aforementioned lifestyle factors in a cohort of 268 BRCA1/2‐mutation carriers around childbearing age (born between 1968 and 1983, median age 33 years, range 21–44). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of having children on physical inactivity and overweight. Carriers were asked about lifestyle 4–6 weeks after genetic diagnosis at the Familial Cancer Clinic Nijmegen. Physical inactivity was defined as sports activity fewer than once a week. Carriers were categorized according to the age of their youngest child (no children, age 0–3 years and ≥4 years). In total, 48% of carriers were physically inactive, 41% were overweight, 27% smoked, and 70% consumed alcohol (3% ≥8 beverages/week). Physical inactivity was 4–5 times more likely in carriers with children. Overweight was not associated with having children. Carriers with children are a subgroup that may specifically benefit from lifestyle support to reduce BC risk.
Effects of Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Clavijo Raul I. , Kohn Taylor P. , Kohn Jaden R. , Ramasamy Ranjith 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Introduction
Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) has been proposed as an effective non-invasive treatment option for erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim
To use systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of Li-ESWT by comparing change in erectile function as assessed by the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) in men undergoing Li-ESWT vs sham therapy for the treatment of ED.

Methods
Systematic search was conducted of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials that were published in peer-reviewed journals or presented in abstract form of Li-ESWT used for the treatment of ED from January 2010 through March 2016. Randomized controlled trials were eligible for inclusion if they were published in the peer-reviewed literature and assessed erectile function outcomes using the IIEF-EF score. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.

Main Outcome Measures
Change in IIEF-EF score after treatment with Li-ESWT in patients treated with active treatment vs sham Li-ESWT probes.

Results
Data were extracted from seven trials involving 602 participants. The average age was 60.7 years and the average follow-up was 19.8 weeks. There was a statistically significant improvement in pooled change in IIEF-EF score from baseline to follow-up in men undergoing Li-ESWT vs those undergoing sham therapy (6.40 points; 95% CI = 1.78–11.02; I2 = 98.7%; P &lt; .0001 vs 1.65 points; 95% CI = 0.92–2.39; I2 = 64.6%; P &lt; .0001; between-group difference, P = .047). Significant between-group differences were found for total treatment shocks received by patients (P &lt; .0001).

Conclusion
In this meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials, treatment of ED with Li-ESWT resulted in a significant increase in IIEF-EF scores.
Heat/mass transport in shear flow over a reactive surface with inert defects
Authors: Shah Preyas N. , Lin Tiras Y. , Shaqfeh Eric S. G. 
Published: December 2016

We study the problem of mass transport to surfaces with heterogeneous reaction rates in the presence of shear flow over these surfaces. The reactions are first order and the heterogeneity is due to the existence of inert regions on the surfaces. Such problems are ubiquitous in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry and even biological mass transport. In these problems, the microscale reaction rate is characterized by a Damköhler number $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$, while the Péclet number $P$ is the dimensionless ratio of the bulk shear rate to the inverse diffusion time scale. The area fraction of the reactive region is denoted by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$. The objective is to calculate the yield of reaction, which is directly related to the mass flux to the reactive region, denoted by the dimensionless Sherwood number $S$. Previously, we used boundary element simulations and examined the case of first-order reactive disks embedded in an inert surface (Shah & Shaqfeh J. Fluid Mech., vol. 782, 2015, pp. 260–299). Various correlations for the Sherwood number as a function of $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D705},P,\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})$ were obtained. In particular, we demonstrated that the ‘method of additive resistances’ provides a good approximation for the Sherwood number for a wide range of values of $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D705},P)$ for $0<\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}<0.78$. When $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\approx 0.78$, the reactive disks are in a close packed configuration where the inert regions are essentially disconnected from each other. In this work, we develop an understanding of the physics when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}>0.78$, by examining the inverse problem of inert disks on a reactive surface. We show that the method of resistances approach to obtain the Sherwood number fails in the limit as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\rightarrow 1$, i.e. in the dilute limit of periodic inert disks, due to the existence of a surface concentration boundary layer around each disk that scales with ($1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$). This boundary layer controls the screening length between inert disks and allows us to introduce a new theory, thus providing new correlations for the Sherwood number that are highly accurate in the limit of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\rightarrow 1$.
Effects of inertia and turbulence on rheological measurements of neutrally buoyant suspensions
Authors: Linares-Guerrero Esperanza , Hunt Melany L. , Zenit Roberto 
Published: December 2016

For low-Reynolds-number shear flows of neutrally buoyant suspensions, the shear stress is often modelled using an effective viscosity that depends only on the solid fraction. As the Reynolds number ($Re$) is increased and inertia becomes important, the effective viscosity also depends on the Reynolds number itself. The current experiments measure the torque for flows of neutrally buoyant particles in a coaxial-cylinder rheometer for solid fractions, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$, from 10 % to 50 % and Reynolds numbers based on particle diameter from 2 to 1000. For experiments for Reynolds of $O(10)$ and solid fractions less than $30\,\%$, the effective viscosity increases with Reynolds number, in good agreement with recent numerical simulations found in the literature. At higher solid fractions over the same range of $Re$, the results show a decrease in torque with shear rate. For Reynolds numbers greater than 100 and lower solids concentrations, the effective viscosity continues to increase with Reynolds number. However, based on comparisons with pure fluid measurements the increase in the measured effective viscosity results from the transition to turbulence. The particles augment the turbulence by increasing the magnitude of the measured torques and causing the flow to transition at lower Reynolds numbers. For the highest solid fractions, the measurements show a significant increase in the magnitude of the torques, but the effective viscosity is independent of Reynolds number.
A Socratic History: Theology in Xenophon's Rewriting of Herodotus’ Croesus Logos
Authors: Ellis Anthony 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:This article examines Xenophon's rewriting of Herodotus’ Croesus logos (Hdt. 1.6–91) in the Cyropaedia (Cyr. 7.2), focusing on the very different role of the divine in the two narratives. Through a comparison with Xenophon's Memorabilia and several Platonic dialogues, I argue that Xenophon's retelling attempts to bring Herodotus’ Croesus logos in line with his own ‘Socratic’ theology and his pedagogical goals, and in doing so performatively rejects Herodotus’ vision of the role of the gods in historical causation. The Cyropaedia is, I argue, the first extant text in the Greek historiographical tradition which attempts to present divine justice and philanthropy as the central forces in the historical process, and the first in a long series of critical engagements with Herodotus’ theology.
Diagoras, Bellerophon and the Siege of Olympus
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:A consensus has formed over the last 30 years that Diagoras was not really an atheist and that the famous Apopurgizontes Logoi were falsely attributed to him at a later stage. This note argues that the evidence is consistent with the view that Diagoras was indeed an atheist and did indeed compose the Apopurgizontes. Further hints in other sources allow us to reconstruct, albeit speculatively, aspects of Diagoras’ thought and self-presentation.
Development and Feasibility of a Virtual Reality Task for the Cognitive Assessment of Older Adults: The ECO-VR
Authors: Oliveira Camila R. , Lopes Filho Brandel José P. , Sugarman Michael A. , Esteves Cristiane S. , Lima Margarida Maria B. M. P. , Moret-Tatay Carmen , Irigaray Tatiana Q. , Argimon Irani Iracema L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCognitive assessment with virtual reality (VR) may have superior ecological validity for older adults compared to traditional pencil-and-paper cognitive assessment. However, few studies have reported the development of VR tasks. The aim of this study was to present the development, feasibility, content validity, and preliminary evidence of construct validity of an ecological task of cognitive assessment for older adults in VR (ECO-VR). The tasks were prepared based on theoretical and clinical backgrounds. We had 29 non-expert judges identify virtual visual stimuli and three-dimensional scenarios, and five expert judges assisted with content analysis and developing instructions. Finally, six older persons participated in three pilot studies and thirty older persons participated in the preliminary study to identify construct validity evidence. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and partial correlation. Target stimuli and three-dimensional scenarios were judged adequate and the content analysis demonstrated that ECO-VR evaluates temporo-spatial orientation, memory, language and executive functioning. We made significant changes to the instructions after the pilot studies to increase comprehensibility and reduce the completion time. The total score of ECO-VR was positively correlated mainly with performance in executive function (r = .172, p < .05) and memory tests (r = .488, p ≤ .01). The ECO-VR demonstrated feasibility for cognitive assessment in older adults, as well as content and construct validity evidences.
In vitro protease cleavage and computer simulations reveal the HIV-1 capsid maturation pathway
Authors: Ning Jiying , Erdemci-Tandogan Gonca , Yufenyuy Ernest L. , Wagner Jef , Himes Benjamin A. , Zhao Gongpu , Aiken Christopher , Zandi Roya , Zhang Peijun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHIV-1 virions assemble as immature particles containing Gag polyproteins that are processed by the viral protease into individual components, resulting in the formation of mature infectious particles. There are two competing models for the process of forming the mature HIV-1 core: the disassembly and de novo reassembly model and the non-diffusional displacive model. To study the maturation pathway, we simulate HIV-1 maturation in vitro by digesting immature particles and assembled virus-like particles with recombinant HIV-1 protease and monitor the process with biochemical assays and cryoEM structural analysis in parallel. Processing of Gag in vitro is accurate and efficient and results in both soluble capsid protein and conical or tubular capsid assemblies, seemingly converted from immature Gag particles. Computer simulations further reveal probable assembly pathways of HIV-1 capsid formation. Combining the experimental data and computer simulations, our results suggest a sequential combination of both displacive and disassembly/reassembly processes for HIV-1 maturation.
Radiative cooling to deep sub-freezing temperatures through a 24-h day–night cycle
Authors: Chen Zhen , Zhu Linxiao , Raman Aaswath , Fan Shanhui 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRadiative cooling technology utilizes the atmospheric transparency window (8–13 μm) to passively dissipate heat from Earth into outer space (3 K). This technology has attracted broad interests from both fundamental sciences and real world applications, ranging from passive building cooling, renewable energy harvesting and passive refrigeration in arid regions. However, the temperature reduction experimentally demonstrated, thus far, has been relatively modest. Here we theoretically show that ultra-large temperature reduction for as much as 60 °C from ambient is achievable by using a selective thermal emitter and by eliminating parasitic thermal load, and experimentally demonstrate a temperature reduction that far exceeds previous works. In a populous area at sea level, we have achieved an average temperature reduction of 37 °C from the ambient air temperature through a 24-h day–night cycle, with a maximal reduction of 42 °C that occurs when the experimental set-up enclosing the emitter is exposed to peak solar irradiance.
Imaging high-speed friction at the nanometer scale
Authors: Thorén Per-Anders , de Wijn Astrid S. , Borgani Riccardo , Forchheimer Daniel , Haviland David B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFriction is a complicated phenomenon involving nonlinear dynamics at different length and time scales. Understanding its microscopic origin requires methods for measuring force on nanometer-scale asperities sliding at velocities reaching centimetres per second. Despite enormous advances in experimental technique, this combination of small length scale and high velocity remain elusive. We present a technique for rapidly measuring the frictional forces on a single asperity over a velocity range from zero to several centimetres per second. At each image pixel we obtain the velocity dependence of both conservative and dissipative forces, revealing the transition from stick-slip to smooth sliding friction. We explain measurements on graphite using a modified Prandtl–Tomlinson model, including the damped elastic deformation of the asperity. With its improved force sensitivity and small sliding amplitude, our method enables rapid and detailed surface mapping of the velocity dependence of frictional forces with less than 10 nm spatial resolution.
A metal-free electrocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction to multi-carbon hydrocarbons and oxygenates
Authors: Wu Jingjie , Ma Sichao , Sun Jing , Gold Jake I. , Tiwary ChandraSekhar , Kim Byoungsu , Zhu Lingyang , Chopra Nitin , Odeh Ihab N. , Vajtai Robert , Yu Aaron Z. , Luo Raymond , Lou Jun , Ding Guqiao , Kenis Paul J. A. , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractElectroreduction of carbon dioxide into higher-energy liquid fuels and chemicals is a promising but challenging renewable energy conversion technology. Among the electrocatalysts screened so far for carbon dioxide reduction, which includes metals, alloys, organometallics, layered materials and carbon nanostructures, only copper exhibits selectivity towards formation of hydrocarbons and multi-carbon oxygenates at fairly high efficiencies, whereas most others favour production of carbon monoxide or formate. Here we report that nanometre-size N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) catalyse the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into multi-carbon hydrocarbons and oxygenates at high Faradaic efficiencies, high current densities and low overpotentials. The NGQDs show a high total Faradaic efficiency of carbon dioxide reduction of up to 90%, with selectivity for ethylene and ethanol conversions reaching 45%. The C2 and C3 product distribution and production rate for NGQD-catalysed carbon dioxide reduction is comparable to those obtained with copper nanoparticle-based electrocatalysts.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Light-assisted Polymerization by Multimechanism Action
Authors: Zhou Hua , Song Dandan , Zhong Cheng , Ye Guodong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA novel bicomponent alkyd system was designed to decrease the usage of Cobalt-based drier due to its latent carcinogensis. The system was polymerized using a Cobalt-salt complex as an air-sensitive drier and an isopropylthioxanthone photoinitiator as a light-sensitive accelerator, as well as using irradiation in the form of visible light. The combined influence of the two additives on autoxidation was analyzed using real-time infrared spectroscopy. The results show that isopropylthioxanthone can increase the efficiency of hydrogen abstraction at the beginning of the curing reaction. A linear free energy relationship was used to theoretically predict the hydrogen abstraction ability of photoinitiators. Nanosecond laser flash photolysis was used to obtain the quenching rate constants between alkyd monomers and isopropylthioxanthone according to the Stern-Volmer equation. The thermodynamic data of transition state theory, such as the activation energy, were calculated by using quantum chemistry program. The reaction rate constant and the Wigner tunneling factor were predicted from the result of quantum chemistry. The vertical excitation energy obtained from the time-dependent density functional theory was used to explain the anomalous behavior of the photoinitiators. These theoretical results fit well with the experimental result of linear free energy relationship. On the basis of these observed results, an accelerated mechanism of the photoassisted autoxidation of alkyd resins was proposed.
SGA as a Risk Factor for Cerebral Palsy in Moderate to Late Preterm Infants: a System Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Mengwen , Dai Hongmei , Deng Yuanying , Zhao Lingling 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSmall for gestational age (SGA) is an established risk factor for cerebral palsy (CP) in term infants. However, there is conflicting data on the association between SGA and CP in moderate to late preterm infants. The aim of the article was to explore the relationship between SGA and CP in the moderate to late preterm infants and its strength by meta-analysis. We performed a system search in OVID (EMBASE and MEDLINE) and WANFANG from inception to May 2016. The study-specific risk estimates were pooled using the random-effect model. A total of seven studies were included in the meta-analysis, consisting of three cohort and four case-control studies. A statistically significant association was found between SGA and CP in moderate to late premature infants (OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.43–3.82). The association were higher in the several subgroups: 34–36 week gestational age (OR: 3.47; 95% CI: 1.29–9.31), SGA < 2SDs (OR: 3.48; 95% CI: 1.86–6.49), and malformation included in CP (OR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.71–5.26). In moderate to late premature infants, SGA is a convenient and reliable predictor for CP. More studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms between SGA and CP association.
Detection of Fungus Infection on Petals of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Using NIR Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Zhao Yan-Ru , Yu Ke-Qiang , Li Xiaoli , He Yong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInfected petals are often regarded as the source for the spread of fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in all growing process of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants. This research aimed to detect fungal infection of rapeseed petals by applying hyperspectral imaging in the spectral region of 874–1734 nm coupled with chemometrics. Reflectance was extracted from regions of interest (ROIs) in the hyperspectral image of each sample. Firstly, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to conduct a cluster analysis with the first several principal components (PCs). Then, two methods including X-loadings of PCA and random frog (RF) algorithm were used and compared for optimizing wavebands selection. Least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) methodology was employed to establish discriminative models based on the optimal and full wavebands. Finally, area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was utilized to evaluate classification performance of these LS-SVM models. It was found that LS-SVM based on the combination of all optimal wavebands had the best performance with AUC of 0.929. These results were promising and demonstrated the potential of applying hyperspectral imaging in fungus infection detection on rapeseed petals.
The key role of meteorites in the formation of relevant prebiotic molecules in a formamide/water environment
Authors: Rotelli Luca , Trigo-Rodríguez Josep M. , Moyano-Cambero Carles E. , Carota Eleonora , Botta Lorenzo , Di Mauro Ernesto , Saladino Raffaele 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe show that carbonaceous chondrite meteorites actively and selectively catalyze the formation of relevant prebiotic molecules from formamide in aqueous media. Specific catalytic behaviours are observed, depending on the origin and composition of the chondrites and on the type of water present in the system (activity: thermal > seawater > pure). We report the one-pot synthesis of all the natural nucleobases, of aminoacids and of eight carboxylic acids (forming, from pyruvic acid to citric acid, a continuous series encompassing a large part of the extant Krebs cycle). These data shape a general prebiotic scenario consisting of carbonaceous meteorites acting as catalysts and of a volcanic-like environment providing heat, thermal waters and formamide. This scenario also applies to the other solar system locations that experienced rich delivery of carbonaceous materials, and whose physical-chemical conditions could have allowed chemical evolution.
The biogeography of soil archaeal communities on the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Shi Yu , Adams Jonathan M. , Ni Yingying , Yang Teng , Jing Xin , Chen Litong , He Jin-Sheng , Chu Haiyan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe biogeographical distribution of soil bacterial communities has been widely investigated. However, there has been little study of the biogeography of soil archaeal communities on a regional scale. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we characterized the archaeal communities of 94 soil samples across the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Thaumarchaeota was the predominant archael phylum in all the soils, and Halobacteria was dominant only in dry soils. Archaeal community composition was significantly correlated with soil moisture content and C:N ratio, and archaeal phylotype richness was negatively correlated with soil moisture content (r = −0.47, P < 0.01). Spatial distance, a potential measure of the legacy effect of evolutionary and dispersal factors, was less important than measured environmental factors in determining the broad scale archaeal community pattern. These results indicate that soil moisture and C:N ratio are the key factors structuring soil archaeal communities on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our findings suggest that archaeal communities have adjusted their distributions rapidly enough to reach range equilibrium in relation to past environmental changes e.g. in water availability and soil nutrient status. This responsiveness may allow better prediction of future responses of soil archaea to environmental change in these sensitive ecosystems.