bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced effectiveness of vacuum or CO2 in combination with increased temperatures for control of storage insects.
Authors: Navarro S. , Finkelman S. , Sabio G. , Isikber A. , Dias R. , Rindner M. , Azrieli A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the combinations that enhance the effectiveness of insect control based on vacuum or CO2 in combination with increased temperatures as quarantine treatment of storage pests. The effects of commodity (cocoa beans) moisture content and the partial pressure of oxygen on the effectiveness of vacuum were studied. For Tribolium castaneum, Ephestia cautella [Cadra cautella] and Plodia interpunctella, the egg stage was the most resistant to low pressure: the duration required to obtain LT99 was 22, 45 and 49 h, respectively. For Tribolium castaneum, the larval and adult stages were the most susceptible, with an LT99 of 7 h. For E. cautella and P. interpunctella, the adult stage was the most susceptible, with LT99 of only 6 and 5 h, respectively. The evaluation of the effect of CO2 at 45°C on the reduction of exposure time for diapausing larvae of T. granarium indicated that by increasing the CO2 concentration to 90%, the LT99 value was reduced to approximately 10 h (LT99 value of 29 h at 35°C). For E. cautella, the larval stage was the most resistant to 90% CO2 at 40°C, with an LT99 value of only 6 h. For O. surinamensis under the same conditions, the LT99 value was 9 h for the most resistant egg stage. A transportable flexible storage system was developed for the control of insect pests. Experiments were carried out using a 15 m3 capacity plastic container termed the "Volcani Cube" or "GrainPro Cocoon". Bioassays in field trials [location not given] at 30°C demonstrated that complete mortality of test insects representing all the four developmental stages of E. cautella and Tribolium castaneum was observed upon three-day exposure to vacuum maintained between 23 and 75 mm Hg.
The efficacy of carbon dioxide treatments (under pressure or by modified atmospheres) for pest control in stored products.
Authors: Riudavets J. , Gabarra R. , Castañé C. , Alomar O. , Pons M. J. , Sánchez J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The application of carbon dioxide under pressure and preservation by modified atmospheres with high carbon dioxide concentrations are discussed as control methods for stored products pests.
Interaction of starvation and insecticide toxicity in granary weevil Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations of different susceptibility.
Authors: Kljajic P. , Milosevski N. , Zivanovíc M. , Almasi R. , Períc I. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The effects of starvation and contact insecticides (dichlorvos, malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin) on granary weevils were studied in Yugoslavia. The evaluated weevil populations of varying levels of susceptibility to insecticides consisted of laboratory population (normally susceptible to insecticides), and populations from Cacak, Belgrade Port, Bijeljina and Kikinda. Laboratory weevils and those obtained from Belgrade Port and Kikinda were used to determine the interaction between starvation and insecticide toxicity. Insecticide toxicity was determined by exposing surviving individuals to treated filter paper (after previous starvation periods LT20 and LT50 in the 10×10 experiment variant). The mortality percentage for granary weevil adults was modified to include the mortality rate in untreated vessels. A mortality rate of 95% was recorded for the laboratory and Kikinda populations after 11 days; similar mortality rate was recorded after 8 days for the population from Belgrade Port and approximately after 8 days and 10 days for the Bijeljina population. The level of insecticide resistance had no significant effect on granary weevil susceptibility to starvation. After LT20 starvation interval and 24-h exposure of weevils to treated filter paper, chlorpyrifos-methyl was the most toxic among the insecticides, while the least toxic was dichlorvos (LD95 level was 14.5-fold lower than that of chlorpyrifos-methyl). Following LT50 starvation and 24-h exposure to treated filter paper, the most toxic insecticide was dichlorvos and the least toxic was deltamethrin (LD95 level was 9.6-fold lower than that of dichlorvos). Malathion and deltamethrin demonstrated higher toxicity to unstarved individuals. After LT50 starvation of the selected weevil adults from Belgrade Port and their 24-h exposure to treated filter paper, deltamethrin showed higher toxicity than malathion (LD95 level was 10.2-fold higher). The variation in insecticide toxicity was not significant considering the individuals from Kikinda. However, compared with the toxicity of the two insecticides to unstarved adults (both populations), malathion and deltamethrin showed equal toxicity. This shows that the resistance levels found in granary weevil populations from Belgrade Port and Kikinda had no effect on malathion and deltamethrin toxicity.
Efficacy against resistant strains of insects of recirculated phosphine fumigation of paddy rice held under PVC sheeting.
Authors: Yang LongDe Yang LongDe , Yang ZiLi Yang ZiLi , Jiang TianKe Jiang TianKe , Qin ZhangGui Qin ZhangGui , Yang LongDe Yang LongDe , Deng Gang Deng Gang , Wu Xiuqong Wu Xiuqong , Yan XiaoPing Yan XiaoPing 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Recirculated phosphine fumigation was carried out in two bulks of rice with volumes of 1458 m3. A split application technique for insect control was evaluated and compared with a single application. When a single application was used, the phosphine concentration was reduced from 400 ppm to 100 ppm within 14 days, whereas with the split application technique (at the same total application rate), the phosphine concentration remained at approximately 100 ppm after 28 days. Recirculated fumigation under film resulted in the complete control of the adult and immature stages of the resistant strains of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica). The residues of phosphine on rice were very low (0.0019-0.0037 ppm).
The influence of intensive and extensive quantities on the degassing behaviour of phosphine-based fumigation bags.
Authors: Schmitt S. , Jakob G. , Dierks-Lange H. , Heck F. W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Phosphine (PH3) and metal phosphides are used as fumigants for pest control in a wide range of application methods. New possibilities for increasing the degassing rate of fumigation bags based on metal phosphides are discussed. The reversible and irreversible reactions during the degassing process of a fumigation bag are described in a reaction law assuming a diffusion-controlled heterogeneous process. Three possible ways to improve the degassing rate are presented: (1) if the amount of free reactive metal phosphide in fumigation bags is increased, the degassing rates will be higher and attained more quickly than before; (2) since the water uptake and release of super-absorber are reversible, the super-absorber can be used as a local water reservoir, reducing the decrease in humidity and providing the fumigation bag with a constant amount of water so that the degassing rate can be markedly increased; and (3) a generator is introduced which sucks in cold air, warms it moderately and heats only the chamber with the fumigation bags, resulting in a constant reaction that is also facilitated at low temperatures of the external surroundings.
Efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride on stored product insects in a semolina mill trial in Italy.
Authors: Drinkall M. J. , Zaffagnini V. , Süss L. , Locatelli D. P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

An experimental fumigation was undertaken in a semolina mill in Italy in July 2001 to evaluate the insecticidal activity of sulfuryl fluoride determined from laboratory chamber fumigations. The structure was sealed using rigid polycarbonate sheeting, sprayable foam, polyethylene and tape. Seventeen stored product insect bioassays were introduced throughout the mill prior to fumigation. Insect species and life stages included in the bioassays were mixed cultures of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Stegobium paniceum, eggs and pupae of Plodia interpunctella, Ephestia kuehniella, eggs and adults of Tribolium confusum and Tribolium castaneum. Monitoring lines to measure gas concentration were placed in close proximity to each bioassay location together with data loggers for recording temperature. The structure was fumigated for 22 h and 15 minutes, and a range of concentration × time products from 1101 to 1501 g h-1 m-3 were recorded. Following aeration of the structure, the bioassays were removed and incubated under laboratory conditions at 27°C and 70% relative humidity for mortality assessments. Insect survival was not recorded following 30 days of incubation, confirming previously determined efficacy findings from sulfuryl fluoride chamber fumigations.
Low pressure for controlling postharvest insects.
Authors: Hulasare R. , Phillips T. W. , Mbata G. N. , Payton M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The eggs, larvae and pupae of Tribolium castaneum, Plodia interpunctella and Rhyzopertha dominica in glass chambers at 25, 33, 37 and 40°C were exposed to low pressure (32.5 mm Hg) for time intervals ranging from 30 minutes to 144 h. Studies on the eggs of Ephestia cautella [Cadra cautella] were conducted at pressures of 50, 75, 100, 200 and 300 mm Hg under 5, 15, 22.5, 30 and 37.5°C. Data were analysed with probit analysis, and exposure times to obtain 99% mortality were compared using the lethal-dose ratio test. A study on the effect of low pressure on the mortality of eggs of Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggots) in apples was conducted by exposing apples infested with the maggot to a low pressure of 25 mm Hg at 25°C. Mortality of all life stages increased with increasing temperature in each species. The eggs were the most tolerant among the developmental stages, and Rhyzopertha dominica was the most tolerant of the low pressure. The susceptibility of eggs to low pressure varied with age. The youngest and oldest eggs were the most susceptible for P. interpunctella and R. dominica. Effective levels of mortality were achieved at pressures as high as 300 mm Hg for eggs of the four species. Such mortality rates were obtained only at 30 and 37.5°C; higher temperatures significantly reduced lethal time values. A practical treatment of 2-5 days can be achieved with 75 mm Hg at a typical room temperature of 22.5°C, but cooler temperatures will require several more days to induce substantial mortality. Treatment of infested apples at 25°C for 24 h resulted in approximately 87% mortality, increasing to 96% at 48 h. Mortality data were described by an exponential dose-response curve. Thus, low pressure may be a viable alternative to methyl bromide for the postharvest treatment of fresh fruits.
Sulfuryl fluoride as a new fumigant for the disinfestation of flour mills in France.
Authors: Ducom P. , Dupuis S. , Stefanini V. , Guichard A. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against pests infesting flour mills in France was evaluated. Eggs, larvae and pupae were exposed to concentration × time products (CTPs) of 1125, 1503 and 1877 g h-1 m-3 at 25°C for 24 h. The storage pests consisted of the granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), and confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum). Adult male German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were also included. All the developmental stages of each species were killed at each CTP.
Response of pests of flour mills to high temperatures in the presence and absence of 10% carbon dioxide.
Authors: Bell C. H. , Savvidou N. , Wontner-Smith T. J. , Bartlett D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The effects of high temperatures on 10 pest species of flour and flour mills (Ephestia kuehniella, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Cryptolestes turcicus, Ptinus tectus, Sitophilus granarius, Gnatocerus cornutus, Tenebrio molitor, Liposcelis bostrychophila and Acarus siro) were studied. Some tests were conducted with the addition of 10% CO2. For S. granarius, the effect of the CO2 at 40°C was highly beneficial. Target temperatures were reduced by several degrees or the duration required for complete mortality was shortened from 2 or 3 days to within the 24-h limit targeted for flour mill treatments. For Tribolium confusum, the addition of CO2 at ≥40°C had little effect on the reduction of survival of older stages, although the exposure time allowing survival was within 3 days for younger stages. At 44°C, the presence of 10-11% CO2 in the heated atmosphere seemed to adversely affect the effectiveness of combined exposures against several species, with increased levels of survival and longer times being required for complete control over those for heat alone. The most heat tolerant species, Tribolium castaneum, survived 48-h exposures at 44°C, with the survival increasing from 1 to 10% when CO2 at 11% was added to the atmosphere. Complete mortality of all the developmental stages of Tribolium castaneum was obtained within 24 h only at 48°C.
Some properties of sulphuryl fluoride in relation to its use as a fumigant in the cereals industry.
Authors: Bell C. H. , Wontner-Smith T. J. , Savvidou N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The toxicity of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) to various pest species, the penetration of SF into flour, and the potential for any problems to arise because of fumigant cross resistance or malfunction of electronic equipment exposed to SF were studied in the UK. The pest species included Tribolium castaneum (rust-red flour beetle), T. confusum (confused flour beetle) Cryptolestes turcicus (Turkish grain beetle), Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), Ptinus tectus (Australian spider beetle), Sitophilus granarius (granary weevil), Gnatocerus cornutus (broad-horned flour beetle), Tenebrio molitor (meal worm), Liposcelis bostrychophila (book louse) and Acarus siro (flour mite). For most of the pests, the egg stage was the most tolerant of fumigation, but the postembryonic stages of mites were as tolerant as the eggs. Most of the species were completely controlled by a concentration × product of 500 g h-1 m-3 at 30°C, or 1000 g h-1 m-3 at 25°C. Penetration studies into flour of 30 cm depth revealed that SF required 30 to 40 minutes to break through to this level whether or not there was forced air movement over the flour surface, and that only 2.5-3 h were required, irrespective of temperature over the range 18-28°C, for concentrations to reach 50-60% of those at the surface. At venting, 90% of the gas present in flour at 30-cm depth had dissipated after 4.5 h. Studies on phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of T. castaneum revealed no cross resistance to SF, and repeated exposure of computer equipment to the gas revealed no malfunction. SF is a promising replacement for methyl bromide in the flour milling industry.
Modelling stored product ecosystems using the postharvest aeration and storage simulation tool (PHAST) with realistic boundary conditions.
Authors: Maier D. E. , Ileleji K. E. , Montross M. D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A previously developed finite-element model of the heat, mass and momentum transfer during aerated and non-aerated grain storage was used to investigate the traditional theory of moisture migration (i.e. the movement of excessive moisture in a grain mass during non-aerated storage, which can lead to spoilage). Very little moisture accumulation at the exposed top surface of the bulk (less than 0.1 percentage points) was predicted for a non-aerated bin with a diameter of 5.5 m and an eave height of 11.0 m in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, during 12 months of storage. The model used permeable boundaries that allowed natural convection currents to originate and flow into the headspace and plenum air. It was determined that moisture "migration" in the traditional sense did not occur. Instead, a more realistic theory of moisture equilibration between the grain mass and headspace and plenum air was developed. Moisture accumulation in the upper portions of a grain mass occurred primarily due to natural convection currents that entered and exited the headspace. By controlling the equilibrium relative humidity of the headspace, moisture accumulation at the grain surface of a bin could be minimized.
Optimising the performance of vertical aeration systems.
Authors: Bartlett D. , Armitage D. M. , Harral B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Complex computational modelling of air flow from vertical aeration systems showed that if the aerator fan is set to blow rather than suck, then the volume of grain cooled is up to 20% greater and better cooling is obtained near the floor. Temperature, grain moisture content change and ventilating air pressure were measured in six commercial grain stores equipped with vertical ventilation systems. At each, the volume of air moved by the fan was up to 20% more when it was blowing than when it was sucking. During ventilation, diurnal temperature fluctuations were used to estimate the speed of the cooling zone, which was linked to the pressure gradient in the grain bulk and this relationship was used to estimate cooling times. Five perforated duct sections were tested to establish their air pressure/flow characteristics in sucking and blowing. Horizontal pressure drop was approximately 50% of that for vertical flow. Ducts with >30% outlet area offered little resistance to flow at working flow rates while <10% outlet area restricted the air flow. Duct wall resistance was 16% lower when blowing wheat than when sucking. A simple model, based on cooling front velocities and the pressure and flow characteristics obtained from the farm tests and trials with ducts, was developed to enable routine design of new systems in a short time. The simple model was compared with the complex model and good agreement demonstrated.
Mathematical modelling the stored-grains ecosystem.
Authors: Thorpe G. , Chen Li Chen Li 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Global competition is forcing organizations that store grains to become ever more efficient. Capital and running costs associated with storing grains must be reduced, while key indicators of grain quality must be met. Mathematical models of the stored-grain ecosystem have now reached a sufficiently high degree of sophistication to be used with increasing confidence in specifying the design and operation of grain stores. In this paper, a finite-volume model of a farm silo fitted with a conical base is formulated and the resulting discretized equations are solved explicitly. Modelled results compare very well with experimental results obtained from an aerated silo containing canola at Wongan Hills in Western Australia. Limitations of the model are that more accurate methods of estimating the temperatures of the surfaces of the silos must be used, and buoyancy-driven flows in the grains and the headspace must be considered.
Organic farming and nature conservation.
Authors: Vetterli W. , Perkins R. , Clay J. , Guttenstein E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper summarizes the potential contribution of organic farming to biodiversity conservation through an assessment of its impact on the World Wildlife Fund's conservation priorities: 238 global priority ecoregions and six global themes (living water, forests for life, toxics, species, endangered seas and climate change). Organic production (the production methods as well as the movement) has contributed to biodiversity conservation by: (1) identifying production systems with ambitious and comprehensive principles for sustainable agriculture; (2) demonstrating that alternative methods of production are commercially and economically viable; and (3) galvanizing an important and rapidly growing demand in the marketplace for more sustainably produced products. The lack of science-based indicators to measure environmental impacts of organic production, however, limits our ability to assess its impacts on biodiversity conservation. The safety of natural compounds should be investigated scientifically and not assumed. To identify truly sustainable production methods and move beyond statements of principles to measurable conservation results, robust, scientifically-based measures or indicators are needed to assess impacts and evaluate trade-offs between different kinds of production systems, including organic, on environmental criteria.
A social agenda for organic agriculture.
Authors: Cierpka T. , Geier B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper describes how the organic movement with its holistic approach is already engaged in "social agenda" activities. In this context, it highlights the coordinating and supporting activities of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) with an emphasis on the cooperation with the fair trade movement. An outlook is given about concrete plans and activities of the organic movement to ensure that organic agriculture is not only ecologically and economically sound but also socially sound and sustainable.
Emerging issues in the marketing and trade of organic products.
Authors: Giovannucci D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The paper begins with a macro view of the shifting regulatory, business, and consumer environments that are inducing fundamental changes in the global trade regime and increasing the demand for standards. This in turn has profound implications especially for small- and medium-sized producers. It discusses how in the case of organics, emerging trade standards may actually benefit the producers rather than being a barrier to entry. In order for organics to expand their appeal and enter mainstream distribution channels they will likely have to adapt some aspects of modern industrial agribusiness. However, a more industrialized approach means walking a fine line because this may contradict the core organic values and risk alienating a loyal customer base. Recent research and examples, drawn primarily from the coffee industry, outline the key issues such as the certification process, quality, and consistency that will require attention. The paper considers that meeting the demands of further growth and those of mainstream distribution channels will be difficult for most producers, and will require a combination of public and private support.
International harmonisation of organic standards and guarantee systems.
Authors: Bowen D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A large array of governmental organic regulations is developing worldwide, in parallel with private organic guarantee systems and in some respects, in conflict with them. The result is at present, an increasingly chaotic system for international trade of organic products. This is ironic since one of the main aims of establishing organic standards and regulations has been to foster trade in organic products. In order to sustain and grow trade in organic products and the livelihoods of producers in developing and developed countries who depend on this trade, some means to harmonize the many organic guarantee systems seems essential. Identifying and implementing a mechanism for establishing equivalence among these systems is regarded as the best approach to the problem. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, in cooperation with FAO and the United Nations' Conference on Trade and Development, presented a conference in 2002 to address issues of international harmonization of organic systems. Core challenges and some possible approaches to them were identified. Representatives of the conference's host organizations have agreed to collaborate in a task force to carry the results forward with the aim of progressing toward solutions.