bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobilization of CD4+ T lymphocytes in inflamed mucosa reduces pain in colitis mice: toward a vaccinal strategy to alleviate inflammatory visceral pain
Authors: Basso Lilian , Boué Jérôme , Augé Céline , Deraison Céline , Blanpied Catherine , Cenac Nicolas , Lluel Philippe , Vergnolle Nathalie , Dietrich Gilles 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in endogenous regulation of inflammatory visceral pain. The analgesic activity of T lymphocytes is dependent on their production of opioids, a property acquired on antigen activation. Accordingly, we investigated whether an active recruitment of T lymphocytes within inflamed colon mucosa via a local vaccinal strategy may counteract inflammation-induced visceral pain in mice. Mice were immunized against ovalbumin (OVA). One month after immunization, colitis was induced by adding 3% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate sodium into drinking water containing either cognate antigen OVA or control antigen bovine serum albumin for 5 days. Noncolitis OVA-primed mice were used as controls. Visceral sensitivity was then determined by colorectal distension. Oral administration of OVA but not bovine serum albumin significantly reduced dextran sulfate sodium–induced abdominal pain without increasing colitis severity in OVA-primed mice. Analgesia was dependent on local release of enkephalins by effector anti-OVA T lymphocytes infiltrating the inflamed mucosa. The experiments were reproduced with the bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccine as antigen. Similarly, inflammatory visceral pain was dramatically alleviated in mice vaccinated against bacillus Calmette–Guerin and then locally administered with live Mycobacterium bovis. Together, these results show that the induction of a secondary adaptive immune response against vaccine antigens in inflamed mucosa may constitute a safe noninvasive strategy to relieve from visceral inflammatory pain.
Clinical trial designs and models for analgesic medications for acute pain in neonates, infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents: ACTTION recommendations
Authors: Walco Gary A. , Kopecky Ernest A. , Weisman Steven J. , Stinson Jennifer , Stevens Bonnie , Desjardins Paul J. , Berde Charles B. , Krane Elliot J. , Anand Kanwaljeet J.S. , Yaster Myron , Dampier Carlton D. , Dworkin Robert H. , Gilron Ian , Lynn Anne M. , Maxwell Lynne G. , Raja Srinivasa , Schachtel Bernard , Turk Dennis C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of analgesics across all pediatric age cohorts are needed to avoid inappropriate extrapolation of adult data to children. However, the selection of acute pain models and trial design attributes to maximize assay sensitivity, by pediatric age cohort, remains problematic. Acute pain models used for drug treatment trials in adults are not directly applicable to the pediatric age cohorts–neonates, infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents. Developmental maturation of metabolic enzymes in infants and children must be taken into consideration when designing trials to test analgesic treatments for acute pain. Assessment tools based on the levels of cognitive maturation and behavioral repertoire must be selected as outcome measures. Models and designs of clinical trials of analgesic medications used in the treatment of acute pain in neonates, infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents were reviewed and discussed at an Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks (ACTTION) Pediatric Pain Research Consortium consensus meeting. Based on extensive reviews and continuing discussions, the authors recommend a number of acute pain clinical trial models and design attributes that have the potential to improve the study of analgesic medications in pediatric populations. Recommendations are also provided regarding additional research needed to support the use of other acute pain models across pediatric age cohorts.
Thin-Layer Rapid Use Epicutaneous Patch Test (T.R.U.E. Test) for Confirmation of Contact Sensitization
Authors: No Daniel J. , Wahjudi Ingrid , Macknet K. Dale , Jacob Sharon E. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
The patch test is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. The Thin-Layer Rapid Use Epicutaneous Patch Test (T.R.U.E. Test) is a patch test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration containing 35 preloaded, ready-to-apply allergens and allergen mixes. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the commercially available patch test kit.
A Prospective Observational Cross-Sectional Study Examining the Effect of Using Human Simulation and Moulages to Assist in Skin Cancer Education of Nursing Students
Authors: Siegel Victoria , Eckardt Patricia 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
There has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of skin cancer; over 1 million new cases are diagnosed annually. Approximately one person dies from skin cancer per hour in this country. Nurses are in an excellent position to perform screenings for cancer, and skin cancer screenings should be taught in the nursing curriculum. The use of simulation increases knowledge and efficacy.

Methods
A cross-sectional study examining the use of moulages and simulation as an educational intervention on the knowledge of skin cancer, sun protective behaviors, and role of the nurse in skin cancer prevention in second-year nursing students enrolled in a baccalaureate nursing program.

Results
Students did not differ on baseline knowledge. However, the intervention group showed significant increased knowledge in all outcomes.

Conclusions
Increasing understanding of skin cancer with the use of moulages and simulation enhanced education and expertise in recognizing skin cancers.
When the momentum has gone: what will be the role of extracorporeal lung support in the future?
Authors: Abrams Darryl , Bacchetta Matthew , Brodie Daniel 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
There has been expanding interest in and use of extracorporeal support in respiratory failure concurrent with technological advances and predominantly observational data demonstrating improved outcomes. However, until there is more available data from rigorous, high-quality randomized studies, the future of extracorporeal support remains uncertain.

Recent findings
Outcomes for patients supported with extracorporeal devices continue to show favorable trends. There are several large randomized controlled trials that are in various stages of planning or completion for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which may help clarify the role of this technology for these disease processes, and which stand to have a significant impact on a large proportion of patients with acute respiratory failure. Novel applications of extracorporeal lung support include optimization of donor organ quality through ex-vivo perfusion and extracorporeal cross-circulation, allowing for multimodal therapeutic interventions.

Summary
Despite the ongoing rise in ECMO use for acute respiratory failure, its true value will not be known until more information is gleaned from prospective randomized controlled trials. Additionally, there are modalities beyond the current considerations for extracorporeal support that have the potential to revolutionize respiratory failure, particularly in the realm of chronic lung disease and lung transplantation.
Recent insights into biological functions of mammalian bombesin-like peptides and their receptors
Authors: Qu Xiangping , Wang Hui , Liu Rujiao 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
The current review highlights recent advances in physiological and pharmacological researches in biology of mammalian bombesin-like peptides (BLPs).

Recent findings
BLPs and their receptors were found to have regulatory roles in many biological processes in central nervous system. Two BLPs, neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and their receptors are required for regulation of basal and induced sighing activity in rodents. This is the first study demonstrating central pathways involved in regulation of sighing activity. GRP receptor (GRPR) expressing neurons are excitatory glutamatergic interneurons located in the dorsal lamina without projections outside the spinal cord and mediate itch signals via vesicular glutamate transporter 2. Those neurons receive itch signals and make synapses with the parabrachial nucleus projecting spinal neurons to transmit itch signals to parabrachial nucleus. GRP expressing interneurons function in a proposed ‘leaky gate model’ to interpret the mechanism of both pain and itch transmission. In addition to recent advances of biology in nervous system, BLPs and their receptors were found to play potential regulatory roles in innate and adaptive immune responses and tissue development.

Summary
Several important biological roles of BLPs and their receptors in nervous system were identified. Together with researches regarding central roles of BLPs, studies revealing the regulatory roles of BLPs and their receptors in immunology and tissue development provide us with novel insights into understanding of the biology of BLPs and their receptors.
Endocrine disrupters and pubertal timing
Authors: Greenspan Louise C. , Lee Mary M. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
The current review summarizes recent epidemiologic data demonstrating the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) on the timing of puberty and highlights the complexity of understanding the interplay of environmental and genetic factors on pubertal timing.

Recent findings
In girls, there have been mixed results, with some exposures being associated with earlier timing of puberty, and some with later puberty. In boys, prepubertal exposures to nondioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls accelerate puberty, whereas levels of insecticides, dioxin-like compounds, organochlorine pesticides, and lead delay puberty.

Summary
The effects of EDCs on pubertal timing are sexually dimorphic, compound specific, and varies according to the window of exposure. These studies confirm that low-level exposures to a mix of environmental compounds may mask the effects of individual compounds and complicate our ability to translate data from animal studies to human health and to fully understand the clinical implications of environmental epidemiology studies.
Clinical Impact of External Laryngeal Manipulation During Laryngoscopy on Tracheal Intubation Success in Critically Ill Children*
Authors: Kojima Taiki , Laverriere Elizabeth K. , Owen Erin B. , Harwayne-Gidansky Ilana , Shenoi Asha N. , Napolitano Natalie , Rehder Kyle J. , Adu-Darko Michelle A. , Nett Sholeen T. , Spear Debbie , Meyer Keith , Giuliano John S. , Tarquinio Keiko M. , Sanders Ronald C. , Lee Jan Hau , Simon Dennis W. , Vanderford Paula A. , Lee Anthony Y. , Brown Calvin A. , Skippen Peter W. , Breuer Ryan K. , Toedt-Pingel Iris , Parsons Simon J. , Gradidge Eleanor A. , Glater Lily B. , Culver Kathleen , Li Simon , Polikoff Lee A. , Howell Joy D. , Nuthall Gabrielle , Bysani Gokul K. , Graciano Ana L. , Emeriaud Guillaume , Saito Osamu , Orioles Alberto , Walson Karen , Jung Philipp , Al-Subu Awni M. , Ikeyama Takanari , Shetty Rakshay , Yoder Kathleen M. , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Nishisaki Akira 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:
External laryngeal manipulation is a commonly used maneuver to improve visualization of the glottis during tracheal intubation in children. However, the effectiveness to improve tracheal intubation attempt success rate in the nonanesthesia setting is not clear. The study objective was to evaluate the association between external laryngeal manipulation use and initial tracheal intubation attempt success in PICUs.

Design:
A retrospective observational study using a multicenter emergency airway quality improvement registry.

Setting:
Thirty-five PICUs within general and children’s hospitals (29 in the United States, three in Canada, one in Japan, one in Singapore, and one in New Zealand).

Patients:
Critically ill children (< 18 years) undergoing initial tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy in PICUs between July 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015.

Measurements and Main Results:
Propensity score–matched analysis was performed to evaluate the association between external laryngeal manipulation and initial attempt success while adjusting for underlying differences in patient and clinical care factors: age, obesity, tracheal intubation indications, difficult airway features, provider training level, and neuromuscular blockade use. External laryngeal manipulation was defined as any external force to the neck during laryngoscopy. Of the 7,825 tracheal intubations, the initial tracheal intubation attempt was successful in 1,935/3,274 intubations (59%) with external laryngeal manipulation and 3,086/4,551 (68%) without external laryngeal manipulation (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62–0.75; p < 0.001). In propensity score–matched analysis, external laryngeal manipulation remained associated with lower initial tracheal intubation attempt success (adjusted odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90–0.95; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
External laryngeal manipulation during direct laryngoscopy was associated with lower initial tracheal intubation attempt success in critically ill children, even after adjusting for underlying differences in patient factors and provider levels. The indiscriminate use of external laryngeal manipulation cannot be recommended.
Ondansetron Prescription for Home Use in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Gray James M. , Maewal Jaya D. , Lunos Scott A. , Furnival Ronald A. , Hendrickson Marissa A. 
Published: November 2017

Objectives
Ondansetron has been shown to decrease admission rate and the need for intravenous fluids among pediatric emergency department (ED) patients with acute gastroenteritis, but there is limited evidence regarding its use after ED discharge. This study describes prescribing patterns for ondansetron and assesses the effects of ondansetron home prescription on rate of return.

Methods
Data were gathered from the electronic health record on 2 separate but overlapping groups of patients seen in a pediatric ED from 2012 to 2014. The Gastroenteritis Group included all patients with a discharge diagnosis of gastroenteritis by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code. The All Ondansetron Group included any child prescribed ondansetron at discharge. Patterns of ondansetron use and 3- and 7-day ED return rate were assessed for both groups. Discharge diagnosis was evaluated for the All Ondansetron Group.

Results
A total of 996 patients with acute gastroenteritis were identified during the study period. Of these, 76% received ondansetron in the ED, and 71% were discharged with prescriptions for ondansetron. Seven-day ED return rates were similar between groups (6% with prescription, 5% without, P = 0.66). A total of 2287 patients received home prescriptions for ondansetron. Fifty-four percent of these patients' discharge diagnoses were classed as gastrointestinal complaints, 14% other infectious conditions, 9% respiratory, and 4% injuries. Their return rate was 6%. There was wide variation in the number of doses prescribed.

Conclusions
Home-use ondansetron is widely prescribed in this urban academic pediatric ED for a variety of indications, without effect on 3- or 7-day ED return. Further prospective studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of this practice.
Should the Absence of Urinary Nitrite Influence Empiric Antibiotics for Urinary Tract Infection in Young Children?
Authors: Chaudhari Pradip P. , Monuteaux Michael C. , Bachur Richard G. 
Published: November 2017

Objectives
Screening for urinary tract infection (UTI) includes urinary nitrite testing by dipstick urinalysis. Gram-negative enteric organisms produce urinary nitrite and represent the most common uropathogens. Enterococcus, a less common uropathogen, does not produce nitrite and has a unique antibiotic resistance pattern. Whether to adjust empiric antibiotics in the absence of urinary nitrite has not been established. Our primary objective was to determine prevalence of enterococcal UTI among young children with a nitrite negative urinalysis.

Methods
A retrospective study of children aged less than 2 years evaluated in the emergency department for possible UTI and had a paired urinalysis and urine culture was performed. Urinary tract infection was defined by catheterized culture yielding greater than or equal to 50,000 colony-forming units per milliliter of a single uropathogen. Prevalence of uropathogens among nitrite negative samples was studied.

Results
A total of 7599 children were studied. Median (interquartile range) age was 5.6 (2.3–11.2) months, and 57% were female. Prevalence of UTI was 8.1%. Enterococcus was the uropathogen in 2.1% of UTIs, and all cases had negative dipstick nitrite. Among nitrite negative UTIs, 95.6% of uropathogens were gram-negative and only 3.2% (confidence interval, 1.8%–5.3%) were enterococcus. None of the 200 UTIs with positive nitrite yielded enterococcus (upper confidence interval, 1.4%). Among children with positive leukocyte esterase and negative nitrite, only 0.7% of cases had enterococcal UTI.

Conclusions
Only 3% of nitrite negative UTIs were caused by enterococcus. Given the low prevalence of enterococcal UTI, the absence of dipstick nitrite should not affect routine empiric antibiotic choice for presumptive UTI in young children.
Experienced HIV-Related Stigma in Health Care and Community Settings: Mediated Associations With Psychosocial and Health Outcomes
Authors: Kay Emma S. , Rice Whitney S. , Crockett Kaylee B. , Atkins Ghislaine C. , Batey David. Scott , Turan Bulent 
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
There are multiple dimensions of HIV-related stigma that can compromise the mental and physical health of people living with HIV. We focused on the dimension of experienced stigma, defined as exposure to acts of discrimination, devaluation, and prejudice, and investigated its relationship with HIV health and psychosocial outcomes.

Methods:
We examined associations between experienced stigma in the community and health care settings and psychosocial and health outcomes for people living with HIV (N = 203) receiving care at an urban HIV clinic in the Southeastern United States. We also investigated whether those effects are unique to experienced stigma or are mediated by other dimensions of HIV-related stigma.

Results:
Experienced stigma was associated with suboptimal clinical outcomes such as viral nonsuppression, as well as poor affective, cognitive, and mental health outcomes (self-esteem, depressive symptoms, avoidance coping, and blame coping) and interpersonal outcomes such as social support and physician trust. Furthermore, serial mediation models suggested significant indirect effects of experienced stigma through internalized stigma and anticipated stigma from various theoretically expected sources of stigma (eg, community members, friends and family, and health care workers), with varying effects depending on the source.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest nuanced mechanisms for the effects of experienced HIV-related stigma, especially in health care settings, and may be used to inform stigma-reduction interventions. Interventions designed to address experienced stigma in health care settings might be more tailored to specific outcomes, such as depression and physician trust, than interventions designed to address experienced stigma in the community.
Experimental Investigation of Implicit HIV and Preexposure Prophylaxis Stigma: Evidence for Ancillary Benefits of Preexposure Prophylaxis Use
Authors: Golub Sarit A. , Lelutiu-Weinberger Corina , Surace Anthony 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) stigma (ie, negative attitudes toward PrEP users) has been widely documented and is considered a significant barrier to implementation. However, few studies have examined PrEP stigma using implicit measures designed to reduce demand characteristics in responding. This study examined implicit PrEP- and HIV-related stigma among gay and bisexual men using geospatial social networking applications (ie, “hookup apps”).

Methods:
Participants were presented with 4 simulated online profiles (pretested for comparability) paired with each of the following characteristics: HIV negative, HIV positive, on PrEP, or substance user. Participants rated the profiles on attractiveness, desirability, trustworthiness, likelihood of condom use, and riskiness of sex.

Results:
There was no evidence of PrEP-related stigma, ie, participants did not rate profiles of PrEP users more negatively than profiles of HIV-negative individuals not disclosing PrEP use. However, profiles of HIV-positive individuals were rated significantly less attractive and desirable than HIV-negative or PrEP profiles. When the sample was split by history of PrEP use, negative ratings of HIV-positive profiles remained only among participants who had never taken PrEP. Participants with any history of PrEP use demonstrated no difference in ratings by HIV status.

Conclusion:
These data provide the first empirical evidence for lower HIV stigma among PrEP users. Individuals who have used PrEP may “see” HIV-positive individuals differently than those without a history of PrEP use. The lack of evidence for PrEP-related stigma is encouraging and suggests that negative stereotypes about PrEP users may not extend to negative implicit judgments about them on social networking sites.
Prenatal microRNA miR-200b Therapy Improves Nitrofen-induced Pulmonary Hypoplasia Associated With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Khoshgoo Naghmeh , Kholdebarin Ramin , Pereira-Terra Patricia , Mahood Thomas H. , Falk Landon , Day Chelsea A. , Iwasiow Barbara M. , Zhu Fuqin , Mulhall Drew , Fraser Carly , Correia-Pinto Jorge , Keijzer Richard 
Published: November 2017

Objective:
We aimed to evaluate the use of miR-200b as a prenatal transplacental therapy in the nitrofen rat model of abnormal lung development and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Background:
Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) and pulmonary hypertension determine mortality and morbidity in CDH babies. There is no safe medical prenatal treatment available. We previously discovered that higher miR-200b is associated with better survival in CDH babies. Here, we investigate the role of miR-200b in the nitrofen rat model of PH and CDH and evaluate its use as an in vivo prenatal therapy.

Methods:
We profiled miR-200b expression during nitrofen-induced PH using RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization in the nitrofen rat model of PH and CDH. The effects of nitrofen on downstream miR-200b targets were studied in bronchial lung epithelial cells using a SMAD luciferase assay, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. We evaluated miR-200b as a lung growth promoting therapy ex vivo and in vivo using lung explant culture and transplacental prenatal therapy in the nitrofen rat model.

Results:
We show that late lung hypoplasia in CDH is associated with (compensatory) upregulation of miR-200b in less hypoplastic lungs. Increasing miR-200b abundance with mimics early after nitrofen treatment decreases SMAD-driven TGF-β signaling and rescues lung hypoplasia both in vitro and in vivo. Also, prenatal miR-200b therapy decreases the observed incidence of CDH.

Conclusions:
Our data indicate that miR-200b improves PH and decreases the incidence of CDH. Future studies will further exploit this newly discovered prenatal therapy for lung hypoplasia and CDH.