bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Release during night enhances survival of wild Atlantic salmon smolts
Authors: Vollset K. W. , Barlaup B. T. , Normann E. S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe effect of nocturnal and diurnal releases on survival and migration of wild and hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, L., smolts (n = 82) was investigated by releasing acoustically tagged smolts at the lower end of the River Vosso, Norway. Hatchery smolts was registered in the estuary within hours of their release, whereas wild smolts migrated over a prolonged period. The time of estuary exit was affected by river discharge but not by time of release. Progression rates were slow through the estuary (0.25 BL/s ± 0.18 SD) and fast through the fjord (1.80 BL/s ± 0.69 SD), and they were not affected by the time of release or origin. Survival to the fjord was low (0%–15%). Survival was not affected by body length but was lower for wild smolts than for hatchery smolts, and survival of the former was lower when the fish were released in daylight.
Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate, carbon inputs, soil properties and soil carbon fractions
Authors: Luo Zhongkui , Feng Wenting , Luo Yiqi , Baldock Jeff , Wang Enli 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are regulated by the complex interplay of climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions. However, the interrelation of SOC and these drivers and their potential connection networks are rarely assessed quantitatively. Using observations of SOC dynamics with detailed soil properties from 90 field trials at 28 sites under different agroecosystems across the Australian cropping regions, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of climate, soil properties, carbon (C) inputs and soil C pools (a total of 17 variables) on SOC change rate (rC, Mg C ha−1 yr−1). Among these variables, we found that the most influential variables on rC were the average C input amount and annual precipitation, and the total SOC stock at the beginning of the trials. Overall, C inputs (including C input amount and pasture frequency in the crop rotation system) accounted for 27% of the relative influence on rC, followed by climate 25% (including precipitation and temperature), soil C pools 24% (including pool size and composition) and soil properties (such as cation exchange capacity, clay content, bulk density) 24%. Path analysis identified a network of intercorrelations of climate, soil properties, C inputs and soil C pools in determining rC. The direct correlation of rC with climate was significantly weakened if removing the effects of soil properties and C pools, and vice versa. These results reveal the relative importance of climate, soil properties, C inputs and C pools and their complex interconnections in regulating SOC dynamics. Ignorance of the impact of changes in soil properties, C pool composition and C input (quantity and quality) on SOC dynamics is likely one of the main sources of uncertainty in SOC predictions from the process‐based SOC models.
Simulated climate change, epidemic size, and host evolution across host–parasite populations
Authors: Auld Stuart K.J.R. , Brand June 
Published: May 2017

AbstractClimate change is causing warmer and more variable temperatures as well as physical flux in natural populations, which will affect the ecology and evolution of infectious disease epidemics. Using replicate seminatural populations of a coevolving freshwater invertebrate‐parasite system (host: Daphnia magna, parasite: Pasteuria ramosa), we quantified the effects of ambient temperature and population mixing (physical flux within populations) on epidemic size and population health. Each population was seeded with an identical suite of host genotypes and dose of parasite transmission spores. Biologically reasonable increases in environmental temperature caused larger epidemics, and population mixing reduced overall epidemic size. Mixing also had a detrimental effect on host populations independent of disease. Epidemics drove parasite‐mediated selection, leading to a loss of host genetic diversity, and mixed populations experienced greater evolution due to genetic drift over the season. These findings further our understanding of how diversity loss will reduce the host populations’ capacity to respond to changes in selection, therefore stymying adaptation to further environmental change.
Increasing carbon discrimination rates and depth of water uptake favor the growth of Mediterranean evergreen trees in the ecotone with temperate deciduous forests
Authors: Barbeta Adrià , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTree populations at the low‐altitudinal or ‐latitudinal limits of species' distributional ranges are predicted to retreat toward higher altitudes and latitudes to track the ongoing changes in climate. Studies have focused on the climatic sensitivity of the retreating species, whereas little is known about the potential replacements. Competition between tree species in forest ecotones will likely be strongly influenced by the ecophysiological responses to heat and drought. We used tree‐ring widths and δ13C and δ18O chronologies to compare the growth rates and long‐term ecophysiological responses to climate in the temperate‐Mediterranean ecotone formed by the deciduous Fagus sylvatica and the evergreen Quercus ilex at the low altitudinal and southern latitudinal limit of F. sylvatica (NE Iberian Peninsula). F. sylvatica growth rates were similar to those of other southern populations and were surprisingly not higher than those of Q. ilex, which were an order of magnitude higher than those in nearby drier sites. Higher Q. ilex growth rates were associated with high temperatures, which have increased carbon discrimination rates in the last 25 years. In contrast, stomatal regulation in F. sylvatica was proportional to the increase in atmospheric CO2. Tree‐ring δ18O for both species were mostly correlated with δ18O in the source water. In contrast to many previous studies, relative humidity was not negatively correlated with tree‐ring δ18O but had a positive effect on Q. ilex tree‐ring δ18O. Furthermore, tree‐ring δ18O decreased in Q. ilex over time. The sensitivity of Q. ilex to climate likely reflects the uptake of deep water that allowed it to benefit from the effect of CO2 fertilization, in contrast to the water‐limited F. sylvatica. Consequently, Q. ilex is a strong competitor at sites currently dominated by F. sylvatica and could be favored by increasingly warmer conditions.
Clinical features of extremely elderly patients with heart failure
Authors: Yokokawa Tetsuro , Yoshihisa Akiomi , Kanno Yuki , Sato Takamasa , Suzuki Satoshi , Misaka Tomofumi , Oikawa Masayoshi , Kobayashi Atsushi , Yamaki Takayoshi , Kunii Hiroyuki , Nakazato Kazuhiko , Suzuki Hitoshi , Saitoh Shu‐Ichi , Takeishi Yasuchika 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate the clinical features of heart failure in extremely elderly patients.MethodsWe analyzed 1163 consecutive hospitalized heart failure patients. The patients were divided into an extremely elderly group (≥85 years‐of‐age, n = 88) and a non‐extremely elderly group (<85 years‐of‐age, n = 1075).ResultsThe extremely elderly group had higher rates of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, anemia, higher systolic blood pressure and lower body mass index, and lower use of β‐blockers and anticoagulants compared with the non‐extremely elderly group. During the mean follow‐up period of 1038 days, the extremely elderly group had higher mortality compared with the non‐extremely elderly group (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, in the non‐extremely elderly group, age (HR 1.027, P < 0.001), body mass index (HR 0.919, P < 0.001), New York Heart Association III or IV (HR 3.626, P < 0.001), preserved ejection fraction (HR 0.553, P < 0.001), anemia (HR 1.941, P < 0.001), β‐blockers (HR 0.695, P = 0.028) and renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (HR 0.603, P = 0.001) were independent predictors for all‐cause death. In contrast, atrial fibrillation (HR 2.042, P = 0.015) and renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (HR 0.470, P = 0.014) were independent predictors for all‐cause death in the extremely elderly group, suggesting that the prognostic factors were different between the two groups.ConclusionsWe should be careful of atrial fibrillation and renin–angiotensin system inhibitors in managing extremely elderly patients with heart failure. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2194–2199.
Novel tool for deprescribing in chronic patients with multimorbidity: List of Evidence‐Based Deprescribing for Chronic Patients criteria
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pérez Aitana , Alfaro‐Lara Eva Rocío , Albiñana‐Perez Sandra , Nieto‐Martín María Dolores , Díez‐Manglano Jesús , Pérez‐Guerrero Concepción , Santos‐Ramos Bernardo 
Published: May 2017

AimTo create a tool to identify drugs and clinical situations that offers an opportunity of deprescribing in patients with multimorbidity.MethodsA literature review completed with electronic brainstorming, and subsequently, a panel of experts using the Delphi methodology were applied. The experts assessed the criteria identified in the literature and brainstorming as possible situations for deprescribing. They were also asked to assess the influence of life prognosis in each criterion. A tool was composed of the most appropriate criteria according to the strength of their evidence, usefulness in patients with multimorbidity and applicability in clinical practice.ResultsOut of a total of 100, 27 criteria were selected to be included in the final list. It was named the LESS‐CHRON criteria (List of Evidence‐baSed depreScribing for CHRONic patients), and was organized by the anatomical group of the Anatomical, Therapeutic, Chemical (ATC) classification system of the drug to be deprescribed. Each criterion contains: drug indication for which it is prescribed, clinical situation that offers an opportunity to deprescribe, clinical variable to be monitored and the minimum time to follow up the patient after deprescribing.ConclusionsThe “LESS‐CHRON criteria” are the result of a comprehensive and standardized methodology to identify clinical situations for deprescribing drugs in chronic patients with multimorbidity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2200–2207.
DNA damage marker phosphorylated histone H2AX is a potential predictive marker for progression of epithelial dysplasia of the oral cavity
Authors: Leung Elaine Y , McMahon Jeremy D , McLellan Douglas R , Syyed Nazlie , McCarthy Caroline E , Nixon Colin , Orange Clare , Brock Claire , Hunter Keith D , Adams Peter D 
Published: May 2017

AimsTo evaluate the relationships between immunohistochemical markers related to cellular senescence, cell proliferation and histological grade of epithelial dysplasia (OD) of the oral cavity. In addition, the predictive value of these markers for progression of OD was assessed.Methods and resultsRetrospective immunohistochemical analyses were performed on 86 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded specimens of OD and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) for Ki67, phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), p53, p16, trimethyl‐histone H3 (Lys9) (H3K9me3) and cyclin D1 (CycD1). Three separate areas representing the highest severity of OD on each slide were annotated digitally by two independent pathologists. Mean automated histoscores of the selected markers were generated and compared to that of age‐matched healthy controls (n = 24). Follow‐up data of OD were retrieved and anonymized by a clinical team member and linked using unique participant identifiers. The median follow‐up was 10.9 years (interquartile range: 10.1–11.5). Ki67 (P < 0.0001), γH2AX (P = 0.03) and p53 (P = 0.04) were increased significantly with higher histological grade of OD. γH2AX (P = 0.03), but not histological grade of OD (P = 0.73), was associated prospectively with disease progression. Using the median histoscore for γH2AX (median histoscore = 17) as a cut‐off, histoscore ≥17 was associated with an increased risk of disease progression [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41–7.39, P = 0.0064].ConclusionsAlthough proliferation marker Ki67, DNA damage/checkpoint markers γH2AX and p53 were increased in higher grade of OD, only γH2AX was predictive of disease progression. These observations may reflect the role of DNA replicative stress in the transformation from OD to OSCC. Larger studies should evaluate whether γH2AX can be used as a predictive marker of OD.
Effect of ultrasonic and sonic activation of root canal sealers on the push‐out bond strength and interfacial adaptation to root canal dentine
Authors: Wiesse P. E. B. , Silva‐Sousa Y. T. , Pereira R. D. , Estrela C. , Domingues L. M. , Pécora J. D. , Sousa‐Neto M. D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of ultrasonic and sonic activation of two root canal sealers on interfacial adaptation and push‐out bond strength (BS) to root canal dentine.MethodologyThe root canals of seventy‐eight roots of maxillary canines were prepared with NiTi rotary instruments under irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Canals were filled by lateral condensation of gutta‐percha and AH Plus (n = 39) or MTA Fillapex (n = 39). Three subgroups (n = 13) were formed according to sealer activation: no activation (NA), sonic activation (SA, 20 s) and ultrasonic activation (US, 20 s). In three specimens of each subgroup, 0.1% rhodamine B was added to the sealer. Three 1‐mm‐thick slices were obtained from each root third. The first and second were used for push‐out BS test and the third for a qualitative analysis of interfacial adaptation (gaps) and voids by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Intratubular penetration of rhodamine B‐labelled sealer was also assessed by CLSM. Data were analysed by two‐way anova and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).ResultsAH Plus (2.58 ± 1.21) had higher push‐out BS than MTA Fillapex (1.45 ± 0.71) (P = 0.000). UA (2.64 ± 1.44) had higher BS (P = 0.000) than NA (1.58 ± 0.73) and SA (1.83 ± 0.85), which did not differ significantly from each other (P = 0.3303). The coronal third had higher BS (2.48 ± 1.49) than the middle (2.08 ± 0.94) (P = 0.0003) and apical (1.48 ± 0.58) (P = 0.00) thirds. For both sealers, UA was associated with a more homogeneous filling material with better interfacial adaptation and greater quantity, density and length of tags in dentinal tubules. When UA was used, the tags had similar quantity, density and length to those formed without activation, but interfacial gaps and voids were observed.ConclusionUltrasonic activation was associated with higher BS values, deeper intratubular penetration and greater interfacial adaptation to root dentine than sonic activation and no activation techniques, AH Plus had higher BS values than MTA Fillapex irrespective of the type of activation.
Maternity Management in SMEs: A Transdisciplinary Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Stumbitz Bianca , Lewis Suzan , Rouse Julia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper provides a transdisciplinary critical review of the literature on maternity management in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), embedded within the wider literatures on maternity in the workplace. The key objectives are to describe what is known about the relations that shape maternity management in smaller workplaces and to identify research directions to enhance this knowledge. The review is guided by theory of organizational gendering and small business management, conceptualizing adaptions to maternity as a process of mutual adjustment and dynamic capability within smaller firms’ informally negotiated order, resource endowments and wider labour and product/service markets. A context‐sensitive lens is also applied. The review highlights the complex range of processes involved in SME maternity management and identifies major research gaps in relation to pregnancy, maternity leave and the return to work (family‐friendly working and breastfeeding) in these contexts. This blind spot is surprising, as SMEs employ the majority of women worldwide. A detailed agenda for future research is outlined, building on the gaps identified by the review and founded on renewed theoretical direction.
Global analysis of strategies to tackle antimicrobial resistance†
Authors: Adeniji Funke 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health issue driven by inappropriate use of antimicrobials resulting in decreased efficacy on the background of an extremely limited pipeline for new antibiotics. We sought to analyse the effectiveness of key policies and strategies in tackling AMR globally and identify gaps in these.

Method
The scope, magnitude, history and drivers of AMR were reviewed using supporting evidence. Our methodology included a literature review and semi-structured survey, whilst the analyses process was guided by an adapted health policy analyses framework.

Results
Six key policies of global, UK and Nigerian origin were identified along with supporting literature. Seven respondents from key organisations were identified and interviewed. Their responses were analysed using framework analyses principles.

Conclusions
Antimicrobial resistance is driven by several factors, ranging from poverty to poor implementation of inadequate policies. The UK AMR strategy is the most comprehensive with room for improvement. Nigeria lacks a specific AMR policy, but has other policies which address health system drivers of AMR. Similarly, the UK's surveillance system is extensive with recent findings corresponding to global findings. Nigeria's surveillance system is focused on detecting and tackling epidemics as indicated by its recent success with Ebola, but there is room for improvement and it could be expanded to cover AMR. Global policies do not add much value to the UK strategy and provide little guidance on how low-income countries, for example Nigeria can fill current gaps in surveillance and policies as key drivers are not fully addressed.
Epidemiology of urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Miyazaki Jun , Nishiyama Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe epithelium lining is defined as the mucosal surfaces of the renal collecting tubules, calyces and pelvis, as well as the ureter, bladder and urethra. The term “urothelium” is used to refer to these surfaces. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is a rare subset of urothelial cancers with a poor prognosis. Urinary bladder cancer is the most common malignancy involving the urinary system. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is more common in men than in women, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 2:1. The incidence of urinary bladder cancer is also higher in men. Cigarette smoking and occupational exposure are the main upper tract urothelial carcinoma and urinary bladder cancer risk factors, while other factors are more specific to the carcinogenesis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (i.e. Balkan endemic nephropathy, Chinese herb nephropathy). In Egypt until recent years, urinary bladder cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancer due to Schistosoma haematobium. Substantial knowledge exists regarding the causes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and urinary bladder cancer, and epidemiological studies have identified various chemical carcinogens that are believed to be responsible for most cases of urothelial carcinoma. In the era of precision medicine, genetic effects might play a direct role in the initiation and progression of urothelial carcinoma.
The immune response to Prevotella bacteria in chronic inflammatory disease
Authors: Larsen Jeppe Madura 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe microbiota plays a central role in human health and disease by shaping immune development, immune responses and metabolism, and by protecting from invading pathogens. Technical advances that allow comprehensive characterization of microbial communities by genetic sequencing have sparked the hunt for disease‐modulating bacteria. Emerging studies in humans have linked the increased abundance of Prevotella species at mucosal sites to localized and systemic disease, including periodontitis, bacterial vaginosis, rheumatoid arthritis, metabolic disorders and low‐grade systemic inflammation. Intriguingly, Prevotella abundance is reduced within the lung microbiota of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Increased Prevotella abundance is associated with augmented T helper type 17 (Th17) ‐mediated mucosal inflammation, which is in line with the marked capacity of Prevotella in driving Th17 immune responses in vitro. Studies indicate that Prevotella predominantly activate Toll‐like receptor 2, leading to production of Th17‐polarizing cytokines by antigen‐presenting cells, including interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) and IL‐1. Furthermore, Prevotella stimulate epithelial cells to produce IL‐8, IL‐6 and CCL20, which can promote mucosal Th17 immune responses and neutrophil recruitment. Prevotella‐mediated mucosal inflammation leads to systemic dissemination of inflammatory mediators, bacteria and bacterial products, which in turn may affect systemic disease outcomes. Studies in mice support a causal role of Prevotella as colonization experiments promote clinical and inflammatory features of human disease. When compared with strict commensal bacteria, Prevotella exhibit increased inflammatory properties, as demonstrated by augmented release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells and various stromal cells. These findings indicate that some Prevotella strains may be clinically important pathobionts that can participate in human disease by promoting chronic inflammation.
Influence of diabetes mellitus on immunity to human tuberculosis
Authors: Kumar Nathella Pavan , Babu Subash 
Published: May 2017

SummaryType 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is a major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), with development of DM pandemic in countries where TB is also endemic. Understanding the impact of DM on TB and the determinants of co‐morbidity is essential in responding to this growing public health problem with improved therapeutic approaches. Despite the clinical and public health significance posed by the dual burden of TB and DM, little is known about the immunological and biochemical mechanisms of susceptibility. One possible mechanism is that an impaired immune response in patients with DM facilitates either primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or reactivation of latent TB. Diabetes is associated with immune dysfunction and alterations in the components of the immune system, including altered levels of specific cytokines and chemokines. Some effects of DM on adaptive immunity that are potentially relevant to TB defence have been identified in humans. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the alterations in the innate and adaptive immune responses and immunological mechanisms of susceptibility of patients with DM to M. tuberculosis infection and disease.
Political Affiliation and Pay Slice: Do Blue CEOs Accept Less Green?
Authors: Borghesi Richard , Chang Kiyoung 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe examine the relationship among CEO political alignment, compensation, and pay disparity (relative to other high‐earning executives) and find that Democratic CEOs accept less pay and a significantly lower pay slice. That is, left‐leaning CEOs put their money where their mouth is regarding the Democratic ideology of economic and social equity. This smaller pay gap is not a function of variations in managerial ability; if anything, Democratic CEOs are more talented than Republican CEOs. Results suggest that Democratic CEOs may be more effective at running firms in which collaboration among top executives is more valuable than are the potential gains from tournament incentives.