bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autofluoreszenz des humanen retinalen Pigmentepithels in der normalen Alterung und bei altersbedingter Makuladegeneration: Histologie und Klinik
Authors: Ach Thomas , Bermond Katharina 
Published: July 2017

ZusammenfassungFundusautofluoreszenz(FAF)-Aufnahmen zählen seit beinahe 2 Jahrzehnten zur Routinediagnostik des menschlichen Augenhintergrunds. Die stetigen Weiterentwicklungen der Aufnahmetechniken ermöglichen heute eine sichere, nicht invasive, einfach durchführbare und reproduzierbare Darstellung des Augenhintergrunds. Die zugrunde liegende Technik macht sich die autofluoreszierenden Eigenschaften von Geweben, insbesondere des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE) und dessen Fluorophore, zunutze. Dadurch können FAF-Aufnahmen in hervorragender Weise Phänomene der normalen Alterung sowie krankheitsbedingte Veränderungen des Augenhintergrunds aufzeigen, aber auch Informationen zu Krankheitsverlauf und Therapiekontrolle liefern. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit sollen nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Basis der Fundusautofluoreszenz neueste grundlagenwissenschaftliche Kenntnisse zur Histologie im Hinblick auf altersbedingte und pathologische Veränderungen des RPE zusammengefasst werden, um so eine bessere Interpretation von FAF-Aufnahmen zu ermöglichen. Der Darstellung altersbedingter Veränderungen werden hierbei die pathologischen Veränderungen im Rahmen einer altersbedingten Makuladegeneration sowohl klinisch als auch auf histologischer Ebene gegenübergestellt.
Focal Breast Lesions in Clinical CT Examinations of the Chest: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Krug Kathrin , Houbois Christian , Grinstein Olga , Borggrefe Jan , Puesken Michael , Hanstein Bettina , Malter Wolfram , Maintz David , Hellmich Martin 
Published: July 2017

Purpose Based on radiological reports, the percentage of breast cancers visualized as incidental findings in routine CT examinations is estimated at ≤ 2 %. In view of the rising number of CT examinations and the high prevalence of breast cancer, it was the goal of the present study to verify the frequency and image morphology of false-negative senological CT findings.
Materials and Methods All first contrast-enhanced CT examinations of the chest in adult female patients carried out in 2012 were retrospectively included. A senior radiologist systematically assessed the presence of breast lesions on all CT images using the BI-RADS system. All BI-RADS ≥ 3 notations were evaluated by a second senior radiologist. A consensus was obtained in case of differing BI-RADS assessments. Reference diagnoses were elaborated based on all available clinical, radiological and pathological data. The findings of the CT reports were classified according to the BI-RADS system and were compared with the retrospective consensus findings as well as with the reference diagnoses.
Results The range of indications comprised a broad spectrum including staging and follow-up examinations of solid tumors/lymphoma (N = 701, 59.9 %) and vascular (190, 16.2 %), inflammatory (48, 4.1 %) and pulmonologic (22, 1.9 %) issues. BI-RADS 1/2 classifications were present in 92.5 % and BI-RADS 6 classifications were assessed in 1.7 % of the 1170 included examinations. 68 patients (5.8 %) had at least one lesion retrospectively classified as BI-RADS 3 – 5. The histological potential was known in 57 of these lesions as benign (46, 3.9 %) or malignant (11, 0.9 %). 13 BI-RADS 4/5 consensus assessments (1.1 %) were false-positive. 2 of the 10 lesions classified as being malignant based on the further clinical and radiological course were not mentioned in the written CT reports (0.2 %). Both false-negative CT reports were therapeutically and prognostically irrelevant.
Conclusion The relative frequency of BI-RADS 3 – 5 findings was 5.8 %. It reflects the situation encountered in clinical imaging for primarily non-senologic questions and therefore differs from what would be expected in a dedicated screening program. The rates of known false-positive BI-RADS 4/5 findings in the retrospective evaluations (1.1 %) and of false-negative findings in the written CT reports (0.2 %) reflect the different diagnostic approaches of image-based senological screening and radiological examinations indicated in order to solve clinical problems not primarily concerning the breast region. Statements regarding the prevalence of clinically occult breast cancers can only be made with caution in the presented, highly selective group of patients due to the often incomplete visualization of breast tissue and the retrospective approach.
Key points
Zitierweise
The language of the Transeurasian farmers
Authors: Robbeets Martine 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Farming Language Dispersal Hypothesis makes the radical and controversial claim that many of the world’s major language families owe their present-day distribution to the adoption of agriculture by their early speakers. Especially for regions such as Northern Asia, where farming is only marginally viable, this claim has been seriously called into question. This paper investigates to what extent agriculture impacted the dispersal of the Transeurasian language family, i.e. the genealogical grouping consisting of the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic languages. For this purpose, I establish the internal family structure of Transeurasian, reconstruct cultural vocabulary and situate the Transeurasian languages in time and space. Assessing the cultural reconstructions and mapping the tree topology, time-depth and homeland on the demographic transitions visible in the archaeological and genetic record, I find indications that proto-Transeurasian was spoken by people gradually adopting farming and that its dispersal was indeed driven by agriculture.
Farming-related terms in Proto-Turkic and Proto-Altaic
Authors: Savelyev Alexander 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Historical sources from different times describe Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic traditional economies as based on pastoralism, with agriculture playing only a minor role among their subsistence strategies. Cultural reconstruction as used by historical linguists may provide additional inferences about the relative importance of farming and pastoralism in these lineages. This paper focuses on the origin of agricultural and pastoralist terms in Proto-Turkic and their parallels in the other branches of Altaic, i.e., Mongolic and Tungusic. I show that the majority of the Turkic pastoralist lexicon has a secondary nature, being formed due to contact, derivation or lexical recycling. At the same time, farming-related terms in Turkic are mostly unborrowed and underived and a few of them have reliable Altaic connections. The very limited number of agricultural terms reconstructible to Proto-Altaic as compared to the preceding Proto-Transeurasian period can be attributed to a loss of farming-related lexicon over time after the break-up of Altaic.
Farming and the Trans-New Guinea family
Authors: Schapper Antoinette 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The island of New Guinea, located to the north of Australia, is one of the world’s major centres of early agriculture and plant domestication. At the same time, a large number of the languages of New Guinea and adjacent areas share a common origin and are believed to belong to a single language family, the Trans-New Guinea family. This paper presents a first attempt to apply the farming-language dispersal hypothesis to the New Guinea case. While the archaeological literature on early agriculture in New Guinea has focused mainly on taro, there is reason to doubt that taro was associated with the Trans-New Guinea expansion. In this paper, I instead consider the role of banana and sugarcane. The occurrence in many Trans-New Guinea languages of related terms for these two crops suggests that these were part of the “farming package” which fuelled the expansion of the family and its speakers.
Macrofamilies and agricultural lexicon
Authors: Starostin George 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
It is more or less self-evident that the origins of agriculture cannot be directly associated with the ancestral speakers of any of the commonly accepted, non-controversial language families such as Indo-European, Semitic, Dravidian, etc., since these origins go much deeper back in time than any of these ancestral languages. Consequently, in this paper I present a brief overview of some of the most promising, if controversial, hypotheses on deep-level language relationship between various linguistic stocks of Western and Central Eurasia in terms of whether or not there is a chance of reconstructing at least a small amount of agricultural terminology for such hypothetical entities as Proto-Nostratic, Proto-Sino-Caucasian, and Proto-Afroasiatic. The overview leads to the conclusion that some of the most archaic agricultural terminology in the Near East may be associated with the North Caucasian linguistic family and, possibly, also with Basque as its nearest genetic relative; at the same time, evidence of ancient agricultural lexicon in the Afroasiatic stock remains at best circumstantial, whereas evidence from various lineages of “Nostratic” is practically non-existent.
Were the first Bantu speakers south of the rainforest farmers?
Authors: Bostoen Koen , Koni Muluwa Joseph 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Popular belief has it that the Bantu Expansion was a farming/language dispersal. However, there is neither conclusive archaeological nor linguistic evidence to substantiate this hypothesis, especially not for the initial spread in West-Central Africa. In this chapter we consider lexical reconstructions for both domesticated and wild plants in Proto-West-Coastal Bantu associated with the first Bantu speech communities south of the rainforest about 2500 years ago. The possibility to reconstruct terms for five different crops, i.e. pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), okra (Hibiscus/Abelmoschus esculentus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) and plantain (Musa spp.), indicates that by that time Bantu speakers did know how to cultivate plants. At the same time, they still strongly depended on the plant resources that could be collected in their natural environment, as is evidenced by a preliminary assessment of reconstructible names for wild plants. Agriculture in Central Africa was indeed “a slow revolution”, as the late Jan Vansina once proposed, and certainly not the principal motor behind the early Bantu Expansion.
Shaping AFS Advocacy Based on History and Need
Authors: Pool Taylor , Bigford Thomas E. , Mulvey-McFerron Owen 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We discuss the need for the American Fisheries Society (AFS) to be involved in advocacy efforts. In doing so, we summarize our history, offer examples of past endeavors, capture the challenges of representing the views of a complex membership, and explain the opportunities awaiting AFS and its members. Our conclusion is that the Society must become more active in advocacy efforts as it seeks to make best use of its members' knowledge and experience, their ability to inform others about fisheries science and management, and our collective ability to influence outcomes relevant to fish and fisheries.
Expression analysis of polyphenol oxidase isozymes by active staining method and tissue browning of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Authors: Noda Takahiro , Iimure Kazuhiko , Okamoto Shunsuke , Saito Akira 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Browning of plant tissue is generally considered attributable to enzymatic oxidation by polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Electrophoresis followed by activity staining has been used as an effective procedure to visually detect and isolate isozymes; however, it has not been applied for examination of various PPO isozymes in lettuce. Our study demonstrated that different lettuce PPO isozymes could be detected at different pH in active staining, and multiple isozymes were detected only under alkaline conditions. As a result, we concluded that activity staining with approximately pH 8 enabled to detect various PPO isozymes in lettuce. By expression analysis of the PPO isozymes after wounding, PPO isozymes that correlated with time-course of tissue browning were detected. The wound-induced PPO may play a key role in enzymatic browning.
Could Slackline Training Complement the FIFA 11+ Programme Regarding Training of Neuromuscular Control?
Authors: Jäger Tobias , Kiefer Julian , Werner Inge , Federolf Peter A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe current study compared changes in neuromuscular control between slackline training and the stabilization training elements of the FIFA 11+ programme. Twenty‐five students in 2 groups performed a 12‐unit training programme. The slackline training group (n = 13) exclusively trained with a slackline. The stabilization training group (n = 12) practised exercises as described in the second part of the FIFA 11+ programme. Improvements in balance were assessed using three tests for dynamic, quasi‐static, and perturbed postural control: the star excursion balance test (SEBT), the closed‐eye single‐leg stance, and the MFT S3‐Check. Both groups significantly improved the stability and sensorimotor index of the MFT S3‐Check (p < .001), their range on the SEBT (p < .001), and the duration of closed‐eye single‐leg stance (p < .001). The group × training interaction was significant for the MFT S3‐Check (stability index: p = .042; sensorimotor index: p = .004) and the SEBT (dominant leg: p = .003; averaged both legs: p = .016), with the slackline training group showing a larger training effect than the stabilization training group. The results of the present study suggest that slackline training offers similar – or better – improvements in neuromuscular control as the FIFA 11+ warm‐up programme. If compliance with the FIFA 11+ programme is declining, then slacklining might offer an alternative approach to reach the training goals of improved sensorimotor control.
Spectral-Temporal Modulated Ripple Discrimination by Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Landsberger David M. , Padilla Monica , Martinez Amy S. , Eisenberg Laurie S. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
A postlingually implanted adult typically develops hearing with an intact auditory system, followed by periods of deafness (or near deafness) and adaptation to the implant. For an early implanted child whose brain is highly plastic, the auditory system matures with consistent input from a cochlear implant. It is likely that the auditory system of early implanted cochlear implant users is fundamentally different than postlingually implanted adults. The purpose of this study is to compare the basic psychophysical capabilities and limitations of these two populations on a spectral resolution task to determine potential effects of early deprivation and plasticity.

Design:
Performance on a spectral resolution task (Spectral-temporally Modulated Ripple Test [SMRT]) was measured for 20 bilaterally implanted, prelingually deafened children (between 5 and 13 years of age) and 20 hearing children within the same age range. Additionally, 15 bilaterally implanted, postlingually deafened adults, and 10 hearing adults were tested on the same task. Cochlear implant users (adults and children) were tested bilaterally, and with each ear alone. Hearing listeners (adults and children) were tested with the unprocessed SMRT and with a vocoded version that simulates an 8-channel cochlear implant.

Results:
For children with normal hearing, a positive correlation was found between age and SMRT score for both the unprocessed and vocoded versions. Older hearing children performed similarly to hearing adults in both the unprocessed and vocoded test conditions. However, for children with cochlear implants, no significant relationship was found between SMRT score and chronological age, age at implantation, or years of implant experience. Performance by children with cochlear implants was poorer than performance by cochlear implanted adults. It was also found that children implanted sequentially tended to have better scores with the first implant compared with the second implant. This difference was not observed for adults. An additional finding was that SMRT score was negatively correlated with age for adults with implants.

Conclusions:
Results from this study suggest that basic psychophysical capabilities of early implanted children and postlingually implanted adults differ when assessed in the sound field using their personal implant processors. Because spectral resolution does not improve with age for early implanted children, it seems likely that the sparse representation of the signal provided by a cochlear implant limits spectral resolution development. These results are supported by the finding that postlingually implanted adults, whose auditory systems matured before the onset of hearing loss, perform significantly better than early implanted children on the spectral resolution test.
Closed-Loop– and Decision-Assist–Guided Fluid Therapy of Human Hemorrhage*
Authors: Hundeshagen Gabriel , Kramer George C. , Ribeiro Marques Nicole , Salter Michael G. , Koutrouvelis Aristides K. , Li Husong , Solanki Daneshvari R. , Indrikovs Alexander , Seeton Roger , Henkel Sheryl N. , Kinsky Michael P. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
We sought to evaluate the efficacy, efficiency, and physiologic consequences of automated, endpoint-directed resuscitation systems and compare them to formula-based bolus resuscitation.

Design:
Experimental human hemorrhage and resuscitation.

Setting:
Clinical research laboratory.

Subjects:
Healthy volunteers.

Interventions:
Subjects (n = 7) were subjected to hemorrhage and underwent a randomized fluid resuscitation scheme on separate visits 1) formula-based bolus resuscitation; 2) semiautonomous (decision assist) fluid administration; and 3) fully autonomous (closed loop) resuscitation. Hemodynamic variables, volume shifts, fluid balance, and cardiac function were monitored during hemorrhage and resuscitation. Treatment modalities were compared based on resuscitation efficacy and efficiency.

Measurements and Main Results:
All approaches achieved target blood pressure by 60 minutes. Following hemorrhage, the total amount of infused fluid (bolus resuscitation: 30 mL/kg, decision assist: 5.6 ± 3 mL/kg, closed loop: 4.2 ± 2 mL/kg; p < 0.001), plasma volume, extravascular volume (bolus resuscitation: 17 ± 4 mL/kg, decision assist: 3 ± 1 mL/kg, closed loop: –0.3 ± 0.3 mL/kg; p < 0.001), body weight, and urinary output remained stable under decision assist and closed loop and were significantly increased under bolus resuscitation. Mean arterial pressure initially decreased further under bolus resuscitation (–10 mm Hg; p < 0.001) and was lower under bolus resuscitation than closed loop at 20 minutes (bolus resuscitation: 57 ± 2 mm Hg, closed loop: 69 ± 4 mm Hg; p = 0.036). Colloid osmotic pressure (bolus resuscitation: 19.3 ± 2 mm Hg, decision assist, closed loop: 24 ± 0.4 mm Hg; p < 0.05) and hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased after bolus fluid administration.

Conclusions:
We define efficacy of decision-assist and closed-loop resuscitation in human hemorrhage. In comparison with formula-based bolus resuscitation, both semiautonomous and autonomous approaches were more efficient in goal-directed resuscitation of hemorrhage. They provide favorable conditions for the avoidance of over-resuscitation and its adverse clinical sequelae. Decision-assist and closed-loop resuscitation algorithms are promising technological solutions for constrained environments and areas of limited resources.
Prognostic Impact of Intra-abdominal/Pelvic Inflammation After Radical Surgery for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer
Authors: Tanaka Masahiro , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Shida Dai , Ochiai Hiroki , Tsukamoto Shunsuke , Nagino Masato , Moriya Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND:
The influence of postoperative infectious complications, such as anastomotic leakage, on survival has been reported for various cancers, including colorectal cancer. However, it remains unclear whether intra-abdominal/pelvic inflammation after radical surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer is relevant to its prognosis.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with survival after radical surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer.

DESIGN:
The prospectively collected data of patients were retrospectively evaluated.

SETTINGS:
This study was conducted at a single-institution tertiary care cancer center.

PATIENTS:
Between 1983 and 2012, patients who underwent radical surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer with curative intent at the National Cancer Center Hospital were reviewed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Factors associated with overall and relapse-free survival were evaluated.

RESULTS:
During the study period, a total of 180 patients were eligible for analyses. Median blood loss and operation time for locally recurrent rectal cancer were 2022 mL and 634 minutes. Five-year overall and 3-year relapse-free survival rates were 38.6% and 26.7%. Age (p = 0.002), initial tumor stage (p = 0.03), pain associated with locally recurrent rectal cancer (p = 0.03), CEA level (p = 0.004), resection margin (p < 0.001), intra-abdominal/pelvic inflammation (p < 0.001), and surgery period (p = 0.045) were independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival, whereas CEA level (p = 0.01), resection margin (p = 0.002), and intra-abdominal/pelvic inflammation (p = 0.001) were associated with relapse-free survival. Intra-abdominal/pelvic inflammation was observed in 45 patients (25.0%). A large amount of perioperative blood loss was the only factor associated with the occurrence of intra-abdominal/pelvic inflammation (p = 0.007).

LIMITATIONS:
This study was limited by its retrospective nature and heterogeneous population.

CONCLUSIONS:
Intra-abdominal/pelvic inflammation after radical surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer is associated with poor prognosis. See Video Abstract at http://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/Pages/videogallery.aspx.