bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greater Gains in Spine and Hip Strength for Romosozumab Compared With Teriparatide in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mass
Authors: Keaveny Tony M , Crittenden Daria B , Bolognese Michael A , Genant Harry K , Engelke Klaus , Oliveri Beatriz , Brown Jacques P , Langdahl Bente L , Yan Chris , Grauer Andreas , Libanati Cesar 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Romosozumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits sclerostin and has been shown to reduce the risk of fractures within 12 months. In a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of treatment-naïve postmenopausal women with low bone mass, romosozumab increased bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and spine by the dual effect of increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption. In a substudy of that trial, which included placebo and teriparatide arms, here we investigated whether those observed increases in BMD also resulted in improvements in estimated strength, as assessed by finite element analysis. Participants received blinded romosozumab s.c. (210 mg monthly) or placebo, or open-label teriparatide (20 μg daily) for 12 months. CT scans, obtained at the lumbar spine (n = 82) and proximal femur (n = 46) at baseline and month 12, were analyzed with finite element software (VirtuOst, O.N. Diagnostics) to estimate strength for a simulated compression overload for the spine (L1 vertebral body) and a sideways fall for the proximal femur, all blinded to treatment assignment. We found that, at month 12, vertebral strength increased more for romosozumab compared with both teriparatide (27.3% versus 18.5%; p = 0.005) and placebo (27.3% versus –3.9%; p &lt; 0.0001); changes in femoral strength for romosozumab showed similar but smaller changes, increasing more with romosozumab versus teriparatide (3.6% versus –0.7%; p = 0.027), and trending higher versus placebo (3.6% versus −0.1%; p = 0.059). Compartmental analysis revealed that the bone-strengthening effects for romosozumab were associated with positive contributions from both the cortical and trabecular bone compartments at both the lumbar spine and hip. Taken together, these findings suggest that romosozumab may offer patients with osteoporosis a new bone-forming therapeutic option that increases both vertebral and femoral strength within 12 months. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
BAC Recombineering of the Agouti Loci from Spotted Gar and Zebrafish Reveals the Evolutionary Ancestry of Dorsal–Ventral Pigment Asymmetry in Fish
Authors: Cal Laura , MegÍas Manuel , Cerdá‐reverter José miguel , Postlethwait John h. , Braasch Ingo , Rotllant Josep 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTDorsoventral pigment patterning, characterized by a light ventrum and a dark dorsum, is one of the most widespread chromatic adaptations in vertebrate body coloration. In mammals, this countershading depends on differential expression of agouti‐signaling protein (ASIP), which drives a switch of synthesis of one type of melanin to another within melanocytes. Teleost fish share countershading, but the pattern results from a differential distribution of multiple types of chromatophores, with black–brown melanophores most abundant in the dorsal body and reflective iridophores most abundant in the ventral body. We previously showed that Asip1 (a fish ortholog of mammalian ASIP) plays a role in patterning melanophores. This observation leads to the surprising hypothesis that agouti may control an evolutionarily conserved pigment pattern by regulating different mechanisms in mammals and fish. To test this hypothesis, we compared two ray‐finned fishes: the teleost zebrafish and the nonteleost spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus). By examining the endogenous pattern of asip1 expression in gar, we demonstrate a dorsoventral‐graded distribution of asip1 expression that is highest ventrally, similar to teleosts. Additionally, in the first reported experiments to generate zebrafish transgenic lines carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) from spotted gar, we show that both transgenic zebrafish lines embryos replicate the endogenous asip1 expression pattern in adult zebrafish, showing that BAC transgenes from both species contain all of the regulatory elements required for regular asip1 expression within adult ray‐finned fishes. These experiments provide evidence that the mechanism leading to an environmentally important pigment pattern was likely in place before the origin of teleosts.
A Novel Pattern of Yolk Processing in Developing Snake Eggs (Colubridae: Lampropeltini) and its Functional and Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Powers Kathryn G. , Blackburn Daniel G. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTEarly amniotic vertebrates evolved large‐yolked eggs that permitted production of well‐developed, terrestrial hatchlings. This reproductive pattern required new mechanisms for cellularizing the yolk and mobilizing it for embryonic use. In birds, cells that line the yolk sac cavity phagocytose and digest the yolk material, a pattern that is commonly assumed to be universal among oviparous amniotes. However, recent evidence challenges the assumption that all squamate reptiles conform to the avian developmental pattern. In this paper, scanning electron microscopy and histology were used to study mechanisms of yolk processing in two colubrid snakes, the kingsnake Lampropeltis getula and the milksnake L. triangulum. Endodermal cells from the yolk sac splanchnopleure proliferate massively as they invade the yolk sac cavity, forming elaborate chains of interlinked cells. These cells grow in size as they phagocytose yolk material. Subsequently, vitelline capillaries invade the masses of yolk‐laden cells and become coated with the endodermal cells, forming an elaborate meshwork of cell‐coated strands. The close association of cells, yolk, and blood vessels allows yolk material to be cellularized, digested, and transported for embryonic use. The overall pattern is like that of the corn snake Pantherophis guttatus, but contrasts markedly with that of birds. Given recent evidence that this developmental pattern may also occur in certain lizards, we postulate that it is ancestral for squamates. Studies of lizards, crocodilians, and turtles are needed to clarify the evolutionary history of this pattern and its implications for the evolution of the amniotic (terrestrial) vertebrate egg.
A three‐dimensional placoderm (stem‐group gnathostome) pharyngeal skeleton and its implications for primitive gnathostome pharyngeal architecture
Authors: Brazeau Martin D. , Friedman Matt , Jerve Anna , Atwood Robert C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe pharyngeal skeleton is a key vertebrate anatomical system in debates on the origin of jaws and gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) feeding. Furthermore, it offers considerable potential as a source of phylogenetic data. Well‐preserved examples of pharyngeal skeletons from stem‐group gnathostomes remain poorly known. Here, we describe an articulated, nearly complete pharyngeal skeleton in an Early Devonian placoderm fish, Paraplesiobatis heinrichsi Broili, from Hunsrück Slate of Germany. Using synchrotron light tomography, we resolve and reconstruct the three‐dimensional gill arch architecture of Paraplesiobatis and compare it with other gnathostomes. The preserved pharyngeal skeleton comprises elements of the hyoid arch (probable ceratohyal) and a series of branchial arches. Limited resolution in the tomography scan causes some uncertainty in interpreting the exact number of arches preserved. However, at least four branchial arches are present. The final and penultimate arches are connected as in osteichthyans. A single median basihyal is present as in chondrichthyans. No dorsal (epibranchial or pharyngobranchial) elements are observed. The structure of the pharyngeal skeleton of Paraplesiobatis agrees well with Pseudopetalichthys from the same deposit, allowing an alternative interpretation of the latter taxon. The phylogenetic significance of Paraplesiobatis is considered. A median basihyal is likely an ancestral gnathostome character, probably with some connection to both the hyoid and the first branchial arch pair. Unpaired basibranchial bones may be independently derived in chondrichthyans and osteichthyans.
Dipole behaviour in maximum significant wave height over the Southern Indian Ocean
Authors: Gupta Nitika , Bhaskaran Prasad K. , Dash Mihir K. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe study reports on existence of a dipole pattern in maximum significant wave height (MSWH) as well in mean significant wave height over the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) based on analysis using 24 years of satellite observations. Analysis using quality checked daily altimeter data from nine satellite missions for entire Indian Ocean region revealed the spatio‐temporal variability of observed dipole phenomena. Interestingly, the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode (EOF2) in monthly and monthly anomaly MSWH data clearly shows the prevalence of dipole over the SIO having a period of 6 months for monthly dataset Principal Component (PC) leading to a 3 months oscillation. The EOF of monthly anomaly dataset analysis also exhibited a similar dipole pattern for the EOF2 mode having a period of 2.1 years. In addition, the study also considered seasonal EOF analysis for four austral seasons December–January–February (DJF), March–April–May (MAM), June–July–August (JJA), and September–October–November (SON). The EOF2 for all seasons exhibits a similar dipole pattern in SIO basin, except for the DJF months. Based on seasonal EOF analysis, the DJF and JJA EOF2s have similar dipole pattern that reverses its polarity because of wind variability for the MAM and SON EOF2s justifying 3 months dipole oscillation obtained for monthly datasets. The Radon transform is used to investigate the orientation of this dipole, and for the first time this method is used in the field of climatology to study orientation and the degree of polarity of a dipole pattern. Furthermore, the study investigated possible correlation of dipole with various proven climate indices establishing the fact that Southern Annular Mode Index (SAMI) showed a significant correlation. The other seasonal datasets also correlated well with SAMI, except DJF months that do not show the dipole pattern, and it had a good correlation with Nino3 index representing the El Nino Southern Oscillation Index.
Assessing the threat of future megadrought in Iberia
Authors: Guerreiro Selma B. , Kilsby Chris , Fowler Hayley J. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTWater scarcity is a critical issue in Iberia but few studies have investigated future drought over the region. The few that do are continental or global studies and do not report the range of possible future projections. In this paper, historical drought and future projections of drought were examined, using observed and downscaled rainfall data from climate models, for the main Iberian international basins (Douro, Tagus and Guadiana). Two drought indices were used, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the drought severity index (DSI). However, problems were found in the distribution fitting required for the calculation of SPI which render this index inadequate for assessing droughts in Iberia. The skill of CMIP5 climate models in representing historical drought for the Douro, Tagus and Guadiana is very variable with some not showing enough persistence of dry conditions, and others simulating droughts that are too long and too severe. Nevertheless, the observed range of drought conditions for these basins was encompassed by the ensemble members. Furthermore, we found no relationship between performance in simulating mean large‐scale circulation and model ability to reproduce the historical drought characteristics for the region. All models project an intensification of drought conditions for the three basins. However, some only project small increases, while most project extreme multi‐year droughts by the end of the century. We found that climate model future projections are neither related to their performance in simulating historical drought nor to their large‐scale circulation patterns. This result emphasises the need for climate change impact studies to take into account the whole range of climate model projections in order to provide the best information for robust adaptation. Choosing one or a subset of climate models based on historical performance would not lead to a credible and justified reduction in uncertainty.
Optimization of screw fixation in rat bone with extracorporeal shock waves
Authors: Koolen Marianne K. E. , Kruyt Moyo C. , Zadpoor Amir A. , Öner Fetullah C. , Weinans Harrie , van der Jagt Olav P. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTScrew fixation in osteoporotic patients is becoming an increasing problem in orthopaedic surgery as deterioration of cortical and cancellous bone hamper biomechanical stability and screw fixation. This might result in delayed weight‐bearing or failure of instrumentation. We hypothesized that local peri‐operative shock wave treatment can optimize osseointegration and subsequent screw fixation. In eight female Wistar rats, two cancellous and two cortical bone screws were implanted in both femora and tibiae. Immediately after implantation, 3.000 unfocused extracorporeal shock waves (energy flux density 0.3 mJ/mm2) were applied to one side. The other side served as non‐treated internal control. Evaluation of osseointegration was performed after 4 weeks with the use of microCT scanning, histology with fluorochrome labeling, and pull‐out tests of the screws. Four weeks after extracorporeal shock wave treatment, treated legs exhibited increased bone formation and screw fixation around cortical screws as compared to the control legs. This was corroborated by an increased pull‐out of the shock wave treated cortical screws. The cancellous bone screws appeared not to be sensitive for shock wave treatment. Formation of neocortices after shock wave therapy was observed in three of eight animals. Furthermore, de novo bone formation in the bone marrow was observed in some animals. The current study showed bone formation and improved screw fixation as a result of shock wave therapy. New bone was also formed at locations remote from the screws, hence, not contributing to screw fixation. Further, research is warranted to make shock wave therapy tailor‐made for fracture fixation. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:76–84, 2018.
Patient compliance for postoperative radiotherapy and survival outcome of women with stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer
Authors: Matsuo Koji , Machida Hiroko , Ragab Omar M. , Garcia‐Sayre Jocelyn , Yessaian Annie A. , Roman Lynda D. 
Published: May 2017

Background and ObjectivesTo examine characteristics and survival outcome of women with endometrial cancer who declined postoperative radiotherapy.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted to examine surgically‐treated grade 1‐2 stage IB and grade 3 stage IA‐IB endometrioid endometrial cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program between 1983 and 2013 (n = 10 613). Associations of patient declination for guideline‐based postoperative radiotherapy and clinico‐pathological demographics or survival outcome were examined on multivariable analysis.ResultsThere were 323 (3.0%) women who declined adjuvant radiotherapy. Women who declined postoperative radiotherapy were more likely to be older, White, Western U.S. residents, and register in recent years (all, adjusted‐P < 0.05). On multivariable analysis, patient declination for guideline‐based postoperative radiotherapy remained an independent prognostic factor for decreased endometrial cancer‐specific survival in unstaged grade 1‐2 stage IB or staged/unstated grade 3 stage IA‐IB diseases (adjusted‐hazard ratio 1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.34‐2.51, P = 0.001). Association of patient declination for guideline‐based postoperative radiotherapy and decreased overall survival remained independent in the entire cohort on multivariable analysis (adjuvant‐hazard ratio 1.71, 95% confidence interval 1.44‐2.02, P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur study suggested that patient compliance to guideline‐based postoperative radiotherapy is a prognostic factor for women with stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer.
Assessment of Fallopian Tube Fimbria Patency With 4‐Dimensional Hysterosalpingo‐Contrast Sonography in Infertile Women
Authors: Wang Weiqun , Zhou Qiulan , Gong Yafei , Li Ying , Huang Yinying , Chen Zhiyi 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of 4‐dimensional (4D) hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography (HyCoSy) for assessing fallopian tube fimbria patency in infertile women.MethodsSeventy‐seven infertile female patients with obstruction at the tubal fimbria or partial obstruction with pelvic adhesions were included. All of the patients underwent 4D HyCoSy enhanced by dynamic observation after a flush of normal saline and were followed with laparoscopic chromopertubation using methylene blue within 6 months.ResultsThe overall accordance between 4D HyCoSy and laparoscopic chromopertubation was 92.9%. The sensitivity and specificity of 4D HyCoSy with laparoscopic chromopertubation as a reference standard were 93.8% and 92.2%, respectively.ConclusionsFour‐dimensional HyCoSy can be the preferred method for assessment of tubal fimbria patency and pelvic adhesions surrounding the ovaries, with its advantages of accuracy, noninvasiveness, and a good safety profile.
Intraoperative localized constrained registration in navigated bronchoscopy
Authors: Hofstad Erlend Fagertun , Sorger Hanne , Bakeng Janne Beate Lervik , Gruionu Lucian , Leira Håkon Olav , Amundsen Tore , Langø Thomas 
Published: May 2017

PurposeOne of the major challenges in electromagnetic navigated bronchoscopy is the navigation accuracy. An initial rigid image‐to‐patient registration may not be optimal for the entire lung volume, as the lung tissue anatomy is likely to have shifted since the time of computer tomography (CT) acquisition. The accuracy of the initial rigid registration will also be affected throughout the procedure by breathing, coughing, patient movement and tissue displacements due to pressure from bronchoscopy tools. A method to minimize the negative impact from these factors by updating the registration locally during the procedure is needed and suggested in this paper.MethodsThe intraoperative local registration method updates the initial registration by optimization in an area of special interest, for example, close to a biopsy position. The local registration was developed through an adaptation of a previously published registration method used for the initial registration of CT to the patient anatomy. The method was tested in an experimental breathing phantom setup, where respiratory movements were induced by a robotic arm. Deformations were also applied to the phantom to see if the local registration could compensate for these.ResultsThe local registration was successfully applied in all 15 repetitions, five in each of the three parts of the airway phantom. The mean registration accuracy was improved from 11.8–19.4 mm to 4.0–6.7 mm, varying to some degree in the different segments of the airway model.ConclusionsA local registration method, to update and improve the initial image‐to patient registration during navigated bronchoscopy, was developed. The method was successfully tested in a breathing phantom setup. Further development is needed to make the method more automatic. It must also be verified in human studies.
The value transformation of health care: Impact on neuromuscular and electrodiagnostic medicine
Authors: Narayanaswami Pushpa , Suk Millie , Jones Lyell K. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBeginning in 2017, most physicians who participate in Medicare are subject to the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA), the milestone legislation that signals the US health care system's transition from volume‐based to value‐based care. Here we review emerging trends in development of value‐based healthcare systems in the US. MACRA and the resulting Quality Payment Program create 2 participation pathways, the Merit‐based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) and the Advanced Alternative Payment Model (AAPM) pathway. Although there are several program incentives for AAPM participation, to date there have been few AAPM options for specialists. MIPS and its widening bonus and penalty window will likely be the primary participation pathway in the early years of the program. Value‐based payment has the potential to reshape health care delivery in the United States, with implications for neuromuscular and electrodiagnostic (EDX) specialists. Meaningful quality measures are required for neuromuscular and EDX specialists. Muscle Nerve 56: 679–683, 2017
Human‐Aided Movement of Viral Disease and the Archaeology of Avian Osteopetrosis
Authors: Fothergill B. Tyr 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe term avian osteopetrosis is used to describe alterations to the skeletal elements of several species of domestic bird, most typically the chicken,Gallus gallusdomesticus(L. 1758). Such lesions are routinely identified in animal bones from archaeological sites due to their distinctive appearance, which is characterised by proliferative diaphyseal thickening. These lesions are relatively uncomplicated for specialists to differentially diagnose and are caused by a range of avian leucosis viruses in a series of subgroups. Only some avian leucosis viruses cause the development of such characteristic lesions in osteological tissue. Viraemia is necessary for the formation of skeletal pathology, and avian osteopetrosis lesions affect skeletal elements at different rates. Lesion expression differs by the age and sex of the infected individual, and environmental conditions have an impact on the prevalence of avian leucosis viruses in poultry flocks. These factors have implications for the ways in which diagnosed instances of avian osteopetrosis in archaeological assemblages are interpreted. By integrating veterinary research with archaeological evidence for the presence of avian leucosis viruses across Western Europe, this paper discusses the nature of these pathogens, outlines criteria for differential diagnosis, and offers a fresh perspective on the human‐aided movement of animal disease in the past through investigation of the incidence and geographic distribution of avian osteopetrosis lesions from the first century BC to the post‐medieval period. © 2017 The Authors International Journal of Osteoarchaeology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Constitutional abnormalities of IDH1 combined with secondary mutations predispose a patient with Maffucci syndrome to acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Hirabayashi Shinsuke , Seki Masafumi , Hasegawa Daisuke , Kato Motohiro , Hyakuna Nobuyuki , Shuo Takuya , Kimura Shunsuke , Yoshida Kenichi , Kataoka Keisuke , Fujii Yoichi , Shiraishi Yuichi , Chiba Kenichi , Tanaka Hiroko , Kiyokawa Nobutaka , Miyano Satoru , Ogawa Seishi , Takita Junko , Manabe Atsushi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMaffucci syndrome is a nonhereditary disorder caused by somatic mosaic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH1 or IDH2) mutations and is characterized by multiple enchondromas along with hemangiomas. Malignant transformation of enchondromas to chondrosarcomas and secondary neoplasms, such as brain tumors or acute myeloid leukemia, are serious complications. A 15‐year‐old female with Maffucci syndrome developed B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL). A somatic mutation in IDH1 was detected in hemangioma and leukemic cells. KRAS mutation and deletion of IKZF1 were detected in leukemic cells. Patients with Maffucci syndrome may, therefore, be at risk of BCP‐ALL associated with secondary genetic events that affect lymphocyte differentiation.