bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mugshots or Public Interest? Why FOIA Exemption 7(C) Does Not Categorically Exempt Booking Photographs from Disclosure
Authors: Bruno Danielle 
Published: November 2016

Booking photographs are a distinct category of records that individuals have requested from the U.S. Marshals Service under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”). While FOIA provides for broad disclosure of agency documents, 5 U.S.C. § 522(b)(7)(C) (“exemption 7(C)” or “7(C)”) protects personal information from being disclosed under FOIA when there is a privacy interest in nondisclosure of law enforcement records, and if a corresponding public interest exists, when the privacy interest in nondisclosure of the photograph prevails over the public interest. In recent years, there has been a surge of “mugshot websites,” which exploit such records by publishing them online and requiring individuals to pay money to have the photographs removed.This occurrence, coupled with the extensive availability of public records online, has led to more strict protection of U.S. Marshals Service booking photographs, as well as some state legislation prohibiting the use of booking photographs for exploitive mugshot websites. Despite the strong privacy interest in protecting individuals from humiliation, in some circumstances there is an equally strong public interest that fits within the meaning and purpose of FOIA. A limited number of federal courts have considered this issue, resulting in a split among the circuits.In 2015, the Sixth Circuit affirmed the precedent set forth in Detroit Free Press I, providing that booking photographs are not exempt from disclosure, but also urging the court to rehear the case en banc. This request was met, and now, the Sixth Circuit will rehear Detroit Free Press II, ultimately deciding whether or not to overrule its precedent that booking photographs are not exempt under 7(C) of FOIA. Due to the significant public interest at stake, courts must not take a categorical approach to whether or not these documents are available; in some circumstances, these records contain useful evidence regarding the interworking of a federal agency. Additionally, states and the federal government can enact legislation prohibiting exploitive websites from publishing booking photographs and making money from their removal. Since these records could be crucial in evaluating agency conduct, courts must preserve the ability for booking photographs to be available under FOIA, even if only in very limited circumstances, instead of completely excluding such documents from disclosure. These documents must not be categorically exempt from disclosure under FOIA in order to protect individual privacy and still retain possible access to booking photographs when warranted. A more reasonable approach would provide for ad hoc balancing in circumstances when a significant public interest exists in the disclosure of such records.
Lee v. Smith & Wesson Corp.: A Products Liability Case Study
Authors: Salpietro Francesco G. 
Published: November 2016

Expert opinions are a fundamental strategic component in the field of products liability litigation. The success of a party’s claim or defense often depends upon an expert’s testimony at trial, and the “battle of the experts” forces triers of fact to “‘abdicate their fact-finding obligations’ and, instead, simply adopt the opinions of the expert witnesses whose testimony they find persuasive.” The benefits of an expert’s opinion have prompted considerable manipulation in court—in an effort to avail themselves of the highly persuasive nature of a credible expert’s opinion, litigants have attempted to introduce expert testimony bearing only a tenuous connection to the case at hand. In response, the Federal Rules of Evidence and corresponding U.S. Supreme Court (“Supreme Court” or “Court”) precedent have severely curtailed these abusive litigation tactics, instead forcing trial court judges to assess a proffered expert’s opinion for both relevancy and reliability to ensure that the opinion adequately “fits” the facts of the case.This Note critiques the progression of the admissibility of expert testimony codified by Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (“Rule 702”) and subsequently expanded upon by the Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its progeny. Part I provides a brief history of the admissibility of expert testimony in federal court. Part II addresses a recent decision made by the Sixth Circuit, Lee v. Smith & Wesson Corp., which extended the admissibility under Rule 702 to include an expert’s opinion that directly contradicts the oral testimony of its own witness. Finally, Part III analyzes the 2-1 decision in Smith & Wesson Corp. and argues against the logic of the majority’s opinion, instead favoring the dissent’s interpretation of Daubert, its progeny, and Rule 702.
A Possible Wound Dressing Material from Marine Food Waste
Authors: Rethinam Senthil , Nivedita Prabakaran , Hemalatha Thiagarajan , Vedakumari Sathyaraj Weslen , Sastry Thotapalli Parvathaleswara 
Published: November 2016

Purpose Bluefin Trevally (Caranx melampygus) fish is mainly used for fillet production, the bones of which are discarded as a major solid waste in the fish food processing industry. In the present study, novel collagen films were prepared using the bones of Bluefin Trevally (BT). The study investigates the potential of using this collagen film as a wound dressing material. Methods The prepared collagen films (CFs) were characterized for their physicochemical properties using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), tensile strength, elongation at break, etc. In vitro studies using human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) also proved the biocompatibility of CF. The CFs were used as wound dressing material on the experimental wounds of rats and the healing pattern was evaluated using planimetric and histopathological studies. Results CF prepared from the bones of BT possessed better mechanical properties. The in vitro studies demonstrated its biocompatible nature. Acceleration of wound healing in CF-treated rats was evident in the in vivo studies. Conclusions The study has devised a process for using fish waste in the preparation of a value-added product like wound dressing material. The CF with the required strength, biocompatibility and wound healing properties may be tried as a wound dressing material in large animals after obtaining the necessary approval.
El proceso de renovación de la oferta de alojamiento turístico en destinos consolidados: el caso de Puerto de la Cruz (1955-2009)
Authors: Dorta Rodríguez Agustín 
Published: November 2016

<p>Las operaciones de renovación mediante la modernización de la oferta de alojamiento<br />se constituyen en la actualidad como uno de los ejes de mayor importancia dentro de las<br />múltiples estrategias de reestructuración para superar la situación de obsolescencia y pérdida<br />de competitividad de destinos turísticos en fase de declive. Por ello, este documento centrará<br />su análisis en el proceso de renovación edificatoria del sector de alojamiento de Puerto de la<br />Cruz (Tenerife), un destino consolidado de los años 60 que arrastra históricamente un proceso<br />paulatino de pérdida de competitividad. Los resultados obtenidos, revelan que, existe un<br />importante déficit de renovación, orientándose las reformas hacia la conservación y mantenimiento de las edificaciones con un carácter más paliativo, que por la propia intencionalidad empresarial de mejorar. De este modo, resulta relevante exponer el proceso y las razones más importantes que explican este significativo fracaso.</p>
Minimally invasive intracellular delivery based on electrokinetic forces combined with vibration-assisted cell membrane perforation
Authors: Shibata Takayuki , Ozawa Tatsuya , Ito Yasuharu , Yamamoto Keita , Nagai Moeto 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
To provide an effective platform for the fundamental analysis of cellular mechanisms and the regulation of cellular functions, we developed a unique method of minimally invasive intracellular delivery. Using this method, we successfully demonstrated the delivery of DNA molecules into living HeLa cells via a glass micropipette based on DC-biased AC-driven electrokinetic forces with much better controllability than that of the pressure-driven flow method. We also proposed a vibration-assisted insertion method for penetrating the cell membrane to reduce cell damage. Preliminary insertion tests revealed that application of mechanical oscillation can reduce the deformation of cells due to increases in their viscous resistance, resulting in a high probability of cell membrane perforation and cell viability. Moreover, to overcome the intrinsic low throughput of intracellular delivery with a single glass micropipette, we developed a fabrication process involving an array of stepped hollow silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoneedles with well-defined tips.
The influence of physical characteristics on the resting energy expenditure of youth: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Herrmann Stephen D. , McMurray Robert G. , Kim Youngdeok , Willis Erik A. , Kang Minsoo , McCurdy Thomas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the literature on resting energy expenditure (REE) of youth and determine the influence of age, sex, BMI, and body composition on REE.MethodsA literature search was conducted using PubMed, BIOSIS Previews, NTIS, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Pascal databases for studies with data on resting metabolic rate, REE, resting oxygen uptake (or VO2) in healthy children, youth, or adolescents (age = 1–18 years). Over 200 publications were identified; sixty‐one publications met criteria and were included in the meta‐analyses, resulting in 142 study population estimates (totaling 5,397 youth) of REE.ResultsPooled mean was 1414 kcal·day−1 with a significant and moderate‐to‐high between‐study heterogeneity [Q(140) = 7912.42, P < 0.001; I2 = 98.97%]. A significantly greater (P < 0.001) pooled mean kcal·day−1 was estimated for studies with male participants (1519 kcal·day−1) comparing to studies with female participants (1338 kcal·day−1). Age, height, and body mass resulted in the highest R2 of 86.4 for males and 83.9% for females. Fat free mass and body mass index (BMI) did not improve total R2.ConclusionsThese data suggest that using a linear equation including age, height, and body mass to estimate REE based on kcal·day−1 is more accurate than estimates based on body mass kcal·kg−1·h−1. Further, if kcal·kg−1·h−1 is used, including a quadratic component for the physical characteristics improves the predictive ability of the equation. Regardless of the metric, separate equations should be used for each sex.
Rhodium‐Complex‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Olefins with CO2 and Hydrosilane
Authors: Ren Xinyi , Zheng Zhiyao , Zhang Lei , Wang Zheng , Xia Chungu , Ding Kuiling 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA rhodium‐catalyzed one‐pot hydroformylation of olefins with CO2 , hydrosilane, and H2 has been developed that affords the aldehydes in good chemoselectivities at low catalyst loading. Mechanistic studies indicate that the transformation is likely to proceed through a tandem sequence of poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) mediated CO2 reduction to CO and a conventional rhodium‐catalyzed hydroformylation with CO/H2. The hydrosilylane‐mediated reduction of CO2 in preference to aldehydes was found to be crucial for the selective formation of aldehydes under the reaction conditions.
Nukleophile Übertragungsreaktionen der [Si(C2F5)3]−‐Einheit
Authors: Schwarze Nico , Steinhauer Simon , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDas Tris(pentafluorethyl)silanid‐Anion ist über die Deprotonierung von Si(C2F5)3H bei tiefen Temperaturen zugänglich. Anschließendes Abfangen der resultierenden salzartigen Verbindungen mit geeigneten Elektrophilen wie Übergangsmetallkomplexen oder Gruppe‐14‐Elementhalogeniden führt zu einer Fülle an neuen Tris(pentafluorethyl)silanderivaten. Hierdurch wird die Vielseitigkeit von Li[Si(C2F5)3] als potentes, nukleophiles Übertragungsreagens unterstrichen.
Cooperation of Three Chromophores Generates the Water‐Resistant Nitrate Nonlinear Optical Material Bi3TeO6OH(NO3)2
Authors: Zhao Sangen , Yang Yi , Shen Yaoguo , Zhao Bingqing , Li Lina , Ji Chengmin , Wu Zhenyue , Yuan Daqiang , Lin Zheshuai , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNitrates have long been ignored for practical uses as nonlinear optical (NLO) materials because they are usually very easy to dissolve in water; despite this, the π‐conjugated [NO3]− is among the most desirable NLO‐active structural units. The cooperation of three structural chromophores, namely, Bi3O6OH short chains with 6s2 lone pair electrons, distorted TeO6 octahedra with d10 electrons, and π‐conjugated [NO3]− triangles, generates a new nitrate NLO material, Bi3TeO6OH(NO3)2, which exhibits an enhanced phase‐matchable NLO response of three times that of KH2PO4 (3×KH2PO4), exceeding those of most nitrate NLO materials. Remarkably, the new material did not show obvious weight loss and degeneration of NLO response after being dipped in de‐ionized water for 24 h, indicating that it is highly resistant to water. Theoretical calculations reveal that foreign water molecules cannot stably stay in the crystal lattice of Bi3TeO6OH(NO3)2. These findings highlight the introduction of diverse chromophores into the nitrate systems as an effective approach for developing practical nitrate NLO materials that are of high water‐resistance and good optical performance.
Self‐Templating Synthesis of Hollow Co3O4 Microtube Arrays for Highly Efficient Water Electrolysis
Authors: Zhu Yun Pei , Ma Tian Yi , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn spite of recent advances in the synthesis of hollow micro/nanostructures, the fabrication of three‐dimensional electrodes on the basis of these structures remains a major challenge. Herein, we develop an electrochemical sacrificial‐template strategy to fabricate hollow Co3O4 microtube arrays with hierarchical porosity. The resultant unique structures and integrated electrode configurations impart enhanced mass transfer and electron mobility, ensuring high activity and stability in catalyzing oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. Impressively, the apparent performance can rival that of state‐of‐the‐art noble‐metal and transition‐metal electrocatalysts. Furthermore, this bifunctional electrode can be used for highly efficient overall water splitting, even competing with the integrated performance of Pt/C and IrO2/C.
Lithium‐Ion‐Transfer Kinetics of Single LiMn2O4 Particles
Authors: Zampardi Giorgia , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Kätelhön Enno , Compton Richard G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA stochastic investigation of lithium deinsertion from individual 200‐nm‐sized particles of LiMn2O4 reveals the rate‐determining step at high overpotentials to be the transfer of the cation across the particle–electrolyte interface. Measurement of the (electro)chemical behavior of the spinel is undertaken without forming a conductive composite electrode. The kinetics of the interfacial ion transfer defines a theoretical upper limit for the discharge rates of batteries using LiMn2O4 in an aqueous environment.
Spontaneous Assembly of an Organic–Inorganic Nucleic Acid Z‐DNA Double‐Helix Structure
Authors: Kulikov Vladislav , Johnson Naomi A. B. , Surman Andrew J. , Hutin Marie , Kelly Sharon M. , Hezwani Mohammed , Long De‐Liang , Meyer Gerd , Cronin Leroy 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHerein, we report a hybrid polyoxometalate organic–inorganic compound, Na2[(HGMP)2Mo5O15]⋅7 H2O (1; where GMP=guanosine monophosphate), which spontaneously assembles into a structure with dimensions that are strikingly similar to those of the naturally occurring left‐handed Z‐form of DNA. The helical parameters in the crystal structure of the new compound, such as rise per turn and helical twist per dimer, are nearly identical to this DNA conformation, allowing a close comparison of the two structures. Solution circular dichroism studies show that compound 1 also forms extended secondary structures in solution. Gel electrophoresis studies demonstrate the formation of non‐covalent adducts with natural plasmids. Thus we show a route by which simple hybrid inorganic–organic monomers, such as compound 1, can spontaneously assemble into a double helix without the need for a covalently connected linear sequence of nucleic acid base pairs.
Selective [3+1] Fragmentations of P4 by “P” Transfer from a Lewis Acid Stabilized [RP4]− Butterfly Anion
Authors: Borger Jaap E. , Ehlers Andreas W. , Lutz Martin , Slootweg J. Chris , Lammertsma Koop 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo [3+1] fragmentations of the Lewis acid stabilized bicyclo[1.1.0]tetraphosphabutanide Li[Mes*P4⋅ BPh3] (Mes*=2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2) are reported. The reactions proceed by extrusion of a P1 fragment, induced by either an imidazolium salt or phenylisocyanate, with release of the transient triphosphirene Mes*P3, which was isolated as a dimer and trapped by 1,3‐cyclohexadiene as a Diels–Alder adduct. DFT quantum chemical computations were used to delineate the reaction mechanisms. These unprecedented pathways grant access to both P1‐ and P3‐containing organophosphorus compounds in two simple steps from white phosphorus.
Organocatalytic Friedel–Crafts Alkylation/Lactonization Reaction of Naphthols with 3‐Trifluoroethylidene Oxindoles: The Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins
Authors: Zhao Yun‐Long , Lou Qin‐Xin , Wang Long‐Sheng , Hu Wen‐Hui , Zhao Jun‐Ling 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNaphthols and 3‐trifluoroethylidene oxindoles were found to undergo an asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation/lactonization reaction, catalyzed by only 2.5 mol % of a quinine‐derived squaramide catalyst, to afford the corresponding α‐aryl‐β‐trifluoromethyl dihydrocoumarin derivatives in high yields (up to 99 %) with excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities (up to 98 % ee, >20:1 d.r.). Importantly, the lactonization proceeded by nucleophilic attack of the naphthol hydroxy group at the amide motif of the oxindoles under mild reaction conditions. This protocol represents a new strategy for the formation of dihydrocoumarins by an efficient intramolecular amide C−N bond‐cleavage and esterification process.
Spontaneous Emergence of S‐Adenosylmethionine and the Evolution of Methylation
Authors: Laurino Paola , Tawfik Dan S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractS‐Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is an essential methylation cofactor. The origins of SAM methylation are complex, seemingly demanding the simultaneous emergence of an enzyme that makes SAM and enzyme(s) that utilize it. We report that both ATP and adenosine spontaneously react with methionine to yield SAM, thus suggesting that SAM could have emerged by chance. SAM methylation thus exemplifies how metabolites and pathways can co‐emerge through the gradual recruitment of individual enzymes in reverse order.
Processing, structure, and properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube–poly(phenylene sulfide) composite fibers
Authors: Zeng Luxian , Mou Hao , Qiao Yunyun , Chen Gong , Xu Jianjun , Liu Pengqing 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTTo improve the processability and properties of the poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) fibers at room temperature and high temperatures, a series of composite fibers based on PPS and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were prepared by melt spinning. We researched the processability with a high‐pressure capillary rheometer, and the properties of the composite fibers were investigated in detail by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, fiber sonic velocity measurement, and single‐fiber strength testing. The results show that the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) had good interfacial adhesion with PPS and dispersed homogeneously in the PPS matrix. When the shear rate was higher than 500 s−1, the oriented CNTs induced the orientation of PPS molecular chains; this resulted in a decline in the apparent viscosity and an increase in the orientation degree of the molecular chains. Meanwhile, the CNTs acted as nucleating agents to effectively improve the crystallization of PPS. The strength of the fibers at room temperature were improved by 28.8% after the addition of 0.2% CNTs, and the initial modulus was also significantly enhanced. The strength retention at 160 °C was promoted from 60.58 to 88.32% with the addition of 1.0% CNTs. The shrinking percentage decreased to almost zero from higher than 15%; this suggested that the CNTs could efficiently improve the dimensional stability at high temperatures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44609.
Dielectric, mechanical and transport properties of bisphenol A polycarbonate/graphene nanocomposites prepared by melt blending
Authors: Oyarzabal Andrea , Cristiano‐Tassi Antonella , Laredo Estrella , Newman Dinorah , Bello Alfredo , Etxeberría Agustín , Eguiazabal José Ignacio , Zubitur Manuela , Mugica Agurtzane , Müller Alejandro J. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTNanocomposites based on polycarbonate (PC) and different amounts of untreated graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) (from 1 to 7 wt %) were prepared by melt blending. The nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized employing the following techniques: broad band dielectric spectroscopy, thermally stimulated depolarization currents, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen permeability measurements. The presence of a MWS relaxation mode indicated the accumulation of electrical charges trapped at the interfaces of the polycarbonate with graphene 2D platelets. The addition of GnP produced nanocomposite materials with enhanced mechanical and barrier properties. The melt mixed PC/graphene nanocomposites prepared here exhibit well‐balanced properties, even though unmodified graphene nanoplatelets were used. In addition, the nanocomposites were obtained by a single extrusion process, which is easily scalable for industrial applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44654.
Development and characterization of nanosoy‐reinforced dextran nanocomposite membranes
Authors: Singh Surabhi , Gupta Bhuvanesh 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTCrosslinked nanocomposite membranes were developed by in situ reaction of dextran and soy protein isolate nanoparticles (nanosoy). The formation of a covalent bond between the reducing end of dextran and the amine groups of nanosoy (NS) leads to the in situ crosslinking. The NS particles employed for this study were 5–15 nm in size, as observed in the high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy micrograph. Glycerol addition assisted in the plasticization of the membranes, thus improving their flexibility and handling features. The effect of polymer composition on the extent of crosslinking, morphology, and flexibility of the films was investigated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that single‐phase, homogeneous membranes are obtained within a specific composition of dextran/NS/glycerol (D/NS/G). The degree of crosslinking was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and gel content measurements. The crystallinity of the D/NS/G membranes was found to increase monotonically as the NS content in the blend increased. An increase in tensile strength and decrease in Young's modulus was observed with an increase in NS content up to 28%, due to the reinforcing effect of NS and the plasticizing effect of glycerol playing roles simultaneously in the system. The reinforcing effect of the NS assisted in the formation of high‐strength nanocomposite membranes. Furthermore, they were characterized to analyze their thermal behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44655.