bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENES AND GINI: WHAT INEQUALITY MEANS FOR HERITABILITY
Authors: Selita Fatos , Kovas Yulia 
Published: February 2018

SummaryResearch has established that genetic differences among people explain a greater or smaller proportion of the variation in life outcomes in different environmental conditions. This review evaluates the results of recent educationally relevant behavioural genetic studies and meta-analyses in the context of recent trends in income and wealth distribution. The pattern of results suggests that inequality and social policies can have profound effects on the heritability of educational attainment and achievement in a population (Gene–Gini interplay). For example, heritability is generally higher at greater equality levels, suggesting that inequality stifles the expression of educationally relevant genetic propensities. The review concludes with a discussion of the mechanisms of Gene–Gini interplay and what the findings mean for efforts to optimize education for all people.
A tutorial on computational classical logic and the sequent calculus
Authors: DOWNEN PAUL , ARIOLA ZENA M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe present a model of computation that heavily emphasizes the concept of duality and the interaction between opposites–production interacts with consumption. The symmetry of this framework naturally explains more complicated features of programming languages through relatively familiar concepts. For example, binding a value to a variable is dual to manipulating the flow of control in a program. By looking at the computational interpretation of the sequent calculus, we find a language that lets us speak about duality, control flow, and evaluation order in programs as first-class concepts.We begin by reviewing Gentzen's LK sequent calculus and show how the Curry–Howard isomorphism still applies to give us a different basis for expressing computation. We then illustrate how the fundamental dilemma of computation in the sequent calculus gives rise to a duality between evaluation strategies: strict languages are dual to lazy languages. Finally, we discuss how the concept of focusing, developed in the setting of proof search, is related to the idea of type safety for computation expressed in the sequent calculus. In this regard, we compare and contrast two different methods of focusing that have appeared in the literature, static and dynamic focusing, and illustrate how they are two means to the same end.
When the World Helps Teach Your Class: Using Wikipedia to Teach Controversial Issues
Authors: Cassell Mark K. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTAssigning students to draft and publish a Wikipedia contribution is no longer a novelty. The pedagogical benefits from assigning a Wikipedia article vary depending on discipline, lesson plan, and how it is incorporated into the class. This research considers how a Wikipedia assignment can effectively overcome common challenges in teaching controversial topics including peer relations, teacher–student power dynamics, and (mis)perceptions of “the other.”
Impacts of off-farm employment on groundwater irrigation in North China
Authors: Yin Ning , Huang Qiuqiong , Wang Yumeng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between groundwater irrigation and off-farm employment with a set of household level data collected in North China. The results provide evidence that off-farm employment reduces both time spent on irrigation in terms of total hours of irrigation and the amount of groundwater pumped. However, these effects have not resulted in losses of crop production. In fact, water productivity measured as output value produced per m3of groundwater pumped is higher among households with off-farm employment. These seemingly contradictory findings are explained by the increased use of water-saving technologies such as furrow irrigation, underground pipes and/or lined canals. These technologies reduce seepage losses during the conveyance of groundwater as well as during irrigation of the fields. As a result, less groundwater needs to be pumped to achieve the same level of groundwater irrigation application rate in the field.
Consumption of processed food dietary patterns in four African populations
Authors: Holmes Michelle D , Dalal Shona , Sewram Vikash , Diamond Megan B , Adebamowo Sally N , Ajayi Ikeoluwapo O , Adebamowo Clement , Chiwanga Faraja S , Njelekela Marina , Laurence Carien , Volmink Jimmy , Bajunirwe Francis , Nankya-Mutyoba Joan , Guwatudde David , Reid Todd G , Willett Walter C , Adami Hans-Olov , Fung Teresa T 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo identify predominant dietary patterns in four African populations and examine their association with obesity.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting/SubjectsWe used data from the Africa/Harvard School of Public Health Partnership for Cohort Research and Training (PaCT) pilot study established to investigate the feasibility of a multi-country longitudinal study of non-communicable chronic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. We applied principal component analysis to dietary intake data collected from an FFQ developed for PaCT to ascertain dietary patterns in Tanzania, South Africa, and peri-urban and rural Uganda. The sample consisted of 444 women and 294 men.ResultsWe identified two dietary patterns: the Mixed Diet pattern characterized by high intakes of unprocessed foods such as vegetables and fresh fish, but also cold cuts and refined grains; and the Processed Diet pattern characterized by high intakes of salad dressing, cold cuts and sweets. Women in the highest tertile of the Processed Diet pattern score were 3·00 times more likely to be overweight (95 % CI 1·66, 5·45; prevalence=74 %) and 4·24 times more likely to be obese (95 % CI 2·23, 8·05; prevalence=44 %) than women in this pattern’s lowest tertile (both P<0·0001; prevalence=47 and 14 %, respectively). We found similarly strong associations in men. There was no association between the Mixed Diet pattern and overweight or obesity.ConclusionsWe identified two major dietary patterns in several African populations, a Mixed Diet pattern and a Processed Diet pattern. The Processed Diet pattern was associated with obesity.
What’s the fuss about? Parent presentations of fussy eating to a parenting support helpline
Authors: Harris Holly A , Ria-Searle Bonnie , Jansen Elena , Thorpe Karen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise parent presentations of fussy eating and mealtime interactions at a point of crisis, through analyses of real-time recordings of calls to a parenting helpline.DesignQualitative analysis included an inductive thematic approach to examine clinical parent presentations of fussy eating and derive underlying themes relating to mealtime interactions.SettingCalls made to the Child Health Line regarding feeding concerns were recorded and transcribed verbatim.SubjectsFrom a corpus of 723 calls made during a 4-week period in 2009, twelve were from parents of children aged 6–48 months.ResultsParents of infants (≤12 months, n 6) presented feeding concerns as learning challenges in the process of transitioning from a milk-based to a solid-based diet, while parents of toddlers (13–48 months, n 6) presented emotional accounts of feeding as an intractable problem. Parents presented their child’s eating behaviour as a battle (conflict), in which their children’s agency over limited intake and variety of foods (child control) was constructed as ‘bad’ or ‘wrong’. Escalating parent anxiety (parent concern) had evoked parent non-responsive feeding practices or provision of foods the child preferred.ConclusionsReal-time descriptions of young children’s fussy eating at a time of crisis that initiated parents’ call for help have captured the highly charged emotional underpinnings of mealtime interactions associated with fussy eating. Importantly, they show the child’s emerging assertion of food autonomy can escalate parents’ emotional distress that, in the short term, initiates non-responsive feeding practices. The current study identifies the importance of educational and emotional support for parents across the period of introducing solids.
Salt intake and dietary sources of salt on weekdays and weekend days in Australian adults
Authors: Nowson Caryl , Lim Karen , Land Mary-Ann , Webster Jacqui , Shaw Jonathan E , Chalmers John , Flood Victoria , Woodward Mark , Grimes Carley 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess if there is a difference in salt intake (24 h urine collection and dietary recall) and dietary sources of salt (Na) on weekdays and weekend days.DesignA cross-sectional study of adults who provided one 24 h urine collection and one telephone-administered 24 h dietary recall.SettingCommunity-dwelling adults living in the State of Victoria, Australia.SubjectsAdults (n 598) who participated in a health survey (53·5 % women; mean age 57·1 (95 % CI 56·2, 58·1) years).ResultsMean (95 % CI) salt intake (dietary recall) was 6·8 (6·6, 7·1) g/d and 24 h urinary salt excretion was 8·1 (7·8, 8·3) g/d. Mean dietary and 24 h urinary salt (age-adjusted) were 0·9 (0·1, 1·6) g/d (P=0·024) and 0·8 (0·3, 1·6) g/d (P=0·0017), respectively, higher at weekends compared with weekdays. There was an indication of a greater energy intake at weekends (+0·6 (0·02, 1·2) MJ/d, P=0·06), but no difference in Na density (weekday: 291 (279, 304) mg/MJ; weekend: 304 (281, 327) mg/MJ; P=0·360). Cereals/cereal products and dishes, meat, poultry, milk products and gravy/sauces accounted for 71 % of dietary Na.ConclusionsMean salt intake (24 h urine collection) was more than 60 % above the recommended level of 5 g salt/d and 8–14 % more salt was consumed at weekends than on weekdays. Substantial reductions in the Na content of staple foods, processed meat, sauces, mixed dishes (e.g. pasta), convenience and takeaway foods are required to achieve a significant consistent reduction in population salt intake throughout the week.
Nexus between housing and pension policies in Singapore: measuring retirement adequacy of the Central Provident Fund
Authors: CHIA NGEE CHOON , TSUI ALBERT K.C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEmpirically, in many developed countries, homeownership rises with age. Both housing wealth and financial wealth affect retirement adequacy. Focusing replacement rates based on pension incomes alone may detract from the full retirement adequacy picture, as homeowners do not pay rent and hence need less cash. This paper adopts a wider perspective of retirement adequacy and includes net imputed rents in the calculation of replacement rates to gauge retirement adequacy. Including net imputed rents in replacement rates calculation is particularly important for Singapore, given the prevalence of house ownership, made possible by the nexus between retirement and housing policies. Workers can use part of the monthly contributions to Singapore's central provident fund to finance housing. While this would tradeoff retirement savings, it boosts spendable income for home-owning retirees. It is found that incorporating net imputed rent in the computation of replacement rates boosts the replacement rates by 12 percentage points for a male median worker and by 15 percentage points for female median workers.
Personalized and yet standardized: An informed approach to the integration of bereavement care in pediatric oncology settings
Authors: Wiener Lori , Rosenberg Abby R. , Lichtenthal Wendy G. , Tager Julia , Weaver Meaghann S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe death of a child has been associated with adverse parental outcomes, including a heightened risk for psychological distress, poor physical health, loss of employment income, and diminished psychosocial well-being. Psychosocial standards of care for centers serving pediatric cancer patients recommend maintaining at least one meaningful contact between the healthcare team and bereaved parents to identify families at risk for negative psychosocial sequelae and to provide resources for bereavement support. This study assessed how this standard is being implemented in current healthcare and palliative care practices, as well as barriers to its implementation.MethodExperts in the field of pediatric palliative care and oncology created a survey that was posted with review and permission on four listservs. The survey inquired about pediatric palliative and bereavement program characteristics, as well as challenges and barriers to implementation of the published standards of care.ResultThe majority of participants (N = 100) self-reported as palliative care physicians (51%), followed by oncologists (19%). Although 59% of staff reported that their center often or always deliver bereavement care after a child's death, approximately two-thirds reported having no policy for the oncology team to routinely assess bereavement needs. Inconsistent types of bereavement services and varying duration of care was common. Twenty-eight percent of participants indicated that their center has no systematic contact with bereaved families after the child's death. Among centers where contacts are made, the person who calls the bereaved parent is unknown to the family in 30% of cases. Few centers (5%) use a bereavement screening or assessment tool.Significance of resultsLack of routine assessment of bereavement needs, inconsistent duration of bereavement care, and tremendous variability in bereavement services suggest more work is needed to promote standardized, policy-driven bereavement care. The data shed light on multiple areas and opportunities for improvement.
GENERATIONAL CHANGES IN RACIAL INEQUALITY IN OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT, 1950–2010
Authors: Wilson Franklin D. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper analyzes age and cohort changes in the occupational attainment of Blacks and Whites born in successive decades from 1910 to 1979. Occupational attainment is operationalized as “occupational returns to education” and “earnings returns to occupation.” The primary objective is to determine whether the relative occupational attainment of Blacks of the baby-boom generation and Generation X improved over that of their great-grandparents, grandparents, and parents. The results indicate that Blacks and Whites, and men and women improved their occupational attainment levels over those of previous birth cohorts. However, neither Black men of the baby-boom generation nor those of Generation X improved their occupational attainment relative to White men of the same age and born in the same decade. Moreover, on a per capita basis, Black men’s occupational status declined for the most recent birth cohorts due in large part to joblessness starting with members of the 1940 birth cohort, which increased progressively with each successive birth cohort. On the other hand, Black women seem to have improved their occupational status relative to White women, but the improvements fluctuated over the decades. These findings are discussed in relation to possible causes and limitations of this analysis.
WHOSE LIVES MATTER?
Authors: Simmons Alicia D. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the characteristics of cases of police killing unarmed Blacks that receive national news coverage. I analyze an original quantitative dataset measuring the parameters of 111 cases occurring between 2013 and 2015, and the amount of coverage they received in six national news outlets. Multivariate models indicate that cases’ national newsworthiness is positively associated with Blacks’ share of the population where the fatal encounter occurred, and the presence of video evidence, peaceful demonstrations, or civil lawsuits. National newsworthiness is negatively associated with encounters that were initiated by a call to police, and those involving decedents who resisted arrest, suffered electroshock injuries, or were impaired by drugs or alcohol. The findings strongly suggest that the most newsworthy cases are those that align with an injustice frame. I discuss the results using theories of newsworthiness, describing how patterns of story availability and story suitability might shape which cases rise to the top of the national agenda. Using the social construction of reality approach, I discuss the implications of the results for how the public understands the empirical nature of police killing unarmed Blacks, and the symbolic meaning of these events.
Pharmaceutical policy reform in Canada: lessons from history
Authors: Boothe Katherine 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCanada is the only country with a broad public health system that does not include universal, nationwide coverage for pharmaceuticals. This omission causes real hardship to those Canadians who are not well-served by the existing patchwork of limited provincial plans and private insurance. It also represents significant forgone benefits in terms of governments’ ability to negotiate drug prices, make expensive new drugs available to patients on an equitable basis, and provide integrated health services regardless of therapy type or location. This paper examines Canada’s historical failure to adopt universal pharmaceutical insurance on a national basis, with particular emphasis on the role of public and elite ideas about its supposed lack of affordability. This legacy provides novel lessons about the barriers to reform and potential methods for overcoming them. The paper argues that reform is most likely to be successful if it explicitly addresses entrenched ideas about pharmacare’s affordability and its place in the health system. Reform is also more likely to achieve universal coverage if it is radical, addressing various components of an effective pharmaceutical program simultaneously. In this case, an incremental approach is likely to fail because it will not allow governments to contain costs and realize the social benefits that come along with a universal program, and because it means forgoing the current promising conditions for achieving real change.
Microbial parasites make cyanobacteria blooms less of a trophic dead end than commonly assumed
Authors: Haraldsson Matilda , Gerphagnon Mélanie , Bazin Pauline , Colombet Jonathan , Tecchio Samuele , Sime-Ngando Télesphore , Niquil Nathalie 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Parasites exist in every ecosystem and can have large influence on food web structure and function, yet, we know little about parasites’ effect on food web dynamics. Here we investigate the role of microbial parasitism (viruses of bacteria, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, and parasitic chytrids on cyanobacteria) on the dynamics of trophic pathways and food web functioning during a cyanobacteria bloom, using linear inverse food web modeling parameterized with a 2-month long data set (biomasses, infection parameters, etc.). We show the importance of grazing on heterotrophic bacteria (the microbial pathway: DOC → bacteria → consumer) and how consumers depended on bacteria during peak-cyanobacteria bloom, which abundance was partly driven by the viral activity. As bacteria become the main energy pathway to the consumers, the system takes a more web-like structure through increased omnivory, and may thereby facilitate the system’s persistence to the cyanobacteria outbreak. We also showed how the killing of cyanobacteria host cells by chytrids had important impact on the food web dynamics by facilitating grazing on the cyanobacteria, and by offering alternative pathways to the consumers. This seemed to increase the system’s ability to return to a mix of trophic pathways, which theoretically increases the stability of the system.
The meniscus-guided deposition of semiconducting polymers
Authors: Gu Xiaodan , Shaw Leo , Gu Kevin , Toney Michael F. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe electronic devices that play a vital role in our daily life are primarily based on silicon and are thus rigid, opaque, and relatively heavy. However, new electronics relying on polymer semiconductors are opening up new application spaces like stretchable and self-healing sensors and devices, and these can facilitate the integration of such devices into our homes, our clothing, and even our bodies. While there has been tremendous interest in such technologies, the widespread adoption of these organic electronics requires low-cost manufacturing techniques. Fortunately, the realization of organic electronics can take inspiration from a technology developed since the beginning of the Common Era: printing. This review addresses the critical issues and considerations in the printing methods for organic electronics, outlines the fundamental fluid mechanics, polymer physics, and deposition parameters involved in the fabrication process, and provides future research directions for the next generation of printed polymer electronics.
A supramolecular lanthanide separation approach based on multivalent cooperative enhancement of metal ion selectivity
Authors: Li Xiao-Zhen , Zhou Li-Peng , Yan Liang-Liang , Dong Ya-Min , Bai Zhuan-Ling , Sun Xiao-Qi , Diwu Juan , Wang Shuao , Bünzli Jean-Claude , Sun Qing-Fu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMultivalent cooperativity plays an important role in the supramolecular self-assembly process. Herein, we report a remarkable cooperative enhancement of both structural integrity and metal ion selectivity on metal-organic M4L4 tetrahedral cages self-assembled from a tris-tridentate ligand (L1) with a variety of metal ions spanning across the periodic table, including alkaline earth (CaII), transition (CdII), and all the lanthanide (LnIII) metal ions. All these M4L14 cages are stable to excess metal ions and ligands, which is in sharp contrast with the tridentate (L2) ligand and bis-tridentate (L3) ligand bearing the same coordination motif as L1. Moreover, high-precision metal ion self-sorting is observed during the mixed-metal self-assembly of tetrahedral M4L4 cages, but not on the M2L3 counterparts. Based on the strong cooperative metal ion self-recognition behavior of M4L4 cages, a supramolecular approach to lanthanide separation is demonstrated, offering a new design principle of next-generation extractants for highly efficient lanthanide separation.
High contiguity Arabidopsis thaliana genome assembly with a single nanopore flow cell
Authors: Michael Todd P. , Jupe Florian , Bemm Felix , Motley S. Timothy , Sandoval Justin P. , Lanz Christa , Loudet Olivier , Weigel Detlef , Ecker Joseph R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe handheld Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer generates ultra-long reads with minimal cost and time requirements, which makes sequencing genomes at the bench feasible. Here, we sequence the gold standard Arabidopsis thaliana genome (KBS-Mac-74 accession) on the bench with the MinION sequencer, and assemble the genome using typical consumer computing hardware (4 Cores, 16 Gb RAM) into chromosome arms (62 contigs with an N50 length of 12.3 Mb). We validate the contiguity and quality of the assembly with two independent single-molecule technologies, Bionano optical genome maps and Pacific Biosciences Sequel sequencing. The new A. thaliana KBS-Mac-74 genome enables resolution of a quantitative trait locus that had previously been recalcitrant to a Sanger-based BAC sequencing approach. In summary, we demonstrate that even when the purpose is to understand complex structural variation at a single region of the genome, complete genome assembly is becoming the simplest way to achieve this goal.