bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome analysis of Campylobacter concisus strains from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and gastroenteritis provides new insights into pathogenicity
Authors: Chung Heung Kit Leslie , Tay Alfred , Octavia Sophie , Chen Jieqiong , Liu Fang , Ma Rena , Lan Ruiting , Riordan Stephen M , Grimm Michael C. , Zhang Li 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCampylobacter concisus is an oral bacterium that is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. C. concisus has two major genomospecies, which appear to have different enteric pathogenic potential. Currently, no studies have compared the genomes of C. concisus strains from different genomospecies. In this study, a comparative genome analysis of 36 C. concisus strains was conducted including 27 C. concisus strains sequenced in this study and nine publically available C. concisus genomes. The C. concisus core-genome was defined and genomospecies-specific genes were identified. The C. concisus core-genome, housekeeping genes and 23S rRNA gene consistently divided the 36 strains into two genomospecies. Two novel genomic islands, CON_PiiA and CON_PiiB, were identified. CON_PiiA and CON_PiiB islands contained proteins homologous to the type IV secretion system, LepB-like and CagA-like effector proteins. CON_PiiA islands were found in 37.5% of enteric C. concisus strains (3/8) isolated from patients with enteric diseases and none of the oral strains (0/27), which was statistically significant. This study reports the findings of C. concisus genomospecies-specific genes, novel genomic islands that contain type IV secretion system and putative effector proteins, and other new genomic features. These data provide novel insights into understanding of the pathogenicity of this emerging opportunistic pathogen.
Disentangling the roles of cholesterol and CD59 in intermedilysin pore formation
Authors: Boyd Courtney M. , Parsons Edward S. , Smith Richard A. G. , Seddon John M. , Ces Oscar , Bubeck Doryen 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe plasma membrane provides an essential barrier, shielding a cell from the pressures of its external environment. Pore-forming proteins, deployed by both hosts and pathogens alike, breach this barrier to lyse target cells. Intermedilysin is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin that requires the human immune receptor CD59, in addition to cholesterol, to form giant β-barrel pores in host membranes. Here we integrate biochemical assays with electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to distinguish the roles of these two receptors in mediating structural transitions of pore formation. CD59 is required for the specific coordination of intermedilysin (ILY) monomers and for triggering collapse of an oligomeric prepore. Movement of Domain 2 with respect to Domain 3 of ILY is essential for forming a late prepore intermediate that releases CD59, while the role of cholesterol may be limited to insertion of the transmembrane segments. Together these data define a structural timeline for ILY pore formation and suggest a mechanism that is relevant to understanding other pore-forming toxins that also require CD59.
miR-27a attenuates adipogenesis and promotes osteogenesis in steroid-induced rat BMSCs by targeting PPARγ and GREM1
Authors: Gu Chenxi , Xu Yan , Zhang Shanfeng , Guan Hongya , Song Shi , Wang Xiuli , Wang Yisheng , Li Yuebai , Zhao Guoqiang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe imbalance between adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Several microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating adipogenesis and osteogenesis. In this study, we established a steroid-induced ONFH rat model to identify the potential relevant miRNAs. We identified 9 up-regulated and 28 down-regulated miRNAs in the ONFH rat model. Of these, miR-27a was down-regulated and negatively correlated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and gremlin 1 (GREM1) expression. Further studies confirmed that PPARγ and GREM1 were direct targets of miRNA-27a. Additionally, adipogenic differentiation was enhanced by miR-27a down-regulation, whereas miRNA-27a up-regulation attenuated adipogenesis and promoted osteogenesis in steroid-induced rat BMSCs. Moreover, miRNA-27a up-regulation had a stronger effect on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in steroid-induced rat BMSCs than si-PPARγ and si-GREM1. In conclusion, we identified 37 differentially expressed miRNAs in the steroid-induced ONFH model, of which miR-27a was down-regulated. Our results showed that miR-27a up-regulation could inhibit adipogenesis and promote osteogenesis by directly targeting PPARγ and GREM1. Thus, miR-27a is likely a key regulator of adipogenesis in steroid-induced BMSCs and a potential therapeutic target for ONFH treatment.
Real-time PCR-based serotyping of Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Breeding Kathleen M. , Ragipani Bhavana , Lee Kun-Uk David , Malik Martin , Randis Tara M. , Ratner Adam J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGroup B Streptococcus (GBS) is an encapsulated, gram-positive pathogen that is an important cause of neonatal invasive infections, including sepsis and meningitis. There are ten known GBS serotypes based on distinct capsule compositions (Ia, Ib, II-IX), and current candidate capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines target only a subset of these. Serotyping of GBS isolates is important for understanding local epidemiology and for monitoring for serotype replacement or capsular switching. However, serotyping generally requires either latex agglutination, multiplex PCR with analysis of band sizes, or analysis of whole genome sequences–all techniques that are either expensive or not widely available. Here we report the development of a robust real-time PCR assay for determining GBS serotypes. Using both a diverse reference set of strains encompassing all ten serotypes and a collection of clinical isolates, we demonstrate concordance between real-time PCR serotyping and latex agglutination. We propose that real-time PCR serotyping represents an attractive alternative to current serotyping methods and may allow for improved acquisition of GBS serotype data.
Distinct cortical and striatal actions of a β-arrestin–biased dopamine D2 receptor ligand reveal unique antipsychotic-like properties
Authors: Urs Nikhil M. , Gee Steven M. , Pack Thomas F. , McCorvy John D. , Evron Tama , Snyder Joshua C. , Yang Xiaobao , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Borrelli Emiliana , Wetsel William C. , Jin Jian , Roth Bryan L. , O’Donnell Patricio , Caron Marc G. 
Published: December 2016

Significance
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Current antipsychotic drugs, including D2 receptor (D2R) partial agonist aripiprazole, antagonize excess striatal dopamine (DA) neurotransmission and reverse positive symptoms but are not efficacious at reversing cortical-related cognitive symptoms. Here, we show using pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological approaches that a β-arrestin2 (βarr2)-biased D2R ligand has opposite antagonist and agonist actions in the striatum and cortex, respectively. This phenomenon is regulated by differential expression levels of signal transducer proteins G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and βarr2. Thus, D2R-βarr2–biased ligands have the potential to simultaneously target excess striatal and deficient cortical DA neurotransmission and provide more broadly effective therapies for schizophrenia.
Current development in wood protection against insect and fungal pests.
Authors: Ewart D. , Dhang P. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Wood is the only renewable building material available for growing human population across the world. The creation and shaping of wood use much less energy than most other building materials, giving wood products a significantly lower carbon footprint. However, wood has a shorter service life and is susceptible to damage by pests compared with other building materials. This mini review focuses on the current development on wood preservation such as the use of conventional biocides, and chemical modifications, as methods to give them a longer service life.
DNA Barcoding Elucidates Cyprinid Reproductive Interactions in a Southwest Virginia Stream
Authors: Peoples Brandon K. , Cooper Pearce , Frimpong Emmanuel A. , Hallerman Eric M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractChubs Nocomis spp. (Cyprinidae) in freshwater streams build conspicuous gravel mounds upon which they and other nest‐associative cyprinids spawn. Our understanding of such interactions is incomplete and hindered by the inability to observe all interactions directly and to identify the larvae that emerge from the mounds based on morphological traits. We used visual surveys and DNA barcoding to identify cyprinids that were associated with the nests of spawning chub in Catawba Creek, a small tributary of the James River in southwestern Virginia. All individual fish on nests were identified to species and categorized as spawning or feeding. Eggs were subsequently removed from the nests and hatched in captivity, and DNA was extracted from the larvae. The DNA sequences for region 3 of the mitochondrial cytochrome‐c oxidase I gene in individual larvae were amplified, and the resulting sequences were compared to entries in GenBank by using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for nucleotide data. Of the 75 larval fish that were assayed, 56 (75%) were genetically identified. Species‐level identification of the larval cyprinids was straightforward except with regard to Nocomis, for which cryptic taxonomy is currently unresolved. Four cyprinid species were identified among the larvae sampled from Nocomis nests; of those species, the Central Stoneroller Campostoma anomalum and Rosyside Dace Clinostomus funduloides had not been previously witnessed to spawn on chub nests. Central Stonerollers had been observed to perform activities that were more indicative of nest predation than spawning; hence, the presence of their eggs on Nocomis nests suggests that the activity of Central Stonerollers is not entirely antagonistic.Received June 2, 2016; accepted September 19, 2016 Published online December 2, 2016
Two new triterpenoids from the roots of Pinus densiflora
Authors: Otaka Junnosuke , Komatsu Masabumi , Miyazaki Yasumasa , Futamura Yushi , Osada Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Chemical investigation of the roots of Pinus densiflora led to the isolation of two new triterpenoids, (24S)-3β-methoxy-24,25-epoxy-lanost-9(11)-ene (1) and 29-acetoxy-3α-methoxyserrat-14-en-21α-ol (2), together with three known serratene-type triterpenoids (3–5) and four known diterpenoids (6–9). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses.
Cognitive Impairment and Tramadol Dependence
Authors: Bassiony Medhat M. , Youssef Usama M. , Hassan Mervat S. , Salah El-Deen Ghada M. , El-gohari Hayam , Abdelghani Mohamed , Abdalla Ahmed , Ibrahim Dalia H. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background and Objective
Cognitive impairment is one of the consequences of substance abuse. Tramadol abuse is a public health problem in Egypt. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among tramadol-abuse patients and control subjects.

Methods
This study included 100 patients with tramadol abuse and 100 control subjects (matched for age, sex, and education) who were recruited from Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt. Patients were divided into 2 groups: patients who used tramadol only (tramadol-alone group) and patients who used tramadol and other substances (polysubstance group). The participants were interviewed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment test and had urine screening for drugs.

Results
Twenty-four percent of the cases used tramadol alone, whereas the remaining used tramadol and other substances, mainly cannabis (66%) and benzodiazepines (27%). Tramadol-abuse patients were about 3 times more likely to have cognitive impairment than control subjects (81% vs 28%). Tramadol-alone patients were more than 2 times more likely to have cognitive impairment than control subjects (67% vs 28%). Cognitive impairment was significantly associated with polysubstance abuse. There was no association between cognitive impairment and sociodemographic or clinical factors.

Conclusions
Cognitive impairment occurs commonly among tramadol-abuse patients. Memory impairment is the most common cognitive domain to be affected. There is a significant association between cognitive impairment and polysubstance abuse.
What Can Long-Term Attendance at Programming Appointments Tell Us About Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients?
Authors: Choo Dawn , Dettman Shani Joy 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
This study sought to understand factors linked to long-term engagement with available post-implant “mapping” review services for individuals who received cochlear implants (CI)(s) as children.

Study Design:
Demographics, communication outcomes, and appointment attendance records from an unselected group of 400 participants who received CI(s) between 1985 and 2009 were analyzed.

Results:
After 5 years post-implant, 85.75% (n = 343) of participants attended the clinic for “mapping” appointments between March 2011 and March 2014, but 14.25% (n = 57) had not attended “mapping” for more than 3 years before March 2014. Findings showed that participants who did attend routine follow-up “mapping” appointments received their first implants at a significantly younger age (mean, 3.73 yr; standard deviation [SD], 3.39) and demonstrated better receptive language performance (mean standard score, 72; SD, 21.2) and better speech perception scores (mean open-set words, 54.1%; SD, 24.4; phonemes, 77.5%; SD, 15.8) suggesting they derived greater benefit from the technology than participants who did not attend (mean age at implant, 6.38 yr; SD, 4.85; mean receptive language standard score, 58.6; SD, 25.6; mean open-set-words, 34.5%; SD, 24.5; phonemes, 62.7.4%; SD, 23.4).

Conclusions:
The present study identified a profile of pediatric CI recipients who continue to attend follow-up review appointments after 5 years of device experience. Individuals who were non-attenders tended to include part-time and non-users of the technology. This could be due to a range of factors including the use of past speech processor technology (at first 12 months after switch-on), less overall benefit, and the presence of additional special needs.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Quality of Life in Women With Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Markland Alayne D. , Jelovsek J. Eric , Rahn David D. , Wang Lu , Merrin Leah , Tuteja Ashok , Richter Holly E. , Meikle Susan 
Published: December 2016

Objectives
The objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and IBS subtypes in women presenting for fecal incontinence (FI) treatment and to assess the impact of IBS on FI symptoms and quality of life (QOL).

Methods
In this multicenter prospective cohort study, women reported at least monthly solid, liquid, or mucus FI. Rome III clinical criteria defined IBS. Women also self-reported having an IBS diagnosis. Baseline questionnaires included the following: Modified Manchester Health Questionnaire, Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, Bristol Stool Scale, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory, and the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire.

Results
Of the 133 women enrolled, 119 completed Rome III IBS questionnaires, and 111 reported on whether they had a previous diagnosis of IBS. The prevalence of IBS was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.9%–40.2%) according to the Rome III IBS criteria. The most common subtypes were IBS-mixed (41%) and IBS-diarrhea (35%). Twenty-four (22%) of 111 patients had a previous diagnosis of IBS. Among women who met Rome III IBS criteria, 23 (66%) of 35 women had never had a diagnosis of IBS. Women with FI and IBS reported significantly worse QOL compared to women without IBS despite similar FI severity and stool consistency.

Conclusions
Irritable bowel syndrome negatively affects QOL and affects one third of women with FI presenting for care in tertiary centers. Our findings suggest that assessment of IBS symptoms and diagnosis may be important for women presenting for FI treatment.
Obstetrical Anal Sphincter Injuries: Does Obstetrical Care Provider Matter? A Quality Assurance Study in Ontario
Authors: Pizzuto Katerina , Pudwell Jessica , Smith Graeme N. , Harvey Marie-Andrée 
Published: December 2016

Objectives
We sought to determine the rates of obstetrical anal sphincter tears (OASIS) between types of obstetrical care providers at Kingston General Hospital (KGH) and in Ontario via the Better Outcomes Registry Network (BORN).

Methods
This cross-sectional study collected patient, demographic, and delivery data from all vaginal deliveries at KGH from June 2011 to June 2014 and all vaginal deliveries through the BORN database from June 2012 to June 2014.

Results
During this period, 4.6% and 3.5% of all vaginal deliveries at KGH and in Ontario, respectively, were complicated by OASIS. The OASIS' rates were not statistically different between admitting care providers at KGH: 4.9%, 3.8%, and 3.7% of vaginal deliveries by obstetricians, family physicians, and midwives, respectively, in contrast to a higher rate of OASIS in women admitted under midwifery care in the province-wide data: 3.4%, 3.2%, and 4.4% for obstetricians, family physicians, and midwives, respectively. The rate of OASIS in patients who had an intrapartum transfer of care (TOC) from a family physician or midwife to an obstetrician was 13.8% at KGH, and 13.6% as reported by BORN, significantly higher than 3.8% (KGH) or 2.9% (BORN) in those who remained under the family physician, or midwife. The relative risk of OASIS in women transferred to an obstetrician compared to those who were admitted and delivered by an obstetrician was 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 3.6–4.3, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Only when an intrapartum TOC is needed does the OASIS rate substantially increase, reflecting the underlying indication for TOC is leading to more intervention associated with risk of OASIS.
Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery in Canada: A Survey of Obstetrician-Gynecologists and Urologists
Authors: Christakis Marie K. , Shore Eliane M. , Pulver Ariel , McDermott Colleen D. 
Published: December 2016

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the current status of female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) in Canada, including level of training, practice patterns, barriers to practice and opinions among obstetrician-gynecologists (OB/GYNs) and urologists.

Methods
Electronic surveys were distributed to 737 OB/GYNs through the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada and to 489 urologists through the Canadian Urological Association.

Results
Complete responses were collected from 301 (41%) OB/GYNs and 39 (8%) urologists. Of the OB/GYN respondents, 57% were generalists (GEN), and 22% completed FPMRS fellowship training (FPMRS-GYN). OB/GYN GENs were less likely than FPMRS-GYNs to report comfort with pelvic organ prolapse quantification assessment, urodynamic testing, cystoscopy, treatment of mesh complications, and management of overactive bladder. Urologists were less likely than FPMRS-GYNs to report comfort completing a pelvic organ prolapse quantification assessment, fitting pessaries, and treating mesh complications but more likely to report comfort managing overactive bladder. FPMRS-GYNs were more likely than other providers to report high volumes (>20 cases in the past year) of vaginal hysterectomy, as well as incontinence and prolapse procedures. OB/GYN GENs and urologists frequently cited lack of formal training in residency as a barrier to performing FPMRS procedures, whereas FPMRS-GYNs reported a lack of operating room facilities and support personnel. Overall, 76% of the respondents were of the opinion that FPMRS should be a credentialed Canadian subspecialty (92% FPMRS-GYN, 69% OB/GYN GEN, 59% urologists).

Conclusions
OB/GYN GENs reported low case volumes and cited inadequate training in residency as a barrier to surgically managing pelvic floor disorders. Most respondents felt that FPMRS should be a credentialed subspecialty.
Two Cases of Suspected Rejection of Polydimethylsiloxane Urethral Bulking Agent
Authors: Bennett Alaina Town , Lukacz Emily Spencer 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We report the cases of 2 women who had urethral bulking injections with polydimethylsiloxane for stress urinary incontinence with intrinsic sphincter deficiency and reported initial improvement of symptoms followed by rapid return of stress urinary incontinence several weeks later associated with extrusion of the bulking material. We hypothesize this unique adverse outcome could represent immune rejection of this urethral bulking agent.
Cadm1 regulates airway stem cell growth and differentiation via modulation of Stat3 activity
Authors: Seedhar Pooja , Sage Elizabeth K , Vallath Sabari , Sturges Gabrielle , Giangreco Adam 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAirway homeostasis, repair, and regeneration are imperfectly understood processes involving the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous lung stem cells. Here, we establish that epithelial Cell adhesion molecule 1 (Cadm1) regulates the growth and differentiation of airway basal cells, previously identified as lung stem cells. Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis reveals that Cadm1 is broadly expressed throughout the murine tracheobronchial epithelium, exhibits transient downregulation concomitant with airway injury, and is subsequently restored during basal cell differentiation. Using Cadm1 null (KO) and keratin 14 (K14)-specific Cadm1 overexpressing transgenic mice, we demonstrate that maintaining Cadm1 expression reduces basal stem cell proliferation after tracheal polidocanol injury, whereas Cadm1 deletion causes increased ciliated cell differentiation and sustained downstream Stat3 signalling. Altogether, this study defines a previously uncharacterised role for Cadm1 in directing airway basal cell homeostasis and repair via modulation of Stat3 activity.
Modeling Adaptive and Non-adaptive Responses of Populations to Environmental Change
Authors: Coulson Tim , Kendall Bruce E , Barthold Julia , Plard Floriane , Schindler Susanne , Ozgul Arpat , Gaillard Jean-Michel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUnderstanding how the natural world will be impacted by environmental change over the coming decades is one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. Addressing this challenge is difficult because environmental change can generate both population level plastic and evolutionary responses, with plastic responses being either adaptive or non-adaptive. We develop an approach that links quantitative genetic theory with data-driven structured models to allow prediction of population responses to environmental change via plasticity and adaptive evolution. After introducing general new theory, we construct a number of example models to demonstrate that evolutionary responses to environmental change over the short-term will be considerably slower than plastic responses, and that the rate of adaptive evolution to a new environment depends upon whether plastic responses are adaptive or non-adaptive. Parameterization of the models we develop requires information on genetic and phenotypic variation and demography that will not always be available, meaning that simpler models will often be required to predict responses to environmental change. We consequently develop a method to examine whether the full machinery of the evolutionarily explicit models we develop will be needed to predict responses to environmental change, or whether simpler non-evolutionary models that are now widely constructed may be sufficient.