bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Thermoelectric Cooling With Tourniquets for Nerve Preservation
Authors: Trupiano M. , Aarabi S. , Emery A. F. 
Published: November 2016

The use of a tourniquet leads to nerve damage, even if applied for short periods of time. This damage can be minimized if the limb is cooled. Because of the low conductivities of human tissue, core limb cooling is slow unless the surface temperature is very cool. Subzero surface temperatures can lead to skin injury (i.e., frostbite). Ideally one would adjust the limb surface temperatures as a function of time to maximize the cooling rate while avoiding permanent tissue damage. One possible approach is to use a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) in conjunction with a programmable power supply. TEC performance varies strongly with heat absorption rate, a function of limb thermal properties, and hot side temperatures that are strongly affected by the surface conditions on the hot side, i.e., overall heat transfer coefficients and ambient conditions.
The paper describes the use of finite element simulation to predict the usefulness of using thermoelectric coolers applied to the surface of a limb when compared to the standard approach of using ice packs. Since the TEC performance is strongly influenced by its warm side thermal conditions, experimental results are presented for different ambient temperatures, free and forced convection, and evaporation of water from a wickable covering.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Mixed Convection in Horizontal Channels Partially Filled With Aluminum Foam and Heated From Below
Authors: Buonomo Bernardo , Cirillo Luca , Manca Oronzio , Nardini Sergio 
Published: November 2016

Combined natural convection and forced convection gets a great attention for its importance in practical applications in various modern systems such as electronic cooling, chemical vapor deposition and solar energy systems. Buoyancy force due to the heating of the lower cavity wall induces secondary flows hence the local heat transfer increases. The onset point of the secondary flows is important because it delineates the region after which the two-dimensional laminar flow becomes three-dimensional and a transition motion from laminar to turbulent flow is observed.
In this paper, mixed convection in a horizontal channel partially filled with a porous medium and the lower wall heated at uniform heat flux is studied experimentally and numerically. The heated wall temperature profiles as a function of the Gr/Re2 values are presented. Pictures of flow visualization along longitudinal, transversal and horizontal section are given. Average Nusselt numbers are evaluated.
Results in terms of wall temperature profiles, local and average Nusselt numbers are presented for different Reynolds and Rayleigh number values. Some comparison between experimental and numerical results are accomplished.
Experimental Study on Flame Behavior in Under-Ventilated Train Car
Authors: Wong K. L. , Chow W. K. , Ng Y. W. 
Published: November 2016

In Hong Kong, the number of parallel traders has increased quickly within these years. Passengers bring not only handbags as planned for the subway system four decades ago. There are heavy luggage put in trolleys carried by parallel traders. Goods include milk powder, electronic devices, food and drinks. The increase in fire load will enhance the fire risk. Although the subway management limits the maximum allowable luggage to 23 kg, the combustible amount is still large in train cars.
Heat release rate (HRR) is the most important parameter in fire hazard assessment. A 1:15 scale modeling test was carried out to find the HRR in a train car under limited ventilation with parallel goods in this paper. The goods were simulated by a propanol pool fire. HRR for six scenarios with all closed door to all opened door were studied. Mass loss rate of fuel, oxygen consumption, air velocity and fire duration were measured. Ventilation was provided by opening different numbers of doors of the train car. The train car fire can then be ventilation-controlled or fuel-controlled. The burning phenomena of fire in the train under limited ventilation including steady burning, oscillating fire and ghosting flame were studied.
It was found that the fire size and duration depended mainly on ventilation when oxygen was very limited. When the amount of oxygen supply reached a critical value (the fire at the decay period with continuous supply of oxygen), the fire tended to be fuel-controlled. Burning characteristics of train fire under limited ventilation were also observed. They were different from fires burning in open area. Oscillating flame, ghosting flame and self-extinction were observed. Results are useful to assess fire hazards associated with parallel trading activities. Three repeated experiments on the captioned subject have been done with average results of all experiments presented.
Bubble Behavior at an Uneven Wall
Authors: Shmueli H. , Ziskind G. , Letan R. 
Published: November 2016

The present study deals with single bubble growth on an uneven wall. A model problem is defined and solved using a three-dimensional numerical simulation. The wall has the shape of a triangular cavity and feature vortices. The equations solved in the present study are based on macro region modelling of the bubble alone and describe its growth from the initial state to detachment from the surface and consequent motion. The model includes a simultaneous solution of conservation equations for the liquid and gaseous phases, in conjunction with three-dimensional interface tracking. The latter is achieved using the level-set method. The numerical modeling includes the multi-grid method. The complete three-dimensional model is discretized using an original in-house numerical code realized in MATLAB.
Different cases of bubble growth on the triangular cavity walls are investigated. The main conclusion from the calculations is that the bubble shape and its growth rate strongly depend on its location and on the channel orientation. New features, not possible for flat walls and special for this case, are revealed and discussed. It is demonstrated that under certain conditions, the bubble is obstructed by the surface geometry. It is also shown how a growing bubble affects the flow field inside a cavity, interacting with the vortex structure.
Exploring Augmentation of Thermal-Fluid Transport in Fractal Architectures
Authors: Shaw Surupa , Banerjee Debjyoti 
Published: November 2016

Cost effective solutions involving thermal-fluid transport need to be developed for various energy applications. The miniaturization of the chip architecture in the electronic devices have caused the challenge of increased heat dissipation and higher power consumption. Hence there is an immediate need for developing efficient and cost-effective solutions for next generation cooling systems. This thermal management challenge can be addressed with maximizing the surface area of the heat exchanging surfaces that can allow dissipation of high heat fluxes. Fractal structures are known to maximize the surface area for compact volumes and are explored as a potential technique to addressing the issue of maximizing heat fluxes in compact volumes.
Fractal structures are effective in maximizing the surface area in compact volumes. Fractals possess the property of self-similarity (the pattern is similar to itself at different levels of magnifications) and infinite recursion (created by repeating a simple process infinitely). Enhanced heat transfer in microelectronic devices can be achieved by increasing the available surface area for heat exchanging fluids within a compact volume. Fractal structures can provide the appropriate technology for the enhancement in heat transfer for these devices.
The proposed model is used to predict the thermal-fluid flow characteristics in microchannel geometries with fractal hierarchies. The chosen fractal architectures in this study are observed to enhance the heat transfer due to the augmentation of surface area in the fractal branching networks of varying length-scales.
Monitoring What Matters: A Systematic Process for Selecting Training-Load Measures
Authors: Williams Sean , Trewartha Grant , Cross Matthew J. , Kemp Simon P.T. , Stokes Keith A. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:Numerous derivative measures can be calculated from the simple session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), a tool for monitoring training loads (eg, acute:chronic workload and cumulative loads). The challenge from a practitioner’s perspective is to decide which measures to calculate and monitor in athletes for injury-prevention purposes. The aim of the current study was to outline a systematic process of data reduction and variable selection for such training-load measures.Methods:Training loads were collected from 173 professional rugby union players during the 2013–14 English Premiership season, using the sRPE method, with injuries reported via an established surveillance system. Ten derivative measures of sRPE training load were identified from existing literature and subjected to principal-component analysis. A representative measure from each component was selected by identifying the variable that explained the largest amount of variance in injury risk from univariate generalized linear mixed-effects models.Results:Three principal components were extracted, explaining 57%, 24%, and 9% of the variance. The training-load measures that were highly loaded on component 1 represented measures of the cumulative load placed on players, component 2 was associated with measures of changes in load, and component 3 represented a measure of acute load. Four-week cumulative load, acute:chronic workload, and daily training load were selected as the representative measures for each component.Conclusions:The process outlined in the current study enables practitioners to monitor the most parsimonious set of variables while still retaining the variation and distinct aspects of “load” in the data.
The Acute Effect of Cryotherapy on Muscle Strength and Shoulder Proprioception
Authors: Torres Rui , Silva Filipa , Pedrosa Vera , Ferreira João , Lopes Alexandre 
Published: November 2016

Context:Cryotherapy, a common intervention used by clinicians, poses several benefits in managing acute injuries. However, cooling muscle tissue can interfere with muscular properties and the sensory-motor system.Objective:The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of cryotherapy with a crushed-ice pack on shoulder proprioception concerning joint position sense, force sense, the threshold for detecting passive movement, and maximal force production.Design:A randomized, double-blind controlled trial.Participants:48 healthy women aged 22.6 ± 0.4 y with a mean body mass index of 22.8 ±0.37 kg/m2 and a percentage of body fat of 15.4 ± 1.5%.Methods:In the experimental group, a crushed-ice pack was applied to the shoulder for 15 min, whereas participants in the control group applied a sandbag at skin temperature, also for 15 min. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess maximal voluntary contraction, force sense, joint position sense, and the threshold for detecting passive movement.Results:Paired sample t tests revealed that maximal voluntary isometric contraction decreased significantly after cryotherapy (P ≤ .001), or approximately 10% of the reduction found in both muscular groups assessed. Shoulder position sense (P < .001) and the threshold for detecting passive movement (P = .01 and P = .01 for lateral and medial shoulder rotator muscles, respectively) also suffered significant impairment. Nevertheless, no significant differences emerged in force sense at 20% and 50% of maximal force reproduction (P = .41 and P = .10 for lateral rotator muscles at 20% and 50%, respectively; and P = .20 and P = .09 for medial rotator muscles at 20% and 50%, respectively).Conclusion:Applying a crushed-ice pack to the shoulder for 15 min negatively affected muscle strength and impaired shoulder proprioception by decreasing joint position sense and the threshold for detecting passive movement.
Patient-Reported Efficacy 6 Months After a 4-Week Rehabilitation Intervention in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Wright Cynthia J. , Linens Shelley W. 
Published: November 2016

Objective:To track the patient-reported efficacy of a 4-wk intervention (wobble board [WB] or resistance tubing [RT]) in decreasing symptoms of chronic ankle instability (CAI) at 6 mo postintervention (6PI) as compared with immediately postintervention (IPI).Design:Randomized controlled trial.Participants:Fourteen of 21 participants (66.7%) responded to an electronic 6-m follow-up questionnaire (age 19.6 ± 0.9 y, height 1.63 ± 0.18 m, weight 70.5 ± 16.3 kg; 2 male, 12 female; 5 WB, 9 RT). All participants met CAI criteria at enrollment, including a history of ankle sprain and recurrent episodes of giving way.Interventions:Participants completed either RT or WB protocols, both 12 sessions over 4 wk of progressive exercise. WB sessions consisted of five 40-s sets of clockwise and counterclockwise rotations. RT sessions consisted of 30 contractions against resistance tubing in each of 4 ankle directions.Main Outcome Measurements:Patient-reported symptoms of “giving way” preintervention and at 6PI, global rating of change (GRC) frequencies at IPI and 6PI, and resprains at 6PI were reported descriptively. Changes in global rating of function (GRF) and giving way were compared using Wilcoxon tests, while GRC was compared with Fisher exact test.Results:All participants reported giving way preintervention, only 57.1% reported giving way at 6PI. Resprains occurred in 21.4% of participants. Giving-way frequency (P = .017), but not GRF or GRC (P > .05), was significantly different at IPI vs 6PI.Conclusions:Simple 4-wk interventions maintained some but not all improvements at 6PI. At least 42.9% of participants would no longer meet the current study’s CAI inclusion criteria due to a reduction in giving way.
Maturation-Related Effect of Low-Dose Plyometric Training on Performance in Youth Hockey Players
Authors: Moran Jason , Sandercock Gavin R.H. , Ramírez-Campillo Rodrigo , Todd Oliver , Collison Jay , Parry Dave A. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:The purpose of this intervention study was to investigate if a low-dose of plyometric training (PT) could improve sprint and jump performance in groups of different maturity status.Method:Male youth field hockey players were divided into Pre-PHV (from -1 to -1.9 from PHV; Experimental: n = 9; Control = 12) and Mid-PHV (0 to +0.9 from PHV; Experimental: n = 8; Control = 9) groups. Participants in the experimental groups completed 60 foot contacts, twice-weekly for 6 weeks.Results:PT exerted a positive effect (effect size: 0.4 [-0.4–1.2]) on 10 m sprint time in the experimental Mid-PHV group but this was less pronounced in the Pre-PHV group (0.1 [-0.6–0.9]). Sprint time over 30 m (Mid-PHV: 0.1 [-0.8–0.9]; Pre-PHV: 0.1 [-0.7–0.9]) and CMJ (Mid-PHV: 0.1 [-0.8–0.9]; Pre-PHV: 0.0 [-0.7–0.8]) was maintained across both experimental groups. Conversely, the control groups showed decreased performance in most tests at follow up. Between-group analysis showed positive effect sizes across all performance tests in the Mid-PHV group, contrasting with all negative effect sizes in the Pre-PHV group.Conclusion:These results indicate that more mature hockey players may benefit to a greater extent than less mature hockey players from a low-dose PT stimulus. Sixty foot contacts, twice per week, seems effective in improving short sprint performance in Mid-PHV hockey players.
Other Slow-Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Authors: Bittner Marvin J. , Preheim Laurel C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

The list of clinically important slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) continues to expand as new species are identified and older ones are found to be pathogenic. Based on pigment production, the strains may be classified as photochromogenic, scotochromogenic, or unpigmented. Some of these organisms are not newly discovered but have heretofore been considered virtually nonpathogenic. Previously, many were regarded as contaminants when isolated from clinical specimens. Ubiquitous in nature, many NTM have been isolated from groundwater or tap water, soil, house dust, domestic and wild animals, and birds. Most infections result from inhalation or direct inoculation from environmental sources. They are not spread from person to person. The infections may be localized or disseminated. In most cases, the optimal regimen or duration of therapy has not been firmly established. The results of
in vitro
susceptibility testing may be used to select a therapeutic regimen. Many experts recommend clarithromycin with companion drugs such as rifampin and ethambutol for most, but not all, slowly growing species. Aminoglycosides, clofazimine, fluoroquinolones, linezolid, pyrazinamide, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole also may be effective against some strains. Immunocompetent patients with clinically significant infections with NTM usually should receive 18 to 24 months of therapy. Infected immunocompromised patients, particularly those with disseminated infection, probably should receive therapy as long as their immune systems remain impaired. Some of the species discussed include
Mycobacterium alsiense
,
M. celatum
,
M. gordonae
,
M. haemophilum
,
M. kyorinense
,
M. malmoense
,
M. simiae
complex,
M. szulgai
,
M. terrae
complex,
M. ulcerans
, and
M. xenopi
.
Towards foveated rendering for gaze-tracked virtual reality
Authors: Patney Anjul , Salvi Marco , Kim Joohwan , Kaplanyan Anton , Wyman Chris , Benty Nir , Luebke David , Lefohn Aaron 
Published: November 2016

Foveated rendering
synthesizes images with progressively less detail outside the eye fixation region, potentially unlocking significant speedups for wide field-of-view displays, such as head mounted displays, where target framerate and resolution is increasing faster than the performance of traditional real-time renderers.

To study and improve potential gains, we designed a foveated rendering user study to evaluate the perceptual abilities of human peripheral vision when viewing today's displays. We determined that filtering peripheral regions reduces contrast, inducing a sense of tunnel vision. When applying a postprocess contrast enhancement, subjects tolerated up to 2× larger blur radius before detecting differences from a non-foveated ground truth. After verifying these insights on both desktop and head mounted displays augmented with high-speed gaze-tracking, we designed a
perceptual target
image to strive for when engineering a production foveated renderer.

Given our perceptual target, we designed a practical foveated rendering system that reduces number of shades by up to 70% and allows coarsened shading up to 30° closer to the fovea than Guenter et al. [2012] without introducing perceivable aliasing or blur. We filter both pre- and post-shading to address aliasing from undersampling in the periphery, introduce a novel multiresolution- and saccade-aware temporal antialising algorithm, and use contrast enhancement to help recover peripheral details that are resolvable by our eye but degraded by filtering.
We validate our system by performing another user study. Frequency analysis shows our system closely matches our perceptual target. Measurements of temporal stability show we obtain quality similar to temporally filtered non-foveated renderings.
Exploiting accelerators for efficient high dimensional similarity search
Authors: Agrawal Sandeep R. , Dee Christopher M. , Lebeck Alvin R. 
Published: November 2016

Similarity search finds the most similar matches in an object collection for a given query; making it an important problem across a wide range of disciplines such as web search, image recognition and protein sequencing. Practical implementations of High Dimensional Similarity Search (HDSS) search across billions of possible solutions for multiple queries in real time, making its performance and efficiency a significant challenge. Existing clusters and datacenters use commercial multicore hardware to perform search, which may not provide the optimal performance and performance per Watt.
This work explores the performance, power and cost benefits of using throughput accelerators like GPUs to perform similarity search for query cohorts even under tight deadlines. We propose optimized implementations of similarity search for both the host and the accelerator. Augmenting existing Xeon servers with accelerators results in a 3× improvement in throughput per machine, resulting in a more than 2.5× reduction in cost of ownership, even for discounted Xeon servers. Replacing a Xeon based cluster with an accelerator based cluster for similarity search reduces the total cost of ownership by more than 6× to 16× while consuming significantly less power than an ARM based cluster.
Articulation points guided redundancy elimination for betweenness centrality
Authors: Wang Lei , Yang Fan , Zhuang Liangji , Cui Huimin , Lv Fang , Feng Xiaobing 
Published: November 2016

Betweenness centrality (BC) is an important metrics in graph analysis which indicates critical vertices in large-scale networks based on shortest path enumeration. Typically, a BC algorithm constructs a shortest-path DAG for each vertex to calculate its BC score. However, for emerging real-world graphs, even the state-of-the-art BC algorithm will introduce a number of redundancies, as suggested by the existence of articulation points. Articulation points imply some common sub-DAGs in the DAGs for different vertices, but existing algorithms do not leverage such information and miss the optimization opportunity.
We propose a redundancy elimination approach, which identifies the common sub-DAGs shared between the DAGs for different vertices. Our approach leverages the articulation points and reuses the results of the common sub-DAGs in calculating the BC scores, which eliminates redundant computations. We implemented the approach as an algorithm with two-level parallelism and evaluated it on a multicore platform. Compared to the state-of-the-art implementation using shared memory, our approach achieves an average speedup of 4.6x across a variety of real-world graphs, with the traversal rates up to 45 ~ 2400 MTEPS (Millions of Traversed Edges per Second).
A wait-free queue as fast as fetch-and-add
Authors: Yang Chaoran , Mellor-Crummey John 
Published: November 2016

Concurrent data structures that have fast and predictable performance are of critical importance for harnessing the power of multicore processors, which are now ubiquitous. Although wait-free objects, whose operations complete in a bounded number of steps, were devised more than two decades ago, wait-free objects that can deliver scalable high performance are still rare.
In this paper, we present the first wait-free FIFO queue based on fetch-and-add (FAA). While compare-and-swap (CAS) based non-blocking algorithms may perform poorly due to work wasted by CAS failures, algorithms that coordinate using FAA, which is guaranteed to succeed, can in principle perform better under high contention. Along with FAA, our queue uses a custom epoch-based scheme to reclaim memory; on x86 architectures, it requires no extra memory fences on our algorithm's typical execution path. An empirical study of our new FAA-based wait-free FIFO queue under high contention on four different architectures with many hardware threads shows that it outperforms prior queue designs that lack a wait-free progress guarantee. Surprisingly, at the highest level of contention, the throughput of our queue is often as high as that of a microbenchmark that only performs FAA. As a result, our fast wait-free queue implementation is useful in practice on most multi-core systems today. We believe that our design can serve as an example of how to construct other fast wait-free objects.