bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sharma Manuj , Nazareth Irwin , Petersen Irene 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate trends in incident and prevalent diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its pharmacological treatment between 2000 and 2013.DesignAnalysis of longitudinal electronic health records in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care database.SettingUK primary care.ParticipantsIn total, we examined 8 838 031 individuals aged 0–99 years.Outcome measuresThe incidence and prevalence of T2DM between 2000 and 2013, and the effect of age, sex and social deprivation on these measures were examined. Changes in prescribing patterns of antidiabetic therapy between 2000 and 2013 were also investigated.ResultsOverall, 406 344 individuals had a diagnosis of T2DM, of which 203 639 were newly diagnosed between 2000 and 2013. The incidence of T2DM rose from 3.69 per 1000 person-years at risk (PYAR) (95% CI 3.58 to 3.81) in 2000 to 3.99 per 1000 PYAR (95% CI 3.90 to 4.08) in 2013 among men; and from 3.06 per 1000 PYAR (95% CI 2.95 to 3.17) to 3.73 per 1000 PYAR (95% CI 3.65 to 3.82) among women. Prevalence of T2DM more than doubled from 2.39% (95% CI 2.37 to 2.41) in 2000 to 5.32% (95% CI 5.30 to 5.34) in 2013. Being male, older, and from a more socially deprived area was strongly associated with having T2DM, (p<0.001). Prescribing changes over time reflected emerging clinical guidance and novel treatments. In 2013, metformin prescribing peaked at 83.6% (95% CI 83.4% to 83.8%), while sulfonylureas prescribing reached a low of 41.4% (95% CI 41.1% to 41.7%). Both remained, however, the most commonly used pharmacological treatments as first-line agents and add-on therapy. Thiazolidinediones and incretin based therapies (gliptins and GLP-1 analogues) were also prescribed as alternate add-on therapy options, however were rarely used for first-line treatment in T2DM.ConclusionsPrevalent cases of T2DM more than doubled between 2000 and 2013, while the number of incident cases increased more steadily. Changes in prescribing patterns observed may reflect the impact of national policies and prescribing guidelines on UK primary care.
School education, physical performance in late midlife and allostatic load: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hansen Åse M , Andersen Lars L , Mendes de Leon Carlos F , Bruunsgaard Helle , Lund Rikke 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe mechanisms underlying the social gradient in physical functioning are not fully understood. Cumulative physiological stress may be a pathway. The present study aimed to investigate the association between highest attained school education and physical performance in late midlife, and to determine to what extent cumulative physiological stress mediated these associations.MethodsThe study is based on data from the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB; n=5467 participants, aged 48–62 years, 31.5% women). School education was measured as highest examination passed in primary or secondary school (3 categories). Cumulative stress was operationalised as allostatic load (AL), and measured as the number of biological parameters (out of 14) in which participants scored in the poorest quartile. Physical performance included dynamic muscle performance (chair rise ability, postural balance, sagittal flexibility) and muscle strength (jump height, trunk extension and flexion, and handgrip strength).ResultsAmong women, higher school education was associated with better performance in all physical performance tests. Among men, higher school education was associated with better performance only in chair rise and jump height. AL partially mediated the association between school education and physical performance, and accounted only for 2–30% of the total effect among women. Similar results were observed among men for chair rise and jump height.ConclusionsThese results might indicate that AL plays a minor role in the association between school education and late midlife dynamic muscle performance in both men and women, and in muscle strength among women.
A multicentre, randomised controlled study of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium for the treatment of relapsed or resistant proliferative lupus nephritis: an Asian experience
Authors: Anutrakulchai Sirirat , Panaput Thanachai , Wongchinsri Jeerapat , Chaishayanon Somchai , Satirapoj Bancha , Traitanon Opas , Pima Warabhorn , Rukrung Chutima , Thinkhamrop Bandit , Avihingsanon Yingyos 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveThe optimal treatment of relapse or resistant lupus nephritis (LN) is still unclear. Mycophenolate might be an alternative therapy to avoid toxicities of cyclophosphamide (CYC). This study was aimed to compare enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) versus intravenous CYC as an induction therapy.MethodsThe study was a 12-month period of multicentre, open-labelled randomised controlled trial. Fifty-nine patients who had relapsed (36%) or who were resistant to previous CYC treatment (64%) and all who were biopsy-proven class III/IV, were randomised into CYC (n=32) and EC-MPS groups (n=27). The CYC group received intravenous CYC 0.5–1 g/m2monthly and the EC-MPS group was treated with EC-MPS 1440 mg/day for first 6 months. After induction therapy, both groups received EC-MPS 720 mg/day until the end of study at 12 months.ResultsThe study was prematurely terminated due to high rate of serious adverse events in CYC arm. Death and serious infections were observed more in the CYC group (15.6% in CYC and 3.5% in EC-MPS; p=0.04). The early discontinuation rates, mainly from serious infections, were significantly higher in CYC group (percentage differences of 16.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 32.4). At the 12th month, both arms were comparable in terms of complete and partial remission rates (68% CYC and 71% EC-MPS) and times to remission (96 days CYC and 97 days EC-MPS). Composites of unfavourable outcomes (death, doubling of serum creatinine, non-remission and intolerance to treatment) were 46.9% and 37% in CYC and EC-MPS (risk difference=9.84; p=0.44).ConclusionsEC-MPS may have comparable efficacy, but was better tolerated than CYC. EC-MPS should be an alternative choice of treatment for difficult-to-treat LN, particularly in CYC-experienced LN patients. Due to an early termination of the study, further clinical implementation could be cautiously used.Trial registration numberClinicaltrials.gov ID#NCT01015456.
The gas-sensing and structure properties of Fe-doped In2O3 nanotubes by electrospinning technique
Authors: Zhou Jing , Shen Hongzhi , Feng Guanlin , Xu Dapeng 
Published: January 2016

Fe-doped In2O3 nanotubes were successfully synthesized by electrospinning technique followed by subsequent heat treatment. The as-prepared samples appeared as an apparently open-end one-dimensional (1D) and tubular-like morphology with the diameter of approximately 150 nm and the wall thickness about 20 nm. The diffraction peak of the obtained nanotubes shifts toward bigger angle direction with the increase of the Fe content. Comparing to the In2O3 nanotubes, the Fe-doped In2O3 nanotubes exhibit better sensing characteristics toward ethanol gases, including higher sensing response, lower operating temperature and higher selectivity. Enhanced sensing properties are attributed to 1D hollow nanostructures and the role of doping Fe element.
Quem assinou o contrato com o Mídia Ninja?
Authors: Braighi Antônio Augusto 
Published: January 2016

<p>A partir do conceito de Contrato de Comunicação, analisa-se a dinâmica comunicativa do Mídia Ninja com os webespectadores. Antes, a noção da metáfora é colocada à prova, seguida de uma discussão teórica que evidencia os processos de validação e pré-validação de um discurso. O intuito é verificar, após uma análise descritiva do coletivo midiático, como se dão os processos de conformação da comunicação do mesmo para atender aos parâmetros da situação comunicativa. Problematizase ainda sobre a perspectiva da interlocução e da monolocução, e a influência destas no processo de validação. Reflexões e considerações são feitas ao final acerca da emergência do novo modelo de jornalismo apresentado pelo grupo e como ele se alinha com os intentos de um determinado público.</p>
Dramaturgia em processo
Authors: Monzon Ana Carolina 
Published: January 2016

<p>Este trabalho reflete sobre o panorama atual da dramaturgia contemporânea brasileira no que tange à crescente prática do ator autônomo no processo de criação. Para isso, utilizam-se como proposta três bases para a composição dramatúrgica, independentemente da forma ou linguagem escolhida pelo grupo de artistas: a escolha dos materiais, o processo criador inacabado e a dramaturgia do ator. A pesquisa reflete, ainda, sobre dois estilos de registro dramatúrgico: o registro do processo criador e o registro textual ou corpóreo das partituras compostas. Todos os apontamentos servem de suporte e reflexão para o caráter inacabado ou em constante processo da dramaturgia atual.</p>
A ação do lírico na dramaturgia contemporânea
Authors: Mendes Cleise Furtado 
Published: January 2016

<p>O artigo reavalia pressupostos de algumas teorias baseadas na “crise do drama” que se orientam, exclusivamente, pela presença de recursos épicos na dramaturgia moderna e contemporânea, propondo o exame das estratégias líricas recorrentes em novas formas de escrita dramatúrgica. Com exemplos da dramaturgia brasileira, o estudo sugere uma abordagem crítico-teórica que reconheça o papel estruturante dos procedimentos líricos para a reconfiguração da forma dramática e para a pluralidade discursiva que marca a produção atual.</p>
Inhibition of Thrombin With PPACK-Nanoparticles Restores Disrupted Endothelial Barriers and Attenuates Thrombotic Risk in Experimental Atherosclerosis
Authors: Palekar Rohun U. , Jallouk Andrew P. , Myerson Jacob W. , Pan Hua , Wickline Samuel A. 
Published: January 2016

Objective—
A role for thrombin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been suggested through clinical and experimental studies revealing a critical link between the coagulation system and inflammation. Although approved drugs for inhibition of thrombin and thrombin-related signaling have demonstrated efficacy, their clinical application to this end may be limited because of significant potential for bleeding side effects. Thus, we sought to implement a plaque-localizing nanoparticle-based approach to interdict thrombin-induced inflammation and hypercoagulability in atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—

We deployed a novel magnetic resonance spectroscopic method to quantify the severity of endothelial damage for correlation with traditional metrics of vessel procoagulant activity after dye-laser injury in fat-fed apolipoprotein E-null mice. We demonstrate that a 1-month course of treatment with antithrombin nanoparticles carrying the potent thrombin inhibitor PPACK (
d
-phenylalanyl-
l
-prolyl-
l
-arginyl chloromethylketone) nanoparticle (1) reduces the expression and secretion of proinflammatory and procoagulant molecules, (2) diminishes plaque procoagulant activity without the need for systemic anticoagulation, (3) rapidly restores disrupted vascular endothelial barriers, and (4) retards plaque progression in lesion-prone areas.

Conclusions—
These observations illustrate the role of thrombin as a pleiotropic atherogenic molecule under conditions of hypercholesterolemia and suggest the utility of its inhibition with locally acting antithrombin nanoparticle therapeutics as a rapid-acting anti-inflammatory strategy in atherosclerosis to reduce thrombotic risk.
Coagulation Factor XI Promotes Distal Platelet Activation and Single Platelet Consumption in the Bloodstream Under Shear Flow
Authors: Zilberman-Rudenko Jevgenia , Itakura Asako , Wiesenekker Chantal P. , Vetter Ralf , Maas Coen , Gailani David , Tucker Erik I. , Gruber András , Gerdes Christoph , McCarty Owen J.T. 
Published: January 2016

Objective—
Coagulation factor XI (FXI) has been shown to contribute to thrombus formation on collagen or tissue factor–coated surfaces in vitro and in vivo by enhancing thrombin generation. Whether the role of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation is restricted to the local site of thrombus formation is unknown. This study was aimed to determine whether FXI could promote both proximal and distal platelet activation and aggregate formation in the bloodstream.

Approach and Results—
Pharmacological blockade of FXI activation or thrombin activity in blood did not affect local platelet adhesion, yet reduced local platelet aggregation, thrombin localization, and fibrin formation on immobilized collagen and tissue factor under shear flow, ex vivo. Downstream of the thrombus formed on immobilized collagen or collagen and 10 pmol/L tissue factor, platelet CD62P expression, microaggregate formation, and progressive platelet consumption were significantly reduced in the presence of FXI function-blocking antibodies or a thrombin inhibitor in a shear rate– and time-dependent manner. In a non-human primate model of thrombus formation, we found that inhibition of FXI reduced single platelet consumption in the bloodstream distal to a site of thrombus formation.

Conclusions—
This study demonstrates that the FXI–thrombin axis contributes to distal platelet activation and procoagulant microaggregate formation in the blood flow downstream of the site of thrombus formation. Our data highlight FXI as a novel therapeutic target for inhibiting distal platelet consumption without affecting proximal platelet adhesion.
Characterization of Myocardial Repolarization Reserve in Adolescent Females With Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Padfield Gareth J. , Escudero Carolina A. , DeSouza Astrid M. , Steinberg Christian , Gibbs Karen , Puyat Joseph H. , Lam Pei Yoong , Sanatani Shubhayan , Sherwin Elizabeth , Potts James E. , Sandor George , Krahn Andrew D. 
Published: January 2016

Background—
Patients with anorexia nervosa exhibit abnormal myocardial repolarization and are susceptible to sudden cardiac death. Exercise testing is useful in unmasking QT prolongation in disorders associated with abnormal repolarization. We characterized QT adaptation during exercise in anorexia.

Methods and Results—

Sixty-one adolescent female patients with anorexia nervosa and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers performed symptom-limited cycle ergometry during 12-lead ECG monitoring. Changes in the QT interval during exercise were measured, and QT/RR-interval slopes were determined by using mixed-effects regression modeling. Patients had significantly lower body mass index than controls; however, resting heart rates and QT/QTc intervals were similar at baseline. Patients had shorter exercise times (13.7±4.5 versus 20.6±4.5 minutes;
P
<0.001) and lower peak heart rates (159±20 versus 184±9 beats/min;
P
<0.001). The mean QTc intervals were longer at peak exercise in patients (442±29 versus 422±19 ms;
P
<0.001). During submaximal exertion at comparable heart rates (114±6 versus 115±11 beats/min;
P
=0.54), the QTc interval had prolonged significantly more in patients than controls (37±28 versus 24±25 ms;
P
<0.016). The RR/QT slope, best described by a curvilinear relationship, was more gradual in patients than in controls (13.4; 95% confidence interval, 12.8–13.9 versus 15.8; 95% confidence interval, 15.3–16.4 ms QT change per 10% change in RR interval;
P
<0.001) and steepest in patients within the highest body mass index tertile versus the lowest (13.9; 95% confidence interval, 12.9–14.9 versus 12.3; 95% confidence interval, 11.3–13.3;
P
=0.026).

Conclusions—
Despite the absence of manifest QT prolongation, adolescent anorexic females have impaired repolarization reserve in comparison with healthy controls. Further study may identify impaired QT dynamics as a risk factor for arrhythmias in anorexia nervosa.
Full Expression of Cardiomyopathy Is Partly Dependent on B‐Cells: A Pathway That Involves Cytokine Activation, Immunoglobulin Deposition, and Activation of Apoptosis
Authors: Cordero‐Reyes Andrea M. , Youker Keith A. , Trevino Alejandro R. , Celis Rene , Hamilton Dale J. , Flores‐Arredondo Jose H. , Orrego Carlos M. , Bhimaraj Arvind , Estep Jerry D. , Torre‐Amione Guillermo 
Published: January 2016

Background

Limited information exists on the role of B‐cell‐dependent mechanisms in the progression of heart failure (
HF
). However, in failing human myocardium, there is evidence of deposition of activated complement components as well as anticardiac antibodies. We aimed to determine the contribution of B‐cells in
HF
progression using a nonsurgical mouse model of nonischemic cardiomyopathy (
CMP
).

Methods and Results

CMP
protocol involved the use of
l
‐
NAME
and NaCl in the drinking water and angiotensin‐
II
infusion for 35 days. At day 35, mice were analyzed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, gene expression, and histology. Mice (12 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups, all in C57
BL
/6 background: wild‐type (
WT
)
CMP
; severe combined immunodeficiency (
SCID
)
CMP
(T‐ and B‐cell deficient);
CD
22
−
CMP
(B‐cell depleted); and Nude
CMP
(T‐cell deficient), with their respective controls. We performed B‐cell depletion and reconstitution protocols. The protective effect of B‐cell depletion was demonstrated by a significant reduction of cell hypertrophy and collagen deposition and a preserved ejection fraction in the
CD
22
−
CMP
group compared to
WT CMP
. Once
SCID
mice underwent B‐cell reconstitution with isolated
CMP
B‐cells, the
CMP
phenotype was restored. Furthermore, deposition of IgG3 and apoptosis in the myocardium follows the development of
CMP
; in addition, in vitro studies demonstrated that activated B‐cells stimulate collagen production by cardiac fibroblasts.

Conclusions

The absence of B‐cells in this model of
HF
resulted in less hypertrophy and collagen deposition, preservation of left ventricular function, and, in association with these changes, a reduction in expression of proinflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulin G deposition, and apoptosis in the myocardium. Taken together, these data suggest that B‐cells play a contributory role in an angiotensin‐
II
‐induced
HF
model.
Determinants of Emergency Medical Services Utilization Among Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients in Hubei Province in China
Authors: Yin Xiaoxv , Yang Tingting , Gong Yanhong , Zhou Yanfeng , Li Wenzhen , Song Xingyue , Wang Mengdie , Hu Bo , Lu Zuxun 
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose—
Emergency medical services (EMS) can effectively shorten the prehospital delay for patients with acute ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate EMS utilization and its associated factors in patients with acute ischemic stroke in China.

Methods—
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1, 2014, to January 31, 2015, which included 2096 patients admitted for acute ischemic stroke from 66 hospitals in Hubei province in China. A multivariable stepwise logistic regression model was undertaken to identify the factors associated with EMS utilization.

Results—
Of the 2096 participants, only 323 cases (15.4%) used EMS. Those acute ischemic stroke patients who previously used EMS (odds ratio [OR] =9.8), whose National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was ≥10 (OR=3.7), who lived in urban communities (OR=2.5), who had sudden onset of symptoms (OR=2.4), who experienced their first stroke (OR=1.8), and who recognized initial symptom as stroke (OR=1.4) were more likely to use EMS. Additionally, when acute ischemic stroke patients’ stroke symptom were noticed first by others (OR=2.1), rather than by the patients, EMS was more likely to be used.

Conclusions—
A very low proportion of patients with acute ischemic stroke used the EMS in Hubei province in China. Considerable education programs are required regarding knowledge of potential symptoms and the importance of EMS for stroke.
Climate Model Biases in the Width of the Tropical Belt
Authors: Davis Nicholas , Birner Thomas 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Earth’s arid subtropics are situated at the edges of the tropical belt, which encircles the planet along the equator and covers half of its surface area. The climate of the tropical belt is strongly influenced by the Hadley cells, with their subsidence and easterly trade winds both sustaining the aridity at the belt’s edges. The understanding of Earth’s past, present, and future climates is contingent on understanding the dynamics influencing this region. An important but unanswered question is how realistically climate models reproduce the mean state of the tropical belt. This study augments the existing literature by examining the mean width and seasonality of the tropical belt in climate models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) and experiments from the second phase of the Chemistry–Climate Model Validation (CCMVal-2) activity of the Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (SPARC) project. While the models overall reproduce the structure of the tropical belt width’s seasonal cycle, they underestimate its amplitude and cannot consistently reproduce the seasonal cycle lag between the Northern Hemisphere Hadley cell edge and subtropical jet latitudes found in observations. Additionally, up to 50% of the intermodel variation in mean tropical belt width can be attributed to model horizontal resolution, with finer resolution leading to a narrower tropical belt. Finer resolution is associated with an equatorward shift and intensification of subtropical eddy momentum flux convergence, which via the Coriolis torque explains essentially all of the grid-size bias and a large fraction of the total intermodel variation in Hadley cell width.
Evaluation of ShARP Passive Rainfall Retrievals over Snow-Covered Land Surfaces and Coastal Zones
Authors: Ebtehaj Ardeshir M. , Bras Rafael L. , Foufoula-Georgiou Efi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUsing satellite measurements in microwave bands to retrieve precipitation over land requires proper discrimination of the weak rainfall signals from strong and highly variable background Earth surface emissions. Traditionally, land retrieval methods rely on a weak signal of rainfall scattering on high-frequency channels and make use of empirical thresholding and regression-based techniques. Because of the increased surface signal interference, retrievals over radiometrically complex land surfaces—snow-covered lands, deserts, and coastal areas—are particularly challenging for this class of retrieval techniques. This paper evaluates the results by the recently proposed Shrunken Locally Linear Embedding Algorithm for Retrieval of Precipitation (ShARP) using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The study focuses on a radiometrically complex region, partly covering the Tibetan highlands, Himalayas, and Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna River basins, which is unique in terms of its diverse land surface radiation regime and precipitation type, within the TRMM domain. Promising results are presented using ShARP over snow-covered land surfaces and in the vicinity of coastlines, in comparison with the land rainfall retrievals of the standard TRMM 2A12, version 7, product. The results show that ShARP can significantly reduce the rainfall overestimation due to the background snow contamination and markedly improve detection and retrieval of rainfall in the vicinity of coastlines. During the calendar year 2013, compared to TRMM 2A25, it is demonstrated that over the study domain the root-mean-square difference can be reduced up to 38% annually, while the improvement can reach up to 70% during the cold months of the year.