bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use and availability of legal and illegal drugs among Finnish 15-year-old students
Authors: Ahlström Salme , Haavisto Kari , Metso Leena , Tuovinen Eeva Liisa 
Published: January 2018

The article presents some Finnish results from a comparative survey (ESPAD) conducted among 15- to 16-year-old students in 1995 in 26 European countries. The focus is on the prevalence of the use of alcohol and other drugs, and on the relation between availability and use. In addition, the differences between metropolitan Helsinki and Finland as a whole are analysed. The Finnish results are compared with those of the neighbouring countries and the United Kingdom, where the prevalence of alcohol and substance use was among the highest in all ESPAD countries. The lifetime prevalence of drunkenness was very high (77 %). There were no differences between boys and girls. Metropolitan Helsinki students did not differ from students living elsewhere in their alcohol use. Boys re ported that they had consumed more alcohol on their last drinking occasion than girls. Mixing alcohol with pills was more common among girls than boys. A quarter of all girls had at least sometimes mixed alcohol and pills. The prevalence of illegal substance use was low (5 %). In metropolitan Helsinki there were markedly more girls who had used alcohol and pills together (32 %) and taken tranquillisers or sedatives (14 %) than in the whole of Finland (25 % and 6 %, respectively). The reported use of marijuana and hashish was more common in metropolitan Helsinki (14 %) than on average (5 %). The respondents found it very easy to get alcohol. The availability of a beverage was easier the wider its distribution network and the lower the minimum age for buying it. Of the other substances, inhalants (48 %) were assessed as the easiest to obtain, followed by tranquillisers and sedatives (21 %) and then by marijuana and hashish (14 %). Finland, together with the United Kingdom and Denmark, belongs to those ESPAD countries where the prevalence of drunkenness is highest, whereas the prevalence of illegal drug use in Finland is very low. The prevalence of mixing alcohol and pills was on the same level in Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Tranquillizers and Hypnotics-Sedatives as a Social Problem in Finland and Sweden
Authors: Schönberg Antti 
Published: January 2018

This paper documents debates over benzodiazepine-based tranquillizers and hypnotics-sedatives in Finland and Sweden during the period of 1981–1994. It looks at the emergence of benzodiazepine dependence as a social problem in medical journals, newspapers, magazines, and administrative documents. The paper analyses the role of the media, experts, authorities, the drug industry, and patient organizations in the claims-making process. It compares Finnish and Swedish cases and locates the position of patients as self-conscious actors in the debates. In Sweden there was genuine debate where physicians, medical authorities, and patient organizations took part. The public media had an important role in defining the status of the problem. The Finnish discussion was composed of single articles or debate articles, but did not form an interactive debate. Finnish authorities did not debate publicly with physicians or other actors. In the Swedish debate patients took part as self-conscious actors, while patients were missing from the Finnish debate. Finally, the author considers the change in actor relations in medicine, drug, and health politics, and concludes that it may be more and more difficult for the traditional actors to marginalize the patient.
Visual saliency detection for RGB-D images under a Bayesian framework
Authors: Wang Songtao , Zhou Zhen , Jin Wei , Qu Hanbing 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a saliency detection model for RGB-D images based on the deep features of RGB images and depth images within a Bayesian framework. By analysing 3D saliency in the case of RGB images and depth images, the class-conditional mutual information is computed for measuring the dependence of deep features extracted using a convolutional neural network; then, the posterior probability of the RGB-D saliency is formulated by applying Bayes’ theorem. By assuming that deep features are Gaussian distributions, a discriminative mixed-membership naive Bayes (DMNB) model is used to calculate the final saliency map. The Gaussian distribution parameters can be estimated in the DMNB model by using a variational inference-based expectation maximization algorithm. The experimental results on RGB-D images from the NLPR dataset and NJU-DS400 dataset show that the proposed model performs better than other existing models.
A SNP resource for studying North American moose
Authors: Kalbfleisch Theodore S. , Murdoch Brenda M. , Smith Timothy P. L. , Murdoch James D. , Heaton Michael P. , McKay Stephanie D. 
Published: January 2018

Background: Moose (Alces alces) colonized the North American continent from Asia less than 15,000 years ago, and spread across the boreal forest regions of Canada and the northern United States (US). Contemporary populations have low genetic diversity, due either to low number of individuals in the original migration (founder effect), and/or subsequent population bottlenecks in North America. Genetic tests based on informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are helpful in forensic and wildlife conservation activities, but have been difficult to develop for moose, due to the lack of a reference genome assembly and whole genome sequence (WGS) data. Methods: WGS data were generated for four individual moose from the US states of Alaska, Idaho, Wyoming, and Vermont with minimum and average genome coverage depths of 14- and 19-fold, respectively. Cattle and sheep reference genomes were used for aligning sequence reads and identifying moose SNPs. Results: Approximately 11% and 9% of moose WGS reads aligned to cattle and sheep genomes, respectively. The reads clustered at genomic segments, where sequence identity between these species was greater than 95%. In these segments, average mapped read depth was approximately 19-fold. Sets of 46,005 and 36,934 high-confidence SNPs were identified from cattle and sheep comparisons, respectively, with 773 and 552 of those having minor allele frequency of 0.5 and conserved flanking sequences in all three species. Among the four moose, heterozygosity and allele sharing of SNP genotypes were consistent with decreasing levels of moose genetic diversity from west to east. A minimum set of 317 SNPs, informative across all four moose, was selected as a resource for future SNP assay design. Conclusions: All SNPs and associated information are available, without restriction, to support development of SNP-based tests for animal identification, parentage determination, and estimating relatedness in North American moose.
Measuring young people’s citizenship activity
Authors: Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz Beata , Zalewska Anna M. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this article we present a different approach to citizenship research and understanding, with a focus on the citizenship model described by Zalewska and Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz in a study included in this thematic issue of CTL. The model developed by Zalewska and Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz consists of eight types of citizenship behaviour defined in three dimensions: (1) passive citizenship (including national identity and patriotism); (2) semi-active citizenship (civic virtues and loyalty); and (3) active citizenship (political, social, personal and change-oriented activity). A 34-question Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) was used to evaluate students’ citizenship behaviours on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Research was conducted in fourteen European countries with a total sample of 4920 students aged 11–12 (early adolescence, 1526 students), 14–15 (middle adolescence, 1675 students) and 17–18 (late adolescence, 1719 students), consisting of 2502 girls and 2418 boys living in cities (2300) and towns (2620). Details of the research procedure and research team and comparison between countries are also presented.
Young people’s citizenship activity in times of change: Case of Russia
Authors: Nizovskikh Nina , Vtyurina Tatiana , Mitina Olga 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The Russian Federation is the historical successor to previous forms of statehood, which has more than a 1000 years of history. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to fundamental changes in the sociopolitical sphere, in the economy, and in the social structure of the country. Civic education in Russia in times of change also undergoes some changes, but at the same time retains many of the traditions established by predecessors. The article presents the results of a study of civic engagement of young Russians. The study was conducted in 2014 using a questionnaire by Zalewska and Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz to study the civic activity of schoolchildren. The participants of the study (n=433) live in one of the Russian regional centres and in the small settlements of this area. Overall, 234 girls and 199 boys aged 11−18 took part in the study. This empirical study has revealed that age is the most important factor that determines the differences in the civic activity of young people. To some extent the indicators of civic activity depend on the gender and place of residence of the respondents. Semi-active and passive citizenship of young people is most pronounced, whereas active citizenship has lower indicators. The authors argue that development of civic consciousness and cultivation of historical memory for understanding the past and building the future with regard to spiritual values of their own people are essential for the development of civic activity in the youth.
Synchronic responsibility: A commentary on Walter J. Ong’s work on time consciousness
Authors: Petricini Tiffany 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article is a commentary on Walter Ong’s scholarship on time consciousness, investigating the human consciousness of time as it relates to knowledge, orality and literacy. Time consciousness in the age of electronically mediated communication is both embodied and synchronic, yet vestiges of older ontologies persist rhetorically. This article outlines the clash between these ontologies and the problems that have arisen in the current age. The goal is to open the text to scholars and readers for heuristic value to prompt further investigation.
Such is art: Reflections on the role of the arts in education and therapy
Authors: Ross Malcolm 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this personal article I reflect on my practice as an arts teacher. In my teaching I focus on the making and appreciation of the arts, meeting, as I see it, the individual student’s hunger for personal meaning. The essence of entering into the formative conversations of art making and art loving is to place those conversations within Winnicott’s ‘potential space’ of play. Citing the testimony of poets and other writers I look at the complementary roles of artist-teacher and artist-therapist in drawing the client and the student into a first-hand experience of personal truth: in the re-making of their subjective worlds Otherwise.
Exploring the impact on the health and well-being of young adults’ participation in ‘The Club’
Authors: Manship Sharon 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This study explores the impact of creative arts on the health and well-being of six selected young adults who participated in productions at a performance and entertainment venture (‘The Club’). The qualitative design incorporates in-depth interviews with performers and producers to uncover their stories and experiences, from which key themes are drawn. The study uncovers a number of physical, mental and psychosocial benefits, including empowerment, the learning of new skills, creating and maintaining positive relationships, enhanced confidence and resilience, opportunities for self-expression, and engagement in meaningful activities. Challenges to well-being are also elicited regarding the sometimes negative impact of creative roles on health and well-being. The findings align with evidence from previous studies about the benefits of creative arts in terms of health and well-being promotion. Suggestions for community-based interventions incorporating creative arts are made, including the need for further research in this area.
Art and intellectual disability: Exploratory evaluation of the diARTE programme
Authors: Vega Blanca Galván , Saavedra Javier 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The present work offers an exploratory evaluation of the possible benefits of the diARTE programme. This programme was applied to a group of adults with mild intellectual disability (ID) and/or learning disorders from a pre-working centre in Seville (Spain). The intervention was characterized by the use of different artistic disciplines in order to improve their social skills. It was applied in eight sessions, each of them two hours long, for two months. Data on the possible benefits of the intervention were obtained in two ways: observation and interviews. Results suggest that there were improvements in self-knowledge and verbal and non-verbal ability, and learning and assimilation of artistic resources in order to deal with emotional situations.
Biharmonic hypersurfaces in 5-dimensional non-flat space forms
Authors: Gupta Ram Shankar , Deepika  , Sharfuddin A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We prove that every biharmonic hypersurface having constant higher order mean curvature Hr
for r > 2 in a space form
M

5(c) is of constant mean curvature. In particular, every such biharmonic hypersurface in 𝕊5(1) has constant mean curvature. There exist no such compact proper biharmonic isoparametric hypersurfaces M in 𝕊5(1) with four distinct principal curvatures. Moreover, there exist no proper biharmonic hypersurfaces in hyperbolic space ℍ5 or in E
5 having constant higher order mean curvature Hr
for r > 2.
The conjugacy locus of Cayley–Salmon lines
Authors: Chipalkatti Jaydeep 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGiven six points on a conic, Pascal’s theorem gives rise to a configuration called thehexagrammum mysticum. It contains 20 Steiner points and 20 Cayley–Salmon lines. By a classical theorem due to von Staudt, the Steiner points fall into 10 conjugate pairs with reference to the conic; but this is not true of the C-S lines for a general choice of six points. We show that the C-S lines are pairwise conjugate precisely when the original sextuple istri-symmetric. The variety of tri-symmetric sextuples turns out to be arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay of codimension two. We determine its SL2-equivariant minimal resolution.
Determination of Elastic Parameters of Near-Surface Layers Over Subsidence Trough Development During Longwall Exploitation
Authors: Mendecki Maciej J. , Jochymczyk Krzysztof , Zuberek Wacław M. , Tomaszewska Radosława 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Seismic and geodetic studies were carried out before, during, and after underground exploitation of a coal bed in Katowice - Kleofas Coal Mine, located in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland. Development of a subsidence trough was completed approximately 3 months after passage of a longwall exploitation in the coal seam. This was the time required for the subsidence trough to appear on the surface, which was confirmed by levelling measurements. Sharp changes in the elastic parameters were observed on each profile during subsidence trough development. This observation can result from changing tension and compression forces caused by increase and/or decrease of the elastic parameters of the rock mass. After completion of subsidence trough development, the rock mass appeared to return to its isotropic state and the observed changes ceased. Some minor fluctuations were noted, but they probably resulted from changes in groundwater levels, which might have affected the measured parameters.
Thermal Analysis of Solid Fuels in an Inert Atmosphere
Authors: Kijo-Kleczkowska Agnieszka , Szumera Magdalena , Środa Katarzyna 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The paper takes the analysis of thermal studies of different types of fuels. It allowed diversification of fuels depending on their composition and origin. Consideration of coal, biomass and waste (coal mule, sewage sludge) as fuel is nowadays an important aspect of energy in our country. It should be emphasized that Poland power engineering is based up to 95% on coal - the primary fuel. Mining industry, forced to deliver power engineering more and better fuel, must however, use a deeper cleaning of coal. This results in a continuous increase waste in the form of mule flotation. The best method of disposing these mule is combustion and co-combustion with other fuels. On the other hand, commonly increasing awareness state of the environment and the need to reduce CO2 emissions energy industry have committed to implement alternative solutions in order to gain power, through, i.a.: development technologies use of biomass, which is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in Poland. The paper presents the results of research TG-DTA fuels made in an inert atmosphere.
Laboratory Investigations of Stationary Methane Anemometer
Authors: Kruczkowski Janusz , Krawczyk Jerzy , Ostrogórski Piotr 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a new stationary device that can perform simultaneous measurements of air flow velocity and methane concentration in a mine heading (stationary methane anemometer). The test station is designed to use the instrument to test the effect of various parameters on the air-methane stream. The air velocities and methane concentrations were fed to the measuring area via an injector and recorded. The results present numerical simulations of flow phenomena that occurred during measurement experiments.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Estimation of the Single-Number Sound Absorption Evaluation Index DLα
Authors: Batko Wojciech , Pawlik Paweł , Wszołek Grazyna 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Acoustic barriers are assigned to the respective categories of sound absorbing properties on the basis of a single-number sound absorption evaluation index. Categories of absorbing properties play a significant role in selecting the barrier type for the given localisation. The estimation of the single-number sound absorption evaluation index is performed, among others, by means of measuring the sound absorption coefficient of the analysed acoustic barrier sample in the reverberation chamber. The sensitivity analysis of the determination of the single-number sound absorption evaluation index was performed in this work. The estimation of the input parameters uncertainty contribution to the expanded uncertainty of the sound absorption evaluation index, was done first. The Monte Carlo method and the reduction interval arithmetic were used for this aim. The relative sensitivity coefficients were determined by means of the author’s method based on the interval arithmetic. These coefficients contain information concerning the quantitative influence of the given input value on the final result.
the Interaction of Resonance And Bragg Scattering Effects for the Locally Resonant Phononic Crystal with Alternating Elastic and Fluid Matrices
Authors: Yuan Bo , Chen Yong , Jiang Min , Tang Shuai , He Miao , Tu Minglin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) locally resonant phononic crystals (LRPCs) are studied with the aim of optimising the sub-wavelength band gaps of such composites. By analysing their effective acoustic properties, it has been found that the effective acoustic speed of the composite will drop to zero when local resonance arise, and will increase monotonically when Bragg scattering effects occur. Moreover, if the matrix is a low-shear-speed medium, local resonators can significantly reduce the effective acoustic speed of the composite and, therefore, lower the frequency where Bragg scattering effects occur. Hence, a specific LRPC with alternating elastic and fluid matrices is proposed, whose resonance and Bragg gaps are already close in frequency. The fluid matrix behaves as a wave filter, which prevents the shear waves from propagating in the composite. By using the layer-multiple-scattering theory, the coupling behaviour of local resonance and Bragg scattering band gaps has been investigated. Both gaps are enhanced when they move closer to each other. Finally, a gap-coupled case is obtained that displays a broad sub-wavelength band gap. Such proposal excels at the application of underwater acoustic materials since the arrangement of structure can be handily adjusted for tuning the frequency of coupled gap.
Using PWE/FE Method to Calculate the Band Structures of the Semi-Infinite PCs: Periodic in x–y Plane and Finite in z -direction
Authors: Qian Denghui , Shi Zhiyu 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of semi-infinite phononic crystal (PC) on account of the infinite periodicity in x-y plane and finiteness in z-direction. The plane wave expansion and finite element methods are coupled and formulized to calculate the band structures of the proposed periodic elastic composite structures based on the typical geometric properties. First, the coupled plane wave expansion and finite element (PWE/FE) method is applied to calculate the band structures of the Pb/rubber, steel/epoxy and steel/aluminum semi-infinite PCs with cylindrical scatters. Then, it is used to calculate the band structure of the Pb/rubber semi-infinite PC with cubic scatter. Last, the band structure of the rubbercoated Pb/epoxy three-component semi-infinite PC is calculated by the proposed method. Besides, all the results are compared with those calculated by the finite element (FE) method implemented by adopting COMSOL Multiphysics. Numerical results and further analysis demonstrate that the proposed PWE/FE method has strong applicability and high accuracy.
Fairness im Stellenabbau als Ausgangsbedingung für arbeitsmarktpolitische Beratung
Authors: Mühge Gernot 
Published: January 2018

ZusammenfassungDie arbeitsmarktpolitische Beratung und Unterstützung von Beschäftigten, die durch Restrukturierungen ihre Stelle verlieren, stellt besondere Anforderungen. Auf der einen Seite gelten sie aufgrund ihrer nahen Berufserfahrung als gut vermittelbar, auf der anderen Seite erschweren die mit dem Arbeitsplatzverlust verbundenen psycho-sozialen Belastungsfaktoren die Aufnahme einer neuen Beschäftigung. Der Artikel untersucht auf Basis quantitativer Daten das Führungsverhalten von Arbeitgebern in Krisenzeiten als Kontextfaktor für die Effektivität arbeitsmarktpolitischer Beratung. Sein zentraler Befund ist, dass mangelnde prozedurale Gerechtigkeit und kommunikative Fairness des Arbeitgebers die belastende Wirkung des Stellenverlusts erhöhen und den Zugang zu arbeitsmarktpolitischen Beratungsangeboten erschweren.
Visual Representation of Urban Environment: Microraioni of Riga in Soviet Cinematography
Authors: Matvejs Jānis 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The aim of this article is to interpret the discourse of residential areas of Riga through the films of the Soviet period and to examine essential changes in residential structure. Specific image of cinematic formal techniques is used in relation to the urban. The results of movie review are compared with changes in the residential development between 1945–1990. 124 movies display that residential areas are frequently portrayed in the Soviet cinema and they form an integral part of the Soviet urban perception.
First record of Physarum spectabile (Myxomycetes) in Russia
Authors: Gmoshinskiy Vladimir I. , Buchtoyarova Natalya Yu. , Matveev Andrey V. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPhysarum spectabile is reported from the Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Nelidovsky district, Tver region), new to Russia. The short description of ecology and distribution of this rare species is provided. The morphology of the fruit bodies (sporocarps) of the species was examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and images of relevant details are included.