bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La diffusion globale du budget participatif : le rôle des « ambassadeurs » de la participation et des institutions internationales
Authors: Porto de Oliveira Osmany 
Published: June 2016

L’expérience de participation sociale à Porto Alegre – le budget participatif (BP) – créée sous le gouvernement progressiste du Parti des Travailleurs, en 1989, est de nos jours l’une des pratiques les plus répandues au monde. Ce dispositif est présent dans environ 2 800 municipalités selon le dernier recensement. Or, dans la littérature produite sur le BP, les modalités de cette diffusion globale restent imparfaitement éclairées. Comment le BP est-il passé d’une expérience locale à un objet de diffusion massive et d’appropriations multiples ? Quel a été le rôle des acteurs internationaux ? Dans quelle mesure le projet initial du BP à Porto Alegre a-t-il été transformé dans le processus de circulation internationale ? Cet article a pour objectif de répondre à ces questions. À la croisée de l’analyse des politiques publiques et des études des relations internationales, l’argument soutenu dans cet article défend, d’une part, que l’action d’un ensemble d’individus, appelés « ambassadeurs de la participation », a été une condition nécessaire pour introduire le BP dans l’agenda international. D’autre part, des institutions internationales, comme le Forum social mondial, l’ONU, l’Union européenne et la Banque mondiale ont été fondamentales pour amplifier cette diffusion à l’échelle globale. Cet article est basé sur des matériaux recueillis à partir d’une enquête de terrain transnationale multisituée réalisée dans neuf pays.
Vers un standard participatif mondial ? Enjeux, conditions et limites de la standardisation internationale de la participation publique
Authors: Mazeaud Alice , Nonjon Magali 
Published: June 2016

Consacré à l’étude de l’Association internationale pour la participation publique (IAP2), cet article se propose d’analyser les enjeux, les modalités, les conditions et les limites de la standardisation internationale de l’ingénierie participative, des outils et des savoir-faire participatifs. En première lecture, le travail réalisé par cette association pour standardiser, codifier et diffuser des valeurs et des outils de la participation publique mobilisables partout dans le monde semble illustrer la standardisation et l’internationalisation croissante de l’ingénierie participative. En deuxième lecture, l’activité d’IAP2 révèle la fragilité de ce processus : d’une part, le brouillage entre une logique de diffusion et de marchandisation de ces standards est source de tensions et, d’autre part, la communauté des professionnels de la participation demeure fragmentée, concurrentielle et faiblement internationalisée.
Du rôle de l’internationalisation dans la circulation des dispositifs participatifs. Le cas de l’Agenda 21 local en Turquie
Authors: Yalçın-Riollet Melike 
Published: June 2016

La mise en œuvre de l’Agenda 21 local est à l’origine de la constitution de la démocratie locale participative en problème en Turquie à partir de la fin des années 1990. L’article retrace les étapes du passage de l’international au national de cette innovation. Il s’interroge sur les mécanismes concrets de circulation des pratiques et discours participatifs en mettant l’accent sur différents processus d’internationalisation qui la rendent possible.
Modèle ou mirage ? Circulation et réappropriation de la politique régionale participative toscane
Authors: O’Miel Julien 
Published: June 2016

Cet article s’intéresse aux processus de circulations transnationales et de réappropriations locales de politiques publiques. Il analyse, à partir de l’étude de la fabrique de la politique de démocratie participative du Conseil régional de Toscane, l’engagement local d’experts internationalisés, et la façon dont ils introduisent et intéressent les réformateurs locaux à des références étrangères. Les alliances nouées entre experts et acteurs locaux contribuent par la suite à faire circuler la politique à l’international. Pourtant, la promotion internationale de cette politique publique n’entraîne pas mécaniquement sa réappropriation locale par d’autres collectivités. Le cas des relations nouées entre le Conseil régional de la Toscane et celui du Nord-Pas-de-Calais – et notamment d’un voyage d’études – montre comment, au gré des interactions et au regard des contraintes politiques qui pèsent sur les acteurs nordistes, la politique toscane ne leur sert finalement pas de « modèle » dans la production de leur propre politique publique.
L’Europe centrale à l’épreuve de l’autoritarisme
Authors: Mink Georges 
Published: June 2016

En 2010, le virage autoritaire de la Hongrie a pu être perçu comme une parenthèse qui allait se refermer rapidement. En réalité, le modèle de « démocratie illibérale » instauré par Viktor Orban a fait des émules. Le Polonais Jaroslav Kaczynski s’en inspire ouvertement. Il estime qu’en deux mandats, il pourra faire table rase de la III e République et ancrer son nouveau modèle. Face à ce tournant autoritaire, les sociétés civiles tentent de se mobiliser.
Extrémismes, populismes et nationalismes à l’assaut de l’Europe
Authors: Giuliani Jean-Dominique 
Published: June 2016

Inachevée, la construction européenne se trouve confrontée à une triple vague d’extrémisme, de populisme et de nationalisme. Le phénomène n’est plus nouveau, mais son ampleur devient préoccupante : détournement des procédures référendaires, approches du pouvoir dans plusieurs pays. Ceci, même si ces mouvements n’ont pas produit de bouleversement dans les politiques, ni les institutions européennes. Ces dernières ont manifesté leur résilience, se montrant plus solides que prévu.
Le Hezbollah et la guerre en Syrie
Authors: Cimino Matthieu 
Published: June 2016

Depuis 2013, la projection de forces a succédé aux missions de conseil du Hezbollah sur le territoire syrien. Au service d’intérêts communs avec l’Iran, elle a eu un rôle militaire décisif. Cet engagement a de profonds effets sur l’identité et les structures du Hezbollah : organisation militaire et politique, rapports avec les autres communautés religieuses… En dépit d’un large rejet sunnite, le parti tente de se présenter aujourd’hui comme un rempart régional et a-confessionnel contre Daech.
L’Afrique du Sud, « bon citoyen nucléaire international » ?
Authors: Maitre Emmanuelle 
Published: June 2016

Depuis la destruction de son arsenal nucléaire, l’Afrique du Sud revendique un statut de « bon citoyen nucléaire international », validé par son engagement dans le régime de non-prolifération. Pretoria joue ainsi un rôle de bridge-builder entre les États dotés et les États non dotés, et lors des crises de prolifération. Des infléchissements récents soulèvent des doutes sur ce positionnement : un glissement qui risque d’être dommageable pour la diplomatie nucléaire sud-africaine.
Surfactant Protein A Prevents IFN-γ/IFN-γ Receptor Interaction and Attenuates Classical Activation of Human Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Minutti Carlos M. , García-Fojeda Belén , Sáenz Alejandra , de las Casas-Engel Mateo , Guillamat-Prats Raquel , de Lorenzo Alba , Serrano-Mollar Anna , Corbí Ángel L. , Casals Cristina 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important function in modulating inflammation in the lung. However, the exact role of SP-A and the mechanism by which SP-A affects IFN-γ–induced activation of alveolar macrophages (aMϕs) remains unknown. To address these questions, we studied the effect of human SP-A on rat and human aMϕs stimulated with IFN-γ, LPS, and combinations thereof and measured the induction of proinflammatory mediators as well as SP-A’s ability to bind to IFN-γ or IFN-γR1. We found that SP-A inhibited (IFN-γ + LPS)–induced TNF-α, iNOS, and CXCL10 production by rat aMϕs. When rat macrophages were stimulated with LPS and IFN-γ separately, SP-A inhibited both LPS-induced signaling and IFN-γ–elicited STAT1 phosphorylation. SP-A also decreased TNF-α and CXCL10 secretion by ex vivo–cultured human aMϕs and M-CSF–derived macrophages stimulated by either LPS or IFN-γ or both. Hence, SP-A inhibited upregulation of IFN-γ–inducible genes (CXCL10, RARRES3, and ETV7) as well as STAT1 phosphorylation in human M-CSF–derived macrophages. In addition, we found that SP-A bound to human IFN-γ (KD = 11 ± 0.5 nM) in a Ca2+-dependent manner and prevented IFN-γ interaction with IFN-γR1 on human aMϕs. We conclude that SP-A inhibition of (IFN-γ + LPS) stimulation is due to SP-A attenuation of both inflammatory agents and that the binding of SP-A to IFN-γ abrogates IFN-γ effects on human macrophages, suppressing their classical activation and subsequent inflammatory response.
Plasticity of Th17 Cells in Autoimmune Kidney Diseases
Authors: Krebs Christian F. , Turner Jan-Eric , Paust Hans-Joachim , Kapffer Sonja , Koyro Tobias , Krohn Sonja , Ufer Friederike , Friese Manuel A. , Flavell Richard A. , Stockinger Brigitta , Steinmetz Oliver M. , Stahl Rolf A. K. , Huber Samuel , Panzer Ulf 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into pathogenic Th1 and Th17 or protective T regulatory cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Recent data suggest that CD4+ T cell subsets display a considerable plasticity. This plasticity seems to be a critical factor for their pathogenicity, but also for the potential transition of pathogenic effector T cells toward a more tolerogenic phenotype. The aim of the current study was to analyze the plasticity of Th17 cells in a mouse model of acute crescentic glomerulonephritis and in a mouse chronic model of lupus nephritis. By transferring in vitro generated, highly purified Th17 cells and by using IL-17A fate reporter mice, we demonstrate that Th17 cells fail to acquire substantial expression of the Th1 and Th2 signature cytokines IFN-γ and IL-13, respectively, or the T regulatory transcription factor Foxp3 throughout the course of renal inflammation. In an attempt to therapeutically break the stability of the Th17 phenotype in acute glomerulonephritis, we subjected nephritic mice to CD3-specific Ab treatment. Indeed, this treatment induced an immunoregulatory phenotype in Th17 cells, which was marked by high expression of IL-10 and attenuated renal tissue damage in acute glomerulonephritis. In summary, we show that Th17 cells display a minimum of plasticity in acute and chronic experimental glomerulonephritis and introduce anti-CD3 treatment as a tool to induce a regulatory phenotype in Th17 cells in the kidney that may be therapeutically exploited.
Constitutive Lck Activity Drives Sensitivity Differences between CD8+ Memory T Cell Subsets
Authors: Moogk Duane , Zhong Shi , Yu Zhiya , Liadi Ivan , Rittase William , Fang Victoria , Dougherty Janna , Perez-Garcia Arianne , Osman Iman , Zhu Cheng , Varadarajan Navin , Restifo Nicholas P. , Frey Alan B. , Krogsgaard Michelle 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
CD8+ T cells develop increased sensitivity following Ag experience, and differences in sensitivity exist between T cell memory subsets. How differential TCR signaling between memory subsets contributes to sensitivity differences is unclear. We show in mouse effector memory T cells (TEM) that &gt;50% of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) exists in a constitutively active conformation, compared with &lt;20% in central memory T cells (TCM). Immediately proximal to Lck signaling, we observed enhanced Zap-70 phosphorylation in TEM following TCR ligation compared with TCM. Furthermore, we observed superior cytotoxic effector function in TEM compared with TCM, and we provide evidence that this results from a lower probability of TCM reaching threshold signaling owing to the decreased magnitude of TCR-proximal signaling. We provide evidence that the differences in Lck constitutive activity between CD8+ TCM and TEM are due to differential regulation by SH2 domain–containing phosphatase-1 (Shp-1) and C-terminal Src kinase, and we use modeling of early TCR signaling to reveal the significance of these differences. We show that inhibition of Shp-1 results in increased constitutive Lck activity in TCM to levels similar to TEM, as well as increased cytotoxic effector function in TCM. Collectively, this work demonstrates a role for constitutive Lck activity in controlling Ag sensitivity, and it suggests that differential activities of TCR-proximal signaling components may contribute to establishing the divergent effector properties of TCM and TEM. This work also identifies Shp-1 as a potential target to improve the cytotoxic effector functions of TCM for adoptive cell therapy applications.
Usos político-partidistas en cuentas de Twitter de administraciones públicas
Authors: Vázquez Sande Pablo 
Published: June 2016

La comunicación institucional y la comunicación política deberían tener cauces de difusión separados pero, adoptando la hipótesis de la normalización, en las redes sociales también se refleja la tendencia al indebido uso partidista de los canales institucionales. Metodología: Este estudio analiza las publicaciones en Twitter de 40 cuentas institucionales españolas distribuidas equitativamente entre cuatro niveles territoriales (estatal, autonómico, provincial y local). Se trata de una investigación cualitativa con un método exploratorio en el que se ha empleado fundamentalmente el análisis de contenido. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados verifican la hipótesis de que se están dando usos propagandísticos y partidistas desde estas cuentas institucionales con una decena de tendencias que reflejan una gran preocupación por la proyección de los políticos en tanto que agentes de un partido. Por tanto, se consolida en este nuevo canal la confusión de estos dos planos, ya advertida en investigaciones previas con respecto a las salas de prensa online de una institución (García Orosa y Vázquez Sande, 2012).
Hoe zaagt men van dik hout planken?
Authors: Kalis Annemarie 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Do Heidegger-teabags give philosophy a bad name? An essay about philosophy for the general public

Among many academic philosophers, philosophy for the general public has a bad reputation. In this paper I give an overview of the main points of criticism, and use these to develop a positive account of what good philosophy for the general public could be. As a first step towards such an account, I outline different views on how philosophy for the general public can relate to academic philosophy. Subsequently, I argue that what makes philosophy for the general public ‘good’, is just what makes philosophical work in general ‘good’: good philosophical work has a philosophical aim, employs philosophical methods and employs these methods in a sound way. Finally I argue that communicability of philosophical ideas should not be seen as a bonus feature but as the sine qua non of philosophical thinking: if academic philosophy paid more attention to communicability, we might not even need a distinct discipline of philosophy for the general public. I conclude with some concrete suggestions for improving such communicability.
Diurnal variation of tropospheric relative humidity in tropical regions
Authors: Moradi Isaac , Arkin Philip , Ferraro Ralph , Eriksson Patrick , Fetzer Eric 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Despite the importance of water vapor especially in the tropical region, the diurnal variations of water vapor have not been completely investigated in the past due to the lack of adequate observations. Measurements from Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) onboard the low inclination Megha-Tropiques satellite with frequent daily revisits provide a valuable dataset for investigating the diurnal and spatial variation of tropospheric relative humidity in the tropical region. In this study, we first transformed SAPHIR observations into layer-averaged relative humidity, then partitioned the data based on local observation time into 24 bins with a grid resolution of one degree. Afterwards, we fitted Fourier series to the binned data. Finally, the mean, amplitude, and diurnal peak time of relative humidity in tropical regions were calculated for each grid point using either the measurements or Fourier series. The results were separately investigated for different SAPHIR channels as well as for relative humidity with respect to both liquid and ice phases. The results showed that the wet and dry regions are, respectively, associated with convective and subsidence regions which is consistent with the previous studies. The mean tropospheric humidity values reported in this study are generally 10 to 15 % higher than those reported using infrared observations which is because of strict cloud screening for infrared measurements. The results showed a large inhomogeneity in diurnal variation of tropospheric relative humidity in tropical region. The diurnal amplitude was larger over land than over ocean and the oceanic amplitude was larger over convective regions than over subsidence regions. The results showed that the diurnal amplitude is less than 10 % in middle and upper troposphere, but it is up to 30 % in lower troposphere over land. Although the peak of RH generally occurs over night or in early morning, there are several regions where the diurnal peak occurs at other times of the day. The early morning peak time is because of a peak in convective activities in early morning. Additionally, a double peak was observed in tropospheric humidity over some regions which is consistent with double peak in precipitation.
Non-climatic signal in ice core records: lessons from Antarctic megadunes
Authors: Ekaykin Alexey , Eberlein Lutz , Lipenkov Vladimir , Popov Sergey , Scheinert Mirko , Schröder Ludwig , Turkeev Alexey 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. We present the results of glaciological investigations in the megadune area located 30 km to the east of Vostok Station (central East Antarctica) implemented during the 58th, 59th and 60th Russian Antarctic Expedition (January 2013–2015). Snow accumulation rate and isotope content (δD, δ18O and δ17O) were measured along the 2 km profile across the megadune ridge accompanied by precise GPS altitude measurements and ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey. It is shown that the spatial variability of snow accumulation and isotope content covaries with the surface slope. The accumulation rate regularly changes by 1 order of magnitude within the distance < 1 km, with the reduced accumulation at the leeward slope of the dune and increased accumulation in the hollow between the dunes. At the same time, the accumulation rate averaged over the length of a dune wave (22 mm w.e.) corresponds well with the value obtained at Vostok Station, which suggests no additional wind-driven snow sublimation in the megadunes compared to the surrounding plateau. The snow isotopic composition is in negative correlation with the snow accumulation. Analysing dxs ∕ δD and 17O-excess ∕ δD slopes (where dxs  =  δD − 8 ⋅ δ18O and 17O-excess  =  ln(δ17O  ∕  1000 +  1) −0.528 ⋅ ln (δ18O ∕ 1000 + 1)), we conclude that the spatial variability of the snow isotopic composition in the megadune area could be explained by post-depositional snow modifications. Using the GPR data, we estimated the apparent dune drift velocity (4.6 ± 1.1 m yr−1). The full cycle of the dune drift is thus about 410 years. Since the spatial anomalies of snow accumulation and isotopic composition are supposed to drift with the dune, a core drilled in the megadune area would exhibit the non-climatic 410-year cycle of these two parameters. We simulated a vertical profile of snow isotopic composition with such a non-climatic variability, using the data on the dune size and velocity. This artificial profile is then compared with the real vertical profile of snow isotopic composition obtained from a core drilled in the megadune area. We note that the two profiles are very similar. The obtained results are discussed in terms of interpretation of data obtained from ice cores drilled beyond the megadune areas.
Haitian orphan population and protective factors against caries
Authors: Rea Madelyn 
Published: June 2016

Objective In Haiti, families were torn apart and children were left orphans after the 2010 earthquake. In the aftermath of this natural disaster many children were relocated to orphanages across the country and adopted internationally. Years later these children find themselves catching up in growth physically, mentally and emotionally after an extremely traumatic event during a crucial time in their health development. Another important marker of development is the primary dentition and the presence of caries. We report estimates of early childhood caries (ECC) frequency, risk factors and quality of health among Haitian children. Methods Medical and dental professionals conducted a descriptive cross sectional study through the Pittsburgh Kids Foundation and their partnership with IDADEE children’s home, EBAC orphanage and New Vision Children’s home. Vital signs were taken and recorded to create a health/growth history for each child. Brief dental screenings were conducted and topical fluoride treatments were administered. Risk factors and quality of health information was obtained from discussions with the caregivers present. The children and caregivers were given oral hygiene education and supplies (i.e. toothbrushes, toothpaste, floss). Results Physical exams and dental screenings were conducted on the 40 children ages 3-10 years of age living in the IDADEE children’s home. Two children had cavitated teeth. Eight children had teeth that were stained. Four children had evidence of dental trauma. 26 out of the 40 children had otherwise healthy dentition. Conclusion The IDADEE children’s home and New Vision Children’s home have hopes to expand their capacity with new construction scheduled to be finished in 2016. As more children enter these homes action is needed to educate caregivers on ways to identify high-risk children to prevent ECC and ways they can be treated before irreversible damage is done to the developing permanent dentition.
Reducing indoor air pollution with a randomised intervention design - a presentation of the Stove Intervention Study in the Guatemalan Highlands
Authors: Smith-Sivertsen m.fl Tone 
Published: June 2016

Indoor air pollution from the burning of solid fuels (like wood and coal) in simple stoves is a global problem especially affecting people living in poor rural areas of the world. When typically burnt on open fires, the resulting indoor pollution levels may be orders of magnitude higher than levels recommended by international guidelines. The most important health effects seem to be acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women. So far, health risks from solid fuel use have only been studied with observational designs, often with poor assessment of exposures. Hence there is good reason to conduct a well-designed randomised intervention study. In this randomised study, conducted in a poor rural community in Guatemala, indoor exposure burden in the intervention group is reduced by replacing open fires with new chimney stoves burning the same wood fuels. Participating households (n=534) all started the project with a child less than four months or a pregnant woman, and are being followed until the child reaches 18 months. At the end of follow-up, the control households receive their new stove. The main health outcome investigated is the incidence of ALRI in infants. Also, respiratory and cardiovascular health in women is studied. Preparations are also being made to study asthma/atopy in the children as they grow older. This study will define the relationship between exposure and disease more completely, quantify the impacts of reducing indoor air pollution and document the potential for prevention of ill-health that new stoves give. It is the first randomised controlled trial ever performed on health effects from combustion pollutants in normal populations.