bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isoprene Increases Thermotolerance of Isoprene-Emitting Species
Authors: Singsaas E. L. , Lerdau M. , Winter K. , Sharkey T. D. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Isoprene-emitting plants lose a large portion of their assimilated C as isoprene. Because isoprene synthesis can be regulated, it has been assumed that isoprene benefits the plant. Since the rate of isoprene emission from leaves is highly responsive to temperature, we hypothesized that isoprene benefits plants by increasing their thermotolerance. We used three methods to measure isopreneinduced thermotolerance in leaves. Each technique assayed thermotolerance under conditions that suppressed endogenous isoprene synthesis. When measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, thermotolerance of kudzu (Pueraria lobata [Willd.] Ohwi.) leaves increased as much as 4[deg]C in very low light. With higher light, isoprene increased thermotolerance of kudzu leaves by as much as 10[deg]C. When measured as the temperature at which photosynthesis declined to zero, thermotolerance increased with added isoprene by 2.5[deg]C. All three measures of thermotolerance were dose dependent. Both fluorescence techniques also showed isoprene-induced thermotolerance in white oak (Quercus alba L.). Thermotolerance was not observed in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var Linden), a species that does not emit isoprene. None of the experiments was designed to determine the mechanism of thermotolerance, but we theorize that isoprene functions by enhancing hydrophobic interactions in membranes.
Sugar-Starvation-Induced Changes of Carbon Metabolism in Excised Maize Root Tips
Authors: Dieuaide-Noubhani M. , Canioni P. , Raymond P. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Excised maize (Zea mays L.) root tips were used to study the early metabolic effects of glucose (Glc) starvation. Root tips were prelabeled with [1-13C]Glc so that carbohydrates and metabolic intermediates were close to steady-state labeling, but lipids and proteins were scarcely labeled. They were then incubated in a sugar-deprived medium for carbon starvation. Changes in the level of soluble sugars, the respiratory quotient, and the 13C enrichment of intermediates, as measured by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, were studied to detect changes in carbon fluxes through glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Labeling of glutamate carbons revealed two major changes in carbon input into the tricarboxylic acid cycle: (a) the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase flux stopped early after the start of Glc starvation, and (b) the contribution of glycolysis as the source of acetyl-coenzyme A for respiration decreased progressively, indicating an increasing contribution of the catabolism of protein amino acids, fatty acids, or both. The enrichment of glutamate carbons gave no evidence for proteolysis in the early steps of starvation, indicating that the catabolism of proteins was delayed compared with that of fatty acids. Labeling of carbohydrates showed that sucrose turnover continues during sugar starvation, but gave no indication for any significant flux through gluconeogenesis.
Phloem-Specific Expression of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Protein Alters Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Potato Plants
Authors: Almon E. , Horowitz M. , Wang H. L. , Lucas W. J. , Zamski E. , Wolf S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The tobacco mosaic virus movement protein (TMV-MP) has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size-exclusion limit, the TMV-MP alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs. In the present study the TMV-MP was expressed under the control of a phloem-specific promoter (rolC), and this system was employed to further explore the potential sites at which the TMV-MP exerts its influence over carbon metabolism and transport in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the TMV-MP was localized mainly to phloem parenchyma and companion cells. Starch and sucrose accumulated in source leaves of these plants to significantly higher levels compared with control potato lines. In addition, the rate of sucrose efflux from excised petioles was lower compared with control plants. Furthermore, under short-day conditions, carbon partitioning was lower to the roots and higher to tubers in rolC plants compared with controls. These results are discussed in terms of the mode(s) by which the TMV-MP exerts its influence over carbon metabolism and photoassimilate translocation.
Dynamics of Xanthophyll-Cycle Activity in Different Antenna Subcomplexes in the Photosynthetic Membranes of Higher Plants (The Relationship between Zeaxanthin Conversion and Nonphotochemical Fluorescence Quenching)
Authors: Farber A. , Young A. J. , Ruban A. V. , Horton P. , Jahns P. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The generation of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) in the antenna of photosystem II (PSII) is accompanied by the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin. The function of zeaxanthin in two mechanisms of qN, energy-dependent quenching (qE) and photoinhibitory quenching (qI), was investigated by measuring the de-epoxidation state in the antenna subcomplexes of PSII during the generation and relaxation of qN under varying conditions. Three different antenna subcomplexes were separated by isoelectric focusing: Lhcb1/2/3, Lhcb5/6, and the Lhcb4/PSII core. Under all conditions, the highest de-epoxidation state was detected in Lhcb1/2/3 and Lhcb5/6. The kinetics of de-epoxidation in these complexes were found to be similar to the formation of qE. The Lhcb4/PSII core showed the most pronounced differences in the de-epoxidation state when illumination with low and high light intensities was compared, correlating roughly with the differences in qI. Furthermore, the epoxidation kinetics in the Lhcb4/PSII core showed the most pronounced differences of all subcomplexes when comparing the epoxidation after either moderate or very strong photoinhibitory preillumination. Our data support the suggestion that zeaxanthin formation/epoxidation in Lhcb1-3 and Lhcb5/6 may be related to qE, and in Lhcb4 (and/or PSII core) to qI.
Correction
Authors: Gallois R. , Prevot J. C. , Clement A. , Jacob J. L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS; EC 2.7.6.1) from Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. latex was located in the cytosol. After purification, its apparent molecular weight under nondenaturing conditions was estimated at 200,000 [plus or minus] 10,000; a single band at 57,000 [plus or minus] 3,000 was detected after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme seemed to be a homotetramer. Its affinity constants were estimated at 200 [plus or minus] 30 [mu]M for adenosine triphosphate and 40 [plus or minus] 2 [mu]M for ribose-5-phosphate. The purified enzyme proved to be functional in a paraphysiological medium (cytosol deproteinized by ultrafiltration). Optimum pH was 7.5 in buffer and 6.5 in a paraphysiological medium. No PRS activity was detected in the absence of the Mg2+ ion. Of the numerous compounds tested, only Mn2+, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate and inorganic phosphate affected the enzymatic reaction. Mn2+ (inhibitor constant = 20 [mu]M) and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (inhibitor constant = 30 [mu]M) were inhibitors. PRS responded allosterically (Hill's coefficient = 2.3) to ribose-5-phosphate in the presence of a physiological concentration of inorganic phosphate (10 mM). These results are set in the physiological context of laticifers.
Dynamic Interplay between Nucleoid Segregation and Genome Integrity in Chlamydomonas Chloroplasts
Authors: Odahara Masaki , Kobayashi Yusuke , Shikanai Toshiharu , Nishimura Yoshiki 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The chloroplast (cp) genome is organized as nucleoids that are dispersed throughout the cp stroma. Previously, a cp homolog of bacterial recombinase RecA (cpRECA) was shown to be involved in the maintenance of cp genome integrity by repairing damaged chloroplast DNA and by suppressing aberrant recombination between short dispersed repeats in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Here, overexpression and knockdown analysis of cpRECA in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed that cpRECA was involved in cp nucleoid dynamics as well as having a role in maintaining cp genome integrity. Overexpression of cpRECA tagged with yellow fluorescent protein or hemagglutinin resulted in the formation of giant filamentous structures that colocalized exclusively to chloroplast DNA and cpRECA localized to cp nucleoids in a heterogenous manner. Knockdown of cpRECA led to a significant reduction in cp nucleoid number that was accompanied by nucleoid enlargement. This phenotype resembled those of gyrase inhibitor-treated cells and monokaryotic chloroplast mutant cells and suggested that cpRECA was involved in organizing cp nucleoid dynamics. The cp genome also was destabilized by induced recombination between short dispersed repeats in cpRECA-knockdown cells and gyrase inhibitor-treated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that cpRECA and gyrase are both involved in nucleoid dynamics and the maintenance of genome integrity and that the mechanisms underlying these processes may be intimately related in C. reinhardtii cps.
Chloride ion entrapment by calcined layered double hydroxides
Authors: K. Karaxi Evangelia , Kartsonakis Ioannis A. , Charitidis Costas A. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDH) with a platelet-like morphology were synthesized through a modified co-precipitation method. The purpose of this paper is to investigate calcined Mg-Al-CO3 LDH (CLDH) as chloride ion traps.

Design/methodology/approach
The morphology and chemical composition of the synthesized materials were studied through UHR-SEM, EDS, FT-IR and XRD. The chloride ion adsorption was confirmed by XRD; the characteristic diffraction peaks of the reconstructed LDH structure were revealed, similar to the one before the thermal treatment process. The effect of varying the experimental conditions on the chloride ion adsorption, such as the initial target-ion concentration, the adsorbent material dosage, the solution temperature and the solution pH was also investigated.

Findings
The experimental data fitting revealed that the Langmuir equation is a better model on the basis of correlation coefficients (R2) and that the pseudo-second kinetic model can satisfactorily describe the chloride ion uptake.

Originality/value
The ability of Mg-Al CLDH to recover their layered structure upon exposure to aqueous sodium chloride solutions with concentrations up to 0.3 M (10,636 mg/L) through the chloride adsorption and the simultaneous rehydration process is clearly demonstrated.
Vertically aligned CNT arrays: structural integrity and surface properties
Authors: Perivoliotis Dimitris K. , Koklioti Malamatenia A. , Koumoulos Elias P. , Raptis Yiannis S. , Charitidis Costas A. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Carbon nanotube-based architectures have increased the scientific interest owning to their exceptional performance rendering them promising candidates for advanced industrial applications in the nanotechnology field. Despite individual CNTs being considered as one of the most known strong materials, much less is known about other CNT forms, such as CNT arrays, in terms of their mechanical performance. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
In this work, thermal CVD method is employed to produce VA-MWCNT carpets. Their structural properties were studied by means of SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy, while their hydrophobic behavior was investigated via contact angle measurements. The resistance to indentation deformation of VA-MWCNT carpets was investigated through nanoindentation technique.

Findings
The synthesized VA-MWCNTs carpets consisted of well-aligned MWCNTs. Static contact angle measurements were performed with water and glycerol, revealing a rather super-hydrophobic behavior.

Originality/value
The structural analysis, hydrophobic behavior and indentation response of VA-MWCNTs carpets synthesized via CVD method are clearly demonstrated.
Estimation of local properties in welded joints using samples with simulated microstructure
Authors: Kucharczyk Pawel , Münstermann Sebastian 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine local properties in a coarse grain zone of 10 mm thick butt welded joints made of structural S355 and high strength S960 steels. Metallographic analyses showed that the width of the investigated zone for both S355 and S960 weldments was too small for direct sampling. Therefore, samples with reproduced microstructure were manufactured by heat treatment taking into account chemical composition and cooling conditions of weldments.

Design/methodology/approach
The basis for the heat treatment was the time-temperature-transition (TTT) curve, whose shape is defined by welding and cooling parameters. In this study the TTT curve was determined experimentally during welding as well as numerically simulated using SYSWELD program. The work pieces were heat-treated according to the TTT curves using thermomechanical treatment simulator and evaluated in terms of microstructure and micro hardness distribution. Finally, the secondary specimens were manufactured and investigated in monotonic tensile tests.

Findings
The presented approach allows for the determination of the local properties of welded joints. In this study mechanical properties (stress-strain curves) of heat affected zone (HAZ) were successfully estimated using samples with reproduced microstructure. Furthermore, it was found out that the chemical composition in the HAZ was not influenced by the welding process. Thus, the HAZ microstructure can be successfully reproduced using base material. Additionally, the paper contains recommendations for simulation of the local microstructure and suggestions for the evaluation of the obtained results.

Originality/value
The advantage of the proposed approach is the enlargement of the material volume with homogeneous microstructure so that different local properties like toughness, fatigue behavior, crack propagation or crashworthiness can be analyzed, what is technically infeasible for the weldments with small HAZ.
Wind dispersal is predicted by tree, not diaspore, traits in comparisons of Neotropical species
Authors: Augspurger Carol K. , Franson Susan E. , Cushman Katherine C. 
Published: October 2016

Summary

The seed shadow created by wind dispersal around parent trees may be affected by functional traits, as well as wind conditions and surrounding vegetation.

This study of one mature tree each of 12 Neotropical species determined the extent to which species variation in diaspore traits vs. tree height and crop size explains (i) rate of diaspore descent in still air, (ii) distributions of diaspores dispersed from a 40‐m tower in the forest, and (iii) natural seed shadows around the parent tree.

A model of diaspore wing‐loading to a fitted power explained 66·9% of the variation among species in the geometric mean rate of descent in still air. For a subset of four species, expected dispersal distance was not correlated with actual dispersal distance from the forest tower. For a subset of seven species, variation in wing‐loading0·5 of individual diaspores explained ≤4·3% of the dispersal distance from the parent tree.

Measured seed shadows, particularly their distribution edges and area, differed significantly among the 12 species (range in maximum tree height 19–42 m) and were best fit by 12 separate anisotropic dispersal kernels and surveyed fecundities. Measured mean distance was highly correlated with simulated distances from the kernels.

The best models, explaining 57·6% of the variation among species in shadow area, and 59·6, 61·6 and 61·7% of variation in mean, median and maximum distances, included maximum tree height, either alone or in combination with crop size, and not diaspore rate of descent.

Among 10 species, seed shadow area was not related to rank of seedling shade tolerance. In their highly skewed distributions, most seeds were much closer than the distance of greatest seedling recruitment and in very high density, thus enhancing later density‐ and/or distance‐related seedling mortality.

Tree functional traits, rather than the historically emphasized diaspore traits, explain distance distributions of these wind‐dispersed species. Additional exploration of diaspore abscission in relation to wind and the influence of wind patterns after release are needed.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Managing bark beetle impacts on ecosystems and society: priority questions to motivate future research
Authors: Morris Jesse L. , Cottrell Stuart , Fettig Christopher J. , Hansen Winslow D. , Sherriff Rosemary L. , Carter Vachel A. , Clear Jennifer L. , Clement Jessica , DeRose R. Justin , Hicke Jeffrey A. , Higuera Philip E. , Mattor Katherine M. , Seddon Alistair W. R. , Seppä Heikki T. , Stednick John D. , Seybold Steven J. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryRecent bark beetle outbreaks in North America and Europe have impacted forested landscapes and the provisioning of critical ecosystem services. The scale and intensity of many recent outbreaks are widely believed to be unprecedented.The effects of bark beetle outbreaks on ecosystems are often measured in terms of area affected, host tree mortality rates, and alterations to forest structure and composition.Impacts to human systems focus on changes in property valuation, infrastructure damage from falling trees, landscape aesthetics, and the quality and quantity of timber and water resources.To advance our understanding of bark beetle impacts, we assembled a team of ecologists, land managers and social scientists to participate in a research prioritization workshop.Synthesis and applications. We identified 25 key questions by using an established methodology to identify priorities for research into the impacts of bark beetles. Our efforts emphasize the need to improve outbreak monitoring and detection, educate the public on the ecological role of bark beetles, and develop integrated metrics that facilitate comparison of ecosystem services across sites.
Predicting word reading ability: a quantile regression study
Authors: McIlraith Autumn L. ,   Language and Reading Research Consortium
Published: October 2016

Predictors of early word reading are well established. However, it is unclear if these predictors hold for readers across a range of word reading abilities. This study used quantile regression to investigate predictive relationships at different points in the distribution of word reading. Quantile regression analyses used preschool and kindergarten measures of letter knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid automatised naming, sentence repetition, vocabulary and mother's education to predict first‐grade word reading. Predictors generally varied in significance across levels of word reading. Notably, rapid automatised naming was a significant unique predictor for average and good readers but not poor readers. Letter knowledge was generally a stronger unique predictor for poor and average readers than good readers. Well‐known word reading predictors varied in significance at different points along the word reading distribution. Results have implications for early identification and statistical analyses of reading‐related outcomes.What is already known about this topic

Early predictors of word reading are well established, with letter knowledge, phonological awareness and rapid automatised naming identified as key predictors.
These relationships are primarily investigated in average readers, or in groups of good and poor readers separated by an arbitrary cut‐off score.
What this paper adds

In this study, we used quantile regression to determine significant predictors of word reading across a range of word reading abilities.
The quantile regression approach avoids the loss of power that can arise when creating subgroups and has none of the issues associated with the use of a single, arbitrary cut-off score to separate good and poor readers.
Letter knowledge and phonological awareness were significantly predictive of word reading across the distribution of word reading abilities, whereas rapid automatised naming was significant only for good readers, and sentence recall was significant only for poor readers.
Implications for theory, policy and practice

Results reinforce the usefulness of measures such as letter knowledge, phonological awareness and sentence repetition in the early identification of children at risk for reading disabilities.
Results also suggest that measures of rapid naming may add little unique information in differentiating between children who subsequently read in the below‐average range.
Beneficial effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for preservation of pancreatic β‐cell function and reduction of insulin resistance
Authors: Kaneto Hideaki , Obata Atsushi , Kimura Tomohiko , Shimoda Masashi , Okauchi Seizo , Shimo Naoki , Matsuoka Taka‐aki , Kaku Kohei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance in various insulin target tissues, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β‐cells. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which are newly developed antidiabetic agents, decrease blood glucose levels by enhancing urinary glucose excretion and thereby function in an insulin‐independent manner. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors exert beneficial effects to reduce insulin resistance and preserve pancreatic β‐cell function. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors exhibit a variety of beneficial effects in various insulin target tissues, such as amelioration of fatty liver, reduction of visceral fat mass, and increasing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, SGLT2 inhibitors protect pancreatic β‐cells against glucose toxicity and preserve insulin secretory capacity. Together, these observations indicate that SGLT2 inhibitors are promising newly developed antidiabetic agents that are gaining attention in both clinical medicine and basic research.
Draft genome of the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)
Authors: Pavey Scott A. , Laporte Martin , Normandeau Eric , Gaudin Jérémy , Letourneau Louis , Boisvert Sébastien , Corbeil Jacques , Audet Céline , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFreshwater eels (Anguilla sp.) have large economic, cultural, ecological and aesthetic importance worldwide, but they suffered more than 90% decline in global stocks over the past few decades. Proper genetic resources, such as sequenced, assembled and annotated genomes, are essential to help plan sustainable recoveries by identifying physiological, biochemical and genetic mechanisms that caused the declines or that may lead to recoveries. Here, we present the first sequenced genome of the American eel. This genome contained 305 043 contigs (N50 = 7397) and 79 209 scaffolds (N50 = 86 641) for a total size of 1.41 Gb, which is in the middle of the range of previous estimations for this species. In addition, protein‐coding regions, including introns and flanking regions, are very well represented in the genome, as 95.2% of the 458 core eukaryotic genes and 98.8% of the 248 ultra‐conserved subset were represented in the assembly and a total of 26 564 genes were annotated for future functional genomics studies. We performed a candidate gene analysis to compare three genes among all three freshwater eel species and, congruent with the phylogenetic relationships, Japanese eel (A. japanica) exhibited the most divergence. Overall, the sequenced genome presented in this study is a crucial addition to the presently available genetic tools to help guide future conservation efforts of freshwater eels.