bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANGIOTENSIN, ELECTROLYTES AND ALDOSTERONE
Authors: DENTON D. A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe first part of this paper is concerned with some aspects of renal and endocrine effects on blood pressure and the moderation of these processes by the state of sodium balance. The effects of renin and angiotensin on aldosterone secretion and mechanisms involved in the appetite for salt are considered. The proposition is advanced that any role of aldosterone in the hypertensive process is likely to be understood only when the normal mechanism of control of aldosterone secretion is determined. It has been established by experiments on the transplanted adrenal of the sheep that ionic changes in arterial blood (decrease of sodium and increase of potassium concentration) act directly on the adrenal to stimulate aldosterone secretion, and that this is one pathway of physiological stimulation. This finding has been confirmed by experiments on the dog. The direct ionic effect on the adrenal is, however, probably not the major pathway of stimulation of aldosterone secretion. At present, a central unresolved question in this field of physiology is whether the renin angiotensin system is the normal pathway of stimulation of aldosterone secretion in sodium deficiency, or whether it is a mechanism which operates only in pathological states with renal damage such as malignant hypertension. Evidence such as the correlation between the histology of the juxtaglomerular region of the kidney and sodium balance is suggestive that renin has a physiological role. Consideration of the evidence derived from acute experiments on the effect of nephrectomy on aldosterone secretion indicates the necessity of further investigation on conscious animals under conditions which are as near normal as feasible
URINARY CASTS IN EXERCISE
Authors: PATEL R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryExercises of 30 minutes' duration and of sufficient severity to produce exhaustion resulted in the formation of large numbers of casts in the urine of eight healthy male volunteers. The coexistence of high concentration of TH mucoprotein with large numbers of casts in the urine passed after exercise suggests that casts are formed from the mucoprotein when it becomes sufficiently concentrated in the renal tubules. It has been shown in in‐vitro experiments with glass capillary tubes that deposition of TH mucoprotein is closely related to concentration (Patel et alii., 1963). It is suggested that similar factors may be concerned in cast formation in acute renal failure.
TRASYLOL: A NEW TREATMENT FOR PANCREATITIS1
Authors: MCCUTCHEON A. D. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryPancreatic proteolytic enzymes are involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis and may also be responsible for the clinical features of shock and hypotension. A proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, trasylol, is now available for the treatment of pancreatitis. Results of animal experiments are given in which trasylol was found to be effective in preventing the development of hæmorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs. Early clinical experience with trasylol in a few patients with pancreatitis is also presented. The advent of an effective, safe, proteolytic enzyme inhibitor reemphasizes the need for early diagnosis in pancreatitis.
GROSS CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS IN SIBLINGS OF CHILDREN WITH GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE‐DEFICIENT ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: HARLEY J. D. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryGross skeletal and other malformations occurred in three older male siblings of two unrelated males with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase‐deficient erythrocytes. A history of maternal ingestion of promazine hydrochloride was obtained in one relevant pregnancy, of phenolphthalein in another, and of phenacetin, acetylsalicylic acid and extract of the pods of senna in the third. The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
THE BEHAVIOUR AND SURVIVAL OF PLATELETS IN POLYCYTHÆMIA AND THROMBOCYTHÆMIA
Authors: LANDER HARRY , DAVEY M. G. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryWith the use of radiochromium as a label, reduced platelet survivals were demonstrated in eight of 12 patients with polycythæmia vera. A reduced platelet survival was most commonly encountered in untreated patients with active disease, when the platelet count was abnormal, and when there was an antecedent history of either hæmorrhage or thrombosis.Evidence is presented which suggests that the reduction of platelet survival in this condition is the result of an intrinsic abnormality in the platelets, rather than of the consumption of platelets in a continuous process of subliminal coagulation.Normal platelet survivals were found in three patients with congenital polycythæmia, in one patient with polycythæmia associated with chronic anoxic lung disease, and in four subjects with thrombocytosis.One patient with “hæmorrbagic” thrombocythæmia, and another with chronic myeloid leukæmia, also had reduced platelet survivals. Cross‐transfusion and surface counting studies in the latter case suggested that the platelets were being destroyed in the patient's spleen. This, in the presence of thrombocythæmia raises the possibility of a “compensatory” type of hypersplenism.
THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN AND PHENACETIN ON ASCENDING INFECTION IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: DAWBORN J. K. , KINCAID-SMITH PRISCILLA , MCLAREN JANET 
Published: September 2017

SummaryFour groups of rats were fed on diets containing different amounts of aspirin and phenacetin. After 15 weeks on these diets, half the rats in each group were given an intravesical injection of Escherichia coli, and this was repeated three weeks later. All the rats were killed at the end of five months and the kidneys were examined. No difference was noted between the kidneys of control rats and those fed on drugs, although all groups showed some areas of inflammatory cell infiltration and atrophy of renal tubules similar to those said to be caused by phenacetin. The severity and incidence of infection in those rats subjected to bacterial infection was less in phenacetin‐fed rats than in controls.The existence of a specific renal lesion due to phenacetin remains uncertain. The correct experimental conditions have not yet been found which produce renal lesions in animals similar to those attributed to phenacetin in man. Careful clinical studies rather than laboratory experiments appear to be most likely to throw further light on the role of phenacetin in renal disease in man.
HISTIOCYTIC MEDULLARY RETICULOSIS : A CASE REPORT
Authors: HIRSH J. , UNGAR B. , KING W. E. , LUBBE T. R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe clinical, hæmatological and pathological features of a case of histiocytic medullary reticulosis are described. The course of the illness was punctuated by a number of exacerbations characterized by a sudden onset of fever. The hæmatological features were unusual, in that anæmia, which is usually a severe and very prominent feature of the disease, was only mild and intermittent. The diagnosis was not suspected clinically and was finally made by histological examination of splenic tissue obtained at splenectomy. The course of the disease was unaffected by splenectomy and by treatment with cyclophosphamide.Brief reference is made to the relevant literature, and the features of interest are discussed.
Enhancing transnational labour solidarity: the unfulfilled promise of the Internet and social media
Authors: Geelan Torsten , Hodder Andy 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article examines the activities of Union Solidarity International (USI), a new UK‐based organisation in the international union arena. USI seeks to encourage and support international solidarity between trade unions and other worker movements around the world by harnessing the dynamism of the Internet and social media. Drawing on a combination of in‐depth semi‐structured interviews, documentary analysis, Google Analytics and social media data, the findings of this case study suggest that USI is successfully developing an international audience in the United States, the UK and Ireland. However, USI's ability to reach beyond English‐speaking countries and mobilise people to engage in collective action appears limited. The article makes an important contribution to the growing literature on social media in industrial relations through analysing the extent to which digital technologies can contribute to effective transnational labour solidarity.
Intra‐ and Inter‐Institutional Leadership of the European Commission President: An Assessment of Juncker's Organizational Reforms
Authors: Bürgin Alexander 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBy most accounts, the Commission President's potential for political leadership within the EU system has declined since the 1990s, due to the increasingly assertive role of the European Council, and a more autonomous European Parliament (EP). Furthermore, the incumbent's authority over the Commission is complicated by the Commission's internal fragmentation and specialization. Based on interviews with experienced policy‐makers from the Commission, the Council and the EP, this article argues that Juncker's leadership inside the Commission, as well as his leadership within the EU system have been strengthened by his organizational reforms, such as the introduction of project‐team leading Vice‐Presidents and a stronger role of the Secretariat General. These findings challenge the accounts emphasizing the declining leadership capacity of the Commission.
Energy drink consumption among New Zealand adolescents: Associations with mental health, health risk behaviours and body size
Authors: Utter Jennifer , Denny Simon , Teevale Tasileta , Sheridan Janie 
Published: September 2017

AimWith the increase in popularity of energy drinks come multiple concerns about the associated health indicators of young people. The current study aims to describe the frequency of consumption of energy drinks in a nationally representative sample of adolescents and to explore the relationship between energy drink consumption and health risk behaviours, body size and mental health.MethodsData were collected as part of Youth’12, a nationally representative survey of high school students in New Zealand (2012). In total, 8500 students answered a comprehensive questionnaire about their health and well‐being, including multiple measures of mental well‐being, and were weighed and measured for height.ResultsMore than one‐third (35%) of young people consumed energy drinks in the past week, and 12% consumed energy drinks four or more times in the past week. Energy drink consumption was significantly associated with greater depressive symptoms, greater emotional difficulties and lower general subjective well‐being. Frequent energy drink consumption was also associated with binge drinking, smoking, engagement in unsafe sex, violent behaviours, risky motor vehicle use and disordered eating behaviours. There was no association between consumption of energy drinks and student body size.ConclusionsConsumption of energy drinks is associated with a range of health risk behaviours for young people. Strategies to limit consumption of energy drinks by young people are warranted.
Talking It Through: Collaborative Dialogue and Second Language Learning
Authors: Ammar Ahlem , Hassan Rania Mohamed 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis quasi‐experimental study examined the potential benefits of zero‐error dictation, a teaching technique based on dialogue‐driven dictation, and the extent to which target linguistic features and proficiency levels mediated its effects on second language (L2) learners’ accurate use of French grammatical morphology. Seventy‐nine learners of L2 French in four Grade 5 and 6 classes in the Montreal area were assigned to two conditions: traditional dictation (comparison) group and zero‐error dictation (experimental) group. The instructional intervention, which consisted of five sessions spread over a 5‐week period, targeted four different morphological features. Learners’ knowledge of the target features was tested immediately before the experimental intervention started and immediately after it ended. Findings indicated that the experimental treatment group outperformed the comparison group and that learners’ gain scores varied across the target structures and learner proficiency levels.
Responsibility for states' actions: Normative issues at the intersection of collective agency and state responsibility
Authors: Lawford‐Smith Holly , Collins Stephanie 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIs the state a collective agent? Are citizens responsible for what their states do? If not citizens, then who, if anyone, is responsible for what the state does? Many different sub‐disciplines of philosophy are relevant for answering these questions. We need to know what “the state” is, who or what it's composed of, and what relation the parts stand in to the whole. Once we know what it is, we need to know whether that thing is an agent, in particular a moral agent capable of taking moral responsibility for its actions. We have to know what it takes for it to be capable of moral responsibility, e.g., what the functional equivalents in groups (or in that kind of group in particular) are of knowledge, intention, foreseeability, recklessness, and so on. And once we've established that it is an agent, and is responsible for what it does, we have to explain whether and in what way this implicates members, i.e., whether state responsibility distributes to the (compositional) members of states, whoever they may be (“citizens” is one possibility, but there are many). Answers to these questions come from metaphysics, social ontology, action theory, epistemology, political theory, and ethics. In what follows, we'll give an outline of some different ways of answering these questions.
False‐positive pregnancy test after transfusion of solvent/detergent‐treated plasma
Authors: Jilma‐Stohlawetz Petra , Wreford‐Bush Tim , Mills Francesca , Davidson Fiona , Kursten Friedrich W. , Jilma Bernd , Birchall Janet 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUNDThe transmission of pathogens, antibodies, and proteins is a possible consequence of blood product transfusion. A female patient had an unexpected positive serum β‐human chorionic gonadotropin result, indicative of pregnancy, after she had received a transfusion with 1 unit of platelet concentrate, 4 units of red blood cells, and 4 units of pooled solvent/detergent‐treated plasma (Octaplas).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSTo investigate the possibility of passive transfusion of β‐human chorionic gonadotropin from the plasma transfusion, one additional unit from the same batch was thawed and analyzed. To validate the β‐human chorionic gonadotropin assay for use in solvent/detergent‐treated plasma and to investigate any interference in the assay, dilution experiments were performed using the implicated plasma batch diluted with male and non‐pregnant female sera. Also, plasma from a known pregnant woman was diluted with Octaplas (tested negative for β‐human chorionic gonadotropin) and with a male serum to validate the assay for use in solvent/detergent‐treated plasma.RESULTSThe implicated solvent/detergent‐treated plasma had a mean β‐human chorionic gonadotropin level of 91.5 mIU/mL. Results from the dilution experiments revealed an excellent correlation (r > 0.99) between β‐human chorionic gonadotropin measurement in solvent/detergent‐treated plasma and male serum and no over or under recovery of the expected results. Further measurements of β‐human chorionic gonadotropin levels in the female recipient revealed an estimated half‐life of 6 hours.CONCLUSIONThis case demonstrates the importance of considering the possibility of passive transmission of analytes to a patient from the transfusion of blood products. Furthermore, the measurement of β‐human chorionic gonadotropin is valid in solvent/detergent‐treated plasma using a Roche Cobas analyzer.
Enthesitis of the hands in psoriatic arthritis: an ultrasonographic perspective
Authors: Zabotti Alen , Idolazzi Luca , Batticciotto Alberto , De Lucia Orazio , Scirè Carlo Alberto , Tinazzi Ilaria , Iagnocco Annamaria 
Published: September 2017

Psoriatic arthritis is a systemic inflammatory disease in which enthesitis and dactylitis are two of the main hallmarks of the disease. In the last years, ultrasonography is increasingly playing a key role in the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis and ultrasonography of the entheses, particularly of the lower limbs, is commonly used to assess patients with that disease. New advancements in ultrasound equipment using high frequencies probes allowed us also to identify and characterize the involvementof the entheses of the hand in psoriatic arthritis, confirming the results of the experimental models of the disease and the theory of the sinovial-entheseal complex, even in small joints.
Use of Reverse Vaccinology in the Design and Construction of Nanoglycoconjugate Vaccines against Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Muruato Laura A. , Tapia Daniel , Hatcher Christopher L. , Kalita Mridul , Brett Paul J. , Gregory Anthony E. , Samuel James E. , Titball Richard W. , Torres Alfredo G. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia pseudomallei
is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the disease melioidosis in humans and other mammals. Respiratory infection with
B. pseudomallei
leads to a fulminant and often fatal disease. It has previously been shown that glycoconjugate vaccines can provide significant protection against lethal challenge; however, the limited number of known
Burkholderia
antigens has slowed progress toward vaccine development. The objective of this study was to identify novel antigens and evaluate their protective capacity when incorporated into a nanoglycoconjugate vaccine platform. First, an
in silico
approach to identify antigens with strong predicted immunogenicity was developed. Protein candidates were screened and ranked according to predicted subcellular localization, transmembrane domains, adhesive properties, and ability to interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II. From these
in silico
predictions, we identified seven “high priority” proteins that demonstrated seroreactivity with anti-
B. pseudomallei
murine sera and convalescent human melioidosis sera, providing validation of our methods. Two novel proteins, together with Hcp1, were linked to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and incorporated with the surface of a gold nanoparticle (AuNP). Animals receiving AuNP glycoconjugate vaccines generated high protein- and polysaccharide-specific antibody titers. Importantly, immunized animals receiving the AuNP-FlgL-LPS alone or as a combination demonstrated up to 100% survival and reduced lung colonization following a lethal challenge with
B. pseudomallei
. Together, this study provides a rational approach to vaccine design that can be adapted for other complex pathogens and provides a rationale for further preclinical testing of AuNP glycoconjugate in animal models of infection.
Heat Shock Proteins in Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides
Authors: Cleare Levi G. , Zamith-Miranda Daniel , Nosanchuk Joshua D. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved biomolecules that are constitutively expressed and generally upregulated in response to various stress conditions (biotic and abiotic). Hsps have diverse functions, categorizations, and classifications. Their adaptive expression in fungi indicates their significance in these diverse species, particularly in dimorphic pathogens.
Histoplasma capsulatum
and
Paracoccidioides
species are dimorphic fungi that are the causative agents of histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis, respectively. This minireview focuses on the pathobiology of Hsps, with particular emphasis on their roles in the morphogenesis and virulence of
Histoplasma
and
Paracoccidioides
and the potential roles of active and passive immunization against Hsps in protection against infection with these fungi.
Progress and Challenges towards Point-of-Care Diagnostic Development for Dengue
Authors: Pang Junxiong , Chia Po Ying , Lye David C. , Leo Yee Sin 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTDengue detection strategies involve viral RNA, antigen, and/or antibody detection. Each strategy has its advantages and disadvantages. Optimal, user-friendly, rapid diagnostic tests based on immunochromatographic assays are pragmatic point-of-care tests (POCTs) in regions where dengue is endemic where there are limited laboratory capabilities and optimal storage conditions. Increasingly, there is a greater public health significance for a multiplexing assay that differentiates dengue from Zika or pathogens with similar clinical presentations. Although there have been many assay/platform developments toward POCTs, independent validation and implementation remain very limited. This review highlights the current key progress and challenges toward the development of a dengue POCT.
Epstein-Barr Virus BKRF4 Gene Product Is Required for Efficient Progeny Production
Authors: Masud H. M. Abdullah Al , Watanabe Takahiro , Yoshida Masahiro , Sato Yoshitaka , Goshima Fumi , Kimura Hiroshi , Murata Takayuki 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of human gammaherpesvirus, infects mainly B cells. EBV has two alternative life cycles, latent and lytic, and is reactivated occasionally from the latent stage to the lytic cycle. To combat EBV-associated disorders, understanding the molecular mechanisms of the EBV lytic replication cycle is also important. Here, we focused on an EBV lytic gene, BKRF4. Using our anti-BKRF4 antibody, we revealed that the BKRF4 gene product is expressed during the lytic cycle with late kinetics. To characterize the role of BKRF4, we constructed BKRF4-knockout mutants using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Although disruption of the BKRF4 gene had almost no effect on viral protein expression and DNA synthesis, it significantly decreased progeny virion levels in HEK293 and Akata cells. Furthermore, we show that BKRF4 is involved not only in production of progeny virions but also in increasing the infectivity of the virus particles. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that BKRF4 interacted with a virion protein, BGLF2. We showed that the C-terminal region of BKRF4 was critical for this interaction and for efficient progeny production. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that BKRF4 partially colocalized with BGLF2 in the nucleus and perinuclear region. Finally, we showed that BKRF4 is a phosphorylated, possible tegument protein and that the EBV protein kinase BGLF4 may be important for this phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that BKRF4 is involved in the production of infectious virions.

IMPORTANCE
Although the latent genes of EBV have been studied extensively, the lytic genes are less well characterized. This study focused on one such lytic gene, BKRF4, which is conserved only among gammaherpesviruses (ORF45 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or murine herpesvirus 68). After preparing the BKRF4 knockout virus using B95-8 EBV-BAC, we demonstrated that the BKRF4 gene was involved in infectious progeny particle production. Importantly, we successfully generated a BKRF4 knockout virus of Akata using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, confirming the phenotype in this separate strain. We further showed that BKRF4 interacted with another virion protein, BGLF2, and demonstrated the importance of this interaction in infectious virion production. These results shed light on the elusive process of EBV progeny maturation in the lytic cycle. Notably, this study describes a successful example of the generation and characterization of an EBV construct with a disrupted lytic gene using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.