bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Serrated Teeth of Tyrannosaurid Dinosaurs, and Biting Structures in Other Animals
Authors: Abler William L. 
Published: July 2016

The function of serrated teeth is analyzed by experimental comparison with the action of artificially made steel blades. Serrated blades cut compliant materials with a grip-and-rip mechanism, whereas smooth, sharp blades cut by concentrating a large downward force on a tiny area.Tyrannosaurid teeth from the Cretaceous Judith River Formation bear rows of serrations that have thick, rounded enamel caps, gripping slots between neighboring serrations, thick enamel bodies inside the teeth underneath the gripping slots, and a root beneath each serration. In contrast, the carnivorous dinosaurTroodonhas teeth with exposed pointed serrations, thin enamel, and possibly serration roots.Serrations on the teeth ofTroodonand the fossil sharkCarcharodon,cut compliant materials in the same way as a serrated hacksaw blade. In contrast, the cutting action of tyrannosaurid teeth most closely resembles that of a dull smooth blade. The spaces between the serrations act as minute frictional vises that grip and hold meat fibers; chambers between neighboring serrations receive and retain small fragments of meat, and inevitably would have acted as havens where bacteria could be stored. These spaces may therefore have led to infections in wounds, analogous to those inflicted by the living Komodo dragon or ora. By analogy, the hunting and feeding behavior of tyrannosaurs may have resembled that of the ora.Serrations and slots are widely distributed among cutting devices in the natural world, and many of these deserve further study. For example, the carnassial teeth of mammalian carnivores cut by a combination of static force at the cutting edge, a crushing or scissoring action at the advancing junction between upper and lower teeth, and by lateral gripping and compression in a slot, like that seen on a much smaller scale in tyrannosaurid serrations. Mammalian teeth operate well only when deployed with sophisticated control over jaw movement, however, and the fine neural control necessary to operate them may have formed the basis for the later development of intelligence in mammals.Previously, being interested in mammals was largely a matter of being interested in teeth, whereas being interested in reptiles was largely a matter of being interested in everything but teeth. I suggest that the teeth of at least some reptiles are as rich in information as the teeth of any mammals.
An evaluation of clade-shape statistics using simulations and extinct families of mammals
Authors: Uhen Mark D. 
Published: July 2016

The use of clade-shape statistics, particularly center of gravity, on paraphyletic groups has been questioned since the introduction of these descriptive statistics. In addition, previous studies have found that early-arising groups of organisms are bottom-heavy in center of gravity relative to later-arising groups, leading to macroevolutionary hypotheses about the nature of diversification. Paraphyletic groups have been asserted to be inherently bottom-heavy because of preconceived ideas as to how paraphyletic group formation affects center of gravity. In turn, early-arising groups of organisms have been asserted to be bottom-heavy because they also tend to be paraphyletic, thus calling into question the biological significance of the bottom-heaviness of early-arising groups.In this study, both computer simulations and the evolutionary history of families of mammals show that paraphyletic groups are inherently top-heavy. Simulated monophyletic clades and monophyletic families of mammals have centers of gravity near their expected positions at the midpoint of clade duration, while paraphyletic groups are significantly top-heavy.Early-arising families of mammals are found to be inherently top-heavy, rather than bottom-heavy as found by earlier studies. This new result is likely to be due to the use of updated stratigraphic range data and different taxonomic assignments rather than to bias due to inclusion of paraphyletic groups or bias due to unequal time-unit lengths in the Cenozoic time scale.
Encrusting organisms on co-occurring disarticulated valves of two marine bivalves: comparison of living assemblages and skeletal residues
Authors: McKinney Frank K. 
Published: July 2016

Study of the assemblage of encrusting organisms on co-occurring disarticulated valves of the bivalvesCrassostrea virginicaandMercenaria mercenariain Bogue Sound, North Carolina, indicates that there is little or no substrate specificity among the encrusting organisms but that the shape of the shells has an important influence on how extensively members of each higher taxon collectively inhabit the shells. Encrusting bryozoans, a dense low mat composed of many species from diverse phyla, and a unicellular film cover most of the area of both exterior and interior surfaces. The encrusting bryozoans most extensively cover both surfaces ofC. virginicabut are in second place behind the multispecies mat on exterior surfaces ofM. mercenariaand behind the unicellular film on its interior surfaces. These differences are inferred to result from different physical stability of valves of the two bivalve species, which exhibit different frequencies of circumrotatory growth.Degradation of the assemblage by sodium hypochlorite, to simulate loss of organic matter during fossilization, results in the complete loss of encrusting sponges, erect hydrozoans, erect bryozoans, and ascidians. Loss of these taxa results in overexposure and more apparently uniform distribution of skeletal taxa with respect to their surface representation in living assemblages and also in complete loss of the higher tiers present in the living assemblage. However, indications of the original structural organization of the living assemblage is indicated by preservation of the most abundant taxa in the lower tiers and by the retention in the reduced treated assemblage of thepatternsof distribution that characterized the living assemblage.
Paleobiological and isotopic studies of eggshells from a declining dinosaur species
Authors: Erben H. K. , Hoefs J. , Wedepohl K. H. 
Published: July 2016

Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells from southern France and the Spanish Pyrenees, presumably belonging to the sauropodHypselosaurus priscusMatheron, are almost exclusively composed of primary calcite. Besides normal development of these eggshells, there appear two kinds of pathologic tendencies: bi- or multi-shells (infrequent), and shells with a reduced thickness (increasing in frequency until, in the uppermost horizon, they represent more than 90% of the sample). The extinction of the species is attributed primarily to the consequences of thinning of the eggshells.The physiological mechanisms producing pathologic dinosaur eggshells are evaluated in the light of homologous phenomena occurring in living birds and reptiles. On this basis, it is concluded that in the late Maastrichtian populations of“Hypselosaurus,”pathologic eggshells were caused by hormonal imbalances of the vasotocin and of the estrogen levels. On the same basis it is postulated that the teratological shell repetition led to embryo suffocation and that the pathological reduction in shell thickness caused shell breakage and dehydration of the embryo. The lethal results are evident from the frequent absence of “resorption craters” in the mammillary knobs of pathologic shells, a fact which indicates either lack of fertilization of the eggs or the perishing of the embryo prior to the calcification of its skeletal bones. A change in environmental conditions is the ultimate factor which caused hormonal imbalances and extinction. Such a change is indicated by a shift of the mean oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of eggshell carbonates from −0.6%oto −5.3%o, and by changes in Sr. Information of palaeo-climate is primarily derived from eggshells of living birds and reptiles. The correlation between temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of waters (and related carbonates) is less distinct than for marine carbonates. δ13C ranges from −16.5 to −4.5 of eggshells of extant species indicate food from “normal” C3metabolism and from C4metabolism of plants in a dry climate.“Hypselosaurus”populations probably consumed “normal” C3plants. Using isotopic calibration of eggshell carbonates for the interpretation of δ13C and δ18O values of dinosaur eggshells, a slight change from higher to lower temperatures or a change from a dry to a more humid climate during the time from Lower (and Middle) to Late Maastrichtian can be assumed. The latter explanation is favored because the exceptionally high Sr in the Early Maastrichtian eggshells could be a potential indicator of co-existing evaporites.
Taking advantage of time-averaging
Authors: Olszewski Thomas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOne of the major obstacles in dealing with any form of data derived from fossils is the effects of time-averaging, which are the result of mixing the remains of organisms that did not live contemporaneously. Although this process results in loss of temporal resolution, it also serves to filter out short-term variations. Temporal resolution of a collection depends not only on the range of fossil ages, but also on their frequency distribution. Previous studies of marine molluscs indicate that most shells in an accumulation are relatively young. Such a distribution of shell ages can be fit by an exponential curve (assuming both a constant probability of shell loss and a constant rate of shell addition), which implies that 90% of the shells were added during the last 50% of the time interval represented by the collection. That is to say, differences between two collections can be discerned even if they overlap 50% in time, because the proportion of shells with shared ages is only 10%. Applying the exponential model to previously published data suggests that long-term rates of destruction are controlled by how frequently shells from the taphonomically active zone are re-exposed to rapid destruction. To take advantage of the “noise-filtering” property of time-averaging, samples need to be large enough to catch the full range of environmental variation recorded by an accumulation. A simple probability formula indicates that samples of easily achievable size can give satisfactory time-averaged results depending on the level of confidence and sampling density defined by the researcher.
VI. Explanation of an antique Bacchanalian Cup, by the Rev. Stephen Weston, B.D. F.R.S. and F.A.S. In a Letter to the Marquis Townshend of Raynham, and Earl of Leicester, President
Authors: Weston Stephen 
Published: July 2016

I exhibit to your Lordship, and the Society, an antique Bacchanalian Cup, with figures in relief on it, which I will endeavour to explain.The figures on this circular Cup of glazed pottery (Pl. X.) represent the constant flux and reflux of animated beings, arriving and departing, advancing and retiring, originating from water, and refreshed by wine.
XIX. A Memoir on the State of Norham Castle in the time of Henry the Eighth, communicated from a Cottonian Manuscript in the British Museum, by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. and S.A. in a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. Secretary
Authors: Ellis Henry 
Published: July 2016

In a volume of Miscellaneous Papers among the Cotton Manuscripts in the British Museum, is a short but curious Memoir on the state of Norham Castle in the time of Henry the Eighth.A very short extract from that part which relates to provisions for the garrison was copied by Mr. Pinkerton in his History of Scotland: but I think the whole Memoir affords an important detail, not only of the œconomy, but of the general expense attending the keeping up of an ancient fortress.
VII. Copy of a MS. entitled “A true Collection as well of all the Kings Majesties Offices and Fees, in any the Courtes at Westminster as of all the Offices and Fees of his Majesties honorable Househould; together with all Fees apertaineing to Captaines and Souldiers, having charge of Castells, Bullwarkes, and Fortresses within the Realme of England: and likewise the Offices and Fees of his Highnes honorable Howses, Parkes, Forrestes, and Chases within the said Realme.” (Anno 1606). Commnicated by the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B. P.R.S. and F.S.A.
Authors: Banks Joseph 
Published: July 2016

“The nobilitie of England accordinge to their authorites and degrees.Paulett, Marques of Winchester.Hawarde, Earle of Arundell and Surrey.Veare, Earle of Oxforde, Vicount Bulbecke.Percie, Earle of Northumberland,Talbott, Earle of Shrowsburie.Graie, Earle of Kent, Baron Hastinges and Ruthen.Stanley, Earle of Darbie, Lo: of Mann and Strange.Somerfett, Earle of Worstr, Lo: Harbert of Chepstowe.Manners, Earle of Rutland, Baron of Rosse.
XXIII. Extracts from an Ancient MS remaining in the Archives of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, concerning the Manor of Paddington, in the County of Middlesex. Communicated by the Rev. William Vincent, D.D. F.A.S. Dean of Westminster
Authors: Vincent William 
Published: July 2016

Walter, abbot of Westminster, died the 27th of September, in the second year of king Richard I. and in the year of our Lord, 1191.The manor of Paddington was assigned for the celebration of his anniversary, in a solemn manner, under this form.
XXXVIII. A Description of Five Maces, discovered on the capture of the Fort at Agra, in the East Indies. By Anthony Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. In a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. Secretary
Authors: Carlisle Anthony 
Published: July 2016

I send you herewith five Maces, which were found in the Fort at Agra, when captured by the British army in the month of October, 1803: and which you will have the goodness to exhibit to the Society of Antiquaries.These instruments were taken out of the Arsenal, together with some treasure, and are stated to have been carried before the native Princes on grand public processions.
XXIV. Description of the old Font in the Church of East Meon, Hampshire, 1789: with some Observations on Fonts. By Richard Gough, Director
Authors: Gough Richard 
Published: July 2016

The two drawings which accompany this paper represent the general view and four sides of a singular and very antient font in the church of East Meon in Hampshire.The two villages of the name of Meon now distinguished by East and West, were in the Confessor and Conqueror's time, known by the general name of Mene or Menes, and gave their name to this hundred.
XXVIII. Enquiries concerning the Tomb of King Alfred, at Hyde Abbey, near Winchester. By Henry Howard, Esq. In a Letter to George Nayler, Esq. York Herald, F.A.S.
Authors: Howard Henry 
Published: July 2016

The high veneration I feel for the character and principles of our renowned Alfred, led me, whilst we were quartered in Winchester last year, to make the discovery of his tomb an object of research.History informs us, that Alfred and his queen Alfwitha were buried in the church of Newanminster, which he founded and began, and which after his death was finished by Edward the elder, who was also interred near his father.
XXX. Copy of an Original Manuscript, entitled, “A Breviate touching the Order and Governmente of a Nobleman's House, &c.” Communicated by the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B.P.R.S and F.S.A.
Authors: Banks Joseph 
Published: July 2016

First, the stewarde of houshould is to make all forraine provisions whatsoever, and to see them brought into the house and then to acquainte the comptroller therewith, as his chardge.Hee is further to see what demeanes of his lordes is most meete to bee taken into his hanndes so well for meddowe, pasture, as earable, and those to bee imployed to his lordes best proffitte.
X. Observations upon ancient Charity Boxes: by John Adey Repton, Esq. F.S.A. In a Letter addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Repton John Adey 
Published: July 2016

Will you allow me to communicate to the Society of Antiquaries the inclosed Papers relating to Charity Boxes? The accompanying drawings are taken from three different churches in Norfolk, and are curious for their contrivances in preventing the money deposited therein from being stolen. They were generally secured by two keys, most probably kept by the two Churchwardens, and although many were “honest men and true,” a few may have had some inclination to finger “the gode red golde;” as in the following quotation from one of the plays of Ben Jonson:“1 Gyp. On Sundays you rob the poor's-box with your tabor;The Collectors would do it, you save them a labour.Pup. Faith, but a little they 'll do it non upstant.”a
XXVII. Copies of two Letters preserved among the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum; one from the Lady Jane Grey, the other from Queen Elizabeth; communicated by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Ellis Henry 
Published: July 2016

The Letter from Lady Jane Grey is that which she addressed to the Marquis of Northampton on taking possession of her short-lived power in 1553. The most striking peculiarity which marks it, is in the passage where she stigmatizes Queen Mary as the bastard offspring of King Henry the Eighth. This Letter is to be considered rather as the Composition of the Dudleys than of the Princess whose signature stands at its head: who relinquishing her own judgment, fell a sacrifice to the ambition of her relations.The second Letter is from Queen Elizabeth to Sir John Forster, respecting the Murderers of David Rizzio: indorsed in Lord Burleigh's hand. It at least bears testimony to the temper of the Queen's mind on that remarkable event.
Viewpoint
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: July 2016

Sometimes I wonder if I am in the right society.Just after the inauguration of ARLIS, when I was still thinking about joining, there appeared in the ARLIS Newsletter (nos. 2 and 4) two short articles which suggested to me the sort of society ARLIS might become. Written by Frank Hatt, they were called ‘Is your toolkit really necessary?’ and ‘Toolkits again’. The author took the information needs of library users to be the art librarian’s first priority; he dismissed a good many bibliographical tools in our field and called for investigation by ARLIS into exactly what the needs of users of art libraries are. He was thinking on the lines of a cooperative user research project based on case studies, presumably to be published in the Newsletter.
Viewpoint
Authors: Carver Derek 
Published: July 2016

Museums are facing increased difficulties in supplying lecturers with slides of items in their collection. This is particularly so where they have no photographic studio on the premises and have to call in outside commercial photographers.The cost of making a good quality lecture slide in terms of the lighting set-up, travelling, and man-hours, is almost as great as that involved in making a transparency for a publisher. One photographer working for a UK provincial gallery was charging £26 for a colour slide in 1975! This is, of course, quite exceptional, but such a service can never be cheap in future.
Fine Art material at the British Library Lending Division
Authors: Godfrey Mary , Robinson Peter , Vickers Stephen 
Published: July 2016

The needs of the researcher in the fine arts are considered. The nature of inter-lending in the field is outlined, and in particular, the role of the British Library Lending Division and its ability to supply this material are examined, together with an appraisal of its current stocks and acquisitions policy.The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the British Library.
Selected recent Exhibition Catalogues
Authors: Houghton Beth , Burton Anthony , Coulson Anthony 
Published: July 2016

The MUSEE DES BEAUX-ARTS, RENNES drew on the resources of the French national collections for L’Art Maniériste: formes et symboles, 1520-1620, (6th January - 15th March 1978) which contained 232 exhibits (chiefly paintings, prints and drawings — mostly illustrated in the catalogue). Arranged thematically, e.g. ‘La Maniera’, ‘Le Luxe et La Fete’, ‘Les Dieux chez les Hommes’, etc., the catalogue also contains maps, tables and bibliographies.Based solely on its own collection is Five centuries of master graphics in the collection of the St. Louis Art Museum, 1977 — 78 published by that Museum in 1977. The 188 p. catalogue contains 85 illustrations (all black and white) documenting a collection covering works by artists from Dürer to Johns.
Selected recent Exhibition Catalogues
Authors: Houghton Beth 
Published: July 2016

An exhibition of ‘forgotten’ 19th century Dutch history paintings titled Het Vaderlansch Gevoel: vergeten negentiende-eeuwse schilderijen over onze geschiedenis, was shown at the RIJKSMUSEUM, AMSTERDAM (24 March – 25 June 1978). The substantial 302p. catalogue which accompanied it carries illustrations of all 134 exhibits (all b/w), plus notes and a bibliography for each work, brief biographies of the artists (many of them lesser known), and introductory essays.An exhibition organized as part of the celebrations of the 200th anniversary of Bartolini’s birth in 1977, titled Lorenzo Bartolini: mostra delle attività di tutela, was shown at the PALAZZO PRETORIO, PRATO (February – May 1978). The 303p. catalogue, published by Centro Di, has sections on the gallery of plaster casts, archival documentation and the drawings of Bartolini, plus black and white illustrations of sculptures and drawings.
Art and illustration in African publishing
Authors: Coryndon Anna 
Published: July 2016

Just as African literature is going through a process,-of change and adaptation to new conditions, so African art is combining new techniques and ideas with ‘traditional’ ideas of the place of art in society. The illustrated book is a relatively new phenomenon in African literature, and the whole area of design and illustration is a problematic one for African publishers.Illustration has so far had a limited role in African publishing — there are very few lavishly illustrated books produced in Africa. To those used to the production and design standards of the West, it is difficult not to overlook the vitality, excitement and potential of the existing examples of illustration. This is not to say that I think African publishers have fully exploited talent available to them, or explored the scope allowed them in spite of limitations of finance, production methods and market pressures. These limitations have been overcome in examples quoted below.
Chronique des bibliothèques françaises
Authors: Viaux Jacqueline 
Published: July 2016

L’Association des Bibliothécaires Français vient de tenir son congrès annuel à la Rochelle les 19, 20 et 21 mai 1979. 450 participants ont débattu les problèmes de l’information et’de la formation de l’utilisateur.Plusieurs bibliothèques, notamment la bibliothèque universitaire de Montpellier et la bibliothèque du 5ème arrondissement à Paris ont présenté des montages audio-visuels qui ont pour but d’informer le lecteur sur les fonds de ces bibliothèques et les modalités d’utilisation.
The problem of the artefact: subject limits of the art library
Authors: Fawcett Trevor 
Published: July 2016

The traditional subject category ‘visual arts’ is based on a value judgment, but aesthetic criteria no longer suffice to define this category. Art is increasingly permissive in its range. The subjects of art history, archaeology, social anthropology, and history of technology tend more and more to overlap. Almost any material artefact can now be viewed aesthetically, and any work of visual art may be considered as an artefact. Libraries should aim to bring together all the material culture of human societies, whether tools or works of art, in their bibliographic classifications instead of scattering it as at present.(Slightly revised version of a paper given at the Art Libraries Round Table, 45th IFLA Congress, Copenhagen, 1979.)