bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Chronic Intractable Pain: A Systematic Review
Authors: Roberts Dustin G. , Pouratian Nader 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of neuromodulation, the role and efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for chronic pain has not been carefully scrutinized.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review to evaluate the clinical efficacy, both short- and long-term, of SRS for the treatment of chronic intractable pain.

METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO was performed using keywords and controlled vocabulary. The search included peer-reviewed articles reporting clinical outcomes of SRS for chronic pain with a minimum 3-mo follow-up for nonmalignant and 1 mo for malignant pain.

RESULTS: Six articles (113 patients) were evaluated on the basis of radiation target (thalamus vs pituitary) and pain etiology (malignant vs nonmalignant). Across studies, at least 35% of patients were reported to have lasting significant pain relief. By cohort, clinical success was achieved in 51% of pituitary SRS, at least 23% of thalamic SRS, 39% of nonmalignant, and at least 33% of malignant pain patients. Adverse events were noted in 21% of patients; the majority related to hormonal deficits from pituitary SRS.

CONCLUSION: Despite decreased utilization, SRS is effective for select patients with chronic pain and is associated with an acceptable complication rate. Pituitary SRS is superior in patients with cancer-related pain (87% success), while thalamic SRS is superior in patients with nonmalignant pain (65% success). Because reports of SRS for pain largely stem from a period before the common use of neuromodulatory and intrathecal therapies, the efficacy in patients who fail such therapies remains unclear and requires further characterization.
Morpheme contiguity
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOne new constraint family argued for in this book are constraints ensuring a ‘morph-contiguous’ projection of prosodic nodes. It is argued that the phonological representation of a morpheme strives to be contiguous across different tiers, i.e. phonological elements affiliated with one morpheme avoid being dominated by a phonological element that is affiliated with another morpheme. It is shown how different patterns of phonologically predictable allomorphy involving MLM follow from such a preference. This constraint type also allows the solution of a general opacity problem that OT-accounts assuming floating prosodic nodes face. The relevant constraint demanding morph-contiguous mora licensing ensures that an epenthetic mora is inserted in contexts where a vowel would otherwise only be dominated by a mora with a different morphological affiliation. This constraint predicts an interesting typology of languages where all or only some vowels undergo morphological lengthening. As is shown with several examples, this typology is indeed borne out.
Conclusion
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe main argumentations in this book are summarized. The theory of PDM was proposed that can account for all attested patterns of MLM. The most challenging empirical area where PDM offers a new insight is subtractive length manipulation: the prosodically defective integration of morpheme representations might result in non-realization of underlying phonological elements. Prosodic nodes either collaterally cause non-realization since they remain unrealized but need to dominate some amount of base material or elements can ’usurp’ a prosodic node from their base that they lack underlyingly. It was shown that these mechanisms suffice to predict the wide variety of attested subtractive MLM patterns. Another area where PDM offers new insights are instances of exceptions to MLM or lexical allomorphy in the domain of MLM. The main solution PDM offers for such instances is briefly summarized: the assumption of different prosodic specification for different morphemes.
From Classical to Quantum Fields
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Quantum field theory has become the universal language of most modern theoretical physics. This book is meant to provide an introduction to this subject with particular emphasis on the physics of the fundamental interactions and elementary particles. It is addressed to advanced undergraduate, or beginning graduate, students, who have majored in physics or mathematics. The ambition is to show how these two disciplines, through their mutual interactions over the past hundred years, have enriched themselves and have both shaped our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature. The subject of this book, the transition from a classical field theory to the corresponding Quantum Field Theory through the use of Feynman’s functional integral, perfectly exemplifies this connection. It is shown how some fundamental physical principles, such as relativistic invariance, locality of the interactions, causality and positivity of the energy, form the basic elements of a modern physical theory. The standard theory of the fundamental forces is a perfect example of this connection. Based on some abstract concepts, such as group theory, gauge symmetries, and differential geometry, it provides for a detailed model whose agreement with experiment has been spectacular. The book starts with a brief description of the field theory axioms and explains the principles of gauge invariance and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It develops the techniques of perturbation theory and renormalisation with some specific examples. The last Chapters contain a presentation of the standard model and its experimental successes, as well as the attempts to go beyond with a discussion of grand unified theories and supersymmetry.
Carbon Pricing under Political Constraints
Authors: Jenkins Jesse D. , Karplus Valerie J. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The economic prescription for mitigating climate change is clear: price carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions to internalize climate damages. In practice, a variety of political economy constraints have prevented the introduction of a carbon price equal to the full social cost of emissions. This chapter develops insights about the design of climate policy in the face of binding political constraints. Using a stylized model of the energy sector, the authors identify welfare-maximizing combinations of a CO2 price, subsidy for clean energy production, and lump-sum transfers to energy consumers or producers under a set of constraints: limits on the CO2 price, on increases in energy prices, and on energy consumer and producer surplus loss. The authors find that strategically using subsidies or transfers to relieve political constraints can significantly improve the efficiency of carbon pricing policies, while strengthening momentum for a low-carbon transition over time.
Border Adjustment Mechanisms
Authors: Bueb Julien , Hanania Lilian Richieri , Clézio Alice Le 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines, from a multidisciplinary perspective, plausible hypotheses for implementation of border carbon adjustment mechanisms, seen as a complement to strong environmental regulation. It highlights economic, legal, and political difficulties raised by border carbon adjustments. After thoroughly reviewing their economic practicability, it analyses these mechanisms from an International Trade Law perspective, particularly vis-à-vis the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, sustainable development, and the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities. It concludes with an assessment of policy-related implications of such mechanisms and outlines, in particular, how border carbon adjustments may be used as an engine of economic and energy transition, for developed and developing countries equally.
The Political Economy of Energy Innovation
Authors: Dasgupta Shouro , Cian Enrica De , Verdolini Elena 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter empirically investigates the effects political economy factors on energy innovation in a sample of 20 countries between 1995 and 2010. We use various proxies for energy innovation and focus on the role of environmental policy, good governance, political orientation, and the distribution of resources to energy intensive industries. We show that political economy factors affect the incentives to engage in energy-related innovation even in the presence of stringent environmental policy. Specifically, good governance and left-wing governments provide incentives for greater R&D resources to the energy sector, while a larger distribution of resources toward energy intensive sectors can induce market-size effects and lobby for larger energy R&D allocation. This implies that, in order to move towards a greener economy, countries should combine environmental policy with a general improvement of institutions, consider the influence of government’s political orientation on environmental policies and the size of energy-intensive sectors.
Towards a Political Economy Framework for Wind Power
Authors: Davidson Michael R. , Kahrl Fredrich , Karplus Valerie J. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The authors propose a general taxonomy of the political economy challenges to wind power development and integration, highlighting the implications in terms of actors, interests, and risks. Applying this framework to three functions in China’s electricity sector—planning and project approval, generator cost recovery, and balancing area coordination—the authors find evidence of challenges common across countries with significant wind investments, despite institutional and industry characteristics that are unique to China. The authors argue that resolving these political economy challenges is as important to facilitating the role of wind and other renewable energies in a low-carbon energy transition as providing dedicated technical and energy policy support. China is no exception.
Political Economy of Nigerian Power Sector Reform
Authors: Ogunleye Eric Kehinde 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The Nigerian power sector reform is necessitated by the chronically poor performance of the sector and has as its compass the 2005 Electric Power Sector Reform Act and the Road Map for Power Sector Reform 2010. Implementing the reform has resulted in significant progress that includes unbundling and privatization of the long-standing government-owned monopoly in the power sector and a move towards achieving a cost-reflective electricity tariff. This chapter provides a comprehensive assessment of the reform, isolating the major challenges facing it, and focusing on political economy developments surrounding regulatory, institutional, legislative, and fiscal issues, with achieving energy security and mainstreaming clean renewable energy being the main theme running through the analysis.
The Sensory Ecology of Birds
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The natural world contains a huge amount of constantly changing information. Limitations on, and specializations within, sensory systems mean that each species receives only a small part of that information. In essence, information is filtered by sensory systems. Sensory ecology aims to understand the nature and functions of those filters for each species and sensory system. Fluxes of information, and the perceptual challenges posed by different natural environments, are so large that sensory and behavioural specializations have been inevitable. There have been many trade-offs in the evolution of sensory capacities, and trade-offs and complementarity between different sensory capacities within species. Many behavioural tasks may have influenced the evolution of sensory capacities in birds, but the principal drivers have been associated with just two tasksforaging and predator detection. The key task is the control of the position and timing of the approach of the bill towards a target. Other tasks, such as locomotion and reproduction, are achieved within the requirements of foraging and predator detection. Information thatguides behaviours may often be sparse and partial and key behaviours may only be possible because of cognitive abilities which allow adequate interpretation of partial information. Human modifications of natural environments present perceptual challenges that cannot always be met by the information available to particular birds. Mitigations of the negative effects of human intrusions into natural environments must take account of the sensory ecology of the affected species. Effects of environmental changes cannot be understood sufficiently by viewing them through the filters of human sensory systems.
Sleep Health Promotion: Practical Information for Physical Therapists
Authors: Siengsukon Catherine F. , Al-dughmi Mayis , Stevens Suzanne 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Sleep disturbances occur in one third of the US population, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control has deemed insufficient sleep to be a public health problem. Knowledge about sleep and skills to screen sleep disorders and to promote sleep health have been recommended for physical therapists. Furthermore, in survey studies, physical therapists overwhelmingly agree that sleep is important for health and poor sleep impairs function. Sleep is critical for the proper functioning of the body, including immune function, tissue healing, pain modulation, cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and learning and memory. Sleep disruptions occur across the life span and in individuals with various conditions that are typically treated by physical therapists. Therefore, the purpose of this perspective paper is to (1) discuss the relevance of sleep to physical therapist practice, (2) recommend tools to screen for the 3 most common sleep disorders, and (3) provide suggestions for how therapists can integrate sleep health in prevention, health promotion, and wellness interventions.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Pregnancy
Authors: Pacheco L.D. , Saad A.F. , Hankins G.D. , Chiosi G. , Saade G. 
Published: May 2017

(Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):1105–1110)
Guillain-Barré syndrome is defined as a progressive neurological disease that causes the acute onset of symmetric ascending motor weakness, which at times results in respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction. When this syndrome occurs during pregnancy it has been associated with increased maternal mortality (10%). In addition, over 35% of the affected pregnant women with this disorder require respiratory support. Recent reports have noted an association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and infection with the Zika virus in pregnant women. This report reviewed the autoimmune nature of the syndrome and described its clinical characteristics in addition to providing up-to-date evidence for the diagnosis and management of the disease, especially during pregnancy.
Hyperglycaemia and Risk of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Farrar D. , Simmonds M. , Bryant M. , Sheldon T.A. , Tuffnell D. , Golder S. , Dunne F. , Lawlor D.A. 
Published: May 2017

(BMJ. 2016;354:i4694)
Gestational diabetes increases the risk for some adverse perinatal outcomes such as macrosomia and cesarean section. However, uncertainty exists regarding the most appropriate glucose threshold at oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) to define gestational diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal glucose concentrations and adverse perinatal outcomes in women without gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes, and to determine whether there are obvious evidence-based glucose thresholds that can identify women at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.
Temporal Trends in Late Preterm and Early Term Birth Rates in 6 High-income Countries in North America and Europe and Association With Clinician-initiated Obstetric Interventions
Authors: Richards J.L. , Kramer M.S. , Deb-Rinker P. , Rouleau J. , Mortensen L. , Gissler M. , Morken N.H. , Skjærven R. , Cnattingius S. , Johansson S. , Delnord M. , Dolan S.M. , Morisaki N. , Tough S. , Zeitlin J. , Kramer M.R. 
Published: May 2017

(JAMA. 2016;316(4):410–419)
Late preterm and early term births occurring either spontaneously or through obstetric interventions such as labor induction or cesarean delivery have raised concerns due to the risks of adverse neonatal and childhood outcomes. Hence guidelines in the United States now recommend avoiding nonmedically indicated elective deliveries (labor induction or cesarean delivery) before 39 weeks gestation. This study aimed to evaluate temporal trends since 2006 in late preterm and early term birth rates among 6 countries in North America and Europe, and to determine any association between the temporal trends and changes in clinician-initiated obstetric interventions.
Confirmed Severe Maternal Morbidity is Associated With High Rate of Preterm Delivery
Authors: Kilpatrick S.J. , Abreo A. , Gould J. , Greene N. , Main E.K. 
Published: May 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;215:233.e1–233.e7)
Approximately 2% of all births (50,000 women) in the United States are affected by severe maternal morbidity (SMM) with this number growing every year. It is not surprising that this increase in SMM mirrors a similar increase in maternal mortality. SMM events include things like hemorrhage ≥4 units, disseminated intravascular coagulation leading to a hysterectomy, sepsis, and critical care unit admission. It is imperative we better understand the risks and develop interventions to help prevent SMM, with the hope of also reducing maternal mortality. In order to achieve this goal, there have been recent efforts to screen for women who suffer SMM and perform a detailed review of these cases. This has been in an effort to better understand the causes of SMM and ultimately prevent poor maternal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify the risks factors associated with true SMM including the relationship between SMM and preterm delivery.
Abnormally Invasive Placenta—Prevalence, Risk Factors and Antenatal Suspicion: Results From a Large Population-based Pregnancy Cohort Study in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Thurn L. , Lindqvist P.G. , Jakobsson M. , Colmorn L.B. , Klungsoyr K. , Bjarnadóttir R.I. , Tapper A.M. , Børdahl P.E. , Gottvall K. , Petersen K.B. , Krebs L. , Gissler M. , Langhoff-Roos J. , Källen K. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123:1348–1355)
An abnormally invasive placenta (AIP), caused by abnormal invasion of the chorionic villi into the myometrium, presents a significant risk of hemorrhage, peripartum hysterectomy, and other complications. It has been reported to occur in 2 to 90 per 10,000 births. Risk factors include placenta previa, prior cesarean section (CS) especially in combination with placenta previa, and increasing maternal age and parity. Fewer complications have been observed when a planned operative delivery is undertaken in patients with AIP. Therefore, antenatal suspicion of AIP is important in the management of these patients. This study aimed to assess prevalence, risk factors, risk groups and antenatal suspicion of AIP as part of the Nordic Obstetric Surveillance Study.
Clinical Management of Medications in Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Temming L.A. , Cahill A.G. , Riley L.E. 
Published: May 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(6):698–702)
Studies have shown that use of prescription and over-the-counter medications during pregnancy and lactation is quite high. A clinical case was presented regarding a patient with long-standing depression who was taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and discovered she was now pregnant. The question was posed as to whether she should continue the drug.
Impact of Surgeon Annual Volume on Short-term Maternal Outcome in Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Drukker L. , Hants Y. , Farkash R. , Grisaru-Granovsky S. , Shen O. , Samueloff A. , Sela H.Y. 
Published: May 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):85.e1–85.e8)
Surgeon volume is known to be associated directly with morbidity and mortality rates in surgical procedures. Cesarean delivery (CD) is correlated to increased maternal morbidity including hemorrhage, infection, pelvic organ damage, and increased number of hospital readmissions. This study aimed to investigate whether annual surgeon volumes had an impact on outcomes in CDs.
Severe Maternal Morbidity in a Large Cohort of Women With Acute Severe Intrapartum Hypertension
Authors: Kilpatrick S.J. , Abreo A. , Greene N. , Melsop K. , Peterson N. , Shields L.E. , Main E.K. 
Published: May 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):91.e1–91.e7)
Adverse effects of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy such as stroke, eclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count syndrome, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are commonly associated with high rates of maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. The present study aimed to analyze existing management patterns in a large group of women with severe intrapartum hypertension, to determine the maternal morbidity associated with severe intrapartum hypertension and compare it to that in women without severe hypertension.
Platelet Count and Transfusion Requirements During Moderate or Severe Postpartum Haemorrhage
Authors: Jones R.M. , de Lloyd L. , Kealaher E.J. , Lilley G.J. , Precious E. , Burckett st Laurent D. , Hamlyn V. , Collis R.E. , Collins P.W. 
Published: May 2017

(Anaesthesia. 2016;71:648–656)
Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Depletion of coagulation factors and platelets can occur during obstetric hemorrhage. Reduction in coagulation factors and its management by replacement with fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and fibrinogen concentrate have been addressed in earlier studies. However, there are few data addressing the need for platelet transfusion during postpartum hemorrhage. Current guidelines suggest transfusion may be indicated when the platelet count is <75×109/L. This study evaluated data from a previous study investigating the effect of fibrinogen on postpartum hemorrhage progression to assess the association between baseline platelet count and the need for platelet transfusion during postpartum hemorrhage.
Do Labetalol and Methyldopa Have Different Effects on Pregnancy Outcome? Analysis of Data From the Control of Hypertension In Pregnancy Study (CHIPS) Trial
Authors: Magee L.A. , Singer J. , Lee T. , Rey E. , Ross S. , Asztalos E. , Murphy K.E. , Menzies J. , Sanchez J. , Gafni A. , Gruslin A. , Helewa M. , Hutton E. , Koren G. , Lee S.K. , Logan A.G. , Ganzevoort J.W. , Welch R. , Thornton J.G. , Moutquin J.-M. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123:1143–1151)
The Control of Hypertension In Pregnancy Study (CHIPS trial) investigated the impact of a target blood pressure (BP) on maternal and perinatal outcomes by randomizing women with gestational or preexisting hypertension to a diastolic BP target of 100 (“less tight” control group) versus 85 mm Hg (“tight” control group). The present study, a secondary analysis of the CHIPS trial data, aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between women taking methyldopa or labetalol while considering the allocation of these patients to the “less tight” or “tight” control group.