bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of shear rate, photoautotrophy and photoheterotrophy on production of biomass and pigments by Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Benavente‐Valdés Juan Roberto , Méndez‐Zavala Alejandro , Morales‐Oyervides Lourdes , Chisti Yusuf , Montañez Julio 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis work compared the production of Chlorella vulgaris biomass and pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) in photoautotrophic, photoheterotrophic and two‐stage photoheterotrophic–photoautotrophic cultures in two types of photobioreactors, a flat‐panel airlift (FPA) and a conventional stirred tank (STR) system.RESULTSThe biomass and pigments productivities of photoheterotrophic and photoheterotrophic–photoautotrophic cultures were much greater than the productivity of photoautotrophic culture in the FPA. The 3.9‐fold higher average shear rate values in the FPA relative to the STR affected the size of the algal cells, but not the final biomass concentration. The two‐stage photoheterotrophic–photoautotrophic culture in the FPA had nearly 48% higher biomass productivity than the photoheterotrophic culture in the same device but offered no advantage in terms of production of the pigments.CONCLUSIONSThe FPA and the STR offer very different culture environments which affect an algal culture; a two‐stage culture was more productive in biomass than a photoautotrophic culture but not for pigments production. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Continuous gas phase catalytic transformation of levulinic acid to γ‐valerolactone over supported Au catalysts
Authors: Mustafin Kamil , Cárdenas‐Lizana Fernando , Keane Mark A 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDγ‐Valerolactone (GVL) is a high value chemical obtained from hydrogenation of bio‐derived levulinic acid (LA). Work to date has focused on batch pressurised catalytic systems where high GVL yield is challenging. In this work, the role of support redox and acidity properties is examined in the continuous gas phase hydrogenation of aqueous LA at ambient pressure over gold on Al2O3, CeO2 and TiO2; Pd/Al2O3 served as a benchmark in catalyst tests.RESULTS100% GVL yield was achieved under stoichiometric conditions (inlet H2/LA = 1) over supported Au (mean size = 3.0–4.3 nm). Greater catalytic activity was recorded for Au on reducible TiO2 and CeO2. Under the same reaction conditions, Pd/Al2O3 delivered higher LA consumption rates but promoted formation of pentanoic acid.CONCLUSIONSGVL formation proceeds via 4‐hydroxypentanoic as reactive intermediate. Surface oxygen vacancies (confirmed by O2 titration) formed during temperature programmed reduction of reducible oxides activate LA for reaction. Greater GVL productivity (with full hydrogen utilisation) is demonstrated in this work relative to state‐of‐the art supported Pd and Ru catalysts. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Classification of Regular Embeddings of Complete Multipartite Graphs
Authors: Kwon Young Soo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA 2‐cell embedding of a graph Γ into a closed (orientable or nonorientable) surface is called regular if its automorphism group acts regularly on the flags. In this article, we classify the regular embeddings of the complete multipartite graph . We show that if the number of partite sets is greater than 3, there exists no such embedding; and if the number of partite sets is 3, for any n, there exist one orientable regular embedding and one nonorientable regular embedding of up to isomorphism.
miR‐483 targets SMAD4 to suppress chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Anderson Britta A. , McAlinden Audrey 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTMicroRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate cellular differentiation processes by modulating multiple pathways simultaneously. Previous studies to analyze in vivo miRNA expression patterns in developing human limb cartilage tissue identified significant downregulation of miR‐483 in hypertrophic chondrocytes relative to proliferating and differentiated chondrocytes. To test the function of miR‐483 during chondrogenesis, lentiviral strategies were used to overexpress miR‐483 during in vitro chondrogenesis of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM‐MSCs). While the in vivo expression patterns led us to hypothesize that miR‐483 may enhance chondrogenesis or suppress hypertrophic marker expression, surprisingly, miR‐483 overexpression reduced chondrocyte gene expression and cartilage matrix production. In addition, cell death was induced at later stages of the chondrogenesis assay. Mechanistic studies revealed that miR‐483 overexpression resulted in downregulation of the TGF‐β pathway member SMAD4, a known direct target of miR‐483‐3p. From these studies, we conclude that constitutive overexpression of miR‐483 in hBM‐MSCs inhibits chondrogenesis of these cells and does not represent an effective strategy to attempt to enhance chondrocyte differentiation and anabolism in this system in vitro. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2369–2377, 2017.
Simultaneous determination of 13 carbohydrates using high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Dan , Feng Feng , Yuan Fei , Su Jin , Cheng Yan , Wu Hanqiu , Song Kun , Nie Bo , Yu Lian , Zhang Feng 
Published: February 2017

A simple, accurate, and highly sensitive method was developed for the determination of 13 carbohydrates in polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis based on high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with deionized water using ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, and the ultrasound‐assisted extraction conditions were optimized by Box–Behnken design. Then the extracted polysaccharide was hydrolyzed by adding 1 mol/L trifluoroacetic acid before determination by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and confirmed by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection method was performed on a CarboPac PA20 column by gradient elution using deionized water, 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, and 0.4 mol/L sodium acetate solution. Excellent linearity was observed in the range of 0.05–10 mg/L. The average recoveries ranged from 80.7 to 121.7%. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for 13 carbohydrates were 0.02–0.10 and 0.2–1.2 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method has been successfully applied to ambient samples, and the results indicated that high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and mass spectrometry could provide a rapid and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of carbohydrates.
Parallel radiofrequency transmission at 3 tesla to improve safety in bilateral implanted wires in a heterogeneous model
Authors: McElcheran Clare E. , Yang Benson , Anderson Kevan J.T. , Golestanirad Laleh , Graham Simon J. 
Published: February 2017

PurposeElongated implanted conductors can interact with the radiofrequency (RF) transmission field during MRI, posing safety concerns of excessive heating in patients with deep brain stimulators. A technique using parallel RF transmission (pTx) is evaluated on an anthropomorphic heterogeneous model with bilateral and unilateral curved wires.MethodsAmplitude and phase were optimized by simulation to minimize heating surrounding the implanted wires and to minimize
inhomogeneity for four‐channel and eight‐channel pTx in a heterogeneous model. MRI experiments were conducted in an equivalent test phantom created from a common digital mesh file.ResultsIn four‐channel pTx, maximum local specific absorption rate (SAR) was reduced in both unilateral and bilateral wires by 47% and 59%, respectively, but with compromised
homogeneity. Optimized eight‐channel pTx substantially reduced local SAR compared with birdcage coil RF excitation in both unilateral and bilateral wires (reduction of maximum local SAR of 79% and 87%, respectively).
inhomogeneity was limited to 17% and 26%, respectively. Experimental validation with four‐channel pTx showed 80% and 92% temperature reduction at the tips of wire 1 and wire 2, respectively.ConclusionThis pTx approach yields promising reductions in local SAR at the tips of unilateral and bilateral implanted wires while maintaining image quality in simulation and experiment. Magn Reson Med 78:2408–2415, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Versatile Two‐Step Functionalization of Nanocarbons: Grafting of Propargylic Groups and Click Post‐Functionalization
Authors: Desmecht Antonin , Hermans Sophie , Riant Olivier 
Published: February 2017

AbstractChemical functionalization of nanocarbons is essential for further applications in various fields. We developed a facile, inexpensive, and gram‐scale one‐pot route towards alkynyl‐functionalized nanocarbons. Nucleophilic addition/propargylic capture places alkyne moieties at the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry and Raman analysis confirmed the efficiency of this process. Conductivity measurements demonstrated the maintenance of the CNT electrical properties. The attached alkynyl moieties were reacted with various azide derivatives through the click‐Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition and characterized with XPS. The efficient addition of those derivatives enables the application of our finding in various fields. This route is a reliable and convenient alternative to the known diazonium functionalization and oxidation‐esterification reactions to graft alkyne groups.
In Vivo Plantar Pressures in Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Compared to Control Using an Intraoperative Pedobarographic Device
Authors: MacMahon Aoife , Hillstrom Howard J. , Do Huong T. , Chan Jeremy Y. , Deland Jonathan T. , Ellis Scott J. 
Published: February 2017

Background Intraoperative pedobarography has the potential to aid surgical decisions, but no parameters exist to guide its use. Questions/Purposes This study compared supine plantar pressures between flatfoot patients and controls using a previously validated intraoperative pedobarographic device and examined associations between supine, walking, and standing plantar pressures. Methods Ten preoperative patients with stage II adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) were compared to ten healthy controls. Supine plantar pressures were assessed using the pedobarographic device. Standing and walking plantar pressures were assessed with an EMED-XT sensor array (Novel). Maximum force (MF) and peak pressure (PP) were calculated for nine anatomical foot regions adjusting for age and BMI. Results No differences in plantar pressures were found between flatfoot patients and controls in the supine or standing positions. During walking, flatfoot patients had greater MF of the first, second, and third metatarsals ( p ≤ 0.018) and greater PP of the first and second metatarsals than controls ( p ≤ 0.010). Supine MF and PP were both strongly positively correlated with their respective pressure measurements for both standing and walking in multiple foot regions ( p ≤ 0.05, all analyses). Correlations in the first metatarsal region were generally weak and not statistically significant. Conclusion This device did not show differences in supine plantar pressures of flatfoot patients and healthy subjects, highlighting the limitations of intraoperative devices in guiding flatfoot correction. The differences between flatfoot and controls during walking and the correlations between supine and walking conditions suggest that dynamic plantar pressures are a more useful parameter in guiding flatfoot reconstruction.
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine inhibit bladder cancer cell growth by targeting basal autophagy and enhancing apoptosis
Authors: Lin Yi‐Chia , Lin Ji‐Fan , Wen Sheng‐I , Yang Shan‐Che , Tsai Te‐Fu , Chen Hung‐En , Chou Kuang‐Yu , Hwang Thomas I‐Sheng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractChloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), two antimalarial drugs, are suggested to have potential anticancer properties. in the present study, we investigated the effects of CQ and HCQ on cell growth of bladder cancer with emphasis on autophagy inhibition and apoptosis induction in vitro. The results showed that CQ and HCQ inhibited the proliferation of multiple human bladder cell lines (including RT4, 5637, and T24) in a time‐ and dose‐dependent fashion, especially in advanced bladder cancer cell lines (5637 and T24) compared to immortalized uroepithelial cells (SV‐Huc‐1) or other reference cancer cell lines (PC3 and MCF‐7). We found that 24‐hour treatment of CQ or HCQ significantly decreased the clonogenic formation in 5637 and T24 cells compared to SV‐Huc‐1. As human bladder cancer tumor exhibits high basal level of autophagic activities, we detected the autophagic flux in cells treated with CQ and HCQ, showing an alternation in LC3 flux in CQ‐ or HCQ‐treated cells. Moreover, bladder cancer cells treated with CQ and HCQ underwent apoptosis, resulting in increased caspase 3/7 activities, increased level of cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase 3, and DNA fragmentation. Given these results, targeting autophagy with CQ and HCQ represents an effective cancer therapeutic strategy against human bladder cancer.
Editorial Note
Authors: McClellan B. Edward 
Published: February 2017

To the readers of the History of Education Quarterly:With the publication of this issue, an important era in the life of the History of Education Quarterly comes to an end. For nearly twenty years the Quarterly has been published at New York University, where both the business and editorial offices have been located. Now those offices are being moved to Indiana University at Bloomington, where future issues will be published.
Importance of serological cross-reactivity amongToxoplasma gondii, Hammondiaspp.,Neosporaspp.,Sarcocystisspp. andBesnoitia besnoiti
Authors: GONDIM LUÍS F. P. , MINEO JOSÉ R. , SCHARES GEREON 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii, Neosporaspp.,Sarcocystisspp.,Hammondiaspp. andBesnoitia besnoitiare genetically related cyst-forming coccidia. Serology is frequently used for the identification ofT. gondii, Neosporaspp. andB. besnoiti-exposed individuals. Serologic cross-reactions occur in different tests among animals infected withT. gondiiandH. hammondi,as well as among animals infected byT. gondiiandN. caninum. Infections caused byN. caninumandN. hughesiare almost indistinguishable by serology.Neospora caninum, B. besnoitiandSarcocystisspp. infections in cattle show some degree of serologic cross-reactivity. Antibody cross-reactivity betweenNeosporaspp. andH. heydorni-infected animals is suspected, but not proven to occur. We review serologic cross-reactivity among animals and/or humans infected withT. gondii, Neosporaspp.,Sarcocystisspp.,Hammondiaspp. andB. besnoiti. Emphasis is laid upon antigens and serological methods forN. caninumdiagnosis which were tested for cross-reactivity with related protozoa. Species-specific antigens, as well as stage-specific proteins have been identified in some of these parasites and have promising use for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys.
Parasitism as the main factor shaping peptide vocabularies in current organisms
Authors: ZEMKOVÁ MICHAELA , ZAHRADNÍK DANIEL , MOKREJŠ MARTIN , FLEGR JAROSLAV 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYSelf/non-self-discrimination by vertebrate immune systems is based on the recognition of the presence of peptides in proteins of a parasite that are not contained in the proteins of a host. Therefore, a reduction of the number of ‘words’ in its own peptide vocabulary could be an efficient evolutionary strategy of parasites for escaping recognition. Here, we compared peptide vocabularies of 30 endoparasitic and 17 free-living unicellular organisms and also eight multicellular parasitic and 16 multicellular free-living organisms. We found that both unicellular and multicellular parasites used a significantly lower number of different pentapeptides than free-living controls. Impoverished pentapeptide vocabularies in parasites were observed across all five clades that contain both the parasitic and free-living species. The effect of parasitism on a number of peptides used in an organism's proteins is larger than effects of all other studied factors, including the size of a proteome, the number of encoded proteins, etc. This decrease of pentapeptide diversity was partly compensated for by an increased number of hexapeptides. Our results support the hypothesis of parasitism-associated reduction of peptide vocabulary and suggest that T-cell receptors mostly recognize the five amino acids-long part of peptides that are presented in the groove of major histocompatibility complex molecules.
Characterizing cognitive heterogeneity on the schizophrenia–bipolar disorder spectrum
Authors: Van Rheenen T. E. , Lewandowski K. E. , Tan E. J. , Ospina L. H. , Ongur D. , Neill E. , Gurvich C. , Pantelis C. , Malhotra A. K. , Rossell S. L. , Burdick K. E. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundCurrent group-average analysis suggests quantitative but not qualitative cognitive differences between schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). There is increasing recognition that cognitive within-group heterogeneity exists in both disorders, but it remains unclear as to whether between-group comparisons of performance in cognitive subgroups emerging from within each of these nosological categories uphold group-average findings. We addressed this by identifying cognitive subgroups in large samples of SZ and BD patients independently, and comparing their cognitive profiles. The utility of a cross-diagnostic clustering approach to understanding cognitive heterogeneity in these patients was also explored.MethodHierarchical clustering analyses were conducted using cognitive data from 1541 participants (SZn= 564, BDn= 402, healthy controln= 575).ResultsThree qualitatively and quantitatively similar clusters emerged within each clinical group: a severely impaired cluster, a mild-moderately impaired cluster and a relatively intact cognitive cluster. A cross-diagnostic clustering solution also resulted in three subgroups and was superior in reducing cognitive heterogeneity compared with disorder clustering independently.ConclusionsQuantitative SZ–BD cognitive differences commonly seen using group averages did not hold when cognitive heterogeneity was factored into our sample. Members of each corresponding subgroup, irrespective of diagnosis, might be manifesting the outcome of differences in shared cognitive risk factors.
Anti-dumping Practices and China's Implementation of WTO Rulings
Authors: Zhou Weihuan , Zhang Shu 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe explore China's behaviour in taking anti-dumping actions, with a focus on those which have been challenged under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. We argue that the typical motivations behind China's resort to anti-dumping measures include protection, retaliation, industrial development and export promotion. These motivations are likely to carry more weight than China's observance of WTO obligations when deciding whether to impose anti-dumping measures and whether to implement WTO rulings. Brief recommendations are provided to foreign governments and exporters on how to avoid China's anti-dumping actions.
UNDERGROUND PITS (CHULTUNES) IN THE SOUTHERN MAYA LOWLANDS: EXCAVATION RESULTS FROM CLASSIC PERIOD MAYA SITES IN NORTHWESTERN PETÉN
Authors: Cagnato Clarissa 
Published: February 2017

AbstractChultunes— underground pits carved into bedrock — have been reported by the hundreds in the Maya region, yet debate on their principal use continues to this day. Sincechultuneshave not yielded solid data to answer the questions posed by Maya archeologists, they are sometimes not completely excavated or reported in detail. This article presents a review of previous work onchultunesin the Maya lowlands, followed by the presentation of new data from sixchultunesexcavated at archaeological sites in northwestern Petén, Guatemala. I argue that, although these underground features were primarily used for utilitarian purposes, there is strong evidence thatchultunesalso had ritual importance to the ancient Maya. The variability in the shape, size, and associated cultural materials, including macrobotanical remains, justifies further in-depth investigations ofchultunes. Archaeologists should consider investigating these features more systematically, as a larger comparative sample ofchultunescould aid in assessing whether there are local patterns of construction, use, and reuse. Thus, excavations of these features should be encouraged.
Rural Society and the Painters’ Trade in Post-Reformation England
Authors: TITTLER ROBERT 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:This article examines two opposing views on the role and presence of painters in post-Reformation rural England. The art historian William Gaunt concluded that painters simply ‘vanished’ from the local scene in their flight to London; the historical geographer John Patten saw non-agricultural workers in general flocking to the rural scene in the same era. Drawing on a database of over 2,600 working painters, the article explores the presence and role of the painters’ occupation in rural England between 1500 and 1640. It emphasises the painters’ accommodation to changing consumer demands; it offers a revised view of their geographic distribution over time; it shows that painters continued to serve the rural scene, albeit in somewhat different ways and from different locales than before.
Agricultural Output Growth in a Proto- and Early Industrial Setting: Evidence from Sharecropping in Western Westphalia and the Lower Rhineland, c. 1740–1860
Authors: KOPSIDIS MICHAEL , PFISTER ULRICH , SCHOLTEN FRIEDERIKE , BRACHT JOHANNES 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:An evidence-based time series on agricultural growth prior to 1850 only exists for very few German territories. Except for Saxony, there is no series available for the pre-1815 period. Based on sharecropping contracts from the estate of Anholt, we reconstruct the development of crop production for western Westphalia and the lower Rhineland c. 1740–1860. Our results show that parallel to Saxony, agricultural growth in this north-west German region was driven entirely by demand from a growing number of households engaged in proto-industrial and early industrial manufacture production. Fully commercialised land tenure systems dominated in Anholt from the beginning of the early modern period, and manorial institutions had little relevance for rural property relations. Hence, the radical French and Prussian agrarian reforms at the beginning of the nineteenth century had no effect on agricultural production. In a north-west European comparison, Anholt's sharecroppers performed rather well during this decisive formation period culminating in early industrialisation.
Polycentric orders and post-disaster recovery: a case study of one Orthodox Jewish community following Hurricane Sandy
Authors: STORR VIRGIL HENRY , GRUBE LAURA E. , HAEFFELE-BALCH STEFANIE 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHurricane Sandy hit the East Coast of the United States on 29 October 2012, flooding hundreds of thousands of homes and costing over $50 billion in property damage. After Hurricane Sandy residents and communities required food, water and clothing, and in the weeks and months following, there was demand for cleaning supplies, building materials and contracting services. Polycentric orders, because of their flexibility and access to local knowledge, are well suited to respond to the challenges of disaster. We highlight the importance of privately provided social services within polycentric orders and illustrate that the private provision of these services was important to post-disaster recovery in the Orthodox Jewish community in the Rockaway Peninsula in New York.