bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiota‐derived tryptophan indoles increase after gastric bypass surgery and reduce intestinal permeability in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jennis M. , Cavanaugh C. R. , Leo G. C. , Mabus J. R. , Lenhard J. , Hornby P. J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe diet and microbiome contribute to metabolic disease in part due to increased intestinal inflammation and permeability. Dietary tryptophan is metabolized by both mammalian and bacterial enzymes. Using in vitro, in vivo models, and clinical data, we tested whether bacterial tryptophan indole derivatives underlie the positive benefits of microbiota on inflammation that is associated with metabolic disease.MethodsIn high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice intestinal permeability and plasma endotoxin levels were measured after indole‐3‐propionic acid (IPA; 20 mg kg−1 p.o. for 4 days). Tryptophan derivatives effect on permeability and gene expression were assessed in T84 intestinal cell monolayers, in the presence or absence of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Plasma tryptophan metabolites were analyzed from lean, or obese T2D subjects undergoing Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB).Key ResultsIPA reduced the increased intestinal permeability observed in HFD‐fed mice. Of 16 metabolites tested in vitro, only IPA, and tryptamine reduced T84 cell monolayer permeability compromised by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. In T84 cells, IPA reversed the IFN‐γ induced increase of fructose transporter SLC2A5 (GLUT5) mRNA, but not induction of inflammatory or metabolic genes. In obese subjects, IPA levels were reduced relative to lean counterparts, and these levels were increased by 3 months after RYGB.Conclusions and InferencesThe novel findings are that obese subjects have lower levels of IPA, a solely bacterially derived tryptophan derivative, and IPA improved intestinal barrier function in vitro and DIO mice. Reduced plasma IPA levels and reversal by surgery may be a consequence of intestinal indole‐producing microbiota but underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation.
Furling the Flag: Explaining the 2015 Vote to Remove the Confederate Flag in South Carolina
Authors: Chaffin LaTasha Y. , Cooper Christopher A. , Knotts H. Gibbs 
Published: August 2017

Public policy scholars have long recognized the importance of focusing events in shaping policy change. We argue that the 2015 Charleston church shooting served as a focusing event that opened a policy window, leading to the vote to remove the Confederate flag from the South Carolina Statehouse grounds. While Democrats voted unanimously to remove the flag, we employ logistic regression models to explore the determinants of the decision to remove the Confederate flag in South Carolina among Republican state representatives. There is little evidence for the effect of district racial composition or electoral threat, but our model indicates that a few factors—intraparty legislator ideology, median household income in the district, percent urban in the district, and district educational attainment—best explain Republican decisions to furl the flag. These findings have implications for how policy makers respond to focusing events and our understanding of ongoing debates over the Confederate flag.Related Articles

Feig, Douglas G. 2004. “.” Politics & Policy 32 (): 660‐683. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2004.tb00200.x/full

Orey, Byron D'Andra,
L. Martin Overby,
Peter K. Hatemi, and
Baodong Liu. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 539‐558. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00303.x/abstract

Woliver, Laura R.,
Angela R. Ledford, and
Chris J. Dolan. 2001. “.” Politics & Policy 29 (): 708‐730. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2001.tb00612.x/abstract
Related Media
. 2015. “Rep. Jenny Horne on Confederate Flag Debate.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = wZrrvirBjxE

. 2015. “South Carolina Takes Down Confederate Flag.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = ZgoI4‐HEvW4

. 2015. “S.C. Statehouse Fights over Confederate Flag Controversy.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=‐uXZ6uRyvvc
How to perform extracorporeal photopheresis via port catheter
Authors: Schwede Katharina , Nagel Stephanie , Simon Jan‐Christoph , Ziemer Mirjana 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUNDExtracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is commonly performed via peripheral venous access catheter. If this is not possible, a tunneled central venous catheter may be considered. However, this access mode may be associated with high complication rates. Port catheters and permanent arteriovenous fistulas in principle could serve as alternative options; however, treatment opinions are limited.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe report on four adult patients with poor peripheral vein conditions in whom we performed ECP via port catheter.RESULTSIn three of four patients, problems arising from temporarily impaired blood aspiration or reinfusion were solved by repositioning the patient, intermittent flushing of the port catheter, and, in one patient, by instillation of 2500 units of heparin into the port prior to the first ECP of the 2‐day cycle. One female patient sustained extensive central venous thrombosis.CONCLUSIONA port catheter may, in certain circumstances, constitute a patient‐friendly alternative for venous ECP access when patients' peripheral veins are unsuitable. However, a prolonged ECP procedure duration must be taken into account for decision making.
Risk factors for blood transfusion in patients undergoing high‐order Cesarean delivery
Authors: Spiegelman Jessica , Mourad Mirella , Melka Stephanie , Gupta Simi , Lam‐Rachlin Jennifer , Rebarber Andrei , Saltzman Daniel H. , Fox Nathan S. 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUNDThe objective was to identify risk factors associated with blood transfusion in patients undergoing high‐order Cesarean delivery (CD).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThis was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing third or more CD by a single maternal‐fetal medicine practice between 2005 and 2016. We compared risk factors between women who did and did not receive a red blood cell transfusion during the operation or before discharge. Repeat analysis was performed after excluding women with placenta previa.RESULTSA total of 514 patients were included, 18 of whom (3.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2%‐5.5%) received a blood transfusion. Placenta previa was the most significant risk factor for transfusion (61.1% of patients who received a transfusion vs. 1% of patients who did not; p < 0.001). Patients with a placenta previa had a 68.8% likelihood of requiring a blood transfusion. After women who had placenta previa were excluded, the incidence of blood transfusion was seven of 498 (1.4%; 95% CI, 0.7%‐2.9%). Risk factors significantly associated with blood transfusion in the absence of previa were prophylactic anticoagulation during pregnancy and having labored. The incidence of transfusion in patients with no placenta previa, no anticoagulation, and no labor was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3%‐2.1%). Placenta previa was the most predictive risk factor for transfusion with a positive predictive value of 68.8% and a negative predictive value of 98.4%.CONCLUSIONIn patients undergoing a third or more CD, only placenta previa, prophylactic anticoagulation during pregnancy, and having labored are independently associated with requiring a blood transfusion. These data can be used to guide physician ordering of prepared blood products preoperatively.
CXCR4 antagonist delivery on decellularized skin scaffold facilitates impaired wound healing in diabetic mice by increasing expression of SDF‐1 and enhancing migration of CXCR4‐positive cells
Authors: Liu Hao , Liu Hanping , Deng Xiaoyuan , Chen Maosheng , Han Xue , Yan Wenxia , Wang Ning 
Published: August 2017

AbstractC‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is an alpha‐chemokine receptor specific for stromal cell‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1 also called CXCL12). The antagonist of CXCR4 can mobilize CD34+ cells and hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow within several hours, and it has an efficacy on diabetes ulcer through acting on the SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis. In this study, we investigated for the first time whether the antagonist of CXCR4 (Plerixafor/AMD3100) delivered on acellular dermal matrix (ADM) may accelerate diabetes‐impaired wound healing. ADM scaffolds were fabricated from nondiabetic mouse skin through decellularization processing and incorporated with AMD3100 to construct ADM‐AMD3100 scaffold. Full‐thickness cutaneous wound in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice were treated with ADM, AMD3100, or ADM‐AMD3100. 21 days after treatment, wound closure in ADM‐AMD3100‐treated mice was more complete than ADM group and AMD3100 group, and it was accompanied by thicker collagen formation. Correspondingly, diabetic mice treated with ADM‐AMD3100 demonstrated prominent neovascularization (higher capillary density and vascular smooth muscle actin), which were accompanied by up‐regulated mRNA levels of SDF‐1 and enhanced migration of CXCR4 in the granulation tissue. Our results demonstrate that ADM scaffold provide perfect niche for loading AMD3100 and ADM‐AMD3100 is a promising method for diabetic wound healing mainly by increasing expression of SDF‐1 and enhancing migration of CXCR4‐positive cells.
Dog ecology and its implications for rabies control in Gwagwalada, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Mshelbwala P. P. , Akinwolemiwa D. K. , Maikai B.V. , Otolorin R. G. , Maurice N. A. , Weese J. S. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe objectives of this study were to determine the characteristics of a dog population, including their accessibility to vaccination and health care, in urban and semiurban areas of Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria. Direct street counts and a house‐to‐house survey of city streets were performed. A total of 451 households were surveyed comprising 43.7% urban and 53.3% semiurban areas. A total of 848 owned dogs were identified, along with 3,115 corresponding humans. With a dog‐to‐human ratio of 1:3.7, the dog population in the study area was estimated as 103,758. A total of 396 dogs were counted on the streets with the greater proportion (74%) in semiurban areas. Most dogs in semiurban areas (77.3%) had no certificate confirming vaccination against rabies, compared to 47.2% in urban areas (p = .004). The majority of dogs in the urban (60.9%) and semiurban (82.0%) were free roaming. In the multivariable model, age, presence of a collar, region, sex, use and having ever visited a veterinarian were significantly associated with rabies vaccination. The majority (125/197, 63.5%) of respondents with higher education were willing to pay more for the healthcare needs of their dogs as opposed to those with a lower level of education (93/251, 37.1%, p = .001). The study revealed a high dog population density, vaccination coverage below WHO recommendation of 70% and generally reduced healthcare‐seeking behaviour among dog owners in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.
Detection of phasic dopamine by D1 and D2 striatal medium spiny neurons
Authors: Yapo Cedric , Nair Anu G. , Clement Lorna , Castro Liliana R. , Hellgren Kotaleski Jeanette , Vincent Pierre 
Published: August 2017

Key points
Brief dopamine events are critical actors of reward‐mediated learning in the striatum; the intracellular cAMP–protein kinase A (PKA) response of striatal medium spiny neurons to such events was studied dynamically using a combination of biosensor imaging in mouse brain slices and in silico simulations.
Both D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons can sense brief dopamine transients in the sub‐micromolar range.
While dopamine transients profoundly change cAMP levels in both types of medium spiny neurons, the PKA‐dependent phosphorylation level remains unaffected in D2 neurons.
At the level of PKA‐dependent phosphorylation, D2 unresponsiveness depends on protein phosphatase‐1 (PP1) inhibition by DARPP‐32.
Simulations suggest that D2 medium spiny neurons could detect transient dips in dopamine level.
AbstractThe phasic release of dopamine in the striatum determines various aspects of reward and action selection, but the dynamics of the dopamine effect on intracellular signalling remains poorly understood. We used genetically encoded FRET biosensors in striatal brain slices to quantify the effect of transient dopamine on cAMP or PKA‐dependent phosphorylation levels, and computational modelling to further explore the dynamics of this signalling pathway. Medium‐sized spiny neurons (MSNs), which express either D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, responded to dopamine by an increase or a decrease in cAMP, respectively. Transient dopamine showed similar sub‐micromolar efficacies on cAMP in both D1 and D2 MSNs, thus challenging the commonly accepted notion that dopamine efficacy is much higher on D2 than on D1 receptors. However, in D2 MSNs, the large decrease in cAMP level triggered by transient dopamine did not translate to a decrease in PKA‐dependent phosphorylation level, owing to the efficient inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 by DARPP‐32. Simulations further suggested that D2 MSNs can also operate in a ‘tone‐sensing’ mode, allowing them to detect transient dips in basal dopamine. Overall, our results show that D2 MSNs may sense much more complex patterns of dopamine than previously thought.
Cocaine-related subcutaneous emphysema, pneumorrhachis and pneumomediastinum: a rare clinical finding
Authors: Kanu Obiajulu , Teleb Mohamed , Agrawal Harsh , Cashin Laura B 
Published: August 2017

A young man presented with several days of dyspnoea and delirium due to cocaine use which was confirmed by urine drug screening. Imaging studies confirmed the diagnosis of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumorrhachis and pneumomediastinum. He was managed successfully with conservative therapy.Although a rare clinical finding, cocaine-related pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumorrhachis should be recognised early on presentation. This will certainly help to effectively direct the use of healthcare resources and avoid subjecting the patient to unnecessary investigations.
Delirium as presentation of late-onset and relapsing Susac syndrome
Authors: Betend Romain , Humm Andrea M , Medlin Friedrich 
Published: August 2017

A 67-year-old patient, only known for bilateral presbycusis, presented with subacute onset of delirium. Clinical examination showed multifocal neurological deficits, all together suggesting subcortical frontal dysfunction together with cerebellar and corpus callosum involvement.Cerebral MRI demonstrated supratentorial and infratentorial subcortical and periventricular T2-hyperintense lesions with cerebellar gadolinium enhancement and multiple central lesions of the corpus callosum (snowball lesions). The diagnosis of Susac syndrome was made and the patient treated with intravenous methylprednisolone, followed by a prednisone maintenance dose over 8 weeks. After a clinical improvement, a relapse was noticed during corticosteroid tapering. The patient was again treated with intravenous methylprednisolone followed by a prednisone maintenance therapy with simultaneous introduction of mycophenolate mofetil acid and one cycle of intravenous rituximab. The patient recovered rapidly. At 11-month follow-up, only mild executive dysfunction and persistent right postural tremor was noted, MRI showed partial regression of subcortical and juxtacortical lesions.
PREVENTION OF TIME-LOSS INJURIES IN THE A-LEAGUE PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL: A 5-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Gouttebarge Vincent , Kerkhoffs Gino 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEpidemiological data on the occurrence of time-loss injuries over several A-League seasons remains lacking, while the effect of the implementation of ‘Minimum Medical Standards’ as preventive measure needs evaluation.ObjectiveTo explore the preventive effect of the mandatory implementation of ‘Minimum Medical Standards’ in the A-League professional football on the occurrence of total time-loss injuries (and total matches missed).DesignAn observational prospective study was conducted over five A-League seasons (2008 to 2013).SettingA-League professional football.Patients (or Participants)All professional players from all clubs from the A-League were monitored over five consecutive seasons.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)“Minimum Medical Standards” were made mandatory in 2011 in the A-League professional football, relying on appropriate medical testing and employment of medical physicians and physiotherapists.Main Outcome MeasurementsData were collected weekly based on official match previews, official match reviews, official media releases, official websites, and self-report by the players.ResultsThe number of total time-loss injuries rose from 129 in 2008–2009 to 202 in 2010–2011, decreasing to 162 in 2012–2013 (repeated measures ANOVA not statistically significant). The number of total matches missed rose from 506 in 2008–2009 to 1110 in 2010–2011, decreasing to 542 in 2012–2013. This difference in matches missed over five seasons was found to be statistically significant (P<0.01).ConclusionsThe introduction of "Minimum Medical Standards" in the A-League had a favourable effect on the number of total, hamstring, knee and ankle injuries and on the number of matches missed due to these injuries, but not on the number of groin injuries.
A HISTORY OF CONCUSSIONS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SYMPTOMS OF COMMON MENTAL DISORDERS IN FORMER MALE PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES ACROSS A RANGE OF SPORTS
Authors: Gouttebarge Vincent , Aoki Haruhito , Lambert Mike , Stewart William , Kerkhoffs Gino 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRecent reports suggest that exposure to repetitive concussions in sports is associated with an increased risk of symptoms of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) and of later development of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between sports career-related concussions and the subsequent occurrence of symptoms of CMD among former male professional athletes.DesignCross-sectional analyses performed on baseline electronic questionnaires from three prospective cohort studies.SettingNational unions or players' associations in professional football, ice hockey and rugby.Patients (or Participants)A total of 576 former male professional athletes were enrolled. Mean age at recruitment was 37 years; mean duration of sports career was 10 years.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)The total number of confirmed concussion incidents during an athlete's career and diagnosed by a medical professional was examined.Main Outcome MeasurementsSeveral Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) were included and assessed with validated scales, namely symptoms of distress, anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance, adverse alcohol use.ResultsThe number of sports career-related concussions was a predictor for all outcome measures (β=0.072–0.100; P≤0.035). Specifically, former professional athletes who reported a history of four or five concussions were approximately 1.5 times more likely to report symptoms of CMD, rising to a two- to four-fold increase in those reporting a history of six or more sports career-related concussions.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate a direct relationship between exposure to sports concussion and subsequent risk of symptoms of CMD in former professional athletes across a range of contact sports. Further work to explore the association between sports concussion and symptoms of CMD is required; in meantime strategies for effective risk reduction and improved management appear indicated.
RELIABILITY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC POSTURAL ASSESSMENT IN MALE ELITE JUNIOR SOCCER PLAYERS (UNDER 16, 17 & 19)
Authors: Hajduk Karen , Schmidtbleicher Dietmar 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundJunior soccer players aged 16 to 19 years old competing on high level already present with postural deviations which are associated with an increased injury risk due to mechanical overloading of the neuro-musculoskeletal system. The application of valid postural assessments methods play an important role in terms of providing correct therapeutic consequences.ObjectivePrevious research show several methodological weaknesses and inconsistent results assessing posture through photographs. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine the more conservative inter-rater reliability assessing the static posture involving the complete kinetic chain. It was hypothesised that photographic postural assessment is a reliable method.DesignExperimental, prospective cohort study.SettingQualitative assessment in clinical practice.Patients (or Participants)87 male elite junior soccer players out of three different age groups: Under 16, 17, and 19.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Athletes were photographed from four perspectives using professional photo equipment. An assessment protocol was completed for each player by three different highly qualified raters.Main Outcome Measurements37 variables describing postural characteristics, each variable graded by minimum of three, maximum of seven values.ResultsInter-rater reliability was fair only for the type of posture on side view with Kendal's W=0.6. For all remaining 36 aspects of postural characteristics Kendal's W was zero.ConclusionsQualitative posture assessment is not valid and therefore not appropriate for diagnostic objectives, in particular for large scale based studies, e.g. for a single soccer team. For the purpose of meaningful postural evaluation qualitative assessments must be replaced by quantitative methods. Three-dimensional motion capture could be an appropriate alternative, avoiding radiation exposure by X-ray photography, since excellent agreement has been shown previously for different clinically-relevant kinematic parameters between these two methods.