bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annelida: Sipuncula
Authors: Kristof Alen , Maiorova Anastassya S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSipuncula, commonly known as peanut worms, constitutes a small marine invertebrate taxon of about 150 species that is widespread and at all depths throughout the oceans. Adult sipunculans exhibit an unsegmented body, subdivided into a posterior trunk and a retractable anterior introvert. The central nervous system of adult sipunculans consists of a dorsally positioned brain at the base of the tentacles from where circumoesophageal connectives are forming an unpaired ventromedian nerve cord that extends the length of the body. The ventral nerve cord forms a single longitudinal neurite bundle without ganglia. The somata of the ventral cord are arranged ventrally, while the neurites, as well as the glial cells, are on the dorsal side. The innervation of the tentacles, nuchal organ, retractor muscles, digestive system, and ventral nerve cord originates at the brain, while sipunculan eyes, bipolar photoreceptor cells, lie dorsolaterally on each side of the bifurcated brain. Lateral nerves, irregularly arranged along most of the ventral nerve cord, innervate various structures such as the body wall, digestive system, and sensory organs on the body surface (e.g. cilia, glands, papillae), and thereby form the peripheral nervous system. Immunocytochemical studies of the nervous system in larval sipunculans have had a critical impact on phylogenetic considerations, since they have revealed numerous features that are shared between sipunculans and annelids, including the formation of the nervous system; thus supporting their close affiliation. For instance, in the ventral nervous system, serotonergic somata and lateral nerves are arranged in a rope-ladder-like pattern which is lost at metamorphosis.
Onychophora
Authors: Mayer Georg 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOnychophorans, or velvet worms, are soft-bodied, terrestrial invertebrates that inhabit tropical and temperate forests of the southern hemisphere and around the equator, where they are mainly found in rotted logs and leaf litter. Together with tardigrades (water bears), onychophorans are regarded as the closest relatives of arthropods (spiders, centipedes, crustaceans, insects, and their kin). However, in contrast to arthropods, the anatomy of onychophorans has changed little since the Early Cambrian, making these animals a key group for understanding the evolution of arthropods, including the origins of their highly diverse nervous systems. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge on the organization and development of the nervous system in onychophorans, including details on the brain, the ventral nerve cords, the innervation of cephalic structures, and the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, as well as neurogenesis and neural development. Given the key phylogenetic position of Onychophora, different hypotheses on the evolutionary origin and homology of neural structures are presented and their implications on the phylogenetic relationship of Onychophora, Tardigrada, and Arthropoda are discussed.
PERSPECTIVE—Heads And Brains In Arthropods: 40 Years After The ‘Endless Dispute’
Authors: Scholtz Gerhard 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe problem of arthropod head segmentation is addressed. In spite of a certain consensus concerning some features, such as a deutocerebral position of chelicerae, the head problem is still unsolved. In this chapter a new perspective on the issue is presented through the deconstruction of the head and brains of recent and fossil panarthropods. Three units are identified that reveal an independent evolutionary pace of cephalization: (1) dorsal cephalized structures such as head shields, carapaces etc., (2) ventral cephalized structures, such as appendages transformed to mouth parts or sensory organs, and (3) cerebralized regions of the central nervous system. Based on current phylogenetic hypotheses of panarthropod relationships, and new data concerning fossil brains, the evolutionary alterations of the three units are discussed. In particular, the phylogenetic positions of Tardigrada and of some fossil taxa, as well as the interpretation of fossil neuroanatomy, are crucial for the reconstruction of the evolution of arthropod heads.
Arachnida (Excluding Scorpiones)
Authors: Lehmann Tobias , Melzer Roland R. , Hörnig Marie K. , Michalik Peter , Sombke Andy , Harzsch Steffen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractArachnids are terrestrial predatory chelicerates, including spiders and mites, with more than 110,000 described species within these two groups. The conquest of land led to an enormous adaptive radiation, and in the Carboniferous all extant groups were present. Terrestrialization resulted in several dramatic morphological modifications, including often loss of opisthosomal appendages, transformation of gills into book lungs, and gain of internal fertilization. Extant arachnids are characterized by two tagmata, prosoma, and opisthosoma. Only scorpions retained an appearance similar to the extinct eurypterids, characterized by a division of the opisthosoma into meso- and metasoma. The emergence of the common arachnid ancestor from sea to land also triggered dramatic changes in the organization of the sense organs. For example, cuticular sense organs such as trichobothria and slit-sense organs evolved, which play an important role in orientation and perception of vibrations. Furthermore, a variety of other tactile and chemosensitive hairs are present, mainly on the appendages. Some taxa such as spiders or ricinuleids carry tarsal or pore organs, which are cuticular depressions equipped with thermo-, hygro-, and/or chemoreceptors. For perceiving visual stimuli, arachnids possess a number of median and lateral eyes. The lateral eyes (maximum of five pairs) may be evolutionarily related to compound eyes, which are still present in other chelicerates (Xiphosura). The median eyes can be very prominent as in jumping spiders, or can be lacking as in anactinotrichid mites. In this chapter, the structure of the chelicerate nervous system with a strong bias on their visual system is summarized.
Perspective—
Authors: Stollewerk Angelika 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The taxon Arthropoda contains a large number of diverse species. This raises the question of how the nervous system has been adjusted in parallel with the emergence of new body forms and specialized structures. It is conceivable that evolutionary changes in the structure of the nervous system can in principle be introduced at different stages of development and the life cycle. In this chapter the evolution of neurogenesis in arthropods is discussed with specific focus on the emergence of different types of neural precursors and neural diversification in embryonic development. Molecular and morphological research over the past ten years have considerably advanced our knowledge of the variation of arthropod neurogenesis but have also raised many questions, which are posed here.
Cephalocarida
Authors: Stegner Martin E.J. , Richter Stefan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe discovery of Cephalocarida, a marine taxon of blind crustaceans, in the mid twentieth century has contributed considerably to the debate on arthropod phylogeny and evolution. Many features of Cephalocarida, such as their thoracopod-like maxilla, their combined enditic filter feeding and swimming, and their second-order olfactory centre in the brain, have been traced back to the ground pattern of Tetraconata, Mandibulata, or even Arthropoda. The thirteen species described to date are morphologically similar. The cephalocarid body is divided into a cephalon comprising the pre-antennular region and five segments (antennular, antennar, mandibular, maxillular, and maxillar), which are fused and covered by a large horseshoe-shaped cephalic shield; a thorax comprising nine broadly homonomous limb-bearing segments, an abdomen comprising ten limbless segments, and a terminal, non-segmental telson with a furca. Although their habitats are ecologically diverse and distributed worldwide, ranging from the intertidal to the deep sea, all Cephalocarida live in the benthos of sediments with a nutrient-rich flocculent upper layer of sunken detritus.
Remipedia
Authors: Stemme Torben , Harzsch Steffen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRemipedia are blind, cave-dwelling crustaceans occurring exclusively in submerged marine (anchialine) cave systems. Their distribution is mainly restricted to the Caribbean Sea, although isolated populations occur on Lanzarote (Spain) and Western Australia. Because of their late discovery in the early 1980s and the hardly accessible habitat many aspects of their natural and evolutionary history are still unexplored. In the matter of their phylogenetic relationships, nearly every possible position within the Tetraconata has been postulated, giving them a key role in the understanding of tetraconate evolution. In the light of the growing field of neurophylogeny, effort has been put into investigating the anatomy of the nervous system. Here, the chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the arrangement of the central nervous system and the distribution of neuroactive substances in the three investigated species. Remipedia exhibit a complex brain, in some ways similar to Malacostraca and Hexapoda. The dominating deutocerebral glomerular organized olfactory neuropils are connected via crossing olfactory globular tracts to protocerebral hemiellipsoid bodies. The protocerebrum contains a central complex with a central body, protocerebral bridge, and lateral accessory lobes. Serotonin-immunoreactivity reveals putative W-, X-, W-, Z-, tracts. Although several molecular sequence analyses propose Remipedia to be closely related to Cephalocarida, this grouping is not supported by neuroanatomical data. In spite of controversies with the sistergroup of Remipedia, neuroanatomical and molecular phylogenetic studies agree in not assigning Remipedia a basal position within Crustacea any more, but instead consider them to be a derived crustacean taxon.
Malacostraca
Authors: Schmidt Manfred 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe central nervous system (CNS) of malacostracan crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crayfish, lobsters, crabs, stomatopods, isopods, amphipods) is an arthropod-typical ventral nerve cord with fused anterior ganglia forming a brain and a suboesophageal ganglion. The brain contains two prominent pathways for sensing distant objects, the visual and the olfactory pathway, which in their overall organization are highly similar to corresponding sensory pathways in the insect brain. Neuropils with distinctly different structure serve both pathways: the neuropils of the visual pathway are organized into retinotopic columns, the neuropils of the olfactory pathway are organized into glomeruli (first synaptic relay) or microglomeruli (second stage core neuropil). Both pathways are devoid of innervation by motor neurons and thus do not participate directly in controlling motor output. The brain, the suboesophageal ganglion, the thoracic ganglia, and the abdominal ganglia contain bilaterally symmetrical neuropils that receive chemo- and mechanosensory input from sensilla on the segmental appendages and serve as local motor centres of these appendages. These neuropils are structured into transverse units indicative of somatotopic information processing and they provide the neuronal substrate for direct sensory–motor interactions. Integration of multimodal sensory information and coordination of movements of different segmental appendages is mediated mainly by unstructured neuropils of the medial and lateral protocerebrum of the brain. As insects evolved from crustaceans, a deeper understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of the malacostracan CNS promises to reveal the trajectory of the evolutionary changes shaping the CNS of insects and making them the most successful terrestrial arthropods.
Perspective— Evolutionary Aspects of Motor Control and Coordination: The Central Pattern Generators in the Crustacean Stomatogastric and Swimmeret Systems
Authors: Stein Wolfgang , Städele Carola , Smarandache-Wellmann Carmen R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are assemblies of neurons that autonomically produce rhythmic patterns of neural activity. Most, if not all, rhythmic behaviours in animals are driven by such CPGs, and examples are manifold across all taxa. CPGs have evolved independently many times and they show phylogenetic and functional diversity. They control a spectrum of very different behaviours in both vertebrates and invertebrates, including some that require the coordination of several body segments, or even the whole body, and others that move limited anatomical appendages. Some behaviours driven by CPGs are continuous and stereotypic while others are episodic and more flexible. Some are impervious to sensory feedback, while others are strongly influenced by sensory feedback. This phylogenetic and functional diversity, although precluding a comparison of CPG circuitry in detail, allows us to distill the core features of CPG circuits and to learn general principles of neural function that underlie some of the most vital behaviours in animals. Here, the chapter reviews two systems that are at the forefront of studying central pattern generation and coordination of CPGs. The processing of food in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system will be used as a generic model for addressing evolutionary aspects and highlighting general functional motifs of central pattern generation. The crayfish swimmeret system, on the other hand, will serve to demonstrate the known mechanisms of coordination of segmented CPGs.
The Insect Brain: A COMMENTATED PRIMER
Authors: Wolff Gabriella H. , Strausfeld Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWithin invertebrate neuroscience, it is without question the nervous system of insects that is most intensely studied. This chapter summarizes our knowledge about structure and function of the insect brain in close comparison with that of the closest insect relatives, the crustaceans. Major subsystems of the insect brain include the visual neuropils, the central olfactory pathways, the central complex and the mushroom bodies. The structures of these subsystems are described in detail, including instructive wiring diagrams summarizing inputs and outputs as well as known interneuronal connections. A detailed knowledge of the insect brain’s architecture provides insights into how these systems may function as a whole to generate coordinated behaviours.
Acrania (Cephalochordata)
Authors: Lacalli Thurston , Stach Thomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview and update of the 2005 review of CNS organization in the lancelet (amphioxus) by Wicht and Lacalli (Can. J. Zool. 83: 122–150). While interesting in its own right, amphioxus has a special place in comparative studies as the best available model for ancestral chordates, having replaced tunicates in this role, and there is an increasing body of data on the molecular mechanisms that act to pattern the CNS for comparison with related taxa. Our knowledge of circuitry, cell types, and transmitters in amphioxus is best for the larval stage, where EM and neurochemical maps of the anterior CNS are available. In contrast, there are still large gaps in our understanding of the adult CNS, even in terms of the basic functions that various parts of the system and its constituent cell types perform. The anterior nerve cord is specialized and brain-like, both in terms of molecular signatures and circuitry. Amphioxus has an assortment of receptor cell types, including four kinds of photoreceptors and numerous peripheral receptor cells, and an extensive system of peripheral plexuses whose functions are poorly understood. An anterior secretory structure, the preoral pit, has in the past been considered a possible homologue of the anterior pituitary, but this remains problematic, not least because amphioxus is now known to lack all but one of the hormones produced by the vertebrate pituitary.
The 21-cm BAO signature of enriched low-mass galaxies during cosmic reionization
Authors: Cohen Aviad , Fialkov Anastasia , Barkana Rennan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Studies of the formation of the first stars have established that they formed in small haloes of ∼105–106 M⊙ via molecular hydrogen cooling. Since a low level of ultraviolet radiation from stars suffices to dissociate molecular hydrogen, under the usually assumed scenario this primordial mode of star formation ended by redshift z ∼ 15 and much more massive haloes came to dominate star formation. However, metal enrichment from the first stars may have allowed the smaller haloes to continue to form stars. In this Letter, we explore the possible effect of star formation in metal-rich low-mass haloes on the redshifted 21-cm signal of neutral hydrogen from z = 6 to 40. These haloes are significantly affected by the supersonic streaming velocity, with its characteristic baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signature. Thus, enrichment of low-mass galaxies can produce a strong signature in the 21-cm power spectrum over a wide range of redshifts, especially if star formation in the small haloes was more efficient than suggested by current simulations. We show that upcoming radio telescopes can easily distinguish among various possible scenarios.
Baseline Predictors for Success Following Strategy-Based Cognitive Remediation Group Training in Schizophrenia
Authors: Farreny Aida , Aguado Jaume , Corbera Silvia , Ochoa Susana , Huerta-Ramos Elena , Usall Judith 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Our aim was to examine predictive variables associated with the improvement in cognitive, clinical, and functional outcomes after outpatient participation in REPYFLEC strategy-based Cognitive Remediation (CR) group training. In addition, we investigated which factors might be associated with some long-lasting effects at 6 months’ follow-up. Predictors of improvement after CR were studied in a sample of 29 outpatients with schizophrenia. Partial correlations were computed between targeted variables and outcomes of response to explore significant associations. Subsequently, we built linear regression models for each outcome variable and predictors of improvement. The improvement in negative symptoms at posttreatment was linked to faster performance in the Trail Making Test B. Disorganization and cognitive symptoms were related to changes in executive function at follow-up. Lower levels of positive symptoms were related to durable improvements in life skills. Levels of symptoms and cognition were associated with improvements following CR, but the pattern of resulting associations was nonspecific.
Effectiveness of Inhaled Loxapine in Dual-Diagnosis Patients: A Case Series
Authors: Roncero Carlos , Ros-Cucurull Elena , Grau-López Lara , Fadeuilhe Christian , Casas Miguel 
Published: March 2016

Objectives
Episodes of psychotic agitation are frequent in patients with dual diagnosis, that is, in patients with concomitant psychiatric and substance use disorders. Rapid intervention is needed to treat the agitation at a mild stage to prevent the escalation to aggressive behavior. Inhaled loxapine has been demonstrated to rapidly improve symptoms of mild-to-moderate agitation in adults with psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), but data on patients with dual diagnosis are scarce.

Methods
This study is a retrospective review of data from a case series of patients with dual diagnosis, which were attended for symptoms of agitation while at the emergency room (n = 9), in the outpatient clinic (n = 4), or during hospitalization (n = 1) at 1 center in Spain. All patients received inhaled loxapine for treating the agitation episodes.

Results
Data from 14 patients with dual diagnosis were reviewed. All patients had 1 or more psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, drug-induced psychotic disorder, posttraumatic stress, borderline or antisocial personality disorder, depression, or anxiety) along with a variety of substance use disorders (alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, hypnotics and antianxiety drugs, caffeine, or street drugs). Overall, only 1 dose of inhaled loxapine (9.1 mg) was needed to calm each patient during an acute episode of agitation.

Conclusions
Inhaled loxapine was rapid, effective, and well accepted in all dual-pathology patients presenting with acute agitation in the emergency setting. Inhaled loxapine facilitated both patient cooperation and an adequate management of his or her disease.
Dual immunosensor based on methylene blue-electroadsorbed graphene oxide for rapid detection of influenza virus antigen
Authors: Veerapandian Murugan , Hunter Robert , Neethirajan Suresh 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTRapid detection of influenza viral infections in the poultry farm is advantageous in several facts such as environmental/personal safety, food-security and socio-economy. Herein, we report the development of an electrochemical based dual sensor platform composed of methylene blue-electroadsorbed graphene oxide nanostructures modified with monoclonal antibodies, H5N1 and H1N1. Bio-functional layers comprised of chitosan and protein-A molecules were implemented at the interface of sensor element and antibodies, which synergistically enriched the bio-activity of immobilized antibodies for the immune complex formation. The differential pulse voltammetric signals resulted from the developed immunosensor platform exhibited a good correlation (R2= 0.9978 for H1N1 and R2=0.9997 for H5N1) for the wide range of target concentrations (25 to 500 pM). Chronoamperometric study also revealed the amplified current sensitivity of the immunoelectrodes even at the picomolar level. The proposed immunosensor design not only provide rapid analytical response time (<1 min) but also provide simplicity in fabrication and instrumentation which paves an attractive platform for on-farm monitoring of viral infections.
Acceptance of mobile advertising by consumers in public service institutions in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Nwagwu Williams Ezinwa , Famiyesin Bunmi 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the acceptance of mobile advertising by consumers in public service institutions in Lagos Nigeria from the perspective of non-permission-based nature of advertising practice in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach
– Guided by the theory of reasoned action, data were collected from 389 respondents in a sample survey using a structured questionnaire, and the variables were measured on ordinal scale.

Findings
– The respondents reported that the mobile advertising is informative; they also strongly agreed that the media is ubiquitous but irritating. Attitude of consumers towards mobile advertising, behavioural control and subjective norm have correlations with acceptance. Irritation and informativeness significantly and positively predicted acceptance of mobile advertising, while credibility and ubiquity predicted acceptance of the technology negatively. Age has a negative relationship with acceptance; both gender (male =1) and tertiary education have a significant relationship with acceptance of mobile advertising just as marital status.

Research limitations/implications
– The study focused only on public service mobile consumers in Lagos, Nigeria.

Practical implications
– Mobile adverts are ubiquitous in Nigeria, but consumers do not trust or use the adverts, although they consider them informative. The telecomm regulatory body needs to control deployment of mobile technologies for produce and service ads, so that ads will be subject to individual choices and discretion, and thereby reducing the ubiquity and increase the trust consumers have on the strategy.

Social implications
– There is hype that mobile advert has penetrated Nigerian market, but the strategy is not credulous to the people.

Originality/value
– There is no study focusing on the acceptance of this ad strategy in the public service sector in Nigeria.