bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat shock protein 90 contributes to cutaneous vasodilation through activating nitric oxide synthase in young male adults exercising in the heat
Authors: Fujii Naoto , Zhang Sarah Y. , McNeely Brendan D. , Nishiyasu Takeshi , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: July 2017

While the mechanisms underlying the control of cutaneous vasodilation have been extensively studied, there remains a lack of understanding of the different factors that may modulate cutaneous perfusion during an exercise-induced heat stress. We evaluated the hypothesis that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) contributes to the heat loss response of cutaneous vasodilation via the activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) during exercise in the heat. In 11 young males (25 ± 5 yr), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was measured at four forearm skin sites that were continuously treated with 1) lactated Ringer solution (control), 2) NOS inhibition with 10 mM NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), 3) HSP90 inhibition with 178 μM geldanamycin, or 4) a combination of 10 mM l-NAME and 178 μM geldanamycin. Participants rested in a moderate heat stress (35°C) condition for 70 min. Thereafter, they performed a 50-min bout of moderate-intensity cycling (~52% V̇o2peak) followed by a 30-min recovery period. We showed that NOS inhibition attenuated CVC (~40–50%) relative to the control site during pre- and postexercise rest in the heat ( P ≤ 0.05); however, no effect of HSP90 inhibition was observed ( P > 0.05). During exercise, we observed an attenuation of CVC with the separate inhibition of NOS (~40–50%) and HSP90 (~15–20%) compared with control (both P ≤ 0.05). However, the effect of HSP90 inhibition was absent in the presence of the coinhibition of NOS ( P > 0.05). We show that HSP90 contributes to cutaneous vasodilation in young men exposed to the heat albeit during exercise only. We also show that the HSP90 contribution is due to NOS-dependent mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that heat shock protein 90 functionally contributes to the heat loss response of cutaneous vasodilation during exercise in the heat, and this response is mediated through the activation of nitric oxide synthase. Therefore, interventions that may activate heat shock protein 90 may facilitate an increase in heat dissipation through an augmentation of cutaneous perfusion. In turn, this may attenuate or reduce the increase in core temperature and therefore the level of heat strain.
Associations between motor unit action potential parameters and surface EMG features
Authors: Del Vecchio Alessandro , Negro Francesco , Felici Francesco , Farina Dario 
Published: July 2017

The surface interference EMG signal provides some information on the neural drive to muscles. However, the association between neural drive to muscle and muscle activation has long been debated with controversial indications due to the unavailability of motor unit population data. In this study, we clarify the potential and limitations of interference EMG analysis to infer motor unit recruitment strategies with an experimental investigation of several concurrently active motor units and of the associated features of the surface EMG. For this purpose, we recorded high-density surface EMG signals during linearly increasing force contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle, up to 70% of maximal force. The recruitment threshold (RT), conduction velocity (MUCV), median frequency (MDFMU), and amplitude (RMSMU) of action potentials of 587 motor units from 13 individuals were assessed and associated with features of the interference EMG. MUCV was positively associated with RT ( R2 = 0.64 ± 0.14), whereas MDFMU and RMSMU showed a weaker relation with RT ( R2 = 0.11 ± 0.11 and 0.39 ± 0.24, respectively). Moreover, the changes in average conduction velocity estimated from the interference EMG predicted well the changes in MUCV ( R2 = 0.71), with a strong association to ankle dorsiflexion force ( R2 = 0.81 ± 0.12). Conversely, both the average EMG MDF and RMS were poorly associated with motor unit recruitment. These results clarify the limitations of EMG spectral and amplitude analysis in inferring the neural strategies of muscle control and indicate that, conversely, the average conduction velocity could provide relevant information on these strategies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The surface EMG provides information on the neural drive to muscles. However, the associations between EMG features and neural drive have been long debated due to unavailability of motor unit population data. Here, by using novel highly accurate decomposition of the EMG, we related motor unit population behavior to a wide range of voluntary forces. The results fully clarify the potential and limitation of the surface EMG to provide estimates of the neural drive to muscles.
Isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine, and urethane markedly alter breathing even at subtherapeutic doses
Authors: Massey Cory A. , Richerson George B. 
Published: July 2017

Anesthetics are widely used for animal research on respiratory control in vivo, but their effect on breathing and CO2chemoreception has not been well characterized in mice, a species now often used for these studies. We previously demonstrated that 1% isoflurane markedly reduces the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) in adult mice in vivo and masks serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neuron chemosensitivity in vitro. Here we investigated effects of 0.5% isoflurane on breathing in adult mice and also found a large reduction in the HCVR even at this subanesthetic concentration. We then tested the effects on breathing of ketamine-xylazine and urethane, anesthetics widely used in research on breathing. We found that these agents altered baseline breathing and blunted the HCVR at doses within the range typically used experimentally. At lower doses ventilation was decreased, but mice appropriately matched their ventilation to metabolic demands due to a parallel decrease in O2consumption. Neither ketamine nor urethane decreased chemosensitivity of 5-HT neurons. These results indicate that baseline breathing and/or CO2chemoreception in mice are decreased by anesthetics widely viewed as not affecting respiratory control, and even at subtherapeutic doses. These effects of anesthetics on breathing may alter the interpretation of studies of respiratory physiology in vivo.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Anesthetics are frequently used in animal research, but their effects on physiological functions in mice have not been well defined. Here we investigated the effects of commonly used anesthetics on breathing in mice. We found that all tested anesthetics significantly reduced the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR), even at subtherapeutic doses. In addition, ketamine-xylazine and urethane anesthesia altered baseline breathing. These data indicate that breathing and the HCVR in mice are highly sensitive to anesthetic modulation.
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1: a new player in platelet aggregation
Authors: Jolly Lucie , Lemarié Jérémie , Carrasco Kevin , Popovic Batric , Derive Marc , Boufenzer Amir , Gibot Sébastien 
Published: July 2017

SummaryTriggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is an immunoreceptor initially known to be expressed on neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. TREM-1 acts as an amplifier of the inflammatory response during both infectious and aseptic inflammatory diseases. Another member of the TREM family, The Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells Like Transcript-1 (TLT-1) is exclusively expressed in platelets and promotes platelet aggregation. As the gene that encodes for TLT-1 is located in the TREM-1 gene cluster, this prompted us to investigate the expression of TREM-1 on platelets. Here we show that TREM-1 is constitutively expressed in α-granules and mobilised at the membrane upon platelet activation. Pharmacologic inhibition of TREM-1 reduces platelet activation as well as platelet aggregation induced by collagen, ADP, and thrombin in human platelets. Aggregation is similarly impaired in platelets from Trem-1−/− mice. In vivo, TREM-1 inhibition decreases thrombus formation in a carotid artery model of thrombosis and protects mice during pulmonary embolism without excessive bleeding. These findings suggest that TREM-1 inhibition could be useful adducts in antiplatelet therapies.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
Sensitivity Analysis of Hurricane Arthur (2014) Storm Surge Forecasts to WRF Physics Parameterizations and Model Configurations
Authors: Zhang Fan , Li Ming , Ross Andrew C. , Lee Serena Blyth , Zhang Da-Lin 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Through a case study of Hurricane Arthur (2014), the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) are used to investigate the sensitivity of storm surge forecasts to physics parameterizations and configurations of the initial and boundary conditions in WRF. The turbulence closure scheme in the planetary boundary layer affects the prediction of the storm intensity: the local closure scheme produces lower equivalent potential temperature than the nonlocal closure schemes, leading to significant reductions in the maximum surface wind speed and surge heights. On the other hand, higher-class cloud microphysics schemes overpredict the wind speed, resulting in large overpredictions of storm surge at some coastal locations. Without cumulus parameterization in the outermost domain, both the wind speed and storm surge are grossly underpredicted as a result of large precipitation decreases in the storm center. None of the choices for the WRF physics parameterization schemes significantly affect the prediction of Arthur’s track. Sea surface temperature affects the latent heat release from the ocean surface and thus storm intensity and storm surge predictions. The large-scale atmospheric circulation models provide the initial and boundary conditions for WRF, and influence both the track and intensity predictions, thereby changing the spatial distribution of storm surge along the coastline. These sensitivity analyses underline the need to use an ensemble modeling approach to improve the storm surge forecasts.
Risk factors for road transport–related injury among pedestrians in rural Ghana: Implications for road safety education
Authors: Teye-Kwadjo Enoch 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: Injuries and mortality resulting from pedestrian road traffic crashes are a major public health problem in Ghana. This study investigated risk factors for road transport-related injury among pedestrians in rural Ghana. Design: Case study design using qualitative data. Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with pedestrians. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the responses. Results: Findings showed that participants considered road design, roadside trading, inconsiderate driving, pedestrian traffic behaviour, low pedestrian crash risk perception and parental negligence as important determinants of road transport-related injury among pedestrians in rural Ghana. Conclusion: These findings suggest that safe pedestrian road environments and health-enhancing traffic attitudes and behaviour may help reduce the pedestrian crash problem in rural Ghana.
Association of preoperative breast MRI features with locoregional recurrence after breast conservation therapy
Authors: Bae Min Sun , Chang Jung Min , Cho Nariya , Han Wonshik , Ryu Han Suk , Moon Woo Kyung 
Published: July 2017

Background Locoregional recurrence (LRR) following breast conservation therapy (BCT) is associated with an increased risk of distant metastasis and death in patients with breast cancer. Purpose To investigate whether preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features are associated with the risk of LRR in patients undergoing BCT. Material and Methods A total of 3781 women with primary invasive breast cancer underwent preoperative MRI and BCT between 2003 and 2013. Forty-eight patients who developed LRR comprised the LRR cohort and one-to-one matching (age, tumor stage, grade, and axillary nodal status) of each patient to a control participant was performed in patients who did not develop recurrence. Three readers independently reviewed MR images of the index cancer and the presence of multifocal disease was assessed. Χ2 analysis was used to compare imaging and clinical features between LRR and control cohorts, with multivariate logistic regression analysis used to identify independent features. Results Significant differences were found in the proportion of multifocal disease ( P = 0.001), background parenchymal enhancement level ( P = 0.007), and breast cancer molecular subtype ( P = 0.01) between LRR and control cohorts. Multivariate analysis showed that multifocal disease (odds ratio [OR] = 11.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4–102.5; P = 0.02) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive subtype (OR = 12.7; 95% CI = 1.3–127.6; P = 0.03) were both independently associated with LRR. Conclusion Multifocal disease on preoperative breast MRI may indicate an increased risk of LRR in patients treated with BCT.
Pectoralis Major Repair: A Biomechanical Analysis of Modern Repair Configurations Versus Traditional Repair Configuration
Authors: Edgar Cory M. , Singh Hardeep , Obopilwe Elifho , Voss Andreas , Divenere Jessica , Tassavor Michael , Comer Brendan , Sanchez George , Mazzocca Augustus D. , Provencher Matthew T. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Pectoralis major (PM) ruptures are increasingly common, and a variety of surgical techniques have been described. However, tested techniques have demonstrated diminished strength with inadequate restoration of the footprint and suture failure at relatively low loads. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to biomechanically compare PM transosseous suture repair (current gold standard) to modern PM repair techniques that use larger caliber sutures, suture tape, and unicortical button fixation (UBF). The null hypothesis was that there would be no mechanical difference between repair techniques and no difference in the amount of footprint restoration. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty-four fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders controlled for age and bone mineral density were randomized equally to 4 groups: (1) UBF, suture tape; (2) UBF, No. 5 suture, suture tape; (3) bone trough with No. 2 suture; and (4) native PM tendon group; all groups were tested to failure. The specimens were tested under cycling loads (10 N to 125 N) with a final load-to-failure test at 1 mm/s. Failure modes were classified by location and cause of rupture based on optical markers, while tendon footprint length was measured to determine amount of footprint restoration. Results: For fixation strength, the mean peak load was significantly greater in the native tendon (1816 ± 706 N) versus UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape (794 ± 168 N), UBF/suture tape (502 ± 201 N), and bone trough (492 ± 151 N) ( P < .001 for all). UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape featured the lowest displacement superiorly (1.09 ± 0.47 mm) and inferiorly (1.14 ± 0.39 mm) with a significant difference compared with bone trough. With regard to tendon footprint reapproximation, cortical button fixation best approximated native tendon footprint length versus bone trough. Conclusion: Based on peak failure load, the UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape construct demonstrated 61% greater construct strength than a traditional bone trough technique. Moreover, displacement after cyclic loading was by far smallest in the UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape construct. Therefore, repair constructs with larger caliber suture and suture tape provide a measurable improvement in construct strength versus traditional PM repair techniques in a biomechanical model and may be advantageous for repair. Clinical Relevance: Cortical button fixation with larger caliber suture and suture tape allows for a significantly better PM repair than more traditional techniques at the time of surgery, which may ultimately result in improved clinical outcomes if implemented in surgical practice.
Women's Struggle for the Vote: 1917-1937
Authors: Basu Aparna 
Published: July 2017

This article explores the demand of the Indian women's movement in the period 1917–1937 for political representation for women. This campaign took place within the framework of the constitutional reforms of 1919 and 1935. The Women's Indian Association founded by Margaret Cousins and her colleagues in 1917 demanded women's franchise and eligibility to the legislature on the same basis as men. The WIA launched a vigorous campaign and was supported by the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms left the question of women's suffrage to be decided by the provincial legislatures. Madras was the first province to grant votes to women and between 1921 and 1930 one by one the provinces extended the franchise to women and allowed them to stand as legisalative candidates. In the years 1928–1937, there were debates on the terms under which women's franchise should be expanded. The British Government supported reservation of seats for women, separate electorates and continued but expanded franchise qualifications. Most of the leaders of the women's movement opposed separate electorates and reservation of seats for women and demanded adult franchise. The demand of the women's movement for equal political rights and women's active participation in the freedom struggle led the Indian National Congress at its Karachi session in 1931 to pledge gender equality before the law and universal adult franchise. This pledge was honoured in the Constitution of free India. The article also examines the 33 per cent reservation for women in panchayats and in municipal corporations and how far it has empowewred women.
Foundation and Historical Evolution of Indian Constitutionalism
Authors: Singh M.P. , Bhatia Ravi P. 
Published: July 2017

Indian constitutionalism is embedded in the culture, geography, history, sociology, and politics of the country. The Western Modernity and Indian Tradition have uniquely fused to engender this construct that has gone into the mixed cultural and socio-economic formations and political ideological spectrum that is contemporary India. Its constitutional foundations and democratic developmental state as well as strategies of development have been predicated on a middle path between bourgeois democratic rights, socialistically inspired economic rights and ecologically sustainable capitalist development. It is a measure of the resilience of our constitutionalism that it has made possible the transitions from a predominantly parliamentary regime driven by the prime ministerial executive to divided coalition/minority governments with widest possible federal power-sharing under a judiciary-driven political system. It appears to be a far cry from the Westminster-inspired parliamentary-federalism in the White Commonwealth and is somewhat reminiscent of the US American constitutionalism premised on separation of powers and checks and balances. Our constitution is based on the ideals of liberalism, welfare state, parliamentary federal government with a strong Centre, electoral and multi-party democracy. These ideals are enshrined in our Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. The constitution also delineates the separation of powers of the Parliament, the Executive and the Judiciary. Constitutional values have been fortified by parliamentary amendments as well as by judicial interpretations and path breaking decisions on important issues like ‘basic structure of the constitution’ and powers of the Parliament to enact laws amending the constitution. However, this over-determinative federalizing effect on parliamentary component of government is aggravated due to party system decay, fragmentation, and regionalization. Collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Parliament and individual accountability of ministers to the Prime Minister has become fragmented and transferred to the powerful chief ministers causing distortions. Party system reforms are imperative to reinvent authentic parliamentary-federal governance consistent with our constitution. It is also notable that a successful transition from state-led strategy of economic development to one with a gradually expanding role of the market forces—national and multinational—has also been made. Radical democratic decentralization of political power is making slow headway through constitutional amendments and grassroots and social movements.
Forty years of methylphenidate treatment in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Conners C. K. 
Published: July 2017

This paper reviews approximately 40 years of stimulant drug treatment of children with behavior and learning problems. These patients generally fall under the rubric of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention being the most studied and most robust of the targets for stimulant treatment. In addition, the drug effects on other targets, such as cognitive and academic function, are included. The largest selection of studies involves methylphenidate. Both qualitative studies and meta-analytic studies from major reviews are examined. Variations in the methodology of the reviews are described and some of the discrepancies in interpretation examined. Despite wide variations in subject selection, types of trials, degree of methodological rigor, and the decade in which the studies took place, the evidence is remarkably consistent. The overall results suggest significant clinical impact upon the core features of ADHD. More studies of long-term effects and special populations such as older adolescents and adults will be necessary, though existing evidence strongly supports similar findings as for the younger patients with a diagnosis of ADHD.
The use of a laboratory school protocol to evaluate concepts about efficacy and side effects of new formulations of stimulant medications
Authors: Swanson J. M. , Lerner M. , Wigal T. , Steinhoff K. , Greenhill L. , Posner K. , Freid J. , Wigal S. 
Published: July 2017

Recently, new long-acting formulations of racemic methylphenidate (MPH: Ritalin® LA, Metadate® CD and Concerta®) and amphetamine (AMP: Adderall XR®) were developed and are now approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition, dexmethylphenidate (Focalin ™), the pharmacologically active d-threo enantiomer of MPH, also was approved by the FDA. In the initial phases of development, prototypes of these five new formulations were evaluated using the University of California, Irvine (UCI) Laboratory School Protocol (LSP), in which surrogate measures of efficacy are collected in highly controlled settings rather than clinical measures of effectiveness in the less-controlled, natural environments of home or school. The LSP studies were followed by large effectiveness and safety studies required for gaining FDA approval. These initial efficacy and side effect studies in the LSP provided missing information about the basic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of MPH and AMP and produced some new discoveries (i.e., acute tolerance) that were used to help design the final products. The final once-a-day formulations used different drug delivery systems to achieve long-acting efficacy (Ritalin® LA, Metadate® CD, Concerta®, Adderall XR®). All four drug delivery systems were based on two processes: first, a bolus delivery (BD) process to achieve rapid onset of efficacy (mg), and second, a controlled delivery (CD) process to achieve rates of delivery (mg/hr) or a delayed bolus (mg) to maintain efficacy. A theoretical approach was used to compare and contrast the new once-a day formulations of MPH by selecting total daily doses (mg/d) that would equate drug delivery by the first process (mg of the Initial bolus) and the second process (mg/hr over specified time period). In addition to efficacy, applications of the LSP to measure common side effects related to eating and sleeping were described and discussed.