bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Distinction of Microelemental Signatures of Missouri River Tributaries
Authors: Wuellner M. R. , Grote J. D. , Fincel M. J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe microchemical composition of a fish's calcified structure, such as an otolith, fin ray, or scale, is a ‘biological tag’ that reflects the use of different habitats throughout its life history. Hard‐part microchemistry has the potential to address many fish conservation, management, and behavior questions. In order to use hard‐part microchemistry to address fisheries research questions, elemental signatures of water must be distinct at the spatial scale of interest and ideally temporally stable. The goal of this study was to assess whether spatial differences existed in the concentrations of five elements [barium (137Ba), magnesium (24Mg), manganese (55Mn), sodium (23Na), and strontium (88Sr)] between and within eight Missouri River tributaries and whether those signatures were temporally stable. All elemental concentrations were converted to molar ratios (mmol mol−1) using calcium (43Ca) concentrations as the base. Canonical correspondence analysis showed distinct differences in Mg:Ca, Na:Ca, and Sr:Ca concentrations between the eight tributaries. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests showed that sites within a tributary were distinguished using Mg:Ca and Na:Ca concentrations. However, only Mg:Ca concentrations were temporally stable. Results from this study demonstrate the potential for using hard‐part microchemistry to address various questions at multiple spatial scales in the Missouri River riverscape but also highlight the importance of evaluating water microelemental signatures prior or simultaneous to any hard‐part microchemistry study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for pre‐eclampsia in the first trimester: role of maternal hemodynamics and bioimpedance in non‐obese patients
Authors: Gagliardi G. , Tiralongo G. M. , LoPresti D. , Pisani I. , Farsetti D. , Vasapollo B. , Novelli G. P. , Andreoli A. , Valensise H. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo test if maternal hemodynamics and bioimpedance, assessed at the time of combined screening for PE, are able to identify in the first trimester of gestation normotensive non‐obese patients at risk for pre‐eclampsia (PE) and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).MethodsOne hundred and fifty healthy nulliparous non‐obese women (body mass index < 30 kg/m2) in the first trimester of pregnancy underwent assessment by UltraSonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM) to detect hemodynamic parameters, bioimpedance analysis to characterize body composition, and combined screening for PE (assessment of maternal history, biophysical and maternal biochemical markers). Patients were followed until term, noting the appearance of PE and/or IUGR.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐eight patients had an uneventful pregnancy (controls), while 12 (8%) developed complications (cases). USCOM showed, in cases compared with controls, lower cardiac output (5.6 ± 0.3 vs 6.7 ± 1.1 L/min, P < 0.001), lower inotropy index (1.54 ± 0.38 vs 1.91 ± 0.32 W/m2, P < 0.001) and higher total vascular resistance (1279.8 ± 166.4 vs 1061.4 ± 179.5 dynes × s/cm5, P < 0.001). Bioimpedance analysis showed, in cases compared with controls, lower total body water (53.7 ± 3.3% vs 57.2 ± 5.6%, P = 0.037). Combined screening was positive for PE in 8% of the controls and in 50% of the cases (P < 0.001). After identification of cut‐off values for USCOM and bioimpedance parameters, forward multivariate logistic regression analysis identified as independent predictors of complications in pregnancy the inotropy index (derived by USCOM), fat mass (derived from bioimpedance analysis) and combined screening.ConclusionsCombined screening for PE and assessment of bioimpedance and maternal hemodynamics can be used to identify early markers of impaired cardiovascular adaptation and body composition that may lead to complications in the third trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Effects of College on Weight: Examining the “Freshman 15” Myth and Other Effects of College Over the Life Cycle
Authors: Baum Charles L. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This study examines the effects of college on weight over much of the life cycle. I compare weights for college students with their weights before and after college and with the weights of noncollege peers using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I also examine the longer-term effects of college measured almost three decades later. I find that college freshmen gain substantially less than the 15 pounds rumored to be typical for freshmen. Using difference models, individual-specific fixed-effects models, and instrumental variables models to control for various sources of potential bias, I find that freshman year college attendance is estimated to cause only about a one-pound increase. Supplemental results show that those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds gain more weight during the freshman college year. Longer term, having a college education consistently decreases weight. These negative effects have faded over the last 20 years, and they diminish as respondents approach middle age. These trends are more prevalent for whites and Hispanics than for blacks.
Diagnosis of Tetra-amelia in the First Trimester
Authors: Kaur Ladbans , Singh Divya , Kaur Meetan Preet 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTetra-amelia is characterized by the absence of all four limbs. It is a rare congenital anomaly, with an incidence of 1.5–4 per 100,000 births. It occurs as a result of developmental interruption between 24th and 36th days after fertilization. Its etiology is not well known. It may be observed isolated or associated with other anomalies. We report a case showing absence of all the four limbs with associated absence of the mandible in a 25-year-old primigravida diagnosed in the first trimester at 13 weeks of gestation. Since tetra-amelia due to genetic inheritance was suspected, the family was offered the option of karyotype analysis and genetic consultation. However, the couple based on the poor prognosis opted for the termination of pregnancy. The autopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis based on the morphological examination of the abortus. No genetic analysis was undertaken.
Corporate Philanthropy and Risk Management: An Investigation of Reinsurance and Charitable Giving in Insurance Firms
Authors: Adams Mike , Hoejmose Stefan , Kastrinaki Zafeira 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT:Drawing a framework from strategic stakeholder theory and using 1999 to 2010 panel data from the United Kingdom’s (UK) non-life insurance industry, we examine the effect of reinsurance on the decisions to donate to charities, and the amount given. We find that reinsurance substitutes for charitable giving as it optimizes the interests of multiple stakeholders. We further note that corporate giving is directly related to the size and age of insurers, proportion of female directorships and insider ownership, but generally inhibited by chief executive officer (CEO) bonus plans, dominant shareholders, and financial experts on the board. Interestingly, when reinsurance interacts with board-level variables we find that the donations decision is positively related to CEO bonus plans, and negatively linked with inside ownership and the proportion of female board members. Our research results could have important implications for stakeholders.
WRITING AN EMPIRE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MANCHU ORIGIN MYTH AND THE DYNAMICS OF MANCHU IDENTITY
Authors: Sun Lin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe first known record of the Manchu origin myth is found in Qing documents dating from 1636. These documents provide an official account of the origin of the Aisin Gioro lineage, including the story of the ancestor Bukūri Yongšon, who is depicted as the Manchu primogenitor, from his birth to his ascension to the throne. This article argues that the Manchu origin myth reflected the dynamics of Manchu identity, which shifted from constructing a Manchu group to securing Manchu rule during the period from the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries. By tracing the development of this myth from its earliest version in the seventeenth century to four different versions that appeared by the mid-eighteenth century, written in both Manchu and Chinese, this article endeavors to shed new light on how the Manchus saw themselves, their ancestor, and their empire.
Ontogeny and reproductive functional morphology of the macroalgaWiartonella nodiferan. gen. n. sp. (Dasycladales, Chlorophyta) from the Silurian Eramosa Lagerstätte of Ontario, Canada
Authors: LoDuca Steven T. , Tetreault Denis K. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe thallus of a new noncalcified dasycladalean alga,Wiartonella nodiferan. gen. n. sp., from the mid-Silurian Eramosa Lagerstätte of Ontario, Canada, comprises a narrow main axis with laterals in whorls (euspondyl). Laterals branch to the second order and show a distinct expansion (node) at the termination of first-order lateral segments. Morphologic differences between specimens are interpreted as ontogenetic stages similar to those displayed by extant Dasycladales, including late-stage shedding of higher-order lateral segments. Examination of reproductive functional morphology using biophysical modeling indicates that the expanded terminations of the first-order lateral segments probably are not homologous with gametophores, and that reproduction instead was either endospore or cladospore, with details of the ontogenetic sequence pointing to the latter. The distinctive lateral morphology displayed by this species adds to the list of morphological innovation achieved by dasycladalean algae during a significant burst of evolutionary activity that unfolded between the Middle Ordovician and late Silurian.
Posterholt, a Late Pleistocene – Holocene record of the vegetation history in and around the valley of the Vlootbeek, a tributary of the river Meuse (southeastern Netherlands)
Authors: Bakels Corrie 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe infill of an abandoned branch of the small river Vlootbeek, a tributary of the Meuse, revealed a record of the vegetation history from the Allerød to the Middle Ages, albeit with at least two hiatuses in its upper reach. Striking observations are the continuous presence ofPinusin a period long after this tree was absent elsewhere in the Dutch landscape, and the high percentages ofTiliapollen in the mid-Holocene. The former is explained by the sandy–gravelly subsoil in the valley of the Vlootbeek. The latter is ascribed to the short distance between the coring location and the plateau on whichTiliamust have been the dominant tree. Anthropogenic influence is apparent from the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik farmers onwards.
Supplementation with Brazil nuts and green tea extract regulates targeted biomarkers related to colorectal cancer risk in humans
Authors: Hu Ying , McIntosh Graeme H. , Le Leu Richard K. , Somashekar Roshini , Meng Xing Q. , Gopalsamy Geetha , Bambaca Libby , McKinnon Ross A. , Young Graeme P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSe and green tea have been shown in epidemiological, observational and preclinical studies to be inversely related to the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are limited studies to evaluate their regulatory effects on genes/proteins that relate to CRC oncogenesis in human subjects, such as selenoproteins, WNT signalling pathway, inflammation and methylation. This study examined the effects of supplementation of Se using Brazil nuts and green tea extract (GTE) capsules, alone and in combination, on targeted biomarkers. In total, thirty-two volunteers (>50 years of age) with plasma Se≤1·36 µmol/l were randomised to one of three treatment groups: nine to Se (approximately 48 µg/d) as six Brazil nuts, eleven to four GTE capsules (800 mg (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate) and twelve to a combination of Brazil nuts and GTE. Blood and rectal biopsies were obtained before and after each intervention. Plasma Se levels, rectal selenoprotein P (SePP) and β-catenin mRNA increased significantly in subjects consuming Brazil nuts alone or in combination, whereas rectal DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) and NF-κB mRNA were reduced significantly in subjects consuming GTE alone or in combination. None of the interventions significantly affected rectal acetylated histone H3 or Ki-67 expression at the protein level or plasma C-reactive protein. Effects of the combination of Brazil nuts and GTE did not differ from what would be expected from either agent alone. In conclusion, supplementation of Brazil nuts and/or GTE regulates targeted biomarkers related to CRC oncogenesis, specifically genes associated with selenoproteins (SePP), WNT signalling (β-catenin), inflammation (NF-κB) and methylation (DNMT1). Their combination does not appear to provide additional effects compared with either agent alone.
On stability criteria for kinetic magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Ramos J. J. 
Published: December 2016

The existence of a potential energy functional in the zero-Larmor-radius collisionless plasma theory of Kruskal & Oberman (Phys. Fluids, vol. 1, 1958 p. 275), Rosenbluth & Rostoker (Phys. Fluids, vol. 2, 1959, p. 23) allows us to derive easily sufficient conditions for linear stability. However, this kinetic magnetohydrodynamics (KMHD) theory does not have a self-adjointness property, making it difficult to derive necessary conditions. In particular, the standard methods to prove that an instability follows if some trial perturbation makes the incremental potential energy negative, which rely on the self-adjointness of the force operator or on the existence of a complete basis of normal modes, are not applicable to KMHD. This paper investigates KMHD linear stability criteria based on the time evolution of initial-value solutions, without recourse to the classic bounds or comparison theorems of Kruskal–Oberman and Rosenbluth–Rostoker for the KMHD potential energy. The adopted approach does not solve the kinetic equations by integration along characteristics and does not require that the particle orbits be periodic or nearly periodic. Most importantly, the investigation of a necessary condition for stability does not require the self-adjointness of the force operator or the existence of a complete basis of normal modes. It is thereby shown that stability in isothermal ideal-MHD is a sufficient condition for stability in KMHD and that, with a proviso on the long-time behaviour of oscillations about stable equilibria, stability in the double-adiabatic fluid theory, including the variation of the parallel fluid displacement, would be a necessary condition for stability in KMHD.
How diverse is the lichenized fungal familyTrypetheliaceae(Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)? A quantitative prediction of global species richness
Authors: APTROOT André , CÁCERES Marcela E. S. , JOHNSTON Mark K. , LÜCKING Robert 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA quantitative prediction of global species richness in the lichenized familyTrypetheliaceaeemploying a grid method previously used in similar approaches for the familyGraphidaceaeand the genusCora(Hygrophoraceae) is provided. 421 currently known taxa were used as a base for the calculation and we predict a total of nearly 800 species, corresponding to an increase of almost 100%. Most of the unrecognized taxa are predicted to occur in the Neotropics, which have the highest known species richness. The Palaeotropics are less diverse. In contrast toGraphidaceae, which are mostly confined to rainforests,Trypetheliaceaeshow substantial species richness in dry forest and savannah ecosystems, and future collection efforts should take well-preserved areas representing such ecosystems into consideration.
Five new species and one new record ofAstrothelium(Trypetheliaceae, Ascomycota) from Thailand
Authors: LUANGSUPHABOOL Theerapat , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , APTROOT André , PIAPUKIEW Jittra , SANGVICHIEN Ek 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFive new species and one new record ofAstrothelium(Trypetheliaceae) are reported from Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of four DNA loci (ITS, nuLSU, mtSSU rDNA andRPB1) demonstrated the placement of the new species withinAstrothelium, as well as their distinction from similar or related taxa. The new species are:A. flavocoronatum, with a yellow pigment surrounding the ostiole, and 3-septate ascospores 22–28×8·0–9·5 µm;A. macrostiolatum, with large whitish ostiolar area, a hamathecium inspersed with small oil droplets, and 9–11-septate ascospores 80–100×17–19 µm;A. neglectum, with lichexanthone on the thallus and pseudostromata, a non-inspersed hamathecium and 3–5-septate ascospores 21–25×7·5–9·5 µm;A. neovariolosum, with inspersed hamathecium and 3-septate ascospores 17–23×6–7 µm; andA. siamense, with inspersed hamathecium and 4–7-septate ascospores 30–50×10·5–12·0 µm.Astrothelium aenascensis reported from Thailand for the first time.
A phylogenetic framework for reassessing generic concepts and species delimitation in the lichenized familyTrypetheliaceae(Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)
Authors: LÜCKING Robert , NELSEN Matthew P. , APTROOT André , BARILLAS DE KLEE Roselvira , BAWINGAN Paulina A. , BENATTI Michel N. , BINH Nguyen Quoc , BUNGARTZ Frank , CÁCERES Marcela E. S. , CANÊZ Luciana da Silva , CHAVES José-Luis , ERTZ Damien , ESQUIVEL Rhina Esmeralda , FERRARO Lidia Itati , GRIJALVA Alfredo , GUEIDAN Cécile , HERNÁNDEZ M. Jesús E. , KNIGHT Allison , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , MARCELLI Marcelo P. , MERCADO-DÍAZ Joel A. , MONCADA Bibiana , MORALES Eduardo A. , NAKSUWANKUL Khwanruan , OROZCO Thelma , PARNMEN Sittiporn , RIVAS PLATA Eimy , SALAZAR-ALLEN Noris , SPIELMANN Adriano A. , VENTURA Nohemy 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe provide an expanded and updated, 2-locus phylogeny (mtSSU, nuLSU) of the lichenized fungal familyTrypetheliaceae, with a total of 196 ingroup OTUs, in order to further refine generic delimitations and species concepts in this family. As a result, the following 15 clades are recognized as separate genera, including five newly established genera:Aptrootia,Architrypethelium,Astrothelium(including the bulk of corticate species with astrothelioid ascospores; synonyms:Campylothelium,Cryptothelium,Laurera),Batheliums. str. (excludingB. degeneransand relatives which fall intoAstrothelium), the reinstatedBogoriella(for tropical, lichenized species previously placed inMycomicrothelia),Constrictoluminagen. nov. (for tropical, lichenized species ofArthopyrenia),Dictyomeridiumgen. nov. (for a subgroup of species with muriform ascospores previously placed inPolymeridium),Julella(provisionally, as the type species remains unsequenced),Marcelaria(Laurera purpurinacomplex),Nigrovotheliumgen. nov. (for theTrypethelium tropicumgroup),Novomicrotheliagen. nov. (for an additional species previously placed inMycomicrothelia),Polymeridiums. str.,Pseudopyrenula,Trypetheliums. str. (T. eluteriaegroup), andViridotheliumgen. nov. (for theTrypethelium virensgroup). All recognized genera are phenotypically characterized and a discussion on the evolution of phenotypic features in the family is given. Based on the obtained phylogeny, species delimitations are revised and the importance of characters such as thallus morphology, hymenial inspersion, and secondary chemistry for taxonomic purposes is discussed, resulting in a refined species concept.
NORMS, EVALUATIONS, AND IDEAL AND NONIDEAL THEORY
Authors: Jubb Robert 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:This essay discusses the relation between ideal theory and two forms of political moralism identified by Bernard Williams, structural and enactment views. It argues that ideal theory, at least in the sense Rawls used that term, only makes sense for structural forms of moralism. These theories see their task as describing the constraints that properly apply to political agents and institutions. As a result, they are primarily concerned with norms that govern action. In contrast, many critiques of ideal theory are structured and motivated by their commitment to an enactment model of political theorizing. This instead sees political agents and institutions as instruments for producing or promoting better states of affairs. Enactment models treat the evaluations that rank different states of affairs as justificatorily basic, rather than norms governing action on which structural models focus. This reveals an important feature of debates about ideal theory. Whether ideal theory is capable of appropriately guiding action will depend on what the criteria for appropriately guiding action are, about which different theorists have importantly different views. For example, some popular strategies for defending ideal theory fail, while it may be much less clear that some alternatives to ideal theory can provide action guidance than their advocates claim.
LIBERALISM BEFORE JUSTICE
Authors: MacGilvray Eric 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:The ideal theory debate rests on two conflicting claims: that justice is “the first virtue of social systems” (justice first), and that a just society is one in which “everyone accepts and knows that the others accept the same principles of justice” (universal consent).Justice firstholds that questions about the meaning of justice — and thus about what an ideally just society would look like — must be settled before we can effectively pursue justice. However,universal consententails a project of justification that can only take place over time. I propose that we avoid this impasse by treating freedom rather than justice as the “first virtue” of a liberal society. Liberal freedom has two distinct and complementary dimensions, which give rise to two distinct and complementary moral aims: on the one hand, to create the social conditions that make responsible agency possible (republican freedom), and on the other hand to carve out a social space within which the demands of responsible agency are relaxed or absent (market freedom). Striking the appropriate balance between these two dimensions of liberal freedom is irreducibly a matter of judgment. A freedom-centered liberalism therefore requires that we treat justice as the endpoint rather than the starting point of political action, thus severing the link between legitimacy and consent.
UTOPOPHOBIA AS A VOCATION: THE PROFESSIONAL ETHICS OF IDEAL AND NONIDEAL POLITICAL THEORY
Authors: Frazer Michael L. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:The debate between proponents of ideal and nonideal approaches to political philosophy has thus far been framed as a meta-level debate about normative theory. The argument of this essay will be that the ideal/nonideal debate can be helpfully reframed as a ground-level debate within normative theory. Specifically, it can be understood as a debate within the applied normative field of professional ethics, with the profession being examined that of political philosophy itself. If the community of academic political theorists and philosophers cannot help us navigate the problems we face in actual political life, they have not lived up to the moral demands of their vocation. A moderate form of what David Estlund decries as “utopophobia” is therefore an integral element of a proper professional ethic for political philosophers. The moderate utopophobe maintains that while devoting scarce time and resources to constructing utopias may sometimes be justifiable, it is never self-justifying. Utopianism is defensible only insofar as it can reasonably be expected to help inform or improve non-utopian political thinking.