bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiepileptic drugs and hyponatremia in older adults: Two population‐based cohort studies
Authors: Gandhi Sonja , McArthur Eric , Mamdani Muhammad M. , Hackam Daniel G. , McLachlan Richard S. , Weir Matthew A. , Burneo Jorge G. , Garg Amit X. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo examine the 30‐day risk of hospitalization with hyponatremia associated with carbamazepine, valproic acid (V), phenytoin (P), or topiramate (T) use compared to nonuse in the outpatient setting among older adults.MethodsWe conducted two population‐based, retrospective cohort studies in Ontario, Canada, between 2003 and 2015 using administrative health care databases of older adults. The first study compared carbamazepine users to a propensity‐score matched group of antiepileptic drug nonusers, whereas the second compared V‐P‐T users to a propensity‐score matched group of antiepileptic nonusers. The primary outcome was hospitalization with hyponatremia within 30 days of an antiepileptic prescription.ResultsThe baseline characteristics between matched groups were similar in both cohorts. Carbamazepine use versus nonuse was associated with a higher 30‐day risk of hospitalization with hyponatremia (82/21,191 [0.39%] versus 30/63,573 [0.05%]; relative risk [RR] 8.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.40–12.46). Similarly, V‐P‐T use versus nonuse was associated with a higher 30‐day risk of hospitalization with hyponatremia (34/20,155 [0.17%] versus 26/40,310 [0.06%]; RR 2.62, 95% CI 1.57–4.36).SignificanceOlder adults prescribed carbamazepine and V‐P‐T have a higher risk of being hospitalized with hyponatremia compared to other adults with similar indicators of baseline health who were not prescribed antiepileptic drugs. Physicians should be mindful of this risk; when a patient presents to a hospital with symptomatic hyponatremia these drugs should be considered as potential causes.
Your evidence or mine? Systematic evaluation of reviews of marine protected area effectiveness
Authors: Woodcock Paul , O'Leary Bethan C , Kaiser Michel J , Pullin Andrew S 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMarine protected areas (MPAs) are a key strategy for mitigating the impacts of fisheries, but their designation can be controversial, and there is uncertainty surrounding when and where MPAs are most effective. Evidence synthesis that collates primary research on MPA effectiveness can provide a crucial bridge between research, policy and practice. However, reviews vary in scope and rigour, meaning decision‐makers face the challenge of identifying appropriate reviews. Documenting differences amongst reviews can therefore support nonspecialists in locating the most relevant and rigorous reviews and can also assist researchers in targeting evidence gaps. We addressed these priorities by systematically searching for reviews examining effectiveness of MPAs for biodiversity, critically appraising methods used and categorizing review scope. The 27 reviews assessed overlapped in scope (suggesting some redundancy) and differed substantially in reliability. Key strengths related to the effects of MPAs on fish abundance and the influence of MPA size and age on effectiveness. However, several gaps were noted, with some questions not addressed and others lacking highly reliable syntheses – importantly, the latter may create the perception that particular questions have been adequately addressed, potentially deterring new syntheses. Our findings indicate key aspects of review conduct that could be improved (e.g. documenting critical appraisal of primary research, evaluating potential publication bias) and can facilitate evidence‐based policy by guiding nonspecialists to the most reliable and relevant reviews. Lastly, we suggest that future reviews with broader taxonomic coverage and considering the influence of a wider range of MPA characteristics on effectiveness would be beneficial.
Evaluating J‐integral and Q parameter in high‐density polyethylene using a combined experimental finite element method
Authors: Sahlabadi M , Valiollahi A , Konh B , Soltani N 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis work introduces a combined experimental finite element method (FEM) to calculate J‐integral and Q parameter for centre‐crack tension of high‐density polyethylene specimens. In the majority of the studies to date, mostly a pure FEM has been used. However, the several simplified assumptions that are included in such models could result in imperfect predictions. This study aims to overcome this issue by suggesting a novel method that privileges from the displacement fields on specimens' surface that is provided for our finite element model. The method introduced in this work has a merit in presenting Q results for a softening material. The results of our proposed method were in a satisfactory agreement with the pure FEM results of similar models, and thereby validating our approach. Using this model, the effects of parameters like crack length and thickness were also investigated. This method could be utilized in health monitoring of structures.
DryCO2–COfluid as an important potential deep Earth solvent
Authors: Simakin A. G. , Salova T. P. , Gabitov R. I. , Isaenko S. I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTransport properties of reduced carbonic fluid have been studied experimentally at P = 2 kbar andT = 700–1000°C in internally heated pressure vessel (IHPV). Synthetic FeCO3and natural siderite were used to generate fluid during experiments using a platinum double‐capsule technique. A natural CaTiSiO5aggregate was placed into the inner capsule as an additional source of trace elements. The outer capsule was loaded with albite glass. No water was introduced to the system and oxygen fugacity was established near to graphite–oxygen (CCO) buffer due to transformation of FeCO3into a magnetite aggregate during decarbonation to yieldCOandCO2. The carbonates decomposed during initial heating of the experiments, causing their some constituent components to be dissolved in and transferred by the fluid to the pore space of the albite glass matrix. After temperature reached 1000°C glass, the shards annealed and then melted, as evidenced by a vesiculated glass in the quench products. Micro‐Raman investigation of the fluid in bubbles in the albite glass in experiments with decomposition of natural siderite yieldedCO–CO2mixture whereCOmole fraction was 0.15–0.16. We observe significant concentrations of Pt, Mn, P, andREEin the albite glass; in contrast, no Fe or Mg transfer was detected.LA‐ICP‐MSanalysis of the albite glass product yielded the average Pt content of 2 ppm. Such high Pt signal came from Pt particles (100–500 nm in size), which were observed on the walls of the bubbles embedded in the glass. Olivines and aluminous spinel were observed in the Fe‐oxide aggregate, demonstrating transfer of SiO2and Al2O3from the albite melt by the reduced carbonic fluid from the albite glass (large capsule). Our results demonstrate that dryCO–CO2 fluid can be important agents of dissolution and transport, especially for Pt and other metals. The data imply that metals are chiefly dissolved as carbonyl complexes.
Homeless patients’ perceptions about using cell phones to manage medications and attend appointments
Authors: Moczygemba Leticia R , Cox Lauren S , Marks Samantha A , Robinson Margaret A , Goode Jean-Venable R , Jafari Nellie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to (1) describe homeless persons’ access and use of cell phones and their perceptions about using cell phone alerts to help manage medications and attend health care appointments and (2) identify demographic characteristics, medication use and appointment history and perceptions associated with interest in receiving cell phone alerts to manage medications and appointments.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 at a homeless clinic in Virginia. The questionnaire comprised items about cell phone usage, ownership and functions such as text messaging. Participants reported medication use and appointment history, perceptions about cell phone alerts and interest in receiving alerts to manage medications and appointments. Descriptive statistics for all variables are reported. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of interest in using a cell phone to manage medications and appointments.Key findingsA total of 290 participants completed the survey; 89% had a cell phone. Seventy-seven percent were interested in appointment reminders, whereas 66%, 60% and 54% were interested in refill reminders, medication taking reminders and medication information messages respectively. Those who believed reminders were helpful were more likely to be interested in medication taking, refill and appointment reminder messages compared to those who did not believe reminders were helpful. A history of running out of medicine and forgetting appointments were predictors of interest in refill and appointment reminders.ConclusionsMobile technology is a feasible method for communicating medication and appointment information to those experiencing or at risk for homelessness.
Perspectives of resettled African refugees on accessing medicines and pharmacy services in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Bellamy Kim , Ostini Remo , Martini Nataly , Kairuz Therese 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to accessing medicines and pharmacy services among refugees in Queensland, Australia, from the perspectives of resettled African refugees.

Methods
A generic qualitative approach was used in this study. Resettled African refugees were recruited via a purposive snowball sampling method. The researcher collected data from different African refugee communities, specifically those from Sudanese, Congolese and Somalian communities. Participants were invited by a community health leader to participate in the study; a community health leader is a trained member of the refugee community who acts as a ‘health information conduit’ between refugees and the health system. Invitations were done either face-to-face, telephonically or by email. The focus groups were digitally recorded in English and transcribed verbatim by the researcher. Transcripts were entered into NVIVO© 11 and the data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Key findings
Four focus groups were conducted between October and November 2014 in the city of Brisbane with African refugees, one with five Somali refugees, one with five Congolese refugees, one with three refugee community health leaders from South Sudan, Liberia and Eritrea and one with three refugee community health leaders from Uganda, Burundi and South Sudan. Eleven sub-themes emerged through the coding process, which resulted in four overarching themes: health system differences, navigating the Australian health system, communication barriers and health care-seeking behaviour. With regard to accessing medicines and pharmacy services, this study has shown that there is a gap between resettled refugees’ expectations of health services and the reality of the Australian health system. Access barriers identified included language barriers, issues with the Translating and Interpreter Service, a lack of professional communication and cultural beliefs affecting health care-seeking behaviour.

Conclusions
This exploratory study has established a foundation for further research into the barriers to accessing medicines and pharmacy services for resettled refugees. The findings are likely to be applicable to a wider population.
Quality of claims and references found in Australian pharmacy journal advertisements
Authors: Mandoh Mona , Curtain Colin Michael 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical advertisement claims and supporting references in Australian pharmacy journals that target community pharmacists.

Methods
All full-page advertisements for a medicinal product, found in two Australian pharmacy journals from the year 2012 to 2015 were included. Advertisement claims and references were evaluated by claim type (unambiguous to immeasurable) and level of evidence (strong to irrelevant) in supporting references.

Key findings
Two hundred and ninety distinct advertisements and 598 claims were identified, with a median of 2 claims per advertisement. Twenty-seven percent of claims were unambiguous, 40% were vague, 16% were emotive/immeasurable and 17% were non-clinical or other marketing claims. Half of all claims were referenced. Although 68% of unambiguous claims were referenced, 63% of those were supported by studies that were funded directly or indirectly by pharmaceutical companies. Only 13% of claims were supported with strong or moderate independent evidence.

Conclusions
Pharmaceutical advertisements continue to present vague and emotive claims with little independent supporting evidence. Pharmacists need to be aware of these limitations when providing patient care. Increased awareness of this issue among pharmaceutical companies, Australian pharmaceutical journal publishers, regulators and pharmacists will assist in promoting optimised healthcare outcomes for the Australian public.
A community-based cross-sectional survey of medication utilization among chronic disease patients in China
Authors: Strand Mark A , Gramith Kirstin , Royston Macy , Wang Xiaoxi , Perry Judith , Elliott Curt 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Objectives
To determine medication use patterns and associated health outcomes in Chinese individuals with diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidaemia.

Methods
This community-based cross-sectional study was done in a north China city of 300 000 people. Participants were recruited by poster and phone call through Community Health Centres. Data were collected on 638 Chinese individuals. Interviews were done to screen for disease and health behaviours. Fasting blood was collected and analyzed.

Key findings
Participants’ average age was 52 years. Self-reported prevalence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia was 9.6, 29.9 and 20.5% respectively. Medication adherence was found among 88, 60 and 81.5% of individuals with diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia respectively. Treatment success, as defined by medication adherence and treatment to goal was achieved by 21, 23 and 10% of diabetic, hypertensive and hyperlipidaemic patients.

Conclusions
A large proportion of individuals with chronic disease in this China-based study were not being successfully treated, putting them at high risk for poor health outcomes. In this urban China setting, healthcare services need to be strengthened in order to achieve better treatment outcomes among chronic disease patients. It is recommended that community pharmacists contribute to improving these outcomes through participation in patient education, medication reconciliation and disease state management.
Diffusion of knowledge in social media networks: effects of reputation mechanisms and distribution of knowledge roles
Authors: Havakhor Taha , Soror Amr A. , Sabherwal Rajiv 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSocial media platforms serve as important tools for diffusing knowledge within organizations. The factors affecting knowledge diffusion through social media networks (SMNs) need to therefore be better understood. Accordingly, this paper focuses on two SMN‐specific characteristics – reputation mechanisms and the distribution of knowledge roles – which are argued to enhance and enable, respectively, the smooth transfer of knowledge in a SMN. To examine their effects, we distinguish between two types of reputation mechanisms – adaptive and objective – and across three distinct knowledge roles in SMNs: seekers, contributors and brokers. We argue that the extent of knowledge diffusion in the SMN depends on the type of mechanism and the relative distribution of these three roles. Using data collected through an agent‐based simulation, we find that (a) the distribution of knowledge roles affects knowledge diffusion, with distributions consisted of more brokers outperforming others and (b) objective reputation mechanisms outperform adaptive mechanisms. Furthermore, we find that reputation mechanisms and distribution of knowledge roles interact to influence knowledge diffusion. The study's implications for future research and practice are discussed in the light of its limitations. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Driving business transformation toward sustainability: exploring the impact of supporting IS on the performance contribution of eco‐innovations
Authors: Hanelt Andre , Busse Sebastian , Kolbe Lutz M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInformation systems (IS) can foster business transformation toward sustainability on a large scale by supporting green technologies, thereby creating hybrid physical–digital solutions that are able to fulfil organizational performance requirements and contribute to sustainable business practices. These supporting IS provide an alternative path to corporate sustainability rather than just contributing to the ‘greening’ of business practices by aiming to improve the organizational performance impact of environmental advantageous innovations, which in turn fosters their adoption. Employing a multiple case study comprising eight companies that have implemented such eco‐innovations (specifically electric vehicles) in their business processes, our findings indicate that the organizational performance contribution of eco‐innovations is improved when complemented by supporting IS. This effect is achieved by (1) enhancing the efficiency of the business processes in which the eco‐innovations are deployed, thus increasing eco‐efficiency, and (2) enabling new functionalities, processes and business models that help achieve organizational sustainability goals, thereby driving eco‐effectiveness. With these two aspects, we add two functional affordances – technological flexibility and digital eco‐innovation – to the existing knowledge base of Green IS and point to an elaborated role of IS in sustainability transformation.
Minimum sample size estimation in PLS‐SEM: The inverse square root and gamma‐exponential methods
Authors: Kock Ned , Hadaya Pierre 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPartial least squares‐based structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM) is extensively used in the field of information systems, as well as in many other fields where multivariate statistical methods are used. One of the most fundamental issues in PLS‐SEM is that of minimum sample size estimation. The ‘10‐times rule’ has been a favourite because of its simplicity of application, even though it tends to yield imprecise estimates. We propose two related methods, based on mathematical equations, as alternatives for minimum sample size estimation in PLS‐SEM: the inverse square root method, and the gamma‐exponential method. Based on three Monte Carlo experiments, we demonstrate that both methods are fairly accurate. The inverse square root method is particularly attractive in terms of its simplicity of application. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Private Equity, the Rise of Unicorns, and the Reincarnation of Control‐based Accounting
Authors: Zimmerman Jerold L. 
Published: November 2016

This article discusses the rise of intangibles‐intensive companies and private equity (PE) since the late 1970s, and the role of both in bringing about the creation of a streamlined, more flexible set of accounting rules that, since their approval by the IASB and FASB in 2009, have been used by private companies and their investors.The PE industry comprises both venture capital (VC) firms that fund high‐growth enterprises and leveraged buyout (LBO) firms that fund more traditional, cash‐generating operations. Mainly because of the greater risks associated with both VC‐backed firms and LBOs—risks that make them ill‐suited for most public investors—such companies tend to require the more direct and active oversight provided by PE investors.And as the author goes on to argue, the more direct and active ownership of PE investors, as compared to the governance provided by most public‐company boards, suggests that financial accounting and reporting play a fundamentally different role in private than in public companies. Whereas the primary role of public‐company GAAP has increasingly (since the creation of the SEC in 1933) been to provide information for outside investors when valuing companies, the most important function of accounting reports in private companies is internal control—more specifically, ensuring that the interests of the managers of their portfolio companies are aligned with those of all the providers of capital. And recognizing this difference in the role of accounting, both the IASB and FASB responded to the requests of various parties (including private companies) by approving in 2009 the use by private companies of a streamlined and more flexible set of accounting standards.To the extent that the workings of PE markets continue to reduce the numbers of U.S. public companies, the author predicts that the resulting increase in the use of private‐company GAAP will continue to shift the primary role of accounting away from valuation and back toward its traditional roots in internal control and corporate governance.
What Cost of Capital Should You Use? The Market Has an Answer
Authors: Zolotoy Leon , John Andrew 
Published: November 2016

The most widely used means of estimating a company's cost of equity capital is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). But as a growing number of academics and practitioners have suggested, use of the CAPM produces estimates that often fail to reflect the risks of the companies as perceived by current and potential investors. The authors' work, together with other research, also suggests that the cost of equity produced by the CAPM is often too high. To the extent this is so, companies are discounting investment projects at rates of return that may be leading them to pass up value‐adding opportunities.The authors advocate the use of a simple and practical alternative to the CAPM that does not use either an assumed market risk premium or a beta. It uses instead an equity premium that is implied by the current market price of a company's stock and, as such, is implicitly derived from investors' assessments of the firm's risk that are reflected in that price. More specifically, the alternative approach solves for the internal rate of return that equates the present value of expected future cash flows to the current market price. In support of this approach, studies have shown that such market‐implied measures are better predictors than CAPM‐based estimates of future stock returns, both at the individual‐firm and aggregate market levels.
Valuation of a Developmental Drug as a Real Option
Authors: Lynch John , Shockley Richard 
Published: November 2016

Valuing a capital investment as a real option (or series of options) has advantages over standard DCF valuation when the investment creates the future flexibility to delay, abandon, or expand an element of the project based on the resolution of a major source of uncertainty. The uncertainty is generally dealt with using a “volatility” term that aims to reflect the variability in the future value of the underlying asset. But there are certain situations in which the uncertainty has a second dimension. For example, drugs in development can be abandoned either because of bad technical outcomes (the drug doesn't work) or unfavorable resolutions of market risk (though the drug works, its market potential turns out to be too limited).In an article published earlier in this journal, the authors illustrated the valuation of an early‐stage pharma R&D investment using a real options approach in which the market and technical risks were folded together into the volatility parameter. In this article, the authors explain why they have concluded that this is an incorrect approach and then show how to handle market and technical risk as two separate dimensions of risk in valuing an R&D program. The potential use of this technique extends beyond pharma and biotech R&D to any situation in which the outcome of an important uncertainty is independent of the resolution of market risk associated with the underlying asset.