bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retropatellar Accessory Portals for Improved Access to the Patella
Authors: Koh Jason L. , Logli Anthony L. 
Published: November 2016

Background: Standard knee arthroscopy portals are frequently used to address retropatellar chondral pathology. Alternative portals may offer a safe and simple substitute, particularly when reaching the base of deep lesions is required. Purpose: To describe and assess the safety of accessory retropatellar portals. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: An anatomic study was performed on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. Medial and lateral retropatellar portals were created, and the distance to adjacent neurovascular structures (common peroneal nerve [CPN] and infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve [IPBSN]) and bony landmarks (medial and lateral epicondyles and margins of the midpatella) was recorded. A clinical account of portal use is provided through a retrospective chart review. Results: The medial and lateral retropatellar portals were a mean 15.8 ± 15.5 mm and 53.8 ± 7.2 mm from the IPBSN and CPN, respectively. No nerves were contacted in any specimens. Clinically, the portals have been used in 109 cases over a 7-year period without complication. Conclusion: The high level of IPBSN variability poses some risk to medial portal use; however, there is little to no risk laterally. Clinical experience with portals suggests that they can be used safely. We recommend careful blunt dissection to minimize chance of iatrogenic nerve injury. Clinical Relevance: Retropatellar portals may offer improved access to chondral lesions of the patella, thereby safely allowing one to maintain an arthroscopic approach.
Pure red cell aplasia
Authors: Means Robert T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a syndrome defined by a normocytic normochromic anemia with severe reticulocytopenia and marked reduction or absence of erythroid precursors from the bone marrow. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a congenital form of PRCA. Acquired PRCA may be either a primary disorder or secondary to some other disorder or agent. Primary acquired PRCA is an autoimmune disorder that is frequently antibody-mediated. Myelodysplastic syndromes may also present with the morphologic appearance of PRCA. Secondary acquired PRCA may be associated with collagen vascular/autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus; lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or large granular lymphocyte leukemia; infections, particularly B19 parvovirus; thymoma and other solid tumors; or a variety of other disorders, drugs, or toxic agents. The therapeutic approach to PRCA typically involves immunosuppression, but specific pathogenic subtypes are associated with specific therapeutic approaches. Cyclosporine A, with or without concurrent corticosteroids, appears to be the single most effective immunosuppressive agent.
Changes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 during the anadromous spawning migration in Coilia nasus
Authors: Duan Jin-Rong , Fang Di-An , Zhang Min-Ying , Liu Kai , Zhou Yan-Feng , Xu Dong-Po , Xu Pao , Li Da-Peng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundAn increase in the activity of the pituitary-gonad axis (PG-axis) and gonad development are essential for the onset of spawning migration in teleosts. In the fishCoilia nasus, gonad development and spawning migration up the Yangtze River occurs by the end of each summer. We hypothesized that gonadotropin releasing hormones receptor 2 (GnRH-R2), which together produce a signal that interacts with the PG-axis, may help to regulate spawning migration processes.ResultsIn this regard, we (1) characterized the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in the anadromous fishC. nasus; (2) analyzed the GnRH-R2 mRNA expression levels in ovary and brain, and concentrations in the serum; and (3) identified the GnRH-R2 protein distribution in the brain and ovaries. We found strong relationships between all of these indices.ConclusionsThe results indicate that GnRH-R2 could act together to promote spawning during the anadromous migration. There is some evidence that the GnRH-R2 gene expression levels and protein distributions change in association with the migratory behavior.
Genome-wide analyses of chitin synthases identify horizontal gene transfers towards bacteria and allow a robust and unifying classification into fungi
Authors: Gonçalves Isabelle R. , Brouillet Sophie , Soulié Marie-Christine , Gribaldo Simonetta , Sirven Catherine , Charron Noémie , Boccara Martine , Choquer Mathias 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Background
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is found in probably all fungi, many animals (mainly invertebrates), several protists and a few algae, playing an essential role in the development of many of them. This polysaccharide is produced by type 2 glycosyltransferases, called chitin synthases (CHS). There are several contradictory classifications of CHS isoenzymes and, as regards their evolutionary history, their origin and diversity is still a matter of debate.

Results
A genome-wide analysis resulted in the detection of more than eight hundred putative chitin synthases in proteomes associated with about 130 genomes. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with special care to avoid any pitfalls associated with the peculiarities of these sequences (e.g. highly variable regions, truncated or recombined sequences, long-branch attraction). This allowed us to revise and unify the fungal CHS classification and to study the evolutionary history of the CHS multigenic family. This update has the advantage of being user-friendly due to the development of a dedicated website (https://www.goncalve.fr/CHSdb/), and it includes any correspondences with previously published classifications and mutants. Concerning the evolutionary history of CHS, this family has mainly evolved via duplications and losses. However, it is likely that several horizontal gene transfers (HGT) also occurred in eukaryotic microorganisms and, even more surprisingly, in bacteria.

Conclusions
This comprehensive multi-species analysis contributes to the classification of fungal CHS, in particular by optimizing its robustness, consensuality and accessibility. It also highlights the importance of HGT in the evolutionary history of CHS and describes bacterial chs genes for the first time. Many of the bacteria that have acquired a chitin synthase are plant pathogens (e.g. Dickeya spp; Pectobacterium spp; Brenneria spp; Agrobacterium vitis and Pseudomonas cichorii). Whether they are able to produce a chitin exopolysaccharide or secrete chitooligosaccharides requires further investigation.
What evidence exists on the local impacts of energy systems on marine ecosystem services: a systematic map
Authors: Papathanasopoulou Eleni , Queirós Ana M. , Beaumont Nicola , Hooper Tara , Nunes Joana 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Background
Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere and its impact on the climate are a pressing concern for governments around the world. Reducing GHG emissions by changing the energy production mix is one option to reach targets being set by international communities. As the implementation of renewable and non-renewable energy infrastructure deployed in marine ecosystems increases, it is not clear how these changes will impact on the marine environment and the ecosystem services it provides. To address this knowledge gap a systematic mapping approach was applied, with three key aims: firstly, to provide an overview of the types of impacts being studied for the offshore components of nuclear, offshore oil & gas and offshore wind arrays; secondly to demonstrate how these impacts can be translated into ecosystem services; and finally to provide a searchable database of the results.

Methods
Searches for relevant articles were carried out using academic and grey literature databases. A total of 2297 articles were sourced, which were screened using selection criteria that determined which subject populations, exposure types and outcomes were considered relevant. To translate these findings into ecosystem service impacts, the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment frameworks were used to ensure relevance, transparency and replicability.

Results
A total of 50 articles, which equated to 208 studies, spanning four decades since 1970, were selected and coded for the systematic map. Across all energy systems, benthic species were the most studied group. Following this, results then varied by group; marine birds and fish were most prevalent in studies of offshore wind; fish for offshore oil & gas studies; and pelagic organisms for nuclear. The outcome variables most investigated were changes in population and ecosystem function/process. Of all the ecosystem services associated with the studied impacts, regulating services were investigated most often, due to the large number of studies on benthic organisms. Cultural services, specific to offshore wind, were also prevalent.

Discussion
The systematic map provides a searchable database of articles and their relevant studies on the local ecological impacts of marine renewable energies. It has identified a number of potential future areas for primary research; for example, investigating the impacts of decommissioning offshore energy infrastructure on marine habitats and organisms.
A protective role of IL-37 in cancer: a new hope for cancer patients
Authors: Abulkhir Ayoub , Samarani Suzanne , Amre Devendra , Duval Michel , Haddad Elie , Sinnett Daniel , Leclerc Jean-Marie , Diorio Caroline , Ahmad Ali 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
IL-37 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family. Although discovered in silico in 2000, significant advances in the understanding of its biology were made only in recent years. It is a member of the family with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It is produced as a precursor without a classic signal peptide. The precursor is cleaved into mature form in the cytoplasm by caspase-1. A small fraction of the cleaved IL-37 binds SMAD-3, translocates to the nucleus, and suppresses transcription of several proinflammatory genes. Both precursor and cleaved forms of IL-37 are secreted. They bind IL-18Rα chain (also used by IL-18 as a receptor subunit) and recruit Toll/IL-1R (TIR)-8 for transducing intracellular signaling. TIR-8 is a member of the IL-1 receptor family (IL-1RF) and was previously known as an orphan receptor. IL-37 suppresses activation of NF-κB and MAPK and activates Mer–PTEN-DOK pathway. It negatively regulates signaling mediated by TLR agonists, proinflammatory cytokines, and IL-1RF ligands. It also affects cell metabolism by inhibiting mTOR, GSK-3α/β, and activating AMPK. Despite having the ability to dampen host’s immune responses, the cytokine has been shown to exert antitumor effects, and it has been suggested that it may act as a prognostic marker in a variety of human cancers. Recent studies have suggested that IL-37 may represent a novel therapeutic tool in patients with cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the cytokine biology, discuss recent advances made in unraveling its anti-cancer effects, and suggest guidelines for future research.
Preparation of Au/Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles by a Microwave-Induced Plasma in Liquid Process
Authors: Shirai Hiroaki , Nguyen Mai Thanh , Čempel David , Tsukamoto Hiroki , Tokunaga Tomoharu , Liao Ying-Chih , Yonezawa Tetsu 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Au/Pd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized using HAuCl4, H2PdCl4, and α-thioglycerol as precursors and a stabilizer, respectively, by microwave-induced plasma in liquid process (MWPLP). After only several minutes of microwave irradiation, metallic NPs were obtained in aqueous environment without any reducing agent. The reduction mechanism of metal ions was confirmed by UV–vis spectral changes. The results from HAADF-STEM and EDS indicated that synthesized NPs were bimetallic Au/Pd. Moreover, XRD patterns of synthesized NPs implied that the composition of bimetallic NPs could be controlled by changing the initial ratio of metal precursors.
H επίδραση του βαθμού επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης στις διδακτικές πρακτικές των διδασκόντων αγγλικής γλώσσας: εμπειρική προσέγγιση.
Authors: Μπιρμπίλη Μαρία , Παπαοικονόμου Αντώνιος 
Published: November 2016

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Η εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζει μία έρευνα σχετικά με την επίδραση του βαθμού επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης στις διδακτικές πρακτικές των εκπαιδευτικών αγγλικής γλώσσας δημόσιων σχολείων στη βαθμίδα της κατώτερης δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης (γυμνάσιο). Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μέθοδοι της παρατήρησης σε δείγμα 68 διδακτικών ωρών σε δημόσιες σχολικές μονάδες και της ημι-δομημένης συνέντευξης σε δείγμα 28 εκπαιδευτικών συνολικά. Στα συμπεράσματα της έρευνας συγκαταλέγεται η επίδραση της κατοχής μεταπτυχιακών τίτλων και της επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης του εκπαιδευτικού στη διδακτική πρακτική με τη χρήση επικοινωνιακών μεθόδων στη διδασκαλία της γλώσσας και η ανεπάρκεια της ενδοϋπηρεσιακής επιμόρφωσης σε σχέση με τον παραπάνω στόχο. Παράλληλα, η αποτελεσματικότητα της διδακτικής πρακτικής σχετίζεται θετικά με το χρόνο προετοιμασίας του μαθήματος. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
Διαφορές και ομοιότητες στη νοημοσύνη ηλικιωμένων κατοίκων αστικών και αγροτικών περιοχών της Ελλάδας
Authors: Κουτσονίδα Μυρτώ , Νταφούλης Επαμεινώνδας , Παπαντωνίου Γεωργία , Μωραΐτου Δέσποινα 
Published: November 2016

<p>Η παρούσα έρευνα αποσκοπούσε να εξετάσει διαφορές και ομοιότητες στη ρέουσα και αποκρυσταλλωμένη νοημοσύνη ηλικιωμένων που κατοικούν σε αστικές και αγροτικές περιοχές. Το δείγμα αποτελούνταν από 80 άτομα ηλικίας 65-91 ετών τα οποία χωρίστηκαν σε δύο ομάδες, 40 άτομα από αστικές περιοχές και 40 από αγροτικές. Ως έργα που μετρούν ρέουσα νοημοσύνη, χορηγήθηκαν η φωνολογική συνθήκη της Δοκιμασίας Λεκτικής Ευχέρειας και η Δοκιμασία Ευχέρειας Σχεδιασμού της συστοιχίας Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Ως έργα αποκρυσταλλωμένης νοημοσύνης, χορηγήθηκε η σημασιολογική συνθήκη της Δοκιμασίας Λεκτικής Ευχέρειας της D-KEFS και το Ερωτηματολόγιο Σοφού Τρόπου Σκέψης και Δράσης. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι ηλικιωμένοι που κατοικούν σε αγροτικές περιοχές είχαν υψηλότερη επίδοση στη σοφία ως διαλεκτική σκέψη και εκτίμηση της αβεβαιότητας της ζωής, σε σύγκριση με τους ηλικιωμένους που διαβιούν σε πόλη. Το ίδιο βρέθηκε και ως προς την επίδοσή τους στη σημασιολογική συνθήκη της Δοκιμασίας Λεκτικής Ευχέρειας, η οποία μετρά τις εκτελεστικές λειτουργίες της έναρξης διαδικασίας και της αναστολής αλλά απαιτεί και σημασιολογική γνώση και μνήμη. </p>
Dynamics of tRNA fragments and their targets in aging mammalian brain
Authors: Karaiskos Spyros , Grigoriev Andrey 
Published: November 2016

Background: The progress of next-generation sequencing technologies has unveiled various non-coding RNAs that have previously been considered products of random degradation and attracted only minimal interest. Among small RNA families, microRNA (miRNAs) have traditionally been considered key post-transcriptional regulators. However, recent studies have reported evidence for widespread presence of fragments of tRNA molecules (tRFs) across a range of organisms and tissues, and of tRF involvement in Argonaute complexes. Methods:To elucidate potential tRF functionality, we compared available RNA sequencing datasets derived from the brains of young, mid-aged and old rats. Using sliding 7-mer windows along a tRF, we searched for putative seed sequences with high numbers of conserved complementary sites within 3' UTRs of 23 vertebrate genomes. We analyzed Gene Ontology term enrichment of predicted tRF targets and compared their transcript levels with targets of miRNAs in the context of age. Results and Discussion: We detected tRFs originating from 3’- and 5’-ends of tRNAs in rat brains at significant levels. These fragments showed dynamic changes: 3’ tRFs monotonously increased with age, while 5’ tRFs displayed less consistent patterns. Furthermore, 3’ tRFs showed a narrow size range compared to 5’ tRFs, suggesting a difference in their biogenesis mechanisms. Similar to our earlier results in Drosophila and compatible with other experimental findings, we found “seed” sequence locations on both ends of different tRFs. Putative targets of these fragments were found to be enriched in neuronal and developmental functions. Comparison of tRFs and miRNAs increasing in abundance with age revealed small, but distinct changes in brain target transcript levels for these two types of small RNA, with the higher proportion of tRF targets decreasing with age. We also illustrated the utility of tRF analysis for annotating tRNA genes in sequenced genomes.
Evaluation of the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with the use of second-harmonic-generation imaging and tensile testing
Authors: Hase E. , Sato K. , Yonekura D. , Minamikawa T. , Takahashi M. , Yasui T. 
Published: November 2016

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with second-harmonic-generation (SHG) imaging and tensile testing. Materials and Methods A total of eight male Japanese white rabbits were used for this study. The flexor digitorum tendons in their right leg were sharply transected, and then were repaired by intratendinous stitching. At four weeks post-operatively, the rabbits were killed and the flexor digitorum tendons in both right and left legs were excised and used as specimens for tendon healing (n = 8) and control (n = 8), respectively. Each specimen was examined by SHG imaging, followed by tensile testing, and the results of the two testing modalities were assessed for correlation. Results While the SHG light intensity of the healing tendon samples was significantly lower than that of the uninjured tendon samples, 2D Fourier transform SHG images showed a clear difference in collagen fibre structure between the uninjured and the healing samples, and among the healing samples. The mean intensity of the SHG image showed a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.37) with Young’s modulus obtained from the tensile testing. Conclusion Our results indicate that SHG microscopy may be a potential indicator of tendon healing. Cite this article: E. Hase, K. Sato, D. Yonekura, T. Minamikawa, M. Takahashi, T. Yasui. Evaluation of the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with the use of second-harmonic-generation imaging and tensile testing. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:577–585. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.511.BJR-2016-0162.R1.
Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy
Authors: Pearce Christopher J. , Tan Audrey 
Published: November 2016

Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy is a degenerative condition characterised by pain on activity. Eccentric stretching is the most effective treatment. Surgical treatment is reserved for recalcitrant cases. Minimally-invasive and tendinoscopic treatments are showing promising results.Cite this article: Pearce CJ, Tan A. Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:383-390. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.160024.
Evaluation of the effect of carnosine, its novel derivative trolox-carnosine and trolox in a pre-clinical study focussing on the regulation of immunity
Authors: Slovák L. , Poništ S. , Kuncírová V. , Mihalová D. , Fedorova T. , Bauerová K. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of the products of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism highly depend on the action of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO). The present results show increased concentrations of the KMO in the plasma of rats repeatedly exposed to an immune challenge. Increased concentrations of this key enzyme are likely to cause a shift of kynurenine pathway towards enhanced production of neurotoxic metabolites.
The Keystone Perforator Flap Concept – A Useful Tool in the Armamentarium of Plastic Surgery
Authors: Yordanov Y. , Krupev M. , Shef A. , Nikolova A. 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Closure of skins and soft tissue defects is a mainstream procedure in the field of reconstructive plastic surgery. Nowadays plenty of reconstructive options exists in the armamentarium of the specialty. The “keystone island perforator flap” is a relatively new conception which consists of taking skin and superficial fascia in a keystone pattern adjacent to the defect that needs to be covered. This technique is based on the most contemporary knowledge of the vascularization and three-dimensional vascular architecture of the skin and soft tissue overlying the bones - the so called angiosomes and perforasomes concepts. In the present article a brief review of the main keystone fl ap types and on their predecessor - the Bezier flap, was made. Two clinical cases with difficult defects on the limbs are presented and discussed in order to illustrate the application of that approach. The keystone perforator island flaps is a sophisticated and relatively easy option for defect closure. However, this surgical concept still remains unpopular in the Bulgarian practice and science of plastic surgery. To the best of our knowledge this paper is the first one focused on the topic.
Rechtlich-soziale Strukturen und Alltag im Verhältnis zwischen Juden und Christen in der Vormoderne, besonders im Rhein-Main-Neckar-Raum
Authors: Battenberg J. Friedrich 
Published: November 2016

AbstractScientific research into the early modern development of Jewish Society within a Christian environment has increased considerably in recent years. On the occasion of the Sixteenth World Congress of Jewish Studies in 2013 five young scholars, led by Friedrich Battenberg, presented at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem – in addition to these important lectures – a panel under the heading of »Christian Politics towards Jews in the Region of Frankfurt and Mainz in Early Modern Times«. After a comprehensive introduction the following contribution contains printed versions of two of these lectures (Hausmann and Behr). Verena Kasper-Marienberg changed her subject, because she had to publish her Jerusalem lecture on »Criminal History and Jewish Daily Life« elsewhere. Gabriela Schlick-Bamberger, who spoke in Jerusalem on »Jewish brokers at the Frankfurt exchange«, will publish her contribution as part of her dissertation. Andreas Goeller’s lecture about »Social and Economic Aspects in Jewish Life in Early Modern Germany« will be published in a later number of this journal. Thorsten Burger, who could not participate in the Jerusalem Congress, completed the collection presented here with his relevant contribution on the legislation applied to Jewish affairs by the Frankfurt authorities. The following introduction, as well as the four essays, permit short but profound glimpses into Jewish life conditions in Early Modern Germany.