bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancements in Flip Chip Assembly Equipment and Processes
Authors: Chylak Bob , Clauberg Horst , Buergi Daniel 
Published: April 2016

High I/O devices such as microprocessors, applications processors and field programmable gate arrays have transitioned from wire bonding to flip chip interconnect as the I/O densities have increased above 2000. As the bump pitch shrinks the standard process flow for production flip chip processes is challenged.
As the bump pitch continues to shrink the accuracy of standard flip chip bonders is not adequate for the fine pitch packages of tomorrow. The options to resolve this issue are extending the accuracy for standard flip chip bonders or moving the assembly of these packages to the inherently more accurate thermo-compression bonders. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of each approach along with showing data which indicates what accuracies are actually required.
Although substrate manufacturers have developed low CTE designs which mitigate the warpage caused by the mismatch between the Si die and the substrate as the assembled package travels through the reflow oven, warpage at finer pitches is becoming more and more difficult to control in flip chip processes. Thermocompression (TC) bonding is seen as the next-generation packaging technology that will resolve this issue through local reflow of the solder and elimination of the reflow oven. Despite the tremendous technical and quality advantages of TC bonding, adoption has been limited by the relatively low throughput of the first generation thermocompression bonders. In this paper we describe bonding results obtained with an innovative flip chip bonding method to optimize the process to dramatically improve the throughput by applying flux directly to the substrate rather than dipping the pillars in a bath. A study of this process and comparison of various methods of accomplishing it along with their related costs are discussed in the paper. A second large productivity improvement that is promising by eliminating the need for cooling the die before transferring die that has pre-applied underfill film laminated to it is also studied with productivity models developed.
Finally a unique equipment concept for managing the transition from mass reflow to thermo-compression bonding will be presented.
Spatial distribution pattern and sequential sampling plans for Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Dip: Tephritidae) in olive orchards
Authors: Arbab A. , Mirphakhar F. 
Published: April 2016

The distribution of adult and larvae <em>Bactrocera oleae</em> (Diptera: Tephritidae), a key pest of olive, was studied in olive orchards. The first objective was to analyze the dispersion of this insect on olive and the second was to develop sampling plans based on fixed levels of precision for estimating <em>B. oleae</em> populations. The Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression models were used to analyze the data. Our results document that Iwao’s patchiness provided a better description between variance and mean density. Taylor’s <em>b</em> and Iwao’s <em>β</em> were both significantly more than 1, indicating that adults and larvae had aggregated spatial distribution. This result was further supported by the calculated common <em>k</em> of 2.17 and 4.76 for adult and larvae, respectively. Iwao’s a for larvae was significantly less than 0, indicating that the basic distribution component of <em>B. oleae</em> is the individual insect. Optimal sample sizes for fixed precision levels of 0.10 and 0.25 were estimated with Iwao’s patchiness coefficients. The optimum sample size for adult and larvae fluctuated throughout the seasons and depended upon the fly density and desired level of precision. For adult, this generally ranged from 2 to 11 and 7 to 15 traps to achieve precision levels of 0.25 and 0.10, respectively. With respect to optimum sample size, the developed fixed-precision sequential sampling plans was suitable for estimating flies density at a precision level of D=0.25. Sampling plans, presented here, should be a tool for research on pest management decisions of <em>B. oleae</em>.
A clinical study of neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Dutta Mithun , Nath Kamal , Baruah Aparajeeta , Naskar Subrata 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Neurological soft signs (NSSs) are “objectively measured, nonlocalizing abnormalities, not related to impairment of a specific brain region, reflecting improper cortical-subcortical and intercortical connections.” The possibility of NSS as an endophenotype in schizophrenia has been studied across the globe. We aimed at finding the prevalence of NSS among patients with schizophrenia as well as the associations of NSS between various sociodemographic and illness variables. Subjects and Methods: One hundred patients between the age group of 16 and 60 years were serially selected from the inpatient department of a tertiary care hospital who have been diagnosed as a case of schizophrenia according to the International Classification of Diseases version 10 during 1 year period. A semi-structured pro forma was used to collect various demographic as well as illness data, and subjects were clinically evaluated for NSS using neurological evaluation scale. Results: The prevalence of NSSs was found to be 67%, significant association was found between NSS and age, occupation, and duration of illness. A statistically significant correlation was found between NSS and age, NSS and duration of illness. Conclusion: The validity of NSS as an endophenotype lies in the fact that it should be independent of all sociodemographic and illness variables. However, our study evaluated some statistically significant findings between them. Hence, further researches are required with properly adjusted controls to find if the associations obtained between NSS and different variables here are true or whether there are some confounding factors included.
Soil moisture sensor calibration for organic soil surface layers
Authors: Bircher Simone , Andreasen Mie , Vuollet Johanna , Vehviläinen Juho , Rautiainen Kimmo , Jonard François , Weihermüller Lutz , Zakharova Elena , Wigneron Jean-Pierre , Kerr Yann H. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This paper's objective is to present generic calibration functions for organic surface layers derived for the soil moisture sensors Decagon ECH2O 5TE and Delta-T ThetaProbe ML2x, using material from northern regions, mainly from the Finnish Meteorological Institute's Arctic Research Center in Sodankylä and the study area of the Danish Center for Hydrology (HOBE). For the Decagon 5TE sensor such a function is currently not reported in the literature. Data were compared with measurements from underlying mineral soils including laboratory and field measurements. Shrinkage and charring during drying were considered. For both sensors all field and lab data showed consistent trends. For mineral layers with low soil organic matter (SOM) content the validity of the manufacturer's calibrations was demonstrated. Deviating sensor outputs in organic and mineral horizons were identified. For the Decagon 5TE, apparent relative permittivities at a given moisture content decreased for increased SOM content, which was attributed to an increase of bound water in organic materials with large specific surface areas compared to the studied mineral soils. ThetaProbe measurements from organic horizons showed stronger nonlinearity in the sensor response and signal saturation in the high-level data. The derived calibration fit functions between sensor response and volumetric water content hold for samples spanning a wide range of humus types with differing SOM characteristics. This strengthens confidence in their validity under various conditions, rendering them highly suitable for large-scale applications in remote sensing and land surface modeling studies. Agreement between independent Decagon 5TE and ThetaProbe time series from an organic surface layer at the Sodankylä site was significantly improved when the here-proposed fit functions were used. Decagon 5TE data also well-reflected precipitation events. Thus, Decagon 5TE network data from organic surface layers at the Sodankylä and HOBE sites are based on the here-proposed natural log fit. The newly derived ThetaProbe fit functions should be used for hand-held applications only, but prove to be of value for the acquisition of instantaneous large-scale soil moisture estimates.
Evaluation of Contamination Reduction on Gypsum Casts from Alginate Impressions Disinfected with Four Different Materials
Authors: Pakdin Mohammad , Soufiabadi Samira , Shahrakipour Mahnaz 
Published: April 2016

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Infection control is one of the most important aspects in dentistry. According to the special features of dentistry, this profession can have a very important role in transmission of infection. This study was conducted by comparing the effects of four common disinfectants on the microbial contamination of alginate impressions and corresponding gypsum casts.</p><p><strong>METHODS &amp; MATERIAL:</strong> In this experimental study, eleven patients aged 20-30 years old were selected by convenience sampling method. Six alginate impressions for each patient were formed by 24-hour intervals. These sixty six alginate impressions were divided in six groups (control-no wash, wash with water, Micro10, 2% Glutaraldehyde, 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite and Deconex). Disinfection methods were done by spraying (except for glutaraldehyde group that was done by immersing method) and then the alginate impressions were placed in plastic bags for 10 minutes to prevent the evaporation of disinfectants. Sixty six gypsum casts were made from alginate impressions. Microbial swabs were collected from mid palatal region of alginate impressions and gypsum casts for all groups by dried sterile cotton. The swabs were cultured for bacteria by inoculation on Blood Agar at 37°C for 3 days. The positive cultures were counted and the data was analyzed by software SPSS21.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The counting colonies of gypsum casts and alginate impressions which were disinfected by Micro10, 2% Glutaraldehyde, 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite and Deconex were not statistically significant and meaningful.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> All disinfectants used in this study, had the same and acceptable effect.</p>
Hematological Findings in Medical Professionals Involved at Intraoperative Fluoroscopy
Authors: Shafiee Mohsen , Hoseinnezhad Elham , Vafapour Hassan , Borzoueisileh Sajad , Ghorbani Mohammad , Rashidfar Razieh 
Published: April 2016

<p>Medical professionals involved at intraoperative fluoroscopy are exposed to low doses of the occupational radiation exposures. The biological effects of chronic low-dose radiation on human health are complex and have not been well established. The aim of the present study is to follow up hematological parameter changes during 2 years in medical professionals exposed to ionization radiation in operating rooms.<strong></strong></p><p>22 medical professionals (medical specialists and technicians), chronically exposed to ionizing radiation of mobile C-Arm X ray machine, were selected. The seven hematological parameters were examined each time. The statistical analyses were done by Student’s t test and one way ONOVA test.</p><p>The data analysis led to the following observations: (1) the present study incorporated that the basic hematological parameters including the mean value of red blood cells (P=0.90), white blood cells (P=0.68), and platelets count (P=0.45) did not show a significant difference between two years. (2) The mean values corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, corpuscular hemoglobin, and hematocrit parameters were found disturbed low or high in some of medical professionals but their means were not significantly different between two measurements. (3)A statistically significant relation in mean value of RBCs with the duration of exposure and sex were observed.</p><p>It seems that, hematological parameters survey could not be a reliable test as the biological indicator of long term exposure to very low dose of radiation exposure in medical professionals which their physical dosimetry values are lower than dose limits. </p>
Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Raw Ingredients, Nutritional Products, and Infant Formula by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation
Authors: Pacquette Lawrence H , Anumula Anil 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in raw ingredients, nutritional products, and infant formula using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Three raw ingredients (acid casein, maltodextrin, skim milk powder) and three standard reference materials [NIST 1548a (Typical Diet), NIST 1577c (Bovine Liver), NIST SRM 1568b (Rice Flour)] obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology were analyzed by two analysts using two ICP-MS instruments in different laboratories. NIST SRM 1568b was used as the control sample. All protocol validation parameters (intermediate precision, accuracy, linearity, quantitation limit, specificity, and robustness) were met. The overall precision (n = 8) for analyte concentrations (2.5–300 ng/g) ranged from 2 to 14% RSD. Spike recoveries ranged from 88 to109% for spike levels between 25 and 200%. The overall average concentration of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb measured in all three NIST SRMs were within the certified value ranges. Good linearity (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9995 or better) was obtained for all analytes. Control chart results for 8 independent days showed that the method is robust (precision values of 10% and all points within ±3 σ were obtained). Excellent specificity was also demonstrated when the analytes were measured in the presence of high concentrations of the other concomitants.
Practical Points in Gastric Pathology
Authors: Ahn Sangjeong , Park Do Youn 
Published: April 2016

Context.—The diagnosis of gastric epithelial lesions is difficult in clinical practice, even with the recent developments and advances in endoscopic modalities, owing to the diverse morphologic features of the lesions, lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, and the high intraobserver and interobserver variabilities in the nonneoplastic (regenerative)–neoplastic spectrum.Objective.—To provide an overview of the current concepts and unresolved issues surrounding the diagnosis of diseases in the nonneoplastic-neoplastic spectrum, and to discuss some noteworthy properties and histologic features of gastric epithelial lesions.Data Sources.—A comprehensive assessment of the medical literature on gastric epithelial lesions was performed; we also interjected our own experiences into the discussion. Sources included original studies, review articles, and textbooks related to the field.Conclusions.—Our literature review revealed that clear cell changes and micropapillary carcinoma components in gastric carcinomas are associated with poor clinical outcomes and should hence be included in pathologic reports. Moreover, we suggest a stepwise biopsy–endoscopic resection modality for the diagnosis of borderline neoplasia-nonneoplasia cases.
Mode switching in volcanic seismicity: El Hierro 2011–2013
Authors: Roberts Nick S. , Bell Andrew F. , Main Ian G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Gutenberg‐Richter b value is commonly used in volcanic eruption forecasting to infer material or mechanical properties from earthquake distributions. Such studies typically analyze discrete time windows or phases, but the choice of such windows is subjective and can introduce significant bias. Here we minimize this sample bias by iteratively sampling catalogs with randomly chosen windows and then stack the resulting probability density functions for the estimated
value to determine a net probability density function. We examine data from the El Hierro seismic catalog during a period of unrest in 2011–2013 and demonstrate clear multimodal behavior. Individual modes are relatively stable in time, but the most probable
value intermittently switches between modes, one of which is similar to that of tectonic seismicity. Multimodality is primarily associated with intermittent activation and cessation of activity in different parts of the volcanic system rather than with respect to any systematic inferred underlying process.
Direct measurement of electron sloshing of an inertial Alfvén wave
Authors: Schroeder J. W. R. , Skiff F. , Kletzing C. A. , Howes G. G. , Carter T. A. , Dorfman S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe report laboratory measurements of the parallel current carried by suprathermal electrons associated with inertial Alfvén wave excitation in the laboratory. The experiments presented here use a novel wave absorption diagnostic that measures the suprathermal tails of the electron distribution parallel to the mean magnetic field. The diagnostic is used to probe the electron distribution as an inertial Alfvén wave propagates along the mean magnetic field. These results identify, for the first time, the periodic motion of suprathermal electrons participating in the inertial Alfvén wave itself, in agreement with predictions from linear kinetic theory.
The association between low blood lead levels and the prevalence of prehypertension among nonhypertensive adults in Korea
Authors: Lee Wanhyung , Yoon Jin‐ha , Roh Jaehoon , Lee Seunghyun , Seok Hongdeok , Lee June‐hee , Jung Pil Kyun , Rhie Jeongbae , Won Jong‐uk 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesLow‐level lead exposure has been associated with increases in blood pressure (BP) and impairment of the cardiovascular system. Prehypertension is not categorized as a disease currently; however, individuals with untreated prehypertension are known to be at increased risk of progression to hypertension and mortality caused by cardiovascular disease. We investigated the association between blood lead levels below the threshold for the harmful effects of lead and the prevalence of prehypertension in Korean adults.MethodsA total of 8,493 participants (3,945 men and 4,548 women) were included in the current analysis, using data from the fourth, fifth, and sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) in 2007–2013. Blood analysis, self‐report questionnaires, and physical examinations were used to assess blood lead levels, BP, and medical history. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for prehypertension were calculated using multiple logistic regression models.ResultsCompared to the first quartile (Q1) blood lead level (0.206–1.539 μg/dl), the ORs (95% CI) were 1.24 (1.04–1.48) in Q2, (1.540–2.056 μg/dl), 1.27 (1.06–1.52) in Q3, (2.057–2.716 μg/dl), and 1.30 (1.07–1.60) in Q4 (2.717–24.532 μg/dl) for the prevalence of prehypertension after adjusting for age, sex, morbidity status, socioeconomic status, and health behavioral variables.ConclusionsOur large, cross‐sectional, nationwide study revealed that blood lead levels below the threshold for the harmful effects of lead were significantly associated with prehypertension. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:729–735, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated quantification of abdominal adiposity by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Xu Bugao , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo develop a fully‐automated algorithm to process axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slices for quantifying abdominal visceral, subcutaneous and total adipose tissues, i.e., VAT, SAT, and TAT, without human intervention or prior knowledge.Materials and MethodsFat regions in single MRI slice or sequence (20 slices) were identified with image processing techniques including region‐growing, inhomogeneity correction, fuzzy c‐means clustering, and active contours segmentation. The MR images of 85 subjects (60 males and 25 females), whose body mass index (BMI) values ranged from 19.96 to 40.35 kg/m2, were analyzed using the fully‐automated algorithm—the automatic method developed in the research and the widely used semi‐automated software (sliceOmatic® Tomovision, Inc.)—the reference method.ResultsThe proposed automated method showed good performance against the reference method to quantify adipose tissues in both single umbilical slice and MRI sequence. The square of the Pearson correlation coefficients (R2) based on the results generated from the two methods for VAT/SAT/TAT were 0.977/0.998/0.997 for single slice data and 0.995/0.999/0.999 for volumetric data. The intra‐class correlation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) between the three operators was 0.939 in the reference method, which was improved to 0.999 in the automatic method. The adipose tissue measurements in the slice at Lumbar 3 vertebra have the highest correlation with the total fat volumes across the entire abdomen.ConclusionThe fully‐automated algorithm presented in the paper provides an accurate and reliable assessment of abdominal fat without human intervention. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:757–766, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rational Design of Amine Nucleophiles for Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Azlactones Leading to Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Bisamides
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Chen , Yang Qin , Yang Xue , Zhu Qiu‐Ning , Shi Feng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe first catalytic asymmetric aminolysis of azlactones was achieved, enabling the highly enantioselective dynamic kinetic resolution of azlactones. This was demonstrated to be an efficient method for synthesizing optically pure bisamides in high yield with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % yield, 99 % ee). The rational design of the amine nucleophile bearing both a sterically bulky group and an activating group was shown to be a key factor in attaining excellent enantioselectivity in the catalytic asymmetric aminolysis of azlactones. This approach not only provides easy access to biologically important enantiopure bisamides, but also enables the dynamic kinetic resolution of azlactones by using a strategy of enantioselective aminolysis, which was previously unknown in this research field.
Polyimide fibers prepared by a dry‐spinning process: Enhanced mechanical properties of fibers containing biphenyl units
Authors: Wang Shihua , Dong Jie , Li Zhentao , Xu Yuan , Tan Wenjun , Zhao Xin , Zhang Qinghua 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPolyimide (PI) fibers with enhanced mechanical properties and high thermal and dimensional stability were prepared via a two‐step dry‐spinning process through the introduction of 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) containing biphenyl units into rigid homopolyimide of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline. The attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectra results imply that the incorporated BPDA moieties accelerate the imidization process and increase the imidization degree (ID) of the precursor fibers; this was attributed to the increased molecular mobility of the polymer chains. Two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction spectra indicated that the prepared PI fibers possessed a well‐defined crystal structure and polymer chains in the crystalline region were highly oriented along the fiber axis. The PI fiber, with the molar ratio of PMDA/BPDA being 7/3, showed optimum tensile strength and modulus values of 8.55 and 73.21 cN/dtex, respectively; these were attributed to the high IDs and molecular weights. Meanwhile, the PI fibers showed better dimensional stability than the commercial P84 fiber, and this is beneficial for its security applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43727.