bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Practically Informed Morality of War: Just War, International Law, and a Changing World Order
Authors: Johnson James Turner 
Published: December 2017

AbstractJust war, international law, and world order are all historically conditioned realities that interrelate with one another in complex ways. This paper explores their historical development and current status while critically examining their interrelationship. It begins with exploring just war as a basic frame for analysis and interconnection with the other two realities. Just war is not an abstract body of moral thought but instead a practically informed morality of war rooted in Christian thought and law, Roman law, and the practice of statecraft. The essay notes the importance of the ideas of jus gentium and jus naturale in just war's fundamental formation, as well as the parallel between its three basic features—sovereign authority, just cause, and the end of peace—and the three goods or ends of politics as classically defined, namely, order, justice, and peace. The essay then moves out to explore the historical and thematic relations between just war tradition and international law, especially the law of war, arguing that these together define a moral and legal structure that is normative for world order. The final section of the paper considers the functioning of the institutions of world order in the context of challenges from rival cultural understandings of war, law, and world order and from the rise of nonstate actors in the international sphere, arguing for dialogical efforts aimed at strengthening both the moral and legal basis for world order against contemporary threats to that order.
Social geographies, the practice of marronage and the archaeology of absence in colonial Mexico
Authors: Amaral Adela 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDrawing from colonial documents and archaeological evidence, this article challenges our conceptions of the Maroon colonial social category. The article focuses on Maroon testimonies recorded by colonial officials and the archaeological record of a Maroon group that settled Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Morenos de Amapa, from 18th-century Spanish colonial Mexico. By reconstructing how Maroons practised and altered Spanish colonial social and geographic landscapes, this article demonstrates that Maroons were not constrained to the ‘inaccessible’ areas that colonial officials attached them to and that present-day studies of Maroons have habituated. Amapa's absent archaeological record and the complaints waged against the Maroons concerning the absence of civility in the newly established town also challenge straightforward notions of Maroons and space.
In Situ High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Observation of Sn Nanoparticles on SnO2 Nanotubes Under Lithiation
Authors: Cheong Jun Young , Chang Joon Ha , Kim Sung Joo , Kim Chanhoon , Seo Hyeon Kook , Shin Jae Won , Yuk Jong Min , Lee Jeong Yong , Kim Il-Doo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe trace Sn nanoparticles (NPs) produced from SnO2 nanotubes (NTs) during lithiation initialized by high energy e-beam irradiation. The growth dynamics of Sn NPs is visualized in liquid electrolytes by graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. The observation reveals that Sn NPs grow on the surface of SnO2 NTs via coalescence and the final shape of agglomerated NPs is governed by surface energy of the Sn NPs and the interfacial energy between Sn NPs and SnO2 NTs. Our result will likely benefit more rational material design of the ideal interface for facile ion insertion.
Actin polymerization is reduced in the anterior cingulate cortex of elderly patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Bhambhvani Hriday P. , Mueller Toni M. , Simmons Micah S. , Meador-Woodruff James H. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent reports suggest abnormalities in the regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics in schizophrenia, despite consistent evidence for normal actin expression. We hypothesized that this may be explained by changes in the polymerization state of actin, rather than in total actin expression. To test this, we prepared filamentous actin (F-actin, polymeric) and globular actin (G-actin, monomeric) fractions from postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from 16 patients with schizophrenia and 14 comparison subjects. Additionally, binding of fluorescently-labeled phalloidin, a selectively F-actin-binding peptide, was measured in unfractionated samples from the same subjects. Western blot analysis of fractions revealed decreased F-actin, increased G-actin, and decreased ratios of F-actin/total actin and F-actin/G-actin in schizophrenia. Decreased phalloidin binding to F-actin in parallel experiments in the same subjects independently supports these findings. These results suggest a novel aspect of schizophrenia pathophysiology and are consistent with previous evidence of reduced dendritic spine density and altered synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia, both of which have been linked to cytoskeletal abnormalities.
Lipid bodies containing oxidatively truncated lipids block antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells in cancer
Authors: Veglia Filippo , Tyurin Vladimir A. , Mohammadyani Dariush , Blasi Maria , Duperret Elizabeth K. , Donthireddy Laxminarasimha , Hashimoto Ayumi , Kapralov Alexandr , Amoscato Andrew , Angelini Roberto , Patel Sima , Alicea-Torres Kevin , Weiner David , Murphy Maureen E. , Klein-Seetharaman Judith , Celis Esteban , Kagan Valerian E. , Gabrilovich Dmitry I. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCross-presentation is a critical function of dendritic cells (DCs) required for induction of antitumor immune responses and success of cancer immunotherapy. It is established that tumor-associated DCs are defective in their ability to cross-present antigens. However, the mechanisms driving these defects are still unknown. We find that impaired cross-presentation in DCs is largely associated with defect in trafficking of peptide–MHC class I (pMHC) complexes to the cell surface. DCs in tumor-bearing hosts accumulate lipid bodies (LB) containing electrophilic oxidatively truncated (ox-tr) lipids. These ox-tr-LB, but not LB present in control DCs, covalently bind to chaperone heat shock protein 70. This interaction prevents the translocation of pMHC to cell surface by causing the accumulation of pMHC inside late endosomes/lysosomes. As a result, tumor-associated DCs are no longer able to stimulate adequate CD8 T cells responses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a mechanism regulating cross-presentation in cancer and suggests potential therapeutic avenues.
Efficient transgenesis and annotated genome sequence of the regenerative flatworm model Macrostomum lignano
Authors: Wudarski Jakub , Simanov Daniil , Ustyantsev Kirill , de Mulder Katrien , Grelling Margriet , Grudniewska Magda , Beltman Frank , Glazenburg Lisa , Demircan Turan , Wunderer Julia , Qi Weihong , Vizoso Dita B. , Weissert Philipp M. , Olivieri Daniel , Mouton Stijn , Guryev Victor , Aboobaker Aziz , Schärer Lukas , Ladurner Peter , Berezikov Eugene 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRegeneration-capable flatworms are informative research models to study the mechanisms of stem cell regulation, regeneration, and tissue patterning. However, the lack of transgenesis methods considerably hampers their wider use. Here we report development of a transgenesis method for Macrostomum lignano, a basal flatworm with excellent regeneration capacity. We demonstrate that microinjection of DNA constructs into fertilized one-cell stage eggs, followed by a low dose of irradiation, frequently results in random integration of the transgene in the genome and its stable transmission through the germline. To facilitate selection of promoter regions for transgenic reporters, we assembled and annotated the M. lignano genome, including genome-wide mapping of transcription start regions, and show its utility by generating multiple stable transgenic lines expressing fluorescent proteins under several tissue-specific promoters. The reported transgenesis method and annotated genome sequence will permit sophisticated genetic studies on stem cells and regeneration using M. lignano as a model organism.
Stable transgenerational epigenetic inheritance requires a DNA methylation-sensing circuit
Authors: Williams Ben P. , Gehring Mary 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEpigenetic states are stably propagated in eukaryotes. In plants, DNA methylation patterns are faithfully inherited over many generations but it is unknown how the dynamic activities of cytosine DNA methyltransferases and 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases interact to maintain epigenetic homeostasis. Here we show that a methylation-sensing gene regulatory circuit centered on a 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase gene is required for long-term epigenetic fidelity in Arabidopsis. Disrupting this circuit causes widespread methylation losses and abnormal phenotypes that progressively worsen over generations. In heterochromatin, these losses are counteracted such that methylation returns to a normal level over four generations. However, thousands of loci in euchromatin progressively lose DNA methylation between generations and remain unmethylated. We conclude that an actively maintained equilibrium between methylation and demethylation activities is required to ensure long-term stable inheritance of epigenetic information.
Chiral expression from molecular to macroscopic level via pH modulation in terbium coordination polymers
Authors: Huang Jian , Ding Hong-ming , Xu Yan , Zeng Dai , Zhu Hui , Zang Dong-Mian , Bao Song-Song , Ma Yu-qiang , Zheng Li-Min 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChiral expression from the molecular to macroscopic level is common in biological systems, but is difficult to realise for coordination polymers (CPs). The assembly of homochiral CPs in both crystalline and helical forms can provide a bridge for understanding the relationship between the molecular and macroscopic scales of chirality. Herein, we report homochiral helices of [Tb(R- or S-pempH)3]∙2H2O (R- or S-1) (pempH2 = (1-phenylethylamino)methylphosphonic acid) and their crystalline counterparts (R- or S-3), which are formed at different pH of the reaction mixtures under hydrothermal conditions. By combining the experiments and molecular simulations, we propose that the formation of helices of R-1 or S-1 occurs via a hierarchical self-assembly route, which involves twisted packing due to the geometric incompatibility of the different types of chains. The observed chiral transcription from molecules to morphologies is significant for understanding bio-related self-assembly processes on the nano- to macro-scale.
Hepatitis B virus persistence in mice reveals IL-21 and IL-33 as regulators of viral clearance
Authors: Shen Zhongliang , Yang Huijuan , Yang Sisi , Wang Wei , Cui Xiaoxian , Zhou Xian , Liu Wei , Pan Shaokun , Liu Yanfeng , Zhang Junqi , Zhang Jiming , Xie Youhua , Liu Jing 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) generally causes self-limiting infection in immunocompetent adults, but establishes chronic infection in some adults and in most maternally infected infants. Factors determining clearance versus persistence are not fully understood. Hydrodynamic injection (HDI) of HBV replicon plasmid via tail vein generally results in quick clearance in immunocompetent adult mice. Here, we report the identification of strain-specific persistence of HBV in mice: one genotype B strain, designated BPS, persisted up to 33 weeks in ~50% of HDI mice. BPS persistence requires viral replication and multiple viral features. Compared to quickly cleared strains, BPS fails to induce robust post-exposure serum IL-21/IL-33 responses. Injection of IL-21-expressing or IL-33-expressing plasmids facilitates clearance of pre-established BPS persistence and protects cured mice from BPS re-challenge. IL-21 and IL-33 also induce clearance of pre-established HBV persistence in another mouse model. These data reveal IL-21 and IL-33 as potent regulators of HBV clearance and valid drug candidates.
Timing and Amount of Physical Therapy Treatment are Associated with Length of Stay in the Cardiothoracic ICU
Authors: Johnson Audrey M. , Henning Angela N. , Morris Peter E. , Tezanos Alejandro G. Villasante , Dupont-Versteegden Esther E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSignificant variability exists in physical therapy early mobilization practice. The frequency of physical therapy or early mobilization of patients in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit and its effect on length of stay has not been investigated. The goal of our research was to examine variables that influence physical therapy evaluation and treatment in the intensive care unit using a retrospective chart review. Patients (n = 2568) were categorized and compared based on the most common diagnoses or surgical procedures. Multivariate semi-logarithmic regression analyses were used to determine correlations. Differences among patient subgroups for all independent variables other than age and for length of stay were found. The regression model determined that time to first physical therapy evaluation, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, mean days of physical therapy treatment and mechanical ventilation were associated with increased hospital length of stay. Time to first physical therapy evaluation in the intensive care unit and the hospital, and mean days of physical therapy treatment associated with hospital length of stay. Further prospective study is required to determine whether shortening time to physical therapy evaluation and treatment in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit could influence length of stay.
Nanofluid based on self-nanoencapsulated metal/metal alloys phase change materials with tuneable crystallisation temperature
Authors: Navarrete Nuria , Gimeno-Furio Alexandra , Mondragon Rosa , Hernandez Leonor , Cabedo Luis , Cordoncillo Eloisa , Julia J. Enrique 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNanofluids using nanoencapsulated Phase Change Materials (nePCM) allow increments in both the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the base fluid. Incremented heat capacity is produced by the melting enthalpy of the nanoparticles core. In this work two important advances in this nanofluid type are proposed and experimentally tested. It is firstly shown that metal and metal alloy nanoparticles can be used as self-encapsulated nePCM using the metal oxide layer that forms naturally in most commercial synthesis processes as encapsulation. In line with this, Sn/SnOx nanoparticles morphology, size and thermal properties were studied by testing the suitability and performance of encapsulation at high temperatures and thermal cycling using a commercial thermal oil (Therminol 66) as the base fluid. Secondly, a mechanism to control the supercooling effect of this nePCM type based on non-eutectic alloys was developed.
Automatic multiple zebrafish larvae tracking in unconstrained microscopic video conditions
Authors: Wang Xiaoying , Cheng Eva , Burnett Ian S. , Huang Yushi , Wlodkowic Donald 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe accurate tracking of zebrafish larvae movement is fundamental to research in many biomedical, pharmaceutical, and behavioral science applications. However, the locomotive characteristics of zebrafish larvae are significantly different from adult zebrafish, where existing adult zebrafish tracking systems cannot reliably track zebrafish larvae. Further, the far smaller size differentiation between larvae and the container render the detection of water impurities inevitable, which further affects the tracking of zebrafish larvae or require very strict video imaging conditions that typically result in unreliable tracking results for realistic experimental conditions. This paper investigates the adaptation of advanced computer vision segmentation techniques and multiple object tracking algorithms to develop an accurate, efficient and reliable multiple zebrafish larvae tracking system. The proposed system has been tested on a set of single and multiple adult and larvae zebrafish videos in a wide variety of (complex) video conditions, including shadowing, labels, water bubbles and background artifacts. Compared with existing state-of-the-art and commercial multiple organism tracking systems, the proposed system improves the tracking accuracy by up to 31.57% in unconstrained video imaging conditions. To facilitate the evaluation on zebrafish segmentation and tracking research, a dataset with annotated ground truth is also presented. The software is also publicly accessible.
Investigation of bioaccessibility of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in market vegetables in the colon using PBET combined with SHIME
Authors: Yin Naiyi , Cai Xiaolin , Chen Xiaochen , Du Huili , Xu Jiayan , Wang Lihong , Sun Guoxin , Cui Yanshan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe in vitro bioaccessibility of trace metals associated with oral ingestion of market vegetables (lettuce, pak choi, cole, and leaf lettuce) of Beijing, China was studied. The physiologically based extraction test (PBET) combined with the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) was applied to simulate stomach, small intestine, and colon of human. In the gastro-intestinal phases, the bioaccessibility of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn varied within 5.7–75.5%, 17.3–50.4%, 13.3–49.1%, and 19.9–63.7%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the metal bioaccessibility between the gastric and small intestinal phases, except for higher Cu bioaccessibility in the small intestine. Besides, the bioaccessibility of the four trace metals in the colon phase was first ever reported. A significant decline in Cu bioaccessibility (1.8–63.7%) and slight increases in the bioaccessibility of Fe (16.7–56.4%), Mn (21.2–71.6%), and Zn (15.7–69.7%) were revealed, which could mainly be attributed to the effect of colon microbiota. In addition, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were worked out to be 0.7, 8.8, 2.7, and 4.5 μg kg−1 body weight d−1, based on which the potential influences of these trace metals in vegetables on the health of the local consumers was demonstrated.
Ultra‐low‐LO‐power X‐band down‐conversion ring mixer using weak‐inversion biasing technique
Authors: Tsai J.‐H. , Xiao H. , Cheng J.‐H. , Chang R.‐A. 
Published: December 2017

An ultra‐low‐LO (local oscillator)‐power X‐band down‐conversion ring mixer in 0.18‐μm CMOS process is presented. By using the weak‐inversion biasing technique, the proposed X‐band ring mixer exhibits low‐dc‐power consumption and low‐LO‐drive power while maintaining a reasonable conversion gain (CG). The measurement results show that the proposed mixer demonstrates a maximum CG of 1.75 dB with ultra‐low‐LO‐power of −8 dBm at RF of 12 GHz and IF of 100 MHz. The dc power is only 2 mW. The 3‐dB RF bandwidth is from 9 to 15 GHz and the output 1‐dB compression point (OP1 dB) is −14 dBm.
Methodology for ESS‐type selection and optimal energy management in distribution system with DG considering reverse flow limitations and cost penalties
Authors: Sepulveda Rangel Camilo Alberto , Canha Luciane , Sperandio Mauricio , Severiano Railson 
Published: December 2017

As there are different types of energy storage systems (ESS), it is important to have a tool that determines the best alternative to be installed in the distribution systems. This study presents a methodology for optimal determination of size, type and site of ESS in distribution systems with distributed generation (DG). The methodology uses a genetic algorithm and a power flow calculated by the Electric Power Research Institute software OPENDSS. For the optimal ESS charge and discharge management uses a non‐linear optimisation model that has as objective an energy cost and loss reduction. In addition, the methodology makes an energy management of the system by limiting the reverse flow with a load shifting process and a cost penalty. Solar and wind power are considered as DG modelled in Homer. Then, a genetic algorithm is used to select the size, type and site of the ESS, considering different lifecycles and costs. This methodology is tested in the IEEE 123 nodes system simulated and adapted in the OPENDSS and the formulation is implemented in MATLAB via COM interface. Finally, results of the methodology are presented and discussed.
Measurement of the solar system acceleration using the Earth scale factor
Authors: Titov O. , Krásná H. 
Published: December 2017

Aim. We propose an alternative method to detect the secular aberration drift induced by the solar system acceleration due to the attraction to the Galaxy centre. This method is free of the individual radio source proper motion caused by intrinsic structure variation.
Methods. We developed a procedure to estimate the scale factor directly from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data analysis in a source-wise mode within a global solution. The scale factor is estimated for each reference radio source individually as a function of astrometric coordinates (right ascension and declination). This approach splits the systematic dipole effect and uncorrelated motions on the level of observational parameters.
Results. We processed VLBI observations from 1979.7 to 2016.5 to obtain the scale factor estimates for more than 4000 reference radio sources. We show that the estimates highlight a dipole systematics aligned with the direction to the centre of the Galaxy. With this method we obtained a Galactocentric acceleration vector with an amplitude of 5.2 ± 0.2 μas/yr and direction αG = 281∘± 3∘ and δG = −35∘± 3∘.
Die Vielseitigkeit des Schlafes
Authors: Staub C. 
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die Wirkung von beeinträchtigtem Schlaf auf die Schmerzempfindung, die Regeneration und das Wohlbefinden wird sowohl von medizinischem Personal als auch von Patienten oft zu wenig beachtet.
Ziel: Dieser Artikel zeigt auf, dass verschiedene mit dem Schlaf zusammenhängende Krankheitsbilder in der Physiotherapie behandelt werden können.
Methode: Es werden 3 verschiedene typische Fallbeispiele mit folgenden Diagnosen beschrieben: (1) Kopfschmerzen bei obstruktivem Schlafapnoe-Syndrom, (2) Insomnie und (3) chronisches Schmerzsyndrom und Störung des Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus. Die Beispiele illustrieren einige Möglichkeiten der physiotherapeutischen Praxis.
Ergebnisse: Bei allen 3 Patienten erzielten physiotherapeutische Maßnahmen gesundheitliche Verbesserungen (erholsamerer Schlaf, Verbesserung der Atmung während des Schlafes, erhöhtes Wohlbefinden, Schmerzreduktion).
Schlussfolgerung: Für einen wirksamen Schlaf und reduzierte Beschwerden (Schmerzen, Fatigue) müssen individuelle Lösungen angeboten werden.