bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of P450 genes in Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera by two neonicotinoid insecticides
Authors: Yang Yuan‐Xue , Yu Na , Zhang Jian‐Hua , Zhang Yi‐Xi , Liu Ze‐Wen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera are two primary planthoppers on rice throughout Asian countries and areas. Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid (IMI), have been extensively used to control rice planthoppers and IMI resistance consequently occurred with an important mechanism from the over‐expression of P450 genes. The induction of P450 genes by IMI may increase the ability to metabolize this insecticide in planthoppers and increase the resistance risk. In this study, the induction of P450 genes was compared in S. furcifera treated with IMI and nitromethyleneimidazole (NMI), in two planthopper species by IMI lethal dose that kills 85% of the population (LD85), and in N. lugens among three IMI doses (LD15, LD50 and LD85). When IMI and NMI at the LD85 dose were applied to S. furcifera, the expression changes in most P450 genes were similar, including the up‐regulation of nine genes and down‐regulation of three genes. In terms of the expression changes in 12 homologous P450 genes between N. lugens and S. furcifera treated with IMI at the LD85 dose, 10 genes had very similar patterns, such as up‐regulation in seven genes, down‐regulation in one gene and no significant changes in two genes. When three different IMI doses were applied to N. lugens, the changes in P450 gene expression were much different, such as up‐regulation in four genes at all doses and dose‐dependent regulation of the other nine genes. For example, CYP6AY1 could be induced by all IMI doses, while CYP6ER1 was only up‐regulated by the LD50 dose, although both genes were reported important in IMI resistance. In conclusion, P450 genes in two planthopper species showed similar regulation patterns in responding to IMI, and the two neonicotinoid insecticides had similar effects on P450 gene expression, although the regulation was often dose‐dependent.
A systematic review of the analgesic efficacy of cannabinoid medications in the management of acute pain
Authors: Stevens A. J. , Higgins M. D. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundCannabinergic medications have been postulated to demonstrate efficacy in the management of pain. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of cannabinoids when used for the management of acute pain.MethodsA systematic review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for human randomized controlled trials that assessed the analgesic efficacy of cannabinoids compared to placebo or active comparators. The reported outcomes for analgesic efficacy and adverse effects in included studies were qualitatively analysed.ResultsSeven studies, including 611 patients were included in the systematic review. In five studies, cannabinoids were found to provide equivalent analgesia to placebo, in one study the analgesia provided by cannabinoids was superior to placebo, and in one study cannabinoids provided analgesia that was inferior to that provided by placebo. No synergistic or additive analgesic effect was observed when cannabinoids were used in combination with opioids. In five of the seven studies, certain adverse effects were more frequent with cannabinoid treatment than with placebo or active comparator.ConclusionOn the basis of the available randomized controlled trial evidence, cannabinoids have no role in the management of acute pain.
Operating unit time use is associated with anaesthesia type in below‐knee surgery in adults
Authors: Lohela T. J. , Chase R. P. , Hiekkanen T. A. , Kontinen V. K. , Hynynen M. J. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundPeripheral nerve blocks could reduce the operating unit and theatre time spent on high‐risk patients who are particularly vulnerable to complications of general anaesthesia or have medications that prevent application of central neuraxial blocks.MethodsMedical record data of 617 and 254 elderly adults undergoing below‐knee surgery in Jorvi and Meilahti hospitals (Helsinki University Hospital) between January 2010 and December 2012 were used to investigate the influence of anaesthetic technique on operating theatre times and on operating unit times using flexible parametric survival models. We report operating theatre and unit exit ratios (i.e. hazard ratios but using ratios of exit rates) for different types of anaesthesia.ResultsAdjusted analyses: In Jorvi Hospital, anaesthesia type was associated with large initial differentials in operating theatre times. The theatre exit ratios remained lower for general anaesthesia and central neuraxial blocks compared to peripheral nerve blocks until 30 min. In Meilahti Hospital, anaesthesia type did not influence theatre time, but was the best predictor of operating unit times. Compared to peripheral nerve blocks, the exit ratio remained lower for general anaesthesia until five operating unit hours in both hospitals and for central neuraxial blocks until 1 h in Meilahti Hospital and until 3 h in Jorvi Hospital. Holding area was used more in Jorvi Hospital compared to Meilahti Hospital.ConclusionPeripheral nerve block anaesthesia reduces time spent in the operating unit and can reduce time spent in the operating theatre if induced in holding area outside of theatre.
Expression patterns of cardiac aging in Drosophila
Authors: Cannon Leah , Zambon Alexander C. , Cammarato Anthony , Zhang Zhi , Vogler Georg , Munoz Matthew , Taylor Erika , Cartry Jérôme , Bernstein Sanford I. , Melov Simon , Bodmer Rolf 
Published: January 2017

SummaryAging causes cardiac dysfunction, often leading to heart failure and death. The molecular basis of age‐associated changes in cardiac structure and function is largely unknown. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is well‐suited to investigate the genetics of cardiac aging. Flies age rapidly over the course of weeks, benefit from many tools to easily manipulate their genome, and their heart has significant genetic and phenotypic similarities to the human heart. Here, we performed a cardiac‐specific gene expression study on aging Drosophila and carried out a comparative meta‐analysis with published rodent data. Pathway level transcriptome comparisons suggest that age‐related, extra‐cellular matrix remodeling and alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, protein handling, and contractile functions are conserved between Drosophila and rodent hearts. However, expression of only a few individual genes similarly changed over time between and even within species. We also examined gene expression in single fly hearts and found significant variability as has been reported in rodents. We propose that individuals may arrive at similar cardiac aging phenotypes via dissimilar transcriptional changes, including those in transcription factors and micro‐RNAs. Finally, our data suggest the transcription factor Odd‐skipped, which is essential for normal heart development, is also a crucial regulator of cardiac aging.
Preserved Affective Sharing But Impaired Decoding of Contextual Complex Emotions in Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Grynberg Delphine , Maurage Pierre , Nandrino Jean‐Louis 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundPrior research has repeatedly shown that alcohol dependence is associated with a large range of impairments in psychological processes, which could lead to interpersonal deficits. Specifically, it has been suggested that these interpersonal difficulties are underpinned by reduced recognition and sharing of others’ emotional states. However, this pattern of deficits remains to be clarified. This study thus aimed to investigate whether alcohol dependence is associated with impaired abilities in decoding contextual complex emotions and with altered sharing of others’ emotions.MethodsForty‐one alcohol‐dependent individuals (ADI) and 37 matched healthy individuals completed the Multifaceted Empathy Test, in which they were instructed to identify complex emotional states expressed by individuals in contextual scenes and to state to what extent they shared them.ResultsCompared to healthy individuals, ADI were impaired in identifying negative (Cohen's d = 0.75) and positive (Cohen's d = 0.46) emotional states but, conversely, presented preserved abilities in sharing others’ emotional states.ConclusionsThis study shows that alcohol dependence is characterized by an impaired ability to decode complex emotional states (both positive and negative), despite the presence of complementary contextual cues, but by preserved emotion‐sharing. Therefore, these results extend earlier data describing an impaired ability to decode noncontextualized emotions toward contextualized and ecologically valid emotional states. They also indicate that some essential emotional competences such as emotion‐sharing are preserved in alcohol dependence, thereby offering potential therapeutic levers.
Cross‐sectional study shows that impaired bone mineral status and metabolism are found in nonmosaic triple X syndrome
Authors: Stagi Stefano , Di Tommaso Mariarosaria , Scalini Perla , Sandini Elena , Masoni Fabrizio , Chiarelli Francesco , Verrotti Alberto , Giglio Sabrina , Romano Silvia , de Martino Maurizio 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimThe effect of a supernumerary X chromosome on bones has not been reported, and this study evaluated bone mineral status and metabolism in nonmosaic triple X syndrome.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study comprised 19 girls, with a median age of 10.9 years, with nonmosaic triple X syndrome and a control group matched for age and body size. We studied ionised and total calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase levels and urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations. We also measured the phalangeal amplitude‐dependent speed of sound (AD‐SoS) and the bone transmission time (BTT) Z‐scores.ResultsPatients with nonmosaic triple X syndrome showed significantly reduced AD‐SoS (p < 0.005) and BTT Z‐scores (p < 0.0001) compared to the control group, and these results persisted when we divided the sample into prepubertal and pubertal patients (p < 0.05). These patients also had significantly reduced ionised calcium (p < 0.005) and 25(OH)D levels (p < 0.005) and higher phosphate (p < 0.0001) and PTH (p < 0.0001) levels.ConclusionSubjects with nonmosaic triple X syndrome exhibited a significant impairment in bone mineral status and metabolism similar to other X polisomy, such as Klinefelter's syndrome. This suggests the presence of a primary bone deficit and the need for regular and close monitoring of these subjects.
Cement‐associated peri‐implant mucositis. A 1‐year follow‐up after excess cement removal on the peri‐implant tissue of dental implants
Authors: Korsch Michael , Walther Winfried , Bartols Andreas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundMethacrylate‐based cements seem to promote peri‐implant tissue inflammation even in the absence of excess cement.PurposeThe present study deals with the question of whether the removal of methacrylate cement from the peri‐implant sulcus will lead to peri‐implant tissues free of inflammation on a 1‐year follow‐up basis.Material and MethodsImplant supported suprastructures that had been in the mouth for at least 3.5 years either cemented with methacrylate (premier implant cement [PIC]) or zinc eugenol (temp bond [TB]) cement were compared. All superstructures in 33 patients with a total of 61 implants (35 with PIC and 26 with TB) were removed and excess cement, bleeding on probing (BOP), suppurationen and probing depth were documented. Excess cement found was removed, and in all cases the suprastructure was recemented with TB. Patients were followed up after 4 weeks (F1) and 1 year (F2).ResultsExcess cement was found around 60% of the implants with PIC. No excess cement was found around implants with TB. At the time of revision therapy, BOP was found around 100% of the implants with PIC and excess cement (PIC+), 93% around implants with PIC but no excess cement (PIC−), and around 42% of the TB‐cemented implants (Chi‐squared P < .01). Suppuration was observed in 86% of the PIC+ implants, in 14% of the PIC− implants and in 0% of the TB implants (Chi‐squared P < .01). At the time of both F1 and F2, the inflammation parameters, that is BOP and suppuration, on implant level were significantly reduced in the PIC+ cases (McNemar‘s test P < .01). For PIC−, BOP was significantly reduced at both points in time (P < .05). For TB no differences were found. Probing depth at F2 had significantly decreased in all groups (t test P < .05).ConclusionThe removal of excess cement and recementation with TB had an anti‐inflammatory effect on the peri‐implant tissues after 1 year.
A framework for how environment contributes to cancer risk
Authors: Hochberg Michael E. , Noble Robert J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEvolutionary theory explains why metazoan species are largely protected against the negative fitness effects of cancers. Nevertheless, cancer is often observed at high incidence across a range of species. Although there are many challenges to quantifying cancer epidemiology and assessing its causes, we claim that most modern‐day cancer in animals – and humans in particular – are due to environments deviating from central tendencies of distributions that have prevailed during cancer resistance evolution. Such novel environmental conditions may be natural and/or of anthropogenic origin, and may interface with cancer risk in numerous ways, broadly classifiable as those: increasing organism body size and/or life span, disrupting processes within the organism, and affecting germline. We argue that anthropogenic influences, in particular, explain much of the present‐day cancer risk across life, including in humans. Based on a literature survey of animal species and a parameterised mathematical model for humans, we suggest that combined risks of all cancers in a population beyondc. 5% can be explained to some extent by the influence of novel environments. Our framework provides a basis for understanding how natural environmental variation and human activity impact cancer risk, with potential implications for species ecology.
Emergence patterns of novelty in European vegetation assemblages over the past 15 000 years
Authors: Finsinger Walter , Giesecke Thomas , Brewer Simon , Leydet Michelle 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPlant communities are not stable over time and biological novelty is predicted to emerge due to climate change, the introduction of exotic species and land‐use change. However, the rate at which this novelty may arise over longer time periods has so far received little attention. We reconstruct the emergence of novelty in Europe for a set of baseline conditions over the past 15 000 years to assess past rates of emergence and investigate underlying causes. The emergence of novelty is baseline specific and, during the early‐Holocene, was mitigated by the rapid spread of plant taxa. Although novelty generally increases as a function of time, climate and human‐induced landscape changes contributed to a non‐linear post‐glacial trajectory of novelty with jumps corresponding to periods of rapid changes. Emergence of novelty accelerated during the past 1000 years. Historical cultural landscapes experienced a faster novelty development due to the contribution from anthropogenic land‐cover changes.
Stream macroinvertebrate assemblage uniformity and drivers in a tropical bioregion
Authors: Pearson Richard G. , Christidis Faye , Connolly Niall M. , Nolen Jacqui A. , St Clair Rosalind M. , Cairns Andi , Davis Linda 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Understanding spatial and environmental drivers of undisturbed stream assemblages is important for separating natural and human‐induced changes, but has rarely been attempted for an entire tropical bioregion.

We sampled riffle macroinvertebrate assemblages and measured associated biophysical variables in post‐wet and dry seasons from 68 streams of orders 1–5 across the Australian Wet Tropics, a small bioregion (18 497 km2) defined by its warm moist climate and closed‐forest vegetation.

As climate and landscape were relatively uniform across the bioregion, we predicted that assemblages would be similar, with turnover (beta diversity) unrelated to distance, and with composition determined mainly by habitat.

We identified 93 higher taxa. Density and richness of macroinvertebrates were greatest in the dry season because of habitat contraction and minimal flow disturbance. Richness was greatest in higher order streams.

Relative abundance and richness of functional groups showed minor effects of catchment, lithology and stream order, and a positive relationship with altitude for richness of collectors, predators and shredders, and for abundance of shredders.

Distance‐based linear modelling showed that among‐assemblage differences were explained by landscape‐scale variables (9.5% of the variation), stream size (13.0%), riparian characteristics (9.6%), water quality (4.6%), substratum (21.1%) and organic resources (22.4%); for models of individual taxa and functional groups, habitat and organic‐resource variables also predominated.

Similarities among site assemblages differed little among catchments and there was no relationship between pairwise similarities of catchments and their geographical distances. Nestedness analysis confirmed that samples and catchment groupings were nested subsets of the total set of samples.

Across the Australian Wet Tropics, uniformity of assemblages (identified to family or above) conformed to the bioregional classification, probably as a result of the great age of the region. The habitat variables that most influenced macroinvertebrate assemblages support the idea that a suite of biophysical influences is common to stream macroinvertebrate assemblages globally.
γδ T cells are indispensable for interleukin‐23‐mediated protection against Concanavalin A‐induced hepatitis in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice
Authors: Meng Ziyu , Wang Jingya , Yuan Yifang , Cao Guangchao , Fan Shuobing , Gao Chao , Wang Li , Li Zheng , Wu Xiaoli , Wu Zhenzhou , Zhao Liqing , Yin Zhinan 
Published: January 2017

SummaryHepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers are highly susceptible to liver injury triggered by environmental biochemical stimulation. Previously, we have reported an inverse correlation between γδ T cells and liver damage in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, whether γδ T cells play a role in regulating the hypersensitivity of HBsAg carriers to biochemical stimulation‐induced hepatitis is unknown. In this study, using HBV transgenic (HBs‐Tg) and HBs‐Tg T‐cell receptor‐δ‐deficient (TCR‐δ−/−) mice, we found that mice genetically deficient in γδ T cells exhibited more severe liver damage upon Concanavalin A (Con A) treatment, as indicated by substantially higher serum alanine aminotransferase levels, further elevated interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) levels and more extensive necrosis. γδ T‐cell deficiency resulted in elevated IFN‐γ in CD4+ T cells but not in natural killer or natural killer T cells. The depletion of CD4+ T cells and neutralization of IFN‐γ reduced liver damage in HBs‐Tg and HBs‐Tg‐TCR‐δ−/− mice to a similar extent. Further investigation revealed that HBs‐Tg mice showed an enhanced interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) signature. The administration of exogenous IL‐23 enhanced IL‐17A production from Vγ4 γδ T cells and ameliorated liver damage in HBs‐Tg mice, but not in HBs‐Tg‐TCR‐δ−/− mice. In summary, our results demonstrated that γδ T cells played a protective role in restraining Con A‐induced hepatitis by inhibiting IFN‐γ production from CD4+ T cells and are indispensable for IL‐23‐mediated protection against Con A‐induced hepatitis in HBs‐Tg mice. These results provided a potential therapeutic approach for treating the hypersensitivity of HBV carriers to biochemical stimulation‐induced liver damage.
Addition of Ezetimibe to statins for patients at high cardiovascular risk: Systematic review of patient‐important outcomes
Authors: Fei Yutong , Guyatt Gordon Henry , Alexander Paul Elias , El Dib Regina , Siemieniuk Reed A.C. , Vandvik Per Olav , Nunnally Mark E. , Gomaa Huda , Morgan Rebecca L. , Agarwal Arnav , Zhang Ying , Bhatnagar Neera , Spencer Frederick A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEzetimibe is widely used in combination with statins to reduce low‐density lipoprotein. We sought to examine the impact of ezetimibe when added to statins on patient‐important outcomes. Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL were searched through July, 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ezetimibe combined with statins versus statins alone that followed patients for at least 6 months and reported on at least one of all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, non‐fatal myocardial infarctions (MI), and non‐fatal strokes were included. Pairs of reviewers extracted study data and assessed risk of bias independently and in duplicate. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. We conducted a narrative review with complementary subgroup and sensitivity analyses. IMPROVE‐IT study enrolled 93% of all patients enrolled in the 8 included trials. Our analysis of the IMPROVE‐IT study results showed that in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events, ezetimibe added to statins was associated with i) a likely reduction in non‐fatal MI (17 fewer/1000 treated over 6 years, moderate certainty in evidence); ii) a possible reduction in non‐fatal stroke (6 fewer/1000 treated over 6 years, low certainty); iii) no impact on myopathy (moderate certainty); iv) potentially no impact on all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular death (both moderate certainty); and v) possibly no impact on cancer (low certainty). Addition of ezetimibe to moderate‐dose statins is likely to result in 17 fewer MIs and possibly 6 fewer strokes/1000 treated over 6 years but is unlikely to reduce all‐cause mortality or cardiovascular death. Patients who place a high value on a small absolute reduction in MI and are not adverse to use of an additional medication over a long duration may opt for ezetimibe in addition to statin therapy. Our analysis revealed no increased specific harms associated with addition of ezetimibe to statins.