bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Variations in the Organic Carbon Fractions in Paddy Soils
Authors: Wang Xiyang , Yu Dongsheng , Li Chaofan , Pan Yue , Wang Xiuhong , Pan Jianjun , Shi Xuezheng 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
We developed a method to predict the SOC fraction concentrations in paddy soil.
Increased slow and resistant SOC contributes to more than 90% of the increase in the SOC pool.
The stability of SOC pool is enhanced in paddy soil of Chendu Plain, China.
The use of three conceptual pools for soil organic carbon (SOC) proposed by the CENTURY model to study soil organic C (SOC) dynamics helps to more clearly understand the mechanism of C sequestration and the stability of SOC pool in farmlands. We studied a typical rice‐growing area, Chengdu Plain in southwestern China. Based on historical soil data collected in the early 1980s, 48 sampling points that include four major types of paddy soils from the surface layer (0–20 cm) and the subsurface layer (20–40 cm) were selected to collect soil samples (n = 96) in 2010. A 100‐d laboratory incubation was conducted to measure the SOC decomposition rates at different times, and data from the incubation experiment were fitted to a three‐pool first‐order model that divided SOC pool into active (Ca), slow (Cs), and resistant (Cr) SOC fractions. Based on these data, a universal predictive method for the concentrations of SOC fractions was developed and used to obtain the 1980s' concentrations of SOC fractions. The results showed that an exponential function model (Dsoct = a ‐ b × ct) can be used as the optimal prediction model for the SOC decomposition process. The Ca, Cs, and Cr concentrations increased in surface and subsurface soils in the study area from 1980 to 2010. The increases of Cs and Cr contributed to more than 90% of the increase in the paddy SOC pool, whereas the contribution of the Ca increase was less than 10%. Thus, the increase in the paddy SOC pool mainly derived from the increases of Cs and Cr.
Irmão de idioma e esperanças
Authors: Queiruga Andrés Torres 
Published: August 2016

Irmão de idioma e esperanças. Así me definiu Afonso, en 1995, ao comezo da nosa relación, no seu prólogo ao meu libro sobre a revelación e así o repetiu, ao final (2015), no libro-homenaxe. Agradecido e saudoso, tralo seu temperán pasamento —“temprano alzó la muerte el vuelo”— así o defino tamén eu a el.Irmáns na raíz común do idioma, irmáns nas grandes esperanzas, irmáns na busca teolóxica. Tal foi –e continúa ser— o núcleo íntimo do noso encontro. Por iso este artigo quere ser ante todo recordo entrañábel e homenaxe de amizade. E, de paso,breve evocación da criatividade, finura e actualidade da súa teoloxía.
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of All-Cause Mortality among U.S. Veterans
Authors: Bowe Benjamin , Xie Yan , Xian Hong , Balasubramanian Sumitra , Zayed Mohamed A. , Al-Aly Ziyad 
Published: August 2016

Background and objectives
The relationship between HDL cholesterol and all-cause mortality in patients with kidney disease is not clear. We sought to characterize the relationship of HDL cholesterol and risk of death and examine the association by eGFR levels.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We built a cohort of 1,764,986 men who were United States veterans with at least one eGFR between October of 2003 and September of 2004 and followed them until September of 2013 or death.

Results
Patients with low HDL cholesterol and low eGFR had a higher burden of comorbid illnesses. Over a median of 9.1 years (interquartile range, 7.7–9.4 years), 26,247 (40.1%), 109,222 (32.3%), 152,625 (29.2%), 113,785 (28.5%), and 139,803 (31.8%) participants with HDL cholesterol ≤25, >25 to <34, ≥34 to ≤42, >42 to <50, and ≥50 mg/dl died. In adjusted survival models, compared with the referent group of patients with low HDL cholesterol (≤25 mg/dl), intermediate HDL cholesterol levels (>25 to <34, ≥34 to ≤42, and >42 to <50 mg/dl) were associated with lower risk of death across all levels of eGFR. The lower risk was partially abrogated in those with high HDL cholesterol (≥50 mg/dl), and the risk of death was similar to the referent category among those with eGFR<30 or ≥90 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Analysis by HDL cholesterol deciles and spline analyses suggest that the relationship between HDL cholesterol and death follows a U-shaped curve. There was a significant interaction between eGFR and HDL cholesterol in that lower eGFR attenuated the salutary association of HDL cholesterol and risk of death (P for interaction <0.01). Presence of coronary artery disease attenuated the lower risk of high HDL cholesterol and all-cause mortality in those with eGFR≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (P for interaction <0.05).

Conclusions
Our results show a U-shaped relationship between HDL cholesterol and risk of all-cause mortality across all eGFR categories. The risk is modified by eGFR and cardiovascular disease.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk for Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the Community: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Ishigami Junichi , Grams Morgan E. , Naik Rakhi P. , Coresh Josef , Matsushita Kunihiro 
Published: August 2016

Background and objectives
Patients on dialysis are known to have higher risk for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. However, data on mild to moderate CKD, particularly elevated albuminuria, are limited.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Among 11,088 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, we investigated the association of eGFR and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) with risk for hospitalization with GI bleeding. Kidney measures were assessed at visit four (1996–1998), and follow-up was continued through 2011.

Results
During a median follow-up of 13.9 years, 686 first incident hospitalizations with GI bleeding were observed (incidence rate, 4.9 per 1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 4.5 to 5.3]). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models revealed that both lower eGFR and higher ACR were associated with higher risk for GI bleeding. With eGFR≥90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 as a reference, risk for GI bleeding was significant in moderately decreased eGFR of 30–59 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.51; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.02), and was highest in severely decreased eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (HR, 7.06; 95% CI, 3.91 to 12.76). Compared with ACR<10 mg/g, risk for GI bleeding became significantly higher in mild albuminuria with ACR 10–29 mg/g (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.69), and was nearly double in moderate and severe albuminuria (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.66 to 2.71 for ACR 30–299 mg/g, and HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.33 to 3.22 for ACR≥300 mg/g). These results were largely consistent in demographic and clinical subgroups and independent of incident cardiovascular events or dialysis during follow-up.

Conclusions
Individuals with even mild to moderate CKD warrant clinical attention regarding the risk of hospitalization with GI bleeding.
Influence of skeletal class in the morphology of cervical vertebrae: A study using cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Aranitasi Luela , Tarazona Beatriz , Zamora Natalia , Gandía Jose Luis , Paredes Vanessa 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
To quantify the prevalence of cervical vertebrae anomalies and to analyze any association between them and skeletal malocclusions or head posture positions in the same study.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred forty patients who were attending the Department of Orthodontics of the University of Valencia for orthodontic treatment were selected and divided into three groups: skeletal Class I (control group, 0° &lt;ANB &lt; 4°), Class II (ANB ≥ 4°), and Class III (ANB ≤ 0°) according to ANB Steiner angle. The morphology of the first five cervical vertebrae was analyzed with cone beam computed tomography to identify any anomalies. Intra- and interobserver error methods were calculated.

Results:
Dehiscence and fusion of one unit (both 23.3%) and partial cleft (11.7%) were the most frequent anomalies, while occipitalization was the least common (3.3%). Dehiscence anomaly was observed when the control group was compared with Classes II and III and partial cleft anomaly when Class I was compared with Class III. Furthermore, NSBa and ss-N-sm/ANB angles were associated with partial cleft anomaly, while NSL/NL angle and extended head posture were associated with fusion anomaly.

Conclusions:
Fusion, dehiscence, and partial cleft were the most frequent cervical vertebrae anomalies. Dehiscence and partial cleft were found to present statistically significant differences between Class I and Classes II and III. Cervical vertebrae anomalies and head posture were associated with fusion.
Using Forest Resources to Develop High Performance Plastic Compounds for the Automotive Industry
Authors: Campos A. R. , Lima P. , Ledo R. , Ventosinos V. , Pedras F. , Piñeiro G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study explores new applications for wood fibres through their incorporation on plastic matrices, developing high performance compounds for the automotive interior. Different automotive grades of polypropylene were reinforced with pine and eucalyptus fibres, in order to compare their properties with the specifications of different vehicle parts. The composites were produced using conventional plastics processing technologies, namely compounding with twin-screw extruder and injection molding. Mechanical properties, density, heat deflection temperature and Vicat softening point were determined. Other specific tests were carried to understand the feasibility of these composites use in automotive parts, namely fogging and flammability and also the determination of the tensile properties after climatic aging tests. The fibres morphology and its distribution and dispersion in the polymer matrices were evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that it is possible to reinforce the raw-materials using wood and achieve the high standards of the automotive industry, producing environmentally friendlier materials, through the effective reduction of the use of plastic. This work enabled important conclusions regarding the incorporation of wood into PP matrices without compromising the specifications of certain dashboard parts and it also allowed evaluating the processability of these composites.
Influence of Blending Protocol on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of HDPE/LLDPE Blend-Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Passador F. R. , Ruvolo-Filho A. C. , Pessan L. A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNanocomposites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE)/linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blend were prepared by melt compounding in a twin-screw extruder using an organoclay (montmorillonite) as nano-filler and maleic anhydride-grafted linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MA) as compatibilizer. The effects of two blending protocols were also investigated. In the first blending protocol LLDPE and LLDPE-g-MA were first reinforced with organoclay and then this nanocomposite was later blended with HDPE, and the second blending protocol LLDPE-g-MA was mixed with organoclay first and then this masterbatch was diluted with HDPE and LLDPE. The preparation of the masterbatch resulted in the degradation of polyethylene, with crosslinking formation which increase the viscosity of the polymer and facilitated the dispersion of the organoclay in the polymeric matrix. WAXD and TEM were used to determine the effect of blending protocol and organoclay content on the intercalation and mechanical properties. The introduction of a maleated polyethylene was required to improve the organoclay dispersion in the nanocomposites. Thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were affected by blending protocols and the content of organoclay. The degree of crystallinity of the materials prepared using the first blending protocol decreased upon the intercalation of clay platelets whereas for the materials obtained using the second blending protocol the degree of crystallinity decreased due the crosslinking which further restricted mobility and diffusion of polymer chains. The nanocomposites show higher values of tensile modulus, flexural modulus and HDT compared to the blend without the addition of organoclay. The OMMT content added to the polymer blend results in significant and well correlated improvements in tensile and flexural moduli.
Effect of Brominated Epoxy Resins on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Long-Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6
Authors: Zhou D.-F. , Qi F. , Chen X.-L. , Guo J.-B. , Zuo X.-L. , Shao H.-J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this work, the compounds of brominated epoxy resins and antimony trioxide (BER/Sb2O3) additives are analyzed and added into long-glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/LGF) composites in order to solve the “candle-wick effect” caused by glass fibers. The thermal stability, flammability, and morphology of charred residues of the flame retardant PA6/LGF composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results show the addition of BER/Sb2O3 provides improvements in flame retardancy by increasing the LOI values, enhancing UL-94 rating, and reducing the heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat of combustion due to the formation of consolidated and thick charred residual structures on the surfaces of the LGF reinforced PA6 composites. When the content of BER/Sb2O3 is increased to 12 wt%, the LOI value and UL-94 rating of BER/PA6/LGF composites reach 24.8 and V-0, respectively. The TGA results exhibit that the decomposition temperature of the PA6/LGF composites decreases with the addition of BER/Sb2O3 additive, resulting in forming some high quality residual char layer. A possible flame retardant mechanism is proposed to illustrate the effect of the gaseous and condensed phases on the flame retardancy of the PA6/LGF composites.
Matrix Degradation during High Speed Extrusion of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites – Influence on Filler Dispersion
Authors: Normand G. , Peuvrel-Disdier E. , Vergnes B. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We prepared polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites by melt blending in a twin-screw extruder, exploring the domain of high screw speeds (up to 1 100 min−1). The samples were characterized at both microscale (size of agglomerates) and nanoscale (level of exfoliation). We show that, despite a satisfactory exfoliation, the polymer matrix suffered important thermomechanical degradation by chain scission. We propose a way to correct this degradation on the viscosity curves and we confirm that high screw speeds are not necessarily favorable to clay exfoliation, essentially because of the too high melt temperatures encountered during the process.
Plasma D-dimer may predict poor functional outcomes through systemic complications after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Fukuda Hitoshi , Lo Benjamin , Yamamoto Yu , Handa Akira , Yamamoto Yoshiharu , Kurosaki Yoshitaka , Yamagata Sen 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVEPlasma D-dimer levels elevate during acute stages of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and are associated with poor functional outcomes. However, the mechanism in which D-dimer elevation on admission affects functional outcomes remains unknown. The aim of this study is to clarify whether D-dimer levels on admission are correlated with systemic complications after aneurysmal SAH, and to investigate their additive predictive value on conventional risk factors for poor functional outcomes.METHODSA total of 187 patients with aneurysmal SAH were retrospectively analyzed from a single-center, observational cohort database. Correlations of plasma D-dimer levels on admission with patient characteristics, initial presentation, neurological complications, and systemic complications were identified. The authors also evaluated the additive value of D-dimer elevation on admission for poor functional outcomes by comparing predictive models with and without D-dimer.RESULTSD-dimer elevation on admission was associated with increasing age, female sex, and severity of SAH. Patients with higher D-dimer levels had increased likelihood of nosocomial infections (OR 1.22 [95% CI 1.07–1.39], p = 0.004), serum sodium disorders (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.01–1.23], p = 0.033), and cardiopulmonary complications (OR 1.20 [95% CI 1.04–1.37], p = 0.01) on multivariable analysis. D-dimer elevation was an independent risk factor of poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale Score 3–6, OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.15–1.95], p = 0.003). A novel prediction model with D-dimer had significantly better discrimination ability for poor outcomes than conventional models without D-dimer.CONCLUSIONSElevated D-dimer levels on admission were independently correlated with systemic complication, and had an additive value for outcome prediction on conventional risk factors after aneurysmal SAH.
Comparing clinical outcomes of repeat discectomy versus fusion for recurrent disc herniation utilizing the N2QOD
Authors: Guan Jian , Ravindra Vijay M. , Schmidt Meic H. , Dailey Andrew T. , Hood Robert S. , Bisson Erica F. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE
Recurrent lumbar disc herniation (RLDH) is a significant cause of morbidity in patients undergoing lumbar discectomy and has been reported to occur in up to 18% of cases. While repeat discectomy is often successful in treating these patients, concern over repeat RLDH may lead surgeons to advocate instrumented fusion even in the absence of instability. The authors' goal was to compare clinical outcomes for patients undergoing repeat discectomy versus instrumented fusion for RLDH.

METHODS
The authors used the National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD) to assess outcomes of patients who underwent repeat discectomy versus instrumented fusion at a single institution from 2012 to 2015. Primary outcomes included Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and quality-adjusted life year (QALY) measures. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay, discharge status, and hospital charges.

RESULTS
The authors identified 25 repeat discectomy and 12 instrumented fusion patients with 3- and 12-month follow-up records. The groups had similar ODI and VAS scores and QALY measurements at 3 and 12 months. Patients in the instrumented fusion group had significantly longer hospitalizations (3.7 days vs 1.0 days, p < 0.001) and operative times (229.6 minutes vs 82.7 minutes, p < 0.001). They were also more likely to be female (p = 0.020) and to be discharged to inpatient rehabilitation instead of home (p = 0.036). Hospital charges for the instrumented fusion group were also significantly higher ($54,458.29 vs $11,567.05, p < 0.001). Rates of reoperation were higher in the repeat discectomy group (12% vs 0%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.211).

CONCLUSIONS
Repeat discectomy and instrumented fusion result in similar clinical outcomes at short-term follow-up. Patients undergoing repeat discectomy had significantly shorter operative times and length of stay, and they incurred dramatically lower hospital charges. They were also less likely to require acute rehabilitation postoperatively. Further research is needed to compare these two management strategies.
LIMIT CYCLES CAN REDUCE THE WIDTH OF THE HABITABLE ZONE
Authors: Haqq-Misra Jacob , Kopparapu Ravi Kumar , Batalha Natasha E. , Harman Chester E. , Kasting James F. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The liquid water habitable zone (HZ) describes the orbital distance at which a terrestrial planet can maintain above-freezing conditions through regulation by the carbonate-silicate cycle. Recent calculations have suggested that planets in the outer regions of the HZ cannot maintain stable, warm climates, but rather should oscillate between long, globally glaciated states and shorter periods of climatic warmth. Such conditions, similar to “Snowball Earth” episodes experienced on Earth, would be inimical to the development of complex land life, including intelligent life. Here, we build on previous studies with an updated energy balance climate model to calculate this “limit cycle” region of the HZ where such cycling would occur. We argue that an abiotic Earth would have a greater CO2 partial pressure than today because plants and other biota help to enhance the storage of CO2 in soil. When we tune our abiotic model accordingly, we find that limit cycles can occur but that previous calculations have overestimated their importance. For G stars like the Sun, limit cycles occur only for planets with CO2 outgassing rates less than that on modern Earth. For K- and M-star planets, limit cycles should not occur; however, M-star planets may be inhospitable to life for other reasons. Planets orbiting late G-type and early K-type stars retain the greatest potential for maintaining warm, stable conditions. Our results suggest that host star type, planetary volcanic activity, and seafloor weathering are all important factors in determining whether planets will be prone to limit cycling.
De la chaire à la tribune. La parole pastorale comme geste d’engagement civique sous la Révolution française
Authors: Borello Céline 
Published: August 2016

Par leurs fonctions diverses au sein des Églises, les pasteurs manifestent un engagement constant pour Dieu, matérialisé notamment par leur prédication. Durant les années 1789-1799, la question de cet engagement devient complexe du fait de la situation aléatoire du protestantisme, qui est un temps pleinement reconnu, puis de nouveau contraint à la clandestinité durant la déchristianisation engagée par la Terreur. Dans ce contexte mouvementé, quels sont les lieux et les types d’engagement des ministres de la Parole de Dieu ? Céline Borello * revient sur les conditions de l’engagement des pasteurs, les modalités oratoires de leur implication et l’expression d’un désengagement apparent, l’abdication.
Impact des droits de succession sur le comportement d’accumulation du patrimoine
Authors: Goupille-Lebret Jonathan , Infante Arturo 
Published: August 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à l’impact des droits de succession sur le comportement d’accumulation du patrimoine des individus. Notre stratégie empirique repose sur l’expérience naturelle créée par les réformes de 1992 et 1998 sur les transmissions de patrimoine au décès via l’assurance-vie. Elle s’appuie sur l’accès à une base inédite reportant le comportement d’accumulation du patrimoine en panel des assurés d’Axa de 2003 à 2013. Nous estimons l’élasticité de l’accumulation de patrimoine à l’imposition des droits de succession à 0,25. Notre élasticité agrège deux effets différents : un comportement réel de désaccumulation du patrimoine et un comportement de réallocation des actifs au sein du patrimoine. Cette élasticité doit donc être vue comme une borne haute de l’élasticité réelle aux droits de succession. Elle suggère que, d’un pur point de vue de l’efficacité économique, le taux maximal d’imposition des successions pourrait s’établir à 80 %.