bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Free and Total Choline and Carnitine in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS): Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.10
Authors: Ellingson David J , Shippar Jeffrey J , Gilmore Justin M 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Analytical methods for the analysis of both L-carnitine and choline are needed for reliable and accurate determination in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritional formula. These compounds are different in how they are utilized by the human body, but are structurally similar. L-carnitine and choline are quaternary ammonium compounds, enabling both to be retained under acidic conditions with strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography. This method analyzes both compounds simultaneously as either the free forms or as a total amount that includes bound sources such as phosphatidylcholine or acetylcarnitine. The free analysis consists of water extraction and analysis by LC/MS/MS, while the total analysis consists of extraction by acid assisted microwave hydrolysis and analysis by LC/MS/MS. Calibration standards used for calculations are extracted with all samples in the batch. A single laboratory validation (SLV) was performed following the guidelines of the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) utilizing the kit of materials provided. The results achieved meet the requirements of SMPR 2012.010 and 2012.013 for L-carnitine and total choline, respectively.
Development of Singlet Oxygen Absorption Capacity (SOAC) Assay Method Using a Microplate Reader
Authors: Takahashi Shingo , Iwasaki-Kino Yuko , Aizawa Koichi , Terao Junji , Mukai Kazuo 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Recently, a new assay method that can quantify the singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) of natural antioxidants and food extracts was developed. The SOAC values were measured in ethanol–chloroform–D2O (50 + 50 + 1, v/v/v) solution at 35°C using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipped with a six-channel cell positioner and an electron-temperature control unit. In the present study, measurement of the SOAC values was performed for eight representative carotenoids and three vegetable extracts (tomato, carrot, and red paprika) using a versatile instrument, the microplate reader. A 24-well glass microplate was used for measurements because a plastic microplate, commonly used in the laboratory, dissolves in the ethanol–chloroform–D2O solution. The SOAC values of eight carotenoids and three vegetable extracts measured using a microplate reader were in good agreement with the corresponding values measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, suggesting that the microplate reader is an applicable instrument for the measurement of reliable SOAC values for general antioxidants and food extracts in solution.
Simultaneous Determination of Piperine, Capsaicin, and Dihydrocapsaicin in Korean Instant-Noodle (Ramyun) Soup Base Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection
Authors: Shim You-Shin , Kim Jong-Chan , Jeong Seung-Weon 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A simultaneous analytical method for piperine, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin in Korean instant-noodle soup base using HPLC was validated in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and linearity. The HPLC separation was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column (5 μm particle size, 4.6 mm id, 250 mm length) using a UV detector fixed at 280 nm. The LOD and LOQ of the HPLC analyses ranged from 0.25 to 1.03 mg/kg. The intraday and interday precisions of the individual piperine, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin were &lt;10.55%, and the recovery values ranged from 85.43 to 94.68%. The calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r2 = 0.999) within the tested ranges. These results suggest that the analytical method in this study can be used to classify Korean instant noodles based on their levels of spiciness.
Validation of FoodChek™ - Salmonella for Rapid Detection of Salmonella in Eggs, Derivative Products, and the Environment
Authors: Buzinhani Melissa , Tremblay Renaud , Martinez Gabriela , Giuffre Michael , Hammack Thomas , Fernandez Maria Cristina , Ziemer Wayne 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The FoodChek™ - Salmonella assay is an immunomagnetic lateral flow assay for the rapid detection (shorter than 24 h) of the most frequently isolated Salmonella (groups B–E) in eggs, egg-derivative products, and environmental surfaces. The FoodChek - Salmonella assay correctly identified 99.6% (239/240) of the samples tested in the matrix studied, and the statistical analysis of the method comparison study results demonstrated that it performs as well as U.S. culture-based reference methods. Ninety-nine percent of the 103 Salmonella strains tested belonging to serogroups B–E were detected during the inclusivity study. Concerning the exclusivity, 31 nontarget strains were tested. No cross-reactivity was observed in FoodChek - Salmonella assay enrichment conditions. In addition, the assay shows strong robustness, good stability, and consistency among lots. The present study proves that the assay is an effective tool for the rapid detection of Salmonella spp. in whole liquid eggs, liquid egg white (liquid egg albumen), shell eggs, dried whole eggs, dried egg yolks, and environmental surfaces as stainless steel, plastic, rubber, ceramic tiles, and sealed concrete.
Les mots d’une migration postcoloniale dans les récits de Juifs montréalais
Authors: Cohen Yolande , Messika Martin , Cohen Fournier Sara 
Published: January 2016

Au coeur des débats historiographiques et mémoriels sur le départ des Juifs du
Maroc à partir des années 1950, les histoires de vie de migrants installés à Montréal
permettent de jeter un nouvel éclairage sur la perception qu’ont les acteurs des processus
migratoires. Cet article analyse les récits de sept d’entre eux qui, interrogés sur les
circonstances de leur départ, nous ont livré leurs souvenirs, témoignage d’une mémoire
brouillée et entrecoupée de silences. Les auteur.es suggèrent que derrière ces non-dits se
profile par défaut une réitération de l’exode multiséculaire des Juifs, dont l’espace
francophone est devenu l’un des centres de gravité. Cet article est basé sur les résultats
d’une enquête d’histoire orale menée à Montréal entre 2008 et 2012 dans le cadre de la vaste
étude Histoires de vie de Montréal.
SABERES DA NATUREZA E ALFABETIZAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA: O COTIDIANO DE UM CENTRO DE EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
Authors: Rogerio Aline , Schroeder Edson 
Published: January 2016

<p>Apresentamos uma investigação<strong> </strong>feita em um Centro de Educação Infantil que consistiu em entrevista com quatro professoras e a coleta de registros no “Livro da Vida” e Projeto Pedagógico. Era objetivo descrever o planejamento das atividades e identificar linguagens utilizadas na abordagem sobre saberes da natureza. Como metodologia de análise utilizamos a Análise do Conteúdo a partir de categorias definidas <em>a priori</em>. O planejamento referencia-se nos saberes cotidianos das crianças, associados à curiosidade e as atividades mobilizam o interesse coletivo, investigação, contato com a natureza e registros. Valoriza-se sensibilização e respeito pela vida por intermédio das diferentes linguagens. </p>
EFEITOS DE COLONIALIDADE NO CURRÍCULO DE CIÊNCIAS DO ENSINO SECUNDÁRIO EM TIMOR–LESTE
Authors: Cassiani Suzani , Barbosa Alessandro Tomaz 
Published: January 2016

<p>Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar na literatura e nos documentos nacionais do Timor-Leste, aspectos referentes ao contexto histórico da construção curricular do Ensino Secundário Geral e ainda realizar algumas reflexões sobre a implantação do mesmo. Adotamos nesse trabalho, alguns referenciais teóricos baseados nas teorias do currículo, colonialidade e outros estudos latino-americanos que relacionam ciência, tecnologia e sociedade e teorias dos discursos para refletir e discutir a construção curricular do ESG. Os resultados sinalizam que construção desse currículo se deu principalmente por instituições portuguesas responsáveis e teve pouca participação dos timorenses, caracterizando uma construção curricular de cima para baixo. A partir disso, conclui-se a necessidade de aprofundar no contexto timorense aspectos da transnacionalização do currículo e estudos de descolonização do saber, para que possamos construir saídas mais emancipadoras. </p>
Van Allen Probes, THEMIS, GOES, and Cluster observations of EMIC waves, ULF pulsations, and an electron flux dropout
Authors: Sigsbee K. , Kletzing C. A. , Smith C. W. , MacDowall R. , Spence H. , Reeves G. , Blake J. B. , Baker D. N. , Green J. C. , Singer H. J. , Carr C. , Santolík O. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe examined an electron flux dropout during the 12–14 November 2012 geomagnetic storm using observations from seven spacecraft: the two Van Allen Probes, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS)‐A (P5), Cluster 2, and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) 13, 14, and 15. The electron fluxes for energies greater than 2.0 MeV observed by GOES 13, 14, and 15 at geosynchronous orbit and by the Van Allen Probes remained at or near instrumental background levels for more than 24 h from 12 to 14 November. For energies of 0.8 MeV, the GOES satellites observed two shorter intervals of reduced electron fluxes. The first interval of reduced 0.8 MeV electron fluxes on 12–13 November was associated with an interplanetary shock and a sudden impulse. Cluster, THEMIS, and GOES observed intense He+ electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves from just inside geosynchronous orbit out to the magnetopause across the dayside to the dusk flank. The second interval of reduced 0.8 MeV electron fluxes on 13–14 November was associated with a solar sector boundary crossing and development of a geomagnetic storm with Dst < −100 nT. At the start of the recovery phase, both the 0.8 and 2.0 MeV electron fluxes finally returned to near prestorm values, possibly in response to strong ultralow frequency (ULF) waves observed by the Van Allen Probes near dawn. A combination of adiabatic effects, losses to the magnetopause, scattering by EMIC waves, and acceleration by ULF waves can explain the observed electron behavior.
Weakening of Jupiter's main auroral emission during January 2014
Authors: Badman S. V. , Bonfond B. , Fujimoto M. , Gray R. L. , Kasaba Y. , Kasahara S. , Kimura T. , Melin H. , Nichols J. D. , Steffl A. J. , Tao C. , Tsuchiya F. , Yamazaki A. , Yoneda M. , Yoshikawa I. , Yoshioka K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn January 2014 Jupiter's FUV main auroral oval decreased its emitted power by 70% and shifted equatorward by ∼1°. Intense, low‐latitude features were also detected. The decrease in emitted power is attributed to a decrease in auroral current density rather than electron energy. This could be caused by a decrease in the source electron density, an order of magnitude increase in the source electron thermal energy, or a combination of these. Both can be explained either by expansion of the magnetosphere or by an increase in the inward transport of hot plasma through the middle magnetosphere and its interchange with cold flux tubes moving outward. In the latter case the hot plasma could have increased the electron temperature in the source region and produced the intense, low‐latitude features, while the increased cold plasma transport rate produced the shift of the main oval.
Strike‐slip faulting during the 2014 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun dike intrusion, central Iceland
Authors: Ágústsdóttir Thorbjörg , Woods Jennifer , Greenfield Tim , Green Robert G. , White Robert S. , Winder Tom , Brandsdóttir Bryndís , Steinthórsson Sveinbjörn , Soosalu Heidi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOver a 13 day period magma propagated laterally from the subglacial Bárðarbunga volcano in the northern rift zone, Iceland. It created > 30,000 earthquakes at 5–7 km depth along a 48 km path before erupting on 29 August 2014. The seismicity, which tracked the dike propagation, advanced in short bursts at 0.3–4.7 km/h separated by pauses of up to 81 h. During each surge forward, seismicity behind the dike tip dropped. Moment tensor solutions from the leading edge show exclusively left‐lateral strike‐slip faulting subparallel to the advancing dike tip, releasing accumulated strain deficit in the brittle layer of the rift zone. Behind the leading edge, both left‐ and right‐lateral strike‐slip earthquakes are observed. The lack of non‐double‐couple earthquakes implies that the dike opening was aseismic.
A subauroral polarization stream driven by field‐aligned currents associated with precipitating energetic ions caused by EMIC waves: A case study
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Xiong Ying , Qiao Zheng , Li Haimeng , Huang Shiyong , Wang Dedong , Deng Xiaohua , Raita Tero , Wang Jingfang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDuring the energetic ion injection event observed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous spacecraft, observations of the NOAA 15 satellite and Finnish network of search coil magnetometers have shown that a sharp enhancement of precipitating ring current (RC) ion flux is contributed to the pitch angle scattering caused by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. At subauroral latitudes, lower than the equatorward edge of precipitating electrons from the plasma sheet, the DMSP F13 satellite observed a subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) with a peak velocity of 688 m/s. When passing the region of EMIC waves derived by the Finnish network of search coil magnetometers and NOAA 15 satellite, the DMSP F13 satellite simultaneously observed field‐aligned currents (FACs) flowing into the ionosphere and precipitating RC ions in the region of the SAPS. The peak of the SAPS accords to the minimum of the ion density in the region of the SAPS. Our result suggests that loss of RC ions caused by EMIC waves would possibly lead to FACs flowing into the ionosphere and drive the SAPS in the evening sector.
Equatorial vertical drift modulation by the lunar and solar semidiurnal tides during the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming
Authors: Maute A. , Fejer B. G. , Forbes J. M. , Zhang X. , Yudin V. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDuring the 2013 stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) period the Jicamarca Unattended Long‐term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere (JULIA) radar at Jicarmarca, Peru, observed low‐latitude vertical drift modulation with lows of 0–12 m/s daytime maximum drifts between 6–13 and 22–25 January and enhanced drifts up to 43 m/s between 15 snd 19 January. The NCAR thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model reproduces the prevailing vertical drift feature and is used to examine possible causes. The simulations indicate that the modulation of the vertical drift is generated by the beating of the semidiurnal solar SW2 and lunar M2 tides. During the SSW period the beating is observable since the magnitudes of lunar and solar semidiurnal tidal amplitudes are comparable. The theoretical beating frequency between SW2 and M2 is 1/(15.13 day) which may be modified due to phase changes. This study highlights the importance of the lunar tide during SSW periods and indicates that the equatorial vertical drift modulation should be observable at other longitudes as well.
Model CRAC:EPII for atmospheric ionization due to precipitating electrons: Yield function and applications
Authors: Artamonov A. A. , Mishev A. L. , Usoskin I. G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA new model of the family of CRAC models, CRAC:EPII (Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Cascade: Electron Precipitation Induced Ionization), is presented. The model calculates atmospheric ionization induced by precipitating electrons and uses the formalism of ionization yield functions. The CRAC:EPII model is based on a full Monte Carlo simulation of electron propagation and interaction with the air molecules. It explicitly considers various physical processes, namely, pair production, Compton scattering, generation of bremsstrahlung high‐energy photons, photoionization, annihilation of positrons, and multiple scattering. The simulations were performed using GEANT 4 simulation tool PLANETOCOSMICS with NRLMSISE 00 atmospheric model. The CRAC:EPII model is applicable to the entire atmosphere. The results from the simulations are given as look‐up table representing the ionization yield function. The table allows one to compute ionization due to precipitating electrons for a given altitude and location considering a given electron spectrum. Application of the model for computation of ion production during electron precipitation events using spectra from balloon‐borne measurements is presented.
The longevity of lava dome eruptions
Authors: Wolpert Robert L. , Ogburn Sarah E. , Calder Eliza S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the duration of past, ongoing, and future volcanic eruptions is an important scientific goal and a key societal need. We present a new methodology for forecasting the duration of ongoing and future lava dome eruptions based on a database (DomeHaz) recently compiled by the authors. The database includes duration and composition for 177 such eruptions, with “eruption” defined as the period encompassing individual episodes of dome growth along with associated quiescent periods during which extrusion pauses but unrest continues. In a key finding, we show that probability distributions for dome eruption durations are both heavy tailed and composition dependent. We construct objective Bayesian statistical models featuring heavy‐tailed Generalized Pareto distributions with composition‐specific parameters to make forecasts about the durations of new and ongoing eruptions that depend on both eruption duration to date and composition. Our Bayesian predictive distributions reflect both uncertainty about model parameter values (epistemic uncertainty) and the natural variability of the geologic processes (aleatoric uncertainty). The results are illustrated by presenting likely trajectories for 14 dome‐building eruptions ongoing in 2015. Full representation of the uncertainty is presented for two key eruptions, Soufriére Hills Volcano in Montserrat (10–139 years, median 35 years) and Sinabung, Indonesia (1–17 years, median 4 years). Uncertainties are high but, importantly, quantifiable. This work provides for the first time a quantitative and transferable method and rationale on which to base long‐term planning decisions for lava dome‐forming volcanoes, with wide potential use and transferability to forecasts of other types of eruptions and other adverse events across the geohazard spectrum.
Wind and wave influences on sea ice floe size and leads in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas during the summer‐fall transition 2014
Authors: Wang Yu , Holt Benjamin , Erick Rogers W. , Thomson Jim , Shen Hayley H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSea ice floe size distribution and lead properties in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas are studied in the summer‐fall transition 2014 to examine the impact on the sea ice cover from storms and surface waves. Floe size distributions are analyzed from MEDEA, Landsat8, and RADARSAT‐2 imagery, with a resolution span of 1–100 m. Landsat8 imagery is also used to identify the orientation and spacing of leads. The study period centers around three large wave events during August–September 2014 identified by SWIFT buoys and WAVEWATCH III® model data. The range of floe sizes from different resolutions provides the overall distribution across a wide range of ice properties and estimated thickness. All cumulative floe size distribution curves show a gradual bending toward shallower slopes for smaller floe sizes. The overall slopes in the cumulative floe size distribution curves from Landsat8 images are lower than, while those from RADARSAT‐2 are similar to, previously reported results in the same region and seasonal period. The MEDEA floe size distributions appeared to be sensitive to the passage of storms. Lead orientations, regardless of length, correlate slightly better with the peak wave direction than with the mean wave direction. Their correlation with the geostrophic wind is stronger than with the surface wind. The spacing between shorter leads correlates well with the local incoming surface wavelengths, obtained from the model peak wave frequency. The information derived shows promise for a coordinated multisensor study of storm effects in the Arctic marginal ice zone.
Comparison of effects of cold‐region soil/snow processes and the uncertainties from model forcing data on permafrost physical characteristics
Authors: Barman Rahul , Jain Atul K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe used a land surface model to (1) evaluate the influence of recent improvements in modeling cold‐region soil/snow physics on near‐surface permafrost physical characteristics (within 0–3 m soil column) in the northern high latitudes (NHL) and (2) compare them with uncertainties from climate and land‐cover data sets. Specifically, four soil/snow processes are investigated: deep soil energetics, soil organic carbon (SOC) effects on soil properties, wind compaction of snow, and depth hoar formation. In the model, together they increased the contemporary NHL permafrost area by 9.2 × 106 km2 (from 2.9 to 12.3—without and with these processes, respectively) and reduced historical degradation rates. In comparison, permafrost area using different climate data sets (with annual air temperature difference of ∼0.5°C) differed by up to 2.3 × 106 km2, with minimal contribution of up to 0.7 × 106 km2 from substantial land‐cover differences. Individually, the strongest role in permafrost increase was from deep soil energetics, followed by contributions from SOC and wind compaction, while depth hoar decreased permafrost. The respective contribution on 0–3 m permafrost stability also followed a similar pattern. However, soil temperature and moisture within vegetation root zone (∼0–1 m), which strongly influence soil biogeochemistry, were only affected by the latter three processes. The ecosystem energy and water fluxes were impacted the least due to these soil/snow processes. While it is evident that simulated permafrost physical characteristics benefit from detailed treatment of cold‐region biogeophysical processes, we argue that these should also lead to integrated improvements in modeling of biogeochemistry.
GNSS‐ISR data fusion: General framework with application to the high‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Semeter Joshua , Hirsch Michael , Lind Frank , Coster Anthea , Erickson Philip , Pankratius Victor 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA mathematical framework is presented for the fusion of electron density measured by incoherent scatter radar (ISR) and total electron content (TEC) measured using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Both measurements are treated as projections of an unknown density field (for GNSS‐TEC the projection is tomographic; for ISR the projection is a weighted average over a local spatial region) and discrete inverse theory is applied to obtain a higher fidelity representation of the field than could be obtained from either modality individually. The specific implementation explored herein uses the interpolated ISR density field as initial guess to the combined inverse problem, which is subsequently solved using maximum entropy regularization. Simulations involving a dense meridional network of GNSS receivers near the Poker Flat ISR demonstrate the potential of this approach to resolve sub‐beam structure in ISR measurements. Several future directions are outlined, including (1) data fusion using lower level (lag product) ISR data, (2) consideration of the different temporal sampling rates, (3) application of physics‐based regularization, (4) consideration of nonoptimal observing geometries, and (5) use of an ISR simulation framework for optimal experiment design.