bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical pattern and prevalence of upper gastrointestinal toxicity in patients abusing ketamine
Authors: Liu Shirley Yuk Wah , Ng Stephen Ka Kei , Tam Yuk Him , Yee Samuel Chi Hang , Lai Franco Pui Tak , Hong Cindy Yuek Lam , Chiu Philip Wai Yan , Ng Enders Kwok Wai , Ng Chi Fai 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVEEvaluations of upper gastrointestinal toxicity from ketamine abuse are uncommon. This study investigated the clinical pattern of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients inhaling ketamine.METHODSIn a cross‐sectional study of 611 consecutive patients who were seeking treatment for ketamine uropathy in a tertiary hospital setting between August 2008 and June 2016, their clinical pattern of upper gastrointestinal symptoms was evaluated and compared with a control population of 804 non‐users.RESULTSA total of 168 (27.5%) patients abusing ketamine (mean age 26.3 years, 58.9% female) reported the presence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. These symptoms were significantly more prevalent in patients inhaling ketamine than in those who were not (27.5% vs 5.2%, P < 0.001). Their mean duration of ketamine abuse before symptom presentation was 5.0 ± 3.1 years. The presenting symptoms included epigastric pain (n = 155, 25.4%), recurrent vomiting (n = 48, 7.9%), anemia (n = 36, 5.9%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 20, 3.3%). Uropathy symptoms were preceded by upper gastrointestinal symptoms for 4.4 ± 3.0 years in 141 (83.9%) patients. Logistic regression showed that elder age (odds ratio [OR] 1.06, P = 0.04), active abuser status (OR 1.60, P = 0.04) and longer duration of ketamine abuse (OR 1.00, P = 0.04) were independent factors associated with upper gastrointestinal toxicity.CONCLUSIONSAlthough epigastric symptoms are unusual in the young population, upper gastrointestinal toxicity was highly prevalent in those inhaling ketamine. Enquiries about ketamine abuse are recommended when assessing young patients with epigastric symptoms.
Chief financial officer demographic characteristics and fraudulent financial reporting in China
Authors: Sun Jinghui , Kent Pamela , Qi Baolei , Wang Jiwei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe investigate whether management's cognitions, values and perceptions are associated with fraud for 18 863 firm‐years for Chinese listed firms from 2000 to 2014. Demographic characteristics of the chief financial officer (CFO) are used as proxies for management's cognitions, values and perceptions. We find that fraudulent financial reporting is higher when CFOs are younger, male, and have lower education backgrounds. An analysis of inflated earnings, fictitious assets, material omissions and other material misstatements provide similar results, with the exception that CFOs with higher education levels are associated with more inflated earnings.
Exploring the relationship between strategic performance measurement systems and managers' creativity: the mediating role of psychological empowerment and organisational learning
Authors: Appuhami Ranjith 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study explores whether strategic performance measurement systems (SPMSs) are linked to managers' creativity through two mediating variables—organisational learning and psychological empowerment. Using data collected from 92 senior production managers in Australian manufacturing organisations, the study tests these links using a partial least squares structural model. The results from the structural model indicate that SPMSs are indirectly related to the managers' creativity through organisational learning and psychological empowerment. The study also finds that organisational learning is both directly related to creativity, and indirectly related to psychological empowerment. Further, the potential implications for empirical research are discussed.
Genetic ablation of carbonic anhydrase IX disrupts gastric barrier function via claudin‐18 downregulation and acid backflux
Authors: Li T. , Liu X. , Riederer B. , Nikolovska K. , Singh A. K. , Mäkelä K. A. , Seidler A. , Liu Y. , Gros G. , Bartels H. , Herzig K. H. , Seidler U. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimThis study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms for the parietal cell loss and fundic hyperplasia observed in gastric mucosa of mice lacking the carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX).MethodsWe assessed the ability of CAIX‐knockout and WT gastric surface epithelial cells to withstand a luminal acid load by measuring the pHi of exteriorized gastric mucosa in vivo using two‐photon confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cytokines and claudin‐18A2 expression was analysed by RT‐PCR.ResultsCAIX‐knockout gastric surface epithelial cells showed significantly faster pHi decline after luminal acid load compared to WT. Increased gastric mucosal IL‐1β and iNOS, but decreased claudin‐18A2 expression (which confer acid resistance) was observed shortly after weaning, prior to the loss of parietal and chief cells. At birth, neither inflammatory cytokines nor claudin‐18 expression were altered between CAIX and WT gastric mucosa. The gradual loss of acid secretory capacity was paralleled by an increase in serum gastrin, IL‐11 and foveolar hyperplasia. Mild chronic proton pump inhibition from the time of weaning did not prevent the claudin‐18 decrease nor the increase in inflammatory markers at 1 month of age, except for IL‐1β. However, the treatment reduced the parietal cell loss in CAIX‐KO mice in the subsequent months.ConclusionsWe propose that CAIX converts protons that either backflux or are extruded from the cells rapidly to CO2 and H2O, contributing to tight junction protection and gastric epithelial pHi regulation. Lack of CAIX results in persistent acid backflux via claudin‐18 downregulation, causing loss of parietal cells, hypergastrinaemia and foveolar hyperplasia.
Whole genome detection of signature of positive selection in African cattle reveals selection for thermotolerance
Authors: Taye Mengistie , Lee Wonseok , Caetano‐Anolles Kelsey , Dessie Tadelle , Hanotte Olivier , Mwai Okeyo Ally , Kemp Stephen , Cho Seoae , Oh Sung Jong , Lee Hak‐Kyo , Kim Heebal 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAs African indigenous cattle evolved in a hot tropical climate, they have developed an inherent thermotolerance; survival mechanisms include a light‐colored and shiny coat, increased sweating, and cellular and molecular mechanisms to cope with high environmental temperature. Here, we report the positive selection signature of genes in African cattle breeds which contribute for their heat tolerance mechanisms. We compared the genomes of five indigenous African cattle breeds with the genomes of four commercial cattle breeds using cross‐population composite likelihood ratio (XP‐CLR) and cross‐population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP‐EHH) statistical methods. We identified 296 (XP‐EHH) and 327 (XP‐CLR) positively selected genes. Gene ontology analysis resulted in 41 biological process terms and six Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Several genes and pathways were found to be involved in oxidative stress response, osmotic stress response, heat shock response, hair and skin properties, sweat gland development and sweating, feed intake and metabolism, and reproduction functions. The genes and pathways identified directly or indirectly contribute to the superior heat tolerance mechanisms in African cattle populations. The result will improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms of heat tolerance in African cattle breeds and opens an avenue for further study.
Chemical stability of morphine and methadone, and of methadone in combination with acepromazine, medetomidine or xylazine, during prolonged storage in syringes
Authors: Lee DY , Watson N , Whittem T 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the chemical and physical stability of morphine and methadone stored in syringes for 12 months and of methadone when mixed with acepromazine, medetomidine or xylazine.MethodsA high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was developed and validated for the analysis of morphine and methadone. Morphine and methadone were dispensed into syringes and stored at 25°C/60% relative humidity (RH) and 40°C/75% RH. Solutions containing mixtures of methadone combined with acepromazine, medetomidine or xylazine were stored in syringes at 25°C/60%RH. At initiation, after 1 week and then 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, samples were analysed by HPLC for the quantification of the morphine or methadone. Measured concentrations were assessed as a function of storage time and temperature using linear regression statistics to calculate stability.ResultsWhen stored at 40°C/75%RH as pre‐dispensed syringes, severe physical and chemical changes were observed after the third month for both morphine and methadone. In contrast, at 25°C/60%RH both drugs remained chemically stable for 12 months, with concentration variations not exceeding a 5% change from initiation as stipulated in VICH stability guidelines. When in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, methadone also remained chemically stable, but the combination with medetomidine failed stability criteria prior to 6 months. Precipitation compromised the physical stability of methadone in all unsealed syringes prior to 9 months’ storage.ConclusionPre‐dispensing morphine or methadone into unsealed syringes compromises the drugs’ physical stability. Mixing of methadone with other drugs can degrade its chemical stability.
Ventral‐onlay buccal mucosa graft substitution urethroplasty for urethral stricture in women
Authors: Mukhtar Bashir M. B. , Spilotros Marco , Malde Sachin , Greenwell Tamsin J. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveTo present our outcomes of ventral‐onlay buccal mucosa graft (BMG) substitution urethroplasty in treating female urethral stricture (FUS).Patients and MethodsWe conducted a review of a prospectively collected database of 22 consecutive women (median [range] age 50 [34–72] years) with urethral stricture who underwent ventral onlay BMG substitution urethroplasty after June 2012 and who had a minimum follow‐up of 6 months (median 21.5, range 6–51 months). Data were analysed for stricture recurrence, change in median maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and median post‐void residual urine volume (PVR). Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Student's t‐test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test.ResultsFreedom from stricture recurrence was achieved in 21/22 (95.5%) women. The median (range) Qmax significantly improved, increasing from 7 (3.5–11) to 18 (5–37) mL/s (P <0.05). The median (range) PVR was significantly reduced from 100 (0–300) to 15 (0–150) mL (P < 0.05). Short‐ and longer‐term complication rates were low. One woman developed mild de novo stress urinary incontinence, which settled with conservative management by 6 months.ConclusionsEarly and medium‐term results indicate that ventral onlay BMG substitution urethroplasty is an excellent treatment for FUS that can avoid the need for the repeat procedures regularly required after traditional endoscopic management.
Diagnostic accuracy of a five‐point Likert scoring system for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluated according to results of MRI/ultrasonography image‐fusion targeted biopsy of the prostate
Authors: Shin Toshitaka , Smyth Thomas B. , Ukimura Osamu , Ahmadi Nariman , de Castro Abreu Andre Luis , Ohe Chisato , Oishi Masakatsu , Mimata Hiromitsu , Gill Inderbir S. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based Likert scoring system in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPC), using MRI/ultrasonography (US) image‐fusion targeted biopsy (FTB) as a reference standard.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 1218 MRI‐detected lesions in 629 patients who underwent subsequent MRI/US FTB between October 2012 and August 2015. 3‐Tesla MRI was independently reported by one of eight radiologists with varying levels of experience and scored on a five‐point Likert scale. All lesions with Likert scores 1–5 were prospectively defined as targets for MRI/US FTB. CSPC was defined as Gleason score ≥7.ResultsThe median patient age was 64 years, PSA level 6.97 ng/mL and estimated prostate volume 52.2 mL. Of 1218 lesions, 48% (n = 581) were rated as Likert 1–2, 35% (n = 428) were Likert 3 and 17% (n = 209) were Likert 4–5. For Likert scores 1–5, the overall cancer detection rates were 12%, 13%, 22%, 50% and 59%, respectively, and the CSPC detection rates were 4%, 4%, 12%, 33% and 48%, respectively. Grading using the five‐point scale showed strong positive correlation with overall cancer detection rate (r = 0.949, P = 0.05) and CSPC detection rate (r = 0.944, P = 0.05). By comparison, in Likert 4–5 lesions, significant differences were noted in overall cancer detection rate (63% vs 35%; P = 0.001) and CSPC detection rate (47% vs 29%; P = 0.027) for the more experienced vs the less experienced radiologists.ConclusionsThe detection rates of overall cancer and CSPC strongly correlated with the five‐point grading of the Likert scale. Among radiologists with different levels of experience, there were significant differences in these cancer detection rates.
Ameliorative effect of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on visceral hypersensitivity in rats: possible involvement of 5‐HT2A receptor
Authors: Asano Teita , Tanaka Ken‐ichiro , Tada Arisa , Shimamura Hikaru , Tanaka Rikako , Maruoka Hiroki , Mizushima Tohru , Takenaga Mitsuko 
Published: July 2017

Background and PurposeVisceral hypersensitivity is responsible for pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, its prevention can help avoid abdominal pain and discomfort in IBS. To find candidate drugs for visceral hypersensitivity, we screened existing medicines for their ability to prevent visceral sensitivity induced by colorectal distension (CRD) in rats and identified chlorpromazine, a typical antipsychotic drug, as a candidate compound. In this study, we investigated the effect of chlorpromazine on visceral hypersensitivity.Experimental ApproachVisceral sensitivity (visceromotor response) was monitored by measuring the electrical activity of the abdominal external oblique muscle contraction in response to CRD using a barostat apparatus. Visceral hypersensitivity was induced by a colonic instillation of sodium butyrate or acetic acid in neonates.Key ResultsOral administration of chlorpromazine suppressed butyrate‐induced visceral hypersensitivity to CRD. Interestingly, atypical antipsychotic drugs, quetiapine and risperidone, ameliorated butyrate‐induced visceral hypersensitivity, whereas the typical antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol and sulpiride, did not. Pharmacological analysis using specific inhibitors showed that a selective 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist, ketanserin, suppressed butyrate‐induced visceral hypersensitivity, whereas a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, L‐741626, did not. Furthermore, the 5‐HT2A receptor agonist AL‐34662 stimulated visceral sensitivity to CRD in healthy control rats but not in butyrate‐treated rats. These findings suggest that increased 5‐HT levels in the colon contribute to the induction of visceral hypersensitivity.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur results indicate that chlorpromazine ameliorates visceral hypersensitivity and that the 5‐HT2A receptor is a potential therapeutic target for treating abdominal pain and discomfort in IBS.
Prone position ventilation support for acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease?
Authors: Xu Yuanda , Sun Qingwen , Yu Yuheng , Liang Weibo , Liu Xuesong , Yang Chun , Xu Yonghao , Nong Lingbo , Chen Sibei , He Weiqun , Liu Xiaoqing , Li Yimin , Zhong Nanshan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroductionProne position ventilation (PPV) has been shown to improve oxygenation and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and mortality in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Whether these benefits of PPV occur similarly in acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease (ILD) is not clear. We retrospectively explored the use of PPV in acute exacerbation with ILD versus those with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (severe ARDS).MethodsRetrospective study of the application of PPV in 17 patients with acute exacerbations of ILD and in 19 patients with severe ARDS. Pre‐ and post‐PPV hemodynamic parameters, respiratory mechanics, prognostic indicators, complications and mortality rates at 28, 60 and 90 days were compared.ResultsThere was no difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups except for higher driving pressure and more diastolic dysfunction in ILD group than severe ARDS group Compared with pre‐PPV, cardiac index and driving pressure remained unchanged post‐PPV in both groups. PPV increased PaO2/FiO2 [118.7 (92.0, 147.8) pre‐PPV vs 132.0 (93.5, 172.0) post‐PPV; P < 0.05] and central venous oxygenation in patients with ILD. In patients with severe ARDS, PPV significantly increased PaO2/FiO2 [109.23 (89,135) pre‐ PPV vs 126.13 (100.93, 170) post‐PPV; P < 0.05] and intrathorax blood volume index. However, mortality rates at 28, 60 and 90 days remained high in both groups (76.4%, 88.2% and 88.2% vs 36.8%, 57.9% and 57.9% in ILD and severe ARDS, respectively; P < 0.05).ConclusionOur findings suggest that PPV may improve oxygenation and partially improve hemodynamic parameters during acute exacerbations of ILD.
Patient Decisions to Receive Secondary Pharmacogenomic Findings and Development of a Multidisciplinary Practice Model to Integrate Results Into Patient Care
Authors: Hicks J. Kevin , Shealy Amy , Schreiber Allison , Coleridge Marissa , Noss Ryan , Natowicz Marvin , Moran Rocio , Moss Timothy , Erwin Angelika , Eng Charis 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhole exome sequencing (WES) has the potential of identifying secondary findings that are predictive of poor pharmacotherapy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate patients’ wishes regarding the reporting of secondary pharmacogenomic findings. WES results (n = 106 patients) were retrospectively reviewed to determine the number of patients electing to receive secondary pharmacogenomic results. Phenotypes were assigned based on Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. The percent of patients with a predicted phenotype associated with a gene‐based CPIC dosing recommendation was determined. Ninety‐nine patients (93.4%) elected to receive secondary pharmacogenomic findings. For each gene–drug pair analyzed, the number of patients with an actionable phenotype ranged from two (2%) to 43 patients (43.4%). Combining all gene–drug pairs, 84 unique patients (84.8%) had an actionable phenotype. A prospective multidisciplinary practice model was developed for integrating secondary pharmacogenomic findings into clinical practice. Our model highlights a unique collaboration between physician‐geneticists, pharmacists, and genetic counselors.
Let's chat: developmental neural bases of social motivation during real‐time peer interaction
Authors: Warnell Katherine Rice , Sadikova Eleonora , Redcay Elizabeth 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHumans are motivated to interact with each other, but the neural bases of social motivation have been predominantly examined in non‐interactive contexts. Understanding real‐world social motivation is of special importance during middle childhood (ages 8–12), a period when social skills improve, social networks grow, and social brain networks specialize. To assess interactive social motivation, the current study used a novel fMRI paradigm in which children believed they were chatting with a peer. The design targeted two phases of interaction: (1) Initiation, in which children engaged in a social bid via sharing a like or hobby, and (2) Reply, in which children received either an engaged (“Me too”) or non‐engaged (“I'm away”) reply from the peer. On control trials, children were told that their answers were not shared and that they would receive either engaged (“Matched”) or non‐engaged (“Disconnected”) replies from the computer. Results indicated that during Initiation and Reply, key components of reward circuitry (e.g., ventral striatum) were more active for the peer than the computer trials. In addition, during Reply, social cognitive regions were more activated by the peer, and this social cognitive specialization increased with age. Finally, the effect of engagement type on reward circuitry activation was larger for social than non‐social trials, indicating developmental sensitivity to social contingency. These findings demonstrate that both reward and social cognitive brain systems support real‐time social interaction in middle childhood. An interactive approach to understanding social reward has implications for clinical disorders, where social motivation is more affected in real‐world contexts.
Coaction of individual and environmental factors: a review of intensive therapy paradigms for children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Ferre Claudio L , Gordon Andrew M 
Published: July 2017

Evidence‐based treatment approaches for children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy are expanding and being modified to fit the constraints of families and the child receiving treatment. In this review, we first provide an overview of a theoretical framework that considers the intricate interactions between the individual child and the environment in which treatment is provided. Next, we describe intensive interventions that have strong support for their efficacy. We also highlight the heterogeneity with which children respond to these approaches. Individual characteristics that might affect responsiveness are summarized. We propose that a one‐size‐fits‐all approach may not be as efficacious as approaches based on the specific brain damage and resulting development of the corticospinal tract. Finally, we review evidence suggesting that the environment can be structured to promote opportunities for intensive practice and self‐generated movement—two important aspects of efficacious treatments. Emphasis is placed on intensive home programs delivered by caregivers.What this paper adds

Considerable variability exists in how children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy respond to intensive upper extremity therapies.

Individual and environmental factors interact to shape responsiveness.
China's development loans and the threat of debt crisis in Kenya
Authors: Onjala Joseph 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe increased access of African countries to external capital markets has rekindled interest in growing external borrowing and placed debt sustainability at the forefront of the continent's policy agenda. In this article, we discuss the conceptual link between external loans and debt challenges. In this article, the analysis is cast in the context of new sources of loans triggered by Sino–African co‐operation. The article examines the main sectors targeted for financing in Kenya, how the Chinese‐funded projects have been structured, the financial models adopted to deliver on the projects, and the overall gains from such projects. Ultimately, the article examines the external debt situation in Kenya and how Chinese loans are likely to precipitate a crisis of sustainability. The analysis shows that, although the external financial support plays a critical role in addressing the gap in Kenya's infrastructure development, the loans also pose risks of debt sustainability in the longer term, Chinese loans particularly are tied and lack transparency. The emerging debt challenges point to the need for policy reforms in favour of enhancing loans transparency and the beneficial impacts. This would enhance the repayment capacity of borrowing countries.