bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Psychosocial Predictors of Engagement in Sexual Risk Behavior Among Trans*female Youth Aged 16–24 Years in San Francisco
Authors: Turner Caitlin M. , Santos Glenn-Milo , Arayasirikul Sean , Wilson Erin C. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Trans*female youth (TFY) carry a disproportionate burden of HIV. Few longitudinal studies have analyzed both proximal and upstream predictors of changes in HIV-related risk behaviors for TFY. The aim of the present analysis was to identify psychosocial predictors of changes in sexual risk behavior over time for TFY in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Methods:
Data come from the SHINE cohort study conducted at the San Francisco Department of Public Health from 2012 to 2014 (n = 263). The relationship between hypothesized psychosocial factors and changes in engagement in condomless receptive anal intercourse over 12-month follow-up was modeled using generalized estimating equations, after adjusting for participant age, race/ethnicity, and education level.

Results:
TFY who were ever in a serious relationship since identifying as trans* [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16 to 3.08], those who reported recent crack/cocaine use (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.05 to 3.85), and those with a monthly income of more than $500 (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.85) had significantly higher odds of condomless receptive anal intercourse over the 12-month study period compared to TFY without these exposures. Those who reported high exposure to gender-based discrimination had increased adjusted odds of engagement in condomless receptive anal intercourse compared to those who had low exposure over the study period (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.63).

Conclusions:
Both proximal and structural factors predicted increased engagement in sexual risk behavior among TFY. Results demonstrate the need for a multilevel approach to HIV prevention strategies for this population.
Complementary Feeding and Diarrhea and Respiratory Infection Among HIV-Exposed Tanzanian Infants
Authors: Kamenju Pili , Liu Enju , Hertzmark Ellen , Spiegelman Donna , Kisenge Rodrick R. , Kupka Roland , Aboud Said , Manji Karim , Duggan Christopher , Fawzi Wafaie W. 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
To examine the association between complementary feeding and risks of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) among HIV-exposed infants aged 6–24 months.

Design:
We prospectively used an Infant and Child Feeding Index (ICFI) to measure complementary feeding practices (breastfeeding status, food consistency, dietary diversity, food group frequency, and meal frequency). We determined the association of ICFI and each of its components with the risk of diarrhea and ARI. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the relative risks for morbidity episodes.

Setting:
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Subjects:
A total of 2092 HIV-exposed infants followed from 6 months of age to 24 months of age.

Results:
The ICFI score ranged from 0 to 9; the median score was 6 (interquartile range = 4–7). Low ICFI scores were likely associated with increased risk of dysentery [low vs. high tertile risk ratio (RR): 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93 to 2.10; P for trend = 0.02] and respiratory infection (low vs. high tertile RR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.96 to 1.41; P for trend = 0.01). Low dietary diversity scores were likely associated with higher risk of dysentery (low vs. high tertile RR: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.92 to 2.35; P for trend = 0.03) and respiratory infection (low vs. high tertile RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.76; P for trend = 0.01). Low food consistency scores were associated with higher risk of respiratory infection (RR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.40 to 2.26; P < 0.01).

Conclusions:
In this setting, low ICFI, dietary diversity, and food consistency scores were likely associated with increased risk of diarrhea and ARI among HIV-exposed infants.
Violence From a Sexual Partner is Significantly Associated With Poor HIV Care and Treatment Outcomes Among Female Sex Workers in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Mendoza Carlisdania , Barrington Clare , Donastorg Yeycy , Perez Martha , Fleming Paul J. , Decker Michele R. , Kerrigan Deanna 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Female sex workers (FSWs) experience high rates of violence from their sexual partners. Although violence is associated with HIV risk behaviors among FSWs, there is limited evidence on the association between violence and HIV treatment outcomes.

Methods:
We analyzed data from a socio-behavioral survey with a cohort of FSWs living with HIV in the Dominican Republic (n = 268) to describe the burden of violence from a sexual partner in the last 6 months. We assessed the relationship between violence and HIV treatment outcomes, comparing findings across 2 types of sexual partners: intimate partners and clients.

Results:
Nearly one-fifth of women (18.3%) experienced violence in the last 6 months. More women experienced violence from an intimate partner (12.3%) than a client (8.3%), with some (2.6%) reporting both. Although violence from an intimate partner was significantly associated with not currently being on antiretroviral treatment [ART; adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00 to 16.36] and missing an ART dose in the last 4 days (AOR: 5.26, 95% CI: 1.91 to 14.53), violence from a client was associated with never having received HIV care (AOR: 2.85, 95% CI: 1.03 to 7.92) and ever interrupting ART (AOR: 5.45, 95% CI: 1.50 to 19.75).

Conclusions:
Violence from a sexual partner is associated with poor HIV treatment outcomes among FSWs. Different patterns by type of partner reflect how relationship dynamics may influence these associations. Violence prevention and support services should be tailored based on type of partner. Violence screening and referrals should be integrated into HIV care services for FSWs to improve their health and reduce ongoing transmission.
Role of APOE ε4 Allele and Incident Stroke on Cognitive Decline and Mortality
Authors: Rajan Kumar B. , Aggarwal Neelum T. , Schneider Julie A. , Wilson Robert S. , Everson-Rose Susan A. , Evans Denis A. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and stroke increase the risk of cognitive decline. However, the association of the APOE ε4 allele before and after stroke is not well understood.

Methods:
Using a prospective sample of 3444 (66% African Americans, 61% females, mean age=71.9 y) participants, we examined cognitive decline relative to stroke among those with and without the APOE ε4 allele.

Results:
In our sample, 505 (15%) had incident stroke. Among participants without stroke, the ε4 allele was associated with increased cognitive decline compared to noncarriers (0.080 vs. 0.036 units/year; P<0.0001). Among participants without the ε4 allele, cognitive decline increased significantly after stroke compared to before stroke (0.115 vs. 0.039 units/year; P<0.0001). Interestingly, cognitive decline before and after stroke was not significantly different among those with the ε4 allele (0.091 vs. 0.102 units/year; P=0.32). Poor cognitive function was associated with higher risk of stroke (hazard ratio=1.41, 95% confidence interval, 1.25-1.58), but the APOE ε4 allele was not (P=0.66). The APOE ε4 allele, cognitive function, and incident stroke were associated with mortality.

Conclusions:
The association of stroke with cognitive decline appears to differ by the presence of the APOE ε4 allele, but no such interaction was observed for mortality.
Deciphering the genic basis of environmental adaptations by simultaneous forward and reverse genetics inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Maclean Calum J. , Metzger Brian P.H. , Yang Jian-Rong , Ho Wei-Chin , Moyers Bryan , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis the best studied eukaryote in molecular and cell biology, but its utility for understanding the genetic basis of natural phenotypic variation is limited by the inefficiency of association mapping owing to strong and complex population structure. To facilitate association mapping, we analyzed 190 high-quality genomes of diverse strains, including 85 newly sequenced ones, to uncover yeast’s population structure that varies substantially among genomic regions. We identified 181 yeast genes that are absent from the reference genome and demonstrated their expression and role in important functions such as drug resistance. We then simultaneously measured the growth rates of over 4500 lab strains each deficient of a nonessential gene and 81 natural strains across multiple environments using unique DNA barcode present in each strain. We combined the genome-wide reverse genetic information with genome-wide association analysis to determine potential genomic regions of importance to environmental adaptations, and for a subset experimentally validated their role by reciprocal hemizygosity tests. The resources provided permit efficient and reliable association mapping in yeast and significantly enhances its value as a model for understanding the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic polymorphism and evolution.
An overview on the DNA nucleotide compositions across kingdoms
Authors: Guo Yabin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe DNA nucleotide compositions vary among species. This fascinating phenomenon has been studied for decades with some interesting questions remaining unclear. Recent years, thousands of genomes have been sequenced, but general evaluations on the nucleotide compositions across different phylogenetic groups are still absent. In this letter, I analyzed 371 genomes from different kingdoms and provided an overview on DNA nucleotide compositions. A number of important topics were discussed, including GC content, DNA strand symmetricity, CDS purine content, codon usage, thermophilicity in prokaryotes and non-coding RNA genes. I also gave explanations to two long debated questions: 1) both genome GC content and CDS purine content are correlated with the thermophilicity in archaea, but not in bacteria; 2) the purine rich pattern of CDS in most species is mainly a consequence of coding requirement, but not mRNA interaction dynamics. This study provides valuable information and ideas for future investigations.
Automatic Tracing of Ultra-Volume of Neuronal Images
Authors: Peng Hanchuan , Zhou Zhi , Meijering Erik , Zhao Ting , Ascoli Giorgio A. , Hawrylycz Michael 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDespite substantial advancement in the automatic tracing of neurons' morphology in recent years, it is challenging to apply the existing algorithms to very large image datasets containing billions or more voxels. We introduceUltraTracer, a solution designed to extend any base neuron-tracing algorithm to be able to trace virtually unlimited data volumes. We applied this approach to neuron-tracing algorithms with completely different design principles and tested on challenging human and mouse neuron datasets that have hundreds of billions of voxels. Results indicate thatUltraTraceris scalable, accurate, and about 3 to 6 times more efficient compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.
Vaccinia virus Western Reserve induces rapid surface expression of a host molecule detected by the antibody 4C7 that is distinct from CLEC2D
Authors: Williams Kinola J.N. , Eaton Heather E. , Jones Lena , Rengan Supraja , Burshtyn Deborah N. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effect of active infection with vaccinia virus Western Reserve (VACV WR) on expression of C‐type lectin domain family 2 (CLEC2D), a ligand of the human NK cell inhibitory receptor NKR‐P1, was examined. As predicted, VACV infection led to a loss of CLEC2D mRNA in 221 cells, a B cell lymphoma line. Surprisingly, VACV infection of 221 cells caused a dramatic increase in cell surface staining for one CLEC2D‐specific antibody, 4C7. There were no changes in other antibodies specific for CLEC2D and no indication that NK cells with NKR‐P1A were inhibited, suggesting 4C7 detects a non‐CLEC2D molecule following infection. The rapid increase in 4C7 signal requires virus attachment and is disrupted by UV treatment, but does not depend on new transcription or translation of either cellular or viral proteins. 4C7 does react with intracellular compartments, suggesting the molecule that is detected at the surface following infection is derived from an intracellular store. The phenomenon extends beyond lymphoid cells: it was observed in the non‐human primate cell line Cos‐7, but not with myxoma, a poxvirus distinct from VACV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VACV or any poxvirus leading to rapid externalization of a host molecule. Among the VACV strains tested, the phenomenon was restricted to VACV WR and IHD‐W, suggesting it has a virulence‐, as opposed to a replication‐related, function.
Re‐evaluating strategies for pollinator‐dependent crops: How useful is parthenocarpy?
Authors: Knapp Jessica L. , Bartlett Lewis J. , Osborne Juliet L. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Whilst most studies reviewing the reliance of global agriculture on insect pollination advocate increasing the ‘supply’ of pollinators (wild or managed) to improve crop yields, there has been little focus on altering a crop's ‘demand’ for pollinators.

Parthenocarpy (fruit set in the absence of fertilization) is a trait which can increase fruit quantity and quality from pollinator‐dependent crops by removing the need for pollination.

Here we present a meta‐analysis of studies examining the extent and effectiveness of parthenocarpy‐promoting techniques (genetic modification, hormone application and selective breeding) currently being used commercially, or experimentally, on pollinator‐dependent crops in different test environments (no pollination, hand pollination, open pollination).

All techniques significantly increased fruit quantity and quality in 18 pollinator‐dependent crop species (not including seed and nut crops as parthenocarpy causes seedlessness). The degree to which plants experienced pollen limitation in the different test environments could not be ascertained, so the absolute effect of parthenocarpy relative to optimal pollination could not be determined.

Synthesis and applications. Parthenocarpy has the potential to lower a crop's demand for pollinators, whilst extending current geographic and climatic ranges of production. Thus, growers may wish to use parthenocarpic crop plants, in combination with other environmentally considerate practices, to improve food security and their economic prospects.
Critical catchments for freshwater biodiversity conservation in Europe: identification, prioritisation and gap analysis
Authors: Carrizo Savrina F. , Lengyel Szabolcs , Kapusi Felícia , Szabolcs Márton , Kasperidus Hans D. , Scholz Mathias , Markovic Danijela , Freyhof Jörg , Cid Núria , Cardoso Ana C. , Darwall William 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe conservation of freshwater ecosystems has lagged behind that of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and often requires the integration of large‐scale approaches and transboundary considerations. This study aims to set the foundations of a spatial conservation strategy by identifying the most important catchments for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity in Europe.Using data on 1296 species of fish, mollusc, odonate and aquatic plant, and the key biodiversity area criteria (species Red List status, range restriction and uniqueness of species assemblages), we identified a network of Critical Catchments for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Applying spatial prioritisation, we show how the prioritised network differs from the ideal case of protecting all Critical Catchments and how it changes when protected areas are included, and we also identify gaps between the prioritised network and existing protected areas.Critical Catchments (n = 8423) covered 45% of the area of Europe, with 766 qualifying (‘trigger’) species located primarily in southern Europe. The prioritised network, limited to 17% of the area of Europe, comprised 3492 catchments mostly in southern and eastern Europe and species targets were met for at least 96% of the trigger species.We found the majority of Critical Catchments to be inadequately covered by protected areas. However, our prioritised network presents a possible solution to augment protected areas to meet policy targets while also achieving good species coverage.Policy implications. While Critical Catchments cover almost half of Europe, priority catchments are mostly in southern and eastern Europe where the current level of protection is not sufficient. This study presents a foundation for a Europe‐wide systematic conservation plan to ensure the persistence of freshwater biodiversity. Our study provides a powerful new tool for optimising investment on the conservation of freshwater biodiversity and for meeting targets set forth in international biodiversity policies, conventions and strategies.
Effects of high‐sodium intake on systemic blood pressure and vascular responses in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob‐Leprfa/fa rats
Authors: Takagi Yoshiichi , Kadowaki Haruno , Kobayashi Ikumi , Ito Kaoru , Ito Katsuaki , Shirai Mitsuyuki , Asai Fumitoshi 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension has markedly increased worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a high‐salt intake on the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and vascular responses in WBN/Kob‐Leprfa/fa (WBKDF) rats, a new spontaneous animal model of T2DM. Male WBKDF rats and age‐matched Wistar rats at 6 weeks of age were each divided into two groups and fed either a normal‐sodium (NS, 0.26%) diet or high‐sodium (HS, 8%) diet for 14 weeks: (i) Wistar rats on NS diet (Wistar‐NS); (ii) Wistar rats on HS diet (Wistar‐HS); (iii) WBKDF rats on NS diet (WBKDF‐NS); (iv) WBKDF rats on HS diets (WBKDF‐HS). Neither WBKDF‐NS nor Wistar‐NS rats showed significant changes in SBP throughout the experiment, but both WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS exhibited significant elevation of SBP, which was more prominent (P<.01) in WBKDF‐HS than in Wistar‐HS. Phenylephrine‐induced contractions of isolated thoracic aortic rings were significantly (P<.01) enhanced in WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS compared with the respective strain of rats on the NS diet. In contrast, acetylcholine‐ and nitroprusside‐induced relaxation were significantly (P<.01) diminished in both WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS, and these HS diet‐induced changes were more profound (P<.01) in WBKDF rats than in Wistar rats. Significantly (P<.05) higher plasma concentrations of 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α and sodium ions were observed in WBKDF‐HS than in Wistar‐HS. The current study demonstrated that WBKDF‐HS rats developed salt‐sensitive hypertension associated with vascular dysfunction. The WBKDF rat may be a useful model for investigating the etiology of hypertension with T2DM.
Lesbian and bisexual women's gynaecological conditions: a systematic review and exploratory meta‐analysis
Authors: Robinson K , Galloway KY , Bewley S , Meads C 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundLittle is known about the gynaecological health of lesbian and bisexual (LB) women.ObjectivesTo examine differences in incidence and/or prevalence of gynaecological conditions in LB compared with heterosexual women.Search strategyThe systematic review protocol was prospectively registered (PROSPERO‐CRD42015027091) and searches conducted in seven databases.Selection criteriaComparative studies published 2000–2015, reporting any benign (non‐infectious) and/or malignant gynaecological conditions with no language or setting restrictions.Data collection and analysisInclusions, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted in duplicate. Meta‐analyses of condition prevalence rates were conducted where ≥3 studies reported results.Main resultsFrom 567 records, 47 full papers were examined and 11 studies of mixed designs included. No studies directly addressing the question were found. Two chronic pelvic pain studies reported higher rates in bisexual compared with heterosexual women (38.5 versus 28.2% and 18.6 versus 6.4%). Meta‐analyses showed no statistically significant differences in polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis and fibroids. There was a higher rate of cervical cancer in bisexual than heterosexual women [odds ratio (OR) = 1.94; 95% CI 1.46–2.59] but no difference overall (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.15–3.92). There was a lower rate of uterine cancer in lesbian than heterosexual women (OR = 0.28; 95% CI 0.11–0.73) and overall (OR = 0.36; 95% CI 0.13–0.97), but no difference in bisexual women (OR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.06–3.07).ConclusionsMore bisexual women may experience chronic pelvic pain and cervical cancer than heterosexual women. There is no information on potential confounders. Better evidence is required, preferably monitoring sexual orientation in research using the existing validated measure and fully reporting results.Tweetable abstractLesbians have less uterine cancer than heterosexual women; bisexuals have more pelvic pain and cervical cancer.
Does place and attendance at birth improve early neonatal mortality? Secondary analysis of nine Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Bellizzi S , Sobel HL , Mathai M , Temmerman M 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo determine the relation between place and skilled birth attendance at birth and early neonatal mortality.DesignRetrospective analysis using data from Demographic and Health Surveys on obstetric complications.SettingNine low and middle income countries between 2006 and 2013.Population71 758 women aged 15–49 years.MethodsA secondary analysis was carried out to investigate the occurrence and effect of obstetric complications on early neonatal mortality and association with place and attendance at birth. Obstetric complications studied were prolonged labour, puerperal infection and eclampsia.Main outcome measuresAssociation between early neonatal mortality and place and attendance at birth, unadjusted and adjusted for presence of severe obstetric complications.ResultsThirty‐five percent of all births were at home: 70% of these were without skilled attendamts. Obstetric complications were reported in 17 079 women: 82% of these women gave birth in health facilities. Overall, no association was observed between place of birth or attendance at birth and early neonatal mortality. When adjusted for obstetric complications, the odds of early neonatal deaths for births at home without a skilled attendant were 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.5) compared with 1.2 (95% CI 1.0–1.5) with a skilled attendant and births in health facilities.ConclusionsWhen adjusted for obstetric complications, births in health facilities were associated with reduced early neonatal mortality. However, reporting and referral bias account for at least part of the association.Tweetable abstractBirths in health facilities are linked with fewer early newborn deaths when adjusted for obstetric complications.
Early Impact of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid Expansion on Dental Care Use
Authors: Nasseh Kamyar , Vujicic Marko 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of the Affordable Care Act on dental care use among poor adults ages 21–64 in 2014.Data2010–2014 Gallup‐Healthways Wellbeing Index Survey.Study DesignAmong poor adults with income at or below 138% of the Federal Poverty Level, a differences‐in‐differences analysis was used to compare the changes in dental care use in states with different Medicaid expansion and adult dental policies.Principal FindingsRelative to the pre‐reform period and other states, in Medicaid expansion states with adult dental benefits, dental care use increased between 2 and 6 percent points in the second half of 2014, but most of these changes were not statistically significant.ConclusionsEarly evidence suggests that the Affordable Care Act may either not be having a substantial impact on dental care use or it is too early to assess the impact.