bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social disadvantage and developmental diagnosis in pre‐schoolers
Authors: Kayrouz Norma , Milne Susan L , McDonald Jenny L 
Published: April 2017

AimTo explore the association between social disadvantage and developmental diagnoses in pre‐school children.MethodsBetween 2012 and 2015, 845 pre‐school children were assessed by the Child Assessment Team at Campbelltown Hospital. A social worker interviewed 469 families and these children were eligible for inclusion in the study. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was confirmed in 290 children. Of those without ASD, 72 did not have global developmental delay (GDD) and were excluded from the study. The remaining 107 children with GDD were used as the comparison group. Social risk factors in the two groups were compared using χ

2
tests. Variables with statistical significance were then entered into a logistic regression.ResultsAfter logistic regression, children with ASD were more likely to be male (odds ratio (OR) 3.1, 95% CI 0.195–0.529; P < 0.001) and their parents were more likely to have a clinically significant stress score (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.334–0.992; P = 0.047). Children with GDD were more likely to live in a disadvantaged suburb (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.042–2.940; P = 0.034), more likely to have a sole parent (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.062–3.082; P = 0.029) and much more likely to have had involvement with child protection services (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.044–7.416; P < 0.001).ConclusionsChildren with GDD without autism were more likely to be disadvantaged and to have had contact with child protection services than children with ASD. This has implications for the assessment, early intervention and support services for children with disabilities and their families.
Use of nicotine replacement therapy in young people entering custody in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Haysom Leigh , Lawrence Dianne , Mellish Donna , Burns Peter , Khale Pariza , Arulampalam Ariana , Stapylton Catherine 
Published: April 2017

AimTo describe the prevalence of nicotine dependence and acceptance of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in young people entering custody, where smoking is not allowed.MethodsCross‐sectional study in 2013. Setting: All New South Wales Juvenile Justice Centres. Participants: Incarcerated youth, aged 12–21 years. Main exposures: gender, age, ethnicity, cannabis use. Main outcomes: rates of smoking, cannabis use, nicotine dependence, NRT acceptance.ResultsData were collected from 252 Initial Reception Assessments (90.1% male, 56.3% Aboriginal, mean age 16.6 years ± 1.2 standard deviation). According to Fagerstrom screening, 207 (82.1%) young people smoked cigarettes immediately prior to their current incarceration, and of the smokers, 78 (38.4%) were nicotine dependent. Most young people (76.4%) were also daily cannabis users, with 85.6% of cigarette smokers also using cannabis daily. NRT (as 24‐h nicotine patches prescribed for 2 weeks) was offered to 54 nicotine dependent and 7 non‐dependent young people. Only 13 (21.3%) young people accepted NRT (all daily cannabis‐using males), and only 2 young people completed the full prescription. Reasons for refusing or not completing NRT were a fear of ‘weird dreams’, sleeping issues or that it was no longer needed.ConclusionsMany young people entering custody are nicotine‐dependent cigarette smokers and daily cannabis users, and are at high risk of nicotine withdrawal on abstinence. NRT as patch therapy has poor acceptance in this group, except in young men who are daily cannabis users. Screening for nicotine dependence in high‐risk young people should include questions about cannabis use, and alternatives to patch therapy deserve further research.
Porphyromonas gingivalis antibody levels and diagnosis of coronary artery disease in HIV‐positive individuals
Authors: Berquist V. L. , Hearps A. C. , Ford P. , Jaworowski A. , Leishman S. J. , Hoy J. F. , Trevillyan J. M. 
Published: April 2017

Background and ObjectivePeriodontal disease has been associated with cardiovascular disease in the general population. It is unknown whether IgG antibody levels for periodontal pathogens are associated with the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in HIV‐positive individuals.Material and MethodsTwenty‐four HIV‐positive individuals (cases) with stored plasma available in the 12 months before CAD diagnosis were age‐ and sex‐matched 1:2 with 46 HIV‐positive individuals without CAD (controls). Antibody levels to whole cell extracts from periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, as well as markers of inflammation sCD14, CXCL10 and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, were compared between cases and controls using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsP. gingivalis‐specific IgG levels (μg/mL) were significantly higher in individuals with CAD (median 1.48 [IQR 1.06‐2.05]) compared to controls (0.70 [IQR 0.35‐1.24], P<.001), and remained significantly higher following adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and HIV viral load (OR 21.6 [95% CI 3.73‐125.63] P=.001). There was a borderline association between A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG antibody levels (cases, median 3.86 [IQR 3.19‐4.72]; controls, 3.34 [IQR 2.59‐4.07], P=.050) and no association found between F. nucleatum antibody levels and CAD. sCD14 levels (μg/mL) were higher in cases compared with controls (median 3.45 [IQR 3.03‐4.11] vs 2.65 [IQR 2.32‐2.99] P<.001), while CXCL10 (median 127 pg/mL [IQR 88‐157] vs 153 [IQR 90‐244] P=.321) and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (median 3.44 mg/L [1.98‐5.32] vs 1.85 [1.13‐6.88] P=.203) levels were not different between cases and controls.ConclusionPeriodontal bacteria may be contributing to CAD risk in HIV‐positive individuals.
Type 1 aqueous alteration in CM carbonaceous chondrites: Implications for the evolution of water‐rich asteroids
Authors: King A. J. , Schofield P. F. , Russell S. S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe CM carbonaceous chondrite meteorites experienced aqueous alteration in the early solar system. They range from mildly altered type 2 to almost completely hydrated type 1 chondrites, and offer a record of geochemical conditions on water‐rich asteroids. We show that CM1 chondrites contain abundant (84–91 vol%) phyllosilicate, plus olivine (4–8 vol%), magnetite (2–3 vol%), Fe‐sulfide (<5 vol%), and calcite (<2 vol%). The CM1/2 chondrites contain phyllosilicate (71–88 vol%), olivine (4–20 vol%), enstatite (2–6 vol%), magnetite (2–3 vol%), Fe‐sulfides (1–2 vol%), and calcite (~1 vol%). As aqueous alteration progressed, the abundance of Mg‐serpentine and magnetite in the CM chondrites increased. In contrast, calcite abundances in the CM1/2 and CM1 chondrites are often depleted relative to the CM2s. The modal data support the model, whereby metal and Fe‐rich matrix were the first components to be altered on the CM parent body(ies), before further hydration attacked the coarser Mg‐rich silicates found in chondrules and fragments. Based on the absence of tochilinite, we suggest that CM1 chondrites experienced increased alteration due to elevated temperatures (>120 °C), although higher water/rock ratios may also have played a role. The modal data provide constraints for interpreting the composition of asteroids and the mineralogy of samples returned from these bodies. We predict that “CM1‐like” asteroids, as has been proposed for Bennu—target for the OSIRIS‐REx mission—will have a high abundance of Mg‐rich phyllosilicates and Fe‐oxides, but be depleted in calcite.
The Role of Emotion in Informal Science Learning: Testing an Exploratory Model
Authors: Staus Nancy L. , Falk John H. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTAlthough there is substantial research on the effect of emotions on educational outcomes in the classroom, relatively little is known about how emotion affects learning in informal science contexts. We examined the role of emotion in the context of an informal science learning experience by utilizing a path model to investigate the relationships among emotional arousal, valence, attention, environmental values and learning outcomes. Sixty undergraduate and graduate students participated in one of two treatments consisting of watching an exciting or neutral nature documentary video, reading an associated narrative, and taking a post‐test. Our findings suggested that higher emotional arousal, less pleasant feelings about the content, and stronger environmental values led to greater short‐term learning outcomes. We discuss our findings in relation to current understandings of emotion and learning in informal science education settings.
C3–C4 intermediates may be of hybrid origin – a reminder
Authors: Kadereit Gudrun , Bohley Katharina , Lauterbach Maximilian , Tefarikis Delphine T. , Kadereit Joachim W. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe currently favoured model of the evolution of C4 photosynthesis relies heavily on the interpretation of the broad phenotypic range of naturally growing C3–C4 intermediates as proxies for evolutionary intermediate steps. On the other hand, C3–C4 intermediates had earlier been interpreted as hybrids or hybrid derivates. By first comparing experimentally generated with naturally growing C3–C4 intermediates, and second summarising either direct or circumstantial evidence for hybridisation in lineages comprising C3, C4 and C3–C4 intermediates, we conclude that a possible hybrid origin of C3–C4 intermediates deserves careful examination. While we acknowledge that the current model of C4 photosynthesis evolution is clearly the best available, C3–C4 intermediates of hybrid origin, if existing, should not be used for further analysis of this model. However, experimental C3 × C4 hybrids potentially are excellent systems to analyse the genetic differences between C3 and C4 species and, also using segregating progeny, to study the relationship between individual photosynthetic traits and environmental factors.
Nursing curriculums may hinder a career in gerontological nursing: An integrative review
Authors: Garbrah William , Välimäki Tarja , Palovaara Marjo , Kankkunen Päivi 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate what prevents undergraduate nursing students from choosing gerontological nursing as a career option.DesignThis study utilised an integrative literature review, which allows the inclusion of previous studies with diverse research designs to gain a broader view of the reasons why nursing students do not choose a gerontological nursing career.MethodsAn electronic database search of CINAHL (Ebsco), Scopus and Eric elicited 251 scientific peer‐reviewed empirical studies, published from 2006 to March 2016 in English. After meeting the inclusion criteria, 97 qualified for closer examination. Following exclusion, the final analysis and synthesis included 21 articles.ResultsFour main themes described nursing students’ contributing reasons for not selecting gerontological nursing as a career option: socio‐demographic factors; experiences, perceptions and knowledge about ageing; perceptions concerning the nature or status of gerontological nursing; and theoretical studies and practical education of nursing curriculum.ConclusionsLack of positive experiences with older people before and during nursing students’ studies led to their disinterest in gerontological nursing as a career option. The nursing curriculum also reinforces the perception of modern nursing as technical, with more emphasis on acute and critical care. The findings emphasise the need to implement an age‐friendly curriculum and have nurses that specialise in gerontology to serve as mentors and role models. It is important to assist nursing students in identifying the potentials for career advancement in terms of gerontological nursing. There is also a need for nursing faculties to liaise with other stakeholders to develop or improve upon the clinical atmosphere for nursing students during gerontological nursing placement.Implications for practiceNursing faculties must review their curriculum to ensure that there is sufficient focus on the needs of older people within the curriculum for every student. Furthermore, respected role models who are knowledgeable and enthusiastic about issues related to older people must teach gerontological nursing courses.
Contribution of Contraceptive Discontinuation to Unintended Births in 36 Developing Countries
Authors: Jain Anrudh K. , Winfrey William 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHigh contraceptive discontinuation results in millions of women having an unmet need for contraception. However, its contribution to unintended fertility is not known. Reproductive calendar data in Demographic and Health Surveys in 36 countries are used to estimate the percent of unintended recent births attributable to contraceptive discontinuation. Contraceptive discontinuation accounted for about one‐third of unintended recent births in all countries together. Method failure and contraception discontinued for other reasons accounted for most of this contribution. The contribution of contraceptive discontinuation to unintended births increases with the use of modern methods but decreases as method composition at a given level of contraceptive prevalence shifts toward methods with higher effectiveness and longer continuation. High contraceptive discontinuation in the past without changes in fertility intentions has resulted in millions of unintended births. This contribution is likely to increase with the anticipated increase in the use of modern methods. Enabling current users to reduce method failure and encouraging them to switch to another method after discontinuing the use of the original method will be an effective strategy to reduce contraceptive discontinuation and its contribution to unintended births.
Proposed expansion margins for planning organ at risk volume for lenses during radiation therapy of the nasal cavity in dogs and cats
Authors: Jafry Zaki , Gal Arnon , Fleck Andre , Darko Johnson , Poirier Valerie J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRadiation therapy protocols for the feline or canine nasal cavity can damage epithelial cells of the posterior pole of the lens and lead to the development of cataracts. Aims of this retrospective, descriptive study were to calculate movements of the lens during radiation therapy of the nasal cavity in a sample of cats and dogs, and to propose species‐specific expansion margins for planning organ at risk volume (PRV) to minimize radiation doses to the lens. All included patients were immobilized with an indexed bite block and positioned in a vacuum positioning cushion for head irradiation. On‐board cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging was used for patient alignment. Both ocular lenses were contoured on the therapeutic CBCTs. Coregistration (fusion) between the planning CT and CBCTs was used to measure the movements of the lens. Two measurements were made: the differences between the centroid point of each lens as well as the displacement of the coregistrations. A total of 496 different observations were recorded from 14 cats and 52 dogs. Using the displacement results, we calculated how often the lens would be within the lens‐PRV contour. We proposed that an optimal expansion margin from the lens volume of 2 mm in cats and 3 mm in dogs may be necessary in generating PRV expansion for the lens. From our results, we expect the lens would therefore be within these proposed PRV expansions in 92% of the feline measurements and 95% of the canine measurements.
Generation of chimeric minipigs by aggregating 4‐ to 8‐cell‐stage blastomeres from somatic cell nuclear transfer with the tracing of enhanced green fluorescent protein
Authors: Ji Huili , Long Chuan , Feng Chong , Shi Ningning , Jiang Yingdi , Zeng Guomin , Li Xirui , Wu Jingjing , Lu Lin , Lu Shengsheng , Pan Dengke 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundBlastocyst complementation is an important technique for generating chimeric organs in organ‐deficient pigs, which holds great promise for solving the problem of a shortage of organs for human transplantation procedures. Porcine chimeras have been generated using embryonic germ cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells; however, there are no authentic pluripotent stem cells for pigs. In previous studies, blastomeres from 4‐ to 8‐cell‐stage parthenogenetic embryos were able to generate chimeric fetuses efficiently, but the resulting fetuses did not produce live‐born young. Here, we used early‐stage embryos from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate chimeric piglets by the aggregation method. Then, the distribution of chimerism in various tissues and organs was observed through the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP).MethodsInitially, we determined whether 4‐ to 8‐ or 8‐ to 16‐cell‐stage embryos were more suitable to generate chimeric piglets. Chimeras were produced by aggregating two EGFP‐tagged Wuzhishan minipig (WZSP) SCNT embryos and two Bama minipig (BMP) SCNT embryos. The chimeric piglets were identified by coat color and microsatellite and swine leukocyte antigen analyses. Moreover, the distribution of chimerism in various tissues and organs of the piglets was evaluated by EGFP expression.ResultsWe found that more aggregated embryos were produced using 4‐ to 8‐cell‐stage embryos (157/657, 23.9%) than 8‐ to 16‐cell‐stage embryos (100/499, 20.0%). Thus, 4‐ to 8‐cell‐stage embryos were used for the generation of chimeras. The rate of blastocysts development after aggregating WZSP with BMP embryos was 50.6%. Transfer of 391 blastocysts developed from 4‐ to 8‐cell‐stage embryos to five recipients gave rise to 18 piglets, of which two (11.1%) were confirmed to be chimeric by their coat color and microsatellite examination of the skin. One of the chimeric piglets died at 35 days and was subsequently autopsied, whereas the other piglet was maintained for the following observations. The heart and kidneys of the dead piglet showed chimerism, whereas the spinal cord, stomach, pancreas, intestines, muscle, ovary, and brain had no chimerism.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first report of porcine chimeras generated by aggregating 4‐ to 8‐cell‐stage blastomeres from SCNT. We detected chimerism only in the skin, heart, and kidneys. Collectively, these results indicate that aggregation using 4‐ to 8‐cell‐stage SCNT embryos offers a practical approach for producing chimeric minipigs. Furthermore, it also provides a potential platform for generating interspecific chimeras between pigs and non‐human primates for xenotransplantation.
Effectiveness of Silexan oral lavender essential oil compared to inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy on sleep in adults: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Greenberg Martha J. , Slyer Jason T. 
Published: April 2017

Review objective:
The objective of this review is to identify the effectiveness of Silexan oral lavender essential oil compared to inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy on sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep quality, disturbed sleep and anxiety in adult patients.
Effectiveness of amylmetacresol and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol throat lozenges in patients with acute sore throat due to upper respiratory tract infection: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Tan Ting W. , Chen Bi C. , Tan Han L. , Chang Chih M. 
Published: April 2017

Review question/objective:
This review aims to determine the best available evidence related to the effectiveness of amylmetacresol and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol throat lozenges in patients with acute sore throat due to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The objective is to examine the analgesic properties of amylmetacresol and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol (AMC/DCBA) throat lozenge comparing with placebo for the relief of pain in patients with acute sore throat due to URTIs.
The review question is:Are amylmetacresol (AMC 0.6 mg) and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl (DCBA 1.2-mg) alcohol throat lozenges effective in relieving acute sore throat caused by URTIs?

More specifically, the objectives are to:Evaluate changes in severity of throat sorenessEvaluate the pain relief ratingsMeasure functional difficulty in swallowingMeasure functional throat numbness.
Effect of International Normalized Ratio monitoring at home versus the clinic on monitoring adherence in adults taking oral anticoagulant medications: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Price Lynndi M. , Hinton Elizabeth 
Published: April 2017

Review question/objective:
The objective of this review is to compare International Normalized Ratio (INR) monitoring adherence in two different settings: the outpatient INR clinic and the patient's home or residence. The review seeks to identify non-adherence trends in both settings to help providers determine which setting is best for patients on warfarin to improve INR monitoring adherence. Improved INR monitoring adherence correlates with maintaining routine INR testing.
Specifically, the review question is what is the effect of home point-of-care INR monitoring compared to clinic monitoring on INR monitoring adherence in adults taking oral anticoagulant medications?
Passive heat stress reduces circulating endothelial and platelet microparticles
Authors: Bain Anthony R. , Ainslie Philip N. , Bammert Tyler D. , Hijmans Jamie G. , Sekhon Mypinder , Hoiland Ryan L. , Flück Daniela , Donnelly Joseph , DeSouza Christopher A. 
Published: April 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does passive heat stress of +2°C oesophageal temperature change concentrations of circulating arterial endothelial‐ and platelet‐derived microparticles in healthy adults?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Concentrations of circulating endothelial‐ and platelet‐derived microparticles were markedly decreased in heat stress. Reductions in circulating microparticles might indicate favourable vascular changes associated with non‐pathological hyperthermia.

Interest in circulating endothelial‐ and platelet‐derived microparticles (EMPs and PMPs, respectively) has increased because of their potential pathogenic role in vascular disease and as biomarkers for vascular health. Hyperthermia is commonly associated with a pro‐inflammatory stress but might also provide vascular protection when the temperature elevation is non‐pathological. Circulating microparticles might contribute to the cellular adjustments and resultant vascular impacts of hyperthermia. Here, we determined whether circulating concentrations of arterial EMPs and PMPs are altered by passive heat stress (+2°C oesophageal temperature). Ten healthy young men (age 23 ± 3 years) completed the study. Hyperthermia was achieved by circulating ∼49°C water through a water‐perfused suit that covered the entire body except the hands, feet and head. Arterial (radial) blood samples were obtained immediately before heating (normothermia) and in hyperthermia. The mean ± SD oesophageal temperature in normothermia was 37.2 ± 0.1°C and in hyperthermia 39.1 ± 0.1°C. Concentrations of circulating EMPs and PMPs were markedly decreased in hyperthermia. Activation‐derived EMPs were reduced by ∼30% (mean ± SD; from 61 ± 8 to 43 ± 7 microparticles μl−1; P < 0.05) and apoptosis‐derived EMPs by ∼45% (from 46 ± 7 to 23 ± 3 microparticles μl−1; P < 0.05). Likewise, circulating PMPs were reduced by ∼75% in response to hyperthermia (from 256 ± 43 to 62 ± 14 microparticles μl−1). These beneficial reductions in circulating EMPs and PMPs in response to a 2°C increase in core temperature might partly underlie the reported vascular improvements following therapeutic bouts of physiological hyperthermia.