bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Attitudes toward People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Stuart Heather , Arboleda-Flórez Julio 
Published: January 2017

Objective: We surveyed public attitudes toward people with schizophrenia as part of a pilot project for the World Psychiatric Association's Global Campaign to Fight Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia. Methods: We conducted random-digit telephone surveys with 1653 respondents (aged 15 years or over) residing in 2 adjacent rural and urban health regions (71.9% response rate). A brief interview collected information on experiences with people with a mental illness or schizophrenia, knowledge of causes and treatments for schizophrenia, and levels of social distance felt toward people with schizophrenia. Results: One-half of the sample had known someone treated for schizophrenia or another mental illness. Of those able to identify a cause of schizophrenia (two-thirds), most identified a biological cause, usually a brain disease. Social distance increased with the level of intimacy required. One in 5 respondents thought they would be unable to maintain a friendship with, one-half would be unable to room with, and three-quarters would be unable to marry, someone with schizophrenia. Those over 60 were least knowledgeable or enlightened and the most socially distancing. Greater knowledge was associated with less-distancing attitudes. When other factors were controlled, exposure to the mentally ill was not correlated with knowledge or attitudes, even among those who had worked in agencies providing services to the mentally ill. Conclusions: Most respondents were relatively well informed and progressive in their reported understanding of schizophrenia and its treatment. Clear subgroup differences were apparent with respect to age and knowledge. Knowledge of schizophrenia, not exposure to the mentally ill, was a central modifiable correlate of stigma.
Should Psychologists Be Granted Prescription Privileges? A Review of the Prescription Privilege Debate for Psychiatrists
Authors: Lavoie Kim L , Fleet Richard P 
Published: January 2017

Background: The debate over whether clinical psychologists should be granted the right to prescribe psychoactive medication has received considerable attention over the last 2 decades in the US, but there has been relatively little discussion of this controversial topic among Canadian mental health professionals, namely psychologists and psychiatrists. Proponents of prescription privileges (PPs), including the American Psychological Association (APA), argue that psychologists do not and cannot function as independent professionals because the medical profession places many restrictions on their practice. It is believed that PPs would help circumvent professional psychology's impending marginalization by increasing psychology's scope of practice. Proponents also argue that PPs would enhance mental health services by increasing public access to professionals who can prescribe. Objective: The purpose of this article is to inform psychiatrists about the major arguments presented for and against PPs for psychologists and to discuss the major implications of PPs for both professional psychology and psychiatry. Methods: We conducted a literature search of relevant articles published from 1980 to the present appearing on Psychlit and Medline databases, using “prescription privileges” and “psychologists” as search titles. Conclusion: Although proponents present several compelling arguments in favour of PPs for psychologists, pilot projects relating to feasibility and efficacy are either sparse or incomplete. Thus, it is too soon to tell whether PPs could or should be pursued. Clearly, more research is needed before we conclude that PPs for psychologists are a safe and necessary solution to psychology's alleged impending marginalization.
Motivational Interviewing and Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: Chanut Florence , Brown Thomas G , Dongier Maurice 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Our objectives were as follows: 1) to survey the literature on motivational interviewing (MI), “a client-centered yet directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving client ambivalence” and a well-established method of brief intervention, especially in the field of addictions treatment; 2) to review hypotheses about its mode of action; and 3) to discuss its possible impact on clinical psychiatry, in particular, on teaching communications skills. Method: Literature reviews and metaanalyses of numerous clinical trials of MI for addictions treatment have already been published and are briefly summarized. So far, no literature survey exists for MI applied to psychiatric patients. This review is limited to a synthesis of the articles relevant to psychiatry and to comments based on our team's experiences with MI. Results: There is no evidence that MI achieves better results than other established techniques for treating addictions; it may simply work faster. The explanation for the method's rapid effectiveness remains speculative. Outcomes concerning the application of MI to psychiatric patients, although preliminary, are promising. Methods of assessing the integrity of MI treatment are more developed than in most psychotherapies, which permits the learning progress of trainees to be measured. Conclusions: MI offers a complement to usual psychiatric procedures. It may be worthwhile to teach it, not only for addictions but also for other broad treatment issues, such as enhancing patients' medication compliance and professionals' communication skills. Questions remain concerning MI's feasibility in psychiatry settings.
Prediction of Suicidality and Violence in Hospitalized Adolescents: Comparisons by Sex
Authors: Becker Daniel F , Grilo Carlos M 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine psychological correlates of suicidality and violent behaviour in hospitalized adolescents and the extent to which these associations may be affected by their sex. Method: A sample of 487 psychiatric inpatients (207 male, 280 female), aged 12 to 19 years, completed a battery of psychometrically sound self-report measures of psychological functioning, substance abuse, suicidality, and violent behaviour. We conducted multiple regression analyses to determine the joint and independent predictors of suicide risk and violence risk. In subsequent analyses, we examined these associations separately by sex. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that 9 variables (sex, age, hopelessness, self-esteem, depression, impulsivity, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and violence risk) jointly predicted suicide risk and that an analogous model predicted violence risk. However, we found several differences with respect to which variables made significant independent contributions to these 2 predictive models. Female sex, low self-esteem, depression, drug abuse, and violence risk made independent contributions to suicide risk. Male sex, younger age, hopelessness, impulsivity, drug abuse, and suicide risk made independent contributions to violence risk. We observed a few additional differences when we considered male and female subjects separately. Conclusions: We found overlapping but distinctive patterns of prediction for suicide risk and violence risk, as well as some differences between male and female subjects. These results may reflect distinct psychological and behavioural pathways for suicidality and violence in adolescent psychiatric patients and differing risk factors for each sex. Such differences have potential implications for prevention and treatment programs.
Changes in Mental Health Policy and Their Influence on Self-Injurious Behaviours in the Israeli Military Prison System
Authors: Iancu Iulian , Bodner Ehud , Sarel Amiram , Einat Haim 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Self-injurious behaviours (SIBs) are widespread among prisoners and are sometimes classified as potentially calculated acts intended to control others. Access to a psychiatrist may be valued by imprisoned soldiers seeking immediate release from service. The main goal of the study was to assess the effects of a new mental health regulation in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) prison system, which requires ordering an immediate interview with a psychiatrist for inmates performing SIBs. Method: Frequency of SIBs in 2 military prisons was examined and compared for 11 months before and 10 months after the implementation of the regulation. Severity of injuries and rates of release from service were examined for 4 months. Results: The frequency of SIBs significantly increased after the implementation of the regulation in one prison, but not in the other. No effect was found for rate of release from service or for severity of injuries. Conclusions: Increased accessibility to a psychiatrist for military prisoners may have resulted in increased motivation for inmates to perform SIBs. These effects are limited to the prison that serves a higher proportion of highly stressed soldiers.
A Review of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Use in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul B , Daskalakis Z Jeff 
Published: January 2017

Patients with schizophrenia often fail to respond to standard antipsychotic medications or have a partial treatment response. Few treatment options are available for these patients. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was developed and investigated over the last 10 years as a potential treatment option for various psychiatric conditions. Increasingly, studies are focusing on potential applications of rTMS in schizophrenia. To date, most of these studies were symptom-specific rather than focused on the treatment of the disorder in general. The most extensive literature focuses on the use of low-frequency stimulation to attempt to disrupt or reduce the intensity of persistent refractory auditory hallucinations. This research tends to suggest that rTMS could have a role in this subset of patients. There is also preliminary but limited evidence that rTMS could have a role in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and perhaps in augmenting cognitive function. These findings also highlight the pressing need for further research including multisite studies to confirm the value of these options.
The Effectiveness of Telemental Health Applications: A Review
Authors: Hailey David , Roine Risto , Ohinmaa Arto 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the evidence of benefit from use of telemental health (TMH) in studies that reported clinical or administrative outcomes. Method: Relevant publications were identified through computerized literature searches using several electronic databases. Included for review were scientifically valid articles that described controlled studies, comparing TMH with a non-TMH alternative, and uncontrolled studies that had no fewer than 20 participants. Quality of the evidence was assessed with an approach that considers both study performance and study design. Judgments were made on whether further data were needed to establish each TMH application as suitable for routine clinical use. Results: Included in the review were 72 papers that described 65 clinical studies; 32 (49%) studies were of high or good quality. Quality of evidence was higher for Internet- and telephone-based interventions than for video conferencing approaches. There was evidence of success with TMH in the areas of child psychiatry, depression, dementia, schizophrenia, suicide prevention, posttraumatic stress, panic disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders, and smoking prevention. Evidence of success for general TMH programs and in the management of obsessive–compulsive disorder were less convincing. Further study was judged to be necessary or desirable in 53 (82%) of the studies. Conclusion: Evidence of benefit from TMH applications is encouraging, though still limited. There is a need for more good-quality studies on the use of TMH in routine care. The emerging use of Internet-based applications is an important development that deserves further evaluation.
Nature et gravité du trouble de l'opposition avec provocation et du trouble des conduites selon qu'ils surviennent ensemble ou séparément chez l'enfant
Authors: Lapalme Mélanie , Déry Michèle 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: La cooccurrence des symptômes du trouble de l'opposition avec provocation et du trouble des conduites est particulièrement fréquente, une situation pouvant être liée à l'augmentation de la gravité (nombre et nature des symptômes) de chacun des troubles. L'objectif de notre étude est de déterminer si les symptômes du trouble oppositionnel et du trouble des conduites varient selon que ces troubles se présentent seuls ou ensemble chez les enfants. Méthode: Notre étude a été réalisée auprès de 406 enfants (6 à 13 ans) répartis en quatre groupes (trouble oppositionnel seul, trouble des conduites seul, trouble oppositionnel et trouble des conduites, témoin) ne se différenciant pas selon l'âge et le sexe. Des entrevues diagnostiques structurées, réalisées séparément auprès d'un parent et de l'enfant, ont permis d'évaluer le nombre moyen des symptômes de chaque trouble de même que la fréquence d'apparition de chacun des symptômes. Résultats: Lorsqu'ils surviennent ensemble, le trouble oppositionnel et le trouble des conduites se manifestent de manière plus grave que s'ils se présentent seuls, eu égard au nombre et à la nature des symptômes présentés. Aussi, les enfants ayant un trouble oppositionnel ou un trouble des conduites uniquement présentent également plus de symptômes de l'autre trouble et à des fréquences plus élevées que les enfants du groupe témoin. Conclusion: Les résultats de l'étude suggèrent de prendre en compte lors de l'évaluation, et possiblement de l'intervention, la présence des deux troubles à la fois.
Three-Year Outcome of Treatment in an Early Psychosis Program
Authors: Addington Jean , Addington Donald 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Studies defining the course and outcome of people experiencing their first episode psychosis (FEP) generally report an improvement in symptoms and functioning. Little is known about the follow-up arrangements offered topatients when their timein a FEP comes to an end. Method: Our study focuses on a sample of FEP patients ( n = 292) who were followed for up to 3 years in a multi-element specialized FEP service. Results: Improvement in positive symptoms and social functioning, but not negative symptoms, was observed in this sample both for people who completed 3 years in the program and for those who left early. About 40% were referred to specialized mental health services, whereas 24% were followed by their family physician. Patients who were followed by family physicians had decreased symptoms and improved functioning. Conclusion: Most patients treated in an early psychosis program will need follow-up, the largest group will require specialized mental health services in the community, but a significant group can be followed by family physicians.
Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Timing of Disclosure in a Representative Sample of Adults from Quebec
Authors: Hébert Martine , Tourigny Marc , Cyr Mireille , McDuff Pierre , Joly Jacques 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Our study sought to explore patterns of disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA) in a sample of adult men and women. Method: A telephone survey conducted with a representative sample of adults ( n = 804) from Quebec assessed the prevalence of CSA and disclosure patterns. Analyses were carried out to determine whether disclosure groups differed in terms of psychological distress and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, and a logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with prompt disclosure. Results: Prevalence of CSA was 22.1% for women and 9.7% for men. About 1 survivor out of 5 had never disclosed the abuse, with men more likely not to have told anyone, than women. Only 21.2% of adults reported prompt disclosure (within a month of the first abusive event), while 57.5% delayed disclosure (more than 5 years after the first episode). CSA victims who never disclosed the abuse and those who delayed disclosure were more likely to obtain scores of psychological distress and posttraumatic stress achieving clinical levels, compared with adults without a history of CSA. In the multivariate analysis, experiencing CSA involving a perpetrator outside the immediate family and being female were factors independently associated with prompt disclosure. Conclusion: A significant number of adult women and men reported experiencing CSA, and most victims attested to either not disclosing or significantly delaying abuse disclosure.
Psychological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Patients with Major Depression: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Rector Neil A , Cassin Stephanie E , Richter Margaret A 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: Participants ( n = 29) diagnosed with comorbid OCD and MDD were randomized to receive standard CBT for OCD or integrated CBT that included an exclusive focus on treating MDD in the first phase of treatment and OCD in the second phase of treatment. Results: Both treatments resulted in statistically significant improvements in OCD and MDD symptoms. Treatment effects and recovery rates in the intent-to-treat sample were lower in both treatments, compared with past studies that excluded patients with MDD. However, among treatment completers, both treatments resulted in statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in OCD and MDD symptoms. Conclusions: CBT holds promise as an efficacious treatment for people with comorbid OCD and MDD. The high treatment dropout rate with comorbid patients suggests that additional treatment strategies are required to enhance retention and optimize clinical outcomes.
Immigration and Suicidality in the Young
Authors: Lipsicas Cendrine Bursztein , Mäkinen Ilkka Henrik 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Little research has focused on the relation of immigration and suicidal behaviour in youth. Nevertheless, the impact of migration on the mental health of youth is an issue of increasing societal importance. This review aimed to present studies on the prevalence of suicidal behaviour in immigrant youth in various countries and to provide possible explanations for suicidal behaviour in immigrant youth, especially regarding acculturation. Methods: The review included a literature search to locate articles on the subject of suicidal behaviour in immigrant youth in the context of acculturation. Results: Studies on suicidal behaviour in culturally diverse youth are few and most of the existing research does not differentiate ethnic minorities from immigrants. Studies on epidemiology and on specific risk factors were found regarding various immigrant youth including Hispanics in the United States, Asians in North America and Europe, as well as comparative studies between different immigrant groups in specific countries. Conclusions: The relation between immigration status and suicidal behaviours in youth appears to vary by ethnicity and country of settlement. Time spent in the new country as well as intergenerational communication and conflicts with parents have, in many of the studies, been related to suicidality in immigrant youth. Summing up, there is a clear and urgent need to further pursue the work in this field, to develop targeted public health interventions as well as psychosocial treatment for preventing suicide in these youth.
Comparing Mental Health of Francophones in Canada, France, and Belgium: 12-Month and Lifetime Rates of Mental Health Service Use (Part 2)
Authors: Tempier Raymond , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Gilbert Fabien , Demyttenaere Koen , Bruffaerts Ronny , Lépine Jean-Pierre , Gasquet Isabelle , Lepnurm Marje , Lesage Alain , Puchala Chassidy , Mosier Karen , Kovess-Masféty Viviane 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To compare 12-month and lifetime service use for common mental disorders in 4 francophone subsamples using data from national mental health surveys in Canada, Quebec, France, and Belgium. This is the second article in a 2-part series comparing mental disorders and service use prevalence of French-speaking populations. Methods: Comparable World Mental Health-Composite International Diagnostic Interviews (WMH-CIDI) were administered to representative samples of adults (aged 18 years and older) in Canada during 2002 and in France and Belgium from 2001 to 2003. Two groups of francophone adults in Canada, in Quebec ( n = 7571) and outside Quebec ( n = 500), and respondents in Belgium ( n = 389) and France ( n = 1436) completed the French version of the population survey. Prevalence rates of common mental health service use were examined for major depressive episodes and specific anxiety disorders (that is, agoraphobia, social phobia, and panic disorder). Results: Overall, most francophones with mental disorders do not seek treatment. Canadians consulted more mental health professionals than their European counterparts, with the exception of psychiatrists. Conclusions: Patterns of service use are similar among francophone populations. Variations that exist may be accounted for by differences in health care resources, health care systems, and health insurance coverage.
Subtyping Study of a Pathological Gamblers Sample
Authors: Álvarez-Moya Eva Ma , Jiménez-Murcia Susana , Aymamí Ma Neus , Gómez-Peña Mónica , Granero Roser , Santamaría Juanjo , Menchón Jose M , Fernández-Aranda Fernando 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To classify into subgroups a sample of pathological gambling (PG) patients according to personality variables and to describe the subgroups at a clinical level. Method: PG patients ( n = 1171) were assessed with the South Oaks Gambling Screen; the Temperament and Character Inventory—Revised; the Symptom Checklist-90—Revised; Eysenck's Impulsivity Scales, a diagnostic questionnaire for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) PG criteria; and the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, Axis I disorders, substance use module. Clinical measures were collected through a semi-structured interview. We performed a 2-step cluster analysis based on the above-mentioned personality variables. Clinical data were compared across clusters. Results: Four clusters were generated. Type I (disorganized and emotionally unstable) showed schizotypic traits, high impulsiveness, substance and alcohol abuse, and early age of onset, as well as psychopathological disturbances. Type II (schizoid) showed high harm avoidance, social aloofness, and alcohol abuse. Type III (reward sensitive) showed high sensation seeking and impulsiveness but no psychopathological impairments. Type IV (high-functioning) showed a globally adaptive personality profile, low level of substance and alcohol abuse or smoking, and no psychopathological disturbances. Conclusions: At least 4 types of PG patients may be identified. Two types showed a response modulation deficit, but only one of them had severe psychopathological disturbances. Two other types showed no impulsiveness or sensation seeking and one of them even exhibited good general functioning. The different personality and clinical configuration of these clusters might be linked to different therapeutic approaches.