bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A supine cranio-spinal irradiation technique using moving field junctions
Authors: Mani Karthick Raj , Sapru Shantanu , Maria Das K. J. , Basu Ayan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Aim: To demonstrate a simple technique of cranio-spinal irradiation (CSI) in supine position using inter fraction moving field junctions to feather out any potential hot and cold spots.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients diagnosed with medulloblastoma were treated during the period February 2011 to June 2015 were included in this study. Out of fifteen patients in the study nine were male and 6 were female with a median age of 13.4 years (range 5-27 years). All the patients were positioned supine on CT simulation, immobilized using thermoplastic mask and aligned using room based laser system. Two parallel opposed lateral fields for the whole brain using an asymmetrical jaw with isocenter at C2 vertebral body. A posterior field also placed to cover the cervical and dorsal field using the same isocenter at C2. The second isocenter was placed at lumbar vertebral region to cover the remaining dorsal, lumbar and sacral region using an inter-fraction moving junction. Field-in-field and enhanced dynamic wedge used to homogeneous dose distribution when required.
Results and Discussion: In this study, we found that only two patients failed in the primary site, no radiation myelitis or recurrences in the filed junctions were reported in these fifteen patients with a median follow-up of 36.4 months. The automated sequence of treatment plans with moving junctions in the comfortable supine position negating the need for manual junction matching or junction shifts avoiding potential treatment errors and also facilitating delivery of anesthesia where necessary.
Predictive Value of Updating te Score Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Engine with Novel Biomarkers in a Type 2 Diabetes Population
Authors: Popa Loredana Mӑdӑlina , Timar Bogdan , Popa Amorin Remus , Popescu Mircea Ioachim 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground and Aims: The aim of the study was to estimate the predictive value of some new biomarkers in the assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a type 2 diabetes (T2DM) population and to perform a correlation between the SCORE risk results and the risk profile estimated by the use of these biomarkers. Finally, we aimed to establish if the CVD risk assessment can be improved by adding the biomarkers into the SCORE risk equation. Material and Methods: In the study population the CVD risk assessment was performed using the SCORE High Risk Chart. The new individual biomarkers were: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rate, albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), cystatin C, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and apolipoprotein B (apo-B). Results: The SCORE risk prediction model results were significantly altered by adding in the equation apo-B and HDLc values. An increase of one standard deviation of the apo-B values caused the increase of the SCORE results with 0.19 standard deviations while an increase of one standard deviation of the HDLc values decreased the SCORE results with 0.26 standard deviations. Conclusions: Advanced lipid testing, including the measurement of apo-B, provides a more comprehensive cardiac risk assessment and should be used in the development of specifically designed risk-scores for T2DM individuals.
Implementation of ecological network in existing conditions of municipal spatial management
Authors: Pawłat-Zawrzykraj Agata , Podawca Konrad 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Contemporary socio-economic development requires a rational and sustainable land management. The pressure for urbanization and building development, existing infrastructural barriers and creation of the new ones, contribute to fragmentation of landscape and thus increase isolation of biologically active areas. Idea of ecological network as a tool for maintaining ecological connectivity is not new and has broad theoretical bases, but implementation of this concept in real-life scenarios is very challenging. The article presents existing formal and legal possibilities of implementing ecological networks, enacted as a part of municipal spatial policy. Differentiated approach to implementation of the idea of ecological connectivity is presented on the example of two suburban municipalities Piaseczno and Góra Kalwaria. Ecological network and especially ecological corridors in these areas have varied status of nature conservation and development of investments is implemented either in accordance with local spatial development plans or, in case of lack of the plans, in accordance with development conditions decision. Analysis of changes in spatial development of the municipalities was used to identify risk areas of losing the ecological connectivity.
Application of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for description of soil microtopography changes in laboratory experiments
Authors: Stańczyk Tomasz , Baryła Anna 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In the study we evaluated spatial and quantitative changes in soil surface microtopography to describe water erosion process under simulated rain with use of a non-contact optical 3D scanner. The experiment was conducted in two variants: with and without drainage layer. Two clay soils collected from farmlands from the catchment of lake Zgorzała (Warsaw) were investigated. Six tests of simulated rain were applied, with 55 mm·h−1. The surface roughness and microrelief were determined immediately after every 10 min of rainfall simulation by 3D scanner. The volume of surface and underground runoff as well as soil moisture were measured. The surface points coordinates obtained while scanning were interpolated using natural neighbour method and GIS software to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with a 0.5 mm resolution. Two DEM-derived surface roughness indices: Random Roughness (RR) and Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) were used for microrelief description. Calculated values of both roughness factors have decreased with time under the influence of rainfall in all analyzed variants. During the sprinkling the moisture of all samples had been growing rapidly from air-dry state reaching values close to the maximum water capacity (37–48% vol.) in 20–30 min. Simultaneously the intensity of surface runoff was increasing and cumulative runoff value was: 17–35% for variants with drainage and 72–83% for the variants without drainage, relative to cumulative rainfall. The observed soil surface elevation changes were associated with aggregates decomposition, erosion and sedimentation, and above all, with a compaction of the soil, which was considered to be a dominant factor hindering the assessment of the erosion intensity of the of the scanned surface.
Trapping Aliens: Understanding the Complexities of Controlling Introduced Freshwater Crayfish in the United Kingdom
Authors: Adams Emily 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Invasive non-native species pose practical and ethical problems for the people tasked with their management. Invasive freshwater crayfish species in the UK threaten rare native crayfish and freshwater habitats, yet their control is beset with social, practical and environmental barriers to success. This paper draws on an interdisciplinary study of stakeholders involved in crayfish management in East Anglia to explore the management of non-native freshwater crayfish in the UK. It concludes that when standard methods of control fail, stakeholders are willing to consider unusual management suggestions such as commercial trapping, whilst recognising that these may bring their own problems.
Uniform Distribution of the Sequence of Balancing Numbers Modulo m
Authors: Ray Prasanta Kumar , Patel Bijan Kumar 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The balancing numbers and the balancers were introduced by Behera et al. in the year 1999, which were obtained from a simple diophantine equation. The goal of this paper is to investigate the moduli for which all the residues appear with equal frequency with a single period in the sequence of balancing numbers. Also, it is claimed that, the balancing numbers are uniformly distributed modulo 2, and this holds for all other powers of 2 as well. Further, it is shown that the balancing numbers are not uniformly distributed over odd primes.
On the Conjecture of Lehmer, Limit Mahler Measure of Trinomials and Asymptotic Expansions
Authors: Verger-Gaugry Jean-Louis 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLetn ≥2 be an integer and denote byθnthe real root in (0, 1) of the trinomialGn(X) = −1 +X+Xn. The sequence of Perron numbers(θn−1)n≥2$(\theta _n^{ - 1} )_{n \ge 2} $tends to 1. We prove that the Conjecture of Lehmer is true for{θn−1|n≥2}$\{ \theta _n^{ - 1} |n \ge 2\} $by the direct method of Poincaré asymptotic expansions (divergent formal series of functions) of the rootsθn,zj,n, ofGn(X) lying in|z|< 1, as a function ofn, jonly. This method, not yet applied to Lehmer’s problem up to the knowledge of the author, is successfully introduced here. It first gives the asymptotic expansion of the Mahler measuresM(Gn)=M(θn)=M(θn−1)${\rm{M}}(G_n ) = {\rm{M}}(\theta _n ) = {\rm{M}}(\theta _n^{ - 1} )$of the trinomialsGnas a function ofnonly, without invoking Smyth’s Theorem, and their unique limit point above the smallest Pisot number. Comparison is made with Smyth’s, Boyd’s and Flammang’s previous results. By this method we obtain a direct proof that the conjecture of Schinzel-Zassenhaus is true for{θn−1|n≥2}$\{ \theta _n^{ - 1} |n \ge 2\} $, with a minoration of the house, and a minoration of the Mahler measure M(Gn) better than Dobrowolski’s one. The angular regularity of the roots ofGn, near the unit circle, and limit equidistribution of the conjugates, forntending to infinity (in the sense of Bilu, Petsche, Pritsker), towards the Haar measure on the unit circle, are described in the context of the Erdős-Turán-Amoroso-Mignotte theory, with uniformly bounded discrepancy functions.
On Hausdorff Dimensions Related to Sets with Given Asymptotic and Gap Densities
Authors: Mišík Ladislav , Šustek Jan , Volkmann Bodo 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
For a set A of positive integers a
1
< a
2
< · · ·, let
d
(A),

d
¯

(
A
)

$\overline d (A)$

denote its lower and upper asymptotic densities. The gap density is defined as

λ
(
A
)
=
lim
⁡

sup

n
→
∞

a

n
+
1

a
n

$\lambda (A) = \lim \;{\rm sup} _{n \to \infty } {{a_{n + 1} } \over {a_n }}$

. The paper investigates the class 𝒢(α, β, γ) of all sets A with
d
(A) = α,

d
¯

(
A
)
=
β

$\overline d (A) = \beta $

and λ(A) = γ for given α, β, γ with 0 ≤ α ≤ β ≤ 1 ≤ γ and αγ ≤ β. Using the classical dyadic mapping

ϱ
(
A
)
=

∑

n
=
1

∞

χ
A

(
n
)

2
n

$\varrho (A) = \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^\infty {{{\chi _A (n)} \over {2^n }}} $

, where χA
is the characteristic function of A, the main result of the paper states that the ϱ-image set ϱ𝒢(α, β, γ) has the Hausdorff dimension

dim
ϱ
𝒢
(
α
,
β
,
γ
)
=
min
⁡

{

δ
(
α
)
,
δ
(
β
)
,

1
γ

max
⁡

σ
∈
[
α
γ
,
β
]

δ
(
σ
)

}

,

$$\dim \varrho \cal {G}(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ) = \min \left\{ {\delta (\alpha ),\delta (\beta ), { 1 \over \gamma }\mathop {\max }\limits_{\sigma \in [\alpha \gamma ,\beta ]} \delta (\sigma )} \right\},$$

where δ is the entropy function

δ
(
x
)
=
−
x

log
2

x
−
(
1
−
x
)

log
2

(
1
−
x
)
.

$$\delta (x) = - x\log _2 x - (1 - x)\;\log _2 (1 - x).$$
Convergence Results forr-Iterated Means of the Denominators of the Lüroth Series
Authors: Giuliano Rita 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn the present paper we extend two classic asymptotic results concerning convergence in probability and convergence in distribution for the denominators of the Lüroth series and obtain new theorems concerning the same two kinds of convergence for ther-iterated arithmetic means of such denominators. These results are extended tor-iterated weighted means.
Impact of food, alcohol and pH on modified-release hydrocortisone developed to treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Karunasena Nayananjani , Margetson Daniel N , Neal Greg , Whitaker Martin J , Ross Richard JM 
Published: January 2017

Background
We developed a modified-release hydrocortisone, Chronocort, to replace the cortisol rhythm in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Food, alcohol and pH affect drug absorption, and it is important to assess their impact when replicating a physiological rhythm.

Subjects and methods
In vitro dissolution to study impact of alcohol and pH on Chronocort. A phase 1, three-period, cross over study in 18 volunteers to assess the impact of food on Chronocort and to compare bioavailability to immediate-release hydrocortisone.

Results
In vitro dissolution of Chronocort was not affected by gastrointestinal pH up to 6.0 nor by an alcohol content up to 20% v/v. Food delayed and reduced the rate of absorption of Chronocort as reflected by a longer Tmax (fed vs fasted: 6.75 h vs 4.5 h, P = 0005) and lower Cmax (549.49 nmol/L vs 708.46 nmol/L, ratio 77% with CI 71–85). Cortisol exposure was similar in fed and fasted state: Geo LSmean ratio (CI) AUC0t for fed/fasted was 108.33% (102.30–114.72%). Cortisol exposure was higher for Chronocort compared to immediate-release hydrocortisone: Geo LSmean ratios (CI) 118.83% (111.58–126.54%); however, derived free cortisol showed cortisol exposure CIs were within 80.0–125.0%: Geo LSmean ratio (CI) for AUC0t 112.73% (105.33–120.65%).

Conclusions
Gastric pH ≤6.0 and alcohol do not affect hydrocortisone release from Chronocort. Food delays Chronocort absorption, but cortisol exposure is similar in the fasted and fed state and exposure as assessed by free cortisol is similar between Chronocort and immediate-release hydrocortisone.
Meiotic Consequences of Genetic Divergence Across the Murine Pseudoautosomal Region
Authors: Dumont Beth L 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The production of haploid gametes during meiosis is dependent on the homology-driven processes of pairing, synapsis, and recombination. On the mammalian heterogametic sex chromosomes, these key meiotic activities are confined to the pseudoautosomal region (PAR), a short region of near-perfect sequence homology between the X and Y chromosomes. Despite its established importance for meiosis, the PAR is rapidly evolving, raising the question of how proper X/Y segregation is buffered against the accumulation of homology-disrupting mutations. Here, I investigate the interplay of PAR evolution and function in two interfertile house mouse subspecies characterized by structurally divergent PARs, Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. castaneus. Using cytogenetic methods to visualize the sex chromosomes at meiosis, I show that intersubspecific F1 hybrids harbor an increased frequency of pachytene spermatocytes with unsynapsed sex chromosomes. This high rate of asynapsis is due, in part, to the premature release of synaptic associations prior to completion of prophase I. Further, I show that when sex chromosomes do synapse in intersubspecific hybrids, recombination is reduced across the paired region. Together, these meiotic defects afflict ∼50% of spermatocytes from F1 hybrids and lead to increased apoptosis in meiotically dividing cells. Despite flagrant disruption of the meiotic program, a subset of spermatocytes complete meiosis and intersubspecific F1 males remain fertile. These findings cast light on the meiotic constraints that shape sex chromosome evolution and offer initial clues to resolve the paradox raised by the rapid evolution of this functionally significant locus.
Detecting High-Order Epistasis in Nonlinear Genotype-Phenotype Maps
Authors: Sailer Zachary R , Harms Michael J 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
High-order epistasis has been observed in many genotype-phenotype maps. These multi-way interactions between mutations may be useful for dissecting complex traits and could have profound implications for evolution. Alternatively, they could be a statistical artifact. High-order epistasis models assume the effects of mutations should add, when they could in fact multiply or combine in some other nonlinear way. A mismatch in the “scale” of the epistasis model and the scale of the underlying map would lead to spurious epistasis. In this article, we develop an approach to estimate the nonlinear scales of arbitrary genotype-phenotype maps. We can then linearize these maps and extract high-order epistasis. We investigated seven experimental genotype-phenotype maps for which high-order epistasis had been reported previously. We find that five of the seven maps exhibited nonlinear scales. Interestingly, even after accounting for nonlinearity, we found statistically significant high-order epistasis in all seven maps. The contributions of high-order epistasis to the total variation ranged from 2.2 to 31.0%, with an average across maps of 12.7%. Our results provide strong evidence for extensive high-order epistasis, even after nonlinear scale is taken into account. Further, we describe a simple method to estimate and account for nonlinearity in genotype-phenotype maps.
Sistematización de la experiencia sobre las implicaciones bioéticas de la investigación en pediatría
Authors: Leiva-Díaz Viriam , Villalobos-Núñez Beatriz , Hernández-Rojas María Elena 
Published: January 2017

Introducción: La bioética es una rama de la ética que ha ido cobrando fuerza por la relevancia e impacto que ha tenido, no solo en el ámbito de la investigación, sino en otras como la intervención (bioética de la intervención) y lo social (bioética social).Desarrollo: Se muestran los resultados de la actividad de investigación “Implicaciones Bioéticas de la investigación en Pediatría”, realizada en el segundo semestre del 2013. En dicha actividad participaron tres expertos, en bioética y enfermería, investigación médica y derecho, mediante una descripción detallada de lo expuesto por los conferencistas para luego reflexionar acerca de lo presentado a la luz de la teoría. Es esencial reflexionar sobre un aspecto vital que se desprende de los resultados del foro y que se concreta en la pregunta ¿para qué se investiga en pediatría? Tal interrogante que pareciera por demás obvia, tiene implicaciones éticas, cuya respuesta sería para mejorar las condiciones de salud de la población infantil, sin embargo hay otros fines explícitos e implícitos que pueden poner en peligro este tan noble propósito. Como el desarrollo de la tecnología (techne) como aspiración humana, aunque por mucho tiempo la tecnología respondía a las necesidades del ser humano, no era una meta era un medio finito para fines bien definidos, lo cual ha cambiado.Conclusión: se encuentra que hay posiciones diversas en lo que respecta a la investigación pediátrica y su abordaje desde la bioética principialista o la casuística; la investigación en enfermería es vista como algo anexo y no substancial de la profesión, motivo por el que debe reflexionarse más respecto de la investigación de enfermería desde la interdisciplinariedad, sin olvidar que para quien investiga es un fin y no un medio.
Acompañamiento y cuidado holístico de enfermería en personas con enfermedades crónicas no adherentes al tratamiento
Authors: Veliz-Rojas Lizet , Bianchetti Saavedra Andrés 
Published: January 2017

Introducción. La enfermería apoya en forma continua a las personas en su proceso de adaptación a la enfermedad crónica, abordaje desde el que resulta esencial incorporar elementos holísticos en el acompañamiento y los cuidados con el propósito de enfocarse en la totalidad e integralidad de la persona y su entorno. Al respecto, el presente ensayo tiene como propósito reflexionar en torno a la importancia del acompañamiento y cuidados holísticos de enfermería en las personas con enfermedades crónicas no adherentes a su tratamiento. Dicha reflexión se basa en el concepto de adherencia terapéutica de la Organización Mundial de la salud y la mirada holística, humanizada y transpersonal de Jane Watson, principales referentes teóricos.Desarrollo. Los altos niveles de no adherencia terapéutica en las personas con enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles se constituye en uno de los principales desafíos al que se enfrenta la enfermería. Considerar a la persona con ECNT como un todo que posee una historia de vida, emociones, experiencias, valores y creencias socioculturales, es relevante para otorgar cuidados de calidad y favorecer la adherencia terapéutica.Conclusiones. Incorporar la mirada holística y humanista en los cuidados y acompañamiento de enfermería en las personas con ECNT deviene en una estrategia clave al momento de favorecer la adherencia terapéutica y, por ende, mejorar el bienestar y los niveles de control de estas enfermedades.
Necesidades educativas del estudiantado y personal docente respecto del fenómeno de la violencia escolar
Authors: López Navarro Laura , Quirós Alvarado Mauren Rebeca 
Published: January 2017

Introducción: El profesional en Enfermería favorece el crecimiento y desarrollo de los individuos, a través de la promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad mediante la educación en problemas de salud, tal como el fenómeno de la violencia escolar. Este artículo tiene como objetivo interpretar el fenómeno de la violencia escolar en los docentes y estudiantes de cuarto y quinto grado de una Escuela Pública en San Rafael Arriba de Desamparados, 2014. Método: enfoque cualitativo descriptivo que permite la implementación de distintas técnicas de recolección de datos con el fin de establecer, a través de la triangulación, las necesidades que afectan la realidad social. Resultados: Dentro de los principales hallazgos se identificó la dificultad para establecer adecuados canales de comunicación entre docentes y estudiantes; carencia de habilidades personales que les permitan desarrollar acciones para la identificación y contención en la temática de la violencia escolar. Ambas poblaciones destacaron la importancia de la familia como pilar en el desarrollo del individuo y en la obtención de límites, valores, y comunicación asertiva para desenvolverse en la sociedad y así construir una cultura de paz. Conclusión: La violencia escolar es una problemática de salud pública, por ende, el abordaje desde la Enfermería Pediátrica debe continuar, puesto que brinda conocimiento y destrezas para planificar y ejecutar programas preventivos en las poblaciones participantes.