bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Moisture‐Temperature Coupling in a Set of Land Surface Models
Authors: Gevaert A. I. , Miralles D. G. , de Jeu R. A. M. , Schellekens J. , Dolman A. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe land surface controls the partitioning of water and energy fluxes and therefore plays a crucial role in the climate system. The coupling between soil moisture and air temperature, in particular, has been shown to affect the severity and occurrence of temperature extremes and heat waves. Here we study soil moisture‐temperature coupling in five land surface models, focusing on the terrestrial segment of the coupling in the warm season. All models are run off‐line over a common period with identical atmospheric forcing data, in order to allow differences in the results to be attributed to the models' partitioning of energy and water fluxes. Coupling is calculated according to two semiempirical metrics, and results are compared to observational flux tower data. Results show that the locations of the global hot spots of soil moisture‐temperature coupling are similar across all models and for both metrics. In agreement with previous studies, these areas are located in transitional climate regimes. The magnitude and local patterns of model coupling, however, can vary considerably. Model coupling fields are compared to tower data, bearing in mind the limitations in the geographical distribution of flux towers and the differences in representative area of models and in situ data. Nevertheless, model coupling correlates in space with the tower‐based results (r = 0.5–0.7), with the multimodel mean performing similarly to the best‐performing model. Intermodel differences are also found in the evaporative fractions and may relate to errors in model parameterizations and ancillary data of soil and vegetation characteristics.
Impact of Canopy Decoupling and Subcanopy Advection on the Annual Carbon Balance of a Boreal Scots Pine Forest as Derived From Eddy Covariance
Authors: Jocher Georg , Marshall John , Nilsson Mats B. , Linder Sune , De Simon Giuseppe , Hörnlund Thomas , Lundmark Tomas , Näsholm Torgny , Ottosson Löfvenius Mikaell , Tarvainen Lasse , Wallin Göran , Peichl Matthias 
Published: December 2017

AbstractApparent net uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) during wintertime by an ∼ 90 year old Scots pine stand in northern Sweden led us to conduct canopy decoupling and subcanopy advection investigations over an entire year. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements ran simultaneously above and within the forest canopy for that purpose. We used the correlation of above‐ and below‐canopy standard deviation of vertical wind speed (σw) as decoupling indicator. We identified 0.33 m s−1 and 0.06 m s−1 as site‐specific σw thresholds for above‐ and below‐canopy coupling during nighttime (global radiation <20 W m−2) and 0.23 m s−1 and 0.06 m s−1 as daytime (global radiation >20 W m−2) σw thresholds. Decoupling occurred in 53% of the annual nighttime and 14% of the annual daytime. The annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross ecosystem exchange (GEE), and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived via two‐level filtered EC data were −357 g C m−2, −1,138 g C m−2, and 781 g C m−2, respectively. In comparison, both single‐level friction velocity (u*) and quality filtering resulted in ~ 22% higher NEE, mainly caused by ~ 16% lower Reco. GEE remained similar among filtering regimes. Accounting for changes of CO2 storage across the canopy in the single‐level filtered data could only marginally decrease these discrepancies. Consequently, advection appears to be responsible for the major part of this divergence. We conclude that the two‐level filter is necessary to adequately address decoupling and subcanopy advection at our site, and we recommend this filter for all forested EC sites.
Social structure, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: García Juan Carlos Moreno 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The social structure of Pharaonic Egypt included several major groups. At the top, an elite formed by court officials, high administrators and provincial potentates, was bound together via institutions such as temples and the royal palace. Sub‐elites constituted a more amorphous social sector, integrated both by low‐ranking officials and by informal authorities that controlled the rural sphere (villages, local networks of patronage, etc.). Peasants, probably the majority of the Egyptian population, displayed a great diversity of situations, from wealthy peasants to compulsory cultivators whose condition was close to serfdom. Finally, mobile populations and foreigners are well attested in the Nile Valley, especially in trading centers and crossroads such as Elephantine. Social mobility was possible, but formal and informal institutions (such as patronage) contributed to the rigidity of social structures, unless exceptional circumstances (foreign expansion, collapse of the monarchy) helped dynamize social promotion or change.
Beds
Authors: Nissin Laura 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAs a permanent structure for reclining, Greeks and Romans used furniture that combined the functions of couch and bed. These bed‐couches (kline, lectus) served as the place for dining, sleeping, convalescence, love‐making, and literary activities. The standard form of Greek and Roman bed consists of a rectangular frame, four legs, possible head and foot boards, and a grid for supporting the mattress. Bed legs were either animal‐shaped, turned on a lathe, rectangular, or decorated with incisions. Wood was the most common construction material, but metal fittings and ornamental elements of more precious materials such as bronze, silver, bone, and ivory were also used. Bedclothes were most commonly made of linen and wool.
Incense
Authors: Tatomir Renata G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Flavored materials and fragrance are the two main characteristics which made incense famous throughout the ancient world. Since prehistory people have used the perfumes released by many burning materials in religious rituals, cosmetics, or for therapeutic reasons. In antiquity incense was prized by all civilizations, having sacred connotations, related to gods and eternal life. Trade routes crossed the Ancient East in search of ingredients. Two resins especially were valued, on a par with gold: the frankincense and myrrh from Southern Arabia. In ancient Egypt incense was a powerful manifestation of the gods.
Literature, Hellenistic
Authors: Clauss James J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The extant literature of the Hellenistic period, primarily poetry, is characterized by learnedness, interest in non‐traditional topics, and a blending of previously discrete genres as a way of distinguishing itself from earlier Classical masterpieces. The most prolific center of intellectual life during this period was Alexandria with its celebrated Library and Museum that attracted some of the greatest minds of the period in all areas of research. The rulers of Alexandria and other Hellenistic capitals underwrote the establishment of Hellenic culture abroad by offering financial support for scholars who assisted in the project of collecting and organizing Archaic and Classical literature and participated in the creation of new ways of reimagining traditional literature, especially as seen in the incorporation of their research in their various writings, both in poetry and prose.
Diaspora (Greece and Rome)
Authors: Mimouni Simon C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Large migrating movements, facilitated by a high birth rate, as well as political, military, and economic factors, led to the establishment of flourishing Judean communities in the Hellenistic kingdoms and in the Roman and Iranian Empires, for example, at Alexandria in Egypt and Seleukia‐Ktesiphon in Babylonia. If the Judeans were seduced by the Hellenistic
paideia
, they appropriated Greek culture by differentiating it from Greek worship and yet picking up its philosophical wisdom (with many necessary adjustments), acknowledging the supremacy of the
Torah
. As Judaism was a missionary religion, many pagans could become sympathizers or proselytes. Later, the spread of Christianity would take advantage of this very permeable and densely populated milieu.
Ritual
Authors: Pedrucci Giulia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn a generic way, a ritual is a formalized and symbolic act or behavior. It can be both secular and religious. Many secular performances can include some religious dimension, and almost all religious activities involve some secular performing. Frequently, worship, theater, dance, music, and healing overlap. To go on a pilgrimage, to light a candle, to offer food, to sing a prayer or medical incantations, but also to meditate in silence like Buddhist monks, can be defined as rituals. Activities such as veterans’ parades, club meetings, Halloween parties, or even hand‐shaking should be more properly labeled as ritual‐like activities. Ritual is a specific observable mode of behavior present in all known societies. As a behavioral pattern, ritual can thus be seen as a way of defining or describing humans (and, according to biologists and ethologists, a way of defining animals in general).
Canopus
Authors: Blouin Katherine 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Canopus (Abuqir) was an ancient harbor town located 15 km east of Alexandria, at the mouth of the now vanished Canopic branch of the Nile and close to Thonis‐Heracleion, which was Egypt's main trade post from the seventh to the fifth and fourth centuries
bce
. The town was also known for its temple of Sarapis and, later, for its martyrium of St John and St Cyril. Current evidence indicates that it was occupied sometime before the sixth century
bce
until the eighth century
ce
. Shortly after the Arab conquest, a substantial part of Canopus sank into the Mediterranean Sea. The pre‐Hellenistic origin of the urban area encompassing Canopus and Thonis‐Heracleion, like the Pharaonic occupation of nearby Plinthine and evidence of long‐distance trade of copper in the Maryut Lagoon and Alexandria Bay, indicates that the northwestern Nile delta was fully integrated into Egyptian and international connectivity networks long before Alexander the Great's conquest.
Arkesilaos of Pitane
Authors: Bett Richard 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Arkesilaos was the first skeptical head of the Academy. He claimed to revive a Socratic practice of question and answer, with a view to generating skeptical suspension of judgment (
epochê
). But he is also reported to have claimed that nothing could be known, which is inconsistent with
epochê
, and to have promoted
epochê
itself as a positive good, which again looks like a definite position. One may interpret these remarks “dialectically”: that is, as showing other philosophers what they are committed to, rather than as positions adopted by Arkesilaos himself. However, while some of his activity (especially against the Stoics) seems to support this interpretation, his widely reported enthusiasm for
epochê
seems hard to square with it. But perhaps this enthusiasm can be understood as a preference deriving from a basic concern for intellectual integrity. Arkesilaos also appealed to "the reasonable" as a way of making choices while suspending judgment.
Tauros
Authors: Lakmann Marie‐Luise 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLukios Kalbenos Tauros of Berytus was a Middle Platonic philosopher of the second centuryce. He was an appreciated teacher who ran a private school in Athens. His famous pupil Aulus Gellius offers interesting insights into the school life. Most of Tauros’ numerous philosophical treatises are lost; only the Christian philosopher John Philoponos preserved extensive fragments of hisCommentary on Plato's Timaeus, exemplifying Tauros’ philological and philosophical skills as a Platonic commentator. Both sources together paint a multifaceted picture of this fascinating Platonist.
Anavlochos in Crete
Authors: Gaignerot‐Driessen Florence 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The Anavlochos mountain range controls the Mirabello valley, which links eastern and central Crete. Evidence for Minoan Middle II cultic activities were noted on the highest peak of Vigla. The rest of the ridge was occupied during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Surveys and excavations revealed settlement sites, a large cemetery area, and several votive deposits.
Hagnon, Athenian
strategos
and founder of Amphipolis
Authors: de Martinis Livia 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Hagnon was an Athenian politician and
strategos
, son of a merchant and father of Theramenes. For the first part of his life he was an associate of Perikles, but after Perikles’ death he became involved in oligarchic politics. In 438/7
bce
Hagnon amended a decree proposed by Drakontides concerning Perikles’ financial accounts to the latter's benefit. In 437/6
bce
he founded Amphipolis, at the mouth of the river Strymon. He was elected
strategos
several times: in 440/39
bce
, during the Samian War; in 437/6
bce
, when he led the settlers who founded Amphipolis; in 431/0
bce
, when he brought reinforcements to the Athenian army besieging Poteidaia; in 429/8
bce
, when he sided with the Thracian dynast Sitalkes against the Macedonian King Perdikkas. In 421
bce
he was one of the signatories of the peace of Nikias. In 413 Hagnon was one of the ten
probouloi
appointed to give advice in the crisis after the Sicilian disaster.
Ortiagon
Authors: Gale Liam 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Ortiagon was a leader of the Galatian Tolistobogii during the early second century
bce
. He was defeated by the Romans in 189
bce
and was allied to Prusias of Bithynia in the war against Eumenes II of Pergamon in 184
bce
. Ortiagon was an exponent of Greek culture and is one of the earliest Galatians to appear as a distinct individual in the sources.
Gambling
Authors: Toner Jerry 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGambling was widely popular in antiquity and took place in a variety of forms, being particularly associated with taverns. This close connection with popular culture meant that gambling was viewed by elites as being morally suspect and resulted in its being largely illegal in the Roman world. From the point of view of the average participant, gambling taught valuable life skills and attitudes, such as the importance of windfall economics, the rules of local social interaction, and how to control risk.
Tabula Peutingeriana
Authors: Fodorean Florin‐Gheorghe 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The so‐called Tabula Peutingeriana, now kept in the National Library of Vienna, is a thirteenth‐century copy of a document dating to the late Roman period, possibly the fifth century
ce
. It is mentioned for the first time in the will of Konrad Pickel Celtes, who donated the document to Konrad Peutinger, a famous humanist born in Augsburg who worked as counselor for Emperor Maximilian I. Originally a parchment roll, 672 cm wide by 33 cm long, the document is preserved today in eleven segments. The Peutinger map is an
itinerarium pictum
, depicting the entire world known by the Romans (
oikoumene
) from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Far East and India, covering parts of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It provides a considerable amount of information, including the main roads of the Roman Empire; around 2700 place names; 555 vignettes, divided in seven categories, including three special vignettes, depicting the cities of Rome, Antioch, and Constantinople; and elements of the landscape, such as large or small rivers, mountains, islands, and so on. Even though dozens of articles and several books on the map have been published, the dating of the lost original document remains problematic.
Lydiadas of Megalopolis
Authors: Nicholson Emma 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Lydiadas (also Lydiades) rose to power as tyrant of Megalopolis ca. 245
bce
, but abdicated from his position and joined his city to the Achaian League in 235
bce
. He quickly rose to prominence in the League, was elected
strategos
three times, and became a rival of the influential Aratos of Sikyon. He encouraged the Achaians to wage war against the Spartan king, Kleomenes III, in 229
bce
and died in battle defending his city in 226
bce
.
Starr, Chester Gibbs, Jr. (1914–99)
Authors: Ober Josiah 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChester G. Starr (1914–99) was a distinctive and influential American figure in the study of the ancient world. His interests ranged across a wide span of history, from pre‐Homeric Greece to Achaemenid Persia to the Roman Empire of Constantine and Theodosius. He championed the historical analysis of physical evidence, examined the nature of the Greek spirit, and the growth of the Greek economy.
Antidamas Heracleopolitanus
Authors: Champion Craige B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Antidamas of Heraklea may have written a history of Alexander the Great and a work on moral philosophy. Since he is mentioned (only twice) in Fulgentius’
The explanation of obsolete words
, of the fifth century
ce
, we cannot be sure that Antidamas is not the fictitious creation of Fulgentius.
Androitas of Tenedos
Authors: Goldberg Charles 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Androitas of Tenedos was an ancient historian of the Sea of Marmara region about whom next to nothing is known besides the fact that he wrote a local history entitled
Circumnavigation of the Propontis
. A sole fragment of his survives in a
scholion
to Apollonius Rhodius’
Argonautika
describing the geographical location of one of the Argonauts’ adventures.
Androkles
Authors: Goldberg Charles 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Androkles was the author of a work called
On Cyprus
, which survives in only a single fragment in the
Etymologicum Magnum
. An “Androkles” is also mentioned in two Cyprian inscriptions and in two works by the historian Arrian as the fourth‐century
bce
king of Amathus in southern Cyprus, and some modern scholars have proposed identifying the author and ancient king as the same man.
Leontios, Macedonian
Authors: Nicholson Emma 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLeontios (?–218bce) was Captain of the Peltasts during the reign of Philip V of Macedon. According to Polybius, he was involved in the “Apelles Conspiracy” (219–218bce) which allegedly aimed to sabotage the king's relationship with the Achaian League, its leader Aratos of Sikyon, and his military operations against Aitolia in the Social War (220–217bce). He was executed by Philip in 218bcefollowing a mutiny among the peltasts andagema,and the production of letters indicating his involvement in the supposed plot.
Synthetic Cells Synthesize Therapeutic Proteins inside Tumors
Authors: Krinsky Nitzan , Kaduri Maya , Zinger Assaf , Shainsky‐Roitman Janna , Goldfeder Mor , Benhar Itai , Hershkovitz Dov , Schroeder Avi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSynthetic cells, artificial cell‐like particles, capable of autonomously synthesizing RNA and proteins based on a DNA template, are emerging platforms for studying cellular functions and for revealing the origins‐of‐life. Here, it is shown for the first time that artificial lipid‐based vesicles, containing the molecular machinery necessary for transcription and translation, can be used to synthesize anticancer proteins inside tumors. The synthetic cells are engineered as stand‐alone systems, sourcing nutrients from their biological microenvironment to trigger protein synthesis. When pre‐loaded with template DNA, amino acids and energy‐supplying molecules, up to 2 × 107 copies of green fluorescent protein are synthesized in each synthetic cell. A variety of proteins, having molecular weights reaching 66 kDa and with diagnostic and therapeutic activities, are synthesized inside the particles. Incubating synthetic cells, encoded to secrete Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) with 4T1 breast cancer cells in culture, resulted in killing of most of the malignant cells. In mice bearing 4T1 tumors, histological evaluation of the tumor tissue after a local injection of PE‐producing particles indicates robust apoptosis. Synthetic cells are new platforms for synthesizing therapeutic proteins on‐demand in diseased tissues.
Nanocarrier‐Mediated Photochemotherapy and Photoradiotherapy
Authors: Denkova Antonia G. , de Kruijff Robine M. , Serra‐Crespo Pablo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhotothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) both utilize light to induce a therapeutic effect. These therapies are rapidly gaining importance due to the noninvasiveness of light and the limited adverse effect associated with these treatments. However, most preclinical studies show that complete elimination of tumors is rarely observed. Combining PDT and PTT with chemotherapy or radiotherapy can improve the therapeutic outcome and simultaneously decrease side effects of these conventional treatments. Nanocarriers can help to facilitate such a combined treatment. Here, the most recent advancements in the field of photochemotherapy and photoradiotherapy, in which nanocarriers are employed, are reviewed.
Chemiresistive and Chemicapacitive Devices Formed via Morphology Control of Electroconductive Bio‐nanocomposites
Authors: Aggas John R. , Lutkenhaus Jodie , Guiseppi‐Elie Anthony 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChemiresistive and chemicapacitive circuit elements are fashioned from polymer thin films that are bio‐nanocomposites of polyaniline‐chloride (PAn‐Cl) nanofibers within a chitosan (CHI) matrix deposited on microfabricated electrodes (IAME‐co‐IME; 2 µm lines and 1 µm spacing). UV–vis spectroscopy of 0–100 wt% PAn‐Cl/CHI confirms no electronic coupling between PAn and CHI. When aqueous dispersions of the bio‐nanocomposite are slow dried or cast, frozen, and lyophilized, they produce dense (chemiresistive) or highly porous foam (chemicapacitive) membranes. Studied in air, deionized water, and in physiological buffers (PBS and HEPES), four‐band probe measurements of the ionic to polaronic conduction show a conductivity that is composition dependent with a percolation threshold of ≈30 wt%. Cyclic voltammetry reveals all compositions to be electroactive. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows that resistive and capacitive properties can be controlled by composition and morphology with 50–50 wt% being favored. EIS modeling confirms a modified Randles circuit of low chi‐square values (<0.05) that appropriately models the chemiresistive and chemicapacitive properties. DC offset voltages can externally control the predominantly chemiresistive and chemicapacitive properties of the devices for biosensor and biocircuit applications.