bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyelectrolyte/carbon nanotube composite microcapsules and drug release triggered by laser irradiation
Authors: Saito Haruyuki , Kato Noritaka 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The fabrication of stimuli-responsive capsules is one of the hot topics in the research field of drug delivery systems. Near-infrared (NIR) light is one of the promising stimuli, because of its high transparency to biological tissues, and NIR-responsive capsules have been fabricated using various NIR-adsorbing materials. Here, we employed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as the NIR-adsorbing material, and microcapsules containing SWCNTs were fabricated by a combination of the layer-by-layer and template-assisted methods. The anti-cancer drug was loaded into the capsules, and the release rates in the dark and under NIR laser irradiation were compared. Distinct release was confirmed in the latter case, whereas almost no release was detected in the former case, indicating that the SWCNT molecule is a suitable light absorber for use with optically addressable drug carriers.
Micropolar effect on the cataclastic flow and brittle‐ductile transition in high‐porosity rocks
Authors: Zheng Zheyuan , Sun WaiChing , Fish Jacob 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA micromechanical distinct element method (DEM) model is adopted to analyze the grain‐scale mechanism that leads to the brittle‐ductile transition in cohesive‐frictional materials. The cohesive‐frictional materials are idealized as particulate assemblies of circular disks. While the frictional sliding of disks is sensitive to the normal compressive stress exerted on contacts, normal force can be both caused by interpenetration and long‐range cohesive bonding between two particles. Our numerical simulations indicate that the proposed DEM model is able to replicate the gradual shift of porosity change from dilation to compaction and failure pattern from localized failures to cataclastic flow upon rising confining pressure in 2‐D biaxial tests. More importantly, the micropolar effect is examined by tracking couple stress and microcrack initiation to interpret the transition mechanism. Numerical results indicate that the first invariant of the couple stress remains small for specimen sheared under low confining pressure but increases rapidly when subjected to higher confining pressure. The micropolar responses inferred from DEM simulations reveal that microcracking may occur in a more diffuse and stable manner when the first invariant of the macroscopic couple stress are of higher magnitudes.
Addendum zu 1,3‐Butadien [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2013]
Authors: Göen T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractVeröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:Auswahl der Indikatoren und UntersuchungsmaterialienBelastung und BeanspruchungUntersuchungsmethodenHintergrundbelastungEvaluierung der Biologischen Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR)Evaluierung der EKAInterpretation
Addendum zu 1,4‐Dioxan [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2013]
Authors: Walter D. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR)
, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Kinetik

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen externer und interner Belastung

Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes

Interpretation
Chlorierte Biphenyle [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2012]
Authors: Kraus Th. , Rettenmeier A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR)
, 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik

Aufnahme, Verteilung und Ausscheidung

Metabolismus

KritischeToxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierung

Interpretation der Untersuchungsdaten
γ‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐Hexachlorcyclohexan (Lindan), Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2001]
Authors: Angerer J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA)
, 10. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2001

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung der BAT‐Werte

Allgemeiner Wirkungscharakter

Kritische Toxizität

Evaluierung des BAT‐Werts
Understanding variability in the hinterlands: settlement and subsistence inMiloli‘i,Kaua‘i,HawaiianIslands
Authors: KAHN JENNIFER G. , KAWELU KATHY , WICHMAN VICTORIA , CARPENTER ALAN B. , MOORE SUMMER , HUNT TERRY 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTRecent archaeological excavations in Miloli‘i Valley, Kaua‘i are discussed to provide data from an isolated and marginal hinterland, far removed from the island's political centres. We develop a chronological sequence of site construction and use and discuss the nature of pre‐contact Hawaiian settlement and subsistence. We also outline elements of human–environment interactions from the settlement period to the protohistoric era, and provide tentative comparisons of the Miloli‘i hinterland sequence with those from core areas in the late prehistoric political hierarchy. Our case study highlights the degree to which inter‐ and intra‐island variability remain relatively under‐studied in the Hawaiian context.
Radio properties of Compact Steep Spectrum and GHz‐Peaked Spectrum radio sources
Authors: Orienti M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCompact steep spectrum (CSS) and GHz‐peaked spectrum (GPS) radio sources represent a large fraction of the extragalactic objects in flux density‐limited samples. They are compact, powerful radio sources whose synchrotron peak frequency ranges between a few hundred MHz to several GHz. CSS and GPS radio sources are currently interpreted as objects in which the radio emission is in an early evolutionary stage. In this contribution I review the radio properties and the physical characteristics of this class of radio sources, and the interplay between their radio emission and the ambient medium of the host galaxy. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radio source evolution
Authors: Perucho M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBaldwin (1982) wrote that “the distribution of sources in the radio luminosity, P, overall physical size, D, diagram” could be considered as “the radio astronomer's H‐R diagram”. However, unlike the case of stars, not only the intrinsic properties of the jets, but also those of the host galaxy and the intergalactic medium are relevant to explain the evolutionary tracks of radio radio sources. In this contribution I review the current status of our understanding of the evolution of radio sources from a theoretical and numerical perspective, using the P ‐D diagram as a framework. An excess of compact (linear size ≤10 kpc) sources could be explained by low‐power jets being decelerated within the host galaxy, as shown by recent numerical simulations. Finally, I discuss the possible tracks that radio sources may follow within this diagram, and the physical processes that can explain the different tracks. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Fermi ‐LAT view of young radio sources
Authors: D'Ammando F. , Orienti M. , Giroletti M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCompact Symmetric Objects (CSO) are considered to be the young version of Fanaroff‐Riley type I and type II radio galaxies, with typical sizes smaller than 1 kpc and ages of the order of a few thousand years. Before the launch of the Fermi satellite, young radio sources were predicted to emerge as a possible new y‐ray emitting population detectable by the Large Area Telescope (LAT). After more than 6 years of Fermi operation, the question of young radio sources as y‐ray emitting objects still remains open. In this contribution, we discuss candidate y‐ray emitting CSO and future perspective for detecting young radio sources with Fermi ‐LAT. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accretion in active galactic nuclei and disk‐jet coupling
Authors: Czerny B. , You B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe review the current state of understanding how accretion onto a black hole proceeds and what the key elements needed to form relativistic jets are. Theoretical progress is severely undermined by the lack of thorough understanding of the microphysics involved in accretion discs and in the formation of jets, particularly in the presence of strong magnetic fields. Therefore, all proposed solutions are still models that need to be validated by observational constraints. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NH‐NHI correlation in gigahertz‐peaked‐spectrum galaxies
Authors: Ostorero L. , Morganti R. , Diaferio A. , Siemiginowska A. , Stawarz Ł. , Moderski R. , Labiano A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWith the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, we performed H I observations of a sample of known X‐ray emitting Gigahertz‐peaked‐spectrum galaxies with compact‐symmetric‐object morphology (GPS/CSOs) that lacked an H I absorption detection. We combined radio and X‐ray data of the full sample of X‐ray emitting GPS/CSOs and found a significant, positive correlation between the column densities of the total and neutral hydrogen (NH and NHI, respectively). Using a Bayesian approach, we simultaneously quantified the parameters of the NH‐NHI relation and the intrinsic spread of the data set. For a specific subset of our sample, we found NH ∝ N, with b = 0.93+0.49–0.33, and ωint(NH) = 1.27+1.30–0.40. The NH‐NHI correlation suggests a connection between the physical properties of the radio and X‐ray absorbing gas. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PKS B1718‐649: An H I and H2 perspective on the birth of a compact radio source
Authors: Maccagni F. M. , Santoro F. , Morganti R. , Oosterloo T. A. , Oonk J. B. R. , Emonts B. H. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe present neutral hydrogen (H I) and warm molecular hydrogen (H2) observations of the young (102 yr) radio galaxy PKS B1718‐649. We study the morphology and the kinematics of both gas components, focusing, in particular, on their properties in relation to the triggering of the radio activity. The regular kinematics of the large scale H i disk, seen in emission, suggests that an interaction event occurred too long ago to be responsible for the recent triggering of the radio activity. In absorption, we detect two absorption lines along the narrow line of sight of the compact (r < 2 pc) radio source. The lines trace two clouds with opposite radial motions. These may represent a population of clouds in the very inner regions of the galaxy, which may be involved in triggering the radio activity. The warm molecular hydrogen (H2 1‐0 S(1) ro‐vibrational line) in the innermost kilo‐parsec of the galaxy appears to be distributed in a circum‐nuclear disk following the regular kinematics of the H I and of the stellar component. An exception to this behaviour arises only in the very centre, where a highly dispersed component is detected. These particular H I and H2 features suggest that a strong interplay between the radio source and the surrounding ISM is ongoing. The physical properties of the cold gas in the proximity of the radio source may regulate the accretion recently triggered in this AGN. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The impact of compact radio sources on their host galaxies: observations
Authors: Tadhunter C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractI review the observational evidence that CSS/GPS radio sources have a significant impact on the evolution of their host galaxies, particularly on the kpc‐scales of the galaxy bulges. Starting with an overview of the observational evidence for jet‐cloud interactions and warm ionised outflows in CSS/GPS sources, I then consider the challenges involved in quantifying the feedback effect of the warm outflows in terms of their mass outflow rates and kinetic powers. For the best‐observed cases it is shown that the warm outflows may have a major negative feedback effect in the very central regions, but probably lack the power to heat and eject the full cool ISM contents of the host galaxies. In contrast, the recently‐discovered neutral and molecular outflows are more massive and powerful and therefore carry more destructive potential. However, the feedback effect of such outflows is not necessarily negative: there is now clear observational evidence that the molecular outflows are formed as the hot, compressed gas cools behind fast shocks driven into the ISM by the relativistic jets. The natural endpoint of this process is the formation of stars. Therefore, jet‐induced star formation may be a significant process in CSS/GPS radio galaxies. Finally, I discuss whether CSS/GPS sources are “imposters” in flux‐limited radio samples, due the flux boosting of the radio sources by strong jet‐cloud interactions in the early stages of radio source evolution. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tracing the neutral gas environments of young radio AGN with ASKAP
Authors: Allison J.R. , Sadler E.M. , Moss V.A. , Harvey‐Smith L. , Heywood I. , Indermuehle B.T. , McConnell D. , Sault R. J. , Whiting M. T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAt present neutral atomic hydrogen (H I) gas in galaxies at redshifts above z ∼ 0.3 (the extent of 21 cm emission surveys in individual galaxies) and below z ∼ 1.7 (where the Lyman‐α line is not observable with ground‐based telescopes) has remained largely unexplored. The advent of precursor telescopes to the Square Kilometre Array will allow us to conduct the first systematic radio‐selected 21 cm absorption surveys for H I over these redshifts. While H I absorption is a tracer of the reservoir of cold neutral gas in galaxies available for star formation, it can also be used to reveal the extreme kinematics associated with jet‐driven neutral outflows in radio‐loud active galactic nuclei. Using the six‐antenna Boolardy Engineering Test Array of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, we have demonstrated that in a single frequency tuning we can detect H I absorption over a broad range of redshifts between z = 0.4 and 1.0. As part of our early science and commissioning program, we are now carrying out a search for absorption towards a sample of the brightest GPS and CSS sources in the southern sky. These intrinsically compact sources present us with an opportunity to study the circumnuclear region of recently re‐started radio galaxies, in some cases showing direct evidence of mechanical feedback through jetdriven outflows. With the sensitivity of the full ASKAP array we will be able to study the kinematics of atomic gas in a few thousand radio galaxies, testing models of radio jet feedback well beyond the nearby Universe. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fast outflows in broad absorption line quasars and their connection with CSS/GPS sources
Authors: Bruni G. , Mack K.‐H. , Montenegro‐Montes F. M. , Brienza M. , González‐Serrano J. I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBroad absorption line quasars are among the objects presenting the fastest outflows. The launching mechanism itself is not completely understood. Models in which they could be launched from the accretion disk, and then curved and accelerated by the effect of the radiation pressure, have been presented. We conducted an extensive observational campaign, from radio to optical band, to collect information about their nature and test the models present in the literature, the main dichotomy being between a young scenario and an orientation one. We found a variety of possible orientations, morphologies, and radio ages, not converging to a particular explanation for the BAL phenomenon. From our latest observations in the m‐ and mm‐band, we obtained an indication of a lower dust abundance with respect to normal quasars, thus suggesting a possible feedback process on the host galaxy. Also, in the low‐frequency regime we confirmed the presence of CSS components, sometime in conjunction with a GPS one already detected at higher frequencies. Following this, about 70% of our sample turns out to be in a GPS or CSS+GPS phase. We conclude that fast outflows, responsible for the BAL features, can be more easily present among objects going through a restarting or just‐started radio phase, where radiation pressure can substantially contribute to their acceleration. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The VLBI structure of radio‐loud Broad Absorption Line quasars
Authors: Liu Y. , Jiang D. R. , Gu M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe nature and origin of Broad Absorption Line (BAL) quasars and their relationship to non‐BAL quasars are an open question. The BAL quasars are probably normal quasars seen along a particular line of sight. Alternatively, they are young or recently refueled. The high resolution radio morphology of BAL quasars is very important to understand the radio properties of BAL quasars. We present VLBA observations at L and C bands for a sample of BAL quasars. The observations will help us to explore the VLBI radio properties, and distinguish the present models of explaining BAL phenomena. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High body clearance and low oral bioavailability of alantolactone, isolated from Inula helenium, in rats: extensive hepatic metabolism and low stability in gastrointestinal fluids
Authors: Lee Jae‐Young , Kim Sang‐Bum , Chun Jaemoo , Song Kwang Ho , Kim Yeong Shik , Chung Suk‐Jae , Cho Hyun‐Jong , Yoon In‐Soo , Kim Dae‐Duk 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlantolactone (ALA) is a major bioactive sesquiterpene lactone present in the roots of Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae) which has been used widely in traditional medicine against various diseases such as asthma, cancer and tuberculosis. The pharmacologic activities of alantolactone have been well characterized, yet information on the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of alantolactone and their mechanistic elucidation are still limited. Thus, this study aims to investigate the oral absorption and disposition of alantolactone and their relevant mechanisms. Log P values of alantolactone ranged from 1.52 to 1.84, and alantolactone was unstable in biological samples such as plasma, urine, bile, rat liver microsomes (RLM) and simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The metabolic rate of alantolactone was markedly higher in rat liver homogenates than in the other tissue homogenates. A saturable and concentration‐dependent metabolic rate profile of alantolactone was observed in RLM, and rat cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1 A, 2C, 2D and 3 A subfamilies were significantly involved in its hepatic metabolism. Based on the well‐stirred model, the hepatic extraction ratio (HER) was estimated to be 0.890–0.933, classifying alantolactone as a drug with high HER. Moreover, high total body clearance (111 ± 41 ml/min/kg) and low oral bioavailability (0.323%) of alantolactone were observed in rats. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that the extensive hepatic metabolism, at least partially mediated by CYP, is primarily responsible for the high total body clearance of alantolactone, and that the low oral bioavailability of alantolactone could be attributed to its low stability in gastrointestinal fluids and a hepatic first‐pass effect in rats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing population distribution of drug‐metabolizing enzyme activities for the use of salivary caffeine as a dynamic liver function marker in a Singaporean Chinese population
Authors: Chia Hazel Yiting , Yau Wai‐Ping , Ho Han Kiat 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe salivary paraxanthine/caffeine molar ratio has been proposed as a novel dynamic liver function test to guide dose adjustments of drugs hepatically cleared by CYP1A2. Its usability requires an established population norm as well as the factors influencing the ratio and actual concentrations. To address this knowledge gap, salivary caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations were measured at 4 h post caffeine dose in healthy Chinese individuals who had undergone 24 h of caffeine abstinence. The metabolic ratio was calculated and statistical analysis was performed. From the 52 participants (26 males; 30 regular caffeine consumers) recruited, the salivary paraxanthine/caffeine molar ratio was normally distributed with a mean and SD of 0.5 ± 0.2. No statistically significant factors (BMI, body weight, gender and regularity of caffeine intake) affecting the metabolic ratio were found. The caffeine concentration and total caffeine plus paraxanthine concentrations were lower in males than in females, and lower in regular caffeine consumers than in non‐regular caffeine consumers. The 4 h salivary metabolic ratio (mean: 0.5) was generally not significantly different from the literature reported salivary, serum and plasma ratios measured at 4–9 h in healthy individuals (mean range 0.4–0.7) but was significantly higher than the literature reported 6 h plasma ratio and salivary ratios measured at 1–6 h in patients with liver disease or mild abnormal liver function tests (mean range 0.03–0.2). Overall, the population norm of the salivary metabolic ratio in a Singaporean Chinese population established in this study is distinct from individuals with liver disease or mild abnormal liver function tests and provides the benchmark for dosage adjustments of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of MEK1/2‐ERK1/2 signaling during NNK‐induced lung carcinogenesis in female A/J mice
Authors: Yamakawa Keiko , Yokohira Masanao , Nakano Yuko , Kishi Sosuke , Kanie Shohei , Imaida Katsumi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway is activated by several growth factors and mitogens, and upregulation has been noted in many human cancers, including examples in the lung. In this study, to study the association of ERK1/2 activation with mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions, we immunohistochemically examined expression of phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and MAP/ERK kinase 1/2 (pMEK1/2) proteins and correlation between ERK activation and mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2, in a mouse lung carcinogenesis model. Female 7‐week‐old A/J mice were administered a single dose of 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK), then maintained without additional treatment until sacrifice at week 52. Histopathologically, adenocarcinomas, adenomas and hyperplasias were observed in the lung. pMEK1/2 was expressed mostly in the cell cytoplasm in all three. In contrast, pERK1/2‐positive cells were also relatively rare in any histological types as compared with level of pMEK1/2 expression. However, pERK1/2‐positive cells in adenocarcinoma were still markedly more common than in hyperplasias and adenomas (~5‐fold, ~4‐fold; P < 0.01). Activating mutations of Kras gene at codons 12, 13 and 61 were detected in the majority of adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but without any significant relation to pERK1/2 expression. These results suggest that activation of ERK1/2 plays a key role in malignant transformation during lung carcinogenesis featuring Kras mutaion. Activation of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions was little regardless of the mutation of Kras, and ERK1/2 activation in NNK‐induced mouse lung carcinogenesis may be regulated not only by Kras mutation but also other signaling pathway or regulatory factor.