bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Testing Practice in 2014: Results of a College of American Pathologists National Survey
Authors: Zhao Chengquan , Crothers Barbara A , Ghofrani Mohiedean , Li Zaibo , Souers Rhona J. , Hussain Mujtaba , Fan Fang , Ocal Idris Tolgay , Goodrich Kelly , Shen Rulong , Davey Diane D. ,   College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee
Published: August 2016

Context.—College of American Pathologists (CAP) surveys are used to establish national benchmarks for laboratories.Objective.—To investigate human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping testing practice patterns in laboratories in 2014.Design.—Data were analyzed from the CAP HPV Genotyping Practices Supplemental Questionnaire distributed to 749 laboratories participating in the CAP Human Papillomavirus (High Risk) for Cytology Program.Results.—Six hundred four of 749 laboratories (80.6%) responded to the survey. More laboratories offered HPV genotyping testing and performed in-house HPV genotyping testing as compared to previous surveys. The Roche cobas HPV test was the most commonly used genotyping method (37.0%; 160 of 433), followed by Hologic Aptima HPV16 18/45 (26.1%; 113 of 433) and Hologic Cervista HPV16/18 (14.3%; 62 of 433). Most laboratories (287 of 399; 71.9%) offered HPV genotyping for high-risk HPV cases regardless of Papanicolaou (Pap) test results and patient age; this pattern was more common in laboratories using cobas. The remaining laboratories specifically offered testing to women with a negative Pap test result at age 30 years and older (65.2%, 73 of 112) or all ages (37.5%, 42 of 112). The median reporting rates of HPV16 and/or HPV18 positivity were 20.6%, 25.7%, 21.1%, and 57.4% for women with positive high-risk HPV adjunctive negative Pap results, atypical squamous cells of undermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high-grade squamous lesion, respectively.Conclusions.—Human papillomavirus genotyping testing has increased. Roche cobas and Hologic Aptima genotype methods were the most common, and laboratories using cobas usually offered genotyping regardless of Pap test result and age. The data provide a baseline and trend of HPV genotyping test practices in 2014.
Low-noise terahertz-wave detection by InP/InGaAs Fermi-level managed barrier diode
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Ishibashi Tadao 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The noise performance of an InP/InGaAs Fermi-level managed barrier diode (FMB diode) in terahertz-wave detection was investigated by combining a bowtie-antenna-integrated FMB diode with a preamplifier. The fabricated quasi-optical FMB diode module demonstrated broadband signal detection at frequencies ranging from 160 GHz to 1.4 THz with a peak sensitivity of 3.2 MV/W. The lowest noise-equivalent-power of 3.0 pW/

with a wide dynamic range of more than five decades was achieved at 300 GHz.
Morphology of the radiodontan Lyrarapax from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
Authors: Cong Peiyun , Daley Allison C. , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Hou Xianguang , Chen Ailin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe recently described radiodontan Lyrarapax unguispinus Cong et al., 2014 from the Chengjiang biota (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3) highlighted a new morphological type of frontal appendage and unique mouth structures, a functional combination reinforcing the diversification of feeding strategies of radiodontans during the early Cambrian. Here we describe Lyrarapax trilobus n. sp. from the same fossil Konservat-Lagerstätte. The new species differs from L. unguispinus in the morphology and distribution of endites on the frontal appendage and the strengthening structure of the body flaps. The two species resemble each other in body shape (pattern of flap size), neck segment number, cephalic plates, and most importantly a mouth characterized by concentric wrinkled furrows. The latter confirms that a soft mouth without sclerotized plates is a real feature of Lyrarapax and supports the idea that oral structures provide valid diagnostic characters within Radiodonta.
Supernovae and Single-Year Anomalies in the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Record
Authors: Dee Michael , Pope Benjamin , Miles Daniel , Manning Sturt , Miyake Fusa 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSingle-year spikes in radiocarbon production are caused by intense bursts of radiation from space. Supernovae emit both high-energy particle and electromagnetic radiation, but it is the latter that is most likely to strike the atmosphere all at once and cause a surge in14C production. In the 1990s, it was claimed that the supernova in 1006 CE produced exactly this effect. With the14C spikes in the years 775 and 994 CE now attributed to extreme solar events, attention has returned to the question of whether historical supernovae are indeed detectable using annual14C measurements. Here, we combine new and existing measurements over six documented and putative supernovae, and conclude that no such astrophysical event has yet left a distinct imprint on the past atmospheric14C record.
The Kinematics of Undercarriage Retraction
Authors: Conway H. G. 
Published: August 2016

Each time a new undercarriage design is laid down by an aeroplane or undercarriage designer, the geometry of the undercarriage retraction system nas to be investigated. This often involves a review of known solutions and since the designer cannot be expected to remember all these known solutions, the following notes have been prepared to put on record most of, and possibly all, the known solutions.The basic linkage from which nearly all solutions are derived is the well-known fourbar linkage, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Links A and C rotate, link B is “floating,” while the airframe forms the fourth link.
Flight Simulators
Authors: Ringham G. B. , Cutler A. E. 
Published: August 2016

The 893rd Lecture to be given before the Royal Aeronautical Society was held under the auspices of the Belfast Branch on 10th December 1953. Rear Admiral M. S. Slattery, C.B., President of the Belfast Branch, presided, and welcomed the visitors. He expressed the regrets of the Branch that the President of the Society, Sir William Farren, C.B., M.B.E., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.Ae.S., was unable to be present, but welcomed the Secretary, Dr. A. M. Ballantyne.The Branch President, introducing the lecturers, said: —Mr. Ringham is the Manager and Chief Engineer of the Flight Similator Division of Redifon Ltd. He has been connected with the design and development of communication and electronic equipment for over 25 years. He joined Rediffusion (now Redifon Ltd.) in 1939, and worked extensively on the development of navigational training aids during the war years.His co-lecturer is Dr. Cutler, Chief Designer of the Flight Simulator Division of Redifon Ltd. He worked on naval navigational aids with the Admiralty Signal Establishment during the war, returning to the development laboratories in Haslemere at the close of the war in Europe. He re-entered Nottingham University later and obtained his B.Sc, Special Physics, and then did research work and was granted his Ph.D. in 1952.Following the Lecture Rear Admiral Slattery said that it was the practice in the Belfast Branch to present a small memento to lecturers who did them the honour of coming to Belfast and he had much pleasure in presenting the lecturers with a small memento each of Irish linen.The Lecturers presented their paper and then showed a film depicting sections of a simulated flight from Rome to London.
The Development of 4,000 lb./in.2 Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Orloff G. 
Published: August 2016

Looking back to the early days of aircraft hydraulic systems, a steady upward trend in the operating pressures used can be observed.One of the reasons for this increase is weight saving, which has become of particular importance in recent years on account of the increased complexity and power demand of the modern hydraulic systems.The trend in the direction of higher pressures has been necessarily gradual because of the lack of knowledge and experience in this field, and prudence has precluded the adoption of large steps.Another step has been achieved in Great Britain by successfully raising the working pressure to 4,000 lb./in.2 on several modern aircraft.
The Design of Trusses and its Influence on Weight and Stiffness
Authors: Drymael Jean 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIt is shown that weight can be saved, and stiffness gained by a proper choice of the design, that is the type of frame of any truss. A method is developed first to choose the best among several statically determinate designs. It is then demonstrated that, when a redundant truss has to carry one set of loads, it is always possible, by the removal of some bars, to get a statically determinate truss which is lighter, for the same ultimate stress. But the redundancy keeps its advantages when the structure has to carry several sets of loads in turn.
Estimation of Static Longitudinal Stability
Authors: Archbold E. J. N. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThis paper discusses the static longitudinal stability of an aircraft in the simple case when the aerodynamic derivatives are independent of speed. An outline of the basic theory of static stability is given, accompanied by a working document, giving suitable forms for the estimation of neutral points from wind tunnel tests. A worked example is included for a typical case. No attempt is made to interpret the results, but the conclusions include a note on the C.G. margin. Loss of stability stick free, and scale effect are commented on briefly in the appendices.
The Compression of Circular Rings
Authors: Johnson W. 
Published: August 2016

Assuming the formation of plastic hinges at the quarter points of a ring subject to a diametral compressive force, a comparison is made between experimental collapse loads and those predicted by use of a simple expression based on the use of plastic rectangular stress blocks, for some common materials; good correlation is obtained with aluminium.A member may be said to fail when it yields completely at several positions and so allows collapse as a mechanism to occur. The smallest load at which this happens marks the end of useful life of the member. In the case of very thin rings loaded at the ends of a diameter in compression, as shown in Fig. 1, it is obvious that the sections of greatest bending moment are at A, B, C and D. These moments will continue to increase with increasing diametral load.
A Note on the China-Film Technique for Boundary Layer Indication
Authors: Stalker R. J. 
Published: August 2016

The “ China-Film ” technique was developed by Murphy and Phinney from the “ China Clay” technique for indicating transition originated by Richards and Burstall. It consists in applying a suspension of china clay in a volatile liquid to a surface subsequently subjected to air flow. Not only is transition indicated, but when all the liquid has evaporated, the china clay remains deposited on the surface in patterns which may be interpreted to yield information on the direction of air flow near the surface and the incidence of shocks thereon.Experiments were carried out, at supersonic and subsonic air speeds, to determine the process by which the patterns form and to establish the aerodynamic meaning of the “ flow lines ” of the pattern. The influence of the viscosity of the carrier liquid was also studied. Indications of flow direction were found to be unreliable near a trailing edge, on a vertical surface at low speeds and in regions where the surface shear stress is only of the same order of magnitude as the product of pressure gradient and film thickness.
On Running a Machine through its Resonant Frequency
Authors: Ellington J. P. , McCallion H. 
Published: August 2016

A solution, in terms of known integrals, is obtained for the motion from rest of a machine, idealised as an undamped linear mass-spring system, when subjected to an exciting force whose frequency varies at a constant rate.In many installations of modern high speed machinery the running speed of the machine is in excess of the resonant or natural frequency of the system, and consequently starting up or stopping the machine could result in vibrations of large amplitude. The problem of assessing the magnitude and duration of these vibrations is very complicated and has been solved analytically only for the case of a single degree of freedom system excited by an oscillating force whose frequency varies linearly with time. However, even this solution is not easy to evaluate, the integrals involved demanding either graphical construction and numerical integration or summation of series.
Status Deficits and War
Authors: Renshon Jonathan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite widespread agreement that status matters, there is relatively little in the way of focused research onhowandwhenit matters. Relying on the assumption that it “matters” has provided few extant theories of variation in states’ concern for status and little understanding of its specific implications for international conflict. I introduce a theory of status dissatisfaction (SD) that clarifies who forms the basis for status comparisons in world politics, when status concerns should be paramount, and how they are linked to international conflict. I demonstrate the viability of conflict as a strategy for status enhancement: both initiation and victory bring substantial status benefits over both five- and ten-year periods. Using a new, network-based measure of international status, I demonstrate that status deficits are significantly associated with an increased probability of war and militarized interstate dispute (MID) initiation. Even internationally, status is local: I use “community detection” algorithms to recover status communities and show that deficits within those communities are particularly salient for states and leaders.
XIV. The Scientific Investigation of the Potato Blight in 1845–6
Authors: Bourke P.M. Austin 
Published: August 2016

The assessment of the contribution of Garrett Hugh FitzGerald to the search for an antidote to potato blight, as put forward by Mr T. P. O’Neill in his article on the scientific investigation of the potato failure of 1845—6, needs to be revised, if only to do justice to Robert Kane.FitzGerald wrote to a local newspaper on 9 March 1846, suggesting, as a result of experiments he had made in search of a cure for potato blight, that seed potatoes should be steeped before planting in a solution of bluestone (copper sulphate). In February and March of the same year he wrote two letters on the subject to the chief secretary for Ireland. These letters were forwarded for consideration to the relief commission, of which Robert Kane was the scientific member.
Michael Collins and the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: August 2016

On the morning of 22 June 1922 Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson left his home in London to unveil a war memorial at Liverpool Street railway station. When he returned at 2.30 that afternoon, two young men, Reginald Dunne and Joseph O’Sullivan, were waiting for him. What happened next is best described in Reggie Dunne’s own words:
Joe went in a straight line while I determined to intercept him [Wilson] from entering the door. Joe deliberately levelled his weapon at four yards range and fired twice. Wilson made for the door as best he could and actually reached the doorway when I encountered him at a range of seven or eight feet. I fired three shots rapidly, the last one from the hip, as I took a step forward. Wilson was now uttering short cries and in a doubled up position staggered towards the edge of the pavement. At this point Joe fired once again and the last I saw of him he [Wilson] had collapsed.Dunne and O’Sullivan subsequently shot three pursuers (two policemen and a civilian) in their attempt to escape, but, fatally slowed by Joe O’Sullivan’s wooden leg, they were caught shortly afterwards. They were tried, convicted and, on 10 August, hanged in Wandsworth Prison.
XVII. The siege of Carrickfergus Castle, 1315-16
Authors: Sayles G.O. 
Published: August 2016

On 26 May 1315 an expeditionary force from Scotland landed on the north-east coast of Ireland, not very far from Larne, under the command of Edward Bruce, who was intent on gaining by the sword a kingdom for himself in Ireland after the fashion in which his brother, Robert, had recently won a crown in Scotland. By September 10 he had overthrown the too confident ‘Red Earl’, Richard de Burgh, and was lording it over the east of Ulster save at one point: the royal castle of Carrickfergus, placed impregnably on a rocky headland jutting out into Belfast Lough. The town itself could not, of course, resist, but the castle defied assault for a whole year before it found it wise to surrender on terms.We have little information about what happened during the siege and are almost wholly dependent upon a few chroniclers and annalists, who are often merely repetitive and are usually writing long after the events they record. Their evidence can be briefly summarised.
Richard Boyle and the making of an Irish fortune, 1588—1614
Authors: Ranger Terence O. 
Published: August 2016

This paper deals with the obscure adventures of a minor official and petty landowner of unremarkable birth and little influence. The details of these adventures, which have for so long been forgotten, and which were once so assiduously concealed, may seem hardly worth the labour of investigation. And yet many statesmen of the seventeenth century attempted such an investigation, including Wentworth himself. Indeed it is no overstatement to say that this examination was a major pre-occupation of the great deputy in the first two years of his appointment.By Wentworth’s time, Richard Boyle, the minor official in question, had become earl of Cork and lord treasurer of Ireland. He had been one of the lords justices who ruled Ireland before Wentworth’s arrival and had come close to achieving the deputyship itself. He was also the leader of the planter party and enjoyed a rent-roll of £20,000 a year to give reality to his authority. In short he towered over his rivals and enjoyed an influence, founded on both position and wealth, which permeated every part of Irish society.
The ‘blessed turf’: cholera and popular panic in Ireland, June 1832
Authors: Connolly S.J. 
Published: August 2016

On 11 June 1832 Humphrey O’Sullivan, a schoolteacher living in Callan, County Kilkenny, made the following entry in his diary:The lower classes of the Irish are a credulous people. Some practical joker sent a fool out with a small piece of charred stick, or some other bit of kindling, which had been extinguished in Easter-water, or holy water, and told him to divide it into four parts, and give it to four persons in four houses, telling them that the cholera would kill them unless each one of them did the same thing. By this means 16 persons, and 64, and 256, and 1,024, and 4,096 etc., etc., got this fire, until the entire country was a laughing stock for protestants.O’Sullivan did not exaggerate. The events which he described were part of a remarkable popular panic which in the space of six days swept across the greater part of Ireland, from County Wexford in the south-east to County Donegal in the north-west, and from County Cork to the outskirts of Dublin city. It was an episode regarded by some contemporary observers with amused condescension, by others with deep alarm. For the modern historian it offers a brief but vivid insight into the mental world of a section of the catholic population in pre-Famine Ireland, and an opportunity to document in detail features of that mental world which are rarely reflected in conventional historical records.
The regional bibliography of Irish America, 1800–1930: a review and addendum
Authors: Doyle David Noel 
Published: August 2016

John V. Kelleher of Harvard remarked to me in October 1982: ‘I used to think I knew a little about the Irish in America. Now I realise I just knew a lot about the Irish in Lawrence.’ The pioneer and comprehensive bibliography by Seamus Metress of Toledo underscores what scholars of Irish America now perhaps generally recognise.Virtually all general treatment of Irish America, as of so many other topics in American history, has been flawed by premature generalisation. The pressures to simplify a sub-topic such as Irish America have been understandable and considerable, given the multiform character of national development. Nonetheless, half a century or more after general historians have taken account of America’s pluralism, regionalism and political decentralisation, scholars attempting an overview of Irish America have inclined to the shortcut. Assuming that the body of Irish-Americans are today found in Boston, New York city and Philadelphia, they have tended to discuss the political, social and religious history of the community as though these cities and their past encapsulated it. A demurrer has come from Chicago; but its scholars have in turn tended to correct the picture with an eye to their own particular experience. As a result, most general treatments bear the hallmark of their origin: those of Daniel Moynihan, William Shannon, George Potter, Thomas N. Brown and Oscar Handlin being shaped by the assumptions of the Atlantic urban seabord; those of L. J. McCaffrey, Andrew Greeley and Ernest Levine by a Chicago counter-emphasis. More seriously, recent attempts to establish a more scientific methodology for the study of Irish and other immigrant groups, as pioneered by Stephan Thernstrom in 1964 and mushrooming since then, have been biased toward this east-coast selectivity of the more traditional historians. Thus, minute studies of occupational mobility, marriage and fertility patterns, working lives and community concentration and dispersal have assumed, and even asserted, the representativeness of east coast experience, especially that of New England; no fewer than eleven Massachusetts cities have enjoyed full-scale academic study of their Irish proletariats.
The writing of Irish medieval history
Authors: Cosgrove Art 
Published: August 2016

This paper has been prompted by two recent articles in Irish Historical Studies. Both are by distinguished historians from outside Ireland — Professor Michael Richter from Germany (to which he has recently returned) and Dr Steven G. Ellis from England — who have spent many years teaching in the history departments of University College, Dublin, and University College, Galway, respectively. Their different backgrounds and experiences enable them to bring fresh perspectives to bear upon the history of medieval Ireland and have led them to question some traditional assumptions about the Irish past. Here I should confess that coming as I do from Northern Ireland I am something of an outsider myself, and my own origin and background must inevitably influence my interpretation of the past.Professor Richter took the opportunity granted by a review of an important collection of essays to challenge ‘the unquestioned assumption that the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland marked a turning point in Irish history’. Arguing that the event should be seen in a wider context, both geographical and chronological, he suggested that a close parallel to the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland is provided by the German expansion into western Slav territories and that a comparison with the Scandinavian impact in the three centuries prior to 1169 would help to get the importance of the English in medieval Ireland into perspective.