bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Interferometry with Electron Microscopes
Authors: Talebi Nahid 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInterference patterns are not only a defining characteristic of waves, but also have several applications; characterization of coherent processes and holography. Spatial holography with electron waves, has paved the way towards space-resolved characterization of magnetic domains and electrostatic potentials with angstrom spatial resolution. Another impetus in electron microscopy has been introduced by ultrafast electron microscopy which uses pulses of sub-picosecond durations for probing a laser induced excitation of the sample. However, attosecond temporal resolution has not yet been reported, merely due to the statistical distribution of arrival times of electrons at the sample, with respect to the laser time reference. This is however, the very time resolution which will be needed for performing time-frequency analysis. These difficulties are addressed here by proposing a new methodology to improve the synchronization between electron and optical excitations through introducing an efficient electron-driven photon source. We use focused transition radiation of the electron as a pump for the sample. Due to the nature of transition radiation, the process is coherent. This technique allows us to perform spectral interferometry with electron microscopes, with applications in retrieving the phase of electron-induced polarizations and reconstructing dynamics of the induced vector potential.
Transport Phenomena of Water in Molecular Fluidic Channels
Authors: Vo Truong Quoc , Kim BoHung 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn molecular-level fluidic transport, where the discrete characteristics of a molecular system are not negligible (in contrast to a continuum description), the response of the molecular water system might still be similar to the continuum description if the time and ensemble averages satisfy the ergodic hypothesis and the scale of the average is enough to recover the classical thermodynamic properties. However, even in such cases, the continuum description breaks down on the material interfaces. In short, molecular-level liquid flows exhibit substantially different physics from classical fluid transport theories because of (i) the interface/surface force field, (ii) thermal/velocity slip, (iii) the discreteness of fluid molecules at the interface and (iv) local viscosity. Therefore, in this study, we present the result of our investigations using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with continuum-based energy equations and check the validity and limitations of the continuum hypothesis. Our study shows that when the continuum description is subjected to the proper treatment of the interface effects via modified boundary conditions, the so-called continuum-based modified-analytical solutions, they can adequately predict nanoscale fluid transport phenomena. The findings in this work have broad effects in overcoming current limitations in modeling/predicting the fluid behaviors of molecular fluidic devices.
Nuclear actin modulates cell motility via transcriptional regulation of adhesive and cytoskeletal genes
Authors: Sharili Amir S. , Kenny Fiona N. , Vartiainen Maria K. , Connelly John T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe actin cytoskeleton is a classic biomechanical mediator of cell migration. While it is known that actin also shuttles in and out of the nucleus, its functions within this compartment remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how nuclear actin regulates keratinocyte gene expression and cell behavior. Gene expression profiling of normal HaCaT keratinocytes compared to HaCaTs over-expressing wild-type β-actin or β-actin tagged with a nuclear localization sequence (NLS-actin), identified multiple adhesive and cytoskeletal genes, such as MYL9, ITGB1 and VCL, which were significantly down-regulated in keratinocytes with high levels of nuclear actin. In addition, genes associated with transcriptional regulation and apoptosis were up-regulated in cells over expressing NLS-actin. Functionally, accumulation of actin in the nucleus altered cytoskeletal and focal adhesion organization and inhibited cell motility. Exclusion of endogenous actin from the nucleus by knocking down Importin 9 reversed this phenotype and enhanced cell migration. Based on these findings, we conclude that the level of actin in the nucleus is a transcriptional regulator for tuning keratinocyte migration.
Mechanistic insight into the norepinephrine-induced fibrosis in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Uehara Akihito , Motegi Sei-ichiro , Yamada Kazuya , Uchiyama Akihiko , Perera Buddhini , Toki Sayaka , Ogino Sachiko , Yokoyama Yoko , Takeuchi Yuko , Ishikawa Osamu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRaynaud’s phenomenon is frequently observed in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients and cold- or stress-induced norepinephrine (NE) has been speculated to be associated with vasoconstriction. Objective was to elucidate the role of NE in fibrosis in SSc. IL-6 is a potent stimulator of collagen production in fibroblasts. NE enhanced IL-6 production and proliferation more significantly in SSc fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts. Furthermore, the production of IL-6 and phosphorylation of p38 in SSc fibroblasts was enhanced by adrenergic receptor (AR)β agonist, isoproterenol, but not ARα agonist, oxymetazoline. ARβ blocker, propranolol, inhibited NE-induced IL-6 production and phosphorylation of p38 in SSc fibroblasts. NE-induced IL-6 was significantly inhibited by p38 inhibitor, SB203580, suggesting that NE-induced phosphorylation of p38 via ARβ enhances IL-6 production in SSc fibroblasts. NE-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 via ARα inhibited IL-6 production in SSc fibroblasts. Combined treatment with NE and endothelin-1 resulted in an additive increase in IL-6 production in SSc fibroblasts. NE-induced IL-6/IL-6 receptor trans-signaling increased the production of collagen type I in SSc fibroblasts and both propranolol and SB203580 inhibited NE-induced collagen production. These results suggest that cold exposure and/or emotional stress-induced NE might contribute to the skin fibrosis via potentiation of IL-6 production from fibroblasts in SSc.
Blood Loss in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Cundy William , Theodoulou Annika , Ling Chi , Krishnan Jeganath , Wilson Christopher 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPatients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have expected blood loss during and after surgery. The morbidity associated with blood loss and the burden of blood transfusions in adult arthroplasty necessitates preoperative optimization as routine practice. Current literature remains inconclusive on which TKA surgical instrumentation techniques are effective in minimizing perioperative blood loss, and consequently lower transfusion rates. The primary objective of this retrospective review, of a prospective randomized cohort study, was to compare surgical and patient factors, and their influence on blood loss and transfusions rates, between one type of patient-specific instrumentation (PSI), navigated computer-assisted surgery (CAS), and conventional TKA surgical techniques.A cohort of 128 matched patients (38 PSI, 44 CAS, 46 conventional surgeries) were compared. Preoperative factors analyzed included; age, gender, body mass index, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) (g/L), international normalized ratio, use of anticoagulants and comorbid bleeding diathesis. Maximal Hb drop and transfusion requirements were compared on day 1 to 3. Perioperative factors collected included: surgical time, tourniquet time, drain output, in situ drain time, order of tibia or femoral cut, and intraoperative loss from suction.The three groups did not differ on the preoperative patient demographics examined. The difference between preoperative Hb and the lowest postoperative Hb readings did not differ between study groups (p = 0.39).There are no statistically significant differences in blood loss when comparing PSI versus CAS versus conventional TKA. Although emerging evidence on PSI is encouraging, the PSI technique for TKA does not result in reduced blood loss. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01145157.
Validity of four measures in assessing school canteen menu compliance with state‐based healthy canteen policy
Authors: Reilly Kathryn , Nathan Nicole , Wolfenden Luke , Wiggers John , Sutherland Rachel , Wyse Rebecca , Yoong Sze Lin 
Published: September 2016

Issue addressedIn order to assess the impact of healthy school canteen policies on food availability for students, valid methods of measuring compliance are needed that can be applied at scale. The aim of this study is to assess the validity and direct cost of four methods to assess policy compliance: 1) principal and 2) canteen manager self‐report via a computer‐assisted telephone interview; and 3) comprehensive and 4) quick menu audits by dietitians, compared with observations.MethodsA cross‐sectional study took place in the Hunter region of NSW, Australia, in a sample of 38 primary schools that had previously participated in a randomised controlled trial to improve healthy canteen policy compliance. Policy compliance was assessed using the four methods specified above. Percentage agreement, kappa, sensitivity and specificity compared with observations was calculated together with the direct time taken and costs of each method. Indirect costs (including set‐up costs) for all measures have not been included.ResultsAgreement with observations was substantial for the quick menu audit (kappa = 0.68), and moderate for the comprehensive menu audit (kappa = 0.42). Principal and canteen manager self‐report resulted in poor agreement and low specificity with the gold standard. The self‐reported measures had the lowest cost, followed by the quick menu audit and lastly the comprehensive menu audit.ConclusionThe quick menu audit represents a valid and potentially low‐cost method of supporting policy implementation at scale.So what?This study demonstrates that a quick menu audit represents a valid measure of undertaking assessment of school canteen policy compliance at a population level.
Convolutional networks for fast, energy-efficient neuromorphic computing
Authors: Esser Steven K. , Merolla Paul A. , Arthur John V. , Cassidy Andrew S. , Appuswamy Rathinakumar , Andreopoulos Alexander , Berg David J. , McKinstry Jeffrey L. , Melano Timothy , Barch Davis R. , di Nolfo Carmelo , Datta Pallab , Amir Arnon , Taba Brian , Flickner Myron D. , Modha Dharmendra S. 
Published: September 2016

Significance
Brain-inspired computing seeks to develop new technologies that solve real-world problems while remaining grounded in the physical requirements of energy, speed, and size. Meeting these challenges requires high-performing algorithms that are capable of running on efficient hardware. Here, we adapt deep convolutional neural networks, which are today’s state-of-the-art approach for machine perception in many domains, to perform classification tasks on neuromorphic hardware, which is today’s most efficient platform for running neural networks. Using our approach, we demonstrate near state-of-the-art accuracy on eight datasets, while running at between 1,200 and 2,600 frames/s and using between 25 and 275 mW.
Modal science
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper explains and defends the idea that metaphysical necessity is the strongest kind of objective necessity. Plausible closure conditions on the family of objective modalities are shown to entail that the logic of metaphysical necessity is S5. Evidence is provided that some objective modalities are studied in the natural sciences. In particular, the modal assumptions implicit in physical applications of dynamical systems theory are made explicit by using such systems to define models of a modal temporal logic. Those assumptions arguably include some necessitist principles.
Updated perspectives on the cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) and SULT-mediated sulfation
Authors: Suiko Masahito , Kurogi Katsuhisa , Hashiguchi Takuyu , Sakakibara Yoichi , Liu Ming-Cheh 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are Phase II detoxifying enzymes that mediate the sulfate conjugation of numerous xenobiotic molecules. While the research on the SULTs has lagged behind the research on Phase I cytochrome P-450 enzymes and other Phase II conjugating enzymes, it has gained more momentum in recent years. This review aims to summarize information obtained in several fronts of the research on the SULTs, including the range of the SULTs in different life forms, concerted actions of the SULTs and other Phase II enzymes, insights into the structure–function relationships of the SULTs, regulation of SULT expression and activity, developmental expression of SULTs, as well as the use of a zebrafish model for studying the developmental pharmacology/toxicology.
Critical Deficiency Ratings in Milestone Assessment: A Review and Case Study
Authors: Kinnear Benjamin , Bensman Rachel , Held Justin , O’Toole Jennifer , Schauer Daniel , Warm Eric 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires programs to report learner progress using specialty-specific milestones. It is unclear how milestones can best identify critical deficiencies (CDs) in trainee performance. Specialties developed milestones independently of one another; not every specialty included CDs within milestones ratings. This study examined the proportion of ACGME milestone sets that include CD ratings, and describes one residency program’s experiences using CD ratings in assessment.

Method
The authors reviewed ACGME milestones for all 99 specialties in November 2015, determining which rating scales contained CDs. The authors also reviewed three years of data (July 2012–June 2015) from the University of Cincinnati Medical Center (UCMC) internal medicine residency assessment system based on observable practice activities mapped to ACGME milestones. Data were analyzed by postgraduate year, assessor type, rotation, academic year, and core competency. The Mantel–Haenszel chi-square test was used to test for changes over time.

Results
Specialties demonstrated heterogeneity in accounting for CDs in ACGME milestones, with 22% (22/99) of specialties having no language describing CDs in milestones assessment. Thirty-three percent (63/189) of UCMC internal medicine residents received at least one CD rating, with CDs accounting for 0.18% (668/364,728) of all assessment ratings. The authors identified CDs across multiple core competencies and rotations.

Conclusions
Despite some specialties not accounting for CDs in milestone assessment, UCMC’s experience demonstrates that a significant proportion of residents may be rated as having a CD during training. Identification of CDs may allow programs to develop remediation and improvement plans.
Novel Signs and Their Clinical Utility in Diagnosing Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Authors: Kuttikat Anoop , Shaikh Maliha , Oomatia Amin , Parker Richard , Shenker Nicholas 
Published: September 2016

Objectives:
Delays in diagnosis occur with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). We define and prospectively demonstrate that novel bedside tests measuring body perception disruption can identify patients with CRPS postfracture.

Methods:
The objectives of our study were to define and validate 4 bedside tests, to identify the prevalence of positive tests in patients with CRPS and other chronic pain conditions, and to assess the clinical utility (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) for identifying CRPS within a Fracture cohort. This was a single UK teaching hospital prospective cohort study with 313 recruits from pain-free volunteers and patients with chronic pain conditions.
Four novel tests were Finger Perception (FP), Hand Laterality identification (HL), Astereognosis (AS), and Body Scheme (BS) report. Five questionnaires (Brief Pain Inventory, Upper Extremity Functional Index, Lower Extremity Functional Index, Neglect-like Symptom Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score) assessed the multidimensional pain experience.

Results:
FP and BS were the best performing tests. Prospective monitoring of fracture patients showed that out of 7 fracture patients (total n=47) who had both finger misperception and abnormal BS report at initial testing, 3 developed persistent pain with 1 having a formal diagnosis of CRPS.

Discussion:
Novel signs are reliable, easy to perform, and present in chronic pain patients. FP and BS have significant clinical utility in predicting persistent pain in a fracture group thereby allowing targeted early intervention.
Long-term Fate Mapping to Assess the Impact of Postnatal Isoflurane Exposure on Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Productivity
Authors: Jiang Yifei , Tong Dongyi , Hofacer Rylon D. , Loepke Andreas W. , Lian Qingquan , Danzer Steve C. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
Exposure to isoflurane increases apoptosis among postnatally generated hippocampal dentate granule cells. These neurons play important roles in cognition and behavior, so their permanent loss could explain deficits after surgical procedures.

Methods
To determine whether developmental anesthesia exposure leads to persistent deficits in granule cell numbers, a genetic fate-mapping approach to label a cohort of postnatally generated granule cells in Gli1-CreERT2::GFP bitransgenic mice was utilized. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was induced on postnatal day 7 (P7) to fate map progenitor cells, and mice were exposed to 6 h of 1.5% isoflurane or room air 2 weeks later (P21). Brain structure was assessed immediately after anesthesia exposure (n = 7 controls and 8 anesthesia-treated mice) or after a 60-day recovery (n = 8 controls and 8 anesthesia-treated mice). A final group of C57BL/6 mice was exposed to isoflurane at P21 and examined using neurogenesis and cell death markers after a 14-day recovery (n = 10 controls and 16 anesthesia-treated mice).

Results
Isoflurane significantly increased apoptosis immediately after exposure, leading to cell death among 11% of GFP-labeled cells. Sixty days after isoflurane exposure, the number of GFP-expressing granule cells in treated animals was indistinguishable from control animals. Rates of neurogenesis were equivalent among groups at both 2 weeks and 2 months after treatment.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the dentate gyrus can restore normal neuron numbers after a single, developmental exposure to isoflurane. The authors’ results do not preclude the possibility that the affected population may exhibit more subtle structural or functional deficits. Nonetheless, the dentate appears to exhibit greater resiliency relative to nonneurogenic brain regions, which exhibit permanent neuron loss after isoflurane exposure.
Infections and vasculitis
Authors: Thomas Konstantinos , Vassilopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review
To review recent evidence for infection rates in patients with systemic vasculitides, the role of specific infectious agents in the pathogenesis of vasculitis and recent breakthroughs in the treatment of virus-associated vasculitides.

Recent findings
In well designed recent studies, infections were found to be common during the first 6–12 months in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) and to contribute significantly to increased mortality during this period. New therapeutic schemes with lower cyclophosphamide doses and shorter corticosteroid courses were associated with decreased infectious rates in elderly patients with AAV whereas a prednisone dose greater than 10 mg/day at the end of the first year were associated with increased infectious-related mortality in patients with GCA. Recently, a potential role for varicella zoster virus in GCA pathogenesis has been proposed but more data are needed in order to establish a causal relationship. Finally, preliminary data show excellent short-term efficacy and safety of the new, interferon-free, oral antiviral agents in the treatment of hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.

Summary
Infections continue to be one of the main causes of mortality in patients with systemic vasculitides, emphasizing the need for safer immunosuppressive therapies and appropriate prophylaxis.
High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygenation in Immunocompromised Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Groupe de Recherche Respiratoire en Réanimation Onco-Hématologique Study
Authors: Lemiale Virginie , Resche-Rigon Matthieu , Mokart Djamel , Pène Frédéric , Argaud Laurent , Mayaux Julien , Guitton Christophe , Rabbat Antoine , Girault Christophe , Kouatchet Achille , Vincent François , Bruneel Fabrice , Nyunga Martine , Seguin Amélie , Klouche Kada , Colin Gwenahel , Kontar Loay , Perez Pierre , Meert Anne-Pascale , Benoit Dominique D. , Papazian Laurent , Demoule Alexandre , Chevret Sylvie , Azoulay Elie 
Published: September 2016

Objective:
In immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure, invasive mechanical ventilation remains associated with high mortality. Choosing the adequate oxygenation strategy is of the utmost importance in that setting. High-flow nasal oxygen has recently shown survival benefits in unselected patients with acute respiratory failure. The objective was to assess outcomes of immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure treated with high-flow nasal oxygen.

Design:
We performed a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial of noninvasive ventilation in critically ill immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure.

Setting:
Twenty-nine ICUs in France and Belgium.

Patients:
Critically ill immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure.

Intervention:
A propensity score–based approach was used to assess the impact of high-flow nasal oxygen compared with standard oxygen on day 28 mortality.

Measurements and Main Results:
Among 374 patients included in the study, 353 met inclusion criteria. Underlying disease included mostly malignancies (n = 296; 84%). Acute respiratory failure etiologies were mostly pneumonia (n = 157; 44.4%) or opportunistic infection (n = 76; 21.5%). Noninvasive ventilation was administered to 180 patients (51%). Invasive mechanical ventilation was ultimately needed in 142 patients (40.2%). Day 28 mortality was 22.6% (80 deaths). Throughout the ICU stay, 127 patients (36%) received high-flow nasal oxygen whereas 226 patients received standard oxygen. Ninety patients in each group (high-flow nasal oxygen or standard oxygen) were matched according to the propensity score, including 91 of 180 (51%) who received noninvasive ventilation. High-flow nasal oxygen was neither associated with a lower intubation rate (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.11–1.61; p = 0.2) nor day 28 mortality (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.45–1.42; p = 0.45).

Conclusions:
In immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, high-flow nasal oxygen when compared with standard oxygen did not reduce intubation or survival rates. However, these results could be due to low statistical power or unknown confounders associated with the subgroup analysis. A randomized trial is needed.