bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of four new gene members of the KAP6 gene family in sheep
Authors: Zhou Huitong , Gong Hua , Wang Jiqing , Dyer Jolon M. , Luo Yuzhu , Hickford Jon G. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractKAP6 is a high glycine-tyrosine keratin-associated protein (HGT-KAP) family. This family is thought to contain multiple genes. In this study, we used a KRTAP6 coding sequence to search the Ovine Genome (v3.1) and identified five homologous regions (R1–R5). All these regions contained an open reading frame and they were either identical to, or highly similar to, sheep skin Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that R1–R5 were clustered with KAP6 sequences from different species and formed a group distinct to other HGT-KAPs. R1 was very similar to the characterised KRTAP6-1 sequence, but the remaining genes appeared to be new. PCR primers were designed to amplify and confirm the presence of these new genes. Amplicons were obtained for all of the 96 sheep investigated. Six, five, three and six PCR-SSCP patterns representing six, five, three and six DNA sequences were observed for KRTAP6-2 to KRTAP6-5 respectively. KRTAP6-2 and KRTAP6-4 had five and three SNPs respectively. Three SNPs and a 45-bp insertion/deletion were detected for KRTAP6-3 and five SNPs and an 18-bp insertion/deletion were identified for KRTAP6-5. Allele frequencies for these KAP6 genes differed between Merino and Romney sheep.
90Sr in teeth of cattle abandoned in evacuation zone: Record of pollution from the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident
Authors: Koarai Kazuma , Kino Yasushi , Takahashi Atsushi , Suzuki Toshihiko , Shimizu Yoshinaka , Chiba Mirei , Osaka Ken , Sasaki Keiichi , Fukuda Tomokazu , Isogai Emiko , Yamashiro Hideaki , Oka Toshitaka , Sekine Tsutomu , Fukumoto Manabu , Shinoda Hisashi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHere we determined the90Sr concentrations in the teeth of cattle abandoned in the evacuation area of the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) accident.90Sr activity concentrations in the teeth varied from 6–831 mBq (g Ca)−1and exhibited a positive relationship with the degree of radioactive contamination that the cattle experienced. Even within an individual animal, the specific activity of90Sr (Bq (g Sr)−1) varied depending on the development stage of the teeth during the FNPP accident: teeth that were early in development exhibited high90Sr specific activities, while teeth that were late in development exhibited low specific activities. These findings demonstrate that90Sr is incorporated into the teeth during tooth development; thus, tooth90Sr activity concentrations reflect environmental90Sr levels during tooth formation. Assessment of90Sr in teeth could provide useful information about internal exposure to90Sr radiation and allow for the measurement of time-course changes in the degree of environmental90Sr pollution.
Attenuated atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated lipolysis in subcutaneous adipocytes of obese type 2 diabetic men
Authors: Verboven Kenneth , Hansen Dominique , Moro Cedric , Eijnde Bert O. , Hoebers Nicole , Knol Joep , Bouckaert Wim , Dams Anne , Blaak Ellen E. , Jocken Johan W.E. 
Published: April 2016

Catecholamines and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are major regulators of adipocyte lipolysis. Although obesity is characterized by catecholamine resistance in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT), data on ANP lipolytic response and sensitivity in different adipose tissue (AT) depots of metabolically distinct humans are scarce. Ex vivo catecholamine- and ANP-induced lipolysis was investigated in adipocytes derived from SCAT and visceral AT (VAT) depot of lean (n=13) and obese men, with (n=11) or without (n=18) type 2 diabetes (HbA1c &lt; or ≥ 6.5%). Underlying molecular mechanisms were examined by looking at functional receptors in the NP signalling pathway at the mRNA and protein level. Maximal ANP- and catecholamine-induced lipolysis in SCAT was blunted in obese type 2 diabetics compared with age-matched lean men whereas non-diabetic obese subjects showed intermediate responses. This blunted ANP-mediated lipolytic response was accompanied by lower mRNA and protein expression of the type-A natriuretic peptide (NP) receptor and higher mRNA but reduced protein expression of the scavenging type-C receptor. Maximal ANP-induced lipolysis was lower in VAT compared with SCAT but not different between groups. Collectively, our data show that both ANP- and catecholamine-mediated lipolysis is attenuated in SCAT of obese men with type 2 diabetes, and might be partially explained by NP receptor defects. Therefore, improving maximal ANP responsiveness in adipose tissue might be a potential novel strategy to improve obesity-associated metabolic complications.
Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites
Authors: Hoffman Kelly M. , Trawalter Sophie , Axt Jordan R. , Oliver M. Norman 
Published: April 2016

Significance
The present work examines beliefs associated with racial bias in pain management, a critical health care domain with well-documented racial disparities. Specifically, this work reveals that a substantial number of white laypeople and medical students and residents hold false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites and demonstrates that these beliefs predict racial bias in pain perception and treatment recommendation accuracy. It also provides the first evidence that racial bias in pain perception is associated with racial bias in pain treatment recommendations. Taken together, this work provides evidence that false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites continue to shape the way we perceive and treat black people—they are associated with racial disparities in pain assessment and treatment recommendations.
Photodegradation alleviates the lignin bottleneck for carbon turnover in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Austin Amy T. , Méndez M. Soledad , Ballaré Carlos L. 
Published: April 2016

SignificanceUnderstanding controls on carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems is essential to predict and mitigate human impacts on the global carbon cycle. This study identifies a general unifying mechanism to explain how photochemical mineralization of plant litter, photodegradation, affects subsequent biotic decomposition. Previous work has shown that photodegradation can be a major direct control of carbon loss in arid lands. We now demonstrate that, across a wide range of species, exposure to sunlight has large “photopriming” effects, enhancing microbial decomposition, especially due to blue–green light. Photodegradation increased availability of carbohydrates to hydrolytic enzymes, likely through reducing the bottleneck imposed by lignin in secondary cell walls. This mechanistic insight suggests that photodegradation is globally important for carbon turnover in terrestrial ecosystems.
Cranial grafting of stem cell-derived microvesicles improves cognition and reduces neuropathology in the irradiated brain
Authors: Baulch Janet E. , Acharya Munjal M. , Allen Barrett D. , Ru Ning , Chmielewski Nicole N. , Martirosian Vahan , Giedzinski Erich , Syage Amber , Park Audrey L. , Benke Sarah N. , Parihar Vipan K. , Limoli Charles L. 
Published: April 2016

Significance
Cranial irradiation used during the clinical management of brain cancer is associated with severe cognitive decline and represents a particular concern for pediatric cancer survivors. Irradiation triggers neuroinflammation and compromises the structure of neurons, factors that are contributory if not causal to radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Our previous data have shown that intrahippocampal transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) could ameliorate radiation-induced behavioral deficits and improve neuronal plasticity. These beneficial neurocognitive effects were hypothesized to act through a trophic support mechanism involving the secretion of microvesicles acting on host neuronal circuitry. Here we show that cranial grafting of hNSC-derived microvesicles reverses or prevents radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction through mechanisms involving the suppression of inflammation and the preservation of host neuronal architecture.
Insight into GATA1 transcriptional activity through interrogation ofciselements disrupted in human erythroid disorders
Authors: Wakabayashi Aoi , Ulirsch Jacob C. , Ludwig Leif S. , Fiorini Claudia , Yasuda Makiko , Choudhuri Avik , McDonel Patrick , Zon Leonard I. , Sankaran Vijay G. 
Published: April 2016

SignificanceMethods for identifying causal variants underlying human diseases have been greatly enhanced by whole-exome sequencing; however, this approach overlooks mutations that occur within noncoding regulatory regions. Moreover, the mechanisms for how such mutations result in disease are poorly understood. In this study, we interrogated binding sites of the blood cell transcription factor GATA1 in regulatory elements that are mutated in cases of human red blood cell disorders by creating small-targeted deletions in model cell lines. These deletions cause a major reduction in target gene expression. We used this initial insight to show that such elements are highly conserved, and that through predictive modeling, we can gain global insight into key determinants of GATA1 transcriptional activity.
Slow climate velocities of mountain streams portend their role as refugia for cold-water biodiversity
Authors: Isaak Daniel J. , Young Michael K. , Luce Charles H. , Hostetler Steven W. , Wenger Seth J. , Peterson Erin E. , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Groce Matthew C. , Horan Dona L. , Nagel David E. 
Published: April 2016

Significance
Many studies predict climate change will cause widespread extinctions of flora and fauna in mountain environments because of temperature increases, enhanced environmental variability, and invasions by nonnative species. Cold-water organisms are thought to be at particularly high risk, but most predictions are based on small datasets and imprecise surrogates for water temperature trends. Using large stream temperature and biological databases, we show that thermal habitat in mountain streams is highly resistant to temperature increases and that many populations of cold-water species exist where they are well-buffered from climate change. As a result, there is hope that many native species dependent on cold water can persist this century and mountain landscapes will play an important role in that preservation.
Culture shapes the evolution of cognition
Authors: Thompson Bill , Kirby Simon , Smith Kenny 
Published: April 2016

Significance
A central debate in cognitive science concerns the nativist hypothesis: the proposal that universal human behaviors are underpinned by strong, domain-specific, innate constraints on cognition. We use a general model of the processes that shape human behavior—learning, culture, and biological evolution—to test the evolutionary plausibility of this hypothesis. A series of analyses shows that culture radically alters the relationship between natural selection and cognition. Culture facilitates rapid biological adaptation yet rules out nativism: Behavioral universals arise that are underpinned by weak biases rather than strong innate constraints. We therefore expect culture to have dramatically shaped the evolution of the human mind, giving us innate predispositions that only weakly constrain our behavior.
Nuclear transfer nTreg model reveals fate-determining TCR-β and novel peripheral nTreg precursors
Authors: Ku Manching , Chang Shih-En , Hernandez Julio , Abadejos Justin R. , Sabouri-Ghomi Mohsen , Muenchmeier Niklas J. , Schwarz Anna , Valencia Anna M. , Kirak Oktay 
Published: April 2016

SignificanceT cells generate their T-cell receptors (TCR) through somatic rearrangement of their underlying genomic V(D)J regions. Contrary to previous transgenic TCR models, our TCR models generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer are precise copies of the original T cell. Here, we developed a novel somatic cell nuclear transfer model of natural arising regulatory T (nTreg) cells. In our monoclonal model, we found a well-defined nTreg population in the thymus, contradicting previous reports that intraclonal competition and thymic niche are limiting factors in nTreg development. Moreover, we found a novel fate-determining role for the TCR β-chain in nTreg cells. Interestingly, we also discovered a novel T-cell subset that functions as peripheral precursor of nTreg cells.
Accumulation of formamide in hydrothermal pores to form prebiotic nucleobases
Authors: Niether Doreen , Afanasenkau Dzmitry , Dhont Jan K. G. , Wiegand Simone 
Published: April 2016

Significance
The aim of this article is to show that prebiotic nucleobases can be formed in hydrothermal pores, through a significant accumulation of formamide resulting from a combination of thermophoresis and convection. We performed numerical finite element calculations for initial formamide concentrations that correspond to early Earth shallow lake conditions and reveal that formamide accumulates at the bottom of hydrothermal pores in about 45–90 d to high concentrated formamide solutions. The conclusion from these findings is that the combination of thermophoretic mass transport and convection is the missing link, which makes the synthesis of prebiotic nucleobases in porous rocks in contact with shallow lakes under early-earth conditions possible.
Tiny individuals attached to a new Silurian arthropod suggest a unique mode of brood care
Authors: Briggs Derek E. G. , Siveter Derek J. , Siveter David J. , Sutton Mark D. , Legg David 
Published: April 2016

SignificanceThe paper reports a remarkable arthropod from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte of England. The fossil reveals a unique association in an early Paleozoic arthropod involving tethering of 10 tiny individuals each by a single thread to the tergites so that their appearance is reminiscent of kites. The evidence suggests that these are juveniles and that the specimen records a unique brooding strategy. This is part of a diversity of complex brooding behaviors in early arthropods heralding the variety that occurs today. The possibility that the small individuals represent a different arthropod, possibly parasitic, which colonized the larger individual, seems less likely.
Regulation of normal B-cell differentiation and malignant B-cell survival by OCT2
Authors: Hodson Daniel J. , Shaffer Arthur L. , Xiao Wenming , Wright George W. , Schmitz Roland , Phelan James D. , Yang Yandan , Webster Daniel E. , Rui Lixin , Kohlhammer Holger , Nakagawa Masao , Waldmann Thomas A. , Staudt Louis M. 
Published: April 2016

Significance
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is incurable in roughly 30% of cases. Here we demonstrate the addiction of both major subtypes of DLBCL to the expression of the transcription factor OCT2 (octamer-binding protein 2) and its co-activator OCA-B. We clarify the role of OCT2 in normal germinal center biology and identify the genes and pathways that it regulates in malignant B cells. Our findings suggest that pharmacological agents designed to target OCT2 itself or the OCT2–OCA-B interface would be an effective and nontoxic therapeutic strategy in DLBCL.
Globally conditioned Granger causality in brain–brain and brain–heart interactions: a combined heart rate variability/ultra-high-field (7 T) functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Duggento Andrea , Bianciardi Marta , Passamonti Luca , Wald Lawrence L. , Guerrisi Maria , Barbieri Riccardo , Toschi Nicola 
Published: April 2016

The causal, directed interactions between brain regions at rest (brain–brain networks) and between resting-state brain activity and autonomic nervous system (ANS) outflow (brain–heart links) have not been completely elucidated. We collected 7 T resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data with simultaneous respiration and heartbeat recordings in nine healthy volunteers to investigate (i) the causal interactions between cortical and subcortical brain regions at rest and (ii) the causal interactions between resting-state brain activity and the ANS as quantified through a probabilistic, point-process-based heartbeat model which generates dynamical estimates for sympathetic and parasympathetic activity as well as sympathovagal balance. Given the high amount of information shared between brain-derived signals, we compared the results of traditional bivariate Granger causality (GC) with a globally conditioned approach which evaluated the additional influence of each brain region on the causal target while factoring out effects concomitantly mediated by other brain regions. The bivariate approach resulted in a large number of possibly spurious causal brain–brain links, while, using the globally conditioned approach, we demonstrated the existence of significant selective causal links between cortical/subcortical brain regions and sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation as well as sympathovagal balance. In particular, we demonstrated a causal role of the amygdala, hypothalamus, brainstem and, among others, medial, middle and superior frontal gyri, superior temporal pole, paracentral lobule and cerebellar regions in modulating the so-called central autonomic network (CAN). In summary, we show that, provided proper conditioning is employed to eliminate spurious causalities, ultra-high-field functional imaging coupled with physiological signal acquisition and GC analysis is able to quantify directed brain–brain and brain–heart interactions reflecting central modulation of ANS outflow.
Detecting DNA Methylation using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer
Authors: Simpson Jared T , Workman Rachael , Zuzarte P. C. , David Matei , Dursi L. J. , Timp Winston 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNanopore sequencing instruments measure the change in electric current caused by DNA transiting through the pore. In experimental and prototype nanopore sequencing devices it has been shown that the electrolytic current signals are sensitive to base modifications, such as 5-methylcytosine. Here we quantify the strength of this effect for the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer. Using synthetically methylated DNA we are able to train a hidden Markov model to distinguish 5-methylcytosine from unmethylated cytosine in DNA. We demonstrate by sequencing natural human DNA, without any special library preparation, that global patterns of methylation can be detected from low-coverage sequencing and that the methylation status of CpG islands can be reliably predicted from single MinION reads. Our trained model and prediction software is open source and freely available to the community under the MIT license.
Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Shneor Rotem , Jenssen Jan Inge , Vissak Tiia 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to set the papers included in the special issue into their unique contextual stage of entrepreneurial eco-systems in Nordic and Baltic countries.

Design/methodology/approach
– The editorial first presents the current status of entrepreneurship in the Nordic and Baltic regions. It then provides an overview of the papers included in this special issue, while highlighting their contributions. Finally, it concludes with suggestions for further research, while pointing out promising areas for future investigations.

Findings
– The papers included in this special issue help advance the understanding of important aspects of entrepreneurship in general, and within the context of Nordic and Baltic countries in particular. The first two papers focus on antecedents of entrepreneurial behaviour, namely – education and passion, while the last two papers address entrepreneurial behaviour and its outcome in terms of both growth aspiration and actual growth. Finally, the editorial identifies three important themes for future research, namely – the roles of Web 2.0 and online communities, crowdfunding and alternative finance, as well as current immigration trends on entrepreneurship development and dynamics in Nordic and Baltic Europe.

Originality/value
– This editorial and special issue are in tune with current calls for better understanding of entrepreneurship-related phenomena within their social context, and some of the linkages between social settings and manifestations of entrepreneurship. And while most papers concentrate on themes that may be associated with mainstream entrepreneurship research, each introduces new angles and/or conceptual combinations surrounding such themes and variables, which are unique and inspirational.
Growth aspirations among women entrepreneurs in high growth firms
Authors: Bulanova Oxana , Isaksen Espen John , Kolvereid Lars 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between perceived desirability (attitude towards growth) and feasibility (entrepreneurial self-efficacy) of business growth and women entrepreneurs’ continued business growth aspirations. Hypotheses are derived guided by the Entrepreneurial Event Model (EEM). The authors also address the following research question: what reasons do women entrepreneurs state for wanting or not wanting continued business growth?

Design/methodology/approach
– The sample consists of 93 of the largest independent businesses in Norway started by women entrepreneurs in 2004, 2005 or 2006 (response rate 57.5 per cent). The hypotheses are tested using logistic regression. The authors carry out a post hoc analysis of open-ended questions, containing a qualitative analysis of the reasons for not wanting or wanting the business to grow.

Findings
– The results support the hypotheses. Controlling for industry, location and the women entrepreneurs’ age, perceived desirability and feasibility of business growth predict growth aspirations. Thus, the findings suggests that the EEM is an appropriate and useful model. Reasons are grouped in reasons relating to considerations for the entrepreneur, the business and the environment. The most common reason for not wanting the business to grow relates to business considerations, including that growth would jeopardize the quality of services offered by the business. Important reasons for wanting the business to grow include fun and excitement.

Research limitations/implications
– Policy makers and educators can encourage business growth by efforts aiming to increase the desirability and feasibility of growth. Practitioners as well as scholars should be aware of the inducements and costs associated with business growth. The study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by exploring and identifying areas that both encourage and hinder further business growth among high-growth women entrepreneurs.

Originality/value
– Research on women-owned businesses is still scarce, and few if any previous studies have surveyed growth aspiration in new high-growth women-owned businesses. The combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques is also a novel contribution of this survey.