bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environment and host species shape the skin microbiome of captive neotropical bats
Authors: Lemieux-Labonté Virginie , Tromas Nicolas , Shapiro B. Jesse , Lapointe François-Joseph 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundA wide range of microorganisms inhabit animal skin. This microbial community (microbiome) plays an important role in host defense against pathogens and disease. Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) are an ecologically and evolutionarily diversified group with a relatively unexplored skin microbiome. The bat skin microbiome could play a role in disease resistance, for example, to white nose syndrome (WNS), an infection which has been devastating North American bat populations. However, fundamental knowledge of the bat skin microbiome is needed before understanding its role in health and disease resistance. Captive neotropical frugivorous batsArtibeus jamaicensisandCarollia perspicillataprovide a simple controlled system in which to characterize the factors shaping the bat microbiome. Here, we aimed to determine the relative importance of habitat and host species on the bat skin microbiome.MethodsWe performed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the skin microbiome of two different bat species living in captivity in two different habitats. In the first habitat,A. jamaicensisandC. perspicillatalived together, while the second habitat contained onlyA. jamaicensis.ResultsWe found that both habitat and host species shape the composition and diversity of the skin microbiome, with habitat having the strongest influence. CohabitatingA. jamaicensisandC. perspicillatashared more similar skin microbiomes than members of the same species (A. jamaicensis) across two habitats.DiscussionThese results suggest that in captivity, the skin microbial community is homogenised by the shared environments and individual proximities of bats living together in the same habitat, at the expense of the innate host species factors. The predominant influence of habitat suggests that environmental microorganisms or pathogens might colonize bat skin. We also propose that bat populations could differ in pathogen susceptibility depending on their immediate environment and habitat.
Hyperbrain features of team mental models within a juggling paradigm: a proof of concept
Authors: Filho Edson , Bertollo Maurizio , Tamburro Gabriella , Schinaia Lorenzo , Chatel-Goldman Jonas , di Fronso Selenia , Robazza Claudio , Comani Silvia 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundResearch on cooperative behavior and the social brain exists, but little research has focused on real-time motor cooperative behavior and its neural correlates. In this proof of concept study, we explored the conceptual notion of shared and complementary mental models through EEG mapping of two brains performing a real-world interactive motor task of increasing difficulty. We used the recently introduced participative “juggling paradigm,” and collected neuro-physiological and psycho-social data. We were interested in analyzing the between-brains coupling during a dyadic juggling task, and in exploring the relationship between the motor task execution, the jugglers’skill level and the task difficulty. We also investigated how this relationship could be mirrored in the coupled functional organization of the interacting brains.MethodsTo capture the neural schemas underlying the notion of shared and complementary mental models, we examined the functional connectivity patterns and hyperbrain features of a juggling dyad involved in cooperative motor tasks of increasing difficulty. Jugglers’ cortical activity was measured using two synchronized 32-channel EEG systems during dyadic juggling performed with 3, 4, 5 and 6 balls. Individual and hyperbrain functional connections were quantified through coherence maps calculated across all electrode pairs in the theta and alpha bands (4–8 and 8–12 Hz). Graph metrics were used to typify the global topology and efficiency of the functional networks for the four difficulty levels in the theta and alpha bands.ResultsResults indicated that, as task difficulty increased, the cortical functional organization of the more skilled juggler became progressively more segregated in both frequency bands, with a small-world organization in the theta band during easier tasks, indicative of a flow-like state in line with the neural efficiency hypothesis. Conversely, more integrated functional patterns were observed for the less skilled juggler in both frequency bands, possibly related to cognitive overload due to the difficulty of the task at hand (reinvestment hypothesis). At the hyperbrain level, a segregated functional organization involving areas of the visuo-attentional networks of both jugglers was observed in both frequency bands and for the easier task only.DiscussionThese results suggest that cooperative juggling is supported by integrated activity of specialized cortical areas from both brains only during easier tasks, whereas it relies on individual skills, mirrored in uncorrelated individual brain activations, during more difficult tasks. These findings suggest that task difficulty and jugglers’ personal skills may influence the features of the hyperbrain network in its shared/integrative and complementary/segregative tendencies.
Blue hypertext is a good design decision: no perceptual disadvantage in reading and successful highlighting of relevant information
Authors: Gagl Benjamin 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundHighlighted text in the Internet (i.e., hypertext) is predominantly blue and underlined. The perceptibility of these hypertext characteristics was heavily questioned by applied research and empirical tests resulted in inconclusive results. The ability to recognize blue text in foveal and parafoveal vision was identified as potentially constrained by the low number of foveally centered blue light sensitive retinal cells. The present study investigates if foveal and parafoveal perceptibility of blue hypertext is reduced in comparison to normal black text during reading.MethodsA silent-sentence reading study with simultaneous eye movement recordings and the invisible boundary paradigm, which allows the investigation of foveal and parafoveal perceptibility, separately, was realized (comparing fixation times after degraded vs. un-degraded parafoveal previews). Target words in sentences were presented in either black or blue and either underlined or normal.ResultsNo effect of color and underlining, but a preview benefit could be detected for first pass reading measures. Fixation time measures that included re-reading, e.g., total viewing times, showed, in addition to a preview effect, a reduced fixation time for not highlighted (black not underlined) in contrast to highlighted target words (either blue or underlined or both).DiscussionThe present pattern reflects no detectable perceptual disadvantage of hyperlink stimuli but increased attraction of attention resources, after first pass reading, through highlighting. Blue or underlined text allows readers to easily perceive hypertext and at the same time readers re-visited highlighted words longer. On the basis of the present evidence, blue hypertext can be safely recommended to web designers for future use.
CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio increase during rituximab maintenance in Granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients
Authors: Besada Emilio , Nossent Johannes C. 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionRituximab (RTX) is a B cell-depleting agent approved for the treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). RTX reduces antibody producing precursor plasma cells and inhibits B and T cells interaction. Infections related to T cell immunodeficiency are not infrequent during RTX treatment. Our study investigated CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio in GPA patients during the first two years of long-term RTX treatment.MethodsA single centre cohort study of 35 patients who received median total cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide (CYC) of 15 g and were treated with RTX 2 g followed by retreatment with either 2 g once annually or 1 g biannually. Serum levels of total immunoglobulin (Ig) and lymphocytes subsets were recorded at RTX initiation and at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Low CD4 count and inverted CD4/CD8 ratio were defined as CD4 < 0.3 × 109/l and ratio < 1.ResultsThe CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio decreased slightly following the initial RTX treatment and then increased gradually during maintenance treatment. While the proportion of patients with low CD4 cell count decreased from 43% at baseline to 18% at 24 months, the ratio remained inverted in 40%. Oral daily prednisolone dose at baseline, CYC exposure and the maintenance regimen did not influence the CD4 cell count and ratio. Being older (p = 0.012) and having a higher CRP (p = 0.044) and ESR (p = 0.024) at baseline significantly increased the risk of inverted CD4/CD8 ratio at 24 months. Inverted ratio at baseline associated with lower total Ig levels during the study.ConclusionsOverall, the CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio increased during maintenance RTX therapy in GPA with no discernible impact of other immunosuppressive therapy. However the increase in CD4 was not followed by an increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio, especially in older patients. Inverted CD4/CD8 ratio associated with lower Ig levels, suggesting a more profound B cell depleting effect of RTX with a relative increase in CD8+ lymphocytes.
A method for high precision sequencing of near full-length 16S rRNA genes on an Illumina MiSeq
Authors: Burke Catherine M. , Darling Aaron E. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe bacterial 16S rRNA gene has historically been used in defining bacterial taxonomy and phylogeny. However, there are currently no high-throughput methods to sequence full-length 16S rRNA genes present in a sample with precision.ResultsWe describe a method for sequencing near full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons using the high throughput Illumina MiSeq platform and test it using DNA from human skin swab samples. Proof of principle of the approach is demonstrated, with the generation of 1,604 sequences greater than 1,300 nt from a single Nano MiSeq run, with accuracy estimated to be 100-fold higher than standard Illumina reads. The reads were chimera filtered using information from a single molecule dual tagging scheme that boosts the signal available for chimera detection.ConclusionsThis method could be scaled up to generate many thousands of sequences per MiSeq run and could be applied to other sequencing platforms. This has great potential for populating databases with high quality, near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences from under-represented taxa and environments and facilitates analyses of microbial communities at higher resolution.
Wineries and the liability of outsidership: cases from Brazil and Chile
Authors: Nogueira Carlos Eduardo Corrêa , Lorenzi Cancellier Éverton Luís Pellizzaro de , Alperstedt Graziela Dias 
Published: September 2016

This qualitative research was developed in light of behavioral theories regarding company internationalization. Its objective was to study the internationalization process of two wine exporters, one Chilean and one Brazilian, while focusing on the liability of outsidership. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources, mostly from semi-structured interviews with parties responsible for exportation. The data was treated with content analysis as grounded in current literature. The Undurraga winery (Chile) overcame the liability of outsidership by employing a market penetration strategy consisting of stages, with progression to each consecutive stage depending upon success in the current one. When the company enters into a new market, it identifies the liability and develops a strategy to deal with it. Even though the Brazilian winery, Salton, is over a century old, it has only attempted to internationalize recently. It showed characteristics of liabilities of foreignness and outsidership in practically every period analyzed, and has yet to resolve these problems.
Shaker Zahra Author Bibliometric Study - Analysis of Scientific Publications from 1985 until 2014
Authors: Hoeltgebaum, Dra. - Editor Marianne 
Published: September 2016

The study is presented aims to demonstrate through a bibliometric study, analysis of academic, scientific and technical publications developed by Shaker Zahra between the years 1985-2014, representing 29 years of study. To enhance this objective, we sought in the first instance to a bibliographic description of bibliometrics, entrepreneurship and the relationship between them. After this, was demonstrated academic and professional history Zahra, describing their field. In sequence, it was presented the methodology of the study, which had focused its characterization longitudinal and quantitative research, which allowed the development of bibliometric analysis. The final part included the description of limitations and proposals for future studies, closing the research, with conclusions and references. The study was developed through the analysis of 160 scientific papers published by Shaker Zahra in partnership with other researchers in high-impact journals and academic and scientific importance were obtained at Portal Capes and Google Scholar Portal.
Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink
Authors: Landschützer Peter , Gruber Nicolas , Bakker Dorothee C. E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe investigate the variations of the ocean CO2 sink during the past three decades using global surface ocean maps of the partial pressure of CO2 reconstructed from observations contained in the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Version 2. To create these maps, we used the neural network‐based data interpolation method of Landschützer et al. (2014) but extended the work in time from 1998 to 2011 to the period from 1982 through 2011. Our results suggest strong decadal variations in the global ocean carbon sink around a long‐term increase that corresponds roughly to that expected from the rise in atmospheric CO2. The sink is estimated to have weakened during the 1990s toward a minimum uptake of only −0.8 ± 0.5 Pg C yr−1 in 2000 and thereafter to have strengthened considerably to rates of more than −2.0 ± 0.5 Pg C yr−1. These decadal variations originate mostly from the extratropical oceans, while the tropical regions contribute primarily to interannual variations. Changes in sea surface temperature affecting the solubility of CO2 explain part of these variations, particularly at subtropical latitudes. But most of the higher‐latitude changes are attributed to modifications in the surface concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, induced by decadal variations in atmospheric forcing, with patterns that are reminiscent of those of the Northern and Southern Annular Modes. These decadal variations lead to a substantially smaller cumulative anthropogenic CO2 uptake of the ocean over the 1982 through 2011 period (reduction of 7.5 ± 5.5 Pg C) relative to that derived by the Global Carbon Budget.
Geological structures control on earthquake ruptures: The Mw7.7, 2013, Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan
Authors: Vallage A. , Klinger Y. , Lacassin R. , Delorme A. , Pierrot‐Deseilligny M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe 2013 Mw7.7 Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan, ruptured the Hoshab fault. Left‐lateral motion dominated the deformation pattern, although significant vertical motion is found along the southern part of the rupture. Correlation of high‐resolution (2.5 m) optical satellite images provided horizontal displacement along the entire rupture. In parallel, we mapped the ground rupture geometry at 1:500 scale. We show that the azimuth of the ground rupture distributes mainly between two directions, N216° and N259°. The direction N216° matches the direction of preexisting geologic structures resulting from penetrative deformation caused by the nearby Makran subduction. Hence, during a significant part of its rupture, the 2013 Balochistan rupture kept switching between a long‐term fault front and secondary branches, in which existence and direction are related to the compressional context. It shows unambiguous direct interactions between different preexisting geologic structures, regional stress, and dynamic‐rupture stress, which controlled earthquake propagation path.
Sea level rise and inundation of island interiors: Assessing impacts of lake formation and evaporation on water resources in arid climates
Authors: Gulley J. D. , Mayer A. S. , Martin J. B. , Bedekar V. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCoasts of many low‐lying islands will be inundated should sea level rise by 1 m by 2100 as projected, thereby decreasing water resources through aquifer salinization. A lesser known impact occurs if rising sea level elevates water tables above interior topographic lows to form lakes. Impacts of lake formation on water resources, however, remain unquantified. Here we use hydrological models, based on islands in the Bahamian archipelago, to demonstrate that on islands with negative water budgets, evaporation following lake inundation can cause more than twice the loss of fresh groundwater resources relative to an equivalent amount of coastal inundation. This result implies that in dry climates, low‐lying islands with inland depressions could face substantially greater threats to their water resources from sea level rise than previously considered.
Recent Advances in the Field of Phenoxyl Radical–Metal Complexes
Authors: Shimazaki Yuichi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In the early 1990s, it was discovered that the phenoxyl radical can bind with a metal ion as an open‐shell ligand performing the role of an organic radical cofactor in a metalloenzyme, galactose oxidase (GO), which is a single copper oxidase catalyzing the two‐electron oxidation of a primary alcohol to the aldehyde. After this discovery, the phenolate moiety in metal complexes has become one of the most famous and important redox‐active ligands, and the oxidation of metal–phenolato complexes sometimes gives the metal–phenoxyl radical complexes. The number of phenoxyl radical–metal complexes has been increased, and the properties and reactivity of such complexes have been widely developed in recent years.
This chapter focuses on recent developments in the synthesis, structure, properties, and reactivity of metal–phenoxyl radical complexes, especially their detailed electronic structures and reactivities.
Conspiracy Formation Is in the Detail: On the Interaction of Conspiratorial Predispositions and Semantic Cues
Authors: Gebauer Fabian , Raab Marius H. , Carbon Claus‐Christian 
Published: September 2016

SummarySignificant events are frequently followed by discussions about the event's ‘true nature’. Yet, there is only little evidence whether the conspiratorial reasoning of conspiracy believers and sceptics is a priori determined, or if certain characteristics of information are responsible for provoking a polarization. We investigated how depicted causation (direct vs. indirect; Study 1) and intention (strong vs. weak purposeful; Study 2) might invoke a bias in believers and sceptics regarding conspiratorial reasoning about an ongoing event, namely, whether US investigations against FIFA were more or less likely to be seen as a conspiracy against Russia to sabotage the football World Cup in 2018. We revealed that judgments of conspiracy believers and sceptics about the event's ‘true nature’ are not a priori divided—in fact, conspiracy formation is only affected when direct causation or strong purposeful intentions were obvious. Results point to the relevance of conspiratorial predispositions and semantic cues in conspiracy formation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal‐Free Oxidative C−H Amination of 8‐Acylaminoquinolines and Anilides with N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonimide
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Ying , Guo Zhenyu , Zhang Qian , Li Dong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn oxidative C−H amination of 8‐acylaminoquinolines and anilides with N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) has been developed. This process was mediated by a hypervalent iodine reagent PhI(OPiv)2 under mild reaction conditions without any metallic catalyst or oxidant. The protocol showed good air and moisture tolerance, functional groups compatibility, and gave the highly site‐selective amination products in moderate to good yields, providing a novel and facile method for synthesis of arylamine compounds.
Thermische Methanaktivierung durch [Si2O5].+ und [Si2O5H2].+: Reaktivitätssteigerung durch Hydrierung
Authors: Sun Xiaoyan , Zhou Shaodong , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDie thermischen Reaktionen von Methan mit den sauerstoffreichen Cluster‐Kationen [Si2O5].+ und [Si2O5H2].+ wurden mit Fourier‐Transformations‐Ionencyclotronresonanz(FT‐ICR)‐Massenspektrometrie und modernen quantenchemischen Rechnungen untersucht. Während [Si2O5].+ gegenüber Methan inert ist, vermittelt das hydrierte Kation [Si2O5H2].+ die H‐Abstraktion von Methan mit einer Effizienz von 28 % bezogen auf die Stoßrate. Der Mechanismus dieses Prozesses wurde eingehend untersucht, und die Ursachen der enorm unterschiedlichen Reaktivitäten beider Cluster konnten aufgeklärt werden.
Poly(iminoborane)s: An Elusive Class of Main‐Group Polymers?
Authors: Ayhan Ozan , Eckert Thomas , Plamper Felix A. , Helten Holger 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe significance of inorganic main‐group polymers is demonstrated most clearly by the commercial relevance of polysiloxanes (silicones). Organoboron‐based materials such as π‐conjugated organoborane polymers and BN‐doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are currently attracting considerable attention. Surprisingly, poly(iminoborane)s (PIBs; [BRNR′]n), that is, the parent unsaturated BN polymers, which are formally isoelectronic to polyacetylene, have not been convincingly characterized thus far. Herein, we present the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a linear oligo(iminoborane), which comprises a chain of 12–14 BN units on average. With our synthetic approach, unwanted side reactions that result in borazine formation are effectively suppressed. Supporting DFT and TD‐DFT calculations provide deeper insight into the microstructure and the electronic structure of the oligomer.
Thermal Methane Activation by [Si2O5].+ and [Si2O5H2].+: Reactivity Enhancement by Hydrogenation
Authors: Sun Xiaoyan , Zhou Shaodong , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe thermal reactions of methane with the oxygen‐rich cluster cations [Si2O5]⋅+ and [Si2O5H2]⋅+ have been examined using Fourier transform–ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry in conjunction with state‐of‐the‐art quantum chemical calculations. In contrast to the inertness of [Si2O5].+ towards methane, the hydrogenated cluster [Si2O5H2].+ brings about hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) from methane with an efficiency of 28 % relative to the collision rate. The mechanisms of this process have been investigated in detail and the reasons for the striking reactivity difference of the two cluster ions have been revealed.