bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ketamine on brain function during smooth pursuit eye movements
Authors: Steffens M. , Becker B. , Neumann C. , Kasparbauer A.M. , Meyhöfer I. , Weber B. , Mehta M.A. , Hurlemann R. , Ettinger U. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine has been proposed to model symptoms of psychosis. Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are an established biomarker of schizophrenia. SPEM performance has been shown to be impaired in the schizophrenia spectrum and during ketamine administration in healthy volunteers. However, the neural mechanisms mediating SPEM impairments during ketamine administration are unknown. In a counter‐balanced, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, within‐subjects design, 27 healthy participants received intravenous racemic ketamine (100 ng/mL target plasma concentration) on one of two assessment days and placebo (intravenous saline) on the other. Participants performed a block‐design SPEM task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 Tesla field strength. Self‐ratings of psychosis‐like experiences were obtained using the Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI). Ketamine administration induced psychosis‐like symptoms, during ketamine infusion, participants showed increased ratings on the PSI dimensions cognitive disorganization, delusional thinking, perceptual distortion and mania. Ketamine led to robust deficits in SPEM performance, which were accompanied by reduced blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the SPEM network including primary visual cortex, area V5 and the right frontal eye field (FEF), compared to placebo. A measure of connectivity with V5 and FEF as seed regions, however, was not significantly affected by ketamine. These results are similar to the deviations found in schizophrenia patients. Our findings support the role of glutamate dysfunction in impaired smooth pursuit performance and the use of ketamine as a pharmacological model of psychosis, especially when combined with oculomotor biomarkers. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4047–4060, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiautomated confocal imaging of fungal pathogenesis on plants: Microscopic analysis of macroscopic specimens
Authors: Minker Katharine R. , Biedrzycki Meredith L. , Kolagunda Abhishek , Rhein Stephen , Perina Fabiano J. , Jacobs Samuel S. , Moore Michael , Jamann Tiffany M. , Yang Qin , Nelson Rebecca , Balint‐Kurti Peter , Kambhamettu Chandra , Wisser Randall J. , Caplan Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe study of phenotypic variation in plant pathogenesis provides fundamental information about the nature of disease resistance. Cellular mechanisms that alter pathogenesis can be elucidated with confocal microscopy; however, systematic phenotyping platforms—from sample processing to image analysis—to investigate this do not exist. We have developed a platform for 3D phenotyping of cellular features underlying variation in disease development by fluorescence‐specific resolution of host and pathogen interactions across time (4D). A confocal microscopy phenotyping platform compatible with different maize–fungal pathosystems (fungi: Setosphaeria turcica, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and Cercospora zeae‐maydis) was developed. Protocols and techniques were standardized for sample fixation, optical clearing, species‐specific combinatorial fluorescence staining, multisample imaging, and image processing for investigation at the macroscale. The sample preparation methods presented here overcome challenges to fluorescence imaging such as specimen thickness and topography as well as physiological characteristics of the samples such as tissue autofluorescence and presence of cuticle. The resulting imaging techniques provide interesting qualitative and quantitative information not possible with conventional light or electron 2D imaging. Microsc. Res. Tech., 81:141–152, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imaging of surface nanobubbles by atomic force microscopy in liquids: Influence of drive frequency on the characterization of ultrasoft matter
Authors: Eslami Babak , Solares Santiago D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractImaging of soft matter with atomic force microscopy (AFM) is challenging due to tip‐induced deformation, which convolutes with the measurement. The challenges are generally more serious in liquid environments due to a severe loss of sensitivity of the vibrating microcantilever to external forces, as well as due to the presence of undesirable mechanical resonances when piezoelectric excitation systems are used. Furthermore, the choice of imaging parameters can have a significant impact on the quality of the results, such that the customary practices used for tuning the cantilever are not always appropriate. Here we explore the influence of the chosen drive frequency on the imaging of ultrasoft matter, using surface gas nanobubbles on gold‐coated glass and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as a test platform. We carry out single‐ and multifrequency AFM experiments using both the traditional amplitude‐peak method and the recently proposed phase‐slope‐peak method for tuning the cantilever, as well as piezoelectric and photothermal excitation, providing an extensive discussion on the factors governing the level of tip‐induced sample deformation and the quality of the phase contrast obtained for each of the methods. The general conclusion is that there is no “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach for tuning the cantilever for low‐impact tapping‐mode AFM, although rational optimization of the imaging process is generally possible, whereby the choice of the drive frequency plays a prominent role. The physical insight and guidelines provided here can be extremely useful for the gentle imaging of a wide range of biological and other soft materials in liquid environments. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:41–49, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
StingerCam: A tool for ecologists and stakeholders to detect the presence of venomous tropical jellyfish
Authors: Llewellyn L. E. , Bainbridge S. , Page G. , O'Callaghan M. D. , Kingsford M. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA “StingerCam” camera system provided high temporal resolution image data on the presence of large cubozoan jellyfish over nearly five years on the tropical coast of northeastern Australia. There was strong seasonality in the occurrence of Chironex fleckeri and an unnamed species of the family Carybdeidae (Morbakka spp.). Jellyfish of both species were only found between December and May of each year; primarily in the wet season. It was estimated that jellyfish were released from polyps from September. From a sample of >1000 C. fleckeri and 493 Morbakka we determined the temperature and salinity range in which these taxa were detected being between 21.7°C–31.6°C and 25.2–34.9 PSU for C. fleckeri, and 20.2–30.2°C and 25.4–35.4 PSU for Morbakka sp. Daily wind speed influenced detection rates with less jellyfish observed in winds that exceeded 28 km h−1. Data reduction software greatly improved processing time by identifying images without jellyfish with an accuracy of 93–98% in the two case studies used here, an image series from a night when jellyfish were highly active and in winter when jellyfish were absent. The StingerCam not only provided strong ecological data and information of high utility to reduce the risk of envenomation to the public, but also detected boney fishes, sharks and marine reptiles. We conclude that StingerCams are an effective way of collecting data to determine the range of physical conditions that jellyfish can tolerate and this information can be used in predictive models; especially given a global focus on climate change.
Mikhail Budyko's (1920–2001) contributions to Global Climate Science: from heat balances to climate change and global ecology
Authors: Oldfield Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2016

Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko (1920–2001) was a Soviet climatologist perhaps best known in the West for his contribution to understandings of climate change. He acted as director of the Main Geophysical Observatory (named after A.I. Voeikov) in Leningrad (St Petersburg) from 1954 and played an active role in advancing Soviet climate agendas within an international context. Three main stages in the development of Budyko's work related to climate systems and global ecology (late 1940s‐mid 1980s) are identified. The first period encompasses his early efforts devoted to understanding and quantifying the interrelationship between the lower atmosphere and the earth's surface. This stage of his career was also characterized by a growing interest in regional‐ and global‐scale processes, and was underpinned by collaborative work involving climatologists, physical geographers, and other cognate scientists. The second stage highlights the broadening of his global interest in order to engage more deeply with both natural and anthropogenic climatic and environmental change. The third stage reflects on the development of his expansive and evolutionary approach to the biosphere, and his insight into the formative role of climate with respect to the functioning of physical and biological processes. Furthermore, this later work also exhibited a strong belief in the ability of humankind to reflect wisely on its growing influence on the physical environment and respond appropriately. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:682–692. doi: 10.1002/wcc.412This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Thought Leaders
The epistemic, ethical, and political dimensions of uncertainty in integrated assessment modeling
Authors: Beck Marisa , Krueger Tobias 
Published: June 2016

Integrated assessment models (IAMs) of global climate change that combine representations of the economic and the climate system have become important tools to support policymakers in their responses to climate change. Yet,IAMsare built in the face of pervasive uncertainty, both scientific and ethical, which requires modelers to make numerous choices in model development. These modeling choices have epistemic, ethical, and political dimensions. First, modeling choices determine how well our current (lack of) knowledge about the elements and processes of the modeled system is represented. Second, modeling choices have ethical implications, for example, the choice of a social discount rate, which is well documented. For other modeling choices, the ethical assumptions and implications are more subtle. Third, climate‐economic models are not produced and used in a political vacuum; they shape and are shaped by the social relations they are embedded in. We review findings from various literatures to unpack the complex intersection of science, ethics, and politics thatIAMsare developed and used in. This leads us to suggest theoretical frameworks that may enable an integrated epistemic–ethical–political understanding ofIAMsand increase transparency about all three dimensions of model uncertainties.WIREs Clim Change2016, 7:627–645. doi: 10.1002/wcc.415This article is categorized under:Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Integrated Assessment Modeling
Reconstructing Earth's surface temperature over the past 2000 years: the science behind the headlines
Authors: Smerdon Jason E. , Pollack Henry N. 
Published: June 2016

The last quarter century spans the publication of the first assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1990 and the latest report published in 2013–2014. The five assessment reports appearing over that interval reveal a marked increase in the number of paleoclimate studies addressing the climate of the last 2000 years (the Common Era). An important focus of this work has been on reconstruction of hemispheric and global temperatures. Several early studies in this area generated considerable scientific and public interest, and were followed by high‐profile and sometimes vitriolic debates about the magnitude of temperature changes over all or part of the Common Era and their comparison to 20th‐ and 21st‐century global temperature increases due to increasing levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Behind the more public debates, however, several consistent themes of scientific inquiry have developed to better characterize climate variability and change over the Common Era. These include attempts to collect more climate proxy archives and understand the signals they contain, improve the statistical methods used to estimate past temperature variability from proxies and their associated uncertainties, and to compare reconstructed temperature variability and change with climate model simulations. All of these efforts are driving a new age of research on the climate of the Common Era that is developing more cohesive and collaborative investigations into the dynamics of climate on time scales of decades to centuries, and an understanding of the implications for modeled climate projections of the future. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:746–771. doi: 10.1002/wcc.418This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate
Engineering of synthetic gene circuits for (re‐)balancing physiological processes in chronic diseases
Authors: Schukur Lina , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: June 2016

Synthetic biology is a promising multidisciplinary field that brings together experts in scientific disciplines from cell biology to engineering with the goal of constructing elements that do not occur in nature for use in various applications, such as the development of novel approaches to improving healthcare management. Current disease treatment strategies are typically based on the diagnosis of phenotypic changes, which are often the result of an accumulation of endogenous metabolic defects in the human body. These defects occur when the tight regulation of physiological processes is disturbed by genetic alterations, protein function losses, or environmental changes. Such disturbances can result in the development of serious disorders that are often associated with aberrant physiological levels of certain biomolecules (e.g., metabolites, cytokines, and growth factors), which may lead to specific pathogenic states. However, these aberrant levels can also serve as biomarkers for the precise detection and specification of disease types. Clinical interventions are often conducted during the late stages of disease pathogenesis because of a lack of early detection of these physiological disturbances, which results in disease treatment rather than prevention. Therefore, advanced therapeutic tools must be developed to link therapeutic intervention to early diagnosis. Recent advances in the field of synthetic biology have enabled the design of complex gene circuits that can be linked to a host's metabolism to autonomously detect disease‐specific biomarkers and then reprogrammed to produce and release therapeutic substances in a self‐sufficient and automatic fashion, thereby restoring the physiological balance of the host and preventing the progression of the disease. This concept offers a unique opportunity to design treatment protocols that could replace conventional strategies, especially for diseases with complex and recurrent dynamics, such as chronic diseases. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:402–422. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1345This article is categorized under:

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Diagnostic Methods
Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Therapeutic Methods
Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Systems physiology of the airways in health and obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Bates Jason H.T. 
Published: June 2016

Fresh air entering the mouth and nose is brought to the blood–gas barrier in the lungs by a repetitively branching network of airways. Provided the individual airway branches remain patent, this airway tree achieves an enormous amplification in cross‐sectional area from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Obstructive lung diseases such as asthma occur when airway patency becomes compromised. Understanding the pathophysiology of these obstructive diseases thus begins with a consideration of the factors that determine the caliber of an individual airway, which include the force balance between the inward elastic recoil of the airway wall, the outward tethering forces of its parenchymal attachments, and any additional forces due to contraction of airway smooth muscle. Other factors may also contribute significantly to airway narrowing, such as thickening of the airway wall and accumulation of secretions in the lumen. Airway obstruction becomes particularly severe when these various factors occur in concert. However, the effect of airway abnormalities on lung function cannot be fully understood only in terms of what happens to a single airway because narrowing throughout the airway tree is invariably heterogeneous and interdependent. Obstructive lung pathologies thus manifest as emergent phenomena arising from the way in which the airway tree behaves a system. These emergent phenomena are studied with clinical measurements of lung function made by spirometry and by mechanical impedance measured with the forced oscillation technique. Anatomically based computational models are linking these measurements to underlying anatomic structure in systems physiology terms. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:423–437. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1347This article is categorized under:

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Physiology > Physiology of Model Organisms
A novel aceE mutation leading to a better growth profile and a higher l-serine production in a high-yield l-serine-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum strain
Authors: Guo Wen , Chen Ziwei , Zhang Xiaomei , Xu Guoqiang , Zhang Xiaojuan , Shi Jinsong , Xu Zhenghong 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A comparative genomic analysis was performed to study the genetic variations between the l-serine-producing strain Corynebacterium glutamicum SYPS-062 and the mutant strain SYPS-062-33a, which was derived from SYPS-062 by random mutagenesis with enhanced l-serine production. Some variant genes between the two strains were reversely mutated or deleted in the genome of SYPS-062-33a to verify the influences of the gene mutations introduced by random mutagenesis. It was found that a His-594 → Tyr mutation in aceE was responsible for the more accumulation of by-products, such as l-alanine and l-valine, in SYPS-062-33a. Furthermore, the influence of this point mutation on the l-serine production was investigated, and the results suggested that this point mutation led to a better growth profile and a higher l-serine production in the high-yield strain 33a∆SSAAI, which was derived from SYPS-062-33a by metabolic engineering with the highest l-serine production to date.
Understanding Factors Associated with Postpartum Visit Attendance and Contraception Choices: Listening to Low-Income Postpartum Women and Health Care Providers
Authors: Henderson Vida , Stumbras Katrina , Caskey Rachel , Haider Sadia , Rankin Kristin , Handler Arden 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background While there is considerable variability with respect to attendance at the postpartum visit, not much is known about women’s preferences with respect to postpartum care. Likewise, there is also limited information on providers’ practices regarding the postpartum visit and care including the delivery of contraception. To understand and address deficits in the delivery and utilization of postpartum care, we examined the perceptions of low-income postpartum women with respect to barriers to and preferences for the timing and location of the postpartum visit and receipt of contraception. We also examined providers’ current prenatal and postnatal care practices for promoting the use of postpartum care and their attitudes toward alternative approaches for delivering contraceptive services in the postpartum period. Methods Qualitative face-to-face interviews were completed with 20 postpartum women and in-depth qualitative phone interviews were completed with 12 health care providers who had regular contact with postpartum women. Interviews were coded using Atlas.ti software and themes were identified. Results Women believed that receiving care during the postpartum period was an important resource for monitoring physical and mental health and also strongly supported the provision of contraception earlier than the 6-week postpartum visit. Providers reported barriers to women’s use of postpartum care on the patient, provider, and system levels. However, providers were receptive to exploring new clinical practices that may widen the reach of postpartum care and increase access to postpartum contraception. Conclusion Approaches that increase the flexibility and convenience of postpartum care and the delivery of postpartum contraception may increase the likelihood that women will take advantage of essential postpartum services.
Nitro‐Oleic Acid Reduces J774A.1 Macrophage Oxidative Status and Triglyceride Mass: Involvement of Paraoxonase2 and Triglyceride Metabolizing Enzymes
Authors: Rosenblat Mira , Rom Oren , Volkova Nina , Aviram Michael 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNitro‐fatty acids possess anti‐atherogenic properties, but their effects on macrophage oxidative status and lipid metabolism that play important roles in atherosclerosis development are unclear. This study compared the effects of nitro‐oleic acid (OLA‐NO2) with those of native oleic acid (OLA) on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, anti‐oxidants and metabolism of triglycerides and cholesterol in J774A.1 macrophages. Upon incubating the cells with physiological concentrations of OLA‐NO2 (0–1 µM) or with equivalent levels of OLA, ROS levels measured by 2, 7‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate, decreased dose‐dependently, but the anti‐oxidative effects of OLA‐NO2 were significantly augmented. Copper ion addition increased ROS generation in OLA treated macrophages without affecting OLA‐NO2 treated cells. These effects could be attributed to elevated glutathione levels and to increased activity and expression of paraoxonase2 that were observed in OLA‐NO2vs OLA treated cells. Beneficial effects on triglyceride metabolism were noted in OLA‐NO2vs OLA treated macrophages in which cellular triglycerides were reduced due to attenuated biosynthesis and accelerated hydrolysis of triglycerides. Accordingly, OLA‐NO2 treated cells demonstrated down‐regulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase1, the key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis, and increased expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase that regulate triglyceride hydrolysis. Finally, OLA‐NO2vs OLA treatment resulted in modest but significant beneficial effects on macrophage cholesterol metabolism, reducing cholesterol biosynthesis rate and low density lipoprotein influx into the cells, while increasing high density lipoprotein‐mediated cholesterol efflux from the macrophages. Collectively, compared with OLA, OLA‐NO2 modestly but significantly reduces macrophage oxidative status and cellular triglyceride content via modulation of cellular anti‐oxidants and triglyceride metabolizing enzymes.