bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid Speed Modulation of a Rotary Total Artificial Heart Impeller
Authors: Kleinheyer Matthias , Timms Daniel L. , Tansley Geoffrey D. , Nestler Frank , Greatrex Nicholas A. , Frazier O. Howard , Cohn William E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUnlike the earlier reciprocating volume displacement–type pumps, rotary blood pumps (RBPs) typically operate at a constant rotational speed and produce continuous outflow. When RBP technology is used in constructing a total artificial heart (TAH), the pressure waveform that the TAH produces is flat, without the rise and fall associated with a normal arterial pulse. Several studies have suggested that pulseless circulation may impair microcirculatory perfusion and the autoregulatory response and may contribute to adverse events such as gastrointestinal bleeding, arteriovenous malformations, and pump thrombosis. It may therefore be beneficial to attempt to reproduce pulsatile output, similar to that generated by the native heart, by rapidly modulating the speed of an RBP impeller. The choice of an appropriate speed profile and control strategy to generate physiologic waveforms while minimizing power consumption and blood trauma becomes a challenge. In this study, pump operation modes with six different speed profiles using the BiVACOR TAH were evaluated in vitro. These modes were compared with respect to: hemodynamic pulsatility, which was quantified as surplus hemodynamic energy (SHE); maximum rate of change of pressure (dP/dt); pulse power index; and motor power consumption as a function of pulse pressure. The results showed that the evaluated variables underwent different trends in response to changes in the speed profile shape. The findings indicated a possible trade‐off between SHE levels and flow rate pulsatility related to the relative systolic duration in the speed profile. Furthermore, none of the evaluated measures was sufficient to fully characterize hemodynamic pulsatility.
Structured Ordinary Least Squares: A Sufficient Dimension Reduction Approach for Regressions with Partitioned Predictors and Heterogeneous Units
Authors: Liu Yang , Chiaromonte Francesca , Li Bing 
Published: September 2016

Summary
In many scientific and engineering fields, advanced experimental and computing technologies are producing data that are not just high dimensional, but also internally structured. For instance, statistical units may have heterogeneous origins from distinct studies or subpopulations, and features may be naturally partitioned based on experimental platforms generating them, or on information available about their roles in a given phenomenon. In a regression analysis, exploiting this known structure in the predictor dimension reduction stage that precedes modeling can be an effective way to integrate diverse data. To pursue this, we propose a novel Sufficient Dimension Reduction (SDR) approach that we call structured Ordinary Least Squares (sOLS). This combines ideas from existing SDR literature to merge reductions performed within groups of samples and/or predictors. In particular, it leads to a version of OLS for grouped predictors that requires far less computation than recently proposed groupwise SDR procedures, and provides an informal yet effective variable selection tool in these settings. We demonstrate the performance of sOLS by simulation and present a first application to genomic data. The R package “sSDR,” publicly available on CRAN, includes all procedures necessary to implement the sOLS approach.
Changes in Beliefs About Category Homogeneity and Variability Across Childhood
Authors: Brandone Amanda C. 
Published: September 2016

Effective category‐based induction requires understanding that categories include both fundamental similarities between members and important variation. This article explores 4‐ to 11‐year‐olds’ (n = 207) and adults’ (n = 49) intuitions about this balance between within‐category homogeneity and variability using a novel induction task in which participants predict the distribution of a property among members of a novel category. Across childhood, children learned to recognize variability within categories—showing increasing sensitivity to the role of property type and domain in constraining inferences. Children below the age of 6 showed evidence for a domain‐general assumption that categories are homogeneous—generalizing properties broadly to 100% of category members. These studies support important developmental changes in category representations that may influence category‐based induction.
Varied incidence of immediate adverse reactions to low‐osmolar non‐ionic iodide radiocontrast media used in computed tomography
Authors: Kim S. R. , Lee J. H. , Park K. H. , Park H. J. , Park J. W. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundLow‐osmolar non‐ionic radiocontrast media (RCMs) are commonly used throughout hospitals. However, the incidence of immediate adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to various low‐osmolar non‐ionic RCMs is not well studied. We compared the incidence of immediate ADRs among different low‐osmolar non‐ionic RCMs used in computed tomography (CT).MethodsSeverance Hospital has collected data for adverse reactions occurring in‐hospital using an internally developed system. Using this data, we reviewed 1969 immediate ADRs from 286 087 RCM‐contrasted CT examinations of 142 099 patients and compared the immediate ADRs of iobitridol, iohexol, iopamidol, and iopromide. We analysed the incidence of immediate ADRs to different RCMs, as well as the effect of single or multiple CT examinations per day.ResultsIopromide showed the highest incidence of immediate ADRs (1.03%) and was followed by iopamidol (0.67%), iohexol (0.64%), and iobitridol (0.34%). In cases of anaphylaxis, iopromide also showed the highest incidence (0.041%), followed by iopamidol (0.023%), iohexol (0.018%), and iobitridol (0.012%). Risk of immediate ADR due to multiple CT examinations (1.19%) was significantly higher than the risk due to a single CT examination (0.63%). Risk of anaphylaxis was also higher for multiple CT examinations (0.052%) than for a single CT examination (0.020%).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThe incidence of immediate ADRs varied according to the low‐osmolar non‐ionic RCM used. Iopromide‐induced immediate ADRs were more frequent, while iobitridol was associated with fewer immediate ADRs than other RCMs. Multiple CT examinations per day resulted in a higher incidence of immediate ADRs and anaphylaxis than a single CT examination. Clinicians should consider these risk differences of immediate ADRs when prescribing contrasted CT examinations.
Calpain‐activated mTORC2/Akt pathway mediates airway smooth muscle remodelling in asthma
Authors: Rao S.‐S. , Mu Q. , Zeng Y. , Cai P.‐C. , Liu F. , Yang J. , Xia Y. , Zhang Q. , Song L.‐J. , Zhou L.‐L. , Li F.‐Z. , Lin Y.‐X. , Fang J. , Greer P. A. , Shi H.‐Z. , Ma W.‐L. , Su Y. , Ye H. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundAllergic asthma is characterized by inflammation and airway remodelling. Airway remodelling with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and larger smooth muscle mass are correlated with increased airway responsiveness and asthma severity. Calpain is a family of calcium‐dependent endopeptidases, which plays an important role in ECM remodelling. However, the role of calpain in airway smooth muscle remodelling remains unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the role of calpain in asthmatic airway remodelling as well as the underlying mechanism.MethodsThe mouse asthma model was made by ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. Calpain conditional knockout mice were studied in the model. Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were isolated from smooth muscle bundles in airway of rats. Cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5, TNF‐α, and TGF‐β1, and serum from patients with asthma were selected to treated ASMCs. Collagen‐I synthesis, cell proliferation, and phosphorylation of Akt in ASMCs were analysed.ResultsInhibition of calpain using calpain knockout mice attenuated airway smooth muscle remodelling in mouse asthma models. Cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5, TNF‐α, and TGF‐β1, and serum from patients with asthma increased collagen‐I synthesis, cell proliferation, and phosphorylation of Akt in ASMCs, which were blocked by the calpain inhibitor MDL28170. Moreover, MDL28170 reduced cytokine‐induced increases in Rictor protein, which is the most important component of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). Blockage of the mTORC2 signal pathway prevented cytokine‐induced phosphorylation of Akt, collagen‐I synthesis, and cell proliferation of ASMCs and attenuated airway smooth muscle remodelling in mouse asthma models.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceOur results indicate that calpain mediates cytokine‐induced collagen‐I synthesis and proliferation of ASMCs via the mTORC2/Akt signalling pathway, thereby regulating airway smooth muscle remodelling in asthma.
Excess cement and the risk of peri‐implant disease – a systematic review
Authors: Staubli Noémie , Walter Clemens , Schmidt Julia C. , Weiger Roland , Zitzmann Nicola U. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to assess the role of excess cement as risk indicator for peri‐implant diseases.Material and methodsA systematic literature search with the keywords peri‐implant disease, peri‐implant mucositis, peri‐implantitis, excess cement, cemented, and screw‐retained restorations was performed for articles published by June 2016 using MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases, complemented by hand searching.ResultsThe included 26 publications referring to 21 study groups were published between 1999 and 2016 and comprised 945 subjects with 1010 cemented implant restorations in 10 prospective and eight retrospective studies and eight case reports/series with pronounced heterogeneity of the study designs. Prevalence of peri‐implant diseases varied between 1.9% and 75% of the implants with cemented restorations, with proportions of 33–100% associated with excess cement. In publications including early follow‐ups and regular recall intervals, peri‐implant disease was mostly detected at an early stage. Cofactors, such as type of abutment (standardized or individualized) and cementum medium used, did not have a significant influence, while higher prevalence of peri‐implant diseases was found with immediate loading or cementation subsequent to reentry, and with cemented vs. screw‐retained restorations.ConclusionsExcess cement was identified as a possible risk indicator for peri‐implant diseases and was more frequently observed with soft tissue healing periods shorter than 4 weeks. To reduce the risk of peri‐implant disease associated with excess cement, a crown margin at the level of the mucosal margin providing sufficient access is recommendable, and soft tissue maturation and early follow‐ups after restoration placement should be assured.
Immunopathological characterization of cryptoglandular anal fistula: a pilot study investigating its pathogenesis
Authors: Ratto C. , Litta F. , Lucchetti D. , Parello A. , Boninsegna A. , Arena V. , Donisi L. , Calapà F. , Sgambato A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThe pathogenesis of cryptoglandular anal fistula (AF) is still under debate. Tissue inflammation could play a primary role. The pathological process of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) might be involved but has never been investigated.MethodIn a prospective pilot study, 12 patients with an AF had a fistulectomy. The excised track was divided into proximal (intrasphincteric) and distal (extrasphincteric) parts which were subjected to standard histopathological examination. The cytokines IL‐8 and IL‐1beta were analysed as markers of inflammation, while EMT was evaluated by expression of TGF‐beta, Vimentin, Zeb‐1, Snail and E‐cadherin. The mRNA and protein expression of these molecules was investigated by real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR), Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry and was compared with that of the normal adjacent tissue.ResultsChronic inflammation and granulation tissue and a stratified epithelium were evident on standard histopathological examination. The cytokine IL‐8 was more expressed in the proximal than the distal part of the track (fold increase 4.34 vs 3.60), while the reverse was found for IL‐1beta (fold increase 1.33 vs 2.01); both were more intensely expressed compared with the normal anal mucosa. EMT was demonstrated, in both proximal and distal parts of the track, with an increase of TGF‐beta, Vimentin, Zeb‐1 and Snail and a mean decrease of E‐cadherin. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry confirmed the protein expression.ConclusionThe study suggests that chronic inflammation is present in cryptoglandular fistulas. The inflammatory pattern might be different in the proximal than in the distal part of the fistula track. The cytokines IL‐1beta and IL‐8 could play a possible role in fistula formation. The study demonstrates for the first time the potential importance of EMT in the pathogenesis of cryptoglandular AF.
Membranous nephropathy in the kidney allograft
Authors: Filippone Edward J. , Farber John L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMembranous nephropathy (MN) may occur in a kidney transplant as recurrence of the original disease (rMN) or as a de novo MN (dnMN). rMN often occurs early, within the first year, and often in a mild or subclinical fashion. Recurrence cannot be predicted by clinical features at the time of transplantation. The natural history is increasing proteinuria over time, with less chance for spontaneous remission compared to primary MN (pMN). Antiphospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies should be evaluated in all patients with pMN at the time of transplantation and serially. If titers persist or rise, biopsy is indicated. Irrespective of PLA2R status, any case with proteinuria reaching 1 g/day should be biopsied. No randomized controlled trials have been published regarding treatment of rMN. Observational data support use of rituximab. Given the progressive nature of rMN and lack of spontaneous remissions, a period of observation does not seem justifiable. dnMN occurs with about equal frequency as rMN and shares features of secondary MN in native kidneys. Causes include viral infections (e.g., hepatitis B or C), which should be treated. In some cases, dnMN may represent an atypical alloimmune response. The role of rituximab in dnMN is undefined.
Estimation of the number of children with cerebral palsy using nationwide health insurance claims data in Japan
Authors: Toyokawa Satoshi , Maeda Eri , Kobayashi Yasuki 
Published: September 2016

AimJapan lacks a population‐based registration system for cerebral palsy (CP), therefore the nationwide prevalence of CP is unknown. Our aim was to estimate the number of children with CP using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, which has been recently developed by the government.MethodStudy participants were children and adolescents aged below 20 years, who had been assigned CP diagnosis codes more than once in claims issued between June 2012 and May 2013 from all health insurance schemes in Japan, except for Social Welfare and Elderly Health Insurance.ResultsThe number of participants with diagnosed CP was 44 381. The number of males with CP (25 237) was greater than the number of females (19 144). Peak CP prevalence per 1000 population was 2.39 at age 4 years, and this gradually declined with age. The prevalence of CP per 1000 population was 2.27 at age 5 to 9 years. The numbers of inpatients and outpatients with CP were 9126 (20.6%) and 35 255 (79.4%) respectively.InterpretationOur estimation of CP prevalence per 1000 population at age 5 to 9 years lay in the higher range of figures from previous studies in Japan, and was close to figures reported by European countries.
Use of antibiotics in childhood and risk of Type 1 diabetes: a population‐based case–control study
Authors: Mikkelsen K. H. , Knop F. K. , Vilsbøll T. , Frost M. , Hallas J. , Pottegård A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsTo investigate whether the use of antibiotics from infancy to adolescence influences the risk of Type 1 diabetes.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based case–control study, including all Type 1 diabetes cases in Denmark among children born between 1997 and 2012 (n = 1578). Odds ratios associating Type 1 diabetes with use of antibiotics were calculated using conditional logistic regression.ResultsOverall, we found no association between the use of antibiotics and risk of Type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, no associations were seen specifically for broad‐spectrum, narrow‐spectrum, bactericidal or bacteriostatic types of antibiotics or for the most frequently used individual classes of antibiotics. No differences were observed in subgroups defined by sex or by age at time of diagnosis. However, filling five or more antibiotic prescriptions in the first 2 years of life specifically was associated with a higher odds ratio of 1.35 (95% CI 1.10–1.64). This association appeared to be driven by exposure to broad‐spectrum antibiotics within the second year of life.ConclusionAntibiotic exposure in childhood is generally not associated with the risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. Future studies should investigate the effects of multiple exposures to broad‐spectrum antibiotics during the second year of life.
Risk of diabetic retinopathy at first screen in children at 12 and 13 years of age
Authors: Scanlon P. H. , Stratton I. M. , Bachmann M. O. , Jones C. , Leese G. P. ,   the Four Nations Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Study Group
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsTo investigate the relationships between age at diagnosis of diabetes, age at diabetic eye screening and severity of diabetic retinopathy at first and subsequent screenings in children aged 12 or 13 years.MethodsData were extracted from four English screening programmes and from the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish programmes on all children with diabetes invited for their first and subsequent screening episodes from the age of 12 years. Retinopathy levels at first and subsequent screens, time from diagnosis of diabetes to first screening and age at diagnosis in years were calculated.ResultsData were available for 2125 children with diabetes screened for the first time at age 12 or 13 years. In those diagnosed with diabetes at 2 years of age or less, the proportion with retinopathy in one or both eyes was 20% and 11%, respectively, decreasing to 8% and 2% in those diagnosed between 2 and 12 years (P < 0.0001). Only three children (aged 8, 10 and 11 years at diagnosis of diabetes) had images graded with referable retinopathy and, of these, two had non‐referable diabetic retinopathy at all subsequent screenings. Of 1703 children with subsequent images, 25 were graded with referable diabetic retinopathy over a mean follow‐up of 3.1 years, an incidence rate of 4.7 (95% confidence interval, 3.1–7.0) per 1000 per year.ConclusionsIn this large cohort of children, the low prevalence and incidence rates of referable diabetic retinopathy suggest that screening earlier than age 12 is not necessary.
Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of interventions that cause weight loss and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Zomer Ella , Leach Rachel , Trimmer Christine , Lobstein Tim , Morris Stephen , James William P. , Finer Nick 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundOverweight/obesity is associated with significant morbidity, mortality and costs. Weight loss has been shown to reverse some of these effects, reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD).AimTo determine the potential monies available, from an English National Health Service perspective, for weight loss interventions to be cost‐effective in the prevention of CVD.MethodsA Markov model was developed, populated with overweight/obese individuals from the Health Survey for England, aged 30–74 years, free of pre‐existing CVD and with available risk factor information to calculate CVD risk. All individuals were free of CVD at baseline and, with each annual cycle, could transition to other health states of primary CVD, secondary CVD or death according to transition probabilities for a maximum period of 10 years, or until death. Utilities, costs and the effects of weight loss on CVD risk factors were applied. The potential monies available for CVD prevention strategies, provided the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio met UK arbitrary limits of between £20 000 and £30 000, was determined.ResultsApplying the effects of weight loss on CVD risk factors prevented 4 CVD events and saved 17 quality‐adjusted life‐years over 10 years per 1000 individuals. £34 to £51 was available per person per year for up to 10 years when meeting the UK arbitrary limits.ConclusionsIndividual annual financial allowances for weight loss interventions to be considered cost‐effective is relatively low; however, as a large proportion of the population is affected, wide cheap societal interventions are important.
First‐ever stroke following hip replacement surgeries: a large population‐based survey
Authors: Wang Chia‐To , Chuang Eric , Yen Der‐Jen , Chuang Tien‐Yow , Muo Chih‐Hsin , Kao Chia‐Hung 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study was designed to determine the prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of first‐ever stroke following hip replacement (HR) in a large population of Taiwan.MethodsUsing the National Health Insurance system of Taiwan, we identified patients undergoing HR from 2000 to 2011 and randomly selected 4 : 1 age‐ and sex‐matched controls for each HR patients. The index date for HR patients was defined the date for HR. All study subjects were followed from the index date until stroke occurred at admission. T‐test and chi‐square test were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. The hazard ratios of risk factors were determined with Cox proportional hazard regression model.ResultsA total of 3604 HR patients and 14 394 controls were enrolled. In comparison with controls, patients undergoing HR had a significantly higher incidence of comorbidities (i.e. atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes) and consumed more medications (i.e. antihypertension, antidiabetes, nonsteroid anti‐inflammatory drugs and anticoagulants) before surgery. The HR patients had a significant higher incidence of first‐ever stroke, especially for those aged over 65. (Hazard ratio: 1·33, 95% confidence interval: 1·12–1·58) The significantly higher risk for first‐ever stroke occurred within 3 months and ≥ 1 year after HR. The incidence rate of ischaemic stroke is about five times than that of haemorrhagic stroke.ConclusionOur study identifies multiple risk factors that cause cerebrovascular complications after HR, which is vital in creating treatment plans to prevent for said problems.