bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION IN CONFLICTED SOCIETIES: THE EXPERIENCE OF NORTHERN IRELAND AND TURKEY
Authors: Bakircioglu Onder , Dickson Brice 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSince the entry into force of the European Convention on Human Rights there have been many serious conflicts in Europe. This article examines the role played by the Convention in two of those conflicts: that in Northern Ireland between supporters of the territory remaining part of the United Kingdom and supporters of Northern Ireland becoming part of a reunified Ireland, and that in Turkey between those who advocate for a unified Turkish State and those who want a Turkey which grants greater rights to Kurds and accepts greater autonomy for the Kurdish-dominated southeast region. The principal goal is to compare how the institutions in Strasbourg have responded to applications lodged by victims of human rights abuses allegedly committed during the two conflicts. The comparison seeks to identify to what extent the European Court of Human Rights has adopted principles and practices which can contribute to a reduction in human rights abuses during times of conflict.
SHOULD INTERNATIONAL LAW RECOGNIZE A RIGHT OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION?
Authors: O'Meara Chris 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe ongoing Syrian civil war calls for a re-evaluation of using force to protect human rights. This article does not rake over the much-debated issue of whether a right of humanitarian intervention exists aslex lata. Instead, it addresses the little reviewed normative issue of whether the rightshouldexist in international law to support and reflect a pluralistic understanding of sovereignty. Despite advancements in international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law, this wider fabric of international law preserves Westphalian sovereignty and the principle of non-intervention. It denies any right of humanitarian intervention.
Art. XVII.—On Female Infanticide in Cutch
Authors: Burnes Alexander 
Published: February 2017

As the following remarks by a member of the Council of the Royal Asiatic Society may be considered an appropriate introduction to this subject, they are here prefixed.I Have perused with attention the report on Hindú Infanticide in Cutch, by Mr. Burnes, affording evidence of the assiduity which marks all his researches.Its publication in our Journal I should judge every way desirable; for it calls the notice of the public to the circumstance that the total suppression of this practice has not been effected; and we cannot aspire to higher merit than in laudably exerting ourselves to the promotion of such public measures as may tend to the well-doing of our fellow-creatures.
On the margins of minority life: Zoroastrians and the state in Safavid Iran
Authors: Ghereghlou Kioumars 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article looks at the treatment of the Zoroastrians by central and provincial authorities in early modern Yazd, Kirman and Isfahan, emphasizing the institutional weaknesses of the central orkhāṣṣaprotection they were supposed to benefit from under the Safavids (907–1135/1501–1722). It is argued that the maltreatment the Zoroastrians endured under the Safavids had little to do with religious bigotry. Rather, it arose from rivalries between the central and the provincial services of the Safavid bureaucracy, putting Zoroastrians in Yazd, Kirman, Sistan and Isfahan at risk of over-taxation, extortion, forced labour and religious persecution. The argument developed in this article pivots on the material interest of the central and the provincial agents of the Safavid bureaucracy in the revenue and labour potentials of the Zoroastrians, and the way in which the conflict of interest between these two sectors led to such acts of persecution as over-taxation, forced labour, extortion and violence.
Canary in the coal mine? China, the UNGA, and the changing world order
Authors: Brazys Samuel , Dukalskis Alexander 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHow China assumes its position of superpower is one of the most important questions regarding global order in the twenty-first century. While considerable and sustained attention has been paid to China’s growing economic and military might, work examining how China is attempting, if at all, to influence the ecosystem of global norms is in its earlier stages. In this article we examine China’s actions in an important venue for the development of global norms, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Using a unique dataset that captures how other countries move into or out of alignment with China on UNGA resolutions that are repeated over time, we find statistical evidence that China used diplomatic and economic means in an attempt to subtly alter international norms. We further illustrate these findings by examining four states that made substantive moves toward China on resolutions concerning national sovereignty, democracy, international order, non-interference, and human rights.
Magnetic focusing of emitted ions from laser-generated plasma: enhancement of yield and energy
Authors: Torrisi L. , Costa G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA ns Nd:Yag laser, at intensity of 1010 W/cm2 is employed to generate carbon and aluminum non-equilibrium plasmas at a temperature of about 33 eV accelerating ions at energies of the order of 130 eV per charge state. The ion emission occurs manly along the normal to the target surface and can be detected using ion collectors employed in time-of-flight configuration. The application of magnetic field along the axe of the ion emission permits to focalize the ion emission enhancing the detected ion current. The formation of electron traps, due to the magnetic force lines, drives the ion acceleration improving their kinetic energy. Different applications can make use of these results to increase the flow of charged particles and their energy employing appropriate static magnetic fields, as it will be presented and discussed.
Oxygen and environmental stress in plants: and evolutionary context
Authors: Hendry George A. F. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisContemporary plant species show a wide range of responses to oxidative attack. Much of this variation may reflect the different environmental selective pressures operating at different geological periods over the course of angiosperm evolution. Evidence is provided to show that the wide range of contemporary responses to oxidative stress may directly reflect the persistence of genes controlling free radical processes under environments of the past.
Chilling, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme responses in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Burdon Roy H. , Gill Vera , Boyd Pat A. , O'Kane Damian 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisAlthough chilling of Arabidopsis thaliana cells to 4°C reduced respiration and superoxide generation, the latter still appears significant. Superoxide may contribute to the observed chilling-induced cellular lipid peroxidation and through processes that may be facilitated by the up-regulation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity.
The occurrence, and influence on photolithotrophs, of high oxygen concentrations
Authors: Raven John A. , Johnston Andrew M. , Parsons Richard , Kübler Janet 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisHyperoxia (O2in solution in excess of air-equilibrium values) occurs in certain photosynthesising cells which use inorganic C concentrating mechanisms, and as a result of abiological mechanisms. Geochemical evidence suggests that the atmosphere may have had significantly higher O2partial pressures in the past (e.g. the Upper Carboniferous) than occurs today. Biochemical effects of high O2concentrations in solution include inhibition of RUBISCO (competitive with CO2) and nitrogenase, as well as damage caused by higher levels of toxic O species (H2O2, O2and, especially,1O2and OH). The influence of high (twice the extant level) atmospheric O2on growth of non-N2-fixers is as predicted from the properties of RUBISCO and the occurrence of inorganic C concentrating mechanisms. Acclimation of N2-fixers to twice the extant O2level involves increased restriction on O2diffusion to nitrogenase so that growth is not inhibited (unless the high O2has access to the C3photosynthesis apparatus). Evidence as to the effect of hyperoxia on quenchers and scavengers of toxic O species is equivocal. Cells exposed to high O2probably have higher mutation rates as a result of higher levels of toxic O species, although the production and maintenance of ‘stem’ cells may occur in parts of the plants with relatively low O2levels.
Generation of free radicals in germinating Norway spruce. Differences in the effect of two different phenolic compounds
Authors: Segura-Aguilar Juan , Hakman Inger , Rydström Jan 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisWe have studied the defences of Norway spruce seeds against pollutants during germination, using two different phenolic compounds, 5-OH-1,4-naphthoquinone (5-OH-NQ)3and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T).Only small effects of 5-OH-NQ on germination of seeds were observed at concentrations up to 200 μM, which could be explained by the formation of a less reactive metabolite of 5-OH-NQ. These results suggest that Norway spruce seeds have a very effective defence system against quinone and quinonederived reactive oxygen species.The effect of 2,4,5-T on seed germination was, however, more pronounced, resulting in an abnormal growth of the seedlings. This behaviour was probably due to a strong increase in ethylene production (10-fold) in these seedlings. Also fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity, a peroxisomal enzyme of β-oxidation that catalyses the formation of H2O2, was found to increase 6.9-fold in seedlings germinated in presence of 2,4,5-T. A strong decrease in the activity of photosystem II and an increase in lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts was also observed.
Singlet molecular oxygen and primary mechanisms of photo-oxidative damage of chloroplasts. Studies based on detection of oxygen and pigment phosphorescence
Authors: Krasnovsky A. A. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisPhotogeneration of singlet oxygen molecules (1O2), their vibrationally excited stateand dimols (1O2)2has been shown by measuring photosensitised delayed luminescence in pigment-containing media. All singlet oxygen species are formed as a result of energy transfer to O2from triplet pigment molecules. Monomeric pigment molecules are the most efficient singlet oxygen generators. The1O2quantum yields are 40–80% in aerobic solutions of monomeric chlorophylls and pheophytins. Pigment aggregation causes a strong decrease in singlet oxygen production. The1O2quantum yield in chloroplasts has been estimated using literature and experimental data on formation of the chlorophyll triplet states in the photosynthetic apparatus. The most probable value is 0.1%. One of the major sources of singlet oxygen is likely to be the triplet states of newly formed pigment molecules which are not quenched by carotenoids and can be detected by measuring low-temperature pigment phosphorescence. Quenching of singlet oxygen by the thylakoid components has been analysed and the1O2lifetime estimated. The data suggest that carotenoids and chlorophylls are the most efficient physical1O2quenchers and the1O2lifetime is about 70 ns in thylakoids. The quantum yield of1O2-induced pigment photodestruction was estimated to be about 10−6–10−5. This value is close to the quantum yield of chlorophyll photobleaching experimentally observed in aerobic suspensions of isolated chloroplasts. The intensity of pigment phosphorescence at 77 K correlates with the rate of chlorophyll photobleaching in plant materials. The data suggest that1O2generation by the pigment triplet states is the most likely reason for chloroplast photodamage. The intensity of pigment phosphorescence can be used as an index of the degree of plant photo-oxidative stress.
Antioxidants and free radical oxidation as regulators of ATP biosynthesis in chloroplasts
Authors: Budagovskaya N. V. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisA study has been made of the effects of natural antioxidants (cysteine and ascorbate), commonly used in media for isolation of organelles and in reaction mixtures, on light-induced proton uptake and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts of pea and maize. These plants were chosen because of their different levels of resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions. Conditions for studying chloroplasts in different functional states were modelled and it was shown that the antioxidants exerted a regulatory effect on light-induced proton uptake and ATP formation. The direction of the response was dependent on the initial state of the chloroplasts and was correlated with the concentrations of free and total sulfhydryl groups. A scheme for regulation of energy transformation in chloroplasts, including antioxidants and free radical oxidation, is proposed.
Hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of cyclitols
Authors: Orthen Birgit , Popp Marianne , Smirnoff Nicholas 
Published: February 2017

Cyclitols are low molecular weight substances which accumulate in plant cells in response to various environmental stress situations, for example drought (Ford 1984), salinity (Gorham et al. 1984), low temperature (Richter et al. 1990).Apart from their more general role in osmotic adjustment, only in the case of salt stress is their mode of function well understood. Cyclitols (e.g. pinitol) accumulate when plants are exposed to increasing salt concentration (Paul & Cockburn 1989) and act as compatible solutes (Sommer et al. 1990) as defined by Brown & Simpson (1972).The significance of cyclitol accumulation in stress adaptation of plants to drought and cold still remains uncertain. However, it is generally accepted that drought and cold as well as several other stress situations lead to an enhanced generation of oxygen free radicals (Elstner 1990; Smirnoff & Colombe 1988), including the hydroxyl radical as the most harmful one. The report by Smirnoff & Cumbes (1989) that myo-inositol is an effective hydroxyl radical scavenger prompted us to test other naturally-occuring cyclitols like pinitol, quebrachitol, 1-D-1-O-methyl-muco-inositol, ononitol and quercitol for their ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals.
Metabolite accumulation during ice encasement of timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)
Authors: Gudleifsson Bjarni E. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisPlants are killed by prolonged ice encasement at slightly subzero temperatures and under these anoxic conditions a number of metabolites are accumulated. Timothy grass plants encased in ice at −2°C can survive these conditions for many weeks and accumulate mainly CO2 and ethanol and lower levels of malate, oxalate, citrate, fumarate and pyruvate. While the accumulation of most of the metabolites increases towards the end of the encasement period the amount of malate decreases, indicating utilisation. Late in the encasement period lactate, butyrate, and traces of malonate, formate and tartarate were detected which might be of bacterial origin. The bacteria most commonly isolated from ice-encased plants is Pseudomonas fluorescens (Trevisan) which in most cases is saprophytic. All of the above-mentioned metabolites were also detected from thaw water in the field after long duration of ice encasement, butyrate attaining the highest concentration.
Hormone action and plant adaptations to poor aeration
Authors: Jackson Michael B. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisThe actions of endogenous plant hormones are invoked to explain several morphological adaptations to poor aeration. These include changes to the growth and internal morphology of inundated roots, the promotion of extension growth by stems or leaves of aquatic and semi-aquatic species by submergence, and morphological changes in shoots where only the roots and lower shoot are inundated. This article considers ethylene-promoted aerenchyma formation in maize (Zea mays) and compares the promoting action of ethylene, low oxygen partial pressures and carbon dioxide on shoot extension in rice (Oryza sativa), a rice mimicEchinochloa oryzoidesand a submersed aquatic monocotPotamogeton pecrinatus. Different kinds of hormonal messages (positive, negative, accumulative and debit) passing between roots and shoots co-ordinate shoot development with the roots and their environment. Recent progress in quantifying the delivery of abscisic acid (ABA) or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-car-boxylic acid (ACC) from roots to shoots in the transpiration stream is summarised in relation to control of stomatal closure and leaf epinastic curvature in flooded plants.
Is long-term hypoxia met by the Pasteur effect in roots of wheat seedlings?
Authors: Albrecht G. , Wiedenroth E.-M. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisIt has been argued, whether or not the Pasteur effect occurs in plant tissues as a response to long-term hypoxia. To study this question roots of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivumL. cv. Alcedo) were analysed following acclimation to oxygen shortage by a prior 6-d-cultivation in a nitrogen-flushed nutrient solution. A Pasteur Quotient of approximately one suggested the absence of a significant Pasteur effect. This conclusion was supported by finding an accumulation of soluble carbohydrates.A progressive adaptation of hypoxically pretreated wheat roots was indicated by measurements under low oxygen tension of 2 kPa, when half of the produced carbon dioxide was generated by fermentation (Gas exchange Quotient, GQ≈2.1) with no apparent increase in the glycolytic substrate flux. The remaining oxygen uptake was even higher in hypoxically grown roots than in the aerobically grown control specimens. When whole seedlings were placed in oxygen-free conditions for 2 h, roots of seedlings pretreated hypoxically suffered a 50% loss in the concentration of ATP, while 90% of the ATP was lost in roots transferred from an aerated solution directly into an anaerobic environment. This was interpreted as an improvement in hypoxia tolerance by minimising the fermentation rate (low PQ) but in particular the ATP requirements by metabolic arrest strategies.
Long-term oxygen shortage induces sugar accumulation – particularly fructans in wheat seedlings
Authors: Albrecht G. , Kammerer S. , Praznik W. , Wiedenroth E.-M. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisIn response to long-term oxygen shortage in the rooting medium (>7days), there was an accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in shoots as well as in roots of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Alcedo). The content of fructo-oligosaccharides had increased five-fold in the roots and seven-fold in the shoots. This fails to fit the assumption that higher substrate consumption is accompanied by the fermentation under oxygen shortage.
The relationship between starch content in rhizomes of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. and trophic conditions of habitat
Authors: Kubin P. , Melzer A. , Čižkova H. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisThe hypothesis of reed decline being a consequence of eutrophication has been proved. Rhizomes of P. australis from two habitats differing in nutrient availability were collected during one year. In the nutrient-poor habitat, less aboveground biomass and greater starch reserves were formed in comparison with the nutrient-rich one. In the stand with a high nutrient availability, a decrease in starch content was observed in horizontal rhizomes during autumn.
The involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals in plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Goodman B. A. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisPlants have evolved a multiplicity of defence mechanisms against pathogen attack. Their modes of action may be to (i) kill the pathogen directly, (ii) block the action of enzymes required for infection, or (iii) erect barriers to pathogen growth. Some of these reactions proceed via free radical intermediates and make use of either atmospheric oxygen or reactive oxygen species. This paper reviews the various types of reaction involving oxygen-derived free radicals that are initiated in plant tissue when it is invaded by pathogenic organisms. Both the production of free radicals by plants in defensive processes and the utilisation of free radicals by pathogens in offensive reactions are considered and particular attention is given to the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for the direct observation of such free radical reactions.
Design and testing of twig chambers for ozone fumigation and gas exchange measurements in mature trees
Authors: Havranek Wilhelm M. , Wieser Gerhard 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisA twig chamber system was developed for the exposure of mature trees to ozone (O3) under field conditions. The fumigation system allowed the exact control of O3 concentrations in the chambers, the measurement of O3 uptake as well as gas exchange measurements under ambient and controlled conditions during and after O3 fumigation. Because of differences in individual twigs the system should provide the exposure of replicates to different O3 treatments. Tests showed that temperature, humidity and O3 concentrations inside the chambers were comparable with diurnal courses observed in the field. Comparative gas exchange measurements indicated that there were no differences in net photosynthesis and conductance of twigs outside the chambers and twigs which remained within the chambers for 23 weeks receiving ambient air.
Complete genome characterization and evolutionary analysis of serotype-4 associated with severe dengue
Authors: VADDADI K. , GANDIKOTA C. , VENKATARAMANA M. 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYDengue virus circulates as four independent serotypes posing a major public health threat around the globe. In the recent years, frequent dengue outbreaks are being reported in many parts of the world including India. Among four serotypes, Den-4 is the least sampled and studied serotype until recent times, but the reported cases with Den-4 infections were mostly known to associate with severe dengue. In the past three decades, only one complete genome sequence of Den-4 has been published from India. Hence there is a deficit in information with reference to this serotype which would be required in deciphering its association with severe dengue. In this study, we have carried out the complete genome characterization of Den-4 virus, isolated from a dengue shock syndrome patient during the 2015 outbreak from Hyderabad, South India. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of genotype I (lineage C) which showed close relatedness to the reported virulent strains. The data also indicated few unique amino acid substitutions which are known to be important in virus replication and epitope presentation. This is the first report of complete genome characterization of Den-4 from South India, which may assist in shaping the genetic diversity of circulating strains in India.