bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vulnerability of Nations: Food Security in the Aftermath of World War II
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The present essay focuses on the scientific approaches emerging from the war that attempted to identify key risks to food security. It shows how a number of scientists in the United States and Britain addressed the problem of human vulnerability in the immediate postwar years, prior to the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The goal of the essay is to highlight how wartime experiences informed notions of food security within international organizations for many decades to come. It encourages scholars to look beyond the East-West and to look in addition to the ways in which American attitudes stood in conflict with European (particularly British) ones in the immediate postwar years. Attitudes in the longlived organization, FAO, were deeply influenced by European attitudes, which in turn were fundamentally shaped by wartime experience, in ways that often stood in stark contrast with American views. We can see these differences in sharp relief when experts debated diet, crops, and the overall approach to managing global food insecurity in the long term.
World War II and the “Great Acceleration” of North Atlantic Fisheries
Authors: Holm Poul 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
World War II impacted both the marine and the terrestrial environment of the North Atlantic, triggered major political and economic decisions with profound cultural implications, and eventually induced a change in ocean management. The War helped develop technologies and state responses to immediate post-war market problems and impacted the Great Acceleration of fisheries between 1945 and 1975. During the war, fisheries were closed completely only in certain parts of the most fished waters, such as the central North Sea and the English Channel. Even in the most affected Northern European waters some fishing continued throughout the war. Fishing was carried on in the waters off Iceland and the Arctic, but extractions were much reduced. Previously unfished stocks in the Baltic were targeted for the first time ever. The effect of the closure of certain fisheries was an overall increase of survival rates of marine animals. Technological advances made during the War increased the fishing efficiency of vessels when the technology was put to commercial use soon after the War. The immediate benefit of better catch-per-unit effort after the War was concealed by the slump in the international fish market. The wartime ‘dividend’ of marine resources was largely spent by the mid-1950s in the North Sea and by 1960 in the wider North Atlantic. The war disrupted market allegiances, effectively ended old fishing patterns and introduced a forced modernisation in the High North. Among North Sea countries, Denmark in particular responded to the disruption of the market for fresh fish by introducing reduction fishery, which led to severe environmental stress and eventually a collapse of the North Sea herring stock. Before WWII, the oceans had largely been regulated according to the international law of open access to all ocean resources. North Sea countries resumed negotiations over fishing rights after 1945, expecting to revert to old principles. However, U.S. President Harry Truman’s declaration against Japan came to impact fishing negotiations in the North Atlantic and changed post-war fishing management forever.
Urinary extracellular vesicles for RNA extraction: optimization of a protocol devoid of prokaryote contamination
Authors: Tataruch‐Weinert Dorota , Musante Luca , Kretz Oliver , Holthofer Harry 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundUrinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) represent an ideal platform for biomarker discovery. They carry different types of RNA species, and reported profile discrepancies related to the presence/absence of 18s and 28s rRNA remain controversial. Moreover, sufficient urinary RNA yields and respective quality RNA profiles are still to be fully established.MethodsUEVs were enriched by hydrostatic filtration dialysis, and RNA content was extracted using 7 different commercially available techniques. RNA quantity was assessed using spectrophotometry and fluorometry, whilst RNA quality was determined by capillary electrophoresis.ResultsThe presence of prokaryotic transcriptome was stressed when cellular RNA, as a control, was spiked into the UEVs samples before RNA extraction. The presence of bacteria in hydrostatic filtration dialysis above 1,000 kDa molecular weight cut‐off and in crude urine was confirmed with growth media plates. The efficiency in removing urinary bacteria was evaluated by differential centrifugation, filtration (0.22 µm filters) and chemical pretreatment (water purification tablet). For volumes of urine >200 ml, the chemical treatment provides ease of handling without affecting vesicle integrity, protein and RNA profiles. This protocol was selected to enrich RNA with 7 methods, and its respective quality and quantity were assessed. The results were given as follows: (a) Fluorometry gave more repeatability and reproducibility than spectrophotometry to assess the RNA yields, (b) UEVs were enriched with small RNA, (c) Ribosomal RNA peaks were not observed for any RNA extraction method used and (d) RNA yield was higher for column‐based method designed for urinary exosome, whilst the highest relative microRNA presence was obtained using TRIzol method.ConclusionOur results show that the presence of bacteria can lead to misidentification in the electrophoresis peaks. Fluorometry is more reliable than spectrophotometry. RNA isolation method must be selected in conjunction with appropriate UEV collection procedure. We also suggested that a minimum 250 ml of urine should be processed to gather enough RNA for robust quantification, qualification and downstream analysis.
4. Le dix-huitième siècle existe-t-il ?
Authors: Chartier Pierre 
Published: June 2016

4. Pierre Chartier : Does the 18th century exist ?
Convenient segment, or specific reality ? The latter hypothesis makes of the 18th century a phenomenon difficult to circumscribe and uses notions which are questionable in themselves (crisis of consciousness, Preromanticism). If one follows Cassirer in criticising it, it is to assimilate 18th Century and Enlightenment. But this identification is in line with the polemic image which the " philosophes " gave of their struggle : an image effective at the time-but, for us, to-day ? For feeling, a style ; for the University, a domain ; for ideology, a socio-political model of behaviour— this empirical notion is open to the criticisms which " general history " (Foucault) directs at all attempts at totalisation which shun discontinuity ; for philosophy, finally, it seems to be the refuge of the " sujet ", a precarious guarantee against the decentering tendency at work at all levels in modern thought.
5. Histoire et Littérature. Questions de méthode
Authors: Duchet Michèle , Le Roy-Ladurie Emmanuel 
Published: June 2016

5. Michèle Duchet and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie : History and literature : Methodological questions.
With regard, principally, to the Encyclopedia and Utopia, M. Duchet questions the historian on the conditions in which series can be constituted and analysed. Can literary texts be arranged in series like any other type of document ? Moreover, are the relationships between " signifiant " signifié " and " réfèrent " seen in the same light by the historian and the literary scholar ? E. Leroy-Ladurie shows, for his part, as far as series on a large scale like enlistment rolls are concerned, that the historian can also put off indefinitely an examination of the referent, and concern himself essentially with the internal logic of the corpus. However, he warns against the dangers of obdurate structuralism, and gives a good example — the rural corpus — of the precautions to be taken before constructing a series. Finally he demonstrates, with regard to the work of Restif, how taking the referent into account can help to put certain literary texts " into perspective
9. Le questionnaire en question
Authors: Legagneux Michel 
Published: June 2016

9. Michel Legagneux : The " questionnaire " in question.
Research in the human sciences is in a situation of crisis. The article takes
as its stating point the special case of pluridisciplinary research into the eighteenth century, and attempts to locate and name this crisis. Rather than its " scientificity ", what is called into question is the goal of our work. Formalisation can only furnish illusory results as long as our aim continues to be part of the humanist tradition. A break with the past is necessary which should permit us to acknowledge the legitimacy of objectives which till now have been contested or forced into the background : on the one hand the ideological or political exploitation of research and on the other its possible utilisation as the instrument of an individual or collective psychanalytical cure.
10. Les relations internationales au 18e siècle. Réflexions critiques et esquisse d'une méthodologie
Authors: Livet Georges 
Published: June 2016

10. Georges Livet : International relations in the 1 8th century. Critical reflections and outline of a methodology.
Seen from the 20th Century, the study of international relations in the Century of the Enlightenment seems essential. It is the point in time when two key-powers in the modern world appeared on the scene : Russia and the United States. The emancipation of Latin America is equally being prepared. Yet it is in its specific importance that we must consider this Century, when maritim problems become extremely important and the outlines of future colonial empires are drawn. The notion of " foreign lands " becomes more precise and varied : Asia is everywhere present, if Africa remains absent. What did the Enlightenment bring with it in the domain of international relations ? Essentially a certain conception of man. " Men of all times " said Volney " are united by the same interests and the same pleasures Interests and pleasures including the spiritual kind, the common lot of a humanity whose natural state, for Kant as for Hobbes, was war since the state of peace could only be ushered in by a deliberate course of action. The real ordering of international relations remains to be undertaken. The contrast is striking between the cynical realism of certain and the declarations of intent or the a posteriori justifications which also constitute part of the arsenal of combat. In spite of the progress of knowledge, diplomatic organisation remains classic in style. However, a revision of values is outlined at the same time as new ideas come into being which will contribute, on account of their explosive dynamism, to giving a new face to international relations.
Un témoin de la diffusion clandestine des idées philosophiques en France au 18e siècle
Authors: Vallin Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Vallin : Evidence of the clandestine diffusion of philosophical
ideas in France during the eighteenth century.
A description of an unknown collection of six manuscripts written by French Free-thinkers. It was recently discovered at the library of the Theological Faculty of Lyons.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau dans la Révolution
Authors: Barny Roger 
Published: June 2016

J.-J. Rousseau during the revolution.
Like the philosophy of the Enlightenment in general, Rousseauism splintered during the Revolution. The democratic aspects of the Social Contract , which had been used to support parliamentary doctrine, now turned against it ; a ' patriotic ' interpretation developed against the social order and absolute monarchy. But soon ' aristocratic ' influence led to an emphasis on other aspects or reinterpreted aspects initially favourable to the Revolution. These developments were helped by the abstract nature of the bourgeois universalism found in the Social Contract and by the political compromises of the beginning of the Revolution. As long as one does not claim the existence of an abstract truth of Rousseauism distinct from the use made of it, we can accept Lakanal's paradox ' the Revolution taught us to undestand the Social Contract ' for the division of Rousseauism into contradictory doctrines corresponds to contradictions within Rousseau's thought.
Sur «Jacques le Fataliste » : une lettre de M. Lester Crocker et la réponse de M. Maurice Roelens
Authors: Crocker Lester , Roelens Maurice 
Published: June 2016

Correspondance concerning «Jacques le Fataliste ».
A letter from Mr Lester Crocker in response to the article by Maurice Roelens, «Jacques le Fataliste et la critique contemporaine » in Dix-huitième siècle, no. 5, and a reply by M. Roelens.
Quatre lettres inédites de La Mettrie
Authors: Thomson Ann 
Published: June 2016

Ann Thomson : Unpublished correspondence of La Mettrie.
Four letters by La Mettrie, whose correspondence was hitherto considered completely lost. The letters, one of which is addressed to Baculard d'Arnaud, date from La Mettrie 's stay at the court of Frederick II ; they therefore throw light, not only on the misunderstood figure of La Mettrie himself, but also on the life of the philosophes in Potsdam and in particular on the dispute between d'Arnaud and Voltaire.
L'autobiographie de Lacepède retrouvée
Authors: Hahn Roger 
Published: June 2016

Roger Hahn : The autobiography of Lacepède.
In 1816 Buffon's desciple, B.G.E. de la Ville-sur-Illon, comte de Lacepède (1756-1825), prepared a lengthy autobiographical note for his cousin the Princess of Hesse-Philipsthal. The manuscript was recently located in Brussels and is printed with notes. It describes Lacepède 's noble background and youth in Agen ; cultural life in a provincial town ; his education, and musical, literary and scientific activities ; his meetings with Buffon, Daubenton, Gluck, Gossec, Franklin, Voltaire, Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and other notables ; his writings as a naturalist of the Jardin du Roi ; his political activities during the Revolution and under Napoleon ; his stewardship of the Légion d'Honneur ; and his conduct during the period 1814-1815.
Approches sociologiques de la Régence d'Alger (vers 1725)
Authors: Brahimi Denise 
Published: June 2016

Denise Brahimi : A Sociological approach to the Regency of Algiers,
ca 1725.
This is an attempt to study the prehistory of a social science, by the detailed examination of remains. About 1725, several European travellers in North Africa, such as the Englishman Shaw and the Frenchman Peysonnel, attempted to classify the population of the countries they explored, into different clearly-defined groups. Beginning with a classification into two categories, they were forced to adopt three and then four, according to varying criteria, often almost indistinguishable from social criteria, often changing as the traveller came to know the country better. Their concern to rationalise sometimes led them to ignore the individuality of a particular group, and the influence of ideological prejudices, often akin to what we would call racism, also hindered a truly scientific approach.
Prévost et son Cleveland : essai de mise au point historique
Authors: Stewart Philip 
Published: June 2016

Philip Stewart : Prévost and the publication of Cleveland.
The seven authentic volumes of Le Philosophe anglais, ou Histoire de M. Cleveland were published between 1731 and 1739, but the history has never been clear. Prévost probably began the novel in England, where the first two volumes appeared in English before the Utrecht edition in French (Néaulme). Néaulme finally published vols. 3 and 4 in September 1731, and in 1734 commissioned an anonymous sequel. The three volumes of Prévost 's own conclusion were sold in Paris in 1738-9 under permission tacite , despite the rubric : Utrecht, Etienne Néaulme. Although the plot had deviated from the intentions stated in the original preface, the thematic unity remains firm. The book's remarkable success suggests that it may have played a role in the development of the idea of the philosophe.
Le Clavecin oculaire du P. Castel
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Chouillet-Roche : Father Castel's ocular harpsichord.
Father Castel (1688-1757) was most famous as the inventor of a mathematical machine, the ocular harpsichord, and as an opponent of Newtonianism. He believed that there were 3 prime colours and no fundamental difference between sound and light, and he attempted to find the bijection between colours and notes of the chromatic scale and to calculate the number of degrees of shading. The author studies his machine through texts by Castel and his contemporaries, and gives a bibliography of his main works as well as of the chief studies of his harpsichord.
La géométrie du sentiment et le paysage thérapeutique
Authors: Lefaivre Liane , Tzonis Alexandre 
Published: June 2016

Liane Lefaivre & Alexander Tzonis : Geometry of sentiment and therapeutic landscapes.
This article investigates the theory of the therapeutic function of landscapes at the end of the 18th Century in France and England. Such a theory was possible because the garden had by then lost all archaic references to the doctrine of macrocosmic-microcosmic correspondence, Platonic ideas of beauty, astrology and allegory. Equally important was the spread of the mechanistic model of the psyche. The garden could be seen as a spectacle capable of provoking positive or negative sentiments. Hence its use for psychologically therapeutic purposes. The old formal gardens were criticised for their artificial geometric order ; but the new «natural » landscape was in fact based on the antithesis of the previous shapes.
Le cycle des immondices
Authors: Saddy Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Saddy : The refuse cycle.
In the 18th-century, in large towns, the removal of ever more voluminous refuse became the object of precise and rational concern. The police, the municipal authorities and the academies, which acted as the state's technical advisory bodies, set up rules and structures along the lines of those controlling arts and crafts. The collection of urban detritus was to be kept in isolation and the treatment carried out using methods similar to those controlling the activities of the first workers' agglomerations.
Orthodoxie, piétisme, Aufklärung
Authors: Bourel Dominique 
Published: June 2016

Dominique Bourel : Orthodoxy, pietism, aufklärung.
The Aufklärung is a fiction in the same way as are the notions Orthodoxy and Pietism which preceded it and prepared it by their excessive rigidity or sentimentalism, and rejected it for destroying an original message. The secondary «canonical » literature has been for too long an obstacle to the understanding of a number of difficult texts which are worth rediscovering and studying, from Gerhard to Spener and from Keckermann to Sack. The Aufklärung itself cannot be understood as a single phenomenon ; we must rediscover a fragmented Aufklârung in which Göttingen, Hamburg and Halle, and also Lippe and the towns of Iselin and Schlosser constitute a multitude of focal points presenting unexpected problems — those of the Jews, of Origen, Free-masonry, the rise of criticism, . . . and Johann Sebastian Bach.
Les débuts du newtonianisme en Italie (1700-1740)
Authors: Casini Paolo 
Published: June 2016

Paolo Casini : The introduction of newtonianism in italy, 1700-1740.
If the works of Newton were diffused in Italy as soon as they were published, the development of Newtonianism in Italy came up against ideological obstac les, an inadequate scientific organisation and the difficult circulation of books and information. This article studies firstly the relations of Newton himself with Grandini, Bianchini and Conti. This is followed by the problems caused by the domination of the Inquisition and the Church which hindered the diffusion of Newtonianism with its acceptance of the Copernican system. This pressure was expressed less in the form of open condemnation than by the conformity of scientists to the Church's refusal of Copernican theories. A final section deals with the open espousal of Newtonianism by, in particular, Algarotti and Boscovitch.
Mémoires inédits de Diderot à Catherine II
Authors: Lizé E. 
Published: June 2016

Émile Lizé : Unpublished «mémoires » from diderot to Catherine II.
To the Mémoires pour Catherine II published by Tourneux at the end of the nineteenth century, E.L. adds here 19 new articles from the Soviet archives, which were presented to the Tsarina towards the end of Diderot's five-month stay in St Petersburg in 1773-74. The topics discussed cover a very wide range of subjects, from reflections on war to a description of town-planning. The philosopher also provides a unique eulogy of his friend Grimm and concludes.
L'anecdote Diderot - Euler ou Dieu prouvé par A+B
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Chouillet : The diderot-euler anecdote or the existence of
God proved by A+B.
A study of the sources and filiation of an anecdote which is to be found repeatedly in histories of mathematics and biographies of Diderot, and which is therefore still widely diffused. The article attempts to elucidate the underlying ideological aspects of the story, which concerns a mathematical proof of the existence of God.
La musique en 1778
Authors: Varloot Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Varloot : Music in 1778.
A brief reminder of the musical scene in 1778, emphasizing the importance of this art in the Enlightenment. The year is noteworthy for Mozart's stay in Paris, where he was badly received and for which he had great contempt, partly because of the monopoly of the opera and comic-opera, judged for their libretto. But we see the popularity of Gluck and his rivalry with Piccini, at its height. There are also concerts in the Tuileries, particularly on religious holidays, where the listeners admired above all technique.
La théorie de l'âme dans la pensée médicale vers 1778
Authors: Hoffmann Paul 
Published: June 2016

Paul Hoffmann : The theory of the soul in medical thought around 1778.
The Nouveaux éléments de la science de l'homme, published in 1778 by Joseph Barthez, represent the problems facing anthropologists in the 18th Century, caught between mechanism and animism. Barthez sought a new objective scientific language, but continued to use the term "vital principle" to denote the specific nature of living beings and to mark his distance from materialistic physiology. His vital principle, which was simply a working concept, was difficult to reconcile with the soul ; the ensuing difficulties could only be solved by a vitalism which he attempted to avoid but which was the only possible refutation of mechanism. The probfems encountered by Barthez and the ambiguity of his theory of the soul are therefore exemplary.
De la métaphysique à la théorie de la connaissance
Authors: Bélaval Yvon 
Published: June 2016

Yvon Belaval : From metaphysics to the theory of knowledge.
The transition, vie Locke, from the innate Cartesian idea-concept, with ontological implications, to the acquired idea-image, limited to phenomena, ruined classical metaphysics. The idea, no longer guaranteed by God, can now oniliy be validated by its origin or its beginning, which demands analysis. The 18th Century is rationalist because it believes in the value of human reason, and sceptical because it does not believe it capable of going beyond appearances. But it did not deny the innate nature of feelings. Thus reemerged a dogmatism which was no longer theoretical but practical. The century was haunted by experience, action and education. From the idea-image emerges a new system of aesthetics leading to a new conception of genius.