bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Gastric Cancer: Clinical Behavior and Treatment Options. Results of an Italian Multicenter Study on Behalf of the Italian Gastric Cancer Research Group (GIRCG)
Authors: Saragoni Luca , Scarpi Emanuela , Ravaioli Alessandra , Morgagni Paolo , Roviello Franco , Vindigni Carla , Rausei Stefano , Chiaravalli Anna Maria , Fumagalli Uberto , Spaggiari Paola , Rosa Fausto , Ricci Riccardo , Donini Annibale , Giovenali Paolo , Tomezzoli Anna , De Manzoni Giovanni 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Early gastric cancer (EGC) generally has a good prognosis. However, the current definition of EGC includes various subgroups of patients with different pathological characteristics and different prognoses, some of whom have aggressive disease with a biological behavior similar to that of advanced carcinoma.

Materials and Methods
We retrospectively evaluated 1,074 patients with EGC who had undergone surgery between 1982 and 2009. The cumulative incidence function of cancer-specific mortality and competing mortality were estimated using the Fine and Gray method.

Results
The median follow-up period was 193 months (range 1–324). Five hundred and sixty-two (52.3%) patients died, 96 (8.9%) from EGC. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year cumulative incidence rates for mortality of all causes were 20.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.0–22.9), 37.1% (95% CI 34.7–40.7), and 52.6% (95% CI 49.1–56.0), respectively; for cancer-specific mortality, 6.0% (95% CI 4.5–7.6), 9.9% (95% CI 7.9–11.9), and 11.1% (95% CI 8.8–13.3), respectively; and for mortality of other causes, 14.4% (95% CI 12.1–16.6), 27.2% (95% CI 24.2–30.2), and 41.5% (95% CI 38.1–43.3), respectively. A significant increase in the risk of cancer-specific mortality was observed for lesions &gt;2 cm (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44, 95% CI 1.07–1.94), Pen A-type disease (adjusted HR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.15–2.61), and node-positive cancers (adjusted HR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.61–3.21).

Conclusion
Patients with EGC with tumors &gt;2 cm, Pen A-type disease according to Kodama, or lymph node metastases show a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of cancer-specific mortality.

Implications for Practice
Early gastric cancer generally has a good prognosis, and some patients can be treated radically by endoscopic resection. However, the current definition of early gastric cancer includes subgroups of patients with an aggressive disease. In particular, patients with lymph node metastases and Pen A-type tumors according to Kodama's classification need a more invasive treatment, such as subtotal or total gastrectomy with an extended D2 lymphadenectomy, plus eventual adjuvant chemotherapy.
The Foundational Tenets of Johannes Althusius' Constitutionalism
Authors: Malan Koos J 
Published: January 2018

In his Politica: Politics Methodically set Forth and Illustrated with Sacred and Profane Examples published in 1603 Johannes Althusius' sets out his grand scheme of republican federalism. Soon, however, the final establishment of the territorial state and the paradigm of statism relegated grand federalism to the distant margins of constitutional theory.
Statism as concisely enunciated in this article, recognises only two entities namely the state as a centralised power apparatus and the abstract individual on whom a statist identity in the image of the state is enforced. Statism dispenses with communities.
Statism has been playing out on a continuum, with the statist-individualism on the one and statist-collectivism on the opposite extreme. Statist-individualism seeks to fend off the risks of supreme political power with strategies for the protection of individual rights. In contrast, statist-collectivism dispenses with the subtleties of statist-individualism and is distinctively more blatant in forging a homogeneous statist nation.
In the face of the rise of claims of communities, the emergence of communitarian thinking and increased evidence of the receding territorial state, new - post statist - constitutional thinking is gathering strength. This has unleashed considerable interest in alternative thinking such as that of Althusius.
Althusius’ grand federalism should be viewed, however, within the context of his broader constitutional thinking, which on close analysis, is constituted by four interlinked aspects namely: piety, justice and community; covenant (or contract); supremacy of the commonwealth and of the law; and political authority and public office. These tenets are the main focus of the present discussion.
There is no room for a blanket transplantation of Althusian thinking into modern constitutional theory. However, it does provide a valuable source of communitarian theory for contemporary constitutional law. It brings to light that (individual) identity, morality, and a happy life and individual rights can only be conceived of within the framework of communities. Moreover, Althusius’ convictions on (shared) popular sovereignty, in contrast to undivided (statist) sovereignty and his views on public office provided the framework for constitutionalism and limited government which could arguably improve on that of contemporary statist constitutionalism.
Exploring the Effects of Foreground Removal Techniques and Instrumental Systematics on Observations of the 21 cm Neutral Hydrogen Signal
Authors: Hoscheit Benjamin Louis 
Published: January 2018

There is a substantial and growing interest in cosmology to study the 21 cm signal emitted or absorbed by large abundances of neutral hydrogen (HI) in the vast cosmic web of the universe. Â Such study has the potential to allow scientists to map the matter distribution of the universe over nearly its entire history. Â However, in order to unlock this rich potential, one must develop the ability to distinguish and remove large contaminating signals from ionized gas in the foregrounds of the 21 cm signal in addition to having high precision control of instrumental systematics. Â As such, we first understand and construct the associated ability to remove four common astrophysical foregrounds to 21 cm experiments. Â We then assess the degree to which three common instrumental systematics introduce systematic un-smoothing effects into the analysis of these astrophysical foregrounds. Â This study works within the framework of simulated Green Bank Telescope radio beam data.
Identifying Evolutionary Patterns of SMBHs Using Characteristic Variables of the Quasar AGNs of eBOSS
Authors: Martens Sarah Katherine 
Published: January 2018

WeÂ intendÂ toÂ investigateÂ theÂ redshiftÂ distributionÂ andÂ environmentalÂ conditionsÂ ofÂ quasarÂ AGNs.Â WeÂ employÂ specific redshiftÂ binsÂ withinÂ eBOSSÂ toÂ drawÂ conclusionsÂ onÂ theÂ evolutionaryÂ pathÂ ofÂ supermassiveÂ blackÂ holesÂ (SMBHs)Â and howÂ itÂ isÂ dependentÂ onÂ environment;Â inÂ additionÂ weÂ seekÂ toÂ determineÂ theÂ extentÂ toÂ whichÂ AGNÂ feedbackÂ is responsibleÂ forÂ heatingÂ withinÂ theÂ intergalactic mediumÂ ofÂ galaxyÂ groups.
Development of an Experimental Lunar Volatiles Extraction System
Authors: Olson Aaron 
Published: January 2018

The Helium Extraction & Acquisition Testbed (HEAT) is an experimental lunar volatiles extraction system designed to test recuperative heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHX) technology that could be used to release volatiles from lunar regolith.Â HEAT has passive and active granular flow components that allow for the controlled flow of regolith through a variety of HPHX configurations.Â HEAT has instrumentation to measure regolith and heat pipe temperature at key positions in the device to ascertain the HPHX recuperative efficiency of the device.Â Volatile gas release is also measured with the use of a residual gas analyzer.Â The primary volatile of interest for this investigation is helium-3 (3He).Â As a surrogate for 3He containing regolith, 4He containing JSC-1A regolith simulant is used.Â A summary of the design of the HEAT device and an overview of the modeling approach for an HPHX will be discussed in this paper.
Role of pterygopalatine blockade in the early rehabilitation program of children after congenital cataract surgery
Authors: Shchuko Andrey G. , Iureva Tatiana N. , Oleshchenko Irina G. 
Published: January 2018

Nowadays, the surgical treatment of congenital cataract is a small-incisions surgery (aspiration, in some cases ultrasound phacoemulsification). It corresponds to the Fast Track surgery principles, and as a quick recovery technology it requires optimization of pain control in the early postoperative period.
Purpose. To estimate the efficiency of the pterygopalatine block as a component of an optimized Fast Track protocol in children after congenital cataract surgery.
Materials and methods. 54 children operated for congenital cataract were included in the study. All patients were divided into 2 groups. In the first group (n = 26), a regional component of combined anesthesia on sevoflurane basis was carried out in combination with a pterygopalatine block; in the second group (n = 28), there was an implementation of a retrobulbar block. The efficiency of the methods was evaluated by a comparative analysis of hemodynamic parameters, the index of the vegetative system tension, the assessment of pain intensity by a verbal rating scale, as well as by the severity of ocular inflammatory reactions.
Results. Obtained data show that the pterygopalatine ganglion block as a component of a combined anesthesia in congenital cataract surgery allows providing adequate anesthesia, creating prolonged pain control, reducing the inflammatory reaction in postoperative period during the first 24 hours.
Conclusion. On the basis of our analysis, the possibility of a safe implementation of optimized (Fast-Track) protocol was proven.
Clinical care of acanthamoeba keratitis patients
Authors: Skryabina Yelena V. , Astakhov Yuriy S. , Konenkova Yanina S. , Varganova Tatiana S. , Petukhov Vladimir P. , Nokhrina Kseniya V. , Dnestryanskaya Kaleriya O. 
Published: January 2018

Recently, akanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is seen more and more often in ophthalmological practice. However, today there are no standard guidelines concerning diagnosis and treatment of patients with AK. In the article, the experience in care for such patients is presented.
Purpose: to estimate the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of patients with AK.
Materials and methods. Case histories of patients, who received treatment for akanthamoeba keratitis in the Eye Microsurgery Department No. 4, City Ophthalmologic Center of the City Hospital No. 2, from 2011 to 2016, were analyzed. Under observation, there were 25 patients (26 eyes) with akanthamoeba keratitis aged from 18 to 77 years; there were 15 men and 10 women. Patients were observed during 1 year. Full ophthalmologic examination was conducted in all patients. Additional diagnostic methods included microbiological investigation of corneal scrapes and washings, culturing them on innutritious agar (with E. сoli covering), confocal corneal microscopy (HRT 3 with cornea module, Heidelberg Retina Tomograph Rostock Cornea Module). A superficial punctate keratits (AK stage 2) was found in one patient. All other patients were divided into two groups. Stromal ring-shaped keratitis was diagnosed in patients of the first group (7 patients, AK stage 3). The 2nd group consisted of 17 patients with corneal ulcer (AK stage 4). All patients received medicamentous treatment. However patients of the 2nd group required different kinds of surgical treatment.
Results. In AK diagnosis, corneal confocal microscopy is the most informative method. In patients with AK stages 2 and 3, there was an improvement in visual functions as a result of medicamentous therapy. As a result of treatment at the discharge from the hospital, the best corrected visual acuity was 0.5-1.0 for most patients. In the 2nd group patients, who were subjects to different types of surgical treatment visual functions stabilized. However non-compliance with recommendations led to disease recurrences with worse outcomes in four cases.
Conclusion. It is possible to stop the inflammatory process preserving at the same time high visual functions only when patients are addressed in time, and when appropriate AK therapy is prescribed and patients are compliant with it for a long time.
Bioactive Compounds of Seaweed Sargassum plagyophyllum and Eucheuma cottonii as Lightening Raw Materials
Authors: Dolorosa Maretty Twentyna , Nurjanah N. , Purwaningsih Sri , Anwar Effionora , Hidayat Taufik 
Published: January 2018

Seaweed is main commodity with abundant amount of Indonesian waters. Seaweed contains naturally bioactive compounds that acts as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor which inhibit melanin formation and the latest approach used to skin lightening. The aim of this research were to determine chemical characterization such as heavy metal, secondary metabolite (phytochemical compounds), moisture, vitamin C and E, antioxidant activity and total plate count (TPC) on dry simplisia and slurry of S. plagyophyllum and E. cottonii. Total microbe of S. plagyophyllum amounted 2,3×102 colony⁄g with moisture content 16,71% and E. cottonii amounted 2,2×103 colony⁄g with moisture content 19,79%. Brown seaweed, S. plagyophyllum, did not contain dangerous heavy metal. Vitamin C value in both spesies of seaweed were 212,95 mg/kg for<br />S. plagyophyllum and 15,95 mg/kg for E. cottonii. Vitamin E of S. plagyophyllum amounted 363,86 mg/kg and 0,23 mg/kg for E. cottonii. IC50 value of S. plagyophyllum was 109 ppm and 130,62 ppm for E. cottonii. S. plagyophyllum slurry contain bioactive compound such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. E. cottonii slurry contain bioactive compound alkaloids and terpenoids.<br /><br />
Sarcopenia, Relative Sarcopenia and Excess Adiposity in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ziolkowski Susan L , Long Jin , Baker Joshua F , Simard Julia F , Chertow Glenn M , Leonard Mary B 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimsConventional definitions of sarcopenia based on lean mass fail to capture low lean mass relative to fat mass, i.e., relative sarcopenia. Unlike percent body fat (%BF) and Quételet's (body mass) index (BMI, kg/m2), definitions of obesity based on fat mass index (FMI, kg/m2) are not confounded by lean mass. The objective is to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia, relative sarcopenia, and obesity in CKD, and determine if CKD is associated with relative sarcopenia and obesity, independent of demographics and comorbidities.Methods and ResultsDXA‐derived appendicular lean mass index (ALMI, kg/m2) and FMI were assessed in 13,980 NHANES participants. ALMI, FMI, and ALMI relative to FMI (ALMI FMI) were expressed as sex‐ and race/ethnicity‐specific standard deviation scores compared with young adults (T‐scores) and by age (Z‐scores). Sarcopenia was defined as ALMI T‐score < −2, relative sarcopenia as ALMI FMI T‐score < −2, and low lean mass relative to fat mass for age as ALMI FMI Z‐score < −1. Obesity was defined using conventional BMI and %BF cutpoints and as sex‐ and race/ethnicity‐specific FMI cutpoints. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using creatinine‐ (eGFRCr) and cystatin C‐ (eGFRCys). The prevalence of relative sarcopenia was higher than the prevalence of sarcopenia, especially in CKD stages 3b and 4 using eGFRCr; these CKD stages were associated with the highest FMI. CKD stage was independently associated with low ALMI FMI for age using eGFRCys. BMI underestimated and %BF overestimated the prevalence of obesity compared with FMI. CKD was not independently associated with obesity by FMI.ConclusionsIn CKD, conventional definitions of sarcopenia underestimate muscle deficits and %BF overestimates the prevalence of obesity. CKD is independently associated with relative sarcopenia, but not excess adiposity.
Isotopic hydrograph separation in two small mountain catchments during multiple events
Authors: Holko L. , Bičárová S. , Hlavčo J. , Danko M. , Kostka Z. 
Published: January 2018

Two-component isotopic hydrograph separation (IHS) was developed to determine the event- and pre-event components of a single storm event. Its application for several sucessive events requires repeated determination of isotopic signatures of end-members (precipitation, pre-event component) for each event. The existence of several possible alternative signatures results in differences in calculated contributions of event-/pre- event components. This article addresses the question of how big the differences could be in small mountain catchments with different methods for detemining the end member signatures. We analyzed data on isotopic composition of daily/event precipitation at different elevations in two catchments located in the highest part of the Carpathians in July 2014.The isotopic composition of streamflow sampled every 4-6 hours was analyzed as well. Elevational gradients of δ18O and δ2H in precipitation in the study period were -0.18 ‰ 100 m-1 and -1.1 ‰ 100 m-1, respectively. An elevation gradient in deuterium excess (0.29 ‰ 100 m-1) was also found. Precipitation on the windward side of the mountains was isotopically lighter than expected for a given rain gauge elevation. Five large rainfall-runoff events occurred in the study period in the meso-scale catchment of the Jalovecký creek (Western Tatra Mountains, area 22.2 km2) and in the headwater catchment of the Škaredý creek (High Tatra Mountains, area 1.4 km2). Isotopic hydrograph separation was conducted using eight options for the isotopic signatures of event and pre-event water. The isotopic signature of the event water (rainfall) was alternatively represented by data from high or low elevations. Pre-event water was represented either by the streamflow before the event or by the value taken from the statistics of the long-term data on isotopic composition of the stream. Both isotopes (18O and 2H) were used to calculate event water fractions during peak flows of individual events. Calculated peak flow event water fractions were below 0.2-0.3 for most events. However, the differences in calculated event water fractions for alternative isotopic composition of end-members were significant even if we did not take into account changes in isotopic composition during individual rainfalls. Coefficients of variation for event water fractions calculated for various options varied during individual events from 0.14 to 0.36. It is therefore perhaps better to use a range of possible values instead of a single accurate number to interpret the IHS results. Hydrograph separations based on 18O and 2H provided similar results.
Aplicação de planejamento experimental na otimização do processo de pós-cura de pastilhas de freio em forno contínuo
Authors: Matté Daniel , Menetrier Ademir R. , Perottoni Cláudio A. 
Published: January 2018

Frequentemente o engenheiro se depara com situações onde o principal objetivo é otimizar um processo, em termos de uma ou mais respostas, respeitando as especificações do produto e vínculos impostos sobre o processo. Com o mercado automobilístico cada vez mais cada vez mais competitivo, a inserção de processos mais rápidos e de menor custo é de extrema importância para a sustentabilidade das empresas. Contribuindo no desenvolvimento dos processos de fabricação de materiais de atrito utilizados em pastilhas de freio para automóveis, este trabalho tem como objetivo otimizar o processo de pós-cura em fornos contínuos (em substituição ao processo realizado em fornos estacionários). Para isso, foram avaliadas as propriedades do material de atrito (dureza Gogan, massa específica, compressibilidade, resistência ao cisalhamento e ruído), em função das variáveis de processo, tempo de residência e temperatura de trabalho. Com auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta foram construídos modelos matemáticos que descrevem o comportamento das propriedades do material de atrito em função das variáveis de processo, que permitiram determinar as condições ótimas de processo. Por fim, foi realizada a análise termomecânica do material de atrito, fornecendo informações sobre o comportamento mecânico do material durante o processo em forno contínuo. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v6iss1p1
Modelo Terra-Lua-Sol: Uma Atividade Interdisciplinar
Authors: Puziski Marcelo , Miglioranza Silvia , Villas-Boas Valquiria , Giovannini Junior Odilon 
Published: January 2018

O seguinte artigo descreve uma proposta de atividade interdisciplinar e a avaliação de uma aplicação desta com uma turma de quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental. Esta atividade acontece durante uma aula no laboratório de robótica e envolve as áreas da geografia, ciências, língua portuguesa e robótica. Com o intuito de construir conhecimento escolar e habilidades, durante esta aula os estudantes participam de atividades envolvendo um modelo robótico que simula os movimentos da Terra e da Lua, aqui chamado de Modelo Terra-Lua-Sol. Para tal proposta, que é baseada em conceitos de interdisciplinaridade e na teoria construcionista de aprendizagem de Seymour Papert, exploramos na introdução o conceito de interdisciplinaridade e seu significado no contexto das atividades de ensino e aprendizagem. No referencial teórico propõe-se uma relação entre a interdisciplinaridade e o Construcionismo e como essa teoria fundamenta a atividade. A avaliação da atividade considerou indicadores como a elaboração de esquemas mentais, a redação de uma carta, a promoção do trabalho em grupo e construção de uma entidade pública. A análise dos dados obtidos indicou que atividade interdisciplinar proporcionou aos estudantes o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e de habilidades. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v6iss1p16
A Survey of the Regulatory Requirements for BCS-Based Biowaivers for Solid Oral Dosage Forms by Participating Regulators and Organisations of the International Generic Drug Regulators Programme
Authors: Van Oudtshoorn Joy Elizabeth , García-Arieta Alfredo , Santos Gustavo Mendes Lima , Crane Christopher , Rodrigues Clare , Simon Craig , Kim Ji Myoung , Park Sang Aeh , Okada Yusuke , Kuribayashi Ryosuke , Pfäffli Chantal , Nolting Arno , Lojero10 Iván Omar Calderón , Martínez Zulema Rodríguez , Hung Wen-Yi , Braddy April C. , Leal Nancy Arciniegas , Triana Diego Gutierrez , Clarke Mitch , Bachmann Peter 
Published: January 2018

Purpose: The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) based biowaiver is a scientific model which enables the substitution of in vivo bioequivalence studies with in vitro data as evidence of therapeutic equivalence subject to certain conditions. Despite being based on the same principles, BCS-based biowaivers are interpreted and regulated differently among international regulatory agencies. In this survey, the Bioequivalence Working Group (BEWG) of the International Generic Drug Regulators Programme (IGDRP) compared the criteria for BCS-based biowaivers applied by the participating regulators and organisations. Methods: Differences and similarities regarding solubility, permeability, dissolution, excipients and fixed-dose combination products, were identified and compared in a detailed survey of each participant’s criteria for BCS-based biowaivers. These criteria were determined based upon the participants’ respective regulatory guidance documents, policies and practices. Results: This review has, with the exception of two participants who do not accept BCS-based biowaivers, revealed that most IGDRP participants interpret the BCS principles and conditions similarly but notable differences exist in the application of these principles. Conclusion: Although many similarities exist, this review identifies several opportunities for greater convergence of regulatory requirements amongst the surveyed jurisdictions. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page