bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The OMERACT Core Domain Set for Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Authors: Mackie Sarah L. , Twohig Helen , Neill Lorna M. , Harrison Eileen , Shea Beverley , Black Rachel J. , Kermani Tanaz A. , Merkel Peter A. , Mallen Christian D. , Buttgereit Frank , Mukhtyar Chetan , Simon Lee S. , Hill Catherine L. ,   on behalf of the OMERACT PMR Working Group
Published: August 2017

Objective.To inform development of a core domain set for outcome measures for clinical trials in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), we conducted patient consultations, a systematic review, a Delphi study, and 2 qualitative studies.Methods.Domains identified by 70% or more of physicians and/or patients in the Delphi study were selected. The conceptual framework derived from the 2 qualitative research studies helped inform the meaning of each domain and its relationship to the others. The draft core domain set was refined by further discussion with patients and physicians who had participated in the Delphi study. At the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) 2016, the domains were discussed and prioritized by 8 breakout groups. Formal voting took place at the end of the workshop and in the final plenary.Results.Ninety-three percent of voters in the final plenary agreed that the inner core of domains considered mandatory for clinical trials of PMR should consist the following: laboratory markers of systemic inflammation, pain, stiffness, and physical function. Patient’s global and fatigue were considered important but not mandatory (outer core). The research agenda included psychological impact, weakness, physical activity, participation, sleep, imaging, and health-related quality of life.Conclusion.This core domain set was considered sufficiently well-defined that the next step will be to apply the OMERACT Filter 2.0 Instrument Selection Algorithm to select candidate instruments for a subsequent “deeper dive” into the data. This will allow instruments to be mapped onto each of our core domains to derive a core outcome set for PMR.
Mckinsey, Total-CFP et la M-form . Un exemple français d’adaptation d’un modèle d’organisation importé
Authors: Cailluet Ludovic 
Published: August 2017

À la fin des années 1960, la Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP), plus connue sous la marque Total, fait face à de nombreux problèmes de coordination de ses multiples filiales. Confrontant sa propre organisation à celles de ses principaux concurrents étrangers, la compagnie décide en 1969 de faire appel aux consultants de McKinsey et Cie pour « remettre à plat » ses structures. Cette intervention qui va durer plusieurs mois impliquera une forte participation de cadres supérieurs du groupe pétrolier. L’article tente d’analyser l’évolution des relations entre le consultant et son client en s’attachant aux réactions des cadres aux propositions en cours d’étude. Au-delà du cas Total, l’article pose la question du transfert des modèles de management américains et des résistances éventuelles à ce transfert. Le rôle du contexte général de la période et l’influence des modes managériales sont également développés.
Les espaces de coworking : ni tiers-lieux, ni incubateurs, ni Fab Labs
Authors: Fabbri Julie 
Published: August 2017

Au-delà de l’engouement qu’il suscite, le phénomène du coworking mérite d’être analysé et questionné par rapport aux transformations qu’il porte. Notre propos consiste ici à définir les espaces de coworking, en regard d’autres espaces physiques de création et de conception (tiers-lieux, incubateur, makerspace) et à proposer une lecture structurée de cette catégorie hétérogène. Nous proposons une typologie en fonction de la nature des activités hébergées et du profil des membres. Nous différencions ainsi les espaces généralistes (ouverts) de ceux qui sont spécialisés (ciblés, sectoriels, fermés). Nous mettons également en évidence trois variantes d’espaces de coworking : le café-coworking, les espaces hybrides et les espaces pour entrepreneurs innovants.
Angus Deaton, prix à la mémoire d’Alfred Nobel 2015 : un maître de l’économie appliquée
Authors: Gardes François 
Published: August 2017

Le Prix Nobel décerné à Angus Deaton en 2015 a mis en valeur la contribution exceptionnelle de cet économiste appliqué dont l’œuvre a accompagné le développement des études de microéconomie, appliquées en particulier au développement, et des méthodes de la micro-économétrie au cours de quarante dernières années. Les quatre ouvrages qui regroupent une partie de ses études fournissent un panorama étendu de ces trois domaines et montrent l’importance qu’ont prise les méthodes statistiques et les nouveaux types de données dans le renouvellement tant de la microéconomie que de la macroéconomie.
Les modèles de « rivalité coercitive » dans l’analyse économique des conflits
Authors: Pietri Antoine 
Published: August 2017

La Théorie de la Rivalité Coercitive (TRC) est un cadre d’analyse, essentiellement théorique, permettant d’appréhender la notion de conflit dans un cadre d’analyse économique. Découlant des travaux fondateurs d’Hirshleifer à la fin des années 1980, la TRC modélise un conflit comme une « loterie coûteuse » dans laquelle chaque agent investit une certaine quantité de ressources à des fins non-productives (les canons), au détriment d’activités productives (le beurre). Ces modèles d’arbitrage beurre-canons apportent un éclairage sur les choix des individus et permettent d’intégrer la coercition dans l’analyse économique. Nous proposons une revue de la littérature présentant les fondements théoriques ainsi que les principaux résultats de ce type de modèles. Cet article, accorde une place centrale à la manière dont se modélise la probabilité de succès (par le biais de la Contest Success Function ), il ébauche aussi les liens existants entre la TRC et la recherche opérationnelle militaire. La TRC a considérablement évolué au cœur des deux dernières décennies, c’est pourquoi, un intérêt particulier est accordé aux travaux récents mobilisant les nouveaux outils de l’analyse économique – e.g. les réseaux ou l’économie expérimentale.
Régime politique et ouverture commerciale
Authors: Gandjon Fankem Gislain Stéphane 
Published: August 2017

Dans cet article, nous étudions l’effet du faible niveau de démocratie sur le degré d’ouverture commerciale à partir d’un échantillon limité aux pays en développement. Nous utilisons la mesure originale de l’ouverture commerciale récemment construite par Squalli et Wilson [2011]. Cette mesure reflète la réalité du résultat commercial en capturant les deux dimensions qui décrivent précisément l’ouverture aux échanges. Les estimations sont effectuées par la Méthode des Moments Généralisés (GMM) en système en deux étapes avec des écart-types robustes corrigés pour des échantillons finis en utilisant la procédure de correction de Windmeijer [2005]. Sur la période 1995-2010, nos résultats montrent que l’ouverture commerciale est une fonction décroissante du niveau de démocratie. Cela semble suggérer que le processus de démocratisation enclenché dans les pays en développement pendant les années 1990 n’a pas encore permis d’accélérer leur ouverture aux échanges.
La RDA et les acteurs islamiques égyptiens, 1969-1989 : des relations ambiguës, entre concessions et instrumentalisations
Authors: Regnauld Amélie 
Published: August 2017

La mise en place des relations diplomatiques entre la RDA et l’Égypte le 10 juillet 1969 parachève le processus de rapprochement économique et culturel entamé au milieu des années 1950. Face à l’échec de la gauche en Égypte, Berlin-Est adopte une attitude extrêmement flexible à l’égard des formes de contestation politique et développe des liens avec les nouveaux types d’acteurs, y compris religieux, qui émergent au sein de la société civile égyptienne. Tantôt la RDA seconde le pouvoir égyptien dans sa répression à l’égard des Frères musulmans, tantôt elle encourage la constitution de fronts patriotiques incluant des organisations islamistes. En analysant les stratégies de collaboration progressivement mises en œuvre par la RDA avec les institutions et organisations religieuses dans le pays, cet article entend montrer la capacité d’adaptation doctrinale est-allemande aux spécificités du terrain égyptien.
La relation bilatérale, un échelon de négociation réactivé dans les années 1970 : l’exemple de la relation franco-britannique
Authors: Baratier-Negri Laurence 
Published: August 2017

Les années 1970 voient l’émergence d’un monde multipolaire qui exige de nouvelles échelles de négociations. Quelle place le bilatéral peut-il jouer dans la réorganisation des relations internationales ? La question interpelle tout particulièrement deux puissances européennes « moyennes » aux ambitions mondiales : la France et la Grande-Bretagne. La crise économique, dans un contexte de mondialisation accélérée, rend indispensable la coordination entre les États. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, qui voit dans l’intégration européenne le moyen de préserver le poids de l’Europe et de la France dans le monde, doit composer avec les Britanniques qui adhèrent à la CEE en 1973. La création du Conseil européen et du G7 cristallise cette évolution et offre de nouvelles perspectives aux relations bilatérales.
PACT Facilitates RNA-Induced Activation of MDA5 by Promoting MDA5 Oligomerization
Authors: Lui Pak-Yin , Wong Lok-Yin Roy , Ho Ting-Hin , Au Shannon Wing Ngor , Chan Chi-Ping , Kok Kin-Hang , Jin Dong-Yan 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
MDA5 is a RIG-I–like cytoplasmic sensor of dsRNA and certain RNA viruses, such as encephalomyocarditis virus, for the initiation of the IFN signaling cascade in the innate antiviral response. The affinity of MDA5 toward dsRNA is low, and its activity becomes optimal in the presence of unknown cellular coactivators. In this article, we report an essential coactivator function of dsRNA-binding protein PACT in mediating the MDA5-dependent type I IFN response. Virus-induced and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid–induced activation of MDA5 were severely impaired in PACT-knockout cells and attenuated in PACT-knockdown cells, but they were potentiated when PACT was overexpressed. PACT augmented IRF3-dependent type I IFN production subsequent to dsRNA-induced activation of MDA5. In contrast, PACT had no influence on MDA5-mediated activation of NF-κB. PACT required dsRNA interaction for its action on MDA5 and promoted dsRNA-induced oligomerization of MDA5. PACT had little stimulatory effect on MDA5 mutants deficient for oligomerization and filament assembly. PACT colocalized with MDA5 in the cytoplasm and potentiated MDA5 recruitment to the dsRNA ligand. Taken together, these findings suggest that PACT functions as an essential cellular coactivator of RIG-I, as well as MDA5, and it facilitates RNA-induced formation of MDA5 oligomers.
Estrogen Signaling Contributes to Sex Differences in Macrophage Polarization during Asthma
Authors: Keselman Aleksander , Fang Xi , White Preston B. , Heller Nicola M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAllergic asthma is a chronic Th2 inflammation in the lungs that constricts the airways and presents as coughing and wheezing. Asthma mostly affects boys in childhood and women in adulthood, suggesting that shifts in sex hormones alter the course of the disease. Alveolar macrophages have emerged as major mediators of allergic lung inflammation in animal models as well as humans. Whether sex differences exist in macrophage polarization and the molecular mechanism(s) that drive differential responses are not well understood. We found that IL-4–stimulated bone marrow–derived and alveolar macrophages from female mice exhibited greater expression of M2 genes in vitro and after allergen challenge in vivo. Alveolar macrophages from female mice exhibited greater expression of the IL-4Rα and estrogen receptor (ER) α compared with macrophages from male mice following allergen challenge. An ERα-specific agonist enhanced IL-4–induced M2 gene expression in macrophages from both sexes, but more so in macrophages from female mice. Furthermore, IL-4–stimulated macrophages from female mice exhibited more transcriptionally active histone modifications at M2 gene promoters than did macrophages from male mice. We found that supplementation of estrogen into ovariectomized female mice enhanced M2 polarization in vivo upon challenge with allergen and that macrophage-specific deletion of ERα impaired this M2 polarization. The effects of estrogen are long-lasting; bone marrow–derived macrophages from ovariectomized mice implanted with estrogen exhibited enhanced IL-4–induced M2 gene expression compared with macrophages from placebo-implanted littermates. Taken together, our findings suggest that estrogen enhances IL-4–induced M2 gene expression and thereby contributes to sex differences observed in asthma.
Evidence for Ig Light Chain Isotype Exclusion in Shark B Lymphocytes Suggests Ordered Mechanisms
Authors: Iacoangeli Anna , Lui Anita , Haines Ashley , Ohta Yuko , Flajnik Martin , Hsu Ellen 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Unlike most vertebrates, the shark IgL gene organization precludes secondary rearrangements that delete self-reactive VJ rearranged genes. Nurse sharks express four L chain isotypes, κ, λ, σ, and σ-2, encoded by 35 functional minigenes or clusters. The sequence of gene activation/expression and receptor editing of these isotypes have not been studied. We therefore investigated the extent of isotypic exclusion in separated B cell subpopulations. Surface Ig (sIg)κ–expressing cells, isolated with mAb LK14 that recognizes Cκ, carry predominantly nonproductive rearrangements of other L chain isotypes. Conversely, after depletion with LK14, sIgM+ cells contained largely nonproductive κ and enrichment for in-frame VJ of the others. Because some isotypic inclusion was observed at the mRNA level, expression in the BCR was examined. Functional λ mRNA was obtained, as expected, from the LK14-depleted population, but was also in sIgκ+ splenocytes. Whereas λ somatic mutants from the depleted sample displayed evidence of positive selection, the λ genes in sIgκ+ cells accumulated bystander mutations indicating a failure to express their products at the cell surface in association with the BCR H chain. In conclusion, a shark B cell expresses one L chain isotype at the surface and other isotypes as nonproductive VJ, sterile transcripts, or in-frame VJ whose products may not associate with the H chain. Based on the mRNA content found in the B cell subpopulations, an order of L chain gene activation is suggested as: σ-2 followed by κ, then σ and λ.
Mineração de carvão, migração e etnicidade: uma história global
Authors: Knotter Ad 
Published: August 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-9222.2015v7n14p13Em todo o mundo, empresas de mineração defrontaram-se com a escassez de mão de obra e tiveram de encontrar maneiras de recrutar um número suficiente de trabalhadores para as suas minas. As soluções adotadas variaram desde o envolvimento de camponeses em tempo parcial, cooptação de trabalhadores mediada por empreiteiros de mão de obra, sistemas de trabalho forçado, e até migração nacional e internacional sob regulação estatal. A importância desses tipos de “intervenção institucional” na mobilização de mão de obra para as minas de carvão é ilustrada com exemplos de diferentes partes do mundo. Os esforços para encontrar novos trabalhadores para as minas muitas vezes resultaram no recrutamento de grupos étnicos considerados de status social inferior, não só porque de origem rural e não qualificados, mas também porque vistos como inferiores do ponto de vista cultural ou étnico. Nesse aspecto, houve uma enorme diferença com relação à imigração e à fixação de mineiros qualificados, como os da Grã-Bretanha e de outros países. Diferenças étnicas eram associadas frequentemente à diversidade de status e de conhecimento técnico do ofício. Embora existam muitos exemplos de solidariedade e de cooperação interétnica, dependendo do período e das circunstâncias, as diferenças podem ter um efeito profundo sobre as relações sociais em comunidades mineiras.
Desenvolvimento sustentável: os avanços na discussão sobre os temas ambientais lançados pela conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável, Rio+20 e os desafios para os próximos 20 anos
Authors: Ferreira Pimenta Mayana Flávia , Nardelli Aurea Maria Brandi 
Published: August 2017

O termo Desenvolvimento Sustentável vem ganhando espaço nas últimas décadas e é cada vez mais debatido junto às autoridades mundiais. O objetivo geral deste artigo é apresentar os principais eventos intergovernamentais que deram origem à Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Desenvolvimento Sustentável realizada em 2012, também conhecida por Rio+20, e apresentar os principais temas debatidos entre os países nesta Conferência. Em seguida, apresentam-se as contribuições brasileiras na Rio+20 e como a Educação Ambiental foi abordada nesta conferência, além de discutir as perspectivas para os próximos 20 anos. Sustainable development: progress in the discussion of environmental issues launched by the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio + 20 and the challenges for the next 20 years AbstractThe term Sustainable Development has been gaining ground in recent decades and it is increasingly discussed with authorities worldwide. The aim of this article is to present the main intergovernmental events which helped in the creation of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in 2012, also known as Rio+20, and to present the main issues discussed among the countries in this conference. Then, the Brazilian contributions are presented in Rio+20 and how the environmental education was addressed at this conference, besides discussing the prospects for the next 20 years.Keywords: Sustainable Development. Rio +20. Environmental Education. Desarrollo Sostenible: los avances en la discusión acerca de los temas ambientales lanzados por la conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el desarrollo sostenible, Rio+20 y los retos para los próximos 20 añosResumenEl término Desarrollo Sostenible ha ganado espacio en las últimas décadas y es cada vez más discutido junto a las autoridades mundiales. El objeto general de este artículo es presentar los principales eventos intergubernamentales que generaron a la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible realizada en el 2012, también conocida por Rio+20, y presentar los principales temas debatidos entre los paises en esta Conferencia. En seguida, se presentaron las contribuciones brasileñas en la Rio+20 y como la Educación Ambiental fue abordada en esta conferencia, además de discutir las perspectivas para los próximos 20 años.Palabras claves: Desarrollo Sostenible. Rio+20. Educación Ambiental.
La elección de escuela en sectores pobres: Resultados de un estudio cualitativo
Authors: Córdoba Claudia 
Published: August 2017

Uno de los supuestos en que se basa nuestro sistema de subvención por estudiante es que las familias escogen escuela en función de su calidad. Para estudiar cómo actúa dicho supuesto en sectores pobres, se realizaron 26 entrevistas grupales con madres que envían a sus hijos a escuelas municipales y privadas subvencionadas de una comuna urbano-popular de la Región Metropolitana. Los resultados presentados se focalizan en los criterios y las fuentes de información utilizados en la elección de escuela. Las conclusiones apuntan a que: i) las preferencias de las familias se ven limitadas por sus recursos económicos; ii) se escoge en función de cercanía y calidad en un proceso complejo en que la prueba SIMCE aparece desdibujada; y iii) el alumnado de una escuela se asocia fuertemente a la calidad que las familias adjudican a ésta. Asimismo se plantea que las familias de sectores pobres son activas en la elección
Evaluación de la empatía diádica: Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal en Parejas (IRIC-C) en contexto chileno
Authors: Guzmán González Mónica , Péloquin Katherine , Lafontaine Marie-France , Trabucco Caterina , Urzúa Alfonso 
Published: August 2017

En los últimos años, la empatía se ha incorporado como una variable que permite comprender diversos aspectos del funcionamiento en las relaciones de pareja, lo cual hace necesario contar con instrumentos validados que permitan evaluar este constructo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión chilena del Indice de Reactividad Interpersonal para Parejas (IRIC-C) en dos muestras independientes: una de estudiantes universitarios (N = 612) y otra de población general (N = 766) de la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile. Los índices de consistencia interna fueron adecuados para la escala de toma de perspectiva, sin embargo, no alcanzaron los niveles óptimos para la preocupación empática. El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró la estructura bidimensional del instrumento y la invarianza métrica entre hombres y mujeres. Asimismo, se presenta evidencia acerca de la validez discriminante del instrumento. Los resultados son discutidos en términos de sus implicancias, aportes y limitaciones.
Social representations of violence among young Chileans involved in violence
Authors: Krause Mariane , Torche Pablo , Velásquez Elda , Jaramillo Andrea 
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the results of a qualitative study on the social representation of violence among young Chileans who have been involved in violence. Starting from interview-data that show their subjective perspective, a conceptual model of their social representation is constructed that identifies elements that favor or inhibit the violent actions. Results show two types of factors involved in the transgression of the "limit of violence": personal characteristics and contextual elements, making the distinction between the temporal context (the moment of violence) and the spatial context (the place of violence). In addition, the young participants of this study establish a relationship between their violent actions and the perception of threat, especially regarding their social identity. In this relationship, the function of violent actions is the neutralization of this threat. This understanding constitutes the nucleus of their social representation of violence. Implications for preventive strategies and community interventions are discussed. This work presents the results of a qualitative study on the social representation of violence among young Chileans who have been involved in violence. Starting from interview-data that show their subjective perspective, a conceptual model of their social representation is constructed that identifies elements that favor or inhibit the violent actions. Results show that these young people’s social representations of violence include two types of factors involved in the transgression of the “limit of violence”: personal characteristics and contextual elements, making the distinction between the temporal context (the moment of violence) and the spatial context (the place of violence). With regard to these contextual elements, the subjective meaning is more important than the moments or places by themselves. In addition, the young participants of this study establish a relationship between their violent actions and the perception of threat, especially regarding their social identity. In this relationship, the function of violent actions is the neutralization of this threat. This understanding constitutes the nucleus of their social representation of violence. Implications for community interventions are discussed. [1] This research received financial support from Fundación Paz Ciudadana, Chile.