bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of carbon situating at end-of-range defects on silicon self-diffusion investigated using pre-amorphized isotope multilayers
Authors: Isoda Taiga , Uematsu Masashi , Itoh Kohei M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The effect of implanted carbon (C) on silicon (Si) self-diffusion has been investigated using pre-amorphized 28Si/natSi multilayers. The isotope multilayers were pre-amorphized by Ge implantation followed by C implantation, and annealed at 950 °C. Because of the presence of C, the Si self-diffusion was slower in 30 min annealing than the self-diffusion without C. This was attributed to the trapping of Si self-interstitials by C. On the other hand, the Si self-diffusion with C was faster in 2 h annealing than the self-diffusion without C, except in the end-of-range (EOR) defect region. The cause of this enhanced diffusion was understood as the retardation of Ostwald ripening of EOR defects by C trapped at the defects. In the EOR defect region, however, Si self-diffusion was slower than the self-diffusion without C in both 30 min and 2 h annealing owing to the presence of C. Relaxation of the tensile strain associated with the EOR defects by the trapped C was proposed to be the main cause of the retarded diffusion in the EOR region.
Display innovations through glass
Authors: Hamilton Lori L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Prevailing trends in thin, lightweight, high-resolution, and added functionality, such as touch sensing, continue to drive innovation in the display market. While display volumes grow, so do consumers’ need for portability, enhanced optical performance, and mechanical reliability. Technical advancements in glass design and process have enabled display innovations in these areas while supporting industry growth. Opportunities for further innovation remain open for glass manufacturers to drive new applications, enhanced functionality, and increased demand.
Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(N-dodecylacrylamide) Langmuir–Blodgett nanofilms
Authors: Zhu Huie , Gao Yu , Yamamoto Shunsuke , Miyashita Tokuji , Mitsuishi Masaya 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Our earlier research prepared ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) homopolymer monolayers at the air–water interface using amphiphilic poly(N-dodecylacrylamide) (pDDA) nanosheets with Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. However, the miscibility of solvent for PVDF with the water sub-phase in the Langmuir trough makes the film composition unclear in spite of the feeding ratio of

(

). In this study, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) was used to investigate the surface chemical composition and the depth profile of the PVDF/pDDA LB nanofilms. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra confirmed by the detection of fluorine atoms that PVDF molecules were deposited successfully onto the substrate. The constant chemical composition with increasing takeoff angle from 15 to 75° reflects a well-regular layer structure of the PVDF LB nanofilm. The mixing ratio of

is

, which contributes 89.8 wt % PVDF and 10.2 wt % in the PVDF/pDDA LB nanofilms.
High hole mobility of benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole polycrystals formed by utilizing self-assembly property of liquid crystalline mesophase
Authors: Era Masanao , Zhang Xuelong , Ishi-I Tsutomu , Thiemann Thies , Kubo Kanji , Mori Akira , Mataka Shuntaro 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
4,7-Di(p-alkoxyphenyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazoles having linear alkyl chains were prepared by the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with the corresponding p-alkoxyphenylboronic acids. All compounds exhibited stable crystalline phase 1 (Cr1), quasi-stable polycrystalline phase 2 (Cr2), smectic liquid crystalline phase (A and C), and isotropic liquid. By conventional time-of-flight measurement using N2 laser, the hole mobility of benzothiadiazole derivatives was evaluated to be about 1 × 10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the Cr1 phase, while the hole mobility of these in the smectic phases was on the order of 10−4–10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1. From a powder X-ray diffraction analysis, it was demonstrated that the interlayer spacing in the Cr1 phase was smaller than those in the smectic A and C phases. Microscopy observation of the polycrystalline films showed that the films in the Cr1 phase had less grain boundary structure. The high hole mobility of the benzothiadiazole derivatives in the Cr1 phase may be due to their small interlayer spacing and less grain boundary structure.
Cardiovascular manifestations of renovascular hypertension in diabetic mice
Authors: Kashyap Sonu , Engel Sean , Osman Mazen , Al-Saiegh Yousif , Wongjarupong Asarn , Grande Joseph P. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose.Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of end stage renal disease in the United States. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is commonly observed in diabetic patients and impacts the rate of renal and cardiovascular disease progression. We sought to test the hypothesis that renovascular hypertension, induced by unilateral renal artery stenosis, exacerbates cardiac remodeling in leptin-deficient (db/db) mice, which serves as a model of human type II diabetes.Methods.We employed a murine model of renovascular hypertension through placement of a polytetrafluoroethylene cuff on the right renal artery in db/db mice. We studied 109 wild-type (non-diabetic, WT) and 95 db/db mice subjected to renal artery stenosis (RAS) or sham surgery studied at 1, 2, 4, and 6+ weeks following surgery. Cardiac remodeling was assessed by quantitative analysis of the percent of myocardial surface area occupied by interstitial fibrosis tissue, as delineated by trichrome stained slides. Aortic pathology was assessed by histologic sampling of grossly apparent structural abnormalities or by section of ascending aorta of vessels without apparent abnormalities.Results.We noted an increased mortality in db/db mice subjected to RAS. The mortality rate of db/db RAS mice was about 23.5%, whereas the mortality rate of WT RAS mice was only 1.5%. Over 60% of mortality in the db/db mice occurred in the first two weeks following RAS surgery. Necropsy showed massive intrathoracic hemorrhage associated with aortic dissection, predominantly in the ascending aorta and proximal descending aorta. Aortas from db/db RAS mice showed more smooth muscle dropout, loss of alpha smooth muscle actin expression, medial disruption, and hemorrhage than aortas from WT mice with RAS. Cardiac tissue from db/db RAS mice had more fibrosis than did cardiac tissue from WT RAS mice.Conclusions.db/db mice subjected to RAS are prone to develop fatal aortic dissection, which is not observed in WT mice with RAS. The db/db RAS model provides the basis for future studies directed towards defining basic mechanisms underlying the interaction of hypertension and diabetes on the development of aortic lesions.
Potential near‐future carbon uptake overcomes losses from a large insect outbreak in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Arora Vivek K. , Peng Yiran , Kurz Werner A. , Fyfe John C. , Hawkins Barbara , Werner Arelia T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe current capacity of northern high‐latitude forests to sequester carbon has been suggested to be undermined by the potential increase in fire and insect outbreaks. Here we investigate the response of the terrestrial ecosystems in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada, to the recent large mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak that started in 1999 as well as changing climate and continually increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration up to 2050, in a combined framework, using a process‐based model. Model simulations suggest that the recent MPB outbreak results in BC's forests accumulating 328 Tg less carbon over the 1999–2020 period. Over this same period changing climate and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, however, yield enhanced carbon uptake equal to a cumulative sink of around 900–1060 Tg C, depending on the future climate change scenario, indicating that the reduced carbon uptake by land due to the MPB disturbance may already be surpassed by 2020.
Asynchronous changes of CO2, H2, and He concentrations in soil gases: A theoretical model and experimental results
Authors: Di Martino Roberto M. R. , Camarda Marco , Gurrieri Sergio , Valenza Mariano 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper focuses on the chemical composition changes in soil gases through both a theoretical model and laboratory experiments. The model describes the one‐dimensional mass transfer process, which is triggered by changes in the flux parameters of the system, and the time‐dependent evolution of the composition of the soil gases as a function of (i) the pristine gas mixture, (ii) the diffusivity of the chemicals, and (iii) the thickness of the transited medium. Carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), and helium (He) were used in a laboratory‐scale flux simulator to investigate the evolution of the gas composition profile in an artificial soil of constant thickness. The agreement between the theoretical calculations and the experimental results supports the validity of the model. Our results indicate a good reproducibility of the transient changes in the concentrations of CO2, He, and H2 in CO2‐rich gas mixtures that contain He and H2 as trace gases. Finally, the theoretical results were used to analyze the H2 and CO2 continuous monitoring data collected at Etna volcano in 2010.
Ligand Effects in the Gold Catalyzed Hydration of Alkynes
Authors: Ebule Rene E. , Malhotra Deepika , Hammond Gerald B. , Xu Bo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the gold(I) (e. g. L‐Au‐OTf) catalyzed hydration of alkynes, the steric hindrance of ligands has a significant influence on the kinetics of the reaction, whereas their electronic effects are less influential. Very low loadings (ppm levels) of a gold catalyst containing a highly sterically hindered phosphine ligand (e. g. L4‐Au‐OTf) (L4=Me3(OMe)tBuXPhos) is able to catalyze the hydration of a wide range of alkyne substrates in good yields, at relatively low temperature.magnified image
The Gas Separation Performance of Polyurethane–Zeolite Mixed Matrix Membranes
Authors: Afarani Hajar Taheri , Sadeghi Morteza , Moheb Ahmad 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe effect of zeolite 3A, 4A, and ZSM‐5 on the gas separation performance of polyurethane (PU)–zeolite mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) has been investigated in this study. Permeation of pure CO2, CH4, N2, and O2 gases through PU–zeolite MMMs with zeolite content of 6, 12, 18, and 24 wt% was studied. The prepared hybrid membranes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. Membrane characterization confirmed the homogeneous distribution of zeolite particles at low zeolite loadings in the prepared membranes. The obtained results confirmed a significant enhancement in the permeability of all gases and the CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and O2/N2 selectivities by increasing the content of zeolite particles in PU–zeolite MMMs. The PU–zeolite 4A with 12 wt% zeolite loading showed the best performance in terms of gas permeability and selectivity for CO2/N2, CO2/CH4 and O2/N2 gas pairs.
The effect of epoxy and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide on melt‐grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene by reactive extrusion
Authors: Lou Jinfen , Luo Zhu , Li Yang 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this report, melt grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) and epoxy resin onto polypropylene (PP) by peroxide‐initiated reactive extrusion has been investigated. As evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, both MAH and epoxy resin were successfully grafted onto PP through the reactions of MAH with PP and epoxy resin with MAH. It was found that tetramethyl thiuram disulfide could promote the grafting of MAH and inhibit the degradation of PP, as revealed by chemical titration and melt flow experiments, through prolonging the lifetime of the macroradical; meanwhile, epoxy resin could reduce the sublimation of MAH and the maximum grafting degree of MAH. Furthermore, the introduction of grafted products was found to enhance the mechanical properties of PP/glass fiber composites, and this influence was very significant at high grafting degrees with a high content of epoxy resin, which could be interpreted in terms of improved compatibility and adhesion at the interface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43422.
Study on adhesion strength, thermal creep resistance, and light transmittance of ethylene‐polypropylene copolymer grafted with silane for photovoltaic application
Authors: Kim Joonho , Lee Hwi Yong , Park Ju Young , Kim Youn Cheol , Son Younggon 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWe investigated the possibility of using PP as an encapsulant in a photovoltaic module. PP is inexpensive but shows low adhesion strength to glass (and silicon wafer) due to its nonpolar nature as well as opacity due to its crystalline nature. We resolved these problems by employing metallocene catalyzed ethylene‐propylene copolymer (EPR) and a nucleating agent to increase the transparency. Five EPRs having various propylene/ethylene ratios were investigated. EPRs having higher propylene content showed higher adhesion strength to the glass substrate. However, it is not appropriate to use EPRs with higher propylene content because they show low processability in calendaring processing. We therefore used a blend of two EPRs. The blend of the two EPRs showed somewhat low transparency. When the nucleating agent was incorporated in the blend, the transparency was remarkably increased. The adhesion strength to the glass plate was enhanced by a silane coupling agent. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43464.
Solvent‐induced crystallization of a polycarbonate surface and texture copying by polydimethylsiloxane for improved surface hydrophobicity
Authors: Yilbas B. S. , Ali H. , Al‐Aqeeli N. , Khaled M. , Abu‐Dheir N. , Varanasi K. K. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe influence of the immersion period on the crystallization of polycarbonate (PC) was investigated, and the resulting texture configurations of the crystal structures were reconstructed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Analytical tools, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, the sessile drop technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, microtribometry, and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, were used to characterize crystallized PC and PDMS surfaces. We found that the crystallized PC surface possessed microsize/nanosize spherulites, voids, and fibrils, and the increasing immersion period increased the texture height and spherulite concentration at the surface. The residual stress in the crystallized PC wafer was compressive, and it was on the order of −30 MPa. The friction coefficient of the crystallized PC surface remained lower than that of the as‐received PC wafer, and the increase in the immersion period lowered the friction coefficient. The crystallized PC surface demonstrated superhydrophobic characteristics, and the maximum contact angle occurred with 6 min of immersion. The PDMS exactly reconstructed the texture of the crystallized PC surface, except those of the nanofibrils and subnanofibrils. The droplet contact angle attained a higher values for the PDMS replicated surfaces than for those corresponding to the crystallized PC wafer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43467.
The influence of coexisted monomer on thermal, mechanical, and hydrolytic properties of poly(p‐dioxanone)
Authors: Li Xiao‐Yang , Zhou Qian , Wen Zhi‐Bin , Hui Yan , Yang Ke‐Ke , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO), a typical aliphatic poly(ether‐ester), is generally synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization of 1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one (p‐dioxanone, PDO) monomer. However, a quite amount of PDO monomer should coexist with PPDO product due to the characteristics of the equilibrium polymerization. To clarify the effects of PDO on the properties of PPDO, a series of PPDO/PDO mixtures with different PDO content were prepared by adding PDO to pure PPDO. The thermal, mechanical, and hydrolytic properties of PPDO and PPDO/PDO mixtures were investigated systematically. It reveals that the existence of PDO in the polymer can act as plasticizer to facilitate the crystallization of PPDO, but the increasing of PDO content deteriorates the mechanical properties of the polymers, especially when the PDO loading is more than 3 php. The PDO does not distinctly affect PPDO thermal decomposition, but obviously accelerates the PPDO hydrolytic degradation. This work may provide an important reference for the industrialization and application of PPDO. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43483.
Soluble asymmetric bismaleimide with low molten viscosity and its high glass transition temperature polymer
Authors: Ren Zhidong , Cheng Yuanrong , Li Yan , Xiao Fei 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThree novel bismaleimide monomers (MBA‐BMI, EBA‐BMI, and PBA‐BMI) with unsymmetrical backbone and different pendant groups were synthesized using asymmetric diamine and maleic anhydride as the precursors. The prepared bismaleimide monomers show good solubility in common organic solvents such as acetone and tetrahydrofuran. The EBA‐BMI melt treated at 180 °C also shows low viscosity about 190–934 mPa s at the temperature range of 160–139 °C below its melting point (166 °C). In addition to the good processability, all three cured bismaleimides show high storage moduli at high temperatures (2.0 GPa at 400 °C), high glass transition temperatures over 400 °C, and good thermal stability with the 5% weight loss temperatures around 470 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43491.
Synergetic effects on the mechanical and fracture properties of epoxy composites with multiscale reinforcements: Carbon nanotubes and short carbon fibers
Authors: Zhang Zhongwei , Tan Yefa , Wang Xiaolong , Lin Yanyan , Wang Lulu 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe ball‐milling/liquid‐phase oxidation (BMLPO) method was used to fabricate surface‐modified short carbon fibers (SCFs). Multiscale epoxy composites reinforced with a combination of SCFs and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared. Atomic force microscopy observations and contact angle measurement were used to investigate the modification effect of the BMLPO method. Mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy observations were used to study the effects of the SCFs, MWNTs, and their combination on tensile properties, impact strength, and fracture toughness of the epoxy composites. The results show that the surface roughness of the SCFs after BMLPO treatment increased, and the wettability of the SCFs was improved as well. The combined use of the SCFs and MWNTs had a synergetic effect on the tensile strength, fracture toughness, and impact strength of the epoxy composites. The addition of MWNTs promoted the plastic deformation of the epoxy matrix and decreased the stress‐concentration level near the SCF/matrix interface; these were considered the main causes of the synergetic effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43500.
In‐process thermochemical analysis of in situ poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) monolithic adsorbent synthesis
Authors: Acquah Caleb , Danquah Michael K. , Moy Charles K. S. , Ongkudon Clarence M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThermomolecular mechanisms associated with the synthesis of polymethacrylate monoliths are critical in controlling the physicochemical and binding characteristics of the adsorbent. Notwithstanding, there has been limited reported work on probing the underlining synthesis mechanism essential in establishing the relationship between in‐process polymerization characteristics and the physicochemical properties of the monolith for tailored applications. In this article, we present a real‐time thermochemical analysis of polymethacrylate monolith synthesis by free‐radical polymerization to probe the effects on the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbent. The experimental results show that an increase in the crosslinker monomer concentration from 30 to 70% resulted in a peak temperature increase from 96.3 to 114.3 °C. Also, an increase in the initiator (benzoyl peroxide) concentration from 1 to 3% w/v resulted in a temperature increase from 90.7 to 106.3 °C. A temperature buildup increases the kinetic rate of intermolecular collision associated with microglobular formation and interglobular interactions. This reduces the structural homogeneity and macroporosity of the polymer matrix. A two‐phase reactive crystallization model was used to characterize the rate of monomeric reaction after initiation and microglobular formation from the liquid monomeric phase to formulate the theoretical framework essential for evaluating the kinetics of the polymer formation process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43507.
Refolding of horseradish peroxidase is enhanced in presence of metal cofactors and ionic liquids
Authors: Bae Sang‐Woo , Eom Doyoung , Mai Ngoc Lan , Koo Yoon‐Mo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe effects of various refolding additives, including metal cofactors, organic co‐solvents, and ionic liquids, on the refolding of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a well‐known hemoprotein containing four disulfide bonds and two different types of metal centers, a ferrous ion‐containing heme group and two calcium atoms, which provide a stabilizing effect on protein structure and function, were investigated. Both metal cofactors (Ca2+ and hemin) and ionic liquids have positive impact on the refolding of HRP. For instance, the HRP refolding yield remarkably increased by over 3‐fold upon addition of hemin and calcium chloride to the refolding buffer as compared to that in the conventional urea‐containing refolding buffer. Moreover, the addition of ionic liquids [EMIM][Cl] to the hemin and calcium cofactor‐containing refolding buffer further enhanced the HRP refolding yield up to 80% as compared to 12% in conventional refolding buffer at relatively high initial protein concentration (5 mg/ml). These results indicated that refolding method utilizing metal cofactors and ionic liquids could enhance the yield and efficiency for metalloprotein.
A model system for the study of gene expression in the undergraduate laboratory
Authors: Hargadon Kristian M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, otherwise known as the “central dogma” of biology, is one of the most basic and overarching concepts in the biological sciences. Nevertheless, numerous studies have reported student misconceptions at the undergraduate level of this fundamental process of gene expression. This study reports on the efficacy of a model system for teaching gene expression in the undergraduate laboratory. A student‐centered investigation of Tgfb1 gene expression in two murine melanoma cell lines was used to emphasize not only the process of gene expression but also various research methods for studying this phenomenon. Traditional RT‐PCR, quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR, and flow cytometry‐based in situ hybridization assays were employed to study expression of this immunosuppressive cytokine gene in the highly tumorigenic B16‐F1 melanoma cell line and the poorly tumorigenic D5.1G4 melanoma cell line, both at the population and single‐cell levels. A pre‐ and post‐laboratory assessment instrument demonstrated the utility of this model system in enhancing student learning both of content related to gene expression and of research methods and data analysis skills. The pedagogical approach described in this study is therefore an effective way to improve the teaching and learning of gene expression at the undergraduate level. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4):397–404, 2016.