bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated atmospheric CO2 enhances grazer‐induced morphological defense in the freshwater green alga Scenedesmus obliquus
Authors: Huang Yuan , Cui Guilian , Li Bangping , Zhu Xuexia , Yang Zhou 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAtmospheric CO2 level is increasing and considerably influences aquatic ecosystems. Grazer‐induced defenses in phytoplankton stabilize the structures of aquatic food webs. Costs associated with defense have resulted in a situation in which the effectiveness of inducible defenses depends on environmental conditions. To investigate the grazer‐induced defense responses to elevated air CO2 levels, the algae Scenedesmus obliquus was cultured under two air CO2 concentrations (390 ppm and 750 ppm) in the absence or presence of predator‐derived cues (Daphnia filtrate). In response to Daphnia filtrate, colonial populations such as eight‐celled colony were largely formed in S. obliquus. When air CO2 was elevated to 750 ppm, the inorganic carbon contents in media increased, thereby stimulating algal reproduction and photosynthesis. Moreover, the volumes of unicells and two‐celled colonies were enlarged under elevated CO2 conditions. These physiological changes satisfied the material and energy demands for the formation of larger colonies. Based on the consistent surface area per volume of the large colony under ambient and elevated CO2 conditions, the increased inorganic carbon (by CO2 enrichment) facilitated the carbon uptake of the multi‐celled colony. Thus, the morphological defense in phytoplankton was enhanced with more eight‐celled colonies formed in populations grown in a high‐CO2 environment. The present result verified the hypothesis that inducible defense is less costly and has higher effectiveness with increasing carbon availability. The enhancement of anti‐grazer morphological defenses in phytoplankton potentially alters the trophic cascades between phytoplankton and zooplankton and contributes to the redirected energy and nutrient flow in ecosystem‐level processes under a CO2‐rising climate.
Associations between cyanobacteria and indices of secondary production in the western basin of Lake Erie
Authors: Larson James H. , Evans Mary Anne , Kennedy Robert J. , Bailey Sean W. , Loftin Keith A. , Laughrey Zachary R. , Femmer Robin A. , Schaeffer Jeff S. , Richardson William B. , Wynne Timothy T. , Nelson J. C. , Duris Joseph W. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractLarge lakes provide a variety of ecological services to surrounding cities and communities. Many of these services are supported by ecological processes that are threatened by the increasing prevalence of cyanobacterial blooms which occur as aquatic ecosystems experience cultural eutrophication. Over the past 10 yr, Lake Erie experienced cyanobacterial blooms of increasing severity and frequency, which have resulted in impaired drinking water for the surrounding communities. Cyanobacterial blooms may impact ecological processes that support other services, but many of these impacts have not been documented. Secondary production (production of primary consumers) is an important process that supports economically important higher trophic levels. Cyanobacterial blooms may influence secondary production because cyanobacteria are a poor‐quality food resource and cyanotoxins may be harmful to consumers. Over 3 yr at 34 sites across the western basin of Lake Erie, we measured three indices of secondary production that focus on the dominant bivalve taxa: (1) growth of a native unionid mussel, (2) the size of young‐of‐year dreissenid mussels, and (3) the mass of colonizing animals on a Hester‐Dendy sampler. Associations between these indices and cyanobacterial data were estimated to assess whether cyanobacteria are associated with variation in secondary production in the western basin of Lake Erie. The results suggest cyanobacterial abundance alone is only weakly associated with secondary production, but that cyanotoxins have a larger effect on secondary production. Given recurring late‐summer cyanobacterial blooms, this impact on secondary production has the potential to undermine Lake Erie's ability to sustain important ecosystem services.
Apparent diffusion coefficients of the five major metabolites measured in the human brain in vivo at 3T
Authors: Deelchand Dinesh K. , Auerbach Edward J. , Marjańska Małgorzata 
Published: October 2017

PurposeTo measure the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of five main metabolites in the human brain at 3T with PRESS and STEAM, avoiding measurement biases because of cross‐terms. Cross‐terms arise from interactions between slice‐selection and spoiler gradients in the localized spectroscopy sequence and the diffusion gradients.MethodsDiffusion‐weighted spectra were acquired from the prefrontal cortex in five healthy subjects using STEAM (echo time [TE]/mixing time [TM]/pulse repetition time [TR] = 21.22/105/3000 ms, b‐values = 0 and 3172 s/mm2) and PRESS (TE/TR = 54.2/3000 ms, b‐values = 0 and 2204 s/mm2). Diffusion weighting was applied using bipolar gradients in three orthogonal directions. Post‐processed spectra were analyzed with LCModel, and the trace/3 ADC values were calculated.ResultsComparable trace/3 ADC values (0.14–0.18 µm2/ms) were obtained for five main metabolites with both methods. These metabolites were quantified with Cramér‐Rao lower bounds below 15%.ConclusionThe ADC values of the five main metabolites were successfully measured in the human brain at 3T with eliminated directional dependence. Both STEAM and PRESS can be used to probe the diffusivity of metabolites in normal brain and various pathologies on the clinical scanner with slightly higher precision achieved with STEAM for glutamate and myo‐inositol. Magn Reson Med 79:2896–2901, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Body diffusion‐weighted imaging using magnetization prepared single‐shot fast spin echo and extended parallel imaging signal averaging
Authors: Gibbons Eric K. , Vasanawala Shreyas S. , Pauly John M. , Kerr Adam B. 
Published: October 2017

PurposeThis work demonstrates a magnetization prepared diffusion‐weighted single‐shot fast spin echo (SS‐FSE) pulse sequence for the application of body imaging to improve robustness to geometric distortion. This work also proposes a scan averaging technique that is superior to magnitude averaging and is not subject to artifacts due to object phase.Theory and MethodsThis single‐shot sequence is robust against violation of the Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) condition. This is achieved by dephasing the signal after diffusion weighting and tipping the MG component of the signal onto the longitudinal axis while the non‐MG component is spoiled. The MG signal component is then excited and captured using a traditional SS‐FSE sequence, although the echo needs to be recalled prior to each echo. Extended Parallel Imaging (ExtPI) averaging is used where coil sensitivities from the multiple acquisitions are concatenated into one large parallel imaging (PI) problem. The size of the PI problem is reduced by SVD‐based coil compression which also provides background noise suppression. This sequence and reconstruction are evaluated in simulation, phantom scans, and in vivo abdominal clinical cases.ResultsSimulations show that the sequence generates a stable signal throughout the echo train which leads to good image quality. This sequence is inherently low‐SNR, but much of the SNR can be regained through scan averaging and the proposed ExtPI reconstruction. In vivo results show that the proposed method is able to provide diffusion encoded images while mitigating geometric distortion artifacts compared to EPI.ConclusionThis work presents a diffusion‐prepared SS‐FSE sequence that is robust against the violation of the CPMG condition while providing diffusion contrast in clinical cases. Magn Reson Med 79:3032–3044, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion of murine tissue for development of T1 (R1) dispersion contrast imaging
Authors: Araya Yonathan T. , Martínez‐Santiesteban Francisco , Handler William B. , Harris Chad T. , Chronik Blaine A. , Scholl Timothy J. 
Published: October 2017

This study quantified the spin–lattice relaxation rate (R1) dispersion of murine tissues from 0.24 mT to 3 T. A combination of ex vivo and in vivo spin–lattice relaxation rate measurements were acquired for murine tissue. Selected brain, liver, kidney, muscle, and fat tissues were excised and R1 dispersion profiles were acquired from 0.24 mT to 1.0 T at 37 °C, using a fast field‐cycling MR (FFC‐MR) relaxometer. In vivo R1 dispersion profiles of mice were acquired from 1.26 T to 1.74 T at 37 °C, using FFC‐MRI on a 1.5 T scanner outfitted with a field‐cycling insert electromagnet to dynamically control B0 prior to imaging. Images at five field strengths (1.26, 1.39, 1.5, 1.61, 1.74 T) were acquired using a field‐cycling pulse sequence, where B0 was modulated for varying relaxation durations prior to imaging. R1 maps and R1 dispersion (ΔR1/ΔB0) were calculated at 1.5 T on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis. In addition, in vivo R1 maps of mice were acquired at 3 T. At fields less than 1 T, a large R1 magnetic field dependence was observed for tissues. ROI analysis of the tissues showed little relaxation dispersion for magnetic fields from 1.26 T to 3 T. Our tissue measurements show strong R1 dispersion at field strengths less than 1 T and limited R1 dispersion at field strengths greater than 1 T. These findings emphasize the inherent weak R1 magnetic field dependence of healthy tissues at clinical field strengths. This characteristic of tissues can be exploited by a combination of FFC‐MRI and T1 contrast agents that exhibit strong relaxivity magnetic field dependences (inherent or by binding to a protein), thereby increasing the agents' specificity and sensitivity. This development can provide potential insights into protein‐based biomarkers using FFC‐MRI to assess early changes in tumour development, which are not easily measureable with conventional MRI.
Epoxyazadiradione Purified from the Azadirachta indica Seed Induced Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Inhibition of NFκB Nuclear Translocation in Human Cervical Cancer Cells
Authors: Shilpa G. , Renjitha J. , Saranga R. , Sajin Francis K. , Nair Mangalam S. , Joy Beena , Sasidhar B.S. , Priya S. 
Published: October 2017

Epoxyazadiradione (EAD) is an important limonoid present in Neem (Azadirachta indica) plant. In the present study, we have purified EAD from Neem seed and studied its anticancer potential in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Cell proliferation inhibition studies indicated that the GI50 value of EAD is 7.5 ± 0.0092 μM in HeLa cells, whereas up to 50 μM concentrations EAD did not affect the growth of normal H9C2 cells. The control drug cisplatin inhibited the growth of both HeLa and H9C2 cells with a GI50 value of 2.92 ± 1.192 and 4.22 ± 1.568 μM, respectively. Nuclear DNA fragmentation, cell membrane blebbing, phosphatidylserine translocation, upregulation of Bax, caspase 3 activity and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage and downregulation of BCl2 in HeLa cells on treatment with EAD indicated the apoptotic cell death. Increase in caspase 9 activity and release of active cytochrome c to the cytoplasm on treatment with EAD confirmed that the apoptosis was mediated through the mitochondrial pathway. Epoxyazadiradione also inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB in HeLa cells. Thus, our studies demonstrated EAD as a potent and safe chemotherapeutic agent when compared with the standard drug cisplatin that is toxic to both cancer and normal cells equally. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite ‐gain problem for networked control systems with delays via event‐triggered control
Authors: Yu Hao , Hao Fei 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBy using the integrals of the signals to construct the triggering condition, integral‐based event‐triggered control can relax the requirement of persistent decrease on the Lyapunov function and, then, may yield better sampling performance. This paper studies the disturbance rejection problem for the integral‐based event‐triggered control systems with transmission delays and observer‐based output feedbacks. An integral‐based triggering condition is employed to generate the events. Two asynchronous models are implemented in the different sides of the networks. The model in the observer node is used to detect the events, whereas the model in the controller node is used to calculate the control signals. This structure contributes to avoiding the Zeno behavior, and then, an estimation on the lower bound of the interevent times is provided. Moreover, the criteria on the parameter in the triggering condition and on the bounds of the transmission delays are given to guarantee the desired disturbance rejection performance. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the efficiency and feasibility of the obtained results.
Catalytic Reduction of Toxic Nitroarenes in Aqueous Medium Using Worm‐Like Rhodium Nanoparticles
Authors: George Anu , Selvan Dhanashree , Mandal Sukhendu 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe demonstrate a facile synthesis of worm‐like rhodium nanoparticle stabilized by octadecylamine. This worm‐like nanoparticle exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward the reduction of nitro aromatics in the presence of NaBH4 in aqueous medium at room temperature. The reaction follows pseudo‐first order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0216 s−1. We have explored this catalytic activity for the reduction of several nitro derivatives. This catalyst can effectively reduce toxic nitro aromatics in aqueous medium in much faster rate compared to other Rh‐based catalysts.
On the Borderline Between Discrete Complex Ions and Extended Structures: An Unprecedented Large Undecanuclear Azidocuprate(II) Anion in Crystals of (PPN)2[Cu11(N3)24(C2H5OH)2]
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Köckerling Martin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe reaction of the low melting solid PPN(N3) with copper(II) acetate in ethanol yields (PPN)2[Cu11(N3)24(C2H5OH)2]. The undecanuclear azidocuprate dianon is unprecedented and represents the largest example for a discrete azidocuprate(II) anion to date. This structurally more‐or‐less flat anion contains features of Cu(N3)2, i. e. can be considered the largest so far known building block of this solid.
Surface Hovering of Probe on Cyclodextrin Nanoparticle that is Otherwise Sequestered in Isolated Cyclodextrin Cavity
Authors: Ghosh Ashutosh , Purkayastha Pradipta 
Published: October 2017

AbstractExperimental evidence of hovering of probe on the surface of β‐cyclodextrin nanoparticles (β‐CDNPs) is given in the present work. A special double proton transfer (DPT) probe was used for this purpose. 2,2′‐bipyridine‐3,3′‐diol (BP(OH)2) shows excited state intramolecular DPT (ESIDPT) in different solvents. In water, this process takes place through two mechanisms: (i) normal intramolecular proton transfer and (ii) unconventional DPT through “water‐wire” formation between the prototropic centers. The second mechanism is favoured at low availability of water around the probe. This concept was exploited in the present case to propose possible existence of BP(OH)2 on the surface of the β‐CDNPs due to uncertainty in occupying the host cavity as all are similar and cluttered together. The probe would otherwise is completely sequestered within isolated CD nanocavity in aqueous medium. Spectroscopy has been used as a tool to establish the proposition.
Molecular Insight into Inclusion Complex Formation of Curcumin and Calix[4]arene
Authors: Angelova Silvia , Antonov Liudmil 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe effect of the complex formation with calix[4]arene on the tautomerism of curcumin was studied in water by means of theoretical calculations at M062X/6‐31G(d,p) level of theory. The results show that both tautomeric forms can enter and leave the host cavity without sterical problems. The binding of the diketo tautomeric form was found to be more favorable (by 2.1 kcal mol−1 in the gas phase and 1.7 kcal mol−1 in water) than the binding to the same host system of the preferred keto‐enol tautomeric form. This results in attenuation of the energy difference between the tautomers in the complex, but does not shift dramatically the position of the tautomeric equilibrium in the guest molecule. The predicted spectral characteristics of the individual tautomers and their complexes reproduce well the experimental observations.
One‐Pot Catalyst‐Free Direct Sulfenylation of 1‐Aryl Pyrazolones with Aryl Thiols at Room Temperature
Authors: Kamani Ronak D. , Purohit Vishal B. , Thummar Rahul P. , Sapariya Nirav H. , Vaghasiya Beena K. , Patel Kirit H. , Pashavan Chandankumar T. , Shah Manish K. , Raval Dipak K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA novel strategy for N‐chlorosuccinimide mediated direct sulfenylation of 1‐aryl pyrazolones using aryl thiols has been developed at room temperature. The protocol was found to be simple, efficient and transition metal‐free to afford the target products in good to excellent yields without further purification. The prepared compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. The skeleton of one of the synthesized compounds has been well confirmed by X‐ray single crystal diffraction (XRD) analysis as well as ORTEP diagram.
Household electricity consumers’ incentive to choose dynamic pricing under different taxation schemes
Authors: Katz Jonas , Kitzing Lena , Schröder Sascha T. , Andersen Frits Møller , Morthorst Poul Erik , Stryg Morten 
Published: October 2017

Dynamic pricing of retail electricity, as opposed to the widely applied average pricing, has often been proposed to enhance economic efficiency through demand response. The development of variable production from renewable energies and expectations about the installation of heat pumps and electric vehicles has now reinforced interest in flexible demand and dynamic pricing. With a roll‐out of smart metering one important technical hurdle is going to be cleared, and dynamic retail pricing may soon become an eligible option for many households. We quantify the potential incentives to adopt new pricing schemes using exemplary Danish data. Until now, limited activity of household consumers on retail markets indicates that switching supplier or contract is perceived costly. We apply the concept of switching costs to explain this hesitant behavior, and use it to estimate a threshold level based on recent observations in the Danish market. We calculate potential savings from dynamic pricing and show how the choice of electricity taxation technique may hamper or enhance potential benefits. In the light of switching costs, our results suggest that the combination of smart meter roll‐out and dynamic pricing offerings might be insufficient to convince the majority of households to switch contracts and become active in response to prices, unless they hold a substantial flexibility potential. Dynamic taxation, even if applied to parts of the levies, could contribute significantly to inducing flexible consumption. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e270. doi: 10.1002/wene270.This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Energy Systems Economics > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Photogalvanic cells: only solar cells having dual role of solar power generation and storage
Authors: Koli Pooran 
Published: October 2017

Solar cell converts solar energy into electricity directly. Among such solar cells, the photogalvanic cells are unique as these are only solar cells that are capable of doing solar power generation and storage simultaneously. Therefore, such an inherent solar power storage capacity that too with good efficiency of these cells needs to be exploited for making solar cell technology a reliable source of power in the future. The fabrication and experimentation of photogalvanic cells is very simple to demonstrate its unique property. The power, short‐circuit current, open‐circuit potential, conversion efficiency, and power storage (in terms of half change time) for photogalvanic cells are reported of the order of 1159 μW, 4500 μA, 1.07 V, 14, and 260 min, respectively.However, to make photogalvanic cells realty in life for simultaneous solar power and storage, some challenges have to be tackled. Some of the challenges are photodecay of dye, corrosion of platinum (Pt), evaporation of liquid, breaking vulnerability of SCE/combination electrode, further need to increase the power and efficiency and storage, assembly operation of cells for augmentation of power, cell study in natural sunlight, and so on. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e274. doi: 10.1002/wene.274This article is categorized under:

Photovoltaics > Science and Materials
Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Gondwana Biostratigraphy of the Purnea Basin (Eastern Bihar, India), and its Correlation with Rajmahal and Bengal Gondwana Basins
Authors: Prasad Bijai , Pundir B. S. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Integrated biostratigraphic studies are undertaken on the newly discovered Gondwana successions of Purnea Basin which have been recognized in the subsurface below the Neogene Siwalik sediments. The four exploratory wells, so far drilled in Purnea Basin, indicated the presence of thick Gondwana sussession (± 2450m) with varied lithological features. However, precise age of different Gondwanic lithounits of this basin and their correlation with standard Gondwana lithounits is poorly understood due to inadequate biostratigraphic data.
Present biostratigraphic studies on the Gondwana successions in the exploratory wells of PRN-A, RSG-A, LHL-A and KRD-A enable recognition of fifteen Gondwanic palynological zones ranging in age from Early Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian) to Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian). Precise age for the Gondwanic palynological zones, recognized in the Purnea Basin and already established in other Indian Gondwana basins, are provided in the milieu of additional palynological data obtained from the Gondwana successions of this basin.
The Lower Gondwana (Permian) palynofloras of Purnea Basin recorded from the Karandighi, Salmari, Katihar and Dinajpur formations resemble the palynological assemblages earlier recorded from the Talchir, Karharbari, Barakar and Raniganj formations respectively, and suggests the full development of lower Gondwana succession in this basin. The Upper Gondwana (Triassic) succession of this basin is marked by the Early and Middle to Late Triassic palynofloras that resemble Panchet and Supra-Panchet (Dubrajpur/Maleri Formation) palynological assemblages, and indicates the occurrence of complete Upper Gondwana succession also in the Purnea Basin.
The lithological and biostratigraphic attributes of Gondwana sediments from Purnea, Rajmahal and western parts of Bengal Basin (Galsi Basin) are almost similar and provides strong evidences about the existence of a distinct N-S trending Gondwana Graben, referred as the Purnea-Rajmahal-Galsi Gondwana Graben. Newly acquired biostratigraphic data from the Gondwana sediments of CHK-A, MNG-A and PLS-A wells from central part of Bengal Basin and Bouguer anomaly data suggest that these wells fall in a separate NE-SW trending graben of “Chandkuri-Palasi-Bogra Gondwana Graben”. Although, the post-Gondwana latest Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Rajmahal Traps and and intertrappean beds succeed the Upper Gondwana successions in Rajmahal, Galsi and Chandkuri-Palasi Gondwana basins, but not recorded in the drilled wells of Purnea Basin, instead succeeded by the Neogene Siwalik sediments.