bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet of Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Shivish , Chalise Mukesh Kumar , Pokharel Chiranjibi Prasad 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe studied the diet of the Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, by identifying 109 prey items from 85 tiger scats. Tigers in this region fed upon eight different mammal species. Chital (Axis axis) was the major prey with a frequency of 45% of the Tigers’ diet. The occurrence of other prey species included sambar (Cervus unicolor, 23%), wild pig (Sus scrofa, 15%), hog deer (Axis porcinus, 9%), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak, 4%), and gaur (Bos gaurus, 2%). Tigers also hunted livestock, but this prey comprised a small component of the relative biomass (buffalo 5% and cow 2%). Our study suggests that the tiger depends mostly upon wild prey for its subsistence in the Chitwan National Park, but will also sporadically hunt livestock.
Learning orientation in nursing homes in Poland
Authors: Ejdys Joanna , Gedvilaite Dainora 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAs a major challenge of a social, economic, and institutional nature, the phenomenon of population ageing is the basis for concern in terms of the direction of further socio-economic development. By the year 2050, the number of older people around the world will amount to more than 2 billion, constituting 22% of the total population. Over 75, people are faced with increased risk of disability (physical and mental), which can deprive of independent existence. The welfare system will not only have to meet the growing demand for nursing homes, but also the increasing requirements for the safety and quality of services. The innovation of nursing homes will be conditional on the learning of the units of this sector. The scientific goal of the pursued study was to evaluate the influence of learning orientation on the innovation of nursing homes in Poland. Learning orientation has been the subject of the Author’s interest in the context of four constructs: (i) commitment to learning, (ii) shared vision, (iii) open-mindedness, and (iv) intra-organisational knowledge sharing. The article presents the results of a quantitative research conducted on a sample of 169 nursing homes in Poland. The study aimed to examine relationships between the four constructs of learning orientation and organisational innovativeness of nursing homes in Poland. The regression model confirmed the existing statistically significant positive relationship between open-mindedness and organisational innovativeness.
Decellularized extracellular matrices for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Elmashhady Hady H. , Kraemer Bruce A. , Patel Krishna H. , Sell Scott A. , Garg Koyal 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDecellularization removes cellular antigens while preserving the ultrastructure and composition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Decellularized ECM (DECM) scaffolds have been widely used in various tissue engineering applications with varying levels of success. The mechanical, architectural and bioactive properties of a DECM scaffold depend largely on the method of decellularization and dictate its clinical efficacy. This article highlights the advantages and challenges associated with the clinical use of DECM scaffolds. Poor mechanical strength is a significant disadvantage of some DECM scaffolds in the repair of load-bearing tissues as well as critical-size defects, where long-term mechanical support is required for the regenerating tissue. Combining DECM scaffolds with synthetic biocompatible polymers could provide a useful strategy to circumvent the issues of poor mechanical stability. This article reviews studies that have combined DECM scaffolds from various tissues with synthetic polymers to create hybrid scaffolds using electrospinning. These hybrid scaffolds provide a mechanical backbone while retaining the bioactive properties of DECM, thus offering a significant advantage for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
The language of “Ribbonmen”: A CDA approach to identity construction in nineteenth-century Irish English threatening notices
Authors: van Hattum Marije 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThroughout the nineteenth century, the rural midlands of Ireland suffered from agrarian violence and intimidation through threatening notices. In the minds of the authorities, these outrages were committed by members of a secret society, called the “Ribbon Society”, which was deemed to be the embodiment of a nation-wide conspiracy of Irish Catholics to exterminate all Protestants in the country (Beames 1982). However, present-day historians are divided in their opinion on the existence of such a society, as for example, Garvin (1982: 154), who claims that “local agrarian groups simply accepted the label wished upon them by magistrates, police and other outsiders”. Thus, there is no consensus about the identity and existence of the “Ribbon Society” from an external point of view. This paper analyses how the identity of this socially marginalised group is constructed from an internal point of view through means of a CDA analysis of a collection of threatening notices written by those accused of membership of the Ribbon Society. I argue that the notices constitute a form of public discourse that is controlled by the labouring classes, and that through means of positive self and negative other representation the senders justify and legitimise their own actions and beliefs, while criminalising those of their intended targets, thus constructing an identity as defender of the labouring classes, and using the notices as a form of social protest.
A weighted adjustment of a similarity transformation between two point sets containing errors
Authors: Marx C. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
For an adjustment of a similarity transformation, it is often appropriate to consider that both the source and the target coordinates of the transformation are affected by errors. For the least squares adjustment of this problem, a direct solution is possible in the cases of specific-weighing schemas of the coordinates. Such a problem is considered in the present contribution and a direct solution is generally derived for the m-dimensional space. The applied weighing schema allows (fully populated) point-wise weight matrices for the source and target coordinates, both weight matrices have to be proportional to each other. Additionally, the solutions of two borderline cases of this weighting schema are derived, which only consider errors in the source or target coordinates. The investigated solution of the rotation matrix of the adjustment is independent of the scaling between the weight matrices of the source and the target coordinates. The mentioned borderline cases, therefore, have the same solution of the rotation matrix. The direct solution method is successfully tested on an example of a 3D similarity transformation using a comparison with an iterative solution based on the Gauß-Helmert model.
Obsidian Studies in the Prehistoric Central Mediterranean: After 50 Years, What Have We Learned and What Still Needs to Be Done?
Authors: Tykot Robert H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObsidian sourcing studies have been conducted in the central Mediterranean for more than 50 years. Detailed studies have been done on the geological sources on four Italian islands, and many analytical methods have been used to successfully distinguish between them. The ability to conduct analyses using those minimally (LA-ICP-MS) or totally (XRF, pXRF) non-destructive to artifacts has led to >10,000 analyses just in the last decade. Along with the ability to assign artifacts to specific geological subsources, and an increased number of studies of techno-typology, this has allowed interpretations to be made about source access and territorial control, craft specialization and the chaîne opératoire, as well as the modes, frequency, and directions of movement and how that varied spacially and temporally. Obsidian especially from Lipari and from Monte Arci in Sardinia traveled hundreds of kilometers on a regular basis starting in the Early Neolithic. By the Late Neolithic, in some areas there was selection of specific obsidian sources and subsources, and differences in production methods and tool typology. Obsidian distribution and usage in the central Mediterranean continued over four-and-one-half millennia, in many areas well into the Bronze Age. There is much more still to do integrating these different studies, especially use-wear studies, along with those of lithic and other materials that also played a role in prehistoric transport and trade systems.
Ornithology and Varieties of Conflict: A Personal Retrospective on Conflict Forecasting
Authors: Gleditsch Kristian Skrede 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis note provides a retrospective on lessons learned in research on conflict forecasting, motivated by reflections around the retirement of Professor Michael D. Ward from Duke University. I argue that an excessive focus on “black swans” or surprising events that are hard to forecast detracts from considering the more frequent “white swans” or regularities in conflict. It is often more useful to focus on modal conflicts than exceptions, and substantial progress has been made in recent research. I identify some key lessons learned and highlight the need for researchers to distinguish between features that are more or less difficult to forecast.
Fünf Jahre nach dem Liikanen-Bericht: Was haben wir gelernt?
Authors: Krahnen Jan Pieter , Götz Martin R. , Tröger Tobias H. 
Published: October 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Veröffentlichung des Abschlussberichts der Liikanen-Gruppe im Oktober 2012 war begleitet von großen Erwartungen bezüglich der dort vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen zur Vollendung der Reformagenda nach der Finanz- und Staatsschuldenkrise. Im Zentrum der Empfehlungen standen die Einführung einer milden Form des Trennbankensystems und die Schaffung von Funktionsvoraussetzungen für Bail-in-Maßnahmen. In diesem Beitrag geben Martin R. Götz, Jan P. Krahnen und Tobias H. Tröger einen Überblick über die Regulierungsreformen, die das Finanzgewerbe im Hinblick auf die im Liikanen-Bericht aufgestellte Agenda in den vergangenen Jahren erlebt hat. Dabei wird deutlich, dass noch weitere entscheidende Schritte in Regulierung und Aufsicht zu gehen sind, bis von einer erfolgreichen Realisierung dieser Agenda die Rede sein kann. Vor allem die Bail-in-Regulierung muss konsequenter in die Praxis umgesetzt werden. Über das geforderte Minimum hinaus entwickeln die Autoren die Idee eines Maximums an Bail-in. Beide Empfehlungen zusammengenommen führen zu einer dreiteiligen Struktur der Bankenpassiva, bestehend aus einem Bail-in-Bereich, einem einlagengesicherten Bail-out-Bereich und einem dazwischenliegenden, Run-gefährdeten Mezzanine-artigen Bereich. Wie groß diese jeweils sein sollten, wäre in einer politischen Debatte zu erörtern, in der es die Kosten und Nutzen erhöhter Stabilität abzuwägen gälte.
Genetic Variation Among and Within Populations in Swedish Species of Sorbus aucuparia L. and Prunus padus L. Assessed in a Nursery Trial
Authors: Baliuckas V. , Lagerström T. , Norell L. , Eriksson G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSeedlings originating from open-pollinated offspring of six and four populations of Prunus padus and Sorbus aucuparia, respectively, were studied with respect to phenology and growth traits for 3-4 years in a nursery. There were no replications at the population levels since the experiments should be converted to seedling seed orchards. Therefore, a special statistical model for analysis of the population effect was developed making use of neighbour performances. This model was also used for derivation of heritabilities. The heritabilities for phenology traits were in many cases high in P. padus, > 0.40, while they varied in the range 0.07-0.62 in S. aucuparia. The population effect was significant for all growth rhythm traits in P. padus and for a majority of traits in S. aucuparia. In both species the heritability for height decreased over time. Only bud flushing in P. padus indicated a relationship with population latitudinal origin in some cases. The genetic correlations between bud flushing different years were relatively strong in both species while the corresponding correlations for leaf colouring were moderate in P. padus and weak in S. aucuparia. In conclusion, the observed structure suggests that the pattern of seed dispersal may have an influence on the among- and within-population variation.
Soil Temperature and Precipitation Affect the Rooting Ability of Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Populus
Authors: Zalesny R. S. , Hall R. B. , Bauer E. O. , Riemenschneider D. E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn addition to genetic control, responses to environmental stimuli affect the success of rooting. Our objectives were to: 1) assess the variation in rooting ability among 21 Populus clones grown under varying soil temperatures and amounts of precipitation and 2) identify combinations of soil temperature and precipitation that promote rooting. The clones belonged to five genomic groups ([P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh] x P. deltoides ‘BC’; P. deltoides ‘D’; P. deltoides x P. maximowiczii A. Henry ‘DM’; P. deltoides x P. nigra L. ‘DN’; P. nigra x P. maximowiczii ‘NM’). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in Iowa and Minnesota, USA, in randomized complete blocks at 1.2- x 2.4-m spacing across three planting dates during 2001 and 2002. Soil temperatures were converted to belowground growing degree days (GDD) (base temperature = 10°C) accumulated over 14 days. Genomic groups responded similarly for root dry weight, number of roots, total root length, and mean root length, that increased as belowground GDD increased. Belowground GDD and precipitation governed rooting throughout the 14-d growing period. A minimum of four days above 14°C, along with sufficiently dispersed precipitation (e.g. no more than 3 d without a precipitation event), were needed to sustain aboveaverage rooting. Therefore, we recommend using a base temperature of 14°C for future models estimating belowground GDD in northern temperate zones.
Optimal Clone Number for Seed Orchards with Tested Clones
Authors: Lindgren D. , Prescher F. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe optimal number of clones in seed orchards is discussed. A model is constructed to maximize a goodness criterion (“benefit”) for seed orchards. This criterion is a function of: 1) the number of tested genotypes available for selection and planted in seed orchard; 2) the contribution to pollination from: a) the ramet itself; b) the closest neighbors; c) the rest of the orchard and sources outside the orchard (contamination); 3) variation among genotypes for fertility; 4) frequency of selfing; 5) production of selfed genotypes; 6) gene diversity (= status number); 7) influence of contamination; 8) genetic variation among candidates; 9) correlation between selection criterion (e.g. height in progeny test) and value for forestry (e.g. production in forests from the orchard); and 10) the number of clones harvested. Numeric values of the entries are discussed, and values were chosen to be relevant for scenarios with Swedish conifers (focusing on Scots pine) and for loblolly pine. Benefit was maximized considering the number of clones. The optimum was 16 clones for the Swedish scenario, while less for the loblolly pine scenario. The optimum was rather broad, thus it is not essential to deploy the exact optimum, and an approximate optimum will do. A sensitivity analyses was performed to evaluate the importance of the likely uncertainty and variation in different entries. Quantification of the benefit of gene diversity is important. Other significant considerations are the genetic variance in the goal character and the ability to predict it, as well as the impact of selfing and the variation in reproductive success between clones. Twenty clones is suggested as a thumb rule for Swedish conifers.
Resistance of Transgenic Hybrid Triploids in Populus tomentosa Carr. Against 3 Species of Lepidopterans Following Two Winter Dormancies Conferred by High Level Expression of Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor Gene
Authors: Zhang Q. , Zhang Z. Y. , Lin S. Z. , Lin Y. Z. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Hybrid triploid poplars [(P. tomentosa x P. bolleana) x P. tomentosa] genetically engineered with cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene have been out-planted in field for two years. They were used to detect their efficacy against 3 species of poplar defoliators: forest tent capterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus and willow moth, Stilpnotia candida Staudinger by using detached leaves and for the purpose of identifying the CpTI gene at the molecular level. Foliage of transgenic poplars elicited an increase in larval mortality rate and a decrease in foliage consumption, wet weight gains, faeces excretion, deposited pupae number and pupae weight, thus indicating its effectiveness in affecting the growth, development and fecundity of larvae rather than only directly killing them. PCR and Southern blotting analyses confirmed the stable incorporation of CpTI gene while proteinase inhibitory assays disclosed its high level expression in the two-field-season of transgenic trees. Efficacious insect resistance and higher content of CpTI in foliage were found in transgenic clone TG04, TG07, TG08 and TG71, demonstrating a correspondence between the insect resistance level and the CpTI content in the foliage of transgenic poplar.
Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce Germination: Effects of Stratification and Simulated Aging
Authors: Krakowski Jodie , El-Kassaby Y. A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The effects of seed pre-treatment (stratification/prechilling) and simulated aging on germination parameters (germination capacity, speed and value and peak value) were evaluated for several seedlots originating from seed orchard clones of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia DOUGL. ex LOUD.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (MOENCH) VOSS). Region of origin and stratification had little effect on white spruce, while stratification enhanced germination speed and completeness of lodgepole pine. Broad-sense heritability for germination parameters ranged from 70 to 97% (unstratified) and from 81 to 96% (stratified) for pine, and from 95 to 97% (unstratified) and from 93 to 97% (stratified) for spruce. Simulated aging (short-term storage at high temperature and relative humidity, approximating the physiological effects of long-term storage) resulted in rapid deterioration of white spruce, with very little germination after six days of aging. Lodgepole pine germination increased during the first several aging treatments relative to the control, but germination capacity decreased following twelve days of aging, and was very low after 18 days. White spruce was nondormant and responded primarily to moisture conditions, whereas pine was strongly influenced by maternal effects. These results can be incorporated for more efficacious nursery production practices for commercial reforestation seedling production as well as ex-situ gene conservation strategies.
Genetic Variation of Physical and Chemical Wood Properties of Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Apiolaza L. A. , Raymond C. A. , Yeo B. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study considered the degree of genetic variation for diameter (DBH), basic density (BD), predicted pulp yield (PPY), fibre length (FL), microfibril angle (MFA) and cellulose content (CC) amongst eight subraces of Eucalyptus globulus growing in a field trial in NW Tasmania. There were significant subrace effects for BD, FL and CC. This variation affected the relative profitability of the subraces for pulp production. On average, the most profitable subraces (on NPV/ha over the base population mean) were Strzelecki Ranges ($862.04), Western Otways ($657.80) and Strzelecki Foothills ($576.81). The genetic control (heritability) of variation in DBH, FL and MFA was moderate (0.15 < h2< 0.27), while control for BD, PPY and CC was high (h2> 0.40). Genetic correlations between growth and wood properties were not statistically significant, except for DBHMFA (-0.86). Most genetic correlations amongst wood properties were outside the parametric space (< -1 or >1), but there were significant correlations between BDMFA (-0.70) and PPY-CC (0.82). The empirical response to selection on an index based on a pulp wood objective (which included volume and basic density) resulted in a gain of 4.3% for DBH, 7.9% for BD and marginal changes for all other traits, with a net impact in profit of $1,270/ha. However, future profit calculations will need to consider the effect of FL, MFA and CC on the economics of wood processing to fully evaluate the economic impact of breeding.
Genetic Gain and Gene Diversity Following Thinning in a Half-Sib Plantation
Authors: Fedorkov A. , Lindgren D. , David A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Status number, gene diversity, inbreeding coefficient and genetic gain were calculated following phenotypic rogueing of different intensities in a half-sib progeny plantation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Across most selection intensities the status number, gene diversity and genetic gain remained favorably high while the inbreeding coefficient was remarkably stable. It is suggested that phenotypic selection in half-sib progeny tests or plantations with unknown pedigrees, can be used to manage seed collection areas or as a component in low-input breeding without a fast build up of coancestry or inbreeding, provided the initial number of progenies of unrelated parents is sufficiently high and that a high number of these families are retained with a few individuals per family.
Heritability and Correlations for Biomass Production and Allocation in White Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Rweyongeza D. M. , Yeh F. C. , Dhir N. K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTree growth is a multidimensional trait and families vary for components of growth such as height, diameter, foliage and roots. Therefore, variation in tree growth is better studied by analysing biomass production and allocation than simple traits. In addition, biomass is better linked to products such as pulp and wood energy than simple traits. We analysed biomass of 3-year old open-pollinated greenhouse seedlings of white spruce to determine (1) heritability for biomass production and allocation to shoot and root components, (2) correlations between biomass traits, and biomass traits with primary traits, and (3) correlation between biomass production in the greenhouse and height growth for the same families in the field. The study had a randomised complete block design with single-tree plots, 30 blocks and 58 open-pollinated families. Individual-tree heritability (hi2) and family mean heritability (hf2) ranged from 0.200 to 0.333 and 0.374 to 0.516 for green weight, respectively. Likewise, hi2and hi2ranged from 0.186 to 0.359 and 0.352 to 0.536 for dry weight, respectively. Genetic correlation (ra) between green and dry weight ranged from 0.943 to 1.015, while rabetween shoot and root dry weight ranged from 0.947 to 0.955. In contrast, rabetween biomass traits and field height ranged from -0.403 to -0.124. Thus, we conclude (1) variation in biomass production and allocation exhibited low genetic basis, (2) testing and selection for green or dry weight should lead to similar genotypes, (3) biomass allocation may not be easily altered by selection and breeding, and (4) indirect early selection based on seedling biomass