bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected At-Planting Insecticide and Starter Fertilizer Treatments, 1993
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) and in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) were compared to that of an untreated check in 2 tests. The area for Test 1 had been planted to a hairy vetch, Vicia villosa, winter cover crop. Native winter vegetation was allowed to cover the area in Test 2. Both tests received an application of Gramoxone X-tra (1.75 liters/ha) 2 wk pre-plant to terminate all vegetation. All plots also received Atrazine (3.5 liters/ha) + Roundup D-pak (3.5 liters/ ha) at planting. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 101.6 cm centers × 13.5 m. Treatments were arranged in RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted notill in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 6.4, 1.6% organic matter) on 13 Apr with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments for Furadan 4F mixed with the starter fertilizer (11-37-0) were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 46.7 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8004 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 2.67 kg/cm2. IFSAP treatments for Furadan 4F without fertilizer were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 46.7 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8004 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 2.18 kg/cm2. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 5, 10, and 19 May by sampling 10 plants in each plot. Cutworm spp. damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot weekly for 3 wk after plant emergence to obtain a cumulative summary. Plant stand density was measured on 27 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. To determine corn plant maturity, tassels (no./m) were recorded on 18 Jun in each plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 27 Aug. The entire test was furrow-irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not considered a factor influencing final yields.
Insecticide Applied Aerially for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 1993
Authors: Witkowski John F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The cornfield was located in Cedar county, northwest of the town of Hartington, NE. Six black headed egg masses were infested onto 30 marked plants (one 10-plant subsample) per treatment for each of 3 replicates on 1 Jul. A Cessna 188 Ag Truck was used to make the applications on 10 Jul. Aerial treatments were flown on in a strip plot design. On 26 Aug, all artificially infested plants were dissected from tassel to ground and examined for borer cavities.
Thrips Control/Variety Test in Cotton with Temik, 1993
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Jordan A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 15 May at the James R. Ray farm near Lonoke, AR. Plots were treated with Terrachlor + Temik or Terrachlor + No Temik using Gandy boxes. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Ratings were made on 1,8, and 14 Jun. Visual ratings were made on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants/plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. Plant height and node measurements were also made. Plots were harvested on 7 Oct for first and only pick by harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot.
Experimental Foliar Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of foliar insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 7 May with 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied twice, at late ground cracking (LGC) about 4 wk after planting (2 Jun) and again at early postemergence (EPO) about 6 wk after planting (15 Jun). Treatments were applied as a 12-inch band over the row with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal formulation per acre at 22 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. A seed treatment (Hopper box) was included in 2 treatments. Product and seed was layered and gently mixed in the planter box just before planting. Aldicarb (Temik 15GF) was applied to 1 treatment into the seed furrow (IF) at planting as a standard for comparison. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Metam-sodium (Vapam at 10 gal per acre) was applied to the entire test 2 wk before planting 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (80 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Carbofuran, 1992
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in a commercial rice field farmed by Bill Dishman in Jefferson County, TX. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments with 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. Plot size was 16 ft × 8 ft. The field was broadcast planted at 110 lb seed/acre on 23 May and rice emerged 30 May. Nitrogen was applied at 50 lb and 100 lb/acre at planting and preflood, respectively. Phosphorus was applied at 40 lb/acre at planting. Propanil was applied preflood at about 3 to 4 lb (AI)/acre. The field was flush irrigated until 2 Jul when the permanent flood was initiated. Metal barriers were placed around all plots which were infested immediately before the permanent flood with 50 adult RWW per plot. RWW were collected from untreated, flooded rice. Granular carbofuran was applied with a hand shaker at the rates and times described in the table. Liquid treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle spray rig with 800067 tips and 50 mesh screens. Spray volume was 20 gal/acre. Rates and times are described in the table. Flowable Furadan was applied to urea by slowly pipetting the liquid onto the fertilizer in a glass jar which was continually agitated for 5 min. The carbofuran-coated urea was air dried and clumps were manually broken up and applied by hand. The carbofuran-coated urea was applied at 51 lb N/acre and 1.0 lb carbofuran/acre immediately before the permanent flood. On 27 Jul (25 d after initiation of the permanent flood) 10, 4 inch diam by 4 inch deep soil cores each containing about 1 plant were removed from each plot. Cores were washed and roots inspected for RWW larvae and pupae. Plots were not harvested because of poor and inconsistent weed control. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and where applicable means separated by DMRT.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Yellow Sugarcane Aphid on Sorghum Seedlings, 1992
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two organophosphates, a carbamate, and a pyrethroid insecticide were evaluated for YSA control in a research greenhouse at Texas A&M University. Seedlings of a commercial sorghum hybrid (ATx399 × RTx430) were grown in 110-mm germination pots containing a prepared soil mixture composed of peat, vermiculite, and perlite in a 2:1:1 ratio, respectively. Two d after plant emergence and 9 d prior to insecticide applications, each seedling plant was infested with 10 YSA. There were 10 single-seedling replications for each treatment. Insecticides were applied on 11 Dec by using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer, through TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles at 35 psi producing a finished spray volume of 6.4 gal/acre. A pretreatment count of YSA was made the day of insecticide application, and post-treatment counts of YSA were made at 1,2, and 3 DAT. Percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton (1955) formula. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and REGWQ.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean, 1993
Authors: DeLamar Z. D. , Mack T. P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the E. V. Smith Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University at Tallassee, AL. Eleven treatments including an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Each plot was 6 rows wide (30 inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 15 ft alley. Treatments were applied in water on 13 Aug using a boom sprayer with one 80003 flat fan nozzle per row operating at 32 psi and delivering 8.0 gal/acre. Insect populations were monitored with 2 beat sheet samples per plot. One beat sheet sample was done when 36 inches of the 2 adjacent rows were sampled by beating the plants vigorously over the beat sheet. Insects were identified and recorded in situ. Samples were taken 18 h before treatment and at 3, 7 and 10 DAT.
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar treatments for tobacco aphid control on flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots on 12 May. Fourteen treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gpa at 60 psi through 3 TX-lO nozzles/row on 9 Jul and 16 Aug. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot before treatment and at 3, 6, 12, and 20 DAT. Except for insect control, flue-cured tobacco production methods followed recommendations by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened. It was cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Price was based on 1993 market prices for the assigned grades. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated using DMRT. Aphid counts were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) before ANOVA. Actual means are presented in the table.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire Ant in Tift County, Ga, 1992
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six treatments wen evaluated as follows: Orthene® and Safecide® applied as dry powders over the top of active mounds, Orthene® applied as a drench, Logic® and Safecide’ baits sprinkled around the base of active mounds, and an untreated control. Each 0.2 acre circular plot was permanently marked with an orange surveyor stake. Three replicates were used for each treatment. Pretreatment counts were taken on 29 Jul in the 0.1 acre inner circle of each plot. Posttreatmeni counts of active mounds in the 0.1 acre inner circle were made on 6 Aug, 25 Aug, 3 Sep, and 20 Oct. Treatments were initiated at 7:30 AM on 29 Jul The average soil temperature was 90°F.
Control of Mole Crickets on Golf Courses in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fifteen by 15 ft plots were established on the heavily infested fairway of hole #14 of Fox Squirrel Golf and Country Club in Boiling Spring Lakes. Treatments with 3 replicates were randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on the afternoon of 4 Aug. Granular formulations were applied using shaker jars and sprays were applied using a backpack sprayer with 8002 nozzles at 40 psi. Soil was moist at application from rain the previous night and the entire test was irrigated after treatment to wet the soil to a depth of 0.5 inch. Air temperature was 85°F, and soil temperature was 86°F. Soil type was mineral with 0.7% humic matter and a pH of 5.9: All plots were evaluated on 25 Aug (21 DAT) and 8 Sep (35 DAT). Evaluations were performed by making 3 random damage grid ratings (0-9) of freshly occurring damage in each plot. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Dursban and Oftanol Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E) and isofenphos (Oftanol 2F) were applied on 28 Apr (Forsythia in full bloom) or 10 May (Cornus florida in full bloom) or on both dates to 2 × 2 m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a CRD. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY—annual bluegrass (60%), creeping bentgrass (40%), maintained at 1.3 cm. All materials were applied with watering cans, using 2 liters water per plot. The entire test area received 0.4-0.6 cm irrigation within 1 h after application on each date. Soil pH was 6.2, water pH of water used for application was 5.8 on 28 Apr, 6.0 on 10 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 14 Jun by removing 12 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 18% 3rd instar, 24% 4th instar, 50% 5th instar, and 9% pupae.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Dursban Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E) was applied at reduced rates (1.1 or 2.2 kg (AI)/ha) on two of three dates. Applications were made on 28 Apr (Forsythia in full bloom),10 May (Cornus florida in full bloom), or 24 May using a golf course sprayer (FMC unit, operating at 700 liters/ha, 5.5 m boom width). Plots ran the width of the fairway (ca. 25 m) and were 5.7 m wide. Plots were replicated 4 times in a CRD and were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY; annual bluegrass (30%), creeping bentgrass (70%), maintained at 1.2 cm. Soil pH was 6.4, water pH used for application was 5.8 on 28 Apr, 6.0 on 10 May, and 6.1 on 24 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 14 Jun by removing 9 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) from both ends of each plot, at least 1 m from the edge. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (6 observations per plot, 24 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 1% 3rd instar, 6% 4th instar, 56% 5th instar, and 34% pupae.
Efficacy of Insecticides Applied Curatively Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ethoprop (Mocap 10G), acephate (Orthene 75SP), trichlorfon (Proxol 80SP), or bendiocarb (Turcam 76WP or 2.5G) was applied in small plots on a golf course fairway on 17 May to control annual bluegrass weevil larvae. Plots were 1.8 × 1.8 m, replicated 5 times in a CRD and were established on a golf course fairway in Harrison, NY—annual bluegrass (30%), creeping bentgrass (70%), maintained at 1.2 cm. All applications were made by hand—liquid formulations were diluted in 2 liters water and applied with watering cans, granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Approximately half the material was applied in one direction, and the remaining half was applied in the perpendicular direction. All materials except Orthene were applied and watered in with 0.5 cm irrigation, and then the Orthene plots were applied. No further irrigation was applied following the Orthene applications. Product efficacy was evaluated on 21 Jun by removing 12 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) from each plot, al least 0.5 m from the edge. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 4% 3rd instar, 4% 4th instar, 36% 5th instar, 28% pupae, and 28% adults.
Pear, Late Season Evaluation of Agri-Mek in Combination with Spray Adjuvants, 1993
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was con ducted in an 8 year old commercial Bosc orchard 16.9 acres in size. The orchard was divided into 8 treatments, each replicated three times in a randomized block design. Applications were made 8 Jul using a commercial air-carrier sprayer set to deliver 100 gpa. Densities of PP and TSM were estimated from leaf samples consisting of 10 mature and 10 young leaves 8 days post treatment and then bi-weekly. Leaves were brushed and the stages and numbers of each species were counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of the Silverleaf Whitefly (SW) on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Fall 1993
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Poin settias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Leaves were counted from the top (leaf of &gt;2 cm2) down. Twenty SW adults were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam) on the adaxial surface of leaf no. 5 for 24 h to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. Ten days later the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count (0 DAT). Plants were assigned to treatments to obtain an equal no. of immatures/treatment. Five plants/treatment were arranged in a randomized block design on a greenhouse bench. Ten treatments and a water treated control were applied by hand sprayer at 45 psi. Post-treatment counts were made at 7 DAT and 14 DAT.
Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid with Soil Injections Using Merit 2F (Imidacloprid) and Metasystox- R2 (Oxydemeton-Methyl), 1993
Authors: Bruce Steward V. , Horner Tracy A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
An experiment was conducted at Longwood Gardens, located near Kennett Square, PA, to determine the effectiveness of soil injections for controlling hemlock woolly adelgids on eastern hemlocks. All trees tested were heavily infested and showed signs of damage, indicated by discolored foliage and dead branches. Between 18-21 May from 6-9 am, soil injections 6-9 inches deep were made around the drip line of hemlocks ranging in diameter at breast height (DBH) from 3-39 inches. A Hypro Corp. diaphragm sprayer operating at 100 psi with a deep root feeding gun purchased from American Arborist Supplies, West Chester, PA, was used to perform the injections. For each inch of DBH, 1 gal of water and 0.25 oz of Merit 2F or 1.5 oz of Metasystox-R2, respectively, were injected around each tree. Two injections per inch of DBH were made per tree. Each treatment was replicated 11 times. Conditions during treatment were: cloudy skies; air temperature, 10-21°C; 50-90% RH; soil temperature. 5—10°C; soil pH, 4.5-6.0; soil type, silt loam. On 31 May, 1.5 inches of rain were received. Treatments were evaluated 18-26 Oct by randomly sampling 5 branches from both the bottom one-half and top one-half of each tree. The first 100 adelgids on the new growth of each branch were examined microscopically and recorded as dead or alive; 11,000 adelgids were examined for each treatment.
Efficacy of Penncap M in the Control of Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experimental site was a Christmas tree plantation of white spruce in Stratham, NH. The experiment was a RCB design with 10 single tree replicates. Trees were 5-8 ft tall. Treatments were applied 14 May, when new buds were 0.25 inch elongated. Treatments were applied in water with a Solo backpack sprayer using 100 gal/acre. Thorough coverage was achieved and sprays dried on. Air temperature was 72°F at the time of application. There was no precipitation for 3 d after application. Trees were rated 29 Aug, by counting the number of galls on 10 branches/tree.
Apple, Insecticide DIP Test (Tabm vs. Insecticides), 1993
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Warren J. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A large commercial apple grower reported failure in attempts to control TABM with airblast applications of Penncap M (2 pt/acre) combined with methomyl (3 pt/acre). At the time of the grower applications larval hatch had begun and most larvae were in the first or second instar. By the time larvae were entering the third instar (10 days after spray application) it was apparent that commercially acceptable control had not been achieved. In 1992 this grower also had poor control when Penncap M was applied to suppress redbanded leafroller and experiments showed that tolerance of Penncap M was present in the resident RBLR population (Horsburgh et al. 1992). This laboratory bioassay was begun on 3 Sep to determine tolerance of the TABM population to Penncap M and other insecticides. Seven treatments (including a water control) were selected and rates calculated on the basis of 300 gal of spray being applied per acre. The appropriate dosage of pesticide for each treatment was mixed with 1 gallon of 77°F water in clean 1 gallon battery jars. Twenty plastic petri dishes containing moistened filter paper were prepared and served as individual cages for twenty 3rd instars per treatment. The larvae, on single leaves, were immersed in the appropriate solutions for five seconds and the leaf placed on the moist filter paper. The petri dish cover was put in place and the cages held at room temperature (80°F) for the duration of the test. All larvae were examined at 24 hour intervals and mortality was recorded. Death of larvae was assumed when no movement was observed when the larvae were gently prodded with a blunt steel probe.
Leaf-Dip Contact Toxicity Bioassays of Surfactant Materials to Sweetpotato Whitefly Nymphs, 1993
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Whitefly-free tomato plants were placed in a greenhouse containing an SPW established culture on potted tomato plants. Adjacent plants were agitated for immediate movement of adults to the treated plants. After an oviposition period of 24 h, plants and adults were removed and excluded. After caging plants for 10 d., leaves with young nymphs were dipped in three concentrations of insecticides and placed individually in 20 ml glass vials anchored in the bottom center of 0.9 liter clear plastic cup-cages. Nymphs were examined at 4 d for mortality. The experiment was conducted at 25 ± 2°C, RH 70 ± 5%, and L:D 14:10.
Chemical Control of Citrus Leafminer in Florida Grapefruit, 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Knapp J. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The trial was carried out on 1-year old white Marsh grapefruit trees 6 ft tall on 24 × 13 ft spacing in Immokalee, Fla. A randomized complete block design was used with 12 treatments and 5 replications. Plots consisted of ten trees selected from a 60-tree row based on availability of new flush. All treatments were mixed per 100 gal with 5% FC-435-66 petroleum oil (except Micromite 2F and Micromite + Kinetic). Treatments were applied 15 Sep with a hand gun sprayer at 200 psi, calibrated 0.26 gal/tree or 38 gal/acre. Samples were taken at - 1 d and 1, 5 and 12 DAT and consisted of 5 flush branches from 5 different trees, from which 5 consecutive leaves were observed. One and 5 DAT samples were examined with a dissecting microscope to determine larval size and condition (alive or dead). The 12 DAT sample was examined in the field where the number of mines and percent leaf damage was estimated on 5 new, fully expanded leaves on 5 flushes per plot.