bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision making in drug safety—a literature review of criteria used to prioritize newly detected safety issues
Authors: Pacurariu Alexandra C. , Coloma Preciosa M. , Gross‐Martirosyan Liana , Sturkenboom Miriam C. , Straus Sabine M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeIn drug safety, there is a lack of guidance on how prioritization of safety issues should be performed. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of criteria used for signal prioritization and of the associated decision support frameworks.MethodsA search strategy was constructed to identify relevant articles in Medline/Embase databases from the period from 1 January 1995 to 31 August 2015. The prioritization criteria were extracted and classified in relevant categories.ResultsFrom an initial set of 63 articles, 11 were retained for full review. The articles mentioned 48 criteria used in the prioritization process, with a median of six criteria per study [range: 1–16]. More than half of the criteria (63%), referred to strength of evidence while 19% related to public health impact, 14% to general public and media attention and 4% to novelty of the drug event association. Fifteen criteria were tested for predictive value with 11 showing positive results, most of them from the strength of evidence category. Six decision‐making frameworks are presented, which incorporate criteria from various categories. Five of these frameworks were tested against expert decisions or by other means, but only in one database each and for a limited set of products.ConclusionsThere is a wide range of prioritization criteria described in the literature; however, few of them demonstrated predictive value. Many criteria with predictive value were related to strength of evidence category and to novelty. There were few attempts at integrating different criteria in decision support frameworks. Five of the frameworks were tested for validity and showed usefulness, while at least three are already in use for prioritization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey on security vulnerabilities in channel assignment algorithms of multi‐interface wireless mesh networks
Authors: Kaljahi Maryam Asadzadeh , Jahanshahi Mohsen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWireless mesh network (WMN) has been deployed as a key and progressing technology all around the world to provide the end‐to‐end users with high quality of service. Regarding of its major design concern as network throughput, WMN has been evolved based on multi‐channel multi‐radio strategy to make simultaneous transmissions possible. The advent of this significant improvement has introduced other challenging issues such as channel assignment (CA). Its core strategy applied in multi‐radio multi‐channel WMNs to promote achievable capacity using properly mapping the available channels to the radio interfaces. Although, in recent years, there are a number of research studies on CA's improvement, there are some security drawbacks that should be addressed. Most of CA schemes assume all nodes involved in CA techniques are trustworthy. This unrealistic assumption and misbehavior of those nodes makes the network susceptible to various security attacks which lead to performance degradation. This paper presents an in‐depth survey of the CA's attacks as well as detection or prevention mechanism found in the literature. The attacks are classified into two groups: attacks imposed by the malicious neighbor as well as by the assigner or the assignee. In addition, a comparative and analytical discussion is provided on current solutions and their open problems. According to conducted analysis, the current knowledge gap leading to most of these attacks is lack of accurate verification because of implicit trust in nodes in CA procedure. Although, there are some research studies proposing kinds of case‐specific verification, they cannot close the gap properly, and there is a need to comprehensive approach. Finally, reviewing state‐of‐the‐art of related works shows, there are more possible attacks such as collusion or multistage attacks that have not taken into account so far. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward More Efficient Surveillance of Barrett’s Esophagus: Identification and Exclusion of Patients at Low Risk of Cancer
Authors: Lindblad Mats , Bright Tim , Schloithe Ann , Mayne George C. , Chen Gang , Bull Jeff , Bampton Peter A. , Fraser Robert J. L. , Gatenby Piers A. , Gordon Louisa G. , Watson David I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic surveillance of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is probably not cost‐effective. A sub‐population with BE at increased risk of high‐grade dysplasia (HGD) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) who could be targeted for cost‐effective surveillance was sought.MethodsThe outcome for BE surveillance from 2003 to 2012 in a structured program was reviewed. Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios for developing HGD or EAC were calculated. Risk stratification identified individuals who could be considered for exclusion from surveillance. A health‐state transition Markov cohort model evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of focusing on higher‐risk individuals.ResultsDuring 2067 person‐years of follow‐up of 640 patients, 17 individuals progressed to HGD or EAC (annual IR 0.8%). Individuals with columnar‐lined esophagus (CLE) ≥2 cm had an annual IR of 1.2% and >8‐fold increased relative risk of HGD or EAC, compared to CLE <2 cm [IR—0.14% (IRR 8.6, 95% CIs 4.5–12.8)]. Limiting the surveillance cohort after the first endoscopy to individuals with CLE ≥2 cm, or dysplasia, followed by a further restriction after the second endoscopy—exclusion of patients without intestinal metaplasia—removed 296 (46%) patients, and 767 (37%) person‐years from surveillance. Limiting surveillance to the remaining individuals reduced the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio from US$60,858 to US$33,807 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY). Further restrictions were tested but failed to improve cost‐effectiveness.ConclusionsBased on stratification of risk, the number of patients requiring surveillance can be reduced by at least a third. At a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of US$50,000 per QALY, surveillance of higher‐risk individuals becomes cost‐effective.
Unexpected hosts: imaging parasitic diseases
Authors: Rodríguez Carnero Pablo , Hernández Mateo Paula , Martín-Garre Susana , García Pérez Ángela , del Campo Lourdes 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRadiologists seldom encounter parasitic diseases in their daily practice in most of Europe, although the incidence of these diseases is increasing due to migration and tourism from/to endemic areas. Moreover, some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain European regions, and immunocompromised individuals also pose a higher risk of developing these conditions. This article reviews and summarises the imaging findings of some of the most important and frequent human parasitic diseases, including information about the parasite’s life cycle, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment. We include malaria, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, ascariasis, anisakiasis, dracunculiasis, and strongyloidiasis. The aim of this review is to help radiologists when dealing with these diseases or in cases where they are suspected.Teaching Points• Incidence of parasitic diseases is increasing due to migratory movements and travelling.• Some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain regions in Europe.• Parasitic diseases can have complex life cycles often involving different hosts.• Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential for patient management in parasitic diseases.• Radiologists should be able to recognise and suspect the most relevant parasitic diseases.
An Improved Methodology to Overcome Key Issues in Human Fecal Metagenomic DNA Extraction
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , Kumar Manoj , Gupta Shashank , Ahmed Vasim , Bhambi Manu , Pandey Rajesh , Chauhan Nar Singh 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitously distributed in nature, and recent culture-independent studies have highlighted the significance of gut microbiota in human health and disease. Fecal DNA is the primary source for the majority of human gut microbiome studies. However, further improvement is needed to obtain fecal metagenomic DNA with sufficient amount and good quality but low host genomic DNA contamination. In the current study, we demonstrate a quick, robust, unbiased, and cost-effective method for the isolation of high molecular weight (&gt;23 kb) metagenomic DNA (260/280 ratio &gt;1.8) with a good yield (55.8 ± 3.8 ng/mg of feces). We also confirm that there is very low human genomic DNA contamination (eubacterial: human genomic DNA marker genes = 227.9:1) in the human feces. The newly-developed method robustly performs for fresh as well as stored fecal samples as demonstrated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using 454 FLX+. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that compared to other DNA extraction methods tested, the fecal metagenomic DNA isolated with current methodology retains species richness and does not show microbial diversity biases, which is further confirmed by qPCR with a known quantity of spike-in genomes. Overall, our data highlight a protocol with a balance between quality, amount, user-friendliness, and cost effectiveness for its suitability toward usage for culture-independent analysis of the human gut microbiome, which provides a robust solution to overcome key issues associated with fecal metagenomic DNA isolation in human gut microbiome studies.
Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform
Authors: BUI Thiem Hai 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe supremacy of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) has been the basic norm in Vietnam’s constitution since 1980. While it was not changed in the final constitutional amendments in 2013, thisgrundnormwas seriously debated during the constitutional reform process between 2010-2013, thus indicating a shift in the constitutional dialogue in Vietnam. This article traces the history of this basic norm throughout constitutional amendments of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) and assesses how the basic norm has become increasingly contested. Contestations over this basic norm have played out markedly over the recent constitutional reform process. The discursive power in these contestations has shaken the rationality-based legitimacy of this basic norm to its root. The continuing dominance of this norm depends to a large extent on how the Vietnamese party-state’s practical policy-making and policy implementation initiatives address the increasing tension between the supremacy of the CPV and other principles in the constitution.
A cohort study of unstable overdose patients treated with intravenous lipid emulsion therapy
Authors: Mithani Shazma , Dong Kathryn , Wilmott Ashlea , Podmoroff Heather , Lalani Nadim , Rosychuk Rhonda J. , Chuang Ryan , Yarema Mark C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesIntravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) has been used increasingly over the last decade for a range of drug overdoses. Although the use of ILE in local anesthetic toxicity (LAST) is well established, the hemodynamic effectiveness of ILE in non-LAST poisonings is still unclear. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to examine a cohort of poisoned patients in whom ILE was administered.MethodsConsecutive patients were identified by calls to a regional poison center from May 1, 2012 to May 30, 2014. Patients were enrolled if they ingested a drug, developed hemodynamic instability, failed conventional treatment, and received ILE therapy. Data were collected by medical record review. The primary outcome was the change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the first hour after ILE administration. Secondary outcomes included survival, length of stay, and the effect of drug class on patient outcome.ResultsThirty-six patients were enrolled. Agents ingested included calcium channel blockers and beta blockers (10/36, 27.8%), tricyclic antidepressants (5/36, 13.9%), bupropion (3/36, 8.3%), and antiepileptic agents (1/36, 2.8%). Seventeen patients (47.2%) ingested multiple agents. Twenty-five patients survived (69.0%). Overall, MAP increased by 13.79 mm Hg (95% CI 1.43–26.15); this did not meet oura prioridefinition of clinical significance.ConclusionsOur study did not find a clinically important improvement in MAP after ILE administration. Until future research is done to more definitively study its efficacy, ILE should remain a potential treatment option for hemodynamically unstable overdose patients only after conventional therapy has failed.
Mental disorders in pregnancy and 5–8 years after delivery
Authors: Rondó P. H. C. , Ferreira R. F. , Lemos J. O. , Pereira-Freire J. A. 
Published: November 2016

Background.Even though mental disorders represent a major public health problem for women and respective children, there remains a lack of epidemiological longitudinal studies to assess the psychological status of women throughout pregnancy and later in life. This epidemiological cohort study assessed the relationship between mental disorders of 409 Brazilian women in pregnancy and 5–8 years after delivery.Methods.The women were followed from 1997 to 2000 at 17 health services, and subsequently from 2004 to 2006 at their homes. Mental disorders were investigated by the Perceived Stress Scale-PSS, General Health Questionnaire-GHQ and State-Trait Anxiety Inventories-STAI. The relationship between scores of the PSS, GHQ and STAI 5–8 years after delivery and in pregnancy was assessed by multivariate linear regression analysis, controlling for the following confounders: maternal age, education, per capita income, family size, work, marital status and body mass index.Results.Scores of the PSS, GHQ and STAI 5–8 years after delivery were positively associated with scores of the PSS, GHQ and STAI in the three trimesters of pregnancy, and inversely associated with maternal age and per capita income (adj. R2 varied from 0.15 to 0.37). PSS, GHQ and STAI scores in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy were positively associated with scores of the PSS, GHQ and STAI in the 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy (adj. R2 varied from 0.31 to 0.65).Conclusions.The results of this study reinforce the urgency to integrate mental health screening into routine primary care for pregnant and postpartum women.
Structural–functional brain changes in depressed patients during and after electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Yrondi Antoine , Péran Patrice , Sauvaget Anne , Schmitt Laurent , Arbus Christophe 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a non-pharmacological treatment that is effective in treating severe and treatment-resistant depression. Although the efficacy of ECT has been demonstrated to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), the brain mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Structural–functional changes occur with the use of ECT as a treatment for depression based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For this reason, we have tried to identify the changes that were identified by MRI to try to clarify some operating mechanisms of ECT. We focus to brain changes on MRI [structural MRI (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imging (DTI)] after ECT.MethodsA systematic search of the international literature was performed using the bibliographic search engines PubMed and Embase. The research focused on papers published up to 30 September 2015. The following Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms were used: electroconvulsive therapy AND (MRI OR fMRI OR DTI). Papers published in English were included. Four authors searched the database using a predefined strategy to identify potentially eligible studies.ResultsThere were structural changes according to the sMRI performed before and after ECT treatment. These changes do not seem to be entirely due to oedema. This investigation assessed the functional network connectivity associated with the ECT response in MDD. ECT response reverses the relationship from negative to positive between the two pairs of networks.ConclusionWe found structural–functional changes in MRI post-ECT. Because of the currently limited MRI data on ECT in the literature, it is necessary to conduct further investigations using other MRI technology.
Antioxidant defense of Nrf2vspro-inflammatory system of NF-κB during the amoebic liver infection in hamster
Authors: ALDABA-MURUATO LISETH R. , MUÑOZ-ORTEGA MARTIN H. , CAMPOS-ESPARZA MARÍA DEL R. , MACÍAS-PÉREZ JOSÉ R. , MÁRQUEZ-MUÑOZ NAYELI A. , VILLALOBOS-SANTOS ANA G. , VENTURA-JUÁREZ JAVIER 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYEntamoeba histolyticais the causative agent of amoebic liver abscess (ALA), which course with an uncontrolled inflammation and nitro-oxidative stresses, although it is well known that amoeba has an effective defence mechanisms against this toxic environment, the underlying molecular factors responsible for progression of tissue damage remain largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine during the acute stage of ALA in hamsters, the involvement of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which are activated in response to oxidative stress. From 12 h post-infection the ALA was visible, haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stains were consistent with these observations, and alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase serum activities were increased too. At 48 h after infection, liver glycogen content was significantly reduced. Western blot analyses showed that 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal peaked at 12 h, while glycogen synthase kinase-3β, cleaved caspase-3, pNF-κB, interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α were overexpressed from 12 to 48 h post-infection. Otherwise, Nrf2 and superoxide dismutase-1, decreased at 48 h and catalase declined at 36 and 48 h. Furthermore, heme oxygenase-1 was increased at 12 and 24 h and decreased to normal levels at 36 and 48 h. These findings suggest for the first time that the host antioxidant system of Nrf2 is influenced during ALA.
An ERP Investigation of Object-Scene Incongruity
Authors: Guillaume Fabrice , Tinard Sophie , Baier Sophia , Dufau Stéphane 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The present study investigated the temporal dynamics of the object-scene congruity during a categorization task of objects embedded in a scene. Participants (n = 28) categorized objects in scenes as natural or man-made while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The object-scene associations were either congruous (e.g., a tent in a field) or incongruous (e.g., a fridge in a desert). The results confirmed that contextual congruity affects item processing in the 300–500 ms time window with larger N300/N400 complex in the incongruous than in the congruous condition. However, unlike previous work which found an effect of congruity starting at ~ 250 ms poststimulus on fronto-central regions, the earliest sign of a reliable context congruity effect arose at ~ 170 ms at left centro-parietal regions in the present study. The present results are in line with those of previous studies showing that object and context are processed in parallel with continuous interactions from 150 to 500 ms, possibly through feed-forward co-activation of populations of neurons selective to the processing of the object and its context. The present finding provides novel evidence suggesting that online context violations might affect earlier visual processes and routines of matching between possible scene-congruent activated schemas and the upcoming information about the item to process.
Functional implications of orientation maps in primary visual cortex
Authors: Koch Erin , Jin Jianzhong , Alonso Jose M. , Zaidi Qasim 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStimulus orientation in the primary visual cortex of primates and carnivores is mapped as iso-orientation domains radiating from pinwheel centres, where orientation preferences of neighbouring cells change circularly. Whether this orientation map has a function is currently debated, because many mammals, such as rodents, do not have such maps. Here we show that two fundamental properties of visual cortical responses, contrast saturation and cross-orientation suppression, are stronger within cat iso-orientation domains than at pinwheel centres. These differences develop when excitation (not normalization) from neighbouring oriented neurons is applied to different cortical orientation domains and then balanced by inhibition from un-oriented neurons. The functions of the pinwheel mosaic emerge from these local intra-cortical computations: Narrower tuning, greater cross-orientation suppression and higher contrast gain of iso-orientation cells facilitate extraction of object contours from images, whereas broader tuning, greater linearity and less suppression of pinwheel cells generate selectivity for surface patterns and textures.
IRS4 induces mammary tumorigenesis and confers resistance to HER2-targeted therapy through constitutive PI3K/AKT-pathway hyperactivation
Authors: Ikink Gerjon J. , Boer Mandy , Bakker Elvira R. M. , Hilkens John 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn search of oncogenic drivers and mechanisms affecting therapy resistance in breast cancer, we identified Irs4, a poorly studied member of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) family, as a mammary oncogene by insertional mutagenesis. Whereas normally silent in the postnatal mammary gland, IRS4 is found to be highly expressed in a subset of breast cancers. We show that Irs4 expression in mammary epithelial cells induces constitutive PI3K/AKT pathway hyperactivation, insulin/IGF1-independent cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and in vivo tumorigenesis. The constitutive PI3K/AKT pathway hyperactivation by IRS4 is unique to the IRS family and we identify the lack of a SHP2-binding domain in IRS4 as the molecular basis of this feature. Finally, we show that IRS4 and ERBB2/HER2 synergistically induce tumorigenesis and that IRS4-expression confers resistance to HER2-targeted therapy. Taken together, our findings present the cellular and molecular mechanisms of IRS4-induced tumorigenesis and establish IRS4 as an oncogenic driver and biomarker for therapy resistance in breast cancer.
Real-time optotracing of curli and cellulose in live Salmonella biofilms using luminescent oligothiophenes
Authors: Choong Ferdinand X , Bäck Marcus , Fahlén Sara , Johansson Leif BG , Melican Keira , Rhen Mikael , Nilsson K Peter R , Richter-Dahlfors Agneta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractExtracellular matrix (ECM) is the protein- and polysaccharide-rich backbone of bacterial biofilms that provides a defensive barrier in clinical, environmental and industrial settings. Understanding the dynamics of biofilm formation in native environments has been hindered by a lack of research tools. Here we report a method for simultaneous, real-time, in situ detection and differentiation of the Salmonella ECM components curli and cellulose, using non-toxic, luminescent conjugated oligothiophenes (LCOs). These flexible conjugated polymers emit a conformation-dependent fluorescence spectrum, which we use to kinetically define extracellular appearance of curli fibres and cellulose polysaccharides during bacterial growth. The scope of this technique is demonstrated by defining biofilm morphotypes of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, and their isogenic mutants in liquid culture and on solid media, and by visualising the ECM components in native biofilms. Our reported use of LCOs across a number of platforms, including intracellular cellulose production in eukaryotic cells and in infected tissues, demonstrates the versatility of this optotracing technology, and its ability to redefine biofilm research.