bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new detection method based on CFAR and DE for OFPS
Authors: Qiu Zezheng , Zheng Tong , Qu Hongquan , Pang Liping 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Optical fiber pre-warning system (OFPS) is widely utilized in pipeline transport fields. The intrusions of OFPS need to be located. In this system, the original signals consist of noises, interferences, and intrusion signals. Here, noises are background and harmless interferences possessing with high power, and the intrusion signals are the main target of detection in this system. Hence, the study stresses on extracting the intrusion signals from the total ones. The proposed method can be divided into two parts, constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and dilation and erosion (DE). The former is applied to eliminate noises, and the latter is to remove interferences. According to some researches, the feature of noise background accords with the CFAR spatial detection. Furthermore, the detection results after CFAR can be presented as a binary image of time and space. Besides, interferences are relatively disconnected. Consequently, they can be eliminated by DE which is introduced from the image processing. To sum up, this novel method is based on CFAR and DE which can eliminate noises and interferences effectively. Moreover, it performs a brilliant detection performance. A series of tests were developed in Men Tou Gou of Beijing, China, and the reliability of proposed method can be verified by these tests.
Demystifying Posterior Cranial Fossa Lesions in the Fetus
Authors: Praveen T. L. N. , Surekha P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPosterior fossa lesions are rare. Introduction of high resolution ultrasound with 3D reconstruction and endovaginal evaluation of fetal brain through the fontanelle helps in better understanding of neuroanatomy. MRI is often used as an additional tool for evaluation in addition to ultrasound studies. Major components of posterior fossa such as cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, and their normal variants and abnormalities can be demystified by ultrasound studies. Morphometry of these structures helps in the diagnoses of these abnormalities.
Sexual Health in Undergraduate Medical Education: Existing and Future Needs and Platforms
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Baazeem Abdulaziz , Eardley Ian , Coleman Eli 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This article explores the evolution and current delivery of undergraduate medical education in human sexuality.

Aim
To make recommendations regarding future educational needs, principles of curricular development, and how the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) should address the need to enhance and promote human sexuality education around the world.

Methods
The existing literature was reviewed for sexuality education, curriculum development, learning strategies, educational formats, evaluation of programs, evaluation of students, and faculty development.

Main Outcome Measures
The prevailing theme of most publications in this vein is that sexuality education in undergraduate medical education is currently not adequate to prepare students for future practice.

Results
We identified components of the principles of attitudes, knowledge, and skills that should be contained in a comprehensive curriculum for undergraduate medical education in human sexuality. Management of sexual dysfunction; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health care; sexuality across genders and lifespan; understanding of non-normative sexual practices; sexually transmitted infections and HIV, contraception; abortion; sexual coercion and violence; and legal aspects were identified as topics meriting particular attention.

Conclusion
Curricula should be integrated throughout medical school and based on principles of adult learning. Methods of teaching should be multimodal and evaluations of student performance are critical. To realize much of what needs to be done, faculty development is critical. Thus, the ISSM can play a key role in the provision and dissemination of learning opportunities and materials, it can promote educational programs around the world, and it can articulate a universal curriculum with modules that can be adopted. The ISSM can create chapters, review documents, slide decks, small group and roleplay topics, and video-recorded materials and make all this material easily available. An expert consensus conference would be needed to realize these recommendations and fulfill them.
Adsorbed oil of gas condensate fields
Authors: Mikhailov N.N. , Ermilov O.M. , Sechina L.S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The pore space of reservoir rocks has a lot of active centers capable to form different types of bonds (from hydrogen to chemical). Therefore, almost any hydrocarbon can be adsorbed to a particular extent on the internal pore surface and form an adsorbed layer, which has a definite spatial configuration and makes contact with a certain part of the rock surface. Study of gas condensate reservoirs brings up the question of the composition of adsorbed hydrocarbons. The properties of such hydrocarbons in many giant gas condensate fields are of special interest as these compounds can serve as an additional source of resources after production of mobile-gas reserves. The performed study of gas condensate reservoirs of the Karachaganak, Astrakhan, and Yamburg fields has shown that their adsorbed hydrocarbons (adsorbed oil) have polar components with sulfur and oxygen atoms.
Physicochemical conditions of crystallization of dunites of the Nizhnii Tagil Pt-bearing massif (Middle Urals)
Authors: Simonov V.A. , Puchkov V.N. , Prikhod’ko V.S. , Stupakov S.I. , Kotlyarov A.V. , Karmanov N.S. , Stepanov A.S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Studies of primary multiphase silicate inclusions in accessory Cr-spinels from the fine-grained dunites of the Nizhnii Tagil Pt-bearing massif reveal their similarity to melt inclusions trapped by chromite during its growth. The analyzed Cr-spinels with multiphase silicate inclusions differ in composition from ore chromites of the same massif and from chromites (with melt inclusions) from ultramafic oceanic complexes but are similar to Cr-spinels in dunites from Pt-bearing alkaline ultramafic massifs (Konder and Inagli). According to petro- and geochemical data on heated multiphase silicate inclusions, the studied Cr-spinels crystallized with the participation of subalkalic picrobasaltic melts similar to the magmas of the Konder Pt-bearing massif and having almost the same chemical composition as tylaites. The differences between the compositions of olivines formed within the multiphase silicate inclusions and of the rock-forming minerals show that the studied Cr-spinels formed from an intercumulus liquid melt in the olivine crystal interstices during the cumulate crystallization of most of the Nizhnii Tagil massif dunites in the intrusive chamber. Numerical modeling based on the compositions of heated multiphase silicate inclusions in accessory Cr-spinels demonstrates that olivines and Cr-spinels from the studied dunites crystallized at 1430 to 1310 ºC and then olivine formation continued to 1280 ºC during the evolution of melts.
Trace elements and Hf isotope composition as indicators of zircon genesis due to the evolution of alkaline-carbonatite magmatic system (Ilmeny–Vishnevogorsky complex, Urals, Russia)
Authors: Nedosekova I.L. , Belyatsky B.V. , Belousova E.A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We present results of investigation of the trace-element (REE, HFSE) and Hf isotope compositions and U–Pb age of single zircons crystallized from alkaline-carbonatite magmas of the Ilmeny–Vishnevogorsky complex (IVC) (Urals, Russia). It has been established that the geochemical characteristics of the early zircon (U–Pb age of 430–410 Ma) from alkaline rocks and carbonatites of this complex are determined mainly by the magmatic evolution of parental fluid-saturated alkaline-carbonatite melts and are highly associated with the cocrystallization of zircon and uranium-containing rare-metal minerals (gatchettolite and pyrochlore) at the final stages of the magmatic-system activity. The early zircons have a moderately depleted Hf isotope composition (εHf from +11.3 to +4.7), confirming the mantle nature of the magma source and indicating the participation of DM-like and enriched-source (probably, lower-crust component) substances in the magma generation. The considerable variations in the initial Hf isotope composition of the early zircons testify to the multistage zircon crystallization involving new portions of melts with different isotope compositions controlled by mixing of substances at their source. Late IVC zircons (250–350 Ma) have strongly disturbed “rejuvenated” isotope systems and a geochemical composition different from that of the magmatic zircons. They formed apparently at the metamorphic stage of the IVC evolution without a significant input of additional material.
The Prevalence and Incidence of Frontotemporal Dementia: a Systematic Review
Authors: Hogan David B. , Jetté Nathalie , Fiest Kirsten M. , Roberts Jodie I. , Pearson Dawn , Smith Eric E. , Roach Pamela , Kirk Andrew , Pringsheim Tamara , Maxwell Colleen J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundPopulation-based prevalence and incidence studies are essential for understanding the burden of frontotemporal dementia (FTD).MethodsThe MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched to identify population-based publications from 1985 to 2012, addressing the incidence and/or prevalence of FTD. References of included articles and prior systematic reviews were searched for additional studies. Two reviewers screened all abstracts and full-text reviews, abstracted data and performed quality assessments.ResultsTwenty-six studies were included. Methodological limitations led to wide ranges in the estimates for prevalence (point prevalence 0.01-4.6 per 1000 persons; period prevalence 0.16-31.04 per 1000 persons) and incidence (0.0-0.3 per 1000 person-years). FTD accounted for an average of 2.7% (range 0-9.1%) of all dementia cases among prevalence studies that included subjects 65 and older compared to 10.2% (range 2.8-15.7%) in studies restricted to those aged less than 65. The cumulative numbers of male (373 [52.5%]) and female (338 [47.5%]) cases from studies reporting this information were nearly equal (p=0.18). The behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD) was almost four times as common as the primary progressive aphasias.ConclusionsPopulation-based estimates for the epidemiology of FTD varied widely in the included studies. Refinements in the diagnostic process, possibly by the use of validated biomarkers or limiting case ascertainment to specialty services, are needed to obtain more precise estimates of the prevalence and incidence of FTD.
A comparative study of changes in the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf system, East Antarctica, during 2004–2008 using gravity and surface elevation observations
Authors: XIE HUAN , LI RONGXING , TONG XIAOHUA , JU XIAOLEI , LIU JUN , SHEN YUNZHONG , CHEN LEI , LIU SHIJIE , SUN BO , CUI XIANGBIN , TIAN YIXIANG , YE WENKAI 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTWe present results of a regional comparative study of surface mass changes from 2004 to 2008 based on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), The Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and CHINARE observations over the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf system (LAS). Estimation of the ICESat mass change rates benefitted from the density measurements along the CHINARE traverse and a spatial density adjustment method for reducing the effect of spatial density variations. In the high-elevation inland region, a positive trend was estimated from both ICESat and GRACE data, which is in line with the CHINARE accumulation measurements. In the coastal region, there were areas with high level accumulations in both ICESat and GRACE trend maps. In many high flow-speed glacier areas, negative mass change rates may be caused by dynamic ice flow discharges that have surpassed the snow accumulation. Overall, the mass change rate estimate in the LAS of 2004–2008 from the GRACE, ICESat and CHINARE data is 5.41 ± 4.59 Gt a−1, indicating a balanced to slightly positive mass trend. Along with other published results, this suggests that a longer-term positive mass trend in the LAS may have slowed in recent years.
BMI and healthy life expectancy in old and very old women
Authors: Leigh L. , Byles J. E. , Jagger C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThere is conflicting evidence for the effect of BMI on mortality at older ages, and little information on its effect on healthy life expectancy (HLE). Longitudinal data were from the 1921–1926 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (n 11 119), over 18 years of follow-up. Self-rated health status was measured at each survey, and BMI was measured at baseline. Multi-state models were fitted to estimate the effect of BMI on total life expectancy (TLE) and HLE. Compared with women of normal weight, overweight women at the age of 75 years had similar TLE but fewer years healthy (−0·79; 95 % CI −1·21, −0·37) and more years unhealthy (0·99; 95 % CI 0·56, 1·42). Obese women at the age of 75 years lived fewer years in total than normal-weight women (−1·09; 95 % CI −1·77, −0·41), and had more unhealthy years (1·46; 95 % CI 0·97, 1·95 years). Underweight women had the lowest TLE and the fewest years of healthy life. Women should aim to enter old age at a normal weight and in good health, as the slight benefit on mortality of being overweight is offset by spending fewer years healthy. All outcomes were better for those who began in good health. The relationship between weight and HLE has important implications for nutrition for older people, particularly maintenance of lean body mass and prevention of obesity. The benefit of weight loss in obese older women remains unclear, but we support the recommendation that weight-loss advice be individualised, as any benefits may not outweigh the risks in healthy obese older adults.
Proximity shapes similarity in epiphytic composition of Neotropical ant gardens
Authors: Paolucci Lucas N. , Solar Ricardo R.C. , Leal Laura C. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract:Ant gardens (AGs) are specialized ant-plant associations where arboreal ants build their carton nests in association with epiphytes that use the carton as a substrate. Most of the epiphytes are planted by ants; therefore, seed selection by ants is a key driver of the epiphyte composition of AGs. However, deterministic post-dispersal factors, such as the surrounding environmental conditions and plant succession, may also influence epiphyte composition. Here we ask whether epiphyte composition on a local scale is associated with dispersal constraints, local environmental conditions (light availability, number of branches and nest height) or AG successional stage. We sampled all epiphyte species in 18 AGs formed by Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior in Central Amazon, Brazil. AGs were located within a range of 1 km and at a maximum of 20 m from the edges of a dirt road within a primary forest. Epiphytic composition showed strong spatial structure, decreasing in similarity with increasing distance. Environmental conditions and AG successional stage were not related to AG floristic composition, suggesting a key role of stochastic processes related to seed dispersal. A combination of seed abundance and attractiveness in neighbouring AGs seems to drive the higher similarity in epiphyte composition among closer AGs.
Genetic relatedness of selected clinical Vibrio cholerae O139 isolates from the southern coastal area of China over a 20-year period
Authors: LI B. S. , XIAO Y. , WANG D. C. , TAN H. L. , KE B. X. , HE D. M. , KE C. W. , ZHANG Y. H. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYVibrio cholerae O139 emerged as a causative agent of epidemic cholera in 1992 in India and Bangladesh, and was subsequently reported in China in 1993. The genetic relatedness and molecular characteristics of V. cholerae O139 in Guangdong Province, located in the southern coastal area of China, remains undetermined. In this study, we investigated 136 clinical V. cholerae O139 isolates from 1993 to 2013 in Guangdong. By conventional PCR, 123 (90·4%) isolates were positive for ctxB, ace and zot. Sequencing of the positive amplicons indicated 113 (91·7%) isolates possessed the El Tor allele of ctxB (genotype 3); seven carried the classical ctxB type (genotype 1) and three harboured a novel ctxB type (genotype 5). With respect to tcpA, 123 (90·4%) isolates were positive for the El Tor allele. In addition, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (with NotI digestion) differentiated the isolates into clusters A and B. Cluster A contained seven of the non-toxigenic isolates from 1998 to 2000; another six non-toxigenic isolates (from 1998 and 2007) and all of the toxigenic isolates formed cluster B. Our results suggest that over a 20-year period, the predominant O139 clinical isolates have maintained a relatively tight clonal structure, although some genetic variance and shift has occurred. Our data highlight the persistence of toxigenic V. cholerae O139 in clinical settings in the southern coastal area of China.
Duration of spermatogenesis and daily sperm production in the rodentProechimys guyannensis
Authors: Lara Nathália L.M. , Santos Ivan C. , Costa Guilherme M.J. , Cordeiro-Junior Dirceu A. , Almeida Antônio C. G. , Madureira Ana P. , Zanini Marcos S. , França Luiz R. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe spiny rat (Proechimys guyannensis) is a neotropical rodent that is used in biomedical research, particularly research related to chronic resistance to epilepsy and infectious diseases. To our knowledge, there are few reports concerning the reproductive biology of this species. Therefore, besides providing basic biometric and morphometric data, in the present study we investigated testis function and spermatogenesis in adult spiny rats. The mean testis weight and gonadosomatic index obtained were 1.63 ± 0.2 g and 1.15 ± 0.1% respectively. Based on the development of the acrosomic system, 12 stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle were characterized. Stages VI and VII presented the highest frequencies (~17–19%), whilst stages II to V showed the lowest frequencies (~2–4%). The most advanced germ cell types labelled at 1 h or 20 days after BrdU injections were respectively preleptotene/leptotene spermatocytes at stage VII and elongated spermatids at stage III. The mean duration of one cycle was 7.5 ± 0.01 days and the entire spermatogenic process lasted 33.7 ± 0.06 days (~4.5 cycles). The seminiferous tubules (ST) occupied ~96 ± 1% of the testis parenchyma, whereas Leydig cells comprised only 1.5 ± 0.4%. The number of Sertoli cells (SC) per testis gram and the SC efficiency (spermatids/SC) were respectively 78 × 106± 11 × 106and 7.9 ± 1. The daily sperm production per testis gram (spermatogenic efficiency; daily sperm production (DSP)/g/testis) was 78 × 106± 8 × 106. To our knowledge, this spermatogenic efficiency is among the highest found for mammals investigated to date and is probably related to the very short duration of spermatogenesis and the very high ST percentage and SC number obtained for this species.
‘The extirpation of Athanasianism’: The Considerable Doubts of Francis Stone (1738–1813)
Authors: Haydon Colin 
Published: June 2016

This essay examines the doubts of Francis Stone, rector of Cold Norton, Essex – doubts which brought him notoriety and ruin. In 1806, Stone preached a sermon, four editions of which appeared by 1809, expressing doubts about Anglican doctrine and the Thirty-Nine Articles. He maintained that Christ, though God's ‘great messenger’, was merely human, and that the Virgin Birth was a myth. Moreover, he also doubted the ‘Athanasian trinity in unity’ and the doctrine of the atonement. Stone's doubts were far from new. He had expressed various concerns forcibly in print and had played a major part in the raising of the anti-subscription Feathers Tavern petition. He was determined to teach only ‘that, which . . . [might] be concluded and proved by the Scripture’. But the storm provoked by the sermon was terrible. In 1808, Stone was arraigned before the bishop of London's consistory court. There he declared that the Church of England had no authority to override his conscience. Nevertheless, the court rejected his arguments and deprived him of his living; when he appealed to the Court of Arches, it upheld the sentence. Stone's doubts produced an important test case and a powerful warning for Anglican clerics holding heterodox opinions (and, indeed, liberal churchmen wanting just ‘free’ and ‘candid' theological debate) in the conservative 1800s. Moreover, the issues Stone raised foreshadowed controversies which erupted long after his death.
Expression of μ-protocadherin is negatively regulated by the activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway in normal and cancer colorectal enterocytes
Authors: Montorsi L , Parenti S , Losi L , Ferrarini F , Gemelli C , Rossi A , Manco G , Ferrari S , Calabretta B , Tagliafico E , Zanocco-Marani T , Grande A 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMu-protocadherin (MUCDHL) is an adhesion molecule predominantly expressed by colorectal epithelial cells which is markedly downregulated upon malignant transformation. Notably, treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with mesalazine lead to increased expression of MUCDHL, and is associated with sequestration ofβ-catenin on the plasma membrane and inhibition of its transcriptional activity. To better characterize the causal relationship betweenβ-catenin and MUCDHL expression, we performed various experiments in which CRC cell lines and normal colonic organoids were subjected to culture conditions inhibiting (FH535 treatment, transcription factor 7-like 2 siRNA inactivation, Wnt withdrawal) or stimulating (LiCl treatment)β-catenin activity. We show here that expression of MUCDHL is negatively regulated by functional activation of theβ-catenin signaling pathway. This finding was observed in cell culture systems representing conditions of physiological stimulation and upon constitutive activation of β-catenin in CRC. The ability of MUCDHL to sequester and inhibitβ-catenin appears to provide a positive feedback enforcing the effect ofβ-catenin inhibitors rather than serving as the primary mechanism responsible forβ-catenin inhibition. Moreover, MUCDHL might have a role as biomarker in the development of CRC chemoprevention drugs endowed withβ-catenin inhibitory activity.