bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rolling stones and turbulent eddies: why the bigger live longer and travel farther
Authors: Bejan Adrian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHere we report the discovery that even the simplest, oldest and most prevalent forms of evolutionary movement—rolling bodies and whirls of turbulence—exhibit the same body-size effect on life time and life travel as the evolutionary movement united by the body-size effect so far: animals, rivers, vehicles, jets and plumes. In short, the bigger should last longer and travel farther. For rolling bodies, the life span (t) and the life travel (L) should increase with the body mass (M) raised to the powers 1/6 and 1/3, respectively. The number of rolls during this movement is constant, independent of body size. For an eddy of turbulence, t should increase with the eddy mass (M) raised to the power 2/3, while L should increase with M2/3 times the bulk speed of the turbulent stream that carries the eddy. The number of rolls during the eddy life span is a constant independent of eddy size.
Dose- and time-dependent effects of actomyosin inhibition on live mouse outflow resistance and aqueous drainage tissues
Authors: Ko MinHee K. , Kim Eun Kyoung , Gonzalez Jose M. , Tan James C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractActomyosin contractility modulates outflow resistance of the aqueous drainage tissues and intraocular pressure, a key pathogenic factor of glaucoma. We established methodology to reliably analyze the effect of latrunculin-B (Lat-B)-induced actin depolymerization on outflow physiology in live mice. A voltage-controlled microperfusion system for delivering drugs and simultaneously analyzing outflow resistance was tested in live C57BL/6 mice. Flow rate and perfusion pressure were reproducible within a coefficient of variation of 2%. Outflow facility for phosphate-buffered saline (0.0027 ± 0.00036 μL/min/mmHg; mean ± SD) and 0.02% ethanol perfusions (Lat-B vehicle; 0.0023 ± 0.0005 μL/min/mmHg) were similar and stable over 2 hours (p > 0.1 for change), indicating absence of a ‘washout’ artifact seen in larger mammals. Outflow resistance changed in graded fashion, decreasing dose- and time-dependently over 2 hours for Lat-B doses of 2.5 μM (p = 0.29), 5 μM (p = 0.039) and 10 μM (p = 0.001). Resulting outflow resistance was about 10 times lower with 10 μM Lat-B than vehicle control. The filamentous actin network was decreased and structurally altered in the ciliary muscle (46 ± 5.6%) and trabecular meshwork (37 ± 8.3%) of treated eyes relative to vehicle controls (p < 0.005; 5 μM Lat-B). Mouse actomyosin contractile mechanisms are important to modulating aqueous outflow resistance, mirroring mechanisms in primates. We describe approaches to reliably probe these mechanisms in vivo.
Modulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation by combined biochemical and mechanical cues
Authors: Lourenço Tânia , Paes de Faria Joana , Bippes Christian A. , Maia João , Lopes-da-Silva José A. , Relvas João B. , Grãos Mário 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExtracellular matrix (ECM) proteins play a key role during oligodendrogenesis. While fibronectin (FN) is involved in the maintenance and proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), merosin (MN) promotes differentiation into oligodendrocytes (OLs). Mechanical properties of the ECM also seem to affect OL differentiation, hence this study aimed to clarify the impact of combined biophysical and biochemical elements during oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation using synthetic elastic polymeric ECM-like substrates. CG-4 cells presented OPC- or OL-like morphology in response to brain-compliant substrates functionalised with FN or MN, respectively. The expression of the differentiation and maturation markers myelin basic protein — MBP — and proteolipid protein — PLP — (respectively) by primary rat oligodendrocytes was enhanced in presence of MN, but only on brain-compliant conditions, considering the distribution (MBP) or amount (PLP) of the protein. It was also observed that maturation of OLs was attained earlier (by assessing PLP expression) by cells differentiated on MN-functionalised brain-compliant substrates than on standard culture conditions. Moreover, the combination of MN and substrate compliance enhanced the maturation and morphological complexity of OLs. Considering the distinct degrees of stiffness tested ranging within those of the central nervous system, our results indicate that 6.5 kPa is the most suitable rigidity for oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas axis activates Akt signaling to ameliorate hepatic steatosis
Authors: Cao Xi , Yang Fangyuan , Shi Tingting , Yuan Mingxia , Xin Zhong , Xie Rongrong , Li Sen , Li Hongbing , Yang Jin-Kui 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe classical axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/AT1, contributes to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the role of bypass axis of RAS (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Ang-(1–7)/Mas) in hepatic steatosis is still unclear. Here we showed that deletion of ACE2 aggravates liver steatosis, which is correlated with the increased expression of hepatic lipogenic genes and the decreased expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes in the liver of ACE2 knockout (ACE2−/y) mice. Meanwhile, oxidative stress and inflammation were also aggravated in ACE2−/y mice. On the contrary, overexpression of ACE2 improved fatty liver in db/db mice and the mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidation-related genes were up-regulated. In vitro, Ang-(1–7)/ACE2 ameliorated hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cells and what’s more, Akt inhibitors reduced ACE2-mediated lipid metabolism. Furthermore, ACE2-mediated Akt activation could be attenuated by blockade of ATP/P2 receptor/Calmodulin (CaM) pathway. These results indicated that Ang-(1–7)/ACE2/Mas axis may reduce liver lipid accumulation partly by regulating lipid-metabolizing genes through ATP/P2 receptor/CaM signaling pathway. Our findings support the potential role of ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis in prevention and treatment of hepatic lipid metabolism.
Age, Dehydration, Respiratory Failure, Orientation Disturbance and Blood Pressure Score Predicts In-hospital Mortality in HIV-negative Non-multidrug-resistant Smear-positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Japan
Authors: Nagai Kenjiro , Horita Nobuyuki , Sato Takashi , Yamamoto Masaki , Nagakura Hideyuki , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe A-DROP scoring system was originally designed to assess clinical severity of community acquired pneumonia using the following parameters: advanced Age, Dehydration, Respiratory failure, Orientation disturbance (confusion); and, low blood Pressure. Total A-DROP score ranges zero to five assigning one point for each component, wherein five indicates the poorest prognosis. The purpose of this single-center retrospective study was to determine whether A-DROP could predict the risk for death in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. We reviewed consecutive HIV-negative, non-multidrug-resistant smear-positive adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The cohort consisted of 134 men (38.8%), 211 women (61.2%), 272 who discharged alive (28.8%) and 73 who died in-hospital (21.2%) with a median age of 72 (IQR: 54–82) years. A one-point increase in the A-DROP score was associated with a higher risk for in-hospital mortality with odds ratio of 3.8 (95% confidence interval 2.8–5.2, P < 0.001). The area under receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.86. The total score cutoff of 1.5 provided the best Youden Index of 0.61. Using this criteria, total score >1.5, sensitivity was 85% and specificity was 76%. Kaplan-Meier curve clearly indicated that in-hospital mortality increased with higher A-DROP scores (Log-rank test <0.001). In conclusion, A-DROP score clearly indicate pulmonary tuberculosis in-hospital mortality.
Pitfalls of haplotype phasing from amplicon-based long-read sequencing
Authors: Laver Thomas W. , Caswell Richard C. , Moore Karen A. , Poschmann Jeremie , Johnson Matthew B. , Owens Martina M. , Ellard Sian , Paszkiewicz Konrad H. , Weedon Michael N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe long-read sequencers from Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) offer the opportunity to phase mutations multiple kilobases apart directly from sequencing reads. In this study, we used long-range PCR with ONT and PacBio sequencing to phase two variants 9 kb apart in the RET gene. We also re-analysed data from a recent paper which had apparently successfully used ONT to phase clinically important haplotypes at the CYP2D6 and HLA loci. From these analyses, we demonstrate PCR-chimera formation during PCR amplification and reference alignment bias are pitfalls that need to be considered when attempting to phase variants using amplicon-based long-read sequencing technologies. These methodological pitfalls need to be avoided if the opportunities provided by long-read sequencers are to be fully exploited.
A new ether-based electrolyte for dendrite-free lithium-metal based rechargeable batteries
Authors: Miao Rongrong , Yang Jun , Xu Zhixin , Wang Jiulin , Nuli Yanna , Sun Limin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA new ether-based electrolyte to match lithium metal electrode is prepared by introducing 1, 4-dioxane as co-solvent into lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide/1,2-dimethoxyethane solution. Under the synergetic effect of solvents and salt, this simple liquid electrolyte presents stable Li cycling with dendrite-free Li deposition even at relatively high current rate, high coulombic efficiency of ca. 98%, and good anodic stability up to ~4.87 V vs Li RE. Its excellent performance will open up a new possibility for high energy-density rechargeable Li metal battery system.
Efficient, 50 mV startup, with transient settling time <5 ms, energy harvesting system for thermoelectric generator
Authors: Sinha A.K. , Schneider M.C. 
Published: February 2016

A prototype chip fabricated in 130 nm CMOS technology, designed to extract maximum power from a thermoelectric generator (TEG) is presented. In the measurements, the TEG is modelled by a voltage source (VTEG) with a series resistance of 5 Ω. The prototype is fully electric, starts from VTEG = 50 mV and it can extract 60% (at 50 mV) to 65% (at 200 mV) of the available power. Also by using present circuit schematic, an improved transient response of 3 ms (at 50 mV) and startup voltage of 50 mV is achieved.
Dual‐wideband microstrip antenna for LTE indoor base stations
Authors: Zhao Y. 
Published: February 2016

In this Letter, a dual‐wideband microstrip antenna for long‐term evolution (LTE) applications is proposed. The antenna is fed by a single port, and designed to operate at 800–960 MHz and 1700–2700 MHz simultaneously. The antenna has a return loss of less than −14 dB for both frequency bands, and gain of 3–4 dBi at the lower band and 6–8 dBi at the higher band. The proposed antenna may find its applications in second generation (2G), 3G, 4G LTE and WiFi systems.
Electrically small 64th‐mode substrate‐integrated waveguide monopole antenna
Authors: Choudhury S. , Mohan A. 
Published: February 2016

An electrically small substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna is investigated. The electrical size of the circular cavity SIW is reduced by repetitive segregation along the quasi‐magnetic wall to form 64th‐mode SIW antenna while maintaining comparable performance to the full‐mode SIW. The ground plane behind the antenna is removed to obtain quasi‐omnidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed antenna operates from 3.3 to 3.72 GHz making it suitable for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX‐IEEE 802.16) applications. S‐parameters and radiation patterns have been investigated by electromagnetic simulations and measurements. A realised peak gain of 4.1 dBi is obtained at the operating frequency of the antenna.
Truncating PREX2 mutations activate its GEF activity and alter gene expression regulation in NRAS-mutant melanoma
Authors: Lissanu Deribe Yonathan , Shi Yanxia , Rai Kunal , Nezi Luigi , Amin Samir B. , Wu Chia-Chin , Akdemir Kadir C. , Mahdavi Mozhdeh , Peng Qian , Chang Qing Edward , Hornigold Kirsti , Arold Stefan T. , Welch Heidi C. E. , Garraway Levi A. , Chin Lynda 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Mutations in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling pathway occur frequently across multiple tumor types. These mutations primarily serve to activate PI-3 and Akt kinases. PREX2 is a guanine nucleotide exchanger for Rac1 that is significantly mutated in melanoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Here we report that a mouse model of a truncating PREX2 mutation shows accelerated melanoma development in the context of mutant NRAS. Truncating PREX2 mutations have increased Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, and tumors harboring these mutations have elevated PI3K/Akt pathway activation and reduced expression of critical negative cell cycle regulators leading to increased cell proliferation. This work provides evidence for a previously unidentified mechanism of activating Rac1, the PI3K pathway, and regulation of cell cycle progression in melanoma.
Thermally stable yttrium–scandium oxide high-k dielectrics deposited by a solution process
Authors: Hu Wenbing , Frost Bradley , Peterson Rebecca L 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We investigated the thermal stability of electrical properties in ternary alloy (Y
x
Sc1−x
)2O3 high-k oxides as a function of yttrium fraction, x. The yttrium–scandium oxide dielectric films are deposited using a facile ink-based process. The oxides have a stoichiometry-dependent relative dielectric constant of 26.0 to 7.7 at 100 kHz, low leakage current density of 10−8 A·cm−2, high breakdown field of 4 MV⋅cm−1, and interface trap density of 1012 cm−2·eV−1 with silicon. Compared with binary oxides, ternary alloys exhibit less frequency dispersion of the dielectric constant and a higher crystallization temperature. After crystallization is induced through a 900 °C anneal, ternary (Y0.6Sc0.4)2O3 films maintain their low leakage current and high breakdown field. In contrast, the electrical performance of the binary oxides significantly degrades following the same treatment. The solution-processed ternary oxide dielectrics demonstrated here may be used as high-k gate insulators in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, in novel electronic material systems and devices, and in printed, flexible thin film electronics, and as passivation layers for high power devices. These oxides may also be used as insulators in fabrication process flows that require a high thermal budget.
Learning from Inflation Experiences
*
Authors: Malmendier Ulrike , Nagel Stefan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
How do individuals form expectations about future inflation? We propose that individuals overweight inflation experienced during their lifetimes. This approach modifies existing adaptive learning models to allow for age-dependent updating of expectations in response to inflation surprises. Young individuals update their expectations more strongly than older individuals since recent experiences account for a greater share of their accumulated lifetime history. We find support for these predictions using 57 years of microdata on inflation expectations from the Reuters/Michigan Survey of Consumers. Differences in experiences strongly predict differences in expectations, including the substantial disagreement between young and old individuals in periods of highly volatile inflation, such as the 1970s. It also explains household borrowing and lending behavior, including the choice of mortgages.
Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data *
Authors: Saez Emmanuel , Zucman Gabriel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper combines income tax returns with macroeconomic household balance sheets to estimate the distribution of wealth in the United States since 1913. We estimate wealth by capitalizing the incomes reported by individual taxpayers, accounting for assets that do not generate taxable income. We successfully test our capitalization method in three micro datasets where we can observe both income and wealth: the Survey of Consumer Finance, linked estate and income tax returns, and foundations’ tax records. We find that wealth concentration was high in the beginning of the twentieth century, fell from 1929 to 1978, and has continuously increased since then. The top 0.1% wealth share has risen from 7% in 1978 to 22% in 2012, a level almost as high as in 1929. Top wealth-holders are younger today than in the 1960s and earn a higher fraction of the economy’s labor income. The bottom 90% wealth share first increased up to the mid-1980s and then steadily declined. The increase in wealth inequality in recent decades is due to the upsurge of top incomes combined with an increase in saving rate inequality. We explain how our findings can be reconciled with Survey of Consumer Finances and estate tax data.
Providing Anesthesia Care in Resource-limited Settings
Authors: Ariyo Promise , Trelles Miguel , Helmand Rahmatullah , Amir Yama , Hassani Ghulam Haidar , Mftavyanka Julien , Nzeyimana Zenon , Akemani Clemence , Ntawukiruwabo Innocent Bagura , Charles Adelin , Yana Yanang , Moussa Kalla , Kamal Mustafa , Suma Mohamed Lamin , Ahmed Mowlid , Abdullahi Mohamed , Wong Evan G. , Kushner Adam , Latif Asad 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbstract
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF; Doctors Without Borders) anesthesia providers include physician anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, and local nurses trained by MSF to provide anesthesia. A standardized set of essential equipment and medications is provided for each mission to enable anesthesia care delivery and management of potential complications. A retrospective review of anesthetic procedures performed at MSF facilities from 2008 until 2014 found that a wide range of anesthesia procedures can be carried out safely in resource-limited settings with resources such as those provided by MSF.

Background
Anesthesia is integral to improving surgical care in low-resource settings. Anesthesia providers who work in these areas should be familiar with the particularities associated with providing care in these settings, including the types and outcomes of commonly performed anesthetic procedures.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of anesthetic procedures performed at Médecins Sans Frontières facilities from July 2008 to June 2014. The authors collected data on patient demographics, procedural characteristics, and patient outcome. The factors associated with perioperative mortality were analyzed.

Results
Over the 6-yr period, 75,536 anesthetics were provided to adult patients. The most common anesthesia techniques were spinal anesthesia (45.56%) and general anesthesia without intubation (33.85%). Overall perioperative mortality was 0.25%. Emergent procedures (0.41%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 15.86; 95% CI, 2.14 to 115.58), specialized surgeries (2.74%; AOR, 3.82; 95% CI, 1.27 to 11.47), and surgical duration more than 6 h (9.76%; AOR, 4.02; 95% CI, 1.09 to 14.88) were associated with higher odds of mortality than elective surgeries, minor surgeries, and surgical duration less than 1 h, respectively. Compared with general anesthesia with intubation, spinal anesthesia, regional anesthesia, and general anesthesia without intubation were associated with lower perioperative mortality rates of 0.04% (AOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.18), 0.06% (AOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.92), and 0.14% (AOR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.45), respectively.

Conclusions
A wide range of anesthetics can be carried out safely in resource-limited settings. Providers need to be aware of the potential risks and the outcomes associated with anesthesia administration in these settings.
External Rotation Predicts Outcomes After Closed Glenohumeral Joint Reduction With Botulinum Toxin Type A in Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy
Authors: Greenhill Dustin A. , Wissinger Kevin , Trionfo Arianna , Solarz Mark , Kozin Scott H. , Zlotolow Dan A. 
Published: February 2016

Background:
Few studies have investigated outcomes after adjunct botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections into the shoulder internal rotator muscles during shoulder closed reduction and spica cast immobilization in children with brachial plexus birth palsy. The purpose of this study was to report success rates after treatment and identify pretreatment predictors of success.

Methods:
Children with brachial plexus birth palsy who underwent closed glenohumeral joint reduction with BTX-A and casting were included. Minimum follow-up was 1 year. Included patients did not receive concomitant shoulder surgery nor undergo microsurgery within 8 months. Records were reviewed for severity of palsy, age, physical examination scores, passive external rotation (PER), and subsequent orthopaedic procedures (repeat injections, repeat reduction, shoulder tendon transfers, and humeral osteotomy). Treatment success was defined in 3 separate ways: no subsequent surgical reduction, no subsequent closed or surgical reduction, and no subsequent procedure plus adequate external rotation.

Results:
Forty-nine patients were included. Average age at time of treatment was 11.5 months. Average follow-up was 21.1 months (range, 1 to 9 y). Thirty-two patients (65%) required repeat reduction (closed or surgical). Only 16% of all patients obtained adequate active external rotation without any subsequent procedure. Increased PER (average 41±14 degrees, odds ratio=1.21, P=0.01) and Active Movement Scale external rotation (average 1.3, odds ratio=2.36, P=0.02) predicted optimal treatment success. Limited pretreatment PER (average −1±17 degrees) was associated with treatment failure. Using the optimal definition for success, all patients with pretreatment PER>30 degrees qualified as successes and all patients with PER<15 degrees were treatment failures.

Conclusions:
Pretreatment PER>30 degrees can help identify which patients are most likely to experience successful outcomes after shoulder closed reduction with BTX-A and cast immobilization. However, a large proportion of these patients will still have mild shoulder subluxation or external rotation deficits warranting subsequent intervention.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic.