bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Types of Covenants in Bond Issuance Programs of Mining Industry Companies
Authors: Królikowska Elżbieta , Sierpińska-Sawicz Agata 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the article, the authors attempt to quantify the covenants, which are the special terms of the bond issuance programs, reducing a risk of the bondholders. The type and the character of the covenants depend on several circumstances like: financial situation of a bond issuer, industry risk, country risk or economic situation. The most common used covenants refer to several limitations like payments, taking out the loans, issuance of the next series of bonds, credit events, dividend payouts. The separate group of covenants are those which constitute a limitation of an assets disposal, a range of the investments, the mergers and acquisitions or those that refer to maintaining the rating. The belief that the bond issuance is the easiest way of rising the funds in comparison to a bank loan is not fully supported. The covenants have significant influence on a performance of a bond issuer. Some of the covenants cause losing a flexibility of a company and restrict a possibility of making the effective decisions which can lead to rising the risk of a bankruptcy. The limitations included in a bond issuance program could be particularly inconvenient for a company’s development and may demand the assets restructuring which range is hard to predict while a bond agreement is being signed. In terms of using the funds gained from bond issuance for an operating performance, the ability to go in a line with the covenants is less likely while the same funds will be spent on the investments which will generate the profits and amortisation in the future. It allows to gain the appropriate level of EBITDA as well as makes a bond repurchase possible. It is worth to add that the investors and the stock brokers who are responsible for a bond issuance program preparation have an influence on the quantity and quality of the covenants. They define the standard used covenants in the bond agreements. The knowledge and the negotiation skills of the managers have significant influence on the adjusting the bond contracts to the company and branch risk.
Is there a sex difference in fetal behavior? A comparison of the KANET test between male and female fetuses
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Hanaoka Uiko , Mostafa AboEllail Mohamed Ahmed , Uematsu Rina , Noguchi Junko , Kusaka Takashi , Kurjak Asim 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTo evaluate the sex difference in fetal behavior between male and female fetuses.Fetal behavior was assesed by Kurjak’s antenatal neurodevelopmental test (KANET) using four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound between 28 and 39 weeks of gestation. Fifty-nine male and 53 female fetuses in middle- and high-class nulliparaous Japanese women were studied. The total value of the KANET score and values of each parameter (eight parameters) were compared.The total KANET score was normal in both groups, and there was no significant difference in the total KANET score. When individual KANET parameters were compared, no significant differences were noted in all eight parameters.Our results show that there is no difference in fetal behavior between male and female fetuses in the third trimester of pregnancy. These results suggest that 4D ultrasound study examining fetal behavior does not need to consider the factor of fetal sex.
Nutrient availability predicts frugivorous bat abundance in an urban environment
Authors: Jara-Servín Angelica M. , Saldaña-Vázquez Romeo A. , Schondube Jorge E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We used a mathematical model based on nutrient availability to predict Artibeus
jamaicensis densities in urban parks of a tropical city. Nutrient availability was calculated based on bat-fruit density and the carbohydrate, nitrogen and fats they contain. In addition to nutrient availability, our model considered the capacity of this frugivorous bat to assimilate the nutrients present in the environment. We compared our predictions with bat captures obtained in the same urban parks, in which we measured nutrient availability. Our results show that A. jamaicensis densities were limited by the quantity of nitrogen available in urban parks. Our density-predicting models, based on soluble carbohydrates and fats available, overpredicted the number of A. jamaicensis individuals. Our result indicates that to maintain healthy bat populations in cities, it is important to take into account not only the variety of food available but also its nutrient content and how easy it is for the bat to assimilate them.
Towards Viscoplastic Constitutive Models for Cosserat Rods
Authors: Dörlich Vanessa , Linn Joachim , Scheffer Tobias , Diebels Stefan 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Flexible, slender structures like cables, hoses or wires can be described by the geometrically exact Cosserat rod theory. Due to their complex multilayer structure, consisting of various materials, viscoplastic behavior has to be expected for cables under load. Classical experiments like uniaxial tension, torsion or three-point bending already show that the behavior of e.g. electric cables is viscoplastic. A suitable constitutive law for the observed load case is crucial for a realistic simulation of the deformation of a component. Consequently, this contribution aims at a viscoplastic constitutive law formulated in the terms of sectional quantities of Cosserat rods. Since the loading of cables in applications is in most cases not represented by these mostly uniaxial classical experiments, but rather multiaxial, new experiments for cables have to be designed. They have to illustrate viscoplastic effects, enable access to (viscoplastic) material parameters and account for coupling effects between different deformation modes. This work focuses on the design of such experiments.
Wave-Based Attitude Control of Spacecraft with Fuel Sloshing Dynamics
Authors: Thompson Joseph William , O’Connor William 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Wave-Based Control has been previously applied successfully to simple under-actuated flexible mechanical systems. Spacecraft and rockets with structural flexibility and sloshing are examples of such systems but have added difficulties due to non-uniform structure, external disturbing forces and non-ideal actuators and sensors. The aim of this paper is to extend the application of WBC to spacecraft systems, to compare the performance of WBC to other popular controllers and to carry out experimental validation of the designed control laws. A mathematical model is developed for an upper stage accelerating rocket moving in a single plane. Fuel sloshing is represented by an equivalent mechanical pendulum model. A wave-based controller is designed for the upper stage AVUM of the European launcher Vega. In numerical simulations the controller successfully suppresses the sloshing motion. A major advantage of the strategy is that no measurement of the pendulum states (sloshing motion) is required.
An Enhanced Tire Model for Dynamic Simulation based on Geometrically Exact Shells
Authors: Roller Michael , Betsch Peter , Gallrein Axel , Linn Joachim 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In the present work, a tire model is derived based on geometrically exact shells. The discretization is done with the help of isoparametric quadrilateral finite elements. The interpolation is performed with bilinear Lagrangian polynomials for the mid-surface as well as for the director field. As time stepping method for the resulting differential algebraic equation a backward differentiation formula is chosen. A multilayer material model for geometrically exact shells is introduced, to describe the anisotropic behavior of the tire material. To handle the interaction with a rigid road surface, a unilateral frictional contact formulation is introduced. Therein a special surface to surface contact element is developed, which rebuilds the shape of the tire.
Fungal strain Aspergillus flavus F3 as a potential candidate for the removal of lead (II) and chromium (VI) from contaminated soil
Authors: Qayyum Sadia , Khan Ibrar , Bhatti Zulfiqar A. , Tang Fenglin , Peng Changsheng 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Metal contamination of soil is a serious environmental problem due to mining and use of synthetic products (e.g. pesticides, paints, batteries, and industrial wastes), which are serious threat to human life. The current research is aimed at the remediation of soil contaminated with lead (II) and chromium (VI) using indigenous fungal strains through the comparative study of bioleaching and chemical leaching methods. The removal efficiencies of Pb (II) and Cr (VI) in bioleaching were higher than chemical leaching, where 99% Cr (VI) and 36% Pb (II) were removed by Aspergillus flavus (F3) in bioleaching through the production of approximately 332 mg L-1 malic acid, 213 mg L-1 succinic acid, and 35 mg L-1 citric acid. The removal efficiencies in chemical leaching were 21.30% for Pb (II) and 1.92% for Cr (VI) by malic acid, 29.30% for Pb (II) and 72% for Cr (VI) by succinic acid, 22.21% for Pb (II) and 60.70% for Cr (VI) by citric acid, and 2.20% for Pb (II) and 2.47% for Cr (VI) by oxalic acid. The sequential extraction procedure for Pb (II) and Cr (VI) before and after bioleaching showed that Pb (II) and Cr (VI) mostly bound to stable fractions after bioleaching. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) helped to identify the characteristic changes in the morphology and elemental composition of A. flavus (F3) biomass before and after bioleaching, whereas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that fungal biomass contain hydroxyl, carboxyl, fatty acids, and amine groups on its surface. The results implied that the fungal strain A. flavus (F3) can be used to remediate soils contaminated with Pb (II) and Cr (VI).
Performing Pumping Test Data Analysis Applying Cooper-Jacob’s Method for Estimating of the Aquifer Parameters
Authors: Dana Khider Mawlood , Jwan Sabah Mustafa 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Single well test is more common than aquifer test with having observation well, since the advantage of single well test is that the pumping test can be conducted on the production well with the absence of observation well. A kind of single well test, which is step-drawdown test used to determine the efficiency and specific capacity of the well, however in case of single well test it is possible to estimate Transmissivity, but the other parameter which is Storativity is overestimated, so the aim of this study is to analyze four pumping test data located in KAWRGOSK area by using cooper-Jacob’s (1946) time drawdown approximation of Theis method to estimate the aquifer parameters, also in order to determine the reasons which are affecting the reliability of the Storativity value and obtain the important aspect behind that in practice.
Assessment of Reliability Implementation in Manufacturing Enterprises
Authors: Haase Florian Vincent , Woll Ralf 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Purpose: The increasing internationalization of markets make the creation of competitive advantages more difficult. Companies have to be faster, better and more economical than their competitors in order to survive. Reliable products offer the capability to develop competitive advantages. To achieve the reliability objectives, a systematic approach of reliability actions and supporting methods is necessary. The integration of reliability activities into companies with regard to company size and industry has not been quantitatively determined.
Methodology: An international survey drawing upon literature was applied. Evaluations are based on descriptive and inductive statistics.
Results: The empirical study reveals reasons for applying reliability management in industry, the extent of applied reliability methods and performed reliability actions to achieve reliability objectives and used reliability data. The results are differentiated according to company size and industry.
Research implications: The results of this study are applicable to companies which have already dealt with reliability issues. Further studies should consider a cross-section status of reliability implementation in industry, as well as they should contain extended actions and methods of reliability.
Value of paper: This research relates to the status of reliability management implementation in international industry. There are shown significant differences in industries and company size. The results show potentials in reliability management and can be used as benchmark.
Crystal structure of diethylammonium 1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxohexahydropyrimidin-5-ide, C10H19N3O3
Authors: Barakat Assem , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Al-Majid Abdullah Mohammed , Islam Mohammad Shahidul , Shaik Mohammed Rafi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
C10H19N3O3, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 4.4714(2) Å, b = 17.8690(7) Å, c = 14.6323(6) Å, β = 95.272(1)°, V = 1164.17(8) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0518, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.1370, T = 100 K.
The crystal structure of 2-amino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile, C16H13N3O4
Authors: Luo Yunchun , Yi Wen , Yao Yuzhou , Zhu Ni , Qin Pengfei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
C16H13N3O4, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), a = 13.8536(12) Å, b = 11.0922(7) Å, c = 20.432(2) Å, β = 108.491(10)°, V = 2977.6(4) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt
(F) = 0.0533, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.1452, T = 293(2) K.
Current Trends in Australian Nonprofit Policy
Authors: Onyx Jenny , Cham Liz , Dalton Bronwen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThere has been a large growth in nonprofits in Australia over the past 30 years. This paper will chart some of the key current policy trends that have helped shape the sector. The huge investment in the nonprofit sector by government, particularly since the mid 1990s coincided with a strong ideological shift to a neoliberal economic agenda. There was a concerted effort to bring nonprofits under the control of government policy. This has lead to greater competition among nonprofits, the growth of large charities at the expense of small local organisations, and a greater emphasis on adopting business models. Those nonprofit organisations that provide a community development role have been particularly under threat. However while much of the nonprofit world in Australia is increasingly driven by neoliberal, business oriented demands, another alternative phenomenon is emerging, particularly among young people and largely out of the gaze of public scrutiny. As fast as the state finds a way of controlling the productive energy of the nonprofit sector, the sector itself finds a way of curtailing that control, or of creating new ways of operating that go beyond existing structures and rules of operating.
Recommendations for Fetal Echocardiography in Twin Pregnancy in 2016
Authors: Leszczyńska Katarzyna , Preis Krzysztof , Respondek-Liberska Maria , Słodki Maciej , Wood Dennis , Weiner Stuart , Gembruch Ulli , Rizzo Giusseppe , Achiron Reuven , Pruetz Jay D , Sklansky Mark , Cuneo Bettina , Arabin Birgit , Blickstein Isaac 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Progress in the fields of fetal cardiology and fetal surgery have been seen not only in singleton pregnancies but also in multiple pregnancies. Proper interpretation of prenatal echocardiography is critical to clinical decision making, family counseling and perinatal management for obstetricians, maternal fetal medicine specialists, neonatologists and pediatric cardiologists. Fetal echocardiography is one of the most challenging and time-consuming prenatal examinations to perform, especially in multiple gestations. Performing just the basic fetal exam in twin gestations may take an hour or more. Thus, it is not practical to perform this exam in all cases of multiple gestations. Therefore our review and recommendations are related to fetal echocardiography in twin gestation.
Fetal Atrial Flutter and Hydrops Successfully Treated with Transplacental and Direct Fetal Therapy
Authors: Cuneo Bettina F. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The hydropic fetus with atrial flutter has high risk of fetal demise. In utero treatment is not as successful as SVT with 1:1 conduction. Even after conversion to sinus rhythm, close follow-up of the pregnancy is required for several reasons..
Case Report:
A 25 year old primigravida, at 26 wks of gestation had a fetal ultrasound which showed a tachycardic hydropic fetus with AFI 49. The rhythm was atrial flutter: AR 400 bpm and VR 200 bpm. The heart was structurally normal. Transplacental antiarrhythmic treatment with sotalol was started and 24 hours later, the fetus was still primarily in flutter with rare episodes of sinus rhythm and frequent PAC. Sotalol was increased but the mother’s QTc increased to > 500 ms, so the sotalol dose was reduced. On day 4th direct i.m. of digoxin was given and fetus was in sinus rhythm. Pharmacotherapy was continued. On the 16th day of sinus rhythm (at 33 wks), a marked change in FHR variability was seen. An US revealed the fetus was in sinus rhythm with a normal FHR. Because of the decreased FHR variability, the fetus was delivered by CS and the cord pH was 7.19, Apgars 1, 9 and 9. The neonate received no antiarrhythmic medications. On day 6 of postnatal life, an AV re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) developed and sinus rhythm was successfully restored with sotalol and digoxin. The infant was treated for 18 months with no episodes of SVT or atrial flutter.
Regulation of neuronal-glial fate specification by long non-coding RNAs
Authors: Wang Lei , Liu Yan , Sun Shaiqi , Lu Ming , Xia Ying 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNeural stem cell transplantation is becoming a promising and attractive cell-based treatment modality for repairing the damaged central nervous system. One of the limitations of this approach is that the proportion of functional cells differentiated from stem cells still remains at a low level. In recent years, novel long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are being discovered at a growing pace, suggesting that this class of molecules may act as novel regulators in neuronal-glial fate specification. In this review, we first describe the general features of lncRNAs that are more likely to be relevant to reveal their function. By this, we aim to point out the specific roles of a number of lncRNAs whose function has been described during neuronal and glial cell differentiation. There is no doubt that investigation of the lncRNAs will open a new window in studying neuronal-glial fate specification.
Neural substrates and potential treatments for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Phillips Joseph R. , Eissa Abeer M. , Hewedi Doaa H. , Jahanshahi Marjan , El-Gamal Mohamed , Keri Szabolcs , Moustafa Ahmed A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is primarily a motor disorder that involves the gradual loss of motor function. Symptoms are observed initially in the extremities, such as hands and arms, while advanced stages of the disease can effect blinking, swallowing, speaking, and breathing. PD is a neurodegenerative disease, with dopaminergic neuronal loss occurring in the substantia nigra pars compacta, thus disrupting basal ganglia functions. This leads to downstream effects on other neurotransmitter systems such as glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin. To date, one of the main treatments for PD is levodopa. While it is generally very effective, prolonged treatments lead to levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). LID encompasses a family of symptoms ranging from uncontrolled repetitive movements to sustained muscle contractions. In many cases, the symptoms of LID can cause more grief than PD itself. The purpose of this review is to discuss the possible clinical features, cognitive correlates, neural substrates, as well as potential psychopharmacological and surgical (including nondopaminergic and deep brain stimulation) treatments of LID.
Microscopic Study of Testicular Tissue Structure and Spermatogenesis Following Long Term Dose Dependent Administration of Monosodium Glutamate in Adult Diabetic Rats
Authors: Kianifard Davoud 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background and aims: Diabetic hyperglycemia leads to structural and functional alterations in body organs including testis. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive which has toxic effects on human and animal’s tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MSG on diabetic complications of testicular tissue.

Material and Methods: 48 adult rats were divided into six groups. Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg i.p.). Monosodium glutamate was administrated in two doses (6 and 60 mg/kg) to control and diabetic groups. After eight weeks, the body weight was measured and blood samples were collected for analysis of the pituitary-testicular axis hormones. Formalin fixed tissue samples were prepared through routine histologic methods.

Results: MSG led dose dependently to weight gain of control groups and prevented weight loss of diabetic rats. The blood levels of luteinizing hormone and testosterone were reduced in diabetic rats following administration of MSG. Reduction of cellular population of germinal epithelium, seminiferous tubules diameter decrement and decrease of indices of spermatogenesis were observed with more intensity in MSG treated diabetic rats.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the long term administration of MSG may induce in a dose dependent manner structural and functional alterations of testicular tissue in diabetic rats.
One Year Follow-up Results after Sleeve Gastrectomy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Morbid Obesity
Authors: Dejeu Viorel , Dejeu Dănuţ-Aurel , Dejeu Paula , Babeş Aurel 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background and aims: Bariatric surgery has been shown to be superior to nonsurgical approaches in terms of weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. This prospective, single-center, follow-up study assessed percentage of excessive weight loss (%EWL), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, prescribed antidiabetes drugs and diabetes remission rates in obese T2DM patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Materials and methods: 81 patients were selected and data recorded preoperatively, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively.

Results: We recorded - 69.3% EWL at 12 months (p<0.0001 compared to baseline) and a fall of HbA1c from 8.1±2.6% to 6.7±2.8% at 12 months postoperatively (p<0.0001). The percentage of patients with HbA1c<6.5% showed an increase to 40.7% (p=0.0004) and the one year T2DM remission rate was 20.9% (p=0.0012).

Conclusions: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy can significantly reduce the BMI, with near 70% EWL and near 21% T2DM remission rate in 1 year.