bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finding a Voice in Opiate Addiction: Identifying the Role of Caregivers in the Recovery Process for VIVITROL
Authors: JOHNSTON GAVIN 
Published: November 2016

Opiate addiction is a significant public health crisis. In the past year, it has become a hot topic at all levels, including the political realm ahead of the presidential election. Triggers, treatment options and restrictions, the criminal justice system, and costs to society are all part of the discussion but the cultural milieu in which addiction occurs is poorly understood. This was a significant problem for our client, the maker of a monthly injectable that inhibits the ability of an addict to get high. Our client, basing their marketing strategy entirely on quantitative data, realized that they needed to get a deeper understanding of addiction and the roles caregivers, friends, and family play in the treatment and recovery cycle. Our team convinced our client, who was inherently nervous about executing qualitative work, that in order to create a meaningful marketing plan, they needed to understand the complexities at a deeper level than data could provide. Working with the client and our design teams we executed an initial ethnographic pilot study to identify the best avenues for reaching the audience and providing information that would have an actual long‐term impact on the success of treatment. Over the course of a month, our team combined participant observation in three US cities with the caregivers of people battling addiction (some of whom had lost) with in‐depth interviews that incorporated a series of semiotics techniques.The end result was a completely new strategy for the client. A new campaign was developed, new messaging channels were identified, and a clear three‐year road map was developed to help them change the conversation and expand their reach. Perhaps as important, the client's entire perspective on addiction and research changed, leading to developing a plan for further research in a broader range of settings.
Potentially adaptive mitochondrial haplotypes as a tool to identify divergent nuclear loci
Authors: Garvin Michael R. , Templin William D. , Gharrett Anthony J. , DeCovich Nick , Kondzela Christine M. , Guyon Jeffrey R. , McPhee Megan V. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Genetic tools are commonly used for conservation and management of at‐risk species. Individuals are often sampled from mixtures that are composed of many populations, which creates a need to assign individuals to their source. This can be problematic when the genetic divergence among source populations is weak but can be improved using adaptive genetic loci, which should show stronger levels of divergence.

We previously reported a signature of positive selection in the mitochondrial‐encoded ND5 subunit of complex I in diverse taxa. The respiratory machinery of the mitochondria in salmonids is composed of more than 80 nuclear genes and there is substantial interaction between nuclear and mitochondrial expressed gene products. Recent studies report adaptive variation in mitochondrial function as well as co‐evolution between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. We used potentially adaptive ND5‐based mitochondrial haplotypes to identify nuclear loci that would display increased levels of genetic divergence compared to neutral nuclear loci in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Populations in a geographic area the size of France have previously demonstrated weak genetic divergence even after substantial discovery efforts by multiple laboratories for allozymes, microsatellites and SNPs over the last two decades.

We used RAD‐based next‐generation sequencing and identified a nuclear‐encoded subunit of mitochondrial complex I that was a significant FST outlier and 14 other divergent nuclear markers that improve genetic assignment of individuals to their population of origin relative to assignments based on neutral markers alone.

This work demonstrates how a known adaptive marker can be leveraged to increase the probability of identifying divergent markers for applied genetics tools that may be biologically linked to it.
Binge Alcohol Intake After Hypergravity Stress Sustainably Decreases AMPK and Transcription Factors Necessary for Hepatocyte Survival
Authors: Lee Sang Gil , Wu Hong Min , Lee Chan Gyu , Oh Choong Sik , Chung So Won , Kim Sang Geon 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundBinge alcohol consumption elicits mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. An understanding of the effect of ethanol (EtOH) exposure after hypergravity stress on liver function may assist in the implementation of pathophysiological countermeasures for aerospace missions. This study investigated whether a combination of hypergravity stress and binge alcohol intake has a detrimental effect on AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and other molecules necessary for hepatocyte survival.MethodsThe mice were orally administered a single dose of EtOH (5 g/kg body weight, 20% EtOH) immediately after a load to +9 Gz hypergravity for 1 hour using a small animal centrifuge and sacrificed 24 hours after treatment. For the multiple‐dose model, 3 consecutive daily treatments were carried out. Immunoblottings were carried out on liver homogenates.ResultsBinge alcohol intake in mice immediately after a 1‐hour exposure to a +9 Gz hypergravity load repressed hepatic Akt and PARP‐1 levels at 24 hours posttreatment. Moreover, it sustainably diminished the level of AMPKα, a key regulator of energy metabolism, as compared to each individual treatment. Similarly, the combination of alcohol and hypergravity suppressed the levels of STAT3, FOXO1/3, C/EBPβ, and CREB, transcription factors necessary for cell survival. Similar changes were not detected after 3 consecutive daily combinatorial treatments, indicating that repetitive training with hypergravity loads provides hepatoprotective effects in a binge alcohol model.ConclusionsThese results show that binge alcohol exposure in mice immediately following a +9 Gz hypergravity stress persistently decreased AMPKα and other key molecules required for hepatocyte survival, and these changes may be reversed by repetitive hypergravity loads.
Predicting post‐traumatic stress disorder treatment response in refugees: Multilevel analysis
Authors: Haagen Joris F. G. , ter Heide F. Jackie June , Mooren Trudy M. , Knipscheer Jeroen W. , Kleber Rolf J. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesGiven the recent peak in refugee numbers and refugees’ high odds of developing post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), finding ways to alleviate PTSD in refugees is of vital importance. However, there are major differences in PTSD treatment response between refugees, the determinants of which are largely unknown. This study aimed at improving PTSD treatment for adult refugees by identifying PTSD treatment response predictors.DesignA prospective longitudinal multilevel modelling design was used to predict PTSD severity scores over time. We analysed data from a randomized controlled trial with pre‐, post‐, and follow‐up measurements of the safety and efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and stabilization in asylum seekers and refugees suffering from PTSD.MethodsLack of refugee status, comorbid depression, demographic, trauma‐related and treatment‐related variables were analysed as potential predictors of PTSD treatment outcome. Treatment outcome data from 72 participants were used.ResultsThe presence (B = 6.5, p = .03) and severity (B = 6.3, p < .01) of a pre‐treatment depressive disorder predicted poor treatment response and explained 39% of the variance between individuals.ConclusionsRefugee patients who suffer from PTSD and severe comorbid depression benefit less from treatment aimed at alleviating PTSD. Results highlight the need for treatment adaptations for PTSD and comorbid severe depression in traumatized refugees, including testing whether initial targeting of severe depressive symptoms increases PTSD treatment effectiveness.Practitioner points

There are differences in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment response between traumatized refugees.

Comorbid depressive disorder and depression severity predict poor PTSD response.

Refugees with PTSD and severe depression may not benefit from PTSD treatment.

Targeting comorbid severe depression before PTSD treatment is warranted.

This study did not correct for multiple hypothesis testing.

Comorbid depression may differentially impact alternative PTSD treatments.
Acceptability of Dative Argument Structure in Spanish: Assessing Semantic and Usage‐Based Factors
Authors: Reali Florencia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMultiple constraints, including semantic, lexical, and usage‐based factors, have been shown to influence dative alternation across different languages. This work explores whether fine‐grained statistics and semantic properties of the verb affect the acceptability of dative constructions in Spanish. First, a corpus analysis reveals that verbs of different semantic classes occur naturally in alternative dative constructions, a pattern quite different from English. The fact that dative alternation appears independent of semantic classes challenges traditional semantic‐based approaches. Second, acceptability rating tasks reveal that dative constructions containing highly entrenched word combinations and frequent word order are judged more acceptable regardless of the verbs' semantics. The results are interpreted in favor of usage‐based accounts: Acceptability of dative constructions may be language‐specific and depend on patterns of use and conventionalization.
Quantifying stem discoloration and decay following pruning and thinning an Acacia hybrid plantation
Authors: Trang T. T. , Glen M. , Eyles A. , Ratkowsky D. , Beadle C. , Mohammed C. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryAcacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis) is widely planted in Vietnam, and part of the estate is managed for solid timber products. This requires pruning and thinning – practices that through mechanical wounding can facilitate the entry of fungal organisms, leading to stem defects. The extent to which this happens in Acacia hybrid has not been previously studied in Vietnam. A destructive survey was conducted in a 3‐year‐old Acacia hybrid plantation at Nghia Trung in Binh Phuoc province, 18 months after the imposition of pruning and thinning treatments. Pruned trees had a higher incidence and severity of discoloration and decay in the stem than unpruned trees; thinning increased the incidence of stem decay and the severity of discoloration but not the severity of decay. An interaction between pruning and thinning did not influence the incidence of stem decay but did increase the severity of discoloration in thinning treatments. Across treatments, levels of discoloration and decay were <30% and <5%, respectively. Modification of current pruning practices may be necessary to ensure that decay levels are kept within acceptable limits at an anticipated harvest age of 7–8 years.
Effectiveness of a detached‐leaf assay as a proxy for stem inoculations in backcrossed chestnut (Castanea) blight resistance breeding populations
Authors: LaBonte N. R. , McKenna J. R. , Woeste K. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryA recently developed detached‐leaf blight resistance assay has generated interest because it could reduce the amount of time needed to evaluate backcrossed hybrid trees in the American chestnut blight resistance breeding programme. We evaluated the leaf inoculation technique on a sample of advanced progeny from the Indiana state chapter American Chestnut Foundation breeding programme, along with susceptible American chestnut (Castanea dentata), the recurrent parent, and resistant Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), the donor parent for blight resistance. In experiments over 2 years using two pathogen isolates, we found no biologically meaningful relationship between leaf lesion size and the size (length and width) or severity (1–5 canker severity rating) of stem cankers on 5‐year‐old trees. Chinese chestnuts did develop significantly smaller leaf lesions than American or backcrossed chestnuts. We conclude that while the detached‐leaf assay may have utility in some chestnut breeding applications, it is not a suitable proxy for the established practice of stem inoculations.
Learning outcomes: Exploring implications of adopting a different level of detail
Authors: Bateman H. L. , McCracken G. I. , Thomason J. M. , Ellis J. S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroductionOutcome‐based programmes provide a framework to support educators and learners in understanding content and end points within taught courses. Management of these outcomes in the Dental Degree at Newcastle University has been a challenge in relation to quality assurance and enhancement, having over 1500 detailed student‐level outcomes (SLO). This research aimed to explore the implications of adopting a more superficial “course” level of outcome (CLO), when reviewed against a reference set of external LO requirements.Materials and methodsA purposive sample of five courses within the undergraduate dental programme was selected. The mapping of both SLOs and CLOs was reviewed in relation to their total number and the mapping connections to the reference outcomes.ResultsThere was a mean reduction of 79% in outcomes when comparing SLOs to CLOs. The number of mapping connections between CLOs and the reference set reduced in three courses and increased in two, when compared to SLOs.DiscussionFrom a purely numerical perspective, changing the detail of learning outcomes has led to a change in mapping connections. As the delivered curriculum has remained unchanged, this demonstrates a potential impact of differing interpretations of learning outcomes. Further review of learning outcomes in relation to the domains categorised within the reference outcome document suggested more mapping links were obtained in clinically focused courses than academic or theoretical courses.ConclusionA demonstrable impact in mapping connections was observed when the detail within the learning outcomes was changed. This has implications for programme leaders in structuring LOs for a curriculum.
Additive impacts of experimental climate change increase risk to an ectotherm at the Arctic's edge
Authors: Davenport Jon M. , Hossack Blake R. , Fishback LeeAnn 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGlobally, Arctic and Subarctic regions have experienced the greatest temperature increases during the last 30 years. These extreme changes have amplified threats to the freshwater ecosystems that dominate the landscape in many areas by altering water budgets. Several studies in temperate environments have examined the adaptive capacity of organisms to enhance our understanding of the potential repercussions of warming and associated accelerated drying for freshwater ecosystems. However, few experiments have examined these impacts in Arctic or Subarctic freshwater ecosystems, where the climate is changing most rapidly. To evaluate the capacity of a widespread ectotherm to anticipated environmental changes, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) in the Canadian Subarctic. Three warming treatments were fully crossed with three drying treatments to simulate a range of predicted changes in wetland environments. We predicted wetland warming and drying would act synergistically, with water temperature partially compensating for some of the negative effects of accelerated drying. Across all drying regimes, a 1 °C increase in water temperature increased the odds of survival by 1.79, and tadpoles in 52‐day and 64‐day hydroperiod mesocosms were 4.1–4.3 times more likely to survive to metamorphosis than tadpoles in 45‐day mesocosms. For individuals who survived to metamorphosis, there was only a weak negative effect of temperature on size. As expected, increased temperatures accelerated tadpole growth through day 30 of the experiment. Our results reveal that one of the dominant herbivores in Subarctic wetlands, wood frog tadpoles, are capable of increasing their developmental rates in response to increased temperature and accelerated drying, but only in an additive manner. The strong negative effects of drying on survival, combined with lack of compensation between these two environmental drivers, suggest changes in the aquatic environment that are expected in this ecosystem will reduce mean fitness of populations across the landscape.
The case for increasing the statistical power of eddy covariance ecosystem studies: why, where and how?
Authors: Hill Timothy , Chocholek Melanie , Clement Robert 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEddy covariance (EC) continues to provide invaluable insights into the dynamics of Earth's surface processes. However, despite its many strengths, spatial replication of EC at the ecosystem scale is rare. High equipment costs are likely to be partially responsible. This contributes to the low sampling, and even lower replication, of ecoregions in Africa, Oceania (excluding Australia) and South America. The level of replication matters as it directly affects statistical power. While the ergodicity of turbulence and temporal replication allow an EC tower to provide statistically robust flux estimates for its footprint, these principles do not extend to larger ecosystem scales. Despite the challenge of spatially replicating EC, it is clearly of interest to be able to use EC to provide statistically robust flux estimates for larger areas. We ask: How much spatial replication of EC is required for statistical confidence in our flux estimates of an ecosystem? We provide the reader with tools to estimate the number of EC towers needed to achieve a given statistical power. We show that for a typical ecosystem, around four EC towers are needed to have 95% statistical confidence that the annual flux of an ecosystem is nonzero. Furthermore, if the true flux is small relative to instrument noise and spatial variability, the number of towers needed can rise dramatically. We discuss approaches for improving statistical power and describe one solution: an inexpensive EC system that could help by making spatial replication more affordable. However, we note that diverting limited resources from other key measurements in order to allow spatial replication may not be optimal, and a balance needs to be struck. While individual EC towers are well suited to providing fluxes from the flux footprint, we emphasize that spatial replication is essential for statistically robust fluxes if a wider ecosystem is being studied.
Watch your step: insect mortality on hiking trails
Authors: Ciach Michał , Maślanka Bartłomiej , Krzus Agata , Wojas Tadeusz 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Hiking may have a negative effect on vertebrates, but the impact on insects is unknown. Large‐scale hiking may lead to habitat degradation, the introduction of alien species and the killing of insects occurring in places visited by people.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of hiking on the mortality of insects. Randomly selected hiking trails in the western Carpathians (southern Poland) were surveyed and dead insects lying on the trails were collected. To compare the composition of ground‐dwelling insects killed on trails, insects from free‐living populations were sampled with ground pitfall traps.

The species abundance of insects killed on trails and those caught in traps differed significantly. Apart from common species, rare and legally protected insects were also found on the trails. Trail mortality peaked in July along with increasing hiking activity.

Body size did not affect mortality, at either the species or individual levels. Species mobility influenced mortality, with less mobile species being more vulnerable to trampling. Trampled insects remained on the ground for a maximum of 72 h, although 50% disappeared within 24 h.

Our results indicate that trail‐killing is, to some degree, a random process and that hiking can influence insects by the elimination of individuals. Given the total length of hiking trails in Poland (76 400 km), and the significant human impact on natural areas resulting therefrom, hiking may be having a negative influence on insect populations.
Spodoptera litura autophagy‐related protein 1 interacts with autophagy‐related protein 5 and enhances its degradation
Authors: Zhang N. , Yang Y. , Lu H. , Xiang Y. , Huang X. , Hu R. , Chen Z. , Yuan W. , Peng R. , Peng J. , Ai H. , Liu K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIt is known that the autophagy‐related protein 1 (ATG1) plays critical roles in the regulation of autophagy in mammals and yeast, whereas the function of ATG1 in lepidopteran insects is not well elucidated. Here Spodoptera litura ATG1 (SlATG1) and its interactions with other ATG proteins were characterized. Alternative splicing of SlAtg1 produced at least four transcript variants. Over‐expression and RNA interference knockdown of SlAtg1 demonstrated that SlATG1 enhanced autophagy. SlATG1A‐Green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged localized in the cytoplasm and formed some punctuate dots, which were colocalized with red fluorescent protein mCherry tagged Spodoptera exigua ATG5 (SeATG5). SlATG1A‐GFP over‐expression reduced the nuclear abundance of mCherry‐SeATG5 but increased its cytoplasmic abundance. Pull‐down, co‐immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that SlATG1A bound to SeATG5 through the N‐terminus of SlATG1A. The over‐expression of FLAG epitope tagged SlATG1A significantly increased the accumulation of the cleaved GFP from GFP‐SeATG5, suggesting the enhanced degradation of GFP‐SeATG5. In addition, we confirmed that the interactions of SlATG1 with other autophagy‐related proteins were conserved. These results provide the first evidence that ATG1 interacts with ATG5 and enhances its degradation in lepidopteran insect cells, which may have important physiological functions.
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and offspring attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a quasi‐experimental sibling‐comparison, population‐based design
Authors: Musser Erica D. , Willoughby Michael T. , Wright Suzanne , Sullivan Elinor L. , Stadler Diane D. , Olson Brent F. , Steiner Robert D. , Nigg Joel T. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundHigh maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) has been associated with increased risk of offspring attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, whether this effect is attributable to maternal or familial level confounds has been little examined.MethodsThe present study sought to examine these associations, utilizing data from the medical records of a health care system which treats 350,000 patients annually and a sibling‐comparison design in a sample of 4,682 children born to 3,645 mothers.ResultsWhen examining the overall maternal effect, a linear association was observed between maternal prepregnancy BMI and child ADHD [b = 0.04, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.02–0.06, p = .0003], such that a one‐unit (i.e. 1 kg/m2) increase in prepregnancy BMI was associated with a 4% increase in the odds of ADHD (exp b = 1.04). However, when the model was reparameterized to take full advantage of the sibling design to allow for the examination of both maternal and child‐specific effects, the child‐specific prepregnancy BMI effect was not reliably different from zero (b = −0.08, 95% CI = −0.23 to 0.06, p = .24). In contrast, at the maternal‐level, average prepregnancy BMI was a reliably non‐zero predictor of child ADHD (b = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.02–0.06, p < .0001) with each one‐unit increase in maternal prepregnancy BMI associated with a 4.2% increase in the odds of ADHD (exp b = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.02–1.06).ConclusionsThe association between maternal prepregnancy BMI and offspring ADHD may be better accounted for by familial or maternal confounds rather than a direct causal effect of BMI.