bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Environment Tests of a High-Speed Aircraft Cockpit
Authors: Hughes T. L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis paper describes rig tests made to evaluate the effectiveness of the cockpit insulation and cooling system of a high-speed aircraft.The tests showed the dependence of cockpit internal temperature distribution and heat pick-up on the cooling air mass flow and inlet temperature. Analysis of the test data showed that there was considerable heat leakage into the cockpit; the heat leakage increased with cooling air flow and constituted two-thirds of the heat entering the cockpit when the air flow was moderately high (20 lb/min). Some of the leakage heat entered the cockpit through equipment mountings but it was evident that other leakage paths existed. One more obvious heat leakage path, at the canopy, is illustrated.The tests also showed that the internal heat transfer coefficient increased with air flow, reaching a value of 2·5 C.H.U./hr ft2°C when the flow was 20 lb/min.
Compressible Radial Flow Between Parallel Discs
Authors: Moller P. S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA combined experimental and theoretical study has been made of radial compressible flow without swirl between parallel discs when the fluid velocity is everywhere subsonic. It constitutes an extension of a previous analysis, wherein the flow was considered to be incompressible.A similarity solution for the radial pressure distribution is shown to be possible only in special cases where certain terms in the equations of motion can be neglected. Approximate solutions are obtained for the laminar and the turbulent radial pressure distributions, using an integral momentum method. Both theories agree well with experiment. The critical Reynolds number for reverse transition is found to be approximately the same as that for incompressible flow in radial channels and circular pipes. The radial pressure level for compressible radial flow between parallel discs is found to be less than that for incompressible flow at the same mass-flow rate. The non-linear form, in pressure, of the compressible solution can be shown to account for this result.
Temporal changes in soil organic carbon and aggregate-associated organic carbon after reclamation of abandoned, salinized farmland
Authors: ZHANG F. H. , YANG H. C. , GALE W. J. , CHENG Z. B. , YAN J. H. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted to quantify changes in soil aggregation and aggregate-associated soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration 1, 3, 5 and 10 years after abandoned, salinized land in the Manasi River Basin was reclaimed for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.). Results showed that reclamation significantly increased SOC concentrations and SOC stocks. Specifically, 10 years of cotton production increased SOC concentrations by 45% in the 0–60 cm depth and SOC stocks by 35%. The SOC concentrations and stocks decreased as soil depth increased. Reclamation time, season and soil depth had significant interaction effects on SOC. The SOC concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with available soil nitrogen and available soil phosphorus. Compared with abandoned farmland, macro-aggregate-associated (>250µm) SOC concentrations in the 0–60 cm depth increased by 47% after 5 years of cotton production and by 53% after 10 years of cotton production. The contribution of macro-aggregate-associated SOC to total SOC in the 0–60 cm depth increased by 87% after 5 years of cotton production and by 69% after 10 years of cotton production. The findings indicate that soil aggregates were more stable after abandoned, salinized farmland was reclaimed for cotton production. Furthermore, cotton production can increase SOC concentrations and sequester C in this arid area.
New Evidence on the Forward Premium Puzzle
Authors: Boudoukh Jacob , Richardson Matthew , Whitelaw Robert F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe forward premium anomaly (exchange rate changes are negatively related to interest rate differentials) is one of the most robust puzzles in financial economics. We recast the underlying parity relation in terms of lagged forward interest rate differentials, documenting a reversal of the anomalous sign on the coefficient in the traditional specification. We show that this novel evidence is consistent with recent empirical models of exchange rates that imply exchange rate changes depend on two key variables: the interest rate differential and the magnitude of the deviation of the current exchange rate from that implied by purchasing power parity.
A Rent-Protection Explanation for SEO Flotation-Method Choice
Authors: Wu Xueping , Wang Zheng , Yao Jun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe model how a rent-protection motive drives the choice of flotation method in new equity issuance between two polar cases: rights issues and cash offers. Unexpected new blockholders would emerge in control-diluting cash offers and share in jealously guarded control benefits. But rights issues help the incumbent controlling shareholders avoid control dilution and safeguard their private benefits. Under asymmetric information about private benefits, the choice of flotation method can convey information about hidden private benefits and hence firm value. Our model can explain even a negative announcement effect of rights issues, and it supports not just one but three important equilibriums.
Quadritangent spheres
Authors: Fox Michael 
Published: July 2016

Every tetrahedron has a set of quadritangent spheres, that is, spheres that touch the four planes containing its faces. In this article I discuss three questions about them.1. How many quadritangent spheres does a given tetrahedron have?2. How can we find their sizes and positions with as little calculation as possible?3. What relations exist between the vertices and points of contact that lie on anyone of the planes?
Holmes + Moriarty = Mathematics
Authors: Dence Thomas 
Published: July 2016

In the autumn of 2011 the movie Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows appeared (see [1]). It was a sequel to the Holmes movie from two years earlier. Unlike the first movie, A Game of Shadows Holmes' arch enemy Professor Moriarty featured more prominently than Holmes himself.One scene, in particular, has Holmes sizing up his opponent by making a visit to Moriarty at his university office. But in the background sits Moriarty's blackboard, filled completely with mathematical equations, symbols, drawings, and formulas. One of these deserves our special attention.
Series involving ζ(n)
Authors: Jameson G.J.O. 
Published: July 2016

Recall that for integers n ≥ 2, ζ (n) is defined byOf course, ζ (1) is not defined, since is divergent. A well-known particular value is ζ (2) = π2/6: numerous alternative proofs of this fact have been presented in the Gazette, e.g. the recent notes [1], [2].
The Steiner-Lehmus angle-bisector theorem
Authors: Conway John , Ryba Alex 
Published: July 2016

In 1840 C. L. Lehmus sent the following problem to Charles Sturm: ‘If two angle bisectors of a triangle have equal length, is the triangle necessarily isosceles?’ The answer is ‘yes’, and indeed we have the reverse-comparison theorem: Of two unequal angles, the larger has the shorter bisector (see [1, 2]).Sturm passed the problem on to other mathematicians, in particular to the great Swiss geometer Jakob Steiner, who provided a proof. In this paper we give several proofs and discuss the old query: ‘Is there a direct proof?’ before suggesting that this is no longer the right question to ask.We go on to discuss all cases when an angle bisector (internal orexternal) of some angle is equal to one of another.
Runs, strings and alphabets
Authors: Lewis Barry 
Published: July 2016

In [1] Deshpande and Shiwalkar explore the number of double heads that may appear in sequences of coin tosses. They sought to answer questions such as,‘If a (fair) coin is tossed r times, how many possible outcomes result in 0 double heads, how many result in 1 double head, …, how many result in (r – 1) double heads?’Their answer involves Fibonacci expressions. Hirschhorn [2] extended these results using generating functions which on expansion led to some closed form expressions and the statistics of their distribution. Griffiths [3] continues this theme. Another article that touches on the basic idea – a run of particular outcomes – is [4] which is also the source of other references; [5] is also concerned with the same idea.
Two girls – the value of information
Authors: Parramore Keith , Stephens Joan 
Published: July 2016

We came across the ‘two girls’ version of the children's gender problem nearly 35 years ago. How we came to it we cannot remember, but Martin Gardner had published a variant of it in the Scientific American in 1959. It re-emerged for us in the summer of 2010, following the publication of an article in Science News [1]. Subsequently Keith Devlin wrote about how this re-emergence impacted on him, and noting that ‘Probability Can Bite“ [2]. The mathematics herein reflects and extends that in Devlin's article.In case the reader has not encountered the problem before, we first pose four problems.1. A family has two children. One of them is a girl. What is the probability that they are both girls?2. A family has two children. The younger is a girl. What is the probability that they are both girls?3. A family has two children. One of them is a girl, and she was born on a Tuesday. What is the probability that they are both girls?4. A family has two children. One of them is a girl, and she has green hair. What is the probability that they are both girls?
Conics and convexity
Authors: McLean K. Robin 
Published: July 2016

In [1], W. D. Munn proved the following result.Theorem 1: Infinitely many ellipses pass through the four vertices of a given convex quadrilateral.Much of the geometry that I studied as an undergraduate in the 1950s concerned complex projective space, in which convexity plays no part. So I found Theorem 1 especially piquant and sought to understand it better. This article is the result. After examining the convexity of quadrilaterals in general, especially those inscribed in conics, I consider the following problem. Let P be a variable point in the plane, distinct from the vertices of a given convex quadrilateral ABCD. It is well known that there is a unique conic, S (P), through the five points A, B, C, D and P. How does the nature of this conic depend on the position of P? As a spin-off, we get a very short proof of Theorem 1. Finally I look at what happens when the quadrilateral ABCD is not convex. In this case, S (P) is always a hyperbola, but the distribution of A, B, C and D on its branches is still of interest.
Eigencircles and associated surfaces
Authors: Englefield M. J. , Farr G.E. 
Published: July 2016

Linear algebra has many fruitful connections with geometry. This article develops one such connection: the relationship between a 2 × 2 matrix and an associated circle which we call theeigencircle.This connection was first investigated in a previous paper of ours [1], but the present paper is self-contained, and in fact introduces eigencircles in a different way. Here we discuss some surfaces containing the eigencircle which also have a number of interesting properties and connections with the associated matrix.
Stop-sign theorems and binomial coefficients
Authors: Hilton Peter , Pedersen Jean 
Published: July 2016

Dedicated to the memory of Russell Towle, a remarkable man who contributed so much to geometry and to other aspects of the quality of life.We introduce an expanded notation where r + s = n, for the binomial coefficient , and then use this expanded notation to develop theorems involving 8 binomial coefficients, analogous to the Star of David Theorem, which. in its original form, involved the 6 neighbours of a given binomial coefficient in the Pascal Triangle (see Section 3), that appeared in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].
Isolation and characterization of Antarctic psychrotrophStreptomycessp. strain INACH3013
Authors: Lavin Paris Leonardo , Yong Sheau Ting , Wong Clemente M.V.L. , De Stefano Mario 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn actinobacterial strain with antimicrobial activity, INACH3013, was isolated from soil collected from Antarctica. The taxonomic status of the isolate was established using a polyphasic approach. The strain was identified as belonging to the genusStreptomycesbased on the scanning electron microscopic observation and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The sequence analysis revealed that strain INACH3013 is closely related toStreptomyces fildesensis(99.8%),S. beijiangensis(98.1%) andS. purpureus(97.2%). A phylogenetic tree constructed using the partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain INACH3013 and closely related strains revealed that INACH3013 fell into the same subclade asS. fildesensisandS. purpureus. Strain INACH3013 was observed to be psychrotolerant, slightly halotolerant (up to 5% NaCl) and capable of inhibiting the growth of seven Gram-negative and eight Gram-positive foodborne pathogens. The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain is KJ624755.
Submarine landforms related to glacier retreat in a shallow Antarctic fjord
Authors: Wölfl Anne-Cathrin , Wittenberg Nina , Feldens Peter , Hass H. Christian , Betzler Christian , Kuhn Gerhard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSince the Last Glacial Maximum, ice has retreated through the fjords of the South Shetland Islands leaving a valuable record of submarine landforms behind. In this study, glacial landforms and sub-bottom characteristics have been mapped to investigate the late Holocene retreat behaviour of the Fourcade Glacier and to delineate past environmental processes in Potter Cove, King George Island. The comprehensive datasets include high-resolution swath bathymetry, shallow seismic profiling and one sediment core. Moraines, moraine incisions and glacial lineations were mapped on the sea floor in the inner part of the cove, whereas pockmarks, ice scour marks and channel structures were identified in the outer part. Sub-bottom characteristics have been assigned to different acoustic facies types indicating different depositional settings. The results reveal glacial recessions as well as stillstands and potential readvances during the late Holocene. Furthermore, the sediment record indicates that the Fourcade Glacier was situated inside the inner cove during the Little Ice Age (500–100 cal yr bp).
Filmic witness to the 1964 Kitty Genovese murder
Authors: RENTSCHLER CARRIE 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThis essay examines a body of films that represent and re-enact the infamous 1964 Catherine Genovese rape and murder, helping to define the crime as a problem of bystander non-intervention exacerbated by urban living conditions and the ‘high rise anxieties’ of apartment dwellers. The moving image culture around the Genovese case tells a story about male violence against women in the city through the perspective of urban apartment dwellers, who are portrayed as bystander witnesses to both the city and to the social relations of stranger sociability in the city. Films depict the killing of Kitty Genovese, sometimes through fictional analogues to her and the crime, as an outcome of failed witnessing, explicating those failures around changing ideas about urban social relations between strangers, and ways of surveilling the city street from apartment windows. By portraying urban bystanders as primarily non-interventionist spectators of the Genovese rape and murder, films locate the conditions of femicide and responsibility for it in detached modes of seeing and encountering strangers. By analysing film as forms of historic documentation and imagination, as artifacts of historically and contextually different ways of telling and revising the story of the Genovese murder as one of bystander non-intervention in gender violence in the city, the essay conceptualizes film and filmic re-enactments as a mode of paying witness to the past.
Three-Dimensional Face Recognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Psychophysical and Structural MR Study
Authors: Lemos Raquel , Santana Isabel , Caetano Gina , Bernardino Inês , Morais Ricardo , Farivar Reza , Castelo-Branco Miguel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been associated with a high risk of conversion to Alzheimer’s dementia. In addition to memory complaints, impairments in the visuospatial domain have been reported in this condition. We have previously shown that deficits in perceiving structure-from-motion (SFM) objects are reflected in functional reorganization of brain activity within the visual ventral stream. Here we aimed to identify structural correlates of psychophysical complex face and object recognition performance in amnestic MCI patients (n=30 vs. n=25 controls). This study was, therefore, motivated by evidence from recent studies showing that a combination of visual information across dorsal and ventral visual streams may be needed for the perception of three-dimensional (3D) SFM objects. Methods: In our experimental paradigm, participants had to discriminate 3D SFM shapes (faces and objects) from 3D SFM meaningless (scrambled) shapes. Results: Morphometric analysis established neuroanatomical evidence for impairment in MCI as demonstrated by smaller hippocampal volumes. We found association between cortical thickness and face recognition performance, comprising the occipital lobe and visual ventral stream fusiform regions (overlapping the known location of face fusiform area) in the right hemisphere, in MCI. Conclusions: We conclude that impairment of 3D visual integration exists at the MCI stage involving also the visual ventral stream and contributing to face recognition deficits. The specificity of such observed structure-function correlation for faces suggests a special role of this processing pathway in health and disease. (JINS, 2016, 22, 744–754)
Evaluating the healthiness of chain-restaurant menu items using crowdsourcing: a new method
Authors: Lesser Lenard I , Wu Leslie , Matthiessen Timothy B , Luft Harold S 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a technology-based method for evaluating the nutritional quality of chain-restaurant menus to increase the efficiency and lower the cost of large-scale data analysis of food items.DesignUsing a Modified Nutrient Profiling Index (MNPI), we assessed chain-restaurant items from the MenuStat database with a process involving three steps: (i) testing ‘extreme’ scores; (ii) crowdsourcing to analyse fruit, nut and vegetable (FNV) amounts; and (iii) analysis of the ambiguous items by a registered dietitian.ResultsIn applying the approach to assess 22 422 foods, only 3566 could not be scored automatically based on MenuStat data and required further evaluation to determine healthiness. Items for which there was low agreement between trusted crowd workers, or where the FNV amount was estimated to be >40 %, were sent to a registered dietitian. Crowdsourcing was able to evaluate 3199, leaving only 367 to be reviewed by the registered dietitian. Overall, 7 % of items were categorized as healthy. The healthiest category was soups (26 % healthy), while desserts were the least healthy (2 % healthy).ConclusionsAn algorithm incorporating crowdsourcing and a dietitian can quickly and efficiently analyse restaurant menus, allowing public health researchers to analyse the healthiness of menu items.
Sweetened beverage consumption is a risk factor for depressive symptoms among adolescents living in Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Authors: Pabayo Roman , Dias Joice , Hemenway David , Molnar Beth E 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between sweetened beverage consumption and depressive symptoms among adolescents.DesignIn a cross-sectional study, adolescents were asked how often they drank soda and fruit drinks in the past 7 d. Depressive symptoms were measured using a brief adapted version of the Modified Depression Scale. Summation scores were standardized using the Z-transformation. We used multilevel multiple linear regression models to estimate the association between soda and fruit drink consumption and depressive symptoms.SettingThe 2008 Boston Youth Survey.SubjectsAdolescents (n 1878), high-school students in grades 9–12 of Boston public schools, Massachusetts, USA.ResultsCompared with those who never drank soda in the past 7 d, those who consumed soda 2–6 times/week (β=0·18; 95 % CI 0·04, 0·32) or ≥1 times/d (β=0·29; 95 % CI 0·13, 0·45) had higher depressive symptoms. Similarly, those who consumed fruit drinks 2–6 times/week (β=0·14; 95 % CI 0·00, 0·28) and those who consumed ≥1 times/d (β=0·22; 95 % CI 0·04, 0·40) had higher depressive symptoms.ConclusionsFrequent consumption of both soda and fruit drinks is associated with greater depressive symptoms among adolescents.
Manganese carbonates as possible biogenic relics in Archean settings
Authors: Rincón-Tomás Blanca , Khonsari Bahar , Mühlen Dominik , Wickbold Christian , Schäfer Nadine , Hause-Reitner Dorothea , Hoppert Michael , Reitner Joachim 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCarbonate minerals such as dolomite, kutnahorite or rhodochrosite are frequently, but not exclusively generated by microbial processes. In recent anoxic sediments, Mn(II)carbonate minerals (e.g. rhodochrosite, kutnahorite) derive mainly from the reduction of Mn(IV) compounds by anaerobic respiration. The formation of huge manganese-rich (carbonate) deposits requires effective manganese redox cycling in an oxygenated atmosphere. However, putative anaerobic pathways such as microbial nitrate-dependent manganese oxidation, anoxygenic photosynthesis and oxidation in ultraviolet light may facilitate manganese cycling even in an early Archean environment, without the availability of oxygen. In addition, manganese carbonates precipitate by microbially induced processes without change of the oxidation state, e.g. by pH shift. Hence, there are several ways how these minerals could have been formed biogenically and deposited in Precambrian sediments. We will summarize microbially induced manganese carbonate deposition in the presence and absence of atmospheric oxygen and we will make some considerations about the biogenic deposition of manganese carbonates in early Archean settings.
Examining hospice enrollment through a novel lens: Decision time
Authors: Wallace Cara L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjective:No prior studies on hospice utilization have captured information about the amount of time between when one first learns of hospice as a potential option for care and when he/she actually enrolls. Little is in fact known about this decision-making process. The present study examines hospice enrollment by exploring relationships between hospice decision time and known barriers to care.Method:This was an exploratory cross-sectional study. Pearson's r was employed to identify bivariate relationships between barriers to care and decision time for hospice care. Independent-sample t tests and ANOVA were utilized to consider differences in decision time across key variables.Results:Some 90 hospice patients, or their primary decision maker, participated in the study from a not-for-profit hospice located in the southern United States. Decision time was correlated with referral source, use of disease-directed treatment, functional status (on the Palliative Performance Scale [PPS]), age, diagnosis, income, race, and spirituality—suggesting that decision time is a pertinent variable when examining hospice utilization. Differences in decision time were found across diagnosis, race, income, and referral source.Significance of results:This study provides implications for policy and practice, particularly for clinicians faced with initial conversations about hospice care. Differences in decision time highlight ongoing needs related to overcoming healthcare disparities, the important role of including families in initial conversations, and the potential need for varied approaches to talking about hospice care based upon diagnosis. Results also highlight the need for policies supportive of concurrent care, where hospice can be accessed alongside curative care.