bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple and Blueberry Synergies for Designing Bioactive Ingredients for the Management of Early Stages of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Agustinah Widya , Sarkar Dipayan , Woods Floyd , Shetty Kalidas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractType 2 diabetes is an epidemic in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this research was to evaluate the synergistic health benefits of apple cider and blueberry juice combinations for relevance in the potential management of early stages type 2 diabetes using in vitro assays. Inhibitory activity of α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and angiotensin‐1‐converting enzyme (ACE) in the juice combinations were analyzed and correlated with the total soluble phenolic content and antioxidant activity. While the total soluble phenolic content increased with the increasing blueberry juice proportion in the juice combinations, the ACE inhibitory activity decreased. The antioxidant activity was maintained at its maximum level (50–70%) in all combinations. High α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity was positively correlated with the total soluble phenolic content. A combination of 80% apple cider and 20% whole blueberry juice had optimum anti‐hyperglycemia and anti‐hypertension properties based on in vitro assays.Practical ApplicationsApple cider and blueberry juice combination was investigated as a strategy to explore the potential health benefits for the management of hyperglycemia and hypertension associated with early stage type 2 diabetes using in vitro assays. Beverage system with high soluble phenolic phytochemicals potentially provides a higher dose of daily intake of each fruit. The presence of various phenolic bioactives in apple cider and whole blueberry juice, supported with high total soluble phenolic content, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and angiotensin‐1‐converting enzyme indicated an improvement of each fruit's functionalities through a synergistic interaction. This research resulted in the optimization of apple cider and blueberry juice combinations and could provide biochemical rationale to further improve the bioactive functionality. This synergistic whole food design may also offer effective, safe and inexpensive strategy for the management of diet‐linked chronic noncommunicable diseases such as early stages of hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes.
The emergency patient's participation in medical decision‐making
Authors: Wang Li‐Hsiang , Goopy Suzanne , Lin Chun‐Chih , Barnard Alan , Han Chin‐Yen , Liu Hsueh‐Erh 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesThe purpose of this research was to explore the medical decision‐making processes of patients in emergency departments.BackgroundStudies indicate that patients should be given enough time to acquire relevant information and receive adequate support when they need to make medical decisions. It is difficult to satisfy these requirements in emergency situations. Limited research has addressed the topic of decision‐making among emergency patients.DesignThis qualitative study used a broadly defined grounded theory approach to explore decision‐making in an emergency department in Taiwan.MethodsThirty emergency patients were recruited between June and December 2011 for semi‐structured interviews that were audio‐taped and transcribed verbatim.ResultsThe study identified three stages in medical decision‐making by emergency patients: predecision (interpreting the problem); decision (a balancing act) and postdecision (reclaiming the self). Transference was identified as the core category and pattern of behaviour through which patients resolved their main concerns. This transference around decision‐making represents a type of bricolage.ConclusionsThe findings fill a gap in knowledge about the decision‐making process among emergency patients.Relevance to clinical practiceThe results inform emergency professionals seeking to support patients faced with complex medical decision‐making and suggest an emphasis on informed patient decision‐making, advocacy, patient‐centred care and in‐service education of health staff.
Lower prevalence but similar fitness in a parasitic fungus at higher radiation levels near Chernobyl
Authors: Aguileta Gabriela , Badouin Helene , Hood Michael E. , Møller Anders P. , Le Prieur Stephanie , Snirc Alodie , Siguenza Sophie , Mousseau Timothy A. , Shykoff Jacqui A. , Cuomo Christina A. , Giraud Tatiana 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNuclear disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima provide examples of effects of acute ionizing radiation on mutations that can affect the fitness and distribution of species. Here, we investigated the prevalence of Microbotryum lychnidis‐dioicae, a pollinator‐transmitted fungal pathogen of plants causing anther‐smut disease in Chernobyl, its viability, fertility and karyotype variation, and the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations in its genome. We collected diseased flowers of Silene latifolia from locations ranging by more than two orders of magnitude in background radiation, from 0.05 to 21.03 μGy/h. Disease prevalence decreased significantly with increasing radiation level, possibly due to lower pollinator abundance and altered pollinator behaviour. Viability and fertility, measured as the budding rate of haploid sporidia following meiosis from the diploid teliospores, did not vary with increasing radiation levels and neither did karyotype overall structure and level of chromosomal size heterozygosity. We sequenced the genomes of twelve samples from Chernobyl and of four samples collected from uncontaminated areas and analysed alignments of 6068 predicted genes, corresponding to 1.04 × 107 base pairs. We found no dose‐dependent differences in substitution rates (neither dN, dS, nor dN/dS). Thus, we found no significant evidence of increased deleterious mutation rates at higher levels of background radiation in this plant pathogen. We even found lower levels of nonsynonymous substitution rates in contaminated areas compared to control regions, suggesting that purifying selection was stronger in contaminated than uncontaminated areas. We briefly discuss the possibilities for a mechanistic basis of radio resistance in this nonmelanized fungus.
Effect of hyaluronic acid on bone formation in the expanded interpremaxillary suture in rats
Authors: Sadikoglu T. B. , Nalbantgil D. , Ulkur F. , Ulas N. 
Published: May 2016

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the histomorphometric effects of different molecular weight hyaluronic acid on bone formation in rats after expansion of the interpremaxillary suture.Material and MethodsTwenty‐four male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Each group was subjected to expansion for 5 days and retention for 10 days. Group 1 received 50 μl of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA), group 2 received 50 μl of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMWHA), and the control group received same amount of saline solution to the interpremaxillary suture. Ten days after injection, the rats were killed and their maxillas dissected. For the histomorphometric evaluation, blocks were serially sectioned at 10‐μm intervals. Sections were stained with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) and evaluated with image analysis software. Bone area (μm²) (BA), bone perimeter of suture borders (μm) (BP), and ratio of osteoblast cells and capillary cells to BA and BP parameters were evaluated.ResultsHMWHA showed a statistically higher ratio of osteoblast and capillary cell scores compared with the LMWHA and control groups (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in between LMWHA and control groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsLocal injection of HMWHA in the interpremaxillary suture after rapid maxillary expansion stimulated new bone formation, which may shorten the retention period and may reduce the risk of relapse. LMWHA has no effect on bone formation in interpremaxillary suture.
Subgenome‐specific assembly of vitamin E biosynthesis genes and expression patterns during seed development provide insight into the evolution of oat genome
Authors: Gutierrez‐Gonzalez Juan J. , Garvin David F. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryVitamin E is essential for humans and thus must be a component of a healthy diet. Among the cereal grains, hexaploid oats (Avena sativa L.) have high vitamin E content. To date, no gene sequences in the vitamin E biosynthesis pathway have been reported for oats. Using deep sequencing and orthology‐guided assembly, coding sequences of genes for each step in vitamin E synthesis in oats were reconstructed, including resolution of the sequences of homeologs. Three homeologs, presumably representing each of the three oat subgenomes, were identified for the main steps of the pathway. Partial sequences, likely representing pseudogenes, were recovered in some instances as well. Pairwise comparisons among homeologs revealed that two of the three putative subgenome‐specific homeologs are almost identical for each gene. Synonymous substitution rates indicate the time of divergence of the two more similar subgenomes from the distinct one at 7.9–8.7 MYA, and a divergence between the similar subgenomes from a common ancestor 1.1 MYA. A new proposed evolutionary model for hexaploid oat formation is discussed. Homeolog‐specific gene expression was quantified during oat seed development and compared with vitamin E accumulation. Homeolog expression largely appears to be similar for most of genes; however, for some genes, homoeolog‐specific transcriptional bias was observed. The expression of HPPD, as well as certain homoeologs of VTE2 and VTE4, is highly correlated with seed vitamin E accumulation. Our findings expand our understanding of oat genome evolution and will assist efforts to modify vitamin E content and composition in oats.
Identification of a Chlamydomonas plastidial 2‐lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase and its use to engineer microalgae with increased oil content
Authors: Yamaoka Yasuyo , Achard Dorine , Jang Sunghoon , Legéret Bertrand , Kamisuki Shogo , Ko Donghwi , Schulz‐Raffelt Miriam , Kim Yeongho , Song Won‐Yong , Nishida Ikuo , Li‐Beisson Yonghua , Lee Youngsook 
Published: May 2016

SummaryDespite a strong interest in microalgal oil production, our understanding of the biosynthetic pathways that produce algal lipids and the genes involved in the biosynthetic processes remains incomplete. Here, we report that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cre09.g398289 encodes a plastid‐targeted 2‐lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (CrLPAAT1) that acylates the sn‐2 position of a 2‐lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid, the first common precursor of membrane and storage lipids. In vitro enzyme assays showed that CrLPAAT1 prefers 16:0‐CoA to 18:1‐CoA as an acyl donor. Fluorescent protein‐tagged CrLPAAT1 was localized to the plastid membrane in C. reinhardtii cells. Furthermore, expression of CrLPAAT1 in plastids led to a > 20% increase in oil content under nitrogen‐deficient conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CrLPAAT1 is an authentic plastid‐targeted LPAAT in C. reinhardtii, and that it may be used as a molecular tool to genetically increase oil content in microalgae.
Efficient Degradation of Aqueous Rhodamine B Irradiation Under Indoor Light Using a SiO2–Hypocrellin B Complex
Authors: Zhang Jucheng , Yan Heping , Chen Yashun , Chen Rui , He Ying , Liu Wei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn efficient method for the degradation of the dye Rhodamine B (RhB) is reported. A SiO2–hypocrellin B (SiO2–HB) complex was found to work as a catalyst to degrade RhB in aqueous solution at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, over the pH range 1–10, under indoor light conditions. This method is capable of removing 82.68% of RhB within 20 min at pH 9. The SiO2–HB complex was characterized by both scanning electron microscopy and surface area analysis. The reaction progress was examined using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and UV–visible spectroscopy. This process represents an efficient means of decontaminating dye‐containing wastewaters in either highly acidic or weakly alkaline environments.
Transfer RNA maturation in Chlamydomonas mitochondria, chloroplast and the nucleus by a single RNase P protein
Authors: Bonnard Géraldine , Gobert Anthony , Arrivé Mathilde , Pinker Franziska , Salinas‐Giegé Thalia , Giegé Philippe 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe maturation of tRNA precursors involves the 5′ cleavage of leader sequences by an essential endonuclease called RNase P. Beyond the ancestral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) RNase P, a second type of RNase P called PRORP (protein‐only RNase P) evolved in eukaryotes. The current view on the distribution of RNase P in cells is that multiple RNPs, multiple PRORPs or a combination of both, perform specialised RNase P activities in the different compartments where gene expression occurs. Here, we identify a single gene encoding PRORP in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii while no RNP is found. We show that its product, CrPRORP, is triple‐localised to mitochondria, the chloroplast and the nucleus. Its downregulation results in impaired tRNA biogenesis in both organelles and the nucleus. CrPRORP, as a single‐subunit RNase P for an entire organism, makes up the most compact and versatile RNase P machinery described in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Diverse pathways of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in algae as estimated by labeling studies and genomic sequence analysis
Authors: Sato Naoki , Mori Natsumi , Hirashima Takashi , Moriyama Takashi 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPhosphatidylcholine (PC) is an almost ubiquitous phospholipid in eukaryotic algae and plants but is not found in a few species, for example Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We recently found that some species of the genus Chlamydomonas possess PC. In the universal pathway, PC is synthesized de novo by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or transfer of phosphocholine from cytidine diphosphate (CDP)‐choline to diacylglycerol. Phosphocholine, the direct precursor to CDP‐choline, is synthesized either by methylation of phosphoethanolamine or phosphorylation of choline. Here we analyzed the mechanism of PC biosynthesis in two species of Chlamydomonas (asymmetrica and sphaeroides) as well as in a red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Comparative genomic analysis of enzymes involved in PC biosynthesis indicated that C. merolae possesses only the PE methylation pathway. Radioactive tracer experiments using [32P]phosphate showed delayed labeling of PC with respect to PE, which was consistent with the PE methylation pathway. In Chlamydomonas asymmetrica, labeling of PC was detected from the early time of incubation with [32P]phosphate, suggesting the operation of phosphoethanolamine methylation pathway. Genomic analysis indeed detected the genes for the phosphoethanolamine methylation pathway. In contrast, the labeling of PC in C. sphaeroides was slow, suggesting that the PE methylation pathway was at work. These results as well as biochemical and computational results uncover an unexpected diversity of the mechanisms for PC biosynthesis in algae. Based on these results, we will discuss plausible mechanisms for the scattered distribution of the ability to biosynthesize PC in the genus Chlamydomonas.
Evolutionary trajectory of phytoalexin biosynthetic gene clusters in rice
Authors: Miyamoto Koji , Fujita Masahiro , Shenton Matthew R. , Akashi Shota , Sugawara Chizu , Sakai Arisa , Horie Kiyotaka , Hasegawa Morifumi , Kawaide Hiroshi , Mitsuhashi Wataru , Nojiri Hideaki , Yamane Hisakazu , Kurata Nori , Okada Kazunori , Toyomasu Tomonobu 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPlants frequently possess operon‐like gene clusters for specialized metabolism. Cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, produces antimicrobial diterpene phytoalexins represented by phytocassanes and momilactones, and the majority of their biosynthetic genes are clustered on chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively. These labdane‐related diterpene phytoalexins are biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent‐copalyl diphosphate or syn‐copalyl diphosphate. The two gene clusters consist of genes encoding diterpene synthases and chemical‐modification enzymes including P450s. In contrast, genes for the biosynthesis of gibberellins, which are labdane‐related phytohormones, are scattered throughout the rice genome similar to other plant genomes. The mechanism of operon‐like gene cluster formation remains undefined despite previous studies in other plant species. Here we show an evolutionary insight into the rice gene clusters by a comparison with wild Oryza species. Comparative genomics and biochemical studies using wild rice species from the AA genome lineage, including Oryza barthii, Oryza glumaepatula, Oryza meridionalis and the progenitor of Asian cultivated rice Oryza rufipogon indicate that gene clustering for biosynthesis of momilactones and phytocassanes had already been accomplished before the domestication of rice. Similar studies using the species Oryza punctata from the BB genome lineage, the distant FF genome lineage species Oryza brachyantha and an outgroup species Leersia perrieri suggest that the phytocassane biosynthetic gene cluster was present in the common ancestor of the Oryza species despite the different locations, directions and numbers of their member genes. However, the momilactone biosynthetic gene cluster evolved within Oryza before the divergence of the BB genome via assembly of ancestral genes.
Imprinted gene OsFIE1 modulates rice seed development by influencing nutrient metabolism and modifying genome H3K27me3
Authors: Huang Xiaolong , Lu Zhanhua , Wang Xin , Ouyang Yidan , Chen Wei , Xie Koulong , Wang Dongying , Luo Min , Luo Jie , Yao Jialing 
Published: May 2016

SummaryImprinted Polycomb group (PcG) genes play a critical role in seed development in Arabidopsis. However, the role of the imprinted gene in cereal plants remains obscure. Here, a transgenic approach was conducted to study the function of the imprinted gene Oryza sativa Fertilization‐Independent Endosperm 1 (OsFIE1) during seed development in rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica ‘ZhongHua11’). RNAi of OsFIE1 and homozygous T‐DNA insertion mutant osfie1 led to smaller seeds, delayed embryo development, smaller aleurone layer cells, and decreased seed set rate. OsFIE1 was specifically expressed in endosperm, and mRNA of OsFIE1 was also enriched in the inner seed coat together with the corresponding PcG members OsiEZ1 and OsCLF. Meanwhile, the contents of seed storage proteins and Ile, Leu, and Val were decreased, accompanied by the down‐regulation of multiple transcription factors, storage protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism‐related genes in OsFIE1‐RNAi lines and osfie1. Western blot analysis showed that the complex OsFIE1–PcG in endosperm regulated the expression of target genes by genome H3K27me3 modification. We conclude that the OsFIE1–PcG complex, which was enriched in the inner seed coat and endosperm linked the development of embryo and endosperm by influencing transcription factors and nutrient metabolism and induced a highly differential effect when compared with the OsFIE2–PcG complex.
Detection of synchronous primary tumours and previously undetected metastases in 736 dogs with neoplasia undergoingCTscans for diagnostic, staging and/or radiation treatment planning purposes
Authors: Magestro L. M. , Gieger T. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to describe synchronous primary tumours and previously undetected metastases in 736 dogs with confirmed neoplasia in which computed tomography (CT) scans were performed for diagnostic, staging and/or radiation treatment planning purposes. AllCTswere reviewed by a radiologist. Tumour‐associatedCTabnormalities were detected in 38/736 (5%), including confirmed or suspected synchronous primary neoplasms (n = 24), metastases of the primary tumour (n = 9) or both (n = 3). In lymph nodes (LN) that were considered abnormal onCTscan and were aspirated, 23% contained metastasis, and 6% of ‘normal’ appearingLNthat were aspirated contained metastasis. Thorough evaluation ofCTsand routine aspiration of regionalLNare critical because results affect recommendations to perform additional staging tests and treatment for the primary and secondary tumour(s).
Multi-Ligamentous Knee Injury in Sports Involving Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Patellar Tendon Disruption: A Review of Case Reports
Authors: Malvasi Steven , Gloyeske Brian , Johnson Matthew , Miller Timothy 
Published: May 2016

Background:Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most common orthopedic injuries in the United States, while injury to the patellar tendon (PT) is less common. A combined rupture to the ACL and PT is consequentially uncommon and increases the difficulty of a correct initial diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to critically appraise the current peer-reviewed literature regarding multi-ligamentous knee injuries (MLKI) in sport.Methods:A systematic review was undertaken to identify all relevant peer-reviewed articles regarding MLKI from March 1980 to January 2015. All articles pertaining to simultaneous rupture of the ACL and PT were included for review.Results:A total of 27 cases presented in 15 articles were used. Findings suggest that the combination of a palpable gap over the PT, a positive Lachman test, inability to complete terminal knee extension, and a superior position of the patella are clinical examination markers for a possible MLKI involving the ACL and PT.Conclusion:Simultaneous rupture to the ACL and PT is incredibly rare within the sport population, making diagnosis and treatment of such injury challenging. A thorough examination of the extensor mechanism of the knee is important in making the proper diagnosis.
Landing Technique Improvements After an Aquatic-Based Neuromuscular Training Program in Physically Active Women
Authors: Scarneo Samantha E. , Root Hayley J. , Martinez Jessica C. , Denegar Craig , Casa Douglas J. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Dann Catie L. , Aerni Giselle A. , DiStefano Lindsay J. 
Published: May 2016

Context:Neuromuscular training programs (NTPs) improve landing technique and decrease vertical ground-reaction forces (VGRFs), resulting in injury-risk reduction. NTPs in an aquatic environment may elicit the same improvements as land-based programs with reduced joint stress.Objective:To examine the effects of an aquatic NTP on landing technique as measured by the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) and VGRFs, immediately and 4 mo after the intervention.Design and Setting:Repeated measures, pool and laboratory.Participants:Fifteen healthy, recreationally active women (age 21 ± 2 y, mass 62.02 ± 8.18 kg, height 164.74 ± 5.97 cm) who demonstrated poor landing technique (LESS-Real Time > 4).Interventions:All participants completed an aquatic NTP 3 times/wk for 6 wk.Main Outcome Measures:Participants’ landing technique was evaluated using a jump-landing task immediately before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 4 mo after (RET) the intervention period. A single rater, blinded to time point, graded all videos using the LESS, which is a valid and reliable movement-screening tool. Peak VGRFs were measured during the stance phase of the jump-landing test. Repeated-measure analyses of variance with planned comparisons were performed to explore differences between time points.Results:LESS scores were lower at POST (4.46 ± 1.69 errors) and at RET (4.2 ± 1.72 errors) than at PRE (6.30 ± 1.78 errors) (P < .01). No significant differences were observed between POST and RET (P > .05). Participants also landed with significantly lower peak VGRFs (P < .01) from PRE (2.69 ± .72 N) to POST (2.23 ± .66 N).Conclusions:The findings introduce evidence that an aquatic NTP improves landing technique and suggest that improvements are retained over time. These results show promise of using an aquatic NTP when there is a desire to reduce joint loading, such as early stages of rehabilitation, to improve biomechanics and reduce injury risk.