Virtual Measurement Value during Start Up of Major Offshore Projects
Authors: Cramer Ron , Griffiths William Neil , Kinghorn Paul , Schotanus Dave , Brutz John M. , Mueller Klaus 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
How can you effectively manage the wells if you do not continuously know what they are producing? This is even more the case when the wells are being started-up for the first time.
FieldWare Production Universe (PU) is Shell's real time well Virtual Flow Measurement (VFM) tool, which is running on 60% of Shell's global production and has enabled significant added value in the areas of real time surveillance and optimization. Production Universe has now been applied in the start-up of a number of Shell offshore projects in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of this paper is to describe PU added value that has been achieved in the following areas of these project start-ups under transient and steady state operations:"Provision of well flow estimates from the very start of commissioning for early indications of well/reservoir performance"Provision of well flow estimates from the very start of commissioning for more accurate hydrocarbon accounting/allocation;"Calculation of gas flaring volumes from the very start of commissioning, again for more accurate hydrocarbon accounting and GHG emissions;"Replacing wet gas flow meters on individual offshore wells with equivalent virtual flow meters, hence saving significant CAPEX and OPEX;"Replacing offshore bulk flow measurement for total platform gas and liquid exports with the sum of the aforementioned well virtual flow estimate, again saving significant CAPEX;"Control of corrosion/hydrate prevention chemical injection ppm based on well flow estimates resulting in enhanced pipeline integrity and chemicals OPEX savings

Introduction and background
Shell has had a number of large upstream, offshore projects recently in various stages of start-up and/or commissioning. These projects are critical in terms of large capital investment, reserves contribution and degree of difficulty (very deep water, subsea processing, long subsea multiphase pipelines, feeding large onshore gas plants etc.). Hence it is imperative to start-up the processes as quickly and efficiently as possible and yet maintain the highest possible standards of technical integrity, safety and environmental impact. Key aspects for efficient/effective project start-up are well/reservoir surveillance and hydrocarbon accounting - it is important to know how much the wells are producing and the composition of the fluid streams, for maximum production, flow assurance, asset technical integrity and accounting purposes. Ideally this would be achieved by using Multi-phase Flow Meters on each of the wells to physically and continuously measure the oil, gas and water flows, or by routing the wells to the Test Separator as they are progressively started-up. However, MFMs may not have been installed for all wells, and for wells that have them, they are usually not commissioned at the time of well start-up ?? MFM commissioning requires fluid samples from the wells - for subsea wells sampling is usually done robotically and at a later start-up stage. However, Virtual Flow Meters (VFMs) can be operational from the very start of production. Similarly, test separators may not be commissioned at the time of initial well production and if they are operational they are not suitable for tracking production from multiple wells.
Hence, VFM is of significant value for well/reservoir surveillance and hydrocarbon accounting from the first instance of start-up, up to the time when MFMs are effectively commissioned and thereafter as effective insurance in case of individual meter failure. VFMs have also been used for the following:"replacing wet gas flow meters by continuously estimating well flows, incurring significant CAPEX and OPEX savings;"replacing offshore bulk flow measurement for total platform gas and liquid exports with the sum of the aforementioned well virtual flow estimates, again saving significant CAPEX and OPEX;"continuous calculation of gas flaring volumes from the very start of commissioning, again for more accurate hydrocarbon accounting (ref 8);"continuously estimating chemical injection ppm, hence correcting for well flow changes and safeguarding pipeline technical integrity by always ensuring the right dosage;"saving OPEX by minimizing chemicals injected.
In most Shell EP operating companies a real-time software application known as FieldWare Production Universe (PU) is used for VFM, providing a continuous indication of oil, gas and water flow for all wells. PU is a data driven modeling application developed by Shell ?? the development background and operational experience within the Shell Group have been extensively described - see references 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Using data driven models, PU provides a "virtual" three phase meter for all of the wells, all of the time. An overview description of PU follows.