bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Trial of Commodore and Nylar, 1994-1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Scharf Mike E. , Bennett Gary W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A one-year field test determined the relative efficacy of a mixture of a neurotoxic insecticide + synergist + juvenoid against German cockroach populations. The Munsyana Homes, a multi-family public housing complex located in Muncie, Ind., served as the test site; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Sprays were applied using 3.8 liter compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated resulting in approximately 0.25 gal of spray used per unit; volumes of spray applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. The initial treatment consisted of a mixture of Commodore WP, Nylar, and PBO-8 at rates of 0.3, 0.187, and 0.1% AI respectively. Follow-up treatments were made at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 month after the initial treatment and consisted of Commodore at 0.03% and Nylar at 0.015%. Population levels were estimated by sticky traps. Kitchen and bathroom areas in each apartment were divided into 6 infestation zones: cabinet above and under kitchen sink, stove, refrigerator, utility room, and behind toilet. One sticky trap was oriented horizontally in each zone. Trap catch was recorded after 24 h; a minimum pretreatment count of 2 cockroaches per trap was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Seventeen apartments were used, but posttreatment counts varied. Trap sites were sampled before insecticide application (0 wk) and at intervals thereafter (0 wk, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 month). Analysis of data followed an analysis among time model. To determine whether or not a % reduction in trap catch and a % twisted-wing adults changed following treatment, a Kruskal-Wallis signed rank test (P = 0.05) was used.
Insecticide Sprays, 1994
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Kitchens in single family dwellings located in Duplin and Sampson counties, NC served as test sites. Five kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted during a preliminary visual survey were assigned to each formulation. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. All formulations were supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Self-pressurized, aerosol-type formulations and abamectin powder formulations were applied into and near cracks and crevices. Powder formulations were contained in a hand-held duster provided by the supplier. Non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated with the formulation as needed at each visit to minimize migration of German cockroaches into treated areas. Insecticide reapplications were made at 2, 4 and 8 or 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wk, depending on the formulation, and only in kitchens and other rooms where any living cockroaches were observed during postapplication tallies. The amount of insecticide applied during the initial application and reapplications and the size, temperature, and relative humidity of the kitchens were recorded. Analyses were based on % reduction of cockroaches (pre versus post treatment tallies for a kitchen). Since the area of individual kitchen floor and wall spaces varied, the active ingredient applied per kitchen was converted to a 50 m2 basis for comparative purposes. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.01 to 4.4 g and from 0.0 to 3.3 g for the reapplications. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because of partial cockroach control from the initial applications.
Laboratory Evaluations of Five New Formulations of Ascend Pt370 (Ai Abamectin) Against the Red Imported Fire Ant, 1993
Authors: Summerlin Bill , Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Cook Jerry 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Five sets of three RIFA colonies were used for testing efficacy of these baits in reducing ant populations. One set each was offered 2 g of Ascend PT370 in the following formulations: 0.011% AI (127-091), 0.0% AI (127-092), 0.011% (127-093), 0.011% AI (127-094) or 0.0227% AI (119-057). The baits, supplied by Whitmire Research laboratories, Inc. (St. Louis, MO), were placed in plastic boxes (foraging arenas). Ants were allowed to forage on the baits via paper bridges connecting their colony to their respective bait container. After 24 h of foraging, the bridges were removed, ant mortality recorded, and bait consumption determined. This procedure was repeated 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days later. Cumulative consumption was recorded.
Laboratory Activity of Spinosad on Codling Moth 1994
Authors: Larson L. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tests evaluating spinosad, the first example of the naturalyte insect control class, on the codling moth were done utilizing drenches of red delicious apple. The methods used were as follows: In the ovicide test, the waxed paper egg sheet was drenched and pinned to an untreated apple. In the ovicide-larvicide test, the egg sheet was pinned to the apple and the egg sheet and the apple thoroughly drenched with the material. Finally in residual larvicidal testing, just the apple was drenched and the egg sheets pinned to the apple after drying, and after 7 days of ageing in a UV chamber. All the tests consisted of 2 replicates and had 6 rates with Guthion as the standard. All treatments were evaluated by counting established penetrations of the larvae approximately 10-14 days after infestation. Percent control was determined by comparing the numbers of penetrations in the treatment to the untreated check.
Effect of Experimental Miticides on Phytophagous and Predatory Mite Populations, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The test was conducted in a 2-yr-old orchard of ‘Redchief’ apples. Replicate blocks were based on a pretreatment population count of European red mite. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 16 Aug. Samples consisted of 5 leaves/tree picked at random throughout the canopy. The leaf samples were kept cool until brushed with a mite-brushing machine. Samples were taken ca. weekly after treatment until phytophagous mite populations were too low to warrant further counts.
Effect of Carbaryl and Methyl Parathion on Adult Coleomegilla Maculata, 1995
Authors: Chandler L. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Carbaryl and methyl para-thion, widely used insecticides for management of adult Diabrotica spp., were evaluated to determine their toxic effect on a common maize (Zea maize L.) inhabiting adult coccinellid, C. maculata. Adults were collected from field habitats in Brookings Co., SD during the second week of May 1995. Insects were returned to the laboratory and held in 30 cm diameter X 7 cm high plastic containers containing a cotton wick water source and wheat leaves infested with corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis [Fitch]). The laboratory was maintained at 24° C and 50% RH. After 48 h laboratory bioassays were conducted using technical grade carbaryl (99%) and methyl parathion (98%). Seven dilutions of each insecticide were prepared with acetone and ranged from 0.0005 to 0.2 u.g/u.1. An acetone control was also included. Five beetles/dilution were treated topically with 1 u.1 doses applied to the ventral surface of the insect. The beetles were then placed individually into 60 mm diameter petri dishes containing an agar water source. Mortality was recorded at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after treatment. Insects were considered dead if no movement was noted after two probes with a dissecting needle. These experiments were repeated 3 times and data were combined for analysis. Data were analyzed using the POLO-PC Probit procedure (LeOra Software, 1987).
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug in Mississippi, II, 1995
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated at Mississippi State University in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 31 May in a spray chamber equipped with a single Spraying Systems TX3 hollow cone nozzle and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 28 psi and a speed of 3 mph. Carrier of the insecticides was water, with an initial pH of 8.0. Plant bugs were collected the morning of application by sweeping wild flowers with a 15 inch diameter sweep net. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the lab where leaf disks 48 mm in diameter were cut and placed in 50 x 11 mm Petri dishes with two filter papers moistened with four drops of water to keep the leaf turgid. The leaf disks were then sprayed and allowed to dry before being infested. Four leaf disks with five plant bugs each were used per treatment and replicate. The bioassay was maintained in darkness at 80° F for 24 h prior to evaluation.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residues of Spinosad, Abamectin and Bacillus Thuringiensis on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Using a leaf-disk bioassay, Spinosad DE-105 1.6% (DowElanco), Abamectin 0.15 EC (Merck & Co, Inc.) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Dipel 2X, Abbott Laboratories) were evaluated for residual effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied on 14 Jul with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five Petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The Petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residues of Azadirachtin and Bacillus Thuringiensis on Neonate Leaf-Roller Larvae, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Using a leaf-disk bioassay, azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5 F, W. R. Grace & Co.: Conn. & Co.: Conn.) was evaluated alone and in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Dipel 2X, Abbott Laboratories) for residual effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type Delicious on dwarfing roots The treatments were applied on 10 Aug at rates listed in the table with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray ot approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 7 and 14 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five Petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The Petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Leaves were collected from the treated trees after 7 d and added to the Petri dishes for a fresh food source. All surviving larvae at 14 d were transferred to 3-¼ oz portion cups (Prairie Packaging, S-300) containing artificial leafroller diet. The number surviving to adult, as well as the number that died as larva or pupa and whether or not the leafroller was deformed, was recorded.
Bioassay, Effect of Azadirachtin on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5 F, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn) was evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for its effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amount of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amount (approximately 2 u.1) of wetting agent, Latron B-1956, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1 - to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The Petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were stored inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. All surviving larvae at 14 d were preserved in alcohol and head capsule widths measured to determine possible sublethal treatment effects. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Laboratory Residual Activity Of Spinosad On The Migratory Grasshopper, 1994
Authors: Larson L. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The activity of spinosad, the first of the naturalyte control class, was evaluated against the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes by treating wheat seedlings with DeVilbis sprays of liquids or 0.3 gms. of bran bait per replicate on the surface of the pot. The bran baits were formulated utilizing technical materials deliveredin acetone and mixed throughout with commercial bran flakes. For this test, 3 replicates of 5, 2nd instar grasshoppers were used per rate and 6 rates were evaluated. Chlorpyrifo was used as the standard either as a Lorsban 4E spray or as a chlorpyrifos bran mixture. The number of dead nymphs was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 108 hours.
Apple, Tests of Insecticides Against White Apple Leafhoppers, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied dilute to runoff with a handgun sprayer (450 psi) to single tree plots of ‘Northern Spy’ apples, which were 9 ft high and planted at a spacing of 17 by 28 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a RCB design. Treatments were applied on 16 Aug, when most of the nymphs from the second generation of WALH had hatched, but before the emergence of adults. WALH nymphs and adults were counted on 25 randomly selected older spur leaves in each replication on 18 Aug (2 days post-treatment) and again on 21 Aug to compare the effectiveness of the treatments.
Effect of Spinosad, Neemix and Agri-Mek on Second Generation Western Tentiform Leafminer, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The test was conducted in a 4-yr-old ‘Fuji’ orchard in Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were sprayed to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at ca. 250 psi. There were buffer rows between each row containing treated trees, and at least one buffer tree between any two treatment trees within a row. Treatments were timed for three points in the phenological development of leafminers: 1st sapfeeder (1st SF), applied 20 Jun; 10% tissue feeder (TF), the current standard timing, applied 26 Jun; and 1st pupae, applied 4 Jul. Phenological samples (dissection of mines to determine the percentage in each stage) were taken twice weekly to determine the correct timing for pesticide applications. Population samples were taken ca. weekly.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1995
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Conn Bart , Field Michelle 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in 4 miniblocks, each ⅓ acre, of 17-yr-old trees on Halford rootstock. Trees measured 11 ft. in height and 13.5 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single miniblock (36 trees) for each of 4 treatments. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates [stages] of application were 25 Apr [petal fall (PF)], 8 May [shuck split (SS)], 22 May [shuck fall (SF)], 5 Jun [first cover (1C)], 19 Jun [second cover (2C)J, 3 Jul [third cover (3C)J, 17 Jul [fourth cover (4C)|, and 31 Jul [fifth cover (5C)[. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Rovral, and Topsin-M. Treatments were evaluated by counting insects or assessing injury on 5 single-tree replications in the center rows of each miniblock. GPA control was evaluated by counting colonies/tree. Control of OFM and catfacing insects was determined by scoring (for injury) 100 picked fruit from each tree replicate harvested on 21 Aug.
Peach, Airblast Insecticide Evaluation for Ofm Control, 1995
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Cresthaven’, 1 replicate of ‘Redhaven’, and 3 replicates of ‘Sunhigh’. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 11 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 55 GPA, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates can be found in the first table. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Microthiol Special, Rovral 4F and Indar 75WSP). OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 5 min examination. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring (for injury) 100 mature peaches from each tree. The sampling date for the various cultivars was as follows: 27 Jul (‘Redhaven’), 14 Aug (‘Sunhigh’) and 29 Aug (‘Cresthaven’). Please note the sampling dates as related to the various dates of application since some cvs did not receive the full complement of sprays. Larvae found feeding internally on pick samples were collected and identified by treatment.
Effect of Rate and Timing of Biorational Materials for Control of Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Nymphs, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The test was conducted in a mature apple orchard (several strains of ‘Delicious’) at the Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA. Treatments were replicated 4 times, with each replicate consisting of a single tree. The experimental design was a RCB, using pre-treatment WALH populations as the blocking factor. The experimental treatments (three types of horticultural mineral oil and Neemix, a neem product) were applied at various rates and timings. The timings were selected based on previous experience of WALH phenology. The late Jul timing (27 Jul) coincides with the appearance of the 4th instars, while the mid-Aug timing (14 Aug) coincides with the first appearance of adults of the second generation. Pesticides were applied with a handgun sprayer to the point of drip. WALH populations were sampled ca. weekly by counting in situ all live nymphs on 20 leaves per tree, distributed throughout the tree canopy.
Grape, Season-Long Broad-Spectrum Control, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature (15-yr old) cv. ‘Concord’ grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 gpa using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Bayleton, Nova and Penncozeb were applied separately to all treatments. Treatments were arranged in a CRD of single 50 foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. All insecticide treatments were applied on the following dates: 16 Jun (Bloom), 3 Jul (3C), 17 Jul (4C), 29 Jul (5C), 9 Aug (6C), 21 Aug (7C), 2 Sep (8C), and 14 Sep (9C). In each plot rose chafer and Japanese beetle adults were evaluated by counting the number of individuals present on 100 leaves. Grape leafhopper was sampled by counting the number of nymphs per 50 leaves. Monitoring for grape berry moth injury consisted of counting the number of infested clusters per 50 cluster sample. During bloom (14 Jun) precount samples were taken for all four insect pests. A post application sample for all four pests was conducted on 21 Jun. Additional insect evaluations were performed on 18 Jul (GBM, GLH and JB), 24 Aug (GBM), 6 Sep (GLH), and 11 Oct (GBM). Phytotoxicity injury was rated in the untreated control and V-71639 plots on August 16. Fifty leaves per replicate were rated as clean or damaged using the following categories: clean, 1-25% surface injury, 26-50% damage, 51-75% damage, and 76% or more of the leaf surface damaged. All samples were analyzed in MSTATC using one way ANOVA (P = 0.05). GLH counts were transformed to Log (x + 1) to satisfy homogeneity of variance criteria. Similarly, GBM percent infested clusters data were transformed using (x + 0.5). Fischer’s LSD multiple comparison procedure was performed on all samples with significant treatment effects (P &lt; 0.05).
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Erineum Mite, 1995
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A commercial ‘Riesling’ vineyard at Kingsville, OH was used in this study. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 14 Jun and 29 Jun. After counts were made on 20 Jul a third application of Sevin and Stylet oil were made. Provado was not applied at this time due to its seasonal limit. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. Plots were rated by randomly choosing 10 shoots from each plot and then examining the 10 terminal leaves of each shoot for blistering caused by the erineum mite. Leaves with visible blistering were considered damaged and counted and each shoot was rated from 0 to 10. The designation 0 representing no infestation and 10 heavy infestation.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of the Eastern Grape Leafhopper on Grapes, 1995
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In an experimental ‘Labrusca’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio, plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. On 18 Jul a pretreatment count was taken by randomly choosing 10 leaves from each plot and counting the number of leafhoppers present. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 19 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2), equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle, was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. At 2 and 12 days post treatment 10 leaves were again randomly chosen from each plot and the total number of leafhoppers present were recorded.