bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-12–Dependent Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Proliferation, T-bet Induction, and Effector Multifunction during Primary Infection Are Key Determinants for Early Immune Control
Authors: Popescu Iulia , Pipeling Matthew R. , Mannem Hannah , Shah Pali D. , Orens Jonathan B. , Connors Mark , Migueles Stephen A. , McDyer John F. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
CMV remains an important opportunistic pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation, particularly in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). LTRs mismatched for CMV (donor+/recipient−; D+R−) are at high risk for active CMV infection and increased mortality; however, the immune correlates of viral control remain incompletely understood. We prospectively studied 27 D+R− LTRs during primary CMV infection to determine whether acute CD4+ T cell parameters differentiated the capacity for viral control during early chronic infection. Unexpectedly, the T-box transcription factor, T-bet, was expressed at low levels in CD4+ compared with CD8+ T cells during acute primary infection. However, the capacity for in vitro CMV phosphoprotein 65–specific proliferation and CD4+T-bet+ induction differentiated LTR controllers from early viremic relapsers, correlating with granzyme B loading and effector multifunction. Furthermore, impaired CMV-specific proliferative responses from relapsers, along with T-bet, and effector function could be significantly rescued, most effectively with phosphoprotein 65 Ag and combined exogenous IL-2 and IL-12. Acute CD4+ T cell CMV–specific proliferative and effector responses were highly IL-12–dependent in blocking studies. In addition, we generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells using PBMC obtained during primary infection from relapsers and observed impaired monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation, a reduced capacity for IL-12 production, but increased IL-10 production compared with controls, suggesting an APC defect during acute CMV viremia. Taken together, these data show an important role for CMV-specific CD4+ effector responses in differentiating the capacity of high-risk LTRs to establish durable immune control during early chronic infection and provide evidence for IL-12 as a key factor driving these responses.
Ocular Surface Changes in Patients Treated with Oral Antidiabetic Drugs or Insulin
Authors: Çakır Burçin Köklü , Katırcıoğlu Yasemin , Ünlü Nurten , Duman Sunay , Üstün Hüseyin 
Published: December 2015

Purpose To describe and compare ocular surface changes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with either oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) or insulin. Methods Forty eyes of 20 patients treated with OAD, 40 eyes of 20 patients treated with insulin, and 10 nondiabetic controls seen at Ministry of Health Ankara Educational and Research Hospital, 1st Eye Clinic, were studied. All subjects underwent routine ophthalmic examinations, Schirmer test, tear film break-up time analysis, and conjunctival impression cytologic analysis. Patients treated with OAD or insulin and a control group were compared for tear function parameters, goblet cell density, and squamous metaplasia grade. The relation between status of retinopathy and ocular surface disorder and serum HbA1c levels of diabetic patients were also noted. Results The tear film break-up time values were significantly lower in patients treated with OAD (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in Schirmer test results of the 3 groups. Goblet cell density and squamous metaplasia grade were similar in all groups. The median grade was grade 1, in which epithelial cells are slightly larger, more polygonal, have eosinophilic staining cytoplasm, and goblet cells are decreased in number. Status of retinopathy did not seem to relate to ocular surface disorder. The serum HbA1c level of diabetic patients treated with insulin or OAD was similar (p>0.05). Conclusions Precorneal tear film stability was worse in patients treated with OAD; however, impression cytology analysis and Schirmer test results were similar in all groups.
Lady Hamilton, Nelson's Enchantress, and the Creation of Pygmalion
Authors: Hellman Jesse M. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Could Lady Hamilton, the play Nelson's Enchantress, and Stella Campbell, all connected by Vandeleur Lee and Shaw's mother, have influenced the creation of Pygmalion? Emma Lyon was born in poverty in 1765. As a girl, she was tutored in the arts and social graces by Charles Greville, a man who regarded her as little more than a project. Going on to marry an ambassador, Sir William Hamilton, she became one of the most famous women in Europe. In 1897 Shaw reviewed Risden Home's 1897 play Nelson's Enchantress, starring Mrs. Patrick Campbell and Forbes Robertson. Within months he had written of Robertson that he was planning a play for that “rapscallionly flower girl of his.” It has been long known that his remark referred to Stella Campbell. This essay shows not only that it was referencing a scene in Nelson's Enchantress, but that in Pygmalion we see similarities to Emma Hart's and Charles Greville's personalities, attitudes, and relationship. Shaw was both fascinated and repelled by women like Lady Hamilton. Did his ambivalent attitudes find a resolution in Eliza Doolittle?
That’s Not What I Bargained For: Legislative Materials, Comparative Intent, and the Nature of Statutory Bargains
Authors: Land Chris 
Published: December 2015

Statutory interpretation is quickly becoming the primary function of our courts. Ambiguity, unexpected scenarios, and drafting errors in legislation compound this challenging task, obliging many judges to turn to debate transcripts and other legislative materials in search of our elected representatives’ intent.Legislatures are intrinsically the products of the societies that create them, however, with each possessing a diverging structure and rules of procedure. These institutional differences affect bills’ drafting, consideration, and passage, and represent the mechanical process of how legislative bargains are translated into binding statutory text.Through the lenses of the United Kingdom Parliament and the United States Congress, the fundamental logic behind these institutions’ legislative bargains will be explored, assessing the impact of procedure and the interests that shape the enacting process. Parliamentary tradition emphasizes the foundational role of Her Majesty’s Government in managing virtually all legislation, maintaining a unity of purpose without compromise, amendment, or purposefully ambiguous provisions. Conversely, unique procedures and the multiplicity of veto players within Congress necessitates that compromise is a de facto requirement for passage. The diverging logic behind these legislative bargains offers powerful evidence that institutional characteristics have a dispositive impact on the utility of legislative materials in statutory interpretation.
Structure of Legislation: A Paradigm for Accessibility and Effectiveness
Authors: Onoge Elohor 
Published: December 2015

Structure of Legislation: A Paradigm for Accessibility and Effectiveness
The aim of this article is to examine how the structure of legislation can nurture accessibility and effectiveness of legislation.It explores whether the legislative drafter in carrying out the task of drafting can nurture effective communication of the policy maker’s intent to the targeted audience by making use of the structure of legislation as a tool, to ensure the legislation is accessible to the end user, and foster effectiveness.The third and fourth stage of Thornton’s stages of the drafting process – design and composition – would be examined and also Peter Butt’s types of structure, which relates to the drafting of legal documents but would be applied in this paper, to the drafting of legislation.
Ouderen als slachtoffer van criminaliteit
Authors: Akkermans M. 
Published: December 2015

Victimization and elderly people. A quantitative view on the Dutch situation
Older people are less frequent a victim of violence, crime against property, vandalism as well as cybercrime. This probably can partly be explained by the fact that elder people find themselves relatively less often in situations (think of public space, cyberspace) where the stakes of being victimized are high. Almost half of the older victims of violence know their offenders. Mostly they are from the same neighborhood. The majority of the violent offences against older people thereby occur in their everyday surroundings. Even though older people experience criminal offences less often, their attitude, the way they look at crime and adapt their behavior accordingly does – in most cases – not differ from the average Dutchman. Their fear of being victimized is equal to other age groups as is their assessment of the risk of being victimized and their behavior in avoiding unsafe places in their neighborhood.
Timab Industries S.A.: eerste ‘hybride zaak’ doorstaat eerste rechterlijke toetsing
Authors: Vinken S.M.M.C. , Jongmans M.W.J. 
Published: December 2015

Het Gerecht heeft in het arrest Timab Industries en Compagnie Financière et de participations Roullier (Timab) voor het eerst uitspraak gedaan over het hybride karakter van de schikkingsprocedure op grond van Verordening (EG) nr. 622/2008. Het hybride karakter is gelegen in de omstandigheid dat alle karteldeelnemers behoudens Timab de zaak met de Commissie hebben geschikt. In de tweede plaats is het arrest van belang, omdat aan Timab een boete werd opgelegd die aanzienlijk hoger was dan de bovengrens van de bandbreedte van boetes die haar door de Commissie in de schikkingsprocedure was voorgehouden. In dit artikel worden de overwegingen van het Gerecht met betrekking tot deze onderwerpen besproken en van kort commentaar voorzien.Gerecht 20 mei 2015, zaak T-456/10, Timab Industries, ECLI:EU:T:2015:296 (hogere voorziening verzocht: C-411/15P)
Geologic evolution of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field
Authors: Denny Alden R. , Kelley Deborah S. , Früh‐Green Gretchen L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF) is a novel serpentinite‐hosted vent field located on the Atlantis Massif southern wall. Results of 2 m resolution bathymetry, side scan, and video and still imagery, integrated with direct submersible observations provide the first high‐resolution geologic map of the LCHF. These data form the foundation for an evolutionary model for the vent system over the past >120,000 years. The field is located on a down‐dropped bench 70 m below the summit of the massif. The bench is capped by breccia and pelagic carbonate deposits underlain by variably deformed and altered serpentinite and gabbroic rocks. Hydrothermal activity is focused at the 60 m tall, 100 m across, massive carbonate edifice “Poseidon,” which is venting 91°C fluid. Hydrothermal activity declines south and west of the Poseidon complex and dies off completely at distances greater than 200 m. East of Poseidon, the most recent stage of hydrothermal flow is characterized by egress of diffuse fluids from narrow fissures within a low‐angle, anastomosing mylonite zone. South of the area of current hydrothermal activity, there is evidence of two discrete previously unrecognized relict fields. Active venting sites defined by carbonate‐filled fissures that cut the carbonate cap rock at the summit of the massif mark the present‐day northernmost extent of venting. These spatial relationships reflect multiple stages of field development, the northward migration of venting over time, and the likely development of a nascent field at the massif summit.
Gravity increase before the 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal earthquake
Authors: Chen Shi , Liu Mian , Xing Lelin , Xu Weimin , Wang Wuxing , Zhu Yiqing , Li Hui 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake (Mw 7.8) ruptured a segment of the Himalayan front fault zone. Four absolute gravimetric stations in southern Tibet, surveyed from 2010/2011 to 2013 and corrected for secular variations, recorded up to 22.40 ± 1.11 μGal/yr of gravity increase during this period. The gravity increase is distinct from the long‐wavelength secular trends of gravity decrease over the Tibetan Plateau and may be related to interseismic mass change around the locked plate interface under the Himalayan‐Tibetan Plateau. We modeled the source region as a disk of 580 km in diameter, which is consistent with the notion that much of the southern Tibetan crust is involved in storing strain energy that drives the Himalayan earthquakes. If validated in other regions, high‐precision ground measurements of absolute gravity may provide a useful method for monitoring mass changes in the source regions of potential large earthquakes.
Spatial analysis of trends in primary production and relationship with large‐scale climate variability in the Ross Sea, Antarctica (1997–2013)
Authors: Schine Casey M. S. , van Dijken Gert , Arrigo Kevin R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRecent studies have documented an increase in sea ice extent and the duration of the ice season in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. We conducted a satellite‐based study to quantify changes in net primary production (NPP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) in response to the observed changes in ice dynamics in the Ross Sea south of 60°S. Our study covers a 16 year time period (1997–2013) and incorporates both the shelf and off‐shelf regions of the Ross Sea. We observed significant secular changes in NPP from 1997 to 2013 in the off‐shelf region, with NPP increasing on the eastern side and decreasing on the western side of our study area. The changes we observed in NPP are consistent with the changes we observed in sea surface temperature (SST) and open water days (OWDs), decreasing (increasing) on the western (eastern) side of our study area. Finally, we examined the influence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), on SST, OWDs, Chl a, and NPP in the Ross Sea and observed a significant relationship between the state of the SAM and ENSO and SST, OWDs, and NPP across the study region. The response of OWDs, SST, and NPP to atmospheric forcing by SAM and ENSO was opposite for the shelf and off‐shelf regions, such that during a positive phase of SAM or negative phase of ENSO (La Niña), SST, OWDs, and NPP increased on the shelf and decreased in the off‐shelf region.
A global ground truth view of the lunar air pressure tide L2
Authors: Schindelegger Michael , Dobslaw Henryk 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA comprehensive model of the lunar air pressure tide L2 is developed on the basis of 2315 ground truth estimates from land barometers and moored buoys. Regional‐scale features of the tide and its seasonal modulations are well resolved by the in situ scatter and gridded to a 2° mesh through multiquadric interpolation. The resulting climatologies serve as an independent standard to validate the lunar semidiurnal tidal signal that is present in ERA‐Interim reanalysis products despite the absence of L2‐related gravitational forcing mechanisms in the prescribed model physics. Inconsistencies between the reanalysis solution of the barometric lunar tide and its empirical account are generally small, yet when averaged over the period 1979–2010, ERA‐Interim underestimates the 100 μbar open ocean tidal amplitude in the Tropics by up to 20 μbar and produces times of peak pressure that are too early by 10 lunar minutes. Large‐amplitude features of the reanalysis tide off the coast of Alaska, the eastern U.S., and Great Britain are evidently spurious, introduced to the analysis system by assimilating marine pressure data at an invariant reference surface instead of properly accounting for vertical sensor movements associated with the M2 ocean tide. Additionally, a credible L2 signal is documented for the ERA‐20C pilot reanalysis of the twentieth century. The fact that this model rests upon input data from mere surface observations provides an unambiguous indication that the lunar tidal oscillation in atmospheric analysis systems is closely tied to the assimilation of conventional pressure measurements from stations and marine objects.
Automated detection of unstable glacier flow and a spectrum of speedup behavior in the Alaska Range
Authors: Herreid Sam , Truffer Martin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSurge‐type glaciers are loosely defined as glaciers that experience periodic alterations between slow and fast flow regimes. Glaciers from a variety of mountain ranges around the world have been classified as surge type, yet consensus of what defines a glacier as surge type has not always been met. A common source of dispute is the lack of a succinct and globally applicable delimiter between a surging and nonsurging glacier. The attempt is often a Boolean classification; however, glacier speedup events can vary significantly with respect to event magnitude, duration, and the fraction of the glacier that participates in the speedup. For this study, we first updated the inventory of glaciers that show flow instabilities in the Alaska Range and then quantified the spectrum of speedup behavior. We developed a new method that automatically detects glaciers with flow instabilities. Our automated results show a 91% success rate when compared to direct observations of speedup events and glaciers that are suspected to display unstable flow based on surface features. Through a combination of observations from the Landsat archive and previously published data, our inventory now contains 36 glaciers that encompass at least one branch exhibiting unstable flow and we document 53 speedup events that occurred between 1936 and 2014. We then present a universal method for comparing glacier speedup events based on a normalized event magnitude metric. This method provides a consistent way to include and quantify the full spectrum of speedup events and allows for comparisons with glaciers that exhibit clear surge characteristics yet have no observed surge event to date. Our results show a continuous spectrum of speedup magnitudes, from steady flow to clearly surge type, which suggests that qualitative classifications, such as “surge‐type” or “pulse‐type” behavior, might be too simplistic and should be accompanied by a standardized magnitude metric.
A gridded global data set of soil, intact regolith, and sedimentary deposit thicknesses for regional and global land surface modeling
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , Broxton Patrick D. , Hazenberg Pieter , Zeng Xubin , Troch Peter A. , Niu Guo‐Yue , Williams Zachary , Brunke Michael A. , Gochis David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEarth's terrestrial near‐subsurface environment can be divided into relatively porous layers of soil, intact regolith, and sedimentary deposits above unweathered bedrock. Variations in the thicknesses of these layers control the hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of landscapes. Currently, Earth System Models approximate the thickness of these relatively permeable layers above bedrock as uniform globally, despite the fact that their thicknesses vary systematically with topography, climate, and geology. To meet the need for more realistic input data for models, we developed a high‐resolution gridded global data set of the average thicknesses of soil, intact regolith, and sedimentary deposits within each 30 arcsec (∼1 km) pixel using the best available data for topography, climate, and geology as input. Our data set partitions the global land surface into upland hillslope, upland valley bottom, and lowland landscape components and uses models optimized for each landform type to estimate the thicknesses of each subsurface layer. On hillslopes, the data set is calibrated and validated using independent data sets of measured soil thicknesses from the U.S. and Europe and on lowlands using depth to bedrock observations from groundwater wells in the U.S. We anticipate that the data set will prove useful as an input to regional and global hydrological and ecosystems models.
Hendrickson‐Reagent‐Mediated Conversion of N‐Boc Carbamates to Isocyanates: Applications for the Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolin‐1‐ones and Ureas
Authors: Cho Hyunkyung , Lee Jeong Ok , Hwang Soonho , Seo Jae Hong , Kim Sanghee 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn efficient method for isocyanate formation from N‐Boc carbamates was developed utilizing a Hendrickson “POP” reagent as a dehydrating agent. By using this reagent, isocyanates were formed preferentially from N‐Boc carbamates over other carbamates. The reaction could be paired with successive reactions such as Friedel–Crafts‐type cyclization and urea formation.
Untersuchung der Substratselektivität und Zusammensetzung endogener Histondeacetylase‐Komplexe durch chemische Sonden
Authors: Dose Alexander , Sindlinger Julia , Bierlmeier Jan , Bakirbas Ahmet , Schulze‐Osthoff Klaus , Einsele‐Scholz Stephanie , Hartl Markus , Essmann Frank , Finkemeier Iris , Schwarzer Dirk 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHiston‐Deacetylasen (HDACs) regulieren die Funktion und Aktivität von zahlreichen zellulären Proteinen durch die Entfernung von Acetylgruppen an regulatorisch aktiven Lysinen. Wir haben peptidbasierte HDAC‐Sonden entwickelt, die Hydroxamat‐funktionalisierte Aminosäuren enthalten. Die Hydroxamat‐Bausteine unterscheiden sich in der Seitenkettenlänge und ersetzen modifizierte Lysine an bekannten Acetylierungsstellen. Das Wechselwirkungsprofil aller humanen HDACs wurde mithilfe von drei unterschiedlichen Sätzen an Sonden analysiert, die von verschiedenen Acetylierungsstellen abgeleitet wurden. Es konnte dabei ein starker Einfluss des Sequenzkontextes auf die Substraterkennung und die Zusammensetzung der HDAC‐Komplexe gezeigt werden. Durch die Untersuchung der Acetylierung an K382 des Tumorsuppressors p53 konnten wir zudem zeigen, dass das Wechselwirkungsprofil die katalytischen Aktivitäten der entsprechenden HDACs widerspiegelt.
Ansteigende Elektronentransfergeschwindigkeiten bei zunehmendem Donor‐Akzeptor‐Abstand
Authors: Kuss‐Petermann Martin , Wenger Oliver S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractElektronentransfers können über lange Distanzen (>15 Å) erfolgen. Normalerweise nehmen die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten mit zunehmender Entfernung zwischen einem Donor und einem Akzeptor ab. Theoretischen Voraussagen zufolge sollte jedoch unter geeigneten Bedingungen die Elektronentransfergeschwindigkeit mit zunehmendem Donor‐Akzeptor‐Abstand ansteigen. Solch kontraintuitives Verhalten kann aus dem Wechselspiel zwischen Reorganisationsenergie und elektronischer Kopplung hervorgehen, allerdings ist es bislang nicht gelungen, diesen Effekt experimentell zweifelsfrei zu beobachten. Hier berichten wir über eine homologe Serie von starren Donor‐Brücke‐Akzeptor‐Verbindungen, in denen die Elektronentransfergeschwindigkeit beim Verlängern der Donor‐Akzeptor‐Distanz von 22.0 auf 30.6 Å um den Faktor 8 ansteigt, bevor eine weitere Verlängerung auf 39.2 Å eine Verlangsamung um den Faktor 188 bewirkt. Dieser Effekt ist relevant für die Umwandlung von Sonnenenergie in chemisch gespeicherte Energie.
Combining Organocatalysis with Central‐to‐Axial Chirality Conversion: Atroposelective Hantzsch‐Type Synthesis of 4‐Arylpyridines
Authors: Quinonero Ophélie , Jean Marion , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Roussel Christian , Bonne Damien , Constantieux Thierry , Bressy Cyril , Bugaut Xavier , Rodriguez Jean 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSuitably substituted enantioenriched 4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydro‐pyridines prepared by an organocatalytic enantioselective Michael addition were oxidized with MnO2 into axially chiral 4‐arylpyridines with central‐to‐axial chirality conversion. Moderate to complete percentages (cp) were observed, and a model for the conversion of chirality is discussed.