bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and correlates of needle‐stick injuries among active duty police officers in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Mittal María Luisa , Beletsky Leo , Patiño Efraín , Abramovitz Daniela , Rocha Teresita , Arredondo Jaime , Bañuelos Arnulfo , Rangel Gudelia , Strathdee Steffanie A 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionPolice officers are at an elevated risk for needle‐stick injuries (NSI), which pose a serious and costly occupational health risk for HIV and viral hepatitis. However, research on NSIs among police officers is limited, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Despite the legality of syringe possession in Mexico, half of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana report extrajudicial syringe‐related arrests and confiscation by police, which has been associated with needle‐sharing and HIV infection. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of NSIs among Tijuana police officers to inform efforts to improve occupational safety and simultaneously reduce HIV risks among police and PWID.MethodsTijuana's Department of Municipal Public Safety (SSPM) is among Mexico's largest. Our binational, multi‐sectoral team analyzed de‐identified data from SSPM's 2014 anonymous self‐administered occupational health survey. The prevalence of NSI and syringe disposal practices was determined. Logistic regression with robust variance estimation via generalized estimating equations identified factors associated with ever having an occupational NSI.ResultsApproximately one‐quarter of the Tijuana police force was given the occupational health survey (N=503). Respondents were predominantly male (86.5%) and ≤35 years old (42.6%). Nearly one in six officers reported ever having a NSI while working at SSPM (15.3%), of whom 14.3% reported a NSI within the past year. Most participants reported encountering needles/syringes while on duty (n=473, 94%); factors independently associated with elevated odds of NSIs included frequently finding syringes that contain drugs (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.98; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56–5.67) and breaking used needles (AOR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.29–3.91), while protective factors included being willing to contact emergency services in case of NSIs (AOR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.22–0.69), and wearing needle‐stick resistant gloves (AOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.19–0.91).ConclusionsTijuana police face an elevated and unaddressed occupational NSI burden associated with unsafe syringe‐handling practices, exposing them to substantial risk of HIV and other blood‐borne infections. These findings spurred the development and tailoring of training to reduce NSI by modifying officer knowledge, attitudes and enforcement practices (e.g. syringe confiscation) – factors that also impact HIV transmission among PWID and other members of the community.
Barriers to community‐based drug dependence treatment: implications for police roles, collaborations and performance indicators
Authors: Ma Yi , Du Chunhua , Cai Thomas , Han Qingfeng , Yuan Huanhuan , Luo Tingyan , Ren Guoliang , Mburu Gitau , Wang Bangyuan , Golichenko Olga , Zhang Chaoxiong 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionWorldwide, people who use drugs (PWUD) are among the populations at highest risk for HIV infection. In China, PWUD are primarily sentenced to compulsory detainment centres, in which access to healthcare, including HIV treatment and prevention services, is limited or non‐existent. In 2008, China's 2008 Anti‐Drug Law encouraged the development and use of community‐based drug dependence rehabilitation, yet there is limited evidence evaluating the efficacy and challenges of this model in China. In this study, we explore these challenges and describe how cooperation between law enforcement and health departments can meet the needs of PWUD.MethodsIn 2015, we conducted semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews with all four staff members and 16 clients of the Ping An Centre No. 1 for community‐based drug treatment, three local police officers and three officials from the local Centre for Disease Control. Interviews explored obstacles in implementing community‐based drug dependence treatment and efforts to resolve these difficulties. Transcripts were coded and analyzed with qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA 11).ResultsWe identified three challenges to community‐based drug treatment at the Ping An Centre No. 1: (1) suboptimal coordination among parties involved, (2) a divergence in attitudes towards PWUD and harm reduction between law enforcement and health officials and (3) conflicting performance targets for police and health officials that undermine the shared goal of treatment. We also identified the take‐home methadone maintenance treatment model at the Ping An Centre No. 1 as an example of an early successful collaboration between the police, the health department and PWUD.ConclusionsTo overcome barriers to effective community‐based drug treatment, we recommend aligning the goals of law enforcement and public health agencies towards health‐based performance indicators. Furthermore, tensions between PWUD and police need to be addressed and trust between them fostered, using community‐based treatment centres as mediators. The preliminary success of the take‐home methadone maintenance treatment pilot can serve as an example of how collaboration with the police and other government agencies can meet the needs of PWUD and contribute to the success of community‐based treatment.
Pre‐incarceration police harassment, drug addiction and HIV risk behaviours among prisoners in Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan: results from a nationally representative cross‐sectional study
Authors: Polonsky Maxim , Azbel Lyuba , Wegman Martin P , Izenberg Jacob M , Bachireddy Chethan , Wickersham Jeffrey A , Dvoriak Sergii , Altice Frederick L 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionThe expanding HIV epidemic in Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan is concentrated among people who inject drugs (PWID), who comprise a third of prisoners there. Detention of PWID is common but its impact on health has not been previously studied in the region. We aimed to understand the relationship between official and unofficial (police harassment) detention of PWID and HIV risk behaviours.MethodsIn a nationally representative cross‐sectional study, soon‐to‐be released prisoners in Kyrgyzstan (N=368) and Azerbaijan (N=510) completed standardized health assessment surveys. After identifying correlated variables through bivariate testing, we built multi‐group path models with pre‐incarceration official and unofficial detention as exogenous variables and pre‐incarceration composite HIV risk as an endogenous variable, controlling for potential confounders and estimating indirect effects.ResultsOverall, 463 (51%) prisoners reported at least one detention in the year before incarceration with an average of 1.3 detentions in that period. Unofficial detentions (13%) were less common than official detentions (41%). Optimal model fit was achieved (X2=5.83, p=0.44; Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) GFI=0.99; Comparative Fit Index (CFI) CFI=1.00; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) RMSEA=0.00; PCLOSE=0.98) when unofficial detention had an indirect effect on HIV risk, mediated by drug addiction severity, with more detentions associated with higher addiction severity, which in turn correlated with increased HIV risk. The final model explained 35% of the variance in the outcome. The effect was maintained for both countries, but stronger for Kyrgyzstan. The model also holds for Kyrgyzstan using unique data on within‐prison drug injection as the outcome, which was frequent in prisoners there.ConclusionsDetention by police is a strong correlate of addiction severity, which mediates its effect on HIV risk behaviour. This pattern suggests that police may target drug users and that such harassment may result in an increase in HIV risk‐taking behaviours, primarily because of the continued drug use within prisons. These findings highlight the important negative role that police play in the HIV epidemic response and point to the urgent need for interventions to reduce police harassment, in parallel with interventions to reduce HIV transmission within and outside of prison.
Policing practices as a structural determinant for HIV among sex workers: a systematic review of empirical findings
Authors: Footer Katherine HA , Silberzahn Bradley E , Tormohlen Kayla N , Sherman Susan G 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionSex workers are disproportionately infected with HIV worldwide. Significant focus has been placed on understanding the structural determinants of HIV and designing related interventions. Although there is growing international evidence that policing is an important structural HIV determinant among sex workers, the evidence has not been systematically reviewed.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of quantitative studies to examine the effects of policing on HIV and STI infection and HIV‐related outcomes (condom use; syringe use; number of clients; HIV/STI testing and access) among cis and trans women sex workers. Databases included PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts, Popline, Global Health (OVID), Web of Science, IBSS, IndMed and WHOLIS. We searched for studies that included police practices as an exposure for HIV or STI infection or HIV‐related outcomes.ResultsOf the 137 peer‐reviewed articles identified for full text review, 14 were included, representing sex workers' experiences with police across five settings. Arrest was the most commonly explored measure with between 6 and 45% of sex workers reporting having ever been arrested. Sexual coercion was observed between 3 and 37% of the time and police extortion between 12 and 28% across studies. Half the studies used a single measure to capture police behaviours. Studies predominantly focused on “extra‐legal policing practices,” with insufficient attention to the role of “legal enforcement activities”. All studies found an association between police behaviours and HIV or STI infection, or a related risk behaviour.ConclusionsThe review points to a small body of evidence that confirms policing practices as an important structural HIV determinant for sex workers, but studies lack generalizability with respect to identifying those police behaviours most relevant to women's HIV risk environment.
Topographic effects on coseismic gravity change for the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake and comparison with GRACE
Authors: Li Jin , Chen J. L. , Wilson C. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe estimate gravity changes due to coseismic horizontal deformation and inclined bathymetry (referred to as topographic effects in this study) associated with the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, using a layered half‐space dislocation model. As an approximation, we represent inclined topography with ramp‐body models in the near field of the earthquake and calculate topographic effects from both an inclined seafloor and Moho. The Moho effect partly compensates that from the seafloor. An additional contribution comes from seawater column variations as the sloped seafloor moves trenchward. Topographic effects are first‐order contributions to coseismic gravity changes for the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. After 300 km Gaussian smoothing, comparable to the spatial resolution of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), topographic effects create a dominantly negative gravity pattern with amplitudes up to 1.1 μGal for oceanic areas surrounding the epicenter. There are discrepancies between model predictions (−10.4 to +6.9 μGal) and GRACE observations (10.1 to +1.7 μGal). Errors in the adopted fault slip model and difficulties in separating coseismic and postseismic deformation may contribute to these, but topographic effects, currently neglected in dislocation models, are also responsible. Topographic effects ought to be included in coseismic fault slip and related gravity modeling for the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake and similar events in regions of steep topography.
Origin of geochemical mantle components: Role of subduction filter
Authors: Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Gill James B. , Skora Susanne , van Keken Peter E. , Kawabata Hiroshi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe quantitatively explore element redistribution at subduction zones using numerical mass balance models to evaluate the roles of the subduction zone filter in the Earth's geochemical cycle. Our models of slab residues after arc magma genesis differ from previous ones by being internally consistent with geodynamic models of modern arcs that successfully explain arc magma genesis and include element fluxes from the dehydration/melting of each underlying slab component. We assume that the mantle potential temperature (Tp) was 1400–1650°C at 3.5–1.7 Ga and gradually decreased to 1300–1350°C today. Hot subduction zones with Tp ∼1650°C have a thermal structure like modern SW Japan where high‐Mg andesite is formed which is chemically like continental crust. After 2.5–1.7 Gyr of storage in the mantle, the residual igneous oceanic crust from hot subduction zones can evolve isotopically to the HIMU mantle component, the residual base of the mantle wedge to EMI, the residual sediment becomes an essential part of EMII, and the residual top of the mantle wedge can become the subcontinental lithosphere component. The Common or Focal Zone component is a stable mixture of the first three residues occasionally mixed with early depleted mantle. Slab residues that recycled earlier (∼2.5 Ga) form the DUPAL anomaly in the southern hemisphere, whereas residues of more recent recycling (∼1.7 Ga) underlie the northern hemisphere. These ages correspond to major continental crust forming events. The east‐west heterogeneity of the depleted upper mantle involves subcontinental mantle except in the Pacific.
Multimodel comparison of the ionosphere variability during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Fang T.‐W. , Jin H. , Sassi F. , Schmidt H. , Chau J. L. , Siddiqui T. A. , Goncharenko L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA comparison of different model simulations of the ionosphere variability during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming (SSW) is presented. The focus is on the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere simulated by the Ground‐to‐topside model of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA), Whole Atmosphere Model plus Global Ionosphere Plasmasphere (WAM+GIP), and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtended version plus Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (WACCMX+TIMEGCM). The simulations are compared with observations of the equatorial vertical plasma drift in the American and Indian longitude sectors, zonal mean F region peak density (NmF2) from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites, and ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) at 75°W. The model simulations all reproduce the observed morning enhancement and afternoon decrease in the vertical plasma drift, as well as the progression of the anomalies toward later local times over the course of several days. However, notable discrepancies among the simulations are seen in terms of the magnitude of the drift perturbations, and rate of the local time shift. Comparison of the electron densities further reveals that although many of the broad features of the ionosphere variability are captured by the simulations, there are significant differences among the different model simulations, as well as between the simulations and observations. Additional simulations are performed where the neutral atmospheres from four different whole atmosphere models (GAIA, HAMMONIA (Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere), WAM, and WACCMX) provide the lower atmospheric forcing in the TIME‐GCM. These simulations demonstrate that different neutral atmospheres, in particular, differences in the solar migrating semidiurnal tide, are partly responsible for the differences in the simulated ionosphere variability in GAIA, WAM+GIP, and WACCMX+TIMEGCM.
On the predominance of unstable atmospheric conditions in the marine boundary layer offshore of the U.S. northeastern coast
Authors: Archer Cristina L. , Colle Brian A. , Veron Dana L. , Veron Fabrice , Sienkiewicz Matthew J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe marine boundary layer of the northeastern U.S. is studied with focus on wind speed, atmospheric stability, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), the three most relevant properties in the context of offshore wind power development. Two long‐term observational data sets are analyzed. The first one consists of multilevel meteorological variables measured up to 60 m during 2003–2011 at the offshore Cape Wind tower, located near the center of the Nantucket Sound. The second data set comes from the 2013–2014 IMPOWR campaign (Improving the Modeling and Prediction of Offshore Wind Resources), in which wind and wave data were collected with new instruments on the Cape Wind platform, in addition to meteorological data measured during 19 flight missions offshore of New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. It is found that, in this region: (1) the offshore wind resource is remarkable, with monthly average wind speeds at 60 m exceeding 7 m s−1 all year round, highest winds in winter (10.1 m s−1) and lowest in summer (7.1 m s−1), and a distinct diurnal modulation, especially in summer; (2) the marine boundary layer is predominantly unstable (61% unstable vs. 21% neutral vs. 18% stable), meaning that mixing is strong, heat fluxes are positive, and the wind speed profile is often nonlogarithmic (~40% of the time); and (3) the shape of the wind speed profile (log versus nonlog) is an effective qualitative proxy for atmospheric stability, whereas TKE alone is not.
Sociodemographic factors related to handgrip strength in children and adolescents in a middle income country: The SALUS study
Authors: Otero Johanna , Cohen Daniel Dylan , Herrera Victor Mauricio , Camacho Paul Anthony , Bernal Oscar , López‐Jaramillo Patricio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine sociodemographic factors associated with handgrip (HG) strength in a representative sample of children and adolescents from a middle income country.MethodsWe evaluated youth between the ages of 8 and 17 from a representative sample of individuals from the Department of Santander, Colombia. Anthropometric measures, HG strength, and self‐reported physical activity were assessed, and parents/guardians completed sociodemographic questionnairres. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and tertiles of relative HG strength. We also produced centile data for raw HG strength using quantile regression.Results1,691 young people were evaluated. HG strength increased with age, and was higher in males than females in all age groups. Lower HG strength was associated with indicators of higher socioeconomic status, such as living in an urban area, residence in higher social strata neighborhoods, parent/guardian with secondary education or higher, higher household income, and membership in health insurance schemes. In addition, low HG strength was associated with lower physical activity levels and higher waist‐to‐hip ratio. In a fully adjusted regression model, all factors remained significant except for health insurance, household income, and physical activity level.ConclusionsWhile age and gender specific HG strength values were substantially lower than contemporary data from high income countries, we found that within this middle income population indicators of higher socioeconomic status were associated with lower HG strength. This analysis also suggests that in countries undergoing rapid nutrition transition, improvements in socioeconomic conditions may be accompanied by reduction in muscle strength.
A Facile Strategy for the Preparation of MoS3 and its Application as a Negative Electrode for Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Tong , Kong Ling‐Bin , Dai Yan‐Hua , Yan Kun , Shi Ming , Liu Mao‐Cheng , Luo Yong‐Chun , Kang Long 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOwing to their graphene‐like structure and available oxidation valence states, transition metal sulfides are promising candidates for supercapacitors. Herein, we report the application of MoS3 as a new negative electrode for supercapacitors. MoS3 was fabricated by the facile thermal decomposition of a (NH4)2MoS4 precursor. For comparison, samples of MoS3&MoS2 and MoS2 were also synthesized by using the same method. Moreover, this is the first report of the application of MoS3 as a negative electrode for supercapacitors. MoS3 displayed a high specific capacitance of 455.6 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. The capacitance retention of the MoS3 electrode was 92 % after 1500 cycles, and even 71 % after 5000 cycles. In addition, an asymmetric supercapacitor assembly of MoS3 as the negative electrode demonstrated a high energy density at a high potential of 2.0 V in aqueous electrolyte. These notable results show that MoS3 has significant potential in energy‐storage devices.
Vmh2 hydrophobin as a tool for the development of “self‐immobilizing” enzymes for biosensing
Authors: Piscitelli Alessandra , Pennacchio Anna , Longobardi Sara , Velotta Raffaele , Giardina Paola 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTSelf‐assembling proteins forming amyloid fibrils are promising candidates for the fabrication of biomaterials, due to the chemical and mechanical stability of their structures. Among potential applications, their use as platforms for enzyme immobilization is rapidly gathering attention. In this work, we demonstrate that the production of the enzyme glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) fused to the class I hydrophobin Vmh2 from Pleurotus ostreatus represents an invaluable tool for the development of self‐immobilizing enzymes useful for high throughput analyses. The proposed immobilization strategy is versatile since it can be applied, in principle, to every recombinant protein able to refold from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. A GST based biosensor has been developed to quantify toxic compounds, such as the pesticides molinate and captan, in aqueous environmental samples. The main advantages of this sensor include simplicity and speed of preparation, high sensitivity, reusability, and accuracy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 46–52. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Loop variants of the thermophile Rasamsonia emersonii Cel7A with improved activity against cellulose
Authors: Sørensen Trine Holst , Windahl Michael Skovbo , McBrayer Brett , Kari Jeppe , Olsen Johan Pelck , Borch Kim , Westh Peter 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTCel7A cellobiohydrolases perform processive hydrolysis on one strand of cellulose, which is threaded through the enzyme's substrate binding tunnel. The tunnel structure results from a groove in the catalytic domain, which is covered by a number of loops. These loops have been identified as potential targets for engineering of this industrially important enzyme family, but only few systematic studies on this have been made. Here we show that two asparagine residues (N194 and N197) positioned in the loop covering the glucopyranose subsite −4 (recently denoted B2 loop) of the thermostable Cel7A from Rasamsonia emersonii had profound effects on both substrate interactions and catalytic efficacy. At room temperature the double mutant N194A/N197A showed strongly reduced substrate affinity with a water‐cellulose partitioning coefficient threefold lower than the wild type. Yet, this variant was catalytically efficient with a maximal turnover about twice as high as the wild type. Analogous but smaller changes were found for the single mutants. Analysis of these changes in affinity and kinetics as a function of temperature, led to the conclusion that replacement of N194 and particularly N197 with alanine leads to faster enzyme‐substrate dissociation. Conversely, these residues appeared to have little or no effect on the rate of association. We suggest that the controlled adjustment of the enzyme‐substrate dissociation prompts faster cellulolytic enzymes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 53–62. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.