bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of TiO2/CuTiO3/ sodium alginate nanocomposites of tuned structural, optical, fluorescence and dielectric properties
Authors: El Desouky Fawzy G , Abdel Rehim Mona H , Turky G 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on the fabrication of nanocomposites consisting of TiO2/CuTiO3/Sodium alginate, with an emphasis on investigating their structural, optical, fluorescent, and electrical properties. The composite TiO2/CuTiO3 (TO-CTO) was produced by chemical co-precipitation method then different ratios were blended with Sodium alginate (SA). Finally films of the obtained nanocomposite were prepared by casting technique. Characterization of (TO-CTO) powder using XRD diffraction revealed that there are rutile, and anatase TiO2 phases in the shape of a tetragonal hexagon. Moreover, CuTiO3 (CTO) structures in the shape of a rhombohedron could be assigned. TiO2/CuTiO3 (TO-CTO) nanocomposites were effectively integrated into sodium alginate (SA) polymers, as confirmed by XRD, ATR-FTIR, and SEM studies. The absorption spectra of the nanocomposites exhibit wide absorption bands that extend from the ultraviolet (UV) region at 260 and 389 nm to the visible spectrum and further into the very near infrared range. The optical band gap values decrease from (3.58 to 2.84 eV) as the weight fraction of TO-CTO increases in the nanocopmosite film. The photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity changes notably when nanofillers are added to the SA and PL spectra of both the rutile and anatase phases of TO appear. Moreover, emission spectra of SA in both the visible (2 to 2.8 eV) and near-infrared (1.4 to 1.54 eV) ranges could be observed, which could be ascribed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions within the alginate matrix. The rising proportions of TO-CTO oxides in the nanocomposites greatly affect the dielectric properties of the materials and the electrical properties of the TO-CTO/SA system demonstrated considerable variability. The obtained nanocomposites showed interesting UV, PL sensitivity and high dielectric constants can find applications in promising areas, such as photocatalysis, flexible emitting diodes, bio-imaging, and energy storage.
Decoherence-induced formation of sub-poissonian entangled and steerable states of collective fields
Authors: Xu Qing 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The decoherence process has a tendency to yield the evolution of a pure state into a mixed one and to cause the quantum-to-classical transition by the coupling of a system of interest to the reservoir with infinitely many degrees of freedom. This is the major obstacle to the implementation of quantum computation and hence the realization of quantum computers. We propose a scheme to create unconditionally sub-Poissonian entangled and steerable states of the collective cavity field modes by use of the dissipation process. Based on the suitable choice of combination modes, the scheme uses the inherent, efficient and controllable two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir coupled to the combination modes of concern rather than the original cavity modes in the two-level quantum beat laser. The decoherence is shown to pull the collective modes into the sub-Poissonian entangled and steerable states in the stationary regime, while the job of the dissipation of the individual cavity fields is to give rise to the degradation of the bipartite entanglement of the two individual modes and to inhibit the occurrence of the quantum steering from one cavity mode to the other. In particular for the case that the external driving field is close to the exact resonance with the atom, the collective fields are eventually prepared asymptotically in the stationary Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen state, while the two individual cavity modes are pulled into the vacuum states and reach steady state. The disappearance of the decoherence disables the nonclassical states of the collective modes, while the ignorance of the dissipation process of the cavity field modes guarantees the generation of the entanglement between the pair of individual modes. The decoherence-induced formation of a nonclassical source is ascribed to the four-wave mixing process together with the intrinsic amplitude and phase locking.
Influence of Nb2O5 additives on SiO2–Pb3O4–ZnO glasses: a physical, structural, elastic, optical, and radiation shielding properties
Authors: El-Maaref A A , E A Abdel Wahab , Shaaban Kh S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A series of zinc lead silicate glass having compositions: 60SiO2—35Pb3O4—(5-x) ZnO-xNb2O5 where (

0
≤
x
≥
5

) mol% were successfully fabricated, by applying the melt-quenching technique. The density of these glasses increased from 5.91, gcm−3 for ZSPNb-0 to 6.782, gcm−3 for ZSPNb-5. Using ultrasonic velocity (

V

L

) and (

V

T

) data from the ultrasonic technique, elastic moduli and microhardness were computed. Both (

V

L

) and (

V

T

) increased, going from 4935 to 5215 m s−1 and 2520 to 2845 m s−1, respectively. Because of these results, the glass’s elastic moduli increase, and its structure becomes more rigid. The optical description Eg, n, α
o, ε
r, χ(3), n2, M, T and further were researched. Totally, the optical considerations are persuaded by alter niobium contents in the present specimens. As the concentration of Nb2O5 in the glass increases, (LAC) is also increased, while (HVL), and (MFP) decreased. This means that ZSPNb glass with higher Nb2O5 content becomes more effective at attenuating or reducing the intensity of gamma radiation. Such enhanced radiation-shielding properties make ZSPNb glass a promising material for potential applications in radiation shielding.
Impacts of slip and activation energy on MHD hybrid nanofluid flow past a stretching radiated surface with heat generation/absorption
Authors: Dey Sudip , Mukhopadhyay Swati 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The influences of slip and activation energy on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of hybrid nanofluid over a permeable stretching radiated surface in attendance of heat source/sink have been studied.

Al

2

O

3

and Cu nanoparticles are mixed up in water to produce a hybrid nanofluid which is very important in various industrial sectors as hybrid nanofluid has wider applications in enhancing thermal efficiency to provide efficient and reliable cooling. As no one has yet searched for the collective impacts of radiative heat flux, ‘heat generation/absorption’ and ‘Arrhenius activation energy’ on MHD flow of ‘hybrid nanofluid’ in presence of slip that we are exploring in this article, this identifies the novelty of our work. Using ‘similarity transformations’, the main equations which are partial in nature are transformed to ODEs (ordinary differential equations) which are numerically solved with the assistance of ‘shooting technique and Runge–Kutta method’ using MATHEMATICA software. The outcomes of this investigation have a noteworthy impact on the physical outlook for flow field, transfer of heat and mass. Fluid velocity diminishes due to the rise of magnetic parameter but increasing nature of concentration and temperature are observed. For the rising volume fraction of

Al

2

O

3

nanoparticles as well as for rising volume fraction of Cu nanoparticles, the heat transfer coefficient rises. Momentum ‘boundary layer thickness’ diminishes for rising velocity slip. 19.694% decrease in rate of surface heat transfer is observed when volume fraction of

Al

2

O

3

nanoparticles changes from 0.01 to 0.12 whereas 24.394% decrease is noted when volume fraction of Cu nanoparticles changes from 0.2 to 0.14. The consequences of this study can be applied to many thermal systems used in engineering and industrial developments that utilize hybrid nanofluid for heating and cooling purposes.
Polymer concentration adjustment for homogeneous carbon nanofibers precursors
Authors: Yahya Fatima M , Najim Manar A , Hamza Mohammed S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction. Carbon nanofibers CNFs have emerged as an important material in many advanced applications, especially those related to high electrical conductivity. Objectives. The primary objective of this study was to prepare a homogeneous CNFs’ precursor (Polyacrylonitrile PAN nanofibers) with improved graphitization through controlling one of the solution parameters, that is, polymer concentration. Methods. Precursors of PAN nanofibers with the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs were prepared with two concentrations of 8% and 10% w/v PAN/MWCNTs to adjust the insertion and uniform distribution of MWCNTs within the PAN nanofibers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy FESEM was used to evaluate the morphology of the electro spun nanofibers and uniformity of the MWCNTs distribution within the PAN nanofibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR was also conducted to notice the interaction between MWCNTs and PAN to yield precursor with better graphitization characteristics. Results. FESEM results revealed more uniformity and homogeneity in the precursor structure with increasing PAN/MWCNTs concentration from 8% to 10% w/v. FTIR results showed increased intensity of the characteristic peaks of PAN and a new peak emerged at approximately 659 cm−1(C=C) which is potentially formed by interactions with MWCNTs and might be associated with cross-linking. Conclusion. Increased PAN/MWCNTs concentration from 8% to 10% w/v improved the insertion of MWCNTs inside PAN nanofibers and FTIR indicated the interactions between the added MWCNTs and PAN in the precursor with better graphitization characteristics.
The optimisation of the STEP electron cyclotron current drive concept
Authors: Freethy Simon , Figini Lorenzo , Craig Steven , Henderson Mark , Sharma Ridhima , Wilson Thomas ,   the STEP team
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A fusion reactor based on the spherical tokamak is very likely to be completely non-inductive for the majority of the plasma ramp-up and steady-state phases, due to the limitations imposed on the central coil assemblies by the compact design. Efficiency gains from solenoid-driven current cannot be relied upon. It is also critical that an electricity-producing plant maximises the wall-plug efficiency of its heating and current drive (HCD) system, this being one of the largest consumers of recirculating power. It is therefore essential that the HCD system is well-optimised for current drive efficiency in order to meet the goal of net electricity production. The UK’s Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) reactor design program has recently taken the decision to use exclusively microwave-based heating and current drive actuators for its reactor concepts. We present the optimisation of an electron cyclotron current drive scheme for a spherical tokamak reactor, based around the STEP concept, arriving at a solution which overcomes the limitations imposed by the spherical tokamak geometry in terms of microwave access and high trapped particle fraction. The solution uses high-field side absorption and a mix of fundamental and 2nd harmonic O mode, with overall power requirements reducing with increasing number of frequencies used. An additional fundamental frequency is also added to further boost the efficiency during non-inductive plasma ramp.
Validation of prediction capability of operating space for plasma initiation in MAST-U
Authors: Kim Hyun-Tae , Jaulmes Fabien , El-Haroun Hana , Cunningham Geof , Vincent Charles , Kogan Lucy , Scannell Rory , Elmore Sarah , Casson Francis , Henderson Stuart , Thornton Andrew , Harrison James , Litaudon Xavier , Falchetto Gloria , Lovell Jack , Lee Jeongwon , Yun Hong-Sik , Lee Yeongsun , Chen Runze ,   MAST-U team
Published: September 2024

Abstract
DYON is a plasma initiation modelling code that solves the differential equation system of the full circuit equations (plasma current, active coil currents and eddy currents in full passive structures) and 0D global energy and particle balance equations (Kim 2022 Nucl. Fusion
62 126012). In order to test the capability of the full electromagnetic plasma initiation model to predict individual discharges in experiments and thus the operating space in the device, a dedicated experimental database was built in MAST-U by scanning the prefilled gas pressure p
0 and the induced loop voltage

V

loop

. In the experimental operating space of p
0 and

V

loop

the lower and the upper limits of p
0 are determined by the plasma breakdown failure and the plasma burn-through failure, respectively. The lower limit of

V

loop

is determined by the plasma burn-through failure. By directly reading the control room data used in each discharge (i.e. currents in the solenoid, poloidal field coils, and toroidal field coils, p
0, and gas puffing rate), the full electromagnetic DYON consistently predicted the failed breakdown, failed burn-through, and successful plasma initiation discharges in the experimental database, demonstrating its capability to predict the operating space for inductive plasma initiation. The Paschen curve calculated with the effective connection length in MAST-U indicates a much higher p
0 required for plasma breakdown than the experimental data, indicating that individual field line evaluation is necessary to calculate the quantitative requirements for Townsend breakdown. The demonstration in this paper shows that the full electromagnetic DYON could be a useful simulation tool to assess the feasibility of inductive plasma initiation and to optimise operating scenarios in future devices.
Analysis of the seismic performance of a 500 kV lightning arrester
Authors: Liu Chao , Liu Jinlong , Liu Yangyang , Gao Ge , Li Cong , Li Biao , Wang Yong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
To evaluate the seismic safety of critical electrical equipment in substations and assess the porcelain equipment’s resilience against seismic hazards, a numerical simulation study was conducted on a 500 kV porcelain lightning arrester. Utilizing the seismic acceleration response spectrum within finite element analysis software, the arrester underwent modal and structural seismic response analyses to ascertain its seismic robustness. Results indicated that, when subjected to a 0.4 g seismic wave, the arrester exhibited a maximum displacement of 44.05 mm, a maximum stress of 31.70 MPa, and a minimum safety factor of 1.58, confirming compliance with standard design requirements.
An information/power fusion coordinated control framework for bipolar DC microgrids
Authors: Jiang Haiyang , Wang Zhichao , Zuo Feng , Yao Yao , Wang Panbao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this paper, an information/power fusion coordinated secondary control strategy based on power line communication is proposed to realize the full-domain current balancing and bus voltage regulation of bipolar DC microgrid. Firstly, the information/power coordinated control strategy with AC signals is designed to realize the secondary control objective by using the AC signal frequency information superimposed on the DC voltage to transmit the unified voltage feedback signal. On this basis, to address the drawbacks of insufficient system stability margin and poor dynamic characteristics when the common voltage estimate is directly used as the feedback signal, an improved feedback structure combining the estimated voltage information and the local voltage information is proposed to enhance the robustness of the system toward the communication delay. In addition, the effects of controller parameters and control strategies on the system dynamics are investigated by establishing a small-signal model of the system. Finally, a bipolar DC microgrid experimental platform is established for validation, and the results show that the proposed control strategy can realize the control objectives under complex operating conditions.
Research on the evaluation index of thermal power unit optimization results adapted to the characteristics of generation capacity and reliability prediction
Authors: Xia Qiu , Lv Jianhu , Guo Xiaorui , Zhou Jing , Geng Jian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Faced with the challenges of increasing energy demand and power system complexity, constructing a new type of power system has become an urgent necessity. As an important cornerstone of energy security, thermal power still plays a key role in the new power system. However, the increase in the proportion of new energy connected to the grid, the complexity of the market transaction mechanism, and the changes in the operation pattern of thermal power have led to significant changes in the operation mode, generation capacity, and reliability characteristics of thermal power units. The traditional evaluation methods need to be revised to meet the need to recognize the performance of thermal power units comprehensively. This paper conducts a study on the characteristics of power generation capacity and reliability prediction of thermal power units, analyses the power generation capacity of thermal power units in actual operation and the key elements of their reliability prediction, and puts forward a series of scientific and reasonable evaluation index system to provide a quantifiable result parameter evaluation standard for the performance of thermal power units.
Research on analysing demand response potential of electricity users based on ISODATA-GMM
Authors: Long Yu , Wang Yongli , Ruan Wenjun , Zhang Yunfei , Li Yiming , Duan Meimei 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the context of deepening electric power system reform, the refined assessment of user-side adjustable potential is an important foundation to support demand response implementation. In this paper, a demand response potential assessment model based on the Iterative Self-Organising Data Analysis Technique Algorithm (ISODATA) and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is constructed. Firstly, based on the characteristic indicators of electricity load, ISODATA is used to cluster residential customers and daily characteristics, and then typical data are selected and introduced into the GMM to achieve a refined assessment of demand response potential. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the method are demonstrated through example simulations. The proposed method mines the distribution characteristics and response potential of electric loads through historical electricity consumption data, thus realizing the quantification of hourly response potential.
Simulation study on optimization design of small gas water heat exchangers
Authors: Dou Jie , Wang Fude 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Gas water heat exchangers are widely used and indispensable in solar heating and hot water engineering. The high-efficiency and energy-saving of heat exchangers is a development trend. This article studies small gas-water heat exchangers and designs and improves the structure of the heat exchanger. We simulate the airflow situation of the heat exchanger and further optimize the small gas-water heat exchanger based on simulation data to improve its operating conditions, thereby improving heat transfer efficiency, reducing wear, and increasing service life.
The effect of asymmetry on the absolute instability of confined jets and wakes
Authors: Poole Ryan , Turner M R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Jets and wakes are fundamental fluid flows that arise in a wide range of environmental and aerospace applications. They are typically studied as open systems. Here we are interested in the implications of placing the jet or wake inside of another system, as well as the implications of compliant walls. In particular, the effect of asymmetry is considered on the absolute instability properties for this internal flow, when it is transversely confined by compliant walls. Two distinct cases are considered, namely the case of two compliant walls with non-identical wall parameters and the case of identical compliant walls asymmetrically located about the fluid center line. The absolute instability characteristics are identified by following special saddle points (pinch points) of the dispersion relation in the complex wavenumber plane, and the flow’s stability properties are mapped out using parameter continuation techniques. The compliant walls introduce new modes which typically dominate the stability properties of the flow, in comparison to the case of pure shear layers. In the case of symmetrically located walls with non-identical wall parameters, it was found that the absolute stability properties are dominated by the modes linked to the more flexible of the two walls. In the case of identical walls asymmetrically confining the flow, it was found that these flows exhibit smaller regions of absolute instability in parameter space, when compared to the symmetric flow configuration.
Efficient grid management: smart forecasting of short-term power load using PSO-LSTM
Authors: Badjan Ansumana , Rashed Ghamgeen Izat , Bahageel Ahmed O M , Ali I Gony Hashim , Shaheen Husam I , Tuaimah Firas Mohammed 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Recent load forecasting techniques combining machine learning models and hyperparameter optimization algorithms have shown success for short-term load forecasting (STLF) task, but they often require complex programming, higher computational costs, and greater parameter tuning. In this paper, we introduce an improved STLF model that combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for enhanced performance. In the proposed approach, the number of hidden neurons in different LSTM layers, learning rate and the number of iterations for training are optimized using the PSO algorithm. To validate the effectiveness of this method, meteorological data and historical load data from a real-world power grid are used as input. The experimental results reveal PSO significantly enhances hyperparameter tuning for LSTM neural networks, leading to improved predictive modelling. The PSO-LSTM model performed better than the LSTM model by more than 20% (in terms of Mean Absolute Error), and showed low sensitivity to hyperparameters. Comparative analysis with alternative approaches from the literature further validates the PSO-LSTM’s effectiveness in STLF. Additionally, the model achieved stable multi-step prediction capabilities, with average errors of 3.6445 for MAE, 4.6509 for RMSE, and 4.6519 for MAPE over a 1–4 day ahead lead times. This study highlights PSO-LSTM’s enhanced robustness and accuracy in power load prediction while addressing hyperparameter tuning challenges through self-optimization.
Contract’s Borderlines
Authors: Cockerill Justice 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the borderlines around contract law. In particular, it considers its relationship to tort law and equity. At present, the rules regarding the obligations of fiduciaries arise from an approach indicating that equity imposes fiduciary obligations for reasons which are normatively independent of contract. However, this fact creates tension in some places by subsuming into the moralistic starting point of equity responsibilities that are better seen as common law contractual obligations. The chapter also considers the extent of contractual estoppel, which is a part of the law of contract rather than a creation of equity.
Contract | Tort
Authors: O’Sullivan Janet 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent of concurrent liability in tort. In practice, a plea of concurrent tort liability is almost entirely driven by the different limitation rules for actions for breach of contract and for the tort of negligence. In a pure economic loss claim, breach and damage are frequently separated by a long time period, so it is common to find a claimant out of time for their contract action but not for a tort claim. The chapter then discusses the contrast between Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd and Robinson v PE Jones (Contractors) Ltd. It explains how a coherent line could have been drawn between the two cases.