bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wachstumstheoretische Perspektiven der Wirtschaftsintegration: Neuere Ansätze / New Theories on the Growth Effects of Economic Integration
Authors: Bretschger Lucas 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die wirtschaftliche Integration verändert den Wachstumspfad der beteiligten Länder durch Skalen-, Faktorreallokations- und Faktorhandelseffekte. Während die oft stark betonten Skaleneffekte das Wachstum eindeutig fördern, können durch Handel ausgelöste Verschiebungen der sektoralen Faktoreinsätze sowie internationale Faktorwanderungen die Dynamik unter ungünstigen Bedingungen beeinträchtigen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird anhand eines einheitlichen Modell- Ansatzes untersucht, welche Mechanismen im Integrationsprozess unter welchen Bedingungen das Wachstum beschleunigen bzw. verlangsamen. Damit wird die neuere Literatur zu den dynamischen Wirkungen der Integration in einem Überblick zusammengefasst.
Die Auswirkungen öffentlicher Gründungsförderung auf das Überleben und Wachstum junger Unternehmen / The Impact of Public Start-up Promotion on Survival and Growth of New Firms
Authors: Almus Matthias , Prantl Susanne 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Papier werden kausale Effekte öffentlicher Förderprogramme für Unternehmensgründungen untersucht, welche die Deutsche Ausgleichsbank (DtA) verwaltet. Die Analysen basieren auf einem Datensatz, der durch die Verknüpfung des Datenbestands der DtA zu allen Förderzusagen zwischen 1990 und 1999 und der am Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) durchgeführten ZEW-Gründerstudie entstand. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung stehen mittelfristige Fördereffekte auf die Uberlebenschancen und das Beschäftigungswachstum der geförderten Unternehmen. Um diese Effekte schätzen zu können, wird mit Hilfe eines nicht-parametrischen Matching-Verfahrens aus der Gesamtheit nicht-geförderter Unternehmen eine adäquate Kontrollgruppe zum Vergleich mit der Untersuchungsgruppe geförderter Unternehmen ausgewählt. Die empirischen Analysen zeigen, dass Gründungsförderung der DtA signifikante positive Effekte auf die Uberlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und das Beschäftigungswachstum junger deutscher Unternehmen ausübt.
What Drives the Vacancy Rate for Information Technology Workers? / Was bestimmt den Mangel an IKT-Fachkräften?
Authors: Falk Martin 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper provides empirical evidence on both the magnitude and determinants of unfilled positions for information technology workers using cross-sectional data on 4150 German firms. Vacancies are defined as unfilled positions excluding those created by replacement needs during the first half of the year 2000. The share of vacancies created by replacement needs is only about 20 percent, indicating that high turnover rates are not the main reason for high vacancy rates. The adjusted job vacancy rate for ICT workers varies between 5.7 percent in the ICT sector and 6.7 percent in the non-ICT sector. The results of a generalized tobit model show that the adjusted vacancy rate mainly depends on the firm size, the share of ICT workers and actions taken in the past to solve the ICT worker shortage, but not on the diffusion of ICT. In the ICT sector, the decision made in the past to train apprentices in the new ICT occupations seems to have reduced the current vacancy rate. In the non-ICT sector, a successful strategy to solve the ICT worker shortage appears to be increased internal training. Finally, in the non-ICT sector, the common practice of completely outsourcing software programming significantly reduces the probability of vacancies.
Asset Price Channel and Financial Markets / Vermögenstheoretischer Transmissionsmechanismus und Finanzmärkte
Authors: Kosfeld Reinhold 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The asset price channel focuses on the relative prices of a wide range of assets in the transmission of monetary impulses on the financial and real capital markets. If monetary impulses are already fading on the financial markets, then their effectiveness in terms of economic policy targets has to be questioned. A missing tendency towards a long-run equilibrium relationship in the observable yield rates on the financial markets is often attributed to non-stationary risk premiums underlying the financial assets. In this paper a cointegration model for the risk-adjusted yields of the money market, market for bank credit and the bonds market is developed for the monetary policy regime of a money supply target in the Federal Republic of Germany for the period 1980-1998. Furthermore, it is also shown that on the basis of the transmission model we consider, the stock market does not integrate consistently into the cointegration system of the other of the financial markets.
Was fehlt in der EVS?. Eine Verteilungsanalyse hoher Einkommen mit der verknüpften Einkommensteuerstatistik für Selbständige und abhängig Beschäftigte / What is Missing in the EVS?. A Distributional Analysis of High Income With the Merged Income Tax Statistic for Self-Employed and Employees
Authors: Merz Joachim 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Prominente Mikrodatenbasis für die Analyse von Einkommen und ihrer Verteilung ist die Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS). Allerdings sind hohe Einkommen über der „Abschneidegrenze" von 35 000 DM Haushaltsnettoeinkommen pro Monat nicht vorhanden. In dieser Studie wird erstmals der Frage nachgegangen, welche Konsequenzen für eine Verteilungsanalyse eine Verknüpfung der EVS- mit der Einkommensteuerstatistik auf der Mikroebene besonders hinsichtlich hoher Einkommen hat. Dazu werden wir zunächst die Lohn- und Einkommensteuerstatistik (EStS) als eine besondere geeignete Mikrodatenbasis für die Einkommensanalyse generell und insbesondere für hohe Einkommen darstellen. Unsere Verknüpfungsstrategie verwendet Steuerzahlbetragsklassen, die nach Haushaltstypen weiter untergliedert sind. Nach kurzer Darstellung der Verknüpfungsergebnisse in bezug auf die Haushaltsstruktur und Einkommensklassen untersuchen wir vertieft die hohen Einkommen mit Verteilungs- und Dekompositionsanalysen für Selbständige und abhängig Beschäftigte. Weitere Strukturanalysen beschreiben dann reiche und nicht reiche Haushalte nach verschiedenen sozioökonomischen Merkmalen. Schließlich wird das ganze Einkommensspektrum betrachtet: Mit allen Einkommen aus der verküpften Einkommensteuerstatistik EStS/ EVS 1995 und der EVS 1993 werden abschließend vergleichende Verteilungsanalysen auf der Haushaltsebene sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Haushaltsstruktur über Aquivalenzeinkommen vorgenommen. Die Schlußbemerkungen betonen die Notwendigkeit eines integrierten Mikrodatenfiles für eine zielgenaue Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik.
Internationale Verrechnungspreismethoden, Neutralität und die Gewinne multinationaler Unternehmen / Transfer Pricing, Neutrality, and the Profits of Multinational Firms
Authors: Wellisch Dietmar 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, wie sich multinationale Unternehmen in Abhängigkeit der von den Finanzbehörden angewandten Grundsätze zur Bestimmung internationaler Verrechnungspreise verhalten. Ausgehend von diesem Verhalten werden die Verrechnungspreismethoden beurteilt. Zunächst wird mit der Forderung nach Neutralität von Verrechnungspreismethoden ein Beurteilungskriterium entwickelt. Anschließend wird untersucht, ob die Standardmethoden der direkten Preisregulierung oder einkommensbasierte Methoden zur Bestimmung internationaler Verrechnungspreise neutral sind und wie die Gewinne multinationaler Unternehmen von diesen Verrechnungspreismethoden beeinflusst werden. Die Untersuchung enthüllt, dass eine indirekte Bestimmung der angemessenen Verrechnungspreise über eine Aufteilung des globalen Gewinns von multinationalen Unternehmen neutral ist, wenn die Aufteilung nicht von unternehmensinternen Entscheidungen beeinflusst werden kann. Die direkte Preisregulierung (die Standardmethoden) lässt dagegen nur unter engen Bedingungen unternehmerische Entscheidungen unbeeinflusst. Allerdings wird die Neutralität der globalen Gewinnaufteilung von einem sehr umfassenden Informationsbedarf seitens der Finanzbehörden erkauft. Auch ist die Akzeptanz dieser Methode bei den praktischen Anwendern nicht sehr hoch. Allerdings scheint ihre Ablehnung (auch) auf einem mangelnden Verständnis der Wirkungen dieser Methode zu beruhen.
Borders Matter! - Regional Integration in North America / Grenzen sind bedeutsam! - Regionale Integration Nordamerika
Authors: Blum Ulrich 
Published: April 2016

Summary
We analyze the spatial interaction among regions in North America and in Western Europe. We use a gravity model extended by a spatial correlation structure where data allows to evaluate the spatial interaction in two dimensions: level of impact and the length of the spatial tail. This allows us to address to effects external to the gravity model: importance of neighboring regions on the respective region and size of the cluster of regions. We find that the methodology employed improves the statistical quality of results and their economic interpretation. We conclude that national borders matter and that the North American regional structure, i.e. its cluster structure, is more polarized in terms of firm and spatial network structure than that of Europe. We argue that this relates to different types of institutional arrangements with effects on the spatial division of labor.
Clinically Anxious Individuals Show Disrupted Feedback between Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Prefrontal-Limbic Control Circuit
Authors: Cha Jiook , DeDora Daniel , Nedic Sanja , Ide Jaime , Greenberg Tsafrir , Hajcak Greg , Mujica-Parodi Lilianne Rivka 
Published: April 2016

Clinical anxiety is associated with generalization of conditioned fear, in which innocuous stimuli elicit alarm. Using Pavlovian fear conditioning (electric shock), we quantify generalization as the degree to which subjects' neurobiological responses track perceptual similarity gradients to a conditioned stimulus. Previous studies show that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) inversely and ventral tegmental area directly track the gradient of perceptual similarity to the conditioned stimulus in healthy individuals, whereas clinically anxious individuals fail to discriminate. Here, we extend this work by identifying specific functional roles within the prefrontal-limbic circuit. We analyzed fMRI time-series acquired from 57 human subjects during a fear generalization task using entropic measures of circuit-wide regulation and feedback (power spectrum scale invariance/autocorrelation), in combination with structural (diffusion MRI-probabilistic tractography) and functional (stochastic dynamic causal modeling) measures of prefrontal-limbic connectivity within the circuit. Group comparison and correlations with anxiety severity across 57 subjects revealed dysregulatory dynamic signatures within the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which our prior work has linked to impaired feedback within the circuit. Bayesian model selection then identified a fully connected prefrontal-limbic model comprising the IFG, vmPFC, and amygdala. Dysregulatory IFG dynamics were associated with weaker reciprocal excitatory connectivity between the IFG and the vmPFC. The vmPFC exhibited inhibitory influence on the amygdala. Our current results, combined with our previous work across a threat-perception spectrum of 137 subjects and a meta-analysis of 366 fMRI studies, dissociate distinct roles for three prefrontal-limbic regions, wherein the IFG provides evaluation of stimulus meaning, which then informs the vmPFC in inhibiting the amygdala.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAffective neuroscience has generally treated prefrontal regions (orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex) equivalently as inhibitory components of the prefrontal-limbic system. Yet research across the anxiety spectrum suggests that the inferior frontal gyrus may have a more complex role in emotion regulation, as this region shows abnormal function in disorders of both hyperarousal and hypoarousal. Using entropic measures of circuit-wide regulation and feedback, in combination with measures of structural and functional connectivity, we dissociate distinct roles for three prefrontal-limbic regions, wherein the inferior frontal gyrus provides evaluation of stimulus meaning, which then informs the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in inhibiting the amygdala. This reconfiguration coheres with studies of conceptual disambiguation also implicating the inferior frontal gyrus.
Motor Nerve Arborization Requires Proteolytic Domain of Damage-Induced Neuronal Endopeptidase (DINE) during Development
Authors: Matsumoto Sakiko , Kiryu-Seo Sumiko , Kiyama Hiroshi 
Published: April 2016

Damage-induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE)/endothelin-converting enzyme-like 1 (ECEL1) is a membrane-bound metalloprotease, which we originally identified as a nerve regeneration-associated molecule. Abundant expression of DINE is observed in regenerating neurons, as well as in developing spinal motor neurons. In line with this,DINE-deficient (DINEKO) embryos fail to arborize phrenic motor nerves in the diaphragm and to form proper neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), which lead to death shortly after birth. However, it is unclear whether protease activity of DINE is involved in motor nerve terminal arborization and how DINE participates in the process. To address these issues, we performed anin vivorescue experiment in which three types of motor-neuron specificDINEtransgenic mice were crossed withDINEKO mice. TheDINEKO mice, which overexpressed wild-type DINE in motor neurons, succeeded in rescuing the aberrant nerve terminal arborization and lethality after birth, while those overexpressing two types of protease domain-mutated DINE failed. Further histochemical analysis showed abnormal behavior of immature Schwann cells along the DINE-deficient axons. Coculture experiments of motor neurons and Schwann cells ensured that the protease domain of neuronal DINE was required for proper alignment of immature Schwann cells along the axon. These findings suggest that protease activity of DINE is crucial for intramuscular innervation of motor nerves and subsequent NMJ formation, as well as proper control of interactions between axons and immature Schwann cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDamage-induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE) is a membrane-bound metalloprotease; expression is abundant in developing spinal motor neurons, as well as in nerve-injured neurons.DINE-deficient (KO) embryos fail to arborize phrenic motor nerves in the diaphragm and to form a neuromuscular junction, leading to death immediately after birth. To address whether proteolytic activity of DINE is involved in this process, we performedin vivorescue experiments withDINEKO mice. Transgenic rescue ofDINEKO mice was accomplished by overexpression of wild-type DINE, but not by protease domain-mutated DINE. Immature Schwann cells were abnormally aligned along the DINE protease-deficient axons. Thus, the protease activity of DINE is crucial for motor axon arborization, as well as the interaction between axons and immature Schwann cells.
Cohesion and Joint Speech: Right Hemisphere Contributions to Synchronized Vocal Production
Authors: Jasmin Kyle M. , McGettigan Carolyn , Agnew Zarinah K. , Lavan Nadine , Josephs Oliver , Cummins Fred , Scott Sophie K. 
Published: April 2016

Synchronized behavior (chanting, singing, praying, dancing) is found in all human cultures and is central to religious, military, and political activities, which require people to act collaboratively and cohesively; however, we know little about the neural underpinnings of many kinds of synchronous behavior (e.g., vocal behavior) or its role in establishing and maintaining group cohesion. In the present study, we measured neural activity using fMRI while participants spoke simultaneously with another person. We manipulated whether the couple spoke the same sentence (allowing synchrony) or different sentences (preventing synchrony), and also whether the voice the participant heard was “live” (allowing rich reciprocal interaction) or prerecorded (with no such mutual influence). Synchronous speech was associated with increased activity in posterior and anterior auditory fields. When, and only when, participants spoke with a partner who was both synchronous and “live,” we observed a lack of the suppression of auditory cortex, which is commonly seen as a neural correlate of speech production. Instead, auditory cortex responded as though it were processing another talker's speech. Our results suggest that detecting synchrony leads to a change in the perceptual consequences of one's own actions: they are processed as though they were other-, rather than self-produced. This may contribute to our understanding of synchronized behavior as a group-bonding tool.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSynchronized human behavior, such as chanting, dancing, and singing, are cultural universals with functional significance: these activities increase group cohesion and cause participants to like each other and behave more prosocially toward each other. Here we use fMRI brain imaging to investigate the neural basis of one common form of cohesive synchronized behavior: joint speaking (e.g., the synchronous speech seen in chants, prayers, pledges). Results showed that joint speech recruits additional right hemisphere regions outside the classic speech production network. Additionally, we found that a neural marker of self-produced speech, suppression of sensory cortices, did not occur during joint synchronized speech, suggesting that joint synchronized behavior may alter self-other distinctions in sensory processing.
Oligodendrogliopathy in Multiple Sclerosis: Low Glycolytic Metabolic Rate Promotes Oligodendrocyte Survival
Authors: Rone Malena B. , Cui Qiao-Ling , Fang Jun , Wang Li-Chun , Zhang Ji , Khan Damla , Bedard Melissa , Almazan Guillermina , Ludwin Samuel K. , Jones Russel , Kennedy Timothy E. , Antel Jack P. 
Published: April 2016

Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions feature demyelination with limited remyelination. A distinct injury phenotype of MS lesions features dying back of oligodendrocyte (OL) terminal processes, a response that destabilizes myelin/axon interactions. This oligodendrogliopathy has been linked with local metabolic stress, similar to the penumbra of ischemic/hypoxic states. Here, we developed anin vitrooligodendrogliopathy model using human CNS-derived OLs and related this injury response to their distinct bioenergetic properties. We determined the energy utilization properties of adult human surgically derived OLs cultured under either optimal or metabolic stress conditions, deprivation of growth factors, and glucose and/or hypoxia using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Baseline studies were also performed on OL progenitor cells derived from the same tissue and postnatal rat-derived cells. Under basal conditions, adult human OLs were less metabolically active than their progenitors and both were less active than the rat cells. Human OLs and progenitors both used aerobic glycolysis for the majority of ATP production, a process that contributes to protein and lipid production necessary for myelin biosynthesis. Under stress conditions that induce significant process retraction with only marginal cell death, human OLs exhibited a significant reduction in overall energy utilization, particularly in glycolytic ATP production. The stress-induced reduction of glycolytic ATP production by the human OLs would exacerbate myelin process withdrawal while favoring cell survival, providing a potential basis for the oligodendrogliopathy observed in MS. The glycolytic pathway is a potential therapeutic target to promote myelin maintenance and enhance repair in MS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe neurologic deficits that characterize multiple sclerosis (MS) reflect disruption of myelin (demyelination) within the CNS and failure of repair (remyelination). We define distinct energy utilization properties of human adult brain-derived oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells under conditions of metabolic stress that model the initial relapsing and subsequent progressive phases of MS. The observed changes in energy utilization affect both cell survival and myelination capacity. These processes may be amenable to therapeutic interventions to limit the extent of cumulative tissue injury and to promote repair in MS.
Pioneer Axon Navigation Is Controlled by AEX-3, a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for RAB-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bhat Jaffar M , Hutter Harald 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Precise and accurate axon tract formation is an essential aspect of brain development. This is achieved by the migration of early outgrowing axons (pioneers) allowing later outgrowing axons (followers) to extend toward their targets in the embryo. In Caenorhabditis elegans the AVG neuron pioneers the right axon tract of the ventral nerve cord, the major longitudinal axon tract. AVG is essential for the guidance of follower axons and hence organization of the ventral nerve cord. In an enhancer screen for AVG axon guidance defects in a nid-1/Nidogen mutant background, we isolated an allele of aex-3. aex-3 mutant animals show highly penetrant AVG axon navigation defects. These defects are dependent on a mutation in nid-1/Nidogen, a basement membrane component. Our data suggest that AEX-3 activates RAB-3 in the context of AVG axon navigation. aex-3 genetically acts together with known players of vesicular exocytosis: unc-64/Syntaxin, unc-31/CAPS, and ida-1/IA-2. Furthermore our genetic interaction data suggest that AEX-3 and the UNC-6/Netrin receptor UNC-5 act in the same pathway, suggesting AEX-3 might regulate the trafficking and/or insertion of UNC-5 at the growth cone to mediate the proper guidance of the AVG axon.
Socioeconomic Disparities in the Economic Impact of Childhood Food Allergy
Authors: Bilaver Lucy A. , Kester Kristen M. , Smith Bridget M. , Gupta Ruchi S. 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVES:We compared direct medical costs borne by the health care system and out-of-pocket costs borne by families for children with food allergy by socioeconomic characteristics.METHODS:We analyzed cross-sectional survey data collected between November 2011 and January 2012 from 1643 US caregivers with a food-allergic child. We used a 2-part regression model to estimate mean costs and identified differences by levels of household income and race or ethnicity.RESULTS:Children in the lowest income stratum incurred 2.5 times the amount of emergency department and hospitalization costs as a result of their food allergy than higher-income children ($1021, SE ±$209, vs $416, SE ±$94; P &lt; .05). Costs incurred for specialist visits were lower in the lowest income group ($228, SE ±$21) compared with the highest income group ($311, SE ±$18; P &lt; .01) as was spending on out-of-pocket medication costs ($117, SE ± $26, lowest income; $366, SE ±$44, highest income; P &lt; .001). African American caregivers incurred the lowest amount of direct medical costs and spent the least on out-of-pocket costs, with average adjusted costs of $493 (SE ±$109) and $395 (SE ±$452), respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Disparities exist in the economic impact of food allergy based on socioeconomic status. Affordable access to specialty care, medications, and allergen-free foods are critical to keep all food-allergic children safe, regardless of income and race.