bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The increasing threat to stratospheric ozone from dichloromethane
Authors: Hossaini Ryan , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Montzka Stephen A. , Leeson Amber A. , Dhomse Sandip S. , Pyle John A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIt is well established that anthropogenic chlorine-containing chemicals contribute to ozone layer depletion. The successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol has led to reductions in the atmospheric concentration of many ozone-depleting gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons. As a consequence, stratospheric chlorine levels are declining and ozone is projected to return to levels observed pre-1980 later this century. However, recent observations show the atmospheric concentration of dichloromethane—an ozone-depleting gas not controlled by the Montreal Protocol—is increasing rapidly. Using atmospheric model simulations, we show that although currently modest, the impact of dichloromethane on ozone has increased markedly in recent years and if these increases continue into the future, the return of Antarctic ozone to pre-1980 levels could be substantially delayed. Sustained growth in dichloromethane would therefore offset some of the gains achieved by the Montreal Protocol, further delaying recovery of Earth’s ozone layer.
Task relevance modulates the cortical representation of feature conjunctions in the target template
Authors: Reeder Reshanne R. , Hanke Michael , Pollmann Stefan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLittle is known about the cortical regions involved in representing task-related content in preparation for visual task performance. Here we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to investigate the BOLD response pattern similarity between task relevant and task irrelevant feature dimensions during conjunction viewing and target template maintenance prior to visual search. Subjects were cued to search for a spatial frequency (SF) or orientation of a Gabor grating and we measured BOLD signal during cue and delay periods before the onset of a search display. RSA of delay period activity revealed that widespread regions in frontal, posterior parietal, and occipitotemporal cortices showed general representational differences between task relevant and task irrelevant dimensions (e.g., orientation vs. SF). In contrast, RSA of cue period activity revealed sensory-related representational differences between cue images (regardless of task) at the occipital pole and additionally in the frontal pole. Our data show that task and sensory information are represented differently during viewing and during target template maintenance, and that task relevance modulates the representation of visual information across the cortex.
Blocking autophagy improves the anti-tumor activity of afatinib in lung adenocarcinoma with activating EGFR mutations in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Hu Xiangxiang , Shi Si , Wang Huan , Yu Xiaochen , Wang Qian , Jiang Shanshan , Ju Dianwen , Ye Li , Feng Meiqing 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAfatinib, a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been approved for the treatment of advanced EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, afatinib’s clinical application is still hampered by acquired resistance. Recently, autophagy is considered as an important mechanism of resistance to TKI. Herein, we investigated the autophagy induction as well as its influence on anti-lung adenocarcinoma activity of afatinib in two activating EGFR-mutants H1975 and H1650 cells. First, Growth inhibition and caspase-dependent apoptosis were observed in afatinib-treated H1975 and H1650 cells. Then we confirmed afatinib-induced autophagy in H1975 and H1650 cells. Importantly, autophagy inhibition using chloroquine (CQ) and 3-MA enhanced the cytotoxicity of afatinib, elucidating the cytoprotective role of autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma therapy with afatinib. Further study suggested that Akt/mTOR and Erk signaling pathways were involved in afatinib-induced autophagy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) acted as an intracellular transducer regulating both autophagy and apoptosis in afatinib-treated H1975 and H1650 cells. Moreover, the in vivo experiment in xenograft model using H1975 cell line confirmed the enhanced anti-lung adenocarcinoma efficacy of afatinib when combined with autophagy inhibitor CQ. Thus, blocking autophagy may be a promising strategy to overcome resistance and increase sensitivity to afatinib in lung adenocarcinoma harboring activating EGFR mutations.
Citrate Suppresses Tumor Growth in Multiple Models through Inhibition of Glycolysis, the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and the IGF-1R Pathway
Authors: Ren Jian-Guo , Seth Pankaj , Ye Huihui , Guo Kun , Hanai Jun-ichi , Husain Zaheed , Sukhatme Vikas P. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn this study we have tested the efficacy of citrate therapy in various cancer models. We found that citrate administration inhibited A549 lung cancer growth and additional benefit accrued in combination with cisplatin. Interestingly, citrate regressed Ras-driven lung tumors. Further studies indicated that citrate induced tumor cell differentiation. Additionally, citrate treated tumor samples showed significantly higher infiltrating T-cells and increased blood levels of numerous cytokines. Moreover, we found that citrate inhibited IGF-1R phosphorylation. In vitro studies suggested that citrate treatment inhibited AKT phosphorylation, activated PTEN and increased expression of p-eIF2a. We also found that p-eIF2a was decreased when PTEN was depleted. These data suggest that citrate acts on the IGF-1R-AKT-PTEN-eIF2a pathway. Additionally, metabolic profiling suggested that both glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were suppressed in a similar manner in vitro in tumor cells and in vivo but only in tumor tissue. We reproduced many of these observations in an inducible Her2/Neu-driven breast cancer model and in syngeneic pancreatic tumor (Pan02) xenografts. Our data suggests that citrate can inhibit tumor growth in diverse tumor types and via multiple mechanisms. Dietary supplementation with citrate may be beneficial as a cancer therapy.
PAX2 is dispensable for in vitro nephron formation from human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Kaku Yusuke , Taguchi Atsuhiro , Tanigawa Shunsuke , Haque Fahim , Sakuma Tetsushi , Yamamoto Takashi , Nishinakamura Ryuichi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe kidney is formed by reciprocal interactions between the nephron progenitor and the ureteric bud, the former of which gives rise to the epithelia of nephrons consisting of glomeruli and renal tubules. The transcription factor PAX2 is essential for this mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of nephron progenitors, as well as ureteric bud lineage development, in mice. PAX2 mutations in humans cause renal coloboma syndrome. We previously reported the induction of nephron progenitors and three-dimensional nephron structures from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Here we generate iPS cells lacking PAX2, and address the role of PAX2 in our in vitro induction protocol. While PAX2-null human nephron progenitors were properly formed, they unexpectedly became epithelialised to form glomeruli and renal tubules. However, the mutant glomerular parietal epithelial cells failed to transit to the squamous morphology, retaining the shape and markers of columnar epithelia. Therefore, PAX2 is dispensable for mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of nephron progenitors, but is required for morphological development of glomerular parietal epithelial cells, during nephron formation from human iPS cells in vitro.
Serial femtosecond crystallography structure of cytochrome c oxidase at room temperature
Authors: Andersson Rebecka , Safari Cecilia , Dods Robert , Nango Eriko , Tanaka Rie , Yamashita Ayumi , Nakane Takanori , Tono Kensuke , Joti Yasumasa , Båth Petra , Dunevall Elin , Bosman Robert , Nureki Osamu , Iwata So , Neutze Richard , Brändén Gisela 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCytochrome c oxidase catalyses the reduction of molecular oxygen to water while the energy released in this process is used to pump protons across a biological membrane. Although an extremely well-studied biological system, the molecular mechanism of proton pumping by cytochrome c oxidase is still not understood. Here we report a method to produce large quantities of highly diffracting microcrystals of ba3-type cytochrome c oxidase from Thermus thermophilus suitable for serial femtosecond crystallography. The room-temperature structure of cytochrome c oxidase is solved to 2.3 Å resolution from data collected at an X-ray Free Electron Laser. We find overall agreement with earlier X-ray structures solved from diffraction data collected at cryogenic temperature. Previous structures solved from synchrotron radiation data, however, have shown conflicting results regarding the identity of the active-site ligand. Our room-temperature structure, which is free from the effects of radiation damage, reveals that a single-oxygen species in the form of a water molecule or hydroxide ion is bound in the active site. Structural differences between the ba3-type and aa3-type cytochrome c oxidases around the proton-loading site are also described.
Video Game Rehabilitation of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction: A Case Series
Authors: Cler Gabriel J. , Mittelman Talia , Braden Maia N. , Woodnorth Geralyn Harvey , Stepp Cara E. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
Video games provide a promising platform for rehabilitation of speech disorders. Although video games have been used to train speech perception in foreign language learners and have been proposed for aural rehabilitation, their use in speech therapy has been limited thus far. We present feasibility results from at-home use in a case series of children with velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) using an interactive video game that provided real-time biofeedback to facilitate appropriate nasalization.

Method
Five participants were recruited across a range of ages, VPD severities, and VPD etiologies. Participants completed multiple weeks of individual game play with a video game that provides feedback on nasalization measured via nasal accelerometry. Nasalization was assessed before and after training by using nasometry, aerodynamic measures, and expert perceptual judgments.

Results
Four participants used the game at home or school, with the remaining participant unwilling to have the nasal accelerometer secured to his nasal skin, perhaps due to his young age. The remaining participants showed a tendency toward decreased nasalization after training, particularly for the words explicitly trained in the video game.

Conclusion
Results suggest that video game–based systems may provide a useful rehabilitation platform for providing real-time feedback of speech nasalization in VPD.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5116828
Performing the Brain Death Examination and the Declaration of Pediatric Brain Death
Authors: Porter Melissa , Martin Susan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDeclaration of brain death is a clinical diagnosis made by the absence of neurological function in a comatose patient secondary to a known irreversible cause. Brain death determination is not an infrequent process in pediatric intensive care units. It is important that pediatric intensive care providers understand the definition of brain death and intensivists are able to implement brain death testing. The following is a narration detailing the process of brain death determination by physical examination. First, the prerequisites that determine patients' eligibility for brain death testing will be outlined. Next, each part of the physical exam, including the apnea test, will be described in detail. Finally, how the declaration of brain death is made is stated. In addition, special considerations and ancillary testing will be briefly highlighted.
Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks
Authors: Brady William J. , Wills Julian A. , Jost John T. , Tucker Joshua A. , Van Bavel Jay J. 
Published: June 2017

SignificanceTwitter and other social media platforms are believed to have altered the course of numerous historical events, from the Arab Spring to the US presidential election. Online social networks have become a ubiquitous medium for discussing moral and political ideas. Nevertheless, the field of moral psychology has yet to investigate why some moral and political ideas spread more widely than others. Using a large sample of social media communications concerning polarizing issues in public policy debates (gun control, same-sex marriage, climate change), we found that the presence of moral-emotional language in political messages substantially increases their diffusion within (and less so between) ideological group boundaries. These findings offer insights into how moral ideas spread within networks during real political discussion.
Neighbor detection at the leaf tip adaptively regulates upward leaf movement through spatial auxin dynamics
Authors: Pantazopoulou Chrysoula K. , Bongers Franca J. , Küpers Jesse J. , Reinen Emilie , Das Debatosh , Evers Jochem B. , Anten Niels P. R. , Pierik Ronald 
Published: June 2017

SignificancePlants often grow at high plant densities where they risk being shaded by surrounding plants. Neighbors are detected through changes in the composition of reflected light, and plants respond to such changes by growing their photosynthetic organs away from their competitors. This research shows thatArabidopsisplants first detect these light cues in the tips of their leaves and that this information then is transmitted through the mobile plant hormone auxin to the very base of the organ, where it induces an upward leaf movement response. 3D computational models show that this spatial separation in signal detection and response is adaptive for plant performance in dense stands.
Local auxin production underlies a spatially restricted neighbor-detection response inArabidopsis
Authors: Michaud Olivier , Fiorucci Anne-Sophie , Xenarios Ioannis , Fankhauser Christian 
Published: June 2017

SignificanceBeing photoautotrophic, plant growth is exquisitely sensitive to the light environment. In response to light cues from potential competitors, plants initiate a neighbor-proximity response favoring direct access to sunlight. This response includes elevation of the leaf (hyponasty) that is rapidly triggered following perception of neighbors. Light signals emanating from surrounding vegetation are heterogeneous; however, it is unknown how plants trigger a localized response in such conditions. We show that auxin synthesis in the leaf blade coupled with transport into the petiole induces a hyponastic response restricted to the leaf perceiving the signal. Moreover, we identify a branch of auxin signaling controlling petiole elevation while not affecting elongation. Our work uncovers a mechanism underlying plant responses to a heterogeneous environment.
X-ray crystal structure of a reiterative transcription complex reveals an atypical RNA extension pathway
Authors: Murakami Katsuhiko S. , Shin Yeonoh , Turnbough Charles L. , Molodtsov Vadim 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Under certain conditions during transcription, a single base of the template DNA specifies multiple bases in the RNA transcript due to slippage between the transcript and template. This noncanonical form of RNA synthesis is called “reiterative transcription,” and it plays key regulatory roles in bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of a bacterial RNA polymerase engaged in reiterative transcription. Our study found a completely unexpected RNA extension pathway during reiterative transcription and uncovered an atypical mechanism for the transition from the open promoter complex to the transcription elongation complex. These findings represent a major advancement in understanding the mechanics and flexibility of transcription.
High-speed acoustic communication by multiplexing orbital angular momentum
Authors: Shi Chengzhi , Dubois Marc , Wang Yuan , Zhang Xiang 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Acoustic communication is critical for underwater application such as deep-ocean scientific explorations and off-shore industrial controls. This is because other techniques using electromagnetic waves are difficult for underwater applications due to the strong absorption of water. Optical communication, on the other hand, suffers from the light scattering, making long-range underwater optical communication very challenging. Therefore, using acoustic waves to transmit information is currently the dominant technique for underwater applications. However, the low-frequency bandwidth available limits the data transmission rate and information capacity. We propose and experimentally demonstrate an approach using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of acoustic vortex beams, which provides an independent channel that enhances the data transmission rate. This OAM multiplexing method will significantly impact future underwater communications.
Structure of human nSMase2 reveals an interdomain allosteric activation mechanism for ceramide generation
Authors: Airola Michael V. , Shanbhogue Prajna , Shamseddine Achraf A. , Guja Kip E. , Senkal Can E. , Maini Rohan , Bartke Nana , Wu Bill X. , Obeid Lina M. , Garcia-Diaz Miguel , Hannun Yusuf A. 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Ceramide is a bioactive lipid involved in numerous cellular functions and disease states that are critically dependent on its site of generation. nSMase2 generates ceramide at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and is a therapeutic target for cancer and neurological disorders. Although much is known about the cellular functions of nSMase2, there is limited insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating its activity. Here we present the crystal structure of nSMase2 and identify the lipid-binding N-terminal domain as an allosteric activation domain. Key to activation is a catalytic motif termed the “DK switch,” whose conformation is allosterically gated. This study reveals one mechanism for nSMase2 regulation by lipids and will help guide structure-based development of nSMase2-targeted therapeutics.
Theory of long binding events in single-molecule–controlled rotation experiments on F
1
-ATPase
Authors: Volkán-Kacsó Sándor , Marcus Rudolph A. 
Published: June 2017

Significance
The treatment of nucleotide (ATP and ADP) binding and release in our previous papers is now extended to include a much wider range of rotor angles. It now treats composite events associated with ATP hydrolysis and ADP release and, in the reverse direction, ATP synthesis and release. A method of treating composite events is formulated and used to extract reaction rate constants in the system and to predict the lifetime distribution of long binding events that can be compared with and used to analyze future experimental data.
Development of Anticorrosive Polymer Nanocomposite Coating for Corrosion Protection in Marine Environment
Authors: Mardare L , Benea L 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The marine environment is considered to be a highly aggressive environment for metal materials. Steels are the most common materials being used for shipbuilding. Corrosion is a major cause of structural deterioration in marine and offshore structures. Corrosion of carbon steel in marine environment becomes serious due to the highly corrosive nature of seawater with high salinity and microorganism. To protect metallic materials particularly steel against corrosion occurrence various organic and inorganic coatings are used. The most used are the polymeric protective coatings. The nanostructured TiO2 polymer coating is able to offer higher protection to steel against corrosion, and performed relatively better than other polymer coatings.
A retrospective study of fatty acid composition in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) caught at three locations in the Baltic Sea (1973–2009)
Authors: Lind Ylva , Huovila Tiina , Käkelä Reijo 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) were analysed in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) stored in the Swedish Environmental Specimen Bank for up to 40 years. The purpose was to evaluate the retrospective use of FA signatures to detect temporal and spatial changes in the Baltic ecosystem. Fish from northern and central Baltic captured in the 1970s, the 1980s, in 1990, 2000, and 2009 and stored at − 25 °C were analysed. From the 1980s and onward herring from the south Baltic were included. A total of 55 FA and 4 alkenyl chains (detected as dimethyl acetals) were identified, and 28 of these (present at &gt; 0.5% by weight) were used in evaluation of the data. The amount of some 20–22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was related to time with lower amounts in older samples while other PUFAs were not related to time. Principal component analysis with saturated FAs and monounsaturated FAs showed similar sample groupings as the one obtained by including the PUFAs. The differences found in herring FA in this longitudinal study could be attributed to location of sampling, year of collection and storage time. However, the clearly distinguishable pattern in the FA composition in herrings from different locations in the Baltic Sea seen at all decades indicate that this technique can be used retrospectively.
Feasibility of Protective Ventilation During Elective Supratentorial Neurosurgery: A Randomized, Crossover, Clinical Trial
Authors: Ruggieri Francesco , Beretta Luigi , Corno Laura , Testa Valentina , Martino Enrico A. , Gemma Marco 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Traditional ventilation approaches, providing high tidal volumes (V
t), produce excessive alveolar distention and lung injury. Protective ventilation, employing lower V
t and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), is an attractive alternative also for neuroanesthesia, when prolonged mechanical ventilation is needed. Nevertheless, protective ventilation during intracranial surgery may exert dangerous effects on intracranial pressure (ICP). We tested the feasibility of a protective ventilation strategy in neurosurgery.

Materials and Methods:
Our monocentric, double-blind, 1:1 randomized, 2×2 crossover study aimed at studying the effect size and variability of ICP in patients undergoing elective supratentorial brain tumor removal and alternatively ventilated with V
t 9 mL/kg—PEEP 0 mm Hg and V
t 7 mL/kg—PEEP 5 mm Hg. Respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain comparable end-tidal carbon dioxide between ventilation modes. ICP was measured through a subdural catheter inserted before dural opening.

Results:
Forty patients were enrolled; 8 (15%) were excluded after enrollment. ICP did not differ between traditional and protective ventilation (11.28±5.37, 11 [7 to 14.5] vs. 11.90±5.86, 11 [8 to 15] mm Hg; P=0.541). End-tidal carbon dioxide (28.91±2.28, 29 [28 to 30] vs. 28.00±2.17, 28 [27 to 29] mm Hg; P<0.001). Peak airway pressure (17.25±1.97, 17 [16 to 18.5] vs. 15.81±2.87, 15.5 [14 to 17] mm Hg; P<0.001) and plateau airway pressure (16.06±2.30, 16 [14.5 to 17] vs. 14.19±2.82, 14 [12.5 to 16] mm Hg; P<0.001) were higher during protective ventilation. Blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature did not differ between ventilation modes. Dural tension was “acceptable for surgery” in all cases. ICP differences between ventilation modes were not affected by ICP values under traditional ventilation (coefficient=0.067; 95% confidence interval, −0.278 to 0.144; P=0.523).

Conclusions:
Protective ventilation is a feasible alternative to traditional ventilation during elective neurosurgery.