bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Hybrid Propulsion Autonomous Marine Vehicles to Better Characterize Geomagnetic Fields Offshore
Authors: Poedjono Benny , Pai Sudhir , Maus Stefan , Paynter Ryan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper describes a study conducted to develop new capabilities for offshore geomagnetic surveying. To conduct the research we equipped two (2) new generation autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs) with towed marine magnetometers. This paper describes the validation study of the measurement system offshore between 2013 and 2015 that compares a regular pattern with main, tie and perimeter lines.
It was investigated whether the new AMV was suitable for use as a "base station" to monitor time variations of the disturbance field. The geomagnetic data measured by the vehicles from May 11 - 14, 2015 was analyzed and compared against data obtained from the USGS Honolulu Geomagnetic Observatory (HON). Highly sensitive sensors were used to establish the minimum required separation between the AMV and the magnetic sensor payload.
Directional drilling requires accurate knowledge of the geomagnetic field direction and strength in the wellbore. To compute wellbore azimuth, the measurement while drilling (MWD) tool takes a measurement of the magnetic field and then the directional driller compares it with the geomagnetic field reference in order to position the wellbore in real-time while drilling. By utilizing the AMV we were able to accurately map the crustal field direction and strength in the area of interest where the drilling activity for oil and gas will take place.
This study shows that the AMV is ideally suited to carry out geomagnetic surveys in offshore remote locations. Correction for the disturbance field is essential for crustal field mapping that requires a base station recording the variations of the disturbance field. A second AMV circulating at a fixed location provides a more accurate base station than a land-based station. This is due to two factors: The land- based station is further away from the measurement site and the disturbance fields are different on land than in the ocean, due to the different electrical conductivity of the subsurface.
The new generation AMV offers distinct advantages for data collection in offshore environments. Their low cost compared to seaborne or airborne vehicle allow them to be deployed in tandem and collect data repeatedly over predefined areas yielding accurate measurements to determine the disturbance and crustal fields. It solves the problem of accurately mapping the geomagnetic reference field in offshore locations that previously unknown of.
Technical and Legal Considerations on the Design of an Effective Arctic Lease Tenure System
Authors: Denstedt Q. C. Shawn 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a case for flexibility in the design of an effective and efficient Arctic lease tenure system, with a particular focus on the Canadian Arctic lease tenure system. The author will outline aspects of the legal approaches that have been adopted in the countries with Arctic coastlines and recommend modifications to the Canadian Arctic tenure system that are necessary to enable the effective exploration and development of hydrocarbons in deepwater areas of the Beaufort Sea.
Survival in the Canadian Arctic Recommended Clothing and Equipment to Survive Exposure
Authors: Power J. T. , Kennedy A. M. , Monk J. F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe reduction in sea ice in the Arctic has produced new routes for shipping, thereby increasing the amount of marine traffic that can transit through the area. Additionally, the Arctic has become a popular destination for cruise ships some of which are increasingly large capacity ships that are operating a great distance from search and rescue assets and other assistance. If a marine accident were to occur in the Arctic and people became exposed to the elements then the clothing they could use may not provide sufficient thermal protection while waiting for rescue.This paper contains the results from two studies. The first measured the amount of thermal protection provided by various clothing ensembles that could be used in a mass Arctic evacuation, which were then used to calculate predicted survival time (PST). The second study evaluated the length of time a person may be exposed to the environment if they were forced to abandon a vessel or installation at one of eight different locations in the Arctic. These exposure times are based on the range of times search and rescue assets would take to reach the individual. The results from these two previous studies were combined to provide recommendations for clothing ensembles for different locations in the Canadian Arctic while awaiting rescue.The estimated exposure time while awaiting rescue varied considerably, ranging from a minimum of 14 hours to a maximum of 261 hours.In certain conditions, the thermal protection provided by eight of the ten clothing ensembles tested was sufficient to delay death from hypothermia. However, it should be noted that if PST is greater than 36 hours then factors other than hypothermia are likely to result in death (e.g. drowning or dehydration). The majority of the ensembles did not provide a sufficient level of thermal protection to prevent death from hypothermia in less than 36 hours when wetted and exposed to wind.It is concluded that certain clothing ensembles that could be used during a marine accident in the Arctic would not provide sufficient thermal protection to survive exposure to the environment while awaiting rescue. This finding is particularly important given the relatively recent increase in marine traffic through the Arctic and the subsequent increase in the likelihood of a marine accident that may require abandonment and result in direct exposure to the environment.
Iceberg Risk Analysis for Strait of Belle Isle Cable Crossing
Authors: King Tony , Dover Keith , Fleming Greg 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In 2016 Nalcor Energy installed subsea cables across the Strait of Belle Isle, which comprises part of the Lower Churchill Transmission Project linking Muskrat Falls, Labrador, and Soldier's Pond, Newfoundland. The cable crossing site is southwest of a shoal which filters out deeper draft icebergs which could potentially contact and damage the cable. An initial study in 2011 was followed by iceberg tracking and current monitoring programs at the cable crossing site and a final study incorporating these data 2015-2016. This paper describes the application of a drift-based Monte Carlo model to assess iceberg risk to cables laid on the seabed in the Strait of Belle Isle. The model considers the effect of iceberg rolling which could potentially result in icebergs increasing draft and contacting cables laid on the seabed. Modeled iceberg drift was based on field observations, and measured and modeled currents. Based on results from the 2011 analysis it was decided to use directional drilling to route the initial portions of the cable from shore to break-put locations on the seabed in water depths in excess of 70 m. Rock dumping is used to stabilize the cables on the seabed at deeper water depths. Due to the extreme difficulties in trenching the very strong seabed or tunneling across the Strait of Belle Isle, the selected solution offers the most technically feasible and cost-effective solution for cable routing across the Strait of Belle Isle.
Oden Arctic Technology Research Cruise 2015
Authors: Lubbad Raed , Løset Sveinung , Hedman Ulf , Holub Curtis , Matskevitch Dmitri 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In the autumn of 2015, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat (SPRS) performed a research cruise, named the "Oden Arctic Technology Research Cruise 2015" (OATRC2015) involving the two Swedish icebreakers Oden and Frej in the international waters north of Svalbard. The ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company supported and participated in OATRC2015. The overall objective of OATRC2015 was to perform a safe cruise collecting valuable and important scientific data and to conduct full-scale field trials for testing of key technologies. The scientific scope of OATRC2015 included three major fields of studies, namely: 1) collection of full-scale data necessary to build, calibrate and validate numerical models for floaters in ice, 2) collection of full-scale data necessary to build, calibrate and validate numerical models for Ice Management operations, and 3) collection of data for health, safety and environmental research. This paper presents OATRC2015, including the objectives of the expedition, and provides an overview of the performed research and the major findings. Several companion ATC 2016 papers are complementary to this paper.
DP in Ice Environment - Improving Safety and Efficiency of Arctic Operations
Authors: Islam Mohammed , Wang John , Mills Jason , Sayeed Tanvir , Gash Bob , Lau Michael , Millan David , Millan Jim 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of a five year research and development project aiming to develop dynamic positioning (DP) system technologies specifically for ice-rich environments. It has been initiated by the Centre for Marine Simulation (CMS) at the Fisheries and Marine Institute (MI) of Memorial University of Newfoundland, with its technical partner National Research Council’s Ocean Coastal and River Engineering (OCRE-NRC) and commercial partner Kongsberg Maritime Simulation Ltd. (KMS). The primary objective of the project is to develop solutions for some of the critical challenges related to safe Arctic offshore operations by dynamic positioning. More specifically, the objective is to improve the safety and efficiency of oil and gas operations in ice infested environments through the enhancement of existing DP system technologies and training of DP operators in simulated realistic ice environments for ship operations. The project is envisioned to achieve its objective through developing a modularized simulation platform for prototype integration, validation, testing and operational studies/training. Prototypes of a DP control system, a vessel model, an ice force model, and other environmental force models will be developed.The project commenced in 2013 and is set to complete in late 2018. In this first article of the project, a discussion on the contextual aspects and formation of the project, its planning and status to-date is presented. A synopsis of the scientific and engineering research performed to-date within the project scope, with a justification of their relevance to the safe DP operations in ice is given. The high level system design of the validation platform and the deployment strategies of its major components are presented. An introductory discussion on the novel ice force modeling approach is provided. Finally, an overview of the model test program of a fully DP controlled vessel in managed ice conditions, which was completed to provide a database for building and validating the ice force model, is also offered.
Large Scale Satellite-Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Arctic Monitoring
Authors: Zhou Zhongliang , Zhang Lihong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNowadays wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used as a field information gathering technology in remote monitoring and control areas. However, deploying WSNs in the Arctic areas is still facing some special challenges. The extremely low temperature (below -40°C degrees) and frequent snow/ice covering may affect the stable operation of regular electronic circuitry. And inaccessibility makes the Arctic WSNs be isolated from human's maintenance most of the time. In this paper, we propose a Large-Scale Satellite-based Wireless Sensor Network (LSSWSN) architecture for the Arctic areas. Based on ZigBee-Pro protocol, our proposed LSSWSN holds the capacity of 64,000 nodes in total, which are divided into 100 sub-networks with 640 nodes for each sub-network. This proposed design can make sure some critical network faults to be isolated into small sub-network domain. Moreover, FPGA-based hardware implementation of AES has been integrated to improve communication security. Special considerations have been also taken into account for the enclosure design of the sensor nodes, routers, and coordinator within LSSWSN.
Arctic Pipeline Integrity Management using Real-Time Condition Monitoring
Authors: Thodi P. , Khan F. , Imtiaz S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Integrated and automated integrity management is essential for Arctic and cold region pipeline failure prevention, predictive maintenance, and life extension because the consequence of a failure will be disastrous both environmentally and economically. Without managing integrity, the condition of pipeline would continue to deteriorate until found unfit for service or premature failure. Real-time Condition Monitoring (CM) is a sensor- based monitoring technique aimed at enhancing the productivity of pipeline operation. The main intent of condition monitoring is to assess operating conditions and performance, improve performance, aid maintenance, extend life, and inform operator if the integrity is compromised. Other purpose of monitoring is to provide warning when something is starting to go wrong, and provide instantaneous information when things have gone wrong. This paper presents a recently developed concept and methodology for Arctic pipeline integrity management using Inspection, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) strategy using real-time CM data by probabilistic risk assessment. The probabilistic risk assessment is performed by combining advanced probabilistic analysis with computation. In this paper, the joint probability of failure arising from potential pipeline defects (e.g. corrosion, cracking, and strain) and likely operational deviations (e.g. pressure, temperature, and vibration) is computed real-time using the CM data to predict a condition-based IMR strategy. Having such a model would enable rapid decision-making regarding pipeline failure prevention, predictive maintenance and life extension.
The Application of Automated SEM-Based Identification of Detrital and Diagenetic Mineral Phases in Offshore Cuttings from the Labrador Sea - Looking for the Source
Authors: Wilton Derek , Feely Martin , Carter James , Costanzo Alessandra , Hunt Jon 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMLA-SEM analyses can quantitatively define the modal mineralogy of detrital components in a variety of sample material including offshore well cuttings such that the possible source(s) of the detrital material might be ascertained. The MLA data can be queried for combinations of detrital minerals that might reflect a specific source terrane (e.g., igneous suite, metamorphic complex, etc.). In some cases, minerals may be identified that might have a unique sediment source region. The MLA data can also be examined to evaluate whether trends of changing detrital mineral compositions through time (i.e., stratigraphically) can be documented that may reflect regional changes in the level of tectonism, potential unroofing a given sediment source area, and/or shifts between sediment source areas. The MLA analyses can be used to produce maps of radiometrically dateable mineral phases within a given sample, that might be used to derive radiometric dates.
Ice Resistant Structure Optimisation of the Steel Conductor Supported Wellhead Platform in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Tleshev M. , Spitas C. , Kim J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Ice infested shallow waters of the North Caspian Sea imposes challenging tasks like ice pile up, fatigue due to ice-induced vibrations and ice impact loads, which strongly affect the structural integrity of offshore installations. This paper explores the potential application of a Minimal Facilities Platform or is also known as a Conductor Supported Wellhead Platform (CSWP) in the North Caspian Sea region and specifically focuses on the design optimization of the substructure due to ice loads. The CSWP has not been used in the cold climate regions before. The intention of this research is to prove feasibility of CSWP to withstand loads in the ice infested shallow waters. The substructure design was optimized by application of an ice resistant conical structure with specific inclination angle at the ice-structure interface. Usually conical structures reduce ice loads and ice induced vibrations. However, a fatigue capacity may be reduced due to geometrical discontinuity with the increase of inclination angle. This was shown in the design analysis.
Riser Solutions for Turret Moored FPSO in Arctic Conditions
Authors: Brouard Yann , Seguin Blaise , Germanetto Florian , Shah Vinanti 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Turret-Moored FPSOs are frequently used for deepwater developments worldwide, with consideration of disconnectable turrets for harsh environment applications. This trend makes the interaction between the FPSO hull, mooring system, and riser systems a vital design parameter for arctic conditions.
This paper provides a review of the various riser systems that can be considered for turret-moored FPSOs. These include proven coupled and decoupled systems (flexibles, Steel Catenary Risers, Steel Lazy Wave Risers, and hybrid decoupled riser systems), and also new riser concepts (e.g. the TCR - Tethered Catenary Riser, or the TSLWR - Tethered Steel Lazy Wave Riser). These systems are described in terms of design and functionality.
These riser systems are discussed with consideration of the particular challenges of disconnectable turret-moored FPSOs and specificities of arctic conditions.
Regional Crustal Structure Across Baffin Bay, Northern Canada, From Constrained 3-D Gravity Inversion
Authors: Welford J. Kim , Dehler Sonya A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBaffin Bay, northern Canada, represents the northernmost segment of rifting between Greenland and North America, and can be considered a northern extension of the Labrador Sea extinct rift system between Labrador and Greenland. Many questions remain about the nature of the crust beneath parts of Baffin Bay, although extinct spreading axes and a fracture zone have been previously identified based principally on gravity data. Existing deep seismic coverage over Baffin Bay is spatially limited and mostly concentrated in the north, although two regional 2-D transects span the region from the centre to the southern end of the bay. One of the regional 2-D refraction transects revealed a thick sedimentary package overlying oceanic crust along most of the profile, despite a lack of clear magnetic anomalies within Baffin Bay. To extrapolate the 2-D seismic refraction results offline and resolve the regional crustal structure across Baffin Bay, a constrained 3-D gravity inversion was undertaken. Bathymetry and depth to basement were used to constrain the 3-D inversion and the resolved crustal geometry from existing refraction lines was used to gauge the quality and reliability of the inverted model. The final inverted 3-D crustal structure model for Baffin Bay will provide useful constraints for basin studies and will shed light on its tectonic evolution.
Mechanisms of Sedimentary Filling & Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Multi-Cycle Superimposed Basin of the East Barents Sea
Authors: Yiping Wu , Lunkun Wan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The formation and evolution of the East Barents Sea basin were related to the closure of Ural Ocean, which resulted in three different prototype basins. Based on dynamic research on basin-forming & hydrocarbon generation & hydrocarbon accumulation, filling mechanisms of the East Barents Sea Basin in different superimposed-phases are proposed. By adopting the approach of multi-factor joint control, hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution laws of the basin are raised. The East Barents Sea Basin was characterized by multiple reservoir-cap combinations, multi-phase generation and expulsion of hydrocarbon and multi-cycle hydrocarbon accumulation in the basin . Its stratigraphic sequences can be divided into three sets by two major geological events I1 (P2) and B (T-J, K1), the lower carbonate sedimentary sequence (LCSS) was related to the closure of the Ural Ocean in the passive continental margin, as well the middle rift sedimentary sequence (MRSS) to the Ural movement and the upper depression sedimentary sequence (UDSS) to the Novaya Zemlya movement . Multifunctional elements influenced hydrocarbon reservoirs both in formation and distribution in the superimposed basin. Post basin's forming did great damage to the earlier basin's. The rapid stretch and subsidence (maximum speed of 150 mm/a) of the basin controlled the high maturity of source rocks during Late Permian – Triassic rift period . Thus during depression period reservoir-cap assemblages revealed two sets of favorable plays. The two structural inversions in Mesozoic and Cenozoic impacted dramatically on the main types and distribution of the hydrocarbon traps. In this case the match of hydrocarbon from different source rocks and different generation phases with traps brought about the hydrocarbon reformation models with strong and weak superimpositions. So five hydrocarbon accumulation models are presented . The favorable exploration areas are in the large scale conversion anticlines, Tertiary strike-slip faults, the slope deltas on basin edge, the inherited protrusions in the depression center related to the Late Triassic inversion, the uplifts inside the basin, the horsts and the grabens, and also the reefs in the LCSS .
Temperature Distribution during Solidification of Saline and Fresh Water Droplets after Striking a Super-Cooled Surface
Authors: Saha Debashish , Dehghani Saeed Reza , Pope Kevin , Muzychka Yuri 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the freezing process of fresh and saline water droplets impacted upon a supercooled surface. Freshwater solidification is a common and highly investigated phenomenon due to its application in the aircraft industry and power transmission lines. The freezing behavior of salt water, mostly encountered in marine vessels and offshore structures, is very complicated compared to fresh water due to the salt content. A comparative effort to analyze the difference and similarity between these two diverse forms are rare due to its application in contrasting industries. The present study correlates the differing ice accretion behaviors of salt and fresh water. The experiments involve the measurement of thermal distribution and physical spreading of fresh and saline water droplets as they strike and solidify on a super-cooled surface. The results show that presence of salt content in water affects the cooling time, splash area and cooling pattern for droplets. The new experimental data provides new insights on the fundamentals of sea water icing and is key to predicting marine icing in offshore arctic and sub-arctic environments.