bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo simulation for stochastic calculus of far‐field radiation from open‐ended waveguide arrays
Authors: Fakharian Mohammad M. , Rezaei Pejman , Shahzadi Ali 
Published: March 2016

SummaryIn this paper, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation has been applied for the analysis and stochastic calculus of far‐field radiation from the small, large, and infinite open‐ended waveguide arrays. Elements of the arrays are excited by the fundamental TE10 mode and with equal amplitude and linear phase. The simulated results from MC are compared closely with the finite element method (FEM). Numerical analysis based on FEM is performed using Ansoft High Frequency Structural Simulator to calculate the far‐field radiation characteristics of the arrays. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the aforesaid method, which is based on Monte Carlo integration technique, are also demonstrated in uniformly and nonuniformly spaced waveguide arrays for pattern synthesis or achieving side lobe level reduction. The arrays with arbitrary shapes are simply evaluated by MC method in equal spacing array. It is found that by applying MC simulation, the open‐ended waveguide arrays have the ability to produce the desired radiation pattern and could satisfy requirements for many applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of caries diagnostic modalities: A clinical study in 40 subjects
Authors: Mansour Stephanie , Ajdaharian Janet , Nabelsi Tasneem , Chan Gregory , Wilder‐Smith Petra 
Published: March 2016

Background and ObjectivesFew studies have been published that evaluate the usefulness of different caries‐ diagnostic modalities in general dental practice. The goal of this study was to compare the results of screening for coronal dental caries in a general dental practice using clinical observations, radiographs, laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent™) (LF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Diagnostic agreement between OCT and LF versus standard clinical techniques for detecting caries was determined in 40 subjects.Study Designs/Materials and MethodsForty patients with >1 coronal carious lesion as determined by prescreening using clinical examination and radiographs were enrolled in this study. Subjects with gross caries were excluded. Subsequently each patient underwent a full detailed dental examination by an experienced clinician, using visual examination and radiographs according to standard clinical practice. The coronal surfaces of a total of 932 teeth were examined and charted. Teeth were then photographed, rediagnosed using the LF system, and imaged using OCT. Two blinded pre‐standardized examiners reviewed radiographic and OCT images and assigned caries status.ResultsBased on manufacturer's cutoff values, sensitivity and specificity for coronal caries using LF technique (i) on unaltered tooth surfaces were 73.7% and 94.1%, respectively and (ii) in previously restored or sealed teeth, they were 19.2% and 95.8%, respectively. LF technique was unable to assess tissue health underneath sealants and restorations. Clinician agreement (kappa [k]) regarding caries diagnosis using OCT imaging was overall 0.834 (SE = 0.034). Sensitivity and specificity for caries using OCT technique (i) on unaltered tooth surfaces approximated 74.1% and 95.7%, respectively and, (ii) in previously restored or sealed teeth, they approximated 76.0% and 95.6%, respectively. Although OCT was able to detect lesions beneath many resin restorations and sealants, results varied considerably between materials. OCT imaging was unable to detect caries when caries was >2 mm below the tooth surface.ConclusionThese findings support the usefulness of LF for primary caries detection, and the clinical utility of OCT for early caries detection and monitoring under dental resin restorations and sealants. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:924–928, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Composite adaptive dynamic surface control using online recorded data
Authors: Pan Yongping , Sun Tairen , Yu Haoyong 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThis paper presents an online recorded data‐based design of composite adaptive dynamic surface control for a class of uncertain parameter strict‐feedback nonlinear systems, where both tracking errors and prediction errors are applied to update parametric estimates. Differing from the traditional composite adaptation that utilizes identification models and linear filters to generate filtered modeling errors as prediction errors, the proposed composite adaptation integrates closed‐loop tracking error equations in a moving time window to generate modified modeling errors as prediction errors. The time‐interval integral operation takes full advantage of online recorded data to improve parameter convergence such that the application of both identification models and linear filters is not necessary. Semiglobal practical asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is rigorously established by the time‐scales separation and Lyapunov synthesis. The major contribution of this study is that composite adaptation based on online recorded data is achieved at the presence of mismatched uncertainties. Simulation results have been provided to verify the effectiveness and superiority of this approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rare high-impact disease variants: properties and identifications
Authors: PARK LEEYOUNG , KIM JU HAN 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAlthough many genome-wide association studies have been performed, the identification of disease polymorphisms remains important. It is now suspected that many rare disease variants induce the association signal of common variants in linkage disequilibrium (LD). Based on recent development of genetic models, the current study provides explanations of the existence of rare variants with high impacts and common variants with low impacts. Disease variants are neither necessary nor sufficient due to gene–gene or gene–environment interactions. A new method was developed based on theoretical aspects to identify both rare and common disease variants by their genotypes. Common disease variants were identified with relatively small odds ratios and relatively small sample sizes, except for specific situations in which the disease variants were in strong LD with a variant with a higher frequency. Rare disease variants with small impacts were difficult to identify without increasing sample sizes; however, the method was reasonably accurate for rare disease variants with high impacts. For rare variants, dominant variants generally showed better Type II error rates than recessive variants; however, the trend was reversed for common variants. Type II error rates increased in gene regions containing more than two disease variants because the more common variant, rather than both disease variants, was usually identified. The proposed method would be useful for identifying common disease variants with small impacts and rare disease variants with large impacts when disease variants have the same effects on disease presentation.
Somatic, positive and negative domains of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies
Authors: Demirkan A. , Lahti J. , Direk N. , Viktorin A. , Lunetta K. L. , Terracciano A. , Nalls M. A. , Tanaka T. , Hek K. , Fornage M. , Wellmann J. , Cornelis M. C. , Ollila H. M. , Yu L. , Smith J. A. , Pilling L. C. , Isaacs A. , Palotie A. , Zhuang W. V. , Zonderman A. , Faul J. D. , Sutin A. , Meirelles O. , Mulas A. , Hofman A. , Uitterlinden A. , Rivadeneira F. , Perola M. , Zhao W. , Salomaa V. , Yaffe K. , Luik A. I. ,   NABEC,   UKBEC, Liu Y. , Ding J. , Lichtenstein P. , Landén M. , Widen E. , Weir D. R. , Llewellyn D. J. , Murray A. , Kardia S. L. R. , Eriksson J. G. , Koenen K. , Magnusson P. K. E. , Ferrucci L. , Mosley T. H. , Cucca F. , Oostra B. A. , Bennett D. A. , Paunio T. , Berger K. , Harris T. B. , Pedersen N. L. , Murabito J. M. , Tiemeier H. , van Duijn C. M. , Räikkönen K. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is moderately heritable, however genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for MDD, as well as for related continuous outcomes, have not shown consistent results. Attempts to elucidate the genetic basis of MDD may be hindered by heterogeneity in diagnosis. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale provides a widely used tool for measuring depressive symptoms clustered in four different domains which can be combined together into a total score but also can be analysed as separate symptom domains.MethodWe performed a meta-analysis of GWAS of the CES-D symptom clusters. We recruited 12 cohorts with the 20- or 10-item CES-D scale (32 528 persons).ResultsOne single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs713224, located near the brain-expressed melatonin receptor (MTNR1A) gene, was associated with the somatic complaints domain of depression symptoms, with borderline genome-wide significance (pdiscovery = 3.82 × 10−8). The SNP was analysed in an additional five cohorts comprising the replication sample (6813 persons). However, the association was not consistent among the replication sample (pdiscovery+replication = 1.10 × 10−6) with evidence of heterogeneity.ConclusionsDespite the effort to harmonize the phenotypes across cohorts and participants, our study is still underpowered to detect consistent association for depression, even by means of symptom classification. On the contrary, the SNP-based heritability and co-heritability estimation results suggest that a very minor part of the variation could be captured by GWAS, explaining the reason of sparse findings.
Playing out loud: Videogame references as resources in friend interaction for managing frames, epistemics, and group identity
Authors: Sierra Sylvia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study examines how friends in their mid-twenties appropriate texts from videogames they have played to serve particular functions in their everyday face-to-face conversations. Speakers use references to the videogames Papers, Please and The Oregon Trail to shift the epistemic territories of conversations when they encounter interactional dilemmas. These epistemic shifts simultaneously rekey formerly problematic talk (on topics like rent, money, and injuries) to lighter, humorous talk, reframing these issues as being part of a lived videogame experience. Overlapping game frames are laminated upon real-life frames, and are strengthened by embedded frames containing constructed dialogue. This study contributes to understanding how epistemic shifts relying on intertextual ties can shift frames during interactional dilemmas in everyday conversation, which is ultimately conducive to group identity construction. (Intertextuality, framing, epistemics, identity, interactional sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, humor, videogames)*
On the Occurrence of Acanthodes in Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Mitchell Hugh 
Published: March 2016

Whatever theory we may conceive or adopt respecting the origin of species, it is undeniable but that Acanthodes—a genus of fossil fishes—has maintained a noble struggle for life. Known to occur first of all in the Lower Devonian or Old Eed Sandstone, it has been found also in the Middle Division of that great system, and again in the coal-measures, and finally disappears in the Lower Permian—the Roth-todt-liegende or Lower Dyas of German authors.In the accompanying table we have endeavoured to put into accessible and readable shape the particulars of its occurrence, so far as known to us, among the rocks.We first detected the occurrence of Acanthodes in the Lower Devonian or Old Red Sandstoue at Farnell, in the county of Forfar, Scotland, in the summer of the year 1857. From investigations since made, it now appears that an abundant flush of Acanthodian life ushered in the morning of the vast period embraced by the Old Red Sandstone. Along with the genus Acanthodes there occur also several other genera of the Acanthodian family, such as Climatius, Parescus, and some unnamed. The genera Climatius and Parescus were first founded upon and described by Agassiz, in his great work, from spines, but since the perfect forms have turned up in our northern rocks, it has been found necessary to remove them from among the Cestraciont Placoids into the Acanthodian family of the Ganoids, that is to say, provided we adhere to the classification of Agassiz.
Cuttings From a Note-Book on Chalk Gasteropods
Authors: Seeley Harry 
Published: March 2016

Two years ago, collecting matter for future use, in travelling over the Chalk-lands, I made, in the museums visited, such brief memoranda of striking fossils as might save the trouble of comparison with other specimens. The notes were never intended for publication in their present form, but as any more extended work on the subject is at present impossible, such of them as I have permission to print may be found useful to others engaged on similar work.This series is part of the magnificent collection in the Brighton Museum; to the Committee of which I am indebted for the opportunity of making use of them.Conical, twice as high as wide. Many-whorled; whorls flat and narrow, being fou r times as wide as high. Each whorl is ornamented on the upper and lower sutural margins by a very numerous row of closely-placed tubercles. The anterior row has the tubercles elongated longitudinally; those of the posterior row are more bead-like. Connecting these rows are half as many again narrow, sharp, upright ribs. The tubercles and ribs become not only actually, but relatively much more numerous as the shell enlarges; they are crossed horizontally by a number of (about ten) fine spiral striae.
On the Metamorphosis of Rocks in the Cape Town District, South Africa
Authors: Rubidge R. N. 
Published: March 2016

I gave, in a paper in the February number of the ‘Geologist,’ a general view of the facts in the geology of this country which have led me to believe that the metamorphosis of rocks is due to a slow and gradual change in their constituents ; of which change water is one of the chief agents, and the internal heat of the earth not a necessary adjunct.I now propose to describe more particularly those relations of the quartzite with the palæozoic rocks, a careful examination of which has rendered necessary an entire reconstruction of the geological map of the country. That map, published in the Transactions of the Geological Society, was the work of an able man, and the evidence on which the Devonian (Upper Silurian, Bain) was separated from the Clay-slate formation was (so far as I have been able to verify it), I believe, such, that he would not have been justified in coming to another conclusion by any generally admitted principle of the science; for this reason, I invite the criticism of European geologists on my facts and inferences, and their aid in solving many difficulties which still remain unexplained.I stated in my former Paper that the plains and lower hills and valleys of the coast region, extending from Cape Town to the mouth of the Fish River, were formed of blue slaty and sandy rocks. These were all referred to one formation by Lichtenstein.
Sketch of the Geology of the Torbane Mineral Field
Authors: Taylor Andrew 
Published: March 2016

The various corps of an army drawn up in line of battle are distinguished not only by their various uniforms, but also by the distinct position assigned them in the field. This greatly helps the general to the immediate disposition of sharpshooters, infantry, or artillery, as the fate of battle may require. Most of the minerals which are the basis of our commercial and mining greatness are obtained from the Carboniferous system. The industrialist obtains them from various parts of this formation. When a new substance has presented itself, having characters very different from the ordinary rank and file of coals, clay-bands, or fire-clays, its stratigraphical position will help us to determine if it is entitled to a distinct character. If its place be distinct from those of the ordinary coals, if likewise there are indications of a different physical mode of formation, then its claim to be a new mineral will be greatly strengthened.The lower carboniferous rocks of Scotland consist of shales and sandstones more than a thousand feet thick, termed by Mr. Maclaren the calciferous sandstone series. A freshwater limestone, equivalent to that worked at Burdie House, near Edinburgh, is the predominant member of this group. This limestone runs in an elliptical area round that city for nearly twenty-four miles, extending through Fife, Midlothian, and Linlithgowshires. Part of this series extends to the south-east of the town of Bathgate, round which is the Torbane Hill mineral basin.
A Christmas Lecture on “Coal”
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: March 2016

Not a great many years ago the “bigwigs” in England were assembled in conclave, and the élite of science was called before them. There were a great many lumps of a blackish-brown substance on the table, and a great deal of smelling, and burning, and poking of the same black lumps by the same “bigwigs” and learned men. It was the great “Torbane Hill Coal” case.“The point was in question, as all the world knows, To what the said substances ought to belong.”Was it pure carbon? Was it carbonaceous shale? Was it shale without much carbon? Was it carbon without much shale? Was it bituminous shale? Was it coal-shale? Was it cannel? Was it coal?We are afraid to say how many guineas were spent, or how many microscopes were busy in London and Edinburgh. But after all the question was simply this, “What is coal?” We are not going to try to give a definition; but if we can show our young readers (and there are, we hope, a good many of them) a few of the facts connected with the structure, contents, mode of formation, &c., of a coal-field, perhaps we may be able to answer the formidable query, “What is coal?” without calling in the aid of counsel, and our fee is—one shilling. As this is a Christmas lecture for our young friends, we hope our senior readers will not take it amiss if elementary phrases are introduced, and a few woodcuts given to illustrate what they know very well. And perhaps we may be allowed to speak in the first person singular; it is more conversational.
Researches on Pseudomorphs
Authors: Delesse M. 
Published: March 2016

When a mineral presents itself under a form which does not belong to it, there is then what I shall call pseudomorphism.The substance from which the mineral borrows its form may be of any kind—inorganic or even organic. It is called original or pseudomorphosed, while the mineral which replaces it is called pseudomorphic.Pseudomorphism by alteration is that in which the pseudomorphic mineral still contains the elements of the original substance. Pseudomorphism by displacement is that in which this is not the case. In order to understand the difference which exists between these two kinds of pseudomorphisms, it suffices to mention as examples ironpyrites, which changes into limonite, still preserving its crystalline form; or fluor, which after being completely destroyed, is replaced by quartz. The name of paramorphism has been given to the kind of pseudomorphism which is produced without modification of chemical composition. Arragonite changed into calcite, and pyrite changed into marcasite are examples.At first sight it seems that these metamorphoses of minerals must be very exceptional, but observation teaches us, on the contrary, that they are met with in a number of localities; they are, moreover, extremely varied. In fact, they include all the alterations to which minerals are subject in their structure and in their chemical composition. They include also, as a particular case, the decomposition of minerals; and kaolin, for example, results from a true pseudomorphism of felspar.
The Common Fossils of the British Rocks
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

The divisional line of the “Bottom Rocks” is not, however, to be placed at the point at which life first appears. This great series is naturally divided by differences of mineral conditions, by order of deposition, and in reality of age, in our own country, and in other countries both of Europe and America, and apparently also, as far as our present information goes, in Asia and Africa.In Canada, below the equivalents of our Shropshire “Bottom Rocks” and of our lower Cambrian beds, as in the Highlands of Scotland, as we have already obtained, are still more ancient beds of sedimentary origin, which have become crystalline. In Bohemia, in Finland, and in Scandinavia we have these primeval gneissic lands below the lowermost Silurian deposits; but the geologists generally of other countries, except, the Canadian, have not yet made much progress in this investigation, and it is only in very few instances that the distinctions between the older and younger gneiss have been noticed; and so little regard as to geological age has been ordinarily paid in the case of granitic rocks, that, knowing as we do the very various periods at which some of those masses were erupted, or protruded through sedimentary strata, the mere knowledge of their existence is nearly or quite valueless as evidence.
On The Lower Carboniferous Beds of the Clee Hills
Authors: Roberts George E. 
Published: March 2016

Perhaps in all the physical geology of England there is nothing finer than the erupted heights of the Clee. Encircled by the typical “Old Red”—a wide-stretching tract of alternating sandy shores and gravel-beaches of that period—are the characteristic beds of the coal-measures, lying upon Millstone Grit and Mountain Limestone.Of the causes that have elevated these deposits into the hills of Titterstone and the Brown Clee I need not speak—their basaltic summits, where the erupted rock has assumed a rude columnar form after cooling, are sufficient evidence; but I would direct especial attention to that group of beds whose strike is along the Oreton ridge, and whose chief member, the Mountain Limestone, forms its axial line. This lies midway between the two hills; its southern side slopes down the “Common,” and is composed of Millstone Grit, cut off abruptly by a long line of fault, the effect of which has been to have depressed that deposit into a valley, and to have raised the underlying “Old Red” into a nearly continuous line of cliff. The accompanying section will better describe their relative positions.These Millstone Grits are non-fossiliferous; but the mineralogist may detect in their conglomerated structure many pebbles of a high class, jaspers and cornelians of pure quality being often met with. These beds lead up to the Mountain Limestone, which contains a fine series of organic remains, such as palatal teeth of the Cestraciont fishes. Petalodus Hastingsii and Psammodus porosus are abundant; yet, although fragments of their jaws are not uncommon, I have only met with one specimen having the teeth in their true position.