bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot bird drinking patterns: drivers of water visitation in a fynbos bird community
Authors: Lee Alan T. K. , Wright Dale , Barnard Phoebe 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWater affects distribution of many species, but climate change is set to change rainfall patterns and hence water availability. In South Africa, various global climate‐change models suggest a drier future for the winter rainfall regions with implications for survival of plant and animal species of the fynbos region. Most birds offload heat by evaporative water loss, and this increases exponentially from 25°C. Birds need to replenish their water loss to cope particularly at high temperatures, especially species that have little preformed water in the diet. We documented bird species drinking at five natural water sources at a semi‐arid fynbos site through time‐lapse cameras to explore which birds are drinking when. We modelled the total numbers of birds observed drinking as a function of diet, mass and relative abundance and found that species classified as granivores were predicted to drink most frequently, with the more common species most frequently recorded. A phylogenetically controlled trait‐based logistic regression indicated abundance as the best predictor of observation at the water sources. Daily drinking rates at the species level for the ten most frequently observed species were generally best explained by daily temperature, with higher drinking rates on hotter days. However, daily drinking patterns were poorly explained by diurnal temperature trends at the hourly level, and we were unable to document sufficient predators to comment on the influence of predator avoidance or other heat mitigation strategies. Finally, we discuss the implications of our observations for the set of fynbos endemic passerines.
Thinking Outside the Bubble of the Global North: Introducing Milton Santos and “The Active Role of Geography”
Authors: Melgaço Lucas 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBrazilian geographer Milton Santos is one of the most quoted, celebrated, and controversial social scientists of the so‐called “global South”. His body of work employs a rich vocabulary including reinterpretations of concepts such as “totality”, as well as original concepts like “used territory”. These and other concepts have formed the basis of what could be called a “Miltonian” school of thought in geography. However, despite his national and regional importance to Brazil and the “global South” more generally, he has long been overlooked by the English‐speaking community of geographers. The present article intends to bridge this gap by offering an introduction to Santos and to the English translation of one of his most important and hotly debated texts, “The Active Role of Geography: A Manifesto”.
Visceral adiposity predicts post‐operative Crohn's disease recurrence
Authors: Holt D. Q. , Moore G. T. , Strauss B. J. G. , Hamilton A. L. , De Cruz P. , Kamm M. A. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundExcessive visceral adipose tissue has been associated with poorer outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.AimTo determine whether body composition is associated with outcome in a prospective study of post‐operative Crohn's disease patients.MethodsThe POCER study evaluated management strategies for prevention of post‐operative Crohn's disease recurrence; subjects were enrolled after resection of all macroscopic Crohn's disease and were randomised to early endoscopy and possible treatment escalation, or standard care. The primary endpoint was endoscopic recurrence at 18 months. 44 subjects with cross‐sectional abdominal imaging were studied, and body composition analysis performed using established techniques to measure visceral adipose tissue area, subcutaneous adipose tissue area, and skeletal muscle area.ResultsThe body composition parameter with the greatest variance was visceral adipose tissue. Regardless of treatment, all subjects with visceral adipose tissue/height2 >1.5 times the gender‐specific mean experienced endoscopic recurrence at 18 months (compared to 47%) [relative risk 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–3.0, P = 0.012]. Waist circumference correlated strongly with visceral adipose tissue area (ρ = 0.840, P < 0.001). Low skeletal muscle was prevalent (41% of patients), but did not predict endoscopic recurrence; however, appendicular skeletal muscle indices correlated inversely with faecal calprotectin (ρ = 0.560, P = 0.046).ConclusionsVisceral adiposity is an independent risk factor for endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgery. Sarcopenia correlates with inflammatory biomarkers. Measures of visceral adipose tissue may help to stratify risk in post‐operative management strategies.
Reducing fat intake using implementation intentions: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Vilà Irene , Carrero Isabel , Redondo Raquel 
Published: February 2017

PurposeTo study the efficacy of forming implementation intentions for fat intake reduction as well as possible moderating variables.MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis of 12 empirical studies (N = 3,323) published in English and Spanish in the Web of Science (Core Collection) and MEDLINE (1990–January 2016) databases.ResultsThis study found that the efficacy of planning interventions on fat consumption reduction was higher than expected, as a moderate overall effect of implementation intentions was observed (d = 0.488). Moreover, planning for a fat intake reduction seems to be more powerful for men than for women (β = −.623; p = .025) and in cases where there is no monitoring during the intervention (d = 0.671 vs. d = 0.231).ConclusionsPrevious research was sceptical of the efficacy of planning in the case of avoiding goals in healthy eating. However, our results show that planning is an efficient intervention that can be used by health education programmes to reduce fat intake and, therefore, increase citizen well‐being. These results also support the existence of a key variable in the implementation intentions process, that is, goal complexity, and the presence of two moderating variables, that is, gender and monitoring.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Implementation intentions are action plans subordinate to goal intentions that specify the ‘when, where, and how’ of responses leading to goal attainment.

In healthy eating, the average effect of forming implementation intentions is small to medium, but this efficacy changes depending on the type of intended behaviour. Past evidence shows that the effect size seems to be lower when the intervention aims at reducing unhealthy behaviours versus promoting healthy behaviours.

What does this study add?

Forming implementation intentions is an efficient intervention to reduce fat intake with a medium overall effect.

The efficacy of this intervention is increased when men are targeted and when there is no monitoring during the process.

This study introduces a new line of research focused on the study of the effect of planning on complex goals.
Misconceptions amongst dental students: How can they be identified?
Authors: Grazziotin‐Soares R. , Lind S. L. , Ardenghi D. M. , Curtis D. A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimTo compare the frequency of misconceptions amongst dental students resulting from assessments in different subject areas using different types of multiple‐choice questions (MCQs). We wanted to know whether misconceptions, or strongly held incorrect beliefs, differed by subject area or question type.MethodsA total of 104 students completed two assessments that included 20 MCQs on endodontics and 20 MCQs on dental implants. On each examination, 10 questions were scenario‐type questions requiring interpretation or analysis and 10 questions were factual‐based, knowledge questions. Incorrect responses and confidence levels by student and subject were recorded for a comparison of average misconceptions by question type and for correlations between scenario and knowledge question types for misconceptions on both assessments.ResultsStudents were overly confident on their incorrect responses and misconceptions for both assessments. On the endodontic examination, students held a statistically significant higher number of mean misconceptions on scenario questions than for knowledge questions, but the difference was not statistically significant for the dental implant examination. There was a moderately weak relationship between scenario and knowledge questions for misconceptions on the endodontic (r=.31) and dental implant (r=.20) assessments, suggesting students who have misconceptions on knowledge questions are somewhat more likely to have misconceptions on scenario questions.ConclusionStudents had a consistent rate of overconfidence (75%) in their incorrect responses regardless of question type or dental subject. Questions that prompted a higher per cent of incorrect responses were more likely to detect misconceptions, as students were highly confident in their mistakes, for both assessments.
Supporting the library and information needs of UWE health and social care students on placement
Authors: Plaice Caroline , Lloyd Jon , Shaw Pauline 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this research was to explore the library and information needs of health and social care students whilst on placement.MethodsBoth desk and primary research were conducted and included an online questionnaire to students and semi‐structured interviews.ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 252 students from a variety of programmes, equivalent to a 10% response rate. The results indicate a wide range of factors impacting on the library and information experiences of students. Whilst differences in the availability of a physical library in hospital or community locations still exist, these are mitigated by technology and a preference for home study. A significant result is that 77% (n = 193) of students on placement study at home, using a variety of Internet‐connected devices. This highlights a marked change in practice and underlines the need for mobile‐compliant e‐resources and accessible at‐a‐distance services.ConclusionAs a result of this research, practical recommendations on how library support can be improved were developed including enhanced collaboration and learning with NHS colleagues, and knowledge sharing with other departments within the University who support our students.
Ten years of reviews
Authors: Grant Maria J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe March 2017 issue of the Health Information and Libraries Journal marks the 10 year anniversary of the inaugural review published in the journal's review series. The review series was conceived to meet the growing appetite of health library and information workers to access synthesised evidence to inform their practice; something we'd already been doing to support medics in their practice. This editorial looks back on the 10 years and the inspiration which saw the development of a typology of review types and associated methodologies to address the lack of consistent guidelines on the features a review should incorporate.
The clinical value of breath hydrogen testing
Authors: Yao Chu K , Tuck Caroline J 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBreath hydrogen testing for assessing the presence of carbohydrate malabsorption is frequently applied to refine dietary restrictions on a low fermentable carbohydrate (FODMAP) diet. Its application has also been extended for the detection of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Recently, several caveats of its methodology and interpretation have emerged. A review of the evidence surrounding its application in the management of patients with a functional bowel disorder was performed. Studies were examined to assess limitations of testing methodology, interpretation of results, reproducibility, and how this relates to clinical symptoms. A wide heterogeneity in testing parameters, definition of positive/negative response, and the use of clinically irrelevant doses of test carbohydrate were common methodological limitations. These factors can subsequently impact the sensitivity, specificity, and false positive or negative detection rates. Evidence is also increasing on the poor intra‐individual reproducibility in breath responses with repeated testing for fructose and lactulose. On the basis of these limitations, it is not surprising that the diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth based on a lactulose breath test yields a wide prevalence rate and is unreliable. Finally, symptom induction during a breath test has been found to correlate poorly with the presence of carbohydrate malabsorption. The evidence suggests that breath hydrogen tests have limited clinical value in guiding clinical decision for the patient with a functional bowel disorder.
The evidence base for efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: is it ready for prime time as a first‐line therapy?
Authors: Gibson Peter R 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSix randomized controlled trials comparing low FODMAP diet with placebo approaches have all indicated efficacy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The studies have provided all the food (n = 3) or utilized dietitian‐led education (n = 3). They have variably met criticisms regarding issues such as the choice of placebo, the number of patients studied, the success of blinding, and the duration of the interventions, but the results are uniformly positive for the diet. Real‐world experience of the low FODMAP diet has confirmed the findings of the randomized studies, in that about 70% of patients respond. Difficulty in delivering the diet has not been an issue, and the majority of patients find the diet easy to follow when dietitian led. Observational studies have suggested durability of efficacy, even in association with reintroduction of FODMAPs as recommended. Three studies comparing institution of standard dietary guidelines for IBS with the low FODMAP diet have found either similar or improved outcomes with the latter. Low FODMAP diet also has similar efficacy to that of gut‐directed hypnotherapy, another strategy with broad benefit in IBS. There are currently no clinically applicable indices that predict response to the diet. In conclusion, clinical trials and observational studies support the notion that a dietitian‐led low FODMAP diet is ready for primetime and should be considered as a first‐line therapy for patients with IBS where the use of a restrictive diet is appropriate.
The low‐FODMAP diet in the management of functional dyspepsia in East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Tan Victoria P 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFunctional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder in East and Southeast Asia where subjects experience post prandial fullness/bloating, early satiety, belching, epigastric pain, and/or burning. A subset of patients with FD experience triggers exclusively related to meals, defined as the post prandial distress syndrome in the Rome IV guidelines. There is significant overlap of symptoms and implicated pathogenic factors with another common functional gastrointestinal disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and in fact, a significant proportion of subjects have FD/IBS overlap. The introduction of the low‐FODMAP diet has changed the paradigm of treatment for IBS. Like IBS, dietary management appears to be important to patients with FD and clinicians treating the condition. This review aims to examine the current role of diet in the management of FD in East and Southeast Asia, with an exploration of the likely efficacy and mechanisms of action of the low‐FODMAP diet in this region.
When the low FODMAP diet does not work
Authors: Halmos Emma P 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is heterogeneous. Patients need proper assessment and explanation of IBS pathophysiology and appropriate therapies. A low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet effectively reduces symptoms in 75% of patients. Best treatment for those nonresponsive will depend on the pathophysiological basis for symptom genesis, with the following possible abnormalities: (i) Visceral hypersensitivity and/or enhanced gut‐brain communication: a low FODMAP diet is mainly targeted for this patient group. A dietitian may also recommend antispasmodic agents, including peppermint oil. Another dietary treatment is a low food chemical diet, although this diet is often extremely limited, and therefore, not suited for some populations. Psychological therapies are also clinically beneficial. (ii) Altered motility: in patients with fast transit, a dietitian may recommend a reduction in all FODMAPs or targeted monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are more osmotic in nature. If not effective, patients may benefit from psyllium, which has an exceptional water‐holding capacity aimed to promote more formed stools. Patients with slow or uncoordinated transit are often more difficult to treat. Dietary interventions have some success and usually comprise a combination of adequate fiber and fluid, osmotic laxatives, and stimulating agents such as caffeine, senna, and exercise. (iii) Altered microbiome: supplementary probiotics and prebiotics have weak evidence of efficacy with some notable exceptions. A dietitian may trial supplementary Bifidobacterium infantis or oligosaccharides, usually as an adjunct therapy. Guidance from a dietitian will encompass dietary methods to treat IBS but additionally identify where dietary treatment is not indicated to ensure that diet is correctly used and patients are not nutritionally or psychologically compromised.
Nursing home staff members' subjective frames of reference on residents' achievement of ego integrity: A Q‐methodology study
Authors: Lim Sun‐Young , Chang Sung‐Ok 
Published: February 2017

AimTo discover the structure of the frames of reference for nursing home staff members' subjective judgment of residents' achievement of ego integrity.MethodsQ‐methodology was applied. Twenty‐eight staff members who were working in a nursing home sorted 34 Q‐statements into the shape of a normal distribution.ResultsA centroid factor analysis and varimax rotation, using the PQ‐method program, revealed four factors: identifying clues to residents' positive acceptance of their whole life span, identifying residents' ways of enjoying their current life, referencing residents' attitudes and competencies toward harmonious relationships, and identifying residents' integrated efforts to establish self‐esteem.ConclusionThese subjective frames of reference need to be investigated in order to improve the relationships with nursing home residents and their quality of life. Consequently, the fundamental monitoring tools to help staff members make subjective judgments can be formed.
Clinical nursing instructors' perceived challenges in clinical teaching
Authors: Yang Cheng‐I , Chao Shu‐Yuan 
Published: February 2017

AimThe purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the challenges in clinical teaching that are encountered by clinical instructors and to foster the relevant training.MethodsFocus group methodology was used. The participants were 54 clinical nursing instructors who were recruited from middle Taiwan and participated in one of five focus groups of 2–3 h each. The data transcripts were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis.ResultsFive challenges emerged: (i) teaching outside one's area of expertise; (ii) building cooperative relationships with the clinical staff; (iii) the unit's use of students as nursing staff; (iv) inappropriate clinical practices by the clinical staff; and (v) clinical staff members' negative comments toward the students. These challenges revealed clinical nursing instructors' difficulties in balancing clinical teaching quality and their relationships with the clinical staff members.ConclusionThe identified challenges reflect the need to support clinical instructors and assist them to prepare for their role through training programs or policy changes.
KREEP basalt petrogenesis: Insights from 15434,181
Authors: Cronberger Karl , Neal Clive R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractReturned lunar KREEP basalts originated through impact processes or endogenous melting of the lunar interior. Various methods have been used to distinguish between these two origins, with varying degrees of success. Apollo 15 KREEP basalts are generally considered to be endogenous melts of the lunar interior. For example, sample 15434,181 is reported to have formed by a two‐stage cooling process, with large orthopyroxene (Opx) phenocrysts forming first and eventually cocrystalizing with smaller plagioclase crystals. However, major and trace element analyses of Opx and plagioclase coupled with calculated equilibrium liquids are inconsistent with the large orthopyroxenes being a phenocryst phase. Equilibrium liquid rare earth element (REE) profiles are enriched relative to the whole rock (WR) composition, inconsistent with Opx being an early crystallizing phase, and these are distinct from the plagioclase REE equilibrium liquids. Fractional crystallization modeling using the Opx equilibrium liquids as a parental composition cannot reproduce the WR values even with crystallization of late‐stage phosphates and zircon. This work concludes that instead of being a phenocryst phase, the large Opx crystals are actually xenocrysts that were subsequently affected by pyroxene overgrowths that formed intergrowths with cocrystallizing plagioclase.
The optimal blood glucose level for critically ill adult patients
Authors: Lv Shaoning , Ross Paul , Tori Kathleen 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundGlycaemic control is recognized as one of the important aspects in managing critically ill patients. Both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia independently increase the risk of patient mortality. Hence, the identification of optimal glycaemic control is of paramount importance in the management of critically ill patients.Aims and objectivesThe aim of this literature review is to examine the current status of glycaemic control in critically ill adult patients. This literature review will focus on randomized controlled trials comparing intensive insulin therapy to conventional insulin therapy, with an objective to identify optimal blood glucose level targets for critically ill adult patients.Design and methodsA literature review was conducted to identify large randomized controlled trials for the optimal targeted blood glucose level for critically ill adult patients published since 2000. A total of eight studies fulfilled the selection criteria of this review.ResultsWith current human and technology resources, the results of the studies support commencing glycaemic control once the blood glucose level of critically ill patients reaches 10 mmol/L and maintaining this level between 8 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L.ConclusionThis literature review provides a recommendation for targeting the optimal blood glucose level for critically ill patients within moderate blood glucose level target range (8–10 mmol/L). The need for uniformed glucometrics for unbiased reporting and further research for optimal blood glucose target is required, especially in light of new technological advancements in closed‐loop insulin delivery and monitoring devices.Relevance to clinical practiceThis literature review has revealed a need to call for consensus in the measurement and reporting of glycaemic control using standardized glucometrics.