bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Nonunion and Infectious Complications in Patients With Posttraumatic Subtalar Arthrodesis
Authors: Dingemans Siem A. , Backes Manouk , Goslings J. Carel , de Jong Vincent M. , Luitse Jan S. K. , Schepers Tim 
Published: July 2016

Objective:
The objective of the present study was (1) to identify predictors of both nonunion and postoperative wound infections (POWI) and (2) to assess the union and complication rate following posttraumatic subtalar arthrodesis (STA).

Design:
Retrospective comparative cohort study.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:
All consecutive adult patients with STA following traumatic injuries between 2000 and May 2015.

Intervention:
STA for posttraumatic deformities.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Union (described as a combination of radiographic signs of osseous bridging and a clinically fused joint) and POWI as classified by the Centers for Disease and Control.

Results:
A total number of 93 (96 feet) patients met the inclusion criteria. Union was achieved in 89% of patients. For primary, secondary in situ, and secondary correction arthrodesis, these percentages were 94%, 84,% and 90%, respectively (NS). The union rate significantly increased over time (P = 0.02). In 17 patients (18%), a POWI occurred, of which 2 were classified as superficial and 15 as deep POWIs. The POWI rate did not differ between the groups. Alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse were not significantly associated with the occurrence of POWIs. Patients with an open fracture or an infection following open reduction internal fixation had a greater risk of a POWI following STA (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusions:
We could not identify predictors for nonunion. In 18% of the patients, an infectious complication following surgery occurred. Patients with an open fracture or an infection after primary surgical treatment (ie, open reduction internal fixation) have a higher chance of POWIs following STA. The union rate following posttraumatic STA is 89%.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Parenting and Preschooler TV Viewing in Low-Income Mexican Americans: Development of the Parenting Practices Regarding TV Viewing (PPRTV) Scale
Authors: Thompson Darcy A. , Johnson Susan L. , Vandewater Elizabeth A. , Schmiege Sarah J. , Boles Richard E. , Lev Jerusha , Tschann Jeanne M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:

Objective:
To develop and test a comprehensive, culturally based measure of parenting practices regarding television (TV) viewing in low-income Mexican-American mothers of preschoolers.

Method:
Low-income Mexican-American female primary caregivers of preschoolers were recruited in urban safety-net pediatric clinics during the 2013 to 2014 academic year. Items on parenting practices regarding TV viewing were developed from a prior scale, review of the literature, and results from semistructured interviews. Items were administered by phone, and analyses included evaluation of the factor structure and psychometric properties of a 40-item measure of parenting practices regarding TV viewing (PPRTV).

Results:
Using exploratory factor analysis, a 7-factor model emerged as the best fit for the data representing the following domains of parenting practices: time restriction, behavioral control, instructive practices, coviewing, planful restriction, reactive content restriction, and commercial endorsement. Internal reliabilities were acceptable (Cronbach's alpha >.75). Correlations among the resulting subscales were small to moderate (rs = 0.01–0.43). Subscales were correlated with child TV viewing amounts: time restriction (−0.14, p < .05); behavioral control (0.27, p < .001); coviewing (0.16, p < .01); planful restriction (−0.20, p < .001); and commercial endorsement (0.11, p < .05), which provides support for construct validity.

Conclusion:
The PPRTV scale measures 7 domains of parenting practices and has good initial reliability and validity. It allows investigators to conduct more in-depth evaluations of the role parents play in socializing young children on TV use. Results of such work will be important to informing the design of interventions aiming to ensure healthy screen media habits in young children.
Deep Sequencing of 10,000 Human Genomes
Authors: Telenti Amalio , Pierce Levi C.T. , Biggs William H. , di Iulio Julia , Wong Emily H.M. , Fabani Martin M. , Kirkness Ewen F. , Moustafa Ahmed , Shah Naisha , Xie Chao , Brewerton Suzanne C. , Bulsara Nadeem , Garner Chad , Metzker Gary , Sandoval Efren , Perkins Brad A. , Och Franz J. , Turpaz Yaron , Venter J. Craig 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report on the sequencing of 10,545 human genomes at 30-40x coverage with an emphasis on quality metrics and novel variant and sequence discovery. We find that 84% of an individual human genome can be sequenced confidently. This high confidence region includes 91.5% of exon sequence and 95.2% of known pathogenic variant positions. We present thedistribution of over 150 million single nucleotide variants in the coding and non-coding genome. Each newly sequenced genome contributes an average of 8,579 novel variants. In addition, each genome carries in average 0.7 Mb of sequence that is not found in the main build of the hg38 reference genome. The density of this catalog of variation allowed us to construct highresolution profiles that define genomic sites that are highly intolerant of genetic variation. These results indicate that the data generated by deep genome sequencing is of the quality necessary for clinical use.Significance statementDeclining sequencing costs and new large-scale initiatives towards personalized medicine are driving a massive expansion in the number of human genomes being sequenced. Therefore, there is an urgent need to define quality standards for clinical use. This includes deep coverage and sequencing accuracy of an individual’s genome, rather than aggregated coverage of data across a cohort or population. Our work represents the largest effort to date in sequencing human genomes at deep coverage with these new standards. This study identifies over 150 million human variants, a majority of them rare and unknown. Moreover, these data identify sites in the genome that are highly intolerant to variation - possibly essential for life or health. We conclude that high coverage genome sequencing provides accurate detail on human variation for discovery and for clinical applications.
Forward genetic screen of human transposase genomic rearrangements
Authors: Henssen Anton G. , Jiang Eileen , Zhuang Jiali , Pinello Luca , Socci Nicholas D. , Koche Richard , Gonen Mithat , Villasante Camila M. , Armstrong Scott A. , Bauer Daniel E. , Weng Zhiping , Kentsis Alex 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground.Numerous human genes encode potentially active DNA transposases or recombinases, but our understanding of their functions remains limited due to shortage of methods to profile their activities on endogenous genomic substrates.Results.To enable functional analysis of human transposase-derived genes, we combined forward chemical genetic hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) screening with massively parallel paired-end DNA sequencing and structural variant genome assembly and analysis. Here, we report theHPRT1mutational spectrum induced by the human transposase PGBD5, including PGBD5-specific signal sequences (PSS) that serve as potential genomic rearrangement substrates.Conclusions.The discovered PSS motifs and high-throughput forward chemical genomic screening approach should prove useful for the elucidation of endogenous genome remodeling activities of PGBD5 and other domesticated human DNA transposases and recombinases.
Shifts in community‐level traits and functional diversity in a mixed conifer forest: a legacy of land‐use change
Authors: Strahan Robert T. , Sánchez Meador Andrew J. , Huffman David W. , Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryHistorical reference conditions have long been used to guide the restoration of degraded ecosystems. However, a rapidly changing climate and altered disturbance regimes are calling into question the usefulness of this approach. As a consequence, restoration goals are increasingly focused on creating communities that are resilient to novel environmental stressors and emphasis is being placed on defining functional targets through the use of plant traits. While changes in forest structure and composition have received much attention, long‐term changes in stand‐level functional traits are not well understood.We used dendrochronology to reconstruct historical forest structure and composition in 1880, the year immediately following the disruption of the natural fire regime in a mixed conifer forest in Arizona,USA. We analysed the differences in pre‐settlement and contemporary forest composition, structure and community‐weighted mean (CWM) traits, and functional diversity metrics (Rao's Q and functional richness) for four plant functional traits: leaf nitrogen content (leaf N), specific leaf area (SLA), wood density and bark thickness.We observed significant shifts in forest composition, structure,CWMtraits and functional diversity from 1880 to 2011. These changes reflect a reduction in fire and drought tolerance, driven largely by increases in the relative importanceof Abies concolorandPinus strobiformis. Compositional changes were associated with declines inCWMleaf N,SLA, wood density and bark thickness. We found lower multitrait functional diversity (Rao's Q) in contemporary forests driven primarily by leaf N; however, bark thickness variation was greater in contemporary forests than in 1880.Synthesis and applications. Compositional shifts towards reduced average bark thickness and wood density in contemporary forests driven by land‐use change have likely reduced forest resilience to both fire and drought. Managers can manipulate forest structure and species composition to achieve functional objectives by increasing stand‐level bark thickness to promote fire tolerance and increasing stand‐level wood density to promote drought tolerance. Forecasts for extended fire seasons along with declining precipitation are projected for many ecosystems around the planet. A focus on restoring optimal functional trait combinations may be as important as managing ecosystem structure for restoring resilient ecosystems.
Evolution of plant materials for ecological restoration: insights from the applied and basic literature
Authors: Espeland Erin K. , Emery Nancy C. , Mercer Kristin L. , Woolbright Scott A. , Kettenring Karin M. , Gepts Paul , Etterson Julie R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryRestoration is normally conducted with the goal of creating plant populations that establish, survive, successfully reproduce, contribute to ecosystem function and persist in the long term. Restoration often relies on revegetation that, on large scales, requires agronomic increase of native plant materials. During this propagation process, restoration populations are subject to genetic sampling as well as natural and artificial selection that could result in adaptation contrasting sharply with that of native populations.Here we draw on insights from the evolutionary and agricultural literature to illustrate how changes in the amount and type of genetic variation inex siturepositories (source collections and production farms) could affect plant performance in restoration. The consequences of intentional and/or inadvertent evolutionary modification of restoration materials are discussed with respect to population viability and ecosystem function.Synthesis and applications. We conclude that sampling effects and intentional and unintentional selection during collection, propagation and restoration planting have the potential to diminish restored populations. We describe testing for evolutionary change in plant materials using neutral molecular markers and/or field observations. Six practices, multiple collections through time, multiple collections through space, large effective population size, provenance tracking, promoting gene flow and reducing selection comprise ‘evolutionarily enlightened management’ that decreases the potential for unintentional evolution and maladaptation.
Correlations of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and serum uric acid with subclinical atherosclerosis in obese Chinese adults
Authors: Liu Yongwen , Liu Changqin , Shi Xiulin , Lin Mingzhu , Yan Bing , Zeng Xin , Chen Ningning , Lu Shuhua , Liu Suhuan , Yang Shuyu , Li Xuejun , Li Zhibin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundExisting evidence about the associations of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and serum uric acid (SUA) with subclinical atherosclerosis is controversial. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of NAFLD and SUA with subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsIn the present cross‐sectional study, 1354 obese adults underwent hepatic ultrasonography and arteriosclerosis detection. Indices of subclinical atherosclerosis were brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (ba‐PWV) and the ankle–brachial index (ABI). Linear regression using multivariable fractional polynomial (MFP) modeling was used to examine independent associations of NAFLD and SUA with a‐PWV and ABI.ResultsCompared with controls, mean (± SD) ba‐PWV was significantly higher in subjects with NAFLD (1534 ± 292 vs 1433 ± 259 cm/s; P < 0.001) and hyperuricemia (HUA; 1519 ± 275 vs 1476 ± 287 cm/s; P = 0.007). After adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, NAFLD and SUA were both positively related to ba‐PWV (β = 0.120 and 0.064, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). With further adjustment for insulin resistance and components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the positive correlations were no longer significant (β = 0.017 and 0.006; P > 0.05 for both). In addition, NAFLD, but not SUA, was negatively correlated with ABI (β = −0.073; P = 0.015). Using MFP modeling, the best fractional polynomial (FP) transformation model showed that non‐linear transformations were appropriate for two variables in their relationship with ba‐PWV, namely age and fasting insulin as first‐degree FP transformations (age3 and 1/insulin0.5, respectively).ConclusionsNeither NAFLD nor SUA was related to ba‐PWV with increases in insulin resistance and MetS, but NAFLD was independently and negatively correlated with ABI.
Exploring the role of the patient–physician relationship on insulin adherence and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: Insights from the MOSAIc study
Authors: Linetzky Bruno , Jiang Dingfeng , Funnell Martha M. , Curtis Bradley H. , Polonsky William H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe 2‐year prospective MOSAIc (Multinational Observational Study assessing Insulin use: understanding the challenges associated with progression of therapy) study is investigating whether patient‐, physician‐, and health system‐related factors affect outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This baseline subanalysis investigated how aspects of the patient–physician relationship are associated with diabetes‐related distress, insulin adherence, and glycemic control.MethodsPatients with T2D taking insulin for ≥3 months were recruited at primary care and specialty practice sites in 18 countries. Physicians provided usual care. Clinical history and most recent HbA1c values were collected; patients were surveyed regarding their perception of physician interactions, diabetes‐related distress level, and insulin adherence.ResultsThe analysis population comprised 4341 patients. Four (of six) domains showed a significant relationship with total diabetes‐related distress (P < 0.01). Poor insulin adherence was associated with greater diabetes‐related distress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.22), higher Discrimination (aOR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02–1.27) and Hurried Communication (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.20–1.53) scores, and a lower Explained Results score (aOR 0.86; 95% CI 0.77–0.97). Poor insulin adherence was associated with a 0.43% increase in HbA1c, whereas a 1‐unit increase in total diabetes‐related distress and Hurried Communication scores was associated with a 0.171% and 0.145% increase in HbA1c, respectively.ConclusionsPatients distressed about living with T2D, and dissatisfied with aspects of their interactions with physicians, exhibited poor insulin adherence. Perceived physician inattention and lack of engagement (and diabetes‐related distress) directly affect insulin adherence and glycemic control.
Potential confounding factors in measurement of specific cell‐free seminal mRNAs and microRNAs derived from human reproductive organs
Authors: Dong T. T. , Yu Q. , Qing X. R. , Ma X. L. , Dong W. W. , Shi J. , Li H. G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryCell‐free seminal RNA (cfs‐RNA) is mixed transcripts derived from male reproductive organs, and is potential biomarker for the research and diagnosis of male reproductive‐related diseases. However, some clinical factors, including age, asymptomatic Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection, scrotal heat stress, abstinence period, and the storage condition of semen samples, may interfere with sperm parameters and the measurement of seminal biomarkers. Accordingly, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of above clinical factors on the measurement of cfs‐RNA, aiming to lay a foundation for its research use and potential clinical application. Semen samples were collected according to the selected clinical factors. Cell‐free seminal plasma was obtained by centrifugation and total RNA was extracted with TRIzol LS. Selective male reproductive organ‐specific cfs‐mRNAs and cfs‐miRNAs were quantified by quantitative real‐time PCR. The concentration and total amount of cfs‐mRNAs and cfs‐miRNAs in one ejaculate were calculated and compared. ACTB, DDX4 (testis‐specific), WFDC9 (epididymis‐specific), and miR‐514a‐3p (testis‐specific) significantly increased after scrotal heat stress. SEMG1 (seminal vesicle‐specific) showed declining tendency with the prolonged abstinence period. Age, asymptomatic UU infection, and the storage condition showed no significant impact on the measurement of cfs‐RNA. These results indicate that scrotal heat stress significantly interfere with the selected cfs‐RNA derived from the testis and epididymis, and abstinence period may affect the yield of cfs‐mRNA from seminal vesicle, while other clinical factors has no significant impact on the measurement. Thus, heat exposure and abstinence period should be considered for the cfs‐RNA measurement in its research or clinical application.
Associations of reading posture, gaze angle and reading distance with myopia and myopic progression
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi , Kauppinen Markku 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeTo study the associations of habitual reading posture, gaze angle in reading and reading distance with myopia and changes in myopia among myopic children.MethodsA total of 240 myopic schoolchildren (mean age 10.9 years), with no previous spectacles, were recruited during 1983–1984 to a randomized 3‐year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia. Three annual examinations with subjective cycloplegic refraction were conducted for 237–238 subjects. A further examination was conducted at the mean age of 23.2 years for 178 subjects. Habitual reading posture was elicited by questionnaire at study outset. Reading distance was measured with a Clement Clark accommodometer and gaze angle with an angle scale at baseline and all three annual follow‐ups. Height was measured by a school nurse. The connections between the variables were studied with the standard statistical methods.ResultsHigher myopia was connected with shorter reading distance among girls at follow‐ups 2 and 3, but not at the other examinations. The correlation of spherical equivalent with height was non‐significant at each follow‐up. Myopic progression across the whole follow‐up was highest among those who read sitting down at baseline (−3.58 ± 1.75 D) and lowest among those who read face up lying down (−2.35 ± 1.53 D) (p = 0.021). Reading with eyes at a more downward angle was slightly connected with greater myopic progression (r = −0.166, p = 0.028).ConclusionsReading in a sitting posture at myopia onset predicted the greatest myopic progression to adulthood and reading face up on one's back the lowest. Reading with eyes on turned more downwards was slightly connected with greater myopic progression.
Bladder pain induced by prolonged peripheral alpha 1A adrenoceptor stimulation involves the enhancement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 activity and an increase of urothelial adenosine triphosphate release
Authors: Matos R. , Cordeiro J. M. , Coelho A. , Ferreira S. , Silva C. , Igawa Y. , Cruz F. , Charrua A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimPathophysiological mechanisms of chronic visceral pain (CVP) are unknown. This study explores the association between the sympathetic system and bladder nociceptors activity by testing the effect of a prolonged adrenergic stimulation on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activity and on urothelial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release.MethodsFemale Wistar rats received saline, phenylephrine (PHE), PHE + silodosin, PHE + naftopidil or PHE + prazosin. TRPV1 knockout and wild‐type mice received saline or PHE. Visceral pain behaviour tests were performed before and after treatment. Cystometry was performed, during saline and capsaicin infusion. Fos immunoreactivity was assessed in L6 spinal cord segment. Human urothelial ATP release induced by mechanical and thermal stimulation was evaluated.ResultsSubcutaneous, but not intrathecal, PHE administration induced pain, which was reversed by silodosin, a selective alpha 1A adrenoceptor antagonist, but not by naftopidil, a relatively selective antagonist for alpha 1D adrenoceptor. Silodosin also reversed PHE‐induced bladder hyperactivity and L6 spinal cord Fos expression. Thus, in subsequent experiments, only silodosin was used. Wild‐type, but not TRPV1 knockout, mice exhibited phenylephrine‐induced pain. Capsaicin induced a greater increase in voiding contractions in PHE‐treated rats than in control animals, and silodosin reversed this effect. When treated with PHE, ATP release from human urothelial cells was enhanced either by mechanical stimulation or by lowering the thermal threshold of urothelial TRPV1, which becomes abnormally responsive at body temperature.ConclusionThis study suggests that the activation of peripheral alpha 1A adrenoceptors induces CVP, probably through its interaction with TRPV1 and ATP release.
Incentivizing Patient Choices: The Ethics of Inclusive Shared Savings
Authors: Chappell Richard Yetter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIs it ethical to pay patients for selecting cheaper medical treatments? The healthcare system in the United States is notoriously profligate, at least in part because when insurers foot the bill, patients have little incentive to avoid wasteful treatments. One familiar means for dealing with this problem is for insurers to offer reduced co‐pays to patients who select cheaper treatments. Would it be ethical to take this one step further, beyond the zero bound, sharing the savings of cheaper treatments by positively paying the patients who select them? Schmidt & Emanuel recently proposed this policy of ‘Inclusive Shared Savings’ (ISS). This article examines various ethical objections to the idea.