bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A bird's eye view of two mimetic tropical butterflies: coloration matches predator's sensitivity
Authors: Thurman T. J. , Seymoure B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUnprofitable prey with conspicuous warning signals are often mimicked by other species, which then gain protection from predators. How closely two mimetic species resemble one another depends upon the visual perception of the signal receiver. However, most studies of mimetic coloration have been conducted using only the human visual system, which differs greatly from that of most animals. To better understand mimicry, we should study mimetic visual signals through the eyes of the intended receiver. Here, we use avian visual models to test predictions of putative Batesian mimicry in two Amazonian butterflies, Mimoides pausanias and Heliconius sara. We calculated Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) and tetrahedral color volumes for 11 different patches: iridescent blue, yellow bars, red spots and black background. Several color patches were not visually discriminable for both avian visual systems (UV/VIS and V/VIS), and visual discrimination (i.e. degree of mimicry) of color patches depended upon the avian visual system. These two butterfly species are more mimetic when viewed by their likely avian predators, which have V/VIS vision. Therefore, this mimetic assemblage may have evolved to be more spectrally accurate in the non‐UV wavelengths which their avian predators are able to see. However, while many color patches of the two species were modeled to be difficult to discriminate, most color patches were not perfect matches regardless of visual system, and several patches were very poor mimics. Through this study we demonstrate the importance of testing putative mimetic assemblages using known predator perceptual models and lay a foundation for behavioral studies to further test mimicry in H. sara and M. pausanius.
Late‐glacial to Holocene depositional architecture of the Ombrone palaeovalley system (Southern Tuscany, Italy): Sea‐level, climate and local control in valley‐fill variability
Authors: Breda Anna , Amorosi Alessandro , Rossi Veronica , Fusco Fabio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Ombrone palaeovalley was incised during the last glacial sea‐level fall and was infilled during the subsequent Late‐glacial to Holocene transgression. A detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic study of two cores along the palaeovalley axis led to reconstruction of the post‐Last Glacial Maximum valley‐fill history. Stratigraphic correlations show remarkable similarity in the Late‐glacial to early‐Holocene succession, but discrepancy in the Holocene portion of the valley fill. Above the palaeovalley floor, about 60 m below sea‐level, Late‐glacial sedimentation is recorded by an unusually thick alluvial succession dated back to ca 18 cal kyr bp. The Holocene onset was followed by the retrogradational shift from alluvial to coastal facies. In seaward core OM1, the transition from inner to outer estuarine environments marks the maximum deepening of the system. By comparison, in landward core OM2, the emplacement of estuarine conditions was interrupted by renewed continental sedimentation. Swamp to lacustrine facies, stratigraphically equivalent to the fully estuarine facies of core OM1, represent the proximal expression of the maximum flooding zone. This succession reflects location in a confined segment of the valley, just landward of the confluence with a tributary valley. It is likely that sudden sediment input from the tributary produced a topographic threshold, damming the main valley course and isolating its landward segment from the sea. The seaward portion of the Ombrone palaeovalley presents the typical estuarine backfilling succession of allogenically controlled incised valleys. In contrast, in the landward portion of the system, local dynamics completely overwhelmed the sea‐level signal, following marine ingression. This study highlights the complexity of palaeovalley systems, where local morphologies, changes in catchment areas, drainage systems and tributary valleys may produce facies patterns significantly different from the general stratigraphic organization depicted by traditional sequence‐stratigraphic models.
Influence of nuclear interactions in body tissues on tumor dose in carbon‐ion radiotherapy
Authors: Inaniwa T. , Kanematsu N. , Tsuji H. , Kamada T. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:In carbon‐ion radiotherapy treatment planning, the planar integrated dose (PID) measured in water is applied to the patient dose calculation with density scaling using the stopping power ratio. Since body tissues are chemically different from water, this dose calculation can be subject to errors, particularly due to differences in inelastic nuclear interactions. In recent studies, the authors proposed and validated a PID correction method for these errors. In the present study, the authors used this correction method to assess the influence of these nuclear interactions in body tissues on tumor dose in various clinical cases.Methods:Using 10–20 cases each of prostate, head and neck (HN), bone and soft tissue (BS), lung, liver, pancreas, and uterine neoplasms, the authors first used treatment plans for carbon‐ion radiotherapy without nuclear interaction correction to derive uncorrected dose distributions. The authors then compared these distributions with recalculated distributions using the nuclear interaction correction (corrected dose distributions).Results:Median (25%/75% quartiles) differences between the target mean uncorrected doses and corrected doses were 0.2% (0.1%/0.2%), 0.0% (0.0%/0.0%), −0.3% (−0.4%/−0.2%), −0.1% (−0.2%/−0.1%), −0.1% (−0.2%/0.0%), −0.4% (−0.5%/−0.1%), and −0.3% (−0.4%/0.0%) for the prostate, HN, BS, lung, liver, pancreas, and uterine cases, respectively. The largest difference of −1.6% in target mean and −2.5% at maximum were observed in a uterine case.Conclusions:For most clinical cases, dose calculation errors due to the water nonequivalence of the tissues in nuclear interactions would be marginal compared to intrinsic uncertainties in treatment planning, patient setup, beam delivery, and clinical response. In some extreme cases, however, these errors can be substantial. Accordingly, this correction method should be routinely applied to treatment planning in clinical practice.
Effect of increased water intake on plasma copeptin in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sontrop Jessica M , Huang Shi-Han , Garg Amit X , Moist Louise , House Andrew A , Gallo Kerri , Clark William F 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesIncreased water intake may have a beneficial effect on the kidney through suppression of plasma vasopressin. We examined the effect of increased water intake on plasma copeptin (a marker of vasopressin) over 6 weeks in patients with chronic kidney disease.DesignSecondary analysis of a randomised controlled parallel-group pilot trial.SettingCanada, 2012–2013.Participants28 patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease randomised (2:1) to a hydration (n=17) or control group (n=11).InterventionThe hydration group was coached to increase water intake by up to 1.5 L/day for 6 weeks. The control group was asked to maintain regular water intake.Measures and outcomesParticipants provided blood and 24 h urine samples at baseline and 6 weeks. Change in plasma copeptin was compared within and between study groups.ResultsParticipants were 64% male with a mean age of 62 years and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 40 mL/min/1.73 m2. Between baseline and 6 weeks, 24 h urine volume increased by 0.7 L/day in the hydration group, rising from 2.3 to 3.0 L/day (p=0.01), while decreasing by 0.3 L/day among controls, from 2.0 to 1.7 L/day (p=0.07); between-group difference: 0.9 L/day (95% CI 0.37 to 1.46; p=0.002). In the hydration group, median copeptin decreased by 3.6 pmol/L, from 15.0 to 10.8 pmol/L (p=0.005), while remaining stable among controls at 19 pmol/L (p=0.76; p=0.19 for the between-group difference in median change); the between-group difference in mean change was 5.4 pmol/L (95% CI −1.2 to 12.0; p=0.11).ConclusionsAdults with stage 3 chronic kidney disease can be successfully randomised to drink approximately 1 L more per day than controls. This increased water intake caused a significant decrease in plasma copeptin concentration. Our larger 12-month trial will examine whether increased water intake can slow renal decline in patients with chronic kidney disease.Trial registration numberNCT01753466.
MicroRNA Profiles of Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Differences in Glandular Non-native Epithelium
Authors: Drahos Jennifer , Schwameis Katrin , Orzolek Linda D. , Hao Haiping , Birner Peter , Taylor Phillip R. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Schoppmann Sebastian F. , Cook Michael B. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background: The tissue specificity and robustness of miRNAs may aid risk prediction in individuals diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus. As an initial step, we assessed whether miRNAs can positively distinguish esophageal adenocarcinoma from the precursor metaplasia Barrett's esophagus.
Methods: In a case–control study of 150 esophageal adenocarcinomas frequency matched to 148 Barrett's esophagus cases, we quantitated expression of 800 human miRNAs in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue RNA using NanoString miRNA v2. We tested differences in detection by case group using the χ2 test and differences in expression using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Bonferroni-corrected statistical significance threshold was set at P &lt; 6.25E−05. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed for the most significant miRNAs using 5-fold cross-validation.
Results: We observed 46 distinct miRNAs significantly increased in esophageal adenocarcinoma compared with Barrett's esophagus, 35 of which remained when restricted to T1b and T2 malignancies. Three miRNAs (miR-663b, miR-421, and miR-502-5p) were detected in &gt;80% esophageal adenocarcinoma, but &lt;20% of Barrett's esophagus. Seven miRNAs (miR-4286, miR-630, miR-575, miR-494, miR-320e, miR-4488, and miR-4508) exhibited the most extreme differences in expression with &gt;5-fold increases. Using 5-fold cross-validation, we repeated feature (miR) selection and case–control prediction and computed performance criteria. Each of the five folds selected the same top 10 miRNAs, which, together, provided 98% sensitivity and 95% specificity.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence that tissue miRNA profiles can discriminate esophageal adenocarcinoma from Barrett's esophagus. This large analysis has identified miRNAs that merit further investigation in relation to pathogenesis and diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Impact: These candidate miRNAs may provide a means for improved risk stratification and more cost-effective surveillance. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(3); 429–37. ©2015 AACR.
Notas para pensar a onda dos filmes espíritas no Brasil
Authors: Cánepa Laura 
Published: November 2015

<p class="p1">Neste começo da segunda década do século XXI, o Brasil, país tido como a maior nação espírita do planeta, tem testemunhado uma onda de longas-metragens com temática espírita que movimenta grandes orçamentos e bilheterias, provocando interesse e debates entre os fiéis, os críticos de cinema e os observadores culturais. No entanto, na maior parte das discussões nos meios de comunicação, parece haver certa pressa em diagnosticar o fenômeno como novidade, sem levar em conta a trajetória e mesmo uma possível tradição de filmes espíritas brasileiros — a partir da qual, parece-nos, o ciclo atual pode ser examinado. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem a intenção de discutir a possibilidade de falar-se de uma tradição de filmes espíritas brasileiros e, a partir dela, propõe alguns pressupostos de análise para os novos filmes que têm surgido a cada ano.</p>
Abdominal Aortic Calcification Identified on Lateral Spine Images From Bone Densitometers Are a Marker of Generalized Atherosclerosis in Elderly Women
Authors: Lewis Joshua R. , Schousboe John T. , Lim Wai H. , Wong Germaine , Zhu Kun , Lim Ee M. , Wilson Kevin E. , Thompson Peter L. , Kiel Douglas P. , Prince Richard L. 
Published: November 2015

Objective—
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is a low-cost, minimal radiation technique used to improve fracture prediction. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry machines can also capture single-energy lateral spine images, and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is commonly seen on these images.

Approach and Results—

We investigated whether dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry–derived measures of AAC were related to an established test of generalized atherosclerosis in 892 elderly white women aged >70 years with images captured during bone density testing in 1998/1999 and B-mode carotid ultrasound in 2001. AAC scores were calculated using a validated 24-point scale into low (AAC24 score, 0 or 1), moderate (AAC24 scores, 2–5), and severe AAC (AAC24 scores, >5) seen in 45%, 36%, and 19%, respectively. AAC24 scores were correlated with mean and maximum common carotid artery intimal medial thickness (
r
s
=0.12,
P
<0.001 and
r
s
=0.14,
P
<0.001). Compared with individuals with low AAC, those with moderate or severe calcification were more likely to have carotid atherosclerotic plaque (adjusted prevalence ratio (PR), 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–1.61;
P
<0.001 and prevalence ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.65–2.32;
P
<0.001, respectively) and moderate carotid stenosis (adjusted prevalence ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.39–3.54;
P
=0.001 and adjusted prevalence ratio, 4.82; 95% confidence interval, 3.09–7.050;
P
<0.001, respectively). The addition of AAC24 scores to traditional risk factors improved identification of women with carotid atherosclerosis as quantified by
C
-statistic (+0.075,
P
<0.001), net reclassification (0.249,
P
<0.001), and integrated discrimination (0.065,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
AAC identified on images from a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry machine were strongly related to carotid ultrasound measures of atherosclerosis. This low-cost, minimal radiation technique used widely for osteoporosis screening is a promising marker of generalized extracoronary atherosclerosis.
An International Standard Set of Patient-Centered Outcome Measures After Stroke
Authors: Salinas Joel , Sprinkhuizen Sara M. , Ackerson Teri , Bernhardt Julie , Davie Charlie , George Mary G. , Gething Stephanie , Kelly Adam G. , Lindsay Patrice , Liu Liping , Martins Sheila C.O. , Morgan Louise , Norrving Bo , Ribbers Gerard M. , Silver Frank L. , Smith Eric E. , Williams Linda S. , Schwamm Lee H. 
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—
Value-based health care aims to bring together patients and health systems to maximize the ratio of quality over cost. To enable assessment of healthcare value in stroke management, an international standard set of patient-centered stroke outcome measures was defined for use in a variety of healthcare settings.

Methods—
A modified Delphi process was implemented with an international expert panel representing patients, advocates, and clinical specialists in stroke outcomes, stroke registers, global health, epidemiology, and rehabilitation to reach consensus on the preferred outcome measures, included populations, and baseline risk adjustment variables.

Results—
Patients presenting to a hospital with ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage were selected as the target population for these recommendations, with the inclusion of transient ischemic attacks optional. Outcome categories recommended for assessment were survival and disease control, acute complications, and patient-reported outcomes. Patient-reported outcomes proposed for assessment at 90 days were pain, mood, feeding, selfcare, mobility, communication, cognitive functioning, social participation, ability to return to usual activities, and health-related quality of life, with mobility, feeding, selfcare, and communication also collected at discharge. One instrument was able to collect most patient-reported subdomains (9/16, 56%). Minimum data collection for risk adjustment included patient demographics, premorbid functioning, stroke type and severity, vascular and systemic risk factors, and specific treatment/care-related factors.

Conclusions—
A consensus stroke measure Standard Set was developed as a simple, pragmatic method to increase the value of stroke care. The set should be validated in practice when used for monitoring and comparisons across different care settings.
Role of Prestroke Vascular Pathology in Long-Term Prognosis After Stroke
Authors: Portegies Marileen L.P. , Bos Michiel J. , Hofman Albert , Heeringa Jan , Franco Oscar H. , Koudstaal Peter J. , Ikram M. Arfan 
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—
Mortality after stroke remains high for years, mostly because of cardiovascular causes. Given that cardiovascular pathology plays an important role in causing the initial stroke, such prestroke pathology might also influence the prognosis after stroke. Within the population-based Rotterdam Study, we examined the proportion of deaths after stroke that are attributable to pre-existent cardiovascular risk factors before stroke (the population attributable risk).

Methods—
We examined 1237 patients with first-ever stroke and 4928 stroke-free participants (between 1990 and 2012), matched on age, sex, examination round, and stroke date (index date). Cardiovascular risk factors measured on ≈4 years before index date were used as determinants. Participants were continuously followed up for mortality (≈6 years) after the index date. We calculated separate and combined population attributable risk of hypertension, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, smoking, transient ischemic attack, and atrial fibrillation.

Results—
Nine hundred and nineteen patients with stroke and 2654 stroke-free participants died. The combined population attributable risk in patients with stroke was 27% (95% confidence interval, 14%–45%) and in stroke-free participants was 19% (95% confidence interval, 12%–29%). Population attributable risks of diabetes mellitus, smoking, and atrial fibrillation were higher in patients with stroke than in the reference group because of a higher prevalence of risk factors. In addition, people with atrial fibrillation and stroke had a higher hazard ratio for death than those with only atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions—
One quarter of deaths after stroke could theoretically be prevented with rigorous cardiovascular prevention and treatment, but this should preferably start before stroke occurrence. In addition, research into factors explaining the remaining deaths needs to be encouraged.
Impact of VORTEX2 Observations on Analyses and Forecasts of the 5 June 2009 Goshen County, Wyoming, Supercell
Authors: Supinie Timothy A. , Jung Youngsun , Xue Ming , Stensrud David J. , French Michael M. , Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Several data assimilation and forecast experiments are undertaken to determine the impact of special observations taken during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) on forecasts of the 5 June 2009 Goshen County, Wyoming, supercell. The data used in these experiments are those from the Mobile Weather Radar, 2005 X-band, Phased Array (MWR-05XP); two mobile mesonets (MM); and several mobile sounding units. Data sources are divided into “routine,” including those from operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Dopplers (WSR-88Ds) and the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network, and “special” observations from the VORTEX2 project.
VORTEX2 data sources are denied individually from a total of six ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) data assimilation and forecasting experiments. The EnSRF data assimilation uses 40 ensemble members on a 1-km grid nested inside a 3-km grid. Each experiment assimilates data every 5 min for 1 h, followed by a 1-h forecast. All experiments are able to reproduce the basic evolution of the supercell, though the impact of the VORTEX2 observations was mixed. The VORTEX2 sounding data decreased the mesocyclone intensity in the latter stages of the forecast, consistent with observations. The MWR-05XP data increased the forecast vorticity above approximately 1 km AGL in all experiments and had little impact on forecast vorticity below 1 km AGL. The MM data had negative impacts on the intensity of the low-level mesocyclone, by decreasing the vertical vorticity and indirectly by decreasing the buoyancy of the inflow.
Long-term Follow-up Results of Regeneration Process of Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Chorda Tympani Nerve During Middle Ear Surgery
Authors: Saito Takehisa , Ito Tetsufumi , Ito Yumi , Manabe Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2015

Objective: To elucidate the regeneration process of fungiform taste buds after severing the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo. Methods: In 7 consecutive patients whose CTN was severed during tympanoplasty, an average of 10 fungiform papillae in the midlateral region of the tongue were periodically observed, and the number of taste buds was counted until 12 to 24 months after surgery. Gustatory function was assessed by EGM. Results: EGM thresholds showed no response within 1 month after surgery in any patient. All taste buds had disappeared until 13 to 71 days after surgery. Regenerated taste buds were first detected 5 to 8 months after surgery in 5 of the 7 patients. EGM thresholds recovered to their preoperative values in 2 patients. In these 2 patients, the number of regenerated taste buds gradually increased in combination with a recovered taste function. However, a time lag existed between taste bud regeneration and taste function recovery. EGM thresholds did not recover in the other 3 patients with regenerated taste buds, suggesting that these taste buds were immature without gustatory function. Conclusion: The long-term regeneration process of fungiform taste buds could be clarified using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
An Instrument for Detecting Faults in Flat Glass
Authors: Benson H. , Rickaby A. 
Published: November 2015

One method of making flat glass is the float process, which produces an endless ribbon of the finished product. The width of the ribbon is approximately 10 feet. The glass contains faults such as bubbles and stones, which are small pieces of refractory material from the glass-melting tank. In order to assess the quality of the product and be able to cut it into pieces of optimum size, we need to know the number of faults and where they are. At present the glass is examined visually before the ribbon is cut, the inspectors marking each fault with a dab of ink so that after cutting, the pieces containing faults can easily be seen. To avoid the usual disadvantages of subjective examination, particularly since production speeds are continually rising, there is a need for some form of automatic inspection. An instrument to do this has been developed and, although not yet in full scale use, prototype trials on the production line have been carried out.