bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horace's Satires
Authors: Freudenburg Kirk , Janssen Niek 
Published: September 2017

Horace’s Satires are a collection of two books of hexameter poems that offer a humorous-critical commentary, of an indirect kind, unique to Horace, on various social phenomena in first century bce Rome. The Satires are Horace’s earliest published work: Book 1, with ten poems, was published around 35 bce, and Book 2, with eight poems, was published around 30 bce. Also known as the Sermones (“Conversations,” which seems to be the title that Horace gave them), the Satires stand out for their markedly unelevated themes and attitudes; their seemingly colloquial (but carefully composed) style; their often frank tone; and their rapid shifts of speakers, audiences, and perspectives. Horace’s primary mode of operation is to take a complex philosophical issue and tackle it in a quasi-moralizing, self-effacing, and purposefully inconsistent way. The diatribe in Satire 1.1 against people’s avarice and discontent with their own lot, for example, is obviously at odds with the fact that the poem, emphatically addressed to Maecenas in its opening line, marks the beginning of Horace’s first published collection, his move into the public eye, which (despite the poet’s own protestations in Satire 1.6) is inevitably a bid to move up to the higher echelons of Roman society. Yet, Horace employs other registers as well. He offers a dialogue between Odysseus and Tiresias (Satire 2.5), an exposé on witchcraft through the eyes of a statue of Priapus (Satire 1.8), and jeremiads directed against the poet himself in the voice of a failed businessman turned Stoic zealot (Satire 2.3) and of his own slave (2.7). He frequently explores themes usually avoided in high classical poetry, such as sex (Satire 1.2) and food (Satires 2.2, 2.4 and 2.8). The self-awareness of these poems becomes apparent in recurrent reflections on the art of writing satire (Satires 1.4, 1.10, and 2.1), in which Horace repeatedly compares himself to Lucilius, the originator of Roman satire, and laments his inability to speak as freely as his forebears given who he is, and the troubled times that he lives in. In short, Horace’s Satires embody the core idea of Roman satura, which literally means a “mish-mash of foodstuffs.” The outstanding “Horatian” quality of his poems is their imperviousness to being pinned down. In later times they were just as popular with pious monks as they were with dirty-minded epigrammatists. Today they are equally likely to be cited in studies of Roman sexuality, ancient literary criticism, and Epicurean philosophy. It is Horace’s protean slipperiness that has kept interest in the Sermones alive to this day.
Pheochromocytoma of the bladder
Authors: Williams Paige , Siref Larry , Feloney Mike 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumor. Unless recognized and treated appropriately it can be lethal. Common symptoms include sustained or paroxysmal hypertension associated with headaches, sweating, or palpitations. This article describes a patient with an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma who presented with symptoms associated with voiding.
An introduction to gastrointestinal tract CMV disease
Authors: O'Hara Kevin Michael , Pontrelli Gina , Kunstel Katherine L. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes chronic infection that can manifest disease in many organs. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a common location for CMV disease. This article reviews the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of GI CMV disease.
Spontaneous carotid artery dissection
Authors: Perez Daniel J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Symptomatic spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection is responsible for up to 20% of strokes in patients under age 45 years. A carotid artery dissection occurs when arterial walls separate and create a false lumen. Risk factors include neck trauma, recent infection, family history, smoking, hypertension, oral contraceptives, migraine headaches, and connective tissue disease. Dissections can produce local pain, facial paralysis, and pupillary defects. Treatment includes anticoagulation and, in the event of pharmaceutical failure or recurrence, surgery.
Assessment of Technical Skills Competence in the Operating Room: A Systematic and Scoping Review
Authors: Fahim Christine , Wagner Natalie , Nousiainen Markku T. , Sonnadara Ranil 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
While academic accreditation bodies continue to promote competency-based medical education (CBME), the feasibility of conducting regular CBME assessments remains challenging. The purpose of this study was to identify evidence pertaining to the practical application of assessments that aim to measure technical competence for surgical trainees in a nonsimulated, operative setting.

Method
In August 2016, the authors systematically searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for English-language, peer-reviewed articles published in or after 1996. The title, abstract, and full text of identified articles were screened. Data regarding study characteristics, psychometric and measurement properties, implementation of assessment, competency definitions, and faculty training were extracted. The findings from the systematic review were supplemented by a scoping review to identify key strategies related to faculty uptake and implementation of CBME assessments.

Results
A total of 32 studies were included. The majority of studies reported reasonable scores of interrater reliability and internal consistency. Seven articles identified minimum scores required to establish competence. Twenty-five articles mentioned faculty training. Many of the faculty training interventions focused on timely completion of assessments or scale calibration.

Conclusions
There are a number of diverse tools used to assess competence for intraoperative technical skills and a lack of consensus regarding the definition of technical competence within and across surgical specialties. Further work is required to identify when and how often trainees should be assessed and to identify strategies to train faculty to ensure timely and accurate assessment.
Description and Early Outcomes of a Comprehensive Curriculum Redesign at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Authors: Heiman Heather L. , O’Brien Celia L. , Curry Raymond H. , Green Marianne M. , Baker James F. , Kushner Robert F. , Thomas John X. , Corbridge Thomas C. , Corcoran Julia F. , Hauser Joshua M. , Garcia Patricia M. 
Published: September 2017

In 2012, the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine launched a redesigned curriculum addressing the four primary recommendations in the 2010 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching report on reforming medical education. This new curriculum provides a more standardized evaluation of students’ competency achievement through a robust portfolio review process coupled with standard evaluations of medical knowledge and clinical skills. It individualizes learning processes through curriculum flexibility, enabling students to take electives earlier and complete clerkships in their preferred order. The new curriculum is integrated both horizontally and vertically, combining disciplines within organ-based modules and deliberately linking elements (science in medicine, clinical medicine, health and society, professional development) and threads (medical decision making, quality and safety, teamwork and leadership, lifestyle medicine, advocacy and equity) across the three phases that replaced the traditional four-year timeline. It encourages students to conduct research in an area of interest and commit to lifelong learning and self-improvement. The curriculum formalizes the process of professional identity formation and requires students to reflect on their experiences with the informal and hidden curricula, which strongly shape their identities.
The authors describe the new curriculum structure, explain their approach to each Carnegie report recommendation, describe early outcomes and challenges, and propose areas for further work. Early data from the first cohort to progress through the curriculum show unchanged United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and 2 scores, enhanced student research engagement and career exploration, and improved student confidence in the patient care and professional development domains.
The Association Between Learning Climate and Adverse Obstetrical Outcomes in 16 Nontertiary Obstetrics–Gynecology Departments in the Netherlands
Authors: Smirnova Alina , Ravelli Anita C.J. , Stalmeijer Renée E. , Arah Onyebuchi A. , Heineman Maas Jan , van der Vleuten Cees P.M. , van der Post Joris A.M. , Lombarts Kiki M.J.M.H. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
To investigate the association between learning climate and adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes in obstetrics–gynecology departments.

Method
The authors analyzed 23,629 births and 103 learning climate evaluations from 16 nontertiary obstetrics–gynecology departments in the Netherlands in 2013. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to calculate the odds of adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, by learning climate score tertile, adjusting for maternal and department characteristics. Adverse perinatal outcomes included fetal or early neonatal mortality, five-minute Apgar score < 7, or neonatal intensive care unit admission for ≥ 24 hours. Adverse maternal outcomes included postpartum hemorrhage and/or transfusion, death, uterine rupture, or third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration. Bias analyses were conducted to quantify the sensitivity of the results to uncontrolled confounding and selection bias.

Results
Learning climate scores were significantly associated with increased odds of adverse perinatal outcomes (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.14–3.72). Compared with the lowest tertile, departments in the middle tertile had 46% greater odds of adverse perinatal outcomes (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09–1.94); departments in the highest tertile had 69% greater odds (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.24–2.30). Learning climate was not associated with adverse maternal outcomes (middle vs. lowest tertile: OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93–1.16; highest vs. lowest tertile: OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.88–1.10).

Conclusions
Learning climate was associated with significantly increased odds of adverse perinatal, but not maternal, outcomes. Research in similar clinical contexts is needed to replicate these findings and explore potential mechanisms behind these associations.
Prediction of Bispectral Index during Target-controlled Infusion of Propofol and Remifentanil
Authors: Lee Hyung-Chul , Ryu Ho-Geol , Chung Eun-Jin , Jung Chul-Woo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
The discrepancy between predicted effect-site concentration and measured bispectral index is problematic during intravenous anesthesia with target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil. We hypothesized that bispectral index during total intravenous anesthesia would be more accurately predicted by a deep learning approach.

Methods
Long short-term memory and the feed-forward neural network were sequenced to simulate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parts of an empirical model, respectively, to predict intraoperative bispectral index during combined use of propofol and remifentanil. Inputs of long short-term memory were infusion histories of propofol and remifentanil, which were retrieved from target-controlled infusion pumps for 1,800 s at 10-s intervals. Inputs of the feed-forward network were the outputs of long short-term memory and demographic data such as age, sex, weight, and height. The final output of the feed-forward network was the bispectral index. The performance of bispectral index prediction was compared between the deep learning model and previously reported response surface model.

Results
The model hyperparameters comprised 8 memory cells in the long short-term memory layer and 16 nodes in the hidden layer of the feed-forward network. The model training and testing were performed with separate data sets of 131 and 100 cases. The concordance correlation coefficient (95% CI) were 0.561 (0.560 to 0.562) in the deep learning model, which was significantly larger than that in the response surface model (0.265 [0.263 to 0.266], P < 0.001).

Conclusions
The deep learning model–predicted bispectral index during target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil more accurately compared to the traditional model. The deep learning approach in anesthetic pharmacology seems promising because of its excellent performance and extensibility.
Neostigmine Administration after Spontaneous Recovery to a Train-of-Four Ratio of 0.9 to 1.0
Authors: Murphy Glenn S. , Szokol Joseph W. , Avram Michael J. , Greenberg Steven B. , Shear Torin D. , Deshur Mark A. , Benson Jessica , Newmark Rebecca L. , Maher Colleen E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
When a muscle relaxant is administered to facilitate intubation, the benefits of anticholinesterase reversal must be balanced with potential risks. The aim of this double-blinded, randomized noninferiority trial was to evaluate the effect of neostigmine administration on neuromuscular function when given to patients after spontaneous recovery to a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or greater.

Methods
A total of 120 patients presenting for surgery requiring intubation were given a small dose of rocuronium. At the conclusion of surgery, 90 patients achieving a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or greater were randomized to receive either neostigmine 40 μg/kg or saline (control). Train-of-four ratios were measured from the time of reversal until postanesthesia care unit admission. Patients were monitored for postextubation adverse respiratory events and assessed for muscle strength.

Results
Ninety patients achieved a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or greater at the time of reversal. Mean train-of-four ratios in the control and neostigmine groups before reversal (1.02 vs. 1.03), 5 min postreversal (1.05 vs. 1.07), and at postanesthesia care unit admission (1.06 vs. 1.08) did not differ. The mean difference and corresponding 95% CI of the latter were −0.018 and −0.046 to 0.010. The incidences of postoperative hypoxemic events and episodes of airway obstruction were similar for the groups. The number of patients with postoperative signs and symptoms of muscle weakness did not differ between groups (except for double vision: 13 in the control group and 2 in the neostigmine group; P = 0.001).

Conclusions
Administration of neostigmine at neuromuscular recovery was not associated with clinical evidence of anticholinesterase-induced muscle weakness.
Learning Effects in Psychophysical Tests of Spectral and Temporal Resolution
Authors: de Jong Monique A. M. , Briaire Jeroen J. , Frijns Johan H. M. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
Psychophysical tests of spectral and temporal resolution, such as the spectral-ripple discrimination task and the temporal modulation detection test, are valuable tools for the evaluation of cochlear implant performance. Both tests correlate with speech intelligibility and are reported to show no instantaneous learning effect. However, some of our previous trials have suggested that there is a learning effect over time. The aim of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of the two tests when measured over time.

Design:
Ten adult cochlear implant recipients, experienced with the HiResolution speech coding strategy, participated in this study. Spectral ripple discrimination and temporal modulation detection ability with the HiResolution strategy were assessed both before and after participation in a previous trial that evaluated two research speech coding strategies after 2 weeks of home-usage. Each test was repeated six times on each test day.

Results:
No improvement was observed for same-day testing. However, comparison of the mean spectral ripple discrimination scores before and after participation in the take-home trial showed improvement from 3.4 to 4.8 ripples per octave (p < 0.001). The mean temporal modulation detection thresholds improved from −15.2 to −17.4 dB (p = 0.035).

Conclusions:
There was a clear learning effect over time in the spectral and temporal resolution tasks, but not during same-day testing. Learning effects may stem from perceptual learning, task learning, or a combination of those two factors. These results highlight the importance of a proper research design for evaluation of novel speech coding strategies, where the baseline measurement is repeated at the end of the trial to avoid false-positive results as a consequence of learning effects.
Risk Factors for Dural Tears in Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fractures Associated With Vertical Laminar Fractures
Authors: Xu Jian-Xiang , Zhou Cheng-Wei , Wang Cheng-Gui , Tang Qian , Li Jia-Wei , Zhang Li-Lian , Xu Hua-Zi , Tian Nai-Feng 
Published: September 2017

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
To reveal the risk factors for dural tears in thoracic and lumbar (TL) burst fractures associated with vertical laminar fractures through multivariate analysis.

Summary of Background Data.
Dural tears associated with laminar fractures in patients with TL burst fractures represents a special group requires distinct treatment with different surgical prognosis. It is still very difficult to predict dural tears in patients with vertical laminar fractures. The risk factors for dural tears have seldom been evaluated.

Methods.
Medical records of 113 patients of TL burst fractures with vertical laminar fractures were reviewed. The data were subdivided into two groups consisting of patients with and without dural tears. Demographic information, preoperative clinical, and radiological characteristics were compared between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to determine the independent risk factors for dural tears.

Results.
The incidence of dural tear was 27.4% in this retrospective cohort. When compared with the dural intact group, the dural tear group had significantly worse preoperative neurological status, wider interpedicular distance, greater separation of laminar fractures, and larger encroachment of retropulsed fragment in the bony spinal canal. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the ratio of interpedicular distance greater than 125% (odds ratio = 9.5; P < 0.001) and the ratio of encroachment of retropulsed fragment in the bony spinal canal of more than 50% (odds ratio = 61.2; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for dural tears.

Conclusion.
Patients with wider interpedicular distance and larger encroachment of retropulsed fragment in the bony spinal canal were more likely to have dural tears in TL burst fractures with vertical laminar fractures.

Level of Evidence: 3
Quality of Life and Slip Progression in Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Treated Nonoperatively
Authors: Cushnie Duncan , Johnstone Ryan , Urquhart Jennifer C. , Gurr Kevin R. , Bailey Stewart I. , Bailey Christopher S. 
Published: September 2017

Study Design.
A prospective cohort study of consecutive patients.

Objective.
Determination of the quality of life (QoL) and prevalence of slip progression in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis managed nonoperatively.

Summary of Background Data.
Lumbar spinal stenosis secondary to degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is a common radiographic diagnosis associated with chronic back pain and radicular symptoms. There is limited evidence as to the clinical course in terms of validated QoL measures, and the extent of slip progression in patients with this condition treated nonoperatively.

Methods.
Validated disease-specific and generic QoL metrics including SF12 physical and mental scores [SF12-physical component summary (PCS) and SF12-mental component summary (MCS)], Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and numeric scales for back and leg pain as well as radiographic assessment of slip extent were evaluated at initial consultation (baseline) and at a minimum of 5 years after the baseline assessment. Slip progression was defined by a >5% increase in slip percentage.

Results.
Thirty-nine of 160 (24.4%) patients elected to switch to operative management, despite no slip progression on preoperative radiographs. Seventy spondylolisthetic levels in 66 participants were assessed after a minimum of 5 years of nonoperative management. Twenty-one participants (31.8%) had slip progression. SF12-PCS, ODI, and leg pain improved similarly in both groups (P < 0.05). SF12-MCS did not change significantly in either group. Back pain improved only in the nonprogressing group.

Conclusion.
The majority of cases of low-grade spondylolisthesis do not progress over 5 years with nonoperative management. Regardless of whether there was progression or not, the mean PCS, ODI, and leg pain improved from baseline, although symptoms remained and a significant number elected to switch to surgical management before 5 years. Back pain improved with nonoperative treatment only in those without progression.

Level of Evidence: 2
Visualization of Immune Responses in the Cornea
Authors: Perez Victor L. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract:
The eye has become a useful site for the investigation and understanding of local and systemic immune responses. The ease of access and transparency of the cornea permits direct visualization of ocular structures, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, allowing for the tracking of normal and pathological biological processes in real time. As a window to the immune system, we have used the eye to dissect the mechanisms of corneal inflammatory reactions that include innate and adaptive immune responses. We have identified that the ocular microenvironment regulates these immune responses by recruiting different populations of inflammatory cells to the cornea through local production of selected chemokines. Moreover, crosstalk between T cells and macrophages is a common and crucial step in the development of ocular immune responses to corneal alloantigens. This review summarizes the data generated by our group using intravital fluorescent confocal microscopy to capture the tempo, magnitude, and function of innate and adaptive corneal immune responses.
Evidence-Based Consensus Recommendations for Colposcopy Practice for Cervical Cancer Prevention in the United States
Authors: Wentzensen Nicolas , Massad L. Stewart , Mayeaux Edward J. , Khan Michelle J. , Waxman Alan G. , Einstein Mark H. , Conageski Christine , Schiffman Mark H. , Gold Michael A. , Apgar Barbara S. , Chelmow David , Choma Kim K. , Darragh Teresa M. , Gage Julia C. , Garcia Francisco A.R. , Guido Richard S. , Jeronimo Jose A. , Liu Angela , Mathews Cara A. , Mitchell Martha M. , Moscicki Anna-Barbara , Novetsky Akiva P. , Papasozomenos Theognosia , Perkins Rebecca B. , Silver Michelle I. , Smith Katie M. , Stier Elizabeth A. , Tedeschi Candice A. , Werner Claudia L. , Huh Warner K. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) Colposcopy Standards recommendations address the role of colposcopy and directed biopsy for cervical cancer prevention in the United States (US). The recommendations were developed by an expert working group appointed by ASCCP's Board of Directors. An extensive literature review was conducted and supplemented by a systematic review and meta-analysis of unpublished data. In addition, a survey of practicing colposcopists was conducted to assess current colposcopy practice in the US. Recommendations were approved by the working group members, and the final revisions were made based on comments received from the public. The recommendations cover terminology, risk-based colposcopy, colposcopy procedures, and colposcopy adjuncts. The ASCCP Colposcopy Standards recommendations are an important step toward raising the standard of colposcopy services delivered to women in the US. Because cervical cancer screening programs are currently undergoing important changes that may affect colposcopy performance, updates to some of the current recommendations may be necessary in the future.