bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preservation of ancient impact ages on the R chondrite parent body: 40Ar/39Ar age of hornblende‐bearing R chondrite LAP 04840
Authors: Righter K. , Cosca M. A. , Morgan L. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe hornblende‐ and biotite‐bearing R chondrite LAP 04840 is a rare kind of meteorite possibly containing outer solar system water stored during metamorphism or postshock annealing deep within an asteroid. Because little is known regarding its age and origin, we determined 40Ar/39Ar ages on hornblende‐rich separates of the meteorite, and obtained plateau ages of 4340(±40) to 4380(±30) Ma. These well‐defined plateau ages, coupled with evidence for postshock annealing, indicate this meteorite records an ancient shock event and subsequent annealing. The age of 4340–4380 Ma (or 4.34–4.38 Ga) for this and other previously dated R chondrites is much older than most impact events recorded by ordinary chondrites and points to an ancient event or events that predated the late heavy bombardment that is recorded in so many meteorites and lunar samples.
Lanolin for the treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jackson Kimberley T. , Dennis Cindy‐Lee 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNipple pain and damage are commonly experienced by breastfeeding women and are associated with negative breastfeeding outcomes. Health care providers often recommend the application of lanolin to treat painful/damaged nipples, yet no randomized controlled trial has evaluated the effectiveness of lanolin on nipple pain and breastfeeding outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lanolin on nipple pain among breastfeeding women with damaged nipples. A randomized, single‐blind, controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Breastfeeding women (N = 186) identified as having nipple pain/damage were randomized to apply lanolin (intervention group; n = 93) or to receive usual postpartum care (control group; n = 93). The primary outcome was nipple pain at 4 days post‐randomization measured by the Numeric Rating Scale. Additional outcomes included nipple pain measured by the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, breastfeeding duration/exclusivity, breastfeeding self‐efficacy, and maternal satisfaction with lanolin treatment versus usual care. The results revealed no significant group differences in mean pain scores at 4 days post‐randomization. Women in both groups experienced clinically relevant decreases in nipple pain by 7 days post‐randomization. Significantly, more women in the lanolin group reported that they were satisfied with treatment compared with those receiving usual care. No significant group differences were found for other secondary outcomes. While more women were satisfied using lanolin, its application to sore/damaged nipples was ineffective for reducing nipple pain or improving breastfeeding outcomes.
Molecular phenotyping of maternally mediated parallel adaptive divergence withinRana arvalisandRana temporaria
Authors: Shu Longfei , Laurila Anssi , Suter Marc J.‐F. , Räsänen Katja 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhen similar selection acts on the same traits in multiple species or populations, parallel evolution can result in similar phenotypic changes, yet the underlying molecular architecture of parallel phenotypic divergence can be variable. Maternal effects can influence evolution at ecological timescales and facilitate local adaptation, but their contribution to parallel adaptive divergence is unclear. In this study, we (i) tested for variation in embryonic acid tolerance in a common garden experiment and (ii) used molecular phenotyping of egg coats to investigate the molecular basis of maternally mediated parallel adaptive divergence in two amphibian species (Rana arvalisandRana temporaria). Our results on threeR. arvalisand twoR. temporariapopulations show that adaptive divergence in embryonic acid tolerance is mediated via maternally derived egg coats in both species. We find extensive polymorphism in egg jelly coat glycoproteins within both species and that acid‐tolerant clutches have more negatively charged egg jelly – indicating that the glycosylation status of the jelly coat proteins is under divergent selection in acidified environments, likely due to its impact on jelly water balance. Overall, these data provide evidence for parallel mechanisms of adaptive divergence in two species. Our study highlights the importance of studying intraspecific molecular variation in egg coats and, specifically, their glycoproteins, to increase understanding of underlying forces maintaining variation in jelly coats.
Population genomic evidence for multiple Pliocene refugia in a montane‐restricted harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerobunus robustus) from the southwestern United States
Authors: Derkarabetian Shahan , Burns Mercedes , Starrett James , Hedin Marshal 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe integration of ecological niche modelling into phylogeographic analyses has allowed for the identification and testing of potential refugia under a hypothesis‐based framework, where the expected patterns of higher genetic diversity in refugial populations and evidence of range expansion of nonrefugial populations are corroborated with empirical data. In this study, we focus on a montane‐restricted cryophilic harvestman, Sclerobunus robustus, distributed throughout the heterogeneous Southern Rocky Mountains and Intermontane Plateau of southwestern North America. We identified hypothetical refugia using ecological niche models (ENMs) across three time periods, corroborated these refugia with population genetic methods using double‐digest RAD‐seq data and conducted population‐level phylogenetic and divergence dating analyses. ENMs identify two large temporally persistent regions in the mid‐latitude highlands. Genetic patterns support these two hypothesized refugia with higher genetic diversity within refugial populations and evidence for range expansion in populations found outside hypothesized refugia. Phylogenetic analyses identify five to six genetically divergent, geographically cohesive clades of S. robustus. Divergence dating analyses suggest that these separate refugia date to the Pliocene and that divergence between clades pre‐dates the late Pleistocene glacial cycles, while diversification within clades was likely driven by these cycles. Population genetic analyses reveal effects of both isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE), with IBD more important in the continuous mountainous portion of the distribution, while IBE was stronger in the populations inhabiting the isolated sky islands of the south. Using model‐based coalescent approaches, we find support for postdivergence migration between clades from separate refugia.
A global meta‐analysis of soil phosphorus dynamics after afforestation
Authors: Deng Qi , McMahon Devin E. , Xiang Yangzhou , Yu Chih‐Li , Jackson Robert B. , Hui Dafeng 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Afforestation significantly affects soil chemistry and biota, but its effects on the potentially growth‐limiting nutrient phosphorus (P) had not to our knowledge been analyzed globally.

We conducted a comprehensive meta‐analysis of 220 independent sampling sites from 108 articles to evaluate global patterns and controls of soil P change following afforestation.

Overall, total P concentration decreased by 11% and total P stock by 12% in the top 20 cm of mineral soil following afforestation, with no change in available P. Time since afforestation had no consistent effect on total P, while available P tended to increase with time. Prior land cover was the most influential factor for soil P change after afforestation, with available P increasing on native vegetation but decreasing on cropland. Afforestation increased available P by 22% without decreasing total P on formerly ‘degraded’ land, but depleted total P by 15% at nondegraded sites. Climate also influenced soil P response to afforestation, with larger P loss in the tropics.

Afforestation did not appear to directly induce P limitation, as available P only decreased on cropland. However, substantial declines in total P may drive tropical plantations toward greater P limitation as the capacity to replenish available P decreases.
The road less traveled – defining molecular commensalism with Streptococcus sanguinis
Authors: Kreth J. , Giacaman R.A. , Raghavan R. , Merritt J. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe commensal oral microbial flora has evolved with the human host to support colonization of the various intraoral sites without triggering a significant immune response. In exchange, the commensal microbes provide critical protection against invading pathogens. The intrinsic ability of the oral flora to create a symbiotic microbial community with the host can be disturbed, selecting for the overgrowth of a dysbiotic community that can result in dental diseases, such as caries and periodontitis. Although the mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis in oral diseases are well characterized, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms used by the commensal flora to maintain oral health. Here we focus on the commensal species Streptococcus sanguinis, which is found in abundance in the early oral biofilm and is strongly correlated with oral health. Streptococcus sanguinis exhibits a variety of features that make it ideally suited as a model organism to explore the molecular basis for commensalism. As such, this review will describe our current mechanistic understanding of S. sanguinis commensalism and speculate upon its molecular traits that may be exploitable to maintain or restore oral health under conditions that would otherwise lead to disease.
Characteristics of Residual Atrial Posterior Wall and Roof‐Dependent Atrial Tachycardias after Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: MATSUMOTO AKINORI , FUKUZAWA KOJI , KIUCHI KUNIHIKO , KONISHI HIROKI , ICHIBORI HIROTOSHI , IMADA HIROSHI , HYOGO KIYOHIRO , KUROSE JUN , TAKAYA TOMOFUMI , MORI SHUMPEI , YOSHIDA AKIHIRO , HIRATA KEN‐ICHI , NISHII TATSUYA , KONO ATSUSHI 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundRoof‐dependent atrial tachycardia (roof AT) sometimes occurs after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) of atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the anatomy of the residual left atrial posterior wall and occurrence of roof AT.MethodsA total of 265 patients with AF who underwent PVI were enrolled. After the PVI, induced or recurrent roof AT was confirmed by an entrainment maneuver or activation mapping using a three‐dimensional (3D) mapping system. To identify the predictors of roof AT, the minimum distance between both PVI lines (d‐PVI) was measured by a 3D mapping system and the anatomical parameters, including the left atrial (LA) diameter, left atrial volume index (LAVi), and shape of the left atrial roof, were analyzed by 3D computed tomography.ResultsRoof AT was documented in 11 (4.2%) of 265 patients. A multivariable analysis demonstrated that the d‐PVI, Deep V shape of the LA roof, and LAVi were associated with roof AT occurrences (d‐PVI: odds ratio: 0.72, confidence interval [CI]: 0.61–0.86, P < 0.001; Deep V shape: odds ratio: 0.19, CI: 0.04–0.82, P = 0.03; LAVi: odds ratio: 1.05, CI: 1.02–1.07, P = 0.001). A receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis yielded an optimal cut‐off value of 15.5 mm and 55.7 mL/m2 for the d‐PVI and LAVi, respectively.ConclusionThe shorter d‐PVI at the LA roof, greater LAVi, and Deep V shape were associated with the occurrence of a roof AT.
Direct application of ozone in aquaculture systems
Authors: Powell Adam , Scolding Jacob W.S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOzone (O3) is a powerful oxidant that has been used in both the aquaculture and water treatment industries to improve water quality and reduce pathogens during pretreatment, treatment of effluent, as a continual treatment during RAS operations, and for bivalve depuration. As ozone can be toxic to aquatic organisms, the technology has also been investigated to destroy invasive or nuisance species, and other research has also highlighted negative effects of residual ozone on water courses. Ozone and ozone‐produced oxidants used in aquaculture operations have therefore typically been removed from water prior to entry into tanks holding stock animals. However, a growing body of research has identified direct application of ozone, here defined as exposure of residual ozone and ozone‐produced oxidants to cultured species of finfish, shellfish and live feeds across various life stages. This approach appears to be increasingly employed as a beneficial technology due to proven enhancement of hygiene and water quality, provided dosages or concentrations are appropriate to maintain animal health and welfare. This review paper concentrates on the observed benefits and drawbacks of direct ozonation, influencing factors and future considerations for standardisation and uptake of the technology.
Early supported discharge following mild stroke: a qualitative study of patients' and their partners' experiences of rehabilitation at home
Authors: Lou Stina , Carstensen Kathrine , Møldrup Marie , Shahla Seham , Zakharia Elias , Nielsen Camilla Palmhøj 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundEarly supported discharge (ESD) allows mild‐to‐moderate stroke patients to return home as soon as possible and continue rehabilitation at their own pace in familiar surroundings. Thus, the main responsibility for continued rehabilitation is in the hands of patients and their partners, who must collaborate to adjust to poststroke everyday life. However, couples' joint experiences of stroke, early discharge and rehabilitation at home remain minimally investigated.AimTo investigate how mild stroke patients' and their partners' experience and manage everyday life in a context of ESD.MethodsWe conducted qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of 22 ESD patients and 18 partners. Interviews were conducted 3–6 weeks after stroke, and we used thematic analysis to analyse the data.FindingsThe analysis identified three themes. First, ‘Home as a healing place’ involved the couples' experiences of a well‐informed discharge from hospital. They trusted the health professionals' assessment that the patient was ready to go home. They described home as a comforting and calm place, where recovery could meaningfully take place. The second theme, ‘Flow of everyday life’, comprised the experiences of adapting to and continuing everyday life. Most of the interviewees had relatively minor physical and cognitive impairments, and the patients and their partners were hopeful for a full recovery in the foreseeable future. Finally, ‘Professional safety net’ involved the much appreciated stroke team. Although most of the participants only had one visit from the team, knowing that they were an accessible resource was very important to the couples.ConclusionESD was experienced as a meaningful and adequate rehabilitation service that allowed patients and partners to collaboratively reinvent and rebuild their flow of everyday life by jointly adjusting routines, activities and their relationship.
Affective ties and social information processing
Authors: Lemerise Elizabeth A. , Thorn Amanda , Maulden Costello Jennifer 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe examined whether second‐ and fifth‐graders could display differentiated social information processing (SIP) about known peers varying in affective ties. Children's response evaluation and decision (RED) and goal importance ratings were obtained for nine ambiguous provocations involving their best friends, neutral peers, and enemies (three stories for each relationship). For each story, RED was assessed for hostile, competent and passive responses to provocation, and the importance of four social goals was rated. Both second‐ and fifth‐graders displayed RED that depended on both the type of relationship they had with the provocateur and on the type of response (hostile, competent or passive). Children's social goals were affected by their relationship with the provocateur. Younger children's failure to display sensitivity to situational cues in previous studies is likely due to the cognitive demands of reasoning about hypothetical characters rather than an insensitivity to situational cues, per se.
Apple (Malus domestica) MdERF2 negatively affects ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening by suppressing MdACS1 transcription
Authors: Li Tong , Jiang Zhongyu , Zhang Lichao , Tan Dongmei , Wei Yun , Yuan Hui , Li Tianlai , Wang Aide 
Published: August 2016

SummaryRipening in climacteric fruit requires the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Although ethylene signaling has been well studied, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis is still limited. Here we show that an apple (Malus domestica) ethylene response factor, MdERF2, negatively affects ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening by suppressing the transcription of MdACS1, a gene that is critical for biosynthesis of ripening‐related ethylene. Expression of MdERF2 was suppressed by ethylene during ripening of apple fruit, and we observed that MdERF2 bound to the promoter of MdACS1 and directly suppressed its transcription. Moreover, MdERF2 suppressed the activity of the promoter of MdERF3, a transcription factor that we found to bind to the MdACS1 promoter, thereby increasing MdACS1 transcription. We determined that the MdERF2 and MdERF3 proteins directly interact, and this interaction suppresses the binding of MdERF3 to the MdACS1 promoter. Moreover, apple fruit with transiently downregulated MdERF2 expression showed higher ethylene production and faster ripening. Our results indicate that MdERF2 negatively affects ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening in apple by suppressing the transcription of MdACS1 via multiple mechanisms, thereby acting as an antagonist of positive ripening regulators. Our findings offer a deep understanding of the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric fruit ripening.
HIV-1 Coinfection Does Not Reduce Exposure to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in South African Tuberculosis Outpatients
Authors: Rockwood Neesha , Meintjes Graeme , Chirehwa Maxwell , Wiesner Lubbe , McIlleron Helen , Wilkinson Robert J. , Denti Paolo 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThere are contrasting data in the literature about antituberculosis plasma drug concentrations in HIV-1-coinfected patients. We report the pharmacokinetics of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide in a cohort of patients being treated for active tuberculosis, the majority of whom were coinfected with HIV-1 and had commenced antiretroviral therapy within 2 months of starting antituberculosis treatment. We also examined the association between antituberculosis drug concentrations and reported drug side effects at the 2-month clinical review. One hundred patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (65% coinfected with HIV-1) were intensively sampled to determine rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide plasma concentrations after 7 to 8 weeks of a daily quadruple-therapy regimen dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) weight bands. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each patient by using nonlinear mixed-effects models. HIV-1-coinfected patients had lower clearance rates for rifampin (21% decrease) and isoniazid (23% decrease) than HIV-1-uninfected patients, with resulting higher areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24) and maximum concentrations of drug in serum (Cmax). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) that included double-standard-dose lopinavir/ritonavir further lowered rifampin clearance, by 46%, and increased the AUC0–24. The current uniform dosing (per kilogram of body weight) across WHO weight bands was associated with a trend of decreased pharmacokinetic exposures for the lowest weight band. Use of fat-free mass as opposed to total body weight for allometric scaling of clearance significantly improved the model. Ambulant HIV-1-coinfected patients, the majority of whom were coprescribed ART, did not have reduced antituberculosis drug concentrations compared to HIV-1-uninfected patients.
Peak Plasma Concentration of Azithromycin and Treatment Responses in Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease
Authors: Jeong Byeong-Ho , Jeon Kyeongman , Park Hye Yun , Moon Seong Mi , Kim Su-Young , Lee Soo-Youn , Shin Sung Jae , Daley Charles L. , Koh Won-Jung 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Macrolides, such as azithromycin (AZM) and clarithromycin, are the cornerstones of treatment for
Mycobacterium avium
complex lung disease (MAC-LD). Current guidelines recommend daily therapy with AZM for cavitary MAC-LD and intermittent therapy for noncavitary MAC-LD, but the effectiveness of these regimens has not been thoroughly investigated. This study evaluated associations between microbiological response and estimated peak plasma concentrations (
C
max
) of AZM. The AZM
C
max
was measured in patients receiving daily therapy (250 mg of AZM daily,
n
= 77) or intermittent therapy (500 mg of AZM three times weekly,
n
= 89) for MAC-LD and daily therapy for
Mycobacterium abscessus
complex LD (MABC-LD) (250 mg of AZM daily,
n
= 55). The AZM
C
max
was lower with the daily regimen for MAC-LD (median, 0.24 μg/ml) than with the intermittent regimen for MAC-LD (median, 0.65 μg/ml;
P
< 0.001) or daily therapy for MABC-LD (median, 0.53 μg/ml;
P
< 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, AZM
C
max
was independently associated with favorable microbiological responses in MAC-LD patients receiving a daily regimen (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.48;
P
= 0.044) but not an intermittent regimen (aOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.23,
P
= 0.379). With the daily AZM-based multidrug regimen for MAC-LD, a low AZM
C
max
was common, whereas a higher AZM
C
max
was associated with favorable microbiologic responses. The results also suggested that the addition of rifampin may lower AZM
C
max
. When a daily AZM-based multidrug regimen is used for treating severe MAC-LD, such as cavitary disease, the currently recommended AZM dose might be suboptimal. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT00970801.)