bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of 20–100 nm particles on liquid clouds in the clean
summertime Arctic
Authors: Leaitch W. Richard , Korolev Alexei , Aliabadi Amir A. , Burkart Julia , Willis Megan D. , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Bozem Heiko , Hoor Peter , Köllner Franziska , Schneider Johannes , Herber Andreas , Konrad Christian , Brauner Ralf 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Observations addressing effects of aerosol particles on summertime Arctic clouds are limited. An airborne study, carried out during July 2014 from Resolute Bay, Nunavut, Canada, as part of the Canadian NETCARE project, provides a comprehensive in situ look into some effects of aerosol particles on liquid clouds in the clean environment of the Arctic summer. Median cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) from 62 cloud samples are 10 cm−3 for low-altitude cloud (clouds topped below 200 m) and 101 cm−3 for higher-altitude cloud (clouds based above 200 m). The lower activation size of aerosol particles is  ≤  50 nm diameter in about 40 % of the cases. Particles as small as 20 nm activated in the higher-altitude clouds consistent with higher supersaturations (S) for those clouds inferred from comparison of the CDNC with cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) measurements. Over 60 % of the low-altitude cloud samples fall into the CCN-limited regime of Mauritsen et al. (2011), within which increases in CDNC may increase liquid water and warm the surface. These first observations of that CCN-limited regime indicate a positive association of the liquid water content (LWC) and CDNC, but no association of either the CDNC or LWC with aerosol variations. Above the Mauritsen limit, where aerosol indirect cooling may result, changes in particles with diameters from 20 to 100 nm exert a relatively strong influence on the CDNC. Within this exceedingly clean environment, as defined by low carbon monoxide and low concentrations of larger particles, the background CDNC are estimated to range between 16 and 160 cm−3, where higher values are due to activation of particles  ≤  50 nm that likely derive from natural sources. These observations offer the first wide-ranging reference for the aerosol cloud albedo effect in the summertime Arctic.
Emission-dominated gas exchange of elemental mercury vapor over natural
surfaces in China
Authors: Wang Xun , Lin Che-Jen , Yuan Wei , Sommar Jonas , Zhu Wei , Feng Xinbin 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Mercury (Hg) emission from natural surfaces plays an important role in global Hg cycling. The present estimate of global natural emission has large uncertainty and remains unverified against field data, particularly for terrestrial surfaces. In this study, a mechanistic model is developed for estimating the emission of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) from natural surfaces in China. The development implements recent advancements in the understanding of air–soil and air–foliage exchange of Hg0 and redox chemistry in soil and on surfaces, incorporates the effects of soil characteristics and land use changes by agricultural activities, and is examined through a systematic set of sensitivity simulations. Using the model, the net exchange of Hg0 between the atmosphere and natural surfaces of mainland China is estimated to be 465.1 Mg yr−1, including 565.5 Mg yr−1 from soil surfaces, 9.0 Mg yr−1 from water bodies, and −100.4 Mg yr−1 from vegetation. The air–surface exchange is strongly dependent on the land use and meteorology, with 9 % of net emission from forest ecosystems; 50 % from shrubland, savanna, and grassland; 33 % from cropland; and 8 % from other land uses. Given the large agricultural land area in China, farming activities play an important role on the air–surface exchange over farmland. Particularly, rice field shift from a net sink (3.3 Mg uptake) during April–October (rice planting) to a net source when the farmland is not flooded (November–March). Summing up the emission from each land use, more than half of the total emission occurs in summer (51 %), followed by spring (28 %), autumn (13 %), and winter (8 %). Model verification is accomplished using observational data of air–soil/air–water fluxes and Hg deposition through litterfall for forest ecosystems in China and Monte Carlo simulations. In contrast to the earlier estimate by Shetty et al. (2008) that reported large emission from vegetative surfaces using an evapotranspiration approach, the estimate in this study shows natural emissions are primarily from grassland and dry cropland. Such an emission pattern may alter the current understanding of Hg emission outflow from China as reported by Lin et al. (2010b) because a substantial natural Hg emission occurs in West China.
Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions,
understanding, and analysis approaches
Authors: Van Loon Anne F. , Stahl Kerstin , Di Baldassarre Giuliano , Clark Julian , Rangecroft Sally , Wanders Niko , Gleeson Tom , Van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Tallaksen Lena M. , Hannaford Jamie , Uijlenhoet Remko , Teuling Adriaan J. , Hannah David M. , Sheffield Justin , Svoboda Mark , Verbeiren Boud , Wagener Thorsten , Van Lanen Henny A. J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In the current human-modified world, or Anthropocene, the state of water stores and fluxes has become dependent on human as well as natural processes. Water deficits (or droughts) are the result of a complex interaction between meteorological anomalies, land surface processes, and human inflows, outflows, and storage changes. Our current inability to adequately analyse and manage drought in many places points to gaps in our understanding and to inadequate data and tools. The Anthropocene requires a new framework for drought definitions and research. Drought definitions need to be revisited to explicitly include human processes driving and modifying soil moisture drought and hydrological drought development. We give recommendations for robust drought definitions to clarify timescales of drought and prevent confusion with related terms such as water scarcity and overexploitation. Additionally, our understanding and analysis of drought need to move from single driver to multiple drivers and from uni-directional to multi-directional. We identify research gaps and propose analysis approaches on (1) drivers, (2) modifiers, (3) impacts, (4) feedbacks, and (5) changing the baseline of drought in the Anthropocene. The most pressing research questions are related to the attribution of drought to its causes, to linking drought impacts to drought characteristics, and to societal adaptation and responses to drought. Example questions include (i) What are the dominant drivers of drought in different parts of the world? (ii) How do human modifications of drought enhance or alleviate drought severity? (iii) How do impacts of drought depend on the physical characteristics of drought vs. the vulnerability of people or the environment? (iv) To what extent are physical and human drought processes coupled, and can feedback loops be identified and altered to lessen or mitigate drought? (v) How should we adapt our drought analysis to accommodate changes in the normal situation (i.e. what are considered normal or reference conditions) over time? Answering these questions requires exploration of qualitative and quantitative data as well as mixed modelling approaches. The challenges related to drought research and management in the Anthropocene are not unique to drought, but do require urgent attention. We give recommendations drawn from the fields of flood research, ecology, water management, and water resources studies. The framework presented here provides a holistic view on drought in the Anthropocene, which will help improve management strategies for mitigating the severity and reducing the impacts of droughts in future.
Shift of annual water balance in the Budyko space for catchments with
groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration
Authors: Wang Xu-Sheng , Zhou Yangxiao 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The Budyko framework represents the general relationship between the evapotranspiration ratio (F) and the aridity index (φ) for the mean annual steady-state water balance at the catchment scale. It is interesting to investigate whether this standard F − φ space can also be applied to capture the shift of annual water balance in catchments with varying dryness. Previous studies have made significant progress in incorporating the storage effect into the Budyko framework for the non-steady conditions, whereas the role of groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration was not investigated. This study investigates how groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration causes the shift of the annual water balance in the standard Budyko space. A widely used monthly hydrological model, the ABCD model, is modified to incorporate groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration into the zone with a shallow water table and delayed groundwater recharge into the zone with a deep water table. This model is applied in six catchments in the Erdos Plateau, China, to estimate the actual annual evapotranspiration. Results show that the variations in the annual F value with the aridity index do not satisfy the standard Budyko formulas. The shift of the annual water balance in the standard Budyko space is a combination of the Budyko-type response in the deep groundwater zone and the quasi-energy limited condition in the shallow groundwater zone. Excess evapotranspiration (F > 1) could occur in dry years, which is contributed by the significant supply of groundwater for evapotranspiration. Use of groundwater for irrigation can increase the frequency of the F > 1 cases.
Soil bacterial community and functional shifts in response to altered snowpack in moist acidic tundra of northern Alaska
Authors: Ricketts Michael P. , Poretsky Rachel S. , Welker Jeffrey M. , Gonzalez-Meler Miquel A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Soil microbial communities play a central role in the cycling of carbon (C) in Arctic tundra ecosystems, which contain a large portion of the global C pool. Climate change predictions for Arctic regions include increased temperature and precipitation (i.e. more snow), resulting in increased winter soil insulation, increased soil temperature and moisture, and shifting plant community composition. We utilized an 18-year snow fence study site designed to examine the effects of increased winter precipitation on Arctic tundra soil bacterial communities within the context of expected ecosystem response to climate change. Soil was collected from three pre-established treatment zones representing varying degrees of snow accumulation, where deep snow  ∼ 100 % and intermediate snow  ∼ 50 % increased snowpack relative to the control, and low snow ∼ 25 % decreased snowpack relative to the control. Soil physical properties (temperature, moisture, active layer thaw depth) were measured, and samples were analysed for C concentration, nitrogen (N) concentration, and pH. Soil microbial community DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to reveal phylogenetic community differences between samples and determine how soil bacterial communities might respond (structurally and functionally) to changes in winter precipitation and soil chemistry. We analysed relative abundance changes of the six most abundant phyla (ranging from 82 to 96 % of total detected phyla per sample) and found four (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Chloroflexi) responded to deepened snow. All six phyla correlated with at least one of the soil chemical properties (% C, % N, C : N, pH); however, a single predictor was not identified, suggesting that each bacterial phylum responds differently to soil characteristics. Overall, bacterial community structure (beta diversity) was found to be associated with snow accumulation treatment and all soil chemical properties. Bacterial functional potential was inferred using ancestral state reconstruction to approximate functional gene abundance, revealing a decreased abundance of genes required for soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in the organic layers of the deep snow accumulation zones. These results suggest that predicted climate change scenarios may result in altered soil bacterial community structure and function, and indicate a reduction in decomposition potential, alleviated temperature limitations on extracellular enzymatic efficiency, or both. The fate of stored C in Arctic soils ultimately depends on the balance between these mechanisms.
Outsourcing or Giving all Out? Experience from Tanzania Local Government Revenue Collection
Authors: Mrutu Lukio , Mganga Pendo 
Published: September 2016

Outsourcing revenue collection in Local Government Authorities has been adopted as a mechanism to solve the previous problems of revenue collection which resulted into loss and missmanagement of the whole process. One of the expectations was to increase revenue collection which will provide a room for fiscal autonomy. However, experience from few local government authorities which have outsourced their revenue collection shows that, the whole process of outsourcing has not yielded the expected outcome especially on enabling local authorities to have fiscal autonomy instead it has turned to benefit the private agent who collect Tax. By using secondary data this paper attempts to show how the process of outsourcing is benefiting the private agent and therefore it is like giving everything out. It concludes that, though outsourcing seems to benefit local authorities by reducing some tasks especially on tax collection, outsorcing benefits much a private agent and therefore quick meausures should be adopted including building the capacity of Local Authorities in identifying the sources of revenue and in estimating the actual collections so as to have clear picture of how much will be generated by the agent and what should be the appropriate amount to be submitted to the Local authority.
Paus Benedictus XVI: onvermoed rechtsfilosoof?
Authors: Steenvoorde Richard 
Published: September 2016

Pope Benedict XVI: an unexpected legal philosopher?
During his pontificate pope Benedict XVI held five important speeches on democracy and law. In a new study, edited by Marta Cartabia and Andrea Simonici, it is argued that these speeches constitute a papal legal philosophy on the foundation of law. This book review explores that claim. Did emeritus pope Benedict XVI have a distinctive legal philosophy? May be, but the material covered in the book might not be enough to fully support the status of pope Benedict XVI as a legal philosopher. What is needed is a more integral study that includes other papal statements on the principles of law (for instance to the Roman Rota) on the one hand, and the work of the theologian Joseph cardinal Ratzinger before he became pope Benedict XVI on the other hand.
Conservatisme onder Nederlandse evangelische christenen: een hedendaagse ‘religion gap’?
Authors: Vermeer Paul , Scheepers Peer , Kregting Joris 
Published: September 2016

Conservatism among Dutch evangelical christians: A present-day ‘religion gap’?
Following the earlier work of the Dutch political scientist Middendorp on conservative views among the Dutch population, this study tries to find out if there is still a relationship between conservatism and religion. Earlier research revealed that also church members became less conservative over time and that the gap between church members and non-church members is closing in this respect. Only orthodox Christians continued to hold more conservative views over time. A distinction which still exists today as the results of this study among evangelical Christians show. This group of orthodox Christians distinguishes itself from both mainline Christians and the secular Dutch not so much by having a conservative outlook on economic matters, but by upholding conservative views in pro life issues.
Role of the Medical Examiner in Zika Virus and Other Emerging Infections
Authors: Singh Veena D. , Lathrop Sarah L. 
Published: September 2016

Context.—Medical examiners and coroners have long been an integral component of public health, often being the first to recognize and describe emerging infectious diseases. Given their experience and access, medical examiners and coroners will provide valuable contributions to better understanding Zika virus infection and its sequelae.
Objective.—To review past examples of medical examiner/coroner involvement in recognition of emerging infectious diseases and describe how medical examiners and coroners will be critical in understanding the pathophysiology of Zika infections.
Design.—Review of the existing literature on the role of medical examiners and coroners in the identification of emergent infections and the available literature on Zika virus.
Results.—Medical examiners and coroners have played a crucial role in identifying numerous emerging infectious diseases such as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and West Nile virus, and have the expertise and experience to aid in elucidating the pathophysiologic effects of Zika virus and tracking its distribution and risk factors.
Conclusions.—Medical examiners and coroners will be a significant factor in the unified public health approach needed to mitigate the effects of Zika virus and other, heretofore unrecognized, infectious diseases.
Programa nacional de capacitação de conselheiros municipais de educação no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: impactos e perspectivas à gestão educacional
Authors: Dalla Corte Marilene Gabriel , Mello Andrelisa Goulart de , Teixeira Marina Lara Silva dos Santos , Silva Francine Mendonça da 
Published: September 2016

Este texto relaciona-se ao Programa Nacional de Capacitação de Conselheiros Municipais de Educação - Pró-Conselho -, considerado uma das ações de consecução da política de democratização da gestão educacional no Brasil. Analisa-se os impactos e as perspectivas da formação continuada desenvolvida pelo Pró-Conselho, relacionadas com a atuação dos conselheiros municipais de educação na Região da Amcentro/RS. Como principais resultados identificou-se o fortalecimento dos conselhos municipais de educação como instâncias de sistema de ensino, tendo por base a reflexão acerca dos fundamentos das políticas públicas e gestão educacional; reativação ou rearticulação de conselhos de educação já existentes; criação de sistemas municipais de ensino; fortalecimento de rede compartilhada virtual na gestão educacional municipal. Tais impactos e perspectivas reverberam na necessária compreensão e na realização de um trabalho educativo coletivo e compartilhado que considera que as políticas públicas educacionais precisam ser delineadas, articuladas e implantadas na lógica da qualificação e interdependência na gestão educacional municipal.Palavras-chave: conselho municipal de educação, formação continuada, políticas públicas, gestão educacional.
Planar cold cathode based on a multilayer-graphene/SiO2/Si heterodevice
Authors: Nishiguchi Katsuhiko , Yoshizumi Daisuke , Sekine Yoshiaki , Furukawa Kazuaki , Fujiwara Akira , Nagase Masao 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We have fabricated a planar cold cathode based on a multilayer (ML)-graphene/SiO2/Si heterostructure. When voltage is applied between the ML graphene and Si layer, electrons tunnel from the Si layer to the ML-graphene through the SiO2. During this tunneling event, electrons repeatedly gain and lose energy in the SiO2 owing to the electric field and scattering, respectively. Electrons whose energy is larger than the work function of the ML-graphene are emitted from its surface to a vacuum. The thinness of the ML-graphene reduces the energy loss of electrons in it and thus improves electron emission characteristics.
Ultrathin flexible memory devices based on organic ferroelectric transistors
Authors: Sugano Ryo , Hirai Yoshinori , Tashiro Tomoya , Sekine Tomohito , Fukuda Kenjiro , Kumaki Daisuke , Domingues dos Santos Fabrice , Miyabo Atsushi , Tokito Shizuo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Here, we demonstrate ultrathin, flexible nonvolatile memory devices with excellent durability under compressive strain. Ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistors (FeFETs) employing organic semiconductor and polymer ferroelectric layers are fabricated on a 1-µm-thick plastic film substrate. The FeFETs are characterized by measuring their transfer characteristics, programming time, and data retention time. The data retention time is almost unchanged even when a 50% compressive strain is applied to the devices. To clarify the origin of the excellent durability of the devices against compressive strain, an intermediate plane is calculated. From the calculation result, the intermediate plane is placed close to the channel region of the FeFETs. The high flexibility of the ferroelectric polymer and ultrathin device structure contributes to achieving a bending radius of 0.8 µm without the degradation of memory characteristics.
A subsequent positive stroke developing in the channel of preceding negative stroke and containing bipolar continuing current
Authors: Zhu Y. , Rakov V. A. , Tran M. D. , Lu W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA bipolar cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash was observed to exhibit two types of polarity reversal associated with the first two strokes separated by a not unduly long time interval of 70 ms. The first stroke was negative and had a peak current of −101 kA. The second stroke was positive, had a peak current of 16 kA and was followed by a 122 ms long bipolar continuing current. The first two strokes, including the bipolar continuing current, occurred in the same channel to ground, whose imaged 2‐D length was 4.2 km. The occurrence of positive stroke in the negative‐stroke channel is highly unusual. The 2‐D speed versus height profiles for the negative stepped leader of the first stroke and, for the first time, for the positive leader in the previously conditioned, first‐stroke channel were examined and the average speeds were found to be 4.7 × 105 m/s and 7.2 × 105 m/s, respectively.
Subduction geometry beneath south central Alaska and its relationship to volcanism
Authors: Martin‐Short Robert , Allen Richard M. , Bastow Ian D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe southern Alaskan margin captures a transition between compression and strike‐slip‐dominated deformation, accretion of the overthickened Yakutat terrane, termination of Aleutian arc magmatism, and the enigmatic Wrangell Volcanic Field. The extent of subduction and mantle structure below this region is uncertain, with important implications for volcanism. We present compressional and shear wave mantle velocity models below south central Alaska that leverage a new seismometer deployment to produce the most complete image of the subducting Pacific‐Yakutat plate to date. We image a steeply dipping slab extending below central Alaska to >400 km depth, which abruptly terminates east of ~145°W. There is no significant slab anomaly beneath the nearby Wrangell volcanoes. A paucity of volcanism is observed above the subducting Yakutat terrane, but the slab structure below 150 km depth and Wadati‐Benioff zone here are similar to those along the Aleutian‐Alaska arc. Features of the mantle wedge or overlying lithosphere are thus responsible for the volcanic gap.
Bayesian hindcast of acoustic transmission loss in the western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Palmsten Margaret , Paquin Fabre J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA Bayesian network is developed to demonstrate the feasibility of using environmental acoustic feature vectors (EAFVs) to predict underwater acoustic transmission loss (TL) versus range at two locations for a single acoustic source depth and frequency. Features for the networks are chosen based on a sensitivity analysis. The final network design resulted in a well‐trained network, with high skill, little gain error, and low bias. The capability presented here shows promise for expansion to a more generalized approach, which could be applied at varying locations, depths and frequencies to estimate acoustic performance over a highly variable oceanographic area in real‐time or near‐real‐time.