bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging in Materials Science
Authors: Pennycook Stephen J. 
Published: August 2016

Imaging is about communicating. Through images, it is possible to convey information about a subject in an exceedingly efficient manner. We are all familiar with the nightly news reports and how a few visual images can rapidly convey a deep impression far beyond that of the accompanying spoken word. The worlds of art and photography are based on images and their power to invoke a sense of beauty and awe in our minds. Both of these aspects are also important for imaging in materials science, although the beauty and awe we wish to convey concerns our understanding of the behavior of materials or the laws of physics and not the aesthetic appeal itself.An image can convey an insight into a materials problem which is unrivaled in depth and breadth. In many cases, it can reveal aspects of the problem which were completely unforeseen. An image may even reveal the key to the entire problem and so provide a fundamental advance in our understanding, in contrast to the incremental advances which usually result from more or better data. It is this theme which links the articles in this issue of the MRS BULLETIN. Covering semiconductors to cement, the atomic scale to the macroscopic, the theme in common is the power of the image to unravel the story. Often this involves changing our preconceived ideas on the subject (images provide constant proof that “truth is stranger than fiction”), but this is what major advances in research and development are all about.
Computer Applications in Plasma Materials Processing
Authors: Graves David B. , Gottscho Richard A. 
Published: August 2016

In manufacturing microelectronic and optoelectronic devices, thin solid films of various sorts are routinely deposited and etched using low pressure, weakly ionized plasmas. The term “plasma” in this context implies an ionized gas with nearly equal numbers of positive and negative charges. This definition is not very restrictive, so. there are an enormous number of phenomena that are termed plasmas. For example, very hot, magnetized, fully ionized plasmas exist in stellar environments and thermonuclear fusion experiments. High temperature electric arcs are a form of plasma as well. In contrast, the plasmas used in electronic materials processing are near room temperature and the gas is usually weakly ionized. Indeed, due to the sensitivity of electronic devices to high temperatures, their low operating temperature is one of the major advantages of plasma processes.Plasma processing is attractive because of two important physiochemical effects: energetic free electrons in the plasma (heated by applied electric fields) dissociate the neutral gas in the plasma to create chemically reactive species; and free positive ions are accelerated by the plasma electric fields to surfaces bounding the plasma. Reactive species created in the plasma diffuse to surfaces and adsorb; wafers to be processed are typically placed on one of these surfaces.The combination of neutral species adsorption and positive ion bombardment results in surface chemical reaction. If the products of the surface reaction are volatile, they leave the surface and etching results. If the products are involatile, a surface film grows.
A Primer on the Federal Budget Process
Authors: Post Robert L. 
Published: August 2016

The federal budget process is often regarded as an arcane affair, the province of a select group of Washington insiders. This includes the mysteries behind the determination of budgets for R&D on materials. The purpose of this discussion is to demysrify the subject a little. It will focus largely on the role of Congress.A common misconception is that the White House sets the budget for the federal government. What the White House does do is send detailed recommendations to Congress each year in January on what it believes the budget should be. This covers spending, tax policy, and economie predictions (the latter reflected in the anticipated tax revenues). In January 1990, for example, the administration submitted budget recommendations for fiscal year 1991, which began on October 1 and runs until September 30, 1991. These recommendations (with subsequent negociations with the Hill) can be quite influential, but serve primarily as a point of reference, which Congress can gladly accept, or completely ignore, as circumstances and preferences dictate.
Materials Education—A Challenge
Authors: Abbaschian R. 
Published: August 2016

The recent study by the National Research Council, entitled Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s—Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials, has identified materials science and engineering as an intellectually exciting field crucial to the success of U.S. industries, economy, and defense. The study surveys the needs of eight industries (aerospace, automotive, biomaterials, chemical, electronics, energy, metals, and telecommunications), which employ more than seven million people and have sales in excess of $1.4 trillion. The survey shows the industries' critical requirements for new, improved, more economical materials and processes. Similar needs are documented in such public sector areas as defense, energy, transportation, space, and health. Despite the fact that their economic performance and technological leadership within the global market vary widely, these industries consistently identify materials science and engineering as vital to their ability to maintain or improve their international competitiveness. In every case, the survey indicates a clear need to produce and fabricate new and traditional materials with improved quality and economy. It is also evident that the United States currently leads in certain materials-related areas, but adequate resources, planning, and training are required to maintain this leadership role.In terms of manpower and educational needs, the study emphasizes the need for more educated personnel to meet current and future opportunities, and recommends basing undergraduate courses and programs in materials science and engineering on the four basic elements of materials science and engineering—synthesis and processing, structure, properties, and performance — and on the relationships among them. The study further recommends that undergraduate materials education be centered in materials departments, and that these departments interact strongly with other science and engineering departments to develop interdisciplinary materials-related educational programs.
Making Education in Materials Science and Engineering Attractive to Undergraduate Students
Authors: Farrington Gregory C. 
Published: August 2016

Materials research and education is currently one of the liveliest areas of science and engineering and is likely to be so for many decades. It is an outstanding example of an interdisciplinary field; persons who call themselves materials researchers are found in departments of chemistry, physics, metallurgy, ceramics, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, and also in many departments that now call themselves by the name “materials science and engineering.” The field has grown so rapidly that the term “materials science and engineering,” has many different meanings. In fact, most of the funding that supports materials science and engineering research is awarded to investigators in the more traditional disciplines, and the vast majority of scientists and engineers working in the field were educated in these traditional core disciplines.There is no question that the field of materials science and engineering is a success. However, is materials science and engineering now a discipline as well as a field? Should MS&E departments exist and what should be their educational mission? Should MS&E departments offer undergraduate and graduate majors? These questions are being discussed by many university faculties as they work to devise effective research structures and educational programs to respond to the growth of interest in a field that does not fit neatly into any single traditional discipline, but is far too important to ignore.Recently, the University Materials Council appointed a committee to consider these issues and specifically address the challenge of creating effective, attractive programs of undergraduate education in materials science and engineering.
Identity of and Need for Undergraduate Materials Science and Engineering Education
Authors: DuBow Joel 
Published: August 2016

A litany has recently emerged which proclaims materials science and engineering a primary enabling technology for most aspects of a modern high technology economy. More materials engineers have been called for, but employers and academia have not yet agreed on what job description or curricula should define a materials engineer. While the research or science aspects of materials science have been functioning well, manpower availability and industrial materials technology for commercial, military, environmental, and other societal needs lag behind our worldwide competitors.to nucleate the growth of a consensus and to create awareness and understanding of materials science and engineering begs an answer. In the absence of a consensus to help focus curriculum and increase awareness of materials science and engineering, the current diverse educational practices will remain, and a rare opportunity for professional development will be lost.
Proposal for a Generic Materials Processing Course
Authors: Flemings Merton C. , Jensen Klavs F. , Mortensen Andreas 
Published: August 2016

In the early 1950s when “materials science” was beginning to take shape in the minds of educators in materials departments, discussions were heated on the subject of how (and whether) intellectually rich courses could be developed with such broad coverage. It was argued by many that materials are too complex and vary too greatly from one another in their properties and in their applications to be treated in a single course. These individuals argued that if “materials” was to be taught, then it would have to be in courses or segments of courses broken down by materials classes-metals, ceramic, polymers, semiconductors.A full generation of faculty has passed through our ranks since those days, and the arguments regarding teaching of at least the beginning materials science subjects are now muted and perhaps moot. Few materials departments begin today with a materials-specific subject (e.g., metallurgy, ceramics) for either their own students or as a service subject for other engineering departments. Most begin with a subject in materials science or materials science and engineering that deals generically with all materials for at least a major portion of the subject. Examples are drawn from individual materials classes, and emphasis may shift to individual materials classes as the subject progresses.The key to development of these subjects, and the intellectual foundation on which they rest, is structure and structure-property relations. We can understand, and teach, how the building blocks of materials (atoms, molecules, grains, amorphous phases, etc.) fit together to build macroscopic structures.
NSF Workshop on Undergraduate Curriculum Development in Materials: A Synopsis of the Report
Authors: Reynik Robert J. 
Published: August 2016

As a follow-up to the recommendations of a 1986 National Science Board Task Committee Report on Undergraduate Science & Engineering Education, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a series of workshops on undergraduate education in science and engineering disciplines. In October 1989, the NSF's Division of Materials Research (DMR) organized a workshop in the materials area. It was held at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr. Donald N. Langenberg, Chancellor, University of Illinois at Chicago, chaired the panel of 27 invited experts. They were charged to assess the needs and opportunities in the education of undergraduates with career opportunities in any of the areas of materials research or technology, and to recommend possible ways to improve undergraduate curricula in chemistry, physics, and materials science and engineering.The panel consisted of three subpanels: Chemistry chaired by Gregory C. Farrington, Condensed Matter Physics chaired by Phillip J. Stiles, and Materials Science and Engineering chaired by Reza Abbaschian. Robert J. Reynik, DMR/NSF, was the workshop organizer and coordinator. Each subpanel held separate meetings to discuss undergraduate education in materials and develop recommendations in its respective disciplines; plenary sessions featured group discussions of views and recommendations.Each subpanel prepared a separate report, and the chairman prepared a summary report, which organizes the findings and recommendations of the subpanel reports into five areas: curriculum development, undergraduate laboratories, computers in undergraduate education, textbooks and other teaching resources, and faculty and student development. These reports constirute the full workshop report, which is available at no cost from the NSF. The opinions and recommendations in the workshop report are those of the expert panel and do not represent NSF policy. The recommendations are currently under review by DMR.
The Magnetic Phase Diagram of High Tc Superconductors
Authors: Malozemoff A.P. 
Published: August 2016

Among the many surprises in the held of high temperature superconductivity, new features discovered in the magnetic phase diagram are among the most exciting and controversial, generating many new physical concepts and impacting practical applications. This brief review complements several other recent reviews and refers mostly to the bulk crystal (not ceramic) Y1Ba2Cu3O7 and Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox materials, from now on denoted YBaCuO and BiSrCaCuO.The magnetic phase diagram of a conventional type II superconductor as a function of magnetic held H and temperature T is well known and understood in the mean-field Ginzburg-Landau and London theories. As shown in Figure 1a, a Meissner phase characterized by complete flux exclusion appears at low fields, delineated by a mean-field phase transition line called the lower critical field Hc1(T), which increases linearly with decreasing temperature below Tc and then saturates at low temperature. A second mean-field phase transition line, called the upper critical field Hc2(T), delineates the transition between the normal and superconducting states and shows a T-dependence similar to Hc1(T). In a strongly type II superconductor (in which the penetration depth λ is much larger than the coherence length ξ), the large region intervening between Hc1 and Hc2 is called the Abrikosov mixed phase. Here magnetic field penetrates the superconductor in the form of tubes of magnetic field called flux lines or vortices. In an ideal isotropic superconductor, these vortices self-organize into a hexagonal array. Defects disturb the hexagonal long-range order, causing the array to break up into a kind of glassy state with more or less short-range order.
The Molecular Engineering of Oxides: 1989 MRS Fall Meeting Von Hippel Award Address
Authors: Goodenough John B. 
Published: August 2016

I am particularly pleased to receive the Von Hippel Award and to do so in the city of Boston. I spent 24 happy years here at the Lincoln Laboratory of MIT, and Prof. Von Hippel was one of those on campus who made a special effort to build a bridge of communication to those of us who were out on Route 128. I would like him to know that his personal encouragement and his welcome to campus life were very much appreciated. During that period, it was Prof. Von Hippel who coined the phrase “molecular engineering” to describe the whole process of materials science. So it is in his honor that I have chosen as the title of my talk, “The Molecular Engineering of Oxides.”Back in the 1950s, I was part of the group at Lincoln Laboratory that developed the ferrite-core memory for the digital computer. This task involved an identification of the optimum ferrospinel composition and the development of a fabrication and testing process that would give a high yield of cores with acceptable physical properties. Its realization involved, as well, the development of a theoretical underetanding of the factors that determine the shape of a B-H hysteresis loop and of why an exquisite annealing procedure was required to develop controlled chemical inhomogeneities via the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect. This experience made it clear to me that there was an urgent need to build bridges between the engineer and the materials scientist.
Up Close: Physical Chemistry Cluster of the University of Amsterdam
Authors: Elders Job 
Published: August 2016

The Physical Chemistry Cluster (PCC), located in the Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands is a cooperative entity which directs a wide range of in-depth research. Extensive collaboration within the PCC offers a broad base of expertise to every participant. The PCC is situated in the inspiring environment of the Van't Hoff Laboratory, named for the Dutch chemist who received the first Nobel prize awarded for chemistry in 1901 for his research on valence-directions and stereochemistry of the carbon atom.The PCC is composed of a number of different bodies, with the Department of Physical Chemistry serving as the pivot point. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the PCC organization which includes the University of Amsterdam (UvA); the foundation, Chemical Research Netherlands (SON); Institute of Mass Spectrometry (IMS); the Interaction of Matter with Photons group (IMF); Faculty of Physics (UvA); Laser Application and Information Center Amsterdam (LAICA); the LAICA Laser Technology Ventures, Ltd.; and the Laser Lease Center.The Physical Chemistry Cluster finds its roots at the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of the University of Amsterdam. The Laboratory for Physical Chemistry has an academie staff of about 18 members who cooperate with the faculty of physics of the University of Amsterdam. PCC research activities cover a broad field of physical chemistry. Here, researchers study the interaction of matter and photons to obtain information on spectroscopic properties and dynamics of excited states of isolated or clustered molecules in the gas or condensed phase.
Up Close: Science of Materials at Trinity College, University of Dublin
Authors: Kelly John M. , McGilp John 
Published: August 2016

Materials Science at Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland, has a distinguished past as well as a promising future. Trinity College published the first book on optics in English by Molyneux (1692). The work of Hamilton, Lloyd, Fitzgerald and others in the 19th century are impressive antecedents for today's research as well, which now enjoys broader horizons and new research opportunities due to major funding by the European Community (EC) and other agencies.In the Departments of Chemistry and Pure and Applied Physics, internationally recognized research groups are pursuing materials-oriented research in laser physics and nonlinear optics, surfaces and interfaces, magnetic materials, polymers, and theoretical solid-state physics and chemistry.The current research, described in the following two sections, has for many years resulted from close collaboration in the materials area among researchers in both departments. Common interests have led the departments to establish an honors degree course in the science of materials. The final section discusses the aims of this course.
Multilayer Materials
Authors: Barbee Troy W. 
Published: August 2016

Multilayers, as considered in the following articles, are manmade thin-film materials periodic in one dimension in composition or in composition and structure. This composition/structure variation is generated during synthesis, which is typically accomplished using atom-by-atom technologies. Individual component layers in a multilayer may vary in thickness from one atomic layer (~2 Å) to hundreds of atomic layers (~1,000 Å) of a given material.An example of these synthetic micro-structures, a lattice image transmission electron micrograph of a cross section of a hundred period titanium (63 Å)/titanium-nickel (40 Å) multilayer microstructure fabricated using magnetron sputtering, is shown on the cover of this issue of the MRS BULLETIN. The titanium-nickel layers are amorphous as a result of the low substrate temperature (<75°C) and the very large atomic quench rates characteristic of vapor deposition (>1012 K/s). The elemental titanium layers are fiber textured with the basal plane of this hexagonal close-pack structure element in the plane of the layers. These (00.1) planes are the ones lattice imaged in this electron micrograph.The general concept of a multilayer structure, as illustrated above, is now well accepted because the ability to synthesize such materials for scientific study and technological application has been demonstrated at many nationally and internationally based laboratories.
Using Lattice Energies to Model the Physical/Chemical Behavior of a Doped Refractory Oxide
Authors: Howard Scott A. , Lee Soon-Ho , Moore Robert E. 
Published: August 2016

Burned periclase brick became a commonly used refractory material during the 1940s and early 1950s in the steel-making industry. Unfortunately, periclase brick easily reacts with water or water vapor and results in dimensional instability, i.e., a volume expansion. This may lead to the mechanical failure of any article made from it. Considerable research has been performed in the past 30 years to suppress the hydration susceptibility of magnesia refractory.Boron has been found to be extremely effective in improving the hydration resistance of magnesia. It can be added to magnesite, brucite, light calcined magnesia or it can be deposited on post dead burned magnesia. However, the use of boron decreases the hot loading bearing properties of the magnesia and the dissolution of the boron into certain grades of steel may adversely affect their mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of boron compounds requires a high-temperature calcination, normally higher than 1600°C, which has been proven uneconomical.Other dopants, incorporated either on the surface or in the bulk, have been reported to have various effects on the hydration susceptibility. The ultimate goal of the work reported here is to determine if there is a correlation between the hydration susceptibility of MgO having various cation substitutions for Mg and the energies of the resulting lattices.
Metalorganic Deposition (MOD): A Nonvacuum, Spin-on, Liquid-Based, Thin Film Method
Authors: Mantese J.V. , Micheli A.L. , Hamdi A.H. , Vest R.W. 
Published: August 2016

There are many methods of depositing thin film materials: thermal evaporation, sputtering, electron or laser beam evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A good survey of many of the deposition methods appears in the 1988 November and December issues of the MRS BULLETIN. One method not included in that survey, however, is metalorganic deposition (MOD), a powerful method for depositing a variety of materials.Metalorganic deposition is not to be confused with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), which is a gaseous deposition method. MOD is a nonvacuum, liquid-based, spin-on method of depositing thin films. A suitable organic precursor, dissolved in solution, is dispensed onto a substrate much like photoresist. The substrate is spun at a few thousand revolutions per minute, removing the excess fluid, driving off the solvent, and uniformly coating the substrate surface with an organic film a few microns thick. The soft metalorganic film is then pyrolyzed in air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other suitable atmosphere to convert the metalorganic precursors to their constituent elements, oxides, or other compounds. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the deposition process including a prebake and annealing (if necessary).