bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking photoactive thin‐film materials using a laser‐induced steady‐state photocarrier grating
Authors: Veldhuizen Leon W. , Adhyaksa Gede W.P. , Theelen Mirjam , Garnett Erik C. , Schropp Ruud E.I. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this study, we assess the charge carrier diffusive transport quality of traditional and emerging thin‐film photoactive absorber materials used for photovoltaic applications. We use a steady‐state photocarrier grating technique, which has so far been predominantly used for amorphous silicon‐based materials, to obtain ambipolar diffusion lengths as well as minority and majority carrier mobility‐lifetime products. The measurements are performed at volume‐averaged generation rates of G = 1020–1021 cm−3 s−1 and low electric field strengths of E = 20–200 V cm−1. The absorbing capability of the materials is analysed by calculating an effective optical absorption depth, and we compare its value with the obtained electronic ambipolar diffusion length. The effective absorption depths are independent of the band‐gap values so that our assessment is also relevant for multijunction solar cells. We observe that for silicon‐based thin‐film materials, the ambipolar diffusion length (with a value lower than 150 nm) is more than twice as short as their effective absorption depth, while for copper indium gallium selenide chalcopyrite and halide perovskite materials, the diffusion length (with a value up to 367 nm) is similar or larger than the effective absorption depth. The presented method can be used as a rapid assessment of the optoelectronic quality of photoactive thin‐film materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in low flows of German rivers since 1950: Comparability of different low‐flow indicators and their spatial patterns
Authors: Bormann H. , Pinter N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractClimate change, land‐use shifts, reservoir storage, and water withdrawals impact low flows in rivers, creating challenges for ecological integrity and human uses. A systematic investigation of river discharges was carried out for 79 stream gauges in Germany. Available time series between 1950 and 2013 were analysed for trends in annual minimum low flows, discharge deficits, and low‐flow durations. The application of different low‐flow indicators led to similar spatial patterns, although each metric is used for different purposes in water management applications.Statistical tests identified significant discharge trends at more than half of the stations investigated. Low‐flow trends since 1950 tended to be catchment specific, suggesting that climate change has not been the dominant driver. Most of the gauges investigated showed statistically significant increases in low flows. This can be mainly attributed to reservoir management. For rivers showing snow‐ and icemelt‐dominated flow regimes, such trends are probably overlain by climate‐driven changes (increasing amounts of rainfall, earlier snowmelt in spring). In contrast, stations showing statistically significant decreases in low flows were correlated with areas of decreasing mining activity. Hydrologic impacts of climate change are widespread and significant, but the results here suggest that human river management remains the dominant hydrologic driver on many rivers.
Unsaturated surface in CO saturation
Authors: Li Jibiao , Ahuja Rajeev 
Published: April 2017

In this paper, density functional theory calculations are used to address the puzzle of CO saturation on Fe(100). Through a comprehensive modeling of possible local configurations, we would be able to figure out a structural model for the CO‐saturated Fe(100). The structural model is featured by forming a local structural motif of coupled on‐top and hollow CO molecules. In this model, the on‐top‐bonded CO molecules pertain to critical couplings in the next neighbor spacing, which exclude all couplings below and above the next neighbor spacing. Rather than forming tilted on‐top CO on the surface, the critical couplings align the on‐top CO molecules in the perpendicular orientation. The new model with the coverage of 0.5 ML yields even better X‐ray emission and absorption spectra calculated by using density functional theory and shows consistent agreement with all previous experiments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Mono‐Chlorination of o‐Carboranes: Changing the Concept of FeCl3 from Lewis Acid to Chlorine Source in Carboranes
Authors: Xu Tao‐Tao , Zhang Cai‐Yan , Cao Ke , Wu Ji , Jiang Linhai , Li Jing , Li Bo , Yang Junxiao 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA palladium catalyzed selective mono‐chlorination of o‐carboranes has been developed by utilization the oxidizability of FeCl3, and a series of mono‐chlorinated o‐carboranes with active groups have been synthesized with moderate to good yields as well as good selectivity. A plausible mechanism involving the electrophilic palladation of B‐H bond and the Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle was proposed.
Influence of Genetic Counseling Graduate Program Websites on Student Application Decisions
Authors: Ivan Kristina M. , Hassed Susan , Darden Alix G. , Aston Christopher E. , Guy Carrie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study investigated how genetic counseling educational program websites affect application decisions via an online survey sent to current students and recent graduates. Program leadership: directors, assistant directors, associate directors, were also surveyed to determine where their opinions coincided or differed from those reported by students and recent graduates. Chi square analysis and t‐tests were used to determine significance of results. A two‐sample t‐test was used to compare factors students identified as important on a 5‐point Likert scale with those identified by directors. Thematic analysis revealed three major themes students consider important for program websites: easy navigation, website content, and website impression. Directors were interested in how prospective students use their program website and what information they found most useful. Students indicated there were specific programs they chose not to apply to due to the difficulty of using the website for that program. Directors significantly underestimated how important information about application requirements was to students in making application decisions. The information reported herein will help individual genetic counseling graduate programs improve website functionality and retain interested applicants.
Parenting in On/Off Relationships: The Link Between Relationship Churning and Father Involvement
Authors: Turney Kristin , Halpern-Meekin Sarah 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFamily systems theory points to the interconnected nature of dyadic relationships within the family unit, arguing for attention to how the parental relationship shapes their ties to and interactions with their children. Grounded in family systems theory, we consider how relationship churning—defined as being in an on-again/off-again relationship with the same partner—is associated with father involvement. We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine how father involvement among relationship churners compares with father involvement among those in three other relationship types (measured during the first five years of the focal child’s life): stably together relationships, stably broken-up relationships, and repartnered relationships. First, we find that churning fathers remain more involved with their 9-year-old children than do parents who stably break up or repartner, but they are less involved than those who are stably together. Second, lower relationship quality among churners—and, to a lesser extent, repartnering and childbearing with a new partner—explains some of the differences in father involvement between churners and the stably together. Third, these differences are most apparent among parents not living together when father involvement is measured. Taken together, the focus on relationship churning extends prior research on the association between relationship transitions and father involvement by separating relationship instability from partner change.
ECHOING RULERSHIP—UNDERSTANDING MUSICAL REFERENCES IN THE HUAINANZI
Authors: Rom Avital H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Huainanzi text (淮南子 presented in 139 b.c.e. compiled by Liu An 劉安 179–122 b.c.e.), while defining itself as a political guide, is replete with references to Music (yue 樂) itself and music-related terms. While no chapter of the work’s twenty-one chapters is specifically dedicated to the subject of music, no single chapter of it is without musical references. This gives rise to the question: Which functions could music possibly have in such an overtly political text?What this article will examine are the interactions between music and the social and political spheres in the Huainanzi. An analysis of the text’s musical references reveals an intriguing, multidimensional attitude toward music, touching upon moral discourse, discourse on political power, cosmological perceptions, and much more.The article suggests a dual function of music in the text—on the one hand, music serves as a rhetorical tool for the authors of the Huainanzi, and on the other hand, it is a subject of discussion in its own right. For each of these functions of music, a model is proposed. The first model depicts the innovative musical conceptions of the Huainanzi; the second demonstrates how, through an analysis of musical references in the text, a model of sagely rulership is revealed. These models are illustrated and embodied in the human realm.
Conflict and concession: nationality in the pastorate for Althaus and Bonhoeffer
Authors: Robinson David , Tafilowski Ryan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn their 1920s expatriate theologies, Paul Althaus and Dietrich Bonhoeffer claim to be bound by a conflictual international ‘law’, which mandates violent competition while authorising the strong to displace weaker peoples. We argue that acknowledging such correspondence helps to reveal a surprising turn in their diverging ecclesiological judgements over the 1933 Aryan Paragraph. Ironically, although Althaus holds to the productivity of conflict between peoples, he supports the exclusion of Jewish pastors in Germany as a concession to fragilevölkischidentity. In contrast, Bonhoeffer's new pacifist leanings coincide with his incitement to conflict on behalf of Jewish colleagues, overriding the use of Pauline admonition to defer to the ‘weak’ conscience.
Interpersonal harm aversion as a necessary foundation for morality: A developmental neuroscience perspective
Authors: Decety Jean , Cowell Jason M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGrowing evidence from developmental psychology and social neuroscience emphasizes the importance of third-party harm aversion for constructing morality. A sensitivity to interpersonal harm emerges very early in ontogeny, as reflected in both the capacity for implicit social evaluation and an aversion for antisocial agents. Yet it does not necessarily entail avoidance toward inflicting pain to others. Later, an understanding that harmful actions cause suffering emerges, followed by an integration of rules that can depend on social contexts and cultures. These developmental findings build on a burgeoning literature, which suggests that the fundamental nature of moral and social cognition, including their motivational and hedonic value, lies in general computational processes such as attention, approach–avoidance, social valuation, and decision making rather than in fully distinct, dedicated neural regions for morality. Bridging the gap between cognition and behaviors and the requisite affective, motivational, and cognitive mechanisms, a developmental neuroscience approach enriches our understanding of the emergence of morality.
The financial feasibility of delaying Social Security: evidence from administrative tax data
Authors: GODA GOPI SHAH , RAMNATH SHANTHI , SHOVEN JOHN B. , SLAVOV SITA NATARAJ 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDespite the large and growing returns to deferring Social Security benefits, most individuals claim Social Security before the full retirement age. In this paper, we use a panel of administrative tax data on individuals likely to financially benefit from delaying Social Security claiming to explore the relationship between Social Security claiming and distributions from tax-advantaged retirement savings accounts. We find that the majority of our sample claim Social Security prior to taking distributions from Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). We also find that a third of our sample have IRA balances equivalent to at least two additional years of Social Security benefits, and a quarter have IRA balances equivalent to at least 4 years of Social Security benefits. We complement our analysis with data from the Health and Retirement Study and find that these percentages are considerably higher when other financial assets are taken into account.
Discriminative and Distinct Phenotyping by Constrained Tensor Factorization
Authors: Kim Yejin , El-Kareh Robert , Sun Jimeng , Yu Hwanjo , Jiang Xiaoqian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAdoption of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems has led to collection of massive healthcare data, which creates oppor- tunities and challenges to study them. Computational phenotyping offers a promising way to convert the sparse and complex data into meaningful concepts that are interpretable to healthcare givers to make use of them. We propose a novel su- pervised nonnegative tensor factorization methodology that derives discriminative and distinct phenotypes. We represented co-occurrence of diagnoses and prescriptions in EHRs as a third-order tensor, and decomposed it using the CP algorithm. We evaluated discriminative power of our models with an Intensive Care Unit database (MIMIC-III) and demonstrated superior performance than state-of-the-art ICU mortality calculators (e.g., APACHE II, SAPS II). Example of the resulted phenotypes are sepsis with acute kidney injury, cardiac surgery, anemia, respiratory failure, heart failure, cardiac arrest, metastatic cancer (requiring ICU), end-stage dementia (requiring ICU and transitioned to comfort-care), intraabdominal conditions, and alcohol abuse/withdrawal.
Changes in structural and pigmentary colours in response to cold stress in Polyommatus icarus butterflies
Authors: Kertész Krisztián , Piszter Gábor , Horváth Zsolt Endre , Bálint Zsolt , Biró László Péter 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhile numerous papers have investigated the effects of thermal stress on the pigmentary colours of butterfly wings, such studies regarding structural colours are mostly lacking, despite the important role they play in sexual communication. To gain insight into the possible differences between the responses of the two kinds of colouration, we investigated the effects of prolonged cold stress (cooling at 5 °C for up to 62 days) on the pupae of Polyommatus icarus butterflies. The wing surfaces coloured by photonic crystal-type nanoarchitectures (dorsal) and by pigments (ventral) showed markedly different behaviours. The ventral wing surfaces exhibited stress responses proportional in magnitude to the duration of cooling and showed the same trend for all individuals, irrespective of their sex. On the dorsal wing surface of the males, with blue structural colouration, a smaller magnitude response was found with much more pronounced individual variations, possibly revealing hidden genetic variations. Despite the typical, pigmented brown colour of the dorsal wing surface of the females, all cooled females exhibited a certain degree of blue colouration. UV-VIS spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the magnitude and character of the changes induced by the prolonged cold stress.
Transient elastography as a screening tool for liver fibrosis in a large hemodialysis population
Authors: Cheng Ben-Chung , Yen Yi-Hao , Chen Jung-Fu , Wu Cheng-Kun , Chang Kuo-Chin , Tseng Po-Lin , Tsai Ming-Chao , Lin Ming-Tsung , Lin Jung-Ting , Chen Jin-Bor , Hu Tsung-Hui 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMetabolic syndrome, an etiological factor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is often present in hemodialysis patients. Little is known about the prevalence of, and factors associated with, liver fibrosis in hemodialysis populations. We used transient elastography (TE) to investigate these phenomena. 659 patients treated with chronic hemodialysis were enrolled. We excluded those with excess alcohol intake, liver stiffness measurement (LSM) failure, or unreliable LSM values. LSM ≥8.0 kPa was used as a cutoff suggesting clinically relevant fibrosis. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) ≥ 232.5 dB/m was used as a cutoff suggesting steatosis. 333 patients (50.5%) had steatosis, 159 (24.1%) had hepatitis B or C, and 149 (22.6%) had LSM ≥8.0 kPa. In multivariable analyses, male gender (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.29–3.63; P = 0.004), overweight body habitus (OR:2.31; 95% CI: 1.35–3.94; P = 0.002), high AST level (OR:1.08; 95% CI: 1.04–1.12; P < 0.001), low albumin level (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12–0.53; P < 0.001), low creatinine level (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.79–1.00; P = 0.05) and low platelet count (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99–1.00; P < 0.001) were associated with LSM ≥8.0 kPa. We thus conclude that hemodialysis patients have a high prevalence of NAFLD and clinically relevant fibrosis. NAFLD may be an important determinant of clinically relevant fibrosis in hemodialysis populations.
On the Role of the Electrical Field in Spark Plasma Sintering of UO2+x
Authors: Tyrpekl Vaclav , Naji Mohamed , Holzhäuser Michael , Freis Daniel , Prieur Damien , Martin Philippe , Cremer Bert , Murray-Farthing Mairead , Cologna Marco 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe electric field has a large effect on the stoichiometry and grain growth of UO2+x during Spark Plasma Sintering. UO2+x is gradually reduced to UO2.00 as a function of sintering temperature and time. A gradient in the oxidation state within the pellets is observed in intermediate conditions. The shape of the gradient depends unequivocally on the direction of the electrical field. The positive surface of the pellet shows a higher oxidation state compared to the negative one. An area with larger grain size is found close to the positive electrode, but not in contact with it. We interpret these findings with the redistribution of defects under an electric field, which affect the stoichiometry of UO2+x and thus the cation diffusivity. The results bear implications for understanding the electric field assisted sintering of UO2 and non-stoichiometric oxides in general.
Verändertes Keimspektrum von Komplexwunden in Deutschland durch die Behandlung von Verletzten aus Konfliktländern
Authors: Riesner Hans , Friemert Benedikt , Lang Patricia , Palm Hans , Suda Arnold 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die Behandlung von Verletzten aus Konfliktländern mit Wunden mit multiresistenten Erregern steigt in Deutschland, vor allem in Bundeswehrkrankenhäusern. Häufig zeigen diese Patienten keine zufriedenstellende Vorbehandlung und hohe Keimbelastung mit seltenen Krankheitserregern. In Deutschland haben die Krankenhäuser diese Erreger per Gesetz zu erheben. Ziel dieser Studie war es, eine Übersicht über die aktuelle Keimsituation bei Komplikationswunden in Deutschland in den vergangenen 10 Jahren zu geben und über die Erfahrungen mit der Behandlung Verletzter mit Komplikationswunden aus Konfliktländern zu berichten.
Patienten und Methoden Es wurde eine PubMed-Suche in Bezug auf alle multiresistenten Erreger, Antibiotikaresistenzen und Richtlinien in Deutschland von 2005 bis 2015 durchgeführt. Die Datenbanken und Empfehlungen des Robert Koch-Instituts, der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft und des Nationalen Referenzzentrums für Surveillance von nosokomialen Infektionen wurden analysiert und die Screeningergebnisse der verletzten Patienten aus Konfliktländern, die im Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm behandelt wurden, eingeschlossen.
Ergebnisse Das Spektrum von pathogenen Erregern in Bezug zu nosokomialen Infektionen änderte sich nicht, sehr wohl aber das Verhältnis der Krankheitserreger zueinander. Infektionen mit methicillinresistentem Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) verringerten sich, vancomycinresistente Enterococcusinfektionen nehmen hingegen kontinuierlich zu und Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) stellt heute den größten Teil der VRE dar. Obgleich die Datenbanken noch keine Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die relativ neue Klassifizierung der multiresistenten gramnegativen (MRGN) Krankheitserreger liefern können, spielen MRGN-Erreger bei Verletzten aus Konfliktländern die Hauptrolle.
Schlussfolgerung In den letzten 10 Jahren traten Änderungen im Resistenzmuster und im Verhältnis multiresistenter Krankheitserreger zueinander auf. MRSA-Infektionen gingen in den letzten 10 Jahren zurück, der Einsatz von Reserveantibiotika stieg hingegen an. Infektionen mit VRE steigen und sogar einige Reserveantibiotika haben ihre Wirksamkeit verloren, weil der unkritische Einsatz moderner Antibiotika stetig zunimmt. In Bezug auf 3- und 4-MRGN gibt es noch keine validen deutschen Daten. Diese Erreger spielen die Hauptrolle bei Verletzten aus Konfliktländern, die in Deutschland behandelt werden. Routinescreening und umfassende Hygienesicherheitsmaßnahmen einschließlich Isolierung sind hier von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die chirurgische Wundtherapie tritt nun mehr und mehr in den Vordergrund und der unkritische und teure Einsatz von Antibiotika sollte – wenn nicht unbedingt erforderlich – in den Hintergrund treten.
Adult enteric nervous system in health is maintained by a dynamic balance between neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis
Authors: Kulkarni Subhash , Micci Maria-Adelaide , Leser Jenna , Shin Changsik , Tang Shiue-Cheng , Fu Ya-Yuan , Liu Liansheng , Li Qian , Saha Monalee , Li Cuiping , Enikolopov Grigori , Becker Laren , Rakhilin Nikolai , Anderson Michael , Shen Xiling , Dong Xinzhong , Butte Manish J. , Song Hongjun , Southard-Smith E. Michelle , Kapur Raj P. , Bogunovic Milena , Pasricha Pankaj J. 
Published: April 2017

Significance
The demonstration of a robust neurogenesis program in the adult gut and the existence of an enteric neural precursor cell (ENPC) responsible for the same has profound biological and clinical implications. This demonstrates the presence of robust adult neurogenesis outside of the CNS, and indicates the vulnerability of the enteric nervous system to exogenous influences, even in adults. As an example, it is possible that acquired diseases of the enteric nervous system, such as achalasia, may result from a loss of ENPC, analogous to congenital disorders, such as Hirschsprung’s. The ability to identify the adult ENPC will therefore enable a new understanding of the pathogenesis of enteric neuromuscular diseases as well as the development of novel regenerative therapies.
Morality constrains the default representation of what is possible
Authors: Phillips Jonathan , Cushman Fiery 
Published: April 2017

SignificanceAs humans, we think not only about what is, but also what could be. These representations of alternative possibilities support many important cognitive functions, such as predicting others’ future actions, assigning responsibility for past events, and making moral judgments. We perform many of these tasks quickly and effortlessly, which suggests access to an implicit, default assumption about what is possible. What are the default features of the possibilities that we consider? Remarkably, we find a default bias toward representing immoral or irrational actions as being impossible. Although this bias is diminished upon deliberative reflection, it is the default judgments that appear to support higher-level cognition.