bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Material of Practice: The Canadian Nursing History Collection
Authors: Bates Christina 
Published: December 2016

The Canadian Nursing History Collection is a special holding of over 1500 artifacts at the Canadian Museum of Civilization and the Canadian War Museum. The most significant of its kind, the collection includes uniforms, pins, diaries, instrument kits, and military medals. Researchers and the public will access the collection through an on-line catalogue, a major exhibition, and a book. The material culture of nursing represented by this collection provides nursing historians with a whole new body of evidence for insights into nursing history. The sample of hospital uniforms, from 1900 to the present, for example, raises new questions and theoretical approaches.
“Their Lack of Masculine Security and Aggression Was Obvious”: Gender and the Medicalization of Inebriety in the United States, 1930–50
Authors: Patnode Stephen 
Published: December 2016

This article examines the roles of gender and sexuality in the public and private debate over medicalizing inebriety in the United States from 193050. During this period various interest groups wrestled with two competing visions of how to frame chronic drinking, which came to be labelled alcoholism following the repeal of Prohibition. Mainstream doctors and psychiatrists agreed that the underlying cause of alcoholism was in the mind of the individual. A number of psychiatrists went further, suggesting a connection between alcoholism and latent homosexuality. In contrast, laypeople identifying themselves as alcoholics advanced a second, competing vision of alcoholism that framed it as a blameless physiological illness. This second understanding of alcoholism, particularly as promoted by members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), emphasized the need for restoring heteronormative gender roles for alcoholics (who were generally men) and their spouses (who were generally women) as an important step to recovery. Indeed, this may help to explain the success of AA and its medicalization model in the US from 1930–50, as both built upon widely held cultural assumptions concerning gender roles and sexuality.
Mahlon William Locke: “Toe-Twister”
Authors: Clow Barbara 
Published: December 2016

Mahlon Locke was a Canadian physician who attracted international attention in the 1930s with an unusual therapy. Through a process of foot manipulation, popularly known as "toe-twisting," Locke seemed able to relieve many intractable cases of arthritis as well as a variety of related afflictions. Sufferers flocked to his clinic in Williamsburg, Ontario and, at the height of his fame, he was tending literally hundreds of people each day. Despite this spectacular public reaction, however, Locke is an obscure figure in Canadian history. People who lived through the Great Depression may remember the crowds lining the streets of Williamsburg or the media coverage of the clinic, but later generations are largely unacquainted with this unusual practitioner. One purpose of this paper, then, is simply to recapture and recount his story for the record. At the same time, Locke represents more than just a curious episode in Canadian history; he inspired strong and divergent opinions and the study of these reactions can help us to understand the social and medical climate of this period. In this discussion, I have focused on the attitudes of Locke's orthodox medical colleagues with particular attention paid to the disparate reactions of physicians in Canada and the United States. Thus, the other aim of this paper is to suggest that, despite shared definitions of health and healing, Canadan and American doctors responded differently to Locke as a result of fundamental differences in the tradition and character of each medical community.
La structure de l’emploi féminin dans une ville en voie d’industrialisation: Tourcoing au XIXe siècle
Authors: Craig Béatrice 
Published: December 2016

Little work has been done on the impact of industrialisation on the economic role of women in nineteenth century France and Belgium. The existing literature suggests that it declined as a result of an improvement in the standard of living (Tilly and Scott; Alter), of the disappearance of traditional female jobs (Gullickson), or as a consequence of the introduction of protective legislation at the end of the century (Accampo). In all cases, women who worked did so because the economic well being of their family required their income or their labour. Middle class women are even more neglected; the general assumption is that those women hardly even had an economic role. This article attempts to broaden our understanding of the process through a case study of a nineteenth century northern French textile city, Tourcoing. In Tourcoing, the economic role of women of all classes declined rapidly in the earliest phase of industrialisation, but remained stable afterwards. There were also little differences between the participation rates of working and middle class women, and self employed women seem to have remained unaffected by the contemporary transformations of the economy.
Educating Child Labourers in France: The Parliamentary Debates of 1840
Authors: Koepke Robert L. 
Published: December 2016

This article examines the motives of the French élite in supporting or opposing schooling for the masses. It analyzes the parliamentary debates of the first French child labour law of 1840, because that law made education compulsory for child labourers. The basic thesis is that there was no single reason for supporting compulsory education. Nor was it the result of a coalition of groups with differing motives. Rather, the legislators acted on a combination, or confusion, of motives. They argued that compulsory education was particularly necessary for young workers because their education was lagging behind others and because it would “moralize” them; moralization would not only make them better workers, but it would also help them to alleviate their misery and make them better citizens. Thus they would have better lives and contribute to society in general as well as to industrial prosperity. There is no evidence to support the theory of social control. Although one could argue that such control was an underlying motive, it is just as easy to argue that the representatives sincerely sought to help young workers. Those who voted against compulsory education did so not because they were afraid of too much education, but simply because they saw no need for it. The legislators clearly recognized the need to actively promote intellectual as well as industrial development. Thus they consciously fostered the socio-economic development of France. This article also draws general conclusions about the problem of determining motive. It argues that while historians tend to search for a single, rational motive, including hidden ones such as class interests, individuals typically have difficulty in discerning and distinguishing motives even within themselves. As in this case, self-serving and altruistic intentions can be jumbled together under broad expressions such as moralization.
“Pursued by a Bear”: British Estimates of Soviet Military Strength and Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1922-1939
Authors: Neilson Keith 
Published: December 2016

Prior to 1914, imperial Russia was one of the great powers of Europe. After 1917, the armed might of Soviet Russia was an uncertain quantity. This had serious repercussions for Britain in the inter-war period. If the Soviet Union were a negligible military quantity, then Britain would have to pay greater attention to the balance of power on the continent, since France alone could not check the might of a rearmed Germany. If the Soviet Union were strong, fears for the continent might be eased, but Britain would have to continue to consider such pre-1914 concerns as the defence both of India and the rest of Britain’s Asian empire against the Soviet Union. In both cases, an accurate estimation of Soviet military strength was crucial to the formation of British policy. The period from 1922 to 1939 divides into two periods. From 1922 to about 1934, the Soviet Union avoided European politics, but posed a threat to Britain’s imperial holdings. Fortunately for Britain, during this period Soviet military power was slight, although it is likely that British military authorities exaggerated it in the scramble to obtain funding. In the period from 1934 to 1939, the Soviet Union was a major player in European politics. From 1934 to about 1937, the British viewed the Soviet Union as a military power, leading some to think that an Anglo-Franco-Soviet alliance was the way to deter Germany’s expansion. However, the purges in the Red Army in 1937 made the British feel that Soviet military strength had declined, making the appeasement of Germany the best course of action. Only in mid-May 1939 did the British begin to have confidence in Soviet military strength again. The Anglo-Soviet negotiations of 1939 did not fail because the British had no confidence in Soviet military strength; rather, they failed for political reasons.
“A Completely Immoral and Cowardly Attitude”: The British Foreign Office, American Neutrality and the Hoare-Laval Plan
Authors: Roi Michael L. 
Published: December 2016

The Abyssinian imbroglio of 1935-1936 precipitated a major crisis for British foreign and defence policy-makers. Prior to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, Italy was not counted amongst Britain's enemies. By October 1935 and especially after the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October, this situation had changed dramatically and Italian enmity now had to be considered in strategic calculations. As relations between Britain and Italy deteriorated as a result of Mussolini's expansionist aims in East Africa, the British government, and more specifically, the foreign office began to reassess Britain's strategic position. As a corollary to this reassessment, the British embarked on an examination of the effects of American policy on Britain's global strategy, particularly on the difficult issue of European peace and security. The attitude and actions of the government in Washington profoundly influenced the course of British foreign policy during the Abyssinian crisis. Concerns about American behaviour went beyond the issue of whether or not the United States would support a League of Nations’ oil sanction against Italy. Following the introduction of neutrality legislation in 1935, serious doubts began to take hold within the foreign office that the economic resources of the United States might not be available to Britain in the event of a future conflagration, as they had been during the Great War. By autumn 1935, when Anglo-Italian relations had reached the nadir of the inter-war period, this consideration became increasingly important. The uncertainty of American financial and material support induced the British to find a diplomatic solution to end the Abyssinian crisis, which played a significant role in the events that led to the Hoare-Laval agreement in December 1935.
Gas and Water Feminism: Maud Adeline Brereton and Edwardian Domestic Technology
Authors: Clendinning Anne 
Published: December 2016

In 1911, a group of British gas managers made advertising history by establishing a collective organization dedicated to the promotion of a single industry. The British Commercial Gas Association directed its campaigns at various consumer groups, including builders, architects, and tenants. To present the "woman’s point of view" to their female customers, the B.C.G.A. executive hired Mrs. Maud Adeline Cloudesley Brereton as editor-in-chief of its monthly publicity magazines. A former teacher turned domestic science specialist, Brereton decided to work for the private sector, the gas industry, because it offered a practical solution to housing problems. In this respect, Brereton combined business with social reform. Maud Adeline Brereton anticipated that gas technology, in the form of cookers, water boilers, and gas fires, had the potential to raise housing and nutrition standards for all classes. Within the context of public debates over racial deterioration and eugenics, Brereton promoted ameliorative technology to improve the health of the population. Moreover, she maintained that technology made possible a "domestic revolution," by significantly reducing the time and effort that women, as both servants and housewives, expended on housework. Time saved on housekeeping might be directed to more profitable and gratifying pursuits, including paid employment or voluntary service, extending women’s influence beyond the private sphere. Given her preoccupation with public health and domestic architecture, Brereton continued the work of an earlier generation of Victorian feminist designers. As an Edwardian, she was not alone in this crusade, and interwar women’s groups renewed calls for affordable labour-saving domestic technology. However, Brereton stands out among her contemporaries because she chose to work, not through political organizations, but in the corporate sector in an age when few women held positions of influence in the predominantly male business world.
A CANDIDATE PLANETARY-MASS OBJECT WITH A PHOTOEVAPORATING DISK IN ORION
Authors: Fang Min , Kim Jinyoung Serena , Pascucci Ilaria , Apai Dániel , Manara Carlo Felice 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
In this work, we report the discovery of a candidate planetary-mass object with a photoevaporating protoplanetary disk, Proplyd 133-353, which is near the massive star θ
1 Ori C at the center of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC). The object was known to have extended emission pointing away from θ
1 Ori C, indicating ongoing external photoevaporation. Our near-infrared spectroscopic data and the location on the H–R diagram suggest that the central source of Proplyd 133-353 is substellar (∼M9.5) and has a mass probably less than 13 Jupiter mass and an age younger than 0.5 Myr. Proplyd 133-353 shows a similar ratio of X-ray luminosity to stellar luminosity to other young stars in the ONC with a similar stellar luminosity and has a similar proper motion to the mean one of confirmed ONC members. We propose that Proplyd 133-353 formed in a very low-mass dusty cloud or an evaporating gas globule near θ
1 Ori C as a second generation of star formation, which can explain both its young age and the presence of its disk.
ENHANCEMENT OF A SUNSPOT LIGHT WALL WITH EXTERNAL DISTURBANCES
Authors: Yang Shuhong , Zhang Jun , Erdélyi Robert 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Based on the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph observations, we study the response of a solar sunspot light wall to external disturbances. A flare occurrence near the light wall caused material to erupt from the lower solar atmosphere into the corona. Some material falls back to the solar surface and hits the light bridge (i.e., the base of the light wall), then sudden brightenings appear at the wall base followed by the rise of wall top, leading to an increase of the wall height. Once the brightness of the wall base fades, the height of the light wall begins to decrease. Five hours later, another nearby flare takes place, and a bright channel is formed that extends from the flare toward the light bridge. Although no obvious material flow along the bright channel is found, some ejected material is conjectured to reach the light bridge. Subsequently, the wall base brightens and the wall height begins to increase again. Once more, when the brightness of the wall base decays, the wall top fluctuates to lower heights. We suggest, based on the observed cases, that the interaction of falling material and ejected flare material with the light wall results in the brightenings of wall base and causes the height of the light wall to increase. Our results reveal that the light wall can be not only powered by the linkage of p-mode from below the photosphere, but may also be enhanced by external disturbances, such as falling material.
La dénomination des adoptés à la fin de la République romaine, décodification d’ une pratique sociale ?
Authors: Baudry Robinson 
Published: December 2016

Les règles de la nomenclature romaine étaient strictement codifiées à l’époque républicaine, notamment celles de la nomenclature adoptive. Elles se seraient assouplies à la fin de cette période, au point que l’on a pu parler de « flexibilité de la nomenclature » des adoptés. Faut-il dès lors parler de décodification d’une pratique sociale ? Cet article se propose tout d’abord de circonscrire ce phénomène, en différenciant la nomenclature et la dénomination. Il apparaît ainsi que si les formes de la nomenclature ont évolué, ce sont surtout les modes d’expression de la dénomination qui ont connu une importante diversification. Ces deux processus doivent être mis en relation avec l’évolution de l’identité familiale des aristocrates.
Vladimir Poutine et l’Amérique latine : partenariat circonstanciel ou alliance durable ?
Authors: Kourliandsky Jean-Jacques 
Published: December 2016

Alors que Moscou n’avait pas de relations fortes avec cette région du monde, exception faite de Cuba à l’époque soviétique, ces dernières années ont vu la montée d’un intérêt mutuel entre Russie et Amérique latine. Le voyage effectué par Vladimir Poutine en 2014 dans le « nouveau monde » en a constitué le moment le plus médiatisé et peut-être le point d’orgue. Ce rapprochement est-il appelé à se consolider ou va-t-il rester sans lendemain ? Visites et coopérations ont, en effet, perdu de leur intensité depuis 2015. Au tournant du millénaire, des conjonctures parallèles porteuses de dynamiques convergentes avaient favorisé ce lien inédit. Ce contexte s’est aujourd’hui très largement estompé. La crise économique a réduit la capacité des uns et des autres à affirmer une présence internationale plus forte. Les alternances électorales en Amérique latine ont porté au pouvoir des gouvernements moins ambitieux et pro-occidentaux, alors que la Russie a retrouvé un rôle diplomatique central à la faveur de la crise syrienne.
Effects of Ambulation and Nondependent Transfers on Vital Signs in Patients Receiving Norepinephrine
Authors: Nievera Rosario Arcaya , Fick Ann , Harris Hilary K. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
To assess the safety of mobilizing patients receiving low-dose norepinephrine (0.05 μg/kg per min) by examining mean arterial pressure and heart rate before and after activity with parameters set by the physician.

Background
Norepinephrine is a peripheral vasoconstrictor administered for acute hypotension. During activity, blood flows to the periphery to supply muscles with oxygen, which may oppose the norepinephrine vasoconstriction. The safety of mobilizing patients receiving norepinephrine is unclear.

Methods
Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, norepinephrine dose, and activity performed were extracted retrospectively from charts of 47 cardiothoracic surgery patients during the first patient transfer to chair or ambulation with norepinephrine infusing. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were compared before and after physical therapy (paired t tests). Differences among norepinephrine doses and physical activity levels were evaluated (Kruskal-Wallis test).

Results
Forty-one of the 47 patients (87%) tolerated the activity within safe ranges of vital signs. The change in patients’ mean arterial pressure from before to after activity was not significant (P = .16), but a significant increase in heart rate occurred after activity (P &lt; .001). A Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference in the norepinephrine dose and activity level (χ2 = 6.34, P = .17). No instances of cardiopulmonary or respiratory arrest occurred during any physical therapy sessions.

Conclusions
Infusion of low-dose norepinephrine should not be considered an automatic reason to keep patients on bed rest.
The major stratospheric final warming in 2016: dispersal of vortex air and termination of Arctic chemical ozone loss
Authors: Manney Gloria L. , Lawrence Zachary D. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The 2015/16 Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere appeared to have the greatest potential yet seen for record Arctic ozone loss. Temperatures in the Arctic lower stratosphere were at record lows from December 2015 through early February 2016, with an unprecedented period of temperatures below ice polar stratospheric cloud thresholds. Trace gas measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) show that exceptional denitrification and dehydration, as well as extensive chlorine activation, occurred throughout the polar vortex. Ozone decreases in 2015/16 began earlier and proceeded more rapidly than those in 2010/11, a winter that saw unprecedented Arctic ozone loss. However, on 5–6 March 2016 a major final sudden stratospheric warming ("major final warming", MFW) began. By mid-March, the mid-stratospheric vortex split after being displaced far off the pole. The resulting offspring vortices decayed rapidly preceding the full breakdown of the vortex by early April. In the lower stratosphere, the period of temperatures low enough for chlorine activation ended nearly a month earlier than that in 2011 because of the MFW. Ozone loss rates were thus kept in check because there was less sunlight during the cold period. Although the winter mean volume of air in which chemical ozone loss could occur was as large as that in 2010/11, observed ozone values did not drop to the persistently low values reached in 2011.We use MLS trace gas measurements, as well as mixing and polar vortex diagnostics based on meteorological fields, to show how the timing and intensity of the MFW and its impact on transport and mixing halted chemical ozone loss. Our detailed characterization of the polar vortex breakdown includes investigations of individual offspring vortices and the origins and fate of air within them. Comparisons of mixing diagnostics with lower-stratospheric N2O and middle-stratospheric CO from MLS (long-lived tracers) show rapid vortex erosion and extensive mixing during and immediately after the split in mid-March; however, air in the resulting offspring vortices remained isolated until they disappeared. Although the offspring vortices in the lower stratosphere survived longer than those in the middle stratosphere, the rapid temperature increase and dispersal of chemically processed air caused active chlorine to quickly disappear. Furthermore, ozone-depleted air from the lower-stratospheric vortex core was rapidly mixed with ozone rich air from the vortex edge and midlatitudes during the split. The impact of the 2016 MFW on polar processing was the latest in a series of unexpected events that highlight the diversity of potential consequences of sudden warming events for Arctic ozone loss.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Coercive Interventions, and Human Dignity
Authors: Schopp Robert 
Published: December 2016

<p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em>Therapeutic Jurisprudence pursues the reform of legal rules, procedures, and roles in order to promote the well-being of those affected without violating other important values embodied in law. This paper requires analysis of those relevant values and of the significance of those values for the most justified approach to defining and pursuing individual and public well-being. The analysis presented here provides a preliminary example of such an analysis that addresses human dignity as one value relevant to the most justified application of police power and </em>parens patriae<em> interventions to individuals with mental illness. </em></span></span></p><p> </p>