bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscous anisotropy of textured olivine aggregates: 2. Micromechanical model
Authors: Hansen Lars N. , Conrad Clinton P. , Boneh Yuval , Skemer Philip , Warren Jessica M. , Kohlstedt David L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe significant viscous anisotropy that results from crystallographic alignment (texture) of olivine grains in deformed upper mantle rocks strongly influences a large variety of geodynamic processes. Our ability to explore the effects of anisotropic viscosity in simulations of these processes requires a mechanical model that can predict the magnitude of anisotropy and its evolution. Unfortunately, existing models of olivine textural evolution and viscous anisotropy are calibrated for relatively small deformations and simple strain paths, making them less general than desired for many large‐scale geodynamic scenarios. Here we develop a new set of micromechanical models to describe the mechanical behavior and textural evolution of olivine through a large range of strains and complex strain histories. For the mechanical behavior, we explore two extreme scenarios, one in which each grain experiences the same stress tensor (Sachs model) and one in which each grain undergoes a strain rate as close as possible to the macroscopic strain rate (pseudo‐Taylor model). For the textural evolution, we develop a new model in which the director method is used to control the rate of grain rotation and the available slip systems in olivine are used to control the axis of rotation. Only recently has enough laboratory data on the deformation of olivine become available to calibrate these models. We use these new data to conduct inversions for the best parameters to characterize both the mechanical and textural evolution models. These inversions demonstrate that the calibrated pseudo‐Taylor model best reproduces the mechanical observations. Additionally, the pseudo‐Taylor textural evolution model can reasonably reproduce the observed texture strength, shape, and orientation after large and complex deformations. A quantitative comparison between our calibrated models and previously published models reveals that our new models excel in predicting the magnitude of viscous anisotropy and the details of the textural evolution. In addition, we demonstrate that the mechanical and textural evolution models can be coupled and used to reproduce mechanical evolution during large‐strain torsion tests. This set of models therefore provides a new geodynamic tool for incorporating viscous anisotropy into large‐scale numerical simulations.
Weakest winter South China Sea western boundary current caused by the 2015–2016 El Niño event
Authors: Zhao Ruixiang , Zhu Xiao‐Hua 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDuring the winter of 2015–2016, the strongest El Niño event of the twenty‐first century occurred. At the same time, volume transport (VT) time series of the South China Sea western boundary current (SCSWBC) exhibited a minimum value of 3.7 Sv (1 Sv = 1 × 106 m3 s−1) toward the southwest, indicating the weakest strength ever recorded in boreal winter (from November to February). The South China Sea (SCS) cyclonic gyre, inferred from the satellite‐derived surface absolute geostrophic current, was significantly reduced. It was considered that the weakened wind stress curl (negative anomaly) over the SCS resulting from an anticyclone over the Philippine Sea played an essential role. The anticyclone arose from a Rossby‐wave response to a negative sea surface temperature anomaly in the northwest Pacific. This idea is further supported by composite analysis, which shows that during El Niño (La Niña) winter, negative (positive) wind stress curl anomalies prevail in the Philippine Sea and the SCS; thus, the wind stress curl over the SCS is reduced (strengthened), leading to a weaker (stronger) SCS cyclonic gyre and SCSWBC. The mean VT of SCSWBC is 4.7 Sv (5.6 Sv), which is smaller (larger) than 5.2 Sv in normal years. This study provides robust observational evidence from long‐term in situ volume transport monitoring that El Niño can have a significant impact on the SCSWBC through an atmosphere‐bridged teleconnection.
Precursors of deep moist convection in a subkilometer global simulation
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Yamaura Tsuyoshi , Yoshida Ryuji , Yashiro Hisashi , Tomita Hirofumi , Kajikawa Yoshiyuki 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDeep moist convection in the atmosphere plays an important role in cloudy weather disturbances, such as hurricanes, and even in the global climate. The convection often causes disastrous heavy rainfall, and predicting such convection is therefore critical for both disaster prevention and climate projection. Although the key parameters for convection have been pointed out, understanding the preprocesses of convection is a challenging issue. Here we identified the precursors of convection by analyzing a global simulated data set with very high resolution in time and space. We found that the mass convergence near the Earth's surface changed significantly several minutesbeforethe initiation of early convection (the formation of cumulus clouds), which occurred with the increase in the convective available potential energy (CAPE). Decomposition of the statistical data revealed that a higher‐CAPE environment resulted in stronger convection than in the stronger‐convergence case. Furthermore, for the stronger‐convergence case, the precursor was detected earlier than the total average (10–15 min before the initiation), whereas the amplitude of maximum velocity was not so strong as the higher‐CAPE case. This suggests that the strength of convection is connected with CAPE, and the predictability is sensitive to the convergence.
Influence of topography on temperature variations in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Kubokawa Hiroyasu , Satoh Masaki , Suzuki Junko , Fujiwara Masatomo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTemperature variations in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) play an important role in dehydration in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Equatorial Kelvin waves associated with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) are known to induce remarkable temperature variations in the TTL. In this study, the influence of topography on temperature variations in the TTL is investigated by using radiosonde data, satellite data, reanalysis data, and numerically simulated data. When MJO convection passes over the radiosonde sites, temperature variations near mountainous regions are larger than those measured in regions of lower elevation. The difference in temperature amplitude reaches ~1–2 K. Large temperature variations over mountainous regions were also found in other data sets. Numerically simulated data from the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) are also used to investigate the temperature variations in the TTL. The results show that the temperature variations associated with Kelvin waves become large over mountainous regions. A sensitivity test using the stretched version of NICAM gave two important results: (i) the height of mountains affects the magnitude of the temperature variations in the TTL, and (ii) the terrain‐following coordinate system used in the model produces the artificially high‐temperature variation in the TTL. When Kelvin waves pass over mountainous regions, topographic gravity waves are excited and superimposed on the Kelvin waves, thereby producing large temperature variations over these regions. The mountainous region of the Indonesian Maritime Continent is a favorable location for large temperature variations in the TTL.
Coordination Chemistry and Applications of Phenolic Homooxa‐ and Homoazacalixarene–Metal Complexes
Authors: Marcos Paula M. , Cragg Peter J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHeteracalixarenes are members of the calixarene family in which heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or silicon are inserted between the methylene bridges or replace them entirely. The incorporation of heteroatoms affects the metal binding affinities of these calixarenes over their all‐carbon analogues, through the abilities of the heteroatoms both to bind directly and to influence lower rim phenolic binding. This chapter covers the literature concerning phenolic homooxa‐ and homoazacalixarene‐metal complexes mainly for the last two decades (1994–2014). The syntheses of homooxa‐ and homoazacalixarenes containing free OH groups at the lower rim are described and their coordination chemistry towards alkali, alkaline earth, transition, heavy, lanthanide and actinide metals is discussed. Examples of crystal structures of these metal complexes are given, as well as brief descriptions of their applications in fields such as catalysis, and metal cation extraction and transport.
Archetypal NOTCH3 mutations frequent in public exome: implications for CADASIL
Authors: Rutten Julie W. , Dauwerse Hans G. , Gravesteijn Gido , van Belzen Martine J. , van der Grond Jeroen , Polke James M. , Bernal‐Quiros Manuel , Lesnik Oberstein Saskia A. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the frequency of distinctive EGFr cysteine altering NOTCH3 mutations in the 60,706 exomes of the exome aggregation consortium (ExAC) database.MethodsExAC was queried for mutations distinctive for cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), namely mutations leading to a cysteine amino acid change in one of the 34 EGFr domains of NOTCH3. The genotype‐phenotype correlation predicted by the ExAC data was tested in an independent cohort of Dutch CADASIL patients using quantified MRI lesions. The Dutch CADASIL registry was probed for paucisymptomatic individuals older than 70 years.ResultsWe identified 206 EGFr cysteine altering NOTCH3 mutations in ExAC, with a total prevalence of 3.4/1000. More than half of the distinct mutations have been previously reported in CADASIL patients. Despite the clear overlap, the mutation distribution in ExAC differs from that in reported CADASIL patients, as mutations in ExAC are predominantly located outside of EGFr domains 1–6. In an independent Dutch CADASIL cohort, we found that patients with a mutation in EGFr domains 7–34 have a significantly lower MRI lesion load than patients with a mutation in EGFr domains 1–6.InterpretationThe frequency of EGFr cysteine altering NOTCH3 mutations is 100‐fold higher than expected based on estimates of CADASIL prevalence. This challenges the current CADASIL disease paradigm, and suggests that certain mutations may more frequently cause a much milder phenotype, which may even go clinically unrecognized. Our data suggest that individuals with a mutation located in EGFr domains 1–6 are predisposed to the more severe “classical” CADASIL phenotype, whereas individuals with a mutation outside of EGFr domains 1–6 can remain paucisymptomatic well into their eighth decade.
Agricultural Supply Management and Market Power: Evidence from the U.S. Dairy and Potato Industries
Authors: Bolotova Yuliya V. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTAgricultural over‐supply, increasing output price volatility, and producers’ returns below production costs were the economic forces that influenced the decision of the organizations of agricultural producers in the U.S. dairy and potato industries to implement agricultural supply management programs. Using a theoretical framework, this research evaluates potential seller market power of agricultural cooperatives implementing agricultural supply management practices at the farm‐gate level. A theoretical analysis is conducted by comparing agricultural cooperatives with classic cartels. Available empirical evidence on the effects of agricultural supply management programs in the U.S. dairy and potato industries is discussed. [EconLit citations: L1, L2, Q13].
Recognition of 1,3‐Butadiene by a Porous Coordination Polymer
Authors: Kishida Keisuke , Okumura Yoshikuni , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Mukoyoshi Megumi , Bracco Silvia , Comotti Angiolina , Sozzani Piero , Horike Satoshi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe separation of 1,3‐butadiene from C4 hydrocarbon mixtures is imperative for the production of synthetic rubbers, and there is a need for a more economical separation method, such as a pressure swing adsorption process. With regard to adsorbents that enable C4 gas separation, [Zn(NO2ip)(dpe)]n (SD‐65; NO2ip=5‐nitroisophthalate, dpe=1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene) is a promising porous material because of its structural flexibility and restricted voids, which provide unique guest‐responsive accommodation. The 1,3‐butadiene‐selective sorption profile of SD‐65 was elucidated by adsorption isotherms, in situ PXRD, and SSNMR studies and was further investigated by multigas separation and adsorption–desorption‐cycle experiments for its application to separation technology.
Effect of coagulation conditions on solvent diffusions and the structures and tensile properties of solution spun polyacrylonitrile fibers
Authors: Hao Jian , An Feng , Yu Yuxiu , Zhou Pucha , Liu Yaodong , Lu Chunxiang 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTPolyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were spun by solution spinning. In this work, two coagulation compositions, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water and methanol, were used, and coagulation temperatures were varied from −20 to 0 to 20 °C. The coagulation compositions and temperatures strongly affected the solvent diffusion processes, the structures of as‐spun fibers, and the tensile properties of final drawn fibers. When DMSO/water was used as coagulation bath, non‐solvent (water) diffused into PAN fibers and led to a quick PAN solidification. By comparison, when methanol was used as coagulation bath, no or minimal amount of methanol diffused inward to the fibers. The different solvent diffusion behaviors in DMSO/water and methanol baths led to different structures of as‐spun PAN fibers. It was observed that the tensile properties of final drawn fibers strongly depended on the coagulation conditions. When methanol was used as coagulation bath and the bath temperature was −20 °C, PAN fibers was found to possess the best tensile properties, a tensile strength of 0.89 GPa and young modulus of 20.4 GPa. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44390.
Surface modification of hollow glass microsphere with different coupling agents for potential applications in phenolic syntactic foams
Authors: Huang Chi , Huang Zhixiong , Lv Xuesong , Zhang Guangwu , Wang Qiong , Wang Bo 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTModified hollow glass microsphere (HGM) particles have been prepared by surface treatment. Coupling agents such as γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), di(dioctylpyrophosphato) ethylene titanate (NDZ‐311), and glutaraldehyde (GA) were used as modifiers to improve the hydrophobicity of HGM. Compared with pristine HGM, the modified HGM, especially the particles coupled with APTES‐GA, show better properties on flexural strength, fracture toughness, and dynamic mechanical properties of phenolic syntactic foams. It is revealed that the coupling agent coating layer grafted onto the surface of HGM reduces the polarity of particles, avoiding agglomeration of HGM in phenolic matrix and exhibiting good interfacial interaction between HGM and phenolic matrix. The remarkable improvement of interfacial adhesion between APTES‐GA modified HGM and phenolic matrix is mainly due to the covalent linkage with phenolic resin while the physical entanglement of molecular chains dominates the linkage between other modified HGM and phenolic matrix. APTES‐GA treatment is a more appropriate surface modification method for inorganic particle reinforced phenolic matrix composites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44415.
The effect of change of ionomer/polyol molar ratio on dispersion stability and crystalline structure of films produced from hydrophilic polyurethanes
Authors: Senevirathna Sandhya Rani , Amarasinghe Shantha , Karunaratne Veranja , Koneswaran Masilamani , Karunanayake Laleen 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, we report the effect of the DMPA/PTHF molar ratio on dispersion properties of the MDI‐based hydrophilic polyurethane dispersions. In addition, the effect of the DMPA/PTHF molar ratio on the crystallinity and thermal properties of the polyurethane films prepared from dispersions are also discussed. The variation in stability was studied using a particle size analyzer. DSC and XRD analyses were used to study variations in crystallinity of films with the change of DMPA/PTHF molar ratio. FT‐IR spectra were used to monitor the formation of hydrogen bonds through urethane linkages to produce hard‐segment crystalline areas. The zeta potential increased with the increase of DMPA/PTHF molar ratio (hard‐segment content), while particle size of polyurethane particles decreased. Hence, the stability of dispersions was increased with DMPA/PTHF molar ratio due to the increase of hydrophilicity in polymer chain. Crystallinity of the films was increased with DMPA/PTHF molar ratio due to the increase of interchain interactions through Coulombic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, crystalline melting temperature was increased with the increase of DMPA/PTHF molar ratio. However, molten films formed crystalline soft segments instead of crystalline hard segments during slow cooling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44475.
Strategic evacuation planning with pedestrian guidance and bus routing: a mixed integer programming model and heuristic solution
Authors: Heydar Mojtaba , Yu Jie , Liu Yue , Petering Matthew E. H. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a mathematical model to plan emergencies in a densely populated urban zone where a certain numbers of pedestrians depend on transit for evacuation. The proposed model features an integrated operational framework, which simultaneously guides evacuees through urban streets and crosswalks (referred to as “the pedestrian network”) to designated pickup points (e.g., bus stops), and routes a fleet of buses at different depots to those pick‐up points and transports evacuees to their destinations or safe places. In this level, the buses are routed through the so‐called “vehicular network.” An integrated mixed integer linear program that can effectively take into account the interactions between the aforementioned two networks is formulated to find the maximal evacuation efficiency in two networks. Because the large instances of the proposed model are mathematically difficult to solve to optimality, a two‐stage heuristic is developed to solve larger instances of the model. Results from hundreds of numerical examples analysis indicate that proposed heuristic works well in providing (near) optimal or feasibly good solutions for medium‐scale to large‐scale instances that may arise in real transit‐based evacuation situations in a much shorter amount of computational time compared with cplex (can find optimal/feasible solutions for only five instances within 3 hours of running). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A decomposition approach to determining fleet size and structure with network flow effects and demand uncertainty
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhu Jinfu , Sun Hong 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a new methodology to determine fleet size and structure for those airlines operating on hub‐and‐spoke networks. The methodology highlights the impact of stochastic traffic network flow effects on fleet planning process and is employed to construct an enhanced revenue model by incorporating the expected revenue optimization model into fleet planning process. The objective of the model is to find a feasible allocation of aircraft fleet types to route legs using minimum fleet purchasing cost, thus ensuring that the expected fleet profit is maximized subject to several critical resource constraints. By using a linear approximation to the total network revenue function, the fleet planning model with enhanced revenue modeling is decomposed into the nonlinear aspects of expected revenue optimization and the linear aspects of determining fleet size and structure by optimal allocation of aircraft fleet types to route legs. To illustrate this methodology and its economic benefits, an example consisting of 6 chosen aircraft fleet types, 12 route legs, and 57 path‐specific origin‐destination markets is presented and compared with the results found using revenue prorated fleet planning formulation. The results show that the fleet size and structure of the methodology proposed in this paper gain 211.4% improvement in fleet profit over the use of the revenue prorated fleet planning approach. In addition, comparison with the deterministic model reveals that the fleet size and structure of this proposed methodology are more adaptable to the fluctuations of passenger demands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbitofrontal cortical thinning and aggression in mild traumatic brain injury patients
Authors: Epstein Daniel J. , Legarreta Margaret , Bueler Elliot , King Jace , McGlade Erin , Yurgelun‐Todd Deborah 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionAlthough mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) comprises 80% of all TBI, the morphological examination of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in relation to clinical symptoms such as aggression, anxiety and depression in a strictly mTBI sample has never before been performed.ObjectivesThe primary objective of the study was to determine if mTBI patients would show morphological differences in the OFC and if the morphology of this region would relate to clinical symptoms.MethodsUsing structural images acquired in a 3T MRI machine, the cortical thickness and cortical volume (corrected for total brain volume) of the OFC was collected for healthy control (N = 27) subjects and chronic mTBI (N = 55) patients at least one year post injury. Also, during clinical interviews, measures quantifying the severity of clinical symptoms, including aggression, anxiety, and depression, were collected.ResultsMTBI subjects displayed increased aggression, anxiety, and depression, and anxiety and depression measures showed a relationship with the number of mTBI in which the subject lost consciousness. The cortical thickness of the right lateral OFC displayed evidence of thinning in the mTBI group; however, after correction for multiple comparisons, this difference was no longer significant. Clinical measures were not significantly related with OFC morphometry.ConclusionThis study found increased aggression, anxiety, and depression, in the mTBI group as well as evidence of cortical thinning in the right lateral OFC. The association between clinical symptoms and the number of mTBI with loss of consciousness suggests the number and severity of mTBI may influence clinical symptoms long after injury. Future studies examining other brain regions involved in the production and regulation of affective processes and inclusion of subjects with well‐characterized mood disorders could further elucidate the relationship between mTBI, brain morphology, and clinical symptoms.
New Feedstocks and Chemistry for Lower CO2‐Footprint: Today, Tomorrow, and in the Future
Authors: Mleczko Leslaw , Wolf Aurel , Lolli Giulio 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIndustrial research targets the reduction of CO2 footprint by means of renewable feedstocks. Three different topics are addressed: the use of the biomass as feedstock for fuels and chemicals, utilization of carbon dioxide as feedstock in the polymer industry, and finally, a concept to apply renewable energy in combination with carbon dioxide to make intermediates for chemical synthesis. These examples have been selected in order to illustrate that the strategic change of feedstocks has to be addressed on different time scales, necessity for the multidisciplinary approach, and the enabling role of catalysis.