bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subglottic Laryngeal Closure: A Unique Modified Method of Laryngotracheal Separation to Prevent Aspiration
Authors: Miyake Naritomo , Kawamoto Katsuyuki , Fujiwara Kazunori , Hasegawa Yuji , Kitano Hiroya 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Laryngotracheal separation (LTS) is an ideal surgical method for intractable aspiration; however, the oral side of the tracheal stump can easily disintegrate. Therefore, we developed a modified LTS method. We performed subglottic laryngeal closure (SGLC) as a new surgical method and evaluated the outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 36 patients (28 male and 8 female; 15 to 91 years of age) who underwent SGLC between 2007 and 2011 at Tottori University Hospital, Japan. Operative data (operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and time to drain removal), outcomes (aspiration and changes in nutritional status), and complications with regard to the surgical method were examined. The occurrence of a subcutaneous proximal laryngeal stump fistula was evaluated by videofluoroscopy. Results: The SGLC was performed safely in all patients. Fistulization was observed in only 1 of the patients (2.8%), and major bleeding after surgery was observed in 1 patient (2.8%). The procedure relieved aspiration pneumonia in all patients. Conclusions: We conclude that SGLC is effective for treating and preventing pulmonary aspiration. The incidence of postoperative complications, particularly that of subcutaneous fistulas, was very low. Therefore, this method may be useful for patients in poor condition.
II. Kerosene Poisoning
Authors: George B. 
Published: January 2017

The treatment of choice in a case of ingested Kerosene is rapid, efficient evacuation of the stomach by the use of a stomach tube. The individual components of Kerosene would make it extremely dangerous to allow either gastric, or intestinal absorption to occur. The following gives information regarding the constituents of Kerosene and the toxicology of these individual materials.
Crowds, Mobs and Riots
Authors: Weller Malcolm P. I. 
Published: January 2017

Football hooliganism and a spate of riots in Brixton, Toxteth, Moss Side, Southall, Wandsworth and very recently Handsworth and the unrest on union picket lines has reawakened interest in crowd behaviour. The chaos of mob violence and the sway of orators over crowds, when individual judgement is momentarily submerged in shared powerful emotions, have affected most ages. Savonorola in Florence, Robspierre in Paris and Hitler in Nazi Germany exemplify the inordinate influence of a charismatic figure; in the last two instances during times of immense social upheaval. Common factors can be discerned in these situations. This paper was submitted in May 1985 and drafts circulated. Subsequent events and legislation focused on football matches has incorporated some of the suggestions contained herein.
Predictive Value of Human Footprints in a Forensic Context
Authors: Barker S L , Scheuer J L 
Published: January 2017

Previous work from the United States has shown close correlation between an individual's size and weight and predetermined measurements taken from his or her footprints. This study investigated the situation in a group of United Kingdom subjects, for which there is at present little data. Walking and standing footprints, fleshed foot measurements and stature were obtained from 105 adult volunteers from the staff and students of the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London. The footprints were measured using predetermined landmarks and the results analysed to investigate the significance of the parameters in a forensic context. Inter-observer and intra-observer errors were within acceptable limits. Regression equations were calculated for foot length from various parameters measured on a footprint. Topinard's finding that foot length represents between 14.9%–18.1% of stature in a given individual was confirmed. Footprint length showed a normal distribution in both sexes but male footprint length was greater than female footprint length for any given height. This study provides a quantitative method that could be used both with partial footprints and in the absence of dermatoglyphics to assist in the identification of an individual in a forensic context.
Resuscitation Room Survey
Authors: Jenkins A. McL. , McQuillan W. M. , McNair T. J. 
Published: January 2017

A survey of 100 seriously ill patients admitted to a Resuscitation Room is described. The survey was conducted over a comparatively short space of time, but it has nonetheless illustrated several facts. The remarkable frequency of violence and poisoning among patients requiring resuscitation is demonstrated. This combined group constitutes over 80 per cent of all the patients. Also notable is the frequency of head injury, and in particular the high percentage (75%) of patients who received their head injuries in road traffic accidents. The Neurosurgical Unit is shown to receive far more patients from the resuscitation room than any other unit, and this fact might be usefully employed in planning the proximity of such units to casualty departments of the future. The use of a specially equipped resuscitation room is described. It is clearly desirable to have such an area, but with the relatively small number of resuscitation patients it is not economical to restrict the very expensive X-ray facilities to these patients alone.
Some Studies of Maternal and Infant Lead Exposure in Glasgow
Authors: Moore M. R. , Goldberg A. , Pocock S. J. , Meredith A. , Stewart I. M. , MacAnespie H. , Lees R. , Low A. 
Published: January 2017

In two studies in the city of Glasgow, 236 mothers and their newly born infants and 117 mothers and their 6-weeks old children's environmental lead exposure were examined. In both studies blood lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with the cube root of the domestic water lead concentrations. In the first study, multiple regression analyses of maternal blood lead and cord blood lead concentrations on other variables showed a significant negative correlation with gestational age. It was also noted that there was an annual fluctuation in maternal blood lead concentration with highest values in the autumn. In the second study, similar relationships were found. Although there was no association between blood lead and sex, age, place of birth or feeding method, as in the previous study, a significant association between social class and blood lead was found. This could be explained on the basis of the significant correlation between water lead and social class. In those mothers who breast fed, breast milk lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with blood lead concentrations where breast milk lead was around one tenth of blood lead concentration. These studies emphasise the importance of water lead in the economy of environmental lead exposure to mothers and their unborn and newly born infants.
Pre-Operative Localisation of Parathyroid Tumours Using Neck Vein Catheterisation and Radioimmunoassay for Parathyroid Hormone: The Glasgow Experience
Authors: Beastall G. H. , McKellar N. , Boyle I. T. , Joffe S. N. , Hutchison J. S. F. , Boyce B. F. , Gardner Mary D. , Bell M. Anne , Cowan R. A. , Fogelman I. , Smith Linda 
Published: January 2017

Reliable pre-operative localisation of parathyroid tumours can be of value in surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism, and particularly so where re-exploration of the neck is required. Neck vein catheterisation and parathyroid hormone radioimmunoassay have been suggested as a sensitive means of tumour localisation, and we report our experience of the technique over the last five years. A total of 46 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had 50 studies performed with positive localisation and a pre-operative prediction made on 38 occasions (76%). Forty-two operations were carried out and a parathyroid tumour confirmed in 39 cases for a localisation efficiency of 69 per cent. No negative neck exploration followed a positive localisation. Twelve studies were performed in patients with renal osteodystrophy and localisation to a single site was achieved on only three occasions. It is concluded that neck vein catheterisation and parathyroid hormone assay can correctly localise parathyroid tumours in most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, but is is suggested that its use be restricted to selected cases such as those subjects with previous negative neck exploration or patients for whom prolonged or repeated surgery may be a particular hazard.
Childhood Malaria in Edinburgh 1961–1982
Authors: Simpson R. McD. , Eden O. B. 
Published: January 2017

Forty one cases of malaria in children less than 15 years of age were identified from the records of Edinburgh hospitals between 1961 and 1982. Annually children constitute 10 to 20 per cent of all cases of malaria in Scotland and since 1971 at least one case has been admitted to an Edinburgh paediatric unit every year. Non-immune children visiting relatives in the Indian sub-continent are the largest group at risk. Prophylaxis was not usually taken by the patients visiting Asia and the cases from Africa had not taken prophylaxis for the recommended month after departure. Nine families were identified in whom more than one member had malaria and screening of the parents and siblings of all cases is recommended.
Sodium Hypobromite Treatment of Cotton Finished with Methylolated Carbamates: Bromamide Formation and Decomposition
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Kullman Russell M. H. 
Published: January 2017

Bromine retention by cotton fabrics which have been processed with carbamate finishing agents has been investigated. Bromine retention results from the formation of bromamide moieties in the treated cotton. Amidic hydrogens in the finished cottons are replaced with bromine by reaction with sodium hypobromite solution to yield relatively unstable bromamides. These bromamides can cause degradation of the fabric by decomposition and release of acidic products upon subsequent heating. Cotton finished with monomethylol methyl carbamate was used as a model substrate to study the effects of the variables of hypobromite treatment (bromination) on bromine retention by the fabric. These variables were the time and temperature of bromination, and the pH and concentration of the hypobromite solution. Decomposition of the bromamide at ambient and elevated temperatures also was studied. Bromine retention and damage upon scorching were determined for cotton fabric cross-linked with a series of dimethylol carbamate agents. The results are compared with those obtained upon chlorination of these fabrics.
Polybutadiene Shrink-Resist and Durable-Press Finishes for Wool
Authors: Guise G. Bruce 
Published: January 2017

Liquid low-molecular-weight polybutadienes have been investigated as potential shrink-resist finishes for wool. These polymers could be crosslinked thermally, but a better method used reactions of functional end-groups such as amino, carboxyl, or hydroxyl. For example, polybutadienes with hydroxyl or carboxyl groups could be crosslinked on wool with polyisocyanates, and aminopoly-butadienes with polyepoxides. Many of these polybutadiene finishes imparted a high level of shrink resistance to an untreated worsted wool fabric, and the properties of fabrics treated by some of these have been compared. Durable-press finishes were produced with polybutadienes, including a delayed-cure treatment.
Present and Future Developments in Transfer Printing
Authors: Schlaeppi Fernand 
Published: January 2017

The basic principle of transfer printing, the technological advantages and limitations, and the impact of marketing techniques in the textile industry are reviewed vis-a-vis conventional textile printing. Variables such as properties of dyestuffs, print-paste composition, gravure technique, printing machines, and transfer conditions are discussed. It is apparent from the patent literature that an enormous research effort is being expended worldwide to improve the present technology, to develop new machinery, and to extend the process to substrates other than polyester, such as polyamide, polyacrylic, and to natural hydrophilic fibers. Innovations which have already achieved a degree of commercial success and their anticipated impact on the industry are examined— e.g. the Saueressig Printing Machine, vacuum-transfer calenders, and the Hecowa Print Process for polyester/cotton blends. Some possible new approaches based on chemistry and technique are paper coating, various novelty effects, and transfer resist printing.
The Heat of Combustion and Oxygen Index of Fibrous Materials
Authors: Ohe Hideo , Matsuura Koichi , Sakai Naoto 
Published: January 2017

Heats of combustion ( Ho), oxygen index (OI), and the differences between their observed and calculated values (Δ Ho) and ΔOI) of various fiberous materials were measured and calculated. Both polyester (where molten mass drips off) and acrylic homo- and copolymers (which leave considerable char in the OI test) have larger values of ΔOI and Δ Ho than those of easily combustible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate or polypropylene. Cotton or acetates, which show residual carbonaceous materials while burning, have values of ΔOI equal to nylon-6 or polyacrylonitrile, but smaller values of Δ Ho. Oxygen index values from various shapes of samples such as stick-form, film or fabric rolled up into cylinders, and film or fabric in 5 × 10-cm sheets were determined. Oxygen index values of nylon-6, polyester, and acrylic copolymer of 11% methylacrylate decrease rapidly as the test forms change from stick to cylinder to open-width. Such values calculated from observed Ho will be equal to the OI of the material when melting and dripping or char-producing phenomena do not occur. Results of thermogravimetric analysis are also presented.
A New Durable Nonphosphorus Flame Retardant for Cotton Based on Tetramethylol 2,4-Diamino-6- (3,3,3-Tribromo-1-Propyl)-1,3,5-Triazine
Authors: Chance Leon H. , Timpa Judy D. 
Published: January 2017

A new flame retardant for cotton, tetramethylol 2,4-diamino-6-(3,3,3-tribromo-1-propyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TM-DABT), was synthesized. TM-DABT was applied to cotton fabrics from a combination of water and dimethylformamide by a pad-dry-cure process. It polymerized rapidly on fabric at 140°C to give excellent flame retardancy. Flannelette and twill with add-ons of 13.3% and 11.3%, respectively, passed the FF3–71 flammability test after 50 laundering, with char lengths of 4.7 and 3.4 inches. There was evidence of cellulose crosslinking because fabrics had improved wrinkle-recovery angles, and cotton fibers were insoluble in cupriethylenediamine hydroxide. The finish was heat-sensitive, as evidenced by noticeable yellowing when white fabrics were cured at 150°C or above, or when they were laundered repeatedly. Various physical properties of the fabrics are presented, as well as oxygen index and thermogravimetric analyses.
Associated Morbidities in Children with Sickle-Cell Anaemia Presenting with Severe Anaemia in a Malarious Area
Authors: Ambe J P , Fatunde J O , Sodeinde O O 
Published: January 2017

A prospective study of 104 consecutive cases of patients with sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) presenting with severe anaemia (packed cell volume ≤ 15%) was carried out in the Children's Emergency Ward of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, in 1991. The patients were classified according to the type of anaemic crisis, by physical findings, serum bilirubin and reticulocyte counts. Other investigations included a blood film for malaria parasites, blood culture, radiological investigation and lumbar puncture when necessary. The most common problems associated with SCA patients in anaemic crisis were malaria and bacterial infections − 68 (66%) and 18 (17.3%) of cases, respectively. Acute chest syndrome was significantly more frequent in patients with hyperhaemolytic and acute splenic sequestration crisis compared with aplastic crisis ( P < 0.05). Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia was also significantly more frequent among patients with hyperhaemolytic crisis compared with all other anaemic crises (χ2=13.18, P=0.001). The overall case fatality was 86.5/1000 SCAs, with no fatalities in those with aplastic crisis. There were complications in six of the nine mortalities. Co-existing bacterial infections and conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia were associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with anaemic crisis. Patients with SCA crisis should have early evaluation and prompt treatment for associated infections.
Management of Enterocutaneous Fistulae in Benin City Nigeria
Authors: Ohanaka Chibundu E , Momoh I M , Osime U 
Published: January 2017

We report a prospective study of 17 cases of enterocutaneous fistulae managed at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria between June 1992 and June 1999. All the cases were iatrogenic in origin and all age groups (6 weeks to 68 years, mean 27) were represented. There were 10 males and 7 females. Emergency surgery for acute appendicitis and intestinal obstruction were the commonest causes. Management should be conservative initially but surgery should be resorted to if there is no significant improvement, particularly in circumstances where facilities for total parenteral nutrition are not available. A literature review has been carried out and measures to prevent the development of enterocutaneous fistula are outlined.
The Use of Misoprostol for Mid-Trimester Therapeutic Termination of Pregnancy
Authors: Munthali J , Moodley J 
Published: January 2017

Extra-amniotic prostaglandin F2α (PG F2α) is probably the most widely used medical method for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy. The method is highly effective but is financially costly, particularly for poor countries faced with restricted health budgets. The aim of this study was to establish whether misoprostol administered vaginally is as effective as PG F2α. Sixty-one patients were prospectively randomized to receive either misoprostol ( n=30) vaginally, or PG F2α ( n=31) extra-amniotically. The overall success rate was 83.6%. The success rates in the misoprostol and PG F2α groups were 83.3% and 83.8% respectively. There was no statistical difference in the groups in relation to side effects. In this carefully selected group of patients, misoprostol was as safe and effective as PG F2α in mid-trimester termination of pregnancy. In these days of financial constraints, misoprostol is the preferred method for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.
Corrosive Oesophagitis in Nigeria: Clinical Spectrums and Implications
Authors: Ogunleye A O A , Nwaorgu O G B , Grandawa Hamman 
Published: January 2017

Ingested corrosive agents produce oro-pharyngeal and gastro-oesophageal injuries ranging from minor burns to severe necrosis, depending on the agent, amount, concentration and duration of exposure. A 10-year (1990–1999) study of 23 corrosive oesophagitis patients depicting the clinical spectrums and implications was done. There were 17 (74%) males and 6 (26%) females, with an average age of 16 years: 35% were in the first decade of life and 39% in the second, with an average occurrence of three new cases a year. The main corrosive agents were alkali (NaOH) 48% and sulphuric acid 39%. The factors that predisposed to corrosive ingestion included: accidental 43%; suicidal 35%; homicidal 13% and ‘therapy’ 9%. Of the accidental cases 60% were seen in children; 75% of suicide attempts were in the second decade of life. Eleven (48%) patients developed complications, namely laryngeal stenosis 4% and oesophageal strictures 44%. The hospital stay ranged from 2–4 weeks. Awareness of the dangers of corrosive ingestion should be extensively publicized. Government regulations permitting the sales and procurement of corrosive substances should be strictly enforced and, if not yet in place, should be enacted without further delay.
Acceptability and Technical Problems of the Female Condom Amongst Commercial Sex Workers in a Rural District of Malawi
Authors: Zachariah R , Harries A D , Buhendwa L , Spielman M P , Chantulo A , Bakali E 
Published: January 2017

A study was conducted among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in rural southern Malawi, in order to (a) assess the acceptability of the female condom and (b) identify common technical problems and discomforts associated with its use. There were 88 CSWs who were entered into the study with a total of 272 female condom utilizations. Eighty-six (98%) were satisfied with the female condom, 80% preferred it to the male condom and 92% were ready to use the device routinely. Of all the utilizations, the most common technical problem was reuse of the device with consecutive clients, 6% after having washed it, and 2% without any washing or rinsing. The most common discomforts that were reported included too much lubrication (32%), device being too large (16%), and noise during sex (11%). This study would be useful in preparing the introduction of the female condom within known commercial sex establishments in Malawi.
Prevalence and Perception of Nocturnal Enuresis in Children of a Rural Community in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Osungbade K O , Oshiname F O 
Published: January 2017

Nocturnal enuresis after the fifth year of life is a distressing problem. In Nigeria, there is a dearth of information about the condition. This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and perception of the condition among children in Igbo-Ora, a rural community in southwestern Nigeria. Four hundred parents/guardians were interviewed and information obtained on 644 children aged 6–12 years. Overall enuresis prevalence was 17.6% (19.9% among boys and 14.9% among girls). The reported causes of nocturnal enuresis included urinary tract infection (33.5%), excessive play (27.5%) and deep sleep (25%). A majority (74.5%) of the respondents would use herbs or traditional medicine to treat enuresis, while only 6.8% of the respondents sought orthodox healthcare facilities for its management. Only 18 (25%) of the 71 parents/guardians with enuretic children had ever consulted a health worker. The misconceptions and inappropriate enuresis management methods among the parents/guardians require health education intervention.
A Comparison of Wound Complications after Inguinal Hernia Repair under Local and General Anaesthesia
Authors: Ofili O P 
Published: January 2017

Ninety-one male patients with unilateral reducible inguinal hernia were randomly allocated to receive either general or local anaesthesia in order to compare the incidence of postoperative wound complications following both methods of anaesthesia. Forty-seven patients received local anaesthesia while 44 received general anaesthesia. Two patients (4.3%) who received local anaesthesia and three patients (6.8%) who received general anaesthesia developed various types of postoperative wound complications. Chi-squared test however showed no significant difference in the incidence of wound complications between the two groups of patients.