bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of the Bollgard Gene in Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm and Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1992
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Sachs E. S. , Kohel R. J. , Correa J. C. , Berberich S. A. , Deaton W. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by a modified crylA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (i.e., Bollgard Gene, Monsanto Company) were planted 1 May near College Station, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (40 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCBD and each plot replicated was 6 times. The main plot was lepidopteran control (i.e., unsprayed or sprayed with Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre) to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and subplots were 6 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression (with a conventional foliar insecticide) were sprayed on 8, 15, 24 Jul, 3, 10, and 18 Aug with Karate using a backpack CO2 powered sprayer and a 2-row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed in season for control of insect pests, such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic Bollgard cottons against target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 bolls per plot on 8, 15, 24 Jul, 3, 10, and 18 Aug for bollworm/tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking seedcotton yields/plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided as needed by furrow irrigation during the season, usually within 48-h following a lepidopteran control application. The plots were handharvested (60 ft from middle 2 rows).
Tart Cherry, Control of American Plum Borer and Sesiid Borers with a Chemical Insecticide and an Entomopathogenic Nematode, 1996
Authors: Kain D. P. , Agnello A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Lorsban 4EC and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, formulated as the commercial product Cruiser, were tested for the control of APB and the sesiid borers in two tart cherry orchards. The infestation in both was relatively low. Efficacy of the following treatments was evaluated in each orchard: Lorsban applied by handgun on 24 May (petal fall), of 24 May + 30 Jul (APB 2nd flight peak); Cruiser applied by handgun or injector on 26 Jun (1st generation larvae present) or on 26 Jun + 16 Aug (2nd generation larvae present). The treatments were arranged in a CR design with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment in each orchard. Handgun applications were made at 350 psi. The trunk was sprayed to runoff from ground level to the lowest scaffold limbs. Care was taken to direct the spray stream into openings in the bark. An average of 2 gal of finished spray was applied per tree/application. Injector applications were made using a backpack sprayer, equipped with a single adjustable stream nozzle (Spraying Systems Co., Model 5500 Adjustable Conejet 18x), driven by CO2 at 70 psi, inserted into all openings in the bark from ground level to the lowest scaffold limbs, and sprayed until the point of flooding. An average of 0.3 gal of finished spray was applied per tree/application. Control of APB and sesiid larvae was evaluated, in Oct, by removing bark from the point of all openings in the bark to the edge of live cambium, and counting all live larvae that could be found. Larvae were categorized as APB or sesiid.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Tennessee, 1997
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Burgess E. E. , Thompson R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were evaluated in a 1-yr stand of alfalfa at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill. Plots were 20 ft X 20 ft replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Blocks were separated by 15-ft alleys. Eleven insecticide treatments were applied on 3 Mar when 68% of the tips were damaged and alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) averaged 1.55 larvae/sweep. Chemicals were applied using a tractor-mounted CO2-powered 10-ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gpa. AWL samples were collected on 1,7, 14, 21, and 29 May using a 15-inch insect net, and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 5 ft X 20 ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 29 May to determine green weight yields. Moisture content of alfalfa was 70.58%.
Evaluation of Fulfill for Control of Cotton Aphids, 1996
Authors: Parajulee M. N. , Slosser J. E. , Idol G. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 20 Jun in 40-inch rows (8-row X 75-ft plots) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Chillicothe. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 insecticide treat-ments and a check replicated 4 times. Cotton was inspected for aphids on 2, 9, and 15 Aug. Ten leaves from the top half and 10 leaves from the lower half of plants from each plot were examined, and the numbers of aphids were recorded on each inspection date. Pre-treatment counts were made and the insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Aug. Treatments were applied with a John Deere High Cycle 6000 sprayer. Spray drops were used to provide three nozzles per row, delivering 9.7 gpa at 40 psi. Post-treatment aphid counts were made at 4, 6, and 13 DAT.
Insecticide Evaluation I, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in 3 miniblocks, each ⅓ acre, of 19-yr-old trees on MM.lll rootstock. Trees measured 15 ft in height and 14 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree replica tions per treatment, with 2 replications per mini-block in a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrounded by 1 unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA5OOA airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates of application were 4 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)], 10 Apr [pink (P)], 12 May [petal fall (PF)], 21 May [10-20 mm fruit diameter], 27 May [first cover (lC)], 11 Jun [second cover (2c)], 24 Jun [third cover (3C)], 8 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 22 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 5 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], 19 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], and 2 Sep [eighth cover (8C)I. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agri-Mycin, COCS, Dithane, Nova, Penncozeb, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting arthropods on test trees periodically during the season. RAA control was determined by counting colonies per tree. Control of WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Effect of treatments on STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeder mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals per tree. Effect of treatments on MAL was determined by counting adults and larvae on 10 terminals per tree. Treatment effect against ERM and ARM was determined by sampling 25 leaves per tree (4 replications), removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples and up to 100 drop apples per replication on 23 Sep.
Evaluation of Insecticide Treatments on Sweet Corn, 1996
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet corn was direct seeded into 2 rows per 6-ft beds on 2 Jun 1996 and maintained with standard cultural practices at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station at Tifton. A total of 490 lb/A of 10-10-10 were applied to sandy clay loam field plots and irrigation regularly with an overhead sprinkler system. Scouting was initiated on 27 Jun and continued weekly until harvest. Seven weekly applications of insecticide were made from 2 Jul to 13 Aug and 10 stalks were scouted per plot 96–120 h after each application. Small (lst-3rd instar) and large (4th-6th instar) larvae of corn earworm and fall armyworm were recorded per 5-stalk sample. Corn was harvested from 20 stalks on 20 Aug and ears were categorized as severely, slightly, or not damaged and percentage of marketable corn was estimated as the percent of ears with no or only slight damage. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and LSD tests for separation of means (SAS).
Reliability and performance of the Swiss Emergency Triage Scale used by paramedics
Authors: Grosgurin Olivier , Gayet-Ageron Angèle , Suppan Laurent , Simon Josette , Villar Adolfo , Trombert Véronique , Marti Christophe , Sarasin François P. , Rutschmann Olivier T. 
Published: December 2017

Objectives
No general emergency department triage scale has been evaluated for prehospital triage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and the performance of the Swiss Emergency Triage Scale (SETS) used by paramedics to determine the emergency level and orientation of simulated patients.

Patients and methods
In a prospective cross-sectional study, 23 paramedics evaluated 28 clinical scenarios with the SETS using interactive computerized triage software simulating real-life triage. The primary outcome was inter-rater reliability regarding the triage level among participants measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Secondary outcomes were the accuracy of triage level and the reliability and accuracy of orientation of patients of at least 75 years to a dedicated geriatric emergency centre.

Results
Twenty-three paramedics completed the evaluation of the 28 scenarios (644 triage decisions). Overall, ICC for triage level was 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.77–0.99). Correct emergency level was assigned in 89% of cases, overtriage rate was 4.8%, and undertriage was 6.2%. ICC regarding orientation in the subgroup of simulated patients of at least 75 years was 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.61–0.89), with 93% correct orientation.

Conclusion
Reliability of paramedics rating simulated emergency situations using the SETS was excellent, and the accuracy of their rating was very high. This suggests that in Switzerland, the SETS could be safely used in the prehospital setting by paramedics to determine the level of emergency and guide patients to the most appropriate hospital.
Patient Safety in Hospitals: What We Do and What We Need—Focus Groups With Stakeholders of Hospitals in Southern Germany
Authors: Dinius Julia , Gaupp Rainer , Becker Sonja , Göritz Anja S. , Körner Mirjam 
Published: December 2017

Objectives
To provide the basis for designing an interprofessional patient safety training for medical treatment teams, the current situation regarding patient safety and existing training programs in southern German hospitals should be explored. Moreover, need-based content regarding the subject areas teamwork, safety culture, and patient involvement should be derived, a conducive learning format suggested, and wishes and concerns regarding the training explored.

Methods
Qualitative design (focus groups) in five hospitals with different levels of care involving a total of 39 members of interprofessional teams, administration, and quality management team. Structured contents analysis was used for evaluation.

Results
The need for training to improve patient safety was highlighted. Related contents regarding the subject areas were derived: teamwork (team-building exercises, interprofessional teamwork, interprofessional communication), safety culture (dealing with criticism, appraisals, open handling of errors/proactive error reporting), and patient involvement (inclusion of patients and/or relatives, question types). The combination of e-learning and interprofessional in-person training was emphasized as a conducive learning format. The desire for practical tips, Continuing Medical Education credits, and intuitive review of theories was expressed.

Conclusions
The study initially presents the current situation regarding patient safety, existing training, teamwork, safety culture, and patient involvement in southern German hospitals and gives recommendations for related content and learning format. Based on our results, we recommend to develop a combination of e-learning and interprofessional in-person training. This training should systematically link all three subject areas and address the derived content from the focus groups to improve patient safety.
Review article: Best practice management of common knee injuries in the emergency department (part 3 of the musculoskeletal injuries rapid review series)
Authors: Strudwick Kirsten , McPhee Megan , Bell Anthony , Martin‐Khan Melinda , Russell Trevor 
Published: December 2017

AbstractKnee injuries are a common presentation to the ED and are often difficult to assess and definitively diagnose due to the patient's acute pain, effusion and guarding. The quality of ED care provided to patients with fractures or soft tissue injuries of the knee is critical to ensure the best possible outcomes for the patient. This rapid review investigated best practice for the assessment and management of common knee injuries in the ED. Databases were searched in 2017, including PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, TRIP and the grey literature, including relevant organisational websites. Primary studies, systematic reviews and guidelines were considered for inclusion. English‐language articles published in the past 12 years that addressed the acute assessment, management, follow‐up plan or prognosis were included. Data extraction of included articles was conducted, followed by quality appraisal to rate the level of evidence where possible. The search revealed 2250 articles, of which 54 were included in the review (n = 8 primary articles, n = 28 systematic reviews, n = 18 guidelines). This rapid review provides clinicians managing fractures and soft tissue injuries of the knee in the ED, a summary of the best available evidence to enhance the quality of care for optimal patient outcomes. There is consistent evidence to support undertaking a thorough history and physical examination, including the application of special tests and clinical decision rules for imaging. In the undifferentiated knee injury, expedited follow up and further imaging is recommended to improve patient outcomes and cost‐effectiveness.
Indoor renovation and diabetes mellitus: Evidence from a cohort study
Authors: Zhang Nan , Hu Xiang , Zeng Tian Shu , Zhang Jiao‐Yue , Tian Sheng‐Hua , Min Jie , Huang Han‐Tao , Zheng Juan , Deng Xiu‐Ling , Chen Lu‐Lu 
Published: December 2017

Highlights

Household or workplace renovations increase 2hPG levels and diabetes risk
Stratified analysis by age, gender, BMI, and hypertension showed that the differences in each subgroup were not significant.
Comparative performance of pharmacogenetics‐based warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed races in Thai population
Authors: Chumnumwat Supatat , Yi Kong , Lucksiri Aroonrut , Nosoongnoen Wichit , Chindavijak Busba , Chulavatnatol Suvatna , Sarapakdi Ajjima , Nathisuwan Surakit 
Published: December 2017

SummaryAimThis study was conducted to compare predictive accuracy of the available pharmacogenetics (PGx)‐guided warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed population to identify a suitable algorithm for Thai population.MethodsTen warfarin dosing algorithms derived from different population including Caucasian, East Asian, South‐East Asian, and mixed races were selected and tested with clinical and genetic data of Thai patients. Comparative performances of these algorithms were tested using mean dose error (MDE) between actual warfarin maintenance dose (AWMD) and predicted dose generated by each dosing algorithm, and percentage of ideal dose prediction (IDP). Sensitivity analysis for predictive accuracy was also conducted by stratifying patients into low (AWMD ≤21 mg/wk), intermediate (AWMD >21 to <49 mg/wk), and high maintenance dose (AWMD ≥49 mg/wk) groups.ResultsData of 165 patients were included for the analyses. Mean actual warfarin dose of the study population was 25.03 ± 10.53 mg/wk. Large variability of MDE, ranging from −12.11 to 11.24 mg/wk, among algorithms was observed. International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium, Gage et al, and Ohno et al algorithms had comparable performances to Sangviroon et al algorithm, as observed by MDE of <1 mg/wk with percentage of IDP ≥40%. Further sensitivity analyses among patients requiring low and intermediate maintenance doses confirmed such findings with IDP percentage ranging from 37.8% to 59.2%. Among high‐dose group, only Ohno et al and Sarapakdi et al algorithms had acceptable performance.ConclusionsWarfarin PGx‐guided dosing algorithms derived from large, mixed population performed comparably to Sangviroon et al algorithm. Certain algorithms should be avoided due to significant dose prediction error.
Cointegration and nonlinear causality among ethanol‐related prices: evidence from Brazil
Authors: Dutta Anupam 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationships among crude oil, ethanol and sugar prices in the context of Brazil. In doing so, we consider the application of ARDL bound tests to examine whether these variables comove in the long run. Besides, we employ a recently developed nonlinear symmetric and asymmetric test for noncausality which assists us to explore the short‐run ‘lead–lag’ associations among the price indexes under review. The results of the ARDL bound test indicate that cointegration exists only when the ethanol price is used as the dependent variable. This finding suggests that oil and sugar prices lead the Brazilian ethanol prices in the long run. Moreover, the results of nonlinear causality test also confirm the existence of a short‐term unidirectional causality running from sugar to ethanol market. We also document that the impact of sugar prices on ethanol prices appears to be positive indicating that rising sugar prices will cause a growth in the ethanol prices. Our findings further demonstrate that sugar prices are not affected by the fluctuations in ethanol price. The results carry important implications for policymakers.
The national burden of influenza‐associated severe acute respiratory illness hospitalization in Zambia, 2011‐2014
Authors: Theo Andros , Tempia Stefano , Cohen Adam L , Simusika Paul , Chentulo Edward , Chikamukwa Chikama Mukwangole , Monze Mwaka 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundEstimates of influenza‐associated hospitalization are limited in low‐ and middle‐income countries, especially in Africa.ObjectiveTo estimate the national number of influenza‐associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalization in Zambia.MethodsWe conducted active prospective hospital‐based surveillance for SARI at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) situated in Lusaka Province during 2011‐2014. Upper respiratory tract samples were tested for influenza virus using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. We estimated age‐specific rates of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalizations for the UTH using census and secondary data on respiratory hospitalizations following estimation approaches recommended by the World Health Organization. We used the UTH hospitalization rates as a proxy for Lusaka Province. These rates were adjusted for each of the remaining 9 provinces based on their prevalence of risk factors for pneumonia and healthcare‐seeking behavior. Rates were expressed per 100,000 population.ResultsSARI cases accounted for 77.1% (13 389/17 354) of respiratory admissions at the UTH; 82.7% (11 859/14 344) and 50.8% (1530/3010) among individuals aged <5 and ≥5 years, respectively. Among SARI cases tested, the influenza virus detection rate was 5.5% (152/2734), 4.8% (48/998), and 6.0% (104/1736) among individuals aged <5 and ≥5 years, respectively. The mean annual national number of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalizations was 6181 (95% CI: 4321‐8041—rate: 43.9; 95% CI: 30.7‐57.1); 4669 (95% CI: 3287‐6051—rate: 187.7; 95% CI: 132.1‐243.3) among children aged <5 years; and 1512 (95% CI: 1037‐1987—rate: 13.1; 95% CI: 9.0‐17.2) among individuals aged ≥5 years.ConclusionsThe burden of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalizations was substantial and was highest among children aged <5 years.
Peg‐interferon and ribavirin treatment in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients in Thailand: efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Smolders E. J. , Thammajaruk N. , de Kanter C. T. M. M. , Colbers A. , Chaiyahong P. , Cuprasitrut T. , Chittmittraprap S. , Apornpong T. , Khemnark S. , Tangkijvanich P. , Burger D. M. , Avihingsanon A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveIn Thailand, 7.2% of HIV patients are co‐infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and these patients are treated with peg‐interferon + ribavirin (PR) for their HCV infection. This study evaluates efficacy and safety of PR treatment and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in this population.MethodsHIV/HCV co‐infected Thai patients were treated with PR for 24 or 48 weeks. Sustained virological response 24 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR24) was used to describe efficacy. (laboratory) safety parameters and ribavirin plasma concentrations were evaluated during study visits. Ribavirin concentrations were compared with t‐tests for patients with and without anaemia (haemoglobin <10 g/dl) and SVR24.ResultsA total of 101 HIV/HCV co‐infected patients were included; 88% were male (n = 88), and 46% were infected with genotype 3. The median (IQR) start dose was 14.28 mg/kg/day. SVR24 rate was 56%. All patients reported at least one (serious) adverse event, of which 28% of patients developed anaemia. Seven patients discontinued treatment due to toxicity issues. Geometric mean (IQR) ribavirin concentration was 1.81 (1.42–2.32) mg/l at week 8 of treatment. At week 8, patients with and without anaemia and SVR had ribavirin concentrations of 2.29 and 1.63 mg/l and 1.91 and 1.74 mg/l, respectively.ConclusionsPR treatment has comparable response rates and toxicity profile in Thai HIV/HCV co‐infected patients as in Western HIV/HCV patients. However, ribavirin plasma concentrations were comparable with previously published studies in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients, but both, just as SVR rate, were lower than in mono‐infected patients.
The lived experience of chronic headache: a systematic review and synthesis of the qualitative literature
Authors: Nichols Vivien P , Ellard David R , Griffiths Frances E , Kamal Atiya , Underwood Martin , Taylor Stephanie J C 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveTo systematically review the qualitative literature of the lived experience of people with a chronic headache disorder.BackgroundChronic headaches affect 3%–4% of the population. The most common chronic headache disorders are chronic migraine, chronic tension-type headache and medication overuse headache. We present a systematic review and meta-ethnographic synthesis of the lived experience of people with chronic headache.MethodsWe searched seven electronic databases, hand-searched nine journals and used a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist to appraise study quality. Following thematic analysis we synthesised the data using a meta-ethnographic approach.ResultsWe identified 3586 unique citations; full texts were examined for 86 studies and 4 were included in the review. Included studies differed in their foci: exploring, patient-centred outcomes, chronic headache as a socially invisible disease, psychological processes mediating impaired quality of life, and the process of medication overuse. Initial thematic analysis and subsequent synthesis gave three overarching themes: ‘headache as a driver of behaviour’ (directly and indirectly), ‘the spectre of headache’ and ‘strained relationships’.ConclusionThis meta-synthesis of published qualitative evidence demonstrates that chronic headaches have a profound effect on people’s lives, showing similarities with other pain conditions. There were insufficient data to explore the similarities and differences between different chronic headache disorders.