bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian nitrate source apportionment to individual groundwater wells in the Central Valley by use of elemental and isotopic tracers
Authors: Ransom Katherine M. , Grote Mark N. , Deinhart Amanda , Eppich Gary , Kendall Carol , Sanborn Matthew E. , Souders A. Kate , Wimpenny Joshua , Yin Qing‐zhu , Young Megan , Harter Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGroundwater quality is a concern in alluvial aquifers that underlie agricultural areas, such as in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Shallow domestic wells (less than 150 m deep) in agricultural areas are often contaminated by nitrate. Agricultural and rural nitrate sources include dairy manure, synthetic fertilizers, and septic waste. Knowledge of the relative proportion that each of these sources contributes to nitrate concentration in individual wells can aid future regulatory and land management decisions. We show that nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate, boron isotopes, and iodine concentrations are a useful, novel combination of groundwater tracers to differentiate between manure, fertilizers, septic waste, and natural sources of nitrate. Furthermore, in this work, we develop a new Bayesian mixing model in which these isotopic and elemental tracers were used to estimate the probability distribution of the fractional contributions of manure, fertilizers, septic waste, and natural sources to the nitrate concentration found in an individual well. The approach was applied to 56 nitrate‐impacted private domestic wells located in the San Joaquin Valley. Model analysis found that some domestic wells were clearly dominated by the manure source and suggests evidence for majority contributions from either the septic or fertilizer source for other wells. But, predictions of fractional contributions for septic and fertilizer sources were often of similar magnitude, perhaps because modeled uncertainty about the fraction of each was large. For validation of the Bayesian model, fractional estimates were compared to surrounding land use and estimated source contributions were broadly consistent with nearby land use types.
Responses of phytoplankton community to the input of different aerosols in the East China Sea
Authors: Meng X. , Chen Y. , Wang B. , Ma Q. W. , Wang F. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAtmospheric deposition can affect marine phytoplankton by supplying macronutrients and trace elements. We conducted mesocosm experiments by adding aerosols with different composition (dominated by mineral dust, biomass burning and high Cu, and secondary aerosol, respectively) to the surface seawater of the East China Sea. Chlorophyll a concentrations were found to be the highest and lowest after adding aerosols containing the highest Fe and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), respectively. The relative abundance of Haptophyceae increased significantly after adding mineral dust, whereas diatom, Dinophyceae and Cryptophyceae reached the maximum accompanied with the highest DIN. Our results suggest that Fe may be more important than DIN in promoting primary productivity in the sampled seawater. The input of mineral dust and anthropogenic aerosols may result in distinct changes of phytoplankton community structure.
Flare X‐ray photochemistry of the E region ionosphere of Mars
Authors: Haider S. A. , Batista I. S. , Abdu M.A. , Santos A. M. , Shah Siddhi Y. , Thirupathaiah P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBased on electron density profiles obtained from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) we report X‐ray flare responses in the E region ionosphere of Mars during six events that occurred on 28 March and 6 April 2001, 17 and 18 March and 21 April 2003, and 19 February 2005. We have developed a time‐dependent Analytical Yield Spectrum model to calculate a time series of photoionization rate, photoelectron impact ionization rate, photoelectron flux, ion density, electron density, and ionospheric electron content (IEC) of the E region for each flare day. The estimated production rate, flux, and densities increase by 1–2 orders of magnitude due to effect of these flares in the E region ionosphere of Mars. The estimated IEC are compared with the measured IEC. It is found that the normalized IEC of the simulated E layer increased by a factor of 5–10 at the flare time compared to a factor of 2 enhancements in the normalized IEC of the corresponding MGS profiles.
Instability of canopy flows
Authors: Zampogna Giuseppe A. , Pluvinage Franck , Kourta Azeddine , Bottaro Alessandro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHonami and monami waves are caused by large‐scale coherent vortex structures which form in shear layers generated by canopies. In order to reach new insights on the onset of such waves, the instability of these shear layers is studied. Two different approaches are used. In the first approach, the presence of the canopy is modeled via a drag coefficient, taken to vary along the canopy as by experimental indications. The second approach considers the canopy as a porous medium and different governing equations for the fluid flow are deduced. In this second case, the anisotropy of the canopy, composed by rigid cylindrical elements, is accounted for via an apparent permeability tensor. The results obtained with the latter approach approximate better experimental correlations for the synchronous oscillations of the canopy.
Miracles, Byzantine
Authors: Rizos Efthymios 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The belief in miracles, as extraordinary supernatural incidents, was central in Byzantine culture. Miracles were believed to occur in a variety of contexts, including the healing of diseases and disabilities, exorcism of demons, protection from perils, etc. They were closely associated with the cult of saints, and feature centrally in hagiography, liturgy, and art.
Heresy
Authors: Lyman Rebecca 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

In ancient Christianity heresy meant any belief incongruent with orthodoxy, usually characterized as deliberate and demonic perversions of saving and eternal theological truth.
Hairesis
in the larger Greek society as well as in Josephus and the New Testament had indicated only a chosen sect or philosophy, but this neutral term was increasingly used by Christian controversialists to inscribe intolerable differences, regulate community and ideological boundaries, and construct a unifying history of authoritative writings and interpretations. The polemical descriptions and labels eventually created an ideological map of theological error essential to the vocabulary and cognitive shape of orthodoxy. With the adoption of orthodox Christianity as the sole religion of the later Roman Empire in the fourth century, these classifications became part of the legal system with a range of punishments.
Ptolemy Keraunos
Authors: Holton John Russell 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Ptolemy Keraunos (ca. 319/18–279
bce
), passed over in the Egyptian succession by his father Ptolemy I Soter, independently became king of Macedon and Thrace for a brief period between 281 and 279
bce
. Despite the shortness of his reign, he was closely connected with the major Hellenistic kingdoms and played an important role on the international political stage in the early Hellenistic period.
Ferguson, William Scott (1875–1954)
Authors: Kopff E. Christian 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
William Scott Ferguson (1895–1954) used an observation made as a graduate student to develop a sounder chronology of the Athenian democracy, a more satisfactory picture of Hellenistic Athens, and a positive vision of the Hellenistic period. He directed the dissertations of important ancient historians and reformed Harvard's tenure system to maintain its academic position after World War II.
Nestor of Pylos
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNestor, son of Neleus and penultimate king of Pylos, is an important hero of Greek mythology that features in various tales, including the voyage of the Argo, the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs, the Calydonian hunt, and the Trojan War. Mythical Nestor is associated with the Mycenaean palace of Pylos, the remains of which have been located at the site of Ano Eglianos in Messenia.
Sindos
Authors: Saripanidi Vivi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

The site to the northwest of Thessalonike, which is identified with ancient Sindos, was inhabited from the Early Bronze Age to the Byzantine period. The richest archaeological layers found at the settlement date from the Late Geometric period, during which Sindos may have functioned as a Euboean trading post. Although later habitation layers are poorly preserved, mortuary evidence suggests that a new phase of prosperity began in the second quarter of the sixth century
bce
, when the site was annexed into the Macedonian kingdom.
Legati
(senatorial ambassadors)
Authors: Gatzke Andrea F. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Legati
were Roman officials who served various diplomatic, administrative, and military functions during the Roman Republic, particularly with relation to foreign affairs.
Legati
were generally selected
ad hoc
by either the Senate or the consuls for a specific mission. As unelected officials, legates were not technically magistrates, but they do seem to have held positions of influence. They could serve on commissions of various size, numbering mostly from two to ten men.
Plebs (Middle and Late Republic)
Authors: Yakobson Alexander 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHaving gained important political rights in the Early Republican “Struggle of the Orders,” the Roman plebs exercised them through its voting power in the popular assemblies, and through the office of the tribune of the plebs. The Middle Republic was a period of relative stability, with the common people generally content to accept the Senate's leadership. The Late Republic was a period of social and political upheaval, increasingly violent, when the plebs repeatedly supported “popular” politicians who challenged the Senate, ending in civil war and in the collapse of the Republic.
Prostitution, Ancient Near East
Authors: Assante Julia A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Prostitution involves sex for pay. Payment was likely by barter, as coinage did not appear until late in the ancient Near East. Despite the innumerable barter‐payment cuneiform records known, none so far concern sexual services. Also absent are laws regulating prostitution. These absences indicate that prostitution was not perceived as a profession. Furthermore, cuneiform languages lack words for “prostitute” or “prostitution.” Hence, prostitution is all but invisible to modern scholars.
Thibilis (Sellaoua Announa)
Authors: Ikherbane Mohand‐Akli 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The site of ancient Thibilis (Sellaoua Announa, Guelma department, Algeria) is located 25 km from the city of Guelma. Excavations at the site in the nineteenth and early twentieth century exposed the forum, capitolium, temples, market, housing, and churches. The city rose to the status of municipium under the Severans and was the seat of a bishop. Numerous inscriptions were found at the site, including dedications to Roman divinities and local gods.
Metal‐Catalyzed Annulations through Activation and Cleavage of C−H Bonds
Authors: Gulías Moisés , Mascareñas José Luis 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe exponential increase in the number of catalytic transformations that involve a metal‐promoted activation of hitherto considered inert C−H bonds is promoting a fundamental change in the field of synthetic chemistry. Although most reactions involving C−H activations consist of simple functionalizations or additions, recent years have witnessed an upsurge in related transformations that can be formally considered as cycloaddition processes. These transformations are particularly appealing from a synthetic perspective because they allow the conversion of readily available substrates into highly valuable cyclic products in a rapid and sustainable manner. In many cases, these annulations involve the formation of metallacyclic intermediates that resemble those proposed for standard metal‐catalyzed cycloadditions of unsaturated precursors.
Microstructural, wetting, and dielectric properties of plasma polymerized polypyrrole thin films
Authors: Koduru Hari Krishna , Marino Lucia , Vallivedu Janardhanam , Choi Chel‐Jong , Scaramuzza Nicola 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTPolypyrrole (PPy) thin films were synthesized by plasma polymerization technique and investigated the influence of discharge power on microstructural, optical, surface wettability, and dielectric properties of grown films. As deposited PPy films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic force microscopy, UV‐VIS spectroscopy and dielectric spectroscopy. The broad XRD peak present at 2θ = 23.5° revealed the amorphous nature of grown PPy films. The FTIR spectra displayed characteristic peaks in the wavenumbers regions 3300–3400 cm−1 and 1635–1700 cm−1 and respective peaks intensities decreased slightly as a function of discharge powers. Significant modifications in surface morphology of the films were observed as a function of discharge powers and PPy films synthesized at higher discharge power of 50 W demonstrated characteristic surface morphology composed of characteristic vertical cone shaped clusters provided with rms roughness of 3.42 nm. The UV‐VIS absorption spectra evidenced that the optical density values varied as a function of discharge power. The evaluated band gap energies decreased with an increase of discharge power and found to be 2.53 eV for PPy films prepared at higher discharge power of 50 W. The surface wettability studies evidenced that as prepared PPy films were found to be hydrophilic in nature. The dielectric measurements were carried out for “ITO/polymer/ITO” structures in the frequency range 10 mHz to 100 kHz. As evidenced from dielectric spectroscopic measurements, PPy films synthesized at 50 W were demonstrated conductivity value of 6.0 × 10−12 S/m. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43982.
Clinical and Genetic Features of Patients With TNFRSF1A Variants in Japan: Findings of a Nationwide Survey
Authors: Ueda Naoyasu , Ida Hiroaki , Washio Masakazu , Miyahara Hisaaki , Tokunaga Shoji , Tanaka Fumiko , Takahashi Hiroki , Kusuhara Koichi , Ohmura Koichiro , Nakayama Manabu , Ohara Osamu , Nishikomori Ryuta , Minota Seiji , Takei Shuji , Fujii Takao , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki , Tsukamoto Hiroshi , Tahira Tomoko , Horiuchi Takahiko 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo elucidate the clinical and genetic features of patients with TNFRSF1A variants in Japan using data obtained from a nationwide survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan study group for tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS).MethodsInquiries were sent to 2,900 departments of internal medicine and pediatrics in all hospitals with more than 200 beds in Japan, asking whether they had patients in whom TRAPS was suspected. Genetic tests for TNFRSF1A, MEFV, and MVK were performed on 169 patients. Cell surface expression of TNFRSF1A variants was assessed using 293T cells.ResultsTen patients from 10 independent families were found to have TNFRSF1A variants. We collected clinical and genetic information on 41 additional patients with TNFRSF1A variants and symptoms of inflammation from 23 independent families; 17 of these patients had not been described in the literature. The common clinical features of Japanese patients were fever of >38°C (100% of patients), arthralgia (59%), and rash (55%). The prevalence of abdominal pain (36%), myalgia (43%), and amyloidosis (0%) was significantly lower in Japanese patients than in Caucasian patients. The most common variant was T61I (appearing in 49% of patients), and it was identified in 7 of 363 healthy controls. Defects in cysteine residues and the T50M variant were associated with decreased cell surface expression, while other variants, including T61I, were not.ConclusionPatients with TNFRSF1A variants are very rare in Japan, as in other countries, but there are a number of clinical and genetic differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients. The pathogenic significance of the T61I variant remains unclear.
C−H Activation of Methane to Syngas on MnxCe1−x−yZryO2: A Molecular Beam Study
Authors: Dubey Anjani , Kolekar Sadhu K. , Gopinath Chinnakonda S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMn‐doped ceria zirconia thin films (MnxCe1−x−yZryO2, MCZ) were employed as flat model catalyst surfaces for CH4 activation. MCZ films exhibit characteristics of single crystal and powder materials, such as smooth surfaces and porosity. From molecular‐beam studies, it has been identified that the oxygen storage capacity increases with Mn content. Mutually exclusive observation of H2O or a mixture of products (CO2+CO+H2) occurs, when the reactants was allowed to react directly on MCZ, underscoring their formation or prevention (and consumption), respectively. The results suggest that there is competition and cooperation among different elementary reactions under complementary conditions. From a significant partial oxidation of CH4 through C−H activation, it is found that formation of syngas begins at 700 K and the reaction rate increases with increasing temperature. Kinetic evidences indicate that the reaction proceeds through a combustion–reformation pathway.
“Super Hydrocarbon Reformer Trap” for the Complete Oxidation of Toluene Using Iron‐Exchanged β‐Zeolite with a Low Silicon/Aluminum Ratio
Authors: Kobatake Yasuhiro , Momma Kiyofumi , Elangovan Shanmugam P. , Itabashi Keiji , Okubo Tatsuya , Ogura Masaru 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study examines the effects of the Si/Al ratio and metal cation exchange of a zeolite on the ability to adsorb and reform unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) in emissions from gasoline vehicles. Iron ion‐exchanged β‐zeolites with a low Si/Al ratio not only trap but also oxidize HCs efficiently, which spurred on the development of a “super HC reformer trap”. Toluene temperature‐programmed desorption experiments in an O2‐containing stream revealed that >90 % of the adsorbed toluene was converted into CO2, and other oxygenates were not observed. This material could be reused and it retained its performance. The strong adsorption of toluene on the zeolites was derived from two synergistic effects: (1) electrostatic interactions between the π orbital of the aromatic ring and the p orbital of the metal cation and (2) interactions between the positively polarized methyl group of toluene and a basic oxygen atom in the zeolite framework. This new material will pave the way for low‐emission, Pt‐free vehicles.
Nature of Conduction Band Tailing in Hydrogenated Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Xue Jiawei , Zhu Xiaodi , Zhang Yi , Wang Wendong , Xie Wei , Zhou Jilong , Bao Jun , Luo Ying , Gao Xiang , Wang Yong , Jang Ling‐yun , Sun Song , Gao Chen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 12/2016 is provided by researchers from the University of Science & Technology of China. The image shows that hydrogenated TiO2 with an appropriate hydrogenation time exhibits much higher photocatalytic H2 evolution activity than that with an excessive hydrogenation degree. See the Communication itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600237.
Effectively Improving Capacitive Performance of Three‐Dimensional Iron(III) Oxide Nanotube Arrays by Rationally Filling Mesopores with Polypyrrole
Authors: Wang Zhikui , Pan Qinmin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFe2O3 is a promising electrode material for electrochemical capacitors, but challenges remain in enhancing its capacitive performance. Herein, we effectively improved the capacitive properties of 3D Fe2O3 nanotube arrays by partly filling their mesopores with polypyrrole (PPy) through vapor‐phase polymerization. Although the filled PPy was only 9.7 wt %, the resulting hybrid Fe2O3/PPy arrays tripled the specific capacitance to 367 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1, doubled their high rate capability (106 F g−1 at 10 A g−1), and exhibited good cycling stability at high current density. The capacitive performances of the hybrid arrays are among the best for Fe2O3‐based electrodes. It is believed that the partly filled mesopores not only increase the electronic conductivity and electroactivity of each hybrid nanotube but also avoid blocking the ion‐diffusion path. All the features allow the arrays to exhibit synergetic pseudocapacitive properties and to maintain stable and fast electrochemical kinetics. Our findings provide an efficient strategy to boost the electrochemical performances of transition‐metal oxide nanomaterials by rationally filling their mesopores with a small amount of a conductive polymer.
Reaktionen auf der Spur
Authors: Boeser Cornelia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEine neue Methode aus dem Bereich der Massenspektrometrie, Desorptions‐Elektrospray‐Ionisation gekoppelt mit Massenspektrometrie (DESI‐MS), wurde angewendet, um kurzlebige Zwischenprodukte und Abbaumechanismen von Katalysatoren in chemischen Reaktionen zu identifizieren. Die Methode bietet den Vorteil, dass die ersten Millisekunden einer Reaktion analysiert werden können. Ein Zeitfenster, das mit bisherigen analytischen Methoden nicht einsehbar ist. Anhand zweier Beispiele wird dargestellt, wie Wissen, das durch DESI‐MS über den Ablauf einer Reaktion generiert wird, die Grundlage zur Optimierung der jeweiligen Reaktion schafft.
Cholinergic innervation of the basal ganglia in humans and other anthropoid primates
Authors: Stephenson Alexa R. , Edler Melissa K. , Erwin Joseph M. , Jacobs Bob , Hopkins William D. , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Raghanti Mary Ann 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTCholinergic innervation of the basal ganglia is important in learning and memory. Striatal cholinergic neurons integrate cognitive and motivational states with behavior. Given these roles, it is not surprising that deficits in cortical cholinergic innervation have been correlated with loss of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Such evidence suggests the potential significance of subcortical cholinergic innervation in the evolution of the human brain. To compare humans with other closely related primates, the present study quantified axons and interneurons immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in regions of the executive and motor loops of the basal ganglia of humans, great apes, and monkeys. We also compared ChAT‐immunoreactive (ir) interneuron morphological types among species within striatal regions. The results indicate that humans and great apes differ from monkeys in having a preponderance of multipolar ChAT‐ir interneurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen, whereas monkeys have a more heterogeneous representation of multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar interneurons. Cholinergic innervation, as measured by axon and interneuron densities, did not differ across species in the medial caudate nucleus. Differences were detected in the dorsal caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus but the observed variation did not associate with the phylogenetic structure of the species in the sample. However, combining the present results with previously published data for dopamine revealed a unique pattern of innervation for humans, with higher amounts of dopamine compared with acetylcholine in the striatum. Taken together, these findings indicate a potential evolutionary shift in basal ganglia neurotransmission in humans that may favor increased synaptic plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:319–332, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.