bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metformin Increases Cortisol Regeneration by 11βHSD1 in Obese Men With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Anderson Anna J. , Andrew Ruth , Homer Natalie Z. , Jones Gregory C. , Smith Kenneth , Livingstone Dawn E. , Walker Brian R. , Stimson Roland H. 
Published: July 2016

Context:
The mechanism of action of metformin remains unclear. Given the regulation of the cortisol-regenerating enzyme 11βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) by insulin and the limited efficacy of selective 11βHSD1 inhibitors to lower blood glucose when co-prescribed with metformin, we hypothesized that metformin reduces 11βHSD1 activity.

Objective:
To determine whether metformin regulates 11βHSD1 activity in vivo in obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Design:
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Setting:
A hospital clinical research facility.

Participants:
Eight obese nondiabetic (OND) men and eight obese men with type 2 diabetes (ODM).

Intervention:
Participants received 28 days of metformin (1 g twice daily), placebo, or (in the ODM group) gliclazide (80 mg twice daily) in random order. A deuterated cortisol infusion at the end of each phase measured cortisol regeneration by 11βHSD1. Oral cortisone was given to measure hepatic 11βHSD1 activity in the ODM group. The effect of metformin on 11βHSD1 was also assessed in human hepatocytes and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome adipocytes.

Main Outcome Measures:
The effect of metformin on whole-body and hepatic 11βHSD1 activity.

Results:
Whole-body 11βHSD1 activity was approximately 25% higher in the ODM group than the OND group. Metformin increased whole-body cortisol regeneration by 11βHSD1 in both groups compared with placebo and gliclazide and tended to increase hepatic 11βHSD1 activity. In vitro, metformin did not increase 11βHSD1 activity in hepatocytes or adipocytes.

Conclusions:
Metformin increases whole-body cortisol generation by 11βHSD1 probably through an indirect mechanism, potentially offsetting other metabolic benefits of metformin. Co-prescription with metformin should provide a greater target for selective 11βHSD1 inhibitors.
Organic Rankine Cycle for Residual Heat to Power Conversion in Natural Gas Compressor Station. Part I: Modelling and Optimisation Framework
Authors: Chaczykowski Maciej 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Basic organic Rankine cycle (ORC), and two variants of regenerative ORC have been considered for the recovery of exhaust heat from natural gas compressor station. The modelling framework for ORC systems has been presented and the optimisation of the systems was carried out with turbine power output as the variable to be maximized. The determination of ORC system design parameters was accomplished by means of the genetic algorithm. The study was aimed at estimating the thermodynamic potential of different ORC configurations with several working fluids employed. The first part of this paper describes the ORC equipment models which are employed to build a NLP formulation to tackle design problems representative for waste energy recovery on gas turbines driving natural gas pipeline compressors.
The Effect of Preventive Conservation Measures on the Technical Condition of A Religious Building Located in the Mining Area
Authors: Barycz Stanisław , Firek Karol , Kocot Wojciech , Malinowska Agnieszka 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The article presents the case study of a historical religious building located in the area of “Bogdanka” S.A. Coal Mine. As the building lacked adequate resistance to the expected effects of mining, the Mine undertook efforts so that it was fully protected against mining impacts before the commencement of mining operations. A preventive conservation system was used, consisting of an external stiffening reinforced concrete plate at the ground level and a system of steel tie rods established at the level of vault supports. The article assesses the effect of undertaken preventive conservation measures on the current technical condition of the building. The basis for the assessment was the extent of damage to the building confirmed after the occurrence of impacts from the performed mining operations combined with the analysis of ground deformation.
Determination of Granite Rock Massif Weathering and Cracking of Surface Layers in the Oldest Parts of Medieval Mine Depending on Used Mining Method
Authors: Lednická Markéta , Kaláb Zdeněk 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the use of selected non-destructive testing methods for the purpose of specifying information on weathering and cracking of surface layers of granite rock massif in the medieval Jeroným Mine (the Czech Republic). This mine has been declared the National Heritage Site of the Czech Republic and its opening as a mining museum to the public is gradually prepared. Geological and geomechanical evaluation documents the possibility to find all kinds of weathering grades of rock massif in this mine. Two non-destructive methods have been tested, namely the measurement of ultrasonic pulse velocity and the measurement of Schmidt hammer rebound value. Field measurements were performed in two selected galleries to verify the application of such methods in specific conditions of underground spaces. Used mining method is one of the parameters later influencing cracking of rock massif. In selected galleries, two different mining methods were used which means that a part of a gallery profile was mined out by hand tools in the Middle Ages and another part of the profile was later mined out by blasting. Measurements in these galleries have enabled to analyse the influence of used mining methods on cracking of rock massif in the impaired zone, and, consequently, on ongoing weathering processes in those zones.
Conceptualizations of “results” in Swedish policy for development cooperation from the 1960s to the 2000s
Authors: Brolin Therese 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Over the last few decades there has been an increased focus on results within development cooperation, and there has been an intense debate regarding the possible success or failures of development efforts. However, there is no general agreement on what a development result is, or why and whose development results should be reported. The understanding of what a development result entails has also shifted over time. This article aims to contribute to the current debate on development results by exploring how one donor, Sweden, historically has conceptualized development results in its policies and strategies on development cooperation. A review of all policies and general strategies on Swedish development cooperation published between 1962 and 2013, reveals that there has been a shift in how results are conceptualized: from being a mere instrument for supporting partner countries in pursuing more effective development policies and interventions, reporting of development results has become one of the main strategic tools for pursuing a Swedish development cooperation.
Large cities in Poland in face of demographic changes
Authors: Gołata Elżbieta , Kuropka Ireneusz 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The growth of rural population, to the detriment of cities in Poland is caused mainly by agglomeration processes, including suburbanisation. Consequently, intense and sudden changes in demographic structure of large cities and surrounding regions are observed. The paper presents demographic changes in the largest Polish cities. The aim of the study was to verify whether the phenomenon of population aging was more distinct in large cities than in surrounding municipalities. We also aimed to answer the question of how changes in demographic processes should shape the social policy pursued by authorities in large cities. Discussion covers activities rising out of demographic challenges to meet the needs in the field of “services” for children and increasing demand for ventures related to care for the elderly. The analysis includes selected areas of the education, health care and social assistance fields.
“Municipal settlements of Ukraine” database and its possible application spheres
Authors: Volodymyrovych Glibchuk Petro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
With the development of geoinformation technologies and geoinformation mapping the sphere of activity of professional geographers and cartographers has been enriched by a wide application of databases (DB). They enable geographical information to be put in order in a user-friendly system. The article considers the methodological aspects of the organizations and creation of such a system - the “Municipal settlements of Ukraine” databases. The basic stages and databases forming the principles which the author designated during the creation of this specific database are highlighted. The DB structure is revealed - the list of the data included in every table is given. The ways of DB applications are determined; they consist in using DB for the creation of various cartographic studies and reference books about the municipal settlements in Ukraine. The prospects of DB development and perfection are considered.
Aspects of Human Rights Infringement by Abusive Use of Technical Surveillance Measures
Authors: Ungureanu Petre 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Gathering evidence is a very complex activity carried out by prosecutors during a criminal trial in order to establish the judicial truth. The more complex methods of committing a crime has determined the legislature to react promptly by offering the prosecutors special surveillance methods. One of these methods is the technical surveillance, which according to art. 138 par. 1 consists of the interception of any kind of remote communications, access to a informatics system, audio and video surveillance, tracing or localization by use of technical measures, obtaining the financial records of a person.
Gathering evidence must be carried out by respecting all legal obligations and in accordance with the human rights. This article emphasizes on the infringements on a person’s right to private life and secret of correspondence.
Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages with ICT
Authors: Negoescu Alina , Boştină-Bratu Simona 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in teaching and learning foreign languages has risen sharply among the educational community. Teachers access and implement innovations without always realizing their full implications for them and their students. However, this is not necessarily a negative thing, because if no one used innovations, little progresses would be made and there would be nothing to evaluate. The article presents certain features of ICT that can be used to good advantage in a rich learning environment, and the use of video as an ICT tool in the foreign language class. The paper also discusses the role of the teacher in implementing technologies and we argue that it is the teacher, not the technology who determines the quality of the learning and teaching. There are people who are afraid that the teacher’s role would be compromised if we integrate information communication technologies in education; however we militate for a ‘techno-humanistic’ system, in which teachers, learners and technology would form a lasting meaningful alliance.
Relational Aspects between ICT and the Modernization of Differentiated and Individualized Teaching of Foreign Languages in Higher Education
Authors: Niculescu Brânduşa-Oana , Obilişteanu Georgeta 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The amplitude of the interest and of the concerns related to the identification and the setting of the foundation necessary for perfecting higher education increasingly brings the adjustment of didactic activities to the students’ particularities to the attention of educational theory and practice, with a view to forming and developing their personality.
The necessity and utilization of differentiating learning through modern methods specific to an efficient didactic methodology requires the adaptation of higher education to new modalities of organization and development, combined with knowledge adjusted to the particularities of the students’ personality. The rethinking and reconsideration of the didactic activities from this perspective also benefits from the opportunities provided by the facilities of the new scientific breakthroughs in the field of technology. Therefore, making differentiated and individualized instruction efficient by using advanced technologies represents one of the challenges of updating teaching foreign languages within higher education. Being a major component, the information and communications technology (ICT) opens new and significant opportunities, as well solutions for enhancing the level of the outcomes obtained by students in the differentiated and individualized education of foreign languages. Approaching several aspects specific to the implementation of ICT in the didactic activities pertains to the theoretical, methodological and praxiological preoccupations that aim at diversifying and increasing the obvious advantages offered by differentiated instruction in higher education.
Study Regarding Socialization and Social Integration of Students
Authors: Pomohaci Marcel , Sopa Ioan Sabin 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Motor activities, whether organized sports and physical education, sports training, leisure activities or competition, have at this age level, primary education, a strong playful time, pursuing both development and motor skills, physical fitness and especially the psycho-social. Through play and sports competition, the child can gain confidence and try new forms of communications so that he can express his potential and qualities.
Theory of social learning has shown that socialization is made best in the sports. According to specialists, practicing physical activities or sports influences youth personality and creates positive effects on body and mind.
Using sociological questionnaire method we tried to analyze the importance of motor activities in the process of socialization and social integration of students, the relationships established within the group and the influence of sport in group evolution.
Faith as Lived in Private Life and Public Space: A Lisu Village Christian Church in Fugong / 私人生活、公共空间与信仰实践——以云南福贡基督教会为中心的考察
Authors: Jianbo Huang , Qi Liu 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In the Lisu village of Fugong, Yunnan, Christianity does not merely serve as a theological resource with which villagers seek personal redemption. It also saturates every corner of their private and family lives, engaging directly with various issues including important ceremonies of life and other daily matters. More important, as a community itself, the local church becomes a public place. It is also an organizational foundation and resource for communal interaction and rural governance.
Research and Development Investment as Determinant of International Competitiveness and Economic Growth in Eu28 and Serbia
Authors: Vasić Jelena , Kecman Nataša , Mladenović Igor 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
R&D expenditures (R&D) are an important precondition for the economic growth and development, as well as for the improvement of export performances and competitiveness of national economies. Knowledge has been increasingly identified as the primary factor of economic growth in the modern business environment. In order to outline appropriate policy on R&D expenditures, it is necessary to analyse indicators of the dynamics and quality of R&D expenditures as well as indicators regarding growth and development of national economies. In this paper, we present R&D expenditures of old and new EU Member States as well as Serbia. Based on the correlation intensity of indicators of R&D expenditures and economic growth and export, it’s been analysed if R&D intensity has an impact on competitiveness and growth in mentioned countries since 2000. Although Serbia has implemented significant economic reforms since 2000 and there has been an overall awareness of the need on higher R&D, the R&D sector still lags behind developed countries of the EU. Therefore, this paper directs attention to the importance of identifying and implementing a national policy on R&D expenditures, with special focus on necessity for improved R&D funding of the business sector and growth of R&D funding from abroad.
Empirical Evaluation of the Fiscal Position in Serbia
Authors: Đurović-Todorović Jadranka , Vuković Marija 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The paper evaluates the size of the cyclical and structural components of the fiscal deficit of the Republic of Serbia for the period from the first quarter of 2002 to the second quarter of 2014. The method of the European Central Bank was used, where it is assumed that cyclically sensitive elements of state are budget income tax, profit tax, value added tax on the value, excises, social security contributions and unemployment benefits. Elasticity of cyclically sensitive elements relative to their macroeconomic bases are estimated using the VEC model with error correction. The results suggest that automatic stabilizers generally played a more prominent role than consistent countercyclical discretionary fiscal policy, which means that the discretionary measures were late or were not well targeted.
Determination of Expert Group Preferences in the Multi-Criteria Model for the Analysis of Local Economic Environment
Authors: Stanković Jelena , Popović Žarko , Kostevski Sanja 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Local economic environment is characterised by a range of economic, social, political and demographic parameters, based on which we can perform its analysis. Heterogeneity of relevant characteristics of the local economic environment imposes multiple criteria analysis as one of the suitable tools for the evaluation. Assessment of local economic environment often falls within the scope of group decision-making, as it is usually performed on the basis of an analysis of preferences of economic subjects or relevant experts on the issue of the economic environment at the local level. Regardless of whether it is based on economic subjects or expert group, in order to form a multi-criteria model, it is necessary to generate preferences of individuals into a single weight coefficient, which shows groups’ preference on the importance of each criterion. The subject of this paper is determination of weight coefficients in the multi-criteria model for the analysis of local economic development based on the preferences from a group of experts, by applying adequate statistical tools, and then by ranking local governments according to the quality of business environment perceived by the expert group.In addition to descriptive statistics and testing the significance of differences, in the paper is applied multi-criteria method Simple Additive Weights - SAW.
Managing the Risk in Agriculture Production: The Role of Government
Authors: Lipińska Izabela 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The aim of the article was to define the essence and the role of state in managing the risk in agricultural production. Nowadays risk management is one of the core priorities of reformed CAP. Wherefore it was necessary to highlight the variety of tools and essay the reason why the farmers do not implement them. The main method applied in the work was a descriptive method and a dogmatic analysis of normative acts. Reference books and international analyses and reports were also used. The weather conditions, as well as climate change have fair impact on agricultural production, its quality and quantity, as well as farmers’ income. They are infrequent but lead to severe damage to a whole region, like the droughts occurrence this year. Such events fall under the catastrophic risk layer, for which market solutions plays a less important role, mostly due to public involvement. Due to the current legislation, Member States have the authorization for granting subsidies for farmers who had loss. They set up provisions for damage recovery and compensation. It seems to be one of the main reasons why the farmers do not try to avoid the risk themselves applying some on-farm strategies.
Agricultural Land and Land Tax – Significant Indicators of Agriculture Business Activities in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Krajčírová Renáta , Ferenczi Vaňová Alexandra , Munk Michal 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The article is focused on the consideration between the agricultural land acreage and the amount of land tax in the selected sample of companies of agricultural primary production in the Slovak Republic within the period from 2010 to 2014 based on the data from departmental database of enterprises with primary agricultural production drawn from the factsheets of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic presented by the selected statistical methods. In particular, the article presents the agricultural land and land tax from the accounting and tax perspective of the Slovak Republic and the European Union. It can be resulted that a slightly declining trend of the mean acreage of agricultural land was recorded for the evaluated group of agricultural enterprises within the reported period, while the mean land tax value per hectare of agricultural land had increasing trend. Results of the survey on significances of differences in the values of the dependent variables at the level of combinations of factors of year and enterprise indicate that the acreage of agricultural land and the volume of the land tax are statistically dependant at the level of year, however there are not dependent at the level of combination of factors of year and enterprise within the surveyed period.
A Crossover from High Stiffness to High Hardness: The Case of Osmium and Its Borides
Authors: Bian Yongming , Liu Xiaomei , Li Anhu , Liang Yongcheng 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Transition-metal light-element compounds are currently raising great expectations for hard and superhard materials. Using the widely attracting osmium (Os) and its borides (OsB, Os2B3 and OsB2) as prototypes, we demonstrate by first-principles calculations that heavy transition metals, which possess high stiffness but low hardness, can be converted into highly hard materials by incorporating of light elements to form compounds. Such a crossover is a manifestation that the underlying sources of high stiffness and high hardness are fundamentally different. The stiffness is related to elastic deformation that is closely associated with valence electron density, whereas the hardness depends strongly on plastic deformation that is determined by bonding nature. Therefore, the incorporation of light atoms into transition metal should be a valid pathway of designing hard and superhard materials. This strategy is in principle also applicable to other transition-metal borides, carbides, and nitrides.