bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purely one-dimensional bands with a giant spin-orbit splitting: Pb nanoribbons on Si(553) surface
Authors: Kopciuszyński Marek , Krawiec Mariusz , Zdyb Ryszard , Jałochowski Mieczysław 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe report on a giant Rashba type splitting of metallic bands observed in one-dimensional structures prepared on a vicinal silicon substrate. A single layer of Pb on Si(553) orders this vicinal surface making perfectly regular distribution of monatomic steps. Although there is only one layer of Pb, the system reveals very strong metallic and purely one-dimensional character, which manifests itself in multiple surface state bands crossing the Fermi level in the direction parallel to the step edges and a small band gap in the perpendicular direction. As shown by spin-polarized photoemission and density functional theory calculations these surface state bands are spin-polarized and completely decoupled from the rest of the system. The experimentally observed spin splitting of 0.6 eV at room temperature is the largest found to now in the silicon-based metallic nanostructures, which makes the considered system a promising candidate for application in spintronic devices.
Rosmarinic acid suppresses colonic inflammation in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced mice via dual inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3 activation
Authors: Jin Bo-Ram , Chung Kyung-Sook , Cheon Se-Yun , Lee Minho , Hwang Soonjae , Noh Hwang Sam , Rhee Ki-Jong , An Hyo-Jin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC), a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon. Although UC is generally treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants, most of these treatments often prove to be inadequate. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic ester included in various medicinal herbs such as Salvia miltiorrhiz and Perilla frutescens. Although RA has many biological and pharmacological activities, the anti-inflammatory effect of RA in colonic tissue remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying molecular mechanism of RA in mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. In the DSS-induced colitis model, RA significantly reduced the severity of colitis, as assessed by disease activity index (DAI) scores, colonic damage, and colon length. In addition, RA resulted in the reduction of the inflammatory-related cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-22, and protein levels of COX-2 and iNOS in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, RA effectively and pleiotropically inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation, and subsequently reduced the activity of pro-survival genes that depend on these transcription factors. These results demonstrate that RA has an ameliorative effect on colonic inflammation and thus a potential therapeutic role in colitis.
Down-regulation of nuclear HMGB1 reduces ischemia-induced HMGB1 translocation and release and protects against liver ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: Zhao Guangyuan , Fu Cheng , Wang Lu , Zhu Lan , Yan Yutao , Xiang Ying , Zheng Fang , Gong Feili , Chen Song , Chen Gang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHepatocyte-specific HMGB1 deletion has been found to worsen the injury and inflammation in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), highlighting a role for intracellular HMGB1 in cellular protection. Down-regulation of nuclear HMGB1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) might not only decrease its injurious extracellular role by reducing its release but also serve to maintain its beneficial intracellular role, thus protecting against IRI. We established a non-lethal liver IRI model in mice via segmental hepatic warm ischemia for 1 h and reperfusion for 6 h. HMGB1-siRNA achieved a reduction of ~60–70% in the nuclear HMGB1 expression in the liver at 48 h post-treatment. Knockdown of nuclear HMGB1 expression dramatically reduced both the degree of nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 during hepatic ischemia and of HMGB1 release after hepatic reperfusion, resulting in significant preservation of liver function and a marked reduction in pathological damage. Also, HMGB1-siRNA pretreatment markedly inhibited the increases in hepatic expression of TLR4, TLR2, RAGE, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, and COX-2 seen in control mice after hepatic reperfusion. We demonstrated for the first time that down-regulation of nuclear HMGB1 reduces ischemia-induced HMGB1 release and protects against liver IRI, which is helpful for better understanding the role of HMGB1 in organ IRI.
Uncovering wireless blackspots using Twitter data
Authors: Guo W. , Zhang J. 
Published: April 2017

Blackspots are areas of poor signal coverage or service delivery that leads to customer complaints and loss in business revenue. Understanding their spatial–temporal patterns at a high resolution is important for interventions. Conventional methods such as customer helplines, drive‐by testing, and network analysis tools often lack the real‐time capability and spatial accuracy required. The potential of utilising geo‐tagged Twitter data to uncover blackspots is investigated. Lexicon and machine‐learning natural language processing techniques are applied to over 1.4 million Tweets in London to uncover blackspots for both pre‐4G (2012) and post‐4G (2016) roll out. It was found that long‐term poor signal complaints make up the majority of complaints (86%) pre‐4G roll out, but short‐term network failure was responsible for most complaints (66%) post‐4G roll out.
Realisation of a widely tuneable sampled grating DBR laser emitting around 970 nm
Authors: Brox O. , Tawfieq M. , Della Casa P. , Ressel P. , Sumpf B. , Erbert G. , Knigge A. , Weyers M. , Wenzel H. 
Published: April 2017

Design and fabrication of a monolithic, single aperture widely tuneable diode laser emitting around 970 nm is presented. Overgrown sampled grating Bragg reflectors are applied to setup wavelength selective mirrors. Wavelength tuning is achieved via the Vernier effect with thermal heaters placed on top of the sampled gratings. The 20 nm quasi‐continuous tuning around 970 nm with an optical side mode suppression ratio in excess of 40 dB is demonstrated and an optical output power of more than 30 mW at a pump current of 180 mA is presented.
Nimodipine fosters remyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis and induces microglia-specific apoptosis
Authors: Schampel Andrea , Volovitch Oleg , Koeniger Tobias , Scholz Claus-Jürgen , Jörg Stefanie , Linker Ralf A. , Wischmeyer Erhard , Wunsch Marie , Hell Johannes W. , Ergün Süleyman , Kuerten Stefanie 
Published: April 2017

Significance
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent neurological disease that leads to premature retirement in young adults. Progressive MS currently is not only incurable, but also untreatable. Here we show that the calcium channel antagonist nimodipine significantly attenuated clinical disease and central nervous system degeneration and also fostered remyelination in a mouse model of MS. The effect of nimodipine was microglia specific, inducing apoptosis and decreasing the production of neurotoxic molecules such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species both in vitro and in vivo. These results introduce a treatment option for MS and also may have broad therapeutic implications for chronic neuroinflammatory diseases in general.
TIN-X: target importance and novelty explorer
Authors: Cannon Daniel C , Yang Jeremy J , Mathias Stephen L , Ursu Oleg , Mani Subramani , Waller Anna , Schürer Stephan C , Jensen Lars Juhl , Sklar Larry A , Bologa Cristian G , Oprea Tudor I 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Motivation
The increasing amount of peer-reviewed manuscripts requires the development of specific mining tools to facilitate the visual exploration of evidence linking diseases and proteins.

Results
We developed TIN-X, the Target Importance and Novelty eXplorer, to visualize the association between proteins and diseases, based on text mining data processed from scientific literature. In the current implementation, TIN-X supports exploration of data for G-protein coupled receptors, kinases, ion channels, and nuclear receptors. TIN-X supports browsing and navigating across proteins and diseases based on ontology classes, and displays a scatter plot with two proposed new bibliometric statistics: Importance and Novelty.

Availability and Implementation
http://www.newdrugtargets.org
Environmental screening of dark matter haloes inf(R) gravity
Authors: Shi Difu , Li Baojiu , Han Jiaxin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn certain theories of modified gravity, Solar system constraints on deviations from general relativity (GR) are satisfied by virtue of a so-called screening mechanism, which enables the theory to revert to GR in regions where the matter density is high or the gravitational potential is deep. In the case of chameleon theories, the screening has two contributions – self-screening, which is due to the mass of an object itself, and environmental screening, which is caused by the surrounding matter – which are often entangled, with the second contribution being more crucial for less massive objects. A quantitative understanding of the effect of the environment on the screening can prove critical in observational tests of such theories using systems such as the Local Group and dwarf galaxies, for which the environment may be inferred in various ways. We use the high-resolution liminality simulation of Shi et al. to test the fidelity of different definitions of environment. We find that, although the different ways to define environment in practice do not agree with one another perfectly, they can provide useful guidance, and cross checks about how well a dark matter halo is screened. In addition, the screening of subhaloes in dark matter haloes is primarily determined by the environment, with the subhalo mass playing a minor role, which means that lower resolution simulations where subhaloes are not well resolved can still be useful for understanding the modification of gravity inside subhaloes.
Fine-structure transitions as a tool for studying variation of α at high redshifts
Authors: Levshakov S. A. , Kozlov M. G. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Star-forming galaxies at high redshifts are the ideal targets to probe the hypothetical variation of the fine-structure (FS) constant α over cosmological time-scales. We propose a modification of the alkali doublets method that allows us to search for variation in α combining far-infrared and submillimetre spectroscopic observations. This variation manifests as velocity offsets between the observed positions of the FS and gross-structure transitions when compared to laboratory wavelengths. Here we describe our method whose sensitivity limit to the fractional changes in α is about 5 × 10−7. We also demonstrate that current spectral observations of hydrogen and [C ii] 158 μm lines provide an upper limit on |Δα/α| ≲ 6 × 10 − 5 at redshifts z = 3.1 and 4.7.
A Subset of Extreme Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Controllers Is Characterized by a Small HIV Blood Reservoir and a Weak T-Cell Activation Level
Authors: Canouï Etienne , Lécuroux Camille , Avettand-Fenoël Véronique , Gousset Marine , Rouzioux Christine , Saez-Cirion Asier , Meyer Laurence , Boufassa Faroudy , Lambotte Olivier , Noël Nicolas ,   and the ANRS CO21 CODEX Study Group
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus controllers (HICs) form a heterogeneous group of patients with regard to formal definitions, immunologic characteristics, and changes over time in viral load.

Patients and Methods
The HICs with undetectable viral load ([uHICs] ie, for whom a viral load had never been detected with routine assays; n = 52) were compared with 178 HICs with blips during the follow up (bHICs). Clinical characteristics, ultrasensitive HIV-ribonucleic acid (RNA) and HIV-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) loads, HIV1-Western blot profiles, and immune parameters were analyzed.

Results
Relative to bHICs, uHICs had significantly lower ultrasensitive plasma HIV-RNA loads (P &lt; .0001) and HIV-DNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = .0004), higher CD4+ T-cell count (P = .04) at enrollment, and lower T-cell activation levels. Between diagnosis and inclusion in the cohort, the CD4+ T-cell count had not changed in uHICs but had significantly decreased in bHICs. Twenty-one percent of the uHICs lacked specific anti-HIV immunoglobulin G antibodies, and these individuals also had very low levels of HIV-DNA. Half of the uHICs had a protective human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele (-B57/58/B27), a weak CD8+ T-cell response, and very small HIV-DNA reservoir.

Conclusions
We suggest that an interesting HIC phenotype combines protective HLA alleles, low level of HIV blood reservoirs, and reduced immune activation. Prospective studies aimed at evaluating the benefit of combined antiretroviral therapy in HICs might take into account the identification of uHICs and bHICs.
Otogenic Meningitis: A Comparison of Diagnostic Performance of Surgery and Radiology
Authors: Bruschini Luca , Fortunato Simona , Tascini Carlo , Ciabotti Annalisa , Leonildi Alessandro , Bini Belinda , Giuliano Simone , Abbruzzese Arturo , Berrettini Stefano , Menichetti Francesco ,   on behalf of GISA (Italian Group for Antimicrobial Stewardship) Meningitis Study Group
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Development of intracranial complications from middle ear infections might be difficult to diagnose. We compared radiological and surgical findings of 26 patients affected by otogenic meningitis. Results of our analysis showed that surgery is more reliable than imaging in revealing bone defects. Therefore, suggest that surgery be performed for diagnosis and eventual management of all cases of suspected otogenic meningitis.
Febrile Rhinovirus Illness During Pregnancy Is Associated With Low Birth Weight in Nepal
Authors: Philpott Erin K , Englund Janet A , Katz Joanne , Tielsch James , Khatry Subarna , LeClerq Stephen C , Shrestha Laxman , Kuypers Jane , Magaret Amalia S , Steinhoff Mark C , Chu Helen Y 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Background
Adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight (LBW), defined as &lt;2500 grams, small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and prematurity, contribute to 60%–80% of infant mortality worldwide and may be related to infections during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess whether febrile human rhinovirus (HRV) illness is associated with adverse birth outcomes.

Methods
Active household-based weekly surveillance was performed for respiratory illness episodes in pregnant women as part of a community-based, prospective, randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural Nepal. Rhinovirus (HRV) febrile illness episodes were defined as fever plus cough, sore throat, runny nose, and/or myalgia with HRV detected on mid-nasal swab. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated the association between febrile HRV respiratory illness and adverse birth outcomes.

Results
Overall, 96 (3%) of 3693 pregnant women had HRV-positive febrile respiratory illnesses. Infants born to pregnant women with HRV febrile illness had a 1.6-fold increased risk of being LBW compared with those with non-HRV febrile illness (28 of 96 [38%] vs 109 of 458 [24%]; relative risk [RR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.3). No difference in risk of LBW was observed between infants born to mothers with non-HRV febrile respiratory illness and those without respiratory illness during pregnancy (109 of 458 [24%] vs 552 of 2220 [25%], respectively; RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8–1.2).

Conclusions
Febrile illness due to rhinovirus during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of LBW in a rural South Asian population. Interventions to reduce the burden of febrile respiratory illness due to rhinovirus during pregnancy may have a significant impact on LBW and subsequent infant mortality.
Gender and Poverty
Authors: Gornick Janet C. , Boeri Natascia 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines the link between gender and poverty. It begins with a discussion of selected theoretical perspectives that have informed the study of poverty, with emphasis on economic insufficiency, capabilities deprivation, and social exclusion as well as the feminization of poverty. It then considers key contributions to the empirical literature on poverty and gender, focusing on interdisciplinary studies that define poverty based on economic resources. It also reviews selected empirical results from a group of twenty-six high- and middle-income countries, based on data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. More specifically, it explores the likelihood that women and men live in poor households, and how that likelihood varies by family structure and the strength of their attachment to the labor market. Finally, it explains how the empirical results and the main findings from the literature review contribute to the challenge of evaluating the connection between gender and poverty.
Economic Performance, Poverty, and Inequality in Rich Countries
Authors: Brady David , Jäntti Markus 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article explores the interrelationships among poverty, economic performance, and inequality in rich countries. It argues that poverty rises and falls with the business cycle and economic performance. Business cycle refers to macroeconomic fluctuations in economic growth, unemployment, and employment. Higher economic growth and lower unemployment rates mean more individuals employed. Because a job is one of the most effective ways to remove a household from poverty, macroeconomic performance should directly influence individual poverty. This article first describes the statistical models used to estimate the effects of economic performance on poverty before reviewing studies that assess the effects of economic performance on poverty and income inequality. In terms of economic performance, it analyzes the effects of the business cycle, economic growth, unemployment rates, and GDP per capita.
Poverty Measurement
Authors: Smeeding Timothy M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article focuses on the complexities and idiosyncrasies of poverty measurement, from its origins to current practice. It first considers various concepts of poverty and their measurement and how economists, social statisticians, public policy scholars, sociologists, and other social scientists have contributed to this literature. It then discusses a few empirical estimates of poverty across and within nations, drawing primarily on data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to highlight levels and trends in overall poverty, while also referring to the World Bank’s measures of global absolute poverty. In the empirical examinations, the article takes a look at rich and middle-income countries and some developing nations. It compares trends in relative poverty over different time periods and in relative and anchored poverty across the Great Recession.
Poor People’s Politics
Authors: Piven Frances Fox , Minnite Lorraine C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines how political action by poor people can influence public policy. It begins with a critique of theories about poverty policy development for the poor as well as the political agency of the poor before discussing the dissensus politics arguments of Piven and Cloward. It then considers how globalization and the neoliberal assault on the welfare state are producing limited conditions of convergence between rich and poor countries with respect to policy, including countries in the West and in Latin America. It also offers suggestions aimed at addressing the neglect of poor people’s politics by focusing specifically on the American case, while also suggesting the relevance of that case to other societies. It asserts that the politics of the poor that stem from their interdependent power and their disruptive actions, as well as the policy consequences, can look different depending on the changing institutional and political context.
A Pluralism of Legal Pluralisms
Authors: Melissaris Emmanuel , Croce Mariano 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Legal pluralism, as a way of thinking about law, is the seemingly straightforward idea that there is a range of normative orders, which are independent from the state and can be properly described as legal without committing any conceptual mistake. Without giving a full survey of the long and varied history of legal pluralism theory, this article will discuss some central moments in that history. It will focus specifically on the question whether it is possible and useful to capture law as conceptually separate from other normative phenomena so as to speak of specifically legal pluralism or whether it is best to take a panlegalist approach and not draw any clear distinctions between law and other instances of social normativity.
Risk of Epidural Hematoma after Neuraxial Techniques in Thrombocytopenic Parturients
Authors: Lee Linden O. , Bateman Brian T. , Kheterpal Sachin , Klumpner Thomas T. , Housey Michelle , Aziz Michael F. , Hand Karen W. , MacEachern Mark , Goodier Christopher G. , Bernstein Jeffrey , Bauer Melissa E. ,   on behalf of the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group Investigators
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Background
Thrombocytopenia has been considered a relative or even absolute contraindication to neuraxial techniques due to the risk of epidural hematoma. There is limited literature to estimate the risk of epidural hematoma in thrombocytopenic parturients. The authors reviewed a large perioperative database and performed a systematic review to further define the risk of epidural hematoma requiring surgical decompression in this population.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective cohort study using the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group database to identify thrombocytopenic parturients who received a neuraxial technique and to estimate the risk of epidural hematoma. Patients were stratified by platelet count, and those requiring surgical decompression were identified. A systematic review was performed, and risk estimates were combined with those from the existing literature.

Results
A total of 573 parturients with a platelet count less than 100,000 mm–3 who received a neuraxial technique across 14 institutions were identified in the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group database, and a total of 1,524 parturients were identified after combining the data from the systematic review. No cases of epidural hematoma requiring surgical decompression were observed. The upper bound of the 95% CI for the risk of epidural hematoma for a platelet count of 0 to 49,000 mm–3 is 11%, for 50,000 to 69,000 mm–3 is 3%, and for 70,000 to 100,000 mm–3 is 0.2%.

Conclusions
The number of thrombocytopenic parturients in the literature who received neuraxial techniques without complication has been significantly increased. The risk of epidural hematoma associated with neuraxial techniques in parturients at a platelet count less than 70,000 mm–3 remains poorly defined due to limited observations.