bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting a Surprisingly Low Transmission Distance in the Early Phase of the 2009 Influenza Pandemic
Authors: Marziano Valentina , Pugliese Andrea , Merler Stefano , Ajelli Marco 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe spread of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in England was characterized by two major waves of infections: the first one was highly spatially localized (mainly in the London area), while the second one spread homogeneously through the entire country. The reasons behind this complex spatiotemporal dynamics have yet to be clarified. In this study, we perform a Bayesian analysis of five models entailing different hypotheses on the possible determinants of the observed pattern. We find a consensus among all models in showing a surprisingly low transmission distance (defined as the geographic distance between the place of residence of the infectors and her/his infectees) during the first wave: about 1.5 km (2.2 km if infections linked to household and school transmission are excluded). The best-fitting model entails a change in human activity regarding contacts not related to household and school. By using this model we estimate that the transmission distance sharply increased to 5.3 km (10 km when excluding infections linked to household and school transmission) during the second wave. Our study reveals a possible explanation for the observed pattern and highlights the need of better understanding human mobility and activity patterns under the pressure posed by a pandemic threat.
Structural and transport properties of ammonia along the principal Hugoniot
Authors: Li Dafang , Wang Cong , Yan Jun , Fu Zhen-Guo , Zhang Ping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe investigate, via quantum molecular dynamics simulations, the structural and transport properties of ammonia along the principal Hugoniot for temperatures up to 10 eV and densities up to 2.6 g/cm3. With the analysis of the molecular dynamics trajectories by use of the bond auto-correlation function, we identify three distinct pressure-temperature regions for local chemical structures of ammonia. We derive the diffusivity and viscosity of strong correlated ammonia with high accuracy through fitting the velocity and stress-tensor autocorrelation functions with complex functional form which includes structures and multiple time scales. The statistical error of the transport properties is estimated. It is shown that the diffusivity and viscosity behave in a distinctly different manner at these three regimes and thus present complex features. In the molecular fluid regime, the hydrogen atoms have almost the similar diffusivity as nitrogen and the viscosity is dominated by the kinetic contribution. When entering into the mixture regime, the transport behavior of the system remarkably changes due to the stronger ionic coupling, and the viscosity is determined to decrease gradually and achieve minimum at about 2.0 g/cm3 on the Hugoniot. In the plasma regime, the hydrogen atoms diffuse at least twice as fast as the nitrogen atoms.
North Atlantic controls on wintertime warm extremes and aridification trends in the Middle East
Authors: Kumar Kondapalli Niranjan , Molini Annalisa , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. , Rajeevan Madhavan Nair 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Middle East is one of the most water stressed regions in the world, receiving the majority of its hydrological input during the winter, in the form of highly variable and scattered precipitation. The persistence of wintertime anticyclonic conditions over the region can deflect storm tracks and result in extended spells of exceptionally hot weather, favoring prolonged droughts and posing a major threat to the already fragile hydrological equilibrium of the Middle East. Despite their potential impacts on water-security, winter warm spells (WWS’s) have received far less attention than their summer counterparts, and the climatic drivers leading to WWS’s onset are still largely unexplored. Here, we investigate their relationship with the internal modes of variability in the Atlantic Ocean, already known to influence winter circulation and extremes in Eurasia and Northern America. We show that the occurrence of WWS’s is strongly correlated with Atlantic variability over decadal time scales. To explain this correlation, we propose a teleconnection mechanism linking Atlantic variability to WWS’s via the propagation of Rossby waves from the North Atlantic pool, and the mediation of the Mediterranean circulation – thereby providing a basis to better predict future warming and aridification trends in the Middle East.
Astragaloside II promotes intestinal epithelial repair by enhancing L-arginine uptake and activating the mTOR pathway
Authors: Lee Shih-Yu , Tsai Wei-Cheng , Lin Jung-Chun , Ahmetaj-Shala Blerina , Huang Su-Feng , Chang Wen-Liang , Chang Tsu-Chung 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAstragaloside II (AS II) extracted from Astragalus membranaceus has been reported to promote tissue wound repair. However, the effect of AS II on inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanism of AS II on intestinal wound healing in both in vitro and in vivo models. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were treated with multiple concentrations of AS II to assess cell proliferation, scratch wound closure, L-arginine uptake, cationic amino acid transporter activity, and activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. These effects were also measured in a mouse model of colitis. AS II promoted wound closure and increased cell proliferation, L-arginine uptake, CAT1 and CAT2 protein levels, total protein synthesis, and phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K, and 4E-BP1 in Caco-2 cells. These effects were suppressed by lysine or rapamycin treatment, suggesting that the enhanced arginine uptake mediates AS II-induced wound healing. Similar results were also observed in vivo. Our findings indicate that AS II can contribute to epithelial barrier repair following intestinal injury, and may offer a therapeutic avenue in treating irritable bowel disease.
Heritability of siesta and night-time sleep as continuously assessed by a circadian-related integrated measure
Authors: Lopez-Minguez J. , Morosoli J. J. , Madrid J. A. , Garaulet M. , Ordoñana J. R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSiesta is a relevant aspect of sleep due to its posited relationship with health or cognitive function. However, unlike night-time sleep, studies about daytime-sleep determinants and characteristics are scarce, and the genetic/environmental structure of siesta is still unknown. Our aim was to explore the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to variation in sleep-wake rhythm, measured by a continuous assessment of temperature-activity-position (TAP), which allows for diurnal sleep analysis. The sample comprised 53 pairs of female twins (28 MZ and 25 DZ), selected from the Murcia Twin Register. Mean age of participants was 52 (SD: 6.03). Zygosity was determined by DNA. We conducted separate univariate analyses to study the sources of variance of daytime and night-time sleep parameters. About 60% of the sample reported to take siesta at least once a week. Heritability of taking siesta and daytime sleep duration was 65 and 61% respectively. Other sleep parameters obtained by TAP showed heritability estimates between 36 and 69%, suggesting a relevant impact of genetic factors on sleep rhythm. This is the first study to investigate the relative contribution of genetic factors to siesta. By using TAP, we introduce a novel approach to the study of diurnal sleep characteristics.
Optical tweezing and binding at high irradiation powers on black-Si
Authors: Shoji Tatsuya , Mototsuji Ayaka , Balčytis Armandas , Linklater Denver , Juodkazis Saulius , Tsuboi Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNowadays, optical tweezers have undergone explosive developments in accordance with a great progress of lasers. In the last decade, a breakthrough brought optical tweezers into the nano-world, overcoming the diffraction limit. This is called plasmonic optical tweezers (POT). POT are powerful tools used to manipulate nanomaterials. However, POT has several practical issues that need to be overcome. First, it is rather difficult to fabricate plasmonic nanogap structures regularly and rapidly at low cost. Second, in many cases, POT suffers from thermal effects (Marangoni convection and thermophoresis). Here, we propose an alternative approach using a nano-structured material that can enhance the optical force and be applied to optical tweezers. This material is metal-free black silicon (MFBS), the plasma etched nano-textured Si. We demonstrate that MFBS-based optical tweezers can efficiently manipulate small particles by trapping and binding. The advantages of MFBS-based optical tweezers are: (1) simple fabrication with high uniformity over wafer-sized areas, (2) free from thermal effects detrimental for trapping, (3) switchable trapping between one and two - dimensions, (4) tight trapping because of no detrimental thermal forces. This is the NON-PLASMONIC optical tweezers.
A Printed Multicomponent Paper Sensor for Bacterial Detection
Authors: Ali M. Monsur , Brown Christine L. , Jahanshahi-Anbuhi Sana , Kannan Balamurali , Li Yingfu , Filipe Carlos D. M. , Brennan John D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe present a simple all-in-one paper-based sensor forE. colidetection using a composite ink made of a fluorogenic DNAzyme probe for bacterial recognition and signal generation, lysozyme that lyses whole bacterial cells, and pullulan/trehalose sugars that stabilize printed bioactive molecules. The paper sensor is capable of producing a fluorescence signal as a readout within 5 minutes upon contactingE. coli, can achieve a limit of detection of 100 cells/mL, in a variety of sample matrixes, without sample enrichment, and remains stable for at least 6 months when stored at ambient temperature. Therefore, this simple paper sensor provides rapid bacterial testing on site, and can be shipped and stored under ambient conditions to benefit users living in resource-limited regions.
Boundary supply capability for distribution systems: concept, indices and calculation
Authors: Xiao Jun , Zhang Miaomiao , Bai Linquan , She Buxin , Zhang Baoqiang 
Published: September 2017

This study proposes the concept, indices and calculation method of boundary supply capability (BSC), which is the first capability curve for distribution networks. BSC describes the supply capability of distribution networks under various loading conditions. First, BSC is defined as a total load of an operating point on the security boundary. The BSC set of all boundary points represents the overall capability of a distribution network; while the total supply capability is the maximum value in a BSC set. Second, a method is proposed to calculate the BSC and its related indices. This method consists of three steps: (i) obtain a set of boundary points by sampling, (ii) calculate the BSC value of each point, and (iii) analyse the BSC set and obtain the following information: sorted BSC curve, BSC proportion distribution curve, mean value, lower bound, upper bound and so on. Finally, extended IEEE‐RTBS‐BUS4 cases are used to illustrate the proposed concept and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BSC method. It is demonstrated that BSC can describe the supply capability distribution of distribution networks under N  − 1 security comprehensively.
XMM-Newton X-ray and HST weak gravitational lensing study of the extremely X-ray luminous galaxy cluster Cl J120958.9+495352 (z = 0.902)
Authors: Thölken Sophia , Schrabback Tim , Reiprich Thomas H. , Lovisari Lorenzo , Allen Steven W. , Hoekstra Henk , Applegate Douglas , Buddendiek Axel , Hicks Amalia 
Published: September 2017

Context. Observations of relaxed, massive, and distant clusters can provide important tests of standard cosmological models, for example by using the gas mass fraction. To perform this test, the dynamical state of the cluster and its gas properties have to be investigated. X-ray analyses provide one of the best opportunities to access this information and to determine important properties such as temperature profiles, gas mass, and the total X-ray hydrostatic mass. For the last of these, weak gravitational lensing analyses are complementary independent probes that are essential in order to test whether X-ray masses could be biased.
Aims. We study the very luminous, high redshift (z = 0.902) galaxy cluster Cl J120958.9+495352 using XMM-Newton data. We measure global cluster properties and study the temperature profile and the cooling time to investigate the dynamical status with respect to the presence of a cool core. We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) weak lensing data to estimate its total mass and determine the gas mass fraction.
Methods. We perform a spectral analysis using an XMM-Newton observation of 15 ks cleaned exposure time. As the treatment of the background is crucial, we use two different approaches to account for the background emission to verify our results. We account for point spread function effects and deproject our results to estimate the gas mass fraction of the cluster. We measure weak lensing galaxy shapes from mosaic HST imaging and select background galaxies photometrically in combination with imaging data from the William Herschel Telescope.
Results. The X-ray luminosity of Cl J120958.9+495352 in the 0.1–2.4 keV band estimated from our XMM-Newton data is LX = (13.4−1.0+1.2) × 1044 erg/s and thus it is one of the most X-ray luminous clusters known at similarly high redshift. We find clear indications for the presence of a cool core from the temperature profile and the central cooling time, which is very rare at such high redshifts. Based on the weak lensing analysis, we estimate a cluster mass of M500 / 1014 M⊙ = 4.4−2.0+2.2(star.) ± 0.6(sys.) and a gas mass fraction of fgas,2500 = 0.11−0.03+0.06 in good agreement with previous findings for high redshift and local clusters.
Long-Term Outcomes of Small for Gestational Age Twins Born at 34 Weeks or Later
Authors: Herlihy Nola , Odom Elizabeth , Cohen Natalie , Stroustrup Annemarie , Rebarber Andrei , Fox Nathan 
Published: September 2017

Objective This article aims to compare long-term neurodevelopmental and health outcomes of twins born at 34 weeks or later, based on the presence of small for gestational age (SGA).
Study Design This study is a mail-based survey of twin gestations delivered by a single practice. We compared twins with and without SGA delivered at ≥34 weeks. There were two primary outcomes for this study: a composite of major adverse outcomes (death; cerebral palsy; necrotizing enterocolitis; chronic renal, heart, or lung disease) and a composite of minor adverse outcomes (learning disability, speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy). Regression analysis was performed to control for clustering of outcomes within twin pairs.
Results A total of 712 children were included. Comparing twins with birthweights <10% to ≥10%, there were no significant differences in rates of composite major morbidities (3.2 vs. 1.4%, p = 0.109) or composite minor morbidities (43.6 vs. 39.3%, p = 0.279). Comparing twins with birthweights <5% to ≥5%, the rates of major morbidities were low in both groups, but significantly higher in the group with birthweights <5% (4.4 vs. 1.6%, p = 0.046). There were no significant differences seen in the composite minor morbidities (46.7 vs. 39.7%, p = 0.134). Twins with birthweights <5% were significantly more likely to have childhood cardiac disease (2.9 vs. 0.7%, p = 0.041).
Conclusion Twins with SGA <10% born at ≥34 weeks have similar long-term neurodevelopmental and health outcomes compared with twins with normal birthweights. Birthweight less than 5th percentile is associated with an increased risk of major morbidity, specifically cardiac disease, but the absolute risk is low.
Organerhaltende Therapie beim Peniskarzinom
Authors: Protzel Chris , Hakenberg Oliver W. 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDie organerhaltende Therapie des Peniskarzinoms erscheint als eine sichere Methodik in der Behandlung des Primärtumors. Sie spielt aufgrund
der enormen psychoonkologischen und sozialen Tragweite der Chirurgie am äußeren Genitale eine entscheidende Rolle für die Lebensqualität der
Patienten. Die organerhaltende Therapie sollte stadienadaptiert erfolgen. Eine intraoperative Kontrolle der Tumorfreiheit der Schnittränder
erscheint effizient.
Effects of Aldosterone on Chemerin Expression And Secretion in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Ma Junhua , Sun Fei , Wang Jingnan , Jiang He , Lu Jiancan , Wang Xing , Zhang Jichen , Shi Chao , You Wen , Li Xiangqi , Zhu Hongling , Gu Mingjun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAldosterone plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. Chemerin has been characterized as an adipokine with crucial roles in obesity-associated disorders and cardiovascular homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the direct effects of aldosterone on chemerin expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and to identify the potential signalling pathways involved. Chemerin mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR, whereas the levels of secreted chemerin in the culture media were determined using ELISA. Treatment with aldosterone induced time- and dose-dependent increases of chemerin gene expression and protein secretion, and effect that was mediated through the mineralocorticoid receptor. Signalling studies suggested that the NF-κB pathway is involved in aldosterone-induced chemerin expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate a direct interaction between aldosterone and chemerin in adipocytes, which may be an underlying mechanism linking aldosterone-associated metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease.
Improvement of Radiological Teaching – Effects of Focusing of Learning Targets and Increased Consideration of Learning Theory Knowledge
Authors: Wirth Stefan , William York-Alexander , Paolini Marco , Wirth Kathrin , Maxien Daniel , Reiser Maximilian , Fischer Martin 
Published: September 2017

Purpose Based on evaluation and examination results of students, a necessity for improvement of so far purely instructor-based radiological teaching at the local institution was determined. Aim of our study was to use one out of eight seminars to exemplify adaptation of the teaching concept according to learning theory knowledge, to determine the resulting effects and to interpret them.
Materials and methods The institutional review board approved the prospective study of the seminar conversion, which was performed after the end of the winter semester 2015/2016. Didactically, this included a course split into online preparation, attendance phase and online follow-up with integration of interactive scaffolding, practice-oriented clinical teaching according to Stanford, Peyton skills transfer and extensive feedback into the attendance phase. At the beginning and at the end of each course, each student filled in identical, standardized questionnaires (n = 256 before and after conversion) using a 5-point Likert scale (1: very good; to 5: deficient) and additionally answered two randomly chosen written examination questions from a content-adapted questionnaire pool of the last five years. For statistical evaluation, the Mann-Whitney U-Test was used for evaluation data and Fisher's Exact test for exam questions.
Results Before/after conversion, the subjective total evaluation score of students was 3.22 (mean value) ± 1.51 (standard deviation) / 1.66 ± 0.78 (p < 0.001) and the objective proportion of correctly answered examination questions in the respective cohort at the beginning of the seminar 37.7/53.9 % and at the end of the seminar 55.1/84.6 % (p < 0.001).
Conclusion The conversion of the test seminar resulted in both a better evaluation of the teaching unit by the students (evaluation) and a considerably higher rate of correctly answered examination questions from past state examinations (learning success). This supports transferring the concept to comparable teaching units.
Key points
Citation Format
Disconnecting structure and dynamics in glassy thin films
Authors: Sussman Daniel M. , Schoenholz Samuel S. , Cubuk Ekin D. , Liu Andrea J. 
Published: September 2017

Significance
Do glassy dynamics depend strongly on local structure? In bulk systems, a quantitative answer to this question exists and is affirmative. The dynamical behavior of nanometrically thin glassy films is strikingly different from bulk systems, and it is natural to ask whether this difference stems from local structural differences. Using machine learning techniques, we show that altered dynamics near an interface do not stem from changes of local structure near the interface. Rather, the dynamics depend on the simultaneous occurrence of two independent processes, one that depends on structure but not position within the film, and an Arrhenius process that does not depend on structure but depends sensitively on position.
Structure insight of GSDMD reveals the basis of GSDMD autoinhibition in cell pyroptosis
Authors: Kuang Siyun , Zheng Jun , Yang Hui , Li Suhua , Duan Shuyan , Shen Yanfang , Ji Chaoneng , Gan Jianhua , Xu Xue-Wei , Li Jixi 
Published: September 2017

Significance
The protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) is the physiological substrate of inflammatory caspases and plays key roles in cell pyroptosis upon microbial infection and associated danger signals. GSDMD, as well as other gasdermin members, can bind lipid and form pore structures to induce pyroptosis. However, detailed structural information for GSDMD remains unknown. We have determined the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of human GSDMD. The structure reveals that the first loop inserts into the N-terminal domain to help stabilize the full-length GSDMD conformation. Furthermore, we identify that one short segment is sufficient to kill bacteria and can act as a potential antimicrobial peptide. Thus, these findings offer a perspective for understanding the mechanism of GSDMD in innate immune defense.
Topological semimetal in honeycomb lattice LnSI
Authors: Nie Simin , Xu Gang , Prinz Fritz B. , Zhang Shou-cheng 
Published: September 2017

Significance
We show that fruitful topological states can be realized in a special honeycomb lattice model. Guided by this model, we find that GdSI, the long perceived ideal Weyl semimetal, has only two pairs of Weyl nodes and that LuSI (YSI) is a topological insulator with the right-handed helical surface states. Our work provides a mechanism to study topological semimetals and proposes a platform for exploring the physics of Weyl semimetals as well as related device designs.
Ambivalent outcomes of statebuilding: multiplication of brokers and educational expansion in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2004–13)
Authors: Brandt Cyril Owen 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
This empirical article explores how the interaction between two key aspects of statebuilding (democratisation and decentralisation) and existing forms of governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo led to a multiplication in numbers of political and administrative brokers. Furthermore, it investigates how these brokers construct their roles well beyond official mandates. Responding to local demands, they circumvent formal procedures in order to obtain decrees accrediting public primary and secondary schools. As a result, the number of public schools has almost tripled since the early 2000s. Building on qualitative and quantitative empirical data, the article thus reveals that democratisation and decentralisation can reproduce clientelist structures. However, it also uncovers changing socio-spatial dynamics: certain historically neglected and conflict-affected districts have particularly benefited from brokers’ involvement. Despite these positive aspects, the article further illustrates how these outcomes counteract other central administrative and political objectives.