bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ‘X-Banded’ Tidbinbilla Interferometer
Authors: Batty Michael J. , Gardyne R. G. , Gay G.J. , Gulkis S. , Jauncey David L. , Kirk A. , Peters W. L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe recent upgrading of the Tidbinbilla two-element interferometer to simultaneous S-band (2.3 GHz) and X-band (8.4 GHz) operation has provided a powerful new astronomical facility for weak radio source measurement in the Southern Hemisphere. The new X-band system has a minimum fringe spacing of 38 arcsec, and about the same positional measurement capability (approximately 2 arcsec) and sensitivity (1 s rms noise of 10 mJy) as the previous S-band system. However, the far lower confusion limit will allow detection and accurate positional measurements for sources as weak as a few millijanskys. This capability will be invaluable for observations of radio stars, X-ray sources and other weak, compact radio sources.
Neutral Hydrogen in the Galactic Halo
Authors: McGee R. X. , Newton Lynette M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObservations of 21 cm HI emission-line profiles have been made in 34 directions from l= 172° through 0° to l=97° at high galactic latitudes and in 59 directions towards the LMC (b~ –33°) with the aim of detecting low-intensity halo features which may be compared with other element features of similar radial velocities detected by ultraviolet or optical absorption lines. Data are presented as spectra and tables of the parameters: radial velocities, line temperatures, halfwidths and column densities. Spectra of both low-intensity (halo) and high-intensity components are given for 48 positions in three tracks across the LMC.Features near radial velocities –48 and +58 km s -1 are found in all the directions examined, whereas significant numbers of features grouped around average radial velocities + 112, +160 and +373 km s-1 (Isr) are found only in the directions of the LMC.Using the HI column densities as references, we have estimated depletions in the abundances of calcium and sodium in the halo, spiral arms and the LMC disk. In one direction towards the LMC depletions in the halo features of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon and iron (from International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite data) have also been estimated.
Death Penalty in Korea: From Unofficial Moratorium to Abolition?
Authors: Cho Kuk 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe death penalty is one of the most contentious issues in Korea. In contrast to other Asian countries, the issue of whether the death penalty should be abolished has been actively debated and reviewed at governmental levels and in civil society. It is important to note that it is not just civic organizations that have begun to favor abolition of the death penalty but also state organizations including the National Assembly and the National Human Rights Commission. The Constitutional Court has invalidated some disproportionate provisions in relation to the death penalty. Since President Kim Dae-Jung took office in February 1998, there has been an “unofficial moratorium” on executions.This article provides an overview of the legal regime governing the death penalty and the ongoing debate on the death penalty in Korea. It begins by briefly reviewing international treaties that call for the abolition of the death penalty, contrasting them with the retentionist trend in most Asian countries. It then reviews the major decisions of the Korean Supreme Court and the Korean Constitutional Court. It also discusses recent moves in the National Assembly and the National Human Rights Commission to abolish the death penalty. It suggests that the Korean death penalty debate has potentially significant implications for its retentionist Asian neighbours grappling with similar issues.
Chinese Migrant Worker Representation and Institutional Change: Social or Centralist Corporatism?
Authors: Croucher Richard , Miles Lilian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article argues that the Chinese state has more highly articulated policies to deal with social disturbance than previously recognized by specialists. It does so by highlighting and critically analyzing the policies followed to improve the opportunities for migrant worker representation. The state has adopted a three-pronged policy. It has improved migrant worker rights, encouraged the official unions to help enforce these rights and allowed NGOs to offer certain services. The official unions are encouraged to adopt a legal watchdog role by a combination of legislation and limited external organizational competition. We argue that the dynamic of organizational competition is a previously unrecognized factor in moving China in a ‘socialist corporatist’ direction.
Financial Regulation in Hong Kong: Time for a Change
Authors: Arner Douglas W. , Hsu Berry F.C. , Roza Antonio M. Da 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe global financial system experienced its first systemic crisis since the 1930s in autumn 2008, with the failure of major financial institutions in the United States and Europe and the seizure of global credit markets. Although Hong Kong was not at the epicentre of this crisis, it was nonetheless affected. Following an overview of Hong Kong's existing financial regulatory framework, the article discusses the global financial crisis and its impact in Hong Kong, as well as regulatory responses to date. From this basis, the article discusses recommendations for reforms in Hong Kong to address weaknesses highlighted by the crisis, focusing on issues relating to Lehman Brothers “Minibonds.” The article concludes by looking forward, recommending that the crisis be taken not only as the catalyst to resolve existing weaknesses but also to strengthen and enhance Hong Kong's role and competitiveness as China's premier international financial centre.
New Protection Status of Juvenile Victims with the Passage of the New Criminal Legislation in Cambodia
Authors: Starygin Stan V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article seeks to explore whether the position of juvenile victims, vis-à-vis the Cambodian criminal law, has changed with the passage of the new criminal legislation and whether this change is positive or otherwise. The quality of this change, henceforth, will demonstrate to the reader whether the overall reform of the juvenile justice component of Cambodia's criminal justice system, which has spanned over the last 15 years and has been funded by the international community, has been a success. The author has limited the scope of this inquiry to a comparison between the various domestic laws applicable to juvenile victims and did not include comparisons with international law, model laws or juvenile laws of other states. Being the first publication of its kind, this analysis limits its claim to the analysis of the relevant statutory provisions rather than ‘practice notes’ which have yet to develop.
The China Dilemma: Internet Censorship and Corporate Responsiblity
Authors: Nolan Justine M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe ever increasing nexus between human rights and business and the accompanying vagueness of concepts such as a company's ‘sphere of responsibility’ for human rights can, and has, created anxiety amongst companies. Considerations of human rights traditionally take place in the context of a state-based system of global governance; however, the rise of the corporation as a powerful non-state actor in recent decades has seen increased interest in understanding the emerging relationship between human rights and business and what, if any, responsibility business should assume for protecting human rights. This article considers the role played by U.S. technology companies such as Yahoo, Google and Microsoft in working with the Chinese government to censor internet content and thus intrude on the human rights to freedom of expression and opinion and the right to privacy. It concludes by focusing on the practicalities of protection and how human rights responsibilities might be apportioned between states and business and if so, how, when and why such an obligation might ensue.
Reform of Charity Law in Hong Kong and Australia: What Lessons Can Be Learned from the United Kingdom?
Authors: Ho John Kong Shan , Price Rohan Bruce Edward 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSince 2001, a number of common law jurisdictions have initiated reforms to their charity law and the United Kingdom has taken the lead. This article examines what Hong Kong and Australia can learn from the United Kingdom in reforming their own outdated and fragmented charity laws. It is contended that the lessons and experiences of the United Kingdom provide good insights for Hong Kong and Australia as each jurisdiction anticipates implementing a broadly similar regime to the United Kingdom's to modernize regulation of their charity sectors. This article contends that there is no need to make a choice between retaining judicial decision-making over charities (inconsistent as it is) and establishing a type of charity commission which makes determining charitable status akin to a decision of a government department. Instead, Hong Kong and Australia can have charity commissions with missions that are sensitive to their own legal terrains but which are subject to judicial review.
Developing Active Learning of Skills in Professional Legal Education in Hong Kong — From Theory to Ethnography
Authors: Chow Wilson W.S. , Wu Richard W.S. , Chan Felix W.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn Hong Kong, the Postgraduate Certificate in Laws is the normal prerequisite for practice. Following a comprehensive review in 2001, the programme was redesigned to emphasize problem-oriented learning and skills-based training. This discussion explains the principal features of the current curriculum and how it has worked out in practice. It calls for a systematic collection and study of feedback on the current programme, and announces a plan for that purpose.
Possible Reform for Legal Education in Taiwan: A Refined “J.D. System”?
Authors: Lo Chang-fa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis focus of this brief paper is on the current discussion in Taiwan concerning the introduction of the United States “J.D. System” where law is studied as a graduate degree. The author sees the advantages of such a programme over the existing primarily undergraduate legal education, but argues that, in addition to a full fledged J.D. system, another “track” of undergraduate students transferring to law school after 2 years of undergraduate education would be a more suitable compromise for Taiwan.
An Analysis of China's System of Protecting Geographical Indications
Authors: Zhu Lanye 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGeographical indications are a kind of intellectual property required to be protected under the TRIPS Agreement of the WTO. In order to fulfil its WTO obligations, China started to protect geographical indications even before it was formally admitted to the WTO. At present, geographical indications can be protected in Chinese law through one or both of the following ways: trademark registration pursuant to the Trademark Law, and the registration of special labels bearing geographical indications. However, internal problems exist within both of these systems, and the co-existence of the systems also creates conflicts. This article analyses these problems and proposes ways of resolving them.
Institutions of International Law and the Development of Regional Forum for Peaceful Dialogue in South Asia
Authors: Rehman Javaid 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSince 11 September 2001, international law and the community it governs are at a crossroads. While the world appears to be besieged by terrorist threats from non-state actors such as the Al-Qaeda, there is also a substantial risk of super-power unilateralism and arrogance. Amidst these crises, South-Asia occupies a sensitive and vulnerable position. The region is also beset with ethnic, religious, and domestic political conflicts which provide substantial threats to regional peace and security. Against the backdrop of the enormous complications faced by South Asia, the present article considers the role of international and regional institutions in developing forums for establishing peace and security for the region, as well greater promotion of human rights. A particular focus is upon the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) which, it is contended, is an organisation capable of providing a suitable platform for peaceful dialogue within South-Asia.
Unbiased measurements of reconstruction fidelity of sparsely sampled magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Wu Qinglin , Coggins Brian E. , Zhou Pei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe application of sparse-sampling techniques to NMR data acquisition would benefit from reliable quality measurements for reconstructed spectra. We introduce a pair of noise-normalized measurements, "Equation missing" and "Equation missing", for differentiating inadequate modelling from overfitting. While "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" can be used jointly for methods that do not enforce exact agreement between the back-calculated time domain and the original sparse data, the cross-validation measure "Equation missing" is applicable to all reconstruction algorithms. We show that the fidelity of reconstruction is sensitive to changes in "Equation missing" and that model overfitting results in elevated "Equation missing" and reduced spectral quality.
Tracking of plus-ends reveals microtubule functional diversity in different cell types
Authors: Shaebani M. Reza , Pasula Aravind , Ott Albrecht , Santen Ludger 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMany cellular processes are tightly connected to the dynamics of microtubules (MTs). While in neuronal axons MTs mainly regulate intracellular trafficking, they participate in cytoskeleton reorganization in many other eukaryotic cells, enabling the cell to efficiently adapt to changes in the environment. We show that the functional differences of MTs in different cell types and regions is reflected in the dynamic properties of MT tips. Using plus-end tracking proteins EB1 to monitor growing MT plus-ends, we show that MT dynamics and life cycle in axons of human neurons significantly differ from that of fibroblast cells. The density of plus-ends, as well as the rescue and catastrophe frequencies increase while the growth rate decreases toward the fibroblast cell margin. This results in a rather stable filamentous network structure and maintains the connection between nucleus and membrane. In contrast, plus-ends are uniformly distributed along the axons and exhibit diverse polymerization run times and spatially homogeneous rescue and catastrophe frequencies, leading to MT segments of various lengths. The probability distributions of the excursion length of polymerization and the MT length both follow nearly exponential tails, in agreement with the analytical predictions of a two-state model of MT dynamics.
In silico synchronization reveals regulators of nuclear ruptures in lamin A/C deficient model cells
Authors: Robijns J. , Molenberghs F. , Sieprath T. , Corne T. D. J. , Verschuuren M. , De Vos W. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe nuclear lamina is a critical regulator of nuclear structure and function. Nuclei from laminopathy patient cells experience repetitive disruptions of the nuclear envelope, causing transient intermingling of nuclear and cytoplasmic components. The exact causes and consequences of these events are not fully understood, but their stochastic occurrence complicates in-depth analyses. To resolve this, we have established a method that enables quantitative investigation of spontaneous nuclear ruptures, based on co-expression of a firmly bound nuclear reference marker and a fluorescent protein that shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm during ruptures. Minimally invasive imaging of both reporters, combined with automated tracking and in silico synchronization of individual rupture events, allowed extracting information on rupture frequency and recovery kinetics. Using this approach, we found that rupture frequency correlates inversely with lamin A/C levels and can be reduced in genome-edited LMNA knockout cells by blocking actomyosin contractility or inhibiting the acetyl-transferase protein NAT10. Nuclear signal recovery followed a kinetic that is co-determined by the severity of the rupture event and could be prolonged by knockdown of the ESCRT-III complex component CHMP4B. In conclusion, our approach reveals regulators of nuclear rupture induction and repair, which may have critical roles in disease development.
Summer holidays as break-point in shaping a tannery sludge microbial community around a stable core microbiota
Authors: Giordano Cesira , Boscaro Vittorio , Munz Giulio , Mori Gualtiero , Vannini Claudia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecently, several investigations focused on the discovery of a bacterial consortium shared among different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Nevertheless, the definition of a core microbiota over time represents the necessary counterpart in order to unravel the dynamics of bacterial communities in these environments. Here we performed a monthly survey on the bacterial community of a consortial industrial plant. Objectives of this study were: (1) to identify a core microbiota constant over time; (2) to evaluate the temporal dynamics of the community during one year. A conspicuous and diversified core microbiota is constituted by operational taxonomic units which are present throughout the year in the plant. Community composition data confirm that the presence and abundance of bacteria in WWTPs is highly consistent at high taxonomic level. Our results indicate however a difference in microbial community structure between two groups of samples, identifying the summer holiday period as the break-point. Changes in the structure of the microbial community occur otherwise gradually, one month after another. Further studies will clarify how the size and diversity of the core microbiota could affect the observed dynamics.
Smoking, pregnancy and the subgingival microbiome
Authors: Paropkari Akshay D. , Leblebicioglu Binnaz , Christian Lisa M. , Kumar Purnima S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe periodontal microbiome is known to be altered during pregnancy as well as by smoking. However, despite the fact that 2.1 million women in the United States smoke during their pregnancy, the potentially synergistic effects of smoking and pregnancy on the subgingival microbiome have never been studied. Subgingival plaque was collected from 44 systemically and periodontally healthy non-pregnant nonsmokers (control), non-pregnant smokers, pregnant nonsmokers and pregnant smokers and sequenced using 16S-pyrotag sequencing. 331601 classifiable sequences were compared against HOMD. Community ordination methods and co-occurrence networks were used along with non-parametric tests to identify differences between groups. Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed significant clustering based on pregnancy and smoking status. Alpha diversity was similar between groups, however, pregnant women (smokers and nonsmokers) demonstrated higher levels of gram-positive and gram-negative facultatives, and lower levels of gram-negative anaerobes when compared to smokers. Each environmental perturbation induced distinctive co-occurrence patterns between species, with unique network anchors in each group. Our study thus suggests that the impact of each environmental perturbation on the periodontal microbiome is unique, and that when they are superimposed, the sum is greater than its parts. The persistence of these effects following cessation of the environmental disruption warrants further investigation.
Enhanced Information Exclusion Relations
Authors: Xiao Yunlong , Jing Naihuan , Li-Jost Xianqing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn Hall’s reformulation of the uncertainty principle, the entropic uncertainty relation occupies a core position and provides the first nontrivial bound for the information exclusion principle. Based upon recent developments on the uncertainty relation, we present new bounds for the information exclusion relation using majorization theory and combinatoric techniques, which reveal further characteristic properties of the overlap matrix between the measurements.
Disrupting GluA2-GAPDH Interaction Affects Axon and Dendrite Development
Authors: Lee Frankie Hang Fung , Su Ping , Xie Yu-Feng , Wang Kyle Ethan , Wan Qi , Liu Fang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGluA2-containing AMPA receptors (AMPARs) play a critical role in various aspects of neurodevelopment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are largely unknown. We report here that the interaction between GluA2 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is necessary for neuron and cortical development. Using an interfering peptide (GluA2-G-Gpep) that specifically disrupts this interaction, we found that primary neuron cultures with peptide treatment displayed growth cone development deficits, impairment of axon formation, less dendritic arborization and lower spine protrusion density. Consistently, in vivo data with mouse brains from pregnant dams injected with GluA2-G-Gpep daily during embryonic day 8 to 19 revealed a reduction of cortical tract axon integrity and neuronal density in post-natal day 1 offspring. Disruption of GluA2-GAPDH interaction also impairs the GluA2-Plexin A4 interaction and reduces p53 acetylation in mice, both of which are possible mechanisms leading to the observed neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Furthermore, electrophysiological experiments indicate altered long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices of offspring mice. Our results provide novel evidence that AMPARs, specifically the GluA2 subunit via its interaction with GAPDH, play a critical role in cortical neurodevelopment.
Gravitational mass of positron from LEP synchrotron losses
Authors: Kalaydzhyan Tigran 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGeneral relativity(GR) is the current description of gravity in modern physics. One of the cornerstones of GR, as well as Newton’s theory of gravity, is the weak equivalence principle (WEP), stating that the trajectory of a freely falling test body is independent of its internal structure and composition. WEP is known to be valid for the normal matter with a high precision. However, due to the rarity of antimatter and weakness of the gravitational forces, the WEP has never been confirmed for antimatter. The current direct bounds on the ratio between the gravitational and inertial masses of the antihydrogen do not rule out a repulsive nature for the antimatter gravity. Here we establish an indirect bound of 0.13% on the difference between the gravitational and inertial masses of the positron (antielectron) from the analysis of synchrotron losses at the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP). This serves as a confirmation of the conventional gravitational properties of antimatter without common assumptions such as, e.g., coupling of gravity to virtual particles, dynamics of distant astrophysical sources and the nature of absolute gravitational potentials.
Competition promotes the persistence of populations in ecosystems
Authors: Wang Tao , Duan Jinqiao , Liu Tong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCompetition is one of the most common form in ecological systems, which plays important roles in population dynamics. However, the influences of competition on persistence of populations remain unclear when space effect is included. In this paper, we investigated a predator-prey model with competition and spatial diffusion. Based on pattern formations and time series of populations, we found that competitions induce the persistence of populations, which denies competitive exclusion principle. Moreover, we testify the robustness of these effects. Our results also suggest that space may lead to the emergence of new phenomenon in ecosystems.