bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Response to Supercritical CO2 Cyclic Injection SCCI and CO2 Sequestration Potential in a Tight Reservoir, China
Authors: Wei Bing , Zhang Xiang , Wu Runnan , Lu Laiming , Li Yibo , Pu Wanfen , Jin Fayang , Wang Chongyang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
CO2 based gas injection techniques for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) coupled with offsetting greenhouse gas emissions have received significant attention. In this work, a tight geological reservoir in China was focused. To further unlock the reserves after a natural depletion, the technique of SCCI was therefore suggested. The interest of this paper was to study the production response of the tight reservoir to SCCI and CO2 sequestration efficiency during this process. As a result of CO2 dissolution, the viscosity of the crude oil was gradually reduced with CO2 molar fraction and then nearly plateaued from 35 mol%. For this given reservoir, the optimal depleting pressure to implement SCCI was 20.88 MPa, which corresponded to the highest ultimate oil recovery. Moreover, the oil recovery increased linearly with CO2 slug size due to the pressurizing effect and viscosity reduction, which thus led to 11% of incremental oil recovery after a natural depletion. However, the oil production rate was found to rapidly decline with the decrease of core pressure. Due to the limited gas diffusion, the oil recovery steeply dropped with the cycle number and only 0.5% of oil was produced at the third cycle, indicating the insufficiency of SCCI to further mobilize the oil in place. During the SCCI, more than 85% of the injected CO2 species have been retained in the tight porous media.
Managing of Aging Assets and Ways for its Remnant Life Extension
Authors: Rashad Hatem 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Definitions

Asset Remnant Life Extension Study
A structured process for identifying, investigating and implementing effective actions to assure life extension of company assets for a specified time period.

Assessment Remnant Life Extension Recommendations
A set of actions that the Asset Life Extension researchers have determined to be the effective actions to assure life extension to company assets for a specified time period.

Ageing
Ageing is the general process in which the characteristics of a system, structure or component gradually change with time or use. It is the physical phenomenon which involves a modification of the physical and/or chemical characteristics of the material.

Life Extension
Life extension is the lifetime of a facility beyond the original expected/designed lifetime.

Obsolescence
Obsolescence is the process whereby the functionality of a system or component reduces with time for reasons other than ageing. This can include:

General
The remnant life and life extension analysis and evaluation shall demonstrate an understanding of how time and aging processes will affect health, safety and environment (HSE), technical integrity and resource exploitation and identify measures required to mitigate the impact of time and aging processes. The remnant life assessment should define the remaining life of equipment and conclude whether the life of facilities can be extended.
The remnant life and life extension shall addresses the material degradation, operational issues (maintenance and inspection) but also obsolescence and organisational (management) status and give recommendations that ensure the integrity of these factors (life extension indicators) are maintained during remnant life and life extension period. All possible challenges related to ageing should be identified.
Life extension refers to continued operation of an installation beyond the design life assumed at the time of design or revised following a reassessment. Ageing during service will most likely have changed the physical condition of the structure compared to the time of the design. Therefore, the baseline for assessment for life extension is not the same as at start of life, and therefore an assessment is required to establish the remaining life of equipment. Life extension may be accompanied by a change in use of the installation and/or modification of the structure.
In general, the remnant life and life extension assessment should address the following:
Assessing Peak Particle Velocity PPV and Air Pressure Disturbance from Marine Seismic Operations – Introducing a Method for Establishing Coastal Environmental Safety Distances
Authors: MacGlennon G. S. , Nilsson P. B. , Casson G. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
When operating seismic sources in close proximity to sensitive structures the establishment and use of exclusion distances is a commonly used safety measure to prevent disturbance and/or damage. To date most work in this area has focused on safety distances to prevent structural damage to sensitive infrastructure. Here, we introduce a methodology for the assessment and establishment of environmental safety distances by which to prevent or minimise the level of disturbance to environmentally sensitive areas such as bird breeding colonies and turtle nesting areas. Once determined, these distances can then be factored into project design at the early planning stage during either an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or project start-up, allowing the integrity of both data quality and environmental protection to be optimised.
The current study was carried out to achieve two aims to: investigate a methodology by which accurate data on optimal environmental safety distances can be calculated based on likely receiver levels, in doing so optimising a balance between project performance and data quality with effective environmental mitigation andprovide exact PPV and over air pressure levels recorded during the current seismic survey for comparison with pre-determined environmental safety distances with a review of their effectiveness in preventing injury/disturbance.
Effective calculation of likely received levels with distance could be calculated for PPV at a 99% confidence level (P=&lt;0.001), however no such calculations could be made for over air pressure levels with data models that; while they are significant, do not demonstrate effectiveness in using distance to estimate receiver exposure levels where levels may be more susceptible to changing environmental conditions.
Configuring Dynamic Underbalance to Achieve Perforation Tunnel Cleanup in a Gas Well at High Static Overbalance
Authors: Haggerty Dennis , McGregor Jacob , Akhmadikin Vadim 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The strategy of improving gas production by removing perforation debris from perforation tunnels with dynamic underbalance (DUB), even in an overbalanced (OB) wellbore setting, was advanced by conducting a series of perforation tests. Based on API RP 19B (2014) Section 4, perforation tests were simulated matching well configurations and conditions in a high-pressure gas field to help improve production.
Simulation models that included field DUB were used to adjust the laboratory test configuration such that a similar DUB response could be achieved and the degree of perforation tunnel cleanup quantified. These models of the subject formation indicated that to achieve at least a 90% cleanout of flow-obstructing material in the perforation tunnels, a post-perforating instantaneous wellbore pressure drop slightly greater than 5,000 psi would be necessary. Laboratory components were adjusted to mimic the downhole tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) string and vent chambers to achieve this magnitude of instantaneous pressure drop, or DUB. Gas-flow measurements immediately followed to determine productivity.
Laboratory results indicated that the higher the DUB, the higher the degree of open perforation tunnel and, consequentially, productivity. Computed tomography (CT) images of the target cores after perforating showed a direct correlation between DUB and the extent of an open or clear perforation tunnel. An additional method of gas-flow measurement that accounts for inertial flow effects (Barree and Conway 2004) further validated the observation that as the DUB increased, the absolute open-flow potential (AOFP) increased. Viewed another way, both mechanical and inertial-based skin were reduced by the effective cleanup with higher DUB. The DUB occurrence timeframe is approximately one second in the API RP 19B (2014) Section 4 tests and approximately two seconds in the surge models, which considers the entire perforating string.
These tests and early field indicators show that despite perforating at a high static OB, optimizing DUB effects with added volume space in the gun string improves perforation cleanup, which results in productive perforations.
Fluid Front Monitoring Using Smart & Safe Pulsed Neutron Technology on Slick-Line
Authors: Grover Rahul , Perkins Luke , Nibodeau Fabien , Korkin Roman 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Managing mature fields requires monitoring changes in formation fluid saturations as well as production from individual wells effectively and efficiently. Reservoir saturation monitoring is usually performed using slim pulsed neutron logging (PNL) tools because they can be deployed through tubing and operate in different modes providing a wealth of information. PNL tools, however, have typically long lengths, which become a disadvantage when used on offshore platforms.
A smart and safe pulsed neutron technology, recently introduced to the industry, can help in reducing the HSE risk associated with operating a pulsed neutron generator on memory, while optimizing the equipment and people footprint, and enhancing the operational efficiency of memory based tools. The technology also introduces an adaptive neutron burst "sliding-gate" scheme [1] to reduce environmental effects on the PNL measurements. The algorithms of the tools were designed with the help of extensive MCNP [2] modelling and measurements in laboratory conditions.
This paper presents the results from the field test of these new tools in mature offshore UAE field formations with back-to-back comparison with the previous conventional wireline technology. The production in the field started in the 1960s, followed in the 1970s by down-flank injection of water with much lower salinity than the connate water, and crestal gas injection in the 1990s. Completions consist of multiple combinations of tubing, casing, and hole sizes along with packers and other hardware components. Often the borehole is filled with gas across the zones of interest. The new PNL device was tested in several wells, in which it operated in sigma mode with an adaptive burst scheme. Integration of all the recorded information made it possible to accurately track the three-phase fluid saturation changes even in the gas-filled wellbores with complex completions.
The Potential Evaluation of Superheated Steam with High Degree Assisted Gravity Drainage Process in Oil Sands Project
Authors: Liang Guangyue , Liu Shangqi , Liu Yang , Luo Yanyan , Han Bin , Huang Jixin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Compared with conventional wet saturated steam, both enthalpy and specific volume of superheated steam are much larger. Combination superheated steam as injected media with SAGD process is expected to improve development effect of oil sands with less steam consumption.
In this paper, SAGD performance in certain oil sands project considering aquathermolysis reactions mechanism was evaluated and compared by physical simulation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation for superheated steam and wet saturated steam.
Superheated steam enhances oil recovery a little under the same heat, but can significantly reduce steam injection rate. This is because superheated steam injected mainly concentrates on small region in the bottom of steam chamber, and doesn't expand to the drainage boundary of the whole steam chamber, under the action of subcool control. The optimum bottom-hole temperature of superheated steam is about 350°C considering the heat loss along vertical well section, SAGD performance and facilitating subcool control in field operation. In order to further improve oil rate and recovery factor, the technology gravity drainage assisted in superheated steam flooding during late SAGD process as well as superheated steam-assisted gravity drainage process with mixed solvent were proposed and evaluated. The former can increase swept volume of bypassed bitumen with wedge-shape between adjacent well pairs, but consume more steam. Whereas, the latter can attain higher recovery factor, solvent recovery, and incremental bitumen to solvent loss ratio compared with wet saturated steam.
Superheated steam with high degree assisted gravity drainage process wasn't applied in oil sands project, and aquathermolysis reactions were considered for the first time by combining physical simulation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. These insights of two technologies proposed probably improve the economics of oil sands project by increasing oil rate and decreasing steam injection rate at the same time, especially in low-price environment.
Sealing Faults: A Bamboozling Problem in Abu Dhabi Fields
Authors: Noufal Abdelwahab , Obaid Khalid 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Abu Dhabi Fields are showing the presence of several leads/prospects with a significant amount of hydrocarbon accumulations, where the faults provide the critical up-dip closure. The classical approach of fault sealing based on the construction of a deterministic juxtaposition and Shale gouge ratio analysis will not work in Abu Dhabi fields, as most of the section is mainly consisting of carbonates and the faulting history is mainly overcoming by strike-slip movement, where the vertical offset along the faults are minimum. Therefore, implementing a new approach based on construction of an integrated modeling using well logs, seismic, outcrop analogues, 1D MEM and 3D MEM, complemented with modeled and measured pressure data is necessary.
The sealing behavior of faults is known to control aspects of hydrocarbon migration and reservoir distribution in space and time, the least understood factor in petroleum system. Fault planes can be sealing and prevent flow of fluids in one time and be leaking in another time. It can be sealing for oil and leaking for gas/oil or it can be sealing at one horizon and leaking at another horizon. This paper provides a workflow for assessing the risk of fault seal in undrilled prospects. This is an integrated approach based on statistical analysis of a database of sealing and non-sealing faults to solving fault seal issues, which involves a combination of: Detailed microstructural, geometries and petrophysical property analysis of fault rocks; fault zone poroperm histories, sealing mechanisms, sealing capacities, stability and the timing of fault activity during the burial history. In addition to the geomechanical modeling aspects with the characterization of fault array geometry, population, distribution of sub-seismic faults from wells, cores and outcrop data and an evaluation of the seismic scale fault array attributes.
Faulting mechanisms in Abu Dhabi petroleum system have complicated movement histories involving numerous periods of reactivation and, in some cases multiple reversals of fault-movement direction. Therefore, to fully assess fault-seal potential it is necessary to examine the evolution of faults through time and the stress history, in addition to fault characterization, population, sealing criteria, and fault geometry/orientation. The results offer useful insights in the main factors and highlights how the faults behave, with risk evaluation, in terms of uncertainty ranges and sensitivities. As a result, the explorationist will have indication to remove the "uncertain" results. In addition, well data, 3D seismic data, and advanced interpretation tools can make it possible to accurately characterize the geometry/distribution and kinematics of faults, the in situ pressure differences across them and the possible compartmentalization.
Optimizing the Drill Bit / Bottom Hole Assembly Pull Out of Hole Decision-Making Process Through the Use of Realtime, Downhole Drilling Data and Downhole Mechanical Specific Energy
Authors: Al-Kindi Rashid , Cesetti Maurizio , Singh Rudra , Antillon Rodrigo , Kirby Cliff , Vanlammeran Charles , Paila Phalgun 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper seeks to demonstrate how the use of real-time downhole drilling data can help facilitate the timely, well-informed decision to pull out of hole (POOH) if the rate of penetration (ROP) reduces beyond expectation.
The traditional decision process starts with offset ROP comparison. If the ROP is lower than expected, then typically there are two scenarios: either the drill bit has become dull or the formation is harder to drill than expected. If the first scenario is suspected then a cost-benefit analysis is performed whereby the remaining footage is assessed and the time to drill to section TD with the current ROP is calculated and compared to the cost of a new drill bit, rig time and the cost of round tripping to change the bit. However, when the bit is on surface and seen to still have good cutting structure then the round trip has been a waste of time and money and more patience should have been exercised in keeping the drill bit on bottom.
With real-time, downhole drilling data it is possible to assess the drillability of the formation and estimate the dull condition of the bit. Primary parameters that are used for this assessment are downhole weight on bit and downhole torque, and their relationship to one another. In addition, the trend of the downhole mechanical specific energy is evaluated.
The first case study under discussion was drilled in 12¼-in. section, offshore UAE field. For the initial 4,500ft the average ROP was 80ft/hr, at which point a dramatic decrease in ROP was observed. A reduction in ROP was expected at this point because of formation change, but the magnitude of the reduction was much greater.
Because the ROP was expected to reduce, the drilling continued with some short-lived increases in ROP. After a sustained time period of low ROP the decision to POOH was made, when the drill bit was on surface the dull grade was 1-6-HC-S-X-I-RO-PR. Upon evaluation of downhole drilling data with the aid of hindsight regarding eventual dull grade it was seen that there were clear indications that the bit was no longer effective and the decision to POOH should have been made. The time period that elapsed between the drill bit becoming damaged and POOH was 30 hours.
This base case lesson learned was utilized on a subsequent well in the drilling campaign on an analogous application. By using this downhole signature a quicker, more effective POOH decision was made. The POOH decision in this case was made after just 2.5 hours compared to the 30 hours on the previous well. Once on surface, the dull grade of the bit was 2-7-WT-S-X-I-RO-PR.
Maximize the Value of 3D Seismic with AVO Inversion for Reservoir Modeling and Field Development Optimizing, Offshore Abu Dhabi, UAE
Authors: Miyamoto H. , Kohda A. , Alfarhan Z. A. , Shibasaki T. , Bellah S. , Al-Ameri M. B. , Jasem S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Seismic reservoir characterization is commonly conducted after seismic acquisition and processing projects to support the following static/dynamic modeling. In general, such study for carbonate reservoir has high difficulty to evaluate fluid saturation or formation pressure change due to the stiffer matrix of carbonate rock than siliciclastic reservoir. Therefore, porosity prediction through seismic AI inversion tends to be solely applied owing to a clear correlation between porosity and AI. However, the field had experienced water/gas injection as well as oil production as at the 3D survey acquisition; hence the porosity map from the conventional AI inversion should be disturbed by these field development effects. Our workflow first involved rock physics analysis, AVO modeling in order to find out the correlation between the subsurface properties and the seismic response. AVO inversion was implemented and interpreted based on such fundamental steps. It resulted in delineating the quantitative behavior of gas/water injection and oil production schemes in Xp-p.p domain and generating the best seismic attributes to separate fluid saturation and pressure changes from porosity. These attributes are of value to interpret the spatial pattern of field development activities and to refine the porosity prediction.
New Challenges on Qualification and Selection of High Strength Materials for Critical Sour Environment
Authors: Oliveira J. , Thébault F. , Dalbert V. , Guedes D. , Yanik A. , Néel G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In recent years, oil and gas operators have faced new challenges regarding the resistance of sour service 110ksi specified minimum yield strength material in extreme sour conditions, meaning partial pressures of H2S higher than 15psi (1bar). Furthermore, high pressure wells in presence of H2S such as deepwater and HPHT require high strength 140ksi specified minimum yield strength carbon steel, for which even at high temperature can develop sulfide stress cracking.
This paper describes a methodology to select and qualify materials for such critical conditions, taking into account the aspects from material design to specific laboratory testing to provide suitable material for the well environment. The results presented highlight the importance of material qualification in the well design phase prior to product application.
A few well architecture examples are presented, explaining the benefits of using qualified materials with high mechanical properties and improved sulfide stress cracking resistance, opening the doors of new oil and gas field explorations with profitable solutions.
Improving Pore Network Imaging & Characterization of Microporous Carbonate Rocks Using Multi-Scale Imaging Techniques
Authors: Hassan A. , Chandra V. , Yutkin M. P. , Patzek T. W. , Espinoza D. N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Epoxy-pore casting is widely used to characterize geological samples. In this study, we present a robust pore imaging approach that applies Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) to obtain high resolution 3D images of etched epoxy-pore casts of highly heterogeneous carbonates. In our approach, we have increased the depth of investigation for carbonates 20-fold, from 10 μm reported by (Fredrich, 1999; Shah et al., 2013) to 200 μm. In addition, high resolution 2D images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been correlated with the 3D models from CLSM to develop a multi-scale imaging approach that covers a range of scales, from millimeters in 3D to micrometers in 2D. The developed approach was implemented to identify various pore types, e.g., the inter-crystalline and intra-granular microporosity, and the inter-boundary sheet pores in the limestone and dolomite samples.