bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Nitrate in Tobacco by UV-Spectrometry / Die Bestimmung von Nitrat in Tabak durch UV-Spektrometrie
Authors: Barkemeyer H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new spectrophotometric method, suitable for routine determination of nitrate in tobacco, is described. Quantities as low as 0.05 % of nitrate in tobacco are determinable, the results can be reproduced very well (RSD (relative standard deviation) = 1.43 % for 0.7 % of nitrate in tobacco). 15-20 determinations per day and per person can be performed. The figures obtained by this method are identical with those obtained by other methods. Interferences by other compounds have not been observed. Commercial cigarettes show contents of nitrate in tobacco in the range between 2 % and 0.04 %.
A Periodic-Automatic Apparatus for the Determination of the Moisture Content of Tobacco / Eine periodisch-automatische Feuchtigkeitsmesseinrichtung für Tabak
Authors: von Bethmann M. , Dettmer W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHaving reviewed general conditions and various difficulties of routine measurement and control of tobacco humidity, the authors present a new periodic-automatical principle which they developed for the determination of the moisture content of tobacco. Tobacco specimens continuously taken from the conveyor by an automatic sampler are tested by the principle of conductibility with constant pressure and time values. A velocity of 5 to 9 measurements per minute can easily be achieved. The measuring process is controlled by electronic programming. The results are recorded as deviation from a desired value by a registering instrument giving preferably also an account of the time of sampling. The said value to be fixed at choice represents a given electric resistance which is adjusted to the desired humidity value, to the temperature at the measuring point and to the specific properties of the respective tobacco mixture. Supplementary appliances for the automatic indication of ranges, the direct registering of figures and the storage of results can be incorporated with the apparatus presented. It is also possible to take parallel measurements of temperature and to compensate for its influence on the measuring results.
An Apparatus for the Control of Tobacco Filling Regularity of Cigarettes. 2nd Report: Results of an Improved Gap Counter / Ein Gerät zum Prüfen der Füllungsgleichmäßigkeit von Cigaretten: 2. Mitteilung: Ergebnisse mit einem verbesserten Lochzähler
Authors: Lorenz H.W. , F. Seehofer 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe filling gap counter formerly described has been improved. The apparatus detects and counts the number of holes (irregularities) of cigarettes. A comparison of the results obtained respectively by manual and mechanical control showed the judgement formed by an examiner to be unsatisfactory. The ejection of faulty cigarettes as well as the automatical recording of the rate of irregularities are prerequisites to the rapid discovery of the source of defects.
Comparison of the Fungicidal Properties of Different Humectants in a Tobacco Blend / Vergleich der fungistatischen Wirkung verschiedener Feuchthaltemittel bei einer ungesoßten Tabakmischung
Authors: van Nooy H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe experimental results indicated in the present paper reveal that among all humectants admitted 1,3-butyleneglycol alone has marked fungicidal properties satisfying the requirements of practical tobacco treatment, and that, on the other hand, diethyleneglycol and glycerine practically do not have such qualities
An Apparatus for the Determination of the Compactness of Cigarettes / Der Betriebs-Kompazitätsmesser
Authors: Flesselles J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstact
An apparatus for the rapid determination of the compactness of cigarettes is presented. We may recall to mind that the compactness of a cigarette is the subjective measure of its filling regarded as average value of the whole of the cigarette. It does not take into account irregularities along the paper wrapping. The compactness thus applying to the total of cigarette filling has direct relation to the degree of exploitation of cut tobacco. In view of an optimum control of manufacture it is desirable to determine cigarette compactness by representative samples. The apparatus meets these requirements. It permits to measure the average compactness of a sample of 15 cigarettes in a short time and holds a device for the determination of tobacco humidity by which compactness values can be referred to a given standard of moisture. The apparatus is suitable for direct utilization in the factory
Nicotine Degradation by Microorganisms in Model Experiments / Über Nikotinabbau durch Mikroorganismen in Modellversuchen
Authors: Schmidt J. A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Zur Verminderung des Nikotingehaltes stehen heute technologische Maßnahmen im Vordergrund. Eingangs wurde ein Überblick über die aus diesem Sektor vorliegenden Arbeiten über den mikrobiellen und biochemischen Nikotinabbau gegeben. An Hand von eingehenden Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß spezielle Bakterien nach Zugabe von Vitamin- und Wuchsstoffen und bei guter Belüftung bis zu 70% der vorgelegten Nikotinmengen abzubauen imstande sind. Schimmelpilze zeigten sich ebenfalls zum Nikotinabbau befähigt. Die innerhalb der eigenen Versuche erhaltenen Abbaustufen wurden chromatographisch dargestellt. Diese bedürfen der weiteren chemischen und physiologischen Bestimmung. Die aus den eigenen mikrobiologischen Ergebnissen gezogenen Folgerungen wurden diskutiert und, soweit dies heute möglich ist, auf die Belange der praktischen Tabakfermentation, Tabakanalytik und Tabakzüchtung ausgerichtet
An Automatic Smoking Machine for the Collection of Large Quantities of Cigarette Smoke Condensate / Eine vollautomatische Rauchmaschine für die Herstellung großer Mengen von Cigarettenrauchkondensaten
Authors: Elmenhorst H. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A smoking machine is described which is capable of smoking cigarettes in large quantities completely automatically. The machine was developed from the smoking machine of BAT type for 30 cigarettes. 30 cigarettes are smoked simultaneously and each puff is drawn from the cigarette individually. The following processes are automatic: the feeding of the cigarettes from a hopper into the smoking head, the lighting and the smoking of the cigarettes, the counting of puffs, the ejection of the butts after a determined number of puffs and the extinction of the butts. The control of these automatic processes is effected electrically. In the case of a deficiency of cigarettes in the hopper or when the operation of the machine is defective, the staff is alerted by means of an automatic control system. The smoke is condensed in a cold trap with a high capacity. The capacity of the trap is large enough to receive the smoke production of five days. The puff profile of the smoking machine is rectangular. The smoking machine can be used for plain cigarettes as well as for filter cigarettes. The length of the cigarettes to be smoked is unrestricted. Any number of puffs per cigarette can be chosen. The conditions of smoking correspond to the CORESTA standard. The dimensions of the machine are small enough to make the machine fit easily in every normal laboratory hood. 8 machines can be supervised by one person. This means that one experienced person could control the smoking of 8000-10 000 cigarettes a day. It is shown that the smoking to a constant number of puffs gives the same results as the smoking to a constant butt length, provided the number of puffs yields the required butt length.
The Distribution of Tobacco Smoke Constituents Between the Vapour and Particulate Phases
Authors: Williamson J.T. , Allman D.R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The distribution between the vapour and particulate phases of 17 volatile constituents of tobacco smoke in the boiling point range 21°C to 111°C was examined by gas chromatography. Analyses of the vapour passing through ambient temperature traps, namely, electrostatic and Cambridge Filter were carried out and compared with the analyses of vapours recovered by heating from the condensate precipitated in these traps. The vapours passing through the traps were compared with the vapour composition of smoke from which the particulate matter had been allowed to settle by gravity. Results indicated that the retention pattern of the Cambridge Filter Unit and the electrostatic trap in this range were very similar and that their efficiencies towards the 17 constituents examined ranged from 0 % to 18 %. The indications are that the composition of the vapour passing either of these traps is closely similar to that of the vapour phase in the original aerosol.
Effect of Cellulose on Taste of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Wakeham H. , Silberman H. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Experiments were performed to define the contribution of the cellulose component in cigarette-filler to the organoleptic qualities of smoke. Pure cellulose shreds added to leaf tobacco gave the smoke a harsh quality readily detected by the smoker. Similar amounts of cellulose powder and tobacco dust, homogenized together and made into a film which was then used as cigarette filler, did not show the harshness effect even up to levels of 44 % added cellulose content in the mixture. Presoaking the cellulose paper in aqueous tobacco solubles also prevented the harshness in smoke observed from pure cellulose shreds. It was concluded that the intimate mixture of noncellulosic components with the cellulose in tobacco lamina and stems to a large extent modifies the burning of the cellulose component from that of pure cellulose paper. Chemical analyses showed that the manner of cellulose addition influenced appreciably the cigarette-smoke composition, thus accounting qualitatively for the organoleptic changes noted.
The Examination of Semi-Volatiles in Cigarette Smoke/Untersuchung der „Semi -Volatiles“ des Cigarettenrauches
Authors: Neurath G. , Dünger M. , Küstermann I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSix fractions of the steam volatiles of tobacco smoke condensate (semi-volatiles) are formed by column chromatography on silica gel. The constituents are identified by means of a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. About 320 compounds are indicated. Out of the 215 substances identified 69 have not been previously reported in cigarette smoke.
The Differentiation of Tobacco Smoke Condensates on the Basis of Reducing Properties
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. , Nisbet M.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCondensates obtained by smoking cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco have been compared on the basis of their abilities to reduce cytochrome c and DCIP. Most market brands of flue-cured cigarettes, while differing on the basis of total reducing activities, give similar values when reducing activity is expressed as specific activity (reducing activity per mg particulate matter). Condensates from blended cigarette brands containing other types of tobacco in addition to flue-cured, have lower specific activities. Special types, such as cigarettes made from 100 % reconstituted tobacco and a ventilated cigarette, also give lower values. Both cigars and pipe tobaccos give condensates with distinctly lower specific activities than those obtained from flue-cured cigarettes. In the case of pipe tobacco a large amount of water accumulates on the Cambridge pads and has to be taken into account when calculating specific activities.
Tobacco Chemistry: 4: ChemicaI and Ciliotoxic Studies of Smoke from Freeze-Dried Tobacco
Authors: Enzell C.R. , Bergstedt E. , Dalhamn T. , Johnson W.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFreeze-dried and corresponding conventionally cured tobacco have been subjected to comparative studies. It is shown that the cigarettes manufactured from the freeze-dried tobacco have a noticeably lower average weight due to the higher filling capacity of this tobacco and that this has little or no influence on the taste, but affects the burning rate considerably. Determinations of the amounts of total particulate matter, dry condensate, and nicotine in the smoke shows that these are about half in the case of the freeze-dried material when an equal number of cigarettes are smoked; they differ much less when an equal amount of tobacco or an equal number of puffs are used as the bases for comparison. The "phenol" content of the smoke is however in all cases found to be noticeably lower for the freeze-dried cigarettes. Examination of the ciliotoxic effect of the smoke from the two types of tobacco on rabbit trachea in vitro shows that there is no significant difference between the number of puffs required to achieve complete ciliostasis. A detailed gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study using a high resolution glass capillary column and computerised data-acquisition demonstrates that there are no significant differences between the gas phases of the smoke derived from the two differently treated tobaccos.
Market Analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany Between 1961 – 1970/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1970
Authors: Misfeld J. , Timm J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOn the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of nicotine and condensate contents of German cigarettes, of their respective shares in the market, the smoked length of cigarettes, and of the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany, an estimate has been prepared on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic covering the years 1961-1970. The values for 1961 amount to 40.2 g of smoke condensate (crude) and to 2.04 g of nicotine. The values for 1970 are found to be only 29.4 g and 1.63 g respectively. That means that the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last ten years. The share of smokers having remained almost the same, the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine per smoker is, as well, found to have decreased by about 27 % and 20 % respectively during the years between 1961 and 1970 despite an increased cigarette consumption.
The Statistical Investigation of Sorption Phenomena in Tobacco/Die mathematische Behandlung verschiedener Sorptionsgleichungen für Tabak
Authors: Hübschen L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEven to-day the theory of sorption phenomena does not provide for an exact analytical solution to the problem of the different types of binding existing between the liquid and gaseous phases and the material to be studied. Under these circumstances, the empirical relations between the equilibrium moisture content and the relative air humidity is of increasing significance. The validity of the mathematic principles of the Theory BET and of the Equation of Henderson is examined by comparison with experimental results obtained for tobacco. The limits set to determination reveal themselves even in the sphere of adsorption, if the calculation of the Theory BET is made on the basis of five molecular layers. Finally, the sorption theory which has recently been established by Kollmann and which is based on statistical investigations is presented. The author intends to apply Kollmann's theory to tobacco and will report the results at a later date
The Identification of Maltol in Cigarette Smoke/Nachweis von Maltol in Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Elmenhorst H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMaltol (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pyrone) as a new tobacco smoke constituent was identified by thin layer chromatography and UV-spectrometry. After conversion into the methylether, by reaction with diazomethane, maltoI was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The amount of maltol in the smoke of a cigarette, made from tobacco without any additives, was 5 to 10 µg/cigarette. As far as we know, the occurrence of γ-pyrone derivatives in tobacco smoke has not been reported until now. It might be possible that the newly found γ-pyrone derivative is only the first representative of a new class of chemical smoke constituents
Gas-Chromatographic Determination of the Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of Polyhydric Alcohol Humectants in Tobacco and in Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Carugno N. , Rossi S. , Lionetti G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA qualitative and quantitative procedure has been developed for the determination of humectants in manufactured tobacco by gas-chromatographic method with a flame ionization detector. It consists of extraction with methanol, concentration of the extract and treatment with Tri-Sil reagents. The operating gas-chromatographic conditions are set forth. Samples of tobacco containing glycerine, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1-3 butylene glycol and sorbitol have been analysed with recoveries, for the first five ones, in the range of 95-104 %. In order to verify that each chromatographic peak corresponded to the relative glycol, with no interference by other silylated compounds, the mass spectra were obtained through the combination of gas-chromatography with mass spectrometry. The results achieved confirm, as far as tobacco is concerned, that the procedure is accurate and precise. The same method for the determination of humectants was extended to cigarette smoke. Even though this involves morecomplicated problems, as compared to tobacco, because of the presence of silylated compounds, it was found that, for certain glycols, the gas-chromatography of the trimethyl derivatives can be also used as a method of analysis. The mass spectra of some polyhydric alcohols are shown
Relation of Wood Colour in Burley Tobacco Stalks to Nicotine Content of the Leaves
Authors: Gupton C.L. , Neas M.O. , Bowman D.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe colour of Burley tobacco stalks was found to be correlated with nicotine content of the leaves. The wood varies from oyster white to pumpkin in colour; the lighter the coloUr the less nicotine. Correlation coefficients between wood colour index and percent nicotine ranged between .81 and .84 which was highly significant at the .01 Ievel of probability. These results indicate that percent nicotine in Burley tobacco can be reliably estimated by using the simple, rapid, and wood in inexpensive wood colour index for classification of plants. Colour photographs to illustrate these differences are included
Tobacco Chemistry: 8: Chemical and Ciliotoxic Studies of Smoke from Heat-Treated Tobacco
Authors: Enzell C.R. , Bergstedt E. , Dalhamn T. , Johnson W.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHeat-treated and corresponding conventionally cured tobacco have been subjected to comparative studies. The heat-treating process has been carried out under laboratory and curing barn conditions. Analyses of the three different tobaccos show that the heat treatment leads to a considerable reduction of the polyphenols and a less pronounced reduction of nicotine. Determinations of the amount of total particulate matter, dry condensate, nicotine, and "phenol" in the smoke from cigarettes manufactured from the three types of tobaccos show that the heat treatment in the barn gives rise to a small but relevant lowering of these values. Examination of the ciliotoxic effect of the smokes on rabbit trachea in vitro reveals that there is a significant, although moderate, difference between the tobacco heat-treated in the laboratory and the control as regards the number of puffs required to achieve complete ciliostasis. A detailed gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study using a high resolution glass capillary column and computerised data-acquisition demonstrates the absence of significant differences in the gas phases of the smoke derived from the differently treated tobaccos.
The Determination of Tobacco Additives 2nd Report: A Method for Series Analyses of Menthol in Tobacco and Tobacco Products/Zur Bestimmung von Tabakadditiven: 2. Mitteilung: Eine Methode zur serienanalytischen Bestimmung von Menthol in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen
Authors: Nesemann E. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe method used in our laboratories since 1965 for the determination of menthol in tobacco and tobacco products has meanwhile been improved and made suitable for series analyses. Menthol is isolated from the mentholated material to be investigated by steam distillation The distillate containing the menthol in question (dissolved in acetone) is directly subjected to gas chromatography for quantitative determination. The recovery was found to amount to 97 %, the coefficient of variation to 1.45 %, and the detection limit to 0.002 mg of menthol per mI.
Evaluation of Acids and Phenols in the Semi-Volatile Fraction of the Smoke of Blend Cigarettes and of Cigarettes Made from Virginia, Burley and Oriental Tobaccos - Säuren und Phenole in der „Semi-Volatile“-Fraktion des Rauches von Blend-, Virginia-, Burley- und Orient-Cigaretten
Authors: Elmenhorst H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to compare the composition of the semi-volatile fraction of the smoke of different tobacco types. A German blend cigarette without any additive and further three cigarettes made from Virginia, Burley and Oriental tobaccos were compared. The composition of the acidic fraction of the "semi-volatiles" of the smoke was analysed. 22 substances including the newly identified octadeca-9,12,15-trien-1-ol were identified by GC and mass spectrometry and quantitatively determined by GC-methods. Although in general all the smoke samples were qualitatively similar in volatile acid and phenol composition, there were, quantitatively, remarkable differences between the different tobacco types. In the semi-volatile fraction of the smoke of the Oriental cigarette, the level of 3-methylvaleric acid and isovaleric acid was highly increased. The semi-volatile fraction of the smoke of the Virginia cigarette showed an overall increased level for the rest of the aliphatic acids which we analysed. Especially the amount of palmitic acid is increased. Phenol, cresol, catechol, guajacol and benzoic acid were also increased compared with the Burley and Oriental cigarettes. In the semi-volatile fraction of Burley smoke all analysed substances were diminished
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke Comparison of Two Different Smoking and Trapping Procedures/Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Kohlenmonoxid in Cigarettenrauch: Vergleich zweier Abrauch- und Gasspeicherverfahren
Authors: Klimisch H.J. , Meissner K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA gas chromatographic method is described which is suitable for the quantitative routine determination of CO in tobacco smoke. The CO is separated from other gases on a moderately activated molecular sieve column and is quantitatively determined after hydrogenation on a nickel-contact at 290°C with a flame ionisation detector. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and great stability of the separation column. A comparison of a "constant flow" smoking machine and a smoking machine operated by pistons, in the course of which a container filled with a saturated solution of sodium chloride or a polyvinylchloride bag was employed for gas storing, led to comparable results. The addition of NaNO