bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poor Neighborhoods in the Metropolis
Authors: Pattillo Mary , Robinson John N. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines neighborhood poverty in the metropolis, a perspective known as “new metropolitan reality”—as opposed to one that is fixated on the central city. It first considers three bodies of research that make it possible to understand neighborhood poverty in the metropolis: the political economy of place, the economic causes of concentrated poverty, and household mobility patterns. It then reviews recent population trends in the United States that support the metropolitan perspective on poverty. It also explores neighborhood poverty on the ground by focusing on ethnographic research on poor neighborhoods in particular places. Finally, it discusses research on the effects of poor neighborhoods on residents and asks whether current policy approaches are equipped to address the new metropolitan reality of poverty.
Aid and Global Poverty
Authors: Feeny Simon , McGillivray Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between foreign aid and poverty in developing countries, with the goal of determining whether donor governments are motivated and actively set out to reduce poverty in developing countries through the provision of aid but with the impact of aid on poverty reduction. It begins with an overview of the aid and poverty record based on global data from the 1980s onward, with particular emphasis on Official Development Assistance (ODA). It then considers the analytics of aid and poverty before reviewing the relevant literature, including studies that address the impact of aid on growth and growth elasticity of poverty. The article argues that aid has had a marginally positive impact on poverty reduction in developing countries, and that poverty would be slightly higher without it.
The Welfare States and Poverty
Authors: Lee Cheol-Sung , Koo In-Hoe 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines the impact of welfare states on poverty reduction. It considers how different welfare regimes have reacted to help stressed populations, especially the poor, and how welfare states in developing countries protect their less capable populations under the pressures of globalization and postindustrial economic transformation. To address these questions, the article reviews existing theoretical and empirical literature on welfare states and poverty. It first describes three welfare state typologies in terms of skill and employment provisions before discussing the issues of targeting and encompassing welfare institutions. It then explores the redistributive policies of welfare states and how demographic transformations affect poverty. It also assesses the effects of two different types of welfare regimes observed in developing countries—productivist and protectionist welfare regimes—on poverty outcomes. Finally, it analyzes which configurations of social policies reduce poverty more effectively.
Structural Violence, Poverty, and Social Suffering
Authors: Rylko-Bauer Barbara , Farmer Paul 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines the interrelationships among structural violence, poverty and social suffering. It begins with a vignette from Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, that puts a face on structural violence. It then traces the historical roots and characteristic features of the concept of structural violence and goes on to discuss its relationship to other types of violence. It also considers how the notion of structural violence has been applied across various disciplines to enhance our understanding of social problems linked to profound poverty and social suffering. Furthermore, it describes the utility and relevance of structural violence to social analysis before concluding with an overview of how anthropology can be used in refining the concept of structural violence.
Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Interest and Participation in Global Health
Authors: Stagg Amy R. , Blanchard May Hsieh , Carson Sandra A. , Peterson Herbert B. , Flynn Erica B. , Ogburn Tony 
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate obstetrics and gynecology resident interest and participation in global health experiences and elucidate factors associated with resident expectation for involvement.

METHODS:
A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residents before the 2015 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology in-training examination. The 23-item survey gathered demographic data and queried resident interest and participation in global health. Factors associated with resident expectation for participation in global health were analyzed by Pearson χ2 tests.

RESULTS:
Of the 5,005 eligible examinees administered the survey, 4,929 completed at least a portion of the survey for a response rate of 98.5%. Global health was rated as “somewhat important” or “very important” by 96.3% (3,761/3,904) of residents. “Educational opportunity” (69.2%) and “humanitarian effort” (17.7%) were cited as the two most important aspects of a global health experience. Residents with prior global health experience rated the importance of global health more highly and had an increased expectation for future participation. Global health electives were arranged by residency programs for 18.0% (747/4,155) of respondents, by residents themselves as an elective for 44.0% (1,828/4,155), and as a noncredit experience during vacation time for 36.4% (1,514/4,155) of respondents. Female gender, nonpartnered status, no children, prior global health experience, and intention to incorporate global health in future practice were associated with expectations for a global health experience.

CONCLUSION:
Most obstetrics and gynecology residents rate a global health experience as somewhat or very important, and participation before or during residency increases the perceived importance of global health and the likelihood of expectation for future participation. A majority of residents report arranging their own elective or using vacation time to participate, suggesting that residency programs have limited structured opportunities.
Anorectal Function and Quality of Life in Patients With Early Stage Rectal Cancer Treated With Chemoradiation and Local Excision
Authors: Lynn Patricio B. , Renfro Lindsay A. , Carrero Xiomara W. , Shi Qian , Strombom Paul L. , Chow Oliver , Garcia-Aguilar Julio 
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND:
Little is known about anorectal function and quality of life after chemoradiation followed by local excision, which is an alternative to total mesorectal excision for selected patients with early rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess anorectal function and health-related quality of life of patients with T2N0 rectal cancer who were treated with an alternative approach.

DESIGN:
This was a prospective, phase II trial.

SETTINGS:
The study was multicentric (American College of Surgeons Oncology Group trial Z6041).

INTERVENTIONS:
Patients with stage cT2N0 rectal adenocarcinomas were treated with an oxaliplatin/capecitabine-based chemoradiation regimen followed by local excision.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Anorectal function and quality of life were assessed at enrollment and 1 year postoperatively with the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal Questionnaire. Results were compared, and multivariable analysis was performed to identify predictors of outcome.

RESULTS:
Seventy-one patients (98%) were evaluated at enrollment and 66 (92%) at 1 year. Compared with baseline, no significant differences were found on Fecal Incontinence Severity Index scores at 1 year. Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life results were significantly worse in the lifestyle (p < 0.001), coping/behavior (p < 0.001), and embarrassment (p = 0.002) domains. There were no differences in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy overall score, but the physical well-being subscale was significantly worse and emotional well-being was improved after surgery. Treatment with the original chemoradiation regimen predicted worse depression/self-perception and embarrassment scores in the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life, and male sex was predictive of worse scores in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy overall score and trial outcome index.

LIMITATIONS:
Small sample size, relatively short follow-up, and absence of information before cancer diagnosis were study limitations.

CONCLUSIONS:
Chemoradiation followed by local excision had minimal impact on anorectal function 1 year after surgery. Overall quality of life remained stable, with mixed effects on different subscales. This information should be used to counsel patients about expected outcomes.
Karydakis Flap With Compressing Tie-over Interrupted Sutures Without Drain versus Standard Karydakis for Treatment of Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease
Authors: Sewefy Alaa M. , Hassanen Aymen , Atyia Ahmed M. , Saleh Saleh K. 
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND:
Sacroccygeal pilonidal sinus disease is a worldwide health problem, affecting young adults, mainly males, with a tendency for recurrence. Various modalities have been used for treating this condition. The Karydakis procedure is one of most commonly used asymmetric flaps for treating this condition.

OBJECTIVE:
The study aimed to evaluate the Karydakis procedure with tie-over compressing sutures instead of the routine use of a drain in the treatment pilonidal sinus.

DESIGN:
This prospective randomized controlled clinical study was conducted between January 2010 and January 2015.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at Minia University Hospital.

PATIENTS:
The study included 154 patients. Patients were randomly assigned into 2 equal groups.

INTERVENTIONS:
The patients in group 1 were operated on by the standard Karydakis procedure, and the patients in group 2 were operated on by the Karydakis procedure with tie-over compressing sutures without a drain.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
The primary outcomes measured were the incidence of seroma formation, wound complications, length of hospital stay, off-work time, and recurrence rate.

RESULTS:
All patients were discharged on the same day of surgery in group 2 compared with a mean hospital stay of 4.9 ± 2.4 days in group 1. No patients developed seroma in group 2 compared with 7.8% in group 1. In group 2, 1.3% of patients developed wound infection compared with 9.1% in group 1. The average time for return to work in group 2 was 10.2 ± 1.4 days compared with 12.6 ± 4 days in group 1. No recurrences were noted in group 2 compared with 2.6% in group 1.

LIMITATIONS:
The feedback about postoperative pain and patient satisfaction about the scar were not investigated. The extent of the disease in both groups was not investigated. The duration of follow-up too short to accurately weight recurrence rate.

CONCLUSION:
Karydakis flap with tie-over compressing interrupted sutures without a drain is safe, 1-day surgery with the lowest complications rate.
Design and Validation of a Three-Dimensional Printed Flexible Canine Otoscopy Teaching Model
Authors: Nibblett Belle Marie D. , Pereira Mary Mauldin , Sithole Fortune , Orchard Paul A.D. , Bauman Eric B. 
Published: April 2017

Introduction
A teaching model was sought to improve canine otoscopy skill and reduce use of teaching dogs.

Methods
An otoscopy teaching model was printed in a flexible medium on a desktop three-dimensional printer from a magnetic resonance image of a canine external ear canal. The model was mounted in a polyvinyl dog mannequin. Validation of the teaching model was sought from student, faculty, and dog perspective. Student perception of prelaboratory training was assessed using a survey regarding their experience. Otoscopy skill was assessed by faculty grading the ear anatomy visualized as well as the time required to prepare for and perform otoscopy and the time to the dog's first sign of aversion. The time data were used to assess whether there was a reduction in use of teaching dogs. Data from students exposed to the otoscopy model as part of their prelaboratory training (n = 20) were compared with those that were not exposed to the model (n = 19).

Results
The students found prelaboratory training with the model significantly more helpful than prelaboratory training without the model in all aspects of otoscopy (P < 0.05). Use of the model did not alter otoscopy skill (structures seen or time taken) or decrease dog use.

Conclusions
The students found the model helpful, but the best that can be said is the model did not negatively impact their otoscopy skill acquisition. Although the outcome of the study did not indicate a reduction in teaching dog use, the model has replaced live dog otoscopy in the institute's teaching program for initial canine otoscopy exposure.
Publication of Abstracts Presented at an International Healthcare Simulation Conference
Authors: Cheng Adam , Lin Yiqun , Smith Jeremy , Wan Brandi , Belanger Claudia , Hui Joshua 
Published: April 2017

Introduction
We aimed to determine the publication rate for abstracts presented at the International Meeting for Simulation in Healthcare (IMSH) and the time between abstract presentation and publication. We also aimed to describe the study features influencing subsequent publication and the relationship between these features and journal impact factors (IFs).

Methods
All types of accepted abstracts from the 2012 and 2013 IMSH were reviewed. We extracted the following data from each abstract in duplicate: presentation format, subject, type of scholarship, research method, study design, outcome measure, number of institutions in authorship group, and number of study sites. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched (January 1, 2012 to August 1, 2016) using the names of the first, second, and last author for comparison with abstracts. Journal of publication and IF were recorded. Data were summarized with descriptive statistics. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed to explore the association between publication status and other variables.

Results
Of 541 abstracts, 22% (119/541) were published with a median time to publication of 16 months (interquartile range = 8.525), ranging from 0 to 43 months. The study characteristics associated with a greater likelihood of publication were the following: research-type abstract, quantitative studies, randomized trials, studies with patient or healthcare-related outcomes, multiple institutions represented in authorship group, and multicenter studies. Studies with multiple institutions in authorship group and multicenter studies were published in higher IF journals (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
The publication rate of 22% for abstracts presented at IMSH is low, indicative of the relatively new nature of simulation-based research in healthcare.
Sympathetic nerve activity promotes cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and binucleation
Authors: Chen Li , Payumo Alexander Y. , Hirose Kentaro , Bigley Rachel B. , Lovas Jonathan , Kuruvilla Rejji , Huang Guo N. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTAdult mammalian hearts typically have little capacity to regenerate after injuries such as myocardial infarction. In contrast, neonatal mice during the first week of life possess an incredible ability to regenerate their hearts, though this capacity is lost shortly after birth. The physiological triggers mediating this transition remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that sympathetic nerve activity promotes cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and binucleation. In mice hearts lacking sympathetic nerve inputs, we observe increased mononucleated cardiomyocyte numbers and elevated cardiomyocyte proliferation. Additionally, increased cardiomyocyte mononucleation and proliferation are observed in mice with genetic and pharmacological inhibition of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs), which mediate sympathetic nerve signaling. Usingin vitrocultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate that activation of β-adrenergic receptors results in decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation that is mediated through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that sympathetic nerve activity may play a role in limiting the ability of mammalian hearts to regenerate by restricting cardiomyocyte proliferation and promoting cytokinesis failure leading to multinucleation.
A collection of genetically engineeredPopulustrees reveals wood biomass traits that predict glucose yield from enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Escamez Sacha , Gandla Madhavi Latha , Derba-Maceluch Marta , Lundqvist Sven-Olof , Mellerowicz Ewa J. , Jönsson Leif J. , Tuominen Hannele 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWood represents a promising source of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of bio-based renewables, especially biofuels. However, woody feedstocks must be improved to become competitive against petroleum. We created a collection ofPopulustrees consisting of 40 genetically engineered lines to modify and to better understand wood biomass properties. A total of 65 traits were measured in these trees and in the corresponding wild-type clone, including growth parameters, wood anatomical and structural properties, cell wall composition and analytical saccharification. The relationships between saccharification of glucose and biomass traits were investigated using multivariate data analysis methods and mathematical modeling. To circumvent potential trade-offs between biomass production and saccharification potential, we also estimated the “total-wood glucose yield” (TWG) expected after pretreatment and 72h of enzymatic hydrolysis from whole trees. A mathematical model estimated TWG from a subset of 22 wood biomass traits with good predictivity (Q2= 0.8), while saccharification of glucose could be predicted from seven biomass traits (Q2= 0.49). Among the seven diagnostic traits for saccharification, four also affected biomass production, such as the ratio of S- to G-lignin which was beneficial for saccharification but detrimental for growth. The contents of various matrix polysaccharides appeared important for predicting both saccharification and TWG, including low abundance monosaccharides. In particular, fucose and mannose contents negatively correlated with TWG, apparently by negatively associating with biomass production. Both biomass production and saccharification, and hence TWG, negatively correlated with arabinose and rhamnose contents, suggesting that these low abundance monosaccharides represent markers/targets for improving feedstocks.
Sign-consistency based variable importance for machine learning in brain imaging
Authors: Gómez-Verdejo Vanessa , Parrado-Hernández Emilio , Tohka Jussi ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: April 2017

AbstractAn important problem that hinders the use of supervised classification algorithms for brain imaging is that the number of variables per single subject far exceeds the number of training subjects available. Deriving multivariate measures of variable importance becomes a challenge in such scenarios. This paper proposes a new measure of variable importance termed sign-consistency bagging (SCB). The SCB captures variable importance by analyzing the sign consistency of the corresponding weights in an ensemble of linear support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. Further, the SCB variable importances are enhanced by means of transductive conformal analysis. This extra step is important when the data can be assumed to be heterogeneous. Finally, the proposal of these SCB variable importance measures is completed with the derivation of a parametric hypothesis test of variable importance. The new importance measures were compared with a t-test based univariate and an SVM-based multivariate variable importances using anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The obtained results demonstrated that the new SCB based importance measures were superior to the compared methods in terms of reproducibility and classification accuracy.
Senior consumers and risk/benefit trade-off in functional foods
Authors: Ravoniarison Aina 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how French senior consumers deal with duality between perceived risk and perceived value associated with functional foods (FFs) and to analyze whether the risk-value trade-off may help to derive different consumer profiles.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 220 senior consumers (50-70). A two-step clustering analysis was carried out on factor scores of perceived value and perceived risk. Discriminant analysis was then employed to verify the classification reliability, and analysis of variance was performed to profile the clusters on the basis of additional variables.FindingsFour distinctive profiles of FF senior consumers were identified. Significant differences were found to be attributed to personality traits. Interestingly, the “Trustful enthusiasts” and the “Ambivalents” consumers do not differ in their repurchase intention, despite a significant discrepancy in risk perception.Practical implicationsThe study is an opportunity to offer a segmentation of this attractive growing target of health-enhancing products. The typology can help the practitioners to find out a new valuable scope of messages to better communicate to elderly market.Originality/valueThe research seeks to contribute to the existing knowledge on seniors’ nutrition-related behavior, by proposing a segmentation still lacking in research works. Since FF perceived value appears to be multidimensional and not only utilitarian, the study provides a new insight into the experiential approach of health-enhancing eating. Also, it shows how the differences between FF consumers could be attributed to certain personal variables.