bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH JUMLAH BIBIT PER RUMPUN DAN DOSIS PUPUK NPK TERHADAP HASIL TANAMAN PADI DAN POPULASI HAMA
Authors: Jumardi Jumardi , Chaeriyah Naeilul , Dimas Dimas 
Published: September 2024

Produktifitas padi nasional (tahun 2022) adalah 5.2 ton per ha yang jauh di bawah potensi genetik tanaman. Rendahnya produktifitas tanaman ini disebabkan oleh pengelolaan tanaman yang kurang tepat: kepadatan populasi tanaman yang kurang optimal, aplikasi pupuk yang kurang tepat, dan serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh jumlah bibit/rumpun dan dosis pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman serta populasi hama dan tingkat kerusakannya. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan dengan rancangan petak terpisah dengan menggunakan tiga ulangan. Petak utama adalah jumlah bibit per rumpun: 3, 5, dan 10 bibit. Sedangkan anak petak adalah dosis pupuk, yaitu: 250, 350, dan 450 kg NPK (16 : 16 : 16)/ha. Jarak tanam yang digunakan adalah 30 x 30 cm atau setara 111,000 rumpun tanaman per ha. Secara umum, semakin tinggi kepadatan populasi tanaman dan dosis NPK semakin tinggi pula semua nilai variabel yang diamati. Terdapat interaksi antara faktor jumlah bibit/rumpun dan dosis pupuk NPK. Hasil tanaman tertinggi didapatkan pada kombinasi perlakuan 10 bibit/rumpun dan pemupukan 450 kg/ha, yaitu 6,1 ton/ha, sekitar 17,3% lebih tinggi dari rata-rata produktifitas tanaman nasional (5,2 ton/ha). Menyangkut populasi dan insidensi hama, tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata diantara semua perlakuan yang diuji.
PENGARUH EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR SEBAGAI SUBTITUSI PARSIAL PUPUK AB-MIX PADA TANAMAN SAWI (Brassica juncea L.) HIDROPONIK
Authors: Oktavian Fiki , Pangaribuan Darwin H. , Ginting Yohannes Cahya 
Published: September 2024

Pertumbuhan tanaman sawi secara hidroponik memerlukan nutrisi yang dapat dilarutkan di dalam air seperti AB-Mix dan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC). Tanaman kelor adalah salah satu tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan POC. Kelor memiliki kandungan hara yang lengkap namun konsentrasinya tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman. Sehingga perlu dilakukan subtitusi dengan nutrisi AB-Mix. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah daun kelor dapat dijadikan sebagai substitusi parsial nutrisi AB-Mix pada tanaman sawi yang ditanaman secara hidroponik. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan tunggal dan 6 ulangan yaitu P1 = 100 % AB-Mix, P2 = 100% ekstrak daun kelor, P3 = 50% AB-Mix + 50% ekstrak daun kelor, dan P4 = 75% AB-Mix + 25% ekstrak daun kelor. Berdasarkan hasil yang telah diperoleh, perlakuan ekstrak daun kelor yang disubtitusikan dengan pupuk AB-Mix diperoleh bahwa perlakuan 75% AB-Mix + 25 % ekstrak daun kelor menghasilkan bobot segar biomassa tanaman yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan ekstrak daun kelor lainnya, namun belum mampu menyaingi perlakuan 100% AB-Mix (kontrol). Diperoleh dosis rekomendasi yang dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif penggunaan nutrisi organik ekstrak daun kelor yaitu dengan konsentrasi 75% AB-Mix + 25% ekstrak daun kelor.
ANALISIS FITOKIMIA EKSTRAK BUAH PURNAJIWA (Kopsia sp.) DAN UJI DAYA HAMBATNYA TERHADAP JAMUR Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E.F. Smith) PENYEBAB LAYU FUSARIUM PISANG
Authors: Ariati Putu Eka Pasmidi , Widnyana I Ketut , Sukerta I Made , Budiasa I Made , Suada I Ketut , Suparyana Pande Komang 
Published: September 2024

Tumbuhan purnajiwa (Kopsia sp.) yakni spesies tumbuh-tumbuhan dari famili Apocinaceae yang memiliki potensi sebagai antijamur alami. Tujuan studi ini yakni menelaah kandungan fitokimia ekstrak buah purnajiwa serta aktivitas antijamur ekstrak etanol buah purnajiwa terhadap F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April 2022 hingga September 2022. Analisis fitokimia dilaksanakan dengan “kromatografi gas-spektrofotometri massa (GC-MS)”. Studi ini yakni percobaan faktorial tunggal, disusun menurut Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yangmana terdapat 17 perlakuan yang diantaranya diulangi dalam tiga kali. Perlakuan tersebut adalah ekstrak buah Purnajiwa dengan konsentrasi 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,6; 0,7; 0,8; 0,9; 1; 2,5; 5; 10; 15; dan 20%; kontrol positif mankozeb 0,5%, dan kontrol negatif yaitu larutan etanol 96%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak buah Purnajiwa memiliki kandungan berbagai asam lemak, alkaloid, dan bersifat antijamur. Dihasilkan pada pengujian MIC bahwasanya di konsentrasi 0,8% sudah memiliki efek penghambatan terhadap jamur “F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense”, dan di konsentrasi 20% memberikan aktivitas penghambatan dengan diameter 14,53 mm. Ekstrak buah purnajiwa pada konsentrasi 10% memberikan aktivitas penghambatan yang tergolong kuat dan tak beda nyata dengan konsentrasi 15% dan 20%. Terdapat kecendrungan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak buah Purnajiwa menyebabkan meningkatnya penghambatan pada jamur “F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense”.
PENGARUH SISTEM OLAH TANAH DAN PEMUPUKAN NITROGEN TERHADAP RESPIRASI TANAH PADA PERTANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays (L.) TAHUN KE-32
Authors: Pratiwi Mirta Okta , Yusnaini Sri , Aini Septi Nurul , Utomo Muhajir 
Published: September 2024

Respirasi tanah merupakan salah satu indikator dari aktivitas biologi tanah seperti mikroba, akar tanaman atau kehidupan lain di dalam tanah, dan aktivitas ini sangat penting untuk ekosistem di dalam tanah. Penetapan respirasi tanah didasarkan pada penetapan CO2 yang dihasilkan mikroorganisme, jumlah O2 yang digunakan mikroorganisme tanah. Pada percobaan ini akan dilihat pemupukan dan sistem olah tanah terhadap laju respirasi tanah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh sistem olah tanah dan pemupukan Nitrogen terhadap aktivitas mikroorganisme tanah, dalam hal ini respirasi tanah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Politeknik Negeri Lampung pada bulan November 2018 sampai Februari 2019. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), yang disusun secara faktorial 2 x 3. Faktor pertama yaitu aplikasi pemupukan terdiri dari pemupukan (N2) dan tanpa pemupukan (N0), sedangkan faktor kedua adalah sistem olah tanah terdiri dari olah tanah intensif (T1), olah tanah minimum (T2), dan tanpa olah tanah (T3). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis ragam pada taraf 5% yang sebelumnya telah diuji homogenitas ragamnya dengan Uji Barlett dan aditifitasnya dengan Uji Tukey. Rata-rata nilai tengah diuji dengan uji BNT pada taraf 5%. Uji korelasi untuk mengetahui hubungan antara C-organik, kadar air tanah, suhu tanah, dan pH tanah dengan respirasi tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi antara pemupukan Nitrogen dan sistem olah tanah berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju respirasi tanah pada 45 HST. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara C-organik tanah, kadar air tanah, suhu tanah, dan pH tanah terhadap respirasi tanah.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAN KOMPOS TERHADAP RESPIRASI DAN BIOMASSA CARBON MIKROORGANISME (C-MIK) TANAH SELAMA PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Authors: Firrizqi Yugo Akbar , Dermiyati Dermiyati , Arif Syamsul , Niswati Ainin 
Published: September 2024

Respirasi dan biomassa karbon mikroorganisme (C-mik) tanah merupakan sifat biologi yang dapat dijadikan sebagai indikator kesuburan tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan pupuk organik cair, kompos, dan interaksi keduanya terhadap respirasi dan C-mik tanah. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) yang disusun secara faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama meliputi perlakuan jenis pupuk organik cair (P) yang terdiri dari pupuk organik cair berasal dari bonggol pisang (P1) pupuk organik cair berasal dari rimpang nanas (P2), dan pupuk organik cair berasal dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (P3). dan Faktor kedua yaitu pupuk kompos (K) yang terdiri dari tanpa pupuk kompos (K0), kompos (K1), dan ekstrak kompos (K2). Data yang diperoleh diuji homogenitas ragamnya dengan uji Bartlett dan aditivitasnya dengan uji Tukey. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT pada taraf 5%. Hubungan antara suhu, C-organik, N-total, dan pH tanah dengan respirasi dan C-mik tanah diuji dengan uji korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pupuk organik cair tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap respirasi tanah pada pengamatan 0,7, 35 dan 70 hari setelah tanam (HST), namun berpengaruh nyata terhadap C-mik tanah pada pengamatan 35 HST. Pemberian pupuk kompos berpengaruh nyata terhadap respirasi tanah pada pengamatan 7 dan 35 HST, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap C-mik tanah.Tidak terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan pupuk organik cair dan pupuk kompos terhadap respirasi dan C-mik tanah.
LAJU PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN SELADA KERITING GRAND RAPIDS (Lactuca Sativa L.) PADA DATARAN RENDAH: STUDI TENTANG ADAPTASI TANAMAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN IKLIM
Authors: Ernando Ridho , Ginting Yohanes Cahya , Manik Tumiar Katarina , Pramono Eko 
Published: September 2024

Selada keriting merupakan salah satu sayuran yang dikonsumsi dalam bentuk segar. Perubahan iklim khususnya yang berpengaruh kuat terhadap tanaman yaitu kenaikan suhu akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan, dan produksi tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan selada di dataran rendah sebagai cara untuk mengetahui apakah NPK dapat membantu tanaman beradaptasi terhadap lingkungan baru. Penelitian dilakukan pada lahan petani di Sukarame, Bandar Lampung (150 m dpl) dari bulan Januari 2021 sampai Februari 2021. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada lahan petani terdiri dari 2 perlakuan, yaitu tanaman dengan pemberian pupuk (P1) dan tanpa pemberian pupuk (P0). Data diambil dari seluruh tanaman dalam satu petak (n=50) dengan membandingkan tanaman dengan pemberian pupuk (P1) dan tanpa pemberian pupuk (P0)., dan juga dengan membandingkan antara panen 1 dan panen ke 2.. Data diuji dengan Z test. Data panen juga diambil pada 10 tanaman dan juga per tanaman. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah penggunaan pupuk NPK berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang daun, lebar daun, dan bobot basah tanaman selada keriting di dataran rendah. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari adanya perbedaan pada rataan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang daun, lebar daun, dan bobot basah tanaman selada keriting baik pada panen pertama dan panen kedua. Dibandingkan dengan tanaman yang sama dari dataran tinggi, hasil tersebut masih lebih rendah.
The in vitro Antimicrobial Effects of Hydrolysable and Condensed Tannin Extracts on Escherichia coli Isolated from Pathological Samples of Deceased Poultry
Authors: Ćilerdžić Milica , Radalj Andrea , Ilić Milica , Prošić Isidora , Šekler Milanko , Resanović Radmila , Krstić Vanja , Zdravković Nemanja , Stanojević Slavoljub , Krnjaić Dejan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is one of the most prevalent and economically damaging bacterial diseases affecting poultry globally. Managing colibacillosis is difficult and frequently ineffective because APEC strains have developed widespread resistance to antibiotics, and the strict regulations and public concerns towards using antimicrobial agents in poultry further complicate the situation. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of hydrolysable (sweet chestnut extract) and condensed (quebracho extract) tannins on Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from poultry, exploring their potential as antibiotic alternatives in managing colibacillosis. E. coli was isolated from the internal organs of deceased poultry across 18 farms, including layers, broilers, and broiler breeders. Each isolate was assessed for the presence of APEC strain predictors (virulence genes iutA, hlyF, iss, iroN, and ompT), antimicrobial resistance to 14 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method, and the presence of resistance genes for specific antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and quinolones). Out of 43 isolates, 27 (62.8%) were classified as APEC, 30 (69.8%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotic classes, and 32 (74.4%) carried at least one AMR gene. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the hydrolysable tannins from sweet chestnut extract (Castanea sativa Mill.) (SwCh) ranged from 0.5 to 3 mg/mL, while for the condensed tannins from quebracho extract (Schinopsis lorentzii) (Que), the MICs ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 mg/mL. The results indicate that both hydrolysable and condensed tannins possess significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against APEC, offering a potentially valuable alternative for controlling colibacillosis in the poultry industry.
The Effect of Different Forms of Solid Feed on Biochemical Parameters in Blood Plasma of Calves
Authors: Steiner Zvonimir , Benak Stipo , Samardžija Marko , Gantner Ranko , Novoselec Josip , Gantner Vesna 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study examined how different solid feeds affected the biochemical parameters in calf plasma. The experiment involved a control group and three test groups of calves, each fed with a different starter mixture. The results showed significant differences in some biochemical parameters between the feeding groups. Calves in groups P1 and P3 had a statistically higher glucose concentration in blood plasma compared to group C. Calves from group P3 had a higher concentration of urea in blood plasma than calves from group C. Calves in groups P1 and P3 also had higher concentrations of total protein and globulin in blood plasma compared to group C. The concentration of inorganic phosphate in the blood plasma of calves from group P3 was significantly higher than that of group C. Female calves in the experimental groups showed a lower concentration of NEFA at three months of age compared to the control group. It was concluded that feeding calves with a starter mixture containing whey and easily digestible protein had a positive effect on the nutritional status and energy balance of the calves.
Ventral Slot Surgery for Management of Ganglioneuroma and IVDD in a Cat
Authors: Bhattarai Bishal , Kuricová Mária , Lipták Tomáš , Murachova Olga , Chersakova Olga , Kozlov Nikolay , Pozyabin Sergey 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A Shorthair castrated 8-year-old tomcat was brought to a veterinary hospital for slowly progressive onset of tetraplegia developing within last 14 days. The clinical and blood examinations at admission showed no abnormalities, the neurological examination showed severe cervical pain and tetraplegia with lower motor neuron deficits on thoracic limbs and normal withdrawal with increased patellar reflexes on pelvic limbs. Deep pain perception was present on all four limbs. The neuroanatomic localisation was C6-T2 lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine demonstrated severe spondylosis deformans, degeneration of multiple IVD, and ventral extradural right sided spinal cord compression at the level C7-T1. Mildly hyperintense on T2-weighted and STIR, mildly hypointense on T1-weighted pre-contrast, and homogeneously contrast-enhancing mass on T1-weighted post-contrast images was observed at this area.
This article describes an interesting case of a tumor in a cat localised in the cervicothoracic spinal segment extradurally compressing the spinal cord and causing severe neurological dysfunction. These clinical symptoms were successfully treated through a ventral slot surgery, the tumor was well circumscribed and comfortably removable through this approach. This rare tumor is considered benign and prognosis is favourable after surgical removal due to its non-invasive growth pattern. After surgery, the cat was observed continuously for a few months and the recovery was sufficient with no recurrence of neurological symptoms by now. This case is worth attention mainly because, despite the serious clinical presentation, it has a good long term prognosis and does not require a complex surgical approach.
Preceptors’ experiences in guiding nursing students to use research findings and to implement evidence-based practice†
Authors: Ligita Titan , Nurbianti Suma , Yulanda Nita Arisanti , Pramana Yoga , Saputri Cindiarty Kurnia , Kumala Eka Ersa Mayang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Evidence-based practices (EBPs) have been taught to students by identifying the best evidence/evidence from research results. However, the experiences of Indonesian nurse preceptors in helping students implement research findings have not been explored thoroughly. This study aimed to explore Indonesian nurse preceptors in guiding nursing students to use research findings.

Methods
This study used interpretive phenomenology analysis that involves 9 nurse preceptors from hospitals in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were recorded and then transcribed verbatim.

Results
Three themes were generated during the analysis: “types of student supervision,” “issues during supervision,” and “the need for research literacy and supervision.”

Conclusions
Nurse preceptors need support to supervise the nursing students to use research findings. In addition to upgrading nursing skills, nurse preceptors must receive training in research and its utilization. Developing an appropriate strategy to assist students in using research findings will enhance the promotion of evidence-based nursing practices on a daily basis.
Phraseological Units as a Reflection of Ethnic Stereotypes in Spanish Culture and Professional Activities
Authors: Chesnokova O. S. 
Published: September 2024

The purpose of the paper is to give an overview of phraseological means incorporating ethnic allusions in the framework of the Spanish world model as a whole, and in professional activities in particular. The author proceeds from the premise that the professional education of participants in international processes should attach critical importance to the awareness of the nation’s associative thinking, especially as it relates to ethnic stereotypes, for ensuring successful interethnic relationships. The Spanish perception of their own national character, as well as that of other nations, is exemplified by numerous ethnically coloured phraseological units. Special attention is paid to ethnically orientated idioms referring to various professional activities. The author also considers the historical basis of the motivations behind ethnic allusions in Spanish phraseology, and the semantic and evaluative features of the phraseological units in question.The following conclusions are made:ethnically related allusions in the Spanish phraseological world model are distinguished by specific images and stereotypes which are determined by the historical and cultural experience of native speakers;in terms of structural modes, phraseological units with ethnonyms follow the universal patterns of set phrases ranging from word combinations to complete sentences;the evaluative connotations of such units do not always allow us to reliably judge the national and ethnic stereotypes as such; many ethnically coloured images in Spanish idioms appear paradoxical, rather than reflecting the stereotyples that have developed due to objective reasons.
The role of enteroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hidden gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Kortieva A. T. , Krushelnitsky V. S. , Gabriel S. A. , Dynko V. Yu. , Guchetl A. Ya. 
Published: September 2024

Aim. Gastrointestinal occult bleeding (OGB) is defined as persistent or recurrent bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract in which the source has not been identified endoscopically. New advances in small bowel diagnostics and the ability to successfully perform endoscopic therapy have largely replaced surgical procedures and have led to a trend towards non-invasive diagnosis and endoscopic treatment of OGB. The purpose of this literature review is to study the current state of diagnosis and treatment of occult gastrointestinal bleeding.Materials and methods. An electronic literature search was carried out using databases: PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library.Results. This literature review includes systematic reviews and meta-analyses, prospective and retrospective studies, and literature reviews.Conclusion. The introduction of new methods of imaging and endoscopy has contributed to a significant improvement in the effectiveness of methods for diagnosing and treating occult bleeding.
Evaluation of intracardial hemodynamics in children under 1 year of age with atrial septal defect
Authors: Sokolov A. A. , Egunov О. A. , Smorgon A. V. , Kozhanov R. S. 
Published: September 2024

Aim: evaluation of the intracardiac hemodynamics and determination indications for early correction of the atrial septal defect in children before 1 year age.Methods. The study included patients observed from 2010 to 2021. The first group was formed from children under the age of 12 months with ASD and were observed for the next 4 years until its interventional or surgical elimination. The second group included healthy children of the appropriate age. All patients underwent an echocardiographic (ECHO) study with assessment of the main parameters of hemodynamics and intracardial structures.Results. The first group included 887 children with ASD, the control group included 887 healthy children. The age of the patients included in the study was 6 ± 2.6 months. for group I and 6 ± 2.5 months. for the second one. It was found that in young children with ASD, the first manifestation of hemodynamic changes was dilatation of the right ventricle, then the right atrium and finally dilatation of the pulmonary trunk, which was accompanied by an increase in pressure in the pulmonary circulation and weight loss. In 11% of patients, spontaneous closure of the ASD occurs within the first year of life. Almost 20% of patients are younger than 6 months. have clinical and hemodynamic indications for surgical treatment of ASD.Conclusions. Indications for the atrial septal defect closure should be determined taking into account clinical, anatomical and hemodynamic parameters.
Comprehensive evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Kondrashova K. V. , Rybakova M. K. , Mitkov V. V. , Mitkova M. D. 
Published: September 2024

Objective. To study indices of right ventricular (RV) longitudinal deformation at transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE), to determine their threshold values; to study indices of right ventricular-arterial coupling (RVAC) in patients with APE, to determine their threshold values.Methods. We examined 34 patients with acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism. The diagnosis was made on the basis of computed-tomography pulmonary angiogram. The mean age was 61 ±13 years. Of these, 16 were women (47,1%) and 18 were men (52,9%). As a control group, 30 healthy individuals were examined: 14 males and 16 females. The mean age of the healthy individuals was 39±9,8 years. Echocardiography was performed on Vivid E95 (GE HealthCare, USA) with data postprocessing on EchoPak workstation. The indices of right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function, the magnitude of global longitudinal deformation of the right ventricle (GLS RV) and longitudinal deformation of the right ventricular free wall (RVFWLS) were studied using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. We studied indices of right ventricular-arterial coupling (RVAC). We determined the relationship of longitudinal deformation of RV and RVAC with other indices of its systolic function. Results. Mean values of traditional parameters of RV contractile function were within normal limits, whereas mean values of longitudinal strain in APE were significantly lower than normal. There was also a significant decrease ( P < 0,0001) of all measured parameters of right ventricular-arterial coupling in patients with APE in comparison with the control group.Conclusions. When longitudinal deformation parameters are included in the criteria of RV dysfunction in APE, its detectability increases from 26,47% to 61,77%. The revealed decrease of right ventricular-arterial coupling parameters in APE indicates a more frequent disturbance of the connection between RV and the small circle of blood circulation