bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A climatology of Vintage Port quality
Authors: C. Real António , Borges José , Cabral José S. , Jones Gregory V. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe Douro Valley of Portugal is a well‐known wine region producing Port wine since the end of the 18th century, with quality table wines becoming increasingly important over the last 20 years. Port wine production is the most important economic sector of the region and Vintage Port is the top quality Port wine type, produced only from the best vintages. The purpose of this research was to examine how the variability of annual weather influences the quality of Vintage Port. A weather and climate data set for the period 1980–2009 and a consensus ranking that combined a collection of vintage chart scores into a ranking were used to characterize both the weather and the vintage quality. In order to more precisely model the weather influences on the quality of the vintages it was necessary to partition the growing season into smaller growth intervals in which several heat and precipitation variables were evaluated. The heat‐related variables were defined according to the phenology of grapevines, using a partition of the growing season based on accumulated temperature, rather than on calendar dates. Precipitation variables were calculated using broad periods corresponding to the dormant, vegetative and maturation stages of the grapevines. A logistic regression model was used as a tool to identify the weather variables that help to explain the relationships between yearly weather characteristics and vintage quality. The results show that several weather characteristics are strongly associated with better quality vintages: growing season mean temperatures above the region's average, warm winters, cool July throughvéraisonand cool temperatures during ripening. In summary, although the weather is not solely responsible for determining a vintage quality, it plays an important role on it; therefore, its understanding can provide invaluable management insights to growers and producers.
Rapid subglacial streamlined bedform formation at a calving bay margin
Authors: Dowling Thomas P. F. , Möller Per , Spagnolo Matteo 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTUsing the LiDAR‐derived Swedish national height model we have identified previously undescribed shallow streamlined glacial bedforms, small‐scale drumlins, on the Närke plain in south‐central Sweden. These drumlins could only be detected with high‐resolution LiDAR, due to both their subtle size and forest cover. In this area the ice margin receded in a subaqueous environment with a proglacial water depth in the order of 100 m during the last deglaciation. As indicated by the configuration of marginally formed De Geer moraine ridges draping the drumlinoids, the receding ice margin formed deeply indented calving bays. These were located around subaqueous outlets of the subglacial melt‐water drainage, with their apex position marked geomorphologically by beaded esker ridges. The mapped small‐scale drumlins are aligned perpendicular to the reconstructed ice sheet margin and suggest formation along flow lines adjusted to the configuration of these calving embayments as they propagated up‐flow with ice margin retreat. Based on these geometric relationships we argue that the emplacement of the drumlins was near‐marginal, ∼7.7–1 km from the margin, on a short timescale (∼5–35 years).
Late Quaternary environmental change in the Southern Cape, South Africa, from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in faunal tooth enamel from Boomplaas Cave
Authors: Sealy Judith , Lee‐Thorp Julia , Loftus Emma , Faith J. Tyler , Marean Curtis W. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTPleistocene palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments of southernmost Africa are important for understanding southern hemisphere climate dynamics and for reconstructing human evolution and early human settlement in this region. Measurements of δ13C in tooth enamel of 136 faunal specimens from the archaeological site of Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, show significant shifts in proportions of C3 and C4 vegetation from the earliest deposits, probably dating to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, to the late Holocene. Vegetation communities during the Last Glacial Maximum were strongly C3‐dominated, indicating an eastward expansion of the winter rainfall zone at this time. This is consistent with climate models postulating northwards shift and/or intensification of the circumpolar westerly frontal systems during glacials. Winter rainfall and lower temperatures, both of which favour C3 grasses, were clearly more important than lower pCO2 (which favours C4 grasses) in determining the nature of the vegetation. The intervals 40–36 and 17–14k cal a BP supported substantial quantities of C4 grasses, indicating a greater proportion of summer rainfall at these times. These two intervals correspond with warmer climates as reflected in Antarctic ice cores. δ13C of an as yet unnamed caprine indicate that these animals were primarily C3 grazers.
Handaxe and non‐handaxe assemblages during Marine Isotope Stage 11 in northern Europe: recent investigations at Barnham, Suffolk, UK
Authors: Ashton Nick , Lewis Simon G. , Parfitt Simon A. , Davis Rob J. , Stringer Chris 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBritain has an important geological, environmental and archaeological record for Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11), which makes a major contribution to understanding of the human occupation of northern Europe. New fieldwork at Barnham, Suffolk, UK, has identified through improved geological resolution the change in assemblages from simple core and flake working to those with handaxe technology. The two assemblages are argued to reflect distinct human populations from different source areas in Europe. The paper examines the European record and puts forward a new model of how the complex mosaic of lithic assemblages reflects local, habitual practices during stable environments, but changes in climate and environment led to larger scale shifts in population, resulting in new human groups arriving in Britain.
Human occupation of the northern Arabian interior during early Marine Isotope Stage 3
Authors: Jennings Richard P. , Parton Ash , Clark‐Balzan Laine , White Tom S. , Groucutt Huw S. , Breeze Paul S. , Parker Adrian G. , Drake Nick A. , Petraglia Michael D. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe early part of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 60–50 ka) is a crucial period for studying human demography and behaviour in south‐west Asia, and how these relate to climatic changes. However, the archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records for MIS 3 in critical areas such as the Arabian Peninsula remain poorly developed. Here, we present findings from the Al Marrat basin in the Nefud desert, which provides the first clear evidence for both increased humidity and human occupation of the interior of northern Arabia during early MIS 3. A Middle Palaeolithic assemblage, dated by optically stimulated luminescence to ca. 55 ka, was found stratified within a sequence of relict palustrine deposits indicative of shallow water body formation in the Al Marrat basin. Hominin presence in northern Arabia at this time coincides with the intensification and northward displacement of monsoon rainfall systems during a period of maximum insolation. These findings add to a growing corpus of palaeoenvironmental evidence, which indicates that the Arabian interior was neither arid nor unpopulated during early MIS 3, and that hydrodynamic responses to enhanced moisture availability facilitated demographic expansions into the Arabian interior.
Enhanced yields and soil quality in a wheat–maize rotation using buried straw mulch
Authors: Guo Zhibin , Liu Hui , Wan Shuixia , Hua Keke , Jiang Chaoqiang , Wang Daozhong , He Chuanlong , Guo Xisheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDStraw return may improve soil quality and crop yields. In a 2‐year field study, a straw return method (ditch‐buried straw return,DB‐SR) was used to investigate the soil quality and crop productivity effects on a wheat–corn rotation system. This study consisted of three treatments, each with three replicates: (1) mineral fertilisation alone (CK0); (2) mineral fertilisation + 7500 kg ha−1wheat straw incorporated at depth of 0–15 cm (NPKWS); and (3) mineral fertilisation + 7500 kg ha−1wheat straw ditch buried at 15–30 cm (NPKDW).RESULTSNPKWSandNPKDWenhanced crop yield and improved soil biotical properties compared to mineral fertilisation alone.NPKDWcontributed to greater crop yields and soil nutrient availability at 15–30 cm depths, compared toNPKWStreatment.NPKDWenhanced soil microbial activity and bacteria species richness and diversity in the 0–15 cm layer.NPKWSincreased soil microbial biomass, bacteria species richness and diversity at 15–30 cm.CONCLUSIONSThe comparison of theCK0andNPKWStreatments indicates that a straw ditch buried by digging to the depth of 15–30 cm can improve crop yields and soil quality in a wheat–maize rotation system. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Theoretical Study of the Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics of HO2 with XCHO (X = F, Cl)
Authors: Long Bo , Tan Xing‐Feng , Bao Junwei Lucas , Wang Ding‐Mei , Long Zheng‐Wen 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe reactions of HO2 with FCHO and ClCHO have been theoretically investigated by combining beyond‐CCSD(T) electronic structure benchmarks, validated density functional theory, and canonical variational transition state theory with small‐curvature tunneling, coupled‐torsions anharmonicity, and high‐frequency anharmonicity. This investigation explores three different reaction mechanisms: radical addition plus a hydrogen transfer, radical addition, and hydrogen abstraction. The calculated results show that the dominant reaction pathway is the terminal oxygen atom of HO2 added to the carbon atom of XCHO (X = F, Cl) and simultaneously the hydrogen atom of HO2 transferred to the oxygen atom of the C=O group in XCHO. The reaction barriers of the other reaction pathways are so high that these processes are negligible in the atmosphere. Although the barrier height of the dominant reaction pathway in the HO2 + FCHO reaction is 0.61 kcal/mol higher than that of the corresponding HO2 + ClCHO reaction, the HO2 + FCHO reaction is faster than the HO2 + ClCHO reaction because the variational effects of HO2 + ClCHO is more obvious than that of the HO2 + FCHO. The present results show that the HO2 + FCHO reaction may be important in the atmosphere. The present results should be useful in evaluating the atmospheric fate of XCHO (X = F, Cl).
‘Finding’ and ‘discovering’: How understanding researchers’ search and discovery behaviour informed the building of Cambridge Core
Authors: Doshi Nisha 
Published: December 2016

Key points

Researchers most often visit publisher platforms to ‘find’ a specific article or chapter after ‘discovering’ available resources elsewhere.
Keywords in the title and author names are the two most important criteria for identifying relevant material.
Students consider access to be an important criterion for item selection.
For both humanities and social sciences (HSS) and science, technology, and medicine (STM), user behaviour when identifying relevant content is remarkably similar.
Students and researchers tend to gather content for later use rather than read it in detail as soon as they find it.
Spatial food‐web structure in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean based on compound‐specific nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acids
Authors: Hetherington Elizabeth D. , Olson Robert J. , Drazen Jeffrey C. , Lennert‐Cody Cleridy E. , Ballance Lisa T. , Kaufmann Ronald S. , Popp Brian N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe effective evaluation of trophic interactions in pelagic food webs is essential for understanding food web ecology, conservation biology, and management. We tested the applicability of compound‐specific isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA‐AA) for (1) characterizing trophic positions (TPs) of nine species from four trophic groups (tunas, squids, myctophids, and euphausiids) within a pelagic food web in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) Ocean, (2) evaluating trophic discrimination factors (TDFs) of each trophic group, and (3) detecting spatial changes in TPs and food chain length across a region with heterogeneous productivity. Although δ15N values of bulk tissues generally increased from south‐to‐north, CSIA‐AA revealed that trophic positions were uniform throughout our study area. These results suggest that variability in δ15N values were largely driven by nitrogen cycling dynamics in the ETP, which highlights the importance of these processes for the interpretation of δ15N values in food web studies. Absolute TP estimates were unrealistic for higher‐level species, and TDFs (tunas: 4.0‰, squids: 4.6‰, myctophids: 5.0‰, and euphausiids: 7.0‰) were lower than a widely used ecosystem TDF. We used remotely sensed oceanographic data to evaluate the physical oceanography and biological productivity throughout our study area and found significant relationships between δ15N values, nitrate concentrations, and SST across our study area. We did not find a gradient in phytoplankton cell size co‐occurring with an expected productivity gradient across our sampling region, which substantiated our isotope results indicating non‐significant spatial changes in TP and food chain length across the ETP.
Efficient and long‐life green light‐emitting diodes comprising tridentate thiol capped quantum dots
Authors: Li Zhaohan , Hu Yongxiang , Shen Huaibin , Lin Qingli , Wang Lei , Wang Hongzhe , Zhao Weili , Li Lin Song 
Published: December 2016

In this paper, the green quantum dots capped with the ligand, tris(mercaptomethyl)nonane (TMMN), are fabricated as the light‐emitting layer for efficient and bright light‐emitting diodes. These TMMN‐capped quantum dots exhibit well‐preserved photoluminescence properties with quantum yields of ∼90% after ligand exchange. The light‐emitting diodes based on TMMN‐capped quantum dots are reported with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.5% corresponding to a power efficiency and current efficiency of 57.6 lm W–1 and 70.1 cd A–1, respectively. The devices exhibit high color stability that is not markedly affected by the increase of applied voltage, thus leading to a high color reproducibility. Most importantly, the devices exhibit high environmental stability. For the highest luminance devices (with emitting layer thickness of 25 nm) and the highest power efficiency devices (with emitting layer thickness of 38 nm), the lifetimes are > 480 000 h and > 110 000 h, respectively.
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Assessing the structure of the CAST (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test) in 13 European countries using multigroup analyses
Authors: Legleye Stéphane , Eslami Aida , Bougeard Stéphanie 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOur aims are to describe and explain the structure of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) across countries. Standard statistical analyses fail to describe and explain several variables simultaneously while taking account of the group structure of individuals. The 2011 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD): 5204 last‐year cannabis users aged 15–16 from 13 European countries. Multigroup principal component analysis (mgPCA) and multigroup partial least squares (mgPLS). MgPCA shows that the CAST has a two‐dimensional structure (frequency of use/problems and non‐recreational use/dependency symptoms). All the countries present a good concordance with the common structure, except Kosovo, Lichtenstein and Romania. MgPLS shows that three explanative variables (in a total of eight) are mainly related with the CAST (the frequencies of cannabis use in the last 12 months and in the last 30 days and the age at first cannabis use) while Kosovo, Lichtenstein and Romania also present specificities. The CAST structure appears stable in the 13 countries except for Kosovo, Lichtenstein and Romania that also show specific relationships between the CAST variables and their determinants.
N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) impairs myogenesis in C2C12 cells
Authors: Auh Q‐SChick , Park Kyung‐ran , Lee Myeong‐ok , Hwang Mi‐jin , Kang Soo‐Kyung , Hong Jung‐pyo , Yun Hyung‐mun , Kim Eun‐Cheol 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) is expressed in sensory neurons and plays important roles in peripheral pain mechanisms. The aim of this study was to examine the effects and molecular mechanisms of NMDA on C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation.MethodsCytotoxicity and differentiation were examined by the MTT assay, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence.ResultsNMDA had no cytotoxicity (10–500 μM) and inhibited myoblastic differentiation of C2C12 cells, as assessed by F‐actin immunofluorescence and levels of mRNAs encoding myogenic markers such as myogenin and myosin heavy‐chain 2. It inhibited phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by inactivating mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, and p38. It induced reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, NMDA‐suppressed expression of F‐actin was reversed by adding the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine.ConclusionsCollectively, these results indicate that NMDA impairs myogenesis or myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells through the mTOR/MAPK signaling pathways and may lead to skeletal muscle degeneration. Muscle Nerve 56: 510–518, 2017
Reliability of a novel ultrasound system for gray‐scale analysis of muscle
Authors: O'brien Travis G. , Cazares Gonzalez Meaghan L. , Ghosh Partha S. , Mandrekar Jay , Boon Andrea J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionUltrasound is increasingly used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disease by measuring muscle thickness and echointensity (EI). Reproducibility is limited because of variations in scanning technique and proprietary algorithms that alter EI values.MethodsWe developed a standardized scanning protocol and a portable machine without any postimaging processing. Ten subjects underwent scanning of 6 muscles by 3 sonographers on 2 separate days. One of the sonographers repeated the protocol with 4 different machine/transducer combinations. Gray‐scale values were measured from each image with the use of a region of interest (ROI) box.ResultsCombined intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.92 (intra‐rater), 0.88 (inter‐rater), and 0.96 (inter‐system). The biceps had the highest variability (coefficient of variance [COV] 12.7%), and the medial gastrocnemius had the lowest variability (COV 7.4%).ConclusionsWe demonstrate excellent reliability of a reproducible ultrasound system for gray‐scale analysis of muscle that has potential applicability as a screening tool for neuromuscular disease. Muscle Nerve 56: 408–412, 2017
Effects of high‐intensity physical training on muscle fiber characteristics in poststroke patients
Authors: Andersen Jesper L. , Jørgensen Jørgen R. , Zeeman Peter , Bech‐Pedersen Daniel T. , Sørensen Jane , Ara Ignacio , Andersen Lars L. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionStroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. High‐intensity physical training can improve muscle strength and gait speed, but adaptive mechanisms at the muscle cellular level are largely unknown.MethodsOutpatients with poststroke hemiparesis participated in a 3‐month rehabilitation program combining high‐intensity strength and body‐weight supported treadmill‐training. Biopsies sampled bilaterally from vastus lateralis muscles, before, after, and at 1‐year follow‐up after intervention, were analyzed for fiber size, type, and capillarization.ResultsAt baseline, paretic lower limbs had smaller muscle fiber size and lower type I and IIA and higher type IIX percentages than nonparetic lower limbs. Paretic lower limbs had increased type IIA fibers after training. At follow‐up, no difference between the lower limbs remained.ConclusionsAlthough high‐intensity training appeared not to induce changes in fiber size or capillarization, increased type IIA fiber percentages may contribute to muscle power and endurance, which is crucial for functional capacity. Muscle Nerve 56: 954–962, 2017
A finite strain solution for the elastoplastic ground response curve in tunnelling: rocks with non‐linear failure envelopes
Authors: Vrakas Apostolos 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThis paper generalizes the finite strain Coulomb solution of Vrakas and Anagnostou (Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 2014; 38(11): 1131–1148) for the classic tunnel mechanics problem of the ground response curve to elastoplastic grounds satisfying a non‐linear Mohr's failure criterion. A linear (Coulomb‐type) plastic potential function is used, leading to a non‐associated flow law, and edge plastic flow is considered in the plastic zone. The solution for a general non‐linear Mohr's failure criterion is semi‐analytical in that it requires the evaluation of definite integrals. In the special case of the Hoek–Brown criterion, however, these integrals are calculated analytically, resulting in a rigorous closed‐form series solution. The applicability of the derived solution is illustrated through the example of the Yacambú‐Quibor tunnel, where very large deformations were observed when crossing of weak graphitic phyllites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single Molecule Spectroscopy Using C‐WAVE
Authors: Utikal Tobias , Hens Korbinian , Waasem Niklas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe fluorescence excitation spectra of single organic molecules in a solid‐state crystal are measured at cryogenic temperatures. As a tunable laser light source, the optical parametric oscillator C‐WAVE is employed, since it exhibits promising features as a laser light source for spectroscopy applications, like a broad tuning range from 450 to 650 nm, a narrow line‐width < 1 MHz, and mode‐hopfree tuning over > 25 GHz. This report presents the experimental setup and measured spectra, and it discusses the applicability of C‐WAVE for high‐resolution spectroscopy.