bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posterior capsular calcification without opacification of intraocular lens
Authors: Joshi Rajesh S 
Published: December 2016

Background: Posterior capsular clarity is important for long-term visual gain. Postoperative visual acuity could be reduced due to posterior capsular or intraocular lens opacification, which occur months or years after cataract surgery. We report early occurrence of posterior capsular calcification without opacification of intraocular lens. Case: We report the case of a 78-year-old male who had undergone phacoemulsification with implantation of hydrophilic intraocular lens (IOL) in the left eye for cataract. The patient was non-diabetic, and the surgical procedure was uneventful. On the third postoperative day, fine granular deposits were found on the mid-peripheral part of the posterior capsule. No deposits were found on IOL. The patient presented with diminished vision four months after surgery. Slit-lamp examination revealed distinct areas of calcification with an early opacification of the posterior capsule and no IOL calcification. Neodymium doped: YAG capsulotomy was done to clear posterior capsular opacification, and the patient regained visual acuity of 20/20. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to investigate posterior capsular calcification without opacification of IOL in a patient without any known etiological factors. Conclusion: This case is reported to stimulate future study on the use of BSS plus and the development of posterior capsular or IOL calcification. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 91-94
The protective effects of erythropoietin on photoreceptor damage by formaldehyde
Authors: Khoshnood Mehdi Mard , Zareie Mohammad , Amiri Ali , Zarenezhad Ali , Zarenezhad Elham , Esfandiari Arash 
Published: December 2016

Introduction: The photoreceptor layer of retina has important role for sight. The previous study showed that accidental formaldehyde injection caused ischemia and damage in the retina. On the other hand the erythropoietin prevents neuronal injury of ischemic damage. Objectives: The aim of this study was to survey the effect of erythropoietin on retro bulbar formaldehyde injected photoreceptor layer of rat retina. Materials and methods: 30 adult rats were used and divided into three groups: 1- control group, 2- formaldehyde group (1 ml retro bulbar injected by 10% formaldehyde solution), 3- erythropoietin group (5000 units/kg immediately intraperitoneally injected by erythropoietin after formaldehyde injection for 7 days). The photoreceptor layer of retina studied using a transmission electron microscope. Results: Our observation showed that disorganization and vacuolization in outer segment and inner segment, pyknotic and karyolysis in outer nuclear layer were seen in formaldehyde group. But the minor sign of pathology such as lightly vacuolization in inner segment were obvious in erythropoietin group. Conclusion: We concluded that formaldehyde caused damage in photoreceptor layer and erythropoietin was improvement this injury. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 10-17
Childhood corneal blindness: a retrospective study in a tertiary eye hospital of eastern region of Nepal
Authors: Panjiyar Paras , Gautam Vijay , Rai Pooja Gautam , Puri Lila Raj 
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Studies from Nepal show that most of the cases of unilateral childhood blindness are due to corneal causes. It was also observed that these corneal causes were mostly preventable or treatable. Objective: to study the patterns of corneal diseases in a pediatric out-patient department of a hospital in the eastern region of Nepal. Methods: A retrospective study of the patients who presented to the pediatric department of our hospital in the year 2014 was done with the help of the data received from the hospital recording system. Detail examination of every case was done in the out-patient-department of the hospital by pediatric ophthalmologists. Patients with only corneal disease were included, and those with corneal disease along with other ocular disease were excluded from the study. Results: Of 20,250 patients examined in the pediatric department over a one year period, 1911(9.4%) presented with isolated corneal problems. Keratitis and corneal ulcer were found in 47.8% of them. Corneal trauma was present in 5.6% and vitamin A deficiency leading to corneal opacity and keratomalacia was seen in 0.06% of the cases. Corneal blindness was observed in 66 eyes (bilateral in 3 cases). No case of trachoma or congenital corneal disease was observed. Conclusion: Childhood corneal blindness is mostly due to preventable and treatable causes. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 18-22
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis – antibiotic susceptibility and resistance to commercially available topical antibiotics in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sachet Prabhat , Khadka Jagat , Pokhrel Amod K , Sathian Brijesh 
Published: December 2016

Introduction: There is a shifting trend in susceptibility and resistance of the bacteria towards available antibiotics in the last decade. Therefore, periodic studies to monitor the emerging trends in antibiotic susceptibility and resistance are crucial in guiding antibiotic selection. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the most common pathogens causing bacterial conjunctivitis, and to find the in vitro susceptibility and resistance of these pathogens to commercially available topical antibiotic eye drops in Nepal. Subjects and methods: Conjunctival smears and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for 308 patients presenting to the Eye Care Center, Padma Nursing Home, Pokhara, Nepal from 11th December 1012 to 4th October 2013 with clinical signs and symptoms of acute infective conjunctivitisin in a hospital based cross-sectional study. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for thirteen commercially available topical antibiotics- Chloroamphenicol, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Methicillin, Cephazoline, Amikacin and Vancomycin. Results: Acute infective conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis was more common in adults and in males. Bacterial conjunctivitis was present in about one third (32.47% to 36.04%) of the patients with acute infective conjunctivitis, and it was more common in children. Bacteria were highly sensitive (93-98%) to most commercially available antibiotics but significant resistance was found against three antibiotics-Bacitracin (9.0%), Neomycin (16.0%) and Polymyxin-B (24.0%). MRSA infection was found in 7.0% of the bacterial isolates. Rest of antibiotics, showed variable resistance (14.3% to 100.0%). All cases of Ophthalmia neonatorum were bacterial. Conclusion: The best commercially available antibiotic for bacterial conjunctivitis was Moxifloxacin. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 23-35
Eye changes among HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Nepal
Authors: Labh Rajan Kumar , Chaudhary Meenu , Shah Dev Narayan 
Published: December 2016

Background: HIV/AIDS has various ocular manifestations. Objective: To find out eye findings among HIV positive patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Method This Hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was carried at B. P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies. Patient profile, WHO clinical stage, CD4+ cell count, duration of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and systemic diseases were recorded. All the cases underwent ocular examination as per the study protocol and the findings were noted in a proforma developed for the study. The results were analysed with SPSS 14.0. Results: Of 100 HIV positive cases (including 55 antiretroviral therapy patients) 62% patients were male and 38% were female. The mean age of presentation was 27.72 years. Heterosexual transmission (62%) was the commonest mode of transmission of HIV. Thirty seven percent patients were illiterate. Systemic disease was present in 20% cases. Ocular complaint was present in 53% patients. Ocular disease was present in 40% HIV positive patients. Almost 55% of these cases were on antiretroviral therapy. Moderate to lower CD4 count patient had frequent eye disease. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV also had frequent eye problems. Anterior segment and external ocular disorder was present in 25% patients. The commonest manifestation was conjunctivitis in10% of total cases. Posterior segment manifestation was present in 11%, neuro-ophthalmic lesion in 4% and orbital lesion in 1% patient. Conclusion: Anterior segment manifestation is still common ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients in Nepal. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV are more vulnerable for eye changes. Young aged male and migrant workers are at risk of acquiring HIV in developing country like Nepal. Eye findings even in patientson antiretroviral therapy are similar. However, large sample size and long follow up study is required to have final disclosure. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 62-70
Radio Free Europe’s Impact on the Kremlin in the Hungarian Crisis of 1956: Three Hypotheses
Authors: Granville Johanna 
Published: December 2016

This article will expose incendiary Radio Free Europe (RFE) broadcasts hitherto uncited, and juxtapose chronologically for the first time documents released from Russian, Hungarian, and US archives in recent years to show more clearly how US psychological warfare and RFE broadcasts may have influenced Soviet decision-making during the 1956 Hungarian crisis. While wholly indisputable evidence remains to be found, the sequence of events does suggest that early balloon and leaflet operations during reformist Imre Nagy’s first term as Hungarian prime minister (1953-1955) — namely “Operation Focus” — both antagonized Nagy and spawned a stern neutralism toward him among US diplomats and RFE broadcasters during the crisis. This, in turn, may have caused Soviet leaders to doubt Nagy’s managerial skills, fear the power vacuum in Hungary, and conclude that a second military invasion was necessary. Certainly RFE did not actually “cause” the Hungarian Revolution itself. The insurgents would be insulted if anyone suggested that some foreign radio station had caused their revolution. Yet — while incontrovertible evidence is still lacking — new documents strongly indicate that the radio broadcasts did probably contribute to the Soviet crackdown on 4 November 1956. The Americans’ premature distrust of Imre Nagy perhaps points to a larger pattern of bias in US foreign policy during the Cold War: a fundamental prejudice toward communist leaders. Just as Soviet officials were blind to the concept of neutrality, so Eisenhower and other US policymakers in the 1950s appeared blind to the existence of scrupulous, reform-minded communists.
Simplicius et le “lieu”. À propos d’une nouvelle édition du Corollarium de loco
Authors: Golitsis Pantelis , Hoffmann Philippe 
Published: December 2016

La digression désignée par Hermann Diels comme «Corollarium de loco », dans son édition du Commentaire de Simplicius à la Physique d’Aristote (Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, IX, Berlin 1882), est un texte capital dans le débat, souvent désigné comme magna quaestio par les spécialistes, qui a été suscité par un manque de cohérence, au moins apparent, chez Aristote, entre la définition du «lieu » (τόπος) comme «première limite immobile de l’enveloppant » (Phys. IV, 4, 212 a 20-21) et l’affirmation d’un mouvement (circulaire) du Ciel – alors que l’Univers n’est pas «quelque part » puisqu’il n’est enveloppé par aucun corps qui lui serait extérieur. À la suite de son maître Damascius, et au terme d’une réflexion entamée par les néoplatoniciens postérieurs à Plotin (au premier rang desquels Jamblique, Syrianus et Proclus), Simplicius substitue à la définition aristotélicienne une nouvelle définition du lieu comme «mesure rassemblante » (μέτρον συναγωγόν), au sein d’une liste de quatre «mesures » (nombre, grandeur, lieu, temps) qui sont des puissances de rassemblement destinées à prémunir les réalités (intelligibles et sensibles) contre les dangers de la dispersion liée à la Procession. Cette doctrine situe la Physique dans une perspective résolument théologique puisque, en dernière instance, les puissances d’unification dans le Réel procèdent de l’Un-Bien lui-même. La compréhension de ce texte très important pour notre connaissance de la philosophie néoplatonicienne de la Nature sera améliorée grâce à une nouvelle édition critique (accompagnée d’une traduction en français et de notes), bientôt publiée dans la série Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca et Byzantina (chez de Gruyter) sous les auspices de l’Académie des Sciences de Berlin-Brandenburg, et qui sera basée non seulement sur deux manuscrits déjà connus de Diels (Marciani graeci 227 et 229), mais aussi sur un manuscrit de Moscou (Mosquensis Muz. 3649) inconnu de Diels car il se trouvait au
XIXe siècle dans une collection particulière russe.
ON THE ISOTROPIZATION OF SOLAR WIND PROTONS
Authors: Yoon Peter H. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Protons observed in the solar wind are characterized by temperature anisotropies whose upper and lower bounds can be partially explained by marginal instability conditions associated with various plasma instabilities. However, an outstanding problem is that the majority of data distributed in

space are located away from the boundaries and occupy a broad region with the peak near isotropic condition. The present paper employs macroscopic-kinetic theory that includes adiabatic effects arising from various non-monotonic inhomogeneities of magnetic field and density, the influence from proton-cyclotron and parallel firehose instabilities, and collisional dissipation in order to explore the consequence of each effect. It is found that spatial inhomogeneities are the leading cause of the scattering of the data points away from the marginal stability boundaries in

space, thus providing a potential explanation for observations.
NONCONSERVATIVE MASS TRANSFER IN MASSIVE BINARIES AND THE FORMATION OF WOLF–RAYET+O BINARIES
Authors: Shao Yong , Li Xiang-Dong 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The mass transfer efficiency during the evolution of massive binaries is still uncertain. We model the mass transfer processes in a grid of binaries to investigate the formation of Wolf–Rayet+O (WR+O) binaries, taking into account two kinds of non-conservative mass transfer models: Model I with rotation-dependent mass accretion, and Model II of half mass accretion. Generally the mass transfer in Model I is more inefficient, with the average efficiency in a range of ∼0.2–0.7 and ≲0.2 for Case A and Case B mass transfer, respectively. We present the parameter distributions for the descendant WR+O binaries. By comparing the modeled stellar mass distribution with the observed Galactic WR+O binaries, we find that highly non-conservative mass transfer is required.
ARE ULTRA-LONG GAMMA-RAY BURSTS CAUSED BY BLUE SUPERGIANT COLLAPSARS, NEWBORN MAGNETARS, OR WHITE DWARF TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS?
Authors: Ioka Kunihito , Hotokezaka Kenta , Piran Tsvi 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Ultra-long gamma-ray bursts (ulGRBs) are a new population of GRBs with extreme durations of ∼104 s. Leading candidates for their origin are blue supergiant collapsars, magnetars, and white dwarf tidal disruption events (WD-TDEs) caused by massive black holes (BHs). Recent observations of supernova-like (SN-like) bumps associated with ulGRBs challenged both the WD-TDE and the blue supergiant models because of the detection of SNe and the absence of hydrogen lines, respectively. We propose that WD-TDEs can accommodate the observed SN-like bumps if the fallback WD matter releases energy into the unbound WD ejecta. The observed ejecta energy, luminosity, and velocity are explained by the gravitational energy, Eddington luminosity, and escape velocity of the formed accretion disk, respectively. We also show that the observed X-rays can ionize the ejecta, eliminating lines. The SN-like light curves (SN 2011kl) for the ulGRB 111209A are consistent with all three models, although a magnetar model is unnatural because the spin-down time required to power the SN-like bump is a hundred times longer than the GRB. Our results imply that TDEs are a possible energy source for SN-like events in general and for ulGRBs in particular.
GeMS/GSAOI PHOTOMETRIC AND ASTROMETRIC PERFORMANCE IN DENSE STELLAR FIELDS
Authors: Dalessandro E. , Saracino S. , Origlia L. , Marchetti E. , Ferraro F. R. , Lanzoni B. , Geisler D. , Cohen R. E. , Mauro F. , Villanova S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Ground-based imagers at 8 m class telescopes assisted by multi-conjugate adaptive optics are primary facilities with which to obtain accurate photometry and proper motions in dense stellar fields. We observed the central region of the globular clusters Liller 1 and NGC 6624 with the Gemini Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) feeding the Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI) currently available at the Gemini South telescope, under different observing conditions. We characterized the stellar point-spread function (PSF) in terms of FWHM, Strehl ratio (SR), and encircled energy (EE), over the field of view (FOV). We found that, for sub-arcsecond seeing at the observed airmass, we can obtain the diffraction-limited PSF (FWHM

mas), SR ∼ 40%, and EE ≥ 50% with a dispersion around 10% over the FOV of 85″ × 85″, in the K

s
band. In the J band the best images provide FWHMs between 60 and 80 mas, SR

, and

. For seeing at the observed airmass exceeding 1″, the performance worsens but it is still possible to perform PSF fitting photometry with 25% EE in J and 40% in K

s
. We also computed the geometric distortions of GeMS/GSAOI and we obtained corrected images with an astrometric accuracy of ∼1 mas in a stellar field with high crowding.
GAS FRACTION AND DEPLETION TIME OF MASSIVE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z ∼ 3.2: NO CHANGE IN GLOBAL STAR FORMATION PROCESS OUT TO z > 3
Authors: Schinnerer E. , Groves B. , Sargent M. T. , Karim A. , Oesch P. A. , Magnelli B. , LeFevre O. , Tasca L. , Civano F. , Cassata P. , Smolčić V. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The observed evolution of the gas fraction and its associated depletion time in main-sequence (MS) galaxies provides insights on how star formation proceeds over cosmic time. We report ALMA detections of the rest-frame ∼300 μm continuum observed at 240 GHz for 45 massive (

), normal star-forming (

), i.e., MS, galaxies at

in the COSMOS field. From an empirical calibration between cold neutral, i.e., molecular and atomic, gas mass

and monochromatic (rest-frame) infrared luminosity, the gas mass for this sample is derived. Combined with stellar mass

and star formation rate (SFR) estimates (from MagPhys fits) we obtain a median gas fraction of

and a median gas depletion time

correction for the location on the MS will only slightly change the values. The reported uncertainties are the

error on the median. Our results are fully consistent with the expected flattening of the redshift evolution from the 2-SFM (2 star formation mode) framework which empirically prescribes the evolution assuming a universal, log-linear relation between SFR and gas mass coupled to the redshift evolution of the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of MS galaxies. While

shows only a mild dependence on location within the MS, a clear trend of increasing

across the MS is observed (as known from previous studies). Further, we comment on trends within the MS and (in)consistencies with other studies.
EVIDENCE FROM SOFIA IMAGING OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON FORMATION ALONG A RECENT OUTFLOW IN NGC 7027
Authors: Lau R. M. , Werner M. , Sahai R. , Ressler M. E. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
We report spatially resolved (FWHM ∼ 3.″8–4.″6) mid-IR imaging observations of the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027 taken with the 2.5 m telescope on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Images of NGC 7027 were acquired at 6.3, 6.6, 11.1, 19.7, 24.2, 33.6, and 37.1

using the Faint Object Infrared Camera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST). The observations reveal emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and warm dust (

K) from the illuminated inner edge of the molecular envelope surrounding the ionized gas and central star. The DustEM code was used to fit the spectral energy distribution of fluxes obtained by FORCAST and the archival infrared spectrum of NGC 7027 acquired by the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Best-fit dust models provide a total dust mass of

, where carbonaceous large (a = 1.5 μm) and very small (

) grains, and PAHs (

) compose 96.5, 2.2, and 1.3% of the dust by mass, respectively. The 37 μm optical depth map shows minima in the dust column density at regions in the envelope that are coincident with a previously identified collimated outflow from the central star. The optical depth minima are also spatially coincident with enhancements in the 6.2 μm PAH feature, which is derived from the 6.3 and 6.6 μm maps. We interpret the spatial anti-correlation of the dust optical depth and PAH 6.2 μm feature strength and their alignment with the outflow from the central star as evidence of dust processing and rapid PAH formation via grain–grain collisions in the post-shock environment of the dense (

) photo-dissociation region and molecular envelope.
THE LINEAR INSTABILITY OF DILUTE ULTRARELATIVISTIC e± PAIR BEAMS
Authors: Chang Philip , Broderick Avery E. , Pfrommer Christoph , Puchwein Ewald , Lamberts Astrid , Shalaby Mohamad , Vasil Geoffrey 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The annihilation of TeV photons from extragalactic TeV sources and the extragalactic background light produces ultrarelativistic

beams, which are subject to powerful plasma instabilities that sap their kinetic energy. Here we study the linear phase of the plasma instabilities that these pair beams drive. To this end, we calculate the linear growth rate of the beam-plasma and oblique instability in the electrostatic approximation in both the reactive and kinetic regimes, assuming a Maxwell–Jüttner distribution for the pair beam. We reproduce the well-known reactive and kinetic growth rates for both the beam-plasma and oblique mode. We demonstrate for the oblique instability that there is a broad spectrum of unstable modes that grow at the maximum rate for a wide range of beam temperatures and wave-vector orientations relative to the beam. We also delineate the conditions for applicability for the reactive and kinetic regimes and find that the beam-plasma mode transitions to the reactive regime at a lower Lorentz factor than the oblique mode due to a combination of their different scalings and the anisotropy of the velocity dispersions. Applying these results to the ultrarelativistic

beams from TeV blazars, we confirm that these beams are unstable to both the kinetic oblique mode and the reactive beam-plasma mode. These results are important in understanding how powerful plasma instabilities may sap the energy of the ultrarelativistic

beams as they propagate through intergalactic space.