bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of long‐term experimental warming on the structure of three High Arctic plant communities
Authors: Edwards Marc , Henry Gregory H.R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractQuestionsAre warming trends in High Arctic tundra consistent across plant communities within a given site, or is there evidence for fine‐scale heterogeneity in the response of plant community structure to experimental warming? How has the composition, cover and canopy height of three High Arctic plant communities responded to 18 yr of experimental warming? To what extent can hand‐held remote sensing methods serve as a proxy for community structure in tundra ecosystems?LocationAlexandra Fiord lowland, Ellesmere Island, Canada.MethodsWe experimentally warmed patches of tundra using the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) open‐top chambers to simulate climate change. We measured differences in community structure after 18 yr of experimental warming in three distinct plant communities: a wet sedge meadow, a mesic evergreen shrub‐dominated community and a dry deciduous shrub‐dominated community. We measured plant cover, height and growth form composition using a point‐intercept method and investigated the use of hand‐held NDVI at the plot scale as a proxy for plant community structure.ResultsAll three plant communities showed unique differences after long‐term experimental warming. Both the meadow and evergreen shrub communities had significant differences in community composition between control and warmed plots, but none of the communities showed differences in plant cover or height. Deciduous shrubs and bryophytes were more abundant in warmed over control plots at both the evergreen shrub and meadow communities. Warmed plots in the meadow community had fewer graminoids and lower height values. Lichen was consistently less abundant in warmed plots across all communities where it occurred. NDVI values were driven by deciduous shrubs, and graminoids and showed community‐specific correlations with plant cover.ConclusionsOur results suggest community‐level resistance to warming in terms of plant cover and height, but compositional differences support the hypothesis that climate change responses will be community‐specific. Plot‐scale studies such as this one can reveal important details that contribute to the understanding and validation of coarser‐scale measurements from satellite data.
Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth, Survival, Nutritional Indices, Serum Biochemistry, and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Fry
Authors: Mohamadi Saei Mohsen , Beiranvand Kiarash , Khalesi Mohammad K. , Mehrabi Farzaneh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.
Identification and functional analysis of two toxin–antitoxin systems in Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Shen Zhangqi , Patil Rocky D. , Sahin Orhan , Wu Zuowei , Pu Xiao‐Ying , Dai Lei , Plummer Paul J. , Yaeger Michael J. , Zhang Qijing 
Published: June 2016

SummaryToxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are widely distributed in bacteria and play an important role in maintaining plasmid stability. The leading foodborne pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, can carry multiple plasmids associated with antibiotic resistance or virulence. Previously a virulence plasmid named pVir was identified in C. jejuni 81‐176 and IA3902, but determining the role of pVir in pathogenesis has been hampered because the plasmid cannot be cured. In this study, we report the identification of two TA systems that are located on the pVir plasmid in 81‐176 and IA3902, respectively. The virA (proteic antitoxin)/virT (proteic toxin) pair in IA3902 belongs to a Type II TA system, while the cjrA (RNA antitoxin)/cjpT (proteic toxin) pair in 81‐176 belongs to a Type I TA system. Notably, cjrA (antitoxin) represents the first noncoding small RNA demonstrated to play a functional role in Campylobacter physiology to date. By inactivating the TA systems, pVir was readily cured from Campylobacter, indicating their functionality in Campylobacter. Using pVir‐cured IA3902, we demonstrated that pVir is not required for abortion induction in the guinea pig model. These findings establish the key role of the TA systems in maintaining plasmid stability and provide a means to evaluate the function of pVir in Campylobacter pathobiology.
GhERF‐IIb3 regulates the accumulation of jasmonate and leads to enhanced cotton resistance to blight disease
Authors: Cacas Jean‐Luc , Pré Martial , Pizot Maxime , Cissoko Maimouna , Diedhiou Issa , Jalloul Aida , Doumas Patrick , Nicole Michel , Champion Antony 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively referred to as jasmonates, regulate many developmental processes, but are also involved in the response to numerous abiotic/biotic stresses. Thus far, powerful reverse genetic strategies employing perception, signalling or biosynthesis mutants have broadly contributed to our understanding of the role of JA in the plant stress response and development, as has the chemical gain‐of‐function approach based on exogenous application of the hormone. However, there is currently no method that allows for tightly controlled JA production in planta. By investigating the control of the JA synthesis pathway in bacteria‐infected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants, we identified a transcription factor (TF), named GhERF‐IIb3, which acts as a positive regulator of the JA pathway. Expression of this well‐conserved TF in cotton leaves was sufficient to produce in situ JA accumulation at physiological concentrations associated with an enhanced cotton defence response to bacterial infection.
Stress response in medically important Mucorales
Authors: Singh Pankaj , Paul Saikat , Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Ghosh Anup K. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryMucorales are saprobes, ubiquitously distributed and able to infect a heterogeneous population of human hosts. The fungi require robust stress responses to survive in human host. We tested the growth of Mucorales in the presence of different abiotic stress. Eight pathogenic species of Mucorales, including Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizomucor pusillus, Apophysomyces elegans, Licthemia corymbifera, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Mucor racemosus, were exposed to different stress inducers: osmotic (sodium chloride and d‐sorbitol), oxidative (hydrogen peroxide and menadione), pH, cell wall and metal ions (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mg). Wide variation in stress responses was noted: R. arrhizus showed maximum resistance to both osmotic and oxidative stresses, whereas R. pusillus and M. indicus were relatively sensitive. Rhizopus arrhizus and R. microsporus showed maximum resistance to alkaline pH, whereas C. bertholletiae, L. corymbifera, M. racemosus and A. elegans were resistant to acidic pH. Maximum tolerance was noted in R. microsporus to Cu, R. microsporus and R. arrhizus to Fe and C. bertholletiae to Zn. In contrast, L. corymbifera, A. elegans and M. indicus were sensitive to Cu, Zn and Fe respectively. In conclusion, R. arrhizus showed high stress tolerance in comparison to other species of Mucorales, and this could be the possible reason for high pathogenic potential of this fungi.
Identification and typing of the emerging pathogen Candida auris by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Girard Victoria , Mailler Sandrine , Chetry Marion , Vidal Céline , Durand Géraldine , van Belkum Alex , Colombo Arnaldo L. , Hagen Ferry , Meis Jacques F. , Chowdhary Anuradha 
Published: June 2016

SummaryCandida auris is an emerging antifungal resistant yeast species causing nosocomial and invasive infections, emphasising the need of improved diagnostics and epidemiological typing methods. We show that MALDI‐TOF VITEK‐MS followed by amplified length polymorphisms allows for accurate species identification and subsequent epidemiological characterisation of strains encountered during potential outbreaks.
In vitro evaluation of antifungal susceptibility and keratinase, elastase, lipase and DNase activities of different dermatophyte species isolated from clinical specimens in Iran
Authors: Sharifzadeh Aghil , Shokri Hojjatollah , khosravi Ali Reza 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe aims of this study were to evaluate the enzymatic activity of various dermatophyte species and their antifungal susceptibility profiles. A total of 60 dermatophyte isolates, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum, were examined. Fungal isolates were analysed for the production of keratinase, lipase, elastase and deoxyribonuclease (DNase). A broth microdilution method was performed on the basis of M38‐A2 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. T. mentagrophytes, M. canis and M. gypseum isolates were capable of producing keratinase, lipase, elastase and DNase, while T. rubrum isolates were elastase negative. The highest mean diameter of the clear zone around the colonies (PZ) was associated with keratinase (PZ: 4.56 ± 1.29 mm), followed by lipase (PZ: 1.53 ± 0.90 mm), DNase (PZ: 0.65 ± 0.54 mm) and elastase (PZ: 0.22 ± 0.27 mm) (P < 0.05). The mean minimum inhibitory concentration 90 (MIC90) of all strains were as follows: itraconazole (MIC90: 0.28 ± 0.31 μg ml−1), ketoconazole (MIC90: 0.48 ± 0.51 μg ml−1), griseofulvin (MIC90: 0.86 ± 1.00 μg ml−1) and fluconazole (MIC90: 18.57 ± 20.10 μg ml−1). Dermatophyte isolates had higher keratinolytic activity than other enzymes. Itraconazole was the most effective antifungal drug and fluconazole had the poorest activity.
Reducing the risk of HIV transmission among men who have sex with men: A feasibility study of the motivational interviewing counseling method
Authors: Chen Jia , Li Xianhong , Xiong Yang , Fennie Kristopher P. , Wang Honghong , Williams Ann Bartley 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHIV prevalence among Chinese men who have sex with men has rapidly increased in recent years. In this randomized, controlled study, we tested the feasibility and efficacy of motivational interviewing to reduce high‐risk sexual behaviors among this population in Changsha, China. Eighty men who have sex with men were randomly assigned to either the intervention group, in which participants received a three‐session motivational interviewing intervention over 4 weeks, or the control group, in which participants received usual counseling from peer educators. High‐risk behavior indicators and HIV knowledge level were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after the intervention. Motivational interviewing significantly improved consistent anal condom use. However, there was no significant change in consistent condom use for oral sex or in the number of sexual partners over time. HIV knowledge scores improved equally in both groups. This study demonstrated that an intervention using motivational interviewing is feasible and results in increased condom use during anal sex for Chinese men who have sex with men. However, further work must be done to increase the use of condoms during oral sexual encounters.
Plant microRNAs: key regulators of root architecture and biotic interactions
Authors: Couzigou Jean‐Malo , Combier Jean‐Philippe 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPlants have evolved a remarkable faculty of adaptation to deal with various and changing environmental conditions. In this context, the roots have taken over nutritional aspects and the root system architecture can be modulated in response to nutrient availability or biotic interactions with soil microorganisms. This adaptability requires a fine tuning of gene expression. Indeed, root specification and development are highly complex processes requiring gene regulatory networks involved in hormonal regulations and cell identity. Among the different molecular partners governing root development, microRNAs (miRNAs) are key players for the fast regulation of gene expression. miRNAs are small RNAs involved in most developmental processes and are required for the normal growth of organisms, by the negative regulation of key genes, such as transcription factors and hormone receptors. Here, we review the known roles of miRNAs in root specification and development, from the embryonic roots to the establishment of root symbioses, highlighting the major roles of miRNAs in these processes.

Contents

Summary
22

I.
Introduction
22

II.
The roles of miRNAs in the specification of embryonic roots
24

III.
The roles of miRNAs at the post‐embryonic root meristem (Fig. 2)
25

IV.
The roles of miRNAs during lateral and adventitious root formation (Fig. 3)
27

V.
The roles of miRNAs during root endosymbioses
29

VI.
Concluding remarks and future perspectives
10

Acknowledgements
31

References
32
Storying the world: a posthumanist critique of phenomenological‐humanist representational practices in mental health nurse qualitative inquiry
Authors: Grant Alec J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to build on my previously published critique of phenomenological‐humanist representational practices in mental health nursing qualitative inquiry. I will unpack and trouble these practices from an explicitly posthumanist philosophical position on the basis of seminal posthumanist texts and my own single‐ and co‐authored work. My argument will be that researchers in mental health nurse qualitative inquiry, who display a phenomenological‐humanist narrative bent in their writing, continually endorse the validity of the institutional psychiatric assumptions, practices, and ways of representing human psychological distress. These are all explicitly rejected in more critical forms of qualitative inquiry in mental health, including in my own work. I will conclude that the use of phenomenological‐humanist representational practices, in mental health nursing and by implication and extension other healthcare disciplines, is unethical, un‐empathic, and morally compromised. This is because such practices present accounts of the worlds of mental health service users, survivors, and carers that lack necessary and sufficient levels of criticality and context.
Elevated blood eosinophils in early infancy are predictive of atopic dermatitis in children with risk for atopy
Authors: Rossberg Siri , Gerhold Kerstin , Geske Thomas , Zimmermann Kurt , Menke Georg , Zaino Mohammad , Wahn Ulrich , Hamelmann Eckard , Lau Susanne 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundAccessible markers to predict the development of atopic diseases are highly desirable but yet matter of debate.ObjectiveWe investigated the role of blood eosinophils at 4 weeks and 7 months of life and their association with developing atopic dermatitis (AD) in a birth cohort of children with atopic heredity.MethodsInfant blood samples for eosinophil counts were taken from 559 infants at 4 weeks and from 467 infants at 7 month of life with at least one atopic parent. Elevation of blood eosinophils was defined as ≥ 5% of total leukocytes and the asscociation for the occurrence of AD was assessed by entering 2 × 2 tables and the odds ratios were estimated followed by hypothesis testing against the alternate working hypothesis: odds ratio < > 1. Survival analysis was carried out estimating the Kaplan‐Meier product limit estimator from the life‐time table of AD score and time to AD manifestation stratified by the eosinophil binary score.ResultsElevated blood eosinophils observed at 4 weeks were significantly associated with the occurrence of AD in the whole cohort at the age of 7 months (p = 0.007), 1 year (p = 0.004), 2 years (p = 0.007) and 3 years (p = 0.006) of life. AD occurred app. 12 weeks earlier in infants with elevated blood eosinophils at 4 weeks of life. Blood eosinophil counts ≥5% at 7 months of life failed to show significance for AD; for eosinophils at 4.5% a significant association at 7 months (p = 0.005), and 1 year of life (p = 0.039), 2 years (p = 0.033) and 3 years (p = 0.034) was observed.ConclusionElevated blood eosinophils at age 4 weeks have a predictive value for the onset of atopic dermatitis in infancy and early childhood in children with high risk for atopy. Early eosinophil counts may therefore be helpful for counseling parents to provide infant skincare but furthermore identify individuals for interventional trials aiming at allergy prevention.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children with PHACE Syndrome
Authors: Brosig Cheryl L. , Siegel Dawn H. , Haggstrom Anita N. , Frieden Ilona J. , Drolet Beth A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundPractitioners who work with children with posterior fossa, facial hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiovascular anomalies, and abnormalities of the eye (PHACE) syndrome need information about neurodevelopmental outcomes to provide appropriate anticipatory guidance and education for parents. This study aimed to determine the neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with PHACE syndrome and identify which children may be at greatest risk for delays.MethodsChildren with a diagnosis of PHACE syndrome (ages 4–18 yrs) were recruited from the PHACE Syndrome International Clinical Registry and Genetic Repository. Participants (n = 25) underwent a neurodevelopmental evaluation at a children's hospital tertiary care referral center between 2009 and 2013. Children completed standardized neurocognitive tests assessing multiple domains. Parents completed standardized questionnaires assessing behavioral and emotional functioning.ResultsResults were analyzed according to cohort and individual subject. Mean scores for the cohort did not differ significantly from test norms in most domains. The only subtest that the cohort scored lower on than test norms was Word Structure, a language task. Forty‐four percent of the sample scored within the normal range in all domains, 28% had one score in the at‐risk range (1–2 standard deviations [SDs] below the mean), 12% had two or more scores in the at‐risk range, and 16% had at least one score in the impaired range (>2 SDs below the mean).ConclusionAlthough most children in this cohort of patients with PHACE syndrome did not have significant neurodevelopmental deficits, a subset of patients had delays in multiple areas. Practitioners who work with these children should routinely ask about neurocognitive and developmental skills. Children with more severe phenotypes should be referred for appropriate evaluations and intervention services.
Late‐Onset Nail Changes Associated with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: A Clinical Analysis of 56 Cases
Authors: Long Dong‐ling , Zhu Shi‐yuan , Li Cai‐zi , Chen Cui‐yan , Du Wan‐tao , Wang Xi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the development and clinical characteristics of nail changes in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).MethodsA telephone survey was conducted with the parents of patients diagnosed with HFMD in the Fourth General Hospital of Nanhai from June to August 2013 to document nail changes within 3 months of diagnosis of HFMD.ResultsValid survey results were obtained from 273 cases. Definitive nail changes were identified in 56 patients (20.5%). More boys (25.8%) than girls (10.6%) (p < 0.01) showed changes. The age distribution ranged from 1 to 5 years, and nail changes were rare in children younger than 1 year of age (p < 0.01). Nail changes were usually seen 1 to 2 months after the onset of HFMD and lasted for 1 to 8 weeks, most for approximately 4 weeks. Toenails or fingernails could be affected and the changes were more likely to occur synchronously. Fingernails were more commonly involved than toenails. When both fingernails and toenails were involved, this typically occurred synchronously. Although there were cases with all toenails and fingernails involved (16.1%), we did not encounter any instances involving 13 to 19 nails. The nail changes mainly presented as onychomadesis. Spontaneous recovery without special treatment was the course for all patients. No relapse or new nail involvement was identified.ConclusionsNail change associated with HFMD usually occurs within 1 to 2 months after onset, mainly presents as onychomadesis, and is a self‐limited process. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Prognosis and Management of Congenital Hair Shaft Disorders with Fragility—Part I
Authors: Singh Gaurav , Miteva Mariya 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHair shaft disorders are characterized by congenital or acquired abnormalities of the hair shaft. The objective was to review the literature regarding the prognosis and treatment options of hair shaft disorders. We used keywords in the search engines PubMed and Medline to identify all publications in the English language related to the prognosis and management of hair shaft disorders. Data were extracted from 96 articles that met search criteria. Findings were limited to case reports and small case series, as no studies were found. Disorders that improve in childhood include pili torti, trichorrhexis invaginata, wooly hair, and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Others, such as trichorrhexis nodosa, monilethrix, pili annulati, and pili bifurcati improve with minoxidil. Oral retinoids have improved hair abnormalities in trichorrhexis invaginata and monilethrix. There is no specific treatment for congenital hair shaft abnormalities. Gentle hair care is the mainstay of care for hair shaft disorders associated with fragility. Practices for gentle care include no brushing, backcombing, chemical products, tight braids, heat exposure, or mechanical grooming. Any inherited or congenital disorder requires genetic counseling as part of management.
Prognosis and Management of Congenital Hair Shaft Disorders without Fragility—Part II
Authors: Singh Gaurav , Miteva Mariya 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHair shaft disorders are characterized by congenital or acquired abnormalities of the hair shaft. The objective of this study was to review the literature regarding the prognosis and treatment options for hair shaft disorders. We used keywords in the search engines PubMed and Medline to identify all publications in English related to the prognosis and management of hair shaft disorders. Data were extracted from 96 articles that met search criteria. Findings were limited to case reports and small case series, as no studies were found. Disorders that improve in childhood include pili torti, trichorrhexis invaginata, woolly hair, and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Others, such as trichorrhexis nodosa, monilethrix, pili annulati, and pili bifurcati, improve with minoxidil. Oral retinoids have been found to improve hair abnormalities in trichorrhexis invaginata and monilethrix. There is no specific treatment for congenital hair shaft abnormalities. Gentle hair care is the mainstay of care for hair shaft disorders associated with fragility. Practices for gentle care include no brushing, backcombing, chemical products, tight braids, heat exposure, or mechanical grooming. Furthermore, any inherited or congenital disorder requires genetic counseling as part of management.