bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Age-Discordant Partnerships Associated With HIV Risk Among Young South African Women (HPTN 068)
Authors: Ritchwood Tiarney D. , Hughes James P. , Jennings Larissa , MacPhail Catherine , Williamson Brian , Selin Amanda , Kahn Kathleen , Gómez-Olivé F. Xavier , Pettifor Audrey 
Published: March 2016

Objective:
Sexual liaisons between older men and younger women have been linked to greater risk of HIV acquisition. This study aims to (1) identify psychosocial and behavioral factors associated with age-discordant (partner ≥5 years) versus age-concordant partnerships (−1< partner <5) and (2) examine the association between partner age discordance and young South African women's sexual behavior.

Methods:
We used generalized estimating equations to analyze responses from 656 sexually experienced women (aged 13–20 years) from rural Mpumalanga province.

Results:
Partner age discordance was associated with greater odds of reporting both more frequent sex [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20 to 2.60] and having a partner with concurrent partnerships (aOR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.57). Age-discordant partnerships were associated with greater odds of casual partnerships (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.13), having a partner with concurrent partnerships (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.46), and more frequent intercourse (ie, having sex at least 2 or 3 times per month) (aOR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.39 to 3.00). They were associated with lower odds of reporting condom use at last sex (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.98) and always using condoms (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.88) in age-discordant partnerships.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that a history of age-discordant partnerships, and to a lesser extent having an age-discordant partner, is linked to HIV risk among young South African women; however, the link between partner age discordance and HIV risk may be more strongly related to the characteristics of age-discordant partnerships than to the characteristics of young women who form such partnerships.
The Effect of Timing of Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy on Loss to Follow-up in HIV–Tuberculosis Coinfected Patients in South Africa: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Yende-Zuma Nonhlanhla , Naidoo Kogieleum 
Published: March 2016

Objective:
To evaluate the effect of early integrated, late-integrated, and delayed antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation during tuberculosis (TB) treatment on the incidence rates of loss to follow-up (LTFU) and to evaluate the effect of ART initiation on LTFU rates within trial arms in patients coinfected with TB and HIV.

Methods:
A substudy within a 3-armed, open label, randomized, controlled trial. Patients were randomized to initiate ART either early or late during TB treatment or after the TB treatment completion. We reported the incidence and predictors of LTFU from TB treatment initiation during the 24 months of follow-up. LTFU was defined as having missed 4 consecutive monthly visits with the inability to make contact.

Results:
Of the 642 patients randomized, a total of 96 (15.0%) were LTFU at a median of 6.0 [interquartile range (IQR), 1.1–11.3] months after TB treatment initiation. Incidence rates of LTFU were 7.5 per 100 person-years (PY) [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.9 to 11], 10.9 per 100 PY (95% CI: 7.6 to 15.1), and 11.0 per 100 PY (95% CI: 7.6 to 15.4) in the early integrated, late-integrated, and delayed treatment arms (P = 0.313). Incidence rate of LTFU before and after ART initiation was 31.7 per 100 PY (95% CI: 11.6 to 69.0) vs. 6.1 per 100 PY (95% CI: 3.7 to 9.4); incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 5.2 (95% CI: 2.1 to 13.0; P < 0.001) in the early integrated arm; 31.9 per 100 PY (95% CI: 20.4 to 47.5) vs. 4.7 per 10 PY (95% CI: 2.4 to 8.2) and IRR was 6.8 (95% CI: 3.4 to 13.6; P < 0.0001) in the late-integrated arm; and 21.9 per 100 PY (95% CI: 14.6 to 31.5) vs. 2.8 per 100 PY (95% CI: 0.9 to 6.6) and IRR was 7.7 (95% CI: 3.0 to 19.9; P < 0.0001) in the sequential arm.

Conclusion:
LTFU rates were not significantly different between the 3 trials arms. However, ART initiation within each trial arm resulted in a significant reduction in LTFU rates among TB patients.
Cervicovaginal and Rectal Fluid as a Surrogate Marker of Antiretroviral Tissue Concentration: Implications for Clinical Trial Design
Authors: Cottrell Mackenzie L. , Prince Heather M. A. , Allmon Andrew , Mollan Katie R. , Hudgens Michael G. , Sykes Craig , White Nicole , Malone Stephanie , Dellon Evan S. , Madanick Ryan D. , Shaheen Nicholas J. , Patterson Kristine B. , Kashuba Angela D. M. 
Published: March 2016

Background:
Quantifying tissue drug concentrations can yield important information during drug development, but complicates pharmacokinetic study design. Mucosal fluids collected by direct aspiration (cervicovaginal fluid; CVF) or swab (rectal fluid; RF) might be used as tissue concentration surrogates, but these relationships are not well characterized.

Methods:
Forty-nine healthy women, given a single oral dose of tenofovir, maraviroc, emtricitabine, or raltegravir at 50%–200% of the treatment dose, provided 13 plasma, 12 CVF, 12 RF and one cervical, vaginal and rectal tissue biopsy over 48 hours. Relationships between these paired samples were characterized by linear and multiple linear regression. Adjusted r2 values were used to select the final predictive models.

Results:
CVF exposure increased linearly with dose for all antiretrovirals (r2 ≥ 0.23, P ≤ 0.02) except raltegravir (r2 = 0.08, P = 0.19). In RF, only emtricitabine increased linearly with dose (r2 = 0.27, P = 0.01). For all antiretrovirals, CVF and RF concentrations significantly correlated with mucosal tissue concentrations (female genital tract r2 ≥ 0.37, rectal tissue r2 ≥ 0.50, P ≤ 0.001). In the final multivariate models, plasma and fluid concentrations were both associated with FGT concentrations for all antiretrovirals (r2 ≥ 0.81, P < 0.001). The same was noted for rectal tissue (r2 ≥ 0.58, P < 0.001) except for tenofovir, for which RF alone was predictive of tissue concentration (r2 = 0.91, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Mucosal fluids were positively correlated with tissue concentrations and including plasma concentrations improved the regression models in most cases. Dose linearity in CVF, but not RF, suggests a saturation process in lower gastrointestinal tract tissue. These findings suggest that mucosal fluid and plasma concentrations may be used for qualitative inference of tissue concentrations for these antiretrovirals.
Injured workers and their return to work
Authors: Galizzi Monica , Leombruni Roberto , Pacelli Lia , Bena Antonella 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the factors affecting the return to work (RTW) of injured workers in an institutional setting where workers’ earnings are fully compensated during the disability period.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use a unique data set matching employer-employee panel data with Italian workers’ compensation records. The authors estimate survival models accounting for workers’ unobserved heterogeneity.Findings– Workers with higher wage growth, higher relative wages and from firms with better histories of stable employment, RTW sooner. More vulnerable workers – immigrants, females, members of smaller firms – also tend to return sooner. But even when we control for such measures of commitment, status, and job security, high-wage workers RTW sooner.Research limitations/implications– The authors use proxies as measures of commitment and status. The authors study blue-collar workers without finer job qualifications. The authors estimate a reduced form model.Practical implications– In an institutional environment where the immediate cost of workers’ compensation benefits falls largely on firms, employers seem to pressure those workers whose time off is more costly, i.e., high-wage workers. The lack of evidence ofex postmoral hazard behavior also demands for a better understanding of the relationship between benefits and RTW.Social implications– Workers who are induced to RTW before full recovery jeopardize their long- term health and employability. Firms that put such pressure on employees might generate social costs that can be particularity high in the case of high productivity workers.Originality/value– The paper offers the first quantitative analysis of an institutional setting where injured workers face 100 percent benefits replacement rate and have job security. This allows focus on other workers’ or employers’ reasons to speed RTW. It is one of very few economics studies on this topic in the European context, providing implications for human resource managers, state regulators, and unions.
Incentive pay configurations: bundle options and country-level adoption
Authors: Prince Nicholas R. , Prince J. Bruce , Skousen Bradley R. , Kabst Rüediger 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– Organizations worldwide are faced with the challenge of motivating and retaining employees. In addressing this challenge, organizations may use a variety of incentive pay practices to align employee behavior with organizational objectives. The purpose of this paper is to empirically identify the incentive pay practice configurations or bundles adopted by private sector firms across 14 different countries from several geographic regions. The patterns of incentive pay configuration adoption for each country are evaluated.Design/methodology/approach– Cluster analysis, ANOVA, and multilevel random-intercept logistic modeling are utilized on firms from the 2009 CRANET HRM survey.Findings– Phase I of this study empirically identifies four different configurations (contingent rewarder, incentive minimizer, incentive maximizer, and profit rewarder) derived from three incentive pay practices (individual bonus, team bonus, and profit sharing practices) that firms adopt. Phase II evaluates adoption rates by country and finds striking differences in incentive configurations that firms avoid or adopt. Some countries have clear adoption preferences (e.g. Denmark, Sweden, Japan, and France). In other countries firms employ a variety of incentive bundles (e.g. USA, UK, and Germany) and seem to be less constrained by country-based institutional factors.Research limitations/implications– Incentive practices are typically studied independent of the configuration of practices that firms select. This research helps us understand the typical bundles in use.Practical implications– Organizations worldwide are faced with the need to motivate employees. This research maps the incentive bundles preferred in each of 14 countries.Social implications– Employees in different countries come to work with expectations about pay and these shape their perceptions of incentive fairness.Originality/value– Research on incentives has tended to focus independently on specific practices and ignore the reality that organizations generally select multiple practices. This research identifies the combinations of incentive practices generally used and does so with firms from 14 countries from various world regions. These results also offer a map of the incentive bundles preferred in each country.
The personality of managers in Britain: gender and sector differences
Authors: Georgellis Yannis , Sankae Nopdol 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the big-five personality traits and employees’ chances to become managers, paying particular attention to gender and sector differences.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey, covering the period 1991-2008, the authors estimate multivariate logistic regression models for the propensity of individuals to take up a managerial role.

Findings
– The findings confirm that Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness are generally positively associated with the propensity of individuals to become managers. In contrast, Agreeableness and Neuroticism exert a negative influence. However, these associations are moderated by gender and they are contingent upon the specific contextual settings of sectors across the economy.

Practical implications
– The study has practical implications for the design and implementation of well-targeted selection, recruitment, and career coaching strategies, which aim at matching individuals with specific personality traits to specific leadership/managerial roles.

Originality/value
– While the link between personality and leadership has been extensively researched, this study provides some of the first contextual evidence on whether personality can explain the gender gap in managerial roles across different sectors.
Managing workplace religious expression within the legal constraints
Authors: Hambler Andrew 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to consider in broad terms how employers may respond to different forms of religious expression by employees in the workplace, within the discretion afforded to them by law.

Design/methodology/approach
– Through a discussion of relevant legislation and case law, and a review of relevant literature, it seeks to identify the legal constraints within which employers must operate when determining policy and practice in this area and gives consideration to how they should respond.

Findings
– It is observed that employers enjoy considerable freedom either to impose restrictions or to encourage religious expression.

Originality/value
– The paper considers some of the over-arching principled arguments both for and against encouraging religious freedom at work, whilst concluding that support for religious expression may be the better option, not least for the positive benefits for employee well-being, commitment and engagement which, it is argued, may result.
Consumer knowledge and religious rulings on products
Authors: Muhamad Nazlida , Leong Vai Shiem , Mizerski Dick 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– This study aims to provide insights on the influence of Muslim consumers’ knowledge on products subjected to contemporary fatwa ruling and their subsequent cognitive and behavioural responses.

Design/methodology/approach
– MANOVA and MANCOVA were used to examine the influence of religious orientation on young Malaysian Muslims’ product knowledge, and the extent of religious orientation and gender on Muslim consumers’ attitude and behaviour towards three contemporary fatwa rulings of products.

Findings
– Respondents’ religious orientation differentiates their knowledge on fatwa prohibition ruling of selected brand and behaviours. Consumers’ religious orientation and gender explain consumers’ behavioural responses to variables of the Theory of Planned Behaviour for three behaviours. Evidence suggests that ruling types affects (conditional and unconditional) consumers’ responses.

Research limitations/implications
– Greater insights are provided on Muslims’ motivation to search information of controversial products, and their subsequent perception and behavioural reactions to controversial products. Findings are limited to the Malaysian Muslim consumers.

Practical implications
– The fact that contemporary fatwa reached young Muslim generations indicates that managers have to be wary of fatwa to predict Muslim consumers’ marketplace behaviours.

Social implications
– A significant number of young Malaysian Muslims are keeping abreast with contemporary fatwa. This suggests that they received an early and substantial exposure to Islamic way of life through their socialisation.

Originality/value
– This study offer insights into the understandings of the young Muslim generation regarding contemporary fatwa on products, and revealed significant findings in relation to consumer product knowledge and religious influences on consumer behaviour.
The child–brand relationship: social interactions matter
Authors: Rodhain Angélique , Aurier Philippe 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study the child–brand relationship dynamic in interaction with the relationships children develop with their family, peers and teacher.

Design/methodology/approach
– In all, six classes in French primary schools are observed for six months. Among the 112 children observed, aged 10-11 years, 24 of them are interviewed twice individually and 24 others are interviewed in focus groups.

Findings
– A lack of coherence between parents, peers and the teacher, as well as with the child’s own desires, affects the child–brand relationship and reduces the child’s self-esteem. Based on this, this study proposes a four-case typology of child–brand relationship dynamics with two criteria: the child’s attitude toward the brand relationship (favorable and unfavorable) and the consistency of attitudes in his/her socialization spheres (peers, parents and teacher) relative to this relationship. Then, the most frequent trajectories children follow across these brand relationship cases are identified.

Research limitations/implications
– This study applies to branded clothes.

Practical implications
– From a marketer’s perspective, this study reveals that there are different qualities in child–brand relationships. The strongest one appears when the child feels free from outside pressure and when peers, parents and the teacher create a virtuous circle for brands (or at least do not contradict the child’s desires for brands).

Social implications
– For public policymakers, it can be useful to be aware that when peers, parents and teachers’ opinions about brands differ, this affects the child’s self-esteem.

Originality/value
– The study offers a dynamic approach to child–brand relationships.
Mapping the domain of the fragmented field of internal branding
Authors: Saleem Fathima Zahara , Iglesias Oriol 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to build a comprehensive conceptual framework of internal branding, to demarcate this field from employer branding and to develop an updated definition of internal branding that incorporates the findings of the literature review and emerging views in branding.Design/methodology/approach– This research conducts a systematic review of the internal branding and employer branding literature following previously established procedures.Findings– The major findings of this research are that internal branding comprises five key components within a supportive corporate culture, namely, brand ideologies, brand leadership, brand-centred human resource management (HRM), internal brand communication and internal brand communities; and that internal branding is related yet distinct from employer branding in its discipline, focus, components, outcomes and the role of the brand. The paper concludes with a comprehensive definition of internal branding derived from the conceptual framework and recent trends in branding, in addition to directed suggestions for future research in the field.Research limitations/implications– This research highlights areas for future research within internal branding, including the need for further research on internal brand communities and how brands can “internally brand” brand partners.Practical implications– The research highlights the company-wide and brand partner-wide effort required in internal branding, in addition to the necessity of a supportive corporate culture.Originality/value– This is the first review of internal branding and employer branding that aims to differentiate between the constructs and build a conceptual framework of internal branding, by drawing from the fields of HRM, marketing, branding and general management.
Oral administration of β‐carotene or lycopene prevents atopic dermatitis‐like dermatitis in HR‐1 mice
Authors: Hiragun Makiko , Hiragun Takaaki , Oseto Ikumi , Uchida Kazue , Yanase Yuhki , Tanaka Akio , Okame Tomoka , Ishikawa Shingo , Mihara Shoji , Hide Michihiro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing eczematous skin disease. Certain populations of patients are resistant to standard therapies with topical steroids and/or calcineurin inhibitors, and require systemic medication, such as immunosuppressants. Recently, several reports have shed light on the anti‐allergic effects of carotenoids. Therefore, we investigated the effect of p.o. administration of β‐carotene or lycopene on AD‐like symptoms of HR‐1 hairless mice fed with a low zinc/magnesium diet. Mice were divided into four groups: (i) fed with a standard diet (Co group); (ii) low zinc/magnesium diet (HR group); (iii) low zinc/magnesium and β‐carotene diet (HR‐C group); and (iv) low zinc/magnesium and lycopene diet (HR‐L group). They were then fed these diets for 8 weeks. Severities of dermatitis were assessed by their appearance, and histopathological and hematological observations. Mice in the HR group developed AD‐like dermatitis both clinically and histologically. HR‐C and HR‐L group mice also developed xerosis and wrinkle‐like skin changes, but they were milder than those of HR group mice. Histological analysis revealed that epidermis thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin of the HR‐C and HR‐L groups were both statistically less than those of the HR group. The concentration of thymus and activation regulated chemokine in the skin of the HR‐L group and the concentration of CCL27 in the skin of the HR‐C group were significantly lower than those of the HR group, respectively. In conclusion, p.o. administration of β‐carotene or lycopene prevents AD‐like symptoms in association with a suppression of T‐helper 2 chemokines in a murine model. Ingestion of carotenoids may be beneficial for patients with AD.
Where, when and how plant–soil feedback matters in a changing world
Authors: van der Putten Wim H. , Bradford Mark A. , Pernilla Brinkman E. , van de Voorde Tess F. J. , Veen G. F. 
Published: March 2016

Summary

It is increasingly acknowledged that plant–soil feedbacks may play an important role in driving the composition of plant communities and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the mechanistic understanding of plant–soil feedbacks, as well as their roles in natural ecosystems in proportion to other possible drivers, is still in its infancy. Such knowledge will enhance our capacity to determine the contribution of plant–soil feedback to community and ecosystem responses under global environmental change.

Here, we review how plant–soil feedbacks may develop under extreme drought and precipitation events, CO2 and nitrogen enrichment, temperature increase, land use change and plant species loss vs. gain. We present a framework for opening the ‘black box of soil’ considering the responses of the various biotic components (enemies, symbionts and decomposers) of plant–soil feedback to the global environmental changes, and we discuss how to integrate these components to understand and predict the net effects of plant–soil feedbacks under the various scenarios of change.

To gain an understanding of how plant–soil feedback plays out in realistic settings, we also use the framework to discuss its interaction with other drivers of plant community composition, including competition, facilitation, herbivory, and soil physical and chemical properties.

We conclude that understanding the role that plant–soil feedback plays in shaping the responses of plant community composition and ecosystem processes to global environmental changes requires unravelling the individual contributions of enemies, symbionts and decomposers. These biotic factors may show different response rates and strengths, thereby resulting in different net magnitudes and directions of plant–soil feedbacks under various scenarios of global change. We also need tests of plant–soil feedback under more realistic conditions to determine its contribution to changes in patterns and processes in the field, both at ecologically and evolutionary relevant time‐scales.