bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIFA’s Football Agent Regulations and European Competition Law
Authors: Podszun Rupprecht , Kirk Alexander 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We assess the relationship between professional sport and European Union competition law using the example of the FIFA Football Agent Regulations (FFAR), a set of rules enacted by FIFA, the world football governing body, to regulate the activities of football agents. The FFAR have been challenged under competition law before national courts and in arbitration proceedings before the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The European Court of Justice has been asked to rule on the matter. The FFAR are the result of an anti-competitive decision by an association of undertakings. In particular, there is no exception for such agreements under the so-called Meca-Medina test. This analysis is supported by the European Court of Justice’s 2023 rulings in sports cases, in particular the European Superleague.
Accelerated Frostbite-induced Acroosteolysis in Pediatric Insensate Hand: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ma Sara L , Baldwin Carolyn , Rapolti Mihaela-Elena 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In pediatric patients, frostbite is a well-documented cause of epiphyseal cartilage destruction and subsequent growth deformity of the affected phalanges. Cases of full acroosteolysis also referred to as phalangeal osteolysis, of distal phalanges as soon as 3 months after cold exposure have yet to be reported. We describe a complicated case of frostbite-associated phalangeal osteolysis in the dominant hand of a 9-year-old patient, in the context of post-traumatic insensate hand after sustaining prior electrical burn injuries. This case demonstrates the unique sequela of pediatric frostbite injury involving early loss of the distal phalanx through resorption of the bone and parallel soft tissue retraction, rendering early plastic surgery reconstruction impractical. Reconstructive strategies for frostbite injury in pediatric patients will need to account for the individualized dynamic tissue changes that develop in the months after cold exposure.
Field tests reveal acoustic variation of call types in a subterranean rodent, the Northern Mole Vole Ellobius talpinus
Authors: Dymskaya Margarita M , Volodin Ilya A , Smorkatcheva Antonina V , Rudyk Anna , Volodina Elena V 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This study investigates acoustic variation of human-audible sonic (below 20 kHz) and human-inaudible ultrasonic (above 20 kHz) calls in a wild subterranean rodent, the Northern Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus), under 3 call-eliciting tests conducted during captures for 1 day. The Contact-in-Tunnel Test modeled contacts of 2 individuals during digging earth in a burrow tunnel. The Restraint Test modeled restraint of an animal by a surrogate predator (human hand). The Release-to-Burrow Test modeled acoustic communication of many family members returned to their home burrow after their isolation for about 8 h, from morning to evening. We described 8 call types: 3 sonic, 3 ultrasonic, and 2 expanding from sonic to ultrasonic range of frequencies; 6 call types were described for the first time for this species. No relationship was found between acoustic parameters and proxies of body size (body mass and the width of 2 upper incisors). No sex differences were found in body size or the acoustic parameters. Different call types prevailed in different tests: wheeks and upsweeps were made during peaceful interactions; squeaks and squeals were related to animal discomfort during the Restraint Test; rasps were only made in Release-to-Burrow Tests when animals were plugging the burrow entrance; and variative calls did not show any relationship with type of test. Based on presence or absence of certain call types in the tests, we evaluate their potential communicative role in comparison with published data on vocal repertoires of other subterranean rodents.
The conundrum of the giant condyloma: is it carcinoma?
Authors: Kim Hyung C , Schlenker James D , Post Amber B , Agoff Nicholas S , Feldmann Timothy , Simianu Vlad V 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Perineal verrucous carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma that is mainly treated with surgical excision. In this case report, we present a 58-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus who presented with an extraordinarily large perineal mass that was ultimately found to be verrucous carcinoma in association with giant condyloma acuminata. He was treated with a wide local excision followed by staged abdominoperineal resection and fasciocutaneous flap reconstruction. In the post-operative course, the patient developed relatively short interval recurrence which was successfully managed with salvage radiotherapy. He is now post-radiation without evidence of recurrence.
Collective Care as Affective Justice in Frances E. W. Harper’s Iola Leroy
Authors: Yu Hyunjoo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This essay focuses on the body-sentimentality connections in Frances E.W. Harper’s 1892 novel, Iola Leroy; Or, Shadows Uplifted. This essay examines how Iola Leroy foregrounds affective Black bodies as a mutable site of future-oriented pedagogy, which resists not only the liberal sentimental culture’s insistence on seeing Black bodies only as a vessel of anti-Black violence but also the popular scientific imagination that predicted that Black American heredity is irrelevant to imperialist US modernity. This physical-sentimental pedagogy practiced by Iola Leroy’s Black community members nurtures and invests in affective Black bodies as a potential to reconstruct Black life and futures within extended, less private versions of home. In doing so, Harper moves away from liberal individualism at the core of sentimental culture and thinks of alternative modernities based on solidarity and collective care that are outside the eugenicist destiny in which Black life is not imagined. To think of the political significance of this movement, this essay situates Iola Leroy’s imagination of the otherwise-future against US sentimental culture.
Collaboration in Financial Regulatory Reform
Authors: Cecchetti Stephen G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the aftermath of the 2007–9 global financial crisis, the global standard setting process evolved into a comprehensive policy development cycle with collaboration across various international organizations. The Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the Standard Setting Bodies (SSBs) have responsibility for identifying needs for additional regulation or further harmonization; proposing, assessing, and agreeing on standards; implementing rules; and evaluating impact prior to proposing refinements. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) contributes to the analysis through its participation in the various organizations and bringing its analytical capacities to bear on a variety of macro-financial questions, and providing an independent voice.
What Has Replaced the Washington Consensus?
Authors: Güven Ali Burak 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the trajectory of the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) policy outlook in the past half century. It finds that evolving member preferences and organizational dynamics, in a context of ever-changing external institutional and normative conditions, have continually interacted to produce substantive shifts in the Fund’s prescriptive gaze during this period. Advocating a rigid neoliberal approach labeled the Washington Consensus in the 1980s and the 1990s, the Fund around the turn of the century embraced a paradigm broadening toward a more social and regulatory neoliberalism, often called the post-Washington Consensus. The organization’s policy vision shifted once again after the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–8, this time exhibiting an increasingly pragmatic and flexible stance that nonetheless still rests on a broadly neoliberal orientation.
The IMF
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference was a remarkable feat of international cooperation. But it was not without controversy and debate. At the time, there were five major debates: (i) should the IMF be a clearing union or a credit union? (ii) Should there be symmetric penalties for surplus and deficit countries? (iii) Should IMF financial support be subject to conditionality? (iv) Should there be any special consideration for developing countries? (v) Should the IMF’s attitude toward capital movements mirror its mandate for liberalizing payments for current transactions? These defining debates would recur in various guises in the subsequent history of the international monetary system and of the IMF.
IMF Fiscal Policy
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the ideas and debates that shape International Monetary Fund (IMF) prescriptive fiscal discourse. The Global Financial Crisis, COVID, and climate change challenged core premises and contours of mainstream macroeconomics and fiscal policy rectitude. The IMF was an active interlocutor in these debates. The Fund’s interpretation of its core mandate has evolved to accommodate not only limiting inequality, but also tackling climate change. Fund flagships advocated fiscal activism to boost demand, to stave off economic scarring or depression. Ongoing commitments to fiscal discipline and fiscal sustainability coexist with new fiscal priorities. The analysis kicks the tyres of an ongoing rehabilitation of more activist fiscal policy within the Fund, asking how wide and deep activist and redistributive fiscal commitments go.
Advancing Climate Policy at the IMF
Authors: Ram Bhandary Rishikesh , Gallagher Kevin P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is at the institutional core of the global economic governance system and is uniquely capable of engaging in surveillance functions, especially on cross-border climate risks, providing emergency financing, and engaging in capacity development. This chapter traces the history of the IMF’s engagement on climate change, laying special emphasis on the Fund’s Climate Change Strategy (CCS) launched in 2021. The chapter shows how the IMF has mostly focused on surveillance activities and capacity development in its CCS, with limited integration of climate change into the Fund’s lending toolkit despite the creation of the Resilience and Sustainability Trust. Most crucially, fiscal consolidation requirements that accompany IMF programs erode the investment push that countries need to transition to a low-carbon economy.
Inclusive Growth
Authors: Farnsworth Kevin , Irving Zoë 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which high level International Monetary Fund (IMF) discourse actively reflects commitment to redistribution (through public spending, public service expansion, and fiscal reform) as an essential component of inclusive growth, or whether inclusive growth is framed within the IMF’s established patterns of advice where social policy is simply another economic instrument stripped of its social and transformative goals. Following discussion of the rise of the inclusive growth agenda amongst international governmental organizations and the IMF specifically, it reports quantitative content analysis to assess both the temporal and ideational associations between growth that is inclusive and the social policies that make it so.
Anti-Corruption Work at the IMF
Authors: Weeks-Brown Rhoda 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution and operationalization of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s approach to addressing governance vulnerabilities and corruption over the past 30 years in the context of changes in the nature of corruption and the rise of the global anti-corruption agenda. Through its examination of governance-related reforms embedded in recent work, such as the IMF’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the chapter highlights the important progress to date and continuing challenges (e.g., ownership, vested interests, and capacity constraints) in supporting sustained improvement in integrity and the rule of law, and the interlinkages of the governance and anti-corruption agenda with other issues increasingly central to the work of the IMF, including state fragility and climate change.
The IMF in the Post-Bretton Woods Era (1973–Present)
Authors: Boughton James M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The end of the Bretton Woods exchange rate system in 1973 ushered in major changes in the nature of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s role. Its core principles, however, remained unchanged, and demands for its services increased. The IMF responded by amending its charter to reflect the new reality, especially by introducing the concept of “firm surveillance” over the exchange system. The increasing complexity of global economics and finance then forced it to expand the scope of its activities until around the end of the century. The most recent history has been characterized by an increased flexibility and responsiveness to criticism.
The Populist Challenge to the IMF
Authors: Clark Richard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Populists have increasingly criticized international organizations (IOs) as out-of-touch institutions run by globalists and lifelong bureaucrats. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), in particular, has become a target of populist ire due to the perceived intrusiveness of its surveillance and lending operations. Conditionality, or the policy requirements often attached to IMF lending, is especially incompatible with populists’ pro-sovereignty and anti-elite disposition. This chapter provides an overview of the challenges populism poses to the IMF, discussing why populists oppose the institution and analyzing their engagement with the Fund. It highlights the IMF’s efforts to accommodate populists in order to retain their participation. The chapter concludes by examining policy implications and suggesting future research directions.
Europe Unresolved
Authors: Angin Merih , Metinsoy Saliha 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s pivotal yet contentious role in Europe post-GFC, marking a significant departure from its historical focus on developing countries. It explores the multi-layered conflicts ignited by the IMF’s lending arrangements among the Troika institutions, European states, and within the IMF, alongside domestic upheavals mirroring those in the Global South. Despite shifts toward accommodating capital controls and social policies, the IMF’s European engagement underscores its nuanced adaptation to the politics of powerful states, and at times its subsumption in it. The chapter also argues that most of those conflicts remain unresolved for all three actors, the Troika, the IMF itself, and European states. It culminates by reflecting on the IMF’s positioning in recent crises.
Debt Concerns of Low-Income and Emerging Market Countries
Authors: Caliari Aldo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s responsibilities in the international debt architecture, including analysis, debt crisis prevention, and resolution. The chapter argues that low-income and emerging market countries’ historically high debt levels and risks will impact the institution. Looking at how debt concerns already inspired changes in the past, it identifies the three areas where these impacts are likely to be more noticeable: concessional funding and debt relief, debt sustainability assessments, and the IMF’s role in sovereign debt restructurings. The chapter identifies challenges for each and examines how the challenges may affect the IMF’s path of evolution.
The IMF and the Future of the Liberal International Order
Authors: Heldt Eugenia C. , Fioretos Orfeo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been an integral element of the liberal international order that has been repeatedly tested. Over 80 years, the Fund has been confronted with a more diverse membership, crises of legitimacy, global power shifts, populist backlash, and a more complex global institutional landscape. This contribution explores what the Fund’s responses to past challenges portend for its future. It finds that the IMF has overcome past challenges without becoming a peripheral organization or undergoing radical restructuring by engaging in frequent and at times wide-ranging incremental changes to its policies and governance structures. The contribution concludes that the IMF has been a resilient organization that is poised to remain a central element in a liberal international order.
Election Law and Constitutional Law
Authors: Gerken Heather K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores a long-standing debate over the relationship between election law and constitutional law. During its early years, scholars insisted on “electoral law exceptionalism”—the claim that election law was an independent field, separate and apart from constitutional law. Scholars wrote that election law involved structural dimensions that distinguished it from constitutional law’s rights-based focus. Election law emphasized groups and aggregation, whereas constitutional law focused heavily on individual harms. Election law had an institutional bent, again in contrast to constitutional law. Election law was also heavily inflected by political science and offered more wide-ranging institutional solutions. Even the field’s doctrinal work was deeply focused on real-world consequences. Finally, academics argued that election law scholars were more attentive than our constitutional law counterparts to the subconstitutional statutes and rules that constitute our democratic system. While these claims about election law’s distinctive features largely hold true of the field today, the work in constitutional law now shares many of the same features as election law scholarship. This chapter makes the case that the two fields have begun to reconverge. It concludes by suggesting that we may witness the emergence of a new, broad-gauged field focused on democratic governance, one that will dissolve whatever boundaries now stand between election law and constitutional law.
Redistricting Criteria
Authors: Cover Benjamin Plener 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Federal and state legislative elections rely heavily on geographic electoral districts, which makes the districting map itself an important component of the electoral system. This chapter situates contemporary electoral mapmaking in historical and institutional context, tracing how redistricting evolved from the geographic approach of early state legislatures in the direction of increasing federal constraint, judicial intervention, and attention to nongeographic representational considerations. The U.S. Supreme Court has construed federal constitutional and statutory law to mandate approximate population equality and to regulate the role that race, but not politics, plays in the drawing of district lines. Federal redistricting law imposes important constraints on state mapmakers, but still leaves them plenty of discretion. States channel this discretion through a wide variety of state redistricting criteria designed to further constrain and guide mapmakers as they navigate the trade-offs between conflicting representational values.
Voting Under Federal Election Laws
Authors: Weinstein-Tull Justin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Although states and local governments administer elections in the United States, the federal government has also occasionally enacted laws that regulate election administration. Most prominent among these laws are the National Voter Registration Act, the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, and the Help America Vote Act. With its recent attempt to enact the For the People Act, Congress has demonstrated an interest in more aggressively regulating election administration. This chapter discusses both the promise and the challenges of federal election laws, with an emphasis on federal election administration laws (and excluding the Voting Rights Act). It discusses the good that these laws can accomplish, but also the difficulties enforcing them. It explains how federal election administration laws fit into voting rights scholarship, and suggests avenues for future research. Building on these insights, it concludes by suggesting novel ways that the federal government could effectively administer elections while retaining the benefits of local election administration.
Racial Gerrymandering
Authors: Ross Bertrall L. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Supreme Court’s racial gerrymandering doctrine has become unmoored from its roots. A doctrine originally concerned about a state’s use of race to deprive racial minority groups of tangible opportunities to participate politically now targets a state’s predominant use of race to cause unproven and speculative representational harms. This chapter traces the evolution of the constitutional racial gerrymandering doctrine with a focus on the Court’s shifting account of the constitutional harm from the use of race in districting. It shows how the shift from a participatory to representational account of the harm has resulted in a confused, incoherent, and inconsistent doctrine—leaving the Court deeply enmeshed in a political thicket that it has long sought to avoid. It concludes by arguing the Court should return racial gerrymandering doctrine to its roots and confine its role to policing state uses of race that cause participatory harms.
The Electoral College
Authors: Shaw Katherine 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers a profoundly anomalous feature of American democracy: our system of presidential selection. From very early on in the country’s history, the Constitution’s system for presidential selection proved flawed in ways both large and small. Those flaws have only become more conspicuous, and more pressing, with the passage of time. Today, the complex system, part constitutional and part statutory, that we refer to collectively as the “Electoral College,” has not only repeatedly misaligned popular will and presidential selection, but has exacerbated polarization, distortion, and dysfunction, both in presidential elections and in our politics more broadly. In recent years the College has also shown itself dangerously susceptible to manipulation and abuse. For these reasons, addressing the deficiencies in the Electoral College should be high on any agenda that takes seriously the imperative of democratic reform. The chapter begins by tracing the origins of the Electoral College. It then briefly compares the Electoral College to other mechanisms for selecting chief executive officers, both abroad and in the American states. It next surveys the College’s key shortcomings today, both conceptual and practical, concluding that the College, far from serving any genuine democratic purpose, is flatly antidemocratic, a corrosive force in our politics, and dangerously vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. The chapter ends by considering prospects for reform, examining both historical efforts to change or abolish the College, and the efforts underway today.