bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary vegetable oil inclusion and composition on the susceptibility of pig meat to oxidation
Authors: Rey A. I. , López-Bote C. J. , Kerry J. P. , Lynch P. B. , Buckley D. J. , Morrissey P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis investigation was designed to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of vegetable oil and its composition on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation in pig muscle. Pigs were given the following diets from 50 kg to slaughter (90 kg): a control diet with no added fat (NF) or diets containing 20 g/kg of sunflower (SUN), olive (OL) or sunflower + linseed (SUN + LIN) oils. Meat from pigs given the SUN + LIN diet showed the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) from day 3 of refrigerated storage to the end of the experiment (P< 0·05). The OL group showed the lowest TBARS after 9 days of storage (P< 0·05). Pigs on NF showed intermediate values that were generally closer to those recorded for pigs given the SUN + LIN than the OL diet. By day 9, there was no statistical difference between the NF and the SUN + LIN group. The SUN group also showed intermediate TBARS throughout storage, with no statistical differences compared with the NF group. After 9 days of storage the lowest CIELAB a* value, corresponded to the SUN + LIN group and the highest to the OL group. These results indicate similar behaviour to that of lipid oxidation. Meat samples from pigs given the diet not enriched with fat showed greater drip loss than those given the remaining diets (P< 0·05) while there was no significant effect of dietary fat source on water-holding capacity. The inclusion of oils rich in linoleic fatty acids in pig diets modifies muscle fatty acid composition but susceptibility to lipid oxidation does not appear to be increased with respect to that occurring in pigs given diets with no added fat.
Impact of allosucking on growth of farmed red deer calves (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Bartoš L. , Vaňkovà D. , Hyànek J. , Šiler J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt is generally presumed that allosucking brings benefits to the allosucking infants. Nevertheless, the data supporting such a presumption are rare. The aim of the study was to determine whether allosucking has any impact on growth rates of the allosucking calves. Fifty pregnant hinds were observed between 28 May (1st day of calving) and 2 September (abrupt weaning of all calves) on a red deer farm at Vimperk, South Bohemia, the Czech Republic. Of the 50 calves born the growth curve was calculated for 39 calves. During their 1st month of life these calves were observed in 1015 sucking bouts. In 690 cases the calves sucked from maternal hinds and in 325 cases non-maternal hinds. Only 25·64% of calves sucked exclusively from maternal hinds. The prevailing type of sucking behaviour was a combination of sucking from maternal hinds and allosucking (74·36%). Calves sucking from maternal and non-maternal hinds showed 1·6-fold higher sucking frequency than did calves feeding from maternal hinds only. Our results indicate that to some extend allonursing behaviour of the hind may affect their calves’ feeding behaviour. The more non-filial calves the maternal hind nursed, the higher frequency of the sucking by their calves occurred. The groups of calves did not differ in birth weight. With increasing age, the relative body weight increased faster in calves sucking maternal hinds only than in calves sucking maternal and non-maternal hinds. This gain in body weight was not essentially influenced by the fact whether or not the calf’s maternal hind nursed non-filial or exclusively filial calves. However, at weaning (99 days), the lowest body weight occurred in allosucking calves whose maternal hinds were allonursing. The results suggest that allosucking does not mean an extra profit to the allosucker. Instead, in our subjects, allosucking was rather attributed to compensation of nutritional requirements based on a combination of various factors, such as discrete differences in body weight at birth and also later and allonursing of the maternal hind.
Modelling the effect of high, constant temperature on food intake in young growing pigs
Authors: Collin A. , Milgent J. van , Dividich J. Le 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPerformance in pigs is greatly reduced during periods of heat stress through a reduction in voluntary food intake (VFI). However, little information is available as to what extent growth in piglets is affected by high temperature. The objective of this study was therefore to quantify the change in VFI as affected by environmental temperature. Piglets, initially 15·5 (s.e. 1·9) kg body weight (BW), were individually housed and exposed over a period of 17 days to either 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, or 35ºC. Animals had ad libitum access to a starter diet and water. VFI was measured daily whereas BW was determined twice weekly. Over the 17 days, daily VFI and BW gain were proportionately 0·48 and 0·51 lower at 35ºC than at 19ºC. Due to the reduced VFI at high temperatures, the average BW during the experiment was greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures. Consequently, part of the difference in VFI is directly due to temperature and part may be explained by cascading, indirect effects (i.e. the increased BW). To account for this, VFI was expressed as a power function of BW (VFI = aBWb). It was assumed that environmental temperature affected the scalar (a) through a quadratic or a ‘plateau-linear decline’ function of temperature. The VFI appeared relatively constant between 19 and 25ºC (0·096 (kg/day)/(kg BW0·83)) and decreased thereafter. Between 25 and 35ºC, VFI decreased on average by proportionately 0·28 in a 20-kg pig.
Relationship between litter size and perinatal and pre-weaning survival in pigs
Authors: Lund M. S. , Puonti M. , Rydhmer L. , Jensen J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between direct and maternal genetic effects on litter size and piglet survival. The analyses were performed on records from 26 564 Landrace litters and 15 103 Yorkshire litters from first parity dams in Finnish herds. The trivariate model fitted total number of piglets born, proportion alive at birth and proportion survived from birth until 3 weeks as traits of the litter. The model included direct genetic and maternal genetic effects for all traits. In Landrace pigs, maternal heritabilities were estimated to be 0·11 for total number born, 0·06 for proportion alive at birth, and 0·08 for proportion survived from birth until 3 weeks. The corresponding estimates for the Yorkshire breed were 0·14, 0·06 and 0·01. All heritability estimates of direct effects were below 0·05. In the Landrace breed, there was a negative correlation of -0·39 between maternal genetic effects on total number born and maternal genetic effects on proportion survived from birth until 3 weeks and a negative correlation of -0·41 between direct and maternal genetic effects on proportion survived from birth until 3 weeks. These correlations were not significant in the Yorkshire breed. The results show that selection for number born in total alone will lead to a deterioration in the maternal ability of sows. Selection for pre-weaning survival could be achieved by selecting on direct and maternal components jointly.
Effects of high fat rapeseed press cake on growth, carcass, meat quality and body fat composition of leaner and fatter pig crossbreeds
Authors: Schönet F. , Tischendorf F. , Kirchheim U. , Reichardt W. , Bargholz J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA 3 ✕ 2 factorial experiment with a total of 60 male castrated pigs, live-weight range 24 to 104 kg, was carried out to test three dietary levels of high fat rapeseed press cake in two crossbreeds differing in carcass lean. The six groups with 10 pigs each representing either crossbreeds of Landrace (LR) ✕ (LR ✕ Large White (LW)) (groups 1, 3 and 5) or Pietrain (Pi) ✕ (LR ✕ LW) (groups 2, 4 and 6) were each offered, ad libitum, diets without rapeseed press cake (groups 1 and 2), or with rapeseed press cake: 75 g/kg diet (groups 3 and 4) or 150 g/kg diet (groups 5 and 6). The press cake produced in a small oil press contained 341 g crude protein per kg dry matter (DM), 181 g ether extract per kg DM and 23·3 mmol glucosinolates per kg DM. Rapeseed press cake, particularly at 150 g (3·2 mmol glucosinolates) per kg diet, lowered food intake and weight gain, though only significantly in the Pi-sired hybrids. There were no effects of the diets on leanness, whereas the 550 g/kg of carcass lean of Pi-sired pigs was significantly higher than the 510 g/kg of LR-sired hybrids. Meat of the Pi-sired crossbreeds showed a lower pH (tendency), higher conductivity, lower impedance and higher drip loss. At 150 g/kg diet rapeseed press cake LR-sired crossbreeds showed the darkest meat and the Pi ✕ LR, LW hybrids the lowest sensory evaluation score. In LR-sired hybrids the rapeseed press cake diets increased the backfat polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to a lower degree (1·3% per 10 g rape oil increase in 1 kg diet) than in Pi-sired hybrids (2·6% per 10 g rapeseed increase in 1 kg diet). Using simple correlation coefficients, the sensory evaluation results were negatively correlated with carcass lean and tended to be so with meat fat PUFA content. Pigs should receive less than 2 mmol glucosinolates per kg diet corresponding to 50 to 100 g double zero rapeseed products per kg diet. Rape oil should be recommended according to the animals lean and fat status, respectively. Fatter pigs may receive a maximum of 40 g, leaner pigs a maximum of 20 g rape oil per kg diet.
Effects of level of concentrate supplementation on grazing behaviour and performance by lactating dairy cows grazing continuously stocked grass swards
Authors: Gibb M. J. , Huckle C. A. , Nuthall R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe effect of level of concentrate supplementation on the grazing behaviour of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows was examined over three periods on continuously stocked grass swards maintained between 7 and 8 cm sward surface height (SSH). A dairy concentrate containing 180 g crude protein per kg fresh weight was offered at 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6, 4·8 or 6·0 kg fresh weight per day in two equal feeds during milking. Grazing and ruminating behaviour was recorded automatically over 24 h using sensors to measure jaw movements. Intake rates were calculated by weighing cows before and after approximately 1 h of grazing, retaining the faeces and urine excreted and applying a correction for insensible weight loss. Details of jaw movements were also recorded during these grazing periods. Level of supplementation did not significantly affect short-term intake rate of herbage or total eating time during grazing over the day, which varied between 15 and 21 g organic matter per min and between 530 and 600 min/day respectively. Supplementation had no effect on ruminating behaviour. Increasing the level of supplementation produced a significant linear increase in milk yield. The results show that at the level of grass intake achieved on continuously stocked swards maintained at 7 to 8 cm SSH, daily intake of up to 6 kg concentrates does not significantly affect grazing behaviour or lead to substitution of the grazed herbage.
Estimates of (co)variances due to direct and maternal effects for body weights in Timahdite sheep
Authors: Boujenane I. , Kansari J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractGenetic parameters for body weights in Timahdite sheep were estimated using records of 10370 lambs from the ‘Société Nationale de Développement de l’Elevage’ born in 1988-89 to 1998-99. An animal model with derivativefree restricted maximum likelihood procedures was used. Random effects were direct and maternal additive genetic, maternal permanent environmental, and error. Direct and maternal heritability estimates were 0·05 and 0·05 for birth weight, 0·02 and 0·07 for weight at 30 days, 0·07 and 0·08 for weight at 70 days, 0·06 and 0·01 for weight at 90 days. Estimates of fraction of variance due to maternal permanent environmental effects were close to zero, except for weight at 90 days. Genetic correlations between direct and maternal genetic effects were –0·55, –0·51, –0·50 and –0·17 for body weights at birth, 30, 70 and 90 days, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlations among body weights were positive and high, ranging from 0·69 to unity. Phenotypic correlations were positive and moderate to high, being lower than their corresponding direct genetic correlations. Estimates of correlations between maternal genetic effects among weights were positive and high, varying from 0·79 to unity. Cross-correlations between direct genetic effects for one weight and maternal genetic effects for another weight were consistently negative, ranging from –0·05 to –0·63. These results indicate that selecting for improved maternal and/or direct effects in Timahdite sheep is expected to generate only slow genetic progress in terms of early growth.
Differences in the somatotropic axis, in blood cortisol, insulin and thyroid hormone concentrations between two pig genotypes with markedly divergent growth rates and the effects of growth hormone treatment
Authors: Elsaesser F. , Pfaffl M. W. , Meyer H. H. D. , Serpek B. , Sauerwein H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe intention of the current study was to gain more insight into the endocrine and molecular control mechanisms of growth in the pig. For this purpose various growth related parameters were determined in 4-month-old barrows of two extreme pig genotyes, the small, obese Göttingen Miniature (GM) and the large and lean German Landrace (DL). Mean growth hormone (GH) concentration, GH pulse frequency and GH pulse amplitude did not differ between breeds. Likewise, plasma IGF-1, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations were similar in both breeds. However the plasma GH response (maximum level and area under curve) to a single i.v. injection of GHRH in DL was higher than in GM (P < 0·05). Furthermore, basal plasma insulin and in particular plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in GM compared with DL pigs (P 0·05 and 0·01 respectively). Analysis of cortisol during 4-h frequent blood sampling indicated higher cortisol amplitudes in GM compared with DL (P ≤ 0·01). Specific bGH-binding to hepatic membrane preparations was not different between breeds and IGF-1 m RNA concentrations determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in liver, m. semimenbranosus and m. longissimus dorsi were similar in both breeds. I.m. treatment with recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST; 70 µg/kg live weight) over an 8-day period in contemporary barrows increased without any breed difference, plasma IGF-1, T3 and insulin concentrations and hepatic specific bGH-binding, but did not affect thyroxine or cortisol concentrations in plasma. IGF-1 gene expression was also elevated in liver and muscle tissues in rpST-treated animals without obvious breed effects. The observations underline the complexity of the hormonal and molecular control of growth and support the notion that differences in growth potential are the consequence of differences at various levels of the somatotropic axis and apparently relate to differences in other control systems of energy metabolism such as the pituitary adrenal axis or the endocrine pancreas as well.
The relationship between adipose tissue skatole levels, rates of hepatic microsomal skatole metabolism and hepatic cytochrome P450IIE1 expression in two breeds of pig
Authors: Doran E. , Whittington F. W. , Wood J. D. , McGivan J. D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe relationships between the level of skatole in backfat, the rate of skatole metabolism in isolated liver microsomes, hepatic cytochrome P450IIE1 content and mRNA levels were investigated in Large White ✕ Landrace (LW) and the Meishan ✕ Landrace (M) breeds. A method based on thin layer chromatography was developed and used for measurement of microsomal skatole metabolism. Skatole metabolism by liver microsomes was inhibited by diallyl sulphide, a specific inhibitor of cytochrome P450IIE1 but not by inhibitors of other P450 isoforms. We have shown that the rate of skatole metabolism by liver microsomes was proportional to the microsomal P450IIE1 content. In LW pigs there was considerable variation in cytochrome P450IIE1 expression and P450IIE1 protein level and there was a significant negative correlation between backfat skatole level and hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450IIE1 content. Pigs exhibiting low P450IIE1 content in general also showed low levels of P450IIE1 mRNA. These results show that the levels of deposition of backfat skatole in LW pigs are inversely related to the rate at which skatole can be metabolized by liver microsomes, and this in turn depends on the level of expression of cytochrome P450IIE1 mRNA in the liver. In the M breed generally the P450IIE1 protein and mRNA levels were very low and backfat skatole level was high. However the skatole level varied over a 10-fold range and there was no significant correlation with P450IIE1 protein or mRNA content. The M breed was shown to express high levels of the multidrug resistance protein in liver, and it is suggested that export of skatole from liver via this transport protein may be an additional factor regulating backfat skatole in M pigs, but not in the LW breed.
Response of beef heifers and non-suckling beef cows to different oestrous synchronization protocols
Authors: Cavestany D. , Negrin N. , Negrin R. , Groth J. F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe objective was to evaluate different oestrous synchronization schemes in beef cattle under range conditions. In experiment 1, 202 heifers averaging 26 months of age were assigned randomly to three treatments: (a) GnRH-PG. (no. = 44) day 0 (D0): injection of GnRH; D7: injection of PGF2α; D0 to D25 oestrous detection (OD) and artificial insemination (AI); (b) OD-PG. (no. = 45) D0 to D4; OD + AI; D5: injection of PGF2α; D5 to D25 OD + AI; and (c)Ovsynch. (no. = 113) D0: injection of GnRH; D7: injection of PGF2α; D9: injection of GnRH and 16 h later AI at fixed time. In experiment 2, 318 non-suckling cows were assigned randomly to three treatments: (a) GnRH-PG. (no. = 106) D0: injection of GnRH; D7: injection of PGF2α; D0 to D25 OD + AI; (b) GnRH-MAP-PG. (no. = 106) D0: injection of a GnRH analogue and insertion of an intravaginal sponge impregnated with 250 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate; D7: injection of PGF2α and sponge withdrawal; D0 to D25 OD + AI; (c) controls. (no. = 106) OD and AI. The experimental period lasted 25 days and, with exception of the Ovsynch treatment, oestrous detection was carried out twice a day (a.m./p.m.) and inseminations performed 12 h later. The pregnancy rates assessed by ultrasonography 30 days after AI were: experiment 1: (a) 30·0%; (b) 28·6% and (c) 62·3% (P < 0·05); experiment 2: (a) 60·2%; (b) 57·8% and (c) 45·5% (P < 0·05). It is concluded that in heifers and non-suckling cows, oestrous synchronization treatments result in higher pregnancy rates. In non-suckling cows, the addition of a progestagen did not improve the response.
Single and multitrait estimates of breeding values for survival using sire and animal models
Authors: Meuwissen T. H. E. , Veerkamp R. F. , Engel B. , Brotherstone S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSurvival data were simulated under the Weibull model in a half-sib family design, and about 50% of the records were censored. The data were analysed using the proportional hazard model (PHM) and, after transformation to survival scores, using a linear and a binary (logit) model (LIN and BIN, respectively), where the survival scores are indicators of survival during time period t given survival up to period t – 1. Correlations between estimated and true breeding values of sires (accuracies of selection) were very similar for all three models (differences were smaller than 0·3%). Daughter effects were however less accurately predicted by the LIN model, i.e.taking proper account of the distribution of the survival data yields more accurate predictions of daughter effects. The estimated variance components and regressions of true on estimated breeding values were difficult to compare for the LIN models, because estimated breeding values were expressed as additive effects on survival scores while the simulated true breeding values were expressed on the underlying scale. Also the differences in accuracy of selection between sire and animal model breeding value estimates were small, probably due to the half-sib family design of the data. To estimate breeding values for functional survival, i.e. the component of survival that is genetically independent of production (here milk yield), two methods were compared: (i) breeding values were predicted by a single-trait linear model with a phenotypic regression on milk yield; and (ii) breeding values were predicted by a two-trait linear model for survival and milk yield, and breeding values for survival corrected for milk yield were obtained by a genetic regression on the milk yield breeding value estimates. Both methods yielded very similar accuracies of selection for functional survival, and are expected to be equivalent.
The effects of intradermal injections of spermidine on the growth rate of fibres and mitosis of wool follicles in Merino lambs
Authors: Liu S. M. , Murray A. , Schlink A. C. , Mata G. , Masters D. G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPolyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are required for optimal growth in all cells, and are essential for cell proliferation and growth of cultured wool follicles, with an optimal concentration of spermidine required for the fibre elongation. The effects of a local supply of exogenous spermidine on the rate of cell division in the wool follicles, the length growth rate and diameter of fibres were therefore examined in Merino lambs. Three groups of eight lambs (40 kg) were given food at 1·2 ✕ maintenance. Spermidine was injected intradermally into a small patch (3 ✕ 3 cm) on the left flank three times per day for 7 days at one of three concentrations: 1·38, 2·75 or 4·58 џmol in 0·8 ml volume. The same volume of saline was injected into the contralateral side as a control. The concentration of spermidine in the skin patch 3 h after injection on day 7 increased by proportionately 018, 0·33 or 0·41 (P < 0001) respectively. The rates of cell division in the follicle bulb 3 h after the spermidine injection were proportionately 0104, 0184 and 0·283 higher compared with the contralateral side (P = 0078 overall) for the low, medium and high doses of spermidine respectively and differed between the three doses (P < 005). The fibre length growth rate, as measured using autoradiography, was proportionately 0099, 0117 and 0156 higher than that of the contralateral side (P < 0001 overall) for the low, medium and high doses of spermidine respectively, but differences between doses were not significant (P > 005). Spermidine injection did not result in a significant change in fibre diameter during the treatment period. The ratio of fibre length growth rate to fibre diameter was increased by the injection of spermidine (P < 0001). The results suggest that injecting extra spermidine into the skin altered spermidine homeostasis in the skin, stimulated cell proliferation and resulted in increased fibre growth.