bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Peternakan Sapi Perah Rakyat di Kabupaten Boyolali
Authors: Barokah U. 
Published: March 2017

<p><em>The ai</em><em>m of this research </em><em>was to study development strategy of effort ranch dairy cattle farmer. Basic method used in this research </em><em>was descriptive. Determination of research area </em><em>was purposive </em><em>that was Boyolali Regency with subdistrict Musuk</em><em>, and than taken one village is Sukorejo. Farmer taken as sample in this research are farmer have adult dairy cattle. </em><em>The respondent</em><em>s </em><em>were tahken by simple random sampling </em><em>resulting 40 dairy cattle farmer</em><em>s. Development strategy of ranch of dairy cattle farmer implementation with improving management by a). improving business scale from farmer by exploiting governmental role, KUD, BRI by exploiting given programs, b) combining the feed so that get standard minimum cost </em><em>and obtained quantity and quality fresh milk, c) doing the pure </em><em>artificial insemination or embryo transfer from dairy cattle FH. </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Key words :</em></strong><em> </em><em>Development strategy, </em><em>animal agriculture, dairy cattle</em></p>
MODEL PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM PELAKSANAAN CORPORATE SOSIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT
Authors: , Pujiyono , , Jamal Wiwoho , , Triyanto 
Published: March 2017

<p>Abstract<br />Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an obligation that imposed on a company under Article 74 of Law No. 40 Year 2007 regarding Limited Liability Company (UUPT). CSR implementation has some problems because of the lack of regulations (UUPT) that thera no sanctions for the companies that do not implement CSR. Currently, many companies that do not implement CSR maximally. So that the implementation of CSR is currently less of legal responsibility. Therefor, it is necessary to formulate a model of CSR’s accountability in order to fill the legal vacuum that occurs at this time in order to improve the welfare of society. This research used research and development / R&amp;D method. The location of research consits of PT Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE) in Jakarta and some companies in Surakarta. The data used is derived from the primary data from informants, while secondary data in the form of journals, papers, reports, results of previous studies and other relevant publications. The Instrument collecting data using interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD) and literature study. For the analysis used qualitative analysis techniques.<br /><em>Keywords : CSR, Legal responsibility, the welfare of society.</em></p><p> </p><p>Abstrak<br />Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan atau Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) merupakan kewajiban yang dibebankan kepada suatu perusahaan berdasarkan Pasal 74 Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (UUPT). Pelaksanaan CSR masih menjadi persoalan karena belum adanya peraturan pelaksanaan dari UUPT tentang pengawasan dan sanksi bagi perusahaan yang tidak melaksanakan CSR. Saat ini banyak perusahaan hanya melakukan CSR secara suka-suka tanpa ada pedoman yang jelas. Sehingga pelaksanaan CSR saat ini kurang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara hukum. Untuk itu perlu dirumuskan model pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan CSR guna mengisi<br />kekosongan hukum yang terjadi saat ini guna meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian dan pengembangan (research and development / R&amp;D). Lokasi penelitian meliputi PT Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE) di Jakarta dan beberapa Perusahaan di Surakarta. Data yang dipergunakan yakni data primer berasal dari informan, sedangkan data sekunder berupa jurnal, makalah, laporan, hasil penelitian terdahulu dan publikasi lainnya yang relevan. Instrumen pengumpul data menggunakan wawancara, kuesioner, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dan studi kepustakaan. Untuk analisis digunakan teknik analisis kualitatif.<br /><em>Kata kunci: CSR, Pertanggungjawaban Hukum, Kesejahteraan Masyarakat</em></p>
PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA TERHADAP PEKERJA DOMESTIK DI INDONESIA
Authors: , Dede Kania 
Published: March 2017

<h4>Abstract</h4> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p><em>Historically, domestic workers has been around a long time. Their domestically roles made them often underestimated. However, the legal protection they are still very concerned, even until now Indonesia has no law regarding the protection of domestic workers, because domestic workers act of Indonesia has not been enacted. Whereas legal protection to domestic workers is urgent considering the number of cases of abuse and violence against domestic workers, particularly female domestic workers, without any handling or legal process well. Therefore, the authors are interested in examining how the application of the theory of gender equality and inquity for domestic workers act.</em><em> </em><em>This research results: Firstly, the bill is needed to protect of domestic workers. Secondly, A worker of either sex is the same as other workers must be paid a fair wage and good treatment as a dignified human being. Thirdly, The aim of this act should be the process of formalizing the PRT even though the workings area of domestic workers are in domestic area.</em><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Key words</em></strong><em>: domestik workers, human rights, legal protection</em><em> </em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <h3></h3><h3>Abstrak</h3> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>Secara historis, pekerja rumah tangga telah ada sejak lama. Peran mereka di dalam ranah domestik membuat mereka sering diremehkan. Namun, perlindungan hukum mereka masih sangat kurang, bahkan sampai sekarang Indonesia tidak memiliki Undang-undang perlindungan pekerja rumah tangga. Perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja rumah tangga sangat mendesak keberadaannya mengingat jumlah kasus pelecehan dan kekerasan terhadap pekerja rumah tangga, terutama PRT perempuan, semakin bertambah. Oleh karena itu, penulis tertarik untuk meneliti bagaimana penerapan teori kesetaraan dan keadilan gender bagi pekerja rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: <em>Pertama</em>, Indonesia sangat memerlukan UU untuk melindungi atau pekerja rumah tangga, sehingga RUU PRT mendesak untuk segera diundangkan. <em>Kedua</em>, Seorang pekerja baik perempuan maupun laki-laki mempunyai kedudukan yang sama, sehingga harus mendapatkanhak- haknya dengan baik sebagai manusia yang bermartabat. <em>Ketiga</em>, harus ada Formalisasi PRT walaupun kerja bidang pekerja rumah tangga berada di wilayah domestik tetapi hak-haknya sebagai pekerja harus diakui dan disamakan dengan pekerja di wilayah publik.</p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci: </em></strong><em>Pekerja Rumah tangga, hak asasi manusia, perlindungan hukum</em><em> </em></p>
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PERENCANAAN DAN PENGANGGARAN APBD DI KABUPATEN BANGKALAN
Authors: , Safi , , Indien Winarwati , , Erma Rusdiana 
Published: March 2017

<h4>Abstract</h4> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p><em>Background of this research is the rapid growth Bangkalan of the post-operational Suramadu bridge which have significant impact on increasing local income. Increased of local revenues must be increase the welfare of society, therefore development sourced from the budget should be oriented in various aspects leading to the nation's independence. Unfortunately, society is still not maximal to use of channels of participation in budgeting. This study uses legal research empirical or socio-legal research, interview and observation is used to obtain primary data in the form of public participation in the budgeting process in Bangkalan. The result of this research is interpretation about Bangkalan development is only on physical form, the Bangkalan society is not maximized in using the existing channels as participation in the preparation and budget planning.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Participatory Budgeting, Regulatory Model Policy, Society, Budgets</p> <p> </p> <h3>Abstrak</h3> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><em>Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi berkembang pesatnya Bangkalan pasca operasionalisasi Jembatan Suramadu yang tentunya juga membawa dampak signifikan terhadap meningkatnya pendapatan daerahnya. Meningkatnya pendapatan daerah sudah seharusnya meningkatkan pula kesejahteraan masyarakatnya, oleh karena itu pembangunan yang bersumber dari APBD harus berorientasi dalam berbagai aspek menuju pada kemandirian bangsa. Sayangnya masyarakat masih belum maksimal menggunakan saluran partisipasi penganggaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris atau yang biasa di sebut sebagai sosio legal research, wawancara mendalam serta observasi digunakan untuk mendapatkan data primer berupa partisipasi masyarakat terhadap proses penganggaran di Kabupaten Bangkalan. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil bahwasanya masyarakat di Bangkalan masih memaknai pembangunan hanya dalam bentuk fisik, masyarakat belum maksimal dalam menggunakan saluran yang ada sebagai bentuk partisipasi dalam penyusunan dan perencanaan APBD.</em><em> </em></p> <p><em>Kata Kunci : Partisipatory Budgeting, Model Pengaturan Kebijakan, Masyarakat, APBD</em><em> </em></p>
KAJIAN TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DALAM PEMBERIAN SUBSIDI DI SEKTOR PERUMAHAN
Authors: , Dora Kusumastuti 
Published: March 2017

<h2>Abstrak</h2> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="214" height="34"><tbody><tr><td width="95" height="0"><br /></td></tr> <tr><td><br /></td> <td><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /> Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perkembangan kebijakan subsidi di bidang perumahan di Indonesia, dan untuk mengetahui kendala-kendala yang menghambat pembangunan perumahan bersubsidi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti data sekunder (pustaka) terdiri dari :bahan hukum primer; bahan hukum sekunder. Dalam penelitian hukum normatif, data yang telah terkumpul, baik melalui inventarisasi bahan- bahan hukum primer maupun penyelusuran bahan sekunder, dilakukan content analysis yang kemudian diolah menjadi premis- premis umum tentang norma-norma umum dalam peraturan subsidi di bidang <p>yang tersusun dari dua buah pernyataan (premis mayor dan premis minor) dan sebuah kesimpulan. Kesimpulan:1)pemberian subsidi terhadap masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah ini diharapkan akan mewujudkan masyarakat khususnya masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah untuk memiliki rumah; 2) rendahnya tingkat serapan terhadap perumahan bersubsidi.</p> <p><strong>Kata kunci : </strong>Kebijakan perumahan, subsidi perumahan,</p>
PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE SEBAGAI LANDASAN DALAM MERUMUSKAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK
Authors: , Emmy Latifah 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This study aims to explore on how to formulate and what should be considered in formulating the precautionary principle within public policy in order to generate appropriate and effective public policy. Precautionary principle is one of the important principles in International Law, particularly in International Environmental Law. This principle implies caution (prudence) in the face of new challenges, especially in the development of technology. Caution is not understood as an unwillingness to act or lack of courage to face new challenges, but on the contrary, the caution conduct is needed for the policy maker to make activity contain potential danger to the public but at the same time that danger is not understood because

Keywords: precautionary principle, public policy

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana cara merumuskan dan apa saja yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam merumuskan precautionary principle dalam kebijakan publik agar menghasilkan kebijakan publik yang tepat dan efektif. Precautionary principle menjadi salah satu prinsip yang penting di dalam perkembangan Hukum Internasional, khususnya Hukum Lingkungan Internasional. Prinsip ini mengandung makna kehati-hatian dalam menghadapi tantangan baru salah satunya berupa perkembangan teknologi. Sikap kehati-hatian ini bukan dipahami sebagai ketidakmauan untuk bertindak atau kurangnya keberanian untuk menghadapi tantangan baru, namun sebaliknya, sikap kehati-hatian bagi para perumus kebijakan publik diperlukan untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat mengenai suatu produk atau kegiatan khusus di mana di dalamnya terdapat kecurigaan bahwa produk atau kegiatan tersebut mengandung potensi bahaya bagi masyarakat luas namun di waktu yang sama bahaya tersebut belum dimengerti karena belum adanya bukti-bukti ilmiah.

Kata kunci: precautionary principle, kebijakan publik.
Effects of the Length of Stay on the Cost of Total Knee and Total Hip Arthroplasty from 2002 to 2013
Authors: Molloy Ilda B. , Martin Brook I. , Moschetti Wayne E. , Jevsevar David S. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Utilization of total knee and hip arthroplasty has greatly increased in the past decade in the United States; these are among the most expensive procedures in patients with Medicare. Advances in surgical techniques, anesthesia, and care pathways decrease hospital length of stay. We examined how trends in hospital cost were altered by decreases in length of stay.

Methods:
Procedure, demographic, and economic data were collected on 6.4 million admissions for total knee arthroplasty and 2.8 million admissions for total hip arthroplasty from 2002 to 2013 using the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample, a component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Trends in mean hospital costs and their association with length of stay were estimated using inflation-adjusted, survey-weighted generalized linear regression models, controlling for patient demographic characteristics and comorbidity.

Results:
From 2002 to 2013, the length of stay decreased from a mean time of 4.06 to 2.97 days for total knee arthroplasty and from 4.06 to 2.75 days for total hip arthroplasty. During the same time period, the mean hospital cost for total knee arthroplasty increased from $14,988 (95% confidence interval [CI], $14,927 to $15,049) in 2002 to $22,837 (95% CI, $22,765 to $22,910) in 2013 (an overall increase of $7,849 or 52.4%). The mean hospital cost for total hip arthroplasty increased from $15,792 (95% CI, $15,706 to $15,878) in 2002 to $23,650 (95% CI, $23,544 to $23,755) in 2013 (an increase of $7,858 or 49.8%). If length of stay were set at the 2002 mean, the growth in cost for total knee arthroplasty would have been 70.8% instead of 52.4% as observed, and the growth in cost for total hip arthroplasty would have been 67.4% instead of 49.8% as observed.

Conclusions:
Hospital costs for joint replacement increased from 2002 to 2013, but were attenuated by reducing inpatient length of stay. With demographic characteristics showing an upward trend in the utilization of joint arthroplasty, including a shift toward younger population groups, reduction in length of stay remains an important target for procedure-level cost containment under emerging payment models.
Oral and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid Are Equivalent at Reducing Blood Loss Following Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Kayupov Erdan , Fillingham Yale A. , Okroj Kamil , Plummer Darren R. , Moric Mario , Gerlinger Tad L. , Della Valle Craig J. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic that has been shown to reduce blood loss and the need for transfusions when administered intravenously in total hip arthroplasty. Oral formulations of the drug are available at a fraction of the cost of the intravenous preparation. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to determine if oral and intravenous formulations of tranexamic acid have equivalent blood-sparing properties.

Methods:
In this double-blinded trial, 89 patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty were randomized to receive 1.95 g of tranexamic acid orally 2 hours preoperatively or a 1-g tranexamic acid intravenous bolus in the operating room prior to incision; 6 patients were eventually excluded for protocol deviations, leaving 83 patients available for study. The primary outcome was the reduction of hemoglobin concentration. Power analysis determined that 28 patients were required in each group with a ±1.0 g/dL hemoglobin equivalence margin between groups with an alpha of 5% and a power of 80%. Equivalence analysis was performed with a two one-sided test (TOST) in which a p value of <0.05 indicated equivalence between treatments.

Results:
Forty-three patients received intravenous tranexamic acid, and 40 patients received oral tranexamic acid. Patient demographic characteristics were similar between groups, suggesting successful randomization. The mean reduction of hemoglobin was similar between oral and intravenous groups (3.67 g/dL compared with 3.53 g/dL; p = 0.0008, equivalence). Similarly, the mean total blood loss was equivalent between oral and intravenous administration (1,339 mL compared with 1,301 mL; p = 0.034, equivalence). Three patients (7.5%) in the oral group and one patient (2.3%) in the intravenous group were transfused, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.35). None of the patients in either group experienced a thromboembolic event.

Conclusions:
Oral tranexamic acid provides equivalent reductions in blood loss in the setting of primary total hip arthroplasty, at a greatly reduced cost, compared with the intravenous formulation.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Relationship Between ACL Femoral Tunnel Position and Postoperative MRI Signal Intensity
Authors: Lee Se Min , Yoon Kyoung Ho , Lee Sang Hak , Hur Dong 
Published: March 2017

Background:
The purpose of this study was to find the ideal femoral tunnel position in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) by comparing clinical scores, stability of the knee joint, and graft signal intensity on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that positioning the femoral tunnel near the anteromedial bundle or center would lead to better results in terms of clinical outcomes and graft signal intensity on follow-up MRI than would positioning the tunnel near the posterolateral bundle.

Methods:
Two hundred patients underwent arthroscopic single-bundle ACL reconstruction with a soft-tissue graft; all patients had the same surgeon, surgical technique (anteromedial transportal technique), and rehabilitation protocol. Each patient underwent 3D-CT within 1 week after the operation and MRI at 1 year after the operation. Outcomes were evaluated in terms of clinical scores and the stability of the knee joint. We classified patients into three groups based on the femoral tunnel position: the anteromedial position group, the posterolateral position group, and the center position group. We evaluated graft signal intensity on follow-up MRI.

Results:
This study included 77 patients: 25 patients in the anteromedial position group, 15 patients in the posterolateral position group, and 33 patients in the center position group. Four patients had an eccentric tunnel position and were excluded. The 3 groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) in preoperative demographic characteristics. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups in clinical outcomes. However, patients in the anteromedial position group and in the center position group had better graft signal intensity on follow-up MRI than those in the posterolateral position group.

Conclusions:
Positioning the femoral tunnel near the anteromedial bundle and center led to better graft signal intensity on follow-up MRI in anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction than did positioning the femoral tunnel near the posterolateral bundle. There were no differences in clinical scores or stability of the knee joint among the three groups.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Evaluating Internal Fixation Skills Using Surgical Simulation
Authors: Burns Geoffrey T. , King Brandon W. , Holmes James R. , Irwin Todd A. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is an essential skill for an orthopaedic surgeon, yet teaching its components to surgical residents poses challenges in both complexity and cost. Surgical simulation has demonstrated efficacy and is now a mandated component of residency programs, but the techniques and resources required for effective simulation vary greatly. We hypothesized that simulation of ORIF skills could be accomplished in a cost-effective, quantifiable, and reproducible manner and that this experience coupled with didactic learning would increase skill proficiency and enhance ORIF performance.

Methods:
Sixteen postgraduate-year-1 orthopaedic surgery interns were assessed on performance of ORIF simulation tasks before and after attending a module designed to introduce and practice internal fixation techniques. Simulation tasks addressed drilling accuracy via oblique drilling through polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders and bisecting wooden dowels and plunge control via drilling through layered boards of varying densities. Fracture fixation simulation involved fixing oblique fractures on synthetic ulnae. Task performance was assessed at 3 time points: immediately before the module, 1 week after the module, and 3 months after the module. Fracture fixation was assessed before and after the module via load-to-failure testing. Success rates for the tasks were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance, and mechanical properties of the fixed ulnar constructs were compared using paired t tests.

Results:
In all ORIF simulation tasks, pre-module to post-module improvement in success rates was significant (p < 0.001) and improvements were maintained between the post-module assessment and the 3-month follow-up. The interns also achieved significantly greater strengths in their ulnar fixation constructs, with a mean improvement of 256 N (p = 0.01) after the module.

Conclusions:
These results indicate that the technical and sensorimotor skills relevant to internal fixation (with emphasis on the specific skill of using a drill) can be significantly augmented and retained in the short term in surgical residents after exposure to faculty-led lecture and hands-on skills practice using low-cost materials.

Clinical Relevance:
This study provides evidence for an effective, accessible method of enhancing and assessing surgical skills in training.
Spanning Bridge Plate Fixation of Distal Radial Fractures
Authors: Lauder Alexander , Hanel Douglas P. 
Published: March 2017

➢ Dorsal spanning bridge plate fixation offers an option for the surgical treatment of distal radial fractures in the setting of metaphyseal bone loss or diaphyseal extension, complex injuries requiring extensive soft-tissue and osseous reconstruction, or severe osteoporosis. It is also a salvage option after distal radial nonunion.➢ Reduction is performed with use of ligamentotaxis. The plate is fixed from the radial shaft to either the second or third metacarpal, spanning the wrist joint for the duration of fracture-healing, and is removed after fracture consolidation (at approximately 3 months).➢ Surgical fixation to the second metacarpal may increase the risk of damage to the radial sensory nerve, whereas fixation to the third metacarpal may increase digital extensor tendon friction with the plate.➢ There is currently no evidence-based recommendation whether to preferentially affix the plate to the second or third metacarpal. Both options may offer advantages based on the fracture pattern.➢ The functional outcomes and complications associated with this technique are similar to those associated with other methods of fixation of distal radial fractures.