bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Texture and geochemistry of surface horizons of Arctic soils from a non-glaciated catchment, SW Spitsbergen
Authors: Szymański Wojciech , Siwek Janusz , Waścińska Joanna , Wojtuń Bronisław 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhysical and chemical properties of Arctic soils and especially the properties of surface horizons of the soils are very important because they are responsible for the rate and character of plant colonization, development of vegetation cover, and influence the rate and depth of thawing of soils and development of active layer of permafrost during summer. The main aim of the present study is to determine and explain the spatial diversity of selected physical and chemical properties of surface horizons of Arctic soils from the non-glaciated Fuglebekken catchment located in the Hornsund area (SW Spitsbergen) by means of geostatistical approach. Results indicate that soil surface horizons in the Fuglebekken catchment are characterized by highly variable physical and chemical properties due to a heterogeneous parent material (marine sediments, moraine, rock debris), tundra vegetation types, and non-uniform influence of seabirds. Soils experiencing the strongest influence of seabird guano have a lower pH than other soils. Soils developed on the lateral moraine of the Hansbreen glacier have the highest pH due to the presence of carbonates in the parent material and a lack or presence of a poorly developed and discontinuous A horizon. The soil surface horizons along the coast of the Hornsund exhibit the highest content of the sand fraction and SiO2. The surface of soils occurring at the foot of the slope of Ariekammen Ridge is characterized by the highest content of silt and clay fractions as well as Al2O3, Fe2O3, and K2O. Soils in the central part of the Fuglebekken catchment are depleted in CaO, MgO, and Na2O in comparison with soils in the other sampling sites, which indicates the highest rate of leaching in this part of the catchment.
Possible role of biochemiluminescent photons for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced phosphenes and visual hallucinations
Authors: Kapócs Gábor , Scholkmann Felix , Salari Vahid , Császár Noémi , Szőke Henrik , Bókkon István 
Published: October 2016

AbstractToday, there is an increased interest in research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) because it may offer new opportunities in psychotherapy under controlled settings. The more we know about how a drug works in the brain, the more opportunities there will be to exploit it in medicine. Here, based on our previously published papers and investigations, we suggest that LSD-induced visual hallucinations/phosphenes may be due to the transient enhancement of bioluminescent photons in the early retinotopic visual system in blind as well as healthy people.
Investigation of ischemia modified albumin and coenzyme Q10 levels in obese children with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Muhtaroğlu Sabahattin , Koçak Selda Özkan , Çetin İhsan , Barlak Keti Didem , Kendirci Mustafa 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Introduction
The aim of this study was to analyze serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and plasma CoQ10 levels and to evaluate their correlation with insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment, HOMA) and lipid profile in obese children with and without metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods
Thirty-one obese with MS, 30 obese without MS and 34 healthy children aged 6–18 years were included in the study. Serum IMA was measured by colorimetric method, plasma CoQ10 levels were measured by HPLC. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin were analyzed.

Results
IMA levels were found to be significantly higher (p<0.001) while the CoQ10 levels were significantly lower (p<0.001) in obese children with and without MS compared to controls. IMA and CoQ10 significantly correlated with each other and metabolic parameters. Furthermore, IMA and CoQ10 levels did not significantly differ between obese children with and without MS, while glucose, insulin levels and HOMA were significantly higher (p<0.001) in obese children with MS than obese without MS and controls.

Conclusions
Based on the high levels of IMA, low CoQ10 and association with HOMA and lipid profile; we suggest that obese children may have oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation and cardiometabolic risk.
„Wir leben im Zeitalter der Vergleichung.“ Perspektiven einer Soziologie des Vergleichs
Authors: Heintz Bettina 
Published: October 2016

ZusammenfassungVergleiche sind heute zu einem unübersehbaren Bestandteil der öffentlichen Kommunikation geworden. Universitäten werden hinsichtlich ihrer wissenschaftlichen Exzellenz verglichen, Politiker nach ihrer Popularität, Staaten mit Blick auf ihre Korruptionsanfälligkeit und Arbeitnehmer in Bezug auf ihren Arbeitseinsatz. Trotz ihrer Omnipräsenz haben Vergleiche in der Soziologie bisher nur wenig Beachtung gefunden. Der Beitrag plädiert dafür, Vergleiche nicht nur als wissenschaftliche Methode zu betrachten, sondern als ein soziales Phänomen eigenen Rechts. In den ersten beiden Abschnitten werden Vergleiche mit anderen Ordnungsverfahren wie Listen, Klassifikationen und Analogien kontrastiert und in einer historischen Sequenz verortet. Welche Bedeutung Vergleiche haben, wird in den folgenden drei Abschnitten am Beispiel unterschiedlicher Forschungsfelder – Klassifikationssoziologie, Marktsoziologie, Soziologie der Bewertung und Globalisierungsforschung – belegt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einigen weiterführenden Überlegungen zu einer Soziologie des Vergleichs.
Die Plattformlogik als digitale Marktordnung
Authors: Kirchner Stefan , Beyer Jürgen 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die Digitalisierung gilt derzeit als Auslöser eines radikalen Strukturwandels. Es wird erwartet, dass zunehmend mehr ökonomische Aktivitäten erfolgreich auf digitale Märkte verlagert werden. Aus wirtschaftssoziologischer Perspektive sind diese Erwartungen erklärungsbedürftig. Die Unsicherheit auf digitalen Märkten ist vergleichsweise groß. Dieser Artikel nutzt die wirtschaftssoziologischen Theoriebausteine der Kontrollkonzepte von Fligstein (2001) und der Koordinationsprobleme des Marktes von Beckert (2009), um ein grundlegendes Muster digitaler Marktordnungen als Plattformlogik zu benennen. Mittels der Plattformlogik werden auf digitalen Märkten einerseits traditionelle feste Kopplungen von Unternehmen in lose Kopplungen überführt, andererseits werden Unternehmen zu Profiteuren der digitalen Märkte, die sie organisieren. Als Profiteure erheben sie Gebühren für Markttransaktionen auf digitalen Plattformen. Der Artikel leistet einen grundlegenden Beitrag für die soziologische Analyse der Formen und Folgen der Digitalisierung. Als Ausgangspunkt für die weitergehende Forschung wird eine wirtschaftssoziologische Perspektive vorgeschlagen, die digitale Marktordnungen ins Zentrum der Überlegungen rückt.
Tote Sprachen als lohnende Investition?
Authors: Sawert Tim 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Welche Auswirkungen hat eine altsprachliche Gymnasialbildung auf die beruflichen Einstiegschancen? Während die Arbeitsmarkterträge anderer Formen horizontaler Differenzierung im Bildungswesen (z. B. Studienfachwahl) im Blickpunkt der Forschung stehen, wurde den Effekten der schulischen Fremdsprachenwahl bisher keine Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Aufbauend auf der Humankapital- und Signaltheorie sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Homophilie-These werden Annahmen über die möglichen Auswirkungen der schulischen Fremdsprachenwahl auf die beruflichen Chancen abgeleitet. Zur Überprüfung der Hypothesen wurde ein Feldexperiment durchgeführt, bei dem Bewerbungen auf ausgeschriebene Stellen verschickt und die Rückmeldungen analysiert wurden. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass sich der Nachweis altsprachlicher Kenntnisse positiv auf die Chancen auswirkt, zu einem Vorstellungsgespräch eingeladen zu werden.
The Effects of Supplementary Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training on Morphological and Performance-Based Adaptations in Team Sport Athletes
Authors: Scott Brendan R. , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Goods Paul S.R. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Scott, BR, Peiffer, JJ, and Goods, PSR. The effects of supplementary low-load blood flow restriction training on morphological and performance-based adaptations in team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2147–2154, 2017—Low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) may be a method to enhance muscular development even in trained athletes. This study aimed to assess whether supplemental low-load BFR training can improve muscle size, strength, and physical performance characteristics in team sport athletes. Twenty-one semiprofessional Australian football athletes were assessed for 3-repetition maximum (3RM) and muscular endurance in the back squat, vastus lateralis muscle architecture, and performance in sprint and vertical jump tasks. Participants then undertook a 5-week training program, consisting of normal high-load resistance training supplemented by low-load squats with (LLBFR) or without (LL) BFR. Participants also performed regular conditioning and football training during this period. After the training intervention, participants again completed the pretraining testing battery. Squat 3RM and endurance increased from pretraining levels in both LL (3RM = 12.5% increase; endurance = 24.1% increase; p ≤ 0.007) and LLBFR (3RM = 12.3% increase; endurance = 21.2% increase; p = 0.007) groups, though there were no between-group differences. No post-training changes were observed for muscle architecture, or performance in sprinting and jumping tasks. Although squat 3RM and endurance performance increased in both groups, adding BFR during supplemental exercise did not enhance these responses. Similarly, there were no large differences in the assessments of sprint, acceleration, and jumping performance between the groups after training. These findings suggest that although LLBFR did not negatively affect adaptive responses to resistance training, this training strategy may not provide added benefit for healthy Australian football athletes already undertaking a rigorous training schedule.
Acute Axonal Degeneration Drives Development of Cognitive, Motor, and Visual Deficits after Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Yin Terry C. , Voorhees Jaymie R. , Genova Rachel M. , Davis Kevin C. , Madison Ashley M. , Britt Jeremiah K. , Cintrón-Pérez Coral J. , McDaniel Latisha , Harper Matthew M. , Pieper Andrew A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAxonal degeneration is a prominent feature of many forms of neurodegeneration, and also an early event in blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (TBI), the signature injury of soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. It is not known, however, whether this axonal degeneration is what drives development of subsequent neurologic deficits after the injury. The Wallerian degeneration slow strain (WldS) of mice is resistant to some forms of axonal degeneration because of a triplicated fusion gene encoding the first 70 amino acids of Ufd2a, a ubiquitin-chain assembly factor, that is linked to the complete coding sequence of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMAT1). Here, we demonstrate that resistance ofWldSmice to axonal degeneration after blast-mediated TBI is associated with preserved function in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, cerebellar-dependent motor balance, and retinal and optic nerve–dependent visual function. Thus, early axonal degeneration is likely a critical driver of subsequent neurobehavioral complications of blast-mediated TBI. Future therapeutic strategies targeted specifically at mitigating axonal degeneration may provide a uniquely beneficial approach to treating patients suffering from the effects of blast-mediated TBI.
Olig2-Targeted G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Survival in Response to Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination
Authors: Ou Zhimin , Sun Yuxia , Lin Li , You Nachun , Liu Xue , Li Hongchao , Ma Yanchen , Cao Lei , Han Ying , Liu Min , Deng Yaqi , Yao Luming , Lu Q. Richard , Chen Ying 
Published: October 2016

Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are known to result from acute or chronic injury to the myelin sheath and inadequate remyelination; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we performed genome occupancy analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-induced injury and found thatOlig2and its downstream targetGpr17are critical factors in regulating oligodendrocyte survival. After injury to oligodendrocytes, Olig2 was significantly upregulated and transcriptionally targeted theGpr17locus. Gpr17 activation inhibited oligodendrocyte survival by reducing the intracellular cAMP level and inducing expression of the pro-apoptotic geneXaf1. The protein kinase A signaling pathway and the transcription factor c-Fos mediated the regulatory effects of Gpr17 in oligodendrocytes. We showed that Gpr17 inhibition elevatedEpac1expression and promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation. The loss ofGpr17, either globally or specifically in oligodendrocytes, led to an earlier onset of remyelination after myelin injury in mice. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 with pranlukast promoted remyelination. Our findings indicate thatGpr17, an Olig2 transcriptional target, is activated after injury to oligodendrocytes and that targeted inhibition of Gpr17 promotes oligodendrocyte remyelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGenome occupancy analysis of oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-mediated demyelination injury revealed that Olig2 and its downstream target Gpr17 are part of regulatory circuitry critical for oligodendrocyte survival. Gpr17 inhibits oligodendrocyte survival through activation ofXaf1and cell differentiation by reducingEpac1expression. The loss ofGpr17in mice led to precocious myelination and an earlier onset of remyelination after demyelination. Pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 promoted remyelination, highlighting the potential for Gpr17-targeted therapeutic approaches in demyelination diseases.
The Neural Dynamics of Attentional Selection in Natural Scenes
Authors: Kaiser Daniel , Oosterhof Nikolaas N. , Peelen Marius V. 
Published: October 2016

The human visual system can only represent a small subset of the many objects present in cluttered scenes at any given time, such that objects compete for representation. Despite these processing limitations, the detection of object categories in cluttered natural scenes is remarkably rapid. How does the brain efficiently select goal-relevant objects from cluttered scenes? In the present study, we used multivariate decoding of magneto-encephalography (MEG) data to track the neural representation of within-scene objects as a function of top-down attentional set. Participants detected categorical targets (cars or people) in natural scenes. The presence of these categories within a scene was decoded from MEG sensor patterns by training linear classifiers on differentiating cars and people in isolation and testing these classifiers on scenes containing one of the two categories. The presence of a specific category in a scene could be reliably decoded from MEG response patterns as early as 160 ms, despite substantial scene clutter and variation in the visual appearance of each category. Strikingly, we find that these early categorical representations fully depend on the match between visual input and top-down attentional set: only objects that matched the current attentional set were processed to the category level within the first 200 ms after scene onset. A sensor-space searchlight analysis revealed that this early attention bias was localized to lateral occipitotemporal cortex, reflecting top-down modulation of visual processing. These results show that attention quickly resolves competition between objects in cluttered natural scenes, allowing for the rapid neural representation of goal-relevant objects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEfficient attentional selection is crucial in many everyday situations. For example, when driving a car, we need to quickly detect obstacles, such as pedestrians crossing the street, while ignoring irrelevant objects. How can humans efficiently perform such tasks, given the multitude of objects contained in real-world scenes? Here we used multivariate decoding of magnetoencephalogaphy data to characterize the neural underpinnings of attentional selection in natural scenes with high temporal precision. We show that brain activity quickly tracks the presence of objects in scenes, but crucially only for those objects that were immediately relevant for the participant. These results provide evidence for fast and efficient attentional selection that mediates the rapid detection of goal-relevant objects in real-world environments.
Responses to Predictable versus Random Temporally Complex Stimuli from Single Units in Auditory Thalamus: Impact of Aging and Anesthesia
Authors: Cai Rui , Richardson Ben D. , Caspary Donald M. 
Published: October 2016

Human aging studies suggest that an increased use of top-down knowledge-based resources would compensate for degraded upstream acoustic information to accurately identify important temporally rich signals. Sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (SAM) stimuli have been used to mimic the fast-changing temporal features in speech and species-specific vocalizations. Single units were recorded from auditory thalamus [medial geniculate body (MGB)] of young awake, aged awake, young anesthetized, and aged anesthetized rats. SAM stimuli were modulated between 2 and 1024 Hz with the modulation frequency (fm) changed randomly (RAN) across trials or sequentially (SEQ) after several repeated trials. Units were found to be RAN-preferring, SEQ-preferring, or nonselective based on total firing rate. Significant anesthesia and age effects were found. The majority (86%) of young anesthetized units preferred RAN SAM stimuli; significantly fewer young awake units (51%,p< 0.0001) preferred RAN SAM signals with 16% preferring SEQ SAM. Compared with young awake units, there was a significant increase of aged awake units preferring SEQ SAM (30%,p< 0.05). We examined RAN versus SEQ differences acrossfms by measuring selectivefm areas under the rate modulation transfer function curve. The largest age-related differences from awake animals were found for mid-to-highfms in MGB units, with young units preferring RAN SAM while aged units showed a greater preference for SEQ-presented SAM. Together, these findings suggest that aged MGB units/animals employ increased top-down mediated stimulus context to enhance processing of “expected” temporally rich stimuli, especially at more challenging higherfms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOlder individuals compensate for impaired ascending acoustic information by increasing use of cortical cognitive and attentional resources. The interplay between ascending and descending influences in the thalamus may serve to enhance the salience of speech signals that are degraded as they ascend to the cortex. The present findings demonstrate that medial geniculate body units from awake rats show an age-related preference for predictable modulated signals relative to randomly presented signals, especially at higher, more challenging modulation frequencies. Conversely, units from anesthetized animals, with little top-down influences, strongly preferred randomly presented modulated sequences. These results suggest a neuronal substrate for an age-related increase in experience/attentional-based influences in processing temporally complex auditory information in the auditory thalamus.
Monomeric Alpha-Synuclein Exerts a Physiological Role on Brain ATP Synthase
Authors: Ludtmann Marthe H.R. , Angelova Plamena R. , Ninkina Natalia N. , Gandhi Sonia , Buchman Vladimir L. , Abramov Andrey Y. 
Published: October 2016

Misfolded α-synuclein is a key factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, knowledge about a physiological role for the native, unfolded α-synuclein is limited. Using brains of mice lacking α-, β-, and γ-synuclein, we report that extracellular monomeric α-synuclein enters neurons and localizes to mitochondria, interacts with ATP synthase subunit α, and modulates ATP synthase function. Using a combination of biochemical, live-cell imaging and mitochondrial respiration analysis, we found that brain mitochondria of α-, β-, and γ-synuclein knock-out mice are uncoupled, as characterized by increased mitochondrial respiration and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, synuclein deficiency results in reduced ATP synthase efficiency and lower ATP levels. Exogenous application of low unfolded α-synuclein concentrations is able to increase the ATP synthase activity that rescues the mitochondrial phenotypes observed in synuclein deficiency. Overall, the data suggest that α-synuclein is a previously unrecognized physiological regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics through its ability to interact with ATP synthase and increase its efficiency. This may be of particular importance in times of stress or PD mutations leading to energy depletion and neuronal cell toxicity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMisfolded α-synuclein aggregations in the form of Lewy bodies have been shown to be a pathological hallmark in histological staining of Parkinson's disease (PD) patient brains. It is known that misfolded α-synuclein is a key driver in PD pathogenesis, but the physiological role of unfolded monomeric α-synuclein remains unclear. Using neuronal cocultures and isolated brain mitochondria of α-, β-, and γ-synuclein knock-out mice and monomeric α-synuclein, this current study shows that α-synuclein in its unfolded monomeric form improves ATP synthase efficiency and mitochondrial function. The ability of monomeric α-synuclein to enhance ATP synthase efficiency under physiological conditions may be of importance when α-synuclein undergoes the misfolding and aggregation reported in PD.
Comparison of visual evoked potential parameters in acute optic neuritis
Authors: Jurys Małgorzata , Pojda-Wilczek Dorota , Sirek Sebastian 
Published: October 2016

WstępPorównano parametry wzrokowe potencjałów wywołanych wzorcem (pattern visual evoked potentials – PVEP) u pacjentów z ostrym zapaleniem nerwu wzrokowego.Materiał i metodyRetrospektywną analizą objęto 49 pacjentów (53% kobiet; mediana wieku 32 lata ± 13), zgłaszających nagłe pogorszenie widzenia w jednym oku. Pacjentów podzielono na trzy grupy: pozagałkowe zapalenie nerwu wzrokowego na tle stwardnienia rozsianego; pozagałkowe zapalenie nerwu wzrokowego bez potwierdzonego tła demielinizacyjnego oraz pacjenci z obrzękiem tarczy n. II. Grupę kontrolną stanowili zdrowi, młodzi dorośli. Porównano parametry PVEP typu przejściowego (latencję i amplitudę fali P100) pomiędzy oczami z powyższych grup, a oczami grupy kontrolnej oraz pomiędzy okiem chorym i zdrowym u każdego pacjenta. Użyto testu U Manna- -Whitney’a i testu kolejności par Wilcoxona. Przyjęto poziom istotności p < 0,05.WynikiPrzeanalizowano wyniki PVEP 64 oczu chorych i 34 oczu zdrowych. Średnia latencja fali P100 była najdłuższa w grupie oczu z potwierdzonym MS. Nie wykazano statystycznie istotnych różnic amplitud pomiędzy oczami z grup chorych. Parametry fali P100 różniły się istotnie (p < 0,01) pomiędzy oczami chorymi a oczami grupy kontrolnej. Międzyoczne różnice latencji dla obu pobudzeń 1° i 15’ były największe w grupie chorych ze stwardnieniem rozsianym (odpowiednio p = 0,005; p = 0,026).WnioskiW PVEP u chorych z ostrym zapaleniem nerwu wzrokowego obserwuje się wydłużenie latencji P100 sugerujące tło demielinizacyjne, ale samo badanie nie wystarcza do rozróżnienia przyczyny leżącej u podłoża neuropatii. Wydłużona latencja fali P100 jest dokładniejszym wskaźnikiem zapalenia nerwu wzrokowego niż jej amplituda.