bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural transcription factors bias cleavage stage blastomeres to give rise to neural ectoderm
Authors: Gaur Shailly , Mandelbaum Max , Herold Mona , Majumdar Himani Datta , Neilson Karen M. , Maynard Thomas M. , Mood Kathy , Daar Ira O. , Moody Sally A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe decision by embryonic ectoderm to give rise to epidermal versus neural derivatives is the result of signaling events during blastula and gastrula stages. However, there also is evidence in Xenopus that cleavage stage blastomeres contain maternally derived molecules that bias them toward a neural fate. We used a blastomere explant culture assay to test whether maternally deposited transcription factors bias 16‐cell blastomere precursors of epidermal or neural ectoderm to express early zygotic neural genes in the absence of gastrulation interactions or exogenously supplied signaling factors. We found that Foxd4l1, Zic2, Gmnn, and Sox11 each induced explants made from ventral, epidermis‐producing blastomeres to express early neural genes, and that at least some of the Foxd4l1 and Zic2 activities are required at cleavage stages. Similarly, providing extra Foxd4l1 or Zic2 to explants made from dorsal, neural plate‐producing blastomeres significantly increased the expression of early neural genes, whereas knocking down either significantly reduced them. These results show that maternally delivered transcription factors bias cleavage stage blastomeres to a neural fate. We demonstrate that mouse and human homologs of Foxd4l1 have similar functional domains compared to the frog protein, as well as conserved transcriptional activities when expressed in Xenopus embryos and blastomere explants. genesis 54:334–349, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strong paleoclimatic legacies in current plant functional diversity patterns across Europe
Authors: Ordonez Alejandro , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNumerous studies indicate that environmental changes during the late Quaternary have elicited long‐term disequilibria between species diversity and environment. Despite its importance for ecosystem functioning, the importance of historical environmental conditions as determinants of FD (functional diversity) remains largely unstudied. We quantified the geographic distributions of plant FD (richness and dispersion) across Europe using distribution and functional trait information for 2702 plant species. We then compared the importance of historical and contemporary factors to determine the relevance of past conditions as predictors of current plant FD in Europe. For this, we compared the strength of the relationships between FD with temperature and precipitation stability since the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), accessibility to LGM refugia, and contemporary environmental conditions (climate, productivity, soil, topography, and land use). Functional richness and dispersion exhibited geographic patterns with strong associations to the environmental history of the region. The effect size of accessibility to LGM refugia and climate stability since the LGM was comparable to that of the contemporary predictors. Both functional richness and dispersion increased with temperature stability since the LGM and accessibility to LGM refugia. Functional richness' geographic pattern was primarily associated with accessibility to LGM refugia growing degree‐days, land use heterogeneity, diversity of soil types, and absolute minimum winter temperature. Functional dispersion's geographic pattern was primarily associated with accessibility to LGM refugia growing degree‐days and absolute minimum winter temperature. The high explained variance and model support of historical predictors are consistent with the idea that long‐term variability in environmental conditions supplements contemporary factors in shaping FD patterns at continental scales. Given the importance of FD for ecosystem functioning, future climate change may elicit not just short‐term shifts in ecosystem functioning, but also long‐term functional disequilibria.
Analytical Method Applying a Mathematical Model for Axial‐Gap‐Switched Reluctance Motor
Authors: DEGUCHI KENTA , SUMITA SATOSHI , ENOMOTO YUJI 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYIn this paper, an analytical method using a mathematical model for switched reluctance motors (SR motors) is proposed. The feature of this method is the representation of the effect of the mutual flux on the integral model by applying transient analysis utilizing preprocessed inductance tables. The advantage of this method is that the analysis time is reduced in comparison with the finite element method (FEM). The calculation results for the torque show little difference between the FEM and the proposed method, and the computation time was shortened. A 3.7‐kW prototype axial‐gap SR motor designed using the proposed method delivered the specified performance.
Day‐Ahead Global Solar Radiation Forecasting Using Binary Trees and Factor Analysis
Authors: NOMIYAMA FUMITOSHI , MURAKAMI TAKUMA , ASAI JOJI , TAKANO HIROTAKA , MURATA JUNICHI 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYA method is proposed for forecasting global solar radiation. The method is based on weather information using binary trees and factor analysis. The feature of this method is that it is possible to use a simple linear forecasting equation. The method has been tested on meteorological and global solar radiation data obtained at several observation sites, and the results show that it is a promising means of maintaining the balance between demand and supply of electric power in power systems of the near future with a large number of photovoltaic systems installed.
Dependence of Vacuum Electrical Breakdown Field and Field Enhancement Factor on the Number of Apertures Drilled in Small Electrodes
Authors: ISHIDA RYO , YAMANO YASUSHI , KOBAYASHI SHINICHI , KOJIMA ATSUSHI , HANADA MASAYA , SAITO YOSHIO 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYDark current based on field emission current is considered to be a factor causing the vacuum electrical breakdown between multiaperture acceleration grids in the JT‐60 negative ion source. In this paper, we focus on field enhancement factor, which is a key parameter of field emission from the electrode. Vacuum breakdown testing for small‐sized electrodes simulating the multiaperture acceleration grids of the negative ion source was performed. We found the field enhancement factor and breakdown field for multiaperture electrodes, and we investigated the dependence of each parameter on the number of apertures. The results revealed that an increase in the average field enhancement factor after the end of conditioning resulting from an increase in the number of apertures led to a decrease in the dielectric strength of the multiaperture electrodes.
Development of Electrolytic Capacitor Less Photovoltaic Grid Connected Inverter with Boost‐Up Type Active Buffer Circuit
Authors: WATANABE HIROKI , KOIWA KAZUHIRO , ITOH JUN‐ICHI , OHNUMA YOSHIYA , MIYAWAKI SATOSHI 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a configuration of a single‐phase voltage source inverter that features power decoupling capability. Generally, the converter connected to a single‐phase grid employs bulky dc link capacitors such as electrolytic capacitors in order to decouple the power ripple with twice the frequency of the power supply. The power ripple in the proposed circuit is compensated by an active buffer with small capacitors. In this paper, the fundamental operations of the proposed converter are confirmed by experimental results. From the experimental results, the output current total harmonic distortion (THD) is 3.51%, the ratio of the input current is 14.3%, and the output power factor is over 99%. In addition, the volume of the proposed circuit is reduced by 61% when the carrier frequency is 64 kHz compared to that with a carrier frequency of 16 kHz. Finally, from an evaluation of the power density using Pareto front curves, the proposed circuit achieves high power density in comparison with the conventional circuit.
Hydrate Networks under Mechanical Stress – A Case Study for Co3(PO4)2·8H2O
Authors: Bach Sven , Visnow Eduard , Panthöfer Martin , Gorelik Tatiana , Buzanich Ana Guilherme , Gurlo Aleksander , Kolb Ute , Emmerling Franziska , Lind Cora , Tremel Wolfgang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe nature of the bound water in solids with hydrogen‐bonded networks depends not only on temperature and pressure but also on the nature of the constituents. The collapse and reorientation of these network structures determines the stability of hydrated solids and transitions to other crystalline or amorphous phases. Here, we study the mechanochemically induced loss of bound water in Co3(PO4)2·8H2O and compare this process to the behavior under hydrostatic pressure. The associated phase transition and its kinetics were monitored by X‐ray powder diffraction with synchrotron radiation and quantitative IR spectroscopy. High shearing forces are responsible for the degradation of the hydrogen‐bonded network and the concomitant crystalline–amorphous transformation. UV/Vis spectroscopy, extended X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS), and X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) provided information about the short‐range order in the amorphous solid, and thermal analysis revealed its composition and showed that the moderate charge densities of the Co2+and PO43–ions, which make the hydration enthalpy comparable to the binding energy of the counteranions, and the formation of hydrogen‐bonded networks favor multistage crystallization processes associated with the release and uptake of coordinated water. The changes of the Co2+coordination induce a color change from pink to blue; therefore, Co3(PO4)2·8H2O can be used as an overheat temperature indicator.
Regioselective Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5‐(or 3‐)arylazo‐Substituted Pyridines and Pyrazines from Pyridinium N‐Aminides
Authors: Gala Elena , Reyes M. José , Alvarez‐Builla Julio , Izquierdo M. Luisa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDifferently modified 2‐aminopyridines and pyrazines bearing an arylazo group at the 3‐ or 5‐position have been generated from pyridinium N‐aminides in a regioselective fashion. The detailed chemistry starts with attack of the N‐aminide on a diazonium salt, to form the arylazo derivative. N‐alkylation on the exocyclic nitrogen and reduction to break the N–N bond then affords the final compounds, as an extension of the broad synthetic uses of the pyridinium N‐aminides.
Iodine‐Catalyzed Oxidation of N‐Substituted Indoles by using Chloramine‐B: A Facile and Practical Approach to Isatins
Authors: Liu Peijun , Guo Jiajing , Wei Wentao , Liu Xiaozu , Sun Pinghua 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn efficient method for the iodine‐catalyzed oxidation of N‐substituted indoles by using chloramine‐B under mild reaction conditions was explored. This reaction was found to be tolerant to a variety of functional groups and provided the corresponding isatins in moderate to excellent yields. In addition, application of this method to the one‐pot synthesis of 3‐hydroxyoxindole and N‐methylisatin oxime was realized.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Caprolactam and Enone Precursors to the Heterocyclic DEFG Ring System of Zoanthenol
Authors: Bagdanoff Jeffrey T. , Behenna Douglas C. , Stockdill Jennifer L. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of both caprolactam and enone synthons for the DEFG ring system of zoanthenol are described. The evolution of this approach proceeds first through a synthesis using the chiral pool as a starting point. Challenges in protecting‐group strategy led to the modification of this approach beginning with (±)‐glycidol. Ultimately, an efficient approach was developed by employing an asymmetric hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction. The caprolactam building block can be converted by an interesting selective Grignard addition into the corresponding enone synthon. Addition of a model alkyne provides support for the late‐stage addition of a hindered alkyne to the caprolactam building block.
Leisure‐time physical activity and sciatica: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shiri R. , Falah‐Hassani K. , Viikari‐Juntura E. , Coggon D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe role of leisure‐time physical activity in sciatica is uncertain. This study aimed to assess the association of leisure‐time physical activity with lumbar radicular pain and sciatica.Databases and data treatmentLiterature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and ResearchGate databases from 1964 through August 2015. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed, and heterogeneity and small‐study bias were assessed.ResultsTen cohort (N = 82,024 participants), four case–control (N = 9350) and four cross‐sectional (N = 10,046) studies qualified for meta‐analysis. In comparison with no regular physical activity, high level of physical activity (≥4 times/week) was inversely associated with new onset of lumbar radicular pain or sciatica in a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies [risk ratio (RR) = 0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.99, I2 = 0%, 7 studies, N = 78,065]. The association for moderate level of physical activity (1–3 times/week) was weaker (RR = 0.93, CI 0.82–1.05, I2 = 0%, 6 studies, N = 69,049), and there was no association with physical activity for at least once/week (RR = 0.99, CI 0.86–1.13, 9 studies, N = 73,008). In contrast, a meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional studies showed a higher prevalence of lumbar radicular pain or sciatica in participants who exercised at least once/week [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.29, CI 1.09–1.53, I2 = 0%, 4 studies, N = 10,046], or 1–3 times/week (PR = 1.34, CI 1.02–1.77, I2 = 0%, N = 7631) than among inactive participants. There was no evidence of small‐study bias.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis suggests that moderate to high level of leisure physical activity may have a moderate protective effect against development of lumbar radicular pain. However, a large reduction in risk (>30%) seems unlikely.What does this review addLeisure‐time physical activity may reduce the risk of developing lumbar radicular pain.
The effect of threat on cognitive biases and pain outcomes: An eye‐tracking study
Authors: Todd J. , Sharpe L. , Colagiuri B. , Khatibi A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundTheoretical accounts of attentional and interpretation biases in pain suggest that these biases are interrelated and are both influenced by perceived threat. A laboratory‐based study was conducted to test whether these biases are influenced by threat and their interrelationship and whether attention or interpretation biases predict pain outcomes.MethodsHealthy participants (n = 87) received either threatening or reassuring pain information and then completed questionnaires, interpretation and attentional bias tasks (with eye‐tracking) and a pain task (the cold pressor).ResultsThere was an interaction effect for threat group and stimuli type on mean dwell time for face stimuli, such that there was an attentional bias towards happy faces in the low‐ but not high‐threat group. Further, high threat was also associated with shorter pain tolerance, increased pain and distress. In correlational analyses, avoidance of affective pain words was associated with increased pain. However, no relationship was found between attention and interpretation biases, and interpretation biases were not influenced by threat or associated with pain.ConclusionsThese findings provide partial support for the threat interpretation model and the importance of threat and affective pain biases, yet no relationship between cognitive processing biases was found, which may only occur in clinical pain samples.What does this study add?

In healthy participants, no relationship between attention and interpretation biases was found.

Eye tracking revealed an association between later attentional processes and pain.

Threat influenced attentional biases and pain outcomes, partially supporting theoretical accounts.
Structural–acoustic sensitivity analysis of radiated sound power using a finite element/ discontinuous fast multipole boundary element scheme
Authors: Chen Leilei , Chen Haibo , Zheng Changjun , Marburg Steffen 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe complete interaction between the structural domain and the acoustic domain needs to be considered in many engineering problems, especially for the acoustic analysis concerning thin structures immersed in water. This study employs the finite element method to model the structural parts and the fast multipole boundary element method to model the exterior acoustic domain. Discontinuous higher‐order boundary elements are developed for the acoustic domain to achieve higher accuracy in the coupling analysis. Structural–acoustic design sensitivity analysis can provide insights into the effects of design variables on radiated acoustic performance and thus is important to the structural–acoustic design and optimization processes. This study is the first to formulate equations for sound power sensitivity on structural surfaces based on an adjoint operator approach and equations for sound power sensitivity on arbitrary closed surfaces around the radiator based on the direct differentiation approach. The design variables include fluid density, structural density, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and structural shape/size. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the proposed algorithm. Different types of coupled continuous and discontinuous boundary elements with finite elements are used for the numerical solution, and the performances of the different types of finite element/continuous and discontinuous boundary element coupling are presented and compared in detail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mass conservative well‐balanced reconstruction at wet/dry interfaces for the Godunov‐type shallow water model
Authors: Fišer Martin , Özgen Ilhan , Hinkelmann Reinhard , Vimmr Jan 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a novel mass conservative, positivity preserving wetting and drying treatment for Godunov‐type shallow water models with second‐order bed elevation discretization. The novel method allows to compute water depths equal to machine accuracy without any restrictions on the time step or any threshold that defines whether the finite volume cell is considered to be wet or dry. The resulting scheme is second‐order accurate in space and keeps the C‐property condition at fully flooded area and also at the wet/dry interface. For the time integration, a second‐order accurate Runge–Kutta method is used. The method is tested in two well‐known computational benchmarks for which an analytical solution can be derived, a C‐property benchmark and in an additional example where the experimental results are reproduced. Overall, the presented scheme shows very good agreement with the reference solutions. The method can also be used in the discontinuous Galerkin method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycemic index of some local staples in Ghana
Authors: Eli‐Cophie Divine , Agbenorhevi Jacob K. , Annan Reginald A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGlycemic index (GI), a measure of blood glucose level as influenced by foods has become a concern due to the increasing cases of diabetes in Ghana. In spite of this, little is known of the GI of commonly consumed carbohydrate‐rich foods of the Ghanaian diet. The GI of five Ghanaian staples: fufu (locally pounded), kenkey (Ga), banku, Tuo Zaafi (TZ), and fufu (Processed powder) were determined in a crossover trial among 10 healthy nondiabetics. Participants were given 50 g portions of pure glucose on two different occasions and subsequently the test foods containing 50 g available carbohydrates. Capillary blood glucose levels of the subjects at fasting and after ingestion of the glucose and test foods were measured within a 2‐hour period. The GI of the test foods were calculated by dividing the incremental area under the glucose response curve (IAUC) of the test food by the IAUC for the reference food and multiplying the result by 100. Processed‐powdered fufu had the least glycemic response (31), followed by Ga kenkey (41) and locally pounded fufu (55), all recording low GI. Tuo Zaafi (68) had a medium GI and banku (73), moderately high GI. Comparison of GI between the foods using ANOVA revealed a significant difference between GIs of locally pounded fufu versus I‐fufu (industrially processed fufu flour) (p = 0.026). This study showed that the five major Ghanaian staples showed low to moderately high GI. These should be considered in recommendations for diabetics.
Functional reorganization of language networks for semantics and syntax in chronic stroke: Evidence from MEG
Authors: Kielar Aneta , Deschamps Tiffany , Jokel Regina , Meltzer Jed A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUsing magnetoencephalography, we investigated the potential of perilesional and contralesional activity to support language recovery in patients with poststroke aphasia. In healthy young controls, left‐lateralized ventral frontotemporal regions responded to semantic anomalies during sentence comprehension and bilateral dorsal frontoparietal regions responded to syntactic anomalies. Older adults showed more extensive bilateral responses to the syntactic anomalies and less lateralized responses to the semantic anomalies, with decreased activation in the left occipital and parietal regions for both semantic and syntactic anomalies. In aphasic participants, we observed compensatory recruitment in the right hemisphere (RH), which varied depending on the type of linguistic information that was processed. For semantic anomalies, aphasic patients activated some preserved left hemisphere regions adjacent to the lesion, as well as homologous parietal and temporal RH areas. Patients also recruited right inferior and dorsolateral frontal cortex that was not activated in the healthy participants. Responses for syntactic anomalies did not reach significance in patients. Correlation analyses indicated that recruitment of homologous temporoparietal RH areas is associated with better semantic performance, whereas higher accuracy on the syntactic task was related to bilateral superior temporoparietal and right frontal activity. The results suggest that better recovery of semantic processing is associated with a shift to ventral brain regions in the RH. In contrast, preservation of syntactic processing is mediated by dorsal areas, bilaterally, although recovery of syntactic processing tends to be poorer than semantic. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2869–2893, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.