bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shoal‐water deltas in high‐accommodation settings: Insights from the lacustrine Valimi Formation (Gulf of Corinth, Greece)
Authors: Ambrosetti Elisa , Martini Ivan , Sandrelli Fabio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe stratigraphic architecture of shoal‐water deltaic systems developed in low‐accommodation settings is relatively well‐known. In contrast, the features of shoal‐water deltas developed in high‐accommodation settings remain relatively poorly documented, especially when compared with the available data sets for Gilbert‐type deltaic systems developed in the same settings. The lacustrine Valimi Formation (Gulf of Corinth, Greece) provides an opportunity to investigate the facies assemblage and architectural style of shoal‐water deltaic systems developed in high‐accommodation settings. The studied interval accumulated during the Pliocene and Pleistocene and represents part of the early syn‐rift Gulf of Corinth succession. Six facies associations, each described in terms of depositional processes and geometries, have been identified and interpreted to represent a range of proximal to distal deltaic sub‐environments: delta plain, distributary channel, mouth‐bar, delta front, prodelta and open lake. The facies associations and their architectural elements reveal characteristics which are not common in traditionally described shoal‐water deltas. Of note, different facies arrangements are observed in the distributary channels in different sectors of the delta, passing from thick single‐storey channel fills embedded within delta‐plain fines in landward positions, to thin, amalgamated and multi‐storey channels closer to the river mouth. This study proposes a new depositional model for shoal‐water deltas in high‐accommodation settings documenting, for the first time, that shoal‐water delta deposits can form a substantial part of stratigraphic successions that accumulate in these settings. The proposed depositional model provides new criteria for the recognition and interpretation of these deposits; the results of this study have applied significance for reservoir characterization.
Detection rate of blood group alloimmunization based on real‐world testing practices and kinetics of antibody induction and evanescence
Authors: Stack Gary , Tormey Christopher A. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDFailure to detect non‐ABO blood group alloantibodies places patients at risk for hemolytic reactions. Suboptimal alloantibody detection could result from posttransfusion testing performed too early, too late, or not at all. Testing performed too early may precede antibody induction, while testing performed too late could miss antibodies that have evanesced. Taking these factors into account, our goal was to determine the percentage of alloantibodies detected with real‐world testing practices.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe alloantibody detection rate in a general hospital setting was determined based on the frequency and timing of antibody testing after red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and rates of antibody induction and evanescence. Intervals to follow up testing after RBC transfusions (n = 561 RBC units in 100 random patients) were determined retrospectively. Best‐fit lines and equations for antibody induction and evanescence were computed on previously published data.RESULTSNearly half (271/561; 48.3%) of RBC infusions had either no follow‐up antibody screen or testing too soon (<30 days) after transfusion to detect alloimmunization. Of the remaining RBC units, 10.3% (58/561) had follow‐up testing 30 to 112 days posttransfusion, 28.7% (161/561) were followed up at more than 112 days, and 12.7% (71/561) were tested at both 30 to 112 days and more than 112 days. By inputting these timing data into best‐fit line equations for antibody induction and evanescence, we calculated an alloantibody detection rate of 31.6%.CONCLUSIONPosttransfusion antibody testing was inadequately timed for optimal alloantibody detection. Real‐world compatibility testing was predicted to detect less than one‐third of non‐ABO antibodies, thereby exposing patients to risks of mismatched transfusion.
Serotonin controls initiation of locomotion and afferent modulation of coordination via 5‐HT7receptors in adult rats
Authors: Cabaj Anna M. , Majczyński Henryk , Couto Erika , Gardiner Phillip F. , Stecina Katinka , Sławińska Urszula , Jordan Larry M. 
Published: July 2016

Key pointsExperiments on neonatal rodent spinal cord showed that serotonin (5‐HT), acting via 5‐HT7receptors, is required for initiation of locomotion and for controlling the action of interneurons responsible for inter‐ and intralimb coordination, but the importance of the 5‐HT system in adult locomotion is not clear.Blockade of spinal 5‐HT7receptors interfered with voluntary locomotion in adult rats and fictive locomotion in paralysed decerebrate rats with no afferent feedback, consistent with a requirement for activation of descending 5‐HT neurons for production of locomotion.The direct control of coordinating interneurons by 5‐HT7receptors observed in neonatal animals was not found during fictive locomotion, revealing a developmental shift from direct control of locomotor interneurons in neonates to control of afferent input from the moving limb in adults.An understanding of the afferents controlled by 5‐HT during locomotion is required for optimal use of rehabilitation therapies involving the use of serotonergic drugs.AbstractSerotonergic pathways to the spinal cord are implicated in the control of locomotion based on studies using serotonin type 7 (5‐HT7) receptor agonists and antagonists and 5‐HT7receptor knockout mice. Blockade of these receptors is thought to interfere with the activity of coordinating interneurons, a conclusion derived primarily fromin vitrostudies on isolated spinal cord of neonatal rats and mice. Developmental changes in the effects of serotonin (5‐HT) on spinal neurons have recently been described, and there is increasing data on control of sensory input by 5‐HT7receptors on dorsal root ganglion cells and/or dorsal horn neurons, leading us to determine the effects of 5‐HT7receptor blockade on voluntary overground locomotion and on locomotion without afferent input from the moving limb (fictive locomotion) in adult animals. Intrathecal injections of the selective 5‐HT7antagonist SB269970 in adult intact rats suppressed locomotion by partial paralysis of hindlimbs. This occurred without a direct effect on motoneurons as revealed by an investigation of reflex activity. The antagonist disrupted intra‐ and interlimb coordination during locomotion in all intact animals but not during fictive locomotion induced by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). MLR‐evoked fictive locomotion was transiently blocked, then the amplitude and frequency of rhythmic activity were reduced by SB269970, consistent with the notion that the MLR activates 5‐HT neurons, leading to excitation of central pattern generator neurons with 5‐HT7receptors. Effects on coordination in adults required the presence of afferent input, suggesting a switch to 5‐HT7receptor‐mediated control of sensory pathways during development.
The transition of smooth muscle cells from a contractile to a migratory, phagocytic phenotype: direct demonstration of phenotypic modulation
Authors: Sandison Mairi E. , Dempster John , McCarron John G. 
Published: July 2016

Key points
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic conversion from a contractile to a migratory phenotype is proposed to underlie cardiovascular disease but its contribution to vascular remodelling and even its existence have recently been questioned.
Tracking the fate of individual SMCs is difficult as no specific markers of migratory SMCs exist.
This study used a novel, prolonged time‐lapse imaging approach to continuously track the behaviour of unambiguously identified, fully differentiated SMCs.
In response to serum, highly‐elongated, contractile SMCs initially rounded up, before spreading and migrating and these migratory cells displayed clear phagocytic activity.
This study provides a direct demonstration of the transition of fully contractile SMCs to a non‐contractile, migratory phenotype with phagocytic capacity that may act as a macrophage‐like cell.
AbstractAtherosclerotic plaques are populated with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages. SMCs are thought to accumulate in plaques because fully differentiated, contractile SMCs reprogramme into a ‘synthetic’ migratory phenotype, so‐called phenotypic modulation, whilst plaque macrophages are thought to derive from blood‐borne myeloid cells. Recently, these views have been challenged, with reports that SMC phenotypic modulation may not occur during vascular remodelling and that plaque macrophages may not be of haematopoietic origin. Following the fate of SMCs is complicated by the lack of specific markers for the migratory phenotype and direct demonstrations of phenotypic modulation are lacking. Therefore, we employed long‐term, high‐resolution, time‐lapse microscopy to track the fate of unambiguously identified, fully‐differentiated, contractile SMCs in response to the growth factors present in serum. Phenotypic modulation was clearly observed. The highly elongated, contractile SMCs initially rounded up, for 1–3 days, before spreading outwards. Once spread, the SMCs became motile and displayed dynamic cell‐cell communication behaviours. Significantly, they also displayed clear evidence of phagocytic activity. This macrophage‐like behaviour was confirmed by their internalisation of 1 μm fluorescent latex beads. However, migratory SMCs did not uptake acetylated low‐density lipoprotein or express the classic macrophage marker CD68. These results directly demonstrate that SMCs may rapidly undergo phenotypic modulation and develop phagocytic capabilities. Resident SMCs may provide a potential source of macrophages in vascular remodelling.
Prevalence of HPV high and low risk types in cervical samples from the Italian general population: a population based study
Authors: Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Bisanzi Simonetta , Paganini Irene , Di Iasi Angela , Angeloni Claudio , Scalisi Aurora , Macis Rosalba , Pini Maria Teresa , Chini Francesco , Carozzi Francesca Maria ,   HPV Prevalence Italian Working Group
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
This multicenter study describes the type-specific prevalence of HPV infection in the general population from central and southern Italy, comparing the data with previously published Italian studies.

Methods
Women aged from 25 to 65 who attended cervical cancer screening in five different Italian regions were tested for HPV infection with Hybrid Capture II (HCII) low and high risk probes. Women repeating Pap-test upon unsatisfactory or positive results, or as a post-treatment and post-colposcopy follow-up analysis, were excluded from our study. High risk (HR) HPV positive samples were typed using GP5+/GP6+ primed PCR, followed by Reverse Line Blot for 18 high/intermediate risk HPV types, while low risk (LR) HPV positive samples were tested with type specific primers for HPV6 and HPV11.

Results
3817 women had a valid HCII test: 350 of them (9.2%) were positive for HR probes, 160 (4.2%) for LR probes, while 57 women were positive for both. Multiple infections were detected in 97 HR HPV positive women. The most common types were HPV 16 (3%), 31 (1.2%), 51 (1%). HPV6 ranked fifth (0.6%), HPV18 ranked tenth (0.5%) and HPV11 sixteenth (0.3%).
In Sardinia the prevalence of high-risk infection was 13%, significantly higher than the mean value (p < 0.00005).
The distribution of the most frequent types did not significantly differ by centre (p = 0.187) and age (p = 0.085).

Conclusions
Because cervical cancer incidence and Pap test coverage is lower in southern than in northern Italy, a lower prevalence of high-risk infections in the general population was expected in the south. However, prevalence detected in this study for the south of the country is slightly but significantly higher than the rest of Italy. The consequence may be an epidemic of cervical cancer in the next decades if adequate screening programs are not implemented there.
Hospitalized adult patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Beijing, China: risk factors for hospital mortality
Authors: Xi Xiuming , Xu Yuan , Jiang Li , Li Ang , Duan Jie , Du Bin ,   the Chinese Critical Care Clinical Trial Group (CCCCTG)
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn April 2009, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus emerged and spread globally. The objective of this study was to describe the independent risk factors for hospital mortality and the treatment effect of corticosteroids among patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection.MethodsWe retrospectively obtained clinical data of 155 adult patients with confirmed infection of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in 23 hospitals in Beijing, China from October 1 to December 23, 2009. Risk factors for hospital mortality were identified with multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsAmong the 155 patients, 90 (58.1%) were male, and mean age was 43.0 ± 18.6 years, and comorbidities were present in 81 (52.3%) patients. The most common organ dysfunctions included acute respiratory failure, altered mental status, septic shock, and acute renal failure. Oseltamivir was initiated in 125 patients (80.6%), only 16 patients received antiviral therapy within 48 hours after symptom onset. Fifty-two patients (33.5%) were treated with systemic corticosteroids, with a median daily dose of 80 mg. Twenty-seven patients (17.4%) died during hospital stay. Diabetes [odds ratio (OR) 8.830, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.041 to 38.201, p = 0.004) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (OR 1.240, 95% CI 1.025 to 1.500, p = 0.027) were independent risk factors of hospital death, as were septic shock and altered mental status. Corticosteroids use was associated with a trend toward higher hospital mortality (OR 3.668, 95% CI 0.987 to 13.640, p = 0.052).ConclusionsHospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza had relative poor outcome. The risk factors at hospitalization may help clinicians to identify the high-risk patients. In addition, corticosteroids use should not be regarded as routine pharmacologic therapy.
Loss of balancing selection in the βS globin locus
Authors: Salih Niven A , Hussain Ayman A , Almugtaba Ibrahim A , Elzein Abeir M , Elhassan Ibrahim M , Khalil Eltahir AG , Ishag Hani B , Mohammed Hiba S , Kwiatkowski Dominic , Ibrahim Muntaser E 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Probably the best example of the rise and maintenance of balancing selection as an evolutionary trend is the role of S-haemoglobin (HbS - rs334) in protecting from malaria. Yet, the dynamics of such a process remains poorly understood, particularly in relation to different malaria transmission rates and the genetic background of the affected populations.

Methods
We investigated the association of haemoglobin HbS in protection from clinical episodes of malaria in two populations/villages where malaria is endemic, but mostly presenting in mild clinical forms. Five-hundred and forty-six individuals comprising 65 and 82 families from the Hausa and Massalit villages respectively were genotyped for HbS. Allele and genotype frequencies as well as departure from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium were estimated from four-hundred and seventy independent genotypes across different age groups. Age-group frequencies were used to calculate the coefficient-of-fitness and to simulate the expected frequencies in future generations.

Results
Genotype frequencies were within Hardy-Weinberg expectations in Hausa and Massalit in the total sample set but not within the different age groups. There was a trend for a decrease of the HbS allele frequency in Hausa and an increase of frequency in Massalit. Although the HbS allele was able to confer significant protection from the clinical episodes of malaria in the two populations, as suggested by the odds ratios, the overall relative fitness of the HbS allele seems to have declined in Hausa.

Conclusions
Such loss of balancing selection could be due to a combined effect of preponderance of non-clinical malaria in Hausa, and the deleterious effect of the homozygous HbS under circumstances of endogamy.
Diabetes care: prevalence and types
Authors: Nazarko Linda 
Published: July 2016

Diabetes is a global and national health emergency. Globally, it affects 422 million people and leads to 3.7 million deaths annually ( World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016a:6 ). Nationally, it affects 3.5 million people, or one person in 16 ( Diabetes UK, 2015:2 ). The incidence of diabetes in UK has increased by 250% in the past 16 years. Most people have type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2). This was once a condition of middle age, but is now being seen in children ( WHO, 2016a:2 ). Type 2 diabetes is often considered to be ‘mild’, but it can affect the entire body, increase the risk of dementia and stroke and affect vision. It also increases the risk of heart attack and can lead to incontinence, impotence, renal failure and amputation. Diabetes reduces life expectancy by 6-11 years and affects quality of life ( Livingstone et al, 2015 ; Seshasai et al, 2011 ). This article, the first in a series, examines the causes, consequences, prevalence, types and clinical features of diabetes.
A distance-learning journey from healthcare assistant to registered nurse
Authors: Lear Karen 
Published: July 2016

This article discusses the findings from a naturalistic case study that explored the views of final year, distance learning university, practice-based student nurses on their preparation for the role of registered nurse. The students were all healthcare assistants (HCAs), who were sponsored by their employers on the DipHE Adult Nursing Pre Registration Nursing Programme (PRNP). The findings and themes that evolved from this study show the significant areas that informed these student nurses' journeys and their preparation to become registered nurses. The practice areas had a vested interest in preparing these sponsored students to be competent, skilled practitioners, as they were ‘growing’ their own workforce. The study reported that all of the students obtained posts as Newly Qualified (NQ) nurses, 80% in the practice areas where they were dual-role HCA/students, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the PRNP working in partnership with employers to support workforce development.
Research roundup: July 2016
Authors: Greener Mark 
Published: July 2016

In brief Following guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence about reviewing and stepping down patients taking proton-pump inhibitors could reduce costs and prevent side effects Statins are associated with a small increased risk of developing diabetes, particularly with more intensive therapy. The lack of an association between drugs that the summary of product characteristics suggests could disturb sleep, and problems reported by patients, raise questions over the generalisability of prescribing information Most antidepressants do not seem to offer benefits for children and adolescents, while venlafaxine seems to increase suicidal behaviour or ideation
Cultural Heritage and the Arab Spring: War over Culture, Culture of War and Culture War
Authors: Watenpaugh Heghnar Zeitlian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The Arab Spring launched political shifts that were once considered impossible. Five years later, the events have taken a darker turn, with a mounting death toll; the displacement of millions; and the destruction of cities and infrastructure. The role of cultural heritage in the protests and conflicts of the Arab Spring and the Middle East generally is manifold. Culture has become a collateral damage of war, as the destruction that opponents have inflicted on each other has also harmed cities and cultural heritage sites. But, more than merely an unintended target, culture has also been ‘combatant’ and ‘victim’ at the same time, engaged, wielded and contested in three primary, interrelated dimensions: a war over culture; a culture at war; and a culture of war. Analysis of issues in cultural heritage and an awareness of the historic resonance of culture seem all the more urgent at a time of great uncertainty, contestation and ongoing violence.
Heritage as a Right: Heritage and the Arab Spring
Authors: Rabbat Nasser 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Briefly reviewing the history of urbanization in the Arab world, from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present, this article argues that comprehensive heritage preservation did not obtain until the late twentieth century, in tandem with mounting economic and urban pressures on historic cities, which threatened not only their architectural monuments but also their entire social fabric. Analysing the situation since these transformations, the article concludes that the rampant real estate capitalism of the last quarter century, fuelled by investments from the Gulf region, worsened the conservation conditions of these old cities and unravelled their civil qualities. The article posits that the Arab Spring was partly a response to these dismal conditions. It brought to the forefront the value of civil rights, whose Arabic equivalent, al-huquq al-madaniyya, combines in one semantic field the notions of city, civil, civilization, law and religion. This makes it possible to re-conceive heritage preservation as a civil right that is meant to serve both the cities and their citizens.
‘Cairo Ring Road’: Anthony Hamboussi’s Poetic Survey of an Urban Topography
Authors: Elshahed Mohamed 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Cairo’s landscape has morphed over the past century due to uncontrolled urban growth. This transformation has overturned the city’s iconic status as a city of great monuments of Islamic art, the ‘City Victorious’. While Cairo has occupied a central position in the study of historic art and architecture from the Middle East, poor planning and mismanagement of heritage sites have put the city’s historic significance into a state of crisis. While historians turn away from Cairo’s contemporary urbanity, by contrast, photographers such as Anthony Hamboussi have refocused their lenses on the city’s current realities. The city’s historic monuments are drowning in an urban topography that resulted from impoverished governance and improvised urban expansion. What can we learn from photographs of Cairo’s ongoing urban informality, uneven development and spatial inequality? This article critically examines one photographer’s project to make visible the undesirable majority of contemporary Cairo. The author argues that engaging with the city’s contemporary reality, in this case through photography, is key to understanding its declining heritage status and the poor condition of many of its monuments of Islamic architecture.
Tribal Mediation and Empowered Women: Potential Contributions of Heritage to National Development in Yemen
Authors: Adra Najwa 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
When demonstrations against Yemen’s former regime first began in 2011, observers expressed surprise at two developments: first, that women led the demonstrations, and second, that Yemen’s heavily armed tribes did not lead the country into civil war. Instead, a significant number of tribesmen went into cities to protect demonstrators from harm, and others protected their own communities from the incursions of outsiders. This article suggests that both developments are rooted in a deeply engrained tribal heritage that provides social capital, contributes to Yemeni society’s resilience and counteracts stereotypes of primitivism by prioritizing mediation, dialogue and consensus above the facile use of force or terrorism. Ways in which this heritage can be harnessed to support national reconciliation and development are proposed. Yemen’s tribal heritage is threatened by recurrent political and economic crises, various forms of modernism, and imported conservative interpretations of Islam that perceive tribalism as divisive and women’s mobility unacceptable. By far the most serious threat to Yemen’s population and heritage, however, is the current war unleashed by Saudi Arabia and its allies, which threatens to destroy the very foundations of Yemeni society.