bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the Cost of Free Cleft Surgery in the Middle East?
Authors: Sheriff Samar , Zawahrah Hassan J. , Chang Lenisa V. , Beyatli Sonay , Elhadi Babiker Haithem M. , Roach Ashton L. , Biskup Natalyia , van Aalst John A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundThis project explores the
costs of cleft lip and/or palate surgeries in Palestine and Sudan, two low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC), in the Middle East. Our purpose is to examine the veracity of advertisements from international cleft organizations claiming that “250 US dollars (USD) covers the cost of a single cleft surgery.” We hypothesize that the actual cost of surgery is greater than 250 USD.
MethodsCosts for each cleft surgery were organized broadly into 5 categories: hospital charges, personnel (time and money spent for health professionals to travel to LMIC, including lost wages), tests, consumables, and reusables. Each item was priced at market value during the time of data collection. Following itemization of actual costs, we compared the costs per cleft surgery among four surgical practice models: (1) visiting international surgical teams, (2) visiting international surgeon working with local teams, (3) local teams working at government hospitals, and (4) local teams working at private hospitals.
ResultsOur results suggest that 250 USD is an underestimate of actual costs per cleft surgery in all models. The most expensive model in both Palestine and Sudan was the first model, visiting international teams performing all team functions; the cheapest surgical model in both countries was a local team working at government hospitals. The largest cost for any of these models is travel and lost wages for international team members. Eliminating this single cost (travel) decreases overall cost tremendously, but still does not approach the advertised cost of 250 USD.ConclusionsWe conclude that 250 USD underestimates the actual costs to perform a single cleft surgery in Palestine and Sudan. If international cleft organizations are genuinely committed to creating sustainable international cleft programs, they should focus exclusively on training local professionals to perform surgery in hospitals of their own choosing.
Disaster Preparedness of Child Care Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Study in South Korea
Authors: Uhm Dongchoon , Oh Hyang Soon 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe aimed to identify the differences in personal disaster preparedness and disaster risk perception among child care and preschool teachers in South Korea by using demographic characteristics and disaster-related questions.MethodsA cross-sectional self-reporting questionnaire was administered from February to October 2014.ResultsOf all the participants, 68.1% had received disaster preparedness education and training on 2 or more occasions per year; 13.2% had received no education or training. Personal disaster preparedness differed significantly by marital status (P<0.05), the number of disaster education and training sessions attended (P<0.05), and having purchased home insurance (P<0.001). Disaster risk perception differed significantly by children’s age group under a teacher’s care (P<0.05). The topic on which child care teachers wanted more training was “fractures and bleeding emergency care” (53.9%). The most probable disaster was considered to be a typhoon (66.0%).ConclusionsDisaster preparedness is important for both young children and their teachers. Field-based teacher disaster preparedness education and training should be provided so that they can respond effectively to disaster occurrence regardless of type, time, or location. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 321–328)
Simulated-Use Polytetrafluorethylene Biofilm Model: Repeated Rounds of Complete Reprocessing Lead to Accumulation of Organic Debris and Viable Bacteria
Authors: Alfa Michelle J. , Singh Harminder , Nugent Zoann , Duerksen Donald , Schultz Gale , Reidy Carol , DeGagne Pat , Olson Nancy 
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVEBiofilm has been implicated in bacterial persistence and survival after endoscope reprocessing. In this study, we assessed the impact of different methods of reprocessing on organic residues and viable bacteria after repeated rounds of biofilm formation when each was followed by full reprocessing.METHODSATS-2015, an artificial test soil containing 5–8 Log10 colony-forming units (CFU) of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to form biofilm in polytetrafluroethylene channels overnight on 5 successive days. Each successive day, full pump-assisted cleaning using bristle brushes or pull-through devices in combination with enzymatic or nonenzymatic detergents followed by fully automated endoscope reprocessor disinfection using peracetic acid was performed. Residuals were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Destructive testing was used to assess expected cutoffs for adenosine triphosphate (ATP; <200 relative light units), protein (<2 µg/cm2), and viable bacteria count (0 CFU).RESULTSProtein residuals were above 2 µg/cm2, but ATP residuals were <200 relative light units for all methods tested. Only when enzymatic cleaner was used for cleaning were there no viable bacteria detected after disinfection irrespective of whether bristle brushes or pull-through devices were used. SEM revealed that some residual debris remained after all reprocessing methods, but more residuals were detected when a nonenzymatic detergent was used.CONCLUSIONSSurviving E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were only detected when the non-enzymatic detergent was used, emphasizing the importance of the detergent used for endoscope channel reprocessing. Preventing biofilm formation is critical because not all current reprocessing methods can reliably eliminate viable bacteria within the biofilm matrix.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1284–1290
Paleoecology of a ciénega at the Mockingbird Gap Site, Chupadera Draw, New Mexico
Authors: Palacios-Fest Manuel R. , Holliday Vance T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Mockingbird Gap Clovis site is a surface archaeological site located along Chupadera Draw in central New Mexico. Coring of the draw during archaeological investigation of the Clovis assemblage on the adjacent uplands revealed evidence for a regionally rare continuous, stratified depositional record beginning immediately before the Younger Dryas chronozone (YDC). Thirty sediment samples from the draw adjacent to the archaeological site were analyzed for microinvertebrates (ostracodes and mollusks) and gyrogonites (calcareous algae) to reconstruct its environmental history. Wet-dry cycles marked the presence/absence of microfossils. Based upon microfossils, this investigation highlights environmental change marked by the evolution from wetter/cooler to warmer/drier conditions at the Mockingbird Gap site and its response to climate change and groundwater fluctuations during and after the YDC. Four biofacies are recognized: the pre-Ciénega setting is sterile. Holarctic species near the base of core 08-1 indicate cooling conditions prior to 13,000 cal yr BP during the early Ciénega phase. Warmer, more saline conditions characterize the late-Ciénega biofacies between 11,000 and 10,000 cal yr BP. Presence of gypsum during formation of the post-Ciénega phase and the most salinity tolerant species after 10,000 cal yr BP is consistent with the aridification typifying the early Holocene.
HILBERT C*-BIMODULES OF FINITE INDEX AND APPROXIMATION PROPERTIES OF C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: FOROUGH MARZIEH , AMINI MASSOUD 
Published: October 2017

AbstractLet A and B be arbitrary C*-algebras, we prove that the existence of a Hilbert A–B-bimodule of finite index ensures that the WEP, QWEP, and LLP along with other finite-dimensional approximation properties such as CBAP and (S)OAP are shared by A and B. For this, we first study the stability of the WEP, QWEP, and LLP under Morita equivalence of C*-algebras. We present examples of Hilbert A–B-bimodules, which are not of finite index, while such properties are shared between A and B. To this end, we study twisted crossed products by amenable discrete groups.
Morphometric and molecular analyses of two digenean species from the mullet:Skrjabinolecithum spinosumn. sp. from the Russian southern Far East andUnisaccus tonkinin. sp. from Vietnam
Authors: Besprozvannykh V.V. , Atopkin D.M. , Ngo H.D. , Ha N.V. , Tang N.V. , Beloded A.Yu. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAdults ofSkrjabinolecithum spinosumn. sp. were discovered inMugil cephalusfrom the Gulf of Peter the Great in southern Far-East Russia. Additionally, adults ofUnisaccus tonkinin. sp. were found in the intestine ofMoolgarda cunnesiusandMoolgarda sehelifrom the coastal waters of Cat Ba Island, Tonkin Bay, northern Vietnam.Skrjabinolecithum spinosumn. sp. possesses a larger body, and ventral and oral sucker size in comparison withSkrjabinolecithum vitellosum,a smaller pharynx size and body length/width rate ratio in comparison toSkrjabinolecithum pyriforme,a smaller body length and prepharynx size in comparison toSkrjabinolecithum lobolecitumand a smaller pharynx length and egg size in comparison toSkrjabinolecithum indicumandS. lobolecitum.The new species also differs fromS. indicum,S. lobolecitumandS. vitellosumby the form of the testis, and from the last two species by the presence of a two-branched intestine. The morphometric parameters ofS. spinosumn. sp. are similar to those ofSkrjabinolecithum spasskii.However,S. spinosumn. sp., unlikeS. spasskii, has an armed hermaphroditic duct.Unisaccus tonkinin. sp. is similar toUnisaccus spinosus(Martin, 1973),Unisaccus brisbanensis(Martin, 1973) andUnisaccus overstreeti(Ahmad, 1987) in body size but differs in oral sucker, pharynx and hermaphroditic sac size fromU. spinosus, and in ventral sucker and ovary size fromU. brisbanensisandU. overstreeti. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, based on combined data of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and partial 28S rRNA gene sequences, confirmed the validity ofS. spinosumn. sp. andU. tonkinin. sp. Analysis of interrelationships of the family Haploporidae, including molecular data on new species, showed that the Waretrematinae subfamily is more heterogeneous in comparison with Haploporinae and Forticulcitinae, and includesU. tonkinin. sp.
Death by suicide at the Ward level in Northern Ireland
Authors: Bunting B. , Corry C. , O'Neill S. , Moore A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundDeaths from suicide, as recorded within the Northern Ireland Coroner's Office for the years 2005–2011 inclusive, were analysed in terms of standardised mortality ratios (SMRs), within Wards and Local Government Districts (LGDs). The aim of the study is to examine factors relating to the ecological context of the area within which the person resided at time of death. Area deprivation, religious composition and age structure are examined in terms of SMRs, while controlling for the number of individuals living within a designated area.MethodsRandom-intercept Poisson regression models were used in conjunction with empirical Bayes prediction to examine area effects.ResultsConsiderable variation occurs between the numbers of recorded deaths within each area. A strong association is shown between deprivation and the number of deaths by suicide within an area. There was considerable variation at the LGD level in terms of the number of deaths, but once the nested nature of Wards was taken into account and adjusted for level of deprivation, the variation between LGD was no longer statistically significant. When adjusted for the number of individuals within each age group, the number of deaths in the younger and middle-aged groups did not show a statistical difference (0.05 level), nor did the religious composition of the area in terms of the number of recorded deaths.ConclusionsBased on SMRs, using empirical Bayes prediction, area effects were shown to be substantial, especially in urban locations where there are high rates of deprivation.
Conflict and cooperation in paranoia: a large-scale behavioural experiment
Authors: Raihani N. J. , Bell V. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundParanoia involves thoughts and beliefs about the harmful intent of others but the social consequences have been much less studied. We investigated whether paranoia predicts maladaptive social behaviour in terms of cooperative and punitive behaviour using experimental game theory paradigms, and examined whether reduced cooperation is best explained in terms of distrust as previous studies have claimed.MethodsWe recruited a large population sample (N = 2132) online. All participants completed the Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale and (i) a Dictator Game and (ii) an Ultimatum Game, the former with an option for costly punishment. Following distrust-based accounts, we predicted highly paranoid people would make higher offers when the outcome depended on receiving a positive response from their partner (Ultimatum Game) but no difference when the partner's response was irrelevant (Dictator Game). We also predicted paranoia would increase punitive responses. Predictions were pre-registered in advance of data collection. Data and materials are open access.ResultsHighly paranoid participants actually made lower offers than non-paranoid participants both in the Dictator Game and in the Ultimatum Game. Paranoia positively predicted punitive responses.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that distrust is not the best explanation for reduced cooperation in paranoia and alternative explanations, such as increased self-interest, may apply. However, the tendency to attribute harmful intent to partners was important in motivating punitive responses. These results highlight differing motivations underlying adverse social behaviour in paranoia and suggest that accounts based solely on the presenting features of paranoia may need to be rethought.
The primitivity index function for a free group, and untangling closed curves on hyperbolic surfaces.With the appendix by Khalid Bou–Rabee
Authors: GUPTA NEHA , KAPOVICH ILYA 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMotivated by the results of Scott and Patel about “untangling” closed geodesics in finite covers of hyperbolic surfaces, we introduce and study primitivity, simplicity and non-filling index functions for finitely generated free groups. We obtain lower bounds for these functions and relate these free group results back to the setting of hyperbolic surfaces. An appendix by Khalid Bou–Rabee connects the primitivity index functionfprim(n,FN) to the residual finiteness growth function forFN.
Estimation of the frequency of Q fever in sheep, goat and cattle herds in France: results of a 3-year study of the seroprevalence of Q fever and excretion level ofCoxiella burnetiiin abortive episodes
Authors: GACHE K. , ROUSSET E. , PERRIN J. B. , DE CREMOUX R. , HOSTEING S. , JOURDAIN E. , GUATTEO R. , NICOLLET P. , TOURATIER A. , CALAVAS D. , SALA C. 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARYA study was carried out, from 2012 to 2015, in 10 Frenchdépartementsto estimate the serological prevalence of Q fever and the frequency of abortive episodes potentially related toCoxiella burnetiiin a large sample of cattle, sheep and goat herds. The serological survey covered 731 cattle, 522 sheep and 349 goat herds, randomly sampled. The frequency of abortive episodes potentially related toC. burnetiiwas estimated by investigating series of abortions in 2695 cattle, 658 sheep and 105 goat herds using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses and complementary serological results when needed. The average between-herd seroprevalence was significantly lower for cattle (36·0%) than for sheep (55·7%) and goats (61·0%) and significantly higher for dairy herds (64·9% for cattle and 75·6% for sheep) than for meat herds (18·9% for cattle and 39·8% for sheep). Within-herd seroprevalence was also significantly higher for goats (41·5%) than for cattle (22·2%) and sheep (25·7%). During the study period, we estimated that 2·7% (n= 90), 6·2% (n= 48) and 16·7% (n= 19) of the abortive episodes investigated could be ‘potentially related toC. burnetii’in cattle, sheep and goat herds, respectively. Overall, strong variability was observed betweendépartementsand species, suggesting that risk factors such as herd density and farming practices play a role in disease transmission and maintenance.
Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity
Authors: Kim Y. A. , Keogh J. B. , Clifton P. M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAnimal studies indicate that the composition of gut microbiota may be involved in the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes. Probiotics and/or prebiotics could be a promising approach to improve insulin sensitivity by favourably modifying the composition of the gut microbial community, reducing intestinal endotoxin concentrations and decreasing energy harvest. The aim of the present review was to investigate the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics (a combination of probiotics and prebiotics) on insulin resistance in human clinical trials and to discuss the potential mechanisms whereby probiotics and prebiotics improve glucose metabolism. The anti-diabetic effects of probiotics include reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines via a NF-κB pathway, reduced intestinal permeability, and lowered oxidative stress. SCFA play a key role in glucose homeostasis through multiple potential mechanisms of action. Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors on L-cells by SCFA promotes the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY resulting in increased insulin and decreased glucagon secretion, and suppressed appetite. SCFA can decrease intestinal permeability and decrease circulating endotoxins, lowering inflammation and oxidative stress. SCFA may also have anti-lipolytic activities in adipocytes and improve insulin sensitivity via GLUT4 through the up-regulation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase signalling in muscle and liver tissues. Resistant starch and synbiotics appear to have favourable anti-diabetic effects. However, there are few human interventions. Further well-designed human clinical studies are required to develop recommendations for the prevention of type 2 diabetes with pro- and prebiotics.
Quotienting the delay monad by weak bisimilarity
Authors: CHAPMAN JAMES , UUSTALU TARMO , VELTRI NICCOLÒ 
Published: October 2017

The delay datatype was introduced by Capretta (Logical Methods in Computer Science, 1(2), article 1, 2005) as a means to deal with partial functions (as in computability theory) in Martin-Löf type theory. The delay datatype is a monad. It is often desirable to consider two delayed computations equal, if they terminate with equal values, whenever one of them terminates. The equivalence relation underlying this identification is called weak bisimilarity. In type theory, one commonly replaces quotients with setoids. In this approach, the delay datatype quotiented by weak bisimilarity is still a monad–a constructive alternative to the maybe monad. In this paper, we consider the alternative approach of Hofmann (Extensional Constructs in Intensional Type Theory, Springer, London, 1997) of extending type theory with inductive-like quotient types. In this setting, it is difficult to define the intended monad multiplication for the quotiented datatype. We give a solution where we postulate some principles, crucially proposition extensionality and the (semi-classical) axiom of countable choice. With the aid of these principles, we also prove that the quotiented delay datatype delivers free ω-complete pointed partial orders (ωcppos).Altenkirch et al. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10203, Springer, Heidelberg, 534–549, 2017) demonstrated that, in homotopy type theory, a certain higher inductive–inductive type is the free ωcppo on a type X essentially by definition; this allowed them to obtain a monad of free ωcppos without recourse to a choice principle. We notice that, by a similar construction, a simpler ordinary higher inductive type gives the free countably complete join semilattice on the unit type 1. This type suffices for constructing a monad, which is isomorphic to the one of Altenkirch et al. We have fully formalized our results in the Agda dependently typed programming language.
Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm rupture in an infant
Authors: Steflik David J. , Churchill Tammy L. , Chowdhury Shahryar M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe present the case of a 10-month-old female with a right coronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with rupture into the right atrial appendage who presented with a murmur. Surgical repair was performed shortly after diagnosis with pericardial patch closure from within the aorta and closure of the right atrial rupture site. To our knowledge, this is the youngest child with sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with rupture to be identified in the literature.
Pre-planning: a new approach to virtual simulation
Authors: Siow Tian Rui , Lim Siew Kia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundFor palliative radiotherapy treatments, two types of simulation are available at our Centre: conventional (or 2D) and virtual. Each has its advantages: conventional simulation requires less preparation time whereas virtual simulation allows accurate visualisation and identification of target volumes in 3D. We propose a new approach where treatment field parameters are determined on diagnostic CT scans, and then reproduced with reference to a patient’s bony landmarks using conventional simulation. This combines the benefits of both methods. We argue that the slight differences in set-up between diagnostic and simulation CT scans will have little impact on the determination of the target volume in palliative treatment settings.MethodsIn total, 12 patients who had diagnostic scans done within a month before their virtual simulation were randomly selected. Both scans were retrieved retrospectively for the study. An independent radiation oncologist contoured the target volumes on both scans and their relative positions were compared by fusing the digitally reconstructed radiographs generated from the respective scans. A 2D Conformity Index (2DCI) was then calculated and tabulated for 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 cm margins to evaluate the accuracy of this approach and determine the margins required to account for the inherent variability of this method. In addition, the deviation or offset of the centre of field (COF) was also measured and analysed.ResultsThe median 2DCI (0 margin) was 0.85. For margins of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm, the median 2DCIs were 0.97, 1, 1 and 1, respectively. The median displacement of the COF in the superior–inferior direction was 0.7 cm and that in the right–left direction was 0.2 cm.ConclusionOur pilot study suggests that our approach is feasible. We recommend adding an additional margin of up to 0.5 cm (to the usual treatment margins) to ensure good coverage of the target volume when using this method.