bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ABC Sequence of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Authors: Crul Jan F. , Neursing Bart T. J. , Zimmerman Ariaen H. E. 
Published: July 2016

From many recent publications and also from a pathophysiologic standpoint, it has become abundantly clear that probably the most important factor determining the outcome of any attempt at resuscitation is the period of time elapsed between the onset of the calamity and the initiation of “CPR.” In most of the reports on the effects of time-related variables the initiation of effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation is usually not clearly defined.What exactly is meant by “initiation of CPR?” Since 1966 CPR has been instructed according to the “A-B-C-schedule.”
The American Red Cross
Authors: Dail C.P. 
Published: July 2016

The American Red Cross is an independent, voluntary body dedicated to performing the relief obligations entrusted to it by the Congress of the United States. The American Red Cross is required by congressional charter (Act of Congress of January 5, 1905, as amended, 36 U.S. Code 3, Fifth) to undertake relief activities for the purpose of mitigating the suffering caused by disasters. A disaster is an occurrence such as a hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, highwater, wind-driven water, tidal wave, earthquake, drought, blizzard, pestilence, famine, fire, explosion, building collapse, transportation wreck, or other situation that causes human suffering or creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance.Through internal planning, policy setting, and implementation, and cooperation with private and governmental bodies, the American Red Cross at all levels gives priority to preparing for and providing assistance in disasters of any size.
Computer Modeling for Disaster Planning (Nuclear Attack)
Authors: Hill Edward L. , Lyday Russell O. 
Published: July 2016

Although none of us likes to think of nuclear war as a possibility, a truly prepared society evaluates the unthinkable. This paper specifically addresses a model for evaluating the medical situation of an area after a nuclear attack.Consider the situation shown in Table 1 [all Tables and Figures follow the text], which shows an estimation of casualties resulting from a nuclear attack on an area with a preattack population of 9.5 million. The table indicates over half of the population survives and more than half of the survivors (about 3.4 million people) have injuries. This large number of injuries requires medical attention, and, if the area is unable to get outside help (as would be the case for nuclear war), only resources already available within the area could be used.
Emergency Medical Care for Mass Accidents in Prague, CSSR
Authors: Sefrna Bohumil , Rudolf Mikes 
Published: July 2016

The Prague Emergency Service brought help in many cases of mass accidents with 30 to 120 injured persons (explosions, train crashes, plane crashes, tram crashes, etc.) during the years 1955–1979. We have discovered facts from our own experience and by comparison with disasters in other parts of our country. Prague's mobile ICU-type ambulance service has provided advanced resuscitation and life-support by physicians, since the early 1960s, also for multicasualty incidents.It is necessary to reduce the consequences of mass injuries to a minimum. Some principal questions are: who is to be treated immediately, who can wait, where is help unnecessary?
A Hospital Plan for Mass Casualties in Egypt
Authors: Diwan Ruchdi H. 
Published: July 2016

Our hospital which was initially devoted to deal with specialized branches of medicine, was rapidly transformed into a purely military one when mass casualties of war needed care. The design of the hospital was therefore changed. Operating theaters were shifted to safe underground floors. Intensive care units were placed near the operating theaters, and a large reception-identification area was prepared to receive victims brought by ambulance or helicopter. Quick-sorting of casualties according to priorities was dealt with in the reception area.(1)Immediate group: This was dealt with on the spot by quick resuscitation measures. (2)Urgent group: These were immediately taken to the intensive care units or to the operating theaters. (3)Expectant group: These were taken to the wards.
Terrorist Bombing Experiences During 1975-1979 in Jerusalem
Authors: Adler Jakov , Golan E. , Golan J. , Yitzhaki M. , Ben-Hur N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDuring 4½ years, 24 terrorist explosions occurred in Jerusalem. of 511 casualties, 340 were evacuated to the Emergency Department of our hospital. of a total of 272 admissions graded by the Injury Severity Score (ISS), 87% were light injuries, 2.9% medium and 10% severe. The high proportion of light injuries may be explained by the evacuation of all casualties to the nearest hospital by the public. The distribution of injuries to body areas is discussed. Head and neck injuries comprised 19.3% and extremity injuries 39%. The most common primary blast effect was acoustic trauma encountered in 16.3%. Solutions to the most commonly encountered problems in the Emergency Department are discussed.
Preventable Blindness in Disasters: Visual Status Among Indochinese Refugees
Authors: Pizzarello Louis D. 
Published: July 2016

A survey conducted among Indochinese refugees in Thailand in 1979, revealed significant levels of Vitamin A deficiency blindness (xerophthalmia). A Vitamin A supplementation program for children was implemented. Recent events in South East Asia have resulted in the mass movements of thousands of Kampucheans. These people underwent extreme deprivation for several years before migrating in large numbers to the Thai-Kampuchean border and later into Thailand. This massive influx of starving and ill men, women and children stimulated a large international relief effort aimed at providing food, shelter and health care. Under the supervision of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, several holding centers or camps were established within Thailand.Early reports indicated severe problems with malnutrition among the children reaching these areas. Since these malnourished children were susceptible to a blinding affliction, xerophthalmia, Helen Keller International, a voluntary agency long interested in the disease, became alarmed. I was dispatched as a consultant public health ophthalmologist to the holding center for an on-site investigation.
Three Major Disasters in Italy. Experiences of Niguarda-Ca'Granda Staff of Milan
Authors: Bozza-Marrubini Marialuisa 
Published: July 2016

The medical and nursing staff of the Niguarda-Ca' Granda Hospital of Milano has been involved in three major disasters that occurred in Italy in the years 1976 and 1980: (1) the earthquake of May 6, 1976 in a northeastern region (Friuli); (2) the ICMESA plant explosion of July 10, 1976 in Seveso (Milano) and (3) the earthquake of November 23, 1980 in the region of Irpinia (Southern Italy).Friuli Earthquake 1976On May 7, 1976, about 12 hours after the earthquake struck, the Udine Hospital, located at about 15 km from the border of the disaster area, contacted by phone the director of the Ca' Granda Hospital in Milano, requesting a relief staff of operating room and ICU nurses. The Udine Hospital was undamaged and was overburdened by work for the surgical, orthopedic and medical treatment of the rescue victims. The staff requested was needed to relieve the exhausted local nursing staff. Extra staff was needed also to accompany ambulances with patients that, after initial triage and treatment, were evacuated to other hospitals outside the seismic area.
17. Can EMS Providers Adequately Assess Trauma Patients for Spinal Injury?
Authors: Brown Lawrence H. , Gough John E. , Simonds Wickham 
Published: July 2016

Hypothesis: Assessments to rule out cervical spine injury performed by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel correlate well with assessments performed by emergency department (ED) physicians. Methods: EMS providers completed a data form based on their initial assessment of all immobilized adult patients. Data collected included the presence or absence of: neck pain/tenderness; altered mental status; history of loss of consciousness; drug/alcohol use; neurological deficit; and other painful/distracting injury. Immobilization was considered to be indicated if any one of the six physical findings was present. The ED physician caring for the patient completed an identical data form based on his/her assessment. Physicians and EMS providers were blinded to each other's assessments. The amount of discordance between the physician and EMS assessments was analyzed using McNemar's Chi-Square for matched pairs.Results: Five-hundred-seventy-three patients were included in the study. Physician and EMS assessments matched in 78.7% (n = 451) of the cases. In 13.6% (n = 78) of the cases, the EMS assessment indicated immobilization, but the physician assessment did not. In 7.7% (n = 44) of the patients, the physician assessment indicated immobilization, but the EMS assessment did not. The discordance between assessments was statistically significant (p <0.001). The presence of neck pain or tenderness accounted for the most discordance.
26. Emergency Medical Services Transport of Patients Complaining of Headache: Does Mode of Arrival Suggest Serious Etiology?
Authors: O'Connor Robert E. , Nemer Jacqueline A. , Tallick Susan A , Reese Charles L. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose: Headache is a very common complaint in emergency medicine. Its causes are myriad, ranging from benign to life-threatening. Patients who access emergency medical services (EMS), often do so after self-assessment has indicated high acuity. We conducted this study to determine if patients transported by EMS with a chief complaint of headache have a higher rate of serious etiology.Methods: This observational, retrospective study, was conducted by consecutive review of charts on all patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) from December 1994 through May 1995 with a chief complaint of headache. Patients presenting with other manifestations of intracranial pathology (ICP), such as altered mental status or seizures, were excluded. Mode of arrival was determined to be either via emergency medical services (EMS) or other means. Patients were categorized as having serious (meningitis, hemorrhage, tumor) or benign (migraine, etc.) ICP, based final diagnosis. It was noted whether or not diagnostic studies (DS), such as CT scan and lumbar puncture, were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Yates corrected chi-square test.
61. Can Melatonin Improve Adaptation To Night Shift? A Pilot Study Using an Urban EMS System
Authors: Tremea Michael , James Mark , Jones Jeffrey , Krohmer Jon 
Published: July 2016

Purpose: To determine whether melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is effective in helping prehospital personnel working consecutive night shifts reset their biological clock and minimize circadian rhythm disruption.Methods: A double-blinded, randomized, cross-over study was performed using 12 paramedic volunteers. Paramedics were working a span of consecutive night (2300-0700) shifts and received either a melatonin capsule (6 mg) or placebo to be taken prior to each of the consecutive day sleeps. Each participants completed a total of four spans of consecutive night shifts (2-melatonin, 2-placebo). Collected data included daily sleep diaries, quantification of alcohol/caffeine consumed, and possible drug side-effects. Assessment of job performance, mood and alertness were measured every day using 10-cm visual analog scales (VAS).Results: Analysis of sleep diaries demonstrated no significant difference (p >0.05) between the two treatments in respect to mean sleep latency (melatonin = 15.4 min. vs. placebo = 14.6 min), mean sleep duration (melatonin = 6.7 hrs. vs. placebo = 6.9 hrs), or subjectively rated sleep quality (melatonin = 5.8 VAS vs placebo = 5.6 VAS). Similarly, no significant benefits were noted between the mean VAS scores for daily job performance, mood and alertness. Adverse effects were rare, one patient taking melatonin reported a prolonged sedative effect.Conclusion: Despite widespread belief in the benefits of melatonin as a hypnotic agent, no clinical benefits were noted in terms of daytime sleep or job performance in paramedics working consecutive night shifts.
65. The Evolution of the Prehospital Care of Pediatric Asthma
Authors: Ciccone Anthony , Irving Carol , Lavery Robert F. , Tortella Bartholomew J. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose: The prevalence of asthma in the pediatric population is approximately 9% and the incidence of acute exacerbation in this population has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine if there has been a change in the pre-hospital presentation and treatment of pediatric asthma.Methods: This observational study was a retrospective consecutive case series comparing pediatric (#18 yrs) asthmatics treated and transported by an inner city EMS system over two years. (1987, 1992). Data collected included patient demographics, prehospital treatment, and evaluated diagnostic criteria used by paramedics to initiate treatment. Students t test was performed for continuous data and contingency analysis (chisquare) for non-continuous data. A Wilks stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on 1987 and 1992 data to evaluate diagnostic factors.Results: There were 407 transports in 1987 and 652 in 1992, representing a 60% increase. 237(56%) of patients received advanced life support (ALS) in 1987 and 344(53%) in 1992. Mean age of ALS patients in 1987 was 10.25 (±5.3) and was 8.03 (±2.8) in 1992 (p <0.001). Albuterol inhalation supplanted epinephrine (1987-205, 1992-1) and aminophylline (1987-15, 1992-1) as the treatment for asthma in our service system. The discriminant analysis revealed that in 1987, paramedics treatment decision making was influenced by age, cough, cold, and/or fever, home medications, accessory muscles, absence of wheezing, and normal respiratory rate. This changed in 1992 where only the presence or absence of wheezing and accessory muscle-use to be highly correlated with treatment decisions.
57. Feasibility of the Global Positioning Satellite System for Rural Aeromedical Transport
Authors: Pruitt Russell F. , Sing Ronald F. , Austin C. W. , Messick W. Joseph 
Published: July 2016

Aeromedical navigation to the scene of an accident using navigational assistance computer mapping software (NACM) can be difficult in rural areas due to the lack of topographic landmarks. In these instances, navigation is made easier using the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system to determine latitude and longitude.Purpose: To determine the reliability and feasibility of portable GPS receivers compared with our current system of NACM (MAP EXPERT®) in the navigation of aeromedical transport flights.Design: A non-randomized prospective trial comparing flights using either GPS or NACM. Setting: Flight program at a Level I trauma center.Methods: GPS receivers (for transmitting location) were carried by half the helicopters and ground EMS units. The NACM system was used to transmit the location of the accident to the other flights. Data on flight time, distance, and accident location were collected. Pilots and EMS personnel using the portable GPS system completed a questionnaire regarding accuracy, reliability, and ease of use.Results: This study included 51 flights; GPS (n = 26) and NACM (n = 25). There was no difference in the miles flown per minute in the NACM group (1.69 miles/minute) compared with the GPS group (1.70 miles/minute). Pilots and EMS personnel rated the GPS reliable, accurate, and easy to use for navigation.
Systematic review of the magnitude of change in prevalence and quantity of Salmonella after administration of pathogen reduction treatments on pork carcasses
Authors: Totton Sarah C. , Glanville Julie M. , Dzikamunhenga Rungano S. , Dickson James S. , O'Connor Annette M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjective:In this systematic review, we summarized change in Salmonella prevalence and/or quantity associated with pathogen reduction treatments (washes, sprays, steam) on pork carcasses or skin-on carcass parts in comparative designs (natural or artificial contamination).Methods:In January 2015, CAB Abstracts (1910–2015), SCI and CPCI–Science (1900–2015), Medline® and Medline® In-Process (1946–2015) (OVIDSP), Science.gov, and Safe Pork (1996–2012) were searched with no language or publication type restrictions. Reference lists of 24 review articles were checked. Two independent reviewers screened 4001 titles/abstracts and assessed 122 full-text articles for eligibility. Only English-language records were extracted.Results:Fourteen studies (5 in commercial abattoirs) were extracted and risk of bias was assessed by two reviewers independently. Risk of bias due to systematic error was moderate; a major source of bias was the potential differential recovery of Salmonella from treated carcasses due to knowledge of the intervention. The most consistently observed association was a positive effect of acid washes on categorical measures of Salmonella; however, this was based on individual results, not a summary effect measure.Conclusion:There was no strong evidence that any one intervention protocol (acid temperature, acid concentration, water temperature) was clearly superior to others for Salmonella control.
Social Anxiety and Sociometric Nomination in Spanish Students of Compulsory Secondary Education
Authors: Delgado Beatriz , Inglés Cándido J. , Aparisi David , García-Fernández José M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAdolescents with social anxiety can manifest great interference in their relationship with classmates and other peers, as well as in their school performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the sociometric nominations and assessment of students with high social anxiety by their peers and teachers, and to determine whether these assessments differ significantly between evaluators (peers vs. teachers), in a sample of 2022 (51.1% male) Spanish adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years. Social anxiety was assessed using the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. Sociometric identification and assessment of various educational aspects of the students was performed through the Socio program and Teacher assessment scales, respectively. Results show that students with high social anxiety were nominated by peers as popular, rejected and neglected with the same frequency and proportionately less nominated as leaders, friendly, cooperative, and quarrelsome students than those without high social anxiety (d < .25). Teachers assessed the sociometric status of a student with low social anxiety in the same way as that of students with high social anxiety, although they considered the latter as less impulsive, less conflictive, less passive and more compliant with rules (d > .97). Finally, peers significantly nominated students with high social anxiety more as leaders, cooperative, quarrelsome, obedient and good students than their teachers (d < .42). In conclusion, this study shows that adolescents with high social anxiety are valued and nominated by their peers and teachers differently.
Association of germline genetic variants in RFC, IL15 and VDR genes with minimal residual disease in pediatric B-cell precursor ALL
Authors: Dawidowska Małgorzata , Kosmalska Maria , Sędek Łukasz , Szczepankiewicz Aleksandra , Twardoch Magdalena , Sonsala Alicja , Szarzyńska-Zawadzka Bronisława , Derwich Katarzyna , Lejman Monika , Pawelec Katarzyna , Obitko-Płudowska Agnieszka , Pawińska-Wąsikowska Katarzyna , Kwiecińska Kinga , Kołtan Andrzej , Dyla Agnieszka , Grzeszczak Władysław , Kowalczyk Jerzy R. , Szczepański Tomasz , Ziętkiewicz Ewa , Witt Michał 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMinimal residual disease (MRD) enables reliable assessment of risk in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, little is known on association between MRD status and germline genetic variation. We examined 159 Caucasian (Slavic) patients with pediatric ALL, treated according to ALL-IC-BFM 2002/2009 protocols, in search for association between 23 germline polymorphisms and MRD status at day 15, day 33 and week 12, with adjustment for MRD-associated clinical covariates. Three variants were significantly associated with MRD: rs1544410 in VDR (MRD-day15); rs1051266 in RFC (MRD-day33, MRD-week12), independently and in an additive effect with rs10519613 in IL15 (MRD-day33). The risk alleles for MRD-positivity were: A allele of VDR (OR = 2.37, 95%CI = 1.07–5.21, P = 0.03, MRD-day15); A of RFC (OR = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.05–3.52, P = 0.03, MRD-day33 and MRD-week12, P < 0.01); A of IL15 (OR = 2.30, 95%CI = 1.02–5.18, P = 0.04, MRD-day33). The risk for MRD-day33-positive status was higher in patients with risk alleles in both RFC and IL15 loci than in patients with risk alleles in one locus or no risk alleles: 2 vs. 1 (OR = 3.94, 95% CI = 1.28–12.11, P = 0.024), 2 vs. 0 (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.61–28.39, P = 0.012). Germline variation in genes related to pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of anti-leukemic drugs and to anti-tumor immunity of the host is associated with MRD status and might help improve risk assessment in ALL.
Molecular evolution and expression divergence of the Populus euphratica Hsf genes provide insight into the stress acclimation of desert poplar
Authors: Zhang Jin , Jia Huixia , Li Jianbo , Li Yu , Lu Mengzhu , Hu Jianjun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHeat shock transcription factor (Hsf) family is one of the most important regulators in the plant kingdom. Hsf has been demonstrated to be involved in various processes associated with plant growth, development as well as in response to hormone and abiotic stresses. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of Hsf family in desert poplar, Populus euphratica. Total of 32 genes encoding Hsf were identified and they were classified into three main classes (A, B and C). Gene structure and conserved motif analyses indicated that the members in each class were relatively conserved. Total of 10 paralogous pairs were identified in PeuHsf family, in which nine pairs were generated by whole genome duplication events. Ka/Ks analysis showed that PeuHsfs underwent purifying selection pressure. In addition, various cis-acting elements involved in hormone and stress responses located in the promoter regions of PeuHsfs. Gene expression analysis indicated that several PeuHsfs were tissue-specific expression. Compared to Arabidopsis, more PeuHsf genes were significantly induced by heat, drought and salt stresses (21, 19 and 22 PeuHsfs, respectively). Our findings are helpful in understanding the distinguished adaptability of P. euphratica to extreme environment and providing a basis for functional analysis of PeuHsfs in the future.
Unconscious ties that bind – attending to complexes in the classroom: part 1
Authors: Fidyk Alexandra L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTRecognized by few in theory and practice, unconscious dynamics affect all aspects of education, including teaching and learning, as well as assessment, coding, and teacher preparation. Jung proposed that the collective unconscious is akin to a very deep psychosocial well from which individuals, families, and cultures across time and place draw in order to organize and make meaning of life. If we accept this claim, then the ways we understand and attend to interpersonal dynamics within the classroom radically change. Here, in two conjoining parts, a case is made for the vital importance of acknowledging and working with the unconscious, particularly the cultural layer (Part 1) and the familial layer (Part 2) of the psyche. Attention in Part 1 is given to the social and political turn in Jungian psychology and its importance to the dramatically changing ethnocultural character of Canada’s classrooms (likewise with many countries today). The cultural unconscious, cultural complexes, scapegoating, and the critical intersection between groups and individuals are examined in relation to education.