bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus reuteriDSM 17938 in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kołodziej Maciej , Szajewska Hania 
Published: January 2017

IntroductionAdministration of some probiotics appears to reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD). The effects of probiotics are strain-specific, thus, the efficacy and safety of each probiotic strain should be established separately. We aim to assess the effects ofLactobacillus reuteriDSM 17938 administration for the prevention of diarrhoea and AAD in children.Methods and analysisA total of 250 children younger than 18 years treated with antibiotics will be enrolled in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in which they will additionally receiveL. reuteriDSM 17938 at a dose 108colony-forming units or an identically appearing placebo, orally, twice daily, for the entire duration of antibiotic treatment. The primary outcome measures will be the frequencies of diarrhoea and AAD. Diarrhoea will be defined according to 1 of 3 definitions: (1) ≥3 loose or watery stools per day for a minimum of 48 hours during antibiotic treatment; (2) ≥3 loose or watery stools per day for a minimum of 24 hours during antibiotic treatment; or (3) ≥2 loose or watery stools per day for a minimum of 24 hours during antibiotic treatment. AAD will be diagnosed in cases of diarrhoea, defined clinically as above, caused byClostridium difficileor for otherwise unexplained diarrhoea (ie, negative laboratory stool tests for infectious agents).Ethics and disseminationThe Bioethics Committee approved the study protocol. The findings of this trial will be submitted to a peer-reviewed paediatric journal. Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT02871908.
Comparison of oral and video debriefing and its effect on knowledge acquisition following simulation-based learning
Authors: Farooq Omer , Thorley-Dickinson Victoria A , Dieckmann Peter , Kasfiki Eirini V , Omer Rasha M I A , Purva Makani 
Published: January 2017

IntroductionLearning from simulation takes place to a large extent in debriefing; however, there is still sparse knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of debriefing methods. 2 common forms are video-assisted and oral only debriefing. We set out to determine if there is increased knowledge acquisition for candidates undergoing video, rather than oral debriefing.MethodsSecond year doctors were randomised to a training day with oral or video feedback. Candidates underwent an emergency clinical scenario followed by feedback. The candidates completed 30 multiple choice questions related to managing common clinical emergencies presimulation and postsimulation training.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the postscore mean for the oral debriefing (128.3, SD 5.16) and video-assisted debriefing group (127.1, SD=5.96). There was significant interaction between precourse and postcourse scores with superior knowledge acquisition for candidates with lower precourse scores (p=0.008). The candidates with lowest precourse score showed significant improvement in the orally debriefed group in comparison to video debriefed group.DiscussionOur results showed that video debriefing has equivocal effect to oral debriefing. Oral debriefing provides superior knowledge acquisition to learners with lower precourse test scores.
Temporal evolution of thoracocentesis-induced changes in spirometry and respiratory muscle pressures
Authors: Michaelides Stylianos A , Bablekos George D , Analitis Antonis , Ionas George , Bakakos Petros , Charalabopoulos Konstantinos A 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundSeveral studies investigated the effects of thoracocentesis on aspects of respiratory function without generally ensuring absence of coexistent lung pathology or homogeneity in initial size of the effusion.MethodsWe studied 90 patients aged 61.6±15.9 years (mean±SD) separated into a group A with small-sized or medium-sized effusion (A=56 patients) and a group B with large and massive one (B=34 patients). There was no significant lung lesion or cardiovascular pathology. The basic spirometric parameters and maximal respiratory pressures were recorded on three instances: just before thoracocentesis (T1), 30 min after completion of the procedure (T2) and after 48 hours (T3).ResultsAt T2 vs T1, groups A and B respectively presented significant change (mean±SD) (increase) in forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.071±0.232 and 0.139±0.224 L, in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of 0.127±0.231 and 0.201±0.192 L, in FEV1/FVC of 2.8% and 4.9%, in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of 0.342±0.482 and 0.383±0.425 L/s, in maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) of 0.049±0.037 and 0.049±0.039 kPa and in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) of 0.040±0.041 kPa only in group A while decrease in MIP with significant change of 0.055±0.051 kPa in group B. At T3 vs T2 in groups A and B, there was significant change (decrease) in FEV1/FVC of 2.7% and 4.6% as well as significant change (increase) in MIP of 0.036±0.046 and 0.115±0.060 and in MEP of 0.049±0.043 and 0.070±0.048 kPa.ConclusionsThoracocentesis is associated with progressive-small relative to the volume of fluid removed-increases in lung volumes. In larger effusions at T2, a transient decrease in MIP is observed presumably due to temporary geometric distortion of the diaphragm immediately after fluid removal.
Embedded systems education
Authors: Sami Mariagiovanna , Malek Miroslaw , Bondi Umberto , Regazzoni Francesco 
Published: January 2017

The embedded systems world has radically changed since the first Embedded Systems Design Master studies were proposed. The spectrum of application areas has increased and the whole industrial ecosystem is changed, having SMEs emerged as major players. For these reasons, it becomes mandatory to reconsider the competences and capacities that should be provided in a Master of Science Program addressing Embedded Systems Design, so as to meet new and diverse requests that come from job market and prospective employers.
In this paper, we present the study we carried out to outline the revised professional profile for young Embedded Systems Designers, and we report the results of our exploration. To infer the competence of an ideal candidate, we carried out two experiments: we analyzed the competences listed in posted job offers and we interviewed a number of potential employers. Results obtained analyzing the collected data, demonstrate the importance of soft skills such as teamwork and communication, and confirm that programming, networking, real time and system architecture know-how are in demand. Our results are an important starting point for updating embedded systems design curricula.
miR-211-5p Suppresses Metastatic Behavior by Targeting SNAI1 in Renal Cancer
Authors: Wang Kefeng , Jin Wei , Jin Peng , Fei Xiang , Wang Xia , Chen Xiaonan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1) is known to promote metastatic phenotypes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the mechanism by which SNAI1 promotes RCC metastasis remains largely unexplored. Here, bioinformatics and quantitative validation revealed that miR-211-5p was downregulated in metastatic RCC clinical specimens compared with nonmetastatic RCC tissues. Overexpression of miR-211-5p suppressed RCC cell migration and invasion via downregulation of SNAI1 expression. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-211-5p directly targeted 3′-UTR of SNAI1. Furthermore, miR-211-5p decreased xenograft tumor weight and reduced in vivo tumor metastasis in mice. These findings indicate that miR-211-5p-mediated inhibition of SNAIL1 expression contributes to the suppression of RCC progression.
Implications: Targeting the miR-211-5p/SNAI1 signaling pathway may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of RCC metastasis. Mol Cancer Res; 15(4); 448–56. ©2017 AACR.
O romance da cidade da Bahia – e do Brasil
Authors: Zilberman Regina 
Published: January 2017

PAIXÃO, OSB, dom Gregório; LOSE, Alícia Duhá (Coord. geral). Livros do Tombo do Mosteiro de São Bento da Bahia. Editando 430 anos de história. Salvador: Memória&Arte, 2016. 5 v.
Leibniz: o infinito no corpo orgânico
Authors: Lacerda Tessa Moura 
Published: January 2017

O corpo orgânico é concebido como uma unidade e pode ser pensado como substância corpórea. A relação entre alma e corpo não é apenas uma relação de harmonia preestabelecida entre uma mônada dominante e infinitas mônadas, mas também um vínculo substancial entre mônadas. A união substancial e a harmonia preestabelecida são duas explicações possíveis e compatíveis a respeito do mesmo. Embora a explicação do “vínculo” só compareça na correspondência entre Leibniz e Des Bosses, as grandes teses a respeito do corpo já estavam dadas na filosofia de Leibniz desde 1686.
A POLÍTICA E O CAMPO DAS APARÊNCIAS EM MAQUIAVEL E VICO
Authors: Pereira Filho Antônio José 
Published: January 2017

A relação entre política e aparência desenvolvida por Maquiavel no Príncipe tem sido vista como uma chave de leitura fundamental da obra do pensador florentino. Maquiavel teria mostrado que é condição da política desdobrar-se na aparência, ou seja, na dimensão simbólica do imaginário coletivo. Esta mesma relação também é colocada de modo emblemático pelo filósofo napolitano Giambattista Vico, autor raramente citado quanto à recepção de Maquiavel, mas que explora ou retoma temas afins. A questão é saber até que ponto Vico segue pela via aberta por Maquiavel ou dela se afasta. Portanto, é o percurso e a direção desta retomada que gostaria de indicar neste trabalho, tendo em vista que, tanto Vico quanto Maquiavel, dialogam com a antiga tradição filosófica que, de Platão a Plutarco, já discutia o assunto.
A TEMPORALIDADE DA PERCEPÇÃO EM LEIBNIZ
Authors: Kontic Sacha Zilber 
Published: January 2017

Ao afirmar que o tempo é um continuum, Leibniz não pode considerar a percepção como uma simples sucessão de estados perceptivos. Pelo contrário, é necessário que haja uma continuidade de natureza entre esses diversos estados que se deva unicamente a espontaneidade da Mônada. A diferença entre as percepções da Mônada não pode se dar, entretanto, no conteúdo que ela representa, pois ela representa sempre uma mesma multiplicidade, ou seja, o universo tal como ele existe na mente divina, a partir de seu ponto de vista particular. O presente artigo visa examinar como Leibniz concilia a temporalidade da percepção, que se deve à sucessão espontânea dos estados da Mônada, com o caráter eterno da realidade que ela representa a todo o momento.
Therapeutic Targeting of RNA Polymerase I With the Small-Molecule CX-5461 for Prevention of Arterial Injury–Induced Neointimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Ye Qing , Pang Shu , Zhang Wenjing , Guo Xiaotong , Wang Jianli , Zhang Yongtao , Liu Yang , Wu Xiao , Jiang Fan 
Published: January 2017

Objective—
RNA polymerase I (Pol I)–dependent rRNA synthesis is a determinant factor in ribosome biogenesis and thus cell proliferation. The importance of dysregulated Pol I activity in cardiovascular disease, however, has not been recognized. Here, we tested the hypothesis that specific inhibition of Pol I might prevent arterial injury–induced neointimal hyperplasia.

Approach and Results—
CX-5461 is a novel selective Pol I inhibitor. Using this tool, we demonstrated that local inhibition of Pol I blocked balloon injury–induced neointima formation in rat carotid arteries in vivo. Neointimal development was associated with augmented rDNA transcriptional activity as evidenced by the increased phosphorylation of upstream binding factor-1. The beneficial effect of CX-5461 was mainly mediated by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest of proliferating smooth muscle cells without obvious apoptosis. CX-5461 did not induce p53 stabilization but increased p53 phosphorylation and acetylation and activated the ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) pathway. Inhibition of ATR, but not of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, abolished the cytostatic effect of CX-5461 and p53 phosphorylation. In addition, inhibition of p53 or knockdown of the p53 target GADD45 mimicked the effect of ATR inhibition. In vivo experiments showed that the levels of phospho-p53 and acetyl-p53, and activity of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ATR pathway were all augmented in CX-5461–treated vessels.

Conclusions—
Pol I can be therapeutically targeted to inhibit the growth of neointima, supporting that Pol I is a novel biological target for preventing arterial restenosis. Mechanistically, Pol I inhibition elicited G2/M cell cycle arrest in smooth muscle cells via activation of the ATR-p53 axis.
Poliovirus Receptor–Related 2
Authors: Rossignoli Aránzazu , Shang Ming-Mei , Gladh Hanna , Moessinger Christine , Foroughi Asl Hassan , Talukdar Husain Ahammad , Franzén Oscar , Mueller Steffen , Björkegren Johan L.M. , Folestad Erika , Skogsberg Josefin 
Published: January 2017

Objective—

Recently, poliovirus receptor–related 2 (
Pvrl2
) emerged as a top gene in a global gene expression study aiming to detect plasma cholesterol–responsive genes causally related to atherosclerosis regression in hypercholesterolemic mice. PVRL2 is an adherens junction protein implied to play a role in transendothelial migration of leukocytes, a key feature in atherosclerosis development. In this study, we investigated the effect of
Pvrl2
deficiency on atherosclerosis development and transendothelial migration of leukocytes activity.

Approach and Results—

Pvrl2
-deficient mice bred onto an atherosclerosis-prone background (
Pvrl2
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
Apob
100/100
) had less atherosclerotic lesions and more stable plaques compared with littermate controls (
Pvrl2
+/+
Ldlr
−/−
Apob
100/100
).
Pvrl2
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
Apob
100/100
mice also showed a 49% decrease in transendothelial migration of leukocytes activity observed using the in vivo air pouch model. In accordance, augmented arterial wall expression of
Pvrl2
during atherosclerosis progression coincided with an increased gene expression of migrating leukocytes into the vessel wall. Both in human and mice, gene and protein expression of PVRL2 was predominantly observed in the vascular endothelium according to the immunohistochemical and gene expression data. In addition, the cholesterol responsiveness of
PVRL2
was also observed in humans.

Conclusions—
PVRL2 is a plasma cholesterol–responsive gene acting at endothelial sites of vascular inflammation that could potentially be a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis prevention through its suggested transendothelial migration of leukocytes modulating activity.
Predicting Home and Community Walking Activity Poststroke
Authors: Fulk George D. , He Ying , Boyne Pierce , Dunning Kari 
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose—
Walking ability poststroke is commonly assessed using gait speed categories developed by Perry et al. The purpose of this study was to reexamine factors that predict home and community ambulators determined from real-world walking activity data using activity monitors.

Methods—
Secondary analyses of real-world walking activity from 2 stroke trials. Home (100–2499 steps/d), most limited community (2500–4499 steps/d), least limited community (5000–74 999), and full community (≥7500 steps/d) walking categories were developed based on normative data. Independent variables to predict walking categories were comfortable and fast gait speed, 6-minute walk test, Berg Balance Scale, Fugl Meyer, and Stroke Impact Scale. Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses to identify significant variables associated with walking categories, bootstrap method to select the most stable model and receiver-operating characteristic to identify cutoff values.

Results—
Data from 441 individuals poststroke were analyzed. The 6-minute walk test, Fugl Meyer, and Berg Balance Scale combined were the strongest predictors of home versus community and limited versus unlimited community ambulators. The 6-minute walk test was the strongest individual variable in predicting home versus community (receiver-operating characteristic area under curve=0.82) and limited versus full community ambulators (receiver-operating characteristic area under curve=0.76). A comfortable gait speed of 0.49 m/s discriminated between home and community and a comfortable gait speed of 0.93 m/s discriminated between limited community and full community ambulators.

Conclusions—
The 6-minute walk test was better able to discriminate among home, limited community, and full community ambulators than comfortable gait speed. Gait speed values commonly used to distinguish between home and community walkers may overestimate walking activity.
Simulated and Observed Surface Energy Fluxes and Resulting Playa Breezes during the MATERHORN Field Campaigns
Authors: Massey Jeffrey D. , Steenburgh W. James , Hoch Sebastian W. , Jensen Derek D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations of the autumn 2012 and spring 2013 Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations Program (MATERHORN) field campaigns are validated against observations of components of the surface energy balance (SEB) collected over contrasting desert-shrub and playa land surfaces of the Great Salt Lake Desert in northwestern Utah. Over the desert shrub, a large underprediction of sensible heat flux and an overprediction of ground heat flux occurred during the autumn campaign when the model-analyzed soil moisture was considerably higher than the measured soil moisture. Simulations that incorporate in situ measurements of soil moisture into the land surface analyses and use a modified parameterization for soil thermal conductivity greatly reduce these errors over the desert shrub but exacerbate the overprediction of latent heat flux over the playa. The Noah land surface model coupled to WRF does not capture the many unusual playa land surface processes, and simulations that incorporate satellite-derived albedo and reduce the saturation vapor pressure over the playa only marginally improve the forecasts of the SEB components. Nevertheless, the forecast of the 2-m temperature difference between the playa and desert shrub improves, which increases the strength of the daytime off-playa breeze. The stronger off-playa breeze, however, does not substantially reduce the mean absolute errors in overall 10-m wind speed and direction. This work highlights some deficiencies of the Noah land surface model over two common arid land surfaces and demonstrates the importance of accurate land surface analyses over a dryland region.
Attributing the Changes in Reference Evapotranspiration in Southwestern China Using a New Separation Method
Authors: Sun Shanlei , Chen Haishan , Sun Ge , Ju Weimin , Wang Guojie , Li Xing , Yan Guixia , Gao Chujie , Huang Jin , Zhang Fangmin , Zhu Siguang , Hua Wenjian 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This study investigated monthly and annual reference evapotranspiration changes over southwestern China (SWC) from 1960 to 2012, using the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ report 56 (FAO-56) Penman–Monteith equation and routine meteorological observations at 269 weather sites. During 1960–2012, the monthly and annual decreased at most sites. Moreover, the SWC regional average trend in annual was significantly negative (p &lt; 0.05); this trend was the same in most months. A new separation method using several numerical experiments was proposed to quantify each driving factor’s contribution to changes and exhibited higher accuracy based on several validation criteria, after which an attribution analysis was performed. Across SWC, the declining annual was mainly due to decreased net radiation (RN). Spatially, the annual changes at most sites in eastern SWC (excluding southeastern West Guangxi) were generally due to RN, whereas wind speed (WND) or vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was the determinant at other sites. Nevertheless, the determinants differed among 12 months. For the whole SWC, increased VPD in February and decreased WND in April, May, and October were the determinant of decreased ; however, decreased RN was the determinant in other months. Overall, the determinant of the monthly changes exhibited a complex spatial pattern. A complete analysis of changes and the related physical mechanisms in SWC is necessary to better understand hydroclimatological extremes (e.g., droughts) and to develop appropriate strategies to sustain regional development (e.g., water resources and agriculture). Importantly, this separation method provides new perspective for quantitative attribution analyses and thus may be implemented in various scientific fields (e.g., climatology and hydrology).
Climatological Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Changes under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear
Authors: Rios-Berrios Rosimar , Torn Ryan D. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Although infrequent, tropical cyclones (TCs) can intensify under moderate vertical wind shear (VWS). A potential hypothesis is that other factors—associated with both the TC and its environment—can help offset the effects of VWS and aid intensification. This hypothesis was tested with a large dataset of 6-hourly best tracks and environmental diagnostics for global TCs between 1982 and 2014. Moderate VWS was objectively defined as 4.5–11.0 m s−1, which represents the 25th–75th percentiles of the global distribution of 200–850-hPa VWS magnitude around TCs. Intensifying events (i.e., unique 6-hourly data points) were compared against steady-state events to determine which TC and environmental characteristics favored intensification under moderate VWS. This comparison showed that intensifying events were significantly stronger, closer to the equator, larger, and moving with a more westward motion than steady-state events. Furthermore, intensifying events moved within environments characterized by warmer sea surface temperatures, greater midtropospheric water vapor, and more easterly VWS than steady-state events. Storm-relative, shear-relative composites suggested that the coupling between water vapor, surface latent heat fluxes, and storm-relative flow asymmetries was conducive for less dry air intrusions and more symmetric rainfall in intensifying events. Last, the comparison showed no systematic differences between environmental wind profiles possibly due to the large temporal variability of VWS.
Calibrated Probabilistic Hub-Height Wind Forecasts in Complex Terrain
Authors: Siuta David , West Gregory , Stull Roland , Nipen Thomas 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This work evaluates the use of a WRF ensemble for short-term, probabilistic, hub-height wind speed forecasts in complex terrain. Testing for probabilistic-forecast improvements is conducted by increasing the number of planetary boundary layer schemes used in the ensemble. Additionally, several prescribed uncertainty models used to derive forecast probabilities based on knowledge of the error within a past training period are evaluated. A Gaussian uncertainty model provided calibrated wind speed forecasts at all wind farms tested. Attempts to scale the Gaussian distribution based on the ensemble mean or variance values did not result in further improvement of the probabilistic forecast performance. When using the Gaussian uncertainty model, a small-sized six-member ensemble showed equal skill to that of the full 48-member ensemble. A new uncertainty model called the pq distribution that better fits the ensemble wind forecast error distribution is introduced. Results indicate that the gross attributes (central tendency, spread, and symmetry) of the prescribed uncertainty model are more important than its exact shape.