bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Care leavers: A British affair
Authors: Power Luke , Raphael Dennis 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIndividuals in and leaving care within the UK experience numerous dilemmas that include a lack of supportive housing and potential homelessness, lower educational attainment and occupational status, and greater likelihood of moving into poverty. These adverse situations—all of which are interrelated—shape their present and future health status. Models of these processes usually focus on individual behaviours/characteristics, the consolidation of positive identities through the development of supportive networks, and specific social policies germane to this group. Although informative, these models neglect many key contextual factors that shape these outcomes. In this paper, we present a model of care‐leaving that incorporates developments in the political economy of health literature to show how differing welfare state arrangements shape health by mediating the distribution of economic and social resources over the life course for populations in general and for those in and leaving care specifically. The key recommendation suggested by this model is to focus upon developing public policies to address the vulnerable situations care leavers experience associated with skewed income distributions, lack of housing affordability, weak employment standards, and lack of access to higher education typical of liberal welfare states such as the UK.
Comparing the Profitability of a Greenhouse to a Vertical Farm in Quebec
Authors: Eaves James , Eaves Stephen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRapidly growing demand for year‐round fresh food, regardless of the weather or climate, is driving demand for controlled environment agriculture systems. Sales from greenhouses (GHs) are growing at 8.8%, while sales from vertical farms (VFs) are growing at 30%. It is commonly believed in industry circles that a VF cannot economically compete with a GH, due to the high cost of powering artificial lighting. Nonetheless, researchers have yet to analyze the economics underlying a VF, let alone compare the profitability of a VF to that of a GH. This research gap is particularly relevant to Canada, as it is uniquely positioned to be a leader in the VF market. Below, we report the results of a detailed simulation of the profitability of growing lettuce in a VF and in a GH located near Quebec City. Surprisingly, we find that the costs to both equip and run the two facilities are very similar, while the gross profit is slightly higher for the VF.
Dynamics in the global protected‐area estate since 2004
Authors: Lewis Edward , MacSharry Brian , Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Harris Nyeema , Burrows Georgina , Kingston Naomi , Burgess Neil D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNations of the world have committed to a number of goals and targets to address global environmental challenges. Protected areas have for centuries been a key strategy in conservation and play a major role in addressing current challenges. The most important tool used to track progress on protected‐area commitments is the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Periodic assessments of the world's protected‐area estate show steady growth over the last 2 decades. However, the current method, which uses the latest version of the WDPA, does not show the true dynamic nature of protected areas over time and does not provide information on sites removed from the WDPA. In reality, this method can only show growth or remain stable. We used GIS tools in an approach to assess protected‐area change over time based on 12 temporally distinct versions of the WDPA that quantify area added and removed from the WDPA annually from 2004 to 2016. Both the narrative of continual growth of protected area and the counter‐narrative of protected area removal were overly simplistic. The former because growth was almost entirely in the marine realm and the latter because some areas removed were reprotected in later years. On average 2.5 million km2 was added to the WDPA annually and 1.1 million km2 was removed. Reasons for the inclusion and removal of protected areas in the WDPA database were in part due to data‐quality issues but also to on‐the‐ground changes. To meet the 17% protected‐area component of Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 by 2020, which stood at 14.7% in 2016, either the rate of protected‐area removal must decrease or the rate of protected‐area designation and addition to the WDPA must increase.
Imaging mass spectrometry for novel insights into contact allergy – a proof‐of‐concept study on nickel
Authors: Malmberg Per , Guttenberg Thomas , Ericson Marica B. , Hagvall Lina 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBackgroundIn spite of extensive regulation to limit exposure, nickel remains the main cause of contact allergy in the general population. More detailed knowledge on the skin uptake of haptens is required. So far, no method exists for the visualization of this clinically relevant hapten and its distribution in the skin.ObjectivesTo show, in terms of a proof of concept, that imaging mass spectrometry [time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS)] can be applied for investigation of the penetration and distribution of nickel in human skin.MethodFull‐thickness human skin obtained from breast reduction surgery was exposed to nickel sulfate (5% in deionized water) for 24 h in Franz‐type diffusion cells. Biopsies were obtained from nickel‐treated samples and control (deionized water). The tissue was sliced, and analysed with ToF‐SIMS, generating high‐resolution images of ion distribution in the epidermis and upper dermis.ResultsThe skin layers could be discerned from the ToF‐SIMS data, particularly on the basis of the collagen signal. Nickel ions were localized to the stratum corneum and upper epidermis.ConclusionsThis is the first time that ToF‐SIMS has been applied to trace the distribution of a hapten in human skin. Proof of principle was shown for nickel, and the technique can, in the future, be expanded for investigation of the skin distribution of clinically relevant sensitizers in general.
Improving evolutionary decision tree induction with multi‐interval discretization
Authors: Saremi Mehrin , Yaghmaee Farzin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDecision trees are a widely used tool for pattern recognition and data mining. Over the last 4 decades, many algorithms have been developed for the induction of decision trees. Most of the classic algorithms use a greedy, divide‐and‐conquer search method to find an optimal tree, whereas recently evolutionary methods have been used to perform a global search in the space of possible trees. To the best of our knowledge, limited research has addressed the issue of multi‐interval decision trees. In this paper, we improve our previous work on multi‐interval trees and compare our previous and current work with a classic algorithm, ie, chi‐squared automatic interaction detection, and an evolutionary algorithm, ie, evtree.The results show that the proposed method improves on our previous method both in accuracy and in speed. It also outperforms chi‐squared automatic interaction detection and performs comparably to evtree. The trees generated by our method have more nodes but are shallower than those produced by evtree.
The prognostic significance of frailty compared to peak oxygen consumption and B‐type natriuretic peptide in patients with advanced heart failure
Authors: Moayedi Yasbanoo , Duero Posada Juan G. , Foroutan Farid , Goldraich Livia A. , Alba Ana C. , MacIver Jane , Ross Heather J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFrailty assessment has become an integral part of the evaluation of potential candidates for heart transplantation and ventricular assist device (HTx/VAD). The impact of frailty, as a heart failure risk factor or to identify those who will derive the greatest benefit with HTx/VAD remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent prognostic relevance of frailty assessment from peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) or B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) on mortality in patients referred for advanced heart failure therapies. Frailty was measured using modified Fried frailty criteria. In 201 consecutive patients, during a median follow‐up of 17.5 months (IQR 11‐29.2), there were 25 (12.4%) deaths. One‐year survival was 100%, 94%, and 78% in nonfrail, prefrail, and frail patients, respectively (log rank P = .0001). Frailty was associated with a twofold increase risk of death (HR 2.01, P < .0001, 95% CI 1.42‐2.84). When adjusted for BNP or peak VO2, frailty was not associated with a significant risk of all‐cause death. However, when peak VO2 is stratified into two categories (≥12 mL/kg/min vs <12 mL/kg/min), frailty was associated with increased mortality in patients with a lower peak VO2 (HR 1.72, P = .006).
Sampling of wide local excision specimens in cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Fives Cassie , Heffron Cynthia C. B. B. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundWide local excisions (WLEs) are frequently undertaken in the management of cutaneous melanoma; however, there is a considerable variability in their macroscopic sampling. The aim of our study was to establish evidence‐based guidelines for the macroscopic handling of these specimens with a subsequent review of the impact on our service.MethodsThe study group of 128 cases with initial biopsy and subsequent WLE in our institution in 2010 were identified by a computer‐generated search. From analysis of this group, guidelines for macroscopic sampling were derived with a repeat search performed in 2012.ResultsResidual melanoma was detected only in those cases in which the original specimen had clear margins of ≤1 mm or with a pigmented lesion. A 32% increase in case numbers was noted over this period with a reduction of 6.2% in block numbers. Average block numbers per case were reduced by 2.3 (30.7%).ConclusionsWe have shown that for WLE specimens with no evidence of a macroscopic lesion and clear margins on original biopsy, little is to be gained from extensive sampling. In these cases we recommend a maximum of 3 blocks per case. Reduction in sampling based on this evidence would result in saving valuable laboratory resources.
Cross‐border migration and initiation of others into drug injecting in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Rafful Claudia , Melo Jason , Medina‐Mora María Elena , Rangel Gudelia , Sun Xiaoying , Jain Sonia , Werb Dan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsEfforts to prevent injection drug use (IDU) are increasingly focusing on the role that people who inject drugs (PWID) play in facilitating the entry of others into this behaviour. This is particularly relevant in settings experiencing high levels of IDU, such as Mexico’s northern border region, where cross‐border migration, particularly through forced deportation, has been found to increase a range of health and social harms related to injecting.Design and MethodsPWID enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Tijuana, Mexico, since 2011 were interviewed semi‐annually, which solicited responses on their experiences initiating others into injecting. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted at the Preventing Injection by Modifying Existing Responses (PRIMER) baseline, with the dependent variable defined as reporting ever initiating others into injection. The primary independent variable was lifetime deportation from the USA to Mexico.ResultsAmong 532 participants, 14% (n = 76) reported initiating others into injecting, the majority of participants reporting initiating acquaintances (74%, n = 56). In multivariable analyses, initiating others into injecting was independently associated with reporting living in the USA for 1–5 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–4.79, P = 0.01], and methamphetamine and heroin injection combined (AOR = 3.67; 95% CI 1.11–12.17, P = 0.03). Deportation was not independently associated with initiating others into injecting.Discussion and ConclusionsThe impact of migration needs to be considered within binational programming seeking to prevent the expansion of epidemics of injecting and HIV transmission among mobile populations residing in the Mexico–USA border region.
Incidence and predictors of mental health disorder diagnoses among people who inject drugs in a Canadian setting
Authors: Reddon Hudson , Pettes Tyler , Wood Evan , Nosova Ekaterina , Milloy MICHAEL‐JOHN , Kerr Thomas , Hayashi Kanna 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsLimited attention has been given to the predictors of mental health diagnoses among people who inject drugs (PWID) in community settings. Therefore, we sought to longitudinally examine the prevalence, incidence and predictors of mental disorder diagnosis among a community‐recruited cohort of PWID.Design and MethodsData were derived from two prospective cohort studies of PWID (VIDUS and ACCESS) in Vancouver, Canada between December 2005 and May 2015. We used multivariable extended Cox regression to identify factors independently associated with self‐reported mental disorder diagnosis during follow‐up among those without a history of such diagnoses at baseline.ResultsAmong the 923 participants who did not report a mental disorder at baseline, 206 (22.3%) reported a first diagnosis of a mental disorder during follow‐up for an incidence density of 4.29 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.72–4.91] per 100 person‐years. In the multivariable analysis, female sex [adjusted hazards ratio (AHR) = 1.74, 95% CI 1.29–2.33], experiencing non‐fatal overdose (AHR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.38–3.94), accessing any drug or alcohol treatment (AHR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.24–2.27), accessing any community health or social services (AHR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.02–2.28) and experiencing violence (AHR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.12–2.29) were independently associated with a mental disorder diagnosis at follow‐up.Discussion and ConclusionsWe observed a high prevalence and incidence of mental disorders among our community‐recruited sample of PWID. The validity and implication of these diagnoses for key substance use and public health outcomes are an urgent priority.
Extinct, obscure or imaginary: The lizard species with the smallest ranges
Authors: Meiri Shai , Bauer Aaron M. , Allison Allen , Castro‐Herrera Fernando , Chirio Laurent , Colli Guarino , Das Indraneil , Doan Tiffany M. , Glaw Frank , Grismer Lee L. , Hoogmoed Marinus , Kraus Fred , LeBreton Matthew , Meirte Danny , Nagy Zoltán T. , Nogueira Cristiano de C. , Oliver Paul , Pauwels Olivier S. G. , Pincheira‐Donoso Daniel , Shea Glenn , Sindaco Roberto , Tallowin Oliver J. S. , Torres‐Carvajal Omar , Trape Jean‐Francois , Uetz Peter , Wagner Philipp , Wang Yuezhao , Ziegler Thomas , Roll Uri 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimSmall geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges—those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide‐ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of <10 km. We compared their biogeography, key biological traits and threat status to those of all other lizards.ResultsOne in seven lizards (927 of the 6,568 currently recognized species) are known only from their type localities. These include 213 species known only from a single specimen. Compared to more wide‐ranging taxa, they mostly inhabit relatively inaccessible regions at lower, mostly tropical, latitudes. Surprisingly, we found that burrowing lifestyle is a relatively unimportant driver of small range size. Geckos are especially prone to having tiny ranges, and skinks dominate lists of such species not seen for over 50 years, as well as of species known only from their holotype. Two‐thirds of these species have noIUCNassessments, and at least 20 are extinct.Main conclusionsFourteen per cent of lizard diversity is restricted to a single location, often in inaccessible regions. These species are elusive, usually poorly known and little studied. Many face severe extinction risk, but current knowledge is inadequate to properly assess this for all of them. We recommend that such species become the focus of taxonomic, ecological and survey efforts.
LUCAS Soil, the largest expandable soil dataset for Europe: a review
Authors: Orgiazzi A. , Ballabio C. , Panagos P. , Jones A. , Fernández‐Ugalde O. 
Published: November 2017

SummarySoil is a non‐renewable resource that requires constant monitoring to prevent its degradation and promote its sustainable management. The ‘Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey Soil’ (LUCAS Soil) is an extensive and regular topsoil survey that is carried out across the European Union to derive policy‐relevant statistics on the effect of land management on soil characteristics. Approximately 45 000 soil samples have been collected from two time‐periods, 2009–2012 and 2015. A new sampling series will be undertaken in 2018, with new measurements included. The organization for the 2018 sampling campaign represents an opportunity to summarize past LUCAS Soil achievements and present its future objectives. In 2009–2012 and 2015, LUCAS Soil surveys targeted physicochemical properties, including pH, organic carbon, nutrient concentrations and cation exchange capacity. Data from 2009–2012 (ca. 22 000 points) and derived output (more than 20 maps) are available freely from the European Soil Data Centre website. Analyses of samples collected during 2015 are ongoing and data will be available at the end of 2017. In the 2018 LUCAS Soil sampling campaign, additional properties, including bulk density, soil biodiversity, specific measurements for organic‐rich soil and soil erosion will be measured. Here we present the current dataset (LUCAS Soil 2009–2012 and 2015), its potential for reuse and future development plans (LUCAS Soil 2018 and over). LUCAS Soil represents the largest harmonized open‐access dataset of topsoil properties available for the European Union at the global scale. It was developed as an expandable resource, with the possibility to add new properties and sampling locations during successive sampling campaigns. Data are available to the scientific community and decision makers, thus contributing to both research and the development of the land‐focused policy agenda.Highlights
LUCAS Soil consists of soil physicochemical and biological properties data from Europe.
Harmonized and open‐access dataset allowing inclusion of soil in large‐scale inter‐disciplinary assessments.
LUCAS Soil has a broad pool of users from scientists to policy makers, and applications from map validation to modelling.
LUCAS Soil confirms the need for open‐access and a large‐scale dataset for soil properties.
Controversies in therapy of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals
Authors: Giguère S. , Cohen N. D. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryPneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi is one of the most important causes of disease and death in foals. R. equi can also be cultured from a large variety of extrapulmonary sites of infection. In the absence of an effective vaccine, ultrasonographic screening for early detection of pulmonary lesions has become routine practice at many farms endemic for pneumonia caused by R. equi. Consequently, the most frequently recognised form of R. equi infection at such farms is a subclinical form in which foals develop sonographic evidence of peripheral pulmonary consolidation or abscessation without necessarily manifesting clinical signs. Evidence exists that not all foals with ultrasonographic lesions will progress to develop clinical signs, and treating a large proportion of foals based on subclinical ultrasonographic findings has been linked to emergence of macrolide‐ and rifampin‐resistant R. equi at a horse farm. Selectively treating only those foals with larger lesion scores and monitoring foals with daily physical inspections and weekly thoracic ultrasonography offers an approach that could decrease antimicrobial drug use without significantly increasing mortality. Current evidence continues to support the combination of rifampin with a macrolide (azithromycin, clarithromycin or erythromycin) for treating clinical infections caused by R. equi despite recently described pharmacological interactions between these drugs. When infection with a macrolide‐resistant isolate is confirmed, limited effective alternatives exist.
How cognitive and affective aspects can influence the outcome of the group decision‐making process
Authors: Carneiro João , Martinho Diogo , Marreiros Goreti , Novais Paulo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSupporting group decision‐making when the decision makers are spread around the world is a complex process. The mechanisms of automated negotiation, such as argumentation, can be used in Ubiquitous Group Decision Support Systems (UbiGDSS) to help decision makers find a solution based on their preferences. However, the decision‐making process is much more than just a simple criteria and alternative analysis. There are many cognitive and affective issues that affect the outcome, and these issues should not be ignored; otherwise, the quality of the decision could be compromised. In this paper, we detail an UbiGDSS architecture and explore 2 cognitive and affective methods that are essential to the group decision‐making process. We explain how agents can reason about self‐expertise and other decision makers' credibility, and how agents can verify and react to tendencies throughout the decision‐making process. We intend agents to achieve higher quality and more consensual decisions. In any simulation environment that we tested, agents that analysed credibility, expertise, and/or analysed tendencies always achieved a higher consensus compared to agents that used neither of the proposed methods. Likewise, agents that used neither of the proposed methods or only performed tendencies analysis obtained the worst average satisfaction levels for each simulation environment.