bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioethics: The View from Social Science
Authors: Evans John H , Olsen Lauren D 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSince the inception of professional American bioethics, social scientists have been invested in participating in the debates surrounding the definitions and solutions to bioethical problems. The relationship between the social sciences and professional bioethics, however, has been tenuous, given the different disciplinary methods and ideas that undergird both fields. At present, the social sciences contribute to bioethics in two central ways. As outsiders, or as social scientistsofbioethics, researchers place the profession of bioethics as their object of empirical study; as insiders, or as social scientistsinbioethics, researchers work within the framework of professional bioethics. The former is more critical, often challenging assumptions in professional bioethics, and the latter is more positivistic, supplying empirical data about opinions, values and experiences that help improve existing practices within professional bioethics.Key ConceptsIn American bioethics, there are four jurisdictions that a variety of professionals engage in: cultural bioethics, research bioethics, health care ethics consultation and public policy bioethics.The profession of bioethics is a group of professionals that have a common set of methods and ideas for posing and solving problems.The social sciences have had a complex relationship with professional bioethics because often social scientists challenge the methods and ideas that form the basis of professional bioethics' authority.It is helpful to think of social sciencesofbioethics and social sciencesinbioethics to differentiate between the ways in which social scientists engage with the study of bioethics.Social scientistsofbioethics empirically study the profession of bioethics, situating its claims to expertise, institutionalisation and practices within the broader cultural and social context.Social scientistsinbioethics empirically study questions originally raised or delimited in scope by the profession of bioethics, hoping to improve the decision‐making processes or implementation practices within the jurisdictions of bioethics.While social scienceofbioethics and social scienceinbioethics have historically existed in tension, it is important that they remain distinct areas of inquiry while moving towards constructive conversations.
The Chemistry of Alkynylaluminum Species
Authors: Piccardi Riccardo , Micouin Laurent , Jackowski Olivier 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Among organoaluminum reagents, alkynylaluminum species exhibit peculiar physicochemical properties and reactivity. Depending on the nature of easily controlled parameters such as substituents on the aluminum center or additives and solvent, their Lewis acidity and nucleophilicity can be independently fine‐tuned in a very precise manner. This chapter describes the preparation of alkynylaluminum compounds, their structure, and their reactivity in several synthetic transformations involving the transfer of their alkynyl group such as nucleophilic substitution reactions, additions to C–X multiple bonds, epoxide and aziridine ring‐opening reactions, reactions with oxonium and iminium species, metal‐assisted cross‐coupling reactions, as well as in rearrangements. The reactivity of the triple bond of these reagents is also presented.
Methanomassiliicoccaceae
Authors: Nkamga Vanessa Demonfort , Drancourt Michel 
Published: December 2016

Me.tha.no.mas.si.li.i.coc.ca.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Methanomassiliicoccus
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanomassiliicoccaceae
the
Methanomassiliicoccus
family.

Euryarchaeota / Thermoplasmata / Methanomassiliicoccales / Methanomassiliicoccaceae
Roundish cells, usually occurring as single cell without apparent cell wall, obligate anaerobes, and obligately methylotrophic. Methyl donors are methanol or methylamines (mono di‐ or trimethylamine), obligately hydrogen‐dependent, methanogenic metabolism.
Sulphur
Authors: Martelli Matteo 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Native sulphur served a variety of purposes in different areas of expertise: metallurgy, medicine, warfare, agriculture, dyeing processes. Already mentioned in Egyptian and Mesopotamian sources, it is referred to by various Greco‐Roman authors in their writings, from Homer to Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, and Late Antique Greco‐Egyptian alchemists.
Leges Liciniae Sextiae
Authors: Drogula Fred K. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The
leges Liciniae Sextiae
were a series of rogations passed by the Plebeian Assembly (
Concilium Plebis
) in 367
bce
under the leadership of the plebeian tribunes L. Sextius and C. Licinius, and were subsequently treated as law. According to Livy, the
rogationes
alleviated problems of citizen debt, limited the amount of public land an individual citizen could possess, ended the use of military tribunes with consular powers as an alternative chief magistracy to the consulship, opened the consulship to men of plebeian families, and required that half of the
decemviri sacris faciundis
be chosen from men of plebeian families. While Livy places these
rogationes
within the context of the social tensions between patricians and plebeians during the so‐called Struggle of the Orders, some modern scholars have argued that they were instead political and military in nature.
Medicine, Hellenistic
Authors: Leith D. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The loss of almost all contemporary medical writings poses serious challenges to our understanding of medicine in the Hellenistic period. Yet the changes that took place were undoubtedly dramatic, and fundamentally altered the later course of the western medical tradition. There were considerable developments in such areas of investigation as anatomy and pharmacology, and in reflections concerning medical knowledge and how it could be attained. The period also saw the formation of the Hippocratic Corpus in basically the form in which we now know it, as well as the crucial assimilation of Greek medicine by the growing superpower of Rome.
Twelve Gods
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The term “twelve gods” (δώδεkα θεoί) refers to a set of the twelve most important Greek deities, especially in so far as they were worshiped together; the earliest attested cults of the twelve gods are in Athens in the late sixth century
bce
and at Olympia in the fifth. Groups of twelve gods are well attested in Late Bronze Age Anatolia, and it is possible that the Greeks derived the notion of Twelve Gods from there.
Anacharsis
Authors: Schubert Charlotte 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The fictitious character of Anarcharsis is said to have been a Scythian prince who traveled in Greece, in order to reveal his peculiar nomadic wisdom as well as to collect typical cultural assets. He found his way into the circle of the so‐called Seven Sages, an assemblage of outstanding statesmen and philosophers of the seventh and sixth centuries
bce
, invented by ancient literary tradition. With the discovery of America and the renewed discussions about “the other,” the complementary myths of the “noble” and the “bad” savage were given new life, similar to the pattern already known from antiquity. J.‐J. Barthélemy in his
Voyage du jeune Anarcharsis en Grèce
(1788), J.‐B. Cloots in the time of the French Revolution, and the famous German artist Joseph Beuys (1921–1986) referred to this tradition.
Marinus of Neapolis
Authors: Edwards Mark J. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The Neoplatonic philosopher Marinus of Neapolis succeeded Proclus as head of the Academy in Athens in 485
ce
. His surviving works include a commentary on the
Data
of Euclid, and he is credited also with an erudite treatise on astrology. He owes his fame primarily, however, to his
Proclus, or On Happiness
, a hagiographic memoir of his predecessor, unmistakable hostile to
C
hristianity, which treats the life of Proclus as an exemplary progression from civic to philosophic virtue.
Procopius of Gaza
Authors: Amato Eugenio 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Procopius was a rhetor and sophist who lived in Gaza (ca. 465–70
ce
–526/30
ce
). He wrote numerous works dedicated to pupils of the famous school of his native city, which was run by himself, or addressed to a wider public and rendered on the occasion of festivals or important political‐cultural events. He was highly valued because of the elegance and finesse of his style during the Byzantine period, and he was considered to be one of the last voices of Greek sophistry.
Beloch, Karl Julius (1854–1929)
Authors: Kopff E. Christian 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Karl Julius Alwin Beloch (1854–1929) was an influential but idiosyncratic ancient historian. He wrote on the history of Campania, the rise of Rome in Italy, and Athenian politics after Pericles. His work on ancient demography is foundational. His critical and insightful Greek history in two editions remains important. He used geography, inscriptions, coins, and papyri to deconstruct the historical tradition. He was a professor in Rome for most of forty years, but was interned as an enemy alien during World War I. He was granted Italian citizenship and his professorship was restored before his death.
Histiaia
Authors: Lasagni Chiara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHistiaia was an ancientpolisin northern Euboea and a member of the Delian League. After revolting against Athens in 426bce, Histiaia was depopulated and its territory occupied by Athenian colonists, who settled in Oreos, local deme of Histiaiotis. Because of these events, in reference to the autonomous city‐state reestablished after 404bce, sources use both names, Histiaia and Oreos. During the first part of the fourth centurybce, Histiaia expanded, annexing by synoecism the formerpoleisof Dion, Athenae Diades, and Posideion, which eventually became Histiaian demes.
Koukonisi on Lemnos
Authors: Papadimitriou Nikos 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Koukonisi is a prehistoric settlement on the island of Lemnos in the northeastern Aegean. Inhabited since the beginning of the third millennium
bce
, it enjoyed its greatest development in the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1650
bce
), when it evolved into a major urban center with close affinities to Troy and western Anatolia. In the Late Bronze Age (sixteenth to thirteenth centuries
bce
), it was more closely connected with the Minoan and Mycenaean worlds.
Compatibilized low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene/nanoclay nanocomposites: II. Opposing effects of nanofiller on quiescent and shear‐induced crystallization
Authors: Hemmati Farkhondeh , Yousefzade Omid , Garmabi Hamid 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIsothermal and non‐isothermal crystallization processes of polyolefin nanocomposites based on low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene/nanoclay have been investigated, and the effects of nanoclay loading and dispersion state have been studied. Moreover, the isothermal crystallization of polyethylene chains has been evaluated in the quiescent and shear‐induced conditions. In quiescent crystallization, adding 1 wt% nanofiller improves the crystallization rate, whereas an increment in the organoclay loading retards the crystallization process. However, an opposing effect of nanoparticles is observed in the shear‐induced crystallization. The findings show that the incorporation of 5 wt% nanoclay in good dispersion state considerably accelerates the shear‐induced crystallization process. This influence is found even for very weak shear flow fields. The synergistic effects of nanoclay addition and shear field presence on the crystallization process are of major significance particularly for polyolefin products, which are commonly manufactured by using melt processing methods.
Visible‐Light Photoredox Decarboxylative Couplings
Authors: Jin Yunhe , Fu Hua 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCarboxylic acids and their derivatives are abundant and inexpensive organic and biomass‐derived platform molecules, and their conversion into high‐value products represents an important goal. Recently, visible‐light photoredox decarboxylative coupling reactions have become an important chemical transformation because of their wide substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and practicability. This review summarizes recent advances in visible‐light photoredox decarboxylative coupling strategies, which include the formation of C−C and C−Y (Y=heteroatom) bonds.
Discovery of a PCAF Bromodomain Chemical Probe
Authors: Moustakim Moses , Clark Peter G. K. , Trulli Laura , Fuentes de Arriba Angel L. , Ehebauer Matthias T. , Chaikuad Apirat , Murphy Emma J. , Mendez‐Johnson Jacqui , Daniels Danette , Hou Chun‐Feng D. , Lin Yu‐Hui , Walker John R. , Hui Raymond , Yang Hongbing , Dorrell Lucy , Rogers Catherine M. , Monteiro Octovia P. , Fedorov Oleg , Huber Kilian V. M. , Knapp Stefan , Heer Jag , Dixon Darren J. , Brennan Paul E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe p300/CBP‐associated factor (PCAF) and related GCN5 bromodomain‐containing lysine acetyl transferases are members of subfamily I of the bromodomain phylogenetic tree. Iterative cycles of rational inhibitor design and biophysical characterization led to the discovery of the triazolopthalazine‐based L‐45 (dubbed L‐Moses) as the first potent, selective, and cell‐active PCAF bromodomain (Brd) inhibitor. Synthesis from readily available (1R,2S)‐(−)‐norephedrine furnished L‐45 in enantiopure form. L‐45 was shown to disrupt PCAF‐Brd histone H3.3 interaction in cells using a nanoBRET assay, and a co‐crystal structure of L‐45 with the homologous Brd PfGCN5 from Plasmodium falciparum rationalizes the high selectivity for PCAF and GCN5 bromodomains. Compound L‐45 shows no observable cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), good cell‐permeability, and metabolic stability in human and mouse liver microsomes, supporting its potential for in vivo use.
Seed‐Mediated Growth of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals
Authors: Xia Younan , Gilroy Kyle D. , Peng Hsin‐Chieh , Xia Xiaohu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSeed‐mediated growth is a powerful and versatile approach for the synthesis of colloidal metal nanocrystals. The vast allure of this approach mainly stems from the staggering degree of control one can achieve over the size, shape, composition, and structure of nanocrystals. These parameters not only control the properties of nanocrystals but also determine their relevance to, and performance in, various applications. The ingenuity and artistry inherent to seed‐mediated growth offer extensive promise, enhancing a number of existing applications and opening the door to new developments. This Review demonstrates how the diversity of metal nanocrystals can be expanded with endless opportunities by using seeds with well‐defined and controllable internal structures in conjunction with a proper combination of capping agent and reduction kinetics. New capabilities and future directions are also highlighted.
Benzo‐Fused Double [7]Carbohelicene: Synthesis, Structures, and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Hu Yunbin , Wang Xiao‐Ye , Peng Pi‐Xian , Wang Xin‐Chang , Cao Xiao‐Yu , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus , Narita Akimitsu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA benzo‐fused double [7]carbohelicene (D7H) was synthesized through a regioselective cyclodehydrogenation of a tetranaphthyl‐p‐terphenyl‐based precursor. The twisted (D7H‐1) and anti‐folded (D7H‐2) conformers of D7H were separated by recrystallization, and their double helicene structures with overlapping terminal benzene rings were unambiguously elucidated by X‐ray crystallography. A record‐high isomerization barrier (46.0 kcal mol−1) in double helicenes was estimated based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation, which resulted in the excellent conformational stability of D7H. The physicochemical properties of D7H‐1 and D7H‐2 were investigated by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, displaying the variation of electronic structure upon conformational changes. The optical resolution of the racemic D7H‐1 was carried out by chiral HPLC, offering enantiopure D7H‐1‐(P,P) and D7H‐1‐(M,M), which were further characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy.
The influence ofin situsynthesized nanoparticles on microstructure and compression properties of polymer foams during supercritical carbon dioxide foaming
Authors: Yuan Huan , Xiong Yuanlu , Luo Guoqiang , Shen Qiang , Zhang Lianmeng 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe influence ofin situsynthesized nanoparticles on the microstructure and compression properties of polymer foams during supercritical carbon dioxide foaming has been investigated. Thein situsynthesized Ag nanoparticles were chosen to be heterogeneous nucleating agent. For achieving our target, the influence of the nanoparticle size on the cell structure and the nucleation mechanism has been detailed discussed firstly. The results show that thein situsynthesized nanoparticles can be heterogeneous nucleation agent to improve the cell density of the PMMA‐based foams. The particle size is able to reduce to the critical size of heterogeneous nucleation agent and, then, can highly improve the cell density of the foams. The Ag nanoparticles with average size of 2.2 nm led to 85% increase in compressive strength of the foams. The improvement of strength of the polymer matrix and the microstructure of the foams can lead to the remarkable increase in the mechanical properties of the foams. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44629.
Design of green zinc‐based thermal stabilizers derived from tung oil fatty acid and study of thermal stabilization for PVC
Authors: Li Mei , Zhang Jinwen , Xin Junna , Huang Kun , Li Shouhai , Wang Mei , Xia Jianling 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, a new type of mixed calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) thermal stabilizers was prepared and evaluated for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) thermal stabilization. The mixed stabilizers were based on the Ca and Zn salts of polycarboxylic acid derived from eleostearic acid—the dominant fatty acid of tung oil fatty acids. Eleostearic acid was converted to a 21‐carbon diacid (C21DA) and a 22‐carbon triacid (C22TA), respectively, which were subsequently turned into calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) salts. Thermal stability of PVC compounds was examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), discoloration test, Congo red test, and thermal decomposition kinetics. In comparison, commercial mixed Ca/Zn thermal stabilizers composed of stearate salts (CaSt2/ZnSt2), were employed as controls. Because the salts of C21DA, C22TA and stearate have different metal contents, thermal stabilization effects were compared on the basis of both equal salt weight and equal metal ion content. It was noted that under both cases the long‐term thermal stability of the PVC samples followed the order of C21DA‐Ca/C21DA‐Zn > C22TA‐Ca/C22TA‐Zn > CaSt2/ZnSt2. The results suggest that the mixed Ca/Zn salts based on tung oil‐derived polycarboxylic acids have higher metal ion contents and cycloaliphatic structures and can effectively improve the thermal stability of PVC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44679.
Design of Block Copolymer Micellar Aggregates for Co‐Delivery of Enzyme and Anticancer Prodrug
Authors: Li Hongping , Chen Lulu , Shi Yuting , Yuan Binbin , Ma Yingxia , Wei Hua , Zhao Guanghui 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTraditional enzyme–prodrug therapy (EPT) is a two‐step strategy, which has many serious deficiencies, so having a one‐step EPT treatment becomes a problem of immediate interest. This study aims to achieve an effective co‐delivery of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a kind of enzyme for prodrug activation and ethyl 3‐indoleacetate (EIA) as anticancer prodrug. A ternary block copolymer PEG‐PAsp(AED)‐CA consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), reduction‐sensitive poly (N‐(2,2′‐dithiobis(ethylamine)) aspartamide) PAsp(AED), and cholic acid (CA) was synthesized and assembled into spherical micelles which encapsulated EIA in its hydrophobic core and HRP in a reduction‐sensitive interlayer. TEM photographs show that the polymer micelle is around 40 nm, and the cell survival rate test shows that the EIA/HRP polymer micelle is highly lethal to human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, co‐delivery of EIA and HRP demonstrates great potential in cancer therapy, offering a structurally simple and highly tunable platform for the synchronous delivery of enzymes and prodrugs in EPT.
Cationic and Neutral Rotaxanes Having Different Functional Groups in the Axle Molecule and Their Coordination to PtII
Authors: Yu Gilbert , Suzaki Yuji , Osakada Kohtaro 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDibenzo[24]crown‐8 (DB24C8) forms rotaxanes with a linear molecule having a dialkylammonium group and a triazole group as well as with the acetylation product of a cationic axle molecule. The former cationic rotaxane is stabilized by multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the NH2+ and oxyethylene groups. The neutral rotaxane contains the macrocycle in the vicinity of the terminal aryl group. The co‐conformation of both the cationic and neutral rotaxanes can be fixed by coordination of the triazole group of the axle molecule to PtCl2(dmso)2. A 1H NMR spectroscopic study on the thermodynamics of the Pt coordination revealed a larger association constant for the rotaxanes than for the corresponding axle molecules and a larger value for the neutral rotaxane than for the cationic rotaxane.
Metabolic engineering of Mannheimia succiniciproducens for succinic acid production based on elementary mode analysis with clustering
Authors: Kim Won Jun , Ahn Jung Ho , Kim Hyun Uk , Kim Tae Yong , Lee Sang Yup 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMannheimia succiniciproducens, a capnophilic gram‐negative rumen bacterium, has been employed for the efficient production of succinic acid. Although M. succiniciproducens metabolism was previously studied using a genome‐scale metabolic model, more metabolic characteristics are to be understood. To this end, elementary mode analysis accompanied with clustering (‘EMC’ analysis) is used to gain further insights on metabolic characteristics of M. succiniciproducens allowing efficient succinic acid production. Elementary modes (EMs) generated from the central carbon metabolic network of M. succiniciproducens are clustered to systematically analyze succinic acid production routes. Based on the results of EMC analysis, zwf gene is identified as a novel overexpression target for the improved succinic acid production. This gene is overexpressed in a previously constructed succinic acid‐overproducing M. succiniciproducens LPK7 strain. Heterologous NADPH‐dependent mdh is later intuitively selected for overexpression to synergistically improve succinic acid production by utilizing abundant NADPH pool mediated by the overexpressed zwf. The LPK7 strains co‐expressing mdh alone and both zwf and mdh genes are subjected to fed‐batch fermentation to better examine their succinic acid production performances. Strategies of EMC analysis will be useful for further metabolic engineering of M. succiniciproducens and other microorganisms to improve production of succinic acid and other chemicals of interest.