bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of ketorolac in renal colic
Authors: Di Trolio Robert N , Sing Robert F , Bates Gary M 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Intravenously administered ketorolac tromethamine provided complete pain relief to a 54-year-old man with right-sided testicular pain and nausea and vomiting. The patient had a ureteral calculus documented by computed tomography. This patient's pain initially failed to respond to intravenously administered hydromorphone hydrochloride. Subsequendy, he was admitted to the hospital and had operative removal of his ureteral calculus and placement of a ureteral stent. Based on their findings and review of the literature, the authors recommend that intravenous ketorolac be used as the first-line treatment for acute renal colic in patients in whom the medication is not contraindicated.
Family cluster of atrial septal defect
Authors: DiGiovanna Eileen L 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Atrial septal defect is one of the most common congenital cardiac defects, occurring in 9% to 15% of live births. This defect has been reported to have a genetic etiology in some cases, although the full extent of genetic involvement in atrial septal defect is not known. Because symptoms are often lacking in childhood and manifest primarily in adulthood and because physical findings may be lacking, it is important to take a family history in patients in whom the defect is suspected. When evaluating children, a family history of atrial septal defect should raise suspicion of increased risk so that early diagnosis and treatment can be made. The author reports a cluster of 11 diagnosed atrial septal defects within one 32-member family group, 6 of whom required surgery to repair the defects. It is significant that most of the individuals were lacking in objective findings on physical examination, notably a murmur, as well as in subjective complaints. Diagnoses were made by use of two-dimensional echocardiography with color-enhanced Doppler ultrasonography in all but two cases-one diagnosed with transesophageal echocardiography and one, serendipitously, during cardiac catheterization. Echocardiography also revealed mitral valve prolapse, thin atrial septal wall, with aneurysm in some cases, and regurgitation of mitral or tricuspid valves in several individuals. Cardiac enlargement, usually of the right atrium, was seen in most of the individuals.
High-performance p-channel polycrystalline-germanium thin-film transistors via excimer laser crystallization and counter doping
Authors: Liao Chan-Yu , Huang Ching-Yu , Huang Ming-Hui , Chou Chia-Hsin , Cheng Huang-Chung 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
High-quality polycrystalline-germanium (poly-Ge) thin films have been successfully fabricated by excimer laser crystallization (ELC). Grains as large as 1 µm were achieved by ELC at 300 mJ/cm2. Meanwhile, the defect-generated hole concentrations in Ge thin films were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the majority carriers could then be converted to n-type by counter doping (CD) with a suitable dose. Then, high-performance p-channel Ge thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a high on/off current ratio of up to 1.7 × 103 and a high field-effect mobility of up to 208 cm2 V−1 s−1 were demonstrated for a channel width and length both of 0.5 µm. It was revealed that ELC combined with CD is effective for attaining high-performance p-channel poly-Ge TFTs.
Effects of metal/Ge contact and surface passivation on direct band gap light emission and detection for asymmetric metal/Ge/metal diodes
Authors: Maekura Takayuki , Yamamoto Keisuke , Nakashima Hiroshi , Wang Dong 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Direct band gap electroluminescence (EL) and light detection were studied at room temperature for n-type bulk germanium (Ge) by using fin-type asymmetric lateral metal/Ge/metal diodes. HfGe/Ge and PtGe/Ge contacts were used for injecting holes. Electron cyclotron resonance plasma oxidation and physical vapor deposition bilayer passivation (BLP) methods were employed for passivating the surface of the active region. A high EL intensity and a low dark current intensity were observed for the sample with PtGe/Ge contact and BLP, owing to the small/large barrier height of holes/electrons for PtGe/Ge contact, respectively, and the low density of interface states for the active region with BLP. The local-heating-induced redshift of the EL peak for the sample with PtGe/Ge contact is smaller than that for the sample with HfGe/Ge contact, owing to the lower parasitic resistance of PtGe/Ge contact. The diode with PtGe/Ge contact and BLP shows an on/off ratio of ∼104 and a responsivity of 0.70 A/W, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 56.0% under a wavelength of 1.55 µm.
Foreign direct investment
Authors: Moran Theodore 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) takes place when a corporation in one country establishes a business operation in another country, through setting up a new wholly owned affiliate, or acquiring a local company, or forming a joint venture in the host economy. This article provides an overview of FDI in developed countries; an assessment of strategic motivations for FDI; a look at multinational corporate operations and the benefits of FDI; an analysis of the impact of trade‐and‐FDI on wage disparities at home; an investigation of outward FDI and runaway plants; a framework for judging when foreign acquisitions of national companies might pose a credible threat to national security; and a final summing‐up. This article is a companion to “Foreign direct investment and development”.
Co–Doping of Tin and Zinc into Indium Oxide Nanocrystals Using a Facile Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Lu Jinfeng , Minami Kimitaka , Takami Seiichi , Shibata Masatoshi , Kaneko Yasunobu , Adschiri Tadafumi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA simple and rapid synthetic route is developed to produce highly crystalline tin and zinc co‐doped indium oxide (IZTO) nanocrystals. By using a flow‐through reactor, an aqueous metal precursor stream was mixed with another stream of supercritical water containing a reducing agent to continuously produce the IZTO nanocrystals with a mean diameter of 28 nm. Typical reaction conditions were 450 °C, 30 MPa, and 7.0 s. The addition of hexanoic acid into the precursor mixture produced surface‐modified IZTO nanocrystals with a smaller size of less than 20 nm. The obtained surface‐modified IZTO nanocrystals changed their surface chemical property from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and thus dispersed well in organic solvents. In addition, this method is environmentally benign and compatible with industrial scale synthesis. Finally, as a promising transparent electrode material, the conductivity and transmittance of these IZTO nanocrystals were also measured.
Alkali Metal Yttrium neo‐Pentoxide Double Alkoxide Precursors to Alkali Metal Yttrium Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Boyle Timothy J. , Neville Michael L. , Sears Jeremiah M. , Cramer Roger 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA series of alkali metal yttrium neo‐pentoxide ([AY(ONep)4]) compounds were developed as precursors to alkali yttrium oxide (AYO2) nanomaterials. The reaction of yttrium amide ([Y(NR2)3] where R=Si(CH3)3) with four equivalents of H‐ONep followed by addition of [A(NR2)] (A=Li, Na, K) or Ao (Ao=Rb, Cs) led to the formation of a complex series of AnY(ONep)3+n species, crystallographically identified as [Y2Li3(μ3‐ONep)(μ3‐HONep)(μ‐ONep)5(ONep)3(HONep)2] (1), [YNa2(μ3‐ONep)4(ONep)]2 (2), {[Y2K3(μ3‐ONep)3(μ‐ONep)4(ONep)2(ηξ‐tol)2][Y4K2(μ4‐O)(μ3‐ONep)8(ONep)4]•ηx‐tol]} (3), [Y4K2(μ4‐O)(μ3‐ONep)8(ONep)4] (3 a), [Y2Rb3(μ4‐ONep)3(μ‐ONep)6] (4), and [Y2Cs4(μ6‐O)(μ3‐ONep)6(μ3‐HONep)2(ONep)2(ηx‐tol)4]•tol (5). Compounds 1–5 were investigated as single source precursors to AYOx nanomaterials following solvothermal routes (pyridine, 185 oC for 24 h). The final products after thermal processing were found by powder X‐ray diffraction experiments to be Y2O3 with variable sized particles based on transmission electron diffraction. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy studies indicated that the heavier alkali metal species were present in the isolated nanomaterials.
Does Mode of Transport Confer a Mortality Benefit in Trauma Patients? Characteristics and Outcomes at an Ontario Lead Trauma Hospital
Authors: Buchanan Ian M. , Coates Angela , Sne Niv 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesEvidence-based guidelines regarding the optimal mode of transport for trauma patients from scene to trauma centre are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between trauma patient outcomes and mode of transport at a single Ontario Level I Trauma Centre, and specifically to investigate if the mode of transport confers a mortality benefit.MethodsA historical, observational cohort study was undertaken to compare rotor-wing and ground transported patients. Captured data included demographics, injury severity, temporal and mortality variables. TRISS-L analysis was performed to examine mortality outcomes.Results387 rotor-wing transport and 2,759 ground transport patients were analyzed over an 18-year period. Rotor-wing patients were younger, had a higher Injury Severity Score, and had longer prehospital transport times. Mechanism of injury was similarly distributed between groups. After controlling for heterogeneity with TRISS-L analysis, the mortality of rotor-wing patients was found to be lower than predicted mortality, whereas the converse was found with ground patients.ConclusionRotor-wing and ground transported trauma patients represent heterogeneous populations. Accounting for these differences, rotor-wing patients were found to outperform their predicted mortality, whereas ground patients underperformed predictions.
External turbulence-induced axial flow and instability in a vortex
Authors: Stout Eric , Hussain Fazle 
Published: March 2016

External turbulence-induced axial flow in an incompressible, normal-mode stable Lamb–Oseen (two-dimensional) vortex column is studied via direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations. Azimuthally oriented vorticity filaments, formed from external turbulence, advect radially towards or away from the vortex axis (depending on the filament’s swirl direction), resulting in a net induced axial flow in the vortex core; axial flow increases with increasing vortex Reynolds number ($Re=$ vortex circulation/viscosity). This contrasts the viscous mechanism for axial flow generation downstream of a lifting body, wherein an axial pressure gradient is produced by viscous diffusion of the swirl (Batchelor, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 20, 1964, pp. 645–658). Analysis of the self-induced motion of an arbitrarily curved external filament shows that any non-axisymmetric filament undergoes radial advection. We then studied the evolution of a vortex column starting with an imposed optimal transient growth perturbation. For a range of Re values, axial flow develops and initially grows as (time)$^{5/2}$ before decreasing after two turnover times; for $Re=10\,000$ – the highest computationally achievable – axial flow at late times becomes sufficiently strong to induce vortex instability. Contrary to a prior claim of a parent–offspring mechanism at the outer edge of the core, vorticity tilting within the core by axial flow is the underlying mechanism producing energy growth. Thus, external perturbations in practical flows (at $Re\sim 10^{7}$) produce destabilizing axial flow, possibly leading to the sought-after vortex breakup.
THE IMAGE OF GOD, CHRISTIAN RIGHTS TALK, AND THE SCHOOL OF SALAMANCA
Authors: Lantigua David M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe salience of rights talk in Western cultures has generated constructive responses from various religious traditions. This article contributes to this religious hermeneutic by turning to the first-generation Spanish theologians of the sixteenth-century School of Salamanca, Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, as important resources for Christian rights talk. These late scholastic thinkers made the image of God doctrine, as transmitted by Thomas Aquinas, the basis for affirming the worth and human natural rights of Amerindian peoples. To highlight the contemporary relevance of the school, the article engages Nicholas Wolterstorff's recent work on rights and his twofold critique of a capacities approach to human dignity and a virtues approach to justice. The School of Salamanca not only addresses the important concerns raised by Wolterstorff but uniquely offers a view of rights inextricably linked to human capacities and Christian virtue that highlights both the patient and agential dimensions of justice. They provide a critical theological challenge to the dominant secular liberal view of rights in a way that Wolterstorff's account does not.
Initial reconnaissance for a South Georgia ice core
Authors: MAYEWSKI P. A. , KULI A. , CASASSA G. , ARÉVALO M. , DIXON D. A. , GRIGHOLM B. , HANDLEY M. J. , HOFFMANN H. , INTRONE D. S. , KULI A. G. , POTOCKI M. , SNEED S. B. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWe present the first snow/ice chemistry and ice radar results ever collected from South Georgia as part of an initial reconnaissance with the ultimate goal of assessing the feasibility of a South Georgia ice core to reconstruct past climate in the South Atlantic. South Georgia is well situated to capture a record of past atmospheric chemical composition over the South Atlantic and of past variability in the position and intensity of the austral westerlies. The question is how well preserved an ice core record can be recovered from a region experiencing accelerated melting? The results presented in this paper offer only a preliminary step in determining the feasibility of future deep ice coring on South Georgia. However, this initial reconnaissance does provide some basic information including: the chemistry of the atmosphere over South Georgia relative to other Southern Hemisphere ice coring sites; the potential for preservation of ‘annual layers’ in old ice on the island; a possible age for deep ice in the region; and an estimate of glacier health in the lower elevation regions of the island.
Tobacco Use Among People Who Have Been in Prison: Relapse and Factors Associated with Trying to Quit
Authors: Frank Michael R. , Blumhagen Rachel , Weitzenkamp David , Mueller Shane R. , Beaty Brenda , Min Sung-Joon , Binswanger Ingrid A. 
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Tobacco use is common among people who have been in prison. The relationship between social stressors, risky health behaviours, and smoking cessation has not been studied in people recently released from prison. Studying this relationship could yield information that guides strategic and cost-effective tobacco cessation interventions for an under-resourced population.Methods: One hundred and forty-three smokers were interviewed 7 to 21 days after they had been released from USA prisons. Independent variables included employment status, housing security, relationship problems, educational achievement, risky drinking behaviour, recent drug use, history of drug dependence, and depression. The primary outcome was ‘trying to quit smoking.’ Data were analysed using Pearson chi-square tests and single and multivariable logistic regression models.Results: Of those who had to quit smoking due to tobacco-free prison policies, 98% reported relapsing on tobacco after release. Trying to quit smoking was associated with the absence of risky drinking behaviour in the past 30 days (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 6.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02–20.48).Conclusions: The absence of risky drinking behaviour is associated with trying to quit smoking among people recently released from prison. Further research may determine whether interventions addressing risky alcohol use can reduce smoking relapse.
The Neolithic in Northeast Iberia: Chronocultural Phases and14C
Authors: Oms F Xavier , Martín Araceli , Esteve Xavier , Mestres Josep , Morell Berta , Subirà M Eulàlia , Gibaja Juan F 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs in many other regions, the periodization of the Neolithic in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula was based upon relative dating obtained through ceramic typologies. Moreover, this prehistoric period was structured using nomenclature borrowed from the Neolithization of southern France. A total of 37 new radiocarbon dates for NE Iberia have been recently obtained with appropriate sampling criteria. These results have been used in conjunction with other reliable14C dates in order to assess the validity of traditional classifications established through the study of ceramic typologies. The gradual improvement in the quality of sample choice and the available archaeological records allowed the selection of 187 dates obtained mostly from short-lived taxa. This has enabled the chronological boundaries to be adjusted as precisely as possible.
Marks & Spencer and the Decline of the British Textile Industry, 1950–2000
Authors: Toms Steven , Zhang Qi 
Published: March 2016

From the end of World War II, British clothing retailers—most notably, Marks & Spencer (M&S)—increasingly dominated the domestic textile industry, to some extent arresting its decline. This article uses financial and archival evidence to examine the distribution of costs and benefits in the M&S vertical network. It shows that these benefits became less tangible for textile firms from around 1985, in the context of lower-cost overseas competition. We chart the visible and invisible evolution of network management, demonstrating that retailer-producer collaboration evolved from a bilateral vertical partnership model to a hybrid version that retained partnerships with leading suppliers and an emphasis on domestic sourcing, but also facilitated offshore production.
Since 1945, staple domestic industries in Western economies have been replaced with global production networks. In the United Kingdom, the cotton textile industry, and then the textile industry in general, declined in the face of increasing overseas competition. Survival strategies were based on restructuring and concentration. During a period of rapid transformation after 1960, cotton was absorbed into vertically structured textile conglomerates. Still, the decline continued, and as protection was phased out, fabric and apparel manufacturing faced similar threats, although rates of decline and strategic response depended on relative position in the vertical production chain. An alternative survival strategy based on vertical partnerships was led by retailers, particularly the dominant clothing retailer Marks & Spencer (M&S).
Assessing floristic representativeness in the protected areas national system of Chile: are vegetation types a good surrogate for plant species?
Authors: URBINA-CASANOVA RAFAEL , LUEBERT FEDERICO , PLISCOFF PATRICIO , SCHERSON ROSA A. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYConservation planning relies heavily on representativeness patterns. In Chile, this has not been assessed at the species level. This study evaluates floristic representativeness in the National System of Protected Areas (SNASPE). Species rarefaction and non-parametric estimators were used to extrapolate total representativeness. Given that conservation planning in Chile is mainly based on protecting vegetation types, the effectiveness of using vegetation types as a surrogate of plant species was evaluated based on richness and complementarity. The study found available information for 42% of the 96 protected areas of continental Chile. According to this information the SNASPE protects at least 48% of the native vascular flora. The southern area protects the largest number of species, most of which are non-endemic natives. The largest number of endemic protected species was found in the central-northern area. The SNASPE in its full range is projected to protect 64% of the vascular flora of Chile. Richness and complementarity surrogacy analyses showed weak effectiveness of vegetation types as a surrogate of plant species, although complementarity performed slightly better than richness. Surrogacy effectiveness was lower for endemic species, probably due to their narrow distributions that are more easily missed when vegetation types are considered instead.
Time-series analysis of monthly age-specific numbers of newly registered cases of active tuberculosis in Japan from 1998 to 2013
Authors: KOHEI Y. , SUMI A. , KOBAYASHI N. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYWe investigated the seasonality of age-specific tuberculosis (TB) in Japan. To allow the development of TB control strategies for different age groups we used a time-series analysis, including a spectral analysis and least squares method, to analyse the monthly age-specific numbers of newly registered cases of all forms of active TB in Japan from January 1998 to December 2013. The time-series data are reported in 10-year age groups: 0–9, 10–19, …, 70–79, and ⩾80 years. We defined the contribution ratio of the 1-year cycle, Q1, as the contribution of the amplitude of a 1-year cycle to the whole amplitude of the time-series data. The Q1 values in the age groups corresponding to adolescence and middle life (10–39 years) and old age (⩾70 years) were high. The peaks in the active TB epidemics for the ⩾70 years age group occurred in August and September, 1–2 months behind the peaks for the 10–39 years age group (June and July). An active TB epidemic might be attributable to travel by public transport and irregular employment in the 10–39 years age group and immune system suppression by low winter temperatures in the ⩾70 years age group.
Trends and determinants of discretionary salt use: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012
Authors: Quader Zerleen S , Patel Sheena , Gillespie Cathleen , Cogswell Mary E , Gunn Janelle P , Perrine Cria G , Mattes Richard D , Moshfegh Alanna 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo examine temporal trends and determinants of discretionary salt use in the USA.DesignMultiple logistic regression was used to assess temporal trends in discretionary salt use at the table and during home cooking/preparation, adjusting for demographic characteristics, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012. Prevalence and determinants of discretionary salt use in 2009–2012 were also examined.SettingParticipants answered salt use questions after completing a 24 h dietary recall in a mobile examination centre.SubjectsNationally representative sample of non-institutionalized US children and adults, aged ≥2 years.ResultsFrom 2003 to 2012, the proportion of the population who reported using salt ‘very often’ declined; from 18 % to 12 % for use at the table (P<0·01) and from 42 % to 37 % during home cooking (P<0·02). While one-third of the population reported never adding salt at the table, most used it during home cooking/preparation (93 %). Use of discretionary salt was least commonly reported among young children and older adults and demographic and health subgroups at risk of CVD.ConclusionsWhile most people reported using salt during home cooking/preparation, a minority reported use at the table. Reported ‘very often’ discretionary salt use has declined. That discretionary salt use is less common among those at risk of CVD suggests awareness of messages to limit Na intake.
Official Papers at the Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
Authors: Chandler Hannah 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article was written by Hannah Chandler, the Official Papers Librarian for the Bodleian Libraries. Her article looks at how the print collections were managed in the past and how the collections are managed and arranged today in Oxford. It looks at the complex and dynamic environment of official publishing in terms both of print and e-format. Looking to the future, it considers how shared working practices and policy on giving access to and archiving born digital material are benefitting the legal deposit libraries. Finally, the article outlines the breadth of the challenge, not only giving access to information in perpetuity but also making it accessible to the information professional and user.