bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sworn testimony of the model evidence:GaussianMixtureImportance (GAME) sampling
Authors: Volpi Elena , Schoups Gerrit , Firmani Giovanni , Vrugt Jasper A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhat is the “best” model? The answer to this question lies in part in the eyes of the beholder, nevertheless a good model must blend rigorous theory with redeeming qualities such as parsimony and quality of fit. Model selection is used to make inferences, via weighted averaging, from a set ofKcandidate models,, and help identify which model is most supported by the observed data,. Here, we introduce a new and robust estimator of the model evidence,, which acts as normalizing constant in the denominator of Bayes’ theorem and provides a single quantitative measure of relative support for each hypothesis that integrates model accuracy, uncertainty, and complexity. However,is analytically intractable for most practical modeling problems. Our method, coined GAussian Mixture importancE (GAME) sampling, uses bridge sampling of a mixture distribution fitted to samples of the posterior model parameter distribution derived from MCMC simulation. We benchmark the accuracy and reliability of GAME sampling by application to a diverse set of multivariate target distributions (up to 100 dimensions) with known values ofand to hypothesis testing using numerical modeling of the rainfall‐runoff transformation of the Leaf River watershed in Mississippi, USA. These case studies demonstrate that GAME sampling provides robust and unbiased estimates of the evidence at a relatively small computational cost outperforming commonly used estimators. The GAME sampler is implemented in the MATLAB package of DREAM and simplifies considerably scientific inquiry through hypothesis testing and model selection.
Strategic behaviors and governance challenges in social‐ecological systems
Authors: Muneepeerakul Rachata , Anderies John M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe resource management and environmental policy literature focuses on devising regulations and incentive structures to achieve desirable goals. It often presumes the existence of public infrastructure that actualizes these incentives and regulations through a process loosely referred to as ‘governance.’ In many cases, it is not clear if and how such governance infrastructure can be created and supported. Here, we take a complex systems view in which ‘governance’ is an emergent phenomenon generated by interactions between social, economic, and environmental (both built and natural) factors. We present a framework and formal stylized model to explore under what circumstances stable governance structures may emerge endogenously in coupled infrastructure systems comprising shared natural, social, and built infrastructures of which social‐ecological systems are specific examples. The model allows us to derive general conditions for a sustainable coupled infrastructure system in which critical infrastructure (e.g., canals) is provided by a governing entity that enables resource users (e.g., farmers) to produce outputs from natural infrastructure (e.g., water) to meet their needs while supporting the governing entity.Plain Language SummaryTo understand how successful and robust governance may arise in coupled infrastructure systems comprising shared natural, social, and built infrastructure, we develop a stylized model based on a widely used conceptual framework that focuses on robustness of social‐ecological systems. Analysis of the model results in conditions for sustainability of such systems that are expressed as clear relationships between biophysical and social factors. The results lay groundwork for more rigorous studies of robustness and resilience of these complex systems.
Carbon isotope systematics of Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica, using a portable cavity ring‐down spectrometer
Authors: Malowany K. S. , Stix J. , de Moor J. M. , Chu K. , Lacrampe‐Couloume G. , Sherwood Lollar B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOver the past two decades, activity at Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica, has shifted from hydrothermal to increasingly magmatic in character, with enhanced degassing and eruption potential. We have conducted a survey of the δ13C signatures of gases at Turrialba using a portable field‐based CRDS with comparison to standard IRMS techniques. Our δ13C results of the volcanic plume, high‐temperature vents, and soil gases reveal isotopic heterogeneity in the CO2 gas composition at Turrialba prior to its recent phase of eruptive activity. The isotopic value of the regional fault system, Falla Ariete (–3.4 ± 0.1‰), is in distinct contrast with the Central crater gases (–3.9 ± 0.1‰) and the 2012 high‐temperature vent (–4.4 ± 0.2‰), an indication that spatial variability in δ13C may be linked to hydrothermal transport of volcanic gases, heterogeneities in the source composition, or magmatic degassing. Isotopic values of CO2 samples collected in the plume vary from δ13C of −5.2 to −10.0‰, indicative of mixing between atmospheric CO2 (–9.2 ± 0.1‰), and a volcanic source. We compare the Keeling method to a traditional mixing model (hyperbolic mixing curve) to estimate the volcanic source composition at Turrialba from the plume measurements. The predicted source compositions from the Keeling and hyperbolic methods (–3.0 ± 0.5‰ and −3.9 ± 0.4‰, respectively) illustrate two potential interpretations of the volcanic source at Turrialba. As of the 29 October 2014, Turrialba has entered a new eruptive period, and continued monitoring of the summit gases for δ13C should be conducted to better understand the dominant processes controlling δ13C fractionation at Turrialba.
Reconciling magma‐ocean crystallization models with the present‐day structure of the Earth's mantle
Authors: Ballmer Maxim D. , Lourenço Diogo L. , Hirose Kei , Caracas Razvan , Nomura Ryuichi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTerrestrial planets are thought to experience episode(s) of large‐scale melting early in their history. Fractionation during magma‐ocean freezing leads to unstable stratification within the related cumulate layers due to progressive iron enrichment upward, but the effects of incremental cumulate overturns during MO crystallization remain to be explored. Here, we use geodynamic models with a moving‐boundary approach to study convection and mixing within the growing cumulate layer, and thereafter within the fully crystallized mantle. For fractional crystallization, cumulates are efficiently stirred due to subsequent incremental overturns, except for strongly iron‐enriched late‐stage cumulates, which persist as a stably stratified layer at the base of the mantle for billions of years. Less extreme crystallization scenarios can lead to somewhat more subtle stratification. In any case, the long‐term preservation of at least a thin layer of extremely enriched cumulates with Fe# > 0.4, as predicted by all our models, is inconsistent with seismic constraints. Based on scaling relationships, however, we infer that final‐stage Fe‐rich magma‐ocean cumulates originally formed near the surface should have overturned as small diapirs, and hence undergone melting and reaction with the host rock during sinking. The resulting moderately iron‐enriched metasomatized/hybrid rock assemblages should have accumulated at the base of the mantle, potentially fed an intermittent basal magma ocean, and be preserved through the present‐day. Such moderately iron‐enriched rock assemblages can reconcile the physical properties of the large low shear‐wave velocity provinces in the present‐day lower mantle. Thus, we reveal Hadean melting and rock‐reaction processes by integrating magma‐ocean crystallization models with the seismic‐tomography snapshot.
Tree‐based flood damage modeling of companies: Damage processes and model performance
Authors: Sieg Tobias , Vogel Kristin , Merz Bruno , Kreibich Heidi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractReliable flood risk analyses, including the estimation of damage, are an important prerequisite for efficient risk management. However, not much is known about flood damage processes affecting companies. Thus, we conduct a flood damage assessment of companies in Germany with regard to two aspects. First, we identify relevant damage‐influencing variables. Second, we assess the prediction performance of the developed damage models with respect to the gain by using an increasing amount of training data and a sector‐specific evaluation of the data. Random forests are trained with data from two postevent surveys after flood events occurring in the years 2002 and 2013. For a sector‐specific consideration, the data set is split into four subsets corresponding to the manufacturing, commercial, financial, and service sectors. Further, separate models are derived for three different company assets: buildings, equipment, and goods and stock. Calculated variable importance values reveal different variable sets relevant for the damage estimation, indicating significant differences in the damage process for various company sectors and assets. With an increasing number of data used to build the models, prediction errors decrease. Yet the effect is rather small and seems to saturate for a data set size of several hundred observations. In contrast, the prediction improvement achieved by a sector‐specific consideration is more distinct, especially for damage to equipment and goods and stock. Consequently, sector‐specific data acquisition and a consideration of sector‐specific company characteristics in future flood damage assessments is expected to improve the model performance more than a mere increase in data.
Low Resistive Edge Contacts to CVD‐Grown Graphene Using a CMOS Compatible Metal
Authors: Shaygan Mehrdad , Otto Martin , Sagade Abhay A. , Chavarin Carlos A. , Bacher Gerd , Mertin Wolfgang , Neumaier Daniel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe exploitation of the excellent intrinsic electronic properties of graphene for device applications is hampered by a large contact resistance between the metal and graphene. The formation of edge contacts rather than top contacts is one of the most promising solutions for realizing low ohmic contacts. In this paper the fabrication and characterization of edge contacts to large area CVD‐grown monolayer graphene by means of optical lithography using CMOS compatible metals, i.e. Nickel and Aluminum is reported. Extraction of the contact resistance by Transfer Line Method (TLM) as well as the direct measurement using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy demonstrates a very low width specific contact resistance down to 130 Ωμm. The contact resistance is found to be stable for annealing temperatures up to 150°C enabling further device processing. Using this contact scheme for edge contacts, a field effect transistor based on CVD graphene with a high transconductance of 0.63 mS/μm at 1 V bias voltage is fabricated.
Recent progress in many‐body localization
Authors: Abanin Dmitry A. , Papić Zlatko 
Published: July 2017

This article is a brief introduction to the rapidly evolving field of many‐body localization. Rather than giving an in‐depth review of the subject, our aspiration here is simply to introduce the problem and its general context, outlining a few directions where notable progress has been achieved in recent years. We hope that this will prepare the readers for the more specialized articles appearing in this dedicated Volume of Annalen der Physik, where these developments are discussed in more detail.
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Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lung Fibrogenesis with an Oxyamine‐Based Probe
Authors: Waghorn Philip A. , Jones Chloe M. , Rotile Nicholas J. , Koerner Steffi K. , Ferreira Diego S. , Chen Howard H. , Probst Clemens K. , Tager Andrew M. , Caravan Peter 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFibrogenesis is the active production of extracellular matrix in response to tissue injury. In many chronic diseases persistent fibrogenesis results in the accumulation of scar tissue, which can lead to organ failure and death. However, no non‐invasive technique exists to assess this key biological process. All tissue fibrogenesis results in the formation of allysine, which enables collagen cross‐linking and leads to tissue stiffening and scar formation. We report herein a novel allysine‐binding gadolinium chelate (GdOA), that can non‐invasively detect and quantify the extent of fibrogenesis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We demonstrate that GdOA signal enhancement correlates with the extent of the disease and is sensitive to a therapeutic response.
Polymerization of graphene oxide nanosheet by using of aminoclay: Electrocatalytic activity of its platinum nanohybrids
Authors: Hoseini S. Jafar , Bahrami Mehrangiz , Maddahfar Mahnaz , Hashemi Fath Roghayeh , Roushani Mahmoud 
Published: July 2017

This study describes the polymerization of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet to reduced‐GO‐aminoclay (RGC) by covalent functionalization of chemically reactive epoxy groups on the basal planes of GO with amine groups of magnesium phyllosilicate clay (known as aminoclay). The resulting RGC sheets were characterized and applied to support platinum nanostructures at toluene/water interface. Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters about several nanometers were adhered to RGC sheets by chemical reduction of [PtCl2(cod)] (cod = cis,cis‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene) complex. Catalytic activity of Pt NPs thin films were investigated in the methanol oxidation reaction. Cyclic voltammetry results exhibit that the Pt/reduced‐GO (RGO) and Pt/RGC thin films showed improved catalytic activity in methanol oxidation reaction in comparison to other Pt NPs thin films, demonstrating that the prepared Pt/RGO and Pt/RGC thin films are promising catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell.
Thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibrium of carbon dioxide clathrate hydrate in aqueous solutions of promoters and inhibitors suitable for gas separation
Authors: Avula Venkata Ramana , Gupta Pawan , Gardas Ramesh L. , Sangwai Jitendra S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGas hydrates of CO2 in the presence of tetra‐n‐alkyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) show potential applications for storage. Prediction of the phase behavior of these systems is an important precursor for their successful application. In this work, a thermodynamic model is developed to predict phase equilibrium of CO2 hydrates in the presence of TBAB and THF aqueous solutions. In this work, the van der Waals and Platteeuw model is used to model the hydrate phase stability. The fugacity of hydrate former and that of water is calculated from the Peng–Robinson equation of state and the Pitzer–Mayorga–Zavitsas hydration (PMZH) model for TBAB and nonrandom two‐liquid (NRTL) models for the THF system. Further, the vapor pressure of water in the empty hydrate as well as Langmuir adsorption constants has been expressed in terms of concentration of the promoter. The model predictions is compared with available experimental data on the phase equilibrium of CO2 hydrates in the presence of TBAB and THF aqueous solution and are found to be in good agreement. Then, the developed model is also applied for the prediction of phase equilibrium conditions of the semiclathrate hydrates of CO2 in the presence of TBAB + NaCl solution. The developed model is found to interpret the promotion effects of both TBAB (with or without NaCl) and THF on phase stability conditions of CO2 hydrate. The overall average absolute deviation in pressure has been perceived to be within 3.6% for TBAB and 7.7% for TBAB + NaCl both with PMZH model and 6.9% for THF systems with NRTL model. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. StartCopText© 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurements and predictive modeling of water diffusion coefficients in bovine serum albumin/polymer blends for biosensors
Authors: Kachel Sibylle , Scharfer Philip , Schabel Wilhelm 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThe knowledge of mass transport parameters in polymer/protein blend films is of substantial interest for the preparation of glucose biosensor test strips where drying and rehydration need to be controlled. In this study, the diffusion of water in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) films and blends of BSA with PVP and polyvinylalcohol is investigated and the applicability of predictive models for the diffusion coefficient in mixtures is explored. Water concentration profiles are measured with Raman spectroscopy during drying experiments under controlled conditions. Concentration‐dependent diffusion coefficients of water in the films are then determined by fitting simulated drying curves to measured data. Comparison of the resulting diffusion coefficients in the blends with a predictive logarithmic model shows good agreement. The application of such predictive models could greatly facilitate the development of polymer/protein blends in the future. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45368.
Synthesis and Electrochromic Properties of Star‐Shaped Oligomers with Phenyl Cores
Authors: Zeng Jinming , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Zhu Xiaoting , Liu Ping 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA series of star‐shaped conjugated oligomers, 1,3,5‐tri(2′‐thienyl) benzene (3TB), 1,3,5‐tri(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxythienyl) benzene (3EB), 1,3,5‐tri[5′,2“‐(3”,4“‐ethylenedioxy‐thienyl)‐2′‐thienyl] benzene (3ETB), and 1,3,5‐tri[5′,2”‐(3“,4”‐ethylenedioxy‐thienyl)‐2′‐thienyl]‐4‐(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxythienyl)benzene (3TB‐4EDOT), were synthesized. The star‐shaped polymer, poly(1,3,5‐tri[5′,2“‐(3”,4“‐ethylenedioxythineyl)‐2′‐thienyl]benzene) (P3ETB), was also prepared. The electrochemical and electrochromic properties of these conjugated oligomers and polymer were investigated. These oligomer and polymer films showed reversible, clear color changes upon electrochemical doping and dedoping. The color of the P3ETB film reversibly changed from orange to blue under doping and dedoping. The switching times for doping and dedoping were 1.2 and 0.9 s, respectively.
A Note on all‐Stabilizing Proportional Controllers for Single Input–Single Output Systems
Authors: Üstoğlu İlker , Örenbaş Halit , Eren Yavuz 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper aims to present a practical technique for the synthesis of proportional controllers for continuous time control systems. This technique depends on the generalization of the Nyquist stability criterion and promises soft computing of the crossing direction of the diagram where the plot crosses the real axis on the complex plane.
Adaptive Neural Dynamic Surface Control for Stochastic Nonlinear Time‐Delay Systems with Input and Output Constraints
Authors: Si Wen‐Jie , Dong Xun‐De , Yang Fei‐Fei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper presents an adaptive neural tracking control approach for uncertain stochastic nonlinear time‐delay systems with input and output constraints. Firstly, the dynamic surface control (DSC) technique is incorporated into adaptive neural control framework to overcome the problem of ‘explosion of complexity’ in the control design. By employing a continuous differentiable asymmetric saturation model, the input constraint problem is solved. Secondly, the appropriate Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and the property of hyperbolic tangent functions are used to deal with the unknown time‐delay terms, RBF neural network is utilized to identify the unknown systems functions, and barrier Lyapunov functions (BLFs) are designed to avoid the violation of the output constraint. Finally, based on adaptive backstepping technique, an adaptive neural control method is proposed, and it decreases the number of learning parameters. Using Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that the designed controller can ensure that all the signals in the closed‐loop system are 4‐Moment (or 2 Moment) semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. Two simulation examples are provided to further illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Can People Identify “Deceptive” or “Misleading” Items that Tend to Produce Mostly Wrong Answers?
Authors: Koriat Asher 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn many domains, two‐alternative forced‐choice questions produce more correct responses than wrong responses across participants. However, some items, dubbed “deceptive” or “misleading”, produce mostly wrong answers. These items yield poor calibration and poor resolution because the dominant, erroneous response tends to be endorsed with great confidence, even greater than that of the correct response. In addition, for deceptive items, group discussion amplifies rather than mitigates error while enhancing confidence in the erroneous response. Can participants identify deceptive items when they are warned about their existence? It is argued that people's ability to discriminate between deceptive and non‐deceptive items is poor when the erroneous responses are based on the same process assumed to underlie correct responses. Indeed, participants failed to discriminate between deceptive and non‐deceptive perceptual items when they were warned that some of the items (Experiment 1) or exactly half of the items (Experiment 2) were deceptive. A similar failure was observed for general‐knowledge questions (Experiment 3) except when participants were informed about the correct answer (Experiment 4). Possibly, for these tasks, people cannot escape the dangers lurking in deceptive items. In contrast, the results suggest that participants can identify deceptive problems for which the wrong answer stems from reliance on a fast, intuitive process that differs from the analytic mode that is likely to yield correct answers (Experiment 5). The practical and theoretical implications of the results were discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated LC–MS/MS method for quantitation of demethylbellidifolin in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yan Huiyu , Qu Xiaoyu , Zhou Wei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDemethylbellidifolin, a major xanthone compound of Swertia davidi Franch, shows many beneficial pharmacological effects including antioxidation, anti‐inflammation, anti‐fibrosis and cardiovascular protection effects. In this research, a rapid and sensitive LC–MS/MS method for the quantitative analysis of demethylbellidifolin in rat plasma was developed. The demethylbellidifolin and internal standard of aurantio‐obtusin were extracted from 50 μL of rat plasma samples with ethyl acetate, then the dried residue was reconstituted and injected in an HPLC system with Zorbax SB‐C18 analytical column (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) and eluted with the mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution (80:20, v/v). Quantification was performed using a TSQ Quantum Ultra mass spectrometer in negative ESI using selected reaction monitoring mode of the transitions m/z 259.1 → 215.1 for demethylbellidifolin and 329.0 → 314.2 for the IS. Excellent linearity was observed between 1.92 and 960 ng/mL with a limit of quantitation of 1.92 ng/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐day precision (RSD) values of quality control samples were both <8.3%. This study was successfully utilized for the pharmacokinetic profiles of demethylbellidifolin in rats after oral or intravenous administration. The oral bioavailability of demethylbellidifolin was 3.6%.