bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustained Infection Reduction in Outpatient Hemodialysis Centers Participating in a Collaborative Bloodstream Infection Prevention Effort
Authors: Yi Sarah H. , Kallen Alexander J. , Hess Sally , Bren Virginia R. , Lincoln Mary E. , Downham Gemma , Kelley Karen , Booth Stephanie L. , Weirich Heather , Shugart Alicia , Lines Christi , Melville Anna , Jernigan John A. , Kleinbaum David G. , Patel Priti R. 
Published: February 2016

Among dialysis facilities participating in a bloodstream infection (BSI) prevention collaborative, access-related BSI incidence rate improvements observed immediately following implementation of a bundle of BSI prevention interventions were sustained for up to 4 years. Overall, BSI incidence remained unchanged from baseline in the current analysis.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:863–866
Opinions of key stakeholders concerning involuntary admission of patients under the Mental Health Act 2001
Authors: Georgieva I. , Bainbridge E. , McGuinness D. , Keys M. , Brosnan L. , Felzmann H. , Maguire J. , Murphy K. , Higgins A. , McDonald C. , Hallahan B. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate and compare the opinions of key stakeholders involved in the involuntary admission and treatment of patients under the Mental Health Act (MHA) 2001 regarding their views towards the operation of the legislation.MethodsWe employed a descriptive survey design. A questionnaire was distributed to stakeholders involved in the operation of the MHA 2001 (except service users, whose views were explored in a separate qualitative study) via paper or online versions evaluating their opinions regarding the operation of the MHA 2001 in relation to assessment, care, rights, transfer and information available.ResultsStakeholders agreed that in their opinion that patients generally benefit from the care they receive (79%) and that the MHA 2001 ensures an independent and fair review of the person’s detention (65%). However, only 23% of stakeholders were satisfied with the process of transferring patients to hospital and with the clinical assessment procedures therein (37%), with the greatest levels of dissatisfaction amongst Gardai (Police), general practitioners (GPs) and family members.ConclusionsWhile the introduction of the MHA 2001 has assisted delivery of care to patients with improved adherence to international human rights frameworks applicable at the time of its enactment, substantial dissatisfaction with the implementation of the MHA 2001 in practice is experienced by stakeholders particularly at the distressing phase of clinical assessment and transfer to hospital.
Effort–reward imbalance at work, over-commitment personality and diet quality in Central and Eastern European populations
Authors: Chen Sung-Wei , Peasey Anne , Stefler Denes , Malyutina Sofia , Pajak Andrzej , Kubinova Ruzena , Chan Jen-Hui , Bobak Martin , Pikhart Hynek 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe aims of this study were to investigate the associations between work stress defined by the effort–reward imbalance (ERI) model and diet quality and to examine the potential role of over-commitment (OC) personality in ERI–diet relationships. A cross-sectional study was conducted in random population samples of 6340 men and 5792 women (age 45–69 years) from the Czech Republic, Russia and Poland. Dietary data were collected using FFQ. The healthy diet indicator (HDI) was constructed using eight nutrient/food intakes (HDI components) to reflect the adherence to WHO dietary guideline. The extent of imbalance between effort and reward was measured by the effort:reward (ER) ratio; the effort score was the numerator and the reward score was multiplied by a factor adjusting for unequal number of items in the denominator. Logistic regression and linear regression were used to assess the associations between exposures (ER ratio and OC) and outcomes (HDI components and HDI) after adjustment for confounders and mediators. The results showed that high ER ratio and high OC were significantly associated with unhealthy diet quality. For a 1-sd increase in the ER ratio, HDI was reduced by 0·030 and 0·033 sd in men and women, and for a 1-sd increase in OC, HDI was decreased by 0·036 and 0·032 sd in men and women, respectively. The modifying role of OC in ERI–diet relationships was non-significant. To improve diet quality at workplace, a multiple-level approach combining organisational intervention for work stress and individual intervention for vulnerable personality is recommended.
Human-Animal Governance and University Practice in Canada: A Problematizing Redescription
Authors: Janara Laura 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEach year through the practices of Canada's universities, vast numbers of nonhuman animals are caught, bought or bred, narrowly confined, manipulated and killed. These university−animal relations are governed by a state-based regime, the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). Through the lens of critical public philosophy, I clarify the power that has constituted this governance regime and now sustains it, examining the regime's justifying claims, its practices that authorize universities and scholars as legally compliant and the related effects of its power. The resulting critical redescription reveals fundamental problems with the political legitimacy of CCAC governance and thus with the university−animal relations that it sanctions.
Emplacement age and isotopic composition of the Prairie Lake carbonatite complex, Northwestern Ontario, Canada
Authors: WU FU-YUAN , MITCHELL ROGER H. , LI QIU-LI , ZHANG CHANG , YANG YUE-HENG 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlkaline rock and carbonatite complexes, including the Prairie Lake complex (NW Ontario), are widely distributed in the Canadian region of the Midcontinent Rift in North America. It has been suggested that these complexes were emplaced during the main stage of rifting magmatism and are related to a mantle plume. The Prairie Lake complex is composed of carbonatite, ijolite and potassic nepheline syenite. Two samples of baddeleyite from the carbonatite yield U–Pb ages of 1157.2±2.3 and 1158.2±3.8 Ma, identical to the age of 1163.6±3.6 Ma obtained for baddeleyite from the ijolite. Apatite from the carbonatite yields the same U–Pb age of ~1160 Ma using TIMS, SIMS and laser ablation techniques. These ages indicate that the various rocks within the complex were synchronously emplaced at about 1160 Ma. The carbonatite, ijolite and syenite have identical Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic compositions with a87Sr/86Sr ratio of ~0.70254, and positive εNd(t)1160and εHf(t)1160values of ~+3.5 and ~+4.6, respectively, indicating that the silicate and carbonatitic rocks are co-genetic and related by simple fractional crystallization from a magma derived from a weakly depleted mantle. These age determinations extend the period of magmatism in the Midcontinent Rift in the Lake Superior area to 1160 Ma, but do not indicate whether the magmatism is associated with passive continental rifting or the initial stages of plume-induced rifting.
A Legal Analysis of the Free Trade Agreement of 1975 between the European Community and the State of Israel
Authors: Kapeliuk-Klinger Daphna 
Published: February 2016

On January 1, 1989, the State of Israel abolished the remaining customs duties and charges, having equivalent effect on imported products originating in the European Communities (hereinafter the Community), in accordance with the Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter the FT Agreement) concluded on May 11, 1975, between the Community and Israel.The FT Agreement, which sets out to create a free trade area in the territories of the contracting parties, was the result of the previously existing relationship between the Community and Israel, as well as the emergence of the Global Mediterranean Policy within the Community. The FT Agreement attempts to foster economic activity by promoting expansion of trade and cooperation in reciprocal areas of interest, thus creating fair competition and contributing to the development and expansion of world trade.
Organ Transplants from Living Donors
Authors: Halperin Rabbi Mordechai 
Published: February 2016

I. Survey of Transplant TechniquesThe kidney is one of the few organs which today can be successfully transplanted from a living donor to an ailing recipient. A healthy donor can function satisfactorily with a single kidney; therefore the removal of one kidney for transplantation does not significantly endanger the donor's life. However, removal, or even partial removal, of other organs, such as the heart, lungs, or pancreas, will present a serious risk to the health and life of the donor.In addition to organs, skin, bone marrow, blood and other body parts can be transplanted from living donors.A. Kidney TransplantsThe kidneys function to regulate the body's electrolyte and water balance and eliminate various wastes. Severe kidney dysfunction endangers the patient's life, and requires treatment by dialysis or kidney transplant. Up until a decade ago, the life expectancy of patients treated by dialysis exceeded that of patients who underwent kidney transplants. Over the past decade, the life expectancy of patients who have undergone kidney transplants from deceased donors has increased to a point where it is now comparable with the life expectancy of patients on dialysis.
Arendt in Jerusalem, Jackson at Nuremberg: Presuppositions of the Nazi War Crimes Trials
Authors: Friedman James 
Published: February 2016

In 1961 the government of Israel brought criminal charges in Jerusalem against Adolf Eichmann, a former Obersturmbannfuher (Lt. Col.) in the S.S. Eichmann's name had frequently come up at the Nuremberg trials, as he had overseen the substantial task of transporting European Jews to Nazi concentration and death camps during the war. However, he was never tried at Nuremberg because he had evaded capture by allied armies and begun a new life in Argentina. In 1961 the Mossad, the Israeli intelligence agency, kidnapped Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial. Given Eichmann's notoriety, and the rather unusual way in which Israel obtained in personam jurisdiction over him, it was not surprising that the trial received world-wide attention.In Jerusalem Eichmann was charged with violations of the Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law of 1950.
The Right to Leave Israel and its Restriction on Security Grounds
Authors: Zilbershats Yaffa 
Published: February 2016

Special Considerations in Striking the Balance Between the Right to Leave and the Interest of State SecuritySection 6(a) of Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom lays down explicitly that “every person is free to depart from Israel”. By enacting this provision the Knesset followed a long line of cases decided by the Supreme Court of Israel which held that the right to leave Israel is a recognized important right and a basic principle of the Israeli legal system.Article 6(a) confers the right to leave upon every person both Israeli citizens and foreigners alike. This principle conforms to the norms of various important international human rights instruments that confer the individual's universal right to leave upon a country.The constitutional protection of this right means that the right cannot be restricted except as provided by law which was intended for a fitting purpose and only to the extent necessary.
After the Revolution
Authors: Jacobsohn Gary Jeffrey 
Published: February 2016

The man who embraces a new paradigm at an early stage must often do so in defiance of the evidence provided by problem-solving. He must, that is, have faith that the new paradigm will succeed with the many large problems that confront it, knowing only that the older paradigm has failed with a few.Only a brief interval separated the signing into law of the two Basic Laws of 1992 and the rhetorical elevation of that moment to revolutionary significance. However, use of the term “constitutional revolution” to describe the addition of the Basic Laws on Freedom of Occupation and Human Dignity and Freedom to the corpus of Israeli fundamental law was destined to have more than rhetorical significance. Had the characterization been made by someone other than the next President of the Supreme Court, it might have attracted a modicum of public attention before fading from view, perhaps to be remembered only as a felicitous example of wishful thinking.
Fantasies of Liberalism and Liberal Jurisprudence: State Law, Politics, and the Israeli Arab-Palestinian Community
Authors: Barzilai Gad 
Published: February 2016

Some thirty years after the Bergman decision, Israel's constitutional structure and legal culture are still not responsive to minority needs or, more broadly, to the social needs of deprived communities. The liberal language and judicial review of Knesset legislation that were empowered by Bergman have not reconciled this problematic discrepancy between jurisprudence and social needs.The Bergman ruling signified the onset of a new era in Israel jurisprudence — the era of liberalism, in that it generated the notion of judicial counter-majoritarianism as the center, however problematic, of democracy. It was a modest ruling and a careful one, dwelling only on procedural deficiencies as cause for judicial abrogation of parliamentary legislation. Later on, after 1992, and propelled by the spirit of judicial activism, the Supreme Court adopted a more expansive judicial policy. It asserted the need for much more active judicial review of the substance of Knesset legislation and even the possibility of annulling it if it fell within the provisions of the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom and the Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation.
Government Lawyers as Adjudicators:Pre-Petitionsin the High Court of Justice Department 1990-1997
Authors: Dotan Yoav 
Published: February 2016

What is the role of government lawyers? Are they merely agents of their client agencies in court, or do they have a broader function within the world of administrative dispute resolution? On the face of the matter, the lawyer within an adversarial legal system is required to present, to the best of her ability, her client's case in court. The lawyer for the government, however, is not just a professional jurist, but also a public official who is committed to the principles of the rule of law and the constitution. Over the last decade, this tension between the loyalty of the public lawyer to her client and her integrity as a legal bureaucrat who forms an essential element in the process of judicial review has drawn the attention of lawyers and legal scholars.In this article I describe a model of Public Law litigation in which governmental lawyers play a much more complex role than that of solely being legal agents who seek to maximize their client's rate of success in court. This is the case in Public Law litigation in Israel before the High Court of Justice, where the government's lawyers function not only as representatives of their client agencies but also, in some cases, as arbitrators who handle legal disputes without the intervention of the Court.
The Criminal Responsibility of Psychopathic Offenders
Authors: Mei-Tal Maya 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is, first, to consider the nature of psychopathic personality disorder, and then, to consider the capacity for criminal culpability of psychopaths and whether it is justified to hold them culpable. Initially, a description of the disorder of psychopathy shall be presented, highlighting those character traits deemed relevant for findings of criminal culpability. There follows a brief discussion of the main theories justifying punishment and their position on punishing persons incapable of effective participation in moral reasoning. Lastly, a discussion of the importance for moral condemnation of the capacity to feel empathy and the absence of that capacity in the psychopath, leading to the conclusion that these persons should not be regarded as blameworthy.
Living in Denial: The Application of Human Rights in the Occupied Territories
Authors: Ben-Naftali Orna , Shany Yuval 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAre human rights norms applicable to occupied territories in general, and to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in particular? The article examines the controversy that had arisen between Israel and the UN treaty monitoring bodies in relation to this question and critically analyzes Israel's three objections to such applicability: 1) the mutual exclusivity of humanitarian regime and human rights regime in occupied territories, the former being thus the only applicable law; 2) a restrictive interpretation of the jurisdictional provisions treaties; and 3) the lack of effective control in some of the territories. The article posits that the universal object and purpose of human rights treaties, which inform the proper interpretation of their jurisdictional clauses, require their applicability in all territories subject to the effective control of the state parties, as well as to other extra-territorial exercises of government power directly affecting individuals. Consequently, international human rights law and international humanitarian law apply in occupied territories in parallel and not to the exclusion of one another. This position is confirmed by extensive practice of the international human rights monitoring bodies, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and by some decisions of the Israeli Supreme Court. In conclusion, the paper posits that Israel's refusal to apply the six principal human rights treaties to which it is party to the Occupied Territories is incompatible with its international law obligations and proceeds to propose modalities for the co-application of both human rights and humanitarian law in occupied territories.
Sociological Perspectives on the Origins of Child Abuse Legislation in Israel
Authors: Ajzenstadt Mimi , Cavaglion Gabriel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the historical background and the social processes that have changed the perception of child abuse in Israel from almost complete lack of awareness to concern and formal societal reaction during the 1990s. The recent emergence of child abuse as a social problem and the consequent actions of scrutiny and surveillance through legislation, law enforcement, punishment and educational prevention is set within the cultural milieu of the past two decades. This sociological analysis shows that there was a gradual transition from a private condition to a public “social problem”. The social actors involved in this process primarily included social workers, professional educators, academics, the daily press, members of Israel's Parliament and law enforcement agents.For various scholars and professionals, the incident that triggered awareness and concern about child abuse in general and child sexual abuse in particular was the tragic death of young Moran Denemias in 1989. However, in our paper we posit that this single tragic incident in itself did not prompt officials or the general public to view it as part of a larger problem. The general political tendency to overreact to the emerging issue of abuse, and the rapidity with which the Law for the Prevention of Abuse of Minors and Helpless Persons was passed at the end of the 1980s can be explained by a general moral sentiment that matured decades earlier.
The Israeli Unfinished Constitutional Revolution: Has the Time Come for Protecting Economic and Social Rights?
Authors: Rabin Yoram , Shany Yuval 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article addresses the constitutional discourse surrounding the status of economic and social rights in Israel. It examines the principal interpretive strategies adopted by the Supreme Court with regard to the 1992 basic laws (in particular, with respect to the right to human dignity) and criticizes the Court's reluctance to apply analogous strategies to incorporate economic and social rights into Israeli constitutional law. Potential explanations for this biased approach are also critically discussed. The ensuing outcome is a constitutional imbalance in Israeli law, which perpetuates the unjustified view that economic and social rights are inherently inferior to their civil and political counterparts, and puts in question Israel's compliance with its obligations under the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. At the same time, encouraging recent Supreme Court decisions, particularly theYATEDandMarcianojudgments, indicate growing acceptance on the part of the Court of the role of economic and social rights in Israeli constitutional law, and raise hopes for a belated judicial change of heart concerning the need to protect at least a ‘hard core’ of economic and social rights. Still, the article posits that the possibilities of promoting the constitutional status of economic and social rights through case-to-case litigation are limited and calls for the renewal of the legislation procedures of draft Basic Law: Social Rights in the Knesset.
The Formal and the Substantive Meanings of Proportionality in the Supreme Court's Decision Regarding the Security Fence
Authors: Cohen-Eliya Moshe 
Published: February 2016

In Beit Sourik the Israeli High Court of Justice struck down most of the planned route for the security fence to be established north of Jerusalem. The Court ruled that the military commander did not properly balance the contribution of this route to the security of the State and the extent of the injury to the rights of the Palestinian inhabitants of the area. It was therefore ruled that this route did not comply with the requirement of proportionality in its strict sense. At the same time, the Court rejected the claim of the petitioners that the motive underlying the determination of the fence's route was a desire to establish a border (a political consideration) and not a security consideration.This article criticizes the Court's line of reasoning. I argue that the Court erred in striking down the planned route of the security fence on the ground of not fulfilling the requirement of proportionality in the strict sense. The vague nature of this requirement may cause judicial decisions to assume a subjective character, thus violating the democratic principle according to which fundamental decisions should be determined by the people's elected representatives. Given the suspicious circumstances that had led to the determination of the fence's route, the Court should have applied a different kind of reasoning. Instead of balancing the State's security issues and the Palestinians rights, the Court should have carefully scrutinized whether the security purpose was authentic. Judicial review, based on these premises, increases governmental transparency and thus better complies with democratic principles.
The International Court of Justice Decision on the Separation Barrier and the Green Line
Authors: Sabel Robbie 
Published: February 2016

This Article examines how the advisory opinion of the ICJ on the “Legal Consequences of Constructing a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory” dealt with the status of the territory through which the separation barrier passed and the question of the status of the “Green Line” which delineates this territory.Israel has accepted that the rules of belligerent occupation are to be applied to the territory, the Court however did not suffice itself with applying the laws of belligerent occupation but chose to follow current UN precedents in the use of the phrase occupied “Palestinian” territory. The Court does not attempt to resolve the dilemma of how the West Bank could be defined as occupied “Palestinian” territory when its status as occupied territory presumably derived from Israel's seizure of the Area from Jordan and a Palestinian State had never existed there, or anywhere.Although the Court disclaimed any intention of determining boundaries, nevertheless the Court treats the Green Line as Israel s Eastern boundary notwithstanding that neither Israel nor any Arab State recognized it as such. By its decision, the Court apparently however has recognized Israel sovereignty West of the Green Line, including West Jerusalem, perhaps an outcome not foreseen by all who initiated the application to the Court.