bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of VE2+ (E = S, Se) Complexes Using Elemental Chalcogens. Preparation, Structure, and Properties of (VS(SPh)4)2‐ and (VSe(edt)2)2‐ (edt2‐ = Ethane‐1,2‐dithiolate).
Authors: NICHOLSON J. R. , HUFFMAN J. C. , HO D. M. , CHRISTOU G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reaction of elemental sulfur or selenium with a VCl3/sodium thiolate reaction mixture provides a convenient and direct route to the mononuclear, square‐pyramidal complexes (IV) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur‐Nitrogen‐Bonded Metal Chelates. Part 18. 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions to Coordinated Azide in Nickel(II) Complexes of the Types (Ni(S N N)(N3)) and ((S )Ni(N3)Ni(N N S))(ClO4).
Authors: PAUL P. , NAG K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe mononuclear azido‐Ni complexes (II) and the azido‐bridged dinickel complexes (III) are prepared according to the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of the Heterobimetallic Complexes ((OC)3Mo(μ‐dppm)2Rh(CO)Cl) and ((OC)3Mo(μ‐dppm)2M(CO)2)PF6 (M: Rh or Ir, dppm: Ph2PCH2PPh2). Structure of ((OC)3Mo(μ‐dppm)2(μ‐CCMe)Rh(CO)).
Authors: BLAGG A. , ROBSON R. , SHAW B. L. , THORNTON‐PETT M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReactivity of the title complexes (IIId) and (I) is studied.
Human Urine‐Fueled Light‐Driven NADH Regeneration for Redox Biocatalysis
Authors: Choi Woo Seok , Lee Sahng Ha , Ko Jong Wan , Park Chan Beum 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHuman urine is considered as an alternative source of hydrogen and electricity owing to its abundance and high energy density. Here we show the utility of human urine as a chemical fuel for driving redox biocatalysis in a photoelectrochemical cell. Ni(OH)2‐modified α‐Fe2O3 is selected as a photoanode for the oxidation of urea in human urine and black silicon (bSi) is used as a photocathode material for nicotinamide cofactor (NADH: hydrogenated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) regeneration. The electrons extracted from human urine are used for the regeneration of NADH, an essential hydride mediator that is required for numerous redox biocatalytic reactions. The catalytic reactions at both the photoanode and the photocathode were significantly enhanced by light energy that lowered the overpotential and generated high currents in the full cell system.
Consumer control as a common driver of coastal vegetation worldwide
Authors: He Qiang , Silliman Brian R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRapid, global, anthropogenic alteration of food webs in ecosystems necessitates a better understanding of how consumers regulate natural communities. We provide a global synthesis of consumer control of vegetation in coastal wetlands, where the domineering role of physical factors such as nutrient and salinity, rather than consumers, has been emphasized for decades. Using a data set of 1748 measures of consumer effects reported in 443 experiments/observations on all continents except Antarctica, we examine the generality of consumer control in salt marshes and mangroves globally. Our analyses show that salt marsh herbivores, including insects, snails, crabs, waterfowl, small mammals, and livestock, generally and often strongly suppress plant survival, aboveground biomass, and height, while their effects on plant density, belowground biomass, reproduction, and cover are more variable. These effects occur in forbs, grasses, and shrubs, and in both seedlings and adult plants. Herbivores additionally affect plant nutrient stoichiometry, and mediate plant interactions, though their effects on plant diversity are less consistent. Higher trophic levels also affect plants, as predators facilitate plant growth through trophic cascades that suppress grazer abundance and grazing rate. In mangroves, there are also signs of consumer control, though the relatively few studies available have often focused on mangrove propagules and seedlings rather than adults. Our analyses further reveal that the strength of consumer control is regulated by many physical factors. Nutrient, disturbance, and flooding, for example, amplify the negative effects of herbivores. Along latitudinal gradients, increased temperature enhances the negative effects of ectothermic herbivores, but has no effect on those of endothermic herbivores. Consumer control of coastal plants is also apparent across study methodologies: in field and laboratory settings, in observational studies, in consumer exclusion and addition experiments, in natural and transplanted plants, and in experiments of various durations. The role of consumer control in coastal vegetation worldwide highlights the need to better recognize and theoretically conceptualize both top‐down and bottom‐up forcing and their interactions in coastal wetlands. Improved understanding and conservation of coastal wetlands will only occur if we incorporate what the science has revealed: trophic feedbacks are an important and pervasive determinant of coastal plant communities.
Construction of the Seismic‐Analysis Technology of the Insulator Base Metals in a Single Pole Structure Disconnecting Switch
Authors: OHYAMA TOMOYUKI , NAGATA KIYPSHI , KANDA KAZUHIKO , ITO TOMOAKI , ETO ATSUSHI , KOBAYASHI TAKAYUKI 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYIn the disconnecting switch of 300 kV or less single pole structure, the Great East Japan Earthquake received much damage at the former by the rotation insulator base metal which damage experience had. Conventionally, we carried out a simple desk evaluation about earthquake‐proof evaluation of insulator base metal. However, there is deviation with the damage actual condition and it became clear that it was an apparatus weak point part. Then, we worked on the analysis accuracy improvement of insulator base metal, and we built the analysis technology of the single pole structured disconnecting switch.
Alongshore variability of cross‐shore bar behavior on a nontidal beach
Authors: Tătui Florin , Vespremeanu‐Stroe Alfred , Ruessink Gerben B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe report on a 6‐year nearshore bathymetric dataset from the Danube Delta (Romanian Black Sea coast) that comprises 16 km of erosive, stable and accumulative low‐lying micro‐tidal beaches northward of Sf. Gheorghe arm mouth. Two to three two‐dimensional longshore sandbars exhibit a net multi‐annual cyclic (2.8–5.5 years) offshore migration (20–50 m yr−1) in a similar way to other coasts worldwide. Bar morphology and behavior on the sediment‐rich accretionary (dissipative) sector differ substantially from that on the erosive (intermediate) sector. Shoreface slope is the most important factor controlling sandbar number and behavior. It determines different wave‐breaking patterns in the surf zone, translated into different offshore sediment transport and bar zone widths along the study site. Additionally, sediment availability, as a result of the distance from the arm mouth and of the long‐term evolution of the coast, controls the sandbar volume variability. These are all ultimately reflected in the variations of sandbar migration rates and cycle periods. A non‐dimensional morpho‐sedimentary parameter is finally presented, which expresses the bar system change potential as offshore sediment transport potential across the bar zone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved ghost‐cell immersed boundary method for compressible flow simulations
Authors: Chi Cheng , Lee Bok Jik , Im Hong G. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis study presents an improved ghost‐cell immersed boundary approach to represent a solid body in compressible flow simulations. In contrast to the commonly used approaches, in the present work, ghost cells are mirrored through the boundary described using a level‐set method to farther image points, incorporating a higher‐order extra/interpolation scheme for the ghost‐cell values. A sensor is introduced to deal with image points near the discontinuities in the flow field. Adaptive mesh refinement is used to improve the representation of the geometry efficiently in the Cartesian grid system. The improved ghost‐cell method is validated against four test cases: (a) double Mach reflections on a ramp, (b) smooth Prandtl–Meyer expansion flows, (c) supersonic flows in a wind tunnel with a forward‐facing step, and (d) supersonic flows over a circular cylinder. It is demonstrated that the improved ghost‐cell method can reach the accuracy of second order in L1 norm and higher than first order in L∞ norm. Direct comparisons against the cut‐cell method demonstrate that the improved ghost‐cell method is almost equally accurate with better efficiency for boundary representation in high‐fidelity compressible flow simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multigene and Drug Interaction Approach for Tamoxifen Metabolite Patterns Reveals Possible Involvement of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and ABCB1
Authors: Powers Jennifer L. , Buys Saundra S. , Fletcher Deborah , Melis Roberta , Johnson‐Davis Kamisha L. , Lyon Elaine , Malmberg Elisabeth M. , McMillin Gwendolyn A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTamoxifen is metabolically activated to 4‐hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen by cytochrome P450 (CYP). CYP phenotypes have been correlated to tamoxifen outcomes, but few have considered drug interactions or combinations of genes. Fewer still have considered ABCB1, which encodes P‐glycoprotein and transports active tamoxifen metabolites. We compared the concentrations of tamoxifen and metabolites in 116 breast cancer patients with predicted phenotypes for CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and ABCB1 genotypes. A significant correlation between CYP2D6 phenotypes and tamoxifen metabolites was seen, strongest for endoxifen (P < .0001). Statistical fit of the data improved when using gene activity scores adjusted for known drug interactions. Concentration of tamoxifen was significantly higher (P = .02) for patients taking a CYP2C19 inhibitor. No significant relationships were found for other genes unless patients were subgrouped according to CYP2D6 phenotypes or ABCB1 genotypes. Lower concentrations of endoxifen and endoxifen/4‐hydroxytamoxifen ratios were seen with impaired CYP2C9 (P = .05 and P = .03, respectively) if patients had the same CYP2D6 phenotype and were not taking a CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 inhibitor. Lower concentrations of 4‐hydroxytamoxifen were seen for impaired CYP2C19 when ABCB1 SNP3435 was nonvariant (P = .04). With 3 impaired CYP phenotypes, endoxifen concentrations were lower than if only CYP2D6 was impaired (P = .05). When CYP2D6 was impaired, ABCB1 3435 CC (rs1045642) was associated with significantly higher endoxifen (P = .03). Thus, impairment in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or ABCB1 contributes to a lower steady‐state endoxifen concentration at the dose studied. These studies represent an improved way of examining relationships between pharmacogenetics, drug concentrations, and clinical outcomes and warrants study in larger populations.
Observed trends and changes in daily temperature and precipitation extremes over the Koshi river basin 1975–2010
Authors: Shrestha Arun B. , Bajracharya Sagar R. , Sharma Aseem R. , Duo Chu , Kulkarni Ashwini 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe Koshi river basin is a sub‐basin of the Ganges shared among China, Nepal, and India. The river system has a high potential for investment in hydropower development and for irrigation in downstream areas. The upper part of the basin contains a substantial reserve of freshwater in the form of snow and glaciers. Climate variability, climate change, and climate extremes might impact on these reserves, and in turn impact on systems that support livelihoods, such as agriculture, biodiversity and related ecosystem services. Climatological variability and trends over the Koshi river basin were studied using RClimDex. Daily temperature data (20 stations) and precipitation data (50 stations) from 1975 to 2010 were used in the analysis. The results show that the frequency and intensity of weather extremes are increasing. The daily maximum temperature (TXx) increased by 0.1 °C decade−1 on average between 1975 and 2010 and the minimum (TNn) by 0.3 °C decade−1. The number of warm nights increased at all stations. Most of the extreme temperature indices showed a consistently different pattern in the mountains than in the Indo‐Gangetic plains, although not all results were statistically significant. The warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), warm spell duration (WSDI), and diurnal temperature range (DTR) increased at most of the mountain stations; whereas monthly maximum and minimum values of daily maximum temperature, TX90p, cool nights (TN10p), WSDI, cold spell duration indicator (CSDI), DTR decreased at the stations in the Indo‐Gangetic plains, while the number of cold days increased. There was an increase in total annual rainfall and rainfall intensity, although no clear long‐term linear trend, whereas the number of consecutive dry days increased at almost all stations. The results indicate that the risk of extreme climate events over the basin is increasing, which will increase people's vulnerability and has strong policy implications.
Enzymatic lipophilization of epicatechin with free fatty acids and its effect on antioxidative capacity in crude camellia seed oil
Authors: Chen Sa‐Sa , Luo Shui‐Zhong , Zheng Zhi , Zhao Yan‐Yan , Pang Min , Jiang Shao‐Tong 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDCrude camellia seed oil is rich in free fatty acids, which must be removed to produce an oil of acceptable quality. In the present study, we reduced the free fatty acid content of crude camellia seed oil by lipophilization of epicatechin with these free fatty acids in the presence of Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435), and this may enhance the oxidative stability of the oil at the same time.RESULTSThe acid value of crude camellia seed oil reduced from 3.7 to 2.5 mgKOH g−1 after lipophilization. Gas chomatography‐mass spectrometry analysis revealed that epicatechin oleate and epicatechin palmitate were synthesized in the lipophilized oil. The peroxide, p‐anisidine, and total oxidation values during heating of the lipophilized oil were much lower than that of the crude oil and commercially available camellia seed oil, suggesting that lipophilized epicatechin derivatives could help enhance the oxidative stability of edible oil.CONCLUSIONThe enzymatic process to lipophilize epicatechin with the free fatty acids in crude camellia seed oil described in the present study could decrease the acid value to meet the quality standards for commercial camellia seed oil and, at the same time, obtain a new edible camellia seed oil product with good oxidative stability. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A combination of additives can synergically decrease acrylamide content in gingerbread without compromising sensory quality
Authors: Komprda Tomáš , Pridal Antonin , Mikulíková Renata , Svoboda Zdeněk , Cwiková Olga , Nedomová Šárka , Sýkora Vladimír 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe present study tested whether replacement of the leavening agent ammonium carbonate by sodium hydrogen carbonate in combination with calcium cation and acidifying agent will synergically decrease acrylamide (AA) content in gingerbread.RESULTSThe type of leavening agent and the presence of Ca2+ and citric acid accounted for 33.6%, 13.2% and 53.2% of the explained variability of the AA content, respectively (P < 0.01). The AA content in gingerbread produced with (NH4)2CO3 alone was 186.5 µg kg−1. Irrespective of other tested additives, NaHCO3 decreased (P < 0.05) AA content to 42% compared to (NH4)2CO3. Combination of NaHCO3 + CaCl2 + citric acid in dough reduced (P < 0.05) AA content below the limit of detection (25 µg kg−1). The AA content in gingerbread (y; µg kg−1) decreased with an increasing number of additives used (x) according to the equation y = 158.8 – 47.94x (r2 = 0.42; P < 0.0001). A comprehensive sensory analysis did not indicate any significant deterioration (P > 0.05) in the organoleptic quality of gingerbread produced using calcium cation and citric acid.CONCLUSIONThe present study demonstrates that the combination of additives NaHCO3/Ca2+/citric acid synergically decreases AA content in gingerbread without compromising the sensory quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Early Evidence for Domestic Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Woldekiros H. S. , D'Andrea A. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDomestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticusL. 1758) are one of the most valued farm animals in the world today. Chickens are widespread and economically and socially significant in Africa. Despite their importance, little is known about the nature of their introduction and subsequent integration into African economies. One reason for this is the morphological similarity of domestic chickens to wild galliform birds in Africa such as guineafowl and francolin. Here, we present direct dates and morphological evidence for domestic chickens recovered from Mezber, a pre‐Aksumite (>800–450 BCE) rural farming settlement in northern Ethiopia. Key morphological markers differentiated these domestic chickens from francolins. The Mezber direct chicken element accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates of cal 820–595 BCE and indirect/charcoal AMS dates of cal 921–801 BCE constitute the earliest osteological evidence for chickens in Africa. Chicken bones in the domestic food waste of an early rural settlement at Mezber and their presence in later Aksumite urban contexts show that chickens were integrated into diverse Ethiopian highland settings. The Mezber specimens predate the earliest known Egyptian chickens by at least 550 years and draw attention to early exotic faunal exchanges in the Horn of Africa during the early first millennium BCE. These findings support previous archaeological, genetics and linguistic data that suggest maritime exchange networks with South Arabia through ports along the African Red Sea coast constitute one possible early route of introduction of chickens to Africa. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rabbits as Food at the end of the Upper Palaeolithic at Molí del Salt (Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: Martínez‐Polanco M. F. , Blasco R. , Rosell J. , Ibañez N. , Vaquero M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMany factors have been causally linked to the diversification of hunting during the European Palaeolithic: declining supplies of high‐ranked prey, considerable human demographic growth, reduced residential mobility, larger populations of ubiquitous small mammals and significant technological developments. However, small prey exploitation was not uniform: the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the most frequent species in the Upper Palaeolithic archaeological record of the Iberian Peninsula – south and Mediterranean area – and Southern France. This is demonstrated at Molí del Salt, an Upper Palaeolithic site located at Vimbodí (Catalonia, Spain), whose mammal fauna stands out for the predominance of rabbits [91% of minimum number of individuals (n = 136)]. We analysed the faunal remains from one level [Asup (c. 12 700–13 000 cal BP)] in order to identify the agent responsible for the faunal accumulation, and to reconstruct aspects of procurement and consumption that shed light on Palaeolithic subsistence strategies in the Northeast Iberian Peninsula. Our results indicate that human agency rather than carnivore activity was responsible for the bone accumulation at Molí del Salt. We identified all the stages in the consumption sequence from skinning to ingestion. We argue that the rabbits were mostly harvested during summer or winter or both seasons. Clearly, the European rabbit was a target species for the human groups which lived at Molí del Salt providing meat, and skin. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists: Dimensionality and Internal Consistency of the Norwegian Version
Authors: Eland Nicolaas D. , Kvåle Alice , Ostelo Raymond W.J.G. , Strand Liv Inger 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS‐PT) is a self‐administered instrument developed to assess the strength of two possible treatment orientations of physiotherapists towards the management of low back pain. The aim of this study was to translate the PABS‐PT into Norwegian from the original 36‐item Dutch version and to examine its dimensionality and internal consistency.MethodsThe Norwegian version was generated in a forward–backward translation procedure. To examine construct validity, a cross‐sectional web‐based survey was conducted. A convenience sample of 3849 physiotherapists was invited to fill out the Norwegian PABS‐PT, together with demographic and professional data. Only therapists who had been involved in back pain management for the last 6 months were included. Principal factor and Cronbach's alpha analyses were performed to determine the factor structure and internal consistency, respectively.ResultsThe PABS‐PT was successfully translated into Norwegian. Responses from 921 therapists were obtained (response rate 24.8%), and of these, 647 could be included in the factor analysis. Analysis revealed two factors, labelled ‘biomedical’ and ‘biopsychosocial’ treatment orientation, which confirmed the structure of the original Dutch version. Thirty‐six items were reduced to 19, with 13 items loading on factor I and six items on factor II, explaining 18.1% and 7.1%, respectively, of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha of the biomedical sub‐scale was 0.79 and 0.57 for the bio‐psychosocial sub‐scale.ConclusionThe Norwegian version of the PABS‐PT appears to be equivalent to the original Dutch version, showing a similar structure and internal consistency. The two factors accounted for low explained variance, which may be indicative for problematic construct validity. Psychometric properties and usefulness will be further examined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools
Authors: Parmar Keyur R. , Jhajra Shalu , Singh Saranjit 
Published: May 2016

RationaleAmiodarone is reported to cause hepato and pulmonary toxicity in humans, which has been envisaged to be due to formation of its reactive metabolites, essentially based on its structural similarity to benzbromarone, a drug withdrawn from the market due to reasons of similar hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools.MethodsWistar rats were dosed orally with an amiodarone suspension and bile was collected via bile duct cannulation followed by solid‐phase extraction, protein precipitation and centrifugation. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry using tandem mass and constant neutral loss scan in positive electrospray ionization mode.ResultsGlutathione adducts of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites were identified and characterized with the characteristic neutral loss of 129 Da. Glucuronide conjugates of previously reported stable phase‐1 metabolites were also observed.ConclusionsThis study confirmed generation of reactive metabolites of amiodarone for the first time, as was hypothesised earlier by various research groups. Also, the responsible toxicophore was identified to be a benzofuran moiety liable to form reactive diquinone species. However, the results need to be further confirmed in human subjects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.