bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Untreated Hypertension
Authors: Walsh Kyle B. , Woo Daniel , Sekar Padmini , Osborne Jennifer , Moomaw Charles J. , Langefeld Carl D. , Adeoye Opeolu 
Published: October 2016

Background:
Hypertension is a significant risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Although ethnic/racial disparities related to hypertension and ICH have been reported, these previous studies were limited by a lack of Hispanics and inadequate power to analyze by ICH location. In the current study, while overcoming these prior limitations, we investigated whether there was variation by ethnicity/race of treated and untreated hypertension as risk factors for ICH.

Methods:
The ERICH study (Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage) is a prospective, multicenter, case-control study of ICH among whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Cases were enrolled from 42 recruitment sites. Controls matched to cases 1:1 by age (±5 years), sex, ethnicity/race, and metropolitan area were identified by random-digit dialing. Subjects were interviewed to determine history of hypertension and use of antihypertensive medications. Cases and controls within ethnic groups were compared by using conditional logistic regression. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were computed for ICH as an overall group and separately for the location subcategories deep, lobar, and infratentorial (brainstem/cerebellar).

Results:

Nine hundred fifty-eight white, 880 black, and 766 Hispanic ICH patients were enrolled. For ICH cases, untreated hypertension was higher in blacks (43.6%,
P
<0.0001) and Hispanics (46.9%,
P
<0.0001) versus whites (32.7%). In multivariable analyses adjusted for alcohol use, anticoagulation, hypercholesterolemia, education, and medical insurance status, treated hypertension was a significant risk factor across all locations of ICH in whites (odds ratio [OR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–1.98;
P
<0.0001), blacks (OR, 3.02; 95% CI, 2.16–4.22;
P
<0.0001), and Hispanics (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.73–3.62;
P
<0.0001). Untreated hypertension was a substantially greater risk factor for all 3 racial/ethnic groups across all locations of ICH: whites (OR, 8.79; 95% CI, 5.66–13.66;
P
<0.0001), blacks (OR, 12.46; 95% CI, 8.08–19.20;
P
<0.0001), and Hispanics (OR, 10.95; 95% CI, 6.58–18.23;
P
<0.0001). There was an interaction between race/ethnicity and ICH risk (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Untreated hypertension confers a greater ICH risk in blacks and Hispanics relative to whites across all anatomic locations of ICH. Accelerated research efforts are needed to improve overall hypertension treatment rates and to monitor the impact of such efforts on racial/ethnic disparities in stroke.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01202864.
Lifestyle factors and adolescent depressive symptomatology: Associations and effect sizes of diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour
Authors: Hayward Joshua , Jacka Felice N , Skouteris Helen , Millar Lynne , Strugnell Claudia , Swinburn Boyd A , Allender Steven 
Published: October 2016

Objective: Depression affects many Australian adolescents. Research points to the potential of lifestyle improvement for the population-level prevention of mental disorders. However, most studies examine single relationships without considering the combined contribution of lifestyle factors to variance in depression. This study examined associations between adolescent diet, physical activity and screen time behaviours and depressive symptomatology. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of year 8 and 10 students was recruited from 23 participating schools in 18 Victorian communities. Students were recruited using opt-out consent, resulting in 3295 participants from 4680 registered school enrolments (Participation Rate: 70.4%). Participants completed a supervised self-report questionnaire comprising Moods and Feelings Questionnaire–Short Form, an assessment of physical activity and sedentary behaviours during and outside school, and weekly food intake. Surveyed covariates included hours of sleep per night, age, socio-economic status and measured anthropometry. A hierarchical regression stratified by gender was conducted, with dichotomised Moods and Feelings Questionnaire–Short Form score as the outcome, and screen time, physical activity and dietary patterns as predictors. Nested regression analyses were then conducted to ascertain the variance in Moods and Feelings Questionnaire–Short Form score attributable to each significant predictor from the initial regression. Results: Increased scores on an unhealthy dietary pattern (odds ratio = 1.18; 95% confidence interval = [1.07, 1.32]) and physical activity guideline attainment (0.91; [0.85, 0.97]) were associated with depressive symptomatology in males, while screen time guideline attainment (0.95; [0.91, 0.98]) was associated with depression in females. No association was observed between healthy diet pattern and Moods and Feelings Questionnaire–Short Form. Overall, effect sizes were generally small, and the regression model accounted for 5.22% of Moods and Feelings Questionnaire–Short Form variance. Conclusion: Gender-specific associations were observed between physical activity and both sedentary and dietary behaviours and depressive symptomatology among adolescents, although reverse causality cannot be refuted at this stage. Lifestyle behaviours may represent a modifiable target for the prevention of depressive symptomatology in adolescents.
Target Detection and Identification Performance Using an Automatic Target Detection System
Authors: Reiner Adam J. , Hollands Justin G. , Jamieson Greg A. 
Published: October 2016

Objective: We investigated the effects of automatic target detection (ATD) on the detection and identification performance of soldiers. Background: Prior studies have shown that highlighting targets can aid their detection. We provided soldiers with ATD that was more likely to detect one target identity than another, potentially acting as an implicit identification aid. Method: Twenty-eight soldiers detected and identified simulated human targets in an immersive virtual environment with and without ATD. Task difficulty was manipulated by varying scene illumination (day, night). The ATD identification bias was also manipulated (hostile bias, no bias, and friendly bias). We used signal detection measures to treat the identification results. Results: ATD presence improved detection performance, especially under high task difficulty (night illumination). Identification sensitivity was greater for cued than uncued targets. The identification decision criterion for cued targets varied with the ATD identification bias but showed a “sluggish beta” effect. Conclusion: ATD helps soldiers detect and identify targets. The effects of biased ATD on identification should be considered with respect to the operational context. Application: Less-than-perfectly-reliable ATD is a useful detection aid for dismounted soldiers. Disclosure of known ATD identification bias to the operator may aid the identification process.
Derivation and verification of the round trip time equation and two performance coefficients for double-deck elevators under incoming traffic conditions
Authors: Al-Sharif Lutfi , AlOsta Enas , Abualhomos Noor , Suhweil Yazan 
Published: October 2016

Double-deck elevators are a very efficient mode of transport, especially in high rise buildings. This is due to the fact that they reduce the number of stops in a round trip (leading to a smaller value of the round trip time hence a higher handling capacity) and take up less space of the core of the building leading to high space usage efficiency. This paper provides a comprehensive treatment of the double-deck elevator traffic calculations. It derives an exact set of equations to find the value of the round trip time under incoming traffic conditions, for the cases of equal and unequal floor populations. Moreover, equations have also been derived for two performance coefficients. The first coefficient is called the passenger transfer efficiency coefficient and is representative of the time taken by passenger to alight from the double-deck elevator. The second coefficient is called the coincidental stopping coefficient and is representative of the stopping efficiency. All the results from the equations have been verified using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The method of stepwise verification has been used in order to verify the equations. Under stepwise verification, the equations are derived in stages and each stage is verified against the results from the Monte Carlo Simulation method. The paper ends by suggesting methods of dealing with two of the irregular conditions. Namely two cases are discussed: the case where the number of floors above the main entrance is odd; and the case where the floor heights are unequal and the rated speed is not attained in one double floor journey. Practical application: This paper presents a full set of equations that allow the elevator system designer to fully assess the expected performance of the double-deck elevator system under incoming traffic conditions. These equations (manually or within a software program) can be used to carry out a full design (thus selecting the number, speed, and capacity of the double-deck elevators).
The contribution of depressive symptoms to slowness of information processing in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lubrini Genny , Ríos Lago Marcos , Periañez Jose A , Tallón Barranco Antonio , De Dios Consuelo , Fernández-Fournier Mireya , Diez Tejedor Exuperio , Frank García Ana 
Published: October 2016

Background: Slowness of information processing has been suggested as a fundamental factor modulating cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the contribution of depressive symptoms (DS) to slowness remains unclear. One of the most accepted hypotheses on the impact of depression on the general population suggests that depression interferes only with tasks requiring high cognitive demands. However, no studies have investigated if the same pattern occurs in MS. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the profile of the contribution of DS to slowness. Methods: Four Reaction Time (RT) tasks requiring an increasing level of cognitive demands were administered to 35 relapsing remitting MS patients with DS, 33 MS patients without DS, 17 depressed non-MS patients and 27 controls. Results: MS patients without DS obtained longer RTs than controls in all the tasks. On the contrary, depressed non-MS patients were slower than controls only in the most demanding task. Finally, MS patients with DS were slower than MS patients without DS not only in the most demanding task but also in the task requiring a lower level of cognitive demands. Conclusion: The contribution of DS to slowness depends on the level of cognitive demands. However, its impact on MS is more deleterious than on the general population.
Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Ollila A. , Vikatmaa L. , Virolainen J. , Vikatmaa P. , Leppäniemi A. , Albäck A. , Salmenperä M. , Pettilä V. 
Published: October 2016

Background and Aims: Perioperative myocardial infarction is an underdiagnosed complication causing morbidity, mortality, and considerable costs. However, evidence of preventive and therapeutic options is scarce. We investigated the incidence and outcome of perioperative myocardial infarction in non-cardiac surgery patients in order to define a target population for future interventional trials. Material and Methods: We conducted a prospective single-center study on non-cardiac surgery patients aged 50 years or older. High-sensitivity troponin T and electrocardiograph were obtained five times perioperatively. Perioperative myocardial infarction diagnosis required a significant troponin T release and an ischemic sign or symptom. Perioperative risk calculator was used for risk assessment. Results: Of 385 patients with systematic ischemia screening, 27 patients (7.0%) had perioperative myocardial infarction. The incidence was highest in vascular surgery—19 of 172 patients (11.0%). The 90-day mortality was 29.6% in patients with perioperative myocardial infarction and 5.6% in non–perioperative myocardial infarction patients ( p <  0.001). Perioperative risk calculator predicted perioperative myocardial infarction with an area under curve of 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.64–0.81). Conclusion: Perioperative myocardial infarction is a common complication associated with a 90-day mortality of 30%. The ability of the perioperative risk calculator to predict perioperative myocardial infarction was fair supporting its routine use.
Silicone-covered biodegradable magnesium-stent insertion in the esophagus: a comparison with plastic stents
Authors: Zhu Yue-Qi , Yang Kai , Edmonds Laura , Wei Li-Ming , Zheng Reila , Cheng Ruo-Yu , Cui Wen-Guo , Cheng Ying-Sheng 
Published: October 2016

Background: We determined the feasibility of, and tissue response to silicone-covered biodegradable magnesium- and plastic-stent insertion into the esophagus in rabbits. Methods: The mechanical compression–recovery characteristics and degradation behaviors of the magnesium stent were investigated in vitro. A total of 45 rabbits were randomly divided into a magnesium- ( n = 15) and a plastic- ( n = 15) stent group, and underwent stent insertion into the lower third of the esophagus under fluoroscopic guidance; a control group ( n = 15) did not undergo the intervention. Esophagography was performed at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Five rabbits in each group were euthanized at each time point for histological examination. Results: Silicone-covered magnesium stents showed similar radial force to plastic stents ( p > 0.05). The magnesium stents degraded rapidly in an acidic solution, but 90.2% ± 3.1% of the residual mass was maintained after a 2-week degradation in a solution with a pH of 4.0. All stent insertions were well tolerated. Magnesium stents migrated in six rabbits (one at 1 week, one at 2 weeks and four at 4 weeks), and plastic stents migrated in three rabbits (one at 2 weeks and two at 4 weeks; p > 0.05). Esophageal wall remodeling (thinner epithelial and smooth muscle layers) was similar in both stented groups ( p > 0.05), and the esophagus wall was found to be significantly thinner in the stented groups than in the control group ( p < 0.05). Esophageal injury and collagen deposition following stent insertion were similar and did not differ from the control group ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: Esophageal silicone-covered magnesium stents provided reliable support for at least 2 weeks, with acceptable migration rates and without causing severe injury or tissue reaction compared with plastic stents.
PDGFB, a new candidate plasma biomarker for venous thromboembolism: results from the VEREMA affinity proteomics study
Authors: Bruzelius Maria , Iglesias Maria Jesus , Hong Mun-Gwan , Sanchez-Rivera Laura , Gyorgy Beata , Souto Juan Carlos , Frånberg Mattias , Fredolini Claudia , Strawbridge Rona J. , Holmström Margareta , Hamsten Anders , Uhlén Mathias , Silveira Angela , Soria Jose Manuel , Smadja David M. , Butler Lynn M. , Schwenk Jochen M. , Morange Pierre-Emmanuel , Trégouët David-Alexandre , Odeberg Jacob 
Published: October 2016

Key Points
High-throughput affinity plasma proteomic profiling can identify candidate plasma biomarkers for VTE. Elevated plasma PDGFB levels are identified as associated with VTE in 2 independent case control studies.
Caspase-3–dependent cleavage of Bcl-xL in the stroma exosomes is required for their uptake by hematological malignant cells
Authors: Vardaki Ioulia , Sanchez Claire , Fonseca Pedro , Olsson Magnus , Chioureas Dimitrios , Rassidakis George , Ullén Anders , Zhivotovsky Boris , Björkholm Magnus , Panaretakis Theocharis 
Published: October 2016

Key Points
Bcl-xL is a substrate for active caspase-3 in the exosomes. Molecular or chemical inhibition of exosomal Bcl-xL cleavage attenuates uptake of exosomes by hematological malignant cells.
Safety Considerations in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Patients With Implanted Medical Devices
Authors: Ponce de Leon Marcus 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
MRI is a valuable tool in the evaluation of patients with neurologic disease. It offers ease of use and widespread availability; however, MRI can pose significant health hazards to patients with implantable devices. Accordingly, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has changed the safety labeling of implantable devices. This article increases provider awareness by detailing the potential safety risks MRI poses to patients with implantable devices and reviews the most recent FDA device labeling.
Imaging of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders
Authors: Balashov Konstantin 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: This article focuses on neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorder encountered by practicing neurologists. Less common adult demyelinating disorders and incidental subclinical white matter abnormalities that are often considered in the differential diagnosis of MS are also reviewed.

Recent Findings: Advancements in neuroimaging techniques, eg, the application of ultrahigh-field MRI, are rapidly expanding the use of neuroimaging in CNS demyelinating disorders. Probably the most important recent findings include the detection of cortical lesions and CNS atrophy even in early stages of MS. The key development for practicing neurologists is the growing impact of MRI on the diagnostic criteria for MS and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders.

Summary: MRI serves as an important component of the diagnostic criteria for MS and other major CNS demyelinating disorders, and it has been established as a reliable and sensitive indicator of disease activity and progression. In addition, rapidly advancing neuroimaging techniques are helping to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis.
Imaging in Patients With Visual Symptoms
Authors: Szatmáry Gabriella 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: This article presents an imaging-based approach to the differential diagnosis of visual symptoms.

Recent Findings: Many neurologic disorders may present with visual symptoms. Therefore, neurologists must be familiar with the array of pathophysiologic processes that cause visual symptoms. Orbital imaging is challenging owing to the small structures and different tissue interfaces within and surrounding the orbital compartment. Some of the emerging three-dimensional MRI sequences are promising and compare well with high-resolution two-dimensional sequences in the orbits.

Summary: The diagnosis of patients with visual symptoms can be challenging and often requires in-depth knowledge of neuroanatomy that is well depicted by various imaging methods. Neurologists are expected to be familiar with the latest imaging techniques that play an important role not only in diagnosing diseases but also in determining disease pathogenesis. Close collaboration with the neuroimager, ophthalmologist, and, when available, neuro-ophthalmologist, is recommended when caring for patients with visual symptoms.
Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Neurology
Authors: Miletich Robert S. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are now available for routine clinical applications in neurology. This article discusses their diagnostic use in dementia, brain tumors, epilepsy, parkinsonism, cerebrovascular disease, and traumatic brain injury.

Recent Findings: Neuromolecular imaging, also known as nuclear neurology, involves clinical imaging of both basal regional physiology (perfusion, metabolism, and transport mechanisms) and specific neurochemical physiology (currently, only the dopamine transporter). This article serves as an introduction to neuromolecular imaging, reviewing the literature supplemented by the author’s experience.

Summary: Neurologic PET and SPECT are no longer restricted to the research realm. These modalities have high diagnostic accuracy.
Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Neurologists
Authors: Radue Ernst-Wilhelm , Weigel Matthias , Wiest Roland , Urbach Horst 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: In neuroradiology, highly sophisticated methods such as MRI are implemented to investigate different entities of the central nervous system and to acquire miscellaneous images where tissues display varying degrees of characteristic signal intensity or brightness. Compared to x-ray, CT, and ultrasound, MRI produces clearer images of tissues, body fluids, and fat. The basics of MRI may be unknown to neurologists; this article introduces MRI physics, techniques, and interpretation guidelines.

Recent Findings: This article discusses the basics of MRI to provide clinicians with the scientific underpinning of MRI technology and to help them better understand image features and improve their diagnosis and differential diagnosis by combining MRI characteristics with their knowledge of pathology and neurology.

Summary: This article will help neurologists deepen their knowledge and understanding of MRI by introducing the basics of MRI physics, technology, image acquisition, protocols, and image interpretation.
Ecdysone signaling induces two phases of cell cycle exit inDrosophilacells
Authors: Guo Yongfeng , Flegel Kerry , Kumar Jayashree , McKay Daniel J. , Buttitta Laura A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTDuring development, cell proliferation and differentiation must be tightly coordinated to ensure proper tissue morphogenesis. Because steroid hormones are central regulators of developmental timing, understanding the links between steroid hormone signaling and cell proliferation is crucial to understanding the molecular basis of morphogenesis. Here we examined the mechanism by which the steroid hormone ecdysone regulates the cell cycle in Drosophila. We find that a cell cycle arrest induced by ecdysone in Drosophila cell culture is analogous to a G2 cell cycle arrest observed in the early pupa wing. We show that in the wing, ecdysone signaling at the larva-to-puparium transition induces Broad which in turn represses the cdc25c phosphatase String. The repression of String generates a temporary G2 arrest that synchronizes the cell cycle in the wing epithelium during early pupa wing elongation and flattening. As ecdysone levels decline after the larva-to-puparium pulse during early metamorphosis, Broad expression plummets, allowing String to become re-activated, which promotes rapid G2/M progression and a subsequent synchronized final cell cycle in the wing. In this manner, pulses of ecdysone can both synchronize the final cell cycle and promote the coordinated acquisition of terminal differentiation characteristics in the wing.