bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic experiments on the impacts of vehicle blockages at bridges
Authors: Xia J. , Teo F.Y. , Falconer R.A. , Chen Q. , Deng S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMost urban rivers carry much natural debris, such as vehicles and trees, during extreme flood events, and these large debris, particularly vehicles, can block a local hydraulic structure such as a bridge. Such blockages usually increase the upstream water levels and cause more water to be diverted into adjacent urban areas. A scaled physical river model was constructed in a laboratory flume, consisting of a sketched urban reach with a compound cross‐sectional geometry, and experiments were conducted on three model bridges, blocked by vehicles, with the corresponding hydrodynamic impacts of these vehicles blocking bridges being investigated. The main findings obtained from the investigation show that (i) the upstream water depths in the urban river increased significantly due to the vehicle blockage, for the single opening arch bridge and the straight deck bridge, while the upstream depths increased slightly for the three‐opening straight deck bridge; (ii) the non‐uniformity in the velocity profiles varied along the channel centreline, with the exponents in the power‐law velocity distribution reaching their maximum values around the first two blocked model bridges, while the exponent values changed slightly along the channel for the third model bridge due to the middle opening not being blocked; and (iii) the downstream mean velocity was slightly greater than the upstream velocity for the first two cases, with the minimum value occurring just downstream of the bridge. However, the depth‐averaged velocities just downstream of the bridge were relatively higher for the third case. Therefore, the obstruction caused by vehicle blockage at bridges has significant impacts on the hydrodynamic characteristics in an urban reach, and these impacts depend on the specified bridge type and the blockage mode.
Histological verification of the prehypogastric and ovarian ganglia confirms a bilaterally symmetrical organization of the ganglia comprising the aortic plexus in female human cadavers
Authors: Beveridge Tyler S. , Johnson Marjorie , Power Nicholas E. , Allman Brian L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe aortic plexus is a network of sympathetic nerves positioned along the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Recently, we characterized the aortic plexus and its ganglia (inferior mesenteric, left/right spermatic, and prehypogastric ganglion) in males; however, the literature minimally describes its anatomy in females. In the present study, we conducted the first histological examination of the left and right ovarian ganglia, while also investigating whether females, like males, exhibit a prehypogastric ganglion. The ganglia were dissected from embalmed (n = 32) and fresh (n = 1) human cadavers, and H&E staining was used to confirm the presence of a left ovarian ganglion in 31/31 specimens, a right ovarian ganglion in 29/29 specimens and a prehypogastric ganglion in 25/28 specimens. Comparable to the topographic arrangement in males, there is a bilateral organization of the ganglia comprising the aortic plexus in females. More specifically, the left and right ovarian ganglia were positioned in close relation to their respective ovarian artery, whereas the prehypogastric ganglion was positioned within the right cord of the aortic plexus, contralateral to the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Using immunohistochemistry, it was shown that all ganglia from the fresh cadaver stained positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, thereby confirming their sympathetic nature. Having provided the first topographical and histological characterization of the ovarian and prehypogastric ganglia in females, future studies should seek to determine their specific function.
Cost of illness of oral lichen planus in aUKpopulation – a pilot study
Authors: Ni Riordain Richeal , Christou Joanna , Pinder Denise , Squires Vanessa , Hodgson Tim 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the economic burden of oral lichen planus (OLP) from the perspective of the healthcare provider in aUKpopulation.MethodsThis prevalence‐based cost‐of‐illness analysis was carried out via a cross‐sectional study conducted in the Oral Medicine Unit of the Eastman Dental Hospital. This study was conducted in three phases – phase 1 involved framing of the cost‐of‐illness analysis, development of the cost inventory and design of the patient questionnaire for ease of data collection. Data collected from patients were inputted during phase 2, and costings were determined. The final phase consisted of the calculation of the cost of illness ofOLP.ResultsOne hundred patients were enrolled in the study, 30 males and 70 females, with an average age of 59.9 years (±13.4 years). The averageOLPpatient, based on our cohort, attends the oral medicine unit 2.64 times per year, their general medical practitioner 1.13 times annually, their general dental practitioner 0.82 times in a year and fills on average 3.37 prescriptions annually. This leads to an average annual cost of £398.58 (€541.16) per patient per year from the perspective of the healthcare provider.ConclusionThe annual average cost ofOLPto the healthcare provider in theUKis substantial. The prevalence‐based cost‐of‐illness data generated in this study will facilitate comparison with other chronic oral mucosal diseases and with chronic diseases managed in allied medical specialties.
Rickettsial endosymbiont in the “early‐diverging” streptophyte green alga Mesostigma viride
Authors: Yang Ashley , Narechania Apurva , Kim Eunsoo 
Published: January 2016

A bacterial endosymbiont was unexpectedly found in the “axenic” culture strain of the streptophyte green alga Mesostigma viride (NIES‐995). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the symbiont belongs to the order Rickettsiales, specifically to the recently designated clade “Candidatus Megaira,” which is closely related to the well‐known Rickettsia clade. Rickettsiales bacteria of the “Ca. Megaira” clade are found in a taxonomically diverse array of eukaryotic hosts, including chlorophycean green algae, several ciliate species, and invertebrates such as Hydra. Transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridi‐zation, and SYBR Green I staining experiments revealed that the endosymbiont of M. viride NIES‐995 is rod shaped, typically occurs in clusters, and is surrounded by a halo‐like structure, presumably formed by secretory substances from the bacterium. Two additional M. viride strains (NIES‐296 and NIES‐475), but not SAG50‐1, were found to house the rickettsial endosymbiont. Analyses of strain NIES‐995 transcriptome data indicated the presence of at least 91 transcriptionally active genes of symbiont origins. These include genes for surface proteins (e.g., rOmpB) that are known to play key roles in bacterial attachment onto host eukaryotes in related Rickettsia species. The assembled M. viride transcriptome includes transcripts that code for a suite of predicted algal‐derived proteins, such as Ku70, WASH, SCAR, and CDC42, which may be important in the formation of the algal‐rickettsial association.
A comprehensive analysis of the Asiatic citrus canker eradication programme in São Paulo state, Brazil, from 1999 to 2009
Authors: Behlau F. , Fonseca A. E. , Belasque J. 
Published: January 2016

Asiatic citrus canker (ACC), caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, has been controlled by exclusion and eradication measures in São Paulo state (SP), Brazil, since it was first detected in 1957. Several protocols of eradication have been used since then, but the protocol applied from 1999 to 2009 was the most successful and well documented of these. During that time, if the incidence of trees with symptoms in a citrus block was ≤0.5%, the infected trees and the symptomless trees within a 30 m radius were removed. However, if the incidence was >0.5%, the entire block was eliminated. Subsequently, inspections were carried out to monitor the affected blocks during quarantine. Although this protocol did not eliminate the disease from SP, it suppressed the incidence of affected blocks to very low annual levels (<0.20%) for a decade. Of over 5000 foci detected, 65.1% were eliminated by removing the block, either when disease was first detected (47.8%) or at a subsequent detection (17.3%), and 28.4% were eradicated by removing trees within a 30 m radius. The latter method was not an effective stand‐alone measure for ACC eradication and the 0.5% threshold was the key factor in suppression of disease statewide. Currently, a re‐emergence of ACC is occurring in SP. The information presented here will aid the establishment of protocols for the eradication of ACC in other citrus‐growing areas with low incidence of the disease or at risk of pathogen introduction.
New Matrix Pump Switching Component for Excavator’s Flexible Oil Flow Management
Authors: Ruggeri Massimiliano , Massarotti Giorgio Paolo , Marani Pietro 
Published: January 2016

In recent years many studies were performed with the aim of reducing losses and to optimize the oil flow management in complex machines like excavators. One of the most promising ideas is to implement multiple hydraulic power sources but this requires a flexible pump switch system, in fact depending on flow request and machine mode one or more pumps can be switched to serve each actuator. To put into practice these studies it is necessary to in-depth design the distribution system, through which hydrostatic transmissions are applied to the different loads. The system presented couples more actuators to every single pumps and offers also cross connections, in order to increase systems flexibility in flow management. The paper presents a new component to realize the pump switch management, applying the matrix concept to the hydraulic flow connections. The matrix for oil flow management is a new hydraulic component, flexible, safe and scalable, that can be coupled to other similar, offering a real matrix of lines and columns. From the working principle point of view, each line is connected to a pump and each column is connected to a load, only a section can be opened for each pump, but more connections can be opened for an actuator, offering a flexible flow management. The component is a rotating distributor with a safety spool, that can connect P and T port of one pump to the A and B port of each actuator, moving the safety spool only when the rotary distributor is coupled with the desired actuator. Both closed center and open center configurations are possible, as well as regenerative systems can be implemented. The solution is presented with focus on the mechanical design and on the working principle, offering an optimal solution to the switching system, that free the distribution system design from the constraint of a predefined coupling of pumps with actuators.
Since the component is in its early stage of development, the paper will focus mainly on design concept and architectural alternatives and potential benefits of the implementation of the concept on state of art architectures from the functional capability point of view.
Some argument will be given then on the topic of Functional Safety disclosing some of the operability and safety potentials of the system.
Further important design aspects such as Internal Leakage, Axial and Radial Forces on Spools, Dynamic Response will be addressed in later publications, as well as system simulation of working cycles and Testing of Prototype has to be obviously undertaken in the future.
Exergy Based Analysis of Pneumatic Air Saving Measures
Authors: Merkelbach Stephan , Murrenhoff Hubertus 
Published: January 2016

Pneumatic linear drives are widely used in manufacturing, mainly for handling tasks. Pneumatic drives are very versatile and reliable. They are easy to install and to maintain as well as economically priced. Due to rising interest in environmental matters and increasing energy costs, energy efficiency has become a major issue in industrial applications. There is a growing competition between pneumatic and electromechanical drives. Pneumatic drives are said to have high operating costs while the purchase of electromechanical drives is more expensive. The operating costs of pneumatics are mainly induced by the energy consumption to provide pressurized air. Therefore many different air saving measures for simple handling tasks are proposed in literature, which offer opportunities for reducing the air consumption in comparison to standard configurations.
This paper provides an overview of different approaches for saving air and typical applications for these approaches. The thermodynamic concept of exergy is utilized in the paper. It provides a better standard of comparison between different technologies than common energy analysis because exergy accounts for a system’s ability to conduct work out of different forms of energy. An exergy based analysis and a comparison of different air saving circuits are presented.
The approaches described in literature are suitable for different applications. The study includes an analysis of cross flow valves to recuperate parts of the exhaust air during backstroke. Furthermore shut-off-valves using the expansion energy saved in the pressurized air of meter-out controlled cylinders are evaluated. The use of expansion energy is applicable if the entire cylinder force is not required at the end stop.
The circuits are simulated based on lumped parameter models (DSHplus). The simulations are validated by experiments. The exergy efficiency of the examined circuits is compared to a meter-out controlled standard drive. Furthermore possible restrictions for the use of these circuits are discussed. This includes stability problems caused by the reduced force in the end stop or influences on the drive dynamics. If these restrictions are considered in the design of the facility, the same level of process quality and reliability compared to a standard setup can be achieved. Large energy savings and therefore reductions of operating costs of the pneumatic drives are possible with limited effort.
Efficiency Improvement of Common-Rail Pumps by Gap Compensation Based on Hollow Pistons
Authors: Heitzig Stefan , Bultel Gregor , Murrenhoff Hubertus 
Published: January 2016

In the scope of the cluster of excellence “Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass” new biofuels are developed. To ensure safe and reliable functioning of the injection system operating with the new fuels, the tribological characteristics of the fuel candidates have to be investigated.
The biofuel candidates which have been studied so far tend to have a lower viscosity compared to diesel [1]. This has an enormous impact on the efficiency of common-rail piston pumps. For low viscosity fuels the volumetric losses become the dominant factor. These losses are influenced by the geometric parameters of the pump, the operating conditions and the rheological characteristics of the fuels. Regarding the geometric parameters, the gap height in the piston-cylinder-contact is the predominant factor. In modern common-rail pumps the nominal gap height is in the range of 2–3 μm [2]. A further reduction of the height is limited by tolerances of the manufacturing process and the risk of the piston getting stuck in the cylinder due to different temperature gradients and consequently different thermal expansions of piston and cylinder.
Besides the nominal gap height, the high pressure in the lubricating film in operation leads to an expansion of the gap. If this expansion can be limited or even avoided, a significant reduction of the leakage losses will be possible. In the scope of this paper an approach to a gap compensation of the sealing and lubricating contact between piston and cylinder is presented. Based on a detailed study of the state of the art design, including efficiency measurements of pumps and EHD-simulation, a modified piston design is investigated and optimized. The results show a great potential for efficiency improvement of common-rail pumps, especially if operated with biofuels, which provide low viscosities.
Optimal Control and Performance Based Design of the Blended Hydraulic Hybrid
Authors: Bleazard Tyler , Haria Hiral , Sprengel Michael , Ivantysynova Monika 
Published: January 2016

Due to a growing awareness of fuel prices and government regulations on emissions there has been an expanding interest in hybrid vehicle research. Though much of these efforts have been in electric hybrid vehicles, hydraulic hybrid vehicles show great potential due to their higher power density, higher efficiency in regenerative braking, and lower cost of materials. Many different hydraulic hybrid architectures have been proposed, one of the most common being the series hybrid. The series hybrid has many deficiencies due to the hydraulic units being connected directly to the high pressure accumulator. In many operating conditions the units operate inefficiently at low displacements and high pressures. Additionally the driver’s torque demand can exceed that available from the accumulator’s current pressure. As a result additional fluid must be pumped into the accumulator to raise the system pressure. This can result in a delay on the order of seconds in meeting the driver’s demand thereby yielding an undesirably sluggish response.
To address these issues the authors’ research group previously introduced the blended hydraulic hybrid [1]. Using dynamic programming, an optimal control simulation tool, the blended hybrid showed improved efficiency and response when compared to the series hybrid [2]. This transmission achieves high efficiency and fast response partially through the inclusion of a hydrostatic transmission. In addition regenerative braking and blending of engine and accumulator power are realized through the use of actively and passively controlled valves.
With these promising results, the Maha Fluid Power Research Center has begun designing and constructing a blended hydraulic hybrid SUV. In preparation for this the authors have developed a new sizing methodology to determine transmission sizing that meets both the efficiency and performance requirements of the designer. To explore the trends in blended hydraulic hybrid sizing a full factorial combination of hydraulic unit sizes, accumulator sizes and accumulator minimum pressures were optimally controlled for the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) using dynamic programming and maximum acceleration was simulated to obtain trends in performance.
Full Vehicle Simulation of Forwarder With Semi-Active Suspension Using Co-Simulation
Authors: Braun Robert , Ericson Liselott , Krus Petter 
Published: January 2016

A major concern in the forest industry is impact on the soil caused by forest machines during harvesting. A six-wheel pendulum arm forwarder is being developed. The new forwarder aims at reducing soil damage by an even pressure distribution and smooth torque control and thereby also improving the working environment. The suspension contains pendulum arms on each wheel controlled by a hydraulic load sensing system in combination with accumulator.
A natural approach is to model each part of a system in the best-suited software. In this case, the hydraulic system is modelled in the Hopsan simulation tool, while the vehicle mechanics is modelled in Adams. To understand the whole system it is necessary to simulate all subsystems together. An open standard for this is the Functional Mock-up Interface. This makes it possible to investigate the interaction between the hydraulic system and the multi-body mechanic model.
This paper describes how different simulation tools can be combined to support the development process. The technique is applied to the forwarder’s pendulum suspension. Controllers for height and soil force are optimized to minimize soil damage and maximize comfort for the operator.
Hydraulic Die Cushions in Deep Drawing Presses: Analysis and Optimization Using Coupled Simulation
Authors: Schulze Tobias , Weber Jürgen , Großmann Knut , Penter Lars , Schenke Christer 
Published: January 2016

The scientific paper proposes a method to analyze and optimize the drawing press and the deep drawing process with a virtual model. It focuses on hydraulic multi-point die cushions since they offer a wide range of possible adjustments and a high potential to increase production quality and efficiency. The operator can apply individual die cushion cylinder forces to the blankholder which enables the control of the forming process and manual die spotting can theoretically be reduced to a minimum. Utilizing the virtual model can improve the drawing press’ behavior and significantly reduce the set-up time for drawing presses during try-out of new tools or when tool sets are transferred to a different machine.
The paper presents a system simulation model of a deep drawing press including its mechanics, hydraulics, and control. It serves as a basis for developing an advanced control system which improves system performance with potentially higher slide speeds, and therefore, a more efficient production.
Another aspect in the paper is the development of a coupled simulation consisting of the machine model and a process model. This includes the elasto-static as well as the dynamic behavior of the drawing press and allows for simulations with the highest possible level of detail. The model was used to determine individual set forces for the die cushion cylinders which allowed for the production of sound quality parts without manual die spotting.
Evaluation of Test Bench Engine Performance Measurements in Relation to Vehicle Measurements on Chassis Dynamometer
Authors: Nielsen Claus Suldrup , Schramm Jesper , Ivarsson Anders , Malik Azhar , Løvås Terese 
Published: January 2016

A 1600 cc direct injected turbocharged Euro 5 diesel engine was operated on standard diesel fuel from a gas station in Denmark for evaluation of the test bench procedure. The NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), FTP-75 (Federal Test Procedure) and WLTP (World Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure) driving cycles were simulated in the engine test bench in two ways: 1) by transient engine operation were the inertia of the vehicle during deceleration was simulated by addition of power from an electric motor mounted on the crank shaft, and 2) by steady state measurements where the total driving pattern was simulated from an integration of multiple steady state measurements. The mathematical model that calculates equivalent NEDC driving cycle vehicle emissions from the engine steady state measurements in the test bench, starting with warm engine, is presented. By applying this model any driving cycle emissions can be calculated from the presented tabulated steady state measurements, starting with warm or cold engine.
Both engine test methods showed acceptable agreement with measurement in an NEDC vehicle test on chassis dynamometer where the vehicle was equipped with a similar engine as the test bench engine. The two engine test bench methods gave very similar results, but the transient engine test procedure showed a little higher emission of CO2 and NOx, results that were closest to the vehicle measurements. This is interpreted as a result of extra emissions when the engine adjusts from one operating point to the next during transient operation. These extra emissions are not caught in the steady state method. Application of the two engine test procedures on the FTP-75 procedure and the newer WLTP showed that the steady state engine test method gave significantly lower emissions of NOx and a little lower CO2 emissions compared to the transient engine test. The results indicated that this was mainly an effect of the time delay on the engines EGR system adjustment, which is not caught in the steady state method.
The advantages and disadvantages of applying the different measurement methods and test procedures are discussed in relation to introduction of new test procedures in order to reduce engine/vehicle emissions.