bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The burden of domestication: a representative study of welfare in privately owned cats in Denmark
Authors: Sandøe P , Nørspang AP , Forkman B , Bjørnvad CR , Kondrup SV , Lund TB 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe way in which domestic cats are kept and bred has changed dramatically over the last two centuries. Notably, a significant number of cats are kept indoors, most of them are neutered and many are selectively bred. This likely has consequences for their welfare. A few studies link housing, neuter status and breeding in cats to risks of welfare problems. However, the study presented here is the first to quantify the risks and document the prevalence of risk factors. It builds on results from a questionnaire sent to a representative sample of the Danish population. Using the responses from cat owners who keep cats in the home (n = 378), the paper aims to investigate how indoor confinement, neutering and selective breeding affect health, behaviour and other factors relating to cat welfare. The paper reports that confined cats had significantly more behavioural problems than free-roaming cats; that a smaller proportion of the free-roaming cats suffered from the behavioural problems investigated; and that entire cats had significantly more behavioural problems than neutered cats. Finally, significantly more purebred cats than domestic shorthair cats were found to have diseases. Being confined, being intact and being purebred are therefore significant risk factors for behavioural or health problems associated with reduced welfare in privately owned cats.
The effects of acute exposure to mining machinery noise on the behaviour of eastern blue-tongued lizards (Tiliqua scincoides)
Authors: Mancera KF , Murray PJ , Lisle A , Dupont C , Faucheux F , Phillips CJC 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe mining industry is an important source of noise for wildlife, and the eastern blue-tongued (EBT) lizard (Tiliqua scincoides) is an Australian animal that may be impacted. We analysed the behaviour of nine EBT lizards during and after exposure for 5 s to one of five combinations of mining machinery noise frequency and amplitude (frequency < or > 2 kHz, low [60-65 dB (A)] and high [70-75 dB (A)] amplitude, or a control treatment). Following exposure, lizards could leave the test chamber and enter an escape chamber, which led into a small hiding chamber. Chambers were monitored for 15 min after initial exposure. In the test chamber, lizards exposed to high frequency, high amplitude noise spent more time freezing, a typical stress response in reptiles, when compared with animals in all the other treatments. This was especially the case for lizards exposed to high frequency noise. In the hiding chamber, high frequency noise at high amplitudes decreased durations of head positioning to the right and downwards, suggesting a lateralised fear reaction, but decreased standing and freezing behaviours. We hypothesise that lizards have lateralised behaviour reactions to mining noise, with high frequency, high amplitude noise being the most detrimental. Our results demonstrate that acute exposure to mining noise had negative effects on EBT lizards’ behaviour and welfare, which may suggest a threat for lizards experiencing chronic mining noise in the wild, making the study of mining machinery noise in situ a research priority.
Developing a horse welfare assessment protocol
Authors: Viksten SM , Visser EK , Nyman S , Blokhuis HJ 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper describes the development and pilot-testing of a horse welfare assessment protocol (HWAP). The HWAP consists of the collective measurement of numerous factors considered likely to affect a horse's welfare and is thereby designed to provide a holistic score of its welfare status and to identify potential risk factors. The draft protocol contains 47 measures: 15 animal-based, 24 resource-based and eight management-based. It was tested in the autumn at two Swedish riding schools using a total of 37 horses of varying breed, gender and age. Each assessment was repeated after 16-25 days. The results showed that 66% (31/47) of the measures had over 85% repeatability between assessments. Results indicated occurrence of behavioural issues, eg aggression and avoidance, and potential risk factors, such as inadequate management routines and feeding regimes. Using the HWAP, the assessment of up to 22 horses could be carried out in one day. Changes were proposed to the draft protocol which included incorporating an ethogram to assess the human-animal relationship and assessing bit-related injuries. We propose that the protocol might: i) provide a firm basis for the welfare monitoring of horses; ii) identify important potential risk factors; iii) guide welfare improvement and management practices for horse owners and stable managers; and iv) contribute to the development of certification schemes for horse facilities.
Humane euthanasia of neonates I: validation of the effectiveness of the Zephyr EXL non-penetrating captive-bolt euthanasia system on neonate piglets up to 10.9 kg live-weight
Authors: Grist A , Murrell JC , McKinstry JL , Knowles TG , Wotton SB 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTo determine if mechanical blunt force trauma using a non-penetrating captive bolt was a viable method of producing an immediate stun/kill in neonate piglets (Sus scrofa domesticus) as an alternative to manual blunt force trauma. Piglets (n = 60) were acquired from a local producer and allocated to one of five weight ranges: birth weight to 3 kg (n = 12); 3 to 5 kg (n = 11); 5 to 7 kg (n = 13); 7 to 9 kg (n = 13); and 9 to 11 kg (n = 11). These piglets with an average live-weight of 6.1 kg were anaesthetised and electroencephalogram (EEG) recording electrodes inserted sub-dermally over the right cranium to allow recording of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs). Following recording of baseline VEPs in the anaesthetised state, the piglet was shot once in the frontal-parietal position with a Bock Industries Zephyr EXL non-penetrating captive bolt powered by 120 psi air pressure. Movement scoring, behavioural indices of loss of brain function and VEPs were monitored throughout. VEPs were lost immediately in all piglets shot when the head was resting on a hard surface. This experiment demonstrates that mechanical blunt-force trauma, using a single-shot, non-penetrating captive bolt, such as the Zephyr EXL, provides for an immediate stun kill in neonate piglets up to 10.9 kg live-weight. This immediacy of action, combined with reproducible effects will improve the welfare of piglets to be subjected to on-farm euthanasia due to disease, ill-thrift or other commercial concerns.
Feasibility of an International Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation Data Repository
Authors: Bradford Elissa Held , Baert Ilse , Finlayson Marcia , Feys Peter , Wagner Joanne 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Background:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) rehabilitation evidence is limited due to methodological factors, which may be addressed by a data repository. We describe the perceived challenges of, motivators for, interest in participating in, and key features of an international MS rehabilitation data repository.

Methods:
A multimethod sequential investigation was performed with the results of two focus groups, using nominal group technique, and study aims informing the development of an online questionnaire. Percentage agreement and key quotations illustrated questionnaire findings. Subgroup comparisons were made between clinicians and researchers and between participants in North America and Europe.

Results:
Rehabilitation professionals from 25 countries participated (focus groups: n = 21; questionnaire: n = 166). The top ten challenges (C) and motivators (M) identified by the focus groups were database control/management (C); ethical/legal concerns (C); data quality (C); time, effort, and cost (C); best practice (M); uniformity (C); sustainability (C); deeper analysis (M); collaboration (M); and identifying research needs (M). Percentage agreement with questionnaire statements regarding challenges to, motivators for, interest in, and key features of a successful repository was at least 80%, 85%, 72%, and 83%, respectively, across each group of statements. Questionnaire subgroup analysis revealed a few differences (P &lt; .05), including that clinicians more strongly identified with improving best practice as a motivator.

Conclusions:
Findings support clinician and researcher interest in and potential for success of an international MS rehabilitation data repository if prioritized challenges and motivators are addressed and key features are included.
Sorghum and wheat differentially affect caecal microbiota and associated performance characteristics of meat chickens
Authors: Crisol-Martínez Eduardo , Stanley Dragana , Geier Mark S. , Hughes Robert J. , Moore Robert J. 
Published: March 2017

This study compared the effects of wheat- and sorghum-based diets on broiler chickens. The growth performance and caecal microbial community of chickens were measured and correlations between productivity and specific gut microbes were observed. Cobb broilers 15 days of age were individually caged and two dietary treatments were used, one with a wheat-based diet (n = 48) and another one with a sorghum-based diet (n = 48). Growth performance measurements were taken over a 10 day period and samples for microbiota analysis were taken at the end of that period. Caecal microbiota was characterised by sequencing of 16S bacterial rRNA gene amplicons. Overall, the results indicated that a sorghum-based diet produced higher apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and body-weight gain (BWG) values in chickens, compared to a wheat-based diet. Nevertheless, sorghum-fed birds had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) values than wheat-fed birds, possibly because of some anti-nutritional factors in sorghum. Further analyses showed that caecal microbial community was significantly associated with AME values, but microbiota composition differed between dietary treatments. A number of bacteria were individually correlated with growth performance measurements. Numerous OTUs assigned to strains ofLactobacillus crispatusand Lachnospiraceae, which were prevalent in sorghum-fed chickens, were correlated with high AME and BWG values, respectively. Additionally, a number of OTUs assigned to Clostridiales that were prevalent in wheat-fed chickens were correlated with low FCR values. Overall, these results suggest that between-diet variations in growth performance were partly associated with changes in the caecal microbiota.
Seismic constraints on the architecture of the Newport‐Inglewood/Rose Canyon fault: Implications for the length and magnitude of future earthquake ruptures
Authors: Sahakian Valerie , Bormann Jayne , Driscoll Neal , Harding Alistair , Kent Graham , Wesnousky Steve 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Newport‐Inglewood/Rose Canyon (NIRC) fault zone is an active strike‐slip fault system within the Pacific‐North American plate boundary in Southern California, located in close proximity to populated regions of San Diego, Orange, and Los Angeles counties. Prior to this study, the NIRC fault zone's continuity and geometry were not well constrained. Nested marine seismic reflection data with different vertical resolutions are employed to characterize the offshore fault architecture. Four main fault strands are identified offshore, separated by three main stepovers along strike, all of which are 2 km or less in width. Empirical studies of historical ruptures worldwide show that earthquakes have ruptured through stepovers with this offset. Models of Coulomb stress change along the fault zone are presented to examine the potential extent of future earthquake ruptures on the fault zone, which appear to be dependent on the location of rupture initiation and fault geometry at the stepovers. These modeling results show that the southernmost stepover between the La Jolla and Torrey Pines fault strands may act as an inhibitor to throughgoing rupture due to the stepover width and change in fault geometry across the stepover; however, these results still suggest that rupture along the entire fault zone is possible.
Magnetism of a red soil core derived from basalt, northern Hainan Island, China: Volcanic ash versus pedogenesis
Authors: Liu Zhifeng , Ma Jinlong , Wei Gangjian , Liu Qingsong , Jiang Zhaoxia , Ding Xing , Peng Shasha , Zeng Ti , Ouyang Tingping 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSimilar to loess‐paleosol sequences in northwestern China, terrestrial sedimentary sequences (red soils) in southern China also provide sensitive Quaternary records of subtropical/tropical paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Compared with red clay sequences originated from eolian dust, red soils derived from bedrock have received little attention. In this study, a long core of red soil derived from weathered basalt in northern Hainan Island, China, was systematically investigated by using detailed magnetic measurements and rare earth element analyses. The results show that an extremely strong magnetic zone with a maximum magnetic susceptibility (>10 × 10−5 m3 kg−1) is interbedded in the middle of the core profile. This layer contains a significant amount of superparamagnetic magnetite/maghemite particles that primarily originated from volcanic ash, with secondary contributions from pedogenesis. The former has an average grain size of ~19 nm with a normal distribution of volume, and the latter has a much wider grain size distribution. The presence of volcanic ash within the red soil indicates that these Quaternary basalts were not formed by continuous volcanic eruptions. Moreover, the magnetic enhancement patterns differ between the upper and lower zones. The upper zone is more magnetically enhanced and experienced higher precipitation and temperature than the lower zone. Discrimination of superparamagnetic particles originating from pedogenic processes and volcanic ash thus provides a sound theoretical base for accurate interpretation of magnetism in red soils in this region.
Modeling tsunami propagation and the emplacement of thumbprint terrain in an early Mars ocean
Authors: Costard Francois , Séjourné Antoine , Kelfoun Karim , Clifford Stephen , Lavigne Franck , Di Pietro Ilaria , Bouley Sylvain 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe identification of lobate debris deposits in Arabia Terra, along the proposed paleoshoreline of a former northern ocean, has renewed questions about the existence and stability of ocean‐sized body of water in the early geologic history of Mars. The potential occurrence of impact‐generated tsunamis in a northern ocean was investigated by comparing the geomorphologic characteristics of the Martian deposits with the predictions of well‐validated terrestrial models (scaled to Mars) of tsunami wave height, propagation direction, runup elevation, and distance for three potential sea levels. Our modeling suggests several potential impact craters ~30–50 km in diameter as the source of the tsunami events. Within the complex topography of flat‐floored valleys and plateaus along the dichotomy boundary, the interference of the multiple reflected and refracted waves that are observed in the simulation may explain the origin of the arcuate pattern that characterizes the thumbprint terrain.
Dynamics of biomass and carbon sequestration across a chronosequence of masson pine plantations
Authors: Justine Meta Francis , Yang Wanqin , Wu Fuzhong , Khan Muhammad Naeem 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe changes of forest biomass stock and carbon (C) sequestration with stand ages at fixed intervals in the different vegetation components remain unknown. Using the masson pine (Pinus massoniana) relative growth equation, biomass carbon stocks were obtained in four masson pine plantations at 12 year intervals (3 years, 15 years, 27 years, and 39 years). Meanwhile, the changes in soil organic C (SOC) stock with stand ages were also estimated. The biomass stock varied from 1.41 to 265.33 Mg ha−1, 6.87 to 7.49 Mg ha−1, and 2.66 to 4.86 Mg ha−1 in the tree, shrub, and herb layers. Carbon concentrations in plant tissues were 51.6%, 39.0%, and 42.2% in the tree, shrub, and herb layers. The aboveground biomass C contributed 81.7% and 60.5% in the tree and shrub layers, and the root to shoot (R/S) ratio of the tree and shrub layer biomass averaged 0.23 and 0.69. Biomass C stock increased significantly (p < 0.05) with forest age, whereas the changes in biomass accumulation rate decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The annual net C sequestration increased with age from 0.47 to 9.83 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in the tree layer but decreased in the shrub and herb layers. The SOC content decreased with soil depth but increased with age, whereas the SOC stock increased with depth and age. However, the total ecosystem C stock increased significantly (p < 0.05) with stand age suggesting that age is the controlling factor of photosynthetic and biological processes and thus changes in biomass accumulation and C sequestration in masson pine plantations. Therefore, in‐depth studies are needed for continuous monitoring of the changes in nutrients and elements cycling with stand ages in this forest ecosystem.
Synthesis of Quinoline N‐Oxides by Cobalt‐Catalyzed Annulation of Arylnitrones and Alkynes
Authors: Liu Yue , Wang Chen , Lv Ningning , Liu Zhanxiang , Zhang Yuhong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA new and straightforward protocol for the synthesis of quinoline N‐oxides from the annulation of arylnitrones and alkynes is described. For the first time, a [4+2] cyclization of nitrone and alkynes has been achieved by cobalt catalysis via a nitrone‐assisted dual C–H cleavage under relatively mild conditions.magnified image
How much impact do gains in height have on shoulder breadths within Taiwanese families?
Authors: Floyd Bruce 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigates allometric changes in shoulder breadths relative to changes in stature arising from rapidly changing developmental circumstances within 107 Taiwanese families. It speaks to broader issues related to the extent of phenotypic plasticity of body breadths humans are capable of in response to reductions in developmental stressors.MethodsAn examination of relationships between shoulder breadth and height within individuals in each generation was followed by evaluation of patterns of difference between same‐sex parent–offspring pairs in height and shoulder breadth.ResultsHeight was similarly positively correlated with shoulder breadth within fathers, mothers, sons, and daughters (P ≤ 0.002). Variance accounted for ranged from an adjusted R2 of 0.201 among fathers to 0.151 for sons, with mothers' and daughters' values being 0.187 and 0.181, respectively. Comparisons of differences within families indicate that parents who were shorter than their same‐sex offspring also tended to have modestly narrower biacromial breadths (father–son pairs: adjusted R2 = 0.112; t = 2.82, P = .007; mother–daughter pairs: adjusted R2 = 0.135; t = 2.97, P = 0.005).ConclusionsTaken as a whole, results here support the view that secular changes in stature are not accompanied by similar changes in body breadths, perhaps so that responses to developmental environmental improvements do not alter thermoregulatory equilibria that reflect long‐term evolutionary processes. These results indirectly constrain plausible hypotheses about how ancestors of Austronesian speakers altered their body size and shape as they voyaged to Fiji, Western Polynesia, and beyond.
Synthesis of Azanucleosides by Anodic Oxidation in a Lithium Perchlorate–Nitroalkane Medium and Diversification at the 4′‐Nitrogen Position
Authors: Shoji Takao , Kim Shokaku , Chiba Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAzanucleosides, in which the 4′‐oxygen atom has been replaced with a nitrogen atom, have drawn much attention owing to their anticancer and antivirus activity, and tolerance towards nucleases. However, the traditional synthetic strategy requires multiple steps and harsh conditions, thereby limiting the structural and functional diversity of the products. Herein we describe the synthesis of azanucleosides by an electrochemical reaction in a lithium perchlorate–nitroethane medium, followed by postmodification at the 4′‐N position. N‐Acryloyl prolinol derivatives were converted into azanucleosides by anodic activation of the N‐α‐C−H bond. Moreover, the use of nitroethane instead of nitromethane lowered the oxidation potential of the N‐acryloyl prolinols and increased the Faradic yield. The prepared azanucleosides were efficiently functionalized at the 4′‐N‐acryloyl group with a lipophilic alkanethiol and a fluorescent dye by conjugate addition and olefin cross‐metathesis, respectively.
Synthesis and properties of novel fluorescent‐tagged polyacrylate‐based scale inhibitors
Authors: Popov Konstantin , Oshchepkov Maxim , Kamagurov Semen , Tkachenko Sergey , Dikareva Julia , Rudakova Galina 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe two fluorescent monomers N‐allyl‐4‐methoxy‐1,8‐naphtalimide (F1) and N‐allyl‐2‐(6‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐3H‐xanthen‐9‐yl)benzamide (N‐allylamidefluorescein, F2) have been synthesized and then conjugated to either polyacrylate (PAA) or to a co‐polymer of fumaric and acrylic acids (MA‐AA) to give four novel fluorescent‐tagged antiscalants: nonbiodegradable PAA‐F1, PAA‐F2 and biodegradable MA‐AA‐F1, MA‐AA‐F2. All four reagents demonstrate the fluorescence intensity suitable for inhibitors monitoring with a detection limit within 0.40 mg dm−3. A good linear relationship between antiscalant fluorescent intensity and its dosage is detected. PAA‐F1, PAA‐F2, MA‐AA‐F1, and MA‐AA‐F2 can be used for corresponding scale inhibitor content on‐line measurement. For some antiscalants, the fluorescence is found to be dependent on the background heavy metal ions normally present in the cooling water. This effect is explained by the corresponding complexes formation. PAA‐F1, PAA‐F2, MA‐AA‐F1, and MA‐AA‐F2 revealed a good antiscaling activity toward CaCO3 and CaSO4 deposition, comparable with that one of commercial polyacrylates. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45017.
A novel high‐flux thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane modified by polysaccharide supramolecular assembly
Authors: Raval Hiren D. , Gondaliya MayurKumar D. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThin film composite reverse osmosis (TFC RO) membrane is widely used in desalination and water reuse applications. With increasing capacity of Reverse Osmosis desalination all over the world, the increasing green‐house gas emission for the required power is a cause of concern. TFC RO membrane is composed of the top polyamide layer over which, the linear polysaccharide such as chitosan can bind after activating the surface with oxidizing agent. The present paper analyzes the novel protocol of controlled oxidation of TFC RO membrane by exposing the same to potassium per sulfate with varying concentration of chitosan followed by sodium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite followed by potassium per sulfate with varying concentration of chitosan. The optimum performance was obtained when TFC RO membrane was exposed to 1% potassium persulfate with 1000 mg/L chitosan solution followed by 1000 mg/L sodium hypochlorite. Reversing order of the treatment resulted in the decline in permeance of the membrane. The reason of improvement in permeance is super‐hydrophilic surface formed by oxidation of chitosan over polyamide surface. Thus, this article demonstrates the novel protocol of significantly improving the flux of TFC RO membrane and thereby reducing the energy consumption. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45026.