bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurse Competence Scale: a systematic and psychometric review
Authors: Flinkman Mervi , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Numminen Olivia , Jeon Yunsuk , Kuokkanen Liisa , Meretoja Riitta 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to report a systematic and psychometric review.BackgroundThe Nurse Competence Scale is currently the most widely used generic instrument to measure Registered Nurses’ competence in different phases of their careers. Based on a decade of research, this review provides a summary of the existing evidence.DesignA systematic literature review of research evidence and psychometric properties.Data sourcesNine databases from 2004 ‐ October 2015.Review methodsWe retrieved scientific publications in English and Finnish. Two researchers performed data selection and appraised the methodological quality using the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments checklist.ResultsA total of 30 studies reported in 43 publications were included. These consisted of over 11,000 competence assessments. Twenty studies were from Europe and 10 from outside Europe. In addition to experienced nurses, the Nurse Competence Scale has been used for the competence assessment of newly graduated nurses and nursing students, mainly in hospital settings. Length of work experience, age, higher education, permanent employment and participation in educational programmes correlated positively with competence. Variables including empowerment, commitment, practice environment, quality of care and critical thinking were also associated with higher competence. The Nurse Competence Scale has demonstrated good content validity and appropriate internal consistency.ConclusionThe value of Nurse Competence Scale has been confirmed in determining relationships between background variables and competence. The instrument has been widely used with experienced and newly graduated nurses and their managers. Cross‐cultural validation must be continued using rigorous methods.
Cenozoic dynamics of shallow‐marine biodiversity in the Western Pacific
Authors: Yasuhara Moriaki , Iwatani Hokuto , Hunt Gene , Okahashi Hisayo , Kase Tomoki , Hayashi Hiroki , Irizuki Toshiaki , Aguilar Yolanda M. , Fernando Allan Gil S. , Renema Willem 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimCenozoic dynamics of large‐scale species diversity patterns remain poorly understood, especially for the Western Pacific, in part, because of the paucity of well‐dated fossil records from the tropics. This article aims to reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of species diversity in the Western Pacific through the Cenozoic, focusing on the tropical Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA) biodiversity hotspot.LocationTropical and north‐western Pacific Ocean.MethodsWe analysed well‐preserved fossil ostracodes from the tropical Western Pacific and combined their diversity data with other published data from the region to reconstruct Cenozoic dynamics of species diversity in the tropical and north‐western Pacific Ocean. We fitted generalized additive models to test for differences in richness over time and across geographical regions while accounting for sample‐size variation among samples.ResultsLow‐, mid‐ and high‐latitude regions all show a similar diversity trajectory: diversity is low in the Eocene and Oligocene, increases from the Early Miocene to the Plio‐Pleistocene but then declines to the present day. Present‐day high biodiversity in these regions was established during the Pliocene with a remarkable diversity increase at that time. Latitudinal diversity patterns are relatively flat and never show a simple decline from the tropics to higher latitudes.Main conclusionsWestern Pacific Cenozoic ostracodes exhibit a spatiotemporal pattern of species diversity that is inconsistent with the commonly reported and persistent pattern of declining diversity from the tropics to the extratropics. While this inconsistency could be interpreted as evidence that ostracodes are a contrarian clade, Atlantic ostracodes display a standard latitudinal species diversity gradient. Contrasting patterns between oceans suggest an important role for regional factors (e.g. plate tectonics and temporal geomorphological dynamics) in shaping the biodiversity of the Western Pacific.
International Adjudication as a Mode of EU External Governance? The WTO Seal Case
Authors: Krämer‐Hoppe Rike U. , Krüger Tilman 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe literature on EU external governance has greatly advanced our understanding of rule transfers beyond Europe's borders. Contributions highlight different modes of such EU external governance. This contribution proposes to add international adjudication as another form of EU external governance. Acknowledging the important role of judicial decision‐making in shaping the international order, this article uses the example of WTO adjudication to add to existing conceptualizations of EU external governance. In our view, WTO dispute settlement offers possibilities for the EU to transfer EU norms to the international level and beyond its own borders. As we illustrate through an exploratory case study of the recent WTO seal dispute, the EU's internal setup matters greatly for its success.
In the CJEU Judges Trust: A New Approach in the Judicial Construction of Europe
Authors: Mayoral Juan A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article aims to highlight the relevance of judicial trust in international courts, focusing on national judges' trust in the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). EU scholars have put a great deal of effort into explaining how legal and political factors affect the use of preliminary references by national courts. However, there is still a gap in the literature on the development of trust as a functional principle encouraging co‐operation between national and international courts. This article explores the nature, causes and potentials of judicial trust for the EU judicial system. A theory is offered in the article, which links national judges' trust in the CJEU to their corporatist identification and profile, to their attitudes towards the EU, and to their beliefs about the CJEU's ability to provide decisions that: 1) offer a clear guidance on European Union law, and 2) will not undermine Member States' legal order.
Delay of insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycemic agents (analysis of patient‐ and physician‐related factors): A prospective observational DIPP‐FACTOR study in Korea
Authors: Kim Sin Gon , Kim Nam Hoon , Ku Bon Jeong , Shon Ho Sang , Kim Doo Man , Park Tae Sun , Kim Yong‐Seong , Kim In Joo , Choi Dong Seop 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo assess the time to initiation of insulin therapy, and concurrently investigate both patient‐ and physician‐related factors associated with delaying insulin therapy in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled by oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs).Materials and MethodsThis prospective, observational disease registry study was carried out across 69 centers in Korea. Type 2 diabetes patients who had received two or more OHAs within the past 5 years, had a glycated hemoglobin ≥8% in the past 6 months and had not received insulin were included. Data recorded on data collection forms during a 12‐month period were analyzed.ResultsOf 2168 patients enrolled, 1959 were evaluated and classified as the insulin‐initiated or insulin‐delayed group. Insulin was prescribed for just 20% of the patients during a 1‐year follow‐up period, and less than half (44.5%) of the patients who were taking two OHAs started insulin after 6 years. Patient‐related factors for delay in insulin initiation included older age, shorter duration of diabetes and lower glycated hemoglobin. Physician‐related factors included age (~50 to <60 years), sex (women) and number (<1000) of patients consulted per month. Patient refusal (33.6%) and physicians’ concerns of patient non‐compliance (26.5%) were the major physician‐reported reasons for delaying insulin therapy. Inconvenience of insulin therapy (51.6%) and fear of injection (48.2%) were the major reasons for patient refusal.ConclusionsInsulin initiation is delayed in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled by two or more OHAs in Korea. Patient‐ and physician‐related factors associated with this delay need to be addressed for better diabetes management.
Adaptive dynamics of cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila
Authors: Rajpurohit S. , Hanus R. , Vrkoslav V. , Behrman E. L. , Bergland A. O. , Petrov D. , Cvačka J. , Schmidt P. S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are hydrophobic compounds deposited on the arthropod cuticle that are of functional significance with respect to stress tolerance, social interactions and mating dynamics. We characterized CHC profiles in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster at five levels: across a latitudinal transect in the eastern United States, as a function of developmental temperature during culture, across seasonal time in replicate years, and as a function of rapid evolution in experimental mesocosms in the field. Furthermore, we also characterized spatial and temporal changes in allele frequencies for SNPs in genes that are associated with the production and chemical profile of CHCs. Our data demonstrate a striking degree of parallelism for clinal and seasonal variation in CHCs in this taxon; CHC profiles also demonstrate significant plasticity in response to rearing temperature, and the observed patterns of plasticity parallel the spatiotemporal patterns observed in nature. We find that these congruent shifts in CHC profiles across time and space are also mirrored by predictable shifts in allele frequencies at SNPs associated with CHC chain length. Finally, we observed rapid and predictable evolution of CHC profiles in experimental mesocosms in the field. Together, these data strongly suggest that CHC profiles respond rapidly and adaptively to environmental parameters that covary with latitude and season, and that this response reflects the process of local adaptation in natural populations of D. melanogaster.
Phylogenetic Position of Parasitic Chytrids on Diatoms: Characterization of a Novel Clade in Chytridiomycota
Authors: Seto Kensuke , Kagami Maiko , Degawa Yousuke 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChytrids are true fungi that reproduce with posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores. In the last decade, environmental DNA surveys revealed a large number of uncultured chytrids as well as undescribed order‐level novel clades in Chytridiomycota. Although many species have been morphologically described, only some DNA sequence data of parasitic chytrids are available from the database. We herein discuss five cultures of parasitic chytrids on diatoms Aulacoseira spp. and Asterionella formosa. In order to identify the chytrids examined, thallus morphologies were observed using light microscopy. We also conducted a phylogenetic analysis using 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rDNA sequences to obtain their phylogenetic positions. Based on their morphological characteristics, two cultures parasitic on As. formosa were identified as Rhizophydium planktonicum and Zygorhizidium planktonicum. The other three cultures infecting Aulacoseira spp. (two on Aulacoseira ambigua and the other on Aulacoseira granulata) were regarded as Zygorhizidium aff. melosirae. The results of the molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that R. planktonicum belonged to the known order Chytridiales, while the two species of Zygorhizidium were placed in a novel clade that was previously reported as an undescribed clade composed of only the environmental sequences of uncultured chytrids.
Dietary intake in people consuming a reduced‐carbohydrate diet in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Guess N. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundDiets reduced or low in carbohydrates are becoming increasingly popular. The replacement foods and their accompanying nutrients determine the health effects of such diets. However, little is known about the dietary intake of people consuming reduced or low carbohydrate diets.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, the dietary and nutrient intake of individuals aged 16–75 years consuming less than 40% of energy from carbohydrate (n = 430) was compared with individuals consuming equal to or more than 40% energy from carbohydrate (n = 1833) using the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey.ResultsThose consuming less than 40% of total energy from carbohydrate reported a higher consumption of red and processed meat, butter, oily fish and vegetables, as well as a lower consumption of soft drinks and pulses, than those with a normal carbohydrate intake. After adjusting for socio‐economic status, only red meat intake was different between the groups, and reached the maximum recommended daily intake daily intake. There were no significant differences in micronutrient intakes between the groups, although magnesium, selenium and potassium, along with fibre, were lower than recommended amounts across the cohort.ConclusionsIndividuals consuming reduced or low carbohydrate diets could benefit from replacing some red meats with white meats and vegetable sources of protein, and increasing vegetable intake.
Food‐based anthocyanin intake and cognitive outcomes in human intervention trials: a systematic review
Authors: Kent K. , Charlton K. E. , Netzel M. , Fanning K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundPreclinical evidence suggests that the anthocyanins, which comprise a subclass of dietary flavonoids providing the purple and red pigmentation in plant‐based foods, may have a beneficial impact on cognitive outcomes.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify the published literature on food‐based anthocyanin consumption and cognitive outcomes in human intervention trials. The literature search followed PRISMA guidelines and included six databases, as well as additional hand searching.ResultsSeven studies were included in this review, comprising acute trials (n = 4) and longer‐term (n = 3) interventions that assessed multiple cognitive outcomes in children, adults and older adults with cognitive impairment. Six of seven studies reported improvements in either a single, or multiple, cognitive outcomes, including verbal learning and memory, after anthocyanin‐rich food consumption. As a result of methodological limitations and the large clinical and methodological diversity of the studies, the pooling of data for quantitative analysis was not feasible.ConclusionsThe impact of food‐based anthocyanin consumption on both acute and long‐term cognition appears promising. However, adequately powered studies that include sensitive cognitive tasks are needed to confirm these findings and allow the translation of research into dietary messages.
Evaluating Measuring Techniques for Occupational Exposure during Additive Manufacturing of Metals: A Pilot Study
Authors: Graff Pål , Ståhlbom Bengt , Nordenberg Eva , Graichen Andreas , Johansson Pontus , Karlsson Helen 
Published: October 2016

SummaryAdditive manufacturing that creates three‐dimensional objects by adding layer upon layer of material is a new technique that has proven to be an excellent tool for the manufacturing of complex structures for a variety of industrial sectors. Today, knowledge regarding particle emissions and potential exposure‐related health hazards for the operators is limited. The current study has focused on particle numbers, masses, sizes, and identities present in the air during additive manufacturing of metals. Measurements were performed during manufacturing with metal powder consisting essentially of chromium, nickel, and cobalt. Instruments used were Nanotracer (10 to 300 nanometers [nm]), Lighthouse (300 nm to 10 micrometers), and traditional filter‐based particle mass estimation followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results showed that there is a risk of particle exposure at certain operations and that particle sizes tended to be smaller in recycled metal powder compared to new. In summary, nanosized particles were present in the additive manufacturing environment and the operators were exposed specifically while handling the metal powder. For the workers’ safety, improved powder handling systems and measurement techniques for nanosized particles will possibly have to be developed and then translated into work environment regulations. Until then, relevant protective equipment and regular metal analyses of urine is recommended.
Health care utilisation among older persons with intellectual disability and dementia: a registry study
Authors: Axmon A. , Karlsson B. , Ahlström G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundBoth persons with intellectual disability (ID) and persons with dementia have high disease burdens, and consequently also high health care needs. As life expectancy increases for persons with ID, the group of persons with the dual diagnosis of ID and dementia will become larger.MethodThrough national registries, we identified 7936 persons who had received support directed to persons with ID during 2012, and an age‐ and gender‐matched sample from the general population. A national registry was also used to collect information on health care utilisation (excluding primary care) for the period 2002–2012. Health care utilisation was measured as presence and number of planned and unplanned in‐patient and out‐patient visits, as well as length of stay.ResultsIn comparison with persons with ID but without dementia, persons with ID and dementia were more likely to have at least one planned out‐patient visit (odds ratio [OR] 8.07), unplanned out‐patient visit (OR 2.41), planned in‐patient visit (OR 2.76) or unplanned in‐patient visit (OR 4.19). However, among those with at least one of each respective outcome, the average number of visits did not differ between those with and without dementia. Persons with ID and dementia were less likely to have at least one planned out‐patient visit than persons with dementia in the general population sample (OR 0.40), but more likely to have at least one unplanned in‐patient visit (OR 1.90). No statistically significant differences were found for having at least one unplanned out‐patient or planned in‐patient visit. Nevertheless, among those with at least one unplanned out‐patient visit, the number of visits was higher in the general population sample.ConclusionsPersons with ID and dementia are less likely to receive planned health care than persons with dementia in the general population. They have, however, higher levels of unplanned health care utilisation. This may be an indication that the current support system is not sufficient to meet the challenges of increased longevity among persons with ID.
Children with autism spectrum disorder: teaching conversation involving feelings about events
Authors: Conallen K. , Reed P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundTwo procedures were developed to teach individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders labels (tacts) for various private events (emotions): Study 1 attempted to distinguish them from pure tacts and mands (requests); and Study 2 attempted to train initiating a conversation with grammatically correct subject–verb–comment construction.MethodsA multiple treatment reversal design was used in both studies, followed by a probe to see if the tacts were used across novel settings.ResultsThe children were prompted to initiate a series of language exchanges, which resulted in an increased ability to participate in conversations about private events.ConclusionsTogether, the results of both studies suggest that, by providing an effective and reinforcing means of teaching both the function and the form of these tacts, conversations can be successfully initiated by children with ASD.
“You Cannot be Here”: The Urban Poor and the Specter of the Indian in Neoliberal Mexico City
Authors: Martínez Alejandra Leal 
Published: October 2016

ResumenEste artículo analiza las ansiedades de las élites y las clases medias sobre los vendedores ambulantes en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México, en el contexto de un proyecto de renovación urbana dirigido a transformar el área en un espacio seguro y habitable. Con base en trabajo etnográfico con los nuevos habitantes de clase media del Centro Histórico, me aproximo a sus ansiedades sobre los vendedores ambulantes como inmersas en formas del urbanismo neoliberal que incluyen una proliferación de discursos y prácticas de la ciudadanía y la ley. Al mismo tiempo arguyo que las preocupaciones sobre los vendedores ambulantes deben ser entendidas a la luz de una larga historia de ansiedades de las élites y las clases medias sobre los pobres urbanos, mismas que se encuentran al centro de la ideología, racialista y modernizante, del mestizaje. El artículo examina la manera en que los discursos neoliberales sobre el (des) orden urbano se entretejen con ansiedades de largo aliento, al tiempo que las reconfiguran.
New transgenic ALS/FTD models on the rat‐walk
Authors: Stegmüller Judith , Synofzik Matthis 
Published: October 2016

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This Editorial highlights a study by Huang and colleagues in the current issue of Journal of Neurochemistry. The authors introduce a novel ALS‐FTD (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐frontotemporal dementia) rat model to explore the role of the UBLQN2 gene that has previously been associated with familial ALS‐FTD. Over‐expression of ubiquilin 2 in the cortex (CTX) and hippocampus of the rat results in ubiquilin 2 aggregates and neurodegeneration together with cognitive deficits. The new rat model not only gives insight into potential molecular underpinnings of ALS‐FTD, but also represents an important new tool for future research and therapeutic approaches.Read the highlighted article ‘Increased Ubqln2 expression causes neuron death in transgenic rats’ on page 285.
Histopathological features of a patient with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 2U/AD‐CMTax‐MARS
Authors: Hirano Makito , Oka Nobuyuki , Hashiguchi Akihiro , Ueno Shuichi , Sakamoto Hikaru , Takashima Hiroshi , Higuchi Yujiro , Kusunoki Susumu , Nakamura Yusaku 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCharcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease is a complex of peripheral nervous system disorders. CMT type 2U (CMT2U) is an autosomal dominant (AD) disease caused by mutations in the MARS gene encoding methionyl‐tRNA synthetase; this disease has thus been newly called AD‐CMTax‐MARS. A few families with mutations in the MARS gene have been reported, without detailed histopathological findings. We describe a 70‐year‐old woman who had bilateral dysesthesia of the soles since the age of 66 years. Sural nerve biopsy showed a decrease in the density of large myelinated nerve fibers. Increased clusters of regenerating myelinated nerve fibers were noted. Electron microscopic analyses revealed degeneration of unmyelinated nerves. There was no vasculitis or inflammatory cell infiltration. Genetic analysis identified a heterozygous p.P800T mutation, a reported mutation in the MARS gene. We report the detailed histopathological findings in a patient with CMT2U/AD‐CMTax‐MARS. The findings are similar to those found in CMT2D caused by mutations in the GARS gene, encoding glycyl‐tRNA synthetase.