bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication Accommodation Theory
Authors: Giles Howard 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCommunication accommodation theory (CAT) is a general theoretical framework for both interpersonal and intergroup communication. It seeks to explain and predict why, when, and how people adjust their communicative behavior during social interaction (including mediated contact), and what social consequences might result from such adjustments. This entry provides an overview of what constitutes accommodative and nonaccommodative moves (with particular attention devoted, albeit not exclusively, to convergence and divergence). Previous CAT principles are modestly refined, and directions for future research suggested.
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ooley,
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harles
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.
Authors: Simonson Peter 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Charles Horton Cooley was among the leaders in the generation of intellectuals that transformed
communication
into a general concept for social theory. An American sociologist and political economist, Cooley developed the first overarching theory of communication as a constitutive force in the creation of selves, societies, and moral communities. From the 1890s through the 1910s, he laid intellectual foundations for symbolic interactionism and generated lasting concepts of communication and sociological theory like the primary group and the looking‐glass self.
American Studies
Authors: Oppermann Matthias 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAmerican studies is a field of inquiry that examines American cultures in an interdisciplinary and increasingly transnational perspective. The field originated in US higher education in the late 1930s as the study of the United States and its national culture. Many new programs were founded during World War II and its Cold War aftermath. During the 1960s, as the notion of a homogenous US culture was challenged by diverse social movements, American studies scholarship began to foreground the inherent heterogeneity of American society. Since then, the field has increasingly focused on the representations of marginalized groups and subject positions, and emphasized various dimensions of difference in terms of race, class, ethnicity, and gender. New epistemological paradigms highlight the transnational dimensions of cultural translations and exchanges. Despite these theoretical repositionings, American studies scholarship continues to privilege literary or historical analyses that are based on the study of traditional modes of textuality.
Behavior, Behaviorism, and Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Dietrich Sarah Beth , Feeley Thomas Hugh 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBehavior is a broad concept that is rarely defined. It is studied across disciplines including but not limited to communication, psychology, sociology, biology, computer science, anthropology, and philosophy. While scholars of communication are primarily interested in the use of messages to generate meaning, behavior is inextricably linked to the production, transmission, and observation of communication. From philosophy, Darwin, ethology, and early psychology to the genesis of communication research, this entry provides a historical background to understand how the definition of behavior has evolved over time. Behavior appears at all stages of the research process, as an outcome variable, an indicator variable, or an independent variable. Traditions such as the behaviorist, cognitivist, motivational, and sociological approach the study of behavior differently. This entry discusses how modern researchers approach, measure, and operationalize behavior.
Communicative Constitution of Organizations
Authors: Cooren François , Martine Thomas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProposed in the 1980s, the idea that organizations are communicatively constituted amounts to searchingincommunication for the mechanisms that produce organizational forms. Communication, according to this perspective, should therefore be understood not as one variable among others, but as that which provides the building blocks that constitute organizations. Three scholars—Chester Barnard, Mary Parker Follett, and Gabriel Tarde—can be retrospectively identified as the precursors of the communicative constitution of organizations (CCO) movement, which is today represented by three schools of thought: the Montreal School of organizational communication, the four‐flows model, and Luhmann's theory of social systems.
Communication History
Authors: Simonson Peter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSenses of history have fed thinking about communication since classical antiquity. This entry maps communication history as a field of inquiry and considers its intersections with communication theory and philosophy. It sketches the history and prehistory of thinking about communication as a historical phenomenon; discusses the place of history in communication theory across Euro‐American and other cultural traditions; and considers the history of ideas and the history of fields as domains of communication history with relevance for communication theory.
Binary Code
Authors: Berry David M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBinary code is a low‐level form of representation used internally within digital computers. The use of binary code is the key symbolic innovation in digital computation that enables the specific computational technologies that now surround our everyday lives. In short, it is the reduction of mathematics and symbolization to binary zeros and ones at a fundamental level of the digital circuitry that makes up the technologies of digital computation (as opposed to analog computation). This is achieved through the use of voltage states that are made common to represent the two states of zero and one. This, in turn, enables the use of Boolean algebra and the binary numeral system to be implemented within the circuitry.
Affordance
Authors: Olesen Mogens 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis entry presents the concept of affordances as part of an ecological approach to understanding how agents interact with objects in their environment. It examines some of the central developments of the concept, from J. J. Gibson's original definition within psychology and Donald Norman's design‐oriented elaborations to newer applications in other fields like communications and media research and education. Key concepts and main topics of debate are presented.
Communication Types
Authors: Helles Rasmus 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCommunication has given rise to a whole range of typologies that seek to capture central aspects of the practice of communication and of the media that carry communication. This entry notes two varieties within communication theory—exhaustive and nonexhaustive typologies. While the aim of nonexhaustive typologies is to highlight a particular empirical area of study—for example, interpersonal or mass communication—exhaustive typologies typically derive from a theoretical model of communication, and sometimes respond to historically new or changing media and practices of communication, most recently digitalization. Nonexhaustive typologies remain valuable in mapping a highly differentiated field of empirical inquiry. Exhaustive typologies, over time, contribute to the development of more general conceptual frameworks to inform theoretical comparison of different types of communication and to invite empirical studies of their interrelations.
Chiral Phosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3+2] Annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates with Cyclic 1‐Azadienes: Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopentenes
Authors: Wu Yang , Liu Yang , Yang Wenjun , Liu Honglei , Zhou Leijie , Sun Zhanhu , Guo Hongchao 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWith the use of a bifunctional chiral phosphine as the catalyst, the asymmetric [3+2] annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates with cyclic 1‐azadienes proceeded smoothly under mild conditions to give various enantiomerically enriched cyclopentene derivatives bearing three consecutive tertiary stereocenters and a sulfamate moiety in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities and excellent diastereoselectivities.magnified image
Rural Young Adults’ Lay Theories of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Examination
Authors: Edwards Katie M. , Banyard Victoria L. , Moschella Elizabeth A. , Seavey Katherine M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study qualitatively examined rural emerging adults’ ways of thinking (i.e., lay theories) about the causes of intimate partner violence (IPV) and ideas on how to preventIPVmost effectively. Participants were 74 individuals (majority Caucasian, heterosexual, low income) between the ages of 18 and 24 who resided in one of 16 rural communities. Participants’ perceptions of the causes ofIPVincluded (a) individual‐level pathology, stress, and lack of education; (b) intergenerational transmission of violence and early‐life factors; (c) relationship stressors and challenges; and (d) community factors. Furthermore, participants felt thatIPVcould most effectively be prevented through (a) education and awareness; (b) victim‐focused efforts (e.g., teaching self‐esteem); and (c) job creation. Overall, participants identified a number of established risk factors forIPVperpetration across the social ecological model, although a number were never or rarely mentioned (e.g., peer group norms, positive bystander action, and collective efficacy). Future research should examine if and how perceptions of the causes ofIPVimpactIPVprevention engagement and impact. Further, prevention initiatives that take into account understandings of lay theories aboutIPVmay be more impactful in reducingIPVthan prevention initiatives that do not.
Exertional heat illness and acute injury related to ambient wet bulb globe temperature
Authors: Garzon‐Villalba Ximena P. , Mbah Alfred , Wu Yougui , Hiles Michael , Moore Hanna , Schwartz Skai W. , Bernard Thomas E. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe Deepwater Horizon disaster cleanup effort provided an opportunity to examine the effects of ambient thermal conditions on exertional heat illness (EHI) and acute injury (AI).MethodsThe outcomes were daily person‐based frequencies of EHI and AI. Exposures were maximum estimated WBGT (WBGTmax) and severity. Previous day's cumulative effect was assessed by introducing previous day's WBGTmax into the model.ResultsEHI and AI were higher in workers exposed above a WBGTmax of 20°C (RR 1.40 and RR 1.06/°C, respectively). Exposures above 28°C‐WBGTmax on the day of the EHI and/or the day before were associated with higher risk of EHI due to an interaction between previous day's environmental conditions and the current day (RRs from 1.0–10.4).ConclusionsThe risk for EHI and AI were higher with increasing WBGTmax. There was evidence of a cumulative effect from the prior day's WBGTmax for EHI. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1169–1176, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Generated Janus Fabrics for the Rapid and Efficient Separation of Oil from Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Wang Zijie , Liu Guojun , Huang Shuaishuai 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA cotton fabric was coated with a polymer that contains both poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). When the repeat unit number of PDMS is about three‐fold that of PDMAEMA and the fabric is exposed to air, the fabric is superhydrophobic because PDMS in the coating covers the PDMAEMA chains. Upon contact with an oil‐in‐water emulsion, the water‐soluble PDMAEMA rises to the top and the side in contact with the emulsion becomes hydrophilic. The emerged PDMAEMA chains then cause the emulsion droplets to coagulate, and the aggregated oil fills the pores on the superhydrophobic side of the fabric. The oil‐impregnated side remains hydrophobic even upon prolonged contact with water. Thus, a Janus fabric is elegantly generated in situ and sustained. This easy‐to‐prepare Janus fabric rapidly and efficiently separates oil from emulsions and may find practical applications.
Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probe with New Recognition Moiety for Specific Detection of Tyrosinase Activity: Design, Synthesis, and Application in Living Cells and Zebrafish
Authors: Wu Xiaofeng , Li Lihong , Shi Wen , Gong Qiuyu , Ma Huimin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFluorescence imaging of tyrosinase (a cancer biomarker) in living organisms is of great importance for biological studies. However, selective detection of tyrosinase remains a great challenge because current fluorescent probes that contain the 4‐hydroxyphenyl moiety show similar fluorescence responses to both tyrosinase and some reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby suffering from ROS interference. Herein, a new tyrosinase‐recognition 3‐hydroxybenzyloxy moiety, which exhibits distinct fluorescence responses for tyrosinase and ROS, is proposed. Using the recognition moiety, we develop a near‐infrared fluorescence probe for tyrosinase activity, which effectively eliminates the interference from ROS. The high specificity of the probe was demonstrated by imaging and detecting endogenous tyrosinase activity in live cells and zebrafish and further validated by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The probe is expected to be useful for the accurate detection of tyrosinase in complex biosystems.
Solubility measurement of hydrogen, ethylene, and 1‐hexene in polyethylene films through an intelligent gravimetric analyzer
Authors: Sun Jingyuan , Wang Haotong , Chen Meijuan , Ye Jian , Jiang Binbo , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong , Ren Congjing 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe solubility of hydrogen (H2), ethylene (C2H4), 1‐hexene (C6H12), and the mixture of C2H4/1‐C6H12 in semicrystalline polyethylene (PE) films is measured using an intelligent gravimetric analyzer (IGA) in combination with prediction equations. For the pure‐component sorption in PE, the solubility of C2H4 and 1‐C6H12 decreases with the temperature, while that of H2 exhibits an opposite variation tendency in the temperature range under test. For the C2H4/1‐C6H12 mixture, the co‐solubility is almost 10% smaller than the sum of the pure‐component solubility. 1‐C6H12 acts as a co‐solvent and C2H4 an antisolvent. Moreover, good consistency has been achieved between the measured data and the prediction results from the Sanchez‐Lacombe EOS model, demonstrating the reliability of the measurement approach employed in this work. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44507.
Bio‐ and chemical syntheses of mangiferin and congeners
Authors: Ehianeta Teddy Stephen , Laval Stéphane , Yu Biao 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMangiferin (2C‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐1,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxyxanthone) is a xanthone C‐glycoside occurring in many plant species. Composed of a glucose unit C1→2 linked to a 1,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxyxanthone aglycone, mangiferin exhibits a wide range of biological activities, which recently renewed its interest as a potential pharmacophore. Mangiferin is mainly isolated after extraction procedures from natural sources alongside with its isoforms isomangiferin, homomangiferin, and neomangiferin. However, enzymatic and chemical approaches have been developed to access these phytochemicals, which address the challenging construction of the C‐glycosidic linkage. In addition, both approaches have been exploited to modify the aglycone and the sugar moiety in order to afford analogues with specific and improved pharmacological activities. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of mangiferin and its congeners. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):445–458, 2016
Engineered heparins as new anticoagulant drugs
Authors: Vaidyanathan Deepika , Williams Asher , Dordick Jonathan S. , Koffas Mattheos A.G. , Linhardt Robert J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHeparin is an anionic polysaccharide that is widely used as a clinical anticoagulant. This glycosaminoglycan is prepared from animal tissues in metric ton quantities. Animal‐sourced heparin is also widely used in the preparation of low molecular weight heparins that are gaining in popularity as a result of their improved pharmacological properties. The recent contamination of pharmaceutical heparin together with concerns about increasing demand for this life saving drug and the fragility of the heparin supply chain has led the scientific community to consider other potential sources for heparin. This review examines progress toward the preparation of engineered heparins through chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and metabolic engineering.
Progress in the clinical detection of heterogeneity in breast cancer
Authors: Song Jun‐Long , Chen Chuang , Yuan Jing‐Ping , Sun Sheng‐Rong 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBreast cancer is currently the most common form of cancer and the second‐leading cause of death from cancer in women. Though considerable progress has been made in the treatment of breast cancer, the heterogeneity of tumors (both inter‐ and intratumor) remains a considerable diagnostic and prognostic challenge. From clinical observation to genetic mutations, the history of understanding the heterogeneity of breast cancer is lengthy and detailed. Effectively detecting heterogeneity in breast cancer is important during treatment. Various methods of depicting this heterogeneity are now available and include genetic, pathologic, and imaging analysis. These methods allow characterization of the heterogeneity of breast cancer on a genetic level, providing greater insight during the process of establishing an effective therapeutic plan. This study reviews how the understanding of tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer evolved, and further summarizes recent advances in the detection and monitoring of this heterogeneity in patients with breast cancer.
Complication of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation – the significance of an inferior vena cava anomaly
Authors: Yeung Ng Pauline , Wong Chiu Cheuk Alfred , Young Karl , Kwong Yin‐Yee , Sin Wai‐Ching 
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical MessagePhysicians should be aware of possible anatomical variants during cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Particular attention to ensure continual visualization of the guidewire before proceeding to final positioning of the ECMO cannulae should be paid. Alternative imaging modalities should be contemplated when uncertainties arise to minimize the risk of inadvertent vascular injuries.
All‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in non‐promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia (AML): results of combination of ATRA with low‐dose Ara‐C in three elderly patients with NPM1‐mutated AML unfit for intensive chemotherapy and review of the literature
Authors: Forghieri Fabio , Bigliardi Sara , Quadrelli Chiara , Morselli Monica , Potenza Leonardo , Paolini Ambra , Colaci Elisabetta , Barozzi Patrizia , Zucchini Patrizia , Riva Giovanni , Vallerini Daniela , Lagreca Ivana , Marasca Roberto , Narni Franco , Venditti Adriano , Martelli Maria Paola , Falini Brunangelo , Lo Coco Francesco , Amadori Sergio , Luppi Mario 
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical MessageBased upon the clinical behavior of three patients, we suggest that the combination of low‐dose Ara‐C and all‐trans retinoic acid may potentially be effective in some elderly patients, unfit for intensive chemotherapy, affected with NPM1‐mutated acute myeloid leukemia without FLT3 mutations, warranting perspective clinical studies in these selected patients.
Stepwise Assembly of MII7 Clusters Revealed by Mass Spectrometry, EXAFS, and Crystallography
Authors: Na Hong‐Xu , Yang Pei‐Yu , Yin Zheng , Wang Yun‐Hong , Chang Li‐Xian , Si Rui , Kurmoo Mohamedally , Zeng Ming‐Hua 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe square‐planar monomer NiL2 (Ni1), L=2‐ethoxy‐6‐(N‐methyl‐iminomethyl)phenolate, reacts with M(H2O)6(ClO4)2, M=Ni or Co, to form heptanuclear disks [CoxNi7−x(OH)6(L)6](ClO4)2⋅2 CH3CN (CoxNi7−x, x=0–7) and the co‐crystal [CoxNi7−x(OH)6L6][NiL2](ClO4)2⋅2 CH3CN (CoxNi7−x‐Ni1) under ambient conditions. It has proved possible to explore the bottom‐up assembly process of CoxNi7−x and CoxNi7−x‐Ni1 in real time. The final products have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, IR, elemental analysis, ICP‐MS, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Time‐dependent mass spectrometry (MS) revealed the following reaction steps: Ni1→[M2L3]+→[M4(OH)2L4]2+→[M7(OH)6L6]2+. In contrast, the reaction of Ni1 with Zn2+ only reaches halfway, and crystallographic evidence indicates a butterfly structure for [Zn2Ni2(OH)2Cl2] (Zn2Ni2), an intermediate that is difficult to isolate in the above Ni‐Co series. A summation method has been used to analyze the MS of bimetallic clusters with very similar atomic masses, as is the case for Co and Ni. The results provide ample information on the distribution of Co and Ni within each cluster and their statistical distribution within selected crystals.
Isothiourea‐Catalysed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of Aryl–Alkenyl (sp2 vs. sp2) Substituted Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Musolino Stefania F. , Ojo O. Stephen , Westwood Nicholas J. , Taylor James E. , Smith Andrew D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe non‐enzymatic acylative kinetic resolution of challenging aryl–alkenyl (sp2 vs. sp2) substituted secondary alcohols is described, with effective enantiodiscrimination achieved using the isothiourea organocatalyst HyperBTM (1 mol %) and isobutyric anhydride. The kinetic resolution of a wide range of aryl–alkenyl substituted alcohols has been evaluated, with either electron‐rich or naphthyl aryl substituents in combination with an unsubstituted vinyl substituent providing the highest selectivity (S=2–1980). The use of this protocol for the gram‐scale (2.5 g) kinetic resolution of a model aryl–vinyl (sp2 vs. sp2) substituted secondary alcohol is demonstrated, giving access to >1 g of each of the product enantiomers both in 99:1 e.r.
Catalytic Thiourea Promoted Electrophilic Thiocyanation of Indoles and Aromatic Amines with NCS/NH4SCN
Authors: Wang Cancan , Wang Zhonghao , Wang Liang , Chen Qun , He Mingyang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA simple and efficient protocol for the electrophilic thiocyanation of indoles and aromatic amines with thiourea/NCS/NH4SCN system has been developed. The major features of the present procedure are the mild conditions, good yields, short reaction times, and the use of inexpensive and readily available organocatalyst. Moreover, N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS) was found to be indispensable, and thiourea could greatly promote the reaction.
Theoretical Prediction on Photovoltaic Properties of 4Cl‐BPPQ/PC61BM System via Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Zhao Caibin , Zhang Qiang , Zhou Ke , Ge Hongguang , Wang Wenliang , Yin Shiwei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDesigning and synthesizing high‐performable electron donor materials are very important for fabricating organic solar cell devices with high power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this work, quantum chemical and molecular dynamics calculations coupled with the Marcus‐Hush charge transfer model were used to investigate the photovoltaic properties of 4Cl‐BPPQ/PC61BM. Results reveal that 4Cl‐BPPQ/PC61BM system theoretically possesses a large open‐circuit voltage (1.29 V), high fill factor (0.90), and over 9% PCE. Moreover, calculations also reveal that the 4Cl‐BPPQ/PC61BM system has a middle‐sized exciton binding energy (0.492 eV), but relatively small charge‐dissociation and charge‐recombination reorganization energies (0.345 eV and 0.355 eV). Based on the 4Cl‐BPPQ/PC61BM complex, the charge‐dissociation rate constant, kdis, is estimated to be as large as 6.575×1012 s−1, while the charge‐recombination one, krec, is very small (<1.0 s−1) under the same condition due to the very small driving force (ΔGrec=−1.900 eV). In addition, by means of an amorphous cell containing one hundred 4Cl‐BPPQ molecules, the hole carrier mobility of 4Cl‐BPPQ solid is estimated as high as 3.191×10−3 cm2·V−1·s−1. In brief, our calculation shows that 4Cl‐BPPQ/PC61BM system is a very promising organic solar cell system, and is worth of making further device research by experiments.