bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peace Settlements and the Prohibition of the Use of Force
Authors: Wählisch Martin 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between peace settlements (which encompass truces, armistices, ceasefires, and peace agreements) and the prohibition of the use of force. It begins by discussing the role of peace treaties in prohibiting the use of force, the consequences of non-compliance with peace settlements, and previous experiences in enforcing ceasefires and peace agreements. It then considers the elements of the applicable normative framework in international law, including the legal basis of peace treaties and the legal consequences of their breach. The chapter concludes by analysing the implementation mechanisms for peace settlements, with particular reference to the practice of monitoring and peace enforcement missions authorized by the UN Security Council.
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Shipping Interdiction
Authors: Verdirame Guglielmo , Weinberg Vasco Becker 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyses the legal framework applicable to non-flag states’ interception operations aimed at combating the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), delivery vehicles, and related materials against the background of the law on the use of force. It considers the legal regime under the law of the sea, with particular reference to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and discusses the legal and strategic challenges posed by seaborne WMD proliferation to states. It explains the distinction between counter-proliferation, non-proliferation, and response to the use of WMD. The chapter examines interdiction, a classic instrument of naval enforcement. Finally, it explores how states have sought to address the gaps in the general legal framework through three primary routes: the resolution of the UN Security Council, multilateral treaty-making under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization, and the practice of states involved in the Proliferation Security Initiative.
The Use of Cyber Force and International Law
Authors: Schmitt Michael N. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the use of cyber force on and off the battlefield within the framework of international law. Drawing on the work of the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (2013), it considers the jus ad bellum issues surrounding cyber operations. In particular, it examines when cyber operations violate the prohibition on the use (or threat) of force set forth in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and customary international law, and when a state that has been the target of cyber operations may retaliate with its own use of force. The chapter also discusses two exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force under Article 51 of the UN Charter, one of which is the exercise of the right of self-defence. Finally, it analyses state interpretations of international law’s prescriptive norms regarding the use of force when applied to cyberspace.
Music
Authors: Woodward Sheila C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Personal stories provide an introductory lens to exploring music’s role during the South African transition from minority rule to democracy. With many children turning their backs on schools, music played an increasingly important role in educating the youth and providing them with a public voice. Culture was firmly identified as “a weapon of struggle.” Music was used in teaching children to resist oppressive authority; express their pain; take courage; tell their stories; be proud of their identity; take messages from the past and carry the struggle forward; innovate, create, and collaborate; give voice to the voiceless; and generally promote social change. Inspiring examples provide the impetus for challenging children across the globe to realize that their music can both mirror society and be a participating force for change.
Striving for Justice with Determination and Hope
Authors: Barrett Janet R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Social justice is an intellectual ideal and an educational movement, as well as a fervent desire held by individuals committed to respecting the worth of persons. This epilogue situates music educators within this broad landscape of theories, perspectives, and practices. For the field to embrace socially just practices as commonplace—answering the call with determination—good work must be initiated on many fronts. Music educators can draw on the clear and persuasive arguments offered here for expanding visions of music teaching and learning, while grappling with multidimensional challenges that attend social justice. This professional transformation will depend upon imaginative thinking and critical awakening, especially in contradistinction to the pervasive neoliberal milieu of the times. Music teacher education holds special promise for developing and strengthening teachers’ commitments to equitable, culturally responsive, and liberatory practices, especially when focused on dispositions that cultivate music teachers’ sense of agency and caring.
Supernatural Beliefs and the Evolution of Cooperation
Authors: Bourrat Pierrick , Viciana Hugo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Studies have found an association between the content of beliefs in the supernatural and increased cooperation in social groups. “High Moralizing Gods,” “fear of supernatural punishment,” and “supernatural monitoring” have been claimed to permit greater social cohesion through the specific epistemic engagement they produce in the minds of those who hold certain religious beliefs. However, the evolutionary pathways linking these religious features with cooperation remain unclear. Focusing on the example of belief in supernatural sanctioning, this chapter delineates different mechanisms by which beliefs in supernatural entities could, in principle, lead to greater cohesion and emphasizes the different predictions each evolutionary mechanism affords. It thus reassesses several studies that have been interpreted as supporting or as failing to support one or some of these cultural evolutionary processes. Finally, it proposes several avenues by which research addressing the link between cooperation and specific forms of belief in supernatural entities could be strengthened.
An Economic Theory of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Franco April , Mitchell Matthew , Skrzypacz Andrzej 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article introduces an economic model of dynamic capabilities. The model is intended to bridge the gap between the strategic management literature on dynamic capabilities and the economics literature on the sources of productivity differentials. In the model, dynamic capabilities are an advantage in generating innovations and allow firms to enter new submarkets. We use the model to interpret three types of dynamic capabilities previously identified in the literature: sensing, seizing and transforming. We show that the model has non-trivial predictions for observables that might aid in empirically identifying dynamic capabilities. When firms must invest in order to acquire the dynamic capability to transform, in a dynamic equilibrium, higher levels of innovation may not be associated with possessing the dynamic capability: firms without the dynamic capability can invest more in innovation in order to gain it. This suggests that using innovation investment levels as an intermediate outcome to measure dynamic capabilities may incorrectly identify firms without the dynamic capability as ones with it.
Translation
Authors: Bellos David 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This essay seeks to place translation within a broad spectrum of bilingual practice. It shows the basic distinction but also the substantial overlap between oral and written transmission in the ancient and modern worlds, and focuses on issues of trust, prestige and cultural mixing in the history of translation practice. It argues that Roman translation models continue to shape modern approaches to the field. Discussion on why resistance may lie behind the paucity of translations in some languages. Issues raised by the transmission of religious texts have had special impact on the idea of translation, which nonetheless has remained as ‘fuzzy’ in practice in modern times as it was under the Roman Empire.
The Politics of Development in Latin America and East Asia
Authors: McGuire James W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article examines the politics of development in Latin America and East Asia, focusing on eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Thailand. It begins by analyzing levels and changes of GDP per capita and income inequality in these countries from 1960 to 2010, showing that the capitalist economies of Latin America grew more slowly and had higher income inequality than their East Asian counterparts. It considers the reasons for this development divergence, including government policies in such areas as land tenure, education, promotion of manufactured exports, and macroeconomic management. The article also looks at historical legacies and social-structural factors that help explain these cross-regional (as well as some intra-regional) policy differences, including colonial heritage, the geopolitical situation after World War II, natural resources, and class structure.
Knowing When Not to Fight
Authors: Luban David 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Should military personnel (‘soldiers’) become selective conscientious objectors to an unjust war? This chapter argues, first, that in most cases the fog of war and politics makes it unreasonable to expect soldiers to make fact-intensive judgments about whether the war is just. Second, it argues that even a just-war tribunal, of the sort proposed by Jeff McMahan, will not do the job. It will inevitably lack the legitimacy and fact-finding capacity necessary to reassure soldiers in such a weighty decision. Third, the moral importance of maintaining civilian control of the military means that soldiers should generally obey orders to deploy. Fourth, however, absolute deference to leaders and commanders is morally unacceptable. The chapter defends an intermediate view advanced centuries ago by Cajetan, Suárez, and Vitoria: soldiers must not fight in an unjust war, but may defer to civilian leaders’ judgment of just cause unless the injustice is manifest.
Influence of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy on Tissue Oxygenation in Diabetic Feet
Authors: Jung Jae-A. , Yoo Ki-Hyun , Han Seung-Kyu , Lee Ye-Na , Jeong Seong-Ho , Dhong Eun-Sang , Kim Woo-Kyung 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has become a common wound care treatment modality for a variety of wounds. Several previous studies have reported that NPWT increases blood flow in the wound bed. However, NPWT might decrease tissue oxygenation in the wound bed because the foam sponge of NPWT compresses the wound bed under the influence of the applied negative pressure. Adequate tissue oxygenation is an essential consideration during diabetic foot management, and the foot is more sensitive to ischemia than any other region. Furthermore, the issue as to whether NPWT reduces or increases tissue oxygenation in diabetic feet has never been correctly addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of NPWT on tissue oxygenation in diabetic feet.

PARTICIPANTS:
Transcutaneous partial oxygen pressures (TcPo
2) were measured to determine tissue oxygenation levels beneath NPWT dressings on 21 feet of 21 diabetic foot ulcer patients.

DESIGN:
A TcPo
2 sensor was fixed at the tarsometatarsal area of contralateral unwounded feet. A suction pressure of −125 mm Hg was applied until TcPo
2 reached a steady state. The TcPo
2 values for diabetic feet were measured before, during, and after NPWT.

MAIN RESULTS:
The TcPo
2 levels decreased significantly after applying NPWT in all patients. Mean TcPo
2 values before, during, and after therapy were 44.6 (SD, 15.2), 6.0 (SD, 7.1), and 40.3 (SD, 16.4) mm Hg (P < .01), respectively.

CONCLUSION:
These results show that NPWT significantly reduces tissue oxygenation levels in diabetic feet.
Major Histopathologic Diagnoses of Chronic Wounds
Authors: Turi George K. , Donovan Virginia , DiGregorio Julie , Criscitelli Theresa M. , Kashan Benjamin , Barrientos Stephan , Balingcongan Jose Ramon , Gorenstein Scott , Brem Harold 
Published: July 2016

PURPOSE:
To clarify the histopathology of acute osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, primary vasculitis, and secondary-type vasculitis.

TARGET AUDIENCE:
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:
After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:
1. Describe the parameters and significance of this study.
2. Identify chronic wound diagnosis and treatment.
3. Differentiate the histopathology of osteomyelitis and vasculitis.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The presence of a chronic wound can result in significant morbidity/mortality. Understanding the pathological alterations of wound tissue that are refractory to standard wound therapy is essential for effective wound management and healing. The authors describe 4 wound etiologies, specifically, acute osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, primary vasculitis, and secondary-type vasculitis.

SETTING: A tertiary care hospital.

DESIGN: A retrospective review of 1392 wound operations performed during a 24-month period at a tertiary care hospital was conducted. Tissue specimens reviewed included soft tissue infections of the lower extremity, sacrum, hip/pelvis, trunk, perineum, and buttocks.

MAIN RESULTS: Acute osteomyelitis is defined as bone tissue with a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, evidence of osteoclast bone resorption with scalloping of the cortical bone edges, and bone detritus. Chronic osteomyelitis is defined as bone tissue with a significant amount of fibrosis surrounding devitalized tissue and heavy infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Primary-type vasculitis is defined primarily as inflammation and necrosis of blood vessel walls. In cutaneous lesions of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, ulceration with numerous inflammatory granulomas is seen in the papillary dermis. Secondary vasculitis is defined by vessel wall infiltration by inflammatory cells and fibrinoid necrosis of the small vessel wall.

CONCLUSIONS: Pathologies of these 4 types of wounds can complicate standard algorithms designed for diagnosis and treatment, and accurate diagnosis through histopathologic analysis can help tailor targeted treatment.
Experimental Study on the Efficacy of Site-Specific PEGylated Human Serum Albumins in Resuscitation From Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Song Xinlei , Zhang Shu , Cheng Yanna , Zhao Ting , Lian Qianqian , Lu Lu , Wang Fengshan 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To evaluate the resuscitative efficacy and the effect on reperfusion injury of two site-specific PEGylated human serum albumins modified with linear or branched PEG20kDa, compared with saline, 8% human serum albumin and 25% human serum albumin, in a hemorrhagic shock model.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Subjects:
Male Wistar rats.

Design:
Prospective study.

Interventions:
Rats were bled to hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock and resuscitated with different resuscitation fluids.

Measurements and Main Results:
The mean arterial pressure and blood gas variables were measured. Hemorheology analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of resuscitation on RBCs and blood viscosity. The microvascular state was indirectly characterized in terms of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase that related to shear stress and vasodilation, respectively. The levels of inflammation-related factors and apoptosis-related proteins were used to evaluate the reperfusion injury in lungs. The results showed that PEGylated human serum albumin could improve the level of mean arterial pressure and blood gas variables more effectively at the end of resuscitation. poly(ethylene glycol) modification was able to increase the viscosity of human serum albumin to the level of effectively enhancing the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which could promote microvascular perfusion. The hyperosmotic resuscitative agents including both 25% human serum albumin and PEGylated human serum albumins could greatly attenuate lung injury. No significant therapeutic advantages but some disadvantages were found for Y shaped poly(ethylene glycol) modification over linear poly(ethylene glycol) modification, such as causing the decrease of erythrocyte deformability.

Conclusions:
Linear high molecular weight site-specific PEGylated human serum albumin is recommended to be used as a hyperosmotic resuscitative agent.
Interactive Navigation-Guided Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery: The Usefulness of Computed Tomography Angiographic Image Guidance
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed , Naik Milind N. , Kaliki Swathi , Dave Tarjani Vivek 
Published: July 2016

Aim:
The aim of this study was to illustrate the techniques and usefulness of navigation-guided computed tomography angiography in ophthalmic plastic surgery.

Methods:
Stereotactic surgeries using computed tomography angiography as the intraoperative image-guiding tool were performed in 3 patients. One patient had widespread eyelid and orbital vascular malformation and the other 2 had orbital mass lesions located in crucial vascular areas. Two procedures used the external approach and one was performed using the endoscopic orbital approach. All the surgeries were performed using the intraoperative image-guided StealthStation system in the electromagnetic mode. The usefulness of intraoperative angiographic anatomical guidance and the ability to anticipate and avoid vascular injuries at crucial phases of surgery were noted.

Results:
Intraoperative geometric localization of feeder vessels to a lesion could be easily achieved. The cauterization of the direct feeder to the lesion reduced the much anticipated blood loss while operating a widespread vascular malformation. Orbital mass lesions with vessels in the vicinity could be operated upon with utmost vascular safety and precision, thereby avoiding complications. Detailed preoperative navigation-guided planning of risk structures with intraoperative distance control was found to be essential for successful outcomes.

Conclusions:
Computed tomography angiography-guided navigation surgery is very useful in cases with complex vascular malformations and while operating in the vicinity of crucial vascular structures in the orbit.
Surgical Microanatomy of Lower Eyelid Tarsal Ectropion Repair With a Putterman Ptosis Clamp
Authors: Jones Scott T. , Aakalu Vinay K. , Lin Amy Y. , Perez Catherine , Epstein Gil , Putterman Allen M. , Setabutr Pete 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:
To examine the changes in microscopic anatomy of the lower eyelid tarsal ectropion repair with the Putterman ptosis clamp and better understand the anatomical changes associated with the eyelid malposition correction.

Methods:
Ten orbits from 5 fresh frozen cadaver heads, ranging in age from 53 to 77 years, were used for the dissection. For each head, a Putterman clamp tarsal ectropion repair was performed on one side, while the contralateral unoperated orbit served as a control. After performing the procedure, both orbits were exenterated and they, along with the resected specimens, were studied microscopically using Verhoeff-Masson trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin stains.

Results:
Conjunctiva, capsulopalpebral fascia, and smooth muscle were present on all tissue specimens incarcerated within the ptosis clamp. Tarsus was present in one specimen. There was a shortening of the posterior lamella of the eyelid with advancement of the capsulopalpebral fascia on all operated specimens when compared with controls.

Conclusion:
The Putterman clamp ectropion repair works by shortening the posterior lamella of the eyelid and advancing the lower eyelid retractors superiorly. This advancement tightens the lower eyelid retractors and thus stabilizes the eyelid in a more vertical position. In addition to a lateral tendon tuck as described in the original article to tighten horizontal eyelid laxity, this procedure addresses both vertical and horizontal laxity of tarsal ectropion.
Efficacy of Muller’s Muscle and Conjunctiva Resection With or Without Tarsectomy for the Treatment of Severe Involutional Blepharoptosis
Authors: Patel Rakesh M. , Aakalu Vinay K. , Setabutr Pete , Putterman Allen M. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:
To determine if Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection with or without tarsectomy is an efficacious procedure for the treatment of severe involutional blepharoptosis.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was performed for all consecutive patients with severe involutional blepharoptosis during a 12-year period treated by a single surgeon (AMP) with a Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection with or without tarsectomy. The inclusion criteria was good levator function (≥10 mm eyelid excursion), adequate response to phenylephrine (change in eyelid height ≥1.5 mm), and severe involutional blepharoptosis (margin-to-reflex-distance-1 ≤0 mm).

Results:
One hundred eyelids of 69 patients were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Mean preoperative margin-to-reflex-distance-1 was −0.65 mm and mean postoperative margin-to-reflex-distance-1 was 3.00 mm for all patients. For patients treated with Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection without tarsectomy, mean preoperative and postoperative margin-to-reflex-distance-1 was −0.51 mm and 2.98 mm with 97.5% of the patients obtaining a lift greater than 1.5 mm.

Conclusions:
The results demonstrate that Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection with or without tarsectomy does provide another alternative to the surgeon for the management of severe involutional blepharoptosis.
Prevalence of Neovaginal High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Among Transgender Women in The Netherlands
Authors: van der Sluis Wouter B. , Buncamper Marlon E. , Bouman Mark-Bram , Elfering Lian , Özer Müjde , Bogaarts Martijn , Steenbergen Renske D.M. , Heideman Daniëlle A.M. , Mullender Margriet G. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Background: Worldwide, transgender women are a high burden population for sexually transmitted diseases. Neovaginal high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection has been documented among transgender women, but its prevalence remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of neovaginal hrHPV in a sample of transgender women in The Netherlands. Methods: Between June 2015 and December 2015, neovaginal samples were obtained from all transgender women who underwent vaginoplasty and attended our outpatient clinic for postoperative follow-up at least 1 year after surgery. High-risk HPV DNA detection and partial genotyping was performed by the HPV-risk assay. Genotyping of non–16/18-hrHPV-positive samples was subsequently performed by GP5+/6+-PCR followed by Luminex suspension array technology. Physical examination and standardized (sexual) history taking was conducted. Results: Valid neovaginal swabs were obtained from 54 transgender women (median age, 40.7 years [range, 19.2–60.3]; median postoperative time, 2.4 years [range, 1.0–34.2]). No transgender women were employed in the commercial sex industry. Of 28 sexually active transgender women, 6 (20%) tested positive for neovaginal hrHPV including types 16, 45, 51, 59, 66, and X. There were no concomitant neovaginal lesions nor neovaginal symptoms. All sexually inactive transgender women tested negative for neovaginal hrHPV. Conclusions: A prevalence of neovaginal hrHPV infection of 20% is observed in Dutch transgender women, who self-reported to be sexually active. The clinical consequences neovaginal hrHPV infection in transgender women require further attention.