bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly efficient extraction of EPA/DHA‐enriched oil from cobia liver using homogenization plus sonication
Authors: Kuo Chia‐Hung , Liao Hong‐Zhu , Wang Yu‐Hsiang , Wang Hui‐Min David , Shieh Chwen‐Jen , Tseng Chin‐Yin 
Published: March 2017

Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is a species of marine finfish with emerging global potential for offshore aquaculture. The fillet processing by‐product, cobia liver, can be considered an accessible source of EPA/DHA‐enriched oil. Oils are mainly extracted with hexane in the oil industry; however, extractability is greatly decreased in wet biomass as the hydrophilic surface hinders the penetration of hexane into the tissue matrix. In this study, the feasibility of agitated extraction (AE), ultrasonic extraction (UE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), homogenizer extraction (HE), and homogenizer extraction plus sonication (HES) was evaluated. HE and HES showed higher extraction efficiency than AE, UE, or SE. The highest yields: 45.7% and 50.2%, were obtained from using HE for 2 min and HES for 120 min, respectively. Both yields were close to the fat content of cobia liver, indicating that the lipids were effectively extracted. The fatty acid profiles revealed that the highest contents of 5.2% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 19.7% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were obtained from HE and HES, respectively. These results demonstrated that HE and HES were highly efficient and the most useful among all tested methods for lipid extraction from wet biomass.Practical applications: Increasing the value of low quality processing waste is important in the food and nutraceutical industries. Cobia liver, comprising 5% of total fish mass, is a potential source of EPA/DHA‐enriched fish oil. EPA and DHA decompose easily when exposed to high temperatures for a long time. HE has an advantage over traditional extraction methods due to its ability to operate at a low temperature for a short period (2 min), thereby preventing EPA and DHA decomposition. Cobia are already bred in the aquaculture industry; their livers are readily available by‐products obtained after fillet processing. The oils extracted from cobia liver have high levels of EPA and DHA, therefore it is an excellent raw material to produce EPA/DHA‐enriched oil.Wet biomass contains a high amount of moisture, creating mass transfer resistance for hexane penetration into the tissue matrix. Homogenizer extraction grinds the tissue matrix, disrupting the cell and dispersing the water into solvent phase. Schematic representation of the extent of cell disruption during homogenizer extraction shows its effect on the rate of lipid release.
Assessing connectivity related injury burden in diffuse traumatic brain injury
Authors: Solmaz Berkan , Tunç Birkan , Parker Drew , Whyte John , Hart Tessa , Rabinowitz Amanda , Rohrbach Morgan , Kim Junghoon , Verma Ragini 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMany of the clinical and behavioral manifestations of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are thought to arise from disruption to the structural network of the brain due to diffuse axonal injury (DAI). However, a principled way of summarizing diffuse connectivity alterations to quantify injury burden is lacking. In this study, we developed a connectome injury score, Disruption Index of the Structural Connectome (DISC), which summarizes the cumulative effects of TBI‐induced connectivity abnormalities across the entire brain. Forty patients with moderate‐to‐severe TBI examined at 3 months postinjury and 35 uninjured healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging, and completed behavioral assessment including global clinical outcome measures and neuropsychological tests. TBI patients were selected to maximize the likelihood of DAI in the absence of large focal brain lesions. We found that hub‐like regions, with high betweenness centrality, were most likely to be impaired as a result of diffuse TBI. Clustering of participants revealed a subgroup of TBI patients with similar connectivity abnormality profiles who exhibited relatively poor cognitive performance. Among TBI patients, DISC was significantly correlated with post‐traumatic amnesia, verbal learning, executive function, and processing speed. Our experiments jointly demonstrated that assessing structural connectivity alterations may be useful in development of patient‐oriented diagnostic and prognostic tools. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2913–2922, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variation in hydrologic connectivity as a result of microtopography explained by discharge to catchment size relationship
Authors: Oosterwoud Marieke , van der Ploeg Martine , van der Schaaf Sake , van der Zee Sjoerd 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn hydrological terms, raised bogs are often approximated by simple models as in the acrotelm–catotelm concept. However, raised bogs are often characterized by a pronounced surface topography, causing large changes in connectivity of contributing areas on the bog. In this study, daily regression of measured discharges versus catchment areas is used to quantify the impact of surface topography on catchment connectivity within a raised bog. The resulting coefficient of determination shows the strength of the relationship between the discharge and catchment area over time under different hydrological conditions. Monitoring of discharge, water table, transmissivity, and basic weather data on a raised bog (1.9 km2) in eastern central Estonia took place from May 2008 to June 2010. Contributing areas, calculated based on the outlet's discharge volume (VQ) divided by the net precipitation volume (
), of the outlet containing the central pool‐ridge system varied between 1×10−3 and 0.7 km2, suggesting significant differences in connectivity between hydrological events. Correlation between discharge and theoretical catchment size was high (R2>0.75) when the water table was close to the surface (less than 5 cm below peat surface), and consequently, transmissivities were also high (up to 1,030m2d−1), which led to connectivity of local storage elements, such as pools and hollows. However, a water table below this threshold resulted in large parts of the catchment being disconnected. The importance of water table depths on catchment connectivity suggests the need to reconsider the hydrological concept of raised bogs; to incorporate these shallow flow components and better understand residence time and consequently transport of solutes, such as DOC, from patterned peatlands.
Therapeutic plasma exchange for perioperative management of patients with congenital factor XI deficiency
Authors: Alsammak Mohamed S. , Ashrani Aneel A. , Winters Jeffrey L. , Pruthi Rajiv K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundFactor XI (FXI) deficiency (hemophilia C [HEM‐C]) is a bleeding disorder with unpredictable severity that correlates poorly with FXI coagulation activity (FXI:C). It poses a perioperative hemostatic management challenge. For US patients with severe disease, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or, in current use, thawed plasma is the most readily available option but comes with risk of volume overload. We report our experience of using therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) as an alternative perioperative management strategy.MethodsA retrospective review of all HEM‐C patients who underwent surgical procedures. Data were collected, including demographics, bleeding history, surgical site, perioperative hemostatic intervention, and outcome.ResultsBetween July 1997 and September 2014, 28 HEM‐C patients (12 men) were identified, 4 with severe disease (FXI:C <2% or excessive bleeding). Nineteen patients underwent 91 invasive procedures. For nearly 60% of the procedures, no periprocedural hemostatic intervention was provided; before 4 procedures (3 patients), 1 plasma volume TPE preoperatively with FFP was administered. Patient 1, a 28‐year‐old woman (FXI:C, 35%) with a history of excessive surgical bleeding, underwent 2 TPE procedures before laparoscopic pelvic biopsy and subsequent abdominal hysterectomy with salpingo‐oophorectomy that increased her FXI:C to 48%. Patient 2, a 79‐year‐old man (FXI:C, <2%), had TPE before total hip arthroplasty, increasing his FXI:C to 24%. Patient 3, a 59‐year‐old man (FXI:C, <2%), had TPE before prostate laser enucleation, increasing his FXI:C to 46%. Patients 1 and 3 had mild reactions during TPE; no patient had evidence of volume overload. All patients had adequate intraoperative surgical hemostatic outcomes.ConclusionTPE is an effective alternative presurgical hemostatic intervention in HEM‐C with potentially lower risk of circulatory volume overload.
Characterization of surface binding sites in glycoside hydrolases: A computational study
Authors: Samaei‐Daryan Samaneh , Goliaei Bahram , Ebrahim‐Habibi Azadeh 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStructural properties of carbohydrate surface binding sites (SBSs) were investigated with computational methods. Eighty‐five SBSs of 44 enzymes in 119 Protein Data Bank (PDB) files were collected as a dataset. On the basis of SBSs shape, they were divided into 3 categories: flat surfaces, clefts, and cavities (types A, B, and C, respectively). Ligand varieties showed the correlation between shape of SBSs and ligands size. To reduce cut‐off differences in each SBSs with different ligand size, molecular docking were performed. Molecular docking results were used to refine SBSs classification and binding sites cut‐off. Docking results predicted putative ligands positions and displayed dependence of the ligands binding mode to the structural type of SBSs. Physicochemical properties of SBSs were calculated for all docking results with YASARA Structure. The results showed that all SBSs are hydrophilic, while their charges could vary and depended to ligand size and defined cut‐off. Surface binding sites type B had highest average values of solvent accessible surface area. Analysis of interactions showed that hydrophobic interactions occur more than hydrogen bonds, which is related to the presence of aromatic residues and carbohydrates interactions.
Quantifying right atrial filling and emptying: A 4D‐flow MRI study
Authors: Callaghan Fraser M. , Arnott Clare , Figtree Gemma A. , Kutty Shelby , Celermajer David S. , Grieve Stuart M. 
Published: March 2017

PurposeTo quantitatively characterize the central role of vortex formation on the flow patterns and energy transfer within the right atrium (RA).Materials and Methods4D‐flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data with multiple encoding velocities was acquired in 12 healthy subjects at 3T. Particles entering the RA were classified according to the origin of entry. Vortex membership was numerically derived by assessing the location of pathline center of curvature relative to the vortex core, defined by Q‐criteria. Flow dynamics and energetics were assessed using paired t‐tests.ResultsThe majority of flow (74%) passes through the RA in a single beat, with a very small volume fraction retained longer than two beats (<1%). RA flow was dominated by a governing vortex, comprising 79% of total flow, and acting to preserve kinetic energy. Flow comprising the vortex enters the RA significantly earlier than nonvortex flow (P < 0.01). The majority of nonvortex flow enters the RA during systole, traversing the RA via a direct path with a significantly shorter residence time and distance traveled (both P < 0.01).ConclusionBlood flow momentum is preserved during systole within a dominant vortex, which we are able to characterize numerically using a semiautomated approach. Our analytical approach has potential for application to understanding right heart function in health and disease.Level of Evidence: 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:1–1
A small‐area and low‐power data driver IC using two‐stage DAC with a capacitor array for active matrix flat‐panel displays
Authors: Seol Hyeon‐Cheon , Hong Seong‐Kwan , Kwon Oh‐Kyong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA small‐area and low‐power data driver integrated circuit (IC) using a two‐stage digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) with a capacitor array is proposed for active matrix flat‐panel displays. The proposed data driver IC employs a capacitor array in the two‐stage DAC so as to reduce the DAC area and eliminate the need for a resistor string, which has high‐power consumption. To verify the proposed two‐stage DAC, a 20‐channel data driver IC with the proposed 10‐bit two‐stage DAC was fabricated using a 0.18‐μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process with 1.8 and 6 V complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor devices. The proposed 10‐bit two‐stage DAC occupies only 43.8% of the area of a conventional 10‐bit two‐stage DAC. The measurement results show that the differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity are +0.58/−0.52 least significant bit and +0.62/−0.59 least significant bit, respectively. The measured interchannel deviation of the voltage outputs is 8.8 mV, and the measured power consumption of the 20‐channel data driver IC is reduced to 7.1 mW, which is less than half of the power consumed by the conventional one.
Self‐Rolled Porous Hollow Tubes Made up of Biodegradable Polymers
Authors: Peng Ling , Zhu Jian , Agarwal Seema 
Published: March 2017

A tubular highly porous scaffold of polylactide (PLA) and poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) is fabricated by self‐rolling of a 2D fibrous bilayer of PLA and PCL in water without use of any classical thermo‐/pH‐responsive polymers. The self‐rolling and diameter of the tube are dependent upon the bilayer thickness and temperature. A 75 µm thick 2D bilayer (PLA = 25 µm; PCL = 50 µm) rolls to a hollow tube of diameter around 0.41 mm with multilayered wall at 40 °C within 5 min. The tubes keep their form and size in water at all temperatures once they are formed. The interesting properties of the hollow tubes, that is, permeation of gases through the walls and flow of water without leakage under tested conditions in combination with good mechanical stability, use of only biodegradable polymers, and easy and reproducible fabrication method, allow them to be promising candidates for future studies as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Investigation of interfractional shape variations based on statistical point distribution model for prostate cancer radiation therapy
Authors: Shibayama Yusuke , Arimura Hidetaka , Hirose Taka‐aki , Nakamoto Takahiro , Sasaki Tomonari , Ohga Saiji , Matsushita Norimasa , Umezu Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Yasuhiko , Honda Hiroshi 
Published: March 2017

PurposeThe setup errors and organ motion errors pertaining to clinical target volume (CTV) have been considered as two major causes of uncertainties in the determination of the CTV‐to‐planning target volume (PTV) margins for prostate cancer radiation treatment planning. We based our study on the assumption that interfractional target shape variations are not negligible as another source of uncertainty for the determination of precise CTV‐to‐PTV margins. Thus, we investigated the interfractional shape variations of CTVs based on a point distribution model (PDM) for prostate cancer radiation therapy.Materials and methodsTo quantitate the shape variations of CTVs, the PDM was applied for the contours of 4 types of CTV regions (low‐risk, intermediate‐ risk, high‐risk CTVs, and prostate plus entire seminal vesicles), which were delineated by considering prostate cancer risk groups on planning computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT (CBCT) images of 73 fractions of 10 patients. The standard deviations (SDs) of the interfractional random errors for shape variations were obtained from covariance matrices based on the PDMs, which were generated from vertices of triangulated CTV surfaces. The correspondences between CTV surface vertices were determined based on a thin‐plate spline robust point matching algorithm. The systematic error for shape variations was defined as the average deviation between surfaces of an average CTV and planning CTVs, and the random error as the average deviation of CTV surface vertices for fractions from an average CTV surface.ResultsThe means of the SDs of the systematic errors for the four types of CTVs ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 mm along the anterior direction, 1.2 to 2.6 mm along the posterior direction, 1.0 to 2.5 mm along the superior direction, 0.9 to 1.9 mm along the inferior direction, 0.9 to 2.6 mm along the right direction, and 1.0 to 3.0 mm along the left direction. Concerning the random errors, the means of the SDs ranged from 0.9 to 1.2 mm along the anterior direction, 1.0 to 1.4 mm along the posterior direction, 0.9 to 1.3 mm along the superior direction, 0.8 to 1.0 mm along the inferior direction, 0.8 to 0.9 mm along the right direction, and 0.8 to 1.0 mm along the left direction.ConclusionsSince the shape variations were not negligible for intermediate and high‐risk CTVs, they should be taken into account for the determination of the CTV‐to‐PTV margins in radiation treatment planning of prostate cancer.
Vapor–liquid–solid synthesis of ZnSnN2
Authors: Quayle Paul C. , Junno Grant T. , He Keliang , Blanton Eric W. , Shan Jie , Kash Kathleen 
Published: March 2017

A series of experiments was carried out to explore the conditions under which ZnSnN2 would form by vapor–liquid–solid synthesis from a Zn–Sn melt exposed to a nitrogen plasma. ZnSnN2 precipitated at melt temperatures between 455 and 560 °C for melt compositions between 1.5 and 15 at.% Zn. Sn3N4 formed for temperatures between 440 and 560 °C for melt compositions below 1 at.% Zn. Zn3N2 apparently grew only in the vapor phase, and only at melt temperatures between 409 and 463 °C. Each of the materials was identified by its characteristic Raman spectrum and by Auger chemical analysis. The composition profiles of the melts were modeled as a function of time using the measured temperature profiles. The results were compared with post‐growth measurements of the melt compositions. These comparisons support the visual observation that exposure of the melt to the nitrogen plasma suppressed Zn evaporation substantially even prior to the formation of a solid crust of precipitate. This work helps define the range of growth conditions available for synthesis of ZnSnN2 by this vapor–liquid–solid method.Material yielded as a function of synthesis temperature and the composition of the melt, measured post‐synthesis by EDS. The two ZnSnN2 samples labeled with asterisks were grown with a plasma power of 60 W. All others were grown using a plasma power of 240 W.
A simple headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of the release of the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from chewing gum
Authors: Davoli Enrico , Bastone Antonio , Bianchi Giancarlo , Salmona Mario , Diomede Luisa 
Published: March 2017

RationaleButylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are widely used to prevent oxidation and rancidity in foodstuffs, pharmaceutical preparations and cosmetic formulations. Although their safety has been thoroughly investigated, possible endocrine side‐effects have been suggested. A useful method for the determination of BHA and BHT in foods is needed to estimate their daily intake through the diet.MethodsWe selected commercial chewing gums as a model of a complex food matrix and developed a new method based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This allows the determination of 130 pg/gum of BHA and 9 pg/gum of BHT.ResultsAnalysis of different chewing gums from the European market indicated that the two antioxidants were never used together and that the content of BHA was in the range of 220–348 μg/gum and BHT ranged from 278 up to 479 μg/gum. These amounts correspond to 86–157 mg/kg gum for BHA and 170–185 mg/kg gum for BHT, and are both within the maximum levels established by the European Food Safety Authority. Chewing a piece of gum for 15 min resulted in the release of up to 28% of BHA, but no release of BHT was detectable.ConclusionsA new, simple and rapid method for the determination of BHA and BHT in chewing gums was described. This analytical method, based on headspace sampling, did not require the extraction of antioxidants from chewing gum samples, assuring the absence of any gum material contaminants that might affect the instrumentation. It is also automatable, employing a sequential automatic sampler. This method could be of interest to academic researchers and to food industrialists looking for a new methodological approach for BHA and BHT determination in foodstuffs with complex matrices. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulate Differentiation of Myeloid Progenitor Cells During Inflammation
Authors: Amouzegar Afsaneh , Mittal Sharad K. , Sahu Anuradha , Sahu Srikant K. , Chauhan Sunil K. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess distinct immunomodulatory properties and have tremendous potential for use in therapeutic applications in various inflammatory diseases. MSCs have been shown to regulate pathogenic functions of mature myeloid inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Intriguingly, the capacity of MSCs to modulate differentiation of myeloid progenitors (MPs) to mature inflammatory cells remains unknown to date. Here, we report the novel finding that MSCs inhibit the expression of differentiation markers on MPs under inflammatory conditions. We demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of MSCs is dependent on direct cell–cell contact and that this intercellular contact is mediated through interaction of CD200 expressed by MSCs and CD200R1 expressed by MPs. Furthermore, using an injury model of sterile inflammation, we show that MSCs promote MP frequencies and suppress infiltration of inflammatory cells in the inflamed tissue. We also find that downregulation of CD200 in MSCs correlates with abrogation of their immunoregulatory function. Collectively, our study provides unequivocal evidence that MSCs inhibit differentiation of MPs in the inflammatory environment via CD200-CD200R1 interaction.
The resilience of integrated agricultural systems to climate change
Authors: Gil Juliana D. B. , Cohn Avery S. , Duncan John , Newton Peter , Vermeulen Sonja 
Published: March 2017

We reviewed studies addressing the extent to which more integrated agricultural systems (IAS) have been found to be more resilient to climate variability and climate change than more specialized agricultural systems. We found limited literature directly addressing the topic, necessitating the use of proxy measures to enlarge the sample. Where necessary, we used agricultural system richness and diversity as proxies for the presence of the sort of synergistic relationships that typify IAS, interannual climate variability for climate change, and myriad agricultural indicators for resilience. We found that (1) 37 papers addressed the topic either through mathematical modeling or statistical modeling; (2) in the statistical papers, integration was overwhelmingly (n = 17/24) associated with increased climate resilience; (3) these findings stemmed mainly from comparisons of more versus less diverse or rich farming systems, while few studies investigated the influence of farm system synergies on resilience; (4) yield, revenue, profit, and yield variance were all used to demonstrate resilience; (5) modeling studies tended to investigate resilience across multiple years, while most statistical approaches tracked single‐year outcomes; (6) the IAS‐climate resilience links demonstrated were not generalizable across units of analysis, spatiotemporal scale, and from autonomous to directed integration; and (7) few of the articles reviewed identified and measured the mechanism by which IAS were shown to have conferred resilience. Our findings reveal suggestive, although by no means conclusive, evidence that farm system integration can enhance resilience and highlight the need for research to test whether integration policies can have similar outcomes. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e461. doi: 10.1002/wcc.461This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Aggregation Techniques for Impacts and Mitigation Costs
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation