bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemic of Conversion Disorder in Janaozen, The Northern Kazakhstan
Authors: Molchanova E. 
Published: May 2016

Janaozen, a small city in the Northern Kazakhstan is an oil town, where 8% of all Kazakh oil has been extracted since 1950s. Due to the harsh climate and uncomfortable living conditions on the one hand, and relatively high salaries on the other, the city became a “Mecca” for ethnic Kazakhs (oralmans), who migrated from the other countries of the former USSR. The strict division between “ours” and “oralmans” created a variety of predispositions for the existence of a recurrent intro-city conflict, which served as a background for the tragic events of December 2011. The strike of oil workers ended in a bloody carnage with long-lasting consequences. The high level of traumatic stress, secondary gain of traumatization, and relative isolation of oralmans created plausible conditions for explosion of mass conversion disorder, which in social consciousness was associated with measles vaccination.On 16th of February, 20 teenagers were hospitalized with seizures of unknown aetiology, 60 girls got sick during the next three days, and 195 were hospitalized during the next three weeks. More than 100 were receiving an outpatient treatment. Foggy diagnosis of “post-vaccine reaction” led to panic among citizens, and a small city hospital became overcrowded by relatives of patients. The diagnosis of conversion disorder had been supported according to the criteria of ICD-10.The results of numerous focus groups, archival research and individual interviews showed up the precise connections between oil workers’ strike in 2011 and mass conversion disorder in 2015.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The Satanist Cult of Ted Heath: Ethical Implications of Authority Compromise
Authors: Kurz R. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSeven UK police forces are currently investigating the alleged involvement of the late Edward Heath (Prime Minister 1970–1974) in a child abuse ring with Operation Midland investigating specifically the alleged murder of three boys.ObjectiveThe presentation raises international awareness of the investigation, sheds light on the suspected ‘Satanist’ ideology behind the cult and explores the implications for professional practice.AimsThe paper highlights the corrosive impact on society of powerful pedophile rings that are protected by compromised authority representatives and professionals.MethodDetailed accounts circulate on the Internet that name dozens of individuals allegedly active in the cult including high-ranking politicians, psychiatrists, psychologist, police officers as well as journalists and academics. Some of the alleged crimes can be corroborated with news reports or successful court prosecutions while the vast majority appear to be ‘known crimes’ that are successfully covered up.ResultsThe widespread organisational structures parallel the Marc Dutroux case in Belgium. It appears to be the case that compromised mental health professionals and authority representatives shield the cult. It becomes an ethical obligation for the silent majority to speak out against such criminality and demand from their government effective investigation and prosecution.ConclusionWhilst an enquiry into historical allegations of institutional abuse is currently underway in the UK several cases emerged recently where satanic cults seemingly continue to be protected by the vested interests. Mental health professionals must stand up for victims and resist ill-conceived authority attempts to persecute abuse survivors and their supporters.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The Characteristics of Alcohol Pharmacokinetics of Korean Female
Authors: Nam B. , Kwon Y.J. , Lee K.H. , Jon D.I. , Shon I. , Seo J.S. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe systematized and proper sized research of alcohol pharmacokinetics in Korean has not reported ever.Objectives and aimAim of this study is to measure the β value and alcohol pharmacokinetic factors in Korean adult female and the relationship between the β value and some variables including age, smoking, total body water, drinking capacity, BMI, blood cholesterol, body fat and body fat ratio.MethodsNinety-one subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group was provided as much as 0.35 mg/mL/kg of alcohol and the other as much as 0.70 mg/mL/kg, and blood alcohol concentration was measured 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after the women finished drinking.ResultsThe subjects’ mean alcohol elimination rate (β) was −0.002379 mg/100 mL·h, and there was no statistically significant difference in elimination rate between the two groups. The mean time to reach maximum blood alcohol concentration was 45 minutes, alcohol absorption rate was 0.1123 ± 0.1799 g/L/min, and the area under the concentration curve was 109.15 ± 62.95. Among the factors that correlated with alcohol metabolism, alcohol absorption rate and follicle-stimulating hormone were statistically significant, but age, body mass index, and body fat percentage were not significantly correlated with alcohol metabolism.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the β values for healthy Korean females can differ from the cut-offs that are currently used in Korea, which suggests that the legal limit for driving under intoxication should be adjusted.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Psychiatric Symptoms Paraneoplastic and Legal Obligation to Combination Therapy
Authors: Piqueras Acevedo M.D. , Martínez Pérez I. , Raposo Hernández: M.R. , González Galdámez A.L. , Belmar Simó A. , Gil Sánchez A. , Piqueras M.E. , Garcia Briñol C. , Bello Pombo I. , Busaileh Salas A. , Navarro A. , Alsuhail Lopez Blanco C. , peñalver J.M. 
Published: May 2016

Women 49-year-old with a history of left mastectomy for breast Ca. The patient is brought to the emergency by his family for disorderly conduct compatible with manic phase and psychotic symptoms by delirious speech mystical-religious content refusal of the patient to be evaluated by any medical decision and abandoned chemotherapy. Initial screening is performed from the emergency department of organic pathology (TAC without findings and normalcy in other PC). At the beginning of involuntary admission income that is corroborated by the commission judicial, a request of the family and given the history of abandonment IC Oncology treatment is performed as a result of which it is found that the onset of the psychiatric clinic communicates matches the decision to abandon treatment; after reassessment of the clinical status of the patient and recommendation by her oncologist to resume treatment with RT to court new authorization for further diagnosis and initiation of treatment after assessment by forensic and judge is granted a week tests requested. After screening of limbic encephalitis but positive AC. SD income it is maintained and combined treatment is performed. At discharge, the patient is stable DP vs. psychopathology with good controls over concomitant breast disease.ResultsThe need for medical treatment in organic pathology is justified even against the will of the patient in the context of represenDisclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Serine Racemase in Inhibitory Neurons at Striatum and it Might be Involved in Schizophrenia's Pathophysiology with d1 and d2 Receptors
Authors: Takagi S. , Balu D. , Coyle J. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThere is substantial evidence that hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a core pathophysiological mechanism underlying schizophrenia. d-serine and serine racemase (SR) (NMDAR co-agonist and it's producer) are thought to be involved in schizophrenia's pathophysiology as NMDAR function moderators. Our laboratory showed that excitatory neuron specific SR knock out (SRKO) mice still have just 50% reduction of SR whereas full SRKO mice had no SR. Furthermore d-serine and SR are found in inhibitory neurons not only in excitatory neurons with immunohistochemistry methods. Because NMDAR has excitatory functions, the existence of d-serine and SR in inhibitory neurons and their functions are of interest.AimsTo elucidate the existence and roles of d-serine and SR in inhibitory neurons.MethodsInhibitory neuron marker, GAD65, specific conditional SRKO (GAD65 SRKO) mice were made by Cre-lox recombination method. The GAD65 SRKO mice were analyzed by HPLC for d-serine concentration, western blotting for SR expression, immunohistochemistry for SR positive cell's character identification and behavioral testing.ResultsGAD65 SRKO had about 50% reduction of SR in striatum but no reduction in hippocampus and frontal cortex. d-serine of GAD65 SRKO mice was not different from WT mice. Immunohistochemistry works revealed SR is in medium spiny neuron of striatum and has colocalization with DARRP-32, D1 receptor, and D2 receptor.ConclusionsSR is expressed in inhibitory neurons at least in striatum. It might be involved in schizophrenia's pathophysiology because it colocalizes with D1 and D2 receptors.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Late-life Depression and Dementia Risk
Authors: Cherbuin N. , Kim S. , Anstey K.J. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionA substantial body of evidence linking late-life depression and dementia is now available. However, precise estimates of the relative risk attributable to late-life depression assessed with specific screening instruments at specified thresholds have not been previously produced.ObjectiveSummarise dementia risks associated with depression.AimsConduct a systematic review of the literature to produce precise and specific risk estimates for all cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD).MethodsThe PubMed, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched. Studies assessing incident dementia using validated measures of clinical depression or depressive symptomatology from prospective population studies were selected. The most specific analyses were conducted using both continuous symptomatology ratings and categorical measures of clinical depression based on single instruments with defined cut-offs.ResultsThe literature search yielded 121,301 articles, of which 36 were eligible. Included studies provided a combined sample size of 66,532 individuals including 6593 dementia, 2797 AD, and 585 VaD cases. Random-effects summary estimates showed that the risk associated with depression did not differ by type of dementia. The most widely used instrument was the CES-D. A clinical threshold of 20 produced similar estimates for all-cause dementia (HR 1.83, 95% CI 0.95–3.52) and for AD (HR 1.97, 95% CI 0.96–4.04). Estimates based on other thresholds and continuous measures produced consistent results.ConclusionReliable dementia risk estimates associated with late-life depression can be produced and do not differ between dementia types. Such estimates should be used in evidence-based medicine practice to assess individual risk and to inform policy on interventions to decrease risk in the population.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Questions About Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Personal Beliefs and Real Performance for Financial Capacity Tasks
Authors: Giannouli V. , Tsolaki M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAlthough cognitive impairment occurs early in the course of dementia with Lewy bodies, little is known about DLB and its impact on more complex civil capacities, such as financial capacity.MethodThree patients (mild DLB, severe DLB and MCI in DLB) were examined. Their total scores and (sub)scores on a financial capacity test revealed below normal (more than 1.5–2 SDs below) performance in contrast to cognitive intact elders (see Table 1).ResultsThis is in contrast with their personal beliefs of financial capacity, which reflect a tendency to overestimate their level of financial capacity as recorded on a Likert-scale questionnaire.ConclusionsThe findings prompt a need for further research for an emerging problem in forensic psychiatry, that takes the form of the question: do all DLB patients – even in the stage of MCI – have the capacity for financial transactions?Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Comorbidity and Polypharmacy in Elderly Living in Nursing Homes
Authors: Ferreira A.R. , Martins S. , Fernandes L. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe ageing process is characterized by a high level of complexity, due to the co-occurrence of multiple chronic diseases (comorbidity) that often results in the concomitant use of multiple drug therapies (polypharmacy) for treatment and prophylaxis. Institutionalized elderly may be regarded as the paradigm of this complexity because of their multiple chronic diseases and decreased functional and cognitive functions.ObjectiveTo explore and characterize the prevalence of comorbidity and polypharmacy in a sample of institutionalized elderly.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with an elderly sample recruited from three Portuguese nursing homes. Clinical information was obtained through interview and by review of residents’ medical records. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/ATC classification was used to indicate the main group of medicines used, and polypharmacy was categorized into minor (2–4 medicines) or major (≥ 5). Comorbidities were coded using the individual body systems of Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics/CIRS-G.ResultsThe sample included 175 elderly with a mean age of 81 (sd = 10) years and institutionalized for an average of 7 (sd = 11) years. Residents presented a mean of 9 (sd = 4) co-morbid medical conditions, mostly psychiatric (80.8%), vascular (76.7%) and endocrine/metabolic (70.3%). Major polypharmacy was verified for 73.9% of residents. The mean number of medicines was 7 (sd = 3), most commonly for cardiovascular (86.0%) and nervous system (79.1%) and for blood and blood-forming organs (69.2%).ConclusionsAs in other studies in similar settings, polypharmacy was fairly common. These results convey an important message considering that polypharmacy has been associated with negative clinical outcomes that could otherwise be preventable by reducing the number of prescribed medicines.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A Case Report of a Capgras’ Syndrome in Elderly
Authors: Menguiano C. Moreno , Rodriguez M. Gutierrez , Sanchez F. Garcia , Herrero S. Bravo 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionCapgras syndrome is the most frequent delusional misidentification syndrome (DMS) which was first described in 1923 by Capgras and Reboul-Lachaux as ‘L’illusion des sosies’. Consists of believe that close relatives have been replaced by nearly identical impostors. It can occur in the context of psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, major depression) such organic, in which onset of delirium is usually later coinciding with neurological damage or neurodegenerative disease.Case reportWoman 73-year-old diagnosed of schizophrenia since more than thirty years ago. Her family talk about general impairment of the patient in the last two years. She needed a couple of psychiatric hospitalizations because of her psychiatric disease, and probably onset of cognitive impairment. In this context, we objectified the presence of a Capgras syndrome.ObjectivesTo review the literature available about Capgras syndrome in elderly and illustrate it with a clinical case.MethodsReview of literature about Capgras syndrome in elderly by searching of articles in the PubMed database of the last five years to illustrate the exposure of a single case report.ResultsThe etiology of this syndrome is not yet well understood. Advanced age is frequently found Capgras syndrome with or without the concomitant presence of an obvious cognitive impairment.ConclusionsSince it is a complex process an etiological model that combines cognitive and perceptual deficits, organic impairment and psychodynamic factors should be proposed. And it is important to make a correct differential diagnosis that allows us to carry out the best possible treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Case-report and Review of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors-induced Delirium in Older Adults
Authors: Petrykiv S. , de Jonge L. , Arts M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely prescribed antidepressants with generally fewer side effects than most other types of antidepressants. However, in frail elderly, the use of SSRIs was anecdotally reported as a potential cause of a delirium.ObjectivesTo present a case of citalopram-induced delirium in an older adult diagnosed with late-life depression.AimsTo review available literature on SSRI-induced delirium.MethodsA case report is presented and discussed, followed by a literature review.ResultsSeven published cases of SSRI-induced delirium in older adults (> 60 years) were found while searching through Pubmed and Embase. Our case of a 75-year-old female is also included in this report. This patient was ambulatory treated with citalopram 20 mg per os against depressive symptoms and she developed a delirium four days after the initiation of the therapy. Blood tests were normal and CT scan showed no significant findings. No other medical evidence was found that could explain her delirium. Her symptoms finally resolved after discontinuation of citalopram.ConclusionThe on- and off-treatment side-effect correlation by a segregate oral use of citalopram strongly suggests that SSRIs may have the potential to cause a delirium, especially in frail elderly. Further research on this topic is needed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Spousal Caregiving for Parkinson's Disease: Life Changing Dynamics
Authors: Seibert P. 
Published: May 2016

Although worldwide estimates of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been difficult to obtain, it is agreed that the frequency of cases is rising with the increase in human life expectancy. Spouses often assume the primary responsibility for individuals with PD and this considerable burden impacts all aspects of the caregivers’ (CG) and their families’ lives. Few have formal training in administering health care; yet they are required by necessity to undertake the CG role. We constructed two questionnaires specified for PD (84 items) and their CG (81items). Both were either mailed or emailed to 256 people from a PD association list. We also conducted in person interviews with 8 pairs of PD and CG. The questionnaires and interviews included a wide range of topics such as health history and change, physiological health, social engagement, support availability, stressors, emotional health, sleep, financial concerns, and overall QoL. Fifty-nine participants responded to the questionnaire (PD: 20 males, mean age 73.42; 11 females, mean age 77.73; (CG: 4 males, mean age 85.25; 24 females, mean age 69.13). We analyzed data specific to CG and also made comparisons between the CD and PD groups. Findings revealed increasingly significant physiological and psychiatric issues for both the PD and CG.PD reported greater satisfaction with support systems while CG expressed concern regarding the paucity of support for themselves. The presence of PD creates a multifaceted exponential increase in challenges to Qol for both PD and their CG with the latter receiving little support.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Interictal dysphoric disorder – the bridge between epilepsy and bipolar disorder
Authors: Sousa R. , Salta M. , Barata B. , Nogueira J. , Vieira J. , Ribeiro B. , Ribeiro R. , Mendes S. , Mendes R. , Gamito A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders are frequent among patients with epilepsy. The association between epilepsy and mood disorders is recognized since the classical antiquity. Recent studies demonstrated that the prevalence of bipolar symptoms in epilepsy patients is more significant than previously expected. In the first half of the twentieth century, Kraeplin and Bleuler were the first to describe a pleomorphic pattern of symptoms claimed to be typical of patients with epilepsy and recently Blumer coined the term interictal dysphoric disorder to identify this condition. Although for some authors, the existence of this condition as a diagnostic entity is still doubtful, for others, it represents a phenotypic copy of bipolar disorder.ObjectivesIn this work, we start from the phenomenological similarities between the interictal dysphoric disorder and the bipolar disorder, to explore the neurobiological underpinnings that support a possible link between epilepsy and bipolar disorder.MethodsResearch of articles published in PubMed and other databases.ResultsInterictal dysphoric patients have features that resemble the more unstable forms of bipolar II disorder and benefit from the same therapy used in bipolar depression. Epilepsy and bipolar disorder share features like episodic course, the kindling phenomenon as possible pathogenic mechanisms and the response to antiepileptic drugs. The study of possible common biological processes like neurogenesis/neuroplasticity, inflammation, brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, provided promising but not consensual results.ConclusionsFurther efforts to understand the link between epilepsy and bipolar disorder could provide the insight needed to find common therapeutic targets and improve the treatment of both illnesses.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Pathologic Aerophagia in Patients with Intellectual Disability: A Review of its Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Management
Authors: Sajith S. , Wong W. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPathologic aerophagia is characterised by excessive swallowing of air resulting in significant abdominal distension or belching. This is a relatively rare condition in general population but has been reported in up to 8.8% of institutionalized patients with intellectual disability (ID). In severe cases, this can cause volvulus and ileus, and even intestinal perforation. Currently, there is limited information on this potentially life-threatening condition, particularly for people with ID.AimTo review the up to date literature on the pathophysiology, clinical features and management strategies of pathologic aerophagia in relation to people with ID.MethodsA literature search of electronic database was performed using specific keywords. Review articles were selected using pre-defined criteria.ResultsApart from a few small controlled trials on pharmacotherapy, most of the studies were case series or uncontrolled studies. The understanding on pathophysiology is incomplete but is thought to involve a reflex-induced movement of upper oesophageal sphincter and may be associated with anxiety or stress. A comprehensive history and physical examination as well as an abdominal radiograph may be helpful in diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is reassurance and behaviour therapy. Medications that are helpful include antacids, anti-reflux drugs and benzodiazepines. Surgical treatment is recommended for patients who do not respond to conservative treatment.ConclusionsPathologic aerophagia is not uncommon in people with ID and can present with severe challenges in the assessment and management. Further studies are necessary to provide evidence-based treatment guidelines for the management of this condition particularly in patients with ID.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.