bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restoring Physics
Authors: Simon Josep 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the first IUPAP Conferences on Physics Education, held in Paris (1960) and Rio de Janeiro (1963), respectively. It suggests the interest of studying physics as a profession through contemporary pedagogical debates. These debates were simultaneously efforts to reshape both physics and society that involved boundary work, diplomacy, and demarcation between scientific and pedagogical knowledge, across geopolitical and professional scales. I characterize the role in this field of IUPAP in association with other international and national, public and private, organizations. I propose a comparative analysis between the conferences and across the US, European, and Latin American communities of physics and educators that performed them. Moreover, the paper reflexively analyzes emerging discourses on scientific, technological, and educational development. It characterizes the making of a signature pedagogy for physics, and pinpoints the relevance of considering the emergence of the educational expert profession.
Edoardo Amaldi and the Scientific Collaboration with the USSR
Authors: Cozzoli Daniele 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an exploration of Edoardo Amaldi’s Presidency of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), spotlighting his instrumental role in promoting international scientific collaboration and elucidating the multifaceted challenges he adeptly navigated during a complex juncture characterized by the Cold War and decolonization dynamics. Amaldi was proposed for President of the IUPAP by Mott and Fleury, because they looked at him as the most fitting candidate to promote the re-integration of Soviet physicists in the world community of physicists. Amaldi promoted research at national and at inter-European level that he considered two complementary moments. The experience of World War II led him to think that research in physics should be kept free from military connections. During his presidency he had to face the intricated cases of the two Germanies and the two Chinas and also promoted the integration of Asian physicists within the IUPAP
The Only (Tense) Encounter of a Non-Existent Relationship?
Authors: Turchetti Simone 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
During the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) became major patrons for international exchanges in the physical sciences. Yet, they did not endorse or even acknowledge their respective roles, as IUPAP sought to sidestep Cold War divisions facilitating exchanges across the Iron Curtain, whereas NATO weaponized the patronage of physics aligning it to its Cold War agenda. The only instance recorded in official documents when their administrators entered into a conversation is when, following the erection of Berlin’s Wall, French, British, and US authorities agreed to no longer issue travel permits to GDR physicists. Since NATO endorsed and extended this ban to all its member states, IUPAP officials approached its authorities calling for its removal. This paper thus charts the circumstances of the only (tense) encounter between two organizations deliberately uncommunicative with one another, also showing its significance in shaping their trajectory as international organizations in the following years.
Unifying Principles within Pluralist Tort Adjudication
Authors: Geistfeld Mark A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A healthy political society values diverse viewpoints and their associated moral theories. Recognizing as much, Jane Stapleton and numerous other tort scholars have concluded that tort law is committed to pluralism as a substantive matter. Their reasoning seems incontrovertible: tort adjudication has always been conducted in terms of incompletely theorized mid-level moral principles such as reasonableness or fairness that can be justified by a plurality of values. Though otherwise valuable, substantive pluralism is problematic in the context of adjudication. If tort law must always be formulated to protect a plurality of competing moral values, it could not justify judicial decision-making in hard cases, nor could it meaningfully protect individual rights or otherwise provide individuals with requisite guidance on how they should behave when pluralist values conflict. Rather than entailing a commitment to pluralism as the substantive rationale for tort law, pluralist adjudication is more plausibly characterized as a dynamic process of constructive interpretation. Litigants have an institutional right to be treated equally under the law. The common law implements this requirement with its characteristic mode of judicial decision-making based on analogical reasoning—treating like cases alike. Analogical reasoning depends on unifying principles for categorizing individual cases, turning pluralist tort adjudication into a process that incrementally develops unifying categorical principles with the potential to converge into a single integrated rationale for tort law.
Duty of Care Factors: Principle and Policy Decisions in the United States
Authors: Bublick Ellen M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The story of duty of care in tort law is a story of substantive values. This chapter examines both substantive factors at work in recent US duty-of-care decisions, and doctrinal tests employed to frame those choices. It finds that the 50 state systems employ a wide range of tests, but have a deep structure that pervades the varied formulations. It also addresses some of the substantive factors salient in US decisions. US courts are much more concerned with protecting against physical harm than against economic loss. Within the physical injury realm, harm-prevention rationales are particularly important to US explanations and holdings. One context critical to fostering the physical security of persons is the care required of people who do not have previously recognized special relationships with each other—duties to strangers. In this area, although US states’ supreme courts are hesitant to embrace a ‘duty to the world’, they increasingly recognize duty within ‘webs of relationship’—in supply chains or shared work environments, for example. Another area of increased substantive attention is equality of persons.
An ‘Opaque Conclusionary Label’?: Assumption of Responsibility and Pure Economic Loss
Authors: Sales Philip 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Hedley Byrne v Heller established that there is a class of case where recovery of damages in the tort of negligence for pure economic loss is possible. This was said to be on the basis of an assumption of responsibility by the defendant. Jane Stapleton has criticised the concept of assumption of responsibility as ‘an opaque conclusionary label’ which does no normative work. In many areas, she is right. But there is a class of case in which assumption of responsibility has real normative force and is the appropriate concept to use. It has deep roots in the common law in the assumpsit forms of action and extends to give a cause of action for both physical and pure economic loss. The concept lies in an area falling between the standard categories of tort and contract. It applies where a defendant invites the claimant to depend upon it for performance of a task, and then negligently mis-performs resulting in loss for the claimant. The value of the concept in the area where it has proper application by over-extending use of the label into other parts of the law of negligence should not be lost sight of.
Dialogues on Causation with Stapleton
Authors: Wright Richard W 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Until recently, Stapleton agreed that the analysis of factual causation, based on the laws of nature, should be distinguished from the further issues of legal responsibility and ultimate liability, and that the NESS weak-necessity analysis is the best available analysis of factual causation. However, denying the utility of theory and the existence of any core concept of causation, she has proposed various ‘more forensically attractive’ versions of the NESS analysis, all of which are modified but-for tests that depart from the NESS analysis and are deficient. Recently, she has rejected the NESS analysis and the distinction between factual causation and attribution of legal responsibility. Nevertheless, her work has led to improvements in the NESS analysis and has facilitated its general acceptance by academics and increasingly by the courts as they have become aware of it in relevant cases.
Continuing the Product Liability Illusion
Authors: Gardner Jodi , Green Sarah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Jane made significant and important contributions to many areas of tort law. One of the important but too often overlooked contributions was on the laws on product liability, namely the Council Directive on Liability for Defective Products and the Consumer Protection Act 1987. This chapter reflects on the impact of Jane’s work in this area. Most importantly, she correctly predicted that the drafting of the Directive and the application of defences would result in a movement away from strict liability and towards a fault-based consideration. Jane’s thoughtful and detailed analysis is also exceptionally helpful when considering how artificial intelligence (AI) and software-based products should be regulated and who should bear the risk of these developments.
Agency under Structural Constraints in Social Systems
Authors: Haslanger Sally 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 3, ‘Agency under Structural Constraints in Social Systems’, Sally Haslanger asks where individuals’ agency is located in complex social systems that produce injustice. This leads her to develop a detailed account of social systems, incorporating the relationship between individuals, culture, and material conditions so that we might better understand how structural injustices manifest. She draws on William Sewell’s understanding of social structures and locates the possibility for change in the ability of agents to transpose schemas to different resources or situations. Haslanger stresses the stability of social structures, including unjust structures. She describes the complex set of shared cultural resources for understanding and relating to the world as a ‘cultural technē’ that mediates social practices consisting of patterns of learned behaviour that allow us to coordinate with others. Haslanger argues that an unjust social practice organizes or distributes resources in an unjust way or fails to provide an adequate cultural framework to interpret what is valuable. She explains that agents continue to reproduce these social structures for three reasons: because action that conforms to social practices is intelligible to others; because social practices distribute power and the ability to maintain structures; and because the material conditions can be very difficult to change. Haslanger considers how unjust structures are remarkably stable, because agents have strong incentives to cooperate with the existing social structure, even when disadvantageous.
Towards a Pluralistic Account of Structural Injustice
Authors: Nuti Alasia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 12, ‘Towards a Pluralistic Account of Structural Injustice’, Alasia Nuti asks in what sense past injustices are linked to an unjust present. Nuti explains how, traditionally, historical injustice has been understood as causing or creating a legacy of new injustices. However, she argues that the language of ‘causality’ and ‘legacy’ offer a poor understanding of what she calls the ‘presence of history’ in contemporary unjust contexts. As an alternative approach, Nuti fuses a structural understanding of history together with a structural conception of injustice. This ‘historical structural injustice’ Nuti describes as unjust social–structural processes that enable asymmetries between differently positioned structural groups—those with common experiences vis-à-vis their structural position. Nuti suggests that thinking in terms of ‘past’ and ‘present’ is both theoretically and normatively problematic. Historical structural injustices should be regarded rather as continually being ‘newly reproduced’. Nuti suggests a typology of three kinds of distinct structural group: ‘Historical Structural Groups’—groups that have historically experienced formal discrimination and exclusion; ‘Nonhistorical Structural Groups’—groups that are currently experiencing structural injustice as a result of cumulative social processes; and ‘Historical Groups with Structural Dynamics’—groups that that have a multifaceted historical character while being characterized by structural dynamics. Through this approach, Nuti argues, a clearer picture emerges as to how structural injustices are reproduced over time and which contemporary agents have specific responsibilities of redress.
Populist Mobilization
Authors: Aslanidis Paris 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Populist Mobilization presents a novel theoretical framework for the study of grassroots populist movements. Integrating Laclauian discourse analysis with collective action frame theory, it examines two cases studies from the protest cycle of the Great Recession: the Icelandic Pots and Pans Revolution and the Greek indignados. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with activists and an extensive analysis of the movements’ paper trail and audiovisual material, it explores organizational aspects, processes of collective action framing, the construction of collective identities, and the influence of cultural elements. Additionally, the book embarks on a historical exploration of the intellectual roots of populism to dispel the pejorative connotations attached to the concept and advocates for a collaboration between sociologists and political scientists on a comprehensive research agenda for the populist phenomenon that transcends the institutional/non-institutional divide.
The strange birth of the concept of populism
Authors: Aslanidis Paris 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents an intellectual history of the concept of populism, beginning with the initially laudatory treatment of the US People’s Party by early-nineteenth-century Progressive historians and leading to its transformation into a social scientific term of opprobrium by revisionist American scholars in the mid-1950s. Calling attention to Richard Hofstadter’s role as the handmaiden of contemporary anti-populism, it analyzes the political rationale behind associating populism with irrational psychological drives in the context of McCarthyism and Cold War liberalism. The chapter further explores the demise of revisionist history in the late 1960s and the rehabilitation of Populism as a progressive force in the American reform tradition. However, a pathological understanding of populist mobilization survived the counter-revisionist attack and continues to dominate academic and intellectual perspectives on a global scale. This enduring negative legacy affects social movement scholars, discouraging them from associating populism with progressive grassroots mobilization.
Introduction
Authors: Badoud Nathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Even today, knowledge of the Colossus of Rhodes seems limited to the information provided by Pliny the Elder two thousand years ago. After a review of the historiography, the Introduction defines the conditions for ground-breaking research on the subject. On the one hand, the Colossus cannot be properly understood without mobilizing a large array of scholarly disciplines. On the other, the history of the statue cannot be limited to its period of existence but must go back to the eighth century bc to include its cultural background and down to the present to allow for an analysis of its reception.
The Artist
Authors: Badoud Nathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 gathers the evidence about the sculptor who created the Colossus of Rhodes. While he passed to posterity as ‘Chares of Lindos’, his actual name was ‘Chares of Rhodes’. He was a pupil of Lysippus, with whom he may have cast the ‘Chariot of Helios’ mentioned by Pliny the Elder. Although some archaeologists place this sculpture in Delphi, it was certainly built on Rhodes, where other traces of Lysippus’ activity can be found. Apart from the Colossus, only one work can be attributed to Chares. The source that mentions the suicide of the artist does not seem trustworthy.
Misconduct in Public Office and the Police Corruption Offence
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the case law governing the nature and elements of the common law offence of police corruption. It examines the Law Commission’s Background and Consultation Papers, and includes the recommendations in its Final Report that two new offences should be created: an offence of Corruption in Public Office; and an offence of Breach of Duty in Public Office. It includes the CPS Guidance Policy, the CPS Guidance on Assessing the Public Interest in Cases Affecting the Media; the CPS Media: Prosecuting Cases where Public Servants have Disclosed Confidential Information to the Media. It also includes the tort of misfeasance in public office and the elements which constitute the tort, distinguishing it from the criminal offence.
The United Nations Convention Against Corruption I
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a background to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) as well as its scope and structure. It then focuses on Chapter II of the convention. It provides an in-depth analysis of the public sector preventive measures/good governance provisions. In addition, the chapter addresses • The role of auditors-general/supreme audit authorities • Transparency, access to information, and national security • Judiciary, courts, and prosecutorial services • The private sector • Measures to prevent money laundering • Participation of civil society The Chapter explores the UNCAC provisions relating to public procurement and the management of public finances and includes a special section on the response to the corruption challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Steps towards the practical implementation of the Convention through the work of the UNCAC Conference of the States Parties are noted extensively.
Common Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the criminal law, and other relevant legal provisions, that relate to the investigation, prosecution and sanctioning of corruption and related offences in a number of key common law jurisdictions. The individual country assessments focus on the legal framework, an analysis of the main agencies and how they enforce the law and also addresses key cases from recent years. The chapter covers the following jurisdictions: Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, Kenya, New Zealand, Nigeria, and Singapore
The Contribution of Civil Society in Strengthening Good Governance and Combating Corruption
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Whilst the vital role of civil society is noted throughout the book, this chapter provides a summary of the range of this work and the important initiatives being undertaken. • The UNCAC and the role of civil society • Civil society and developing partnerships with governments and the private sector • Promoting standard setting in the private sector • Investigating and reporting corruption • Undertaking research and providing training relating to good governance and anti-corruption issues • Providing legal and research materials relating to good governance and anti-corruption • Developing initiatives designed to facilitate combating corruption in relation to environmental crime • Using social media to promote anti-corruption issues and awareness • Involvement in monitoring the implementation of international and regional anti-corruption instruments • Quantifying corruption and good governance • Undertaking legal challenges in support of good governance and combating corruption through judicial review and bringing prosecutions • Developing networks of practitioners for sharing information and promoting cooperation in combating corruption and money laundering. • Participation in the return of the proceeds of corruption to victim countries
Accounting for Illiberalism in American Liberal Internationalism
Authors: Viola Lora Anne 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In US foreign policy, a commitment to liberal principles coexists empirically with illiberal practices. Gaps between principles and practices can be costly, leading to legitimacy and credibility losses, provoking contestation among those committed to liberal principles, and allowing those who reject the principles to exploit the US’ apparent hypocrisy in order to delegitimize its leadership and the liberal international order. Costs create pressures for leaders to give explanations that rationalize or account for gaps between principles and practices. I develop three types of accounts that are logically available to leaders for explaining the gap between liberal principles and foreign policy practices: the aspirational, justificatory, and necessity accounts. Leaders use these accounts to manage political consequences, shape audience opinion, and mobilize political support. I discuss when and why each type is likely to be used, and with what effects for different kinds of contestations of the liberal script.
Aesthetic Appropriation
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
One form of cultural appropriation is the appropriation of aesthetic culture. A value-neutral account is given of aesthetic appropriation. Some aesthetic appropriation is weaponized aesthetics: it stems from and compounds social injustice through theft, misrepresentation, disrespect, or assimilation. The reception of Bill Reid’s sculpture, The Spirit of Haida Gwaii, is a potential case of aesthetic injustice. The argument is that the case illustrates how some aesthetic injustice stems from and contributes to weaponized aesthetics. In particular, it illustrates how practices of cultural outsiders subvert an interest in the social autonomy of an aesthetic culture.
Beauty Ideals and Ideologies
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Recent work on beauty ideals is surveyed alongside Tommie Shelby’s theory of ideology, and a theory is proposed of ideological beauty ideals. Ideological beauty ideals are weaponized aesthetics: they stem from and compound social injustice around gender and race. They arguably figure in concepts of gender and race, and they licence and normalize discriminatory behaviours. A much-discussed passage in Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye is a potential case of aesthetic injustice. The passage illustrates how some aesthetic injustice stems from and contributes to weaponized aesthetics. In particular, it illustrates how ideological beauty ideals subvert an interest in the value diversity of aesthetic cultures of bodily beauty.
Islamic Perspectives on Gamete Donation and Surrogacy
Authors: Shabana Ayman 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Islamic perspectives on assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) with a particular focus on gamete donation and surrogacy. It investigates the scriptural as well as juristic foundations underlying Muslim attitudes on these issues. It surveys some of the important discussions concerning assisted reproduction, including key opinions and statements that were issued in the Muslim world both by leading religious institutions as well as prominent scholarly figures, with illustrative examples from Egypt and Iran. It touches on the Sunni-Shiite divide on some of the ART questions and highlights the main lines of arguments as well as important areas of agreement and disagreement.