bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Röntgenologie im Licht der Evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie
Authors: Gelinsky Paul 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAn X-ray photograph is not adapted to the human a priori intuition: it is not colored, it is two-dimensional, has no depth and no perspective. A radiograph is composed by about 100 gradations of grey, of which the human eye cannot resolve more than 30. Projection radiography has a cardinal problem: the superposition of normal and pathological structures. Apart from visual physiology, visual psychology plays an essential role in diagnosis: expectation and stereotyped thinking influence the interpretation of visual perception. X-ray findings are to be compared with anamnesis, laboratory values, clinical data and always with good judgement – this was already known in 1913. Plato sketched a cave analogy that describes the difficulties of interpreting „shadows“ – with very interesting parallels to radiology.
Veränderung motorischer Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit im Verlauf einer stationären psychosomatischen Rehabilitationsmaßnahme
Authors: Grub ElisabethJohanna , Wydra Georg , Käfer Michael , Köllner Volker 
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Sowohl die körperliche Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit als auch das Gefühl, seelisch standfest und im Gleichgewicht zu sein, ist für viele Rehabilitanden eine Voraussetzung für die Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben und an der Gesellschaft. Bisher gibt es keine Befunde, ob sich die Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit im Rahmen der psychosomatischen Rehabilitation verbessern lässt. Ziel unserer explorativ angelegten Studie war es, Veränderungen in der motorischen Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit im Verlauf einer stationären psychosomatischen Rehabilitationsmaßnahme zu erfassen und diese in Bezug zu Veränderungen psychischer Variablen zu setzen.
Methodik 118 Patienten einer psychosomatischen Klinik (49,3±8,6 Jahre; 75,4% Frauen) wurden zu Beginn und am Ende ihres Aufenthaltes untersucht. Zur Messung des Gleichgewichts wurden der Gleichgewichtstest (GGT) von Bös, Wydra und Karisch eingesetzt, der Timed up and go Test (TUG), 8 Standaufgaben auf instabiler Unterlage sowie 8 Standaufgaben auf festem Untergrund. Als psychische Variablen wurden die Selbstwertschätzung des Patienten (MSWS), depressive Symptome (BDI-II) und Angstsymptome (BAI) erhoben.
Ergebnisse Die Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit, gemessen über den GGT (d=1,37, den TUG (d=0,56) und Standaufgaben auf instabiler (d=1,48) sowie stabiler Unterlage (d=0,67), stieg im Verlauf der Rehabilitation signifikant an. Ähnliche Ergebnisse mit Effektstärken im hohen bis mittleren Bereich zeigten sich bei den psychischen Variablen. Zusammenhänge in der Veränderung der motorischen und psychischen Variablen zeigten sich nur bei den Standaufgaben auf instabilem und festem Untergrund und verschiedenen Skalen der MSWS, nicht aber bei den Symptomskalen.
Diskussion Im Verlauf der Rehabilitation kam es zwar zu einer Verbesserung sowohl der psychischen Symptombelastung als auch der Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit; zwischen beiden fanden sich jedoch wider Erwarten keine signifikanten Korrelationen. Dies lässt zunächst darauf schließen, dass kein Zusammenhang zwischen psychischen Faktoren und der Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit der Patienten besteht. Allerdings ist zu berücksichtigen, dass das Gleichgewicht in einer standardisierten Situation überprüft wurde, in der die Patienten keiner besonderen psychischen Belastung ausgesetzt waren. Beobachtungen während der Durchführung der Studie legen nahe, dass sich Veränderungen hinsichtlich der motorischen Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit eher in Merkmalen der Gleichgewichtsregulation (z. B. Anspannung und Entspannung) widerspiegeln als in der Zahl der erfüllten Aufgaben. Die Gleichgewichtstests wurden von den Rehabilitanden nicht nur sehr gut akzeptiert, sondern lösten häufig auch Selbstreflexionsprozesse zu Themen wie Gleichgewicht und Standfestigkeit im psychosomatischen Sinne aus. Weitere Forschung sowohl zu den Wirkfaktoren auf die Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit als auch zu deren Zusammenhang mit der Verbesserung in Aktivität und Teilhabe erscheint vielversprechend.
Lexical accessing for ambiguous words among advanced Chinese L2 learners
Authors: Shen Helen H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study investigated factors associated with and strategies used by advanced Chinese L2 learners in accessing the meanings of commonly used polysemous words (lexically ambiguous words) in sentential reading. The participants included 26 learners of Chinese from a Midwest university in the US. The results showed that word frequency, meaning frequency of polysemous words, and learners’ knowledge of polysemous words affected successful lexical access in sentential contexts. Learners mainly used five types of strategies to solve lexical ambiguity problems, of which three were more frequently used: contextual cues, the intra-word analysis method, and the dominant meaning cue. Contextual cues were the most frequently used strategy.
美国学生因果连接标记语篇使用情况研究 (A study of L2 development stages of causal connectives in American students’ written Chinese)
Authors: Cao Fei 
Published: December 2017

抽象
本文以美国学生初、中、高级阶段所使用的因果连接标记为样本，经过统计调查表明，英语母语学习者习得汉语因果连接标记过程呈非线性路径，两种语言中的共有义较早为学习者掌握；初级阶段较多受到母语语序影响，学生多使用因标后置式；中级阶段出现了多个词项，即母语和目的语标记词一对多或多对一情况增多，学习者容易将母语词的某个义位相对宽广的语义范围错误地推移到目的语的对应词上；高级阶段中介语因果连接标记模式的使用类型虽然越来越接近母语者，但化石化现象严重，高级阶段学习者除单用和搭配使用因果连接标记外，还出现了连用和套用模式。
Conceptualizations of sociopolitical culture in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Authors: Leung Ray C. H. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study of media discourse focuses on how the sociopolitical culture in Hong Kong and Mainland China is conceptualized by the English-speaking press. To this end, the present research studies newspaper articles on the Hong Kong Occupy Central Movement published in Britain, the United States, and Australia. Cultural Linguistics, combined with corpus analytical techniques, is used to examine the construals ofhong kongandmainland china. A 303,455-word corpus which contains 402 articles was compiled for data analysis. It is found that the disagreement between the Hong Kong civilians and the Mainland Chinese government is often reported with metonymical conceptualizations (place for inhabitantsversusplace for the institution). In general, the sociopolitical culture in Hong Kong and Mainland China is imbued with negative emotions, disharmony, and power differences, as is evident from thebody,illness,disease,container, andpossessionconceptualizations. At the end of this paper, issues about researching conceptualizations in newspaper texts, such as the journalistic input, are discussed.
Brief guided group discussion and classroom lights: normative influence can be limited with a public request for commitment / Breve discusión guiada en grupo e iluminación del aula: la influencia normativa se puede limitar con una petición pública de compromiso
Authors: Werner Carol M. , Kent de Grey Robert G. 
Published: December 2017

An initial survey indicated university students were reluctant to turn off classroom lights in part because of concerns they were not allowed to do so. An intervention was designed to teach students they had the right and responsibility to turn off lights. Short (3–5 min) guided discussions just prior to class periods emphasized that the university requested their help to save money and energy by turning off classroom lights. Classroom lights were observed during baseline, a two-week intervention and a seven-week follow-up period. Results replicated a previous study in that lights were turned off more often in guided-discussion than in no-discussion classrooms, p < .005. In separate analyses, asking students to nod their heads if they supported the programme was associated with significantly more lights left on, compared to the same guided discussion without the head nods request, p < .02. This suggests that rather than enhancing normative influence, asking for public head nods reduced participation, perhaps through diffusion of responsibility, psychological reactance or self-validation processes.
DeepSynergy: predicting anti-cancer drug synergy with Deep Learning
Authors: Preuer Kristina , Lewis Richard P I , Hochreiter Sepp , Bender Andreas , Bulusu Krishna C , Klambauer Günter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Motivation
While drug combination therapies are a well-established concept in cancer treatment, identifying novel synergistic combinations is challenging due to the size of combinatorial space. However, computational approaches have emerged as a time- and cost-efficient way to prioritize combinations to test, based on recently available large-scale combination screening data. Recently, Deep Learning has had an impact in many research areas by achieving new state-of-the-art model performance. However, Deep Learning has not yet been applied to drug synergy prediction, which is the approach we present here, termed DeepSynergy. DeepSynergy uses chemical and genomic information as input information, a normalization strategy to account for input data heterogeneity, and conical layers to model drug synergies.

Results
DeepSynergy was compared to other machine learning methods such as Gradient Boosting Machines, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines and Elastic Nets on the largest publicly available synergy dataset with respect to mean squared error. DeepSynergy significantly outperformed the other methods with an improvement of 7.2% over the second best method at the prediction of novel drug combinations within the space of explored drugs and cell lines. At this task, the mean Pearson correlation coefficient between the measured and the predicted values of DeepSynergy was 0.73. Applying DeepSynergy for classification of these novel drug combinations resulted in a high predictive performance of an AUC of 0.90. Furthermore, we found that all compared methods exhibit low predictive performance when extrapolating to unexplored drugs or cell lines, which we suggest is due to limitations in the size and diversity of the dataset. We envision that DeepSynergy could be a valuable tool for selecting novel synergistic drug combinations.

Availability and implementation
DeepSynergy is available via www.bioinf.jku.at/software/DeepSynergy.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Analyzing large scale genomic data on the cloud with Sparkhit
Authors: Huang Liren , Krüger Jan , Sczyrba Alexander 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMotivationThe increasing amount of next-generation sequencing data poses a fundamental challenge on large scale genomic analytics. Existing tools use different distributed computational platforms to scale-out bioinformatics workloads. However, the scalability of these tools is not efficient. Moreover, they have heavy run time overheads when pre-processing large amounts of data. To address these limitations, we have developed Sparkhit: a distributed bioinformatics framework built on top of the Apache Spark platform.ResultsSparkhit integrates a variety of analytical methods. It is implemented in the Spark extended MapReduce model. It runs 92–157 times faster than MetaSpark on metagenomic fragment recruitment and 18–32 times faster than Crossbow on data pre-processing. We analyzed 100 terabytes of data across four genomic projects in the cloud in 21 h, which includes the run times of cluster deployment and data downloading. Furthermore, our application on the entire Human Microbiome Project shotgun sequencing data was completed in 2 h, presenting an approach to easily associate large amounts of public datasets with reference data.Availability and implementationSparkhit is freely available at: https://rhinempi.github.io/sparkhit/.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reclaiming Autologous Amputated Tissue for Limb Salvage of a Diabetic Foot Burn with Underlying Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Tchanque-Fossuo Catherine N. , Wishy Andrew M. , West Kaitlyn I. M. , Dawson David L. , Dahle Sara E. , Carson John G. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide pandemic that impacts more than 387 million people, with 29 million individuals affected in the United States alone. Diabetic patients have a 25% lifetime risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Having a DFU is associated with a risk of recurrence approaching 70%. In addition, 1 in 6 patients with DFU will have a lower-limb amputation, with an associated increase in mortality ranging from 47% to 70%. Therefore, limb salvage is critical in patients with DFU.

CASE STUDY:
This article describes the case of a 70-year-old man with diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease who presented with a 1.5% total-body-surface-area, third-degree burn to the left hallux with dry gangrene extending to the midfoot. Ankle brachial indexes were 0.66 on the left and 0.64 on the right. Toe pressures on the left were absent because of extensive dry gangrene. His right foot had a prior transmetatarsal amputation. Using a retrograde pedal approach, a chronic total occlusion of the left posterior tibial artery was recanalized with balloon angioplasty. He then underwent a transmetatarsal amputation with closure, except that the plantar medial side could not be closed without tension. Therefore, an autologous full-thickness skin graft, from the amputation specimen, was used to bridge the defect.

DISCUSSION:
At 32-week follow-up, the wound was healed, the graft had fully incorporated, and the patient was ambulating well using custom orthotic footwear. The creative use of amputated tissue to assist with wound coverage has not been well described in the literature.
New urate-lowing therapies
Authors: Abhishek Abhishek 
Published: December 2017

Purpose of review
To discuss recent studies of lesinurad and arhalofenate.

Recent findings
Lesinurad acts by blocking urate reabsorption channels URAT-1 and OAT-4. It has urate-lowering effect when used alone and in combination with xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs). Its uricosuric activity depends on glomerular filtration, and its’ efficacy is impaired at eGFR less than 30 ml/min. Lesinurad monotherapy (400 mg/day) associates with serum creatinine elevations. However, this risk is substantially attenuated with coprescription of a XOI and when prescribed at a dose of 200 mg/day. Given its’ modest urate-lowering effect, and the risk of serum creatinine elevation when used alone, it is licenced for use in combination with XOI for people unable to achieve target serum uric acid with XOI alone. Lesinurad does not have the drug interactions associated with probenecid, however, it is metabolized by CYP2C9, and should be used with caution if CYP2C9 inhibitors are coprescribed. Arhalofenate also acts by blocking URAT-1; however, it also blocks the NALP-3 inflammasome providing gout-specific anti-inflammatory effect. Arhalofenate has a weaker urate-lowering effect than lesinurad and further phase III evaluation is planned.

Summary
Lesinurad provides an additional option for people with gout unable to achieve target serum uric acid with XOI alone.
Morcellation in gynecologic oncology
Authors: Chalas Eva 
Published: December 2017

Purpose of review
Morcellation of uteri with unsuspected malignancies has been the focus of reports for decades. More intensive evaluation of clinical outcomes and evaluation of impact of changes in practice has occurred since the release of FDA statement advising against the use of power morcellators. The review summarizes some of the most relevant publications on this topic.

Recent findings
The Society of Gynecologic Oncology and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists concur that symptomatic women should undergo appropriate evaluation, morcellation should not be performed whenever malignancy is suspected or diagnosed, and acknowledge the limitations of diagnostic testing currently available to detect leiomyosarcoma. Accurate incidence of occult leiomyosarcoma in women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic myomas is not known because of poor quality of data. Increased complication rates, including death, with abdominal procedures and increased societal costs have been reported. The FDA safety communication has resulted in decreased laparoscopic hysterectomy rates.

Summary
Clinical judgement and practice in accordance to clinical guidelines, based on best current scientific evidence, is recommended. Women should be aware of the limitation of current data regarding the incidence of occult leiomyosarcoma or other malignancies whenever consenting to any form of therapy for symptomatic myomas, including surgical, medical and expectant management. If surgical treatment is selected, morcellation should not be performed if a malignancy diagnosis is known or suspected. A minimally invasive surgical approach is associated with a decreased complication rate and an increased quality of life years. Research efforts should focus on improving diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio is a good predictor of liver fibrosis and insulin resistance in hepatitis C virus-related liver disease
Authors: Alsebaey Ayman , Elhelbawy Mostafa , Waked Imam 
Published: December 2017

Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem that is complicated by liver fibrosis and insulin resistance (IR).

Aim
The aim of this study was to validate neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and platelets-to-lymphocytes ratio (PLR) as indirect biomarkers of liver fibrosis and IR in HCV patients.

Patients and methods
One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled. Physical examination, BMI, liver function tests, serum creatinine, complete blood count, serum HCV RNA count by PCR, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Transient elastography measurement using FibroScan was performed. Patients were classified into those with mild fibrosis (F1–F3) and significant fibrosis (F4). IR was defined as homeostasis model assessment of IR more than 2. NLR and PLR were calculated.

Results
The average age of the patients was 47.21±10.51 years, mainly men (n=119; 79.3%), and 87.3% (n=131) had IR and 44.7% (n=67) had significant fibrosis. PLR was lower in patients with IR (74.95±37.90 vs. 94.71±31.45; P=0.032) unlike the NLR, which was comparable (P>0.05). Patients with significant fibrosis had lower PLR (66.43±39.38 vs. 86.35±33.85; P=0.001) unlike NLR (P>0.05). PLR (cutoff≥77.47) had 78.9% sensitivity, 60.3% specificity, 22.4% positive predictive value, and 95.2% negative predictive value for non-IR (P=0.008). At a cutoff of at least 63.71, PLR had 73.5% sensitivity, 61.2% specificity, 70.1% positive predictive value, and 65.1% negative predictive value for nonsignificant fibrosis (P=0.001). Age and PLR (odds ratio=0.99; 95% confidence interval=0.976–0.999) were predictors of IR, whereas age, total bilirubin, serum albumin, liver stiffness, and PLR (odds ratio=0.98; 95% confidence interval=0.974–0.994) were predictors of significant fibrosis.

Conclusion
PLR is useful in distinguishing the patients with significant fibrosis or IR unlike NLR.
Version 3 of the Alzheimer Disease Centers’ Neuropsychological Test Battery in the Uniform Data Set (UDS)
Authors: Weintraub Sandra , Besser Lilah , Dodge Hiroko H. , Teylan Merilee , Ferris Steven , Goldstein Felicia C. , Giordani Bruno , Kramer Joel , Loewenstein David , Marson Dan , Mungas Dan , Salmon David , Welsh-Bohmer Kathleen , Zhou Xiao-Hua , Shirk Steven D. , Atri Alireza , Kukull Walter A. , Phelps Creighton , Morris John C. 
Published: December 2017

Introduction:
The neuropsychological battery of the Uniform Data Set (UDSNB) was implemented in 2005 by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) Alzheimer Disease Centers program to measure cognitive performance in dementia and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer Disease. This paper describes a revision, the UDSNB 3.0.

Methods:
The Neuropsychology Work Group of the NIA Clinical Task Force recommended revisions through a process of due diligence to address shortcomings of the original battery. The UDSNB 3.0 covers episodic memory, processing speed, executive function, language, and constructional ability. Data from 3602 cognitively normal participants in the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center database were analyzed.

Results:
Descriptive statistics are presented. Multivariable linear regression analyses demonstrated score differences by age, sex, and education and were also used to create a normative calculator available online.

Discussion:
The UDSNB 3.0 neuropsychological battery provides a valuable non proprietary resource for conducting research on cognitive aging and dementia.
Close encounters between infants and household members measured through wearable proximity sensors
Authors: Ozella Laura , Gesualdo Francesco , Tizzoni Michele , Rizzo Caterina , Pandolfi Elisabetta , Campagna Ilaria , Tozzi Alberto Eugenio , Cattuto Ciro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDescribing and understanding close proximity interactions between infant and family members can provide key information on transmission opportunities of respiratory infections within households. Among respiratory infections, pertussis represents a public health priority. Pertussis infection can be particularly harmful to young, unvaccinated infants and for these patients, family members represent the main sources of transmission. Here, we report on the use of wearable proximity sensors based on RFID technology to measure face-to-face proximity between family members within 16 households with infants younger than 6 months for 2-5 consecutive days of data collection. The sensors were deployed over the course of approximately 1 year, in the context of a national research project aimed at the improvement of infant pertussis prevention strategies. We recorded 5,958 contact events between 55 individuals: 16 infants, 4 siblings, 31 parents and 4 grandparents. The contact networks showed a heterogeneous distribution of the cumulative time spent in proximity with the infant by family members. Most of the contacts occurred between the infant and other family members (70%), and many contacts were observed between infants and adults, in particular between infant and mother, followed by father, siblings and grandparents. A larger number of contacts and longer contact durations between infant and other family members were observed in families adopting exclusive breastfeeding, compared to families in which the infant receives artificial or mixed feeding.Our results demonstrate how a high-resolution measurement of contact matrices within infants’ households is feasible using wearable proximity sensing devices. Moreover, our findings suggest the mother is responsible for the large majority of the infant’s contact pattern, thus being the main potential source of infection for a transmissible disease. As the contribution to the infants’ contact pattern by other family members is very variable, vaccination against pertussis during pregnancy is probably the best strategy to protect young, unvaccinated infants.