bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the outcomes of educational interventions relevant to nurses with simultaneous strategies for guideline implementation
Authors: Häggman‐Laitila Arja , Mattila Lea‐Riitta , Melender Hanna‐Leena 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo systematically review the literature on the outcomes of educational interventions relevant to nurses with regard to guideline implementation.BackgroundPrevious reviews on interventions to implement guidelines have focused on particular clinical problems, but only one included nursing studies.DesignA systematic review based on the procedure of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.MethodsWe searched for papers published from 1 January 2008 to 26 February 2015 using the Cochrane, CINAHL and PubMed MEDLINE databases and paper references were searched manually. Quality appraisal was conducted with tools developed by Thomas et al.(Worldviews on Evidence‐based Nursing, 1, 2004, 176) and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis and narrative synthesis.ResultsThe data included 13 studies based on a quasi‐experimental study design of 13 different educational interventions, described according to their development and realisation, learning content and teaching and learning methods. Seven interventions were supported by simultaneous strategies, 12 studies reported statistically significant outcomes for the interventions on at least one measurement area and six studies reported improvements in the quality of patient care. Interventions with multi‐dimensional content, teaching and learning methods produced several good outcomes.ConclusionGuidelines were implemented in a heterogeneous way and the interventions were delivered once and mainly on a local basis. In the future, we need to test these interventions in different nursing contexts, measure the outcomes on patient care and carry out randomised controlled trials on their effectiveness. It is important to standardise interventions, as this will allow them to be replicated and compared.Relevance to clinical practiceEducational interventions to implement guidelines could be beneficial in enhancing nurses' evidence‐based decision‐making and care practice. The combination of teaching and learning methods proved useful, and educational interventions should be supported with simultaneous strategies. There remains a lack of strong evidence on the subject.
Vaginal pessaries: can an educational brochure help patients to better understand their care?
Authors: Murray Christine , Thomas Elizabeth , Pollock Wendy 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesPelvic organ prolapse is a common condition, with reported incidence of up to 50%. We aimed to assess whether written information, in addition to face‐to‐face consultation, improved happiness with information, confidence to self‐manage and prolapse knowledge in women attending a pessary clinic.BackgroundLittle is known about the effect of adding a written information brochure on clinical outcomes of patients using pessaries.DesignThis prospective study used a pretest‐posttest method, conducted following Ethical approval.MethodsBetween February–December 2013, all women attending Pessary Clinic were eligible for participation. A questionnaire was developed to assess happiness with information, confidence regarding self‐management (using a visual analogue scale, 1–10) and prolapse knowledge (using eight multiple‐choice questions). Data were collected in person at baseline prior to distribution of a patient brochure and thereafter by telephone at one week and three months. Paired analysis was conducted using the McNemar test and related samples Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for VAS items with p < 0.05 significant.ResultsSixty women were recruited. Fifty‐eight completed all questionnaires. Improvement in happiness with information, confidence regarding self‐management and knowledge scores occurred at one week (p < 0.05) and were maintained at three months (p < 0.05). Changes were unrelated to age (p > 0.05), education level (p > 0.05), first language (p > 0.05) or previous clinic visits (p > 0.05).ConclusionA written information brochure, in addition to face‐to‐face consultation, improves happiness with information, confidence to self‐manage and knowledge about pessaries compared to verbal instruction alone and helps patients better understand their care. The written brochure was equally effective in women with low education and advanced age, and occurred regardless of the number of clinic visits.
Health‐related quality of life, sense of coherence and leisure‐time physical activity in women after an acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Løvlien Mona , Mundal Liv , Hall‐Lord Marie‐Louise 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine the relationship between leisure‐time physical activity, health‐related quality of life and sense of coherence in women after an acute myocardial infarction, and further to investigate whether these aspects were associated with age.BackgroundPhysical activity and health‐related quality of life are vital aspects for patients after an acute myocardial infarction.DesignCross‐sectional.MethodAll eligible women diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction received a postal questionnaire two to three months after hospital discharge, and 142 women were included. To measure health‐related quality of life and sense of coherence, The MacNew Heart disease questionnaire and the Sense of coherence‐13 scale was used.ResultsRespondents reporting at least one type of physical activity had significantly higher health‐related quality of life as compared to respondents reporting no kind of physical activity. Respondents reporting physical activity for at least 30 minutes twice a week had significantly higher health‐related quality of life scores than respondents being active less than twice a week. A weak association was found between physical activity level and sense of coherence. Reduction in physical activity after the acute myocardial infarction was associated with reduced health‐related quality of life and sense of coherence. Sense of coherence was significantly associated with age, as respondents 75 years and older had significantly higher scores than respondents younger than 75 years.ConclusionsPhysical activity, even at a low level, is significantly associated with increased health‐related quality of life and to some extent to sense of coherence.Relevance to clinical practiceTailoring women after an acute myocardial infarction about lifestyle changes must include knowledge about the benefits of leisure‐time physical activity, and that even a small amount of activity is associated with a better health‐related quality of life. The utmost important assignment is to motivate the women for regular physical activity in their leisure‐time. Older women need special attention.
Brain Connectivity and Functional Recovery in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Almeida Sara Regina Meira , Vicentini Jessica , Bonilha Leonardo , De Campos Brunno M. , Casseb Raphael F. , Min Li Li 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBrain mapping studies have demonstrated that functional poststroke brain reorganization is associated with recovery of motor function. Nonetheless, the specific mechanisms associated with functional reorganization leading to motor recovery are still partly unknown. In this study, we performed a cross‐sectional evaluation of poststroke subjects with the following goals: (1) To assess intra‐ and interhemispheric functional brain activation patterns associated with motor function in poststroke patients with variable degrees of recovery; (2) to investigate the involvement of other nonmotor functional networks in relationship with recovery.METHODSWe studied 59 individuals: 13 patients with function Rankin > 1 and Barthel < 100; 19 patients with preserved function with Rankin 0–1 and Barthel = 100; and 27 healthy controls. All subjects underwent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (3T Philips Achieva, Holland) using the same protocol (TR = 2 seconds, TE = 30 ms, FOV = 240 × 240 × 117, slice = 39). Resting state functional connectivity was used by in‐house software, based on SPM12. Among patients with and without preserved function, the functional connectivity between the primary motor region (M1) and the contralateral hemisphere was increased compared with controls. Nonetheless, only patients with decreased function exhibited decreased functional connectivity between executive control, sensorimotor and visuospatial networks.CONCLUSIONFunctional recovery after stroke is associated with preserved functional connectivity of motor to nonmotor networks.
A Quantitative Method Using Head Noncontrast CT Scans to Detect Hyperacute Nonvisible Ischemic Changes in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Gomolka Ryszard S. , Chrzan Robert M. , Urbanik Andrzej , Nowinski Wieslaw L. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTPURPOSEBecause clinical evaluation of noncontrast computed tomography (CT) has a poor sensitivity in the evaluation of acute ischemic stroke, computer‐aided diagnosis may be able to facilitate the performance. Recently, we introduced a computational method for the detection and localization of visible infarcts. Herein, we aimed to evaluate and extend a previous method, the Stroke Imaging Marker (SIM), to localize nonvisible hyperacute ischemia.MATERIALS AND METHODSOn the basis of the SIM and its components—the ratio of percentile differences in subranges of Hounsfield Unit (HU) distribution (P‐ratio), ratio of voxels count in ranges of brain CT intensity, median HU attenuation value—the infarct localization was performed in 140 early and follow‐up scans of 70 patients. In none of the early scans was the infarct visible to a radiologist or an experienced stroke neuroradiologist. The infarcted hemisphere detection rate (HDR) and sensitivity of infarct localization were measured by overlapping the region of detected tissue in the initial scan, with the gold standard set for the fully visible stroke in the follow‐up scan.RESULTSThe best performance of the algorithm was found for the P‐ratio including seven percentile subranges within the range of 35th‐75th percentile. The modified SIM provided a 76% ischemic HDR and 54% sensitivity in spatial localization of hyperacute ischemia (68% among properly detected infarct sides).CONCLUSIONThe improved SIM is a dedicated and potentially useful tool for hyperacute nonvisible brain infarct detection from CT scans and may contribute to reduction of image‐to‐needle time in patients eligible for revascularization therapy.
Contests with Alternative Public‐Good Prizes
Authors: BAIK KYUNG HWAN 
Published: May 2016

AbstractI study contests in which a society of players compete, by expending irreversible effort, over which one of alternative prizes should be awarded to them by the decision maker. The prizes are public goods and/or public bads for the players. The players choose their effort levels simultaneously and independently. I define each player's valuation spread as the difference between his valuations for the two public‐good/public‐bad prizes. I establish that the players' equilibrium effort levels depend solely on their valuation spreads, and that the players never expend positive effort for both prizes in equilibrium. Further, I establish that in equilibrium only players with the widest positive valuation spread and players with the widest negative valuation spread expend positive effort. Finally, I establish that the equilibrium effort level expended for each prize and the equilibrium total effort level are determined only by the widest positive valuation spread and the widest negative valuation spread.
The Efficiency of Tenure Contracts in Academic Employment
Authors: CATER BRUCE , LEW BYRON , PIVATO MARCUS 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcademic research is a public good whose production is supported by the tuition‐paying students that a faculty's research accomplishments attract. A professor's spot contribution to the university's revenues thus depends not on her spot research production, but rather on her entire cumulative research record. We show that, under a broad range of education market conditions, a profit‐maximizing university will apply a “high” minimum retention standard to the production of a junior professor who has no record of past research, but a “zero” retention standard to the spot production of a more senior professor whose background includes accomplishments sufficient to have cleared the “high” probationary hurdle. But if and when those education market conditions change, tenure‐based contracts may cease to be optimal.
Competing for Attention: Lobbying Time‐Constrained Politicians
Authors: COTTON CHRISTOPHER 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe develop a model of lobbying in which a time and resource constrained policymaker first chooses which policy proposals to learn about, before choosing which to implement. The policymaker reviews the proposals of the interest groups who provide the highest contributions. We study how policy outcomes and contributions depend on policymaker constraints and the design of the “Contest for Attention.” Among other results, awarding attention to the highest contributors generally guarantees the first best policy outcome. It can also lead to the highest possible contributions, suggesting that a policymaker may not need to sacrifice policy in order to maximize contributions. Our results also give insight into other settings where agents compete for a decision maker's attention.
Sleep–wake profiles predict longitudinal changes in manic symptoms and memory in young people with mood disorders
Authors: Robillard Rébecca , Hermens Daniel F. , Lee Rico S. C. , Jones Andrew , Carpenter Joanne s. , White Django , Naismith Sharon L. , Southan James , Whitwell Bradley , Scott Elizabeth M. , Hickie Ian B. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryMood disorders are characterized by disabling symptoms and cognitive difficulties which may vary in intensity throughout the course of the illness. Sleep–wake cycles and circadian rhythms influence emotional regulation and cognitive functions. However, the relationships between the sleep–wake disturbances experienced commonly by people with mood disorders and the longitudinal changes in their clinical and cognitive profile are not well characterized. This study investigated associations between initial sleep–wake patterns and longitudinal changes in mood symptoms and cognitive functions in 50 young people (aged 13–33 years) with depression or bipolar disorder. Data were based on actigraphy monitoring conducted over approximately 2 weeks and clinical and neuropsychological assessment. As part of a longitudinal cohort study, these assessments were repeated after a mean follow‐up interval of 18.9 months. No significant differences in longitudinal clinical changes were found between the participants with depression and those with bipolar disorder. Lower sleep efficiency was predictive of longitudinal worsening in manic symptoms (P = 0.007). Shorter total sleep time (P = 0.043) and poorer circadian rhythmicity (P = 0.045) were predictive of worsening in verbal memory. These findings suggest that some sleep–wake and circadian disturbances in young people with mood disorders may be associated with less favourable longitudinal outcomes, notably for subsequent manic symptoms and memory difficulties.
The influence of physical and biological processes on the ichthyoplankton communities in the Gulf of Sirte (Southern Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Cuttitta Angela , Bonomo Sergio , Zgozi Salem , Bonanno Angelo , Patti Bernardo , Quinci Enza Maria , Torri Marco , Hamza Mohamed , Fatah Abdul , Haddoud Daw , El Turki Akram , Ramadan Abdul Bari , Genovese Simona , Mazzola Salvatore 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper reports on the first study on the ichthyoplankton community structure in the Gulf of Sirte and its spatial distribution in relation to environmental conditions and zooplankton abundance. The results make an important contribution to the future management of fisheries in this unexplored, but much exploited, area. Biological samples were collected in July 2008 using a Bongo40 net. In total, 1914 larvae were found and 1652 of these were identified. In particular, bathypelagic taxa were the most abundant, followed by demersal, mesopelagic, pelagic and epipelagic taxa. The ichthyoplankton community had a patchwork distribution influenced by oligotrophic conditions, the bottom depth and oceanographical features. The results suggest that environmental forcings were able to transport the ichthyoplankton to productive areas. Indeed, maximum fish egg densities were found in coastal stations in correspondence with the Atlantic Tunisian Current inflow, whereas larvae were mainly concentrated in the east side of the Gulf, probably as a result of advection by the anticyclonic circulation. Additionally, the distribution patterns of the total larvae density and the different assemblages were well matched with the abundance of the zooplankton, probably determining final larval survival, growth and recruitment.
Roads and bats: a meta‐analysis and review of the evidence on vehicle collisions and barrier effects
Authors: Fensome Amy Grace , Mathews Fiona 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Roads are a potential threat to bat conservation. In addition to the direct risk of collision of bats with vehicles, roads could pose a threat to bat populations as a result of habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, and could act as barriers to movements of bats between habitats.

We performed a systematic review of the literature and conducted meta‐analyses to assess the threat posed by roads to bats as a result of 1) collisions between bats and vehicles and 2) roads acting as barriers to movements of bats.

Based on collated records of 1207 bat road casualties in Europe, we found that low‐flying species are more prone to collisions than high‐flying species, and that juveniles are more vulnerable to collisions than adults. In addition, meta‐analysis identified a significant bias towards male casualties. Casualties included rare species such as Barbastella barbastellus and geographically restricted species such as Rhinolophus species.

The bias towards male casualties could be indicative of greater natal philopatry or lower dispersal among females, or of sexual segregation in habitats of varying quality, i.e. females may occupy better quality habitats than males, and road density may be lower in better quality habitats.

Whether or not roads act as barriers to the movement of bats depends on a complex interplay of habitat and species‐specific behaviour. For example, the presence of favourable habitat for bats – notably woodland – was found in this review to be linked with significantly reduced barrier effects but a heightened risk of collision.

Our data suggest that roads do pose a threat to bats. Future research should assess the contribution of traffic noise and street lighting to the barrier effect of roads. Where new road schemes are monitored by ecological practitioners, it is vital that consistent protocols are employed to ensure that bat activity can be compared before and after the road is built. Evidence from such research should be used to minimize the risks for bats of any roads built in the future, and to design safe crossing points for bats.
The importance of replicating genomic analyses to verify phylogenetic signal for recently evolved lineages
Authors: Fraser Ceridwen I. , McGaughran Angela , Chuah Aaron , Waters Jonathan M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGenomewide SNP data generated by nontargeted methods such as RAD and GBS are increasingly being used in phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. When these methods are used in the absence of a reference genome, however, little is known about the locations and evolution of the SNPs. In using such data to address phylogenetic questions, researchers risk drawing false conclusions, particularly if a representative number of SNPs is not obtained. Here, we empirically test the robustness of phylogenetic inference based on SNP data for closely related lineages. We conducted a genomewide analysis of 75 712 SNPs, generated via GBS, of southern bull‐kelp (Durvillaea). Durvillaea chathamensis co‐occurs with D. antarctica on Chatham Island, but the two species have previously been found to be so genetically similar that the status of the former has been questioned. Our results show that D. chathamensis, which differs from D. antarctica ecologically as well as morphologically, is indeed a reproductively isolated species. Furthermore, our replicated analyses show that D. chathamensis cannot be reliably distinguished phylogenetically from closely related D. antarctica using subsets (ranging in size from 400 to 10 000 sites) of the 40 912 parsimony‐informative SNPs in our data set and that bootstrap values alone can give misleading impressions of the strength of phylogenetic inferences. These results highlight the importance of independently replicating SNP analyses to verify that phylogenetic inferences based on nontargeted SNP data are robust. Our study also demonstrates that modern genomic approaches can be used to identify cases of recent or incipient speciation that traditional approaches (e.g. Sanger sequencing of a few loci) may be unable to detect or resolve.
Metabarcoding reveals environmental factors influencing spatio‐temporal variation in pelagic micro‐eukaryotes
Authors: Brannock Pamela M. , Ortmann Alice C. , Moss Anthony G. , Halanych Kenneth M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMarine environments harbour a vast diversity of micro‐eukaryotic organisms (protists and other small eukaryotes) that play important roles in structuring marine ecosystems. However, micro‐eukaryote diversity is not well understood. Likewise, knowledge is limited regarding micro‐eukaryote spatial and seasonal distribution, especially over long temporal scales. Given the importance of this group for mobilizing energy from lower trophic levels near the base of the food chain to larger organisms, assessing community stability, diversity and resilience is important to understand ecosystem health. Herein, we use a metabarcoding approach to examine pelagic micro‐eukaryote communities over a 2.5‐year time series. Bimonthly surface sampling (July 2009 to December 2011) was conducted at four locations within Mobile Bay (Bay) and along the Alabama continental shelf (Shelf). Alpha‐diversity only showed significant differences in Shelf sites, with the greatest differences observed between summer and winter. Beta‐diversity showed significant differences in community composition in relation to season and the Bay was dominated by diatoms, while the Shelf was characterized by dinoflagellates and copepods. The northern Gulf of Mexico is heavily influenced by the Mobile River Basin, which brings low‐salinity nutrient‐rich water mostly during winter and spring. Community composition was correlated with salinity, temperature and dissolved silicate. However, species interactions (e.g. predation and parasitism) may also contribute to the observed variation, especially on the Shelf, which warrants further exploration. Metabarcoding revealed clear patterns in surface pelagic micro‐eukaryote communities that were consistent over multiple years, demonstrating how these techniques could be greatly beneficial to ecological monitoring and management over temporal scales.
Higher‐Order Defeat is Object‐Independent
Authors: DiPaolo Joshua 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHigher‐order defeat occurs when one loses justification for one's beliefs as a result of receiving evidence that those beliefs resulted from a cognitive malfunction. Several philosophers have identified features of higher‐order defeat that distinguish it from familiar types of defeat. If higher‐order defeat has these features, they are data an account of rational belief must capture. In this article, I identify a new distinguishing feature of higher‐order defeat, and I argue that on its own, and in conjunction with the other distinguishing features, it favors an account of higher‐order defeat grounded in non‐evidential, ‘state‐given reasons’ for belief.