bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
«The Ball Lightning»: Physics Base & Conceptual Views Complex
Authors: Pinchuk Anton V. , Pinchuk Vladimir A. 
Published: April 2016

The complex of conceptual views about ball lightning (BL) as containing surplus electrical charge quasi-stationary material foundation with distinctions between levels of translation temperature and exciting temperatures of chemical bonds and electron energy states has been offered and is substantiated in the paper. The being formed complex is grounded upon overstepping the limits of generally accepted physical base and is aimed at all-round substantiation of jointly observed in nature manifestations ob BL. Within the limits of the being formed complex the possibility of localization of ball lightning in airspace is confirmed. The nature of the one’s radiate capacity is substantiated. The role of environment as source that feeds BL with energy is established. Power supply mechanisms, conditions and peculiarities of BL’s characteristics reproduction through lifetime are specified. The formations channels of energy resources of BL are turned out. Levels of BL’s energy potentialities, both permissibility proper and wide diapason of variation of the ones (multi-faces of ball lightning) are substantiated. Adequacy of being formulated conceptual views as a whole is confirmed.
Akses Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional pada Pekerja Seks Perempuan
Authors: Nopiyani Ni Made Sri , Indrayathi Putu Ayu , Listyowati Rina , Suarjana I Ketut , Januraga Pande Putu 
Published: April 2016

AbstrakPekerja seks perempuan (PSP) merupakan kelompok yang termarginalkan secara sosial dan memiliki kerentanan yang tinggi terhadap masalah kesehatan. Upaya perluasan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) pada PSP masih terbatas sehingga penting dilakukan untuk mendukung pencapaian universal health coverage. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai akses JKN pada PSP di Denpasar. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap 15 orang PSP dan empat orang mucikari di Denpasar pada Agustus hingga Oktober 2014. Hasil wawancara diolah dengan analisis tematik. Kerangka analisis yang digunakan adalah The Health Access Livelihood Framework. Kepemilikan JKN pada PSP di Denpasar masih rendah, meskipun sebagian PSP memiliki kemauan untuk menjadi peserta JKN dan memiliki kemampuan membayar iuran JKN. Faktor penghambat akses JKN pada PSP adalah rendahnya pengetahuan mengenai prosedur pendaftaran dan portabilitas JKN, kekhawatiran keberlanjutan pembayaran iuran, persepsi buruk mengenai kualitas layanan yang akan diterima jika menggunakan JKN, ketidaklengkapan administrasi kependudukan serta kebijakan yang mengharuskan peserta bukan penerima bantuan iuran (Non-PBI) Mandiri untuk mendaftarkan seluruh anggota keluarga. Akses JKN pada PSP terhambat oleh faktor-faktor individual, layanan dan kebijakan yang perlu diatasi untuk meningkatkan cakupan JKN pada PSP. AbstractFemale sex workers (FSW) is marginalized social group having a high vulnerability of health problems. Effort to expand national health insurance on FSW is still limited, so it is necessarily performed in order to support the achievement of universal health coverage. This study aimed to obtain the depiction of the insurance access among FSW in Denpasar. This study was qualitative. Data was collected through in-depth interview of 15 FSW and four pimps in Denpasar from August to October 2014. The interview result was analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis framework used was The Health Access Livelihood Framework. The insurance ownership among FSW in Denpasar was low, even though some FSW were willing to be participants and afford to pay the premium. Factors inhibiting the insurance access were the lack of knowledge regarding registration procedures and portability, fear of premium payment sustainability, negative perceptions of quality of services that would be received if using the insurance, incomplete population administration and policy requiring independent non-premium support receiver participants to register all of their family members. The insurance access among FSW was hindered by individual, service and policy factors that need to be conquered to increase the insurance coverage among FSW.
Flow Units in Shale Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Lopez Jimenez Bruno A. , Aguilera Roberto 
Published: April 2016

SummaryRecent work has shown that flow units characterized by process or delivery speed (the ratio of permeability to porosity) provide a continuum between conventional, tight-gas, shale-gas, tight-oil, and shale-oil reservoirs (Aguilera 2014). The link between the various hydrocarbon fluids is provided by the word “petroleum” in “Total Petroleum System” (TPS), which encompasses liquid and gas hydrocarbons found in conventional, tight, and shale reservoirs. The work also shows that, other things being equal, the smaller pores lead to smaller production rates.There is, however, a positive side to smaller pores that, under favorable conditions, can lead to larger economic benefits from organic-rich shale reservoirs. This occurs in the case of condensate fluids that behave as dry gas in the smaller pores of organic-rich shale reservoirs. Flow of this dry gas diminishes the amount of liquids that are released and lost permanently in a shale reservoir. Conversely, this dry gas can lead to larger recovery of liquids in the surface from a given shale reservoir and consequently more attractive economics. This study shows how the smaller pores and their associated dry gas can be recognized with the use of process speed (flow units) and modified Pickett plots. Data from the Niobrara and Eagle Ford shales are used to demonstrate these crossplots.It is concluded that there is significant practical potential in the use of process speed as part of the flow-unit characterization of shale condensate reservoirs. This, in turn, can help in locating sweet spots for improved liquid production. The main contribution of this work is the association of flow units and different scales of pore apertures for improving recovery of liquids from shale reservoirs.
Evidence of the Gelation Acceleration Mechanism of HPAM Gel With Ammonium Salt at Ultralow Temperature by SEM Study
Authors: Jia Hu , Ren Qiang 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Previously reported phenol-formaldehyde-based gel formulas with ammonium salt can provide a gelation time between 2 hours and 2 days at 25 °C, which has great potential to serve as water-shutoff or conformance-control agents in ultralow- to low-temperature reservoirs. The gelation performance can be adjusted by changing the concentration of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), crosslinker, and ammonium salt. Over the last decades, the working behavior of a gel system in a reservoir has been evaluated simply through the gelation-performance bottle test and the effectiveness of gel treatment at the macro level. However, the nature of a gel microstructure greatly dominates its working performance in subterranean reservoir conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the relationship between gelation performance and microstructures of target gel by scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) analysis at different test conditions, including the effects of components concentration, aqueous-phase salinity, and porous-medium shearing, and to reveal evidence of the gelation-acceleration mechanism. Results show that ammonium salts act as bridging branch chains between polymer and crosslinker to accelerate the gelation progress. We reveal the gelation-process indicator through the discovery of several “coverings” that appeared among the polymer branch chains. The gelation-acceleration mechanism should be the embedding and growth of crystalline ammonium salts in the polymer skeleton to promote the extension of these coverings. The polymer skeleton covered by crystalline ammonium salts can increase the gel strength and salinity tolerance as a result of the unique structure of “crab's big claws.” The gelation performance is not seriously affected by the shearing effect in porous media, while the final gel strength still can reach Code I and exhibit a favorable long-term stability. Some application recommendations of the target gel are also discussed in this paper.
Brine Mixing in Layered Reservoirs; Prediction and Impact on Scaling Risks in EOR
Authors: Wright R. J. , Dawe R. A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Prediction of produced water composition will help improve the assessment of scale risks, especially for some methods of chemical EOR. Our aim is to predict the mixing of chemicals and brines within layered reservoirs including the effects of fluid viscosity/mobility ratio. We show the potential impact (ie. benefit) of such mixing, leading to reservoir stripping of scale-forming ions.
A new analytical model is presented which predicts an effective (Fickian) dispersion coefficient, directly relating to fluid composition. The effects of layer thickness and fluid mobility ratio are included as well as other important factors (permeability/porosity contrast, flow rate, flow length, transverse dispersion coefficient). The produced water composition profiles are predicted relating to each streamline so that compositions at the well completion can be examined. This information is used to show how different water compositions are produced and mixed within the well so that scaling potentials can be realistically assessed.
Our results show that mixing within the reservoir potentially has a great influence on produced water composition, and hence scaling potentials, if the in-situ brine and injected solution are incompatible. Examples include the Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer flooding process, whereby a highly alkaline solution is injected and the presence of even moderate levels of Ca/Mg ions within the resident brines gives rise to very high scaling potentials. Here, scaling risks at the production well are reduced by fluid mixing within the reservoir, because lower divalent ion concentrations are available for reaction following precipitation within the formation. Reservoir heterogeneity in the form of layering on the fine scale (several cm to fractions of a metre thickness) has a great influence on mixing. Fluid mobility ratios are also important and so are included in the model, with the effect of viscous fluids (eg. polymer solutions) predicted.
The calculation method, proven by laboratory flow tests within layered packs, can predict solution compositions flowing within the reservoir and produced at well completions. In combination with reservoir simulation and scaling predictions, modified waterflooding and chemical EOR schemes can be better designed, also production well scale management can be improved.
Surfactant Adsorption Investigation in Ultra-Lower Permeable Rocks
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wang Dongmei , Olatunji Kayode 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Surfactant imbibition is a new method to improve the oil recovery from tight rocks. The idea of this method is to introduce diluted surfactant solution (0.1-0.25% in active concentration) to stimulate the oil recovery from low or ultra-low permeability formations. The loss of surfactant from aqueous solutions during propagation into tight rocks with ultra-low permeability is a major concern for surfactant imbibition EOR. This loss is attributed to adsorption or retention on rock surfaces. Generally, surfactant adsorption/retention is affected by surfactant structure, mineralogy (for example, clay content), salinity, pH, Eh, microemulsion viscosity, crude oil, co-solvent and other variables. Some static adsorption and kinetic adsorption studies have been reported on sandstone, limestone, and permeable carbonate reservoirs, but few on ultra-lower permeable rocks, such as the Bakken Formation, which consists of Lower Shale Member, Middle Dolostone/ Siltstone Member, and Upper Shale Member, so far.
This paper investigates the degree of surfactant adsorption loss of candidate surfactant formulations in tight rocks with ultra-low permeability using a UV-spectrometer. Two core samples from the Bakken Formation with permeability that ranged from 0.004 to 0.008 md and seven surfactant formulations of various types (anionic, nonionic, and blended) were studied. In laboratory experiment, the core samples were smashed and mixed with a surfactant-brine system at concentration and pH value of interest. The mixture was shaken with an electronic shaker until equilibrium was reached. Then the mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was taken out to measure the absorbance. In order to quantify the adsorption loss, a relationship (calibration curve) between concentration and absorbance was built for each surfactant solution by using a series of standard solutions.
Based on laboratory observation, we found: (1) one candidate surfactant formulation (blended) showed a linear relationship between concentration and absorbance, and an adsorption capacity in an average of 0.62 mg/g; (2) three surfactant solutions showed an adsorption capacity that ranged from 11. 91 to 33.08 mg/g, which was much higher than expected and considered to be caused by solution turbidity; (3) two surfactant solutions did not present any absorbance peaks in the range of measuring wavelength; (4) surfactant adsorption capacity was reduced when alkaline was added on anionic surfactant, and other surfactant types. This result encourages us to investigate the surfactant desorption in our future work. (5) Even though the lowest adsorption capacity of the surfactant adsorption (0.62 mg/g) was still higher than 0.1 mg/g compared with the conventional permeable rocks, for an ultra-low permeable reservoir, these surfactants are still effective in improving oil recovery, so it is positive to use them to the field application.
Comparative Analysis of Dual Continuum and Discrete Fracture Simulation Approaches to Model Fluid Flow in Naturally Fractured, Low-Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Kumar A. , Camilleri D. , Brewer M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Originally proposed for conventional reservoirs, the dual-continuum idealization is being applied directly to simulation in ultralow-permeability reservoirs. Recent gridding techniques can mesh the geometries of large discrete natural fracture networks (NFNs) into an unstructured grid to simulate fluid flow. Insufficient literature exists to help identify the tradeoffs in selecting one approach over another. This paper not only analyzes two approaches with respect to their underlying assumptions and applicability but also proposes a hybrid approach.
A commercial reservoir simulator supporting both dual-continuum and unstructured simulation grid capability was used to compare these approaches in two separate stages using CPU times and accuracy of results as metrics. First, small-scale reservoirs with simple two-dimensional (2D) fracture patterns were simulated to examine the impact of matrix permeability, fracture spacing, and fracture orientation. Second, drilling-spacing-unit-size reservoirs with networks of stochastically generated three-dimensional (3D) fracture surfaces were simulated to compare the effect of density and clustering of fractures. These models were also simulated using a hybrid approach, modeling one portion of the fracture network as discrete and the remaining as dual continuum.
Results show that although the dual-continuum technique can be very fast, it is not appropriate for all simulations. For example, extremely long transient periods in ultralow-permeability reservoirs raise doubts about the applicability of steady-state transfer functions in such models, whereas this assumption is considered acceptable at higher permeabilities. Conversely, discrete-fracture techniques, where the fracture geometry is resolved accurately in structured or unstructured mesh, are applicable to a broader set of problems but can become prohibitively slow for dense NFNs.
A variety of cases were explored that demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches. The proposed hybrid approach discussed in this paper offers a good balance between run times and the quality of results.
This paper offers practical insight into technique selection over a large class of problems. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid approach of combining dual and discrete NFN simulation in the same unstructured grid is novel but provides clearly demonstrated benefits. Stochastic generation of 3D NFNs, conditioned on secondary data, is used to control the clustering of natural fractures. Two distinct types of unstructured gridding methods, both supporting multi-point flux approximation, are used to mesh discrete NFNs.
Incorporation of Bootstrapping and Cross-Validation for Efficient Multivariate Facies and Petrophysical Modeling
Authors: Al-Mudhafar Watheq J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
An integrated multivariate statistics procedure was adopted for the accurate Lithofacies classification prediction to be incorporated with well log attributes into core permeability modeling. Logistic Boosting Regression and Generalized Linear Modeling were adopted for Lithofacies Classification and core permeability estimation, respectively. Logistic Boosting Regression (LogitBoost) was used to model the lithofacies sequences given well log and core data to predict the discrete lithofacies distribution at missing intervals. In this paper, the permeability modeling and estimation was validated through bootstrapping and cross-validation.
The well log interpretations that were considered for lithofacies classification and permeability modelling are neutron porosity, shale volume, and water saturation as a function of depth. The measured discrete lithofacies types include three main lithology types: sand, shaly sand, and shale. LogitBoost was adopted for modelling and prediction the discrete Lithofacies distribution for the entire reservoir depth that was then incorporated into permeability modelling. Next, GLM was applied to create the relationship between core permeability and the explanatory variables of well log and Lithofacies. In GLM results, the accuracy of the entire permeability modelling was assessed by K-fold cross-validation that showed significant reduction in prediction variance. GLM has also led to overcome the multicollinearity that was available between shale volume and water saturation. Bootstrapping was then adopted, as an approval tool to ensure that there is no doubt about the validity and accuracy of the fitted GLM model. Bootstrapping simply re-samples the data into a specific number of times and recalculates the variable given each sample. The bootstrapping was implemented for Adjusted R-squared of the overall GLM approach.
The Optimal Placement of Sutures in All-inside Repair of Meniscocapsular Separation
Authors: Tiftikci Uğur , Serbest Sancar 
Published: April 2016

Background:The aim of this study was to show the effects on the meniscus of repair applied from the femoral, the femoral-tibial and the tibial surfaces.Methods:In the treatment of meniscocapsular separation, although the accepted gold standard technique in the past was the inside-out suture technique, the current treatment method is all-inside repair methods. The all-inside techniques include the hook method and applications with a meniscus suture device. The hook method is difficult with a steep learning curve. In meniscus repair applied with the all-inside meniscus devices, the application of the suture can change the anatomic structure and position of the meniscus.Results:The suturing method applied from the tibial section of the meniscus does not disrupt the anatomic position of the meniscus in meniscocapsular separation. Thus, the optimum conditions are provided for restoration of the functions of the meniscus.Conclusion:The optimal repair in meniscocapsular separations can be considered to be that made with sutures from the tibial section of the meniscus. This technique may be helpful in obtaining better clinical results.
Time to Analgesia Onset and Pharmacokinetics After Separate and Combined Administration of Liposome Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine HCl: Considerations for Clinicians
Authors: Gadsden Jeffrey , Long William J. 
Published: April 2016

Background:Liposome bupivacaine is a prolonged-release bupivacaine formulation indicated for single-dose administration into the surgical site to produce postsurgical analgesia.Methods:An overview of time to onset of analgesia observed with liposome bupivacaine in human studies is provided, as well as a summary of data from pharmacokinetic studies including those that assessed pharmacokinetics after separateversuscoadministration of liposome bupivacaine and bupivacaine HCl.Results:Data from multiple studies show that local administration of liposome bupivacaine is associated with rapid onset and effective analgesia after surgery. However, the efficacy profile observed in controlled settings may not replicate the profile observed in clinical practice; time to onset may be impacted by nonpharmacologic factors, such as amount of drug given, location and relative vascularity, and variances in surgical techniques. Some clinicians coadminister or admix bupivacaine HCl and liposome bupivacaine based on the supposition that adjuvant use will result in more rapid onset of efficacy. To date, no clinical studies have been conducted comparing pain-related outcomes following coadministrationversusliposome bupivacaine alone. Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies have assessed the potential impact of combined use, which resulted in predictable, additive systemic exposure without compromising the prolonged-release profile of liposome bupivacaine, and without signs of toxicity.Conclusion:Based on available data and approved package insert, in the setting of wound infiltration, clinicians have the flexibility to administer liposome bupivacaine alone, coadminister separately with bupivacaine HCl, or admix with bupivacaine HCl prior to injection, providing the bupivacaine HCl dose does not exceed 50% of the liposome bupivacaine dose.
Plastination in Anatomy Learning: An Experience at Cambridge University
Authors: Latorre Rafael , Bainbridge David , Tavernor Angie , López Albors Octavio 
Published: April 2016

Due to lack of objective data, the benefits of using plastination in combination with wet dissection in teaching gross anatomy are unknown. The aim of this study was to obtain objective evidence from students regarding the effectiveness of combining plastinated specimens (PS) with an established gross anatomy education program at Cambridge University that uses wet cadaver dissection and small-group tutorials. For a complete academic year, a total of 135 PS were used alongside wet cadaver dissections. The PS were also available for small-group tutorials. An anonymous closed questionnaire, using a 5-point numerical-estimation Likert scale, was used to gather information relating to the effectiveness of the PS.The level of student satisfaction with the combined use of wet dissections and PS was high, although higher (p<.05) for second-year students (98.4%) than for first-year students (95.5%). Students felt the specimens allowed them to see details that were often more difficult to identify in their dissections, for instance nerves. Voluntary use of PS was higher (p<.01) for second-year students (96.9%), who had previously experienced anatomy teaching with cadaver dissection alone, than for first-year students (77.7%). Overall, 97.7% of all students thought that the PS helped them understand and learn anatomy. All students surveyed (100%) recommended the use of PS in the future. Students considered the use of PS in the dissection room combined with wet cadaver dissection to be beneficial when learning anatomy, particularly when combined with their use during small-group tutorials.