bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Holonic View of Organizations and Firms
Authors: Mella Piero , Gazzola Patrizia 
Published: April 2017

In the world of organizations, firms, management and control, in general, a silent conceptual movement has been under way for less than 50 years now, beginning in 1967, when Arthur Koestler formally introduced the concepts of holon, holarchy (a hierarchical structure of holons) and holonic network (a reticular structure of holons). Thirty years later, Ken Wilber tried to generalize the holonic perspective. The new holonic perspective forces us to observe the surrounding universe (at a physical and biological level, and in the real or formal sense) by taking into account the whole/part (holarchies) and the before/after (holonic networks) relationships: any observable unit is at the same time a whole—composed of smaller parts—and part of a larger whole. In order to clarify the holonic vison and the ideas behind holons, holarchies and holonic networks, this study will examine some significant uses of these concepts and, in particular, the main sources of inspiration for those production systems referred to as the holonic manufacturing systems, comparing these to those defined as bionic and fractal manufacturing systems. Some forms of inter‐organizational networks, as well as holonic and virtual organizations, have also been considered. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of commercial enzymes for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) hydrolysis and synergy studies on different substrate sources
Authors: de Castro Aline Machado , Carniel Adriano , Nicomedes Junior José , da Conceição Gomes Absai , Valoni Érika 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most consumed plastics in the world. The development of efficient technologies for its depolymerization for monomers reuse is highly encouraged, since current recycling rates are still very low. In this study, 16 commercial lipases and cutinases were evaluated for their abilities to catalyze the hydrolysis of two PET samples. Humicola insolens cutinase showed the best performance and was then used in reactions on other PET sources, solely or in combination with the efficient mono(hydroxyethyl terephthalate)-converting lipase from Candida antarctica. Synergy degrees of the final titers of up to 2.2 (i.e., more than double of the concentration when both enzymes were used, as compared to their use alone) were found, with increased terephthalic acid formation rates, reaching a maximum of 59,989 µmol/L (9.36 g/L). These findings open up new possibilities for the conversion of post-consumer PET packages into their minimal monomers, which can be used as drop in at existing industrial facilities.
Ultrasonography of the Transverse Movement and Deformation of the Median Nerve and Its Relationships With Electrophysiological Severity in the Early Stages of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Park Donghwi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundTo date, there have been conflicting suggestions regarding the initial pathogenesis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). It has been characterized as either inflammation of the median nerve caused by compression or noninflammatory fibrosis of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT).ObjectiveTo investigate the initial pathogenesis of CTS, we compared the deformation and displacement of the median nerve in accordance with the electrophysiological severity between patients with CTS (via the Bland scale) and healthy controls.DesignCross‐sectional, case‐control study.SettingGeneral teaching hospital, rehabilitation unit.PatientsThirteen hands of 10 healthy participants and 39 hands of 27 patients with CTS were recruited and classified into 4 groups (stage 0−3) according to the severity of the electrodiagnostic test results.MethodsUltrasound images of the median nerve in response to the wrist and finger motions were analyzed.Main Outcome MeasureWe measured the deformation of the median nerve (the maximal change values of the median nerve area, and aspect ratio of the minimum‐enclosing rectangle [MER]) and movement of the median nerve (the maximal change value of the median nerve displacement) in response to the motions of wrists and finger. The maximal change value of the median nerve displacement was normalized with respect to the width of the wrist. Moreover, the maximal change values of the median nerve area, and the aspect ratio of the MER, were also normalized to the median nerve area and the aspect ratio of the MER in wrist‐neutral position with finger extension.ResultCTS patients in stage 3 showed a significantly lower normalized maximal change of the median nerve movement compared with CTS patients in stages 0, 1, and 2 (P <.001). Regarding the deformation of the median nerve, however, there were statistically significant differences among all groups (area, P < .001; MER, P <.001). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, the normalized maximal change of the aspect ratio of the MER is a meaningful parameter in diagnosing the initial stage of CTS (P < .01).ConclusionThese results showed that the deformation of the median nerve may be associated with the initial pathogenesis; however, further studies are necessary to validate the findings of this study.Level of EvidenceIII
What side effects are problematic for patients prescribed antipsychotic medication? The Maudsley Side Effects (MSE) measure for antipsychotic medication
Authors: Wykes T. , Evans J. , Paton C. , Barnes T. R. E. , Taylor D. , Bentall R. , Dalton B. , Ruffell T. , Rose D. , Vitoratou S. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundCapturing service users’ perspectives can highlight additional and different concerns to those of clinicians, but there are no up to date, self-report psychometrically sound measures of side effects of antipsychotic medications.AimTo develop a psychometrically sound measure to identify antipsychotic side effects important to service users, the Maudsley Side Effects (MSE) measure.MethodAn initial item bank was subjected to a Delphi exercise (n = 9) with psychiatrists and pharmacists, followed by service user focus groups and expert panels (n = 15) to determine item relevance and language. Feasibility and comprehensive psychometric properties were established in two samples (N43 and N50). We investigated whether we could predict the three most important side effects for individuals from their frequency, severity and life impact.ResultsMSE is a 53-item measure with good reliability and validity. Poorer mental and physical health, but not psychotic symptoms, was related to side-effect burden. Seventy-nine percent of items were chosen as one of the three most important effects. Severity, impact and distress only predicted ‘putting on weight’ which was more distressing, more severe and had more life impact in those for whom it was most important.ConclusionsMSE is a self-report questionnaire that identifies reliably the side-effect burden as experienced by patients. Identifying key side effects important to patients can act as a starting point for joint decision making on the type and the dose of medication.
Adrenergic-mediated loss of splenic marginal zone B cells contributes to infection susceptibility after stroke
Authors: McCulloch Laura , Smith Craig J. , McColl Barry W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractInfection is a major complication of acute stroke and causes increased mortality and morbidity; however, current interventions do not prevent infection and improve clinical outcome in stroke patients. The mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to infection in these patients are unclear. Splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells are innate-like lymphocytes that provide early defence against bacterial infection. Here we show experimental stroke in mice induces a marked loss of MZ B cells, deficiencies in capturing blood-borne antigen and suppression of circulating IgM. These deficits are accompanied by spontaneous bacterial lung infection. IgM levels are similarly suppressed in stroke patients. β-adrenergic receptor antagonism after experimental stroke prevents loss of splenic MZ B cells, preserves IgM levels, and reduces bacterial burden. These findings suggest that adrenergic-mediated loss of MZ B cells contributes to the infection-prone state after stroke and identify systemic B-cell disruption as a target for therapeutic manipulation.
Genomic landscape of high-grade meningiomas
Authors: Bi Wenya Linda , Greenwald Noah F. , Abedalthagafi Malak , Wala Jeremiah , Gibson Will J. , Agarwalla Pankaj K. , Horowitz Peleg , Schumacher Steven E. , Esaulova Ekaterina , Mei Yu , Chevalier Aaron , A. Ducar Matthew , Thorner Aaron R. , van Hummelen Paul , O. Stemmer-Rachamimov Anat , Artyomov Maksym , Al-Mefty Ossama , Dunn Gavin P. , Santagata Sandro , Dunn Ian F. , Beroukhim Rameen 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHigh-grade meningiomas frequently recur and are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. To determine the factors that promote the development and evolution of these tumors, we analyzed the genomes of 134 high-grade meningiomas and compared this information with data from 595 previously published meningiomas. High-grade meningiomas had a higher mutation burden than low-grade meningiomas but did not harbor any significantly mutated genes aside from NF2. High-grade meningiomas also possessed significantly elevated rates of chromosomal gains and losses, especially among tumors with monosomy 22. Meningiomas previously treated with adjuvant radiation had significantly more copy number alterations than radiation-induced or radiation-naïve meningiomas. Across serial recurrences, genomic disruption preceded the emergence of nearly all mutations, remained largely uniform across time, and when present in low-grade meningiomas correlated with subsequent progression to a higher grade. In contrast to the largely stable copy number alterations, mutations were strikingly heterogeneous across tumor recurrences, likely due to extensive geographic heterogeneity in the primary tumor. While high-grade meningiomas harbored significantly fewer overtly targetable alterations than low-grade meningiomas, they contained numerous mutations that are predicted to be neoantigens, suggesting that immunologic targeting may be of therapeutic value.
Imaging Parkinson’s disease below the neck
Authors: Borghammer Per , Knudsen Karoline , Fedorova Tatyana D. , Brooks David J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractParkinson’s disease is a systemic disorder with widespread and early α-synuclein pathology in the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, which is present throughout the gastrointestinal canal prior to diagnosis. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary autonomic symptoms often predate clinical diagnosis by several years. It has been hypothesized that progressive α-synuclein aggregation is initiated in hyperbranched, non-myelinated neuron terminals, and may subsequently spread via retrograde axonal transport. This would explain why autonomic nerves are so prone to formation of α-synuclein pathology. However, the hypothesis remains unproven and in vivo imaging methods of peripheral organs may be essential to study this important research field. The loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminal function in Parkinson’s disease has been demonstrated using radiotracers such as 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidin, 18F-dopamine, and 11C-donepezil. Other radiotracer and radiological imaging methods have shown highly prevalent dysfunction of pharyngeal and esophageal motility, gastric emptying, colonic transit time, and anorectal function. Here, we summarize the methodology and main findings of radio-isotope and radiological modalities for imaging peripheral pathology in Parkinson’s disease.
Lattice dynamics and elasticity for ε-plutonium
Authors: Söderlind Per 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLattice dynamics and elasticity for the high-temperature ε phase (body-centered cubic; bcc) of plutonium is predicted utilizing first-principles electronic structure coupled with a self-consistent phonon method that takes phonon-phonon interaction and strong anharmonicity into account. These predictions establish the first sensible lattice-dynamics and elasticity data on ε-Pu. The atomic forces required for the phonon scheme are highly accurate and derived from the total energies obtained from relativistic and parameter-free density-functional theory. The results appear reasonable but no data exist to compare with except those from dynamical mean-field theory that suggest ε-plutonium is mechanically unstable. Fundamental knowledge and understanding of the high-temperature bcc phase, that is generally present in all actinide metals before melting, is critically important for a proper interpretation of the phase diagram as well as practical modeling of high-temperature properties.
A Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici secreted protein activates plant immunity at the cell surface
Authors: Dagvadorj Bayantes , Ozketen Ahmet Caglar , Andac Ayse , Duggan Cian , Bozkurt Tolga Osman , Akkaya Mahinur S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPathogens secrete effector proteins to suppress host immunity, mediate nutrient uptake and subsequently enable parasitism. However, on non-adapted hosts, effectors can be detected as non-self by host immune receptors and activate non-host immunity. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of effector triggered non-host resistance remain unknown. Here, we report that a small cysteine-rich protein PstSCR1 from the wheat rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) activates immunity in the non-host solanaceous model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. PstSCR1 homologs were found to be conserved in Pst, and in its closest relatives, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina. When PstSCR1 was expressed in N. benthamiana with its signal peptide, it provoked the plant immune system, whereas no stimulation was observed when it was expressed without its signal peptide. PstSCR1 expression in N. benthamiana significantly reduced infection capacity of the oomycete pathogens. Moreover, apoplast-targeted PstSCR1 triggered plant cell death in a dose dependent manner. However, in Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-Associated Kinase 1 (SERK3/BAK1) silenced N. benthamiana, cell death was remarkably decreased. Finally, purified PstSCR1 protein activated defence related gene expression in N. benthamiana. Our results show that a Pst-secreted protein, PstSCR1 can activate surface mediated immunity in non-adapted hosts and contribute to non-host resistance.
Efficacy of Recent Emissions Controls on Road Vehicles in Europe and Implications for Public Health
Authors: Harrison Roy M. , Beddows David C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRoad traffic is a major source of urban air pollution responsible for substantial premature mortality. Until recently, attention has focussed primarily on exhaust emissions of particulate matter from traffic as a causal factor. From analysis of air quality measurement data from the UK and France, we demonstrate that road traffic exhaust has a far greater impact on concentrations of nitrogen dioxide than of PM2.5. PM2.5 and carbonaceous particle concentrations have been declining appreciably since 2010/11 due to the use of diesel particle filters, but little change is seen in nitrogen dioxide over the period from 1995 to 2015. It is shown that the effect of NO2 from road traffic upon premature mortality was ten-fold greater than that of PM2.5 even before the widespread use of diesel particle filters, and is now considerably larger. The overwhelming contribution of diesel compared to gasoline-fuelled vehicles to emissions of both PM2.5 and NO2 emphasises the importance of further controls on emissions from diesels.
Deterministic Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging
Authors: Pavlov Konstantin M. , Punegov Vasily I. , Morgan Kaye S. , Schmalz Gerd , Paganin David M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA deterministic variant of Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging is introduced in its kinematical approximation, for X-ray scattering from an imperfect crystal whose imperfections span no more than half of the volume of the crystal. This approach provides a unique analytical reconstruction of the object’s structure factor and displacement fields from the 3D diffracted intensity distribution centred around any particular reciprocal lattice vector. The simple closed-form reconstruction algorithm, which requires only one multiplication and one Fourier transformation, is not restricted by assumptions of smallness of the displacement field. The algorithm performs well in simulations incorporating a variety of conditions, including both realistic levels of noise and departures from ideality in the reference (i.e. imperfection-free) part of the crystal.
Vortex dynamics and frequency splitting in vertically coupled nanomagnets
Authors: Stebliy M. E. , Jain S. , Kolesnikov A. G. , Ognev A. V. , Samardak A. S. , Davydenko A. V. , Sukovatitcina E. V. , Chebotkevich L. A. , Ding J. , Pearson J. , Khovaylo V. , Novosad V. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe explored the dynamic response of a vortex core in a circular nanomagnet by manipulating its dipole-dipole interaction with another vortex core confined locally on top of the nanomagnet. A clear frequency splitting is observed corresponding to the gyrofrequencies of the two vortex cores. The peak positions of the two resonance frequencies can be engineered by controlling the magnitude and direction of the external magnetic field. Both experimental and micromagnetic simulations show that the frequency spectra for the combined system is significantly dependent on the chirality of the circular nanomagnet and is asymmetric with respect to the external bias field. We attribute this result to the strong dynamic dipole-dipole interaction between the two vortex cores, which varies with the distance between them. The possibility of having multiple states in a single nanomagnet with vertical coupling could be of interest for magnetoresistive memories.
Remarkably High Mobility Thin-Film Transistor on Flexible Substrate by Novel Passivation Material
Authors: Shih Cheng Wei , Chin Albert 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHigh mobility thin-film transistor (TFT) is crucial for future high resolution and fast response flexible display. Remarkably high performance TFT, made at room temperature on flexible substrate, is achieved with record high field-effect mobility (μ
FE
) of 345 cm2/Vs, small sub-threshold slope (SS) of 103 mV/dec, high on-current/off-current (I
ON
/I
OFF
) of 7 × 106, and a low drain-voltage (VD) of 2 V for low power operation. The achieved mobility is the best reported data among flexible electronic devices, which is reached by novel HfLaO passivation material on nano-crystalline zinc-oxide (ZnO) TFT to improve both I
ON
and I
OFF
. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the non-passivated device has high OH-bonding intensity in nano-crystalline ZnO, which damage the crystallinity, create charged scattering centers, and form potential barriers to degrade mobility.
Effects of the continuous use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in calcareous soil
Authors: Song Ke , Xue Yong , Zheng Xianqing , Lv Weiguang , Qiao Hongxia , Qin Qin , Yang Jianjun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA 4-year field trial with three treatments and three types of annually rotated vegetables was conducted in calcareous soil in a greenhouse using a phosphorus (P) fractionation method based on the inorganic P fraction classification system described by Jiang-Gu. With the same nutrient input, vegetable yields and P uptake were more stable under the chemical fertilizer (CF) treatment than under the organic manure (OM) treatment, and the average utilization rate of P fertilizer (URP) values were 5.27% and 11.40% under the OM and CF treatments, respectively, over the 4 years. Compared with the values in 2009, the values of the inorganic P (Pi) fractionation, including Ca-P, Al-P and Fe-P, significantly increased over time by 310.89 mg·kg−1, 36.21 mg·kg−1, and 18.77 mg·kg−1, respectively, with OM treatment and by 86.92 mg·kg−1, 175.87 mg·kg−1, and 24.27 mg·kg−1 with CF treatment. These results suggest that 1) large amounts of P were released from Ca2-P, Ca8-P and Al-P and were taken up by vegetables in the calcareous soil, and 2) the excessive application of P fertilizer, especially OM, resulted in a substantial accumulation of Pi (Ca2-P, Ca8-P and Al-P), which increased the risk of pollution from organic farming diffusing into the surface water.
Phosphorylation of the mitochondrial autophagy receptor Nix enhances its interaction with LC3 proteins
Authors: Rogov Vladimir V. , Suzuki Hironori , Marinković Mija , Lang Verena , Kato Ryuichi , Kawasaki Masato , Buljubašić Maja , Šprung Matilda , Rogova Natalia , Wakatsuki Soichi , Hamacher-Brady Anne , Dötsch Volker , Dikic Ivan , Brady Nathan R. , Novak Ivana 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe mitophagy receptor Nix interacts with LC3/GABARAP proteins, targeting mitochondria into autophagosomes for degradation. Here we present evidence for phosphorylation-driven regulation of the Nix:LC3B interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR indicate a ~100 fold enhanced affinity of the serine 34/35-phosphorylated Nix LC3-interacting region (LIR) to LC3B and formation of a very rigid complex compared to the non-phosphorylated sequence. Moreover, the crystal structure of LC3B in complex with the Nix LIR peptide containing glutamic acids as phosphomimetic residues and NMR experiments revealed that LIR phosphorylation stabilizes the Nix:LC3B complex via formation of two additional hydrogen bonds between phosphorylated serines of Nix LIR and Arg11, Lys49 and Lys51 in LC3B. Substitution of Lys51 to Ala in LC3B abrogates binding of a phosphomimetic Nix mutant. Functionally, serine 34/35 phosphorylation enhances autophagosome recruitment to mitochondria in HeLa cells. Together, this study provides cellular, biochemical and biophysical evidence that phosphorylation of the LIR domain of Nix enhances mitophagy receptor engagement.
Human bipedal instability in tree canopy environments is reduced by “light touch” fingertip support
Authors: Johannsen L. , Coward S. R. L. , Martin G. R. , Wing A. M. , Casteren A. van , Sellers W. I. , Ennos A. R. , Crompton R. H. , Thorpe S. K. S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhether tree canopy habitats played a sustained role in the ecology of ancestral bipedal hominins is unresolved. Some argue that arboreal bipedalism was prohibitively risky for hominins whose increasingly modern anatomy prevented them from gripping branches with their feet. Balancing on two legs is indeed challenging for humans under optimal conditions let alone in forest canopy, which is physically and visually highly dynamic. Here we quantify the impact of forest canopy characteristics on postural stability in humans. Viewing a movie of swaying branches while standing on a branch-like bouncy springboard destabilised the participants as much as wearing a blindfold. However “light touch”, a sensorimotor strategy based on light fingertip support, significantly enhanced their balance and lowered their thigh muscle activity by up to 30%. This demonstrates how a light touch strategy could have been central to our ancestor’s ability to avoid falls and reduce the mechanical and metabolic cost of arboreal feeding and movement. Our results may also indicate that some adaptations in the hand that facilitated continued access to forest canopy may have complemented, rather than opposed, adaptations that facilitated precise manipulation and tool use.