bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomography Angiography with a 192-slice Dual-source Computed Tomography System: Improvements in Image Quality and Radiation Dose
Authors: Linsen Philip V M , Coenen Adriaan , Lubbers Marisa M , Dijkshoorn Marcel L , Ouhlous Mohamed , Nieman Koen 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
This study aims to compare image quality, radiation dose, and the influence of the heart rate on image quality of high-pitch spiral coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) using 128-slice (second generation) dual-source CT (DSCT) and a 192-slice DSCT (third generation) scanner.

Materials and Methods:
Two consecutive cohorts of fifty patients underwent CCTA by high-pitch spiral scan mode using 128 or 192-slice DSCT. The 192-slice DSCT system has a more powerful roentgen tube (2 × 120 kW) that allows CCTA acquisition at lower tube voltages, wider longitudinal coverage for faster table speed (732 m/s), and the use of iterative reconstruction. Objective image quality was measured as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Subjective image quality was evaluated using a Likert scale.

Results:
While the effective dose was lower with 192-slice DSCT (1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 mSv; P < 0.001), the SNR (18.9 ± 4.3 vs. 11.0 ± 2.9; P < 0.001) and CNR (23.5 ± 4.8 vs. 14.3 ± 4.1; P < 0.001) were superior to 128-slice DSCT. Although patients scanned with 192-slice DSCT had a faster heart rate (59 ± 7 vs. 56 ± 6; P = 0.045), subjective image quality was scored higher (4.2 ± 0.8 vs. 3.0 ± 0.7; P < 0.001) compared to 128-slice DSCT.

Conclusions:
High-pitch spiral CCTA by 192-slice DSCT provides better image quality, despite a higher average heart rate, at lower radiation doses compared to 128-slice DSCT.
In Vitro Performance Investigation of SynCardia™ Freedom® Driver via Patient Simulator Mock Loop
Authors: Toninato Riccardo , Scuri Silvia , Tarzia Vincenzo , Gerosa Gino , Susin Francesca M. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose The gold standard therapy for patients with advanced heart failure is heart transplant. The gap between donors and patients in waiting lists promoted the development of circulatory support devices, such as the total artificial heart (TAH). Focusing on in vitro tests performed with CardioWest™ TAH (CW) driven by the SynCardia Freedom® portable driver (FD) the present study goals are: i) prove the reliability of a hydraulic circuit used as patient simulator to replicate a quasi-physiological scenario for various hydrodynamic conditions, ii) investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the CW FD, iii) help clinicians in possible interpretation of clinical cases outcomes. Methods In vitro tests were performed using a mechanic-hydraulic patient simulator. Cardiac output (CO), CW ventricles filling, atrial, ventricles, aortic and pulmonary artery pressures were measured for different values of vascular resistance in both systemic (SVR) and pulmonary (PVR) physiological range. Results After increasing the PVR, the left atrial pressure decreased according to the expected physiological trend, while aortic pressure remained almost stable, proving the ability of the simulator to mimic a physiological scenario. Unexpectedly, the mean pulmonary artery pressure (P) was found to increase above 30 mmHg in the range of physiological PVR (2.6 WU) and for constant CO. Conclusions The increase in PPA is probably associated with the pre-set driving setup of the FD. The finding suggests a possible explanation of the clinical course of a patient who experienced complications soon after being supported by the FD, with the occurrence of dyspnea and pulmonary edema despite a high cardiac index.
Quality-of-Life Assessment: Arm TIVAD versus Chest TIVAD
Authors: Burbridge Brent , Goyal Kunal 
Published: October 2016

Introduction Venous access devices are essential for the provision of care for patients requiring chemotherapy. Totally implanted venous access devices (TIVADs), also known as ports, are an option for infusion care. Medical devices have an impact upon patient quality of life. We assessed the impact on quality of life and satisfaction with their venous device, for patients with a chest TIVAD versus an upper arm TIVAD. Materials and methods Sequential subjects were administered a questionnaire, “Quality of Life Assessment, Venous Device - Port (QLAVD-P)” at the time of their TIVAD removal. All subjects consented to complete the questionnaire and volunteered for this assessment. The TIVADs were all implanted and removed in the medical imaging department. Results Between March 1, 2014 and August 30, 2015, 127 subjects completed the QLAVD-P. At the time of their port removal, 51 had chest ports while 76 had arm ports. There were some negative features of the chest ports that were statistically significant in comparison to the arm ports. Most of the subjects felt that their port had a positive impact upon their treatment and they would have another port inserted if required for future treatment. Discussion Quality of life for those requiring intravenous chemotherapy is very important. This should be considered when selecting an infusion device. Venous ports were positively received by the subjects in our study and there were fewer negative impacts upon subject satisfaction and quality of life for those with upper-arm devices.
Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Based Probiotic on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors and Signal Transduction in Goat Neutrophils
Authors: Ekwemalor Kingsley , Asiamah Emmanuel , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: October 2016

<p class="1Body">Neutrophils recognize and destroy pathogens through activation of the Toll like receptor (TLR) system as part of the inflammatory response of innate immunity. The expression and modulation of genes in the TLR signaling pathway in caprine blood neutrophils was investigated. Following initial screening for infection, goats (N=15) were assigned to three groups of five (n=5) individuals. Goats were drenched daily with 10 mL of powdered CorPet (Mycology labs Inc) soaked in hot (treatment I) or cold (treatment II) sterile filtered endotoxin free water, for a 4-week period. A control group of five age-matched goats received sterile water (treatment III). Blood was collected weekly and analyzed for packed cell volume and white blood cell differential counts. At weeks 1 and 4 neutrophils were isolated, using differential centrifugation and hypotonic lysis of red blood cells. The concentration and purity of total RNA isolated using Trizol was determined on a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. The RETROscript kit was used to synthesize cDNA. The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT<sup>2</sup> PCR Array was evaluated using real time PCR and the Livak method. The house keeping gene GAPDH was used to normalize the data. At week 1 untreated goats expressed 48 genes in the pathway. Goat neutrophils expressed 10 TLRs. Mushroom extracts modulated expression of and signaling by TLR. These results will help in the definition of the role of TLR expression in neutrophils and its contribution to goat innate immunity. Further this may aid in the design of therapeutics for goat health.</p>
La sensorialidad como estrategia para la educación patrimonial en el aula de educación infantil
Authors: Gómez Carmen , Fenoy Beatriz 
Published: October 2016

Resumen: Con este artículo se pretende poner en valor la actividad sensorial como estrategia para la educación patrimonial en el aula de infantil. Tras una primera parte de revisión teórica, el artículo pretende demostrar, a través de un diseño educativo realizado al efecto e implementado en el aula de infantil, la relación entre la sensorialidad y los procesos de patrimonialización en edades tempranas. Este diseño nos permite establecer una secuencia didáctica que parte del conocimiento sensorial, como base del aprendizaje significativo en la etapa de infantil y que permite establecer canales para la vinculación afectiva entre sujeto y objeto. Palabras clave: Educación patrimonial, actividad sensorial, procesos de patrimonialización, educación infantil. Abstract: This article aims to give value to the sensory activity as a strategy for heritage education in the classroom child. After a first part of theoretical review, the article seeks to demonstrate, through an educational purpose design made and implemented in the classroom child, the relationship between the sensory and heritagization processes at an early age. This design allows us to establish a teaching sequence that part of sensory knowledge, as a basis for meaning full earning in the infant stage and allows to establish channels for the emotional connection between subject and object.Keywords : heritage education, sensory activity, heritagization processes, early childhood education.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.7.8010
Progression of rapid potential-induced degradation of n-type single-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules
Authors: Yamaguchi Seira , Masuda Atsushi , Ohdaira Keisuke 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This study addresses progression of potential-induced degradation (PID) of photovoltaic modules using n-type single-crystalline silicon cells. In a PID test in which a voltage of −1000 V was applied to the cells, the modules started to degrade within 10 s and the degradation saturated within 120 s, suggesting that PID is caused by positive charge accumulation in the front passivation films. We propose that these positive charges originate from positively charged K centers formed by extracting electrons from the K centers, which explains the rapid degradation and its saturation behavior. We obtain simulated and experimental results supporting this hypothesis.
Influence of continental growth on mid‐ocean ridge depth
Authors: Sim Shi J. , Stegman Dave R. , Coltice Nicolas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe interconnectedness of life, water, and plate tectonics is strikingly apparent along mid‐ocean ridges (MOR) where communities of organisms flourish off the disequilibrium of chemical potentials created by circulation of hydrothermal fluids driven by Earth's heat. Moreover, submarine hydrothermal environments may be critical for the emergence of life on Earth. Oceans were likely present in the Hadean but questions remain about early Earth's global tectonics, including when seafloor spreading began and whether mid‐oceanic ridges were deep enough for maximum hydrothermal activities. For example, plate tectonics influences global sea level by driving secular variations in the volume of ocean basins due to continental growth. Similarly, variations in the distribution of seafloor age and associated subsidence, due to assembly and dispersal of supercontinents, explain the largest sea level variation over the past 140 Myr. Using synthetic plate configurations derived from numerical models of mantle convection appropriate for early Earth, we show that MOR have remained submerged and their depths potentially constant over geologic time. Thus, conditions in the early Earth existed for hydrothermal vents at similar depths as today, providing environments conducive for the development of life and allowing for processes such as hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust to influence the mantle's geochemical evolution.
Building and exhumation of the Western Carpathians: New constraints from sequentially restored, balanced cross sections integrated with low‐temperature thermochronometry
Authors: Castelluccio Ada , Mazzoli Stefano , Andreucci Benedetta , Jankowski Leszek , Szaniawski Rafał , Zattin Massimiliano 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWestern Carpathian orogeny has been the subject of intense scientific debate due to the occurrence of enigmatic features, leading several authors to provide contrasting geological models. In this paper, a new interpretation for the tectonic evolution of the Western Carpathians is provided based on the following: (i) an analysis of the stratigraphy of the Mesozoic‐Tertiary successions across the thrust belt domains, (ii) a reappraisal of the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the “tectonic mélange” (i.e., the so‐called Pieniny Klippen Belt) marking the suture between the Inner and Outer Carpathians, and (iii) the construction of a series of balanced and restored cross sections, validated by 2‐D forward modeling. Our analysis provides a robust correlation of the stratigraphy from the Outer to the Inner Carpathians, independently of the occurrence of oceanic lithosphere in the area, and allows for the reinterpretation of the tectonic relationships among the Inner Carpathians, the Outer Carpathians, and the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the exhumation mechanisms affecting this orogenic belt. In order to constrain the evolution during the last 20 Ma, our model also integrates previously published and new apatite fission track and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data. These latter indicate a middle‐late Miocene exhumation of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. In this study, the recent regional uplift of the Pieniny Klippen Belt is described for the first time using a 2‐D kinematic model for the tectonic evolution of the Western Carpathians.
Coorientation
Authors: Taylor James R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe concept of coorientation originated in the work of Theodore Newcomb, who argued for a conception of communication as simultaneously (a) directed to anobjectof common concern that is (b) embedded within a bilateralrelationshipof actors, each with their own different interest in the object. He designated the unit A–B–X, where A and B are the two parties, and X is the object they both focus on. Here we consider the influence of this coorientation model primarily in organizational communication research, as it has recently been assimilated into a contemporary theory of the genesis of organization as an imbricated hierarchy of practices, some focused on an object, others on the managers, who take the situated practices as their object.
Philology
Authors: Fliethmann Axel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Philology can be seen as a rather technical discipline developing methods to prove the authenticity of any edited text as well as a hermeneutical discipline dealing with the question of textual meaning in general. Philology can also be regarded as a self‐reflexive tool within communication theory and media philosophy where it helps to foster methodological awareness of the very medium we choose to operate in when addressing the question of
other
media.
Lasswell,Harold D.
Authors: Ascher William 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHarold D. Lasswell (1902–1978) made groundbreaking contributions to political science, public policy analysis, political psychology, jurisprudence, and futures studies, based on his advances in the theory and methods of communications. The intertwined aspects of Lasswell's normative commitment, research approaches, and theories demonstrate his contributions in systematizing and integrating conventional and psychodynamic theories about the connections between communications and political dynamics. This was accomplished through the analysis of propaganda, legal communications, attention structures, content analysis, developmental constructs, symbols, psychodynamic displacement, and the triple‐appeal principle.
Gadamer,Hans‐Georg
Authors: Grondin Jean 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe German philosopher Hans‐Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) was the very influential founder of “philosophical hermeneutics.” He argued that our understanding is always guided by “prejudices,” which are not to be understood as preconceived or false opinions not established on facts or reason, but as provisional anticipations of meaning that can be rectified. Nonetheless we understand on the basis of the expectations and motivations of our time. This leads him to view understanding as a “fusion of horizons” between the past and the present, and to stress the linguistic character of our world experience.
System Theory
Authors: Seidl David , Schoeneborn Dennis 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

System theory provides researchers with a transdisciplinary vocabulary and a framework for creating synergies between different disciplines. From a historical perspective, one can distinguish three generations of systems thinking which each represent a different research approach. The earliest of these relies on the notion of open systems, its successor on closed systems, and the current approach on autopoietic systems. This chapter discusses especially
autopoietic
system theory and its perspective on social phenomena in general and communication processes in particular.
Face‐To‐Face Communication
Authors: Meyer Christian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry discusses research that treats “face‐to‐face communication” as a subject in its own right possessing specific self‐emergent dynamics and not as indicative of something else (such as “personality” or “power structure”). The concept of face‐to‐face communication is used in contrast to medial forms of communication and emphasizes properties in situations of bodily copresence of the persons who communicate. Since, in physical copresence and temporal simultaneity, communication is unmediated and direct, this type of communication is also called “interaction.” In particular, the fact that interaction is immediately responsive and that communicators orient their actions at this fact has challenged sender–message–receiver models of communication. After a brief overview of the historical dimensions of the subject, the entry presents the emergence and establishment of interaction studies in the 20th century, followed by current questions and future directions of research.
Harmony Theory (
C
hinese)
Authors: Chen Guo‐Ming 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry describes Chinese harmony from three perspectives as an attempt to help people better understand Chinese culture and communication in the globalizing society. First, the philosophical foundation of Chinese harmony is explained; second, 10 key concepts surrounding Chinese harmony are explicated; and third, three observable communication behaviors that realize Chinese harmony are discussed. Cautions are stipulated for theorizing a cultural value such as Chinese harmony.
J
udaism
Authors: Cohen Yoel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry discusses Jewish theological principles about mass media behavior. As a moral code regulating man's relationship with his fellow man, and man's relationship with God, the Torah proposes a code of norms regulating aspects of mass media behavior—most prominent being the principle of the right to know. The entry also examines how different religious streams within Judaism today interpret these teachings, and how Orthodox streams inside Israel have created their own alternative media—offering a laboratory for the practical application of their interpretation of Jewish media ethics.
Ontology
Authors: Eicher‐Catt Deborah 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry outlines the contours of ontology within the context of other branches of philosophy (epistemology, axiology, and logic) and also within the context of communication theory and research. It explores the topic through two predominant ontological lenses that shape research in the discipline of communication. It situates ontology as a discursive construction from the standpoint of phenomenology and semiotics, employing Martin Heidegger's ideas concerning fundamental ontology.
H
ovland,
C
arl
I
.
Authors: Malin Brenton J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Carl Hovland was an important figure in mid‐20th‐century communication theory and research who came to prominence in large part as a result of his experiments on soldiers during World War II. Interested in questions of persuasion, Hovland's work focused on how media shaped people's knowledge, values, and opinions, as well as how those influences were mitigated by such things as the passage of time. Hovland used applied communication experiments to formulate theories of media effects, and then tested and refined those theories through further experimentation.
Data‐Mining
Authors: Gunter Barrie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractData‐mining comprises a variety of research tools that can scan, extract, and analyze large quantities of data. It combines mathematical and linguistic analysis methods. Its tools can handle both structured numerical and statistical data sets and unstructured texts. Software tools have been developed that can impose structure upon unstructured texts and extract data that can be numerically coded and analyzed with quantitative techniques. Data‐mining (also known as text‐mining) has given researchers data analysis capabilities that can handle vast quantities of structured and unstructured content stored on the World Wide Web. These analytical techniques can analyze massive amounts of data and identify content patterns and relationships between variables that would be impossible to find otherwise. These techniques have been applied across a wide range of fields including health and political communications, financial data, and scientific data.
Popularity
Authors: Krämer Benjamin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAfter a brief history of the concept of the people, political popularity is discussed with regard to explanatory factors, the concept of charismatic leadership, and populism. This is followed by an overview of perspectives on popular culture, including theories of distinction among taste cultures; evaluative views by conservatives, critical theorists, and academic populists; and the discussion in cultural studies of the reproduction of dominant ideologies and resistant cultural practices. Finally, some theoretical arguments on the measurements or construction of popularity are summarized.
Postcolonial Theory
Authors: Shome Raka 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPostcolonial studies is concerned with theorizing, analyzing, and critiquing the various logics of colonialism as they have existed in the past and continue in the present. This entry offers a discussion of postcolonial studies, marking its objectives and tracing its development. The entry then addresses how postcolonial and communication studies may have shared concerns that would advance both projects.
M
arxism
Authors: Cloud Dana L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Marxism is an Enlightenment political philosophy, historical method, and critical paradigm that has influenced communication theory since World War II. It interrogates the inherently exploitative character of labor in capitalism, affirms a vision of history driven by struggle from below, and connects the production and communication of ideas to the dominant influences of a ruling class. Its major contributions in communication theory have been to critical theory, cultural studies, ideology critique, and political economy of the media.
Digitalization
Authors: Brennen J. Scott , Kreiss Daniel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract“Digitization” and “digitalization” are two conceptual terms that are closely associated and often used interchangeably in a broad range of literatures. This entry considers each term in detail and argues that there is analytical value in explicitly making a clear distinction between them. The entry definesdigitizationas the material process of converting analog streams of information into digital bits. It definesdigitalizationas the way many domains of social life are restructured around digital communication and media infrastructures.
Intergroup Communication
Authors: Watson Bernadette , Gallois Cindy 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntergroup communication reflects a way of looking at communication among members of different social categories or groups (ethnicity, gender, age, health status, organizational membership, etc.), and the ways in which social identities, attitudes, and motivations influence and are negotiated in communication. The field has multidisciplinary origins, and it is diverse in theory and eclectic in methodology. This entry gives a broad overview of the main theories, methods, and contexts of this field.