bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and development of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seedlings on different humus types under a closed forest canopy
Authors: Lust M. , Zahedi G. 
Published: July 2016

In Sep. 1995, in stands with ash and oak - beech, 116 two to four-year-old ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seedlings were selected in 12 plots in order to assess collar diameter growth, number of leaves, branches and growth flushes (episodes) per seedling, produced during the next two years. At the same time, 30 seedlings were selected to measure the root length and the root: shoot ratio. Seedlings were growing on different levels of soil fertility (humus types of typical mull, acid mull and mull moder), under a dense canopy (2.5% light intensity). The investigation reveals that, under the high shade of the stands, the length of roots as well as root: shoot ratio is greater on more fertile sites (typical mull and acid mull), than on less fertile site (mull moder). However, the mean root length of the seedlings in this deciduous forest never reaches 9 cm, presenting a limited growth on the various humus types and a rather low stability in the thick litter layer on the mull moder humus type. There are no significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in growth and foliage development of the seedlings produced on the different humus types. After 2 growing seasons, the mean diameter increment does not exceed 0.6 mm. The mean number of branches and leaves increases respectively with 1 and 4-5 units per seedling and that of the growth flushes varies from 2 to 3 units per seedling. As a whole under the full canopy, ash seedlings prove a very poor response to the humus types. The study suggests a proper felling in the closed canopy of the stand in order to encourage the growth and foliage development of the ash seedlings growing on the different humus types.
Situation actuelle de la protection de la nature en quelques pays d'Europe
Authors: Thas J. 
Published: July 2016

L'accroissement de la population et le progrès énorme de l'industrialisation obligent l'homme de chercher des solutions pour la disparition de la nature et l'épuisement des ressources naturelles. En plus notre société moderne et le progrès social actuel apportent que les fonctions récréatives et esthétiques de la nature deviennent très importantes. Le but de la conservation des ressources naturelles est la recherche de moyens pour limiter les pertes et les dégâts de productivité de la biosphère sans nuire à l'expansion économique actuelle. Quoique la disparition des ressources naturelles inorganiques (le fer, le cuivre) soit très avancée on a déjà la possibilité de trouver des solutions raisonnables. Par contre la disparition des ressources organiques (agriculture, élevage) doit avoir des conséquences catastrophiques. La protection de la nature a pour but la conservation des éléments des écosystèmes naturels et dont l'existence est nécessaire pour des raisons scientifiques, culturelles ou touristiques. Dans la plupart des pays d'Europe la situation de la protection de la nature n'est pas très différente, à part l'Angleterre où la réorganisation de la protection de la nature a été basée sur des méthodes américaines et japonaises. L'état belge, néerlandais, français et aIler:nand ne prévoit pas de législation coordonnée ou d'autorités centrales. Les lois par rapport aux six sections de la protection de la nature (protection de la flore, protection de la faune, aménagement du territoire et urbanisme, lois commerciales et publicitaires, pollution des eaux, pollution atmosphérique) sont réparties entre plusieurs ministères et sont promulguées chaque fois qu'une menace sérieuse pèse sur le milieu naturel. Les résultats les plus positifs ont été faits par des organismes privés malgré des difficultés financières. L'institution anglaise «Nature conservancy», qui comporte la plus grande partie de la conservation de la nature, peut servir d'exemple de la réorganisation nécessaire de la protection de la nature en Europe.
Hogyan hat a monetáris politika a befektetői döntésekre?
Authors: Csontó Balázs , Siklós Dóra 
Published: July 2016

A tanulmány célja, hogy megvizsgálja azokat a mechanizmusokat, amelyeken keresztül a monetáris politika kifejti hatását a befektetői döntésekre . A monetáris politikai döntések a transzmissziós csatornákon keresztül gyakorolnak hatást a gazdaságra, így e csatornák működésének alapos megismerése elengedhetetlenül fontos a monetáris politikai célkitűzések megvalósításához. Éppen ezért, a monetáris politika által alkalmazható eszközök nagyon rövid áttekintése után a dolgozat részletesen elemzi az egyes csatornák működését. Ezen belül kitér a hagyományos csatornákra („money view”) és a hitelcsatornára összpontosító nézetekre („credit view”), valamint e csatornáknak az eurózónában és Magyarországon betöltött jelentőségére. A tanulmány befejező része felhívja a figyelmet egy olyan helyzetre, amikor a monetáris politika elveszíti a befektetői döntések befolyásolására vonatkozó képességét, azaz a likviditási csapda jelenségére.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E50, E52
Adózás, megtakarítás, hatékonyság II.
Authors: Erdos Tibor 
Published: July 2016

Folytatva a korábbi cikkben megkezdett elemzéseket, az adózás és a hatékonyság kérdéseit vizsgálva arra a következtetésre jutunk, hogy a differenciált forgalmi adók több szempontból is hatékonyság csökkentőek. Egyrészt megváltoztatják a termékösszetételt, ami így már a lakossági szükségleteknek az optimálisnál alacsonyabb szintű kielégítését valószínűsíti, és másrészt termékösszetételen keresztül torzítják a forrásallokációt is, ami a hagyományos hatékonysági értelmezés szerint, alacsonyabb tőkehatékonysághoz is vezet. Hasonló torzításokat okoz, hogy az imputed income nem adózik. Hatékonyság romboló hatása ellenére a szelektív adóztatás elkerülése gyakorlatban nem megvalósítható, hiszen a társadalmi költségei meghaladhatnák a hatékonyságbeli nyereséget. Végső következtetés ugyanaz, mint amit a korábbi cikkben megfogalmaztunk, sem a méltányosság, sem a hatékonyság nem lehet egyedüli célja az adórendszernek.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E 62, H21
Tegnap, ma, holnap: a vállalati tevékenységek kiszervezésének trendjei
Authors: Bogel Gyorgy 
Published: July 2016

A tevékenységek kiszervezése, illetve annak nemzetközi változata, az úgynevezett offshore outsourcing napjaink gazdaságának egyik legfontosabb jelensége. A termelés kihelyezése olcsó országokba már évtizedekkel ezelőtt megindult. Az infokommunikácós technológia fejlődésének köszönhetően a múlt század kilencvenes éveiben az egyéb, többnyire szolgáltatás jellegű vállalati tevékenységek is sorra kerültek. A near-shoring és az off-shoring hatalmas, dinamikusan fejlődő iparággá vált, ami különleges lehetőségeket biztosít számos feltörekvő országnak. A szektorban élénk verseny bontakozott ki, aminek részese hazánk is. Ebben a küzdelemben sajátos ország- és vállalati stratégiák figyelhetők meg. A fejlődés számos gazdasági, politikai és társadalmi problémát vet fel, amelyekre megoldást kell keresniük mindazoknak, akik élni kívánnak a lehetőségekkel.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: L24.
A Google és versenytársai
Authors: Szalontay Katalin 
Published: July 2016

Egyetemi diplomamunkám témájaként a Google cég piaci stratégiai elemzését választottam. A cég nevéhez fűződik a ma legnépszerűbb keresőmotor kifejlesztése és üzemeltetése. A vállalat üzleti sikere a két fiatal alapító-tulajdonos által kidolgozott PageRank eljárásban rejlik, ami forradalmi változást hozott, lehetővé téve az Internet adatállományát alkotó hatalmas adatbázisban történő hatékony keresést. AGoogle megjelenését követően a korábbi keresők visszaszorultak és részben el is tűntek. A kilencvenes évek kiemelkedő vállalataiéval ellentétes, „különc” stratégiát alkalmazó cég az alapítóit hét év leforgása alatt milliárdossá tette, hatalmas felhasználói bázist gyűjtött össze, és számtalan konkurens vállalatnak okozott fejtörést. A legtöbben a Google név hallatán csupán egy egyszerű internetes keresőre asszociálnak, de a jól hangzó név mögött ma már egy hatalmas birodalom áll, amely a keresőfelülete mellett szoftvercsomagjaival is felvette a versenyt a többiekkel, a keresési eredmények mellett elhelyezett reklámokkal pedig hatalmas bevételre tett szert.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: L1.
Intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumours: A retrospective study of sur­gical outcomes
Authors: Ahsan Md. Kamrul , Awwal Md. Abdul , Khan Shahidul Islam , Haque Md. Hamidul , Zaman Naznin 
Published: July 2016

Background: Intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumours (IESCT) accounts for approximately two thirds of all intraspinal neoplasm and are of important clinical consideration and surgery is the essence in cases with neurological deterioration.Objective: To share our experience on the outcome of surgical excision of intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumours. Methods: Results of 60 patients surgically treated intradural extramedullary spinal tumours between Octo­ber 2003 and October 2015 at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and in our private settings, Dhaka, were analyzed retrospectively. There were 32 males, 28 females with an average age of 52.4 years (13-70 years) and followed up for at least a year. The preoperative symptom with duration, tumours location and intradural space occupancy and the histopathological diagnosis were analyzed. Pain was evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the neurologic function was assessed by Nurick's grade.Results: The tumours were located as, thoracic 32 (53.33%), lumbar 16 (26.67%), cervical 04 (6.67%), and junctional 08 (13.33%), CervicoThoracic-01, Thoracolumbar-07). The histopathological diagnosis included schwannoma 35 (58.33%), meningiomas 14 (23.33%), neurofbroma 4 (6.67%), arachnoid cyst and myxopapillary ependymoma 03 (05.00%) each and paraganglioma 01 (01.67%). The VAS score was reduced in all cases from 8.0 ± 1.2 to 1.2 ± 0.8 (p < 0.003) and the Nurick's grade was improved in all cases from 3.0 ± 1.3 to 1.0 ± 0.0 (p < 0.005). The preoperative neurological deficit improved within 8 postoperative weeks in most cases and within 1 postoperative year in all cases. Complications included cerebrospinal fluid leakage, parasthesia, dependant bedsore 02 (3.33%) each and recurrence 03 (05.00%). and further neurological deterioration 1 (01.67%) case.Conclusion: lntradural extramedullary tumors detected by MRI are mostly benign and good clinical results can be obtained when treated surgi­cally. Aggressive surgical excision potentially minimizes neurologic morbidity and improved outcome. ­
Phylogenetic evidence for cladogenetic polyploidization in land plants
Authors: Zhan Shing H. , Drori Michal , Goldberg Emma E. , Otto Sarah P. , Mayrose Itay 
Published: July 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Polyploidization is a common and recurring phenomenon in plants and is often thought to be a mechanism of “instant speciation”. Whether polyploidization is associated with the formation of new species (cladogenesis) or simply occurs over time within a lineage (anagenesis), however, has never been assessed systematically.METHODS:We tested this hypothesis using phylogenetic and karyotypic information from 235 plant genera (mostly angiosperms). We first constructed a large database of combined sequence and chromosome number data sets using an automated procedure. We then applied likelihood models (ClaSSE) that estimate the degree of synchronization between polyploidization and speciation events in maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks.KEY RESULTS:Our maximum likelihood analysis indicated that 35 genera supported a model that includes cladogenetic transitions over a model with only anagenetic transitions, whereas three genera supported a model that incorporates anagenetic transitions over one with only cladogenetic transitions. Furthermore, the Bayesian analysis supported a preponderance of cladogenetic change in four genera but did not support a preponderance of anagenetic change in any genus.CONCLUSIONS:Overall, these phylogenetic analyses provide the first broad confirmation that polyploidization is temporally associated with speciation events, suggesting that it is indeed a major speciation mechanism in plants, at least in some genera.
A DETECTION OF BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: Hong Tao , Han J. L. , Wen Z. L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We calculate the correlation function of 79,091 galaxy clusters in the redshift region of

, selected from the WH15 cluster catalog. With a weight of cluster mass, a significant baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak is detected on the correlation function with a significance of

. By fitting the correlation function with a ΛCDM model curve, we find

Mpc, which is consistent with the Planck 2015 cosmology. We find that the correlation function of the higher mass sub-sample shows a higher amplitude at small scales of

, which is consistent with our previous result. The two-dimensional correlation function of this large sample of galaxy clusters shows a faint BAO ring with a significance of

, from which we find that the distance scale parameters on directions across and along the line of sight are

and

, respectively.
RECONCILING THE STELLAR AND NEBULAR SPECTRA OF HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES*
Authors: Steidel Charles C. , Strom Allison L. , Pettini Max , Rudie Gwen C. , Reddy Naveen A. , Trainor Ryan F. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a combined analysis of rest-frame far-UV (FUV; 1000–2000 Å) and rest-frame optical (3600–7000 Å) composite spectra formed from very deep Keck/LRIS and Keck/MOSFIRE observations of a sample of 30 star-forming galaxies with

, selected to be broadly representative of the full KBSS-MOSFIRE spectroscopic survey. Since the same massive stars are responsible for the observed FUV continuum and for the excitation of the observed nebular emission, a self-consistent stellar population synthesis model should simultaneously match the details of the FUV stellar+nebular continuum and—when inserted as the excitation source in photoionization models—predict all observed nebular emission line ratios. We find that only models including massive star binaries, having low stellar metallicity (

) but relatively high nebular (ionized gas-phase) abundances (

), can successfully match all of the observational constraints. We show that this apparent discrepancy is naturally explained by highly super-solar O/Fe (

), expected for a gas whose enrichment is dominated by the products of core-collapse supernovae. While O dominates the physics of the ionized gas (and thus the nebular emission lines), Fe dominates the extreme-UV (EUV) and FUV opacity and controls the mass-loss rate from massive stars, resulting in particularly dramatic effects for massive stars in binary systems. This high nebular excitation—caused by the hard EUV spectra of Fe-poor massive stars—is much more common at high redshift

than low redshift due to systematic differences in the star formation history of typical galaxies.
Uricase Inhibits Nitrogen Dioxide–Promoted Allergic Sensitization to Inhaled Ovalbumin Independent of Uric Acid Catabolism
Authors: Ather Jennifer L. , Burgess Edward J. , Hoyt Laura R. , Randall Matthew J. , Mandal Mridul K. , Matthews Dwight E. , Boyson Jonathan E. , Poynter Matthew E. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an environmental air pollutant and endogenously generated oxidant that contributes to the exacerbation of respiratory disease and can function as an adjuvant to allergically sensitize to an innocuous inhaled Ag. Because uric acid has been implicated as a mediator of adjuvant activity, we sought to determine whether uric acid was elevated and participated in a mouse model of NO2-promoted allergic sensitization. We found that uric acid was increased in the airways of mice exposed to NO2 and that administration of uricase inhibited the development of OVA-driven allergic airway disease subsequent to OVA challenge, as well as the generation of OVA-specific Abs. However, uricase was itself immunogenic, inducing a uricase-specific adaptive immune response that occurred even when the enzymatic activity of uricase had been inactivated. Inhibition of the OVA-specific response was not due to the capacity of uricase to inhibit the early steps of OVA uptake or processing and presentation by dendritic cells, but occurred at a later step that blocked OVA-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Although blocking uric acid formation by allopurinol did not affect outcomes, administration of ultra-clean human serum albumin at protein concentrations equivalent to that of uricase inhibited NO2-promoted allergic airway disease. These results indicate that, although uric acid levels are elevated in the airways of NO2-exposed mice, the powerful inhibitory effect of uricase administration on allergic sensitization is mediated more through Ag-specific immune deviation than via suppression of allergic sensitization, a mechanism to be considered in the interpretation of results from other experimental systems.
La Influencia del Número de Objetos y las Claves Verbales en la Distinción Temprana del Plural
Authors: Pérez-Paz Verónica Isabel , Arias-Trejo Natalia , Alva Elda Alicia 
Published: July 2016

<p>The linguistic distinction of plurals in early developmental stages is dependent on the verbal cues provided and on the number of members in a set. More than two objects in a set facilitate plural production. Also, multiple verbal cues help understand plurals in contrast to single verbal cues such as the noun morphology alone. It remains unknown whether in a comprehension task a set with only 2 objects is associated to a plural frame, and whether the verbal cues provided play a fundamental role on the aforesaid association.</p><p>Two preferential looking experiments were carried out with 24-month-old toddlers. Their ability to associate multiple plural verbal cues (E1) and morphology noun alone to a set of 2 objects (E2) was evaluated.</p><p>Toddlers associated a set of 2 objects to verbal frames containing multiple cues of plurality, but not to the noun morphology alone. These findings show that, as in production, there is a certain difficulty in linguistically distinguishing a set with few objects as a representation of plural during early childhood. Nonetheless, this difficulty is diminished when multiple verbal cues are provided. This demonstrates toddlers’ ability to retrieve information from enriched syntactical frames. </p>
Tilt measurement and compensation algorithm for holographic data storage with optimized quadratic windows
Authors: Son Kyungchan , Lim Sung-Yong , Lee Jae-seong , Jeong Wooyoung , Yang Hyunseok 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In holographic data storage, tilt is one of the critical disturbances. There are two types of tilt: tangential and radial. In real systems, tangential and radial tilt occur simultaneously. Thus, it is difficult to measure and compensate for tilt. In this study, using a quadratic window, which compares the intensity of a certain area, a tilt error signal was generated and compensated for with the proposed algorithm. The compensated image obtained satisfied a 0.3 dB tolerance.
Doppler Sonography of Blood Flow Velocity in the Vertebral Arteries of Preterm and Term Neonates
Authors: Windschall Daniel , Hoekstra Katrin , Haase Roland 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate normal blood flow in the vertebral arteries and the basilar artery of preterm and term neonates by Doppler sonography.MethodsBlood flow in both vertebral arteries and the basilar artery was examined in 102 neonates between the biological ages of 28 and 41 weeks. Fifty‐one boys and 51 girls underwent Doppler sonography. Measurements were usually undertaken at 6 days old. Systolic and diastolic flow velocities, including the resistive index, were measured and analyzed, taking into consideration biological age, weight, and sex. Anatomic aberrations of the vertebral arteries were recorded.ResultsMean blood flow values ± SD in the basilar artery were 35.2 ± 7.4 cm/s (systolic velocity) and 10.9 ± 3.5 cm/s (diastolic velocity). Mean blood flow values in the right vertebral artery were 26.8 ± 9.3 cm/s (systolic velocity) and 8.0 ± 3.7 cm/s (diastolic velocity). Mean blood flow values in the left vertebral artery were 28.6 ± 8.3 cm/s (systolic velocity) and 8.7 ± 3.3 cm/s (diastolic velocity). Systolic and diastolic blood flow in both vertebral arteries was significantly higher from 38 to 41 weeks compared with 28 to 32 and 33 to 37 weeks (P < .05). Regression analysis of systolic and diastolic blood flow velocities in the vertebral arteries versus biological age yielded significant results (P < .05).ConclusionsSonography is an excellent tool for examining blood flow in the basilar and vertebral arteries of premature and term neonates. Mean systolic and diastolic blood flow velocities in the vertebral arteries increase significantly with age.
A Mesoporous Superlattice Consisting of Alternately Stacking Interstitial Nanospace within Binary Silica Colloidal Crystals
Authors: Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Shimbo Yosuke , Sakamoto Yasuhiro , Wada Hiroaki , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA novel class of nonclassical structures of mesoporous silica, namely a binary nanoparticle mesoporous superlattice (BNMS), is obtained by the assembly of silica nanospheres of different sizes into a binary colloidal crystal. The colloidal crystal has a CrB‐type structure and consists of alternate stacks of unary fcc and binary AlB2‐type structures along the b axis and has four types of interstitial mesopores. The BNMS can be deposited on a substrate by dip coating to form an oriented thin film in which the direction of the superstructure (b axis) is perpendicular to the substrate.
An α‐Helix‐Mimicking 12,13‐Helix: Designed α/β/γ‐Foldamers as Selective Inhibitors of Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Grison Claire M. , Miles Jennifer A. , Robin Sylvie , Wilson Andrew J. , Aitken David J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA major current challenge in bioorganic chemistry is the identification of effective mimics of protein secondary structures that act as inhibitors of protein–protein interactions (PPIs). In this work, trans‐2‐aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (tACBC) was used as the key β‐amino acid component in the design of α/β/γ‐peptides to structurally mimic a native α‐helix. Suitably functionalized α/β/γ‐peptides assume an α‐helix‐mimicking 12,13‐helix conformation in solution, exhibit enhanced proteolytic stability in comparison to the wild‐type α‐peptide parent sequence from which they are derived, and act as selective inhibitors of the p53/hDM2 interaction.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of 3D‐Printed Lock‐and‐Key Colloids through Shape Recognition
Authors: Tigges Thomas , Walther Andreas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProgress in colloid self‐assembly crucially depends on finding preparation methods for anisotropic particles with recognition motifs to facilitate the formation of superstructures. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that direct 3D laser writing can be used to fabricate uniform populations of anisotropic cone‐shaped particles that are suitable for self‐assembly through shape recognition. The driving force for the self‐assembly of the colloidal particles into linear supracolloidal polymers are depletion forces. The resulting supracolloidal fibrils undergo hierarchical ordering and form nematic liquid‐crystalline domains. Such a behavior could so far not be observed in the absence of an electric field. The study opens possibilities for using direct laser writing to prepare designed colloids on demand, and to study their self‐assembly.