bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ProP‐ProP and ProP‐phospholipid interactions determine the subcellular distribution of osmosensing transporter ProP in Escherichia coli
Authors: Romantsov Tatyana , Culham Doreen E. , Caplan Tavia , Garner Jennifer , Hodges Robert S. , Wood Janet M. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryOsmosensing transporter ProP protects bacteria from osmotically induced dehydration by mediating the uptake of zwitterionic osmolytes. ProP activity is a sigmoidal function of the osmolality. ProP orthologues share an extended, cytoplasmic C‐terminal domain. Orthologues with and without a C‐terminal, α‐helical coiled‐coil domain respond similarly to the osmolality. ProP concentrates at the poles and septa of Escherichia coli cells in a cardiolipin (CL)‐dependent manner. The roles of phospholipids and the C‐terminal domain in subcellular localization of ProP were explored. Liposome association of peptides representing the C‐terminal domains of ProP orthologues and variants in vitro was compared with subcellular localization of the corresponding orthologues and variants in vivo. In the absence of coiled‐coil formation, the C‐terminal domain bound liposomes and ProP concentrated at the cell poles in a CL‐independent manner. The presence of the coiled‐coil replaced those phenomena with CL‐dependent binding and localization. The effects of amino acid replacements on lipid association of the C‐terminal peptide fully recapitulated their effects on the subcellular localization of ProP. These data suggest that polar localization of ProP results from association of its C‐terminal domain with the anionic lipid‐enriched membrane at the cell poles. The coiled‐coil domain present on only some orthologues renders that phenomenon CL‐dependent.
Biological relevance of volatile organic compounds emitted during the pathogenic interactions between apple plants and Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Cellini Antonio , Buriani Giampaolo , Rocchi Lorenzo , Rondelli Elena , Savioli Stefano , Rodriguez Estrada Maria T. , Cristescu Simona M. , Costa Guglielmo , Spinelli Francesco 
Published: November 2016

SummaryVolatile organic compounds emitted during the infection of apple (Malus pumila var. domestica) plants by Erwinia amylovora or Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were studied by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction‐mass spectrometry, and used to treat uninfected plants. Infected plants showed a disease‐specific emission of volatile organic compounds, including several bio‐active compounds, such as hexenal isomers and 2,3‐butanediol. Leaf growth promotion and a higher resistance to the pathogen, expressed as a lower bacterial growth and migration in plant tissues, were detected in plants exposed to volatile compounds from E. amylovora‐infected plants. Transcriptional analysis revealed the activation of salicylic acid synthesis and signal transduction in healthy plants exposed to volatiles produced by E. amylovora‐infected neighbour plants. In contrast, in the same plants, salicylic acid‐dependent responses were repressed after infection, whereas oxylipin metabolism was activated. These results clarify some metabolic and ecological aspects of the pathogenic adaptation of E. amylovora to its host.
Role of physical activity in regulating appetite and body fat
Authors: Stensel D. J. , King J. A. , Thackray A. E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent articles in the press have questioned the role of physical activity in regulating appetite and controlling bodyweight. These articles can be confusing and misleading for the public. Yet this is a complex area and there is disagreement about the importance of physical activity even among academics. Uncertainty and misunderstanding in this area may be related to the heterogeneity of the term ‘physical activity’, which encompasses sporting pursuits with extremely high levels of energy expenditure over prolonged periods of time, as well as everyday tasks involving much lower levels of energy expenditure on an intermittent basis. This latter form of physical activity includes what has been termed ‘non‐exercise activity thermogenesis’. In the right circumstances, physical activity can make a major contribution to the maintenance of a healthy weight even in the absence of dietary control although a combination of the two is almost certain to be more effective. In the long‐term, evidence suggests that for most people exercise is likely to lead to only modest weight loss. This may be due to an insufficient amount of physical activity being performed together with compensatory changes in eating and exercise behaviours. This is hard to prove because energy intake and energy expenditure are difficult to quantify in free‐living situations. Individual differences in the way people respond to exercise due to both environmental (e.g. social class, education level, income, eating and exercise behaviours of family and peers, weather) and genetic factors also contribute to uncertainty about the effectiveness of physical activity for weight control. Nevertheless, physical activity remains a vital component of a healthy lifestyle due to its positive influence on energy balance as well as its potential to reduce the risk of lifestyle‐related diseases.
Connecting biology with psychology to make sense of appetite control
Authors: Rogers P. J. , Ferriday D. , Jebb S. A. , Brunstrom J. M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEating more than is required to maintain bodyweight is weakly resisted physiologically, as appetite does not closely track body energy balance. What does limit energy intake is the capacity of the gut to accommodate and process what is eaten. As the gut empties, we are ready to eat again. We typically refer to this absence of fullness as ‘hunger’, but in this state, even when it is prolonged (e.g. by missing one or two meals), our mental and physical performance is not compromised because body energy stores are mobilised to sustain energy supply to our brain and muscles. We illustrate this by discussing research on the effects of missing breakfast. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it appears that missing breakfast leads to a reduction in total daily energy intake and does not impair cognitive function (in adequately nourished individuals). The problem with missing a meal or eating smaller meals, however, is that we miss out on (some of) the pleasure of eating (food reward). In current studies, we are investigating how to offset the reduced reward value of smaller food portions, by, for example, altering flavour intensity, food variety and unit size, in order to maintain overall meal satisfaction and thereby reduce or eliminate subsequent compensatory eating.
Dialysate bacterial endotoxin as a prognostic indicator of peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis
Authors: Szeto Cheuk‐Chun , Lai Ka‐Bik , Chow Kai‐Ming , Kwan Bonnie Ching‐Ha , Law Man‐Ching , Pang Wing‐Fai , Ma Terry King‐Wing , Leung Chi‐Bon , Li Philip Kam‐Tao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPeritonitis is the major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The aim of our present study is to explore the prognostic value of endotoxin level in PD effluent for the prediction of treatment failure in PD‐related peritonitis. We studied 325 peritonitis episodes in 223 patients. PD effluent (PDE) was collected every 5 days for endotoxin level and leukocyte count. Patients were followed for relapsing or recurrent peritonitis. We found 20 episodes (6.2%) had primary treatment failure; 41 (12.6%) developed relapsing, 19 (5.8%) had recurrent, and 22 (6.8%) had repeat episodes. Endotoxin was detectable in the PDE of 19 episodes (24.4%) caused by Gram negative organisms, 4 episodes (6.8%) of mixed bacterial growth, and none of the culture negative episodes or those by Gram positive organisms. For episodes caused by Gram negative bacteria, a detectable endotoxin level in PDE on day 5 had a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7% and 83.3%, respectively, for predicting primary treatment failure. In contrast, PDE leukocyte count > 1000 per mm3 on day 5 had a sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% and 89.1%, respectively; the addition of PDE endotoxin assay did not improve the sensitivity or specificity. We conclude that detectable endotoxin in PDE 5 days after antibiotic therapy might predict primary treatment failure in peritonitis episodes caused by Gram negative organisms. However, the sensitivity and specificity of PDE endotoxin assay was inferior to PDE leukocyte count.
Interactive effects of water limitation and elevated temperature on the physiology, development and fitness of diverse accessions of Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Des Marais David L. , Lasky Jesse R. , Verslues Paul E. , Chang Trent Z. , Juenger Thomas E. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

An enduring question in plant physiology and evolution is how single genotypes of plants optimize performance in diverse, often highly variable, environments.

We grew 35 natural accessions of the grass Brachypodium distachyon in four environments in the glasshouse, contrasting soil water deficit, elevated temperature and their interaction. We modeled treatment, genotype and interactive effects on leaf‐level and whole‐plant traits, including fecundity. We also assessed the relationship between glasshouse‐measured traits and parameters related to climate at the place of origin.

We found abundant genetic variation in both constitutive and induced traits related to plant–water relations. Most traits showed strong interaction between temperature and water availability, and we observed genotype‐by‐environment interaction for several traits. Notably, leaf free proline abundance showed a strong effect of genotype × temperature × water. We found strong associations between phenology, biomass and water use efficiency (WUE) with parameters describing climate of origin.

Plants respond to multiple stressors in ways not directly predictable from single stressors, underscoring the complex and trait‐specific mechanisms of environmental response. Climate–trait correlations support a role for WUE and phenology in local adaptation to climate in B. distachyon.
Conservation of permanent teeth involved in dentigerous cysts in mixed dentition: a series of cases
Authors: Rizq M. , Al Ashwah A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness of marsupialization or decompression of dentigerous cysts involving the crowns of unerupted permanent teeth during the state of mixed dentition with observation of outcomes.Patients and methodsSix patients were included in this series. Two were females while the rest were males. They were operated under local anaesthesia except one who was operated under general anaesthesia.ResultsAll involved teeth erupted spontaneously without the need for orthodontic intervention in all but one patient, who required subsequent intervention. No adverse outcomes were recorded in our series.
Ultrasound‐Guided Peristyloid Steroid Injection for Eagle Syndrome
Authors: Maher Timothy , Shankar Hariharan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe styloid process arising from the temporal bone is normally about 2.5 cm in length. For various reasons, including trauma and inflammation, it may become elongated. This elongated styloid process, when symptomatic with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of local compression or neuropathic pain, is termed Eagle syndrome. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is characterized by intermittent shooting sharp pain in the jaw, throat, tongue, and ear. Conservative management includes anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, and anti‐inflammatory agents. Interventional and surgical options are pursued when these fail. Fluoroscopy is usually used to position the needle adjacent to the styloid process for injecting steroid and or local anesthetic. We describe a case of a 41‐year‐old woman with Eagle syndrome who failed conservative management and subsequently underwent an ultrasound‐guided peristyloid steroid injection with short‐duration pain relief.
De novo inflammatory bowel disease after pediatric kidney or liver transplant
Authors: Fernandes Melissa A. , Braun Hillary J. , Evason Kim , Rhee Sue , Perito Emily R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA subset of children who receive a liver and/or kidney transplant develop de novo inflammatory bowel disease‐like chronic intestinal inflammation, not explained by infection or medications, following transplant. We have conducted a single‐center, retrospective case series describing the unique clinical and histologic features of this IBD‐like chronic intestinal inflammation following solid organ transplant. At our center, nine of 327 kidney or liver recipients developed de novo IBD following transplant (six liver, two kidney, one liver‐kidney). Most children presented with prolonged hematochezia and diarrhea and were treated with aminosalicylates. At time of diagnosis, five were not currently using mycophenolate mofetil for transplant immunosuppression. Histologic and endoscopic findings at IBD diagnosis included inflammation, ulcerations, granulomas, and chronic colitis. Since diagnosis, no patients have required surgical intervention, or escalation to biologic therapy, nor developed stricturing or perianal disease. In this case series, de novo post‐transplant IBD developed in 4% of pediatric liver and/or kidney recipients; however, it often does not fit the classic patterns of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
Alemtuzumab (Campath‐1H) therapy for refractory rejections in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Das Bibhuti , Dimas Vivian , Guleserian Kristine , Lacelle Chantale , Anton Kristin , Moore Lindy , Morrow Robert 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDespite substantial improvements in survival after pediatric heart transplantation, refractory rejection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We have utilized ALE (Campath‐1H) in six consecutive patients with refractory rejection. These rejection episodes persisted despite conventional treatment, which included intravenous methylprednisolone, rituximab, immunoglobulin G, and antithymocyte globulin. In our series, after ALE therapy, LV SF increased from 22%±5% to 33%±5% (P=.01). However, in our series, ALE therapy neither led to persistent LV function recovery nor could it prevent subsequent antibody‐mediated rejection.
Critical in vivo roles of histamine and histamine receptor signaling in animal models of metabolic syndrome
Authors: Yamada Sohsuke , Tanimoto Akihide , Sasaguri Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHistamine, a classic low‐molecular‐weight amine, is synthesized from L‐histidine by histidine decarboxylase (HDC), and histamine‐specific receptors (HRs) are essential for its actions. Our serial in vivo studies have uniquely reported that expression of histamine/HRs is variably identified in atherosclerotic lesions, and that HDC‐gene knockout mice without histamine/HRs signaling show a marked reduction of atherosclerotic progression. These data have convinced us that histamine plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Among four subclasses of HRs, the expression profile of the main receptors (H1/2R) has been shown to be switched from H2R to H1R during monocyte to macrophage differentiation, and H1R is also predominant in smooth muscle and endothelial cells of atheromatous plaque. Using various animal models of H1/2R–gene knockout mice, H1R and H2R were found to reciprocally but critically regulate not only hypercholesterolemia‐induced atherosclerosis and injury‐induced arteriosclerosis, but also hyperlipidemia‐induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolic syndrome manifests obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and/or NAFLD, i.e. the dysregulation of lipid/bile acid/glucose metabolism. Therefore, although its etiology is complicated and multifactorial, histamine/HRs signaling has a close relationship with the development of metabolic syndrome. We herein review diverse, key in vivo roles of histamine/HR signaling in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.
Two Phytophthora species causing decline of wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris)
Authors: González M. , Pérez‐Sierra A. , Serrano M. S. , Sánchez M. E. 
Published: November 2016

Since 2009, a severe decline leading to mortality has been observed affecting nearly 5 ha of a wild olive woodland of high ecological value in Seville, southern Spain. Phytophthora cryptogea and P. megasperma were consistently isolated from roots and rhizosphere of trees with symptoms sampled in 2009, 2011 and 2013. The isolates were identified on the basis of colony and reproductive structure morphology as well as temperature–growth relationships, and identification was further corroborated by their ITS and β‐tubulin sequences. Koch's postulates were demonstrated for both species on 1‐year‐old wild olives. Pathogenicity tests showed that both Phytophthora spp. are highly aggressive pathogens, although temperature–growth requirements for each species were distinct. As a consequence, the two species may be active in different seasons and their epidemiology may be differently influenced by global climate change, and they may show their active periods in different climatic scenarios. The climate change models for the Mediterranean Basin forecast a global temperature increase that favours the more thermophilic P. cryptogea. The high susceptibility to phytophthora root rot should not be disregarded in olive breeding programmes where wild olive is used as a source of resistance to verticillium wilt.
Differential expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in canine early placenta
Authors: Diessler M , Ventureira M , Hernandez R , Sobarzo C , Casas L , Barbeito C , Cebral E 
Published: November 2016

ContentsThe zonary and endotheliochorial dog placenta is the most invasive placenta of carnivores. The importance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in placenta invasiveness has been determined in several mammals including species with haemochorial, epitheliochorial and endotheliochorial placentation. Regarding the latter, the expression of MMP enzymes has been studied in the cat and the mature canine placenta. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression and activity of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in the early dog placenta. Placentae from 18 to 30 days of pregnancy were collected from four bitches. Two placentae from each bitch were analysed. Placental tissue from one uterine horn was fixed in formaldehyde for immunohistochemistry, while marginal haematoma, labyrinth, non‐implantative and implantative endometrium from the contralateral horn were immediately frozen in dry ice for the analysis of MMP expression (Western blot [WB]) and activity (zymography). MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 were evidenced in the labyrinth, maternal glands and marginal haematoma; this finding was directly correlated with levels of MMP expression by WB, and with the activity of MMP‐2, mainly in the haematoma (the area of major remodelling of tissues). Thus, although MMP‐9 is well expressed in the early canine placenta, it is not active. Given the important role of MMPs for invasiveness, maternal–foetal angiogenesis and the establishment of a correct foetal nutrition, the results are consistent with the findings in other species in which the MMP‐2 activation precedes the MMP‐9 one in early placentation.
Identification and changes in the seasonal concentrations of heat shock proteins in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) epididymides
Authors: Majewska AM , Kordan W , Koziorowska‐Gilun M , Wysocki P 
Published: November 2016

ContentsHeat shock proteins (HSPs) act as molecular chaperones with important regulatory functions. HSPs are considered to be essential factors in animal reproduction. In view of seasonal variations in the secretory activity of the reproductive tract of mature roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), the aims of this study were to identify HSPs in the epididymides and compare the expression of the identified proteins in three periods of the reproductive season. Two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the highest number of polypeptides in homogenates of epididymal tissues and in caput, corpus and cauda epididymal fluids throughout the reproductive season. Epididymal tissue homogenates and epididymal fluids were analysed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to reveal 31 polypeptides with enzymatic activity, including polypeptides with antioxidant properties, structural and cell signalling functions. Moreover, among the identified polypeptides, five of them were similar to heat shock proteins: endoplasmin (Grp94); heat shock protein 90 kDa (HSP90); 78‐kDa glucose‐regulated protein (Grp78); chain A, the crystal structure of the human HSP70 ATPase domain and heat shock protein beta‐1 isoform X. The concentrations of the analysed polypeptides, expressed in optical density units (ODU), differed significantly (p ≤ .05) across the examined periods of the reproductive season. The highest ODU values for almost all analysed proteins were observed during the rutting period. The presence of HSPs in the epididymal tissues and fluids of roe deer in different periods of the reproductive season could indicate that those proteins play an important role in sperm maturation in the epididymis.
Natural and artificial hyperimmune solutions: Impact on health in puppies
Authors: Mila H , Grellet A , Mariani C , Feugier A , Guard B , Suchodolski J , Steiner J , Chastant‐Maillard S 
Published: November 2016

ContentsColostrum and milk are complex mammary secretions providing the puppy with many nutritional and immunological factors, which play a crucial role for its correct development and survival. In the case of colostrum and/or milk intake deficiency, puppies are at increased risk of infectious diseases. This work reviews the various nutritional hyperimmune supplementations proposed to provide a passive immune protection and to positively impact puppies’ health. Some strategies rely on canine immunoglobulins: canine colostrum banking and canine serum/plasma supplementation. Others involve heterologous sources of antibodies and other immune factors: bovine colostrum or hyperimmune egg powder. Among the different solutions evaluated from birth to weaning, canine plasma and hyperimmune egg powder showed promising beneficial effect on puppies’ health. Canine plasma seems to positively impact not only growth (increased growth during the neonatal period), but also digestive health (higher species richness of intestinal microbiota) and the general health (tendency of lower morbidity). Puppies supplemented with hyperimmune egg powder presented increased neonatal growth and decreased risk of canine parvovirus infection. Nevertheless, natural canine maternal colostrum and milk ingestion remains the optimal guarantee for puppies’ health and survival, as a source of immunity, energy and growth factors.