bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replication Errors Made During Oogenesis Lead to Detectable De Novo mtDNA Mutations in Zebrafish Oocytes with a Low mtDNA Copy Number
Authors: Otten Auke B C , Stassen Alphons P M , Adriaens Michiel , Gerards Mike , Dohmen Richard G J , Timmer Adriana J , Vanherle Sabina J V , Kamps Rick , Boesten Iris B W , Vanoevelen Jo M , Muller Marc , Smeets Hubert J M 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Of all pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in humans, ∼25% is de novo, although the occurrence in oocytes has never been directly assessed. We used next-generation sequencing to detect point mutations directly in the mtDNA of 3–15 individual mature oocytes and three somatic tissues from eight zebrafish females. Various statistical and biological filters allowed reliable detection of de novo variants with heteroplasmy ≥1.5%. In total, we detected 38 de novo base substitutions, but no insertions or deletions. These 38 de novo mutations were present in 19 of 103 mature oocytes, indicating that ∼20% of the mature oocytes carry at least one de novo mutation with heteroplasmy ≥1.5%. This frequency of de novo mutations is close to that deducted from the reported error rate of polymerase gamma, the mitochondrial replication enzyme, implying that mtDNA replication errors made during oogenesis are a likely explanation. Substantial variation in the mutation prevalence among mature oocytes can be explained by the highly variable mtDNA copy number, since we previously reported that ∼20% of the primordial germ cells have a mtDNA copy number of ≤73 and would lead to detectable mutation loads. In conclusion, replication errors made during oogenesis are an important source of de novo mtDNA base substitutions and their location and heteroplasmy level determine their significance.
Chromatin Association of Gcn4 Is Limited by Post-translational Modifications Triggered by its DNA-Binding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Akhter Akhi , Rosonina Emanuel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Gcn4 is expressed during amino acid starvation, and its abundance is controlled by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Cdk8, a kinase component of the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex, phosphorylates Gcn4, which triggers its ubiquitination/proteolysis, and is thought to link Gcn4 degradation with transcription of target genes. In addition to phosphorylation and ubiquitination, we previously showed that Gcn4 becomes sumoylated in a DNA-binding dependent manner, while a nonsumoylatable form of Gcn4 showed increased chromatin occupancy, but only if Cdk8 was present. To further investigate how the association of Gcn4 with chromatin is regulated, here we examine determinants for Gcn4 sumoylation, and how its post-translational modifications are coordinated. Remarkably, artificially targeting Gcn4 that lacks its DNA binding domain to a heterologous DNA site restores sumoylation at its natural modification sites, indicating that DNA binding is sufficient for the modification to occur in vivo. Indeed, we find that neither transcription of target genes nor phosphorylation are required for Gcn4 sumoylation, but blocking its sumoylation alters its phosphorylation and ubiquitination patterns, placing Gcn4 sumoylation upstream of these Cdk8-mediated modifications. Strongly supporting a role for sumoylation in limiting its association with chromatin, a hyper-sumoylated form of Gcn4 shows dramatically reduced DNA occupancy and expression of target genes. Importantly, we find that Cdk8 is at least partly responsible for clearing hyper-sumoylated Gcn4 from DNA, further implicating sumoylation as a stimulus for Cdk8-mediated phosphorylation and degradation. These results support a novel function for SUMO in marking the DNA-bound form of a transcription factor, which triggers downstream processes that limit its association with chromatin, thus preventing uncontrolled expression of target genes.
Setting aside Transactions from Pyramid Schemes as Impeachable Dispositions under South African Insolvency Legislation
Authors: Mabe Zingapi 
Published: October 2016

South African courts have experienced a rise in the number of cases involving schemes that promise a return on investment with interest rates which are considerably above the maximum amount allowed by law, or schemes which promise compensation from the active recruitment of participants. These schemes, which are often referred to as pyramid or Ponzi schemes, are unsustainable operations and give rise to problems in the law of insolvency. Investors in these schemes are often left empty-handed upon the scheme’s eventual collapse and insolvency. Investors who received pay-outs from the scheme find themselves in the defence against the trustee’s claims for the return of the pay-outs to the insolvent estate. As the schemes are illegal and the pay-outs are often in terms of void agreements, the question arises whether they can be returned to the insolvent estate. A similar situation arose in Griffiths v Janse van Rensburg 2015 ZASCA 158 (26 October 2015). The point of contention in this case was whether the illegality of the business of the scheme was a relevant consideration in determining whether the pay-outs were made in the ordinary course of business of the scheme.
This paper discusses pyramid schemes in the context of impeachable dispositions in terms of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936.
Adverse Local Tissue Reaction in Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Evans David C , Miller Ross A , Incavo Stephen J. 
Published: October 2016

<p>Total hip replacement (THR) utilizing metal-on-polyethylene articulations was successful for many years. Modifications in materials and implant designs were created to improve wear and allow greater ability to adjust the implant position, optimizing joint mechanics. Three recent cobalt-chromium designs that involve metal to metal contact (metal-on-metal or MoM, modular neck-stems, large metal femoral heads) have produced metal debris through corrosion, releasing cobalt ions around the implant. Unfortunately, these metal nanoparticles have led to a wide spectrum of soft tissue destruction called adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR). This review article assesses ALTR following THR using MoM cobalt-chromium designs, as well as the diagnostic testing used to identify at risk hips. Findings revealed that a possible explanation for ALTR is hypersensitivity to cobalt with lymphocytic perivascular infiltration, known as aseptic lymphocytic vasculitis associated lesion (ALVAL). Solid or cystic masses called “pseudotumors” may also form around the implant. Given the destructive nature of ALTR to the surrounding capsule, muscle, and bone, surgical revision of the MoM junction is generally required. In addition to physical examination and x-rays, diagnosis now depends on drawing serum cobalt and chromium levels, as well as the use of a metal artifact reduction suppression (MARS) MRI.</p><p>The authors believe that the optimal design and bearing surface for THR is a titanium femoral stem and acetabulum with a ceramic femoral head (32 or 36 mm) articulating on a polyethylene acetabular insert. Manufacturers have now produced a polyethylene with superior bearing characteristics, as evidenced by minimal wear after five to ten years of implantation. </p>
The Comparison of Children’s Caloric Expenditure During Elementary Physical Education Class And Free-Choice Recess Time
Authors: Simmons Shannon , Turner Megan 
Published: October 2016

<p>The physical benefits of structured physical education (PE) classes and free-choice recess time in elementary school and how they compare to each other is unknown. National health objectives encourage 50% of PE class time being spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), while no set standards for elementary recess exist. PURPOSE: To determine if a difference existed in the caloric amounts expended by elementary age children during structured physical education class compared to free-choice recess time. METHODS: Twenty-eight third and fourth grade children (male= 18, female= 10) were recorded, with a hip-placed accelerometer, during one day each of PE class and recess time. Each recording lasted exactly 30 minutes and they were taken a day apart. Data was collected during a three week period in which the PE class participated in tennis and badminton. RESULTS: A paired samples t-test compared differences in steps, total energy expenditure (EE), total EE in males, and average kilocalories expended per minute. Steps: t(26) = 3.79, p=.001; total EE:t(27) = 1.85, p= .075; total EE (males): t(17) = 3.78, p= .006; energy expenditure per minute: t(26) = 1.75, p= .091. The average percentage of time spent in MVPA during PE was 64.37%. CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant difference in total EE in males and steps, with recess being higher than PE class. Further tests on the steps showed this also was only significantly different in the male children. It is important to note, on average, the children met the national objective and spent over 50% of the PE class period in MVPA. </p>
Review of Breast Screening Guidelines and Disease Management for the Primary Care Physician
Authors: Sanders Linda M 
Published: October 2016

This review article discusses the most recent recommendations for screening for breast cancer issued by the United States Preventitive Services Task Force in January 2016 and the criticisms of those recommendations. This article also reviews the most common breast complaints seen by the primary care physician, including the inflamed breast, palpable concerns, and nipple discharge. Included is a discussion of "the dense breast" which has become a national issue. 28 states have passed breast density laws designed to raise awareness of the masking effect of increased breast density on mammogram on the detection of breast cancer.
The Impact Of Gender Equity On Delay Time For Hip Fracture Surgery
Authors: Brown Adalsteinn , Levinton Carey 
Published: October 2016

<p>Purpose : The objective of this study was to examine whether in a single payer health care system with universal coverage gender equity plays a role in the delays to surgery following hip fracture.</p><p>Methods: Decision tree analysis was used to determine which interactions of patient characteristics, including health status, comorbidities and socio-economic factors, were most significant in segmenting the population into relatively homogeneous sub-groups based on delay in surgery following a hip fracture. Lorenz curves were then used to compute a gini coefficient – a common measure of equality – based on the subgroups formed through the decision tree analysis.</p><p>Results: Women were five years older on average, had higher blood pressure and greater prevalence of arthritis or rheumatism. The gini coefficient for a delay of two or more days resulted in non-significant equity scores of 0.09 (0.05,0.14) and 0.12 (0.07,0.17) for women and men respectively.</p><p>Conclusions: There were no significant differences in delays for hip fracture surgery between men and women, suggesting that – in contrast to other indications for hospitalization – gender plays relatively little role in determining timeliness of access.</p><strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
A REVIEW OF ICD ANTITACHYCARDIA THERAPY PROGRAMMING WITH OUR RECOMMENDED GENERIC PROGRAMMING TEMPLATE FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PREVENTION
Authors: Sadiq Ali Farhia , Boles Usama , Gul Enus , Glover Ben , Redfearn Damian , Simpson Chris , Baranchuk Adrian , Abdollah Hoshiar , Michael Kevin 
Published: October 2016

<p>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) remains the main therapeutic option in reducing sudden cardiac death . Several randomized trials and registries have shown that ICDs extend survival in patients with severely impaired left ventricular function and mild to moderate heart failure . The delivery of ICD shocks remain an important source of mortality and morbidity. They are potentially proarrhythmic if delivered inappropriately and can worsen heart failure. Shocks are also painful, cause significant anxiety and can also lead to a post-traumatic stress disorder . Inappropriate ICD shocks remain also contribute a significant burden to ICD therapies. We provide an overview of important ICD trials and evolution of anti-tachycardia therapy and identify the principles on which the programming recommendations can be based to safely minimise anti-tachycardia therapies. </p>
FALL PREVENTION PRIMER FOR THE PRIMARY CARE PRACTIONER:
Authors: Renfro, PhD, DPT, CPH, PT Mindy Oxman , Maring, EdD, DPT, PT Joyce , Bainbridge, EdD, PT, AT-Ret Donna 
Published: October 2016

<p><strong>ABSTRACT:</strong></p><p>One of three older adults age 65+ fall each year, and every 20 minutes an older adult dies due to injuries sustained during a fall. Yet, most patients do not report falls to their physician. Primary care practitioners (PCPs) are well positioned to screen for fall risk and add proactive referral patterns to both well-selected practitioners and evidence-based fall prevention (EBFP) programs designed to help older patients stay healthy, active, and independent.</p><p>The purposes of this review are to summarize the data related to the impact of falls; review efficient and reliable screening tools that identify individuals at high fall risk; describe appropriate referrals that facilitate a match between individual specific risk factors and interventions; and, highlight evidence-based fall prevention (EBFP) programs available to significantly decrease fall risk with outstanding return on investment.</p><p>Simple administrative changes in a PCP’s practice accompanied by appropriate referrals will result in proactive fall prevention including lower rates of falls and fall injuries and fewer hospitalizations and/or hospital readmissions. Fall risk screening can be built into practice to seamlessly add services without impacting practitioner productivity. Additionally, reporting fall risk screening and prevention activities in the Physician Quality Reporting System will positively impact practice Medicare reimbursement rates.</p>
Primary Thoracic Aortic Coarctation in Adults: Endovascular Treatment with Thoracic Covered Stents
Authors: Allen Keith Blaine , Dryton Gillian R. , Forman John M. , Khicha Sanjay Khicha , Puggioni Alessandra , Gorton Michael E. , Laster Steve B. , Borkon A. Michael 
Published: October 2016

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>Primary aortic coarctation (PAC) has been successfully managed in younger patients with uncovered stents. We describe the use of covered thoracic stents to successfully manage PAC diagnosed in adults.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> From 2010-2014, nine previously undiagnosed primary thoracic aortic coarctations were identified at five centers. Endovascular management was undertaken using covered thoracic stents (CTAG, W.L. Gore &amp; Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) by themselves or in combination with abdominal aortic extension cuffs (Excluder Extension Cuffs, W.L. Gore &amp; Associates, Flagstaff, AZ). In addition to demographics, endpoints evaluated in this retrospective review included operative details, procedural complications and follow up. </p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong> Four patients presented with asymptomatic upper extremity hypertension while five patients presented with cerebral (1), colonic (2) or lower extremity (2) ischemia. The median age at diagnosis was 55 (range 27-76). All nine patients (5 females/4males) were successfully treated using covered stents. There were no perioperative complications including death, spinal cord ischemia, or vascular access morbidity. Average length of stay was 3 days (range 2-5). Vascular access was obtained utilizing a femoral cut down in all patients. Graft deployment was facilitated using 30mg of adenosine in four patients. Pre deployment balloon angioplasty was not performed; however, all grafts were dilated post deployment. Mean preoperative gradient across the coarctation was 65mm (range 42-82mm) which was reduced to zero in all cases following stenting. Average follow up was 3.2 (range 2-6 years) years without evidence of recurrence. </p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The use of covered thoracic stents for the primary treatment of coarctation of the descending thoracic aorta is feasible and offers a potential alternative to open surgical repair.</p>
Minimally invasive soft tissue reconstruction with free peroneal artery perforator flap
Authors: Kawamura Kenji , Yajima Hiroshi , Omokawa Shohei , Shimizu Takamasa , Maegawa Naoki , Onishi Tadanobu , Hayami Naoki , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: October 2016

<p> </p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> The development of a concept of perforator flap has dramatically changed the soft tissue reconstructive surgery. The surgery with perforator flaps enables to minimize donor-site morbidity by preserving important tissues including the muscle and the major vessel. The peroneal artery perforator flap is one of perforator flaps that can be harvested from the lower leg. The peroneal artery perforator flap has been widely used as a local flap for soft tissue reconstruction in the lower extremity; however, the free peroneal artery perforator flap transfer has been little reported. Utilities of the free peroneal artery perforator flap for soft tissue reconstruction of the extremities are reported, and minimally invasive flap surgery with perforator flaps is reviewed.</span></p><p> </p>
Determining the sample size necessary to pass the tentative final monograph pre-operative skin preparation study requirements
Authors: Paulson Daryl S. 
Published: October 2016

<p>Predicting the sample size needed to pass the Food and Drug Administration’s current requirements for the preoperative skin preparation can be very difficult. The purpose of the original FDA formula is detect if the test and positive control products are different and if the test product achieves greater reductions than the control product. The new Tentative Final monograph includes specific requirements for the lower bounds of the 95% confidence interval and the 70% responder rates. To meet these requirements, it is important to first conduct a pilot study to determine whether the products will pass the 70% responder rate and then determine the correct sample size correctly to ensure the 95% confidence level is 70% or above.</p>
Effects of antenatal pelvic floor preparation techniques on the perineal integrity: a randomized controlled trial protocol
Authors: Alves Priscila Godoy Januário Martins , Cavalli Ricardo De Carvalho , Bertacini Daiane Munhoz Mira , Driusso Patricia 
Published: October 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of perineal massage, vaginal dilator and pelvic floor muscles training on the perineal integrity of primiparae women<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Primigravidae women over 18 years old will be selected, from the 32th gestational week and wishing to have a vaginal delivery<span lang="EN-IN">.</span>Pregnant women will be randomly allocated from a sequence generated by a computer program into three groups: perineal massage, vaginal dilator and pelvic floor muscles training. The technique should be practiced from the 34th week of pregnancy until the beginning of labor. Randomization will be done by a researcher who was not involved with the recruitment, assessment and treatment of the participants. All participants will undergo a clinical and functional assessment of the pelvic floor before the beginning of the technique practice, as well as a reassessment of these items and an assessment of perineal integrity between 45 and 60 days after delivery for a blind physiotherapist regarding the interventional procedures. The evaluative procedures will be done by a ‘blinded’ physiotherapist in relation to the intervention procedures.<span lang="EN-IN"> The outcome will be determined by </span>the perineal integrity by the presence or absence of perineal laceration as well as their characteristics observed immediately after delivery<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The knowledge of the effects of antenatal pelvic floor preparation techniques on the perineal integrity and pelvic floor muscles function after delivery, will allow a better choice about which approach is the best to pregnant women to prevent perineal trauma.</p>
Randomized clinical trial of a motivational interdisciplinary intervention based on the transtheoretical model of change for lifestyle modification in overweight/obese adolescents: MERC study protocol
Authors: Ribeiro Fernanda A. , Boff Raquel M. , Feoli Ana M. P. , Gustavo Andreia S. , Donadio Márcio Vinícius Fagundes , Oliveira Margareth S. 
Published: October 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Obesity worldwide has more than doubled between 1980 and 2014, and this number has grown substantially in adolescents. An increase in this number can be prevented with the modification of lifestyle, healthy food choices and regular physical activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a motivational interdisciplinary intervention based on the transtheoretical model of change for lifestyle modification in overweight/obese adolescents. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">A randomized, single-blind clinical trial with a control group, which aims to recruit 120 overweight/obese adolescents aged between 15-18 years (BMI ≥ 85th percentile). The sample will be selected through announcements in print media, social networks, television and radio. Groups will meet weekly over three months. The control group will receive a traditional health education intervention using pedagogy of transmission. The experimental group will receive a group-based motivational interdisciplinary intervention using a motivational interdisciplinary protocol based on the transtheoretical model of change.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results of this randomized clinical trial will determine if the motivational interdisciplinary intervention based on the transtheoretical model of change has an impact on lifestyle modification of the overweight/obese adolescents. If successful, the MERC program has the potential for application in different treatment scenarios, including that of the public health system.</p><p class="abstract"> </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Trial Registration:</strong> The protocol for this study is registered with the Clinical Trial Registry (NTC02455973) and the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR-234nb5).</p>