bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Database Support for Geologists - An Example from the Lower Rhine Basin
Authors: Breunig M. , Balovnev O. , Cremers A.B. , Shumilov S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWithin the collaborative research centre SFB350 at the University of Bonn a component software called GeoToolKit has been developed, which is intended to facilitate the design and implementation of 3D/4D geological applications. It provides a range of geo-oriented software building blocks for application developers involving database management system based spatial and temporal data maintenance, support for efficient spatial and temporal retrieval, communication, visualization and graphical interfaces which the user could assemble in a ready-to-use application. As such, GeoToolKit is not a GIS-in-a-box package - rather it is a library of C++ classes that allows the incorporation of spatial functionality within an application under development. It is primarily oriented towards software engineers with the C++ experience involved in the development of specialpurpose geological applications, which can hardly be modelled within standard GISs. We present applications using GeoToolKit, which have been developed to support the geological reconstruction of the Lower Rhine Basin.
Long-term river terrace sequences: Evidence for global increases in surface uplift rates in the Late Pliocene and early Middle Pleistocene caused by flow in the lower continental crust induced by surface processes
Authors: Westaway R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLong-term river terrace sequences reveal that many regions have uplifted by several hundred metres since the Middle Pliocene. They indeed provide evidence of a global increase in uplift rates in die Late Pliocene, followed by a calm period then a renewed increase around the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary. It is suggested that this uplift pattern has resulted from thickening of the continental crust caused by flow in the lower crust which has been induced by cyclic surface loading caused by growth and decay of ice sheets and the associated global sea-level fluctuations. Observed uplift histories are modelled using a technique which incorporates increases in the strength of forcing of this process caused by step changes in the intensity of glaciations starting at~3.1,~2.5,~1.2, and~0.9 Ma.
Fluvial deposits as a record for Late Quaternary neotectonic activity in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands
Authors: Cohen K.M. , Stouthamer E. , Berendsen H.J.A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNeotectonic movements have caused differential subsidence in the Lower Rhine Embayment during the Quaternary. The Late Weichselian and Holocene Rhine-Meuse fluvial archive in the central Netherlands was used to quantify neotectonic movements in a setting that was primarily controlled by sea-level rise and climate change. Evidence for neotectonic activity in the central Netherlands is reviewed. Sedimentary evidence shows that fluvial deposits of Late Weichselian and Holocene Rhine and Meuse (Maas) distributaries are vertically displaced along the northern shoulder of the Roer Valley Graben system. Elevation differences in the longitudinal profiles of Late Weichselian terrace deposits were used to quantify tectonic displacements. New results for the southeastern Rhine-Meuse delta (Maaskant area) show that displacements in the top of the Pleniglacial terrace along the Peel Boundary Fault are up to 1.4 m. The maximum displacement between the Peel Horst and the Roer Valley Graben is 2.3 m. This is equivalent to relative tectonic movement rates of 0.09-0.15 mm/yr, averaged over the last 15,000 years.
The evolution of river valleys in Lithuania from deglaciation to recent changes and data from the sediment infill of oxbow lakes
Authors: Gaigalas A. , Dvareckas V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGeneralized analysis of geological-geomorphological structures of river valleys in Lithuania has been carried-out. Lithuania’s fluvial topography results from the retreat of the Scandinavian Nemunas (= Vistulian and/or Valdaian) Glaciation, as is shown by the study of geomorphological structures in the recent river valleys (representing the last 15,000 years), which were formed as the ice sheets progressively retreated and ice-barrier lakes were drained. Oxbows in the river valleys are most often located on the floodplain itself and on the first terrace above the floodplain. The oxbow lakes are subdivided into two groups: (1) formed in the near-river stage and (2) formed in the lake-bog stage. Separate development phases can be recognized within both groups of oxbow lakes. The more organic components of oxbow deposits provide specific information for palaeoecological reconstructions.Anthropogenic changes to the natural landscapes of Lithuania have resulted in considerable geological transformation of rivers. Increased sediment volume, shallowing, silting and overgrowing of channels, lateral erosion of floodplains and the spread of ravine erosion on valley-side slopes are all phenomena characteristic of all the valleys in Lithuania. At present the natural components of river valleys and their ecosystems are being changed, mainly with negative consequences for humans.
Reactive-Transport modeling as a technique for understanding coupled biogeochemical processes in surface and subsurface environments
Authors: Regnier P. , Jourabchi P. , Slomp C.P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReactive-transport models contribute significantly to the field of modern geosciences. A general mathematical approach to solving models of complex biogeochemical systems is introduced. It is argued that even though mathematical models for reactive-transport simulations can be developed at various levels of approximation, the approach for their construction and application to the various compartments of the hydrosphere is fundamentally the same. The workings of coupled transport-reaction systems are described in more detail by means of examples, which demonstrate the similarities in the approach. Three models of the carbon dynamics in redox-stratified environments are compared: porous media flow problems in a coastal sediment and in a contaminated groundwater system; and a surface flow problem in a eutrophic estuary. Considering the interdisciplinary nature of such models, a Knowledge Base System for biogeochemical processes is proposed. Incorporation of the proposed knowledge base in an appropriate modeling framework, such as the Biogeochemical Reaction Network Simulator, proves an effective approach to the modeling of complex natural systems. This methodology allows for construction of multi-component reactive-transport models applicable to a wide range of problems of interest to the geoscientist.
Radionuclide transport in clay during climate change
Authors: Wildenborg A.F.B. , Orlic B. , Thimus J.F. , de Lange G. , de Cock S. , de Leeuw C.S. , Veling E.J.M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Dutch national research programme into the feasibility of retrievable storage of radioactive waste (CORA Programme Phase I; CORA: Comité Opslag Radioactief Afval = Committee on Radioactive Waste Disposal) examined the suitability of Tertiary clay deposits for such storage. Long-term isolation – up to 1 million years – of high-level radioactive waste under varying conditions is essential. A key concern is the hydro-mechanical response of the clay deposits in which radioactive waste might possibly be stored, in particular during glacial climate conditions as has happened repeatedly in the Netherlands during the Pleistocene. To evaluate this possibility hydro-mechanical computer simulations and mechanical laboratory experiments have been performed to analyse the effects of glacial loading by a thousand-metre-thick ice sheet on the permeability characteristics, fluid flow rates and the associated migration of radio-nuclides both within and out of Tertiary clays.Glacial loading causes the expulsion of pore water from deeply buried clay deposits into adjoining aquifers. The rates and duration of the consolidation-driven outflow of water from the clay deposit, are very sensitive to the permeability of the clay and the dynamics of the advancing ice sheet. The maximum outflow rate of pore water is 1 mm per year. This rate is approximately three times faster than the flow rate of water in clay prior to ice loading. These preliminary simulation studies also indicate that cyclic loading can result in more rapid migration of radio-nuclides in clays. In clay deposits that are covered by a thick ice sheet, the contribution of dispersed transport relative to the total transport by diffusion amounts to 14%, assuming that there is no absorption of radio-nuclides by the clays and a longitudinal dispersivity of 50 m.
History of petroleum systems in the southern part of the Broad Fourteens Basin
Authors: Verweij J.M. , Simmelink H.J. , Van Balen R.T. , David P. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract2D Basin modelling was used to evaluate the response of source rock maturation, and of petroleum expulsion, migration, accumulation and preservation to the evolution of the southern part of the inverted Broad Fourteens Basin. Modelling results show that the temperature, maturation and petroleum generation history as well as migration characteristics of both the Jurassic oil systems and the Carboniferous gas systems vary over short distances relative to the differences in burial history of the basin. Model results indicate that no major gas accumulations are preserved in the Slochteren Formation along the cross-section at present-day. Gas accumulations are predicted in sandstone-dominated Triassic units in the southern part of the section. Present-day oil accumulations predicted in the Vlieland Sandstone Formation sealed by the Vlieland Claystone Formation (in P9 and Q1 crestal structures) are in accordance with known oil accumulations. Additional oil accumulations are predicted in the sandstone-dominated Middle Werkendam Member, and in sandstones of the Delfland Subgroup.The modelling offers an explanation for the different geochemical compositions of the accumulated oils in the P9 and Q1 areas. Modelling implies, that the oils in the Q1 oil field were sourced by remigrated oils expelled over time, from early mature to mature source rocks of the Posidonia Shale Formation. The biodegraded and water-washed nature of the Q1 oil is explained by the concentrated topography-induced groundwater flow through the Vlieland Sandstone Formation during the Late Cretaceous inversion of the basin. The oils accumulated in the P9 area were sourced from an early mature part of the Posidonia Shale Formation and were probably not affected by water washing and biodegradation because of post-inversion charging of the reservoir.
A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphical framework for Great Britain
Authors: McMillan A.A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of a provisional lithostratigraphical framework for the Quaternary and Neogene deposits of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) (onshore). The objective is to provide a workable framework to aid future Quaternary mapping and research, and a stratigraphical scheme capable of use in a wide variety of applications. Using the full hierarchy, a supergroup, group and subgroup lithostratigraphy, based upon the primary mapping unit, the formation, is proposed. It is recommended that some classes of lithogenetically-defined deposits which, at present cannot be accorded formational status, should be assigned informally to one of the proposed groups or subgroups. The framework distinguishes one superficial deposits supergroup within which seven groups are defined: i) Crag Group, marine deposits (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene); ii), Dunwich Group, fluvial deposits (pre-Anglian/pre-Elsterian); iii) Residual Deposits Group; iv) British Coastal Deposits Group, coastal and marine deposits (Anglian to Holocene); v) Britannia Catchments Group, fluvial, organic and mass movement deposits (Anglian to Holocene) within broadly defined catchment areas related to Late Devensian to present-day physiography; vi) Albion Glacigenic Group, glacigenic deposits (pre-Devensian/pre-Weichselian), and vii) Caledonia Glacigenic Group, glacigenic deposits (Devensian/Weichselian). North of the Devensian (Weichselian) ice-sheet limit, a series of glacigenic subgroups are defined geographically for the two glacigenic groups on the basis of mappable formations of till. The subgroups include associated formations of glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits. Consequently some of the glacigenic water-lain units may extend beyond the Devensian limit. Catchment subgroups of the Britannia Catchments Group are proposed for formations and lithogenetic units defined within broad present-day physiographic regions by major river drainage systems that have developed since Middle Pleistocene time. Lithostratigraphical description and correlation of formations will aid the refinement of the proposed framework and enable the development of lithostratigraphical maps and three-dimensional models. As well as offering a unified framework for onshore Quaternary and Neogene deposits the proposed supergroup, group and subgroup structure may prove useful for a wide range of regional applications (e.g. hydrological, hydrogeological, engineering).
Geological characteristics and geotechnical properties of Eocene and Quaternary deposits on the Belgian continental shelf: synthesis in the context of offshore wind farming
Authors: Bot S. Le , Van Lancker V. , Deleu S. , De Batist M. , Henriet J.P. , Haegeman W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe present study consists of a synthesis of the lithostratigraphy, geotechnical properties, geometry and distribution of Eocene and Quaternary deposits of the Belgian continental shelf. It is based on available large datasets (seismics, cores, cone penetration tests) and their interpretations synthesised from numerous studies from the last 20 years. A significant effort has been focused on data digitisation and integration into appropriate GIS software packages in order to compare the data in a much more dynamic and flexible way. New insights have been proposed on the lithostratigraphy and geotechnical properties of offshore and onland deposits.An application is presented for the selection of wind farm implantation sites. Geological and geotechnical aspects of direct interest for wind farm implantation site selection have been focused on, such as the stability of the offshore wind turbine structures and the minimization of environmental impacts on the seabed. Sites suitable for wind turbines using monopile structures on the Belgian continental shelf are proposed.
Comparing different shallow geophysical methods in a tidal estuary, Verdronken Land van Saeftinge, Western Scheldt, the Netherlands
Authors: Missiaen T. , Slob E. , Donselaar M.E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn order to validate existing models of sedimentation in active sedimentary environments, detailed stratigraphic information is indispensable. Near-surface geophysical methods provide a means to acquire high-resolution images of the stratigraphic succession in the shallow subsurface. Land-based and marine methods have been tested in the Verdronken Land van Saeftinge. This intertidal flat area is cut by numerous tidal gullies, and high tidal amplitudes enable the application of different techniques at various water levels. Data acquisition focused on the upper 10 – 20 m of the active sediment bodies. Applied techniques include high-resolution seismic acquisition, geo-electrical methods (DC resistivity), electromagnetic techniques, CPT, and manual drilling. In general the acoustic methods allowed more reliable and detailed interpretation of the sedimentary structures than the electric/electromagnetic methods. The latter suffered from the effect of tidal action and salt-water intrusion, and their application on land proved very strenuous. CPT and shallow cores provided valuable ground-truth information. The results clearly indicate that no single technique can provide all the answers. Only an integrated use of (complementary) methods will allow getting a better grip on the sedimentary architecture and preservation potential in active estuarine sedimentary environments.
Geo(Im)pulse | River Meuse suspended sediment yield: a new estimate and past estimates revisited
Authors: Ward P.J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDespite increasing research into changes in the discharge of the River Meuse, estimates of the river’s sediment yield are less forthcoming. Three published studies (in 1883, 1982, and 1987) have estimated suspended sediment yield at the Belgian-Dutch border; the latter two studies surmise that this increased substantially between the late 19th and 20th Centuries. In this paper a more recent and longer time-series of observed discharge and suspended sediment data (1995 – 2005) is used to estimate mean annual suspended sediment yield (ca. 386,000 Mg.a−1), and the results of the previous studies are revisited. New insights suggest that those studies do not in themselves provide evidence of increased sediment yield: the higher estimates in the late 20th Century could equally be due to interannual variability or methodological differences. Furthermore, there has been no significant increase in rainfall erosivity between the late 19th and 20th Centuries, and the effect of land use change over that time would have been to cause a decrease in suspended sediment yield, rather than an increase.
Revision of the late Carboniferous megaflora from the De Lutte-06 well (Twente, the Netherlands), and its stratigraphical implications
Authors: van Waveren I.M. , Abbink O.A. , van Hoof T.B. , van Konijnenburg - van Cittert J.H.A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBiostratigraphical re-analysis of palaeobotanical data from the De Lutte-06 well clarifies an earlier controversy regarding the stratigraphical interpretation of this well based on palaeobotanical and palynological analysis. Previous biostratigraphical studies suggested an early Westphalian D age for the major part of the De Lutte formation, with only at the topmost part of the well remnants of presumable but unconfirmed Stephanian deposits. New identifications of palaeobotanical samples illustrate the presence of plant macrofossil assemblages in the De Lutte Formation characteristic for the latest Westphalian D to the Stephanian B-C. These new palaeobotanical insights, therefore, confirm a younger age for the De Lutte Formation and are more in line with the earlier palynological observations from the De Lutte-06 well that suggested that the recovered palynofloras resembled typical Stephanian associations.
Earliest Jurassic (Hettangian) psiloceratoid ammonites from a subrosion pipe at Winterswijk, the eastern Netherlands
Authors: Klompmaker A.A. , Berkmortel B.J.H.M. van den 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA small faunule of fragmentary Hettangian (earliest Jurassic) psiloceratoid ammonites collected from dark-coloured, clay-rich sediments in a subrosion pipe at Quarry III of the Winterswijk quarry complex is described. The genera Alsatites, Saxoceras and Schlotheimia are determined by comparison to extensive literature on coeval, north German faunas. Taphonomic features are apparent indicating condensation and reworking. Despite this, the portion of the subrosion pipe sediment fill which yielded this material can be dated as middle to late Hettangian.
Stratigraphy and integrated facies analysis of the Saalian and Eemian
sediments in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole, the Netherlands
Authors: van Leeuwen Robert J. W. , Beets Dirk J. , Bosch J.H. Aleid , Burger Adri W. , Cleveringa Piet , van Harten Dick , Herngreen G.F. Waldemar , Kruk Rink W. , Langereis Cor G. , Meijer Tom , Pouwer Ronald , de Wolf Hein 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Amsterdam glacial basin was a major sedimentary sink from late Saalian
until late Eemian (Picea zone, E6) times. The basin’s
exemplary record makes it a potential reference area for the last interglacial
stage. The cored Amsterdam-Terminal borehole was drilled in 1997 to provide a
record throughout the Eemian interglacial. Integrated facies analysis has resulted
in a detailed reconstruction of the sedimentary history.
After the Saalian ice mass had disappeared from the area, a large, deep lake
had come into being, fed by the Rhine river. At the end of the glacial, the lake
became smaller because it was cut off from the river-water supply, and eventually
only a number of shallow pools remained in the Amsterdam basin. During the early
Eemian (Betula zone, El), a seepage lake existed at the
site. The lake deepened under the influence of a steadily rising sea level and
finally evolved into a silled lagoon (late Quercus
zone, E3). Initially, the lagoon water had fairly stable stratification, but as
the sea level continued to rise the sill lost its significance, the lagoon
becoming well mixed by the middle of the Corylus/Taxus
zone (E4b). The phase of free exchange with the open sea ended in the early
Carpinus zone (E5), when barriers developed in the
sill area causing the lagoon to become stratified again. During the Late Eemian
(late E5), a more dynamic system developed. The sandy barriers that had obstructed
exchange with the open sea were no longer effective, and a tidally-influenced
coastal lagoon formed.
The Eemian sedimentary history shown in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole is
intimately connected with the sea-level history. Because the site includes both a
high-resolution pollen signal and a record of sea-level change, it has potential
for correlation on various scales. Palaeomagnetic results show that the sediments
predate the Blake Event, which confirms that this reversal excursion is relatively
young. The U/Th age of the uppermost part of the Eemian sequence is 118.2±6.3
ka.
The Eemian stratotype locality at Amersfoort in the central Netherlands: a
re-evaluation of old and new data
Authors: Cleveringa P. , Meijer T. , van Leeuwen R.J.W. , de Wolf H. , Pouwer R. , Lissenberg T. , Burger A.W. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In order to obtain a better understanding of the infilling of the Saalian
glacial basins during the Eemian, particularly following the recent research in
the Amsterdam Basin (Terminal borehole), it was necessary to re-investigate the
type locality of the Eemian at Amersfoort. Both published and unpublished data
from various biota (diatoms, foraminifers, molluscs, ostracods, pollen) provide
new information on the changing sedimentary environments during the Eemian.
Although the organic and clastic sediments of the infilling represent nearly all
the pollen zones, the sedimentary sequence at Amersfoort is discontinuous: four
breaks at least are recognised at the type locality.
The successive sedimentary environments and the breaks in the record are
linked with the transgression of the Eemian sea, the topographic position at the
margin of an ice-pushed ridge, and the changes in hydrodynamic conditions. Local
conditions, such as a sandy sea bed, shallow water and a reduced water exchange
near the North Sea margin, influenced the salinity of the basin. Rib counts of
Cerastoderma edule shells indicate a higher salinity
at the end of the Taxus (E4b) and the beginning of the
Carpinus (E5) zones than that present in the modern
North Sea. Local conditions were responsible for the higher salinity following the
climate optimum.
During the Abies phase (the later part of regional
pollen zone E5), the sea level had already fallen. The change from eu-trophic peat
growth (with Alnus and
Salix) to an oligotrophic
Ericaceae/Sphagnum community at the end of the
Eemian resulted from the change from a marine to a fresh-water environment,
probably coherent with a deterioration of the climate.