bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key role for neutrophils in radiation-induced antitumor immune responses: Potentiation with G-CSF
Authors: Takeshima Tsuguhide , Pop Laurentiu M. , Laine Aaron , Iyengar Puneeth , Vitetta Ellen S. , Hannan Raquibul 
Published: September 2016

Significance
The role of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in cancer progression versus regression remains controversial. TANs are known to have dichotomous antitumor (N1) and protumor (N2) phenotypes depending on the tumor microenvironment. Past studies have demonstrated that TANs are polarized from an N2 to an N1 phenotype in the absence of TGF-β; N1 TANs are not induced in the absence of IFN-β. Our study demonstrates that radiation therapy (RT) and, especially, the combination of RT and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces the polarization of N1 TANs [RT-recruited TANs (RT-Ns)]. Reactive oxygen species produced by RT-Ns damage tumor tissues in a manner analogous to the manner in which neutrophils affect damaged normal tissues. Our studies suggest that enhancing the activity of TANs during RT improves its antitumor activity.
Artisanal Spearfishery in Temperate Nearshore Ecosystems of Chile: Exploring the Catch Composition, Revenue, and Management Needs
Authors: Godoy Natalio , Gelcich Stefan , Castilla Juan C. , Lima Mauricio , Smith Andres 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe used extensive field data on catch and effort as well as fisher interviews to characterize the catch composition and revenue associated with the unregulated artisanal spearfishery in Chile (18–33°S). Sampling was performed on commercial spearfishing trips (snorkel and hookah diving gear) between spring 2010 and summer 2011. Two‐way crossed ANOVA showed significant effects of region (latitude) and dive gear on fishery variables such as biomass CPUE (CPUEb), numeric CPUE (CPUEn), catch species richness, fishing depth, cost, and income. Catches included 22 fish species from 15 families. Among the 23 species, 17 were associated with temperate rocky reef habitats: 14 carnivorous species, 2 omnivorous species, and 1 herbivorous species. Our results indicated that smaller, less‐valuable rocky reef fishes (e.g., Peruvian Morwong Cheilodactylus variegatus, Chilean Sandperch Pinguipes chilensis, and Peruvian Rock Seabass Paralabrax humeralis) supported higher CPUEb and CPUEn than large, high‐value, emblematic rocky reef species (e.g., Vieja Graus nigra, Galapagos Sheephead Wrasse Semicossyphus darwini, and Acha Medialuna ancietae). The CPUEb was significantly higher for hookah fishers than for snorkel fishers. Our results revealed that artisanal spearfishing activities provide important revenue for the fishers (2–3 times the minimum monthly wage in Chile), thereby incentivizing a rapid expansion of this unregulated fishery. Management options based on territorial user rights and catch and size restrictions are discussed in light of these findings.Received December 19, 2013; accepted March 29, 2016
Upstream Movements of Atlantic Salmon in the Lower Penobscot River, Maine Following Two Dam Removals and Fish Passage Modifications
Authors: Izzo Lisa K. , Maynard George A. , Zydlewski Joseph 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The Penobscot River Restoration Project (PRRP), to be completed in 2016, involved an extensive plan of dam removal, increases in hydroelectric capacity, and fish passage modifications to increase habitat access for diadromous species. As part of the PRRP, Great Works and Veazie dams were removed, making Milford Dam the first impediment to federally endangered Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar. Upstream habitat access for Atlantic Salmon is dependent upon successful and timely passage at Milford Dam because nearly all suitable spawning habitat is located upstream. In 2014 and 2015, a total of 73 adult salmon were radio-tagged to track their upstream movements through the Penobscot River to assess potential delays at (1) the dam remnants, (2) the confluence of the Stillwater Branch and the main stem of the Penobscot River below the impassable Orono Dam, and (3) the Milford Dam fish lift (installed in 2014). Movement rates through the dam remnants and the Stillwater confluence were comparable to open river reaches. Passage efficiency of the fish lift was high in both years (95% and 100%). However, fish experienced long delays at Milford Dam, with approximately one-third of fish taking more than a week to pass in each year, well below the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission passage standard of 95% within 48 h. Telemetry indicates most fish locate the fishway entrance within 5 h of arrival and were observed at the entrance at all hours of the day. These data indicate that overall transit times through the lower river were comparable to reported movement rates prior to changes to the Penobscot River due to the substantial delays seen at Milford Dam. The results of this study show that while adult Atlantic Salmon locate the new fish lift entrance quickly, passage of these fish was significantly delayed under 2014–2015 operations.
Received January 27, 2016; accepted April 14, 2016
Arsenobetaine: the ongoing mystery
Authors: Popowich Aleksandra , Zhang Qi , Le X. Chris 
Published: September 2016

AbstractArsenobetaine (AsB) is a non-toxic organoarsenical identified as a major arsenic species in marine animals and a number of terrestrial mushrooms. Since its first identification nearly 40 years ago, numerous studies investigating the biosynthesis and function of AsB have been carried out, although molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Where and how is AsB formed? Why do marine animals acquire high concentrations of AsB? This review briefly summarizes the current progress of AsB research toward understanding its origin, function and the putative pathways for its biosynthesis. This paper also suggests potential future studies in the attempt to solve the AsB mystery.
A Dexamethasone-regulated Gene Signature Is Prognostic for Poor Survival in Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Luedi Markus M. , Singh Sanjay K. , Mosley Jennifer C. , Hatami Masumeh , Gumin Joy , Sulman Erik P. , Lang Frederick F. , Stueber Frank , Zinn Pascal O. , Colen Rivka R. 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Dexamethasone is reported to induce both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the genomic impact of dexamethasone in glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) lines and its prognostic value; furthermore, to identify drugs that can counter these side effects of dexamethasone exposure.

Methods:
We utilized 3 independent GSC lines with tumorigenic potential for this study. Whole-genome expression profiling and pathway analyses were done with dexamethasone-exposed and control cells. GSCs were also co-exposed to dexamethasone and temozolomide. Risk scores were calculated for most affected genes, and their associations with survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas and Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data databases. In silico Connectivity Map analysis identified camptothecin as antagonist to dexamethasone-induced negative effects.

Results:
Pathway analyses predicted an activation of dexamethasone network (z-score: 2.908). Top activated canonical pathways included “role of breast cancer 1 in DNA damage response” (P=1.07E–04). GSCs were protected against temozolomide-induced apoptosis when coincubated with dexamethasone. Altered cellular functions included cell movement, cell survival, and apoptosis with z-scores of 2.815, 5.137, and –3.122, respectively. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB) was activated in a dose dependent manner specifically in slow-dividing “stem-like” cells. CEBPB was activated in dexamethasone-treated orthotopic tumors. Patients with high risk scores had significantly shorter survival. Camptothecin was validated as potential partial neutralizer of dexamethasone-induced oncogenic effects.

Conclusions:
Dexamethasone exposure induces a genetic program and CEBPB expression in GSCs that adversely affects key cellular functions and response to therapeutics. High risk scores associated with these genes have negative prognostic value in patients. Our findings further suggest camptothecin as a potential neutralizer of adverse dexamethasone-mediated effects.
Systemic vasculitis and the eye
Authors: Tugal-Tutkun Ilknur 
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review
The primary systemic vasculitides represent a spectrum of rare but life-threatening conditions that may also affect the eye in various forms. This article reviews recently published data on ocular manifestations of systemic vasculitis.

Recent findings
Early diagnosis and timely treatment has led to better visual outcomes in giant cell arteritis (GCA). Gene expression from orbital tissues could distinguish granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) from sarcoidosis and Graves disease, but not from idiopathic orbital inflammation. Rituximab was an effective therapeutic option in ocular GPA. An ocular attack severity scoring system, flare levels, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography parameters have been suggested as predictors of visual prognosis in Behçet disease. Efficacy of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, interferon α and anti-interleukin-1 agents was shown in noncontrolled studies of ocular Behçet disease.

Summary
Widely used fast-track pathway care as well as ocular imaging to detect subclinical involvement may enable earlier diagnosis of GCA and prevention of permanent visual loss. Orbital inflammation may not remain idiopathic with advances in gene expression profiling of orbital tissues. With an increased availability and the use of biologic agents, visual prognosis will improve in patients with severe ocular complications of systemic vasculitides.
Diagnostic Accuracy of a Host Gene Expression Signature That Discriminates Clinical Severe Sepsis Syndrome and Infection-Negative Systemic Inflammation Among Critically Ill Children
Authors: Zimmerman Jerry J. , Sullivan Erin , Yager Thomas D. , Cheng Catherine , Permut Lester , Cermelli Silvia , McHugh Leo , Sampson Dayle , Seldon Therese , Brandon Richard B. , Brandon Roslyn A. 
Published: September 2016

Objectives:
SeptiCyte Lab (Immunexpress, Seattle, WA), a molecular signature measuring the relative expression levels of four host messenger RNAs, was developed to discriminate critically ill adults with infection-positive versus infection-negative systemic inflammation. The objective was to assess the performance of Septicyte Lab in critically ill pediatric patients.

Design:
Prospective observational study.

Setting:
Pediatric and Cardiac ICUs, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA.

Patients:
A cohort of 40 children with clinically overt severe sepsis syndrome and 30 children immediately postcardiopulmonary bypass surgery was recruited. The clinically overt severe sepsis syndrome children had confirmed or highly suspected infection (microbial culture orders, antimicrobial prescription), two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (including temperature and leukocyte criteria), and at least cardiovascular ± pulmonary organ dysfunction.

Interventions:
None (observational study only).

Measurements and Main Results:
Next-generation RNA sequencing was conducted on PAXgene blood RNA samples, successfully for 35 of 40 (87.5%) of the clinically overt severe sepsis syndrome patients and 29 of 30 (96.7%) of the postcardiopulmonary bypass patients. Forty patient samples (~ 60% of cohort) were reanalyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, to check for concordance with next-generation sequencing results. Postcardiopulmonary bypass versus clinically overt severe sepsis syndrome descriptors included the following: age, 7.3 ± 5.5 versus 9.0 ± 6.6 years; gender, 41% versus 49% male; Pediatric Risk of Mortality, version III, 7.0 ± 4.6 versus 8.7 ± 6.4; Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction, version II, 5.1 ± 2.2 versus 4.8 ± 2.8. SeptiCyte Lab strongly differentiated postcardiopulmonary bypass and clinically overt severe sepsis syndrome patients by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, with an area-under-curve value of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.96–1.00). Equivalent performance was found using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. There was no significant correlation between the score produced by the SeptiCyte Lab test and measures of illness severity, immune compromise, or microbial culture status.

Conclusions:
SeptiCyte Lab is able to discriminate clearly between clinically well-defined and homogeneous postcardiopulmonary bypass and clinically overt severe sepsis syndrome groups in children. A broader investigation among children with more heterogeneous inflammation-associated diagnoses and care settings is warranted.
Clear Cell Papulosis: Report of a Case With Unique Clinical and Histologic Findings
Authors: Bisi dos Santos Josie Eiras , Ribeiro de Miranda Mario Fernando 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
Clear cell papulosis is a rare, self-limited, benign disease of early childhood, characterized by white macules and flat papules over the milk line. Histopathologically, it is characterized by scattered clear cells throughout the basal and/or suprabasal epidermal layers, which—as clear cells of Toker of the nipple do—typically express cytokeratin 7. They also exhibit other markers expected for adenoid differentiation, such as low-molecular weight cytokeratins, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, and mucin. The age of onset, distribution of lesions, histopathology, and its benign behavior nature help to exclude clinically similar conditions, either benign or malignant. The authors report a case of clear cell papulosis in a 7-year-old Brazilian girl in whom lesions were observed on the legs and histologically formed by solid and adenoid aggregates of clear cells, in a similar fashion than clear fetal cells of Toker.
Restrained Terminal Differentiation and Sustained Stemness in Neonatal Skin by Ha-Ras and Bcl-2
Authors: Lee Sangjun , Rodriguez-Villanueva Julio , McDonnell Timothy 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. Deregulation of bcl-2 and ras family members is commonly observed in nonmelanoma skin cancer. It has been previously demonstrated that simultaneous bcl-2 and Ha-ras gene expression in keratinocytes results in resistance to cell death induced by ultraviolet radiation and enhanced multistep skin carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the central roles of Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 in maintaining epidermal homeostasis. To assess the effect of deregulated Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 on skin differentiation, we have generated skin-specific transgenic mouse model constitutively expressing both oncogenic Ha-Ras and Bcl-2. Ectopic expression of Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 in newborn double transgenic epidermal keratinocytes induced abnormal epidermal differentiation accompanied by increased cell proliferation and suppressed apoptotic cell death, which resulted in thickened and wrinkled skin morphology in neonate skins. Expression of epidermal differentiation marker cytokeratin 1 was decreased. Expression of other differentiation markers loricrin and filaggrin was also decreased and delayed to be detected only in the upper stratum granulosum, whereas the proliferative markers cytokeratin 14 and cytokeratin 6, which are expressed in constitutively proliferative basal layer and stem cell niches such as hair follicles or neoplastic lesions, respectively, were highly expressed. The abnormal expression of epidermal cytokeratins suggests that Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 suppress the terminal differentiation and sustain the stem cell–like features in epidermal keratinocytes.
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma of the Foot Clinically Mimicking Plantar Fibromatosis
Authors: Saraggi Deborah , Salmaso Roberto , Montesco Maria Cristina , Zamuner Carolina , Tiengo Cesare , Rugge Massimo , Fassan Matteo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma usually presenting in proximal extremities of middle-aged men. The authors discuss a unique case of EMC, localized in the plantar foot of a 76-year-old woman, clinically suspected as plantar fibromatosis. It is important to avoid misdiagnosis of EMC because of their propensity for late recurrence and their metastatic potential.
An Epidemic Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Presenting as Suppurative Folliculitis: A Study of 6 Cases
Authors: Fernandez-Flores Angel , Valerio Lluís , Carrato Cristina , Hernández-Gallego Alba , Fernández-Figueras Maria Teresa 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
Folliculitis is defined as the inflammation of the follicles. The most common cause of folliculitis is infection. Here, we report an unusual cause of suppurative infundibulitis—which had not yet been described in the literature—due to Leishmania infection, and exemplified by 6 cases that occurred in the setting of an epidemic outbreak. The 6 individuals were immigrants from Morocco. Most of them were men (4 men and 2 women), and most of them were less than 30 years old (apart from one 40-year-old woman). In all cases, a cutaneous biopsy was performed. There was a granulomatous folliculitis with suppurative granulomas in all the cases. All cases showed prominence of plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate, and leishmanias were found in all cases. They were mainly seen in the abscessified central areas. The amount of organisms varied from a few to a moderate amount. They were stained by the anti-CD1a antibody (Novocastra) and by a polyclonal homemade anti–leishmania antibody. In addition, in 1 case, microbiological culture was performed, and Leishmania major was demonstrated as the causative agent of the infection.
Dexmedetomidine Depresses Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Nodal Function Without Any Change in Atrial Fibrillation Inducibility
Authors: Sairaku Akinori , Nakano Yukiko , Suenari Kazuyoshi , Tokuyama Takehito , Kawazoe Hiroshi , Matsumura Hiroya , Tomomori Shunsuke , Amioka Michitaka , Kihara Yasuki 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
It has been reported that dexmedetomidine (dex) has an impact on the cardiac conduction system and even has potential antiarrhythmic actions. We examined the influence of dex on the cardiac electrophysiological properties and atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility. Adult paroxysmal AF patients were randomly assigned to receive (N = 107) or not receive (N = 108) dex during cardiac electrophysiological studies. The corrected sinus node recovery time (558 ± 331 vs. 459 ± 260 milliseconds; P = 0.02), Wenckebach cycle length (P < 0.001), atrioventricular nodal effective refractory period (317 ± 76 vs. 252 ± 54 milliseconds; P < 0.001), and atrio-His interval (P < 0.001) were longer in patients with dex than in those without. We tested the induction of repetitive atrial firing (RFA) defined as the occurrence of ≥2 successive atrial activities induced by single premature atrial stimuli to determine the AF inducibility. RFA was seen with a similar proportion (41.1% vs. 44.4%), yet it was evoked at a longer stimulus coupling interval in the dex patients, which was potentially attributed to the longer atrial effective refractory period (237 ± 36 vs. 213 ± 27 milliseconds; P < 0.001) and more prolonged atrial conduction delay seen in the dex group. In conclusion, dex may depress the sinus and atrioventricular nodal function, however, it may not reduce the AF inducibility.
Update on the Protective Role of Regulatory T Cells in Myocardial Infarction: A Promising Therapy to Repair the Heart
Authors: Kaplan Abdullah , Altara Raffaele , Eid Ali , Booz George W. , Zouein Fouad A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of heart failure development and death worldwide. To date, interventional and pharmacological therapies are effective in reducing the onset of heart failure and promoting survival. However, progressive maladaptive remodeling post-MI persists in a large fraction of patients resulting in poor prognosis. Immune cell responses and an inflammatory environment largely contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling post-MI. CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known for their immunosuppressive capacity and have been successfully implemented in multiple preclinical studies of permanent and ischemia–reperfusion MI. In this review, we highlight the important cardioprotective role of Tregs at the cardiac tissue, cellular, and molecular level, as well as the most prominent pharmacological venues that could be used to exploit Tregs as a novel therapeutic intervention to lessen myocardial injury post-MI.
MULTIMODAL IMAGING AND ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY IN LONG-CHAIN 3-HYDROXYACYL COENZYME A DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: Lin James , Boudreault Katherine , Tsang Stephen 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of pigmentary retinopathy in long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency using multimodal imaging techniques.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
An 8-year-old boy with a history of failure to thrive and a diagnosis of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency was referred for examination. Examination revealed a pigmentary retinopathy with macular atrophy; electroretinography results were consistent with a rod–cone dystrophy. Fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography revealed retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. Follow-up examination findings showed increased severity of retinopathy on electroretinography, with optical coherence tomography angiography revealing enhanced visualization of choroidal vessels.

Conclusion:
This report reveals that long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency can be characterized as a progressive rod–cone dystrophy, with multi-modal imaging techniques used to describe this condition. In particular, optical coherence tomography angiography can be used to further characterize this condition.
Congenital Glaucoma and CHARGE Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Benson Matthew D. , Jivraj Imran , Damji Karim F. , Solarte Carlos E. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:
To report a rare case of congenital glaucoma in a patient with CHARGE syndrome, present gonioscopic photographs, and explore mechanisms of disease that may account for this association.

Patients and Methods:
We describe a 35-week-old girl with previously diagnosed CHARGE syndrome who presented with corneal edema, buphthalmos, and elevated intraocular pressure in the left eye. She was subsequently diagnosed with congenital glaucoma and started on topical and oral therapy.

Results:
Examination under anesthesia confirmed the above findings as well as bilateral abnormal angles with an anterior iris insertion at the level of the posterior trabecular meshwork, prominent iris vasculature and stromal strands, and nonvisible scleral spur and ciliary body bands. Trabeculotomy and trabeculectomy were performed in the left eye with a poor outcome. CHARGE syndrome is a complex neurocristopathy, and we propose that the abnormal angle findings and associated asymmetric glaucoma in our patient share a common mechanism of neural crest cell dysfunction.

Conclusions:
CHARGE syndrome can be associated with congenital glaucoma and we emphasize the importance of a thorough ophthalmic examination to detect glaucoma with surgical management as deemed appropriate.