bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic Use Among Adult Outpatients and Venous Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: Ferraris Augusto , Szmulewicz Alejandro G. , Vazquez Fernando J. , Vollmer William M. , Angriman Federico 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Background
Treatment with antipsychotic (AP) agents is associated with incident thromboembolic events. However, the underpinnings of this association remain unknown. We sought to evaluate the effect of AP agents—categorized by their metabolic/sedative and hyperprolactinemia adverse effect profile—on the risk of venous thromboembolic disease during long-term follow-up.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study of adult patients initiating AP treatment for the first time was conducted. Primary outcome was defined as the time to venous thromboembolism (VTE) (either deep venous thrombosis or acute pulmonary embolism). Antipsychotic agents were categorized by their risk (high vs low) of either drug-induced (a) sedation/metabolic adverse event or (b) hyperprolactinemia. We used a propensity score–adjusted Cox proportional hazards model to control for confounding.

Findings
One thousand eight patients (mean age, 72.4 y) were followed for a median of 36 months. Incident VTE occurred in 6.25% of patients, corresponding to an incidence rate of 184 cases per 10,000 person-years. We found no difference in the hazard of VTE during follow-up between high- and low-risk groups (hazard ratio, 1.23 [95% confidence interval, 0.74–2.04] for drug-induced sedation/metabolic adverse event risk categories, and hazard ratio 0.81 [95% confidence interval, 0.50–1.35] for high versus low hyperprolactinemia risk).

Conclusions
These results suggest that the risk of thromboembolic events in older adults who started AP treatment for the first time does not seem to be related to these drugs' risk of either sedation/metabolic adverse events or hyperprolactinemia. However, VTE remains a common problem in this subgroup of patients.
Population-based Cancer Screening
Authors: Benito Llucia , Espinosa Jose , Binefa Gemma , Vidal Carmen , Lluch María Teresa , Puig Montse , Fernandez Maria , Padrol Isabel , García Montse 
Published: June 2017

Background:
European guidelines for the quality of screening programs for breast and colorectal cancer describe process, structure, and outcome indicators. However, none of them specifically evaluate coordination and continuity of care during the cancer screening process.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to identify and adapt care quality indicators related to the coordination and continuity of the cancer screening process to assess nursing care in cancer screening programs.

Methods:
The indicators proposed in this study were selected in 2 phases. The first consisted of a literature review, and the second was made by consensus of an expert group. An electronic literature search was conducted, through June 2016. From a total of 225 articles retrieved, 14 studies met inclusion criteria, and these 14 documents were delivered to the group of experts for evaluation and to propose a final list of agreed-upon indicators.

Results:
The group of experts selected 7 indicators: adequacy and waiting time derivation of participants, delivery and availability of the report of the process, understanding professionals involved in the process, and satisfaction and understanding of participants.

Conclusions:
These indicators should help identify areas for improvement and measure the outcome of coordination and continuity of care.

Implications for Practice:
The results provided a common set of indicators to evaluate the coordination and continuity of care for cancer screening and to consequently assess the contribution of nursing care in cancer screening programs. The identification and adaptation of these quality indicators will help to identify areas for improvement and measure the effect of coordination and continuity of care.
A New Resource for STD Clinical Providers: The Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinical Consultation Network
Authors: Caragol Laura A. , Wendel Karen A. , Anderson Teri S. , Burnside Helen C. , Finkenbinder Allison , Fitch John D. , Kelley Destiny H. , Stewart Terry W. , Thrun Mark , Rietmeijer Cornelis A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
An online consultation tool, the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinical Consultation Network is a new resource for sexually transmitted disease clinicians and clinic managers. An initial evaluation shows that most requests (29%) were from medical doctors, followed by nurse practitioners (22%). Syphilis queries comprised 39% of consults followed by gonorrhea (12%) and chlamydia (11%).
The Number of Interviews Needed to Yield New Syphilis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cases Among Partners of People Diagnosed With Syphilis, North Carolina, 2015
Authors: Samoff Erika , Cope Anna B. , Maxwell Jason , Thomas Francina , Mobley Victoria L. 
Published: June 2017

Objective
Compare syphilis investigation yield among patient groups using number needed to interview.

Goal
To increase investigation efficiency.

Study Design
Retrospective review of North Carolina 2015 syphilis investigations, using the number of cases needed to interview (NNTI) and the total number of cases and contacts needed to interview (TNTI) to compare yield of new syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus diagnoses between patient groups.

Results
We reviewed 1646 early syphilis cases and 2181 contacts; these yielded 241 new syphilis cases (NNTI, 6.9; TNTI, 16.4) and 38 new human immunodeficiency virus cases (NNTI, 43). Interviews of women (prevalence difference [PD] = 6%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 12–16), patients <30 years old (PD = 5%, 95% CI, 1–8), and patients with titer >1:16 (PD = 5%, 95% CI, 1–9) yielded more new syphilis cases in our adjusted model; no other patient factors increased investigation yield.

Conclusions
The NNTI and TNTI are useful measures of efficiency. Prioritizing early syphilis investigation by gender, rapid plasmin reagin titer, and age provides small increases in efficiency; no other factors increased efficiency.
Self-Reported Use of Mouthwash and Pharyngeal Gonorrhoea Detection by Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
Authors: Chow Eric P.F. , Walker Sandra , Read Tim R.H. , Chen Marcus Y. , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Fairley Christopher K. 
Published: June 2017

Background
Use of alcohol-containing mouthwash has been found to have an inhibitory effect against pharyngeal gonorrhoea. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between self-reported mouthwash use and pharyngeal gonorrhoea detection among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 23, 2015, and June 30, 2015 among MSM attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in Australia. Men who have sex with men were invited to complete a short questionnaire on mouthwash use and they were also tested for pharyngeal gonorrhoea by nucleic acid amplification test. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the association between mouthwash use and pharyngeal gonorrhoea detection.

Results
Of the 823 MSM, pharyngeal gonorrhoea detection decreased significantly with increasing age group (≤24 years, 14.5%; 25–34 years, 10.7%; ≥35 years, 6.0%; p
trend = 0.003). The proportion reporting daily use of mouthwash increased significantly with increasing age group (from 10.1% to 14.5% to 19.8%; p
trend = 0.005). However, there was no significant association between pharyngeal gonorrhoea detection and daily use of mouthwash after adjusting for age, number of male sexual partners, human immunodeficiency virus status, and type of mouthwash use.

Conclusions
Although the proportion of daily use of mouthwash increased with age, and pharyngeal gonorrhoea detection decreased with age, the association between self-reported mouthwash use and pharyngeal gonorrhoea detection by nucleic acid amplification test was not statistically significant.
Short-Term Peripheral Vasoactive Infusions in Pediatrics: Where Is the Harm?
Authors: Patregnani Jason T. , Sochet Anthony A. , Klugman Darren 
Published: June 2017

Objective:
Pediatric shock represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Standardization of treatment such as volume resuscitation and vasoactive administration has resulted in improved patient outcomes. Vasoactives have been anecdotally associated with peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation. There is a paucity of evidence in pediatrics to determine the ideal route of vasoactive infusions and what, if any, risk factors and harm are associated with peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation. We aim to assess the frequency of and risk factors for peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation during peripheral IV vasoactive infusions in children admitted to the PICU.

Design:
A retrospective, cohort study of all children admitted to a PICU from January 2012 to June 2014.

Setting:
Forty-four–bed PICU at Children’s National Health System.

Patients:
All children 0–18 years old receiving a vasoactive infusion through a peripheral IV for a minimum of 1 hour.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary outcomes of this study were incidence of peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation and resultant tissue injury. Secondary outcomes were peripheral IV characteristics and vasoactive infusion data. One hundred two patients met inclusion criteria. Sixty-two percent (63/102) were admitted with the diagnosis of septic shock. The most commonly used vasoactive agent was dopamine. The median peak Vasoactive Infusion Score was 10 (6–14). Peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation incidence was 2% (2/102) and neither event resulted in injury requiring medical or surgical intervention.

Conclusions:
Vasoactive infusions through peripheral IV in children admitted to the PICU with shock were observed to have a low incidence of peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation and resultant tissue injury. Short-term delivery of vasoactives via peripheral IV catheter in a highly monitored PICU setting appears to be safe.
Symmetry Restoration at Rest after Masseter-to-Facial Nerve Transfer: Is It as Efficient as Smile Reanimation?
Authors: Chen Gang , Wang Wenjin , Wang Wei , Ding Wei , Yang Xianxian 
Published: June 2017

Background:
Masseter-to-facial nerve transfer is a highly efficient technique for reanimating paralyzed muscle and has been reported to restore facial symmetry at rest. However, no systematic studies have been performed, and the effects of preoperative droop of the oral commissure on postoperative symmetry at rest have rarely been reported.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively analyzed 35 patients with masseteric-to-facial nerve anastomosis and assessed the quality and quantity of the dynamic recovery and the oral commissure symmetry at rest. The dynamic and static effects were then compared.

Results:
All of the patients’ Terzis scores were increased postoperatively, and over half of the patients presented restored symmetric smiles (Terzis scores of 4 or 5). The postoperative symmetry scale of the oral commissure at rest improved in 18 of 35 patients. Both the mean postoperative altitude difference of oral commissure excursion and the postoperative altitude difference of bilateral oral commissure position were decreased compared with preoperative values. The preoperative symmetry had a significant effect on the postoperative altitude difference of the bilateral oral commissure position. The effects of the dynamic and static symmetry improvements were transformed to a comparable factor α. The dynamic α was significantly greater than the static α.

Conclusions:
Masseter-to-facial nerve transfer is a reliable technique for smile reanimation. However, it has only a limited effect on the improvement of symmetry at rest. Assessing the preoperative symmetry of the oral commissure at rest can be used to predict postoperative outcomes, and patients with severe droop of the oral commissure (symmetry scale grade III or IV) should receive static suspension.
Quantitative Analysis of Iodine Image of Dual-energy Computed Tomography at Rest
Authors: Nakahara Takehiro , Toyama Takuji , Jinzaki Masahiro , Seki Ryotaro , Saito Yuichiro , Higuchi Tetsuya , Yamada Minoru , Arai Masashi , Tsushima Yoshito , Kuribayashi Sachio , Kurabayashi Masahiko 
Published: June 2017

Purpose:
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) can be used for visual determination of iodine distribution in the myocardium (iodine image); however, the accuracy and reproducibility of the process remains debatable. Because of the low contrast-to-noise ratio of CT, we hypothesized that quantitative measurement may be more accurate for detecting myocardial ischemia. In this study, we evaluated our quantitative method by comparing it with visual analysis using 99mTc-tetrofosmin (TF) stress-rest single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) as the reference standard.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-three patients who had a significant stenosis on cardiac rest DECT and had received 99mTc-TF stress-rest SPECT MPI within 1 month were retrospectively analyzed. The regions of interest were set on iodine images in accordance with the American Heart Association (AHA) 17-segment model (a total of 731 segments). The regions of interest values were divided by the amount of iodine (mg) per unit weight (kg) and defined as perfusion value (perfusion value analysis). All segments were also visually analyzed and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis performed to identify the superior analysis.

Results:
The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that perfusion value analysis is significantly superior to visual analysis [the area under the curve: 0.921 (95% confidence interval, 0.860-0.981) versus 0.685 (95% confidence interval, 0.580-0.791), respectively, P<0.05], with 93.8% sensitivity, 99.1% specificity, 98.9% accuracy, 83.3% positive predictive value, and 99.7% negative predictive value (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
Quantitative analysis of the iodine image of rest DECT, called perfusion value analysis, is more accurate than visual analysis when compared with 99mTc-TF SPECT MPI as the reference standard.
Human to yeast pathway transplantation: cross-species dissection of the adenine de novo pathway regulatory node
Authors: Agmon Neta , Temple Jasmine , Tang Zuojian , Schraink Tobias , Baron Maayan , Chen Jun , Mita Paolo , Martin James A. , Tu Benjamin P. , Yanai Itai , Fenyö David , Boeke Jef D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPathway transplantation from one organism to another represents a means to a more complete understanding of a biochemical or regulatory process. The purine biosynthesis pathway, a core metabolic function, was transplanted from human to yeast. We replaced the entireSaccharomyces cerevisiaeadenine de novo pathway with the cognate human pathway components. A yeast strain was “humanized” for the full pathway by deleting all relevant yeast genes completely and then providing the human pathway in trans using a neochromosome expressing the human protein coding regions under the transcriptional control of their cognate yeast promoters and terminators. The “humanized” yeast strain grows in the absence of adenine, indicating complementation of the yeast pathway by the full set of human proteins. While the strain with the neochromosome is indeed prototrophic, it grows slowly in the absence of adenine. Dissection of the phenotype revealed that the human ortholog ofADE4, PPAT, shows only partial complementation. We have used several strategies to understand this phenotype, that point toPPAT/ADE4as the central regulatory node. Pathway metabolites are responsible for regulatingPPAT’sprotein abundance through transcription and proteolysis as well as its enzymatic activity by allosteric regulation in these yeast cells. Extensive phylogenetic analysis of PPATs from diverse organisms hints at adaptations of the enzyme-level regulation to the metabolite levels in the organism. Finally, we isolated specific mutations in PPAT as well as in other genes involved in the purine metabolic network that alleviate incomplete complementation byPPATand provide further insight into the complex regulation of this critical metabolic pathway.
Phytoplankton functional types: a trait perspective
Authors: Irwin Andrew J , Finkel Zoe V 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPhytoplankton functional types are groupings of many species into a smaller number of types according to their ecological or biogeochemical role. Models describe phytoplankton functional types by a set of traits that determine their growth rates or fitness. Traits for functional types are often determined from observations on a small number of species under laboratory conditions. Functional types can be composed of a large number of species with very different trait values, so the representation of a type by an average trait value may not be appropriate. A potential solution is to estimate trait values from observations of the aggregate biomass of phytoplankton functional types in natural populations. We report on some recent efforts to extract trait values from time-series data using Bayesian statistical models and discuss some challenges of this approach.
Transfer entropy as a tool for inferring causality from observational studies in epidemiology
Authors: Aziz N. Ahmad 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRecently Wiener’s causality theorem, which states that one variable could be regarded as the cause of another if the ability to predict the future of the second variable is enhanced by implementing information about the preceding values of the first variable, was linked to information theory through the development of a novel metric called ‘transfer entropy’. Intuitively, transfer entropy can be conceptualized as a model-free measure of directed information flow from one variable to another. In contrast, directionality of information flow is not reflected in traditional measures of association which are completely symmetric by design. Although information theoretic approaches have been applied before in epidemiology, their value for inferring causality from observational studies is still unknown. Therefore, in the present study we use a set of simulation experiments, reflecting the most classical and widely used epidemiological observational study design, to validate the application of transfer entropy in epidemiological research. Moreover, we illustrate the practical applicability of this information theoretic approach to ‘real-world’ epidemiological data by demonstrating that transfer entropy is able to extract the correct direction of information flow from longitudinal data concerning two well-known associations, i.e. that between smoking and lung cancer and that between obesity and diabetes risk. In conclusion, our results provide proof-of-concept that the recently developed transfer entropy method could be a welcome addition to the epidemiological armamentarium, especially to dissect those situations in which there is a well-described association between two variables but no clear-cut inclination as to the directionality of the association.
Mutational sequencing for accurate count and long-range assembly
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Rosenbaum Julie , Wang Zihua , Forcier Talitha , Ronemus Michael , Wigler Michael , Levy Dan 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTWe introduce a new protocol, mutational sequencing or muSeq, which randomly deaminates unmethylated cytosines at a fixed and tunable rate. The muSeq protocol marks each initial template molecule with a unique mutation signature that is present in every copy of the template, and in every fragmented copy of a copy. In the sequenced read data, this signature is observed as a unique pattern of C-to-T or G-to-A nucleotide conversions. Clustering reads with the same conversion pattern enables accurate count and long-range assembly of initial template molecules from short-read sequence data. We explore count and low-error sequencing by profiling a 135,000 fragment PstI representation, demonstrating that muSeq improves copy number inference and significantly reduces sporadic sequencer error. We explore long-range assembly in the context of cDNA, generating contiguous transcript clusters greater than 3,000 bp in length. The muSeq assemblies reveal transcriptional diversity not observable from short-read data alone.
Unintended Consequences and the Paradox of Control: Management of Emerging Pathogens with Age-Specific Virulence
Authors: Carran Spencer , Ferrari Matthew , Reluga Timothy 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe project the long term incidence of Zika virus disease (ZVD) under varying hazards of infection and consider how the age-distribution of disease burden varies between these scenarios. Pathogens with age-structured disease outcomes, such as rubella and Zika virus, require that management decisions consider their impact not only on total disease incidence but also on distribution of disease burden within a population. In some cases, reductions of overall transmission can have the paradoxical effect of increasing the incidence of severe disease despite decreasing the total incidence. This happens because of corresponding increases in the average age of infection. Beginning with the current population structure and demographic rates of Brazil, we project forward total ZVD burden as measured by cases occurring in pregnant women and document the scenarios under which a paradox of control for Zika management emerges. We conclude that while a paradox of control can occur for ZVD, the higher total costs from increasing the average age of infection will only be realized after several decades and vanish under conservative discounting of future costs. This indicates that managers faced with an emerging pathogen should prioritize current disease incidence over potential increases in severe disease outcomes in the endemic state.Author SummaryThe intuitive response to an emerging outbreak is to halt, or at least reduce, transmission. However, in some circumstances, reducing overall transmission and incidence may be counterproductive from a public health perspective as public health interventions affect both the total level and the distribution of disease burden. We consider the scenarios under which reducing transmission of an emerging pathogen such as Zika virus may increase the costs associated with disease in the most vulnerable segments of the population - in this case, reproductive-age women. We conclude that after applying standard discounting rates to future cases, the “paradox of control” vanishes and reducing hazard of infection uniformly reduces the total costs associated with severe disease.
The polyploid state plays a tumor suppressive role in the liver
Authors: Zhang Shuyuan , Zhou Keijin , Luo Xin , Li Lin , Nguyen Liem , Zhang Yu , Tarlow Branden , Siegwart Daniel , Zhu Hao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMost cells in the liver are polyploid, but the functional role of polyploidy is unknown. Polyploidization normally occurs through cytokinesis failure and endoreduplication around the time of weaning. To interrogate the function of polyploidy while avoiding irreversible manipulations of essential cell cycle genes, we developed multiple orthogonal mouse models to transiently and potently alter liver ploidy. Premature weaning, as well as in vivo knockdown ofE2f8orAnln, allowed us to toggle between diploid and polyploid states. While there was no impact of ploidy alterations on liver function, metabolism, or regeneration, hyperpolyploid mice suppressed and hyperdiploid mice accelerated tumorigenesis in mutagen and high fat induced models. Mechanistically, the diploid state was more susceptible to Cas9-mediated tumor suppressor loss but was similarly susceptible toMYConcogene activation, indicating that ploidy differentially protected the liver from distinct genomic aberrations. Our work suggests that polyploidy evolved to prevent malignant outcomes of liver injury.