bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smectite deposits in Marathon Valley, Endeavour Crater, Mars, identified using CRISM hyperspectral reflectance data
Authors: Fox V. K. , Arvidson R. E. , Guinness E. A. , McLennan S. M. , Catalano J. G. , Murchie S. L. , Powell K. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe ~100 m wide Marathon Valley crosscuts the Cape Tribulation rim segment of the 22 km diameter, Noachian‐age Endeavour impact crater on Mars. Single‐scattering albedo spectra retrieved from three Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) Full‐Resolution Targeted (FRT, regularized to 18 m/pixel) and two Along Track Oversampled (ATO, regularized to 12 m/pixel) observations indicate the presence of Fe3+‐Mg2+ smectite exposures located in Marathon Valley with combination vibration metal‐OH absorption strength comparable to smectite spectral signatures in Mawrth Vallis. The Opportunity rover was directed to the exposures and documented the presence of Shoemaker formation impact breccias that have been isochemically altered, likely by fracture‐controlled aqueous fluids.
APES: Acute Precipitating Electron Spectrometer—A high time resolution monodirectional magnetic deflection electron spectrometer
Authors: Michell R. G. , Samara M. , Grubbs G. , Ogasawara K. , Miller G. , Trevino J. A. , Webster J. , Stange J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe present a description of the Acute Precipitating Electron Spectrometer (APES) that was designed and built for the Ground‐to‐Rocket Electron Electrodynamics Correlative Experiment (GREECE) auroral sounding rocket mission. The purpose was to measure the precipitating electron spectrum with high time resolution, on the order of milliseconds. The trade‐off made in order to achieve high time resolution was to limit the aperture to only one look direction. The energy selection was done by using a permanent magnet to separate the incoming electrons, such that the different energies would fall onto different regions of the microchannel plate and therefore be detected by different anodes. A rectangular microchannel plate (MCP) was used (15 mm × 100 mm), and there was a total of 50 discrete anodes under the MCP, each one 15 mm × 1.5 mm, with a 0.5 mm spacing between anodes. The target energy range of APES was 200 eV to 30 keV.
Adaptive neural dynamic surface control of MIMO stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control directions
Authors: Shahvali Milad , Askari Javad 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn this paper, an adaptive neural output‐feedback control approach is considered for a class of uncertain multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control directions. Neural networks (NNs) are applied to approximate unknown nonlinearities, and K‐filter observer is designed to estimate unavailable system's states. Due to utilization of Nussbaum gain function technique in the proposed approach, the singularity problem and requirement to prior knowledge about signs of high‐frequency gains are removed, simultaneously. Razumikhin functional method is employed to deal with unknown state time‐varying delays, so that the offered control approach is free of common assumptions on derivative of time‐varying delays. Also, an adaptive neural dynamic surface control is developed; hence, explosion of complexity in conventional backstepping method is eliminated, effectively. The boundedness of all the resulting closed‐loop signals is guaranteed in probability; meanwhile, convergence of the tracking errors to adjustable compact set in the sense of mean quartic value is also proved. Finally, simulation results are shown to verify and clarify efficiency of the offered approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A heterometal (Pd–Pb) organic framework: synthesis, structure and heterogeneous catalytic application
Authors: Ren Yanwei , Jiang Ou , Li Jiawei , Zeng Hang 
Published: May 2016

A heterometallic organic framework {Pb[Pd(bpydc)Cl2]DMF}n (1) (H2bpydc = 2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐dicarboxylic acid) was synthesized via a one‐pot solvothermal method and characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure of 1 indicates that, in metalloligand Pd(bpydc)Cl2, every Pd atom adopts a square planar coordination mode with two chloride ions and two nitrogen atoms from bpydc, and the carboxyl groups of Pd(bpydc)Cl2 connect Pb atoms to form a one‐dimensional chain along the crystallographic a‐axis, which is interlinked via metalloligands to form a two‐dimensional layer structure. This complex is highly active, stable and recyclable as a catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck reactions of a wide range of aryl halides including electron‐rich and electron‐poor aryl iodides/bromides, affording the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldimino Esters with Chalcones Catalyzed by Silver/Xing‐Phos: Mechanism‐Oriented Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolines
Authors: Bai Xing‐Feng , Li Li , Xu Zheng , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Xia Chun‐Gu , Cui Yu‐Ming , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe mechanism‐oriented reaction design for the divergent synthesis of chiral molecules from simple starting materials is highly desirable. In this work, aromatic amide‐derived nonbiarylatropisomer/silver (silver/Xing‐Phos) complex was used to catalyze the Michael addition of glycine aldimino esters to chalcones and successfully applied to the subsequent cyclocondensation to afford substituted cis‐Δ(1)‐pyrroline derivatives with up to 98 % ee. Besides the inherent performance of the chiral Ag/Xing‐Phos catalyst system, it was found that the workup of such reactions played an important role for the stereoselective construction of stereodivergent Δ(1)‐pyrrolines, in which an epimerization of the cis‐Δ(1)‐pyrrolines to the trans‐isomers during was revealed.
ChemInform Abstract: Matrix Isolation and Mass Spectrometric Studies on the Vaporisation of Chromium(III) Chloride. The Characterisation of Molecular CrCl4 and CrCl3.
Authors: OGDEN J. S. , WYATT R. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe N2 and Ar matrix IR spectra and mass spectrometric results obtained in the temp. range 550‐800 °C reveal three different molecular chromium halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Cu2+ Location in Zeolites Na‐A and K‐A by ESR and ESE Spectroscopies.
Authors: ANDERSON M. W. , KEVAN L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe determination of the Cu2+ location in hydrated and dehydrated Cu2+‐doped Na‐A and K‐A zeolites is achieved by partial exchange of the zeolites by Cs+ cations, which occupy well‐defined crystallographic sites, and monitoring the weak hyperfine interaction between Cu2+ and Cs+.
ChemInform Abstract: The Inhibition of the Corrosion of Titanium in 10 N H2SO4 by Cupferron (N‐Nitrosophenyl hydroxylamine)
Authors: SUTTER E. M. M. , CORNET A. , PAGETTI J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstractis investigated using electrochemical techniques, Raman and UV spectrometries and compared with some oxidizing inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Pathways for Nucleophilic Substitution at Silicon. A MO Approach.
Authors: DEITERS J. A. , HOLMES R. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMO calculations on the system outlined in the scheme indicate that for both X: F and Cl axial entry is a lower energy pathway than equatorial entry, axial departure is the preferred route rather than equatorial departure, and retention via pseudorotation is of lower energy than retention via equatorial attack.
ChemInform Abstract: Rate Constants for H + O2 + M at 298 K for M: He, N2, and H2O
Authors: HSU K.‐J. , DURANT J. L. , KAUFMAN F. 
Published: May 2016

Abstracthave been measured by the discharge‐flow technique to be 2.6·10‐32, 6.1·10‐32, and 6.4·10‐31 cm6s‐1 respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 6‐B10H13Cl from a AlCl3‐(Et4N)2B10H10 Mixture.
Authors: MONGEOT H. , ATCHEKZAI J. , BONNETOT B. , COLOMBIER M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of (I) with hydrated AlCl3 or hydrolysis of the complex formed between (I) and anhydrous AlCl3 provide a new example of opening the B10H12‐0 cage.
ChemInform Abstract: 1D and 2D NMR Investigations of the Jump Mechanism of Co(II) Ions in (12)Crown‐4 Stacks.
Authors: DICKERT F. L. , GMEINER W. , GUMBRECHT W. , MEISSNER H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractChanges in the 1H‐NMR and the 2D 1H‐exchange NMR of the sandwich complex (Co((12)crown‐4)2) (ClO4)2 in the presence of free crown ether in CD3NO2 indicate that an exchange takes place not only between the ligands but also between the magnetizations.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemistry of Iron Porphyrins Under a CO Atmosphere. Interactions Between CO and Pyridine.
Authors: SWISTAK C. , KADISH K. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of (I) in CH2Cl2 under a CO atmosphere leads to (II) and (III), but there is no reoxidation peak of (III) coupled with the initial reduction process.
ChemInform Abstract: Divalent Metal Ion Catalysis of Acetal Hydrolysis; Effects of Oxycarbocation Stability and Leaving Group Basicity.
Authors: FIFE T. H. , PRZYSTAS T. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSmall amounts of divalent metal cations (Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+) strongly catalyze the hydrolysis of (I) and (II) (rate enhancement ca. 104 by the most effective Ni2+ at pH 7) in contrast to (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Anionic Rearrangement of a Cyclohexadienone. A Serendipitous Synthesis of Methyl (E)‐3‐Isopropyl‐6‐oxohept‐4‐enoate.
Authors: CARMAN R. M. , VAN DONGEN J. M. A. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAt room temp. the solvolysis of the acetate (I) yields the products (II)‐(IV) without affording the analogous alcohol.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photochemistry. Part 68. Photochemistry of Polyfunctional Molecules. Intramolecular Aryl to Ketone Singlet Energy Transfer in the trans‐ and cis‐Decalins, 7‐Keto‐13β‐methyl‐5,6,7,8,9,10,13β,14α‐octahydrophenanthrene, and Its 14β Isomer.
Authors: MORRISON H. , PALLMER M. , LOESCHEN R. , PANDEY B. , MUTHURAMU K. , MAXWELL B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhotolysis of the cis‐(Ia) and trans‐octahydrophenanthrene derivatives (Ib) yields the isomeric alcohols (II) and (IV) formed by reduction, and the tetralins (III) and (V) as a result of α‐cleavage.
ChemInform Abstract: First Absolute Rate Constants for Some Hydrogen Atom Abstractions and Addition Reactions of an Aroyloxyl Radical: 4‐Methoxybenzoyloxyl.
Authors: CHATEAUNEUF J. , LUSZTYK J. , INGOLD K. U. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the UV/VIS time‐resolved spectra of (I) the appearance of the radical (II) is observed, showing a lifetime of 1.76 μs. The ratio of the rates of decay in the presence of the donors cyclohexane or Et3SiH are in good agreement with the ratio of donor concentrations.
ChemInform Abstract: Calcium in Liquid Ammonia for the Reduction of Benzyl Ethers. Mechanistic Clues Derived from Chemoselectivity Studies.
Authors: HWU J. R. , CHUA V. , SCHROEDER J. E. , BARRANS R. E. JUN. , KHOUDARY K. P. , WANG N. , WETZEL J. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe benzylic ethers (I) are cleaved by calcium in liquid ammonia to give the corresponding alcohols (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Mono‐Fluorination of Biologically Interesting Compounds Using Acetyl Hypofluorite.
Authors: HEBEL D. , LERMAN O. , ROZEN S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compound (III), prepared directly from elemental fluorine, undergoes substitution reactions with the compounds (I), (IVa) and (Va) or addition reactions with the steroids (VI) and (IX) to afford the products (II), (IVb) and (Vb) or the fluorinated steroids (VII) and (X), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Biogenetic‐Type Transformation of 3‐tertiary‐Hydroxyalkanoic Acids to Olefinic Compounds.
Authors: OHTA S. , NOZAKI A. , OHASHI N. , NISHIMURA Y. , YONEDA Y. , OKAMOTO M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe β‐hydroxyalkanoic acids (I) are converted to the olefinic compounds (III) by dehydrating decarboxylation on treatment with N‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselectivity Effects in the Hydrolytic Cleavage of Activated Substrates with α‐ and β‐Cyclodextrins.
Authors: FORNASIER R. , RENIERO F. , SCRIMIN P. , TONELLATO U. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe kinetics of hydrolytic cleavage of the enantiomers of the nitrophenyl phenylacetates (I) and the carbonates (II) are measured in the presence of α‐ and β‐cyclodextrins.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective α‐Addition of Alkynyl and Alkenyl Grignard Reagents to 1‐Alkoxycarbonylpyridinium Salts and Its Application to Synthesis of 1‐Azabicycloalkanes and (.+‐.)‐Solenopsin A.
Authors: YAMAGUCHI R. , NAKAZONO Y. , MATSUKI T. , HATA E. , KAWANISI M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the pyridines (I) with the alkenyl or alkynyl Grignard reagents (II) in the presence of methyl chloroformate (III) yields the dihydropyridines (IV) with an α‐regioselectivity of > 98% in all cases.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylic Organoboranes. Part 5. An Improved, Convenient Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Alkynes via Iodination of Lithium Alkynyl “Ate” Complexes of Thexylalkylborinates.
Authors: SIKORSKI J. A. , BHAT N. G. , COLE T. E. , WANG K. K. , BROWN H. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStarting with the olefins (I) and thexylchloroborane (II), an optimized process for the preparation of the unsymmetrical alkynes (VI) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Trapping of 1,2‐Benzoquinones Related to Melanogenesis with 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrocyclopent(b)indole.
Authors: OMOTE Y. , TOMOTAKE A. , KASHIMA C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe intermediacy of dopaquinone (IIIa) and dopachrome (VIb) has been suggested in the melanogenesis of dopa (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted (Aryloxy)alkanoic Acids as Antagonists of Slow‐Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis.
Authors: LEMAHIEU R. A. , CARSON M. , HAN R.‐J. , NASON W. C. , O'DONNELL M. , BROWN D. L. , CROWLEY H. J. , WELTON A. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the dihydroxyacetophenone (I) with the bromoalkanoic acid esters (II) and subsequently with the dibromo compounds (III) yields the bromides (IV), which are coupled with (I) to give the esters (Va).
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Headed Haptens with Pyrocatechol (Poison Ivy like) and Methylene Lactone Functional Groups: A Search for Skin‐Tolerance Inducers.
Authors: MATTES H. , BENEZRA C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract2,3‐Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (IV) is transformed into the bihapten (VIIIa) and the monohapten (VIIIb) using Grignard and Reformatsky‐type reactions as outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Cyclic Amidines Using Bis‐(trimethylsilyl)acetamide.
Authors: HIGASHI K. , SATO M. , FURUKAWA M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cyclic amidines (III) are prepared from the γ‐amino amides (Ia) ‐ (Ic) using bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (II) as the dehydrating agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolizidines and Related Compounds. Part 9. Rearrangement of 7a‐Trichloromethyl‐2,3,5,6,7,7a‐hexahydro‐1H‐pyrrolizine and Related Compounds: An Alternative Route to 5‐Substituted 1‐Azabicyclo(3.3.1)nonanes.
Authors: MIYANO S. , MIBU N. , IRIE M. , FUJII S. , FUJISAKI F. , ABE N. , SUMOTO K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compound (IIIa) is obtained either from the known pyrrolizine (II) or its perchlorate (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Thermolysis Reactions of Bromo‐1‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazoles. Formation of 3‐Nitro‐1H‐ vs. 4‐Nitro‐1H‐pyrazoles.
Authors: JUFFERMANS J. P. H. , HABRAKEN C. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThermolysis reactions of the 1‐nitropyrazoles (Ia) and (Ib) are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Polyfluorocarbonyl Compounds with 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinoline.
Authors: ZELENIN A. E. , CHKANIKOV N. D. , UMNOV A. M. , KOLOMIETS A. F. , FOKIN A. V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe fluorocarbonyl compounds (II) react with the tetrahydroquinoline (I) to give the monosubstituted derivatives (III) and (IV) or the disubstituted derivatives (V), depending on the molar ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Cell Growth Inhibition, and Antitumor Screening of 2‐(p‐nButylanilino)purines and Their Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: WRIGHT G. E. , DUDYCZ L. W. , KAZIMIERCZUK Z. , BROWN N. C. , KHAN N. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe anilinopurines (II) and their deoxyribofuranosyl derivatives (IV) and (V) are synthesized as outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloadditions in Syntheses. Part 31. (2 + 2)Photocycloaddition of 3‐Trifluoromethyl Derivatives of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one and 1,4‐Benzoxazin‐2‐one to Olefins: Effects of the Trifluoromethyl Group.
Authors: KANEKO C. , KASAI K. , WATANABE H. , KATAGIRI N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhotochemical (2 + 2)cycloaddition reaction of the title compounds (I) with the carbon‐nitrogen double bond of both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient olefins such as (II), (IV), or (VI) yields the derivatives (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling of 1,3‐Dienes with (Carbene)iron Complexes to Give Substituted (1,3‐Diene)Fe(CO)3 Derivatives.
Authors: SEMMELHACK M. F. , PARK J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe coupling reaction of (II) with dienes (I) generally gives mixtures of diastereomeric complexes (III) and (IV) (the major isomers are assumed to possess structure (III)).
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of η4‐Bound Cyclopentadiene to the Complexed Carbene Cyclopentadienylidene.
Authors: WADEPOHL H. , PRITZKOW H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe complex (I) and the bis(ethylene)‐Co complex (II) react to give the air‐sensitive, binuclear η4,η1‐(diene,carbene)‐coordinated complex (IIIa) in which the ethylene ligand can be substituted by CO or PMe3 yielding (IIIb) and (IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: (Ag4(SCH2C6H4CH2S)3)2‐, a Novel Polynuclear Silver Thiolate with Trigonal‐Planar Coordination of All Silver Atoms and a Central (Ag4S6) Cage.
Authors: HENKEL G. , BETZ P. , KREBS B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title cluster anion is formed by 1:1 molar reaction of AgNO3 with the disodium salt of the corresponding dithiol in methanol and isolated as its tetraphenylphosphonium salt (I) by addition of PPh4Br.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Part 32. Stereoselective Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds with Threonine Trifluoromethanesulfonates.
Authors: EFFENBERGER F. , WEBER T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlkylation of benzene (II) with the diastereomeric triflates (I) leads to the phenylalanine derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Trimethylsilyl Azide with Anhydro Sugars, a Mild Method of Oxirane‐Ring Opening.
Authors: JANAIRO G. , KOWOLLIK W. , VOELTER W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReactions of the epoxides (I) and (V) according to A) yield isomeric mixtures of the corresponding unsilylated azidodeoxy sugars.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Oxidation of Carbohydrate Triols: Facile Synthesis of 2,3‐O‐Isopropylidene‐β‐D‐threo‐hexo‐2,4‐diulopyranose and 1,2‐O‐Isopropylidene‐β‐D‐threo‐hexo‐2,5‐diulopyranose.
Authors: DEN DRIJVER L. , HOLZAPFEL C. W. , KOEKEMOER J. M. , KRUGER G. J. , VAN DYK M. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStannylation of the fructose derivatives (I) and (IV), followed by brominolysis yields the title compounds (II) and (V), which are characterized as the oximes (III) and (VI) respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of ESR Spectroscopy to the Study of the Effects of Ionizing Radiation on DNA and DNA Complexes.
Authors: SYMONS M. C. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractExposure of aqueous solutions of DNA to 60Co γ‐rays at 77 K gives radicals whose ESR spectra suggest the presence of guanine cations and thymine anions in about equal yield.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Approach to the Macrolide Nucleus of Tetronolide.
Authors: TAKEDA K. , URAHATA M. , YOSHII E. , TAKAYANAGI H. , OGURA H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe tetronate (II) is coupled with the aldehyde (I) to give a carbinol which yields a sulfonylaldehyde after Swern oxidation, desilylation, and oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Joining Between Silicon Nitride Ceramics with Si3N4‐Y2O3‐La2O3‐CaO Mixture
Authors: TAMARI N. , HONDA M. , KOYAMA M. , KINOSHITA M. , KOMIYAMA T. 
Published: May 2016

Abstractis shown to result in joining strengths as high as about 380 MPa at 20 °C and about 150 MPa at 1000 °C, if joining is carried out at 1600 °C using a composition of Si3N4:(Y2O3 + La2O3) = 65:35 mol%.
Claustrum of the short‐tailed fruit bat,Carollia perspicillata: Alignment of cellular orientation and functional connectivity
Authors: Orman Rena , Kollmar Richard , Stewart Mark 
Published: May 2016

The claustrum is a gray‐matter structure that underlies neocortex and reciprocates connections with cortical and subcortical targets. In lower mammals, the claustrum is directly adjacent to neocortex, making the definition of claustral boundaries challenging. Latexin, an endogenous inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases, localizes to claustral cells, enabling a clear delineation of claustrum. Given its proportionately large claustrum, we hypothesized that the short‐tailed fruit bat,Carollia perspicillata,can be a useful model for claustral structure–function relations. We used latexin immunohistochemistry to identify claustral boundaries and intrinsic structure and multielectrode recordings from brain slices to explore intrinsic excitatory connectivity of the claustrum.Carollia'sclaustrum contains cells whose intrinsic connectivity and alignment permit the generation of spontaneous, synchronous population events and mirror their pattern of spread in disinhibited brain slices over millimeters.Carolliashows cellular alignment and spontaneous population‐activity spread along both horizontal and dorsoventral axes.Carolliaclaustrum possesses intrinsic excitatory connectivity sufficient to: 1) generate single, spontaneous, synchronized burst discharges, 2) support activity spread along axes where claustral cells are aligned, and 3), because of multiple axes for cell alignment, support activity spread along both rostrocaudal and dorsoventral axes. The smaller event sizes in bat claustrum compared with rat claustrum are consistent with events occurring in population subsets rather than the full claustral cell population. The overall size of claustrum, its pronounced vascularity, and its more complex intrinsic connectivity than rat suggest that the bat is an animal model for claustral structure and function that will permit unique access to claustrum's processing capabilities. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1459–1474, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The development of visual preferences for direct versus averted gaze faces in infant macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Muschinski Jana , Feczko Eric , Brooks Jenna M. , Collantes Marie , Heitz Thomas R. , Parr Lisa A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHuman and nonhuman primates show a preference for looking at faces with direct gaze. In humans, this preference emerges shortly after birth, but little is known about the development of gaze preferences in monkeys. This study tracked the development of gaze preferences in infant monkeys from birth through 6 months of age using infrared eye‐tracking. Although absent in the first week, a strong significant preference for direct compared to averted gaze faces emerged rapidly, peaking around 2 months of age. When looking at the eyes, the monkeys’ fixations were equivalent in duration for both gaze types in the first 2 months, but thereafter remained longer for the averted gaze faces. Therefore, the infants spent a greater proportion of time overall, but made shorter fixations, when looking at the direct compared to averted gaze faces. These results suggest that monkeys develop an efficient strategy when viewing the preferred direct gaze faces that involves longer viewing times, but shorter fixations.