bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolución de las tecnologías utilizadas en el desarrollo de Museos Virtuales
Authors: Robles Ortega Mª Dolores , Feito Higueruela Francisco R. , Jiménez Delgado Juan J. , Segura Sánchez Rafael J. 
Published: December 2015

<p>Thanks to the development of the new technologies, virtual museums have incorporated new contents that make the transmission of the knowledge easier. These new elements should be included considering not only technical features but also usability and simplicity requirements for end users. In this paper, we describe the evolution of the main technologies utilized in the creation of virtual Museums, specifically those which generate 3D content. We also describe how to include these new contents in order to obtain a successful result. Finally, we compare virtual Museums with another traditional ways of transmitting knowledge such as, real museums, books, and magazines.</p>
On the Efficiency of Labor Market Reforms: How to Solve the Spanish Puzzle?
Authors: Sacht Stephen 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this paper the author sheds light on the relationship between labor market policy, entrepreneurship and youth unemployment prior to and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in Spain. He discusses the situation, where labor market and macroeconomic policies were largely inefficient in reducing high levels of (youth) unemployment after 2007. He rises the question why an increase in (youth) unemployment had been observed although the labor market becomes more flexible due to the associated structural reforms in 2010 and 2012. He calls this the Spanish Puzzle. The main reason for this observation can be found in the phenomena of downward nominal rigidity, the existence of a liquidity trap and pessimistic private expectations regarding future economic developments. Given the recovery of the Spanish economy in 2015, this development is grounded on (besides the increase in private consumption and a trade surplus) several policy interventions in order to strengthen entrepreneurial activity in 2013. The corresponding boost in private investment expenditure can be identified as the sustainable main driver for job creation in the long run.
Donations from Ill-Gotten Gain in Jewish Law and Ethics and in American Law
Authors: Dorff Elliot N. , Gary Marc 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
When a nonprofit organization realizes that a major donation came from illegally acquired funds, what, if anything, must it do with any buildings built with those funds? with the donor's name on the facility? with money left over? with any future donations from the donor? These questions are addressed from the point of view of Jewish law and ethics and then from the perspective of American law, with a final section comparing these two treatments of the issues to each other and to what Western theories of ethics would say about this situation.
Subjektivní percepce profesních počátků vysokoškolských učitelů odborné angličtiny: kvalitativní výzkum didaktických znalostí obsahu
Authors: Jašková Jana 
Published: December 2015

Cílem empirické studie je popsat výzkum zaměřený na vysokoškolské učitele odborného anglického jazyka a subjektivně vnímané změny v jejich didaktických znalostech obsahu z retrospektivního pohledu na profesní počátky; konkrétně se tato studie zaměřuje na první, kvalitativní fázi celého výzkumného šetření. V první části příspěvku jsou popsána teoretická východiska týkající se klíčových pojmů, jako jsou didaktické znalosti obsahu a odborný anglický jazyk, které jsou tematizovány mj. ve vztahu k profesní skupině začínajících vysokoškolských učitelů odborné angličtiny. Druhá část studie je zaměřena na popis celého smíšeného výzkumného designu včetně cíle výzkumného šetření a výzkumných otázek. Třetí část je věnována popisu první, kvalitativní fáze tohoto výzkumu, v níž sběr dat proběhl formou retrospektivních polostrukturovaných rozhovorů se čtrnácti dostupnými vysokoškolskými učiteli odborného anglického jazyka na téma prvních tří let jejich praxe a ve které analýza byla uskutečněna tematickým kódováním. Čtvrtá část příspěvku prezentuje získaná data, přičemž pozornost je zaměřena na jednotlivé složky didaktických znalostí obsahu – pojetí cílů výuky, znalosti kurikula, znalosti výukových strategií a znalosti o porozumění studentů. Výsledky naznačují, s jakými zásadními problémy se na počátku své profesní dráhy učitelé setkávali. Z těchto zjištění lze dovozovat potřebu zavedení specifického přípravného vzdělávání pro budoucí akademické pracovníky vyučující odborný anglický jazyk na českých vysokých školách.
Case-series analysis of intracranial saccular aneurysms treatment
Authors: Šustickas Gytis , Rinkevičius Dainius , Ušinskienė Jurgita , Letautienė Simona Rūta , Širvinskas Audrius 
Published: December 2015

Nowadays, selection of the best treatment method for intracranial aneurysms is one of the most discussed topics. We report our operative and coiling experience of 128 cases – series with 106 ruptured and 22 unruptured aneurysms. The aim of the research was to identify the factors influencing the optimal radical method for treatment of intracranial aneurysms and to compare the neurosurgical and neuroradiological activity of our hospital with that of other regions of the world.
Of 128 aneurysms the clipped group was 94 patients (mean age ± SD: 52.21 ± 13.34 years, 73.4%) while 34 patients underwent aneurysm embolization (mean age ± SD: 61.59 ± 13.34 years, 36.6%). Most of the aneurysms were located at the anterior communicating artery (n = 36, 28.13%), the middle cerebral artery (n = 34, 26.56%) and the internal carotid artery (n = 20, 15.63%). Comorbidity, neurology status at admission, clinical outcomes, operative complications, aneurysm localization, size and condition were analysed.
According to our experience, surgical clipping of aneurysms is more efficient and safe for patients with no or mild comorbidity, with less severe neurological symptoms, ruptured aneurysms, and anterior cerebral circulation aneurysms.
Explicit instruction and implicit use of L2 learning strategies in higher secondary EFL course books
Authors: Bueno-Alastuey Mª Camino , Luque Agulló Gloria 
Published: December 2015

<p>Research has shown that teaching second language (L2) learning strategies explicitly promotes an increase in strategy use and in oral proficiency. Consequently, a checklist based on the six types of strategies from Oxford’s taxonomy (1990) was created to analyze strategic instruction in the most common textbooks used in the last year of Higher Secondary Education in Spain. The study considered whether there was explicit strategy instruction and its location (within the units [Internal] or in other sections [External]) in course books, and what specific strategies were explicitly taught for the two oral skills, listening and speaking. Results showed, first, that there was explicit internal and external instruction of L2 learning strategies both for listening and speaking, but not in all the books; second, that there was significantly more implicit use than explicit instruction, and less explicit instruction in the units of the textbooks than in specific extra sections in the textbook or in support material; and finally, that internal explicit instruction of strategies remains very limited; and thus, L2 learning strategy instruction, competence and use may not be sufficiently encouraged in those textbooks.</p>
Implementation of antiretroviral therapy guidelines for under‐five children in Tanzania: translating recommendations into practice
Authors: Nuwagaba‐Biribonwoha Harriet , Wang Chunhui , Kilama Bonita , Jowhar Farhat K , Antelman Gretchen , Panya Milembe F , Abrams Elaine J ,   for the Identifying Optimal Models of HIV Care in Africa: Tanzania and Zanzibar Consortium
Published: December 2015

IntroductionPaediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines have been updated several times in recent years. We assessed implementation of ART guidelines among under‐five children to inform the transition to universal paediatric ART in Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of infants (0 to 11 months) and children (12 to 59 months) enrolled between 2010 and 2012 using routinely collected data. Infants and children were initiated on ART according to the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations/2009 Tanzania guidelines (universal ART for infants). Cumulative ART initiation incidence and correlates of ART initiation were examined using competing risk methods accounting for attrition (death or loss to follow‐up). Kaplan‐Meier methods and Cox regression models were used to examine attrition on ART and its correlates.ResultsA total of 1679 children were enrolled at 69 clinics: 469 (28%) infants and 1210 (74%) children. Infant cumulative ART initiation incidence was 59.6, 71.3 and 78.0% at one, three and six months of follow‐up. Infants were more likely to start ART if enrolled in 2012 [adjusted sub‐hazard ratio (AsHR)=2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7 to 2.8] or 2011 (AsHR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.3) compared to 2010; they were more likely to start ART from prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (AsHR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.1) and inpatient wards (AsHR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.0) versus being enrolled from voluntary counselling and testing centres. Attrition at 12 months on ART was 33.9% and was more likely among infants with WHO Stage 4 [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=3.1. 95% CI: 1.8 to 5.2] and severe malnutrition (AHR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.9).Among 599 children eligible for ART at enrolment, cumulative ART initiation incidence was 51.8, 68.6 and 76.1% at one, three, and six months. Children were more likely to start ART if enrolled in 2012 (AsHR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.3) or 2011 (AsHR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.8) compared to 2010; they were more likely to start ART at primary health facilities (AsHR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.0) and less likely at urban facilities (AsHR=0.6, 95% CI: 0.5 to 0.9) and facilities without CD4 testing on site (AsHR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.5 to 0.9). Attrition at 12 months on ART was 23.1% and was more likely with severe malnutrition (AHR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.0), WHO Stage 4 (AHR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.0 to 8.5) and outpatient enrolees (AHR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.7).ConclusionsOur findings suggest the gradual adoption of guidelines over calendar time. Interventions to expedite ART initiation and support retention on ART are needed.
Sun glint requirement for the remote detection of surface oil films
Authors: Sun Shaojie , Hu Chuanmin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNatural oil slicks in the western Gulf of Mexico are used to determine the sun glint threshold required for optical remote sensing of oil films. The threshold is determined using the same‐day image pairs collected by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra (MODIST), MODIS Aqua (MODISA), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) (N = 2297 images) over the same oil slick locations where at least one of the sensors captures the oil slicks. For each sensor, statistics of sun glint strengths, represented by the normalized glint reflectance (LGN, sr−1), when oil slicks can and cannot be observed are generated. The LGN threshold for oil film detections is determined to be 10−5–10−6 sr−1 for MODIST and MODISA, and 10−6–10−7 sr−1 for VIIRS. Below these thresholds, no oil films can be detected, while above these thresholds, oil films can always be detected except near the critical‐angle zone where oil slicks reverse their contrast against the background water.
Surface gravity wave transformation across a platform coral reef in the Red Sea
Authors: Lentz S. J. , Churchill J. H. , Davis K. A. , Farrar J. T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe transformation of surface gravity waves across a platform reef in the Red Sea is examined using 18 months of observations and a wave transformation model developed for beaches. The platform reef is 200 m across, 700 m long, and the water depth varies from 0.3 to 1.2 m. Assuming changes in wave energy flux are due to wave breaking and bottom drag dissipation, the wave transformation model with optimal parameters characterizing the wave breaking (γm = 0.25) and bottom drag (hydrodynamic roughness zo = 0.08 m) accounts for 75%–90% of the observed wave‐height variance at four sites. The observations and model indicate that wave breaking dominates the dissipation in a 20–30 m wide surf zone while bottom drag dominates the dissipation over the rest of the reef. Friction factors (drag coefficients) estimated from the observed wave energy balance range from fw = 0.5 to fw = 5 and increase as wave‐orbital displacements decrease. The observed dependence on wave‐orbital displacement is roughly consistent with extrapolation of an empirical relationship based on numerous laboratory studies of oscillatory flow. As a consequence of the dependence on wave‐orbital displacement, wave friction factors vary temporally due to changes in water depth and incident wave heights, and spatially across the reef as the waves decay.
Contrasting spatial patterns in the diurnal and semidiurnal temperature variability in the Santa Barbara Channel, California
Authors: Aristizábal María F. , Fewings Melanie R. , Washburn Libe 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Santa Barbara Channel, California, experiences large temperature fluctuations during summer that have been associated with the input of nutrients to the euphotic zone. We studied the temperature fluctuations in the diurnal and semidiurnal bands, which account for as much as 65% of the total variance. We analyzed data from 25 moorings along the mainland and the Northern Channel Islands deployed at depths 8–18 m during 1999–2012. In the diurnal band, the temperature fluctuations vary almost simultaneously within two distinct regions, with a lag of 5 h between the regions: the mainland east of Point Conception and the west part of the Channel exposed to the large‐scale winds. The two regions of in‐phase temperature variability are in agreement with a previously published division of zones according to the wind characteristics. The portion of the diurnal temperature variance that is wind driven does not propagate along the coastline, but rather is directly forced by the wind. The semidiurnal temperature oscillations are more substantial in the Northern Channel Islands. These findings are consistent with a numerical study that predicted that the steep slopes of the Santa Cruz Basin, located south of the Channel Islands, are a source of semidiurnal internal tides. We conclude that the contrast between the spatial patterns of the diurnal and semidiurnal temperature oscillations on scales of tens of kilometers reflects the spatial distribution of the main forcing in each band, namely the diurnal wind and the locally generated semidiurnal internal tide. The spatial patterns of the diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations reflect the forcing in each band.
The effective oxidation state of a peatland
Authors: Worrall Fred , Clay Gareth D. , Moody Catherine S. , Burt Tim P. , Rose Rob 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe oxidative ratio (OR) of the organic matter of the terrestrial biosphere is a key parameter in the understanding of the magnitude of the carbon sink represented both by the terrestrial biosphere and by the global oceans. However, no study has considered the oxidation state of all the organic pools and fluxes within one environment. In this study all organic matter pathways (dissolved organic matter, particulate organic matter, CO2, and CH4) were measured within an upland peat ecosystem in northern England. The study showed the following: (1) The peat soil of ecosystem was accumulating oxygen at a rate of between −16 and −73 t O km−2 yr−1; (2) Although there was no significant variation in oxidation state in the peat profile, there was a significant increase in degree of unsaturation with depth; (3) The dissolved organic matter leaving the ecosystem was significantly more oxidized than the other carbon pools analyzed while the particulate organic matter was not significantly different from the peat soil profile; and (4) Assuming that all carbon flux from the site was as CO2, the OR of the ecosystem was 1.07; when the nature and speciation of the release pathways were considered, the ecosystem OR was 1.04. At the global scale, correcting for the speciation of carbon fluxes means that the annual global fluxes of carbon to land = 1.49 ± 0.003 Gt C/yr and to the oceans = 2.01 ± 0.004 Gt C/yr.
GraphicalMarkov Models, Unifying Results and Their Interpretation
Authors: Wermuth Nanny 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGraphical Markov models combine conditional independence constraints with graphical representations of stepwise data generating processes. The models started to be formulated about 40 years ago and vigorous development is ongoing. Longitudinal observational studies and intervention studies are best modeled via a subclass calledregression graph modelsand, especially traceable regressions. Regression graphs include two types of undirected graph and directed acyclic graphs in ordered sequences of joint responses. Response components may correspond to discrete or continuous random variables or to both types and may depend exclusively on variables that have been generated earlier. These aspects are essential when causal hypothesis are the motivation for the planning of empirical studies.To turn the graphs into useful tools for tracing pathways of dependence, understanding development over time and for predicting structure in alternative models, the generated distributions have to mimic some properties of joint Gaussian distributions. Here, relevant results concerning these aspects are spelled out and illustrated by examples. With regression graph models, it becomes feasible, for the first time, to derive structural effects of (i) ignoring some of the variables, (ii) selecting subpopulations via fixed levels of some other variables, or (iii) changing the order in which the variables might get generated. Thus, the most important future applications of these models will aim at the best possible integration of knowledge from related studies.
Elementary Catastrophe Theory
Authors: Wagenmakers Eric‐Jan , Grasman Raoul P.P.P. , van der Maas Han L. J. , Molenaar Peter C.M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCatastrophe theory describes how small, continuous changes in control parameters (i.e., independent variables that influence the state of a system) can have sudden, discontinuous effects on dependent variables. Such discontinuous, jumplike changes are calledphase‐transitionsorcatastrophes. Examples include the sudden collapse of a bridge under slowly mounting pressure, and the freezing of water when temperature is gradually decreased. This entry expands on the ideas inherent in catastrophe models.
p‐Charts for Attribute Control
Authors: Leiva Víctor , Oliveira Teresa 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this article, we present charts for attribute control by means of the proportion () of defective items, named ‐charts. Such charts are often used in statistical quality control to monitor the behavior of production processes by means of over time. When the sample size () is constant, charts for attribute control related to the number () of defective items, named ‐charts, are a good alternative to the ‐charts. A review of the basic issues related to ‐charts and some recent ideas on the topic are provided considering life distributions. An implementation in the R software is discussed using examples.
Investigation on the effect of fluorescence quenching of bovine serum albumin by cefoxitin sodium using fluorescence spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Li Gaixia , Liu Bao‐sheng , Zhang Qiuju , Han Rong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe reaction mechanism of cefoxitin sodium with bovine serum albumin was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy at different temperatures. The results showed that the change of binding constant of the synchronous fluorescence method with increasing temperature could be used to estimate the types of quenching mechanisms of drugs with protein and was consistent with one of fluorescence quenching method. In addition, the number of binding sites, type of interaction force, cooperativity between drug and protein and energy‐transfer parameters of cefoxitin sodium and bovine serum albumin obtained from two methods using the same equation were consistent. Electrostatic force played a major role in the conjugation reaction between bovine serum albumin and cefoxitin sodium, and the type of quenching was static quenching. The primary binding site for cefoxitin sodium was sub‐hydrophobic domain IIA, and the number of binding sites was 1. The value of Hill's coefficients (nH) was approximately equal to 1, which suggested no cooperativity in the bovine serum albumin–cefoxitin sodium system. The donor‐to‐acceptor distance r < 7 nm indicated that static fluorescence quenching of bovine serum albumin by cefoxitin sodium was also a non‐radiation energy‐transfer process. The results indicated that synchronous fluorescence spectrometry could be used to study the reaction mechanism between drug and protein, and was a useful supplement to the conventional method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different packages on food product contagion: The moderating roles of mood states and product‐related information
Authors: Lin Chien‐Huang , Shih Li‐Chin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAcross two experiments conducted for this research, it is evident that different moderators do play a role in the influence of food product contagion effects. This research focuses on how mood states or product‐related information moderate contagion prime and package type. Existing studies indicate that unsealed packages can enhance the extent of the contagion effects more than sealed packages. Study 1 showed that happy people experienced stronger positive contagion effects than sad or neutral ones and that they also demonstrated stronger effects on unsealed packages compared with sealed packages. Conversely, sad people significantly enhanced the extent of negative contagion effects and experienced stronger effects on unsealed packages. Study 2, however, revealed that people receiving positive product‐related information experienced stronger positive contagion effects on unsealed packages, whereas people receiving negative product‐related information showed stronger negative contagion effects on unsealed packages. This is the first study to discuss the chosen moderators on the contagion effect. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of gender roles in perceived scarce environments – Maintaining masculinity when shopping for fast fashion apparel
Authors: Gupta Shipra , Gentry James W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGender refers to ways men and women socialize into the male and female roles that are commonly attributed to them. These roles are continuously (re)constructed within and through our daily activities. Prior literature suggests a need for more research in investigating how men and women construct their identity in various exchange situations and in various cultural settings. This paper explores the situational construction of male and female identities (especially the male one) when shopping for fashion products in environments with strategically created scarcity. The findings of this study suggest that, when shopping for fashion products in scarce environments, men and women tend to exhibit gendered behaviors that are considered more consistent with their traditional gender norms. We find that men, although concerned about their appearance, adhere to urgent buying behavior. This behavior helps men maintain some of their traditional masculine identity. In addition, they do not participate as frequently in the in‐store hoarding and in‐store hiding that are more frequently exhibited by women and that are more consistent with a feminine identity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.