bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entropic And Cold Jigsaws In A Schumpeterian Economy
Authors: Villacís González José 
Published: March 2016

A jigsaw puzzle is an amusement which consists in completing a given form or figure, which for the sake of argument we may call a landscape, by adding pieces smaller than the unity of the universe in such a way that their addition constitutes a particular combination. At this point we should separate pieces from this definition. First, we have the universe, a single body composed of parts or pieces in which no part is missing and none is superfluous. Secondly, the manner in which we position the pieces implies a specific mathematical combination, which may range from total individuality to total combination. Absolute simplicity means pieces having the same form and variables, for example colour and shape, such that placing any of them anywhere would in itself define the landscape. Absolute combination is a universe or landscape made up of different pieces formed in such a way that each has only one place; it is thus a combination of a total combination defined by all possible combinations.
Forensic Resources For Network Professionals
Authors: Specker Stephen J. , Janson Kenneth R. 
Published: March 2016

Network professionals face an environment characterized by constantly increasing technological complexity and the daunting challenges posed by ill-intentioned intruders. Securing the systems that they are entrusted to manage is a task of primary importance. Effective network security includes protocols to detect, to investigate, and to preclude the recurrence of any breach in the installed security systems. This study investigates principal forensic techniques that are available to the network professional and provides an efficient access path to practical solutions to the post-breach segment of security system design.
A DEA Analysis Using Quality And Advertising As Determinants Of Strategic Group Membership In The Automobile Industry
Authors: Jackson Eric C. 
Published: March 2016

This manuscript considers sales within an automotive strategic group. Sales within the “Family Car” segment are examined. The efficient uses of inputs relative to the sales generated as determined by Data Envelopment Analysis are compared. The relative efficiencies are used to identify strategic groups within the market segment and to suggest how resources may be utilized more efficiently. Data Envelopment Analysis, (DEA), is used to compare three inputs and one output for several automobile manufacturers competing for sales in the same market segment. The three inputs used are two aggregate measures of quality and one measure of the dollar volume spent on advertising by the firms. The output measure used is the volume of sales each year over a five-year period. A Kruskal and Wallis rank test is performed to confirm that the data is comparable over the five year time period. Specifically, comparisons are made to establish that no significant changes in quality or advertising expenditures have occurred during the study period. Once it has been established that no significant changes occurred during the study period for the input and output measures for the individual automotive models. Next, firms are compared using the DEA efficiencies and are grouped according to these efficiencies. The efficiency measurements indicate that there are two distinct clusters of companies formed within the market segment. The most efficient cluster is composed of five firms. The least efficient cluster is composed of five firms. An intermediate cluster of two firms exists that is neither extremely efficient nor extremely inefficient in it’s utilization of resources but may be more closely aligned with the efficient firms than with the inefficient group. This stratification into groups within the market segment by efficiency suggests that practitioners might be able to adjust their utilization of resources to compete in a different strategic group. It also suggests that success within a strategic group may be impacted by how firms utilize strategic levers within their control.
From Phishing To Advanced Persistent Threats: The Application Of Cybercrime Risk To The Enterprise Risk Management Model
Authors: Moore John W. 
Published: March 2016

This paper examines the issues of cybercrime in the context of risk to organizations. In particular, it considers the control frameworks most commonly used by U.S. public companies to benchmark their internal controls over financial reporting. It discusses the market for stolen identities, looking at the sources from which many of those identities are stolen. It reviews the available internal control frameworks and explains how a firm’s risk of cybercrime might be classified as a material weakness under Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404. It models how the use of COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management model could improve an organization’s chances of avoiding a serious incident.
Expanded Distribution of Pain as a Sign of Central Sensitization in Individuals With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lluch Girbés Enrique , Dueñas Lirios , Barbero Marco , Falla Deborah , Baert Isabel A.C. , Meeus Mira , Sánchez-Frutos José , Aguilella Luis , Nijs Jo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundExpanded distribution of pain is considered a sign of central sensitization (CS). The relationship between recording of symptoms and CS in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been poorly investigated.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine whether the area of pain assessed using pain drawings relates to CS and clinical symptoms in people with knee OA.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.MethodsFifty-three people with knee OA scheduled to undergo primary total knee arthroplasty were studied. All participants completed pain drawings using a novel digital device, completed self-administration questionnaires, and were assessed by quantitative sensory testing. Pain frequency maps were generated separately for women and men. Spearman correlation coefficients were computed to reveal possible correlations between the area of pain and quantitative sensory testing and clinical symptoms.ResultsPain frequency maps revealed enlarged areas of pain, especially in women. Enlarged areas of pain were associated with higher knee pain severity (rs=.325, P&lt;.05) and stiffness (rs=.341, P&lt;.05), lower pressure pain thresholds at the knee (rs=−.306, P&lt;.05) and epicondyle (rs=−.308, P&lt;.05), and higher scores with the Central Sensitization Inventory (rs=.456, P&lt;.01). No significant associations were observed between the area of pain and the remaining clinical symptoms and measures of CS.LimitationsFirm conclusions about the predictive role of pain drawings cannot be drawn. Further evaluation of the reliability and validity of pain area extracted from pain drawings in people with knee OA is needed.ConclusionExpanded distribution of pain was correlated with some measures of CS in individuals with knee OA. Pain drawings may constitute an easy way for the early identification of CS in people with knee OA, but further research is needed.
Utility of 3D SPACE T2-weighted volumetric sequence in the localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Kannath Santhosh Kumar , Alampath Praveen , Enakshy Rajan Jayadevan , Thomas Bejoy , Sankara Sarma P. , Tirur Raman Kapilamoorthy 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of a heavily T2-weighted volumetric MRI sequence (3D sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions [SPACE]) in the feeder localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF).

METHODS
Patients who were diagnosed with SDAVF and who had 3D SPACE source images available for review were identified from a retrospective review of medical records. A total of 16 patients were identified, and MR images were analyzed separately by 2 blinded observers. The accuracy of the observation and interobserver agreement were measured by Kendall's tau and kappa statistics.

RESULTS
The site of fistula was accurately predicted by Observers 1 and 2 in 81% and 88% of cases, respectively, which improved to 94% when the level was considered within 1 vertebral level. The observer agreement with gold-standard angiography and interobserver agreement were found to be highly significant (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
The 3D SPACE MRI sequence is valuable in the precise detection of the site of SDAVF. It may help to tailor digital subtraction angiography and thereby reduce the radiation exposure, contrast load, and study time.
La nullité en droit des sociétés coopératives OHADA au regard du droit canadien des sociétés coopératives
Authors: Goudem Jules 
Published: March 2016

La création des coopératives en Afrique remonte à la période coloniale. Elles sont aujourd’hui régies par l’Acte uniforme du 15 décembre 2010 relatif au droit des sociétés coopératives. S’affranchissant de la tutelle administrative vers 1990, elles sont devenues démocratiques et évoluent doucement vers les sociétés commerciales, mais différemment des entreprises individuelles et sociétés par actions. Comme l’Acte uniforme qui les régit permet à toute personne, quelle que soit sa nationalité, d’exercer en société coopérative une activité dans l’espace de l’OHADA et que l’article 296 de l’Acte définit le statut du représentant permanent de la personne morale coopératrice, des étrangers, dont les Occidentaux, peuvent y exercer cette activité. Fort de la susdite dynamique, les sociétés coopératives peuvent, au regard du droit canadien, offrir tous les types de produits ou de services et accomplir des actes de commerce. Au sein de ces différents droits, lesdites sociétés sont largement réfractaires à la nullité. Dès lors, il se pose un problème relatif à l’étendue de leur nullité et de celle de leurs actes. Cette analyse répond à la question en montrant que le domaine des nullités est aujourd’hui restreint, de façon assez ambiguë, par l’Acte uniforme et la pratique qui favorise la régularisation de certains actes nuls en matière de société coopérative.
Andreas Vesalius’ 500th Anniversary: First Description of the Mammary Suspensory Ligaments
Authors: Brinkman Romy J. , Hage J. Joris 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSir Astley Paston Cooper has, to date, been acknowledged to be the first to describe the suspensory ligaments of the breast, or Cooper’s ligaments, in 1840. We found these ligaments to be recorded in the first edition of ‘De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem’ by Andreas Vesalius, published in 1543. To commemorate Vesalius’ 500th birthday, we quote and discuss this earlier record. Vesalius’ record of the nature and function of the fleshy membrane between mammary gland and pectoral muscle, the hard fat intervening the mammary glands, and the fibers running from the fleshy membrane to the skin are a clear representation of posterior layer of the superficial fascial system, the fibro‐adipose stroma surrounding and linking the mammary glandular elements, and the suspensory ligaments as we know them. Vesalius recorded the anatomy and function of the latter structures nearly 300 years before Sir Astley Paston Cooper did.
Fringe Benefits Among US Orthopedic Residency Programs Vary Considerably: A National Survey
Authors: Clement R. Carter , Olsson Erik , Katti Prateek , Esther Robert J. 
Published: March 2016

Background Residency programs compete to attract applicants based on numerous factors. Previous research has suggested that medical students consider quality of life among the most important factors in selecting a program. One aspect of workplace quality of life is the cadre of non-monetary benefits offered to employees. However, with federal funding for graduate medical education (GME) under consideration for spending cuts, the source and continuation of such benefits may be in question. Questions/Purposes This study aimed to determine the level and variability of benefits beyond standard salary and insurance options available to trainees at US orthopedic residency programs and to assess the source of funding for those benefits. Methods A 26-question survey investigating various benefits and funding sources was circulated by email to all ACGME-accredited orthopedic residency programs. Results The survey was sent to 153 programs and 69 responded (45%). The majority offers their residents discretionary funds (77%) and conference funding (96%), most of which comes from the department, followed by the hospital or GME funding. Forty-one percent of respondents permit their residents to moonlight. The majority of respondents provide meal stipends (93%), free parking (71%), gym benefits (63%), surgical loupes (53%), and maternity/paternity leave beyond vacation time (55%). No statistically significant differences were found among top ranked residencies, top ranked orthopedic hospitals, or academic centers compared to their counterparts. Conclusion While some benefits are commonly offered, there is great variation in the availability and level of others. However, these differences were independent of program and hospital reputation as well as academic center status. Departments currently bear a substantial amount of the cost of these benefits internally.
Influence of tillage systems and nitrogen management on grain yield, grain protein and nitrogen-use efficiency in UK spring wheat
Authors: RIAL-LOVERA K. , DAVIES W. P. , CANNON N. D. , CONWAY J. S. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYEffects of soil tillage systems and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on spring wheat yield components, grain yield and N-use efficiency (NUE) were evaluated in contrasting weather of 2013 and 2014 on a clay soil at the Royal Agricultural University's Harnhill Manor Farm, Cirencester, UK. Three tillage systems – conventional plough tillage (CT), high intensity non-inversion tillage (HINiT) and low intensity non-inversion tillage (LINiT) for seedbed preparation – were compared at four rates of N fertilizer (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg N/ha). Responses to the effects of the management practices were strongly influenced by weather conditions and varied across seasons. Grain yields were similar between LINiT and CT in 2013, while CT produced higher yields in 2014. Nitrogen fertilization effects also varied across the years with no significant effects observed on grain yield in 2013, while in 2014 applications up to 140 kg N/ha increased yield. Grain protein ranged from 10·1 to 14·5% and increased with N rate in both years. Nitrogen-use efficiency ranged from 12·6 to 49·1 kg grain per kg N fertilizer and decreased as N fertilization rate increased in both years. There was no tillage effect on NUE in 2013, while in 2014 NUE under CT was similar to LINiT and higher than HINiT. The effect of tillage and N fertilization on soil moisture and soil mineral N (SMN) fluctuated across years. In 2013, LINiT showed significantly higher soil moisture than CT, while soil moisture did not differ between tillage systems in 2014. Conventional tillage had significantly higher SMN at harvest time in 2014, while no significant differences on SMN were observed between tillage systems in 2013. These results indicate that LINiT can be used to produce similar spring wheat yield to CT on this particular soil type, if a dry cropping season is expected. Crop response to N fertilization is limited when soil residual N is higher, while in conditions of lower residual SMN, a higher N supply is needed to increase yield and improve grain protein content.
The sound of one hand clapping: Overdetermination and the pansensory nature of communication
Authors: Aitken Kenneth John 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo substantive issues are relevant to discussions of the evolution of acoustic communication and merit further consideration here. The first is the importance of communicative ontogeny and the impact of the proximal social environment on the early development of communication and language. The second is the emerging evidence for a number of non-linguistic roles of FOXP2 and its orthologs.
Functions of the cortico-basal ganglia circuits for spoken language may extend beyond emotional-affective modulation in adults
Authors: Hanakawa Takashi , Hosoda Chihiro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe support Ackermann et al.'s proposal that the cortico-basal ganglia circuits may play essential roles in the evolution of spoken language. Here we discuss further evidence indicating that the cortico-basal ganglia circuits may contribute to various aspects of spoken language including planning, learning, and controlling of speech in adulthood.
Helicobacter pyloriouter membrane protein and virulence marker differences in expatriate patients
Authors: YAKOOB J. , ABBAS Z. , JAFRI W. , KHAN R. , SALIM S A. , AWAN S. , ABID S. , HAMID S. , AHMAD Z. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYWe studied the prevalence ofHelicobacter pylorivirulence markers, e.g. cytotoxin associated gene (cagA),cagA promoter, vacuolating associated cytotoxin A (vacA) alleles induced by contact with epithelium (iceA type), and outer membrane protein Q (hopQ) in expatriates and compared them with those in local residents. Gastric biopsies were obtained at endoscopy for culture, histology and PCR for virulence marker andhopQ. Of 309 patients, 236 (76%) were males with a mean age of 45 years. A total of 102 patients were expatriates.hopQ type 1 was present in 98 (47%) local residents compared to 88 (86%) expatriates (P< 0·001), whilehopQ type 2 was present in 176 (85%) local residents, compared to 60 (59%) expatriates (P< 0·001).H. pylorivirulence markercagA was positive in 97 (47%) local residents compared to 86 (84%) expatriates (P< 0·001) whilecagA-P was positive in 72 (35%) local residents compared to 87 (85%) expatriates (P< 0·001).iceA type 1 was positive in 157 (76%) local residents compared to 45 (44%) expatriates (P< 0·001), whileiceA type 2 was positive in 81 (39%) local residents compared to 86 (84%) expatriates (P< 0·001). Distribution ofH. pylori cagA,cagA promoter,iceA andhopQ type in local residents and expatriates was different.H. pylorivirulence markers were associated with severe pathology in expatriates.
Assessing tree germination resilience to global warming: a manipulative experiment using sugar maple (Acer saccharum)
Authors: Solarik Kevin A. , Gravel Dominique , Ameztegui Aitor , Bergeron Yves , Messier Christian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA climate warming of 2–5°C by the end of the century will impact the likelihood of seed germination of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), a dominant tree species which possesses a restricted temperature range to ensure successful reproduction. We hypothesize that seed origin affects germination due to the species' local adaptation to temperature. We tested this by experimentally investigating the effect of incubation temperature and temperature shifting on sugar maple seed germination from seven different seed sources representing the current species range. Survival analysis showed that seeds from the northern range had the highest germination percentage, while the southern range had the lowest. The mean germination percentage under constant temperatures was best when temperatures were ≤5°C, whereas germination percentages plummeted at temperatures ≥11°C (5.8%). Cool shifting increased germination by 19.1% over constant temperature treatments and by 29.3% over warm shifting treatments. Both shifting treatments caused earlier germination relative to the constant temperature treatments. A climate warming of up to +5°C is shown to severely reduce germination of seeds from the southern range. However, under a more pronounced warming of 7°C, seed germination at the northern range become more affected and now comparable to those found from the southern range. This study states that the high seed germination percentage found in sugar maple at the northern range makes it fairly resilient to the warmest projected temperature increase for the next century. These findings provide forest managers with the necessary information to make accurate projections when considering strategies for future regeneration while also considering climate warming.
BK channel inactivation gates daytime excitability in the circadian clock
Authors: Whitt Joshua P. , Montgomery Jenna R. , Meredith Andrea L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInactivation is an intrinsic property of several voltage-dependent ion channels, closing the conduction pathway during membrane depolarization and dynamically regulating neuronal activity. BK K+ channels undergo N-type inactivation via their β2 subunit, but the physiological significance is not clear. Here, we report that inactivating BK currents predominate during the day in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain’s intrinsic clock circuit, reducing steady-state current levels. At night inactivation is diminished, resulting in larger BK currents. Loss of β2 eliminates inactivation, abolishing the diurnal variation in both BK current magnitude and SCN firing, and disrupting behavioural rhythmicity. Selective restoration of inactivation via the β2 N-terminal ‘ball-and-chain’ domain rescues BK current levels and firing rate, unexpectedly contributing to the subthreshold membrane properties that shift SCN neurons into the daytime ‘upstate’. Our study reveals the clock employs inactivation gating as a biophysical switch to set the diurnal variation in suprachiasmatic nucleus excitability that underlies circadian rhythm.
Abnormal correlation between phase transformation and cooling rate for pure metals
Authors: Han J. J. , Wang C. P. , Liu X. J. , Wang Y. , Liu Z.-K. , Zhang T.-Y. , Jiang J. Z. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis work aims to achieve deep insight into the phenomenon of phase transformation upon rapid cooling in metal systems and reveal the physical meaning of scatter in the time taken to reach crystallization. The total number of pure metals considered in this work accounts for 14. Taking pure copper as an example, the correlation between phase selection of crystal or glass and cooling rate was investigated using molecular dynamic simulations. The obtained results demonstrate that there exists a cooling rate region of 6.3 × 1011–16.6 × 1011 K/s, in which crystalline fractions largely fluctuate along with cooling rates. Glass transformation in this cooling rate region is determined by atomic structure fluctuation, which is controlled by thermodynamic factors. According to the feature of bond-orientation order at different cooling rates, we propose two mechanisms of glass formation: (i) kinetic retardation of atom rearrangement or structural relaxation at a high cooling rate; and (ii) competition of icosahedral order against crystal order near the critical cooling rate.
Probing the origin of excitonic states in monolayer WSe2
Authors: Huang Jiani , Hoang Thang B. , Mikkelsen Maiken H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have spurred excitement for potential applications in optoelectronic and valleytronic devices; however, the origin of the dynamics of excitons, trions and other localized states in these low dimensional materials is not well-understood. Here, we experimentally probed the dynamics of excitonic states in monolayer WSe2 by investigating the temperature and polarization dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Four pronounced PL peaks were identified below a temperature of 60 K at near-resonant excitation and assigned to exciton, trion and localized states from excitation power dependence measurements. We find that the localized states vanish above 65 K, while exciton and trion emission peaks remain up to room temperature. This can be explained by a multi-level model developed for conventional semiconductors and applied to monolayer TMDCs for the first time here. From this model, we estimated a lower bound of the exciton binding energy of 198 meV for monolayer WSe2 and explained the vanishing of the localized states. Additionally, we observed a rapid decrease in the degree of circular polarization of the PL at increasing temperatures indicating a relatively strong electron-phonon coupling and impurity-related scattering. Our results reveal further insight into the excitonic states in monolayer WSe2 which is critical for future practical applications.