bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of chamber beam geometry robustness to mispointing, imbalance and target offset for direct-drive laser fusion facilities
Authors: Viala D. , Colaïtis A. , Barlow D. , Batani D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on the optimization of beam chamber geometry designs for future direct-drive laser facilities. It provides a review of leading target chamber geometries, with a particular emphasis on random errors. Through comprehensive solid-sphere illuminations and analysis, we identify an optimized beam geometry design, highlighting its robustness and performance under realistic experimental conditions. Three major sources of random errors are evaluated, closely linked to experimental evaluations at OMEGA. The findings underscore the importance of optimizing the irradiation system alongside beam pattern considerations to enhance the efficiency and reliability of inertial confinement fusion experiments. We conclude that for a desired illumination uniformity of 1% in the presence of system errors, the split icosahedron design is the most robust. However, for a 0.3% uniformity goal, the charged-particle, icosahedron, and t-sphere methods exhibit similar performance.
Detecting neoclassical tearing modes in high-temperature ITER plasma scenarios with the ITER prototype electron cyclotron emission diagnostic
Authors: Ziegel Joseph P. , Rowan William L. , Waelbroeck François L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostics for ITER serve two key purposes. The diagnostics will measure plasma electron temperature with high spatial and temporal resolution. Additionally, they will be used to detect neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs), a deleterious and nonlinearly unstable mode causing the growth of magnetic ‘seed’ islands. Interpreting ECE requires anticipation of physical limits including frequency cut-offs and harmonic overlap. In high temperature plasmas, the relativistic shift and broadening of the emission must also be considered to accurately reconstruct the electron temperature spatial profile. Accounting for these effects allows ECE diagnostics to be used for accurate measurement of the equilibrium electron temperature profile, as well as fluctuations about this equilibrium. One such fluctuation is caused by the fast radial transport of heat across rotating magnetic islands. ECE diagnostics can detect this change as an oscillation at the plasma rotation frequency to determine the existence and location of NTMs. This paper presents work on a synthetic diagnostic for ECE. The synthetic diagnostic tests simulated ECE signals, which are inferred from ITER scenarios perturbed by magnetic islands after accounting for all ECE physics. The synthetic diagnostic tests conventional ECE detection algorithms for NTMs in real-time on ITER-recommended hardware. Combined, these two areas of focus help determine design of the ECE system.
A semi-automated algorithm for designing stellarator divertor and limiter plates and application to HSX
Authors: Davies Robert , Feng Yuhe , Boeyaert Dieter , Schmitt John C. , Gerard Michael J. , Garcia Kelly A. , Schmitz Oliver , Geiger Benedikt , Henneberg Sophia A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We present a semi-automated algorithm for designing three-dimensional divertor or limiter plates targeting low heat loads. The algorithm designs the plates in two stages: firstly, the parallel heat flux distribution is caught on vertically-inclined plates at one or several toroidal locations. Secondly, the power per unit area is reduced by stretching, tilting and bending the plates toroidally. Heat transport is modelled using the EMC3-Lite code, which uses an anisotropic diffusion model. We apply this scheme to HSX, a medium-sized stellarator located at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Starting from the current machine with an extended vessel wall, we construct plates which are able to effectively catch and spread the heat for three different magnetic configurations. The scheme has a computational cost in the order of tens of CPU-minutes, making it a powerful tool for semi-automated plasma-facing component design in three-dimensional environments.
2D PIC modeling of the helical scrape-off layer current driven by hybrid divertor biased targets in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Cui B.T. , Sun T.F. , Zhong W.L. , Gao Z. , Ji X.Q. , Wu N. , Hao G.Z. , Liang S.Y. , Wang A. , He M.Y , Gao J.M. , Xu M. , Duan X.R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The heat flux control of the divertor plate via strike-point splitting generated by biased targets was proposed in the HL-2A tokamak (Cui et al 2021 Fusion Eng. Des.
173 112963). To understand the helical scrape-off layer (SOL) currents driven by hybrid biasing, two SOL current models (model A and B) are employed. Model A is a simplified 2D model that focuses on investigating the effect of biasing on the sheath and elucidating the fundamental physical mechanism of bias-driven SOL current paths. The potential, charge density, electric field and current densities are calculated. Model B takes into account the actual tokamak geometry and computes the resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) generated by bias-driven linear decay currents. Additionally, strike-point splitting is observed in the HL-2A tokamak, indicating that the SOL currents generated by hybrid biasing are capable of generating strong RMPs and consequently influence the magnetic topology. These results confirm the potential of heat/particle flux control by hybrid divertor biased targets.
Credibility Evaluation of Sand-Casting Technique for Manufacturing Francis Runner
Authors: Poudel Ravi , Chitrakar Sailesh , Shrestha Pratisthit Lal , Shakya Tejesh Man , Qian Zhongdong , Guo Zhiwei , Thapa Bhola 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Francis turbine with its intricate design and the critical nature of its components, involves several complexities and challenges for manufacturing. Francis runners are usually fabricated using high-quality alloy steel. In this study, a 2 kW model Francis runner was manufactured from brass material with sand casting. 3D printing technology was used to create separate molds for the hub, shroud, and runner blade of the Francis turbine. Each component was then sand cast and later joined by brazing. Compared to traditional casting techniques this approach proved to be faster and more cost-effective. Moreover, the defects encountered in the turbine components achieved through the method employed were observed to be less compared to that of investment casting used in previous models. The accuracy of the fabricated model was checked by conducting 3D scanning using the highly precise EinScan HX 3D scanner with a precision of 0.1 mm. The comparisons were made between the 3D scan and the original design. It was found that the deviations on the fabricated runner dimensions as compared to the original designs were below 2 mm. The efficiency measurement of the runner was made at a low head of 4.3 meters and the maximum efficiency obtained was 51.5% at 35% opening of guide vanes. Overall, this method of fabrication proved to be effective in terms of cost and time required for fabrication. This method could be a valuable alternative for smaller-scale turbine production. Further evaluation will be necessary for full-scale commercial applications of this method using high-quality alloy steel.
Comparative Study of Different Erosion Models in Francis Runner Blade Using OpenFOAM
Authors: Shrestha Suprim , Bijukchhe Pawan Lal , Chitrakar Sailesh , Thapa Bhola , Qian Zhongdong , Guo Zhiwei 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Francis turbine serves as a prominent hydro turbine choice for harnessing water-based energy. However, the presence of sediment particles in river environments poses a considerable challenge for constructing hydropower facilities along sediment-laden rivers. This challenge is particularly pronounced in scenarios involving high- and medium-head hydroelectric power installations. Erosion emerges as a significant concern in such contexts due to the abrasive impact of sediment particles on hydro turbines, which can have adverse effect on its performance, flow dynamics, potentially leading to operational failures. Erosion model is one of the methods used for predicting the erosion rate in hydro turbines. State-of-the-art modelling and simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are widely adopted methods for predicting erosion. In this study, various commonly used erosion models were implemented and followed by a comparative analysis of the erosion rates predicted by each model. The study utilizes a model runner of Jhimruk Hydropower Plant using OpenFOAM for conducting numerical simulation. The results show variations among the models in identifying areas with the erosion rates due to factors considered by each model. These insights provide a better understanding of how erosion occurs and help in developing strategies for optimizing hydro turbine performance in sediment-laden environments.
Performance analysis of the blade for the v-shaped vertical axis wind turbine
Authors: Sharma Aastik , Zhang Lei , Qu Jianjun , Panthi Sagar 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A large-scale vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) can lower the installation, operation, and maintenance cost for offshore areas as compared to the current offshore horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) designs. This is because of its simplicity of design and the location of heavy and complex mechanical parts near the water’s surface. On that account, this article studies the aerodynamic performance capacity- the ability to efficiently capture and convert wind energy into rotational mechanical energy- of different blade models for novel V-shaped VAWT It has always been a challenging task to formulate a mathematical model for the complex aerodynamic behavior of the air around the VAWT blades. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that prediction of the performance has been done more accurately using the CFD model compared to other models. Hence, a similar approach is used for the blade models in this research. The article studies the change in aerodynamic performance of V-VAWT with the change in the shape of its blade using 3D CFD simulation. A transient RANS simulation is carried out for different models of blades. For this, a hybrid mesh model is developed and simulations are conducted in ANSYS Fluent. The mesh independence, time-step independence, and rotation independence tests are completed to reduce errors in the simulation. The coefficient of moment (Cm) developed by the blade for five different blade models is studied. The aerodynamic performance of higher solidity constant chord blades is found to be higher than lower solidity constant chord blades. Also, the performance of tapered blades is found to be better than the constant chord blade, and tapered blades are suggested for the V-VAWT turbine models.
Applications of multi-attribute group decision-making models under triangular interval-type 2 fuzzy to risk preference
Authors: Garg Harish , Kanchana A , Nagarajan D 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Triangular interval type-2 fuzzy sets, which can handle data with greater ambiguity and uncertainty, can be created by extending type-1 fuzzy sets. They are defined by two membership functions, which are also fuzzy sets. The triangular interval type-2 fuzzy set’s bottom and upper bounds are represented by the membership functions defined over the universe discourse. An improved fuzzy multi-attribute interval-valued approach to group decision-making that takes the decision-maker’s risk preferences into account. The multi-attribute group decision-making problem can be resolved by using triangular interval type-2 fuzzy numbers since the attribute weight information is completely unknown. The triangular type 2 fuzzy entropy and the data from the group decision matrix are used to calculate the attribute and relative weights; the combination of similarity and proximity yields the decision-maker weight of each attribute; the formula for the triangular type 2 fuzzy distance measure yields the overall superiority of each scheme; comparison and sequencing determine which scheme is the best; and finally, a decision pertaining to the manufacturing company’s supplier serves as an example to illustrate the rationale and effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Prediction of flow stress of Ta–W alloys using machine learning
Authors: Kedharnath A , Kapoor Rajeev , Sarkar Apu 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The primary aim of this article was to predict the flow stress of Ta–W alloys using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning model and to explain the outcome using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). The article details the effect of temperature, strain rate, and alloying content on the deformation behavior. Though grain size, dislocation density, texture and impurities are also important factors affecting the deformation behavior, these have not been considered in this work. Data and constitutive models from the literature were used to find and compare the predictiveness of the flow stress in Ta–W alloys. XGBoost predicted flow stress with a root mean square error of 12 MPa during training and 40 MPa during testing, while constitutive models such as Johnson–Cook (JC), Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) and mechanical threshold stress (MTS) models showed a root mean square error of 208, 131 and 149 MPa respectively. The linear correlation between the predicted and experimental flow stress at 10% strain was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient and found to be 0.64, 0.93, and 0.70 for JC, ZA and MTS models respectively, while XGBoost showed 0.99 during training and 0.98 during testing. The optimized XGBoost model was validated using five-fold and leave-one-group-out cross-validations. The flow stress at 10% strain was predicted using XGBoost at various temperatures, strain rates, and alloying content. The flow stress was low at temperatures above 1000 K and strain rates below 10−2 s−1. From SHAP analysis, it was found that the base flow stress value (at which the SHAP value is zero) was 477 MPa. For temperatures less than 275 K, strain rates greater than 1 s−1, and alloying content greater than 2.5 wt.% W, the flow stress showed an increase from its base value.
Civic Solitude
Authors: Talisse Robert B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
“This is what democracy looks like.” An internet search of that phrase returns thousands of images of people assembled in public to convey a common political sentiment. This makes good sense. Without active citizens, democracy devolves into rule by elites or worse. Public collective action is essential to democracy. Although the images are inspiring, they also present a problem. In addition to being politically active, democratic citizens must be reflective. Their political advocacy must be informed by the perspectives of their fellow citizens. The trouble is that indispensable modes of democratic participation can corrode citizens’ reflective capacities. The culprit is a dynamic called belief polarization. As we interact with our allies, we are exposed to forces that render us more radical in our beliefs and increasingly hostile to those who do not share them. What’s more, we are surrounded by triggers of political extremity and animosity. Thus, our ordinary activities encourage the attitude that democracy is possible only when everyone agrees. That’s a profoundly antidemocratic stance. Drawing on extensive research about polarization and partisanship, Robert Talisse argues that certain core democratic capacities can be cultivated only at a distance from the political fray. If we are to meet the responsibilities of democratic citizenship, we must occasionally step away from our allies and opponents alike. This can be achieved only in secluded settings where we can engage in civic reflection that is not prepackaged in the idiom of our political divides.
What Does Democracy Look Like?
Authors: Talisse Robert B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
It is common to think that democracy happens out in the open, where everyone can see. So, we tend to regard our civic responsibilities as duties to engage in public and collective action. To be sure, democracy does require us to act together in public. But democracy is more fundamentally a matter of what we bring to collective public engagement—the attitudes, habit, and dispositions that drive us to political action. This chapter set out a conception of the internal requirements of responsible citizenship. It argues that democratic citizens need to advocate in ways that are public-minded, responsive, and transparent. Together, these requirements form a conception of civility. Democratic citizens thus must advocate in ways that are civil. But civility is not a matter of maintaining polite relations with opponents. It rather has to do with our civic character.
The Need for Solitude
Authors: Talisse Robert B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The triggers of the polarization dynamic are embedded within our ordinary social spaces. Our day-to-day lives expose us to forces that undermine our democratic capacities. To manage that exposure, we need occasionally to remove ourselves from our typical social surroundings. But we must also distance ourselves from the conceptual and ideological constraints of current partisanship. To manage polarization, then, we need sometimes to engage in solitary reflection that is insulated from triggers of partisan identity. This calls not only for non-commercial spaces where we can be alone with our thoughts, but also access to materials that confront us with political perspectives that are not readily translatable into our partisan idiom.
Fat Grafting and Adipose Stem Cells for Facial Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Almadori Aurora , Fung Sze Ching , Denton Christopher P , Butler Peter E M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Orofacial modifications occurring in systemic sclerosis are detrimental for patients, but the therapeutic options are limited.

Objectives
This systematic review aimed to perform an up-to-date appraisal of the literature focusing on fat grafting and other adipose stem cell–based therapies for the treatment of facial systemic sclerosis, determining its efficacy and safety, and investigating the current practice for treatment optimization.

Methods
The review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021286268) and followed the PRISMA principles. Multiple databases were searched and only original studies were included.

Results
Over the 12 studies matching the inclusion criteria, 174 patients were treated. Of these, 87.3% (n = 152) were considered to have improved. The complications, graded with the Clavien-Dindo grading system, were Grade 1 (no treatment required) or Grade 2 (antibiotic required). Patients received a mean [standard deviation] of 2.5 [3.68] (median, 1.35; range, 1-14) lipotransfer procedures. Overall, an average volume of 14.60 [6.24] mL was injected in the facial area (median, 16 mL; range, 3-27 mL). The average interval between procedures was 5.30 [2.04] months (median, 6 months; range 3-6.91 months). At the time of inclusion, patients were diagnosed with scleroderma disease on average after 14.7 [7.35] years.

Conclusions
Fat grafting for facial systemic sclerosis is effective and safe. The definitive durability of the effect is still unclear, and the optimal number of treatments must be determined to define a precise evidence-based protocol. The body of evidence is highly fragmented, with disagreements over surgical techniques and outcome assessments, making results from different studies often not comparable. The level of evidence is overall low or very low, and the risk of bias of published studies is overall medium to high. Randomized controlled trials are urgently needed.

Level of Evidence: 3 (Therapeutic)
Evolution of pollen morphology in Calyceraceae and insights into its early evolutionary differentiation
Authors: San Martin Juca A B , Johnson Leigh A , Denham Silvia S , Pozner Raúl 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pollen morphology has been a fundamental tool in the study of evolution and phylogeny in angiosperms. As sister to Asteraceae, Calyceraceae provides critical insights into understanding the early diversification of the sunflower family. To date, the most comprehensive palynological studies of Calyceraceae have been based on just a few species and lack a phylogenetic framework. Here we present an evolutionary study of pollen morphology in Calyceraceae based on an almost complete sampling and in light of recent phylogenetic hypotheses for this family. Twenty-seven palynological characters were established after morphological studies with scanning electron and bright field microscopy for 44 species of Calyceraceae. Character analyses included phylogenetic signal and reconstruction of ancestral states. Morphology of the mesocolpium, amb, and apertures support most genera, and provide support for the two main clades of Calyceraceae. We propose five pollen types, namely I–V. Most genera are nearly uniform in pollen morphology except for Gamocarpha, which includes four pollen types. Pollen types I and III, related to the most recent common ancestors (MRCAs) of Acicarpha and Gamocarpha respectively, possess the most apomorphic character states. Pollen types II and V, related to Calycera and Moschopsis MRCAs respectively, retain the most plesiomorphic character states. The major evolutionary changes between pollen of Calyceraceae and its sister group (whether it is Asteraceae or Barnadesioideae) involve mesoaperture development and exine structure. Our results support an independent origin of the mesocolpal concavities in Calyceraceae and its sister group (Asteraceae or Barnadesioideae), and for colpal ledges in Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae.