bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teacher Judgments and their Role in the Educational Process
Authors: Artelt Cordula 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Teacher judgments matter for students: They have an impact not only on students' academic self‐concepts and for their theories about themselves as learners but also on educational pathways through grades and school leaving certificates. However, do teachers have the expertise for such judgments? Is there such a thing as a professional ability to judge (diagnostic competence)? The essay provides an overview on research related to teacher judgment accuracy and bias and specifies conditions under which accurate teacher judgments can (and cannot) be expected. It is argued that in research as well as in teacher training, causes of judgment and judgment demands need to be taken into account and that the role of knowledge components in controlled and automatic decision‐making after intensive experience on the job needs to be better understood.
Emerging Trends: Family Formation and Gender
Authors: Matysiak Anna , Nitsche Natalie 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Family formation is a well‐studied topic in demography and the social sciences. Yet, open questions to be addressed by future research remain. Focusing on the childbearing side of family formation, we discuss how a gendered lens, which led researchers to concentrate on women's experiences, has shaped previous studies. We argue that future research can be advanced by (i) going beyond this perspective and addressing men and their experiences pertaining to work and family and by (ii) broadening research on couples in order to understand how his and her resources, values, and experiences interact in relating to family formation. Furthermore, we discuss (iii) the relevance of incorporating a larger array of macrolevel factors into studies on family formation, such as regulations affecting the practical and daily lives of families, or the cultural context of emotions and (iv) which methodological advances are needed to address the complexity of the studied processes.
Language Proficiency and the Integration of Immigrant Students in the Education System
Authors: Stanat Petra , Edele Aileen 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe integration of immigrant students in the education system is an important concern in most countries around the world. Several lines of research on this issue focus on the role of language, often distinguishing between students' family language, typically referred to asfirst language(L1), and the school language, typically referred to assecond language(L2). Past research has clearly shown that immigrant students' level of proficiency in L2 affects their school success, yet the role of L1 proficiency is less clear. In addition, the question whether bilingual or monolingual instruction is more effective in supporting immigrant students is largely unresolved. Current investigations aim at overcoming limitations of prior research by employing longitudinal designs, by controlling relevant third variables, and by conducting randomized field trials. Promising avenues for future research include developing more clear‐cut conceptual and operational definitions of core constructs, analyzing potentially important moderators of effects, determining the role quality of language input and instruction play for proficiency development and school success, and analyzing the associations between proficiency development in L1 and L2 with various aspects of integration.
Social Inequality Across the Life Course: Societal Unfolding and Individual Agency
Authors: Heckhausen Jutta 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSocial inequality is rising around the globe with devastating consequences for individuals and societies. Modern societies allow social mobility but vary greatly in the extent and means by which it is hampered or facilitated at different points in the life course. Motivational and lifespan developmental psychology view individuals as agents of their development, and specify sequential models and strategies for adaptive developmental agency. Individual differences in planful goal selection, optimism, action‐orientation, and goal disengagement capacities are critical for adaptive developmental agency, especially under conditions of major age‐graded changes in opportunities, unexpected losses, or increasing uncertainty and destabilization of life courses.
The Rise of Experimentation in Political Science
Authors: Rogowski Ronald 
Published: December 2016

AbstractExperimental research has expanded markedly in political science over the past 30 years: the number of experimental articles in theAmerican Political Science Reviewhas almost quintupled since the mid‐1980s. The main reason is intellectual: most scholars by now agree that random assignment of cases to “treatment” provides the most (perhaps the only) convincing evidence of causation. The second reason is technical advances that permit kinds of experimentation that, before about 2000, hardly existed: field, natural, and survey experiments. These have grown, while laboratory experiments have receded. While concerns remain about the external validity of these experiments, both journals and funding agencies will likely move increasingly in this direction.
Enabling Improvements: Combining Intervention and Implementation Research
Authors: Schober Barbara , Spiel Christiane 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Transferring evidence‐based intervention programs effectively into practice and into the wider field of public policy often fails, even if the logic of evidence‐based approaches has become highly important in recent years. As a consequence, the field of implementation research has emerged, implementation frameworks have been developed, and implementation studies have been conducted. However, even if intervention research and implementation research have both achieved mentionable progress in the past, they are rather unrelated, and different traditions and research groups are involved. This might be one of the key reasons why there are still many problems in transferring evidence‐based programs into widespread community. In order to enable improvement in this field, in this essay, we argue for a systematic integration of intervention and implementation research as a promising emerging approach. Therefore, we recommend a six‐step procedure requiring researchers to design and develop intervention programs using a field‐oriented and participative approach from the beginning on. In particular, the perspective of policymakers has to be included as well as the wider context of values, rewarding systems, and basic attitudes in science.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Fertility
Authors: Bernardi Laura 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe intergenerational transmission of fertility has direct consequences on population dynamics and is indirectly related to the reproduction of social inequality. Early studies focused on the positive correlation of parents and children fertility outcomes such as family size or childbearing timing. Explanations for the observed correlations have spanned from genetic and social status inheritance mechanisms to role modeling and socialization processes based on social learning and social influence. More recently, the focus has shifted from fertility outcomes to similarities and dissimilarities of family formation patterns across generations, framing fertility in the context of interrelated life course trajectories. Recent cutting‐edge research has also expanded upon the existing literature by focusing on the role played by multigenerational relationships and by bidirectional influence processes in parents‐children fertility behaviors. Challenges for future research are provided by the need to disentangle the interplay between genes and culture in defining tastes and preferences for given values and norms related to fertility and the increasing family complexity and migration that interfere with socialization processes.
Bogoriellaceae
Authors: Groth Ingrid , Glaeser Stefanie P. , Kämpfer Peter 
Published: December 2016

Bo.go.ri.el.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.Bogoriellatype genus of the family; ‐aceaeending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.Bogoriellaceaethe family ofBogoriella.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / BogoriellaceaeThe familyBogoriellaceaeis a member of the orderMicrococcalesand currently accommodates the generaBogoriella, Georgenia,andOceanitalea. Colonies are circular, convex, and vary in their color from white to yellow. Cells are irregular rods, cocci, and occasionally filaments, occur singly, in pairs, or in small clusters. A rod‐coccus growth cycle may be expressed. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile or motile. Aerobic to microaerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Oxidase‐positive or ‐negative; catalase‐positive. The characteristic diamino acid in the peptidoglycan isl‐lysine that corresponds to the peptidoglycan type A4α. The major menaquinone is MK‐8(H4). The polar lipids typically comprise diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol; phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylinositol mannoside, and unidentified phospholipids or glycolipids may additionally be present. The cellular fatty acid profiles are dominated by iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids and minor amounts of saturated straight‐chain acids. Mycolic acids are absent. The genomic DNA G+C content is 70 to 73 mol%.
Cellulosilyticaceae
Authors: Dong Xiuzhu , Zhou Liguang 
Published: December 2016

Cel.lu.lo.si.ly.ti.ca.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.Cellulosilyticuma bacterial genus; N.L. fem. pl. n.CellulosilyticaceaetheCellulosilyticumfamily.Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / CellulosilyticaceaeSlightly curved rod‐shaped cells. Gram‐positive cell‐wall structure but stain Gram‐negative. Terminal spores formed. Mesophilic, optimum growth temperature is approximately 40°C.Obligate anaerobic. No microaerophilic or aerobic growth occurs. Produce acetate, ethanol, and/or formate as the major end products, but not butyric or propionic acid. Hydrolyze cellulose and xylan and ferment cellobiose, but not ferment lactate and pyruvate. The predominant fatty acids are C16:0(27.1 %), C14:0(9.2 %), and iso‐C16:0(6.4%). Phylogenetically distant from the familyLachnospriaceae(Clostridum cluster XIVb), a member of the phylum Firmicutes, with less than 87.7% 16S rRNA similarity. Thus far, only one genusCellulosilyticumis described.DNA G + C content (mol%): 33–36.Type genus:CellulosilyticumCai and Dong 2010, 848VP.
Advertising Effectiveness and Attitude Change Vary as a Function of Working Memory Capacity
Authors: Sanchez Christopher A. , Alley Zoe M. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryPrior research has confirmed that the amount of attention paid to an advertisement will influence its effectiveness when it comes to changing consumer attitudes. This study expands on this understanding by exploring how individual differences in the ability to control attention (i.e., working memory capacity; WMC) might further moderate the effect of attention on advertising. Participants who varied in WMC were evaluated on their attitudes towards a consumer brand before and after viewing a video advertisement. While the advertisement did make participants more positive towards the product overall, this change in attitude was directly related to participants' ability to control attention and the degree to which the ad fostered the activation of autobiographical memories. Further, these changes in attitude were unrelated to how well the ad was remembered. This suggests that individual differences in attentional control can influence how advertisements impact customer attitude and the acceptance of persuasive messaging. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional Valence and Perceived Event Frequency Affect Memory Accuracy for a Personally Relevant Life Event
Authors: Nascimento Juliana Maria Steffen do , Buratto Luciano Grüdtner , Schaefer Alexandre , Stein Lilian Milnitsky 
Published: December 2016

SummaryFalse autobiographical remembering is known to be affected both by an event's emotional valence and its perceived frequency (PEF). Here, we present a procedure that enables the assessment of retrieval accuracy for details of an overarching personally relevant real‐life event (a graduation ceremony) while taking into account variations in both their valence and PEF. Former university students who attended the same graduation ceremony completed a questionnaire with true and false statements about the ceremony. Their task was to judge whether the event details were true. Event details were previously rated for valence (positive vs. negative) and PEF (high vs. low) and their truth status was confirmed with original video footage from the ceremony. The results showed that valence modulated the effect of PEF on memory accuracy in that a decrease in false memory judgements was observed only for negative low‐PEF (implausible) event details. These results are interpreted within the affect‐as‐information framework. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odorless, Regioselective Synthesis of Diaryl Sulfides and α‐Thioaryl Carbonyls from Sodium Arylsulfinates via a Metal‐ Free Radical Strategy in Water
Authors: Lin Ya‐mei , Lu Guo‐ping , Wang Gui‐xiang , Yi Wen‐bin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRegioselective arylthiolations of aromatic amines, arenols and ketones via C–H bond functionalization have been achieved with I2 and PPh3 in an aqueous system, whereby arylsulfenyl radicals are in situ generated from odorless sodium arylsulfinates. The arylsulfenyl radicals can react with free anilines containing electron‐withdrawing groups and complex substrates (estrone and progesterone). Further experiments and quantum chemical calculations were also performed to deduce a mechanism for the formation of arylsulfenyl radicals.magnified image
Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of “Difficult” Ketones to Nitrodienynes and Tandem Annulations
Authors: Liu Teng , Zhou Mingxin , Yuan Tengrui , Fu Binbin , Wang Xinran , Peng Fangzhi , Shao Zhihui 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe first enantioselective conjugate additions of problematic aromatic ketones and acetone to nitrodienynes have been achieved by employing a chiral multifunctional primary amine catalyst recently developed by us. The reactions took place in a 1,4‐manner. Furthermore, by utilizing the resulting chiral functionalized 1,3‐enynes as a starting point, we have developed unprecedented p‐toluenesulfonic acid‐catalyzed tandem annulations, which allow the efficient and selective construction of various synthetically useful cyclic 1,5‐diketones (R=Ar) and dienones (R=Me).magnified image
Titanium(IV) Chloride‐Mediated Stereoselective α‐Alkylidenation to Efficiently Assemble Multisubstituted 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Sun Rengwei , Song Wei , Ma Chunmei , Zhang Huiwen , Yu Xinhong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA direct access to multisubstituted 1,3‐dienes by α‐exclusive alkylidenation of crotonic derivatives has been developed. This protocol, mediated by titanium tetrachloride chelation, features excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easy operation and wide substrate scope. Conversions of the derived dienes to other useful molecules were also explored.magnified image
Über die Bestimmung von Aminopolycarbonsäuren durch Ionenpaarchromatographie
Authors: Huber W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEs wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Aminopolycarbonsäuren, speziell NTA und EDTA, beschrieben, die auf einer Trennung nach dem Prinzip der Ionenpaarchromatographie basiert. Die Detektion erfolgt im UV bei etwa 260 nm. Dazu müssen die Verbindungen in die Komplexe des dreiwertigen Eisens überführt werden. Dies kann bei kleinen Konzentrationen automatisch bei der Injektion der Substanzprobe in den eisenhaltigen Eluenten geschehen, bei höheren Gehalten wird Eisen separat zugesetzt. Es lassen sich Konzentrationen bis herunter zu 10 μg/1 bestimmen.
Bakterienvermehrungsmessungen in aufbereiteten Wässern verschiedener Herkunft
Authors: Hambsch B. , Werner P. , Frimmel F. H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDurch die Aufnahme von Wachstumskurven von Bakterien in einem Trinkwasser lassen sich Aussagen über das Verkeimungspotential des Wassers im Leitungsnetz treffen. Die von Werner entwickelte Methode wurde für Trinkwässer verschiedener Herkunft eingesetzt, wobei als Vergleich weitgehend C‐freies Reinstwasser und als Positivkontrolle Acetat herangezogen wird. Zur Quantifizierung empfiehlt sich eine Angabe in Acetat‐C‐Äquivalenten, da eine Angabe des abbaubaren Anteils des gelösten organisch gebundenen Kohlenstoffs (DOC) aus einer DOC‐Differenz‐Messung zumindest in aufbereiteten Wässern zu ungenau ist, da diese generell unter 0,1 mg/1 liegt. Die Messung ergab in aufbereiteten Oberflächenwässern 40–80 μg/1 Acetat‐C‐Äquivalente, während in aufbereiteten Uferfiltraten und Grundwässern nur 10‐20 μg/1 Acetat‐C‐Äquivalente gefunden wurden. Die im Reinstwasser im Mittel meßbare Vermehrung entspricht 9 μg/1 Acetat‐C‐Äquivalenten, so daß diese Wässer nur wenig über der Nachweisgrenze liegen und auch keine Wiederverkeimung im Netz aufgrund leicht abbaubarer Substanzen des Wassers selbst zu erwarten ist.
Effective Precipitation of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution by Iron(III) Sulfate
Authors: Nenov V. , Dimitrova N. , Dobrevsky I. , Rands D. G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA study of the removal of As(V) from aqueous solution by Fe2(SO4)3 has been carried out to establish optimum parameters for the process. Optimum arsenic removal is obtained at pH = 5, and mole ratio Fe(III)/As(V) = 7. Minimum arsenate solubility is obtained from sediments precipitated at pH = 5 and Fe/As = 7…8.
Kurzzeit‐Toxizitätstests zur Messung der Toxizität von Chemikalien gegenüber Belebtschlamm
Authors: Strotmann U. , Zaremba S. , Bias W.‐R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUm Schädigungen des Belebtschlammes einer Kläranlage zu vermeiden, ist es notwendig, die Schlammaktivität mit Hilfe geeigneter biologischer Testverfahren zu überwachen. Für diese Überwachung sind besonders der Kurzzeitatmungstest und der Dehydrogenasentest mit Resazurin als Redoxfarbstoff geeignet. Die Durchführung beider Testverfahren wurde in einigen wichtigen Punkten optimiert. Die Eignung als Kurzzeittoxizitätstest wurde anhand von mehreren Referenzsubstanzen überprüft.Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß die in beiden Testsystemen ermittelten Hemmkonzentrationen teilweise stark differierten. In Monitoringstudien an Laborkläranlagen wurde fest‐gestellt, daß eine positive Korrelation zwischen Atmungs‐aktivität und Dehydrogenasenaktivität nicht immer gegeben ist. Zudem wurde bei einigen substituierten Phenolen eine pH‐abhängige Hemmung der Dehydrogenasenaktivität beobachtet.
Studies on Separation of Heavy Metals from Acidic Solutions by Foam Fractionation with Respect to an Application on Acidic Soil Extracts
Authors: Wömmel S. , Calmano W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn experimental investigation is presented on the batch foam fractionation of the heavy metal cations Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Sb3+ and As5+ from diluted aqueous solutions with hexamethylenedithiocarbamate (HMDC) as complexing agent and sodiumdodecylsulfate (SDS) as surfactant. Among the considered pH‐values of 2,4 and 7 the pH 2 experiments allow a direct application of foam fractionation on acidic extracts from heavy metal contaminated soil. The experiments at pH 2 and pH 4 show better results than those at neutral pH. Although a simple device was used, a maximum enrichment factor of 13.8 and a minimum removal factor of 0.01 have been measured. The flotation with weak organic acids like citric acid (CA) and acetic acid (AA) show about 50–70% smaller enrichment factors than those acidified with hydrochloric acid. The dissolution and mixing of the reacting components as well as the concentration of the detergent and the gaseous volume flow can be regarded as basic parameters of foam fractionation.
One‐Pot Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Diaryl 1,2‐Diketones by the Sequential Heck Oxidation Reaction of Aryl Halides with Styrenes
Authors: Saberi Dariush , Hashemi Hajar , Niknam Khodabakhsh 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA novel one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of benzil derivatives was developed by the sequential Heck oxidation reaction of aryl halides (I and Br) with styrenes. In situ‐generated stilbene scaffolds were directly converted to the corresponding diaryl 1,2‐diketones. In the present transformation, tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) was employed as a dual role reagent, one as a reducing agent in Heck reaction and another as a catalyst in the oxidation step. Mechanistic studies showed that molecular oxygen plays a significant part in the oxidation step. Various derivatives of diaryl 1,2‐diketones were synthesized through this protocol in acceptable yields.
Enhanced winter warming in the Eastern China Coastal Waters and its relationship with ENSO
Authors: Wu Renhao , Li Chunyan , Lin Jianmin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe enhanced warming observed in the Eastern China Coastal Waters (ECCW) during the last half‐century has received considerable attentions. However, the reason for this warming is still a subject of debate. Based on four different Sea Surface Temperature datasets, we found that the most significant warming occurred in boreal winter during 1982–1998, although the warming trends derived from these datasets differ in magnitude. We suggest that the rapid warming during winter is a result of the asymmetry in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation teleconnection, through which El Niño events induce significant warming over the ECCW at its peak, whereas La Niña events fail to do the opposite that would completely reverse the trends; in addition, there were more El Niño than La Niña events during the recent decades. All these contribute to the winter warming during 1982–1998.
The luminescent properties and crystal structure of Sr(1.5‐x)‐(1.5y)Mg0.5SiO4:xEu2+,yCe3+ blue phosphor synthesized by co‐precipitation method
Authors: Wang Jin shan , Zhu Da‐chuan , Zhao Cong , Han Tao , Liu ShaSha 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn order to improve the luminescent performance of silicate blue phosphors, Sr(1.5‐x)‐(1.5y)Mg0.5SiO4:xEu2+,yCe3+ phosphors were synthesized using one‐step calcination of a precursor prepared by chemical co‐precipitation. The crystal structure and luminescent properties of the phosphors were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. Because the activated ions (Eu2+) can occupy two different types of sites (Sr1 and Sr2), the emission spectrum of Eu2+ excited at 350 nm contains two single bands (EM1 and EM2) in the wavelength range 400–550 nm, centered at 463 nm, and the emission intensity first increases and then decreases with increasing concentrations of Eu2+ ions. Co‐doping of Ce3+ ions can greatly enhance the emission intensity of Eu2+ by transferring its excitation energy to Eu2+. Because of concentration quenching, a higher substitution concentration of Ce3+ can lead to a decrease in the intensity. Meanwhile, the quantum efficiency of the phosphor is improved after doping with Ce3+, and a blue shift phenomenon is observed in the CIE chromaticity diagram. The results indicate that Sr(1.5‐x)‐(1.5y)Mg0.5SiO4:xEu2+,yCe3+ can be used as a potential new blue phosphor for white light‐emitting diodes.
Zelloberflächenstrukturen der Bacteria und Archaea
Authors: König Helmut 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDie zellkernlosen Mikroorganismen werden in die beiden Domänen Bacteria und Archaea eingeteilt. Die dritte Domäne stellen die Eukarya. Es gibt kein universelles Zellwandpolymer, das bei allen Bacteria und Archaea vorkommt. Aufgrund der Morphologie können gewisse Zellwandtypen identifiziert werden, aber die chemische Vielfalt der einzelnen Polymere ist wesentlich größer. In diesem Beitrag werden einige wichtige Oberflächenpolymere der Bacteria und Archaea entsprechend ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung vorgestellt.