bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Skin-Containing Free Tissue Transfer
Authors: Bi Hongda , Khan Mija , Pestana Ivo , Li Junhui 
Published: November 2017

Background Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) was initially introduced for wound management, but its benefits have stimulated the investigation of its use in new clinical scenarios. Most recently, incisional NPWT has been shown to be a benefit. Incisional NPWT applied to skin-containing free tissue transfer has not been well defined. This may originate from concerns of dressing material obscuring frequent examination of the newly transferred tissue or risk of pedicle compression and potential for increased risk of tissue loss. We aim to describe incisional NPWT in cutaneous free tissue transfer.
Methods An institutional review board-approved retrospective review of consecutive free tissue transfer patients was completed over a 3-year period. Free tissue transfer procedures were performed in standard manner. After fixation of the flap to the donor site with interrupted sutures, one or two drainage tubes were inserted in the subflap position. The surface of the flap was protected with Vaseline gauze followed by a 1 cm thick layer of sterile cotton. The vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) sponge (KCI, TX) was then placed in the standard fashion and negative pressure at −125 mm Hg was initiated in a continuous mode. A window was routinely made over the flap's distal region to allow for serial flap examination. For extremity procedures, no splints were utilized, and patients were limited to motion in the hospital bed. NPWT was employed continuously for 7 days and subsequently removed along with operative drains.
Results A total of 24 consecutive patients underwent free tissue transfer. The average patient age was 39.8 years with a mean body mass index of 23. Tobacco use was noted in 58% of patients in the series. The indication for the free tissue transfer included trauma (N = 21), malignancy (N = 2), and burn reconstruction (N = 1). The areas of reconstruction included scalp (N = 5), lower extremity (N = 11), and upper extremity (N = 8). Skin-containing free flaps employed consisted of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous free flap (N = 16), anterolateral thigh free flap (N = 6), thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap (N = 1), and radial forearm free flap (N = 1). The average defect size reconstructed was 238.3 cm2 with a mean operative time of 501 minutes. Postoperatively, patients remained in the hospital an average of 15.5 days (range: 9–32 days) with a mean follow-up of 8.1 months. No hematomas, seromas, surgical-site infections, or deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism occurred in the series. None of the flaps required return to the operating room. There were no documented cases of partial or complete flap loss.
Conclusions NPWT may be employed in a fashion similar to the standard incisional application. With this technique, serial flap examination remains possible and is not associated with pedicle compression or increased rates of flap loss. Interestingly, no splints were utilized with the VAC device which itself may serve as a relative immobilizer of an extremity.
Vergleich der Sicherheit der perkutan gastralen Punktion im Rahmen der PEG-Anlage zwischen Ärzten und spezialisierten Pflegenden – eine nicht randomisierte, interventionelle Pilotstudie an Simulatoren
Authors: Engelke Monika , Grund Karl-Ernst , Schilling Dieter , Beilenhoff Ulrike , Kern-Waechter Elisabeth , Engelke Olaf , Stebner Ferdinand , Kugler Christiane 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Anlage einer perkutan endoskopisch kontrollierten Gastrostomie (PEG) ist weltweit ein häufig durchgeführtes und anerkanntes Verfahren zur Sicherstellung der enteralen Ernährung. Im klinischen Alltag kommt es manchmal zur Delegation der perkutan gastralen Punktion bei der PEG an Pflegende. In Deutschland gibt es bisher keine Studien, inwieweit Unterschiede bezogen auf die Sicherheit der perkutan gastralen Punktion im Rahmen einer PEG-Anlage zwischen Ärzten und spezialisierten Pflegenden bestehen.In einer nicht randomisierten, quasiexperimentellen Interventionsstudie wurde die Sicherheit der perkutan gastralen Punktion im Rahmen der PEG-Anlage zwischen Ärzten sowie Pflegenden mit Weiterbildung Endoskopie an Simulatoren verglichen. Sensomotorische Fähigkeiten (technical skills) wurden dabei mit Videokameras dokumentiert und stellen die Grundlage für die folgenden Analysen dar. Die Studie umfasste (1) eine theoretische Vorbereitungsphase; (2) das Training am Simulationsmodell mit wiederholtem Einüben der Fähigkeiten; (3) die perkutan gastrale Anlage am Simulationsmodell mit Videodokumentation der Handlungsschritte. Teil des Konzepts war die gemeinsame Schulung von Ärzten und Pflegenden. Die Auswertung der Videosequenzen erfolgte mit einem neu konzipierten Assessmentinstrument – Perkutan Endoskopische Gastrostomie (AS-PEG). An der Pilotstudie nahmen 7 Ärzte und 17 Pflegende teil. Im Durchschnitt erreichten die Ärzte 36,4 ± 2,2 (33 – 39) Punkte und die Pflegenden 37,4 ± 2 (32 – 40) von 42 maximal zu erreichenden Punkten. Die Auswertung der auf Video aufgezeichneten sensomotorischen Fähigkeiten mit dem erarbeiteten Assessmentinstrument (AS-PEG) zeigte in der Tendenz keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den einzelnen Items zwischen den Berufsgruppen Ärzte und Pflegende, nachdem diese in einer gemeinsamen theoretischen und praktischen Schulung auf das Anlageprozedere vorbereitet worden waren. Die Studie kann einen ersten Beitrag zur objektiven Beurteilung der sensomotorischen Fähigkeiten („technical skills“) bei der perkutan gastralen Punktion im Rahmen einer PEG-Anlage durch das erarbeitete Assessmentinstrument AS-PEG leisten.
Structure and function of yeast Atg20, a sorting nexin that facilitates autophagy induction
Authors: Popelka Hana , Damasio Alejandro , Hinshaw Jenny E. , Klionsky Daniel J. , Ragusa Michael J. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Autophagy is a cellular process that results in the capture of cytosolic material in double-membrane vesicles, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to degrade the captured contents. Autophagy is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, respond to cellular stress, and prevent the accumulation of material that could damage the cell. The initiation of autophagy is carried out by the Atg1 complex. Whereas recent work has provided functional and mechanistic insight into many components of the Atg1 complex, one member of this complex—Atg20—has remained relatively uncharacterized. Here we report a detailed investigation into the structure and function of Atg20, including the identification of an amphipathic helix in Atg20 that is required for efficient autophagy and membrane tubulation.
Idealistic incentives in non-governmental organization innovativeness: bridging theoretical gaps
Authors: Lindberg Malin , Nahnfeldt Cecilia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper bridges the theoretical gap between traditional innovation studies and more recent studies of innovation among civil society actors and contexts. The paper presents a study of the nature and function of idealistic incentives in innovativeness of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) based on case studies of two national NGOs in Sweden, the Sensus Study Association and the Church of Sweden. The results show that the idealistic incentives of a basic view of human beings focusing on dignity and solidarity in the studied cases are closely related to various forms of NGO innovativeness, including the identification of challenges and needs, the aspired change at individual, organizational and societal levels, the involvement of concerned groups, and in cross-organizational and cross-sectoral cooperation. This contributes new knowledge not only of what NGO innovation entails and how it is brought about, but also of why such processes are initiated and thus why individual, organizational and societal transformation is essential in such processes. As part of this, the probable impact of beliefs, norms, ideologies and identities on all innovation processes, regardless of sectoral context, is highlighted.
Perception: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Rogers Brian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Perception is concerned with how we use the information reaching our senses to guide and control our behaviour and create our particular, subjective experiences of the world. Perception: A Very Short Introduction discusses the philosophical question of what it means to perceive, and describes how we are able to perceive the particular characteristics of objects and scenes such as their lightness, colour, form, depth, and motion. The study of illusions can be useful in telling us something about the nature and limitations of our perceptual processes. This VSI explores perception from an evolutionary perspective, explaining how evolutionary pressures have shaped the perceptual systems of humans and other animals.
The future
Authors: Rogers Brian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Perception is one of the best understood topics in psychology and yet there is still no universal agreement as to how we should understand the purpose or objective of perceptual processes. Should it be to explain how we see, hear, smell, taste, and touch—our subjective experiences—or should it be to explain how sensory information guides and controls action? ‘The future’ considers to what extent our perceptual processes are cognitively penetrable, that is, affected by higher-level processes of attention, expectations, emotions, and knowledge. It also explains the important consequences of ecological validity for the kinds of experiments we use to study perception.
Names and quantifiers: is nothing something?
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
There are lots of inferences we can make and they work in different ways from each other, such as in the case where neither the premiss nor the conclusion has a part which is itself a whole sentence. ‘Names and quantifiers: is nothing something?’ looks at the structure of grammar in issues of logic and uses what logicians call quantifiers, words such as ‘nobody’, ‘someone’, and ‘everyone’ to illustrate various logical problems. Names and quantifiers work differently. Simple grammatical form may be misleading. Not all grammatical subjects are equal. What is the Cosmological Argument and how does it apply to logic? At its heart, there is an enormous logical fallacy.
Descriptions and existence: did the Greeks worship Zeus?
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
There is a certain kind of phrase that can be the subject of a sentence. This is a definite description. Generally, descriptions have the form: the thing satisfying such and such a condition. ‘Descriptions and existence: did the Greeks worship Zeus?’ examines definite descriptions, how they can be combined with predicates to make whole sentences, and examples of how logic can be used. Descriptions are names, not quantifiers, as they usually refer to objects. However, descriptions are a special kind of name. Unlike proper names like ‘Annika’ or ‘the Big Bang’, they carry information about the object referred to and are often central to important arguments in mathematics and physics.
The future and the past: is time real?
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We are familiar with the concept of time: past, present, and future. We make many inferences about time. It might seem simple, but if we start thinking about time, we can get very confused. ‘The future and the past: is time real?’ examines time in relation to logic. One particularly puzzling thing is: time seems to flow. How can time change? Time measures the rate at which everything else changes. This problem is central to several interesting time conundrums. Every situation comes with an associated collection of earlier and later situations. Where does space come into thoughts about time? Space does not flow in the same way that time does.
Halt! What goes there?
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
‘Halt! What goes there?’ looks at some results about what formal reasoning can and can’t do, and some of the philosophical implications of these facts. It considers the workings of computers and explains computations—or algorithms. It asks if there is an algorithm we can apply to a program and inputs to determine whether or not a computation with that program and those inputs terminates, discussing Georg Cantor’s Halting Theorem along with diagonalization. The answer is no and this is what Alan Turing proved. The Church–Turing Thesis, which claims that one can write a computer program for every algorithm, is also considered.
Is it Good to Have Options? The 2014 Farm Bill Program Decisions
Authors: Taylor Mykel R , Tonsor Glynn T , Paulson Nicholas D , Ellison Brenna , Coppess Jonathan , Schnitkey Gary D 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe 2014 Farm Bill continued the trend towards more risk management‐based support for U.S. farmers. However, it also represents a major departure from previous legislation by introducing multiple program options among which producers had the ability to choose. While allowing producers to have choices creates flexibility, the design of the program required producers to consider potential outcomes for crop prices and production levels in future periods when making their decisions. Experience over the first two years of program implementation suggests that while programs are working as designed, not all producers are fully satisfied with their enrollment decisions. This will lead to proposals for further modification to programs, and to questions about whether program choice should be a component of the next Farm Bill.
A leaflet plication clip is an effective surgical template for mitral valve foldoplasty
Authors: Wamala Isaac , Saeed Mossab , Ghelani Sunil J , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Hammer Peter E , Vasilyev Nikolay V , del Nido Pedro J 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
During mitral valve repair using the foldoplasty technique, correct judgement of the necessary dimensions and orientation of the leaflet fold is a critical but challenging step that can affect the chances of successful repair. In this study, we investigated whether a leaflet plication clip can be used to guide suture foldoplasty for posterior leaflet prolapse of the mitral valve.

METHODS
Complete posterior leaflet prolapse was created in both in vivo and ex vivo pig hearts by severing the chordae supporting the middle scallop. A plication clip was applied to perform leaflet foldoplasty. Sutures were then placed using the clip as a template and the clip was removed. Leaflet width after flail creation, clip application and suture placement was determined in an ex vivo test. In vivo repair and evaluation was then performed in 7 pigs to determine the repair efficacy under normal physiological loading, at 1 and 6 h after recovery from cardiopulmonary bypass.

RESULTS
Leaflet width after suture placement was comparable to the clip alone (7.0 ± 1.4 vs 9.0 ± 1.6) and both were significantly less than the flail width 15.7± 2.5 mm. In vivo, average coaptation height following repair was restored to 4.7 ± 1.4 mm and 4.2 ± 1.3 mm at 1 and 6 h, respectively, after recovery compared with the baseline height of 5.5 ± 0.9 mm. Mitral regurgitation was reduced from moderate–severe to mild or less, and addition of a De-Vega annuloplasty in the last 3 animals abolished residual leaks to trivial or none.

CONCLUSIONS
Application of the adjustable leaflet plication clip facilitated accurate determination of the correct position, width, height and orientation of the foldoplasty. Any necessary clip repositioning was made prior to the placement of sutures avoiding the need to redo the sutures. This approach could potentially help improve the ease and reproducibility of the foldoplasty repair.
The Supreme Court of Canada and Appointment of Judges in Canada
Authors: Dodek Adam , Way Rosemary Cairns 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter explains the constitutional status of the Supreme Court of Canada with attention to the Court’s composition, jurisdiction, and procedure. The chapter discusses the Supreme Court’s 2014 decision in Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss 5 and 6 and considers whether and how that decision limits Parliament’s authority to make changes to the Court. Both the process for appointing Supreme Court of Canada justices and the process for appointing other federal judges to the country’s superior courts are explained. The authors argue that both appointment processes are inconsistent with democratic ideals of transparency and accountability. They examine the emerging scholarly and professional consensus on the importance of institutional diversity on the bench, and conclude that the continuing lack of diversity in the federal judiciary raises legitimate political and constitutional concerns.
The Form and Substance of Aboriginal Title
Authors: Macklem Patrick 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter highlights law’s participation in the colonizing projects that initiated the establishment of the Canadian constitutional order. Imperial and subsequently Canadian law deemed legally insignificant the deep connections that Indigenous peoples had with their ancestral territories, and imposed alien norms of conduct on diverse Indigenous ways of life. In doing so, law legitimated the manifold political, social, and economic acts of dispossession and dislocation that collectively bear the label of colonialism. The constitutional entrenchment of Aboriginal and treaty rights in 1982 formally recognized a distinctive constitutional relationship between Indigenous peoples and Canada. The judiciary has begun to see the purpose of formal constitutional recognition to be a process of substantive constitutional reconciliation of the interests of Canada and Indigenous peoples. This chapter argues that constitutional reconciliation can only commence by comprehending Aboriginal rights and title as protecting Indigenous interests associated with culture, territory, treaties, and sovereignty in robust terms.
The Spending Power in Canada
Authors: Kong Hoi L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter, I will argue that the Canadian Constitution authorizes the federal government to spend in areas of provincial jurisdiction and constrains the scope of this power. I will, moreover claim that effective enforcement of these limits requires that the judiciary recognize its institutional limits and that the political branches act with restraint. The arguments advanced will seek to occupy a middle ground, between proponents of an unlimited spending power and critics who would bind federal spending to the limits imposed by the legislative division of powers, strictly interpreted. In staking out this ground, I will undertake an approach to constitutional interpretation that closely examines the sources of constitutional law and carefully considers issues of institutional competence and constitutional legitimacy.
Federalism and Health Care in Canada
Authors: Flood Colleen , Lahey William , Thomas Bryan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCanadian federalism fragments health system governance. Although the Constitution has been interpreted as providing shared jurisdiction over health generally, with respect to health care, the courts have interpreted it as giving direct jurisdiction to the provinces. The federal role in health care is therefore indirect, but nevertheless potentially powerful. For example, the federal government has used its spending powers to establish the Canada Health Act (CHA), which commits funding to provinces on condition they provide first-dollar public coverage of hospital and physician services. However, in recent times, as federal contributions have declined, the CHA has been weakly enforced. Further, the failure to broaden the CHA to include prescription drugs, dentistry, and other important aspects of health care have contributed to Canada’s abysmal record on Aboriginal health and its increasingly poor rankings in international comparisons. Progress requires enforcement of an adequately funded CHA, national pharmacare, and concerted action on Aboriginal health.
The Environment, Federalism, and the Charter
Authors: Scott Dayna Nadine 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter reviews the key jurisprudential developments in relation to the division of powers in Canada, exploring how the shared jurisdiction over the “environment” created by sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution has historically shaped and continues to shape environmental law and policy. In addition to this federal-provincial struggle, the chapter considers the current trend towards local regulation of environmental matters according to the principle of “subsidiarity”, and the growing recognition of the “inherent jurisdiction” of Indigenous peoples. The contemporary dynamics are explored through two critical policy case studies highlighting barriers to environmental justice: safe drinking water on reserves, and climate change mitigation. The review reveals that Canada’s constitutional framework, although not solely responsible, has contributed to our collective failure to achieve a coordinated and effective set of environmental laws and policies, which translates to unequal distribution of environmental benefits and burdens on the ground.
Marriage, Family, and Federal Concerns
Authors: Leckey Robert , Rogerson Carol 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter takes a broad view of the legal location of the family in the Canadian federation. We examine the interaction of the division of legislative powers—and its tension between uniformity and diversity—with other parts of our constitutional structure, such as Aboriginal rights and rights in the entrenched Charter. We look beyond formal constitutional text to consider the ways in which institutional structures and practices affect governance in this area. Sociologically, our chapter acknowledges the effect of overlapping legal traditions, two official languages, and the dramatic social changes that have driven recent reform of family law. What emerges is a complex picture of the regulatory framework that governs families. Elements of uniformity and diversity—within and outside our constitutional structure—coexist and interact in ways that defy easy categorization and offer insights for comparative constitutionalists more broadly.
The Politics of Constitutional Law
Authors: Hutchinson Allan 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
After almost 25 years of jurisprudence under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, many of the fears expressed by critics of the Charter have come to pass—judicial review under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms operates as an institutional device to curb more than advance democratic politics and to entrench more than challenge a conservative ideology. The Charter is indeed a potent political weapon, but one that has been and continues to be used to benefit vested interests in society and to debilitate further an already imperfect democratic process of government. For such critics, whether or not that was the intention of its proponents and drafters is beside the point. Indeed, despite some of the best intentions of the ‘Charter-party’, the courts have not delivered on the touted democratic promise of the Charter. This chapter canvasses different critical challenges to the Charter.