bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sonographic Posterolateral Rotatory Stress Test for Elbow Instability: A Cadaveric Validation Study
Authors: Camp Christopher L. , O'Driscoll Shawn W. , Wempe Michael K. , Smith Jay 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundAlthough clinical tests can detect posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow, the ability of ultrasound to evaluate PLRI has not been assessed.ObjectiveTo determine whether increasing stages of posterolateral rotatory subluxation of the elbow could be assessed accurately with a sonographic posterolateral rotatory stress test.DesignCadaveric study.SettingLaboratory.PatientsTen, unpaired, cadaveric upper limbs.MethodsPosterolateral ulnohumeral distance was measured by ultrasound at rest and during manual sonographic posterolateral rotatory stress testing at 4 stages of increasing instability: (1) intact elbow, (2) extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) release, (3) ECRB release + lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC) release to produce a positive posterolateral drawer test, and (4) ECRB release + LCLC and capsule release to produce a positive lateral pivot‐shift test. Mean values for sonographic resting ulnohumeral distance, stressed ulnohumeral distance, and laxity were calculated for each stage and compared between stages.Main Outcome MeasuresPosterolateral ulnohumeral laxity.ResultsMean ulnohumeral laxities were 1, 3, 6, and 10 mm (P < .001) for stages 1‐4, respectively. Pairwise comparison of mean laxity between the intact elbow (Stage 1) and each pathologic state (Stages 2‐4) demonstrated differences of 2 mm (Stage 1 versus 2); 5 mm (Stage 1 versus 3); and 9 mm (Stage 1 versus 4) (P < .001). The minimal difference in ulnohumeral laxity noted between the intact elbow and an elbow with a clinically positive posterolateral rotatory drawer test (Stage 3) was 4 mm.ConclusionsThe sonographic posterolateral rotatory stress test detected increasing posterolateral ulnohumeral laxity as a function of increasing clinical PLRI. This test may be used as an adjunct to history, examination, and static imaging to assess ulnohumeral laxity in patients with lateral elbow pain syndromes. Within the limits of this investigation, sonographic posterolateral ulnohumeral laxity of >4 mm should raise suspicion of underlying instability.Level of EvidenceIV
First‐in‐human, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single‐dose escalation study of aducanumab (BIIB037) in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ferrero James , Williams Leslie , Stella Heather , Leitermann Kate , Mikulskis Alvydas , O'Gorman John , Sevigny Jeff 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionAducanumab (BIIB037), a human monoclonal antibody selective for aggregated forms of amyloid beta, is being investigated as a disease‐modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsThis randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled single ascending‐dose study investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of aducanumab in patients with mild‐to‐moderate AD. Eligible patients were sequentially randomized 6:2 to aducanumab (0.3, 1, 3, 10, 20, 30, and 60 mg/kg) or placebo.ResultsThe primary outcome was safety and tolerability. Doses ≤30 mg/kg were generally well tolerated with no severe or serious adverse events (SAEs). All three patients who received 60 mg/kg aducanumab developed SAEs of symptomatic amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities, which completely resolved by weeks 8–15. Aducanumab Cmax, AUC0–last, and AUCinf increased in a dose‐proportional manner.DiscussionIn this single‐dose study, aducanumab demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and linear PK at doses ≤30 mg/kg (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01397539).
LUCK: EVOLUTIONARY AND EPISTEMIC
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper advances two theses about evolutionary debunking arguments in ethics. The first is that, while such arguments are often motivated with the rhetoric of ‘luck', proponents of these arguments have not distinguished between the kinds of luck that might lead to the formation of a true belief. Once we make the needed distinctions, the relevance of the kind of luck which can be derived from broadly evolutionary explanations to the epistemological conclusions debunkers draw is suspect. The second thesis is that debunkers might successfully show that epistemic luck is relevant to their concerns. But they will need to include specific premises about the kind of evolutionary mechanism that explains the beliefs that the debunker targets. Proponents of debunking arguments, if they continue to insist on using luck-based considerations, are then hostage to empirical fortune in a way not previously recognized.
Generation of spectrally stable 6.5-fs visible pulses via filamentation in krypton
Authors: Kaneshima Keisuke , Takeuchi Kengo , Ishii Nobuhisa , Itatani Jiro 
Published: June 2016

We produced

$5\text{-}{\rm\mu}\text{J}$

, 6.5-fs visible pulses at a repetition rate of 1 kHz using filamentation in a gas cell filled with krypton followed by spectral selection and phase compensation by a combination of dielectric mirrors. The visible pulses have a smooth spectrum from 520 to 650 nm with a shot-to-shot stability in each spectral component of better than 2% (standard deviation). This pulse compression scheme is simple and robust, and can be easily integrated into intense ultrashort-pulse laser systems.
Plasma-mirror frequency-resolved optical gating for simultaneous retrieval of a chirped vacuum-ultraviolet waveform and time-dependent reflectivity
Authors: Itakura Ryuji , Kumada Takayuki , Nakano Motoyoshi , Akagi Hiroshi 
Published: June 2016

We demonstrate that the methodology of frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is applicable to time-resolved reflection spectroscopy of a plasma mirror in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) region. Our recent study [R. Itakuraet al. Opt. Express23, 10914 (2015)] has shown that a VUV waveform can be retrieved from a VUV reflection spectrogram of a plasma mirror formed on a fused silica (FS) surface by irradiation with an intense femtosecond laser pulse. Simultaneously, the increase in the reflectivity with respect to the Fresnel reflection of the unexcited FS surface can be obtained as a time-dependent reflectivity of the plasma mirror. In this study, we update the FROG analysis procedure using the least-square generalized projections algorithm. This procedure can reach convergence much faster than the previous one and has no aliasing problem. It is demonstrated that a significantly chirped VUV pulse as long as 1 ps can be precisely characterized.
Linear instability analysis of low- incompressible flow over a long rectangular finite-span open cavity
Authors: Liu Qiong , Gómez Francisco , Theofilis Vassilios 
Published: June 2016

TriGlobal linear instability analysis and direct numerical simulations have been performed to unravel the mechanisms ultimately responsible for transition of steady laminar flow over a long rectangular finite-span open cavity with dimensions $L$ : $D$ : $W$$=$ 6 : 1 : 2 to unsteadiness. The steady laminar three-dimensional flow loses stability at $\mathit{Re}_{D,cr}\approx 1080$ as a consequence of linear amplification of a travelling eigenmode that is qualitatively analogous to the shear-layer mode known from analyses of flow in spanwise-periodic cavities, but has a three-dimensional structure which is strongly influenced by the cavity lateral walls. Differences in the eigenspectrum of the present and the spanwise homogeneous flow configuration are documented. Topological changes exerted on the steady laminar flow by linear amplification of the unstable shear-layer mode are reminiscent of observations in experiments at an order of magnitude higher Reynolds number.
Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi
Authors: Ahuja Amit , Ostermann Susan L. , Mehta Aashish 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAdoration for fair skin color and bias against dark skin color are strong in Indian society. The theory of colorism suggests that, irrespective of a voter’s own phenotype, voters prefer lighter- to darker-skinned candidates. And yet, a substantial number of dark-skinned politicians get elected into office in India. In the first systematic study of voter preferences for candidate skin color in India, we conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were randomly administered one of three treatments based upon candidate skin tone: fair, wheatish (medium-brown), and dark. We find only weak evidence for colorism in the sample as a whole—the fair candidate is supported more than the dark and wheatish candidates, but at only marginal significance levels. This is because color preferences are heterogeneous amongst respondent groups. Dalits and the poor, groups that are darker relative to other groups and have been politically mobilized, exhibit much stronger support for dark candidates than other groups, consistent with a desire for descriptive representation. Amongst those who do not belong to these two groups, including dark respondents, the fair candidate finds more support than the dark candidate. This shows that even in the absence of skin color-based electoral appeals, skin color can emerge as an implicit marker of politically mobilized identities, and that this mobilization can undercut colorism.
Travancore's magnetic crusade: geomagnetism and the geography of scientific production in a princely state
Authors: RATCLIFF JESSICA 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn 1840 the raja of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal, would offer his government's assistance to the British Association for the Advancement of Science and its plan for a global system of magnetic observations. Over the next thirty years, the two directors of this princely state's observatory, John Caldecott and John Allan Broun, would pursue fundamental terrestrial magnetic research. Their efforts would culminate in the Trivandrum [Trevandrum] Magnetical Observations (1874). In what follows, the history of this publication is used to shed light on how and why a semi-autonomous princely state such as Travancore would engage the scientific community in Europe at this time. The article focuses in particular on the work of turning observation data into a published report and on how that labour would be distributed between the Indian subcontinent and Europe. Because the production of such reports required dozens of hands and decades of labour, its history can reveal much about the concrete working relationship between informal colony and imperial metropole within the British Empire. The Trivandrum Magnetic Observations were produced within a global economy of science in which Travancore sometimes had the upper hand. At the same time, data and scientific productions tended to accumulate in Europe (at least for a time), where ultimately the consumers of scientific products and the arbiters of ‘scientific value’ also largely remained. Within the sprawling economic, political and cultural infrastructures that linked geomagnetic research in Travancore and Europe, the relative strengths and weaknesses of each region would cut in different directions. The history of the production of the Trivandrum Observations brings to light this robustly interconnected geography of scientific production within the British Empire. It also reveals some of the processes by which ‘centres’ and ‘peripheries’ in the sciences were then becoming differentiated.
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT MARRIED WOMEN IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Anand Enu , Unisa Sayeed , Singh Jayakant 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThis study examined the relationship between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and unintended pregnancy among young women in South Asia using Demographic and Health Survey data from India (2005–2006), Bangladesh (2007) and Nepal (2011). The respondents were adolescent and young adult married women aged 15–24 years who had at least one childbirth in the five years preceding the survey. Bivariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between IPV and unintended pregnancy. Thirty-eight per cent of the respondents in India, 52% in Bangladesh and 28% in Nepal reported having experienced physical or sexual IPV. Those who reported physical or sexual IPV had higher odds of unintended pregnancy (1.36 in India and 1.99 in Bangladesh). The findings indicate that IPV is a risk factor for unintended pregnancy among adolescent and young adult married women. Along with violence prevention programmes, a more responsive and youth-friendly health system needs to be in place to provide health care services to young women in these countries.
Mongolian Gobi supports the world's largest populations of khulanEquus hemionusand goitered gazellesGazella subgutturosa
Authors: Buuveibaatar B. , Strindberg S. , Kaczensky P. , Payne J. , Chimeddorj B. , Naranbaatar G. , Amarsaikhan S. , Dashnyam B. , Munkhzul T. , Purevsuren T. , Hosack D.A. , Fuller T.K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMongolia's Gobi Desert ecosystem, a stronghold for populations of the Asiatic wild ass (khulan)Equus hemionusand the goitered gazelleGazella subgutturosa, faces conservation challenges as a result of rapid economic development, including mining-related infrastructure projects. There is a paucity of reliable data on population abundance for these ungulates in the region, which makes it difficult to assess how they are responding to increasing anthropogenic pressure. Our aim was to obtain abundance estimates for khulan and goitered gazelles to inform their management and form the basis of a long-term monitoring programme. Each year during 2012–2015 we surveyed a total of 64 line transects spaced 20 km apart, with a total of 3,464 km of survey effort across 78,717 km2. Distance sampling analysis provided annual estimates of density and abundance, which were cross-referenced with the results of an aerial survey conducted in 2013. Overall, we observed 784 groups (14,608 individuals) of khulan and 1,033 groups (3,955 individuals) of goitered gazelles during the four surveys. The abundance estimates for 2013 were 35,899 (95% CI 22,680–40,537) khulan and 28,462 (95% CI 21,326–37,987) goitered gazelles. These estimates were congruent with the results from the aerial survey, which overlapped spatially and temporally with our ground-based survey. Our findings confirm that Mongolia's Gobi Desert supports the largest population of khulan and goitered gazelles in the world, and we provide a critical update on the status of the two species.
Challenging hegemonic femininities? The discourse of trailing spouses in Hong Kong
Authors: Schnurr Stephanie , Zayts Olga , Hopkins Catherine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhile the notion of hegemonic masculinity has received a lot of attention in recent scholarship, hegemonic femininity remains largely underdeveloped. We aim to address this gap by illustrating the benefits of using the concept of hegemonic femininities in sociolinguistic scholarship. Conducting a case study on the discourse of trailing spouses in Hong Kong, we analyse hegemonic femininities at the local, regional, and global level and explore how they are interlinked with each other. Findings show how these trailing spouses often challenge and reject hegemonic femininities on the local level, but largely accept and reinforce them on the regional and global level. The specific femininities that are considered to be hegemonic are highly context-dependent, and, unlike masculinities, the hegemony of femininities is a matter of internal degree—that is, certain femininities take hegemonic status compared to other femininities but do not take a dominant position in the gender order. (Hegemonic femininities, hegemonic masculinities, trailing spouses, Hong Kong, gender order)*
Emission and tuning of harmonics in a planar two-frequency undulator with account for broadening
Authors: Zhukovsky K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe analyze the undulator radiation from planar bi-harmonic undulators with account for all principle losses in real devices. The exact analytical expressions for the UR spectrum, intensity, and the line shape are obtained in terms of special functions. The interplay of various broadening contribution is elucidated and their role is explored. Suspension and boost of certain harmonics by fine tuning the undulator parameters is demonstrated. The constant non-periodic magnetic constituents are studied to compensate the divergency of the electronic beam. The examples of harmonic generation in various undulator schemes with single and double period magnetic field are explored. Influence of inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadening on these harmonics is demonstrated. The analysis is applied to evaluate the harmonics in self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser.
Learning words from speakers with false beliefs
Authors: PAPAFRAGOU ANNA , FAIRCHILD SARAH , COHEN MATTHEW L. , FRIEDBERG CARLYN 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDuring communication, hearers try to infer the speaker's intentions to be able to understand what the speaker means. Nevertheless, whether (and how early) preschoolers track their interlocutors' mental states is still a matter of debate. Furthermore, there is disagreement about how children's ability to consult a speaker's belief in communicative contexts relates to their ability to track someone's belief in non-communicative contexts. Here, we study young children's ability to successfully acquire a word from a speaker with a false belief; we also assess the same children's success on a traditional false belief attribution task. We show that the ability to consult the epistemic state of a speaker during word learning develops between the ages of three and five. We also show that false belief understanding in word-learning contexts proceeds similarly to standard belief-attribution contexts when the tasks are equated. Our data offer evidence for the development of mind-reading abilities during language acquisition.
III.—The Torsional Vibration of Beams of Commercial Section
Authors: Ritchie Ernest G. 
Published: June 2016

When an elastic body is constrained in any manner whatsoever, it is susceptible to vibration, by virtue of its elasticity, when disturbed from its position of equilibrium by an externally applied force. The period and amplitude of such vibration are dependent upon the mass and inertia of the system, the rigidity of the constraints, and upon the nature of thedisturbing force.When a beam of commercial section is loaded centrally, and subjected to vibrations, the frequency of transverse vibration can be readily determined from a knowledge of the dimensions of the beam, its modulus of elasticity, and the conditions of loading. On the other hand, where the loading is eccentric, the transverse vibration is accompanied by a torsional vibration the frequency of which is very much lower than is indicated by the ordinary elastic theory, due to the inefficiency in torsion of beam sections other than circular. In practice it is not always possible to eliminate the eccentric loading of beams, as for instancewhere power is transmitted through countershafts supported from structural steel-work, and it is with the problem of the torsional vibration of such eccentrically loaded beams that itis proposed here to deal.
Note on Two Rock Basins in the Alps
Authors: Collet Léon W. , Murray John 
Published: June 2016

True rock basins are not rare at the head of many small mountain valleys or corries of France and Switzerland. Many flat alluvial plains above gorges in Switzerland, as well as in the Highlands of Scotland, were without doubt at one time glen lakes, as they are called by Sir Archibald Geikic, or true rock basins which have been filled up by the sand and the mud brought into them by their tributary streams.I propose in this short note to describe two of these interesting rock basins situated at an elevation of about 5500 feet on the mountains called by Swiss geologists “Hautes Alpes Calcaires” (high calcareous Alps).
Ethical dilemmas faced by hospice nurses when administering palliative sedation to patients with terminal cancer
Authors: De Vries Kay , Plaskota Marek 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjective:Palliative sedation is a method of symptom management frequently used in hospices to treat uncontrolled symptoms at the end of life. There is a substantial body of literature on this subject; however, there has been little research into the experiences of hospice nurses when administering palliative sedation in an attempt to manage the terminal restlessness experienced by cancer patients.Method:Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of seven hospice nurses who had cared for at least one patient who had undergone palliative sedation within the past year in a hospice in the south of England in the United Kingdom. A phenomenological approach and Colaizzi's stages of analysis were employed to develop themes from the data.Results:Facilitating a “peaceful death” was the primary goal of the nurses, where through the administration of palliative sedation they sought to enable and support patients to be “comfortable,” “relaxed,” and “calm” at the terminal stage of their illness. Ethical dilemmas related to decision making were a factor in achieving this. These were: medication decisions, “juggling the drugs,” “causing the death,” sedating young people, the family “requesting” sedation, and believing that hospice is a place where death is hastened.Significance of results:Hospice nurses in the U.K. frequently encounter ethical and emotional dilemmas when administering palliative sedation. Making such decisions about using palliative sedation causes general discomfort for them. Undertaking this aspect of care requires confidence and competence on the part of nurses, and working within a supportive hospice team is of fundamental importance in supporting this practice.
Quality of life and satisfaction with care among palliative cancer patients in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aboshaiqah Ahmad , Al-Saedi Turki Suwaylim B. , Abu-Al-Ruyhaylah Mohammed Munawir M. , Aloufi Abdulrahman Abed , Alharbi Muteb Omtairan , Alharbi Saad Saud R. , Al-Saedi Ahmad Salem , Al-Erwi Abdulrahman Fahd 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to determine the relationship between quality of life and satisfaction with care among cancer patients in palliative care in Saudi Arabia.Methods:A total of 130 palliative cancer patients were invited to participate in our cross-sectional study. Patients were recruited from a large tertiary hospital within the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. All eligible participants answered a three-part questionnaire that included demographic data and the validated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ–C15–PAL) and (EORTC IN-PATSAT32) questionnaires.Results:Participants were mostly female (103/130, 79%) and married (93/130, 71%), and more than half had breast cancer (69/130, 53%). They were between 17 and 86 years of age (mean = 46.7, SD = 16.50). The correlation test showed that the relationship with physical function was weak, while emotional function and global health status had a moderate relationship with general satisfaction (r = 0.21, p < 0.01; r = 0.32, p < 0.001; r = 0.26, p < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that emotional function is the more important factor in predicting satisfaction with care among palliative cancer patients. An increase in emotional function leads to increased general satisfaction.Significance of results:The emotional function of palliative cancer patients was more closely associated with overall satisfaction with care than physical function or global health status. All palliative care team members are thus required to provide adequate psychosocial support. It is recommended that interdisciplinary and collaborative approaches be integrated in palliative care of cancer patients.