bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF MILITARY CONQUEST ON PRIVATE OWNERSHIP IN JEWISH AND ISLAMIC LAW
Authors: Gilat Israel Zvi , Jabareen Amal Mohammad 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article presents the legal outlooks of two fundamental religious judicial systems—the halakha of Judaism and the shari'a of Islam—on the effect of war on private ownership. Specifically, we address the situation in which the conquered inhabitants are Jews or Muslims and halakha or shari'a are the legal systems of their religions, respectively, but the conqueror is a nonbeliever or secular sovereign. Such situations evoke the following questions: To what extent the transfer of ownership by the conquering sovereign is recognized by the religious laws of the conquered population? May a member of the conquered religion acquire property that was seized by the nonbeliever sovereign from a member of the conquered religion? Is transfer of ownership by virtue of conquest permanent or reversible, so once the conquest ends, ownership reverts to the pre-conquest owner? Various approaches to those questions within each of two religious legal systems are presented. Some of the similarities and the differences between halakha and shari'a are pointed out.
Determination of the closed-form workspace area expression and dimensional optimization of planar parallel manipulators
Authors: Ganesh M. , Bihari Banke , Rathore Vijay Singh , Kumar Dhiraj , Kumar Chandan , Sree Apelagunta Ramya , Sowmya Karanam Naga , Dash Anjan Kumar 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYOptimization is an important step in the design and development of a planar parallel manipulator. For optimization processes, workspace analysis is a crucial and preliminary objective. Generally, the workspace analysis for such manipulators is carried out using a non-dimensional approach. For planar parallel manipulators of two degrees of freedom (2-DOF), a non-dimensional workspace analysis is very advantageous. However, it becomes very difficult in the case of 3-DOF and higher DOF manipulators because of the complex shape of the workspace. In this study, the workspace shape is classified as a function of the geometric parameters, and the closed-form area expressions are derived for a constant orientation workspace of a three revolute–revolute–revolute (3-RRR) planar manipulator. The approach is also shown to be feasible for different orientations of a mobile platform. An optimization procedure for the design of planar 3-RRR manipulators is proposed for a prescribed workspace area. It is observed that the closed-form area expression for all the possible shapes of the workspace provides a larger solution space, which is further optimized considering singularity, mass of the manipulator, and a force transmission index.
A social-leverage mechanism on the Silk Road: the private emergence of institutions in central Asia, from the 7th to the 9th century
Authors: ZHANG YANLONG , ELSNER WOLFRAM 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe explain archaeological evidence ofSogdianmerchants in central Asia in early medieval, remote long-distance trade on the emerging Silk Road. In fact, it began as barter, but was based on the social organization that Sogdians developed in their communities when migrating east. Their particular way of generating trust and institutionalized cooperation was by social leverage, involving third parties as contract witnesses and/or guarantors. These usually had own commercial relations with the contractors, facilitating crediting and exchange – and credible threat to defectors. While Greif (1989) had been criticized for overlooking courts in the Maghribi case, we discuss a differentiated (latent) role for courts. We also discuss property rightsversuspossession, transactions costs and price implications. We analyze the mechanism in historical cases and game-theoretical reconstructions, and explain trade flourishing under strong uncertainty.
Experimental determination of excitonic band structures of single-walled carbon nanotubes using circular dichroism spectra
Authors: Wei Xiaojun , Tanaka Takeshi , Yomogida Yohei , Sato Naomichi , Saito Riichiro , Kataura Hiromichi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractExperimental band structure analyses of single-walled carbon nanotubes have not yet been reported, to the best of our knowledge, except for a limited number of reports using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. Here we demonstrate the experimental determination of the excitonic band structures of single-chirality single-walled carbon nanotubes using their circular dichroism spectra. In this analysis, we use gel column chromatography combining overloading selective adsorption with stepwise elution to separate 12 different single-chirality enantiomers. Our samples show higher circular dichroism intensities than the highest values reported in previous works, indicating their high enantiomeric purity. Excitonic band structure analysis is performed by assigning all observed Eii and Eij optical transitions in the circular dichroism spectra. The results reproduce the asymmetric structures of the valence and conduction bands predicted by density functional theory. Finally, we demonstrate that an extended empirical formula can estimate Eij optical transition energies for any (n,m) species.
Elastic Scattering Spectroscopy (ESS): an Instrument-Concept for Dynamics of Complex (Bio-) Systems From Elastic Neutron Scattering
Authors: Benedetto Antonio , Kearley Gordon J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA new type of neutron-scattering spectroscopy is presented that is designed specifically to measure dynamics in bio-systems that are difficult to obtain in any other way. The temporal information is largely model-free and is analogous to relaxation processes measured with dielectric spectroscopy, but provides additional spacial and geometric aspects of the underlying dynamics. Numerical simulations of the basic instrument design show the neutron beam can be highly focussed, giving efficiency gains that enable the use of small samples. Although we concentrate on continuous neutron sources, the extension to pulsed neutron sources is proposed, both requiring minimal data-treatment and being broadly analogous with dielectric spectroscopy, they will open the study of dynamics to new areas of biophysics.
A novel three-axis cylindrical hohlraum designed for inertial confinement fusion ignition
Authors: Kuang Longyu , Li Hang , Jing Longfei , Lin Zhiwei , Zhang Lu , Li Liling , Ding Yongkun , Jiang Shaoen , Liu Jie , Zheng Jian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA novel ignition hohlraum for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion is proposed, which is named three-axis cylindrical hohlraum (TACH). TACH is a kind of 6 laser entrance holes (LEHs) hohlraum, which is orthogonally jointed of three cylindrical hohlraums. Laser beams are injected through every entrance hole with the same incident angle of 55°. A view-factor simulation result shows that the time-varying drive asymmetry of TACH is less than 1.0% in the whole drive pulse period without any supplementary technology. Coupling efficiency of TACH is close to that of 6 LEHs spherical hohlraum with corresponding size. Its plasma-filling time is close to that of typical cylindrical ignition hohlraum. Its laser plasma interaction has as low backscattering as the outer cone of the cylindrical ignition hohlraum. Therefore, TACH combines most advantages of various hohlraums and has little predictable risk, providing an important competitive candidate for ignition hohlraum.
Maternal Fructose Exposure Programs Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Bladder Overactivity in Young Adult Offspring
Authors: Lee Wei-Chia , Tain You-Lin , Wu Kay L. H. , Leu Steve , Chan Julie Y. H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMaternal fructose exposure (MFE) programs the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young adult offspring. Epidemiological data indicate that MetS may increase the risks of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. However, it remains unknown whether MFE programs MetS-associated bladder dysfunction in adult offspring. Using Sprague-Dawley rats, we investigated the effects of MFE during pregnancy and lactation on developmental programming of MetS-associated bladder dysfunction. In addition, next generation sequencing technology was used to identify potential transcripts involved in the programmed bladder dysfunction in adult male offspring to MFE. We found that MFE programmed the MetS-associated OAB symptoms (i.e., an increase in micturition frequency and a shortened mean inter-contractile interval) in young adult male offspring, alongside significant alterations in bladder transcripts, including Chrm2, Chrm3, P2rx1, Trpv4, and Vipr2 gene expression. At protein level, the expressions of M2-, M3-muscarinic and P2X1 receptor proteins were upregulated in the MFE bladder. Functionally, the carbachol-induced detrusor contractility was reduced in the MFE offspring. These data suggest that alterations in the bladder transcripts and impairment of the bladder cholinergic pathways may underlie the pathophysiology of programmed bladder dysfunction in adult offspring to MFE.
LC-MS Based Sphingolipidomic Study on A2780 Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line and its Taxol-resistant Strain
Authors: Huang Hao , Tong Tian-Tian , Yau Lee-Fong , Chen Cheng-Yu , Mi Jia-Ning , Wang Jing-Rong , Jiang Zhi-Hong 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDrug resistance elicited by cancer cells continue to cause huge problems world-wide, for example, tens of thousands of patients are suffering from taxol-resistant human ovarian cancer. However, its biochemical mechanisms remain unclear. Sphingolipid metabolic dysregulation has been increasingly regarded as one of the drug-resistant mechanisms for various cancers, which in turn provides potential targets for overcoming the resistance. In the current study, a well-established LC-MS based sphingolipidomic approach was applied to investigate the sphingolipid metabolism of A2780 and taxol-resistant A2780 (A2780T) human ovarian cancer cell lines. 102 sphingolipids (SPLs) were identified based on accurate mass and characteristic fragment ions, among which 12 species have not been reported previously. 89 were further quantitatively analyzed by using multiple reaction monitoring technique. Multivariate analysis revealed that the levels of 52 sphingolipids significantly altered in A2780T cells comparing to those of A2780 cells. These alterations revealed an overall increase of sphingomyelin levels and significant decrease of ceramides, hexosylceramides and lactosylceramides, which concomitantly indicated a deviated SPL metabolism in A2780T. This is the most comprehensive sphingolipidomic analysis of A2780 and A2780T, which investigated significantly changed sphingolipid profile in taxol-resistant cancer cells. The aberrant sphingolipid metabolism in A2780T could be one of the mechanisms of taxol-resistance.
4-Аminopyridine sequesters intracellular Ca2+ which triggers exocytosis in excitable and non-excitable cells
Authors: Kasatkina Ludmila A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract4-aminopyridine is commonly used to stimulate neurotransmitter release resulting from sustained plasma membrane depolarization and Ca2+-influx from the extracellular space. This paper elucidated unconventional mechanism of 4-aminopyridine-stimulated glutamate release from neurons and non-neuronal cells which proceeds in the absence of external Ca2+. In brain nerve terminals, primary neurons and platelets 4-aminopyridine induced the exocytotic release of glutamate that was independent of external Ca2+ and was triggered by the sequestration of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The initial level of 4-aminopyridine-stimulated glutamate release from neurons in the absence or presence of external Ca2+ was subequal and the difference was predominantly associated with subsequent tonic release of glutamate in Ca2+-supplemented medium. The increase in [Ca2+]i and the secretion of glutamate stimulated by 4-aminopyridine in Ca2+-free conditions have resulted from Ca2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum and were abolished by intracellular free Ca2+ chelator BAPTA. This suggests that Ca2+ sequestration plays a profound role in the 4-aminopyridine-mediated stimulation of excitable and non-excitable cells. 4-Aminopyridine combines the properties of depolarizing agent with the ability to sequester intracellular Ca2+. The study unmasks additional mechanism of action of 4-aminopyridine, an active substance of drugs for treatment of multiple sclerosis and conditions related to reduced Ca2+ efflux from intracellular stores.
A Cretaceous origin for fire adaptations in the Cape flora
Authors: He Tianhua , Lamont Byron B. , Manning John 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFire has had a profound effect on the evolution of worldwide biotas. The Cape Floristic Region is one of the world’s most species-rich regions, yet it is highly prone to recurrent fires and fire-adapted species contribute strongly to the overall flora. It is hypothesized that the current fire regimes in the Cape could be as old as 6–8 million years (My), while indirect evidence indicates that the onset of fire could have reached 18 million years ago (Ma). Here, we trace the origin of fire-dependent traits in two monocot families that are significant elements in the fire-prone Cape flora. Our analysis shows that fire-stimulated flowering originated in the Cape Haemodoraceae 81 Ma, while fire-stimulated germination arose in the African Restionaceae at least 70 Ma, implying that wildfires have been a significant force in the evolution of the Cape flora at least 60 My earlier than previous estimates. Our results provide strong evidence for the presence of fire adaptations in the Cape from the Cretaceous, leading to the extraordinary persistence of a fire-adapted flora in this biodiversity hotspot, and giving support to the hypothesis that Cretaceous fire was a global phenomenon that shaped the evolution of terrestrial floras.
Rapid detection of abrin in foods with an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay
Authors: Liu Xiao , Zhao Yong , Sun Chongyun , Wang Xiaochen , Wang Xinrui , Zhang Pingping , Qiu Jingfu , Yang Ruifu , Zhou Lei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAbrin is a natural plant toxin found in the seeds of Abrus precatorius. It may be used for food poisoning or bioterrorism, seriously endangering public health. In this study, a reliable method for the rapid detection of abrin in foods was developed, based on an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay (abrin-UPT-LFA). Nine high-affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against abrin were prepared, and the optimum mAbs (mAb-6F4 and mAb-10E11) were selected for use in the assay in double-antibody-sandwich mode. The assay was confirmed to be specific for abrin, with a detection sensitivity of 0.1 ng mL−1 for standard abrin solutions. Good linearity was observed for abrin quantitation from 0.1 to 1000 ng mL−1 (r = 0.9983). During the analysis of various abrin-spiked food samples, the assay showed strong sample tolerance and a satisfactory limit of detection for abrin (0.5–10 ng g−1 for solid and powdered samples; 0.30–0.43 ng mL−1 for liquid samples). The analysis of suspected food samples, from sample treatment to result feed-back, could be completed by non-professionals within 20 min. Therefore, the abrin-UPT-LFA is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method for the on-site detection of abrin in foods.
Erfolgreiche Behandlung von rezidivierenden Rektumvarizenblutungen mittels perkutaner paraumbilikaler Embolisation bei Pfortaderhochdruck
Authors: Stuber Tina , Schmitz Bernd , Brambs Hans 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Bei Leberzirrhose mit Pfortaderhochdruck kann es zu lebensbedrohlichen gastrointestinalen Blutungen kommen.
Fallvorstellung Wir berichten über einen 67-jährigen Patienten mit äthyltoxischer Leberzirrhose und endoskopisch nicht kontrollierbaren Rektalvarizenblutungen. Beschrieben wird eine im interdisziplinären Konsens getroffene Entscheidung eines Therapieversuchs mittels perkutaner paraumbilikaler Embolisation.
Diskussion Bei gastrointestinalen Blutungen bei Pfortaderhochdruck stehen als Therapiemöglichkeiten die endoskopische oder chirurgische Intervention, medikamentöse Therapie oder die TIPS (transjugulärer intrahepatischer portosystemischer Shunt)-Anlage im Vordergrund. Sollten diese Optionen nicht infrage kommen oder frustran verlaufen sein, besteht die Möglichkeit einer radiologischen Intervention mit perkutaner transumbilikaler Embolisation des die Blutung speisenden Pfortaderumgehungskreislaufs. Sowohl in unserem Fall als auch bei den in der Literatur beschriebenen Embolisationen von Ösophagusvarizen kam es zu einem Sistieren der Blutungen, ohne dass für den jeweiligen Patienten ein großer Eingriff nötig gewesen war.
Real-time analysis of RAG complex activity in V(D)J recombination
Authors: Zagelbaum Jennifer , Shimazaki Noriko , Esguerra Zitadel Anne , Watanabe Go , Lieber Michael R. , Rothenberg Eli 
Published: October 2016

Significance
Recombination-activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG1/2) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) create dsDNA breaks at recombination signal sequences (RSSs), initiating the variable, diversity, and joining [V(D)J] recombination pathway for antigen–receptor gene assembly. We have discovered that RAG complex binds and bends RSS DNA at the heptamer, with different binding modes for 12RSS and 23RSS substrates. Our experimentally derived binding kinetics have established that binding, bending, and synapsis precede catalysis. We have also directly observed the dynamics of the synaptic complex, revealing that RAG1/2 bending places the nonamers at nearly perpendicular orientations and that the RAG:12RSS:23RSS synaptic complex is very stable. We provide a kinetic model that integrates physical binding, bending, and synapsis steps of the RAG1/2 pathway.
The way to a double degenerate: ∼15–20 per cent of 1 M⊙ ≤ M ≤ 8 M⊙ stars have an M &gt; 1 M⊙ companion
Authors: Klein Ygal Y. , Katz Boaz 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We find that ∼15–20 per cent of A-type stars or red giants are bound with a massive companion (Msecondary &gt; 1 M⊙) in an intermediate wide orbit (0.5 &lt; P &lt; 5000 yr). These massive binaries are expected to form wide-orbit, double-degenerate systems (WODDs) within ≲10 Gyr implying that ∼10 per cent of white dwarfs (WDs) are expected to be part of a WODD with a lighter WD companion. These findings are based on an analysis of previous adaptive optics observations of A-type stars and radial velocity measurements of red giants and shed light on the connection between multiplicity function of stars and detected double degenerates. We expect that Gaia will find ∼10 new WODDs within 20 pc from the sun. These results put a stringent constraint on the collision model of Type Ia supernovae in which triple stellar systems that include a WODD as the inner binary are required to be abundant.
Adoption of Robotic Technology for Treating Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Schootman Mario , Hendren Samantha , Ratnapradipa Kendra , Stringer Lisa , Davidson Nick O. 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:
Debate exists regarding the role of robotic-assisted surgery in colorectal cancer. Robotic-assisted surgery has been promoted as a strategy to increase the availability of minimally invasive surgery, which is associated with improved short-term morbidity; however, robotic-assisted surgery is much more expensive than laparoscopic surgery.

OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to understand hospital and patient trends in the adoption of robotic-assisted surgery.

DESIGN:
The study used cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

SETTINGS:
The study included 2010 and 2012 American Hospital Association surveys, as well as the 2010–2012 Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

PATIENTS:
US hospitals responding to the American Hospital Association survey were included to measure patients with colorectal cancer who were undergoing elective minimally invasive surgery or open resection.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Robotic-assisted surgery adoption by US hospitals was measured, regarding specifically patients with colorectal cancer who were treated with robotic surgery.

RESULTS:
In 2010, 20.1% of hospitals adopted robotic-assisted surgery, increasing to 27.4% by 2012. Hospitals more likely to adopt robotic-assisted surgery included teaching hospitals, those with more advanced imaging services, those in metropolitan rather than rural areas, and those performing the highest inpatient surgery volume. Robotic-assisted surgery only accounted for 1.3% of colorectal cancer operations during 2010–2012, but patient probability of robotic-assisted surgery ranged from 0.1% to 15.2%. The percentage of patients with colorectal cancer who were treated robotically among those undergoing minimally invasive surgery increased over time (2010, 1.5%; 2012, 3.6%). Robotic-assisted surgery is increasing more rapidly for patients with rectal cancer with minimally invasive surgery (2010, 5.5%; 2012, 13.3%) versus patients with colon cancer treated with minimally invasive surgery (2010, 1.3%; 2012, 3.3%).

LIMITATIONS:
The study was limited by its observational study design.

CONCLUSIONS:
Robotic-assisted surgery uptake remains low for colon cancer but higher for rectal cancer surgery, suggesting a more thoughtful adoption of robotic-assisted surgery for colorectal cancer by focusing its use on more technically challenging cases.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms Predictors of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Varni James W. , Shulman Robert J. , Self Mariella M. , Saeed Shehzad A. , Patel Ashish S. , Nurko Samuel , Neigut Deborah A. , Saps Miguel , Franciosi James P. , Denham Jolanda M. , Zacur George M. , Dark Chelsea V. , Bendo Cristiane B. , Pohl John F. ,   Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module Testing Study Consortium
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to investigate the multidimensional gastrointestinal symptoms predictors of generic health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease from the perspectives of pediatric patients and parents.Methods:The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scales and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scales were completed in a 9‐site study by 260 families of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scales measuring stomach pain, food and drink limits, gas and bloating, constipation, blood in stool, and diarrhea were identified as clinically important symptom differentiators from healthy controls based on prior findings, and subsequently tested for bivariate and multivariate linear associations with overall HRQOL (Generic Core Scales).Results:Stomach pain, food and drink limits, gas and bloating, constipation, blood in stool, and diarrhea were significantly associated with decreased HRQOL in bivariate analyses (P < 0.001). In predictive models utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, gastrointestinal symptoms accounted for an additional 40% of the variance in patient self‐reported HRQOL (P < 0.001) and 37% of the variance in parent proxy‐reported HRQOL (P < 0.001), reflecting large effect sizes. Stomach pain, food and drink limits, and constipation were significant individual patient‐reported predictors after controlling for the other gastrointestinal symptoms in the predictive models.Conclusions:Patient‐reported gastrointestinal symptoms differentially predicted HRQOL. Identifying the specific gastrointestinal symptoms from a standardized multidimensional gastrointestinal symptoms profile that are the most important predictors from the patient perspective facilitates a patient‐centered approach for interventions designed to ameliorate impaired HRQOL.