bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opportunities drive the global distribution of protected areas
Authors: Baldi Germán , Texeira Marcos , Martin Osvaldo A. , Grau H. Ricardo , Jobbágy Esteban G. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundProtected areas, regarded today as a cornerstone of nature conservation, result from an array of multiple motivations and opportunities. We explored at global and regional levels the current distribution of protected areas along biophysical, human, and biological gradients, and assessed to what extent protection has pursued (i) a balanced representation of biophysical environments, (ii) a set of preferred conditions (biological, spiritual, economic, or geopolitical), or (iii) existing opportunities for conservation regardless of any representation or preference criteria.MethodsWe used histograms to describe the distribution of terrestrial protected areas along biophysical, human, and biological independent gradients and linear and non-linear regression and correlation analyses to describe the sign, shape, and strength of the relationships. We used a random forest analysis to rank the importance of different variables related to conservation preferences and opportunity drivers, and an evenness metric to quantify representativeness.ResultsWe find that protection at a global level is primarily driven by the opportunities provided by isolation and a low population density (variable importance = 34.6 and 19.9, respectively). Preferences play a secondary role, with a bias towards tourism attractiveness and proximity to international borders (variable importance = 12.7 and 3.4, respectively). Opportunities shape protection strongly in “North America & Australia–NZ” and “Latin America & Caribbean,” while the importance of the representativeness of biophysical environments is higher in “Sub-Saharan Africa” (1.3 times the average of other regions).DiscussionEnvironmental representativeness and biodiversity protection are top priorities in land conservation agendas. However, our results suggest that they have been minor players driving current protection at both global and regional levels. Attempts to increase their relevance will necessarily have to recognize the predominant opportunistic nature that the establishment of protected areas has had until present times.
Effect of interleukin (IL)-35 on IL-17 expression and production by human CD4+ T cells
Authors: Okada Kosuke , Fujimura Takeki , Kikuchi Takeshi , Aino Makoto , Kamiya Yosuke , Izawa Ario , Iwamura Yuki , Goto Hisashi , Okabe Iichiro , Miyake Eriko , Hasegawa Yoshiaki , Mogi Makio , Mitani Akio 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundInterleukin (IL)-17 produced by mainly T helper 17 (Th17) cells may play an important destructive role in chronic periodontitis (CP). Thus, anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-35, might have a beneficial effect in periodontitis by inhibiting differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 differentiation is regulated by the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)α(encoded byRORA) and RORγt (encoded byRORC). However, the role of IL-35 in periodontitis is not clear and the effect of IL-35 on the function of Th17 cells is still incompletely understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-35 on Th17 cells.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sampled from three healthy volunteers and three CP patients and were analyzed by flow cytometry for T cell population. Th17 cells differentiated by a cytokine cocktail (recombinant transforming growth factor-β, rIL-6, rIL-1β, anti-interferon (IFN)-γ, anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-4) from PBMCs were cultured with or without rIL-35.IL17A(which usually refers to IL-17),RORAandRORCmRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and IL-17A production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe proportion of IL-17A+CD4+slightly increased in CP patients compared with healthy controls, however, there were no significant differences in the percentage of IL-17A+CD4+as well as IFN-γ+CD4+and Foxp3+CD4+T cells between healthy controls and CP patients.IL17A,RORAandRORCmRNA expression was significantly increased in Th17 cells induced by the cytokine cocktail, and the induction was significantly inhibited by addition of rIL-35 (1 ng/mL). IL-17A production in Th17 cells was significantly inhibited by rIL-35 addition (1 ng/mL).DiscussionThe present study suggests that IL-35 could directly suppress IL-17 expression via RORαand RORγt inhibition and might play an important role in inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis.
Risk analysis of colorectal cancer incidence by gene expression analysis
Authors: Shangkuan Wei-Chuan , Lin Hung-Che , Chang Yu-Tien , Jian Chen-En , Fan Hueng-Chuen , Chen Kang-Hua , Liu Ya-Fang , Hsu Huan-Ming , Chou Hsiu-Ling , Yao Chung-Tay , Chu Chi-Ming , Su Sui-Lung , Chang Chi-Wen 
Published: February 2017

Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers worldwide. Several studies have performed microarray data analyses for cancer classification and prognostic analyses. Microarray assays also enable the identification of gene signatures for molecular characterization and treatment prediction.

Objective
Microarray gene expression data from the online Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to to distinguish colorectal cancer from normal colon tissue samples.

Methods
We collected microarray data from the GEO database to establish colorectal cancer microarray gene expression datasets for a combined analysis. Using the Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM) method and the GSEA MSigDB resource, we analyzed the 14,698 genes that were identified through an examination of their expression values between normal and tumor tissues.

Results
Ten genes (ABCG2, AQP8, SPIB, CA7, CLDN8, SCNN1B, SLC30A10, CD177, PADI2, and TGFBI) were found to be good indicators of the candidate genes that correlate with CRC. From these selected genes, an average of six significant genes were obtained using the PAM method, with an accuracy rate of 95%. The results demonstrate the potential of utilizing a model with the PAM method for data mining. After a detailed review of the published reports, the results confirmed that the screened candidate genes are good indicators for cancer risk analysis using the PAM method.

Conclusions
Six genes were selected with 95% accuracy to effectively classify normal and colorectal cancer tissues. We hope that these results will provide the basis for new research projects in clinical practice that aim to rapidly assess colorectal cancer risk using microarray gene expression analysis.
The Genesis of the Electrocardiogram (
ECG
)
Authors: Rieta José J. , Alcaraz Raúl 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The graphical representation of the body surface potential difference originated by the electric activity of the heart between two points is known as the electrocardiogram (ECG). The aim of this article is to give an outline of the concepts that have been used to develop a model on the genesis of the ECG. In other words, the underlying principles relating the bioelectric sources of the heart to the body surface potentials. The genesis of the ECG signal is presented from two different perspectives. The first one considers the heart as a current dipole located in an infinite and homogeneous volume conductor. This scenario corresponds to the original theories introduced by Willem Einthoven at the beginning of the twentieth century on the mechanisms of ECG and it can be considered as the classical electrocardiography. The second perspective came about thanks to digital computers. Basically it consists of deriving numerically the body surface potentials created by the heart's electrical activity and considering a discretized representation of both the heart and the human torso. This new perspective, which allows the numerical solution of the heart's potentials at any place in the human body, is the so‐called forward problem of electrocardiography.
Snapshot Compressive Multispectral Cameras
Authors: Arce Gonzalo R. , Rueda Hoover , Correa Claudia V. , Ramirez Ana , Arguello Henry 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article presents an overview of the fundamental optical phenomena behind compressive spectral imaging systems based on coded apertures. The key mathematical concepts embodying the sensing and reconstruction methods, the framework developed to design optimal coded apertures together with the computational spectral imaging strategies for classification, unmixing, and spectral selectivity purposes are also presented. Special attention is given for describing and discussing many practical aspects of compressive spectral imaging, including discretization models of the optical system, optimal parameters design, and physical limitations. The performance of the sensing strategies and computational methods is illustrated in this article with real data and imagery for different applications.
Evaluation of the performance of ionospheric models at solar maximum using COSMIC slant TEC measurements
Authors: Dymond K. F. , Coker C. , Metzler C. , McDonald S. E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report the results of a model validation study that assessed how well several ionospheric models captured the slant total electron content, especially at low latitudes near the equatorial ionization anomaly, where horizontal and vertical density gradients are large. We assessed NeQuick, IRI‐2007, IRI‐2012, SAMI‐3, and the Utah State University version of the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model. We used slant total electron content measurements made by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) constellation during 5 May to 20 June 2012 to test GAIM, NeQuick, IRI‐2007, and IRI‐2012 and during 1 October 2011 to 31 December 2011 to test SAMI‐3, as the SAMI‐3 model runs were not available for the 2012 time frame. We found that the GAIM data assimilation model showed the lowest biases, although all of the models typically agreed with the COSMIC measurements to ~8% in the worst case. One area of concern with all of the models was that the mean percentage difference between the COSMIC measurements and the calculated total electron content (TEC) showed significant scatter, >15% at the 1 sigma level; this was attributed to all of the models not capturing the density gradients near the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). All of the models underestimated the topside electron density and thus also the ionospheric slab thickness. Since ionospheric models are often validated using near‐vertical TEC measurements and the vertical TEC is the product of the electron density at the F region peak and the slab thickness, our results suggest that the peak density values in the models may be too high.
Global and regional fluxes of carbon from land use and land cover change 1850–2015
Authors: Houghton R. A. , Nassikas Alexander A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe net flux of carbon from land use and land cover change (LULCC) is an important term in the global carbon balance. Here we report a new estimate of annual fluxes from 1850 to 2015, updating earlier analyses with new estimates of both historical and current rates of LULCC and including emissions from draining and burning of peatlands in Southeast Asia. For most of the 186 countries included we relied on data from Food and Agriculture Organization to document changes in the areas of croplands and pastures since 1960 and changes in the areas of forests and “other land” since 1990. For earlier years we used other sources of information. We used a bookkeeping model that prescribed changes in carbon density of vegetation and soils for 20 types of ecosystems and five land uses. The total net flux attributable to LULCC over the period 1850–2015 is calculated to have been 145 ± 16 Pg C (1 standard deviation). Most of the emissions were from the tropics (102 ± 5.8 Pg C), generally increasing over time to a maximum of 2.10 Pg C yr−1 in 1997. Outside the tropics emissions were roughly constant at 0.5 Pg C yr−1 until 1940, declined to zero around 1970, and then became negative. For the most recent decade (2006–2015) global net emissions from LULCC averaged 1.11 (±0.35) Pg C yr−1, consisting of a net source from the tropics (1.41 ± 0.17 Pg C yr−1), a net sink in northern midlatitudes (−0.28 ± 0.21 Pg C yr−1), and carbon neutrality in southern midlatitudes.
Reconstruction of coseismic slip from the 2015 Illapel earthquake using combined geodetic and tsunami waveform data
Authors: Williamson Amy , Newman Andrew , Cummins Phil 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOn 16 September 2015, a moment magnitude (Mw) 8.3 earthquake struck off the coast of central Chile, generating a large tsunami with nearby coastal wave heights observed on tide gauges in Chile and Peru of up to 4.7 m and distal observations of over 40 cm in the Kuril Islands across the Pacific Ocean. Through a transcoastal geodetic study, including tsunami time series recorded at open ocean pressure gauges, subaerial deformation observed through interferometric synthetic aperture radar from the Sentinel‐1 A satellite and continuous GPS, we identify the location and extent of coseismic slip. We find that most coseismic slip was concentrated in a patch immediately offshore, with little modeled slip near the trench. This result satisfies the tsunami waveforms measured in the deep ocean north of the rupture area, with wave heights up to 10 cm. While the event exhibits some features of a slow tsunami earthquake (moderately large tsunami and possible slow second‐stage rupture), our inversion results do not require substantial near‐trench rupture. However, the prevalence of large and shallow thrust along subduction megathrusts along central Chile raises the question of the likelihood of future such events and the implications for future hazardous tsunamigenic earthquakes.
Wind modulation of upwelling at the shelf‐break front off Patagonia: Observational evidence
Authors: Carranza M. M. , Gille S. T. , Piola A. R. , Charo M. , Romero S. I. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe South‐Atlantic Patagonian shelf is the largest chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) hot spot in Southern Ocean color images. While a persistent 1500 km long band of high Chl‐a along the shelf‐break front (SBF) is indicative of upwelling, the mechanisms that drive it are not entirely known. Along‐front wind oscillations can enhance upwelling and provide a nutrient pumping mechanism at shelf‐break fronts of western boundary currents. Here we assess wind‐induced upwelling at the SBF off Patagonia from daily satellite Chl‐a and winds, historical hydrographic observations, cross‐shelf Chl‐a fluorescence transects from two cruises, and in situ winds and water column structure from a mooring site. Satellite Chl‐a composites segregated by along‐front wind direction indicate that surface Chl‐a is enhanced at the SBF with southerly winds and suppressed with northerly winds. Northerly winds also result in enhanced Chl‐a further offshore (∼25–50 km). Synoptic transects as well as mean hydrographic sections segregated by along‐front winds show isopycnals tilted upward for southerly winds. Spring observations from the mooring also suggest that southerly winds destratify the water column and northerly winds restratify, in agreement with Ekman transport interacting with the front. Moreover, changes in water column temperature lag along‐front wind forcing by 2–4 days. Our results suggest that oscillations in along‐front winds, on timescales typical of atmospheric storms (2–10 days), can significantly modulate the upwelling and Chl‐a concentrations at the SBF off Patagonia, revealing the importance of wind‐induced upwelling for shelf‐slope exchange at shelf‐break fronts of western boundary currents.
Observations and a linear model of water level in an interconnected inlet‐bay system
Authors: Aretxabaleta Alfredo L. , Ganju Neil K. , Butman Bradford , Signell Richard P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA system of barrier islands and back‐barrier bays occurs along southern Long Island, New York, and in many coastal areas worldwide. Characterizing the bay physical response to water level fluctuations is needed to understand flooding during extreme events and evaluate their relation to geomorphological changes. Offshore sea level is one of the main drivers of water level fluctuations in semienclosed back‐barrier bays. We analyzed observed water levels (October 2007 to November 2015) and developed analytical models to better understand bay water level along southern Long Island. An increase (∼0.02 m change in 0.17 m amplitude) in the dominant M2 tidal amplitude (containing the largest fraction of the variability) was observed in Great South Bay during mid‐2014. The observed changes in both tidal amplitude and bay water level transfer from offshore were related to the dredging of nearby inlets and possibly the changing size of a breach across Fire Island caused by Hurricane Sandy (after December 2012). The bay response was independent of the magnitude of the fluctuations (e.g., storms) at a specific frequency. An analytical model that incorporates bay and inlet dimensions reproduced the observed transfer function in Great South Bay and surrounding areas. The model predicts the transfer function in Moriches and Shinnecock bays where long‐term observations were not available. The model is a simplified tool to investigate changes in bay water level and enables the evaluation of future conditions and alternative geomorphological settings.
Slope‐induced tidal straining: Analysis of rotational effects
Authors: Schulz Kirstin , Endoh Takahiro , Umlauf Lars 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTidal straining is known to be an important factor for the generation of residual currents and transports of suspended matter in the coastal ocean. Recent modeling studies and field experiments have revealed a new type of “slope‐induced” tidal straining, in which the horizontal density gradient required for this process is induced by the presence of a slope rather than by river runoff (as in classical tidal straining). Slope‐induced tidal straining is investigated here with the help of an idealized numerical model, and results are compared to a recent data set from the East China Sea providing first direct observational evidence. The focus of this study is on the effect of rotation that was ignored in previous investigations. The model is shown to reproduce the key features of the observations, in particular the strain‐induced generation of unstable stratification in the bottom boundary layer during periods of upslope flow. Rotation effects are found to significantly reduce the upslope tidal pumping of suspended material and also give rise to a newly identified pumping mechanism that results in a vigorous transport of suspended material along the slope. It is shown that slope‐induced tidal straining is likely to be relevant for a wide range of oceanic slopes exposed to tidal motions.
Comparison of the ocean surface vector winds from atmospheric reanalysis and scatterometer‐based wind products over the Nordic Seas and the northern North Atlantic and their application for ocean modeling
Authors: Dukhovskoy Dmitry S. , Bourassa Mark A. , Petersen Guðrún Nína , Steffen John 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOcean surface vector wind fields from reanalysis data sets and scatterometer‐derived gridded products are analyzed over the Nordic Seas and the northern North Atlantic for the time period from 2000 to 2009. The data sets include the National Center for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis 2 (NCEPR2), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR), Cross‐Calibrated Multiplatform (CCMP) wind product version 1.1 and recently released version 2.0, and QuikSCAT. The goal of the study is to assess discrepancies across the wind vector fields in the data sets and demonstrate possible implications of these differences for ocean modeling. Large‐scale and mesoscale characteristics of winds are compared at interannual, seasonal, and synoptic timescales. A cyclone tracking methodology is developed and applied to the wind fields to compare cyclone characteristics in the data sets. Additionally, the winds are evaluated against observations collected from meteorological buoys deployed in the Iceland and Irminger Seas. The agreement among the wind fields is better for longer time and larger spatial scales. The discrepancies are clearly apparent for synoptic timescales and mesoscales. CCMP, ASR, and CFSR show the closest overall agreement with each other. Substantial biases are found in the NCEPR2 winds. Numerical sensitivity experiments are conducted with a coupled ice‐ocean model forced by different wind fields. The experiments demonstrate differences in the net surface heat fluxes during storms. In the experiment forced by NCEPR2 winds, there are discrepancies in the large‐scale wind‐driven ocean dynamics compared to the other experiments.
The Atlantic Water boundary current north of Svalbard in late summer
Authors: Pérez‐Hernández M. Dolores , Pickart Robert S. , Pavlov Vladimir , Våge Kjetil , Ingvaldsen Randi , Sundfjord Arild , Renner Angelika H. H. , Torres Daniel J. , Erofeeva Svetlana Y. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractData from a shipboard hydrographic/velocity survey carried out in September 2013 of the region north of Svalbard in the Nansen Basin are analyzed to characterize the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current as it flows eastward along the continental slope. Eight meridional transects across the current, spanning an alongstream distance of 180 km, allow for a detailed description of the current and the regional water masses. During the survey the winds were light and there was no pack‐ice. The mean section reveals that the boundary current was O(40 km) wide, surface‐intensified, with a maximum velocity of 20 cm/s. Its mean transport during the survey was 3.11 ± 0.33 Sv, of which 2.31 ± 0.29 Sv was AW. This suggests that the two branches of AW entering the Arctic Ocean via Fram Strait—the Yermak Plateau branch and the Svalbard branch—have largely combined into a single current by 30°E. At this location the boundary current meanders with a systematic change in its kinematic structure during offshore excursions. A potential vorticity analysis indicates that the flow is baroclinically unstable, consistent with previous observations of AW anticyclones offshore of the current as well as the presence of a near‐field cyclone in this data set. Our survey indicates that only a small portion of the boundary current is diverted into the Kvitøya Trough (0.17 ± 0.08 Sv) and that the AW temperature/salinity signal is quickly eroded within the trough.