bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Enlightenment and Education Towards a Bioeconomic Society
Authors: Angel Jose , Herrerias López 
Published: November 2015

The change of century with a new millennium means the conscious beginning of a crucial ”axial time”. The characteristics of this axial time are: (a) the collective conscience born from the global interplanetary knowledge that the world suffers from lack of ethics together with situations characterised by exclusion, violence, exploitation and the need for human rights. (b) at the same time there is an increasing awareness of the need to demand respect and application of other values and attitudes between people and groups co-participating in the global affairs. From the pedagogical point of view this is a problem relating to the cultural reality and the psychological dominance and their relationship from the cultural to the psychic and vice versa. A typology of these realities makes us aware of four models: modernity, post-modernity, ultra-modernity and meta-modernity. Here the meta-modernity is defined as the psycho-cultural pedagogic alternative based on other values and in the new systems of rules generating identities, which make possible responses capable of overcoming the conflicts of the new and complex ”axial time”. Bioeconomics as a science and as a pedagogic tool is well placed in this model.
Empowering Victims of Organized Crime: On the Concurrence of the Palermo Convention with the Un Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims
Authors: Van Dijk Jan J.M. 
Published: November 2015

In the year 2003 the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime and its protocol against Trafficking in Persons will come into force and create new obligations for State Parties. Both legal instruments contain specific provisions on the rights of victims of organised crime and corruption and of trafficking in persons respectively. An analysis is made of the concurrence of these provisions with the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, adopted by the General Assembly in 1985. Several of the main principles of justice for victims, such as the right to be protected against offenders, to claim compensation from the offender and to present views in court are honoured by the new legally binding instruments. The Convention and its protocol will give a new global impetus to criminal justice reform on behalf of victims. The right to claim compensation and express views are especially important for representatives of collective interests, such as NGO's supporting victims of trafficking. Such victim representation has become a regular feature of anti-Mafia trials in Italy. In some other respects, however, these instruments fall short of the UN standards. The rights to be informed, to receive legal assistance, to privacy protection and to state compensation are all notably absent. The Conference of State Parties which will oversee the implementation of the Convention and its protocol should critically assess the practical impact of the victim provisions and make proposals for improvements where appropriate.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Injuries in Children With First-Time Lateral Patellar Dislocations
Authors: Askenberger Marie , Arendt Elizabeth A. , Ekström Wilhelmina , Voss Ulrika , Finnbogason Throstur , Janarv Per-Mats 
Published: November 2015

Background: A lateral patellar dislocation (LPD) is the most common knee injury in children with traumatic knee hemarthrosis. The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), the important passive stabilizer against LPDs, is injured in more than 90% of cases. The MPFL injury pattern is most often defined in adults or in mixed-age populations. The injury pattern in the skeletally immature patient may be different. Purpose: To describe MPFL injuries in the skeletally immature patient by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to compare the results with the injury pattern found at arthroscopic surgery. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This was a prospective series of patients aged 9 to 14 years with acute, first-time traumatic LPDs in whom clinical examinations, radiographs, MRI, and arthroscopic surgery were performed within 2 weeks from the index injury. The MPFL injury was divided into 3 different groups according to the location: patellar site, femoral site, or multifocal. The MPFL injury site was confirmed on MRI by soft tissue edema. The length of the MPFL injury at the patellar site was measured at arthroscopic surgery, and those ≥2 cm were defined as total ruptures. Results: A total of 74 patients (40 girls and 34 boys; mean age, 13.1 years) were included; 73 patients (99%) had an MPFL injury according to MRI and arthroscopic surgery. The MRI scans showed an isolated MPFL injury at the patellar attachment site in 44 of 74 patients (60%), a multifocal injury in 26 patients (35%), an injury at the femoral site in 3 patients (4%), and no injury in 1 patient (1%). Arthroscopic surgery disclosed an isolated MPFL injury at the patellar site in 60 of 74 patients (81%) and a multifocal injury in 13 patients (18%); the MPFL injury at the patellar site was a total rupture in 49 patients (66%). Edema at the patellar attachment site on MRI was proven to be an MPFL rupture at the same site at arthroscopic surgery in 99% of the patients. A patellar-based injury, isolated or as part of a multifocal injury, was present on MRI in 95% (n = 70) of the patients, with a false-negative rate of 5% (n = 4) of patients compared with arthroscopic surgery. Conclusion: Skeletally immature children are more prone to sustaining an MPFL injury at the patellar attachment site. Arthroscopic surgery and MRI complement each other in the investigation of MPFL injuries.
Age and diabetes related changes of the retinal capillaries: An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Bianchi Enrica , Ripandelli Guido , Taurone Samanta , Feher Janos , Plateroti Rocco , Kovacs Illes , Magliulo Giuseppe , Orlando Maria Patrizia , Micera Alessandra , Battaglione Ezio , Artico Marco 
Published: November 2015

Normal human aging and diabetes are associated with a gradual decrease of cerebral flow in the brain with changes in vascular architecture. Thickening of the capillary basement membrane and microvascular fibrosis are evident in the central nervous system of elderly and diabetic patients. Current findings assign a primary role to endothelial dysfunction as a cause of basement membrane (BM) thickening, while retinal alterations are considered to be a secondary cause of either ischemia or exudation. The aim of this study was to reveal any initial retinal alterations and variations in the BM of retinal capillaries during diabetes and aging as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, we investigated the potential role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in diabetic retina. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on 46 enucleated human eyes with particular attention to alterations of the retinal capillary wall and Müller glial cells. Inflammatory cytokines expression in the retina was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Our electron microscopy findings demonstrated that thickening of the BM begins primarily at the level of the glial side of the retina during aging and diabetes. The Müller cells showed numerous cytoplasmic endosomes and highly electron-dense lysosomes which surrounded the retinal capillaries. Our study is the first to present morphological evidence that Müller cells start to deposit excessive BM material in retinal capillaries during aging and diabetes. Our results confirm the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β within the retina as a result of diabetes. These observations strongly suggest that inflammatory cytokines and changes in the metabolism of Müller glial cells rather than changes in of endothelial cells may play a primary role in the alteration of retinal capillaries BM during aging and diabetes.
Organisational Restructuring for the Next Millennium
Authors: Verma DR Vinnie , Misra DR Kamlesh 
Published: November 2015

A major transformation is taking place in the industrial sector of the world economy. Today no organisation can remain isolated from its environment and a key aspect of managing these organisations will always be their ability to manage the inte1jace between their strategic and operational activities and what is happening in the markets and in broader cultural, financial, political and technological frameworks. This paper attempts to highlight the major changes taking place, which have an impact on all the economies, with an emphasis on the role of technology in the restructuring process. It points out at the technology trends and its repercussions on organization structure. It also attempts to reflect upon how the functional areas like production, marketing and HR would need to be geared up to face the onslaught of change. Issues of corporate governance, e-commerce and the organisational capabilities are also discussed.
Information Technology as a Strategic Tool for Attaining Success in Global Environment
Authors: Saxena DR R.P. 
Published: November 2015

The emergence of global eco11omy and a global trade market has transformed the world into one massive business community. The expression “global village” is no longer a contradiction in terms. It is a reality and credit goes to the emerging Information Technology. Today, in the quality and productivity conscious, globally competitive environment, business and business people are driving the development of Information Technology and IT is providing the business opportunities that were unheard of only ten years ago. Today, we live in a society in which information is an essential resource and where knowledge is valuable. In the present era IT has become the life giving and sustaining clement in every organisation. For survival the use of IT tools in different disciplines of management has become inevitable and there is a need to give IT a strategic orientation, as IT has emerged as a new mantra of success in today's global environment.
Revenue Increment Model for Indian Software Industry
Authors: Singh Deepali , Agrawal D P , Geeta B 
Published: November 2015

India’s success in the software arena can largely be attributed to the industry’s knowledge and expertise in cutting edge technologies. Indian software companies have constantly striven to stay abreast of global technology trends by embracing technologies that are gaining pre-eminence globally. Despite the success of the Indian software industry both on export and domestic fronts, its share in the $ 150 billion world’s market for packaged software products is less than 1%. The Indian software industry model traditionally based on contract work from multinational companies is not conducive for the growth and development of the software industry. This model has lead to recent decline in the growth rate of a large number of software companies. To ensure sustained high growth rate, IT industries need to take another look at their business models and create conditions for their upward movement over the software value chain.
Emotional Competence at work
Authors: Karrir Naval 
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the salience of emotional competence at the work place and explains the relative edge it has over the intelligence quotient (IQ) which is mostly used to determine the effectiveness of employees at the work place. Relationship between emotional competence and intelligence quotient has been explored. A framework providing explanation on the various components of emotional competence has been discussed. A methodology for measurement of emotional competence through indicators has been proposed and strategies recommended for enhancing emotional competence at the work place.
Software Patents: Good or Evil?
Authors: Somu C.S. 
Published: November 2015

“Chances are that patents on software, common practice in the US and on the brink of being legalized in Europe, in fact stifle innovation. Europe could still alter course. But India Has Joined the US Bandwagon”. Modern society relies heavily on computer technology. Without software, a computer cannot operate. Software and hardware work in tandem in today's information society. So it is no wonder that intellectual property protection of software is crucial not only for the software industry, but for other businesses as well. The economic philosophy behind granting patents and copyrights is the conviction that encouragement of individual effort by personal gain is the best way to advance public welfare through the talents of authors and inventors. Sacrificial days devoted to such creative activities deserve rewards commensurate with the services rendered. While software has been specifically identified by the Parliament and the courts as deserving of copyright protection, the scope of copyright protection afforded to software has been in flux in recent years. The Copyright Act, 1957 specifically state that copyright protection does not “extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery”. Copyright protection extends only to specific expression, and not to the ideas behind this expression - commonly referred to as the “idea-expression” dichotomy.
Small and Medium Enterprise Sector in Mauritius: Its Evolution and Growth with Special Reference to Investment Criteria
Authors: Matadeen S. 
Published: November 2015

SMEs play a vital role in the process of industrialisation in developing countries because of their ability to adapt to the changing environment. In view of the multiple constraints and complexity of investment decision-making process, a study was undertaken to analyse the investment structure/practices of SMEs in Mauritius. The results of the study reveal that of the SMEs with an investment of over Rs. 1 million, 76% are corporates, and of those with an investment of more than Rs. 3 million, 90% are companies. Similarly irrespective of their year of formation, 64% of SMEs in the corporate sector are willing to re-invest more than Rs. 1m in plant and machinery, but even government incentives like raising the qualifying investment limit and duty concessions have not encouraged SMEs to invest over Rs. 3m in plant and machinery. A sectoral analysis reveal that SMEs in the metal product and workshops were willing to reinvest but those in the textile product group were not. As far as sectoral investment since 1990 is concerned, the two sectors which have witnessed increased investment in Plant and Machinery are food and beverages and chemical, rubber and plastics. The growth and modernisation of SMEs warrant considerable government support in the form of tax and duty concessions and soft-term loans.
Learning and Liking an Artificial Musical System: Effects of Set Size and Repeated Exposure
Authors: Loui Psyche , Wessel David 
Published: November 2015

We report an investigation of humans' musical learning ability using a novel musical system. We designed an artificial musical system based on the Bohlen-Pierce scale, a scale very different from Western music. Melodies were composed from chord progressions in the new scale by applying the rules of a finite-state grammar. After exposing participants to sets of melodies, we conducted listening tests to assess learning, including recognition tests, generalization tests, and subjective preference ratings. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with 15 melodies 27 times each. Forced choice results showed that participants were able to recognize previously encountered melodies and generalize their knowledge to new melodies, suggesting internalization of the musical grammar. Preference ratings showed no differentiation among familiar, new, and ungrammatical melodies. In Experiment 2, participants were given 10 melodies 40 times each. Results showed superior recognition but unsuccessful generalization. Additionally, preference ratings were significantly higher for familiar melodies. Results from the two experiments suggest that humans can internalize the grammatical structure of a new musical system following exposure to a sufficiently large set size of melodies, but musical preference results from repeated exposure to a small number of items. This dissociation between grammar learning and preference will be further discussed.
A General Model for the Dynamic Functioning of Musical Systems
Authors: Leroy Jean-Luc 
Published: November 2015

This article presents an overview of a general model for the dynamic functioning of musical systems within an anthropological perspective. This theoretical approach is based on a set of conjectures: — 1. Music fulfils an adaptive function of biopsychical regulation; — 2. This function is fulfilled by means of a multidimensional system; — 3. The system is determined by constraints of psychophysical, anatomophysiological, psychomotor, cognitive, cultural and psychical nature; — 4. Every sound/musical structure bears a potential energy; — 5. Actualisation of these potentialities results from the interaction of these structures with a subject. The model is briefly presented here according to two axes: of potential tensions linked to sound and musical structures, and of the actualisation of these tensions by the individual. The first outlines ten dimensions (grouped together within three levels) by means of which the potential energy of sound and musical structures could be borne. The second places these dimensions and their mechanisms in context of the subject: the “affective system” enables a modulation of the investment of musical system dimensions; this investment is controlled by “operating models“; a stylistic mediation and an emotional mediation ensure the sociocultural integration of the dynamic “scenario” worked out by the subject. A general diagram sums up the model.
Corroborating external observation by cognitive data in the description and modelling of traditional music
Authors: Arom Simha 
Published: November 2015

Any repertoire of traditional music - i.e., considered by the members of a cultural community to be part of their collective heritage - may be said to behave like a formal system. In the great majority of civilizations with oral traditions, musical systems do not give rise to abstract speculation. The theory which underlies each of them is not formally expressed, thus remaining implicit. In such a context, to describe the systematic organization of a given repertoire amounts to unearthing the rationale of (1) the principles and rules by which it is governed, (2) the ways in which it functions. Modelisation consists in eliciting the minimal utterance to which each performer ultimately refers, when actualizing any one of the musical pieces in the system, or - in a multipart music - any of its component parts. The validity of both description and modelisation results from the interaction of Western conceptual tools and the criteria of relevance obtained from pronouncements by the recipients of the tradition. Formulating the theory of a musical system requires that at each stage of the investigative process the native's cognitive grasp of musical practice and its symbolic imports - whether this grasp is conceptual or metaphoric - be corroborated by the data gathered through observation. In this paper I describe three case studies of research among “living laboratories” of African culture bearers, each of which illustrates a principle of such collective cognitive systems.
Stenosing Tenosynovitis of the Pseudosheath of the Tendo Achilles
Authors: Gould Nathaniel , Korson Roy 
Published: November 2015

This entity consists of a chronic inflammatory process of the peritenon of the tendo Achilles (usually bilateral) at variable points of the tendon itself but usually near the insertion in the Achilles. Its occurrence, not only in runners but in relatively sedentary individuals of both sexes, seems to be the result of microtrauma with insidious onset of local pain in increasing degree with physical activity. Clinically, in the advanced cases, fibrillation, modulation, and “yellowing” of the edematous tendon occur and probably are a precursor to later ruptures. Pathological changes consist of one or more of the following: a myxomatous degeneration of collagenous tissue; fibrosis; round cell inflammatory infiltrate; and proliferation of fibrovascular connective tissue. The use of steroid injections seems to be of no help and probably is contraindicated. Surgery consists of excision of the entire pseudosheath, allowing the tendon to assume a new, nonconstricting alignment. All but one of the nine patients with a follow-up of at least one year went on to clinical, painless recovery, with unrestricted future activity, in just a few months.
The Injury Risk Associated with Pes Planus in Athletes
Authors: Michelson J.D. , Durant D.M. , McFarland E. 
Published: November 2015

Despite the common prophylactic use of rigid orthotics in athletes with flat feet to prevent subsequent injury, there is little scientific data in the literature examining the relationship between pes planus and athletic injuries to the lower extremity. The current prospective study was undertaken to establish what relationship, if any, exists between foot morphology and subsequent lower extremity injury. A total of 196 subjects were enrolled in the study, of which 143 (73%) were male and 53 (27%) were female. Forty-two percent of the participants (83) engaged in contact sports. There were a total of 227 episodes of injury involving the lower extremity. Logistic regression using contact sports, gender, and all of the different foot contact areas that were measured at the beginning of the study was undertaken. Although gender and participation in contact sports was predictive of some lower extremity injuries, the existence of pes planus as measured by medial midfoot contact area as a percentage of total contact area was not a risk factor for any injury of the lower extremity. This study shows that in an athletic population that is representative of collegiate athletics, the existence of flat footedness does not predispose to subsequent lower extremity injury. The routine prophylactic use of orthotics in flat-footed athletes to prevent future injury may therefore not be justified based on the data available.