bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canine and Feline Parvoviruses Can Use Human or Feline Transferrin Receptors To Bind, Enter, and Infect Cells
Authors: Parker John S. L. , Murphy William J. , Wang Dai , O'Brien Stephen J. , Parrish Colin R. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Canine parvovirus (CPV) enters and infects cells by a dynamin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, and viral capsids colocalize with transferrin in perinuclear vesicles of cells shortly after entry (J. S. L. Parker and C. R. Parrish, J. Virol. 74:1919–1930, 2000). Here we report that CPV and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a closely related parvovirus, bind to the human and feline transferrin receptors (TfRs) and use these receptors to enter and infect cells. Capsids did not detectably bind or enter quail QT35 cells or a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived cell line that lacks any TfR (TRVb cells). However, capsids bound and were endocytosed into QT35 cells and CHO-derived TRVb-1 cells that expressed the human TfR. TRVb-1 cells or TRVb cells transiently expressing the feline TfR were susceptible to infection by CPV and FPV, but the parental TRVb cells were not. We screened a panel of feline-mouse hybrid cells for susceptibility to FPV infection and found that only those cells that possessed feline chromosome C2 were susceptible. The feline TfR gene (TRFC) also mapped to feline chromosome C2. These data indicate that cell susceptibility for these viruses is determined by the TfR.
Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus Isolates of Genotype G and Their Phylogenetic Differences from the Other Six Genotypes (A through F)
Authors: Kato Hideaki , Orito Etsuro , Gish Robert G. , Sugauchi Fuminaka , Suzuki Seiji , Ueda Ryuzo , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mizokami Masashi 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Eight hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates of genotype G were recovered from patients and sequenced over the entire genome. Six of them had a genomic length of 3,248 bp and two had genomic lengths of 3,239 bp (USG15) and 3,113 bp (USG18) due to deletions. The 10 HBV/G isolates, including the 8 sequenced isolates as well as the original isolate (AF160501) and another isolate (B1-89), had a close sequence homology of 99.3 to 99.8% among themselves (excluding USG18 with a long deletion) but of <88.7% to any of the 68 HBV isolates of the other six genotypes with the full-length sequence known. The eight HBV/G isolates possessed an insertion of 36 bp in the core gene and two stop codons in the precore region, as did the AF160501 and B1-89 isolates. The 10 HBV/G isolates clustered on a branch separate from those bearing the other six genotypes (A through F [A-F]) in the phylogenetic tree constructed from full-length sequences of 78 HBV isolates as well as in those constructed from the core, polymerase, X, and envelope genes. Despite two stop codons in the precore region that prohibited the translation of the HBV e antigen (HBeAg), all of the eight patients with HBV/G infection possessed the HBeAg in serum. By restriction fragment length polymorphism of the surface gene, all of the eight patients were found to be coinfected with HBV of genotype A (HBV/A), which would be responsible for the expression of HBeAg in them. It is worthy of examination to determine how coinfection occurs and whether HBV/G needs HBV/A for replication.
CD4 T Cells Are the Only Lymphocytes Needed To Protect Mice against Rotavirus Shedding after Intranasal Immunization with a Chimeric VP6 Protein and the Adjuvant LT(R192G)
Authors: McNeal Monica M. , VanCott John L. , Choi Anthony H. C. , Basu Matili , Flint Jason A. , Stone Susan C. , Clements John D. , Ward Richard L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIntranasal immunization of mice with a chimeric VP6 protein and the mucosal adjuvantEscherichia coliheat labile toxin LT(R192G) induces nearly complete protection against murine rotavirus (strain EDIM [epizootic diarrhea of infant mice virus]) shedding for at least 1 year. The aim of this study was to identify the protective lymphocytes elicited by this new vaccine candidate. Immunization of mouse strains lacking one or more lymphocyte populations revealed that protection was dependent on αβ T cells but mice lacking γδ T cells and B cells remained fully protected. Furthermore, depletion of CD8 T cells in immunized B-cell-deficient mice before challenge resulted in no loss of protection, while depletion of CD4 T cells caused complete loss of protection. Therefore, αβ CD4 T cells appeared to be the only lymphocytes required for protection. As confirmation, purified splenic T cells from immunized mice were intraperitoneally injected into Rag-2 mice chronically infected with EDIM. Transfer of 2 × 106CD8 T cells had no effect on shedding, while transfer of 2 × 105CD4 T cells fully resolved shedding in 7 days. Interestingly, transfer of naive splenic CD4 T cells also resolved shedding but more time and cells were required. Together, these results establish CD4 T cells as effectors of protection against rotavirus after intranasal immunization of mice with VP6 and LT(R192G).
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded G Protein-Coupled Receptor ORF74 Constitutively Activates p44/p42 MAPK and Akt via Giand Phospholipase C-Dependent Signaling Pathways
Authors: Smit Martine J. , Verzijl Dennis , Casarosa Paola , Navis Marjon , Timmerman Henk , Leurs Rob 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe G protein-coupled receptor encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, also referred to as ORF74, has been shown to stimulate oncogenic and angiogenic signaling pathways in a constitutively active manner. The biochemical routes linking ORF74 to these signaling pathways are poorly defined. In this study, we show that ORF74 constitutively activates p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt via Gi- and phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling pathways. Activation of Akt by ORF74 appears to be phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) dependent but, interestingly, is also mediated by activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and p44/p42 MAPK. ORF74 may signal to Akt via p44/p42 MAPK, which can be activated by Gi, through activation of PI3-K or through PKC via the PLC pathway. Signaling of ORF74 to these proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling pathways can be further modulated positively by growth-related oncogene (GROα/CXCL1) and negatively by human gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), thus acting as an agonist and an inverse agonist, respectively. Despite the ability of the cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 to constitutively activate PLC, this receptor does not increase phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAPK or Akt in COS-7 cells. Hence, ORF74 appears to signal through a larger diversity of G proteins than US28, allowing it to couple to proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling pathways. ORF74 can therefore be envisioned as an attractive target for novel treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma.
Therapeutic Immunization with a Virion Host Shutoff-Defective, Replication-Incompetent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Strain Limits Recurrent Herpetic Ocular Infection
Authors: Keadle Tammie L. , Morrison Lynda A. , Morris Jessica L. , Pepose Jay S. , Stuart Patrick M. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTImmunization of mice with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant viruses containing deletions in the gene for virion host shutoff (vhs) protein diminishes primary and recurrent corneal infection with wild-type HSV-1. vhs mutant viruses are severely attenuated in vivo but establish latent infections in sensory neurons. A safer HSV-1 mutant vaccine strain, Δ41Δ29, has combined vhs and replication (ICP8−) deficits and protects BALB/c mice against primary corneal infection equivalent to a vhs−strain (BGS41). Here, we tested the hypothesis that Δ41Δ29 can protect as well as BGS41 in a therapeutic setting. Because immune response induction varies with the mouse and virus strains studied, we first determined the effect of prophylactic Δ41Δ29 vaccination on primary ocular infection of NIH inbred mice with HSV-1 McKrae, a model system used to evaluate therapeutic vaccines. In a dose-dependent fashion, prophylactic Δ41Δ29 vaccination decreased postchallenge tear film virus titers and ocular disease incidence and severity while eliciting high levels of HSV-specific antibodies. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated a dominant role for immune serum and a lesser role for immune cells in mediating prophylactic protection. Therapeutically, vaccination with Δ41Δ29 effectively reduced the incidence of UV-B-induced recurrent virus shedding in latently infected mice. Therapeutic Δ41Δ29 and BGS41 vaccination decreased corneal opacity and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses while elevating antibody titers, compared to controls. These data indicate that replication is not a prerequisite for generation of therapeutic immunity by live HSV mutant virus vaccines and raise the possibility that genetically tailored replication-defective viruses may make effective and safe therapeutic vaccines.
An Alternative Approach to Chiral 2-[1'-(Diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazoles
Authors: Drahoňovský Dušan , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr , Dvořáková Hana , Maloň Petr , Dvořák Dalimil 
Published: July 2002

The reaction of 1'-(diphenylphosphanoyl)ferrocenecarbonyl chloride, generated in situ by the reaction of 1'-(diphenylphosphanoyl)ferrocenecarboxylic acid and oxalyl chloride, with chiral aminoalcohols gave amidoalcohols [Fe(η5-C5H4P(O)Ph2)(η5-C5H4C(O)NHCHRCH2OH)] 13, (R = i-Pr, (S); R = i-Pr, (R); R = t-Bu, (S) and R = Ph, (R). The amidoalcohols 13 were converted to 2-[1'-(diphenylphosphanoyl)ferrocen-1-yl]-4,5-dihydrooxazoles 14 by ring-closing reaction with a tosyl chloride-triethylamine mixture. Subsequent reduction of 14 with trichlorosilane in the presence of triethylamine afforded the corresponding 2-[1'-(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazoles 10. Compounds 13d, 14d and 10d were subjected to a detailed 1H, 13C and 31P NMR analyses. CD spectra of all 10 were measured. trans-Dichlorobis{(S)-2-[1'-(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]-4-isopropyl-4-5-dihydrooxazole-κP}palladium(II) (15) was synthesised and its solid-state structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Spondylolysis: a critical review
Authors: Standaert C J , Herring S A 
Published: July 2002

Aim—To provide an understanding of the current concepts in the natural history, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of spondylolysis based on the available medical literature.Methods—Articles were selected for review by the following methods: (a) MEDLINE searches with review of abstracts to select relevant articles; (b) review of multiple textbooks considered likely to contain information on spondylolysis; (c) review of references in articles identified by (a) and (b). Over 125 articles were ultimately reviewed fully. Publications were selected for inclusion in this article on the basis of perceived scientific and historical merit, particularly as thought to be relevant to achieving the stated purpose of this review. As no controlled clinical trials were identified, this could not be used as an inclusion criterion.Conclusions—Isthmic spondylolysis is considered to represent a fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis of the neural arch. There is a relatively high incidence of radiographically identified spondylolysis in the general population, but the vast majority of these lesions probably occur without associated symptoms. Symptomatic pars lesions appear to be particularly a clinical problem in adolescents, especially adolescent athletes. The optimal diagnostic and treatment algorithms are not well identified in the current literature. Multiple imaging studies may have a role in the diagnosis of a pars lesion, and treatment seems likely to require at least relative rest and physical rehabilitation with consideration of bracing or, rarely, surgical intervention depending on the clinical context.
Case-control study of leatherwork and male infertility
Authors: Kurinczuk J J , Clarke M 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo test the hypothesis that leatherwork is associated with male infertility mediated through the development of oligozoospermia. The basis of any association was postulated, at the outset, to be with exposure to the solvents used in leatherwork.METHODSAll new referrals with infertility presenting in Leicestershire hospital clinics between November 1988 and September 1992 and Kettering District General Hospital from August 1990 were eligible to participate; 88.5% agreed to be interviewed. Exposure to leatherwork and work with solvents was defined by job title. Comparisons were made with fertile controls and in an analysis within men from infertile couples with oligozoospermia as the primary outcome. Effects on sperm motility and deformity were investigated secondarily. Analyses used logistic regression for binary outcomes and multilevel modelling for continuous outcomes.RESULTS1906 men were interviewed. Compared with the fertile controls the men from infertile couples were 1.10 times (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.46 to 2.63; p=0.99) more likely to be leatherworkers and 1.73 times (95% CI 1.26 to 2.38; p<0.001) more likely to work with solvents. Compared with other men, leatherworkers were 1.20 times (95% CI 0.43 to 3.33; p=0.73) more likely to present with oligozoospermia and 1.65 times (95% CI 0.37 to 7.30; p=0.51) more likely to present with teratozoospermia. Being a leatherworker was associated with only a 6% reduction in sperm concentration; motility and deformity were similarly unaffected by this exposure. Work with solvents did not statistically, nor clinically, increase the risk of oligozoospermia, teratozoospermia, or asthenozoospermia.CONCLUSIONSThere was little evidence to support the hypothesis that leatherwork is associated with an increased risk of presenting with infertility or oligozoospermia. There was limited evidence that leatherwork is a risk factor for teratozoospermia. Workers with solvents were at an increased risk of presenting with infertility, although this was not mediated through effects on standard measures of semen quality; this finding merits further investigation.
Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels
Authors: Bonde J P , Joffe M , Apostoli P , Dale A , Kiss P , Spano M , Caruso F , Giwercman A , Bisanti L , Porru S , Vanhoorne M , Comhaire F , Zschiesche W 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To obtain knowledge on male reproductive toxicity of inorganic lead at current European exposure levels and to establish lowest adverse effect levels, if any.Methods: A cross sectional survey of the semen of 503 men employed by 10 companies was conducted in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Belgium. The mean blood lead concentration was 31.0 μg/dl (range 4.6–64.5) in 362 workers exposed to lead and 4.4 μg/dl (range below the detection limit of 19.8) in 141 reference workers. Semen volume and sperm concentration were determined in a fresh semen sample according to an agreed protocol subject to quality assurance. The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) was performed at a centralised laboratory. Extraneous determinants including centre, period of sexual abstinence, and age were taken into account in the statistical analysis. If appropriate, possible thresholds were examined by iterative threshold slope linear regression.Results: The median sperm concentration was reduced by 49% in men with blood lead concentration above 50 μg/dl. There was no indication of a linear trend of lower sperm concentration with increasing blood lead values, but threshold slope least square regression identified a blood lead concentration of 44 μg/dl (β=−0.037,F=4.35, p=0.038) as a likely threshold. Abnormal sperm chromatin structure was not related to blood lead concentration, but some indications of deterioration of sperm chromatin was found in men with the highest concentrations of lead within spermatozoa. Biological monitoring data did not indicate long term effects of lead on semen quantity or sperm chromatin.Conclusion: Adverse effects of lead on sperm concentration and susceptibility to acid induced denaturation of sperm chromatin are unlikely at blood lead concentrations below 45 μg/dl. Effects of low level exposure to lead on other measures of testicular function cannot be ruled out.
Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy
Authors: Alstead E M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Concerns about sexual health, fertility, and pregnancy are common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fertility is usually normal, although may be decreased in women with active Crohn’s disease. Women with active IBD (especially Crohn’s disease) are at risk of having small and premature babies. In some patients with IBD it may be desirable to continue drug treatment during pregnancy in order to control disease activity. Early engagement in discussion of these issues is important and it should be possible for most patients with IBD to have a normal outcome of pregnancy.
Long term and transitional intermittent smokers: a longitudinal study
Authors: Lindström M , Isacsson S-O ,   The Malmö Shoulder-Neck Study Group
Published: July 2002

Objective: To investigate differences in snuff consumption, sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics between baseline intermittent smokers that had become daily smokers, stopped smoking or remained intermittent smokers at the one year follow up.Design/setting/participants/measurements: A population of 12 507 individuals interviewed at baseline in 1992-94 and at a one year follow up, aged 45–69 years, was investigated in a longitudinal study. The three groups of baseline intermittent smokers were compared to the reference population (all others) according to sociodemographic, psychosocial, and snuff consumption characteristics. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess differences in psychosocial conditions, adjusting for age, sex, country of origin, marital status, education, and snuff consumption.Results: 60% of all baseline intermittent smokers had remained intermittent smokers, 16% had become daily smokers, and 24% had stopped smoking at the one year follow up. The long term intermittent smokers and those who had stopped smoking were young, unmarried, highly educated, and snuff consumers to a higher extent than the reference population. They also had more psychosocial resources than the reference population, while the psychosocial resources of those who had become daily smokers were poorer.Conclusions: The majority of intermittent smokers are long term intermittent smokers. The results suggest that long term intermittent smokers have other psychosocial characteristics than daily smokers.
Functional multiple-output decomposition with application to technology mapping for lookup table-based FPGAs
Authors: Wurth Bernd , Schlichtmann Ulf , Eckl Klaus , Antreich Kurt J. 
Published: July 2002

Functional decomposition is an important technique for technology mapping to look up table-based FPGA architectures. We present the theory of and a novel approach to functional disjoint decomposition of multiple-output functions, in which common subfunctions are extracted during technology mapping.While a Boolean function usually has a very large number of subfunctions, we show that not all of them are useful for multiple-output decomposition. We use a partition of the set of bound set vertices as the basis to computepreferabledecomposition functions, which are sufficient for an optimal multiple-output decomposition.We propose several new algorithms that deal with central issues of functional multiple-output decomposition. First, an efficient algorithm to solve the variable partitioning problem is described. Second, we show how to implicitly compute all preferable functions of a single-output function and how to identify all common preferable functions of a multiple-output function. Due to implicit computation in the crucial steps, the algorithm is very efficient. Experimental results show significant reductions in area.
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study of Phonological Priming between Bisyllabic Spoken Words
Authors: Dumay Nicolas , Benraïss Abdelrhani , Barriol Brian , Colin Cécile , Radeau Monique , Besson Mireille 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Phonological priming between bisyllabic (CV.CVC) spoken items was examined using both behavioral (reaction times, RTs) and electrophysiological (event-related potentials, ERPs) measures. Word and pseudoword targets were preceded by pseudoword primes. Different types of final phonological overlap between prime and target were compared. Critical pairs shared the last syllable, the rime or the coda, while unrelated pairs were used as controls. Participants performed a target shadowing task in Experiment 1 and a delayed lexical decision task in Experiment 2. RTs were measured in the first experiment and ERPs were recorded in the second experiment. The RT experiment was carried out under two presentation conditions. In Condition 1 both primes and targets were presented auditorily, while in Condition 2 the primes were presented visually and the targets auditorily. Priming effects were found in the unimodal condition only. RTs were fastest for syllable overlap, intermediate for rime overlap, and slowest for coda overlap and controls that did not differ from one another. ERPs were recorded under unimodal auditory presentation. ERP results showed that the amplitude of the auditory N400 component was smallest for syllable overlap, intermediate for rime overlap, and largest for coda overlap and controls that did not differ from one another. In both experiments, the priming effects were larger for word than for pseudoword targets. These results are best explained by the combined influences of nonlexical and lexical processes, and a comparison of the reported effects with those found in monosyllables suggests the involvement of rime and syllable representations.
An Image Analysis Algorithm for Dendritic Spines
Authors: Koh Ingrid Y. Y. , Lindquist W. Brent , Zito Karen , Nimchinsky Esther A. , Svoboda Karel 
Published: July 2002

The structure of neuronal dendrites and their spines underlie the connectivity of neural networks. Dendrites, spines, and their dynamics are shaped by genetic programs as well as sensory experience. Dendritic structures and dynamics may therefore be important predictors of the function of neural networks. Based on new imaging approaches and increases in the speed of computation, it has become possible to acquire large sets of high-resolution optical micrographs of neuron structure at length scales small enough to resolve spines. This advance in data acquisition has not been accompanied by comparable advances in data analysis techniques; the analysis of dendritic and spine morphology is still accomplished largely manually. In addition to being extremely time intensive, manual analysis also introduces systematic and hard-to-characterize biases. We present a geometric approach for automatically detecting and quantifying the three-dimensional structure of dendritic spines from stacks of image data acquired using laser scanning microscopy. We present results on the measurement of dendritic spine length, volume, density, and shape classification for both static and timelapse images of dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. For spine length and density, the automated measurements in static images are compared with manual measurements. Comparisons are also made between automated and manual spine length measurements for a time-series data set. The algorithm performs well compared to a human analyzer, especially on time-series data. Automated analysis of dendritic spine morphology will enable objective analysis of large morphological data sets. The approaches presented here are generalizable to other aspects of neuronal morphology.