bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiological Importance of Bats in the Transmission of Rabies to Dogs and Cats in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, Between 2005 and 2014
Authors: Castilho J. G. , de Souza D. N. , Oliveira R. N. , Carnieli P. , Batista H. B. C. R. , Pereira P. M. C. , Achkar S. M. , Macedo C. I. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryIn Brazil, rabies control in dogs and cats was pioneered by the state of São Paulo with the adoption of the Pan American Health Organization recommendations for prophylaxis and control, which led to a reduction in rabies cases from 1994 onwards. As a result of these measures, the rabies virus (RABV) genetic lineage associated with dogs has not been found in the state since 1998, and all the cases in domestic animals reported since then have been caused by bat‐associated lineages of RABV. In the light of this, this study sought to investigate rabies cases in dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo between 2005 and 2014 and identify the associated transmission cycles by characterizing the RABV lineages responsible for these cases. Nine samples from dogs (n = 5) and from cats (n = 4) were collected between 2005 and 2014. The tenth animal, a rabid cat, was analysed by a different laboratory. The N gene nucleotide sequences obtained were analysed with the neighbor‐joining algorithm and Kimura 2‐parameter model using the MEGA 6 program. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genetic lineages identified in all the samples were those circulating in Brazilian bats. The findings of this study demonstrate that bats play an important role in the transmission of rabies to domestic animals in São Paulo state and that emphasis should be placed on the implementation of public policies to support surveillance of chiropterans for rabies.
Putative tissue location and function of the SLC5 family member SGLT3
Authors: Soták Matúš , Marks Joanne , Unwin Robert J. 
Published: November 2016

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review summarizes the evidence on the localization, electrophysiological properties, agonist specificity and putative physiological role of sodium–glucose transporter 3 (SGLT3).

What advances does it highlight?
Published information is reviewed in some detail by comparing human and rodent isoforms, as well as advances in testing hypotheses for the physiological role of SGLT3 as a glucose sensor or incretin release mediator. We provide a critical overview of available published data and discuss a putative functional role for SGLT3 in human and mouse physiology.

Sodium–glucose transporter 3 (SGLT3) has attracted interest because of its putative role as a glucose sensor, rather than a sugar transporter, in contrast to its co‐family members SGLT1 and SGLT2. Significant progress has been made in characterizing the electrophysiological properties in vitro of the single human SGLT3 isoform and the two mouse isoforms, SGLT3a and SGLT3b. Although early reports indicated SGLT3 expression in the small intestinal myenteric and submucosal neurones, hypothalamic neurones, portal vein and kidney, a lack of reliable antibodies has left unanswered its exact tissue and cellular localization. Several hypotheses for a role of SGLT3 in glucose sensing, gastric emptying, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 release and post‐Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass remodelling have been explored, but so far there is only limited and indirect supportive evidence using non‐specific agonists/antagonists, with no firm conclusions. There are no published or available data in knockout animals, and translation is difficult because of its different isoforms in human versus rodent, as well as a lack of selective agonists or antagonists, all of which make SGLT3 challenging to study. However, its unique electrophysiological properties, ubiquitous expression at the mRNA level, enrichment in the small intestine and potential, but uncertain, physiological role demand more attention. The purpose of this overview and review of SGLT3 biology is to provide an update, highlight the gaps in our knowledge and try to signpost potential ways forward to define its likely function in vivo.
Sildenafil therapy for fetal cardiovascular dysfunction during hypoxic development: studies in the chick embryo
Authors: Itani Nozomi , Skeffington Katie L. , Beck Christian , Giussani Dino A. 
Published: November 2016

Key points
Common complications of pregnancy, such as chronic fetal hypoxia, trigger a fetal origin of cardiovascular dysfunction and programme cardiovascular disease in later life.
Sildenafil treatment protects placental perfusion and fetal growth, but whether the effects of sildenafil transcend the placenta to affect the fetus is unknown.
Using the chick embryo model, here we show that sildenafil treatment directly protects the fetal cardiovascular system in hypoxic development, and that the mechanisms of sildenafil protection include reduced oxidative stress and increased nitric oxide bioavailability;
Sildenafil does not protect against fetal growth restriction in the chick embryo, supporting the idea that the protective effect of sildenafil on fetal growth reported in mammalian studies, including humans, is secondary to improved placental perfusion.
Therefore, sildenafil may be a good candidate for human translational antioxidant therapy to protect the chronically hypoxic fetus in adverse pregnancy.
AbstractThere is a need for developing clinically translatable therapy for preventing fetal origins of cardiovascular disease in pregnancy complicated by chronic fetal hypoxia. Evidence shows that sildenafil protects placental perfusion and fetal growth. However, whether beneficial effects of sildenafil transcend onto the fetal heart and circulation in complicated development is unknown. We isolated the direct effects of sildenafil on the fetus using the chick embryo and hypothesised that sildenafil also protects fetal cardiovascular function in hypoxic development. Chick embryos (n = 11 per group) were incubated in normoxia or hypoxia (14% O2) from day 1 and treated with sildenafil (4 mg kg−1 day−1) from day 13 of the 21‐day incubation. Hypoxic incubation increased oxidative stress (4‐hydroxynonenal, 141.1 ± 17.6% of normoxic control), reduced superoxide dismutase (60.7 ± 6.3%), increased phosphodiesterase type 5 expression (167 ± 13.7%) and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability (54.7 ± 6.1%) in the fetal heart, and promoted peripheral endothelial dysfunction (70.9 ± 5.6% AUC of normoxic control; all P < 0.05). Sildenafil treatment after onset of chronic hypoxia prevented the increase in phosphodiesterase expression (72.5 ± 22.4%), protected against oxidative stress (94.7 ± 6.2%) and normalised nitric oxide bioavailability (115.6 ± 22.3%) in the fetal heart, and restored endothelial function in the peripheral circulation (89.8 ± 2.9%). Sildenafil protects the fetal heart and circulation directly in hypoxic development via mechanisms including decreased oxidative stress and enhanced nitric oxide bioavailability. Sildenafil may be a good translational candidate for human antioxidant therapy to prevent fetal origins of cardiovascular dysfunction in adverse pregnancy.
Consequences of maternal omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on respiratory function in rat pups
Authors: Tenorio‐Lopes Luana , Baldy Cécile , Jochmans‐Lemoine Alexandra , Mercier Océane , Pothier‐Piccinin Olivier , Seaborn Tommy , Joseph Vincent , Marc Isabelle , Kinkead Richard 
Published: November 2016

Key pointsIncomplete development of the neural circuits that control breathing contributes to respiratory disorders in pre‐term infants. Manifestations include respiratory instability, prolonged apnoeas and poor ventilatory responses to stimuli.Based on evidence suggesting that omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) improves brain development, we determined whethern‐3 PUFA supplementation (via the maternal diet) improves respiratory function in 10–11‐day‐old rat pups.n‐3 PUFA treatment prolonged apnoea duration but augmented the relative pulmonary surface area and the ventilatory response to hypoxia. During hypoxia, the drop in body temperature measured in treated pups was 1 °C less than in controls.n‐3 PUFA treatment also reduced microglia cell density in the brainstem.Although heterogeneous, the results obtained in rat pups constitute a proof of concept thatn‐3 PUFA supplementation can have positive effects on neonatal respiration. This includes a more sustained hypoxic ventilatory response and a decreased respiratory inhibition during laryngeal chemoreflex.AbstractMost pre‐term infants present respiratory instabilities and apnoeas as a result of incomplete development of the neural circuits that control breathing. Because omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) benefit brain development, we hypothesized thatn‐3 PUFA supplementation (via the maternal diet) improves respiratory function in rat pups. Pups receivedn‐3 PUFA supplementation from an enriched diet (13 g kg−1ofn‐3 PUFA) administered to the mother from birth until the experiments were performed (postnatal days 10–11). Controls received a standard diet (0.3 g kg−1ofn‐3 PUFA). Breathing was measured in intact pups at rest and during hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12; 20 min) using whole body plethysmography. The duration of apnoeas induced by stimulating the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) was measured under anaesthesia. Lung morphology was compared between groups. Maternaln‐3 PUFA supplementation effectively raisedn‐3 PUFA levels above control levels both in the blood and brainstem of pups. In intact, resting pups,n‐3 PUFA increased the frequency and duration of apnoeas, especially in females. During hypoxia,n‐3 PUFA supplemented pups hyperventilated 23% more than controls; their anapyrexic response was 1 °C less than controls. In anaesthetized pups,n‐3 PUFA shortened the duration of LCR‐induced apnoeas by 32%. The relative pulmonary surface area ofn‐3 PUFA supplemented pups was 12% higher than controls. Althoughn‐3 PUFA supplementation augments apnoeas, there is no clear evidence of deleterious consequences on these pups. Based on the improved lung architecture and responses to respiratory challenges, this neonatal treatment appears to be beneficial to the offspring. However, further experiments are necessary to establish its overall safety.
Dosimetric characterization of MRI‐only treatment planning for brain tumors in atlas‐based pseudo‐CT images generated from standardT1‐weighted MR images
Authors: Demol Benjamin , Boydev Christine , Korhonen Juha , Reynaert Nick 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐only radiotherapy treatment planning requires accurate pseudo‐CT (pCT) images for precise dose calculation. The current work introduced an atlas‐based method combined with MR intensity information. pCT analyses and Monte Carlo dose calculations for intracranial stereotactic treatments were performed.Methods:Twenty‐two patients, representing 35 tumor targets, were scanned using a 3DT1‐weighted MRI sequence according to the clinical protocol. The MR atlas image was registered to the MR patient image using a deformable algorithm, and the deformation was then applied to the atlas CT. Two methods were applied. The first method (MRdef) was based on deformations only, while the second (MRint) also used the actual MR intensities. pCT analysis was performed using the mean (absolute) error, as well as an in‐house tool based on a gamma index. Dose differences between pCT and true CT were analyzed using dose–volume histogram (DVH) parameters, statistical tests, the gamma index, and probability density functions. An unusual case, where the patient underwent an operation (part of the skull bone was removed), was studied in detail.Results:Soft tissues presented a mean error inferior to 50 HUs, while low‐density tissues and bones presented discrepancies up to 600 HUs for hard bone. The MRdef method led to significant dose differences compared with the true CT (p‐value < 0.05; Wilcoxon‐signed‐rank test). The MRint method performed better. The DVH parameter differences compared with CT were between −2.9% and 3.1%, except for two cases where the tumors were located within the sphenoid bone. For these cases, the dose errors were up to 6.6% and 5.4% (D98andD95). Furthermore, for 85% of the tested patients, the mean dose to the planning target volume agreed within 2% with the calculation using the actual CT. Fictitious bone was generated in the unusual case using atlas‐based methods.Conclusions:Generally, the atlas‐based method led to acceptable dose distributions. The use of common T1 sequences allows the implementation of this method in clinical routine. However, unusual patient anatomy may produce large dose calculation errors. The detection of large anatomic discrepancies using MR image subtraction can be realized, but an alternative way to produce synthetic CT numbers in these regions is still required.
Results From Estonia’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Kruusamäe Helena , Kull Merike , Mooses Kerli , Riso Eva-Maria , Jürimäe Jaak 
Published: November 2016

Background:The 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth, the first of its kind, aims to set baseline physical activity (PA) indicators using the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance grading system.Methods:A research work group analyzed and selected data for the grade assignment meeting (GAM). During the GAM, 17 leading researchers and policy experts from Estonia assessed the data and assigned grades for each of the 9 PA indicators. In addition, recommendations were provided for further actions to improve the grades.Results:Grades from A (highest) to F (lowest) were assigned as follows: 1) Overall PA (F); 2) Organized Sport (C); 3) Active Play [incomplete data (INC)]; 4) Active Transportation (INC); 5) Sedentary Behaviors (F); 6) Family and Peers (C); 7) School (C); 8) Community and the Built Environment (B); and 9) Government (C). An indicator was marked as incomplete (INC) when there was a lack of representative quality data.Conclusions:Evidence suggests that PA levels of Estonian children remain very low, despite moderately supportive social, environmental, and regulatory factors. There are many challenges to overcome in supporting and promoting PA of children and youth (eg, cross-sectional cooperation, implementing interventions, changing social norms, empowerment of parents and educational institutions).
Results From Portugal’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Mota Jorge , Coelho-e-Silva Manuel João , Raimundo Armando M. , Sardinha Luís B. 
Published: November 2016

Background:This article describes the procedures and development of the first Portuguese Report Card on Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents.Methods:Comprehensive searches for data related to indicators of physical activity (PA) were completed by a committee of physical activity and sports specialists. Grades were assigned to each indicator consistent with the process and methodology outlined by the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card model.Results:Nine indicators of PA were graded. The following grades were assigned: Overall Physical Activity Levels, D; Organized Sport Participation, B; Active Play, D; Active Transportation, C; Sedentary Behaviors, D; Family and Peers, C; Schools, B; Community and the Built Environment, D; and Government, C.Conclusions:Portuguese children and adolescents do not reach sufficient physical activity levels and spend larger amounts of time spent in sedentary behaviors compared with recommendations. Effective policies of PA promotion and implementation are needed in different domains of young people’s daily lives.
Results From Finland’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Tammelin Tuija H. , Aira Annaleena , Hakamäki Matti , Husu Pauliina , Kallio Jouni , Kokko Sami , Laine Kaarlo , Lehtonen Kati , Mononen Kaisu , Palomäki Sanna , Ståhl Timo , Sääkslahti Arja , Tynjälä Jorma , Kämppi Katariina 
Published: November 2016

Background:Finland’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth gathers and translates research results and assesses the status and promotion of physical activity (PA) among Finnish children and youth less than 18 years of age. This article summarizes the results and provides grades for 9 indicators.Methods:The working group evaluated the evidence and assigned grades of A (highest, 81% to 100%), B, C, D, or F (lowest, 0% to 20%) for 9 PA indicators using the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card development process.Results:The grades varied in Finland as follows: 1) Overall PA/fulfillment of recommendations = D, 2) Organized Sport Participation = C, 3) Active Play = C, 4) Active Transportation = B, 5) Sedentary Behaviors = D, 6) Family and Peers = C, 7) School = B, 8) Community and the Built Environment = B, 9) Government = B.Conclusions:Despite good policies and programs to promote PA in Finland, children and youth overall PA levels are low, whereas their time spent sedentary is high. More effective interventions, operation models, concrete tools as well as environmental solutions are needed to support the work toward more physically active childhood and youth.
Is our Youth Cycling to Health? Results From the Netherlands’ 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Burghard Marcella , Knitel Karlijn , van Oost Iris , Tremblay Mark S. , Takken Tim , _ _ 
Published: November 2016

Background:The Active Healthy Kids the Netherlands (AHKN) Report Card consolidates and translates research and assesses how the Netherlands is being responsible in providing physical activity (PA) opportunities for children and youth (<18 years). The primary aim of this article is to summarize the results of the 2016 AHKN Report Card.Methods:Nine indicators were graded using the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance report card development process, which includes a synthesis of the best available research, surveillance, policy and practice findings, and expert consensus.Results:Grades assigned were: Overall Physical Activity Levels, D; Organized Sport Participation, B; Active Play, B; Active Transportation, A; Sedentary Behaviors, C; Family and Peers, B; School, C; Community and the Built Environment, A; Government Strategies and Investments, INC.Conclusions:Sedentary behavior and overall PA levels are not meeting current guidelines. However, the Dutch youth behaviors in sports, active transportation, and active play are satisfactory. Several modifiable factors of influence might be enhanced to improve these indicators or at least prevent regression. Although Dutch children accumulate a lot of daily PA through cycling, it is not enough to meet the current national PA guidelines of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day.
Results From Hong Kong’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Huang Wendy Yajun , Wong Stephen Heung-Sang , Wong Martin Chi-Sang , Sit Cindy Hui-Ping , Sum Raymond Kim-Wai , He Gang 
Published: November 2016

Background:Hong Kong’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity (PA) for Children and Youth is the first evidence-based synthesis of various indicators related to individual behaviors that contribute to overall PA levels, settings and sources of influence, and strategies and investments in Hong Kong.Methods:Following a standardized protocol, currently best available data for Hong Kong youth were collated and evaluated by an expert consensus panel on 9 indicators (5 activity behaviors and 4 influences on these behaviors).Results:Less than half of the children and youth met the recommended PA level. As a result, a D grade was given for Overall PA levels. Organized Sport Participation and Active Transportation received grades of C- and B, respectively. Sedentary Behaviors and School scored a C grade. Community and the Built Environment scored a grade of B. Family Influence received as low a score as Overall PA (D). Active Play and Government were not graded due to incomplete data.Conclusions:PA levels are low and sedentary behaviors are high for children and youth in Hong Kong. Promising policies exist in schools and features of community and the built environment are favorable. Increasing family support should be emphasized for future PA promotion.
Results From the United Arab Emirates’ 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Zaabi Mouza Al , Shah Syed Mahboob , Sheek-Hussein Mohamud , Abdulle Abdishakur , Junaibi Abdulla Al , Loney Tom 
Published: November 2016

Background:The Active Healthy Kids 2016 United Arab Emirates (UAE) Report Card provides a systematic evaluation of how the UAE is performing in supporting and engaging physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents.Methods:The Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance framework and standardized set of procedures were used to perform the systematic assessment of PA in UAE youth and children. Indicator grades were based on the proportion of children and youth achieving a defined benchmark: A = 81% to 100%; B = 61% to 80%; C = 41% to 60%; D = 21% to 40%; F = 0% to 20%; INC = incomplete data.Results:Overall Physical Activity Level and Active Transportation both received a grade of D-/F-. Sedentary Behavior and Family and Peers both received a C- minus grade and School was graded D. Minus grades indicate PA disparities related to age, gender, nationality, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. Government Strategies and Investments received a B+ grade. Sport Participation, Active Play, and Community and the Built Environment were graded INC due to a lack of nationally representative data for all 7 emirates.Conclusions:The majority of UAE children are not achieving the daily recommended level of PA. The UAE leadership has invested significant resources into improving PA through school- and community-based PA interventions; however, inter- and intraemirate population-based strategies remain fragmented.
Results From Chile’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Aguilar-Farias Nicolas , Cortinez-O’Ryan Andrea , Sadarangani Kabir P. , Von Oetinger Astrid , Leppe Jaime , Valladares Macarena , Balboa-Castillo Teresa , Cobos Carolina , Lemus Nicolas , Walbaum Magdalena , Cristi-Montero Carlos 
Published: November 2016

Background:The 2016 Chilean Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is a review of the evidence across indicators of behaviors, settings, and sources of influence associated with physical activity (PA) of Chilean children and youth.Methods:A Research Work Group reviewed available evidence from publications, surveys, government documents and datasets to assign a grade for 11 indicators for PA behavior based on the percentage of compliance for defined benchmarks. Grades were defined as follows: A, 81% to 100% of children accomplishing a given benchmark; B, 61% to 80%; C, 41% to 60%; D, 21% to 40%; F, 0% to 20%; INC, incomplete data available to assign score.Results:Grades assigned were for i) ‘Behaviors that contribute to overall PA levels’: Overall PA, F; Organized Sport Participation, D; Active Play, INC; and Active Transportation, C-; ii) ‘Factors associated with cardiometabolic risk’: Sedentary Behavior, D; Overweight and Obesity, F; Fitness, F; and iii) ‘Factors that influence PA’: Family and Peers, D; School, D; Community and Built Environment, C; Government Strategies and Investments, C.Conclusions:Chile faces a major challenge as most PA indicators scored low. There were clear research and information gaps that need to be filled with the implementation of consistent and regular data collection methods.