bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased biofilm formation ability in Klebsiella pneumoniae after short‐term exposure to a simulated microgravity environment
Authors: Wang Haili , Yan Yanfeng , Rong Dan , Wang Jing , Wang Hongduo , Liu Zizhong , Wang Jiaping , Yang Ruifu , Han Yanping 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBiofilm formation is closely related to the pathogenetic processes of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which frequently causes infections in immunocompromised individuals. The immune system of astronauts is compromised in spaceflight. Accordingly, K. pneumoniae, which used to be isolated from orbiting spacecraft and astronauts, poses potential threats to the health of astronauts and mission security. Microgravity is a key environmental cue during spaceflight. Therefore, determining its effects on bacterial biofilm formation is necessary. In this study, K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA‐1705 was exposed to a simulated microgravity (SMG) environment. K. pneumoniae grown under SMG formed thicker biofilms compared with those under normal gravity (NG) control after 2 weeks of subculture. Two indicative dyes (i.e., Congo red and calcofluor) specifically binding to cellulose fibers and/or fimbriae were utilized to reconfirm the enhanced biofilm formation ability of K. pneumoniae grown under SMG. Further analysis showed that the biofilms formed by SMG‐treated K. pneumoniae were susceptible to cellulase digestion. Yeast cells mannose‐resistant agglutination by K. pneumoniae type 3 fimbriae was more obvious in the SMG group, which suggests that cellulose production and type 3 fimbriae expression in K. pneumoniae were both enhanced under the SMG condition. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 171 genes belonging to 15 functional categories were dysregulated in this organism exposed to the SMG conditions compared with those in the NG group, where the genes responsible for the type 3 fimbriae (mrkABCDF) and its regulator (mrkH) were upregulated.
Outcomes of intra‐detrusor injections of botulinum toxin in patients with spina bifida: A systematic review
Authors: Hascoet Juliette , Manunta Andrea , Brochard Charlène , Arnaud Alexis , Damphousse Mireille , Menard Hélène , Kerdraon Jacques , Journel Hubert , Bonan Isabelle , Odent Sylvie , Fremond Benjamin , Siproudhis Laurent , Gamé Xavier , Peyronnet Benoit ,   For the French Referral Network of Spina Bifida
Published: May 2016

ContextBladder management in spina bifida patients relies on clean intermittent catheterization and oral antimuscarinics with a significant failure rate. The efficacy of intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin has been confirmed in patients with spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis but not in patients with myelomeningocele.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of current evidence regarding the efficacy of intra‐detrusor injections of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX‐A) in spina bifida patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) refractory to antimuscarinics.MethodsA research has been conducted on Medline and Embase using the keywords: (“spina bifida” OR “myelomeningocele” OR “dysraphism”) AND “toxin.” The search strategy and studies selection were performed using the PICOS method according to the PRISMA statement.ResultTwelve published series were included (n = 293 patients). All patients were <18 years old. There was no randomized study comparing BTX‐A versus placebo and most studies had no control group. Most studies reported a clinical and urodynamic improvement with resolution of incontinence in 32–100% of patients, a decrease in maximum detrusor pressure from 32 to 54%, an increase of maximum cystometric capacity from 27 to 162%, and an improvement in bladder compliance of 28–176%. Two studies suggested lower efficacy in patients with low compliance bladder compared to those with isolated detrusor overactivity.ConclusionIntradetrusor injections of BTX‐A could be effective in children with spina bifida but this assumption is not supported by high level of evidence studies. There is no data available in adult patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:557–564, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship between body fat and BMI in a US hispanic population‐based cohort study: Results from HCHS/SOL
Authors: Wong William W. , Strizich Garrett , Heo Moonseong , Heymsfield Steven B. , Himes John H. , Rock Cheryl L. , Gellman Marc D. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Sotres‐Alvarez Daniela , Davis Sonia M. , Arredondo Elva M. , Van Horn Linda , Wylie‐Rosett Judith , Sanchez‐Johnsen Lisa , Kaplan Robert C. , Mossavar‐Rahmani Yasmin 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the percentage of body fat (%BF)‐BMI relationship, identify %BF levels corresponding to adult BMI cut points, and examine %BF‐BMI agreement in a diverse Hispanic/Latino population.Methods%BF by bioelectrical impedance analysis was corrected against %BF by 18O dilution in 434 participants of the ancillary Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Corrected %BF was regressed against 1/BMI in the parent study (n = 15,261), fitting models for each age group, by sex, and Hispanic/Latino background; predicted %BF was then computed for each BMI cut point.ResultsBioelectrical impedance analysis underestimated %BF by 8.7 ± 0.3% in women and 4.6 ± 0.3% in men (P < 0.0001). The %BF‐BMI relationship was nonlinear and linear for 1/BMI. Sex‐ and age‐specific regression parameters between %BF and 1/BMI were consistent across Hispanic/Latino backgrounds (P > 0.05). The precision of the %BF‐1/BMI association weakened with increasing age in men but not women. The proportion of participants classified as nonobese by BMI but as having obesity by %BF was generally higher among women and older adults (16.4% in women vs. 12.0% in men aged 50‐74 years).Conclusions%BF was linearly related to 1/BMI with consistent relationship across Hispanic/Latino backgrounds. BMI cut points consistently underestimated the proportion of Hispanics/Latinos with excess adiposity.
Cardiovascular disease risk by assigned treatment using the 2013 and 1998 obesity guidelines
Authors: Stevens June , Erber‐Oakkar Eva , Cui Zhaohui , Cai Jianwen , Virani Salim S. , Di Angelantonio Emanuele , Wormser David 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveThe 1998 and the 2013 guidelines on management of overweight and obesity in adults provided algorithms for identification of patients to be treated with weight loss. To date, the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the groups recommended or not recommended for weight loss treatment has not been estimated and compared.MethodsBaseline data for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were collected between 1987 and 1989 from adults aged 45 to 64 years. Black and White men and women free of CVD were followed over 22.8 years (median), and 2,907 incident CVD events were recorded.ResultsThe hazard ratios adjusted for demographic variables in adults not recommended for treatment versus adults recommended for treatment were 0.54 (95% CI: 0.50‐0.59) for the 1998 algorithm and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.58‐0.69) for the 2013 algorithm, respectively. No gender or race differences were detected when the 2013 algorithm was applied, but using the 1998 algorithm, CVD risk between the groups recommended or not recommended for treatment was more pronounced in Black women than in Black men.ConclusionsThe 2013 algorithm performed similarly in Black and White men and women but did not improve upon the 1998 algorithm in terms of discriminating risk of CVD.
“Shock Therapy” in Ukraine: A Radical Approach to Post‐Soviet Police Reform
Authors: Peacock Robert , Cordner Gary 
Published: May 2016

SummaryUkraine has pursued an aggressive “shock therapy” approach to police reform since early 2015, in the aftermath of the February 2014 Maidan protests and subsequent change of government. This approach is described and examined in light of previous 21st century post‐Soviet police reform efforts in Ukraine, Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan. Internal and external pressures to demonstrate real commitment to corruption control and rule of law seem to have been responsible for pushing Ukraine in the direction of the Georgian shock therapy model. Early results are very promising, but significant challenges remain, including sustaining the reform political coalition, overcoming bureaucratic resistance to change, surviving the armed insurgency in eastern Ukraine, downsizing the old militsiya, reshaping the culture of corruption that permeates the entire government and much of society, and convincing the citizenry that the new police are truly committed to serving the public, not regime protection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Varieties of Participatory Security: Assessing Community Participation in Policing in Latin America
Authors: Gonzalez Yanilda 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe language of community and societal participation in the context of crime prevention has become ubiquitous throughout Latin America, as governments increasingly turn to police–community partnerships as a means of addressing the seemingly intractable problems of rising crime and insecurity. But to what extent has such “participatory security” had any influence on the capacity of the state to provide security? I argue that in order to understand whether and how these participatory instruments shape what police actually do, we must look to variation in institutional design and how community participation operates in practice. I develop a typology of participatory security that considers how different institutional features may differentially affect police and other state agencies by alternatively serving as channels for the flow of information and oversight mechanisms or simply as a tool for improving the police's image. Drawing on evidence from participatory security institutions in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, I illustrate the impact of institutional design on police and state capacity to provide security. I conclude by considering the unintended consequences of institutional design, including the degree of police resistance that different institutional models will generate. This opposition, may, in turn, affect the durability of the participatory institution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grounding Police Accountability and Performance in Context: A Comparative Study of Stop and Frisk Between New York City and Taipei City
Authors: Chu Chin‐chih , Lu Elaine Yi , Wang Chun‐yuan , Tsai Ting‐Jung 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe linkage between accountability and performance is not always positive. This study proposes that contextual factors affect the accountability–performance link. The central question we explore in this research is how citizens' trust and police culture influence the link between police accountability and performance. We conducted in‐depth interviews and compared the stop and frisk practices in both New York City in the United States and Taipei City in Taiwan, which are located in different contexts. The article concludes that both citizens' high level of trust and an open police culture improve the performance return of accountability pressure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Hippo effector TAZ (WWTR1) transforms myoblasts and TAZ abundance is associated with reduced survival in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Mohamed Abdalla , Sun Congshan , De Mello Vanessa , Selfe Joanna , Missiaglia Edoardo , Shipley Janet , Murray Graeme I , Zammit Pete S , Wackerhage Henning 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Hippo effector YAP has recently been identified as a potent driver of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS). Most reports suggest that the YAP paralogue TAZ (gene symbol WWTR1) functions as YAP but, in skeletal muscle, TAZ has been reported to promote myogenic differentiation, whereas YAP inhibits it. Here, we investigated whether TAZ is also a rhabdomyosarcoma oncogene or whether TAZ acts as a YAP antagonist. Immunostaining of rhabdomyosarcoma tissue microarrays revealed that TAZ is significantly associated with poor survival in ERMS. In 12% of fusion gene‐negative rhabdomyosarcomas, the TAZ locus is gained, which is correlated with increased expression. Constitutively active TAZ S89A significantly increased proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and, importantly, colony formation on soft agar, suggesting transformation. However, TAZ then switches to enhance myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts, unlike YAP. Conversely, lentiviral shRNA‐mediated TAZ knockdown in human ERMS cells reduced proliferation and anchorage‐independent growth. While TAZ S89A or YAP1 S127A similarly activated the 8XGTIIC–Luc Hippo reporter, only YAP1 S127A activated the Brachyury (T‐box) reporter. Consistent with its oncogene function, TAZ S89A induced expression of the ERMS cancer stem cell gene Myf5 and the serine biosynthesis pathway (Phgdh, Psat1, Psph) in C2C12 myoblasts. Thus, TAZ is associated with poor survival in ERMS and could act as an oncogene in rhabdomyosarcoma. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hydrophilic PET surfaces by aminolysis and glycopolymer brushes chemistry
Authors: Lepoittevin Bénédicte , Costa Ludovic , Pardoue Sylvain , Dragoé Diana , Mazerat Sandra , Roger Philippe 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a semiaromatic thermoplastic polyester used in many fields. For specific applications, controlled of the surface wettability (hydrophily/hydrophoby) could be a great challenge. Aminolysis of PET surfaces with branched polyethylenimine gives amino functional groups on the surface with high grafting density. Then, in a second step, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator was grafted by reaction with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. Surface initiated ATRP of 2‐lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate (LAMA) was performed in solution in the presence of a sacrificial initiator or an appropriate amount of Cu(II) species that act as deactivator. The efficiency of all reactions was confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Wetting properties and surface energy were found to vary systematically depending to the type of functionalization and grafting. The quantity of grafted carbohydrate was determined by phenol/sulfuric acid colorimetric titration. The sugar graft density was observed to vary according to the ratio (monomer)/(free initiator). High graft density could be obtained yielding to superhydrophilic polymer brushes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2689–2697
Increased nuchal translucency thickness and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Hellmuth S. G. , Pedersen L. H. , Miltoft C. B. , Petersen O. B. , Kjærgaard S. , Ekelund C. , Tabor A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the association between fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and neurodevelopmental disorders in euploid children.MethodsThis study included 222 505 euploid children who had undergone routine first‐trimester screening during fetal life. Children were divided according to prenatal NT into three groups: NT < 95th percentile (n = 217 103 (97.6%)); NT 95th–99th percentile (n = 4760 (2.1%)); and NT > 99th percentile (n = 642 (0.3%)). All children were followed‐up to a mean age of 4.4 years. Information on diagnoses of intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), cerebral palsy, epilepsy and febrile seizures was obtained from national patient registries.ResultsThere was no excess risk of neurodevelopmental disorders among euploid children with first‐trimester NT 95th–99th percentile. For children with NT > 99th percentile, there were increased risks of intellectual disability (odds ratio (OR), 6.16 (95% CI, 1.51–25.0), 0.31%) and ASD (OR, 2.48 (95% CI, 1.02–5.99), 0.78%) compared with children with NT < 95th percentile (incidence of 0.05% for intellectual disability and 0.32% for ASD), however, there was no detected increase in the risk of cerebral palsy (OR, 1.91 (95% CI, 0.61–5.95), 0.47%), epilepsy (OR, 1.51 (95% CI, 0.63–3.66), 0.78%) or febrile seizures (OR, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.44–1.16), 2.65%).ConclusionsIn a large unselected cohort of euploid children, there was no increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders among those with a first‐trimester NT 95th–99th percentile. Among euploid children with first‐trimester NT > 99th percentile, there were increased risks of intellectual disability and ASD, but the absolute risk was reassuringly low (< 1%). Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Shadowing the wandering mind: how understanding the mind‐wandering state can inform our appreciation of conscious experience
Authors: Konishi Mahiko , Smallwood Jonathan 
Published: May 2016

The mind‐wandering state illustrates two fundamental aspects of consciousness: its generative nature, which is reflected by the stimulus‐independent content of thought that occurs when our minds wander; and metacognition, the unique capacity of the mind to reflect and understand itself. Self‐generated thought, which allows us to consider people and events that are not present in the immediate environment, and metacognition, allowing us to introspect and report our inner experiences, are both essential to the scientific study of mind‐wandering. Nevertheless, they also inevitably lead to specific issues that mirror more general problems in the field of consciousness research. The generative nature of consciousness makes it difficult to have direct control on the phenomenon, and the act of introspecting on inner experience has the potential to influence the state itself. We illustrate how the field of mind‐wandering research can overcome these problems. Its generative nature can be understood by triangulating the objective measures (such as neural function) with subjective measures of experience and it can be manipulated indirectly by varying the demands of the external environment. Furthermore, we describe candidate covert markers for the mind‐wandering state, which allow the phenomenon to be observed without direct interference, minimizing the concern that instructions to introspect necessarily change conscious experience.WIREs Cogn Sci2016, 7:233–246. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1392This article is categorized under:Philosophy > ConsciousnessNeuroscience > Cognition
Authentication of the botanical origin of Western herbal products using Cimicifuga and Vitex products as examples
Authors: Masada Sayaka 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVarious herbal medicines have been developed and used in various parts of the world for thousands of years. Although locally grown indigenous plants were originally used for traditional herbal preparations, Western herbal products are now becoming popular in Japan with the increasing interest in health. At the same time, there are growing concerns about the substitution of ingredients and adulteration of herbal products, highlighting the need for the authentication of the origin of plants used in herbal products. This review describes studies onCimicifugaandVitexproducts developed in Europe and Japan, focusing on establishing analytical methods to evaluate the origins of material plants and finished products. These methods include a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method and a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system method. A genome-based authentication method and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based authentication for black cohosh products, and the identification of two characteristic diterpenes of agnus castus fruit and a shrub chaste tree fruit-specific triterpene derivative are also described.
Petrographic and Geochemical Characterization of Coal from Talcher Coalfield, Mahanadi Basin, India
Authors: Singh Alok K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract:
In the present study an attempt has been made to characterize the coals of Talcher coalfield employing petrographic and geochemical techniques on a large number of coal samples. Pillar coal samples were collected from all the six workable coal seams, which occur in the Karharbari (Seam-I) and the Barakar (Seams II, III, IV, V and IX) formations.
The petrographic study shows that these coals are vitrinite rich followed by the liptinite and inertinite groups. The quantitative maceral analysis suggests that the concentration of vitrinite is higher in the Karharbari coals as compared to the Barakar coals while the amount of liptinite is greater in the coals of Barakar Formation. The concentration of inertinite is almost same in the coals of these two formations. The microlithotype analysis shows the dominance of vitrite, clarite, vitrinetite and inertite. The concentration of liptite, clarodurite, duroclarite and vitrinertoliptite are insignificant. The mean vitrinite reflectance of the Karharbari coal is higher than that of the Barakar coals. The vitrinite reflectance values rank the Karharbari coal as High volatile Bituminous ‘C’ to High Volatile ‘B’ Bituminous and the Barakar coal as Sub-Bituminous ‘A’ to High Volatile Bituminous ‘C’. The study reveals that the Talcher coals have originated under wet moor with intermittent moderate to high flooding and the fluctuation in the water table has ultimately resulted in the variation in the petrographic and chemical contents of the two coals.
The Effect of Diagenesis on Reservoir Quality of Mamu Sandstone, Anambra Basin, Nigeria
Authors: Mode A. W. , Anyiam O. A. , Anigbogu E. C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract:
The petrography and powder diffraction analyses were integrated to study the effect of diagenesis on the reservoir quality of the Mamu Sandstone in areas around Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. The sands are moderately to well sorted, very fine to fine grained feldspathic arenite deposited in diverse environments of upper to lower shoreface and sub-environments of delta plain. Pressure solutions, authigenic clays and quartz and feldspar overgrowths are the main diagenetic features of the sandstones in the area. These diagenetic features result in mechanical and chemical compaction, alteration of framework grains and precipitation of dissolved grains. In varying degrees, coating of clasts and filling of pore-spaces by clay and heavy minerals reduced the pore throat diameter, which caused mild reduction of the porosity and permeability of sands. Despite these observed diagenetic effects, the Mamu sands still have the potential to serve as good hydrocarbons reservoir especially for gas.
Gravity and Magnetic Surveys and Interpretation in the Northern Part of the K-G Basin
Authors: Rao D. Bhaskara , Annapurna T. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract:
The gravity and magnetic data along three profiles across the northern part of the K-G basin have been collected and the data is interpreted for basement depths. The first profile is taken from Gadarada to Yanam covering a distance of 60 km and the second starts from Zangareddiguddem to Samathkur covering a distance of 110 km and the third is from Kotturu to Biyyapuppa covering a distance of 100 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges. The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin, and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data, sub-surface geology and seismic information. The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon model. The maximum depths to the khondalitic basement are obtained as 5.61km, 6.46 km and 7.45 km for the first, second and third profiles respectively. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the khondalitic group of rocks using prismatic models.