bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Firefly Luciferase‐based Fusion Proteins and their Applications in Bioanalysis
Authors: Smirnova Daria V. , Ugarova Natalia N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFirefly luciferase is widely used in molecular biology and bioanalytical systems as a reporter molecule due to the high quantum yield of the bioluminescence, availability of stable mutant forms of the enzyme with prescribed spectral characteristics and abundance of bacterial expression systems suitable for production of recombinant proteins in limitless quantities. In this review, we described fusion proteins of luciferase with biotin‐binding domain and streptavidin, with proteins A and G, antibodies, with DNA‐ and RNA‐binding proteins, as well as fusion proteins designed for BRET systems. The firefly luciferase‐based fusion proteins are represented as an effective tool for the development of different bioanalytical systems such as (1) systems in which luciferase is attached to the surface of the target and the bioluminescence signal is detected from the specific complexes formed; (2) BRET‐based systems, in which the specific interaction induces changes in the bioluminescence spectrum; and (3) systems that use modified or split luciferases, in which the luciferase activity changes under the action of the analyte. All these systems have wide application in biochemical analysis of physiologically important compounds, for the detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses, for evaluation of protein–protein interactions, assaying of metabolites involved in cell communication and cell signaling.
A meta‐analysis of integrated multitrophic aquaculture: extractive species growth is most successful within close proximity to open‐water fish farms
Authors: Kerrigan Daniel , Suckling Coleen C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFish farming in open water releases dissolved and particulate waste (inorganic and organic) into the surrounding marine environment. To reduce this environmental impact, commercial extractive species can be grown alongside to utilize and reduce this waste, a technique known as integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA). Information is lacking on whether (i) IMTA is generally successful with respect to extractive species growth responses and (ii) at what spatial scale they can be cultivated from fish cage nutrient sources. Focussing on bivalves and macroalgae as extractive species, this study uses a meta‐analysis approach to summarize and conclude peer‐reviewed data on IMTA to address these information gaps. We show that there are clear benefits to integrating bivalves and macroalgae with fish farms. Bivalves grown within, and relatively near, fish cages (0 m and 1–60 m distance categories, respectively) showed significantly higher biomass production relative to controls compared to those grown at larger spatial scales (61+ m). However, biomass production of macroalgae was significantly higher than controls only within close proximity to fish cages (0 m). This information shows increased extractive species production is generally greatest at relatively small spatial scales. It also highlights the need for more site‐specific information (e.g. seawater parameters, hydrodynamics, food supply, farm capacity) in future studies. The allocation of control sites and locating these at suitable distances (>1–8 km) from fish farm effluent sources to avoid fish farm nutrient contamination are also recommended.
Fields of Study and the Earnings Gap by Race in Brazil
Authors: Reis Mauricio 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWorkers with tertiary education in Brazil earn three times more than those with a lower level of schooling. Thus, the attainment of a bachelor's or graduate degree by a black worker usually provides important benefits at the individual level. However, an educational improvement of this type does not assure equal labor market outcomes relative to white workers with the same level of education. The labor earnings differential by race in Brazil is high even among individuals who completed at least a bachelor's degree. This paper investigates this labor earnings gap, emphasizing the unequal distribution of whites and blacks across fields of study. Evidence indicates that disparities in the distribution of racial groups across fields of study help explain 18% of the total median earnings differential in 2000 and 33% in 2010, accounting for most of the gap between white and black workers due to characteristic effects in this latter period.
The Impact of Ageing and the Speed of Ageing on the Economic Growth of Least Developed, Emerging and Developed Countries, 1990–2013
Authors: Teixeira Aurora A. C. , Renuga Nagarajan N. , Silva Sandra T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStudies relating ageing and countries’ economic performance address mostly developed economies. However, extant studies demonstrate that less developed countries (LDC) and emerging economies (EE) are reaching the transition process faster than those from developed regions, which renders the speed of ageing, besides ageing, a critical variable to explore in this context. Comparing system dynamic panel data estimations for 40 LDC, 19 EE and 28 developed countries (DC), between 1990 and 2013, we uncovered that ageing is detrimental to countries’ economic growth, with noticeable nuances depending on countries’ development level. The current level of ageing significantly and negatively impacts on DC's growth but not on that of LDC or EE. For these latter groups, the most relevant issue is the speed of ageing. The current annual growth of old age dependency ratio significantly diminishes EE's growth prospects whereas the lagged annual growth of the ageing index and the old age dependency ratio significantly curtails LDC's growth. Such results emphasize the need for urgent public policies that might mitigate the imbalance in LDCs’ age structure before the speed of ageing leads LDCs to become even much poorer.
Accountability Challenges in the Transnational Regime Complex for Climate Change
Authors: Widerberg Oscar , Pattberg Philipp 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article discusses challenges to accountability in the context of transnational climate governance. It argues that the emergence of a distinct transnational regime complex and the increasingly integrated structure of international and transnational climate governance create new challenges for using established analytical frameworks that rely on accountability regimes for individual actor types. Instead, studying accountability requires a system‐level conceptualization and a revisiting of accountability regimes, taking diversity and networked governance structures into account. Using data from the CONNECT‐project on the transnational regime complex for climate change, the article uses a framework of six elements of an accountability regime to identify three overarching accountability challenges. First, the expanding borders of the transnational regime complex for climate change are starting to shift accountability from the multilateral level (the UNFCCC) to a networked and more intricate structure. Second, transparency, monitoring, and reporting remain an urgent challenge despite a rapidly increasing flow of data and repositories in particular concerning ex‐post impacts. Third, the availability and utility of sanctions are poorly understood in the context of transnational climate governance.
Deferral for low hemoglobin is not associated with increased risk of infection in Danish blood donors
Authors: Kotzé Sebastian R. , Pedersen Ole B. , Petersen Mikkel S. , Sørensen Erik , Manh Dinh Khoa , Agergård Kaspersen Kathrine , Rigas Andreas S. , Hjalgrim Henrik , Rostgaard Klaus , Edgren Gustaf , Ullum Henrik , Erikstrup Christian 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUNDLow hemoglobin (Hb) is associated with poor general health and adverse outcomes in a wide range of diseases. However, a link between Hb levels and the risk of infection among healthy individuals has yet to be investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSUsing data from the Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions database, 497,390 donors were followed after 5,458,499 donations in health registers. With 1,339,362 person‐years of follow‐up, Andersen‐Gill Cox regression was used to study the association of Hb levels below deferral thresholds, very low Hb levels (in the lowest 0.1 percentile), and declining Hb levels with the risk of infection as measured by hospital or outpatient contact for infection and filling of prescription for antimicrobials, respectively, within 3 months of donation. Analyses were stratified by sex, menopausal status, and frequency of donation.RESULTSHb levels below deferral thresholds were not associated with a risk of hospital contact for infection among premenopausal women (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95‐1.14), postmenopausal women (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.54‐1.11), or men (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.81‐1.16), nor was there any association with hospital contact for very low Hb levels or patterns of declining Hb levels. However, subthreshold Hb levels were associated with a reduced risk of antimicrobial prescriptions among premenopausal women (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.91‐0.93), postmenopausal women (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89‐0.97), and men (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.88‐0.94).CONCLUSIONSNeither Hb levels below deferral thresholds nor very low or declining Hb levels were associated with an increased risk of infection. This is reassuring, because blood donation can lead to lower Hb levels.
Vagal denervation inhibits the increase in pulmonary blood flow during partial lung aeration at birth
Authors: Lang Justin A. R. , Pearson James T. , Binder‐Heschl Corinna , Wallace Megan J. , Siew Melissa L. , Kitchen Marcus J. , te Pas Arjan B. , Lewis Robert A. , Polglase Graeme R. , Shirai Mikiyasu , Hooper Stuart B. 
Published: November 2016

Key points
Lung aeration at birth significantly increases pulmonary blood flow, which is unrelated to increased oxygenation or other spatial relationships that match ventilation to perfusion.
Using simultaneous X‐ray imaging and angiography in near‐term rabbits, we investigated the relative contributions of the vagus nerve and oxygenation to the increase in pulmonary blood flow at birth.
Vagal denervation inhibited the global increase in pulmonary blood flow induced by partial lung aeration, although high inspired oxygen concentrations can partially mitigate this effect.
The results of the present study indicate that a vagal reflex may mediate a rapid global increase in pulmonary blood flow in response to partial lung aeration.
AbstractAir entry into the lungs at birth triggers major cardiovascular changes, including a large increase in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) that is not spatially related to regional lung aeration. To investigate the possible underlying role of a vagally‐mediated stimulus, we used simultaneous phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging and angiography in near‐term (30 days of gestation) vagotomized (n = 15) or sham‐operated (n = 15) rabbit kittens. Rabbits were imaged before ventilation, when one lung was ventilated (unilateral) with 100% nitrogen (N2), air or 100% oxygen (O2), and after all kittens were switched to unilateral ventilation in air and then ventilation of both lungs using air. Compared to control kittens, vagotomized kittens had little or no increase in PBF in both lungs following unilateral ventilation when ventilation occurred with 100% N2 or with air. However, relative PBF did increase in vagotomized animals ventilated with 100% O2, indicating the independent stimulatory effects of local oxygen concentration and autonomic innervation on the changes in PBF at birth. These findings demonstrate that vagal denervation inhibits the previously observed increase in PBF with partial lung aeration, although high inspired oxygen concentrations can partially mitigate this effect.
Reducing Fatigue Loading due to Pressure Shift in Discrete Fluid Power Force Systems
Authors: Hansen Anders Hedegaard , Pedersen Henrik C. 
Published: November 2016

Discrete Fluid Power Force Systems is one of the topologies gaining focus in the pursuit of lowering energy losses in fluid power transmission systems.
The cylinder based Fluid Power Force System considered in this article is constructed with a multi-chamber cylinder, a number of constant pressure lines and a valve manifold. The valve manifold is used to control the connections between the cylinder chambers and the pressure lines and hereby the resulting force form the cylinder.
The valve manifold is equipped with fast on/off valves. However, shifting between pressure lines may yield pressure oscillations in the cylinder chamber, especially for systems with long connections between the cylinder and the valve manifold. Hose pressure oscillations will induce oscillations in the produced piston force. Hence, pressure oscillations may increase the fatigue loading on systems employing a discrete fluid power force system.
The current paper investigates the correlation between pressure oscillations in the cylinder chambers and valve flow in the manifold. Furthermore, the correlation between the pressure shifting time and the pressure overshoot is investigated. The study therefore focus on how to shape the valve flow in the manifold to reduce the added fatigue loads.
A simple transmission line model is developed for the analysis. Two inputs are given in the Laplace domain and the time domain solution of the cylinder pressure to the given inputs are derived through inverse Laplace transformation. Based on the time domain solutions the pressure overshoot for various pressure shifting times is investigated.
With the two input functions defined by the pressure shifting time, T, the main results of the current paper show the correlation between the minimum shifting time and the pressure overshoot in a given cylinder chamber with a given line connection.
Investigation of Thermal Effects in Direct Driven Hydraulic System for Off-Road Machinery
Authors: Karlén Niko , Minav Tatiana , Pietola Matti 
Published: November 2016

Several types of off-road machinery, such as industrial trucks, forklifts, excavators, mobile cranes, and wheel loaders, are set to be operated in environments which can differ considerably from each other. This sets certain limits for both the drive transmissions and working hydraulics of these machines. The ambient temperature must be taken into account when selecting the hydraulic fluid since the viscosity and density of the fluid are changing at different operating temperatures.
In addition to the temperature, energy efficiency can also be a problem in off-road machinery. In most off-road machines, diesel engines are employed to produce mechanical energy. However, there are energy losses during the working process, which causes inefficiency in produced energy. For better energy efficiency, hybridization in off-road machinery is an effective method to decrease fuel consumption and increase energy savings. One of the possible methods to save energy with hybrids is energy regeneration. However, it means that the basic hydraulic system inside off-road machinery needs to be modified. One solution for this is to utilize zonal or decentralized approach by means of direct driven hydraulic (DDH) system.
This paper aims to investigate a DDH system for off-road machinery by means of modelling and analyzing the effect of the temperature. In the direct-driven hydraulic system, the actuator is controlled directly by the hydraulic pump which is operated by the electric motor. Specifically, it is a valveless closed-loop hydraulic system. Thus, there will be no energy losses caused by the valves, and the total efficiency is assumed to be significantly higher.
In order to examine the DDH system, a thermo-hydraulic model was created. Additionally, a thermal camera was utilized in order to illustrate the temperature changes in the components of the DDH system. To reproduce the action of the system in different circumstances DDH system was run at different ambient temperatures, and the component temperatures in the system were measured and saved for the analysis. The thermo hydraulic model was proven capable to follow the general trend of heating up.
Controller Design for Precise and Efficient Industrial Cylinder Drives Using Independent Metering Valves
Authors: Kolks Giacomo , Weber Jürgen 
Published: November 2016

Valve controlled cylinder drives are an obvious choice whenever high loads are manipulated in translational motion with demanding requirements in terms of dynamic properties, accuracy, and costs. Improvements of energetic efficiency of valve control can be achieved by separating metering edges, allowing for different operating modes and thus adapting to different load scenarios.
In this paper, multiple-input-multiple-output closed loop control approaches are investigated in order to control cylinder speed and pressure in one cylinder chamber for a configuration with five 2/2-directional valves. By utilizing the flatness property of the system, the flatness-based tracking controller and the flatness based internal model controller will be described, developed and tested. They are adapted to the excessive number of command variables by introducing extended input. Based on validation on a test rig, the characteristics of both control approaches are pointed out.
The control strategy is fitted to a smooth mode switching algorithm published by the authors previously. It is shown that by making use of the degrees of freedom involved in the presented system, different operating modes can be switched smoothly in closed loop control. This contributes to the applicability of energetic potentials of independent metering.
Thermal Impact of Different Cooling Sleeve’s Flow Geometries in Motorized High-Speed Spindles of Machine Tools
Authors: Weber Juliane , Shabi Linart , Weber Jürgen 
Published: November 2016

This paper presents an experimental investigation and computer simulation of motor cooling sleeves in machine tools’ spindles in order to examine their thermo-energetic behavior. First of all, most typical designs of cooling sleeves are identified, e. g. the single helical and the double helical channel structure. The paper highlights the simulation of these different cooling sleeve designs by means of network models with lumped parameters and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). With the help of CFD analyses, which can also take the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) into account, a profound understanding of the flow effects and the complex thermo-energetic exchange processes between the body and the flowing inside can be achieved. Because these very exacting CFD models require lengthy computation times, they have to be reduced to time-saving calculation models like network models. This step is essential for the planned integration in the control of the machine tool in order to correct the tool center point (TCP) errors due to thermo-elastic deformations. Finally, the developed thermo-hydraulic models are validated against measurements on a developed test rig utilizing thermocouples and a thermographic camera to capture temperatures. The results demonstrate that the presented models allow a sufficiently accurate characterization of the thermo-energetic behavior of motor spindles’ cooling sleeves in order to achieve enhanced prediction of the temperature distribution as well as an increase in manufacturing accuracy.
In conclusion, it is shown how the resulting network calculation models can be used within the project group by integrating them into the complete model of the virtual machine tool in order to predict and correct its thermo-elastic deformations that will be part of the ongoing investigations.
Benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the conjunctiva in childhood
Authors: AlAkeely Adel G , Alkatan Hind M , Alsuhaibani Adel H , AlKhalidi Hisham , Safieh Leen Abu , Coupland Sarah E , Edward Deepak P 
Published: November 2016

Background/aimOur aim is to the report the clinical and histopathological features of benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (BRLH) of the conjunctiva in children and the outcomes of treatment.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed for children aged 0–18 years, diagnosed with conjunctival BRLH from January 2000 to December 2013 at two large ophthalmology hospitals in the Middle East. Data were collected on patient demographics, features of the lesions, the site of the lesion, location, adnexal involvement, lymph nodes involvement, local spread, histopathology and molecular genetic studies of the cases (if available), outcomes of treatment and recurrence.ResultsThere were 24 patients with lymphoid lesions classified as conjunctival BRLH during the 12-year period evaluated in this study. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.6 years. Twenty-three patients were males (96%). Systemic medical history included three patients with bronchial asthma, one patient with Down's syndrome, one patient with generalised skeletal malformation and one patient with gastritis. The initial uncorrected visual acuity was 20/30 or better in 93.5% of the eyes. At presentation, the tumour was unilateral in 12 cases (50%). The conjunctival mass was located on the bulbar conjunctiva in all cases. The mass was present nasally in 96% of lesions. No cases (that were tested) had an infectious aetiology. PCR demonstrated monoclonality suggestive of lymphoma in two cases; however, this did not alter the final diagnosis as BRLH per histopathological criteria and clinical course,ConclusionsAll investigated cases of paediatric conjunctival BRLH had a benign clinical course with no local or systemic dissemination and a male predominance. Recurrence was rare, and in our cohort, it was not associated with malignant transformation.
Optical coherence tomography angiography of foveal hypoplasia
Authors: Pakzad-Vaezi Kaivon , Keane Pearse A , Cardoso João Nobre , Egan Catherine , Tufail Adnan 
Published: November 2016

AimsTo discuss foveal development in the context of detailed retinal vasculature imaging in foveal hypoplasia using optical coherence tomography angiography.MethodsIn this case series, the optical coherence tomography angiography results of four patients with idiopathic foveal hypoplasia and two patients with foveal hypoplasia secondary to oculocutaneous albinism are presented.ResultsCases with intact visual acuity demonstrated lower grades of foveal hypoplasia on optical coherence tomography, while those with poor vision demonstrated high grades of foveal hypoplasia. The superficial retinal capillary plexus was intact in the foveal area in all cases, with no demonstrable foveal avascular zone. The deep retinal capillary plexus was absent to variable degrees in most cases, but was most persistent in those cases with reduced vision.ConclusionsThe superficial retinal capillary plexus is present in cases with foveal hypoplasia, while the deep retinal capillary plexus is absent to varying degrees. Our findings support the hypothesis that an intact foveal avascular zone of the deep capillary plexus allows for outer retinal photoreceptor specialisation to occur unimpeded, resulting in preserved visual acuity, while this process may be inhibited by an absent deep capillary foveal avascular zone with resultant poor vision.