bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adulticidal & larvicidal efficacy of three neonicotinoids against insecticide susceptible & resistant mosquito strains
Authors: Uragayala Sreehari , Verma Vaishali , Natarajan Elamathi , Velamuri Poonam Sharma , Kamaraju Raghavendra 
Published: February 2016

Background & objectives:
Due to ever growing insecticide resistance in mosquitoes to commonly used insecticides in many parts of the globe, there is always a need for introduction of new insecticides for the control of resistant vector mosquitoes. In this study, larvicidal and adulticidal efficacies of three neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam) were tested against resistant and susceptible populations of Anopheles stephensi Liston 1901, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae).

Methods:
Laboratory-reared mosquito species were used. Insecticide susceptibility tests were done using standard WHO procedures and using diagnostic dosages of insecticide test papers and larvicides. Adulticidal efficacy of candidate insecticides was assessed using topical application method and larval bioassays were conducted using standard WHO procedure.

Results:
The results of topical application on 3-5 day old female mosquitoes indicated that resistant strain of An. stephensi registered lower LC50 values than the susceptible strain. Among the three insecticides tested, thiacloprid was found more effective than the other two insecticides. Culex quinquefasciatus registered lowest LC50 for imidacloprid than the other two mosquito species tested. In larval bioassays, the LC50 values registered for imidacloprid were in the order of Cx. quinquefasciatus <An. stephensi (SS) <An. stephensi (RR) <Ae. aegypti. In case of thiacloprid, the order of efficacy (LC50) was Cx. quinquefasciatus <An. stephensi (SS) <An. stephensi (RR), whereas in case of thiamethoxam, the larvicidal efficacy was in the order of An. stephensi (RR) <An. stephensi (SS) <Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The present study indicated that insecticide resistant strains of mosquito species tested showed more susceptibility to the three neonicotinoids tested, and the possibility of using neonicotinoids for the control of resistant mosquitoes should be explored.
Pupal productivity & nutrient reserves of Aedes mosquitoes breeding in sewage drains & other habitats of Kolkata, India
Authors: Banerjee Soumyajit , Mohan Sushree , Saha Nabaneeta , Mohanty Siba Prasad , Saha Goutam K. , Aditya Gautam 
Published: February 2016

Background & objectives:
The quality of breeding sites is reflected through the pupal productivity and the life history traits of Aedes mosquitoes. Using nutrient reserves and pupal productivity of Aedes as indicators, the larval habitats including sewage drains were characterized to highlight the habitat expansion and vector management.

Methods:
The pupae and adults collected from the containers and sewage drains were characterized in terms of biomass and nutrient reserves and the data were subjected to three way factorial ANOVA. Discriminant function analyses were performed to highlight the differences among the habitats for sustenance of Aedes mosquitoes.

Results:
Survey of larval habitats from the study area revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the pupal productivity of Aedes among the habitats and months. Despite sewage drains being comparatively less utilized for breeding, the pupae were of higher biomass with corresponding adults having longer wings in contrast to other habitats. The nutrient reserve of the adults emerging from pupae of sewage drains was significantly higher (P<0.05), compared to other habitats, as reflected through the discriminant function analysis.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The present results showed that for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, sewage drains were equally congenial habitat as were plastic, porcelain and earthen habitats. Availability of Aedes immature in sewage drains poses increased risk of dengue, and thus vector control programme should consider inclusion of sewage drains as breeding habitat of dengue vector mosquitoes.
Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: an update
Authors: Yang Y. , Hansson L. , Gattuso J.-P. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation 5 years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of the study sites from which data have been archived are in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans is still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcome shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.
Normative Reasoning and Moral Argumentation in Theory and Practice
Authors: Gillespie Ryan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract“Morality is relative to culture” is a descriptive claim, but in practice its normative entailment is rarely embraced. It is often claimed that this poses a problem of consistency for relativism as a morally normative theory: either relativists do not act in accordance with their beliefs or they hold different beliefs from what they espouse. This article evaluates a debate between Paul Boghossian and Stanley Fish over relativism, analyzing their arguments on the relationship between theory and practice in ethics and the tenability of moral relativism. I defend two claims: that the truth or falsity of moral relativism has significant bearing on action and that morality is based on a conjunctivity of doxastic and practical discursive commitments. Establishing the conjunctive commitment argument, I make the case that the doxastic and the practical lie at the heart of normative reasoning in general and ethics in particular and discuss the implications of such a view for rhetorical theory and community.
Coping with Multiple Sclerosis Scale
Authors: Parkerson Holly A. , Kehler Melissa D. , Sharpe Donald , Hadjistavropoulos Heather D. 
Published: February 2016

Background: The Coping with Multiple Sclerosis Scale (CMSS) was developed to assess coping strategies specific to multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its wide application in MS research, psychometric support for the CMSS remains limited to the initial factor analytic investigation by Pakenham in 2001.
Methods: The current investigation assessed the factor structure and construct validity of the CMSS. Participants with MS (N = 453) completed the CMSS, as well as measures of disability related to MS (Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale), quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale), and anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale).
Results: The original factor structure reported by Pakenham was a poor fit to the data. An alternate seven-factor structure was identified using exploratory factor analysis. Although there were some similarities with the existing CMSS subscales, differences in factor content and item loadings were found. Relationships between the revised CMSS subscales and additional measures were assessed, and the findings were consistent with previous research.
Conclusions: Refinement of the CMSS is suggested, especially for subscales related to acceptance and avoidance strategies. Until further research is conducted on the revised CMSS, it is recommended that the original CMSS continue to be administered. Clinicians and researchers should be mindful of lack of support for the acceptance and avoidance subscales and should seek additional scales to assess these areas.
Ketamine modulates subgenual cingulate connectivity with the memory-related neural circuit—a mechanism of relevance to resistant depression?
Authors: Wong Jing J. , O’Daly Owen , Mehta Mitul A. , Young Allan H. , Stone James M. 
Published: February 2016

Background.Ketamine has been reported to have efficacy as an antidepressant in several studies of treatment-resistant depression. In this study, we investigate whether an acute administration of ketamine leads to reductions in the functional connectivity of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) with other brain regions.Methods.Thirteen right-handed healthy male subjects underwent a 15 min resting state fMRI with an infusion of intravenous ketamine (target blood level = 150 ng/ml) starting at 5 min. We used a seed region centred on the sgACC and assessed functional connectivity before and during ketamine administration.Results.Before ketamine administration, positive coupling with the sgACC seed region was observed in a large cluster encompassing the anterior cingulate and negative coupling was observed with the anterior cerebellum. Following ketamine administration, sgACC activity became negatively correlated with the brainstem, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, retrosplenial cortex, and thalamus.Discussion.Ketamine reduced functional connectivity of the sgACC with brain regions implicated in emotion, memory and mind wandering. It is possible the therapeutic effects of ketamine may be mediated via this mechanism, although further work is required to test this hypothesis.
Gel Point
Authors: Winter H. Henning 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

The gel point (GP) marks the instant at which a material passes from liquid to solid due to gelation. A material at its GP, commonly called
critical gel
, is in a critical state with unique physical and chemical properties. Polymer gelation occurs in amorphous materials when its constituents connect internally by chemical or physical bonds to form macromolecular clusters. Gels often assemble from a mixture of different molecular or particular species. The chemical or physical GP is reached when the first macromolecular cluster has grown to infinite size. While the connectivity typically grows slowly during gelation, its reversal may occur rather rapidly. Reverse gelation due to the fluctuation or breakage of internal junctions will cause a gel to pass backwards through GP and, thus, assume its liquid state. GP is important industrially and in biology. Many soft materials, namely in food, pharmaceuticals, photographic media, adhesives, foams, crystallizing polymers, vibration dampeners, super absorbers, proteins, polysaccharides, clotting blood (to name a few), are close to their chemical of physical GP, that is they are liquids just before reaching their GP or they are solids that have barely passed the GP. The universality of the linear viscoelasticity at GP provides a powerful tool for developing new materials and processes.
First observations of triple‐frequency radar Doppler spectra in snowfall: Interpretation and applications
Authors: Kneifel S. , Kollias P. , Battaglia A. , Leinonen J. , Maahn M. , Kalesse H. , Tridon F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe potential of multifrequency Doppler spectra to constrain precipitation microphysics has so far only been exploited for dual‐frequency spectra in rain. In this study, we extend the dual‐frequency concept to triple‐frequency Doppler radar spectra obtained during a snowfall event which included rimed and unrimed snow aggregates. A large selection of spectra obtained from low‐turbulence regions within the cloud reveals distinctly different signatures of the derived dual spectral ratios. Due to the third frequency, a characteristic curve can be derived which is almost independent of the underlying particle size distribution and velocity‐size relation. This approach provides new opportunities for validating existing and future snow scattering models and reveals how the information content of triple‐frequency radar data sets can be further exploited for snowfall studies.
Sensitivity of urban rainfall to anthropogenic heat flux: A numerical experiment
Authors: Holst Christopher Claus , Tam Chi‐Yung , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the sensitivity of local precipitation statistics to surface heat fluxes in an urban subdomain in the Pearl River Delta region, which is situated along the coast of south China. By conducting simulations of a past record‐breaking rainfall event with a cloud‐resolving model, we found that rainfall rates and the spatial distribution of accumulated rainfall are very sensitive to imposed urban surface heat fluxes. Diagnostics of the planetary boundary layer show increasing fluctuations of turbulence and buoyant turbulence production with increasing surface heat emission, causing increased near‐surface mixing and convection. Heavy precipitation rates show a higher sensitivity than lighter rates. The extreme tail of the distribution is hence more affected. This study serves as an example of how sensitive the magnitude of local high impact weather phenomena can be to local forcing.
New understanding and quantification of the regime dependence of aerosol‐cloud interaction for studying aerosol indirect effects
Authors: Chen Jingyi , Liu Yangang , Zhang Minghua , Peng Yiran 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAerosol indirect effects suffer from large uncertainty in climate models and among observations. This study focuses on two plausible factors: regime dependence of aerosol‐cloud interactions and the effect of cloud droplet spectral shape. We show, using a new parcel model, that combined consideration of droplet number concentration (Nc) and relative dispersion (ε, ratio of standard deviation to mean radius of the cloud droplet size distribution) better characterizes the regime dependence of aerosol‐cloud interactions than considering Nc alone. Given updraft velocity (w), ε increases with increasing aerosol number concentration (Na) in the aerosol‐limited regime, peaks in the transitional regime, and decreases with further increasing Na in the updraft‐limited regime. This new finding further reconciles contrasting observations in literature and reinforces the compensating role of dispersion effect. The nonmonotonic behavior of ε further quantifies the relationship between the transitional Na and w that separates the aerosol‐ and updraft‐limited regimes.
The atmospheric frontal response to SST perturbations in the Gulf Stream region
Authors: Parfitt Rhys , Czaja Arnaud , Minobe Shoshiro , Kuwano‐Yoshida Akira 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe link between sea surface temperature (SST) gradients and atmospheric fronts is explored in a general circulation model across the Gulf Stream (GS) region from December to February 1981–2000. Two model experiments are analyzed, one with a realistic control SST distribution and one with a spatially smoothed SST distribution. The analysis shows a noticeable change in regional atmospheric frontal frequency between the two experiments (up to 30%), with the distribution of change exhibiting a clear imprint of the GS SST front. Further analysis of the surface sensible heat flux gradient across cold fronts reveals the pattern of change to be mediated by a thermal interaction between the oceanic and atmospheric fronts (“thermal damping and strengthening”). These results not only emphasize the significance of the GS SST gradient for storm development in the North Atlantic but also highlight the importance of resolution in assessing the role of frontal air‐sea interaction in midlatitude climate variability.
Austral winter external and internal atmospheric variability between 1980 and 2014
Authors: Ding Hui , Greatbatch Richard J. , Lin Hai , Hansen Felicitas , Gollan Gereon , Jung Thomas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe examine the interannual variability of the seasonal mean atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere during austral winter. The three major modes are identified by rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis. As expected, REOF1 is associated with the Southern Annular Mode which is dominated by internal atmospheric dynamics. REOF2 displays a wave train, linked to the western North Pacific monsoon and the Pacific‐Japan pattern in East Asia in the same season; REOF3 resembles the Pacific‐South American pattern. Externally forced variability strongly projects on both REOF2 and REOF3 so that in the ensemble mean, an atmospheric model with prescribed observed sea surface temperature captures considerable parts of the time evolution of REOF2 (50%) and REOF3 (25%), suggesting a potential predictability for the two modes.
Hydrometeorological characteristics of rain‐on‐snow events associated with atmospheric rivers
Authors: Guan Bin , Waliser Duane E. , Ralph F. Martin , Fetzer Eric J. , Neiman Paul J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow, elongated, synoptic corridors of enhanced water vapor transport that play an important role in regional weather/hydrology. Rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events during ARs present enhanced flood risks due to the combined effects of rainfall and snowmelt. Focusing on California's Sierra Nevada, the study identifies ROS occurrences and their connection with ARs during the 1998–2014 winters. AR conditions, which occur during 17% of all precipitation events, are associated with 50% of ROS events (25 of 50). Composite analysis shows that compared to ARs without ROS, ARs with ROS are on average warmer by ~2 K, with snow water equivalent loss of ~0.7 cm/d (providing 20% of the combined water available for runoff) and ~50% larger streamflow/precipitation ratios. Atmospheric Infrared Sounder retrievals reveal distinct offshore characteristics of the two types of ARs. The results highlight the potential value of observing these events for snow, rain, and flood prediction.
Compressible turbulence with slow‐mode waves observed in the bursty bulk flow of plasma sheet
Authors: Wang Tieyan , Cao Jinbin , Fu Huishan , Meng Xuejie , Dunlop M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we report the evidence of compressible turbulence with slow‐mode waves in a bursty bulk flow of plasma sheet. This compressible turbulence is characterized by a multiscale (1–60 s) anticorrelation between plasma density and magnetic field strength. Besides, the magnetic compressibility spectrum stays nearly constant at all the measured frequencies. Furthermore, the turbulence energy distributions are anisotropic with k⊥ > k//, and the dispersion relation is consistent with slow‐mode prediction. The fluctuations of density and magnetic field have similar double slope spectrum and kurtosis. These results suggest that the slow waves are involved in the intermittent turbulence cascade from MHD to ion kinetic scales, which may have significant implications for the energy transfer in the plasma sheet.
Social Statistics
Authors: Bartholomew David J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Social statistics is concerned with the description and modeling social phenomena. It began at the descriptive level in the eighteenth century and even earlier, but only recently it has entered the mainstream of statistical theory and methods. This article traces these developments and notes, especially, the key role of computers in facilitating this trend. Social statistics is often thought of in relation to censuses and surveys but its scope is much wider and now embraces the full gamut of contemporary modeling and inference. This article summarizes the present state of the subject.
Trellis Displays
Authors: Theus Martin 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

The
curse of dimensionality
as described by Huber is not restricted to mathematical statistical problems, but can be found in graphic‐based data analysis as well. Most plots such as
barcharts
,
histograms
, or
boxplots
can only handle a single
variable
.
Scatterplots
can cope with two continuous variables; and rotating plots, with three.
Mosaic plots
can deal with many categorical variables.

Trellis displays offer the possibility of combining up to eight variables in one plot panel in a matrix‐like manner. The name
trellis displays
derives from the trellis‐like arrangement (Latin
triliceum
: a frame of latticework used for climbing plants) of the single plots.
Reverse
H
azard
Authors: Gürler Ülkü 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
As a dual of the hazard rate function, reversed hazard rate characterizes the probability of an immediate past failure, given that a failure has already occurred. This function appears to be important both in survival and reliability studies as it complements a thorough understanding of the failure behavior of the underlying stochastic system. In this article, we provide the basic notions regarding reverse hazard rate function, and compare and contrast its properties with the hazard rate function. We further point to the extension of the concept to bivariate case. The estimation of the distribution function via the reverse hazard rate is also briefly discussed in the context of right truncated data.
Quenouille's Test
Authors: Hosking J. R. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractQuenouille's test is a significance test for autoregressive time‐series models. The test statistic can be written as a sum of independent components that are asymptotically equivalent to the partial autocorrelations of the time series. Given this convenient representation and the fact that its better‐known rival, the portmanteau test for residual correlation, does not share its advantage of consisting of independent components, Quenouille's test deserves to be more widely known and used than it is at present.
Spline Smoothing
Authors: Turlach Berwin A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOver the past few decades, several methods for fitting smooth curves to data have been proposed and intensively studied. Among these methods are kernel smoothers, orthogonal series estimators, wavelet smoothers, and spline smoothers. This entry provides a brief description of the commonly used spline smoothers – regression splines, smoothing splines, and penalized splines.
Gene Frequency Estimation
Authors: Dawson Deborah V. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Valid estimates of gene frequencies are essential to a variety of statistical genetic analysis procedures, as well as to genetic counseling endeavors. Methods for the estimation of population frequencies of alleles and haplotypes are described, including approaches in the presence of dominance relationships. Methods described are applicable to a wide variety of polymorphic markers that can be identified with modern technologies.
Point Processes, Spatial
Authors: Särkkä Aila 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The general theory of point processes has in the past been focused on temporal developments. In this article we will focus on spatial point processes, where points, or events, take place at spatial locations, and we identify each event with its location. We will mainly concentrate on planar stationary and isotropic (i.e., the distribution of the process is invariant under translations and rotations, respectively) processes, but will give some references to studies concerning inhomogeneous and anisotropic point pattern data.