bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing microtomography data with Python and the scikit-image library
Authors: Gouillart Emmanuelle , Nunez-Iglesias Juan , van der Walt Stéfan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe exploration and processing of images is a vital aspect of the scientific workflows of many X-ray imaging modalities. Users require tools that combine interactivity, versatility, and performance. is an open-source image processing toolkit for the Python language that supports a large variety of file formats and is compatible with 2D and 3D images. The toolkit exposes a simple programming interface, with thematic modules grouping functions according to their purpose, such as image restoration, segmentation, and measurements. users benefit from a rich scientific Python ecosystem that contains many powerful libraries for tasks such as visualization or machine learning. combines a gentle learning curve, versatile image processing capabilities, and the scalable performance required for the high-throughput analysis of X-ray imaging data.
Frontier Orbitals in Transition-Metal- and Lanthanide-Mediated Reactions
Authors: Ikeda Hirotaka , Inagaki Satoshi 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Frontier orbital theory is demonstrated by investigating the appropriately divided parts of transition states, useful for understanding an essential aspect of transition-metal- and lanthanide-mediated reactions. Atomic orbitals are in phase with each other in the outer space of the antibonding orbitals of the bonds between transition-metal and main-group atoms.
C-Ion- and X-ray-Induced Sucrose Radicals Investigated by CW EPR and 9 GHz EPR Imaging
Authors: Nakagawa Kouichi , Hara Hideyuki , Matsumoto Ken-ichiro 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We investigated stable radical distribution and particle tracks in sucrose irradiated by C-ion irradiation with continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 9 GHz EPR imaging. Both EPR results were compared with X-ray irradiation at a similar dose. Radical distribution in sucrose crystals induced by C-ion and X-ray irradiation were completely different. The 2D EPR imaging results suggested that radical species were mostly located inside the sucrose crystal. Fewer radicals were found on the surface region of the sucrose crystal. The high radical intensities in relation to the C-ion energy deposition are clearly observed at Bragg peak region. No trace of the stable radicals was found after the peak region. The stable radicals of sucrose were distributed as a result of recombination of radicals induced by particle interaction. For the first time, the present EPR images showed the stable radical distribution and particle tracks in the crystal in association with particle-sucrose interaction.
Influence of backscatter radiation on cranial reconstruction implants
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshiaki , Koike Naoyoshi , Takei Hideyuki , Ohno Mari , Miwa Tomoru , Yoshida Kazunari , Shigematsu Naoyuki , Kishi Kazuo 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
We aimed to evaluate backscatter dose variations in different cranial bone implant materials in an experimental model designed to simulate post-operative radiotherapy.

Methods:
We assessed the radiation backscatter doses associated with sheet- and mesh-type titanium plates and hydroxyapatite (HAP) samples (porosity: 35%, 50% and 85%). The samples were irradiated with 6- and 10-MV photon beams from a linear accelerator. Measurements were obtained using an ionization chamber and radiochromic films cut from the same batch.

Results:
At 6 MV, the titanium sheet showed the highest peak for backscattered radiation, followed by (in decreasing order) HAP30%, HAP50%, titanium mesh and HAP85%. At 10 MV, HAP30% showed the highest peak, followed by HAP50%, titanium sheet, titanium mesh and HAP85%. The peaks were at different depths in the titanium and HAP samples. The thickness of the human scalp is approximately 7 mm; therefore, measurements were obtained 0–7 mm above the implants to assess the likely dose on the scalp. A comparison of the maximum dose on the scalp showed the titanium sheet had the highest dose at both 6 and 10 MV.

Conclusion:
The backscatter dose differed with the density of the material and the backscatter depth was different for each material.

Advances in knowledge:
Ulcer formation due to radiotherapy after brain tumour depends on not only radiation but also the implant material. Therefore, the density and type of implant material should be considered when planning radiotherapy and selecting bone reconstruction materials.
Image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer in the United Kingdom: a national survey
Authors: Ariyaratne Hemal , Chesham Hayley , Alonzi Roberto 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
To survey the technology and practice of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for prostate cancer in the UK.

Methods:
A pre-tested semi-structured online questionnaire was sent to National Health Service (NHS) and private radiotherapy providers in the UK between March and April 2014. The survey was carried out on the Opinio© online platform.

Results:
There was a high survey response rate of 83%. There is widespread use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy and advanced verification imaging modalities. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is the main verification imaging modality in radical prostate radiotherapy, used in 66% of UK centres. Fiducial markers in combination with imaging were used in 30% of centres. Over half the centres used a daily imaging schedule, with a Day 1-3 frequency followed by weekly frequency used less commonly. 26% of centres used daily CBCT.

Conclusion:
There is widespread use of volumetric verification imaging with CBCT for prostate radiotherapy in the UK. There is no consensus on the optimal verification imaging schedule.

Advances in knowledge:
This survey provides an insight into contemporary UK practice of IGRT for prostate cancer, both in the NHS and private sector. It demonstrates the widespread use of CBCT imaging and highlights the need for further research to optimize the practice.
Evaluation of background parenchymal enhancement on breast MRI: a systematic review
Authors: Bignotti Bianca , Signori Alessio , Valdora Francesca , Rossi Federica , Calabrese Massimo , Durando Manuela , Mariscotto Giovanna , Tagliafico Alberto 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
To perform a systematic review of the methods used for background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) evaluation on breast MRI.

Methods:
Studies dealing with BPE assessment on breast MRI were retrieved from major medical libraries independently by four reviewers up to 6 October 2015. The keywords used for database searching are “background parenchymal enhancement”, “parenchymal enhancement”, “MRI” and “breast”. The studies were included if qualitative and/or quantitative methods for BPE assessment were described.

Results:
Of the 420 studies identified, a total of 52 articles were included in the systematic review. 28 studies performed only a qualitative assessment of BPE, 13 studies performed only a quantitative assessment and 11 studies performed both qualitative and quantitative assessments. A wide heterogeneity was found in the MRI sequences and in the quantitative methods used for BPE assessment.

Conclusion:
A wide variability exists in the quantitative evaluation of BPE on breast MRI. More studies focused on a reliable and comparable method for quantitative BPE assessment are needed.

Advances in knowledge:
More studies focused on a quantitative BPE assessment are needed.
A prospective evaluation of contrast and radiation dose and image quality in cardiac CT in children with complex congenital heart disease using low-concentration iodinated contrast agent and low tube voltage and current
Authors: Hou Qiao-Ru , Gao Wei , Sun Ai-min , Wang Qian , Qiu Hai-sheng , Wang Fang , Hu Li-wei , Li Jian-ying , Zhong Yu-min 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
To the assess image quality, contrast dose and radiation dose in cardiac CT in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) using low-concentration iodinated contrast agent and low tube voltage and current in comparison with standard dose protocol.

Methods:
110 patients with CHD were randomized to 1 of the 2 scan protocols: Group A (n = 45) with 120 mA tube current and contrast agent of 270 mgI/ml in concentration (Visipaque™; GE Healthcare Ireland, Co., Cork, UK); and Group B (n = 65) with the conventional 160 mA and 370 mgI/ml concentration contrast (Iopamiro®; Shanghai Bracco Sine Pharmaceutical Corp Ltd, Shanghai, China). Both groups used 80 kVp tube voltage and were reconstructed with 70% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm. The CT value and noise in aortic arch were measured and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. A five-point scale was used to subjectively evaluate image quality. Contrast and radiation dose were recorded.

Results:
There was no difference in age and weight between the two groups (all p &gt; 0.05). The iodine load and radiation dose in Group A were statistically lower (3976 ± 747 mgI vs 5763 ± 1018 mgI in iodine load and 0.60 ± 0.08 mSv vs 0.77 ± 0.10 mSv in effective dose; p &lt; 0.001). However, image noise, CT value, CNR, SNR and subjective image quality for the two groups were similar (all p &gt; 0.05), and with good agreement between the two observers. Comparing the surgery results, the diagnostic accuracy for extracardiac and intracardiac defects for Group A was 96% and 92%, respectively, while the corresponding numbers for Group B were 95% and 93%.

Conclusion:
Compared with the standard dose protocol, the use of low tube voltage (80 kVp), low tube current (120 mA) and low-concentration iodinated contrast agent (270 mgI/ml) enables a reduction of 30% in iodine load and 22% in radiation dose while maintaining compatible image quality and diagnostic accuracy.

Advances in knowledge:
The new cardiac CT scanning protocol can largely reduce the adverse effects of radiation and contrast media to children. Meanwhile, it also can be used effectively to examine complex CHD.
Application of gray level mapping in computed tomographic colonography: a pilot study to compare with traditional surface rendering method for identification and differentiation of endoluminal lesions
Authors: Chen Lih-Shyang , Hsu Ta-Wen , Chen Shao-Jer , Chang Shu-Han , Lin Chih-Wen , Chen Yu-Ruei , Hsieh Chin-Chiang , Han Shu-Chen , Chang Ku-Yaw , Hou Chun-Ju 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
In traditional surface rendering (SR) computed tomographic endoscopy, only the shape of endoluminal lesion is depicted without gray-level information unless the volume rendering technique is used. However, volume rendering technique is relatively slow and complex in terms of computation time and parameter setting. We use computed tomographic colonography (CTC) images as examples and report a new visualization technique by three-dimensional gray level mapping (GM) to better identify and differentiate endoluminal lesions.

Methods:
There are 33 various endoluminal cases from 30 patients evaluated in this clinical study. These cases were segmented using gray-level threshold. The marching cube algorithm was used to detect isosurfaces in volumetric data sets. GM is applied using the surface gray level of CTC. Radiologists conducted the clinical evaluation of the SR and GM images. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for data analysis.

Results:
Clinical evaluation confirms GM is significantly superior to SR in terms of gray-level pattern and spatial shape presentation of endoluminal cases (p &lt; 0.01) and improves the confidence of identification and clinical classification of endoluminal lesions significantly (p &lt; 0.01). The specificity and diagnostic accuracy of GM is significantly better than those of SR in diagnostic performance evaluation (p &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion:
GM can reduce confusion in three-dimensional CTC and well correlate CTC with sectional images by the location as well as gray-level value. Hence, GM increases identification and differentiation of endoluminal lesions, and facilitates diagnostic process.

Advances in knowledge:
GM significantly improves the traditional SR method by providing reliable gray-level information for the surface points and is helpful in identification and differentiation of endoluminal lesions according to their shape and density.
Pseudoasterophyllites cretaceusfrom the Cenomanian (Cretaceous) of the Czech Republic: A possible link between Chloranthaceae andCeratophyllum
Authors: Kvaček Jiří , Doyle James A. , Endress Peter K. , Daviero-Gomez Véronique , Gomez Bernard , Tekleva Maria 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPseudoasterophyllites cretaceus from the Cenomanian of Bohemia was recently recognized as an angiosperm by association with stamens containing monosulcate pollen of the Tucanopollis type. New material indicates that the stamens were borne in short spikes, with each stamen subtended by a bract, whereas the carpels were solitary and contained a single pendent, orthotropous ovule. We have investigated the phylogenetic position of Pseudoasterophyllites by including it in a morphological analysis of extant angiosperms using backbone constraint trees that represent the current range of hypotheses on relationships of the five mesangiosperm clades. With a backbone tree in which Chloranthaceae are linked with magnoliids and Ceratophyllum with eudicots, the most parsimonious position of Pseudoasterophyllites is sister to Chloranthaceae, but a sister‐group relationship to Ceratophyllum is only one step less parsimonious. With a backbone tree in which Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum form a clade, Pseudoasterophyllites is sister to Ceratophyllum, based on derived features shared with both Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum plus solitary female flowers (as in Ceratophyllum). Similar results are obtained when Pseudoasterophyllites is added to the analysis with other fossils inferred to be related to Chloranthaceae and/or Ceratophyllum. If the plants that produced Tucanopollis pollen in the Barremian‐Aptian of Africa–South America are related to Pseudoasterophyllites, these results suggest that Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum are relicts of one of the most important early radiations of angiosperms, which included not only colonizers of disturbed terrestrial habitats but also halophytes and aquatics.
From the Journals
Authors: Baragwanath P. , Salomon R.A. , Melhuish J.M. , Finnie Alison , Salomon R.A. , Hagelstein S.M. 
Published: December 2016

The use of ultrasound therapy in treating pressure sores Ischaemia and reperfusion injury in patients with intermittent claudication Transcutaneous oxygen pressure and pressure sore development Current practice in burn care Use of MRS to monitor healing of leg ulcers Effectiveness of a low air loss bed in treating pressure ulcers
Prostitution and Panhellenism in Aristophanes’ Peace
Authors: Sells Donald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
While most contributions to this volume look at the religious life of actual objects, the present chapter examines religious life from the opposite perspective, the concretization of one institution of religious practice in ancient Greece, festival attendance, in the specific genre of Old Comedy. In his comedy Peace (421 BCE), Aristophanes represents the graphic sexual objectification of Theôria (Festival), one of two personified attendants accompanying the goddess Peace, whose return initiates a new golden age in Greece. By implicitly characterizing Theôria as a prostitute, i.e., as an occasional, sexually available, and fungible object for the enjoyment of festival attendees, the comedy reestablishes the subjectivity of a nominally male Athenian audience whose opportunities to enjoy publicly funded and culturally affirmative religious festivals were radically curtailed by a decade of brutal war. With an embodied Theôria, Aristophanes evokes for his audience the longed-for pleasures of the festival circuit now made permanent in the glorious postwar utopia provided by divine Peace.
Bi-doped TiO2 with Remarkably Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity Under Simulated Sunlight Induced by Increased Hydrophilicity and Light Absorption Ability
Authors: Dong Xiaoli , Zhang Fan , Hua Chenghe , Rong Chuan , Zhang Xiufang , Ma Hongchao , Shi Fei , Zhang Xinxin , Ma Chun , Xue Mang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBi-doped TiO
Regeneration of the Ti-SBA-15 Catalyst Used in the Process of Allyl Alcohol Epoxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Wróblewska A. , Makuch E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractsThe deactivation and regeneration of the Ti-SBA-15 catalyst used in the process of allyl alcohol epoxidation with 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide was studied. For the characteristic of the Ti-SBA-15 catalyst the following instrumental methods were applied: XRD, IR, UV-VIS, SEM and X-ray microanalysis. The catalyst was investigated in V cycles (29 stages) of the epoxidation process. The method of the regeneration of the Ti-SBA-15 catalyst (partially active or inactive) was proposed: after each epoxidation reaction, the catalyst was washed on the filter with deionized water and methanol, next it was dried in an oven (100ºC, 6 h) and again used in the epoxidation processes. When the catalyst was completely inactive (the conversion of AA was 0 mol%) it was calcinated in the oven at 550ºC during 5 h (apart from the washing on the filter and drying).
Quantum-dot-sensitized Solar Cells with Metal Electrodes
Authors: Sfaelou Stavroula , Dracopoulos Vassilios , Lianos Panagiotis 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQuantum dot sensitized solar cells have been made by using nanocrystalline titania as photocatalyst, sensitized in the Visible by a combination of quantum dot sensitizers: first a layer of CdS, followed by deposition of CdSe and finally a passivation layer of ZnS on the top. An inox grid was used as anode electrode and its functionality was compared with that of transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes. Cu
Ozonation of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution in a Novel Rotating Packed Contactor
Authors: Ku Young , Wu Chia-Ying , Hou Wei-Ming 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA modified rotating packed contactor was designed and evaluated for the mass transfer of ozone and the ozonation efficiency of 2-chlorophenol under various operational conditions. The rotating packed contactor was composed of an immobilized disc and a rotating packed disc. Both the overall ozone transfer coefficient and decomposition rate of 2-chlorophenol by ozonation process in the modified rotating packed bed were enhanced with increasing rotor speed or decreasing gas/liquid flow rate ratio. The decomposition rate of 2-chlorophenol was accelerated by increasing H
Synthesis of RhB/BiOBr Hybrid Photocatalyst and its Utilization in Enhanced Degradation of Methyl Orange Via Visible-light Induced Photosensitization Process
Authors: Shen Kai , Gondal Mohammed Ashraf , Xu Qingyu , Shi Shan , Chang Xiaofeng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis investigation is related with the synthesis of Rhodamine B(RhB)/BiOBr hybrid photocatalyst and its enhanced photodegradation performance in removal of methyl orange (MO) from water under visible light irradiation. The microstructure and optical properties of as-synthesized RhB/BiOBr hybrid photocatalyst were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis DRS, FTIR and PL measurements. Compared with pure phase of BiOBr semiconductor, the photochemical experiments clearly demonstrated that the as-synthesized RhB/BiOBr hybrid photocatalyst show clear and noticeable improvement in photodegradation performance of methyl orange which is regarded as one of the most typical azo dyes in wastewater from textile industrial plants. This remarkable improvement in degradation is attributed mainly to the photosensitization process in presence of RhB.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Y and Pd-co-doped Bi2O3 Prepared by Parallel Flow Co-precipitation Method
Authors: Xiao Zhenghua , Zhong Junbo , Li Jianzhang , Huang Shengtian , Zeng Jun , Li Minjiao , Yong Gang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, Y and Pd co-doped Bi
The Photocatalytic Conversion of (Biodiesel Derived) Glycerol to Hydrogen - A Short Review and Preliminary Experimental Results Part 1: A Review
Authors: Stelmachowski Marek , Marchwicka Malwina , Grabowska Ewelina , Diak Magdalena 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe paper presents a short review of published results about different methods of waste glycerol conversion to the various chemicals and energy carriers as well the preliminary experimental results of the photocatalytic glycerol conversion into hydrogen. The first part of the paper presents literature data pertaining to the glycerol utilization, including thermal methods (incineration, pyrolysis, gasification and reforming), catalytic oxidation, chemical and biochemical conversion and photoconversion into hydrogen, are presented. The mechanism of selected processes and reaction conditions are also discussed. The second part of the paper presents the results of the hydrogen production over irradiated aqueous glycerol solution containing TiO
Preservation of Fresh Food Using AC Electric Field
Authors: Ito Takanori , Kawamura Tomoya , Nakagawa Akira , Yamazaki Shigeyoshi , Syuto Bunei , Takaki Koichi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe applied an AC electric field during freezing to improve the freshness of perishable food such as purple sea urchin. The AC voltage was generated with a transformer that had an amplitude of 10 kV and a frequency of 50 Hz. High AC voltage was applied to a metal shelf located in an incubator. The temperature in the incubator was controlled in the range from −15 to 30 °C. Protein in the drip eluted from the sample was analyzed to estimate the freshness of the perishable foods. The experimental results showed that the use of AC voltage during freezing is effective for preserving the freshness of the perishable foods.
Simultaneous Photocatalytic Reduction and Removal of Cr(VI) on TiO2 Immobilized by ACF
Authors: Yuan Jianjun , Yin Huacheng , Jiang Bo , Zheng Jingtang , Zhu Chaosheng , Sun Guanhua , Qiu Shi , Wang Han , Yang Liu , Zheng Jingwei , Wu Mingbo , Wu Wenting , Xiao Huiji 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this study, the composite material ACF/TiO
Non-thermal Plasma Technology for Methylene Blue Decolorization in Continuous and Circulating System: Kinetic Model and Reactor Performance
Authors: Yin Huacheng , Xiong Long , Jiang Bo , Zheng Jingtang , Xue Qinzhong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study described methylene blue (MB) decolorization in continuous and circulating electrical plasma system constituted by an airtight plasma reactor and subsequent reaction column. The preferable parameters in continuous mode were input voltage of 45 kV, gas flow rate of 40 L h
Supercritical Water Oxidation of Oily Wastewater
Authors: Shoucheng Wen 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOily wastewater is waste originating from industries primarily engaged in refining crude oil and is a very complex compound of various oily wastes, water, heavy metals and so on. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is applied to treat oily wastewater. The orthogonal experiment results showed that optimal technological parameter for SCWO of oily wastewater is that reaction temperature is 430 °C, OE is 0.75, initial concentration of oily wastewater is 30000 mg/L and reaction time is 15 min. COD removal is 99%. It is concluded that SCWO is an effective process for removing organic compounds from oily wastewater.
Solar and Artificial UV Inactivation of Bacterial Microbes by Ca-alginate Immobilized TiO2 Assisted by H2O2 Using Fluidized Bed Photoreactors
Authors: GilPavas Edison , Acevedo José , López Luis F. , Dobrosz-Gómez Izabela , Gómez-García Miguel Ángel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this work, TiO
Supercritical Water Oxidation of Wastewater-based Drilling Fluid with Glycol Addition
Authors: Chao Ma 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSupercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of wastewater-based drilling fluid had been examined in a high-pressure reactor under the following conditions: reaction temperature, 520 °C to 580 °C; pressure, 26 MPa to 30 MPa; H