bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species–area relationships as indicators of human impacts on demersal fish communities
Authors: Novaglio Camilla , Ferretti Francesco , Smith Anthony D.M. , Frusher Stewart 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThe relationship between number of species and area is a well‐known macro‐ecological property that can be used as an indicator of human impact on natural communities. This relationship can be described by species–area relationships. We explored the application of species–area relationships to data sets of bottom trawl surveys to determine their ability to capture fishing‐induced changes in demersal fish communities.LocationAustralia.MethodsWe performed numerical simulations to investigate whether species–area relationship was sensitive to changes in community properties, such as richness, species abundances and spatial distribution. Then, we analysed a data set of bottom trawl surveys carried out in south‐east Australia spanning 20 years. These data provided information on demersal fish communities at different stages of fishing exploitation. We built species–area relationships along spatial and temporal gradients of community exploitation and used the rate of species accumulation to characterize community structure. Linear mixed effects (LME) models were used to quantify the effect of fishing exploitation on species accumulation rates, while controlling for environmental and sampling factors.ResultsNumerical simulations showed that species–area relationships can capture changes in community properties. Observed species accumulation rate decreased with increasing exploitation and was sensitive to environmental variation along a latitudinal and depth gradient and to changes in sampling.Main conclusionsSpecies–area relationships applied to trawl survey data can capture fishing‐induced changes in the structure of demersal fish communities. We propose that species–area relationships can be used to inform on the status of demersal fish communities and aid community monitoring. If applied to data sets of bottom trawl surveys available world‐wide, species–area relationships could be used to rank demersal fish communities for their level of exploitation.
Press–pulse interactions: effects of warming, N deposition, altered winter precipitation, and fire on desert grassland community structure and dynamics
Authors: Collins Scott L. , Ladwig Laura M. , Petrie Matthew D. , Jones Sydney K. , Mulhouse John M. , Thibault James R. , Pockman William T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGlobal environmental change is altering temperature, precipitation patterns, resource availability, and disturbance regimes. Theory predicts that ecological presses will interact with pulse events to alter ecosystem structure and function. In 2006, we established a long‐term, multifactor global change experiment to determine the interactive effects of nighttime warming, increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, and increased winter precipitation on plant community structure and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland. In 2009, a lightning‐caused wildfire burned through the experiment. Here, we report on the interactive effects of these global change drivers on pre‐ and postfire grassland community structure and ANPP. Our nighttime warming treatment increased winter nighttime air temperatures by an average of 1.1 °C and summer nighttime air temperature by 1.5 °C. Soil N availability was 2.5 times higher in fertilized compared with control plots. Average soil volumetric water content (VWC) in winter was slightly but significantly higher (13.0% vs. 11.0%) in plots receiving added winter rain relative to controls, and VWC was slightly higher in warmed (14.5%) compared with control (13.5%) plots during the growing season even though surface soil temperatures were significantly higher in warmed plots. Despite these significant treatment effects, ANPP and plant community structure were highly resistant to these global change drivers prior to the fire. Burning reduced the cover of the dominant grasses by more than 75%. Following the fire, forb species richness and biomass increased significantly, particularly in warmed, fertilized plots that received additional winter precipitation. Thus, although unburned grassland showed little initial response to multiple ecological presses, our results demonstrate how a single pulse disturbance can interact with chronic alterations in resource availability to increase ecosystem sensitivity to multiple drivers of global environmental change.
Seasonal nitrogen effects on nutritive value in binary mixtures of tall fescue and bermudagrass
Authors: Read J. J. , Lang D. J. , Aiken G. E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe addition of cool‐season, tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.], to warm‐season, bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], pastures can improve forage productivity and nutritive value. Effects of four binary mixtures consisting of cv. Flecha (incompletely summer dormant) and cv. Jesup (summer active) tall fescue overseeded into established stands of cv. Russell and cv. Tifton 44 bermudagrass and three seasonal N treatments were evaluated on dry‐matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestible DM (IVTDDM), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Nitrogen‐timing treatments were 168 kg N ha−1 (as ammonium nitrate) split into three applications per season with an additional 8·6 t ha−1 of broiler litter (as‐is moisture basis) split into two applications varied to favour either tall fescue (in October and January), bermudagrass (in March and May) or both grasses (in January and March). Treatment effects were determined in samples of mixed herbage harvested in April, May, July, August and September of 2009 and 2010. Regardless of bermudagrass cultivar, herbage DM yield was greater (P < 0·05) in Flecha–bermudagrass than Jesup–bermudagrass in July of both years and in August 2010. Nutritive value generally was greatest in Jesup–Tifton 44, based on high CP and IVTDDM, and low ADF and NDF. Averaged across mixtures, avoiding fertilizer N and litter applications beyond April increased (P < 0·01) DM yield in April and May and IVTDDM in July (603 vs. 629 g kg−1; 2‐year average) and August (618 vs. 660 g kg−1) compared with applications in January–July. The timing of N and broiler litter applications on tall fescue–bermudagrass to favour growth of tall fescue appeared to increase fescue cover during the cool season and nutritive value of the mixed herbage during the warm season.
“Brexit”: A Case Study in the Relationship Between Political and Financial Market Uncertainty
Authors: Smales Lee A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis letter explores a single research question: How does political uncertainty, outside of the election cycle, influence financial market uncertainty? Using the UK (Brexit) referendum on EU membership as a novel event to examine this question, I identify a positive and well defined relationship between political and financial market uncertainty. Implied volatility in both UK and German financial markets rises as uncertainty around the polling result increases. Political uncertainty is most important for investors as the polling date draws near and in the instances when opinion polls indicate the outcome is particularly close. This result has implications for firms making financing and investment decisions, and investors making portfolio choices, around the time of important political events.
Down syndrome as risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization: A prospective multicenter epidemiological study
Authors: Sánchez‐Luna Manuel , Medrano Constancio , Lirio Julián ,   the RISK‐21 Study Group
Published: September 2016

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in childhood, particularly in premature infants, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.ObjectivesTo compare the hospitalization rates due to RSV infection and severity of disease between infants with and without Down syndrome (DS) born at term and without other associated risk factors for severe RSV infection.Patients/MethodsIn a prospective multicentre epidemiological study, 93 infants were included in the DS cohort and 68 matched by sex and data of birth (±1 week) and were followed up to 1 year of age and during a complete RSV season.ResultsThe hospitalization rate for all acute respiratory infection was significantly higher in the DS cohort than in the non‐DS cohort (44.1% vs 7.7%, P<.0001). Hospitalizations due to RSV were significantly more frequent in the DH cohort than in the non‐DS cohort (9.7% vs 1.5%, P=.03). RSV prophylaxis was recorded in 33 (35.5%) infants with DS. The rate of hospitalization according to presence or absence of RSV immunoprophylaxis was 3.0% vs 15%, respectively.ConclusionsInfants with DS showed a higher rate of hospitalization due to acute lower respiratory tract infection and RSV infection compared to non‐DS infants. Including DS infants in recommendations for immunoprophylaxis of RSV disease should be considered.
Dental implants in diabetic patients: retrospective cohort study reporting on implant survival and risk indicators for excessive marginal bone loss at 5 years
Authors: de Araújo Nobre M. , Maló P. , Gonçalves Y. , Sabas A. , Salvado F. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryMore studies evaluating the outcome of dental implant restorations in diabetics are needed. To investigate the outcome of immediate function implant rehabilitations in diabetic patients. This retrospective cohort study included 70 diabetic patients (type 1 = six patients; type 2 = 64 patients; 33 females and 37 males, mean age=59 years), rehabilitated with 352 implants. Primary outcome measure was implant survival estimated at 5 years through the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator using the patient as unit of analysis (first implant failure as reference); secondary outcome measures were marginal bone loss and biological complications. Risk indicators associated with bone loss >2·0 mm were tested in a multivariate logistic regression model. The level of significance considered was 5%. Seven patients were lost to follow‐up (10%). Seven patients lost ten implants rendering a global implant cumulative survival rate for diabetic patients of 89·8% (type 1 = 80·0%; type 2 = 90·5%). The average (95% confidence interval) marginal bone loss at 1 and 5 years was 1·64 mm (0·00;3·32) and 2·55 mm (1·38;3·72) for type 1 diabetic patients, 0·79 mm (0·59;1·00) and 1·45 mm (1·09;1·82) for type 2 diabetic patients and 0·88 mm (0·65;1·10) and 1·56 mm (1·21;1·91) overall. Biological complications occurred in seven patients. Female gender (OR = 28·1) and smoking habits (OR = 10·3) were risk indicators for marginal bone loss >2·0 mm at 5 years when controlled for other variables of interest. Implant rehabilitations represent a valid treatment for diabetic patients, with a good risk/benefit ratio. Female gender and smoking habits were risk indicators for a higher marginal bone resorption at 5 years.
Evaluation of Dietary Fishmeal Analogue with Addition of Shrimp Soluble Extract on Growth and Nonspecific Immune Response of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Jo Hayun , Lee Seunghan , Yun Hyeonho , Hong Jeongwhui , Moniruzzaman Mohammad , Bai Sungchul C. , Park Gunhyun , Chee Seokwoo , Jeon Tae‐Eun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA 12‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary fishmeal analogue (FMA) adding 2% shrimp soluble extract (SSE) on growing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish averaging 146 ± 3.8 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 500‐L aquaria as groups of 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed the experimental diets in triplicate groups to apparent satiation twice a day on a dry matter basis. Each group was fed one of the four experimental diets: control (FM100% + FMA0%), FMA0 (FM100% + FMA0% + SSE2%), FMA12 (FM88% + FMA12% + SSE2%), and FMA24 (FM76% + FMA24% + SSE2%). After the feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed the FMA0 and FMA12 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the FMA24 diet (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio values of fish fed the control, FMA0, and FMA12 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the FMA24 diet (P < 0.05). The values of superoxide dismutase activity showed significantly higher amounts for the FMA0, FMA12, and FMA24 groups than the control group (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity in the FMA12 group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, according to our results, FMA with additive SSE can be used up to 12% as a substitute of fishmeal for growing rainbow trout.
Using Phage PSM‐1 to Control Shewanella marisflavi Infection in Juvenile Sea Cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus
Authors: Li Zhen , Song Yaxiong , Wang Xitao , Zhang Jiancheng , Wang Lili , Li Xiaoyu , Xu Yongping 
Published: September 2016

AbstractShewanella marisflavi is considered responsible for infection in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas. A bacteriophage specific to S. marisflavi was isolated from seafood wholesale market sewage and designated as vB_SmaM_PSM (PSM‐1). The phage was classified as a member of the Myoviridae family by negative staining transmission electronic microscopy. The stability of phage PSM‐1 was observed after treatment with different temperature gradients and pH values. The results showed that the lytic activity of phage PSM‐1 was optimum at 28 C with a pH of 7.0 and ceased at temperatures higher than 60 C. A one‐step growth curve analysis of the phage revealed eclipse and latent periods of 20 and 40 min, respectively, with a burst size of 219 plaque forming units per infected cell. The ability of phage PSM‐1 to inhibit the growth of S. marisflavi AP629 was tested in vitro using the phage with three multiplicity of infection (MOI) values of 0.1, 1, and 10. All treated cultures that produced an inhibition of the growth of S. marisflavi AP629 were compared with the untreated culture, and the treatment group with a MOI value of 10 showed the highest inhibition effect among the three doses. In an in vivo performance experiment, the sea cucumbers (15–20 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (one negative control, one antibiotic treatment group, and three phage treatment groups) in a phage injection trial as well as a phage immersion trial. All groups were infected with S. marisflavi strain AP629 (3.3 × 106 colony forming units/g, LD50 [lethal dose 50%] level) by intraperitoneal injection. After 8 d of observation, the survival rates ranged from 40 to 80% in all phage treatment groups, while 10% in the negative control group. The optimal therapeutic time points of the two trials were also determined. The results showed that using phage prior to infection could be a good choice to protect sea cucumbers. The overall results of this experiment indicate that using phage may be a feasible biological control agent to prevent S. marisflavi infection in sea cucumbers.
Redox pathway sensing bile salts activates virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Xue Yuanyuan , Tu Fei , Shi Mengting , Wu Chun‐qin , Ren Guoping , Wang Xiaojie , Fang Weihuan , Song Houhui , Yang Menghua 
Published: September 2016

SummaryVibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, has evolved signal transduction systems to control co‐ordinately the expression of virulence determinants. It was previously shown that the presence of the bile salts glycocholate and taurocholate in the small intestine causes dimerization of the transmembrane transcription factor TcpP by inducing intermolecular disulphide bonds in the TcpP periplasmic domain. In this study, they further investigated the mechanism of how taurocholate affects V. cholerae virulence determinants. In vitro assay of TcpP oxidation by VcDsbA showed that VcDsbA induced TcpP dimerization in the presence of taurocholate. Taurocholate bound to VcDsbA with a KD of 40 ± 2.5 μM, and also bound other Dsb proteins, including EcDsbA, EcDsbC and VcDsbC. Taurocholate inhibited VcDsbA reductase activity without affecting VcDsbA secondary structure or thermostability. VcDsbA and its substrates were more extensively reduced in the presence of taurocholate, as compared with their redox state in the absence of taurocholate. The data presented here not only provide new insights into the mechanism by which bile salts induce V. cholerae virulence but also suggest a means by which to develop inhibitors against DsbA.
Mutations targeting the plug‐domain of the Shewanella oneidensis proton‐driven stator allow swimming at increased viscosity and under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Brenzinger Susanne , Dewenter Lena , Delalez Nicolas J. , Leicht Oliver , Berndt Volker , Paulick Anja , Berry Richard M. , Thanbichler Martin , Armitage Judith P. , Maier Berenike , Thormann Kai M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryShewanella oneidensis MR‐1 possesses two different stator units to drive flagellar rotation, the Na+‐dependent PomAB stator and the H+‐driven MotAB stator, the latter possibly acquired by lateral gene transfer. Although either stator can independently drive swimming through liquid, MotAB‐driven motors cannot support efficient motility in structured environments or swimming under anaerobic conditions. Using ΔpomAB cells we isolated spontaneous mutants able to move through soft agar. We show that a mutation that alters the structure of the plug domain in MotB affects motor functions and allows cells to swim through media of increased viscosity and under anaerobic conditions. The number and exchange rates of the mutant stator around the rotor were not significantly different from wild‐type stators, suggesting that the number of stators engaged is not the cause of increased swimming efficiency. The swimming speeds of planktonic mutant MotAB‐driven cells was reduced, and overexpression of some of these stators caused reduced growth rates, implying that mutant stators not engaged with the rotor allow some proton leakage. The results suggest that the mutations in the MotB plug domain alter the proton interactions with the stator ion channel in a way that both increases torque output and allows swimming at decreased pmf values.
Factors influencing the decision to comply with nurse recommendations to take or avoid influenza vaccination
Authors: Bar‐Tal Yoram , Barnoy Sivia 
Published: September 2016

Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although vaccination is an efficient means of prevention, low rates of vaccination are reported periodically. The study aimed to examine factors affecting acceptance of nurses' recommendations to take or avoid influenza vaccination. Study design was quasi‐experimental with a 2 × 2 between subjects design: two variables were manipulated and two were not. The research variables were expertise (of nurses and respondents), type of recommendation (to vaccinate or not) and respondents' a‐priori intention to vaccinate. Data were collected from 374 respondents. The study was scenario based, differing in nurse expertise and type of recommendation. After each scenario, the respondents were requested to indicate their a‐priori intention to vaccinate and to complete questionnaires on epistemic authority (EA) attributed to the nurse, and of self‐epistemic authority (SEA). There is a general tendency to avoid vaccination. Intention to vaccinate correlated positively with nurse recommendations, respondent a‐priori intention and nurse expertise. A significant three‐way interaction between respondents' SEA, nurse recommendations and nurse expertise was found. The nurse's recommendation has the strongest effect when the nurse is an expert and the respondent perceives him/herself as having high self‐EA. The results highlight the importance of patients' sense of knowledge for assuring their co‐operation and compliance with medical recommendations.
Warming combined with more extreme precipitation regimes modifies the water sources used by trees
Authors: Grossiord Charlotte , Sevanto Sanna , Dawson Todd E. , Adams Henry D. , Collins Adam D. , Dickman Lee T. , Newman Brent D. , Stockton Elizabeth A. , McDowell Nate G. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

The persistence of vegetation under climate change will depend on a plant's capacity to exploit water resources. We analyzed water source dynamics in piñon pine and juniper trees subjected to precipitation reduction, atmospheric warming, and to both simultaneously.

Piñon and juniper exhibited different and opposite shifts in water uptake depth in response to experimental stress and background climate over 3 yr. During a dry summer, juniper responded to warming with a shift to shallow water sources, whereas piñon pine responded to precipitation reduction with a shift to deeper sources in autumn. In normal and wet summers, both species responded to precipitation reduction, but juniper increased deep water uptake and piñon increased shallow water uptake.

Shifts in the utilization of water sources were associated with reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, suggesting that belowground compensation in response to warming and water reduction did not alleviate stress impacts for gas exchange.

We have demonstrated that predicted climate change could modify water sources of trees. Warming impairs juniper uptake of deep sources during extended dry periods. Precipitation reduction alters the uptake of shallow sources following extended droughts for piñon. Shifts in water sources may not compensate for climate change impacts on tree physiology.
Effects of Pregabalin in Patients with Neuropathic Pain Previously Treated with Gabapentin: A Pooled Analysis of Parallel‐Group, Randomized, Placebo‐controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Markman John D. , Jensen Troels Staehelin , Semel David , Li Chunming , Parsons Bruce , Behar Regina , Sadosky Alesia B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis analysis compared the therapeutic response of pregabalin in patients with neuropathic pain (NeP) who had been previously treated with gabapentin to the therapeutic response in patients who had not received gabapentin previously.MethodsData were pooled from 18 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of pregabalin in patients with NeP. Pregabalin‐mediated changes in pain and pain‐related sleep interference scores, patient global impression of change scores at endpoint, and the occurrence of adverse events were compared between patients who had received gabapentin previously (+GBN) and patients who had not received gabapentin previously (−GBN).ResultsThere were no significant differences between the −GBN and +GBN cohorts with regard to the extent of pain relief and relief of pain‐related sleep interference for any dose of pregabalin (150, 300, 600, or 150 to 600 mg/day) at any time point (6, 8, or 12 weeks). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the distribution of patient global impression of change scores at study endpoint, or the occurrence of adverse events, between the −GBN and +GBN cohorts.DiscussionThe findings presented here support the idea that pregabalin may be used successfully to treat patients with NeP who may be refractory, respond inadequately, or are intolerant to gabapentin. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring treatment of NeP based on individual patient response to different treatments, including the trial of multiple agents within the same mechanistic class.