bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glyceryl Trinitrate for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Krishnan Kailash , Scutt Polly , Woodhouse Lisa , Adami Alessandro , Becker Jennifer L. , Berge Eivind , Cala Lesley A. , Casado Ana M. , Caso Valeria , Chen Christopher , Christensen Hanna , Collins Ronan , Czlonkowska Anna , Dineen Robert A. , Gommans John , Koumellis Panos , Lees Kennedy R. , Ntaios George , Ozturk Serefnur , Phillips Stephen J. , Pocock Stuart J. , de Silva Asita , Sprigg Nikola , Szatmari Szabolcs , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Bath Philip M. 
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose—
The Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) trial found that transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, a nitric oxide donor) lowered blood pressure but did not improve functional outcome in patients with acute stroke. However, GTN was associated with improved outcome if patients were randomized within 6 hours of stroke onset.

Methods—
In this prespecified subgroup analysis, the effect of GTN (5 mg/d for 7 days) versus no GTN was studied in 629 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage presenting within 48 hours and with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days.

Results—

Mean blood pressure at baseline was 172/93 mm Hg and significantly lower (difference −7.5/−4.2 mm Hg; both
P
≤0.05) on day 1 in 310 patients allocated to GTN when compared with 319 randomized to no GTN. No difference in the modified Rankin Scale was observed between those receiving GTN versus no GTN (adjusted odds ratio for worse outcome with GTN, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.37;
P
=0.84). In the subgroup of 61 patients randomized within 6 hours, GTN improved functional outcome with a shift in the modified Rankin Scale (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.07–0.69;
P
=0.001). There was no significant difference in the rates of serious adverse events between GTN and no GTN.

Conclusions—
In patients with intracerebral hemorrhage within 48 hours of onset, GTN lowered blood pressure was safe but did not improve functional outcome. Very early treatment might be beneficial but needs assessment in further studies.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN99414122
. Unique identifier: 99414122.
Confucius as Seen through the Lenses of the Zuo zhuan and Lunyu
Authors: Cook Scott 
Published: December 2015

While the Lunyu has traditionally been seen as the most authoritative source of Confucius’s thought, it is far from our only such source. Others, such as the Zuo zhuan, are no less important to any examination of Confucius’s life and philosophy, and yet they appear to portray the Master with a different agenda in mind. In an attempt to explore these differences, this essay first categorizes the various references to and citations of Confucius in the Zuo zhuan, analyzing them in light of related passages in the Lunyu, to show the ways in which they diverge and the possible compositional motivations and ideologies underlying such divergences. It then goes on to discuss the implications this might hold in terms of understanding the historical Confucius and his political career, while suggesting new ways in which alternate sources for this understanding might be more fully utilized. Même si le Lunyu a toujours été considéré comme la source faisant le plus autorité sur la pensée de Confucius, c’est bien loin d’être la seule. D’autres, tel le Zuo zhuan, ne sont pas moins importantes pour étudier la vie et la philosophie de Confucius; mais elles semblent faire le portrait du Maître avec une intention différente. Cherchant à explorer cette différence, le présent article commence par classer les références variées à Confucius et les citations de ses propos dans le Zuo zhuan tout en les analysant à la lumière des passages correspondants dans le Lunyu afin de montrer la façon dont elles en divergent et de mettre en évidence les motifs compositionnels ou idéologiques susceptibles d’expliquer ces divergences. Il examine ensuite les implications possibles pour comprendre le Confucius historique et sa carrière politique, tout en suggérant la façon dont les sources alternatives pourraient être utilisées plus complètement à cet effet.
A Phonological Sketch of Duoxu
Authors: Chirkova Katia 
Published: December 2015

This article presents a phonological sketch of Duoxu, a little-known and virtually undescribed Tibeto-Burman language, spoken in Sichuan province, China. The presented data, collected with a semi-speaker, are compared to those in an earlier description of Duoxu by Huáng & Yǐn (2012), collected with one of the last fluent speakers. All illustrative examples in the paper are accompanied by audio files to encourage further research and analysis of Duoxu, and to contribute to its preservation. Cet article est une esquisse phonologique du duoxu, une langue tibéto-birmane peu connue et quasiment non-décrite, parlée dans la province du Sichuan en République populaire de Chine. Les données ont été recueillies auprès d’un semi-locuteur. Elles sont comparées à celles contenues dans l’esquisse précédente de la langue par Huáng et Yǐn (2012) et collectées auprès d’un des derniers locuteurs disposant d’une maîtrise complète de la langue duoxu. Tous les exemples dans le texte sont accompagnés de fichiers sonores, ce qui a pour but d’encourager la réutilisation des données par d’autres chercheurs et de contribuer à la sauvegarde de cette langue en voie d’extinction.
Analysis of Urban Effects in Oklahoma City using a Dense Surface Observing Network
Authors: Hu Xiao-Ming , Xue Ming , Klein Petra M. , Illston Bradley G. , Chen Sheng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMany studies have investigated urban heat island (UHI) intensity for cities around the world, which is normally quantified as the temperature difference between urban location(s) and rural location(s). A few open questions still remain regarding the UHI, such as the spatial distribution of UHI intensity, temporal (including diurnal and seasonal) variation of UHI intensity, and the UHI formation mechanism. A dense network of atmospheric monitoring sites, known as the Oklahoma City (OKC) Micronet (OKCNET), was deployed in 2008 across the OKC metropolitan area. This study analyzes data from OKCNET in 2009 and 2010 to investigate OKC UHI at a subcity spatial scale for the first time. The UHI intensity exhibited large spatial variations over OKC. During both daytime and nighttime, the strongest UHI intensity is mostly confined around the central business district where land surface roughness is the highest in the OKC metropolitan area. These results do not support the roughness warming theory to explain the air temperature UHI in OKC. The UHI intensity of OKC increased prominently around the early evening transition (EET) and stayed at a fairly constant level throughout the night. The physical processes during the EET play a critical role in determining the nocturnal UHI intensity. The near-surface rural temperature inversion strength was a good indicator for nocturnal UHI intensity. As a consequence of the relatively weak near-surface rural inversion, the strongest nocturnal UHI in OKC was less likely to occur in summer. Other meteorological factors (e.g., wind speed and cloud) can affect the stability/depth of the nighttime boundary layer and can thus modulate nocturnal UHI intensity.
Wintertime Northern Hemisphere Response in the Stratosphere to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Kren A. C. , Marsh D. R. , Smith A. K. , Pilewskie P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The response of the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere to the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is examined using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. A 200-yr preindustrial control simulation that includes fully interactive chemistry, ocean and sea ice, constant solar forcing, and greenhouse gases fixed to 1850 levels is analyzed. Based on principal component analysis, the PDO spatial pattern, frequency, and amplitude agree well with the observed PDO over the period 1900–2014. Consistent with previous studies, the positive phase of the PDO is marked by a strengthened Aleutian low and a wave train of geopotential height anomalies reminiscent of the Pacific–North American pattern in the troposphere. In addition to a tropospheric signal, a zonal-mean warming of about 2 K in the northern polar stratosphere and a zonal-mean zonal wind decrease of about 4 m s−1 in the PDO positive phase are found. When compositing PDO positive or negative winters during neutral El Niño years, the magnitude is reduced and depicts an early winter forcing of the stratosphere compared to a late winter response from El Niño. Contamination between PDO and ENSO signals is also discussed. Stratospheric sudden warmings occur 63% of the time in the PDO positive phase compared to 40% in the negative phase. Although this sudden warming frequency is not statistically significant, it is quantitatively consistent with NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and recent observational evidence linking the PDO positive phase to weak stratospheric vortex events.
FluxEngine: A Flexible Processing System for Calculating Atmosphere–Ocean Carbon Dioxide Gas Fluxes and Climatologies
Authors: Shutler Jamie D. , Land Peter E. , Piolle Jean-Francois , Woolf David K. , Goddijn-Murphy Lonneke , Paul Frederic , Girard-Ardhuin Fanny , Chapron Bertrand , Donlon Craig J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe air–sea flux of greenhouse gases [e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2)] is a critical part of the climate system and a major factor in the biogeochemical development of the oceans. More accurate and higher-resolution calculations of these gas fluxes are required if researchers are to fully understand and predict future climate. Satellite Earth observation is able to provide large spatial-scale datasets that can be used to study gas fluxes. However, the large storage requirements needed to host such data can restrict its use by the scientific community. Fortunately, the development of cloud computing can provide a solution. This paper describes an open-source air–sea CO2 flux processing toolbox called the “FluxEngine,” designed for use on a cloud-computing infrastructure. The toolbox allows users to easily generate global and regional air–sea CO2 flux data from model, in situ, and Earth observation data, and its air–sea gas flux calculation is user configurable. Its current installation on the Nephalae Cloud allows users to easily exploit more than 8 TB of climate-quality Earth observation data for the derivation of gas fluxes. The resultant netCDF data output files contain >20 data layers containing the various stages of the flux calculation along with process indicator layers to aid interpretation of the data. This paper describes the toolbox design, which verifies the air–sea CO2 flux calculations; demonstrates the use of the tools for studying global and shelf sea air–sea fluxes; and describes future developments.
Overview of Bering and Chukchi Sea Wave States for Four Severe Storms following Common Synoptic Tracks
Authors: Pingree-Shippee Katherine A. , Shippee Norman J. , Atkinson David E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStrong storms occur regularly over the ocean west of Alaska. These systems often loiter, generating persistent winds that can result in fully developed marine states that can maximize damage and hazard potential. Detailed analyses of storm events in terms of the resultant wave states are uncommon. This analysis examines the wave states associated with four particular storm events over the Bering and Chukchi Seas: October 2004, September 2005, and November 2009, and a September 2011 event that exhibited north winds. For each event a brief synoptic overview is presented followed by consideration of the resultant wave state, including parameters such as wave steepness. Wave data come from NOAA’s WAVEWATCH III (WW3) operational global ocean wave model, implemented for scenario use at the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. In situ data are available from several National Data Buoy Center buoys and a wave buoy located in the Bering Strait, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and NOAA and deployed for a few months in 2011. WW3 accurately captures the timing and evolution of the observed wave action (onset, growth, peak, and decline of large, steep wind waves) for each of the storm events. As per previous climatologically oriented studies, WW3 is found to underestimate significant wave heights on the order of 0.5 m or less. Also larger discrepancies, on the order of 1–2 m, are observed during periods of peak significant wave heights (Hs). In some cases WW3 overestimated Hs, especially during periods of rapid Hs decline.
A Mental Models Study of Hurricane Forecast and Warning Production, Communication, and Decision-Making*
Authors: Bostrom Ann , Morss Rebecca E. , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Demuth Julie L. , Lazrus Heather , Hudson Rebecca 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The study reported here explores how to enhance the public value of hurricane forecast and warning information by examining the entire warning process. A mental models research approach is applied to address three risk management tasks critical to warnings for extreme weather events: 1) understanding the risk decision and action context for hurricane warnings, 2) understanding the commonalities and conflicts in interpretations of that context and associated risks, and 3) exploring the practical implications of these insights for hurricane risk communication and management. To understand the risk decision and action context, the study develops a decision-focused model of the hurricane forecast and warning system on the basis of results from individual mental models interviews with forecasters from the National Hurricane Center (n = 4) and the Miami–South Florida Weather Forecast Office (n = 4), media broadcasters (n = 5), and public officials (n = 6), as well as a group decision-modeling session with a subset of the forecasters. Comparisons across professionals reveal numerous shared perceptions, as well as some critical differences. Implications for improving extreme weather event forecast and warning systems and risk communication are threefold: 1) promote thinking about forecast and warning decisions as a system, with informal as well as formal elements; 2) evaluate, coordinate, and consider controlling the proliferation of forecast and warning information products; and 3) further examine the interpretation and representation of uncertainty within the hurricane forecast and warning system as well as for users.
Malleus to Stapes Bone Cement Rebridging Ossiculoplasty
Authors: Edizer Deniz Tuna , Durna Yusuf Muhammed , Hamit Bahtiyar , Demirhan Hasan , Yigit Ozgur 
Published: December 2015

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of malleus to stapes bone cement rebridging (MS-BCR) for Austin Kartush group A ossicular defects and compare the audiological results with incus interposition (IP) and incus to stapes bone cement rebridging (IS-BCR). Methods: Patients for whom type 2 tympanoplasty had been performed in a tertiary referral center were examined. Revision cases and those with graft failure were excluded. Three treatment groups were IS-BCR, IP, and MS-BCR. Preoperative and postoperative audiological results were compared. Results: A total of 92 patients were enrolled. The IS-BCR was performed in 42 (45.65%), IP in 18 (19.56%), and MS-BCR in 32 (34.78%) patients. Postoperative mean air bone gap was 20.1 ± 9.8 dB HL and did not differ significantly between the groups ( P = .271). Postoperative mean air bone gap less than 20 dB HL was achieved in 23 (54.7%) patients in IS-BCR, 10 (55.5%) patients in IP group, and 24 (75%) patients in MS-BCR group ( P = .06). Mean closure in air bone gap was 14.0 ± 11.6 dB HL. The changes in mean and frequency-specific air bone gap were not significantly different between treatment groups ( P > .05). Conclusion: Malleus to stapes bone cement rebridging may provide hearing results comparable to IS-BCR and IP.
Fully Automated Driving
Authors: Payre William , Cestac Julien , Delhomme Patricia 
Published: December 2015

Objective: An experiment was performed in a driving simulator to investigate the impacts of practice, trust, and interaction on manual control recovery (MCR) when employing fully automated driving (FAD). Background: To increase the use of partially or highly automated driving efficiency and to improve safety, some studies have addressed trust in driving automation and training, but few studies have focused on FAD. FAD is an autonomous system that has full control of a vehicle without any need for intervention by the driver. Method: A total of 69 drivers with a valid license practiced with FAD. They were distributed evenly across two conditions: simple practice and elaborate practice. Results: When examining emergency MCR, a correlation was found between trust and reaction time in the simple practice group (i.e., higher trust meant a longer reaction time), but not in the elaborate practice group. This result indicated that to mitigate the negative impact of overtrust on reaction time, more appropriate practice may be needed. Conclusions: Drivers should be trained in how the automated device works so as to improve MCR performance in case of an emergency. Application: The practice format used in this study could be used for the first interaction with an FAD car when acquiring such a vehicle.
Imbedding Interdisciplinary Diabetes Group Visits Into a Community-Based Medical Setting
Authors: Berry Diane C. , Williams Wanda , Hall Emily Gail , Heroux Regina , Bennett-Lewis Tara 
Published: December 2015

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate an interdisciplinary approach and test the efficacy of diabetes group visits tailored to low-income patients in a community-based medical practice. Methods A randomized repeated measures design was used with 40 patients in the experimental group and 40 patients in the control group. The diabetes group visit consisted of individualized sessions with a physician or nurse practitioner to review medications and conduct a medical examination and group sessions to deliver diabetes self-management education. Data collected included clinical data and questionnaires. A control group shared comparable demographic characteristics, medication regimens, and baseline A1C levels. Results The patients in the experimental group decreased their A1C, triglycerides, and heart rate from time 1 to time 5 and maintained their high-density lipoprotein significantly more than the control group. In exit interviews, the patients said that the group diabetes visits helped them be more accountable about their diabetes self-management goals. Conclusions Diabetes group visits that combined diabetes self-management education and a medical visit with a health care provider improved A1C and were well received by the patients. The study provided patients with a quality program in an environment in which they felt safe to learn and that met them where they were in their diabetes self-management behaviors. This approach could be widely disseminated into other clinic settings that serve patients with type 2 diabetes.
Shared Decision Making and Choice for Elective Surgical Care
Authors: Boss Emily F. , Mehta Nishchay , Nagarajan Neeraja , Links Anne , Benke James R. , Berger Zackary , Espinel Ali , Meier Jeremy , Lipstein Ellen A. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveShared decision making (SDM), an integrative patient‐provider communication process emphasizing discussion of scientific evidence and patient/family values, may improve quality care delivery, promote evidence‐based practice, and reduce overuse of surgical care. Little is known, however, regarding SDM in elective surgical practice. The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize findings of studies evaluating use and outcomes of SDM in elective surgery.Data SourcesPubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, and SCOPUS electronic databases.Review MethodsWe searched for English‐language studies (January 1, 1990, to August 9, 2015) evaluating use of SDM in elective surgical care where choice for surgery could be ascertained. Identified studies were independently screened by 2 reviewers in stages of title/abstract and full‐text review. We abstracted data related to population, study design, clinical dilemma, use of SDM, outcomes, treatment choice, and bias.ResultsOf 10,929 identified articles, 24 met inclusion criteria. The most common area studied was spine (7 of 24), followed by joint (5 of 24) and gynecologic surgery (4 of 24). Twenty studies used decision aids or support tools, including modalities that were multimedia/video (13 of 20), written (3 of 20), or personal coaching (4 of 20). Effect of SDM on preference for surgery was mixed across studies, showing a decrease in surgery (9 of 24), no difference (8 of 24), or an increase (1 of 24). SDM tended to improve decision quality (3 of 3) as well as knowledge or preparation (4 of 6) while decreasing decision conflict (4 of 6).ConclusionSDM reduces decision conflict and improves decision quality for patients making choices about elective surgery. While net findings show that SDM may influence patients to choose surgery less often, the impact of SDM on surgical utilization cannot be clearly ascertained.
Brucellosis-related acute pancreatitis: A rare complication of a universal disease
Authors: Suvak Burak , Dulger Ahmet Cumhur , Karadas Sevdegul , Gonullu Hayriye , Bayram Yasemin , Gonullu Edip , Batur Abdussamet , Aykaç Mehmet Coşkun , Gunduz Ali Mahir , Aytemiz Enver , Guducuoglu Huseyin 
Published: December 2015

Objectives To determine the prevalence and determinants of acute pancreatitis in patients with acute brucellosis. Methods Adult patients with brucellosis were retrospectively recruited. Brucellosis and acute pancreatitis were diagnosed according to standard criteria. Laboratory analyses included Wright agglutination titre, serum biochemical parameters and blood count. Results Patients with acute pancreatitis ( n = 21) had significantly higher Wright agglutination titres, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, amylase, lipase and serum glucose concentrations, and significantly lower haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit than patients with brucellosis alone ( n = 326). Conclusions Hyperglycaemia, anaemia, and liver transaminase and cholestatic enzyme concentrations may represent new approaches for assessing disease severity in patients with brucellosis and acute pancreatitis.
Diffusion tensor tractography measurement of the distance between corticospinal tracts in patients with spontaneous intraventricular haemorrhage
Authors: Ho Jang Sung , Do Lee Han 
Published: December 2015

Objective The difference in the widest distance between corticospinal tracts (CST) on diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in stroke patients with hydrocephalus was investigated retrospectively. Methods Distances were measured on an axial slice of the corona radiata, which provided the widest distance between CSTs. Two distances were measured, the absolute distance – the distance between the most medial point of the CSTs and the relative distance – calculated as a percentage of the absolute distance. Results The absolute distances of CSTs were 55.34 mm for the patient group and 46.75 mm for the control group. The relative distances of the CSTs were 44.12% and 35.96% for the patient group and the control group. Significant differences in the absolute and relative distances of CSTs were observed between the patient and the control group. Conclusion These results suggest that the absolute and relative distances between CSTs might be used to diagnose hydrocephalus in stroke patients.