bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limiting oxygen concentrations of gases
Authors: Britton Laurence G. , Clouthier Martin P. , Harrison Benjamin K. , Rodgers Samuel A. 
Published: February 2016

This article discusses technical and practical aspects of the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) including a detailed appraisal of possible sources of measurement error. LOC values obtained in the “classical” 5‐cm diameter, vertical tube apparatus have been described as nonconservative owing to flame quenching. However, much of the difference between classical LOC values and those obtained in closed vessels using ASTM E2079 is due to the change in the definition of “ignition.” Formerly defined as propagation of a visible flame through a vertical tube at least 1.5 m tall, which in a closed tube would typically generate an overpressure in excess of 100%, ignition is now defined as an overpressure that exceeds 7%. The small pressure rise criterion tends to underestimate the LOC in smaller test vessels, especially for tests made at elevated pressures and temperatures. More use should be made of ASTM E2079's flexibility regarding the use of larger pressure rise criteria. Having lost sight of the flame, it is important not to lose sight of the objective, namely to select test criteria that correctly predict the flammable limits pertaining to large volumes of gas mixture. Additional “reference quality” LOC data are needed both to improve the definition of “ignition” with respect to test vessel volume and to investigate the accuracy of LOC estimation techniques. Any large‐scale reference quality test program should investigate the effect of low levels of forced turbulence on measured LOC values.The NFPA “Explosion Protection Systems” Technical Committee recently supported the development of two Tentative Interim Amendments (TIAs) to NFPA 69 “Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.” The first TIA resolves issues with the table of LOC values for gases, which had been modified and over‐corrected in the 2008–2014 editions. The second TIA introduces a simple method for estimating the LOCs of single gases and gas mixtures based on the equation LOC = LFL × S, where LFL is the lower flammable limit and S the molar stoichiometric ratio of oxygen to fuel. An Appendix describes the two TIA recommendations while a second Appendix describes how the estimating methods have been incorporated into ASTM's “CHETAH” Program. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 35: 107–114, 2016
Projections of Older Immigrants in France, 2008–2028
Authors: Rallu Jean‐Louis 
Published: February 2016

AbstractProjections of elderly international migrants in France can provide data for social and health services to serve culturally and linguistically diverse elderly populations. In this regard, projections of future demographic trends are more useful than consideration of current migrant age structures, as the latter are biased. Often, immigrant children born in a host country are not counted with their parents for a variety of reasons. The paper evaluates the nature of return migration flows by older migrants. Although the volume of movement is lower than at younger working ages, immigration to France at older ages is significant and is made up mostly of women. However, the main component influencing trends in elderly migrants is age structure, which varies according to origin and migration history; were moves pre‐independence or post‐independence in relation to the country of origin: did they occur during an economic boom or bust; and how were they timed in relation to the policy environment? The paper shows how France's ‘closed‐border’ policy from 1975 onwards and subsequent family reunification impacted on migration trends of older people by sex. Looking to the future, the migrant communities of longest standing will increase slightly. Exceptions include the Italians and Spanish who will decline in size. Those who arrived later – Moroccans, Turks, and ‘others’ – will increase more than twofold, and sub‐Saharan Africans up to sixfold. The numbers of women will increase more rapidly than men. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicogenomic analysis of the pulmonary toxic effects of hexanal in F344 rat
Authors: Cho Yoon , Lim Jung‐hee , Song Mi‐Kyung , Jeong Seung‐Chan , Lee Kyuhong , Heo Yongju , Kim Tae Sung , Ryu Jae‐Chun 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTHexanal is a major component of indoor air pollutants and is a kind of aldehydes; it has adverse effects on human health. We performed an in vivo inhalation study and transcriptomic analysis to determine the mode of toxic actions in response to hexanal. Fischer 344 rats of both sexes were exposed by inhalation to hexanal aerosol for 4 h day−1, 5 days week−1 for 4 weeks at 0, 600, 1000, and 1500 ppm. Throughout our microarray‐based genome‐wide expression analysis, we identified 56 differentially expressed genes in three doses of hexanal; among these genes, 11 genes showed dose‐dependent expression patterns (10 downregulated and 1 upregulated, 1.5‐fold, p < 0.05). Through a comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) analysis of 11 genes, we determined that five genes (CCL12, DDIT4, KLF2, CEBPD, and ADH6) are linked to diverse disease categories such as cancer, respiratory tract disease, and immune system disease. These diseases were previously known for being induced by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Our data demonstrated that the hexanal‐induced dose‐dependent altered genes could be valuable quantitative biomarkers to predict hexanal exposure and to perform relative risk assessments, including pulmonary toxicity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 382–396, 2017.
Effects of lipopolysaccharide, multiwalled carbon nantoubes, and the combination on lung alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Pacurari M. , May I. , Tchounwou P. B. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown to induce lung fibrosis in animal models, however the underlying molecular factors/mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MWCNT, and the combination of LPS and MWCNT on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and metalloproteinase‐12 (MMP‐9, MMP‐12), collagen 3A1 (Col3A1), and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) in alveolar epithelial A549 cells. MMPs are proteinases that degrade extracellular matrix and play a role in lung fibrosis. A549 cells were exposed to LPS (1 ng/mL), MWCNT (20 μg/mL), and the combination and analyzed for paracellular permeability, TGFβ, Col3A1, MMP‐9, MMP‐12, NF‐κB activation, and cell migration by real‐time PCR and immunofluorescence. LPS, the combination of LPS and MWCNT, and MWCNT only at the highest tested dose induced blue dextran extravasation. LPS and MWCNT increased the expression of TGFβ and its downstream target gene Col3A, and MMP‐9 and MMP‐12 mRNA. MWCNT potently induced cell migration toward wound healing, whereas LPS slightly induced cell migration. Both, LPS and MWCNT, induced NF‐κB nuclear translocation. Our results indicate that MWCNT activated alveolar epithelial cells to promote fibrogenesis, and that LPS differentially primes molecular factors involved in lung remodeling. These findings suggest a role of alveolar epithelial cells in fibrogenesis and also may aid in the design and development of tests for screening of fibrogenic agents. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 445–455, 2017.
Enhanced cellulase production by Trichoderma harzianum by cultivation on glycerol followed by induction on cellulosic substrates
Authors: da Silva Delabona Priscila , Lima Deise Juliana , Robl Diogo , Rabelo Sarita Cândida , Farinas Cristiane Sanchez , da Cruz Pradella José Geraldo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The use of glycerol obtained as an intermediate of the biodiesel manufacturing process as carbon source for microbial growth is a potential alternative strategy for the production of enzymes and other high-value bioproducts. This work evaluates the production of cellulase enzymes using glycerol for high cell density growth of Trichoderma harzianum followed by induction with a cellulosic material. Firstly, the influence of the carbon source used in the pre-culture step was investigated in terms of total protein secretion and fungal morphology. Enzymatic productivity was then determined for cultivation strategies using different types and concentrations of carbon source, as well as different feeding procedures (batch and fed-batch). The best strategy for cellulase production was then further studied on a larger scale using a stirred tank bioreactor. The proposed strategy for cellulase production, using glycerol to achieve high cell density growth followed by induction with pretreated sugarcane bagasse, achieved enzymatic activities up to 2.27 ± 0.37 FPU/mL, 106.40 ± 8.87 IU/mL, and 9.04 ± 0.39 IU/mL of cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase, respectively. These values were 2 times higher when compared to the control experiments using glucose instead of glycerol. This novel strategy proved to be a promising approach for improving cellulolytic enzymes production, and could potentially contribute to adding value to biomass within the biofuels sector.
Modeling correlates of low bone mineral density in patients with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Coakley Kathryn E. , Douglas Teresa D. , Goodman Michael , Ramakrishnan Usha , Dobrowolski Steven F. , Singh Rani H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPhenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder requiring life‐long restriction of dietary protein and phenylalanine‐free medical food. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is reported, but factors associated with BMD Z‐score (standard deviations from normal) are unknown. We examined associations between clinical and dietary parameters and total BMD Z‐score in PAH deficiency patients, and developed models to predict Z‐score. Data collected from patients >4 years of age (n = 88; mean age = 18.8 y; 61 % female) included demographic, clinical, laboratory, and dietary intakes. Adjusted Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated between parameters and TBMD Z‐score, measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Parameters approaching significance (p‐value < 0.10) were candidate predictors for four linear regression models predicting TBMD Z‐score. To validate, model‐predicted Z‐scores were compared to DXA Z‐scores. Mean TBMD Z‐score was −0.326; 18 (20.4 %) had Z‐score < −1. Z‐scores were positively correlated with dietary vitamin D, calcium, and medical food intake and compliance with prescription, and negatively with dietary carbohydrate, sugar, caffeine intake, glycemic load, and prescribed medical food (grams protein/day; p‐value < 0.05). The best model included medical food compliance, medical food intake, caffeine intake, and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (r‐square = 0.364). This model predicted Z‐score category [normal or low (<−1)] with sensitivity = 66.7 %, likelihood ratio = 14.7, and AUC = 0.83 compared to DXA Z‐score. No subjects had low BMD for chronological age (Z‐score ≤ −2). Compliance with medical food prescription was the strongest predictor of TBMD Z‐score. One model, if validated in a separate sample of patients with more cases of low BMD, showed potential to estimate TBMD Z‐score using routine clinical patient parameters.
EOS® biplanar X-ray imaging: Concept, developments, benefits, and limitations
Authors: Melhem Elias , Assi Ayman , El Rachkidi Rami , Ghanem Ismat 
Published: February 2016

Purpose In 1992, Georges Charpak invented a new type of X-ray detector, which in turn led to the development of the EOS® 2D/3D imaging system. This system takes simultaneous anteroposterior and lateral 2D images of the whole body and can be utilized to perform 3D reconstruction based on statistical models. The purpose of this review is to present the state of the art for this EOS® imaging technique, to report recent developments and advances in the technique, and to stress its benefits while also noting its limitations. Methods The review was based on a thorough literature search on the subject as well as personal experience gained from many years of using the EOS® system. Results While EOS® imaging could be proposed for many applications, it is most useful in relation to scoliosis and sagittal balance, due to its ability to take simultaneous orthogonal images while the patient is standing, to perform 3D reconstruction, and to determine various relationships among adjacent segments (cervical spine, pelvis, and lower limbs). The technique has also been validated for the study of pelvic and lower-limb deformity and pathology in adult and pediatric populations; in such a study it has the advantage of allowing the measurement of torsional deformity, which classically requires a CT scan. Conclusions The major advantages of EOS® are the relatively low dose of radiation (50–80 % less than conventional X-rays) that the patient receives and the possibility of obtaining a 3D reconstruction of the bones. However, this 3D reconstruction is not created automatically; a well-trained operator is required to generate it. The EOS® imaging technique has proven itself to be a very useful research and diagnostic tool.
Characterization of tau positron emission tomography tracer [18F]AV‐1451 binding to postmortem tissue in Alzheimer's disease, primary tauopathies, and other dementias
Authors: Sander Kerstin , Lashley Tammaryn , Gami Priya , Gendron Thibault , Lythgoe Mark F. , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Schott Jonathan M. , Revesz Tamas , Fox Nick C. , Årstad Erik 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroductionAggregation of tau is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, and tau imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) may allow early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. We assessed binding of the PET tracer [18F]AV‐1451 in a range of dementias.MethodsPhosphorimaging was used to quantify binding to postmortem brain tissue from 33 patients with different, histopathologically characterized, neurodegenerative dementias.Results[18F]AV‐1451 showed high specific binding in cases with Alzheimer's disease (AD), moderate binding in Pick's disease and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism‐17, and low but displaceable binding in corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, non–tau proteinopathies, and in controls without pathology. Tracer binding did not correlate with tau load within disease groups.Discussion[18F]AV‐1451 binds to tau in AD, and some other tauopathies. However, evidence for a non–tau binding site and lack of correlation between tracer binding and antibody staining suggest that reliable quantification of tau load with this tracer is problematic.
Transient ischemic attack: management in the emergency department and impact of an outpatient neurovascular clinic
Authors: Hosier Gregory W. , Phillips Stephen J. , Doucette Steve P. , Magee Kirk D. , Gubitz Gordon J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectives1) To evaluate whether transient ischemic attack (TIA) management in emergency departments (EDs) of the Nova Scotia Capital District Health Authority followed Canadian Best Practice Recommendations, and 2) to assess the impact of being followed up in a dedicated outpatient neurovascular clinic.MethodsRetrospective chart review of all patients discharged from EDs in our district from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012 with a diagnosis of TIA. Cox proportional hazards models, Kaplan-Meier survival curve, and propensity matched analyses were used to evaluate 90-day mortality and readmission.ResultsOf the 686 patients seen in the ED for TIA, 88.3% received computed tomography (CT) scanning, 86.3% received an electrocardiogram (ECG), 35% received vascular imaging within 24 hours of triage, 36% were seen in a neurovascular clinic, and 4.2% experienced stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death within 90 days. Rates of antithrombotic use were increased in patients seen in a neurovascular clinic compared to those who were not (94% v. 86.3%, p<0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, vascular disease risk factors, and stroke symptoms, the risk of readmission for stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death was lower for those seen in a neurovascular clinic compared to those who were not (adjusted hazard ratio 0.28; 95% confidence interval 0.08–0.99, p=0.048).ConclusionThe majority of patients in our study were treated with antithrombotic agents in the ED and investigated with CT and ECG within 24 hours; however, vascular imaging and neurovascular clinic follow-up were underutilized. For those with neurovascular clinic follow-up, there was an association with reduced risk of subsequent stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death.
Could gestational diabetes mellitus be managed through dietary bioactive compounds? Current knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Santangelo Carmela , Zicari Alessandra , Mandosi Elisabetta , Scazzocchio Beatrice , Mari Emanuela , Morano Susanna , Masella Roberta 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious problem growing worldwide that needs to be addressed with urgency in consideration of the resulting severe complications for both mother and fetus. Growing evidence indicates that a healthy diet rich in fruit, vegetables, nuts, extra-virgin olive oil and fish has beneficial effects in both the prevention and management of several human diseases and metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the latest data concerning the effects of dietary bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and PUFA on the molecular mechanisms regulating glucose homoeostasis. Several studies, mostly based onin vitroand animal models, indicate that dietary polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, positively modulate the insulin signalling pathway by attenuating hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, reducing inflammatory adipokines, and modifying microRNA (miRNA) profiles. Very few data about the influence of dietary exposure on GDM outcomes are available, although this approach deserves careful consideration. Further investigation, which includes exploring the ‘omics’ world, is needed to better understand the complex interaction between dietary compounds and GDM.
Endoscopic vocal fold injection using a 25-gauge butterfly needle
Authors: Buchanan M A , Riffat F , Palme C E 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjective:To describe a useful technique for infiltrating a bulking agent using a butterfly needle, as part of a transoral endoscopic vocal fold medialisation procedure.Methods:This paper describes the procedure of grasping the needle with phonosurgery forceps and administering the injectate to the vocal fold through careful application of the syringe plunger via a length of rubber tubing from outside the mouth.Results:This procedure is performed routinely in our institution without complication. The advantages of this technique are discussed.Conclusion:This is a safe and easy method of injecting into a vocal fold.
Latent class regression models for simultaneously estimating test accuracy, true prevalence and risk factors for Brucella abortus
Authors: CAMPE A. , ABERNETHY D. , MENZIES F. , GREINER M. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYIn 2003/2004 a field trial was conducted in Northern Ireland to assess the diagnostic accuracy of six serological tests for bovine brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus. Whereas between-test comparisons have been used to calculate test performances so far, the present study used a latent class approach to estimate diagnostic test accuracy parameters in the absence of a gold standard for these six tests simultaneously and to estimate the true prevalence, while accounting for clustering in the study population and risk factors for true prevalence. Results obtained in this study with regard to prevalence, sensitivity and specificity were largely in accordance with previous findings. Screening tests (SAT and EDTA) appeared to be the most sensitive; however, at low prevalences the EDTA and CFT showed the highest positive predictive values of all investigated tests. The specificities and negative predictive values of all diagnostic tests were found to be very high. Differences of prevalence between three groups of the study population with different risk of exposure could be attributed to the mode of sampling indicating that a more risk-based sampling will result in a higher prevalence than a cross-sectional sampling mode. Age, dairy status and history of abortion were shown to influence the prediction of the latent true infection status.
Non-heat-treated frozen raspberries the most likely vehicle of a norovirus outbreak in Oslo, Norway, November 2013
Authors: EINÖDER-MORENO M. , LANGE H. , GREPP M. , OSBORG E. , VAINIO K. , VOLD L. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYIn November 2013, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health was notified of a gastroenteritis outbreak following two meetings held at a conference centre. Identical food and beverages were served during the meetings. We investigated in order to identify the vehicle of infection and implement control measures. Meeting participants completed an online questionnaire on consumption of foods and beverages. We asked symptomatic participants to provide a stool sample. We defined a case as diarrhoea and/or vomiting in a participant who became ill within 3 days after the meeting. We calculated attack rates (AR) and adjusted risk ratios (aRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using binomial regression. We conducted environmental investigations. Overall, 147/168 (88%) participants responded, of which 74 (50%) met the case definition. All five stool samples provided were norovirus positive. No kitchen staff reported being sick. Risk of illness was higher in those who consumed raspberry mousse (aRR 3·4, 95% CI 1·4–8·2) and sliced fresh fruit (aRR 1·9, 95% CI 1·3–2·8). Seventy cases (95%) ate raspberry mousse. Frozen raspberries used for the mousse were imported and not heat-treated before consumption. Non-heat-treated frozen raspberries were the most likely outbreak vehicle. Contamination by a food handler could not be excluded. We recommend heat-treatment of imported frozen berries before consumption.
Patterns of tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region: a 20-year analysis
Authors: Bender Nicole A. , Crosbie Kim , Lynch Heather J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe extend a previous analysis of Antarctic tour ship vessel traffic to include 20 years of commercial cruise activity (1993/94–2012/13) using recently digitized historical records and new data on vessel landings since 2008/09. Using tourism statistics from 1989/90–2013/14, we also examine trends in passenger numbers, landings and the nationalities of passengers travelling to the Antarctic Peninsula region. This study represents the most comprehensive long-term perspective on how tour ship activity has changed spatially and temporally over a period in which visitation has grown ten-fold. Passenger landings and marine traffic are highly concentrated at a few specific locations, particularly along the Peninsula’s south-western coast. Antarctic tourism activity is closely correlated with measures of economic activity in those countries contributing the largest numbers of visitors to the region. The nationalities of Antarctic tourists have shifted over the years, particularly with respect to an increasing number of visitors from China. Since emerging markets for Antarctic travel are probably far from saturated, interest in travelling to Antarctica will probably continue to grow. Understanding visitation patterns will focus efforts to monitor potential anthropogenic impacts and inform management decisions regarding activities in and around the Antarctic region.