bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-18 deficiency protects against renal interstitial fibrosis in aldosterone/salt-treated mice
Authors: Tanino Akiko , Okura Takafumi , Nagao Tomoaki , Kukida Masayoshi , Pei Zuowei , Enomoto Daijiro , Miyoshi Ken-ichi , Okamura Haruki , Higaki Jitsuo 
Published: July 2016

Interleukin (IL)-18 is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines and was described originally as an interferon γ-inducing factor. Aldosterone plays a central role in the regulation of sodium and potassium homoeostasis by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor and contributes to kidney and cardiovascular damage. Aldosterone has been reported to induce IL-18, resulting in cardiac fibrosis with induced IL-18-mediated osteopontin (OPN). We therefore hypothesized that aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis via OPN may be mediated by IL-18. To verify this hypothesis, we compared mice deficient in IL-18 and wild-type (WT) mice in a model of aldosterone/salt-induced hypertension. IL-18−/− and C57BL/6 WT mice were used for the uninephrectomized aldosterone/salt hypertensive model, whereas NRK-52E cells (rat kidney epithelial cells) were used in an in vitro model. In the present in vivo study, IL-18 protein expression was localized in medullary tubules in the WT mice, whereas in aldosterone-infused WT mice this expression was up-regulated markedly in the proximal tubules, especially in injured and dilated tubules. This renal damage caused by aldosterone was attenuated significantly by IL-18 knockout with down-regulation of OPN expression. In the present in vitro study, aldosterone directly induced IL-18 gene expression in renal tubular epithelial cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These effects were inhibited completely by spironolactone. IL-18 may be a key mediator of aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis by inducing OPN, thereby exacerbating renal interstitial fibrosis. Inhibition of IL-18 may therefore provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention aimed at preventing the progression of renal injury.
Waste to worth: vegetable wastes as animal feed.
Authors: Bakshi M. P. S. , Wadhwa M. , Makkar H. P. S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

The chemical composition, nutritional value and use of a number of vegetable wastes (VWs) and by-products such as baby corn, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, jackfruit, peas, potato, sweet corn (SC), tomato, and radish leaves, among others in ruminant and monogastric diets, are presented in this publication. These products are rich in both protein and energy. Bottle gourd pulp, cabbage leaves, pea pods (PP), potato vines, pumpkin oil meal, radish leaves, snow peas, sugar beet leaves and tomato pomace have around or more than 20% crude protein (CP). The remaining VWs contain 10-19% CP, except carrot pulp, jackfruit waste, SC husk, SC cob and SC husk
plus
cob, which have less than 10% CP. Most of these wastes have high acceptability and palatability, and products such as sarson saag waste and PP supplemented with mineral mixture and common salt can be fed
ad libitum
to the livestock as complete feed. The major constraints in using these products as livestock feed are their high moisture content and presence of contaminants, mainly pesticides and pesticide residues. Drying and ensiling have been used for enhancing shelf life and making their incorporation in animal feeds easier. There is a need to monitor pesticide and pesticide residues, mycotoxins, heavy metals and antinutritional factors before using vegetable products in animal diets. Full potential of these unconventional feed resources can be realized by concerted commercial efforts. These resources are yet untapped and their efficient use will enlarge feed resource base, enhance feed availability and bring the wasted food back to human food chain.
Military Sanctions Enforcement in the Absence of Express Authorization?
Authors: Nevill Penelope 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of force to enforce sanctions in the absence of express authorization by the UN Security Council. After reviewing the history and background to enforcement of sanctions which primarily takes place at sea, the chapter addresses the question of what amounts to a use of force in this context, paying particular attention to whether sanctions enforcement is ‘law enforcement’ or a use of force in the sense of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter by examining the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice and under the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention concerning forcible measures used or threatened by state authorities against vessels or oil rigs and platforms. The chapter concludes by assessing the legal bases for the use of force to enforce sanctions, including those imposed by the United Nations.
Retaliation and Reprisal
Authors: Darcy Shane 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the evolution of the international law on the use of force as it relates to the concepts of retaliation and reprisal, particularly since the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945. After defining the concepts of retaliation and reprisal as understood in international law, the chapter considers whether armed reprisals are contrary to the UN Charter, along with the debates surrounding the UN Security Council’s condemnation of retaliatory actions. It then examines claimed instances of state practice, as well as judicial and scholarly views on the lawfulness of such reprisals. Finally, it discusses arguments calling for the revival of reprisals or retaliation as permitted exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force.
Evaluation of Two Techniques for Viral Load Monitoring Using Dried Blood Spot in Routine Practice in Vietnam (French National Agency for AIDS and Hepatitis Research 12338)
Authors: Taieb Fabien , Tram Tran Hong , Ho Hien Thi , Pham Van Anh , Nguyen Huong Lan , Pham Ba Hien , Tong Linh An , Tuaillon Edouard , Delaporte Eric , Nguyen Anh Tuan , Bui Duc Duong , Do NhanThi , Madec Yoann 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Background.  Although it is the best method to detect early therapeutic failure, viral load (VL) monitoring is still not widely available in many resource-limited settings because of difficulties in specimen transfer, personnel shortage, and insufficient laboratory infrastructures. Dried blood spot (DBS) use, which was introduced in the latest World Health Organization recommendations, can overcome these difficulties. This evaluation aimed at validating VL measurement in DBS, in a laboratory without previous DBS experience and in routine testing conditions.
Methods.  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults were observed in a HIV care site in Hanoi, and each patient provided 2 DBS cards with whole blood spots and 2 plasma samples. Viral load was measured in DBS and in plasma using the COBAS Ampliprep/TaqMan and the Abbott RealTime assays. To correctly identify those with VL ≥ 1000 copies/mL, sensitivity and specificity were estimated.
Results.  A total of 198 patients were enrolled. With the Roche technique, 51 plasma VL were ≥1000 copies/mL; among these, 28 presented a VL in DBS that was also ≥1000 copies/mL (sensitivity, 54.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 40.3–68.9). On the other hand, all plasma VL &lt; 1000 copies/mL were also &lt;1000 copies/mL in DBS (specificity, 100; 95% CI, 97.5–100). With the Abbott technique, 45 plasma VL were ≥1000 copies/mL; among these, 42 VL in DBS were also ≥1000 copies/mL (sensitivity, 93.3%; 95% CI, 81.7–98.6); specificity was 94.8 (95% CI, 90.0–97.7).
Conclusions.  The Abbott RealTime polymerase chain reaction assay provided adequate VL results in DBS, thus allowing DBS use for VL monitoring.
Music, Social Justice, and Social Inclusion
Authors: Marsh Kathryn 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Refugees and newly arrived immigrants may face a range of social, emotional, and cultural challenges related to geographical and cultural displacement and trauma experienced in the country of origin, en route, and in the process of relocation and resettlement in a host country. In this chapter the role of music in the lives of young refugees and newly arrived immigrants in Sydney, Australia, is investigated in terms of its social and cultural effects. The chapter focuses on the collaborative music and dance activities of a Sierra Leone Youth Group and an Intensive English Centre (a specialist secondary school for newly arrived students). For marginalized participants, the music and dance activities, conceived within a socially just framework, were seen to provide opportunities for participatory parity, cultural justice, and social inclusion, within communities from both the home and host cultures.
Intersecting Social Justices and Music Education
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, responses to three interrelated questions are sketched: Why should music educators be interested in justice? What is meant by the term “social justice” and what are the sorts of social justice? How should music educators act on behalf of justice? The case is made for a multifaceted view of justice broadly construed. Aspects of distributive justice, communitarian justice, commutative justice, contributive justice, procedural justice, retributive justice, restorative justice, poetic justice, instrumental justice, legal justice, divine justice, and justice viewed through natural law are applied to notions of social justice from the perspective of education and music education. Several practical steps in working against injustice and toward justice in and on behalf of music education are offered.
Music Education Assessment and Social Justice
Authors: Fautley Martin 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers the role that assessment, particularly formative assessment, has to play with regard to social justice purposes in education. It disentangles the notion of assessment from that of testing. Valorization of music is highly significant, as what is valued tends to be what is assessed. This can result in the disenfranchising of world music, pop, rock, and jazz on a daily basis in music classrooms all over the Western world; so this chapter problematizes the content of the music curriculum, too, asking whether that which can be labeled “school music” has any relevance beyond itself. To counter these problems, this chapter suggests the use of feed forward, which takes place during music making, privileging process over product. It suggests that the principal purpose of assessment should be to improve learning in music, not to simply provide data for systemic purposes.
Managing Pod Rot of Lima Bean Caused by Phytophthora capsici with Fungicides in the Mid-Atlantic Region
Authors: Kness Andrew A. , Johnson Gordon , Everts Kathryne L. , Evans Thomas A. , Donofrio Nicole M. , Ernest Emmalea G. 
Published: July 2016

The baby lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) is one of the most economically important crops for Delaware. Pod rot of lima bean caused by Phytophthora capsici is a relatively new disease that threatens production and profitability of lima beans grown in Delaware and the mid-Atlantic region. Insensitivity to the fungicide mefenoxam has made managing the disease challenging in recent years. In 2014, 12 fungicides in two trials were tested for their efficacy against P. capsici in lima bean. Results indicated that all fungicide treatments significantly reduced disease incidence compared to the control, with oxathiapiprolin achieving the best control in Trial 1 and fluazinam and mefenoxam achieving the best control in Trial 2. Fungicide treated plots also yielded significantly greater than controls in Trial 2. These results indicate that there are additional fungicides on the market with efficacy towards managing pod rot of lima bean and warrant further investigation for possible new labels. Accepted for publication 16 May 2016. Published 9 June 2016.
Infant Medical Trauma in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (IMTN)
Authors: D'Agata Amy L. , Young Erin E. , Cong Xiaomei , Grasso Damion J. , McGrath Jacqueline M. 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Trauma is an innately subjective experience ensuing from a deeply distressing event. Research has demonstrated that while the environment of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is capable of providing extraordinary lifesaving measures following birth, the experience may be disruptive to several key aspects of early development, placing infants at risk for adverse behavioral, cognitive, and emotional outcomes.

Purpose:
This article provides rationale for the concept of Infant Medical Trauma in the NICU (IMTN) as a means of describing this unique stress experience. A triad of cumulative early life NICU experiences (stress, parental separation, and pain) is proposed to influence an infant's swinging neurodevelopmental pendulum amid the potential outcomes of risk and resilience.

Implications for Practice and Research:
Creating language that describes the infant experience brings meaning and calls caregivers and parents to action to consider strategies that may improve long-term health. Actively seeking opportunities to decrease the allostatic load of at-risk infants may support an infant's pendulum to swing toward a path of resilience, thereby moderating his or her early life adverse experience.
The Implications of Parental Consanguinity on the Care of Neonates
Authors: Ng Diana 
Published: July 2016

Background:Approximately 6% of births worldwide, 7.9 million children, are born with a serious genetic congenital abnormality each year. A factor thought to increase the prevalence of birth defects is parental consanguinity, which is a social custom practiced in at least 20% of the world's population.Purpose:The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between consanguinity and congenital defects. This article also aims to enhance neonatal healthcare practitioners' comprehension of its implications for practice and research.Methods:A review of literature was compiled from a search of the online databases Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), PubMed, EBSCO MegaFILE, and Google Scholar.Results:Literature pertinent to this topic primarily consists of research studies that examine the inbreeding depression phenomenon through comparison of the prevalence of birth defects among the offspring of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous couples. Current studies indicate that the progeny of consanguineous couples are at an increased risk of congenital defects compared with those of nonconsanguineous couples.Implications for Practice:Consanguinity is one risk factor among many that can lead to a major birth defect. Relationships between consanguineous populations and neonatal healthcare practitioners such as registered nurses, advanced practice nurses, and physicians could significantly alter neonatal health outcomes. Specific recommendations such as genetic counseling and therapeutic communication are discussed.Implications for Research:Further studies need to investigate the connection between consanguinity and birth defects while controlling for nongenetic variables. Moreover, a focus on consanguineous communities in the United States would prove beneficial.
Association of Baseline Proteinuria and Adverse Outcomes in Pregnant Women With Treated Chronic Hypertension
Authors: Morgan Jamie L. , Nelson David B. , Roberts Scott W. , Wells C. Edward , McIntire Donald D. , Cunningham F. Gary 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the importance of baseline proteinuria in women treated for chronic hypertension during pregnancy.

METHODS:
This retrospective cohort study included women with chronic hypertension who received antihypertensive therapy in the first half of pregnancy and completed urine protein quantification before 20 weeks of gestation. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were analyzed according to the presence or absence of baseline proteinuria, defined as 300 mg or greater per 24 hours identified before 20 weeks of gestation. Frequencies of superimposed preeclampsia, preterm birth, and small-for-gestational-age neonates were further evaluated according to stratified urine protein excretion levels from less than 50 mg to greater than 1,000 mg/24 hours.

RESULTS:
Between January 2002 and December 2014, a total of 447 women met inclusion criteria. Of these, 56 (13%) had baseline proteinuria. Women with baseline proteinuria were statistically significantly more likely to develop superimposed preeclampsia (79% compared with 49%), deliver preterm (18% compared with 6% 30 weeks of gestation or less, 34% compared with 17% 34 weeks of gestation or less, and 48% compared with 26% less than 37 weeks of gestation), and deliver an small-for-gestational-age neonate (41% compared with 22% less than the 10th percentile, 20% compared with 9% less than the third percentile) when compared with women who did not have proteinuria (all P<.05). Furthermore, the rates of superimposed preeclampsia and small for gestational age were significantly increased as 24-hour protein excretion levels increased across stratified levels (P for trend .002 and .015, respectively). When proteinuria levels less than 300 mg/d were analyzed separately, a significant association was observed for rates of superimposed preeclampsia and preterm birth.

CONCLUSION:
In pregnant women with treated chronic hypertension, baseline proteinuria was significantly associated with increased rates of preeclampsia, preterm birth, and growth restriction—even at proteinuria values previously considered to be within normal range (less than 300 mg/d).
Outcomes of Pregnancies Complicated by Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes Between 20 and 24 Weeks of Gestation
Authors: Kibel Mia , Asztalos Elizabeth , Barrett Jon , Dunn Michael S. , Tward Carly , Pittini Alex , Melamed Nir 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the natural history and contemporary outcomes in pregnancies complicated by previable preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM).

METHODS:
Retrospective study of all women with a singleton or twin pregnancy admitted to a single tertiary referral center who experienced preterm PROM between 20 and 23 6/7 weeks of gestation during 2004–2014 and underwent expectant management. Women electing termination of pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by major fetal anomalies were excluded. Severe neonatal morbidity was defined as a composite of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe neurologic injury, or severe retinopathy of prematurity. Long-term follow-up to a corrected age of 18–21 months was available for the majority of surviving neonates.

RESULTS:
Of the 140 neonates born to women with previable preterm PROM during the study period, 104 were eligible for the study. Overall 51 (49.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 39.4–58.6%) newborns survived to discharge, of whom 24 (47.1%, 95% CI 33.4–60.8%) experienced severe neonatal morbidity. The overall rate of long-term morbidity among surviving neonates was 23.3% (95% CI 11.7–34.9%) and was significantly higher among neonates who previously experienced severe neonatal morbidity compared with those who did not (39.1% compared with 10.0%, P=.04). The only two factors that were significantly associated with overall survival and survival without severe neonatal morbidity were gestational age at preterm PROM of 22 weeks or greater (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 12.2, 95% CI 3.3–44.8 and adjusted OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.2–19.3, respectively) and a latency period of greater than 7 days (adjusted OR 10.1, 95% CI 3.2–31.6, and adjusted OR 6.7, 95% CI 2.2–21.0, respectively). Expectant management was associated with maternal risks including placental abruption (17.3%, 95% CI 10.0–24.6%) and sepsis (4.8%, 95% CI 0.7–8.9%).

CONCLUSION:
Expectant management in pregnancies complicated by previable preterm PROM between 20 and 23 6/7 weeks of gestation is associated with an overall neonatal survival rate of 49.0%, high risk of short- and long-term severe morbidity among survivors, and carries considerable maternal risks.
Expression of miRNA-124a in CD4 Cells Reflects Response to a Multidisciplinary Treatment Program in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Luchting Benjamin , Heyn Jens , Hinske Ludwig Christian , Azad Shahnaz Christina 
Published: July 2016

Study Design.
A prospective evaluation of microRNA (miRNA) expression in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pain- and T cell-related miRNAs are differentially expressed in CLBP when compared with healthy volunteers and whether these miRNAs may distinguish between responders and nonresponders to a multidisciplinary treatment program.

Summary of Background Data.
CLBP is a common health problem worldwide. Multidisciplinary pain treatment programs have been proven as an effective treatment option. miRNAs are known to be important mediators of gene regulation in various processes, including pathophysiology of pain. The expression of miRNAs in CLBP and changes due to a multidisciplinary treatment programs are still unknown.

Methods.
Thirty-four patients with CLBP were enrolled (46.5 ± 12.7 yrs). CLBP was defined as low back pain with an average intensity of numerical rating scale (NRS) ≥3 during the last 4 weeks, persisting longer than 6 months, and not attributable to a recognized specific pathological condition. Expression of pain- and T cell-related miRNAs in human CD4+ cells were determined using TaqMan assays and RealTime PCR. MiRNA expression in patients with CLBP was compared with the expression in healthy volunteers before a multidisciplinary treatment program started. The multidisciplinary outpatient program (4 weeks, 5 days a week, 8 h per day) is a clinically established outpatient program and comprises medical (examination, education), physical (exercise), work-related, and psychological therapy components. After the program, differentially expressed miRNAs in CLBP (before treatment) were analyzed once more. Expression of these miRNAs in patients who respond to the treatment (n = 14) was compared with those who did not respond (n = 20). Response to therapy was defined as reduction of pain of ≥50% (NRS) from baseline.

Results.
MiRNA-124a (patients: 0.79 ± 0.63 vs. healthy volunteers: 0.30 ± 0.16; P < 0.001), miRNA-150 (patients: 0.75 ± 0.21 vs. healthy volunteers: 0.56 ± 0.20; P = 0.025), and miRNA-155 (patients: 0.55 ± 0.14 vs. healthy volunteers: 0.38 ± 0.16; P = 0.017) were significantly upregulated in CLBP patients when compared with healthy volunteers. After the multidisciplinary treatment program, patients who respond to the treatment showed only an increase of miRNA-124a expression (before treatment: 0.54 ± 0.26 vs. after treatment: 1.05 ± 0.56, P = 0.007).

Conclusion.
MiRNA-124a upregulation is associated with therapy response in a multidisciplinary treatment programs and might help to identify more specific and mechanism-based treatment strategies for CLBP.

Level of Evidence: 3