bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical performance of image cytometry for DNA, lipids, cytokeratin, & CD45 in a model system for circulation tumor cell detection
Authors: Futia Gregory L. , Schlaepfer Isabel R. , Qamar Lubna , Behbakht Kian , Gibson Emily A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDetection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a blood sample is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of the biomarker panel used to identify CTCs over other blood cells. In this work, we present Bayesian theory that shows how test sensitivity and specificity set the rarity of cell that a test can detect. We perform our calculation of sensitivity and specificity on our image cytometry biomarker panel by testing on pure disease positive (D+) populations (MCF7 cells) and pure disease negative populations (D−) (leukocytes). In this system, we performed multi‐channel confocal fluorescence microscopy to image biomarkers of DNA, lipids, CD45, and Cytokeratin. Using custom software, we segmented our confocal images into regions of interest consisting of individual cells and computed the image metrics of total signal, second spatial moment, spatial frequency second moment, and the product of the spatial‐spatial frequency moments. We present our analysis of these 16 features. The best performing of the 16 features produced an average separation of three standard deviations between D+ and D– and an average detectable rarity of ∼1 in 200. We performed multivariable regression and feature selection to combine multiple features for increased performance and showed an average separation of seven standard deviations between the D+ and D– populations making our average detectable rarity of ∼1 in 480. Histograms and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for these features and regressions are presented. We conclude that simple regression analysis holds promise to further improve the separation of rare cells in cytometry applications. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The current status of heavy metal in lake sediments from China: Pollution and ecological risk assessment
Authors: Xu Yongfeng , Wu Yi , Han Jiangang , Li Pingping 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHeavy metal contamination in lake sediments is a serious problem, particularly in developing countries such as China. To evaluate heavy metal pollution and risk of contamination in lake sediments on a national scale in China, we collated available data in the literature of the last 10 years on lake sediments polluted with heavy metals from 24 provinces in China. Based on these data, we used sediment quality guidelines, geoaccumulation index, and potential ecological risk index to assess potential ecological risk levels. The results showed that approximately 20.6% of the lakes studied exceeded grade II level in Chinese soil quality standards for As, 31.3% for Cd, 4.6% for Cu, 20.8% for Ni, 2.8% for Zn, and 11.1% for Hg, respectively. Besides, the mean concentrations for As in 10.3% of lakes, Hg in 11.9% of lakes, and Ni in 31.3% of lakes surpassed the probable effect level. The potential ecological risk for toxic metals decreased in the order of Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn, and there were 21.8% of the lakes studied in the state of moderate risk, 10.9% in high risk, and 12.7% in very high risk. It can be concluded that Chinese lake sediments are polluted by heavy metals to varying degrees. In order to provide key management targets for relevant administrative agencies, based on the results of the pollution and ecological risk assessments, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, and Ni were selected as the priority control heavy metals, and the eastern coastal provinces and Hunan province were selected as the priority control provinces. This article, therefore, provides a comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution in lake sediments in China, while providing a reference for the development of lake sediment quality standards.
Energetics‐informed behavioral states reveal the drive to kill in African leopards
Authors: Wilmers Christopher C. , Isbell Lynne A. , Suraci Justin P. , Williams Terrie M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe drive to kill prey is central to understanding the population viability and ecological effects of large carnivores. This drive is modulated by behaviorally determined energetic expenditures, yet current methods of estimating the energetics of terrestrial carnivores are too coarse to inform the fine time scale behavioral decisions that incur the energetic costs leading to predation. Here, we use combined GPS and accelerometer collars calibrated to measure energetic outputs at scales of seconds to months on African leopards in Kenya. Fine‐scale data on energetic expenditures and movement allowed us to determine energetically informed behavioral states that accurately identified when animals killed or scavenged prey, and allowed us to visualize novel details concerning the cryptic natural history of these predators. Our results revealed large variation in daily field metabolic rate ranging from 11,000 to 32,000 kJ depending on the animal and the specific behaviors undertaken. Leopards expended 47,470 kJ between kill events on average, but this was increased if meal size from the previous kill was large. Our methods also allowed us to estimate the energetic costs of dispersal, territorial patrol, and parental care, considered important factors in overall energetic balance and thus the drive to kill. Based on this approach, we demonstrate how the cycle of behavior, energetic expenditure, and predatory drive underlies population trajectories of large carnivores as well as their direct and indirect effects on ecosystems.
The Challenge of Evaluating Equity in Health: Experiences from India's Maternal Health Program
Authors: Das Abhijit 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper raises questions about the impacts of one of India's most ambitious cash conditional transfer programs, Janani Suraksha Yojana. It incorporates the perspectives of a practitioner working on maternal health issues and discusses the importance of considering alternative explanations as part of any patterns of observed results. It argues for exploring the impacts of interventions on the most vulnerable and marginalized as an essential aspect of an equity evaluation and for exploring impacts on inequities from a human rights lens. It also discusses some of the core competencies that might be needed for evaluations of equity initiatives.
Space, time, and episodic memory: The hippocampus is all over the cognitive map
Authors: Ekstrom Arne D. , Ranganath Charan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn recent years, the field has reached an impasse between models suggesting that the hippocampus is fundamentally involved in spatial processing and models suggesting that the hippocampus automatically encodes all dimensions of experience in the service of memory. Here, we consider key conceptual issues that have impeded progress in our understanding of hippocampal function, and we review findings that establish the scope and limits of hippocampal involvement in navigation and memory. We argue that space and time serve as a primary scaffold to break up experiences into specific contexts, and to organize multimodal input that is to be associated within a context. However, the hippocampus is clearly capable of incorporating additional dimensions into the scaffold if they are determined to be relevant in the event‐defined context. Conceiving of the hippocampal representation as constrained by immediate task demands—yet preferring axes that involve space and time—helps to reconcile an otherwise disparate set of findings on the core function of the hippocampus.
Progress toward quantitative in vivo chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI
Authors: Ji Yang , Zhou Iris Yuwen , Qiu Bensheng , Sun Phillip Zhe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractChemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI provides a sensitive detection mechanism for imaging dilute labile protons, complementing the routine radiological exams. Enormous progress has been achieved in CEST MRI and image analysis, from the mathematical modeling, CEST agent design, and most importantly, increasing adoption of CEST imaging in the clinical setting. Therefore, CEST imaging represents an emerging field that involves multiple disciplines and together made a remarkable transition from the simplistic CEST‐weighted MRI to quantitative CEST (qCEST) analysis. This review focuses on the recent advancements in CEST quantification techniques and findings of in vivo CEST imaging in representative disorders of ischemia, tumor, and epilepsy. In addition, limitations of current CEST methodologies are examined that should help guide future development of more sensitive and quantitative CEST imaging techniques and ultimately, facilitate their adoption in the clinical setting.
Polydopamine mediated assembly of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 on magnesium alloys for enhanced corrosion resistance and bone regeneration
Authors: Jiang Yanan , Wang Bi , Jia Zhanrong , Lu Xiong , Fang Liming , Wang Kefeng , Ren Fuzeng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMagnesium alloys have the great potential to be used as orthopedic implants due to their biodegradability and mechanical resemblance to human cortical bone. However, the rapid degradation in physiological environment with the evolution of hydrogen gas release hinders their clinical applications. In this study, we developed a novel functional and biocompatible coating strategy through polydopamine mediated assembly of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), onto the surface of AZ31 Mg alloys. Such functional coating has strong bonding with the substrate and can increase surface hydrophilicity of magnesium alloys. In vitro electrochemical corrosion and hydrogen evolution tests demonstrate that the coating can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance and therefore slow down the degradation of AZ31 Mg alloys. In vitro cell culture reveals that immobilization of HA nanoparticles and BMP‐2 can obviously promote cell adhesion and proliferation. Furthermore, in vivo implantation tests indicate that with the synergistic effects of HA nanoparticles and BMP‐2, the coating does not cause obvious inflammatory response and can significantly reduce the biodegradation rate of the magnesium alloys and induce the new bone formation adjacent to the implants. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2750–2761, 2017.
Effects of Denosumab and Teriparatide Transitions on Bone Microarchitecture and Estimated Strength: the DATA-Switch HR-pQCT study
Authors: Tsai Joy N , Nishiyama Kyle K , Lin David , Yuan Amy , Lee Hang , Bouxsein Mary L , Leder Benjamin Z 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

In postmenopausal osteoporosis, switching from teriparatide to denosumab results in continued bone mineral density (BMD) gains whereas switching from denosumab to teriparatide results in BMD loss. To assess the effects of these transitions on bone microarchitecture and strength, we performed high-resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT) at the distal tibia and radius in postmenopausal osteoporotic women who received 24 months of teriparatide 20 μg daily followed by 24 months of denosumab 60 mg every 6 months, 24 months of denosumab followed by 24 months of teriparatide, or 24 months of both medications followed by 24 months of denosumab. The 77 women who completed at least one post-switch visit are included in this analysis. Tibial cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) increased between months 24 and 48 in the teriparatide-to-denosumab (net 48-month change –0.8% ± 2.4%) and combination-to-denosumab groups (net 48-month changes +2.4% ± 4.1%) but decreased in the denosumab-to-teriparatide group (net 48-month change –3.4% ± 3.2%, p &lt; 0.001 for all between-group comparisons). Changes in total vBMD, cortical thickness, and estimated stiffness (by micro–finite element analysis [µFEA]) followed a similar pattern, as did changes at the radius. Conversely, tibial cortical porosity remained stable between months 24 and 48 in the teriparatide-to-denosumab and combination-to-denosumab groups (net 48-month changes +7.2% ± 14.8% and –3.4% ± 12.1%, respectively) but increased in the denosumab-to-teriparatide group (net 48-month change +16.2% ± 11.5%, p &lt; 0.05 versus other groups). Trabecular vBMD changes did not differ among groups. Together, these findings demonstrate that in women treated with denosumab, switching to teriparatide is associated with a reduction in total and cortical vBMD, cortical thickness, and estimated strength, whereas switching to denosumab from teriparatide or combination therapy results in improvements in these parameters with the greatest improvements observed in women treated with combined therapy followed by denosumab. These findings strongly suggest that the use of teriparatide after denosumab should be avoided and that the use of combined teriparatide/denosumab followed by denosumab alone may be a useful treatment strategy in those with severe osteoporosis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel CRTH2 Antagonist BI 1021958 at Single Oral Doses in Healthy Men and Multiple Oral Doses in Men and Women With Well‐Controlled Asthma
Authors: Fowler Andy , Koenen Rüdiger , Hilbert James , Blatchford Jon , Kappeler Dominik , Benediktus Ewald , Wood Chester , Gupta Abhya 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBI 1021958, a novel antagonist of the chemoattractant‐receptor‐homologous molecule (CRTH2), targets airway inflammation in asthma by inhibiting prostaglandin binding to CRTH2 receptors. Two phase 1 studies assessed BI 1021958 safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) following single doses in healthy men and multiple doses in men/women with well‐controlled asthma. Studies 1 had 2 parts: a placebo‐controlled, fixed‐sequence, single‐blind, single‐rising‐dose part (n = 56) and a randomized, 2‐way crossover, open‐label, repeated‐dose part studying the food effect on PK/PD (n = 12). Study 2 was a placebo‐controlled, single‐center, double‐blind multiple‐rising‐dose study (n = 84). Primary end points were safety/tolerability and PK/PD (both studies); secondary end points were eosinophil shape change (ESC; study 1) and dose proportionality/linearity following first dose and at steady state (study 2). BI 1021958 was adequately tolerated in both studies; adverse events were infrequent, generally mild to moderate, and occurred similarly in treatment groups. Maximum measured concentration (Cmax) was achieved in ≤2.5 hours in study 1 and ≤2.0 hours in study 2. BI 1021958 exposure increased proportionally with dose. In study 1, following a single 60‐mg dose, AUC parameters and Cmax were 20% and 15% lower, respectively, after a high‐fat meal compared with the fasted state. After ≥60‐mg single doses (study 1) and >40‐mg multiple doses (study 2), >95% ESC inhibition was observed for ≥24 hours. PK/PD was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with well‐controlled asthma. Data support further investigation of CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of asthma.
Pedicle screw augmentation with bone cement enforced Vicryl mesh
Authors: Schmid Samuel L. , Bachmann Elias , Fischer Michael , Meyer Dominik C. , Gerber Christoph A. , Snedeker Jess G. , Farshad Mazda 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTAchieving sufficient mechanical purchase of pedicle screws in osteoporotic or previously instrumented bone is technically and biologically challenging. Techniques using different kinds of pedicle screws or methods of cement augmentation have been used to address this challenge, but are associated with difficult revisions and complications. The purpose of this biomechanical trial was to investigate the use of biocompatible textile materials in combination with bone cement to augment pullout strength of pedicle screws while reducing the risk of cement extrusion. Pedicle screws (6/40 mm) were either augmented with standard bone‐cement (Palacos LV + G) in one group (BC, n = 13) or with bone‐cement enforced by Vicryl mesh in another group (BCVM, n = 13) in osteoporosis‐like saw bone blocks. Pullout testing was subsequently performed. In a second experimental phase, similar experiments were performed using human cadaveric lumbar vertebrae (n = 10). In osteoporosis‐like saw bone blocks, a mean screw pullout force of 350 N (±125) was significantly higher with the Bone cement (BC) compared to bone‐cement enforced by Vicryl mesh (BCVM) technique with 240 N (±64) (p = 0.030). In human cadaveric lumbar vertebrae the mean screw pullout force was 784 ± 366 N with BC and not statistically different to BCVM with 757 ± 303 N (p = 0.836). Importantly, cement extrusion was only observed in the BC group (40%) and never with the BCVM technique. In vitro textile reinforcement of bone cement for pedicle screw augmentation successfully reduced cement extrusion compared to conventionally delivered bone cement. The mechanical strength of textile delivered cement constructs was more reproducible than standard cementing. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:212–216, 2018.
Bench‐to‐bedside: Bridge‐enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair
Authors: Perrone Gabriel S. , Proffen Benedikt L. , Kiapour Ata M. , Sieker Jakob T. , Fleming Braden C. , Murray Martha M. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are one of the most well‐known orthopaedic injuries and are treated with one of the most common orthopaedic procedures performed in the United States. This surgical procedure, ACL reconstruction, is successful at restoring the gross stability of the knee. However, the outcomes of ACL reconstruction can be limited by short and long‐term complications, including muscle weakness, graft rupture, and premature osteoarthritis. Thus, new methods of treating this injury are being explored. This review details the pathway of how a tissue engineering strategy can be used to improve the healing of the ACL in preclinical studies and then translated to patients in an FDA‐approved clinical study. This review paper will outline the clinical importance of ACL injuries, history of primary repair, the pathology behind failure of the ACL to heal, pre‐clinical studies, the FDA approval process for a high risk medical device, and the preliminary results from a first‐in‐human study. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2606–2612, 2017.
Extranodal extension of lymph node metastasis as a prognostic indicator of recurrence and survival in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel , Park Jun Woo , Jeong Junhyeop , Gong Gyungyup , Cho Kyung‐Ja , Choi Seung‐Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon 
Published: June 2017

Background and ObjectivesStratification of extranodal extension (ENE) extent has the potential to improve the accuracy of risk estimations in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study examined the prognostic importance of nodal factors, including ENE, in PTC patients.MethodsThis study enrolled 2071 consecutive patients with treatment‐naïve PTC who underwent thyroidectomy between 2006 and 2010. Microscopic/macroscopic ENE was determined by pathological and operative findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the relationship of factors with recurrence and survival in all study patients and in the node‐positive subset.ResultsOf 2071 patients, 975 (47.1%) had positive lymph nodes, and 271 (13.1%) and 70 (3.4%) had microscopic and macroscopic ENE, respectively. During a median follow‐up of 96 months, 114 (5.5%) patients had post‐treatment recurrence. Multivariate analyses showed that, in all patients, the number of positive nodes, lymph node ratio, ENE status, and ATA risk group were independent variables affecting recurrence (P < 0.05). T4 and macroscopic ENE were independent variables associated with shorter overall survival (P < 0.05). Macroscopic ENE was significantly associated with macroscopic extrathyroidal extension.ConclusionMacroscopic ENE has a significant adverse impact on recurrence and survival after treatment for PTC. ENE is considered a high risk factor for recurrence.
Otolaryngology practice patterns in pediatric tonsillectomy: The impact of the codeine boxed warning
Authors: Goldman Julie L. , Ziegler Craig , Burckardt Elizabeth M. 
Published: June 2017

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine if otolaryngologists at a single children's hospital were adherent to the boxed warning for codeine use in post‐tonsillectomy patients and the implications for practice patterns.Study DesignCase series with chart review.MethodsCharts from all patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy at a single children's hospital from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2015 were analyzed and stratified according to date (pre– or post–boxed warning) and practitioner type (academic otolaryngologists [AO] vs. nonacademic otolaryngologists [NAO]). Demographic data, surgical technique, method of removal, narcotic prescriptions (dosage and drug), and complications were recorded. Fisher exact test was used to determine the level of significance in prescription rates pre‐ and postwarning. SPSS version 22 was used for statistical analysis, with P < .05 indicating statistical significance.ResultsThere were 2,749 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy during the study period, with 1,239 AOs and 1,510 NAOs. There was a distinct downward trend in codeine prescriptions before and after the warning, with the AO group reaching zero sooner than the NAO group. There was a 5% decrease in discharge narcotic prescriptions given postwarning (P < .001), but no significant difference in postoperative emergency department visits or pain‐related complications when comparing the two time periods.ConclusionsCodeine use for management of pediatric post‐tonsillectomy pain was essentially zero after issuance of the boxed warning. Total narcotic use decreased significantly without increase in pain‐ or medication‐related complications. Future research should focus on identifying markers of increased susceptibility to adverse medication events and determining the safest options for pain management.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 128:264–268, 2018
Laser Ablation for Advanced Surface Treatments
Authors: Van de Wall David 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLaser ablation is gaining popularity for medical device applications that require stripping of coatings on cylindrical components like hypotubes and guide wires. It is also being widely used for advanced surface treatments, including discoloration or foaming of plastics and darkening or annealing of metal parts. Offering a repeatable non‐contact process, laser ablation is a clean, low dust (or no‐dust) way to selectively remove wire layers or areas. It is also a fully automated process, with a very high yield compared to other methods.
Light Designers
Authors: Kaliudis Athanassios 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTucked away behind the glass facade of Trumpf headquarters is a brain‐storming room used by an additive manufacturing team. This is where they craft strategies and opportunities to make this promising technology more productive and to extend its appeal to a broader user base. Although additive manufacturing is a hot topic and a popular choice for small‐batch production and prototyping, a lot must happen before additive manufacturing can compete with more established metal‐processing technologies in small and medium‐sized enterprises. The process must become more robust, reproducible and economical.