bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure, Bonding, and Reactivity of Organoaluminum Molecular Species: A Computational Perspective
Authors: Eisenstein Odile , Gérard Hélène 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

This chapter describes the theoretical studies of organoluminum molecules involving one or more aluminum centers, as well aluminum hydride and halide. Selected systems containing other Group 13 elements are also included when they contribute to the understanding of organoaluminum systems. This review includes small to large molecular systems and mono to polyaluminum species that have been studied by a wide variety of methods from molecular orbital analysis and semiempirical methods to the most elaborate wave‐function correlated methods. The electronic structures are presented, and the structure–electronic structure relationships are discussed. The calculations illustrate how the oxidation states and the coordination number influence the structural and electronic properties of the complexes. The Lewis acid character of Al
III
, the polarity of the Al(δ+)–C(δ−) bond, and the rarity of the multiple bond to Al appear as the leading factors. Carbon monoxide, alkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl, cyclopentadienyl, and arene complexes of aluminum are described in detail. The polyaluminum species include systems with direct Al–Al interaction or interaction by way of bridging groups. The structures and role of methyl aluminum oxides (MAO) on polymerization are presented. The chapter ends with the description of mechanisms for reactions of selected organoaluminum reagents derived from computational studies.
Auto‐Tandem Catalysis‐Induced Synthesis of Trisubstituted Furans through Domino Acid‐Acid‐Catalyzed Reaction of Aliphatic Aldehydes and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds by using N‐Bromosuccinimide as Oxidant
Authors: Huang Wenbo , Liu Changhui , Gu Yanlong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA simple aluminium(III) chloride‐catalyzed synthesis of tri‐substituted furans from aliphatic aldehydes and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds was developed by using N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an oxidant. This method was effective for the synthesis of various furan derivatives. Some of the products were not accessible with the previously reported methods. Mechanically, this reaction involved an auto‐tandem catalysis based on a newly reported acid‐acid‐catalyzed tandem reaction to ensure that furans were successfully synthesized.magnified image
On the Gold‐Catalyzed Generation of Phenyl Cations from 1,5‐Diynes
Authors: Wurm Thomas , Bucher Janina , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: March 2017

Abstractcis‐Enediyne systems bearing two non‐terminal alkyne functionalities were transformed in the presence of a gold catalyst. A selective 6‐endo‐dig‐cyclization generates mono‐aurated phenyl cation intermediates, high energy species that are able to activate even primary sp3‐C–H‐bonds. Via insertion into intramolecularly offered, unactivated C–H‐bonds, penta‐substituted benzene derivatives are obtained as final products. In most cases selective insertions into the γ‐sp3‐C—H bonds of the offered tethers were observed.magnified image
Effectiveness of a One‐minute Self‐retraining for Chest Compression‐only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Nishiyama Chika , Shimamoto Tomonari , Kiyohara Kosuke , Kawamura Takashi , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Sakamoto Tetsuya , Iwami Taku 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesAlthough cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills decay after training, little is known about appropriate retraining methods. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 1‐minute self‐retraining (with automated assessment and feedback) at 3 months after the initial 45‐minute chest compression–only CPR training in a simulated randomized controlled trial.MethodsAfter the initial 45‐minute chest compression–only CPR training, participants were randomly assigned to either a 1‐minute self‐retraining group or a control group. Three months after the initial training, the self‐retraining group individually attended the 1‐minute self‐retraining with a self‐training device. The participants’ resuscitation skills were evaluated by a 2‐minute case‐based scenario test 6 months after the initial training. The primary outcome was the number of correct chest compressions with appropriate depth.ResultsA total of 109 subjects participated in this study. With regard to the primary outcome, the number of chest compressions performed at the appropriate depth, there was not a statistically significant difference between groups (136.5 [39.8–204.5] in the self‐retraining group versus 88.0 [8.5–162.0] in the control group, p = 0.66). The number of total chest compressions in the self‐retraining group was 214.0 (186.5–236.0), which was significantly greater (p = 0.01) than that of the control group (177.0 [117.5–215.0]). The time without chest compressions was significantly shorter in the self‐retraining group (0 [0–5.3] seconds vs. 23.0 [0.5–47.0] seconds, p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe 1‐minute self‐retraining program with hands‐on practice appears to help preserve certain chest compression skills. Further efforts to provide methods to maintain CPR skills should be considered.
Ergonomic analysis of the surgical position in functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Milam Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundErgonomics is the methodologic study of people's efficiency in their work environment and is based on anatomy, physiology, psychology, and engineering. Although highly studied in other work environments, little attention has been paid to surgeons until the landmark survey by Park et al in 2010. Many unique aspects of endoscopic surgery amplify task‐related physical discomfort, and, because of these issues, we aimed to study the physical fatigue effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) performed in the standing and sitting positions.MethodsBilateral FESS was performed in 8 cadaver heads (4 in the standing position, 4 in the sitting position), following established ergonomic principles. Physical fatigue was assessed using a 27‐point physical discomfort questionnaire, surface electromyography (EMG), and the NASA Task Load Index Survey. Paired and unpaired t tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsPhysical fatigue was noted after FESS performed in both positions. An overall similar task burden was seen when comparing the 2 positions, although the sitting position was more “frustrating” (p < 0.05). Discomfort after FESS in the standing position was worse in the legs and low back, whereas, in the sitting position, it was seen predominantly in the upper back and arms (p < 0.05). Mean power frequency EMG measurements demonstrated fatigue of major muscle groups in both positions.ConclusionSignificant physical fatigue is reported after a single FESS operation, with measurable EMG changes. Surgeons should be aware of the short‐ and long‐term physical implications of their daily tasks, and should use this information to be proactive in decision‐making for their longevity.
Catalytic Ester and Amide to Amine Interconversion: Nickel‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Amination of Esters and Amides by C−O and C−C Bond Activation
Authors: Yue Huifeng , Guo Lin , Liao Hsuan‐Hung , Cai Yunfei , Zhu Chen , Rueping Magnus 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAn efficient nickel‐catalyzed decarbonylative amination reaction of aryl and heteroaryl esters has been achieved for the first time. The new amination protocol allows the direct interconversion of esters and amides into the corresponding amines and represents a good alternative to classical rearrangements as well as cross coupling reactions.
Noble‐Metal‐Free Janus‐like Structures by Cation Exchange for Z‐Scheme Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Broadband Light Irradiation
Authors: Yuan Qichen , Liu Dong , Zhang Ning , Ye Wei , Ju Huanxin , Shi Lei , Long Ran , Zhu Junfa , Xiong Yujie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractZ‐scheme water splitting is a promising approach based on high‐performance photocatalysis by harvesting broadband solar energy. Its efficiency depends on the well‐defined interfaces between two semiconductors for the charge kinetics and their exposed surfaces for chemical reactions. Herein, we report a facile cation‐exchange approach to obtain compounds with both properties without the need for noble metals by forming Janus‐like structures consisting of γ‐MnS and Cu7S4 with high‐quality interfaces. The Janus‐like γ‐MnS/Cu7S4 structures displayed dramatically enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production rates of up to 718 μmol g−1 h−1 under full‐spectrum irradiation. Upon further integration with an MnOx oxygen‐evolution cocatalyst, overall water splitting was accomplished with the Janus structures. This work provides insight into the surface and interface design of hybrid photocatalysts, and offers a noble‐metal‐free approach to broadband photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Morphological Integration of the Human Pelvis with Respect to Age and Sex
Authors: Mallard Angela M. , Savell Kristen R. R. , Auerbach Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTConsiderable research has shown that modern human pelvic dimensions, especially of the birth canal, are sexually dimorphic. Studies also suggest that females with younger ages‐at‐death have narrower canal dimensions than those who die at older ages, possibly due to continued independent growth of the pubis. A recent examination of this pattern argued that it is unlikely that these differences relate to mortality, but the source of the difference in pelvic dimensions with age remains unresolved. We use pelvic dimensions to assess differences in magnitudes of morphological integration between adult females and males across ages‐at‐death. We first ascertain whether the sexes have different strengths of integration, and then assess if differences in magnitudes of integration are associated with age‐at‐death. Pelvic dimensions of all groups were moderately integrated. Females and males have similar magnitudes of integration, and there is no change in the strength of integration with age. Examining individual regions of the pelvis indicates that the ilium, pubis, and pelvic inlet and outlet have stronger integration than the overall pelvis. This was particularly true of the pelvic outlet, which demonstrated the strongest integration. Our findings suggest that regions of the pelvis are more strongly integrated internally, and less integrated with each other, which would allow for proportional growth among regions of the pelvis with age that do not affect its overall integration. No single region of the pelvis appears to be motivating the difference in pelvic dimensions between age groups. We further consider the implications of these findings on evolutionary constraints. Anat Rec, 300:666–674, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Report: Anti–Carbamylated Protein Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Are Reactive With Specific Epitopes of the Human Fibrinogen β‐Chain
Authors: Jones Jonathan D. , Hamilton B. JoNell , Rigby William F. C. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveAnti–carbamylated protein (anti‐CarP) antibodies are associated with the risk and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are primarily directed against fibrinogen. The lack of understanding of anti‐CarP antibody reactivity has limited analysis of the immunopathogenic associations in RA. To address this shortcoming, we mapped anti‐CarP antibody epitope reactivity in RA patient sera.MethodsImmunoblotting identified a patient serum sample with specific reactivity to the carbamylated human fibrinogen β‐chain. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) identified sites of homocitrullines (carbamylated lysines) present in the human fibrinogen β‐chain. The reactivity of an anti‐CarP antibody–positive cohort to specific peptides containing carbamylated lysines was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, through direct binding (n = 63 sera) and by competition assays (n = 40 sera).ResultsSerum with specific reactivity to carbamylated, but not citrullinated, fibrinogen β‐chain was identified in a specimen obtained from an RA patient. LC‐MS identified carbamylation of 9 of 34 lysines in the human fibrinogen β‐chain. Mapping of immunoreactivity to tryptic peptide fragments demonstrated several candidate carbamylated epitopes that were confirmed by competition experiments. Peptides containing a homocitrulline at position 83 appeared to be an immunodominant epitope in some RA patient sera, with additional reactivity to peptides containing homocitrullines at positions 52, 264, 351, 367, and 374.ConclusionAnti‐CarP antibodies appear to preferentially target specific regions of the human fibrinogen β‐chain that contain homocitrullines. Interestingly, humoral immunoreactivity appears to be relatively restricted in some patients, which may enable detection of specific relationships with disease phenotype.
Proinflammatory Cytokine Environments Can Drive Interleukin‐17 Overexpression by γ/δ T Cells in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Kessel Christoph , Lippitz Katrin , Weinhage Toni , Hinze Claas , Wittkowski Helmut , Holzinger Dirk , Fall Ndate , Grom Alexei A. , Gruen Niklas , Foell Dirk 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveSystemic‐onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is speculated to follow a biphasic course, with an initial systemic disease phase driven by innate immune mechanisms and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) as a key cytokine and a second chronic arthritic phase that may be dominated by adaptive immunity and cytokines such as IL‐17A. Although a recent mouse model points to a critical role of IL‐17–expressing γ/δ T cells in disease pathology, in humans, both the prevalence of IL‐17 and the role of IL‐17–producing cells are still unclear.MethodsSerum samples from systemic JIA patients and healthy pediatric controls were analyzed for the levels of IL‐17A and related cytokines. Whole blood samples were studied for cellular expression of IL‐17 and interferon‐γ (IFNγ). CD4+ and γ/δ T cells isolated from the patients and controls were assayed for cytokine secretion in different culture systems.ResultsIL‐17A was prevalent in sera from patients with active systemic JIA, while both ex vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that γ/δ T cells overexpressed this cytokine. This was not seen with CD4+ T cells, which expressed strikingly low levels of IFNγ. Therapeutic IL‐1 blockade was associated with partial normalization of both cytokine expression phenotypes. Furthermore, culturing healthy donor γ/δ T cells in serum from systemic JIA patients or in medium spiked with IL‐1β, IL‐18, and S100A12 induced IL‐17 overexpression at levels similar to those observed in the patients' cells.ConclusionA systemic JIA cytokine environment may prime γ/δ T cells in particular for IL‐17A overexpression. Thus, our observations in systemic JIA patients strongly support a pathophysiologic role of these cells, as proposed by the recent murine model.
Technological innovation systems for biorefineries: a review of the literature
Authors: Bauer Fredric , Coenen Lars , Hansen Teis , McCormick Kes , Palgan Yuliya Voytenko 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe concept of a bioeconomy can be understood as an economy where the basic building blocks for materials, chemicals, and energy are derived from renewable biological resources. Biorefineries are considered an integral part of the development toward a future sustainable bioeconomy. The purpose of this literature review is to synthesize current knowledge about how biorefinery technologies are being developed, deployed, and diffused, and to identify actors, networks, and institutions relevant for these processes. Several key findings can be obtained from the literature. First, investing more resources in R&D will not help to enable biorefineries to cross the ‘valley of death’ toward greater commercial investments. Second, while the importance and need for entrepreneurship and the engagement of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) is generally acknowledged, there is no agreement how to facilitate conditions for entrepreneurs and SMEs to enter the field of biorefineries. Third, visions for biorefinery technologies and products have focused very much on biofuels and bioenergy with legislation and regulation playing an instrumental role in creating a market for these products. But there is a clear need to incentivize non‐energy products to encourage investments in biorefineries. Finally, policy support for biorefinery developments and products is heavily intertwined with wider discussions around legitimacy and social acceptance. The paper concludes by outlining current knowledge gaps. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Study Exploring the Effects of Daily Supplementation with 400 μg of Folic Acid on the Nutritional Status of Folate in Women of Reproductive Age
Authors: Arias Laidy D. , Parra Beatriz E. , Muñoz Angélica M. , Cárdenas Diana L. , Duque Tiffany G. , Manjarrés Luz M. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundThis investigation determines the nutritional state of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration and their relation with intake of folate, B6,and B12, with serum vitamin B12, and with genetic variants after provision of 400 μg/day of folic acid for 3 months to a group of 34 Colombian women of reproductive age.MethodsWe evaluated nutrient intake using 24‐hr recall, assessing the levels of serum folate, RBC folate, serum B12, and homocysteine, as well as determining genetic variants of the enzyme MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) and CβS (844ins68pb).ResultsThe results show that following intake of 400 μg/day of folic acid, the risk of folate deficiency as seen in regular dietary intake disappears and the nutritional status of this nutrient is increased (p < 0.001). With respect to vitamin B12, the risk of serum deficiency with folic acid consumption increased slightly, and those that were found to be B12 deficient after supplementation also had decreased levels of serum homocysteine. Genetic factors did not influence the nutritional status of folate, although an association was found between the intake of nutrients and biochemical indicators.ConclusionGiven the results of our study, subsequent studies evaluating folic acid supplementation should also consider evaluating the status of B12 and B6, and serum and RBC folate, as they participate interdependently in the cycle of folate and methionine and in homocysteine metabolism.Birth Defects Research 109:564–573, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mindless resistance to persuasion: Low self‐control fosters the use of resistance‐promoting heuristics
Authors: Janssen Loes , Fennis Bob M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn our consumer society, people are confronted on a daily basis with unsolicited persuasion attempts. The present research challenges the prevailing view that resisting persuasion is more likely to fail when consumers have low self‐control. Four experiments tested the hypothesis that impaired self‐regulation may actually facilitate resistance to persuasion when the influence context contains resistance‐promoting heuristics. Indeed, participants with low self‐control were less likely to comply with a persuasive request (Experiments 1 and 3), reported a less favourable attitude towards an advertised product (Experiment 2), and generated more negative responses towards a persuasive message (Experiment 4) than participants with high self‐control, when they could rely on resistance‐promoting heuristics: a violation of the norm of reciprocity (Experiments 1 and 3), an advertisement disclaimer (Experiment 2), or negative social proof (Experiment 4). Together, these studies demonstrate that contextual cues can bolster resistance when one does not carefully scrutinize an influence attempt.
Percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed N. , Elgendy Islam Y. , Mentias Amgad , Saad Marwan , Ibrahim Walid , Mojadidi Mohammad K. , Nairooz Ramez , Eshtehardi Parham , David Anderson R. , Samady Habib 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundRecent trials comparing PCI with CABG for unprotected left main disease yielded discrepant evidence.ObjectivesTo perform an updated meta‐analysis of randomized trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease.MethodsRandomized trials comparing PCI versus CABG for patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease were included. Summary estimates risk ratios (RRs) were performed with a DerSimonian and Laird model at short‐term, intermediate and long‐term follow‐up periods (i.e., 30‐days, 1‐year, and >1‐year). Outcomes evaluated were major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization and stent thrombosis or symptomatic graft occlusion.ResultsSix trials with 4,700 patients and a mean SYNTAX score of 23 were included. At short‐term follow‐up, the risk of MACCE was lower with PCI (RR 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39‐0.76) driven by the lower risk of myocardial infarction (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46‐0.99), and stroke (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16‐0.90). The risk of MACCE was similar at the intermediate follow‐up (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.97‐1.51). At long‐term follow‐up, PCI was associated with a higher risk of MACCE (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01‐1.41), due to a higher risk of revascularization (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.34‐1.94), while the risk of all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke were similar.ConclusionsIn patients with unprotected left main coronary disease and low to intermediate SYNTAX score, PCI might be an acceptable alternative to CABG. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.