bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prefrontal Neurons Represent Motion Signals from Across the Visual Field But for Memory-Guided Comparisons Depend on Neurons Providing These Signals
Authors: Wimmer Klaus , Spinelli Philip , Pasternak Tatiana 
Published: September 2016

Visual decisions often involve comparisons of sequential stimuli that can appear at any location in the visual field. The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in nonhuman primates, shown to play an important role in such comparisons, receives information about contralateral stimuli directly from sensory neurons in the same hemisphere, and about ipsilateral stimuli indirectly from neurons in the opposite hemisphere. This asymmetry of sensory inputs into the LPFC poses the question of whether and how its neurons incorporate sensory information arriving from the two hemispheres during memory-guided comparisons of visual motion. We found that, although responses of individual LPFC neurons to contralateral stimuli were stronger and emerged 40 ms earlier, they carried remarkably similar signals about motion direction in the two hemifields, with comparable direction selectivity and similar direction preferences. This similarity was also apparent around the time of the comparison between the current and remembered stimulus because both ipsilateral and contralateral responses showed similar signals reflecting the remembered direction. However, despite availability in the LPFC of motion information from across the visual field, these “comparison effects” required for the comparison stimuli to appear at the same retinal location. This strict dependence on spatial overlap of the comparison stimuli suggests participation of neurons with localized receptive fields in the comparison process. These results suggest that while LPFC incorporates many key aspects of the information arriving from sensory neurons residing in opposite hemispheres, it continues relying on the interactions with these neurons at the time of generating signals leading to successful perceptual decisions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual decisions often involve comparisons of sequential visual motion that can appear at any location in the visual field. We show that during such comparisons, the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) contains accurate representation of visual motion from across the visual field, supplied by motion processing neurons. However, at the time of comparison, LPFC neurons can only use this information to compute the differences between the stimuli, if stimuli appear at the same retinal location, implicating neurons with localized receptive fields in the comparison process. These findings show that sensory comparisons rely on the interactions between LPFC and sensory neurons that not only supply sensory signals but also actively participate in the comparison of these signals at the time of the decision.
Recruitment of a Neuronal Ensemble in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Is Required for Alcohol Dependence
Authors: de Guglielmo Giordano , Crawford Elena , Kim Sarah , Vendruscolo Leandro F. , Hope Bruce T. , Brennan Molly , Cole Maury , Koob George F. , George Olivier 
Published: September 2016

Abstinence from alcohol is associated with the recruitment of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in nondependent rats that binge drink alcohol and in alcohol-dependent rats. However, whether the recruitment of this neuronal ensemble in the CeA is causally related to excessive alcohol drinking or if it represents a consequence of excessive drinking remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the recruitment of a neuronal ensemble in the CeA during abstinence is required for excessive alcohol drinking in nondependent rats that binge drink alcohol and in alcohol-dependent rats. We found that inactivation of the CeA neuronal ensemble during abstinence significantly decreased alcohol drinking in both groups. In nondependent rats, the decrease in alcohol intake was transient and returned to normal the day after the injection. In dependent rats, inactivation of the neuronal ensemble with Daun02 produced a long-term decrease in alcohol drinking. Moreover, we observed a significant reduction of somatic withdrawal signs in dependent animals that were injected with Daun02 in the CeA. These results indicate that the recruitment of a neuronal ensemble in the CeA during abstinence from alcohol is causally related to excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-dependent rats, whereas a similar neuronal ensemble only partially contributed to alcohol-binge-like drinking in nondependent rats. These results identify a critical neurobiological mechanism that may be required for the transition to alcohol dependence, suggesting that focusing on the neuronal ensemble in the CeA may lead to a better understanding of the etiology of alcohol use disorders and improve medication development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlcohol dependence recruits neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Here, we found that inactivation of a specific dependence-induced neuronal ensemble in the CeA reversed excessive alcohol drinking and somatic signs of alcohol dependence in rats. These results identify a critical neurobiological mechanism that is required for alcohol dependence, suggesting that targeting dependence neuronal ensembles may lead to a better understanding of the etiology of alcohol use disorders, with implications for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
Cardiac tumors: echo assessment
Authors: Mankad Rekha , Herrmann Joerg 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Cardiac tumors are exceedingly rare (0.001-0.03% in most autopsy series). They can be present anywhere within the heart and can be attached to any surface or be embedded in the myocardium or pericardial space. Signs and symptoms are nonspecific and highly variable related to the localization, size and composition of the cardiac mass. Echocardiography, typically performed for another indication, may be the first imaging modality alerting the clinician to the presence of a cardiac mass. Although echocardiography cannot give the histopathology, certain imaging features and adjunctive tools such as contrast imaging may aid in the differential diagnosis as do the adjunctive clinical data and the following principles: (1) thrombus or vegetations are the most likely etiology, (2) cardiac tumors are mostly secondary and (3) primary cardiac tumors are mostly benign. Although the finding of a cardiac mass on echocardiography may generate confusion, a stepwise approach may serve well practically. Herein, we will review such an approach and the role of echocardiography in the assessment of cardiac masses.
High Reliability Pediatric Septic Shock Quality Improvement Initiative and Decreasing Mortality
Authors: Lane Roni D. , Funai Tomohiko , Reeder Ron , Larsen Gitte Y. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Septic shock impacts mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. A quality improvement (QI) initiative was launched to improve early recognition and timely treatment of patients with septic shock in a pediatric emergency department (PED). Our primary aim was to describe the longitudinal effectiveness of the program, iterative changes in clinical practice, and associated outcomes.METHODS:We implemented multiple interventions during our QI initiative (February 2007 to December 2014). Analysis of compliance and outcomes focused on a bundle consisting of: (1) timely antibiotics, (2) intravenous fluids (IVF) for rapid reversal of perfusion abnormalities and/or hypotension. Logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for death and pediatric ICU (PICU) admission.RESULTS:A total of 1380 patients were treated for septic shock; 93% met screening criteria at triage. Implementation of the various processes improved timely interventions. One example included implementation of a sepsis order set, after which the mean proportion of patients receiving timely antibiotics increased to its highest rate. The odds of death were 5 times as high for children who did not receive bundle-compliant care (OR, 5.0 [95% Confidence Interval 1.9, 14.3]) compared with those who did (OR, 0.20 [95% Confidence Interval 0.07, 0.53]). Among PICU admitted patients, the odds of mortality were greater for children who presented with abnormal mental status and a higher pediatric index of mortality 2 score.CONCLUSIONS:QI methodology improved septic shock program goal adherence and decreased mortality without increasing PICU admissions or PED length of stay over the 8-year period, supporting continued emphasis on early recognition, timely IVF resuscitation, and antibiotic administration.
Contribución al desarrollo sostenible local de los proyectos MDL en el sector de generación eléctrica por biomasa: caso INCAUCA S.A.
Authors: Vergara Tamayo Carlos Andrés , Ortiz Motta Diana Carolina 
Published: September 2016

<em>La declaración presentada por la comunidad internacional a mediados del siglo XX frente al reconocimiento del fenómeno del cambio climático, dio origen a propuestas de la comunidad para la creación de mecanismos orientados al control y a la reducción de sus causas. Una de estas propuestas es el Protocolo de Kyoto, el cual tiene por objetivo la reducción de los Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI) causantes del calentamiento global. Dicho protocolo planteó tres iniciativas, pero, tan solo una de ellas involucra la participación de países en vía de desarrollo como es el caso de Colombia; se trata de los Proyectos de Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL). En este sentido, el objetivo de este documento es comprender los aportes en términos del desarrollo sostenible local, a partir de la metodología multicriterio AHP, para el proyecto MDL de cogeneración y sustitución de combustible del Ingenio del Cauca S.A., registrado ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC.) De este trabajo se concluye que no existe una diferencia importante entre la situación “con proyecto” y la situación “sin proyecto”, en otras palabras, la contribución al desarrollo social del Municipio de Miranda (Cauca), no está determinada por la puesta en marcha del proyecto MDL, sin embargo al analizar de manera global el ranking de las dos alternativas evaluadas es evidente que los actores involucrados prefieren la situación antes del proyecto que con este.</em>
La participación femenina en publicaciones colombianas de economía y administración indexadas en Scopus (1974 – junio de 2014)
Authors: Lis Gutiérrez Jenny Paola , Bahos Olivera Clorith Angélica 
Published: September 2016

<p><em>A partir de la construcción de: (i) indicadores de género (distribución horizontal, distribución vertical, índice de feminidad, índice de masculinidad, índice de Duncan, índice de segregación, índice de contribución al sexismo e índice de interacción), (ii) un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo y evaluativo, segmentado por el sexo de los autores, y (iii) representaciones de cartografía temática y estadística, se pretendió establecer si existe una brecha de género en la producción académica nacional en Economía y Administración, esto, a pesar de que el número de autoras en ciencias económicas se haya incrementado en años recientes. Los resultados indican que los artículos con mujeres como autoras principales no superaron el 27% y como co-autoras solo fue del 24%. A su vez se identificó que los mejores indicadores en cuanto a reiteración de las citaciones (índices H, R y A) los obtienen los artículos escritos por hombres sin co-autoría femenina. Finalmente se logró establecer que los indicadores de género calculados con respecto al número de autores, reiteran la brecha de género y la masculinización en la publicación científica en ciencias económicas, sin embargo, no hay evidencia de segregación en las tres áreas analizadas. </em><em></em></p>
A modern condensation method to compute the determinants of n×n matrices
Authors: Ahmed Ali. A. M. , Bondar K. L. 
Published: September 2016

In this paper we present a modern condensation method to compute the determinants of n×n matrices. This condensation method is a method for evaluating an n×n determinant in term of determinants of size (n- 1)×(n -1) , and then expresses the latter in terms of determinants of size (n- 2)×(n -2), and so on. The difference between Chio's method and this method is that the Chio's method repeats one row and one column with the remaining rows and columns while this method repeats only one row or one column.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTHELMINTIC AND DOCKING STUDIES OF NEW 2-[(E)-{[4-(1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-1 YLMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO} METHYL]PHENOL, AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH 3D METAL IONS
Authors: K.s. Jithendra Kumara , G. Krishnamurthy , N. Sunil Kumar 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The main objectives of this research work is the synthesis and characterization of biologically potential triazole ring containing the Schiff base legend and their transition metal complexes, followed by screenings of their antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity the results of antimicrobial activity were compared with docking scores.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The<strong> </strong>coordination complexes of Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III) and Zn(II) with Schiff base derived ligand 4-(1<em>H</em>-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) aniline and substituted aldehydes have been synthesized. The complexes are characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, electronic, IR, and <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were also screened <em>In vitro</em> antimicrobial activity was carried out according to diffusion method by using agar and potato dextrose agar at 100, 500 and 700 mg/ml concentrations in DMF.<strong> </strong>HEX 8.0<strong> </strong>programmers were used to perform the docking experiments on <em>nucleotide </em>of <em>S. typhi </em><em>at</em> as ligand [PDB: 3B6O].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Schiff base ligand and their transition metal complexes were studied for antimicrobial activity as well as docking. The results of both studies concluded that 4a, 4c and 4d compounds are more active in minimum inhibition concentration (30μg/ml) against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus), Salmonella typhi (S. typlei)</em> bacteria and <em>Penicillium chrysogenum</em> (<em>P. Crysogenum) </em>fungi. The compounds showed highest docking score (-257.47,-275.61 and-280.17 respectively) with the secondary structure of the alpha-amylase with a nucleotide from <em>s. typhi</em> in the solid model. In the study of anthelmintic activity among these three compounds, 4d compound exhibits more activity compared with the standard.</p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The compounds 4a, 4c and 4d were found to be more promising pharmacological activity this observation may promote a further development of this triazole group of compounds which may lead to better pharmacological profile than standard drugs. <p> </p>
EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF COMBRETUM ALBIDUM G. DON AGAINST CCl4 INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Rajalingam D. , Varadharajan R. , Palani S. 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present investigations were undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of the whole plant of <em>Combretum albidum G </em>Don against CCl<sub>4</sub>-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of <em>Combretum albidum</em> (EECA) was determined by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) intoxication of rats as experimental models. The extent of liver damage and effect of the plant extract was assessed by various biochemical parameters like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total billrubin (TB) and total protein (TP) in blood serum and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in liver were determined. Histopathological changes in the liver of different groups were also studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The administration of EECA at dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg/b.w., orally had decreased the rise of ALT, AST, ALP, TB and TBRAS levels and the effects were comparable to standard drug (Silymarin 25 mg/kg/b. w,) the GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST and TP levels were significantly increased in the animals received EECA. The histopathological studies show decreased necrosis and hepatocellular degeneration when compared to the CCl intoxicated liver.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that the hepatoprotective and the antioxidant activity of the whole plant of <em>Combretum albidum</em> therefore scientifically supports the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of liver disorders.</p>
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST HUMAN ORAL PATHOGENS
Authors: J Lavanya , S Periyar Selvam , M. Jeevitha Priya , Jacintha Preethi , M. Aradana 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study was focused on determining the phytochemicals, antibacterial, antiadherence, antifungal and antioxidant activities of <em>Glycyrrhiza glabra, Matricaria chamomilla and Eclipta alba</em> and also their mechanism of action towards human oral pathogens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Qualitative analysis and quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids were performed in methanolic extracts. Antibacterial, anti adherence, antifungal assays were performed by plate assays. Antioxidant assays were done by ABTS and DPPH methods. SEM, TEM and flow cytometry analysis were executed to find out the mechanism of action of plant extract.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> The total phenol contents were 0.85, 1.24, 0.64 GAE/g and the total flavonoid contents were 356, 231.34 and 88 µg QE/mg for <em>G. glabra, M. chamomilla</em> and <em>E. alba</em> respectively.</p><p><em>Matricaria chamomilla</em> possesses highest antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) among the all extracts tested. <em>E. alba</em> showed a highest zone of inhibition against<em> S. aureus</em> (21.6 mm) whereas <em>G. glabra</em> and <em>M. chamomilla</em> revealed the better result of 21 mm and 19.8 mm respectively against <em>S. mutans. </em></p><p><em>Glycyrrhiza glabra </em>showed antifungal activity against <em>Candida parapsilosis</em> whereas <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans</em> showed resistance towards all the extracts tested. The MIC, MBC and antiadherence tests were also performed. Sorbitol assay confirmed that <em>G. glabra</em> has no impact on the fungal cell wall. To confirm the mode of action SEM, TEM and flow cytometric analysis were performed which showed the cell elongation and damage in cytoplasmic membrane resulting in oozing of cellular constituents. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>:<strong> </strong>This work concluded that all the plant extracts showed potent activities among the various tests. Oral care product can be developed if the active constituents responsible for the activities were analysed.</p><p> </p>
EFFECT OF PITHECELLOBIUM DULCE BENTH LEAVES IN DEXAMETHASONE INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: S. Mule V. , S. Naikwade N. , S. Magdum C. , A. Jagtap V. 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the present study was to study the effect of <em>Pithecellobium dulce </em>Benth (<em>P. dulce</em>) leaves in dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authenticated <em>P. dulce</em> leaves were collected from a local area of Sangli, Maharashtra. The leaves of the plant were extracted with water and ethanol by maceration and soxhelation respectively. Acute toxicity studies of the both extracts were performed using rat and according to OECD 425 guidelines. The dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was selected for further studies. The albino rats were divided into seven groups with five animals in each group. The diabetes was induced by dexamethasone (10 mg/kg, s. c.) and treated with extract and standard drug for 10 d. Then blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and glycogen level in liver, muscle and kidney were estimated according to standard procedures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed that <em>P. dulce</em> at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed significant (p ˂ 0.05) antidiabetic activity. All the extract treated groups showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level on 11<sup>th</sup> day when compared to diabetic control group. The significant increase in blood glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol level was observed in the diabetic control group when compared to normal control group. The liver and muscle glycogen level was decreased significantly (p ˂ 0.05) in the diabetic control group.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It can be concluded that <em>P. dulce</em>aqueous and ethanolic extract at two different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) possesses antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity.<p> </p>
ANTI-RADICAL ACTIVITIES OF XANTHONES AND FLAVONOIDS FROM GARCINIA SCHOMBURGKIANA
Authors: Meechai Imron , Phupong Worrapong , Chunglok Warangkana , Meepowpan Puttinan 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aimed to isolate and identify the phytochemical constituents of <em>Garcinia schomburgkiana</em> branches and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the compounds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The chromatographic and spectroscopic (UV, IR, NMR and MS) techniques were used for the isolation and elucidation of the compounds, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the isolated compounds was examined through DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The (<strong>-</strong>)-5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone (1), which was firstly found in the <em>Garcinia</em> species, together with kaempferol (2), (-)-dihydrokaempferol (3), euxanthone (4), gentisein (5) and norathyriol (6) were isolated from <em>G. schomburgkiana</em>. Among the isolated compounds, compound 1 and 6 exhibited the highest potential for anti-radical activities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compound 1<strong> </strong>could be used as the chemotaxonomic marker of <em>G. schomburgkiana</em>. The branches of <em>G. schomburgkiana</em> could be the alternative source of the antioxidants. The possible inhibitory mechanisms were proposed through the action of electron transfer, chelation, and nitrosylation.</p><p> </p>