bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Gamble Steven 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the strands flowing throughout the book and situates hip hop’s online mediation as a development following its globalization and digitalization. Online hip hop is, this chapter argues, the most contemporary form the culture takes, having encountered challenges, opportunities, and transformations in the process of its onlining. The chapter reflects on the scope of the overall study and suggests some pathways for future research. With new online creative technologies quickly developing, and 2023 dubbed ‘the year of AI transformation’, the book closes by gesturing to potential futures of hip hop and the internet.
Introduction
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Introduction begins with a description of the 1944 Looney Tunes short film Swooner Crooner, which serves as a recurring case study throughout the book to examine how American media in the 1940s represented Frank Sinatra, popular culture, girlhood, race, and female sexuality. Swooner Crooner is just one example of how popular media portrayed Sinatra as a weak, vulnerable, and ethnically ambiguous pop idol who drew shockingly hysterical behavior from female youth, fueling accusations that both Sinatra and teen girls were inappropriately distracted and disengaged from the international crisis at hand. The Introduction then situates the book at the intersection of fan studies, music history, and reception, posing questions the rest of the book explores—questions such as, from whose perspectives do we currently remember World War II? Whom do we consider to be reputable music and cultural critics? Why should we study music history through teenage fandom?
Teenage Social Organizations
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the social organizations American teens created around popular music. Teenagers who desired to strengthen their sense of community with peers participated in Teen Canteens, local spaces where both boys and girls could gather after school to dance, listen to music, socialize, and pursue opportunities to contribute to the war effort. Despite the success of Teen Canteens, some were forced to shut down due to conflicts surrounding racial intolerance and fears regarding interactions between boys and girls. The chapter then moves into a detailed look into the world of Frank Sinatra fan clubs, the membership of which was primarily teenage girls, prompting questions regarding why teenage girls sought their own spaces outside of organizations like Teen Canteens, what they got out of them, and what teenage girls were able to do within the safety of these communities that they couldn’t do in public.
Finding “the Voice”
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores how Sinatra fans used their fan communities to bring their voices into the public sphere on issues such as civil rights and politics. Taking a cue from Sinatra’s public work against racial and religious discrimination and his experiences as an Italian American, his teen fans worked to spread similar messages of tolerance and discussed these ideas within their clubs. Additionally, teenage Sinatra fans cultivated international relationships with foreign Sinatra fans through an organization called the Adopt a Foreign Fan Association (AAFFA). Operating in the middle of international conflict and nationalist mindsets, the attitudes Sinatra’s teenage fans displayed toward embracing internationalism reached far beyond the stereotypes society placed upon them.
Fellow Travelers
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Humans tend to think of themselves as individuals but are actually a collection of organisms. In fact, they are outnumbered by perhaps 10 to 1 when comparing the number of organisms living on them to the number of their cells. Some are occasional visitors (mosquitoes, cold viruses) that may cause annoyance for a while, but others remain with (parasites) even for a lifetime. Still others have left their mark on human genes (retroviruses), and humans have taken advantage of some of those borrowed genes (Arc protein). Those relationships are mostly beneficial or at least neutral. For example, the microbiome in the human gut is critical to health.
Inside and Outside
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The concept of inside and outside is fundamental to biology. Many biological processes must be enclosed to maintain reactant concentrations. Interestingly, cellular membranes are based on the same characteristics of the oil and water as in salad dressings. The polar structure of water and the nonpolar properties of oils allow lipid bilayer membranes to form and compartmentalize biochemical reactions. The three-dimensional structure of proteins also has insides and outsides that allow them to function. One of those functions is to cross membranes to allow other molecules to move into and out of different compartments. Insides and outsides are also critical for many other physiological functions, such as digestion, the blood-brain barrier, pregnancy, blood flow, and more.
Inside and Outside of Us
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The outside of humans is both obvious and not so obvious. The obvious outside is the skin. The less obvious outside is the lining of the intestines. Both are interfaces with the external world, and both are exposed to the environment so that the cells must be continually replaced by new cells. The skin is subjected to numerous environmental insults, such as ultraviolet light, abrasions, parasites, and toxins. The digestive system is likewise attacked by foods, parasites, and toxins. The true inside is contained between the skin and the mucus membranes and contains the organs, bones, muscles, glands, and other tissues.
Food and Eating
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Eating is a fundamental biological process for every animal. Sometimes they eat, and sometimes they are eaten. Eating has been a key part of human evolution from hunter-gatherers to cooking to modern diets. For omnivores, humans are fairly picky eaters, focusing mostly on vertebrates and a few plant divisions. Eating involves anatomy, physiology, and the process of eating. For millennia, human ancestors struggled to get enough food, and their genetic processes developed to deal with that. The introduction of cooking made it possible to get more nutrition from our food. Now in most of the developed world, humans are suffering diseases of affluence (e.g., obesity, heart disease, diabetes).
Asian American, Racial Solidarity, and Black Lives Matter
Authors: Cosby Robert , Liu Meirong , Chan Keith T. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores powerful and impactful alliances between Asian and black communities that led to major leaps forward in the pursuit of racial justice and civil rights. The authors focus on shared histories and experiences and provide concrete steps that Asian Americans can take to promote enduring solidarity with African Americans and other marginalized groups to battle racism; the chapter specifically examines the Black Lives Matter movement. This chapter provides a framework to understand the collective empowerment efforts that have built from a united stand for social justice and equity. Social workers can promote racial solidarity by including the history of interracial solidarity in curriculum, promoting conversation across race, recognizing their own racial biases, and engaging in anti-racism community and policy initiatives. White supremacy is the root of racism, and efforts to eliminate racism broadly will work toward freeing oppressed populations from the negative effects of White supremacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Chan Keith T. , Liu Meirong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This edited volume represents a collaborative effort by social work scholars brought together by the urgent need to confront the surge in anti-Asian racism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite diverse backgrounds and perspectives, the contributors united in their belief that social work plays a crucial role in dismantling racism and fostering unity. While acknowledging the complexity of addressing all facets of anti-Asian racism, the volume serves to fill a crucial gap in the social work discipline. The authors’ and editors’ goal is to contribute to the ongoing efforts to understand and eradicate anti-Asian racism by advocating for social justice through education, research, practice, and policy.
Mutiny on the Black Prince
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In 1768, the slave ship Black Prince departed Bristol, England, bound for West Africa. Before reaching Old Calabar, the ship’s crew seized control of the ship, murdering the captain and his officers. The rebels renamed the ship “Liberty,” elected new officers, and set sail for Brazil. Mutiny on the Black Prince traces the dramatic story of this sailor uprising and its aftermath, following European, African, and Native American workers through the worlds of the Atlantic slave trade. At the same time, the book offers the first in-depth study of the commercial strategies of England’s most prolific eighteenth-century slaving merchants. The owners of the Black Prince conducted a relentless, eight-year manhunt for the ship’s fugitive sailors, who scattered across the Atlantic world. Though laboring people challenged their exploitation during the era of revolutions, slaving interests systematically captured crucial parts of the state apparatus, protecting their economic capital and expanding their political power. The Black Prince’s owners seized control of state surveillance, policing, extradition, capital punishment, and international diplomacy in order to protect their wealth. The immediate political gains of the revolutionary era obscure this corporate counter-revolution and its long-term negative impacts on the economic freedom of the majority of working people. Mutiny on the Black Prince demonstrates how slave merchants and their families capitalized their wealth and power across multiple generations, investing in early British banks, railroads, insurance companies, and industrial manufacturing. Ultimately, slaving interests profoundly shaped the industrializing Atlantic economy and the evolution of the modern corporate state.
Masters of Ships
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The principal owners of the Black Prince, John Fowler and James Laroche Jr., were titans in the trade in human beings. Despite their partnership and apparent similarities, Fowler and Laroche Jr. could not have been more different. Laroche Jr. was born into privilege. His father served as a Member of Parliament, while his uncle became Bristol’s most prolific eighteenth-century slave trader. Laroche Jr. lacked initiative in business, preferring to rely on the financial patronage of his family and friends. Meanwhile, John Fowler was a bootstrap entrepreneur. After starting out as a shipboard worker, he scaled the ranks to become a ship captain and eventually eighteenth-century Bristol’s second-most-prolific slave merchant. On the eve of the Black Prince’s launch in November 1768, Laroche had just been elected to his father’s old Parliamentary seat, and Fowler was entering his ascendancy as a merchant/trader. Together, they formed a powerful political and economic partnership.
The Politics of the Sea
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the fall of 1768, John Fowler and James Laroche prepared the Black Prince to launch on its voyage to Africa and the Caribbean. Fowler purchased trade goods from across Britain. He also gathered intelligence on the state of trade in Africa. Among Fowler’s most important tasks was his selection of a commander for the voyage. He ultimately chose an unproven, rookie captain named William Hawkins. As a rule, the slave trade promoted states of mind altered by alcohol, opiates, fevers, exhaustion, and gratuitous violence. This volatile mix could become lethal for captains, crews, and enslaved Africans. Two years prior, one of Fowler’s captains severely beat a sailor named Stephen Porter. Porter retaliated by murdering the captain and hijacking the ship. Fowler spared no effort in seeking justice, leveraging the British Crown to prosecute Porter in New York. Ultimately, Crown justice stood as a proxy for Fowler’s sprawling financial interests.
Afterlives
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
After the Black Prince saga, the fortunes of James Laroche and John Fowler moved in divergent directions. Laroche served in Parliament for twelve years, but then twice declared bankruptcy before dying broke in 1804. Fowler stopped working as a financier for slaving voyages in 1778, but he retained a robust portfolio of financial assets. He owned properties in England and the Caribbean. He also held shares in gunpowder manufacturing, ropeways, turnpike trusts, insurance companies, and banks. When Fowler died in 1789, his accumulated slaving wealth served as a catalyst for his heirs to attain higher education, take risks on overseas ventures in Latin America, purchase offices in the Anglican Church, and invest in Britain’s docks, canals, bridges, and railroads. Multiplying the cumulative impacts of slave trading over the breadth of British economy, society, and politics in the nineteenth century leaves no doubt that slaving contributed mightily to modern British life.
Sustainment and Support Uses of AI in Defence: The Case of AI-Augmented Intelligence Analysis
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
AI-augmented intelligence refers to the use of AI to support intelligence analysis. This is one of the most relevant examples of uses of AI for sustainment and support purposes. In defence, AI can be crucial to gain and maintain information asymmetry with the opponent, by enabling analysts to meet the deluge of data created by digital communications and facilitating their analysis. This chapter reviews the ethical challenges presented by the use of AI for augmented intelligence analysis. It identifies five sets of ethical risks relating to intrusion, explainability and accountability, bias, authoritarianism and political security, and collaboration and classification. It then offers a series of recommendations targeted at intelligence agencies to address and mitigate these risks.
Adversarial and Kinetic Uses of AI: The Definition of Autonomous Weapon Systems
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the definition of autonomous weapons systems (AWS). It offers a comparative analysis of existing official definitions of AWS as provided by state actors and international organisations, like the International Committee of the Red Cross and NATO. The analysis highlights that the definitions focus on different aspects of AWS and hence lead to different approaches to address relevant ethical and legal problems. The lack of a shared definition of AWS and the difference in regulatory approaches facilitate the current gap of regulation of the use of these weapons. The chapter closes this gap and builds on the comparative analysis to identify essential aspects of AWS —autonomy, learning capabilities of AWS, human control, and purpose of use—and to offer a definition of AWS with the goal of providing a value-neutral, shared ground for the debate on the ethical and legal problems related to these weapin systems.
Just War Theory and the Permissibility of Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
After 2022, with the war in Ukraine, the need to define internationally agreed regulation for permissible uses, if any, of these AWS has become more pressing than ever. However, the current polarisation of the debate hinders efforts in this direction. This chapter argues that this polarisation is also the result of starkly different interpretations of Just War Theory, which rely excessively on either its consequentialist or its deontological elements. To overcome this polarization, this chapter identifies a shared set of normative assumptions that can be accepted by both those who argue for and against the use of AWS and which provide the ground to develop a more constructive debate on the permissibility of AWS. To this end, the chapter offers an interpretation of Just War Theory that balances military necessity with the rights of combatants and non-combatants. By analysing the principles of necessity and distinction, the chapter shows that this interpretation enables the identification of limit cases for the use of AWS while also identifying criteria to determine possible permissible uses.
Cognitive Aging and the Federal Circuit Courts
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Cognitive aging affects all people. Judges are people. Therefore, cognitive aging must affect judges. Today’s federal circuit court judges are older than ever. Yet scholars know next to nothing about the consequences of cognitive aging on these judges. The central effort of this book is to examine the effects of cognitive aging on federal circuit court judges. The authors undertake a rigorous empirical approach, focusing on a variety of judicial behaviors, including opinion writing, bargaining, voting, and more. The book uncovers a number of sobering trends. Judges require more time to craft their opinions as they age. They tend to rely more on cognitive shortcuts when they bargain over opinion content. Their written opinions become less cognitively complex as they age. Aging judges increasingly rely on their law clerks to write their opinions and borrow more language from party briefs. Their judicial colleagues are less likely to cite older judges’ opinions. Aging judges apply Supreme Court precedent in an increasingly ideological manner. And their legal influence on panels wanes while susceptibility to persuasion increases. Cognitive aging appears to influence nearly everything federal circuit court judges do. These findings speak to a broader policy debate about judicial tenure. The authors test public support for a handful of reforms and find surprisingly high support for them. There is no utopian or perfect cure for the problems associated with cognitively aging judges. But incremental changes that remain loyal to judicial independence might alleviate some of the most pernicious consequences.
Cognitive Aging, Law Clerks, and Party Briefs
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes whether judges are more likely to rely on law clerks and party briefs as they age. Judges often rely on law clerks and party briefs when writing their opinions. But aging judges may rely on them more than younger judges to compensate for their cognitive decline. The chapter analyzes over 370,000 opinions that were authored by approximately 2430 unique judges. First, it shows how the linguistic variability of judges’ opinions increase significantly as they age, thereby suggesting that older judges rely more on their law clerks. Second, the empirical analysis shows how older judges’ opinions exhibit greater textual similarity with, and verbatim copying of, party briefs submitted in a case.
Aging, Opinion Quality, and the Diffusion of Precedent
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines how judges across the federal judiciary treat opinions written by other judges. In particular, it analyzes whether aging judges write opinions that receive fewer citations and positive precedent treatments from their colleagues. Citations and positive treatments may reflect opinion quality and legal influence. The quality of older judges’ opinions may decrease as they experience the effects of cognitive decline. Other judges should be less likely to cite and follow higher their opinions. Using data from more than 35 million precedent-opinion pairs, the empirical results show that judges are significantly less likely to cite older colleagues’ opinions, even those from within the same circuit that are supposed to be legally binding. Older judges appear to suffer from diminished legal influence.
Cognitive Aging and Panel Composition
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers whether judges are more likely to be influenced by panel composition as they age. Most decisions made by circuit court judges take place on a panel of three judges. Panel effects occur when the specific composition of those three judges shapes the votes they cast. For example, a panel example would exist if the presence of a Democrat judge, alongside two Republican judges, produced different outcomes as compared to a panel comprised of three Republican judges. The results of this chapter reveal that as they age, judges are less successful at persuading their colleagues to support their positions. The results also reveal that aging judges become more reliant on their panel colleagues. Panel effects, in short, are conditioned by the age of the judges on the panel.
Public Attitudes toward Aged Judges
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 considers the effects of an aging judiciary on public support for courts. It presents the results of a survey experiment that exposes respondents to a newspaper-styled vignette about a court decision. The vignettes varied with respect to the age of the judge and cognitive health, whether a photograph of the judge was provided, and whether the outcome reached in a case about affirmative action in higher education was consistent with a respondent’s policy preferences. After exposure to the vignette, a host of questions gauge how the public perceives an aging judiciary. The results show some evidence that cognitive concerns dampen support for judges.
Conclusion
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 12 concludes the book. It provides a summary of the statistical findings across the eight previous empirical chapters, all of which point to undeniable evidence of cognitive aging's impact on the federal judiciary. Given that, it next engages with the broader implications of those findings, especially as they relate to the institution of lifetime tenure for federal judges. The chapter carefully highlights the tradeoffs that come with lifetime tenure. It concludes with a discussion of potential reforms to the federal judiciary and their potential ability to address the empirical manifestation of cognitive aging discussed in the book. It concludes by arguing for incrementalism and keeping in mind the profound importance of judicial independence, a bedrock principle upon which the federal judiciary was established.
Catholicism Evolving
Authors: Keister Lisa A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Profound changes in religious affiliation have been a defining feature of American life for at least three decades. Although the United States is still home to more Christians than any other country, the increasing prevalence of religious nones rightfully attracts the most attention from researchers, the popular press, and religious leaders because this increase could potentially affect the organization of U.S. religious groups for decades. But how extensive have exits from Catholicism been? This chapter studies movement into and out of the Church and the reasons that former Catholics give for disaffiliating. The chapter shows that many Catholics have, indeed, left the Church. However, the chapter also shows that large numbers of people have joined and stayed with the Church. The author explores differences among these groups and uncovers unique reasons for patterns of joining and leaving.