bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autopsy and biopsy study of paracoccidioidomycosis and neuroparacoccidioidomycosis with and without HIV co‐infection
Authors: de Almeida Sergio Monteiro , Roza Thiago Henrique , Salvador Gabriel L.O. , Izycki Luís Felipe , Locatelli Giuliana , Santos Isaias dos , Aragão Afonso , Torres Luis Fernando Bleggi , de Noronha Lucia Helena 
Published: December 2017

SummaryParacoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis prevalent among immunocompetent patients in Latin America. This study aimed to describe the frequency, demographics and clinical characteristics of central nervous system PCM (NPCM) and PCM in an endemic region, and the impact of human immunosuppression virus (HIV) co‐infection. This was a retrospective study of autopsy and biopsy reports from the Medical Pathology Section of the Hospital de Clinicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Southern Brazil, between 1951 and 2014. PCM was present in 0.1% of 378,323 cases examined, with 5.7% being NPCM. Infection was prevalent in working‐age men, agricultural workers and rural residents. Numbers of HIV autopsy cases increased over time, while those of PCM cases decreased. Prevalence of co‐infection of HIV/PCM and HIV/NPCM was 1.6%, and 0.4%, respectively. Adrenals were affected more frequently in the NPCM group compared with the PCM group. Mortality was higher on NPCM group. The clinical course of PCM in HIV patients resembles an acute/sub‐acute infection. Association of NPCM and HIV is rare, while diagnosis of NPCM is difficult, it should be considered a differential diagnosis in HIV patients who live in, or have visited, endemic areas and present with neurological symptoms.
Effects of loading on chondrocyte hypoxia, HIF‐1α and VEGF in the mandibular condylar cartilage of young rats
Authors: Yu J. , Liang F. , Huang H. , Pirttiniemi P. , Yu D. 
Published: December 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo investigate hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha (HIF‐1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression under altered loading, and to explore the relationship between loading and hypoxia in the mandibular condylar cartilage of young rats.Setting and Sample PopulationEighty Sprague‐Dawley rats.Material and MethodsThe reduced loading group was fed soft food, and their incisors were cut to avoid occlusal contact. The increased loading group was fed hard food and had forced jaw‐opening. Ten rats from each group (n = 10) were sacrificed at 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours after initiation of the experiment. Pimonidazole hydrochloride (Hypoxyprobe‐1, HP‐1) was used as a hypoxia marker to confirm the hypoxic state. Hypoxic chondrocytes as indicated by HP‐1, HIF‐1α and VEGF protein expressions were recognized by immunohistochemical detection. HIF‐1α and VEGF mRNA expressions were detected by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR.ResultsHypoxyprobe‐1 was confined in the upper layers of cartilage, and was most strongly expressed in the weight‐bearing area of TMJ at 12 and 96 hours. Staining of HIF‐1α and VEGF was most strongly expressed in the chondrocytes of the fibrous and proliferative layer at all time points. Furthermore, expressions were also displayed in the hypertrophic and calcified layers at 48 and 96 hours. The expressions of HIF‐1α and VEGF mRNA were higher in the increased loading group than in the reduced loading group at 48 and 96 hours (P < . 05).ConclusionMechanical loading seems to directly induce weight‐bearing area hypoxia followed by new vessel formation, which indicates that these factors are related and important for the development of cartilage.
The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genome provides insights into fruit quality and ovule developmental biology
Authors: Yuan Zhaohe , Fang Yanming , Zhang Taikui , Fei Zhangjun , Han Fengming , Liu Cuiyu , Liu Min , Xiao Wei , Zhang Wenjing , Wu Shan , Zhang Mengwei , Ju Youhui , Xu Huili , Dai He , Liu Yujun , Chen Yanhui , Wang Lili , Zhou Jianqing , Guan Dian , Yan Ming , Xia Yanhua , Huang Xianbin , Liu Dongyuan , Wei Hongmin , Zheng Hongkun 
Published: December 2017

SummaryPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has an ancient cultivation history and has become an emerging profitable fruit crop due to its attractive features such as the bright red appearance and the high abundance of medicinally valuable ellagitannin‐based compounds in its peel and aril. However, the limited genomic resources have restricted further elucidation of genetics and evolution of these interesting traits. Here, we report a 274‐Mb high‐quality draft pomegranate genome sequence, which covers approximately 81.5% of the estimated 336‐Mb genome, consists of 2177 scaffolds with an N50 size of 1.7 Mb and contains 30 903 genes. Phylogenomic analysis supported that pomegranate belongs to the Lythraceae family rather than the monogeneric Punicaceae family, and comparative analyses showed that pomegranate and Eucalyptus grandis share the paleotetraploidy event. Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of ellagitannin‐based compounds, the colour formation in both peels and arils during pomegranate fruit development, and the unique ovule development processes that are characteristic of pomegranate. This genome sequence provides an important resource to expand our understanding of some unique biological processes and to facilitate both comparative biology studies and crop breeding.
Muscle damage protective effect by two maximal isometric contractions on maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors of the contralateral arm
Authors: Chen T. C. , Lin M. J. , Chen H. L. , Lai J. H. , Yu H. I. , Nosaka K. 
Published: December 2017

Muscle damage after 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors (30MVEC) is reduced when the same exercise is performed by the opposite arm, and when two maximal voluntary isometric contractions at a long muscle length (2MVIC) are performed prior to 30MVEC by the same arm. This study investigated the hypothesis that 2MVIC would attenuate muscle damage after 30MVEC performed by the opposite arm. Untrained young (20‐25 years) men were placed into 1 of 4 experimental groups that performed 2MVIC at 1 (1d), 2 (2d), 4 (4d), or 7 days (7d) before 30MVEC by the opposite arm, or one control group that performed 30MVEC only (n = 13/group). Changes in indirect muscle damage markers after 30MVEC were compared among the groups by mixed‐design two‐way ANOVA. Maximal voluntary concentric contraction torque, range of motion, plasma creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness did not change significantly after 2MVIC. Changes in these variables after 30MVEC were smaller (P < .05) for 1d (eg, peak soreness: 45 ± 21 mm) and 2d groups (46 ± 20 mm) than control group (66 ± 18 mm), without significant differences between 1d and 2d groups. No significant differences in the changes were found among 4d, 7d, and control groups, except for soreness showing smaller (P < .05) increases for 4d group (54 ± 19 mm) than 7d (62 ± 17 mm) and control groups. These results supported the hypothesis and showed that muscle damage induced by 30MVEC was reduced by 2MVIC performed 1‐2 days prior to 30MVIC by the contralateral arm.
The strategic value of essentialism
Authors: Ryazanov Arseny A. , Christenfeld Nicholas J.S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSocial essentialism—the belief that individuals contain an underlying essence determined by the social categories they belong to—has generally been regarded as a harmful cognitive process that results in prejudice and other forms of injustice at the group level. Trait essentialism, also termed a fixed mindset—the belief that people's trait levels are determined and relatively unchangeable—has been construed as a parallel impediment to self‐improvement at the individual level. However, each of these domains contains findings that do not fit this narrative, suggesting that such essentialized thinking is not always detrimental at either the group or individual level and that its effects may instead depend on motivation and context. Incorporating advances in research on moral judgment and identity allow for a reconciliation of the variable effects of social and trait essentialism. In some instances, essentialism can be a strategy for reducing blame over uncontrollable aspects of individuals and groups and for identity formation.
Preservation of intestinal gene expression during hibernation
Authors: Carey Hannah V. , Martin Sandra L. 
Published: December 2017

The role of luminal nutrients in regulating enterocyte gene expression was studied in a natural model for long-term fasting, the hibernating ground squirrel. Squirrels were studied during the active season and during the hibernation season when they had not eaten for at least 12 wk. The specific activities of sucrase, isomaltase, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase in jejunal brush-border membranes were similar in hibernating and active squirrels, whereas amino-oligopeptidase was reduced in hibernators. Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase activity in jejunal mucosa was unchanged by hibernation. Densitometric analysis of Western blots showed that abundance of sucrase-isomaltase (SI), amino-oligopeptidase, and the Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 was similar in the two activity states. Preservation of SI abundance in hibernation was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Slot-blot analysis revealed no differences in mRNAlevels for these proteins between hibernating and active squirrels. Enterocyte proliferation and migration rates were greatly suppressed in torpid squirrels but increased immediately upon rewarming during arousals. These results demonstrate the striking constancy of enterocyte gene expression despite long-term fasting in a hibernating mammal. small intestine; brush-border proteins; enzymes; sodium-glucose cotransporter Submitted on November 15, 1995 Accepted on April 24, 1996
Ultradian oscillations in blood pressure and heart rate in free-running dogs
Authors: Livnat A. , Zehr J. E. , Broten T. P. 
Published: December 2017

A long-term (14 24 h) telemetry recording of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) was obtained from conscious unrestrained dogs (n = 9) maintained in a closed environment. MAP and HR records were analyzed for their harmonic content by the fast Fourier transform method. The power spectral density functions of MAP and HR clearly revealed the existence of coherent ultradian rhythms of MAP and HR with a period of 1-2 h. HR and MAP are in phase and sustained during a 24-h period. To elucidate the nature of these rhythms, two additional studies were conducted (n = 4) in which clonidine (200 micrograms/kg) was administered systemically. In series I, a 7-h control period preceded the administration of clonidine, whereas in series II the order was reversed. Control (series I) and recovery (series II) periods were compared with a 0- to 7-h postinjection period. The results show that clonidine drastically and significantly reduces the amplitude of both MAP and HR oscillations for an average period of 7 h. This response was very consistent in both series and in all four dogs. These results implicate the central nervous system as the origin of these rhythms.
Ovine fetal and adult atrial natriuretic factor metabolism
Authors: Ervin M. Gore , Ross Michael G. , Castro Robert , Sherman Dany , Lam Robert W. , Castro Loni , Leake Rosemary D. , Fisher Delbert A. 
Published: December 2017

Pages R40–R46: M. Gore Ervin, Michael G. Ross, Robert Castro, Dany Sherman, Robert W. Lam, Loni Castro, Rosemary D. Leake, and Delbert A. Fisher. “Ovine fetal and adult atrial natriuretic factor metabolism.” Pages R42–R43: The mean residence time (MRT) values published were incorrect. Corrected values are listed below: (See PDF)
Effects of metabolism and anesthesia on pulmonary ventilation
Authors: Ramsay A. G. 
Published: December 2017

Pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption of three groups of cats, anesthetized, decerebrated and anesthetized decerebrate, were measured before and after metabolic stimulation by 2:4-dinitrophenol. It was found that anesthesia does not alter quantitatively the respiratory response to an increase in metabolism. Comparison with earlier data shows that a unit increase in oxygen consumption produces a similar response in ventilation in man, dogs and cats, anesthetized or normal. This finding supports the theory that the muscles embody ‘metaboreceptors’ sensitive to metabolic activity which stimulate respiration in exercise. It is postulated that the classical ‘blood-gas’ control of breathing is of minor importance under normal conditions and that the variations in ventilation required during light and moderate exercise are brought about by neural mechanism only. Submitted on June 30, 1958
Use of Triton X-100 as a hemolytic agent in the spectrophotometric measurement of blood O2 saturation
Authors: Deibler Gladys E. , Holmes Mary S. , Campbell Phyllis L. , Gans June 
Published: December 2017

A spectrophotometric method for the measurement of blood O2 saturation utilizing Triton X-100 as the hemolytic agent is described. The results of its comparison with the standard manometric method indicate that it provides reliable values for blood O2 saturation. Triton X-100 was found to be a more suitable hemolytic agent than saponin. A nomogram is presented which facilitates the calculation of percentage of O2 saturation from the measurements required by the method. Submitted on August 27, 1958
Pattern of N15-excretion in man following administration of N15-labeled L-phenylalanine
Authors: Wu Hsien , Sendroy Julius 
Published: December 2017

On the basis of the same dose (in mEq) per unit body weight of N15 administered, the patterns of N15-excretion following oral administration of labeled L-phenylalanine and of ammonium citrate have been compared with those of labeled glycine and aspartic acid in previous studies. In the first few hours, the patterns for ammonia, urea and hippuric acid are markedly different for different amino acids. After 6–8 hours, with the exception of hippuric acid, the patterns are substantially the same, regardless of the particular amino acid administered. The data obtained in the first few hours reflect predominantly the rate of metabolism of the particular amino acid administered. The ratios of the isotope concentration of glycine (calculated from that of hippuric acid) to that of ammonia, following the oral administration of l-phenylalanine, and of ammonium citrate, deviate from theory not only in the early stages of excretion, but in the attainment of a final value of about 0.6; this indicates the possibility that the turnover rate of glycine is higher than the average for ammonia-forming amino acids. Following oral administration of L-phenylalanine and also after ammonium citrate, the isotope concentrations of ammonia and of urea are equal at the maximum point of the latter. From the ammonia-urea relationship, the assumption of a single pool of amino acids in the body seems justified in oral experiments. Note: (With the Assistance of James George and Daisy Yen Wu) Submitted on September 15, 1958
Vascular convection of heat from active muscle to overlying skin
Authors: Cooper Theodore , Randall Walter C. , Hertzman Alrick B. 
Published: December 2017

Both thermocouple and radiometer measurements revealed marked elevations in temperature of skin immediately over actively working muscles of the forearm and leg. Such localized increases in the surface temperature were confined to skin overlying rhythmically contracting muscle. They were attributed to a direct vertical vascular convection of heat from the muscle to the overlying skin because they were prevented by blocking perfusion or by surgical severance of skin from underlying tissue and because of the character of the temperature gradient in the intervening tissue. The argument for a venous rather than an arterial convection was based on a) the effects of compression of the superficial veins on the temperature changes, b) the absence of effect on the latter by electrophoresis of adrenaline into the skin, which greatly reduced arterial perfusion of the skin, c) the absence of evidence of arterial dilation in the skin and d) the lack of relation of the location of arterial twigs to the topography of the temperature rise. Submitted on August 11, 1958
Dose-response relationships of human urinary erythropoietin
Authors: Garcia Joseph F. , Van Dyke Donald C. 
Published: December 2017

The response to graded doses of human urinary erythropoietin was determined in normal, hypophysectomized and fasted rats by use of the Fe59 red cell incorporation assay. In all three cases a highly significant correlation between the red cell incorporation of radioiron and the dose of erythropoietin administered was observed. Also, total red cell volumes and total circulating hemoglobins determined after 14 daily injections of erythropoietin to normal rats showed the presence of polycythemia. At the highest dose administered, the degree of polycythemia was similar to that obtained in rats exposed to a simulated altitude of 20,000 feet for 14 days. The value of the Fe59 red cell incorporation assay as an assay for erythropoietin was substantiated by the high correlation observed between the increase in total circulating hemoglobin and radioiron incorporation into red cells. Submitted on August 18, 1958
Diffusion of liquid water through human skin
Authors: Buettner Konrad J. K. 
Published: December 2017

A human foot exposed to water takes in 1–2 gm of water per hour. A small portion of this uptake is imbibed by the stratum corneum, the major portion seems to enter the system. The transfer has been observed for periods exceeding 50 hours. With increasing salinity less water is taken in until, in a 2 molar solution, transfer ceases. Stronger solutions draw water out of the skin. Similar facts are observed for hands and arms. For explanation an active process in the skin is proposed. Submitted on August 25, 1958
Diffusion of water vapor through small areas of human skin in normal environment
Authors: Buettner Konrad J. K. 
Published: December 2017

Four small skin areas of the forearm were exposed concurrently to four small bottles at skin temperature. The bottles contained certain wet salts which condition the local vapor pressure. The vapor transfer between skin and bottles resulted in a measurable weight change of the bottles. One thousand tests on 250 people were made in a comfortable room. Below a critical humidity, vapor left the skin; above this ‘neutral relative humidity’ (NRH) the skin gained vapor. A small portion of this skin intake is used to moisten the horny layer. Correcting for this, the average of all tests is NRH = 86%. Frequency curves show two significant maxima besides that around 86%, viz. one around a NRH of 60–70%, generally concurrent with edema, and one above 90% NRH, usually observed on sweating skin. Length of exposure (30 min.-8 hr.), season and skin temperature (excluding sweating) have no recognizable influence on NRH. Submitted on August 25, 1958
Changes in acid-base balance and blood gases during muscular activity and recovery
Authors: De Lanne R. , Barnes J. R. , Brouha L. , Massart F. 
Published: December 2017

Changes in the blood gases and acid-base balance during muscular work and recovery were investigated for males and females under various controlled environmental conditions. Changes in venous blood oxygen and carbon dioxide are influenced both by the intensity and duration of the exercise and by the environmental temperature. The pH of the blood is similarly affected. The direct measurement of pH was found to be a better index of the variation in the acid-base balance than the pH calculated from Henderson's equation at a fixed CO2 pressure. Lactic acid in the blood is, like the blood gases, influenced by ambient conditions, but is more closely related to the intensity than to the duration of the exercise. Submitted on October 28, 1958
Finger numbness and temperature in Antarctica
Authors: Massey P. M. O. 
Published: December 2017

A group of new arrivals in Antarctica and a group staying a second consecutive year were observed over a period of one year. Differences of cold acclimatization in finger sensitivity was demonstrated which were lost within 6 weeks. There was no difference in resting finger temperature between the groups, but there was a significant fall in temperature over the year. It was concluded that some forms of acclimatization to cold occur only after a greater degree of cold stress than do others. Second year men showed the greater immunity to frostbite under the experimental conditions, but this was not proved statistically. The addition of drift snow to the ‘cold’ wind doubled the numbness induced in the finger. Under ‘very cold’ conditions drift increased finger numbness over six times. Provided sufficient time is spent outdoors, the outdoor temperature is the more important for cold acclimatization, regardless of comfortable indoor temperatures. Submitted on July 21, 1958
Pulmonary resistance and state of inflation of lungs in normal subjects and in patients with airway obstruction
Authors: Cheng Tsung O. , Godfrey Malcolm P. , Shepard Richard H. 
Published: December 2017

The relationship between pulmonary resistance and the state of inflation of the lung was estimated throughout the expired vital capacity, using the multiple interrupter of Clements and Elam and a servo-spirometer. In normal subjects the pulmonary resistance was lowest near full inflation and remained relatively constant until about 80% of the vital capacity had been expired. It then rose abruptly and approached infinity at full expiration. In patients with obstructed airways, this relationship was altered in one of several ways: 1) normal resistance near full inflation increasing to high levels early in the expired vital capacity, 2) high resistance near full inflation with little further rise until late in expiration and 3) various combinations of the above. The first pattern probably reflects changes in the small, relatively flaccid airways while the second pattern probably reflects changes in the large, relatively rigid airways or in pulmonary viscous resistance. The type of relationship between resistance and lung volume also appears to influence the partition of the total lung capacity. Submitted on February 17, 1959
CO2 diuresis, with special reference to role of the left atrial stretch receptor mechanism
Authors: Valtin H. , Wilson I. D. , Tenney S. M. 
Published: December 2017

Co2 diuresis is probably mediated via a nonosmotic influence on the supraopticohypophyseal system. Since the left atrial stretch receptor mechanism is one such nonosmotic system which Co2 might influence, experiments were designed to elucidate its role. It was found that Co2 diuresis may be abolished by the erect posture or by applying tourniquets high on the thighs while supine, and that it may be restored by standing in a tank of water or by mild exercise. Increases in plasma volume, total blood volume, or pulmonary blood volume, which conceivably might stretch the left atrium, did not occur during Co2 diuresis. Voluntary hyperventilation mimicking that which accompanies Co2 inhalation resulted in a much smaller diuresis and one which, unlike that of Co2, was accompanied by increased sodium excretion. Maintaining normal alveolar Co2 tension during voluntary hyperventilation by simultaneous inhalation of 2% Co2 in no way altered this result. Bilateral vagus section does not abolish Co2 diuresis, but may enhance it. It is concluded, therefore, that the left atrial stretch receptor mechanism is not the afferent system for Co2 diuresis. Submitted on January 26, 1959