bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regret and Disappointment: A Conceptualization of their Role in Ethical Decision-making
Authors: Rajeev Priya , Bhattacharyya Sanghamitra 
Published: January 2017

Workplaces provide settings for the manifestation of an assortment of emotions that impact managerial decisions, ethical or otherwise, in a variety of ways. Most of the research work in this domain has concentrated on identifying and analysing the influence of positive affect on decision-making, with little work done on negative affect and its implications. To address this gap, the paper seeks to study the role of negative affect in ethical decision-making by managers. All decisions have outcomes. Post-decision affect may be negative when a decision appears to be wrong in retrospect, and ⁄ or when the outcome of a decision is not what was expected. How does negative affect experienced by an individual as a consequence of a decision impact his⁄her potential ethical decision-making process? In order to develop a model that illustrates how negative affect might impact the components of an individual's ethical decision-making process, this paper makes use of two negative emotions: Regret Dissappointment. Although regret and disappointment have a lot in common, they differ in ways that are relevant to decision-making. Unlike other emotions, regret is unique in its relation to decisionmaking and responsibility. Individuals regret an outcome when they could have taken a different decision and prevented that outcome. Being an outcome of individual choice and hence personal agency, its behavioural consequences comprise an active attempt to undo the unpleasant effects of the decision that went wrong. Disappointment on the contrary is experienced when the negative outcome is the result of a random procedure rather than choice. The behavioural consequences of disappointment might include complaining and talking about the event to others, feelings of powerlessness and a tendency to do nothing and get away from the situation. The paper discusses the possible behavioural consequences of the two emotions in terms of ethical decision-making. As numerous ethical decision-making models have succeeded in integrating personspecific, issue contingent, and organizational contributors to ethical decisions, the need now is to probe further into specific causalities. Understanding affect induced by work is important to gain further insights into the person-specific variables that impact ethical decisions. This paper is an attempt in that direction.
Ethical Leader Behaviour and Leader-Member Exchange as Predictors of Subordinate Behaviours
Authors: Dadhich Anubha , Bhal Kanika T 
Published: January 2017

The role of leader or leadership in management has occupied the attention of both theorists and practitioners alike. Of late, its role has also been considered significant in ethical issues given the exposure of various ethical scandals. Research on ethical leadership, despite its importance, is limited. Part of the problem may lie in the difficulties associated with studying ethical leadership in a field setting. This study, therefore, uses an experimental design to explore the impact of ethical leadership on subordinates' outcomes (behaviours and perceptions). This concept of ethical leadership is juxtaposed with exchange-based relationship between the leader and the member (leader-member-exchange or LMX). LMX focuses on one-to-one exchange-based relationship between a leader and a subordinate. However, ethical leadership based on Brown et.al's (2005) work is conceptualized as the leader's ethical-moral behaviour in general. This study explores the relative impact of ethical leader behaviour and LMX on subordinate outcomes which are distinguished in terms of ethics-related (leaders honesty, willingness to report problems, affective trust, and cognitive trust) and work-related (leaders effectiveness, satisfaction with the leader, and extra effort) outcomes. The study makes several contributions to the existing leadership literature. To begin with, and to the best of our knowledge, no research has explored the relative impact of one-on-one relationship with the leader (LMX) and ethical leaders' behaviour on subordinate outcomes. Second, subordinate outcomes have been conceptualized as belonging to either of the two categories — pragmatic⁄generic jobrelated behaviours (outcomes), (e.g., extra effort of the subordinate, effectiveness of the subordinate, and satisfaction with the leader) or idealistic ethics-related outcomes like (leader's honesty, willingness to report problems, affective trust, idealized behaviour, and idealized attribute). It is argued that theoretically, though LMX is a strong determinant of pragmatic job-related behaviour (outcomes), ethical leadership is more likely to predict idealistic ethicsrelated outcomes. The hypotheses are tested through an experimental study. The overall design of the experiment was a 2 (Ethical Leadership: Ethical, Unethical) X 2 (LMX: Low; High) between-participants factorial, employing four versions of scenarios. All the dependent variables were measured through standard scales and they showed high reliability coefficients. ANOVA tests indicated that not only ethics-related behaviours but work-related behaviours of the subordinates too were predicted by ethical leader behaviour which shows the functional significance of ethical leader behaviour. The results are discussed for their theoretical and practical implications while mentioning the limitations of the study.
Going Global and Taking Charge: The Road Ahead for the Indian Manager
Authors: Raghavan Achal 
Published: January 2017

Till a few years back, the term “MNC” (Multinational Corporation) in India meant an organization with its headquarters located outside of India, and having a presence in India as a part of its global network. In other words, in Indian eyes, “MNC” meant a “foreign” company which has come into India. In recent times, however, the business world has seen the emergence of a new breed of companies which is beginning to be referred to as “Indian MNCs.” The Indian MNC is a company which is Indian in origin, now spreading its wings to set up operations in various markets around the world. Increasingly, Indian MNCs have resorted to mergers and acquisitions (M&As) as a favourite method for jump-starting their global expansion. Tata Steel, Hindalco, Suzlon, Bharat Forge, and Sundram Fasteners are typical examples of such Indian companies. As more Indian companies push ahead with their aggressive global growth strategies, many middle and senior management personnel in these organizations are faced with significant challenges. They have to “go global and take charge” in a very short time, and learn how to manage complex businesses on a global scale. They need to acquire the managerial skills needed to deal with varied customer needs and diverse competitive forces; learn to work with team members from different cultural backgrounds; and also learn how to manage the companies that have been acquired through the M&A route. In this article, we take a look at these new challenges the Indian manager has to face in this era of globalisation of emerging Indian MNCs, and suggest some strategies to cope with them. We examine the elements of the “global mindset” that is becoming essential for the Indian manager's success, and explain the key dimensions of three research-based models that will help him understand cultural differences that prevail across the globe. We also examine some real-life examples of the strategies that Indian MNCs have begun to adopt, as they pursue their vision of becoming global leaders in their industries.
A Balanced Approach towards Market Orientation
Authors: Kaur Gurjeet , Sharma R D , Seli Nitasha 
Published: January 2017

There has been a lot of research on implementation of the concept and examination of the link between market orientation and business performance. In these offerings, scales such as MARKOR, introduced by Kohli, Jaworski, and Kumar (1993), and MKTOR, introduced by Narver and Slater (1990) have been frequently employed without further investigation. Analogous to this academic endeavour, few marketing researchers have raised doubts regarding the reliability and validity of the extant scales and have also shown concern towards the definition of the concept. Apropos, the present study has been planned to examine the degree of market orientation from management perspective and also to develop a scale for measuring market orientation in the selected public and private sector banks, viz., State Bank of India (SBI), Punjab National Bank (PNB), and The Jammu and Kashmir Bank Pvt. Ltd. (JKB). The study finds: Significant difference between the responses of management with respect to Internal Market Orientation (IMO) and External Market Orientation (EMO). The management of all the three major banks, viz., PNB, SBI, and JKB is more optimistic with regard to the three dimensions of EMO than that of IMO. Significant impact of internal market orientation on the overall market orientation as compared to external market orientation. Positive and significant relationship between internal customers' and external customers' satisfaction; internal customers' satisfaction and business performance, and external customers' satisfaction and business performance. For improving market orientation in the banking sector, managers are suggested to take the following initiatives: Initiate crucial steps towards developing a healthy work environment — delineating employee expectations; discussing goal achievement, tracking performance and feedback; and devising an appropriate mechanism for follow-up and employee appraisal. Employees should be made the root cause identifiers and solvers whereas managers must be problem eradicators. Ensure parallel inter- and intra-departmental communication. An open door policy can be encouraged to communicate through various formal and informal channels so that inter-departmental work teams can perform efficiently. Conduct internal market research once a year to generate information pertaining to the job requirements of internal customers. Retain its employees through the successful implementation of internal marketing strategies which in turn demands proper understanding of employees' work-related needs, feelings, emotions and intellect, proper treatment as an individual, open and free communication with the management, and establishing and managing effective long-term employee-management relationships.
Measurement of International Currency Crises: A Panel Data Approach using Composite Indices
Authors: Murthy K V Bhanu , Kalsie Anjala 
Published: January 2017

The literature on crisis has often developed indices for measurement of crisis. The indices that have been developed in the earlier studies suffer from three problems: Conceptually, they include only exchange related variables and not other relevant variables that are crucial for international trade and international finance. The extant studies do not use a causal framework as a methodology for the selection of variable. Empirically, they do not use more evolved statistical tools such as Principal Component Analysis for constructing a composite index. This paper seeks to measure the international currency crisis of 1997 in Asia. It has taken the case of the A5 countries in 1997 and has developed a methodology meant to measure and explain currency crisis. The study has constructed composite indices for capturing the causes — macro-economic and financial — as well as an index of crisis. It uses Jha & Murthy's (2006) approach for constructing composite indices. It combines continuous and discrete approaches for defining and measuring crises and uses India as a ‘control’ which enables international and inter-temporal comparisons during crisis. An attempt to explain a widespread and complex phenomenon in terms of a single dependent variable would be incomplete and partial, where the dependent variables which represents the crisis are themselves a conglomerate of many factors. Since it is a complex phenomenon, it cannot be represented by one single variable. Moreover, these variables tend to be correlated. With the help of two composite indices — one for financial variables and another for macro variables, a fixed effects panel regression model is developed for explaining the crisis. The paper measures the decomposition effects of causal financial and macro variables on the crises. It has been found that Index of crises consists of exports, exchange rate, and interest rate. The financial index contains risk rating, domestic financing, and stock traded. The index of macro variables is based on GDP, capital formation, and budget balance. Macro index negatively influences crisis while financial index influences crisis positively. India as the base country clearly brings out the contrast between crises affected countries and neutral countries with the help of this methodology. The crisis window shows up very clearly, as it combines a discrete and continuous definition. Finally, the differences amongst the five Asian countries during crises are also brought out by this methodology.
Marketing “Value” to Price-Sensitive Customers during the Tendering Process
Authors: Singh Abhishek Kumar , Nayak Mandar , Seshadri D V R 
Published: January 2017

Given the importance of tendering for procurement in B2B markets in India, this paper explores how value may be showcased in tendering situations. It analyses the various perceptions surrounding the tendering process and recommends possible mechanisms to capture customer value from two perspectives — marketing techniques to be employed by suppliers to ensure commensurate and fair return for value delivered and potential design changes in the price-discovery mechanism in tendering. This paper discusses the tendering process from structural, supplier, and buyer perspectives. It explores mechanisms through which superior value delivered by the supplier firm can be captured in the tendering process. For this, 26 supplier and customer firm managers from 10 government and private organizations were interviewed to understand the current practices for value capture in tendering. Several case studies drawn from these discussions are presented to illustrate the ideas developed in the paper. The study finds that suppliers can extract returns for the value of their offerings in a tendering situation by early engagement with buyers before the specifications are frozen by leveraging relationships with the buyer organization and at pre-bid meetings, and by exploiting opportunities provided through technical loading after the specifications are decided. Additionally, it is suggested that the buyer organization should leverage the opportunities inherently available to further improve price-discovery via structural changes to the tendering process by using a tiered adjusted-price bid mechanism. The alternate pricing method discussed in the paper could be used to aid the decisionmaking process in tendering and enable a robust value capturing mechanism.
On the Combined Use of Economic and Physical Concepts
Authors: Kåberger Tomas 
Published: January 2017

Interdisciplinary co-operation on economic issues related to resource depletion and environmental degradation is made difficult by the differences in terminology between economics and the natural sciences. This short article is intended to make the reader aware of this type of problems by describing aspects of some important examples. In particular we discuss the differences in meaning of the terms “production”, “consumption” and “growth” in different disciplinary contexts. Often, correctly specifying what it is that is produced, consumed or growing is sufficient to avoid problems of miss-interpretations in interdisciplinary dialogues.
Acoustic Ranging Technique for Assessing Low-Frequency Acoustic Noise from Wind Turbines
Authors: Kelley N. 
Published: January 2017

An acoustic source ranging procedure is obviously a research tool and would not normally be attempted by an individual wind turbine owner. The minimum equipment necessary for the analysis includes three microphone systems preferably with very low-frequency response, an FFT dual-channel signal analyzer with hard copy or data output capability, and the necessary cabling. There is no requirement to record the acoustic data although it is certainly easier to post-process the data when all three microphone pairings can be analyzed from the same time record. If this is done, a suitable FM tape recorder with at least three tracks is required. Assessment of the degree of concentration of source region within a swept area is necessarily somewhat subjective. The time signal itself from one microphone should also be examined for periodic impulsiveness which would indicate a localization of source region. This can be analyzed in parallel with blade position (abiding acoustic transport delays) to corroborate a source ranging location.
A Classification of Environmental “Hums” and Low Frequency Tinnitus
Authors: Walford R.E. 
Published: January 2017

Two thousand people in the United Kingdom have complained of hearing a continuous hum, audible to themselves alone. Some of these “hummers” were given acoustic tests comprising hum-matching, normal and low-frequency audiometry, and a tinnitus versus real-airborne-noise distinguishing test. Results were compared with those from seventy-three control subjects (audiometry alone) and with fifty-five hospital out-patients known to have low-frequency tinnitus. It is shown that the frequency distributions of “hummers” hums and throbs correlate closely with those of patients' low-frequency tinnitus, although no causal link is established. A general classification of hum types is proposed and means for distinguishing them are described. Applied to 48 “hummers” these show that ten have low-frequency tinnitus and four are hearing a real airborne noise. The remaining, 4 cannot be classified, mainly because they did not take all the tests. It is not claimed that these figures apply to “hummers” in general since the 48 tested were not a true sample of the “hummer” population.
Detection and Analysis of the Infrasonic Waves Attached to the Tragic Explosion of U.S. Space Shuttle “Challenger”
Authors: Xun-Ren Yang , Jin-Lai Xie 
Published: January 2017

Thirteen hours after the tragic explosion of the U.S. space shuttle “Challenger” at an altitude of 15km on 29th January 1986, a sequence of strong infrasonic waves was received by a set of sensitive microbarographs on the ground level about 14300km distant. These waves, with periods 400–700 seconds, amplitude about 30Pa and propagation velocity about 300m/s are very similar in character to those from nuclear explosions. Based on the analysis of the power spectrum, the main period of the signal can be determined as 537 sec and over 90 per cent of the energy concentrates within the range of 300–1000 sec. According to the theoretical formula for nuclear explosions, the equivalence of this explosion can be estimated from the wave characters as 140 Mt of TNT. This estimation is on the high side, owing to the fact that, compared with nuclear explosions, the altitude at which the explosion has taken place is much higher and the mechanisms of these two explosions are quite different.
A Multidimensional Evaluation Method for the Psychological Effects of Pure Tones at Low and Infrasonic Frequencies
Authors: Inukai Yukio , Taya Hideto , Miyano Hisao , Kuriyama Hiroshi 
Published: January 2017

Subjective ratings of pure tones at low and infrasonic (3–40 Hz) were obtained on a set of semantic-differential-type scales and were analysed by factor analysis. From the results, it was concluded that there are three main factors in the human response to the stimulus sound, these are 1) sound pressure, 2) vibration, and 3) loudness. In order to predict the human responses from the physical variables of the sound stimuli, prediction equations were derived for each of the three factors. Also, equal sensation contours for the factors were obtained. From these results, a new evaluation method for the psychological effects is proposed, which considers the multidimensional aspects of human perception at loww and infrasonic frequencies.
Absorption of Mechanical Energy in the Skin of the Human Hand While Exposed to Vibrations
Authors: Lundström Ronnie 
Published: January 2017

When using a vibratory hand-held tool, all mechanical energy entering the hand and arm has to be transmitted through, or absorbed by, the glabrous skin in contact with the handle. Early signs of an incipient vibration injury are often neurological and/or vascular disturbances located in the skin of the palm, such as a reduction in tactile sensibility or episodes of finger blanching. The aim of this investigation was to study the absorption of mechanical energy in the glabrous skin of the human hand while exposed to vibations from five different types of hand-held tools (die grinder, chipping hammer, wrench, nibbler, angle grinder). The influence of various experimental factors such as static load (1–3 N/cm2), five test points, type of tools were studied on five subjects. The frequency weighted value of the acceleration level, according to the guidelines given in the International Standard ISO 5349, was however held constant througout the study, ca 3.1 m/s2rms. The results show that the static load and the type of tool have a great influence on the quantity of energy absorbed. The highest and lowest quantity of energy absorbed was found for the die and angle grinder, respectively. Futhermore, it was found that, the higher the static load the higher the absorption of vibration energy. In contrast, small and insignificant differences were found between different testpoints and between subjects.
Laboratory and Field Studies on Infrasound and its Effects on Humans
Authors: Landström Ulf 
Published: January 2017

In many working environments the total noise energy is dominated by infrasonic frequencies. Exposure to this type of low frequency noise has, by several authors, been correlated to different effects on human subjects. Recent laboratory experiments have thus indicated correlations between noise, perception and other effects on humans. Exposure to infrasound therefore appears to become a hygienic problem when the pressure level exceeds the threshold of perception. The present paper is a description of various laboratory experiments on perception and the physiological effects of infrasound. Subjects were exposed to pure tones and broad-band noise within the infrasonic range. Changes in perception, and physiological reactions, during different types of exposure are described. The paper also includes levels and frequency analyses of noise emanating from some of the most common infrasonic sources: buses, lorries, trains, railbuses, ships, helicopters, manoeuvre rooms and mills. The characteristics of the noise spectra are compared and related to the threshold of perception. Finally, field studies on physiological changes correlated to wakefulness in typical and authentic infrasonic noise environments are described.