bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the route to cyclic monoterpenes in Chrysomelina leaf beetles: source of new biocatalysts for industrial application?
Authors: Burse Antje , Boland Wilhelm 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe drastic growth of the population on our planet requires the efficient and sustainable use of our natural resources. Enzymes are indispensable tools for a wide range of industries producing food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, or biofuels. Because insects constitute one of the most species-rich classes of organisms colonizing almost every ecological niche on earth, they have developed extraordinary metabolic abilities to survive in various and sometimes extreme habitats. Despite this metabolic diversity, insect enzymes have only recently generated interest in industrial applications because only a few metabolic pathways have been sufficiently characterized. Here, we address the biosynthetic route to iridoids (cyclic monoterpenes), a group of secondary metabolites used by some members of the leaf beetle subtribe Chrysomelina as defensive compounds against their enemies. The ability to produce iridoids de novo has also convergently evolved in plants. From plant sources, numerous pharmacologically relevant structures have already been described. In addition, in plants, iridoids serve as building blocks for monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with broad therapeutic applications. As the commercial synthesis of iridoid-based drugs often relies on a semisynthetic approach involving biocatalysts, the discovery of enzymes from the insect iridoid route can account for a valuable resource and economic alternative to the previously used enzymes from the metabolism of plants. Hence, this review illustrates the recent discoveries made on the steps of the iridoid pathway in Chrysomelina leaf beetles. The findings are also placed in the context of the studied counterparts in plants and are further discussed regarding their use in technological approaches.
NMR Studies of Lithium Diffusion in Li3(NH2)2I Over Wide Range of Li+ Jump Rates
Authors: Skripov Alexander V. , Volgmann Kai , Chandran C. Vinod , Skoryunov Roman V. , Babanova Olga A. , Soloninin Alexei V. , Orimo Shin-ichi , Heitjans Paul 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
We have studied the Li diffusion in the complex hydride Li3(NH2)2I which appears to exhibit fast Li ion conduction. To get a detailed insight into the Li motion, we have applied 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods, such as spin-lattice relaxation in the laboratory and rotating frames of reference, as well as spin-alignment echo. This combined approach allows us to probe Li jump rates over the wide dynamic range (~102–109 s−1). The spin-lattice relaxation data in the range 210–410 K can be interpreted in terms of a thermally-activated Li jump process with a certain distribution of activation energies. However, the low-temperature spin-alignment echo decays at T≤200 K suggest the presence of another Li jump process with the very low effective activation energy.
Electrochemical and Quantum Chemical Studies on the Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Camellia sinensis Leaves Extract for Carbon Steel in Produced Water
Authors: Heakal F. El-Taib , Osman M.M. , Deyab M.A. , Elkholy A.E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe present study evaluates the effect of Camellia sinensis leaves (CSL) extract on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in produced water using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and computational methods. The chromatographic investigation of the extract was performed by HPLC. It was found that CSL extract serves as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor and its inhibitive performance increases with concentration. The corrosion inhibition was assumed to occur via adsorption of the primary constituents of CSL extract. Surface analysis (SEM and FTIR) was also carried out to establish the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The outcomes obtained from the computational study were found to confirm experimental data.
Modulation of Isometric Quadriceps Strength in Soccer Players With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Crossover Study
Authors: Vargas Valentine Z. , Baptista Abrahão F. , Pereira Guilherme O.C. , Pochini Alberto C. , Ejnisman Benno , Santos Marcelo B. , João Silvia M.A. , Hazime Fuad A. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Vargas, VZ, Baptista, AF, Pereira, GOC, Pochini, AC, Ejnisman, B, Santos, MB, João, SMA, and Hazime, FA. Modulation of isometric quadriceps strength in soccer players with transcranial direct current stimulation: a crossover study. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1336–1341, 2018—The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the maximum isometric muscle contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensors in soccer players at the preprofessional level. Twenty female soccer players aged 15–17 years (mean = 16.1; SD = 0.9) with 5.2 ± 2.6 years of training were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive either active or sham tDCS in a single session (2 mA; 0.057 mA·cm−2). The MVIC of the knee extensors was evaluated in both lower limbs by manual dynamometry in 5 sets of contractions divided into 4 blocks: (a) prestimulation, (b) during tDCS, (c) 30 minutes after tDCS, and (d) 60 minutes after tDCS. After an interval of 7 days, the groups were evaluated again, and the type of initial stimulation was inverted between participants. The MVIC of the knee extensors increased significantly during active tDCS (dominant limb (DL) = 0.4; IC = 0.1–0.8 N·Kg−1), 30 minutes after active tDCS (DL = 0.9; IC 0.4–1.4 N·Kg−1), and 60 minutes after active tDCS (DL = 1.0; IC 0.3–1.6 N·Kg−1) but not for sham tDCS. Our conclusion was that tDCS temporarily increases isometric quadriceps strength in adolescent female soccer players, which may be useful for both strength training and rehabilitation.
Efecto del Tratamiento Alcalino (NaOH) en la Digestibilidad de la Materia Seca y Proteína de la Totora (Scirpus californicus) en Cuyes (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Castro Bedriñana Jorge Isaac , Chirinos Peinado Doris Maritza , Paucar Quevedo Clever 
Published: May 2017

<p>El estudio se realizó en la sala de digestibilidad de la granja de cuyes de la Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del tratamiento alcalino de la totora (<em>Scirpus californicus</em>), forraje existente en centros experimentales de Lachoc, Tucumachay y Paturpampa, empleando hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) al 2, 3 y 4% en base seca, sobre la digestibilidad de materia seca y proteína en cuyes. Luego del tratamiento alcalino de la totora se realizaron pruebas de digestibilidad en 16 cuyes machos de 4 meses de edad de la Línea Inti, empleándose 4 animales por tratamiento: (T1): Totora sin tratamiento alcalino, (T2) Tratamiento de totora con NaOH al 2%, (T3) Tratamiento de totora con NaOH al 3% y (T4) Tratamiento de totora con NaOH al 4%. Los coeficientes de digestibilidad (%) para la materia seca da la totora sin tratamiento y tratada con 2, 3 y 4% de NaOH, fueron 63,46b, 65,27b, 69,88a y 70,86a (P<span style="text-decoration: underline;">&lt;</span>0,01); para la proteína total fueron 73,86c, 75,06c, 78,46b y 81,25a (P&lt;0,01), respectivamente. Se concluye que el tratamiento de la totora con NaOH fue efectivo en mejorar la digestibilidad de la materia seca y proteína cruda, siendo el efecto más notorio al emplear NaOH al 4%.</p><p> </p><p>Palabras claves: digestibilidad, totora, hidróxido de sodio, proteína total, materia seca, cuyes.</p>
Low level of genetic differentiation among populations of the rare species Allium regelianum A.K. Becker ex Iljin from the Volgograd region detected by ISSR-analysis
Authors: Trifonova Aya A , Kochieva Elena Z , Kudryavtsev Alexander M 
Published: May 2017

Background. Knowledge of genetic diversity within and among populations of rare and endangered plants species is practically important for conservation management. Molecular markers are useful tools for analysis of genetic diversity. In this study ISSR-analysis of rare endemic species Allium regelianum which grows in the Volgograd region was performed for the first time.
Materials and Methods. A total of 93 samples from the 11 populations were collected and used in analysis. Six primers used in ISSR-analysis. Data analysis was performed using the GenAlEx 6.41, POPGEN 1.32, PAST 3.11 and STRUCTURE 2.3.1 programs.
Results. A total of 109 ISSR-fragments were scored of which 87 (79.8%) were polymorphic. Comparatively high level of intrapopulation diversity was estimated for the population of the area near Krasnoyarskii khutor, Serafimovichskii administrative region, and for the population of Khrenovatyi Liman, Nikolaevskii administrative region of Volgograd Oblast. Genetic similarity index among populations ranged from 0.88 to 0.96. Genetic differentiation among populations of A. regelianum, GST was 0.284, only. Analysis of molecular variance showed that genetic heterogeneity of A. regelianum 83% was attributed to differences within populations and 17% occurred among populations. Principal coordinate analysis and analysis of populations structure (with the used of STRUCTURE program) found no clear differentiation among populations.
Conclusion. The estimation of intra- and interpopulation diversity of A. regelianum was performed. ISSRs detected high levels of genetic similarity within the populations of A. regelianum and low level of genetic differentiation among populations.
Multiple language learning
Authors: Seker Emrullah 
Published: May 2017

English is no longer seen as an extra qualification and it has become a sine qua non basic skill rather than a foreign language, resulting in the slogan English is not enough not only for second language speakers of English but also for the L1 speakers. Accordingly, in this paper, we review studies on multilingualism and simultaneous or successive learning of multiple languages and describe the languages involved in terms of their qualitative or quantitative properties by referring to accessibility, universal grammar and initial state theories, finally aiming to dissipate the terminological ambiguity in the field. In this context, based on the current theories of Universal Grammar on lexical and grammatical learning and theoretical and applied studies on multilingualism and multilingual individuals, we put forth approaches and strategies suggested for simultaneous or successive learning of multiple languages. The results obtained from the study not only contribute to the terminology but also understanding of the simultaneous and successive learning of multiple languages.

Keywords: languages, learning, strategies, multilingualism.
Ways of idiom transformation and modification
Authors: Belozerova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2017

The present research focuses on phraseological derivation as an important key source of phraseological language system development and broadening. The study of contemporary British literature for teens and the analyses of the idioms used in literal works of selected and nominated authors let us come to certain conclusions which will be given in the present session. The aim of the present research is to reveal the contemporary ways of phraseological derivation and their speech realization in modern literal texts for teens. The object of the present research is a phraseological way of development in the contemporary phraseological English language system. The subject of the research is the communicative value and characteristics of phraseological derivatives. The results and data which were received will be useful for language instructors and teachers, as well as for further linguistic analyses in this field.

Keywords: lexicology, phraseology, idioms, contemporary British literature for teens.
From the editor
Authors: Rahimi Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali 
Published: May 2017

Â Message from Editor Dear Readers,It is a great honor for us to publish August 2016 Vol 6 No 4 of Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching (GJFLT).Please follow the link below:http://www.gjflt.eu/Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching welcomes original empirical investigations and comprehensive literature review articles focusing on foreign language teaching and topics related to linguistics. GJFLT is an international journal published quarterly and it is a platform for presenting and discussing the emerging developments in foreign language teaching in an international arena.The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to; the following major topics: Cultural studies, Curriculum Development and Syllabus Design, Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), General Linguistics, Globalization Studies and world Englishâ€™s, Independent/Autonomous Learning, Information and Computer Technology in TEFL, Innovation in language, Teaching and learning, Intercultural Education, Language acquisition and learning, Language curriculum development, Language education, Language program evaluation, Language Testing and Assessment, Literacy and language learning, Literature, Mobile Language Learning, Pragmatics, Second Language, Second Language Acquisition, Second Language Acquisition Theory, Digital Literacy Skills, Second Language Learners, Second Language Learning, Second language Pedagogy, Second Language Proficiency, Second Language Speech, Second Language Teaching, Second Language Training, Second Language Tutor, Second language Vocabulary Learning, Teaching English as a Foreign/ Second Language, Teaching Language Skills, Translation Studies, Applied linguistics, Cognitive linguistics.Teachersâ€™ Beliefs and Studentsâ€™ Experiences, Indonesian University Studentsâ€™ Vocabulary Mastery, Multiple Language Learning, Idiom Transformation and Modification, Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Writing Achievement, Complex Sentence Structures in Patients with Schizophrenia, and The Effect of Second Life on Speaking Achievement have been included in this issue. The topics of the next issue will be different. We are trying to serve you with our journal with a rich knowledge through which different kinds of topics will be discussed in 2017 issues.We present many thanks to all the contributors who helped us to publish this issue.Best regards,Associate Professor Dr. Ali Rahimi,Editor â€“ in Chief, Bangkok University
Gesture Control of Robotic Arm
Authors: Y. Dharshan , S. Vivek , S. Saranya , V.R. Aarthi , T. Madhumathi 
Published: May 2017

<div><p><em>Robots have become a key technology in various fields. Robotic arms are mostly remote controlled by buttons or panels and sometimes in batch process they are autonomous. The usage of panel boards or control sticks includes a lot of hardwiring and subject to malfunction. It also induces some stress on the operators. Hence major chemical industries like cosmetic manufacturing, paint manufacturing and Biosynthesis laboratory etc., which deals with hazardous environment due to the chemicals and other bio substances, involve humans for the processing. The aim is to reduce the bulk of wiring in the robotic arms and reduce the effort and number of operators in controlling the robotic arm operations. To implement gestures into the process this would be a major breakthrough. This can also be used as pick &amp; place robot, a cleaning robot in chemical industries where a human does not need to directly involved in the process of cleaning the chemicals and also for coating underground tanks.</em></p></div>
A depth–duration–frequency analysis for short-duration rainfall events in England and Wales
Authors: Prosdocimi Ilaria , Stewart Elizabeth J. , Vesuviano Gianni 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study presents a depth–duration–frequency (DDF) model, which is applied to the annual maxima of sub-hourly rainfall totals of selected stations in England and Wales. The proposed DDF model follows from the standard assumption that the block maxima are generalised extreme value (GEV) distributed. The model structure is based on empirical features of the observed data and the assumption that, for each site, the distribution of the rainfall maxima of all durations can be characterised by common lower bound and skewness parameters. Some basic relationships between the location and scale parameters of the GEV distributions are enforced to ensure that frequency estimates for different durations are consistent. The derived DDF curves give a good fit to the observed data. The rainfall depths estimated by the proposed model are then compared with the standard DDF models used in the United Kingdom. The proposed model performs well for the shorter return periods for which reliable estimates of the rainfall frequency can be obtained from the observed data, while the standard methods show more variable results. Although the standard methods used no or little sub-hourly data in their calibration, they give fairly reliable estimates for the estimated rainfall depths overall.
Effect of pH on selective decomposition of target water contaminants onto porous TiO2 photocatalyst
Authors: Zakersalehi Abolfazl , Choi Hyeok 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Non-selectivity of TiO2-based photocatalysis is a known drawback of this technology for full scale water treatment applications. It results in significant decline in decomposition of toxic target contaminants when other non-toxic organic compounds such as natural organic matter (NOM) compete in the reaction. Previously, size exclusion of large NOM onto the mesoporous structure of TiO2 photocatalyst was proven to improve the selective decomposition of small size target chemicals. In this study, manipulation of reaction pH as a crucial parameter in governing the adsorption and decomposition of organic chemicals was combined with the size exclusion of NOM. The effects of size-based adsorption/exclusion and pH-dependent electrostatic attraction/repulsion were investigated by using humic acid as model NOM and ibuprofen and methylene blue as model target contaminants. Adsorption and decomposition of the targets were dependent on their hydrodynamic size and ionization state. Mesoporous TiO2 suppressed physical access of large NOM onto its surface while reaction pH influenced the surface charge of TiO2 and the speciation of the chemicals and thus controlled their adsorption and decomposition. The results imply that selecting a proper pH can significantly improve selective decomposition of a target onto porous TiO2 in the presence of NOM.
Techno-economical evaluation of nitrate removal using continuous flow electro-coagulation process: optimization by Taguchi model
Authors: Karamati Niaragh E. , Alavi Moghaddam M. R. , Emamjomeh M. M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effect of the main parameters on the performance of a continuous flow electro-coagulation (EC) process for nitrate removal efficiency and its operating costs. For this purpose, the Taguchi experimental design with orthogonal array L27 (313) was applied to analyze the effects of selected parameters, namely initial nitrate concentration, inlet flow rate, current density and initial pH. According to the analysis of variance results, the inlet flow rate and the current density were recognized to be the most effective factors playing a pivotal role in nitrate removal efficiency by using an EC process. The optimum conditions of initial nitrate concentration, inlet flow rate, current density and initial pH were found to be 100 mg/L, 50 mL/min, 80 A/m2 and 8, respectively. As a result, the observed nitrate removal efficiency under these conditions was 61.70%. In addition, operating costs were evaluated as 1.278 US$/g NO3-removed. Finally, a high correlation was observed between the experimental and predicted results indicating an appropriate accuracy of the Taguchi model for nitrate removal efficiency and its operating costs in an EC system.
Kanoniczne sankcje karne za przestępstwa majątkowe
Authors: KALETA PAWEŁ 
Published: May 2017

Financial malfeasance, both in the eld of administration and alienation of ecclesiastical goods might contribute to nancial losses, unnecessary scandal of the faithful, as well as the weakening of public trust. In order to prevent such malfeasance, the Church must seek eective methods which will allow to observe the canon law. e aim of this article was to show the penalties for the nancial malfeasance in the canonical legal system. Interestingly that ecclesiastical legislator does not use the concept of „nancial malfeasance”. However, we can nd nine examples of nancial malfeasances in Book VI of the 1983 Code. e following actions can be related to nancial malfeasances: 1) impeding the use of ecclesiastical goods (can.1375), 2) invalid alienation of ecclesiastical goods (can. 1377), 3) simony (can. 1380), 5) illegitimate prot from Mass oerings (can. 1385), 6) bribery (can. 1386), 7) abuse of authority and culpable negligence in performing act of ecclesiastical power or ministry or oce (can. 1389 §1-2), 8) production and use of false documents (can. 1391), 9) clerics carrying out commercial activities (can. 1392).For such oenses, the legislator determines penalties ferendae sententiae which may be imposed on the oender by judicial or administrative process. e legislator does not provide for penalties latae sententiae for nancial malfeasances. For simony and illegitimate prots from Mass oerings leg- islator provides for a penalty of imposing censure. In the case of simony is mandatory sanction (c. 1380), while for the oense of illegitimate prots from Mass oerings is optional one (can. 1385). It can be supposed that the most severe penal sanctions for nancial malfeasance is deprivation of oce that the judge may impose, depend- ing on the severity and harm done. is is an optional penal imposed for abusing of ecclesiastical power or an oce (can. 1389 § 1). In other cases, the ecclesiastical legislator provides for a just penalty ferendae sententiae. If penalties are indeterminate their imposition belongs to the Ordinary or judge. e particular law is to be observed which in place of indeterminate penalty ferendae sententiae it may establish a penalty determined or obli- gated (can. 1315 § 1). In accordance with can. 1317 particular law can not establish a penalty of dismissal from the clerical state.
Kwestionowanie legitymacji prawa jako forma ochrony godności człowieka i obywatela
Authors: KONARSKI MARCIN 
Published: May 2017

This article is about the behavior patterns that challenge the legitimacy of the law. e analysis focuses on the basic forms of questioning the le- gitimacy of such rights namely the right to resistance, civil disobedience and revolution. e considerations made in this article are designed to synthetic analysis of the issues related to the questioning of state power by the citizens. e questions which are the subject of the following scientic reection of an academic nature can be examined from the point of view of dierent branches of science. ey are intensely analyzed on the ground of philosophy of history, political and economic history, political science, and many others. What seems obvious, in this paper emphasis is put on the subject of study of the law. e rights to resistance, civil disobedience and revolution as forms of challenging the legitimacy of the law are insuciently elaborated on in the science of the law and constitute a research area which few representatives of jurisprudence have the courage to step into. Typically, the aforementioned issues are raised in the science of the constitutional law however in a clearly insucient way. For centuries, problems related to challenging the legitimacy of the law have been the subject of interest of the philosophy of the law and it is mainly there where we can nd both questions and answers related to the binding force of the law as a system of norms of behaviour of particular importance. e following considerations are aimed at indicating basic theses to be coped with by a modern researcher focused on these socio-legal phenomena. Secondly, the following scientic reections onto the forms of challenging the legitimacy of the law stimulate further research onto the area which should denitely be carried out due to its importance and nature, as well as meaning in the context of problems we face in modern times.