bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding judges’ choices of sentence types as interpretative work: An explorative study in a Dutch police court
Authors: Mascini Peter , van Oorschot Irene , Weenink Don , Schippers Gratiëlla 
Published: May 2016

Understanding Judges’ Choices of Sentence Types as Interpretative Work: An Explorative Study in a Dutch Police Court
This article critically evaluates the prevailing factor-oriented (e.g. a priori defined legal and extralegal characteristics of defendants) approach in analyses of judicial decision-making. Rather than assuming such factors, we aim to demonstrate how Dutch judges engage in interpretative work to arrive at various sentence types. In their interpretative work, judges attempt to weigh and compare various legal and extralegal features of defendants. Importantly, they do so in the context of the case as a whole, which means that these features do not have independent or fixed meanings. Judges select and weigh information to create an image of defendants’ redeemability. However, extralegal concerns other than redeemability also inform judges’ decisions. We argue that studying the naturally occurring interpretative work of judges results in a better understanding of judicial decision-making than outcome-oriented studies, which view criminal cases as collections of independent legal and extralegal factors.
Embryological Origin of Human Smooth Muscle Cells Influences Their Ability to Support Endothelial Network Formation
Authors: Bargehr Johannes , Low Lucinda , Cheung Christine , Bernard William G. , Iyer Dharini , Bennett Martin R. , Gambardella Laure , Sinha Sanjay 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from distinct anatomic locations derive from different embryonic origins. Here we investigated the respective potential of different embryonic origin-specific SMCs derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to support endothelial network formation in vitro. SMCs of three distinct embryological origins were derived from an mStrawberry-expressing hESC line and were cocultured with green fluorescent protein-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to investigate the effects of distinct SMC subtypes on endothelial network formation. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that lateral mesoderm (LM)-derived SMCs best supported HUVEC network complexity and survival in three-dimensional coculture in Matrigel. The effects of the LM-derived SMCs on HUVECs were at least in part paracrine in nature. A TaqMan array was performed to identify the possible mediators responsible for the differential effects of the SMC lineages, and a microarray was used to determine lineage-specific angiogenesis gene signatures. Midkine (MDK) was identified as one important mediator for the enhanced vasculogenic potency of LM-derived SMCs. The functional effects of MDK on endothelial network formation were then determined by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown in SMCs, which resulted in impaired network complexity and survival of LM-derived SMC cocultures. The present study is the first to show that SMCs from distinct embryonic origins differ in their ability to support HUVEC network formation. LM-derived SMCs best supported endothelial cell network complexity and survival in vitro, in part through increased expression of MDK. A lineage-specific approach might be beneficial for vascular tissue engineering and therapeutic revascularization.

Significance
Mural cells are essential for the stabilization and maturation of new endothelial cell networks. However, relatively little is known of the effect of the developmental origins of mural cells on their signaling to endothelial cells and how this affects vessel development. The present study demonstrated that human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from distinct embryonic origins differ in their ability to support endothelial network formation. Lateral mesoderm-derived SMCs best support endothelial cell network complexity and survival in vitro, in part through increased expression of midkine. A lineage-specific approach might be beneficial for vascular tissue engineering and therapeutic revascularization.
Impacts of ENSO events on cloud radiative effects in preindustrial conditions: Changes in cloud fraction and their dependence on interactive aerosol emissions and concentrations
Authors: Yang Yang , Russell Lynn M. , Xu Li , Lou Sijia , Lamjiri Maryam A. , Somerville Richard C. J. , Miller Arthur J. , Cayan Daniel R. , DeFlorio Michael J. , Ghan Steven J. , Liu Ying , Singh Balwinder , Wang Hailong , Yoon Jin‐Ho , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe use three 150 year preindustrial simulations of the Community Earth System Model to quantify the impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effects (CRESW and CRELW). Compared to recent observations from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System data set, the model simulation successfully reproduces larger variations of CRESW and CRELW over the tropics. The ENSO cycle is found to dominate interannual variations of cloud radiative effects. Simulated cooling (warming) effects from CRESW (CRELW) are strongest over the tropical western and central Pacific Ocean during warm ENSO events, with the largest difference between 20 and 60 W m−2, with weaker effects of 10–40 W m−2 over Indonesian regions and the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Sensitivity tests show that variations of cloud radiative effects are mainly driven by ENSO‐related changes in cloud fraction. The variations in midlevel and high cloud fractions each account for approximately 20–50% of the interannual variations of CRESW over the tropics and almost all of the variations of CRELW between 60°S and 60°N. The variation of low cloud fraction contributes to most of the variations of CRESW over the midlatitude oceans. Variations in natural aerosol concentrations explained 10–30% of the variations of both CRESW and CRELW over the tropical Pacific, Indonesian regions, and the tropical Indian Ocean. Changes in natural aerosol emissions and concentrations enhance 3–5% and 1–3% of the variations of cloud radiative effects averaged over the tropics.
Manifesting Subtle Differences of Neutral Hydrophilic Guest Isomers in a Molecular Container by Phase Transfer
Authors: Lee Hyun Hee L. , Lee Jong Wha , Jang Yoonjung , Ko Young Ho , Kim Kimoon , Kim Hugh I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAchieving strong host–guest interactions between synthetic hosts and hydrophilic guests in solution is challenging because solvation effects overwhelm other effects. To resolve this issue, we transferred complexes of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and monosaccharides to the gas phase and report here their intrinsic host–guest chemistry in the absence of solvation effects. It was observed that effective host–guest interactions in the gas phase mediated by ammonium cations allow the differentiation of the monosaccharide isomers in complex with CB[7] upon vibrational excitation. The potential of the unique observation was extended to a quantitative supramolecular analytical method for the monosaccharide guests. The combination of host–guest chemistry and phase transfer presented in this study is an effective approach to overcome current limitations in supramolecular chemistry.
Double Ring Expansion from an Aromatic [18]Porphyrin(1.1.1.1) to an Antiaromatic [20]Porphyrin(2.1.2.1)
Authors: Umetani Masataka , Tanaka Takayuki , Kim Taeyeon , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDouble ring expansion from a 5,15‐diarylporphyrin to a 5,16‐diaryl‐10,11,21,22‐tetradehydro[20]porphyrin(2.1.2.1) occurred through a reaction sequence consisting of oxidation with PbO2 to 5,15‐dioxoporphodimethene, a Corey–Fuchs reaction with tetrabromomethane in the presence of triphenylphosphine, and Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement triggered by tert‐butyllithium. The obtained tetradehydro[20]porphyrin(2.1.2.1) and its mono‐ and dihydrogenated congeners exhibited 20 π antiaromatic character, whereas overhydrogenated congeners bearing a saturated bridge were nonaromatic owing to disrupted π conjugation.
Transfer of Two‐Dimensional Oligonucleotide Patterns onto Stereocontrolled Plasmonic Nanostructures through DNA‐Origami‐Based Nanoimprinting Lithography
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Chao Jie , Liu Huajie , Wang Fei , Su Shao , Liu Bing , Zhang Lan , Shi Jiye , Wang Lihua , Huang Wei , Wang Lianhui , Fan Chunhai 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe precise functionalization of self‐assembled nanostructures with spatial and stereocontrol is a major objective of nanotechnology and holds great promise for many applications. Herein, the nanoscale addressability of DNA origami was exploited to develop a precise copy‐machine‐like platform that can transfer two‐dimensional oligonucleotide patterns onto the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through a deliberately designed toehold‐initiated DNA displacement reaction. This strategy of DNA‐origami‐based nanoimprinting lithography (DONIL) demonstrates high precision in controlling the valence and valence angles of AuNPs. These DNA‐decorated AuNPs act as precursors in the construction of discrete AuNP clusters with desired chirality.
Tensile behavior of polyolefin composites: the effect of matrix parameters
Authors: Guseva Maria , Gerasin Victor , Shklyaruk Boris 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTPolyolefin composites were prepared from 14 PE matrices and three different mineral fillers (montmorillonite, palygorskite and glass microspheres) via melt compounding in an extruder. Mechanical properties of the obtained systems were analyzed with emphasis on elongation at break and conditions for ductile/brittle failure were determined. When filler content is raised beyond a certain “critical” value, tensile properties are dramatically altered and transition occurs from ductile behavior to brittle fracture. This transition is displayed by a well‐defined “step” on the plot of strain at break versus concentration of particles. The value of “critical filler content” was found to depend mainly on level of crystallinity of a matrix while other parameters (chemical nature of filler particles, their size, shape and surface treatment) are less significant. “Critical filler content” will decrease with growth of crystallinity of a polymer and with highly crystalline HDPEs it is as low as 2–8 vol %. Otherwise, with noncrystallizing and low‐crystalline polymers elongation at break decreases gradually with concentration of mineral particles and ductile type deformation is maintained at fairly large filler fractions. The results presented here will be useful for a proper selection of a matrix polymer in composites with mineral fillers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43819.
NMR Fragment Screening Hit Induces Plasticity of BRD7/9 Bromodomains
Authors: Wang Na , Li Fudong , Bao Hongyu , Li Jie , Wu Jihui , Ruan Ke 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe complex biology associated with inhibition of bromodomain and extra‐terminal (BET) domains by chemical probes has attracted increasing attention, and there is a need to identify non‐BET bromodomain (BD) inhibitors. Several potent inhibitors of the BRD9 BD have recently been discovered, with anticancer and anti‐inflammation activity. However, its paralogue, BRD7 BD, remains unexploited. Here, we identified new chemotypes targeting BRD7 BD by using NMR fragment‐based screening. BRD7/9 BDs exhibit similar patterns of chemical‐shift perturbation upon the titration of hit compound 1. The crystal structure revealed that 1 repels the Y222 group of BRD9 BD in a similar way to that for butyryllysine, but not acetyllysine and known inhibitors. Hit 1 induced less rearrangement of residue F161 of BRD9 BD than acetyllysine, butyryllysine, and crotonyllysine. Our study provides structural insight into a new generation of butyryllysine mimics for probing the function of BRD7/9 BD.
Size‐controlled/Surface‐Functionalized Polystyrene Nanospheres with Good Biocompatibility and High Encapsulation Efficiency of Cyclosporin A via Miniemulsion Polymerization in One Step
Authors: Song Xiaoli , Yang Fangfang , Li Ling , Zhu Aiping 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this paper, size‐controlled and surface‐functionalized RhB‐labeled and Cyclosporin A (CsA)‐loaded polystyrene (PS) nanospheres were successfully synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization. The biophysical properties of PEG functionalized PS nanospheres from protein adsorption, blood compatibility, cell compatibility and cell penetrability showed the nanoparticles with high biocompatibility. These results indicated that PEG modified PS nanospheres showed outstanding properties as low size distribution (0.164), high encapsulation efficiency (98.3%), long re‐calcification time (50% than positive control), low hemolysis ratio (3.19%) and high cell viability (95.3%). This work could be used as a good drug delivery system for CsA.
Ligand Specific Efficiency (LSE) Index for PET Tracer Optimization
Authors: Auberson Yves P. , Briard Emmanuelle , Sykes David , Reilly John , Healy Mark 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLigand efficiency indices are widely used to guide chemical optimization in drug discovery, due to their predictive value in the early steps of optimization. At later stages, however, as more complex properties become critical for success, indices relying on calculated, rather than experimental, parameters become less informative. This problem is particularly acute when developing positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents, for which nonspecific binding (NSB) to membranes and non‐target proteins is a frequent cause of failure. NSB cannot be predicted using in silico parameters. To address this gap, we explored the use of the experimentally determined chromatographic hydrophobicity index on immobilized artificial membranes, CHI(IAM), to guide the optimization of NSB. The ligand specific efficiency (LSE) index was defined as the ratio between affinity (pIC50 or pKd) and the logarithmic value of CHI(IAM). It allows for quantification of binding affinity to the target of interest, relative to NSB. Its use was illustrated by the optimization of PET tracer candidates for the prostacyclin receptor.
Continuous skyline queries on multicore architectures
Authors: De Matteis Tiziano , Di Girolamo Salvatore , Mencagli Gabriele 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe emergence of real‐time decision‐making applications in domains like high‐frequency trading, emergency management, and service level analysis in communication networks has led to the definition of new classes of queries. Skyline queries are a notable example. Their results consist of all the tuples whose attribute vector is not dominated (in the Pareto sense) by one of any other tuple. Because of their popularity, skyline queries have been studied in terms of both sequential algorithms and parallel implementations for multiprocessors and clusters. Within the Data Stream Processing paradigm, traditional database queries on static relations have been revised in order to operate on continuous data streams. Most of the past papers propose sequential algorithms for continuous skyline queries, whereas there exist very few works targeting implementations on parallel machines. This paper contributes to fill this gap by proposing a parallel implementation for multicore architectures. We propose (i) a parallelization of the eager algorithm based on the notion of Skyline Influence Time, (ii) optimizations of the reduce phase and load‐balancing strategies to achieve near‐optimal speedup, and (iii) a set of experiments with both synthetic benchmarks and a real dataset in order to show our implementation effectiveness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low Cytotoxic Metal–Organic Frameworks as Temperature‐Responsive Drug Carriers
Authors: Lin Wenxin , Hu Quan , Yu Jiancan , Jiang Ke , Yang Yanyu , Xiang Shengchang , Cui Yuanjing , Yang Yu , Wang Zhiyu , Qian Guodong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTwo zinc‐based porous metal–organic frameworks, ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3, sharing the same crystal structure, have been synthesized from zinc ions, the biomolecular linker adenine, and carboxylate‐based ligands, resulting in 3D frameworks with 1D channels (approximately 1.6 nm×1.9 nm). The materials ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 exhibit low toxicity by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, microscopy images, and cell‐cycle analysis; this indicates their potential applications for human health care. The anticancer drug methotrexate (MTX) is successfully loaded into MOFs by a simple impregnation method and the drug payloads reach approximately 13.45 and 10.63 wt % for ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3, respectively. The sustainable drug‐release behavior of MTX from MTX‐loaded ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 is detected for several days. The temperature‐responsive deliveries of ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 reveal that hyperthermia can control the drug release and open up a new treatment which combines drug therapy and thermal therapy to kill more cancer cells with fewer side effects; this reveals the practical value of ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 as “smart” drug carriers with more therapeutic efficacy.
Distributed opportunistic spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Hawa Mohammed , AlAmmouri Ahmad , Alhiary Ala , Alhamad Nidal 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn cases where the licensed radio spectrum is underutilized, cognitive radio technology enables cognitive devices to sense and then dynamically access this scarce resource making the most out of it. In this work, we introduce a simple and intuitive, yet powerful and efficient, technique that allows opportunistic channel access in cognitive radio systems in a completely distributed fashion. Our proposed method achieves very high values of spectrum utilization and throughput. It also minimizes interference between cognitive base stations and the primary users licensed to use the spectrum. The algorithm responds quickly and efficiently to variations in the network parameters and also achieves a high degree of fairness between cognitive base stations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonhost diversity and density reduce the strength of parasitoid–host interactions
Authors: Kehoe Rachel , Frago Enric , Barten Catherin , Jecker Flurin , van Veen Frank , Sanders Dirk 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe presence of nonprey or nonhosts is known to reduce the strength of consumer– resource interactions by increasing the consumer's effort needed to find its resource. These interference effects can have a stabilizing effect on consumer–resource dynamics, but have also been invoked to explain parasitoid extinctions. To understand how nonhosts affect parasitoids, we manipulated the density and diversity of nonhost aphids using experimental host–parasitoid communities and tested how this affects parasitation efficiency of two aphid parasitoid species. To further study the behavioral response of parasitoids to nonhosts, we tested for changes in parasitoid time allocation in relation to their host‐finding strategies. The proportion of successful attacks (attack rate) in both parasitoid species was reduced by the presence of nonhosts. The parasitoid Aphidius megourae was strongly affected by increasing nonhost diversity with the attack rate dropping from 0.39 without nonhosts to 0.05 with high diversity of nonhosts, while Lysiphlebus fabarum responded less strongly, but in a more pronounced way to an increase in nonhost density. Our experiments further showed that increasing nonhost diversity caused host searching and attacking activity levels to fall in A. megourae, but not in L. fabarum, and that A. megourae changed its behavior after a period of time in the presence of nonhosts by increasing its time spent resting. This study shows that nonhost density and diversity in the environment are crucial determinants for the strength of consumer–resource interactions. Their impact upon a consumer's efficiency strongly depends on its host/prey finding strategy as demonstrated by the different responses for the two parasitoid species. We discuss that these trait‐mediated indirect interactions between host and nonhost species are important for community stability, acting either stabilizing or destabilizing depending on the level of nonhost density or diversity present.
Sustained, localized salicylic acid delivery enhances diabetic bone regeneration via prolonged mitigation of inflammation
Authors: Yu Weiling , Bien‐Aime Stephan , Mattos Marcelo , Alsadun Sarah , Wada Keisuke , Rogado Sarah , Fiorellini Joseph , Graves Dana , Uhrich Kathryn 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDiabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by insulin resistance and/or deficiency and impairs bone quality and bone healing due to altered gene expression, reduced vascularization, and prolonged inflammation. No effective treatments for diabetic bone healing are currently available, and most existing treatments do not directly address the diabetic complications that impair bone healing. We recently demonstrated that sustained and localized delivery of salicylic acid (SA) via an SA‐based polymer provides a low‐cost approach to enhance diabetic bone regeneration. Herein, we report mechanistic studies that delve into the biological action and local pharmacokinetics of SA‐releasing polymers shown to enhance diabetic bone regeneration. The results suggest that low SA concentrations were locally maintained at the bone defect site for more than 1 month. As a result of the sustained SA release, a significantly reduced inflammation was observed in diabetic animals, which in turn, yielded reduced osteoclast density and activity, as well as increased osteoblastogenesis. Based upon these results, localized and sustained SA delivery from the SA‐based polymer effectively improved bone regeneration in diabetic animals by affecting both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, thereby providing a positive basis for clinical treatments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2595–2603, 2016.
High‐performance Liquid Chromatographic Ultraviolet Detection of Nilotinib in Human Plasma from Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, and Comparison with Liquid Chromatography‒Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nakahara Ryosuke , Satho Yuhki , Itoh Hiroki 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundA method for determining nilotinib concentration in human plasma is proposed using high‐performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection.Materials & MethodsNilotinib and the internal standard dasatinib were separated using a mobile phase of 0.5% Na2PO4H2O (pH 2.5)‐acetonitrile‐methanol (55:25:20, v/v/v) on a Capcell Pak C18MGII column (250 × 4.6 mm) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and ultraviolet measurement at 250 nm.ResultsThe calibration curve exhibited linearity over the nilotinib concentration range of 50–2,500 ng/ml at 250 nm, with relative standard deviations (n =5) of 7.1%, 2.5%, and 2.9% for 250, 1,500, and 2,500 ng/ml, respectively. The detection limit for nilotinib was 5 ng/ml due to three blank determinations (ρ = 3).ConclusionThis method was successfully applied to assaying nilotinib in human plasma samples from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. In addition, we compared the results with those measured by liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) at BML, Inc. (a commercial laboratory). A strong correlation was observed between the nilotinib concentrations measured by our high‐performance liquid chromatographic method and those obtained byLC/MS‐MS(r2= 0.988,P< 0.01).