bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Disease, Brain Glucose Metabolism, and Neurocognitive Decline in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Lyndaker Anna , Lau Chuen-Yen , Shah Swati , Wakim Paul , Kelly Erin , Horne Elizabeth , McMahan Cynthia , Spiegel Alicia , Gollomp Elyse , Chien Alice , Mitchell Amelia , Monroe Cynthia , Kim Alan , Nair Govind , Snow Joseph , Smith Bryan , Nath Avindra , Hammoud Dima A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neuroinflammation are thought to exacerbate neurocognitive dysfunction in treated people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). Here, we longitudinally measured brain glucose metabolism as a measure of neuronal integrity in treated PWH using [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in correlation with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) scores, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuroinflammatory markers, neurocognitive outcomes, and other clinical and laboratory variables (CLVs).

Methods
Well-controlled PWH (n = 36) underwent baseline and follow-up FDG PET/CT obtained 3.5 years apart on average. Longitudinal changes in whole brain and regional relative FDG uptake, brain volumes, CLVs, CSF cytokines, and neuropsychological measures were measured. A variable selection model identified baseline variables related to future brain metabolic changes while multivariable models explored neuropsychological implications of brain metabolism and volumetrics.

Results
High ASCVD scores predicted future decreased thalamic uptake (slope = −0.0068, P = .027) and decreasing thalamic uptake correlated with worsening cognition (slope = 15.80, P = .020). Despite longitudinal greater than expected gray matter loss, whole brain FDG uptake did not change over the follow-up period. Most CSF cytokines decreased longitudinally but were not predictive of FDG changes.

Conclusions
We found that high ASCVD scores in a group of treated PWH were related to thalamic hypometabolism, which in turn correlated with neurocognitive decline. Our findings support the contribution of CVD to neurocognitive dysfunction. More proactive CVD management may have a role in mitigating progression of cognitive impairment. Lack of change in global brain glucose metabolism despite documented accelerated gray matter volume loss over the same period suggests that FDG PET might underestimate neuronal injury in PWH compared to structural magnetic resonance imaging.
Algorithmic Administration as Constitutional Governance
Authors: Coglianese Cary , Lobel Orly 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Government agencies are increasingly adopting digital technologies that rely on AI to aid their work. The algorithmic automation of administrative functions and decision-making—including in law enforcement, adjudication, delivery of public services, legal guidance, and inspections—offers a range of benefits in terms of improving the performance of government. But the use of AI tools by government also raises a host of concerns about bias, transparency, and accountability. So far, most academic research in law has focused on these concerns about the use of AI, with some scholars urging resistance to governmental use of AI by raising constitutional objections. This chapter suggests an alternative connection between constitutionalism and governmental use of AI tools. Rather than seeing the public as having constitutional rights to be free from AI in government—such as by having a so-called right to a human-made decision—the authors suggest that the public may well have certain claims sounding in constitutional values to have government institutions make use of AI tools. Accepting this alternative account need not require the dismissal of all concerns about how governments could use AI to infringe on human rights or create serious problems. Rather, it suggests only that government authorities need to deploy AI with care. The chapter concludes by outlining principles and practices for the responsible use of AI in the administrative state.
Data Ethics
Authors: Kröger Sandra , Bellamy Richard 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the ethical concerns raised by the digital collection and use of Big Data. It starts by summarizing the digital processes by which data are collected and the ways algorithms work, which provide the source of the ethical issues the chapter reviews. The chapter then looks at the impact of these processes on two key ethical values: namely autonomy and equality. These values lie behind many core constitutional principles. With regard to the former, the chapter discusses how autonomy is undermined by a lack of data privacy, which leads to manipulation and domination. So far as the latter is concerned, the authors show how equality is undermined by discrimination and a lack of fairness as well as a lack of accountability. The chapter then addresses some of the main related regulatory challenges. While conventional constitutional principles justify going beyond self-regulation by the corporations themselves, the digital sector can elude the standard, state-based, constitutional mechanisms associated with liberal constitutionalism. As such, it requires the development of global and social forms of constitutionalism, though these too face both practical and ethical challenges.
‘Digital Constitutionalism’ and ‘American’ Constitutionalism
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
How well does the concept or discourse of ‘digital constitutionalism’, which emerged first in the European crucible, translate globally? Is it consistent or at odds with its nominative US counterpart? This chapter takes up those questions by asking first how new digital technologies—and in particular tools of analysis, prediction, and control facilitated by two decades’ advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence—are regulated in the United States. Reflection on the American legal landscape quickly reveals sharp conceptual and practical divides from ‘digital constitutionalism’ as that term has emerged in international and European circles. Stepping back from the extant legal landscape, and bringing into view a longer theoretical tradition of American constitutionalism, this chapter considers whether the basic conceptual building blocks of this deep intellectual lineage warrant some reconsideration now. Has the exogenous shock of new technologies, in other words, rendered the assumptions of American constitutionalism redundant or even dangerously self-defeating? And what can American constitutionalism learn from the emergent discourse of digital constitutionalism?
Discovery of a hyperluminous quasar at z = 1.62 with Eddington ratio &gt;3 in the eFEDS field confirmed by KOOLS-IFU on Seimei Telescope
Authors: Toba Yoshiki , Masu Keito , Ota Naomi , Gao Zhen-Kai , Imanishi Masatoshi , Yanagawa Anri , Yamada Satoshi , Dosaka Itsuki , Kakimoto Takumi , Kobayashi Seira , Kurokawa Neiro , Oki Aika , Soga Sorami , Shibata Kohei , Takeuchi Sayaka , Tsujita Yukana , Nagao Tohru , Tanaka Masayuki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Wang Wei-Hao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We report the discovery of a hyperluminous type 1 quasar (eFEDS J082826.9-013911; eFEDS J0828-0139) at $z_{\rm spec} = 1.622$ with a super-Eddington ratio ($\lambda _{\rm Edd}$). We perform the optical spectroscopic observations with KOOLS-IFU (the Kyoto Okayama Optical Low-dispersion Spectrograph with optical fiber) on the Seimei Telescope. The black hole mass ($M_{\rm BH}$) based on the single-epoch method with Mg ii$\lambda$2798 is estimated to be $M_{\rm BH} = {(6.2 \pm 1.2) }\times 10^8\, M_{\odot }$. To measure the precise infrared luminosity ($L_{\rm IR}$), we obtain submillimeter data taken by SCUBA-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and conduct the spectral energy distribution analysis with X-ray to submillimeter data. We find that $L_{\rm IR}$ of eFEDS J0828-0139 is $L_{\rm IR} = {(6.8 \pm 1.8)} \times 10^{13}\, L_{\odot }$, confirming the existence of a hypeluminous infrared galaxy. $\lambda _{\rm Edd}$ is estimated to be $\lambda _{\rm Edd} = {3.6 \pm 0.7}$, making it a quasar with one of the highest BH mass accretion rates at cosmic noon.
The extended halo and tidal tails of the old open cluster NGC 2112
Authors: Gao Xinhua , Zhu Chengyu 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper investigates the spatial structure and tidal tails of the nearby ($\sim$1100 pc) old open cluster NGC 2112 ($\sim$1.2 Gyr) based on reliable cluster members from Gaia-DR3. A robust clustering method is used to calculate membership probabilities for sample stars within $2.^{\!\!\!\circ }5$ ($\sim$48 pc) of the cluster center. More than 1200 cluster members are identified based on the membership probabilities. We find that the cluster members can be naturally segregated into two distinct components (core and halo) using the Gaussian mixture model. The major and minor axes of the core and halo are determined using principal component analysis (PCA). The lengths of the semi-major axes of the core and halo are estimated to be $\sim\! 22^{\prime }$ ($\sim$7 pc) and $\sim 86^{\prime }$ ($\sim$28 pc), respectively. We find that the core and halo have minor to major axis ratios of $e\sim 0.92$ and 0.75 respectively, indicating that the halo is strongly influenced by the external tidal field. Moreover, we find two $\sim$36 pc long tidal tails around the cluster, nearly aligned with the orbit of the cluster. The tidal tails contain various types of stars, including main-sequence stars, main-sequence turn-off (MSTO) stars, blue straggler (BS) stars, and red giant branch stars. The high-mass tail stars (e.g., MSTO stars, BS stars) could not have formed only via star evaporation driven by two-body relaxation. We estimate that the observed tidal tails could have formed within the last $\sim$30 Myr.
Duration-Based Valuation of Corporate Bonds
Authors: van Binsbergen Jules H , Nozawa Yoshio , Schwert Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We decompose corporate bond and equity index returns into duration-matched government bond returns and the excess returns over this duration-matched counterfactual, which we term duration-adjusted returns. Compared with previously used excess return definitions (ie, returns in excess of Treasury bills), our decomposition leads to markedly different return patterns and asset pricing implications. In particular, we find that investment-grade bonds earn a small credit risk premium, comparable in magnitude to the convenience yield, and that duration adjustment resolves the CAPM’s failure to price corporate bonds. These findings highlight the importance of adjusting for nonstationary interest rate environments in asset pricing tests.
Growth performance and carcass characteristics of bulls fed tannins associated or not with monensin
Authors: Nascimento Kaique S , Bomfim Lorena Emily L M , Couto Victor R M , Silva Mauricia B , Lopes Ana Laura A , Fernandes Marcia H M R , Manella Marcelo Q , Ferraz Junior Marcos V C , Fernandes Juliano J R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tannin (a mix of hydrolyzable and condensed) and its association with monensin on feed efficiency, growth performance, and carcass of bulls fed high-grain diets with 14% and 13% crude protein (CP). Bulls (64 Nellore and 96 crossbred Angus × Nellore; initial body weight (BW) = 342 ± 25 kg; 20 ± 1 months) were allocated into 20 pens (8 from the same breed per pen). The treatments were T14 – 1.5 g of tannin/kg of dry matter (DM) (Bypro; Silva Team Brasil, Estância Velha, Brazil) in a diet with 14% of CP; M14 – 25 ppm monensin (Rumensin; Elanco Saúde Animal, São Paulo, Brazil) in a diet with 14% of CP; TM14 – 1.5 g of tannin/kg of DM and 25 ppm monensin in a diet with 14% of CP; TM13 – 1.5 g of tannin/kg of DM and 25 ppm monensin in a diet with 13% of CP. Data were analyzed using a randomized block design with pens as experimental units. Supplementation with tannin resulted in greater final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter intake (DMI) compared with Monensin (P &lt; 0.05). The association between Tannin and Monensin decreased (P &lt; 0.05) DMI without affecting growth performance, consequently improving the gain-to-feed ratio compared to the Tannin-alone treatment. When Tannin was combined with Monensin, there was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in net energy for gain and net energy for maintenance compared with Tannin supplementation alone. Bulls supplemented with Tannin in their diet exhibited greater (P &lt; 0.05) hot carcass weight, carcass gain, and gluteus medius area compared with those supplemented with Monensin alone. Final BW, ADG, and DMI were lower (P &lt; 0.05) when the CP content of the diet was decreased from 14% to 13%. The optimal combination for achieving maximum growth and feed efficiency was observed when bulls were fed with tannin and monensin combined in a diet containing 14% CP.
Cervical Pessary Versus Vaginal Progesterone in Women With a Singleton Pregnancy, a Short Cervix, and No History of Spontaneous Preterm Birth at Less Than 34 Weeks’ Gestation: Open Label, Multicentre, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: van Dijk Charlotte E. , van Gils Annabelle L. , van Zijl Maud D. , Koullali Bouchra , van der Weide Marijke C. , van den Akker Eline S. , Hermsen Brenda J. , van Baal Wilhelmina M. , Visser Henricus , van Drongelen Joris , Vollebregt Karlijn C. , Muller Moira , van der Made Flip W. , Gordijn Sanne J. , de Mooij Yolanda M. , Oudijk Martijn A. , de Boer Marjon A. , Mol Ben WJ , Kazemier Brenda M. , Pajkrt Eva 
Published: September 2024

(Abstracted from BMJ 2024;384:e07703)
Preterm birth is as a major problem in obstetric care, causing neonatal morality, morbidity, and neurodevelopment issues in later life. Although progesterone is recognized to reduce preterm birth in pregnant individuals who have short cervical length, cervical pessary also has been reported to be effective in singleton pregnancies of individuals with a cervical length <25 mm.
RSV Prefusion F Protein–Based Maternal Vaccine—Preterm Birth and Other Outcomes
Authors: Dieussaert Ilse , Kim Joon Hyung , Luik Sabine , Seidl Claudia , Pu Wenji , Stegmann Jens Ulrich , Swamy Geeta K. , Webster Peggy , Dormitzer Philip R. 
Published: September 2024

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2024;390:1009–1021)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children, disproportionately affects infants <6 months of age. Effective treatments are needed to prevent the disease.
Harnessing ZIKV NS2A RNA for alleviating acute hepatitis and cytokine release storm by targeting translation machinery
Authors: Zhu Jingfei , Wu Rongsheng , Yang Tao , Yuan Yi , Liu Guodi , Chen Shengchuan , Chen Zhiqiang , Liu Siying , Wang Shiyou , Li Dapei , Yao Haiping , He Yuanqing , He Sudan , Qin Cheng-Feng , Dai Jianfeng , Ma Feng 
Published: September 2024

Background and Aims:
Hyperactivated inflammatory responses induced by cytokine release syndrome are the primary causes of tissue damage and even death. The translation process is precisely regulated to control the production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, it is largely unknown whether targeting translation can effectively limit the hyperactivated inflammatory responses during acute hepatitis and graft-versus-host disease.

Approach and Results:
By using in vitro translation and cellular overexpression systems, we have found that the nonstructural protein gene NS2A of Zika virus functions as RNA molecules to suppress the translation of both ectopic genes and endogenous proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, results from RNA pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays have demonstrated that NS2A RNA interacts with the translation initiation factor eIF2α to disrupt the dynamic balance of the eIF2/eIF2B complex and translation initiation, which is the rate-limiting step of translation. In the acetaminophen-induced, lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced, viral infection-induced acute hepatitis, and graft-versus-host disease mouse models, mice with myeloid cell-specific knock-in of NS2A show decreased levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines and reduced tissue damage.

Conclusions:
Zika virus NS2A dampens the production of proinflammatory cytokines and alleviates inflammatory injuries by interfering translation process as RNA molecules, which suggests that NS2A RNA is potentially used to treat numerous acute inflammatory diseases characterized by cytokine release syndrome.
Nutrition in pediatric end-stage liver disease
Authors: Desai Tejas S. , Hulst Jessie M. , Bandsma Robert , Mehta Sagar 
Published: September 2024

Purpose of review
The aim of this review is to outline recent studies relating to nutritional status and outcomes in pediatric end-stage liver disease.

Main findings
Pediatric patients with chronic and end-stage liver disease are at high risk of malnutrition. Given additional growth demands in children and the inherent complications of chronic liver disease, achieving adequate nutrition in these patients remains a challenge. In addition, while guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease exist, global approaches and definitions of malnutrition vary. Recent literature has focused on sarcopenia and nutrition-related transplant outcomes, with some studies exploring nutritional assessment and management. Pediatric studies however continue to lag adult research, with limited prospective and interventional studies.

Summary
Optimizing nutrition in pediatric end-stage liver disease remains a challenge, however understanding of the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of malnutrition in this population is improving. Despite these efforts, high quality studies to determine optimal nutrition strategies and interventions are lacking behind adult evidence and should be the focus of future research.
Prediabetes and insulin resistance: effect of vitamin D
Authors: Kawahara Tetsuya 
Published: September 2024

Purpose of review
The impact of vitamin D on improving insulin resistance in prediabetes remains controversial. The purpose of this review is to examine whether vitamin D supplementation improves insulin resistance in adults with prediabetes, and if so, to identify the mechanisms and the specific populations.

Recent findings
Global prevalence of prediabetes is increasing, and prevention is a critical issue because these people with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes soon, which will put pressure on healthcare costs. Recent evidence on the effectiveness of vitamin D administration in improving insulin resistance and preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes in adults with prediabetes has been accumulating. The 2024 updated clinical practice guideline of the American Diabetes Association states that vitamin D administration to patients with prediabetes potentially benefits type 2 diabetes incidence in specific populations. There are also reports that vitamin D administration improves insulin resistance via increased serum osteocalcin levels, a marker of bone turnover.

Summary
Vitamin D is likely to improve insulin resistance, which is already present at the time of prediabetes. However, the effectiveness may vary depending on ethnic differences and blood vitamin D levels at the start of administration.
Vitamin D and muscle health: insights from recent studies
Authors: Kuwabara Akiko , Matsumoto Mai , Hatamoto Yoichi , Fujita Satoshi 
Published: September 2024

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the effects of vitamin D on muscle mass and physical/muscle function in middle-aged and older adults, based on recent human studies, including cross-sectional, observational, and intervention studies. Vitamin D, beyond its well established role in bone health, has shown potential in influencing muscle physiology, making it a nutrient of interest in the context of sarcopenia and related chronic conditions.

Recent findings
The review states how vitamin D affects muscle function, emphasizing its role in muscle cell proliferation, differentiation, and key signaling pathways. Additionally, the review of recent human studies revealed an inconsistent relationship between vitamin D and sarcopenia and related indices, with mixed results regarding muscle mass and strength. Variability in supplementation dose, duration, and baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels may contribute to these inconsistencies.

Summary
While animal studies indicate vitamin D's effectiveness in muscle growth, cross-sectional, observational, and intervention studies do not show clear benefits of maintaining efficient vitamin D levels on muscle mass or function in humans. Although vitamin D impacts muscle health, it is insufficient alone, emphasizing the need for a multifaceted approach to sarcopenia prevention and management.
Barriers to the health and well-being of women with multiple sclerosis in Southwestern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Collins Jennifer , Babenko-Mould Yolanda , Jackson Kimberley T. , Smith-Carrier Tracy 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurpose:This study explores the lived experiences of women living with multiple sclerosis (MS) and identifies barriers to their optimal health and well-being.Methodology:Using van Manen's interpretative phenomenologic analysis, the researchers conducted semistructured interviews with 23 women diagnosed with MS in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Data were analyzed using NVivo 12 software, and themes were validated through member checking.Results:The study revealed a key theme of “obstacles for women with MS” and subthemes related to barriers to physical, mental, and social well-being. Participants reported experiencing feelings of health despite their MS diagnosis but identified various constraints on their optimal health and well-being, including challenges with employment, financial support, and housing security.Conclusion:The findings highlight the need for healthcare professionals to advocate for equitable treatments, medication, and accessibility supports for women with MS, as well as for policies that address disability income support and affordable housing. Further research is recommended to explore power imbalances experienced by women with MS in precarious employment situations or living with episodic disabilities.