bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Addiction and Comorbidity
Authors: Brewerton Timothy D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The association between food addiction (FA) and several comorbid psychiatric and non-psychiatric medical conditions is briefly reviewed. These include eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance-related and addictive disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, autism spectrum disorders, personality disorders, and non-psychiatric disorders, particularly those associated with obesity. The importance of comorbidities for the assessment, etiology, and treatment of FA is emphasized. Given that effective integrated treatments are emerging for the treatment of conditions with multiple interrelated comorbidities, treatments for FA would do well to simultaneously target a wide-ranging variety of co-occurring disorders and their symptoms.
Interactions between Alcohol Use, Eating Behaviors, and Weight
Authors: Cummings Jenna R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Research at the intersection of alcohol use and eating behaviors, particularly reward-related and addictive-like eating of highly processed foods (e.g., chocolate, pizza), has improved scientific knowledge on the etiology and modification of these behaviors. This chapter briefly reviews the scientific literature on (a) shared risk factors for alcohol use and eating behaviors, (b) co-occurrence of the behaviors, (c) bidirectional relations between the behaviors, and (d) implications for behavior change, providing suggestions for future research throughout. While alcohol use and eating behaviors may have shared risk factors and co-occur, the bidirectional influences of one behavior on the other are complex. Future research should determine the efficacy of interventions that target alcohol use and eating behaviors simultaneously versus independently, and that are behavior-general versus behavior-specific.
Endocannabinoid Signaling and Food Addiction
Authors: Bassir Nia Anahita , D’souza Deepak Cyril 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Cannabis is well-known for its stimulating effects on appetite. Anecdotal reports suggest that cannabis induces hunger and increases food consumption, especially sweet and high-fat foods, a phenomenon commonly referred to as the “munchies.” Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies confirm that exocannabinoids (e.g., cannabis and its principal active constituent tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) stimulate appetite. There are also converging lines of evidence that the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid, eCB) system plays a central role in homeostatic and hedonic aspects of food intake.1 Therefore, the potential role of the eCB system in food addiction has attracted great attention. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the eCB system in relation to food reward processing and review the current evidence on the eCB alterations in food addiction and related psychopathologies.
An Investigation of Brain-Gut-Microbiome Interactions in Food Addiction and Obesity
Authors: Sood Riya , Ravichandran Soumya , Gupta Arpana 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Altered ingestive behaviors such as food addiction (i.e., compulsive consumption of highly palatable foods primarily for pleasure, beyond the homeostatic needs) are strong drivers for increased obesity rates, especially with limited effective treatments and prevention strategies currently available. We describe the underlying mechanisms associated with food addiction via the influence of environmental factors on the bidirectional interactions between the brain-gut microbiome (BGM) system. We highlight how signals from the brain modulate gut homeostasis, control secretion of hormones, influence gut microbiota composition, as well as how the gut microbiome influences brain functions by modulating the levels of various neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin) that are closely linked to mood, food intake, and impulse control. We go into depth describing how food addiction is based on the tight regulation between the homeostatic pathway and the hedonic or reward-based pathway within the BGM system. We also attempt to explain how environmental factors such as psychosocial stressors, food, and diet can perpetuate maladaptive changes at all levels of the BGM, disrupting the intricate balance between homeostatic and hedonic regulatory mechanisms of food intake. We also summarize how these factors are associated with future opportunities for research, nutrition education, and development of new targeted therapeutic strategies. We provide examples of some of the current therapies targeting the BGM system related to impacting food addiction and obesity.
Epigenetics of Addiction and Eating Disorders
Authors: Hayek Samer El , Eid Mario , Cherro Michele , Gold Mark S. , Bizri Maya , Kobeissy Firas H. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The role of epigenetics in psychiatric disorders has been a major scientific focus in recent years. There is convincing evidence that various epigenetic mechanisms mediate the development and evolution of different psychiatric disorders, including substance use and eating disorders. These epigenetic processes include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA-mediated gene regulatory changes. The interaction between genomic DNA elements, epigenetic modifiers, and environmental factors determines the expression state of genes. This subsequently impacts the individual’s phenotype and expression of illness. This article gives a particular overview of epigenetic changes associated with drug use and eating disorders. Further understanding of the impact of epigenetic changes on the evolution of illness in addiction and disordered eating habits could lead to novel treatment avenues.
Hormones, Hunger, and Food and Addiction
Authors: Sun Guang , Pedram Pardis 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Food intake regulation is based on an intricate feedback system coordinated by hunger, satiation, and satiety signals. This chapter discusses the hormonal regulation of food intake (homeostatic and hedonic), focusing mainly on peripheral hormones and briefly on the central nervous system (CNS). Fourteen regulatory peptides and hormones secreted from the gastrointestinal tract (gut) and three adipokines secreted from adipose tissues are considered given available data, describing locations of synthesis, secretion, and major roles in digestion, food intake, appetite, or addiction. Major hormones from the gastrointestinal tract are important in shorter-term regulation of food intake, and adipokines are more related to longer-term energy depots. Some of these hormones are either able to enter the CNS to bind to corresponding receptors or can be synthesized in the CNS. Although some data suggest that multiple peripheral hormones are associated with traditional drug and food addictions in animals or humans, solid data are still largely lacking in terms of the individual role in addiction, especially in the development of food addiction. This relationship of neuropeptides in the CNS with gut hormones and adipokines and their synergistic effects are essential for understanding regulation of food intake and addiction.
Biological Contributors of Stress as a Common Factor across Overeating and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Sinha Rajita 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
There are a multitude of social, neurobiological, and metabolic factors that guide the stress response and impact behavioral responses such as overeating and substance misuse. This chapter provides a brief update on the effects of cumulative stress, trauma, and adversity in increasing risk for weight gain and substance misuse. Some of the stress neurobiological processes that increase rewarding food and substance intake, and also the overlapping neurobiological and metabolic processes that are altered by overeating and substance misuse, are presented. For example, the stress hormone cortisol and metabolic hormones such as insulin and ghrelin have effects on brain motivational pathways that promote both food and drug craving, and thus facilitate risk of overeating and substance misuse. Critically, recent evidence is reviewed on weight-related and substance misuse-related adaptations on stress processes that alter brain self-control mechanisms and further promote overeating and substance misuse. Finally, implications of such adaptations in brain addiction and stress pathways, and their effects on excessive food intake and risk of weight gain, are discussed.
Ultra-processed Foods and Food Addiction
Authors: Monteiro Carlos A. , Cannon Geoffrey 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Not all food, of course, is addictive. Nor is most processed food. Indeed, it has never been seriously suggested that fresh or minimally processed food made into meals together with processed culinary ingredients is addictive. The foods most often identified as addictive are usually soda and other sweetened drinks (or SSBs, “sugar-sweetened beverages”) and foods that are energy-dense, high in fat as well as sugar and/or salt (or HFSS, short for “high in fat, sugar and/or salt”). Both SSBs and HFSS are ultra-processed as defined by the Nova food classification. Ultra-processed foods are typically chemical concoctions, often combining fats and sugars, a combination not found in nature, and use additives whose functions include achievement of “bliss-points.” Worldwide production and consumption of ultra-processed foods has increased, notably since the 1980s, as has prevalence of obesity. Tests of the addictive potential of ultra-processed foods, including changes in brain function analogous with that for cocaine, show diminished control over intake, intense cravings, and inability to cut down. This is no surprise. Many ultra-processed foods are formulated by manufacturers using ingredients and additives designed not merely to be hyper-palatable but also to induce craving, and they have often been publicized as such. Studies on food addiction should focus on ultra-processed foods as such. The already compelling evidence is an additional reason to institute statutory policies and actions designed to make fresh and minimally processed foods more available, attractive, and affordable, to promote fresh meals, and to reduce production and consumption of ultra-processed foods.
Sugar Addiction in Animal Models
Authors: Simkus Julia , Avena Nicole M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Hyper-palatable foods that are rich in added sugars are pervasive in our modern food environment, and consumption of them has been linked to obesity. It has also been suggested that these foods may have qualities that can promote addiction. In this chapter, we discuss evidence for sugar as an addictive substance, including behavioral evidence of bingeing, withdrawal, and craving. We also discuss the neurochemical changes that are seen in sugar-addicted rats in response to bingeing on sugar. In the model described, animals on an intermittent feeding schedule will display an increase in their motivation to consume sugar after a period of abstinence and will consume copious amounts of it when it is made available again, suggesting craving. How the addiction model contributes to our understanding of the biological basis of obesity and eating disorders is also discussed.
Non-nutritive Sweeteners and Reward Mechanisms
Authors: Page Kathleen A. , Yunker Alexandra G. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Over the past several decades, rates of diet-related chronic diseases have risen dramatically, posing a significant public health concern. In an effort to reduce sugar intake and promote weight management, non-nutritive sweeteners are increasingly utilized as a dietary substitute for nutritive sugar consumption, to satiate the desire for sweet taste while simultaneously reducing caloric intake. Although non-nutritive sweeteners are widely consumed, there is little agreement on whether they are helpful, neutral, or detrimental toward weight maintenance and risk for chronic disease, with many studies reporting equivocal or conflicting findings. This chapter highlights the latest research investigating neuroendocrine processing of non-nutritive sweeteners. Emerging preclinical findings suggest that by uncoupling sweet taste from calories, non-nutritive sweeteners may interfere with evolved neurophysiological responses that regulate feeding behavior, thereby paradoxically stimulating food intake. To that end, a small but growing body of literature demonstrates that heightened exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners, particularly during early stages of the life-course, might influence hedonic preference for sweet taste and associated craving for sweet foods. Moreover, consuming non-nutritive sweeteners in combination with carbohydrates can undermine normal metabolic and neural processing of sugar. Of note, recent findings demonstrate that individual factors, including body weight and sex, predict heightened neural reward signaling in response to non-nutritive sweeteners compared to sugar ingestion, underscoring the need to utilize personalized nutrition approaches when considering dietary non-nutritive sweetener recommendations.
Legal Implications of Food Addiction
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the United States, both the federal and state governments have authority over food and beverages. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the primary authority over the safety and labeling of both food and added ingredients, such as sugar, caffeine, and chemicals to enhance shelf-life. State governments can regulate the retail sale of consumer products through zoning and licensing. Federal and state regulation of nicotine-containing tobacco products and alcoholic beverages has attempted to moderate consumption by requiring package warning labels, instituting excise taxes, and restricting youth access. However, addictive foods and non-alcoholic beverages may provide a more difficult challenge for government regulation because no single product or ingredient has emerged as the definitive trigger for an addictive response. Further, even food ingredients of known concern, such as high levels of caffeine delivered through energy drinks, have little regulation. Additional evidence and political will is likely necessary to encourage government regulation of foods associated with addiction. As a result of outdated FDA regulations and lax enforcement, litigation may be an alternative strategy. As the science evolves and evidence comes to light, the FDA may consider revisiting some of its earlier conclusions and evaluating additional strategies to ensure a safe food supply, and the state attorneys general may consider bringing actions against food companies to address addictive foods or additives.
Material Crossings/Fire
Authors: Pintchman Tracy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the material theology of the Parashakthi Temple in Pontiac, Michigan. Temple discourse maintains that the Goddess uses material objects in deliberate ways for a variety of reasons, including to communicate her wishes and bring her divine potency, her shakti, to human devotees. Extending the availability of divine power to the temple community and the larger community beyond temple confines requires the coordination of three kinds of agents: the Goddess; human brokers who, as beings embodied in the gross, material realm, can act in ways the Goddess cannot; and specific objects and structures well-suited to and carefully prepared for their intended tasks. This chapter focuses on some of the objects and structures that came to reside at the temple from the time it was constructed until the time it was destroyed in a fire in 2018.
Mother Refound and Rejected
Authors: Roberts Michèle 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the novel Chéri, thought by many to be Colette's masterpiece, and rereads it through the prism of the Christian myth of Paradise Lost that Colette’s text evokes. A short novel, it is a bittersweet comedy, and finally, for some readers, a tragedy. Léa, a beautiful, wealthy, ageing courtesan, relinquishes the young lover, Chéri, whom she keeps and educates, once he has married a wealthy young woman, the daughter of a rival courtesan. Much of the action takes place inside Léa's opulent house in the outer Parisian suburbs, inside her luxurious bedroom, where the two protagonists make love, talk, quarrel, make love again, and finally yield to the reality outside the house. A hothouse world of hypocrisy, paid-for sex, subtle cruelty, passion. Set just before the First World War. In my rereading I consider class and the demi-monde, the role of the mistress as maternal being, the fifficulties of femal friendship in a male-controlled culture.
Pride and Gluttony in Washington Irving’s ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’
Authors: Eastman Christine A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to make a link between the sins of pride and gluttony—those ever-present yet all-too-often unnamed human vices—and the topic of leadership. It brings to life an early nineteenth-century ghost story set in a sleepy New York village. Exploring the sins of pride and gluttony, the chapter demonstrates the ways in which literary representations of these sins can help hone our sensitivity to the ills of the contemporary workplace. Washington Irving’s ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ of 1820 portrays the destructiveness of pride and gluttony. The chapter examines how the story can be used to open up a discussion of leadership in the contemporary workplace. It demonstrates not only how quaint notions of forgotten generations are pervasive in our contemporary lives but that their pervasiveness has profound implications for leadership today. Irving’s story provides leaders with a fresh perspective on their roles and a recognition of the need to be engaged in meaning and purpose. The chapter also examines the deadly rivalry portrayed in Truman Capote’s 1970 novella ‘Hand-Carved Coffins’ and the biography of Lyndon B. Johnson to examine how the outlines of a life can illuminate the motivations behind human behaviour and dynamics of our relationships. To survive and even thrive in organizational life, we need space for discussion. We must deepen the connections between ourselves and others so that we can think and act effectively in an ever-changing world.
Envy and Greed in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and ‘Wakefield’
Authors: Eastman Christine A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores two texts in which Hawthorne’s examination of sin is most insightful. The discussion centres on Hawthorne’s representation of envy in The Scarlet Letter (1850) and of greed in the short story ‘Wakefield’ (1835). In their dissection of human psychology and their portrayal of characters who grapple with the dark forces of human nature that influence our decisions and actions, Hawthorne’s texts offer a point of entry in coaching dialogues on the topics of envy and greed, these ubiquitous and yet often invisible perils of corporate life. ‘Wakefield’ is a story about the perversity of human motivation. Ultimately, the story prompts us to consider the obscure nature of our own motivations. The Scarlet Letter also deals with the dark underside of human motivation. It is a story about social stigma set in Puritan Boston, in which a young woman is forced to struggle with the legacy of her sin and against the moral legalism of Puritan society. The society that shuns and persecutes the protagonist of Hawthorne’s novel is driven by envy. ‘Wakefield’ and The Scarlet Letter re-create worlds that are vastly different from the realities of contemporary business, but in their anatomy of the sins of greed and envy and in their deft treatment of themes such as monomania, organizational surveillance, voice, symbolism, and groupthink, they offer an arresting analysis of the ills that continue to afflict human society and the contemporary organization.
Lust in Herman Melville’s Redburn
Authors: Eastman Christine A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the concept of leadership is elucidated by Herman Melville in his thinly disguised autobiography, Redburn (1849). It explores what Melville’s novel tells us about leadership and work. The chapter posits that work in today’s organizations mirrors the labour aboard a nineteenth-century merchant ship, a microcosm of the capitalistic workplace with its sabotage, bullying, and mutinous squabbles, which allows only the most mentally and physically tough individuals to survive. The chapter makes a link between the sin of lust and the topic of leadership, as exemplified by the experience of 15-year-old first-time sailor Wellingborough Redburn. Melville’s novel dissects the dark side of leadership as a lust for control and domination over others. The novel can be read on one level as a quest for acceptance. Yet, below this surface reading, Redburn can be interpreted as an enquiry into the practices and ethics of organizational conduct. As the protagonist is initiated into the community of work onboard the Highlander, he is forced to consider the ethical stakes of participating in a ruthless hierarchy. The novel offers a valuable perspective on the question of how a conceptual enquiry can contribute to a practical leadership strategy. Ultimately the chapter demonstrates how leadership can be enhanced by an encounter with a skilled adjudicator of human emotions such as Melville.
Sloth in Willa Cather’s ‘Ardessa’
Authors: Eastman Christine A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses Willa Cather’s short story ‘Ardessa’ (1918) to tease out the complexities of organizational sloth. Cather’s Ardessa is a character who elevates personal ease above any achievement or challenge; she embodies non-committal inertia and is the scourge of those who strive to challenge the status quo, to root out the rottenness that lurks in the depths of many establishments, and to embrace risk as they endeavour to do their jobs as effectively as they can. The chapter shows how sloth is a wicked problem and sets out to demonstrate that the act of reflecting on our emotional reactions to characters facing difficult decisions or wicked problems helps us to engage with the concepts, beliefs, values, and practices that underpin leadership. The absent colleague is one of the most vexing situations for leaders. Absence saps the potency of the team, drains productivity, and erodes morale. Cather’s subtle depiction of office politics affords deep insights into an environment that has changed very little in the past hundred years. The politics of the office in which Ardessa is employed are at root indistinguishable from those that govern most contemporary companies. ‘Ardessa’ illustrates the perils of not working to one’s potential, or of feigning hard work and allowing others to pick up the pieces. These understated—sometimes barely perceptible—modes of organizational sabotage yield significant results, to which the wise leader needs to be attuned when forming and growing a team.
Reasoning with Conditionals
Authors: Mandelkern Matthew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores in greater depth the bounded theory’s predictions about how we reason with conditionals: how the combination of conditionals’ truth-conditions and bounds together can account for an array of complex reasoning patterns involving conditionals. The chapter explores the verdicts of the bounded theory on various inference patterns, in particular Modus Ponens and Import-Export, with attention to three degrees of variation: (i) whether a conditional embeds other modals or conditionals; (ii) whether the conditional in question is in the indicative or subjunctive mood; and (iii) whether we are concerned with whether the inference in question preserves truth or rational certainty.