bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliance on orthography and phonology in reading of Chinese: A developmental study
Authors: Zhou Wei , Shu Hua , Miller Kevin , Yan Ming 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundDisruptions of reading processes due to text substitutions can measure how readers use lexical information.MethodsWith eye‐movement recording, children and adults viewed sentences with either identical, orthographically similar, homophonic or unrelated substitutions of the first characters in target words. To the extent that readers rely on orthographic or phonological cues, substitutions that contain such cues should cause less disruption reading than do unrelated substitutions.ResultsOn pretarget words, there was a reliable reduction in gaze duration due to homophonic substitution only for children. On target words, we observed reliable recovery effects due to orthographic similarity for adults. On post‐target words, adults had better orthographic‐based and phonological‐based recovery abilities than children.ConclusionsThe combination of eye movement recording and the error detection paradigm offers a novel implicit paradigm for studying reading development: during sentence reading, beginning readers of Chinese may rely on phonological mediation, while skilled readers have more direct access to semantics from orthography.What is already known about this topic

There is little evidence for early phonological activation during the reading of Chinese sentences among skilled Chinese readers
There is a rich body of evidence supporting the view that phonological information is activated very early in alphabetic scripts, as indexed by shorter fixation durations when useful phonological information is present.
What this paper adds

Chinese beginning readers have early parafoveal activation of phonology during the silent reading of Chinese sentences, as indexed by the parafovea‐on‐fovea effect in the homophonic substitution condition.
The early activation of phonology diminishes with the development of reading skills.
Implications for theory, policy or practice

The phonological parafovea‐on‐fovea effect was revealed during the silent reading of Chinese sentences for beginning readers.
Chinese children may rely on phonological codes while skilled readers have more direct access to semantics from orthography.
The teaching of phonological aspects of Chinese orthography is very important for beginning readers
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association between poor oral health and substance abuse
Authors: Baghaie Hooman , Kisely Steve , Forbes Malcolm , Sawyer Emily , Siskind Dan J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsSubstance use disorders are associated commonly with comorbid physical illness. There are fewer data on dental disease in these conditions, in spite of high rates of dry mouth (xerostomia), as well as the associated indirect or life‐style effects such as poverty and lack of access to care. We compared the oral health of people with substance use disorders (SUDs) with non‐using controls.MethodThis was a systematic search for studies from the last 35 years of the oral health of people reporting SUDs. We used MEDLINE, PsycInfo, OVID, Google Scholar, EMBASE and article bibliographies. Results were compared with the general population. Oral health was assessed in terms of dental caries and periodontal disease using the following standardized measures: the mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) or surfaces (DMFS) and probing pocket depth. Non‐carious tooth loss was assessed clinically.ResultsWe identified 28 studies that had sufficient data for a meta‐analysis, comprising 4086 SU patients and 28 031 controls. People with SUD had significantly higher mean scores for DMFT [mean difference = 5.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.61–7.69 and DMFS (mean difference = 17.83, 95% CI = 6.85–28.8]. They had more decayed teeth but fewer restorations, indicating reduced access to dental care. Patients with SUD also exhibited greater tooth loss, non‐carious tooth loss and destructive periodontal disease compared to controls.ConclusionPatients with substance use disorders have greater and more severe dental caries and periodontal disease than the general population, but are less likely to have received dental care.
Should obese women's access to assisted fertility treatment be limited? A scientific and ethical analysis
Authors: Tremellen Kelton , Wilkinson Dominic , Savulescu Julian 
Published: March 2017

Obesity is associated with a reduction in fertility treatment success and increased risks to mother and child. Therefore guidelines of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) suggest that a body mass index exceeding 35 kg/m2 should be an absolute contraindication to assisted fertility treatment such as in vitro fertilisation IVF. In this paper we challenge the ethical and scientific basis for such a ban. Livebirth rates for severely obese women are reduced by up to 30%, but this result is still far better than that observed for many older women who are allowed access to IVF. This prohibition is particularly unjust when IVF is the only treatment capable of producing a pregnancy, such as bilateral tubal blockage or severe male factor infertility. Furthermore, the absolute magnitude of risks to mother or child is relatively small, and while a woman has a right to be educated about these risks, she alone should be allowed to make a decision on proceeding with treatment. We do not prohibit adults from engaging in dangerous sports, nor do we force parents to vaccinate their children, despite the risks. Similarly, we should not prohibit obese women from becoming parents because of increased risk to themselves or their child. Finally, prohibiting obese women's access to IVF to prevent potential harms such as ‘fetal programing’ is questionable, especially when compared to that child never being born at all. As such, we believe the RANZCOG ban on severely obese women's access to assisted reproductive treatment is unwarranted and should be revised.
Interruption to antiplatelet therapy early after acute ischaemic stroke: a nested case–control study
Authors: Mazlan‐Kepli Wardati , Macisaac Rachael L. , Walters Matthew , Bath Philip Michael William , Dawson Jesse ,   on behalf of the VISTA Collaborators
Published: March 2017

AimsAntiplatelet drugs are often discontinued early after ischaemic stroke, either because of poor compliance, complications or withdrawal of care. It is unclear whether this places patients at increased risk of recurrence. We explored the association between cardiovascular event rate and persistence with prescribed antiplatelet drugs.MethodsWe used a matched case–control design using the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA). Cases were patients who had an acute coronary syndrome, recurrent stroke or transient ischaemic attack within 90 days post‐stroke and were matched for age ± 10 years and sex with up to four controls. Antiplatelet use was categorized as persistent (used for >3 days and continued up to day 90), early cessation (used antiplatelet <3 days) or stopped/interrupted users (used for >3 days but stopped prior to day 90). These categories were compared in cases and controls using a conditional logistic regression model that adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 970 patients were included, of whom 194 were cases and 776 were matched controls. At 90 days, 10 cases (5.2%) and 58 controls (7.5%) stopped/interrupted their antiplatelet. The risk of cardiovascular event was not different in stopped/interrupted users (adjusted odds ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.33, 1.48; P = 0.352) and early cessations (adjusted odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.62, 1.74; P = 0.876) when compared to persistent users.ConclusionWe found no increased risk in patients who stopped and interrupted antiplatelets early after stroke but the study was limited by a small sample size and further research is needed.
Immunology and genetics of tumour necrosis factor in allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Dittmar Daan , Schuttelaar Marie L. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryDuring the sensitization phase of allergic contact dermatitis, the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role by promoting epidermal Langerhans cell migration to draining lymph nodes. It also plays a role during the elicitation phase. The TNF gene (TNF) is located within the major histocompatibility complex region. Many single‐nucleotide variants exist in the promoter region of TNF, and these may either increase or decrease mRNA transcription and therefore lead to higher or lower levels of TNF. The most extensively studied single‐nucleotide variant of TNF is a base pair substitution in the promoter region at location –308 relative to the transcription start site (rs1800629, TNF –308G>A), which is believed to increase transcription and lead to higher TNF levels. The role of TNF in allergic contact dermatitis and the functionality of TNF –308G>A are reviewed in this article. The association between genetic variants and disease can be studied in a case–control design. Only a few case–control studies investigating the association between TNF –308G>A and allergic contact dermatitis have been published, with contradictory results. These are reviewed critically, and suggestions for future case–control studies on this topic are made.
Renminbi Internationalization in the New Normal: Progress, Determinants and Policy Discussions
Authors: Li Cheng , Zhang Xiaojing 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn the present paper we explore the internationalization of the renminbi with reference to the experiences of other monetary powers, and discuss its determinants, prospects and implications for China's development in the “new normal.” Specifically, after summarizing the major progress made thus far, we conduct a regression analysis, showing that economic size and financial conditions are significant determinants of the international currency status, while inertia and other unobserved factors also play important roles. These empirical findings enable us to undertake a scenario analysis focusing on the renminbi's potential to become a global reserve currency. Based on this quantitative research, we then revisit China's policy initiatives designed to promote its currency overseas. In our view, the internationalization of the renminbi, along with financial deepening and liberalization, should be regarded as a means to achieve China's goal of reaching a more sustainable and balanced model of development.
Euphresco inter‐laboratory comparison (2009–2012) on detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tubers: proposal to include TaqMan® real‐time PCR as a primary (core) screening test in EU/EPPO standard methods
Authors: van Vaerenbergh J. , Müller P. , Elphinstone J. G. , Vreeburg R. A. M. , Janse J. D. 
Published: March 2017

In the European Union (EU) potato production is surveyed for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (potato ring rot) and Ralstonia solanacearum (potato brown rot) under Commission Directives 93/85/EEC with its amendment 2006/56/EC and 98/57/EEC with its amendment 2006/63/EC. A regular update of the Directives is required in view of developments in understanding of the biology of these organisms and the diagnostics recommended for their detection and identification. Three inter‐laboratory tests (ILT1, ILT2 and ILT3) were performed from 2009 to 2012 as part of a Euphresco Phytosanitary ERA‐NET project to assess performance of current official methods for C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and R. solanacearum. A major aim of the ILTs was to generate data on the performance of real‐time PCR protocols to support their introduction as primary (core) screening tests for both pathogens. In ILT1, 29 laboratories from 23 countries participated, in ILT2, 23 laboratories from 18 countries and in ILT3 42 laboratories from 24 countries. Relative accuracies for real‐time PCR tests averaged 92% for R. solanacearum and 96% for C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus) and compared with existing primary (core) screening tests (immunofluorescence, conventional PCR, semi‐selective plating and bioassay) in terms of analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity and robustness. It was concluded that all methods tested, including real‐time PCR, can be considered as equivalent. Therefore TaqMan® real‐time PCR is recommended for inclusion in EU Directives and EPPO Standards as a reliable primary (core) screening method.
Multiple ATP‐binding cassette transporters are involved in insecticide resistance in the small brown planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus
Authors: Sun H. , Pu J. , Chen F. , Wang J. , Han Z. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane‐bound proteins involved in the movement of various substrates, including drugs and insecticides, across the lipid membrane. Demonstration of the role of human ABC transporters in multidrug resistance has led to speculation that they might be an important mechanism controlling the fate of insecticides in insects. However, the role of ABC transporters in insects remains largely unknown. The small brown planthopper,Laodelphax striatellusFallén, has developed resistance to most of the insecticides used for its control. Our goals were to identify the ABC transporters inLa. striatellusand to examine their involvement in resistance mechanisms, using related strains resistant to chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and imidacloprid, compared with the susceptible strain. Based on the transcriptome ofLa. striatellus, 40 full‐length ABC transporters belonging to the ABCA–ABCH subfamilies were identified. Quantitative PCR revealed that over 20% of genes were significantly up‐regulated in different resistant strains, and eight genes from the ABCB/C/D/G subfamilies were up‐regulated in all three resistant strains, compared with the susceptible strain. Furthermore, synergism studies showed verapamil significantly enhanced insecticide toxicity in various resistant strains but not in the susceptible strain. These results suggest that ABC transporters might be involved in resistance to multiple insecticides inLa. striatellus.
Structure and viscosity of phase‐separated BaO–SiO2 glasses
Authors: Gueguen Yann , Houizot Patrick , Célarié Fabrice , Chen Mingwei , Hirata Akihiko , Tan Yongwen , Allix Mathieu , Chenu Sébastien , Roux‐Langlois Clément , Rouxel Tanguy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBarium silicate glasses with 0‐40 mol% BaO were synthesized either by aerodynamical levitation and laser heating (at low barium content) or by conventional melting and quenching process. Characterization by means of Raman scattering spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals a structural transition between glasses with low BaO content (<10 mol%) showing an atomic network resembling the one of amorphous silica, and glasses with a BaO content larger than 10 mol%, which exhibit the typical signature of a binary silicate glass with Q2 and Q3 units. Viscosity curves show a marked increase of the viscosity as the BaO content decreases below 20 mol%. Barium is found to easily diffuse and promote phase separation while silicon remains homogeneously distributed. A dramatic increase in the viscosity is observed as phase separation proceeds, resulting in the formation of Ba‐rich nodules in a percolating SiO2‐rich matrix at low barium content, or in Ba‐poor nodules in a BaO‐rich matrix at large barium content.
Home‐care nursing staff in self‐directed teams are more satisfied with their job and feel they have more autonomy over patient care: a nationwide survey
Authors: Maurits Erica E.M. , de Veer Anke J.E. , Groenewegen Peter P. , Francke Anneke L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimsThe aims of this study were: (1) To examine whether working in a self‐directed team is related to home‐care nursing staff's job satisfaction; (2) To assess the mediating effect of self‐perceived autonomy over patient care; (3) To investigate the moderating effect of educational level on the association between autonomy over patient care and job satisfaction.BackgroundSelf‐directed teams are being introduced in home care in several countries. It is unknown whether working in a self‐directed team is related to nursing staff's job satisfaction. It is important to gain insight into this association since self‐directed teams may help in retaining nursing staff.DesignA cross‐sectional study based on two questionnaire surveys in 2014 and 2015.MethodsThe study involved 191 certified nursing assistants and registered nurses employed in Dutch home‐care organizations (mean age of 50). These were members of the Dutch Nursing Staff Panel, a nationwide panel of nursing staff working in various healthcare settings.ResultsSelf‐direction is positively related to nursing staff's job satisfaction. This relationship is partly mediated by autonomy over patient care. For certified nursing assistants and registered nurses with a bachelor's degree, a greater sense of autonomy over patient care in self‐directed teams is positively related to job satisfaction. No significant association was found between autonomy over patient care and job satisfaction for registered nurses with an associate degree.ConclusionsThis study suggests that home‐care organizations should consider the use of self‐directed teams as this increases nursing staff's job satisfaction and may therefore help to retain nursing staff in home care.
Contextualizing leadership: Transformational leadership and Management‐By‐Exception‐Active in safety‐critical contexts
Authors: Willis Sara , Clarke Sharon , O'Connor Elinor 
Published: March 2017

Within the existing leadership literature, the role of context for shaping the effectiveness of leadership is yet to be fully understood. One type of context that poses particular challenges for leaders is an environment where safety is highly critical (i.e., high exposure to risk and likelihood of an accident). We hypothesize that such environments call for specific transformational and transactional leadership behaviours, which differ from those behaviours most effective in less safety‐critical contexts. We tested for moderating effects of perceptions of hazard exposure and accident likelihood on the relationship between transformational leadership and Management‐By‐Exception‐Active with safety and job performance outcomes. The moderation effects of accident likelihood on the link between transformational/MBEA leadership and subordinate performance were supported, demonstrating variation in the effectiveness of leader behaviours dependent on followers’ perceptions about the likelihood for an accident. MBEA leadership was found to be more strongly linked to contextual performance and safety participation if accident likelihood was high, but not under low accident likelihood conditions. Transformational leadership was found to be less strongly related to these performance outcomes in contexts where safety was perceived as highly critical. Our findings have important theoretical and practical implications, and call into question the universality of the transformational–transactional leadership framework. Practical considerations focus on the implications for managers and supervisors who operate in safety‐critical contexts.Practitioner points

Safety‐critical contexts pose particular challenges to leaders. If safety is perceived as highly critical, leaders and/or followers may hold different expectations about leadership and different leadership styles could be required compared to contexts where safety is not critical.

Perceived effectiveness of transformational leadership and Management‐By‐Exception‐Active for employees’ safety participation and contextual performance is influenced by employees’ perceptions of the risk for an accident within their work context.

Management‐By‐Exception‐Active is effective for enhancing team members’ extra effort for safety and contextual performance if the perceived risk of an accident is high, but less effective if perceptions of accident likelihood are low.

Managers and supervisors should therefore pay attention to employees’ perceptions of risk of an accident and the factors that determine how employees perceive their context.
Effectiveness of adjunctive interventions for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review of systematic reviews
Authors: Yi J. , Xiao J. , Li H. , Li Y. , Li X. , Zhao Z. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThis study was aimed to summarise published systematic reviews (SRs) that assess the effects of adjunctive interventions on the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Electronic and manual searches were performed up to August 2016. Systematic reviews investigating the impact of adjunctive techniques on the promotion of OTM were included. The methodological quality of the included reviews was evaluated using the A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) scale. The quality of evidence for each intervention was assessed using GRADE. The Jadad decision algorithm was used to select a study to provide body evidence from discordant reviews on the same intervention. A total of 11 SRs were included in this study. AMSTAR scores ranged from 4 to 10 of 11. The quality of evidence ranged from very low to low. The short‐term (1–3 months) effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT, 5 and 8 J cm−2) and corticotomy were supported by low‐quality evidence. The evidence regarding the efficacy of photobiomodulation, pulsed electromagnetic field, interseptal bone reduction, two vibrational devices (Tooth Masseuse and Orthoaccel) and electrical current was of very low quality. Relaxin injections and extracorporeal shock waves were reported to have no impact on OTM according to low‐ and very low‐quality evidence, respectively. Based on currently available information, we conclude that low‐quality evidence indicates that LLLT (5 and 8 J cm−2) and corticotomy are effective to promote OTM in the short term. Future high‐quality trials are required to determine the optimal protocols, as well as the long‐term effects of LLLT and corticotomy, before warranting recommendations for orthodontics clinics.
Effect of cation–anion balance in feed on urine pH in rabbits in comparison with other species
Authors: Heer F. , Dobenecker B. , Kienzle E. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryIn the present investigation, the impact of diet composition on urine pH in rabbits was compared with previous studies on rabbits, cats, dogs, pigs and horses. A total of 13 dwarf rabbits were fed six different diets with a cation–anion balance (CAB) between −39 and +320 mmol/kg dry matter (DM) using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as an acidifier. CAB was calculated as follows: CAB (mmol/kg DM) = 49.9*Ca + 82.3*Mg +43.5*Na + 25.6*K − 59*P − 62.4*S − 28.2*Cl; minerals in g/kg DM. Urine, faeces and blood were collected. Urine pH ranged from 5.26 ± 0.22 at a CAB of −39 mmol/kg DM to 8.56 ± 0.24 at a CAB of +320 mmol/kg DM. A low CAB in the feed reduced blood pH and blood base excess significantly. Renal excretion of Ca, P, Na and Mg and water was significantly higher in rabbits eating acidifying diets. In comparison with other species, rabbits reacted to acidifying diets in a similar way as cats, dogs and pigs. Rabbits on a mildly alkalizing diet, however, had a trend to higher urine pH than other monogastric species on such diets (cats, dogs, pigs, horses).