bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate domains regulate salivary gland basement membrane metabolism and epithelial differentiation
Authors: Patel Vaishali N. , Aure Marit H. , Choi Sophie H. , Ball James R. , Lane Ethan D. , Wang Zhangjie , Xu Yongmei , Zheng Changyu , Liu Xibao , Martin Daniel , Pailin Jillian Y. , Prochazkova Michaela , Kulkarni Ashok B. , van Kuppevelt Toin H. , Ambudkar Indu S. , Liu Jian , Hoffman Matthew P. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHeparan sulfate (HS) regulation of FGFR function, which is essential for salivary gland (SG) development, is determined by the immense structural diversity of sulfated HS domains. 3-O-sulfotransferases generate highly 3-O-sulfated HS domains (3-O-HS), and Hs3st3a1 and Hs3st3b1 are enriched in myoepithelial cells (MECs) that produce basement membrane (BM) and are a growth factor signaling hub. Hs3st3a1;Hs3st3b1 double-knockout (DKO) mice generated to investigate 3-O-HS regulation of MEC function and growth factor signaling show loss of specific highly 3-O-HS and increased FGF/FGFR complex binding to HS. During development, this increases FGFR-, BM- and MEC-related gene expression, while in adult, it reduces MECs, increases BM and disrupts acinar polarity, resulting in salivary hypofunction. Defined 3-O-HS added to FGFR pulldown assays and primary organ cultures modulates FGFR signaling to regulate MEC BM synthesis, which is critical for secretory unit homeostasis and acinar function. Understanding how sulfated HS regulates development will inform the use of HS mimetics in organ regeneration.
Economic viability requires higher recycling rates for imported plastic waste than expected
Authors: Li Kai , Ward Hauke , Lin Hai Xiang , Tukker Arnold 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe environmental impact of traded plastic waste hinges on how it is treated. Existing studies often use domestic or scenario-based recycling rates for imported plastic waste, which is problematic due to differences in recyclability and the fact that importers pay for it. We estimate the minimum required recycling rate (RRR) needed to break even financially by analysing import prices, recycling costs, and the value of recycled plastics across 22 leading importing countries and four plastic waste types during 2013–2022. Here we show that at least 63% of imported plastic waste must be recycled, surpassing the average domestic recycling rate of 23% by 40 percentage points. This discrepancy suggests that recycled plastics volumes from the global North-to-South trade may be underestimated. The country-specific RRR provided could enhance research and policy efforts to better quantify and mitigate the environmental impact of plastic waste trade.
Fragmented micro-growth habitats present opportunities for alternative competitive outcomes
Authors: Batsch Maxime , Guex Isaline , Todorov Helena , Heiman Clara M. , Vacheron Jordan , Vorholt Julia A. , Keel Christoph , van der Meer Jan Roelof 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBacteria in nature often thrive in fragmented environments, like soil pores, plant roots or plant leaves, leading to smaller isolated habitats, shared with fewer species. This spatial fragmentation can significantly influence bacterial interactions, affecting overall community diversity. To investigate this, we contrast paired bacterial growth in tiny picoliter droplets (1–3 cells per 35 pL up to 3–8 cells per species in 268 pL) with larger, uniform liquid cultures (about 2 million cells per 140 µl). We test four interaction scenarios using different bacterial strains: substrate competition, substrate independence, growth inhibition, and cell killing. In fragmented environments, interaction outcomes are more variable and sometimes even reverse compared to larger uniform cultures. Both experiments and simulations show that these differences stem mostly from variation in initial cell population growth phenotypes and their sizes. These effects are most significant with the smallest starting cell populations and lessen as population size increases. Simulations suggest that slower-growing species might survive competition by increasing growth variability. Our findings reveal how microhabitat fragmentation promotes diverse bacterial interaction outcomes, contributing to greater species diversity under competitive conditions.
Repatterning of mammalian backbone regionalization in cetaceans
Authors: Gillet Amandine , Jones Katrina E. , Pierce Stephanie E. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCetacean reinvasion of the aquatic realm is an iconic ecological transition that led to drastic modifications of the mammalian body plan, especially in the axial skeleton. Relative to the vertebral column of other mammals that is subdivided into numerous anatomical regions, regional boundaries of the cetacean backbone appear obscured. Whether the traditional mammalian regions are present in cetaceans but hard to detect due to anatomical homogenization or if regions have been entirely repatterned remains unresolved. Here we combine a segmented linear regression approach with spectral clustering to quantitatively investigate the number, position, and homology of vertebral regions across 62 species from all major cetacean clades. We propose the Nested Regions hypothesis under which the cetacean backbone is composed of six homologous modules subdivided into six to nine post-cervical regions, with the degree of regionalization dependent on vertebral count and ecology. Compared to terrestrial mammals, the cetacean backbone is less regionalized in the precaudal segment but more regionalized in the caudal segment, indicating repatterning of the vertebral column associated with the transition from limb-powered to axial-driven locomotion.
All-magnonic repeater based on bistability
Authors: Wang Qi , Verba Roman , Davídková Kristýna , Heinz Björn , Tian Shixian , Rao Yiheng , Guo Mengying , Guo Xueyu , Dubs Carsten , Pirro Philipp , Chumak Andrii V. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBistability, a universal phenomenon found in diverse fields such as biology, chemistry, and physics, describes a scenario in which a system has two stable equilibrium states and resets to one of the two states. The ability to switch between these two states is the basis for a wide range of applications, particularly in memory and logic operations. Here, we present a universal approach to achieve bistable switching in magnonics, the field processing data using spin waves. A pronounced bistable window is observed in a 1 μm wide magnonic conduit under an external rf drive. The system is characterized by two magnonic stable states defined as low and high spin-wave amplitude states. The switching between these two states is realized by another propagating spin wave sent into the rf driven region. This magnonic bistable switching is used to design a magnonic repeater, which receives the original decayed and distorted spin wave and regenerates a new spin wave with amplified amplitude and normalized phase. Our magnonic repeater can be installed at the inputs of each magnonic logic gate to overcome the spin-wave amplitude degradation and phase distortion during previous propagation and achieve integrated magnonic circuits or magnonic neuromorphic networks.
Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 lineages from mixed wastewater sequencing data
Authors: Ellmen Isaac , Overton Alyssa K. , Knapp Jennifer J. , Nash Delaney , Ho Hannifer , Hungwe Yemurayi , Prasla Samran , Nissimov Jozef I. , Charles Trevor C. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a critical tool for tracking the spread of COVID-19. In addition to estimating the relative case numbers using quantitative PCR, SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA can be extracted from wastewater and sequenced. There are many existing techniques for using the sequenced RNA to determine the relative abundance of known lineages in a sample. However, it is very challenging to predict novel lineages from wastewater data due to its mixed composition and unreliable genomic coverage. In this work, we present a novel technique based on non-negative matrix factorization which is able to reconstruct lineage definitions by analyzing data from across different samples. We test the method both on synthetic and real wastewater sequencing data. We show that the technique is able to determine major lineages such as Omicron and Delta as well as sub-lineages such as BA.5.2.1. We provide a method for determining emerging lineages in wastewater without the need for genomic data from clinical samples. This could be used for routine monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 as well as other emerging viral pathogens in wastewater. Additionally, it may be used to determine more full-genome sequences for viruses with fewer available genomes.
Comparison of clustering and phenotyping approaches for subclassification of type 2 diabetes and its association with remission in Indian population
Authors: Tripathi Pramod , Vyawahare Anagha , Kadam Nidhi , Tiwari Diptika , Biswas Mayurika Das , Kathrikolly Thejas , Sharma Baby , Vijayakumar Venugopal , Kuppusamy Maheshkumar 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIdentification of novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has helped improve its management. Most classification techniques focus on clustering or subphenotyping but not on both. This study aimed to compare both these methods and examine the rate of T2D remission in these subgroups in the Indian population. K-means clustering (using age at onset, HbA1C, BMI, HOMA2 IR and HOMA2%B) and subphenotyping (using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) estimates) analysis was done on the baseline data of 281 patients with recently diagnosed T2D who participated in a 1-year online diabetes management program. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters: severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD), and mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD) while subphenotyping showed four distinct categories: hyperinsulinemic, insulinopenic, classical, and nascent T2D. Comparison of the two approaches revealed that the clusters aligned with phenotypes based on shared characteristics of insulin sensitivity (IS) and beta cell function (BCF). Clustering correctly identified individuals in nascent group (high IS and BCF) as having mild obesity related diabetes which subphenotyping did not. Post-one-year intervention, higher remission rates were observed in the MOD cluster (p = 0.383) and the nascent phenotype showing high IS and BCF (p = 0.061, Chi-Square test). In conclusion, clustering based on a comprehensive set of parameters appears to be a superior method for classifying T2D compared with pathophysiological subphenotyping. Personalized interventions may be highly effective for newly diagnosed individuals with high IS and BCF and may result in higher remission rates in these individuals. Further large-scale studies are required to validate these findings.
Land-based foraging by polar bears reveals sexual conflict outside mating season
Authors: Prop Jouke , Black Jeffrey M. , Aars Jon , Oudman Thomas , Wolters Eva , Moe Børge 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAccording to sexual selection theory, the sexes are faced with opposing evolutionary goals. Male fitness benefits from access to females, whereas female fitness is constrained by food resources and safety for themselves and their offspring. Particularly in large solitary carnivores, such as polar bears (Ursus maritimus), these divergent goals can potentially lead to conflict between the sexes. Outside the mating season, when polar bears are on the move across vast distances, the consequences of such conflict can become apparent when individuals arrive at the same food source. To investigate interrelationships between the sexes, we observed successive polar bears visiting a bird breeding colony to feed on clutches of eggs. We found that males succeeded females more frequently and more closely than expected by chance. Moreover, when males were closer to conspecifics, they walked faster, spent less time in the colony and ingested less food. In contrast, female foraging performance was not associated with proximity to other bears. Irrespective of proximity, females generally spent short periods in the colony and ingested fewer clutches than males. Our results suggest that in polar bears, there is a trade-off between the benefits of food intake and the opportunities (in males) and risks (in females) posed by encountering conspecifics.
Electric light-duty vehicles have decarbonization potential but may not reduce other environmental problems
Authors: Chen Hao , Can Sener Serife Elif , Van Emburg Cole , Jones Miles , Bogucki Taylor , Bonilla Nicolas , Ijeoma Muzan Williams , Wan Heng , Carbajales-Dale Michael 
Published: August 2024

AbstractElectric vehicles are promoted as ‘clean’ technologies and offer promising reductions in transportation emissions. Nevertheless, their environmental benefits critically depend on the local electricity grid mix and the type of emission being considered. Here, we conduct a comparative life cycle assessment of the four dominant light-duty vehicle categories at both the global scale and in three representative countries: Norway, the US, and China. By analyzing different environmental indicators, particularly global warming potential and respiratory effects, and quantifying related parametric uncertainties, we reveal that the advantages of electric vehicles vary across these regions and across environmental impact types. While electric vehicles offer considerable decarbonization potential as the grid mix becomes cleaner, they might not mitigate other environmental impacts, such as increased respiratory effects on rural, low-income communities. Our results support stakeholders in identifying environmentally friendly vehicle and policy options while considering multiple factors, and emphasize the importance of tailored approaches over one-size-fits-all solutions in sustainable transportation.
Advancements and challenges in bionic joint lubrication biomaterials for sports medicine
Authors: Xiang Lei , Wang Zhen , Cui Wenguo 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBionic lubricant materials are a class of materials inspired by natural organisms and offer excellent lubrication properties and biocompatibility. In the field of sports medicine, their application opens up new possibilities for the prevention and treatment of sports‐related diseases. The authors will introduce the existing theoretical models of friction in the locomotor system, the characteristics and advantages of biomimetic lubrication materials and discuss in depth their applications in the field of sports medicine. The development of bionic lubrication materials opens up unprecedented opportunities for sports medicine to provide more effective and long‐lasting treatment options for patients.
The radial modes of stars with suppressed dipole modes
Authors: Coppée Q. , Müller J. , Bazot M. , Hekker S. 
Published: August 2024

Context. The Kepler space mission provided high-quality light curves for more than 16 000 red giants. The global stellar oscillations extracted from these light curves carry information about the interior of the stars. Several hundred red giants were found to have low amplitudes in their dipole modes (i.e. they are suppressed dipole-mode stars). A number of hypotheses (involving e.g. a magnetic field, binarity, or resonant mode coupling) have been proposed to explain the suppression of the modes, yet none has been confirmed.
Aims. We aim to gain insight into the mechanism at play in suppressed dipole-mode stars by investigating the mode properties (linewidths, heights, and amplitudes) of the radial oscillation modes of red giants with suppressed dipole modes.
Methods. We selected from the literature suppressed dipole-mode stars and compared the radial-mode properties of these stars to the radial-mode properties of stars in two control samples of stars with typical (i.e. non-suppressed) dipole modes.
Results. We find that the radial-mode properties of the suppressed dipole-mode stars are consistent with the ones in our control samples, and hence not affected by the suppression mechanism.
Conclusions. From this we conclude that (1) the balance between the excitation and damping in radial modes is unaffected by the suppression, and by extrapolation the excitation of the non-radial modes is not affected either; and (2) the damping of the radial modes induced by the suppression mechanism is significantly less than the damping from turbulent convective motion, suggesting that the additional damping originates from the more central non-convective regions of the star, to which the radial modes are least sensitive.
Legislative Frameworks
Authors: Betts Michael J , Eshelby Laura , Whitehouse-Hayes David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides both civil and criminal routes to counter fraud, recognizing that depending on the circumstances one or both routes may be preferable to follow. There are also references to wider legislative frameworks of use, for example, for those related to data protection and information sharing. The awareness of legislative routes provides insight into counter fraud practitioners and leaders alike, with the aim of them utilizing this to review their current fraud response plans and sanctions policies, ensuring all opportunities to use what is available to them now and in the future. The resources include a guide and narrative on the critical aspects of the legislation relevant to countering fraud, including bribery, the detection, and prevention of wider economic crime. It includes a range of useful checklists and signposting to relevant sources of information and further reading for those that wish to deepen their understanding beyond the knowledge provided here.
The Role of Fraud Risk Assessment
Authors: Betts Michael J , Eshelby Laura , Whitehouse-Hayes David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the process of fraud risk assessment, which is a process and product that explores how an organization or entity could be defrauded and to what extent their controls reduce this risk. It helps an organization or entity understand where it is likely to be a victim of fraud, decide whether to take action to reduce this risk, and to effectively target its counter fraud resources. It explains how to identify and evaluate mitigating controls, including understanding their limitations. Dealing effectively with fraud and corruption must start with a good understanding of how an organization or entity is likely to be attacked. This remains true whether it is referring to individuals or the organizations. This will be explored with explanation of how such awareness and analysis give insights to how, when, and the likelihood is of fraud occurring. In looking at risk, the chapter explains the language or risk—inherent risk, mitigations, controls and countermeasures, residual risk, heat maps, and tolerance. For an experienced fraud risk assessor, familiarity and use of this language is as important as their experience and knowledge of fraud and economic crime and how it transpires. The chapter is linked to the Leadership, Management and Strategy Standards and the responsibilities contained therein that relate to counter fraud measures.
Detecting Fraud and Measuring Loss
Authors: Betts Michael J , Eshelby Laura , Whitehouse-Hayes David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance and methodologies that can be adopted to measure both fraud and error. This draws from insights from the UK and beyond, detailing different approaches to measuring the impact of counter fraud work, ranging from measurement of one off or ongoing interventions. It will introduce the techniques and methodological approaches to measure the impact of fraud prevention, detection, and recovery post-investigation, providing the reader with a range of tools to adopt in their operational environment. The methodologies explored include beyond the financial, and how these can be articulated to have an impact and be understood by a range of different stakeholders results may need to be provided to. The wider impacts are considered from an organizational perspective, including but not limited to reputational, security, and environmental themes.
Using Intelligence to Counter Fraud
Authors: Betts Michael J , Eshelby Laura , Whitehouse-Hayes David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with an accessible and detailed overview of maximizing the use of intelligence to counter fraud. It explains the intelligence cycle, explaining the difference between information and intelligence. The National Intelligence Model (NIM) is critically analysed to see how it can be used effectively in a counter fraud environment. It summarizes how the NIM works and explains how it can be used to inform both fraud prevention and detection. The intelligence handling codes and methods of sharing between organizations are detailed, providing the reader with the insight needed to adopt this within their organization as well as use it to review and build on existing good practice. This includes detail on how the NIM can be applied effectively across the public sector and beyond, with utility in a range of sectors. The nature and use of open source intelligence is analysed and the methods available to gather intelligence assessed. This includes the benefits and challenges to be aware of. The chapter incorporates the use of diagrams, checklists, and signposting to aid the learning and consolidate the knowledge of the reader throughout.
Counter Fraud Leadership
Authors: Betts Michael J , Eshelby Laura , Whitehouse-Hayes David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key aspects of effective leadership and management in a counter fraud environment, for both existing and aspiring future leaders. The chapter explores a range of components required to be effective as leader, including the importance of counter fraud knowledge, setting an effective strategy, understanding risk, the role of ethics and integrity, as well as how to effectively seek investment at an organizational level. It covers the principles of leadership and how to lead an effective team, including the challenges to be aware of and ways to be successful. It explores the theories behind effective decision-making, motivation and how to develop a high-performing team. It references the published Leadership, Management and Strategy published by the Government Counter Fraud Profession, which is used to provide step-by-step guidance and models to draw upon for introduction in organizations post reading.
Black Church in the Black Metropolis
Authors: Alcántara Jared E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts the rise of the Olivet Baptist Church in Chicago, the church that Joseph H. Jackson served as senior pastor starting in 1941 and concluding in 1990. One year after Jackson’s birth, in 1901, Olivet counted 843 persons in its membership. By Jackson’s twenty-first birthday, in 1921, Olivet counted 10,012 members. In the first two decades of Jackson’s life, Olivet became the largest church in North America. The church had only grown in stature and prominence by his arrival in 1941. The pastor who immediately preceded Jackson, Rev. Dr. L. K. Williams, played a vital role in his ministry. In addition to serving as senior pastor at Olivet, Williams served as president of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., occupying the same office Jackson would hold in the future.
“His Mantle Will Fall on You”
Authors: Alcántara Jared E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how Joseph H. Jackson was recruited to the senior pastorate at Olivet Baptist Church after the death of L. K. Williams, tracing Jackson’s shift from being general secretary of the Foreign Mission Board and stationed in Philadelphia to becoming the senior pastor of a nationally prominent church in Chicago. At first, his supporters wanted him to run for the presidency of the NBC, a strategic move that he decided to refrain from pursuing despite having broad support. Undeterred, his supporters redirected their energy to helping Jackson secure the senior pastorate at Olivet. They worked behind the scenes to ensure that he would be the successor to Williams.