bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La «gaieté française» ou la question du caractère national dans la définition du rire, de L'Esprit des lois à De la littérature
Authors: Huchette Jocelyn 
Published: June 2016

"French gaiety" or the question of national character in the definition of laughter, from L'esprit des lois to De la littérature.
The myth of 18th-century French gaiety or frivolity continues to inhabit the collective consciousness and feed literary nostalgia. But one can ask what Voltaire's contemporaries thought and how French character was represented in that period of the Europeanisation of culture. The question of "national character" (which obviously poses scientific problems) became an important issue in reflection on laughter in the second half of the century. On the one hand, the question was how to defend (ou condemn) national identity by means of a comic norm ; awareness of a type of specifically French (as opposed to English, German, Italian or Spanish) laughter involves important political elements and allows us to mesure resistance or openness to foreign identities. On the other hand, the Enlightenment obviously developed the study of laughter by relating it more and more sytematically to a specific cultural environment.
Le rire sardonique ou la limite du rire
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: June 2016

"Sardonic" laughter or the limits of laughter.
"Sardonic" or convulsive laughter which is involuntary and purely organic, provoked by a blow, a wound or poison, is an extreme case which illustrates the hesitations of theology and classical thought in the face of light-heartedness which can always threaten the pre-eminence of the soul. The Encyclopédie devotes several articles to the question and Poinsinet de Sivry wrote a Traité des causes physiques et morales du rire. Sade integrates this type of laughter into his dark vision of a strictly mechanical nature, and the counter-revolutionary tradition used it against Enlightenment optimism.
Le mouvement du rire chez Kant
Authors: Menninghaus Winfried 
Published: June 2016

The movement of laughter in Kant.
We look at Kant's analysis of laughter in Metaphysic of Morals, in Anthopology from a Pragmatic Point of View and in particular in the first section of Critique of Judgement, which ends by examining the different functions of laughter. For Kant, laughter is primarily a beneficial principle, as it strengthens the link between body and soul ; for his definition of laughter replaces the usual idea of comic disparity by a temporally condensed sequence of expectation and disappointment which, by suddenly freeing tension, produces physical well-being. Thus for Kant, laughter possesses a therapeutic value. But laughter is also part of a more general reflection on aesthetic judgement. If laughter exposes us to the "absurdity", or the pure "nothingness" of senses, it corresponds to one of the dimensions of the creative potential of genius, for genius implies both the tendency to absurdity and its correction. Finally, laughter is close to music for the two combine in the expulsion of the hermeneutic process towards a finite void.
Un brouillon de Valérie de Mme de Krüdener dans les archives de Moscou
Authors: Gretchanaïa Elena 
Published: June 2016

A draft of Mme de Krûdener's Valérie in the Moscow archives.
The fact that, unlike for her other writings, there is no manuscript of Mme de Kriidener's novel Valérie (1803), has led to doubts that it is in fact by her. The holograph manuscript of the Lettre de Gustave à Valérie, preserved in her archive in Moscow, provides clear proof and also indicates the obvious help she received from her French literary friends. The text of the holograph draft, with no traces of any other hand in the writing, is however different from that of the published version. The changes and the removal of some sentences and fragments in the published text can be explained above all by their overemphasis and the concern for sentimental and religious "moderation", on the lines of classical models and the French dislike of exaggeration.
La Révolution française entre les Indiens et le modèle américain
Authors: Bénot Yves 
Published: June 2016

The French Revolution, Indians and the American model.
On the one hand, American (in fact North American) Indians were one of the essential sources for the reflexion of the French Enlightenment ; but on the other, after 1776, the birth of the U.S.A. finally provided the model of a large state choosing a republican constitution. However, this republic was almost continuously at war with the Indians in what could not be presented as a just war. In addition, relations between the two republics were increasingly difficult after the British-American treaty of late 1794, which was the result of Washington's pro-British policy. This study attempts to analyse how these contradictions and developments affected the image of the Indians in France during these years. The works studied provide contradictory images, unrelated to the political positions of their authors in France. Nevertheless we observe a gradual "desacralisation" of Indian peoples, which is particularly brutal in Volney, later followed by Tocqueville.
Les véritables auteurs de la Révolution française de 1789 démasqués. Discours de persécution et crimes d'indifférenciation chez F.N. Sourdat de Troyes
Authors: Beaurepaire Pierre-Yves 
Published: June 2016

Les véritables auteurs de la Révolution de France de 1789. Persecution mania and the crime of undifferenciation.
To understand how the monarchical order had collapsed into revolutionary chaos and to give this meaningless event a meaning, F. N. Sourdat de Troyes's Les véritables auteurs de la Révolution de France de 1 789 falls back on conspiracy theory. He elaborates an illogical but well-constructed scenario based on the crime of lack of differenciation, fomented by the "foreign Protestant Freemason philosopher who denies French Catholic identity" from his lair in Nîmes. This case study tries to test out the explanatory value of René Girard' s keys for the reading of persecution mania (in Le bouc émissaire ) when applied to counter-revolutionary writings. It brings out the dangerous efficiency of the counter-revolutionary reading of the crisis of 1789 and its effect on 19th and 20th century minds, for which it had to be regularly brought up to date.
L'éloge paradoxal de la politique des Anciens chez Helvétius
Authors: Spitz Jean-Fabien 
Published: June 2016

Helvétius's paradoxical praise for classical politics.
Helvétius occupies a mid-way position in the, 18th-century debate between supporters and opponents of classical egalitarian republics ; although he recognises that they held virtue and liberty in high esteem and thus possessed a moral force that modern peoples have lost, he nevertheless tries to destroy their prestige by showing that the political model which they are still seen to represent is no longer valid for modern societies. For modern societies are highly unequal and are dominated by money ; thus the most important rewards are distributed by individuals instead of the people. Helvétius concludes that the new structure of society means that it is no longer virtue but deference that leads to the satisfaction of the citizens' interests.
Les néologues autour de Friedrich Nicolai et de sa revue Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek (1765-1792). Une volonté de réforme théodogique «éclairée»
Authors: Kirscher Roger 
Published: June 2016

Roger Kirscher : Neologians in the circle of Friedrich Nicolai's Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek (1765-1792).
Nicolai's periodical played a major role, due to its large number of reviews of very varied works, to its long life and its very wide readership. Theological book reviews, the most numerous, were written by a small number of mainly Lutheran theologians, who have been identified. The objective of these "neologians" was to discover the authentic meaning of the Scriptures which, according to them, had been confiscated by orthodox Lutherans and their rigid dogma. Thus Scripture was subjected to philological and historical criticism in order to make revelation "intelligible". This led to a questioning of doctrines such as eternal punishment, original sin, grace and the Trinity. This relativisation of doctrine produced an ethical theology centred on the vita activa and the practice of virtue, separating theology from religion. Without undermining the divinity of Christ or immortality, the neologians opened the path to Kant's conception of moral autonomy.
La représentation de l'énonciateur et du destinataire dans le discours historique
Authors: Penke Olga 
Published: June 2016

The representation of speaker and recipient in historical writing.
This article analyses the importance of personal forms in philosophical histories. The transformation of history-writing and the development of the historian's role are highlighted in historical writing from the early 18th Century. Personal expression, which characterises both historical discourse and other literary genres, both revealed a crisis and contributed to revitalise the genres. An analysis of works by Fénelon, Lenglet de Fresnoy, Montesquieu, Voltaire, D'Alembert and Diderot shows that, paradoxically, the historian-philosopher tries to convince the reader of the authenticity of his historical knowledge and the objectivity of his presentation by personal forms and the continual staging of the couple constituted by speaker and recipient ; the result is to suggest to the reader that he is taking part in the birth of the work.
Lumières et refuge huguenot. Sur les itinéraires intellectuels de Bayle et de La Baumelle
Authors: Bost Hubert 
Published: June 2016

.
This article looks at the link between 'enlightened thought' and French protestantism in the case of two exceptional figures, Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) and Laurent Angliviel, called La Beaumelle (1726-1773), who share several biographical characteristics. The parallel in their lives is accompanied on the intellectual level by a comparision between their works and some of the ideas or values they defended, which is not surprising as La Beaumelle was a great reader of Bayle' s works. These different facts can help us to think about the link between Enlightenment and Huguenot refugees ; as the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) forbade the practice of French Protestantism in France, its link to Enlightenment has to be looked at from an international perspective. While the Revocation censured any public reflection or religious expression by the reformed Churches, it paradoxically stimulated the theological, philosophical and ethical reflection of Huguenot exiles.
AN ULTRALUMINOUS LYα EMITTER WITH A BLUE WING AT z = 6.6*

†
Authors: Hu E. M. , Cowie L. L. , Songaila A. , Barger A. J. , Rosenwasser B. , Wold I. G. B. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of the most luminous high-redshift Lyα emitting galaxy (LAE) yet seen, with

log
L
(
Ly
α
)
=
43.9

erg

s

−
1

. The galaxy—COSMOS Lyα1, or COLA1—was detected in a search for ultraluminous LAEs with Hyper Suprime-Cam on the Subaru telescope. It was confirmed as lying at z = 6.593, based on a Lyα line detection obtained from follow-up spectroscopy with the DEIMOS spectrograph on Keck II. COLA1 is the first very high-redshift LAE to show a multi-component Lyα line profile with a blue wing, which suggests that it could lie in a highly ionized region of the intergalactic medium (IGM) and could have significant infall. If this interpretation is correct, then ultraluminous LAEs like COLA1 offer a unique opportunity to determine the properties of the H ii regions around these galaxies, which will help in understanding the ionization of the z ∼ 7 IGM.
THE NATURE AND FREQUENCY OF THE GAS OUTBURSTS IN COMET 67P/CHURYUMOV–GERASIMENKO OBSERVED BY THE ALICE FAR-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROGRAPH ON ROSETTA
Authors: Feldman Paul D. , A’Hearn Michael F. , Feaga Lori M. , Bertaux Jean-Loup , Noonan John , Parker Joel Wm. , Schindhelm Rebecca N. , Steffl Andrew J. , Stern S. Alan , Weaver Harold A. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Alice is a far-ultraviolet imaging spectrograph on board Rosetta that, among multiple objectives, is designed to observe emissions from various atomic and molecular species from within the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The initial observations, made following orbit insertion in 2014 August, showed emissions of atomic hydrogen and oxygen spatially localized close to the nucleus and attributed to photoelectron impact dissociation of H2O vapor. Weaker emissions from atomic carbon were subsequently detected and also attributed to electron impact dissociation, of CO2, the relative H i and C i line intensities reflecting the variation of CO2 to H2O column abundance along the line of sight through the coma. Beginning in 2015 mid-April, Alice sporadically observed a number of outbursts above the sunward limb characterized by sudden increases in the atomic emissions, particularly the semi-forbidden O i
λ1356 multiplet, over a period of 10–30 minutes, without a corresponding enhancement in long-wavelength solar reflected light characteristic of dust production. A large increase in the brightness ratio O i
λ1356/O i
λ1304 suggests O2 as the principal source of the additional gas. These outbursts do not correlate with any of the visible images of outbursts taken with either OSIRIS or the navigation camera. Beginning in 2015 June the nature of the Alice spectrum changed considerably with CO Fourth Positive band emission observed continuously, varying with pointing but otherwise fairly constant in time. However, CO does not appear to be a major driver of any of the observed outbursts.
Rethinking Weinreich, Labov & Herzog from a usage-based perspective
Authors: Backus Ad 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In the late sixties, Weinreich, Labov & Herzog (1968) discussed five empirical problems that together defined the subject matter of sociolinguistics. The research program they initiated has been very influential in sociolinguistics, but is not well known outside of it. In the branches of linguistics primarily focused on describing and accounting for the linguistic knowledge possessed by the individual speaker, branches often referred to as ‘general linguistics’ or ‘theoretical linguistics’, issues of variation and change have not attracted much theoretical attention up until recently. This has changed now that the tradition of ‘usage-based linguistics’ has appeared on the scene. This article examines the commonalities between the concerns of usage-based linguistics and those of Weinreich, Labov & Herzog (1968). It concludes that combining the cognitive orientation of the usage-based approach and the social-interactional orientation of sociolinguistics holds promises for the development of an improved understanding of language change. This is illustrated with examples from language contact, more specifically using data from Dutch-Turkish contact, including the results of recent studies that have implemented some methodological innovations necessitated by the confrontation of usage-based with sociolinguistic frameworks.
Constructional complexification
Authors: Coussé Evie 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This articles investigates the rise of double modal constructions in Dutch. Double modal constructions combine two modal auxiliaries with one lexical verb (e.g. zal moeten gaan ‘shall have to go’). Little is known on why and how such complex verb constructions came into being. This article presents historical data for the earliest double modal constructions in Middle Dutch (13th century) drawing on both previous corpus studies and on new empirical observations. The historical data is then analyzed from a diachronic construction grammar perspective. The main theoretical point of this article is that the emergence of double modal constructions is a case of ‘constructional complexification’, i.e. the process in which constructions become increasingly larger in size.
De aan-constructie in het 17de-eeuwse Nederlands
Authors: Geleyn Tim , Colleman Timothy 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

The aan-construction in 17th Century Dutch: A semasiological investigation

The Dutch aan-construction (e.g. Hij gaf een bos bloemen aan zijn vrouw ‘He gave a bouquet to his wife’), the prepositional alternative for the double object construction (Hij gaf zijn vrouw een bos bloemen ‘He gave his wife a bouquet’), is a post Middle Dutch innovation (i.e. after 1500 AD). The precise details of the rise of the aan-construction remain, however, understudied. It is for example unclear whether the construction really breaks through in the 17th century, as Weijnen and Gordijn (1970) argue on the basis of a small corpus of farces, and what its semantic range was in those early days. In this paper we try to shed more light on these issues. On the basis of a self-compiled corpus of literary Dutch, we firstly show that the construction was not only already frequently attested in the language use in the 17th century, but also covered a remarkably wide semantic range at that time. Next, via a detailed comparison with data for the 20th century, we show that there have been interesting changes concerning the semantic evolution of the aan-construction. The structural weight of a cluster of ‘do’- and ‘send’-verbs for example declines over time and at more general level there seems to be a trend towards more abstract uses of the aan-construction. A diachronic collostructional analysis (Hilpert, 2006) and Configural Frequency Analysis (von Eye, 2002) lends a statistical underpinning to our observations.
On the resultative-modal grammaticalisation pathway of German GET verbs – with an outlook on Dutch and Afrikaans
Authors: Lenz Alexandra N. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This contribution focuses on grammaticalisation pathways of German resultative and modal constructions using the auxiliaries kriegen ‘to get, to receive’ and bekommen ‘to get, to receive’. In order to illustrate the complex grammaticalisation pathways of the two GET verbs and the subtypes of resultative-modal constructions in which they are used, first, historical and second, (more) contemporary data from varieties of German are analysed. Third, additional evidence is provided by means of already existing findings on Dutch and Afrikaans to complement the hypotheses derived from the analyses of German varieties.
The contribution provides answers to the following questions: Where do the resultative-modal constructions with kriegen and bekommen come from and what about their future potential? What are the main differences and parallels between the kriegen and the bekommen constructions which both use an auxiliary from the semantic network of German GET verbs? What do the synchronic data tell us about the present-day variation of the constructions, but also – on the basis of an “apparent time” hypothesis – about their diachronic grammaticalisation pathways? How do “real time” data correspond to synchronic variation and vice versa? Which parallels or differences can a language comparison reveal? To what extent do the kriegen and bekommen results mirror what we find with regard to Dutch krijgen (‘to get, to receive’) and Afrikaans kry (‘to get, to receive’)?
An Alternative Approach to the Treatment of Penalties and Fines in Bankruptcy
Authors: Sise Peter 
Published: June 2016

<em>Currently, penalties and fines are not provable in bankruptcy. This article examines the policy behind this approach and its consequences. It then suggests an alternative approach where penalties and fines are provable, but are subordinated to other unsecured debts and are not released upon the discharge of the bankrupt. Although this approach is not perfect, it addresses some of the difficulties of the current approach and balances the goals of protecting the bankrupt from pressure by creditors during the term of their bankruptcy, deterring and punishing misconduct, and giving the bankrupt a ‘fresh start’ upon their discharge.</em>
Reports from the 2015 American College of Rheumatology Congress
Authors: Avouac Jérôme , Tomcik Michal , Beyer Christian 
Published: June 2016

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) was one of the major topics covered during the 2015 American College of Rheumatology meeting. Selected abstracts related to basic research reported the identification of new relevant targets including interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), long coding RNAs, C-terminal domain of endostatin, M2 macrophages and keratinocytes. Several new compounds, including abatacept, nintedanib and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, displayed potent antifibrotic effects in complementary animal models of experimental dermal fibrosis. Clinical aspects of the disease were also largely covered, with a specific focus on cardiac biomarkers and the relationship between cancer and SSc. The results of several clinical trials were also presented, including the comparison between cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil in the scleroderma lung study-2 and the effects of riociguat in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue diseases.
The Experience and Practice of Social Support during Major Organizational Changes: The Case of the Bank Collapse in Iceland in 2008
Authors: Snorradóttir Asta , Rafnsdottir Gudbjorg Linda , Aust Birgit 
Published: June 2016

<p>This study explored how Icelandic bank employees perceived and practiced social support in the wake of the<br />economic crisis when the banks suddenly collapsed in 2008. Drawing on 20 interviews with bank employees, it<br />was found that during stressful situations, employees referred to social support as one of the most important<br />factors in overcoming the changes. The study points toward a complex picture of social support practices during organizational changes and underlines the importance of distinguishing between both nature and source of the social support in practice and in research.</p>
A Study on the Leadership Style and the Organizational Performance in Korea and USA
Authors: Lee Young Kwan , Deok Hee Cheon 
Published: June 2016

<p>This study aimed to suggest ways Korea’s top-class hotels can improve their global competitiveness, using as a model the developmental process of hotel leadership in the US. We conducted an expert opinion survey on hotel leaders in Korea and the US and explored the differences between their perceptions of emotional leadership and servant leadership and ways to improve organizational performance. We also conducted a quantitative study involving employees of Korea's top-class hotels to investigate the effect of emotional and servant leadership styles on job satisfaction, innovative behavior, and customer orientation. The results suggest that, to improve job satisfaction, respect for values and support for growth under servant leadership should be focused on and that innovative behavior is encouraged by respect for values and the formation of community under servant leadership. To enhance customer orientation, respect for values and support for growth should be focused on. Finally, job satisfaction and innovative behavior contribute directly to improving customer orientation.</p>
Customer Clustering Using a Combination of Fuzzy C-Means and Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Ansari Azarnoush , Riasi Arash 
Published: June 2016

<p>This study intends to combine the fuzzy c-means clustering and genetic algorithms to cluster the customers of steel industry. The customers were divided into two clusters by using the variables of the LRFM (length, recency, frequency, monetary value) model. Results indicated that customers belonging to the first cluster had a higher length of the relationship, recency of trade, and frequency of trade but lower monetary value compared to the average values of these criteria for all customers. The results also showed that customers belonging to the second<br />cluster had a higher recency of trade and monetary value but lower length of the relationship and frequency of trade compared to the average values of these criteria for all customers. It was also found that the combined algorithm (i.e., fuzzy c-means clustering and genetic algorithm) used in this study had a lower mean squared error (MSE) compared to fuzzy c-means clustering.</p>