bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The value of institutional shareholders
Authors: Zhou Jing , Lan Wei , Tang Yingkai 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– By integrating agency theory with the institution-based view, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether-and if so, how-the likelihood of completion of cross-border acquisitions (CBAs) is influenced by institutional shareholders, in interaction with institutional quality and constraints both at the country and firm levels.Design/methodology/approach– After controlling for endogeneity by the latent instrumental variable (LIV) approach, the authors test the hypotheses using a sample of CBAs undertaken by Chinese listed firms during the period 2002-2012.Findings– The authors find that as institutional shareholders tend to enhance the quality of corporate governance, an overseas acquisition attempt undertaken by acquiring firm with greater institutional ownership is more likely to be completed. This relation is more prominent when the acquisition is exposed to inferior institutional context, such as when the target firm is domiciled in countries with weaker institutional quality, the acquiring firm is state-controlled, or the target is publicly traded in stock markets.Research limitations/implications– An additional focus on the share-price reaction to the announcement or long-term alliance performance of such CBAs may reveal the relative importance of institutional shareholders in CBAs. The potential varying effects between domestic and foreign institutional investors deserve to be tested. Other factors, for instance antitrust laws, could be further studied.Practical implications– The results will better inform and enhance governance and internationalization strategies of Chinese firms that are expected to undertake CBAs activities in areas such as the cooperation with institutional shareholders, the choice of target domiciled location, the reform of ownership structure, and the selection of target’s types in host country. In addition, given a broadly similar pattern of legal evolution between China and many other emerging countries since the 1990s (Peng and Heath, 1996), China’s experience may also provide valuable lessons and insights for firms from other emerging economies when undertaking CBAs activities in their internationalization strategies.Originality/value– This study develops a theoretical link of firm-specific characteristics and country-level factors into an integrated analytical framework by applying agency theory in interaction with institution theory into literature on CBAs. This theoretical framework varies from most of extant studies often using a single theory into their analysis and would thus provide a new analytical train of thought for future studies.
Additively manufactured maxillofacial implants and guides – achieving routine use
Authors: Peel Sean , Eggbeer Dominic 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify the key design process factors acting as drivers or barriers to routine health service adoption of additively manufactured (AM) patient-specific devices. The technical efficacy of, and clinical benefits from, using computer-aided design (CAD) and AM in the production of such devices (implants and guides) has been established. Despite this, they are still not commonplace. With AM equipment and CAD tool costs largely outside of the clinician’s or designer’s control, the opportunity exists to explore design process improvement routes to facilitate routine health service implementation.Design/methodology/approach– A literature review, new data from three separate clinical case studies and experience from an institute working on collaborative research and commercial application of CAD/AM in the maxillofacial specialty, were analysed to extract a list and formulate models of design process factors.Findings– A semi-digital design and fabrication process is currently the lowest cost and shortest duration for cranioplasty implant production. The key design process factor to address is the fidelity of the device design specification.Research limitations/implications– Further research into the relative values of, and best methods to address the key factors is required; to work towards the development of new design tools. A wider range of benchmarked case studies is required to assess costs and timings beyond one implant type.Originality/value– Design process factors are identified (building on previous work largely restricted to technical and clinical efficacy). Additionally, three implant design and fabrication workflows are directly compared for costs and time. Unusually, a design process failure is detailed. A new model is proposed – describing design process factor relationships and the desired impact of future design tools.
Fabrication of high porosity Cu-based structure using direct laser sintering
Authors: Fang Ming , Chen Baijin 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to report the investigation on obtaining a high-porosity Cu-based structure which was sintered successfully using direct laser sintering and to reveal the mechanisms of obtaining high porosity and acceptable strength simultaneously as well as the effect of NaCl content on characteristics of the sintered samples.

Design/methodology/approach
– Experimental study has been performed. The powder mixture utilized in this experiment includes metal powder (Cu and Cu3P mixture) and porogen [sodium chloride (NaCl)]. Scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and the Archimedes density measurement were used to detect the characteristics of the sintered sample and to reveal the mechanism of forming high porosity and strength structure.

Findings
– More than 57 per cent porosity can be achieved while the structural strength is acceptable, and the infiltrated experiment verifies the pores in the structure are inter-connected. During laser sintering, NaCl powder melts and brings a larger amount of liquid phase, inducing large rearrange force and fast rearrangement of Cu particles. Therefore, after NaCl is removed, the dense and strong longer-bar shape tracks with larger amount of pores in the microstructure can be obtained. The size of pores as well as the porosity of the sintered sample increase with the NaCl content in the powder mixture.

Originality/value
– The mechanism of obtaining high porosity and acceptable strength simultaneously was revealed. The effect of NaCl content on characteristics of the sintered samples was also disclosed.
Parametric analysis of SLM using comprehensive optical monitoring
Authors: Doubenskaia Maria , Grigoriev Sergey , Zhirnov Ivan , Smurov Igor 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to propose methods for on-line monitoring and process quality assurance of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology as a competitive advantage to enhance its implementation into modern manufacturing industry.

Design/methodology/approach
– Monitoring of thermal emission from the laser impact zone was carried out by an originally developed pyrometer and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera which were integrated with the optical system of the PHENIX PM-100 machine. Experiments are performed with variation of the basic process parameters such as powder layer thickness (0-120 μm), hatch distance (60-1,000 μm) and fabrication strategy (the so-called “one-zone” and “two-zone”).

Findings
– The pyrometer signal from the laser impact zone and the 2D temperature mapping from HAZ are rather sensible to variation of high-temperature phenomena during powder consolidation imposed by variation of the operational parameters.

Research limitations/implications
– Pyrometer measurements are in arbitrary units. This limitation is due to the difficulty to integrate diagnostic tools into the optical system of a commercial SLM machine.

Practical implications
– Enhancement of SLM process stability and efficiency through comprehensive optical diagnostics and on-line control.

Originality/value
– High-temperature phenomena in SLM were monitored coaxially with the laser beam for variation of several operational parameters.
Comparative analysis of structure and hardness of cast and direct metal laser sintering produced Co-Cr alloys used for dental devices
Authors: Lapcevic Ana R. , Jevremovic Danimir P , Puskar Tatjana M , Williams Robert J. , Eggbeer Dominic 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyse structure and measure hardness of Co-Cr dental alloy samples made with two different technologies, conventional casting method (CCM samples) and additive direct metal laser sintering technology (DMLS samples), and to compare the results.

Design/methodology/approach
– CCM samples were made in a conventional casting machine, using remanium 800+ Co-Cr dental alloy (Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany). DMLS samples were fabricated out of EOS CC SP2 Co-Cr alloy (EOS, GmbH, Munich, Germany) using DMLS technology. Samples for structural analysis were plate-shaped (10 × 10 × 1.5 mm3) and for the hardness test were prismatic-shaped (55 × 10.2 × 11.2 mm3). Structure was analysed via an inverting microscope and colour metallography method.

Findings
– CCM samples have a dense, irregular dendritic mesh, which is typical for the metallic phase of the Co-Cr dental alloy. DMLS alloy has a more homogenous and more compact structure, compared to CCM. Metals, the alloy basis consists of, form semilunar stratified layers, which are characteristic for the additive manufacturing (AM) technique. Hardness values of DMLS (mean value was 439.84 HV10) were found to be higher than those of CCM (mean value was 373.76 HV10).

Originality/value
– There are several reports about possible use of AM technologies for manufacturing dental devices, and investigation of mechanical properties and biocompatibility behaviour of AM-produced dental alloys. Microstructure of Co-Cr alloy made with DMLS technology has been introduced for the first time in the present paper.
Investigation of electroless nickel plating on rapid prototyping material of acrylic resin
Authors: Rajaguru Janaka Chandraguptha , Duke Mike , Au ChiKit 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate the layer of material deposited on a sample of acrylic resin by electroless nickel plating process. Acrylic resin is a popular material in rapid prototyping (RP) which uses the additive manufacturing technique to build prototypes for visual inspection, assembly, etc. Metallization of the RP materials can extend application envelop of RP techniques, as they can be used in decorative or functional applications.

Design/methodology/approach
– Unlike electroless nickel plating on a metal substrate, the plating process for an acrylic resin substrate is different, as there is no metal ion for the auto-catalytic electroless reaction. Pre-treatment processes are performed on an acrylic resin sample to initiate electroless nickel plating. The morphology, chemical composition and structure of the layer deposited on the sample are examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Findings
– The investigation shows that a nickel phosphorous alloy layer is plated on to the substrate surface of the acrylic resin sample.

Originality/value
– Plating a layer of nickel phosphorous alloy layer on an acrylic resin RP material can widen the application of RP technology. An application of nickel plated acrylic resin sample to rapid tooling for low-volume production plastic parts is presented.
Consistent Estimation of a Censored Demand System and Welfare Analysis: The 2012 VAT Reform in Spain
Authors: García‐Enríquez Javier , Echevarría Cruz A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper analyses the effects that the 2012 VAT reform in Spain had on households’ welfare, focusing on a major expenditure group: food and non‐alcoholic beverages. Households’ demands are modeled as a two‐stage Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, which is then estimated by means of a consistent two‐step estimator introduced in Tauchmann () and not previously used in studies of this type. This procedure allows consistent imposition of the traditional parameter restrictions that utility maximisation requires in the context of a censored model. Our results show that the welfare loss and the increment in the tax bill increase with income. We also show that expenditure on food and non‐alcoholic beverages grows less than proportionately with income. Consequently, households with lower income experience a greater welfare loss relative to their income levels. In short, the 2012 VAT reform in Spain, focusing on this expenditure group, can be considered as regressive.
Local Government, Spatial Spillovers and the Absorption of EU Structural Funds
Authors: Zubek Nana , Henning Christian H.C.A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe allocation of regional policy funds varies dramatically across regions even when one controls for regional development indicators. We investigate the impact of local government performance as well as spillovers in knowledge, financial means and social relations as determinants of regional fund absorption. Government performance is derived within a Data Envelopment Analysis approach. Spillovers are investigated using a spatial Durbin model. Results show that government performance has a positive impact on fund absorption. Spillovers occur in knowledge as well as in financial means. The empirical analyses focus on Special Accession Program for Agriculture and Rural Development in Slovakia using panel data.
Do maternal dietary vitaminDintake and sunlight exposure affect the vitaminDstatus of exclusively breastfed infants?
Authors: Lovell Amy Luisa , Wall Clare Rosemary , Grant Cameron Charles 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimExclusively breastfed infants are dependent upon their mothers for their vitaminDintake. InNewZealand (NZ), vitaminDsupplementation is not routinely recommended for exclusively breastfed infants. We aimed to determine the association of exogenous maternal vitaminDintake and sunlight exposure with serum 25‐hydroxyvitaminD[25(OH)D] concentration in exclusively breastfed infants aged 2–3 months.MethodsWe enrolled a convenience sample of women and their exclusively breastfed infants. Maternal dietary and supplemental vitaminDintake was determined from an interviewer‐administered semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Sunlight exposure was determined from reported time spent outdoors. Associations of vitaminDintake and sunlight exposure with infant serum 25(OH)Dconcentration at age 2–3 months were determined using multivariable linear regression.ResultsSixty‐three mother–infant pairs, 73% of whom wereEuropean, and their exclusively breastfed infants completed the study. Mean (SD) serum 25(OH)Dconcentration was 52 nmol/L (30), with 28% of infants being vitaminDdeficient (25(OH)D< 50 nmol/L). Estimated median maternal dietary vitaminDintake from food was 158 IU/day. Thirty (48%) mothers consumed vitaminDsupplements. Non‐European ethnicity (P= 0.01) and measurement of 25(OH)Dduring winter (P< 0.001) were independently associated with infant serum 25(OH)D concentration. Maternal dietary vitaminDintake (P= 0.62), supplement use (P= 0.32) and sunlight exposure (P= 0.72) were not independently associated with infant serum 25(OH)Dconcentration.ConclusionsSerum 25(OH)Dconcentrations in exclusively breastfed infants inNZare independent of current maternal vitaminDintake and sunlight exposure practices. Consideration needs to be given for vitaminDsupplementation of exclusively breastfed infants during winter.
Management of food incidents by Australian food regulators
Authors: Wilson Annabelle M. , McCullum Dean , Henderson Julie , Coveney John , Meyer Samantha B. , Webb Trevor , Ward Paul R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThis paper explores how food regulators respond to food incidents and the barriers and enablers associated with doing so.MethodsTwenty‐six semi‐structured interviews lasting between 30 and 60 minutes were undertaken with Australian food regulators. Regulators worked across food policy development, implementation, enforcement and standards setting. These interviews ascertained food regulators' views on food safety and responses to real and hypothetical food incidents. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsFood regulators reported that working together with other food regulators is an important part of effective food regulation and response to food incidents. Strategies for working together included clarifying expectations and developing formal documents such as a memorandum of understanding. However, challenges in working together were reported, including different risk thresholds, different political agendas and a lack of clarity on regulators' roles.ConclusionsA focus on partnerships and good communication between food regulators is likely to facilitate effective management of food incidents, and maximise the chances that food incidents do not lead to increased consumer morbidity and mortality as a result of a poor response to a food incident.
Preparation of Substrate for Flavorant from Chicken Bone Residue with Hot‐Pressure Process
Authors: Wang Jin‐Zhi , Dong Xian‐Bing , Yue Jian‐Ying , Zhang Chun‐Hui , Jia Wei , Li Xia 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHot‐pressure extraction (HPE), which is regarded as a “green” technology, was applied to extract nutrients (protein, collagen, and minerals) from chicken bone residue (CBR). Amino acids (AA), color, and volatile flavor compounds of chicken bone extract (CBE) were also investigated. Results showed that contents of protein, total soluble solids, minerals, and collagen of CBE were positively correlated with extraction time and temperature. High ratios of protein (83.51%) and collagen (96.81%) were obtained with 135 °C and 120 min. Essential AA accounted for 31.03% to 47.73% of total AA in CBE. The percentage of bitter AA in TAA decreased from 28.94% to 25.02% at 0 min to 20.19% and 21.41% at 120 min, although fresh AA increased from 46.35% to 50.84% (0 min) to 53.14% (120 min) at 130 and 135 °C, respectively, indicating CBE was nutritionally beneficial with good flavor. Color and volatile flavor of CBE improved significantly after extraction, although calcium in CBE (4.2 to 4.8 mg/100 g) was relatively low compared with that of CBR (1078 mg/100 g). It can be concluded that HPE is a promising way to transform CBR into a nutritious flavorant substrate, but it is not an efficient way to extract calcium.
Individual‐based integral projection models: the role of size‐structure on extinction risk and establishment success
Authors: Schreiber Sebastian J. , Ross Noam 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Matrix models or integral projection models (IPMs) are commonly used to study the dynamics of structured populations, where discrete or continuous traits influence survival, growth or reproduction.

When a population's size is small, as is often the case for threatened species or potentially invasive species arriving in novel habitats, extinction risk may be substantial due to demographic stochasticity. Branching processes, which are individual‐based counterparts to matrix models and IPMs, allow one to quantify these risks of extinction.

For discretely structured populations, the theory of multitype branching processes provides analytic methods to compute how extinction risk changes over time and how it depends on the size and composition of the population. Building on prior work on continuous‐state branching processes, we extend these analytic methods to individual‐based models accounting for any mixture of discrete and continuous population structure.

The individual‐based IPMs are defined by probabilistic update rules at the level of the individual which determine how each individual with a given trait value dies, changes trait values (e.g. grows in size) or produces individuals with the same or other trait values. We show that probabilities of extinction can be analytically determined by probability‐generating functionals associated with the individual‐based IPMs. In particular, we present analytical expressions for how extinction probabilities change over time and depend on the initial abundance and trait distribution of the population.

We illustrate how to numerically implement these methods using data from the short‐lived desert shrub species Cryptantha flava and provide a more general discussion of how to implement these methods to other data sets including those involving fluctuating environmental conditions.

As most IPM studies have the necessary data to parameterize individual‐based IPMs, these methods provide a computationally efficient means to explore how continuously structured populations differing in their evolutionary history and environmental context may differ in their vulnerability to extinction or ability to colonize new habitats.
There is no cephalocaudal gradient of computed tomography densities or lung behavior in supine patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: El‐Dash S. A. , Borges J. B. , Costa E. L. V. , Tucci M. R. , Ranzani O. T. , Caramez M. P. , Carvalho C. R. R. , Amato M. B. P. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThere is debate whether pressure transmission within the lungs and alveolar collapse follow a hydrostatic pattern or the compression exerted by the weight of the heart and the diaphragm causes collapse localized in the areas adjacent to these structures. The second hypothesis proposes the existence of a cephalocaudal gradient in alveolar collapse. We aimed to define whether or not lung density and collapse follow a ‘liquid‐like’ pattern with homogeneous isogravitational layers along the cephalocaudal axis in acute respiratory distress syndrome lungs.MethodsAcute respiratory distress syndrome patients were submitted to full lung computed tomography scans at positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) zero (before) and 25 cmH2O after a maximum‐recruitment maneuver. PEEP was then decreased by 2 cmH2O every 4 min, and a semi‐complete scan performed at the end of each PEEP step.ResultsLung densities were homogeneous within each lung layer. Lung density increased along the ventrodorsal axis toward the dorsal region (β = 0.49, P < 0.001), while there was no increase, but rather a slight decrease, toward the diaphragm along the cephalocaudal axis and toward the heart. Higher PEEP attenuated density gradients. At PEEP 18 cmH2O, dependent lung regions started to collapse massively, while best compliance was only reached at a lower PEEP.ConclusionsWe could not detect cephalocaudal gradients in lung densities or in alveolar collapse. Likely, external pressures applied on the lung by the chest wall, organs, and effusions are transmitted throughout the lung in a hydrostatic pattern with homogeneous consequences at each isogravitational layer. A single cross‐sectional image of the lung could fully represent the heterogeneous mechanical properties of dependent and non‐dependent lung regions.
Other comprehensive income: a review and directions for future research
Authors: Black Dirk E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAccounting standard setters continue to grapple with conceptual distinctions between components of net income and other comprehensive income (OCI). Bank regulators are dealing with the recommendations of Basel III for Tier 1 Capital, which includes more components of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI). Motivated by these standard setting and regulatory debates and changes, I review the literature on the investor and contracting usefulness of comprehensive income, OCI, OCI components and AOCI. I present ideas for future research, including opportunities arising from Basel III changes to bank regulatory capital.