bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where children and adolescents drown in Queensland: a population-based study
Authors: Wallis Belinda A , Watt Kerrianne , Franklin Richard C , Nixon James W , Kimble Roy M 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveThis retrospective population-based study examined drowning location by the site of immersion for both fatal and non-fatal drowning events in Queensland. Drowning location is not routinely collected, and this study used data linkage to identify drowning sites. The resulting enhanced quality data quantify drowning incidence for specific locations by geographic region, age group and by severity for the first time.DesignLinked data were accessed from the continuum of care (prehospital, emergency, hospital admission and death data) on fatal and non-fatal drowning episodes in children aged 0–19 years in Queensland for the years 2002–2008 inclusive.ResultsDrowning locations ranked in order of overall incidence were pools, inland water, coastal water, baths and other man-made water hazards. Swimming pools produced the highest incidence rates (7.31/100 000) for overall drowning events and were more often privately owned pools and in affluent neighbourhoods. Toddlers 0–4 years were most at risk around pools (23.94/100 000), and static water bodies such as dams and buckets—the fatality ratios were highest at these 2 locations for this age group. Children 5–14 years incurred the lowest incidence rates regardless of drowning location. Adolescents 15–19 years were more frequently involved in a drowning incident on the coast shoreline, followed by inland dynamic water bodies.ConclusionsLinked data have resulted in the most comprehensive data collection on drowning location and severity to date for children in the state of Queensland. Most mortality and morbidity could have been prevented by improving water safety through engaged supervision around pools and bath time, and a heightened awareness of buckets and man-made water hazards around the farm home for young children. These data provide a different approach to inform prevention strategies.
Effects of placebos without deception compared with no treatment: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Petkovic Grace , Charlesworth James E G , Kelley John , Miller Franklin , Roberts Nia , Howick Jeremy 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionPlacebos have long provided a robust control for evaluating active pharmacological preparations, but frequently demonstrate a variable therapeutic effect when delivered in double-blinded placebo-controlled trials. Delivery of placebos as treatment alone has been considered unethical, as it has been thought that deception is essential for their effect. However, recent evidence suggests that clinical benefit can be derived from placebos delivered without deception (unblinded/open-label) manner. Here, we present a protocol for the first systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the effects of non-deceptive placebos compared with no treatment.Methods and analysisThis protocol will compare the effect of placebos delivered non-deceptively to no treatment. It will also assess the methods of delivery used for non-deceptive placebos. Studies will be sought through relevant database searches and will include those within disease settings and those among healthy controls. To be included, trials must include both non-deceptive (open-label) placebo and no treatment groups. All data extraction and analysis will be conducted by two independent reviewers. The analysis will evaluate any differences in outcome measures between the non-deceptive placebo and no treatment groups. Outcome measures will be the clinically-relevant outcomes detailed in the primary papers. The delivery methods, such as verbal instructions, which may provide positive expectations and outcomes, of non-deceptive placebos will also be assessed. Each study will be comprehensively assessed for bias. Subgroup analyses will identify any discrepancies among heterogeneous data.Ethics and disseminationThis review does not require ethical approval. The completed review will be widely disseminated by publication and social media where appropriate. This protocol has been registered on PROSPERO (2015:CRD42015023347).
Toward Wisdom: A Hierarchical Wisdom Ontology based on Chinese Classics
Authors: Liu Feng 
Published: November 2015

Based on extensive exploration in Chinese classics, this paper finds a fresh new perspective for KM philosophy especially in pyramid issue: The primary role in knowledge ontology should be consciousness rather than IT aspects, in which the former determines the perceived results such as data, information, knowledge or wisdom. With this domination, this paper presents a novel hierarchy that best solves the quarrel in classic pyramid, and illustrates the crucial issue of wisdom — the finding of a continuous birth and death metabolic cyclic nature called anitya in knowledge. Further, a three layer wisdom hierarchy is suggested based on different levels of understandings: traditional layer, dialect layer and ultimate layer. This paper argues that wisdom should depend on internal concentration while IT serves as an exterior role and never replaces the inner one. Meanwhile, the paper also doubts the classic definition of knowledge and suggests a novel one.
ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Проказина  , Prokazina Natalya , Перевозкин  , Perevozkin Leonid 
Published: November 2015

The article analyzes the trends in levels of fertility and mortality as the main components of the demographic situation. On the basis of statistics on the site Rosstat the evolution of the main demographic indicators are shown. The levels of fertility, mortality, migration increase and decrease of the population are considered as key indicators that determine the demographic dynamics in the Russian Federation.
Among the main priorities of the demographic policy, measures aimed at increasing the life span of the Russian population must be included: not only promoting the reduction in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and tumors, but also the reduction in mortality from external causes. Conclusions and provisions presented in the article are provided for employees making managerial decisions in the field of demographic policy, and may serve as information and analytical basis for the definition of strategic objectives and priorities.
FORMATION OF POLITICAL POTENTIAL OF THE RUSSIAN YOUTH IN THE COURSE OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION
Authors: Мельников  , Melnikov Aleksey 
Published: November 2015

In the article the author revealed problems of formation and realization of political potential of new generation of the Russian youth. The conditions causing the provision of young generation and extent of inclusion in political formation are considered.
The problems of realization of political potential of young citizens are substantiated. The factors of political socialization of youth influencing formation of its political subjectivity in modern Russian conditions are defined.
Avaliação de competências de literacia mediática: Instrumentos de recolha de informação e opções teórico‑metodológicasAvaliação de competências de literacia mediática: Instrumentos de recolha de informação e opções teórico‑metodológicas
Authors: Lopes Paula 
Published: November 2015

A avaliação da literacia mediática dos cidadãos e o seu enquadramento em níveis tem estado na ordem do dia. Desde 2007 que a União Europeia (UE) recomenda que, de três em três anos, a Comissão Europeia deva apresentar um relatório sobre os níveis de literacia mediática de todos os estados‑membros(UE, 2007). Para responder a esta solicitação, os projetos têm surgido um pouco por toda a Europa, na academia e fora dela. Se parece evidente que o interesse por este domínio de investigação tem crescido nos últimos anos, também é uma evidência que a pesquisa empírica ainda é confusa e insuficiente. Neste texto, desvendamos o processo de operacionalização de um instrumento metodológico concebido e aplicado na investigação “Literacia mediática e cidadania. Práticas e competências de adultos em formação na Grande Lisboa”, desenvolvida, entre 2009 e 2013, no CIES‑IUL: uma prova de literacia mediática para avaliação de competências de literacia mediática.
Globalização: Para quem?
Authors: Braga Natan Ben-Hur , Da Silva Carlos Roberto 
Published: November 2015

<p>meio a toda essa complexidade mundial, quando os governos já aparecem com contornos supranacionais, quando as corporações da mesma forma suplantam os espaços<br />físicos territoriais, surgem questionamentos que impulsionam à pesquisa, uma vez que a composição de todo esse amálgama social é composta por pessoas, sujeitos invisíveis cujas repercussões de tomadas de decisão lhe afetam diretamente. Por tal motivo, o que se pretende explorar nesse estudo é a necessidade de que esse mesmo sujeito<br />possua meios de participar de tais decisões sem que seja pelo simples elemento do sufrágio. Que sua participação seja efetiva, digna e cujas consequências sejam direcionadas e redirecionadas de acordo com as suas verdadeiras necessidades em um pulsar dinâmico e eficaz.</p>
Evidence of the preferential use of disease prototypes over case exemplars among early year one medical students prior to and following diagnostic training
Authors: Papa Frank J. , Li Feiming 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Background: Two core dual processing theory (DPT) System I constructs (Exemplars and Prototypes) were used to: 1) formulate a training exercise designed to improve diagnostic performance in year one medical students, and 2) explore whether any observed performance improvements were associated with preferential use of exemplars or prototypes.

Methods: With IRB approval, 117 year one medical students participated in an acute chest pain diagnostic training exercise. A pre- and post-training test containing the same 27 case vignettes was used to determine if the subjects’ diagnostic performance improved via training in both exemplars and prototypes. Exemplar and Prototype theory was also used to generate a unique typicality estimate for each case vignette. Because these estimates produce different performance predictions, differences in the subjects’ observed performance would make it possible to infer whether subjects were preferentially using Exemplars or Prototypes.

Results: Pre- vs. post-training comparison revealed a significant performance improvement; t=14.04, p<0.001, Cohen’s d=1.32. Pre-training, paired t-testing demonstrated that performance against the most typical vignettes>mid typical vignettes: t=4.94, p<0.001; and mid typical>least typical: t=5.16, p<0.001. Post-training, paired t-testing again demonstrated that performance against the most typical vignettes>mid typical: t=2.94, p<0.01; and mid typical>least typical: t=6.64, p<0.001. These findings are more consistent with the performance predictions generated via Prototype theory than Exemplar theory.

Conclusions: DPT is useful in designing and evaluating the utility of new approaches to diagnostic training, and, investigating the cognitive factors driving diagnostic capabilities among early medical students.
The constructional patterns of L2 German meteorological events by native French-, Dutch- and Italian-speaking L1 learners
Authors: De Knop Sabine , Sambre Paul , Mollica Fabio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWeather expressions can be seen as a relevant topic in foreign language (FL) teaching. Traditional teaching methodology focuses on fixed FL expressions like impersonal verbs discarding both the rich array of verbal and nominal constructions for typical weather states, as well as the learners’ needs for their production. Construction grammar may fill this gap in two respects, by focusing on weather expressions produced by second language learners (L2). This study describes: (1) the variation in the preferred L2 constructional patterns for weather forecasts in three samples of non-native speakers of German (French, Italian and Dutch); (2) an inventory of constructional and associated lexical deficits in German-L2, compared to the participants’ L1. Descriptive results lead to constructional recommendations for language pedagogy of L2 German.From a contrastive perspective, we explore the influence of L1- on L2- constructions, in order to show possible learner interferences. More specifically, we contrast the Dutch learners as representatives of a Germanic language, with the speakers of the Romance languages. Finally, we propose some guidelines for construction-based teaching as an alternative to the conventional lexical approach to meteorological expressions.
Linguistic congruency of nominal concept types in German texts
Authors: Horn Christian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper presents an empirical investigation of Löbner’s (2011) theory of concept types and determination (CTD). The theory is based on the assumption of four basic types of nouns (sortal, relational, individual, functional) and their congruency with certain modes of determination. Löbner predicts that incongruent uses are less frequent than congruent uses. Horn and Kimm (2014) present a first text-based pilot study on this topic. They investigated two German fictional texts and found results that support Löbner’s prediction. However, the restricted text basis and the preliminary annotation procedure employed in their pilot study call for an improvement of the method and an extension of the texts investigated. The study presented here provides an enhanced annotation procedure and amends the text collection with a choice of German newspaper texts. This text type is expected to contain less subsequent mentions than fictional texts and a greater variety of individual nouns, e.g. proper names, and, thus, contribute to a wider picture. The results of the investigation corroborate these expectations and provide further evidence for the noun type distinction. The paper is structured as follows: Section 1 provides a brief summary of the theoretical background of the study, i.e., primarily the theory of concept types and determination. In Section 2, I report the method and results of the pilot study by Horn and Kimm (2014). The improved method and the case study are presented in Section 3, followed by the conclusion in Section 4.
Steroid hormone secretion in inflammatory breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Illera Juan Carlos , Caceres Sara , Peña Laura , de Andres Paloma J. , Monsalve Beatriz , Illera Maria J. , Woodward Wendy A. , Reuben James M. , Silvan Gema 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is a special type of breast cancer with a poor survival rate. Though several IBC cell lines have been established, recently a first IMC cell line was established. The aims of this study were: (1) to validate a highly sensitive, reliable, accurate and direct amplified enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to measure several cell-secreted steroid hormones: progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone sulfate (SO4E1) in the culture medium. (2) To assess whether hormone production profile by IPC-366 cells validates the IMC model for human IBC. We validated a non-competitive amplified EIA for inflammatory breast cancer cell lines based on the results of accuracy, precision, sensitivity and parallelism. The low detection limits of the technique were: P4=13.2 pg/well, A4=2.3 pg/well, T=11.4 pg/well, E2=1.9 pg/well and SO4E1=4.5 pg/well. Intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation percentages were <10%. The mean recovery rate of hormone added to the culture medium was >90%. In all hormones studied SUM149 have higher levels (1.4 times, but not significant) than IPC-366, and the correlation index between SUM149 and IPC-366 concentrations were >97%. We can coclude that cells of both cell lines, IPC-366 and SUM149, are capable to produce steroid hormone in culture media. The presented EIA methodology is very valuable for the detection of steroid production in culture media and could be used in hormone regulation studies and therapeutic agents in cell lines of inflammatory and non-inflammatory mammary carcinoma or other cancer cell lines in preclinical studies.
1.1 Die Selbstüberschätzung des Philosophen und der Philosophie
Authors: Ottmann Henning 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag wendet sich gegen die Karriere des Begriff s ,Werte‘, der seit dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert die traditionelle Sprache der Tugendethik ablöste. Der Begriff ,Wert‘ setzt Subjektivismus und Pluralismus voraus. Die Vorstellung, Werte ließen sich von Philosophen oder gar von einem Philosophen ,schaffen‘, impliziert eine Überschätzung des Philosophen und der Philosophie überhaupt.
1.4 Der Journalist, die Presse, der informierte Leser. Nietzsche über Wertegeber, Werte und ihre Vermittlung im Medienzeitalter
Authors: Reschke Renate 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungNietzsche entwickelt seine Kritik der modernen Massenkultur wesentlich als Kritik der modernen Massenmedien, ihrer Verantwortung für den kulturellen Werteverfall, den Wandel der Werteinhalte, ihrer Anpassung an die ‚Maschinenkultur‘ und der kulturellen Bedürfnisse des modernen Menschen. Der Journalist ist der Modellfall des angepassten informierten Individuums, der sich als Wertegeber für die Massenkultur versteht, die ihn in dieser Position bestätigt und benötigt. Der damit verbundene Werteverfall ist fundamentale Abkehr von tradierten, elitär besetzten Kulturwerten, zugleich aber spiegelt dieser Prozess den Verlauf eines Wertewandels, der den Notwendigkeiten der Massenkultur und technisierten Massenmedien Rechnung tragt und daher für Nietzsche als genauer Spiegel der modernen Kultur kritische Würdigung verdient.
1.8 Wertschöpfung als kulturelle Praxis. Ein Beitrag Nietzsches zur Kulturphilosophie
Authors: Hetzel Andreas 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungDas Schaffen neuer Werte ist für Nietzsche gleichbedeutend mit der Umwertung älterer Werte. Als Instanz dieser Umwertung begreift er eine als Praxis verstandene Kultur. Werte gehen für ihn aus einer individuellen wie individuierenden kulturellen Praxis hervor. Nur durch die Verdrängung dieser Praxis nehmen sie den Anschein des Ewigen, Unwandelbaren und Objektiven an. Der Beitrag stellt Nietzsches Theorie einer Umwertung der Werte in ihrer kulturphilosophischen Relevanz vor, diskutiert ihre metaphysik kritischen Implikationen und weist auf ihr Erbe in zeitgenössischen Kulturtheorien (Arthur Danto, Boris Groys, René Girard) hin. Abschließend wird das Verhältnis der Umwertung der Werte zum Christentum diskutiert.
2.1 Die Vorzüge der Kritik und die Falle des Dekonstruktivismus
Authors: Ottmann Henning 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Stärke von Nietzsches Moralphilosophie liegt in der Kritik von Werten, die sich autoritärer Setzung verdanken oder autoritär Gefolgschaft fordern. Sie leistet weniger für die Begründung von „Werten“. Die „dekonstruktivistische“ Kritik stößt auf erhebliche Probleme bei der Selbstbegründung.
2.2 Aufwertung und Abwertung. Nietzsches Gegenhegemonie
Authors: Saar Martin 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungNietzsches Forderung nach dem Neu-Schaffen von Werten lässt sich nicht leicht rekonstruieren. Die These, dass Werte im Dienst des Lebens stehen sollen, bleibt zu abstrakt, um aussagekräftig zu sein. Die Tatsache, dass auch neue Werte auf bestehende Werte bezogen sind, zeigt an, dass Nietzsche ein Modell immanenter Kritik vor Augen gehabt haben könnte. Schließlich ist die Rolle der Macht ausschlaggebend. Nietzsches Kritik der alten Werte lässt sich sozialphilosophisch lesen; sie richtet sich auch gegen die Rolle der Werte bei der Aufrechterhaltung und Reproduktion sozialer Verhältnisse.
2.5 Nietzsches Ästhetik des Schaffens im Zeichen von Schwangerschaft und „Erfindlichkeit“
Authors: Därmann Iris 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungIm Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die Frage des Schaffens, die Nietzsche nicht nur mithilfe der Figur des Befehls- und Gesetzgebers, sondern auch - weitaus überzeugender - in der Sprache der Schwangerschaft , einer Ästhetik der „Erfindlichkeit“ und pathischen Proxemik erwogen hat.
3.3 What Mary didn’t know about values (The hard problem of value 3)
Authors: Dries Manuel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article answers some criticisms raised against How hard is it to create values? and offers a further formulation of the hard problem of value. Section 1 addresses the objection that Nietzsche’s criterion of life is too vague to serve as a useful value standard. Section 2 expands on the important idea of appreciating the difference among value perspectives. Sections 3 and 4 present the “hard problem of value” as a challenge for Nietzschean value agonism and value nihilism respectively. Section 5 offers a further formulation of the “hard problem of value”: a thought experiment about Mary, an expert, anti-realist value creator, whose values may or may not lack some qualities, analogous to Mary, the colour scientist of the “knowledge argument”.
Die Moral eines freien Geistes
Authors: Skowron Michael 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungIn Analogie zu den zehn Geboten der Bibel hat Nietzsche im Nachlass des Jahres 1876 zehn Gebote des Freigeistes aufgestellt, die als moralische Leitlinien für das Entstehen und die Erhaltung eines freien Geistes angesehen werden können. Die von den zehn Geboten betroffenen Themen sind insbesondere Volker und Vaterländer, Staat und Politik, Reichtum und Armut, berühmte und einflussreiche Personen, Frau, Kind und Erziehung, Religion und Moral sowie das allgemeine Verhältnis zu Wahrheit und Welt, also alles Themen, die Nietzsche auch sonst in seinen Werken behandelt hat, sich hier aber im Rahmen einer für Nietzsche ungewöhnlichen Sollensethik vereint finden. Im Ausgang von diesen Geboten werden in diesem Aufsatz zunächst der nähere Kontext des Notats sowie Ziele und Methode dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Dann werden die zehn Gebote im Einzelnen behandelt. Schließlich wird individuellen Konsequenzen nachgegangen, insbesondere Nietzsches persönlicher Umsetzung dieser Moral und der Frage, warum Nietzsche diese zehn Gebote nicht veröffentlicht hat, sondern sie Nachlass geblieben sind.
Nietzsche on Objects
Authors: Remhof Justin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNietzsche was persistently concerned with what an object is and how different views of objects lead to different views of facts, causality, personhood, substance, truth, mathematics and logic, and even nihilism. Yet his treatment of objects is incredibly puzzling. In many passages, he assumes that objects such as trees and leaves, tables and chairs, and dogs and cats are just ordinary entities of experience. In other places, he reports that objects do not exist. Elsewhere he claims that objects exist, but as mere bundles of forces. And sometimes he proposes that we bring all objects into existence. Nietzsche’s writings, then, appear to support various secondary readings, which are jointly inconsistent. My chief aim is to present and defend the reading that Nietzsche embraces constructivism about objects, the neo-Kantian view that all objects are socially constructed. I first explain this view and argue that all non-constructivist readings are not supported by Nietzsche’s texts. I then present Nietzsche’s object constructivism, reconstruct his argument for the position, and defend it from an internal objection. I finish by suggesting that Nietzsche might have embraced such a radical conception of objects because it plays a crucial role in overcoming nihilism.
Generation Y: Auf dem Weg zu einem neuen Arzt- und Patientenverständnis
Authors: Steckdaub-Muller Irmgard 
Published: November 2015

Zusammenfassung:Ausgehend von Jürgen Habermas‘ Konzept derkommunikativen Kompetenzwerden in diesem in diesem Beitrag Rollendistanz und prinzipiengeleitetes Handeln als Lebenskompetenzen der Generation Y beschrieben. Mit ihrem Anspruch an eine sinnerfüllte Berufstätigkeit, Lebensgenuss und eine perfekten Work-Life-Balance hinterfragen die Millennials eingespielte hierarchische Strukturen und Regime. Dadurch konfrontieren sie das Gesundheitswesen mit einem neuen Arzt- und Patientenverständnis.