bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A history of biological control in Canadian forests, 1882–2014
Authors: MacQuarrie Chris J.K. , Lyons D.B. , Lukas Seehausen M. , Smith Sandy M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBiological control has been an important tactic in the management of Canadian forests for over a century, but one that has had varied success. Here, we review the history of biological control programmes using vertebrate and invertebrate parasitoids and predators against insects in Canadian forests. Since roughly 1882, 41 insect species have been the target of biological control, with approximately equal numbers of both native and non-native species targeted. A total of 161 species of biological control agents have been released in Canadian forests, spanning most major orders of insects, as well as mites and mammals. Biological control has resulted in the successful suppression of nine pest species, and aided in the control of an additional six species. In this review, we outline the chronological history of major projects across Canadian forests, focussing on those that have had significant influence for the development of biological control. The historical data clearly illustrate a rise and fall in the use of biological control as a tactic for managing forest pests, from its dominance in the 1940s and 1950s to its current low level. The strategic implementation of these biological control programmes, their degree of success, and the challenges faced are discussed, along with the discipline’s shifting relationship to basic science and the environmental viewpoints surrounding its use.
Structural Illumination of Equine MHC Class I Molecules Highlights Unconventional Epitope Presentation Manner That Is Evolved in Equine Leukocyte Antigen Alleles
Authors: Yao Shugang , Liu Jun , Qi Jianxun , Chen Rong , Zhang Nianzhi , Liu Yanjie , Wang Junya , Wu Yanan , Gao George Fu , Xia Chun 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
MHC class I (MHC I)–restricted virus-specific CTLs are implicated as critical components in the control of this naturally occurring lentivirus and in the protective immune response to the successfully applied attenuated equine infectious anemia virus vaccine in the horse. Nevertheless, the structural basis for how the equine MHC I presents epitope peptides remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the binding of several equine infectious anemia virus–derived epitope peptides by the ability to refold recombinant molecules and by thermal stability, and then by determining the x-ray structure of five peptide–MHC I complexes: equine MHC class I allele (Eqca)-N*00602/Env-RW12, Eqca-N*00602/Gag-GW12, Eqca-N*00602/Rev-QW11, Eqca-N*00602/Gag-CF9, and Eqca-N*00601/Gag-GW12. Although Eqca-N*00601 and Eqca-N*00602 differ by a single amino acid, Eqca-N*00601 exhibited a drastically different peptide presentation when binding a similar CTL epitope, Gag-GW12; the result makes the previously reported function clear to be non–cross-recognition between these two alleles. The structures plus Eqca-N*00602 complexed with a 9-mer peptide are particularly noteworthy in that we illuminated differences in apparent flexibility in the center of the epitope peptides for the complexes with Gag-GW12 as compared with Env-RW12, and a strict selection of epitope peptides with normal length. The featured preferences and unconventional presentations of long peptides by equine MHC I molecules provide structural bases to explain the exceptional anti-lentivirus immunity in the horse. We think that the beneficial reference points could serve as an initial platform for other human or animal lentiviruses.
Endoscopist-directed balanced propofol sedation is safe and effective in patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy
Authors: Nathan Joseph H. , Klein Amir , Gralnek Ian M. , Khamaysi Iyad 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Background and Aims: Propofol administered in combination with other moderate sedation medications (balanced propofol sedation [BPS]) is an appealing and effective sedation regimen for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy procedures. However, product labeling dictates propofol be administered only by anesthesiology personnel. We evaluated the safety of endoscopist-directed as well as anesthesiologist-administered BPS during outpatient colonoscopy. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected endoscopy data where endoscopist-directed BPS is standard practice. Measured patient outcomes included: BPS drug dosages, postcolonoscopy oxygen saturation levels, pulse, and systolic/diastolic blood pressures, need for mask bag ventilation or endotracheal intubation, aborted colonoscopy due to sedation, hospital admission postcolonoscopy, and mortality. Results: From April 1 to November 30, 2013, 1036 patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy (mean age 56.4 years, 55% males, 32% American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] I, 59% ASA II, 9% ASA III) received endoscopist-directed BPS. During the same time period, 40 patients (mean age 66.6 years, 55% males, 33% ASA II, 67% ASA III) received anesthesiologist-administered BPS. Indications for colonoscopy for the endoscopist-directed BPS included 352 (34%) colorectal cancer screening/surveillance, 404 (39%) evaluation of lower GI symptoms, 156 (15%) positive fecal occult blood, and 124 (12%) inflammatory bowel disease. BPS dosages (mean ± standard deviation) per patient were Fentanyl 0.05 mg (fixed dose), midazolam 1.6 mg ± 0.5 mg (range: 1-5 mg), and propofol 104 mg ± 62 mg (range: 10-460 mg). Propofol doses correlated inversely with patient age (r = −0.35; P < 0.001), and the mean Propofol dose was lower as ASA score increased: ASA I - 115 mg, ASA II - 103 mg, and ASA III - 75 mg (P < 0.01). No patient required bag mask ventilation, endotracheal intubation, or hospital admission. There were no aborted colonoscopies secondary to sedation and no mortality. All patients were discharged directly to home. Conclusions: Endoscopist-directed BPS appears safe and effective for low-, intermediate- and high-risk patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy.
Missed diagnosis of an unusual case of impacted esophageal foreign body
Authors: Chowdhury Abu Taiub Mohammed Mohiuddin , Wei Jiang , Mensah Sedzro Divine , Alam Shahid 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAccidental foreign body or food particle impaction in the esophagus causing partial or complete obstruction of the esophageal lumen is not uncommon. Most of this presents with remarkable history and acute or related symptoms that lead to diagnosis. Here, we present an unusual clinically misleading case of impacted food object in the esophageal lumen causing partial obstruction that mimic the diagnosis of esophageal and other associated pathologies.
Uvodnik
Authors: Lah Meta 
Published: January 2016

Vestnik za tuje jezike tudi v tokratni številki prinaša bogat in raznolik nabor prispevkov. Razdelek Književnost začenja Tone Smolej, ki v svojem članku obravnava Molièrovo delo Skopuh in njegovo pojavitev v dramskem opusu Andreja Rozmana Roze. Krisztina Sárdi piše o avtorjih t. i. izgubljene generacije v Parizu, Katarina Marinčič o noveli Mire Mihelič in prevodu Elze Jereb, Boštjan Turk pa o Francetu Prešernu in njegovih jezikih. Razdelek sklene esejistični članek Človek med gesto in tikom Mihe Pintariča.
Volumetria de Genipa americana em plantio homogêneo no Sudoeste da Bahia
Authors: Rocha Mislene Barbosa , Barreto-Garcia Patrícia Anjos Bittencourt , Prado Wilmerson Bernardino , Paula Alessandro De , Júnior Valdemiro Conceição 
Published: January 2016

<p class="Resumo">O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar estimativas volumétricas para a espécie <em>Genipa americana </em>L., conhecida vulgarmente como jenipapeiro, em plantio puro no município Vitória da Conquista, BA. Foram cubadas rigorosamente 100 árvores em pé para determinação do volume individual. De posse dos dados da cubagem foram ajustados dez modelos volumétricos. Os melhores modelos foram selecionados com base no critério de seleção do valor ponderado dos escores dos parâmetros estatísticos e distribuição de resíduos. As estimativas de volume foram realizadas por fator de forma e por equações ajustadas e os resultados foram comparados ao volume obtido com a cubagem, para validação das estimativas. Dentre os métodos utilizados para predição do volume, o mais recomendado é o emprego de equações volumétricas ajustadas. O modelo que apresentou melhor desempenho para estimar o volume total foi o de Spurr (Log). </p>
The Potential Use of the Fetal Observable Movement System in Clinical Practice
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Uematsu Rina , Reissland Nadja , Austen Joe M 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the potential use of a fine-grained fetal facial scoring system. The use of this coding system is discussed in relation to maternal health as well as effects on fetal development, including smoking in pregnancy and maternal stress. It is argued that the proposed fine-grained movement analysis might lend itself to support an increase health behaviors. Furthermore, we suggest that the fine-grained movement coding, although labor intensive, might detect subtle but important differences in fetal development, which are missed by more general observations. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of this system are discussed.

How to cite this article
Reissland N, Austen JM, Hanaoka U, AboEllail MAM, Uematsu R, Hata T. The Potential Use of the Fetal Observable Movement System in Clinical Practice. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(4):426-433.
Preoperative CT versus diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in patients with rectal cancer; a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Achiam Michael P. , Løgager Vibeke B. , Skjoldbye Bjørn , Møller Jakob M. , Lorenzen Torben , Rasmussen Vera L. , Thomsen Henrik S. , Mollerup Talie H. , Okholm Cecilie , Rosenberg Jacob 
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world and liver metastases are seen in up to 19% of patients with colorectal cancers. Detection of liver metastases is not only vital for sufficient treatment and survival, but also for a better estimation of prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of diffusion weighted MRI of the liver as part of a combined MR evaluation of patients with rectal cancers and compare it with the standard preoperative evaluation of the liver with CT.Methods. Consecutive patients diagnosed with rectal cancers were asked to participate in the study. Preoperative CT and diffusion weighted MR (DWMR) were compared to contrast enhanced laparoscopic ultrasound (CELUS).Results. A total of 35 patients were included, 15 patients in Group-1 having the standard CT evaluation of the liver and 20 patients in Group-2 having the standard CT evaluation of the liver and DWMR of the liver. Compared with CELUS, the per-patient sensitivity/specificity was 50/100% for CT, and for DWMR: 100/94% and 100/100% for Reader 1 and 2, respectively. The per-lesion sensitivity of CT and DWMR were 17% and 89%, respectively compared with CELUS. Furthermore, one patient had non-resectable metastases after DWMR despite being diagnosed with resectable metastases after CT. Another patient was diagnosed with multiple liver metastases during CELUS, despite a negative CT-scan.Discussion. DWMR is feasible for preoperative evaluation of liver metastases. The current standard preoperative evaluation with CT-scan results in disadvantages like missed metastases and futile operations. We recommend that patients with rectal cancer, who are scheduled for MR of the rectum, should have a DWMR of the liver performed at the same time.
The effect of repeated laser stimuli to ink-marked skin on skin temperature—recommendations for a safe experimental protocol in humans
Authors: Madden Victoria J. , Catley Mark J. , Grabherr Luzia , Mazzola Francesca , Shohag Mohammad , Moseley G. Lorimer 
Published: January 2016

Background.Nd:YAP laser is widely used to investigate the nociceptive and pain systems, generating perpetual and laser-evoked neurophysiological responses. A major procedural concern for the use of Nd:YAP laser stimuli in experimental research is the risk of skin damage. The absorption of Nd:YAP laser stimuli is greater in darker skin, or in pale skin that has been darkened with ink, prompting some ethics boards to refuse approval to experimenters wishing to track stimulus location by marking the skin with ink. Some research questions, however, require laser stimuli to be delivered at particular locations or within particular zones, a requirement that is very difficult to achieve if marking the skin is not possible. We thoroughly searched the literature for experimental evidence and protocol recommendations for safe delivery of Nd:YAP laser stimuli over marked skin, but found nothing.Methods.We designed an experimental protocol to define safe parameters for the use of Nd:YAP laser stimuli over skin that has been marked with black dots, and used thermal imaging to assess the safety of the procedure at the forearm and the back.Results.Using thermal imaging and repeated laser stimulation to ink-marked skin, we demonstrated that skin temperature did not increase progressively across the course of the experiment, and that the small change in temperature seen at the forearm was reversed during the rest periods between blocks. Furthermore, no participant experienced skin damage due to the procedure.Conclusion.This protocol offers parameters for safe, confident and effective experimentation using repeated Nd:YAP laser on skin marked with ink, thus paving the way for investigations that depend on it.
High basal melting forming a channel at the grounding line of Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Marsh Oliver J. , Fricker Helen A. , Siegfried Matthew R. , Christianson Knut , Nicholls Keith W. , Corr Hugh F. J. , Catania Ginny 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAntarctica's ice shelves are thinning at an increasing rate, affecting their buttressing ability. Channels in the ice shelf base unevenly distribute melting, and their evolution provides insight into changing subglacial and oceanic conditions. Here we used phase‐sensitive radar measurements to estimate basal melt rates in a channel beneath the currently stable Ross Ice Shelf. Melt rates of 22.2 ± 0.2 m a−1 (>2500% the overall background rate) were observed 1.7 km seaward of Mercer/Whillans Ice Stream grounding line, close to where subglacial water discharge is expected. Laser altimetry shows a corresponding, steadily deepening surface channel. Two relict channels to the north suggest recent subglacial drainage reorganization beneath Whillans Ice Stream approximately coincident with the shutdown of Kamb Ice Stream. This rapid channel formation implies that shifts in subglacial hydrology may impact ice shelf stability.
A projection of changes in landfalling atmospheric river frequency and extreme precipitation over western North America from the Large Ensemble CESM simulations
Authors: Hagos Samson M. , Leung L. Ruby , Yoon Jin‐Ho , Lu Jian , Gao Yang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSimulations from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble project are analyzed to investigate the impact of global warming on atmospheric rivers (ARs) making landfall in western North America. The model has notable biases in simulating the subtropical jet position and the relationship between extreme precipitation and moisture transport. After accounting for these biases, the model projects an ensemble mean increase of 35% in the number of landfalling AR days between the last 20 years of the twentieth and 21st centuries under Representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). However, the associated extreme precipitation days increase only by 28% because the moisture transport required to produce extreme precipitation also increases with warming. Internal variability introduces an uncertainty of ±8% and ±7% in the changes in AR days and associated extreme precipitation days compared to only about 1% difference from accountings for model biases. The significantly larger mean changes compared to internal variability, and effects of model biases highlight the robust AR responses to global warming.
Plasma drifts and polarization electric fields associated with TID‐like disturbances in the low‐latitude ionosphere: C/NOFS observations
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMedium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances are often observed at the magnetically conjugate points in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere. It has been suggested that gravity waves disturb the ionosphere and induce electric fields in one hemisphere and that the electric fields are amplified by the Perkins instability and transmitted along the geomagnetic field lines to the conjugate ionosphere, creating similar disturbances there. However, direct observations of electric fields associated with traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are very few. In this study, we present low‐latitude TID‐like disturbances observed by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite. It is found that ion velocity perturbations are generated in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field within TIDs. Both the parallel and perpendicular ion velocity perturbations show an in‐phase correlation with the ion density perturbations. For nighttime TIDs, the amplitude of both the parallel and meridional ion velocity perturbations increases almost linearly with the amplitude of the ion density perturbations, and the meridional ion drift is proportional to the parallel ion velocity. For daytime TIDs, the parallel ion velocity perturbation increases with the ion density perturbation, but the meridional ion velocity perturbation does not change much. The observations provide evidence that polarization electric field is generated within TIDs at low latitudes and maps along the geomagnetic field lines over a large distance.
Numerical Simulations of Combustion
Authors: Aggarwal Suresh K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAdvances in computing power, numerical algorithms and physical models have occurred at a remarkable pace during the past 40 years. Computations of multidimensional reacting flows are now performed routinely, and computational fluid dynamic (CFD)‐based tools are increasingly used in industry to test and design new combustors. Consequently, numerical combustion has become a diversified field with virtually unlimited literature, which makes it impossible to cover this topic in a single chapter. Therefore, the present discussion is limited to numerical simulations of reacting systems involving zero‐, one‐, and two‐dimensional combustion phenomena. Starting with the generalized form of the conservation equations and a general methodology for the computation of 3‐D reacting flows, several examples of simplified combustion systems are presented. These include flammability limits, flame blowout, transient ignition, 1‐D premixed flames, opposed‐jet flames, and transient 1‐D reacting systems, such as droplet ignition and combustion. Computations of 2‐D steady and unsteady flames using a DNS‐based code are also discussed. Examples here include the stability and emission characteristics of burner‐stabilized flames, and flame liftoff and blowout. Topics not covered include the modeling and computations of turbulent flames and multiphase reacting flows, including spray and coal combustion. In spite of its phenomenal growth, the field of numerical combustion continues to evolve, as exemplified by advances in high‐performance computing, modeling of turbulence–chemistry interactions, numerical flame diagnostics, and algorithms for the automatic generation of reaction mechanisms.
Unconventional Natural Gas
Authors: McLennan John 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe natural gas industry, manufacturing entities, utilities and consumers have rebounded from the specter of dwindling resources and foreign dependency to a situation characterized currently by an oversupply and future potential for export outside of the United States. This dramatic rebound has occurred during the past two decades, mainly because technical protocols have been refined to develop extensive, ultralow permeability formations – that is, production from shales. In this chapter, a description is provided of these low‐permeability resources, contrasting them with higher‐permeability reservoirs to which the natural gas industry is more accustomed. Methods for recovery of the resource, particularly hydraulic fracturing, are highlighted and methods for surface handling and delivery to a pipeline for transportation are described.
Electropolymerization of m‐Toluidin on Platinum Electrode from Aqueous Acidic Solution and Character of the Obtained Polymer
Authors: Sayyah S. M. , Shaban Mohamed , Rabia Mohamed 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe electrochemical anodic electropolymerization of m‐toluidin on a Pt electrode from a deoxygenated aqueous acid medium is carried out using the cyclic voltammetry technique. The effects of different parameters on the electrochemical polymerization such as the monomer, sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate concentrations, scan rate, and temperature are investigated using a conventional three‐electrode cell. The results show the presence of an oxidation peak (anodic current peak) at approximately +1110 mV vs. saturated calomel electrode in all cases of the investigated parameters. A gradual increase in the anodic current peak density (Ip) is observed with a repeating number of cycles accompanied with the appearance of a new peak at low positive potential from the second repeating cycle. In addition, the effects of m‐toluidin, sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate concentrations, scan rate, and temperature values have the same behavior on Ip values, in which there is an increase in Ip values till certain values (different for each parameter) and then decrease. The experimentally obtained kinetic equation is deduced from values of Ip, and a simplified mechanism for the electrochemical anodic polymerization of m‐toluidin is proposed. Moreover, the diffusion coefficient, activation energy (Ea), and thermokinetic parameters such as entropy (ΔS*), enthalpy of reaction (ΔH*), and free energy change (ΔG*) are calculated. The prepared polymer is characterized by elemental analysis, UV–visible, IR, 1H NMR, X‐ray diffraction, SEM, and TGA.
Cardiorespiratory fitness is related to metabolic risk independent of physical activity in boys but not girls from Southern Brazil
Authors: Silva Danilo , Werneck André O. , Collings Paul , Tomeleri Crisieli M. , Fernandes RôMulo A. , Ronque Enio , Venturini Danielle , Barbosa Décio S. , Coelho‐E‐Silva Manuel J. , Sardinha Luís B. , Cyrino Edilson S. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveOur aim was to determine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic risk in adolescents from Southern Brazil.MethodsWe performed a school‐based cross‐sectional study in 1,037 adolescents (436 boys) aged 10–16 years from Londrina, PR, Brazil. CRF was determined by 20‐m shuttle run test. A continuous metabolic risk score was obtained from the mean of fasting glucose, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, blood pressure, and waist circumference z‐scores. Age, physical activity (Baecke questionnaire), body mass index (BMI; weight/stature2), and somatic maturity (Mirwald method) were included as covariates in multiple linear regression analyses.ResultsCRF was related to metabolic risk in boys (β = −0.02, P < 0.01) and girls (β = −0.01, P = 0.02) after adjusting for chronological age, BMI, and somatic maturity. However, when adjusted for physical activity, CRF failed to explain metabolic risk in girls (β = −0.01, P = 0.24).ConclusionWe conclude that CRF is independently and inversely related to metabolic risk in boys, but physical activity either mediates or confounds the association between CRF and metabolic risk in girls. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:534–538, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.