bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O clima escolar e a convivência respeitosa nas instituições educativas
Authors: Vinha Telma Pileggi , Morais Alessandra De , Tognetta Luciene Regina Paulino , Azzi Roberta Gurgel , Aragão Ana Maria Falcão de , Marques Carolina De Aragão Escher , Silva Lívia Maria Ferreira da , Moro Adriano , Vivaldi Flávia Maria de Campos , Ramos Adriana De Melo , Oliveira Mariana Tavares Almeida , Bozza Thais Cristina Leite 
Published: May 2016

<p> </p><p>Os problemas de convivência, muitas vezes traduzidos como indisciplina ou violência, aparecem como uma das maiores dificuldades enfrentadas pelas escolas. Considerando que há uma correspondência entre a qualidade do clima escolar e das relações interpessoais, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos a construção e testagem de instrumentos para avaliar o clima escolar em alunos, docentes e gestores, assim como elaborar e desenvolver em duas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental II um projeto de intervenção objetivando a melhoria da convivência. Após o diagnóstico do clima dessas escolas, desenvolveu-se uma intervenção constituída por: inserção de uma disciplina semanal na grade horária dos alunos; implantação de procedimentos para mediação de conflitos; propostas de protagonismo juvenil; e formação continuada dos profissionais da escola. Este estudo apresenta subsídios teóricos e práticos que favorecem a melhoria da qualidade do clima escolar e possibilita às escolas planejarem a convivência.</p><p> </p>
Multiscale connectivity and graph theory highlight critical areas for conservation under climate change
Authors: Dilts Thomas E. , Weisberg Peter J. , Leitner Philip , Matocq Marjorie D. , Inman Richard D. , Nussear Kenneth E. , Esque Todd C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractConservation planning and biodiversity management require information on landscape connectivity across a range of spatial scales from individual home ranges to large regions. Reduction in landscape connectivity due changes in land use or development is expected to act synergistically with alterations to habitat mosaic configuration arising from climate change. We illustrate a multiscale connectivity framework to aid habitat conservation prioritization in the context of changing land use and climate. Our approach, which builds upon the strengths of multiple landscape connectivity methods, including graph theory, circuit theory, and least‐cost path analysis, is here applied to the conservation planning requirements of the Mohave ground squirrel. The distribution of this threatened Californian species, as for numerous other desert species, overlaps with the proposed placement of several utility‐scale renewable energy developments in the American southwest. Our approach uses information derived at three spatial scales to forecast potential changes in habitat connectivity under various scenarios of energy development and climate change. By disentangling the potential effects of habitat loss and fragmentation across multiple scales, we identify priority conservation areas for both core habitat and critical corridor or stepping stone habitats. This approach is a first step toward applying graph theory to analyze habitat connectivity for species with continuously distributed habitat and should be applicable across a broad range of taxa.
Are cattle surrogate wildlife? Savanna plant community composition explained by total herbivory more than herbivore type
Authors: Veblen Kari E. , Porensky Lauren M. , Riginos Corinna , Young Truman P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe widespread replacement of wild ungulate herbivores by domestic livestock in African savannas is composed of two interrelated phenomena: (1) loss or reduction in numbers of individual wildlife species or guilds and (2) addition of livestock to the system. Each can have important implications for plant community dynamics. Yet very few studies have experimentally addressed the individual, combined, and potentially interactive effects of wild vs. domestic herbivore species on herbaceous plant communities within a single system. Additionally, there is little information about whether, and in which contexts, livestock might functionally replace native herbivore wildlife or, alternatively, have fundamentally different effects on plant species composition. The Kenya Long‐term Exclosure Experiment, which has been running since 1995, is composed of six treatment combinations of mega‐herbivores, meso‐herbivore ungulate wildlife, and cattle. We sampled herbaceous vegetation 25 times between 1999 and 2013. We used partial redundancy analysis and linear mixed models to assess effects of herbivore treatments on overall plant community composition and key plant species. Plant communities in the six different herbivore treatments shifted directionally over time and diverged from each other substantially by 2013. Plant community composition was strongly related (R2 = 0.92) to residual plant biomass, a measure of herbivore utilization. Addition of any single herbivore type (cattle, wildlife, or mega‐herbivores) caused a shift in plant community composition that was proportional to its removal of plant biomass. These results suggest that overall herbivory pressure, rather than herbivore type or complex interactions among different herbivore types, was the main driver of changes in plant community composition. Individual plant species, however, did respond most strongly to either wild ungulates or cattle. Although these results suggest considerable functional similarity between a suite of native wild herbivores (which included grazers, browsers, and mixed feeders) and cattle (mostly grazers) with respect to understory plant community composition, responses of individual plant species demonstrate that at the plant‐population‐level impacts of a single livestock species are not functionally identical to those of a diverse group of native herbivores.
Replicated landscape genetic and network analyses reveal wide variation in functional connectivity for American pikas
Authors: Castillo Jessica A. , Epps Clinton W. , Jeffress Mackenzie R. , Ray Chris , Rodhouse Thomas J. , Schwalm Donelle 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLandscape connectivity is essential for maintaining viable populations, particularly for species restricted to fragmented habitats or naturally arrayed in metapopulations and facing rapid climate change. The importance of assessing both structural connectivity (physical distribution of favorable habitat patches) and functional connectivity (how species move among habitat patches) for managing such species is well understood. However, the degree to which functional connectivity for a species varies among landscapes, and the resulting implications for conservation, have rarely been assessed. We used a landscape genetics approach to evaluate resistance to gene flow and, thus, to determine how landscape and climate‐related variables influence gene flow for American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in eight federally managed sites in the western United States. We used empirically derived, individual‐based landscape resistance models in conjunction with predictive occupancy models to generate patch‐based network models describing functional landscape connectivity. Metareplication across landscapes enabled identification of limiting factors for dispersal that would not otherwise have been apparent. Despite the cool microclimates characteristic of pika habitat, south‐facing aspects consistently represented higher resistance to movement, supporting the previous hypothesis that exposure to relatively high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. We found that other barriers to dispersal included areas with a high degree of topographic relief, such as cliffs and ravines, as well as streams and distances greater than 1–4 km depending on the site. Using the empirically derived network models of habitat patch connectivity, we identified habitat patches that were likely disproportionately important for maintaining functional connectivity, areas in which habitat appeared fragmented, and locations that could be targeted for management actions to improve functional connectivity. We concluded that climate change, besides influencing patch occupancy as predicted by other studies, may alter landscape resistance for pikas, thereby influencing functional connectivity through multiple pathways simultaneously. Spatial autocorrelation among genotypes varied across study sites and was largest where habitat was most dispersed, suggesting that dispersal distances increased with habitat fragmentation, up to a point. This study demonstrates how landscape features linked to climate can affect functional connectivity for species with naturally fragmented distributions, and reinforces the importance of replicating studies across landscapes.
Repeated wildfires alter forest recovery of mixed‐conifer ecosystems
Authors: Stevens‐Rumann Camille , Morgan Penelope 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMost models project warmer and drier climates that will contribute to larger and more frequent wildfires. However, it remains unknown how repeated wildfires alter post‐fire successional patterns and forest structure. Here, we test the hypothesis that the number of wildfires, as well as the order and severity of wildfire events interact to alter forest structure and vegetation recovery and implications for vegetation management. In 2014, we examined forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration in stands that burned 1–18 yr before a subsequent 2007 wildfire. Three important findings emerged: (1) Repeatedly burned forests had 15% less woody surface fuels and 31% lower tree seedling densities compared with forests that only experienced one recent wildfire. These repeatedly burned areas are recovering differently than sites burned once, which may lead to alternative ecosystem structure. (2) Order of burn severity (high followed by low severity compared with low followed by high severity) did influence forest characteristics. When low burn severity followed high, forests had 60% lower canopy closure and total basal area with 92% fewer tree seedlings than when high burn severity followed low. (3) Time between fires had no effect on most variables measured following the second fire except large woody fuels, canopy closure and tree seedling density. We conclude that repeatedly burned areas meet many vegetation management objectives of reduced fuel loads and moderate tree seedling densities. These differences in forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration have implications not only for the trajectories of these forests, but may reduce fire intensity and burn severity of subsequent wildfires and may be used in conjunction with future fire suppression tactics.
Taxonomic and functional divergence of tree assemblages in a fragmented tropical forest
Authors: Sfair Julia C. , Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Santos Bráulio A. , Tabarelli Marcelo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTropical forests are being exposed to increasing levels of habitat loss and fragmentation, threatening the maintenance of global biodiversity. However, the effect that land‐use change may have on the spatial dissimilarities in taxonomic and functional composition of remaining assemblages (i.e., taxonomic/functional β‐diversity) remains poorly understood. We examined a large vegetation database from an old and severely fragmented Atlantic forest landscape to test two alternative hypotheses: (1) tree assemblages experience a taxonomic and functional homogenization (reduced β‐diversity) between forest fragments and along forest edges, or alternatively, (2) these edge‐affected forests show increased taxonomic and functional differentiation (increased β‐diversity) when compared to forest interior (reference) stands. Taxonomic and functional β‐diversity were examined via novel abundance‐based metrics and considering functional traits related to plant dispersion, recruitment, and growth. Overall, taxonomic β‐diversity among fragments was significantly higher than among edge and reference plots. Edge plots also showed higher β‐diversity than reference plots, but only when considering dominant species. In functional terms, β‐diversity among reference plots was also lower than among forest fragments and among edge plots. These patterns support the landscape‐divergence hypothesis, which postulates that variable human disturbances among forest fragments and along forest edges can lead to contrasting trajectories of vegetation changes, thus increasing the compositional and functional differentiation of tree communities in these emerging environments. Our results also show that such differentiation can preserve landscape‐wide biodiversity, thus overriding negative effects of habitat fragmentation on local (α) diversity. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that forest fragments and forest edges can be more valuable for maintaining species diversity and ecosystem function in fragmented tropical landscapes than previously thought.
Plant species richness enhances nitrogen retention in green roof plots
Authors: Johnson Catherine , Schweinhart Shelbye , Buffam Ishi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVegetated (green) roofs have become common in many cities and are projected to continue to increase in coverage, but little is known about the ecological properties of these engineered ecosystems. In this study, we tested the biodiversity–ecosystem function hypothesis using commercially available green roof trays as replicated plots with varying levels of plant species richness (0, 1, 3, or 6 common green roof species per plot, using plants with different functional characteristics). We estimated accumulated plant biomass near the peak of the first full growing season (July 2013) and measured runoff volume after nearly every rain event from September 2012 to September 2013 (33 events) and runoff fluxes of inorganic nutrients ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate from a subset of 10 events. We found that (1) total plant biomass increased with increasing species richness, (2) green roof plots were effective at reducing storm runoff, with vegetation increasing water retention more than soil‐like substrate alone, but there was no significant effect of plant species identity or richness on runoff volume, (3) green roof substrate was a significant source of phosphate, regardless of presence/absence of plants, and (4) dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN= nitrate + ammonium) runoff fluxes were different among plant species and decreased significantly with increasing plant species richness. The variation in N retention was positively related to variation in plant biomass. Notably, the increased biomass and N retention with species richness in this engineered ecosystem are similar to patterns observed in published studies from grasslands and other well‐studied ecosystems. We suggest that more diverse plantings on vegetated roofs may enhance the retention capacity for reactive nitrogen. This is of importance for the sustained health of vegetated roof ecosystems, which over time often experience nitrogen limitation, and is also relevant for water quality in receiving waters downstream of green roofs.
Assessing bias and knowledge gaps on seed ecology research: implications for conservation agenda and policy
Authors: Ribeiro Guilherme V. T. , Teixido Alberto L. , Barbosa Newton P. U. , Silveira Fernando A. O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSampling biases permeate ecological research and result in knowledge gaps that have vital consequences for conservation planning. The consequences of knowledge gaps on species identity and distribution (the Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls, respectively) have become apparent recently, but we know little about the extent that research biases and knowledge gaps on traits that influence species’ niches (the Hutchinsonian shortfall) affect conservation policy. To examine whether knowledge of species’ traits based on seed ecology is geographically, phylogenetically, and ecologically biased, we retrieved research data on seed germination, seed dormancy, seed dispersal, seed banks, seed predation, and seed removal from a database of 847 papers, 1648 species, and 5322 cases. Brazil was selected as a model system for megadiverse, undersampled countries. Kernel density maps showed that research was geographically biased towards highly populated sites, with vast areas remaining historically unexplored. We also show that research was clustered into protected areas. We detected a significant positive phylogenetic bias at genus‐level, indicating research concentration in few genera and lower relative bias rates for many herbaceous genera. Unexpectedly, information on seed banking was available for only 74 (3.4%) of threatened species, which suggests that information deficits are highest for species with critical needs for ex situ conservation strategies. Tree, fleshy‐fruited, and biotic dispersal species were disproportionately overstudied. Our data indicate that information deficits on seed ecology preclude our ability to effectively restore ecosystems and to safeguard endangered species. We call for a systematic improvement of environmental agenda in which policy makers and scientists target sites, clades, and functional groups historically neglected. Lessons from developed countries and collaborative efforts will be important for megadiverse, underdeveloped countries to achieve the targets of international agreements that depend on seed ecology knowledge aiming to secure biological diversity and ecosystem services.
Bacterial endosymbionts protect aphids in the field and alter parasitoid community composition
Authors: Rothacher Lukas , Ferrer‐Suay Mar , Vorburger Christoph 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt has become increasingly evident that many organisms rely on microbial symbionts for defense against natural enemies, but the ecological importance of defensive symbionts for natural communities still needs to be investigated. A well‐known example is Hamiltonella defensa, a heritable endosymbiotic bacterium commonly found in aphids. Laboratory experiments have shown that H. defensa strongly protects aphids against parasitic wasps (parasitoids), although this protection is not equally effective against different species of parasitoids, or even different genotypes of the same species. These results suggest that H. defensa plays an important role in reducing aphid mortality by parasitoids and presumably affects the community composition of parasitoids relying on aphids as a resource. However, there is little evidence that this is indeed the case under natural conditions. We tested this in a field experiment with black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) by setting up replicated field plots with genetically identical aphids that did or did not harbor H. defensa and following their colonization by natural enemies over a growing season. We observed a clear reduction in parasitism of symbiont‐protected aphids, particularly by the parasitoids posing the highest risk. However, protected aphids did not develop larger populations than unprotected ones, possibly reflecting the balancing effect of costs associated with harboring H. defensa. We also observed shifts in the parasitoid species composition on aphids protected by H. defensa, showing that defensive symbionts have the potential to alter the diversity and structure of food webs, with likely consequences for their function and stability.
To eat or not to eat meat. That is the question
Authors: Celada Paloma , Bastida Sara , Sánchez-Muniz Francisco J. 
Published: May 2016

La carne es un alimento muy bien aceptado por sus propiedades organolépticas. Es fundamental en el desarrollo del ser humano por su alto valor nutritivo. Fuente importante de minerales, vitaminas y proteínas de elevada calidad. Su importancia nutricional está en consonancia con su repercusión económica. En este artículo, y a la luz del comunicado recientemente emitido por la OMS sobre el peligro para la salud, particularmente de cáncer, del consumo elevado de carne roja y/o procesada y dada la alarma social ocasionada, pretendemos matizar algunos aspectos. Se revisan a) el consumo actual de carnes y derivados en España; b) su contribución en macro/micronutrientes a las ingestas recomendadas; c) el aporte obligado de aditivos (p.ej. nitratos y nitritos) para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y su ingesta diaria. Se comentan los riesgos del consumo elevado de los productos cárnicos así como los usos culinarios más adecuados para reducir la formación de compuestos tóxicos (p.ej. N-nitrosocompuestos). Dada la enorme variedad de productos cárnicos ofertados, se concluye que cualquier generalización sobre el consumo de carne y derivados sería totalmente inadecuada y se resaltan las ventajas de consumirlos en el marco de una dieta tipo mediterránea, rica en verduras, frutas y compuestos bioactivos.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculations on Cd Transformation during Sewage Sludge Incineration
Authors: Liu Jing‐yong , Huang Limao , Sun Shuiyu , Xie Wuming 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT: Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to reveal the distribution of cadmium during the sewage sludge incineration process. During sludge incineration in the presence of major minerals, such as SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO, the strongest effect was exerted by SiO2 on the Cd transformation compared with the effect of others. The stable solid product of CdSiO3 was formed easily with the reaction between Cd and SiO2, which can restrain the emissions of gaseous Cd pollutants. CdCl2 was formed more easily in the presence of chloride during incineration, thus, the volatilization of Cd was advanced by increasing chlorine content. At low temperatures, the volatilization of Cd was restrained due to the formation of the refractory solid metal sulfate. At high temperatures, the speciation of Cd was not affected by the presence of sulfur, but sulfur could affect the formation temperature of gaseous metals.
Forces and moments delivered by novel, thinner PET-G aligners during labiopalatal bodily movement of a maxillary central incisor: An in vitro study
Authors: Elkholy Fayez , Schmidt Falko , Jäger Rudolf , Lapatki Bernd G. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate whether overloading of teeth can be avoided by utilizing aligners with reduced thicknesses of 0.4 mm or 0.3 mm.
Materials and Methods: The experimental setup included an acrylic maxillary jaw model with tooth 11 separated and fixed via a 3-D force-moment transducer to a hexapod for experimental movement. Aligners tested were fabricated on duplicate stone models using commercially available polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) foils with thicknesses between 0.5 and 0.75 mm, and novel 0.4-mm- and 0.3-mm-thick foils. With the test aligner seated, 11 was bodily displaced in a labiopalatal direction in the range of ±0.25 mm while all six force-and-moment components exerted on this tooth were registered.
Results: With the thinnest commercially available 0.5-mm aligner, median forces of −7.89 N and 8.37 N were measured for the maximum 0.25-mm movement of 11 in a labial and palatal direction, respectively. In comparison, force values were 35% and 71% lower for the novel aligners with a thickness of 0.4 mm and 0.3 mm, respectively.
Conclusions: Novel “leveling” aligners with reduced thickness may reduce overloading of individual teeth during aligner therapy. Due to form instability of 0.3-mm aligners, we suggest a novel sequence of 0.4–0.5–0.75 mm for aligner systems using several foil thicknesses for load graduation within single setup steps. This would combine low stiffness of the initial aligner and relatively constant load increases throughout the treatment.