bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process Treatment of Citrus Fruits for the Fresh Fruit Markets
Authors: Gerwe R. D. 
Published: January 2018

The growth of the Citrus Canning and Processing Industry of Florida during the past twenty years has been phenomenal. In 1940, approximately 70% of the crop was merchandised as fresh fruit and 30% was processed in canning plants. Today, these figures are exactly reversed with 70% being processed and 30% sold as fresh fruit. As a result of this trend, there has been some tendency to relegate the fresh fruit segment of the industry to the position of step-child. It is becoming increasingly apparent, however, that the continued success of the industry is dependent upon maintaining and developing all possible sales outlets for the ever increasing crop. This is especially recognized this season, when with high inventories of processed citrus at the beginning of the season, the fresh fruit packing houses had to take up the slack. Thus far, fresh fruit shipments are about 25% greater than they were last season when total fresh shipments were 28,000,000 boxes. Without this increased movement, prices of all citrus products undoubtedly would have been depressed. The continuing importance of the fresh fruit segment of the industry is therefore becoming more fully recognized.
Paper published with permission.
Nitrogen Treatment as a Means of Extending Shelf-Life of Chilled and Canned Single Strength Orange Juice
Authors: Webster Robert C. 
Published: January 2018

The use of Nitrogen and other inert atmospheres to reduce or replace oxygen is an old, yet not well practiced art in the manufacture, storage, handling and packaging of orange juice. The art of Nitrogen treatment of orange products was first developed with canned and bottled single strength juice. The primary or designed purpose being to increase product end container shelf-life by eliminating oxygen.
Paper published with permission.
Treatment of Citrus Juice by Ion Exchange Membrane
Authors: Kilburn R. W. 
Published: January 2018

Citrus juice sometimes taste more tart than is desirable for ready consumer acceptance. This is particularly true with grapefruit juice, a characteristically tart juice. More than half of the grapefruit juice packed in Florida contains sugar, added to make the juice acceptable to the modern palate. Sugar added to citrus juice not only represents additional processing cost, but also offers only a limited solution to the problem of improving the taste of citrus juice.
Paper published with permission.
The APV Plate Evaporator in the Citrus Industry
Authors: Dinnage Derek F. 
Published: January 2018

One of the most interesting recent developments in equipment for food products processing is the new APV Plate Evaporator.
The purpose of this paper will be to briefly describe the development, design, operation and application of this Plate Evaporator, particularly with reference to the citrus processing industry.
Paper published with permission.
Modern Fresh Fruit Handling, Adams Packing Association, Inc.
Authors: Grierson W. 
Published: January 2018

Things are not always what they seem to be. The assigned title of this paper would seem to limit the subject to the new Adams packinghouse. Nevertheless, it is necessary to first consider the harvesting methods selected. The main reason for improving packing methods is to reduce costs, and in the fresh fruit business today opportunities for cost reduction are principally between the tree and the packinghouse. Moreover the packer has some reasonable control over his choice of field handling methods, but inside the packinghouse his choice of methods is severely limited by the policies of buyers and the lack of any combined policy on container standardization by the fresh fruit industry in general. This is particularly true in Florida as contrasted, for example, with the California citrus industry.
Paper published with permission.
Fundamentals of Glass Handling
Authors: Whittier C. P. 
Published: January 2018

Since you have been kind enough to include me in your conference program, I feel it in order to make clear what my activities on behalf of Owens-Illinois have to do with your areas of responsibility in the citrus industry. For better than 30 years, I have been a part of a department in the Glass Container Division of Owens-Illinois whose responsibility is to concern itself with problems that relate to the use or performance of what we make. This operation handles customer problems relating to product preservation and container handling. In addition, we design, build, lease and occasionally sell specialized glass packing equipment.
Paper published with permission.
Citrus Processing Outside of the United States
Authors: Penn F. E. 
Published: January 2018

A dreary recitation of long lists of statistics, however important they may be, does not appear to be the proper method to follow in describing the situation in today’s citrus world as it relates to processed citrus products. Reference is made primarily, of course, to frozen orange concentrate but also to preserved and hot packed concentrates and single strength juices as well. In keeping with this approach all but the most general facts have been relegated to tables and charts accompanying this report.
Paper published with permission.
The Use of Nitrogen in Freezing Citrus Concentrates
Authors: Smith Paul L. 
Published: January 2018

The use of the refrigerant potential of cryogenic fluids is now in its infancy. The high driving force — the low temperature boiling point — has over the years many times intrigued scientists and engineers to consider its utilization for many situations. On the lab bench, it was successful; but in most commercial applications its cost far over-shadowed its ease of handling, its speed of freezing, its flexibility, its seemingly limitless capacity, and its 100% reliability.
Paper published with permission.
Air Pollution Abatement Equipment and Processes
Authors: Hendrickson E. R. , Hedenhag Jorgen G. 
Published: January 2018

The control of airborn emissions from industrial sources has become a fact of life for management all over the United States. Every state, the federal government, and several hundred municipalities and counties have enabling legislation backed up by ever-increasing volumes of regulations aimed at reducing pollution of the atmosphere. Recognizing the inevitability of even more restrictive regulations, many individual companies and industry organizations are directing efforts toward identifying the air pollution potential of their operations and investigating the means available to them to meet the standards imposed upon them.
Paper published with permission.
A Comparison of Iodophor and Sodium Hypochlorite Sanitizers
Authors: Barrett R. B. 
Published: January 2018

Hypochlorite and iodophor germicides are compared with regard to physical, chemical and sanitizing properties. The influence of pH on the germicidal characteristics are evaluated and the theory of mechanism of germicidal action reviewed. Hypochlorite and iodophor are compared under a variety of use conditions of temperature concentration, presence of organic matter, and different materials of construction. The economics of sanitizing with hypochlorite and iodophor is reviewed with various dispensing equipment.
Paper published with permission.
Manufacturing Plastic Containers for Citrus
Authors: Jones Elwyn 
Published: January 2018

The thermoforming process (up until most recently) has not made any significant penetration into the metal and foil fiber can area. We have found the same to be true with the thermoform-spin weld process in the glass bottle area. Now, however, with the technical breakthroughs that have been made in both processes, coupled with the availability of a much greater variety of plastic materials; plastic cans and bottles will command a very respectable share of the total market within the next five years.
Paper published with permission.
Imitation Flavors Produced From Citrus Oils
Authors: Desch Clifford E. 
Published: January 2018

From the Flavor Chemist’s standpoint, the Citrus Oil family of products provides important ingredients for the creation of a wide range of imitation flavors. This paper will describe some sources and types of citrus oils used by the Flavor Chemist, the types of imitation flavors in which citrus oils are used, and the flavor characteristics or functions which citrus oils provide in the various imitation flavor formulations.
Paper published with permission.
Factors Affecting Motor Replacement
Authors: Smith Edward F. 
Published: January 2018

Prior to about 1940 there was little concentrated effort made to standardize motors as to their physical dimensions. This meant that mountings for a motor made by one manufacturer would not fit another motor of the same type, size and speed made by another manufacturer, or, for that matter, by the same manufacturer. Realizing these conditions caused much confusion and inconvenience when it was necessary to replace a motor or even in their use in production line assembly, the NEMA ultimately evolved a standardized list of specifications for motor dimensions. The majority of the American motor manufacturers eventually conformed to these specifications.
Paper published with permission.
The Process Control Computer and the Citrus Industry
Authors: Putnam Richard E. J. , McMahon Murray D. 
Published: January 2018

Although computers have been commercially available for only a comparatively short period of time, they seem to have come to dominate our corporate and even our private lives. Punched cards and computer printouts descend upon us from many quarters; our telephone connections are completed by land links or satellite; the stock markets, bank accounts, credit card systems, student’s courses and it seems almost every aspect of life is at least touched by them. Various forms of them have even got into our plants to regulate processes, control assembly lines, protect men and equipment and improve the quality of products.
Paper published with permission.
Potentials for Photoelectric Grading Equipment
Authors: Gaffney J. J. 
Published: January 2018

During the 1971–72 season, certified citrus shipments from Florida totaled 30 million boxes 1/ of fresh fruit and 162 million boxes of fruit in processed form (2)*. Grading of citrus in Florida packinghouses and processing plants requires a large amount of hand labor, at a cost estimated to be in excess of 4. 6 million dollars annually.
Paper published with permission.
High Efficiency Can Packaging Lines
Authors: Van Keuren G. E. 
Published: January 2018

A common goal of management, production, and engineering is to obtain and maintain a high efficiency can packaging line.
This paper presents the philosophies of one method of obtaining and maintaining production at a high efficiency rating from a high speed can packaging line. This philosophy is being presented as it would be developed for a new can packaging line installation.
Paper published with permission.
Nutritional Regulation of the Sae Two-Component System by CodY in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mlynek Kevin D. , Sause William E. , Moormeier Derek E. , Sadykov Marat R. , Hill Kurt R. , Torres Victor J. , Bayles Kenneth W. , Brinsmade Shaun R. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
subverts innate defenses during infection in part by killing host immune cells to exacerbate disease. This human pathogen intercepts host cues and activates a transcriptional response via the
S. aureus
exoprotein expression (SaeR/SaeS [SaeR/S]) two-component system to secrete virulence factors critical for pathogenesis. We recently showed that the transcriptional repressor CodY adjusts nuclease (
nuc
) gene expression via SaeR/S, but the mechanism remained unknown. Here, we identified two CodY binding motifs upstream of the
sae
P1 promoter, which suggested direct regulation by this global regulator. We show that CodY shares a binding site with the positive activator SaeR and that alleviating direct CodY repression at this site is sufficient to abrogate stochastic expression, suggesting that CodY represses
sae
expression by blocking SaeR binding. Epistasis experiments support a model that CodY also controls
sae
indirectly through Agr and Rot-mediated repression of the
sae
P1 promoter. We also demonstrate that CodY repression of
sae
restrains production of secreted cytotoxins that kill human neutrophils. We conclude that CodY plays a previously unrecognized role in controlling virulence gene expression via SaeR/S and suggest a mechanism by which CodY acts as a master regulator of pathogenesis by tying nutrient availability to virulence gene expression.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial mechanisms that mediate the switch from a commensal to pathogenic lifestyle are among the biggest unanswered questions in infectious disease research. Since the expression of most virulence genes is often correlated with nutrient depletion, this implies that virulence is a response to the lack of nourishment in host tissues and that pathogens like
S. aureus
produce virulence factors in order to gain access to nutrients in the host. Here, we show that specific nutrient depletion signals appear to be funneled to the SaeR/S system through the global regulator CodY. Our findings reveal a strategy by which
S. aureus
delays the production of immune evasion and immune-cell-killing proteins until key nutrients are depleted.
The Conserved DNA Binding Protein WhiA Influences Chromosome Segregation in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Bohorquez Laura C. , Surdova Katarina , Jonker Martijs J. , Hamoen Leendert W. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

The DNA binding protein WhiA is conserved in Gram-positive bacteria and is present in the genetically simple cell wall-lacking mycoplasmas. The protein shows homology to eukaryotic homing endonucleases but lacks nuclease activity. WhiA was first characterized in streptomycetes, where it regulates the expression of key differentiation genes, including the cell division gene
ftsZ
, which is essential for sporulation. For
Bacillus subtilis
, it was shown that WhiA is essential when certain cell division genes are deleted. However, in
B. subtilis
, WhiA is not required for sporulation, and it does not seem to function as a transcription factor, despite its DNA binding activity. The exact function of
B. subtilis
WhiA remains elusive. We noticed that
whiA
mutants show an increased space between their nucleoids, and here, we describe the results of fluorescence microscopy, genetic, and transcriptional experiments to further investigate this phenomenon. It appeared that the deletion of
whiA
is synthetic lethal when either the DNA replication and segregation regulator ParB or the DNA replication inhibitor YabA is absent. However, WhiA does not seem to affect replication initiation. We found that a Δ
whiA
mutant is highly sensitive for DNA-damaging agents. Further tests revealed that the deletion of
parAB
induces the SOS response, including the cell division inhibitor YneA. When
yneA
was inactivated, the viability of the synthetic lethal Δ
whiA
Δ
parAB
mutant was restored. However, the nucleoid segregation phenotype remained. These findings underline the importance of WhiA for cell division and indicate that the protein also plays a role in DNA segregation.

IMPORTANCE
The conserved WhiA protein family can be found in most Gram-positive bacteria, including the genetically simple cell wall-lacking mycoplasmas, and these proteins play a role in cell division. WhiA has some homology with eukaryotic homing endonucleases but lacks nuclease activity. Because of its DNA binding activity, it is assumed that the protein functions as a transcription factor, but this is not the case in the model system
B. subtilis
. The function of this protein in
B. subtilis
remains unclear. We noticed that a
whiA
mutant has a mild chromosome segregation defect. Further studies of this phenomenon provided new support for a functional role of WhiA in cell division and indicated that the protein is required for normal chromosome segregation.
Evaluation of the Accelerate Pheno System: Results from Two Academic Medical Centers
Authors: Lutgring Joseph D. , Bittencourt Cassiana , McElvania TeKippe Erin , Cavuoti Dominick , Hollaway Rita , Burd Eileen M. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Rapid diagnostic tests are needed to improve patient care and to combat the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The Accelerate Pheno system (Accelerate Diagnostics, Tucson, AZ) is a new diagnostic device that can provide rapid bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) results directly from a positive blood culture. The device was compared to the standard of care at two academic medical centers. There were 298 blood cultures included in the study, and the Accelerate Pheno system provided a definitive identification result in 218 instances (73.2%). The Accelerate Pheno system provided a definitive and correct result for 173 runs (58.1%). The Accelerate Pheno system demonstrated an overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.7%, 98.9%, 83.7%, and 99.7%, respectively. An AST result was available for analysis in 146 instances. The overall category agreement was 94.1% with 12 very major errors, 5 major errors, and 55 minor errors. After a discrepancy analysis, there were 5 very major errors and 4 major errors. The Accelerate Pheno system provided an identification result in 1.4 h and an AST result in 6.6 h; the identification and AST results were 41.5 h and 48.4 h faster than those with the standard of care, respectively. This study demonstrated that the Accelerate Pheno system is able to provide fast and accurate organism identification and AST data. A limitation is the frequency with which cultures required the use of alternative identification and AST methods.
Asymptomatic lymphogranuloma venereum among Nigerian men who have sex with men
Authors: Crowell Trevor A , Hardick Justin , Lombardi Kara , Parker Zahra , Kokogho Afoke , Amusu Senate , Odeyemi Sunday , Ivo Andrew , Baral Stefan D , Nowak Rebecca G , Adebajo Sylvia , Charurat Manhattan E , Ake Julie , Gaydos Charlotte A 
Published: January 2018

ObjectivesRecent outbreaks of anorectal lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been characterised by proctocolitis requiring extended antibiotic treatment compared with infections caused by other serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). We describe the prevalence and clinical features of LGV among Nigerian MSM diagnosed with anorectal CT.MethodsMSM were recruited for this observational cohort in Lagos, Nigeria, using respondent-driven sampling and screened for HIV and bacterial STIs every three months for up to 18 months. Nucleic acid amplification tests for CT were performed on rectal swab specimens. Prevalent and incident cases of anorectal CT underwent additional testing to identify LGV using novel real-time PCR assays specific for the L-serovars of CT.ResultsFrom April 2014 to July 2016, 420 MSM underwent testing for rectal STIs, of whom 66 (15.7%) had prevalent anorectal CT. Among those without prevalent disease, 68 developed incident infections during 208 person-years of follow-up. Of 134 prevalent and incident cases of anorectal CT, 7 (5.2%) were identified as LGV. None of the seven participants with LGV reported any symptoms. Two of the participants with LGV were simultaneously coinfected with rectal gonorrhoea. HIV coinfection was common among participants with both LGV (n=5, 71%) and non-LGV (n=98, 77%) serovars of CT (P=0.66).ConclusionsAnorectal LGV was uncommon but present among Nigerian MSM in this study. Consistent screening for L-serovars of CT, or presumptive treatment for LGV in cases with a high suspicion for this diagnosis, could potentially improve patient outcomes and decrease transmission.
High prevalence of latent tuberculosis and bloodborne virus infection in a homeless population
Authors: Aldridge Robert W , Hayward Andrew C , Hemming Sara , Yates Susan K , Ferenando Gloria , Possas Lucia , Garber Elizabeth , Watson John M , Geretti Anna Maria , McHugh Timothy Daniel , Lipman Marc , Story Alistair 
Published: January 2018

IntroductionUrban homeless populations in the UK have been shown to have high rates of active tuberculosis, but less is known about the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of LTBI among individuals using homeless hostels in London.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional survey with outcome follow-up in homeless hostels in London. Our primary outcome was prevalence of LTBI. Recruitment for the study took place between May 2011 and June 2013. To estimate an LTBI prevalence of 10% with 95% CIs between 8% and 13%, we required 500 participants.Results491/804 (61.1%) individuals agreed to be screened. The prevalence of LTBI was 16.5% (81/491; 95% CI 13.2 to 19.8). In UK-born individuals, a history of incarceration was associated with increased risk of LTBI (OR 3.49; 95% CI 1.10 to 11.04; P=0.018) after adjusting for age, length of time spent homeless and illicit drug use. Of the three subjects who met English treatment guidelines for LTBI at the time of the study, none engaged with services after referral for treatment. Prevalence of past hepatitis B infection was 10.4% (51/489; 95% CI 7.7 to 13.1), and 59.5% (291/489; 95% CI 55.1 to 63.9) of individuals were non-immune. Prevalence of current hepatitis C infection was 10.4% (51/489; 95% CI 7.8 to 13.1).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the high prevalence of LTBI in homeless people in London and the associated poor engagement with care. There is a large unmet need for LTBI and hepatitis C infection treatment, and hepatitis B vaccination, in this group.
Pathological Response in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cohort Treated with Neoadjuvant Carboplatin and Docetaxel According to Lehmann's Refined Classification
Authors: Echavarria Isabel , López-Tarruella Sara , Picornell Antoni , García-Saenz Jose Ángel , Jerez Yolanda , Hoadley Katherine , Gómez Henry L. , Moreno Fernando , Monte-Millan María Del , Márquez-Rodas Iván , Alvarez Enrique , Ramos-Medina Rocío , Gayarre Javier , Massarrah Tatiana , Ocaña Inmaculada , Cebollero María , Fuentes Hugo , Barnadas Agusti , Ballesteros Ana Isabel , Bohn Uriel , Perou Charles M. , Martin Miguel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPurpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) requires the iden- tification of reliable predictors of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). For this purpose, we aimed to evaluate the performance of the TNBCtype-4 classifier in a cohort of patients with TNBC treated with neoadjuvant carboplatin and docetaxel (TCb).Methods: Patients with TNBC were accrued in a nonrandomized trial of neoadjuvant carboplatin AUC 6 and docetaxel 75 mg/m2 for six cycles. Response was evaluated in terms of pathologic complete response (pCR, ypT0/is ypN0) and residual cancer burden by Symmans and colleagues. Lehmann's subtyping was performed using the TNBCtype online tool from RNAseq data, and germline sequencing of a panel of seven DNA damage repair genes was conducted.Results: Ninety-four out of the 121 patients enrolled in the trial had RNAseq available. The overall pCR rate was 44.7%. Lehmann subtype distribution was 34.0% BL1, 20.2% BL2, 23.4% M, 14.9% LAR, and 7.4% were classified as ER+. Response to NACT with TCb was significantly associated with Lehmann subtype (P = 0.027), even in multivariate analysis including tumor size and nodal involvement, with BL1 patients achieving the highest pCR rate (65.6%), followed by BL2 (47.4%), M (36.4%), and LAR (21.4%). BL1 was associated with a significant younger age at diagnosis and higher ki67 values. Among our 10 germline mutation carriers, 30% were BL1, 40% were BL2, and 30% were M.Conclusions: TNBCtype-4 is associated with significantly different pCR rates for the different subtypes, with BL1 and LAR displaying the best and worse responses to NACT, respectively. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1845–52. ©2018 AACR.