bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Spectacles Purchased Online and in UK Optometry Practice
Authors: Alderson Alison J. , Green Alison , Whitaker David , Scally Andrew J. , Elliott David B. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To compare spectacles bought online with spectacles from optometry practices.

Methods
Thirty-three participants consisting of single vision spectacle wearers with either a low (N = 12, mean age 34 ± 14 years) or high prescription (N = 11, mean age 28 ± 9 years) and 10 presbyopic participants (mean age 59 ± 4 years) wearing progressive addition lenses (PALs) purchased 154 pairs of spectacles online and 154 from UK optometry practices. The spectacles were compared via participant-reported preference, acceptability, and safety; the assessment of lens, frame, and fit quality; and the accuracy of the lens prescriptions to international standard ISO 21987:2009.

Results
Participants preferred the practice spectacles (median ranking 4th, IQR 1–6) more than online (6th, IQR 4–8; Mann-Whitney U = 7345, p < 0.001) and practice PALs (median ranking 2nd, IQR 1–4) were particularly preferred (online 6.5th, IQR 4–9, Mann-Whitney U = 455, p < 0.001). Of those deemed unacceptable and unsafe, significantly more were bought online (unacceptable: online 43/154 vs. practice 15/154, Fisher’s exact p = 0.0001; unsafe: online 14/154 vs. practice 5/154, Fisher’s exact p = 0.03).

Conclusions
Participants preferred spectacles from optometry practice rather than those bought online, despite lens quality and prescription accuracy being similar. A greater number of online spectacles were deemed unsafe or unacceptable because of poor spectacle frame fit, poor cosmetic appearance, and inaccurate optical centration. This seems particularly pertinent to PAL lenses, which are known to increase falls risk. Recommendations are made to improve both forms of spectacle provision.
Item Banking Enables Stand-Alone Measurement of Driving Ability
Authors: Khadka Jyoti , Fenwick Eva K. , Lamoureux Ecosse L. , Pesudovs Konrad 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To explore whether large item sets, as used in item banking, enable important latent traits, such as driving, to form stand-alone measures.

Methods
The 88-item activity limitation (AL) domain of the glaucoma module of the Eye-tem Bank was interviewer-administered to patients with glaucoma. Rasch analysis was used to calibrate all items in AL domain on the same interval-level scale and test its psychometric properties. Based on Rasch dimensionality metrics, the AL scale was separated into subscales. These subscales underwent separate Rasch analyses to test whether they could form stand-alone measures. Independence of these measures was tested with Bland and Altman (B&A) Limit of Agreement (LOA).

Results
The AL scale was completed by 293 patients (median age, 71 years). It demonstrated excellent precision (3.12). However, Rasch analysis dimensionality metrics indicated that the domain arguably had other dimensions which were driving, luminance, and reading. Once separated, the remaining AL items, driving and luminance subscales, were unidimensional and had excellent precision of 4.25, 2.94, and 2.22, respectively. The reading subscale showed poor precision (1.66), so it was not examined further. The luminance subscale demonstrated excellent agreement (mean bias, 0.2 logit; 95% LOA, −2.2 to 3.3 logit); however, the driving subscale demonstrated poor agreement (mean bias, 1.1 logit; 95% LOA, −4.8 to 7.0 logit) with the AL scale.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that driving items in the AL domain of the glaucoma module were perceived and responded to differently from the other AL items, but the reading and luminance items were not. Therefore, item banking enables stand-alone measurement of driving ability in glaucoma.
The Influence of Induced Astigmatism on the Depth of Focus
Authors: Leube Alexander , Ohlendorf Arne , Wahl Siegfried 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To evaluate whether an induced astigmatism influences the subjective depth of focus.

Methods
Fifty-one participants aged 18 to 35 years and with a mean spherical equivalent refractive error of −0.51 ± 2.35 DS participated in the study. The accommodation was blocked with three drops of 1% cyclopentolate. Refractive errors were corrected after subjective refraction with a 4-mm artificial pupil. To evaluate the depth of focus (DoF), defocus curves with a spherical range of ±1.5 DS were assessed. The DoF was calculated as the horizontal distance at a threshold level of +0.1 logMAR from the maximum visual acuity (VA). Defocus curves were estimated binocularly during distance (500 cm) and a near vision (40 cm) for two induced axis (ATR in 0° and WTR in 90°) and for a fixed amount of astigmatic defocus of −0.5 DC.

Results
The mean natural DoF was 0.885 ± 0.316 D for far vision and 0.940 ± 0.400 D for near vision. With induced astigmatism, the DoF for far vision was significantly increased to 1.095 ± 0.421 D (p = 0.006, ANOVA) for the WTR astigmatism but not for the ATR astigmatism (1.030 ± 0.395 D; p = 0.164, ANOVA). The induced WTR astigmatism enhanced the DoF for near vision significantly to 1.144 ± 0.338 D (p = 0.04, ANOVA), and DoF with induced ATR astigmatism (0.953 ± 0.318 D) was not significantly different (p = 1.00, ANOVA). ATR-astigmatism reduced VA by +0.08 ± 0.08 logMAR (p < 0.01, t-test).

Conclusions
With an induced WTR astigmatism of −0.5 DC, the DoF can be enhanced in the near viewing distance with a marginal loss in binocular VA. The approach of using induced WTR astigmatism can lead to novel optical treatments for presbyopia.
Use of Postoperative Radiographs following Operative Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Johnson Shepard P. , Chung Kevin C. , Zhong Lin , Sears Erika D. , Waljee Jennifer F. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Recent studies show that routine postoperative films after open reduction and internal fixation for distal radius fractures rarely alter clinical management. This population study evaluates the use of postoperative radiographs after distal radius fracture fixation.

Methods:
The authors studied insurance claims from the Truven MarketScan databases to identify patients aged 18 years and older who underwent open reduction and internal fixation for a distal radius fracture between 2009 and 2011. Two years of postoperative data were collected to determine the number and timing of postoperative radiographs and related clinical events, including complications and reoperation. The authors also compared outcomes between cohorts who did and did not undergo radiography on the day of surgery.

Results:
The authors identified 20,041 patients who met study criteria. On average, 3.8 ± 2.1 radiographs per patient were obtained during the 2-year follow-up, with 3.0 ± 1.4 being obtained within the first 3 months; 59, 81, and 91 percent of patients did not undergo further imaging after 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, respectively. Radiographs were obtained on the day of surgery in 47 percent of patients (n = 9372), and more were obtained overall for these patients in the postoperative period (4.4 versus 3.2). Early reoperation rates (within 14 days) following distal radius fractures between patients who did and did not undergo same-day radiography were 5 percent versus 3 percent.

Conclusions:
On average, four radiographs per patient were obtained following open reduction and internal fixation for a closed distal radius fracture. Nearly 50 percent of individuals underwent radiography on the day of surgery, despite low reoperation rates in the early postoperative period. An evidence-based approach to postoperative radiography has the potential to reduce distal radius fracture–related health care use.
Strategies for Soft-Tissue Management of Complex Joint Revision Arthroplasty: A 10-Year Experience
Authors: Leckenby Jonathan I. , Grobbelaar Adriaan O. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Approximately 160,000 joint replacements are performed each year in the United Kingdom. After multiple revisions, soft tissues become suboptimal and chronic wounds develop, causing infection or metalwork extrusion. The authors present their experience with 155 patients at a tertiary orthopedic hospital.

Methods:
A chart review of patients who required reconstruction as a result of complex joint revision surgery was performed between January of 2006 and January of 2015. All primary joint replacements were excluded.

Results:
One hundred nineteen flaps were performed, 28 were managed conservatively, and eight were treated with primary amputations. Eighty-four of the patients (71 percent) who had soft-tissue reconstruction were healed at 1-year follow-up. Seven primary free flap failures occurred (11 percent); of these, four of seven patients underwent a second successful free flap reconstruction. A further 12 patients underwent secondary amputation as a result of persistent periprosthetic infection, and 11 patients were managed with long-term oral antimicrobial therapy after declining amputation.

Conclusions:
The best results are achieved using a combined approach with multidisciplinary input from orthopedic and plastic surgeons with constant specialist clinical microbiology input. All patients had deep tissue samples taken, a long line inserted and, according to microbiology advice, a tailored 6-week regimen of intravenous antibiotics. The data support that early plastic surgery involvement achieved better patient outcomes.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Evaluation of the Upper Limb Lymphatic System: A Prospective Lymphoscintigraphic Study in Melanoma Patients and Healthy Controls
Authors: Rossi Matteo , Grassi Rita , Costa Renato , Di Rosa Luigi , D’Arpa Salvatore , Moschella Francesco , Cordova Adriana 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Current research on the upper limb lymphatic system mainly studies breast cancer patients with unilateral lymphedema. Without preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, the contralateral limb is used as a control, assuming that it is functionally intact. Few lymphoscintigraphic studies investigate patients before any axillary surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through lymphoscintigraphy, the preoperative condition of the upper limb lymphatic system in melanoma patients and healthy controls.

Methods:
Two groups were studied: the study group (16 patients with trunk/upper limb melanoma candidates for axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy) and the control group (10 healthy volunteers). All subjects underwent upper limb lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphoscintigraphic images were classified into three patterns based on the tracer appearance time in the axillary nodes. Type I, 20 minutes; type II, 60 minutes; and type III, 120 minutes. Statistical analysis was used to assess the relationship between lymphoscintigraphic patterns and clinical variables and to compare patterns of distribution.

Results:
Lymphoscintigraphic patterns were asymmetric in 37.5 percent (study group) and 50 percent (control group). Type III was the most common pattern. There was no significant association between lymphoscintigraphic patterns and considered clinical variables. There was no significant difference in the lymphoscintigraphic pattern distribution of the two groups (p = 0.870).

Conclusion:
The authors’ findings show wide differences and an often “slow” tracer appearance time in patients with intact lymphatic system, questioning the use of contralateral limb as control and transportation time greater than 30 minutes as criteria for identification of lymphatic alterations.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic, IV.
Systematic Analysis of Clinical Outcomes of Bilateral Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy With Preoperative Modeling and Postoperative Orthodontic in the Treatment of Mandibular Protrusion
Authors: Li Yawei , Sun Xiaomei , Teng Li , Xu Jiajie , Lu Jianjian , Ding Bo , Zhang Chao , Xie Fang , Sun Xuejian 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in hard tissues, soft tissues, and teeth after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and orthodontic treatment for the treatment of mandibular protrusion. Cephalometric analysis was used to evaluate the aesthetic effects and occlusal relationships obtained. The subjects included 11 women and 9 men (aged 18–27 years; average, 20 years) with mandibular protrusion who underwent bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Based on a preoperative computer-aided manufacturing/design-assisted, model surgical design and an occlusal guide plate, new occlusal relationships were established for the patients. In addition, the preoperative and the end of postoperative orthodontic treatment cephalometric radiographs were systematically analyzed. In all patients, the surgical incisions underwent primary healing, with no infection or osteonecrosis. Significant differences were observed in the preoperative and the end of postoperative orthodontic treatment values of all hard tissue and teeth parameters, except for SNA°, ANB°, GoGn-SN°, SE (mm), NP-FH°, SGn-FH°, OP-FH°, 1−-MP°, Li-E (mm). The most obvious significant differences were seen in SNB°, SND°, 1_-NA°, 1_-NA (mm), 1−-NB (mm), 1−-NB°, Po-NB (mm), NA-PA°, AB-NP°, 1−-OP°, Ui-E (mm), and S-N’-B’° (P < 0.001). Postoperative follow-up lasted for 10 to 12 months. All patients eventually achieved normal downjaw relationship, tooth arch forms, and spee curves. There were no evident irregularities of teeth arrangement or abnormal occlusal relationships were observed. All patients were satisfied with their facial appearance and occlusal relationships at the end of postoperative orthodontic treatment. The authors found a precise preoperative model surgical design combined with postoperative orthodontic treatment is a simple and time-saving technique. It can be used to correct mandibular protrusion with satisfactory occlusal relationship, facial appearance, and minimal postoperative complications.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent genetic highlights
Authors: White Matthew A. , Sreedharan Jemeen 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), like other neurodegenerative diseases, remains incurable, but gene mutations linked to ALS are providing clues as to how to target therapies. It is important for researchers to keep abreast of the rapid influx of new data in ALS, and we aim to summarize the major genetic advances made in the field over the past 2 years.

Recent findings
Significant variation in seven genes has recently been found in ALS: TBK1, CCNF, GLE1, MATR3, TUBA4A, CHCHD10 and NEK1. These have mostly been identified through large exome screening studies, though traditional linkage approaches and candidate gene screening remain important. We briefly update C9orf72 research, noting in particular the development of reagents to better understand the normal role of C9orf72 protein.

Summary
Striking advances in our understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of ALS continue to be made, year on year. These implicate proteostasis, RNA export, nuclear transport, the cytoskeleton, mitochondrial function, the cell cycle and DNA repair. Functional studies to integrate these hits are needed. By building a web of knowledge with interlinked genes and mechanisms, it is hoped we can better understand ALS and work toward effective therapies.
Advances in serological diagnostics of inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Benveniste Olivier , Stenzel Werner , Allenbach Yves 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Inflammatory myopathies are rare diseases. Their diagnosis criteria are historically based on their clinical phenotype (topography of the muscle weakness, presence of skin lesions and/or of extra-skin/muscle signs) and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates on muscle biopsy. However, the recent discovery of different myositis-specific antibodies (MSA) or myositis-associated antibodies (MAA) permitted to revisit these old classifications. This review covers recent findings in clinical and pathological phenotypes regarding prognosis, associated cancer and response to the treatment based on MSA/MAA categorization.

Recent findings
Since the mid-1970s, about 20 MSA or MAA were discovered year after year (by immunoprecipitation). Now commercial kits (mainly dot line assays) permit their detection routinely which is clearly a help for the diagnosis but also give some key indications on clinical features, risk of associated cancers and response to the treatments.

Summary
Overlap myositis is associated with antisynthetase antibodies (Abs) or those associated with sclerodermia (anti-RNP, Ku and PM-ScL). Dermatomyositis is associated with anti-Mi2, small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme (SAE), nuclear matrix protein-2 (NXP2), TIF-1γ or melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) Abs. Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies are associated with anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) Abs. One third of inclusion body myositis’ patients also presented anti-cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase 1A (cN1A) Abs. The risk of associated cancers is elevated with anti-TIF-1γ, NXP2 or HMGCR Abs.
Discrete dislocation plasticity analysis of loading rate-dependent static friction
Authors: Song H. , Deshpande V. S. , Van der Giessen E. 
Published: August 2016

From a microscopic point of view, the frictional force associated with the relative sliding of rough surfaces originates from deformation of the material in contact, by adhesion in the contact interface or both. We know that plastic deformation at the size scale of micrometres is not only dependent on the size of the contact, but also on the rate of deformation. Moreover, depending on its physical origin, adhesion can also be size and rate dependent, albeit different from plasticity. We present a two-dimensional model that incorporates both discrete dislocation plasticity inside a face-centred cubic crystal and adhesion in the interface to understand the rate dependence of friction caused by micrometre-size asperities. The friction strength is the outcome of the competition between adhesion and discrete dislocation plasticity. As a function of contact size, the friction strength contains two plateaus: at small contact length

(
≲
0.6

μ
m
)

, the onset of sliding is fully controlled by adhesion while for large contact length

(
≳
10

μ
m
)

, the friction strength approaches the size-independent plastic shear yield strength. The transition regime at intermediate contact size is a result of partial de-cohesion and size-dependent dislocation plasticity, and is determined by dislocation properties, interfacial properties as well as by the loading rate.
Next generation whole genome sequencing ofPlasmodium falciparumusing NextSeq500 technology in India
Authors: Mbengue Alassane , Namdev Pragya , Kumar Tarkeshwar , Haldar Kasturi , Bhattacharjee Souvik 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPlasmodium falciparumis a protozoan parasite that causes the deadliest form of human malaria. Although, malaria burdens worldwide have decreased substantially over the last decade (WHO, 2014), genetic variation and adaptation by parasite strains against drugs and vaccines present significant challenges for the elimination of malaria (Ariey et al., 2014; Neafsey et al., 2015). India has formally launched a malaria elimination campaign (NVBDCP, 2016). Therefore, early in-country detection of drug resistance and/or immune evasion will be important for the program. Presently, the majority of surveillance methods in India detect a limited number of known polymorphisms (Campino et al., 2011; Chatterjee et al., 2016; Daniels et al., 2008; Mishra et al., 2015; Neafsey et al., 2012; Neafsey et al., 2008). A recently reported amplicon sequencing method enables targeted re-sequencing of a panel of genes (Rao et al., 2016). However, the capacity to identify new genes of resistance/immune evasion by whole genome sequencing (WGS) through next generation sequencing (NGS) in India, has remained elusive. Here we report the first WGS ofP. falciparumstrain performed by Eurofins Genomics India Pvt. Ltd at its Bengaluru division within 40 days of sample submission. Our data establish that timely, commercial WGS through NGS in India can be applied toP. falciparumto greatly empower the malaria elimination agenda in India.
Rare schizophrenia risk variants are enriched in genes shared with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Singh Tarjinder , Walters James T. R. , Johnstone Mandy , Curtis David , Suvisaari Jaana , Torniainen Minna , Rees Elliott , Iyegbe Conrad , Blackwood Douglas , McIntosh Andrew M. , Kirov Georg , Geschwind Daniel , Murray Robin M. , Di Forti Marta , Bramon Elvira ,   INTERVAL Study,   UK10K Consortium, Palotie Aarno , O’Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. , Barrett Jeffrey C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBy meta-analyzing rare coding variants in whole-exome sequences of 4,264 schizophrenia cases and 9,343 controls,de novomutations in 1,077 trios, and array-based copy number variant calls from 6,882 cases and 11,255 controls, we show that individuals with schizophrenia carry a significant burden of rare damaging variants in a subset of 3,230 “highly constrained” genes previously identified as having near-complete depletion of protein truncating variants. Furthermore, rare variant enrichment analyses demonstrate that this burden is concentrated in known autism spectrum disorder risk genes, genes diagnostic of severe developmental disorders, and the autism-implicated sets of promoter targets ofCHD8, and mRNA targets ofFMRP. We further show that schizophrenia patients with intellectual disability have a greater enrichment of rare damaging variants in highly constrained genes and developmental disorder genes, but that a weaker but significant enrichment exists throughout the larger schizophrenia population. Combined, our results demonstrate that schizophrenia risk loci of large effect across a range of variant types implicate a common set of genes shared with broader neurodevelopmental disorders, suggesting a path forward in identifying additional risk genes in psychiatric disorders and further supporting a neurodevelopmental etiology to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.