bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of adult emergence timing on susceptibility and fitness of Cry3Bb1‐resistant western corn rootworms
Authors: Wangila D. S. , Meinke L. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractField‐evolved resistance by the western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte to the Cry3Bb1 trait expressed in maize, has been documented in areas of Nebraska USA. Currently, only limited information is available on life‐history traits of Cry3Bb1‐resistant field populations. Therefore, the Gassmann on‐plant bioassay was used to investigate the potential variability among four Cry3Bb1‐resistant WCR field collections made in 2011–2012 by focusing on the key parameters: larval survival, developmental stage and weight with specific emphasis on the impact of adult emergence timing on these parameters in subsequent progeny. Key results: In three of four collections, the susceptibility of larval progeny from adults that emerged early or late within a generation from Cry3Bb1 plants was similar. Each of the three collections exhibited complete resistance; that is, survival on Cry3Bb1 plants was greater or equal to survival on non‐Bt isoline plants. Bioassays from an additional field collection from one site 2 years (2013) after the original collection (2011) (both from Cry3Bb1 maize) indicated that resistance to Cry3Bb1 was maintained over time at the site despite Bt trait rotation in 2012. In general, comparative WCR life‐history parameter data from Cry3Bb1 and isoline maize indicate that fitness of field collections exhibiting complete resistance was similar on each hybrid. The mean proportion of larvae in third instar and mean weight of larvae recovered in bioassays from progeny of early‐ and late‐emerged adults was not significantly affected by emergence period. This suggests that delays in development and associated mean adult emergence commonly observed in populations that are susceptible to Cry3Bb1 may become smaller as populations become resistant to Cry3Bb1. Results from this article will inform Cry3Bb1 resistance mitigation efforts and contribute to the development of sustainable WCR management programmes.
Naturalistic Sentence Comprehension in the Brain
Authors: Brennan Jonathan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe cognitive neuroscience of language relies largely on controlled experiments that are different from the everyday situations in which we use language. This review describes an approach that studies specific aspects of sentence comprehension in the brain using data collected while participants perform an everyday task, such as listening to a story. The approach uses ‘neuro‐computational’ models that are based on linguistic and psycholinguistic theories. These models quantify how a specific computation, such as identifying a syntactic constituent, might be carried out by a neural circuit word‐by‐word. Model predictions are tested for their statistical fit with measured brain data. The paper discusses three applications of this approach: (i) to probe the location and timing of linguistic processing in the brain without requiring unnatural tasks and stimuli, (ii) to test theoretical hypotheses by comparing the fits of different models to naturalistic data, and (iii) to study neural mechanisms for language processing in populations that are poorly served by traditional methods.
Deformability of transfused red blood cells is a potent determinant of transfusion‐induced change in recipient's blood flow
Authors: Barshtein Gregory , Pries Axel R. , Goldschmidt Neta , Zukerman Ayelet , Orbach Ariel , Zelig Orly , Arbell Dan , Yedgar Saul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveThere is a growing concern regarding the risks in the transfusion of PRBC, as numerous studies have reported negative transfusion outcomes, including reduced blood perfusion. In search of this phenomenon's mechanism, the effect of PRBC deformability, a major determinant of blood flow, on transfusion outcome was explored.MethodsThe effect of PRBC deformability was examined by the transfusion‐induced change in recipients’ ∆SBF, in β‐TM patients, who are routinely treated with lifelong frequent transfusions. SBF was determined using a laser Doppler imager.Results∆SBF was examined vs PRBC deformability, the transfusion‐induced increase in ∆Hct and the recipients’ SBF before transfusion (SBFB). ∆SBF elevated with increasing PRBC deformability, with a highly significant dependence, while its elevation with ∆Hct was much less significant. ∆SBF was inversely proportional to the SBFB.ConclusionsThis study provides, for the first time in humans, direct evidence that the deformability of transfused PRBC is a potent effector of transfusion outcome. Currently, PRBC are supplied primarily by the first‐in–first‐out criteria, while their functionality is ignored. The testing of PRBC hemodynamic quality would introduce a new paradigm into blood banking, which would contribute substantially to improving transfusion therapy.
Between Islam and the nation; nation‐building, the ulama and Alevi identity in Turkey
Authors: Lord Ceren 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article analyses the relationship between Islam and nationalism by considering the role of the ulama in Turkey, housed within the Presidency of Religious Affairs (PRA). The ulama – religious scholars and experts of Islamic law – in Muslim majority contexts are typically closely linked with the state and play a key role in shaping the boundaries of Islam and of what is Islamically acceptable. However, this is also of consequence for the boundaries of the nation, since in Turkey Islam and nationalism has been intertwined, with Islam playing a central role in nation‐building, as a basis of ethnic identity formation and a source of symbols and myths. This articles shows, firstly, that the PRA has acted as a carrier and preserver of Sunni (Hanefi) Muslim identity in continuity with the Ottoman ulama and, secondly, that it has delimited nation‐building, by considering its approach to and interventions against Alevi identity.
Piloting staff education in Australia to reduce falls in older hospital patients experiencing delirium
Authors: Toye Christine , Kitchen Su , Hill Andrew , Edwards Deborah , Sin Michelle , Maher Sean 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study piloted a hospital‐based delirium and falls education program to investigate the impacts on staff knowledge and practice plus patient falls. On a medical ward, staff knowledge was compared before and after education sessions. Other data – collected a day before and after program implementation – addressed documentation of patients' delirium and evidence of compliance with falls risk minimization protocols. These data, and numbers of patient falls, were compared before and after program implementation. Almost all ward staff members participated in education sessions (7 doctors, 7 allied health practitioners, and 45 nurses) and knowledge was significantly improved in the 22 who completed surveys both before and after session attendance. Patients assessed as having delirium (5 before implementation, 4 afterwards) were all documented as either confused or delirious. Small changes eventuated in adherence with falls risk management protocols for confused patients and the number of falls decreased. The program merits a stronger emphasis on staff activities relating to the detection, documentation, and management of delirium to inter‐professional roles and communication. Evidence of practice enhancement from program implementation should precede rigorous testing of impacts upon falls.
Plant δ15N reflects the high landscape‐scale heterogeneity of soil fertility and vegetation productivity in a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystem
Authors: Ruiz‐Navarro Antonio , Barberá Gonzalo G. , Albaladejo Juan , Querejeta José I. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

We investigated the magnitude and drivers of spatial variability in soil and plant δ15N across the landscape in a topographically complex semiarid ecosystem. We hypothesized that large spatial heterogeneity in water availability, soil fertility and vegetation cover would be positively linked to high local‐scale variability in δ15N.

We measured foliar δ15N in three dominant plant species representing contrasting plant functional types (tree, shrub, grass) and mycorrhizal association types (ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal). This allowed us to investigate whether δ15N responds to landscape‐scale environmental heterogeneity in a consistent way across species.

Leaf δ15N varied greatly within species across the landscape and was strongly spatially correlated among co‐occurring individuals of the three species. Plant δ15N correlated tightly with soil δ15N and key measures of soil fertility, water availability and vegetation productivity, including soil nitrogen (N), organic carbon (C), plant‐available phosphorus (P), water‐holding capacity, topographic moisture indices and normalized difference vegetation index. Multiple regression models accounted for 62–83% of within‐species variation in δ15N across the landscape.

The tight spatial coupling and interdependence of the water, N and C cycles in drylands may allow the use of leaf δ15N as an integrative measure of variations in moisture availability, biogeochemical activity, soil fertility and vegetation productivity (or ‘site quality’) across the landscape.
Resting‐state functional connectivity differentiates anxious apprehension and anxious arousal
Authors: Burdwood Erin N. , Infantolino Zachary P. , Crocker Laura D. , Spielberg Jeffrey M. , Banich Marie T. , Miller Gregory A. , Heller Wendy 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBrain regions in the default mode network (DMN) display greater functional connectivity at rest or during self‐referential processing than during goal‐directed tasks. The present study assessed resting‐state connectivity as a function of anxious apprehension and anxious arousal, independent of depressive symptoms, in order to understand how these dimensions disrupt cognition. Whole‐brain, seed‐based analyses indicated differences between anxious apprehension and anxious arousal in DMN functional connectivity. Lower connectivity associated with higher anxious apprehension suggests decreased adaptive, inner‐focused thought processes, whereas higher connectivity at higher levels of anxious arousal may reflect elevated monitoring of physiological responses to threat. These findings further the conceptualization of anxious apprehension and anxious arousal as distinct psychological dimensions with distinct neural instantiations.
Membrane Stress During Thawing Elicits Redistribution of Aquaporin 7 But Not of Aquaporin 9 in Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: Vicente‐Carrillo A , Ekwall H , Álvarez‐Rodríguez M , Rodríguez‐Martínez H 
Published: July 2016

ContentsFreezing of boar spermatozoa includes the cryoprotectant glycerol, but renders low cryosurvival, owing to major changes in osmolarity during freezing/thawing. We hypothesize that aquaporins (AQPs) 7 and 9 adapt their membrane domain location to these osmotic challenges, thus maintaining sperm homeostasis. Western blotting (WB) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) at light and electron microscope levels with several commercial primary antibodies and protocols explored AQP location on cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa (from different fractions of the ejaculate), unprocessed, extended, chilled and frozen‐thawed. Although differences in WB and ICC labelling were seen among antibodies, AQP‐7 was conspicuously located in the entire tail and cytoplasmic droplet in caudal spermatozoa, being restricted to the mid‐piece and principal piece domains in ejaculated spermatozoa. AQP‐9 was mainly localized in the sperm head in both caudal and ejaculated spermatozoa. While unaffected by chilling (+5°C), freezing and thawing of ejaculated spermatozoa clearly relocated the head labelling of AQP‐7, but not that of AQP‐9. In vitro mimicking of cell membrane expansion during quick thawing maintained the localization of AQP‐9 but relocated AQP‐7 towards the acrosome. AQP‐7, but not AQP‐9, appears as a relevant marker for non‐empirical studies of sperm handling.
Transborder Co‐Operation and Competition Among Firms in the Polish‐German Borderland
Authors: Dołzbłasz Sylwia , Raczyk Andrzej 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe objective of the study was to analyse the transborder relationships of co‐operation and competition among economic entities operating in the Polish‐German borderland. The analysis concentrated primarily on the internationalisation of economic activity, the perceived strength of co‐operation, the actual competitive pressure, and the identification of the dominant character of transborder relationships. The analysis was conducted in the Polish‐German borderland in 2011. The study was based on a questionnaire survey (600 firms: 300 on the Polish side and 300 on the German side of the border). The research revealed that the predominant type of relationship among companies was that of co‐operation. However, the perceived importance of transborder relationships was generally low. Moreover, it can be stated that the vast majority of the businesses were operating without considering the context of the border.
Rapid identification of lettuce seed germination mutants by bulked segregant analysis and whole genome sequencing
Authors: Huo Heqiang , Henry Isabelle M. , Coppoolse Eric R. , Verhoef‐Post Miriam , Schut Johan W. , de Rooij Han , Vogelaar Aat , Joosen Ronny V.L. , Woudenberg Leo , Comai Luca , Bradford Kent J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryLettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds exhibit thermoinhibition, or failure to complete germination when imbibed at warm temperatures. Chemical mutagenesis was employed to develop lettuce lines that exhibit germination thermotolerance. Two independent thermotolerant lettuce seed mutant lines, TG01 and TG10, were generated through ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. Genetic and physiological analyses indicated that these two mutations were allelic and recessive. To identify the causal gene(s), we applied bulked segregant analysis by whole genome sequencing. For each mutant, bulked DNA samples of segregating thermotolerant (mutant) seeds were sequenced and analyzed for homozygous single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. Two independent candidate mutations were identified at different physical positions in the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene (ABSCISIC ACID DEFICIENT 1/ZEAXANTHIN EPOXIDASE, or ABA1/ZEP) in TG01 and TG10. The mutation in TG01 caused an amino acid replacement, whereas the mutation in TG10 resulted in alternative mRNA splicing. Endogenous abscisic acid contents were reduced in both mutants, and expression of the ABA1 gene from wild‐type lettuce under its own promoter fully complemented the TG01 mutant. Conventional genetic mapping confirmed that the causal mutations were located near the ZEP/ABA1 gene, but the bulked segregant whole genome sequencing approach more efficiently identified the specific gene responsible for the phenotype.
Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana for rapid functional analysis of genes involved in non‐photochemical quenching and carotenoid biosynthesis
Authors: Leonelli Lauriebeth , Erickson Erika , Lyska Dagmar , Niyogi Krishna K. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPlants must switch rapidly between light harvesting and photoprotection in response to environmental fluctuations in light intensity. This switch can lead to losses in absorbed energy usage, as photoprotective energy dissipation mechanisms can take minutes to hours to fully relax. One possible way to improve photosynthesis is to engineer these energy dissipation mechanisms (measured as non‐photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence, NPQ) to induce and relax more quickly, resulting in smaller losses under dynamic light conditions. Previous studies aimed at understanding the enzymes involved in the regulation of NPQ have relied primarily on labor‐intensive and time‐consuming generation of stable transgenic lines and mutant populations – approaches limited to organisms amenable to genetic manipulation and mapping. To enable rapid functional testing of NPQ‐related genes from diverse organisms, we performed Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana to test if NPQ kinetics could be modified in fully expanded leaves. By expressing Arabidopsis thaliana genes known to be involved in NPQ, we confirmed the viability of this method for studying dynamic photosynthetic processes. Subsequently, we used naturally occurring variation in photosystem II subunit S, a modulator of NPQ in plants, to explore how differences in amino acid sequence affect NPQ capacity and kinetics. Finally, we functionally characterized four predicted carotenoid biosynthesis genes from the marine algae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Thalassiosira pseudonana and examined the effect of their expression on NPQ in N. benthamiana. This method offers a powerful alternative to traditional gene characterization methods by providing a fast and easy platform for assessing gene function in planta.
Standards-Based Assessment, Grading, and Professional Development of California Middle School Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Michael Robert Daniel , Webster Collin , Patterson Debra , Laguna Patricia , Sherman Clay 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:This study examined California middle school physical education teachers’ (grades 6–8) use of assessments based on state standards to grade their students.Methods:An electronic survey was used to collect data.Results:Of the 309 teachers surveyed, 74% based their assessments on the state physical education standards. Teachers who used standards-based assessments were more prone to assigning higher percentages of students’ grades to achievement-based assessments (e.g., skills testing, fitness, standards competency) than teachers who did not use standards-based assessments. However, all teachers gave similar weightings to administrative-based assessments (e.g., dressing out appropriately). Most of the teachers (91.2%) who reported not using standards-based assessments had limited to no professional development pertaining to the standards and perceived this as the biggest challenge to using standards-based assessments.Discussion/Conclusions:This study shows that professional development may be an important factor in teachers’ use of standards-based assessments and achievement-focused grading in middle school physical education.
The Role of Lipid Competition for Endosymbiont-Mediated Protection against Parasitoid Wasps in
Drosophila
Authors: Paredes Juan C. , Herren Jeremy K. , Schüpfer Fanny , Lemaitre Bruno 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Insects commonly harbor facultative bacterial endosymbionts, such as
Wolbachia
and
Spiroplasma
species, that are vertically transmitted from mothers to their offspring. These endosymbiontic bacteria increase their propagation by manipulating host reproduction or by protecting their hosts against natural enemies. While an increasing number of studies have reported endosymbiont-mediated protection, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this protection. Here, we analyze the mechanisms underlying protection from parasitoid wasps in
Drosophila melanogaster
mediated by its facultative endosymbiont
Spiroplasma poulsonii
. Our results indicate that
S. poulsonii
exerts protection against two distantly related wasp species,
Leptopilina boulardi
and
Asobara tabida
.
S. poulsonii
-mediated protection against parasitoid wasps takes place at the pupal stage and is not associated with an increased cellular immune response. In this work, we provide three important observations that support the notion that
S. poulsonii
bacteria and wasp larvae compete for host lipids and that this competition underlies symbiont-mediated protection. First, lipid quantification shows that both
S. poulsonii
and parasitoid wasps deplete
D. melanogaster
hemolymph lipids. Second, the depletion of hemolymphatic lipids using the
Lpp
RNA interference (
Lpp RNAi
) construct reduces wasp success in larvae that are not infected with
S. poulsonii
and blocks
S. poulsonii
growth. Third, we show that the growth of
S. poulsonii
bacteria is not affected by the presence of the wasps, indicating that when
S. poulsonii
is present, larval wasps will develop in a lipid-depleted environment. We propose that competition for host lipids may be relevant to endosymbiont-mediated protection in other systems and could explain the broad spectrum of protection provided.

IMPORTANCE
Virtually all insects, including crop pests and disease vectors, harbor facultative bacterial endosymbionts. They are vertically transmitted from mothers to their offspring, and some protect their host against pathogens. Here, we studied the mechanism of protection against parasitoid wasps mediated by the
Drosophila melanogaster
endosymbiont
Spiroplasma poulsonii
. Using genetic manipulation of the host, we provide strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that competition for host lipids underlies
S. poulsonii
-mediated protection against parasitoid wasps. We propose that lipid competition-based protection may not be restricted to
Spiroplasma
bacteria but could also apply other endosymbionts, notably
Wolbachia
bacteria, which can suppress human disease-causing viruses in insect hosts.
Establishing criteria to distinguish oil-seep from methane-seep carbonates
Authors: Smrzka D. , Zwicker J. , Klügel A. , Monien P. , Bach W. , Bohrmann G. , Peckmann J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Hydrocarbon seeps harbor copious chemosynthesis-dependent life, the traces of which are preserved in the fossil record within authigenic carbonates. These environments are mostly characterized by seepage of methane-rich fluids, yet numerous crude oil–dominated seeps have been discovered in recent years. Oil seepage has a profound influence on the local fauna, but recognizing such seeps in the rock record remains elusive. This study presents new geochemical data that will allow for a more confident identification of ancient oil-seep deposits. Geochemical data from modern and ancient seep limestones reveal that oil-dominated seep carbonates are enriched in rare earth elements and uranium compared to their methane-dominated counterparts. These trace element patterns have the potential to serve as a basis for an improved understanding of the adaptation of chemosynthetic life to oil seepage, and to better constrain the marine carbon cycle in the geologic past.