bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging of Inflammation in Memory and Related Other Disorders (NIMROD) study protocol: a deep phenotyping cohort study of the role of brain inflammation in dementia, depression and other neurological illnesses
Authors: Bevan-Jones W Richard , Surendranathan Ajenthan , Passamonti Luca , Vázquez Rodríguez Patricia , Arnold Robert , Mak Elijah , Su Li , Coles Jonathan P , Fryer Tim D , Hong Young T , Williams Guy , Aigbirhio Franklin , Rowe James B , O'Brien John T 
Published: January 2017

IntroductionInflammation of the central nervous system is increasingly regarded as having a role in cognitive disorders such as dementia and depression, but it is not clear how such inflammation relates to other aspects of neuropathology, structural and functional changes in the brain and symptoms (as assessed via clinical and neuropsychological assessment and MRI). This study will explore these pathophysiological mechanisms using positron emission tomography (PET) which allows in vivo imaging of inflammation, amyloid and τ deposition, together with neuropsychological profiling, MRI and peripheral biomarker analysis.Methods and analysisUsing PET imaging of the ligand [11C]PK11195, we will test for increased neuroinflammation in vivo in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, late-onset depression and mild cognitive impairment, when compared to healthy controls. We will assess whether areas of inflammatory change are associated with amyloid and τ deposition (assessed using11C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C]PiB) and18F-labelled AV-1451, respectively), as well as structural and connectivity markers found on MRI. Inflammatory biomarker analysis and immune-phenotyping of peripheral blood monocytes will determine the correlation between central inflammation and peripheral inflammation. Finally, we will examine whether central inflammatory markers seen on PET imaging are associated with global and domain specific cognitive impairments or predict cognitive decline over 12 months.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee, East of England—Cambridge Central Research Ethics Committee (reference: 13/EE/0104). The study is also Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC) approved as part of this process. Data will be disseminated by presentation at national and international conferences and by publication, predominantly in journals of clinical neuroscience, neurology and psychiatry.
The validity of the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire in 12–13-year-old Scottish adolescents
Authors: McCrorie Paul Robert Walker , Perez Ana , Ellaway Anne 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundThe development of accurate methods to measure health-behaviours forms an integral component in behavioural epidemiology. Population surveillance of physical activity often relies on self/proxy reported questionnaires due to cost and relative ease of administration. The aim of this study was to examine the criterion validity and measurement agreement between the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAQ) and accelerometry before being included in a Scotland-wide study.MethodsForty four participants (12–13 years old; 61% girls) completed the YPAQ following 7 days wearing the Actigraph GT3X+. Mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day was derived from YPAQ and accelerometer and validity was assessed using Spearman's correlation; Bland-Altman plots examined absolute agreement between methods.ResultsPearson's and Spearman’s correlations between YPAQ and accelerometer were r = 0.47 and rs= 0.39 (p<0.01) respectively. The YPAQ over reported mean MVPA by 25.6 ± 50.2 minutes (95% CI 10.4-40.9 minutes; p <0.001), with 95% limits of agreement of −72.69 minutes and + 123.99 minutes. Evidence of underreporting at lower levels of activity and over reporting at higher levels of activity was evident (Pearson's r=0.81), in addition to heteroscedasticity, where variances increased as MVPA increased.ConclusionsAlthough a moderate correlation between the two methods was apparent, the YPAQ should not be used interchangeably with accelerometry. The YPAQ does demonstrate a reasonable ability to rank MVPA, although it tends to under-report lower levels and over-report higher levels. This, and other administering factors, should be taken into consideration if being used for group or individual level analyses.
Cutaneous candidiasis infection in two alpacas
Authors: Ho Karen , Cobiella Danielle , Walz Heather , Kennis Robert , White Amelia 
Published: January 2017

SummaryTwo six‐year‐old macho alpacas from southeastern Alabama were presented to our Large Animal Teaching Hospital for a two‐week history of pruritic, ulcerative skin lesions around the eyes, hind legs and groin. Histopathology, bacterial culture and fungal culture revealed Candidaspecies with secondary Staphylococcus aureus pyoderma. Blood zinc levels for both alpacas were considered to be below laboratory reference values. Both alpacas were treated with topical antiseptic, antibiotic and antifungal therapy along with systemic therapy using injectable ceftiofur, and dietary zinc supplementation was initiated. Ulcerative skin lesions resolved following about four weeks of antimicrobial therapy. Scaling and crusting lesions resolved after about six weeks of dietary zinc supplementation. At 180 days after presentation, both alpacas were doing well with no new lesions. This is the first case report of successfully treated cutaneous candidiasis in the alpaca.
Gastro‐oesophageal intussusception with splenic involvement in an adult dog
Authors: Brady Robert , Biskup Jeffery , Latimer Christian 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThis case report describes the presentation, treatment and outcome of an adult German shepherd dog with gastroesophageal intussusception (GEI). The dog’s presenting complaint included acute lethargy, and a single bout of excessive drinking followed by immediate regurgitation. After patient stabilisation, radiographs were taken which revealed a soft tissue opacity in the caudodorsal thorax and lack of a gastric silhouette in the abdomen. The patient was diagnosed with GEI, a laparotomy was performed and the stomach and spleen were surgically reduced. A right‐sided incisional gastropexy, left‐sided tube gastropexy, splenectomy and narrowing of the oesophageal hiatus were performed. The patient developed aspiration pneumonia postoperatively, likely secondary to megaoesophagus, which responded to antimicrobials. The gastric tube was removed 31 days after surgery and the patient had no further clinical signs eight months postoperatively.
Haemophagocytic syndrome in a dog with granulomatous splenitis
Authors: Viall Austin K , McLeland Shannon M , McQuinn Erin R , Ho‐Eckart Louisa K , Johannes Chad M 
Published: January 2017

SummaryA golden retriever dog was evaluated for cranial abdominal organomegaly. Clinical investigation found concurrent splenomegaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminaemia and hypocholesterolaemia. Cytological evaluation of splenic aspirate samples identified a population of atypical, erythrophagocytic, mesenchymal cells. Due to the patient’s signalment, clinicopathological abnormalities and splenic cytological findings, the dog was suspected to have haemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma. Splenectomy with splenic histopathology was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Histologically, granulomatous splenitis with erythrophagocytic macrophages was identified; a cause for splenitis was not identified. The dog was clinically diagnosed with reactive haemophagocytic syndrome secondary to splenitis. The patient clinically decompensated a month postsplenectomy and was euthanased.
Validity and Efficacy of a Pediatric Airway Foreign Body Training Course in Resident Education
Authors: Griffin Garrett R. , Hoesli Rebecca , Thorne Marc C. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: We evaluated the validity and efficacy of a pediatric airway foreign body simulation for otolaryngology resident training. Methods: We created a course using a high-fidelity toddler mannequin designed to instruct and evaluate otolaryngology residents in pediatric airway foreign body management. Seven junior and 5 senior residents participated. Their performance was evaluated by 2 observers using an Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) instrument. Results: By the third trial, all junior and senior residents scored a proficiency level of “independent without errors” or “independent and efficient,” and the performance of the junior residents was not different from that of the senior residents. After completing the course, the junior residents self-rated their abilities as commensurate with those of a senior resident, and senior residents rated themselves capable of performing foreign body extraction without supervision. All participants felt that the course and simulator had good overall realism and a realistic feel, demonstrating face validity. Perhaps most importantly, the residents' highest ratings were for “facilitated management of complications” and “facilitated working with the operating room team” — areas difficult to teach during live surgical procedures. Conclusions: This pediatric airway foreign body course using a high-fidelity simulator has face and construct validity, and results in statistically improved performance and self-evaluation of all participants.
Effect of Altered Core Body Temperature on Glottal Closing Force
Authors: Wadie Mikhail , Li Juan , Sasaki Clarence T. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: A basic function of the larynx is to provide sphincteric protection of the lower airway, initiated by a brain stem–mediated glottal closure reflex. Glottal closing force is defined as the measured pressure generated between the vocal folds during glottal closure. One of the factors thought to affect the glottal closure reflex is a variation in core body temperature. Methods: Four adult male Yorkshire pigs were used in this study. The subjects were studied under control conditions (37°C), hyperthermic conditions (38°C to 41°C), and hypothermic conditions (36°C to 34°C). Results: We demonstrated that the glottal closing force increased significantly with an increase in core body temperature and also decreased significantly with decreased core body temperature. These results are supported by neurophysiological changes demonstrated by other studies in pups and adult dogs in response to altered core body temperatures. The mechanism for these responses is thought to reside centrally, rather than in the peripheral nervous system. Conclusions: We hope that a better understanding of these aspects of glottal closure will alter the care of many patients with postanesthesia hypothermia and many sedated inmates and will also further enhance preventive measures needed to decrease the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in overheated or febrile infants.
Evaluation of Pediatric Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Survey of Pediatric Otolaryngologists
Authors: Rutherford Kimberley D. , Lerer Trudy S. , Schoem Scott R. , Valdez Tulio A. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: We sought to determine the trends in the evaluation of pediatric patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and to determine evaluation patterns based on respondents' demographic data. Methods: All members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology were invited to voluntarily and anonymously complete an online survey. The survey was available from September 2009 to January 2010 and addressed demographic data and tests obtained in evaluating new pediatric patients with SNHL at different age points and with different degrees of hearing loss. Results: The response rate was 22.9% (79 of 345). For all ages and all types of SNHL, the most common consultations were genetics (26% to 76%) and ophthalmology (31% to 66%) consultations. Computed tomography of the temporal bones (49% to 66%), genetic testing (25% to 68%), and electrocardiography (13% to 43%) were the most commonly performed tests. Although there was no consistent difference in practice patterns by gender or years of practice, there were differences in the use of thyroid function tests, TORCH titers, and autoimmune studies by hospital affiliation. Conclusions: Type of SNHL and age are factors in the evaluation of pediatric patients with SNHL. Additionally, evaluation patterns differ according to region and hospital affiliation. The results of this study may provide guidance for otolaryngologists in making information-based and cost-effective evaluations.
The UN Conference on the Law of the Sea — The Basic Problems from a Norwegian Point of View
Authors: Vindenes Helge 
Published: January 2017

The article gives a survey of the basic problems which will be before the forthcoming UN Conference on the Law of the Sea – as seen from a Norwegian point of view. In examining the interrelationship between these problems, the author arrives at the conclusion that the only feasible solution would be a ‘package deal’ covering all the main issues. The juxtaposition of priorities of the various interest groups at the Conference – a majority of coastal states for whom the rights to the resources in an area adjacent to the territorial sea is the most burning issue, and a minority of maritime powers for whom the question of freedom of navigation is more important – indicates the nature of the possible overall compromise solution. Such a solution would, it seems, have to consist of a package deal which must reconcile and accommodate, the interests of maritime freedom on the one hand with on the other hand, the increasing need for management powers, both for the coastal state and for international regulatory bodies. The main elements of such a package would probably have to be the following: Firstly, a territorial sea limited to a maximum distance of twelve nautical miles from the baselines along the coast. There is already with the exception of a few Latin-American countries, broad agreement that a territorial sea limited to twelve nautical miles should constitute one of the main elements in the solution. Secondly, guaranteed rights of passage inside the territorial sea, including a special right of free or unimpeded passage through straits used for international navigation. Thirdly, extensive resource management rights for the coastal state in an adjacent area outside the territorial sea. In this adjacent area, which would be called the economic zone and which would extend to a maximum of 200 nautical miles, the jurisdiction of the coastal state would be limited to matters pertaining to the exploitation of the area's natural resources – both its seabed resources and its fisheries resources. The coastal state would also have certain well-defined rights in the zone where measures to combat pollution are concerned, and the right to regulate scientific research. There would be freedom of navigation inside the zone. In addition to an overall package solution along the lines mentioned above, the new convention will have to establish a legal regime for the exploitation of the natural resources on the seabed and ocean floor in areas outside national jurisdiction. It will also have to establish an international organization for the implementation of this legal regime. The author emphasizes the need for equipping the international organization with broad regulatory powers, in accordance with the basic approach taken by the UN General Assembly in 1970, when declaring the international seabed area as ‘the common heritage of mankind’.
Small States in International Politics: A Polar-Political Perspective
Authors: Skagestad Gunnar 
Published: January 2017

The study of small states may be perceived, alternatively, as a distinctly separate discipline within the broader subject area of international politics, or, as one particular approach to the study of international politics in general. So may the study of the ‘new territories’. In this chapter, the two perspectives combine. Presenting the ‘new territories studies’ as a novel approach to the traditional small states studies, the chapter discusses the practical/political possibilities and limitations inherent in the small states' situation and is also an attempt to contribute toward an improved theoretical basis for the study of small-state behavior. The empirical material is mainly the developments in inter-state relations which have taken place in the Antarctic (the ‘Antarctic Model’); the Arctic situation is also presented for comparative purposes. The author arrives at certain guarded generalizations, where the need for international cooperation emerges as a major contingent factor regarding the validity of descriptive and normative hypothesizing on small state behavior.
Fatal Agricultural Accidents
Authors: Albrektsen S B , Henriksen B M , Thomsen J L 
Published: January 2017

During the period 1969–1988, 33 victims (30 males and 3 females) of agricultural accidents were autopsied at the University Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen. Five were under the age of 15 years. The median age was 51 years. The most frequent types of accident were machinery accidents (45%), falling from a height (30%) and suffocation, including drowning, (12%). The place of the accident was meadow/field (36%), stable/barn (24%), farmyard (24%) and public road (12%). Severe lesions in all body regions dominated the picture with a preponderance of skull/brain and chest lesions. Skull/brain lesions were found in 80% of the cases of falling from a height, while 87% of the machinery accident cases had severe chest lesions. More effective control of machinery and a data collection system for these accidents are proposed.
The Prevalence of Obesity and Undernutrition in Scottish Children: Growth Monitoring within the Child Health Surveillance Programme
Authors: Armstrong J , Reilly J J ,   Child Health Information Team+
Published: January 2017

Objective: To assess whether anthropometric data, routinely collected as part of the Scottish Child Health Surveillance System (CHSP- PS, preschool children; CHSP-S, school age children) could provide a means of monitoring/surveillance for obesity and undernutrition at national and health board level. Design: A survey of 15 health boards and both surveillance systems to identify the nature of data collected, format of data, and extent to which data were accessible (eg via Information and Statistics Division of the Common Services Agency). Measurements of weight and height collected as part of the CHSP-PS and CHSP-S were extracted from ISD. They were then audited and missing values or implausible values quantified, and degree of dispersion of values used as an index of quality of measurements. Setting: Health Board Child Health Surveillance Systems and Information and Statistics Division, Edinburgh. Results: Data on height and weight are currently available for 9 health boards for preschool children and 4 health boards for school age children. This represents coverage of around 80% of the preschool child population. Analysis of a data extract from the 39–42 month check in 1998/99, used as an example, revealed that 8% of weight and height data were missing, and approximately 1% were implausible measures. Population and health board level estimates of prevalence of obesity and undernutrition were possible and are presented. Data on height and weight are routinely collected in school age children in all health boards, however only four health boards have growth data electronically available via the school CHSP. Conclusions: Growth data routinely collected as part of child health surveillance for Scotland can be used to estimate population prevalence of undernutrition and obesity. These can in turn be used to monitor trends at local and national level, to monitor achievement in relation to public health targets, identify risk factors and high risk groups, and to follow cohorts over time. We describe a system of surveillance for undernutrition and obesity and identify its strengths and weaknesses.
The Incidence and Effects of Anaemia in a Young Industrial Population
Authors: Bryson D. D. 
Published: January 2017

A survey of haemoglobin levels in 619 young people working at a Scottish factory showed that anaemia was prevalent. Anaemia was found to exist in 37 per cent of all females and in 19 per cent of all males between the ages of 15 and 19 years, different standards being used to define anaemia in each sex. The incidence of anaemia varied significantly (P= 0.01) between groups of young people in different occupations being 39.9 per cent in female factory workers, 14.0 per cent in female clerical workers, 32.0 per cent in young male factory workers and 8.7 per cent in male apprentices. The possible aetiology, particularly nutritional deficiency is discussed and the effect that anaemia may have on the industrial performance of the individual. The increased incidence of anaemia in semi-skilled workers suggested that social background may be an influencing factor in its occurance. Comparisons with older groups showed that improvement in the mean haemoglobin level occurs spontaneously in boys but that this improvement did not occur in females. The incidence of anaemia in females was not directly related to the number of years which had elapsed since menarche. The fact that routine haemoglobin examination of the young worker is seldom undertaken at present is pointed out and the importance of such examinations especially in the female is stressed.
Emergency Psychiatric Referrals to the Casualty Department of a General Hospital
Authors: Le Poidevin D. , Reid A. H. 
Published: January 2017

A survey of 100 consecutive cases referred as psychiatric emergencies to the casualty department of a general hospital is reported. Cases of self-poisoning recognised by the casualty officers were not included. Fifty-seven of the patients were self-referred. Significant excesses were found in the sample of men in social classes IV and V, and men and women in 30 to 49 years age group. The commonest diagnoses were manic-depressive psychosis (38 per cent) and chronic alcoholism (27 per cent). The risk of suicide was considered to be high. Psychiatric referrals to the casualty department are increasing. Many patients claimed poor relationships with their general practitioners. The preventive function of a psychiatric unit in a general hospital is stressed. It is suggested a psychiatric casualty service may be needed in each big city.
Management of Urinary Tract Infection in General Practice
Authors: Milne J. S. , Irons A. W. , Kennedy G. , Wallace Edith T. 
Published: January 2017

In a general practice an attempt was made to determine the relative merits of cycloserine, sulphadimidine or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of urinary tract infection. Bacteriological follow-up continued for 2 years. The incidence of patients with symptoms and with significant bacteriuria before treatment was 13 per 1,000 females at risk. With a follow-up of 50 days nitrofurantoin and cycloserine had an apparent cure rate of 78 and 79 per cent respectively. Sulphadimidine had a cure rate of only 43 per cent due largely to a higher incidence of organisms resistant in vitro. Results after 2 years show that apparent cures are much fewer (nitrofurantoin 46%, cycloserine 36%, sulphadimidine 29%) and there is much less difference in the effectiveness of the various drugs. Only 4 patients stopped treatment because of drug toxicity. The results of intravenous pyelography in 155 patients suggest that rather than X-ray all patients with urinary-tract symptoms, prolonged bacteriological follow-up will reveal those in whom X-rays may be helpful.
The Management of Ovarian Carcinoma—A Review of 420 Cases
Authors: Barr W. , Cowell M. A. C. , Chatfield W. R. 
Published: January 2017

Four hundred and twenty cases of ovarian carcinoma, treated over an 8-year period, are reviewed. Except for 26, they were treated initially by surgery. Two hundred and fourteen cases had further treatment by irradiation and 68 by chemotherapy. It appears that in Stage 2 and Stage 3 cases, the 5-year survival rate is improved by post operative irradiation. The difficulties of staging the disease are discussed and simplification recommended.