bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TETRIS
Authors: Gao Mingyu , Pu Jing , Yang Xuan , Horowitz Mark , Kozyrakis Christos 
Published: May 2017

The high accuracy of deep neural networks (NNs) has led to the development of NN accelerators that improve performance by two orders of magnitude. However, scaling these accelerators for higher performance with increasingly larger NNs exacerbates the cost and energy overheads of their memory systems, including the on-chip SRAM buffers and the off-chip DRAM channels.
This paper presents the hardware architecture and software scheduling and partitioning techniques for TETRIS, a scalable NN accelerator using 3D memory. First, we show that the high throughput and low energy characteristics of 3D memory allow us to rebalance the NN accelerator design, using more area for processing elements and less area for SRAM buffers. Second, we move portions of the NN computations close to the DRAM banks to decrease bandwidth pressure and increase performance and energy efficiency. Third, we show that despite the use of small SRAM buffers, the presence of 3D memory simplifies dataflow scheduling for NN computations. We present an analytical scheduling scheme that matches the efficiency of schedules derived through exhaustive search. Finally, we develop a hybrid partitioning scheme that parallelizes the NN computations over multiple accelerators. Overall, we show that TETRIS improves mthe performance by 4.1x and reduces the energy by 1.5x over NN accelerators with conventional, low-power DRAM memory systems.
TriCheck
Authors: Trippel Caroline , Manerkar Yatin A. , Lustig Daniel , Pellauer Michael , Martonosi Margaret 
Published: May 2017

Memory consistency models (MCMs) which govern inter-module interactions in a shared memory system, are a significant, yet often under-appreciated, aspect of system design. MCMs are defined at the various layers of the hardware-software stack, requiring thoroughly verified specifications, compilers, and implementations at the interfaces between layers. Current verification techniques evaluate segments of the system stack in isolation, such as proving compiler mappings from a high-level language (HLL) to an ISA or proving validity of a microarchitectural implementation of an ISA.
This paper makes a case for full-stack MCM verification and provides a toolflow, TriCheck, capable of verifying that the HLL, compiler, ISA, and implementation collectively uphold MCM requirements. The work showcases TriCheck's ability to evaluate a proposed ISA MCM in order to ensure that each layer and each mapping is correct and complete. Specifically, we apply TriCheck to the open source RISC-V ISA [55], seeking to verify accurate, efficient, and legal compilations from C11. We uncover under-specifications and potential inefficiencies in the current RISC-V ISA documentation and identify possible solutions for each. As an example, we find that a RISC-V-compliant microarchitecture allows 144 outcomes forbidden by C11 to be observed out of 1,701 litmus tests examined. Overall, this paper demonstrates the necessity of full-stack verification for detecting MCM-related bugs in the hardware-software stack.
Enabling Lightweight Transactions with Precision Time
Authors: Misra Pulkit A. , Chase Jeffrey S. , Gehrke Johannes , Lebeck Alvin R. 
Published: May 2017

Distributed transactional storage is an important service in today's data centers. Achieving high performance without high complexity is often a challenge for these systems due to sophisticated consistency protocols and multiple layers of abstraction. In this paper we show how to combine two emerging technologies---Software-Defined Flash (SDF) and precise synchronized clocks---to improve performance and reduce complexity for transactional storage within the data center.
We present a distributed transactional system (called MILANA) as a layer above a durable multi-version key-value store (called SEMEL) for read-heavy workloads within a data center. SEMEL exploits write behavior of SSDs to maintain a time-ordered sequence of versions for each key efficiently and durably. MILANA adds a variant of optimistic concurrency control above SEMEL's API to service read requests from a consistent snapshot and to enable clients to make fast local commit or abort decisions for read-only transactions.
Experiments with the prototype reveal up to 43% lower transaction abort rates using IEEE Precision Time Protocol (PTP) vs. the standard Network Time Protocol (NTP). Under the Retwis benchmark, client-local validation of read-only transactions yields a 35% reduction in latency and 55% increase in transaction throughput.
CHERI JNI
Authors: Chisnall David , Davis Brooks , Gudka Khilan , Brazdil David , Joannou Alexandre , Woodruff Jonathan , Markettos A. Theodore , Maste J. Edward , Norton Robert , Son Stacey , Roe Michael , Moore Simon W. , Neumann Peter G. , Laurie Ben , Watson Robert N.M. 
Published: May 2017

Java provides security and robustness by building a high-level security model atop the foundation of memory protection. Unfortunately, any native code linked into a Java program -- including the million lines used to implement the standard library -- is able to bypass both the memory protection and the higher-level policies. We present a hardware-assisted implementation of the Java native code interface, which extends the guarantees required for Java's security model to native code.
Our design supports safe direct access to buffers owned by the JVM, including hardware-enforced read-only access where appropriate. We also present Java language syntax to declaratively describe isolated compartments for native code.
We show that it is possible to preserve the memory safety and isolation requirements of the Java security model in C code, allowing native code to run in the same process as Java code with the same impact on security as running equivalent Java code. Our approach has a negligible impact on performance, compared with the existing unsafe native code interface. We demonstrate a prototype implementation running on the CHERI microprocessor synthesized in FPGA.
Browsix
Authors: Powers Bobby , Vilk John , Berger Emery D. 
Published: May 2017

Applications written to run on conventional operating systems typically depend on OS abstractions like processes, pipes, signals, sockets, and a shared file system. Porting these applications to the web currently requires extensive rewriting or hosting significant portions of code server-side because browsers present a nontraditional runtime environment that lacks OS functionality.
This paper presents Browsix, a framework that bridges the considerable gap between conventional operating systems and the browser, enabling unmodified programs expecting a Unix-like environment to run directly in the browser. Browsix comprises two core parts: (1) a JavaScript-only system that makes core Unix features (including pipes, concurrent processes, signals, sockets, and a shared file system) available to web applications; and (2) extended JavaScript runtimes for C, C++, Go, and Node.js that support running programs written in these languages as processes in the browser. Browsix supports running a POSIX shell, making it straightforward to connect applications together via pipes.
We illustrate Browsix's capabilities via case studies that demonstrate how it eases porting legacy applications to the browser and enables new functionality. We demonstrate a Browsix-enabled LaTeX editor that operates by executing unmodified versions of pdfLaTeX and BibTeX. This browser-only LaTeX editor can render documents in seconds, making it fast enough to be practical. We further demonstrate how Browsix lets us port a client-server application to run entirely in the browser for disconnected operation. Creating these applications required less than 50 lines of glue code and no code modifications, demonstrating how easily Browsix can be used to build sophisticated web applications from existing parts without modification.
Optimizing CNNs on Multicores for Scalability, Performance and Goodput
Authors: Rajbhandari Samyam , He Yuxiong , Ruwase Olatunji , Carbin Michael , Chilimbi Trishul 
Published: May 2017

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are a class of Ar- tificial Neural Networks (ANN) that are highly efficient at the pattern recognition tasks that underlie difficult AI prob- lems in a variety of domains, such as speech recognition, object recognition, and natural language processing. CNNs are, however, computationally intensive to train. This paper presents the first characterization of the per- formance optimization opportunities for training CNNs on CPUs. Our characterization includes insights based on the structure of the network itself (i.e., intrinsic arithmetic inten- sity of the convolution and its scalability under parallelism) as well as dynamic properties of its execution (i.e., sparsity of the computation).
Given this characterization, we present an automatic framework called spg-CNN for optimizing CNN training on CPUs. It comprises of a computation scheduler for efficient parallel execution, and two code generators: one that opti- mizes for sparsity, and the other that optimizes for spatial reuse in convolutions.
We evaluate spg-CNN using convolutions from a variety of real world benchmarks, and show that spg-CNN can train CNNs faster than state-of-the-art approaches by an order of magnitude.
KickStarter
Authors: Vora Keval , Gupta Rajiv , Xu Guoqing 
Published: May 2017

Continuous processing of a streaming graph maintains an approximate result of the iterative computation on a recent version of the graph. Upon a user query, the accurate result on the current graph can be quickly computed by feeding the approximate results to the iterative computation --- a form of incremental computation that corrects the (small amount of) error in the approximate result. Despite the effectiveness of this approach in processing growing graphs, it is generally not applicable when edge deletions are present --- existing approximations can lead to either incorrect results (e.g., monotonic computations terminate at an incorrect minima/maxima) or poor performance (e.g., with approximations, convergence takes longer than performing the computation from scratch).
This paper presents KickStarter, a runtime technique that can trim the approximate values for a subset of vertices impacted by the deleted edges. The trimmed approximation is both safe and profitable, enabling the computation to produce correct results and converge quickly. KickStarter works for a class of monotonic graph algorithms and can be readily incorporated in any existing streaming graph system. Our experiments with four streaming algorithms on five large graphs demonstrate that trimming not only produces correct results but also accelerates these algorithms by 8.5--23.7x.
ADAMTS13 Retards Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy by Inhibiting Intrarenal Thrombosis in Mice
Authors: Dhanesha Nirav , Doddapattar Prakash , Chorawala Mehul R. , Nayak Manasa K. , Kokame Koichi , Staber Janice M. , Lentz Steven R. , Chauhan Anil K. 
Published: May 2017

Objective—
ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I repeats-13) prevents microvascular thrombosis by cleaving prothrombogenic ultralarge von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers. Clinical studies have found association between reduced ADAMTS13-specific activity, ultralarge VWF multimers, and thrombotic angiopathy in patients with diabetic nephropathy. It remains unknown, however, whether ADAMTS13 deficiency or ultralarge VWF multimers have a causative effect in diabetic nephropathy.

Approach and Results—

The extent of renal injury was evaluated in wild-type (WT),
Adamts
13
−/−
and
Adamts
13
−/−
Vwf
−/−
mice after 26 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. We found that WT diabetic mice exhibited low plasma ADAMTS13-specific activity and increased VWF levels (
P
<0.05 versus WT nondiabetic mice).
Adamts
13
−/−
diabetic mice exhibited deterioration of kidney function (increased albuminuria, plasma creatinine, and urea;
P
<0.05 versus WT diabetic mice), independent of hyperglycemia and hypertension. Deterioration of kidney function in
Adamts
13
−/−
diabetic mice was concomitant with aggravated intrarenal thrombosis (assessed by plasminogen activator inhibitor, VWF, fibrin(ogen), and CD41-positive microthrombi), increased mesangial cell expansion, and extracellular matrix deposition (
P
<0.05 versus WT diabetic mice). Genetic deletion of VWF in
Adamts
13
−/−
diabetic mice improved kidney function, inhibited intrarenal thrombosis, and alleviated histological changes in glomeruli, suggesting that exacerbation of diabetic nephropathy in the setting of ADAMTS13 deficiency is VWF dependent.

Conclusions—
ADAMTS13 retards progression of diabetic nephropathy, most likely by inhibiting VWF-dependent intrarenal thrombosis. Alteration in ADAMTS13–VWF balance may be one of the key pathophysiological mechanisms of thrombotic angiopathy in diabetes mellitus.
Association Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Genotype and Upper Extremity Motor Outcome After Stroke
Authors: Chang Won Hyuk , Park Eunhee , Lee Jungsoo , Lee Ahee , Kim Yun-Hee 
Published: May 2017

Background and Purpose—
The identification of intrinsic factors for predicting upper extremity motor outcome could aid the design of individualized treatment plans in stroke rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors, including intrinsic genetic factors, for upper extremity motor outcome in patients with subacute stroke.

Methods—
A total of 97 patients with subacute stroke were enrolled. Upper limb motor impairment was scored according to the upper limb of Fugl-Meyer assessment score at 3 months after stroke. The prediction of upper extremity motor outcome at 3 months was modeled using various factors that could potentially influence this impairment, including patient characteristics, baseline upper extremity motor impairment, functional and structural integrity of the corticospinal tract, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression models were used to identify the significance of each factor.

Results—

The independent predictors of motor outcome at 3 months were baseline upper extremity motor impairment, age, stroke type, and corticospinal tract functional integrity in all stroke patients. However, in the group with severe motor impairment at baseline (upper limb score of Fugl-Meyer assessment <25), the number of
Met
alleles in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype was also an independent predictor of upper extremity motor outcome 3 months after stroke.

Conclusions—
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype may be a potentially useful predictor of upper extremity motor outcome in patients with subacute stroke with severe baseline motor involvement.
“Wipe Out Lines of Division (Not Distinctions)”
Authors: Harinck George 
Published: May 2017

Race was not a dominant factor in neo-Calvinism. Rather, stress was laid on the universal character of Christianity, especially in the case of Herman Bavinck. While some of the South African PhD students at the Vrije Universiteit’s defended apartheid with reference to neo-Calvinism, it was B.B. Keet—who would become a noted critic of apartheid—who adopted Bavinck’s views. As a professor in Stellenbosch, Keet initially accepted apartheid for cultural and practical reasons, but he became critical when South Africa officially implemented apartheid policy in 1948. This resulted in his book Whither, South Africa?, in which he rejected the theological arguments undergirding apartheid with arguments almost literally derived from Bavinck. It is clear from this case study that neo-Calvinism was employed not only to support apartheid, but also to criticize it as well. In the Netherlands his stand was recognized and shared by two more of Bavinck’s students: J.J. Buskes and J.H. Bavinck. Keet met with opposition within his own circles but stuck to his position and inspired his student, the apartheid critic C.F. Beyers Naudé.
The Semiannual Oscillation of the Tropical Zonal Wind in the Middle Atmosphere Derived from Satellite Geopotential Height Retrievals
Authors: Smith Anne K. , Garcia Rolando R. , Moss Andrew C. , Mitchell Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The dominant mode of seasonal variability in the global tropical upper-stratosphere and mesosphere zonal wind is the semiannual oscillation (SAO). However, it is notoriously difficult to measure winds at these heights from satellite or ground-based remote sensing. Here, the balance wind relationship is used to derive monthly and zonally averaged zonal winds in the tropics from satellite retrievals of geopotential height. Data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) cover about 12.5 yr, and those from the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) cover almost 15 yr. The derived winds agree with direct wind observations below 10 hPa and above 80 km; there are no direct wind observations for validation in the intervening layers of the middle atmosphere. The derived winds show the following prominent peaks associated with the SAO: easterly maxima near the solstices at 1.0 hPa, westerly maxima near the equinoxes at 0.1 hPa, and easterly maxima near the equinoxes at 0.01 hPa. The magnitudes of these three wind maxima are stronger during the first cycle (January at 1.0 hPa and March at 0.1 and 0.01 hPa). The month and pressure level of the wind maxima shift depending on the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) at 10 hPa. During easterly QBO, the westerly maxima are shifted upward, are about 10 m s−1 stronger, and occur approximately 1 month later than those during the westerly QBO phase.
Trends in Management and Mortality in Adults Hospitalized With Cardiac Arrest in the United States
Authors: Patel Jignesh K. , Meng Hongdao , Parikh Puja B. 
Published: May 2017

Background: We sought to examine temporal trends in management (ie, use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO], therapeutic hypothermia [TH], coronary angiogram, and percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) and in-hospital mortality in adults hospitalized with cardiac arrest. Methods: Utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, medical history, clinical management, and in-hospital mortality were assessed in 942 495 hospitalizations in adults with cardiac arrest (identified through International Classification of Diseases-9 codes) from 2006 to 2012. Results: From 2006 to 2012, there was an overall rise in the use of coronary angiogram (12.8%, 13.0%, 14.7%, 15.0%, 14.3%, 14.7%, and 15.8%), PCI (7.5%, 7.1%, 8.4%, 8.1%, 8.1%, 8.4%, and 8.9%), TH (0.2%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.9%, 2.8%, and 3.0%), and ECMO (0.1%, 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%; P < .001 for all). In-hospital mortality significantly decreased over the 7-year study period (65.5%, 63.4%, 59.3%, 57.9%, 57.0%, 56.0%, and 56.3% from 2006 to 2012). In multivariable analysis, a 31% decrease in mortality was accompanied by a concomitant 24% and 27% increase in coronary angiogram and PCI, respectively, during the study period. Therapeutic hypothermia and ECMO were associated with an approximate 11-fold and 7-fold increase, respectively, from 2006 to 2012. The strongest predictors of use of ECMO, TH, coronary angiogram, and PCI were younger age and the presence of coronary artery disease. Conclusion: During 2006 to 2012, a decline in mortality was accompanied by a steady rise in the use of ECMO, TH, coronary angiogram, and PCI in adults hospitalized with cardiac arrest. Patients of younger age and with coronary artery disease were more likely to receive these advanced therapies.
Keynes’ psychology and behavioural macroeconomics: Theory and policy
Authors: Baddeley Michelle 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUntil recently, modern macroeconomic models have remained solidly grounded on assumptions of rational expectations, efficient markets and representative agents, with policy prescriptions focused on the power of markets, and complex and esoteric financial intermediation instruments justified as solutions to problems of asymmetric information and risk. In modern microeconomics, behavioural economic analysis has flourished, focusing on individual responses and interactions. By contrast, in macroeconomics, humans are assumed to behave as if they are mathematical machines, making decisions in a mechanical, objective way. From this perspective, it is difficult to properly capture the instabilities that characterise modern macroeconomies and financial systems. While some progress has been made in recognising the bounds to rationality, the complexity of the macroeconomy can be captured fully only by embedding psychological and sociological forces more fully into macroeconomic models. Keynes was a pioneer in analysing the impacts of socio-psychological influences on macroeconomic phenomena. This article explores some of Keynes’ fundamental ideas about socio-psychological macroeconomic influences, including insights from A Treatise on Probability (1921) onwards, and links these insights both with modern behavioural economic theory and current macroeconomic policy debates.
Modified Qigong Breathing Exercise for Reducing the Sense of Hunger on an Empty Stomach
Authors: Voroshilov Alexander P. , Volinsky Alex A. , Wang Zhixin , Marchenko Elena V. 
Published: May 2017

Background. The aims of this study were to determine whether a modified Qigong breathing exercise can reduce the sense of hunger and identify possible mechanisms. Methods. The results from the test group, which performed the exercise, are compared with the control group, which performed deep breathing. Intestinal pressure measurements, stomach pH monitoring, and participant surveys were used for assessment. Results. Stomach pH was increased by 3 (0.2) and intestinal pressure was reduced by 12 (0.5) mm Hg in the experimental group and did not change significantly in the control group. The study provides strong evidence that the exercise can significantly reduce, or even suppress the sense of hunger on an empty stomach. Conclusion. This breathing exercise provides comfort in different circumstances, such as lack of regular meals, limited volume or caloric diet, and even during temporary complete absence of food in therapeutic fasting.