bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Catheter Side Holes Provide Better Blood Flows?
Authors: Wachter Dirk S. De , Weijmer Marcel C. , Kaušylas Mantas , Verdonck Pascal R. 
Published: September 2016

Four catheters (Ash Split Cath, Tesio, Duo‐Split, and Duo‐‐Flow; Medcomp, Harleysville, PA, U.S.A.) were tested in a temperature‐controlled in vitro setup filled with 50% aqueous glycerin solution to determine hydraulic resistance at different flow rates. All these catheters have side holes; hydraulic resistance was determined with these holes open and closed. Due to extra pressure losses near the catheter tip, the pressure–flow relationship deviates from Poiseuillian theory and is generally quadratic in nature. An equivalent diameter was derived from the data. This equivalent diameter can be used to evaluate performance using a single number.Permanent catheters can easily deliver 300 mL/minute under optimal circumstances, but acute catheters are, in practice, limited to 200 mL/minute, and even somewhat less in the coaxial Duo‐Flow type. Permanent catheters have larger equivalent internal diameters (1.8 vs 1.45 mm). Covering the side holes does not influence hydraulic resistance to a great degree, except in the arterial limb of acute catheters.These results indicate that, especially in acute catheters, obstruction of the side holes or fibrin sleeve/thrombus formation over the inlet holes may severely impact the available blood flow rate during dialysis. On the other hand, side holes in permanent catheters or venous limbs seem to be superfluous for performance reasons.
The Middle Molecule Hypothesis Revisited. Should Short, Three Times Weekly Hemodialysis Be Abandoned?
Authors: Charra Bernard , Scribner Belding H. , Twardowski Zbylut J. , Bergström Jonas 
Published: September 2016

When the middle molecule (MM) hypothesis was formulated in 1975, no MM had yet been identified as a uremic toxin. Meanwhile, the birth and implementation of the Kt/Vurea concept gained wide acceptance and has remained the world standard for assessing dialysis adequacy. However, over the past 20 years, accumulating evidence has made it clear that MM's are important uremic toxins, and that the dose of dialysis based on removal of small molecular substances does not protect against excessive hemodialysis mortality, morbidity, or the presence of uremic signs and symptoms. These poor results are, in one way or another, linked to the accumulation of MM's and other substances behaving like MM's, such as phosphate.Dialysis schedules yielding the best clinical results, such as longer dialysis and more frequent dialysis, favor increased removal of middle molecular substances. The observation that short daily dialysis is giving results similar to long nocturnal quotidian dialysis supports early observations that the volume from which middle molecular substances are extracted mainly by hemodialysis is small (about as large as the extracellular volume), and that transfer of MM's from cells to extracellular fluid is very slow. This behavior of MM's is markedly different from that of small molecular substances, which are more rapidly transferred from intracellular to extracellular compartments and are more readily extracted from total body water during hemodialysis.In order to achieve even minimum adequate dialysis, it is now scientifically validated that toxic MM's must be removed in larger amounts than currently attained. This can only be accomplished by long dialysis sessions with a 3‐times per week schedule or more frequent dialyses. Five hours 3 times per week represents the absolute minimum treatment. Dialysis 6 to 7 times per week is the ideal schedule for patients who are willing to commit the time and effort in exchange for maximum well‐being and long survival.
Use of sigmoid colon in orthotopic neobladder reconstruction: Long‐term results
Authors: Nicita Giulio , Martini Alberto , Filocamo Maria T , Saieva Calogero , Tosto Aldo , Stomaci Niceta , Bigazzi Barbara , Villari Donata 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo present our experience with a sigmoid orthotopic neobladder.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the functional and oncological outcomes of 160 patients who underwent orthotopic neobladder reconstruction using a detubularized 20–25‐cm sigmoid segment at our institution. Each patient was evaluated every 3 months the first year, every 6 months for the next 4 years and annually thereafter. Urodynamic studies of all consenting patients were carried out after 6 months, and 2, 5 and 10 years. We carried out the log–rank test, and used Cox regression models and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. The anova test was used to compare urodynamic findings over time.ResultsMean follow up was 6.8 years (range 0.65–21.7 years). Overall survival was 58.1% at 5 years, and 47.1% at 10 years. Early complications occurred in 36 patients (22.6%); late complications in 40 (25%). Stage V chronic kidney disease developed in two patients (1.3%). Complete (daytime and night‐time) continence, defined as no need for pads or condom devices, was achieved by 45% of patients at 5 years, daytime continence was achieved by just 36% of patients; both were unchanged at 10 years. A significant difference emerged in maximal neobladder capacity and post‐void residual values between 6 months and 2 years, and between 2 and 5 years (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively).ConclusionsSigmoid neobladder continence and capacity significantly improve over the first 5 years, and they remain stable over the long term. Upper urinary tract function is not affected by endoluminal pressure, and the rate of metabolic imbalance is negligible.
Remittances as a Shield to Vulnerable Households in Macedonia: The Case When the Instrument is Not Strictly Exogenous
Authors: Petreski Marjan , Petreski Blagica , Tumanoska Despina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe objective of this article is to investigate whether remittances sent to Macedonia have a role to play for shielding vulnerable households, by highlighting the importance of a strictly exogenous instrument in an IV context. Results suggest that remittance‐receiving households have, on average, a 20.1 per cent lower vulnerability than non‐receiving ones. However, if one has a reasonable belief that vulnerability and the instrument are determined simultaneously, or are directly correlated due to the existence of a third unobservable factor, then the shielding effect of remittances for vulnerable households remains up to the ninth percentage of direct influence and with a reducing magnitude, and then disappears.
International Migrant Remittances and Labour Supply in Nigeria
Authors: Urama Nathaniel E. , Nwosu Emmanuel O. , Yuni Denis N. , Aguegboh Stephen E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe study analyses how remittances to Nigeria affect the labour supply of recipients using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and a Log‐Linear regression model, with data from the 2013 Nigerian General Household Survey. The PSM results show that for the entire sample, the difference between the average amount of labour supplied per week by those that receive remittances and the amount they would have supplied without remittances is insignificant. The marginal impact analysis also shows that, ceteris paribus, the average labour supply for all recipients is inelastic to remittances. The results from the sub‐group analysis, however, show that receiving remittances negatively affects the labour supply of the self‐employed in agriculture, teenagers and the elderly. These results led us to the recommendation that policies to increase the inflow of remittances should be encouraged but in tandem with programmes to educate farmers on the benefit of investing remittances received in their farming business.
The PAYG system and the optimal redistribution instrument in an overlapping generation model
Authors: D'Elia Vanesa Valeria 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUsing a two‐period overlapping generation (OLG) model, this article seeks to identify the optimal redistribution policy instrument in terms of aggregate welfare when agents differ according to their labour condition. We use five policy specifications: (i) early redistribution to the young informal generation; (ii) late redistribution to the informal old generation; (iii) a mix between early and late redistribution; (iv) redistribution from the current formal young generation to the current formal old one; and (v) a non‐redistribution scenario. With inelastic labour supply, we show that transferring to the young performs better as a redistribution policy. This result is robust across different parameter values.
Combination therapeutics in complex diseases
Authors: He Bing , Lu Cheng , Zheng Guang , He Xiaojuan , Wang Maolin , Chen Gao , Zhang Ge , Lu Aiping 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe biological redundancies in molecular networks of complex diseases limit the efficacy of many single drug therapies. Combination therapeutics, as a common therapeutic method, involve pharmacological intervention using several drugs that interact with multiple targets in the molecular networks of diseases and may achieve better efficacy and/or less toxicity than monotherapy in practice. The development of combination therapeutics is complicated by several critical issues, including identifying multiple targets, targeting strategies and the drug combination. This review summarizes the current achievements in combination therapeutics, with a particular emphasis on the efforts to develop combination therapeutics for complex diseases.
D‐dopachrome tautomerase in adipose tissue inflammation and wound repair
Authors: Kim Bong‐Sung , Tilstam Pathricia V. , Hwang Soo Seok , Simons David , Schulte Wibke , Leng Lin , Sauler Maor , Ganse Bergita , Averdunk Luisa , Kopp Rüdger , Stoppe Christian , Bernhagen Jürgen , Pallua Norbert , Bucala Richard 
Published: September 2016

AbstractD‐dopachrome tautomerase (D‐DT/MIF‐2) is a member of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) cytokine superfamily, and a close structural homolog of MIF. MIF and D‐DT have been reported to be involved in obesity, but there is little known about the regulation of D‐DT in adipose tissue inflammation and wound healing. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from 54 healthy donors and 28 donors with acutely inflamed wounds undergoing wound debridement. In addition, epididymal fat pads of mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide to study receptor expression and cell migration in vivo. D‐DT protein levels and mRNA expression were significantly decreased in subcutaneous adipose tissue adjacent to acutely inflamed wounds. D‐DT improved fibroblast viability and increased proliferation in vitro. While D‐DT alone did not have a significant effect on in vitro fibroblast wound healing, simultaneous addition of neutralizing MIF antibody resulted in a significant improvement of fibroblast wound healing. Interestingly, expression of the MIF and D‐DT receptor CD74 was down‐regulated while the MIF receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 were up‐regulated primarily on macrophages indicating that the MIF‐CXCR2/4 axis may promote recruitment of inflammatory cells into adipose tissue. Our results describe a reciprocal role of D‐DT to MIF in inflamed adipose tissue, and indicate that D‐DT may be beneficial in wound repair by improving fibroblast survival and proliferation.
Sudoscan is an effective screening method for asymptomatic diabetic neuropathy in Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Mao Fei , Liu Siying , Qiao Xiaona , Zheng Hangping , Xiong Qian , Wen Jie , Liu Lianyong , Tang Mingming , Zhang Shuo , Zhang Zhaoyun , Ye Hongying , Lu Bin , Li Yiming 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to use the sudomotor function test, Sudoscan, as a screening method for the evaluation of asymptomatic diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. As a result, more attention could be paid to those asymptomatic patients who could be easily neglected and underdiagnosed in everyday clinic.Materials and MethodsA total of 394 Chinese type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled and tested for symptoms and clinical signs of neuropathy using the Neurological Symptom Score, Neuropathy Disability Score, and vibration perception threshold. Sudoscan was carried out, and the results were collected as the measurement of the electrochemical skin conductance of both hands and feet.ResultsIn the present study, we found that the abnormal rate of Sudoscan results in patients with asymptomatic neuropathy was higher than those without neuropathy and those with symptomatic neuropathy. This study also showed that lower electrochemical skin conductance at the feet was significantly associated with increasing symptoms, Neurological Symptom Score (r = −0.124, P < 0.05), Neuropathy Disability Score (r = −0.3, P < 0.01) and vibration perception threshold value (r = −0.18, P < 0.05). Logistic analysis showed that age (odds ratio 1.042, 95% confidence interval 1.014−1.071, P < 0.05) and feet electrochemical skin conductance levels (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.962–0.993, P < 0.01) were independently associated with diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy.ConclusionsSudoscan might be a promising tool to screen asymptomatic diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections
Authors: Jensen J.S. , Cusini M. , Gomberg M. , Moi H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMycoplasma genitalium is a cause of 10–35% of non‐chlamydial non‐gonococcal urethritis in men and in women, and is associated with cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Transmission of M. genitalium occurs through direct mucosal contact. In women, symptoms include vaginal discharge, dysuria or symptoms of PID – abdominal pain and dyspareunia. In men, urethritis, dysuria and discharge predominates. Asymptomatic infections are frequent. In this review, we present the evidence base for the recommendations in the 2016 European guideline on M. genitalium infections and describe indications for testing, recommended diagnostic methods, treatment and patient management. The guideline was prepared on behalf of the European branch of The International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections; the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology; the European Dermatology Forum; the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; the Union of European Medical Specialists. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the European Office of the World Health Organisation also contributed to their development.
Magnesium sulfate for postoperative complications in children undergoing tonsillectomies: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xie Min , Li Xiang‐kui , Peng Yu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivePrevious systematical reviews showed that systemic magnesium decreased postoperative pain and reduced morphine use without any reported serious adverse effects in adults. However, studies in children yielded different results. So we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the impact of magnesium sulfate on postoperative complications in children undergoing tonsillectomies.MethodsThe PubMed, EMbase via OVID, CENTRAL, and WHO ICTRP were searched to identify randomized controlled trials that addressed the effect of magnesium for postoperative pain, agitation, and complications in children undergoing tonsillectomies. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts for eligibility and assessed the quality of the included studies. The meta‐analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3.ResultsTen randomized controlled trials involving 665 participates published between 2003 and 2015 were included. Eight studies showed no different effect on pain scores between MgSO4 and control groups. Two studies showed significant lower emergence agitation incidence in MgSO4 group (pooled OR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.48, P = 0.0006). Five studies showed rescue analgesia was reduced in MgSO4 group (RR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91, P = 0.02). Laryngospasm was founded lower in MgSO4 group (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.96, P = 0.04). Postoperative nausea and vomiting was found no difference between two groups (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 0.70 to 2.18, P = 0.47).ConclusionUnlike the studies in adults, this review shows there is no statistically significant effect of perioperative use of magnesium in the postoperative pain control in children undergoing tonsillectomies. But it seems has benefits in reducing rescue analgesia, emergence agitation incidence, and laryngospasm.
Role of Class III phosphoinositide 3‐kinase in the brain development: possible involvement in specific learning disorders
Authors: Inaguma Yutaka , Matsumoto Ayumi , Noda Mariko , Tabata Hidenori , Maeda Akihiko , Goto Masahide , Usui Daisuke , Jimbo Eriko F. , Kikkawa Kiyoshi , Ohtsuki Mamitaro , Momoi Mariko Y. , Osaka Hitoshi , Yamagata Takanori , Nagata Koh‐ichi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClass III phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PIK3C3 or mammalian vacuolar protein sorting 34 homolog, Vps34) regulates vesicular trafficking, autophagy, and nutrient sensing. Recently, we reported that PIK3C3 is expressed in mouse cerebral cortex throughout the developmental process, especially at early embryonic stage. We thus examined the role of PIK3C3 in the development of the mouse cerebral cortex. Acute silencing of PIK3C3 with in utero electroporation method caused positional defects of excitatory neurons during corticogenesis. Time‐lapse imaging revealed that the abnormal positioning was at least partially because of the reduced migration velocity. When PIK3C3 was silenced in cortical neurons in one hemisphere, axon extension to the contralateral hemisphere was also delayed. These aberrant phenotypes were rescued by RNAi‐resistant PIK3C3. Notably, knockdown of PIK3C3 did not affect the cell cycle of neuronal progenitors and stem cells at the ventricular zone. Taken together, PIK3C3 was thought to play a crucial role in corticogenesis through the regulation of excitatory neuron migration and axon extension. Meanwhile, when we performed comparative genomic hybridization on a patient with specific learning disorders, a 107 Kb‐deletion was identified on 18q12.3 (nt. 39554147–39661206) that encompasses exons 5–23 of PIK3C3. Notably, the above aberrant migration and axon growth phenotypes were not rescued by the disease‐related truncation mutant (172 amino acids) lacking the C‐terminal kinase domain. Thus, functional defects of PIK3C3 might impair corticogenesis and relate to the pathophysiology of specific learning disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Acute knockdown of Class III phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PIK3C3) evokes migration defects of excitatory neurons during corticogenesis. PIK3C3‐knockdown also disrupts axon outgrowth, but not progenitor proliferation in vivo. Involvement of PIK3C3 in neurodevelopmental disorders might be an interesting future subject since a deletion mutation in PIK3C3 was detected in a patient with specific learning disorders (SLD).
Non‐Sedated Rapid Volumetric Proton Density MRI Predicts Neonatal Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy Functional Outcome
Authors: Shen Peter Y. , Nidecker Anna E. , Neufeld Ethan A. , Lee Paul S. , James Michelle A. , Bauer Andrea S. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe current prognostic biomarker of functional outcome in brachial plexus birth palsy is serial clinical examination throughout the first 6 months of age. This can delay surgical treatment and prolong parental anxiety in neonates who will recover spontaneously. A potentially superior biomarker is a volumetric proton density MRI performed at clinical presentation and within the first 12 weeks of life, providing a high spatial and contrast resolution examination in 4 minutes.METHODSNine neonates ranging in age from 4 to 9 weeks who presented with brachial plexus birth palsy were enrolled. All subjects underwent non‐sedated 3 Tesla MRI with Cube Proton Density MRI sequence at the same time as their initial clinical visit. Serial clinical examinations were conducted at routine 4 week intervals and the functional performance scores were recorded. MRI findings were divided into pre‐ganglionic and post‐ganglionic injuries and a radiological scoring system (Shriners Radiological Score) was developed for this study.RESULTSProton Density MRI was able to differentiate between pre‐ganglionic and post‐ganglionic injuries. Radiological scores (Shriners Radiological Score) correlated better with functional performance at 6 months of age (P = .022) than the initial clinical examinations (Active Movement Scale P = .213 and Toronto P = .320).CONCLUSIONSRapid non‐sedated volumetric Cube Proton Density MRI protocol performed at initial clinical presentation can accurately grade severity of brachial plexus birth palsy injury and predict functional performance at 6 months of age.
Interspecific variability in phosphorus‐induced lipid remodelling among marine eukaryotic phytoplankton
Authors: Cañavate José Pedro , Armada Isabel , Hachero‐Cruzado Ismael 
Published: September 2016

Summary

The response of marine microalgal lipids to phosphorus is of central importance in phytoplankton ecology but remains poorly understood. We determined how taxonomically diverse microalgal species remodelled their lipid class profile in response to phosphorus availability and whether these changes coincided with those already known to occur in land plants and in the limited number of phytoplankton species for which data are available.

The complete lipid class profile and specific lipid ratios influenced by phosphorus availability were quantified in two green microalgae and seven Chromalveolates exposed to phosphorus repletion, deprivation and replenishment.

Lipid class cell quota changes in the two green microalgae resembled the currently described pattern of betaine lipids substituting for phospholipids under phosphorus depletion, whereas only two of the studied Chromalveolates showed this pattern. Sulpholipids counterbalanced phosphatidylglycerol only in Picochlorum atomus. In all other species, both lipids decreased simultaneously under phosphorus deprivation, although sulpholipids declined more slowly. Phosphorus deprivation always induced a decrease in digalactosyl‐diacylglycerol. However, the ratio of digalactosyl‐diacylglycerol to total phospholipids increased in eight species and remained unchanged in Isochrysis galbana.

Marine phytoplankton seems to have evolved a diversified mechanism for remodelling its lipid class profile under the influence of phosphorus, with cryptophytes and particularly haptophytes exhibiting previously unobserved lipid responses to phosphorus.