bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected At-Planting Insecticide Treatments, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), and T-banded granules (T-BAND) were compared to that of an untreated control. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.1% organic matter) on 23 Mar with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 2 May by sampling 20 plants in each plot. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was determined on 23 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 16 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Ovicide Combinations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: Klein C. D. , Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 5 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 6 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 4 Jul, 23 Jul and 11 Aug with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 10.6 gpa at 30 psi using Teejet TXVS-8 nozzles on 20 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 4 DAT by whole plant examination of 10 row ft in the center of each plot.
Evaluation of Gaucho Cotton Seed Treatment in Mississippi, 1994
Authors: Reed lack T. , Jackson C. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Five seed treatments were compared with Temik 15G (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) and an untreated check in 2 row plots replicated 8 times at the N.E. Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS. Seed was planted in Marrietta Silt Loam soil on 13 May at a depth of 1 inch. It rained 0.03 inches shortly following planting and 0.5 and 1.4 inches on 14 and 15 May, respectively. Emergence was through a packed seed bed. After emergence, phytotoxicity was rated by separately rating yellow, white and red coloration from 0 (none) to 5 (all plants in the row with coloration) and averaging the 3 ratings. Plants were sampled for thrips by destructively sampling 5 plants/treatment/replicate and washing the thrips from the plants for counting by use of a dissection microscope. Plant height was recorded by measuring 5 plants/plot from the cotyledonary node to the apical meristem. Adult thrips identification was made with the use of a dissection microscope. These preliminary identifications were verified by mounting some thrips on microscope slides for identification using phase-contrast microscopy. Yield was measured by hand picking 20 row-feet in each row (2 rows for 3 replicates and 1 row for 5 replicates because of weather) 17 to 24 Oct. There was an area comprising 2 plots in each replicate in which the cotton was noticeably shorter late in the season than the rest of the plots in the trial. Because yield and plant height were linearly related (weight = -0.541 + 0.104*height; R2 = 0.43, P &lt; 0.000), yield was analyzed by analysis of covariance with plant height at picking as the covariant.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil Applied Preplant Incorporated, 1994
Authors: Bernhardt J. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three rates of fipronil (EXP60655A 1.5G) applied preplant and lightly incorporated were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7 inch row spacing) × 16 ft. Rice was drill-seeded in a Crowley silt loam at 110 lb/acre 12 May and emerged 20 May. Fipronil was applied broadcast with a hand shaker and lightly incorporated with a hand rake on 12 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre each and bentazon at 1 lb (AI)/acre were applied 1 Jun. Permanent flood was applied on 13 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 120 lb/acre on 13 Jun and 30 lb/acre each on 15 and 26 Jul. Furadan 3G was applied broadcast with a hand shaker on 20 Jun. On 5 and 12 Jul five 4 × 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil was washed from plant roots into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows × 12 feet of plots were harvested on 27 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Evaluation of Selected Formulations of Bacillus Thur1Ngiensis for Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1991
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 4 Jun at about 10 seeds/ft. Immediately after planting, plots were treated with 2 pt Dual + 1 qt Roundup + % pt Scepter per acre. Soybeans emerged 10 Jun. On 29 Aug (when defoliator insect populations began increasing and plants were R3) treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle boom sprayer (800067 tips) in a finished spray of 13.1 gal/acre. Conditions were ideal for spraying—no wind. Deionized water (pH 5.5) was used to dilute the treatments. Two day pre-application and 5, 12, 19, and 26 d post-application samples of insects were taken. Each sample consisted of shaking soybean plants along 6 ft of row over a vertical beat sheet. Insects were shaken and brushed from the vertical beat sheet into a plastic bag which was frozen for later inspection of the contents. One sample (6 ft of sampled row) was taken from each plot on each sample date. Precipitation from time of application to last sample date was 4.22 inches. In addition, 2 d before and 5, 12, 19, and 26 d after application, 15 leaflets (5 each from top, middle, and bottom third of canopy) were randomly removed from each plot and taken to the lab where estimates of % defoliation were recorded by comparing leaflets with templates of leaflets of known defoliation. At maturity 120 ft of row in each plot was harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect count data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by DMRT at the 5% level.
Cutworm and Flea Beetle Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA to evaluate TFB and CW control on newly transplanted tobacco with soil applications of fosthiazate and Lorsban and a transplant water (TPW) application of Orthene. Four treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 20 ft (1 row × 13 plants), were separated by single untreated border rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of fosthiazate and Lorsban were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer that delivered at 48 gal/acre and 30 psi through 8004LP tips and immediately incorporated by tilling on 8 Sep. The soil was relatively dry when the chemicals were applied. The test plots were bedded on 9 Sep. The Orthene TPW treatment was applied in 180 gal solution/acre using a hand transplanter at transplanting. ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 12 Sep and a second group of plants were transplanted between the original plants on 16 Sep. CW were collected within 2 wks of transplanting under clumps of discarded tobacco leaves located around the margins of fields of mature tobacco. Cutworms were stored in moist sand with tobacco leaves for food at about 50°F. CW were sorted by size and species so that treatments within blocks would receive larvae of similar size and species. Individual CW were placed in the soil about 3 inches from 10 plants in each plot immediately after the first planting. No additional CW were released after the second planting. The test was irrigated with 0.25 inch immediately after transplanting and 1.0 inch on 16 Sep. The number of plants damaged and cut by CW were counted in each plot and each transplanting date on 17 and 23 Sep. TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/transplanting date/plot on 26 Sep. On 23, 26 and 29 Sep, TFB damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no feeding damage and 10 = very severe damage. Tobacco plants were dug up on 29 Sep, weighed, and rated for TFB damage. CW injury was analyzed within each transplanting date. TFB data and seedling weights were combined over the two transplanting dates. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100).
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson III William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA to evaluate various foliar insecticides for tobacco aphid control and to determine the resulting effects on the yield and price of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco ‘K326’ was transplanted into experimental plots on 11 May. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row on 28 Jun and 1 Aug. Temperatures ranged from 85-88 and 85-89°F when the treatments were being applied on 28 Jun and 1 Aug, respectively. Aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot on each sample date. Aphid damage was rated on a scale of 0-10 where 0 = no injury and 10 = very severe injury. Except for insect control, flue-cured tobacco production methods followed recommendations by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened. It was cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Price was based on 1994 market prices for the assigned grades. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated using ANOVA and WD test (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10(X + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Rate and Placement Effects on Soil Insecticide Performance Against Wireworms in Peat Soil, 1994
Authors: Ostlie K. , Savoie R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We investigated the performance of Force 3G against wireworms near Winsted, MN, in a replant situation. The first corn planting in this depressional area with Muskego muck soil suffered over 95% stand reduction. Plots, measuring 4 rows (30 inch spacing) × 600 ft, were planted at 26,100 seeds/ acre on 9 Jun using a John Deere 7100 planter. Force treatments included the factorial combinations of 2 placements (ahead of presswheel, infurrow) and 2 rates (3 and 4 oz product per 1000 row feet). The soil insecticide was applied with modified Noble units calibrated at 4 mph. The seed treatment, Kernel Guard, was applied to seed before planting. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Surviving stand was evaluated on 14 Jul by evaluating live plants in each plot.
Evaluation of Beneficial Nematodes and Conventional Insecticides to Manage Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass at the Valentine Turfgrass Research Center, University Park, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatment plots were 10 × 8 ft, arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002 TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 8 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 1.146 gal/1,000 ft2 (347 ml/80 ft2). At treatment time one (16 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 35.7% sand, 41.2% silt, 23.2% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.7%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.6; and partly cloudy skies. The area was irrigated with 0.2 inch of water immediately after treatment (16 Aug). The total number of fresh active (BCW) feeding holes observed on the surface of each replicate (80 ft2) were recorded on 26 Aug (10 DAT). Observations on dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett) suppression activity were recorded by counting the total number of dollar spot damaged areas on each 80 ft2 replicate. An average of 15.0/80 ft2 BCW were recorded on 16 Aug prior to treatment.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Turcam 76W and Vector Grub on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. , Silcox C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Two ft untreated barriers were placed between each treatment replicate. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2.2 gal water. At treatment time one (26 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.1% sand, 47.5% silt, 30.3% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil moisture (oven baked), 23.5%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.0; and partly-cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment one the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. At treatment time two (16 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.1% sand, 47.5% silt, 30.3% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil moisture (oven baked), 33.6%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.0; and partly-cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment two the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 42 DAT (7 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Entomopafhogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae formulated as Exhibit) were applied at a rate of 1 billion nematodes per acre on one of three dates (18 Apr, 2, or 16 May) to plots which were 20 ft wide and 80 ft long. Plots were replicated 4 times in a CRB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY consisting primarily of annual bluegrass (40%) and creeping bentgrass (60%) maintained at 0.5 inch mowing height. All materials were applied using a Toro boom sprayer set to deliver 50 gal/acre. The entire test area received 0.25 inch irrigation ca. 1 h after application on each date. Conditions at the time of application: 18 Apr—soil temp, 45°F, air temp, 72°F, water temp, 44°F, sunny, light breeze; 2 May—soil temp, 55°F, air temp, 60°F, water temp, 52°F, gusty NW wind (5-20 mph); 16 May— soil temp, 63°F, air temp, 72°F, water temp, 60°F, steady west wind (5-10 mph). Product efficacy was evaluated on 13 Jun by removing 12 cores (1.85 inch diam, 1.5 inch deep) from the left side of each plot and 12 cores from near the center of each plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 20% early instars (lst-3rd), 25% 4th instar, 45% 5th instar, and 10% pupae.
Subsurface Applications for Control of Annual White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of ⅝ inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained at approximately 16% by weight, throughout the study. Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 24 Aug 1994 using a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place liquid insecticide treatments at the soil-thatch interface (avg depth 0.75 inches). Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Post-treatment precipitation totaled 0.42 inches. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 14 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the no. of surviving grubs. Pretreatment counts indicated 10-40 SMC/ft2 with 80-90% in the third instar stage in the test area.
Early Summer Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Imidacloprid Formulations on a Golf Course Tee in Centre County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2 gal water. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (5 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 61°F; RH, 68%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.5% sand, 41.4% silt, 22.1% clay; organic matter, 5.2%; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.1; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.0; and heavily overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area received 0.375 inches natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 8 Sep (65 DAT). Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Evaluation of Vector WG for Control of White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, WV, 1994
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Vector WG (Steinernema glaseri = biosys #326) bulk liquid was applied as a split application of 0.5 billion per acre (each application) at two wk apart to the same plots for a total of 1.0 billion per acre. Plots were 18 × 100 ft arranged in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a Cushman Truckster sprayer using 136 gal. per acre. Soil type: silt loam (sand 21%, silt 60%, clay 19%). Soil pH 5.5. Thatch layer about ¼ to ⅜ inches. First application applied 11 Aug between 0810 and 0820 h and second on 25 Aug between 0835 and 0840 h. Environmental conditions were: (First application) air temperature, 21°C; RH, 81%; 100% cloud cover; soil temperature, 20°C (1 inch), 21°C (surface), soil moist; pretreatment irrigation about 3/s inches; posttreatment about % inches about 25 min after application; (Second application) air temperature, 19.5°C; RH, 83%; about 10% cloud cover; soil temperature, 20°C (1 inch), 20.5°C (surface), soil moist; no pretreatment irrigation; posttreatment about V* inch about 30 min after application. Pretreatment population counts (28 Jul) averaged 59.6 larvae/ft2 (100% Japanese beetle). Plots were sampled with a cup changer (4.25 inches diameter) to a depth of 2-3 inches (12 samples per plot).
Western Flower Thrips on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Spring 1994
Authors: Cesnik R. , Oetting R. D. , Gardner W. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse on 12 Jan. Fourteen wk later, all plants were in bud to early flowering stages of growth and were infested with western flower thrips at an average density of 15/flower. Five pots containing 3 plants each were placed into cages (24 × 24 × 25.5 inch) to restrict movement of adult thrips. The study consisted of 3 treatments, replicated 3 times, in a RCB design with cages serving as individual plots. Treatments were applied at weekly intervals for 3 wk using a compressed-air sprayer operated at 30 to 35 psi. At treatment, plants were removed from the cages, sprayed to runoff outside the greenhouse, and returned to the cage after the spray had dried on the plant foliage. Tween 80® (10 ml/liter) was added to each treatment mix. Pre-treatment and weekly post-treatment samples were obtained by excising 3 randomly selected flowers from each pot and placing them immediately into 190-ml capacity plastic vials containing 80 ml of 70% ethanol. Each vial was shaken 10 times. The 3 flowers were then removed from the vial, rinsed with 70% ethanol into the vial, and discarded. The adult and immature thrips captured in the alcohol were enumerated.
Whitefly Control on Crabapple Trees, 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twenty 30-inch-tall Crabapple trees were planted in 3 gal plastic pots and grown in a greenhouse at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. The trees were obtained free of whitefly in May but by late Jul were heavily infested. No precounts were taken. The Marathon treatments were incorporated into the soil on 27 Jul. The Tame/Orthene treatment was applied as a foliar spray to runoff on 27 Jul, 3 Aug, and 12 Aug with an R&D CO2 sprayer at 20 psi with an 8003 flat fan nozzle. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Postcounts were made on 25 Aug and 30 Sep. The 25 Aug counts were taken by removing 4 old and 4 new leaves from each tree and counting the no. of whitefly immatures and pupae in 4.5 cm2 per leaf. The 30 Sep sample was taken by removing 2 old and 2 new leaves per plant and counting the no. of whitefly larvae in an area of 1.1 cm2 on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. The no. in the table have been converted to reflect the same amount of area observed for both sets of postcounts (5 cm2).