bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anthropic Principle: A Primer for Philosophers
Authors: Tipler Frank J. 
Published: January 2016

Let's begin with aDefinition: The Anthropic Principle is the drawing of scientific inferences from a consideration of Man's Place in Nature.There are various versions of the Anthropic Principle. The most conservative version of the Anthropic Principle is nothing but a systematic working out of the fact that the astrophysical (and other scientific) data we have is self-selected due to the fact that Homo sapiens is a particular type of intelligent being. This conservative version of the Anthropic Principle is called theWeak Anthropic Principle (WAP): The observed values of all physical quantities are not equally probable, but rather take on values restricted by the fact that these quantities are measured by a carbon-based intelligent life-form which spontaneously evolved on an earthlike planet around a G2 type star.Again, the Weak Anthropic Principle is just a warning to take into account a grandiose type of selection bias when interpreting data.
Independence from Future Theories: A Research Strategy in Quantum Theory
Authors: Rueger Alexander 
Published: January 2016

Renormalization in Quantum Field Theory (QFT) has frequently been regarded, by philosophers as well as by scientists, as an exemplary case of bad methodological behavior. The feeling that renormalization was somehow an illegitimate way to extract results, an ad hoc maneuver without an independent rationale, was (and is) common among physicists and philosophers, who wonder, at the same time, about the unprecedented accuracy of the empirical results achieved by the illegitimate method. Teller (1989) has recently tried to dispel the air of illegitimacy around this technique. His lucid presentation, however, leaves one wondering why any sufficiently well-informed person could ever have thought of renormalization as an ad hoc move.Part of the reason, I think, is that renormalization — or so the common view goes — came to the rescue of a sadly lingering theory, the pre-1947 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). A theory with such a bad record of solved empirical and conceptual problems could simply not be correct.
How the Models of Chemistry Vie
Authors: Hofmann James R. 
Published: January 2016

Recent work by historians and philosophers has called attention to the complexity of modern experimental physics and its intricate relation to interpretive and explanatory theory (Franklin 1987, Hacking 1983, Galison 1987 and 1989, Pickering 1984 and 1987). One point of general agreement has been that the contexts of discovery and justification often significantly overlap and do not uniformly correlate with experiment and theory. Instead, intended applications, instrumentation, experiment, phenomenological description, explicative models, and explanatory theory all act both as incentives and as constraints during the production of scientific knowledge. The present paper investigates how one node of this network operates in the domain of solid state physics and chemistry. In particular, a case study analysis of how models function in transition metal oxide research provides ample support for several conclusions.First, it must be emphasized that the term “theory” can have misleading connotations in this domain if it is allowed to imply a single and foundational level of explanatory generality.
Island Biogeography, Species-Area Curves, and Statistical Errors: Applied Biology and Scientific Rationality
Authors: Shrader-Frechette Kristin S. 
Published: January 2016

In 1986-1987, a number of ecologists were involved in a dispute over design of wildlife reserves and species losses resulting from deforestation. The battle was played out largely in the pages of the Ecological Society of America Bulletin. The most focused aspect of the controversy began in August 1986 when P. C. Kangas gave a paper at the meetings of the Fourth International Congress of Ecology, held in Syracuse, New York.Using data on trees in Costa Rica and the “objective approach” of species-area curves, Kangas argued that extinction rates due to deforestation in the tropics are actually much lower than most other researchers have alleged (Kangas 1986, p. 194). Ecologists in the audience disagreed with Kangas’ claim that extinction rates were indeed lower, complained that his questionable results would be used to justify more rapid and widespread deforestation, and claimed to have “sharply trounced his [Kangas’] arguments” (Noss 1986, pp. 278-279).
Mapping Ecologists’ Ecologies of Knowledge
Authors: Taylor Peter J. 
Published: January 2016

Ecologists, particularly those who consider socially generated effects in the environment, grapple with complex, changing situations. Historians, sociologists and philosophers studying the construction of science likewise attempt to account for (or discount) a wide variety of influences, which make up what historian Charles Rosenberg has called “ecologies of knowledge” (Rosenberg 1988). This paper introduces a graphic methodology, mapping, designed to assist researchers at both levels—in science and in science studies—to work with the complexity of their material. By analyzing the implications and limitations of mapping, I aim to contribute to an ecological approach to the philosophy of science. Let me start with two diagrams to open up the territory I will be exploring.Dansereau’s diagram (Fig. 1) conveys a dynamic equilibrium of energy and resource import, export, flows up a trophic hierarchy, and down again to exert control over lower levels in an ecosystem (Dansereau 1973).
“From the Phenomena of Motions to the Forces of Nature”: Hypothesis or Deduction?
Authors: Stein Howard 
Published: January 2016

There is a passage in Hume’s Enquiry concerning Human Understanding that I have always found striking and rather charming. It concerns a metaphysical theory that Hume regards as bizarre; and he offers two philosophical arguments in its confutation. It is the first of these that I have in mind:First, [he says,] It seems to me, that this theory… is too bold ever to carry conviction with it to a man, sufficiently apprized of the weakness of human reason, and the narrow limits, to which it is confined in all its operations. Though the chain of arguments, which conduct to it, were ever so logical, there must arise a strong suspicion, if not an absolute assurance, that it has carried us quite beyond the reach of our faculties, when it leads to conclusions so extraordinary, and so remote from common life and experience.
Some Complexities of Experimental Evidence
Authors: Morrison Margaret 
Published: January 2016

Traditional accounts of the relationship between experimental evidence and hypotheses have been challenged in the recent work of Hacking (1983), Galison (1987), and Franklin (1986,1990). These authors have pointed to the independent aspects of the experimental tradition and forced us to rethink the view that experiment is simply the handmaid of theory. As a result we have come to recognize the tremendous intricacies involved in theory testing and experimentation and have come to appreciate the various ways experiment shapes scientific practice.In what follows I want to extend this discussion by taking a closer look at the way in which theories are supported by empirical evidence. In addition to the traditional testing model the method of deduction from phenomena, made famous by Newton, is also thought to furnish experimental evidence insofar as the theory itself is supposedly deduced from empirical data.
Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and EPR
Authors: Clifton Robert , Pagonis Constantine , Pitowsky Itamar 
Published: January 2016

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument for the incompleteness of quantum mechanics involves two assumptions: one about locality and the other about when it is legitimate to infer the existence of an element-of-reality. Using one simple thought experiment, we argue that quantum predictions and the relativity of simultaneity require that both these assumptions fail, whether or not quantum mechanics is complete.EPR’s (1935) argument for the incompleteness of QM turns upon the following sufficient condition:“If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with probability equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of physical reality corresponding to this physical quantity.“EPR apply this condition in a case where knowledge gained from measuring one quantum system allows one to predict with certainty a value for a physical quantity on another.
Kings and Prisoners (and Aces)
Authors: Sobel Jordan Howard 
Published: January 2016

What we make of information we come to have should take into account that we have come to have it, and how we think we have come to have itI relate this homily to several puzzles. In one, three cards, of which I know one is a king, lie face-down. After I select, without inspecting, a card and bet that it is a king, you reveal that a certain other card is not a king. I wonder what this does to my chances on that bet. In another puzzle I am one of three prisoners and learn that one of us will be released. Then I learn that a certain other prisoner will not be released. Again I wonder what this does to my chances.
Jacques Monod’s Scientific Analysis and Its Reductionistic Interpretation
Authors: Spassov Spas 
Published: January 2016

Ever since the publication of his biophilosophical ideas in the early seventies, Jacques Monod has always been criticized quite severely for his old-fashioned philosophical reductionism. These numerous critiques have created a picture of an eminent scientist whose philosophical considerations are founded on the mechanistic worldview of Cartesian metaphysics, a view which is completely unacceptable to contemporary philosophers. Today it is the usual practice to cite Monod as one of the strongest and most radical reductionists in modem biology.Monod’s biophilosophical conception arose at a moment when vigorous discussions on reductionism followed the great successes of molecular biology. His ideas were criticized namely for their strongly reductionistic interpretation of biological knowledge, and for their mechanistic model of life which, as Monod believed, reflected the spirit of modem science.
The Bohmian Model of Quantum Cosmology
Authors: Callender Craig , Weingard Robert 
Published: January 2016

Philosophers of science have not paid much attention to recent
developments in quantum cosmology. This fact is surprising, since quantum
cosmology is replete with conceptual issues involving (e.g.) the fundamental
nature of time and space, the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the
ultimate meaning of probability. One notable exception, Quentin Smith, has
recently examined the Hartle-Hawking (1983) proposal. Trying to make sense
of the view, he resorts to an instrumentalist picture, which treats the
proposal as merely a heuristic device for the algorithm responsible for
predictions. While we do not examine Smith's account here, we would like to
contrast it with the model presented in this note, in which a fully
realistic interpretation of quantum cosmology is developed.
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the de Broglie-Bohm
causal interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar 
Published: January 2016

Since Professor Marti has been in Europe for the past year and expects to stay there for another year, Professor Bradner has agreed to join the Executive Committee, first as an acting member and later as a regular member. This Committee has held three meetings since October 1954.The place of Miss Sanford as a member of the Editorial Board and as Section Editor for Latin Commentaries of the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries has been filled by Professor Revilo P. Oliver of the University of Illinois.
Aspartyl Protease-Mediated Cleavage of BAG6 Is Necessary for Autophagy and Fungal Resistance in Plants
Authors: Li Yurong , Kabbage Mehdi , Liu Wende , Dickman Martin B. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG) family is an evolutionarily conserved group of cochaperones that modulate numerous cellular processes. Previously we found that Arabidopsis thaliana BAG6 is required for basal immunity against the fungal phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. However, the mechanisms by which BAG6 controls immunity are obscure. Here, we address this important question by determining the molecular mechanisms responsible for BAG6-mediated basal resistance. We show that Arabidopsis BAG6 is cleaved in vivo in a caspase-1-like-dependent manner and via a combination of pull-downs, mass spectrometry, yeast two-hybrid assays, and chemical genomics, we demonstrate that BAG6 interacts with a C2 GRAM domain protein (BAGP1) and an aspartyl protease (APCB1), both of which are required for BAG6 processing. Furthermore, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy established that BAG6 cleavage triggers autophagy in the host that coincides with disease resistance. Targeted inactivation of BAGP1 or APCB1 results in the blocking of BAG6 processing and loss of resistance. Mutation of the cleavage site blocks cleavage and inhibits autophagy in plants; disease resistance is also compromised. Taken together, these results identify a mechanism that couples an aspartyl protease with a molecular cochaperone to trigger autophagy and plant defense, providing a key link between fungal recognition and the induction of cell death and resistance.
Radio spectrum for the internet of things
Authors: Forge Simon 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
The aim of this paper is to consider whether it is possible to identify the future spectrum bands most suitable for the Internet of Things (IoT) from the operating factors of a novel set of radio services for a very wide range of applications, as an aid to policy makers now facing decisions in this area.

Design/methodology/approach
The approach uses characteristics of spectrum bands against the applications’ requirements to focus on specific major traits that can be matched.

Findings
The main choice factors for spectrum are the practical application needs and the network cost model, and these are fairly useful as matching parameters. It is forecast that multiple bands will be needed and that these should be of a licence-exempt form to seed the unfettered innovation of IoT technologies and pre-empt the formation of significant market power by concerned interests.

Practical implications
The way in which spectrum is allocated today will need to be reconsidered, in the light of evolving IoT requirements, which will have increasing economic and social impacts. Policy recommendations for IoT spectrum demands are outlined, and key policy options to ensure a dynamic and trustworthy development of the IoT are put forward. For instance, regulatory barriers globally will need to be removed.

Originality/value
Current interests in the technical requirements of the IoT have not yet given a suitable analysis of the potential spectrum uses, because too often, it is assumed that previous models of spectrum allocation will continue in the future, without consideration of the economic pressures and social context.
Effects of ball bond diameter on wire bond reliability for automotive application
Authors: Peng Hui Yuen , Devarajan Mutharasu , Lee Teik Toon , Lacey David 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reliability of wire bonds with three varying ball bond diameters, which are ball bonded with three different sizes of gold wires in light-emitting diode (LED) package under high-temperature environment. In automotive applications, “lifted ball bond” issue is a potential critical point for LED device reliability, as the wire bonds are usually stressed under high operating temperature during their lifetime. Moreover, the reliability of wire bonds in recent LED production has fallen under scrutiny due to the practice of reducing wire diameters to cut down production costs.

Design/methodology/approach
– Three gold wires with sizes of 2, 1.5 and 1 mm were ball bonded on the LED chip bond pad via thermosonic wire bonding method to produce three different ball bond diameters, that is, 140, 120 and 100 μm, respectively. The reliability of these wire bond samples was then studied by performing isothermal aging at 200°C for the time interval of 30, 100 and 500 hours. To validate hypotheses based on the experimental data, COMSOL Multiphysics simulation was also applied to study the thermal stress distribution of wire bond under an elevated temperature.

Findings
– Experimental results show that the interfacial adhesion of wire bond degrades significantly after aging at 200°C for 500 hours, and the rate of interfacial degradation was found to be more rapid in the wire bond with smaller ball bond diameter. Experimental results also show that ball bonds randomly elongate along an axis and deforms into elliptical shapes after isothermal aging, and ball bonds with smaller diameters develop more obvious elongations. This observation has not been reported in any previous studies. Simulation results show that higher thermal stress is induced in the wire bond with the decrease of ball bond diameter.

Practical implications
– The reliability study of this paper provides measurements and explanation on the effects of wire diameter downsizing in wire bonds for automotive application. This is applicable as a reliability reference for industries who intend to reduce their production costs. Other than that, the analysis method of thermal stresses using COMSOL Multiphysics simulations can be extended by other COMSOL Multiphysics users in the future.

Originality/value
– To resolve “lifted ball bond” issue, optimization of the bond pad surface quality and the wire bond parameter has been studied and reported in many studies, but the influence of ball bond diameter on wire bond reliability is rarely focused. Moreover, the observation of ball bonds randomly elongate and deform more into elliptical shape, and ball bond with smaller diameter has the highest elongation after isothermal aging also still has not been reported in any previous studies.
Biological processes in solar lentigo: insights brought by experimental models
Authors: Goorochurn Ranesha , Viennet Cécline , Granger Corinne , Fanian Ferial , Varin‐Blank Nadine , Roy Christine Le , Humbert Philippe 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCommon in ageing patient, the solar lentigo is a macular hyperpigmented skin lesion that results from chronic exposure to ultraviolet irradiations. Despite sharing numerous features with other pigmented spots, the diagnostic of this benign lesion is well characterized at the tissue level. Recent studies shed lights on several factors and their pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of the solar lentigo. This review summarizes how diverse experimental approaches allowed the identification of several biomarkers, which contribute to a better understanding on the initiation and the maintenance of this pigmentary disorder.
Glutathione levels in plasma, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid after periodontal therapy in obese and normal weight individuals
Authors: Öngöz Dede F. , Bozkurt Doğan Ş. , Balli U. , Avci B. , Durmuşlar M. C. , Baratzade T. 
Published: January 2016

Background and objectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity on reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid, plasma and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis and to evaluate the changes after nonsurgical periodontal therapy.Material and methodsThe study included 60 patients: 30 patients with chronic periodontitis (15 obese patients and 15 normal weight patients) and 30 healthy control subjects (15 obese patients and 15 normal weight patients). Gingival crevicular fluid, plasma and saliva samples were collected, and clinical periodontal measurements were recorded at baseline and at the first month after periodontal therapy from patients with chronic periodontitis. GSH and GSSG levels were analyzed with spectrophotometry.ResultsThe GSH levels in the plasma, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in obese individuals with chronic periodontitis were lower than in normal weight individuals at baseline (p < 0.01). There was a significant difference in the GSH/GSSG ratio in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid between the obese and normal weight groups at baseline (p < 0.01). The GSH levels in plasma, gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were significantly increased in both chronic periodontitis groups after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (p < 0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between GSH levels in saliva, plasma and gingival crevicular fluid in all groups (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe study revealed that obesity in patients with chronic periodontitis is associated with decreased GSH levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Moreover, nonsurgical periodontal therapy may be helpful for improvement in glutathione values in obese and normal weight individuals with chronic periodontitis.
A Sociology of Foreign Aid and the World Society
Authors: Swiss Liam 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article highlights an emerging research agenda for the study of foreign aid through a World Society theory lens. First, it briefly summarizes the social scientific literature on aid and sociologists' earlier contributions to this research. Next, it reviews the contours of world society research and the place of aid within this body of literature. Finally, it outlines three emergent threads of research on foreign aid that comprise a new research agenda for the sociology of foreign aid and its role in world society globalization.
The Problem of Carbapenemase-Producing-Carbapenem-Resistant-Enterobacteriaceae Detection
Authors: Lutgring Joseph D. , Limbago Brandi M. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

The emergence and spread of carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
(CP-CRE) are a significant clinical and public health concern. Reliable detection of CP-CRE is the first step in combating this problem. There are both phenotypic and molecular methods available for CP-CRE detection. There is no single detection method that is ideal for all situations.