bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported oral behaviour habits in hyperdivergent and normodivergent facial types
Authors: Antoun J. S. , Thomson W. M. , Merriman T. R. , Farella M. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe relationship between facial morphology and jaw function remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in self‐reported oral behaviour habits between individuals with normodivergent and hyperdivergent facial types. Some 80 cases and controls were individually matched on age, sex ethnicity and treatment stage. The participants were recruited from an orthodontic clinic, and included both adolescents and adults. Habitual oral activity was assessed using the Oral Behaviour Checklist (OBC) based on their experiences in the past 4 weeks. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. The sample had a mean age of 17·2 years (SD = 4·6; range = 12–49 years), and was predominantly female (65·0%) and of New Zealand European origin (91·3%). The prevalence of reporting one or more frequently performed habitual muscular behaviour in either study group was over 85% (P > 0·05). There was no difference in total OBC score between the hyperdivergent (25·6; SD: 9·0) and normodivergent group (25·3; SD: 9·9). Moreover, there was no difference in the prevalence of either nocturnal or daytime oral behaviours between the two groups. While this study did not include any objective measures of functional or habitual activity, we found no differences in self‐reported oral behaviour habits between normodivergent and hyperdivergent individuals. The findings do not support an association between vertical facial form and habitual muscular activity.
Enterprise Risk Management and Default Risk: Evidence from the Banking Industry
Authors: Lundqvist Sara A. , Vilhelmsson Anders 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTEnterprise risk management (ERM) has emerged as a framework for more holistic and integrated risk management with an emphasis on enhanced governance of the risk management system. ERM should theoretically reduce the volatility of cash flows, agency risk, and information risk—ultimately reducing a firm's default risk. We empirically investigate the relationship between the degree of ERM implementation and default risk in a panel data set covering 78 of the world's largest banks. We create a novel measure of the degree of ERM implementation. We find that a higher degree of ERM implementation is negatively related to the credit default swap (CDS) spread of a bank. When a rich set of control variables and fixed effects are included, a one‐standard‐deviation increase in the degree of ERM implementation decreases CDS spreads by 21 basis points. The degree of ERM implementation is, however, not a significant determinant of credit ratings when controls for corporate governance are included.
PLACE‐BASED ATTRIBUTES AND SPATIAL EXPENDITURE BEHAVIOR IN TOURISM
Authors: Bernini Cristina , Cracolici Maria Francesca , Nijkamp Peter 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTIn recent discussions on local sustainable development, notions like “local for local” and “home bias” have often played a role. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether preferences for specific place‐based attributes might constrain or support tourism participation and tourism destination choice of distinct socioeconomic groups of visitors. To test this proposition, a large data set from the Italian Households Budget Survey for the period 1997–2007 has been used and, by means of the double‐hurdle model, tourism participation and expenditure are modeled over the life‐cycle of tourists. These data are next merged with location‐specific attributes including natural amenities and infrastructural and regional‐economic context variables. Our results show that location‐specific or place‐based characteristics affect intra‐ and interregional tourism differently, as well as destination choices. Regional differences between residents in two different macroareas in Italy (North and Center‐South) are investigated. Location‐specific characteristics may be either push or constraint factors for tourism participation. For families living in the North, participation in the tourism market is supported by the tourist characteristics of their home region. For families living in the central and southern regions however, economic conditions of the area where they reside appear to be more significant.
Health professional and community perspectives on reducing barriers to accessing specialist health care in metropolitan Aboriginal communities: A semi‐structured interview study
Authors: Young Christian , Tong Allison , Gunasekera Hasantha , Sherriff Simone , Kalucy Deanna , Fernando Peter , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: October 2016

AimTo describe the perspectives of health professionals and communities on an innovative health service delivery project, Hearing EAr health and Language Services (HEALS). HEALS was a government funded initiative to improve access to specialist ear, nose and throat and speech pathology services for Aboriginal families living in metropolitan areas.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 21 health‐care professionals (clinicians, health service managers and Aboriginal health workers) and 16 care givers of children who participated in HEALS. Interviews took place at four Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services in metropolitan Australia or by telephone. Interview transcripts were analysed thematically.ResultsWe identified five major themes: leveraging partnerships (building on collaborative research, integrating and expanding existing networks, engaging the Aboriginal community), intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (seizing opportunities for altruism, empowered by collegiality, taking pride in achievements), removing common barriers (circumventing waiting times and cost, providing culturally appropriate services, raising awareness), strategic service delivery (proactive service delivery, encouraging flexibility and innovation, offering convenience and support), and service shortfall (pressured timeframes, desire for more sustainable services).Conclusion
HEALS facilitated improved health‐care access by providing prompt, no‐cost services that were strategically targeted to address multiple barriers. HEALS’ model of care was built upon strong pre‐existing research partnerships, the knowledge and support of five Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services, and the willingness and motivation of local health‐care professionals to help Close the Gap. HEALS highlights the importance of tailoring health services to the needs of Aboriginal families, and provides a framework for other health service delivery initiatives.
Effect of dietary fish oil on fatty acid deposition and expression of cholesterol homeostasis controlling genes in the liver and plasma lipid profile: comparison of two animal models
Authors: Komprda T. , Rozíková V. , Zamazalová N. , Škultéty O. , Vícenová M. , Trčková M. , Faldyna M. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to compare hepatic fatty acid deposition, plasma lipid level and expression of cholesterol homeostasis controlling genes in the liver of rats (Wistar Albino; n = 32) and pigs (Large White × Landrace; n = 32) randomly assigned into two groups of 16 animals each and fed 10 weeks the diet with either 2.5% of fish oil (F; source of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, EPA+DHA) or 2.5% of palm oil (P; high content of saturated fatty acids; control). F‐rats deposited in the liver three times less EPA, but 1.3 times more DHA than F‐pigs (p < 0.05). Dietary fish oil relative to palm oil increased PPARα and SREBP‐2 gene expression much strongly (p < 0.01) in the pig liver in comparison with the rat liver, but expression of Insig‐1 and Hmgcr genes in the liver of the F‐pigs relative to the expression of these genes in the liver of the P‐pigs was substantially lower (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively) as compared to rats. When plasma lipid concentration in the F‐animals was expressed as a ratio of the plasma concentration in the P‐counterparts, dietary fish oil decreased HDL cholesterol less (p < 0.01), but LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols more (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively) in rats than in pigs: more favourable effect of fish oil on rat plasma lipids in comparison with pigs can therefore be concluded. Concentration of total cholesterol and both its fractions in the rat plasma was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with hepatic DHA, but also with unsaturated myristic and palmitic acid respectively. It has been concluded that regarding the similarity of the plasma lipid levels to humans, porcine model can be considered superior; however, using this model, dietary fish oil at the tested amount (2.5%) was not able to improve plasma lipid markers in comparison with saturated palm oil.
Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs
Authors: Willems A. , Paepe D. , Marynissen S. , Smets P. , Van de Maele I. , Picavet P. , Duchateau L. , Daminet S. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThere is a growing interest in health care of elderly dogs; however, scientific information about physical and laboratory examination findings in this age group is limited.ObjectivesTo describe systolic blood pressure (SBP), and results of physical examination and laboratory tests in senior and geriatric dogs that were judged by the owner to be healthy.AnimalsHundred client‐owned dogs.MethodsDogs were prospectively recruited. Owners completed a questionnaire.SBPmeasurement, physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, direct fundoscopy and Schirmer tear test were performed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated.ResultsForty‐one senior and 59 geriatric dogs were included. MeanSBPwas 170 ± 38 mmHg, and 53 dogs hadSBP> 160 mmHg. Thirty‐nine animals were overweight. A heart murmur was detected in 22, severe calculus in 21 and 1 or more (sub)cutaneous masses in 56 dogs. Thirty‐two dogs had increased serum creatinine, 29 hypophosphatemia, 27 increasedALP, 25 increasedALT, and 23 leukopenia. Crystalluria, mostly amorphous crystals, was commonly detected (62/96). Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were detected in 13 and 18 of 97 dogs, respectively. Four dogs had a positive urine bacterial culture. Frequency of orthopedic problems, frequency of (sub)cutaneous masses, and platelet count were significantly higher in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Body temperature, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum total thyroxine concentration were significantly lower in geriatric compared with senior dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePhysical and laboratory abnormalities are common in apparently healthy elderly dogs. Veterinarians play a key role in implementing health screening and improving health care for elderly pets.
The impact of hepatitis C virus outside the liver: Evidence from Asia
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , Tanaka Atsushi , Eguchi Yuichiro , Lim Young‐Suk , Yu Ming‐Lung , Kawada Norifumi , Dan Yock Young , Brooks‐Rooney Craig , Negro Francesco , Mondelli Mario U. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBetween 80 and 115 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus, with 60%‐90% of these being undiagnosed. Untreated chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with progressive liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver‐related mortality. A number of extrahepatic manifestations are also reported in CHC patients, further adding to the burden of the disease. CHC also impacts patients in terms of lower health‐related quality of life, higher levels of fatigue and reduced productivity. Furthermore, the later stages of disease are costly for both healthcare systems and society. Pegylated‐interferon (PEG‐IFN)+ribavirin (RBV), for many years the mainstay of treatment, leads to sustained virological response (SVR) in 40%‐70% of patients. However, a substantial number of patients are ineligible for treatment, and many patients fail to achieve SVR with this regimen. Furthermore, PEG‐IFN+RBV leads to impairment of patient‐reported outcomes during treatment, and most patients suffer from adverse events, associated with poor adherence, treatment discontinuation and treatment failure. The approval of second‐generation direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) has revolutionized the treatment of CHC patients. All‐oral, PEG‐IFN and RBV‐free regimens have higher efficacy rates, shorter treatment durations, fewer adverse events, higher adherence rates and improvement in PROs from as early as Week 4, compared to PEG‐IFN+RBV regimens. The aim of this article is to review the evidence for HCV infection as a systemic disease, summarizing the impact of hepatitis C and its treatments on clinical, patient and economic outcomes, with a focus on data from Asia and Japan specifically.
Effects of sonochemical treatment on meteoritic nanodiamonds
Authors: Fisenko Anatolii V. , Verchovsky Sasha B. , Shiryaev Andrei A. , Semjonova Luba F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA nanodiamond‐rich fraction (NDF) separated from the Orgueil meteorite was subjected to a high‐intensity ultrasonic treatment in a weakly acidic aqueous solution. After sedimentation by centrifugation, two fractions of grains (suspension, designated as OD7C and sediment, designated as OD7D) with different properties have been obtained. The following effects of the sonication were revealed from comparison of the contents and isotope compositions of C, N, and Xe released during stepped pyrolysis and combustion of the fractions OD7C and OD7D, the initial NDF and two grain‐size fractions (OD10 and OD15) produced without sonication (a) surface layer of the sonicated diamond grains is modified to different extent in comparison with nontreated ones, (b) in some grains concentrations of the bulk N and Xe a reduced significantly, and (c) nondiamond nitrogen containing phases (e.g., Si3N4) have been destroyed. It is suggested that combined effects of the sonication and centrifugation observed for the fractions OD7C and OD7D are due to differences in surface chemistry of the nanodiamond grains, which statistically influences behavior of nanoparticles during the sonication resulting in their preferential modification in the different reaction zones of the cavitating fluid.
Geochemistry and petrology of howardite Miller Range 11100: A lithologically diverse piece of the Vestan regolith
Authors: Gregory Timothy , Joy Katherine Helen , Strekopytov Stanislav , Curran Natalie Mary 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe howardite‐eucrite‐diogenite (HED) clan of meteorites, which most likely originate from the asteroid Vesta, provide an opportunity to combine in‐depth sample analysis with the comprehensive remote‐sensing data set from NASA's recent Dawn mission. Miller Range (MIL) 11100, an Antarctic howardite, contains diverse rock and mineral fragments from common HED lithologies (diogenites, cumulate eucrites, and basaltic eucrites). It also contains a rare pyroxferroite‐bearing lithology—not recognized in HED until recently—and rare Mg‐rich (Fo86‐91) olivine crystals that possibly represent material excavated from the Vestan mantle. Clast components underwent different histories of thermal and impact metamorphism before being incorporated into this sample, reflecting the diversity in geological histories experienced by different parts of Vesta. The bulk chemical composition and petrography of MIL 11100 suggest that it is akin to the fragmental howardite meteorites. The strong lithological heterogeneity across this sample suggests that at least some parts of the Vestan regolith show heterogeneity on the mm‐scale. We combine the outcomes of this study with data from NASA's Dawn mission and hypothesize on possible source regions for this meteorite on the surface of Vesta.
How plasticity, genetic assimilation and cryptic genetic variation may contribute to adaptive radiations
Authors: Schneider Ralf F. , Meyer Axel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that phenotypic plasticity can promote population divergence by facilitating phenotypic diversification and, eventually, genetic divergence. When a ‘plastic’ population colonizes a new habitat, it has the possibility to occupy multiple niches by expressing several distinct phenotypes. These initially reflect the population's plastic range but may later become genetically fixed by selection via the process of ‘genetic assimilation’ (GA). Through this process multiple specialized sister lineages can arise that share a common plastic ancestor – the ‘flexible stem’. Here, we review possible molecular mechanisms through which natural selection could fix an initially plastic trait duringGA. These mechanisms could also explain howGAmay contribute to cryptic genetic variation that can subsequently be coopted into other phenotypes or traits, but also lead to nonadaptive responses. We outline the predicted patterns of genetic and transcriptional divergence accompanying flexible stem radiations. The analysis of such patterns of (retained) adaptive and nonadaptive plastic responses within and across radiating lineages can inform on the state of ongoingGA. We conclude that, depending on the stability of the environment, the molecular architecture underlying plastic traits can facilitate diversification, followed by fixation and consolidation of an adaptive phenotype and degeneration of nonadaptive ones. Additionally, the process ofGAmay increase the cryptic genetic variation of populations, which on one hand may serve as substrate for evolution, but on another may be responsible for nonadaptive responses that consolidate local allopatry and thus reproductive isolation.
Pooled ecotype sequencing reveals candidate genetic mechanisms for adaptive differentiation and reproductive isolation
Authors: Gould Billie A. , Chen Yani , Lowry David B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe early stages of speciation are often characterized by the formation of partially reproductively isolated ecotypes, which evolve as a by‐product of divergent selective forces that are endemic to different habitats. Identifying the genomic regions, genes and ultimately functional polymorphisms that are involved in the processes of ecotype formation is inherently challenging, as there are likely to be many different loci involved in the process. To localize candidate regions of the genome contributing to ecotype formation, we conducted whole‐genome pooled sequencing (pool‐seq) with 47 coastal perennial and 50 inland annual populations of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus. Coastal perennial and inland annual ecotypes of M. guttatus have previously been shown to be ecologically reproductively isolated and highly locally adapted to their respective habitats. Our pool‐seq results found allelic differentiation between the ecotypes for two chromosomal inversions, suggesting that frequencies of inversion heterokaryotypes are strongly differentiated between the ecotypes. Further, there were elevated levels of nonsynonymous change across chromosomal inversions. Across the genome, we identified multiple strong candidate genes potentially driving the morphological, life history and salt tolerance differences between the ecotypes. Several candidate genes coincide with previously identified quantitative trait locus regions and also show a signature of recent natural selection. Overall, the results of our study add to growing support for a major role of chromosomal inversions in adaptation and speciation and provide new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying classic plant ecotype adaptations to wet and dry habitats.
The influence of locus number and information content on species delimitation: an empirical test case in an endangered Mexican salamander
Authors: Hime Paul M. , Hotaling Scott , Grewelle Richard E. , O'Neill Eric M. , Voss S. Randal , Shaffer H. Bradley , Weisrock David W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPerhaps the most important recent advance in species delimitation has been the development of model‐based approaches to objectively diagnose species diversity from genetic data. Additionally, the growing accessibility of next‐generation sequence data sets provides powerful insights into genome‐wide patterns of divergence during speciation. However, applying complex models to large data sets is time‐consuming and computationally costly, requiring careful consideration of the influence of both individual and population sampling, as well as the number and informativeness of loci on species delimitation conclusions. Here, we investigated how locus number and information content affect species delimitation results for an endangered Mexican salamander species,Ambystoma ordinarium. We compared results for an eight‐locus, 137‐individual data set and an 89‐locus, seven‐individual data set. For both data sets, we used species discovery methods to define delimitation models and species validation methods to rigorously test these hypotheses. We also used integrated demographic model selection tools to choose among delimitation models, while accounting for gene flow. Our results indicate that while cryptic lineages may be delimited with relatively few loci, sampling larger numbers of loci may be required to ensure that enough informative loci are available to accurately identify and validate shallow‐scale divergences. These analyses highlight the importance of striking a balance between dense sampling of loci and individuals, particularly in shallowly diverged lineages. They also suggest the presence of a currently unrecognized, endangered species in the western part ofA. ordinarium's range.
Dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) social structure characterized by social fluidity and preferred companions
Authors: Pearson Heidi C. , Markowitz Timothy M. , Weir Jody S. , Würsig Bernd 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany coastal delphinids exhibit social structures with a high degree of fission‐fusion dynamics. However, little is known about fission‐fusion dynamics in semipelagic delphinids such as dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus). We analyzed dusky dolphin social structure in a winter foraging habitat in New Zealand. We examined the population‐level societal attributes of preferred/avoided companions, behaviorally specific preferred/avoided companions, and simple ratio (SR) association index strength and distribution and the dyad‐level societal attribute of temporal patterning of associations. We identified 741 individuals; 99 met inclusion criteria for analysis. Long‐term and short‐term preferred/avoided companions were present in the pooled (6 yr) and annual samples. Individuals were observed to form long‐term but not short‐term preferred/avoided companions during all behavioral states. Mean and maximumSRs were 0.03 ± 0.01SDand 0.40 ± 0.20SD, respectively. Temporal analysis indicated that individuals associated preferentially throughout the study period. Dusky dolphins exhibited high social fluidity, as indicated by many weak and few strong associations. However, there was stability as individuals were observed to form behaviorally specific preferred/avoided companions and associate preferentially throughout the 6 yr period. Dusky dolphins thus display a dynamic social structure where overall low levels of bonding are juxtaposed against a subset of the population that forms strong bonds.