bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalization, Governance, and the Emergence of Indigenous Autonomy Movements in Latin America: The Case of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua
Authors: Baracco Luciano 
Published: April 2017

A revisiting of Salvador Martí i Puig’s approach to globalization and the turn toward governance in explaining the roots and impact of the political mobilization of Latin America’s indigenous peoples since the 1990s recasts governance as a disciplinary regime that in the case of Nicaragua co-opted potentially radical oppositional movements into the neoliberal project that accompanied Latin America’s democratic transition. The discussion takes as its empirical case the autonomy process on Nicaragua’s Caribbean coast, which in its twenty-fifth year represents the most sustained devolution of power to indigenous peoples in Latin America. Una revisión de los estudios de Salvador Martí i de Puig sobre la globalización y el giro hacia la gobernanza como manera de explicar las raíces y el impacto de la movilización política de los pueblos indígenas de América Latina desde la década de 1990 reformula la gobernanza como un régimen disciplinario que, en el caso de Nicaragua, cooptó movimientos potencialmente radicales, convirtiéndolos en parte del proyecto neoliberal que se llevó a cabo a la par de la transición democrática de América Latina. Nuestra discusión se centra en un caso empírico: el proceso de autonomía en la costa caribeña nicaragüense. En su vigésimo quinto año, dicho proceso constituye la devolución de autonomía indígena más sostenida en América Latina.
Harmonisation of Asylum Law and Policy within the European Union: A Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Garry Hannah R. 
Published: April 2017

From 1986 to the present, there has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of asylum applications within the borders of the European Union largely from Eastern European countries and former colonies in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Reacting to the influxes of the 1980s, European States began to implement and coordinate policies to control entry of asylum seekers. Within this climate, the EU has moved towards harmonisation of asylum policy and procedure as necessary for its pursuit of an ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ without internal borders for the purpose of greater economic and political integration. In light of the current restrictive attitudes and practice towards asylum seekers in the individual Member States of the EU, the harmonisation of asylum policy through the institutions and law of the EU may prove to be problematic from a human rights perspective. This paper first traces the development of a common asylum policy within the EU through the Maastricht Treaty and the Amsterdam Treaty. Second, this paper analyses the implications of harmonisation after the Amsterdam Treaty with reference to the international obligations of the Member States under international human rights and refugee law. Third, this paper critiques the development of various current asylum policies and practice through intergovernmental development of ‘soft law’. Through this overview and analysis, it is argued that further steps towards harmonisation will continue to reflect European concerns with security, economic prosperity, and cultural homogeneity unless the moves towards supranationalism within the EU framework lead to a deliberate effort to make respect for human rights the core of asylum law and policy.
The Changing Nature of the Relationship between the United Nations Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and National Preventive Mechanisms: In Search for Equilibrium
Authors: Steinerte Elina 
Published: April 2017

The unique aspect of the mandate of the UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT) lies in the relationship that the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture (OPCAT) puts in place between the SPT and National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs) established by State Parties at their national levels. However, at least initially, the SPT struggled to find its feet in its engagement with NPMs: faced with crippling budgetary problems and uncertainty over the best ways for interaction with NPMs, the SPT spent its initial five years nearly side-lining its national counterparts. The Fifth Annual Report of the SPT indicates a turning point in the way it intends to engage with NPMs. Introducing new type of visits, changing its attitude towards engagement with NPMs outside its visiting mandate and reshuffling its internal structure are all signs of the change in the nature of the relationship between the SPT and NPMs. After five years, the SPT is finally signalling its readiness to embrace the relationship with its colleagues at national levels and this is a relationship that all those engaged with the prevention of torture have every right to have high expectations of. This article will examine the relationship between the SPT and NPMs to date and the way it has been changing over the past year. It will argue that the changes introduced by the SPT vis-à-vis NPMs are promising signs of the Subcommittee finally establishing some equilibrium in its relationship with its national counterparts, NPMs. It is submitted here that without such equilibrium the premise of torture prevention encapsulated in OPCAT cannot be achieved.
Human Rights after the Cold War
Authors: Forsythe David P. 
Published: April 2017

The central thesis in this article is that international concern with human rights will remain what it has already become: one of the major issues on international law. The end of the Cold War has had a dual impact on international human rights, contributing both to violations of rights and renewed efforts to ameliorate those violations. The complexities of the subject are discussed according to these paradoxes and a synthesis. The first paradox is general: the increasing consensus not only on the notion and core definition of universal human rights, but also on the propriety of certain types of international action to push for their implementation is joined by the fact that human rights remains one of the most controversial aspects of world affairs. The next two paradoxes are derived from, but more specific manifestations of the first. The second paradox consists of: while the international community continues to confer legitimacy on public authorities through bilateral and multilateral political acceptance, it also flirts with awarding legitimacy because of moral factors. The third paradox is that the territorial state retains the most power and legal authority relative to other actors on public policy, but at the same time its jurisdiction is being penetrated and its operative authority weakened. The dominant principle of present concern is the traditional emphasis in world affairs on state independence, combined with pursuit of state security and wealth. The competing principle is on international emphasis on universal human rights. The resulting synthesis entails an advance for human rights and a concomitant reduction in the absolute values of national independence especially as translated into state security and economic policies, but in a very uneven and ‘ragged’ way that does not completely undermine the territorial state and its sovereignty.
Tumor Differentiation as a Prognostic Factor for Major Salivary Gland Malignancies
Authors: Rayess Hani M. , Dezube Aaron , Bawab Ibrahim , Raza S. Naweed , Yoo George H. , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Jacobs John R. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveThe effect of tumor differentiation on prognosis of major salivary gland malignancies is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tumor differentiation on prognosis by stage in patients with major salivary gland malignancies and to analyze which patient factors are associated with tumor differentiation.Study Design and SettingCross‐sectional analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.Subjects and MethodsIn total, 9810 patients who had a major salivary gland malignancy from 2004 to 2012 were identified using the SEER database. Patients with no staging information or no information on histologic differentiation were excluded. A total of 5366 patients were included in the study. For analysis, patients were categorized by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage and subdivided by tumor differentiation. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze the impact of tumor differentiation on survival, tumor location (parotid, submandibular, sublingual), and sex within each AJCC stage of disease.ResultsData analysis demonstrated a significant difference in histologic differentiation by stage, with P <. 0001. Within stages II, III, and IV, tumor differentiation was significantly associated with a decrease in survival. There was no significant difference in tumor differentiation between the parotid and submandibular gland.ConclusionFor patients with stage II, III, and IV disease, tumor differentiation was an independent predictor of survival. This information can be useful when discussing prognosis and can potentially influence management of disease.
Association between sleep time and depression: a cross-sectional study from countries in rural Northeastern China
Authors: Mohan Jiang , Xiaofan Guo , Yingxian Sun 
Published: April 2017

Objective To investigate the current situation of sleep status and examine its association with depression among counties in rural areas of Liaoning Province, China. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2012 to August 2013 in Northeast China. A total of 11,276 subjects aged ≥35 years were surveyed and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9; each participant answered questions about their sleep duration. Results For individuals with a sleep time of ≤6, 6–7, 7–8, 8–9, and ≥9 h, the respective risk of depression was 10.8%, 3.7%, 2.6%, 2.7%, and 5.7% in subjects younger than 65 years old and 15.2%, 5.4%, 3.2%, 6.5%, and 8.6% in those 65 years old or older. Conclusion In the rural population of Liaoning Province, sleep duration and depression are closely related. Both short sleep and long sleep are risk factors for depression. Optimizing sleep status may contribute to good physical and mental health.
Association of hepatic vein Lipiodol tram-track sign during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with perioperative death
Authors: Zhao Hongwei , Liu Fuquan , Yue Zhendong , Wang Lei , Fan Zhenhua , He Fuliang 
Published: April 2017

Objective To assess the relationship between the hepatic vein Lipiodol tram-track sign during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and perioperative death. Methods Patients treated for hepatic carcinoma at the Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2010 to December 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients underwent hepatic TACE with Lipiodol. The incidence of the hepatic vein Lipiodol tram-track sign, prognosis, and possible risk factors were analyzed. Results A total of 5372 patients underwent hepatic TACE and had complete available intraoperative imaging data. Among them, nine patients showed the hepatic vein Lipiodol tram-track sign, including five who died intraoperatively. The patients who died had liver metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, or breast cancer and had previously received doxorubicin. The survivors had metastasis from gastric or colorectal cancer and had not received doxorubicin. Conclusion Occurrence of the hepatic vein Lipiodol tram-track sign during hepatic TACE is likely to result in perioperative death.
The Incidence of and Risk Factors for Postintubation Hypotension in the Immunocompromised Critically Ill Adult
Authors: Smischney Nathan J. , Seisa Mohamed O. , Cambest John , Wiegand Robert A. , Busack Kyle D. , Loftsgard Theodore O. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Diedrich Daniel A. 
Published: April 2017

Objectives: Our primary aim was to ascertain the frequency of postintubation hypotension in immunocompromised critically ill adults with secondary aims of arriving at potential risk factors for the development of postintubation hypotension and its impact on patient-related outcomes. Methods: Critically ill adult patients (≥18 years) were included from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014. We defined immunocompromised as patients with any solid organ or nonsolid organ malignancy or transplant, whether solid organ or not, requiring current chemotherapy. Postintubation hypotension was defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure to less than 90 mm Hg or a decrease in mean arterial pressure to less than 65 mm Hg or the initiation of any vasopressor medication. Patients were then stratified based on development of postintubation hypotension. Potential risk factors and intensive care unit (ICU) outcome metrics were electronically captured by a validated data mart system. Results: The final cohort included 269 patients. Postintubation hypotension occurred in 141 (52%; 95% confidence interval: 46-58) patients. Several risk factors predicted postintubation hypotension on univariate analysis; however, only Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score in the first 24 hours, preintubation shock status, and preintubation hemodynamic instability remained significant on all 4 multivariate analyses. Patients developing postintubation hypotension had higher ICU and hospital mortality (54 [38%] vs 31 [24%], P = .01; 69 [49%] vs 47 [37%], P = .04). Conclusion: Based on previous literature, we found a higher frequency of postintubation hypotension in the immunocompromised than in the nonimmunocompromised critically ill adult patients. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score in the first 24 hours, preintubation shock status, and preintubation hemodynamic instability were significant predictors on multivariate analyses. Postintubation hypotension led to higher ICU and hospital mortality in those experiencing this complication.
Effect of transmucosal corn syrup application on postoperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens
Authors: Cornell Heather N , Shaver Stephanie L , Semick Danielle N , Bradley Nancy C , Kreisler Rachael E 
Published: April 2017

Objectives The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a common clinical practice, the transmucosal (TM) application of corn syrup, on postoperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens. Methods This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Seventy-five kittens between the age of 8 and 16 weeks scheduled for surgical sterilization by gonadectomy at an animal shelter were enrolled. Kittens were randomly assigned to either a routine treatment group that received the shelter’s typical postoperative application of corn syrup immediately following gonadectomy or to a control group that did not receive typical treatment. Three blood glucose measurements were obtained per kitten: baseline reading prior to preoperative examination, immediately postoperatively and 20 mins postoperatively. The median values of the 20 min postoperative blood glucose reading for the control and treatment groups were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results Postoperative application of corn syrup to the oral mucosa of kittens did not result in significant elevations in blood glucose compared with controls. No kitten was hypoglycemic (⩽60 mg/dl) at any point during the study. Conclusions and relevance TM application of corn syrup did not affect postoperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens. Protocols that use routine TM administration of corn syrup in kittens should be re-evaluated.
Assessment of real-time PCR cycle threshold values in Microsporum canis culture-positive and culture-negative cats in an animal shelter: a field study
Authors: Jacobson Linda S , McIntyre Lauren , Mykusz Jenny 
Published: April 2017

Objectives Real-time PCR provides quantitative information, recorded as the cycle threshold (Ct) value, about the number of organisms detected in a diagnostic sample. The Ct value correlates with the number of copies of the target organism in an inversely proportional and exponential relationship. The aim of the study was to determine whether Ct values could be used to distinguish between culture-positive and culture-negative samples. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of Ct values from dermatophyte PCR results in cats with suspicious skin lesions or suspected exposure to dermatophytosis. Results One hundred and thirty-two samples were included. Using culture as the gold standard, 28 were true positives, 12 were false positives and 92 were true negatives. The area under the curve for the pretreatment time point was 96.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 94.2–99.5) compared with 74.3% (95% CI 52.6–96.0) for pooled data during treatment. Before treatment, a Ct cut-off of <35.7 (approximate DNA count 300) provided a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 95.2%. There was no reliable cut-off Ct value between culture-positive and culture-negative samples during treatment. Ct values prior to treatment differed significantly between the true-positive and false-positive groups ( P = 0.0056). There was a significant difference between the pretreatment and first and second negative culture time points ( P = 0.0002 and P <0.0001, respectively). However, there was substantial overlap between Ct values for true positives and true negatives, and for pre- and intra-treatment time points. Conclusions and relevance Ct values had limited usefulness for distinguishing between culture-positive and culture-negative cases when field study samples were analyzed. In addition, Ct values were less reliable than fungal culture for determining mycological cure.
Effect of Hand Dominance on Range of Motion and Outcomes Following Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Ding David Y , Wong Stephanie E , Lee David , Cashman Nicola , Zhang Alan L , Feeley Brian T , Ma C Benjamin 
Published: April 2017

Introduction Upper extremity hand dominance greatly impacts the functional ability to perform activities of daily living. No studies have evaluated the effects of hand dominance on patient outcomes and postoperative range of motion (ROM) after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). Methods From 2009 to 2014, functional data and patient-reported outcomes were prospectively collected from patients who underwent rTSA at a single institution. Baseline characteristics were assessed and patients were stratified based on whether surgery was performed on the dominant extremity. A repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to determine differences in outcomes between cohorts. Results Eighty-seven rTSAs were performed on the patients’ dominant (DO) shoulder and 53 on the nondominant (ND) shoulder. Both groups had similar age, hospital length of stay, body mass index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Prior to surgery, the ND group had significantly lower active forward elevation (FE) (68°) compared to the DO group (87°, P = .04). Both groups had significant increases in FE ROM at both 1 and 2 years compared to preoperatively ( P < .001). At 2 years, both groups had equivalent FE but the ND group gained significantly more than the DO group (67° vs 43°) ( P = .005), mainly due to the preoperative FE. This finding was similar for shoulder abduction. Both groups had significant improvements in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores ( P < .001) and Visual Analog Scale pain scores ( P < .001) at 1 and 2 years postoperatively, with no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion rTSA is a reliable operation which consistently improves patient ROM, function, and pain scores at 2 years. However, baseline FE is higher in patients undergoing surgery for the DO extremity, which indicates an inability to tolerate as much functional deficiency compared to the ND extremity.
Generation of a multipurpose Prdm16 mouse allele by targeted gene trapping
Authors: Strassman Alexander , Schnütgen Frank , Dai Qi , Jones Jennifer C. , Gomez Angela C. , Pitstick Lenore , Holton Nathan E. , Moskal Russell , Leslie Erin R. , von Melchner Harald , Beier David R. , Bjork Bryan C. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Gene trap mutagenesis is a powerful tool to create loss-of-function mutations in mice and other model organisms. Modifications of traditional gene trap cassettes, including addition of conditional features in the form of Flip-excision (FlEx) arrays to enable directional gene trap cassette inversions by Cre and Flpe site-specific recombinases, greatly enhanced their experimental potential. By taking advantage of these conditional gene trap cassettes, we developed a generic strategy for generating conditional mutations and validated this strategy in mice carrying a multipurpose allele of the Prdm16 transcription factor gene. We demonstrate that the gene trap insertion creates a null mutation replicating the Pierre Robin sequence-type cleft palate phenotype of other Prdm16 mutant mice. Consecutive breeding to Flpe and Emx1IREScre deleter mice spatially restricted Prdm16 loss to regions of the forebrain expressing the homeobox gene Emx1, demonstrating the utility of the technology for the analysis of tissue-specific gene functions.
What’s new in the management of adult bronchiectasis?
Authors: Koser Usma , Hill Adam 
Published: April 2017

Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous, chronic condition with many aetiologies. It poses a significant burden on patients and healthcare practitioners and services. Clinical exacerbations often result in reduced quality of life, increased rate of lung function decline, increased hospitalisation, and mortality. Recent focus in respiratory research, guidelines, and future management options has improved this clinical field in evidence-based practice, but further work and phase III clinical trials are required. This article aims to summarise and explore advances in management strategies in recent years and highlight areas of research and future focus.
Controlling a Fleet of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Collect Uncertain Information in a Threat Environment
Authors: Xia Yan , Batta Rajan , Nagi Rakesh 
Published: April 2017

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been proved to be successful and efficient for information collection in a modern battlefield, especially in areas that are considered to be dangerous for human pilots. Currently, a UAV is remotely controlled by a ground station through frequent data communications, which make the current system vulnerable in a threat environment. We propose a decentralized control strategy while requiring UAVs to maintain radio silence during the entire mission. The strategy is analyzed based on a scenario where a fleet of vehicles is assigned to search and collect uncertain information in a set of regions within a given mission time. We demonstrate that a region-sharing strategy is beneficial even when there is no extra reward gained from additional information collection. Implementing a region-sharing strategy requires solving a decentralized time allocation problem, which is computationally intractable. To overcome this, an approximate formulation is developed under an independence assumption for information collected by different vehicles. This approximate formulation allows us to decompose, by vehicle, the time allocation problem, and obtain an easily implementable policy that takes on a Markovian form. We develop a sufficient condition under which the approximate formulation becomes exact. A numerical study establishes the computational efficiency of the method; only a few CPU seconds are needed for problems with a planning horizon of 300 time units and 40 regions. We further present a case study to illustrate region-sharing behaviors among UAVs while using practical parameter values. Finally, we compare the obtained policy with the optimal policy found using a complete enumeration method for small instances. Under different parameter settings, the average optimality gap ranges from 0.23% to 19.90%. The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1590 .