bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SQUARES AND NARROW SYSTEMS
Authors: LAMBIE-HANSON CHRIS 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA narrow system is a combinatorial object introduced by Magidor and Shelah in connection with work on the tree property at successors of singular cardinals. In analogy to the tree property, a cardinal κ satisfies the narrow system property if every narrow system of height κ has a cofinal branch. In this paper, we study connections between the narrow system property, square principles, and forcing axioms. We prove, assuming large cardinals, both that it is consistent that ℵω+1 satisfies the narrow system property and $\square _{\aleph _\omega , < \aleph _\omega } $ holds and that it is consistent that every regular cardinal satisfies the narrow system property. We introduce natural strengthenings of classical square principles and show how they can be used to produce narrow systems with no cofinal branch. Finally, we show that the Proper Forcing Axiom implies that every narrow system of countable width has a cofinal branch but is consistent with the existence of a narrow system of width ω1 with no cofinal branch.
‘Civilization’ and its subalterns
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article reviews Andrew Linklater’sViolence and Civilization in the Western States-Systems. Focusing upon the book’s explanation of the ‘European civilizing process’ in the modern era, it suggests that the account is limited by ‘civilizational isolationism’ and ‘metrocentric diffusion’. These analytic operations serve to minimise the agency and contributions of non-Western, colonial, and postcolonial actors to the global civilizing process. The occlusion of such agency and contributions, however, are not specific to this work, but reflect broader limitations in historical sociology writ large.
The untimely historical sociologist
Authors: Lawson George 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article examines the historical sociology that informs Andrew Linklater’sViolence and Civilization in the Western States-Systems. On the sociological side, it critically assesses Linklater’s use of Elias and Wight, arguing that his ‘higher level synthesis’ is internally incompatible. On the historical side, the article argues that the occlusion of the transnational interactions that, in great measure, drive historical development means that Linklater’s analysis is inadequate for its stated purpose: to chart the development of civilising processes within the Western state-systems.
Effects of reducing processed culinary ingredients and ultra-processed foods in the Brazilian diet: a cardiovascular modelling study
Authors: Moreira Patrícia VL , Hyseni Lirije , Moubarac Jean-Claude , Martins Ana Paula B , Baraldi Larissa G , Capewell Simon , O’Flaherty Martin , Guzman-Castillo Maria 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the impact of reducing saturated fat, trans-fat, salt and added sugar from processed culinary ingredients and ultra-processed foods in the Brazilian diet on preventing cardiovascular deaths by 2030.DesignA modelling study.SettingData were obtained from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey 2008/2009. All food items purchased were categorized into food groups according to the NOVA classification. We estimated the energy and nutrient profile of foods then used the IMPACT Food Policy model to estimate the reduction in deaths from CVD up to 2030 in three scenarios. In Scenario A, we assumed that the intakes of saturated fat, trans-fat, salt and added sugar from ultra-processed foods and processed culinary ingredients were reduced by a quarter. In Scenario B, we assumed a reduction of 50 % of the same nutrients in ultra-processed foods and processed culinary ingredients. In Scenario C, we reduced the same nutrients in ultra-processed foods by 75 % and in processed culinary ingredients by 50 %.ResultsApproximately 390 400 CVD deaths might be expected in 2030 if current mortality patterns persist. Under Scenarios A, B and C, CVD mortality can be reduced by 5·5, 11·0 and 29·0 %, respectively. The main impact is on stroke with a reduction of approximately 6·0, 12·6 and 32·0 %, respectively.ConclusionsSubstantial potential exists for reducing the CVD burden through overall improvements of the Brazilian diet. This might require reducing the penetration of ultra-processed foods by means of regulatory policies, as well as improving the access to and promotion of fresh and minimally processed foods.
Understanding CD30 biology and therapeutic targeting: a historical perspective providing insight into future directions
Authors: van der Weyden C A , Pileri S A , Feldman A L , Whisstock J , Prince H M 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It is characteristically expressed in certain hematopoietic malignancies, including anaplastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, among others. The variable expression of CD30 on both normal and malignant lymphoid cells has focused research efforts on understanding the pathogenesis of CD30 upregulation, its contribution to lymphomagenesis through anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and its effect on cell survival. Given the restriction of CD30 to certain tumor types, the logical extension of this has been to attempt to exploit it as a therapeutic target. The efficacy of naked anti-CD30 antibodies in practice was, however, modest. Moreover, combinations with bacterial toxins and radioimmunoconjugates have also had limited success. The development of the antibody-drug compound brentuximab vedotin (BV), however, has rejuvenated interest in CD30 as a tumor target. Phase I and II clinical trials in Hodgkin lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and even CD30-expressing B-cell lymphomas, have shown the compound is well tolerated, but more importantly, able to deliver meaningful disease control even in patients with multiply relapsed or refractory disease. FDA approval has been granted for its use in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. A recent phase III trial of BV in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has confirmed its superiority to standard of care therapies. In this manuscript, we explore the history of CD30 as a tumor marker and as a therapeutic target, both in the laboratory and in the clinic, with a view to understanding future avenues for further study.
Katastrophen- und Zivilschutz in Deutschland
Authors: Kippnich Maximilian , Kowalzik Barbara , Cermak Rudolf , Kippnich Uwe , Kranke Peter , Wurmb Thomas 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDas Zugunglück von Bad Aibling, Terroranschläge, aber auch die Hochwasserlagen der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, mit welchen Schadensereignissen in Deutschland zu rechnen ist. Für solche zivilen Einsatzlagen gibt es in Deutschland im Rahmen der nicht polizeilichen Gefahrenabwehr den Katastrophenschutz. Hinzu kommt der Zivilschutz, der dem Schutz der Bevölkerung bei militärischen Einsatzlagen dient. Dieser Beitrag stellt die beiden Systeme vor.
The on-site quality-assurance system for Hyper Suprime-Cam: OSQAH
Authors: Furusawa Hisanori , Koike Michitaro , Takata Tadafumi , Okura Yuki , Miyatake Hironao , Lupton Robert H , Bickerton Steven , Price Paul A , Bosch James , Yasuda Naoki , Mineo Sogo , Yamada Yoshihiko , Miyazaki Satoshi , Nakata Fumiaki , Koshida Shintaro , Komiyama Yutaka , Utsumi Yousuke , Kawanomoto Satoshi , Jeschke Eric , Noumaru Junichi , Schubert Kiaina , Iwata Ikuru , Finet Francois , Fujiyoshi Takuya , Tajitsu Akito , Terai Tsuyoshi , Lee Chien-Hsiu 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We have developed an automated quick data analysis system for data quality assurance (QA) for Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). The system was commissioned in 2012–2014, and has been offered for general observations, including the HSC Subaru Strategic Program, since 2014 March. The system provides observers with data quality information, such as seeing, sky background level, and sky transparency, based on quick analysis as data are acquired. Quick-look images and validation of image focus are also provided through an interactive web application. The system is responsible for the automatic extraction of QA information from acquired raw data into a database, to assist with observation planning, assess progress of all observing programs, and monitor long-term efficiency variations of the instrument and telescope. Enhancements of the system are being planned to facilitate final data analysis, to improve the HSC archive, and to provide legacy products for astronomical communities.
Operative Stabilization of Flail Chest Injuries Reduces Mortality to That of Stable Chest Wall Injuries
Authors: Dehghan Niloofar , Mah Jeffrey M. , Schemitsch Emil H. , Nauth Aaron , Vicente Milena , McKee Michael D. 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
To determine the prevalence, management and outcomes of patients with flail chest injuries, compared to patients without flail chest injuries (single rib fractures and multiple rib fractures without a flail segment).

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Ontario, Canada.

Participants:
Ontario residents over the age of 16 years who had been admitted to hospital with a chest wall injury from 2004 to 2015 were identified using administrative health care databases.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Outcomes included treatment modalities such as rate of surgical repair, days on mechanical ventilation, days in the intensive care unit, days in hospital, rate of chest tube placement; and rates of complication, including pneumonia, tracheostomy, readmission, and death.

Results:
In total 117,204 patients with fractures of the chest wall were identified. Of the entire cohort, 1.5% of them had a flail chest injury, 41% had multiple rib fractures, and 58% had single rib fractures. Patients with flail chest injuries had significantly worse outcomes compared to patients with multiple rib fractures in all categories (P < 0.0001). Similarly, patients with multiple rib fractures had significantly worst outcomes compared with patients with single rib fractures (P < 0.0001). Only 4.5% of patients with flail chest injuries were treated surgically, however, the number increased from 1% before 2010 to 10% after 2010 (P < 0.0001). After adjustment for potential confounders, patients with flail chest injuries treated surgically had a reduced risk of early mortality compared to those treated nonoperatively (OR 0.16, P = 0.019).

Conclusions:
Surgical stabilization of flail chest injuries has increased significantly in recent years. The results of this study provide preliminary evidence that the increasing rate of surgical intervention may be warranted by reducing mortality.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Faith and Ethics, Covenant and Code
Authors: Fowler Marsha D. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT:
How does and should the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, with foundations from the late 1800s, impact today's nursing practice? How can the Code help you? The earlier 2001 Code was revised and became effective January 2015. The nine provisions received modest revision, as did the corresponding interpretive statements. However, Provisions 8 and 9 and their interpretive statements received more substantial revision. This article explains the Code and summarizes the 2015 revisions, considering points of particular interest for nurses of faith.
Design and Psychometric Evaluation of the Quality of Life in Patients With Anal Fistula Questionnaire
Authors: Ferrer-Márquez Manuel , Espínola-Cortés Natalia , Reina-Duarte Angel , Granero-Molina José , Fernández-Sola Cayetano , Hernández-Padilla José Manuel 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND:
Quality of life is often considered when deciding and evaluating the treatment strategy for patients diagnosed with anal fistula.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically test the Quality of Life in Patients with Anal Fistula Questionnaire.

DESIGN:
This was an observational cross-sectional study for the development and validation of a psychometric tool.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a general hospital in the southeast of Spain.

PATIENTS:
A convenience sample included 54 patients diagnosed with anal fistula.

MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES:
The reliability of the tool was assessed through its internal consistency (Cronbach α) and temporal stability (Spearman correlation coefficient (r) between test–retest). The content validity index of the items and the scale was calculated. Correlation analysis and an ordinal regression analysis between the developed tool and the Short Form 12 Health Survey examined its concurrent validity. Principal component analysis and known-group analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis test examined its construct validity.

RESULTS:
The reliability of the developed questionnaire was very high (α = 0.908; r = 0.861; p < 0.01). Its content validity was excellent (all-item content validity index = 0.79–1.00; scale validity index = 0.92). Evidence of its concurrent validity included strong correlation between the developed tool and Short Form 12 Health Survey (r = 0.734; p < 0.001), and participant scores on the developed tool explained ≈46.2% of the between-subject variation for the participant scores on Short Form 12 Health Survey (Nagelkerke R
2 = 0.462). Confirming its construct validity, principal component analysis revealed that 2 factors explained 81.63% of the total variance found. Known-group analysis evidenced the ability of the questionnaire to detect expected differences in patients presenting with different symptomatology.

LIMITATIONS:
The major limitations of this study were the use of a small sample of Spanish-speaking patients, not including patients in the initial development of the questionnaire, and developing the scoring system using a summation method.

CONCLUSIONS:
The Quality of Life in Patients with Anal Fistula Questionnaire has proven to be a valid, reliable, and concise tool that could contribute to the evaluation of quality of life among patients with an anal fistula. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A368.
Sphincter-Sparing Anal Fistula Repair: Are We Getting Better?
Authors: Sugrue Jeremy , Mantilla Nathalie , Abcarian Ariane , Kochar Kunal , Marecik Slawomir , Chaudhry Vivek , Mellgren Anders , Nordenstam Johan 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND:
Sphincter-sparing repairs are commonly used to treat anal fistulas with significant muscle involvement.

OBJECTIVE:
The current study evaluates the trends and efficacy of sphincter-sparing repairs and determines risk factors for fistula recurrence.

DESIGN AND SETTINGS:
A retrospective review was performed at 3 university-affiliated teaching hospitals.

PATIENTS:
All 462 patients with cryptoglandular anal fistulas who underwent 573 sphincter-sparing repairs between 2005 and 2015 were included. Patients with Crohn’s disease were excluded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The primary outcome was the rate of fistula healing defined as cessation of drainage with closure of the external opening. Risk factors for nonhealing were also analyzed.

RESULTS:
Five hundred three sphincter-sparing repairs were analyzed, whereas 70 were lost to follow-up. Two hundred twenty sphincter-sparing repairs (44%) resulted in healing, 283 (56%) resulted in nonhealing with a median follow-up of 9 (range, 1–125) months. The median time to fistula recurrence was 3 (range, 0–75) months with 79% and 91% of recurrences noted within 6 and 12 months. Patients treated with a dermal advancement flap, rectal advancement flap, or ligation of the intersphincteric tract procedure were less likely to have a recurrence than patients treated with a fistula plug or fibrin glue (p < 0.001). Over time, there was a significantly increased use of the ligation of the intersphincteric tract procedure (p < 0.001) and a significantly decreased use of fistula plugs and fibrin glue (p < 0.001); healing rates improved accordingly. There were no significant differences in healing rates with respect to patient demographics, comorbidities, or fistula characteristics.

LIMITATIONS:
This study was limited by its retrospective design.

CONCLUSIONS:
Healing rates following sphincter-sparing repairs of cryptoglandular anal fistulas are modest, but have improved over time with the use of better surgical techniques. In this study, ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract and flaps were superior to fistula plugs and fibrin glue; the former procedures are therefore favored. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A391.
Ocular Demodicosis as a Potential Cause of Ocular Surface Inflammation
Authors: Luo Xiaohui , Li Jing , Chen Chuan , Tseng Scheffer , Liang Lingyi 
Published: September 2017

Abstract:
Among different species of mites, Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are the only 2 that affect the human eye. Because demodicosis is highly age-dependent and can be found in asymptomatic adults, the pathogenicity of these mites has long been debated. In this study, we summarize our research experience including our most recent study regarding Demodex infestation as a potential cause of ocular inflammatory diseases. Specifically, we describe the pathogenesis of demodicosis and then discuss the results of work investigating the associations and relationships between ocular demodicosis and blepharitis, meibomian gland diseases, and keratitis, in turn. This is followed by some discussion of the diagnosis of demodicosis and concludes with a brief discussion of evidence for different treatments for ocular demodicosis. Collectively, our studies suggest a strong correlation between ocular demodicosis and ocular surface inflammatory conditions, such as blepharitis, chalazia, meibomian gland dysfunction, and keratitis. Further investigation of the underlying pathogenic mechanism is warranted.
Compliance With Hand-Washing Guidelines Among Visitors From the Community to Acute Care Settings: A Scoping Review
Authors: Compton Dinah , Davenport Todd E. 
Published: September 2017

Background:
Health care–associated infections are widely acknowledged to be an important public health issue. Hand hygiene guidelines for health care workers are common, but remain uncommon for visitors.

Purpose:
The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the methodological quality of articles indicating the adherence and efficacy of hand hygiene compliance of community visitors to the acute care setting.

Data Sources:
Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Medline, and PubMedß.

Study Selection:
A systematic literature search was conducted for articles describing hand-washing efficacy among visitors in an acute care setting using the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: “clinical trial,” “evaluation studies,” “randomized controlled trial,” “cross infection/epidemiology,” “cross infection/prevention & control,” “hand disinfection/standards,” “intervention studies,” “guideline adherence/statistics & numerical data,” “risk factors,” “skin care/standards,” and “time factors.” Primary or secondary research studies that were published in peer-reviewed journals, written in English, and involving hospital visitor hand hygiene compliance were included. The Downs and Black (D&B) checklist was used to document the methodological quality. The Cochrane Collaborative checklist was used to assess the risk of bias.

Data Synthesis:
Mean D&B scores were 17/27. Baseline hand hygiene compliance for visitors was 0.5% to 11% at the hospital main entrance, 9% to 35% for general and surgical units, 11% for isolation rooms, 39% in pediatric wards, 3.95% to 49.1% at bedside, and 7% to 94% for intensive care units. Posted signs, de-germer dispensers, and pandemic influenza status all increased hand hygiene compliance over baseline observations.

Limitations:
Studies were generally low quality and at high risk for bias. In addition, data could not be pooled. This was attributed to the unavailability of prospective controlled trials. Substantial heterogeneity was found in the number and types of dependent variable measures.

Conclusions:
Visitor compliance with hand hygiene guidelines is highly variable but may be amenable to public health interventions. Higher quality studies focused on health outcomes are necessary to generate best practice recommendations related to hand hygiene.
A Comparison of Error Rates Between Intravenous Push Methods: A Prospective, Multisite, Observational Study
Authors: Hertig John B. , Degnan Daniel D. , Scott Catherine R. , Lenz Janelle R. , Li Xiaochun , Anderson Chelsea M. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives
Current literature estimates the error rate associated with the preparation and administration of all intravenous (IV) medications to be 9.4% to 97.7% worldwide. This study aims to compare the number of observed medication preparation and administration errors between the only commercially available ready-to-administer product (Simplist) and IV push traditional practice, including a cartridge-based syringe system (Carpuject) and vials and syringes.

Methods
A prospective, multisite, observational study was conducted in 3 health systems in various states within the United States between December 2015 and March 2016 to observe IV push medication preparation and administration. Researchers observed a ready-to-administer product and IV push traditional practice using a validated observational method and a modified data collection sheet. All observations were reconciled to the original medication order to determine if any errors occurred.

Results
Researchers collected 329 observations (ready to administer = 102; traditional practice = 227) and observed 260 errors (ready to administer = 25; traditional practice = 235). The overall observed error rate for ready-to-administer products was 2.5%, and the observed error rate for IV push traditional practice was 10.4%.

Conclusions
The ready-to-administer group demonstrated a statistically significant lower observed error rate, suggesting that use of this product is associated with fewer observed preparation and administration errors in the clinical setting. Future studies should be completed to determine the potential for patient harm associated with these errors and improve clinical practice because it relates to the safe administration of IV push medications.
Polysaccharide-mediated synthesis of melanins from serotonin and other 5-hydroxy indoles
Authors: Vercruysse Koen , Clark Astiney , Alatas Noor , Brooks Dylan , Hamza Nafisa , Whalen Margaret 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs a continuation of our research on the melanin formation from catecholamines, we studied the polysaccharide-mediated oxidation of serotonin and other 5-hydroxy indoles into melanin-like materials. As for the catecholamines, we observed that many polysaccharides promote the oxidation of such compounds, particularly in the presence of Cu2+. The reactions were monitored using RP-HPLC and SEC techniques. Melanin-like materials were purified through dialysis and evaluated using UV_Vis and FT_IR spectroscopic techniques. One such material, synthesized from chondroitin sulfate type A and serotonin in the presence of Cu2+was found to affect the release of IL-lβ and IL-6 cytokines from immune cells.