bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXI. On the Poetry of the Chinese
Authors: Davis John Francis 
Published: July 2016

In the arrangement of our subject, it may perhaps be useful to preserve so much regard to method, as to treat of it separately, under the two following heads:Part I. Versification, or the particular rules which prevail in the mere construction of lines, couplets, and stanzas; and the sources whence these derive their melody and rythm.Part II. A general view of the style and spirit of Chinese poetry, the character of its imagery and sentiment, and the extent to which it seems to admit of a precise classification, relatively to the divisions and nomenclature adopted in European literature.To such as should find the first portion of our treatise dry and technical in its details, the second may possibly prove more attractive: but the order of discussion could hardly be inverted with propriety.
XIV.—Some Account of Charms, Talismans, and Felicitous Appendages worn about the person, or hung up in houses, &c. used by the Chinese
Authors: Morrison John Robert 
Published: July 2016

I. Talismans.—Under this head are arranged some charms which are not properly speaking talismans, but for which no other generic name could be found.1. Tsëen-këen, “Money-swords.” These consist of a number of old copper coins called cash, strung together in the form of a sword, and kept straight by a piece of iron running up the middle. They are hung at the heads of beds, that the supposed presence of the monarchs under whose reigns the cash were coined may have the effect of keeping away ghosts and evil spirits. They are used chiefly in houses or rooms where persons have committed suicide or suffered a violent death. Sick persons use them, also, in order to hasten their recovery.
A characterization of lambda-terms transforming numerals
Authors: PARYS PAWEŁ 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt is well known that simply typed λ-terms can be used to represent numbers, as well as some other data types. We show that λ-terms of each fixed (but possibly very complicated) type can be described by a finite piece of information (a set of appropriately defined intersection types) and by a vector of natural numbers. On the one hand, the description is compositional: having only the finite piece of information for two closed λ-terms M and N, we can determine its counterpart for MN, and a linear transformation that applied to the vectors of numbers for M and N gives us the vector for MN. On the other hand, when a λ-term represents a natural number, then this number is approximated by a number in the vector corresponding to this λ-term. As a consequence, we prove that in a λ-term of a fixed type, we can store only a fixed number of natural numbers, in such a way that they can be extracted using λ-terms. More precisely, while representing k numbers in a closed λ-term of some type, we only require that there are k closed λ-terms M1,. . .,Mk such that Mi takes as argument the λ-term representing the k-tuple, and returns the i-th number in the tuple (we do not require that, using λ-calculus, one can construct the representation of the k-tuple out of the k numbers in the tuple). Moreover, the same result holds when we allow that the numbers can be extracted approximately, up to some error (even when we only want to know whether a set is bounded or not). All the results remain true when we allow the Y combinator (recursion) in our λ-terms, as well as uninterpreted constants.
Romeo: A system for more flexible binding-safe programming
Authors: STANSIFER PAUL , WAND MITCHELL 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCurrent systems for safely manipulating values containing names only support simple binding structures for those names. As a result, few tools exist to safely manipulate code in those languages for which name problems are the most challenging. We address this problem with Romeo, a language that respects α-equivalence on its values, and which has access to a rich specification language for binding, inspired by attribute grammars. Our work has the complex-binding support of David Herman'sλm, but is a full-fledged binding-safe language like Pure FreshML.
On the Rates of Premium to be charged for Assurances on the Lives of Military Officers serving in Bengal
Authors: Jellicoe Charles 
Published: July 2016

That the mean duration of life amongst the indigenous inhabitants of one part of the globe differs more or less from that which obtains amongst those of other parts, there is every reason to believe. It is probable that a difference exists even when comparing the most civilized nations of Europe one with another; and still more may we look for discrepancies when we carry our investigations amongst the natives of more remote and less civilized lands.The climate, extent of cultivation, modes of life, state of public morals, each and all of them have a tendency to affect the longevity of the human race, and will not fail to make their influence felt in proportion as their good or evil energies are called into existence.
Crystal structure and optical properties of a high-density InGaN nanoumbrella array as a white light source without phosphors
Authors: Kouno Tetsuya , Sakai Masaru , Kishino Katsumi , Kikuchi Akihiko , Umehara Naoki , Hara Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe demonstrated the fabrication of a peculiar GaN/InGaN-based high-density nanocrystal array on a nitrogen polarity GaN layer using a simple self-assembly process for the first time. The nanocrystals consist of bending InGaN nanoplates and supporting GaN nanocolumns. The nanocrystals are umbrella shaped with diameters of ∼200–700 nm; therefore, they are referred to as InGaN nanoumbrellas. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the crystal structures of the nanoumbrellas and provided information about their growth mechanism. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of the InGaN nanoumbrellas were also characterized, and an extremely wide range of optical emission wavelengths (∼360–800 nm) was obtained from a small excitation diameter of ∼10 μm. Multiple sharp peaks resembling lasing actions were also observed in the PL spectrum; the resonant mode was likely caused by the whispering gallery mode. These results indicate that the high-density GaN/InGaN-based nanoumbrella array can be used as a source of white light without phosphors.
Magma storage in a strike-slip caldera
Authors: Saxby J. , Gottsmann J. , Cashman K. , Gutiérrez E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSilicic calderas form during explosive volcanic eruptions when magma withdrawal triggers collapse along bounding faults. The nature of specific interactions between magmatism and tectonism in caldera-forming systems is, however, unclear. Regional stress patterns may control the location and geometry of magma reservoirs, which in turn may control the spatial and temporal development of faults. Here we provide new insight into strike-slip volcano-tectonic relations by analysing Bouguer gravity data from Ilopango caldera, El Salvador, which has a long history of catastrophic explosive eruptions. The observed low gravity beneath the caldera is aligned along the principal horizontal stress orientations of the El Salvador Fault Zone. Data inversion shows that the causative low-density structure extends to ca. 6 km depth, which we interpret as a shallow plumbing system comprising a fractured hydrothermal reservoir overlying a magmatic reservoir with "Equation missing" vol% exsolved vapour. Fault-controlled localization of magma constrains potential vent locations for future eruptions.
The discovery of a novel inhibitor of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) for ischemic heart: synthesis, activity and target identification
Authors: Wang Ying , Cao Yang , Zhu Qing , Gu Xianfeng , Zhu Yi Zhun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractApaf-1 is a central component in the apoptosis regulatory network for the treatment of apoptosis related diseases. Excessive Apaf-1 activity induced by myocardial ischemia causes cell injury. No drug targeted to Apaf-1 for treating myocardial ischemia has been reported to the best of our knowledge. In the present work, we synthesized a novel compound, ZYZ-488, which exhibited significant cardioprotective property in significantly increasing the viability of hypoxia-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes and reducing CK and LDH leakage. Further study suggested the protective activity of ZYZ-488 dependent on its anti-apoptosis effect. This anti-apoptotic effect is most probably related to its disturbing the interaction between Apaf-1 and procaspase-9 as the target fishing and molecular docking indicated. The suppression on the activation of procaspase-9 and procaspase-3 with ZYZ-488 strongly suggested that compound ZYZ-488 could be a novel inhibitor of Apaf-1. In conclusion, ZYZ-488 as a novel small molecule competitive inhibitor of Apaf-1, with the great potential for treating cardiac ischemia.
Modeling the melting of multicomponent systems: the case of MgSiO3 perovskite under lower mantle conditions
Authors: Di Paola Cono , P. Brodholt John 
Published: July 2016

AbstractKnowledge of the melting properties of materials, especially at extreme pressure conditions, represents a long-standing scientific challenge. For instance, there is currently considerable uncertainty over the melting temperatures of the high-pressure mantle mineral, bridgmanite (MgSiO3-perovskite), with current estimates of the melting T at the base of the mantle ranging from 4800 K to 8000 K. The difficulty with experimentally measuring high pressure melting temperatures has motivated the use of ab initio methods, however, melting is a complex multi-scale phenomenon and the timescale for melting can be prohibitively long. Here we show that a combination of empirical and ab-initio molecular dynamics calculations can be used to successfully predict the melting point of multicomponent systems, such as MgSiO3 perovskite. We predict the correct low-pressure melting T and at high-pressure we show that the melting temperature is only 5000 K at 120 GPa, a value lower than nearly all previous estimates. In addition, we believe that this strategy is of general applicability and therefore suitable for any system under physical conditions where simpler models fail.
Underestimated risks of recurrent long-range ash dispersal from northern Pacific Arc volcanoes
Authors: Bourne A. J. , Abbott P. M. , Albert P. G. , Cook E. , Pearce N. J. G. , Ponomareva V. , Svensson A. , Davies S. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWidespread ash dispersal poses a significant natural hazard to society, particularly in relation to disruption to aviation. Assessing the extent of the threat of far-travelled ash clouds on flight paths is substantially hindered by an incomplete volcanic history and an underestimation of the potential reach of distant eruptive centres. The risk of extensive ash clouds to aviation is thus poorly quantified. New evidence is presented of explosive Late Pleistocene eruptions in the Pacific Arc, currently undocumented in the proximal geological record, which dispersed ash up to 8000 km from source. Twelve microscopic ash deposits or cryptotephra, invisible to the naked eye, discovered within Greenland ice-cores, and ranging in age between 11.1 and 83.7 ka b2k, are compositionally matched to northern Pacific Arc sources including Japan, Kamchatka, Cascades and Alaska. Only two cryptotephra deposits are correlated to known high-magnitude eruptions (Towada-H, Japan, ca 15 ka BP and Mount St Helens Set M, ca 28 ka BP). For the remaining 10 deposits, there is no evidence of age- and compositionally-equivalent eruptive events in regional volcanic stratigraphies. This highlights the inherent problem of under-reporting eruptions and the dangers of underestimating the long-term risk of widespread ash dispersal for trans-Pacific and trans-Atlantic flight routes.
A building block for hardware belief networks
Authors: Behin-Aein Behtash , Diep Vinh , Datta Supriyo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBelief networks represent a powerful approach to problems involving probabilistic inference, but much of the work in this area is software based utilizing standard deterministic hardware based on the transistor which provides the gain and directionality needed to interconnect billions of them into useful networks. This paper proposes a transistor like device that could provide an analogous building block for probabilistic networks. We present two proof-of-concept examples of belief networks, one reciprocal and one non-reciprocal, implemented using the proposed device which is simulated using experimentally benchmarked models.
Proximate drivers of spatial segregation in non-breeding albatrosses
Authors: Clay Thomas A. , Manica Andrea , Ryan Peter G. , Silk Janet R. D. , Croxall John P. , Ireland Louise , Phillips Richard A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMany animals partition resources to avoid competition and in colonially-breeding species this often leads to divergent space or habitat use. During the non-breeding season, foraging constraints are relaxed, yet the patterns and drivers of segregation both between and within populations are poorly understood. We modelled habitat preference to examine how extrinsic (habitat availability and intra-specific competition) and intrinsic factors (population, sex and breeding outcome) influence the distributions of non-breeding grey-headed albatrosses Thalassarche chrysostoma tracked from two major populations, South Georgia (Atlantic Ocean) and the Prince Edward Islands (Indian Ocean). Spatial segregation was greater than expected, reflecting distinct seasonal differences in habitat selection and accessibility and avoidance of intra-specific competition with local breeders. Previously failed birds segregated spatially from successful birds during summer, when they used less productive waters, suggesting a link between breeding outcome and subsequent habitat selection. In contrast, we found weak evidence of sexual segregation, which did not reflect a difference in habitat use. Our results indicate that the large-scale spatial structuring of albatross distributions results from interactions between extrinsic and intrinsic factors, with important implications for population dynamics. As habitat preferences differed substantially between colonies, populations should be considered independently when identifying critical areas for protection.
Deregulation of the OsmiR160 Target Gene OsARF18 Causes Growth and Developmental Defects with an Alteration of Auxin Signaling in Rice
Authors: Huang Jian , Li Zhiyong , Zhao Dazhong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) control gene expression as key negative regulators at the post-transcriptional level. MiR160 plays a pivotal role in Arabidopsis growth and development through repressing expression of its target AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) genes; however, the function of miR160 in monocots remains elusive. In this study, we found that the mature rice miR160 (OsmiR160) was mainly derived from OsMIR160a and OsMIR160b genes. Among four potential OsmiR160 target OsARF genes, the OsARF18 transcript was cleaved at the OsmiR160 target site. Rice transgenic plants (named mOsARF18) expressing an OsmiR160-resistant version of OsARF18 exhibited pleiotropic defects in growth and development, including dwarf stature, rolled leaves and small seeds. mOsARF18 leaves were abnormal in bulliform cell differentiation and epidermal cell division. Starch accumulation in mOsARF18 seeds was also reduced. Moreover, auxin induced expression of OsMIR160a, OsMIR160b and OsARF18, whereas expression of OsMIR160a and OsMIR160b as well as genes involved in auxin signaling was altered in mOsARF18 plants. Our results show that negative regulation of OsARF18 expression by OsmiR160 is critical for rice growth and development via affecting auxin signaling, which will advance future studies on the molecular mechanism by which miR160 fine-tunes auxin signaling in plants.
Genomic analysis identified a potential novel molecular mechanism for high-altitude adaptation in sheep at the Himalayas
Authors: Gorkhali Neena Amatya , Dong Kunzhe , Yang Min , Song Shen , Kader Adiljian , Shrestha Bhola Shankar , He Xiaohong , Zhao Qianjun , Pu Yabin , Li Xiangchen , Kijas James , Guan Weijun , Han Jianlin , Jiang Lin , Ma Yuehui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSheep has successfully adapted to the extreme high-altitude Himalayan region. To identify genes underlying such adaptation, we genotyped genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of four major sheep breeds living at different altitudes in Nepal and downloaded SNP array data from additional Asian and Middle East breeds. Using a di value-based genomic comparison between four high-altitude and eight lowland Asian breeds, we discovered the most differentiated variants at the locus of FGF-7 (Keratinocyte growth factor-7), which was previously reported as a good protective candidate for pulmonary injuries. We further found a SNP upstream of FGF-7 that appears to contribute to the divergence signature. First, the SNP occurred at an extremely conserved site. Second, the SNP showed an increasing allele frequency with the elevated altitude in Nepalese sheep. Third, the electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) analysis using human lung cancer cells revealed the allele-specific DNA-protein interactions. We thus hypothesized that FGF-7 gene potentially enhances lung function by regulating its expression level in high-altitude sheep through altering its binding of specific transcription factors. Especially, FGF-7 gene was not implicated in previous studies of other high-altitude species, suggesting a potential novel adaptive mechanism to high altitude in sheep at the Himalayas.
Atomic Step Formation on Sapphire Surface in Ultra-precision Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Rongrong , Guo Dan , Xie Guoxin , Pan Guoshun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSurfaces with controlled atomic step structures as substrates are highly relevant to desirable performances of materials grown on them, such as light emitting diode (LED) epitaxial layers, nanotubes and nanoribbons. However, very limited attention has been paid to the step formation in manufacturing process. In the present work, investigations have been conducted into this step formation mechanism on the sapphire c (0001) surface by using both experiments and simulations. The step evolutions at different stages in the polishing process were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The simulation of idealized steps was constructed theoretically on the basis of experimental results. It was found that (1) the subtle atomic structures (e.g., steps with different sawteeth, as well as steps with straight and zigzag edges), (2) the periodicity and (3) the degree of order of the steps were all dependent on surface composition and miscut direction (step edge direction). A comparison between experimental results and idealized step models of different surface compositions has been made. It has been found that the structure on the polished surface was in accordance with some surface compositions (the model of single-atom steps: Al steps or O steps).
Macrodinychus mites as parasitoids of invasive ants: an overlooked parasitic association
Authors: Lachaud Jean-Paul , Klompen Hans , Pérez-Lachaud Gabriela 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMites are frequent ant symbionts, yet the exact nature of their interactions with their hosts is poorly known. Generally, myrmecophilous mites show adaptations for dispersal through phoresis, but species that lack such an adaptation may have evolved unusual specialized relationships with their hosts. The immature stages of Macrodinychus multispinosus develop as ectoparasitoids of pupae of the invasive ant Paratrechina longicornis. Feeding stages show regressed locomotor appendages. These mites complete their development on a single host, sucking all of its body content and therefore killing it. Locally high proportions of parasitized host pupae suggest that M. multispinosus could serve as a biological control agent. This is the ninth species of Macrodinychus reported as ant parasite, and the third known as parasitoid of invasive ants, confirming a unique habit in the evolution of mite feeding strategies and suggesting that the entire genus might be parasitic on ants. Several mites’ characteristics, such as their protective morphology, possible viviparity, lack of a specialized stage for phoretic dispersal, and low host specificity, combined with both the general low aggressiveness of invasive P. longicornis towards other ants and its possible susceptibility to generalist ectoparasites would account for the host shift in native macrodinychid mites.
Diurnal dynamic behavior of microglia in response to infected bacteria through the UDP-P2Y6 receptor system
Authors: Takayama Fumiko , Hayashi Yoshinori , Wu Zhou , Liu Yicong , Nakanishi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt has long been believed that microglia morphologically transform into the activated state by retracting their long processes and consuming pathogens when bacteria infect into the brain parenchyma. In the present study, however, we showed for the first time that murine cortical microglia extend their processes towards focally injected Porphyromonas gingivalis. This P. gingivalis-induced microglial process extension was significantly increased during the light (sleeping) phase than the dark (waking) phase. In contrast, focally injected ATP-induced microglial process extension was significantly increased during the dark phase than the light phase. Furthermore, in contrast to the P2Y12 receptor-mediated mechanism of ATP-induced microglial process extension, the P. gingivalis-mediated microglial process extension was mediated by P2Y6 receptors. The infection of bacteria such as P. gingivalis to the brain parenchyma may induce the secretion of UDP from microglia at the site of infection, which in turn induces the process extension of the neighboring microglia.
Detection of influenza A virus from live-bird market poultry swab samples in China by a pan-IAV, one-step reverse-transcription FRET-PCR
Authors: Luan Lu , Sun Zhihao , Kaltenboeck Bernhard , Huang Ke , Li Min , Peng Daxin , Xu Xiulong , Ye Jianqiang , Li Jing , Guo Weina , Wang Chengming 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe persistent public health threat of animal to human transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) has stimulated interest in rapid and accurate detection of all IAV subtypes in clinical specimens of animal origin. In this study, a new set of primers and probes was designed for one-step pan-IAV reverse-transcription fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-PCR. The detection limit of one-step pan-IAV RT FRET-PCR was 10 copies of the matrix gene per reaction and proved to be equivalent or superior to virus isolation in detecting nine IAV subtypes. Application of the pan-IAV RT FRET-PCR to oral-pharyngeal and cloacal swab specimens collected from healthy poultry in 34 live bird markets in 24 provinces of China revealed that 9.2% of the animals (169/1,839) or 6.3% of their oral-pharyngeal or cloacal swabs (233/3,678) were positive for IAV and 56.8% of IAV-positive samples were of the H9N2 subtype. Paralleling detection of IAV in H9N2-infected SPF chickens and chickens from LBM showed that pan-IAV FRET-PCR had a higher detection limit than virus isolation in eggs while the results by FRET-PCR and virus isolation overall matched. It is expected that this strategy can be useful for facile surveillance for IAV in clinical samples from a variety of sources.