bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Економски систем Кине – реформе и економски раст // The Chinese Economic System – Reforms and economic growth
Authors: Ковачевић Славиша , Бојић Дијана 
Published: November 2017

Резиме: НР Кина је у посљедње три деценије остварила импресивну стопу економског раста. Реформе које је спровео Денг Сјаопинг 1978. године омогућиле су да изразито сиромашна, затворена, планска привреда постане највећи свјетски извозник и најатрактивнија земља за страна улагања. Кина континуирано биљежи високе стопе раста, суфицит платног биланса и текућег рачуна, висок прилив страних директних инвестиција, високе стопе штедње, као и највеће девизне резерве у свијету. Иако је убрзан економски раст побољшао животни стандард Кинеза, велики дио становништва се још увијек бори са екстремним сиромаштвом. Све више су изражене социјалне и економске разлике између становника ове земље, а постојање једнопартијског система довело је и до проблема корупције, незаштићености радника, недовољне социјалне и здравствене заштите, као и недовољне заштите животне средине. Кинеске власти су постале свјесне да би нерјешавање ових проблема могло довести у питање даљи напредак, те су се одлучили на промјену стратегије раста. Последња предвиђања доказују да Кина и даље иде у правом смјеру, те да би већ ове године могла преузети лидерску позицију у свјетској економији.Summary: In the last three decades, the PR China has made impressive rate of economic growth. The reforms carried out by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 have enabled very poor, closed, planned economy to become the world’s largest exporter and the most attractive country for foreign investments. China has continuously recorded high growth rates, balance of payments surplus and a current account surplus, a large inflow of foreign direct investments, high savings rates, as well as the largest foreign exchange reserves in the world.Although rapid economic growth has improved the living standard of Chinese people, a large part of the population is still struggling with extreme poverty. Social and economic inequalities in this country are becoming more emphasized, and the one-party system led to the problems of corruption, lack of protection of workers, lack of social and health care, and insufficient protection of the environment. Chinese authorities had become aware that neglect of these issues could threaten further progress and they decided to change the strategy of growth. Last projections show that China is still going in the right direction, and it could take a leading position in the world economy this year.
Концепт параметра вриједности при ризику и контрола ризика у Црној Гори // The concept of value at risk (VaR) and risk regulatory in Montenegro
Authors: Церовић Јулија 
Published: November 2017

Резиме: Концепт вриједности при ризику (Value at risk - VaR) је мјера која се све више користи за оцјену степена изложености ризику учесника на финансијским тржиштима. Циљ овог концепта који је почео да преовладава у свијету управљања ризиком од 1994. године, јесте оцјена максималног губитка финансијске позиције у одређеном временском периоду за дату вјероватноћу. Постоји велики број мјера које квантификују ризик, и циљ рада је да се ове мјере изложе, са посебним акцентом на VaR. Такође, код мјерења финансијског ризика треба имати у виду особине финансијских временских серија, па су стога посебно истакнуте у раду. Други дио рада објашњава како су ове мјере ризика обухваћене правном регулативом у контроли ризика. Задатак рада је да се анализира контрола ризика у Црној Гори, као и важност стандарда који су на снази, у доприносу побољшања контроле ризика. Идеја рада је мотивисана жељом да се у Црној Гори озбиљније приступи квантификовању ризика, као и самом управљању ризиком. У наредном периоду, у оквиру мјера Централне банке Црне Горе за јачање финансијског система, континуирано ће се пратити и анализирати стање у банкарском систему, уз предузимање благовремених корективних мјера у управљању ризицима у банкама, као и даља имплементација међународно прихваћених стандарда и принципа пословања у овој области.Summary: The concept of value at risk (Value at Risk - VaR) is a measure that is increasingly used for assessing the level of exposure of financial markets’ participants. The aim of this concept, which has begun to prevail in the world of risk management since 1994, is estimation of the maximum loss of financial position at a given time for a given probability. Many methods have been developed to quantify risk. There are a number of measures to quantify the risk, and the aim of this paper is to expose these measures, with special emphasis on VaR. Also, when measuring financial risk, characteristics of financial time series should be taken into account, and therefore are particularly prominent in the work. The second part of the paper explains how these risk measures are covered by the regulations in risk control. The task of this paper is to analyze the risk control in Montenegro, and the importance of standards in force in contribution to the improvement of risk control. The idea of this paper is motivated by the desire to approach quantifying and managing risk in Montenegro more seriously. In the future, within the framework of the measures of the Central Bank to strengthen the financial system, the situation in the banking system will be continuously monitored and analyzed, by taking timely corrective measures in risk management in banks, as well as the further implementation of internationally accepted standards and principles in this field.
Практични оквир Блек-Шолсовог модела вредновања европске кол опције: економска и математичка интерпретација // The practical framework of the Black-Scholes model of pricing a european call option: economical and mathematical interpretation
Authors: Јањић Драган 
Published: November 2017

Резиме: Још 1973. године и објављивањем рада под називом „Oдређивање цијене опција и корпоративних обавеза“ (The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities), Блек Фишер и Мајрон Шолс су направили револуцију у свијету финансија. Дакле, они су развили модел за вредновање опција, познатији као Блек-Шолсов модел. Као такав, модел се данас налази у самом средишту економске теорије и савремених финансија. Такође, неопходно је истаћи и рад Роберта Мертона који је дао математичко објашњење датог проблема. За допринос развоју економске теорије Мајрон Шoлс и Роберт Мертон су 1997. године добили Нобелову награду за економију, док је Блека Фишера 1995. године смрт омела да и он добије заслужено признање.Блек-Шолсов модел вредновања опција омогућава инвеститорима да стекну увид у разне тржишне процјене у виду волатилности цијене акција. С друге стране, познавање и разумијевање Блек-Шолсовог модела омогућава инвеститорима да ефикасно управљају ризиком, што ће у многоме допринијети перформансама и развоју њиховог инвестиционог портфолија. Међутим, иако постоје разна оспоравања и критике од стране групе аутора везане за Блек-Шолсов модел вредновања опција, његова примјена у пракси је широка, јер Блек-Шолсов модел не полази од чињенице колико су претпоставке на којима се темељи одрживе у пракси, него од тога колика је моћ предвиђања самог модела.Summary: Starting in 1973 with publishing the paper The pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities, Fischer Black and Myron Scholes made a revolution in the world of finances. They developed a model for pricing of options called Black-Scholes model, which is nowadays placed in the middle of the economic theory and modern finances. Also, it is important to emphasize the work of Robert Merton who gave a mathematical explanation of this problem. For developing economic theory Myron Scholes and Robert Merton have received Nobel prize in economics, while Black Fischer did not received deserved prize because he died in 1995.Black-Scholes model of pricing of the options provides investor different market assessments of shares volatility. On the other hand, knowing and understanding Black-Scholes model enables investors to manage risk, which will develop their performances and the portfolio of investments.Although there are different challenges and critics of a group of authors connecting Black-Scholes model of option pricing, its practical use is very wide, because Black-Scholes model does not begin with a fact how much the presumptions are practical sustainable, but how much the model itself can predict future values.
Endoureterotomy for Ureteral Stricture: A Retrospective Study of Holmium Versus Thulium Lasers
Authors: Shao Yu-Hua , Wu Sheng-Tang , Tang Shou-Hung , Cha Tai-Lung , Tsao Chih-Wei , Meng En , Yu Dah-Shyong , Sun Guang-Huan , Kao Chien-Chang 
Published: November 2017

Background:
To compare the results of endoureterotomy for benign ureteral strictures by using holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) and thulium lasers.

Methods:
A total of 25 patients (15 men and 10 women, mean age: 49.16 years) underwent endoureterotomy with either Ho:YAG or thulium lasers for benign ureteral strictures (13 proximal, 3 middle, and 9 distal), using semirigid ureteroscopy and a 365-μm fiber (Ho-YAG laser) at 1.2 J/pulse and 10 Hz, or a 300-μm fiber (thulium laser) at 8W to 15W. Following incision, a 7-Fr double-J ureteral stent was left for 4 to 6 weeks. Thereafter, patients were followed-up using ultrasonography and/or intravenous urography at 3- to 6-month intervals.

Results:
Success was defined as the absence of symptoms, plus radiographic resolution of obstructions, as assessed by diuretic renography and/or intravenous urography. With a mean follow-up of 43 months, success was achieved in 10 (52.6%) of 19 patients treated with Ho:YAG laser and in 5 (83.3%) of 6 patients treated with thulium laser. A total of 10 patients developed recurrent strictures and were considered to have treatment failures. Stricture length and the severity of hydronephrosis were correlated with successful outcome. Sex, etiology, side, and stricture location did not predict outcome.

Conclusions:
Although endoureterotomies using Ho:YAG and thulium lasers had equal efficacy, our analysis revealed that a patient with longer stricture length or severe hydronephrosis is more suitable to receive thulium laser. This general laser procedure is recommended as a safe therapeutic option for the initial management of patients presenting with benign ureteral strictures because it is less invasive.
Marine Carbonate Component in the Mantle Beneath the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence From Magnesium and Calcium Isotopes
Authors: Liu Fang , Li Xin , Wang Guiqin , Liu Yufei , Zhu Hongli , Kang Jinting , Huang Fang , Sun Weidong , Xia Xiaoping , Zhang Zhaofeng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTracing and identifying recycled carbonates is a key issue to reconstruct the deep carbon cycle. To better understand carbonate subduction and recycling beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, high‐K cal‐alkaline volcanic rocks including trachy‐basalts and trachy‐andesites from Tengchong were studied using Mg and Ca isotopes. The low δ26Mg (−0.31 ± 0.03‰ to −0.38 ± 0.03‰) and δ44/40Ca (0.67 ± 0.07‰ to 0.80 ± 0.04‰) values of these volcanic rocks compared to those of the mantle (−0.25 ± 0.07‰ and 0.94 ± 0.05‰, respectively) indicate the incorporation of isotopically light materials into the mantle source, which may be carbonate‐bearing sediments with low δ26Mg and δ44/40Ca values. In addition, no correlations of δ26Mg and δ44/40Ca with either SiO2 contents or trace element abundance ratios (e.g., Sm/Yb and Ba/Y) were observed, suggesting that limited Mg and Ca isotopic fractionation occurred during cal‐alkaline magmatic differentiation. A binary mixing model using Mg–Ca isotopes shows that 5–8% carbonates dominated primarily by dolostone were recycled back into the mantle. Since Tengchong volcanism is still active and probably related to ongoing plate tectonic movement, we propose that the recycled carbonates are derived from oceanic crust related to the ongoing subduction of the Indian plate.
Oceanographic Controls on the Variability of Ice‐Shelf Basal Melting and Circulation of Glacial Meltwater in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, Antarctica
Authors: Kimura Satoshi , Jenkins Adrian , Regan Heather , Holland Paul R. , Assmann Karen M. , Whitt Daniel B. , Van Wessem Melchoir , van de Berg Willem Jan , Reijmer Carleen H. , Dutrieux Pierre 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIce shelves in the Amundsen Sea Embayment have thinned, accelerating the seaward flow of ice sheets upstream over recent decades. This imbalance is caused by an increase in the ocean‐driven melting of the ice shelves. Observations and models show that the ocean heat content reaching the ice shelves is sensitive to the depth of thermocline, which separates the cool, fresh surface waters from warm, salty waters. Yet the processes controlling the variability of thermocline depth remain poorly constrained. Here we quantify the oceanic conditions and ocean‐driven melting of Cosgrove, Pine Island Glacier (PIG), Thwaites, Crosson, and Dotson ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea Embayment from 1991 to 2014 using a general circulation model. Ice‐shelf melting is coupled to variability in the wind field and the sea‐ice motions over the continental shelf break and associated onshore advection of warm waters in deep troughs. The layer of warm, salty waters at the calving front of PIG and Thwaites is thicker in austral spring (June–October) than in austral summer (December–March), whereas the seasonal cycle at the calving front of Dotson is reversed. Furthermore, the ocean‐driven melting in PIG is enhanced by an asymmetric response to changes in ocean heat transport anomalies at the continental shelf break: melting responds more rapidly to increases in ocean heat transport than to decreases. This asymmetry is caused by the inland deepening of bathymetry and the glacial meltwater circulation around the ice shelf.
Approximate Dispersion Relations for Waves on Arbitrary Shear Flows
Authors: Ellingsen S. Å. , Li Y. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn approximate dispersion relation is derived and presented for linear surface waves atop a shear current whose magnitude and direction can vary arbitrarily with depth. The approximation, derived to first order of deviation from potential flow, is shown to produce good approximations at all wavelengths for a wide range of naturally occuring shear flows as well as widely used model flows. The relation reduces in many cases to a 3‐D generalization of the much used approximation by Skop (1987), developed further by Kirby and Chen (1989), but is shown to be more robust, succeeding in situations where the Kirby and Chen model fails. The two approximations incur the same numerical cost and difficulty. While the Kirby and Chen approximation is excellent for a wide range of currents, the exact criteria for its applicability have not been known. We explain the apparently serendipitous success of the latter and derive proper conditions of applicability for both approximate dispersion relations. Our new model has a greater range of applicability. A second order approximation is also derived. It greatly improves accuracy, which is shown to be important in difficult cases. It has an advantage over the corresponding second‐order expression proposed by Kirby and Chen that its criterion of accuracy is explicitly known, which is not currently the case for the latter to our knowledge. Our second‐order term is also arguably significantly simpler to implement, and more physically transparent, than its sibling due to Kirby and Chen.
Azimuthal Ocean Wave Emerged in SAR Image Spectra Under Specific Condition
Authors: Yoshida T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractVelocity bunching causes nonlinear modulations in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of oceanic scenes. SAR images for the azimuth waves exhibit destructive wavy patterns because of azimuthal distortion caused by velocity bunching. Meanwhile, velocity bunching creates constructive wavy patterns for long waves in certain cases. This paper aims to provide a simple indication for practical interpretation of plausible wavy patterns. A numerical simulation had been performed to address how velocity bunching forms a clear wave‐like pattern caused by orbital motions of a long single swell under a certain condition. More specifically, when the azimuth shifts caused by the orbital motions of the azimuth wave concentrate in the wave trough or crest, the bunching causes a strong single peak in the SAR images. This paper explains the mechanism of displaying plausible wavy patterns from the viewpoint of the ocean wave spectra and this specific condition. First, the simulation was validated for irregular waves generated from ocean wave spectra matching actual buoy data from which SAR images were simultaneously obtained. The SAR image spectra showed longer waves than those of the ocean wave spectra estimated via buoy data. The simulated spectra exhibited a similar trend to the actual SAR image, thus validating the numerical simulation. Next, an additional numerical simulation was conducted for irregular waves under the specific condition. The simulated results suggest that if a significant wave height and wavelength match the specific condition, the long waves in SAR image spectra can be similar to the original ocean wave spectra.
Mesoscale Eddy Activity and Transport in the Atlantic Water Inflow Region North of Svalbard
Authors: Crews L. , Sundfjord A. , Albretsen J. , Hattermann T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMesoscale eddies are known to transport heat and biogeochemical properties from Arctic Ocean boundary currents to basin interiors. Previous hydrographic surveys and model results suggest that eddy formation may be common in the Atlantic Water (AW) inflow area north of Svalbard, but no quantitative eddy survey has yet been done for the region. Here vorticity and water property signatures are used to identify and track AW eddies in an eddy‐resolving sea ice‐ocean model. The boundary current sheds AW eddies along most of the length of the continental slope considered, from the western Yermak Plateau to 40°E, though eddies forming east of 20°E are likely more important for slope‐to‐basin transport. Eddy formation seasonality reflects seasonal stability properties of the boundary current in the eastern portion of the study domain, but on and immediately east of the Yermak Plateau enhanced eddy formation during summer merits further investigation. AW eddies tend to be anticyclonic, have radii close to the local deformation radius, and be centered in the halocline. They transport roughly 0.16 Sv of AW and, due to their warm cores, 1.0 TW away from the boundary current. These findings suggest eddies may be important for halocline ventilation in the Eurasian Basin, as has been shown for Pacific Water eddies in the Canadian Basin.
Dynamics of the Sediment Plume Over the Yangtze Bank in the Yellow and East China Seas
Authors: Luo Zhifa , Zhu Jianrong , Wu Hui , Li Xiangyu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA distinct sediment plume exists over the Yangtze Bank in the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS) in winter, but it disappears in summer. Based on satellite color images, there are two controversial viewpoints about the formation mechanism for the sediment plume. One viewpoint is that the sediment plume forms because of cross‐shelf sediment advection of highly turbid water along the Jiangsu coast. The other viewpoint is that the formation is caused by local bottom sediment resuspension and diffused to the surface layer through vertical turbulent mixing. The dynamic mechanism of the sediment plume formation has been unclear until now. This issue was explored by using a numerical sediment model in the present paper. Observed wave, current, and sediment data from 29 December 2016 to 16 January 2017 were collected near the Jiangsu coast and used to validate the model. The results indicated that the model can reproduce the hydrodynamic and sediment processes. Numerical experiments showed that the bottom sediment could be suspended by the bottom shear stress and diffuse to the surface layer by vertical mixing in winter; however, the upward diffusion is restricted by the strong stratification in summer. The sediment plume is generated locally due to bottom sediment resuspension primarily via tide‐induced bottom shear stress rather than by cross‐shelf sediment advection over the Yangtze Bank.
Microseisms Generated by Super Typhoon Megi in the Western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Lin Jianmin , Lin Jian , Xu Min 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMicroseisms generated by the super typhoon Megi (13–24 October 2010) were detected on both land‐based and island‐based seismic stations. We applied temporal frequency spectrum analysis to investigate the temporal evolution of the microseisms. When Megi was over the deep basins of the Philippine Sea, only weak microseisms with short‐period double frequency (SPDF, ∼0.20–0.40 Hz) were observed. However, after Megi traveled into the shallower waters of the South China Sea, microseisms with both long‐period double frequency (LPDF, ∼0.12–0.20 Hz) and SPDF were recorded. The excitation source regions of the microseisms were analyzed using seismic waveform records and synthetic modeling in frequency domain. Results reveal that part of the LPDF microseisms were excited in coastal source regions, while the intensity of both LPDF and SPDF microseisms correlated well with the distance from seismic stations to the typhoon center. Synthetic computations of equivalent surface pressure and corresponding microseisms show that the wave‐to‐wave interaction induced by coastal reflection has primary effects on microseismic frequency band of ∼0.10–0.20 Hz. The coastal generation of the dispersive LPDF microseisms is also supported by the observation of ocean swells induced by Megi through the images of C‐band ENVISAT‐ASAR satellite during its migration process. Two source regions of the microseisms during the life span of Megi are finally distinguished: One was mainly located in the left‐rear quadrant of the typhoon center that generated both LPDF and SPDF microseisms at shallow seas, while the other one was near the coasts that generated mostly LPDF microseisms.
Wind Forced Variability in Eddy Formation, Eddy Shedding, and the Separation of the East Australian Current
Authors: Bull Christopher Y. S. , Kiss Andrew E. , Jourdain Nicolas C. , England Matthew H. , van Sebille Erik 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe East Australian Current (EAC), like many other subtropical western boundary currents, is believed to be penetrating further poleward in recent decades. Previous observational and model studies have used steady state dynamics to relate changes in the westerly winds to changes in the separation behavior of the EAC. As yet, little work has been undertaken on the impact of forcing variability on the EAC and Tasman Sea circulation. Here using an eddy‐permitting regional ocean model, we present a suite of simulations forced by the same time‐mean fields, but with different atmospheric and remote ocean variability. These eddy‐permitting results demonstrate the nonlinear response of the EAC to variable, nonstationary inhomogeneous forcing. These simulations show an EAC with high intrinsic variability and stochastic eddy shedding. We show that wind stress variability on time scales shorter than 56 days leads to increases in eddy shedding rates and southward eddy propagation, producing an increased transport and southward reach of the mean EAC extension. We adopt an energetics framework that shows the EAC extension changes to be coincident with an increase in offshore, upstream eddy variance (via increased barotropic instability) and increase in subsurface mean kinetic energy along the length of the EAC. The response of EAC separation to regional variable wind stress has important implications for both past and future climate change studies.