bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated intrathoracic CO2 pressure during thoracoscopic surgery decreases regional cerebral oxygen saturation in neonates and infants—A pilot study
Authors: Neunhoeffer Felix , Warmann Steven W. , Hofbeck Michael , Müller Alisa , Fideler Frank , Seitz Guido , Schuhmann Martin U. , Kirschner Hans‐Joachim , Kumpf Matthias , Fuchs Jörg 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundIntraoperative hypercapnia and acidosis are risk factors during thoracoscopy in neonates and infants.MethodsIn a prospective pilot study, we evaluated the effects of thoracoscopy in neonates and infants on cerebral microcirculation, oxygen saturation, and oxygen consumption. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation and blood flow were measured noninvasively using a new device combining laser Doppler flowmetry and white light spectrometry. Additionally, cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction and approximated oxygen consumption were calculated.Fifteen neonates and infants undergoing thoracoscopy were studied using the above‐mentioned method. The chest was insufflated with carbon dioxide with a pressure of 2‐6 mm Hg. Single lung ventilation was not used. As control group served 15 neonates and infants undergoing abdominal surgery.ResultsData are presented as median and range. The 95% confidence intervals for differences of means (95% CI) are given for the mean difference from baseline values.We observed a correlation between intrathoracic pressure exceeding 4 mm Hg and transient decrease in regional cerebral oxygen saturation of 12.7% (95% CI: 9.7–17.2, P<.001). Peripheral oxygen saturation was normal at the same time.Intraoperative increase in arterial paCO2 (median maximum value: 48.8 mm Hg, range: [36.5‐65.4]; 95% CI: −16.0 to −3.0, P=.002) and decrease in arterial pH (median minimum value: 7.3, range: [7.2‐7.4]; 95% CI: 0.04‐0.12, P=.008) were observed during thoracoscopy with both parameters recovering at the end of the procedure.Periods of regional cerebral oxygen saturation below 20% from baseline were significantly more frequent during thoracoscopy as compared to the control group (median maximum value: 1.3%min/h, range: [0.0‐66.2] vs median maximum value: 0.0%min/h, range: [0.0‐4.0]; 95% CI: −16.6 to −1.1, P=.028).ConclusionWe suggest that thoracoscopic surgery in neonates and infants, although generally safe, may be associated with a decrease in regional cerebral oxygen saturation correlating with the applied intrathoracic pressure. According to our data an inflation pressure >4 mm Hg should be avoided during thoracoscopic surgery.
Cartesian Imperativism
Authors: Gottlieb Joseph , Parvizian Saja 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe propose a novel reading of Descartes' views on the nature of pain, thirst, and hunger:imperativism. According to imperativism, rather than (exclusively) having intentional contents individuated by a set of correctness conditions specifying the way the worldis, pain thirst, and hunger have contents individuated bysatisfaction conditions, which specify the way the worldoughtto be. Unlike representationalist treatments, the imperativist reading satisfies the unique health‐preserving role Descartes sets out for pain, thirst, and hunger, without inflating his austere metaphysics ofres extensa.
Ultraviolet radiation accelerates NRas‐mutant melanomagenesis: A cooperative effect blocked by sunscreen
Authors: Hennessey Rebecca C. , Holderbaum Andrea M. , Bonilla Anamaria , Delaney Conor , Gillahan James E. , Tober Kathleen L. , Oberyszyn Tatiana M. , Zippin Jonathan H. , Burd Christin E. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryTo mitigate melanoma risk, sunscreen use is widely advocated; yet, the ability of sunscreens to prevent melanoma remains controversial. Here, we test the tenet that sunscreens limit melanoma risk by blocking ultraviolet radiation (UV)‐induced DNA damage using murine models that recapitulate the genetics and spontaneous evolution of human melanoma. We find that a single, non‐erythematous dose of UV dramatically accelerates melanoma onset and increases tumor multiplicity in mice carrying an endogenous, melanocyte‐specific NRas61R allele. By contrast, transient UV exposure does not alter tumor onset in mice lacking p16INK4a or harboring an NRas12D allele. To block the rapid onset of melanoma cooperatively caused by UV and NRas61R, we employed a variety of aerosol sunscreens. While all sunscreens delayed melanoma formation and blocked UV‐induced DNA damage, differences in aerosol output (i.e., amount applied/cm2) caused variability in the cancer preventative efficacy of products with identical sunburn protection factor (SPF) ratings.
Regulatory T cells and CTLA‐4 in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Tsuji Shoji , Kimata Takahisa , Yamanouchi Sohsaku , Kitao Tetsuya , Kino Jiro , Suruda Chikushi , Kaneko Kazunari 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) remains unknown. Recently, it was postulated that suppression of regulatory T cells (Treg) leads to massive proteinuria in INS, although there is some controversy. Considering the important role of cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) in Treg‐mediated immune suppression, the aim of this study was therefore to clarify the involvement of Treg and CTLA‐4 in the pathogenesis of INS. Fifteen patients with INS were enrolled. Their blood was sampled twice, once at onset and once at remission induced by glucocorticoid. Although median Treg number was significantly lower at onset than in healthy children, it increased at remission. Similarly, serum CTLA‐4 concentration significantly increased at remission compared with onset. Furthermore, a positive significant correlation was observed between Treg number and serum CTLA‐4 level. This suggests that Treg and CTLA‐4 are involved in the induction of remission in INS.
Inter‐prefecture disparity in under‐5 mortality: 115 year trend in Japan
Authors: Nagata Chie , Moriichi Akinori , Morisaki Naho , Gai‐Tobe Ruoyan , Ishiguro Akira , Mori Rintaro 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundChild poverty is a growing, serious issue in Japan, where various social disparities are increasing. Numerous reports have focused on the relationship between social inequity and health, but few studies have assessed how the overall magnitude of disparities in child health has changed in the course of drastic social and economic transitions from 1899 to more recent times. In this study, we assessed the trend of the under‐5 mortality rate (U5MR) and its inter‐prefecture disparity in Japan.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of Japan's vital statistics data from 1899 to 2014 (115 years), which covers a core period of modern Japan. We calculated the U5MR of each prefecture and its Theil index by year to assess the trend of inter‐prefecture disparity in child health from 1899 to 2014.ResultsThe U5MR monotonically decreased from 238 per 1,000 births in 1899 to 3 in 2014. The Theil index of the U5MR increased in the post‐war period, peaked in 1962 (0.027) and gradually reduced to <0.01 in the 1970s. In the 2000s, however, even though U5MR continued to decrease, the Theil index started to increase, and in 2014 (0.013) it exceeded that in 1970 and was more similar to that before World War II.ConclusionsThe disparities in child health appear to be widening, and may serve as a warning to today's society that increasing socioeconomic gradients may lead to rising health inequity among children. Further investigations into the causes, mechanisms, and possible interventions are needed.
Immunoglobulin M antibodies are not specific for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis
Authors: Roldán W. H. , Elefant G. R. , Ferreira A. W. 
Published: May 2017

SummarySerodiagnosis of human toxocariasis is established by detecting serum anti‐Toxocara IgG antibodies, but there is little knowledge regarding the reactivity of human IgM antibodies against the Toxocara antigens. In this study, we have evaluated the reactivity of IgM antibodies in sera from patients with toxocariasis, patients with other helminth infections, and healthy individuals, against Toxocara larval excretory‐secretory (TES) antigens by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB). Anti‐Toxocara IgM were detected in 91.4% of sera from patients with toxocariasis, 76% of sera from patients with other helminth infections, and 45.3% of sera from healthy individuals when ELISA was used. Likewise, IgM antibodies were detected in 94.8% of sera from patients with toxocariasis, 65.3% of sera from patients with other helminth infections, and 41% of sera from healthy individuals when WB was used. This reactivity exhibited only a slight decrease when the TES antigens were deglycosylated, showing that not only glycosidic epitopes, but also peptide epitopes are involved in the recognition and binding of IgM antibodies during the immune response against the parasite. The results shown that IgM antibodies are not specific for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis.
‘I try to make a net around each patient’: home care nursing as relational practice
Authors: Bjornsdottir Kristin 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundAs a result of restructuring, home care is increasingly defined in a narrow, task‐based way, undermining the holistic nature of practice. Recent practice theories can aid us in articulating the nature of this important, yet often invisible practice.AimMy aim in this article was to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the nature of home care nursing practice.MethodThe approach was ethnographic, involving extensive fieldwork and formal interviews with members of five home care nursing teams and 15 older persons receiving care at home in a metropolitan area of Iceland. The study was approved by the National Bioethics Committee.FindingsAs a net of services, home care was enacted through relational, but often invisible care practices, relating different actors – patient, family and health‐care and social‐care workers – in doing the work needed for the older persons to live comfortably at home. The work was collective in that it was shared by different actors and motivated by a common understanding that had developed and was preserved in conversations in the teams.LimitationsAlthough the findings are limited in that they only reflect home care as practiced in one neighbourhood, they can be seen as providing important insights into what is needed for home care services to work.ConclusionHome care practice can be understood as relational, aimed at creating a net of needed assistance. This work is a collective accomplishment of the teams and shaped by ideals and values shared among team members.
Areas for quality improvements in heart failure care: quality of care from the family members' perspective
Authors: Ängerud Karin Hellström , Boman Kurt , Brännström Margareta 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundThe complex needs of people with chronic heart failure (HF) place great demands on their family members, and it is important to ask family members about their perspectives on the quality of HF care.ObjectiveTo describe family members' perceptions of quality of HF care in an outpatient setting.MethodsA cross‐sectional study using a short form of the Quality from Patients' Perspective (QPP) questionnaire for data collection. The items in the questionnaire measure four dimensions of quality, and each item consists of both the perceived reality of the care and its subjective importance. The study included 57 family members of patients with severe HF in NYHA class III‐IV.ResultsFamily members reported areas for quality improvements in three out of four dimensions and in dimensionless items. The lowest level of perceived reality was reported for treatment for confusion and loss of appetite. Treatment for shortness of breath, access to the apparatus and access to equipment necessary for medical care were the items with the highest subjective importance for the family members.ConclusionFamily members identified important areas for quality improvement in the care for patients with HF in an outpatient setting. In particular, symptom alleviation, information to patients, patient participation and access to care were identified as areas for improvements. Thus, measuring quality from the family members' perspective with the QPP might be a useful additional perspective when it comes to the planning and implementation of changes in the organisation of HF care.
Precambrian snapshots: Morphodynamics of Torridonian fluvial braid bars revealed by three‐dimensional photogrammetry and outcrop sedimentology
Authors: Ghinassi Massimiliano , Ielpi Alessandro 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPre‐vegetation fluvial channels have long been considered predominantly sheet‐like in geometry, owing to hydraulic sections that rapidly widened rather than incise during floods. This motif has been paralleled to that of modern dryland rivers subject to sharp discharge fluctuations during ephemeral floods. However, a number of Precambrian fluvial successions have been recently appraised as the product of deep‐channelled systems characterized by relatively stable – probably perennial – discharge regimes. One such example is the ca 1·0 Ga Applecross Formation, part of the well‐studied Torridon Group of Scotland. To contribute to this debate and to provide refined morphodynamic models for the Applecross Formation, this article presents an integration of three‐dimensional photogrammetry and outcrop sedimentology applied to key exposures at Stoer Peninsula, north‐western Scottish Highlands. Analysis of selected sandbodies reveals that high‐relief fluvial sand bars, both mid‐channel and bank‐attached, evolved within deep, braided‐channel belts. These bars grew through complex mechanisms of accretion and reactivation related to different flood stages: upstream and downstream accretion probably occurred during waning‐flood stages characterized by high hydrograph levels and abundant sediment availability; lateral accretion took place during later waning‐flood stages, and it was associated in some cases with helical recirculation and increase in bend sinuosity. Overall, the depicted morphodynamics are consistent with prolonged flood events that cannot be reconciled with sharply fluctuating discharge regimes. Critical comparisons between the internal geometry of the studied bars and modern counterparts corroborate the findings herein. Thus, this study recommends stricter comparisons between the products of modern braided channels and Precambrian fluvial rock records featuring thick and well‐developed bar forms.
Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging using hyaluronic acid fillers: Differences between monophasic and biphasic fillers
Authors: Kim M. J. , Moon W‐J. , Hur M. S. , Han S. H. , Lee Y. W. , Choe Y. B. , Ahn K. J. 
Published: May 2017

Background/PurposeHyaluronic acid (HA) is an anionic, non‐sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed throughout the human skin and injectable HA fillers are the most commonly used in aesthetic field. This study aimed to determine if differences in physical characteristics of HA products (monophasic or biphasic fillers) affect the patterns of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsTwenty biphasic fillers and nine monophasic fillers were obtained from a commercial source, and examined with a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner. Visual assessments and measurements of signal intensity for region of interest (ROI) were performed. A non‐parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the ROI values.ResultsVisual assessments by a radiologist did not show significant differences between the two types of fillers. While the signal intensity between the two types of filler did not differ significantly for T1‐weighted images, the signal intensity of the biphasic filler was lower than that of the monophasic filler for T2‐weighted images (P<.01).ConclusionMonophasic and biphasic HA fillers exhibited different MRI properties. Our findings may provide better insights into the use of in vivo MRI to evaluate aesthetic, procedure‐related complications.
In vivo exfoliating efficacy of biodegradable beads and the correlation with user's satisfaction
Authors: Kitsongsermthon J. , Kreepoke J. , Duangweang K. , Tansirikongkol A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackground/purposeBy the end of 2017, non‐biodegradable microbeads will be prohibited in USA, UK and Europe, due to their environmental issue. There are biodegradable beads available, but their effect on skin desquamation has not been evaluated yet. This study aimed to understand the skin renewal time, moisturizing effect and user's satisfaction of gel scrubs containing different exfoliating beads.MethodsGel scrubs, containing polyethylene, mannan or wax beads, were used in this study. The stratum corneum turnover time (SCTT) and skin hydration were evaluated by dansyl chloride staining technique and Corneometer®, respectively. The self‐assessment was also performed after a 3‐week home use trial.ResultsThe SCTTs of three different gel scrubs were not significantly different. A numerical increase in the skin hydration level was found in all groups. Satisfaction scores for the appearance and usability attributes were similar, but scores for improvement in the skin hydration and skin smoothness were higher in the gel scrubs with mannan or wax beads.ConclusionAll three gel scrubs provided a similar effect on the SCTT and skin hydration, but gel scrubs with mannan or wax beads were more favorable. Thus, these two biodegradable exfoliating beads may be good substitutes in scrubbing products.
Gully boundary extraction based on multidirectional hill‐shading from high‐resolution DEMs
Authors: Yang Xin , Li Min , Na Jiaming , Liu Kai 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe gully boundary, which distinguishes gully from non‐gully areas, is a significant geomorphologic feature for research on gully development and gully erosion. This study presents a new method based on multidirectional hill‐shading maps, which identify the gully (i.e., shadow area) from inter‐gully (i.e., non‐shadow area). These shadows obtained from various illumination azimuths are merged; consequently, the border of the shadows, which is the gully boundary line, can be achieved. In this process, two key parameters, namely, altitude and azimuth of light, affect the accuracy of gully boundary extraction. The experiments in Yaojiawan area of China show that the method of average median slope of all sampling profiles across the gully boundary is effective and practical for light altitude selection. Moreover, the six azimuths are sufficient for gully boundary extraction in a loess hilly area. The application in the Madigou area indicates the replicability and rationality of this method. A comparison with the positive‐negative terrain and slope variation method confirms a higher accuracy of gully boundary extraction by the proposed method in terms of visual interpretation, length, and contour‐matching difference with reference to manually digitalized results. Accuracy assessment indicates that the proposed method is applicable for gully boundary extraction based on high‐resolution DEMs.
Big Data for weed control and crop protection
Authors: van Evert F K , Fountas S , Jakovetic D , Crnojevic V , Travlos I , Kempenaar C 
Published: May 2017

SummaryFarmers have access to many data‐intensive technologies to help them monitor and control weeds and pests. Data collection, data modelling and analysis, and data sharing have become core challenges in weed control and crop protection. We review the challenges and opportunities of Big Data in agriculture: the nature of data collected, Big Data analytics and tools to present the analyses that allow improved crop management decisions for weed control and crop protection. Big Data storage and querying incurs significant challenges, due to the need to distribute data across several machines, as well as due to constantly growing and evolving data from different sources. Semantic technologies are helpful when data from several sources are combined, which involves the challenge of detecting interactions of potential agronomic importance and establishing relationships between data items in terms of meanings and units. Data ownership is analysed using the ethical matrix method to identify the concerns of farmers, agribusiness owners, consumers and the environment. Big Data analytics models are outlined, together with numerical algorithms for training them. Advances and tools to present processed Big Data in the form of actionable information to farmers are reviewed, and a success story from the Netherlands is highlighted. Finally, it is argued that the potential utility of Big Data for weed control is large, especially for invasive, parasitic and herbicide‐resistant weeds. This potential can only be realised when agricultural scientists collaborate with data scientists and when organisational, ethical and legal arrangements of data sharing are established.
Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of BacT/Alert Virtuo Blood Culture System
Authors: Jacobs Michael R. , Mazzulli Tony , Hazen Kevin C. , Good Caryn E. , Abdelhamed Ayman M. , Lo Pauline , Shum Bianche , Roman Katharine P. , Robinson Danielle C. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
BacT/Alert Virtuo is an advanced, automated blood culture system incorporating improved automation and an enhanced detection algorithm to shorten time to detection. A multicenter study of the investigational Virtuo system (bioMérieux, Inc., Durham, NC) compared to BacT/Alert 3D (BTA3D) for detection of bacteremia/fungemia in four bottle types, SA and FA Plus (aerobic) and SN and FN Plus (anaerobic), was performed in a clinical setting with patient samples in a matched system design clinical trial. Blood was added to paired aerobic or anaerobic bottles, with the volume in each bottle in each pair required to be ≤10 ml and with the volumes required to be within 30% of each other. Of 5,709 bottle sets (52.5% aerobic pairs and 47.5% anaerobic pairs), 430 (7.5%) were positive for bacterial or fungal growth, with 342 (6.0%) clinically significant and 83 (1.5%) contaminated. A total of 3,539 sets (62.0%) were volume compliant, with 203 sets (5.7%) clinically significant. The positivity rates for volume-compliant bottle pairs determined by the two systems were comparable, with 68.7% of clinically significant isolates detected by both instruments, 15.7% by Virtuo only, and 15.7% by BTA3D only. Virtuo detected microbial growth nearly 2 h sooner overall than BTA3D (mean, 15.9 h versus 17.7 h). Shorter time to detection by Virtuo was related to organism group, with the time to detection being significantly shorter for enteric Gram-negative bacilli and enterococci (means, 3.6 h and 2.3 h shorter, respectively). This large clinical study demonstrated that the Virtuo blood culture system produced results comparable to those seen with the long-established BTA3D system, with significantly shorter time to detection.