bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Technology Readiness Level Users
Authors: Tomaschek Katharina , Olechowski Alison , Eppinger Steven , Joglekar Nitin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Technology Readiness Level (TRL) method, used to assess the maturity of a technology, has been applied in different industries for over 40 years. TRLs assist engineers in managing risks, communicating development progress and specifying deliverables. As TRLs have been adopted in more industries, the original scope of TRL application has expanded and challenges in use have emerged. Little is known about the TRL user community and its opinions of the method, or of the method's practical challenges. A global industry survey, conducted with professional TRL users, investigated the relative importance of 15 previously identified challenges of TRL use. We find that the top four most critical TRL challenges as identified by our respondents are system‐related; they include the topics of integration, interfaces, system modifications, and overall system maturity. The results reveal a need for an extension of the TRL method from a component‐readiness‐context to a system‐readiness‐context.
Trade Study of Alternative Controls and Power Distribution Architecture in Subsea Processing
Authors: Eide Halvor Mehlum , Haskins Cecilia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper reports on a trade study of feasible concept alternatives for control and low voltage power distribution architecture for subsea process stations. Subsea gas compression is a new process station technology that is responding to the market need for extending the lifetime of existing subsea gas fields. These subsea process stations are deployed in deeper water, farther offshore and in harsher environments. The demand for a more efficient, less complex, and cheaper solution is pushing the technology development and screening for alternative concepts. The SPADE methodology has guided a trade study of concept opportunity exploration for alternative distribution architectures. The Pugh matrix demonstrated its ability to provide a simple overview of the multiple factors in a decisionmaking situation, with extensions for risk and opportunity assessment.
Understanding Services: Understanding Stakeholders
Authors: Ashlin Stephen J , Cardow Iain , Crawford Alan , Davies John K , Farncombe Andrew , Mason Peter 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThere are many different services in general use today. New ones are being developed driven by the move from customers owning equipment to it being provided by suppliers as a service. We all know what services are, we use them every day. All the systems we develop and deliver end up providing or supporting some sort of service. The aim of the INCOSE UK Service Systems Engineering Working Group is to identify areas of the engineering lifecycle, the methods, and the techniques that need to be different for engineering services as opposed to ‘traditional systems engineering’ for the engineering of products.When INCOSE was formed there were various definitions of ‘What is a System?’ it took time to sort out but now is not normally an issue. Today established standards; SEBOK, DoDAF, MoDAF, Open Group, ITIL, CMMI; have different definitions of a Service. These differences are not just differences in wording driven by stakeholder views that can lead to significant differences of what is expected in delivering services. To understand and successfully deliver services, we need to understand and relate such definitions, and then use them within our engineering of services.In this work we have used Case Studies for Services that cover various areas of interest for businesses in INCOSE UK and used them to establish the scope of our work. The use of the term ‘Service’ has been extracted from literature together with definitions. The definitions have been grouped, related and where necessary re‐worded to provide a map of terms and the various definitions extracted from literature understood using this map.The use of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) outside the IT Sector has been considered, along with previous work in this area, as the architecture for understanding Services. We have illustrated this through simple application to one of the case studies. This is a different but complementary approach to understanding services and work with further case studies is needed to understand how it can best be applied.
An Initial Bibliometric Analysis and Mapping of Systems Engineering Research
Authors: Oosthuizen Rudolph , Swart Ignatius , Pretorius Leon 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSystems engineering is still a growing field that depends on continuous research to develop and mature. Research in systems engineering is difficult and the classic approaches for other engineering disciplines may not be sufficient. Additional methods and tools from business and social sciences are required to address all the issues in systems engineering. This paper performs a bibliometric analysis on the Systems Engineering journal from INCOSE to capture and discuss the status and trends of research in the field. This is also complemented by keyword parsing of the journal papers to develop a structure for classification of systems engineering research. This will be used for formulating a research approach tailored for systems engineering.
Leveraging tradeoff, bridging the gap among disciplines
Authors: Caron Françoise 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe systems analysis process builds on decisions rooted in results from quantitative tradeoff studies. A consensus on its activities is widely shared and documented by norms and handbooks: ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, INCOSE Systems engineering handbook.2015 and NASA handbook.2007. Nonetheless, the development of methodologies supporting traceability between the systems analysis process and the other systems engineering processes is still an open area of research, especially within the framework of model‐based approaches. As a result, documents justifying architecture choices are still produced by consolidating data manually; and what is more, data evolution is also verified manually. Such time‐consuming tasks have no real added value but are potential sources of error. Tooling the capitalization of the tradeoff data—including the rationales based on parameter values and their evolutions from project milestone to project milestone—would significantly facilitate the production and integrity of the documentation of architecture justification. This article reports on the results of our research in this direction.
Engineering Experience‐Driven, Solution‐Dependent Logistics Support Stakeholder Requirements for new Members in a Federation of Systems
Authors: Sols Alberto 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFederations of systems are ubiquitous. Many organizations use families of systems of similar nature, which do not have any interaction with each other, but that are somehow related in purpose or functionality and are used collectively. Such a family is known as a federation of systems (FoS). Federations of systems show an inflow and outflow of members and allow users to gather substantial experience. This permits a special approach to the engineering of requirements for new members, which are to join an FoS. Stakeholder requirements are to be solution‐independent. Yet, an FoS presents an outstanding possibility to users for benefiting from the gathered experience and from the existing logistics support resources of the members of the family, to state the requirements for new members of the family such that the overall logistics support structure of the FoS and its associated costs are minimized. This paper shows the logistics support elements for which requirements can be written, based on gathered experience. Numerous cases are mentioned in which such approach lead to a significant improvement of the overall cost/effectiveness ratio, optimizing the effectiveness of the use of the logistics support resources, while minimizing associated costs, logistics footprint and response time.
Comparison of global cerebral blood flow measured by phase‐contrast mapping MRI with 15O‐H2O positron emission tomography
Authors: Vestergaard Mark Bitsch , Lindberg Ulrich , Aachmann‐Andersen Niels Jacob , Lisbjerg Kristian , Christensen Søren Just , Rasmussen Peter , Olsen Niels Vidiendal , Law Ian , Larsson Henrik Bo Wiberg , Henriksen Otto Mølby 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo compare mean global cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by phase‐contrast mapping magnetic resonance imaging (PCM MRI) and by 15O‐H2O positron emission tomography (PET) in healthy subjects. PCM MRI is increasingly being used to measure mean global CBF, but has not been validated in vivo against an accepted reference technique.Materials and MethodsSame‐day measurements of CBF by 15O‐H2O PET and subsequently by PCM MRI were performed on 22 healthy young male volunteers. Global CBF by PET was determined by applying a one‐tissue compartment model with measurement of the arterial input function. Flow was measured in the internal carotid and vertebral arteries by a noncardiac triggered PCM MRI sequence at 3T. The measured flow was normalized to total brain weight determined from a volume‐segmented 3D T1‐weighted anatomical MR‐scan.ResultsMean CBF was 34.9 ± 3.4 mL/100 g/min measured by 15O‐H2O PET and 57.0 ± 6.8 mL/100 g/min measured by PCM MRI. The measurements were highly correlated (P = 0.0008, R2 = 0.44), although values obtained by PCM MRI were higher compared to 15O‐H2O PET (absolute and relative differences were 22.0 ± 5.2 mL/100 g/min and 63.4 ± 14.8%, respectively).ConclusionThis study confirms the use of PCM MRI for quantification of global CBF, but also that PCM MRI systematically yields higher values relative to 15O‐H2O PET, probably related to methodological bias.Level of Evidence: 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:692–699.
Effect of normal aging on the structure of marginal division of neostriatum as measured by MR phase imaging and diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Chen Zhiye , Liu Mengqi , Liu Mengyu , Li Jinfeng , Shan Han , Liu Shuangfeng , Lou Xin , Shu Siyun , Ma Lin 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo investigate the structural changes of marginal division (MrD) which is the high intensity zone between globus pallidus and putamen on phase image in the human brain.Materials and MethodsThe structural changes of MrD were investigated based on MR phase imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data at 3.0 Tesla (T) MR scanner in 72 volunteers. Phase value, including high iron components (HIC), low iron components (LIC), LIC ratio, and average iron components (AIC), were obtained using histogram analysis about the head of caudate nucleus (CA), globus pallidus (GP), putamen (PU), and MrD. The structural measurement of MrD was applied on corrected phase images (CPIs). Average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and fractional anisotropy (FA) values were calculated based on DTI data.ResultsMrD showed negative correlation for LIC with aging, with the highest HIC (left/right 2149.3 ± 19.6/2155.9 ± 17.9) and LIC (left/right 1996.6 ± 18.2/1999.6 ± 20.7), the lowest LIC ratio (left/right 21.5% ± 7.9%/19.4% ± 8.0%), and the highest AIC (left/right 2116.4 ± 21.4/2124.7 ± 21.0). The width (Head: left/right 2.01 ± 0.41 mm/1.86 ± 0.36 mm; Body: left/right 1.84 ± 0.38 mm/1.49 ± 0.29 mm; Tail: left/right 1.17 ± 0.36 mm/1.05 ± 0.23 mm) and area (left/right 49.44 ± 9.71 mm2/42.75 ± 8.80 mm2) of MrD showed negative correlation with aging, presenting gradually narrower pattern based on CPIs. Average ADC value (left/right 0.69 ± 0.04 10‐3mm2/s / 0.71 ± 0.03 10‐3mm2/s) revealed negative correlation, while FA value (left/right 0.19 ± 0.03/0.22 ± 0.03) revealed positive correlation with aging.ConclusionThe findings suggested that the structure measurements based on CPIs and DTI could provide a simple and effective tool for the evaluation of MrD in vivo in the human brain and for the assessment of the changes seen with aging.Level of Evidence: 1J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1343–1351
FTIR spectroscopy as a tool to detect contamination of rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia) salad with common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) leaves
Authors: Kokalj Meta , Prikeržnik Marcel , Kreft Samo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDRocket is a popular salad vegetable used all over the world and it has many health benefits. However, like with all plant material, there exists a danger of contamination with toxic substances. In the case of rocket, contamination with groundsel has occurred. Groundsel is a common weed in rocket crops, and it contains very toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In our study infrared spectroscopy was used to distinguish groundsel samples from rocket leaves. Infrared spectroscopy is a very simple analytical technique; however, some specific conditions are more easily implemented in industrial environment than others. Some of these conditions and parameters of infrared spectroscopy were explored in detail.RESULTSWe tested for the influence of different parameters of attenuated total reflectance and transmission infrared method. Our results show that a 100 % correct classification can be obtained under conditions most suitable for industry: using fresh samples and parameters that enable fast spectral measurement.CONCLUSIONInfrared spectroscopy is a fast and easy‐to‐use method that has been shown to be able to differentiate between rocket and groundsel leaves. Therefore, it could be further studied for implementation in the safety control of rocket salads. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal multimodal structural imaging in prodromal Huntington's disease
Authors: Harrington Deborah L. , Long Jeffrey D. , Durgerian Sally , Mourany Lyla , Koenig Katherine , Bonner‐Jackson Aaron , Paulsen Jane S. ,   for the PREDICT‐HD Investigators of the Huntington Study Group, Rao Stephen M. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesDiffusivity in white‐matter tracts is abnormal throughout the brain in cross‐sectional studies of prodromal Huntington's disease. To date, longitudinal changes have not been observed. The present study investigated cross‐sectional and longitudinal changes in white‐matter diffusivity in relationship to the phase of prodromal Huntington's progression, and compared them with changes in brain volumes and clinical variables that track disease progression.MethodsDiffusion MRI profiles were studied for 2 years in 37 gene‐negative controls and 64 prodromal Huntington's disease participants in varied phases of disease progression. To estimate the relative importance of diffusivity metrics in the prodromal phase, group effects were rank ordered relative to those obtained from analyses of brain volumes, motor, cognitive, and sensory variables.ResultsFirst, at baseline diffusivity was abnormal throughout all tracts, especially as individuals approached a manifest Huntington's disease diagnosis. Baseline diffusivity metrics in 6 tracts and basal ganglia volumes best distinguished among the groups. Second, group differences in longitudinal change in diffusivity were localized to the superior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, most prominently in individuals closer to a diagnosis. Group differences were also observed in longitudinal changes of most brain volumes, but not clinical variables. Last, increases in motor symptoms across time were associated with greater changes in the superior fronto‐occipital fasciculus diffusivity and corpus callosum, cerebrospinal fluid, and lateral ventricle volumes.ConclusionsThese novel findings provide new insights into changes within 2 years in different facets of brain structure and their clinical relevance to changes in symptomatology that is decisive for a manifest Huntington's diagnosis. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
How computational models contribute to our understanding of the germ line
Authors: Atwell Kathryn , Dunn Sara‐Jane , Osborne James M. , Kugler Hillel , Hubbard E. Jane Albert 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYComputational models are an invaluable tool in modern biology. They provide a framework within which to summarize existing knowledge, enable competing hypotheses to be compared qualitatively and quantitatively, and to facilitate the interpretation of complex data. Moreover, models allow questions to be investigated that are difficult to approach experimentally. Theories can be tested in context, identifying the gaps in our understanding and potentially leading to new hypotheses. Models can be developed on a variety of scales and with different levels of mechanistic detail, depending on the available data, the biological questions of interest, and the available mathematical and computational tools. The goal of this review is to provide a broad picture of how modeling has been applied to reproductive biology. Specifically, we look at four uses of modeling: (i) comparing hypotheses; (ii) interpreting data; (iii) exploring experimentally challenging questions; and (iv) hypothesis evaluation and generation. We present examples of each of these applications in reproductive biology, drawing from a range of organisms—including Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, mouse, and humans. We aim to describe the data and techniques used to construct each model, and to highlight the benefits of modeling to the field, as complementary to experimental work. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 944–957, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Xanthoangelol and 4‐hydroxyderrcin suppress obesity‐induced inflammatory responses
Authors: Li Yongjia , Goto Tsuyoshi , Ikutani Ryuma , Lin Shan , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Takahashi Haruya , Jheng Huei‐Fen , Yu Rina , Taniguchi Masahiko , Baba Kimiye , Murakami Shigeru , Kawada Teruo 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveObesity‐induced inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Xanthoangelol (XA) and 4‐hydroxyderrcin (4‐HD), phytochemicals extracted from Angelica keiskei, have been reported to possess various biological properties. Whether XA and 4‐HD alleviate obesity‐induced inflammation and inflammation‐induced adipocyte dysfunction was investigated.MethodsFor the in vitro study, a co‐culture system composed of macrophages and adipocytes and macrophages stimulated with conditioned medium derived from fully differentiated adipocytes was conducted. For the in vivo study, mice were fed a high‐fat diet supplemented with XA for 14 weeks.ResultsXA and 4‐HD suppressed inflammatory factors in co‐culture system. Moreover, treatment of RAW macrophages with XA and 4‐HD moderated the suppression of uncoupling protein 1 promoter activity and gene expression in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes, which was induced by conditioned medium derived from LPS‐stimulated RAW macrophages. Also, XA and 4‐HD inhibited c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase phosphorylation, nuclear factor‐κB, and activator protein 1, the last two being transcription activators in activated macrophages. Furthermore, in mice fed the high‐fat diet, XA reduced inflammatory factors within the white adipose tissue.ConclusionsThese results suggest that XA and 4‐HD might be promising phytochemicals to suppress obesity‐induced inflammation and inflammation‐induced adipocyte dysfunction.
Overeat today, skip the scale tomorrow: An examination of caloric intake predicting nonadherence to daily self‐weighing
Authors: Tanenbaum Molly L. , Ross Kathryn M. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveDaily self‐weighing is an effective weight loss strategy. Little is known about “micro” factors influencing nonadherence to self‐weighing (e.g., daily overeating). It was hypothesized that increased caloric intake on a given day would increase odds of not self‐weighing the following day.MethodsDaily self‐reports of weight and caloric intake were collected from 74 adults with overweight and obesity (mean BMI = 31.2 ± 4.5 kg/m2, age = 50.6 ± 10 years, 69% female, 87% Caucasian) throughout a 12‐week Internet‐based weight management intervention. Multilevel logistic regression investigated odds of nonadherence to self‐weighing on a given day based on the previous day's caloric intake.ResultsSelf‐monitoring adherence was high (weights: 87%; calories: 85%); adherence was associated with greater 12‐week weight loss (weighing: r = −0.24, P = 0.04; calories: r = −0.26, P = 0.04). Increased caloric intake on a given day, relative to the individual's average intake, was associated with increased odds of nonadherence to self‐weighing the next day (F(1,5106) = 12.66, P = 0.0004, β = 0.001). For example, following a day of eating 300 calories more than usual, odds of not self‐weighing increased by 1.33.ConclusionsOdds of nonadherence to self‐weighing increased following a day with higher‐than‐usual caloric intake. Weight management interventions collecting daily self‐monitoring data could provide support to participants who report increased caloric intake to prevent self‐weighing nonadherence.
The prognostic impact of SYT‐SSX fusion type and histological grade in pediatric patients with synovial sarcoma treated according to the CWS (Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studie) trials
Authors: Stegmaier Sabine , Leuschner Ivo , Poremba Christopher , Ladenstein Ruth , Kazanowska Bernarda , Ljungman Gustaf , Scheer Monika , Blank Bernd , Bielack Stefan , Klingebiel Thomas , Koscielniak Ewa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of our analysis was the evaluation of the prognostic impact of SYT‐SSX fusion status and histological grading in synovial sarcoma (SS) of children and adolescents in the context of the consistent multimodal treatment strategy of the CWS (Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studie; Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group) and in comparison with other risk factors.ProcedureBetween 1986 and 2006, out of 243 patients with SS, tumor samples from 84 patients with localized disease were available for RT‐PCR analysis. Outcome depending on fusion status in the context with known clinical risk factors was analyzed.ResultsNo prognostic significance was shown for SYT‐SSX fusion status and for histological grade. Highest significance of negative prognostic impact was found for large tumor size in uni‐ and multivariate analysis (P< 0.01). Furthermore, male gender was shown to be an adverse prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P= 0.01).ConclusionsBased on our results, neither histological grading nor SYT‐SSX fusion status seems to be suitable for outcome prediction and risk stratification in localized SS treated according to the CWS. This is in contrast to several other publications concerning more heterogeneous age groups including children and adults, and this indicates that prognostic factors should not be interpreted apart from the particular study population and the therapeutic context.