bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermally Induced Oxygen Doping of Graphitic Carbon Nitride with a Highly Ordered Architecture and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Chao , Fan Huiqing , Ren Xiaohu , Ma Jiangwei , Fang Jiawen , Wang Weijia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAs an amorphous or semicrystalline material, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) displays poor photocatalytic activity owing to rapid recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers, which is mainly caused by a high density of defects in the graphitic structure. In this work, a porous O‐doped g‐C3N4 (P‐CNO) nanosheet with a highly ordered architecture is fabricated by introducing a novel hydrothermal treatment to the precursor before the final thermal condensation. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (HER) and HER per surface area of P‐CNO are 13.9 and 1.7 times higher than that of bulk g‐C3N4. The improved photocatalytic activity is ascribed to a synergistic effect of O doping, a porous sheet‐like morphology, and increased crystallinity. This work also provides a new approach for the synthesis of other polymer‐based photocatalysts with high crystallinity and excellent performance.
N‐Annulated Perylene‐Based Hole Transporters for Perovskite Solar Cells: The Significant Influence of Lateral Substituents
Authors: Li Yang , Zhu Rui , Wang Junting , Li Ze‐Sheng , Xu Niansheng , Zhang Jidong , Wang Peng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPerylene derivatives are a family of well‐known organic electron‐transporting materials with excellent photochemical and thermal stabilities, and have been widely used in various optoelectronic devices. In this work, two diphenylamine functionalized N‐annulated perylenes are reported as hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells. Through joint theoretical and experimental studies, the HTM employing a methoxyphenyl lateral substituent is found to feature a closer stacking distance and better aggregate connectivity in the solid film than its analogue with the bulky 2‐hexyldecyl lateral substituent, contributing to a higher hole mobility and a remarkably enhanced device performance of perovskite solar cells. This work demonstrates the significant influence of lateral substituents of HTMs on the intermolecular packing and solid microstructure, giving a clear insight on the molecular design of high‐performance organic semiconductors.
Cerebellar microglia are dynamically unique and survey Purkinje neurons in vivo
Authors: Stowell Rianne D. , Wong Elissa L. , Batchelor Hanna N. , Mendes Monique S. , Lamantia Cassandra E. , Whitelaw Brendan S. , Majewska Ania K. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTMicroglia are the innate immune cells of the central nervous system and are also important participants in normal development and synaptic plasticity. Here, we demonstrate that the microglia of the mouse cerebellum represent a unique population compared to cortical microglia. Microglia are more sparsely distributed within the cerebellum and have a markedly less ramified morphology compared to their cortical counterparts. Using time‐lapse in vivo imaging, we found that these differences in distribution and morphology ultimately lead to decreased parenchymal surveillance by cerebellar microglia. We also observed a novel form of somal motility in cerebellar microglia in vivo, which has not been described in cortical populations. We captured microglial interactions with Purkinje neurons in vivo. Cerebellar microglia interact dynamically with both the dendritic arbors and somas of Purkinje neurons. These findings suggest that cerebellar microglia are physiologically distinct from cortical populations and that these differences may ultimately alter how they could contribute to plasticity and disease processes in the cerebellum. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 627–644, 2018
An environment‐friendly approach to isolate and purify glucan from spent cells of recombinant Pichia pastoris and the bioactivity characterization of the purified glucan
Authors: Xing Yan , Chen Chaonan , Sun Wenlong , Zhang Bowei , Sang Yuanbin , Xiu Zhilong , Dong Yuesheng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWhile the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris enables the industrial‐scale biosynthesis of many recombinant products, large amount of nutrient‐rich biomass emerged along this process. Polysaccharides, especially glucans that are abundant in the cell wall of P. pastoris, are yet to be better utilized owing to their various biological activities. However, the isolation and purification of cell wall glucan from P. pastoris has not been reported. In this study, we established an environment‐friendly approach, including induced autolysis, hot‐water treatment, ultrasonication, isopropanol extraction, and protease treatment, to isolate and purify glucan from the cell wall of P. pastoris. We achieved a purity of 85.3% and a yield of 11.7% for the purified glucan. Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and ash were efficiently removed during the purification. The activities of the purified glucan were investigated in mice fed with a high‐fat diet. The purified glucan decreased the level of total cholesterol and triglycerides by 30.3 and 29.7%, respectively. This result suggested that the cell wall glucan of P. pastoris could be developed to a therapeutic agent for dyslipidemia. Our study proposed an environment‐friendly and effective method to isolate and purify the glucan from P. pastoris, providing solid foundation for the high‐value utilization of this yeast.
The effects of competition on medical service provision
Authors: Brosig‐Koch Jeannette , Hehenkamp Burkhard , Kokot Johanna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe explore how competition between physicians affects medical service provision. Previous research has shown that, without competition, physicians deviate from patient‐optimal treatment under payment systems like capitation and fee‐for‐service. Although competition might reduce these distortions, physicians usually interact with each other repeatedly over time and only a fraction of patients switches providers at all. Both patterns might prevent competition to work in the desired direction. To analyze the behavioral effects of competition, we develop a theoretical benchmark that is then tested in a controlled laboratory experiment. Experimental conditions vary physician payment and patient characteristics. Real patients benefit from provision decisions made in the experiment. Our results reveal that, in line with the theoretical prediction, introducing competition can reduce overprovision and underprovision, respectively. The observed effects depend on patient characteristics and the payment system, though. Tacit collusion is observed and particularly pronounced with fee‐for‐service payment, but it appears to be less frequent than in related experimental research on price competition.
Risk‐taking in vaccination, surgery, and gambling environments: Evidence from a framed laboratory experiment
Authors: Binder Simon , Nuscheler Robert 
Published: December 2017

AbstractVaccination involves a tradeoff between two risky alternatives, namely, susceptibility and immunization. By designing a controlled laboratory experiment, we investigate the association between risk preferences and immunization decisions. To contrast the role of risk preferences in vaccination decisions with other domains, we implemented four frames: vaccination, surgery, complex neutral, and simple neutral. We found direct framing effects for females but not for males. For the former, the demand for the safer alternative is significantly larger in the surgery frame than in all other frames. For male subjects, we found a significant association between stated risk preferences and choice behavior in the simple neutral frame but not in the other three frames. For female subjects, we observed the exact opposite. Although the complexity of the decision problem matters, there is no indication of differential roles of risk preferences for a given complexity. We found that the share of consistent choices is significantly larger in the surgery frame as compared to the two neutral frames, that is, context improves decision making. This does not apply to the vaccination frame, so there is something about vaccinations that prevents individuals from better understanding the decision problem at hand.
Risk attitudes in medical decisions for others: An experimental approach
Authors: Arrieta Alejandro , García‐Prado Ariadna , González Paula , Pinto‐Prades José Luis 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to investigate how risk attitudes in medical decisions for others vary across health contexts. A lab experiment was designed to elicit the risk attitudes of 257 medical and nonmedical students by assigning them the role of a physician who must decide between treatments for patients. An interval regression model was used to estimate individual coefficients of relative risk aversion, and an estimation model was used to test for the effect of type of medical decision and experimental design characteristics on elicited risk aversion. We find that (a) risk attitudes vary across different health contexts, but risk aversion prevails in all of them; (b) students enrolled in health‐related degrees show a higher degree of risk aversion; and (c) real rewards for third parties (patients) make subjects less risk‐averse. The results underline the importance of accounting for attitudes towards risk in medical decision making.
Not so different? Comparison of risk profile of gay men who acquired HIV while travelling with those who acquired HIV in Australia
Authors: Brown Graham , Prestage Garrett , Down Ian , Ellard Jeanne , Triffitt Kathy 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIssue addressedMany countries now identify HIV and international mobility as a priority issue within a global and shared epidemic, including Australia. To support health promotion in this complex area, we investigated recent HIV infections that occurred among Australian gay men while travelling and compared to HIV infections that occurred in Australia.Methods446 gay men recently diagnosed with HIV completed an on‐line survey regarding the high risk event (HRE) where they believed that they acquired HIV. Those who acquired HIV while in their usual place of residence (308 men), those who were travelling within Australia (59 men), and those who were travelling overseas (79 men) were compared.ResultsThose who acquired HIV while overseas had very similar risk profiles, sexual behaviour, and made similar assumptions about their partners and their own HIV status, as those who acquired HIV in Australia. Only HIV status disclosure at the HRE differed across locations (P = .030). Three quarters (74.7%) of the men who acquired HIV while overseas were not diagnosed until they returned to Australia.ConclusionsOur findings challenge the idea that there are necessarily differences in behaviour and assumptions for HIV transmission in Australia and overseas. However, the men travelling may be in communities where HIV status is less commonly disclosed, and where HIV prevalence is higher.So what?A deeper understanding of contextual factors may be required for HIV prevention and health promotion strategies targeting gay men travelling to locations with different cultural, HIV prevalence, and HIV testing considerations. This would also identify opportunities for new tools such as Pre‐Exposure Prophylaxis and self‐testing.
A cone‐beam computed tomography study of the anatomical relationships between mandibular teeth and the mandibular canal, with a review of the current literature
Authors: Aksoy Umut , Aksoy Seçil , Orhan Kaan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate age‐ and sex‐related changes in the anatomical relationships between the roots of the molars and premolars and the mandibular canal using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. A total of 243 patients (116 males, 127 females) aged 16–83 years for whom previous CBCT scans were available were enrolled in this study. The patients were subcategorized by sex and age (Group I, <21 years; Group II, 21–40 years; and Group III, >40 years). The distances between the mandibular canal and the molars and premolars were measured. The mandibular canal was significantly closer to the root apices of the second and third molars than to the apices of other evaluated teeth (p < 0.05). All measurements were significantly higher in male than in female subjects (p < 0.05). Group I subjects exhibited significantly shorter distances between the mandibular canal and root apices of the first and second premolars, and the molars, than those of Group II and III subjects (p < 0.05). Direct contact relationships were found in 1.6%, 3.3%, 3.3%, 16%, and 32.2% of teeth (running from the first premolar to the third molar, respectively). Age and sex influenced the anatomical relationships between mandibular teeth and the mandibular canal, and these should be considered when planning endodontic and surgical procedures to avoid potential nerve injury.
MicroRNA networks associated with active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis regulate CD163 expression and anti-inflammatory functions in macrophages through two distinct mechanisms
Authors: Do Thuy , Tan Rachel , Bennett Mark , Medvedovic Mario , Grom Alexei A , Shen Nan , Thornton Sherry , Schulert Grant S 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a severe childhood arthropathy with features of autoinflammation. Monocytes and macrophages in SJIA have a complex phenotype with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties that combine features of several well characterized in vitro conditions used to activate macrophages. An important anti-inflammatory phenotype is expression of CD163, a scavenger receptor that sequesters toxic pro-inflammatory complexes that is highly expressed in both active SJIA and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). CD163 is most strongly up-regulated by IL-10 (M(IL-10)), and not by other conditions that reflect features seen in SJIA monocytes such as M(LPS+IC). MicroRNA plays key roles in integrating cellular signals such as those in macrophage polarization, and as such we hypothesize microRNAs regulate macrophage functional responses in SJIA including CD163 expression. We find that 2 microRNAs previously found to be elevated in active SJIA, miR-125a-5p and miR-181c, significantly reduced macrophage CD163 expression through 2 distinct mechanisms. Neither microRNA was elevated in M(IL-10) with robust CD163 expression, but were instead induced in M(LPS+IC) where they restricted CD163 mRNA expression. Mir-181 species directly targeted CD163 mRNA for degradation. In contrast, miR-125a-5p functions indirectly, as transcriptome analysis of miR-125a-5p overexpression identified “cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions” as the most significantly repressed gene pathway, including decreased IL10RA, required for IL-10-mediated CD163 expression. Finally, overexpression of miR-181c inhibited CD163 anti-inflammatory responses to hemoglobin or high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) complexes. Together, these data show that microRNA utilizes multiple mechanisms to integrate well-characterized polarization phenotypes and regulate macrophage functional properties seen in SJIA.
Rapid qualitative analysis of 2 flavonoids, rutin and silybin, in medical pills by direct analysis in real‐time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) combined with in situ derivatization
Authors: Nagy Tibor , Kuki Ákos , Nagy Lajos , Zsuga Miklós , Kéki Sándor 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDirect analysis in real‐time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) with in situ silylation was used for the rapid analysis of the flavonoids silybin ((2R,3R)‐3,5,7‐trihydroxy‐2‐[3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin‐6‐yl]chroman‐4‐one) and rutin (quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside). Three different derivatization reagents, hexamethyldisilazane/trimethylchlorosilane/pyridine (HMDS/TMCS/pyridine), N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide/trimethylchlorosilane/N‐trimethylsilyimidazole (BSA/TMCS/TMSI), and N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide/trimethylchlorosilane (BSTFA/TMCS), were applied. Silybin and rutin were detected with various degrees of silylation, and the formation of dimers with pyridine and imidazole was also observed. HMDS/TMCS/pyridine was the best choice for the DART‐MS analysis of silybin, and BSA/TMCS/TMSI was the most effective for the detection of rutin. The effects of the DART source temperature on desorption, ionization, in‐source fragmentation, dimer formation, and hydrolysis of the trimethylsilyl groups were also studied. In addition, the collision‐induced dissociation properties of the derivatized silybin and rutin were explored. With our in situ silylation method, the derivatized bioactive compounds in intact medical pills could also be detected by DART‐MS.
Confined and Directed Polymer Crystallization at Curved Liquid/Liquid Interface
Authors: Staub Mark C. , Li Christopher Y. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSpherical crystals are ubiquitous in nature and the necessary breaks in translational symmetry not seen in flat crystals render them structurally unique. Polymer crystals have been shown to exhibit nonflat morphologies, but control over their formation is difficult to achieve. One strategy is directing the crystallization by spatially and/or temporally tuning chain segmental mobility. This has been studied early on using polymer blends or polymer/solvent systems where coupling liquid–liquid phase separation with crystallization could provide morphological control. In this Trend article, a recent trend in using miniemulsion systems to act as nanoscale confinement on chain segmental mobility is reviewed. The confinement at this length scale causes unique features to arise in ordering processes such as liquid–liquid phase separation and crystallization that are not observed at the macroscale. The generality of this approach makes it a good candidate to direct the formation of new and unique hierarchical polymer nanostructures that could be utilized in numerous applications.
Modeling of multicomponent diffusions and natural convection in unfractured and fractured media by discontinuous Galerkin and mixed methods
Authors: Hoteit Hussein , Firoozabadi Abbas 
Published: December 2017

SummaryComputation of the distribution of species in hydrocarbon reservoirs from diffusions (thermal, molecular, and pressure) and natural convection is an important step in reservoir initialization. Current methods, which are mainly based on the conventional finite‐difference approach, may not be numerically efficient in fractured and other media with complex heterogeneities. In this work, the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method combined with the mixed finite element (MFE) method is used for the calculation of compositional variation in fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs. The use of unstructured gridding allows efficient computations for fractured media when the cross flow equilibrium concept is invoked. The DG method has less numerical dispersion than the upwind finite‐difference methods. The MFE method ensures continuity of fluxes at the interface of the grid elements. We also use the local DG (LDG) method instead of the MFE to calculate the diffusion fluxes. Results from several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency, robustness, and accuracy of the model. Various features of convection and diffusion in homogeneous, layered, and fractured media are also discussed.
Precision of DXA‐Derived Visceral Fat Measurements in a Large Sample of Adults of Varying Body Size
Authors: Meredith‐Jones Kim , Haszard Jillian , Stanger Nigel , Taylor Rachael 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the precision of GE Lunar's CoreScan tool (GE Healthcare, Madison, Wisconsin) for measuring visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in adults of varying body size.MethodsTwo consecutive dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans with repositioning were undertaken in 233 participants (110 male, 123 female) aged 18 to 70 years; 38% (n = 89) had normal weight, 34% (n = 80) had overweight, and 27% (n = 64) had obesity. The coefficient of variation (CV), the root‐mean‐square standard deviation (RMS SD), and the corresponding 95% least significant change (LSC) were calculated for VAT, total fat, total lean, bone mineral density, and bone mineral content.ResultsVAT precision error in the total group was 28.9% (percent CV), with a RMS SD of 47.1 g. Bland‐Altman plots demonstrated a mean precision bias of 2.4 g (95% CI: −6.2 to 11.0 g), giving an LSC of 130.6 g. BMI subgroup analyses revealed that precision errors (RMS SD) for VAT mass were 32.9 g in the group with normal weight, 33.5 g in the group with overweight, and 51.0 g in the group with obesity. Precision errors (percent CV) for total body fat, lean, and bone were significantly lower, ranging from 0.7% to 2.6%.ConclusionsThe precision of DXA VAT mass measurements increase with BMI, and caution should be used with estimates in adults with obesity.
Intracranial metastasis in fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hammond William J. , Lalazar Gadi , Saltsman James A. , Farber Benjamin A. , Danzer Enrico , Sherpa Tshering C. , Banda Charles D. , Andolina Jeffrey R. , Karimi Sasan , Brennan Cameron W. , Torbenson Michael S. , La Quaglia Michael P. , Simon Sanford M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) is a rare liver malignancy in adolescents and young adults. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for primary and metastatic disease. Most patients relapse, with development of both local and distant metastases. Brain metastases from solid tumors are rare in the pediatric and young adult population. Here, we document three patients with brain metastases from FLHCC, confirmed by histology and molecular characterization of the chimeric fusion DNAJB1–PRKACA, each necessitating neurosurgical intervention. These observations highlight the ability of FLHCC to metastasize to the brain and suggest the need for surveillance neuroimaging for patients with advanced‐stage disease.
Denosumab treatment in aneurysmal bone cyst: Evaluation of nine cases
Authors: Kurucu Nilgun , Akyuz Canan , Ergen Fatma Bilge , Yalcin Bilgehan , Kosemehmetoglu Kemal , Ayvaz Mehmet , Varan Ali , Aydin Burca , Kutluk Tezer 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundAneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign bone tumor. Curettage and bone grafting is the common treatment. Here, we retrospectively evaluate nine patients treated with denosumab.ProcedureNine patients with ABC, mostly pelvic and vertebral, treated with denosumab were analyzed retrospectively. A 70 mg/m2 denosumab dose was used weekly in the first month, and then monthly. Clinical and radiological responses to treatment were evaluated.ResultsIn all patients, clinical symptoms including pain and limping regressed completely within 3 months. Radiological evaluation revealed changes in lesion size and content. In six patients, overall volume reduction in the range of 18–82% was detected. Decreases in the size and number of cysts were detected in eight patients. In five patients, fat signal appeared on follow‐up imaging. No major side effects were observed during treatment. Median follow‐up time after treatment was 15 months. At 5 months, severe hypercalcemia was observed in two patients due to rebound increase in osteoclastic activity. Subsequent to denosumab treatment, three patients underwent surgery for clinical or radiological recurrence.ConclusionsOur results showed that denosumab provided a meaningful clinical and radiological improvement in ABC. It may be a treatment option, especially in spinal and pelvic tumors with potentially high surgical morbidity. However, late rebound hypercalcemia may restrict its use. Studies with more cases are required for routine use of denosumab in ABC.