bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philodemus of Gadara
Authors: Essler Holger 
Published: April 2017

Philodemus of Gadara (b. Gadara c. 110–d. after 40 bce) was an Epicurean philosopher (see also Oxford Bibliographies article in Classics “Epicureanism”) and poet of Greek epigrams (for a discussion whether the poet and the philosopher were different persons, see Biography). After studying in Athens with Zeno of Sidon, the head of the Epicurean Garden at the time, he moved to Italy and became a protégé of L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, father-in-law of Julius Caesar and consul in 58 bce. He seems to have been in contact with part of the Roman political and cultural elite, especially with members of the circle of Maecenas. Cicero calls him a personal acquaintance (In Pisonem 68) and may have drawn on his De pietate in the doxographical part of De natura deorum 1. Horace seems to be influenced by him in his Ars poetica and Philodemus himself addresses several of his books to high-ranking individuals: apart from his patron Piso, to C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, consul 43 bce, to Virgil (also Vergil) and to his (and Horace’s) friends Plotius Tucca, L. Varius Rufus, and Quintilius Varus. Whereas Philodemus’s poems enjoyed some popularity during his lifetime and thirty-four of them were included in the Greek Anthology, all of his extensive philosophical writings are preserved only in the charred scrolls discovered at the Villa dei Papiri in Herculaneum. The majority contain philosophical works by Philodemus, some books are preserved in multiple copies, some appear to be drafts. They cover several areas, most prominently history of philosophy, ethics, aesthetics (rhetoric, music, poetry), and theology. The discussion can be very subtle and specialized. Philodemus often provides information about or quotations from Hellenistic sources otherwise lost or unattested. The scrolls are, however, heavily damaged and difficult to read. Thus, analysis of the content of Philodemus’s philosophical writings largely depends on the availability of new and reliable editions of these papyri and many general conclusions depend on single readings (see the Oxford Bibliographies article in Classics “Herculaneum Papyri” by W. B. Henry).
Ovid’s Metamorphoses
Authors: Fratantuono Lee 
Published: April 2017

Ovid’s Metamorphoses is an epic poem in fifteen books that offers a panoramic vision of classical mythology from the creation of the world through the apotheosis of Julius Caesar. The hexameter epic was composed in the last years before the poet’s exile in 8 ce; the text that has survived is complete, though now and again it shows evidence of a lack of final revision. Ovid refers to his own work at Tristia 1.1.117–120, where he speaks of the fifteen books of his epic that have been saved from the metaphorical funeral pyre, books that reflect the poet’s own changing fortunes in the wake of his banishment to Tomis. Ovid’s magnum opus is deeply invested in intertextual relationships with the literary achievements of his predecessors, including the tradition of metamorphic myth that was popular in the Hellenistic Age. It is also very much a product of the political and social milieu of Augustan Rome, with attendant reflection and commentary on the nature of the Augustan principate and the place of the poet in the nascent new order. Ovid’s epic of transformation and wondrous metamorphosis has had a profound influence on later art and literature, inspiring works as diverse as the 14th-century Old French Ovide moralisé, the paintings of the Italian Renaissance master Titian, and the first opera of Mozart (Apollo et Hyacinthus, K. 38).
William Maxwell
Authors: Comba Gretchen 
Published: April 2017

William Maxwell (b. 1908–d. 2000) was born in Lincoln, Illinois, and lived there until he was fourteen, when he moved to Chicago. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and then spent a year at Harvard, where he earned an MA in 1931. He then returned to Urbana, where he took graduate courses and taught freshman composition for two years. In 1936, Maxwell moved to New York City and found work at the New Yorker, where he served for forty years, first in the art department and then as a fiction editor. In 1945, Maxwell married Emily Gilman Noyes, and the couple had two children, Katherine Farrington and Emily Brooke. As a fiction editor, he worked with such notable writers as John Cheever, Vladimir Nabokov, Frank O’Connor, John O’Hara, V. S. Pritchett, J. D. Salinger, John Updike, and Eudora Welty. From 1969 to 1972, he served as president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. During the course of his lifetime, he published six novels, two collections of stories, two collections of tales (one printed privately), a volume of collected stories, a family history, a volume of essays and reviews, and two books for children. The defining event in Maxwell’s life was the death of his mother in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic. In the 1985 Godine edition of the novel The Chateau, a “Note about the Author” appears on the final page, and in this note Maxwell recalls his mother’s death: “It happened too suddenly, with no warning, and we none of us could believe it or bear it. My father’s face turned the color of ashes and stayed that way a whole year. The nightmare went on and on.” The subject of his mother’s death is treated, either directly or indirectly, in a number of his works, including his final novel, So Long, See You Tomorrow, which won the William Dean Howells medal and the National Book Award. In addition to these and other awards that honor individual works, Maxwell received several awards for lifetime achievement, including the Gold Medal for lifetime achievement in the category of fiction from the American Institute of Arts and Letters and the PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in Short Fiction, which recognizes a body of work that exemplifies excellence in the short-story genre.
Orexin Receptor Antagonism in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Joseph Herring W. , Ge Joy Y. , Jackson Saheeda , Assaid Christopher , Connor Kathryn M. , Michelson David 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
To evaluate whether orexin receptor antagonism with filorexant provides pain relief in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN).

Methods:
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, enriched-enrollment, randomized-withdrawal proof-of-concept study, patients with PDN (aged 18 to 75 y) entered a 2-week, single-blind active run-in period with filorexant 10 mg nightly, before randomization 1:1 to placebo or filorexant in a 2-week, double-blind treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to efficacy failure among “primary responders” (≥30% decrease in evening pain intensity during the run-in). Secondary endpoints were time to efficacy failure among “all responders” (≥20% decrease in evening pain intensity during the run-in) and mean change from baseline in evening pain intensity throughout last 3 days of the double-blind period.

Results:
Of the 182 patients treated during the run-in, 170 were randomized in the double-blind period, including 65 primary responders and 88 responders. There was no significant difference in proportion of patients with efficacy failure during the double-blind period with filorexant versus placebo among primary (24.3% vs. 32.1% [P=0.411]) or all (34.0% vs. 43.9% [nominal P=0.302]) responders or in mean change from baseline in evening pain intensity scores (estimated treatment difference: −0.587 [P=0.269], primary; −0.687 [P=0.108], all). Adverse events were reported by 24.7% of patients during the run-in. A higher proportion of patients treated with filorexant versus placebo reported adverse events during the double-blind period (23.9% vs. 13.4%).

Discussion:
These data do not provide evidence for the efficacy of nightly filorexant for the treatment of PDN.
Influence of Gender on the Performance of Cardiopulmonary Rescue Teams: A Randomized, Prospective Simulator Study
Authors: Amacher Simon Adrian , Schumacher Cleo , Legeret Corinne , Tschan Franziska , Semmer Norbert Karl , Marsch Stephan , Hunziker Sabina 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
Little is known about the influence of gender on resuscitation performance which may improve future education in resuscitation. The aim of this study was to compare female and male rescuers in regard to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and leadership performance.

Design:
Prospective, randomized simulator study.

Setting:
High-fidelity patient simulator center of the medical ICU, University Hospitals Basel (Switzerland).

Subjects:
Two hundred sixteen volunteer medical students (108 females and 108 males) of two Swiss universities in teams of three.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We analyzed data on the group and the individual level separately. The primary outcome on the group level was the hands-on time within the first 180 seconds after the onset of the cardiac arrest. Compared with male-only teams, female-only teams showed less hands-on time (mean ± sd) (87 ± 41 vs 109 ± 33 s; p = 0.037) and a longer delay before the start of chest compressions (109 ± 77 vs 70 ± 56 s; p = 0.038). Additionally, female-only teams showed a lower leadership performance in different domains and fewer unsolicited cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures compared with male-only teams. On the individual level, which was assessed in mixed teams only, female gender was associated with a lower number of secure leadership statements (3 ± 2 vs 5 ± 3; p = 0.027). Results were confirmed in regression analysis adjusted for team composition.

Conclusions:
We found important gender differences, with female rescuers showing inferior cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance, which can partially be explained by fewer unsolicited cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures and inferior female leadership. Future education of rescuers should take gender differences into account.
Two-State Collaborative Study of a Multifaceted Intervention to Decrease Ventilator-Associated Events
Authors: Rawat Nishi , Yang Ting , Ali Kisha J. , Catanzaro Mary , Cohen Mariah D. , Farley Donna O. , Lubomski Lisa H. , Thompson David A. , Winters Bradford D. , Cosgrove Sara E. , Klompas Michael , Speck Kathleen A. , Berenholtz Sean M. 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
Ventilator-associated events are associated with increased mortality, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and longer ICU stay. Given strong national interest in improving ventilated patient care, the National Institute of Health and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality funded a two-state collaborative to reduce ventilator-associated events. We describe the collaborative’s impact on ventilator-associated event rates in 56 ICUs.

Design:
Longitudinal quasi-experimental study.

Setting:
Fifty-six ICUs at 38 hospitals in Maryland and Pennsylvania from October 2012 to March 2015.

Interventions:
We organized a multifaceted intervention to improve adherence with evidence-based practices, unit teamwork, and safety culture. Evidence-based interventions promoted by the collaborative included head-of-bed elevation, use of subglottic secretion drainage endotracheal tubes, oral care, chlorhexidine mouth care, and daily spontaneous awakening and breathing trials. Each unit established a multidisciplinary quality improvement team. We coached teams to establish comprehensive unit-based safety programs through monthly teleconferences. Data were collected on rounds using a common tool and entered into a Web-based portal.

Measurements and Results:
ICUs reported 69,417 ventilated patient-days of intervention compliance observations and 1,022 unit-months of ventilator-associated event data. Compliance with all evidence-based interventions improved over the course of the collaborative. The quarterly mean ventilator-associated event rate significantly decreased from 7.34 to 4.58 cases per 1,000 ventilator-days after 24 months of implementation (p = 0.007). During the same time period, infection-related ventilator-associated complication and possible and probable ventilator-associated pneumonia rates decreased from 3.15 to 1.56 and 1.41 to 0.31 cases per 1,000 ventilator-days (p = 0.018, p = 0.012), respectively.

Conclusions:
A multifaceted intervention was associated with improved compliance with evidence-based interventions and decreases in ventilator-associated event, infection-related ventilator-associated complication, and probable ventilator-associated pneumonia. Our study is the largest to date affirming that best practices can prevent ventilator-associated events.
Ivermectin in Treatment of Rosacea
Authors: Siddiqui Fariha , Zito Patrick M. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
By definition, a drug is a medicine or substance that exerts a physiologic effect on an organism. In dermatology, medications and substances are utilized on a daily basis from topical treatments to anesthetics in micrographic surgery. The purpose of this section is to focus on some of the more common substances, specifically how they work, how they are utilized, and routine alternatives (if available). The mechanism of action, usage, and alternatives of the medication ivermectin are discussed.
The Impact of Proton Pump Inhibition on Dabigatran Levels in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Bolek Tomáš , Samoš Matej , Stančiaková Lucia , Ivanková Jela , Škorňová Ingrid , Staško Ján , Galajda Peter , Kubisz Peter , Mokáň Marián 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Proton pump inhibition (PPI) administrated together with dabigatran reduces the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. However, there is a discussion regarding possible PPI–dabigatran interaction that may reduce the efficacy of this therapy.

Study Question:
To determine the impact of concomitant PPI on dabigatran plasma levels in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NV-AF).

Study Design:
A pilot prospective study in patients with NV-AF on dabigatran therapy was performed; 31 patients were enrolled. PPI with either omeprazole or pantoprazole was administrated in 19 patients.

Measures and Outcomes:
Blood samples were taken for the assessment of the dabigatran trough and peak levels. Dabigatran concentration was measured with the Hemoclot Thrombin Inhibitor Assay.

Results:
There were significant differences in dabigatran trough level comparing patients treated with PPI and patients without PPI (58.86 ± 36.76 ng/mL vs. 110.72 ± 88.47 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Similarly, there were significant differences in dabigatran peak level between compared groups (88.0 ± 20.5 ng/mL vs. 174.4 ± 139.64 ng/mL, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
This pilot study demonstrated the interaction between PPI and dabigatran levels in patients with NV-AF.
A Nurse-Directed Model for Nitrous Oxide Use During Labor
Authors: Pinyan Toni , Curlee Kelly , Keever Mellanie , Baldwin Kathleen M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Background:
Nitrous oxide has a long history of use and has been well documented in the literature as a safe, effective, and inexpensive option for pain management in labor in other countries, but it is underused in the United States.

Local Problem:
Pain relief options for laboring women in rural community hospitals with a small perinatal service are limited due to lack of availability of in-house anesthesia coverage.

Method:
This quality improvement project involved development and implementation of a nurse-driven, self-administered, demand-flow nitrous oxide program as an option for pain relief for laboring women in a rural community hospital.

Intervention:
Women's Services registered nurses developed the project using an interdisciplinary team approach based on an extensive literature review and consultation with experts across the country. The hospital is part of a large healthcare system; approval was sought and obtained by the system as part of the project. Cost analysis and patient satisfaction data were evaluated. Outcomes were monitored.

Results:
Approximately one half of the patients who have given birth at the hospital since initiation of the project have used nitrous oxide during labor. The majority of women who participated in a survey after birth found it helpful during mild-to-moderate labor pain. No adverse effects have noted in either the mother or the baby following nitrous oxide use.

Clinical Implications:
Initiation and management of nitrous oxide by registered nurses is a safe and cost-effective option for labor pain. It may be especially beneficial in hospitals that do not have 24/7 in-house anesthesia coverage.
A New Classification of Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies: Systematic Review of Three-Dimensional Printing for Patient-Specific Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Jacobs Carly A. , Lin Alexander Y. 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Three-dimensional printing technology has been advancing in surgical applications. This systematic review examines its patient-specific applications in craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Methods:
Terms related to “three-dimensional printing” and “surgery” were searched on PubMed on May 4, 2015; 313 unique articles were returned. Inclusion and exclusion criteria concentrated on patient-specific surgical applications, yielding 141 full-text articles, of which 33 craniomaxillofacial articles were analyzed.

Results:
Thirty-three articles included 315 patients who underwent three-dimensional printing–assisted operations. The most common modeling software was Mimics, the most common printing software was 3D Systems, the average time to create a printed object was 18.9 hours (range, 1.5 to 96 hours), and the average cost of a printed object was $1353.31 (range, $69.75 to $5500). Surgical procedures were divided among 203 craniofacial patients (205 three-dimensional printing objects) and 112 maxillofacial patients (137 objects). Printing technologies could be classified as contour models, guides, splints, and implants. For craniofacial patients, 173 contour models (84 percent), 13 guides (6 percent), two splints (1 percent), and 17 implants (8 percent) were made. For maxillofacial patients, 41 contour models (30 percent), 48 guides (35 percent), 40 splints (29 percent), and eight implants (6 percent) were made. These distributions were significantly different (p < 0.0001). Four studies compared three-dimensional printing techniques to conventional techniques; two of them found that three-dimensional printing produced improved outcomes.

Conclusions:
Three-dimensional printing technology in craniomaxillofacial surgery can be classified into contour models (type I), guides (type II), splints (type III), and implants (type IV). These four methods vary in their use between craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery, reflecting their different goals. This understanding may help advance and predict three-dimensional printing applications for other types of plastic surgery and beyond.
Surgical Determinants of Patient-Reported Outcomes following Postmastectomy Reconstruction in Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Jeevan Ranjeet , Browne John P. , Gulliver-Clarke Carmel , Pereira Jerome , Caddy Christopher M. , van der Meulen Jan H. P. , Cromwell David A. 
Published: April 2017

Background:
This national prospective cohort study compared the patient-reported outcomes of breast cancer patients undergoing postmastectomy autologous reconstruction to those who had breast implants, in terms of aesthetic appearance; levels of psychological, physical, and sexual well-being; and overall satisfaction.

Methods:
Of 5063 women who underwent immediate reconstruction (n = 3349) or delayed reconstruction (n = 1714) between January 1, 2008, and March 31, 2009, in England, 2923 women who gave informed consent were sent validated, procedure-specific, 18-month follow-up questionnaires. Outcome scale scores ranged from 0 (poor) to 100 (excellent); multiple linear regression was used to adjust scores for patient and treatment characteristics.

Results:
Two thousand two hundred eighty-nine women (78 percent) returned completed questionnaires (immediate reconstruction, n = 1528; delayed reconstruction, n = 761). For immediate reconstruction, mean overall satisfaction scores for the various techniques ranged from 67 to 85 (median, 67 to 93). For delayed reconstruction, mean overall satisfaction scores ranged from 70 to 85 (median, 75 to 100). For both groups, similar gradients were observed for the other outcome scales across techniques. Reconstruction using patients’ own tissues tended to have higher mean adjusted scores compared with those techniques using implants alone (p < 0.0001 for aesthetic appearance, psychological well-being, sexual well-being, and satisfaction with outcomes for immediate and delayed reconstruction groups).

Conclusions:
Women who underwent autologous reconstruction tended to report greater satisfaction than those who underwent implant reconstruction. These results can inform patients of the anticipated outcomes of their selected surgery, but further research is required to confirm whether autologous reconstruction is superior in general.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
The Impact of Body Contouring Procedures on Urologic Outcomes in Massive Weight Loss Patients
Authors: Mushin Oren P. , Kraenzlin Franca S. , Fazili Anees , Ghazi Ahmed , Bossert Ronald P. 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Post–massive weight loss body contouring is a growing area of plastic surgery. Studies have shown preexisting urinary incontinence amelioration in patients undergoing abdominal body-contouring procedures. These studies are small, focus on cosmetic abdominoplasties, and lack use of standardized surveys. The purpose of this study was to evaluate urinary incontinence endpoints in massive weight loss patients undergoing body-contouring procedures.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted over a 6-year period. Patients excluded had previous body-contouring procedures or previously treated urinary incontinence. Participants completed validated surveys to catalogue preoperative and postoperative urinary habits. Patients were then subdivided based on presence of preoperative incontinence. Outcomes were compared within and between cohorts using the t test and chi-square test.

Results:
A total of 102 patients completed the survey. Of those, 44 had preoperative urinary incontinence. Patients with incontinence were found to be significantly older than those who did not. Postoperatively, patients with preoperative incontinence had significant decreases in incidence and severity of symptoms (p < 0.01, respectively), and significantly improved their quality of life (p < 0.02). Over 20 percent noted symptom resolution, and 67 percent were mostly or completely satisfied with the outcome.

Conclusions:
This study is the first to document amelioration of urinary incontinence symptoms in massive weight loss patients undergoing body-contouring procedures. It adds to the literature suggesting that abdominoplasties in select patients may improve incontinence symptoms. Future work will focus on evaluating the mechanism of this outcome and documenting improvement in an objective, prospective manner.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.