bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic therapy of metastatic melanoma
Authors: Rauschenberg Ricarda , Garzarolli Marlene , Dietrich Ursula , Beissert Stefan , Meier Friedegund 
Published: November 2015

SummaryFor patients with metastatic melanoma, there are currently several effective therapeutic options. The BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib are characterized by rapid tumor control and high response rates. In combination with one of the two MEK inhibitors trametinib and cobimetinib, they achieve response rates (CR + PR, complete plus partial remissions) of 70 %, while delaying the development of treatment resistance, as well as a median overall survival of > 2 years with tolerable side effects.Showing long‐term survival rates of approximately 20 %, the anti‐CTLA‐4 antibody ipilimumab is the first substance that has led to a significant prolongation of overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. However, delayed treatment response and severe immune‐mediated side effects may pose limitations to its therapeutic benefit. Usually well tolerated, anti‐PD‐1 antibody monotherapy using nivolumab and pembrolizumab has yielded response rates (CR + PR) of up to 45 % and one‐year survival rates of > 70 %. The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab has shown response rates of up to 58 % and a median progression‐free survival of > 11 months. While this combination is expected to result in a rapid and long‐lasting response, this potential benefit comes at the expense of a high level of toxicity.Strategies for treatment sequencing and treatment combinations are currently being investigated in clinical studies. Overall, the prognosis for patients with metastatic melanoma has significantly improved. With long‐term survival a possibility, not only acute but also long‐term therapeutic side effects must be taken into account.
Do research studies in the UK reporting child neurodevelopment adjust for the variability of assessors: a systematic review
Authors: Khalid Rahila , Willatts Peter , Williams Fiona L R 
Published: November 2015

AimNeurodevelopment is a key outcome for many childhood trials and observational studies. Clinically important decisions may rest on finding relatively small differences in neurodevelopment between groups receiving complex and costly interventions. Our purpose was to determine whether studies which measure neurodevelopment report the numbers, training, and auditing of assessors and, for multiple assessor studies, whether the results were adjusted and if so by which method?MethodElectronic searches were conducted using Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. A study was eligible if it reported neurodevelopmental outcome in children resident in the UK, less than or equal to 18 years and was published between 2000 and 2015. Trials and observational studies were included.ResultsThree hundred and seven full papers were reviewed: 52% of papers did not report the number of assessors used; 21% used a single assessor; and 27% used multiple assessors. Thirty‐five per cent mentioned that assessors were trained in the use of the neurodevelopmental tool; 13% of assessors were audited; and only 1% of studies adjusted statistically for the number of assessors.InterpretationAt the very least, the quality of reporting the use of assessors in these research publications is poor, while at worst, the variability of assessors may mask the true relationship between an intervention/observation and neurodevelopmental outcome.
Individual variation in incentive salience attribution and accumbens dopamine transporter expression and function
Authors: Singer Bryan F. , Guptaroy Bipasha , Austin Curtis J. , Wohl Isabella , Lovic Vedran , Seiler Jillian L. , Vaughan Roxanne A. , Gnegy Margaret E. , Robinson Terry E. , Aragona Brandon J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCues (conditioned stimuli; CSs) associated with rewards can come to motivate behavior, but there is considerable individual variation in their ability to do so. For example, a lever‐CS that predicts food reward becomes attractive and wanted, and elicits reward‐seeking behavior, to a greater extent in some rats (‘sign‐trackers’; STs) than others (‘goal‐trackers’; GTs). Variation in dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core is thought to contribute to such individual variation. Given that the DA transporter (DAT) exerts powerful regulation over DA signaling, we characterized the expression and function of the DAT in the accumbens of STs and GTs. STs showed greater DAT surface expression in ventral striatal synaptosomes than GTs, and ex vivo fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry recordings of electrically evoked DA release confirmed enhanced DAT function in STs, as indicated by faster DA uptake, specifically in the NAc core. Consistent with this, systemic amphetamine (AMPH) produced greater inhibition of DA uptake in STs than in GTs. Furthermore, injection of AMPH directly into the NAc core enhanced lever‐directed approach in STs, presumably by amplifying the incentive value of the CS, but had no effect on goal‐tracking behavior. On the other hand, there were no differences between STs and GTs in electrically‐evoked DA release in slices, or in total ventral striatal DA content. We conclude that greater DAT surface expression may facilitate the attribution of incentive salience to discrete reward cues. Investigating this variability in animal sub‐populations may help explain why some people abuse drugs while others do not.
Facilitative effect of repetitive presentation of one stimulus on cortical responses to other stimuli in macaque monkeys – a possible neural mechanism for mismatch negativity
Authors: Takaura Kana , Fujii Naotaka 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe event‐related potential ‘mismatch negativity’ (MMN) is an indicator of a perceiver's ability to detect deviations in sensory signal streams. MMN and its homologue in animals, mismatch activity (MMA), are differential neural responses to a repeatedly presented stimulus and a subsequent deviant stimulus (oddball). Because neural mechanisms underlying MMN and MMA remain unclear, there is a controversy as to whether MMN and MMA arise solely from stimulus‐specific adaptation (SSA), in which the response to a stimulus cumulatively attenuates with its repetitive presentation. To address this issue, we used electrocorticography and the auditory roving‐oddball paradigm in two awake macaque monkeys. We examined the effect of stimulus repetition number on MMA and on responses to repeated stimuli and oddballs across the cerebral cortex in the time–frequency domain. As the repetition number increased, MMA spread across the temporal, frontal and parietal cortices, and each electrode yielded a larger MMA. Surprisingly, this increment in MMA largely depended on response augmentation to the oddball rather than on SSA to the repeated stimulus. Following sufficient repetition, the oddball evoked a spectral power increment in some electrodes on the frontal cortex that had shown no power increase to the stimuli with less or no preceding repetition. We thereby revealed that repetitive presentation of one stimulus not only leads to SSA but also facilitates the cortical response to oddballs involving a wide range of cortical regions. This facilitative effect might underlie the generation of MMN‐like scalp potentials in macaques that potentially shares similar neural mechanisms with MMN in humans.
Freshwater biota and rising pCO2?
Authors: Hasler Caleb T. , Butman David , Jeffrey Jennifer D. , Suski Cory D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has caused a suite of environmental issues, however, little is known about how the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in freshwater will be affected by climate change. Freshwater pCO2 varies across systems and is controlled by a diverse array of factors, making it difficult to make predictions about future levels of pCO2. Recent evidence suggests that increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 may directly increase freshwater pCO2 levels in lakes, but rising atmospheric CO2 may also indirectly impact freshwater pCO2 levels in a variety of systems by affecting other contributing factors such as soil respiration, terrestrial productivity and climate regimes. Although future freshwater pCO2 levels remain uncertain, studies have considered the potential impacts of changes to pCO2 levels on freshwater biota. Studies to date have focused on impacts of elevated pCO2 on plankton and macrophytes, and have shown that phytoplankton nutritional quality is reduced, plankton community structure is altered, photosynthesis rates increase and macrophyte distribution shifts with increasing pCO2. However, a number of key knowledge gaps remain and gaining a better understanding of how freshwater pCO2 levels are regulated and how these levels may impact biota, will be important for predicting future responses to climate change.
Limiting opportunities for cheating stabilizes virulence in insect parasitic nematodes
Authors: Shapiro‐Ilan David , Raymond Ben 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCooperative secretion of virulence factors by pathogens can lead to social conflict when cheating mutants exploit collective secretion, but do not contribute to it. If cheats outcompete cooperators within hosts, this can cause loss of virulence. Insect parasitic nematodes are important biocontrol tools that secrete a range of significant virulence factors. Critically, effective nematodes are hard to maintain without live passage, which can lead to virulence attenuation. Using experimental evolution, we tested whether social cheating might explain unstable virulence in the nematode Heterorhabditis floridensis by manipulating relatedness via multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the scale of competition. Passage at high MOI, which should reduce relatedness, led to loss of fitness: virulence and reproductive rate declined together and all eight independent lines suffered premature extinction. As theory predicts, relatedness treatments had more impact under stronger global competition. In contrast, low MOI passage led to more stable virulence and increased reproduction. Moreover, low MOI lineages showed a trade‐off between virulence and reproduction, particularly for lines under stronger between‐host competition. Overall, this study indicates that evolution of virulence theory is valuable for the culture of biocontrol agents: effective nematodes can be improved and maintained if passage methods mitigate possible social conflicts.
Failure assessment on offshore girth welded pipelines due to corrosion defects
Authors: Zhang Y. M. , Tan T. K. , Xiao Z. M. , Zhang W. G. , Ariffin M. Z. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCorrosion is an electrochemical process in offshore pipelines where the material strength begins to decrease as corrosion advances. Numerous studies have been performed to determine the remaining strengths (failure pressure) of corroded pipelines. Currently the axial corrosions of the girth welded pipelines still leave much to be understood. This study attempted to simulate girth welded pipeline with various corroded depths and lengths in order to compare with offshore pipeline design manuals. Based on the numerical results, the influence of corrosion defects parameters on remaining strengths were investigated for girth welded pipelines. The investigation on the effect of strength mismatch revealed that in the cases of under‐matched, higher failure pressures are obtained. Comparisons of current results with B31G‐2012 and DNV‐RP‐F101 demonstrated that both codes may produce somewhat conservative predictions on the failure pressure. Furthermore, an equation was proposed to evaluate the corrosion progress across girth welded pipelines.
Movements, recapture rate and length increment of tagged pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) – a basis for management in large lakes
Authors: Andersson M. , Degerman E. , Persson J. , Ragnarsson‐Stabo H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMovements, site fidelity, exploitation rate and total length (TL) increment of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca L., were studied by tagging 3977 pikeperch, of 334 mm mean TL, in Lake Mälaren in 1994. Fish were recaptured in gillnets, trap nets and to a lesser extent with rod and line. Total recapture rate was 30.4%, with 50% of the recaptures made within 8.4 km of the release site. Movements were restricted during summer, whereas movements from shallow to deeper basins were frequent in autumn. The yearly TL increment was estimated at 99 mm for fish 300 mm long at release and 42 mm for fish of 400 mm at release. The results have direct implications for future management, as the mortality of undersized fish in the fishery; the strong site fidelity and fast growth indicate that fishery closures may be an effective measure to attain a larger stock of fish above the size limit.
Influences of twine diameter and mesh area on the efficiency and durability of baited hoop nets targeting portunids
Authors: Broadhurst M. K. , Butcher P. A. , Cullis B. R. , Tolhurst D. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe utility of varying twine diameter (0.5–0.8 mm Ø) and/or mesh area (0.5:1) in south‐eastern Australian recreational hoop nets was assessed in response to concerns over (1) impacts to discarded, undersize Scylla serrata L. and Portunus pelagicus Forskål and (2) marine debris (lost meshes). There was a negative relationship between Ø and breakage, with more in the narrowest (16.16–18.42 meshes deployment−1) than thickest (8.79–4.68) twines. Mesh damage was also affected by interactions between netting area and (1) soak time (only S. serrata) and (2) catches, with all nets similarly damaged during <3.5‐h soaks, or when only one crab was caught, beyond which the large‐area nets incurred more. Irrespective of net, there were consistent positive relationships between mesh damage and water temperature, and more damage overnight. Large crabs took longer to remove, but more so from thicker‐twined and large‐area nets, and some also sustained the most damage. Twine diameter did not affect S. serrata catches, but was negatively associated with catches of P. pelagicus, while the small‐area nets caught proportionally (to area) fewer portunids. The results reflect species‐ and size‐specific behavioural variability, but support using thick twine and limiting deployment durations for hoop nets. Alternatively, other less controversial traps might offer a more holistic solution to the stated concerns.
Efficient spatial models for predicting the occurrence of subarctic estuarine‐associated fishes: implications for management
Authors: Miller K. B. , Huettmann F. , Norcross B. L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn many of the nearshore areas where development is most likely to occur, essential fish habitat data are incomplete and there is little information on species occurrence that can be used to inform management decisions. This research investigated the use of multivariate remotely sensed geomorphic and landscape data to develop accurate predictive models of subarctic, estuarine‐associated fishes. The random forest algorithm was used to predict the occurrence of 26 fish species captured in 49 estuaries in Southeast Alaska. Model prediction accuracy ranged from 100 to 42% for species presence and 87 to 15% for species absence. Model goodness of fit and accuracy were assessed by comparing the number of species occurrences predicted by the model against the observed presences and absences of species in an independent data set. Sixty percent of the models were able to predict species presence with an accuracy of 70% or better. The models were used to predict species occurrence for 521 unsampled Southeast Alaskan estuaries to provide a regional map of predicted species distributions.
Exploitation and length limit evaluation of Alabama bass in a South‐easternUSAreservoir
Authors: Hakala J. P. , Sammons S. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAlabama bass,Micropterus henshalliHubbs & Bailey, are the dominant sportfish of Allatoona Reservoir, Georgia,USA, but no population assessment has been conducted. Thus, growth and total annual mortality were estimated in spring 2005, and a tagging study was conducted in 2006 and 2007 to estimate angler exploitation. These data were used with an age‐structured model to assess performance of a 356‐mm minimum length limit (MLL), a 406‐mmMLLand a 330‐ to 406‐mm protected slot length limit (SLL) compared to the present harvest regulation of noMLL. Mean annual exploitation varied from 12 to 22% each year and was generally highest for fish > 330 mm; total annual mortality was 44%. Models predicted a 49–153% increase in numbers of Alabama bass reaching 432 mm, a 22–66% decline in numbers harvested and only moderate declines in yield (5–25%) with the alternative harvest regulations compared to current conditions. TheSLLmay be an acceptable compromise to allow Allatoona Reservoir anglers to still harvest fish while also improving Alabama bass size structure.
Population characteristics of channel catfish near the northern edge of their distribution: implications for management
Authors: Carter‐Lynn K. P. , Quist M. C. , Liter M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractChannel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), populations in six lakes in northern Idaho, USA, were sampled to describe their population characteristics. During the summers of 2011 and 2012, 4864 channel catfish were sampled. Channel catfish populations had low to moderate catch rates, and length structure was dominated by fish <400 mm. Channel catfish were in good body condition. All populations were maintained by stocking age‐1 or age‐2 fish. Growth of fish reared in thermally enriched environments prior to stocking was fast compared to other North American channel catfish populations. After stocking, growth of channel catfish declined rapidly. Once stocked, cold water temperatures, prey resources and (or) genetic capabilities limited growth. Total annual mortality of age 2 and older channel catfish was generally <40%. Tag returns indicated that angler exploitation was low, varying from 0 to 43% among lakes. This research provides insight on factors regulating channel catfish population dynamics and highlights important considerations associated with their ecology and management.
Climate Change and African Americans in the USA
Authors: Shepherd Marshall , KC Binita 
Published: November 2015

AbstractClimate change is one of the most challenging geophysical science and policy issues in modern times. The combined anthropogenic and natural forcing on the climate has profound impacts on the major spheres of the Earth system. Scholarly analysis has also revealed a cascading array of effects on the socioeconomic and political fabric. One of the more subtle effects of climate change is how it may affect certain sub‐groups of people. Herein, we draw upon the literature to present the case for why African Americans are particularly vulnerable to climate change. While the focus is on one specific racial group, it is important to note that many of these findings may apply to an array of under‐represented or underserved groups.
Navigating Pop‐up Geographies: Urban Space–Times of Flexibility, Interstitiality and Immersion
Authors: Harris Ella 
Published: November 2015

Abstract‘Pop‐up’ has become a ubiquitous expression over the past decade and is used to designate a diverse range of temporary and mobile places and events. While pop‐ups are increasingly noted in geographical literature they are rarely given the spotlight, usually mentioned alongside related forms of temporary urbanism. However, I argue that pop‐up demands direct attention as the readiness of diverse groups including retailers, governments, cultural organisations and charities to take up the term suggests its logics have a particular purchase in contemporary cities. Surveying the emerging literature on pop‐up geographies, I propose that pop‐up is an arena in which space–time is being reimagined in ways that are increasingly influential. Specifically, I identify flexibility, interstitiality and immersion as three of pop‐up's key spatiotemporal imaginaries and explore the urban processes which each imaginary implies and enables. I argue that these ways of imagining and distributing space–time have a particular instrumentality in cities characterised by recession and austerity but also widespread redevelopment and gentrification. Against this backdrop, I explore the ambiguous politics of pop‐up's spatiotemporal imaginaries, considering the often contradictory ways in which they are mobilized by a broad range of urban actors.
Facilitating the implementation of pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing of prophylaxis in haemophilia care by discrete choice experiment
Authors: Lock J. , de Bekker‐Grob E. W. , Urhan G. , Peters M. , Meijer K. , Brons P. , van der Meer F. J. M. , Driessens M. H. E. , Collins P. W. , Fijnvandraat K. , Leebeek F. W. G. , Cnossen M. H. ,   the ‘OPTI‐CLOT’ study group
Published: November 2015

IntroductionPatients’, parents’ and providers’ preferences with regard to medical innovations may have a major impact on their implementation.AimTo evaluate barriers and facilitators for individualized pharmacokinetic (PK)‐guided dosing of prophylaxis in haemophilia patients, parents of young patients, and treating professionals by discrete choice experiment (DCE) questionnaire.Patients/MethodsThe study population consisted of patients with haemophilia currently or previously on prophylactic treatment with factor concentrate (n = 114), parents of patients aged 12–18 years (n = 19) and haemophilia professionals (n = 91). DCE data analysis was performed, taking preference heterogeneity into account.ResultsOverall, patients and parents, and especially professionals were inclined to opt for PK‐guided dosing of prophylaxis. In addition, if bleeding was consequently reduced, more frequent infusions were acceptable. However, daily dosing remained an important barrier for all involved. ‘Reduction of costs for society’ was a facilitator for implementation in all groups.ConclusionsTo achieve implementation of individualized PK‐guided dosing of prophylaxis in haemophilia, reduction of bleeding risk and reduction of costs for society should be actively discussed as they are motivating for implementation; daily dosing is still reported to be a barrier for all groups. The knowledge of these preferences will enlarge support for this innovation, and aid in the drafting of implementable guidelines and information brochures for patients, parents and professionals.