bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beating thy Neighbor: Derby Effects in German Professional Soccer
Authors: Bäker Agnes , Mechtel Mario , Vetter Karin 
Published: April 2016

Summary
It is widely acknowledged that derbies between two teams from the same city or region catch more public attention than “normal” soccer matches. Terms such as “Old Firm” (Rangers vs. Celtic), “Merseyside” (Liverpool FC vs. Everton FC), “Superclásico” (Boca Juniors vs. River Plate), and “Revierderby” (Dortmund vs. Schalke) are well-known even to people outside their respective countries of origin. Using data from the German Bundesliga from 1999 to 2009, we test whether derbies differ from other soccer matches with respect to the number of goals scored by each team, match results, and referee evaluations. The results are very surprising given the enormous amount of public attention that derbies with their special character attract: we find that there are no significant differences between derbies and “normal” matches. Despite the importance of derbies for fans and the public, they turn out to be “normal” soccer matches in all other respects.
Gold, Silver, and Bronze: Determining National Success in Men’s and Women’s Summer Olympic Events
Authors: Leeds Eva Marikova , Leeds Michael A. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
We add to the literature on Olympic performance by explicitly studying the determinants of women’s performance at the Games.We estimate separate models of medal production for men and women over the last four Summer Olympic Games. The production of medals is a function of capital, labor, and total factor productivity (TFP). We use real GDP per capita and population - two variables that appear in almost all Olympic studies - as proxies for capital and labor. Our measure of TFP is a vector of variables that captures a nation’s willingness and ability to marshal its resources to promote Olympic performance and variables that determine its willingness to support its women. Because the dependent variable is a count measure, we estimate the production function using a negative binomial framework. We find that the determinants of success by a nation’s women closely resemble the determinants for its men. We also show that some determinants of gold medal counts differ from the determinants of silver and bronze medals. Our findings suggest that nations can improve the medal performance of men and women by following policies that increase the political and economic participation of women.
Inner-Outer Lane Advantage in Olympic 1000 Meter Speed Skating
Authors: Kuper Gerard H. , Kamst Richard , Sierksma Gerard , Talsma Bertus G. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
During the Olympic Games and the World Championships Single Distances the 1000m is skated by every skater only one time. However, there may be a difference in skating a 1000m race with a start in the inner and the outer lane that introduces an externality that introduces unfairness. We show that this difference indeed exists. For the period 2000-2009 we observe a statistically significant advantage of starting in the inner lane of 0.120 seconds for women. For male skater the difference between starting lanes is 0.030, but not significantly different from zero. In order to make the competition fair, we suggest that the 1000m should be skated twice.
Determinants of Digital Piracy: A Re-examination of Results
Authors: Mandel Philipp , Süssmuth Bernd 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper empirically investigates determinants of digital piracy in Germany for several types of digitized products. To this end we rely on a survey comprising behavior and attitudes at the individual level. The sample matches some demographic characteristics of the German population with high-speed internet access with regard to gender and age composition. It also maps the share of foreign nationals in Germany. Self-selection in the drawing of our sample is assessed by a control experiment. In contrast to existing studies, we sharply discriminate between frequency and extent of pirating digital media. We find no significant gender difference in the propensity to pirate. However, male individuals are prone to pirate at a significantly larger scale.We attribute this finding to male individuals acting more frequently as hubs in the social prestige enhancing distribution of pirated media. It is particularly important in the light of the recent development of the distribution process from peer-to-peer online networks to offline forms of file swapping. Our findings are confirmed by recent piracy related crime statistics of the Federal Office of Criminal Investigation (Bundeskriminalamt).
Do Private Sector Forecasters Desire to Deviate From the German Council of Economic Experts?
Authors: Rülke Jan-Christoph 
Published: April 2016

Summary
In this paper, we contrast more than 6,000 private sector forecasts to projections of the German Council of Economic Experts (Sachverständigenrat). Although the forecasts are submitted simultaneously, we find that the Council’s real economy forecasts, i. e. their growth, unemployment and fiscal forecasts have a higher forecast accuracy compared to the private sector forecasts. We also document that private sector forecasters deliberately place their real economy forecasts away from the Council’s projection. This strategic forecasting behavior explains why the private sector performs worse than the Council. Splitting the private sector in different groups reveals that the forecasts of banks compared to research institutes deviate more from the Council’s forecast.
Budgetbereinigung zwischen Kollektiv- und Selektivvertrag: ökonomische Aspekte aus wettbewerblicher Sicht / Selective Contracting and Collectively Financed Fund: The Way of Appropriate Adjustment
Authors: Zerth Jürgen , Daum Stefanie 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The extraction of a selective contract from a collectively financed fund needs an appropriate method of adjustment. This is necessary as long as the fund guarantees basic benefits, irrespective of the contractual form of service provision. In this context externalities arise which may not be internalized by the partner of a selective contract.We look at externalities in the context of a collectively financed fund where insurers and health care providers can contract forms of managed care that need an adjustment scheme.We show that in a first-best static world, unique reimbursement schemes between collective and selective contracts are appropriate. From a dynamic perspective problems of externalities between collective and selective contracts increase due to the requirement of an enduring commitment scheme between the health care providers and the cost-payers. But some simple form of cost-sharing ideas in which the patient is also involved can help to achieve a pareto-optimal equilibrium. This commitment strategy will be easier to organise if the selective contract is connected with a process innovation. Altogether, the dynamic commitment strategy may only work if health care providers as well as cost-payers compete actively.
The Immigrant-Native Wage Gap in Germany
Authors: Aldashev Alisher , Gernandt Johannes , Thomsen Stephan L. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Immigrant-native wage differentials are observed in many countries, so in Germany. However, the available empirical literature for Germany defined the groups in consideration, immigrants and natives, by citizenship. This limits the explanatory power of the estimates since citizenship distinguishes foreigners and German nationals, but assigns naturalised immigrants (including the large group of ethnic Germans) to the latter group. Providing a more adequate definition based on the concept of origin we analyse the immigrant-native wage gap. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study,we decompose the wage gap between native Germans, foreigners, and naturalised immigrants, and consider further subgroups in the analysis. In the literature, time of residence has been proven to be a relevant determinant of immigrants’ wages. For the natives, time of residence is perfectly collinear with age, and unequal sets of variables have to be considered.We therefore suggest an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique. Our results show a substantial gap in earnings for all immigrants’ groups compared to natives. Discarding immigrants who completed education abroad reduces much of the immigrants’ wage gap. Hence, educational attainment in Germany is an important component of economic integration of immigrants, and degrees obtained abroad are valued less.
Lassen sich CAPM, HCAPM und CCAPM durch konsumbasierte zeitvariable Parameterspezifikation rehabilitieren? / Can Time-varying Parameter Specification Based on Consumption Variables Rehabilitate CAPM, HCAPM and CCAPM?
Authors: Auer Benjamin R. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryUsing a new dataset for the German market, this article analyses whether modeling time-varying stochastic discount factor parameters in the CAPM of Sharpe (1964), the HCAPM of Jagannathan and Wang (1996) and the CCAPM of Lucas (1978) can help to explain the cross-section of book-to-market, size and industry portfolio returns. In addition to classic financial conditioning variables, we focus on modern consumption-based variables - the consumption surplus ratio of Campbell and Cochrane (1999), the consumption-wealth ratio of Lettau and Ludvigson (2001a) and the labour income to consumption ratio of Santos and Veronesi (2006). Our results show that (a) time-varying parameters can drastically increase the empirical fit of the models and that (b) a CAPM using the labour income to consumption ratio as a conditioning variable proves to be the best model specification.
Economic Trends and Cycles in Crime: A Study for England and Wales
Authors: Vujić Sunčica , Koopman Siem Jan , Commandeur J.F. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper models cyclical behaviour in property crime series (burglary and theft) in relation to the macroeconomic activity indicators in England and Wales in the period from 1955 to 2001. Using unobserved components (UC) time series models, univariate time series analysis suggests that recorded burglary (theft) data is subject to stochastic cycle processes with typical business cycle frequencies of approximately 5 and 10 years. In the multivariate UC time series framework, recorded burglary (theft) is simultaneously modelled in a trivariate model, together with unemployment and real GDP time series. We also estimate a five-variate model, where we simultaneously model burglary, theft, unemployment, real GDP, and police variables. Some interesting findings in these analyses are: (i) observed cyclical behaviour in recorded property crime is almost fully determined by the economic business cycles; (ii) explanatory variables such as sentence length, imprisonment and conviction rates affect the short-term dynamics more than the long-term dynamics; (iii) motivational and opportunity effects between macroeconomic and crime time series can be distinguished in our modelling framework.
Consumer Specialization and the Demand for Novelty: a Reconsideration of the Links and Implications for Studying Fashion Cycles in Tourism
Authors: Chai Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Summary
How does the consumer’s predisposition to seek arousing new sensations affect their tendency to accumulate knowledge about consumption activities? Using recent insights about the dynamic interaction of learning mechanisms that are part of the individual’s genetic endowment, we argue that, contra Scitovsky (1976), the emergence of relatively convenient forms of entertainment may foster - rather than inhibit - the accumulation of consumer knowledge. Furthermore, because specialized consumers have a greater tendency to innovatively modify aspects of the consumption activity, we argue that this specialization process fundamentally affects the rate at which consumers become habituated to novelty. This represents an important way in which cognitive learning patterns interact with non-cognitive learning dynamics and it has consequences for understanding the direction and length of fashion cycles in recreational activities. In particular, we discuss how this perspective can be applied to studying tourism demand patterns and the ‘Destination Life Cycle’.
Sustainability of Public Debt in Germany – Historical Considerations and Time Series Evidence
Authors: Burret Heiko T. , Feld Lars P. , Köhler Ekkehard A. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
We analyse German public finances against a theoretical background using a unique database, retrieved from multiple sources covering the period between 1850 and 2010.Multiple currency crises and force majeure offer anecdotal evidence contradicting the historical perception of Germany being the poster child of European public finance. Given these corresponding breaks in time series, the empirical analysis is conducted for the sub-periods 1872-1913 and 1950- 2010. In addition to anecdotal historical analysis, we conduct formal tests on fiscal sustainability, including tests on stationarity and cointegration and the estimation of Vector Autoregression (VAR) and Vector Error Correction Models (VECM). While we cannot reject the hypothesis that fiscal policy was sustainable in the period before the First World War, the tests allow for a rejection of the hypothesis of fiscal sustainability for the period from 1950 to 2010. This evidence leads to the conclusion that Germany’s public debt is in dire need of consolidation. Albeit constituting a much needed reform to this development, the incompleteness of the German debt brake and fiscal federalism will have to be addressed in the coming years, in order to ensure that fiscal consolidation actually takes place - for the sake of public debt sustainability.
From the Zollverein to the Economics of Regionalism
Authors: Feuerstein Switgard 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The paper is a contribution to the special issue “150 years Journal of Economics and Statistics”. The starting point is a series of articles on the nature and the history of the German Zollverein by Gustav Fischer in the early volumes of the Journal. Both the perception of the Zollverein and the economics of preferential trade are traced over time. The focus is on the analogies between the Zollverein and the European Community and on the expansion of the Zollverein in view of the modern theory of sequencing in forming a trade bloc.
The Relevance of Census Results for a Modern Society
Authors: Egeler Roderich , Dinsenbacher Natalie , Kleber Birgit 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Population censuses have been conducted for thousands of years and they are one of the bases of any official statistics. By giving a detailed overview of the structure of a country’s population at a specific point in time, they provide one of the most important parameters for political action.
In addition, in modern statistical systems, population censuses are the data basis for a variety of further statistical information, such as intercensal updates of the number of inhabitants. They provide the basis for the statistical fields which either describe the population or in which population data are integrated. Furthermore they allow drawing reliable population samples and performing qualified extrapolation of sample results.
This article focuses on the relevance of censuses in general and, more specifically, of the current 2011 Census in Germany. Following a historical overview in the first part of the article, the second part describes the various definitions of “population”, the relevance and issues of defining the survey unit and of operationalising concepts of variables. In the third part, some examples illustrate various areas that are relevant for statistics and social policy and for which the 2011 Census will provide information, while the fourth part provides an outlook on how the census can be developed further, both in terms of methodology and contents.
Celebrating 150 Years of Analyzing Fertility Trends in Germany
Authors: Kendzia Michael J. , Zimmermann Klaus F. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Ever since the very beginning of the Journal of Economics and Statistics population economics has featured prominently in the Journal. Fertility naturally plays an important role in population economics. However, the level of German fertility has decreased significantly from the 1900s. The paper documents and analyzes the long-termdevelopment trends.We identify three different explanatory approaches for the decline in fertility according to which the various articles of the Journal related to this area are categorized. The paper also investigates fertility studies published by the Journal since the beginning. It points out that several articles anticipated subsequent research directions in the area of population economics at an early stage. In addition, significant contributions were made to improve and develop existing knowledge and understanding. Thus, the Journal has helped to expand the research area of population economics.
Early Life Adversity and Children’s Competence Development: Evidence from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk
Authors: Blomeyer Dorothea , Laucht Manfred , Coneus Katja , Pfeiffer Friedhelm 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper investigates the role of early life adversity and home resources in terms of competence formation and school achievement based on data from an epidemiological cohort study following 364 children from birth to adolescence. Results indicate that organic and psychosocial risks present in early life as well as the socio-emotional home environment are significant predictors for the formation of competencies. Competencies acquired at preschool age predict achievement at school age. A counterfactual analysis is performed to assess trade-offs in the timing of interventions in the early life cycle.
Trust and Control at the Workplace
Authors: Grund Christian , Harbring Christine 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Based on two representative samples of employees, the German Socio Economic Panel and the European Social Survey, we explore the relation between certain measures of control in employment relationships (i. e. working time regulations, use of performance appraisal systems, monitoring by supervisors, autonomy to organize the work) and individuals’ inclination to trust others. Trust is measured by the general trust question like in most other economic studies based on surveys. We find that strict working time regulations, monitoring and lack of autonomy - all indicators for control at the workplace - are negatively associated with trust. Monitoring also moderates the relation between the existence of a formal performance appraisal system and individuals’ trust.Moreover,we contribute to the literature on trust by gathering hints to other potential correlates of trust.
Dating Business Cycles in Historical Perspective: Evidence for Switzerland
Authors: Siliverstovs Boriss 
Published: April 2016

Summary
In this study we suggest a chronology of the classical business cycle in Switzerland based on dating algorithms suggested in Artis et al. (2004) and Harding and Pagan (2002). A further contribution of our study is that we determine the sensitivity of the chronology with respect to the particular GDP vintage used. For this purpose we employ a real-time database that contains 59 vintages of GDP data starting from 1997Q4 and ending in 2012Q2. We show that major changes in identified phases of the classical business cycle in Switzerland can be well traced to several benchmark revisions to the national accounts. In the absence of benchmark revisions the vintage-to-vintage variation exerts a comparatively minor effect on identified phases of the classical business cycle.
Knowledge Protection Practices in Innovating SMEs
Authors: Thomä Jörg , Zimmermann Volker 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper examines the use of innovation protection mechanisms in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). By starting from a knowledge-based view the aim is to achieve a better understanding of how the role perceived by innovating SMEs of patent protection and the long-term retention of qualified personnel relates to different company-specific factors. Moreover, the interplay between patents and employee retention and their mutual interdependencies with other appropriation methods such as secrecy or lead time advantages are explored. This is because different knowledge protection practices must not only separately provide barriers to imitation, but may also reinforce each other as complements. In several ways, the results provide insights into some of the appropriation strategies taken by smaller firms. For example, a staff-related appropriation strategy seems to be essential for many SMEs because of their informal mode of learning and innovation characterized by experience-based know-how with strong tacit elements. A relatively strong complementary relationship has been observed between employee retention and the use of lead time advantages. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for policy and research.
The Identification of Reporting Accuracies from Mirror Data
Authors: Cate Arie ten 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Mirror data are observations of bilateral variables such as trade from one country to another, reported by both countries. The efficient estimation of a bilateral variable from its mirror data, for example when compiling consistent international trade statistics, requires information about the accuracy of the reporters. This can be obtained from the simultaneous estimation of the accuracy of multiple reporters, from all mirror data.
This estimation requires an identifying restriction. For example, in one of the proposed models this restriction prevents the model to be indifferent between (a) all reporters reporting correctly and (b) all reporters over-reporting with the same percentage.
Two models are presented. First, a model with country-specific mean reporting errors is discussed shortly. This model has been discussed elsewhere without a convincing solution of the identification problem. Such a solution is presented here, assuming symmetry.
Second, a model is presented with country specific reporting error variances, in the form of a generalized linear model (GLM). This model supplies the weights for the traditional method of optimally combining inconsistent data: weighted with the reciprocal of their error variance. Here also a symmetrical identifying restriction is used.
In this way, this paper paves the road for the production of harmonized statistics by international agencies.
A small data set on international trade is used as an illustration.
Literaturbeitrag / Review Book. Über die Natur und das Wesen des Geldes – J. H. von Thünens unveröffentlichtes Manuskript zur Geldtheorie / The Nature and the Essence of Money – J. H. von Thuenen’s unpublished Manuscript on Monetary Economics
Authors: Nellinger Ludwig 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The economic works of Johann Heinrich von Thuenen include 1,000 unpublished pages of drafts and notes on the basis of which he prepared the second volume of his famous “Isolated State in Relation to Agriculture and Political Economy”. It’s bulk was not made accessible until today. The analysis of a 60 pages’ manuscript treating monetary questions and preparing his theory of capital and interest shows that the economic thoughts of Thuenen are much more far-reaching than presented in his published works. Diminishing returns of cash keeping in enterprises are the basic concept of his monetary analysis. Main results are an algebraic equation of exchange, the interaction between the monetary interest rate and the rate of return on real capital and finally a synthesis of an extended quantity theory and the production cost theory of money. “The Nature and Essence of Money” includes important elements of the development in monetary economics in the late nineteenth and the beginning twentieth century mainly influenced by contributions of Irving Fisher, Knut Wicksell and John Maynard Keynes.