bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Sorption Processes in Cigarette Filter Materials
Authors: Simpson D. L. , Whidby J. F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for studying adsorption-desorption kinetics in porous materials is described. A fixed bed of the adsorbent is challenged with a constant concentration of vapour in an inert carrier and the effluent vapour concentration is monitored as a function of time by using a gas chromatograph. Results obtained with commerciaI filters and nicotine vapour are reported. They fit a mathematical model based on a first-order, reversible rate-controlling process and a linear adsorption isotherm
Evaluations of Cigarettes Made with Mold-Damaged and Nondamaged Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Welty R. E. , Vickroy D. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFIue-cured tobacco damaged by species of Aspergillus from commerciaI and experimental sources was shredded and made into cigarettes. Paired samples of nondamaged tobaccos served as controls. Subsamples of cigarettes were analysed for viable fungal propagules/g, 39 organic and inorganic compounds in the smoke and smoke condensates, and taste preference. PrincipaI fungi associated with leaves and shreds of mold-damaged tobacco were Aspergillus repens, A. ruber, and A. niger. Except for the originaI differences in the nicotine content and in the tar, there were no significant differences in total particulate matter nor in the amount of specific vapour phase components measured in the smoke from cigarettes made with mold-damaged and nondamaged tobaccos. Smoke panelists distinguished between cigarettes made with mold-damaged and nondamaged tobaccos and preferred cigarettes made with the latter. Viable fungus spores passed through the tobacco cylinder from lighted and nonlighted cigarettes. These data suggest the use of mold-damaged tobacco in cigarette manufacturing is to be avoided because of off-flavours and because the fungi isolated are common allergens to the respiratory tract of humans
Contributions to the Draw Resistance of a Burning Cigarette
Authors: Baker R. R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The draw resistance of a cigarette increases by about 50-60 % when the cigarette is lit, and the total draw resistance of the burning cigarette varies in a distinct manner as it is smoked. This effect is not normally due to an inherent increase in the impedance of the coal, because the effect disappears when the cigarette is extinguished. Rather, the effect is due to the heating of the gases flowing through the coal and down the tobacco rod, in particular (a) the increase in gas viscosity with temperature, (b) the increase in volumetric gas flow due to thermal expansion, and (c) the increase in the impedance of the unburnt tobacco rod, due to the deposition of smoke condensate on the rod. A hot-gas model, using the above contributing factors together with the known gas-phase temperature distribution inside the burning cigarette, can predict quantitatively (within the limits of experimental error) the observed variations of the draw resistance of a burning cigarette.
Parameters Affecting the Selective Filtration of Certain Tobacco Smoke Components
Authors: Morie Gerald P. , Sloan Cephas H. , Baggett Madelyn S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to attain a better understanding of the selective removal of certain compounds from cigarette smoke by filters. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of selected semivolatile smoke compounds was developed. The method, which utilizes a 160 m glass capillary column, was used to determine the efficiency of filters for the removal of these selected semivolatile compounds. A correlation was found between the selective filtration of these compounds from cigarette smoke and their distribution coefficients [Kd = (g compound/g filter)/ (g compound/cm3 air)] between air and various filter materials. In addition, a correlation was found between the physicaI and chemical nature of certain smoke compounds and their selective filtration. Previous work indicated that if a compound is to be selectively removed from tobacco smoke by a filter, [1] a significant portion of that compound should be in the vapour state as it passes through the filter and [2] the compound should have an affinity for the filter material. The relative rate of vapourization (Rv) was used as a measure of 1., and the totaI solubility parameter (d) was taken as a measure of 2. Values for the vapourization rate were calculated from the product, vapour pressure (P), molecular weight (M), and diffusion coefficient (D), (Rv = kPMD1/2). The correlation of Rv and δ with the selectivity (Sx) of cellulose acetate filters for smoke compounds is described by
Sx = b0 + b1δ + b2δ (1n Rv),
where b0, b1, and b2 are constants. This equation may be used to predict the selective filtration of semivolatile compounds from cigarette smoke.
Leaf Quality and Usability: Theoretical Model I
Authors: Tso T.C. , Gori G.B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA changing concept in recent years on the usability of tobacco leaf has introduced many problems that may, not fit the traditional requirements of leaf quality. Usability represents the state of being usable without adverse effects to consumers. Theoretical Model I with selected markers is proposed for the development of tobacco materials with emphasis on improving tobacco usability. This preliminary Model I is based on currently available data, and can be improved as new information becomes available. Plant scientists may use this model to develop leaf tobacco of improved usability either through breeding, selection, and culture, or by means of homogenized leaf curing and reconstitution
Determination of Ethylene and lsoprene in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke by Infra-red Spectroscopy
Authors: Vilcins G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn infra-red method was developed for the quantitative determination of ethylene and isoprene in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. The smoke was collected by smoking the cigarettes on a five-port syringe type smoking machine and transferring it to a gas cell positioned in a double-beam infra-red spectrophotometer for the duration of the analysis. The smoke transfer to the gas cell and its subsequent removal from the celI were accomplished by connecting the smoking machine to a vacuum pump through the automated solenoid valve unit which controlled the analysis system. In this manner any specific puff of interest could be analysed for the ethylene and isoprene concentrations by measuring the corrected absorbance of the 10.52 µm and 11.18 µm absorbance bands, respectively. TotaI deliveries of ethylene and isoprene per cigarette were obtained by adding the deliveries from the individual puffs. The puff-by-puff delivery profile also was obtainable at the same time. In addition filter efficiency for ethylene and isoprene removaI may be determined by this method. The relative standard deviation at the two-sigma level was 3 % for ethylene and isoprene in the gas phase smoke from commercial cellulose acetate filter cigarettes. The analysis of a particular puff of smoke required only 75 seconds insuring the analysis of a relatively fresh smoke with good reproducibility and accuracy.
The Reducing Property of Tobacco Smoke: 2. The Influence of Smoking Vehicle, with Particular Reference to the Pipe
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA detailed investigation of pipe smoking was undertaken to elucidate why this mode of smoking produced condensates of low dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP)-reducing activity. Pipe tobaccos, smoked in cigarette tubes, gave reducing activities distinctly lower than those obtained for flue-cured tobacco, but the values were still higher than those obtained in pipe smoking. In pipe smoking, using both flue- and air-cured tobaccos, the initial high specific reducing activities (during 5-10 minutes of smoking) dropped to very Iow values towards the end of smoking. The decreasing specific activities paralleled the formation of water. No reducing activity was trapped by the water accumulating in the pipe, but a considerable amount of activity was trapped by the unsmoked tobacco. Unlike cigarette and cigarillo smoking, the trapped activity in cigar and pipe smoking was sufficient to significantly alter specific activity, but stilI much too Iow to obtain, in cigar and pipe smoking, the large totaI activities obtained in cigarette and cigarillo smoking. In the other three modes of smoking, viz cigarette, cigarillo and cigar, there was no change in specific activity with increase in duration of smoking (or change in butt length).
Phytosterols in Tobacco: Quantitative Analysis and Fate in Tobacco Combustion
Authors: Schmeltz I. , de Paolis A. , Hoffmann D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe influence of tobacco phytosterols (cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasteroI, b-sitosterol) on the chemical composition and biologicaI activity of tobacco smoke has been of concern to tobacco chemists. Therefore, a relatively simple method, utilizing a 14C-internal standard, chromatography on Sephadex and gas-liquid chromatography, was developed for the quantitative analysis of the phytosterols; this method was applied to the tobacco and smoke (mainstream and sidestream) of cigarettes and cigars to determine the fate of the phytosterols in burning tobacco. About 20 % of the total phytosterol content of tobacco was shown to be transferred intact into the smoke; about 2 % was possibly converted into polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Radioactive tracer and pyrolysis studies were used to determine the nature of the phytosterol degradation products found in the smoke.
Genetic Influence on Chemical Constituents of Tobacco Leaf and Smoke
Authors: Chaplin J.F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInvestigations have shown that many chemical constituents in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants and in the cured leaf are influenced by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. The genetic basis for nicotine synthesis is well documented and plant breeders are capable of developing cultivars with varying levels. Differences for chemical constituents have been detected among cultivars and breeding lines which are attributed to genetic factors. Some of these constituents are: reducing sugars, polyphenols, phytosterols, and nitrogenous compounds. Research also indicates that alkalinity of water-soluble ash and certain smoke constituents are influenced by genetic factors
Determination of 16 Elements in Tobacco by Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Wyttenbach A. , Bajo S. , Haekkinen A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe determination of 16 elements in raw tobacco by neutron activation analysis is discussed. The 8 elements Al, Ca, Mg, Cl, Mn, K, Na and Br can be determined by purely instrumental means; this leads to a high sample capacity per working day and to a fast availability of analyticaI results. Contrary to this, the determination of the heavy metals Hg, Cu, Mo, Cd, Zn, Co, As and Sb has to be preceded by chemicaI separation which is accomplished by extractions with different metal-diethyldithiocarbamates as reagents. The variation coefficient is typically ± 4 %. The Iowest and highest values of the concentrations which were found in the analysis of 20 different raw tobaccos are given.
Nicotine Workshop
Authors: xxx  
Published: July 2016

AbstractA workshop on problems related to the analysis of nicotine and nicotine metabolites in body fluids at levels pertinent to the human situation was held in November 1974 in Stockholm. It was organized by C. Enzell, B. Holmstedt and A. Pilotti at the request of the Medical Advisory Board of the Swedish Tobacco Company. The goal of the workshop was to summarize the present state of art in the area outlined by the organizers and to discuss critically the advantages and limitations of the different analytical methods available today. EIeven experts in the field of metabolism, detection and biosynthesis of nicotine and related compounds were therefore invited to present papers on these topics and to participate in the discussions. AIl speakers invited were able to attend and the papers were arranged in the following groups:Each speaker had one hour and a half at his disposal which included the discussion which, due to the informal atmosphere and the smaII number of participants, was very lively and fruitful. The papers read at this workshop comprise a very valuable coverage of recent research in the fields of metabolism of nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids, and of the various methods available for detection of these alkaloids. The abstracts are given below, while full papers, now edited by A. Pilotti, can be obtained on request from C. Enzell of the Swedish Tobacco Company
A Structural Model of Reconstituted Tobacco Substantiated by Ultrasonic Interrogation
Authors: Stungis George E. , Merker Steve L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe theoretical model and experimental results, as tabulated in Table 1, lead to the following conclusions concerning the elastic and structural properties of the examined reconstituted tobaccos:The vehicle of ultrasonic interrogation of reconstituted materials proved to be efficacious. In total, the authors observed the advantages of this mode of experimentation to be:
Identification of Cellulose Fibers Isolated from Reconstituted Tobacco
Authors: Casey W. J. , Fiore J.V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt is well known that the physicaI characteristics of natural fibers, particularly those of vegetable or cellulosic origin, can be controlled within well-defined limits by the chemicaI pulping methods and by the degree of refining to which they are subjected. It has been found that when such materials are subjected to a mild chemical treatment for the isolation of the cellulose, the isolated cellulose fiber, under microscopic analysis, has retained its physicaI identity despite the chemicaI exposures. This technique has been successfully applied to reconstituted tobacco as a means of identifying the source of the cellulose used in its manufacture. Not only can the source of the cellulose be determined as being from tobacco or wood, but the degree of refining to which these constituents were subjected prior to conversion into the reconstituted product can be easily ascertained. Photomicrographic proof for the validity of these statements is presented
Investigation into the Filter Efficiency of the Tobacco Rod in Cigarettes of Differing Density in Dependence on the Smoked Length/Untersuchung der Filterwirksamkeit des Tabakstranges bei Cigaretten verschiedener Härte in Abhängigkeit von der Abrauchlänge
Authors: Byckling E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWith cigarettes of differing density the smoke condensate and nicotine yields in relation to the smoked length of the cigarette were determined. Seen generally, the amounts of these substances during the smoking of the first third are smaller in cigarettes with high density, about the same in the second third and only in the last third are they greater than in cigarettes with Iow density. The filter efficiency of the tobacco rod was determined by smoking equaI lengths of rod of the normaI and the shortened cigarettes. The coefficient of filtration was calculated. The coefficient of filtration µ is, for condensate, independent of the length of the filtering tobacco rod. This result is to be expected as the coefficient of filtration represents, by definition, the differential filtration performance. For the nicotine retention, on the other hand, a clear change in the coefficient of filtration is shown. The filtration power of the tobacco rod declines with decreasing Iength. The causes of this have not yet been investigated in detail. These results apply both to filter and plain cigarettes. The coefficient of filtration µ increases in the area investigated practically Iinearly with the density. The median coefficient of filtration for nicotine is nearly 60 % of the coefficient of filtration for condensate. A further investigation was conducted into the influence of the puff frequency on the condensate and nicotine amounts. With a constant puff number cigarettes were smoked with changed puff frequencies and the smoking values for smoke condensate and nicotine content were compared with each other (per cigarette and per puff).
The Characterization of Cigarette Smoke from Cytrel® Smoking Products and its Comparison to Smoke from Flue-Cured Tobacco: I. Vapour Phase Analysis
Authors: Vickroy D.G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe vapour phase of smoke from cigarettes containing Cytrel has been extensively characterized and compared to that from identicaI cigarettes made from several blend levels of Cytrel and tobacco as well as those made from 100 % flue-cured tobacco. In only two instances out of sixty did 100 % Cytrel cigarettes deliver equivalent or greater amounts of any compound than did the corresponding tobacco cigarettes. For the remaining compounds reductions were observed in a predictable fashion for aII Cytrel-tobacco blend cigarettes examined. In the course of these analyses no compound was observed in smoke from Cytrel cigarettes that was not also present in tobacco smoke.
The Characterization of Cigarette Smoke from Cytrel® Smoking Products and its Comparison to Smoke from Flue-Cured Tobacco: II. Semi-Volatile Phase Analysis
Authors: Mauldin R.K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMajor semi-volatile components from Cytrel cigarette smoke have been characterized and compared to the smoke from flue-cured tobacco cigarettes. Significantly greater numbers of cigarettes are required to produce the Cytrel scans due to the very low tar deliveries of these cigarettes. Even so, the CytreI scans are far simpler than those from tobacco-containing samples. Using triacetin delivered from the cigarette filters as an internal standard, numerical data have been derived to compare semi-volatile components from 100 % Cytrel with 100 % flue-cured tobacco and with a 50 % blend with tobacco on an approximately equal cigarette basis. Of the 128 semi-volatile components compared, 37 were found only in tobacco-containing samples and 66 others were present in significantly greater amounts in tobacco than in CytreI. No components were found in CytreI semi-volatiles that were not also present in tobacco smoke. GlyceroI, which is present in Cytrel smoke, does not appear in the 130°C semi-volatile fraction obtained by the capsule sampling technique.
The Characterization of Cigarette Smoke from Cytrel® Smoking Products and its Comparison to Smoke from Flue-Cured Tobacco: III. Particulate Phase Analysis
Authors: Allen R.E. , Vickroy D.G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe particulate phases delivered from cigarettes containing 100 % Cytrel, 100 % flue-cured tobacco, and blends of Cytrel and tobacco have been extensively characterized. Approximately 70 % of Cambridge particulate matter (CPM) from 100 % Cytrel cigarettes has been defined. A considerably smaller fraction of CPM from 100 % tobacco cigarettes has been similarly defined because of its greater complexity. Only two of the components observed in the particulate phase, glyceroI and possibly sodium, were delivered in higher amounts by 100 % Cytrel cigarettes than by 100 % tobacco cigarettes. For all other species deliveries were lower from 100 % Cytrel cigarettes. In cigarettes containing blends of Cytrel and tobacco the deliveries of alI components were shown to follow an approximately linear relationship with blend level.
Methods for the Determination of Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products2nd Report: On the Simultaneous Determination of Hexane-soluble Organophosphoric Pesticides/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: II. Mitteilung: Zur Simultanbestimmung von hexanIöslichen Organophosphor-Pflanzenschutzmitteln
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Eckert W.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWith reference to a simultaneous determination of hexane-soluble organophosphoric phytopharmaceuticals in vegetables (1), a method for quantitatively analysing residues of chlorfenvinphos, fenitrothion, fenchlorphos, dimephenthoate, chlorpyriphos, parathion-methyl, parathion, phorate, phosvel, phosalone, ethoprophos, methidathion, salithion and tetrachlorvinphos in tobacco has been developed. Recoveries are between 75 % and 124 %, the detection Iimits between 0.01 ppm and 0.1 ppm.
The Effect of the Economic Depression on the Length of Cigarette Butts in the Federal Republic of Germany/Die Auswirkung der wirtschaftlichen Rezession auf die Länge der Cigarettenstummel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Schulz W. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe influence of the economic depression on the length of cigarette butts in the Federal Republic of Germany was investigated in the summer of 1974. After the interruption of the continual increase in the butt lengths of filter cigarettes and plain cigarettes by the tobacco tax rise on 1st September 1972, there was a further decrease in the butt lengths untiI August 1974. This was 0.44 mm for filter cigarettes and 1.5 mm for plain cigarettes. The lengths of butts discarded by smokers were on average
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: LI: Studies on Non-Volatile Nitrosamines in Tobacco
Authors: Hecht S. S. , Chen C. B. , Dong M. , Ornaf R. M. , Hoffmann D. , Tso T. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVarious factors which might contribute to the presence of or reflect on the formation of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) or related nitrosamines in tobacco were studied. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the E- and Z-isomers of NNN were clearly separated and the rates of interconversion were determined. The E/Z ratio in tobacco approximated that observed in solution at similar pH and temperature. The influence of curing and stalk position on NNN levels in tobacco was determined. NNN was not detected in green tobacco but was detected in air-cured leaves from the same crop. No significant correlation was observed among stalk position and NNN levels in one variety of bright tobacco. Since NNN may derive from nicotine, two new nitrosamines, a nitrosamino ketone and a nitrosamino aldehyde, which could theoretically arise from nicotine, were synthesized. Analysis of tobacco for these components is currently in progress
Differential Thermal Analysis of Tobacco as a Function of Heating Rate
Authors: Tiller C. O. , Gentry E. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe differential thermal analysis of reconstituted tobacco sheet heated at rates of 0.1°C/s to 500°C/s in an inert atmosphere is reported. As the heating rate is increased, the characteristic temperature of each global process observed is increased. Using a non-isothermal first-order kinetic equation, the activation energies and frequency factors are obtained for these bulk decomposition processes
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: IV. The Dynamic Measurement of the AxiaI Density of a Burning Cigarette
Authors: Jenkins R.W. , Frisch A.F. , MacKinnon J.G. , Williamson T.G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMuch research has gone into establishing the temperature gradients that exist inside a burning cigarette. These temperature gradients should correspond to changes in the density of the tobacco column due to the condensation and subsequent re-evaporation of volatiles resulting from pyrolysis, combustion, and final ash formation. These dynamic measurements on the burning cigarette were made using a modified beta thickness gauge. A beam of collimated beta particles from a
The Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide out of Cigarettes
Authors: Baker R.R. , Crellin R.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn some cigarette designs, diffusion of carbon monoxide out of a cigarette as the gases are drawn from their formation region towards the mouth end of the cigarette is more important than air dilution in controlling carbon monoxide mainstream delivery. The diffusion is a three-stage process: radial diffusion through the tobacco bed, diffusion through the paper, and diffusion away from the outer surface of the paper. Measurements have been made of the diffusion coefficient of carbon monoxide through paper, and the diffusion coefficient from the cigarette. The former has a value of 4.4 × 10