bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atlas Florae Europaeae notes 26. Revised typification of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae): Two sources of a single diagnosis
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe validating diagnosis of Sorbus aucuparia was borrowed from Enumeratio methodica stirpium Helvetiae indigenarum of Haller, who had drawn it from glabrous‐leaved plants of the Alps that belong to S. aucuparia subsp. glabrata, but Linnaeus applied it to a specimen of his own collection that represents a subglabrous variant of S. aucuparia subsp. aucuparia. Of the five specimens of this species in Linnaean and Linnaean‐linked herbaria, this specimen is the only element that comprises the original material of this species name. It is designated here as the lectotype of S. aucuparia, superseding the previous typification that was made from the collection of Clifford. The name S. lanuginosa is applicable not to a silvery‐leaved variant of the species but to S. aucuparia var. aucuparia.
The nomenclature of Cycadeoidea (fossil Spermatophyta: Cycadeoideopsida)
Authors: Doweld Alexander B. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract“Cycadeoidea”, “C. megalophylla”, “C. microphylla” and “Cycadeoideaceae” (as “Cycadeoideae”) were not validly published by Buckland in his works of 1828 because his proposed fossil genus “Cycadeoidea” lacked a separate diagnosis or description. Later in 1828 Brongniart validly published the genus name Mantellia for this fossil taxon with the type being M. nidiformis Brongn., the same taxon represented by Buckland’s “C. megalophylla”. Later Lindley & Hutton (1832) validly published Cycadeoidea but as an illegitimate superfluous replacement name of Mantellia. The confused nomenclatural history of Mantellia (≡ Cycadeoidea) is summarized and corrected with new bibliographic and historical data. Since the illegitimate name Cycadeoidea is widely used in systematic palaeobotany for distinct spermatophyte fossils, its retention is sought through a conservation proposal.
Beyond the Rand Flora pattern: Phylogeny and biogeographical history of Volutaria (Compositae)
Authors: Calleja Juan Antonio , Garcia-Jacas Núria , Roquet Cristina , Susanna Alfonso 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Rand Flora describes the disjunct phytogeographical pattern of a wide range of taxa distributed at the periphery of Africa and adjacent islands, as well as the Arabian Peninsula. We focused on Volutaria (Compositae: Cardueae: Centaurineae), a genus of ca. 18 species that conforms to the Rand Flora pattern; yet its phylogeny, interspecific relationships, and biogeographical history remain poorly known. We aim to construct a robust phylogeny that will allow us to interpret the biogeography and the diversification of this genus, together with its present distribution pattern, and to ascertain whether the latter arose by single or multiple gradual expansion processes, vicariance, or long‐distance dispersal events. We sampled all extant Volutaria species, covering its entire geographical range, and generated sequences of nuclear‐ribosomal DNA and three plastid regions, which were analyzed by Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony. Samples yielding more than one sequence in direct sequencing were cloned. Historical biogeographical analysis was performed using BioGeoBEARS based on a phylogeny dated using a relaxed molecular clock calibrated with a previous dating undertaken for the tribe Cardueae. Volutaria is a monophyletic taxon, having an Asian ancestor, and its present diversity is represented by four main clades that emerged in the Miocene. The earliest taxa of Volutaria to diverge are preserved in North Africa, whereas clades that diverged more recently have done so on both sides of the Sahara. This process involved both ancient and recent interspecific introgression and hybridization events, as indicated by incongruities between plastid and nuclear results, and by cloning of the ITS region. The distribution of Volutaria around two diversity poles conforms to the Rand Flora pattern, but this did not arise by a single event or process. Instead, the historical biogeography of Volutaria involves at least one migration wave from east to west, followed by the extinction of ancestral taxa and subsequent expansion and retraction events, together with speciation processes on both sides of the Sahara. The intense tectonic and climatic changes that occurred in North Africa and western Asia throughout the Neogene and Pleistocene periods might explain the present diversity and distribution pattern of the genus.
Assessing visual skill development in basic design education
Authors: Guler Kutay , Atalayer Faruk 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Basic design education focuses on developing an understanding of the building blocks, organization principles and modes of thinking for the visual language, which is in essence a collection of conscious activities that form the foundation of any design process. Even though there are varying teaching methodologies, basic design courses share many common points. One of the underlying reasons of the variations in basic design education is the diversity of student profiles. Consequently, understanding student groups and transforming basic design education accordingly bears importance for effective learning. This research aims to understand the effects of basic design education on different student profiles in the context of visual perception and expression. Accordingly, visual abilities of two groups of basic design students from seven interior design departments were compared. One group (n=138) was admitted with a centralized test and the other group (n=115) was admitted with a visual aptitude exam to their respective programmes. A survey instrument was created for the experiment, based on standardized visual perception tests and other measuring tools developed by researchers. Findings indicated that students admitted through a visual aptitude exam demonstrated higher visual capabilities compared with students admitted through a centralized test. According to the results, suggestions were made for adjusting basic design content to achieve a coherent skill level among different student profiles at course completion.
Race cars and the hellbox: Understanding the development of proficiency among digital art students
Authors: Paquette Andrew , Reedy Gabriel , Hatzipanagos Stylianos 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Educating students in the discipline of digital art to a professional standard has generally proven difficult. In an effort to understand the problem, a first-year undergraduate modelling course cohort was observed. Some students in this course progressed from being novices to acquiring proficiency during the nine-week term of the course. Computer Graphics (CG) modelling professionals evaluated student work to confirm their progress. Traditional models of proficiency development expect that proficiency is dependent on the investment of significant time on discipline-related tasks. The results of this investigation show that the transition from a novice level of understanding to that of proficiency can be rapid. Earlier models emphasize the importance of long-term memory and pattern-matching to developing proficiency. For the field of digital art, data gathered in this study do not support long-term memory or pattern matching as a principal contributing factor to the development of proficiency. Instead, it suggests that knowledge of what a professional standard is, in combination with important threshold concepts, leads to proficiency.
Subjectivity in media source perception: Fox news versus NPR
Authors: Shim KyuJin 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the link between political affinity and source credibility perception through the cases of Fox News and NPR. Based on the third-person perception framework, this study combines the Q methodology and focus group interviews to investigate the interaction of audience and source in shaping the credibility of a media source. Results confirmed the third-person perception in that audiences tend to perceive a politically aligned news channel as being trustworthy, but fails to attain the social impact it deserves. In contrast, audiences perceive a hostile news channel as having social impact although not being trustworthy.
Occupy narratives in Sweden and Latvia: How mainstream media tell the story of a movement
Authors: Kaun Anne , Jurkane-Hobein Iveta 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Occupy movement, which started with a group of activists in New York, soon grew into a global movement with protesters gathering and occupying public spaces worldwide. This article provides a critical discourse analysis and examines the representation of the global as well as local expressions of the Occupy movement in Latvian and Swedish major newspapers. It shifts the lens from the financial centres to the European periphery and asks how the movement is recontextualized in Latvia and Sweden. In the analysis four main discursive strategies are identified and discussed comparatively for the two countries; nomination, predication, perspectivation and mitigation. Although the discursive strategies in both contexts are similar, the recontextualization in Latvia and Sweden reflects the distinct historical and cultural circumstance in which the mediation of the Occupy movement emerged.
Cultural class analysis and audience reception in American television’s ‘third golden age’
Authors: Wayne Michael L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This article applies the concept of cultural class to an analysis of contemporary television viewing. The proliferation of original programming on cable networks and the emergence of digital technologies have led many observers to claim that American TV is in the midst of its third ‘golden age’ (the first two are associated with the 1950s and 1980s, respectively). Based on qualitative interviews with 50 middle-class young adults (aged 18–34 years), this article claims that the significance of this ‘golden age’ varies with, but is not determined by, social location. For some middle-class young adults, engagement with post-network television includes the creation of symbolic boundaries in relation to the perceived quality of a given show’s ‘writing’, the use of culturally legitimated content as bonding capital, and the use of low-status content as bridging capital. For other middle-class young adults, engagement with post-network television is characterized by the irrelevance of emerging status hierarchies and the continuing significance of personal identification. In the theoretical context of cultural class analysis, the author argues that attitudes towards legitimated content in the post-network era are meaningful precisely because significant differences in reception practices are identified within the American middle class.
Negotiating war on TV series: A cross-national comparative study of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmed 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The article investigates three TV series that examined the way the 2003 war on Iraq was represented. The TV series analysed are the American Generation Kill (2008), the British Occupation (2009) and the Arabic Hudu’ Nisbi/Relatively Calm (2009) produced during the Muslim month of Ramadan. The research investigates the way the war on Iraq is shown by the three different TV series by linking their cultural and political contexts. Though the three TV series agree on several issues such as the destructive impact of the US-led occupation, they differ in their focus on presenting the deadly impact of war on civilians and the psychological trauma soldiers go through. Partly based on the subaltern concept, the study argues that the three TV dramas are cultural expressions by which power inequality is negotiated between the subaltern natives and hegemonic powers.
Scandal-suffering politicians, scorned wives and salacious news: Examining public response to the scandal press conference
Authors: Mandell Hinda , Chen Gina Masullo 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Politicians caught in scandal often hold a press conference where they address sexual impropriety in the United States. The ‘political wife’ typically stands next to her husband, a symbol of spousal support that has received significant attention from the media. This article investigates the reactions of survey respondents to three news clips of sex-scandal press conferences, including those of former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer, former South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford and former New York Congressman Anthony Weiner. The political wife plays a different role at each news event. Silda Spitzer is the present and silent wife; Jenny Sanford is the absent wife; and Huma Abedin is the present and vocal wife. Findings indicate that gender, marital status and age impact respondents’ reactions to scandals.
Neuronal and Astrocytic Monoacylglycerol Lipase Limit the Spread of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Cerebellum
Authors: Chen Yao , Liu Xiaojie , Vickstrom Casey R. , Liu Michelle J. , Zhao Li , Viader Andreu , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Liu Qing-song 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEndocannabinoids are diffusible lipophilic molecules that may spread to neighboring synapses. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the principal enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Using knock-out mice in which MAGL is deleted globally or selectively in neurons and astrocytes, we investigated the extent to which neuronal and astrocytic MAGL limit the spread of 2-AG-mediated retrograde synaptic depression in cerebellar slices. A brief tetanic stimulation of parallel fibers in the molecular layer induced synaptically evoked suppression of excitation (SSE) in Purkinje cells, and both neuronal and astrocytic MAGL contribute to the termination of this form of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic depression. The spread of SSE among Purkinje cells occurred only after global knock-out of MAGL or pharmacological blockade of either MAGL or glutamate uptake, but no spread was detected following neuron- or astrocyte-specific deletion of MAGL. The spread of endocannabinoid signaling was also influenced by the spatial pattern of synaptic stimulation, because it did not occur at spatially dispersed parallel fiber synapses induced by stimulating the granular layer. The tetanic stimulation of parallel fibers did not induce endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic suppression in Golgi cells even after disruption of MAGL and glutamate uptake, suggesting that heightened release of 2-AG by Purkinje cells does not spread the retrograde signal to parallel fibers that innervate Golgi cells. These results suggest that both neuronal and astrocytic MAGL limit the spatial diffusion of 2-AG and confer synapse-specificity of endocannabinoid signaling.
TERRA promotes telomerase‐mediated telomere elongation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Moravec Martin , Wischnewski Harry , Bah Amadou , Hu Yan , Liu Na , Lafranchi Lorenzo , King Megan C , Azzalin Claus M 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTelomerase‐mediated telomere elongation provides cell populations with the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Telomerase is capable of recognizing and extending the shortest telomeres in cells; nevertheless, how this mechanism is executed remains unclear. Here, we show that, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, shortened telomeres are highly transcribed into the evolutionarily conserved long noncoding RNA TERRA. A fraction of TERRA produced upon telomere shortening is polyadenylated and largely devoid of telomeric repeats, and furthermore, telomerase physically interacts with this polyadenylated TERRA in vivo. We also show that experimentally enhanced transcription of a manipulated telomere promotes its association with telomerase and concomitant elongation. Our data represent the first direct evidence that TERRA stimulates telomerase recruitment and activity at chromosome ends in an organism with human‐like telomeres.
Hybrid Sterility in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Involves the Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain Containing Protein
Authors: Yu Yang , Zhao Zhigang , Shi Yanrong , Tian Hua , Liu Linglong , Bian Xiaofeng , Xu Yang , Zheng Xiaoming , Gan Lu , Shen Yumin , Wang Chaolong , Yu Xiaowen , Wang Chunming , Zhang Xin , Guo Xiuping , Wang Jiulin , Ikehashi Hiroshi , Jiang Ling , Wan Jianmin 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Intersubspecific hybrid sterility is a common form of reproductive isolation in rice (Oryza sativa L.), which significantly hampers the utilization of heterosis between indica and japonica varieties. Here, we elucidated the mechanism of S7, which specially causes Aus-japonica/indica hybrid female sterility, through cytological and genetic analysis, map-based cloning, and transformation experiments. Abnormal positioning of polar nuclei and smaller embryo sac were observed in F1 compared with male and female parents. Female gametes carrying S7cp and S7i were aborted in S7ai/S7cp and S7ai/S7i, respectively, whereas they were normal in both N22 and Dular possessing a neutral allele, S7n. S7 was fine mapped to a 139-kb region in the centromere region on chromosome 7, where the recombination was remarkably suppressed due to aggregation of retrotransposons. Among 16 putative open reading frames (ORFs) localized in the mapping region, ORF3 encoding a tetratricopeptide repeat domain containing protein was highly expressed in the pistil. Transformation experiments demonstrated that ORF3 is the candidate gene: downregulated expression of ORF3 restored spikelet fertility and eliminated absolutely preferential transmission of S7ai in heterozygote S7ai/S7cp; sterility occurred in the transformants Cpslo17-S7ai. Our results may provide implications for overcoming hybrid embryo sac sterility in intersubspecific hybrid rice and utilization of hybrid heterosis for cultivated rice improvement.
La réception écologique de la Nature chez Serge Moscovici
Authors: Houdayer Hélène 
Published: May 2016

Cet article met en avant l’apport de la pensée de Serge Moscovici dans la compréhension des formes sociales liées à l’écologie et plus particulièrement aux éléments naturels. L’épistémologie qu’il nous propose est de type initiatique et révèle nos manières d’être dans la nature. Elle privilégie une pensée par le milieu qui considère l’implication des personnes. Deux formes se dégagent : la première est caractéristique d’une approche romantique des formes de la nature tandis que la seconde articule la défense des cadres de vie au processus de socialisation. Toutes deux sont considérées comme des manières de promouvoir une vision écologique du milieu. Pour ce faire, les groupes déploient des relations de proximité et s’approprient les valeurs environnementales sous forme esthétique et éthique leur permettant de valoriser la nature et de s’interroger sur les conditions de la résistance écologique.
Les noms d’évaluation de comportement
Authors: Paykin Katia , Tayalati Fayssal , Van de Velde Danièle 
Published: May 2016

L’article explore les propriétés sémantico-syntaxiques de noms correspondant à des adjectifs d’évaluation de comportement (AEC), tels que amabilité , imprudence et courage . Même s’il s’agit de noms qui dénotent des qualités attribuées sur la base d’un comportement, certaines des propriétés syntaxiques de ces noms révèlent que la relation des qualités au comportement n’est pas uniforme, et nous conduisent à poser, en plus des deux classes de noms correspondant aux deux classes d’AEC ( amabilité vs. imprudence ) précédemment établies, l’existence d’(au moins) une troisième classe sémantique : celle des noms liés à des adjectifs comme courageux . La répartition que nous choisissons se justifie par la nature du rapport qui unit les qualités liées à des comportements à ces comportements eux-mêmes : les unes ( amabilité , imprudence ) ont à l’action un rapport essentiel et le sujet évaluateur ne fait que les en déduire. Les autres qualités ( courage ), tout en étant liées étroitement à l’action, ont néanmoins une existence autonome, et sont visées comme des préalables à l’action.
Chaînes de référence : la deuxième mention. L’exemple des entités inanimées dans les narrations littéraires
Authors: Salles Mathilde 
Published: May 2016

L’objectif de cet article est de souligner l’influence de certains facteurs sur le choix référentiel. Après avoir présenté différentes positions prises en considération dans les études antérieures sur les chaînes de référence, nous nous consacrerons à la deuxième mention d’un référent dans ces chaînes et tenterons de mesurer les influences respectives de facteurs aussi divers que le genre de texte, les relations de cohérence, la nature ontologique du référent, sa saillance dans le discours et son mode de présentation initiale, sur le mode de réalisation de la deuxième mention. Deux facteurs, auxquels les autres peuvent être reliés, seront mis en avant : la saillance du référent dans le discours et les relations de cohérence qui s’établissent entre les phrases et propositions dans lesquelles ce référent est mentionné.
A Study on Career Plateauing, Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Taiwan-Based Expatriates: A Holistic Approach to International Mobility
Authors: Badiane Kemo 
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this research was to examine relationships among Career Plateauing, Organizational Commitment and Organization Citizenship Behavior. Two dimensions of career plateauing were measured subjectively from Milliman. Organizational commitment was measured using measures from Meyer and Allen. Organizational citizenship behavior was measured using the tools developed by Organ. Online and pen-and-paper based surveys were used to collect data. Mean, Standard Deviation, t-Test, Analysis of Variance, and Pearson's Correlation were used to analyze data; a total of 102 questionnaires were collected. The findings summarized as follows: Career plateauing and job content plateauing were significantly and negatively correlated with affective commitment, but not continuous commitment. The strength of the correlation is medium. Career plateauing was not significantly correlated with Organizational Citizenship. Significant and negative correlation was found between Sportsmanship and Continuous Commitment. Significant and positive correlation found between Courtesy and Affective Commitment. The strength of the correlations was low.
Evaluación micológica en bosques de roble en el paisaje terrestre protegido “Miraflor-Moropotente” del municipio de Estelí- Nicaragua
Authors: Vargas Fuentes Juan Carlos , Gribal Josep 
Published: May 2016

El presente estudio analiza los patrones de diversidad y distribución de macrohongos en el área protegida de Miraflor – Moropotente de Estelí-Nicaragua; teniendo como principales variables la altura y el estado de conservación de los bosques de roble de la zona (Quercus segoviensis y Quercus sapotaefolia), esto a fin de relacionar si las variables descritas inciden en la presencia o no de macrohongos, se designaron un total de 12 áreas de muestreos y se aplicaron diferentes índices de diversidad como son el índice de Shannon, Simpson y Sorensen para valorar la diversidad a niveles alfa y beta. Se encontraron 31 familias que agrupan 55 géneros con 85 morfoespecies; que significaron un total de 1722 individuos distribuidos en las diferentes áreas de muestreo. Podemos decir que en base a los resultados no hay diferencias significativas en cuanto a la diversidad de macrohongos tomando en cuenta las variables antes descritas.
Proceso de Producción y Exportación que realiza la empresa de tabacos A.J. FERNANDEZ en el periodo 2013
Authors: Castillo Benavides Carmen María , Rivera Soto Yaser Eduardo , Castillo Herrera Beverly 
Published: May 2016

En el presente estudio investigativo se realizó una evaluación sobre el proceso de producción y exportación que realiza la Empresa de Tabacos A.J. FERNANDEZ en el segundo semestre 2013. Esta investigación es cualitativa, aborda a profundidad el proceso de producción y exportación realizada por dicha empresa. Las principales recomendaciones para la empresa procesadora de tabacos se enfocan en el seguimiento al proceso de administración en las actividades de producción y exportación, así como velar por el cumplimiento de las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM).