bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Discussant's Views of Computerized Budget Development, Distribution and Use
Authors: Brant William L. 
Published: July 2016

These remarks relate to papers presented by Lampher, Krenz and Kletke. Budget development, distribution and use has always been a perennial concern of farm management personnel. However, as Lampher pointed out, many agricultural economists gave low priority to cost and return budgets in recent years. This is clearly a case of professionals abandoning one of the basic tools of their trade, thereby shortchanging agriculture and the profession. Fortunately, a return to the fold is in evidence with all the interest in cost of production.The three papers indicated that there are major problems associated with developing cost and return budgets. Data input will always be a problem but it is not insurmountable. The problem, then, really involves defining procedures and techniques that minimize difficulties associated with data input.
Simulation of Soil Water-Crop Yield Systems: The Potential for Economic Analysis
Authors: Mapp Harry P. , Eidman Vernon R. 
Published: July 2016

Economists have shown an increasing interest in systems theory and simulation. The recent reviews by Anderson and LaDue and Vincent indicate the literature is repleat with models of business and farm firms developed by researchers from several disciplines. A smaller but no less sophisticated group of models is focused on simulated physical or biological processes. An even smaller segment of the literature deals with economic applications of models which simulate physical and biological phenomena.Economists have become interested in models simulating physical and biological phenomena because of their experimental value. When a satisfactory approximation of reality can be created within the context of the model, experiments can then be conducted to determine the effects of changes in exogeneous factors on outcomes predicted by the model.
Chrysanthemum Production Planning Under Time-To-Harvest Uncertainty
Authors: Levins Richard A. , Langham Max R. 
Published: July 2016

Planning a season's planting is a complex problem facing Florida's chrysanthemum producers. Planting must be carefully timed to assure adequate supplies of flowers during peak marketing periods. Also, widely varying labor requirements of the crop should be considered. Finally, even the best-laid plans may be ruined by crops coming in too soon or too late due to unexpected weather variations. In this paper, a dynamic linear program is developed as a planning aid for chrysantheum production. The model parameters are then estimated with sufficient accuracy to demonstrate the model's workability, and an application of the model is suggested.Chrysanthemums (pompons) may be grown as either a single-stem or pinched crop. In single-stem production, a cutting is planted and harvested as a single stem of flowers that is sold in a bunch of six or seven stems.
Land Subsidence and Associated Externalities in the Coastal Area of Texas
Authors: Warren John P. , Jones Lonnie L. 
Published: July 2016

Texas Gulf Coast areas near Houston have been affected to an increasing degree by land subsidence in recent years. Sinking of the surface has reached critical proportions in many areas, and subsidence of as much as nine feet has occurred since 1943. Physical effects have been extensive, affecting over 3,000 square miles, and economic effects have been aggravated by the approximity of much of the area to bay waters. Subsidence has resulted in significant damage and property loss, from both permanent salt water inundation and temporary flooding due to storm-related tides and rains.Industrial, municipal and agricultural demands for water have increased sharply in recent years. Engineers.have linked subsidence to the decline of subsurface water levels due to heavy groundwater withdrawals. An alternative water source, the importation and treatment of surface water, has been introduced, but relatively high prices have slowed its acceptance.
An Analysis of the Effect of Price on Residential Water Demand: Metropolitan Miami, Florida
Authors: Andrews Donald R. , Gibbs Kenneth C. 
Published: July 2016

The economic development of any area is tied to its natural resource base. Water, one of the most important of these natural resources, is used for a multitude of purposes including crop irrigation, human consumption, food processing, generation of electricity, transportation, recreation and waste disposal.Municipal water use is essential in the development of any state. Florida is no exception. One of the first considerations in development of an area's water resources is that of furnishing municipal water for commercial, industrial, residential and public uses.
Discussion of Agricultural Economics and the Changing Structure of Higher Education
Authors: Shumway C. Richard 
Published: July 2016

Professor Coutu is to be commended for synthesizing in a brief paper a great many insights bearing on the management of teaching, research and extension in the next decade. As a discussant, I feel much as a blind man trying to describe the Taj Mahal—I can only reach so high. The future is as yet unknown and any predictions are at best pretty wild guesses. But there are insights gleaned from the past that can guide us in anticipating the future.In developing his anticipations, Professor Coutu drew upon several important sources of information, including his personal observations on the status of the university, his recent research on organizational structures used by the University of North Carolina system to manage research, and the Carnegie Commission report on higher education.
Alternative Methods of Accounting for Livestock Capital Formation: An Application to Southern U.S. Agriculture
Authors: Browning Thomas L. , Dyer David R. 
Published: July 2016

This paper presents empirical estimates of livestock capital formation and disposition on farms in 14 southern U.S. states during 1974. Livestock capital is defined to include dairy and beef breeding cows. Concern with measuring the formation and disposition of livestock capital stems from the demand for knowledge of its importance as farm input, output and investment and from its inconsistent treatment given it in current USDA statistical series and the subsequent impact on farm income measurement.The objectives of this study are to present new information on dairy and beef cow capital formation and disposition via development of a cow capital flows account, and to provide a perspective on the importance of this information by incorporating it into estimates of farm income.
Factors Affecting Structural Change in Agricultural Subsectors: Implications for Research
Authors: Reimund Donn A. , Moore Charles V. , Martin J. Rod 
Published: July 2016

The U.S. farm sector has long been dominated by independent firms exemplifying competitive free enterprise norms. Individual farm operators have had considerable freedom in controlling their own operations. Certain government programs and financial limitations have been the major restraints on their decision making.In about the past two decades, however, a number of production subsectors have become organized or structured along lines more closely resembling industrial sectors of the economy than the traditional agricultural sector. At the same time, other production subsectors have remained virtually unaffected by this industrialization process and have retained their traditional independent form of organization. Concern over industrialization in agriculture relates to the question of who will control agricultural resources.
Canonical Correlation Analysis of Selected Demographic and Health Personnel Variables
Authors: Dunn James W. , Doeksen Gerald A. 
Published: July 2016

The number of employed health care personnel in an area is the combined result of factors affecting both demand and supply for health care personnel. When service areas are compared, differences between each area's number of health care personnel are related to differences in health facilities' ability and desire to attract these persons.At any point in time, the potential supply of health care personnel is fixed. The choice facing this segment of the labor force is between alternative locations or non-participation. The location decision is a function of salary, working conditions and such non-working conditions as cost of living in the community, schools, cultural opportunities, employment opportunities for other family members and general amenities associated with a community.
Diversification of Regional Marketing Cooperatives
Authors: Sporleder Thomas L. , Skinner Robert A. 
Published: July 2016

Several definitions of diversification exist. Typically, the concept is dynamic and refers to the relationship among various activities or enterprises in which the firm is engaged. As new activities are acquired by a firm from some existing base of activities, complementarity of the newly acquired activity relative to the existing base is subjectively determined. Judgment is rendered on whether the result represents diversification or conglomeration.Conventional wisdom has not succinctly differentiated between diversification and conglomeration. Some writers have considered conglomeration a special case of diversification [2, 7]. For purposes of this paper, this taxonomic argument need not be settled.
Technological Change and Labor's Relative Share: The Mechanization of U.S. Cotton Production
Authors: Martin Marshall A. , Havlicek Joseph 
Published: July 2016

Prior to World War II, labor's share in the U.S. manufacturing and agricultural sectors was relatively constant. Keynes called this “a bit of a miracle.” Several studies have shown that labor's share in the U.S. manufacturing sector has increased in the post-war period. The opposite appears to have been the case for U.S. agriculture. Two studies indicate that labor's relative share in the U.S. agricultural sector has declined in the post-war period.There has been a substantial substitution of capital for labor in both the manufacturing and agricultural sectors in the post-war period. The secular increase in the wage-rental ratio has encouraged substitution of capital for labor. However, while this argument alone might explain the observed decline in labor's share in the agricultural sector, it does not explain what has occurred in the manufacturing sector. Moreover, this argument excludes another important characteristic of both sectors in the post-war period: technological change.
A Look at Major Events Impacting Productivity and Uncertainty in Southern Agriculture During the 1970's
Authors: Rudd Robert W. 
Published: July 2016

In view of the breadth of the topic, coverage is limited to identifying the events and commenting on the types of impacts on agriculture rather than stating specific empirical estimates of impacts. Numerous researchers in agricultural economics have examined the quantitative dimensions of impact from particular scenarios of future courses of some of the events identified here.With only one or two notable exceptions, the current commodity output mix of southern agriculture is similar to that for U.S. agriculture as a whole. Ranking the top eight farm enterprises of the south in dollar value (1976) shows tobacco in the southern region replacing wheat in the national ranking; dairy, corn, and hogs are more important nationally and broilers and eggs are more important in the southern complex. Therefore, if those dimensions of agriculture associated with geographic location, such as population, climate, or transport net, are excluded, the major events affecting southern agriculture in the 1970s can be discussed in terms of U.S. agriculture.
Significant Developments in Southern Agriculture in the Decade of the 1970s And Emerging Policy Issues in the 1980s
Authors: Sullivan Gene D. 
Published: July 2016

There is considerable overlap between events of lasting significance in the 1970s and policy issues of the 1980s, perhaps because of an implicit requirement (in my own mind at least) that policy implications are a prerequisite to significance. At any rate, past developments in their full dimensions seem closely interwoven with future events.Repeated invitations to Harold Breimyer to “look ahead” are evidence of our profession's view of his ranking in the trade of seers. Because, at best, we can only “see through a glass darkly,” it may be a futile effort to forecast developments beyond a two- or three-year horizon. Yet several of the unexpected events within our individual spheres of existence might have been spotted on the more distant horizon if we had really strained a bit to peer through the fog. Even knowing that the forecasting balance is tilted heavily on the side of events that cannot be foreseen, we feel it beneficial to keep peering ahead. I believe that is why, in spite of records that do not sparkle with accuracy, Breimyer continues to prophesy and we continue to listen.
On Evaluating Crop Response to Lime in the Tennessee Valley Region
Authors: Hall Harry H. , Free W. Joe 
Published: July 2016

Excessive soil acidity has long been recognized as one reason soils become unproductive, and liming to neutralize excess acidity has been practiced at least since the second century B.C. [5, p. 125]. Although liming has become a common practice, some researchers contend that farmers use too little lime [e.g., 5, p. 125].Although lime is sometimes used to supply calcium or magnesium, it is principally used to neutralize soil acidity [3, p. 178], commonly measured by soil pH. Many agronomists agree that most crops require some lime if pH falls below 5.0 and that most require no lime if pH is 7.0 or higher [17, pp. 221–222]. When legumes supplied nitrogen for other crops in rotation, most lime recommendations were designed to raise soil pH to 6.5 or higher to accommodate the legumes. Now, however, nitrogen requirements for most crops are supplied from fertilizer, and some lime recommendations aim for pH levels somewhat below 6.5, at least for non-legumes such as corn and cotton.
Fertilizer Demand Functions for Five Crops in the United States
Authors: Gunjal Kisan R. , Roberts Roland K. , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2016

Fertilizer consumption by the U.S. agricultural sector has increased dramatically for several decades. Nitrogen fertilizer use increased 632 percent between 1952 and 1976. Phosphate and potash fertilizer use increased 138 and 229 percent, respectively, in the same period (USDA 1978). However, the upward trend in fertilizer use was temporarily interrupted during the early and mid-1970s as the real fertilizer price began to increase after many years of decline.Higher levels of aggregate fertilizer consumption over the 1952–1976 period outweighed the decline in the real price of fertilizer as real dollar expenditures for fertilizer continued to rise. Our study includes an attempt to relate fertilizer use for different crops to relevant economic variables.
Estimating Returns to Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching at the State Level
Authors: Norton George W. , Coffey Joseph D. , Frye E. Berrier 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe majority of decisions concerning investment and allocation of public funds for agricultural research, extension, and teaching (RET) are made at the state-level, while most of the quantitative RET evaluations are made on a national basis. This paper illustrates an approach for conducting a disaggregated state-level evaluation of agricultural research, extension, and teaching. Ridge regression is employed to handle multicollinearity problems.
The Effects of the 1980, 1981, and 1982 Tax Laws on Texas Rice Farmers
Authors: Richardson James W. , Nixon Clair J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA whole farm Monte Carlo simulation model was used to simulate a typical rice farm on the Texas Gulf Coast for 10 years under the 1980, 1981, and 1982 income tax provisions. Results for this analysis indicate that the 1981 tax provisions clearly were more beneficial to farm operators than the 1980 or 1982 income tax provisions. While the 1981 and 1982 tax law changes clearly improved the cash flow of farm operators, they did not greatly improve the wealth positions of farm operators in the Texas Gulf Coast.
A Translog Cost Analysis of Turkey Production in the Mid-Atlantic Region
Authors: Grisley William , Gitu Kangethe W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe production structure of 165-hen and 200-tom turkey flocks is investigated using a translog (dual) variable cost function. The partial static equilibrium elasticities of scale, input demand, input substitution, and cross price elasticities of demand are calculated. The elasticity of scale is found to be not significantly different from one over the range of 5,900 to 9,822 birds for the hen flocks and over the range of 7,765 to 11,043 birds for the torn flocks. In general, the input demand elasticities are inelastic with the exception of the input fuel. The cross-price elasticities are in general inelastic.
The Market Value of Ingress Rights for White-Tailed Deer Hunting in Texas
Authors: Pope C. Arden , Stoll John R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe lease hunting system in Texas is described and discussed. Results of a hunter survey are reported and the value of ingress rights for white-tailed deer hunting in Texas is estimated. Results suggest that these rights are highly valuable and that services and facilities provided generally do not enhance the value of the hunting experience as much as access to additional game species on adequately large parcels of land.
Regional Cotton Acreage Response
Authors: Duffy Patricia A. , Richardson James W. , Wohlgenant Michael K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn econometric model of cotton acreage response was estimated for four distinct production regions in the United States. This work builds on previous work in the area of supply response under government farm programs and provides up-to-date regionalized estimates of own-price elasticity of cotton acreage supply. The own-price variable used in this study is a weighted combination of expected market price and government policy variables. Results indicate regional similarity in response to own price but differences with respect to the prices of alternative enterprises. Differences in regional response to paid diversion are also indicated.
Optimal Use of Qualitative Models: An Application to Country Grain Elevator Bankruptcies
Authors: Kaylen Michael S. , Devino Gary T. , Procter Michael H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractQualitative models can be used for decision making under uncertainty. This provides a useful framework for evaluating the models. If the costs for every action/state of nature combination are known, decisions made using a well-calibrated model would result in actual costs being close to expected costs. In addition, the actual cost can be compared to the cost of perfect foresight actions, giving a bound on the value of a better model. Application of these procedures is made using a logit model developed to predict Missouri country grain elevator bankruptcies.
Adoption of Double-Cropping Soybeans and Wheat
Authors: Shapiro B.I. , Brorsen B.Wade , Doster D. Howard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDouble-cropping of soybeans and wheat is often promoted by extension personnel. This paper seeks to explain how the decision to adopt double-cropping is made, using a Tobit regression model. Tobit makes use of more of the information in the data set than do logit or probit and explains not only the decision to double-crop but also the rate of adoption. The paper considers factors such as profit and risk perceptions and risk which have not been included in the past models used to explain adoption of technology. The results show that risk perception is important. Contrary to the findings of some other adoption studies, this decision in not influenced by human capital factors. The farmers who double-crop are more highly leveraged and appear to do so both to achieve higher income and as part of a risk diversification strategy. This is consistent with the importance of the location factor, measured as the average number of growing degree days at the farm's location. Growing degree days is a proxy for the actual distribution of returns from double-cropping and is the main factor explaining this decision. Extensive adoption of double-cropping in cooler regions of the Midwest must await technological advances that can increase the profitability of double-cropping by reducing the growing season for wheat and/or beans.
Estimating the Benefits of Groundwater Contamination Control
Authors: Sun Henglun , Bergstrom John C. , Dorfman Jeffrey H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a conceptual model for estimating option price for groundwater quality protection is developed, and the effects of subjective demand and supply uncertainty and other variables on option price are examined. A contingent valuation study to measure option price for groundwater quality protection was conducted in southwestern Georgia. Valuation results suggest that the monetary benefits to citizens of protecting groundwater supplies from agricultural chemical contamination are quite large.
Implications of Raising the Nonfat Solids Standards for Beverage Milk
Authors: Salathe Larry , Price J. Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn econometric model of the dairy industry was used to estimate the effects on farmers, consumers, and taxpayers of nationwide adoption of the California nonfat solids standards for fluid milk. It was estimated that adoption of the California standards would raise farm-level milk prices by 1 to 5 percent in the short run and by 1 to 2 percent in the long run. The average retail price of fluid milk would rise by 9 to 13 cents per gallon. Dairy program costs fall under most scenarios, but could rise if surpluses fall to levels that would trigger increases in the support price.
Dynamic Factor Demands for Aggregate Southeastern United States Agriculture
Authors: Taylor Timothy G. , Monson Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA four equation input demand system for aggregate Southeastern United States agriculture consistent with dynamic optimizing behavior is specified and estimated. Labor and materials are considered as variable inputs while land and capital are treated as quasi-fixed inputs. It is found that the adjustment rates for capital and land differ considerably and are interdependent. Further, the data appear consistent with the existence of an aggregate production technology and the hypothesized optimizing behavior.
A Markov Chain Analysis of Structural Changes in the Texas High Plains Cotton Ginning Industry
Authors: Ethridge Don E. , Roy Sujit K. , Myers David W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMarkov chain analysis of changes in the number and size of cotton gin firms in West Texas was conducted assuming stationary and non-stationary transition probabilities. Projections of industry structure were made to 1999 with stationary probability assumptions and six sets of assumed conditions for labor and energy costs and technological change in the non-stationary transition model. Results indicate a continued decline in number of firms, but labor, energy, and technology conditions alter the configuration of the structural changes.
Estimating Implicit Marginal Prices of Quality Characteristics of Tomatoes
Authors: Jordan Jeffery L. , Shewfelt R. L. , Prussia S. E. , Hurst W. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA hedonic price function is developed for estimating the implicit prices for selected quality characteristics of fresh tomatoes at three points in the marketing season. The estimation of this function, proposed as a method of evaluating changes in the post-harvest system, is accomplished using a flexible functional form. Those quality characteristics that most affect the price of tomatoes can help determine the economic feasibility of alternative handling techniques or new technologies.