bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stepwise exhumation of the Triassic Lanling high‐pressure metamorphic belt in Central Qiangtang, Tibet: Insights from a coupled study of metamorphism, deformation, and geochronology
Authors: Liang Xiao , Wang Genhou , Yang Bo , Ran Hao , Zheng Yilong , Du Jinxue , Li Lingui 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe E‐W trending Central Qiangtang metamorphic belt (CQMB) is correlated to the Triassic orogeny of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean prior to Cenozoic growth of the Tibetan Plateau. The well‐exposed Lanling high‐pressure, low‐temperature (HP‐LT) metamorphic complex was chosen to decipher the process by which it was exhumed, which thereby provides insights into the origin of the CQMB and Qiangtang terrane. After a detailed petrological and structural mapping, three distinct N‐S‐trending metamorphic domains were distinguished. Microscopic observations show that core domain garnet (Grt)‐bearing blueschist was exhumed in a heating plus depressurization trajectory after peak eclogitic conditions, which is more evident in syntectonic vein form porphyroblastic garnets with zoning typical of a prograde path. Grt‐free blueschist of the mantle domain probably underwent an exhumation path of temperature increasing and dehydration, as evidenced by pervasive epidote veins. The compilation of radiometric results of high‐pressure mineral separates in Lanling and Central Qiantang, and reassessments on the published phengite data sets of Lanling using Arrhenius plots allow a two‐step exhumation model to be formulated. It is suggested that core domain eclogitic rocks were brought onto mantle domain blueschist facies level starting at 244–230 Ma, with exhumation continuing to 227–223.4 Ma, and subsequently were exhumed together starting at 223–220 Ma, reaching lower greenschist facies conditions generally after 222–217 Ma. These new observations indicate that the CQMB formed as a Triassic autochthonous accretionary complex resulting from the northward subdcution of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean and that HP‐LT rocks therein were very probably exhumed in an extensional regime.
Tropical river suspended sediment and solute dynamics in storms during an extreme drought
Authors: Clark Kathryn E. , Shanley James B. , Scholl Martha A. , Perdrial Nicolas , Perdrial Julia N. , Plante Alain F. , McDowell William H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDroughts, which can strongly affect both hydrologic and biogeochemical systems, are projected to become more prevalent in the tropics in the future. We assessed the effects of an extreme drought during 2015 on stream water composition in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. We demonstrated that drought base flow in the months leading up to the study was sourced from trade‐wind orographic rainfall, suggesting a resistance to the effects of an otherwise extreme drought. In two catchments (Mameyes and Icacos), we sampled a series of four rewetting events that partially alleviated the drought. We collected and analyzed dissolved constituents (major cations and anions, organic carbon, and nitrogen) and suspended sediment (inorganic and organic matter (particulate organic carbon and particulate nitrogen)). The rivers appeared to be resistant to extreme drought, recovering quickly upon rewetting, as (1) the concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships deviated little from the long‐term patterns; (2) “new water” dominated streamflow during the latter events; (3) suspended sediment sources had accumulated in the channel during the drought flushed out during the initial events; and (4) the severity of the drought, as measured by the US drought monitor, was reduced dramatically after the rewetting events. Through this interdisciplinary study, we were able to investigate the impact of extreme drought through rewetting events on the river biogeochemistry.
Debates—Hypothesis testing in hydrology: A subsurface perspective
Authors: Neuweiler Insa , Helmig Rainer 
Published: March 2017

AbstractModels for flow in environmental systems are subject to uncertainty. Models can thus be interpreted as hypotheses on the validity of the underlying model assumptions. One important source of uncertainty in models for flow and transport processes in the subsurface is the model concept. While uncertain model parameters or forcing terms can be captured as random processes and random fields, this type of uncertainty cannot be included into a model in a straightforward manner. This is particularly true if established model descriptions of a given process are not known or are still being debated. In this contribution, we outline several examples of subsurface flow and transport modeling where uncertainty of the model concept plays an important role. We discuss the need for the development of methods and standards to deal with this type of uncertainty in model hypothesis testing.
Developing reservoir monthly inflow forecasts using artificial intelligence and climate phenomenon information
Authors: Yang Tiantian , Asanjan Ata Akbari , Welles Edwin , Gao Xiaogang , Sorooshian Soroosh , Liu Xiaomang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractReservoirs are fundamental human‐built infrastructures that collect, store, and deliver fresh surface water in a timely manner for many purposes. Efficient reservoir operation requires policy makers and operators to understand how reservoir inflows are changing under different hydrological and climatic conditions to enable forecast‐informed operations. Over the last decade, the uses of Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining [AI & DM] techniques in assisting reservoir streamflow subseasonal to seasonal forecasts have been increasing. In this study, Random Forest [RF), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) are employed and compared with respect to their capabilities for predicting 1 month‐ahead reservoir inflows for two headwater reservoirs in USA and China. Both current and lagged hydrological information and 17 known climate phenomenon indices, i.e., PDO and ENSO, etc., are selected as predictors for simulating reservoir inflows. Results show (1) three methods are capable of providing monthly reservoir inflows with satisfactory statistics; (2) the results obtained by Random Forest have the best statistical performances compared with the other two methods; (3) another advantage of Random Forest algorithm is its capability of interpreting raw model inputs; (4) climate phenomenon indices are useful in assisting monthly or seasonal forecasts of reservoir inflow; and (5) different climate conditions are autocorrelated with up to several months, and the climatic information and their lags are cross correlated with local hydrological conditions in our case studies.
Similarity, Dissimilarity, and Distance, Measures of
Authors: Gower John C. , Warrens Matthijs J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We discuss definitions and properties of similarity and dissimilarity coefficients, including their metric and Euclidean status. Among the plethora of available coefficients, we give details of some of the more commonly used with binary and quantitative variables. First, we discuss measures for evaluating similarity between a pair of units, showing that some coefficients are monotonic functions of each other and that many coefficients are particular instances of an overall measure of similarity. We end with measures that can be used to assess interpopulation similarity.
Inspection Sampling
Authors: Heikes Russell G. , Cudney Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractVariation exists in all processes, which can lead to defects in incoming material. Further, as product complexity of multicomponent products continue to increase, it is becoming more difficult to control quality throughout the supply chain. Inspection sampling is commonly used in automotive, aerospace, and electronic industries, among many others, as a method to reduce the probability of defective products from entering the supply chain. Selecting the appropriate inspection scheme requires balancing risk, resources, and cost for optimal quality. As such, the topics of sampling schemes, process control, economically based sampling, and inspection errors are explored and discussed.
Statistical Engineering
Authors: Hoerl Roger W. , Snee Ronald D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStatistical engineering, the engineering of statistical solutions involving the integration of multiple methods, has recently been recognized as a unique discipline alongside statistical science. Solutions to basic and even difficult problems that are narrow and well defined generally do not require engineering of a solution, just the application of the single, correct statistical method. These methods are typically found in textbooks. However, when facing large, complex, and unstructured problems, individual tools rarely suffice. An overall strategy or plan of attack is needed, typically one that integrates multiple methods and even multiple disciplines in a sequential manner. Such strategies are rarely, if ever, found in textbooks; leadership is needed. The solution must be engineered, that is, statistical engineering is required.
Media Effects: Levels of Analysis
Authors: Maurer Marcus 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Levels of analysis in media effects research concerns, first, theoretical levels of analysis: the macro level, the meso level, and the micro level. In this case, the question is how theories of media effects are theoretically conceptualized and how the different levels can be linked. Second, it concerns empirical levels of data analysis: the aggregate and the individual levels. In this case, the question is what kind of data have been collected for an empirical study and how they are analyzed. This entry discusses the role of the theoretical and the empirical levels for research designs, strategies of data analysis, and findings in media effects research.
Patterns of long bone growth in a mid‐19th century documented sample of the urban poor from Bethnal Green, London, UK
Authors: Ives Rachel , Humphrey Louise 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesStudies of male and female long bone growth in past populations are limited and usually constrained by the lack of personal identification. This article aimed to evaluate long bone growth in a series of mid‐19th century documented burials associated with the urban poor from Bethnal Green, London, UK.Materials and methodsMaximum diaphyseal lengths from 74 males and 70 females (2 months to 12 years) were compared to modern reference data from North America. Diaphyseal lengths were expressed as a percentage of expected length and an average percentage value was calculated across all available long bones. An index of growth progression was introduced to explore differences in the progress of males and females towards their projected adult size.ResultsDeviation from the expected growth attainment was evident in both sexes in the archaeological series by 2–4 months of age. Only 19.4% (28/144) of the children had attained an average long bone length >90% of the predicted mean in the reference series. The percentage of expected growth attainment decreased steadily in both sexes during infancy and early childhood. Overall, females deviated further from their expected growth progression than males.DiscussionGrowth faltering in both males and females was established during infancy (<1 year) with no evidence for recovery in older age groups. Early weaning and inadequate artificial feeding, together with impoverished living conditions and limited sanitary provision, most likely impacted on childhood growth.
An International Perspective on Feigned Mental Disabilities: Conceptual Issues and Continuing Controversies
Authors: Merten Thomas , Rogers Richard 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn forensic contexts, an increased prevalence of feigned symptom presentations should be expected, although it will probably vary by the context and specific forensic issue. Forensic experts should examine this possibility proactively while maintaining a balanced perspective that actively considers clinical data for both feigning and genuine responding. Psychological measures and standardized methods developed for feigning and other response styles can facilitate these often complex determinations. The current article provides an international perspective on the issue of feigned mental disabilities. In particular, important conceptual issues are discussed, such as the categorical versus dimensional approaches to feigning, and the advisability of well‐defined rather than single‐point cut scores for accuracy in clinical decision‐making. Salient problems of differential diagnosis include a spectrum from malingering and factitious disorders to somatoform and conversion disorders. In rendering these important diagnostic distinctions, the questions of motivations and intentions remain key. However, the establishment of motivation cannot be facilely assumed from the context. Instead, forensic psychologists and psychiatrists bear the professional burden of carefully evaluating motivation and recognizing the clinical reality that sometimes the motivation in especially challenging cases may not be fully determined. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sheath/Core Hybrid FeCO3/Carbon Nanofibers as Anode Materials for Superior Cycling Stability and Rate Performance
Authors: Zhao Mengxi , Liu Ye , Jiang Jialin , Ma Chao , Yang Gang , Yin Fan , Yang Yang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFeCO3 is a potential anode material, owing to advantages such as facile synthesis, low cost, and abundant natural resources, but its poor cyclic stability and low rate performance seriously limit practical applications in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this paper, the sheath/core hybrid of FeCO3/carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as a binder‐free anode for high‐performance LIBs has been synthesized by using a facile hydrothermal method. Porous FeCO3 nanosheets grow in a stable manner on the surface of CNFs, and the flexible FeCO3/CNF film gives a specific surface area as high as 302.6 m2 g−1. The FeCO3/CNF film, with its porous architecture, provides open and continuous channels for fast diffusion of Li+ to the active material of FeCO3, whereas the CNFs effectively play the leading role as the conductive core to efficiently transfer electrons for rapid lithiation/delithiation of FeCO3, and offer a buffering network to reduce the volume change during cycling. The hybrid FeCO3/CNF film, as a binder‐free anode, delivers 592.2 mAh g−1 at the 3rd cycle and 546.2 mAh g−1 at the 200th cycle. As a comparison, bare FeCO3 drops to 101 mAh g−1 at the 200th cycle. At a current density of 2 A g−1, FeCO3/CNF delivers 308.2 mAh g−1, which is far higher than the 11 mAh g−1 of bare FeCO3 and 52 mAh g−1 of bare CNFs. The FeCO3/CNF film presents an applicable hybrid structure as a binder‐free anode material for ultrathin and ultralight energy‐storage devices.
High Areal Capacity Si/LiCoO2 Batteries from Electrospun Composite Fiber Mats
Authors: Self Ethan C. , Naguib Michael , Ruther Rose E. , McRen Emily C. , Wycisk Ryszard , Liu Gao , Nanda Jagjit , Pintauro Peter N. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFreestanding nanofiber mat Li–ion battery anodes containing Si nanoparticles, carbon black, and poly(acrylic acid) (Si/C/PAA) are prepared using electrospinning. The mats are compacted to a high fiber volume fraction (≈0.85), and interfiber contacts are welded by exposing the mat to methanol vapor. A compacted+welded fiber mat anode containing 40 wt % Si exhibits high capacities of 1484 mA h g−1 (3500 mA h g
) at 0.1 C and 489 mA h g−1 at 1 C and good cycling stability (e.g., 73 % capacity retention over 50 cycles). Post‐mortem analysis of the fiber mats shows that the overall electrode structure is preserved during cycling. Whereas many nanostructured Si anodes are hindered by their low active material loadings and densities, thick, densely packed Si/C/PAA fiber mat anodes reported here have high areal and volumetric capacities (e.g., 4.5 mA h cm−2 and 750 mA h cm−3, respectively). A full cell containing an electrospun Si/C/PAA anode and electrospun LiCoO2‐based cathode has a high specific energy density of 270 Wh kg−1. The excellent performance of the electrospun Si/C/PAA fiber mat anodes is attributed to the: i) PAA binder, which interacts with the SiOx surface of Si nanoparticles and ii) high material loading, high fiber volume fraction, and welded interfiber contacts of the electrospun mats.
Tree species diversity and identity effects on soil properties in the Huoditang area of the Qinling Mountains, China
Authors: Zheng Xiaofeng , Wei Xin , Zhang Shuoxin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSoil properties, such as carbon stock, nitrogen stock, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density (BD), and pH, may have a different status when the forest type changes. We were interested in how tree species identity and diversity affect soil properties. Forest soil profiles were sampled at a fixed depth (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm). The abovementioned soil properties were compared by species to demonstrate the influence of tree species identity. We calculated the true Shannon diversity index and evaluated tree species diversity effects on soil properties. We found that the soil BD, CEC, and pH were all influenced by tree species identity. Tree species diversity only showed a negative effect on soil carbon stock; in contrast, a positive effect on soil nitrogen stock in the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil layer was found. High diversity could lead to a change in the soil nutrient conditions in the form of C/N ratio decreases. In contrast, tree species diversity had a marginal effect on the soil BD, pH, and CEC. We concluded that tree species identity was a strong driver of soil properties in the study area, especially in the 0‐ to 10‐cm layer, and that tree species diversity only altered the soil nutrient condition to some extent.
Dissecting copper homeostasis in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lowe Jennifer , Taveira‐da‐Silva Rosilane , Hilário‐Souza Elaine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). It can occur due to impaired secretion or action of the hormone insulin, which is produced by pancreatic beta‐cells to promote the entry of glucose into the cells. It is known that hyperglycemia has an important role in the production of reactive oxygen species in all types of DM and that an imbalance of transition metal as Cu and Fe plays a pivotal role in stimulating the oxidative stress. Different levels of some transition metals, as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn has been reported comparing diabetic animal models with the control group. An increased Cu status is also described in diabetic patients. Homeostasis of Cu depends on distinct proteins, where Cu(I)‐ATPases are important transmembrane proteins for acquisition, active transport, distribution and elimination of Cu ions. In this review we first provide an overview of the literature about the relationship between diabetes and copper, the modulation of Cu(I)‐ATPases activity and protein expression in DM, to next discuss the alternative treatments for diabetes using Cu chelation. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):255–262, 2017
Iron and ferroptosis: A still ill‐defined liaison
Authors: Doll Sebastian , Conrad Marcus 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFerroptosis is a recently described form of regulated necrotic cell death, which appears to contribute to a number of diseases, such as tissue ischemia/reperfusion injury, acute renal failure, and neurodegeneration. A hallmark of ferroptosis is iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation, which can be inhibited by the key ferroptosis regulator glutathione peroxidase 4(Gpx4), radical trapping antioxidants and ferroptosis‐specific inhibitors, such as ferrostatins and liproxstatins, as well as iron chelation. Although great strides have been made towards a better understanding of the proximate signals of distinctive lipid peroxides in ferroptosis, still little is known about the mechanistic implication of iron in the ferroptotic process. Hence, this review aims at summarizing recent advances in our understanding to what is known about enzymatic and nonenzymatic routes of lipid peroxidation, the involvement of iron in this process and the identification of novel players in ferroptotic cell death. Additionally, we review early works carried out long time before the term “ferroptosis” was actually introduced but which were instrumental in a better understanding of the role of ferroptosis in physiological and pathophysiological contexts. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(6):423–434, 2017
Silicates in orthopedics and bone tissue engineering materials
Authors: Zhou Xianfeng , Zhang Nianli , Mankoci Steven , Sahai Nita 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFollowing the success of silicate‐based glasses as bioactive materials, silicates are believed to play important roles in promoting bone formation and have therefore been considered to provide a hydroxyapatite (HAP) surface layer capable of binding to bone as well as potentially being a pro‐osteoinductive factor. Natural silicate minerals and silicate‐substituted HAPs are also being actively investigated as orthopaedic bone and dental biomaterials for application in tissue engineering. However, the mechanisms for the proposed roles of silicate in these materials have not been fully understood and are controversial. Here, we review the potential roles of silicate for bone tissue engineering applications and recent breakthroughs in identifying the cellular‐level molecular mechanisms for the osteoinductivity of silica. The goal of this article is to inspire new ideas for the rational design of third‐generation cell‐and gene‐affecting biomaterials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2090–2102, 2017.
Bilateral Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Fibrous Dysplasia
Authors: Lee Melissa H , Ebeling Peter R , Milat Frances 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFibrous dysplasia (FD) is an uncommon benign skeletal disorder, characterized by bone pain, deformities, and the development of pathological fractures. It is caused by osteoblastic lineage differentiation defects, leading to the replacement of normal bone with benign disorganized fibrous connective tissue. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is an insidious condition that can often be challenging to diagnose in its early stages. The pathogenesis of AVN is not well understood; however, it causes femoral head ischemia and collapse, often requiring hip arthroplasty. We report the first case of FD and bilateral AVN of the femoral head in the absence of an antecedent fracture. We postulate several mechanisms to explain how FD may result in AVN; however, further research is required to understand its pathophysiology and thus to guide clinical practice. © 2017 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Plant‐mediated synthesis in a microfluidic chip yields spherical Ag nanoparticles and PSD simulation by a PBE‐assisted strategy
Authors: Liu Hongyu , Huang Jiayang , Zhang Huan , Wang Jie , Wei Junfu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDAg nanoparticles (AgNPs) were plant‐mediated synthesized in a microfluidic chip at room temperature. The formation process and particle size distribution (PSD) were numerically simulated by a multiphase flow model incorporating reactive kinetics and a population balance equation (PBE). The influences of flow rate on particle size distribution were demonstrated in detail by both experimental research and simulative analysis.RESULTSIt was found that there was an identified microfluidic chip flow rate distinguishing the influences into two stages. At the first stage, mixing efficiency was the restrictive factor while residence time was the restrictive factor at the second stage.CONCLUSIONIt has been concluded that the identified flow rate is the balance between mixing efficiency and residence time at which the average particle size can achieve the maximum value. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry