bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Decline and Revival: State and Local Partnerships in Creating “Stellar Communities” in Rural Indiana
Authors: Mitchell-Brown JoAnna 
Published: February 2016

In recent years, public-public and public-private partnerships have become a topic of increasing interest in efforts to establish and implement holistic community revitalization initiatives. One example of this effort is Indiana’s Stellar Communities program. The program is a multi-agency partnership designed to fund comprehensive community development projects in Indiana’s smaller communities. This innovative program entails three participating state agencies, the Indiana Housing and Community Development Authority, Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs, and Indiana Department of Transportation. This research paper explores the progress, issues, and impacts of the Indiana Stellar Communities Program. It focuses specifically on describing program goals, planning, and implementation in the first four communities designated as “Stellar” between 2011 and 2012. In doing so, it highlights community context, best practices, and lessons learned (to date), while providing an assessment of current economic and social impacts to local communities, as well as regional implications.
Does Ignorance Matter? The Relative Importance of Civic Knowledge and the Human Tendency to Engage in Motivated Reasoning
Authors: Dusso Aaron , Kennedy Sheila Suess 
Published: February 2016

It has long been understood that political knowledge in the U.S. is very low. For those who care about the quality of American democracy, this is a big problem. In attempting to find a solution, many people often blame education. While increasing civic knowledge is a laudatory goal, increased political sophistication does not necessarily turn individuals into good democratic citizens. Research in cognitive and social psychology paints a picture of people as motivated reasoners. Instead of having an open-minded engagement with issues, individuals typically only seek, see, and understand information in a manner that reinforces what they already believe. Here, we examine motivated reasoning and argue that the strongest partisans and the most committed ideologues will be the most susceptible to holding contradictory policy positions with regard to same-sex marriage and religious freedom.
Understanding the Diverse Forms of Nonprofit Collaborations: A Case Study of Communities in Schools of North Texas and its Partner Organizations
Authors: Jang Hee Soun , Valero Jesus , Kim JungWook , Cramb Kristina 
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study is to understand and categorize the diverse forms of collaborations, and explore the challenges of cross sector collaborations. To achieve these purposes, we analyze documentation of 132 collaborative partnerships of Communities in School of North Texas (CISNT), and conduct interviews with select partners of CISNT. Our results suggest that the nature of collaborations vary. Partnerships tend to be informal and resource sharing. The findings further indicate that nonprofits face challenges in the collaborative process including management of accountability and interorganizational communication.
Transient hybridization, not homoploid hybrid speciation, between ancient and deeply divergent conifers
Authors: Worth James R. P. , Larcombe Matthew J. , Sakaguchi Shota , Marthick James R. , Bowman David M. J. S. , Ito Motomi , Jordan Gregory J. 
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Homoploid hybrid speciation is receiving growing attention due the increasing recognition of its role in speciation. We investigate if individuals intermediate in morphology between the two species of the conifer genusAthrotaxisrepresent a homoploid hybrid species,A. laxifolia, or are spontaneous F1hybrids.METHODS:A total of 1055 individuals ofAthrotaxis cupressoidesandA. selaginoides, morphologically intermediate individuals, and two putative hybrid swarms were sampled across the range of the genus and genotyped with 13 microsatellites. We used simulations to test the power of our data to identify the pure species, F1s, F2s, and backcross generations.KEY RESULTS:We found thatAthrotaxis cupressoidesandA. selaginoidesare likely the most divergent congeneric conifers known, but the intermediates are F1hybrids, sharing one allele each fromA. cupressoidesandA. selaginoidesat six loci with completely species specific alleles. The hybrid swarms contain wide genetic variation with stronger affinities to the locally dominant species,A. selaginoidesandA. selaginoidesbackcrosses outnumberingA. cupressoidesbackcrosses. In addition, we observed evidence for isolated advanced generation backcrosses within the range of the pure species.CONCLUSIONS:We conclude that, even though they can be large and long‐lived,Athrotaxishybrid swarms are on a trajectory of decline and will eventually be reabsorbed by the parental species. However, this process may take millennia and fossil evidence suggests that such events have occurred repeatedly since the early Quaternary. Given this timeline, our study highlights the many obstacles to homoploid hybrid speciation.
Is employability detrimental to unions ? An empirical assessment of the relation between self-perceived employability and voice behaviours
Authors: Bourguignon Rémi , Noël Florent , Schmidt Géraldine 
Published: February 2016

Le concept d’employabilité fait débat. Non seulement, il pose le problème du partage des responsabilités entre employeurs et salariés au sujet des trajectoires professionnelles, mais surtout, un courant de recherche émergent tend à examiner les effets du développement de l’employabilité perçue sur le comportement des salariés à l’égard des organisations syndicales. Dans la continuité du modèle Exit-Voice-Loyalty développé par Hirschman, cet article contribue à ce courant qui reste encore peu exploré empiriquement. La littérature existante hésite encore sur le sens à donner à la relation entre employabilité et prise de parole, notamment par l’intermédiaire des organisations syndicales : l’employabilité peut certes diminuer les coûts associés à une décision de démission et ainsi diminuer la nécessité de prendre la parole ; mais, inversement, en facilitant un hypothétique reclassement, l’employabilité peut être conçue comme une ressource que le salarié peut mobiliser dans un rapport de force, en ce sens qu’elle diminue le coût ou la probabilité de représailles associées à l’expression d’une insatisfaction, et ceci tout particulièrement lorsque le climat des relations professionnelles est positif. Pour aller plus loin, nous introduisons une distinction, d’une part, entre employabilité interne et externe et, d’autre part, entre prise de parole “directe” et “représentative”, c’est-à-dire par l’intermédiaire des représentants du personnel. Nous testons nos hypothèses grâce aux réponses à un questionnaire adressé à l’ensemble des salariés d’une grande banque de réseau française. Nos résultats montrent que l’employabilité interne favorise la prise de parole directement auprès du management, alors que l’employabilité externe semble n’avoir aucun effet sur aucune forme de prise de parole, sauf lorsque que le climat des relations professionnelles est coopératif. Cela confirme la nécessité de différencier la dimension interne de la dimension externe de l’employabilité. Enfin, nos résultats ne permettent pas de conclure que le développement de l’employabilité se fait au détriment des organisations syndicales : ce n’est pas nécessairement par l’instauration d’un pouvoir collectif de négociation et d’opposition que les syndicats peuvent contribuer à l’amélioration de la position des salariés, mais plutôt en créant les conditions d’une relation coopérative avec la ligne managériale.
Retour vers le futur
Authors: Allal Amin 
Published: February 2016

Si on les a souvent citées, et parfois même ânonnées, les « origines économiques » de la révolution en restent pourtant le plus grand impensé. Pourquoi donc ? C’est à la compréhension de cette étrange ellipse que cet article tente d’œuvrer. La focalisation sur les enjeux des « règles du jeu démocratique » a pernicieusement détourné le regard de l’objectif des luttes économiques quotidiennes, des (non-)régulations qu’elles connaissent et des contradictions qu’elles produisent en termes politiques. Pourtant, avec la fin du « guichet unique » du rcd , le parti tentaculaire de Ben Ali, la question de la protection sociale, et les chocs qu’elle connaît, est toujours vivace.
La constitution : élaboration et contenu
Authors: Riahi Mouldi 
Published: February 2016

Issue des élections du 23 octobre 2011, l’Assemblée nationale constituante a exprimé dans la nouvelle Constitution la volonté du peuple tunisien de rompre avec l’injustice, l’iniquité et la corruption, et de fonder un État de droit sur les valeurs de la liberté, de la dignité et de la justice. Une Tunisie attachée à son identité et à sa culture dans un esprit d’ouverture et de tolérance, aux valeurs humaines et aux principes universels des droits de l’homme ; un régime républicain démocratique et participatif dans le cadre d’un État civil ; un système politique mixte et un gouvernement responsable devant l’Assemblée des représentants du peuple ; un pouvoir judiciaire indépendant garanti ; un pouvoir local fondé sur une véritable décentralisation ; cinq instances constitutionnelles qui veillent à la mise en œuvre de tous ces choix, à leur pérennité et aux droits des générations futures. Tels sont les fondements de la nouvelle Constitution.
La transition tunisienne : du compromis démocratique à la réconciliation forcée
Authors: Marzouki Nadia 
Published: February 2016

Célébrée comme le seul succès du Printemps arabe, la Tunisie a réussi à faire face à de nombreux défis de la période post-révolutionnaire grâce à la capacité des principaux acteurs politiques et sociaux à formuler des compromis. Il faut toutefois examiner de façon critique les multiples formes de compromis qui caractérisent la transition tunisienne et leurs implications pour le pluralisme démocratique. Cet article analyse les transactions politiques institutionnelles qui ont eu lieu depuis 2011 en montrant qu’elles ont été marquées par deux façons d’envisager le compromis, l’affrontement raisonné et l’endiguement. Ce faisant, il cherche à montrer comment, entre 2011 et 2015, l’opposition tant débattue entre islamistes et sécularistes a été remplacée par une autre opposition, plus déterminante, entre adeptes du pluralisme démocratique et partisans du consensus forcé.
Ennahdha : démocratie et pluralisme
Authors: Amrani Fayçal 
Published: February 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à deux éléments centraux de la doctrine politique d’Ennahdha : le pluralisme et la démocratie. Il montre, en s’appuyant sur les documents officiels du mouvement et les écrits de son leader, que la conception d’Ennahdha concernant ces deux concepts souffre de multiples ambiguïtés. Ils sont, à certains égards, vidés de leur substance et ne servent parfois qu’à justifier, auprès de la base militante notamment, des positions politiques compromettantes.
Les rapports de genre au cœur de la révolution
Authors: Kréfa Abir 
Published: February 2016

Rompant avec les tropismes médiatiques et déplaçant la focale des « femmes » vers les rapports de genre et de sexualité, l’article explique la distribution des places et des postes par les cultures et structures organisationnelles. Il met en évidence les renouvellements générationnels chez les féministes et montre que la focalisation sur les droits juridiques a éclipsé la question sociale, dont les effets sont fortement genrés.
Cutting Edge: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Aerobic Glycolysis in Human Alveolar Macrophages That Is Required for Control of Intracellular Bacillary Replication
Authors: Gleeson Laura E. , Sheedy Frederick J. , Palsson-McDermott Eva M. , Triglia Denise , O’Leary Seonadh M. , O’Sullivan Mary P. , O’Neill Luke A. J. , Keane Joseph 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Recent advances in immunometabolism link metabolic changes in stimulated macrophages to production of IL-1β, a crucial cytokine in the innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To investigate this pathway in the host response to M. tuberculosis, we performed metabolic and functional studies on human alveolar macrophages, human monocyte-derived macrophages, and murine bone marrow–derived macrophages following infection with the bacillus in vitro. M. tuberculosis infection induced a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in macrophages. Inhibition of this shift resulted in decreased levels of proinflammatory IL-1β and decreased transcription of PTGS2, increased levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10, and increased intracellular bacillary survival. Blockade or absence of IL-1R negated the impact of aerobic glycolysis on intracellular bacillary survival, demonstrating that infection-induced glycolysis limits M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages through induction of IL-1β. Drugs that manipulate host metabolism may be exploited as adjuvants for future therapeutic and vaccination strategies.
Metabolic Reprogramming Supports IFN-γ Production by CD56bright NK Cells
Authors: Keating Sinéad E. , Zaiatz-Bittencourt Vanessa , Loftus Roisín M. , Keane Ciara , Brennan Kiva , Finlay David K. , Gardiner Clair M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Human NK cells can be classified into phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets based on levels of CD56 receptor. CD56dim cells are generally considered more cytotoxic, whereas the CD56bright cells are potent producers of IFN-γ. In this study, we define the metabolic changes that occur in peripheral blood NK cells in response to cytokine. Metabolic analysis showed that NK cells upregulate glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in response to either IL-2 or IL-12/15 cytokine combinations. Despite the fact that both these cytokine combinations robustly upregulated mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 in human NK cells, only the IL-2–induced metabolic changes were sensitive to mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 inhibition by rapamycin. Interestingly, we found that CD56bright cells were more metabolically active compared with CD56dim cells. They preferentially upregulated nutrient receptors and also differed substantially in terms of their glucose metabolism. CD56bright cells expressed high levels of the glucose uptake receptor, Glut1 (in the absence of any cytokine), and had higher rates of glucose uptake compared with CD56dim cells. Elevated levels of oxidative phosphorylation were required to support both cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in all NK cells. Finally, although elevated glycolysis was not required directly for NK cell degranulation, limiting the rate of glycolysis significantly impaired IFN-γ production by the CD56bright subset of cells. Overall, we have defined CD56bright NK cells to be more metabolically active than CD56dim cells, which supports their production of large amounts of IFN-γ during an immune response.
FVB/N Mice Spontaneously Heal Ulcerative Lesions Induced by Mycobacterium ulcerans and Switch M. ulcerans into a Low Mycolactone Producer
Authors: Marion Estelle , Jarry Ulrich , Cano Camille , Savary Caroline , Beauvillain Céline , Robbe-Saule Marie , Preisser Laurence , Altare Frederic , Delneste Yves , Jeannin Pascale , Marsollier Laurent 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Buruli ulcer, a debilitating disease, is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The incidence of this neglected tropical disease is steadily increasing. As a rule, without treatment, skin ulcers occur and a lengthy healing process may be observed associated with severe functional disabilities. Mouse models are already available to study establishment of lesions or evaluation of therapy but a lack of a suitable animal model, mimicking all clinical stages, in particular the healing process, remains an obstacle to understand the pathophysiology of M. ulcerans infection. M. ulcerans was s.c. inoculated in three consanguine mouse strains, that is, BALB/c and C57BL/6, classically used to study mycobacterial infection, and FVB/N. Strikingly, FVB/N mice, although as sensitive as all other mouse strains with respect to M. ulcerans infection, presented a spontaneous healing after the ulcerative phase despite stable bacterial load, and mycolactone toxin was not detected in the healed tissues. The spontaneous healing process was accompanied by an activation of the innate immune system. The adaptive response initiated by FVB/N mice was not involved in the healing process and did not confer protection against M. ulcerans. Our work highlights the importance of innate immune responses to control M. ulcerans infection. This in vivo model of M. ulcerans infection now paves the way for new avenues of research toward the elucidation of critical stages of this disease, such as the characterization of the regulation of mycolactone production, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of M. ulcerans infection, and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Expression Profiling of Macrophages Reveals Multiple Populations with Distinct Biological Roles in an Immunocompetent Orthotopic Model of Lung Cancer
Authors: Poczobutt Joanna M. , De Subhajyoti , Yadav Vinod K. , Nguyen Teresa T. , Li Howard , Sippel Trisha R. , Weiser-Evans Mary C. M. , Nemenoff Raphael A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Macrophages represent an important component of the tumor microenvironment and play a complex role in cancer progression. These cells are characterized by a high degree of plasticity, and they alter their phenotype in response to local environmental cues. Whereas the M1/M2 classification of macrophages has been widely used, the complexity of macrophage phenotypes has not been well studied, particularly in lung cancer. In this study we employed an orthotopic immunocompetent model of lung adenocarcinoma in which murine lung cancer cells are directly implanted into the left lobe of syngeneic mice. Using multimarker flow cytometry, we defined and recovered several distinct populations of monocytes/macrophages from tumors at different stages of progression. We used RNA-seq transcriptional profiling to define distinct features of each population and determine how they change during tumor progression. We defined an alveolar resident macrophage population that does not change in number and expresses multiple genes related to lipid metabolism and lipid signaling. We also defined a population of tumor-associated macrophages that increase dramatically with tumor and selectively expresses a panel of chemokine genes. A third population, which resembles tumor-associated monocytes, expresses a large number of genes involved in matrix remodeling. By correlating transcriptional profiles with clinically prognostic genes, we show that specific monocyte/macrophage populations are enriched in genes that predict outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma, implicating these subpopulations as critical determinants of patient survival. Our data underscore the complexity of monocytes/macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, and they suggest that distinct populations play specific roles in tumor progression.
Cutting Edge: Enhanced Clonal Burst Size Corrects an Otherwise Defective Memory Response by CD8+ Recent Thymic Emigrants
Authors: Deets Katherine A. , Berkley Amy M. , Bergsbaken Tessa , Fink Pamela J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The youngest peripheral T cells (recent thymic emigrants [RTEs]) are functionally distinct from naive T cells that have completed postthymic maturation. We assessed the RTE memory response and found that RTEs produced less granzyme B than their mature counterparts during infection but proliferated more and, therefore, generated equivalent target killing in vivo. Postinfection, RTE numbers contracted less dramatically than those of mature T cells, but RTEs were delayed in their transition to central memory, displaying impaired expression of CD62L, IL-2, Eomesodermin, and CXCR4, which resulted in impaired bone marrow localization. RTE-derived and mature memory cells expanded equivalently during rechallenge, indicating that the robust proliferative capacity of RTEs was maintained independently of central memory phenotype. Thus, the diminished effector function and delayed central memory differentiation of RTE-derived memory cells are counterbalanced by their increased proliferative capacity, driving the efficacy of the RTE response to that of mature T cells.
Abundance, Excess, Waste
Authors: De Luca Rox 
Published: February 2016

Rox De Luca is a visual artist based in Sydney, Australia. Her recent work focuses on the concepts of abundance, excess and waste. These concerns translate directly into vibrant and colourful garlands that she constructs from discarded plastics collected on Bondi Beach where she lives.The process of collecting is fastidious, as is the process of sorting and grading the plastics by colour and size. This initial gathering and sorting process is followed by threading the components onto strings of wire. When completed, these assemblages stand in stark contrast to the ease of disposability associated with the materials that arrive on the shoreline as evidence of our collective human neglect and destruction of the environment around us.The contrast is heightened by the fact that the constructed garlands embody the paradoxical beauty of our plastic waste byproducts, while also evoking the ways by which those byproducts similarly accumulate in randomly assorted patterns across the oceans and beaches of the planet.
Socio-political issues of Fata, a historical and contemporary perspective
Authors: Latif Abid , Musarrat Razia 
Published: February 2016

Tribal areas of Pakistan have become the hotbed of ensuing insurgency against the state and the breading ground of terrorism. The fault lines of this simmering crisis is the Geography, the Tribal Genealogical lineage, the porous Durand line, the FCR, the Tribal Genealogical lineage, the porous Durand line, the FCR, Pashtunwali and the gestation of the New Great Game in the neighborhood. All the four Drivers of conflict resolutions, the Pashtunwali, the Political Agent, the Jirga and the Malik are fast becoming redundant and meaningless in the context of Taliban Phenomena. Taliban have emerged as a network with a clear ability to penetrate all the layers of Social strata, feeding upon the backwardness and primitiveness of the area in the fields of social and political sectors. This paper identifies the major chasm of tribal society and the effect there in FATA has become a breading ground of extremism with all the ingredients available .At the proximity of physical and ideological convenience. Corrective measures in socio-political and economic plan are if delayed further, will result into uncontrolled chaos and instability with far reaching effects. . In this research paper an endeavors is made to highlight all such fault lines and grey areas with special emphasis on Waziristan agency, which is known as the breeding grounds of this menace.