bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-1β/HMGB1 signalling promotes the inflammatory cytokines release via TLR signalling in human intervertebral disc cells
Authors: Fang Fang , Jiang Dianming 
Published: August 2016

Inflammation and cytokines have been recognized to correlate with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD), via mediating the development of clinical signs and symptoms. However, the regulation mechanism remains unclear. We aimed at investigating the regulatory role of interleukin (IL)β and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the inflammatory response in human IVD cells, and then explored the signalling pathways mediating such regulatory effect. Firstly, the promotion to inflammatory cytokines in IVD cells was examined with ELISA method. And then western blot and real time quantitative PCR were performed to analyse the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), receptors for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and NF-κB signalling markers in the IL-1β- or (and) HMGB1-treated IVD cells. Results demonstrated that either IL-1β or HMGB1 promoted the release of the inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in human IVD cells. And the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-1, -3 and -9 was also additively up-regulated by IL-1β and HMGB1. We also found such additive promotion to the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4 and RAGE, and the NF-κB signalling in intervertebral disc cells. In summary, our study demonstrated that IL-1β and HMGB1 additively promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of MMPs in human IVD cells. The TLRs and RAGE and the NF-κB signalling were also additively promoted by IL-1β and HMGB1. Our study implied that the additive promotion by IL-1β and HMGB1 to inflammatory cytokines and MMPs might aggravate the progression of IDD.
Magnetresonanztomografie peripherer Gelenke – up-date 2016
Authors: Sewerin P. , Schleich C. , Ostendorf B. 
Published: August 2016

ZusammenfassungModerne und innovative bildgebende Verfahren spielen heute in der Rheumatologie eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle und werden dabei regelhaft bei Diagnosestellung und Therapiekontrolle eingesetzt. Neben der Sonografie, welche heute die rechte Hand des Rheumatologen darstellt, ist die Magnetresonanz-Tomografie (MRT), auch und gerade peripherer Gelenke, zunehmend in den wissenschaftlichen Fokus gerückt. Sie ist in der Lage hochsensitiv entzündliche artikuläre, periartikuläre und ossäre Veränderungen (wie die Synovialitis oder das Knochenmarködem) zu erkennen und dann darüber hinaus deutlich früher als bspw. das konventionelle Röntgen erosive Gelenkveränderungen ab zu bilden. Neben diesen Vorteilen ist es heute durch standardisierte Scoring-Systeme möglich MRT-Untersuchungen besser zu vergleichen, wobei hierfür erste vereinfachte Scores entwickelt und evaluiert wurden. Durch neue und innovative Sequenzen können frühzeitig Veränderungen des Knorpels erkannt werden. Dynamische MRT-Sequenzen versprechen eine noch genauere Darstellung lokaler Inflammation und sind neben hybriden bildgebenden Verfahren (z. B. PET-MRT oder SPECT-MRT) aktuell Gegenstand intensiver wissenschaftlicher Forschung.
R.H. Tawney and Christian Social Teaching: Religion and the Rise of Capitalism Reconsidered
Authors: Kirby James 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The historian and socialist R.H. Tawney’s Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926) was one of the most influential works of non-fiction to be written in Britain during the first half of the twentieth century. Fusing historical, religious and social thought, it is the central work of Tawney’s oeuvre, but commentary upon it has focused narrowly on its historiographical significance. When attention is paid to the text and its context, it becomes clear that it arose from Tawney’s project of renewing Christian teaching on economic and social conduct. Crucial to the recovery of Tawney’s purposes here is his contribution to a Church of England report on Christianity and Industrial Problems (1918), a key text in the growth of socialism in the established church in the inter-war years. This article draws on the hitherto unused papers of the committee behind this report to demonstrate for the first time that Tawney was its main author; and it reveals that this was the first place in which he set out the ideas which would become Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. These discoveries force us to reassess Tawney’s early political thought, especially The Acquisitive Society (1921), and to conclude that Tawney as a thinker was not merely an ‘ethical socialist’, but a thinker profoundly indebted to a tradition of austere, Anglo-Catholic socialism associated especially with the theologian Charles Gore. This also revises our view of Tawney’s conception of capitalism, showing that he saw ‘usury’ as pivotal to its historical ascent.
Legislating For Control: The Trade Union Act 2016
Authors: Ford Michael , Novitz Tonia 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this introduction to a special issue on the Trade Union Act 2016 (TUA), we consider the background and context in which the new legislation was enacted and then outline briefly the actual provisions which were in fact adopted after the full parliamentary process had been followed. These were by no means identical to the Government’s original proposals and involved political compromise in the build up to the Brexit referendum. As the contributions to this special issue demonstrate, the motivations and justifications behind the reforms were multiple, sometimes unexpressed, and far from straightforward. Here, we review the conclusions reached by the authors, and offer some thoughts of our own regarding the new mechanisms for controlling unions in the TUA. We conclude by suggesting strategies that workers and their organisations might deploy in resisting these controls, while conceding the limitations of these responses.
Evaluation of Chronic Pain Using Magnetic Resonance (MR) Neuroimaging Approaches
Authors: Kumbhare Dinesh A. , Elzibak Alyaa H. , Noseworthy Michael D. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
Numerous neuroimaging techniques have been recently used to investigate central mechanisms involved in pain perception and to examine morphological and functional brain alterations associated with chronic pain. Compared to self-reporting approaches, objective imaging techniques are expected to potentially lead to better pain assessment and guide management. This comprehensive scoping review aims to identify recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approaches that have been used to characterize the brain of chronic pain subjects, using structural, chemical and functional MRI techniques.

Methods:
A systematic search and review of the literature was conducted and the resultant studies were critically examined for relevance.

Results:
MRI neuroimaging of various chronic pain conditions were summarized. We classified the collected studies into: structural brain alterations, VBM (voxel based morphology) examination of structural changes, DTI, changes in brain chemistry, functional and blood flow brain alterations.

Discussion:
From our clinical experience, we have noted that most clinicians are not aware of the capabilities of advanced MRI methods in assessing cortical manifestations of chronic pain. In addition, many clinicians are not aware of the cortical alterations present in individuals with chronic pain. This comprehensive scoping review thus sets out to first summarize MRI neuroimaging techniques that are available in the current literature to examine chronic pain. We then identify cortical MR approaches that have been able to reliably predict transition from acute to chronic pain. Finally, we summarize MRI neuroimaging techniques that have been used to track treatment response of individuals with chronic pain.
Preoperative But Not Postoperative Flurbiprofen Axetil Alleviates Remifentanil-induced Hyperalgesia After Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Shu Ruichen , Zhao Qi , Li Yize , Wang Chunyan , Wang Haiyun , Yu Yonghao , Wang Guolin 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Acute remifentanil exposure during intraoperative analgesia might enhance sensitivity to noxious stimuli and nociceptive responses to innocuous irritation. Cyclooxygenase inhibition was demonstrated to attenuate experimental remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia (RIH) in rodents and human volunteers. The study aimed to compare the effects of preoperative and postoperative flurbiprofen axetil (FA) on RIH after surgery.

Materials and Methods:
Ninety patients undergoing elective laparoscopic gynecologic surgery were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous placebo before anesthesia induction (Group C); or intravenous FA (1.0 mg/kg) before anesthesia induction (Group F1) or before skin closure (Group F2). Anesthesia consisted off sevoflurane and remifentanil (0.30 μg/kg/min). Postoperative pain was managed by sufentanil titration in the postanesthetic care unit, followed by sufentanil infusion via patient-controlled analgesia. Mechanical pain threshold (primary outcome), pain scores, sufentanil consumption, and side-effects were documented for 24 hours postoperatively.

Results:
Postoperative pain score in Group F1 was lower than Group C. Time of first postoperative sufentanil titration was prolonged in Group F1 than Group C (P=0.021). Cumulative sufentanil consumption in Group F1 was lower than Group C (P<0.001), with a mean difference of 8.75 (95% confidence interval, 5.21-12.29) μg. Mechanical pain threshold on the dominant inner forearm was more elevated in Group F1 than Group C (P=0.005), with a mean difference of 17.7 (95% confidence interval, 5.4-30.0) g. Normalized hyperalgesia area was decreased in Group F1 compared to Group C (P=0.007). No statistically significant difference was observed between Group F2 and Group C.

Conclusions:
Preoperative FA reduces postoperative RIH in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery under sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia.
Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Brain Connectivity Supporting Catastrophizing in Fibromyalgia
Authors: Lazaridou Asimina , Kim Jieun , Cahalan Christine M. , Loggia Marco L. , Franceschelli Olivia , Berna Chantal , Schur Peter , Napadow Vitaly , Edwards Robert R. 
Published: August 2016

Objective(s):
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic, common pain disorder characterized by hyperalgesia. A key mechanism by which cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) fosters improvement in pain outcomes is via reductions in hyperalgesia and pain-related catastrophizing, a dysfunctional set of cognitive-emotional processes. However, the neural underpinnings of these CBT effects are unclear. Our aim was to assess CBT’s effects on the brain circuitry underlying hyperalgesia in FM patients, and to explore the role of treatment-associated reduction in catastrophizing as a contributor to normalization of pain-relevant brain circuitry and clinical improvement.

Methods:
In total, 16 high-catastrophizing FM patients were enrolled in the study and randomized to 4 weeks of individual treatment with either CBT or a Fibromyalgia Education (control) condition. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans evaluated functional connectivity between key pain-processing brain regions at baseline and posttreatment. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up.

Results:
Catastrophizing correlated with increased resting state functional connectivity between S1 and anterior insula. The CBT group showed larger reductions (compared with the education group) in catastrophizing at posttreatment (P<0.05), and CBT produced significant reductions in both pain and catastrophizing at the 6-month follow-up (P<0.05). Patients in the CBT group also showed reduced resting state connectivity between S1 and anterior/medial insula at posttreatment; these reductions in resting state connectivity were associated with concurrent treatment-related reductions in catastrophizing.

Discussion:
The results add to the growing support for the clinically important associations between S1-insula connectivity, clinical pain, and catastrophizing, and suggest that CBT may, in part via reductions in catastrophizing, help to normalize pain-related brain responses in FM.
Lack of Agreement Between Endocervical Brush and Endocervical Curettage in Women Undergoing Repeat Endocervical Sampling
Authors: Doo David W. , Stickrath Elaine H. , Mazzoni Sara E. , Alston Meredith J. 
Published: August 2016

Objective
To evaluate agreement between an abnormal endocervical brush (ECB) collected at the time of colposcopy and subsequent endocervical curettage (ECC).

Methods
All women evaluated for lower genital tract disease at a single academic institution were prospectively entered into a database. The database was queried for those who had a colposcopic exam with ECB between April 1, 2013, and June 15, 2015, and who subsequently returned for an ECC to further evaluate eligibility for expectant management or ablative therapy. ECB and ECC results were divided into 2 groups: “low-grade” included low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and “high-grade” included high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) or atypical squamous cells—cannot exclude high-grade. Women with atypical glandular cells and unsatisfactory ECB results were excluded. Percent agreement between ECB and ECC was calculated based on these categories.

Results
Seventy-nine women were included: 54 (68%) had a low-grade ECB, and 25 (32%) had a high-grade ECB. Of those who had a low-grade ECB, 4 had a low-grade ECC, 3 had a high-grade ECC, and 47 were negative, resulting in an agreement of 7.4% (4/54). Of those who had a high-grade ECB, 1 had a low-grade ECC, 4 had a high-grade ECC, and 20 were negative, resulting in 16% (4/25) agreement.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that there is poor agreement between ECC and ECB in our patient population.
Novel ciliate lipases for enzyme replacement during exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Brock Alexander , Aldag Ingo , Edskes Stella , Hartmann Marcus , Herzog Torsten , Uhl Waldemar , Schnekenburger Juergen 
Published: August 2016

Aim and objectives
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by inflammation or pancreatic tumors results in nutrient malfunction by a lack of digestive enzymes and neutralization compounds. Despite satisfactory clinical results with current enzyme therapies, a normalization of fat absorption in patients is rare. An individualized therapy is required that includes high dosage of enzymatic units, usage of enteric coating, and addition of gastric proton pump inhibitors. The key goal to improve this therapy is to identify digestive enzymes with high activity and stability in the gastrointestinal tract.

Methods
We cloned and analyzed three novel ciliate lipases derived from Tetrahymena thermophila. Using highly precise pH-STAT-titration and colorimetric methods, we determined stability and lipolytic activity under physiological conditions in comparison with commercially available porcine and fungal digestive enzyme preparations. We measured from pH 2.0 to 9.0, with different bile salts concentrations, and substrates such as olive oil and fat derived from pig diet.

Results
Ciliate lipases CL-120, CL-130, and CL-230 showed activities up to 220-fold higher than Creon, pancreatin standard, and rizolipase Nortase within a pH range from pH 2.0 to 9.0. They are highly active in the presence of bile salts and complex pig diet substrate, and more stable after incubation in human gastric juice compared with porcine pancreatic lipase and rizolipase.

Conclusions
The newly cloned and characterized lipases fulfilled all requirements for high activity under physiological conditions. These novel enzymes are therefore promising candidates for an improved enzyme replacement therapy for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
Surgical Site Infections
Authors: Calderwood Michael S. , Kleinman Ken , Huang Susan S. , Murphy Michael V. , Yokoe Deborah S. , Platt Richard 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Surgical site infection (SSI) rates are publicly reported as quality metrics and increasingly used to determine financial reimbursement.

Objective:
To evaluate the volume-outcome relationship as well as the year-to-year stability of performance rankings following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and hip arthroplasty.

Research Design:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries who underwent CABG surgery or hip arthroplasty at US hospitals from 2005 to 2011, with outcomes analyzed through March 2012. Nationally validated claims-based surveillance methods were used to assess for SSI within 90 days of surgery. The relationship between procedure volume and SSI rate was assessed using logistic regression and generalized additive modeling. Year-to-year stability of SSI rates was evaluated using logistic regression to assess hospitals’ movement in and out of performance rankings linked to financial penalties.

Results:
Case-mix adjusted SSI risk based on claims was highest in hospitals performing <50 CABG/year and <200 hip arthroplasty/year compared with hospitals performing ≥200 procedures/year. At that same time, hospitals in the worst quartile in a given year based on claims had a low probability of remaining in that quartile the following year. This probability increased with volume, and when using 2 years’ experience, but the highest probabilities were only 0.59 for CABG (95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.66) and 0.48 for hip arthroplasty (95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.55).

Conclusions:
Aggregate SSI risk is highest in hospitals with low annual procedure volumes, yet these hospitals are currently excluded from quality reporting. Even for higher volume hospitals, year-to-year random variation makes past experience an unreliable estimator of current performance.
Selective Unidirectional Horizontal Saccadic Paralysis From Acute Ipsilateral Pontine Stroke
Authors: Pham Thong D. , Trobe Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Impairment of unidirectional horizontal saccades with sparing of smooth pursuit has been described in human lesions in the dorsomedial pons. They have been too large to allow localization to the pontine paramedian reticular formation (PPRF).

Methods:
Single case report.

Results:
A patient with impaired rightward saccades but spared rightward pursuit eye movements had a brain MRI showing a discrete area of restricted diffusion in the region corresponding to the PPRF.

Conclusions:
This case provides support for the concept that PPRF lesions in humans may selectively impair unidirectional horizontal saccades.
Bartender: an ultrafast and accurate clustering algorithm to count barcode and amplicon reads
Authors: Zhao Lu , Liu Zhimin , Levy Sasha F. , Wu Song 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBarcode sequencing (bar-seq) is a high-throughput, and cost effective method to assay large numbers of lineages or genotypes in complex cell pools. Because of its advantages, applications for bar-seq are quickly growing – from using neutral random barcodes to study the evolution of microbes or cancer, to using pseudo-barcodes, such as shRNAs, sgRNAs, or transposon insertion libraries, to simultaneously screen large numbers of cell perturbations. However, the computational pipelines for bar-seq have not been well developed. Available methods, which use prior information and/or simple brute-force comparisons, are slow and often result in overclustering artifacts that group distinct barcodes together. Here, we developed Bartender: an ultrafast and accurate clustering algorithm to detect barcodes and their abundances from raw next-generation sequencing data. To improve speed and reduce unnecessary pairwise comparisons, Bartender employs a divide-and-conquer strategy that intelligently sorts barcode reads into distinct bins before performing comparisons. To improve accuracy and reduce over-clustering artifacts, Bartender employs a modified two-sample proportion test that uses information on both the cluster sequence distances and cluster sizes to make merging decisions. Additionally, Bartender includes a “multiple time point” mode, which matches barcode clusters between different clustering runs for seamless handling of time course data. For both simulated and real data, Bartender clusters millions of unique barcodes in a few minutes at high accuracy (>99.9%), and is ~100-fold faster than previous methods. Bartender is a set of simple-to-use command line tools that can be performed on a laptop.AvailabilityBartender is available at no charge for non-commercial use athttps://github.com/LaoZZZZZ/bartender-1.1.
Escaping accountability: a case of Australia’s asylum seeker policy
Authors: McPhail Ken , Nyamori Robert Ochoki , Taylor Savitri 
Published: August 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to address two questions: first, what contracts, instruments and accounting activities constitute Australia’s offshore asylum seeker processing policy in practice? Second, how are notions of legitimacy and accountability mediated through the network constituted by this policy?Design/methodology/approach– The paper is located in the critical interpretivist approach to accounting research. It is based on an exhaustive documentary analysis. Policy documents, contract documents, records of parliamentary inquiries (Hansard) and legislation were analysed drawing on a network policy perspective.Findings– The paper finds that the Australian Government has sought to escape its accountability obligations by employing a range of approaches. The first of these approaches is the construction of a network involving foreign states, private corporations and non-government organizations. The second is through a watered down accountability regime and refusal to be accountable for the day-to-day life of asylum seekers in offshore processing centres through a play with the meaning of “effective control”. Yet while the policy network seems designed to create accountability gaps, the requirement within the network to remain financially accountable undermines the governments claims not to be responsible for the conditions in the detention camps.Research limitations/implications– The paper focuses largely on the period starting from when Kevin Rudd became Prime Minister to the death in Papua New Guinea of asylum seeker Reza Barati on 17 February 2014. Earlier periods are beyond the scope of this paper.Practical implications– The paper will result in the identification of deficiencies inhuman rights accountability for extra-territorialized and privatised immigration detention and may contribute towards the formulation of effective policy recommendations to overcome such deficiencies. The paper also provides empirical data on, and academic understanding of, immigration detention outsourcing and offshoring.Social implications– The paper will inform debate regarding treatment of unauthorized maritime arrivals and asylum seekers generally.Originality/value– The paper provides the first detailed and full understanding of the way Australia’s offshore asylum seeker processing policy is practiced. The paper also provides an empirical analysis of the way national policy and its associated accountability mechanisms emerge in response to the competing legitimacy claims of the international community and national electorate.