bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First results of the use of a continuously flowing lithium limiter in high performance discharges in the EAST device
Authors: Hu J.S. , Zuo G.Z. , Ren J. , Yang Q.X. , Chen Z.X. , Xu H. , Zakharov L.E. , Maingi R. , Gentile C. , Meng X.C. , Sun Z. , Xu W. , Chen Y. , Fan D. , Yan N. , Duan Y.M. , Yang Z.D. , Zhao H.L. , Song Y.T. , Zhang X.D. , Wan B.N. , Li J.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
As an alternative choice of solid plasma facing components (PFCs), flowing liquid lithium can serve as a limiter or divertor PFC and offers a self-healing surface with acceptable heat removal and good impurity control. Such a system could improve plasma performance, and therefore be attractive for future fusion devices. Recently, a continuously flowing liquid lithium (FLiLi) limiter has been successfully designed and tested in the EAST superconducting tokamak. A circulating lithium layer with a thickness of  <0.1 mm and a flow rate ~2 cm3 s−1 was achieved. A novel in-vessel electro-magnetic pump, working with the toroidal magnetic field of the EAST device, was reliable to control the lithium flow speed. The flowing liquid limiter was found to be fully compatible with various plasma scenarios, including high confinement mode plasmas heated by lower hybrid waves or by neutral beam injection. It was also found that the controllable lithium emission from the limiter was beneficial for the reduction of recycling and impurities, for the reduction of divertor heat flux, and in certain cases, for the improvement of plasma stored energy, which bodes well application for the use of flowing liquid lithium PFCs in future fusion devices.
Comparison of H-mode plasmas in JET-ILW and JET-C with and without nitrogen seeding
Authors: Jaervinen A.E. , Giroud C. , Groth M. , Belo P. , Brezinsek S. , Beurskens M. , Corrigan G. , Devaux S. , Drewelow P. , Harting D. , Huber A. , Jachmich S. , Lawson K. , Lipschultz B. , Maddison G. , Maggi C. , Marchetto C. , Marsen S. , Matthews G.F. , Meigs A.G. , Moulton D. , Sieglin B. , Stamp M.F. , Wiesen S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In high confinement mode, highly shaped plasmas with edge localized modes in JET, and for heating power of 15–17 MW, the edge fluid code EDGE2D-EIRENE predicts transition to detachment assisted by nitrogen at the low field side (LFS) target when more than 50% of the power crossing the separatrix between ELMs is radiated in the divertor chamber, i.e. ~4 MW. This is observed both in the ITER-like wall (JET-ILW) and in the carbon wall (JET-C) configurations and is consistent with experimental observations within their uncertainty. In these conditions, peak heat fluxes below 1 MW m−2 are measured at the LFS target and predicted for both wall configurations. When the JET-C configuration is replaced with the JET-ILW, a factor of two reduction in the divertor radiated power and 25–50% increase in the peak and total power deposited to the LFS divertor plate is predicted by EDGE2D-EIRENE for unseeded plasmas similar to experimental observations. At the detachment threshold, EDGE2D-EIRENE shows that nitrogen radiates more than 80% of the total divertor radiation in JET-ILW with beryllium contributing less than a few %. With JET-C, nitrogen radiates more than 70% with carbon providing less than 20% of the total radiation. Therefore, the lower intrinsic divertor radiation with JET-ILW is compensated by stronger nitrogen radiation contribution in simulations leading to detachment at similar total divertor radiation fractions. 20–100% higher deuterium molecular fraction in the divertor recycling fluxes is predicted with light JET-C materials when compared to heavy tungsten. EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations indicate that the stronger molecular contribution can reduce the divertor peak power deposition in high recycling conditions by 10–20% due to enhanced power dissipation by molecular interaction.
Evaluating the benefits and risks of species-transformation provisions in multispecies IFQ fisheries with joint production
Authors: Woods Pamela J. , Holland Daniel S. , Punt André E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Species-transformation provisions allow fishers to convert quota of one species to that of another species at prescribed conversion rates. These provisions, along with other catch-quota balancing mechanisms, are meant to aid fishers in matching available quota to actual catch so that incentives to discard are reduced. In this paper, we use a bioeconomic model to examine how species-transformation provisions affect sustainability and profitability of a multispecies fishery. We base parameterization of the model loosely on management of the Icelandic demersal fishery, which currently employs one of the broadest implementations of species transformations. To represent fisher behaviour in each year, effort is allocated among two or three métiers, such that total profit for that year is maximized. Each métier represents a combination of three species’ catchability rates that define which species are targeted by each métier and how independent a species’ catch rate is from that of other species. Assumptions regarding the degree to which fishers can target specific species by shifting effort between métiers, as well as how relative profitability among métiers varies, are paramount to understanding more generally how fishing regulations such as species transformations can be expected to change fishing patterns. This constraint depends not only on how strongly associated species catches are within a métier but also on relative species abundance and what alternate métiers are available.
Reirradiation using robotic image-guided stereotactic radiotherapy of recurrent head and neck cancer
Authors: Yamazaki Hideya , Ogita Mikio , Himei Kengo , Nakamura Satoaki , Suzuki Gen , Yoshida Ken , Kotsuma Tadayuki , Yoshioka Yasuo 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the prognosis for patients with head and neck cancer after reirradiation using Cyberknife stereotactic body irradiation with special focus on mucosal ulceration. We conducted a retrospective multi-institutional review of 107 patients with previously irradiated head and neck cancer. The median follow-up time for all patients was 15 months, and the 2-year overall survival rate was 35%. Significant prognostic factors for overall survival were primary site (nasopharynx versus other sites), presence of ulceration, and PTV volume. Detailed analysis of ulceration showed a lower response rate (28%) in the ulceration (+) group than the ulceration (−) group (63%; P = 0.0045). The 2-year overall survival rates were 8% in the ulceration (+) group and 42.7% ( P = 0.0001) in the ulceration (−) group, respectively. We recorded 22 severe toxicities, including 11 patients with carotid blow-out syndrome (CBOS), which was fatal in 9 patients. CBOS occurred in 6 patients with ulceration (6/25; 24%), and 5 patients experienced CBOS without ulceration (5/82; 6%; P =0.027). In conclusion, ulceration is an important prognostic factor, not only for adverse events but also for survival after reirradiation using CyberKnife.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for T3 and T4N0M0 non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Eriguchi Takahisa , Takeda Atsuya , Sanuki Naoko , Nishimura Shuichi , Takagawa Yoshiaki , Enomoto Tatsuji , Saeki Noriyuki , Yashiro Kae , Mizuno Tomikazu , Aoki Yousuke , Oku Yohei , Yokosuka Tetsuya , Shigematsu Naoyuki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
To evaluate the outcomes and feasibility of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for cT3 and cT4N0M0 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 25 patients with localized primary NSCLC diagnosed as cT3 or cT4N0M0, given SBRT between May 2005 and July 2013, were analyzed. All patients had inoperable tumors. The major reasons for tumors being unresectable were insufficient respiratory function for curative resection, advanced age (&gt;80 years old) or technically inoperable due to invasion into critical organs. The median patient age was 79 years (range; 60–86). The median follow-up duration was 25 months (range: 5–100 months). The 2-year overall survival rates for T3 and T4 were 57% and 69%, respectively. The 2-year local control rates for T3 and T4 were 91% and 68%, respectively. As for toxicities, Grade 0–1, Grade 2 and Grade 3 radiation pneumonitis occurred in 23, 1 and 1 patient, respectively. No other acute or symptomatic late toxicities were reported. Thirteen patients who had no local, mediastinal or intrapulmonary progression at one year after SBRT underwent pulmonary function testing. The median variation in pre-SBRT and post-SBRT forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) values was –0.1 (–0.8–0.8). This variation was not statistically significant ( P = 0.56). Forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), %VC and %FEV1 also showed no significant differences. SBRT for cT3 and cT4N0M0 NSCLC was both effective and feasible. Considering the favorable survival and low morbidity rate, SBRT is a potential treatment option for cT3 and cT4N0M0 NSCLC.
Relic DNA is abundant in soil and obscures estimates of soil microbial diversity
Authors: Carini Paul , Marsden Patrick J. , Leff Jonathan W. , Morgan Emily E. , Strickland Michael S. , Fierer Noah 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt is implicitly assumed that the microbial DNA recovered from soil originates from living cells. However, because relic DNA (DNA from dead cells) can persist in soil for weeks to years, it could impact DNA-based analyses of microbial diversity. We examined a wide range of soils and found that, on average, 40% of prokaryotic and fungal DNA was derived from the relic DNA pool. Relic DNA inflated the observed prokaryotic and fungal diversity by as much as 55%, and caused misestimation of taxon abundances, including taxa integral to key ecosystem processes. These findings imply that relic DNA can obscure treatment effects, spatiotemporal patterns, and relationships between taxa and environmental conditions. Moreover, relic DNA may represent a historical record of microbes formerly living in soil.One Sentence SummarySoils can harbor substantial amounts of DNA from dead microbial cells; this ‘relic’ DNA inflates estimates of microbial diversity and obscures assessments of community structure.
Improved Placement of Multi-Mapping Small RNAs
Authors: Johnson Nathan R. , Yeoh Jonathan M. , Coruh Ceyda , Axtell Michael J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHigh-throughput sequencing of small RNAs (sRNA-seq) is a popular method used to discover and annotate microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs). One of the key steps in sRNA-seq data analysis is alignment to a reference genome. sRNA-seq libraries often have a high proportion of reads which align to multiple genomic locations, which makes determining their true origins difficult. Commonly used sRNA-seq alignment methods result in either very low precision (choosing an alignment at random) or sensitivity (ignoring multi-mapping reads). Here, we describe and test an sRNA-seq alignment strategy that uses local genomic context to guide decisions on proper placements of multi-mapped sRNA-seq reads. Tests using simulated sRNA-seq data demonstrated that this local-weighting method outperforms other alignment strategies using three different plant genomes. Experimental analyses with real sRNA-seq data also indicate superior performance of local-weighting methods for both plant miRNAs and heterochromatic siRNAs. The local-weighting methods we have developed are implemented as part of the sRNA-seq analysis program ShortStack, which is freely available under a general public license. Improved genome alignments of sRNA-seq data should increase the quality of downstream analyses and genome annotation efforts.
Language deficits in schizophrenia and autism as related oscillatory connectomopathies: an evolutionary account
Authors: Murphy Elliot , Benítez-Burraco Antonio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSchizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterised by marked language deficits, but it is not clear how these arise from gene mutations associated with the disorders. Our goal is to narrow the gap between SZ and ASD and, ultimately, give support to the view that they represent abnormal (but related) ontogenetic itineraries for the human faculty of language. We will focus on the distinctive oscillatory profiles of the SZ and ASD brains, in turn using these insights to refine our understanding of how the brain computes language by exploring a novel model of linguistic feature-set composition. We will argue that brain rhythms constitute the best route to interpreting language deficits in both conditions and mapping them to neural dysfunction and risk alleles of the genes. Importantly, candidate genes for SZ and ASD are overrepresented among the gene sets believed to be important for language evolution. This translational effort may help develop an understanding of the aetiology of SZ and ASD and their high prevalence among modern populations.
Minimising corruption in Myanmar: an impossible dream?
Authors: Quah Jon S.T. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explain why corruption is a serious problem in Myanmar and why the anti-corruption measures initiated by its military government are ineffective.Design/methodology/approach– The paper describes Myanmar’s unfavourable policy context and analyses the perceived extent and causes of corruption in Myanmar before evaluating the effectiveness of its anti-corruption measures.Findings– Myanmar’s location in a bad neighbourhood surrounded by corrupt countries, its vulnerability to the natural resource curse and ethnic conflict, as well as more than five decades of ineffective military rule have hindered its anti-corruption efforts. Corruption remains a serious problem in Myanmar because of the military regime’s lack of political will and failure to address these causes: low salaries; red tape; weak rule of law; and cultural factors. The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC)’s performance during its first two years cannot be assessed because of the lack of information on its budget, personnel and activities. As the ACC is led by two former military generals, it is not perceived to be independent, and has been criticised for focusing on investigating corruption cases and corruption prevention at the expense of corruption education.Originality/value– This paper will be of interest to those policy-makers, scholars and anti-corruption practitioners, who are interested in learning about the causes of rampant corruption in Myanmar and why the anti-corruption measures initiated have failed to curb it.
Facing co-occurrence of underweight and overweight populations worldwide
Authors: Abbade Eduardo Botti , Dewes Homero 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the situation and trends regarding prevalence of underweight, overweight, and undernourished populations worldwide. Thus, we defend that the conditions of hunger, underweight, overweight, and obesity are seen as anomalies resulting from nutritional and dietary food insecurity related to the concept of malnutrition.

Design/methodology/approach
– This investigation was conducted through an ecological study, using indicators related to undernourishment, underweight, and overweight. Data, obtained through the WHO and United Nations, were analyzed through scatter plots and angular coefficient from linear regression.

Findings
– Evidence suggests that some nations have high levels of undernourished and overweight populations at the same time. Results showed a significant reduction in the prevalence of underweight children and a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight children worldwide. Western Pacific has shown declining trends in both overweight and underweight children. Southern Africa has shown a strong increase in its child overweight population and no downward trend in its underweight child population.

Practical implications
– The authors defend that programs and actions better aligned to diagnoses of some countries that face problems related to both underweight and overweight/obesity conditions are needed. This investigation can help public and private efforts to combat underweight and overweight diagnoses worldwide.

Originality/value
– The authors present evidence of the co-occurrence of underweight and overweight in child populations worldwide. Thus, the authors show alarming trends regarding to these diagnoses.
Seafood safety compliance with hygiene regulations within Vietnamese domestic distribution chains
Authors: Luu Phuc Hong , Dunne Michael P , Pearse Warwick , Davies Belinda 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– In order to improve the safety of seafood in the domestic seafood distribution chains (DSDCs) in Vietnam, a better understanding of current hygiene and practices compliance with government regulations is needed. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
– Infrastructure conditions and documents related to hygiene procedures of 50 trading places were evaluated using checklists. The hygiene handling practices of 135 fish distributors were also observed by using notational analysis methods. This notational analysis method focused on actions related to microbiological contamination in terms of hand washing or glove changing and the cleaning and sanitising of tools and equipment. Additionally, microbiological quality of 135 samples of raw finfish at points along distribution chains was compared with national standards.

Findings
– The results indicated that all trading places could be classified as non-compliant or seriously non-compliant with the regulations. The practices of fish distributors were also assessed to be at high risk for contamination of raw fish. The findings showed that approximately 42 and 39 per cent of samples from fishing ports and fish markets, respectively were classified as unacceptable according to the microbiological standards of Vietnam.

Research limitations/implications
– The present study is limited to research only from fish landing at fishing ports to the distribution to consumers at retail markets.

Originality/value
– Recommendations for improving food safety in the DSDCs in Vietnam have been developed from the findings of this study and are provided. However, due to similarities with fish distribution chains in other countries, these recommendations may have broader application.
Effects of member size and selective incentives of agricultural cooperatives on product quality
Authors: Cai Rong , Ma Wanglin , Su Ye 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of member size and external incentives (food safety certification and target market) on cooperative’s product quality, using data collected from 135 apple producing cooperatives in China.

Design/methodology/approach
– Given that different indicator variables were used to measure apple quality, the authors employed a principle component analysis method to reduce the measurement dimension. An ordinary least square regression was employed to analyse the effects of member size and selective incentives of agricultural cooperatives on product quality.

Findings
– The empirical results show that member size and cooperative’s product quality bear an inverse “U-shape” relationship, and food safety certification and target market variables tend to positively and significantly influence cooperative’s product quality. In particular, the cooperatives with more food safety certificates and targeting supermarkets and export enterprises are more likely to supply high-quality products.

Originality/value
– This study provides the first attempt to measure apple quality and investigate the factors that influence cooperative’s product quality.
What will happen to the “American Dream”? Four scenarios for opportunity in the United States to 2035
Authors: Millett Stephen  M. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– To further a dialog about the future of opportunities in America, this exercise imagines what life would be like in four alternative possibilities, or scenarios, emerging from now to the year 2035.

Design/methodology/approach
– The logical basis for these four possible futures is that technological, political, economic and social factors – and the decisions of voters and their leaders–will result in either many or few opportunities which will be available to many or few players.

Findings
– The central question is what scenario do we really want to live in and what decisions need to be taken to increase its likelihood of occurring? Conversely, which future is the most undesirable and what can we do to prevent it?

Practical implications
– The scenarios illuminate the choices that need to be explored now to better anticipate and react to the challenges of the future.

Originality/value
– By selecting just two ranges of conditions–opportunity and participation–the author is able to imagine futures that have elements of utopia and dystopia.
Shifting notions of disability in Brazil
Authors: Rios Clarice , Costa Andrada Barbara 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to comment on the article by Forrester-Jones and Carvalho and examine some issues on notions of disability in Brazil.

Design/methodology/approach
– Analysis of the specialized literature and a critical appraisal of key issues regarding notions of disability in Brazil.

Findings
– The authors focus on three issues: what could be characterized as learning disability in Brazil and how social movements, institutions and public policies shape and are shaped by local conceptions of disability; the limits of individual autonomy, independence and freedom in the case of learning disabilities and the social and historical particularities of the Brazilian case; and the role of the APAES and Pestalozzi Society both as a site of social exclusion and, more recently, as a source of expertise in the movement toward the development of “inclusive special education.”

Originality/value
– The commentary highlights some of the complexities of the local field of disability in Brazil.
A √k-l Turbulence Model for Fluids Engineering Applications
Authors: Goldberg Uriel 
Published: March 2016

A turbulence closure based on transport equations for the square-root of the kinetic energy of turbulence, q=k1/2 and the length-scale, , is proposed and tested. The model is topography parameter free (no wall distance needed), uses local wall proximity indicators instead, and is meant to be applicable to both wall-bounded and free shear flows. Solving directly for the turbulence length-scale, invoking Dirichlet boundary conditions for both q and and the fact that q varies linearly across the viscous sublayer contribute to reduced sensitivity of this model to near-wall grid concentration (as long as the sublayer is resolved) and to less numerical stiffness, hence faster convergence. A variable Cm parameter is featured in this model to account for non-simple shear where mean strain and vorticity rates are different. Several cases, covering a wide variety of flows, are presented to demonstrate the model’s performance. Fluids engineers whose work involves complex 3D topologies, particularly with non-stationary grids which require re-computing wall distance arrays at each time-step (a heavy demand on time and budget) may appreciate the fact that no distance arrays are needed for the q- model.