bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient limitation of soil microbial processes in tropical forests
Authors: Camenzind Tessa , Hättenschwiler Stephan , Treseder Kathleen K. , Lehmann Anika , Rillig Matthias C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSoil fungi and bacteria are the key players in the transformation and processing of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, yet controls on their abundance and activity are not well understood. Based on stoichiometric principles, soil microbial processes are expected to be limited by mineral nutrients, which are particularly scarce in often highly weathered tropical forest soils. Such limitation is directly relevant for the fate of soil carbon and global element cycles, but its extent and nature have never been assessed systematically across the tropical biome. Here, we address the relative importance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients in limiting soil microbial biomass and process rates in tropical forests. We conducted an in‐depth literature review and a meta‐analysis of the available nutrient addition experiments in tropical forests worldwide. Our synthesis showed predominant and general phosphorus limitation of a variety of microbial processes across tropical forests, and additional nitrogen limitation in tropical montane forests. The apparent widespread microbial phosphorus limitation needs to be accounted for in the understanding and prediction of biogeochemical cycles in tropical forests and their future functioning. Other mineral nutrients or carbon may modify the importance of phosphorus, but more experimental studies are urgently needed.
Phytoplankton size‐scaling of net‐energy flux across light and biomass gradients
Authors: Malerba Martino E. , White Craig R. , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMany studies examine how body size mediates energy use, but few investigate how size simultaneously regulates energy acquisition. Furthermore, rarely energy fluxes are examined while accounting for the role of biotic and abiotic factors in which they are nested. These limitations contribute to an incomplete understanding of how size affects the transfer of energy through individuals, populations, and communities. Here we characterized photosynthesis‐irradiance (P‐I) curves and per‐cell net‐energy use for 21 phytoplankton species spanning across four orders of magnitude of size and seven phyla, each measured across six light intensities and four population densities. We then used phylogenetic mixed models to quantify how body size influences the energy turnover rates of a species, and how this changes across environments. Rate‐parameters for the P‐I curve and net‐energy budgets were mostly highly correlated and consistent with an allometric size‐scaling exponent of <1. The energy flux of a cell decreased with population density and increased with light intensity, but the effect of body size remained constant across all combinations of treatment levels (i.e. nointeraction). The negative effect of population density on photosynthesis and respiration is mostly consistent with an active downregulation of metabolic rates following a decrease in per‐cell resource availability, possibly as an adaptive strategy to reduce the minimum requirements of a cell and improve its competitive ability. Also, because an increase in body size corresponds to a less‐than‐proportional increase in net‐energy (i.e. exponent<1), we propose that volume‐specific net‐energy flux can represent an important cost of evolving larger body sizes in autotrophic single‐cell organisms.
Antioxidant Hydrophobicity and Emulsifier Type Influences the Partitioning of Antioxidants in the Interface Improving Oxidative Stability in O/W Emulsions Rich in n‐3 Fatty Acids
Authors: López‐Martínez Araceli , Rocha‐Uribe Alejandro 
Published: September 2017

Emulsions with oils rich in n‐3 long chain fatty acids, undergo rapid oxidation reactions that may have adverse effects. Therefore, protection against oxidation is necessary. The efficacy of antioxidants with different hydrophobicities (gallic acid, GA; propyl gallate, PG; ascorbyl palmitate, AP; and α‐tocopherol, TC) was evaluated in a 79% oil‐in‐water emulsion model rich in n‐3 long chain fatty acids stabilized with either Tween 65 or Tween 80. Antioxidants efficacy was compared to their partitioning in the phases of the emulsion. The order of the antioxidant protection against peroxides and secondary oxidation products was the same as for the antioxidant partitioning in the water‐oil interface: AP > GA > PG > TC. The antioxidant efficacy was influenced by antioxidant (p < 0.001), emulsifier (p < 0.001), and interactions of both factors (p < 0.001). AP was the most active antioxidant, while TC was the least active; it was apparently due to a cut‐off effect because of its poor partitioning in the interface. The correlation analysis indicated a negative dependency between the oxidation and the partitioning of the antioxidants at the interface; “R” values of −0.66 and −0.75 were obtained for the peroxide and p‐anisidine values, respectively. These results showed that the antioxidant activity is determined by the antioxidant partitioning at the interface, the hydrophobicity of the antioxidant, and the emulsifier.Practical Applications: This study shows that the antioxidant activity is greatly determined by the antioxidant partitioning at the interface, which in turn, depends of molecular properties of both, antioxidant and emulsifier. It is clear that the affinity amongst such molecules is based uporn the amphiphilic properties of both types of molecules. These results seem to support the nonlinear or cut‐off theory, recently proposed.Hability of antioxidants with different hydrophobicities to protect oil in water (o/w) emulsions of oxidation process is affected by partitioning of antioxidants in the emulsion phases.
A Generic Method to Model CO2 Emission Performances of Combined‐Cycle Power Plants for Environmental Unit Commitment
Authors: Rigo‐Mariani Rémy , Ling Keck Voon , Maciejowski Jan M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a generic methodology for combined‐cycle gas turbine modeling. The main objectives are the estimation of the CO2 emissions for specific units and their integration in an environmental power dispatch that considers several plants. First, a design procedure aims at calibrating the model using the information available from the manufactures. Off‐design points are also investigated to estimate the CO2 emissions for the whole operating range of the units. The obtained CO2‐cost results show a good consistency with the emission coefficients found in the literature for that type of units. Then, those CO2 costs are used as input parameters for a unit commitment problem. Mixed‐integer linear programming formulation minimizes the global emissions for a set of different units on Jurong Island in Singapore. The grid‐emission factor obtained for the simulated network displays values close to the registered field data, which validates the developed model. Finally, a tightened formulation for the power‐dispatch problem is introduced. The objective is to reduce the computational time while guaranteeing good performance of the returned solutions.
Lineage tracing reveals dynamic changes in oligodendrocyte precursor cells following cuprizone‐induced demyelination
Authors: Baxi Emily G. , DeBruin Joseph , Jin Jing , Strasburger Hayley J. , Smith Matthew D. , Orthmann‐Murphy Jennifer L. , Schott Jason T. , Fairchild Amanda N. , Bergles Dwight E. , Calabresi Peter A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe regeneration of oligodendrocytes is a crucial step in recovery from demyelination, as surviving oligodendrocytes exhibit limited structural plasticity and rarely form additional myelin sheaths. New oligodendrocytes arise through the differentiation of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) expressing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that are widely distributed throughout the CNS. Although there has been detailed investigation of the behavior of these progenitors in white matter, recent studies suggest that disease burden in multiple sclerosis (MS) is more strongly correlated with gray matter atrophy. The timing and efficiency of remyelination in gray matter is distinct from white matter, but the dynamics of OPCs that contribute to these differences have not been defined. Here, we used in vivo genetic fate tracing to determine the behavior of OPCs in gray and white matter regions in response to cuprizone‐induced demyelination. Our studies indicate that the temporal dynamics of OPC differentiation varies significantly between white and gray matter. While OPCs rapidly repopulate the corpus callosum and mature into CC1 expressing mature oligodendrocytes, OPC differentiation in the cingulate cortex and hippocampus occurs much more slowly, resulting in a delay in remyelination relative to the corpus callosum. The protracted maturation of OPCs in gray matter may contribute to greater axonal pathology and disease burden in MS.
A Twisted Bay‐Substituted Quaterrylene Phosphorescing in the NIR Spectral Region
Authors: Miletić Tanja , Fermi Andrea , Papadakis Ioannis , Orfanos Ioannis , Karampitsos Nikolaos , Avramopoulos Aggelos , Demitri Nicola , De Leo Federica , Pope Simon J. A. , Papadopoulos Manthos G. , Couris Stelios , Bonifazi Davide 
Published: September 2017

The preparation of the first soluble quaterrylene derivative featuring peripheral tert‐butyl substituents and sterically hindering, core‐anchored triflate groups has been achieved. This involves a facile synthetic route based on an oxidative coupling of perylene precursors in the presence of H2O2 as oxidant. The steric hindrance between the TfO substituents at the central bay position of the quaterrylene board triggers a strong deformation of the central perylene planarity, which forces the quaterrylene platform to adopt a twisted geometry as shown by X‐ray analysis. Exceptionally, photophysical investigations show that the core‐twisted quaterrylene phosphoresces in the NIR spectral region at 1716 nm. Moreover, third‐order nonlinear optical measurements on solutions and thin film containing the relevant molecule showed very large second hyperpolarizability values, as predicted by theoretical calculations at the CAM‐B3LYP/6‐31G** level of theory, making this material very appealing for photonic applications.
Magic components—why quantifying rain, snowmelt, and icemelt in river discharge is not easy
Authors: Weiler Markus , Seibert Jan , Stahl Kerstin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractQuantifying the components of rain, snowmelt, and glacier ice melt in river discharge is an important but difficult task in hydrology. Although it forms the basis of many climate impact assessments, many published modelling results do not clearly describe how they derived the discharge components. Consequently, reported components such as absolute amounts or relative percentages of snow and ice melt from different studies are rarely comparable. This commentary revisits the differences in the terminology used, the modelling approaches, and the possible conclusions for effects at different time scales. We argue that for questions related to changes in discharge, not particle tracking, for which methodology is widely available, but instead, an “effect tracking” of the input contributions is important, that is, the representation of the signals of rainfall, snowmelt, and glacier ice melt in the discharge at the catchment outlet. We introduce and briefly describe a method for effect tracking and discuss the differences and advantages compared to other methods. This comparison supports our call to the modelling community for more precise descriptions of how the generated input contributions into a catchment from rainfall, snowmelt, and glacier ice melt are tracked through the catchments' multiple stores to finally compose the presented hydrographs.
The language of change among criminal justice clients: Counselor language, client language, and client substance use outcomes
Authors: Rodriguez Mayra , Walters Scott T. , Houck Jon M. , Ortiz J. Alexis , Taxman Faye S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveCounselor and client language have been identified as mechanisms of change in motivational interviewing (MI) counseling sessions. This study evaluated whether language patterns exhibited during MI sessions with substance users in the community would also be found during MI sessions with substance users in the criminal justice system.MethodForty audio recordings of MI sessions with substance‐using probationers were coded and analyzed sequentially using the Motivational Interviewing Skills Code (MISC) 2.5. Analyses examined the relationship between counselor and client language, and the relationship between client language and client substance use after 2 months.ResultsCounselor MI inconsistent language was associated with decreased change talk (lnOR = − 0.76, p < .05) though not with increased sustain talk. Both sustain talk (b = − 4.591, t = − 18.634 p < .001) and MI inconsistent language MIIN (b = − 4.419, t = − 19.886, p < .001) were positively associated with substance use at 2 months. Sustain talk early in the session (i.e., during deciles 1 and 2) was significantly greater among clients who reported using substances at 2 months, compared to clients who did not use substances.ConclusionThese findings are broadly consistent with previous literature documenting the association between counselor language, client language, and client outcome.
Impact of summer monsoon on the elevation‐dependence of meteorological variables in the south of central Himalaya
Authors: Yang Kun , Guyennon Nicolas , Ouyang Lin , Tian Lide , Tartari Gianni , Salerno Franco 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe South Asian summer monsoon brings abundant precipitation and associated latent heat release to the south of central Himalaya, and alters hydrothermal conditions of this region. This study explored the impact of South Asian summer monsoon on the elevation‐dependence of meteorological variables along the south slope of Mt. Everest in the central Himalaya, which is crucial to modelling the glacio‐hydrological processes in this elevated region. The data were collected at five stations deployed at 2660–5600 m above sea level (asl) along the slope during 2007–2011. Major findings are the following: (1) The amount of precipitation during the monsoon season usually decreases with elevation but it is relatively uniform between 3600 and 5000 m asl. This uniform profile may be attributed to the monsoon–terrain–land interactions, particularly to the retard effect of glacier cooling on daytime upvalley wind; (2) Cloud shielding effects cause lower solar radiation and higher downward longwave radiation in the monsoon than in the other seasons. In particular, higher elevations have more clouds in the afternoon, resulting in an abnormal elevation‐dependence of solar radiation (i.e. higher elevations receive less solar radiation); (3) Strong daytime upvalley wind and moist convection homogenizes the vertical distributions of air mass along the slope, causing a constant lapse rate of both surface air temperature and dew‐point temperature (representing humidity) during typical monsoon months, but this phenomenon is not found in the other seasons. These findings provide critical guidance for extrapolating the meteorological variables from lower to higher elevations in this region.
Resolving discrepancies between field and modelled relative sea‐level data: lessons from western Ireland
Authors: Edwards Robin , Gehrels W. Roland , Brooks Anthony , Fyfe Ralph , Pullen Katie , Kuchar Joseph , Craven Kieran 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTAccurate reconstruction of Lateglacial and Holocene relative sea‐level (RSL) histories is complicated where mismatches exist between geological data and RSL curves generated by models of glacio‐isostatic adjustment (GIA). In Ireland, such discrepancies have profound implications for interpreting the glacial history of the British Isles and for the use of glacial rebound models to predict future sea‐level changes. To address this issue we present new RSL data from four sites along the western coast of Ireland, including 17 data points from the critical period before 5000 14C a BP for which very few data are available. We generate new RSL simulations from an existing GIA model, incorporating a thickened Irish Ice sheet component. Simulated curves from Co. Mayo and Co. Donegal accommodate the higher than present Lateglacial RSL inferred from glaciomarine muds while still meeting the requirement for below present RSL indicated by the new terrestrial limiting data points. Relaxation of trimline constraints on maximum ice sheet thickness provides considerable scope for improved GIA performance. These results demonstrate inferences about RSL drawn from GIA modelling and glacio‐sedimentary data are not mutually exclusive, and represent a significant step towards resolving a long‐standing debate between the field‐based and modelling communities.
Potential risk of weed outbreak by increasing biochar's application rates in slow‐growth legume, lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
Authors: Safaei Khorram Mahdi , Fatemi Akram , Khan Md Asaduzzaman , Kiefer Rudolf , Jafarnia Sasan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiochar amendment is a promising tool to improve the soil quality and, consequently, higher crop yield has received more attention during last decades. The positive effects of biochar have been attracting more attention especially in the areas with low precipitation rates, such as the Middle East, due to low soil organic carbon content, higher drought intensity, and increasing demands for food production. However, biochar can lead to lower herbicide efficacy, resulting in higher consumption of herbicides. In this study, the impact of two biochars on soil properties, plant growth, and fomesafen efficacy under rain‐fed condition was investigated.RESULTSBiochar amendment at the rate of 5 t ha−1 improved soil quality and plant growth by 40–200% and 46–57%, respectively, compared to the control. The increase of biochar application rate from 5 t ha−1 to 15 t ha−1 showed small additional positive effects on soil and lentil as the tested crop plant, whereas the growth of weeds elevated by 200% in this case.CONCLUSIONAlbeit biochar application could be an effective way to improve the soil fertility, the potential risk of weed outbreak in the long term should be evaluated carefully before the use of biochar amendment at field scale. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Randomized controlled trial of steroid‐soaked absorbable calcium alginate nasal packing following endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Hwang Chi Sang , Al Sharhan Salma Saud , Kim Bo Ra , Kim Soo In , Kim Jin Woong , Cho Hyung‐Ju , Yoon Joo‐Heon , Kim Chang‐Hoon 
Published: September 2017

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the potential efficacy of steroid‐soaked, absorbable calcium alginate nasal packing following endoscopic sinus surgery.Study DesignProspective, randomized, single‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial.MethodsTwenty‐two patients (44 nostrils) who had chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps underwent bilateral endoscopic sinus surgery. Only those with an intersinus difference in Lund‐Mackay severity score of 1 or less were included. In each patient, one randomly selected nostril was packed with calcium alginate soaked with 2 mL of triamcinolone (40 mg/mL) (triamcinolone group), whereas the contralateral nostril received an identical packing soaked in 2 mL of normal saline (saline group). Two independent investigators blinded to the packing allocation scored the surgical field using the validated Perioperative Sinus Endoscopy (POSE) scores 1, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery.ResultsAll 44 nostrils were analyzed; the Lund‐Mackay scores did not differ significantly between the groups before surgery. Eight weeks after surgery, the total POSE scores were significantly lower in the triamcinolone group (P = .014). The POSE scoring parameters were then compared between groups, and the following variables were significantly different: middle turbinate synechiae with the lateral wall (P = .037), polypoid degeneration of the ethmoid cavity (P = .006), and sphenoid sinus severity (P = .036).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that steroid‐soaked, absorbable nasal packing can be used to enhance wound healing after endoscopic sinus surgery and to prevent polypoid changes in the nasal mucosa.Level of Evidence1b. Laryngoscope, 128:311–316, 2018
Biophysical landscape interactions: Bridging disciplines and scale with connectivity
Authors: van der Ploeg Martine J. , Baartman Jantiene E.M. , Robinson David A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLandscape composition and land use impact the interactions between soil and vegetation. Differences in micro‐behaviour, driven by the interplay of heterogeneous soil and vegetation dynamics, affect emergent characteristics across a landscape. Scaling approaches to understand the drivers of these emergent characteristics have been attempted, but the blueprint of interacting biophysical processes in landscapes is inherently messy and often still unknown. A complicating factor is single disciplinary focus in environmental sciences. Integrated knowledge is vital especially in view of future challenges posed by climate change, population growth, and soil threats. In this paper, we give examples of biophysical interactions that occur across various temporal and spatial scales and discuss how connectivity can be useful for bridging disciplines and scales to increase our understanding.
In Situ Photogeneration of Palladium Nanoparticles in Thermoplastic Polyurethane: Photopatterning and Enhanced Oxygen Barrier Property
Authors: Mangadlao Joey Dacula , Xu Hong , Baer Eric , Advincula Rigoberto C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA solid phase synthesis of sub 5 nm palladium nanoparticles (Pd NP) by in situ photogeneration in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite films containing metal precursor and organic photoreducing agent is reported. The technique is highly facile, controllable, and potentially scalable to production quantities. Selective reduction and photopatterning can also be afforded using a shadow mask. The TPU films with Pd NP significantly enhance the barrier property by 64%. This photochemical approach shows promise for the fabrication of oxygen scavenging packaging systems for food, pharmaceutical, and electronics applications as well as for other products that require low oxygen storage atmosphere.
A Novel NIR Laser Switched Nanocomposite Hydrogel as Remote Stimuli Smart Valve
Authors: Hou Kai , Wu Weijie , Xia Mengge , Zhu Meifang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThermosensitive nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels are considered as a significant kind of intelligent material to be utilized as sensor, biomaterial, drug carrier, etc. Recently, preparation of remotely controlled NC hydrogel with high‐performance attracts more and more concern. To produce facile remote‐stimuli thermosensitive NC hydrogel, a novel near‐infrared (NIR) laser switched CuS/clay/poly(OEGMA‐co‐MEO2MA) hydrogel is demonstrated, which can be precisely remote‐stimulated by NIR irradiation based on the excellent NIR photothermal conversion property of CuS nanoparticle. The temperature change of hydrogel is related to the NIR intensity, CuS content, and crosslinking density. Moreover, the influences on dimensional variation of hydrogel on macroscale are systematically studied, and the hydrogel as smart liquid valve is further utilized which can be remotely controlled by NIR switch on/off successfully. Cyclic test illustrates that this novel CuS/clay/poly(OEGMA‐co‐MEO2MA) hydrogel exhibits stable cyclic volume transition property which has promising applications in the areas of sensors, valves, and intelligent switches.