bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epithelial disruptions, but not immune cell invasion, induced secretory dysfunction following innate immune activation in a novel model of acute salivary gland injury
Authors: Shaalan Abeer , Carpenter Guy , Proctor Gordon 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundSalivary gland (SG) injurious agents are all translated into loss of salivation (xerostomia). An association has been established between activation of innate immunity and SG injury and dysfunction. However, it remains unclear how the secretory epithelia respond by halting saliva production.MethodsC57BL/6 submandibular glands (SMGs) were acutely challenged using a single dose of the innate immune stimulant: polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)). Secretory capacity of the infected SMGs was substantiated by assessing the flow rate in response to pilocarpine stimulation. Depletion of the acute inflammatory cells was achieved by pre‐treating mice with RB6‐8C5 depletion antibody. Flow cytometry, histology and immunohistochemistry were conducted to verify the immune cell depletion. Epithelial expression of saliva‐driving molecules: muscarinic 3 receptor (M3R), aquaporin 5 water channel (AQP5), Na‐K‐CL‐Cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A), was characterized using RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Tight junction (TJ) protein; zonula occludens (ZO‐1) and basement membrane (BM) protein; and laminin were assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsInnate immune challenge prompted dysfunction in the exocrine SGs. Dysregulated gene and protein expression of molecules that drive saliva secretion was substantiated. Aberrant expression of TJ and BM proteins followed innate immune activation. Hyposalivation in the current model was independent of myeloperoxidase (MPO)‐positive, acute inflammatory cells.ConclusionsIn this study, we developed a novel injury model of the SGs, featuring acute secretory dysfunction and immediate structural disruptions. Our results ruled out the injurious role of aggressively infiltrating inflammatory cells.
Effects of swaddled and traditional tub bathing methods on crying and physiological responses of newborns
Authors: Çaka Sinem Yalnızoğlu , Gözen Duygu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two bathing methods on crying duration and physiological measurements of newborns.Design and MethodsA randomized trial design was used in this study. The sample consisted of newborns (n = 80) who were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital located in a large city. The groups were determined as swaddled bathing (SB) (n = 40) and traditional tub bathing (TTB) (n = 40) by using random number table. All newborns were bathed 24 hours after the birth. Environmental variables were organised identically in both experimental and control groups. Duration of bathing was determined as maximum 5 min in both groups. Body temperature, heart rate (HR), and O2 saturation values were evaluated before bath, just after the bath and at 10 min after the bath. The groups were compared in terms of all vital symptoms and duration of crying during bath. Pre‐bath and post‐bath stress levels between newborns in both groups were compared by using the Newborn Infant Pain Scale (NIPS).ResultsWhen the newborns were compared based on groups, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between SB and TTB groups in terms of the gestational week, APGAR score, postnatal age, and body weight. Body temperatures of the newborns in SB group just after the bath and 10 minutes after the bath were significantly higher than those in TTB group. HR was higher in TTB group in the post‐bath period. NIPS scores of the newborns in SB group after bath decreased at a statistically significant level, but the scores of the newborns in TTB group increased. The results of the study indicated that SB was effective in maintaining body temperature, SpO2 level, and HR of newborns within normal limits and may decrease stress experienced during the bath.Practice implicationsSwaddled bathing decreases behavioural stress symptoms such as crying, agitation, and pulling arms and legs back unintentionally and thus the infants feel relaxed. Swaddled bathing can be recommended because swaddled bathing method decreases behavioural stress symptoms in infants.
The role of exotic mammals in the diet of native carnivores from South America
Authors: Buenavista Setefilla , Palomares Francisco 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA better understanding of the effects of exotic species is fundamental for ecosystem management, given that biological invasions are major agents of change affecting native biodiversity worldwide. However, exotic species can also have positive effects on native communities, for instance by providing additional food sources.We reviewed dietary studies in the scientific literature published between 1980 and 2016 in order to examine the role of exotic mammals in the diets of 42 terrestrial species of the mammalian order Carnivora from South America. We recorded information about species' characteristics and analysed the ways in which they relate to exotic mammal consumption.We found 62 references in which 11 carnivores from four families were reported to consume exotic mammals. Using only dietary studies in which the frequency of occurrence of each prey item was presented, we compiled 152 cases from 56 papers.The frequency of occurrence of exotic mammals in the diet of South American carnivores reached on average 21%. The more common prey–carnivore interactions occurred with exotic lagomorphs, while exotic ungulates were less frequently consumed and were only preyed upon by pumasPuma concolor. Consumers with mainly carnivorous habits consumed exotic mammals more frequently than frugivorous or omnivorous species.The carnivore species and the location of the study area influenced the frequency of occurrence of exotic mammals in the diets described. Certain carnivores, including the puma, culpeo foxLycalopex culpaeus, Pampas foxLycalopex gimnocercus, lesser grisonGalictis cujaand Molina's hog‐nosed skunkConepatus chinga, consumed more exotic mammals than average, and the occurrence of exotic mammals was the highest in the diets of carnivores in the southwestern regions of South America.Exotic mammals in South America can create new food web interactions in the native carnivore community and can serve as an important food resource for some native species. This is particularly true in human‐transformed landscapes, where native prey populations have declined. Thus, it is important to consider the role of exotic mammals in the conservation of native carnivore populations.
Long‐term remission of central nervous system vasculitis after treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma with chemotherapy plus rituximab
Authors: Freitas Eduardo , Marques Herlander , Cerqueira João 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCentral nervous system vasculitis is an uncommon disease resulting from inflammation and destruction of the blood vessels of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, and it constitutes a challenging diagnosis. It is classified as primary when it is confined to the central nervous system. We present a previously healthy 40‐year‐old man admitted because of a left hemiparesis and one‐week history of mild bilateral frontal headache usually in the late afternoon that was relieved by paracetamol. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid workup was normal. Brain imaging showed a right frontoparietal lesion, and an abdominal lymphadenopathy was detected on the abdominal computed tomography. The lymph node and brain lesion histopathologies were compatible with Hodgkin's lymphoma and granulomatous vasculitis, respectively. He was treated with chemotherapy and rituximab as maintenance treatment during 18 months and entered clinical and imaging remission for 33 months.
Models of care for chronic kidney disease: A systematic review
Authors: Nicoll Ruairidh , Robertson Lynn , Gemmell Elliot , Sharma Pawana , Black Corri , Marks Angharad 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTAimChronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and presents an increasing burden to patients and health services. However, the optimal model of care for patients with CKD is unclear. We systematically reviewed the clinical effectiveness of different models of care for the management of CKD.MethodsA comprehensive search of eight databases was undertaken for articles published from 1992 to 2016. We included randomized controlled trials that assessed any model of care in the management of adults with pre‐dialysis CKD, reporting renal, cardiovascular, mortality and other outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment was carried out independently by two authors.ResultsResults were summarized narratively. Nine articles (seven studies) were included. Four models of care were identified: nurse‐led, multidisciplinary specialist team, pharmacist‐led and self‐management. Nurse and pharmacist‐led care reported improved rates of prescribing of drugs relevant to CKD. Heterogeneity was high between studies and all studies were at high risk of bias. Nurse‐led care and multidisciplinary specialist care were associated with small improvements in blood pressure control.ConclusionEvidence of long term improvements in renal, cardiovascular or mortality endpoints was limited by short follow up. We found little published evidence about the effectiveness of different models of care to guide best practice for service design, although there was some evidence that models of care where health professionals deliver care according to a structured protocol or guideline may improve adherence to treatment targets.
Effects of music during daytime rest in the intensive care unit
Authors: Hansen Isabella P , Langhorn Leanne , Dreyer Pia 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundSleep is essential to the recovery of patients in the intensive care unit. Patients in the intensive care unit frequently experience poor sleep, characterized by sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation and abnormal sleep architecture. Factors affecting sleep are multifactorial.AimTo investigate the effects of music on self‐reported quality of sleep during daytime rest among patients in the intensive care unit.Study designA randomized controlled trial.MethodsThe study was conducted between February and April 2016 in two Danish multidisciplinary intensive care units. The study sample consisted of 37 patients (19 in the control group and 18 in the intervention group) who complied with the criteria of inclusion for the study. Patients were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group listened to music for 30 min during daytime rest while the control group rested without music. The Richards‐Campbell Sleep Questionnaire was used to measure the subjective quality of sleep.ResultsSignificant differences in the mean scores of the subjective quality of sleep were found between the intervention group and the control group (p < 0·02). Significant differences were also found between groups in three items of sleep scores: sleep depth (p < 0·02), awakenings (p < 0·00) and the overall perceived quality of sleep (p < 0·01). The perceived noise level score was higher in the intervention group compared with the control group, although not statistically significant (p < 0·67).ConclusionListening to music during daytime rest improves subjective sleep in patients in the intensive care unit. Furthermore, there are indications that listening to music reduces the subjective experience of noise in some patients.Relevance to clinical practiceThe result of this study implies that music can be an effective practice for nurses to improve sleep among patients in the intensive care unit.
Assessment of sedation level prior to neonatal intubation: A systematic review
Authors: de Kort Ellen H. M. , Halbmeijer Nienke M. , Reiss Irwin K. M. , Simons Sinno H. P. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBackgroundAdequate premedication before neonatal endotracheal intubation reduces pain, stress, and adverse physiological responses, diminishes duration and number of attempts at intubation, and prevents traumatic airway injury. Therefore, intubation should not be started until an adequate level of sedation is reached. It is not clear how this should be measured in the clinical situation.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to provide a systematic review of the usability and validity of scoring systems or other objective parameters to evaluate the level of sedation before intubation in neonates. Secondary aims were to describe parameters that are used to determine the level of sedation and criteria on which the decision to proceed with intubation is based.MethodsLiterature was searched (January 2017) in the following electronic databases: Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials, Pubmed Publisher, and Google Scholar.ResultsFrom 1653 hits, 20 studies were finally included in the systematic review. In 7 studies, intubation was started after a predefined time period; in 1 study, preoxygenation was the criterion to start with intubation; and in 12 studies, intubation was started in case of adequate sedation and/or relaxation. Only 4 studies described the use of 3 different objective scoring system, all in the neonatal intensive care unit, which are not validated.ConclusionNo validated scoring systems to assess the level of sedation prior to intubation in newborns are available in the literature. Three objective sedation assessment tools seem promising but need further validation before they can be implemented in research and clinical settings.
DNA methylation of membrane‐bound catechol‐O‐methyltransferase in Malaysian schizophrenia patients
Authors: Nour El Huda Abd Rahim , Norsidah Ku Zaifah , Nabil Fikri Mohd Rahim , Hanisah Mohd Noor , Kartini Abdullah , Norlelawati A. Talib 
Published: November 2017

AimThis study examined catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) DNA methylation in the peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients and also in healthy controls to investigate its potential use as a peripheral biomarker of schizophrenia and its relations with the clinical variables of schizophrenia patients.MethodsWe examined the DNA methylation levels of COMT using genomic DNA from the peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients (n = 138) and healthy control participants (n = 132); all were Malaysian Malays. The extracted DNA was bisulfite converted, and the percentage methylation ratio value was calculated based on the results following a MethyLight protocol analysis.ResultsThe percentage methylation ratio of COMT was lower in schizophrenia than it was in the healthy controls (P < 0.001) and was different between the body mass index (P = 0.003) and antipsychotic (P = 0.004) groups. The COMT DNA methylation rate was lower in patients receiving atypical antipsychotics (P = 0.004) and risperidone (P = 0.049) as compared to typical antipsychotics. The Excitement and Depressed subdomains of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were inversely related (P < 0.001) and therefore predictors (Excitement: b = −11.396, t = −4.760, P < 0.001; Depressed: b = −7.789, t = −3.487, P = 0.001) of COMT DNA methylation.ConclusionOur results suggested that the methylation level was affected by the severity of the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and might also be influenced by pharmacological treatment. The epigenetic alteration of COMT in the peripheral blood could be a potential peripheral biomarker of schizophrenia.
Near‐infrared spectroscopy might be a useful tool for predicting the risk of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplants: Two case reports
Authors: Shiba Juntaro , Satoh Masaaki , Taira Koki , Niwa Yasunori , Inoue Soichiro , Mizuta Koichi , Takeuchi Mamoru 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn patients that have undergone liver transplants, a postoperative reduction in the blood flow of the liver graft represents a critical complication. We recently encountered an interesting phenomenon; that is, we found that the rSO2 level of the liver graft, as measured by NIRS, drops in patients that subsequently require an emergency liver biopsy. An 8‐month‐old female and an 8‐month‐old male underwent living donor liver transplants for biliary atresia. In both cases, a reduction in rSO2 was detected before an emergency liver biopsy was required. As a result of biopsy examinations, both patients were diagnosed with acute graft rejection. NIRS might be useful for graft management during the postoperative period in pediatric patients that undergo liver transplantation. After a liver transplant, a reduction in the rSO2 of the graft might be indicative of the onset of vascular complications.
Resequencing of a mutant bearing an iron starvation recovery phenotype defines Slr1658 as a new player in the regulatory network of a model cyanobacterium
Authors: Zer Hagit , Margulis Ketty , Georg Jens , Shotland Yoram , Kostova Gergana , Sultan Laure D. , Hess Wolfgang R. , Keren Nir 
Published: November 2017

SummaryPhotosynthetic microorganisms encounter an erratic nutrient environment characterized by periods of iron limitation and sufficiency. Surviving in such an environment requires mechanisms for handling these transitions. Our study identified a regulatory system involved in the process of recovery from iron limitation in cyanobacteria. We set out to study the role of bacterioferritin co‐migratory proteins during transitions in iron bioavailability in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using knockout strains coupled with physiological and biochemical measurements. One of the mutants displayed slow recovery from iron limitation. However, we discovered that the cause of the phenotype was not the intended knockout but rather the serendipitous selection of a mutation in an unrelated locus, slr1658. Bioinformatics analysis suggested similarities to two‐component systems and a possible regulatory role. Transcriptomic analysis of the recovery from iron limitation showed that the slr1658 mutation had an extensive effect on the expression of genes encoding regulatory proteins, proteins involved in the remodeling and degradation of the photosynthetic apparatus and proteins modulating electron transport. Most significantly, expression of the cyanobacterial homologue of the cyclic electron transport protein PGR5 was upregulated 1000‐fold in slr1658 disruption mutants. pgr5 transcripts in the Δslr1658 mutant retained these high levels under a range of stress and recovery conditions. The results suggest that slr1658 is part of a regulatory operon that, among other aspects, affects the regulation of alternative electron flow. Disruption of its function has deleterious results under oxidative stress promoting conditions.
Plant–arthropod interactions: who is the winner?
Authors: Stahl Elia , Hilfiker Olivier , Reymond Philippe 
Published: November 2017

SummaryHerbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense response. A signaling cascade triggers the expression of hundreds of genes, which encode defensive proteins and enzymes for synthesis of toxic metabolites. This direct defense is often complemented by emission of volatiles that attract beneficial parasitoids. In return, arthropods have evolved strategies to interfere with plant defenses, either by producing effectors to inhibit detection and downstream signaling steps, or by adapting to their detrimental effect. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the molecular and chemical dialog between plants and herbivores, with an emphasis on co‐evolutionary aspects.
Increased efficiency of targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 in plants using heat stress
Authors: LeBlanc Chantal , Zhang Fei , Mendez Josefina , Lozano Yamile , Chatpar Krishna , Irish Vivian F. , Jacob Yannick 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe CRISPR/Cas9 system has greatly improved our ability to engineer targeted mutations in eukaryotic genomes. While CRISPR/Cas9 appears to work universally, the efficiency of targeted mutagenesis and the adverse generation of off‐target mutations vary greatly between different organisms. In this study, we report that Arabidopsis plants subjected to heat stress at 37°C show much higher frequencies of CRISPR‐induced mutations compared to plants grown continuously at the standard temperature (22°C). Using quantitative assays relying on green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes, we found that targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 in Arabidopsis is increased by approximately 5‐fold in somatic tissues and up to 100‐fold in the germline upon heat treatment. This effect of temperature on the mutation rate is not limited to Arabidopsis, as we observed a similar increase in targeted mutations by CRISPR/Cas9 in Citrus plants exposed to heat stress at 37°C. In vitro assays demonstrate that Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) is more active in creating double‐stranded DNA breaks at 37°C than at 22°C, thus indicating a potential contributing mechanism for the in vivo effect of temperature on CRISPR/Cas9. This study reveals the importance of temperature in modulating SpCas9 activity in eukaryotes, and provides a simple method to increase on‐target mutagenesis in plants using CRISPR/Cas9.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Stremmel Neil B. , Struck Christopher J. 
Published: November 2017

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To receive a copy of the latest Standards catalog, please contact Neil Stremmel.
Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.
This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America are available via the ASA home page: http://acousticalsociety.org.
Tackler’s head position relative to the ball carrier is highly correlated with head and neck injuries in rugby
Authors: Sobue Shogo , Kawasaki Takayuki , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Shiota Yuki , Ota Chihiro , Yoneda Takeshi , Tahara Shigeyuki , Maki Nobukazu , Matsuura Takahiro , Sekiguchi Masahiro , Itoigawa Yoshiaki , Tateishi Tomohiko , Kaneko Kazuo 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesTo characterise the tackler’s head position during one-on-one tackling in rugby and to determine the incidence of head, neck and shoulder injuries through analysis of game videos, injury records and a questionnaire completed by the tacklers themselves.MethodsWe randomly selected 28 game videos featuring two university teams in competitions held in 2015 and 2016. Tackles were categorised according to tackler’s head position. The ‘pre-contact phase’ was defined; its duration and the number of steps taken by the ball carrier prior to a tackle were evaluated.ResultsIn total, 3970 tackles, including 317 (8.0%) with the tackler’s head incorrectly positioned (ie, in front of the ball carrier) were examined. Thirty-two head, neck or shoulder injuries occurred for an injury incidence of 0.8% (32/3970). The incidence of injury in tackles with incorrect head positioning was 69.4/1000 tackles; the injury incidence with correct head positioning (ie, behind or to one side of the ball carrier) was 2.7/1000 tackles. Concussions, neck injuries, ‘stingers’ and nasal fractures occurred significantly more often during tackles with incorrect head positioning than during tackles with correct head positioning. Significantly fewer steps were taken before tackles with incorrect head positioning that resulted in injury than before tackles that did not result in injury.ConclusionTackling with incorrect head position relative to the ball carrier resulted in a significantly higher incidence of concussions, neck injuries, stingers and nasal fractures than tackling with correct head position. Tackles with shorter duration and distance before contact resulted in more injuries.