bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chandra Observations of Clusters of Galaxies
Authors: Forman W. , Donnelly H. , Markevitch M. , Kraft R. , Murray S. , Vikhlinin A. , Churazov E. , David L. , Jones C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe discuss two themes from Chandra cluster observations. First, we describe the interaction of buoyant, radio emitting plasma bubbles with the hot intracluster gas. Second we summarize the Chandra observations of “cold” fronts (sharp discontinuities in gas density and temperature) separating cool, denser gas clouds from the hotter intracluster medium.
First Results on Clusters Observed by XMM/EPIC
Authors: Arnaud M. , Aghanim N. , Belsole E. , Gastaud R. , Majerowicz S. , Neumann D.M. , Sauvageot J.L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFirst spatially resolved spectroscopic observations of the Virgo and Coma clusters made with XMM during the PV phase are presented. The implication for the dynamical state of these clusters are briefly discussed.
Simulations of Merging Clusters of Galaxies
Authors: Schindler Sabine 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNumerical simulations of cluster mergers reveal many characteristics of the merging process: shock structure and strength, observational signatures of the dynamical state, effects on the mass determination, turbulence and the evolution of the X-ray luminosity and the magnetic field. In this article I review the results obtained from various simulations over the last years.
Base de Données d’Images Planétaires (BDIP): One Century of Planetary Images: 1870-1977
Authors: Drossart Pierre , Roques Françoise , Birnbaum Cyril , Boyer René , Neyvoz Eliane 
Published: March 2016

The digitization of the planetary database of IAU has been performed, to give access to historical data in digital format. The database is constituted from the planetary photograph center collections, which was organized in 1961 at the request of the IAU (IAU conferences; Last reference: 1979, IAU Trans., XVIIA, 109). From this collection, 8473 images have been digitalized and are now accessible on line in a compressed format at the Web address: http://bdipwww.obspm.fr. The catalog information, including date and time of observations, and geometric configuration is completed for Jupiter and Saturn. The database contains plates recorded between 1870 and 1977:Jupiter: 2715 imagesSaturn: 357 imagesMars: 4661 imagesVenus: 835 imagesMercury: 105 images
The Origin of Magnetic Fields in Elliptical Galaxies
Authors: Shukurov Anvar 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe argue that interstellar gas in elliptical galaxies can be turbulent, with turbulent scale and velocity of 400 pc and 20 km s−1 respectively. An upper limit on turbulent velocity, ≃ 50 km s−1, follows from the requirement that the turbulence dissipation rate does not exceed the X-ray gas luminosity. The turbulence can generate random magnetic fields of 0.3 μG strength at the above scale via fluctuation dynamo action. The resulting Faraday rotation is random, with a typical value of 5-30 rad m−2, consistent with observational evidence available.
Experimental Progress in the Direct Detection of Dark Matter
Authors: Smith Nigel J.T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSeveral experimental approaches are being utilised for the direct detection of the hypothetical weakly interacting massive particle which may constitute the majority of the non-luminous component of the Galaxy. These experimental techniques exploit the coherent recoil of target nuclei during an interaction and include thermal, ionisation, scintillation and tracking detectors. The challenges associated with this detection, the techniques employed and the current status of these searches are reviewed.
Magnetic Helicity Conservation
Authors: Berger Mitchell A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMagnetic Helicity measures basic structural properties of magnetic fields such as twist, shear, linking, writhe, and handedness. It is conserved in ideal MHD and approximately conserved during reconnection. The minimum energy state of a field with a given magnetic helicity is a linear force free field. Helicity plays an important role in MHD turbulence and dynamo theory, and provides a valuable observational tool in solar and space physics. Helicity conservation can be tracked from the solar dynamo to active regions to coronal mass ejections to magnetic clouds in interplanetary space.
Technique for Inferring Magnetic Helicity of Active Regions
Authors: Chae Jongchul , Moon Yong-Jae 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe provide the rationale for the wide applicability of the LCT method for inferring the magnetic helicity of an active region, with an illustrative application made to NOAA 10365. We also report that the determined rate of helicity change is not much sensitive to the free parameters of the LCT method. The application of the method to active regions by several investigators has produced results suggesting that the magnetic helicity of a major active region with flux 1022 Mx may be usually of the order of 1043 Mx2 or less, being twisted at most 0.1 turns as a whole.
Helicity of Magnetic Clouds and Their Associated Active Regions
Authors: Leamon Robert J. , Canfield Richard C. , Jones Sarah L. , Lambkin Keith , Lundberg Brian J. , Pevtsov Alexei A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMagnetic clouds are associated with many Coronal Mass Ejections. Many CMEs involve active regions. In this work we focus on the relationship between twelve magnetic clouds and their associated active regions. We use a cylindrically symmetric constant-a force-free model to derive field line twist, total current, and total magnetic flux from in situ observations of magnetic clouds. We compare these properties with those of the associated solar active regions, which we infer from solar vector magnetograms.Our comparison of fluxes and currents reveals: (1) the total (unsigned) flux ratios ФMC/ФAR tend to be of order unity; (2) the total flux ratios tend to be orders of magnitude larger than the total (unsigned) current ratios IMC/IAR; and (3) there is a statistically significant proportionality between them. Our key findings in comparing total twists αL, where L is the axial dimension of the system, are: (1) the values of (αL)MC are typically an order of magnitude greater than those of (αL)AR; and (2) there is no systematic sign or amplitude relationship between them. These findings compel us to believe that magnetic clouds associated with active region eruptions are formed by magnetic reconnection between these regions and their larger-scale surroundings, rather than pre-existing structures in the corona or chromosphere.
Formation of Star Clusters in the LMC and SMC
Authors: Bekki Kenji , Couch Warrick J. , Forbes Duncan A. , Beasley M. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate that single and binary star clusters can be formed during cloud-cloud collisions triggered by the tidal interaction between the Large and Small Magellanic clouds. We run two different sets of self-consistent numerical simulations which show that compact, bound star clusters can be formed within the centers of two colliding clouds due to strong gaseous shocks, compression, and dissipation, providing the clouds have moderately large relative velocities (10 — 60 km s-1). The impact parameter determines whether the two colliding clouds become a single or a binary cluster. The star formation efficiency in the colliding clouds is dependent upon the initial ratio of the relative velocity of the clouds to the sound speed of the gas. Based on these results, we discuss the observed larger fraction of binary clusters, and star clusters with high ellipticity, in the Magellanic clouds.
Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Aikawa Yuri 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMolecular evolution is calculated in migrating fluid parcels in a protoplanetary disk considering gas-phase and grain-surface reactions. Radial distribution of molecules is obtained, which depends on ionization rate, temperature and/or desorption rate in the disk. If the temperature is high enough (> 20 K) or non-thermal desorption is efficient enough to sublimate dominant species such as CO in the comet forming regions, the desorbed species are transformed to less volatile species and again incorporated into ice mantles. Chemistry in these outer disks is similar to that in molecular clouds; it produces both oxidized and reduced species with a high D/H ratio.
IAU XXV JD17: Atomic Data For X-Ray Astronomy
Authors: Pradhan Anil K. , Nahar Sultana N. , Smith Peter L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Joint Discussion on Atomic Data For X-ray Astronomy addressed all aspects of X-ray astronomy: (I) New Observations, (II) Atomic Theory, (III) Laboratory Measurements (IV) Numerical Simulations, and (V) Databases. There were 22 invited presentations and approximately 40 contributed papers. Following papers are brief summaries of the proceedings. A detailed description of the aims and contents of JD17 are given at: www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pradhan/Iau/iau.html. The SOC consisted of: N. Brickhouse (USA), H. Hasan (USA), J. Houck (USA), A. Fabian (UK), J. Kaastra (Netherlands), F. Keenan (UK), S. Kahn (USA), T. Kallman (USA), H. Netzer (Israel), A.K. Pradhan (USA, Chair), P.L. Smith (USA), K. Yamashita (Japan).
Probing X-ray Emitting Plasma with High Resolution Chandra and XMM-Newton Spectra
Authors: Lee Julia C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHighlights of interesting astrophysical discoveries are reviewed in the context of high resolution X-ray spectroscopy made possible with Chandra and XMM-Newton, and its relevance to atomic physics calculations and measurements is discussed. These spectra have shown that the overlap between astrophysics and atomic physics is stronger than ever, as discoveries of new X-ray lines and edge structure is matching the need for increasingly detailed theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of atomic data.
New Results in Laboratory X-ray Astrophysics
Authors: Beiersdorfer P. , Chen H. , Boyce K. R. , Brown G. V. , Kelley R. L. , Porter F. S. , Stahle C. K. , Lepson J. K. , Jernigan J. G. , Wargelin B. J. , Kahn S. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA multi-faceted, multi-institutional laboratory astrophysics program is carried out at the Livermore electron beam ion trap facility, which is a mature spectroscopic source with unsurpassed controls and capabilities, and an unparalleled assortment of spectroscopic equipment, including a full complement of grating and crystal spectrometers and a 6x6 micro-calorimeter array. Recent results range from the calibration of x-ray diagnostics, including the Fe XVII and Fe XXV emission lines, extensive lists of L-shell ions, the first laboratory simulation and fit of a cometary x-ray emission spectrum, and the discovery of new spectral diagnostics for measuring magnetic field strengths.
Future NASA Programs and Funding Support
Authors: Hasan Hashima 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe future of Astronomy and Physics programs in the Office of Space Science is presented in the context of the overall NASA Strategic Plan. The highlights of the new road maps for the Origins and Structure and Evolution of the Universe science themes are given. A new initiative, Beyond Einstein, is discussed. New opportunities for technology development, building small missions, and conducting basic research and analysis to support NASA’s strategic goals are outlined. The status of NASA’s archives for data from its astronomy missions is presented.
High-Resolution Infrared Far-IR Spectroscopy from SOFIA, 2005-2025
Authors: Davidson J. A. , Erickson E. F. 
Published: March 2016

NASA and the DLR are developing SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy: a 2.5 m telescope in a Boeing 747SP aircraft. By flying in the lower stratosphere, SOFIA will allow astronomical measurements covering the wavelength range from 0.3 μm to 1.6 mm, with an emphasis on the spectral regions inaccessible from the ground, particularly the 6-8 μm and 30-300 μm regions. SOFIA will see “first light” in 2004; the science program will start in 2005. An operational lifetime of 20 years is planned.SOFIA will support a diverse and evolving complement of state-of-theart science instruments. Its spectrometers will have resolutions ranging from ~ 108 down to ~ 100, as needed to measure absorption and emission from astrophysically significant atoms, ions, molecules, aerosols, and solids. This paper describes the spectrometers being developed to fly on SOFIA soon after first light, and summarizes some of the high-spectral resolution investigations expected.
Hot Hydrogen in the Jovian Corona
Authors: Emerich C. , Ben Jaffel L. , Clarke J. T. , Ballester G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe asymmetry observed in the H-Lyα profiles measured near the Jovian equatorial limbs by the STIS/HST spectrograph is interpreted as due to H atoms propagating in the upper Jovian atmosphere with velocities ~ 80 km/s relative to Jupiter’s rotation. A qualitative scenario is suggested to correlate these energetic H atoms to energetic neutral particles recently detected by Cassini at higher altitudes.
Working Group on Designations and Special Session 3
Authors: Dickel Helene , Schmitz Marion 
Published: March 2016

The WGD is a part of Commission 5 – Documentation and Astronomical Data. There is a president, vice-president, and over a dozen members world-wide.One duty of the WG is to maintain and update a web-site which contains the IAU Recommendations for Nomenclature. These recommendations include suggestions for creating new names for objects and examples of improper nomenclature.
Nomenclature for Multiple Systems Containing Close Binaries
Authors: Scarfe C.D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractI would like to discuss the difficulty of developing and maintaining a hierarchical designation scheme for components of multiple systems, when components are found by more than one method. Such a sequence of discoveries can easily lead to conflict between the initial nomenclature, which gets established in the literature, and that based on a scheme that is in broader use, or is more physically representative, or both. I will describe as an example a hypothetical complex system whose hierarchical description depends on the sequence in which discoveries are made, and whose designation in discovery order is ambiguous. In the end I urge flexibility in designations.
A Note on the Determinants of the Regulation of Religion
Authors: Schleutker Elina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe existing studies on the determinants of the regulation of religion are based on the theories of modernization, clash of civilizations, and economics of religion, which do not properly take into account the potential impact of the political environment. The current study aims to address this gap in the research. It discusses some of the ways in which the differences in the political environment in autocratic and democratic countries might influence the regulation of religion. The results of the descriptive analysis for ca. 150 countries show that there is more variation in regulation of religion among the autocratic countries than among the democratic ones, and that in the autocratic countries there is a clear association between patterns of legitimation and regulation. The results on the association between the constitutional structure of the democratic countries and regulation of religion are ambiguous.
Intelligenz: kein Mythos, sondern Realität
Authors: Stern Elsbeth , Neubauer Aljoscha 
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das Konzept der psychometrischen Intelligenz ist in der Öffentlichkeit sowie auch in Teilen der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie umstritten. Warum Intelligenz so große Abwehrreaktionen auslöst und wie die Begründungen für diese zum Stand der Intelligenzforschung stehen, wird in diesem Artikel behandelt. Dabei behandeln wir drei weit verbreitete Vorurteile: 1) Das Definitionsproblem: Es gibt viele Intelligenzen, und Psychologen können sich sowieso nicht auf eine einheitliche Definition einigen; 2) Die Abseitigkeitsannahme: Die Leistung in Intelligenztests hat nichts mit Kompetenzen im wahren Leben zu tun; 3) Die Ursachenverwirrung: Wenn Intelligenz ein in den Genen verankertes Merkmal ist, bleiben Umwelteinflüsse unwirksam. Auf Basis der aktuellen Intelligenzforschung entkräften wir alle drei Einwände: 1) Intelligenz wird heute vom Großteil der Intelligenzforscher präzise und einheitlich definiert; das Fehlen einer einheitlichen Definition ist kein aktuelles Problem der Intelligenzforschung mehr. 2) Eine Reihe von jüngeren Meta-Analysen hat überzeugend die hohen und stabilen Validitäten von Intelligenztests demonstriert: Intelligenz ist einer der besten Prädiktoren von Lern- und Berufserfolg. 3) Die moderne Verhaltensgenetik hat verdeutlicht, dass Intelligenz in den Genen verankert ist, diese aber nur in einer geistig anregenden Umwelt ihr Potenzial entfalten können. Mit diesem Artikel möchten wir Psychologen Argumente an die Hand geben, mit denen sie eine skeptische Öffentlichkeit von der Wichtigkeit der psychometrischen Intelligenzforschung überzeugen können.
Rationally reduced libraries for combinatorial pathway optimization minimizing experimental effort
Authors: Jeschek Markus , Gerngross Daniel , Panke Sven 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRational flux design in metabolic engineering approaches remains difficult since important pathway information is frequently not available. Therefore empirical methods are applied that randomly change absolute and relative pathway enzyme levels and subsequently screen for variants with improved performance. However, screening is often limited on the analytical side, generating a strong incentive to construct small but smart libraries. Here we introduce RedLibs (Reduced Libraries), an algorithm that allows for the rational design of smart combinatorial libraries for pathway optimization thereby minimizing the use of experimental resources. We demonstrate the utility of RedLibs for the design of ribosome-binding site libraries by in silico and in vivo screening with fluorescent proteins and perform a simple two-step optimization of the product selectivity in the branched multistep pathway for violacein biosynthesis, indicating a general applicability for the algorithm and the proposed heuristics. We expect that RedLibs will substantially simplify the refactoring of synthetic metabolic pathways.
Variants near CHRNA3/5 and APOE have age- and sex-related effects on human lifespan
Authors: Joshi Peter K. , Fischer Krista , Schraut Katharina E. , Campbell Harry , Esko Tõnu , Wilson James F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLifespan is a trait of enormous personal interest. Research into the biological basis of human lifespan, however, is hampered by the long time to death. Using a novel approach of regressing (272,081) parental lifespans beyond age 40 years on participant genotype in a new large data set (UK Biobank), we here show that common variants near the apolipoprotein E and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 5 genes are associated with lifespan. The effects are strongly sex and age dependent, withAPOEɛ4 differentially influencing maternal lifespan (P=4.2 × 10−15, effect −1.24 years of maternal life per imputed risk allele in parent; sex difference,P=0.011), and a locus nearCHRNA3/5differentially affecting paternal lifespan (P=4.8 × 10−11, effect −0.86 years per allele; sex differenceP=0.075). Rare homozygous carriers of the risk alleles at both loci are predicted to have 3.3–3.7 years shorter lives.
Using higher-order Markov models to reveal flow-based communities in networks
Authors: Salnikov Vsevolod , Schaub Michael T. , Lambiotte Renaud 
Published: March 2016

AbstractComplex systems made of interacting elements are commonly abstracted as networks, in which nodes are associated with dynamic state variables, whose evolution is driven by interactions mediated by the edges. Markov processes have been the prevailing paradigm to model such a network-based dynamics, for instance in the form of random walks or other types of diffusions. Despite the success of this modelling perspective for numerous applications, it represents an over-simplification of several real-world systems. Importantly, simple Markov models lack memory in their dynamics, an assumption often not realistic in practice. Here, we explore possibilities to enrich the system description by means of second-order Markov models, exploiting empirical pathway information. We focus on the problem of community detection and show that standard network algorithms can be generalized in order to extract novel temporal information about the system under investigation. We also apply our methodology to temporal networks, where we can uncover communities shaped by the temporal correlations in the system. Finally, we discuss relations of the framework of second order Markov processes and the recently proposed formalism of using non-backtracking matrices for community detection.
In-situ Observation of Size and Irradiation Effects on Thermoelectric Properties of Bi-Sb-Te Nanowire in FIB Trimming
Authors: Chien Chia-Hua , Lee Ping-Chung , Tsai Wei-Han , Lin Chien-Hung , Lee Chih-Hao , Chen Yang-Yuan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this report, the thermoelectric properties of a Bi0.8Sb1.2Te2.9 nanowire (NW) were in-situ studied as it was trimmed from 750 down to 490 and 285 nm in diameter by a focused ion beam. While electrical and thermal conductivities both indubitably decrease with the diameter reduction, the two physical properties clearly exhibit different diameter dependent behaviors. For 750 and 490 nm NWs, much lower thermal conductivities (0.72 and 0.69 W/m-K respectively) were observed as compared with the theoretical prediction of Callaway model. The consequence indicates that in addition to the size effect, extra phonon scattering of defects created by Ga ion irradiation was attributed to the reduction of thermal conductivities. As the NW was further trimmed down to 285 nm, both the electrical and thermal conductivities exhibited a dramatic reduction which was ascribed to the formation of amorphous structure due to Ga ion irradiation. The size dependence of Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit (ZT) show the maximum at 750 nm, then decrease linearly with size decrease. The study not only provides the thoroughly understanding of the size and defect effects on the thermoelectric properties but also proposes a possible method to manipulate the thermal conductivity of NWs via ion irradiation.
Analysis of the association between host genetics, smoking, and sputum microbiota in healthy humans
Authors: Lim Mi Young , Yoon Hyo Shin , Rho Mina , Sung Joohon , Song Yun-Mi , Lee Kayoung , Ko GwangPyo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent studies showing clear differences in the airway microbiota between healthy and diseased individuals shed light on the importance of the airway microbiota in health. Here, we report the associations of host genetics and lifestyles such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with the composition of the sputum microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequence data generated from 257 sputum samples of Korean twin-family cohort. By estimating the heritability of each microbial taxon, we found that several taxa, including Providencia and Bacteroides, were significantly influenced by host genetic factors. Smoking had the strongest effect on the overall microbial community structure among the tested lifestyle factors. The abundances of Veillonella and Megasphaera were higher in current-smokers, and increased with the pack-year value and the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score. In contrast, Haemophilus decreased with the pack-year of smoking and the FTND score. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that the taxa were clustered according to the direction of associations with smoking, and that the taxa influenced by host genetics were found together. These results demonstrate that the relationships among sputum microbial taxa are closely associated with not only smoking but also host genetics.