bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrients and perinatal depression: a systematic review
Authors: Sparling Thalia M. , Nesbitt Robin C. , Henschke Nicholas , Gabrysch Sabine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPregnancy and lactation deplete nutrients essential to the neurotransmission system. This may be one reason for the increased risk of depression during the perinatal period. The objective of the present review was to systematically review the literature and summarise evidence on whether blood nutrient levels influence the risk of perinatal depression. PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched for studies of any design. A total of twenty-four articles of different designs were included, representing 14 262 subjects. We extracted data on study population, depression prevalence, nutrients examined, deficiency prevalence, timing of assessment, reporting, analysis strategy and adjustment factors. In all, fourteen studies found associations of perinatal depression with lower levels of folate, vitamin D, Fe, Se, Zn, and fats and fatty acids, while two studies found associations between perinatal depression and higher nutrient levels, and eight studies found no evidence of an association. Only ten studies had low risk of bias. Given the methodological limitations and heterogeneity of study approaches and results, the evidence for a causal link between nutritional biomarkers and perinatal depression is still inconclusive. High-quality studies in deficient populations are needed.
Assessing the applicability of terrestrial laser scanning for mapping englacial conduits
Authors: KAMINTZIS J. E. , JONES J. P. P. , IRVINE-FYNN T. D. L. , HOLT T. O. , BUNTING P. , JENNINGS S. J. A. , PORTER P. R. , HUBBARD B. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe morphology of englacial drainage networks and their temporal evolution are poorly characterised, particularly within cold ice masses. At present, direct observations of englacial channels are restricted in both spatial and temporal resolution. Through novel use of a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) system, the interior geometry of an englacial channel in Austre Brøggerbreen, Svalbard, was reconstructed and mapped. Twenty-eight laser scan surveys were conducted in March 2016, capturing the glacier surface around a moulin entrance and the uppermost 122 m reach of the adjoining conduit. The resulting point clouds provide detailed 3-D visualisation of the channel with point accuracy of 6.54 mm, despite low (<60%) overall laser returns as a result of the physical and optical properties of the clean ice, snow, hoar frost and sediment surfaces forming the conduit interior. These point clouds are used to map the conduit morphology, enabling extraction of millimetre-to-centimetre scale geometric measurements. The conduit meanders at a depth of 48 m, with a sinuosity of 2.7, exhibiting teardrop shaped cross-section morphology. This improvement upon traditional surveying techniques demonstrates the potential of TLS as an investigative tool to elucidate the nature of glacier hydrological networks, through reconstruction of channel geometry and wall composition.
OVERCOMING THE CORPORATE VEIL CHALLENGE: COULD INVESTMENT LAW INSPIRE THE PROPOSED BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY?
Authors: Yilmaz Vastardis Anil , Chambers Rachel 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article proposes a model of treaty-based veil piercing for civil liability claims by victims of human rights harm inflicted by businesses. The primary inspiration for this model comes from investment treaty provisions dealing with corporate investors. Our examination of investment law for this purpose exposes the double standard in the treatment of the corporate veil between these two remedy regimes, and offers a way to address this. The test we propose for lifting the veil in order to allow victims to claim against the parent company in a corporate group is one of ‘legal control’. It aims to capture cases where the parent did not necessarily take an active role in the subsidiary's business, but it is still treated as being in control of the subsidiary by virtue of its direct or indirect ownership or ability to appoint management.
Transcatheter therapy of anomalous systemic venous drainage
Authors: Amdani Shahnawaz M. , Forbes Thomas J. , Kobayashi Daisuke 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAnomalous drainage of the right superior caval vein into the left atrium is a rare congenital anomaly that causes cyanosis and occult infection owing to right-to-left shunting. Transcatheter management of this anomaly is unique and rarely reported. We report a 32-year-old man with a history of brain abscess, who was diagnosed with an anomalous right superior caval vein draining to the left atrium; right upper pulmonary vein and right middle pulmonary vein draining into the inferior portion of the right superior caval vein; and a left superior caval vein draining into the right atrium through the coronary sinus without a bridging vein. Pre-procedural planning was guided by three-dimensional printed model. The right superior caval vein was occluded with a 16-mm Amplatzer muscular Ventricular Septal Defect occluder inferior to the azygous vein, but superior to the entries of right upper and middle pulmonary veins. This diverted the right superior caval vein flow to the inferior caval vein system through the azygos vein in a retrograde manner and allowed the right upper pulmonary vein and right middle pulmonary vein flow to drain into the left atrium normally, achieving exclusion of right-to-left shunting and allowing normal drainage of pulmonary veins into the left atrium. At the 6-month follow-up, his saturation improved from 93 to 97% with no symptoms of superior caval vein syndrome.
WHAT MAKES A SOCIAL ORDER PRIMITIVE? IN DEFENSE OF HART'S TAKE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Lefkowitz David 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe widespread antipathy to Hart's description of international law as a simple or primitive social order, one that lacks a rule of recognition and therefore does not qualify as a legal system, rests on two misunderstandings. First, the absence of a division of labor in identifying, altering, applying, and enforcing law is as much, if not more, central to Hart's understanding of what makes a society primitive as is the absence of any secondary rules at all. Second, it is primarily in terms of the presence of such a division of labor and the implications it has for the ontology of law that Hart understands the idea of a legal system and the ideas of a rule of recognition and legal validity that accompany it. Interpreted in light of these claims, Hart's characterization of international law is quite plausible; moreover, embracing it may well provide both theoretical and moral benefits.
Exposure to vitamin D from fortified margarine during fetal life and later risk of pre-eclampsia: the D-tect Study
Authors: Stougaard Maria , Damm Peter , Frederiksen Peder , Jacobsen Ramune , Heitmann Berit L 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo examine if fetal exposure to a small dosage of extra vitamin D from food fortification was associated with a decrease in the risk of pre-eclampsia later in life.DesignCancellation of the mandatory vitamin D fortification of margarine in 1985 created a societal experiment, with entire adjacent birth cohorts exposed or unexposed to extra vitamin D during fetal development. The Danish national medical health registries allowed the identification of pre-eclampsia cases later in life among all exposed and unexposed female individuals.SettingDenmark.SubjectsWomen born between June 1983 and August 1988, who gave birth to their first child at age 14·5–27·5 years (n 32 621).ResultsOR (95 % CI) for pre-eclampsia among women exposed v. unexposed to extra vitamin D from fortification during fetal development was 0·86 (0·76, 0·97). Exposure to extra vitamin D was associated with further reduced odds of pre-eclampsia (0·49 (0·34, 0·72)) among current smokers, but not among former smokers and non-smokers.ConclusionsAdditional vitamin D in fetal life from food fortification seems to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia later in life. The risk reduction may be particularly strong among women who smoke during pregnancy.
Small signal stability analysis of paralleled inverters for multiple photovoltaic generation units connected to weak grid
Authors: Jia Qi , Yan Gangui , Cai Yuru , Li Yonglin 
Published: December 2017

In this study, a small signal model of paralleled inverters for multiple photovoltaic (PV) generation units (MPGUs) connected to weak grid is developed. Based on the proposed small signal model, eigenvalue analysis is employed to study the stability of MPGUs within different grid strength, different control parameters in each phase‐locked loop (PLL) controller and varying operating points in each PV generation unit. Furthermore, based on the transfer function of the power control loops in dq rotation frame, the coupling mechanism of operating point in each PV unit is revealed. The results show that: with the increasing of output power of PV unit among the PV generation and the decreasing of the grid strength, it may occur oscillation phenomena, the oscillation frequency is about 5 Hz; tuning gains of PLL has noticeable effect on the damping characteristic of the system, and larger PLL gains can improve system damping; each PV unit power control loop is coupled by the point of common coupling voltage, increasing the output power of PV unit, it may reduce the phase margin of the system transfer function and deteriorate the system stability. Theoretical analysis is verified with simulation of MPGUs connected to weak grid.
Facile partly templating growth of Bi2S3 nanorods by in‐situ thermal sulphuration of BiOCl nanosheets and the photosensitive properties
Authors: Cui Zhankui , Hu Erkang , Song Hongtao 
Published: December 2017

Bi2S3 nanorods were prepared by a facile in‐situ thermal sulphuration method using BiOCl nanosheets as precursors. The products were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, Raman scattering, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The optical properties were measured by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence techniques. The photosensitive properties were investigated by the photoelectrochemical method. The Bi2S3 sample was of pure orthorhombic phase and composed of nanorods with average diameter of ∼200 nm and length of ∼2 μm. A plausible gas phase growth mechanism was proposed which involved the partly templating of the shape of precursors by transforming BiOCl nanosheets to Bi2S3 nanorods. The photocurrent of the products under irradiation of solar simulator reached 1.0 μA/cm2 without bias voltage which was ten times that of the dark current. The photoelectric measurements clearly demonstrate that the as‐prepared Bi2S3 nanorods possess excellent photosensitivity with stability and reproducibility, enabling the products suitable for the fabrication of high‐performance photodetectors and other optoelectric devices.
Herschel-PACS photometry of faint stars for sensitivity performance assessment and establishment of faint FIR primary photometric standards
Authors: Klaas U. , Balog Z. , Nielbock M. , Müller T.G. , Linz H. , Kiss Cs. 
Published: December 2017

Aims. Our aims are to determine flux densities and their photometric accuracy for a set of seventeen stars that range in flux from intermediately bright (≲2.5 Jy) to faint (≳5 mJy) in the far-infrared (FIR). We also aim to derive signal-to-noise dependence with flux and time, and compare the results with predictions from the Herschel exposure-time calculation tool.
Methods. We obtain aperture photometry from Herschel-PACS high-pass-filtered scan maps and chop/nod observations of the faint stars. The issues of detection limits and sky confusion noise are addressed by comparison of the field-of-view at different wavelengths, by multi-aperture photometry, by special processing of the maps to preserve extended emission, and with the help of large-scale absolute sky brightness maps from AKARI. This photometry is compared with flux-density predictions based on photospheric models for these stars. We obtain a robust noise estimate by fitting the flux distribution per map pixel histogram for the area around the stars, scaling it for the applied aperture size and correcting for noise correlation.
Results. For 15 stars we obtain reliable photometry in at least one PACS filter, and for 11 stars we achieve this in all three PACS filters (70, 100, 160 μm). Faintest fluxes, for which the photometry still has good quality, are about 10–20 mJy with scan map photometry. The photometry of seven stars is consistent with models or flux predictions for pure photospheric emission, making them good primary standard candidates. Two stars exhibit source-intrinsic far-infrared excess: β Gem (Pollux), being the host star of a confirmed Jupiter-size exoplanet, due to emission of an associated dust disk, and η Dra due to dust emission in a binary system with a K1 dwarf. The investigation of the 160 μm sky background and environment of four sources reveals significant sky confusion prohibiting the determination of an accurate stellar flux at this wavelength. As a good model approximation, for nine stars we obtain scaling factors of the continuum flux models of four PACS fiducial standards with the same or quite similar spectral type. We can verify a linear dependence of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) with flux and with square root of time over significant ranges. At 160 μm the latter relation is, however, affected by confusion noise.
Conclusions. The PACS faint star sample has allowed a comprehensive sensitivity assessment of the PACS photometer. Accurate photometry allows us to establish a set of five FIR primary standard candidates, namely α Ari, ε Lep, ω Cap, HD 41047 and 42 Dra, which are 2–20 times fainter than the faintest PACS fiducial standard (γ Dra) with absolute accuracy of <6%. For three of these primary standard candidates, essential stellar parameters are known, meaning that a dedicated flux model code may be run.
Low-frequency photospheric and wind variability in the early-B supergiant HD 2905
Authors: Simón-Díaz S. , Aerts C. , Urbaneja M. A. , Camacho I. , Antoci V. , Fredslund Andersen M. , Grundahl F. , Pallé P. L. 
Published: December 2017

Context.Despite important advances in space asteroseismology during the last decade, the early phases of evolution of stars with masses above ~15M⊙(including the O stars and their evolved descendants, the B supergiants) have been only vaguely explored up to now. This is due to the lack of adequate observations for a proper characterization of the complex spectroscopic and photometric variability occurring in these stars.Aim.Our goal is to detect, analyze, and interpret variability in the early-B-type supergiant HD 2905 (κCas, B1 Ia) using long-term, ground-based, high-resolution spectroscopy.Methods.We gather a total of 1141 high-resolution spectra covering some 2900 days with three different high-performance spectrographs attached to 1–2.6m telescopes at the Canary Islands observatories. We complement these observations with the hipparcos light curve, which includes 160 data points obtained during a time span of ~1200 days. We investigate spectroscopic variability of up to 12 diagnostic lines by using the zero and first moments of the line profiles. We perform a frequency analysis of both the spectroscopic and photometric dataset using Scargle periodograms. We obtain single snapshot and time-dependent information about the stellar parameters and abundances by means of the FASTWIND stellar atmosphere code.Results.HD 2905 is a spectroscopic variable with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the zero and first moments of the photospheric lines of up to 15% and 30 km s−1, respectively. The amplitude of the line-profile variability is correlated with the line formation depth in the photosphere and wind. All investigated lines present complex temporal behavior indicative of multi-periodic variability with timescales of a few days to several weeks. No short-period (hourly) variations are detected. The Scargle periodograms of the hipparcos light curve and the first moment of purely photospheric lines reveal a low-frequency amplitude excess and a clear dominant frequency at ~0.37 d−1. In the spectroscopy, several additional frequencies are present in the range 0.1–0.4 d−1. These may be associated with heat-driven gravity modes, convectively driven gravity waves, or sub-surface convective motions. Additional frequencies are detected below 0.1 d−1. In the particular case of Hα, these are produced by rotational modulation of a non-spherically symmetric stellar wind.Conclusions.Combined long-term uninterrupted space photometry with high-precision spectroscopy is the best strategy to unravel the complex low-frequency photospheric and wind variability of B supergiants. Three-dimensional (3D) simulations of waves and of convective motions in the sub-surface layers can shed light on a unique interpretation of the variability.
Neuroprognostication of Cardiac Arrest Patients: Outcomes of Importance
Authors: Cronberg Tobias 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDuring the last two decades, survival rates after cardiac arrest have increased while the fraction of patients surviving with a severe neurological disability or vegetative state has decreased in many countries. While improved survival is due to improvements in the whole “chain of survival,” improved methods for prognostication of neurological outcome may be of major importance for the lower disability rates. Patients who are resuscitated and treated in intensive care will die mainly from the withdrawal of life-sustaining (WLST) therapy due to presumed poor chances of meaningful neurological recovery. To ensure high-quality decision-making and to reduce the risk of premature withdrawal of care, implementation of local protocols is crucial and should be guided by international recommendations. Despite rigorous neurological prognostication, cognitive impairment and related psychological distress and reduced participation in society will still be relevant concerns for cardiac arrest survivors. The commonly used outcome measures are not designed to provide information on these domains. Follow-up of the cardiac arrest survivor needs to consider the cardiovascular burden as an important factor to prevent cognitive difficulties and future decline.
Future Directions for Hypothermia following Severe Traumatic Brian Injury
Authors: Chiu Annie , Hinson Holly 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health care problem on both individual and public health levels. As a major cause of death and disability in the United States, it is associated with a significant economic and public health burden. Although the evidence to support the use of induced hypothermia on neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest is well established, its use in treating TBI remains controversial. Hypothermia has the potential to mitigate some of the destructive processes that occur as part of secondary brain injury after TBI. Hypothermia can be helpful in lowering intracranial pressure, for example, but its influence on functional outcome is unclear. There is insufficient evidence to support the broad use of prophylactic hypothermia for neuroprotection after TBI. Investigators are beginning to more carefully select patients for temperature modulating therapies, in a more personalized approach. Examples include targeting immunomodulation and scaling hypothermia to achieve metabolic targets. This review will summarize the clinical evidence for the use of hypothermia to limit secondary brain injury following acute TBI.
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Strategies for Preventing Vasospasm in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Zazulia Allyson , Diringer Michael 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article addresses the intensive care unit (ICU) management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with an emphasis on the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), which are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Interventions addressing various steps in the development of vasospasm have been attempted, with variable success. Enteral nimodipine remains the only approved measure to potentially prevent DCI. Since oral and intravenous administrations are limited by hypotension, direct administration via sustained-release pellets and intraventricular administration of sustained-release microparticles are being investigated. Studies of other calcium channel blockers have been disappointing. Efforts to remove blood from the subarachnoid space via cisternal irrigation, cisternal or ventricular thrombolysis, and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage have met with limited and variable success, and they remain an area of active investigation. Several interventions that had early promise have failed to show benefit when studied in large trials; these include tirilazad, magnesium, statins, clazosentan, transluminal angioplasty, and hypervolemia.
Spontaneous Intraventricular Hemorrhage: When Should Intraventricular tPA Be Considered?
Authors: Abdelmalik Peter , Ziai Wendy 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most common cause of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in adults. Complicating approximately 40% of ICH cases, IVH adds to the morbidity and mortality of this often fatal form of stroke. It is also a severity factor that complicates subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury, along with other less common causes of intracranial bleeding. Medical and surgical interventions to date have focused on limiting ICH and IVH expansion, controlling intracranial pressure, and relieving obstructive hydrocephalus. The placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) can achieve the latter two goals but has not demonstrated improvement in clinical outcomes beyond mortality reduction. More recently, intraventricular fibrinolysis, utilizing the EVD, has gained interest as a safe and potentially effective method to maintain catheter patency and facilitate hematoma removal. A recent phase III clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of intraventricular alteplase versus intraventricular saline showed a mortality benefit, but failed to meet the primary endpoint of significant functional improvement. However, planned subgroup analysis focusing on patients with IVH volume > 20 mL, and those with IVH removal > 85% suggest that significant functional benefits may be attainable with this therapy. The practice of intraventricular fibrinolysis for spontaneous IVH is not the standard of care; however, based on 20 years of experience, it meets thresholds as a safe intervention, and in those patients with a high burden of intraventricular blood, aggressive clearance may lead to improved quality of life in survivors of this morbid syndrome.
Decompressive Craniectomy for Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
Authors: Landreneau Mark , Sheth Kevin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAdvancements in the treatment of ischemic stroke have led to a recent decline in overall stroke mortality, but patients with hemispheric infarcts remain at high risk for death. Recent advances in the approach to this devastating disease include early identification of patients at high risk for swelling and standardized approaches to medical therapy. However, surgical decompression continues to be the most effective treatment for malignant edema from large hemispheric strokes. Patient selection in the past had been strictly limited to younger ages and the nondominant hemisphere. More recent evidence demonstrates a mortality benefit in older patients with a limited impact on morbidity. Judicious patient selection and shared, informed decision making with families remain the optimal approach for this devastating disease.