bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Recovery of Contused Spinal Cord in Rat with the Injection of Optimal‐Dosed Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Jong‐Wan , Mahapatra Chinmaya , Hong Jin‐Young , Kim Min Soo , Leong Kam W. , Kim Hae‐Won , Hyun Jung Keun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) produces excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can exacerbate secondary injury and lead to permanent functional impairment. Hypothesizing that cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) as an effective ROS scavenger may offset this damaging effect, it is first demonstrated in vitro that CONPs suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generation and enhanced cell viability of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐insulted cortical neurons. Next, CONPs are administered at various does (50–4000 µg mL−1) to a contused spinal cord rat model and monitored the disease progression for up to eight weeks. At one day postinjury, the number of iNOS+ cells decreases in the treated groups compared with the control. At one week, the cavity size and inflammatory cells are substantially reduced, and the expression of proinflammatory and apoptotic molecules is downregulated with a concurrent upregulation of anti‐inflammatory cytokine. By eight weeks, the treated groups show significantly improved locomotor functions compared with the control. This study shows for the first time that injection of optimal‐dosed CONPs alone into contusion‐injured spinal cord of rats can reduce ROS level, attenuate inflammation and apoptosis, and consequently help locomotor functional recovery, adding a promising and complementary strategy to the other treatments of acute SCI.
Review of the Theoretical Description of Time‐Resolved Angle‐Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy in Electron‐Phonon Mediated Superconductors
Authors: Kemper A. F. , Sentef M. A. , Moritz B. , Devereaux T. P. , Freericks J. K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe review recent work on the theory for pump/probe photoemission spectroscopy of electron‐phonon mediated superconductors in both the normal and the superconducting states. We describe the formal developments that allow one to solve the Migdal‐Eliashberg theory in nonequilibrium for an ultrashort laser pumping field, and explore the solutions which illustrate the relaxation as energy is transferred from electrons to phonons. We focus on exact results emanating from sum rules and approximate numerical results which describe rules of thumb for relaxation processes. In addition, in the superconducting state, we describe how Anderson‐Higgs oscillations can be excited due to the nonlinear coupling with the electric field and describe mechanisms where pumping the system enhances superconductivity.
Modulation of Mitochondriotropic Properties of Cyanine Dyes by in Organello Copper‐Free Click Reaction
Authors: Negwer Inka , Hirsch Markus , Kaloyanova Stefka , Brown Tom , Peneva Kalina , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Koynov Kaloian , Helm Mark 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCyanine (Cy) dyes show a general propensity to localize in polarized mitochondria. This mitochondriotropism was used to perform a copper‐free click reaction in the mitochondria of living cells. The in organello reaction of dyes Cy3 and Cy5 led to a product that was easily traceable by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). As determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the Cy3–Cy5 conjugate showed enhanced retention in mitochondria, relative to that of the starting compounds. This enhancement of a favorable property can be achieved by synthesis in organello, but not outside mitochondria.
Terminally Truncated Isopenicillin N Synthase Generates a Dithioester Product: Evidence for a Thioaldehyde Intermediate during Catalysis and a New Mode of Reaction for Non‐Heme Iron Oxidases
Authors: McNeill Luke A. , Brown Toby J. N. , Sami Malkit , Clifton Ian J. , Burzlaff Nicolai I. , Claridge Timothy D. W. , Adlington Robert M. , Baldwin Jack E. , Rutledge Peter J. , Schofield Christopher J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIsopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) catalyses the four‐electron oxidation of a tripeptide, l‐δ‐(α‐aminoadipoyl)‐l‐cysteinyl‐d‐valine (ACV), to give isopenicillin N (IPN), the first‐formed β‐lactam in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis. IPNS catalysis is dependent upon an iron(II) cofactor and oxygen as a co‐substrate. In the absence of substrate, the carbonyl oxygen of the side‐chain amide of the penultimate residue, Gln330, co‐ordinates to the active‐site metal iron. Substrate binding ablates the interaction between Gln330 and the metal, triggering rearrangement of seven C‐terminal residues, which move to take up a conformation that extends the final α‐helix and encloses ACV in the active site. Mutagenesis studies are reported, which probe the role of the C‐terminal and other aspects of the substrate binding pocket in IPNS. The hydrophobic nature of amino acid side‐chains around the ACV binding pocket is important in catalysis. Deletion of seven C‐terminal residues exposes the active site and leads to formation of a new type of thiol oxidation product. The isolated product is shown by LC‐MS and NMR analyses to be the ene‐thiol tautomer of a dithioester, made up from two molecules of ACV linked between the thiol sulfur of one tripeptide and the oxidised cysteinyl β‐carbon of the other. A mechanism for its formation is proposed, supported by an X‐ray crystal structure, which shows the substrate ACV bound at the active site, its cysteinyl β‐carbon exposed to attack by a second molecule of substrate, adjacent. Formation of this product constitutes a new mode of reaction for IPNS and non‐heme iron oxidases in general.
The Synthesis and Photophysical Analysis of a Series of 4‐Nitrobenzochalcogenadiazoles for Super‐Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Jenkinson Daniel Ray , Cadby Ashley James , Jones Simon 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA series of 4‐nitrobenzodiazoles with atomic substitution through the chalcogen group were synthesised and their photophysical properties analysed with a view for use in single‐molecule localisation microscopy. Sub‐diffraction resolution imaging was achieved for silica nanoparticles coated with each dye. Those containing larger atoms were favoured for super‐resolution microscopy due to a reduced blink rate (required for stochastic events to be localised). The sulfur‐containing molecule was deemed most amenable for widespread use due to the ease of synthetic manipulation compared to the selenium‐containing derivative.
Large‐Diameter TiO2 Nanotubes Enable Wall Engineering with Conformal Hierarchical Decoration and Blocking Layers for Enhanced Efficiency in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)
Authors: Elzarka Abdelhamid , Liu Ning , Hwang Imgon , Kamal Mustafa , Schmuki Patrik 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHerein, we grew anodic TiO2 nanotube layer with a tube diameter >500 nm and an open tube mouth. We use this morphology in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and show that these tubes allow the construction of hybrid hierarchical photoanode structures of nanotubes with a defined and wall‐conformal TiO2 nanoparticle decoration. At the same time, the large diameter allows the successful establishment of an additional (insulating) blocking layer of SiO2 or Al2O3 on the tube wall. We showed that this combination of hierarchical structure and blocking layer significantly enhances the solar‐cell efficiency by suppressing recombination reactions. In such a DSSC structure, the solar‐cell efficiency under back side illumination with AM1.5 illumination was enhanced from 3 % for the neat tube to 5 % for the hierarchical structure to 7 % when additionally a blocking layer was attached.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Fast Field Cycling Method for the Selective Study of Molecular Dynamics in Block Copolymers
Authors: Gizatullin Bulat , Neudert Oliver , Stapf Siegfried , Mattea Carlos 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of the most useful methods to increase sensitivity in NMR spectroscopy. It is based on the transfer of magnetization from an electron to the nuclear spin system. Based on previous work that demonstrated the feasibility of integrating DNP with fast field cycling (FFC) relaxometry and the possibility to distinguish between different mechanisms, such as the Overhauser effect (OE) and the solid effect (SE), the first FFC study of the differential relaxation properties of a copolymer is presented. For this purpose, concentrated solutions of the polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐polystyrene (SBS) triblock copolymer and the corresponding homopolymers were investigated. T1–T2 relaxation data are discussed in terms of molecular mobility and the presence of radicals. The DNP selective data indicate a dominant SE contribution to the enhancement of the NMR signal for both blocks of the triblock copolymer and for the homopolymer solutions. The enhancement factors are different for both polymer types and in the copolymer, which is explained by the individual 1H T1 relaxation times and different electron–nucleus coupling strength. The T1 relaxation dispersion measurements of the SE enhanced signal were performed, which led to improved signal‐to‐noise ratios that allowed the site‐specific separation of relaxation times and their dependence on the Larmor frequency with a higher accuracy.
Genomic and phenotypic signatures of climate adaptation in anAnolislizard
Authors: Rodríguez Ariel , Rusciano Tia , Hamilton Rickeisha , Holmes Leondra , Jordan Deidra , Wollenberg Valero Katharina C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntegrated knowledge on phenotype, physiology, and genomic adaptations is required to understand the effects of climate on evolution. The functional genomic basis of organismal adaptation to changes in the abiotic environment, its phenotypic consequences, and its possible convergence across vertebrates are still understudied. In this study, we use a comparative approach to verify predicted gene functions for vertebrate thermal adaptation with observed functions underlying repeated genomic adaptations in response to elevation in the lizardAnolis cybotes. We establish a direct link between recurrently evolved phenotypes and functional genomics of altitude‐related climate adaptation in three highland and lowland populations in the Dominican Republic. We show that across vertebrates, genes contained in this interactome are expressed within the brain, the endocrine system, and during development. These results are relevant to elucidate the effect of global climate change across vertebrates and might aid in furthering insight into gene–environment relationships under disturbances to homeostasis.
Assessing patterns of genetic admixture between sheep breeds: Case study in Algeria
Authors: Harkat Sahraoui , Laoun Abbes , Belabdi Ibrahim , Benali Rédha , Outayeb Djouhar , Payet‐Duprat Nathalie , Blanquet Véronique , Lafri Mohamed , Da Silva Anne 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn developing countries, cross‐breeding between local breeds and indigene or exotic breeds represents one of the main threats to the livestock diversity, leading to genetic dilution and loss of unique allelic combination underlying essential local adaptive traits. In this study, two Algerian sheep breeds, known to be highly admixed, were considered as a case study, to demonstrate how combination of different methodologies coupled with the use of specific softwares can be efficient to assess the spatial structuration of a hybrid zone, even in a case of extreme admixture. A fine sampling covering distribution areas of both breeds was implemented in order to study the admixture area and adjacent zones from a phenotypic (i.e., 19 quantitative traits were considered) and a genetic point of view (i.e., 21 microsatellites markers were used). Both approaches gave concordant patterns, highlighting areas with sheep most differentiated (or less admixed) for each breed. In detail, the region of Biskra appeared as the most preserved for the Ouled‐Djellal breed and the northwest of Laghouat was identified as the most preserved area for the Rembi breed. The approach proposed in the study offers a low‐cost solution to identify the most representative flocks of a breed, allowing the implementation of efficient conservation plans.
Using a historic drought and high‐heat event to validate thermal exposure predictions for ground‐dwelling birds
Authors: Carroll James M. , Davis Craig A. , Elmore R. Dwayne , Fuhlendorf Samuel D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDeviations from typical environmental conditions can provide insight into how organisms may respond to future weather extremes predicted by climate modeling. During an episodic and multimonth heat wave event (i.e., ambient temperature up to 43.4°C), we studied the thermal ecology of a ground‐dwelling bird species in Western Oklahoma, USA. Specifically, we measured black bulb temperature (Tbb) and vegetation parameters at northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter bobwhite) adult and brood locations as well as at stratified random points in the study area. On the hottest days (i.e., ≥39°C), adults and broods obtained thermal refuge using tall woody cover that remained on average up to 16.51°C cooler than random sites on the landscape which reached >57°C. We also found that refuge sites used by bobwhites moderated thermal conditions by more than twofold compared to stratified random sites on the landscape but that Tbb commonly exceeded thermal stress thresholds for bobwhites (39°C) for several hours of the day within thermal refuges. The serendipitous high heat conditions captured in our study represent extreme heat for our study region as well as thermal stress for our study species, and subsequently allowed us to assess ground‐dwelling bird responses to temperatures that are predicted to become more common in the future. Our findings confirm the critical importance of tall woody cover for moderating temperatures and functioning as important islands of thermal refuge for ground‐dwelling birds, especially during extreme heat. However, the potential for extreme heat loads within thermal refuges that we observed (albeit much less extreme than the landscape) indicates that the functionality of tall woody cover to mitigate heat extremes may be increasingly limited in the future, thereby reinforcing predictions that climate change represents a clear and present danger for these species.
Electrochemical Sensor Based on NiAlPO‐5 for Determination of Cu2+ in Ethanol Biofuel
Authors: Cruz de Castro Aleff , França Aldilene Santos , Rojas Alex , Cavalheiro Éder Tadeu Gomes , Marques Edmar Pereira , Marques Aldaléa Lopes Brandes 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis work describes the development of electrochemical sensors based on graphite–polyurethane composite (GPU) modified with aluminophosphate zeolite type 5 (AlPO‐5) and nickel (II) incorporated aluminophosphate type 5 (NiAlPO‐5), in order to evaluate their performance for determination of Cu2+ in ethanol biofuel. These electrodes were initially characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The obtained results revealed that the NiAlPO‐5 with Ni/Al ratio 0.5 presented the best response in terms of sensitivity, and peak width at half height of Cu2+ voltamogramm, which indicate that on these conditions the NiAlPO‐5 electrode is viable for determination of this ion in biofuel samples by square wave stripping voltammetry. The obtained results revealed that the presence of Ni in the zeolite structure (NiAlPO‐5) improves the electrical properties, and increases the peak current for Cu2+ in comparison with the electrode based in AlPO‐5. The proposed method presented a linear response for Cu2+ with good results for limit of detection (9.4×10−9 mol L−1), accuracy (recovery of 115 %) and precision (RSD of 5.9 %).
Characterization of arc beads on energized conductors exposed to radiant heat
Authors: Iwashita Tomoyasu , Hagimoto Yasuaki , Sugawa Osami 
Published: July 2017

SummaryIt has been discovered through experimentation the mechanism of how and when an arcing short or a physical short occurs on a cable when exposed to a radiant heat flux. It is then considered how this mechanism acts on the size of the resulting arc beads. Another discovery was that a leakage current precedes a short circuit. Subsequently, it was found that arcing shorts and physical shorts can be distinguished based on the amount of leakage current that precedes the short circuit. In the case of an arcing short, the leakage current is large and the arc bead is small. The opposite is true for a physical short. In the case of a physical short, the leakage current is small and the arc beads are large. Tests were conducted with a Japanese polyvinyl chloride (PVC)–insulated sheathed cable, an American PVC–sheathed non‐metallic (NM) cable, and an American cloth–sheathed NM cable. The following were found: A Japanese PVC–insulated sheathed cable tends to cause a physical short and to form larger arc beads than other cables. American NM cables tend to cause an arcing short. Especially, an American cloth–insulated cable tends to be preceded by a larger leakage current and to form smaller arc beads than other cables. This result corresponds to the experimental description in NFPA 921 concerning arc beads on a cloth‐sheathed NM cable.
Cingulate and cerebellar beta oscillations are engaged in the acquisition of auditory‐motor sequences
Authors: Herrojo Ruiz María , Maess Burkhard , Altenmüller Eckart , Curio Gabriel , Nikulin Vadim V. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSinging, music performance, and speech rely on the retrieval of complex sounds, which are generated by the corresponding actions and are organized into sequences. It is crucial in these forms of behavior that the serial organization (i.e., order) of both the actions and associated sounds be monitored and learned. To investigate the neural processes involved in the monitoring of serial order during the initial learning of sensorimotor sequences, we performed magnetoencephalographic recordings while participants explicitly learned short piano sequences under the effect of occasional alterations of auditory feedback (AAF). The main result was a prominent and selective modulation of beta (13–30 Hz) oscillations in cingulate and cerebellar regions during the processing of AAF that simulated serial order errors. Furthermore, the AAF‐induced modulation of beta oscillations was associated with higher error rates, reflecting compensatory changes in sequence planning. This suggests that cingulate and cerebellar beta oscillations play a role in tracking serial order during initial sensorimotor learning and in updating the mapping of the sensorimotor representations. The findings support the notion that the modulation of beta oscillations is a candidate mechanism for the integration of sequential motor and auditory information during an early stage of skill acquisition in music performance. This has potential implications for singing and speech. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5161–5179, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overexpression miR‐211‐5p hinders the proliferation, migration, and invasion of thyroid tumor cells by downregulating SOX11
Authors: Wang Lei , Shen Yan‐feng , Shi Zhi‐min , Shang Xiao‐juan , Jin Dong‐ling , Xi Feng 
Published: July 2017

PurposeThis study was aimed to investigate the relationship between miR‐211‐5p and SOX11, and the effects of their interaction on the proliferation, viability, and invasion of human thyroid cancer (TC) cells.MethodsWe used quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) to determine the expression of miR‐211‐5p and SOX11mRNA in the thyroid tumorous and the adjacent tissues. The target relationship between miR‐211‐5p and SOX11 was confirmed using dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Flow cytometry, colony formation assay, Transwell assay, and MTT assay were performed to determine the cell‐cycle progression, cell apoptosis, proliferation and invasion, respectively. In addition, the tumor formation assay in nude mice was done to assess the effect of miR‐211‐5p on TC development in vivo.ResultsMiR‐211‐5p was underexpressed, whereas SOX11 was overexpressed in TC. The overexpression of miR‐211‐5p inhibited the expression of SOX11. The cell cycle was arrested and the proliferation as well as invasiveness was suppressed by exogenous miR‐211‐5p in TC cell line. The antitumor role of miR‐211‐5p was proved by the animal experiment.ConclusionMiR‐211‐5p affected the viability, proliferation and invasion of TC by negatively regulating SOX11 expression.
Lactulose production by a thermostable glycoside hydrolase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Caldivirga maquilingensis IC‐167
Authors: Letsididi Rebaone , Hassanin Hinawi AM , Koko Marwa YF , Zhang Tao , Jiang Bo , Mu Wanmeng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDLactulose has various uses in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Thermostable enzymes have many advantages for industrial exploitation, including high substrate solubilities as well as reduced risk of process contamination.RESULTSEnzymatic synthesis of lactulose employing a transgalactosylation reaction by a recombinant thermostable glycoside hydrolase (GH1) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Caldivirga maquilingensis IC‐167 was investigated. The optimal pH for lactulose production was found to be 4.5, while the optimal temperature was 85 °C, before it dropped moderately to 83% at 90 °C. However, the relative activity for lactulose synthesis dropped sharply to 35% at 95 °C. At optimal reaction conditions of 70% (w/w) initial sugar substrates with molar ratio of lactose to fructose of 1:4, 15 U mL−1 enzyme concentration and 85 °C, the time course reaction produced a maximum lactulose concentration of 108 g L−1 at 4 h, corresponding to a lactulose yield of 14% and 27 g L−1 h−1 productivity with 84% lactose conversion. The transgalactosylation reaction for lactulose synthesis was greatly influenced by the ratio of galactose donor to acceptor.CONCLUSIONThis novel GH1 may be useful for process applications owing to its high activity in very concentrated substrate reaction media and promising thermostability. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Do attractions “attract” tourists? The case of Singapore
Authors: McKercher Bob , Koh Edward 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper represents an exploratory empirical study testing a proposed framework analysing the importance of attractions in driving tourism. The study is framed within Pearce's travel career pattern model and McKercher's proposed attraction's hierarchy model. Singapore's most important source markets are analysed. The study concluded that individual attractions play a more critical role in driving demand for the most and least destination knowledgeable and for people who travel for Pearce's middle‐ and outer‐layer motives. Individual attractions play a much less important role among tourists who are somewhat destination aware and who are travelling to have Pearce's core motives met.