bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sell the Oil Deposits! A Financial Proposal to Keep the Oil Underground in the Yasuni National Park, Ecuador
Authors: Bucaram Santiago J. , Fernández Mario Andrés , Grijalva Diego 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The Yasuni National Park (YNP) is a protected area in the Amazon region of Ecuador. The Park is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and has received much attention due to the media exposure of the Yasuni-ITT Initiative. This Initiative proposed a moratorium on oil activities in the Ishpingo-Timbococha-Tiputini (ITT) blocks within the Park, in exchange for US$3.6 billion in compensation to be paid by the international community. The authors conduct a feasibility analysis of the Initiative to show that it was flawed from its inception, then develop a financial approach for a ‘New ITT Initiative’. The authors propose the sale or leasing of the rights of extraction of the oil deposits as a strategy to keep the oil underground.
The Political Economy of Household Thermal Energy Choices in Developing Countries
Authors: Kruger Wikus , Tait Louise , Groot Jiska de 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Indonesia and South Africa are both trying address energy poverty through subsidized energy provision. South Africa has implemented one of the largest electrification programmes in the world, and 80 per cent of the population now have access to the national grid. But this alone is unlikely to achieve universal energy access goals. Indonesia recently implemented one of the largest household energy transition projects to date: the kerosene-to-LPG (liquid petroleum gas) conversion programme. Exploring these projects makes more visible the political economic factors that have affected the adoption of certain energy carriers.
The Linkages of Energy, Water, and Land Use in Southeast Asia
Authors: Pham Do Kim Hang , Dinar Ariel 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter aims to contribute to understanding the existing knowledge gaps in the linkages of energy, water, and land use in Southeast Asia and explores the political economy of energy transition in the Mekong region (MR). Investigating the struggle over hydropower development and decision-making on water and land across the region, the study shows that countries that are the winners or losers in the hydropower development schemes are not the only ones managing the Mekong; rather, it is part of the region-wide strategy of nations to sustain the MR. The relationship between MR cooperation programmes and China is a main concern, and the chapter discusses the roles of issue linkages as a mechanism for achieving sustainable development.
The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions at Sub-National Level
Authors: Puppim de Oliveira Jose A. , Andrade Celio 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the political economy aspects, particularly the influence of the Clean Development Mechanism, in clean energy and climate change policies in the states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The different mechanisms for responding to climate change are financing opportunities in some of the ‘green’ industries, but the results show a gap between the initial objectives of global policies and their results. The research identified pitfalls and opportunities for new strategies and mechanisms for boosting clean energy in Brazil and the role that the Clean Development Mechanism and future international mechanisms can play in the political economy of clean energy transitions. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the lessons learned from experience of the Clean Development Mechanism and its implications for the future of the Paris Agreement.
Radiative Transfer
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Radiative transfer is the process of energy transfer during the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through a medium. The processes of extinction, due to absorption and scattering, and thermal emission are described. It is shown how they can be represented by wavelength-dependent optical thickness, due to absorption or emission cross sections and the number of absorbers, emitters, or scatterers. Cloud optical thickness and conservative scattering are described. The scattering phase function is introduced. Next, the general form of radiative transfer is given, and its applicability to the details of planetary atmospheric radiation shown.
Line Shapes
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Line shapes describe how absorption and emission are spectrally distributed around the line positions formed by rotational, vibrational, and electronic transitions. Line shapes arise from the different processes that spectrally broaden the absorption and emission of radiation. Optical thickness and equivalent width are shown to be fundamentally related to line shape. The fundamental line shape functions for atmospheres including the Gaussian line shape due to molecular motion and the Lorentzian line shape from lifetime broadening, including collision (pressure) broadening are described. Their convolution, the Voigt line shape, which is important in some atmospheric conditions is also described. The standard HITRAN database of spectroscopic parameters of molecules for use in calculation of radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres, from radiofrequencies to the near ultraviolet, is introduced.
Radiation and Climate
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Global climate is controlled by an energy balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. An energy balance is first developed using a simple one-layer model of the atmosphere and then made more realistic by distributing the atmospheric optical depth smoothly in a Gray Atmosphere Model. Wavelength-specific and altitude-dependent absorption and emission for the ultraviolet through long-wave infrared are described. Knowledge is combined into an overall Earth energy budget. The sensitivity of the climate to radiative forcing is examined.
What Drives Bird Senses?
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Many tasks could drive the evolution of bird sensory systems. Key candidates are flight, foraging, predator detection, and reproduction. Comparative analysis of visual fields and retinal structures shows functionally significant differences in the vision of even closely related species. These are best explained by foraging being the primary driver of vision in birds, and this is traded-off against the demands of predator detection. The key task is the control of bill position and timing its arrival at a target. This is achieved by the extraction of information from the optic flow-field which expands symmetrically about the bill when it is travelling towards a target. The provision of such flow-fields is the prime function of binocular vision. Informational demands for flight control are met within constraints determined by those for precise bill control. Other sensory capacities also appear to be driven primarily by the informational demands of foraging.
Records of sunspots and aurora candidates in the Chinese official histories of the Yuán and Míng dynasties during 1261–1644
Authors: Hayakawa Hisashi , Tamazawa Harufumi , Ebihara Yusuke , Miyahara Hiroko , Kawamura Akito Davis , Aoyama Tadanobu , Isobe Hiroaki 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Records of observations of sunspots and auroras in pre-telescopic historical documents provide useful information about past solar activity both in long-term trends and short-term space weather events. In this study, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of the records of sunspots and aurora candidates in the Yuánshĭ and Míngshĭ, Chinese Official Histories spanning 1261–1368 and 1368–1644, based on continuous observations with well-formatted reportds conducted by contemporary professional astronomers. We then provide a brief comparison of these data with Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) as an indicator of the solar activity during the corresponding periods to show significant active phases between the 1350s–80s and 1610s–30s. We then compared the former with contemporary Russian reports concerning naked-eye sunspots and the latter with contemporary sunspot drawings based on Western telescopic observations. Especially some of the latter are consistent with nitrate signals preserved in ice cores. These results show us some insights on and beyond minima and maxima of solar activity during the 13th–17th centuries.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery: When Broader Is Better
Authors: Weinstein R.A. , Boyer K.M. 
Published: May 2017

(N Engl J Med. 2016;375(13):1284–1286)
Studies have shown that of the 4 million babies that are delivered in the United States, a third are delivered via cesarean delivery. Maternal infection is one of the complications of this surgery with patients are at risk for endometritis and surgical site infections. To prevent these infections, antibiotics such as cefazolin are administered intravenously. Infectious risks can be further mitigated by using infection control protocols and administering broader spectrum antibiotics. The study described above was a randomized controlled trial that compared the addition of broad-spectrum prophylaxis with azithromycin (a macrolide antibiotic) to standard prophylaxis for cesarean deliveries at 14 US hospitals.
Trial of Labor After Myomectomy and Uterine Rupture: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gambacorti-Passerini Z. , Gimovsky A.C. , Locatelli A. , Berghella V. 
Published: May 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95:724–734)
Fibroids are benign tumors of the female reproductive tract that are often treated with myomectomy. However, 1 potential adverse outcome of this procedure is an increased risk of uterine rupture during a subsequent pregnancy. The literature reports this risk to be around 0.7% to 1%. Uterine rupture is known to be associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality for both the mother and the fetus. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of uterine rupture and the related risks in women who underwent a trial of labor after having had a myomectomy. This study involved a review of all the literature published on this topic and included all cohort studies with at least five cases of pregnancy after myomectomy.
Effect of Pregnancy on Insulin Requirements Differs Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study of 222 Pregnancies
Authors: Padmanabhan S. , Jiang S. , Mclean M. , Cheung N.W. 
Published: May 2017

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;56(4):352–357)
The occurrence of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) during pregnancy is increasing around the world. An understanding of the differences in insulin requirements between the 2 groups may have vital clinical consequences in enabling clinicians to respond effectively to gestation-specific glycemic alterations, avoid hypoglycemia, and identify subgroups for whom additional intervention would be beneficial. This study was a retrospective review conducted to examine the patterns of insulin requirements in women with preexisting diabetes during pregnancy.
The Prevalence of Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy in Australia
Authors: Moses R.G. , Wong V.C. , Lambert K. , Morris G.J. , San Gil F. 
Published: May 2017

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;56(4):341–345)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common during pregnancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) established criteria for the diagnosis of hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) in 2013, which was endorsed by the Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS). The HIP women with abnormal pregnancy oral glucose tolerance tests (POGTTs) were classified as belonging to the diabetes mellitus in pregnancy (DIP) group or GDM group. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HIP over a 3-year period (2012 to 2015) with the new ADIPS (WHO) criteria in an ethnically representative Australian population based on samples obtained from public and private sectors.
Emergency Cricothyrotomy Performed by Surgical Airway–Naive Medical Personnel: A Randomized Crossover Study in Cadavers Comparing 3 Commonly Used Techniques
Authors: Heymans F. , Feigl G. , Graber S. , Courvoisier D.S. , Weber K.M. , Dulguerov P. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesthesiology. 2016;125(2):295–303)
According to airway management guidelines, emergency cricothyrotomy is recommended in “cannot-intubate, cannot-ventilate” situations. Earlier studies showed that surgical cricothyrotomy had 90% success rates, while nonsurgical cricothyrotomy had success rates of only 65%. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 3 commonly used cricothyrotomy techniques, namely the Melker set, the QuickTrach II set, and the surgical technique, performed in cadavers by surgical airway–naive medical personnel.
Surgical Cricothyrotomy, Rather than Percutaneous Cricothyrotomy, in “Cannot Intubate, Cannot Oxygenate” Situation
Authors: Asai Takashi 
Published: May 2017

(Anesthesiology. 2016;125(2):269–271)
Cricothyrotomy, surgical or percutaneous, is carried out as a final option in the event of “cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” (CICO) following induction of general anesthesia. The most reliable method of cricothyrotomy is unknown, however, due to the absence of randomized controlled studies. In addition, most medical professionals lack experience in performing this procedure as it is seldom necessitated.
Hemodynamic Aspects of Normal Human Feto-placental (Umbilical) Circulation
Authors: Acharya G. , Sonesson S.E. , Flo K. , Räsänen J. , Odibo A. 
Published: May 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(6):672–682)
Normal placental function and fetal development are dependent on unimpaired and adequate umbilical circulation. Therefore, it is important to study and understand the physiological hemodynamic changes that take place in the feto-placental circulation during intrauterine life, especially in high-risk pregnancies. This review presented contemporary concepts on the hemodynamics of feto-placental circulation based on human studies.
Distensibility and Pain of the Uterine Cervix Evaluated by Novel Techniques
Authors: Gregersen H. , Hee L. , Liao D. , Uldbjerg N. 
Published: May 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(7):717–723)
Functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) is a new distension technology that is used to study cervical distension. Initially, this technology was designed in order to examine the biomechanical competence of the gastro-esophageal junction as it helps to generate a geometric profile of the lumen during distension. The purpose of this article was to assess the literature since 2002 on the use of FLIP for studying cervical distension.
Insect Repellants During Pregnancy in the Era of the Zika Virus
Authors: Wylie B.J. , Hauptman M. , Woolf A.D. , Goldman R.H. 
Published: May 2017

(Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):1111–1115)
Research has shown that women affected by the Zika virus during pregnancy suffer from problems such as fetal death, neonatal death, fetal central nervous system lesions, fetal microcephaly, fetal growth restriction, uteroplacental insufficiency, and fetal hearing loss. Hence these patients must be given proper advice so that they can protect themselves against the disease. The objective of this study was to provide relevant information to health providers and patients regarding the use of 2 insect repellants used to prevent the disease, namely N,N-diethylmeta-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin—both of which are US Environmental Protection Agency approved insect repellants.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes With Early Compared With Delayed Pushing Among Nulliparous Women
Authors: Yee L.M. , Sandoval G. , Bailit J. , Reddy U.M. , Wapner R.J. , Varner M.W. , Caritis S.N. , Prasad M. , Tita A.T. , Saade G. , Sorokin Y. , Rouse D.J. , Blackwell S.C. , Tolosa J.E. 
Published: May 2017

(Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):1039–1047)
Delayed pushing, also known as “laboring down” or “passive descent,” is the practice of resting in the second stage of labor before initiating active bearing down. Some data suggest that delayed pushing may reduce maternal exhaustion, cesarean delivery, severe perineal lacerations, and even increase the likelihood of spontaneous vaginal delivery. However, many studies have reported contradicting results. The authors of the present study hypothesized that delayed pushing is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and evaluated patient and hospital-level factors of delayed pushing and its association with perinatal outcomes.
The Effect of Patient Warming During Caesarean Delivery on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Nair A. 
Published: May 2017

(Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(5):676)
In this correspondence, the author addressed a few points regarding Sultan and colleagues’ article, which discussed the efficacy of actively warming patients during elective cesarean delivery. The Sultan article highlighted aggressive warming of parturients during cesarean section either with warmed intravenous fluid or warming blankets to provide comfort and prevent neuraxial blockade-related shivering. Warming patients not only improves a patient’s comfort, but also may avoid hypothermia-related complications such as bleeding, coagulopathy, myocardial arrhythmias or ischemia, and impaired wound healing. Sultan and colleagues’ article reported that maternal warming was not associated with a warmer neonate compared with parturients who were not warmed aggressively.
Women’s Sexual Function, Satisfaction, and Perceptions After Starting Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives
Authors: Higgins Jenny A. , Sanders Jessica N. , Palta Mari , Turok David K. 
Published: May 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:1143–1151)
The sexual acceptability of contraceptives or how contraception affects women’s sexual experiences have been rarely assessed. No studies have addressed the acceptability of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), the most effective contraceptive methods available.
Immediate Compared With On-Demand Maternal Full Feeding After Planned Caesarean Delivery: A Randomised Trial
Authors: Tan P. C. , Alzergany M. M. , Adlan A.-S. , Noor Azmi M. A. , Omar S. Z. 
Published: May 2017

(Abstracted from BJOG 2017;124(1):123–131)
Feeding regimens post–cesarean delivery are diverse both in practice and in the published literature. There is no existing evidence justifying withholding oral fluids after an uncomplicated cesarean delivery.
Explaining the Recent Decrease in US Infant Mortality Rate, 2007–2013
Authors: Callaghan William M. , MacDorman Marian F. , Shapiro-Mendoza Carrie K. , Barfield Wanda D. 
Published: May 2017

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:73.e1–73.e8)
The objective of this article is to examine infant mortality rates (IMRs) in the United States between 2007 and 2013 for the whole population and for infants born to non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Hispanic women. The study was performed by identifying births and infant deaths between 2007 and 2013 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Vital Statistics System’s period linked birth and infant death files and including all birth and death statistics with gestational age (GA) at birth on the birth certificate of 22 weeks or greater.
Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Pregnancy Loss by Chromosomal Microarrays: Outcomes, Benefits, and Challenges
Authors: Sahoo Trilochan , Dzidic Natasa , Strecker Michelle N. , Commander Sara , Travis Mary K. , Doherty Charles , Tyson R. Weslie , Mendoza Arturo E. , Stephenson Mary , Dise Craig A. , Benito Carlos W. , Ziadie Mandolin S. , Hovanes Karine 
Published: May 2017

(Abstracted from Genet Med 2017;19(1):83–89)
High-resolution chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–based arrays is increasingly used for pediatric and prenatal diagnoses as they can simultaneously detect aneuploidies, submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances, triploidy, and regions of allelic homozygosity. Overall, 15% to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage, and approximately 1% of couples experience recurrent (at least 2) pregnancy losses.
Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: An Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Viswanathan Meera , Treiman Katherine A. , Kish-Doto Julia , Middleton Jennifer C. , Coker-Schwimmer Emmanuel J. L. , Nicholson Wanda K. 
Published: May 2017

(Abstracted from JAMA 2017;317(2):190–203)
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital anomalies reported in the United States, and periconceptional folic acid supplementation has been found to decrease the recurrence risk of NTDs. The primary aim of this US Preventive Services Task Force study was to review the existing data on use of folic acid supplementation for preventing NTDs and to provide an updated/revised recommendation statement.
Causes of Death of Residents in ACGME-Accredited Programs 2000 Through 2014: Implications for the Learning Environment
Authors: Yaghmour Nicholas A. , Brigham Timothy P. , Richter Thomas , Miller Rebecca S. , Philibert Ingrid , Baldwin DeWitt C. , Nasca Thomas J. 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
To systematically study the number of U.S. resident deaths from all causes, including suicide.

Method
The more than 9,900 programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) annually report the status of residents. The authors aggregated ACGME data on 381,614 residents in training during years 2000 through 2014. Names of residents reported as deceased were submitted to the National Death Index to learn causes of death. Person-year calculations were used to establish resident death rates and compare them with those in the general population.

Results
Between 2000 and 2014, 324 individuals (220 men, 104 women) died while in residency. The leading cause of death was neoplastic disease, followed by suicide, accidents, and other diseases. For male residents the leading cause was suicide, and for female residents, malignancies. Resident death rates were lower than in the age- and gender-matched general population. Temporal patterns showed higher rates of death early in residency. Deaths by suicide were higher early in training, and during the first and third quarters of the academic year. There was no upward or downward trend in resident deaths over the 15 years of this study.

Conclusions
Neoplastic disease and suicide were the leading causes of death in residents. Data for death by suicide suggest added risk early in residency and during certain months of the academic year. Providing trainees with a supportive environment and with medical and mental health services is integral to reducing preventable deaths and fostering a healthy physician workforce.