bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between continuity and change: The EU's mechanism of differentiated value integration
Authors: OSHRI ODELIA , SHENHAV SHAUL R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHow does the European Union integrate new values into the text of its treaties? A growing body of literature indicates that, in the past three decades, new norms and values have entered the EU's discourse, resulting in what is usually termed ‘normative power Europe’. Yet the research and knowledge to‐date about the EU's discursive assimilation of new values and norms is surprisingly poor. As any institutional change, such integration has the potential to undermine the coherence of the EU's identity and thus also its objective to ‘speak with one voice’. This article explores the EU's discursive management of the continuity‐versus‐change imperative by analysing the integration of new values into the text of its treaties. This issue is addressed based on a quantitative content analysis on the full texts of European founding treaties between the 1950s and 2009. Findings show that the distribution of the EU's values in the text is not uniform: while the language of market economy and democracy is pervasive, the values of peace, European identity, rights and social justice are mentioned less frequently and in restricted linguistic environments. To account for the differences in the integration of values into the EU's treaty discourse, the article develops the notion of a discursive mechanism of differentiated value integration (MDVI). This rationale echoes the logic of differentiation in policy implementation employed by the EU. It is claimed here that, applied in the European discursive arena, MDVI allows radically different readings of the same text. This helps the EU to maintain a coherent value identity while at the same time enabling change.
Multilevel Structure of Wheat Starch and Its Relationship to Noodle Eating Qualities
Authors: Li Ming , Dhital Sushil , Wei Yimin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAlthough the processing and eating qualities of noodles are largely related to the quality and quantity of wheat protein (gluten), the importance of starch, a major ingredient of wheat flour, is often overlooked. Recent developments on the multilevel structural model of starch have brought new insights into the role of starch for better processing and noodle eating qualities. With critical analysis and discussion, this review outlines the comprehensive relationships between the multilevel (molecular, crystalline, and granular) starch structure, noodle eating qualities, and related physicochemical properties. Further, the major and minor structural features of wheat starch and their contributions toward noodle quality are summarized and presented as a schematic diagram, which shows the effects of starch structure on cooked noodles. These features provide new insights for the scientific community, as well as industry, into the role of starch, along with gluten, on the quality of noodles.
Influence of Innovative Processing on γ‐Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Contents in Plant Food Materials
Authors: Poojary Mahesha M. , Dellarosa Nicolò , Roohinejad Shahin , Koubaa Mohamed , Tylewicz Urszula , Gómez‐Galindo Federico , Saraiva Jorge A. , Rosa Marco Dalla , Barba Francisco J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOver the last several decades, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) has attracted much attention due to its diverse physiological implications in plants, animals, and microorganisms. GABA naturally occurs in plant materials and its concentrations may vary considerably, from traces up to μmol/g (dry basis) depending on plant matrix, germination stage, and processing conditions, among other factors. However, due to its important biological activities, considerable interest has been shown by both food and pharmaceutical industries to improve its concentration in plants. Natural and conventional treatments such as mechanical and cold stimulation, anoxia, germination, enzyme treatment, adding exogenous glutamic acid (Glu) or gibberellins, and bacterial fermentation have been shown effective to increase the GABA concentration in several plant materials. However, some of these treatments can modify the nutritional, organoleptic, and/or functional properties of plants. Recent consumer demand for food products which are “healthy,” safe and, having added benefits (nutraceuticals/functional components) has led to explore new ways to improve the content of bioactive compounds while maintaining desirable organoleptic and physicochemical properties. Along this line, nonthermal processing technologies (such as high‐pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, and ultrasound, among others) have been shown as means to induce the biosynthesis and accumulation of GABA in plant foods; and the main findings so far reported are presented in this review. Moreover, the most novel tools for the identification of metabolic response in plant materials based on GABA analysis will be also described.
Potassium Chloride‐Based Salt Substitutes: A Critical Review with a Focus on the Patent Literature
Authors: Cepanec Katica , Vugrinec Sašenka , Cvetković Tanja , Ranilović Jasmina 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHigh dietary sodium intake (DSI) represents a major health‐related public issue in most countries all over the world. Such a diet can lead to increased risk of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. This situation has resulted in important public policies for various salt reduction strategies. One of these is based on the use of salt substitutes or salts with reduced sodium content. Among several options, potassium chloride (KCl) has proved to be a key nutritional ingredient for this purpose. It provides similar properties like common salt (NaCl), but with several unwanted side effects, of which the most important have relatively offensive side tastes: bitter, acrid, and metallic. To successfully formulate KCl‐based salt substitutes, numerous taste‐improving agents and formulation concepts have been used. The field of salt substitutes is mainly described in the patent literature. Since patents are both scientific and legal documents, careful and critical consideration is required when using them as a source of scientific information. This review brings a deep insight into the area of KCl‐based salt substitutes with a focus on the patent literature through the eyes of food science and technology. The most important classes of taste‐improving agents that have been employed in numerous formulation concepts of KCl‐based salt substitutes are nutritionally acceptable mineral salts; food acids, amino acids, and their nutritionally acceptable salts; simple carbohydrates and sugar substitutes; food polymers; umami ingredients; spices, vegetables, and flavors; miscellaneous taste improvers; as well as a plethora of their specific combinations. A critical review of the respective patent literature is given.
An Acceptability Trial of Desiccated Beef Liver and Meat Powder as Potential Fortifiers of Complementary Diets of Young Children in Indonesia
Authors: Duizer Lisa M , Diana Aly , Rathomi Hilmi S. , Luftimas Dimas E , Rahmannia Sofa , Santi Widya , Nugraha Gaga Irawan , Haszard Jill J , Gibson Rosalind S , Houghton Lisa A 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe addition of desiccated beef liver to infant and young child complementary foods can be used to overcome nutrient deficits, however its acceptability is unknown. We conducted a series of studies to test the acceptability of complementary foods fortified with either powdered beef liver, beef meat, beef liver + meat or placebo among 96 Indonesian children aged 12 to 23 mo. This was achieved by determining liking of a single test food with added study powder, followed by a 2‐wk home trial and focus group discussions to assess liking during repeated consumption of the study powders added to daily meals. The test food with added beef powders were well liked by mothers, with liking scores never falling below neutral on a 7‐point scale. After home use, mothers reported that their children moderately liked their meals with added powder, with scores ranging between 3.3 and 3.5 on a 5‐point scale. With the exception of lower liking for the combination beef liver + meat powder, there were no detectable differences in mothers’ overall perception of child's liking between the placebo and any of the study powders. The low disappearance rate of the study powders during the home trial was a concern, with mothers reporting a strong smell and fishy odor as the major reason why children did not like their meals. Nonetheless, mothers declared they would continue using the powder on account of the nutritional value and perceived health benefits. Strategies are underway to minimize the level of fishy odor in the beef liver powder.
Distance, dissimilarity, and mean–variance ratios in ordination
Authors: Roberts David W. 
Published: July 2017

Summary

Recent advances employing generalized linear models in ecology have led ecological statisticians to argue strongly for the need to re‐evaluate or re‐invent commonly used multivariate analyses in ecology to explicitly address the mean–variance ratios of the underlying species data.

This paper re‐evaluates previous work on the importance of aligning distance‐ or dissimilarity‐based methods with the mean–variance ratios of underlying data and extends the analyses to additional simulated data designed to test the specific assertions of model‐based advocates with respect to ordination analysis. Similar analyses are conducted on an observed community dataset where the observed species abundances exhibit a quadratic variance‐to‐mean ratio. The results emphasize two general points with respect to (i) the sensitivity of ordination to species abundance distributions and (ii) the inherently hierarchical nature of community analysis.

Previously observed problematic results are shown to result from extremely high between‐community variability in sample unit abundance, and are independent of the underlying species mean–variance ratios. Results for simulated data as well as for observed coral reef community data show similar results. Multivariate analyses of the newly simulated data from two communities along a simulated gradient show excellent results despite the underlying species negative binomial distributions and putatively problematic mean–variance ratios.

Problems identified in previously observed results reflect a misunderstanding of the hierarchical nature of ecological communities. Mechanisms operating at the individual species level can manifest at the community level as a different ecological (and statistical) phenomenon. Specifically, uncorrelated or divergent changes in species abundances within communities lead inevitably to dispersion effects at the community level. The hierarchical nature of the analysis is independent of the specifics of the species mean–variance ratios, and would obtain whether species abundances are distributed with uniform, normal, or negative‐binomial distributions.

The results presented here demonstrate that suitable ordination of the data accurately represents the ecological response at the community level. However, paired ordinations on non‐standardized and standardized data can elucidate the underlying species‐level changes in abundance as the mechanism driving the change in community dispersion.
Does the morphology of animal foraging pits influence secondary seed dispersal by ants?
Authors: Radnan Gabriella N. , Eldridge David J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSecondary seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is an important process in semi‐arid environments where seeds are transported from the soil surface to an ant nest. Microsites from which ants often remove seeds are the small pits and depressions made by native and exotic animals that forage in the soil. Previous studies have demonstrated greater seed retention in the pits of native than exotic animals, but little is known about how biotic factors such as secondary seed dispersal by ants affect seed removal and therefore retention in these foraging pits. We used an experimental approach to examine how the morphology of burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur), greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis), short‐beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) foraging pits and ant body size influenced ant locomotion and seed removal from pits along an aridity gradient. Ants took 3.7‐times longer to emerge from echidna pits (19.6 s) and six‐times longer to emerge from bettong pits (30.5 s) than from rabbit pits (5.2 s), resulting in lower seed removal from bettong pits than other pit types. Fewer seeds were removed from pits when cages were used to exclude large body‐sized (>2 mm) ants. Few seeds were removed from the pits or surface up to aridity values of 0.5 (humid and dry sub‐humid), but removal increased rapidly in semi‐arid and arid zones. Our study demonstrates that mammal foraging pit morphology significantly affects ant locomotion, the ability of ants to retrieve seeds, and therefore the likelihood that seeds will be retained within foraging pits.
When Are Agenda Setters Valuable?
Authors: Fouirnaies Alexander 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhy do industries donate money to legislative campaigns when roll‐call votes suggest that donors gain nothing in return? I argue that corporate donors may shape policy outcomes by influencing powerful agenda setters in the early stages of lawmaking. On the basis of a new data set of more than 45,000 individual state legislator sessions (1988–2012), I document how agenda control is deemed valuable to legislators and groups seeking influence on policy. Employing a difference‐in‐differences design, I assess the revealed price, as measured by campaign contributions, that firms are willing to pay for access to committee and party leaders and document how this price varies across industries and institutions. The results indicate that industries systematically funnel money to the legislative agenda setters by whom they are regulated, and to those endowed with important procedural powers. I document that the value of agenda‐setter positions has increased dramatically in recent years. Finally, exploiting changes in state laws, I show that relaxing contribution limits significantly benefits committee chairs and party leaders more so than it does other legislators, suggesting that agenda setters have strong incentives to obstruct restrictive campaign finance reforms.
Water Infused Surface Protection as an Active Mechanism for Fibrin Sheath Prevention in Central Venous Catheters
Authors: Sutherland David W. , Zhang Xin , Charest Joseph L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractProtein adhesion in central venous catheters (CVCs) leads to fibrin sheath formation, the precursor to thrombotic and biofilm‐related CVC failures. Advances in material properties and surface coatings do not completely prevent fibrin sheath formation and post‐formation treatment options are limited and expensive. We propose water infused surface protection (WISP), an active method for prevention of fibrin sheath formation on CVCs, which creates a blood‐free boundary layer on the inner surface of the CVC, limiting blood contact with the CVC lumen wall. A hollow fiber membrane (HFM) in a benchtop device served as a CVC testing model to demonstrate the WISP concept. Porcine blood was pumped through the HFM while phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was infused through the HFM wall, creating the WISP boundary layer. Protein adherences on model CVC surfaces were measured and imaged. Analytical and finite volume lubrication models were used to justify the assumption of a blood‐free boundary layer. We found a 92.2% reduction in average adherent protein density when WISP is used, compared with our model CVC without WISP flow. Lubrication models matched our experimental pressure drop measurements suggesting that a blood‐free boundary layer was created. The WISP technique also provides a novel strategy for drug administration for biofilm treatment. Reduction in adherent protein indicates a restriction on long‐term fibrin sheath and biofilm formation making WISP a promising technology which improves a wide range of vascular access treatments.
Evaluation of complication rates and vertical bone gain after guided bone regeneration with non‐resorbable membranes versus titanium meshes and resorbable membranes. A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Cucchi Alessandro , Vignudelli Elisabetta , Napolitano Aldo , Marchetti Claudio , Corinaldesi Giuseppe 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe partial edentulous posterior mandible is often a challenge area that requires a bone reconstructive surgery for implants placement.PurposeThis RCT was aimed to evaluate complications rate and vertical bone gain after Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) with dense non‐resorbable d‐PTFE titanium‐reinforced membranes (Group A) versus titanium meshes covered by cross‐linked collagen membranes (Group B).Material and Methods40 partially edentulous patients with atrophic posterior mandible, were randomly divided into two study group: 20 patients were treated with one stage GBR by means of non‐resorbable d‐PTFE titanium‐reinforced membranes (Group A); and 20 patients, by means of titanium mesh covered by cross‐linked collagen membranes (Group B). All complications were recorded, distinguishing between “surgical” and “healing” and between “minor” or “major.”. Primary implants stability and vertical bone gain were also evaluated.ResultsIn the group A, surgical and healing complication rates were 5.0% and 15.0%, respectively. In the group B, surgical and healing complication rates were 15.8% and 21.1%, respectively. No significant differences between two study group were observed regarding complications rate implant stability and vertical bone gain.ConclusionsBoth GBR approaches for the restoration of atrophic posterior mandible achieved similar results regarding complications, vertical bone gain and implant stability.
Post‐extraction implant placement into infected versus non‐infected sites: A multicenter retrospective clinical study
Authors: Zuffetti Francesco , Capelli Matteo , Galli Fabio , Del Fabbro Massimo , Testori Tiziano 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to assess whether immediate implant placement into post‐extraction sites presenting a chronic infection poses a greater risk of implant failure than immediate placement in non‐infected sites.Materials and MethodsRecords of patients who underwent extraction and immediate implant placement into both infected and non‐infected sites from January 1998 to September 2014 at 5 different dental centers were considered for inclusion. Included records were subjected to statistical analysis of survival rates, along with a number of other patient‐, implant‐, surgery‐, and prosthesis‐related variables.ResultsThe inclusion criteria were met by 369 patients who received a total of 527 implants. The follow‐up averaged 53.2 months (range 0.9‐158.3) for implants placed into non‐infected sockets (N = 334) and 50.1 months (range 1.6‐146.1) for those placed into infected sites (N = 193). Seven implants failed in non‐infected sites and 3 in infected ones. All failures occurred within 1 year of placement. Cumulative implant survival rate for non‐infected and infected sites was, respectively, 97.9% ± 0.8% and 98.4% ± 0.9%, being not significantly different (P = .66). None of the investigated variables affected the outcome.ConclusionsPlacement of implants into periodontally or endodontically infected sites immediately after tooth extraction is a safe option, even when the implants are loaded immediately or early.
An open source and modular search engine for biomedical literature retrieval
Authors: Almeida Hayda , Jean‐Louis Ludovic , Meurs Marie‐Jean 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis work presents the bioMine system, a full‐text natural language search engine for biomedical literature. bioMine provides search capabilities based on the full‐text content of documents belonging to a database composed of scientific articles and allows users to submit their search queries using natural language. Beyond the text content of articles, the system engine also uses article metadata, empowering the search by considering extra information from picture and table captions. bioMine is publicly released as an open‐source system under the MIT license.
Conceptual annotation of text patterns
Authors: Bashar Md Abul , Li Yuefeng , Shen Yan , Gao Yang , Huang Wei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPatterns are used as a fundamental means for analyzing data in many data mining applications. Many efficient techniques have been developed to discover patterns. However, the excessive number of discovered patterns and the lack of semantic information have made it difficult for a user to interpret and explore the patterns. A rough idea of the meanings of patterns can benefit the user in the process of exploring them. To address this issue, this paper presents a model for automatically annotating patterns with concepts. In addition, in a given context, the relative importance of each term that defines a concept is not the same. To define a context, there are a number of related information sources, such as documents, patterns, concepts, and an ontology. The question is which information sources are useful for estimating the relative importance of the terms? Should the most accurate one to be focused on or all of them be used to define the context? This research investigated these questions and defined an effective annotation context to estimate the relative importance of the terms, where the aim is to improve the performance of a machine that relies on the subject matter of a pattern set. The model is evaluated by comparing it with different baseline models on 2 standard datasets. The results show that the performance of the proposed model is significantly better.
Tax Shifting and Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation on Private Lands
Authors: Schuster Richard , Law Elizabeth A. , Rodewald Amanda D. , Martin Tara G. , Wilson Kerrie A. , Watts Matthew , Possingham Hugh P. , Arcese Peter 
Published: July 2017

AbstractConservation in human‐dominated landscapes is challenging partly due to the high costs of land acquisition. We explored a property tax mechanism to finance conservation easements or related contracts as a partial‐property acquisition strategy to meet Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) treaty targets to conserve critically imperiled coastal Douglas fir ecosystems in Canada. To maximize cost‐efficiency, we used systematic planning tools to prioritize 198,058 parcels for biodiversity values, estimated the cost of eliminating property tax on high‐priority parcels to engage land owners in conservation, and then calculated the tax increase on nonpriority parcels necessary to maintain tax revenue. Marginal tax rate increases of 0.13, 0.21, and 0.51% on nonpriority parcels were necessary to offset the elimination of tax revenue on ∼21,000 ha of high‐priority parcels, and potentially sufficient to increase area protection from 9% to 17% to meet CBD targets given uptake rates of 100, 50, or 25%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggest uptake rates of 30% to 40% could allow government to achieve a 17% target with 30% of the planning area prioritized for inclusion in a property tax mechanism. Our results suggest prioritizing parcels for biodiversity value and commensurate “tax shifting” may offer an efficient route to conservation on private land.