bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating Extensive Livestock and Soil Conservation Policies in Mediterranean Mountain Areas for Recovery of Abandoned Lands in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. A Long‐Term Research Assessment
Authors: Nadal‐Romero Estela , Lasanta Teodoro , Cerdà Artemi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLand abandonment is a global issue with important implications in Mediterranean mountain areas. Abandoned Mediterranean croplands start a process of secondary succession that is initially colonized by grasslands, shrubs and forest. In Mediterranean mountain areas, the process is very slow, so the shrubs remain for decades, preventing livestock from accessing pastureland. Therefore, farmers have to burn or clear the shrubs in order to provide pasture, a practice that has recently been encouraged by several regional governments in Spain. Data from experimental plots of the Aísa Valley Experimental Station in the Spanish Pyrenees allow to evaluate the effects of burning and clearing shrubs on physical and chemical soil properties, runoff production and soil erosion rates. The results suggested that clearing shrubs returned more positive results than burning, as it improved soil quality and slowed soil erosion while producing slightly higher runoff coefficients, which is very important in Mediterranean environments where water is a scarce resource. Clearing shrubs improves soil characteristics by increasing organic matter and CN ratio, which promote the expansion of herbaceous species with a high pastoral value. The results suggested that the policy of clearing shrubs is suitable for managing abandoned lands in Mediterranean mountain areas. Further studies at catchment scale will be needed to confirm the impact of substituting shrubs for meadows and to understand the connectivity of the flows measured from pedon and slope to the watershed scale. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A localized surface plasmon resonance and light confinement‐enhanced near‐infrared light photodetector
Authors: Lu Rui , Ge Cai‐Wang , Zou Yi‐Feng , Zheng Kun , Wang Dan‐Dan , Zhang Teng‐Fei , Luo Lin‐Bao 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLight manipulation is paramountly important to the fabrication of high‐performance optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors. In this study, a high‐performance near‐infrared light nanophotodetector (NIRPD) was fabricated based on a germanium nanoneedles array (GeNNs array) with strong light confining capability, and single‐layer graphene (SLG) modified with heavily doped indium tin oxide nanoparticles (ITONPs), which were capable of inducing localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) under NIR irradiation. An optoelectronic study shows that after modification with ITONPs the device performance including photocurrent, responsivity and detectivity was considerably improved. In addition, the ITONPs@SLG/GeNNs array NIRPD was able to monitor fast‐switching optical signals, the frequency was as high as 1 MHz, with very fast response rates. Theoretical simulations based on finite‐element method (FEM) revealed that the observed high performance was not only due to the strong light‐confining capability of the GeNNs array, but also due to the plasmonic ITONPs‐induced hot electron injection. The above results suggest that the present NIRPD will have great potential in future optoelectronic devices application.
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Entanglement distribution over 150 km in wavelength division multiplexed channels for quantum cryptography
Authors: Aktas Djeylan , Fedrici Bruno , Kaiser Florian , Lunghi Tommaso , Labonté Laurent , Tanzilli Sébastien 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGranting information privacy is of crucial importance in our society, notably in fiber communication networks. Quantum cryptography provides a unique means to establish, at remote locations, identical strings of genuine random bits, with a level of secrecy unattainable using classical resources. However, several constraints, such as non‐optimized photon number statistics and resources, detectors' noise, and optical losses, currently limit the performances in terms of both achievable secret key rates and distances. Here, these issues are addressed using an approach that combines both fundamental and off‐the‐shelves technological resources. High‐quality bipartite photonic entanglement is distributed over a 150 km fiber link, exploiting a wavelength demultiplexing strategy implemented at the end‐user locations. It is shown how coincidence rates scale linearly with the number of employed telecommunication channels, with values outperforming previous realizations by almost one order of magnitude. Thanks to its potential of scalability and compliance with device‐independent strategies, this system is ready for real quantum applications, notably entanglement‐based quantum cryptography.
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The chelation of colonic luminal iron by a unique sodium alginate for the improvement of gastrointestinal health
Authors: Horniblow Richard D. , Latunde‐Dada Gladys O. , Harding Stephen E. , Schneider Melanie , Almutairi Fahad M. , Sahni Manroy , Bhatti Ahsan , Ludwig Christian , Norton Ian T. , Iqbal Tariq H. , Tselepis Chris 
Published: May 2016

ScopeIron is an essential nutrient. However, in animal models, excess unabsorbed dietary iron residing within the colonic lumen has been shown to exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal cancer. Therefore, the aims of this study were to screen a panel of alginates to identify a therapeutic that can chelate this pool of iron and thus be beneficial for intestinal health.Methods and resultsUsing several in vitro intestinal models, it is evident that only one alginate (Manucol LD) of the panel tested was able to inhibit intracellular iron accumulation as assessed by iron‐mediated ferritin induction, transferrin receptor expression, intracellular 59Fe concentrations, and iron flux across a Caco‐2 monolayer. Additionally, Manucol LD suppressed iron absorption in mice, which was associated with increased fecal iron levels indicating iron chelation within the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the bioactivity of Manucol LD was found to be highly dependent on both its molecular weight and its unique compositional sequence.ConclusionManucol LD could be useful for the chelation of this detrimental pool of unabsorbed iron and it could be fortified in foods to enhance intestinal health.
A 52‐week pilot study of the effects of exenatide on body weight in patients with hypothalamic obesity
Authors: Lomenick Jefferson P. , Buchowski Maciej S. , Shoemaker Ashley H. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveHypothalamic obesity (HO) is a common complication of hypothalamic tumors, and effective therapies are lacking. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate changes in body weight before and during treatment with exenatide.MethodsThis was a prospective, open‐label, 52‐week pilot study of exenatide (10 mcg b.i.d.) in adults with HO. Ten patients enrolled, and eight completed the study. Study measures included indirect calorimetry, body composition, buffet meals, diet recall, actigraphy, and hormone assays.ResultsParticipants had obesity with a baseline weight of 137.2 ± 37.6 kg. Exenatide therapy was well tolerated. Change in weight with exenatide therapy was not significant (−1.4 ± 4.3 kg [95% CI −4.9 to 2.2], P = 0.40), but six out of eight completers lost weight (−6.2 to −0.2 kg). Participants reported significantly lower intake on food recall during treatment compared with baseline (7837.8 ± 2796.6 vs. 6258.4 ± 1970.7 kJ [95% CI −2915.8 to −242.6], P = 0.027), but there was no change in intake during buffet meals.ConclusionsSignificant weight loss was not observed in patients with HO treated with exenatide, but 75% of completers had stable or decreasing weight. Further studies are needed to evaluate weight loss efficacy in patients with HO.
Lower omental t‐regulatory cell count is associated with higher fasting glucose and lower β‐cell function in adults with obesity
Authors: Gyllenhammer Lauren E. , Lam Jonathan , Alderete Tanya L. , Allayee Hooman , Akbari Omid , Katkhouda Namir , Goran Michael I. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveT‐lymphocytes are potential initiators and regulators of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, but there is limited human data on omental AT. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between T cells, particularly Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, in human subcutaneous (subQ) and omental AT and type 2 diabetes risk.MethodsSubQ and deep subQ (DsubQ) abdominal and omental AT biopsies were collected from 44 patients (body mass index, BMI ≥25) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD4+ T cell (T effector and Treg) and macrophages (M1 and M2), and systemic inflammation was measured in fasting blood.ResultsTregs were significantly lower in omental versus subQ and DsubQ AT, and M1 cell counts were significantly higher in the omental and DsubQ depot relative to the subQ. Only omental AT Tregs were negatively associated with fasting glucose and MCP‐1 and positively associated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)‐β. M1 and M2 cell counts across multiple depots had significant relationships with HOMA‐insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor‐α, insulin, and HOMA‐β. All relationships were consistent across ethnicities.ConclusionsTregs were significantly lower in omental versus both subQ adipose depots. Fewer omental Tregs may have metabolic implications based on depot‐specific relationships with higher fasting glucose and lower β‐cell function.
Der Flop als Forschungsgegenstand
Authors: Bauer Reinhold 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDas Scheitern technischer Innovationen ist eher die Regel als die Ausnahme. Die Gründe hierfür sind insbesondere technische Probleme, eine falsche Einschätzung der Konkurrenzsituation oder der potenziellen Nutzer, ein zu hoher Neuheitsgrad oder ein instabiles Entwicklungsumfeld. Das Bildtelefonsystem “Picturephone”, der Mikrowellenherd “Radarange” und der Pkw‐Stirling‐Motor sind Beispiele hierfür. Unternehmen haben wenig Interesse daran, ihre Archive der Fehlschläge zu öffnen, obwohl deren Analyse wichtige Hinweise für zukünftige Entwicklungen geben könnte.
Besser verstehen
Authors: Puder Henning , Fischer Thomas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractModerne Hörgeräte können vernetzt von Ohr zu Ohr kommunizieren. Eine hohe Datenrate erlaubt eine binaurale Verarbeitung der Audiosignale beider Geräte. Entscheidend ist die Fähigkeit, ihre Mikrofone zu einem Richtmikrofon zusammenzuschließen, das über seine Richtwirkung effizient Störgeräusche ausblendet. Das macht die neue Gerätegeneration wesentlich leistungsfähiger als frühere Generationen mit einer monauralen Signalverarbeitung an jeweils einem Ohr. Auch die automatische Erkennung der Hörsituation hat sich deutlich verbessert. Der Verarbeitung zugrunde liegt ein stromsparendes, magnetisch‐induktives Wireless‐System. Es kann zudem über ein Relais mit Bluetooth‐Geräten kommunizieren und so zum Beispiel den Ton von Telefonen oder TV direkt empfangen. Auch mit dem Smartphone ist es vernetzbar und macht so die Hörgeräte bequem über eine App steuerbar.
Schlagende Zungen
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMundharmonikas erzeugen Töne mit Metallzungen in Kammern, die durch Öffnungen durchschlagen können. Pro Kammer besitzen sie zwei Zungen, die entgegengesetzt befestigt und auf unterschiedliche Tonhöhen gestimmt sind. Blasen oder Ziehen lässt jeweils nur eine der beiden Zungen schwingen. Sogenannte diatonische Mundharmonikas sind auf eine Tonleiter gestimmt. Sie erreichen bestimmte Töne nicht. Im Jazz und Blues hat sich die Technik des Bendings entwickelt, mit der diese Töne durch Verändern des Mundraums spielbar werden.
Funken im Labor: kleine Brüder der Blitze
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBlitze haben die Menschen schon jeher fasziniert [1], und die wissenschaftliche Blitzforschung ist seit langem ein eigenes Spezialgebiet. Ihre räumliche Ausbreitung kann man mit Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Videos sehr gut beobachten, wenn man einen Blitz gerade erwischt. Im Labor lassen sich die kleineren Brüdern der Blitze, die Funken, zwar kontrolliert erzeugen, ihre Beobachtung ist aber wegen der schnelleren zeitlichen Entwicklung schwierig.Dieser Artikel wurde aus technischen Problemen doppelt veröffentlicht 10.1002/piuz.201601444.
Längen‐ und Höhenmessungen per App
Authors: Burde Jan‐Philipp , Wilhelm Thomas , Kuhn Jochen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie kostenlose Android‐App Smart Measure ermöglicht eine grobe, aber dafür schnelle Messung von Höhen und kurzen Strecken. Dafür benötigt sie lediglich die Kamera und den Beschleunigungssensor des Smartphones. Der Rest ist einfache Trigonometrie.
Leakage and trapping characteristics in Au‐free AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on C‐doped buffer layers
Authors: Hu Jie , Stoffels Steve , Lenci Silvia , You Shuzhen , Bakeroot Benoit , Ronchi Nicolò , Venegas Rafael , Groeseneken Guido , Decoutere Stefaan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe investigate the DC and dynamic characteristics of AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) and the diodes with a gated edge termination (GET‐SBD) fabricated on unintentional doped (UID) and carbon‐doped AlGaN buffers. The off‐state characteristics of diodes fabricated on UID buffer are dominated by buffer leakage and buffer breakdown voltage (BV) at higher reverse voltage ( larger than 300 V). An improvement in diode leakage and BV can be obtained by fabricating the GET‐SBDs on C‐doped buffers. A pronounced degradation of the AlGaN/GaN SBDs and GET‐SBDs on carbon‐doped buffers was observed by dynamic pulsed characterization. This dynamic degradation causes a clear forward current reduction for the AlGaN/GaN GET‐SBDs. From combined off‐state stress and current transient measurements on AlGaN/GaN SBDs, the collapsed current is recoverable and the degradation is due to a temporary trapping mechanism occurring in the buffer. A distinct trap level of 0.57 eV from trap spectra has been extracted for the diode fabricated on C‐doped buffer, and the value was implemented in a TCAD simulator. The simulated results confirm a bulk trapping in the buffer layer for the SBD and show an additional trapping region in the GET‐SBD architecture.
Is sunspot activity a factor in influenza pandemics?
Authors: Qu Jiangwen 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIntroduction: The 2009 AH1N1 pandemic became a global health concern, although fortunately, its worst anticipated effects were not realised. While the origins of such outbreaks remain poorly understood, it is very important to identify the precipitating factors in their emergence so that future pandemics can be detected as quickly as possible. Methords: Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyse the association between influenza pandemics and possible pandemics and relative number of sunspots. Non‐conditional logistic regression was performed to analyse the statistical association between sunspot extremes and influenza pandemics to within plus or minus 1 year. Results: Almost all recorded influenza/possible pandemics have occurred in time frames corresponding to sunspot extremes, or +/– 1 year within such extremes. These periods were identified as important risk factors in both possible and confirmed influenza pandemics (odds ratio: 3.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 13.85). Conclusions: Extremes of sunspot activity to within plus or minus 1 year may precipitate influenza pandemics. Mechanisms of epidemic initiation and early spread are discussed including primary causation by externally derived viral variants (from space via cometary dust). Efforts to construct a comprehensive early warning system for potential influenza and other viral pandemics that include analysis of sunspot activity and stratospheric sampling for viral variants should be supported. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schweißnahtbewertung basierend auf 3D‐Laserscanning
Authors: Lang Robert , Lener Gerhard , Schmid Johannes , Ladinek Markus 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Sichtprüfung von Schweißnähten ist die einfachste und am häufigsten durchgeführte Art der Schweißnahtprüfungen. Neben laufenden Soll‐Kontrollen durch das Schweißpersonal während der Fertigung ist abschließend die Sichtprüfung für alle Ausführungsklassen vollumfänglich nach EN 1990‐2 durchzuführen. Dabei können direkte und indirekte Prüfmethoden angewendet werden, zu denen auch die Geometrieerfassung durch Laserscanning zu zählen ist. In diesem Beitrag wird die praktische Anwendung eines mobilen Laserscansystems für den Vergleich unterschiedlicher Schweißverfahren und Schweißlagen aufgezeigt und das Potential einer vollautomatischen Sichtprüfung erläutert. Ein solches Verfahren besitzt gegenüber einer manuellen Sichtprüfung einige Vorteile. Zum einen kann eine hoch qualitative und vor allem unabhängige Bewertung der Schweißnahtqualität sichergestellt werden. Des Weiteren können die so gewonnen Daten zu Dokumentationszwecken sowie als Inputdaten für eine Ermüdungsberechnung der entsprechenden Bauteile zum Einsatz kommen. Der letzte Punkt wird in Teil 2 dieses Beitrages thematisiert werden.Welded seam evaluation based on 3D laser scanning – Practical application of mobile laser scanning systems for surface analysis of welds – Part 1. The visual examination of welds is a simple and frequently used method for weld inspections. Besides the comparison between a target and performance state executed by the technical staff during the production process, a final visual inspection of the welds for all execution classes is demanded by EN 1990‐2. According to this code, direct or indirect methods can be applied. An example for an indirect method is the scanning of the real geometry of the weld using laser scan technology. In this paper the practical use of a mobile laser scan device is shown. Different welding methods as well as different welding positions are examined and the potential of a fully automatized (visual) inspection is exemplified. Such a procedure offers important advantages compared to a manual examination. On the one hand a high quality and most important an independent examination of the weld quality can be ensured. This data can also be used for documentation purposes and as input for a component specific fatigue life calculation. This calculation is described in part 2 of this article.
Probabilistische Nachweisführung bestehender Hochspannungsstahlgittermaste
Authors: Mix Matthias 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHochspannungsstahlgittermaste sind Stahlbauwerke. Der Nachweis erfolgt in Deutschland seit 1903 nach verschiedenen Ausgaben der VDE 0210. Die aktuelle Ausgabe und alle Vorgängerausgaben enthalten keine Berücksichtigung der Höhe möglicher Schadensfolgen. Das bedeutet, dass für alle Maststandorte, ganz gleich ob in bebautem Gebiet oder in Gebieten ohne Personenzugang, die gleiche Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit angestrebt wird. Eine Grenze für diese überall gleich angestrebte Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit ist allerdings unbekannt, denn ein Zahlenwert für die zugelassene Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit wird in den VDE 0210‐Normausgaben, wie bei anderen technischen Normen des Bauwesens auch üblich, nicht genannt. An Maststandorten mit kleinen Schadensfolgen werden somit möglicherweise mehr ‐Ressourcen eingesetzt als nötig, an Maststandorten mit großen Schadensfolgen fehlen diese dann eventuell. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel von Hochspannungsstahlgittermasten eine Möglichkeit, bestehende Bauwerke probabilistisch nachzuweisen und die der Gesellschaft zur Verfügung stehenden ‐begrenzten Ressourcen optimal einzusetzen.Probabilistic static calculation of existing high voltage steel lattice towers. High voltage steel lattice towers are steel constructions. The static calculation happens since 1903 in accordance with several editions of VDE 0210. All editions of this code including the current edition include no consideration of an amount of failure consequences. At all tower locations the same value of probability of failure is targeted. It does not matter whether the location is built‐up or there is no admittance of persons. A limit for this everyplace equal targeted probability of failure is certainly unknown. A value for the tolerated probability of failure is commonly not mentioned in codes of civil engineering including the VDE 0210. At tower locations with little failure consequences more resources than necessary will set in. It is possible that these resources are missing at locations with high failure consequences. This paper tells about an optional method for probabilistic static calculation of existing constructions using the example of high voltage steel lattice towers. Subsequently the limited available resources of human society can be used optimally.
A map of terminal regulators of neuronal identity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hobert Oliver 
Published: May 2016

Our present day understanding of nervous system development is an amalgam of insights gained from studying different aspects and stages of nervous system development in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate model systems, with each model system making its own distinctive set of contributions. One aspect of nervous system development that has been among the most extensively studied in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is the nature of the gene regulatory programs that specify hardwired, terminal cellular identities. I first summarize a number of maps (anatomical, functional, and molecular) that describe the terminal identity of individual neurons in the C. elegans nervous system. I then provide a comprehensive summary of regulatory factors that specify terminal identities in the nervous system, synthesizing these past studies into a regulatory map of cellular identities in the C. elegans nervous system. This map shows that for three quarters of all neurons in the C. elegans nervous system, regulatory factors that control terminal identity features are known. In‐depth studies of specific neuron types have revealed that regulatory factors rarely act alone, but rather act cooperatively in neuron‐type specific combinations. In most cases examined so far, distinct, biochemically unlinked terminal identity features are coregulated via cooperatively acting transcription factors, termed terminal selectors, but there are also cases in which distinct identity features are controlled in a piecemeal fashion by independent regulatory inputs. The regulatory map also illustrates that identity‐defining transcription factors are reemployed in distinct combinations in different neuron types. However, the same transcription factor can drive terminal differentiation in neurons that are unrelated by lineage, unrelated by function, connectivity and neurotransmitter deployment. Lastly, the regulatory map illustrates the preponderance of homeodomain transcription factors in the control of terminal identities, suggesting that these factors have ancient, phylogenetically conserved roles in controlling terminal neuronal differentiation in the nervous system. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:474–498. doi: 10.1002/wdev.233This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation
Invertebrate Organogenesis > Worms
Nervous System Development > Worms
YPd2Al and YPd2Zn with LiCu2Sn Type Structure
Authors: Gerke Birgit , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe palladium‐rich phases YPd2Al and YPd2Zn were synthesized from the elements; YPd2Al by arc‐melting and YPd2Zn by induction melting in a sealed niobium ampoule. The structure of YPd2Al was refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: LiCu2Sn type, P63/mmc, a = 433.9(2), c = 910.5(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0497, 150 F2 values, and 9 variables. The lattice parameters of YPd2Zn are a = 437.3(1) and c = 891.4(2) pm. The aluminum atoms in YPd2Al show strongly flattened octahedral palladium coordination. These AlPd6 octahedra are condensed via edges, forming layers around z = 0 and z = 1/2, which are condensed in c direction by weak Pd–Pd bonds. The yttrium atoms fill the cavities between these layers. YPd2Al and YPd2Zn belong to a larger family of 341 compounds with the Wyckoff sequence 194,fca. The distinctly different crystal chemical branches are briefly discussed.