bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reintegration upon return: insights from Ecuadorian returnees from Spain
Authors: Mercier Marion , David Anda , Mahia Ramón , De Arce Rafael 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUsing the ECM2 survey data on Ecuadorian migrants returning from Spain, we investigate the determinants of reintegration upon return. We study how the migration experience, but also the before‐ and after‐migration characteristics, correlate with migrants’ outcomes upon return. We adopt a broad conception of reintegration, considering jointly labour market‐related outcomes that proxy for structural reintegration and subjective indicators that provide insights on sociocultural reintegration. The determinants of these two types of outcomes appear to be different: reintegration indeed encompasses multiple dimensions which cannot be captured by a single indicator. Our results suggest that return assistance programmes’ efficiency in helping reintegration could be improved by (I) targeting, ex‐ante, returnees who plan to launch their own business, and, ex‐post, the most vulnerable workers (women, older returnees, unemployed), and (ii) facilitating the labour market integration of foreign‐educated returnees. They also call for further research to better understand the consequences of these programmes.
Recent progress in microrobots for ophthalmic therapies
Authors: Ullrich F. , Nelson B.J. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryEfficient ocular surgery must be precise, safe and cost effective. Minimally invasive microrobots for ophthalmic applications have been introduced for high precision motion with force feedback. Research demonstrates the potential of wireless magnetic microrobots for targeted drug delivery to the retina and operations in the posterior eye segment without the need for a vitrectomy.
Laser for vitreous floaters
Authors: Tassignon M.J. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe presence of a space between the posterior capsule and the anterior vitreous was first proposed in 1887 but difficulties inherent in examining this structure had made it impossible to visualize this area in vivo until now. Estimation of the size of this space was considered as impossible.Materials and methodsWe utilize an optical coherence tomography system attached to the Zeiss Opmi Lumera 700/Rescan microscope (Zeiss Ltd, Germany) to provide real‐time images of the Berger space, the anterior hyaloid and the ligament of Wieger.ResultsThe results of three patients show beautiful real‐time OCT images of the Berger space and of the ligament of Wieger. In one high myopic eye there was even evidence of anterior vitreous detachment (AVD).ConclusionPreviously unseen transparent structures of the eye can now be imaged intraoperatively using real‐time OCT. This technique provides information on the status of the posterior capsule but more interestingly from the anterior hyaloid and its posterior capsule attachment by the ligament of Wieger. These previously unseen changes in the anterior hyaloid may contribute to the better understanding of the posterior segment complications after cataract surgery.
Spectrum of indications, patient selection, options for astigmatic corrections, pre‐ and postoperative patient care
Authors: Szentmary N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryFirst different options for correcting corneal astigmatism in a phakic or pseudophakic eye are discussed controversally. In a second step we present a general overview on indications and contraindications for toric implants and criteria for selecting appropriate patients are shown. In a third step we address obligatory and facultative examination modalities prior to surgery and for monitoring of the postoperative results. Special focus is given to the preoperative patient counseling about potential risks and signs of complications.
Vitrectomy for vitreous floaters
Authors: Ascaso F. 
Published: September 2016

SummarySymptomatic vitreous ‘floaters’ are one of the most common presenting complaints in the clinics of ophthalmologists. Although most patients will accept observation as the symptoms often improve spontaneously, in a subset of patients the symptomatic, persistent vitreous opacifications do not disappear with time and may become highly bothersome in daily life. During the past two decades, more and more patients have been treated for persistent floaters. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and Nd:YAG laser photodisruption have been considered.Since Robert Machemer introduced PPV in the early 1970s, and with the progressively decreasing gauge size, the idea of using this surgical technique for vitreous opacities has become a hot topic in the ophthalmologic community. PPV is the gold standard for mechanical removal of vitreous opacities. The so called ‘floaterectomy’ shows resolution of vitreous opacities in over 95% of cases and patient satisfaction rates range from 85 to 94%, with improvement in contrast sensitivity and quality of life. Microincisional vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) has been shown to decrease operative times, surgically induced trauma and postoperative inflammation, leading to a more rapid recovery and in a more safety manner.
Multiloaded microparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of retinal diseases
Authors: Herrero‐Vanrell R. , Arranz A. , García‐Caballero C. , Guzmán M. , Andres‐Guerrero V. , García‐Feijoo J. , Molina‐Martínez I.T. , Bravo‐Osuna I. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryRetinal degenerative pathologies are becoming more prevalent due to the increase in society longevity. As most of retinal diseases are multifactorial, successful therapy requires a combination of drugs. Furthermore, effective concentrations of active substances must be maintained in the retinal target site for long periods of time. Due to the poor accessibility of retinal tissues, intraocular injections of therapeutic molecules are needed with the risk of adverse events. Biodegradable multi‐loaded microspheres (MSs) offer an excellent alternative to multiple administrations as they are able to incorporate and deliver several therapeutic molecules in a controlled fashion for extended periods of time. Contrary to larger devices, administration of MSs is performed without the need of surgical procedures. Moreover, they disappear from the site of administration after delivering the drug. Personalized therapy can be easily achieved by selecting the amount of microspheres depending on patient's needs.Support: MICINN MAT 2013–43127R; UCM‐Research‐Group 920415, Oftared RD12/0034/0003.
EVER Past president lecture: lessons from the Fascinating World of Bestrophinopathies
Authors: Leroy B. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPurposeTo describe the genotypes and phenotypes in patients with bestrophinopathies.MethodsExamples of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy will be compared with the phenotype of patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy and autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy.ResultsPhenotypes of BVMD range from asymptomatic, normal fundi in heterozygous BEST1 mutation carriers, to classic macular egg yolk‐like lesions. Biallelic BEST1 mutations cause ARB, characterized by shallow retinal detachments in the posterior pole, with hyperautofluorescent deposits in the watershed zone and superonasal to the optic disc. In addition, there are small, inner retinal, cystoid changes. Rod‐cone dystrophy (RCD) develops later. Subacute angle closure glaucoma is frequent. ADVIRC patients show a 360° peripheral hyperpigmented band, peripapillary staphylomata, RCD and microcornea. Unique mutations in one BEST1 allele cause ADVIRC. Electro‐oculography is abnormal in all bestrophinopathies first.ConclusionsBestrophinopathies are a diverse group of conditions caused by either mono‐ or biallelic mutations in BEST1. Whereas ADVIRC is very different, BVMD and ARB show considerable overlap. This suggests that a threshold of bestrophin protein production, blurring the differences between dominant or recessive mechanisms of disease, may be the main determinant of the phenotype. Abnormal EOGs indicate primary RPE involvement.
Stem cells in reparing optic nerve damage
Authors: Pebay A. , Gill K. , Needham K. , van Bergen N. , Lim S. , Hernandez D. , Liang H. , Kearns L. , Hung S. , Hewitt A. , Mackey D. , Trounce I. , Wong R. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryModelling Leber's Hereditary Optic neuropathy using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an invaluable tool for disease modelling in vitro. Here, we report the generation of iPSCs from LHON patients, their differentiation to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) for subsequent modelling of phenotypic abnormalities. We also report the manipulation of mitochondrial DNA to correct LHON iPSCs by generation of cybrids. Comparison of LHON iPSCs and their isogenic cybrid control provide novel information on the potential cellular mechanisms leading to RGC death observed in human patients.
The RPE/photoreceptor complex
Authors: Osborne N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/ photoreceptor complex constitutes the choroid, Bruch's membrane and the photoreceptor outer segments. The RPE interacts with Bruch's membrane and the photoreceptors, which it faces across the sub‐retinal space. In these interactions the RPE acts as three types of cell ‐ epithelium, macrophage, and glia. There are a number of selective interactions between the choroid, Bruch's membrane, RPE and photoreceptors related to ion and water transport, vitamin A transport, phagocytosis of shed portions of outer segments, ensheathment of photoreceptors outer segments, and electrical responses. The purpose of the course is to discuss the RPE/photoreceptor complex in terms of structure and function and particularly related to the transport of constituents associated with photo‐transduction.
How to fast track your research career
Authors: Bechrakis N.E. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWhat is your primary aim? Is it research, because you are intrinsically interested in finding and discovering new things, or is it a way of achieving better career opportunities?Why fast track? It is usually the persistence that prevails. Look for the tortoise and the hare. Which one are you?Look for opportunities. Life has a much bigger phantasy than ourselves, and unexpected black swans are encountered often, so what really makes the difference is what you make out of your opportunities. Use them, you will get them.Be authentic and reliable. Your superiors, peers and subordinates need to count on you, this will make all the difference.Try to grasp the trend. In order to do that, you need to know the current situation and possibly how it evolved towards the status quo. Next step is to challenge it.
Intravitreal pharmacotherapy of CME related to conservative management of uveal melanomas
Authors: Bechrakis N.E. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryEye salvaging treatment of uveal melanomas are commonly associated with the development of cystoid macular edema. The extend and severity of this complication is associated with the size and location of the tumour treated. Tumours that are located closer to the fovea and are larger in size bear a higher risk of developing CME. Different treatment strategies have been employed to address this issue. Laser coagulation of the ischemic retinal areas, surgical removal of the initiating tumour, and more recently pharmacological concepts either by anti‐VEGF agents, or by intravitreal steroid applications have been proposed as potential treatment options for this problem.
Lanosterol reversal of protein aggregation in cataract
Authors: Zhang K. , Zhao L. , Zhu J. , Hou R. , Wang S. , Yan Y. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe human lens is comprised largely of crystalline proteins assembled into a highly ordered, interactive macro‐structure essential for lens transparency. Any disruption of protein interactions will alter this delicate structure, with consequent protein aggregation and cataract formation. Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness, and currently the only treatment is surgical removal of cataractous lenses. The precise mechanisms by which lens proteins prevent aggregation and maintain lens transparency are largely unknown. Lanosterol is an amphipathic molecule enriched in the lens. It is synthesized by lanosterol synthase (LSS) in a key cyclization reaction of a cholesterol synthesis pathway. Here we identify two distinct homozygous LSS missense mutations in two families with extensive congenital cataracts. Both of these mutations affect highly conserved amino acid residues and impair key catalytic functions of LSS. Treatment by lanosterol, but not cholesterol, significantly decreased preformed protein aggregates both in vitro and in cell‐transfection experiments. Our study identifies lanosterol as a key molecule in the prevention of lens protein aggregation and points to a novel strategy for cataract prevention and treatment.
Laboratory work‐up and specialized investigations
Authors: Pleyer U. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBased on the anatomical involvement of the eye intraocular inflammation is classified into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. All subtypes of uveitis are potentially related to infectious and noninfectious etiologies.This presentation will assist the participants in accurately diagnosing uveitis in a step latter approach including physical and laboratory investigations.In addition, a tailored approach based on confounding clinical observations with specialized investigations will help to further differentiate clinical entities. In cases of suspected intraocular infections the option of intraocular fluid evaluation for antibody testing and polymerase chain testing against the causative agent will be presented. Taken together, this part of the course will provide a rational decision‐making strategy for diagnosis of patients with uveitis.
You Tube: different tubes for different glaucomas: ex press
Authors: Munoz M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryObjectiveWe will show the current evidence about the Express device in glaucoma surgery; technique, utility, indications, relative contraindications, absolute contraindications and possible complications of the procedure.We'll point out the scientific evidence available with a practical and critical approach.We'll explain the surgical procedure and some tips based on the clinical experience.Finally, we will present interim results from a prospective randomized trial from our research group, currently active.
Stimuli‐responsive systems for tuneable ocular drug delivery
Authors: Rupenthal I.D. , Yasin N. , Bisht R. , Chen Y.S. , Jin J. , Jaiswal J. , Svirskis D. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryRetinal diseases are currently treated by frequent injections of a drug‐containing solution into the eye, an unpleasant procedure that may lead to complications and low treatment adherence. This has been partially addressed by developing implants that once sutured into the sclera or injected into the vitreous can release drug over months to years. However, once these implants are in place, drug release rates cannot be altered based on individual patient needs. Our research within the Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit aims to develop stimuli‐responsive implants that are able to slowly release drug over time, while also allowing for tuneable top‐up dosing based on the disease progression. One such implant is based on porous conducting polymers using an anionic drug as the dopant. While baseline drug release is achieved by diffusion, further drug bursts can be activated by application of a small electrical signal. Two other systems are based on photo‐sensitive polymers that can be cured or activated once injected into the vitreous by shining light through the cornea. This presentation will cover the preparation and evaluation of these stimuli‐responsive systems including in vitro release data.
Prevention of Herpes and Zoster keratitis
Authors: Labetoulle M. , Rousseau A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryHerpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella‐zoster Virus (VZV) are two leading causes of sight‐threatening keratitis. They are able to become latent in nervous system, especially the trigeminal ganglia in which they can reactivate, thus producing new viral particles that finally reach the cornea.Episodes of HSV keratitis may occur spontaneously or following a triggering factor like immunosuppression (including topical steroids), topical inflammation and nerve injuries. Ocular surgery, which combines several of these factors, is a strong risk factor of HSV keratitis reccurence. In case of exposure to one of these triggering factors, prevention with oral antiviral drugs reduces the risk of relapse of HSV keratitis.For VZV, the main risk factor of keratitis is the occurrence of chickenpox or herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) some days to weeks before. The prescription of oral antiviral drugs at the time of cutaneous rash is efficient for reducing the risk of ocular complications of HZO. However, the arrival of the anti‐HZO vaccine could change the deal in the next years.
Pathophysiology of uveitis
Authors: Dick A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis talk will overview the pathophysiology of non‐infectious uveitis in relation to recent SUN (standardised uveitis nomenclature) disease classification. The experimental and translational human evidence of autoimmunity and activation of immunity will be discussed. In addition the talk will highlight the pathways and mechanisms of tissue damage that results in sight‐threatening disease. Traditionally, despite active immune regulatory mechanisms operative within the ocular environment, inflammation still occurs. Activated antigen and non‐antigen specific T cells are generated in uveitis. The interplay with innate immunity and in particular cells of myeloid lineage both systemically and within the local environment dictate the severity and extent of pathology we observe. The understanding of immune responses during the uveitis open many avenues to potential novel immunotherapies that not only suppress inflammation but attempt to redress immune balance, tolerance and local homeostasis within ocular tissues.
Therapeutic management of uveitis
Authors: Dick A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis talk will overview the contemporary therapeutic approaches to treatment of noninfectious non‐infective ocular inflammatory disease. Treatment of non‐infectious uveitis has over past 15 years expanded from the use of traditional therapies including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to the deployment of targetting the immuneresponse with biologic therapies with monoclonal antibodies and immunoadhesins. Such use will be exemplified with case reports during the talk. Evidence of efficacy of immunosuppressants in the treatment of uveitis, the role of predicting steroid responsiveness, the use of monotherapy with immunosuppression and finally the pathways and evidence of success of biologic therapy will be provided.
Genetics in microphthalmia
Authors: Calvas P. , Davis E. , Ragge N. , Fares‐Taïe L. , Srour M. , Michaud J. , Kaplan J. , Rozet J.M. , Chassaing N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryCongenital malformations of the eye comprise a wide spectrum of developmental defects. Anophthalmia‐microphthalmia (AM) is the most severe end of these conditions. The different ocular malformations are thought to be part of an overlapping spectrum of embryonic developmental defects. Phenotypic overlap is emphasized by molecular results demonstrating that the same genes may lead to variable defects. We aimed at delineating the molecular bases of AM in order to improve knowledge on eye development as well as patient care. We follow one of the largest cohort of ocular developmental defects cases with extensive clinical and genetic analyses and report here extensive genetics analysis delineating a valuable genetic epidemiology of AM triggering genes. To date a genetic cause is identified in less than half of the patients suffering AM. The most likely explanation for this is that only a small proportion of causative genes have been identified. That is, we report here the strategy used to identify novel AM genes among rare and mainly sporadic patients. This led highlighting the malformation spectrum of already known genes and delineating original pathways respectively involved in retinoic acid metabolism and Sonic Hedgehog signalling.
Irradiation induced maculopathy: pathogenesis and therapeutic approach with anti‐VEGF's
Authors: Zografos L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIrradiation induced maculopathy is a major complication following conservative management of uveal melanomas with brachytherapy or proton beam irradiation. It occurs generally 1.5–3 years following treatment. An early attempt (6 months) or a late occurance (8 years or more) is also possible. Functional loss depends to the irradiation dose as well as the presence of predisposing risk factors (diabetic retinopathy, previous serous retinal detachment of the macula with attempt of the outer retina).Fluoresceine angiography, OCT‐A, OCT en face and B‐mode OCT are the imagine techniques used in order to quantify the anatomic damage. These examinations allow to observe the modifications of the inner and outer perifoveal capillary network and to quantify the extend of the cystoid macular edema.Visual function is mainly correlated with the damages of the deep capillary plexus observed in the OCT‐A. A therapeutic approach with anti‐VEGF's can be considered in all the cases with minimal or mild damage of the deep capillary plexus.
Physiology and clinical relevance of this parameter
Authors: Abegao Pinto L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryOcular Pulse Amplitude (OPA) refers to a fluctuation in pressure with the cardiac cycle. It has been widely used as a surrogate endpoint for ocular circulation with a number of studies inferring which ocular tissue, structural characteristics and vascular beds are responsible for this fluctuation. Accordingly, a number of ocular and conditions have been consistently associated with extreme OPA values (either high or low). Ranging from glaucoma to carotid stenosis, these conditions will be reviewed, thus providing the audience with a glimpse of the state of the art in the clinical implications of this parameter.
Using iPS cells to uncover cilia protein function and model disease
Authors: Schwarz N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPrimary cilia are small, hair‐like protrusions on most cells and the photoreceptor outer segment is a highly specialised light sensing primary cilium. Retinitis pigmentosa 2 (RP2) is a cilia and basal body protein that is involved in regulating ciliary protein traffic. Mutations in the RP2 gene lead to a severe form of X‐linked RP. Patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide a potent new technology, which allows the directed differentiation of most cell types to model disease. Recent advances have included the differentiation of iPSC into retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells and three‐dimensional optic cups, which are stratified and express photoreceptor progenitor cells. We have reprogrammed skin fibroblasts from an RP2 patient, carrying the most common RP2 stop mutation R120X, into iPSC and differentiated them into RPE cells, allowing us to study RP2 mutation disease mechanisms in vitro. Using translational read‐through drugs (PTC124 and G418) we have successfully restored full‐length, functional RP2 in these cells. Therefore, using iPSC to model disease in relevant cell types and tissues provides an important tool for the evaluation of potential therapies.