bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid classification and quantification of cocaine in seized powders with ATR‐FTIR and chemometrics
Authors: Eliaerts Joy , Dardenne Pierre , Meert Natalie , Van Durme Filip , Samyn Nele , Janssens Koen , De Wael Karolien 
Published: December 2016

Traditionally, fast screening for the presence of cocaine in unknown powders is performed by means of colour tests. The major drawbacks of these tests are subjective colour evaluation depending on the operator (‘50 shades of blue’) and a lack of selectivity. An alternative fast screening technique is Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry. This technique provides spectra that are difficult to interpret without specialized expertise and shows a lack of sensitivity for the detection of cocaine in mixtures. To overcome these limitations, a portable FTIR spectrometer using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) sampling was combined with a multivariate technique, called Support Vector Machines (SVM).Representative street drug powders (n = 482), seized during the period January 2013 to July 2015, and reference powders (n = 33) were used to build and validate a classification model (n = 515) and a quantification model (n = 378). Both models were compared with the conventional chromatographic techniques. The SVM classification model showed a high sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency (99%). The SVM quantification model determined cocaine content with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 6% calculated over a wide working range from 4 to 99 w%.In conclusion, the developed models resulted in a clear output (cocaine detected or cocaine not detected) and a reliable estimation of the cocaine content in a wide variety of mixtures. The ATR‐FTIR technique combined with SVM is a straightforward, user‐friendly, and fast approach for routine classification and quantification of cocaine in seized powders. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting interspecific olfactory communication to monitor predators
Authors: Garvey Patrick M. , Glen Alistair S. , Clout Mick N. , Wyse Sarah V. , Nichols Margaret , Pech Roger P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOlfaction is the primary sense of many mammals and subordinate predators use this sense to detect dominant species, thereby reducing the risk of an encounter and facilitating coexistence. Chemical signals can act as repellents or attractants and may therefore have applications for wildlife management. We devised a field experiment to investigate whether dominant predator (ferret Mustela furo) body odor would alter the behavior of three common mesopredators: stoats (Mustela erminea), hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), and ship rats (Rattus rattus). We predicted that apex predator odor would lead to increased detections, and our results support this hypothesis as predator kairomones (interspecific olfactory messages that benefit the receiver) provoked “eavesdropping” behavior by mesopredators. Stoats exhibited the most pronounced responses, with kairomones significantly increasing the number of observations and the time spent at a site, so that their occupancy estimates changed from rare to widespread. Behavioral responses to predator odors can therefore be exploited for conservation and this avenue of research has not yet been extensively explored. A long‐life lure derived from apex predator kairomones could have practical value, especially when there are plentiful resources that reduce the efficiency of food‐based lures. Our results have application for pest management in New Zealand and the technique of using kairomones to monitor predators could have applications for conservation efforts worldwide.
Movements of a deep‐water fish: establishing marine fisheries management boundaries in coastal Arctic waters
Authors: Hussey Nigel E. , Hedges Kevin J. , Barkley Amanda N. , Treble Margaret A. , Peklova Iva , Webber Dale M. , Ferguson Steven H. , Yurkowski David J. , Kessel Steven T. , Bedard Jeannette M. , Fisk Aaron T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractManagement boundaries that define populations or stocks of fish form the basis of fisheries planning. In the Arctic, decreasing sea ice extent is driving increasing fisheries development, highlighting the need for ecological data to inform management. In Cumberland Sound, southwest Baffin Island, an indigenous community fishery was established in 1987 targeting Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) through the ice. Following its development, the Cumberland Sound Management Boundary (CSMB) was designated and a total allowable catch (TAC) assigned to the fishery. The CSMB was based on a sink population of Greenland halibut resident in the northern section of the Sound. Recent fishing activities south of the CSMB, however, raised concerns over fish residency, the effectiveness of the CSMB and the sustainability of the community‐based winter fishery. Through acoustic telemetry monitoring at depths between 400 and 1200 m, and environmental and fisheries data, this study examined the movement patterns of Greenland halibut relative to the CSMB, the biotic and abiotic factors driving fish movement and the dynamics of the winter fishery. Greenland halibut undertook clear seasonal movements between the southern and northern regions of the Sound driven by temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sea ice cover with most fish crossing the CSMB on an annual basis. Over the lifespan of the fishery, landfast ice cover initially declined and then became variable, limiting accessibility to favored fisher locations. Concomitantly, catch per unit effort declined, reflecting the effect of changing ice conditions on the location and effort of the fishery. Ultimately, these telemetry data revealed that fishers now target less productive sites outside of their favored areas and, with continued decreases in ice, the winter fishery might cease to exist. In addition, these novel telemetry data revealed that the CSMB is ineffective and led to its relocation to the entrance of the Sound in 2014. The community fishery can now develop an open‐water fishery in addition to the winter fishery to exploit the TAC, which will ensure the longevity of the fishery under projected climate‐change scenarios. Telemetry shows great promise as a tool for understanding deep‐water species and for directly informing fisheries management of these ecosystems that are inherently complex to study.
Evapotranspiration from a primary subtropical evergreen forest in Southwest China
Authors: Song Qing‐Hai , Braeckevelt Elisa , Zhang Yi‐Ping , Sha Li‐Qing , Zhou Wen‐Jun , Liu Yun‐Tong , Wu Chuan‐Sheng , Lu Zhi‐Yun , Klemm Otto 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEvapotranspiration (ET) was observed over a 5‐year period at a primary subtropical evergreen forest in southwest China. The study used the eddy covariance method and quantified the precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, soil evaporation, and routine meteorological parameters to analyze the contributions of stand‐level transpiration and canopy interception loss to the total ET. The annual ET ranged between 785 and 901 mm. The average ratios ET–potential evapotranspiration were 0.45 and 0.87 during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The relative contributions of soil evaporation, stand‐level transpiration, and canopy interception loss to ET were quantified in order to understand their roles in today's climate and in a potential future climate. Solar radiation was a driver for ET, although the occurrence of drought limited the tree transpiration and thus ET. Specifically, deep soil moisture was an important driver of ET during the dry season. During the wet season, the vapor pressure deficit became one of the main drivers. Although the current study did not collect specific data for the effect of fog on ET, fog likely plays an important role in the ecohydrologic system and deserves further investigation. Although the hydrological system is currently stable, it is anticipated that the groundwater recharge from the ecosystem may be largely reduced in the future, likely through climate change and an associated positive temperature–ET feedback loop.
The impact of drought on sap flow of cooccurring Liquidambar formosana Hance and Quercus variabilis Blume in a temperate forest, Central China
Authors: Zhu Liwei , Hu Yanting , Zhao Xiuhua , Zeng Xiaomin , Zhao Ping , Zhang Zhenzhen , Ju Yuxi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDiffuse‐ and ring‐porous species with different vessel structures exhibited contrasting water use strategies for adapting to water stress. The sap flow rates of two tree species (diffuse‐porous: Liquidambar formosana Hance; and ring‐porous: Quercus variabilis Blume) under different environmental conditions were monitored in a temperate forest in the south of Henan Province, Central China. The mechanisms underlying the contrasting water use strategies in response to drought stress were explored by analysing the correlation of sap flow per unit sapwood area (Fd) with vapour pressure deficit and the contribution of nocturnal Fd to total water use under different soil water contents. The results showed that the Fd of Q. variabilis decreased under drought conditions, whereas that of L. formosana increased. Under drought stress, stronger stomatal control was shown for both tree species. Stomatal regulation and changes of leaf area jointly led to constant sap flow per unit leaf area (JL) across the seasons for Q. variabilis. The seasonal variations in the ratio of nocturnal mean Fd to total Fd were consistent with those in the daytime mean JL for both tree species. Nocturnal sap flow played a critical role in the increased water use of diffuse‐porous species, L. formosana, under drought conditions. Our study highlights the importance of nocturnal sap flow for water use by forest species. This finding provides insights for future studies of the water cycle in forest ecosystems and demonstrates that such studies should take into account the nocturnal physiological processes of plants.
A life cycle database for parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes
Authors: Benesh Daniel P. , Lafferty Kevin D. , Kuris Armand 
Published: December 2016

AbstractParasitologists have worked out many complex life cycles over the last ~150 yr, yet there have been few efforts to synthesize this information to facilitate comparisons among taxa. Most existing host–parasite databases focus on particular host taxa, do not distinguish final from intermediate hosts, and lack parasite life‐history information. We summarized the known life cycles of trophically transmitted parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes. For 973 parasite species, we gathered information from the literature on the hosts infected at each stage of the parasite life cycle (8,510 host–parasite species associations), what parasite stage is in each host, and whether parasites need to infect certain hosts to complete the life cycle. We also collected life‐history data for these parasites at each life cycle stage, including 2,313 development time measurements and 7,660 body size measurements. The result is the most comprehensive data summary available for these parasite taxa. In addition to identifying gaps in our knowledge of parasite life cycles, these data can be used to test hypotheses about life cycle evolution, host specificity, parasite life‐history strategies, and the roles of parasites in food webs.
Individual isotopic specializations predict subsequent inter‐individual variation in movement in a freshwater fish
Authors: Harrison P. M. , Gutowsky L. F. G. , Martins E. G. , Ward T. D. , Patterson D. A. , Cooke S. J. , Power M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDespite many similarities and intuitive links between individual dietary specialization and behavioral inter‐individual variation, these phenomena have been studied in isolation, and empirical data confirming relationships between these intraspecific variance sources are lacking. Here we use stable isotope analysis and acoustic telemetry to test the hypothesis that individual specialization in trophic (δ15N) and littoral/pelagic prey reliance (δ13C) covary with inter‐individual variation in movement in a group of 34 free‐swimming burbot (Lota lota). By performing stable isotope analysis on tissues with differing isotopic turnover rates (anal fin and dorsal muscle), in 24 lethally sampled burbot, we demonstrate that individual specialization in trophic niche (δ15N) and littoral/pelagic prey reliance (δ13C) occurred within the population. By performing stable isotope analysis on anal fins of a group of telemetry tagged burbot, we were able to show that interactions between trophic niche and littoral/pelagic prey reliance, explained a significant proportion of the subsequent between‐individual variance in mean movement rates. These findings demonstrate an empirical connection between behavioral inter‐individual variation and dietary specialization, thus providing a substantial expansion of our understanding of the wider ecological consequences of these interesting phenomena.
A global database of ant species abundances
Authors: Gibb Heloise , Dunn Rob R. , Sanders Nathan J. , Grossman Blair F. , Photakis Manoli , Abril Silvia , Agosti Donat , Andersen Alan N. , Angulo Elena , Armbrecht Inge , Arnan Xavier , Baccaro Fabricio B. , Bishop Tom R. , Boulay Raphaël , Brühl Carsten , Castracani Cristina , Cerda Xim , Del Toro Israel , Delsinne Thibaut , Diaz Mireia , Donoso David A. , Ellison Aaron M. , Enriquez Martha L. , Fayle Tom M. , Feener Donald H. , Fisher Brian L. , Fisher Robert N. , Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Gómez Crisanto , Gotelli Nicholas J. , Gove Aaron , Grasso Donato A. , Groc Sarah , Guenard Benoit , Gunawardene Nihara , Heterick Brian , Hoffmann Benjamin , Janda Milan , Jenkins Clinton , Kaspari Michael , Klimes Petr , Lach Lori , Laeger Thomas , Lattke John , Leponce Maurice , Lessard Jean‐Philippe , Longino John , Lucky Andrea , Luke Sarah H. , Majer Jonathan , McGlynn Terrence P. , Menke Sean , Mezger Dirk , Mori Alessandra , Moses Jimmy , Munyai Thinandavha Caswell , Pacheco Renata , Paknia Omid , Pearce‐Duvet Jessica , Pfeiffer Martin , Philpott Stacy M. , Resasco Julian , Retana Javier , Silva Rogerio R. , Sorger Magdalena D. , Souza Jorge , Suarez Andrew , Tista Melanie , Vasconcelos Heraldo L. , Vonshak Merav , Weiser Michael D. , Yates Michelle , Parr Catherine L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWhat forces structure ecological assemblages? A key limitation to general insights about assemblage structure is the availability of data that are collected at a small spatial grain (local assemblages) and a large spatial extent (global coverage). Here, we present published and unpublished data from 51 ,388 ant abundance and occurrence records of more than 2,693 species and 7,953 morphospecies from local assemblages collected at 4,212 locations around the world. Ants were selected because they are diverse and abundant globally, comprise a large fraction of animal biomass in most terrestrial communities, and are key contributors to a range of ecosystem functions. Data were collected between 1949 and 2014, and include, for each geo‐referenced sampling site, both the identity of the ants collected and details of sampling design, habitat type, and degree of disturbance. The aim of compiling this data set was to provide comprehensive species abundance data in order to test relationships between assemblage structure and environmental and biogeographic factors. Data were collected using a variety of standardized methods, such as pitfall and Winkler traps, and will be valuable for studies investigating large‐scale forces structuring local assemblages. Understanding such relationships is particularly critical under current rates of global change. We encourage authors holding additional data on systematically collected ant assemblages, especially those in dry and cold, and remote areas, to contact us and contribute their data to this growing data set.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and natural enemies promote coexistence of tropical tree species
Authors: Bachelot Benedicte , Uriarte María , McGuire Krista L. , Thompson Jill , Zimmerman Jess 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNegative population feedbacks mediated by natural enemies can promote species coexistence at the community scale through disproportionate mortality of numerically dominant (common) tree species. Simultaneously, associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can result in positive effects on tree populations. Coupling data on seedling foliar damage from herbivores and pathogens and DNA sequencing of soil AMF diversity, we assessed the effects of these factors on tree seedling mortality at local (1 m2) and community (16 ha plot) scales in a tropical rainforest in Puerto Rico. At the local scale, AMF diversity in soil counteracted negative effects from foliar damage on seedling mortality. At the community scale, mortality of seedlings of common tree species increased with foliar damage while rare tree species benefited from soil AMF diversity. Together, the effects of foliar damage and soil AMF diversity on seedling mortality might foster tree species coexistence in this forest.
Changes in flowering functional group affect responses of community phenological sequences to temperature change
Authors: Meng F. D. , Jiang L. L. , Zhang Z. H. , Cui S. J. , Duan J. C. , Wang S. P. , Luo C. Y. , Wang Q. , Zhou Y. , Li X. E. , Zhang L. R. , Li B. W. , Dorji T. , Li Y. N. , Du M. Y. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOur ability to predict how temperature modifies phenology at the community scale is limited by our lack of understanding of responses by functional groups of flowering plants. These responses differ among species with different life histories. We performed a reciprocal transplant experiment along four elevation gradients (e.g., 3,200, 3,400, 3,600 and 3,800 m) to investigate the effects of warming (transferred downward) and cooling (transferred upward) on plant flowering functional groups (FFGs) and community phenological sequences (i.e., seven phenological events). Warming significantly decreased early‐spring‐flowering (ESF) plant coverage and increased mid‐summer‐flowering plant (MSF) coverage, while cooling had the opposite effect. All community phenological events were advanced by warming and delayed by cooling except for the date of complete leaf‐coloring, which showed the opposite response. Warming and cooling could cause greater advance or delay in early‐season phenological events of the community through increased coverage of MSF species, and warming could delay late‐season phenological events of the community by increased coverage of ESF species. These results suggested that coverage change of FFGs in the community induced by temperature change could mediate the responses of the community phenological events to temperature change in the future. The response of phenological events to temperature change at the species level may not be sufficient to predict phenological responses at the community‐level due to phenological compensation between species in the community.
Local epiphyte establishment and future metapopulation dynamics in landscapes with different spatiotemporal properties
Authors: Belinchón Rocío , Harrison Philip J. , Mair Louise , Várkonyi Gergely , Snäll Tord 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the relative importance of different ecological processes on the metapopulation dynamics of species is the basis for accurately forecasting metapopulation size in fragmented landscapes. Successful local colonization depends on both species dispersal range and how local habitat conditions affect establishment success. Moreover, there is limited understanding of the effects of different spatiotemporal landscape properties on future metapopulation size. We investigate which factors drive the future metapopulation size of the epiphytic model lichen species Lobaria pulmonaria in a managed forest landscape. First, we test the importance of dispersal and local conditions on the colonization–extinction dynamics of the species using Bayesian state‐space modelling of a large‐scale data set collected over a 10‐yr period. Second, we test the importance of dispersal and establishment limitation in explaining establishment probability and subsequent local population growth, based on a 10‐yr propagule sowing experiment. Third, we test how future metapopulation size is affected by different metapopulation and spatiotemporal landscape dynamics, using simulations with the metapopulation models fitted to the empirical data. The colonization probability increased with tree inclination and connectivity, with a mean dispersal distance of 97 m (95% credible intervals, 5–530 m). Local extinctions were mainly deterministic set by tree mortality, but also by tree cutting by forestry. No experimental establishments took place on clearcuts, and in closed forest the establishment probability was higher on trees growing on moist than on dry‐mesic soils. The subsequent local population growth rate increased with increasing bark roughness. The simulations showed that the restricted dispersal range estimated (compared to non‐restricted dispersal range), and short tree rotation length (65 yr instead of 120) had approximately the same negative effects on future metapopulation size, while regeneration of trees creating a random tree pattern instead of an aggregated one had only some negative effect. However, using the colonization rate obtained with the experimentally added diaspores led to a considerable increase in metapopulation size, making the dispersal limitation of the species clear. The future metapopulation size is thus set by the number of host trees located in shady conditions, not isolated from occupied trees, and by the rotation length of these host trees.