bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Headache Interest in Academic Neurology Leadership: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Robbins Matthew S. , Rosen Noah L. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundHeadache disorders are exceedingly common, debilitating neurological conditions, and there is a striking paucity of headache specialists nationally. However, headache education is underrepresented in the curriculum of neurology residency programs and few neurology residents elect to pursue headache medicine fellowships. We aimed to explore the possibility that a low degree of headache interest among neurology department chairs and residency program directors (PDs) underlies this mismatch.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of chairs and PDs associated with ACGME neurology residency programs. Data sources included the ACGME program list, faculty profiles on institutional webpages, Doximity profiles, the American Headache Society (AHS) membership directory, and the roster of United Council for Neurologic Specialties (UCNS) headache diplomates. A headache interest was deemed to be present with the presence of a declared headache or concussion interest, completion of a headache fellowship, active AHS membership, or UCNS certification.ResultsOur review included 137 residency programs comprising 127 department chairs, 132 PDs, and 5 faculty who were both chairs and PDs. Of all faculty, 62 (23.5%) were women. Headache expertise was declared by 10 (7.6%) chairs and 13 (9.5%) PDs. Headache fellowship training was pursued by 1 (0.8%) chair and 5 (3.6%) PDs, and among all faculty was the 10th most common subspecialty fellowship pursued. Three (2.3%) chairs and 7 (5.1%) PDs were AHS members. Seven (5.3%) chairs and 10 (7.3%) PDs were UCNS headache certified. An overall headache interest was present in 29 (11.0%) faculty, including 14 (10.6%) chairs and 15 (10.9%) PDs. A graduate degree aside from an MD (eg, PhD, MPH) was more likely to be achieved in faculty without a headache interest (29.4%) than faculty with a headache interest (6.9%, P = .0076). Residency programs where either the chair or PD had a headache interest were just as likely to feature a UCNS headache fellowship program than programs without chair or PD headache interest (25.0 vs 23.0%, P = .83).ConclusionsCurrent neurology department chairs and residency PDs have low rates of headache interest, which may influence the emphasis of headache education in neurology training. Headache interest is associated with lower rates of other graduate degrees, and future analysis should examine if academic faculty interested in headache are less likely to be in leadership positions because of a lack of research funding, opportunities, or accomplishments.
A novel histological examination with dynamic three‐dimensional reconstruction from multiple immunohistochemically stained sections of a PD‐L1‐positive colon cancer
Authors: Korehisa Shotaro , Ikeda Tetsuo , Okano Shinji , Saeki Hiroshi , Oki Eiji , Oda Yoshinao , Hashizume Makoto , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: September 2017

AimsProgrammed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression is observed in patients with microsatellite instability‐high (MSI‐H) colon cancer, which is susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between PD‐L1‐positive cells and cytotoxic T cells, lymphatic vessels and vascular endothelium by using histological examination with the three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a PD‐L1‐positive colon cancer.Methods and resultsSerial sections of MSI‐H colon cancer tissue were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome stains; immunohistochemical analysis of PD‐L1, CD8, D2‐40 and CD31 was performed. Several 3D models of MSI‐H colon cancer were reconstructed with a 3D data visualisation system. Moreover, 18 serial sections were stained with PD‐L1, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, CD45, CD31, CD68 and H&E in the same case to confirm that PD‐L1 was expressed on tumour cells, CD31‐positive cells and macrophages in the invasive frontal region. Notably, there was a peak in the expression of PD‐L1 and CD31 in the invasive frontal region. D2‐40‐positive cells were abundant in the overall tumour stroma, and CD8‐positive cells infiltrated the tumour parenchyma. PD‐L1 was expressed on tumour cells in the parenchyma and other cells in the stroma. Additional staining of 18 consecutive sections revealed that the other cells were CD68‐positive and CD45‐positive macrophages and CD31‐positive proliferating vascular endothelial cells.ConclusionsWe confirmed that PD‐L1 was highly expressed in the invasive frontal region in 3D models of MSI‐H colon cancer tissue. This method can be useful for accurately evaluating the localisation of immune checkpoint molecules.
The prevalence and risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children aged 0‐59 months in rural Malawi: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Cox Miriam , Rose Louis , Kalua Khumbo , de Wildt Gilles , Bailey Robin , Hart John 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundAcute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity. Malawi has high childhood mortality but limited data on the prevalence of disease in the community.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of children aged 0‐59 months. Health passports were examined for ARI diagnoses in the preceding 12 months. Children were physically examined for malnutrition or current ARI.Results828 children participated. The annual prevalence of ARI was 32.6% (95% CI 29.3‐36.0%). Having a sibling with ARI (OR 1.44, P = .01), increasing household density (OR 2.17, P = .02) and acute malnutrition (OR 1.69, P = .01) were predictors of infection in the last year. The point prevalence of ARI was 8.3% (95% CI 6.8‐10.4%). Risk factors for current ARI were acute‐on‐chronic malnutrition (OR 3.06, P = .02), increasing household density (OR1.19, P = .05) and having a sibling with ARI (OR 2.30, P = .02).ConclusionThis study provides novel data on the high prevalence of ARI in Malawi. This baseline data can be used in the monitoring and planning of future interventions in this population.
A multiobjective GRASP–VND algorithm to solve the waste collection problem
Authors: López‐Sánchez A.D. , Hernández‐Díaz A.G. , Gortázar F. , Hinojosa M.A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper, the waste collection problem (WCP) of a city in the south of Spain is addressed as a multiobjective routing problem that considers three objectives. From the company's perspective, the minimization of the travel cost is desired as well as that of the total number of vehicles. Additionally, from the employee's point of view, a set of balanced routes is also sought. Four variants of a multiobjective hybrid algorithm are proposed. Specifically, a GRASP (greedy randomized adaptive search procedure) with a VND (variable neighborhood descent) is combined. The best GRASP–VND algorithm found is applied in order to solve the real‐world WCP of a city in the south of Spain.
Enhanced wound‐healing performance of a phyto‐polysaccharide‐enriched dressing – a preclinical small and large animal study
Authors: Wang Chih‐Hsin , Chang Shu‐Jen , Tzeng Yuan‐Sheng , Shih Yu‐Jen , Adrienne Chang , Chen Shyi‐Gen , Chen Tim‐Mo , Dai Niann‐Tzyy , Cherng Juin‐Hong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlginate is a natural rich anionic polysaccharide (APS), commonly available as calcium alginate (CAPS). It can maintain a physiologically moist microenvironment, which minimises bacterial infection and facilitates wound healing at a wound site. Patients with burn injuries suffer from pain and an inflammatory response. In this study, we evaluated the CAPS dressing and traditional dressing containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for wound healing and scar tissue formation in a burn model of rat and swine. In our pilot study of a burn rat model to evaluate inflammatory response and wound healing, we found that the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β were up‐regulated in the CAPS treatment group. Next, the burn swine models tested positive for MCP‐1 in a Gram‐positive bacterial infection, and there was overproduction of TGF‐β during the burn wound healing process. Rats were monitored daily for 1 week for cytokine assay and sacrificed on day 28 post‐burn injury. The swine were monitored over 6 weeks. We further examined the pain and related factors and inflammatory cytokine expression in a rodent burns model monitored everyday for 7 days post‐burn. Our results revealed that the efficacy of the dressing containing CAPS for wound repair post‐burn was better than the CMC dressing with respect to natural wound healing and scar formation. The polysaccharide‐enriched dressing exerted an antimicrobial effect on burn wounds, regulated the inflammatory response and stimulated anti‐inflammatory cytokine release. However, one pain assessment method showed no significant difference in the reduction in levels of adenosine triphosphate in serum of rats after wound dressing in either the CAPS or CMC group. In conclusion, a polysaccharide‐enriched dressing outperformed a traditional dressing in reducing wound size, minimising hypertrophic scar formation, regulating cytokines and maximising antimicrobial effects.
Enhanced fracture toughness in nonstoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel through controlled dissolution of second phase alumina
Authors: Miller Jesse A. , Reimanis Ivar E. , Du Merac Marc R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDissolution of Al2O3particles into a MgAl2O4(spinel) matrix is accompanied by a volumetric expansion that is predicted to lead to a compressive stress field upon cooling, resulting in a promising microstructure for enhanced toughening of transparent spinel. This study explores the conditions to form such a microstructure by hot‐pressing powders of Al2O3and spinel, at temperatures that promote dissolution of the Al2O3. Tough, particulate‐reinforced composites were formed under lower temperatures and shorter times, but single phase, cubic spinel was formed at 1700°C for 10 hours. The single phase spinel made in this way exhibited a toughness of 2.26 ± 0.17 MPa√m, significantly higher than the equivalent nonstoichiometric spinel made by traditional methods, 1.72 ± 0.06MPa√m. X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed lattice parameter changes consistent with the dissolution of Al2O3into spinel. Mechanics modeling reveals that toughening arises due to the volume expansion as Al2O3dissolves into the spinel matrix.
Correction for adipocyte size and number in the analysis of differences in gene expression in fat tissues
Authors: Alfonso L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn gene expression studies of candidate genes related to fat deposition, accounting for differences in cell number using reference genes could be not sufficient when cell transcriptional levels are related to cell size, or the tissues are constituted by different types of cells where candidate genes could be differentially expressed. In these situations, mixed model can be applied giving the possibility to take into account the effects of adipocyte size and number on gene expression. The inclusion in the models of analysis of adipocyte size and number, previously estimated taking into account the possible bimodality of size distribution, reduces the rate of false positives in the expression of candidate genes, although, as expected, more powerful designs are needed to detect true differences. The analysis of cellularity of adipose tissue is recommended to infer differences in the expression of genes related to fat deposition.
Anatomical and electrical remodeling with incomplete left atrial appendage ligation: Results from the LAALA‐AF registry
Authors: Turagam Mohit , Atkins Donita , Earnest Matthew , Lee Randall , Nath Jayant , Ferrell Ryan , Bartus Krzysztof , Badhwar Nitish , Rasekh Abdi , Cheng Jie , Di Biase Luigi , Natale Andrea , Wilber David , Lakkireddy Dhanunjaya 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe anatomical, electrical, and clinical impact of incomplete Lariat left atrial appendage ligation remains unclear.MethodsWe studied LAA anatomy pre‐ and postligation using contrast enhanced‐computed tomography (CT) scans in 91 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who subsequently underwent catheter ablation (CA).ResultsEleven patients had an incomplete exclusion (12%) with a central leak ranging from 1 to 5 mm. Despite incomplete ligation; the LAA volume were reduced by 67% postprocedurally when compared to preprocedure. In 7 patients with a leak between 1 and 3 mm, there was a 77% reduction in LAA volume beyond the ligation site suggestive of remodeling of the LAA. In 4 patients with larger (4–5 mm) leak the LAA remnants (LAARs) were slightly larger than those with smaller leaks on follow‐up CT scan. Three out of the 4 demonstrated LAA electrical activity during CA and underwent isolation of the LAA ostium. Follow‐up imaging showed two of these LAARs completely sealed with no communication with the left atrium. There was no significant difference in the AF recurrence rates between the patients who had a leak versus those with complete ligation (4 of 11 [36%] vs. 22 of 80 [27%]; P = 0.6). Oral anticoagulation was discontinued in all patients with small leaks and 2 patients with large leaks that sealed completely upon follow‐up imaging. There were no strokes or TIAs at 12 months.ConclusionDespite incomplete LAA ligation by Lariat device there is significant anatomical and electrical remodeling that resulted in reduction in LAA size, volume, and electrical activity.
Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease in Korea: a nationwide, population‐based study (2006–2015)
Authors: Lee Y.B. , Lee S.Y. , Choi J.Y. , Lee J.H. , Chae H.S. , Kim J.W. , Han K.D. , Park Y.G. , Yu D.S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease varies among ethnic populations worldwide. Trends in the incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease have not been investigated based on the Korean National Health Insurance database.ObjectivesThis study investigated the incidence and mortality of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease by age using nationwide population data in Korea.MethodsA nationwide population‐based cohort study was performed using the Korean National Health Insurance Claims Database from 2006 to 2015. The incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease was calculated by age, sex, calendar year and habitat. And comorbid metabolic diseases were also analysed in patients with Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease.ResultsThe annual incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease per 100 000 person‐years was 3.976 (2.587 for males and 5.373 for females) from 2006 to 2015. The incidence of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease peaked among people in their 40s (6.561 per 100 000 person‐years). Incidence was significantly higher in subjects with comorbid metabolic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The mortality rate per 1000 person‐years increased with age in patients with Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease.ConclusionsThis study showed the incidence, prevalence and mortality of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease. Metabolic conditions increased the risk of Adamantiades‐Behçet's disease among Koreans.
Cognitive Trajectory Changes Over 20 Years Before Dementia Diagnosis: A Large Cohort Study
Authors: Li Ge , Larson Eric B. , Shofer Jane B. , Crane Paul K. , Gibbons Laura E. , McCormick Wayne , Bowen James D. , Thompson Mary Lou 
Published: September 2017

Background/ObjectivesLongitudinal studies have shown an increase in cognitive decline many years before clinical diagnosis of dementia. We sought to estimate changes, relative to “normal” aging, in the trajectory of scores on a global cognitive function test—the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI).DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingCommunity‐dwelling members of a U.S. health maintenance organization.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older who had no dementia diagnosis at baseline and had at least two visits with valid CASI test score (N = 4,315).MeasurementsAverage longitudinal trajectories, including changes in trajectory before clinical diagnosis in those who would be diagnosed with dementia, were estimated for CASI item response theory (IRT) scores. The impact of sex, education level, and APOE genotype on cognitive trajectories was assessed.ResultsIncreased cognitive decline relative to “normal” aging was evident in CASI IRT at least 10 years before clinical diagnosis. Male gender, lower education, and presence of ≥1 APOE ε4 alleles were associated with lower average IRT scores. In those who would be diagnosed with dementia, a trajectory change point was estimated at an average of 3.1 years (95% confidence interval 3.0‐3.2) before clinical diagnosis, after which cognitive decline appeared to accelerate. The change point did not differ by sex, education level, or APOE ε4 genotype. There were subtle differences in trajectory slopes by sex and APOE ε4 genotype, but not by education.ConclusionDecline in average global cognitive function was evident at least 10 years before clinical diagnosis of dementia. The decline accelerated about 3 years before clinical diagnosis.
Accurate representation of interference colours (Michel–Lévy chart): from rendering to image colour correction
Authors: LINGE JOHNSEN S.A. , BOLLMANN J. , LEE H.W. , ZHOU Y. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryHere a work flow towards an accurate representation of interference colours (Michel‐Lévy chart) digitally captured on a polarised light microscope using dry and oil immersion objectives is presented. The work flow includes accurate rendering of interference colours considering the colour temperature of the light source of the microscope and chromatic adaptation to white points of RGB colour spaces as well as the colour correction of the camera using readily available colour targets.The quality of different colour correction profiles was tested independently on an IT8.7/1 target. The best performing profile was using the XYZ cLUT algorithm and it revealed a ΔE00 of 1.9 (6.4 no profile) at 5× and 1.1 (8.4 no profile) at 100× magnification, respectively.The overall performance of the workflow was tested by comparing rendered interference colours with colour‐corrected images of a quartz wedge captured over a retardation range from 80–2500 nm at 5× magnification. Uncorrected images of the quartz wedge in sRGB colour space revealed a mean ΔE00 of 12.3, which could be reduced to a mean of 4.9 by applying a camera correction profile based on an IT8.7/1 target and the Matrix only algorithm (ΔE00 < 1.0 signifies colour differences imperceptible by the human eye). ΔE00 varied significantly over the retardation range of 80–2500 nm of the quartz wedge, but the reasons for this variation is not well understood and the quality of colour correction might be further improved in future by using custom made colour targets specifically designed for the analysis of high‐order interference colours.
Legal dispossession and civil war in Colombia
Authors: del Pilar Peña‐Huertas Rocío , Ruiz Luis Enrique , Parada María Mónica , Zuleta Santiago , Álvarez Ricardo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHow are institutions that regulate property rights related to the massive coercive dispossession of land that took place during the Colombian conflict? How did the workings of these institutions change during the conflict? We answer these questions through an analysis of a unique data set of rulings on land restitution issued between 2012 and 2015. The paper argues that the exclusionary nature of the institutions that regulate the access and assignment of property rights preceded the onset and escalation of the Colombian conflict, but shows how and why once the conflict began, the set of techniques used to promote coercive dispossession through those institutions could be significantly broadened and escalated. By doing so, it intends to advance the knowledge of how institutions are transformed, in this case in a deeply anti‐egalitarian and violent sense, during war.
Agrarian elite participation in Colombia's civil war
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Sanín Francisco , Vargas Jenniffer 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDirect elite participation in civil wars remains unexplored terrain. It should be analytically telling, because it involves taking major risks and costs. Here, we consider the direct participation of one rural elite—big cattle ranchers—in the Colombian paramilitary saga. We claim that it was massive, locally specific, regulated by institutions, and riddled by permanent collective action issues. We focus on two important forms of direct participation: ranchers as leaders of paramilitary groups, and ranchers as promoters and beneficiaries of coercive land dispossession. This does not cover the full spectrum of potential elite participation in war, but it is a key starting point to sort out the ways in which extreme inequality is associated with political violence from above.
Comparative instrumental evaluation of efficacy and safety between a binary and a ternary system in chemexfoliation
Authors: Cameli Norma , Mariano Maria , Ardigò Marco , Corato Cristina , De Paoli Gianfranco , Berardesca Enzo 
Published: September 2017

SummaryObjectiveTo instrumentally evaluate the efficacy and the safety of a new ternary system chemo exfoliating formulation (water‐dimethyl isosorbide‐acid) vs traditional binary systems (water and acid) where the acid is maintained in both the systems at the same concentration.MethodsDifferent peelings (binary system pyruvic acid and trichloroacetic acid—TCA, and ternary system pyruvic acid and TCA) were tested on the volar forearm of 20 volunteers of both sexes between 28 and 50 years old. The outcomes were evaluated at the baseline, 10 minutes, 24 hours, and 1 week after the peeling by means of noninvasive skin diagnosis techniques. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy was used for stratum corneum evaluation, transepidermal waterloss, and Corneometry for skin barrier and hydration, Laser Doppler velocimetry in association with colorimetry for irritation and erythema analysis.ResultsThe instrumental data obtained showed that the efficacy and safety of the new ternary system peel compounds were significantly higher compared with the binary system formulations tested. The new formulation peels improved chemexfoliation and reduced complications such as irritation, redness, and postinflammatory pigmentation compared to the traditional aqueous solutions.ConclusionThe study showed that ternary system chemexfoliation, using a controlled delivery technology, was able to provide the same clinical effects in term of stratum corneum reduction with a significantly reduced barrier alteration, water loss, and irritation/erythema compared to traditional binary system peels.