bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources and the Legality and Validity of International Law
Authors: O’Connell Mary Ellen , Day Caleb 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter posits that international law, like all law, can be understood as a hybrid of positive and natural law. The history of natural law from Ancient Greece to today’s global community reveals that the method used for centuries to explain extra-positive features of law consists of three integral elements. The method uses reason, reflection on nature, and openness to transcendence. Certain contemporary natural law theorists, however, prefer to focus on reason and nature alone. Yet, the history of natural law thinking shows that transcendence is integral to the method. History also reveals that religion is not the only avenue to transcendence. Transcendence completes a natural law method capable of explaining persuasively why law binds in general and why certain principles are superior to positive law.
Sources and the Systematicity of International Law
Authors: Giudice Michael 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses a range of questions about the systematicity of sources of international law. What does it mean to say that international law’s sources form a legal system or not? Is there more than one way in which international law’s sources might or might not form a legal system? Must there be an international legal system for there to be sources of international law at all? How are we to distinguish between claims of systematicity which are of a descriptive-explanatory nature from those that are aspirational, and is there a connection between these two types of questions? The chapter takes up these questions and others from the perspective of analytical legal theory. It explains that there are certain costs when it comes to thinking about the sources of international law in terms of the idea of legal system.
Sources and the Systematicity of International Law
Authors: Hernández Gleider I. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter illuminates the role that sources doctrine plays in construing international law as a system. It frames international law’s systemic qualities within the recursive relationship between sources doctrine and debates over international law’s systematicity. Sources doctrine reinforces and buttresses international law’s claim to constitute a legal system; and the legal system demands and requires that legal sources exist within it. International law’s systematicity and the doctrine of international legal sources exist in a mutually constitutive relationship, and cannot exist without one another. This recursive relationship privileges unity, coherence, and the existence of a unifying inner logic which transcends mere interstate relations and constitutes a legal structure. In this respect, the social practices of those officials who are part of the institutional workings of the system, and especially those with a law-applying function, are of heightened relevance in conceiving of international law as a system.
Sources and the Hierarchy of International Law
Authors: de Wet Erika 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter questions whether there is a hierarchy among the sources of international law and whether such a hierarchy is important for resolving norm conflicts stemming from the different sources of international law. It first examines whether the order between the sources listed in Article 38 (1) (c) of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute is an indication of a hierarchy in accordance with the order and form in which the sources are listed or moulded. Thereafter, the chapter examines whether peremptory norms represent a substantive hierarchy. It also questions whether peremptory norms can be categorized in accordance with the sources listed in Article 38 (1) (c), or whether they constitute a separate source in international law. The chapter further engages in a similar analysis of obligations under the United Nations Charter. It concludes that peremptory norms and obligations under the Charter are indicative of a substantive hierarchy in international law.
Sources and the Legitimate Authority of International Law
Authors: Collins Richard 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with international law’s claim to legitimate authority and the role played by the doctrine of sources in meeting this claim. It argues that the kind of formal assessment of legality inherent in sources doctrine expresses a specific view of the legitimate authority of international law. Here, the chapter tries to defuse two misleading lines of attack: one based on the vagaries of the processes of customary law formation and ascertainment and the other based upon the exhaustiveness of sources doctrine as traditionally conceived. As this chapter shows, both criticisms miss their target by overplaying what is at stake in this view of international law’s legitimate authority. Whilst the chapter therefore defends this ‘doctrinal’ view, it nonetheless shows how a broader theory of the legitimacy of international law will necessarily have to balance content-dependent and content-independent normative evaluation.
Sources and the Subjects of International Law
Authors: de Witte Bruno 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter observes that the law of international organizations poses challenging questions for the doctrine of sources of international law, which was originally developed for a world in which only States were envisaged as subjects of international law. It addresses some of those questions by focusing on the most ‘advanced’ international organization, the European Union (EU). The chapter is organized in two main parts. The first one emphasizes the separate character of the EU’s system of sources, whereas the second part notes the various ways in which that system continues to rely on the traditional sources of international law, particularly on the treaty instrument. Together, these two parts aim to justify the choice of the words ‘semi-autonomous system of sources’ used in the subtitle of the chapter.
Sources of International Human Rights Law
Authors: Simma Bruno 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter investigates the structure of the rights and obligations running within human rights treaties as legal instruments designed for the realization of common humanitarian interests. It does so from a legal-positivist point of departure. The chapter first deconstructs the mantra of the so-called ‘objective’ human rights treaty obligations. It then analyses the legal position of the individuals whose rights are consecrated in human rights treaties and identifies these rights as genuine treaty entitlements. This is followed by a concise depiction of the specific legal consequences derived from the characteristics of the treaties, focusing on the hotly debated topic of reservations. The chapter concludes by comparing its views with those expressed in chapter 39 on the topic of sources of international human rights law.
Sources of International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law
Authors: Ratner Steven R. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter contends that international humanitarian law (IHL) and criminal law (ICL) cast serious doubt on the traditional doctrine and understanding of sources. Article 38 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute inadequately describes key modes for prescribing law in these areas. International courts are particularly important for both areas, perhaps because of their unprincipled approach to the indicia of custom. More fundamentally, IHL and ICL suggest that sources scholarship should see itself not as determining necessary and sufficient methods for the making of law, but rather as a search for relevant inputs that become indicators of law. Under this view, certain processes are more authoritative than others, but all deserve scrutiny. Moreover, a theory of sources must take account of the purpose of understanding sources, which is to promote compliance with rules. IHL and ICL also shed light on the importance of morality and ethics to the law-making process.
The Concept of Insider Dealing
Authors: Ventoruzzo Marco 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter turns to the controversial issue of insider dealing. It offers a general background for the analytical discussion of the single provisions of the Market Abuse Regulation, before taking a broad view at the evolution of the phenomenon and the legal discourse surrounding it. To that end, this chapter adopts an historical perspective, and compares and contrasts different regulatory approaches (in the US and Europe, which offer a good template for most existing regulatory models). The economic and ethical basis invoked to support—or criticize—the prohibition of insider trading is then discussed. Finally, this chapter also discusses a few open questions or regulatory challenges that might be relevant in the next few years.
Preventive Geriatrics
Authors: Mehta Ronak , Koroma-Nelson Mariatu , Mackenzie Elizabeth R. , Rakel Birgit 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The key to longevity among older adults is the incorporation of preventative practices into their daily lives. These includes being up-to-date with recommended preventative screening tests, vaccinations, a balanced nutrition and supplements, physical activities, and limiting exposure or building resiliency to environmental toxins and stress. Another very common major preventable problem in geriatrics is polypharmacy. This chapter in addition to covering in detail common life style based preventative methods covers recommended resources on identifying high-risk medications and drug-drug/drug-herbs/supplements interactions.
Prevalence of hormone therapy, factors associated with its use, and knowledge about menopause: a population-based household survey
Authors: Pacello Poliana , Baccaro Luiz F. , Pedro Adriana O. , Costa-Paiva Lucia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of hormone therapy (HT), the factors associated with its use, and the importance of knowledge about menopause and HT.

Methods:
A cross-sectional population-based study with 749 Brazilian women aged 45 to 60 years living in the Campinas Metropolitan Region was carried out between September 2012 and June 2013. The dependent variable was current or previous HT use. The independent variables were sociodemographic data, health-related problems, and knowledge about menopause assessed using a score that was obtained with a questionnaire on various aspects of menopause.

Results:
The mean age of the women was 52.5 (±4.4) years. With regard to the menopause status, 16% were premenopausal, 16% were perimenopausal, and 68% were postmenopausal. Among all the women included, 19.5% reported current or previous HT use. In multiple regression analysis, being postmenopausal (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.76; 95% CI, 1.74-4.38), receiving information about menopause from physicians and health service workers (PR 2.73; 95% CI, 1.91-3.89), having bilateral oophorectomy (PR 2.18; 95% CI, 1.49-3.17), experiencing work interruption due to hot flashes (PR 1.44; 95% CI, 1.03-2.01), and having extensive knowledge about menopause (PR 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.19) were associated with a higher prevalence of HT use.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of HT use was 19.5%. Menopause status, information source, surgical menopause, work interruption due to hot flashes, and knowledge about menopause were associated with HT use. Education promoted by healthcare systems can increase HT use in women who have indications for treatment.
Effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate on incident hypertension in the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy trials
Authors: Swica Yael , Warren Michelle P. , Manson JoAnn E. , Aragaki Aaron K. , Bassuk Shari S. , Shimbo Daichi , Kaunitz Andrew , Rossouw Jacques , Stefanick Marcia L. , Womack Catherine R. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of menopausal hormone therapy on incident hypertension in the two Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy trials and in extended postintervention follow-up.

Methods:
A total of 27,347 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years were enrolled at 40 US centers. This analysis includes the subsample of 18,015 women who did not report hypertension at baseline and were not taking antihypertensive medication. Women with an intact uterus received conjugated equine estrogens (CEE; 0.625 mg/d) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 2.5 mg/d) (n = 5,994) or placebo (n = 5,679). Women with prior hysterectomy received CEE alone (0.625 mg/d) (n = 3,108) or placebo (n = 3,234). The intervention lasted a median of 5.6 years in the CEE plus MPA trial and 7.2 years in the CEE-alone trial with 13 years of cumulative follow-up until September 30, 2010. The primary outcome for these analyses was self-report of a new diagnosis of hypertension and/or high blood pressure requiring treatment with medication.

Results:
During the CEE and CEE plus MPA intervention phase, the rate of incident hypertension was 18% higher for intervention than for placebo (CEE: hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.29; CEE plus MPA: HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27). This effect dissipated postintervention in both trials (CEE: HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.94-1.20; CEE plus MPA: HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.94-1.10).

Conclusions:
CEE (0.625 mg/d) administered orally, with or without MPA, is associated with an increased risk of hypertension in older postmenopausal women. Whether lower doses, different estrogen formulations, or transdermal route of administration offer lower risks warrant further study.
Effect of a Quality Improvement Project to Reduce Noise in a Pediatric Unit
Authors: Soubra Maher , Harb Yara Abou , Hatoum Sara , Yazbeck Nadine , Khoury Mirna , Mansour Elie Bou , Badr Lina Kurdahi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
Noise levels remain high in clinical settings, which may result in stress and sleep disruption, and can lead to immunosuppression, delayed healing, confusion, disorientation, delusions, and increased length of hospital stay. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to assess effects of a multidisciplinary noise reduction program on a pediatric unit in an acute care hospital in a developing country.

Methods:
A quality improvement project was carried out over 15 months in a pediatric unit. A three-phase study was conducted where the first phase included obtaining patient satisfaction ratings and recording sound levels, the second phase included implementing a noise reduction program and designing a noise detector machine, and the third phase included obtaining patient satisfaction data and recording noise levels over a 1-year period.

Results:
There was a significant decrease in noise of 8 A-weighted decibels when comparing the values before and after implementing the quality improvement project at t = 6.44, p < 0.000. There was no significant difference in patient satisfaction ratings.

Clinical Implications:
Noise in the pediatric unit exceeded recommended guidelines; however, decreasing the levels was possible and sustainable, which can improve the psychological and physiological wellbeing of hospitalized children.
CoNekT: an open-source framework for comparative genomic and transcriptomic network analyses
Authors: Proost Sebastian , Mutwil Marek 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThe recent accumulation of gene expression data in the form of RNA sequencing creates unprecedented opportunities to study gene regulation and function. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the expression data from multiple species can elucidate which functional gene modules are conserved across species, allowing the study of the evolution of these modules. However, performing such comparative analyses on raw data is not feasible for many biologists. Here, we present CoNekT (Co-expression Network Toolkit), an open source, user-friendly web server, that contains user-friendly tools and interactive visualizations for comparative analyses of gene expression data and co-expression networks. These tools allow analysis and cross-species comparison of (i) gene expression profiles; (ii) co-expression networks; (iii) co-expressed clusters involved in specific biological processes; (iv) tissue-specific gene expression; and (v) expression profiles of gene families. To demonstrate these features, we constructed CoNekT-Plants for green alga, seed plants and flowering plants (Picea abies, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,Vitis vinifera,Arabidopsis thaliana,Oryza sativa,Zea maysandSolanum lycopersicum) and thus provide a web-tool with the broadest available collection of plant phyla. CoNekT-Plants is freely available fromhttp://conekt.plant.tools, while the CoNekT source code and documentation can be found athttps://github.molgen.mpg.de/proost/CoNekT/.
Single-molecule dynamics and genome-wide transcriptomics reveal that NF-κB (p65)-DNA binding times can be decoupled from transcriptional activation
Authors: Callegari Andrea , Sieben Christian , Benke Alexander , Suter David M. , Fierz Beat , Mazza Davide , Manley Suliana 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTranscription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes by recognizing and binding to specific DNA promoter sequences. In higher eukaryotes, it remains unclear how the duration of TF binding to DNA relates to downstream transcriptional output. Here, we address this question for the transcriptional activator NF-κB (p65), by live-cell single molecule imaging of TF-DNA binding kinetics and genome-wide quantification of p65-mediated transcription. We used mutants of p65, perturbing either the DNA binding domain (DBD) or the protein-protein transactivation domain (TAD). We found that p65-DNA binding time was predominantly determined by its DBD and directly correlated with its transcriptional output as long as the TAD is intact. Surprisingly, mutation or deletion of the TAD did not modify p65-DNA binding stability, suggesting that the p65 TAD generally contributes neither to the assembly of an “enhanceosome,” nor to the active removal of p65 from putative specific binding sites. However, TAD removal did reduce p65-mediated transcriptional activation, indicating that protein-protein interactions act to translate the long-lived p65-DNA binding into productive transcription.Author SummaryTo control transcription of a certain gene or a group of genes, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes express specialized proteins, transcription factors (TFs). During gene activation, TFs bind gene promotor sequences to recruit the transcriptional machinery including DNA polymerase II. TFs are often multi-subunit proteins containing a DNA-binding domain (DBD) as well as a protein-protein interaction interface. It was suggested that the duration of a TF-DNA binding event 1) depends on these two subunits and 2) dictates the outcome, i.e. the amount of mRNA produced from an activated gene. We set out to address these hypotheses using the transcriptional activator NF-κB (p65) as well as a number of mutants affecting different functional subunits. Using a combination of live-cell microscopy and RNA sequencing, we show that p65 DNA-binding time indeed correlates with the transcriptional output, but that this relationship depends on, and hence can be uncoupled by altering, the protein-protein interaction capacity. Our results suggest that, while p65 DNA binding times are dominated by the DBD, a transcriptional output can only be achieved with a functional protein-protein interaction subunit.
The face of contagion: consumer response to service failure depiction in online reviews
Authors: Fox Alexa K. , Deitz George D. , Royne Marla B. , Fox Joseph D. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Online consumer reviews (OCRs) have emerged as a particularly important type of user-generated information about a brand because of their widespread adoption and influence on consumer decision-making. Much of the existing OCR research focuses on quantifiable OCR features such as star ratings and volume. More research that examines the influence of review elements, aside from numeric ratings, such as the verbatim text, particularly in services contexts is needed. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of service failures on consumer arousal and emotions.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors present three behavioral experiments that manipulate service failure and linguistic elements of OCRs by using galvanic skin response, survey measures and automated facial expression analysis.

Findings
Negative OCRs lead to the greatest levels of arousal when consumers read OCRs. Service failure severity impacts anger, and referential cohesion, an observable property of text that helps a reader better understand ideas in the text, negatively moderates the relationship between service failure severity and anger.

Originality/value
The authors are among the first to empirically test the effect of emotional contagion in a user-generated content context, demonstrating that it can occur when consumers read such content, even if they did not experience the events being described. The research uses a self-report and physiological measures to assess consumer perceptions, arousal and emotions related to service failures, increasing the robustness of the literature. These findings contribute to the marketing literature on OCRs in service failures, physiological measures of consumers’ emotions, the negativity bias and emotional contagion in a user-generated content context.
Does e-HRM improve labour productivity? A study of commercial bank workplaces in Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Naveed , Ahmad Mansoor , M.C. Allen Matthew , Raziq Muhammad Mustafa 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Drawing on data from a unique, large-scale survey, the purpose of this paper is to examine the links between e-HRM and perceived labour productivity both directly and through the mediating role of HR service quality amongst commercial-bank workplaces in Pakistan, many of which have introduced e-HRM.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use partial least squares structural equation modelling to examine the direct links between e-HRM and productivity as well as the mediated links between e-HRM, perceived HR service quality and productivity.

Findings
The authors show that e-HRM practices have a statistically significant, positive effect on managers’ perceptions of labour productivity. The authors also reveal that e-HRM practices influence the quality of HR service, and that the quality of HR services fully mediates the relationship between e-HRM practices and managers’ perceptions of labour productivity.

Practical implications
The results highlight the importance of designing and implementing e-HRM systems so that they support organisation workflow and enable workers to carry out a range of HR and non-HR activities more efficiently. In particular, this study suggests that managers should focus on how e-HRM impacts on HR service quality in a holistic way, as this is the “route” via which e-HRM can improve labour productivity.

Originality/value
Existing research has demonstrated a link between e-HRM and the quality of HR services; however, these studies downplay the potential impact of e-HRM on labour productivity, a key organisational outcome and one that e-HRM aims to improve. This study contributes to the HRM literature by identifying how e-HRM can improve labour productivity by enhancing the perceived HR service quality. This study, therefore, provides the basis for future theory developments in this area.