bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citations in Life Science Patents to Publicly Funded Research at Academic Medical Centers
Authors: Sampat Bhaven N. , Pincus Harold Alan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe contributions of Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) to biomedical innovation have been difficult to measure because of the challenges involved in tracing knowledge flows from their origin to their uses.MethodsThe authors examined patent citation linkages between AMC research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and patents. In prospective analyses, they examine the extent to which articles resulting from NIH grants to AMCs awarded between 1990 and 1995 were cited in drug and medical patents. The authors then examine the extent to which these patents are associated with marketed drugs. In retrospective analyses, they examine the share of drugs approved between 2000 and 2009 that have citation links to NIH‐funded AMC research.ResultsThe prospective analyses show over a third of AMC grants resulted in publications that were cited in patents. Most the patents are drug and biotechnology patents, and are assigned to private firms. Patents citing NIH‐funded AMC publications were associated with 106 new FDA approved drugs, half of which are new molecular entities and a quarter of which are priority NMEs. The retrospective analyses showed that about half of the new molecular entities approved over the 2000–2009 period had citations links to NIH‐funded AMC research.ConclusionsThere are strong links between articles from NIH‐funded AMC research and private sector medical patenting, including drugs. More research is needed to better understand the types of links the citations represent and their implications for public policy.
Are itch and scratching the nausea and vomiting of skin?
Authors: Ostadhadi Sattar , Azimi Ehsan , Lerner Ethan A. , Dehpour Ahmad‐Reza 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe physiologic similarities between itch and nausea may not be evident initially, but they share the role of repelling irritants and toxins from the body by inducting scratching and vomiting, respectively. In addition, itch and nausea frequently occur together in certain conditions such as uraemia. Here we show that the mechanisms underlying itch and nausea overlap and that advances in either field may influence the identification of novel drug targets, particularly for itch.
Public Sector Reforms: Changing Contours on an NPM Landscape
Authors: Hyndman Noel , Liguori Mariannunziata 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that public sector accounting has moved from Public Administration (PA) to New Public Management (NPM) ideas and, more recently, towards a New Public Governance (NPG) approach. These systems are presented as mutually exclusive and competing. Focusing on accounting changes in the UK central government, this paper explores whether movements towards NPG ideas can be identified at the level of political debate. No evidence is found that NPM is a transitory state. Rather, the findings demonstrate that political debate continues to utilise predominantly NPM arguments, with the three systems viewed as containing complementary, rather than competing, schemes.
Europeanization and the Soft Law Process of EU Corporate Governance: How has the 2003 Action Plan Impacted on National Corporate Governance Codes?
Authors: Ferrero Ferrero Idoya , Ackrill Robert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEuropeanization addresses the impacts of EU (European Union) membership on national politics and policies. Over time, new policy processes have been developed, such as the use of soft law and the open method of co‐ordination. What, though, are the consequences of these new processes for Europeanization? This article contributes to this under‐researched area by examining the extent to which EU soft law influences policy adoption at the national level. Our empirical application is corporate governance, an area of growing EU policy interest, with significant soft law elements. We analyse the extent to which the European Commission's 2003 plan to enhance corporate governance achieved its aim of ‘co‐ordinating corporate governance efforts of Member States’. Our quantitative analysis of 95 national codes issued over 1992–2010 suggests that the Action Plan did influence national policy‐making, but that the degree of national policy alignment depends on when the corporate governance code was issued, where, and by whom.
Survivors speak: a qualitative analysis of motivational factors influencing breast cancer survivors’ participation in a sprint distance triathlon
Authors: Robinson Karen M , Piacentine Linda B , Waltke Leslie J , Ng Alexander V , Tjoe Judy A 
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine motivational factors influencing breast cancer survivors to participate in triathlon training, complete a triathlon and maintain an exercise thereafter.BackgroundRoutine exercise has been shown to improve quality of life and reduce recurrence for breast cancer survivors. Yet physical and psychological factors present barriers for initiating and maintaining an exercise routine. Research is limited in exploring factors of exercise motivation from the survivor's perspective.DesignQualitative design using focus groups and individual follow‐up phone interviews to explore motivation for exercise initiation and maintenance.MethodsOne to two weeks after completing a triathlon, 11 breast cancer survivors who trained together participated in one of three focus groups to discuss their experience. Five months post triathlon 6 of the 11 participants were successfully contacted and phone interviews were conducted to explore exercise maintenance. Focus groups and interviews were analysed using content and thematic analysis.ResultsFive themes emerged (1) Champion for Exercise, (2) Part of a Team, (3) Everyone Had a Story, (4) Not Really Exercise and (5) What Do We Do Now? Overall, survivors recognised their need for lifestyle change (e.g. moving from a sedentary lifestyle to a more active one). More importantly, they identified the team approach to exercise initiation was crucial in their success in sustaining a behavioural change.ConclusionsEmphasis needed on developing team exercise training programmes for survivors. Nurses can play a critical role in discussing with survivors, the benefits of exercise initiation and maintenance.Relevance to clinical practiceBreast cancer survivors are hesitant to initiate routine exercise. Training with women who share a common lived experience increases the likelihood of success. Nurses are in a position to encourage breast cancer survivors to participate in group exercise programmes as a way to improve quality of life.
Regulated and unregulated nurses in the acute hospital setting: Tasks performed, delayed or not completed
Authors: Roche Michael A , Duffield Christine , Friedman Sarah , Dimitrelis Sofia , Rowbotham Samantha 
Published: January 2016

AimsInvestigate the number and type of tasks performed, delayed or not completed by regulated and unregulated (assistant) nurses.BackgroundAssistants in Nursing change the work environment of the nurses with whom they work. As the number of Assistants in Nursing working on acute units grows, it is important to understand how their presence influences nursing care.DesignDescriptive analysis of survey data from 62 acute nursing units across three Australian states between 2008–2010.MethodsAll staff providing nursing care to patients were asked to complete a survey that included demographics, the number of tasks delayed/incomplete and the completion of six specific tasks. Nonparametric tests compared Assistants in Nursing (n = 25) to regulated nurses (n = 1630), and regulated nurses on units with no Assistants in Nursing (n = 1356) to those on units with up to 5% assistants (n = 76) and over 5% assistants (n = 198).ResultsMore regulated nurses on units with zero, or up to 5% Assistants in Nursing, completed tasks usually associated with assistants’ scope of practice, relative to those on units with over 5% Assistants in Nursing. Statistically significant differences were found between the units in delays responding to the patient bell and in the planning of nursing care.ConclusionThis study suggests that Assistants in Nursing have an impact on the nature and timeliness of care provided in acute hospital units, that is relative to the proportion of staffing they comprise, to the effectiveness of integration and to the clarity of their scope of practice and associated delegation.Relevance to clinical practiceWith increasing employment of Assistants in Nursing in acute hospital settings comes the requirement to optimise their use. This needs to include a well‐articulated scope of practice, clear delegation of tasks and effective integration with the rest of the care team.
Aortic Valve Calcium Volume Predicts Paravalvular Regurgitation and the Need for Balloon Post‐Dilatation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Fonseca Paulo , Figueiredo Bruno , Almeida Carla , Almeida João , Bettencourt Nuno , Sampaio Francisco , Ferreira Nuno , Gonçalves Helena , Braga Pedro , Ribeiro Vasco Gama 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveThis study sought to evaluate the impact of aortic valve (AV) and left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) calcium on paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) and need for balloon post‐dilatation (BPD) during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).MethodsThe overall study population comprised 152 patients. Calcium mass and volume of AV and LVOT were estimated from contrast‐enhanced multislice computed tomography imaging, using 3 thresholds for calcium detection [650, 850, and 1,050 Hounsfield units (HU)].ResultsA self‐expandable prosthesis was implanted in 67.8% of patients and a balloon‐expandable prosthesis in the remaining. Eleven patients required BPD and 82 patients presented post‐procedural PVR, which was mild in 44.1% and moderate in 9.9%. The greatest discriminatory value for PVR ≥ mild was seen for calcium volume using 850 HU threshold, with an area under the curve of 0.72 (95%CI 0.64–0.80, P < 0.001) for AV and of 0.63 (95%CI 0.54–0.72, P = 0.008) for LVOT. For 850 HU threshold, the calcium volume cut‐off with the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity for PVR was 157 mm3 for AV and 0.6 mm3 for LVOT. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of AV calcium ≥157 mm3 (OR 3.83, 95%CI 1.81–8.10, P < 0.001) and ≥267 mm3 (OR 11.3, 95%CI 1.2–103.1, P = 0.03) were the only independent predictors of PVR and BPD, respectively.ConclusionsAV calcium volume was an independent predictor of PVR and BPD in patients submitted to TAVI. Our results support a systematic assessment of AV calcium volume to identify patients at increased risk of post‐procedural PVR. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:117–123)
Adiponectin Receptor Agonist, AdipoRon, Causes Vasorelaxation Predominantly Via a Direct Smooth Muscle Action
Authors: Hong Kwangseok , Lee Sewon , Li Rong , Yang Yan , Tanner Miles A. , Wu Jianbo , Hill Michael A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveAdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, was recently proposed for treating insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. As adiponectin is vasoprotective via NO‐mediated signaling, it was hypothesized that adipoRon similarly exerts potentially beneficial vasodilator effects. We therefore examined if adipoRon induces vasorelaxation and via what contributing mechanisms.MethodsVascular function was assessed in skeletal muscle arteries from rats and cerebral/coronary arteries from mice using pressure and wire myography.ResultsUsing qPCR, mRNA for adiponectin receptors was demonstrated in skeletal muscle, cerebral and coronary arteries. AdipoRon‐caused vasorelaxation was not abolished by compound C (10 μM; AMPK inhibitor). Inhibition of endothelium‐dependent relaxation with combinations of l‐NAME/indomethacin/apamin/TRAM‐34 only slightly reduced adipoRon‐mediated vasorelaxation in cerebral and coronary arteries. EC‐denuded cremaster arteries showed similar relaxant responses to adipoRon as in intact vessels, suggesting adipoRon directly impacts VSMCs. K+ currents measured in VSMCs isolated from mouse basilar and LAD arteries were not altered by adiopRon. In cremaster arteries, adipoRon induced vasorelaxation without a marked decrease in VSMC [Ca2+]i. Adiponectin, itself, caused vasodilation in intact cremaster arteries while failing to cause significant dilation in EC‐denuded arteries, consistent with endothelium dependency of adiponectin.ConclusionsAdipoRon exerts vasodilation by mechanisms distinct to adiponectin. The dominant mechanism for adipoRon‐induced vasorelaxation occurs independently of endothelium‐dependent relaxing factors, AMPK activation, K+ efflux‐mediated hyperpolarization and reductions in cytosolic [Ca2+]i.
Expression of cleaved caspase‐3 in renal tubular cells inPlasmodium falciparummalaria patients
Authors: Wichapoon Benjamas , Punsawad Chuchard , Viriyavejakul Parnpen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimInPlasmodium falciparummalaria, the clinical manifestation of acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly associated with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the kidney tissues. Renal tubular cells often exhibit various degrees of cloudy swelling, cell degeneration, and frank necrosis. To study individual cell death, this study evaluates the degree of renal tubular necrosis in association with apoptosis in malarial kidneys.MethodsKidney tissues fromP. falciparummalaria with AKI (10 cases), and without AKI (10 cases) were evaluated for tubular pathology. Normal kidney tissues from 10 cases served as controls. Tubular necrosis was assessed quantitatively in kidney tissues infected withP. falciparummalaria, based on histopathological evaluation. In addition, the occurrence of apoptosis was investigated using cleaved caspase‐3 marker. Correlation between tubular necrosis and apoptosis was analyzed.ResultsTubular necrosis was found to be highest inP. falciparummalaria patients with AKI (36.44% ± 3.21), compared to non‐AKI (15.88% ± 1.63) and control groups (2.58% ± 0.39) (allp< 0.001). In the AKI group, the distal tubules showed a significantly higher degree of tubular necrosis than the proximal tubules (p= 0.021) and collecting tubules (p= 0.033). Tubular necrosis was significantly correlated with the level of serum creatinine (r= 0.596,p= 0.006), and the occurrence of apoptosis (r= 0.681,p= 0.001).ConclusionIn malarial AKI, the process of apoptosis occurs in ATN.
FOXE1 polymorphisms and non‐syndromic orofacial cleft susceptibility in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Yin X , Zhang H , Zhu Z , Wang H , Du Y , Li S , Zhang Z , Fan W , Pan Y 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveFOXE1 plays an important role in craniofacial development. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between genetic variants of FOXE1 and risk of non‐syndromic orofacial clefts in a Chinese population.Materials and MethodsThree potentially functional SNPs of FOXE1 (rs3758250 and rs907577 in the 5′ upstream and rs7043516 in the 3′‐UTR) were selected and their associations with non‐syndromic orofacial cleft susceptibility were investigated in a case–control study from a Chinese population (602 cases and 605 controls). Genotyping was performed with double ligation and multiplex fluorescence PCR. Associations between the SNPs and risk of non‐syndromic orofacial clefts and its subgroups were estimated from unconditional logistic regression analysis. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to assess SNP function.ResultsOverall, we did not find any of the individual SNP or haplotype was associated with NSOC susceptibility. Nevertheless, in stratified analysis, we found rs7043516, locating in the 3′‐UTR of FOXE1, was associated with risk of cleft lip only. Further in vitro luciferase assay indicated that this SNP could contribute to differential binding ability with miRNA.ConclusionsTaken together, this study showed that rs7043516 may be considered as a potentially susceptible marker of cleft lip only among Chinese Han populations.
Do small‐aperture presbyopic corrections influence the visual field?
Authors: Atchison David A. , Blazaki Stella , Suheimat Marwan , Plainis Sotiris , Charman W. Neil 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPurposeTo explore the effect of small‐aperture optics, designed to aid presbyopes by increasing ocular depth‐of‐focus, on measurements of the visual field.MethodsSimple theoretical and ray‐tracing models were used to predict the impact of different designs of small‐aperture contact lenses or corneal inlays on the proportion of light passing through natural pupils of various diameters as a function of the direction in the visual field. The left eyes of five healthy volunteers were tested using three afocal, hand‐painted opaque soft contact lenses (www.davidthomas.com). Two were opaque over a 10 mm diameter but had central clear circular apertures of 1.5 and 3.0 mm in diameter. The third had an annular opaque zone with inner and outer diameters of 1.5 and 4.0 mm, approximately simulating the geometry of the KAMRA inlay (www.acufocus.com). A fourth, clear lens was used for comparison purposes. Visual fields along the horizontal meridian were evaluated up to 50° eccentricity with static automated perimetry (Medmont M700, stimulus Goldmann‐size III; www.medmont.com).ResultsAccording to ray‐tracing, the two lenses with the circular apertures were expected to reduce the relative transmittance of the pupil to zero at specific field angles (around 60° for the conditions of the experimental measurements). In contrast, the annular stop had no effect on the absolute field but relative transmittance was reduced over the central area of the field, the exact effects depending upon the natural pupil diameter. Experimental results broadly agreed with these theoretical expectations. With the 1.5 and 3.0 mm pupils, only minor losses in sensitivity (around 2 dB) in comparison with the clear‐lens case occurred across the central 10° radius of field. Beyond this angle, sensitivity losses increased, to reach about 7 dB at the edge of the measured field (50°). The field results with the annular stop showed at most only a slight loss in sensitivity (≤3 dB) across the measured field.ConclusionThe present theoretical and experimental results support earlier clinical findings that KAMRA‐type annular stops, unlike circular artificial pupils, have only minor effects on measurements of the visual field.
Vacuolar compartmentalization as indispensable component of heavy metal detoxification in plants
Authors: Sharma Shanti S. , Dietz Karl‐Josef , Mimura Tetsuro 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPlant cells orchestrate an array of molecular mechanisms for maintaining plasmatic concentrations of essential heavy metal (HM) ions, for example, iron, zinc and copper, within the optimal functional range. In parallel, concentrations of non‐essential HMs and metalloids, for example, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, should be kept below their toxicity threshold levels. Vacuolar compartmentalization is central to HM homeostasis. It depends on two vacuolar pumps (V‐ATPase and V‐PPase) and a set of tonoplast transporters, which are directly driven by proton motive force, and primary ATP‐dependent pumps. While HM non‐hyperaccumulator plants largely sequester toxic HMs in root vacuoles, HM hyperaccumulators usually sequester them in leaf cell vacuoles following efficient long‐distance translocation. The distinct strategies evolved as a consequence of organ‐specific differences particularly in vacuolar transporters and in addition to distinct features in long‐distance transport. Recent molecular and functional characterization of tonoplast HM transporters has advanced our understanding of their contribution to HM homeostasis, tolerance and hyperaccumulation. Another important part of the dynamic vacuolar sequestration syndrome involves enhanced vacuolation. It involves vesicular trafficking in HM detoxification. The present review provides an updated account of molecular aspects that contribute to the vacuolar compartmentalization of HMs.
Growing Up under Corporate Capitalism: The Problem of Marketing to Children, with Suggestions for Policy Solutions
Authors: Kasser Tim , Linn Susan 
Published: January 2016

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development suggests that children are affected by the economic system under which they live. Corporate capitalism is one such economic system, and evidence suggests that the focus on profit and power characteristic of deregulated, competitive forms of capitalism can suppress how much citizens prioritize the values that support the nurturing of children. One manifestation of this capitalist ideology is the practice of marketing to children, a practice known to be associated with a variety of negative outcomes for children. We present empirical evidence supporting these claims and conclude by proposing numerous policies aimed at reducing children's exposure to marketing. The policies, many of which have widespread public support, can be implemented in a number of types of institutions that directly or indirectly affect children, including professional organizations, schools, businesses, and all levels of government.
Association Between Aerobic Fitness and High Blood Pressure in Adolescents in Brazil: Evidence for Criterion-Referenced Cut-Points
Authors: Silva Diego Augusto Santos , Tremblay Mark , Pelegrini Andreia , Silva Roberto Jeronimo dos Santos , de Oliveira Antonio Cesar Cabral , Petroski Edio Luiz 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:Criterion-referenced cut-points for health-related fitness measures are lacking. This study aimed to determine the associations between aerobic fitness and high blood pressure levels (HBP) to determine the cut-points that best predict HBP among adolescents.Method:This cross-sectional school-based study with sample of 875 adolescents aged 14–19 years was conducted in southern Brazil. Aerobic fitness was assessed using the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by the oscillometric method with a digital sphygmomanometer. Analyses controlled for sociodemographic variables, physical activity, body mass and biological maturation.Results:Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that mCAFT measures could discriminate HBP in both sexes (female: AUC = 0.70; male: AUC = 0.63). The cut-points with the best discriminatory power for HBP were 32 mL·kg-1·min-1 for females and 40 mL·kg-1·min-1 for males. Females (OR = 8.4; 95% CI: 2.1, 33.7) and males (OR: 2.5; CI 95%: 1.2, 5.2) with low aerobic fitness levels were more likely to have HBP.Conclusion:mCAFT measures are inversely associated with BP and cut-points from ROC analyses have good discriminatory power for HBP.