bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les risques et la montagne
Authors: Servoin François 
Published: June 2016

In mountainous areas, the PER is seen as an unnecessary legal instrument because it mainly reiterates existing mechanisms. It should be recalled that major works hâve been undertaken by the national service for the restoration of mountainous areas since 1882, particularly since this service was transformed into a safety authority in the 1970s which led to a revival of interest in the question of safety in mountainous areas. The unearthing of article R. 111-3 of the Planning Code around that time has also made it possible to zone high-risk mountainous areas effectively. The purpose of PERs, introduced by the Act for the Compensation of Victims of Natural Catastrophes of 1982 and updated by the Mountain Act of 1985 and the Civil Safety Act of 22 july 1987, was to close the loopholes of a preventive System which was considered to be patchy and inadequate. Nowadays, however, it seems unlikely that PERs can fulfil this objective.
Lastly, designed to link the prevention ofrisks with the compensation of victims, PERs are at the heart ofan insurance System whose effectiveness has still to be proved, especially in mountainous areas. These are ail problems which will have to be taken into account by the future PPRs.
La fête faillie : les événements de mai (1284, Lille-Douai)
Authors: Feller Laurent 
Published: June 2016

Laurent Feller, The Failed Festival : The May Events (1284, Lille-Douai).
In the spring of 1284, the refusal by the Douai people of letting the Lille inhabitants take part in the jousting tournaments organized for the Rosier Festival let to these latter's anger. They displayed it by organizing in the streets of Douai a violent parade of the racket type. The Douai response consisted in an anti-Lille people riot, and above all by a xénophobie and hatred-fraught behaviour whose forms were numerous. On both sides, in the course of the months of May and June, the youth organized horse rides. However there were no casualties. Both parties endeavoured to remain within the bounds of symbolic actions and took great care not to indulge in actions that could have resulted in real warfare and that neither the city authorities nor the Count would have tolerated. The groups of youths were the driving force in the troubles. They were all the same under the control of the political autorities.
L'Aumône Générale de Valenciennes (1351- 1566) : ordre public, richesse et pauvreté jusqu'à la veille de la Révolte des Pays-Bas
Authors: Junot Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Junot, The Valenciennes General Alms (1531-1566) Poverty down to the Eve of the Netherlands Revolt.
Public Order, Wealth and
In 1561, the city of Valenciennes gives itself, after the fashion of the cities of the Netherlands, a new relief institution that centralizes ressources and takes charge of their distribution among the virtuous poor of the locality. This common fund is under the control of the city authorities who appoint its trustees chosen primarily among the major tradesmen whose range of activity goes as far as Antwerp, and who are themselves called upon to carry out local magisterial functions. The institution succeds between 1531 and 1566 in increasing its resources and in limiting the deficits during the years of scarcity, thanks to the accumulation of unexpended balance. This system which supplies relief in cash (but also clothes and bread), is provided for by the voluntary generosity of the Valenciennes bourgeois, and not through a permanent poort tax. The parish lists of the nominal gifts and those of the charitable distributions permit to establish a topography of wealth and poverty. Segregation remains subdued : no parish without poor, but a very wide gap between a very rich parish (Saint-Géry's) and the other ones.
Les zones d'activité des notaires de Lille et de la châtellenie au milieu du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Vigneron Sylvain 
Published: June 2016

Sylvain Vigneron, Het werkterrein van de notarissen te Rijsel en de kastelenij in het mid- den van de XVIIIe eeuw.
De notarissen van Rijsel hadden wegens het aantal akten de beroepsactiviteit stevig in handen in de kastelenij. Maar men stelt vast dat er buiten hun invloedsfeer rond de stad, waarin geen sprake was van concurrentie, ook plaats was voor de gerechtshofklerken. De ruimte toebedeeld aan deze « officiers moyens » speelt een roi in het opstellen van de hiérarchie tussen de notaris van de hoofdstad, die van een kleine stad en van het platteland. Er bestond uiteraard concurrentie tussen die groepen en dat merkte men aan het belang en de geografie van hun werkterrein. Voor het publiek waren de aangeboden diensten dan ook complementair. Naargelang het belang dat aan de akte gehecht werd, ontstond een scheidingslijn tussen de nabije notaris, goed voor kleinere contracten en de notaris van de grote stad die een algemeen publiek had en minder gewone zaken kon behandelen.
Le lectorat des services d'archives départementales du Nord
Authors: Lannette Claude 
Published: June 2016

Claude Lannette, The Readership of the Nord Departmental Records.
It seemed interesting to study the particular network in which are situated the departmental or municipal Records.
Since the Revolution, and over a century and a half, the records are considered as a major administrative ressource. But as early as the XVIIIth century an impetus for learning built up : the visits of historians become very numerous in Lille ; researchers start filing funds for free ; major collections are published. Readership statistics then too often lack accuracy to be used here.
In the second half of the XXth century, a very numerous and diverse public flocks to the Nord Archives. This paper states the readership figures : over the past 20 years the number of registered readers has more than doubled and the number of communications has trebled (more than 100 000).
The various types of uses are studied : remote uses (administrations, microfilms for genealogists, mail queries) and on the spot. In this latter case, one notes a readership that is 60 % male and 40 % female. The readers originate in majority from the Lille urban area (66 %) but 10 % of the readers come from other countries than France. Pensioners (aged 60 and older) make up 70 % of the readers. Academics (among whom a majority of women) are very active (540 research work declared every year). Networks develop, without necessarily meeting : academics ; genealogists and historical associations ; professionals (around the Direction des Archives de France and of the Association des Archivistes) ; cultural institutional partners ; teaching ; and the media and international cultural networks.
Les peintres, peintres verriers et enlumineurs lillois au début du XVIe siècle d'après les statuts inédits de leur corporation
Authors: Charron Pascale 
Published: June 2016

Pascale Charron, De Rijselse schilders, glazeniers en verluchters in het begin van de 16de eeuw volgens de onuitgegeven statuten van hun gilde.
Uit de publicatie van Lettres et ordonnances de la corporation des peintres et verriers lillois van 9 October 1510 kan men opmaken naar welke regels en praktijk de kunstenaars in het begin van de 16de eeuw zich moesten schikken. De tekst vervangt een ouder en verloren origineel en organiseert op een traditionele manier het leven van de gilde, het beroep en de relaties tussen de leden. Hij brengt aan het licht dat er in Rijsel ook verluchters waren, die weigerden toe te treden tot de gilde, wat hen een zeer intéressante plaats geeft. Zij hadden een handel ontwikkeld in verluchte perka- mentbladen die zij, op hout gekleefd, in Parijs verkochten, als concurrentie voor de schilders. De tekst is een zeldzame getuigenis over een artistiek product waarvan slechts een paar exemplaren bewaard zijn.
Adoption of Machine Learning Techniques in Ecology and Earth Science
Authors: Thessen Anne 
Published: June 2016

The natural sciences, such as ecology and earth science, study complex interactions between biotic and abiotic systems in order to understand and make predictions. Machine-learning-based methods have an advantage over traditional statistical methods in studying these systems because the former do not impose unrealistic assumptions (such as linearity), are capable of inferring missing data, and can reduce long-term expert annotation burden. Thus, a wider adoption of machine learning methods in ecology and earth science has the potential to greatly accelerate the pace and quality of science. Despite these advantages, the full potential of machine learning techniques in ecology and earth science has not be fully realized.
This is largely due to 1) a lack of communication and collaboration between the machine learning research community and natural scientists, 2) a lack of communication about successful applications of machine learning in the natural sciences, 3) difficulty in validating machine learning models, and 4) the absence of machine learning techniques in a natural science education. These impediments can be overcome through financial support for collaborative work and the development of graduate-level educational materials about machine learning. Natural scientists who have not yet used machine learning methods can be introduced to these techniques through Random Forest, a method that is easy to implement and performs well. This manuscript will 1) briefly describe several popular machine learning tasks and techniques and their application to ecology and earth science, 2) discuss the limitations of machine learning, 3) discuss why ML methods are underutilized in natural science, and 4) propose solutions for barriers preventing wider ML adoption.
Capturing local knowledge of beach seine fishers in the north-western province of Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunawardena Nuwan D. P. , Amarasinghe Upali S. 
Published: June 2016

Local knowledge of fishers is considered to be useful in establishing effective dialogue between fishers and fishery managers to foster the sharing of power and responsibility between the government and local resource users. However, fishers’ local knowledge is often considered anecdotal and consequently, these knowledge bases are largely underutilized for small-scale fisheries management. This study was an attempt to investigate whether local knowledge of beach seine fishers of the north western province of Sri Lanka could be used to assist in optimizing their harvests, to scientifically validate anecdotal local knowledge and to recognize this knowledge base as an important means for defining fisheries co-management strategies. The beach seine fishers in nine fishing communities use their local knowledge to predict the occurrence of fish schools based on some indicators such as sea surface colour due to the presence of fish schools, turbulence of surface water in the presence of schools of larger fish species and behaviour of sea birds. Fishers were also aware that local weather conditions influence the occurrence of certain fish species. Accordingly, fishers select the appropriate cod end type to catch predicted species. Spatial and temporal variations of species composition were found to be in accordance with the fishers’ local knowledge. Level of accuracy of fishers in all nine beach-seine fisher communities under the present study in selecting the appropriate cod end to be fixed to catch target species was high (64.9% - 82.9%). Psychometric approach adopted has shown that the mean harvest and mean daily income of fishing communities had significant positive correlations with fishers’ knowledge about management-related aspects. Results of this study have shown that fishers’ local knowledge is reasonably consistent and should therefore be incorporated for defining effective fisheries co-management.
Massive pulmonary embolism at the onset of acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Sorà Federica , Chiusolo Patrizia , Laurenti Luca 
Published: June 2016

Life-threatening bleeding is a major and early complication of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but in the last years there is a growing evidence of thromboses in APL. We report the first case of a young woman with dyspnea as the first symptom of APL due to massive pulmonary embolism (PE) successfully treated with thrombolysis for PE and heparin. APL has been processed with a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) obtaining complete remission.
An Integrated Approach for RNA-seq Data Normalization
Authors: Yang Shengping , Mercante Donald E. , Zhang Kun , Fang Zhide 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundDNA copy number alteration is common in many cancers. Studies have shown that insertion or deletion of DNA sequences can directly alter gene expression, and significant correlation exists between DNA copy number and gene expression. Data normalization is a critical step in the analysis of gene expression generated by RNA-seq technology. Successful normalization reduces/removes unwanted nonbiological variations in the data, while keeping meaningful information intact. However, as far as we know, no attempt has been made to adjust for the variation due to DNA copy number changes in RNA-seq data normalization.ResultsIn this article, we propose an integrated approach for RNA-seq data normalization. Comparisons show that the proposed normalization can improve power for downstream differentially expressed gene detection and generate more biologically meaningful results in gene profiling. In addition, our findings show that due to the effects of copy number changes, some housekeeping genes are not always suitable internal controls for studying gene expression.ConclusionsUsing information from DNA copy number, integrated approach is successful in reducing noises due to both biological and nonbiological causes in RNA-seq data, thus increasing the accuracy of gene profiling.
Subclinical LV Dysfunction Detection Using Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Hypertensive Patients with Preserved LV Ejection Fraction
Authors: Ayoub Amal Mohamed , Keddeas Viola William , Ali Yasmin Abdelrazek , Okl Reham Atef El 
Published: June 2016

Background Early detection of subclinical left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients is important for the prevention of progression of hypertensive heart disease. Methods We studied 60 hypertensive patients (age ranged from 21 to 49 years, the duration of hypertension ranged from 1 to 18 years) and 30 healthy controls, all had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), detected by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). Results There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding ejection fraction (EF) by Simpson's method. Systolic velocity was significantly higher in the control group, and global longitudinal strain was significantly higher in the control group compared with the hypertensive group. In the hypertensive group, 23 of 60 patients had less negative global longitudinal strain than −19.1, defined as reduced systolic function, which is detected by 2D-STE (subclinical systolic dysfunction), when compared with 3 of 30 control subjects. Conclusion 2D-STE detected substantial impairment of LV systolic function in hypertensive patients with preserved LVEF, which identifies higher risk subgroups for earlier medical intervention.
The Effects of the UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial Intervention on Dietary Patterns in Obese Pregnant Women Participating in a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Flynn Angela C. , Schneeberger Caroline , Seed Paul T. , Barr Suzanne , Poston Lucilla , Goff Louise M. 
Published: June 2016

Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial (UPBEAT) behavioral intervention on dietary patterns in obese pregnant women. Methods Dietary patterns were derived from Food Frequency Questionnaires using principal component analysis in 183 UPBEAT pilot study participants. Results Two unhealthy dietary patterns, processed and traditional, predominantly characterized by foods high in sugar and fat, improved [processed -0.54 (-0.92 to -0.16), P = 0.006 and traditional -0.83 (-1.20 to -0.45), P < 0.001] following the intervention, while a cultural pattern that was found to be associated with the Black African/Caribbean participants did not change [-0.10 (-0.46 to 0.26), P = 0.589]. Conclusion Unhealthy dietary patterns are evident in obese pregnant women. The UPBEAT intervention was effective in improving maternal dietary patterns; however, obese pregnant women from minority ethnic groups may be less receptive to intervention.
Neutral atmosphere temperature trends and variability at 90 km, 70 °N, 19 °E, 2003–2014
Authors: Holmen Silje Eriksen , Hall Chris M. , Tsutsumi Masaki 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Neutral temperatures at 90 km height above Tromsø, Norway, have been determined using ambipolar diffusion coefficients calculated from meteor echo fading times using the Nippon/Norway Tromsø Meteor Radar (NTMR). Daily temperature averages have been calculated from November 2003 to October 2014 and calibrated against temperature measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board Aura. Large-scale periodic oscillations ranging from ∼ 9 days to a year were found in the data using Lomb–Scargle periodogram analysis, and these components were used to seasonally detrend the daily temperature values before assessing trends. Harmonic oscillations found are associated with the large-scale circulation in the middle atmosphere together with planetary and gravity wave activity. The overall temperature change from 2003 to 2014 is −2.2 K ± 1.0 K decade−1, while in summer (May–June–July) and winter (November–December–January) the change is −0.3 K ± 3.1 K decade−1 and −11.6 K ± 4.1 K decade−1, respectively. The temperature record is at this point too short for incorporating a response to solar variability in the trend. How well suited a meteor radar is for estimating neutral temperatures at 90 km using meteor trail echoes is discussed, and physical explanations behind a cooling trend are proposed.
Khartoum Goliath: SPLM/SPLA Update and Martial Theology during the Second Sudanese Civil War
Authors: Tounsel Christopher 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
During the Second Sudanese Civil War, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army published a weekly newspaper entitled SPLA/SPLM Update. This article builds on previous scholarship about the role of Christianity in the Sudanese civil conflict by revealing how the SPLM/SPLA Update was an essential medium of the conflict and contributed to its framing in religious terms. The Update published content that constituted a martial theology pitting the SPLA against the National Islamic Front, the party of the Muslim Brothers under Hassan Turabi's leadership. It interpreted events using biblical and ancient Israelite templates, placed circumstances in a narrative trajectory, and transformed political history into a spiritual chronicle. In so doing, it attracted readers beyond the geographic borders of Sudan, situating Christian Sudan in a contemporary global Sudanese diaspora while also reaching into the ancient past to locate the contemporary struggles of Sudanese Christians in an older story of divine chosenness.
Scholars Possessed! On Writing Africana Religions with the Left Hand
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Consequential categories like “Africana religions” emerge from a calibration of religious practices with ethnographic writing practices. Attending to the processes of writing Africana religions warrants close attention because it is mostly through such second-order representations that “Africana religions” enter the broader comparative field of the study of religion. These representations exert force as durable indexes of religion and race. For example, descriptions of Africana religions have long emphasized the centrality of “spirit possession,” at least in part as a contraposition to European individualism and rationalism. This essay gives close attention to writing on the practices of spirit possession and the ways the category of “Africana religions” is thereby constituted. Scholars' narratives of their own possessions, or what I call the technique of “writing with the left hand,” present a relatively recent strategy for writing Africana religions. I focus on the work of the French ethnographer Michel Leiris in Africa to address the affordances and risks of this mode of report.
Writing Vodou into Literature: Exploring Diasporic Religious Symbols and Lore in Zora Neale Hurston's “Sweat” and Jonah's Gourd Vine
Authors: Jenkins Tammie 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article explores Zora Neale Hurston's role in promoting the study of African-derived religions such as Haitian Vodou and New Orleans Hoodoo through her literary works. An anthropologist by trade and an author by choice, Hurston assumed the roles of observer, initiate, and participant as she absorbed the lore and customs associated with these African-derived religious practices from devotees in Haiti and New Orleans. Hurston's “Sweat” (1926) and Jonah's Gourd Vine (1933) serve as two distinct case studies illustrating Hurston's use of African-derived religions in her literary offerings. In this article I respond to the following questions: What are the African-derived religious practices Zora Neale Hurston portrays in her works? How does she reflect these practices in “Sweat” and Jonah's Gourd Vine? In what ways do Hurston's works promote the study of African-derived religious practices?
Conjuring Pasts and Ethnographic Presents in Zora Neale Hurston's Modernity
Authors: Manigault-Bryant James A. , Manigault-Bryant Lerhonda S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Although history suggests that conjure is a practice hidden from plain view, Zora Neale Hurston's ethnographies unearthed the pervasive and varied ways Black people throughout the diaspora—and Black women especially—used conjure to create a new reality or to disrupt the existing one. In this essay, we revisit Hurston's ethnographic and folkloric study Mules and Men to consider the question: What does it mean for Black women in America to conjure in modernity? We use ethnographic examinations of two contemporary locales—one of Florida's fantasy corridors and the South Carolina lowcountry—to unearth how contemporary Black women draw from the conjure tradition Hurston documented eighty years ago. When viewed through Hurston's ethnographic history, contemporary Black women's richly layered conjure practices disrupt the widely destructive effects of modernity.
Zora Neale Hurston, Freethought, and African American Religion
Authors: Cameron Christopher 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article explores the contributions of Zora Neale Hurston to African American freethought during the early to mid-twentieth century. Focusing on her personal (ir)religious development as well as her anthropological studies of Black religion, it demonstrates that she was a central figure in a burgeoning secular movement of this era, especially in the close ties she posits between Black feminism and Black freethought. The presence and growth of Black secularism, as indicated in Hurston's work, should push scholars to further reexamine the importance of the conversion moment in Black religion and the boundaries of African American religious studies.
The Discontents of Steinbeck's America and Americans
Authors: Dowland Douglas 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article seeks to understand how in his later works, John Steinbeck came to see America as a “discontented land.” It explores the discontents of form and tone in his last book-length work, America and Americans, arguing that Steinbeck's discontent is the result of his synecdochical reading of the nation—seeing the part for the whole—and his insistence that national paradoxes and problems are the “manifestations of one single cause.” Steinbeck's discontent seems as much of a rhetorical issue—the discontents that come with synecdochical thinking—as it is a narrative issue—the discontented nation that is produced by such rhetoric.