bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
West Nile virus-infected human dendritic cells fail to fully activate invariant natural killer T cells
Authors: Kovats S , Turner S , Simmons A , Powe T , Chakravarty E , Alberola-Ila J 
Published: August 2016

SummaryWest Nile virus (WNV) infection is a mosquito-borne zoonosis with increasing prevalence in the United States. WNV infection begins in the skin, and the virus replicates initially in keratinocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). In the skin and cutaneous lymph nodes, infected DCs are likely to interact with invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs). Bidirectional interactions between DCs and iNKTs amplify the innate immune response to viral infections, thus controlling viral load and regulating adaptive immunity. iNKTs are stimulated by CD1d-bound lipid antigens or activated indirectly by inflammatory cytokines. We exposed human monocyte-derived DCs to WNV Kunjin and determined their ability to activate isolated blood iNKTs. DCs became infected as judged by synthesis of viral mRNA and Envelope and NS-1 proteins, but did not undergo significant apoptosis. Infected DCs up-regulated the co-stimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40, but showed decreased expression of CD1d. WNV infection induced DC secretion of type I interferon (IFN), but no or minimal interleukin (IL)−12, IL-23, IL-18 or IL-10. Unexpectedly, we found that the WNV-infected DCs stimulated human iNKTs to up-regulate CD69 and produce low amounts of IL-10, but not proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Both CD1d and IFNAR blockade partially abrogated this iNKT response, suggesting involvement of a T cell receptor (TCR)–CD1d interaction and type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) signalling. Thus, WNV infection interferes with DC–iNKT interactions by preventing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. iNKTs may be a source of IL-10 observed in human flavivirus infections and initiate an anti-inflammatory innate response that limits adaptive immunity and immune pathology upon WNV infection.
On the margins of the child protection system: creating space for relational social work practice
Authors: Kirk Guy , Duschinsky Robbie 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn the UK, a threshold divides between two categories of children, child protection (CP) and child in need. Each category tends to be treated as a homogeneous entity, despite containing heterogeneous levels and forms of risk and need. CP practice, accompanied by regulation, protocols and procedures, aspires to achieve a coordinated multi‐agency response to identified concerns with available resources targeted towards this category. However, it is well known that those children assessed as falling just below the CP threshold can still have high levels of need and risk, requiring a level of social work involvement beyond the low‐resource and low‐oversight model that generally accompanies a child in need categorisation. This paper probes an approach to practice, which divides levels of risk within the child in need category enabling adequate, coordinated support and oversight to be provided for children and families with complex needs. Evidence from our study evaluating this approach suggests that a simple protocol provided a clear process within, which social workers and agency partners felt confident and safe to practice outside of the formal CP framework. The protocol prevented drift and helped to create a space within, which relational social work practice flourished.
Effectiveness of temporary implants in teenage patients: a prospective clinical trial
Authors: Lambert France , Botilde Gaëlle , Lecloux Geoffrey , Rompen Eric 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimsThe objective of this study was to assess prospectively the outcomes of extra‐narrow diameter implants (XNDI) placed in teenage patients as a temporary restorative option.Material and MethodsTwenty consecutive young patients presenting one or several missing teeth received XNDI that were immediately restored with composite, Polymethylmethacrylate (Acrylic) or ceramic crown. Clinical and radiographical outcomes were assessed for a minimum follow‐up period of 1 year. Additionally, each patient completed retrospectively a satisfaction questionnaire using Visual Analog Scale (VAS).ResultsA total of 30 implants were placed and followed for a period of 1–7.4 years (mean: 3.59 years). One implant failed after 3 weeks and was replaced successfully. No further biological complications occurred during the follow‐up period, leading to an implant survival rate of 96.6%. The patient satisfaction evaluations displayed high levels of comfort and function.ConclusionImmediately restored XNDI to replace missing teeth on teenager patients seems to be an effective temporary restorative option to replace missing teeth in young patients. Composite or ceramic crowns should be preferred. Clinical trials with long‐term follow‐ups and the assessment of passive egression are needed.
Botulinum toxin therapy in Frey's syndrome: a retrospective study of 440 treatments in 100 patients
Authors: Jansen S. , Jerowski M. , Ludwig L. , Fischer‐Krall E. , Beutner D. , Grosheva M. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveFrey's syndrome is characterised as sweating, redness and warmth of the parotideal area and is often treated with botulinum toxin A. The objective of this retrospective study was to prove whether the toxin dosage and time‐to‐treatment intervals change after repeated botulinum toxin injections.Study design/methodsThe charts of patients, who were treated for Frey′s syndrome during the last 16 years, were assessed. Three brands of botulinum toxin A were available for therapy. The Minor test was used to confirm the sweating before each treatment and to determine the toxin dosage. Constant amount of botulinum toxin was injected per cm2 of the affected area. Patients consulted our department for the next treatment as soon as they felt disturbed by recurring sweating and when the sweating was objectively evident in the Minor test. Time intervals between treatments and injected toxin dosages were assessed.ResultsIn total, 100 patients received 440 treatments in 16 years. Repeated injections, median 4.0, were carried out in 70.5% of patients. Median time interval to the first injection was 2.8 years. Median time interval between treatments was 12.0 months and showed to be steady (anova, P = .49, F = 1.01).ConclusionDuration of effect of botulinum toxin on Frey's syndrome was long‐lasting and stable with no significantly different time intervals between treatments. The extent of the sweating area did not vary significantly after repeated treatments and required a constant dose of botulinum toxin A.
Tracking Progress Toward EU Biodiversity Strategy Targets: EU Policy Effects in Preserving its Common Farmland Birds
Authors: Gamero Anna , Brotons Lluís , Brunner Ariel , Foppen Ruud , Fornasari Lorenzo , Gregory Richard D. , Herrando Sergi , Hořák David , Jiguet Frédéric , Kmecl Primož , Lehikoinen Aleksi , Lindström Åke , Paquet Jean‐Yves , Reif Jiří , Sirkiä Päivi M. , Škorpilová Jana , van Strien Arco , Szép Tibor , Telenský Tomáš , Teufelbauer Norbert , Trautmann Sven , van Turnhout Chris A.M. , Vermouzek Zdeněk , Vikstrøm Thomas , Voříšek Petr 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMaximizing the area under biodiversity‐related conservation measures is a main target of the European Union (EU) Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. We analyzed whether agrienvironmental schemes (AES) within EU common agricultural policy, special protected areas for birds (SPAs), and Annex I designation within EU Birds Directive had an effect on bird population changes using monitoring data from 39 farmland bird species from 1981 to 2012 at EU scale. Populations of resident and short‐distance migrants were larger with increasing SPAs and AES coverage, while Annex I species had higher population growth rates with increasing SPAs, indicating that SPAs may contribute to the protection of mainly target species and species spending most of their life cycle in the EU. Because farmland birds are in decline and the negative relationship of agricultural intensification with their population growth rates was evident during the implementation of AES and SPAs, EU policies seem to generally attenuate the declines of farmland bird populations, but not to reverse them.
Skin punch biopsy sectioning: before or after tissue processing?
Authors: Sungu Nuran , Yavuz Sibel , Marali Seda , Balci Serdar , Kilicarslan Aydan , Altunkaya Canan , Tatli Dogan Hayriye , Güler Gülnur 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundWe intended to study whether there is a meaningful difference in microscopic examination between dividing a biopsy section into two equal parts before tissue processing (first method) or after (second method).MethodsA total of 400 cases were included in the study. Punch biopsies (PB) were cut into two pieces using the first method in 200 cases and just before paraffin embedding in another 200 cases using the second method. We microscopically evaluated the epidermal mesh view, the presence of a cross‐cut hair follicle and bow shape because of epidermal angling, the presence of two pieces on the slide and if there was a difference of >2 mm between the parts, and the number of new sections and new slides.ResultsCross‐cut hair follicle
(p = 0.018), epidermal mesh view (p = 0.036), difference of >2 mm between the parts (p = 0.008), the number of new sections (p < 0.001) and new slides (p < 0.001) were considerably higher when the first method was used compared with the second method. The presence of two pieces was less (p < 0.001) when using the first method.ConclusionsWe noted a meaningful difference in the quality of microscopic evaluation between the first and second methods. Better sections were obtained with the second method. In addition, the decrease in the number of new slides will reduce workload, archival work and cost.
Dying blood mononuclear cell secretome exerts antimicrobial activity
Authors: Kasiri Mohammad Mahdi , Beer Lucian , Nemec Lucas , Gruber Florian , Pietkiewicz Sabine , Haider Thomas , Simader Elisabeth Maria , Traxler Denise , Schweiger Thomas , Janik Stefan , Taghavi Shahrokh , Gabriel Christian , Mildner Michael , Ankersmit Hendrik Jan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundSeveral activities are attributed to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including bacterial killing, leucocyte recruitment and angiogenesis. Despite promises of advanced cellular therapies for treatment of diabetic foot ulcer, it is currently accepted that paracrine factors rather than cellular components are causative for the observed effects. Whether AMPs are present in the mononuclear cell (MNC) secretome (MNC‐sec) of white blood cells that are beneficial in experimental wound healing is not known.Materials and methodsAntimicrobial activity of the secretomes of nonirradiated (MNC‐sec) and γ‐irradiated MNCs (MNC‐sec rad) was analysed by microdilution assay. AMPs were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Whether human MNC‐sec rad causes AMP secretion in vivo was examined in an experimental rat model. Image flow cytometry was used to determine the type of cell death induced in MNCs after exposure to γ‐radiation.ResultsThe antimicrobial activity assay revealed a bactericidal activity of MNC‐sec rad and to a lesser degree also of MNC‐sec. Image flow cytometry showed that γ‐irradiation of MNCs induced early apoptosis followed mainly by necroptosis. RT‐PCR and ELISA revealed a high abundance of different AMPs in the secretome of MNCs. In addition, human MNC‐sec elicited an increase in de novo endogenous AMP production in rats in vivo.ConclusionWe provide evidence that the secretome of MNCs has direct and indirect positive effects on the immune defence system, including augmentation of antibacterial properties. Our data further suggest that necroptosis could play a key role for the release of paracrine factors and the therapeutic action of MNC‐sec rad.
Bone regeneration in mandibular fractures after the application of autologous mesenchymal stem cells, a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Castillo‐Cardiel Guadalupe , López‐Echaury Alejandro César , Saucedo‐Ortiz José Antonio , Fuentes‐Orozco Clotilde , Michel‐Espinoza Luis Rodrigo , Irusteta‐Jiménez Leire , Salazar‐Parra Marcela , González‐Ojeda Alejandro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground/AimFacial injury in adults can commonly result in fractures of the mandible. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) transplantation is proposed as an alternative to conventional graft treatment to improve bone regeneration. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of AMSCs application in mandibular fractures to reduce regeneration time and increase bone quality.Materials and methodsThis study was a single‐blind controlled clinical trial conducted in patients with mandibular angle fractures. Patients were divided into two groups: study group fracture reduction plus application of AMSCs and control group only fracture reduction. AMSCs were obtained from adipose tissue 24 h before the procedure. Intensity and density were evaluated in normal bone and fractured bone at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery using panoramic radiography and computed tomography.ResultsA total of 20 patients, 10 in each group, were included. The study group had a mean age of 31.2 ± 6.3 years, and the control group mean age was 29.7 ± 7.2 years. All patients were male. Bone quality measured in grey levels at week 4 was 108.82 ± 3.4 vs 93.92 ± 2.6 (P = 0.000) using panoramic radiography and 123 ± 4.53 vs 99.72 ± 5.72 (P = 0.000) using computed tomography. At week 12, the measurements were 153.53 ± 1.83 vs 101.81 ± 4.83 (P = 0.000) using panoramic radiography and 165.4 ± 4.2 vs 112.9 ± 2.0 (P = 0.000) using tomography in the study and control groups, respectively.ConclusionSimilar ossification values were obtained after 4 weeks when the use of AMSCs was compared to simple fracture reduction. However, after 12 weeks, the AMSCs group had a 36.48% higher ossification rate.
EAN guidelines on central neurostimulation therapy in chronic pain conditions
Authors: Cruccu G. , Garcia‐Larrea L. , Hansson P. , Keindl M. , Lefaucheur J.‐P. , Paulus W. , Taylor R. , Tronnier V. , Truini A. , Attal N. 
Published: August 2016

Background and purposeOur aim was to update previous European Federation of Neurological Societies guidelines on neurostimulation for neuropathic pain, expanding the search to new techniques and to chronic pain conditions other than neuropathic pain, and assessing the evidence with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis of trials published between 2006 and December 2014 was conducted. Pain conditions included neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I and post‐surgical chronic back and leg pain (CBLP). Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct electrical stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were assessed. The GRADE system was used to assess quality of evidence and propose recommendations.ResultsThe following recommendations were reached: ‘weak’ for SCS added to conventional medical management in diabetic painful neuropathy, CBLP and CRPS, for SCS versus reoperation in CBLP, for MCS in neuropathic pain, for rTMS of M1 in neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia and for tDCS of M1 in neuropathic pain; ‘inconclusive’ for DBS in neuropathic pain, rTMS and tDCS of the DLPFC, and for motor cortex tDCS in fibromyalgia and spinal cord injury pain.ConclusionsGiven the poor to moderate quality of evidence identified by this review, future large‐scale multicentre studies of non‐invasive and invasive neurostimulation are encouraged. The collection of higher quality evidence of the predictive factors for the efficacy of these techniques, such as the duration, quality and severity of pain, is also recommended.
Green fluorescent protein chromophore derivative suppresses ultraviolet A‐induced JNK‐signalling and apoptosis in keratinocytes and adverse effects in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Wu Nan‐Lin , Lee Te‐An , Wang Sheng‐Fen , Li Hsin‐Ju , Chen Hui‐Ting , Chien Tun‐Cheng , Huang Chieh‐Chen , Hung Chi‐Feng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSolar ultraviolet (UV) light has been recognized as the important environmental hazard and contributes to diverse skin damage such as cell death, photoageing and even carcinogenesis. Revelation of harmful responses attributed to UVA radiation has promoted the development of photoprotective agents against UVA‐induced skin damage. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the potential protective effects of a synthetic green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore derivative, 4‐chlorobenzyldene‐1, 2‐dimethylimidazolinone (Cl‐BDI, called TC‐22) on UVA‐ and UVB‐ induced stress responses in skin. The HaCaT keratinocytes were used to evaluate the cellular effects. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), which is regarded as a useful and cost‐effective alternative to some mammalian models, was applied as the in vivo animal model. In HaCaT keratinocytes, TC‐22 was able to obviously decrease UVA‐induced cell death. Dissection of the UVA‐induced signalling pathways revealed that TC‐22 could suppress the activation of JNK and caspase 3, but not of ERK and p38. Reduction of UVA‐induced cleavage of caspase 3 and sub‐G1 phase accumulation by pretreatment of TC‐22 was also observed. In zebrafish, we showed that UVA irradiation could decrease the survival and hatching rate, suppress heart beats of embryos and enhance the pigmentation of larvae. Pretreatment of TC‐22 could significantly reverse UVA‐induced the suppression in hatching of eggs and heart beating of embryos and also lowered the UVA‐induced pigmentation in zebrafish. Collectively, we demonstrate that TC‐22, a GFP chromophore derivative, can ameliorate the UVA‐induced stress responses in both epidermal keratinocytes and zebrafish, suggesting the potential use of TC‐22 in photoprotection in the future.
Spatial and temporal dimensions of fire activity in the fire‐prone eastern Canadian taiga
Authors: Erni Sandy , Arseneault Dominique , Parisien Marc‐André , Bégin Yves 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe forest age mosaic is a fundamental attribute of the North American boreal forest. Given that fires are generally lethal to trees, the time since last fire largely determines the composition and structure of forest stands and landscapes. Although the spatiotemporal dynamics of such mosaics has long been assumed to be random under the overwhelming influence of severe fire weather, no long‐term reconstruction of mosaic dynamics has been performed from direct field evidence. In this study, we use fire length as a proxy for fire extent across the fire‐prone eastern Canadian taiga and systematically reconstruct the spatiotemporal variability of fire extent and fire intervals, as well as the resulting forest age along a 340‐km transect for the 1840–2013 time period. Our results indicate an extremely active fire regime over the last two centuries, with an overall burn rate of 2.1% of the land area yr−1, mainly triggered by seasonal anomalies of high temperature and severe drought. However, the rejuvenation of the age mosaic was strongly patterned in space and time due to the intrinsically lower burn rates in wetland‐dominated areas and, more importantly, to the much‐reduced likelihood of burning of stands up to 50 years postfire. An extremely high burn rate of ~5% yr−1 would have characterized our study region during the last century in the absence of such fuel age effect. Although recent burn rates and fire sizes are within their range of variability of the last 175 years, a particularly severe weather event allowed a 2013 fire to spread across a large fire refuge, thus shifting the abundance of mature and old forest to a historic low. These results provide reference conditions to evaluate the significance and predict the spatiotemporal dynamics and impacts of the currently strengthening fire activity in the North American boreal forest.
Suction samplers for grassland invertebrates: comparison of numbers caught using Vortis™ and G‐vac devices
Authors: Zentane Eman , Quenu Henry , Graham Robert I. , Cherrill Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

The efficiency of Vortis™ and a modified garden leaf‐blower/vacuum ‘G‐vac’ sampler were compared by sampling invertebrates using standardised sample areas and suction times at three grassland sites. The G‐vac caught more individuals of Araneae, Auchenorrhyncha, Thysanoptera and Hymenoptera than the Vortis. Numbers of Diptera did not differ between devices, but the Vortis™ captured greater numbers of Coleoptera.

Estimated air velocity within the collecting nozzle was greater for the G‐vac and its mode of application resulted in greater disturbance of the grass sward than with the Vortis™. These differences may have contributed to the larger captures of certain taxa by the G‐vac.

It is concluded that G‐vacs can be applied with confidence as a credible alternative to the bespoke Vortis™, and particularly for taxa which are most frequently sampled using suction samplers.
Does cryotherapy improve skin circulation compared with compression and elevation in preventing venous leg ulcers?
Authors: Kelechi Teresa J , Mueller Martina , Madisetti Mohan , Prentice Margie A , Dooley Mary J 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis trial compared skin blood flow, temperature and incidence of venous leg ulcers in patients with chronic venous disease using compression wraps and elevation pillows. Patients with CEAP C4 skin damage and C5 history of ulcers were randomly assigned to a cryotherapy intervention (n = 138) or placebo cuff control (n = 138) applied to the lower legs over 9 months. The time the ulcers healed prior to enrollment in the study for the cryotherapy group ranged from 1 to 2218 days (n = 8, median = 32 days); for the control group, the range was 24 to 489 days (n = 6, median = 390 days). There were no statistically significant blood flow changes measured in perfusion units with a laser Doppler flowmetre within or between the groups; mean difference between the groups was 0·62, P = 0·619. No differences were noted in skin temperature measured with an infrared thermometer within and between the groups; mean difference between the groups was −0·17°C, P = 0·540. Cryotherapy did not improve skin blood flow or temperature and did not show efficacy in preventing ulcers. However, at least 30% of intervention and 50% of control participants were anticipated to develop an ulcer during the study; only ∼7% occurred. These findings suggest that strict adherence to standard of care decreases the incidence of leg ulcers and remains a best practice for leg ulcer prevention.