bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entre causalisme et positivisme : La réception épistémologique de la mécanique quantique par les théoriciens français de la génération de l’entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Vila Valls Adrien 
Published: January 2016

De nombreux auteurs ont soutenu que l’imprégnation chez les physiciens français des philosophies rationalistes et positivistes a constitué un obstacle dans la réception de la mécanique quantique en France. Sans remettre en question cette idée, cette étude tend à la nuancer. En faisant un tour d’horizon de la réception épistémologique de la mécanique quantique chez les principaux théoriciens français de l’entre-deux-guerres, elle vise à montrer que ceux-ci ont, dans leur ensemble, su aménager des postures vis-à-vis de la physique quantique, qui, à de rares exceptions près, s’accordaient bien avec leurs présupposés philosophiques. La plus importante d’entre elles par le nombre de ses adeptes, une interprétation appelée ici « cryptomécaniste », avait notamment, malgré son ambiguïté intrinsèque, la capacité de concilier une forme de rationalisme causaliste et une posture positiviste.
Où mène l’enseignement classique
Authors: Tchekov Anton 
Published: January 2016

Résumé Anton Tchekhov est né à Taganrog, près du lac d’Azov, dans un milieu pauvre ; son père tient une petite épicerie mais il fera faillite, ce qui obligera la famille à émigrer à Moscou ; c’est un homme violent et tyrannique, qui bat ses enfants mais qui tient à leur donner une bonne éducation. Aussi le jeune garçon suit-il les cours du collège, réussit à terminer ses études et obtient une bourse pour entrer à l’université de médecine. C’est pendant cette période que pour gagner un peu d’argent il écrit et propose aux journaux de petits récits, tirés de son observation humoristique et sarcastique de la vie quotidienne. Le récit qui suit est au nombre de ces toutes premières nouvelles : sa mise en scène de l’examen de grec n’a rien perdu de son actualité.
Urinary Vitamin D-Binding Protein as a Biomarker of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Bennett Michael R. , Pordal Angad , Haffner Christopher , Pleasant LaTawnya , Ma Qing , Devarajan Prasad 
Published: January 2016

Background Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the most common glomerular disorders of childhood and is associated with increased urinary vitamin D-binding protein (uVDBP) excretion. We tested the hypothesis that uVDBP represents a biomarker to differentiate steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) from the more benign forms of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). Methods This cross-sectional study included children with SRNS ( n = 24), SSNS ( n = 28), and normal controls ( n = 5). Urine and clinical data were collected from patients. Measurements of uVDBP were performed with a commercially available ELISA kit and normalized to urine creatinine. Results Concentrations of uVDBP were significantly higher ( P < 0.001) in patients with SRNS (13,659 ng/mL, interquartile range [IQR] 477–22,979) than in patients with SSNS (94 ng/mL, IQR 53–202) and normal controls (23 ng/mL, IQR 22–99, P = 0.002). Significance did not change when the results were corrected for urine creatinine. uVDBP was significantly negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; R = −0.76, P = 0.03). However, uVDBP was still markedly elevated in patients with SRNS with eGFR >100 mL/minute/1.73 m2. There was a positive correlation between microalbuminuria (MALB/Cr) and uVDBP ( R = 0.67, P < 0.001). However, uVDBP displayed a much higher discriminatory ability for distinguishing SRNS than MALB/Cr (area under the curve = 0.92 vs 0.67, respectively). An uVDBP cutoff of 362 ng/mL yielded the optimal sensitivity (80%) and specificity (83%) to distinguish SRNS from SSNS. Conclusions In this preliminary study, uVDBP represents a noninvasive biomarker that could distinguish SRNS from the more benign SSNS with high discriminatory power.
La información en prensa española sobre casos de violencia en parejas del mismo sexo
Authors: Carratalá Adolfo 
Published: January 2016

Los medios de comunicación españoles se han hecho eco de diversos episodios de violencia en parejas del mismo sexo durante los últimos años. Dar cobertura a este fenómeno plantea interrogantes sobre cómo enfocar una realidad que se mantuvo oculta hasta hace muy poco. Metodología. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis de contenido de la información publicada en diversos diarios españoles entre 2010 y 2015. Resultados. Los resultados indican que, mientras que los periodistas han mejorado el tratamiento de la violencia de género, la información de las agresiones en parejas gays evidencia algunas características similares a las que dominaron las noticias sobre violencia contras las mujeres durante los primeros años. Conclusiones. Así, la cobertura episódica, el sensacionalismo y la descripción de los casos como crímenes pasionales señalan que la violencia intragénero no es abordada, por el momento, como un problema social sino más bien como un asunto privado.
A Numerical Methodology for Enforcing Maximum Principles and the Non-Negative Constraint for Transient Diffusion Equations
Authors: Nakshatrala K. B. , Nagarajan H. , Shabouei M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTransient diffusion equations arise in many branches of engineering and applied sciences (e.g., heat transfer and mass transfer), and are parabolic partial differential equations. It is well-known that these equations satisfy important mathematical properties like maximum principles and the non-negative constraint, which have implications in mathematical modeling. However, existing numerical formulations for these types of equations do not, in general, satisfy maximum principles and the non-negative constraint. In this paper, we present a methodology for enforcing maximum principles and the non-negative constraint for transient anisotropic diffusion equation. The proposed methodology is based on the method of horizontal lines in which the time is discretized first. This results in solving steady anisotropic diffusion equation with decay equation at every discrete time-level. We also present other plausible temporal discretizations, and illustrate their shortcomings in meeting maximum principles and the non-negative constraint. The proposed methodology can handle general computational grids with no additional restrictions on the time-step. We illustrate the performance and accuracy of the proposed methodology using representative numerical examples. We also perform a numerical convergence analysis of the proposed methodology. For comparison, we also present the results from the standard single-field semi-discrete formulation and the results from a popular software package, which all will violate maximum principles and the non-negative constraint.
Surface potential barrier in m-plane GaN studied by contactless electroreflectance
Authors: Janicki Lukasz , Misiewicz Jan , Cywiński Grzegorz , Sawicka Marta , Skierbiszewski Czeslaw , Kudrawiec Robert 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Contactless electroreflectance (CER) is used to study the surface potential barrier in m-plane GaN UN+ [GaN (

nm)/GaN:Si] structures grown by using molecular beam epitaxy. Clear bandgap-related transitions followed by Franz–Keldysh oscillations (FKO) have been observed in the CER spectra of all samples at room temperature. The built-in electric fields in the undoped cap layers have been determined from the FKO period. From the built-in electric field and the undoped GaN layer thickness, the Fermi level location at the air-exposed m-plane GaN surface has been estimated as 0.42 ± 0.05 eV below the conduction band.
CDAntigens
Authors: Delves Peter J 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCD (clusters of differentiation) antigens are molecules originally defined as being present on the cell surface of leucocytes and recognised by specific antibody molecules, but now including some intracellular molecules and molecules present on cells other than leucocytes. Such molecules are assigned a CD number following a consensus reached at regularly held international workshops. CD antigens include a large number of cell surface receptors, signalling molecules and adhesion molecules. Their identification is helpful in defining different populations and subpopulations of cells, particularly those of the immune system, in health and disease. Analysis of the surface phenotype of cells can be carried out on cell suspensions or using tissue sections. Methods are available for thein vitroenrichment or depletion of cells bearing a particular CD antigen, for example, from a mixed population of peripheral blood cells. CD antigens can be targetedin vivoby monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of tumours and autoimmune disease and to help limit graft rejection following transplantation.Key ConceptsCD antigens are molecules that are mostly, but not exclusively, present on cell surfaces.They are defined using panels of monoclonal antibodies.CD designations are assigned at international workshops held every few years.There are over 300 different CD antigens characterised.They are mostly detected for the identification of populations and subpopulations of immune system cells.In some cases, they also have utility in the identification of tumours.Antibodies targeting CD antigens are used clinically in the treatment of tumours and autoimmune diseases and to limit the rejection of transplanted organs.
Immunological Danger Signals
Authors: de Jong Hanna K , Wiersinga W Joost 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

The conventional role of the immune system has been viewed as the first line of defence discriminating self from nonself. However, in the past decade, the innate immune response has proven to be more advanced sensing signals of danger, such as pathogen‐specific molecules (
PAMPs
, pathogen‐associated molecular patterns) or endogenous host‐derived signals released during cellular damage, while remaining unresponsive to normal host molecules, dietary antigens or commensal bacteria. The host response to invading microbial pathogens relies on both the innate and adaptive immune response. The danger theory of Matzinger (1994) proposed a similar model for the adaptive immune response in discriminating self from nonself. This theory proposed that the immune system does not react to foreign substances but instead responds to situations that are potentially harmful. These danger signals, or damage‐associated molecular patterns (
DAMPs
), released by damaged cells, can provide for a second signal which is necessary to activate the immune response while avoiding collateral damage in situations in which harmless nonself is present.

Key Concepts

According to the danger theory of Matzinger, the immune system does not merely distinguish whether an entity is foreign or not, it mainly determines whether it will cause damage to the body.

Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMP) are danger signals released during inflammatory stress such as burns, trauma and infection.

Each pathogen is recognised by its specific molecular signature or pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP).

Activation of the innate immune system relies on both pathogen‐specific molecules and endogenous danger signals.

DAMPs can be recognised by pattern‐recognition receptors on antigen‐presenting cells or by distinct receptors such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE).

Key DAMPs that are recognised by Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) include heat shock proteins (HSPs), high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB)‐1 and the S100 proteins.
Whole‐Plant Physiological Responses to Water‐Deficit Stress
Authors: Dodd Ian C , Ryan Annette C 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Plants that receive insufficient water experience a stress called water deficit. Plant water deficits disrupt many cellular and whole‐plant functions, negatively affecting plant growth and reproduction. Plants respond to soil water deficits by avoiding the occurrence of leaf water deficits (drought avoidance) or tolerating low cellular water contents (drought tolerance). Plants avoid drought by closing the stomatal pores that regulate water loss from the leaves, restricting the transpiring area (by decreasing growth or shedding leaves) and/or maintaining root water uptake as the soil dries. Plants have evolved many different mechanisms to tolerate low tissue water contents including upregulation of antioxidant systems to decrease the impact of damaging reactive oxygen species. Availability of water is the most important environmental factor that reduces crop production, thus there have been considerable efforts by biotechnologists to enhance drought tolerance and irrigation managers to enhance crop water use efficiency.

Key Concepts

Low cellular water contents can constrain plant growth and decrease crop yield.

Plants can tolerate low cellular water contents or avoid them.

Sufficient water in plant cells allows them to exert a pressure (turgor) on the cell wall to allow growth.

Restricting the rate of water loss (by closing the stomata or growing more slowly) or acquiring more water via root proliferation allows plants to avoid drought.

Increasing antioxidant status allows plants to tolerate water deficits.

Lack of turgor impairs cellular metabolism and restricts growth, but stomata can close and growth can slow in the absence of changes in turgor.

Plant roots can sense drying soil and transmit chemical signals (such as the plant hormone ABA) to the shoot to regulate stomatal function and growth.

Sufficient ABA in the plant is essential for normal growth and stomatal function.

Increasing plant sensitivity to, or accumulation of, the plant hormone ABA can increase yield of water‐limited crops.

Changes in irrigation management can provide ‘more crop per drop’.
Plant Cuticle
Authors: Kerstiens Gerhard 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Plant cuticles are protective lipophilic membranes that cover leaves and many stems and fruits. They consist of a polymer matrix that is covered with epicuticular waxes and incorporates intracuticular waxes. Together, these constituents provide a good but imperfect barrier against the loss of water and solutes and ingression by pests and pathogens. The thickness, structure and chemical composition of cuticular matrices and epicuticular and intracuticular waxes vary very widely, and the potential functional consequences of such differences are poorly understood. Transport across the cuticle can occur by random diffusion within the lipophilic network (relevant for lipophilic and moderately polar substances) or along clusters of water molecules that form a continuous hydrophilic phase reaching across the membrane (relevant for polar and ionic substances).

Key Concepts

All leaves and nonwoody stems are covered by a protective and resilient membrane called the cuticle.

Its permeability is low but it can accumulate lipophilic xenobiotics. It should not be assumed that thicker or waxier cuticles are less permeable than thinner or less wax‐rich ones.

The trans‐cuticular diffusion paths for ions and lipophilic compounds are different.

Traditional methods to determine cuticular water permeability in the presence of stomata are inherently unreliable.

Cuticular waxes are involved in a wide range of physiologically and ecologically important processes.
Planetary Protection
Authors: Rummel John D , Billings Linda , Stabekis Pericles 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Planetary protection is the practice of protecting solar system bodies (planets, moons, asteroids and comets) from Earth life and protecting the Earth from life that may be brought back from other solar system bodies. Planetary protection requirements for solar system exploration missions are established in consideration of the nature, goals and destination of a mission. For some worlds, where conditions are severe, there are no particular planetary protection requirements. When a world (whether a planet, comet, etc.) has material relevant to the study of life, there are requirements to limit contamination and to record where a spacecraft may have impacted. If such a world might support Earth life, then the spacecraft must be very clean – nearly sterile. And of course, material returned to Earth from bodies that are capable of supporting life must be reliably contained and tested before being released for further study.

Key Concepts

One of the primary motivations for space exploration is to understand the origin and distribution of life in the solar system.

The study, by spacecraft, of life and organic chemistry in the solar system can be confounded by the presence of organic or microbial contamination carried by that same spacecraft.

Because space systems are quite complex and in some ways fragile, sophisticated designs and methods must be used to remove organic and biological contamination or the spacecraft may fail during a mission.

Some places in the solar system (Europa's subsurface ocean, certain places on Mars referred to as ‘Special Regions, the source of plumes from Saturn's moon, Enceladus’) appear to be capable of supporting Earth life.

Samples returned from places with the potential for endemic lifeforms will be contained and returned in a highly reliable manner and tested for biohazards before being released for further scientific study.

Human exploration of the Moon and Mars is compatible with planetary protection objectives within our current understanding of the habitats available on those bodies.
Plant Peptide Signals
Authors: Dutton Chris , Pridgeon Ashley , Gray Julie E 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Over the past 25 years, knowledge of plant peptide signalling has expanded and recent discoveries have allowed us to understand several mechanisms underpinning their action. It is becoming clear that cell–cell communication mediated by peptide signalling is integral to many plant processes. This article focusses on the best‐studied areas of plant peptide signalling. We discuss two major families of plant peptides that function during plant development; the CLAVATA3/endosperm surrounding region (CLE) peptide family, which regulate cell differentiation and division at the shoot apical meristem (SAM), root apical meristem (RAM) and in the vasculature and the epidermal patterning factor‐like (EPFL) family of signalling peptides that regulate stomatal development and patterning. We also discuss peptides that regulate self‐incompatibility, and the role of the peptide phytosulfokine during plant growth, pollen tube growth and guidance and pathogen infection.

Key Concepts

Plant peptides regulate development and stress response.

The CLE family of peptides regulate cell differentiation and division at the shoot apical meristem (SAM), root apical meristem (RAM) and in the vasculature.

The epidermal patterning factor‐like (EPFL) family of signalling peptides that regulate stomatal development and patterning.
Interleukin 17‐ProducingTLymphocytes
Authors: Larkin Joseph 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIL‐17‐producing T lymphocytes (T17s) play important roles in the clearance of extracellular bacterial and fungal infections. T17s consist of several subsets of lymphocytes possessing both innate and adaptive immune phenotypes. The production of IL‐17 by innate and adaptive immune cells allows the presence of this important cytokine at distinct parts of the immune response. Notably, T lymphocytes can acquire the IL‐17 effector function in either the thymus or the periphery. Although CD4+IL17+ T lymphocytes are generally considered to be reciprocal in effector functions compared to Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, the presence of IL‐17+Foxp3+ cells requires additional characterisation. Notably, strong evidence also implicates IL‐17‐producing T lymphocytes in several autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and asthma. It has been suggested that T lymphocytes such as IL17+Foxp3+ T lymphocytes, bearing aberrant effector functions, may be contributors to autoimmunity.Key ConceptsTranscription factors are critical in the skewing of T lymphocyte effector functions.Interleukin 17 (IL‐17) is a cytokine which is critical in the regulation of bacterial communities and fungi within mammalian host organisms; however, it is also associated with autoimmunity.Interleukin 17 can be produced by several T cell populations including αβ CD4+ cells, αβ CD8+ and γδ T lymphocytes.IL‐17‐producing T lymphocytes are a heterogeneous population that elicits a spectrum of effector functions.The IL‐17 effector function can be acquired in the thymus or periphery.Although evidence suggests that IL‐17 production can drive immune events associated with autoimmunity, it is possible IL‐17 production may serve as a biomarker for T lymphocytes possessing varied autoimmune disease‐promoting effector functions.Regulation of T lymphocyte stability may have efficacy in the prevention of autoimmune disease.
Noninvasive Prenatal Testing for Chromosomal and Genetic Conditions
Authors: Hui Lisa 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Recent advances in molecular genetics and next‐generation DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequencing have generated a new approach to identifying foetuses at increased risk of chromosomal and genetic conditions by measuring cell‐free DNA in maternal plasma. This so‐called noninvasive method utilises cell‐free DNA of placental origin in maternal blood to achieve unprecedented accuracy as a prenatal screening test for Down syndrome. The technology has also created new opportunities for noninvasive testing for single gene disorders, microdeletion syndromes and genome‐wide chromosomal abnormalities.

Key Concepts

Cell‐free DNA derived from the placenta is detectable in the plasma of pregnant women from early gestation.

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) of foetal conditions caused by paternally inherited genes can be performed by PCR‐based assays on cell‐free DNA in maternal plasma.

NIPD for foetal sex and foetal Rhesus blood group is clinically available in many countries.

Next‐generation DNA sequencing technology has facilitated the development of noninvasive prenatal screening tests for chromosomal disorders such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell‐free DNA is the most accurate screening test for trisomy 21 to date but still does not have diagnostic accuracy.

Invasive testing with amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling remains the gold standard for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders.

The scope of chromosomal and genetic disorders detectable using cell‐free DNA is expanding rapidly, creating new ethical and medical issues.