bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and Functional Plasticity of Murine Intestinal NKp46+ Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Verrier Thomas , Satoh-Takayama Naoko , Serafini Nicolas , Marie Solenne , Di Santo James P. , Vosshenrich Christian A. J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) actively participate in mucosal defense and homeostasis through prompt secretion of IL-17A, IL-22, and IFN-γ. Reports identify two ILC3 lineages: a CCR6+T-bet− subset that appears early in embryonic development and promotes lymphoid organogenesis and a CCR6−T-bet+ subset that emerges after microbial colonization and harbors NKp46+ ILC3. We demonstrate that NKp46 expression in the ILC3 subset is highly unstable. Cell fate mapping using Ncr1CreGFP × Rosa26RFP mice revealed the existence of an intestinal RFP+ ILC3 subset (Ncr1FM) lacking NKp46 expression at the transcript and protein levels. Ncr1FM ILC3 produced more IL-22 and were distinguishable from NKp46+ ILC3 by differential CD117, CD49a, DNAX accessory molecule-1, and, surprisingly, CCR6 expression. Ncr1FM ILC3 emerged after birth and persisted in adult mice following broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. These results identify an unexpected phenotypic instability within NKp46+ ILC3 that suggests a major role for environmental signals in tuning ILC3 functional plasticity.
Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Boosted Polysaccharide-Specific IgG Responses Following Secondary Challenge with Intact Gram-Negative versus Gram-Positive Extracellular Bacteria
Authors: Kar Swagata , Arjunaraja Swadhinya , Akkoyunlu Mustafa , Pier Gerald B. , Snapper Clifford M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Priming of mice with intact, heat-killed cells of Gram-negative Neisseria meningitidis, capsular serogroup C (MenC) or Gram-positive group B Streptococcus, capsular type III (GBS-III) bacteria resulted in augmented serum polysaccharide (PS)-specific IgG titers following booster immunization. Induction of memory required CD4+ T cells during primary immunization. We determined whether PS-specific memory for IgG production was contained within the B cell and/or T cell populations, and whether augmented IgG responses following booster immunization were also dependent on CD4+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of purified B cells from MenC- or GBS-III–primed, but not naive mice resulted in augmented PS-specific IgG responses following booster immunization. Similar responses were observed when cotransferred CD4+ T cells were from primed or naive mice. Similarly, primary immunization with unencapsulated MenC or GBS-III, to potentially prime CD4+ T cells, failed to enhance PS-specific IgG responses following booster immunization with their encapsulated isogenic partners. Furthermore, in contrast to GBS-III, depletion of CD4+ T cells during secondary immunization with MenC or another Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii, did not inhibit augmented PS-specific IgG booster responses of mice primed with heat-killed cells. Also, in contrast with GBS-III, booster immunization of MenC-primed mice with isolated MenC-PS, a TI Ag, or a conjugate of MenC-PS and tetanus toxoid elicited an augmented PS-specific IgG response similar to booster immunization with intact MenC. These data demonstrate that memory for augmented PS-specific IgG booster responses to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is contained solely within the B cell compartment, with a differential requirement for CD4+ T cells for augmented IgG responses following booster immunization.
Inflammatory Signals Regulate IL-15 in Response to Lymphodepletion
Authors: Anthony Scott M. , Rivas Sarai C. , Colpitts Sara L. , Howard Megan E. , Stonier Spencer W. , Schluns Kimberly S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Induction of lymphopenia has been exploited therapeutically to improve immune responses to cancer therapies and vaccinations. Whereas IL-15 has well-established roles in stimulating lymphocyte responses after lymphodepletion, the mechanisms regulating these IL-15 responses are unclear. We report that cell surface IL-15 expression is upregulated during lymphopenia induced by total body irradiation (TBI), cyclophosphamide, or Thy1 Ab-mediated T cell depletion, as well as in RAG−/− mice; interestingly, the cellular profile of surface IL-15 expression is distinct in each model. In contrast, soluble IL-15 (sIL-15) complexes are upregulated only after TBI or αThy1 Ab. Analysis of cell-specific IL-15Rα conditional knockout mice revealed that macrophages and dendritic cells are important sources of sIL-15 complexes after TBI but provide minimal contribution in response to Thy1 Ab treatment. Unlike with TBI, induction of sIL-15 complexes by αThy1 Ab is sustained and only partially dependent on type I IFNs. The stimulator of IFN genes pathway was discovered to be a potent inducer of sIL-15 complexes and was required for optimal production of sIL-15 complexes in response to Ab-mediated T cell depletion and TBI, suggesting products of cell death drive production of sIL-15 complexes after lymphodepletion. Lastly, we provide evidence that IL-15 induced by inflammatory signals in response to lymphodepletion drives lymphocyte responses, as memory CD8 T cells proliferated in an IL-15–dependent manner. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the form in which IL-15 is expressed, its kinetics and cellular sources, and the inflammatory signals involved are differentially dictated by the manner in which lymphopenia is induced.
Ultra‐Minimally Invasive Ultrasound‐Guided Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Rojo-Manaute Jose Manuel , Capa-Grasa Alberto , Chana-Rodríguez Francisco , Perez-Mañanes Ruben , Rodriguez-Maruri Guillermo , Sanz-Ruiz Pablo , Muñoz-Ledesma Jorge , Aburto-Bernardo Mikel , Esparragoza-Cabrera Luis , del Cerro-Gutiérrez Miguel , Vaquero-Martín Javier 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of 1‐mm ultra–minimally invasive ultrasound‐guided carpal tunnel release and 2‐cm blind mini–open carpal tunnel release.MethodsWe conducted a single‐center individual parallel‐group controlled‐superiority randomized control trial in an ambulatory office‐based setting at a third‐level referral hospital. Eligible participants had clinical signs of primary carpal tunnel syndrome and positive electrodiagnostic test results and were followed for 12 months. Independent outcome assessors were blinded. Patients were randomized by concealed allocation (1:1) by an independent blocked computer‐generated list. The postoperative score on the Quick–Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire was the primary variable. Grip strength and time for discontinuation of oral analgesics, complete wrist flexion‐extension, relief of paresthesia, and return to normal daily activities (including work) were assessed.ResultsNinety‐two of 128 eligible patients were randomly allocated and analyzed. QuickDASH scores were 2.2 to 3.3 times significantly lower in the ultra–minimally invasive group for the first 6 months: 23.6 [95% confidence interval (CI), 20.5, 27.4] versus 52.6 [95% CI, 49.4, 57.0] at the first week and 4.09 [95% CI, 1.5, 7.1] versus 13.0 [95% CI, 9.4, 18.9] at 6 months. Return to normal daily activities occurred significantly sooner in the ultra–minimally invasive group: 4.9 [95% CI, 3.2, 6.5] versus 25.4 [95% CI, 18.2, 32.6] days.ConclusionsUltra–minimally invasive carpal tunnel release provides earlier functional return and less postoperative morbidity with the same neurologic recovery as mini–open carpal tunnel release for patients with symptomatic primary carpal tunnel syndrome.
Three‐Dimensional Speckle‐Tracking Echocardiographic Monitoring of Acute Rejection in Heart Transplant Recipients
Authors: Du Guo-Qing , Hsiung Ming-Chon , Wu Yan , Qu Shao-Hui , Wei Jeng , Yin Wei-Hsian , Tian Jia-Wei 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesThis study assessed the use of 3‐dimensional (3D) speckle‐tracking echocardiography for noninvasive monitoring and diagnosis of acute rejection in heart transplant recipients.MethodsFifteen heart transplant recipients underwent 32 endomyocardial biopsies; echocardiography was performed within 3 hours before biopsy. Twenty‐four biopsies (acute rejection–negative group) showed grade 0 or 1A rejection, and 8 biopsies (acute rejection–positive group) showed grade 1B or higher rejection (based on the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria). Two‐dimensional, M‐mode, pulsed Doppler, and tissue Doppler echocardiography were performed to assess conventional heart structure and function, and 3D full‐volume echocardiography was recorded and analyzed.ResultsGlobal peak longitudinal strain was significantly lower in the acute rejection–negative group compared to the positive group (mean ± SD, −7.38% ± 1.34% versus −10.88% ± 3.81%; P = .017). Differences in left ventricular global peak radial strain (28.79% ± 10.79% versus 24.32% ± 5.24%; P= .272), global peak circumferential strain (−12.16% ± 4.87% versus −12.61% ± 2.38%; P = .806), and ejection fraction (49.42% ± 12.17% versus 50.68% ± 7.26%; P = .824) between the negative and positive groups were not significant. Significant correlations were observed between the left ventricular ejection fraction and global peak longitudinal, global peak radial, and global peak circumferential (r = −0.72; P < .001; r = 0.60; P < 0.001; and r = −0.69; P < 0.001, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that a global peak longitudinal strain cutoff value of less than −9.55% could predict grade 1B or higher rejection with sensitivity of 87.50% and specificity of 54.17%.ConclusionsThree‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography–derived global peak longitudinal strain is a useful parameter for detecting acute rejection; thus, 3D speckle‐tracking echocardiography can monitor dynamic and acute rejection (≥1B) in heart transplant recipients.
Sonographic Characterization of Arterial Dissections in Takayasu Arteritis
Authors: Wang Jiong , Lee Yueh Z. , Cheng Yi , Zheng Ye , Gao Junyi , Tang Xiaobin , Wang Tian , Zhang Chun 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTakayasu arteritis is a relatively rare chronic nonspecific form of large‐vessel vasculitis in which the involved vessels develop stenoses, occlusions, dilatations or aneurysms, and dissections. Dissections of the arteries in patients with Takayasu arteritis are not well understood. In this study, we explored the sonographic characterization of these rare complications secondary to Takayasu arteritis.MethodsWe evaluated arterial dissections in 72 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis by vascular sonography and transthoracic echocardiography. We analyzed the dissection distribution and morphologic characteristics of the dissected intima/layer and lumen of the involved vessels.ResultsTwelve of 72 patients had arterial dissections, in whom 16 dissected segments were identified. The involved arteries included the carotid, subclavian, vertebral, brachial, celiac, and femoral arteries, aortic arch, and abdominal aorta. The dissection lesions occurred at any age and coexisted with the aforementioned injuries. Evaluation of the dissected intima/layer and the involved lumen by sonography was technically complicated. The morphologic characteristics of the dissected intimae and involved lumens were complex, with most of the dissected intimae/layers having the characteristic “macaroni” sign in the arterial wall. High‐frequency and high‐resolution sonography, color Doppler flow imaging, and other techniques were useful in elucidating greater lesion details.ConclusionsArterial dissections in Takayasu arteritis can involve any anatomic vessel location and have complex morphologic characteristics. Sonography is the optimal technique for diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with Takayasu arteritis and dissections.
Four‐fluid MHD simulations of the plasma and neutral gas environment of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko near perihelion
Authors: Huang Zhenguang , Tóth Gábor , Gombosi Tamas I. , Jia Xianzhe , Rubin Martin , Fougere Nicolas , Tenishev Valeriy , Combi Michael R. , Bieler Andre , Hansen Kenneth C. , Shou Yinsi , Altwegg Kathrin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe neutral and plasma environment is critical in understanding the interaction of the solar wind and comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko (CG), the target of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission. To serve this need and support the Rosetta mission, we have developed a 3‐D four‐fluid model, which is based on BATS‐R‐US (Block‐Adaptive Tree Solarwind Roe‐type Upwind Scheme) within SWMF (Space Weather Modeling Framework) that solves the governing multifluid MHD equations and the Euler equations for the neutral gas fluid. These equations describe the behavior and interactions of the cometary heavy ions, the solar wind protons, the electrons, and the neutrals. This model incorporates different mass loading processes, including photoionization and electron impact ionization, charge exchange, dissociative ion‐electron recombination, and collisional interactions between different fluids. We simulated the plasma and neutral gas environment near perihelion in three different cases: an idealized comet with a spherical body and uniform neutral gas outflow, an idealized comet with a spherical body and illumination‐driven neutral gas outflow, and comet CG with a realistic shape model and illumination‐driven neutral gas outflow. We compared the results of the three cases and showed that the simulations with illumination‐driven neutral gas outflow have magnetic reconnection, a magnetic pileup region and nucleus directed plasma flow inside the nightside reconnection region, which have not been reported in the literature.
Three‐dimensional surface deformation derived from airborne interferometric UAVSAR: Application to the Slumgullion Landslide
Authors: Delbridge Brent G. , Bürgmann Roland , Fielding Eric , Hensley Scott , Schulz William H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn order to provide surface geodetic measurements with “landslide‐wide” spatial coverage, we develop and validate a method for the characterization of 3‐D surface deformation using the unique capabilities of the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) airborne repeat‐pass radar interferometry system. We apply our method at the well‐studied Slumgullion Landslide, which is 3.9 km long and moves persistently at rates up to ∼2 cm/day. A comparison with concurrent GPS measurements validates this method and shows that it provides reliable and accurate 3‐D surface deformation measurements. The UAVSAR‐derived vector velocity field measurements accurately capture the sharp boundaries defining previously identified kinematic units and geomorphic domains within the landslide. We acquired data across the landslide during spring and summer and identify that the landslide moves more slowly during summer except at its head, presumably in response to spatiotemporal variations in snowmelt infiltration. In order to constrain the mechanics controlling landslide motion from surface velocity measurements, we present an inversion framework for the extraction of slide thickness and basal geometry from dense 3‐D surface velocity fields. We find that the average depth of the Slumgullion Landslide is 7.5 m, several meters less than previous depth estimates. We show that by considering a viscoplastic rheology, we can derive tighter theoretical bounds on the rheological parameter relating mean horizontal flow rate to surface velocity. Using inclinometer data for slow‐moving, clay‐rich landslides across the globe, we find a consistent value for the rheological parameter of 0.85 ± 0.08.
Lagrangian transport simulations of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions: Impact of meteorological data products
Authors: Hoffmann L. , Rößler T. , Griessbach S. , Heng Y. , Stein O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from strong volcanic eruptions are an important natural cause for climate variations. We applied our new Lagrangian transport model Massive‐Parallel Trajectory Calculations to perform simulations for three case studies of volcanic eruption events. The case studies cover the eruptions of Grímsvötn, Iceland, Puyehue‐Cordón Caulle, Chile, and Nabro, Eritrea, in May and June 2011. We used SO2 observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS/Aqua) and a backward trajectory approach to initialize the simulations. Besides validation of the new model, the main goal of our study was a comparison of simulations with different meteorological data products. We considered three reanalyses, i.e., ERA‐Interim, Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalysis Project as well as the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis. Qualitatively, the SO2 distributions from the simulations compare well not only with the AIRS data but also with Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding aerosol observations. Transport deviations and the critical success index (CSI) are analyzed to evaluate the simulations quantitatively. During the first 5 or 10 days after the eruptions we found the best performance for the ECMWF analysis (CSI range of 0.25–0.31), followed by ERA‐Interim (0.25–0.29), MERRA (0.23–0.27), and NCAR/NCEP (0.21–0.23). High temporal and spatial resolution of the meteorological data does lead to improved performance of Lagrangian transport simulations of volcanic emissions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
Climatology and temporal evolution of the atmospheric semidiurnal tide in present‐day reanalyses
Authors: Díaz‐Argandoña J. , Ezcurra A. , Sáenz J. , Ibarra‐Berastegi G. , Errasti I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe solar semidiurnal atmospheric tide (S2) was extracted from seven reanalysis data sets, including current data sets, such as CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis), MERRA (Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications), ERA‐Interim (ECMWF Reanalysis), and 20CR (Twentieth Century Reanalysis), and older frozen products, such as NCEP/NCAR (National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research), ERA‐40 (ECMWF Reanalysis), and JRA‐25 (Japanese 25 year Reanalysis). In this calculation, we emphasized the temporal variation of the tide. We also calculated the tidal error, which was sizable at high latitudes and over short averaging periods and large for 20CR at all latitudes. Because of the four standard daily samples, the interpolation scheme of van den Dool et al. (1997) was used when necessary. We found this method to be accurate for zonally averaged tides only. Comparing the climatology from the MERRA and CFSR S2 with a recent empirical tide model showed that MERRA better represented the geographical structure of the tide, especially its phase. We found a bias in the phase in all of the reanalysis data sets except for MERRA. The temporal evolution of the tide was inconsistent between the different data sets, although similar seasonal variations were observed. The seasonal cycle was also better depicted in MERRA. The S2 calculated from MERRA and satellite precipitation measurements from TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) presented results that were inconsistent with the hypothesis in which rainfall latent heat release represents S2 forcing and functions as a source of S2 seasonal variability.
Evaluating N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis parameterizations for CalNex 2010
Authors: Chang Wayne L. , Brown Steven S. , Stutz Jochen , Middlebrook Ann M. , Bahreini Roya , Wagner Nicholas L. , Dubé William P. , Pollack Ilana B. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Riemer Nicole 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNighttime chemistry in the troposphere is closely tied to the dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) budget, but high uncertainties remain regarding the model representation of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 on aerosol particles. In this study we used the community model WRF‐Chem to simulate a 3‐day period during the California Nexus (CalNex) Campaign in 2010. We extended WRF‐Chem to include the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 and contrasted the impact of different published parameterizations of N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis on the spatial distribution of uptake coefficients and the resulting N2O5 concentrations. For all the cases, modeled N2O5 uptake coefficients showed strong spatial variability, with higher values in the nocturnal boundary layer compared to the residual layer, especially in environments with high relative humidities, such as over the ocean and along the coast. The best agreement of modeled and observed uptake coefficients was obtained using the parameterization by Davis et al. (2008) combined with the treatment of organic coating by Riemer et al. (2009). For this case the temporal evolution of lower boundary layer N2O5 mixing ratios was reproduced well, and the predictions of surface mixing ratios of ozone and NOx were improved. However, the model still overpredicted the uptake coefficients in the residual layer and consequently underpredicted N2O5 concentrations in the residual layer. This study also highlights that environments with low relative humidities pose a challenge for aerosol thermodynamic models in calculating aerosol water uptake, and this impacts N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis parameterizations.
Performance of ionospheric maps in support of long baseline GNSS kinematic positioning at low latitudes
Authors: Park J. , Sreeja V. , Aquino M. , Cesaroni C. , Spogli L. , Dodson A. , De Franceschi G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIonospheric scintillation occurs mainly at high and low latitude regions of the Earth and may impose serious degradation on GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) functionality. The Brazilian territory sits on one of the most affected areas of the globe, where the ionosphere behaves very unpredictably, with strong scintillation frequently occurring in the local postsunset hours. The correlation between scintillation occurrence and sharp variations in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) in Brazil is demonstrated in Spogli et al. (2013). The compounded effect of these associated ionospheric disturbances on long baseline GNSS kinematic positioning is studied in this paper, in particular when ionospheric maps are used to aid the positioning solution. The experiments have been conducted using data from GNSS reference stations in Brazil. The use of a regional TEC map generated under the CALIBRA (Countering GNSS high‐Accuracy applications Limitations due to Ionospheric disturbances in BRAzil) project, referred to as CALIBRA TEC map (CTM), was compared to the use of the Global Ionosphere Map (GIM), provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS). Results show that the use of the CTM greatly improves the kinematic positioning solution as compared with that using the GIM, especially under disturbed ionospheric conditions. Additionally, different hypotheses were tested regarding the precision of the TEC values obtained from ionospheric maps, and its effect on the long baseline kinematic solution evaluated. Finally, this study compares two interpolation methods for ionospheric maps, namely, the Inverse Distance Weight and the Natural Neighbor.