bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intratester Reliability for Determining an 8-Repetition Maximum for 3 Shoulder Exercises Using Elastic Bands
Authors: Newsam Craig J. , Leese Cindy , Fernandez-Silva Jennifer 
Published: August 2016

Context:Standardization of training load using the 1-repetition maximum (1RM) test cannot be directly applied when using elastic bands as resistance.Objective:To determine the intratester reliability for establishing an 8-repetition maximum (8RM) using elastic bands.Design:Test–retest.Participants:5 men, 10 women, 23–29 years.Intervention:An 8RM test was established for 3 shoulder exercises using the Dura-Band® exercise system.Main Outcome Measures:The length of the elastic band was recorded. An analysis of variance was performed, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for each exercise.Results:Intratester reliability for determining the elastic-band length required to establish an 8RM was very high for internal rotation (ICC = .91) and high for external rotation (ICC = .77). The diagonal pull-down 8RM test had moderate reliability (ICC = .65).Conclusion:Training load can be reliably standardized in healthy young adults using moderate-to high-resistance elastic bands with a goal-based multiple-RM test.
Exercise Prescription and Patellofemoral Pain: Evidence for Rehabilitation
Authors: Bolgla Lori , Malone Terry 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To provide evidence regarding the therapeutic effects of exercise on subjects with patellofemoral-pain syndrome (PFPS).Data Sources:Evidence was compiled with data located using the Medline, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases from 1985 to 2004 using the key words patellofemoral pain syndrome, exercise, rehabilitation, and strength.Study Selection:The literature review examined intervention studies evaluating the effectiveness of exercise in subjects specif-cally diagnosed with PFPS. Articles were selected based on clinical relevance to PFPS rehabilitation that required an intervention of a minimum of 4 weeks.Data Synthesis:The review supports using exercise as the primary treatment for PFPS.Conclusions:Evidence exists regarding the use of isometric, isotonic, isokinetic, and closed kinetic chain exercise. Although clinicians have advocated the use of biofeedback and patella taping, there is limited evidence regarding the efficacy of these interventions on subjects diagnosed with PFPS.
The Effect of 4 Different Durations of Static Hamstring Stretching on Passive Knee-Extension Range of Motion
Authors: Ford Gregory S. , Mazzone Margaret A. , Taylor Keith 
Published: August 2016

Design:Pretest–posttest.Objective:To determine the effect of 4 durations of static hamstring stretching on knee-extension passive range of motion (KE-PROM).Context:Effects of longer (90 and 120 seconds) static hamstring stretching on PROM have not been established relative to more typically recommended 30- or 60-second durations.Subjects:35 healthy college-age subjects with >20° loss of KE-PROM.Outcome Measure:KE-PROM.Intervention:5-week program of single daily stretch for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds.Results:Static stretching was effective in increasing KE-PROM regardless of stretch duration (P < .0001). A significant improvement was identified in mean PROM for each stretching group, but no difference existed among the 4 stretch-duration groups. The control group’s mean PROM decreased (mean = -3.2°, SD = 1.9), whereas each stretching group increased PROM (means 1.9° to 3.6°).Conclusions:Five weeks of daily static hamstring stretching for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds increase KE-PROM. Similar benefits were achieved regardless of stretch duration, suggesting that clinicians need not perform static hamstring stretches of more than 30 seconds.
Adherence to Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructive Surgery: Implications for Outcome
Authors: Pizzari Tania , Taylor Nicholas F. , McBurney Helen , Feller Julian A. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To investigate the relationship between adherence to rehabilitation and outcome after reconstructive surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).Design:A prospective cohort study with adherence to rehabilitation evaluated over 8 weeks correlated with outcomes at 9 and 12 months postsurgery.Participants:68 patients who had undergone ACL-reconstructive surgery.Main Outcome Measures:Adherence was measured to and during appointments and by a self-report diary of home exercise. Outcomes were measured by 6 knee-function scales and 2 hop tests.Results:There was a significant relationship between home-exercise adherence and many outcomes for participants under 30 years of age (rs = .33-.44). For participants age 30 and over there was a negative relationship between home-exercise adherence and outcome. There were no significant relationships between adherence to and during physical therapy appointments and outcome after ACL-reconstructive surgery.Conclusion:Participants under 30 years of age who adhered to their home-exercise regimen had better functional outcome, whereas adherent participants age 30 and over experienced worse outcome with better home-exercise adherence.
Single-Leg Landing Strategy after Knee-Joint Cryotherapy
Authors: Hart Joseph M. , Leonard Jamie L. , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Despite recent findings regarding lower extremity function after cryotherapy, little is known of the neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic changes that might occur during functional tasks.Objective:To evaluate changes in ground-reaction forces, muscle activity, and knee-joint flexion during single-leg landings after 20-minute knee-joint cryotherapy.Design:1 × 4 repeated-measures, time-series design.Setting:Research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:20 healthy male and female subjects.Intervention:Subjects performed 5 single-leg landings before, immediately after, and 15 and 30 minutes after knee-joint cryo-therapy.Main Outcome Measures:Ground-reaction force, knee-joint flexion, and muscle activity of the gastrocnemius, hamstrings, quadriceps, and gluteus medius.Results:Cryotherapy did not significantly (P > .05) change maximum knee-joint flexion, vertical ground-reaction force, or average muscle activity during a single-leg landing.Conclusion:Knee-joint cryotherapy might not place the lower extremity at risk for injury during landing.
Knee-Joint Position Sense: The Relationship between Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Tests
Authors: Herrington Lee 
Published: August 2016

Context:Authors have investigated knee joint-position sense (JPS) in non-weight-bearing open kinetic chain (OKC) manner, but few have investigated JPS during closed kinetic chain (CKC) weight-bearing activities or the relationship between these two.Objective:To investigate the relationship between knee JPS during OKC and CKC maneuvers.Design:2-group (men and women) repeated-measures.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:80 asymptomatic subjects.Interventions:None.Main Outcome Measure:Absolute error score of knee JPS during 2 conditions, a CKC squat or OKC knee-flexion maneuver.Results:Statistical analysis by 2-way ANOVA showed sex not to have a significant effect on error score (P = .475), but statistically significant differences between error scores occurred during the 2 tests (P = .0001), the CKC test producing lower error scores (group mean absolute error score OKC [5.6° ± 4.3°] and CKC [2.8° ± 2.4°]), with the absence of a correlation between scores of each test (r = .1).Conclusion:Testing JPS in a CKC scenario would seem appropriate—the ability is greatest (least errors), and conversely any deficits might be most obvious.
Correlations between Hip Strength and Static Foot and Knee Posture
Authors: Hollman John H. , Kolbeck Kimberly E. , Hitchcock Jamie L. , Koverman Jonathan W. , Krause David A. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Hip-muscle weakness might be associated with impaired biomechanics and postures that contribute to lower extremity injuries.Objective:To examine relationships between hip-muscle strength, Q angle, and foot pronation.Design:Correlational study.Setting:Academic laboratory.Participants:33 healthy adults.Main Outcome Measures:Maximal isometric hip abduction (Abd), adduction (Add), external-rotation (ER) and internal-rotation (IR) strength; Q angle of the knee; and longitudinal arch angle of the foot. We analyzed Pearson product– moment (r) correlation coefficients between the Abd/Add and ER/IR force ratios, Q angle, and longitudinal arch angle.Results:The hip Abd/Add force ratio was correlated with longitudinal arch angle (r= .35,P= .025).Conclusions:Reduced strength of the hip abductors relative to adductors is associated with increased pronation at the foot. Clinicians should be aware of this relationship when examining patients with lower extremity impairments.
The Effect of 2 Different Custom-Molded Corrective Orthotics on Plantar Pressure
Authors: Hodgson Brad , Tis Laurie , Cobb Steven , McCarthy Shawn , Higbie Elizabeth 
Published: August 2016

Context:Because of research variability and the increasing use of orthotics to manage lower extremity problems, further research is warranted.Objective:To investigate the effect of rear-foot- and forefoot-posted (PAL) and mediolongitu-dinal arch-supported (SOLE) orthotics on plantar pressure (PP) during walking.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:17 subjects with forefoot varus.Intervention:Data were collected at 0 and 6 weeks for no-orthotic and orthotic conditions.Measurements:PPs were collected with the EMED Pedar measurement system.Results:Zero weeks: PAL increased PP in lateral forefoot (LFF), middle toes (MT), and lateral toes (LT) and decreased PP in lateral heel (LH), medial forefoot (MFF), and central forefoot (CFF). SOLE increased PP for midfoot (MF) and LT and decreased PP in medial heel (MH), LH, and CFF. 6 weeks: PAL increased PP in LFF, MT, and LT and decreased PP in LH, MFF, and CFF. SOLE increased PP in MF and decreased PP in MH, LH, and LFF.Conclusion:The SOLE orthotic appeared to be more effective in attaining the goals of custom-molded-orthotic intervention.
The Effects of Repetitive Throwing on Shoulder Proprioception and Internal and External Rotation Strength
Authors: Nocera Joe , Rubley Mack , Holcomb William , Guadagnoli Mark 
Published: August 2016

Context:There is limited information on the effects of throwing on shoulder proprioception and strength.Objective:Examine shoulder proprioception and strength following throwing.Design:2x3 mixed-subject design.Setting:Research laboratory and outdoor facility.Participants:23 male college students (age = 22 ± 2.9yr, ht = 178 ± 11.3cm, wt = 72 ± 7.7kg, 22 right-handed 1 left-handed).Intervention:Subjects were pretested for proprioception, measured by active reproduction of passive positioning (ARPP). Strength was quantified using 1RM and an average peak torque at 120º/sec for internal and external shoulder rotation. Following pretesting, subjects (excluding control) completed 75 throws at 75% maximum immediately followed by posttesting.Main Outcome Measures:Pre and post ARPP absolute error and strength changes.Results:Significant difference in the pre and posttest ARPP values for throwing groups but no difference for the control group. There was no significant difference from pre to post on the strength tests for any groups.Conclusion:Results indicate that repetitive throwing affects proprioception while not affecting strength.
Cryotherapy Does Not Affect Peroneal Reaction Following Sudden Inversion
Authors: Berg Christine L. , Hart Joseph M. , Palmieri-Smith Riann , Cross Kevin M. , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:If ankle joint cryotherapy impairs the ability of the ankle musculature to counteract potentially injurious forces, the ankle is left vulnerable to injury.Objective:To compare peroneal reaction to sudden inversion following ankle joint cryotherapy.Design:Repeated measures design with independent variables, treatment (cryotherapy and control), and time (baseline, immediately post treatment, 15 minutes post treatment, and 30 minutes post treatment).Setting:University research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Twenty-seven healthy volunteers.Intervention(s):An ice bag was secured to the lateral ankle joint for 20 minutes.Main Outcome Measures:The onset and average root mean square amplitude of EMG activity in the peroneal muscles was calculated following the release of a trap door mechanism causing inversion.Results:There was no statistically significant change from baseline for peroneal reaction time or average peroneal muscle activity at any post treatment time.Conclusions:Cryotherapy does not affect peroneal muscle reaction following sudden inversion perturbation.
Effect of the Simultaneous Application of NMES and HVPC on Knee Extension Torque
Authors: Holcomb William , Rubley Mack D. , Girouard Tedd J. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Electrical stimulation using simultaneous application of two current types for multiple effects is a current treatment option, but the effect of this treatment is not currently known.Objectives:To compare isometric knee extension torque when using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in combination with High Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC) versus NMES alone during three contraction conditions of quadriceps.Design:Counterbalanced, within-subjects design to test independent variables, stimulation protocol, and contraction condition; ANOVA to analyze dependent variable, peak torque.Setting:Athletic Training Research Laboratory. Participants: 14 healthy subjects (7 male and 7 female, age = 21.9 ± 2.0 yr, height = 173.4 ± 10.1cm, weight = 76.1 ± 16.7 kg).Intervention:Participants performed three contraction conditions during two stimulation protocols.Main Outcome Measure:Peak isometric knee extension torque.Results:The main effect for Stimulation Protocol was not significant: F1,26 = .01, P = .94.Conclusion:Simultaneous application of HVPC with NMES does not facilitate the neuromuscular response but may provide an efficient treatment when managing atrophy, strength loss, pain, and edema associated with reconstructive surgery.
Vastus Medialis Activation during Knee Extension Exercises: Evidence for Exercise Prescription
Authors: Bolgla Lori A. , Shaffer Scott W. , Malone Terry R. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Knee extension exercise is an important part of knee rehabilitation. Clinicians prescribe non-weight bearing exercise initially and progress patients to weight bearing exercise once they can perform a straight leg raise (SLR).Objective:Compare VM activation during a SLR and weight bearing exercises.Design:One-way repeated measures design.Setting:University Laboratory.Subjects:Fifteen healthy subjects.Intervention:One SLR exercise and 6 weight-bearing knee extension exercises.Main Outcome Measures:Electromyographic amplitudes for the VM expressed as a percent maximum voluntary isometric contraction.Results:The SLR had greater activation than the single leg stance and bilateral squat exercises. The step-up and unilateral leg press exercises had the greatest activation.Conclusions:SLR performance can be an important indicator for exercise progression. These results provide foundational knowledge to assist clinicians with exercise prescription.
Lower Extremity Joint Moments of Collegiate Soccer Players Differ between Genders during a Forward Jump
Authors: Hart Joseph M. , Garrison J. Craig , Palmieri-Smith Riann , Kerrigan D. Casey , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Lower extremity kinetics while performing a single-leg forward jump landing may help explain gender biased risk for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury.Objective:Gender comparison of lower extremity joint angles and moments.Design:Static groups comparison.Setting:Motion analysis laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:8 male and 8 female varsity, collegiate soccer athletes.Intervention:5 single-leg landings from a 100cm forward jump.Main Outcome Measures:Peak and initial contact external joint moments and joint angles of the ankle, knee, and hip.Results:At initial heel contact, males exhibited a adduction moment whereas females exhibited a abduction moment at the hip. Females also had significantly less peak hip extension moment and significantly less peak hip internal rotation moment than males had. Females exhibited greater knee adduction and hip internal rotation angles than men did.Conclusions:When decelerating from a forward jump, gender differences exist in forces acting at the hip.
The Relationship of Periscapular Strength on Scapular Upward Rotation in Professional Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Laudner Kevin G. , Stanek Justin M. , Meister Keith 
Published: August 2016

Context:Deficiencies in scapular upward rotation and periscapular strength have been associated with various shoulder pathologies and decreased athletic performance. Therefore, proper periscapular strength and concomitant scapular upward rotation are important factors among overhead athletes, such as baseball players.Objective:To assess the relationships between lower trapezius and serratus anterior strength and the quantity of scapular upward rotation.Design:Descriptive study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:24 professional baseball pitchers.Measures:Scapular upward rotation was measured at 0°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of humeral elevation. The maximum isometric strength of the lower trapezius and serratus anterior were measured.Results:There was a moderate-good positive relationship between lower trapezius strength and scapular upward rotation at 90° (r2 = .56, P = .001) and 120° (r2 = .53, P = .001). The relationships between scapular upward rotation and serratus anterior strength were all poor.Conclusion:A moderate-good relationship existed between lower trapezius strength and scapular upward rotation.
Impact Attenuation and Variability during Running in Females: A Lifespan Investigation
Authors: Dufek Janet S. , Mercer John A. , Teramoto Kaori , Mangus Brent C. , Freedman Julia A. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Impact is known to cause injury during running, while variability is thought to promote healthy performance.Objective:Quantify contributions of the lower extremity and back and the variability of impact generation among (1) prepubescent girls (Grp 1), (2) normally menstruating women (Grp 2), and (3) postmenopausal women (Grp 3) to address possible lifespan changes during running.Design:A mixed model experiment.Setting:Biomechanics Laboratory.Participants:31 healthy females owing membership to Grp1, Grp 2, or Grp 3.Intervention:Participants ran on a treadmill at their preferred speed (45 s) and at a speed 10% faster (45 s) while instrumented with uniaxial accelerometers.Main Outcome Measures:Lower extremity attenuation, back attenuation and variability of peak impact acceleration values.Results:Lower extremity attenuation and variability were greatest for Grp 1 while impact variability was least for Grp 2.Conclusion:Lifespan phases appear to affect impact attenuation strategies and variability of impact during running for females.
The Effects of a Supervised Resistance-Training Program on Special Olympics Athletes
Authors: Machek Michael A. , Stopka Christine B. , Tillman Mark D. , Sneed Suzanne M. , Naugle Keith E. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To examine the effects of a resistance-training program on athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID).Design/Participants:2-way (2 × 2), repeated-measures analysis of variance on 2 groups (males and females); 30 Special Olympics (SO) athletes, age 16–22 (16 males, 14 females).Intervention/Outcome Measures:Resistance training, twice per week, for 3 months on Med-X weight equipment. Exercises tested: chest press, abdominal crunch, seated row, overhead press, seated dip, lower back extension, and biceps curl. The weight lifted and the number of repetitions performed were used to determine predicted 1-repetition max (1RM).Results:All participants as a group increased significantly in predicted 1RM for each exercise performed. Males were stronger than females for 5 of the 7 exercises. A significant interaction effect between genders was demonstrated for the seated dip.Conclusion:Significant strength gains can be accomplished by adolescents with ID via a supervised resistance-training program.
A Comparison of the Pressure Exerted on Soft Tissue by 2 Myofascial Rollers
Authors: Curran Patrick F. , Fiore Russell D. , Crisco Joseph J. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Self-myofascial release (SMR) is a technique used to treat myofascial restrictions and restore soft-tissue extensibility.Purpose:To determine whether the pressure and contact area on the lateral thigh differ between a Multilevel rigid roller (MRR) and a Bio-Foam roller (BFR) for participants performing SMR.Participants:Ten healthy young men and women.Methods:Participants performed an SMR technique on the lateral thigh using both myofascial rollers. Thin-film pressure sensels recorded pressure and contact area during each SMR trial.Results:Mean sensel pressure exerted on the soft tissue of the lateral thigh by the MRR (51.8 ± 10.7 kPa) was significantly (P < .001) greater than that of the conventional BFR (33.4 ± 6.4 kPa). Mean contact area of the MRR (47.0 ± 16.1 cm2) was significantly (P < .005) less than that of the BFR (68.4 ± 25.3 cm2).Conclusion:The significantly higher pressure and isolated contact area with the MRR suggest a potential benefit in SMR.
The Effect of Scapular-Retractor Fatigue on External and Internal Rotation in Patients with Internal Impingement
Authors: Tyler Timothy F. , Cuoco Anthony , Schachter Aaron K. , Thomas Gregory C. , McHugh Malachy P. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Scapular strengthening is thought to be an important component of the rehabilitation of patients with internal impingement.Objective:To determine the effect of scapular-retractor-muscle fatigue on internal- and external-rotation-torque production in patients with internal impingement.Design:Case control study.Setting:Outpatient clinic.Participants:15 patients and 18 healthy subjects.Intervention:A scapular-retractor-fatigue protocol.Main Outcome Measure:Shoulder-rotation- torque production.Results:After the scapular-retractor-fatigue protocol external- rotation strength was reduced in patients (involved 25%, noninvolved 19%; P < .001).Conclusion:Fatigue in the scapular retractors resulted in lower shoulder-rotation-torque production. These findings emphasize the importance of the scapular retractors for proper function of the shoulder rotators with the arm in an abducted position in patients with internal impingement.