bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Aerodynamic Roughness Owing to Surfzone Foam
Authors: MacMahan Jamie 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDrag coefficients Cd obtained through direct eddy covariance estimates of the wind stress were observed at four different sandy beaches with dissipative surfzones along the coastline of Monterey Bay, California. The measured surfzone Cd (~2 × 10−3) is twice as large as open-ocean estimates and consistent with recent estimates of Cd over the surfzone and shoaling region. Owing to the heterogeneous nature of the near shore consisting of nonbreaking shoaling waves and breaking surfzone waves, the surfzone wind stress source region is estimated from the footprint probability distribution derived for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. An empirical model developed for estimating the Cd for open-ocean foam coverage dependent on wind speed is modified for foam coverage owing to depth-limited wave breaking within the surfzone. A modified empirical Cd model for surfzone foam predicts similar values as the measured Cd and provides an alternative mechanism to describe roughness.
How do primary healthcare and social services enable young people’s participation?
Authors: Rytkönen Minna Maarit , Kaunisto Merita Anneli , Pietilä Anna-Maija K 
Published: June 2017

Background and purpose: Participation is a crucial factor in primary healthcare and social services, enabling clients to maintain their own health and well-being. However, adolescents’ participation in service provision may be compromised because they are often not understood or heard as equal clients in encounters with primary services. The aim of this study was to describe 15- to 17-year-olds’ experiences of participation in primary healthcare and social services’ settings. Methods: Data were collected through group interviews ( N = 27) with 106 participants drawn from upper comprehensive schools, upper secondary schools and youth centres in the region of a city in northern Savonia, Finland. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis, using typology technique. Results: Four levels of realisation of participation were identified (inviting, allowing, avoiding and excluding), each with distinctive sets of atmospheres, interactions and experiences of the service received. According to the interviewees, the atmosphere varied from caring to cold, interactions from empowering to discouraging and experience of services from meaningful to threatening. Conclusion: Young people’s participation in health services can be strengthened by creating a positive atmosphere, providing possibilities to be heard and ensuring that support corresponds with individual needs. The indications of aspects of atmosphere, interactions, and clients’ experience that promote or deter adolescents’ participation may assist efforts to improve health and social services by signposting ways to raise realization of participation to the ‘inviting’ level. Study findings are useful for evaluating, strengthening and raising awareness of the importance of participation in all aspects of health promotion (practice, management and education).
“Pimping” in Pharmacy Education: A Survey and Comparison of Student and Faculty Views
Authors: Williams Eric A. , Miesner Andrew R. , Beckett Emily A. , Grady Sarah E. 
Published: June 2017

Background: “Pimping” is an informal teaching technique that is widely used in medical education. Pimping is characterized by questioning the learner with the intent of reinforcing clinical hierarchy. To date, there are no studies of the use of pimping in pharmacy education. Objectives: To describe the use of pimping as a teaching method in pharmacy education and to compare student and faculty perceptions of this technique. Methods: Faculty and fourth-year PharmD (P4) students from 2 colleges of pharmacy were invited to participate in a survey about experiences and perceptions of pimping. Faculty and P4 surveys each contained up to 17 items to assess personal experiences, utilization, perceived risks and benefits, and preferences regarding the role of the technique in pharmacy education. Results: The response rate was 49.5% (159 of 321). Of faculty, 74.1% reported they had been pimped in their training, but less than half (45.8%) use pimping themselves. Similarly, 73.7% of students reported that they had been pimped at some time in their pharmacy education. Students nearly equally viewed their experiences as positive (35.3%) versus negative (38.2%). Responses were similar between faculty and students recommending that the method should be avoided entirely ( P = .259), used sparingly ( P = .072), or used consistently ( P = .309). Perceived benefits and risks of pimping were similar between faculty and students, but there were many differences in rationales offered by faculty versus students’ perceived rationales. Conclusion: Pimping is common in pharmacy education and its use is controversial. The perceived rationale for use of pimping differs, which may undermine student/faculty relationships.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Beyond One Year in Patients After Stent Placement: A Review
Authors: Sumner Jacob D. , Zinser Brianna , Smith Andrew 
Published: June 2017

Purpose: To review the evidence on the safety and efficacy of the continued use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) beyond 12 months after stent placement in patients following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event. Summary: Recently, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) released a focused update on the duration of DAPT in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The update makes new recommendations about the duration of DAPT in light of recently performed studies investigating this topic. In regard to patients after an ACS event, the update states it is reasonable to continue DAPT beyond 1 year if these patients are not at a high risk of bleeding and had no overt bleeding while on DAPT. Several trials have been released which aim to provide information about the correct duration of DAPT after an ACS event. Conclusion: Recent trials have shown a benefit of prolonged (beyond 12 months) DAPT in preventing recurrent cardiovascular (CV) events in patients, mostly in patients who have had a previous myocardial infarction (MI). These benefits must be weighed with the elevated risks of bleeding.
Differential effect of p38 and MK2 kinase inhibitors on the inflammatory and toxicity biomarkers in vitro
Authors: Singh RK , Diwan M , Dastidar SG , Najmi AK 
Published: June 2017

Background: Many inflammatory responses including chemotaxis, production of nitric oxide, and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in immunological cells are mediated by p38MAPK. Due to its pivotal role, p38MAPK has been extensively explored as a molecular target for inhibition of chronic inflammation; however, it has not been successful so far due to serious toxicity issues. Among several downstream substrates of p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) has been reported to be a direct and essential downstream component in regulation of innate immune and inflammatory responses. Thus, in this study, we aimed to understand relative molecular differences between p38 and MK2 kinase inhibition in terms of a comparative anti-inflammatory potential along with molecular regulation of toxicity biomarkers such as Phospho c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (pJNK), caspase-3, and hepatic enzyme levels in relevant human cells in vitro. Results: Both p38 and MK2 inhibitors attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory biomarkers expression. In addition, both these kinase inhibitors inhibited release of Th1 and Th17 cytokines in phytohemagglutinin-induced cells with MK2 inhibitor showing a better potency for inhibition of Th1 cytokine release, interferon-γ. In the mechanistic differentiation studies, p38 inhibitors displayed an increase in pJNK and caspase-3 activity in U937 cells and elevation in aspartate transaminase enzyme in HepG2 cells, whereas MK2 inhibitor did not show such adverse toxic effects. Conclusion: Taken together, inhibition of MK2 kinase can be a relatively preferred strategy as an anti-inflammatory therapy over direct inhibition of p38 kinase in p38MAPK pathway.
High resolution magnetic resonance imaging for exposing facial nerve zonal vulnerability to microbleeds: A rare cause of facial palsy
Authors: Hsu Charlie Chia-Tsong , Singh Dalveer , Watkins Trevor William , Kwan Gigi Nga Chi , Hapugoda Sachintha 
Published: June 2017

Background We report a case of hypertensive microbleeds strategically located at the attached segment (AS) and root entry zone (REZ) at the left facial nerve causing facial paralysis. Case Report A 60-year-old woman presented with sudden onset left facial paralysis. Medical history was significant for poorly controlled hypertension secondary to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (primary hyperaldosteronism). The patient was initially treated for presumptive Bell’s palsy. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and internal auditory canal showed two microbleeds at the left cerebellopontine angle. Dedicated coronal T1 magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo and T2 sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution sequences revealed two acute microbleeds located at the attached AS and REZ of the left facial nerve. The patient experienced only partial recovery from House–Brackmann grade IV facial paralysis at presentation to a House–Brackmann grade III facial paralysis at 1 year of follow up. Conclusions To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of facial paralysis caused by microbleeds directly affecting the vulnerable AS and REZ facial nerve segments. We discuss the zonal microanatomy of the facial nerve and the crucial role of high resolution MRI for diagnosis.
Vitamin D and Its Effects on Articular Cartilage and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Garfinkel Rachel J. , Dilisio Matthew F. , Agrawal Devendra K. 
Published: June 2017

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) currently affects 10% of the American population. There has been a recent push to determine exactly what causes OA and how it can be treated most effectively. Serum vitamin D levels have been associated with OA and may have an effect on articular cartilage remodeling. Purpose: To critically review the published research on the effect of vitamin D on articular cartilage and the development of OA as well as on the mechanism behind cartilage regeneration and degeneration. Study Design: Review. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and the Web of Science was performed for relevant studies published in the English language through April 30, 2016, using the terms vitamin D, articular cartilage, and osteoarthritis. Results: On a molecular level, 1α,25(OH)2D3, the activated form of vitamin D, plays a role in articular cartilage degeneration. Vitamin D binds to vitamin D receptors, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to chondrocyte hypertrophy. In clinical trials, vitamin D deficiency poses a risk factor for OA, and those with decreased cartilage thickness are more likely to be vitamin D–insufficient. Conclusion: The role of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment or prevention of OA remains uncertain. More research is needed to reconcile these conflicting findings.
Cost-effectiveness of antibiotics for COPD management: observational analysis using CPRD data
Authors: Ronaldson Sarah J. , Raghunath Anan , Torgerson David J. , Van Staa Tjeerd 
Published: June 2017

It is often difficult to determine the cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, and antibiotics are frequently prescribed. This study conducted an observational cost-effectiveness analysis of prescribing antibiotics for exacerbations of COPD based on routinely collected data from patient electronic health records.A cohort of 45 375 patients aged 40 years or more who attended their general practice for a COPD exacerbation during 2000–2013 was identified from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Two groups were formed (“immediate antibiotics” or “no antibiotics”) based on whether antibiotics were prescribed during the index general practice (GP) consultation, with data analysed according to subsequent healthcare resource use. A cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken from the perspective of the UK National Health Service, using a time horizon of 4 weeks in the base case.The use of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations resulted in cost savings and an improvement in all outcomes analysed;i.e.GP visits, hospitalisations, community respiratory team referrals, all referrals, infections and subsequent antibiotics prescriptions were lower for the antibiotics group. Hence, the use of antibiotics was dominant over no antibiotics.The economic analysis suggests that use of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations is a cost-effective alternative to not prescribing antibiotics for patients who present to their GP, and remains cost-effective when longer time horizons of 3 months and 12 months are considered. It would be useful for a definitive trial to be undertaken in this area to determine the cost-effectiveness of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations.
Microdeletion syndromes and psychiatry: An update
Authors: Zhang Melvyn W. B. , Fong Nikki , Quek Ying Hui , Ho Cyrus S. H. , Ng Beng Yeong , Ho Roger C. M. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryMicrodeletion syndrome is an important topic in intellectual disability, associated with various psychiatric symptoms, such as autism, attention deficit, hyperactivity, obsession and compulsion, and psychosis. In this article, we provide a clinical update on the following syndromes and their associated psychiatric disorders: Prader–Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Williams syndrome, Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome,cri du chatsyndrome, DiGeorge syndrome and Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome.Learning Objectives• Gain an up-to-date understanding of the microdeletion syndromes commonly seen in daily practice• Appreciate the association between underlying chromosomal abnormalities and the resultant intellectual disabilities in microdeletion syndromes• Gain up-to-date knowledge about the treatment options for the various microdeletion syndromes commonly seen in daily practice
Investigation of Two Prototypes of Novel Noncontact Technologies for Automated Real-Time Capture of Incremental Drug Administration Data From Syringes
Authors: Eagle Benjamin , Williams David J. , Dingley John 
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:
An ideal electronic anesthesia recording system would be capable of not only recording physiological data but also injectable drug doses given, including those given incrementally from one syringe, without recourse to manual data entry. We compared 2 prototype devices which wirelessly recognized individual syringes and measured changes in their plunger positions via 2 different optical noncontact means, allowing calculation of incremental drug doses given.

METHODS:
Both devices incorporated a radio-frequency identification reader, which wirelessly read a unique code from a radio-frequency identification tag within syringe drug labels. A custom-designed cradle oriented any inserted 1-mL to 20-mL syringe in a repeatable position. The “laser” device had a moving laser beam broken by the end of the syringe plunger. The infrared (IR) device measured time of travel of IR light from a sender to a syringe plunger and back to a receiver. Both devices could therefore determine the drug and volume administered since the previous occasion when any syringe had been used. For each syringe size of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 mL, 121 plunger-length measurements were made over their full range, with each machine against a reference method of water filling and weighing using a randomized de Bruijn sequence.

RESULTS:
For every syringe size, the laser device showed greater accuracy and precision, lower bias, and narrower limits of agreement (95% confidence intervals = bias ± 1.96 SD) than the IR device when compared to the reference method. For all syringe sizes, the range of bias was −0.05 to 0.32 mL for the laser and −2.42 to 1.38 mL for the IR. Lin concordance correlation coefficient values for the IR versus reference methods ranged from 0.6259 to 0.9255, with the lowest coefficients seen in syringes with the shortest distance of plunger travel (2 and 5 mL), while in laser versus reference comparisons, these coefficients were similar (0.9641–0.9981) over all syringe lengths.

CONCLUSIONS:
Both devices measured syringe volume changes, demonstrating potential for measuring incremental drug doses, recording these, and also the time of each measurement. The IR device had no moving parts, which would be advantageous in a clinical situation. However, the current embodiment was not deemed accurate enough for clinical use, potentially remediable through improvements in hardware and software design. The laser device showed high accuracy and precision over all syringe sizes and contained volumes, and was considered potentially accurate enough for clinical use with suitable development.
Epidemiologic Analysis of Elective Operative Procedures in Infants Less Than 6 Months of Age in the United States
Authors: Einhorn Lisa M. , Young Brian J. , Routh Jonathan C. , Allori Alexander C. , Tracy Elisabeth T. , Greene Nathaniel H. 
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:
This study uses publicly available data to analyze the total number of elective, potentially deferrable operative procedures involving infants <6 months of age in the United States. We investigated the factors associated with the performance of these procedures in this population.

METHODS:
The State Ambulatory Surgery Database was used to identify patients in California, North Carolina, New York, and Utah during the years of 2007–2010 who were younger than 6 months of age at the time that they underwent outpatient (ambulatory) surgery. Operations that could reasonably be postponed until 6 months of age were classified as potentially deferrable procedures. Hernia repairs were analyzed separately from other deferrable procedures. Primary outcomes included the total number of elective procedures and the number and rates of potentially deferrable procedures per state per year in this population.

RESULTS:
Over the study period, a total of 27,540 procedures were identified as meeting inclusion criteria; of those, 7832 (28%) were classified as potentially deferrable, 4315 of which were hernia repairs. The average rates of potentially deferrable nonhernia procedures in California, North Carolina, New York, and Utah were 8.3, 43.8, 30.0, and 11.7 per 10,000 person-years, respectively. In multivariable analysis, private insurance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36), self-pay status (OR = 1.50), and treatment in a different state (OR = 0.48–3.16) were independent predictors of a potentially deferrable procedure being performed on an infant younger than 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS:
Potentially deferrable procedures are still performed in infants <6 months of age. There appears to be significant variation in timing of these procedures among states. Insurance status and geography may be independent predictors of a procedure being potentially deferrable.
A comunicação museológica e as pedagogias culturais: por um museu educativo em movimento
Authors: Vieira Adriano Barreto 
Published: June 2017

Este artigo desenvolve, a partir da contribuição de teóricos dos campos da Museologia e Patrimônio, Estudos Culturais e Educação, uma análise sobre as mudanças conceituais e amplas que ocorreram na Museologia a partir dos anos de 1970, a Nova Museologia, com destaque para a função social dos museus que estão no cerne deste trabalho cujo binômio Educação em museus/Pedagogias Culturais na contemporaneidade possui o conceito de baliza. Com esse intuito é que faremos algumas considerações procurando tecer relações entre a Museologia, Pedagogias Culturais e Educação a partir de conceitos chave como Musealização e Educação em Museus. Fornecer pistas para entender os processos educativos museológicos. Estabelecermos nexos entre o processo museológico e a educação virá a partir de uma dialética de ausências e presenças conceituais, mas a possibilidade de movimentos ressignificantes que perpassam os Museus e também este artigo. Palavras-chave: Museu, Museologia, Educação em museus, Pedagogias culturais.
Mapping of microRNAs related to cervical cancer in Latin American human genomic variants
Authors: Guerrero Flórez Milena , Guerrero Gómez Olivia Alexandra , Mena Huertas Jaqueline , Yépez Chamorro María Clara 
Published: June 2017

Background: MicroRNAs are related to human cancers, including cervical cancer (CC), which is mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In 2012, approximately 70000 cases and 28000 deaths from this cancer were registered in Latin America according to GLOBOCAN reports. The most frequent genotype worldwide is HPV-16. The main molecular mechanism of HPV in CC is related to integration of viral DNA into the hosts’ genome. However, the different variants in the human genome can result in different integration mechanisms, specifically involving microRNAs (miRNAs). Methods: miRNA sequences associated with CC and four human genome variants from Latin American populations were obtained from miRBase and the 1000 Genomes Browser, respectively. HPV integration sites near cell cycle regulatory genes were identified. miRNAs were mapped on human genomic variants. miRSNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms in miRNAs) were identified in the miRNA sequences located at HPV integration sites on the human genomic Latin American variants. Results: Two hundred seventy-two miRNAs associated with CC were identified in 139 reports from different geographic locations. By mapping with the Blast-Like Alignment Tool (BLAT), 2028 binding sites were identified from these miRNAs on the human genome (version GRCh38/hg38); 42 miRNAs were located on unique integration sites; and miR-5095, miR-548c-5p and miR-548d-5p were involved with multiple genes related to the cell cycle. Thirty-seven miRNAs were mapped on the human Latin American genomic variants (PUR, MXL, CLM and PEL), but only miR-11-3p, miR-31-3p, miR-107, miR-133a-3p, miR-133a-5p, miR-133b, miR-215-5p, miR-491-3p, miR-548d-5p and miR-944 were conserved. Conclusions: 10 miRNAs were conserved in the four human genome variants, and in the remaining 27 miRNAs, substitutions, deletions or insertions were observed in the nucleotide sequences. This variability can imply differentiated mechanisms towards each genomic variant in human populations, relative to specific genomic patterns and geographic features. These findings may be decisive in determining susceptibility to the development of CC. Further identification of cellular genes and signalling pathways involved in CC progression could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies based on miRNAs.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae show low levels of traversal across the human blood brain barrier in vitro
Authors: Pérez-Torrado Roberto , Querol Amparo 
Published: June 2017

Background: Saccharomyces cerevisiaeis generally considered safe, and is involved in the production of many types of foods and dietary supplements. However, some isolates, which are genetically related to strains used in brewing and baking, have shown virulent traits, being able to produce infections in humans, mainly in immunodeficient patients. This can lead to systemic infections in humans.Methods: In this work, we studiedS. cerevisiaeisolates in anin vitrohuman blood brain barrier model, comparing their behaviour with that of several strains of the related pathogensCandida glabrataandCandida albicans.Results: The results showed that this food related yeast is able to cross the blood brain barrierin vitro.However, in contrast toC. glabrataandC. albicans,S. cerevisiaeshowed very low levels of traversal.Conclusions: We conclude that using anin vitrohuman blood brain barrier model withS. cerevisiaecan be useful to evaluate the safety ofS. cerevisiaestrains isolated from foods.