bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on Uncertainty
Authors: Bloom Nicholas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractI discuss three phenomena which appear important for modelling the impact of uncertainty on growth. The first is international spillovers in uncertainty, which arise even in large countries like the United States and particularly in smaller countries like Australia. Second, that the main channel for uncertainty to impact gross domestic product growth is through investment, which responds much more strongly and rapidly than consumption expenditure. This is possibly because firms are more forward‐looking than consumers, so respond more strongly to changes in future expectations of business conditions. Third, I discuss how recently uncertainty has spiked in three waves: the great recession of 2008–2009, the fiscal crises in the United States and Europe from 2010 to 2012 and recently after the Brexit and Trump votes.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Public Debt Targets
Authors: Fukač Martin , Kirkby Robert 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe use a semi‐structural fan‐chart approach to measure the changing nature of uncertainty for public debt targets in New Zealand. We find that economic and fiscal factors dominate the uncertainty landscape over the 3 year and longer time horizons. The near term tends to be dominated by non‐fundamental factors, such as measurement errors, that are typically outside of reasonable policy responses. We conclude that medium‐term fiscal targets are better placed to support macroeconomic stability than short‐term targets. We also quantify the fiscal buffers that may be needed to offset some of the future uncertainty, if policy‐makers choose to do so. The analysis is intended to support contingency planning in fiscal management and communication strategy of fiscal targets.
An ‘Unpleasant Dilemma’: The Portsmouth Volunteers and the Limits of Loyalism, 1803‐5
Authors: Linch Kevin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article takes up Matthew McCormack's appeal for the closer scrutiny of loyalism across the eighteenth century through a case study of the Portsmouth Volunteers at the height of the 1803‐5 invasion scare. The part‐time military forces of the town were riven by a dispute between its officers and the garrison's military governor that ultimately shattered the unit. Utilising the extensive correspondence regarding the case, this article argues that loyalism had robust legalist and associational features that were employed as a bastion against the potential of unbridled military control inherent within mass‐mobilisation.
Property, Patriotism and Independence: The Figure of the ‘Freeholder’ in Eighteenth‐Century Partisan Print
Authors: Smith Adam James 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article accounts for the changing usage of the term ‘freeholder’ across a series of political battles fought throughout the eighteenth century, tracking its implementation in both cheap and privileged print from the end of Queen Anne's reign to the dawn of the America Revolution. Analysis of the term offers an insightful perspective on the epistemic reconfigurations of the associative links between property, patriotism, partisanship and public responsibility throughout the eighteenth century. Considering ballads, pamphlets and periodicals produced by Whigs, Tories and the opposition, this article focuses particularly on the writing of Joseph Addison, Francis Atterbury and Henry St John.
Using Factor Mixture Models to Evaluate the Type A/B Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders in a Heterogeneous Treatment Sample
Authors: Hildebrandt Tom , Epstein Elizabeth E. , Sysko Robyn , Bux Donald A. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundThe type A/B classification model for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) has received considerable empirical support. However, few studies examine the underlying latent structure of this subtyping model, which has been challenged as a dichotomization of a single drinking severity dimension. Type B, relative to type A, alcoholics represent those with early age of onset, greater familial risk, and worse outcomes from alcohol use.MethodsWe examined the latent structure of the type A/B model using categorical, dimensional, and factor mixture models in a mixed‐gender community treatment‐seeking sample of adults with an AUD.ResultsFactor analytic models identified 2 factors (drinking severity/externalizing psychopathology and internalizing psychopathology) underlying the type A/B indicators. A factor mixture model with 2 dimensions and 3 classes emerged as the best overall fitting model. The classes reflected a type A class and 2 type B classes (B1 and B2) that differed on the respective level of drinking severity/externalizing pathology and internalizing pathology. Type B1 had a greater prevalence of women and more internalizing pathology and B2 had a greater prevalence of men and more drinking severity/externalizing pathology. The 2‐factor, 3‐class model also exhibited predictive validity by explaining significant variance in 12‐month drinking and drug use outcomes.ConclusionsThe model identified in this study may provide a basis for examining different sources of heterogeneity in the course and outcome of AUDs.
On the relationships in rhesus macaques between chronic ethanol consumption and the brain transcriptome
Authors: Iancu Ovidiu D. , Colville Alexander , Walter Nicole A.R. , Darakjian Priscila , Oberbeck Denesa L. , Daunais James B. , Zheng Christina L. , Searles Robert P. , McWeeney Shannon K. , Grant Kathleen A. , Hitzemann Robert 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis is the first description of the relationship between chronic ethanol self‐administration and the brain transcriptome in a non‐human primate (rhesus macaque). Thirty‐one male animals self‐administered ethanol on a daily basis for over 12 months. Gene transcription was quantified with RNA‐Seq in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and cortical Area 32. We constructed coexpression and cosplicing networks, and we identified areas of preservation and areas of differentiation between regions and network types. Correlations between intake and transcription included largely distinct gene sets and annotation categories across brain regions and between expression and splicing; positive and negative correlations were also associated with distinct annotation groups. Membrane, synaptic and splicing annotation categories were over‐represented in the modules (gene clusters) enriched in positive correlations (CeA); our cosplicing analysis further identified the genes affected only at the exon inclusion level. In the CeA coexpression network, we identified Rab6b, Cdk18 and Igsf21 among the intake‐correlated hubs, while in the Area 32, we identified a distinct hub set that included Ppp3r1 and Myeov2. Overall, the data illustrate that excessive ethanol self‐administration is associated with broad expression and splicing mechanisms that involve membrane and synapse genes.
Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring
Authors: Wong Vincent , Fischer Gayle 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCongenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring is a rare cutaneous disorder of unknown aetiology first described by Cohen and colleagues in 1985. It classically presents in the neonate as erosions and vesicles that heal within the first months of life, with supple scarring of a reticulated pattern. Along with a review of the literature, this article presents two atypical cases of congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring. Patient one presented with neither erosions nor vesicles at birth, yet continued to experience sporadic blistering at the age of 15 months and patient two is the second documented case to develop congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis after birth.
Is the first urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in women with suspected preeclampsia a prognostic factor for maternal and neonatal adverse outcome? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Elia Eleni G. , Robb Amy O. , Hemming Karla , Price Malcolm J. , Riley Richard D. , French‐Constant Anna , Denison Fiona C. , Kilby Mark D. , Morris Rachel K. , Stock Sarah J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the first urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and how it relates to other prognostic factors.Material and methodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study from December 2009 to February 2012 with analysis of demographic, clinical and biochemical data from two obstetric day assessment units in hospitals in Southeast Scotland. We included 717 pregnant women, with singleton pregnancies after 20 weeks’ gestation, referred for evaluation of suspected preeclampsia and having their first ACR performed. The ability of ACR to predict future outcomes was assessed in both univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. The latter assessed its prognostic value independent of (adjusting for) existing prognostic factors. Primary outcome measures were maternal and neonatal composite adverse outcomes, and a secondary outcome was gestation at delivery.ResultsIn all, 204 women (28.5%) experienced a composite adverse maternal outcome and 146 women (20.4%) experienced a composite adverse neonatal outcome. Multivariate analysis of log‐transformed ACR demonstrated that a 1‐unit increase in log ACR is associated with an increased odds of adverse maternal [odds ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–1.80] and adverse neonatal (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.29) composite outcomes, and with reduced gestational age at delivery (coefficient: −0.46, 95% CI −0.54 to −0.38).ConclusionsACR is an independent prognostic factor for maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in suspected preeclampsia. ACR may be useful to inform risk predictions within a prognostic model.
Large population study shows that adolescents with celiac disease have an increased risk of multiple autoimmune and nonautoimmune comorbidities
Authors: Assa Amit , Frenkel‐Nir Yael , Tzur Dorit , Katz Lior H , Shamir Raanan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimCeliac disease (CD) is a systemic disorder that is associated with various autoimmune disorders and a higher prevalence of other diagnoses and complications. This large, cross‐sectional, population‐based study investigated the associations between CD and various medical conditions during late adolescence.MethodsWe included 2 001 353 Jewish Israeli adolescents who underwent a general health examination at a median age of 17.1 (16.9–17.4) years from 1988 to 2015. Comprehensive data regarding medical status were available for 1 588 041 (79%) subjects. A definite diagnosis of CD was based on accepted criteria. Covariate data included demographic measures and data on associated medical conditions.ResultsOverall, data on 7145 subjects with CD and 1 580 896 controls were analysed. Multivariate analyses showed that autoimmune diseases were significantly more common in subjects with CD, including insulin dependent diabetes, with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.5, inflammatory bowel diseases (OR = 3.8), arthritis (OR = 2.4), thyroid diseases (OR = 1.8) and psoriatic skin disorders (OR = 1.6). Further associations included asthma (OR = 1.5), bile stones (OR = 3.6), migraine (OR = 2.3), anaemia (OR = 1.7) and menstrual abnormalities (OR = 1.5). Long bone fractures and axial fractures were no more common in adolescents with CD than controls.ConclusionCD was already associated with multiple comorbidities by adolescence, and these were not limited to autoimmune disorders.
Regulation of endothelial Fas expression as a mechanism of promotion of vascular integrity by mural cells in tumors
Authors: Kamei Ryosuke , Tanaka Hiroyoshi Y. , Kawano Takao , Morii Chiharu , Tanaka Sayaka , Nishihara Hiroshi , Iwata Caname , Kano Mitsunobu R. 
Published: March 2017

Angiogenesis is a multi‐step process that culminates in vascular maturation whereby nascent vessels stabilize to become functional, and mural cells play an essential role in this process. Recent studies have shown that mural cells in tumors also promote and maintain vascular integrity, with wide‐reaching clinical implications including the regulation of tumor growth, metastases, and drug delivery. Various regulatory signaling pathways have been hitherto implicated, but whether regulation of Fas‐dependent apoptotic mechanisms is involved has not yet been fully investigated. We first compared endothelial FAS staining in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and colon carcinomas and show that the latter, characterized by lower mural cell coverage of tumor vasculature, demonstrated higher expression of FAS than the former. Next, in an in vitro coculture system of MS‐1 and 10T1/2 cells as endothelial and mural cells respectively, we show that mural cells decreased endothelial Fas expression. Then, in an in vivo model in which C26 colon carcinoma cells were inoculated together with MS‐1 cells alone or with the further addition of 10T1/2 cells, we demonstrate that mural cells prevented hemorrhage. Finally, knockdown of endothelial Fas sufficiently recapitulated the protection against hemorrhage seen with the addition of mural cells. These results together suggest that regulation of endothelial Fas signaling is involved in the promotion of vascular integrity by mural cells in tumors.
Language Use Contributes to Expressive Language Growth: Evidence From Bilingual Children
Authors: Ribot Krystal M. , Hoff Erika , Burridge Andrea 
Published: March 2017

The unique relation of language use (i.e., output) to language growth was investigated for forty‐seven 30‐month‐old Spanish–English bilingual children (27 girls, 20 boys) whose choices of which language to speak resulted in their levels of English output differing from their levels of English input. English expressive vocabularies and receptive language skills were assessed at 30, 36, and 42 months. Longitudinal multilevel modeling indicated an effect of output on expressive vocabulary growth only. The finding that output specifically benefits the development of expressive language skill has implications for understanding effects of language use on language skill in monolingual and bilingual development, and potentially, for understanding consequences of cultural differences in how much children are expected to talk in conversation with adults.
Toll‐like receptor‐induced expression of epithelial cytokine receptors on haemopoietic progenitors is altered in allergic asthma
Authors: Tworek D. , Heroux D. , O'Byrne S. N. , Mitchell P. , O'Byrne P. M. , Denburg J. A. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundHaemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) migrate to sites of allergic inflammation where, upon stimulation with epithelial cytokines, they produce Th2 cytokines and differentiate into mature eosinophils and basophils. They also express Toll‐like receptors (TLR) involved in antimicrobial responses.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare TLR expression on peripheral blood HPC and TLR‐induced responses, in particular changes in epithelial cytokine receptors, in healthy and asthmatic subjects at baseline and following allergen challenge.MethodsTen healthy and 11 allergic asthmatic subjects were studied. HPC‐enriched cell populations were stimulated with TLR‐2, TLR‐4 or TLR‐9 ligands. TLR expression by circulating HPC and interleukin (IL)‐25 (IL‐17RB), IL‐33 (ST2) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) expression after TLR ligation were examined by flow cytometry at baseline and, in asthmatics, following allergen challenge. The effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on TLR‐induced responses were also assessed.ResultsAsthmatics had significantly lower circulating HPC expressing TLR‐2 and TLR‐9 with a similar trend for TLR‐4. TLR‐4 stimulation of HPC yielded higher numbers of TSLPR+ cells in asthmatics compared with healthy subjects. A similar trend was seen for TLR‐9 ligation, an effect further augmented by allergen inhalation. Allergen challenge also enhanced TLR‐induced ST2 expression on HPC. Treatment with Dex in vitro increased TLR‐4‐induced TSLPR expression but had no effect on other epithelial cytokine receptors.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese data demonstrate an interaction between allergen and TLR ligand exposure in asthmatics. Allergen inhalation augments the TLR‐induced inflammatory response by HPC, possibly leading to increased “in situ haemopoiesis” through up‐regulation of TSLPR. These findings show that HPC may be a part of the pro‐inflammatory cascade in pathogen‐induced asthma exacerbation through their increased responsiveness to TLR stimulation.
Progressive multi-focal leucoencephalopathy – driven from rarity to clinical mainstream by iatrogenic immunodeficiency
Authors: Misbah S A 
Published: March 2017

Summary
Advances in immune-mediated targeted therapies have proved to be a double-edged sword for patients by highlighting the risk of iatrogenic infective complications. This has been exemplified by progressive multi-focal leucoencephalopathy (PML), a hitherto rare devastating viral infection of the brain caused by the neurotrophic JC polyoma virus. While PML achieved prominence during the first two decades of the HIV epidemic, effective anti-retroviral treatment and restitution of T cell function has led to PML being less prominent in this population. HIV infection as a predisposing factor has now been supplanted by T cell immunodeficiency induced by a range of immune-mediated therapies as a major cause of PML. This review focuses on PML in the context of therapeutic immunosuppression and encompasses therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, novel immunomodulatory agents such as Fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate, as well as emerging data on PML in primary immune deficiency.
Autoantibodies to box A of high mobility group box 1 in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Schaper F , de Leeuw K , Horst G , Maas F , Bootsma H , Heeringa P , Limburg P C , Westra J 
Published: March 2017

Summary
Autoantibodies to nuclear structures are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including autoantibodies to nuclear protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 consists of three separate domains: box A, box B and an acidic tail. Recombinant box A acts as a competitive antagonist for HMGB1 and might be an interesting treatment option in SLE. However, antibodies to box A might interfere. Therefore, levels of anti-box A were examined in SLE patients in association with disease activity and clinical parameters. Serum anti-box A was measured in 86 SLE patients and 44 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Serum samples of 28 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included as disease controls. Anti-HMGB1 and anti-box B levels were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during quiescent disease [SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) ≤ 4, n = 47] and active disease (SLEDAI ≥ 5, n = 39). Anti-box A levels in active SLE patients were higher compared to quiescent patients, and were increased significantly compared to HC and disease controls. Anti-box A levels correlated positively with SLEDAI and anti-dsDNA levels and negatively with complement C3 levels. Increased levels of anti-box A antibodies were present in the majority of patients with nephritic (73%) and non-nephritic exacerbations (71%). Antibodies to the box A domain of HMGB1 might be an interesting new biomarker, as these had a high specificity for SLE and were associated with disease activity. Longitudinal studies should be performed to evaluate whether these antibodies perform better in predicting an exacerbation, especially non-nephritic exacerbations.
Production of complement components by cells of the immune system
Authors: Lubbers R , van Essen M F , van Kooten C , Trouw L A 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe complement system is an important part of the innate immune defence. It contributes not only to local inflammation, removal and killing of pathogens, but it also assists in shaping of the adaptive immune response. Besides a role in inflammation, complement is also involved in physiological processes such as waste disposal and developmental programmes. The complement system comprises several soluble and membrane-bound proteins. The bulk of the soluble proteins is produced mainly by the liver. While several complement proteins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, other complement proteins are produced by only a few related cell types. As these data suggest that local production by specific cell types may have specific functions, more detailed studies have been employed recently analysing the local and even intracellular role of these complement proteins. Here we review the current knowledge about extrahepatic production and/or secretion of complement components. More specifically, we address what is known about complement synthesis by cells of the human immune system.
The clinical significance and biological function of large tumour suppressor 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liang Rong , Lin Yan , Yuan Chun‐Ling , Liu Zhi‐Hui , Li Yong‐Qiang , Luo Xiao‐Ling , Ye Jia‐Zhou , Ye Hai‐Hong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesPresent evidence has suggested that large tumour suppressor 2 (LATS2) is abnormally expressed in most human cancer. However, the clinical and prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unknown.Materials and methodsLarge tumour suppressor 2 mRNA and protein expression levels in HCC tissues and cell lines were detected by qRT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry or Western blot. The correlation between LATS2 expression and clinicopathological factors was analysed through immunohistochemistry. The function of LATS2 on HCC cell growth and mobility was explored through MTT, colony formation, Transwell migration and invasion assays. The molecular mechanism of LATS2 was screened and confirmed by qRT‐PCR and Western blot.Results and conclusionIn this study, LATS2 mRNA and protein expressions were decreased in HCC tissues and cell lines compared with normal hepatic tissues and hepatic cell line. Low LATS2 expression was oppositely corrected with tumour stage, vascular invasion and metastasis. The univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that low LATS2 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for HCC patients. The in vitro experiments showed that LATS2 regulated HCC cells migration and invasion, but had no effect on HCC cells proliferation. Meanwhile, LATS2 modulated metastasis‐associated genes expression including E‐cadherin, vimentin, snail, slug, MMP2 and MMP9. In conclusion, LATS2 is a prognostic biomarker and a tumour metastasis suppressor in HCC.