bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting variation in subject thermal response during transcranial magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound surgery: Comparison in seventeen subject datasets
Authors: Vyas Urvi , Ghanouni Pejman , Halpern Casey H. , Elias Jeff , Pauly Kim Butts 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:In transcranial magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) treatments, the acoustic and spatial heterogeneity of the skull cause reflection, absorption, and scattering of the acoustic beams. These effects depend on skull‐specific parameters and can lead to patient‐specific thermal responses to the same transducer power. In this work, the authors develop a simulation tool to help predict these different experimental responses using 3D heterogeneous tissue models based on the subject CT images. The authors then validate and compare the predicted skull efficiencies to an experimental metric based on the subject thermal responses during tcMRgFUS treatments in a dataset of seventeen human subjects.Methods:Seventeen human head CT scans were used to create tissue acoustic models, simulating the effects of reflection, absorption, and scattering of the acoustic beam as it propagates through a heterogeneous skull. The hybrid angular spectrum technique was used to model the acoustic beam propagation of the InSightec ExAblate 4000 head transducer for each subject, yielding maps of the specific absorption rate (SAR). The simulation assumed the transducer was geometrically focused to the thalamus of each subject, and the focal SAR at the target was used as a measure of the simulated skull efficiency. Experimental skull efficiency for each subject was calculated using the thermal temperature maps from the tcMRgFUS treatments. Axial temperature images (with no artifacts) were reconstructed with a single baseline, corrected using a referenceless algorithm. The experimental skull efficiency was calculated by dividing the reconstructed temperature rise 8.8 s after sonication by the applied acoustic power.Results:The simulated skull efficiency using individual‐specific heterogeneous models predicts well (R2 = 0.84) the experimental energy efficiency.Conclusions:This paper presents a simulation model to predict the variation in thermal responses measured in clinical ctMRGFYS treatments while being computationally feasible.
Technical Note: Procedure for the calibration and validation of kilo‐voltage cone‐beam CT models
Authors: Vilches‐Freixas Gloria , Létang Jean Michel , Brousmiche Sébastien , Romero Edward , Vila Oliva Marc , Kellner Daniel , Deutschmann Heinz , Keuschnigg Peter , Steininger Philipp , Rit Simon 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The aim of this work is to propose a general and simple procedure for the calibration and validation of kilo‐voltage cone‐beam CT (kV CBCT) models against experimental data.Methods:The calibration and validation of the CT model is a two‐step procedure: the source model then the detector model. The source is described by the direction dependent photon energy spectrum at each voltage while the detector is described by the pixel intensity value as a function of the direction and the energy of incident photons. The measurements for the source consist of a series of dose measurements in air performed at each voltage with varying filter thicknesses and materials in front of the x‐ray tube. The measurements for the detector are acquisitions of projection images using the same filters and several tube voltages. The proposed procedure has been applied to calibrate and assess the accuracy of simple models of the source and the detector of three commercial kV CBCT units. If the CBCT system models had been calibrated differently, the current procedure would have been exclusively used to validate the models. Several high‐purity attenuation filters of aluminum, copper, and silver combined with a dosimeter which is sensitive to the range of voltages of interest were used. A sensitivity analysis of the model has also been conducted for each parameter of the source and the detector models.Results:Average deviations between experimental and theoretical dose values are below 1.5% after calibration for the three x‐ray sources. The predicted energy deposited in the detector agrees with experimental data within 4% for all imaging systems.Conclusions:The authors developed and applied an experimental procedure to calibrate and validate any model of the source and the detector of a CBCT unit. The present protocol has been successfully applied to three x‐ray imaging systems. The minimum requirements in terms of material and equipment would make its implementation suitable in most clinical environments.
Enterovirus 71 2B Induces Cell Apoptosis by Directly Inducing the Conformational Activation of the Proapoptotic Protein Bax
Authors: Cong Haolong , Du Ning , Yang Yang , Song Lei , Zhang Wenliang , Tien Po 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

To survive and replicate within a host, many viruses have evolved strategies that target crucial components within the apoptotic cascade, leading to either inhibition or induction of cell apoptosis. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections have been demonstrated to impact the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and induce apoptosis in many cell lines. However, the detailed mechanism of EV71-induced apoptosis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we report that EV71 2B protein (2B) localized to the mitochondria and induced cell apoptosis by interacting directly with and activating the proapoptotic protein Bax. 2B recruited Bax to the mitochondria and induced Bax conformational activation. In addition, mitochondria isolated from 2B-expressing cells that were treated with a recombinant Bax showed increased Bax interaction and cytochrome
c
(Cyt
c
) release. Importantly, apoptosis in cells with either EV71 infection or 2B expression was dramatically reduced in Bax knockdown cells but not in Bak knockdown cells, suggesting that Bax played a pivotal role in EV71- or 2B-induced apoptosis. Further studies indicate that a hydrophobic region of 18 amino acids (aa) in the C-terminal region of 2B (aa 63 to 80) was responsible for the location of 2B in the mitochondria. A hydrophilic region of 14 aa in the N-terminal region of 2B was functional in Bax interaction and its subsequent activation. Moreover, overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-X
L
abrogates 2B-induced release of Cyt
c
and caspase activation. Therefore, this study provides direct evidence that EV71 2B induces cell apoptosis and impacts the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by directly modulating the redistribution and activation of proapoptotic protein Bax.

IMPORTANCE
EV71 infections are usually accompanied by severe neurological complications. It has also been postulated that the induction of cell apoptosis resulting from tissue damage is a possible process of EV71-related pathogenesis. In this study, we report that EV71 2B protein (2B) localized to the mitochondria and induced cell apoptosis by interacting directly with and activating the proapoptotic protein Bax. This study provides evidence that EV71 induces cell apoptosis by modulating Bax activation and reveals important clues regarding the mechanism of Cyt
c
release and mitochondrial permeabilization during EV71 infection.
Inside baleen: Exceptional microstructure preservation in a late Miocene whale skeleton from Peru
Authors: Gioncada Anna , Collareta Alberto , Gariboldi Karen , Lambert Olivier , Di Celma Claudio , Bonaccorsi Elena , Urbina Mario , Bianucci Giovanni 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Exceptionally preserved delicate baleen microstructures have been found in association with the skeleton of a late Miocene balaenopteroid whale in a dolomite concretion of the Pisco Formation, Peru. Microanalytical data (scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction) on fossil baleen are provided and the results are discussed in terms of their taphonomic and paleoecological implications. Baleen fossilization modes at this site include molding of plates and tubules, and phosphatization. A rapid formation of the concretion was fundamental for fossilization. We suggest that the whale foundered in a soft sediment chemically favorable to rapid dolomite precipitation, allowing the preservation of delicate structures. Morphometric considerations on the baleen plates and bristles coupled with the reconstructed calcification of the latter permit speculation on the trophic preferences of this balaenopteroid whale: the densely spaced plates and the fine and calcified bristles provide evidence for feeding on small-sized plankton, as does the modern sei whale.
Applying evidence-based management to anorexia nervosa
Authors: Treasure Janet 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimThis paper considers how the three principles of evidence based practice (clinical expertise, scientific evidence, and patient preference) can be applied to the complexity of treatment for anorexia nervosa AN.MethodA narrative review of the evidence of these three domains is presented. Clinical cases are used to illustrate how the formulation and management can be put into practice at different stages of illness.ResultsThe management of anorexia nervosa is complex. First, individuals with the illness do not regard the manifestations of the illness as a source of concern rather they are embraced and integrated into their identity. This contrasts to the reaction of other people who are terrified by the overt signs of ill health. Thus engagement into treatment is problematic. Second, the core symptom restricted eating, produces malnutrition which impacts on brain, body, and the social network. Thus a mixture of psychological and physical problems gradually accumulates over the course of the illness. This means that the treatment targets increase over time.ConclusionThus treatment has to work with motivation and readiness to change and tackle the various domains of ill health.
Exportin-5 Functions as an Oncogene and a Potential Therapeutic Target in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Shigeyasu Kunitoshi , Okugawa Yoshinaga , Toden Shusuke , Boland C. Richard , Goel Ajay 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Dysregulated expression of miRNAs has emerged as a hallmark feature in human cancers. Exportin-5 (XPO5), a karyopherin family member, is a key protein responsible for transporting precursor miRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Although XPO5 is one of the key regulators of miRNA biogenesis, its functional role and potential clinical significance in colorectal cancer remains unclear.
Experimental Design: The expression levels of XPO5 were initially assessed in three genomic datasets, followed by determination and validation of the relationship between XPO5 expression and clinicopathologic features in two independent colorectal cancer patient cohorts. A functional characterization of XPO5 in colorectal cancer was examined by targeted gene silencing in colorectal cancer cell lines and a xenograft animal model.
Results: XPO5 is upregulated, both at mRNA and protein levels, in colorectal cancers compared with normal tissues. High XPO5 expression is associated with worse clinicopathologic features and poor survival in colorectal cancer patient cohorts. The siRNA knockdown of XPO5 resulted in reduced cellular proliferation, attenuated invasion, induction of G1–S cell-cycle arrest, and downregulation of key oncogenic miRNAs in colorectal cancer cells. These findings were confirmed in a xenograft animal model, wherein silencing of XPO5 resulted in the attenuation of tumor growth.
Conclusions: XPO5 acts like an oncogene in colorectal cancer by regulating the expression of miRNAs and may be a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(5); 1312–22. ©2016 AACR.
Clinical Relevance of Rehospitalizations for Unstable Angina and Unplanned Revascularization Following Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Shore Supriya , Smolderen Kim G. , Spertus John A. , Kennedy Kevin F. , Jones Philip G. , Zhao Zhenxiang , Wang Tracy Y. , Arnold Suzanne V. 
Published: August 2016

Background

Rehospitalizations following acute myocardial infarction for unplanned coronary revascularization and unstable angina (
UA
) are often included as parts of composite end points in clinical trials. Although clearly costly, the clinical relevance of these individual components has not been described.

Methods and Results

Patients enrolled in a prospective, 24‐center, US acute myocardial infarction registry were followed for 1 year after an acute myocardial infarction for rehospitalizations, that were independently adjudicated by experienced cardiologists. Patients who did and did not experience
UA
or revascularization rehospitalization were propensity matched using greedy matching. Among 3283 patients with acute myocardial infarction who were included, mean age was 59 years, 33% were female, and 70% were white. Rehospitalization rates for
UA
and unplanned revascularization at 1 year were 5.0% and 4.1%, respectively. After propensity matching, we included 2433 patients in the
UA
rehospitalization group and 2410 in the unplanned revascularization group. Using weighted proportional hazards Cox regression, there was no significant association between a rehospitalization for
UA
and 5‐year all‐cause mortality (9.6% versus 13.8%; adjusted hazard ratio 0.87, 95%
CI
0.60–1.16). Patients rehospitalized for unplanned revascularization had a lower 5‐year mortality risk (7.0% versus 15.1%; hazard ratio 0.68, 95%
CI
0.50–0.92) compared with those without such rehospitalizations. Nevertheless, patients with
UA
and unplanned revascularization had a substantially greater hazard of subsequent rehospitalizations compared with patients without such events (
UA
: hazard ratio 4.36, 95%
CI
3.48–5.47; revascularization: hazard ratio 4.38, 95%
CI
3.53–5.44).

Conclusions

Rehospitalizations for
UA
and unplanned revascularization in the year after an acute myocardial infarction are associated with higher risks of subsequent rehospitalizations but not with mortality.
ABT‐719 for the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing High‐Risk Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Phase 2b Clinical Trial
Authors: McCullough Peter A. , Bennett‐Guerrero Elliott , Chawla Lakhmir S. , Beaver Thomas , Mehta Ravindra L. , Molitoris Bruce A. , Eldred Ann , Ball Greg , Lee Ho‐Jin , Houser Mark T. , Khan Samina 
Published: August 2016

Background

Patients undergoing cardiac surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass (on‐pump) have a high risk for acute kidney injury (
AKI
). We tested
ABT
‐719, a novel α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone analog, for prevention of
AKI
in postoperative cardiac surgery patients.

Methods and Results

This phase 2b randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial included adult patients with stable renal function undergoing high‐risk on‐pump cardiac surgery in the United States and Denmark. Participants received placebo (n=61) or cumulative
ABT
‐719 doses of 800 (n=59), 1600 (n=61), or 2100 μg/kg (n=59). Primary outcome was development of
AKI
based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria, measured utilizing preoperative creatinine value and maximum value within 48 hours and urine output within the first 42 hours postsurgery. Secondary outcomes included incidence of
AKI
based on maximal changes from baseline in novel
AKI
biomarkers over a 72‐hour period after clamp release and length of intensive care unit stays through 90 days postsurgery. A total of 65.5%, 62.7%, and 69.6% of patients in the 800‐, 1600‐, and 2100‐μg/kg groups, respectively, developed
AKI
(stages 1, 2, and 3 combined) versus 65.5% in the placebo group (for each pair‐wise comparison with placebo,
P
=0.966, 0.815, and 0.605, respectively). Adverse events occurred at a similar rate in all treatment groups.

Conclusions

ABT
‐719 treatment did not lower
AKI
incidence using AKIN criteria, influence the elevations of novel biomarkers, or change 90‐day outcomes in patients after cardiac surgery.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique Identifier:
NCT
01777165.
Use of Intravascular Imaging During Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From a Contemporary Multicenter Registry
Authors: Karacsonyi Judit , Alaswad Khaldoon , Jaffer Farouc A. , Yeh Robert W. , Patel Mitul , Bahadorani John , Karatasakis Aris , Danek Barbara A. , Doing Anthony , Grantham J. Aaron , Karmpaliotis Dimitri , Moses Jeffrey W. , Kirtane Ajay , Parikh Manish , Ali Ziad , Lombardi William L. , Kandzari David E. , Lembo Nicholas , Garcia Santiago , Wyman Michael R. , Alame Aya , Nguyen‐Trong Phuong‐Khanh J. , Resendes Erica , Kalsaria Pratik , Rangan Bavana V. , Ungi Imre , Thompson Craig A. , Banerjee Subhash , Brilakis Emmanouil S. 
Published: August 2016

Background

Intravascular imaging can facilitate chronic total occlusion (
CTO
) percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods and Results

We examined the frequency of use and outcomes of intravascular imaging among 619
CTO
percutaneous coronary interventions performed between 2012 and 2015 at 7
US
centers. Mean age was 65.4±10 years and 85% of the patients were men. Intravascular imaging was used in 38%: intravascular ultrasound in 36%, optical coherence tomography in 3%, and both in 1.45%. Intravascular imaging was used for stent sizing (26.3%), stent optimization (38.0%), and
CTO
crossing (35.7%, antegrade in 27.9%, and retrograde in 7.8%). Intravascular imaging to facilitate crossing was used more frequently in lesions with proximal cap ambiguity (49% versus 26%,
P
<0.0001) and with retrograde as compared with antegrade‐only cases (67% versus 31%,
P
<0.0001). Despite higher complexity (Japanese
CTO
score: 2.86±1.19 versus 2.43±1.19,
P
=0.001), cases in which imaging was used for crossing had similar technical and procedural success (92.8% versus 89.6%,
P
=0.302 and 90.1% versus 88.3%,
P
=0.588, respectively) and similar incidence of major cardiac adverse events (2.7% versus 3.2%,
P
=0.772). Use of intravascular imaging was associated with longer procedure (192 minutes [interquartile range 130, 255] versus 131 minutes [90, 192],
P
<0.0001) and fluoroscopy (71 minutes [44, 93] versus 39 minutes [25, 69],
P
<0.0001) time.

Conclusions

Intravascular imaging is frequently performed during
CTO
percutaneous coronary intervention both for crossing and for stent selection/optimization. Despite its use in more complex lesion subsets, intravascular imaging was associated with similar rates of technical and procedural success for
CTO
percutaneous coronary intervention.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02061436.
Largely invariant trnL-F/nrITS sequences and ISSRs do not resolve morphospecies of Warburgia (Canellaceae)
Authors: LAMB JENNIFER M. , NAIDOO PRISHA 
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to provide a molecular perspective on the taxonomy of Warburgia across most of its range, including South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. An accurate taxonomic treatment of Warburgia is important for the construction of sound conservation strategy, as a number of the proposed species and subspecies are regarded as endangered or critically endangered. Analyses based on 702 nucleotides of the plastid trnL-F region, 532 nucleotides of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) ITS region and eight polymorphic ISSR primer pairs yielded congruent results. Molecular clock analyses yielded a crown age of 45.5 (31.2–64.9) MY for Canellaceae. The crown age of Warburgia was dated to the early Miocene, 19.6 (11.4–29.1) MYA, with diversification into moderately supported lineages in the later Miocene, 11.6 (6.0–19.0) and 7.2 (3.2–12.7) MYA. Warburgia samples formed three major clades: a widespread clade covering most of the range, a northeast clade from parts of Kenya and Tanzania, and a stuhlmannii clade formed by GenBank samples accessioned as W. stuhlmannii. There was some ambiguity in the association between these clades and morphologically defined Warburgia species. We found no evidence to support W. elongata as a genetically distinct species. Genetic diversity in Warburgia was low in both DNA markers. We propose inclusion of these haplotypes in conservation strategies. Further molecular analyses based on a greater number of more variable DNA regions and an expanded sample set with more extensive geographical coverage are required to clarify whether the above groupings warrant status as genetic or phylogenetic species and to refine conservation strategies so as to include greater genetic variability.
Drivers’ Awareness of and Response to Two Significant Winter Storms Impacting a Metropolitan Area in the Intermountain West: Implications for Improving Traffic Flow in Inclement Weather
Authors: Barjenbruch Kevin , Werner Carol M. , Graham Randall , Oppermann Cody , Blackwelder Glenn , Williams Jeff , Merrill Glen , Jensen Scott , Connolly Justin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Over the past several decades, Utah has experienced rapid population growth, resulting in increased demand on Utah’s existing interstate and arterial infrastructure. In the Salt Lake City, Utah, metropolitan area, recurring traffic congestion (i.e., peak commute times) and nonrecurring congestion (weather related) result in an estimated average annual cost of $449 million. Recent Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) studies have confirmed that inclement weather plays a significant role in nonrecurring congestion and associated negative impacts. In an effort to measure and potentially mitigate weather-related traffic congestion, a cooperative research study between academic (University of Utah), state [Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT)], federal (National Weather Service), and private sector (Weathernet) entities was undertaken.
Driver awareness surveys were conducted for two significant winter storms along the Wasatch Front urban corridor. Participants typically used media and personal sources for gathering weather and road information, with government sources (UDOT and NWS) used less frequently. Use of government and personal sources were significant predictors of behavior change. Satisfaction with all information sources was high. The most frequent commuting changes reported were route changes and shifts in travel schedule, especially leaving early to avoid the storm. Self-reported actions from interviewees were supported by measured changes in speed, flow, and travel time from the Performance Measurement System (PeMS) utilized by UDOT. The long-term goal is to use these results to provide insight into how the weather enterprise might more effectively communicate hazard information to the public in a manner that leads to improved response (change travel times, modes, etc.).