bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le culte des eaux dans le Nord de la Gaule pendant le haut Moyen Age
Authors: Desmet Yves 
Published: June 2016

The Water Cults in Northern Gaul in the Higher Middle Ages.
The water cults are a religious practice that, as early as Antiquity, didn't address water as such, but rather deities whose healing powers passed through the water of springs and wells. This explains the persistance of such practices and their integration in the cults of saints in spite of the numerous interdictions proclaimed by the Church during the higher Middle Ages. This integration is visible in all the aspects of the cult of the saints : practices close to the sanctuaries, completion of the Vitae (sometimes through mythology), miracles carried out by the saints, later legends justifying a cult... Yet, one must realize that this is an area where the creation of sacredness is very active. It is thus extremely difficult to ascertain the perennitiality of a cult site throughout the pagan and Christian centuries.
Forks in the Road of Men’s Gender Politics: Men’s Rights vs Feminist Allies
Authors: Messner Michael A 
Published: June 2016

How do men respond to feminist movements and to shifts in the gender order? In this paper, I introduce the concept of historical gender formation to show how shifting social conditions over the past forty years shaped a range of men’s organized responses to feminism. Focusing on the US, I show how progressive men reacted to feminism in the 1970s by forming an internally contradictory ‘men’s liberation’ movement that soon split into opposing anti-feminist and pro-feminist factions. Three large transformations of the 1980s and 1990s – the professional institutionalization of feminism, the rise of a postfeminist sensibility, and shifts in the political economy (especially deindustrialization and the rise of the neoliberal state) – generated new possibilities. I end by pointing to an emergent moderate men’s rights discourse that appeals to a postfeminist sensibility, and to an increasingly diverse base for men’s work to prevent violence against women.
Good Practices in Digital Object Development for American Elementary Schools: Promoting Excellence and Innovation in Instructional Quality and Assessment
Authors: Reece Amanda A 
Published: June 2016

<p>A program of development of online learning resources should provide content, resources, support and activities to promote excellence and innovation in instructional quality and assessment. This article provides details on four good practices in digital object development for American elementary schools. In addition, research is provided of an evaluation of the learning object development programs with a view toward the ultimate impact on student perception and success.</p> <p> </p>
Futility and the Law: Knowledge, Practice and Attitudes of Doctors in End Of Life Care
Authors: Willmott Lindy , White Ben , Close Eliana , Gallois Cindy , Malcolm Parker , Graves Nicholas , Winch Sarah , Callaway Leonie , Shepherd Nicole 
Published: June 2016

<p><em>Despite the potential harm to patients (and others) and the financial cost of providing futile treatment at the end of life, this practice occurs. This article reports on empirical research undertaken in Queensland that explores doctors’ perceptions about the law that governs futile treatment at the end of life, and the role it plays in medical practice. The findings reveal that doctors have poor knowledge of their legal obligations and powers when making decisions about withholding or withdrawing futile treatment at the end of life; their attitudes towards the law were largely negative; and the law affected their clinical practice and had or would cause them to provide futile treatment. </em></p>
On the time needed to reach an equilibrium structure of the radiation belts
Authors: Ripoll J.‐F. , Loridan V. , Cunningham G. S. , Reeves G. D. , Shprits Y. Y. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this study, we complement the notion of equilibrium states of the radiation belts with a discussion on the dynamics and time needed to reach equilibrium. We solve for the equilibrium states obtained using 1‐D radial diffusion with recently developed hiss and chorus lifetimes at constant values of Kp = 1, 3, and 6. We find that the equilibrium states at moderately low Kp, when plotted versus L shell (L) and energy (E), display the same interesting S shape for the inner edge of the outer belt as recently observed by the Van Allen Probes. The S shape is also produced as the radiation belts dynamically evolve toward the equilibrium state when initialized to simulate the buildup after a massive dropout or to simulate loss due to outward diffusion from a saturated state. Physically, this shape, intimately linked with the slot structure, is due to the dependence of electron loss rate (originating from wave‐particle interactions) on both energy and L shell. Equilibrium electron flux profiles are governed by the Biot number (τDiffusion/τloss), with large Biot number corresponding to low fluxes and low Biot number to large fluxes. The time it takes for the flux at a specific (L, E) to reach the value associated with the equilibrium state, starting from these different initial states, is governed by the initial state of the belts, the property of the dynamics (diffusion coefficients), and the size of the domain of computation. Its structure shows a rather complex scissor form in the (L, E) plane. The equilibrium value (phase space density or flux) is practically reachable only for selected regions in (L, E) and geomagnetic activity. Convergence to equilibrium requires hundreds of days in the inner belt for E > 300 keV and moderate Kp (≤3). It takes less time to reach equilibrium during disturbed geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≥ 3), when the system evolves faster. Restricting our interest to the slot region, below L = 4, we find that only small regions in (L, E) space can reach the equilibrium value: E ~ [200, 300] keV for L = [3.7, 4] at Kp = 1, E~[0.6, 1] MeV for L = [3, 4] at Kp = 3, and E~300 keV for L = [3.5, 4] at Kp = 6 assuming no new incoming electrons.
Airborne observations of bioaerosol over the Southeast United States using a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor
Authors: Ziemba Luke D. , Beyersdorf Andreas J. , Chen Gao , Corr Chelsea A. , Crumeyrolle Suzanne N. , Diskin Glenn , Hudgins Charlie , Martin Robert , Mikoviny Tomas , Moore Richard , Shook Michael , Thornhill K. Lee , Winstead Edward L. , Wisthaler Armin , Anderson Bruce E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBiological aerosols represent a diverse subset of particulate matter that is emitted directly to the atmosphere in the form of (but not limited to) bacteria, fungal spores, pollens, viruses, and plant debris. These particles can have local air quality implications, but potentially play a larger climate role by acting as efficient ice nucleating particles (INPs) and cloud condensation nuclei. We have deployed a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor on the NASA DC‐8 aircraft to (1) quantify boundary layer (BL) variability of fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP) concentrations in the Southeast United States (SEUS), (2) link this variability explicitly to land cover heterogeneity in the region, and (3) examine the vertical profile of bioaerosols in the context of convective vertical redistribution. Flight‐averaged FBAP concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 0.43 scm−3 (cm−3 at standard temperature and pressure) with relatively homogeneous concentrations throughout the region; croplands showed the highest concentrations in the BL (0.37 scm−3), and lowest concentrations were associated with evergreen forests (0.24 scm−3). Observed FBAP concentrations are in generally good agreement with model parameterized emission rates for bacteria, and discrepancies are likely the result of fungal spore contributions. Shallow convection in the region is shown to be a relatively efficient lofting mechanism as the vertical transport efficiency of FBAP is at least equal to black carbon aerosol, suggesting that ground‐level FBAP survives transport into the free troposphere to be available for INP activation. Comparison of the fraction of coarse‐mode particles that were biological (fFBAP) suggested that the SEUS (fFBAP = 8.5%) was a much stronger source of bioaerosols than long‐range transport during a Saharan Air Layer (SAL) dust event (fFBAP = 0.17%) or summertime marine emissions in the Gulf of Mexico (fFBAP = 0.73%).
Large ionospheric disturbances produced by the HAARP HF facility
Authors: Bernhardt Paul A. , Siefring Carl L. , Briczinski Stanley J. , McCarrick Mike , Michell Robert G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe enormous transmitter power, fully programmable antenna array, and agile frequency generation of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) facility in Alaska have allowed the production of unprecedented disturbances in the ionosphere. Using both pencil beams and conical (or twisted) beam transmissions, artificial ionization clouds have been generated near the second, third, fourth, and sixth harmonics of the electron gyrofrequency. The conical beam has been used to sustain these clouds for up to 5 h as opposed to less than 30 min durations produced using pencil beams. The largest density plasma clouds have been produced at the highest harmonic transmissions. Satellite radio transmissions at 253 MHz from the National Research Laboratory TACSat4 communications experiment have been severely disturbed by propagating through artificial plasma regions. The scintillation levels for UHF waves passing through artificial ionization clouds from HAARP are typically 16 dB. This is much larger than previously reported scintillations at other HF facilities which have been limited to 3 dB or less. The goals of future HAARP experiments should be to build on these discoveries to sustain plasma densities larger than that of the background ionosphere for use as ionospheric reflectors of radio signals.
On cold spells in North America and storminess in western Europe
Authors: Messori Gabriele , Caballero Rodrigo , Gaetani Marco 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe discuss the dynamical and statistical links between cold extremes over eastern North America and storminess over western Europe, with a focus on the midlatitude jet stream, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific‐North American Pattern (PNA). The analysis is performed on the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 20th Century Reanalysis. The large‐scale circulation associated with the cold spells corresponds to advection of cold air from the Arctic region into North America and to a very zonal and intense North Atlantic jet, shifted persistently south of its climatological location. These features of the Atlantic jet are conducive to destructive windstorms and intense precipitation over a large part of southern and continental Europe and the British Isles. The cold spells are preceded by a negative NAO and followed by a positive PNA; however, we interpret the associated circulation anomalies as being distinct from these standard modes of climate variability.
Depth migration of seasonally induced seismicity at The Geysers geothermal field
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Totten Eoghan J. , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSeismicity from injected fluids provides insight into the hydraulically conductive fracture network at The Geysers (TG), California, geothermal reservoir. Induced earthquakes at TG result from both thermoelastic and poroelastic stresses as injected fluids cool the rocks and increase pore pressure. The spatiotemporal evolution of M ≥ 1.5 seismicity is characterized as a function of depth in the northwest and southeast regions of TG to develop time‐dependent earthquake rates using an epidemic‐type aftershock sequence model. The seismicity and injection follow an annual cycle that peaks in the winter months and is correlated by depth. The results indicate a time lag of ≤6 months for fluids to migrate >3 km below the injection depth. Water injection is the main cause of seismicity as fluids penetrate into the reservoir. Our results suggest that a steeply dipping fracture network of hydraulically conductive faults allows fluid migration to a few kilometers below the point of injection.
Provenance of cryoconite deposited on the glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau: New insights from Nd‐Sr isotopic composition and size distribution
Authors: Dong Zhiwen , Kang Shichang , Qin Dahe , Li Yang , Wang Xuejia , Ren Jiawen , Li Xiaofei , Yang Jiao , Qin Xiang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study presents the Nd‐Sr isotopic compositions and size distributions of cryoconite deposited on the glaciers at different locations on the Tibetan Plateau, in order to trace its source areas and the provenance of long‐range transported (LRT) Asian dust on the Tibetan Plateau. The result of scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer analysis indicated that mineral dust particles were dominant in the cryoconite. Most of the cryoconite samples from the Tibetan Plateau indicated different Sr and Nd isotopic composition compared with sand from large deserts (e.g., the Taklimakan and Qaidam deserts). Some cryoconite samples showed very similar Nd‐Sr isotopic ratios compared with those of nearby glacier basins (e.g., at Laohugou Glacier No.12, Dongkemadi Glacier, and Shiyi Glacier), indicating the potential input of local crustal dust to cryoconite. The volume‐size distribution for the cryoconite particles also indicated bimodal distribution graphs with volume median diameters ranging from 0.57 to 20 µm and from 20 to 100 µm, demonstrating the contribution of both LRT Asian dust and local dust inputs to cryoconite. Based on the particle size distribution, we calculated a mean number ratio of local dust contribution to cryoconite ranging from 0.7% (Baishui Glacier No.1) to 17.6% (Shiyi Glacier) on the Tibetan Plateau. In general, the marked difference in the Nd‐Sr isotopic ratios of cryoconite compared with those of large deserts probably indicates that materials from the western deserts have not been easily transported to the hinterland of Tibetan Plateau by the Westerlies under the current climatic conditions, and the arid deserts on the Tibetan Plateau are the most likely sources for cryoconite deposition. The resistance of the Tibetan Plateau to the Westerlies may have caused such phenomena, especially for LRT eolian dust transported over the Tibetan Plateau. Thus, this work is of great importance in understanding the large‐scale eolian dust transport and climate over the Tibetan Plateau.
Smoke suppression properties of epoxy crosslinked structure and intumescent fire retardant in epoxy‐based intumescent fire‐retardant coating
Authors: Chen Pengfei , Zhang Feng , Li Shaoxiang , Cheng Yunfei 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, the smoke production behaviors of crosslinked epoxy/polyamide resin (EP/PA) and intumescent fire retardant (IFR) in epoxy‐based intumescent fire‐retardant coating (IFR‐EP) have been investigated using cone calorimeter, smoke density instrument, and thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurement. The static and dynamic smoke production behaviors of EP/PA and IFR‐EP indicate that the IFR has an excellent smoke suppression effect on EP/PA by forming protective char layer in the late combustion stage, while the epoxy crosslinked structure in IFR‐EP can enhance the thermal stability and reduce smoke production in the early combustion stage. In addition, according to the discussion of pyrolysis gas products, the IFR can effectively suppress the production of toxic and inflammable gases during the combustion process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43912.
EGFR‐targeted Chimeras of Pseudomonas ToxA released into the extracellular milieu by attenuated Salmonella selectively kill tumor cells
Authors: Quintero David , Carrafa Jamie , Vincent Lena , Bermudes David 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTTumor‐targeted Salmonella VNP20009 preferentially replicate within tumor tissue and partially suppress tumor growth in murine tumor models. These Salmonella have the ability to locally induce apoptosis when they are in direct contact with cancer cells but they lack significant bystander killing, which may correlate with their overall lack of antitumor activity in human clinical studies. In order to compensate for this deficiency without enhancing overall toxicity, we engineered the bacteria to express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐targeted cytotoxic proteins that are released into the extracellular milieu. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of the Salmonella strain VNP20009 to produce three different forms of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ToxA) chimeric with a tumor growth factor alpha (TGFα) which results in its producing culture supernatants that are cytotoxic and induce apoptosis in EGFR positive cancer cells as measured by the tetrazolium dye reduction, and Rhodamine 123 and JC‐10 mitochondrial depolarization assays. In addition, exchange of the ToxA REDLK endoplasmic reticulum retention signal for KDEL and co‐expression of the ColE3 lysis protein resulted in an overall increased cytotoxicity compared to the wild type toxin. This approach has the potential to significantly enhance the antitumor activity of VNP20009 while maintaining its previously established safety profile. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2698–2711. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced rank static error covariance for high‐dimensional applications
Authors: Zupanski Milija 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA method for creating static (e.g., stationary) error covariance of reduced rank for potential use in hybrid variational‐ensemble data assimilation is presented. The choice of reduced rank versus full rank static error covariance is made in order to allow the use of an improved Hessian preconditioning in high‐dimensional applications. In particular, this method relies on using block circulant matrices to create a high‐dimensional global covariance matrix from a low‐dimensional local sub‐matrix. Although any covariance used in variational data assimilation would be an acceptable choice for the pre‐defined full‐rank static error covariance, for convenience and simplicity, we use a symmetric Topelitz matrix as a prototype of static error covariance. The methodology creates a square root covariance, which has a practical advantage for Hessian preconditioning in reduced rank, ensemble‐based data assimilation. The experiments conducted examine multivariate covariance that includes the impact of cross‐variable correlations, in order to have a more realistic assessment of the value of the constructed static error covariance approximation. The results show that it may be possible to reduce the rank of matrix to O(10) and still obtain an acceptable approximation of the full‐rank static covariance matrix. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transoral laser microsurgery for managing laryngeal stenosis after reconstructive partial laryngectomies
Authors: Lucioni Marco , Bertolin Andy , Lionello Marco , Giacomelli Luciano , Ghirardo Guido , Rizzotto Giuseppe , Marioni Gino 
Published: June 2016

Objectives/HypothesisTo retrospectively analyze our experience of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) for treating postoperative laryngeal obstruction (POLO) after supracricoid and supratracheal laryngectomy (open partial horizontal laryngectomy [OPHL]) types 2 and 3, and to investigate potential relationships between patients' clinical features and their functional outcomes.Study DesignA retrospective cohort study.MethodsThe prognostic influence of clinical and surgical parameters on functional outcomes was investigated in a univariate statistical setting in terms of decannulation rate (DR), time to tracheostomy closure (TTC), and number of laser procedures required (NLP).ResultsOPHL type 2 was associated with a better functional outcome than OPHL type 3 in terms of DR, TTC, and NLP (P = .03, P = .02, and P = .02, respectively). Annular and semicircumferential stenoses developed more frequently after OPHL type 3, and were particularly difficult to manage with TLM. Fixation of the residual arytenoid was a negative prognostic factor in terms of functional outcome in terms of DR, TTC, and NLP (P = .0002, P = .08, and P = .08, respectively).ConclusionsThere is no standardized laser treatment for POLO; it must be tailored to individual patients. Identifying prognostic factors influencing functional outcome could help surgeons to earmark patients less likely to benefit from TLM for the treatment of POLO, and enable an adequate preoperative counseling, given the high probability of repeat postoperative TLM procedures.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 2016 127:359–365, 2017
Laryngeal Electromyographic findings in patients with vocal fold motion asymmetry
Authors: Woo Peak , Isseroff Tova F. , Parasher Arjun , Richards Amanda , Sivak Mark 
Published: June 2016

Objectives/HypothesisVocal fold motion asymmetry (VFMA) is often attributed to vocal fold paresis or an anatomical variant. Although laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) may be used to evaluate patients with vocal fold paresis, electrodiagnostic findings in VFMA have not been well defined.Study DesignReview of a case seriesMethodsTwenty‐five symptomatic patients with VFMA were examined by LEMG, and the findings were analyzed.ResultsAlthough all were thought to have unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis, LEMG showed only nine to have unilateral recurrent nerve paresis. There were nine with both ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve paresis, four with bilateral paresis, and three were normal. Reduced total number of units, reduced recruitment, motor units firing fast, and polyphasic units were more common, whereas fibrillation potentials, fasciculation, positive sharp waves, and complex repetitive discharges were uncommon. The LEMG findings are most consistent with old, healed neuropathy. McNemar's test for the acute versus chronic denervation potentials showed significant differences.ConclusionsVFMA has a high incidence of vocal fold paresis that can be better defined by LEMG. The site and side of paresis is often wrong based on laryngoscopy findings alone. The LEMG findings of VFMA appear to be consistent with old, healed neuropathyLevel of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 126:E273–E277, 2016
Treatment of rhinosinusitis and histopathology of nasal mucosa: A controlled, randomized, clinical study
Authors: Bizaki Argyro J. , Numminen Jura , Taulu Rami , Kholova Ivana , Rautiainen Markus 
Published: June 2016

Objectives/HypothesisTo study the pathology of upper airway mucosa, as well as valuate and compare changes in pathology after the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with balloon sinuplasty versus uncinectomy.MethodsA prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with CRS of the maxillary sinuses without severe pathology of other sinuses. Patients were randomized into two groups: uncinectomy and balloon sinuplasty. The main variables in our study are histopathology of nasal mucosa and expression of metalloproteinase‐9 protein. These parameters were analyzed preoperatively and at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively.ResultsThickened epithelium, absence of cilia, metaplasia of epithelium, hyperplasia of mucosal glands, angiogenesis, and increased inflammatory cells were observed in the majority of preoperative samples. History of allergy was associated with a higher number of goblet cells, and shedding of epithelium was associated with worse quality of life. A higher number of inflammatory cells were associated with an increased number of goblet cells preoperatively, as well as after treatment. Both treatments resulted in a decrease of inflammation in the mucosa and epithelium. Hypertrophy of the mucosal glands, hyperplasia of blood vessels, and mucosal edema decreased after treatment. These changes were more noticeable in uncinectomy group. Balloon sinuplasty was associated with a higher number of inflammatory cells at 6 months after treatment (P = 0.05).Level of Evidence1b. Laryngoscope, 126:2652–2658, 2016