bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indoor and outdoor falls among older adult trauma patients: A comparison of patient characteristics, associated factors and outcomes
Authors: Chippendale Tracy , Gentile Patricia A , James Melissa K , Melnic Gloria 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to examine significant differences in patient characteristics, associated factors and outcomes for indoor versus outdoor falls among trauma patients.MethodsA retrospective cross‐sectional study using data from the trauma registry and electronic medical records at a level 1 trauma center in the USA was carried out. People aged 55 years or older, for whom fall location could be identified (n = 712), were included in the study. Demographic information, functional status before admission, comorbid conditions, activation level, Injury Severity Score, discharge disposition and injury type were included in the comparative analyses. Associated factors for falls and fractures in each location were also examined using logistic regression.ResultsSignificant differences were found in patient characteristics between indoor and outdoor fallers. Significant differences in outcomes were found related to discharge disposition and injury type. Open wounds were more common among outdoor fallers (26.5%) as compared with indoor fallers (16.3%, P = 0.002). Although disorders of joints with difficulty walking were associated with fractures among both indoor (OR 7.20, CI 2.19–23.66) and outdoor fallers (OR 5.65, CI 1.27–25.06), sex was only associated with fractures among those who fell indoors (OR 1.69 CI 1.12–2.56).ConclusionsSignificant differences exist in characteristics of indoor and outdoor fallers, and for discharge disposition and injury type for each fall location among patients admitted for trauma care. Factors associated with fractures differ between indoor and outdoor fallers. Results can help to inform targeted primary and secondary prevention initiatives. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 905–912.
Suitability of Mn‐ and Fe‐Rich Reference Materials for Microanalytical Research
Authors: Macholdt Dorothea S. , Jochum Klaus Peter , Wilson Stephen A. , Otter Laura M. , Stoll Brigitte , Weis Ulrike , Andreae Meinrat O. 
Published: May 2016

Manganese‐ and iron‐rich materials are of major geoscientific and economic interest, many of which contain microscopic features that provide valuable information. To obtain accurate results, a homogeneous microanalytical reference material for calibration is needed. Several researchers have used the Mn‐ and Fe‐rich RMs, JMn‐1, NOD‐A‐1, NOD‐P‐1 and FeMn‐1, for this purpose; therefore, they were tested in this study to determine their suitability for microanalysis. Their homogeneity was investigated by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) with two different types of lasers (nano‐ and femtosecond), with spot and line scan analyses and with different operating parameters, such as spot size, pulse repetition rate and fluence. As the established manganese nodule RMs revealed inhomogeneities for picogram to microgram test portions, we also investigated the new synthetic Fe‐ and Mn‐rich RM, FeMnOx‐1. FeMnOx‐1 was found to be homogeneous for large (ø 40 μm: 2% RSD repeatability) and small (ø 8–10 μm: 10% RSD repeatability) spot sizes. This homogeneity is in the range of the homogeneous NIST SRM 610 and GSE‐1G reference glasses. Furthermore, FeMnOx‐1 revealed a large‐scale homogeneity within uncertainties of a few per cent, using test portions in the ng range, when measuring four individual mounts of this material.
Purification and characterization of a melanin biodegradation enzyme from Geotrichum sp.
Authors: Kim B. S. , Blaghen M. , Hong H.‐S. , Lee K.‐M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveMelanin is a black or brown phenolic polymer present mainly in skin and hair. Although melanin can be degraded by some microbial species, the melanin degradation capacity of Geotrichum sp. is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize a melanin biodegradation enzyme from Geotrichum sp.MethodsIn this study, we assessed the melanin degradation activity of Geotrichum sp. in comparison with the major melanin‐degrading enzymes, manganese‐dependent peroxidase (MnP), manganese‐independent peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and laccase. Furthermore, the effect of several carbohydrates on melanin degradation by Geotrichum sp. was determined. The MnP enzyme was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G‐200 column chromatography, and then the conditions for optimal enzymatic activity were determined by adjusting the pH, temperature and Tween‐80 concentration.ResultsCompared with extracellular ligninolytic enzymes of Geotrichum sp., MnP had the highest ligninolytic enzyme activity; and the highest enzymatic activity was observed in the presence of glucose. The final purified MnP enzyme exhibited 6 U mL−1 activity and had a molecular weight of 54.2 kDa. The enzymatic activity was highest at pH 4.5 and 25–35°C in the absence of Tween‐80.ConclusionThese results indicate the potential of MnP purified from Geotrichum sp. as a skin‐lightening agent in the cosmetic industry.
Parenting style and oral health practices in early childhood caries: a case–control study
Authors: Dabawala Suhel , Suprabha Baranya S. , Shenoy Ramya , Rao Arathi , Shah Nachiket 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThere is a need to carry out controlled investigations regarding risk factors for early childhood caries (ECC).AimTo study the type of parenting style and oral health practices as risk factors among children with ECC in an Indian preschool population.MethodsTwo hundred and eleven children with ECC and equal number of controls participated in this case–control study. A questionnaire was answered by parents regarding oral health practices such as oral hygiene methods, feeding habits, daily sugar intake, and dental attendance pattern along with socioeconomic and demographic status. The parenting style was determined using Parenting Styles Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) index. Data were statistically analyzed using chi‐square test and multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsRisk factors associated with ECC were higher birth order, lower socioeconomic status, non‐use of fluoridated toothpaste, breast/bottle feeding for more than one year, presence of formula milk or milk with sugar in the feeding bottle while falling asleep, higher sweet scores in the diet chart, and visiting dentist only when a problem was perceived. Majority of parents of children with and without ECC had authoritative parenting style.ConclusionImproper oral health practices are the risk factors for ECC. The association of parenting style with ECC could not be confirmed.
Financialisation, ownership and employee interests under private equity at the AA, part two
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article examines a theoretically informed case study of the effects of financialisation at the workplace. It focuses in particular on trade union de‐recognition and trade union recognition in the furtherance of ownership interests. The paper reports on the continued diffusion of investor‐owner interests under the private equity business model which has recently witnessed the AA re‐listed on the stock market. It addresses two research questions. One, how are investor‐owner interests secured by trade union de‐recognition and re‐recognition? Two, how and why, as a de‐recognised trade union, does the GMB continue to campaign for and represent GMB members in the AA when the IDU (the independent democratic union) has sole recognition at the firm?
Associations Among Vocabulary, Executive Function Skills and Empathy in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Cascia JoAnne , Barr Jason J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been characterized as having deficits in social communication and empathy which present difficulties in the areas of social reciprocity, sharing of emotions and developing and maintaining relationships. This study explores the associations between vocabulary, executive function skills and empathy in individuals with ASD.MethodA survey study with a purposive sample was used. Twenty adolescents with ASD completed receptive and expressive vocabulary assessments while their parent and teacher completed executive function and empathy scales.ResultsResults indicated that higher vocabulary and executive function skills were associated with higher empathy. Nonparametric analyses also showed that executive function mediated the association between empathy and vocabulary. Differences between parent and teacher responses were also explored.ConclusionsThe results suggest that targeting vocabulary and executive function skills prior to, or in conjunction with, social skills in educational and therapeutic settings may prove beneficial.
Going to extremes for one's group: the role of prototypicality and group acceptance
Authors: Goldman Liran , Hogg Michael A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo explore who goes to aggressive and antisocial extremes on behalf of their group we primed perceptions of (a) group prototypicality (peripheral vs. central) and (b) ease of acceptance by the group. Participants were members of self‐significant groups—fraternities and sororities (N = 218). Drawing on social identity theory, uncertainty‐identity theory and the social identity theory of influence through leadership, we found, as predicted, that peripheral members who believed it was easy to be accepted were most likely to intend to engage in and support antisocial and aggressive intergroup behaviors. This effect was somewhat stronger among males than females, and strengthened among the most highly identified participants. The research's potential for understanding socially harmful intergroup violence is noted.
The Role of Collateral in the Credit Acquisition Process: Evidence from SME Lending
Authors: Duarte Fábio , Matias Gama Ana Paula , Esperança José Paulo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study tests the simultaneous impact of observed characteristics and private information on debt term contracts in a multi‐period setting, using a dataset of 12,666 credit approvals by one major Portuguese commercial bank during 2007–2010. The main results show that borrowers with good credit scores that know they have a high probability of success and are unlikely to default are more willing to pledge collateral in return for a lower interest rate premium (IRP). Furthermore, lenders tailor the specific terms of the contract, increasing both collateral requirements and the IRP from observed risk, for borrowers operating in riskier industries and with less credit availability. The results are robust to controls for joint debt terms negotiation and the degree of collateralization offered by the borrower.
Body composition and functional assessment of nutritional status in adults: a narrative review of imaging, impedance, strength and functional techniques
Authors: Smith S. , Madden A. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe accurate and valid assessment of body composition is essential for the diagnostic evaluation of nutritional status, identifying relevant outcome measures, and determining the effectiveness of current and future nutritional interventions. Developments in technology and our understanding of the influences of body composition on risk and outcome will provide practitioners with new opportunities to enhance current practice and to lead future improvements in practice. This is the second of a two‐part narrative review that aims to critically evaluate body composition methodology in diverse adult populations, with a primary focus on its use in the assessment and monitoring of under‐nutrition. Part one focused on anthropometric variables [Madden and Smith (2016) J Hum Nutr Diet 29: 7–25] and part two focuses on the use of imaging techniques, bioelectrical impedance analysis, markers of muscle strength and functional status, with particular reference to developments relevant to practice.
The unmet supportive care needs of long‐term head and neck cancer caregivers in the extended survivorship period
Authors: Balfe Myles , O'Brien Katie , Timmons Aileen , Butow Phyllis , O' Sullivan Eleanor , Gooberman‐Hill Rachael , Sharp Linda 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine the unmet supportive care needs of long‐term head and neck cancer caregivers, and the factors associated with those needs.BackgroundResearch on the unmet needs of head and neck cancer caregivers is lacking, particularly in the long‐term survivorship period.DesignSurvey of 197 caregivers.MethodsThe study collected information on caregivers’ demographic characteristics and their unmet supportive care needs (as measured by the Partners and Caregivers Supportive Care Needs Survey). An overall score of unmet need was generated, as were scores for four separate domains of unmet needs (emotional, health, information and work/social).ResultsSeventy six percentage of respondents were female, and 88% reported being married or living with a partner. Mean age was 57 years. Most caregivers had low levels of unmet needs. Managing fears about the cancer recurring was the most commonly reported individual need, described by slightly more than one in five respondents. The highest levels of need were located in the emotional and the health services domains. Loneliness and financial stress were consistently and significantly associated with high levels of unmet need in the multivariable analysis.ConclusionsMost head and neck cancer caregivers appear to have low levels of unmet need in the extended survivorship period. The greatest levels of unmet need that are experienced occur in relation to emotional and health service domains. Needs diminish over time.Relevance to clinical practiceHealth professionals should be aware that a minority of long‐term head and neck caregivers continue to experience strong fears of cancer recurrence. To reduce unmet needs across multiple domains, health professionals should seek to reduce caregivers’ feelings of loneliness, and to assist caregivers to reduce the financial burdens that they experience as a result of long‐term caring.
Healthcare professionals' documentation in nursing homes when caring for patients with dementia in end of life – a retrospective records review
Authors: Høgsnes Linda , Danielson Ella , Norbergh Karl‐Gustaf , Melin‐Johansson Christina 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate how end‐of‐life care was described by healthcare professionals in records of deceased persons affected by dementia who had lived in Swedish nursing homes.BackgroundIn the final stage of dementia disease, the persons are often cared for at nursing homes and they often die there. The research concurs that a palliative approach to end‐of‐life care is essential but there are still some limitations regarding research about what constitutes the end‐of‐life care provided to persons affected by dementia in Sweden.DesignDescriptive qualitative method with a retrospective approach.MethodNursing records (n = 50) and medical records (n = 50) were retrospectively reviewed in two nursing homes. The analysis was conducted using deductive and inductive content analysis. Three phases of The Liverpool Care Pathway; Initial assessment, Continuous assessment and Follow‐up, were used deductively to first sort the text in the records, then the text in each phase was further analysed with inductive content analysis. Four categories and 11 subcategories described the content in the records.ResultsThe end‐of‐life care was described in the healthcare records based on such categories as decision‐making, participation and communication, assessment and prevention of symptom and following up after the residents had died.ConclusionPaticularly, physical symptoms were documented and, to a lesser degree, psychological or existential/spiritual needs.Relevance to clinical practiceHealthcare professionals must have a holistic view of the person affected by dementia during the end‐of‐life care and, according to this study, more focus must be placed on their psychosocial and existential needs in the documentation of end‐of‐life care.
Predictors of effective de‐escalation in acute inpatient psychiatric settings
Authors: Lavelle Mary , Stewart Duncan , James Karen , Richardson Michelle , Renwick Laoise , Brennan Geoffrey , Bowers Len 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore the factors that influence the use of de‐escalation and its success in halting conflict in acute psychiatric inpatient setting.BackgroundDe‐escalation is the use of verbal and nonverbal communication to reduce or eliminate aggression and violence during the escalation phase of a patient's behaviour. Although de‐escalation is a first‐line intervention in aggression management in acute psychiatric settings, little is known about the use or effectiveness of this technique.DesignA retrospective case note analysis.MethodsFor each patient (n = 522), their involvement in conflict (e.g. aggression) or containment (e.g. coerced medication) during the first two weeks of their admission was recorded. The frequency and order of the conflict and containment events were identified during each shift. The sequences of events occurring in shifts involving de‐escalation were analysed. Sequences where de‐escalation ended the pattern of conflict or containment were categorised as ‘successful’, and all others were categorised as ‘unsuccessful’.ResultsOver half of patients (53%) experienced de‐escalation during the first two weeks of admission, with the majority of these (37%) experiencing multiple episodes. De‐escalation was successful in approximately 60% of cases. Successful de‐escalations were preceded by fewer, and less aggressive, conflict events, compared with unsuccessful de‐escalations, which were most frequently followed by administration of pro re nata medication. Patients with a history of violence were more likely to experience de‐escalation, and it was more likely to be unsuccessful.ConclusionsDe‐escalation is frequently effective in halting a sequence of conflict in acute inpatient settings, but patients with a history of violence may be specifically challenging.Relevance to clinical practiceThese findings provide support for de‐escalation in practice but suggest that nurses may lack confidence in using the technique when the risk of violence is greater. Providing evidence‐based staff training may improve staff confidence in the use of this potentially powerful technique.
Work‐related frustration among senior nurses at a medical centre
Authors: Wang Pei‐Hern , Ku Yan‐Chiou , Chen Chi‐Chi , Jeang Shiow‐Rong , Chou Frank Huang‐Chih 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the levels and causes of work‐related frustration among senior nurses.BackgroundRole changes and the associated expectations and setbacks faced by senior middle‐aged nurses can easily result in low morale. Therefore, working setbacks experienced by senior nurses must be investigated.DesignA cross‐sectional questionnaire study.MethodsPurposive sampling was used to select questionnaire recipients. In total, 482 senior nurses completed and returned a structured questionnaire.ResultsThe predictive factors for frustration at work among senior nurses included age, service unit, and the impact of sleep disorders, which jointly explained 54% of the variance. In particular, age and service unit were important predictive factors for frustration at work.ConclusionsSenior nurses had medium‐to‐low scores for frustration at work and did not perceive a high level of frustration.Relevance to clinical practiceThe outpatient departments and other medical departments in this sector should provide a reasonable system of incentives and promotion opportunities if they are to retain their most senior and experienced nurses. The results of this study could serve as a reference for hospital administrations.
Screening and brief intervention for unhealthy substance use in patients with chronic medical conditions: a systematic review
Authors: Timko Christine , Kong Calvin , Vittorio Lisa , Cucciare Michael A. 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesThis systematic review describes studies evaluating screening tools and brief interventions for addressing unhealthy substance use in primary care patients with hypertension, diabetes or depression.BackgroundPrimary care is the main entry point to the health care system for most patients with comorbid unhealthy substance use and chronic medical conditions. Although of great public health importance, systematic reviews of screening tools and brief interventions for unhealthy substance use in this population that are also feasible for use in primary care have not been conducted.DesignSystematic review.MethodsWe systematically review the research literature on evidence‐based tools for screening for unhealthy substance use in primary care patients with depression, diabetes and hypertension, and utilising brief interventions with this population.ResultsDespite recommendations to screen for and intervene with unhealthy substance use in primary care patients with chronic medical conditions, the review found little indication of routine use of these practices. Limited evidence suggested the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐C screeners had adequate psychometric characteristics in patients with the selected chronic medical conditions. Screening scores indicating more severe alcohol use were associated with health‐risk behaviours and poorer health outcomes, adding to the potential usefulness of screening for unhealthy alcohol use in this population.ConclusionsStudies support brief interventions’ effectiveness with patients treated for hypertension or depression who hazardously use alcohol or cannabis, for both substance use and chronic medical condition outcomes.Relevance to clinical practiceAlthough small, the international evidence base suggests that screening with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test or Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐C and brief interventions for primary care patients with chronic medical conditions, delivered by nurses or other providers, are effective for identifying unhealthy substance use and associated with healthy behaviours and improved outcomes. Lacking are studies screening for illicit drug use, and using single‐item screening tools, which could be especially helpful for frontline primary care providers including nurses.
Experiments on ostrich decomposition and opisthotonus with implications for theropod dinosaurs
Authors: Lingham‐Soliar T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFresh ostrich cadavers were exposed in a natural environment (two on land and one in a shallow pool of water) to investigate decomposition and possible opisthotonus. The decomposition followed through to skeletonization of the ostrich cadavers by maggots, the primary agents of decay. During ostrich decomposition, tissue was consumed sequentially from the soft matrix tissue of muscles to fibrous and ligamentous tissue (both comprising collagen). The feathers (comprisingβ‐keratin) were not consumed. The entire decomposition process was completed in 5 days. Towards the latter stages of the experiment, the cadavers on land showed stages of strong upward arching of the neck which fell short of the opisthotonic posture, while the cadaver in the pool showed the classic form of opisthotonus, strongly supporting the post‐mortem hypothesis of the phenomena. Comparisons are made with opisthotonus in the theropod dinosaur,Sinosauropteryx.