bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of the Achilles tendon at the insertion on the calcaneal tuberosity
Authors: Edama Mutsuaki , Kubo Masayoshi , Onishi Hideaki , Takabayashi Tomoya , Yokoyama Erika , Inai Takuma , Watanabe Hiroshi , Nashimoto Satoshi , Kageyama Ikuo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFindings on the twisting structure and insertional location of the AT on the calcaneal tuberosity are inconsistent. Therefore, to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying insertional Achilles tendinopathy, clarification of the anatomy of the twisting structure and location of the AT insertion onto the calcaneal tuberosity is important. The purpose of this study was to reveal the twisted structure of the AT and the location of its insertion onto the calcaneal tuberosity using Japanese cadavers. The study was conducted using 132 legs from 74 cadavers (mean age at death, 78.3 ± 11.1 years; 87 sides from men, 45 from women). Only soleus (Sol) attached to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity was classified as least twist (Type I), both the lateral head of the gastrocnemius (LG) and Sol attached to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity were classified as moderate twist (Type II), and only LG attached to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity was classified as extreme twist (Type III). The Achilles tendon insertion onto the calcaneal tuberosity was classified as a superior, middle or inferior facet. Twist structure was Type I (least) in 31 legs (24%), Type II (moderate) in 87 legs (67%), and Type III (extreme) in 12 legs (9%). A comparison between males and females revealed that among men, 20 legs (24%) were Type I, 57 legs (67%) Type II, and eight legs (9%) Type III. Among women, 11 legs (24%) were Type I, 30 legs (67%) Type II, and four legs (9%) Type III. No significant differences were apparent between sexes. The fascicles of the Achilles tendon attach mainly in the middle facet. Anterior fibers of the Achilles tendon, where insertional Achilles tendinopathy is most likely, are Sol in Type I, LG and Sol in Type II, and LG only in Type III. This suggests the possibility that a different strain is produced in the anterior fibers of the Achilles tendon (calcaneal side) where insertional Achilles tendinopathy is most likely to occur in each type. We look forward to elucidating the mechanisms generating insertional Achilles tendinopathy in future biomedical studies based on the present results.
Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds in a Real‐World Patient Population‐Results From a Mid‐Term Angiographic Follow‐Up
Authors: Saad Mohammed , Abdin Amr , Thiele Holger , Desch Steffen , Ibrahimi Pranvera , Wikstroem Gerhard , Hoeher Martin , Henein Michael 
Published: June 2016

AimWe aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) in daily use in a real‐world patient population.Methods and ResultsBetween March 2013 and September 2014, 224 patients (233 lesions) were treated with BVS at a tertiary care center. Patients underwent follow‐up coronary angiography 3–6 months after implantation. Clinical presentations were stable angina in 101 patients (45.1%), unstable angina in 47 (21.0%), NSTEMI in 38 (17.0%), and STEMI in 38 (17.0%) patients. Twenty‐two patients (27 lesions) had chronic total occlusion (CTO). Procedural success was achieved in all patients. Two patients died in the follow‐up period due to BVS thrombosis (0.9%). In‐hospital death occurred in further 3 patients (1.3%) due to other causes not related to the BVS implantation. Total BVS thrombosis was 3.1% (7 patients) and there was only 1 case of relevant restenosis on angiographic follow‐up. The overall incidence of major adverse cardiac events was 11 (4.9%).ConclusionsMid‐term follow‐up after implantation of BVS suggests a satisfactory safety profile and low restenosis rate in routine daily practice involving a large range of complex lesions.
The Utility of Preemptive Distal Perfusion Cannulation During Peripheral Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support
Authors: Yeo Hye Ju , Yoon Seong Hoon , Jeon Doosoo , Kim Yun Seong , Cho Woo Hyun , Kim Dohyung , Lee Seung Eun 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesWe compared the ischemia and rescue rates according to the strategy of distal cannulation.BackgroundLimb ischemia developing during percutaneous venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a potentially severe complication. Although appropriate use of a distal perfusion cannula can avoid ischemia, evidences about distal cannulation is still lacking.MethodsPatients who underwent peripheral VA ECMO between January 2010 and August 2015 were reviewed. We classified patients into 2 groups in terms of insertion timing with respect to the onset of ischemia. The preemptive strategy group underwent early insertion of a distal perfusion cannula at commencement of ECMO support. The rescue strategy group underwent delayed cannula insertion after onset of limb ischemia.ResultsA total of 151 patients were included in the analysis. Forty‐four patients formed the preemptive strategy group and 107 patients formed the rescue strategy group. In total, 10 of 151 (6.7%) patients developed significant limb ischemia, they all were the rescue strategy group (10/107, 9.3%). Of the 10 patients, 2 patients were rescued from limb ischemia after distal cannulation. Otherwise, ischemia was not rescued in the remaining eight patients. Of the latter 8, 3 patient required surgical interventions (2 fasciotomy and 1 below‐the‐knee amputation) and the other five died from disease aggravation prior to surgical intervention.ConclusionsPreemptive distal perfusion cannulation is safe and effective when used to prevent lower limb ischemia in patients undergoing femoral cannulation to treat ECMO. However, delayed distal cannulation increases the extent of cannulation site bleeding, without improving the ischemia.
SKILLS, THE GENDER WAGE GAP, AND CITIES
Authors: Bacolod Marigee 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper links gender wage gaps with the urban wage premium. First, the study documents gender wage gaps are narrower in larger U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000 and 2010. Skill agglomerations are then considered to explain this. Specifically, if men and women employ heterogeneous skills, and these skills have differential productivities across city sizes, agglomerative forces may differentially reward men and women. Occupational data show that women are concentrated in jobs relatively more intensive in interactive and cognitive skills, while men are comparatively in physical skill‐intensive jobs. Decomposing the gender wage gap shows that explanatory factors (education, skills, and location) predict women would outearn men. Instead, agglomerative skill returns account for majority of the gap. These estimates suggest that even as women employ skills rewarded in agglomeration economies, they benefit less from agglomerations than men, resulting in the observed gap.
Costs of children with medical complexity in Australian public hospitals
Authors: Srivastava Rajendu , Downie James , Hall Jane , Reynolds Graham 
Published: June 2016

AimTo describe the hospital costs, hospital types and differences across states and territories for children with medical complexity cared for in Australian public hospitals.MethodsRetrospective national administrative database study of 212 Australian public hospitals from six states (excluding Queensland) and two territories that submitted cost data to the National Hospital Costing Data Collection for 2010–2011. Participants included all hospitalised patients with comparisons between adults and children (17 years of age and younger), and adults with chronic diseases and children with medical complexity. Total hospital costs were the main outcome measure.ResultsThe National Hospital Costing Data Collection contained data from 212 public hospitals; total admissions (adults and children) were 3 519 140 at a total hospital cost of $16 187 400 000. Children accounted for 350 499 (9.9%) of the admissions at a total hospital cost of $1 931 585 123 (11.9%). Of all children, those with medical complexity accounted for 48 758 (13.9%), and their total hospital costs were $620 948 769 (32.1%). Six children's hospitals had 145 213 (41%) of the total children admissions at a total hospital cost of $936 041 843 (48%). Across the states and territories, the number of childhood admissions ranged from 9164 to 146 618 with 4.7–14.8% for children with medical complexity. Total hospital costs ranged from $44 to $592 million with 15.4–39.4% for children with medical complexity.ConclusionsThe national burden of hospitalised children is substantial. Children with medical complexity only account for a small percentage of hospitalisations but almost one third of total hospital costs for children, with children's hospitals bearing the major costs.
Repercussions of plagiocephaly on posture, muscle flexibility and balance in children aged 3–5 years old
Authors: Cabrera‐Martos Irene , Valenza Marie Carmen , Valenza‐Demet Gerald , Benítez‐Feliponi Ángela , Robles‐Vizcaíno Concepción , Ruiz‐Extremera Ángeles 
Published: June 2016

AimThe objective of the study was to assess posture, muscle flexibility and balance in children aged 3–5 years old with a history of nonsynostotic plagiocephaly.MethodsFifty‐two children with previous history of plagiocephaly were evaluated, along with 52 control subjects matched for age, sex, height, weight and physical activity. The outcome measures included static posture, assessed through the measurement of angles and distances between anatomical landmarks; muscle flexibility, evaluated with the Stibor, Shober and finger‐to‐floor distance tests and balance, assessed by the Pediatric Balance Scale.ResultsOne‐way analysis of variance afforded statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in head position, muscle flexibility (thoracic mobility and trunk and lower limbs muscle shortening) and balance.ConclusionChildren with previous history of non‐synostotic plagiocephaly present changes in head position, muscle shortening and a poor balance when compared to control children at 3–5 years old.
Nasal bi‐level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in preterm infants ≤32 weeks: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Rong Zhi‐Hui , Li Wen‐Bin , Liu Wei , Cai Bao‐Huan , Wang Jing , Yang Min , Li Wei , Chang Li‐Wen 
Published: June 2016

AimTo investigate whether Bi‐level positive airway pressure (BiPAP), compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), is a more effective therapeutic strategy in preterm infants ≤32 weeks.MethodsAll inborn infants between 26+1 and 32+6 weeks' gestation, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU ) of Tongji Medical Hospital between 1 January, 2010 and 31 December, 2011 (the 2010–2011 cohort or CPAP cohort) and between 1 January, 2012 and 31 December, 2013 (the 2012–2013 cohort or BiPAP cohort), were retrospectively identified. The primary outcome was intubation in infants < 72 h of age; secondary outcomes were mortality and the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).ResultsThere were 213 in the 2010–2011 cohort and 243 infants in the 2012–2013 cohort. There were fewer infants intubated within the first 72 h of age in the 2012–2013 cohort than in the 2010–2011 cohort (15% vs. 23%, P < 0.05). Of the infants who received some form of positive airway pressure, 12/94 (13%) of infants on BiPAP versus 23/74 (31%) on CPAP were subsequently intubated (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the incidence of moderate and severe BPD between the two groups (7% vs. 8%, P=0.52).ConclusionsIn this retrospective cohort study, we found BiPAP, compared with CPAP, reduced the need for intubation within the first 72 h of age.
The epithelial cell response to health and disease associated oral biofilm models
Authors: Ramage G. , Lappin D. F. , Millhouse E. , Malcolm J. , Jose A. , Yang J. , Bradshaw D. J. , Pratten J. R. , Culshaw S. 
Published: June 2016

Background and ObjectiveDifferent bacteria differentially stimulate epithelial cells. Biofilm composition and viability are likely to influence the epithelial response. In vitro model systems are commonly used to investigate periodontitis‐associated bacteria and their interactions with the host; therefore, understanding factors that influence biofilm–cell interactions is essential. The present study aimed to develop in vitro monospecies and multispecies biofilms and investigate the epithelial response to these biofilms.Material and MethodsBacterial biofilms were cultured in vitro and then either live or methanol‐fixed biofilms were co‐cultured with epithelial cells. Changes in epithelial cell viability, gene expression and cytokine content of culture supernatants were evaluated.ResultsBacterial viability was better preserved within mixed‐species biofilm culture than within single‐species biofilm culture. Both mixed‐ and single‐species biofilms stimulated increased expression of mRNA for interleukin 8 (IL8), C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3), C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), interleukin 1 (IL1), interleukin 6 (IL6), colony‐stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and the response was greatest in response to mixed‐species biofilms. Following co‐culture, cytokines detected in the supernatants included IL‐8, IL‐6, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, with the greatest release of cytokines found following co‐culture with methanol‐fixed, mixed‐species biofilms.ConclusionsThese data show that epithelial cells generate a distinct cytokine gene‐ and protein‐expression signature in response to live or fixed, single‐ or multispecies biofilms.
Gene conversion and linkage: effects on genome evolution and speciation
Authors: Korunes Katharine L. , Noor Mohamed A. F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCrossing over is well known to have profound effects on patterns of genetic diversity and genome evolution. Far less direct attention has been paid to another distinct outcome of meiotic recombination: noncrossover gene conversion (NCGC). Crossing over and NCGC both shuffle combinations of alleles, and this degradation of linkage disequilibrium (LD) has major evolutionary consequences, ranging from immediate effects on nucleotide diversity to long‐term consequences that shape genome evolution, species formation and species persistence. Unlike simple crossing over, NCGC has the potential to alter allele frequencies. Gene conversion can also occur in genomic regions where crossing over does not, and it purportedly exhibits more uniform rates across genomes. Considerable progress has been made towards understanding the mechanisms of gene conversion, and this progress enables us to begin exploring how gene conversion affects processes such as molecular evolution and interspecies gene flow. These topics are timely with the recent shift in focus from a primarily neutral null model of molecular evolution and speciation to one incorporating base levels of selection, making it all the more crucial to understand the basis and evolutionary implications of linkage. Here, we discuss the impact of gene conversion on genome structure and evolution and the current methods for detecting these events. We provide a comprehensive review of how gene conversion breaks down LD and affects both short‐ and long‐term evolutionary processes, and we contrast its impact to that expected from crossing over alone.
Atrial Fibrillation and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Elderly
Authors: O'NEAL WESLEY T. , SALAHUDDIN TAUFIQ , BROUGHTON STEPHEN T. , SOLIMAN ELSAYED Z. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundPrior studies have not examined which cardiovascular outcomes most frequently develop in participants with atrial fibrillation (AF) from population‐based cohorts of the elderly.MethodsThis analysis included 4,304 (85% white; 61% women) participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study who were free of baseline cardiovascular disease. AF cases were identified at baseline and as time‐updated events during follow‐up. Kaplan‐Meier estimates were used to compute the 1‐, 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year cumulative incidence rates of the following outcomes: coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and ischemic stroke. Cox regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between AF and each outcome.ResultsFor all time periods, the cumulative incidence estimates of CHD, MI, heart failure, and ischemic stroke were higher for those with AF compared with those without AF. Heart failure was the most frequent outcome in those with AF, while CHD events were the most frequently detected outcome in participants without AF. Compared with persons who did not have AF, the risk of heart failure was higher in those with AF (HR = 3.18, 95% CI = 2.78–3.64), and the magnitude of this association was greater than the other outcomes of interest (CHD: HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.54–2.03; MI: 1.40, 95% CI = 1.14–1.71; ischemic stroke: HR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.63–2.39).ConclusionsAF is associated with several adverse cardiovascular outcomes and heart failure is the most frequently detected event. Potentially, risk factor modification strategies for the primary prevention of heart failure will reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with AF.
Predicting Ventricular Arrhythmias in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: The Impact of Persistent Electrical Dyssynchrony
Authors: KARACA OGUZ , GUNES HACI M. , OMAYGENC MEHMET ONUR , CAKAL BEYTULLAH , CAKAL SINEM DENIZ , DEMIR GULTEKIN GUNHAN , KIZILIRMAK FILIZ , GOKDENIZ TAYYAR , BARUTCU IRFAN , BOZTOSUN BILAL , KILICASLAN FETHI 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundAlthough response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been conventionally assessed with left ventricular volume reduction, ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation [VT/VF]) are of critical importance associated with unfavorable outcomes even in the “superresponders” to therapy. We evaluated the predictors of VT/VF and the association of residual dyssynchrony during follow‐up.MethodsNinety‐five patients receiving CRT were followed‐up for 9 ± 3 months. Post‐CRT dyssynchrony was defined as a prolonged QRS duration (QRSd) for persistent electrical dyssynchrony (ED), and a Yu index ≥ 33 ms for persistent mechanical dyssynchrony. The first VT/VF episode, including nonsustained VT detected on device interrogation and/or appropriate antitachycardia pacing or shock for VT/VF, were the end points of the study.ResultsForty‐five patients who reached the study end points had significantly lower mean ΔQRS (baseline QRSd – post‐CRT QRSd) values than those without VT/VF (–20.8 ± 28.9 ms vs –6.6 ± 30.7 ms, P = 0.022). Both the baseline and post‐CRT QRSds, along with the Yu index values, were not different in two groups. Patients with VT/VF were statistically more likely to have persistent ED (38% vs 9%, P = 0.021). Kaplan‐Meier curves showed that a negative ΔQRS was associated with a higher incidence of VT/VF during follow‐up (P = 0.016). A multivariate Cox model revealed that QRS prolongation was an independent predictor of VT/VF after CRT (P = 0.029).ConclusionsA negative ΔQRS, also called persistent ED, is associated with VT/VF. Narrowest possible QRSd might be a reliable goal of both implantation and optimization of devices to reduce arrhythmic events after CRT.
Immunoglobulin E‐Mediated Hypersensitivity Reaction to Ketamine
Authors: Ozcan John , Nicholls Katherine , Jones Karin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionKetamine is a commonly used analgesic agent in the management of both acute and chronic pain. While dose‐dependent side effects are well described, allergy to ketamine is extremely rare.CaseA 41‐year‐old woman with chronic pelvic pain and previous ketamine exposure developed a widespread urticarial rash and mild perioral edema following the initiation of a ketamine infusion. The infusion was ceased and the patient was treated with oral antihistamine, with rapid resolution of symptoms. Serum tryptase levels were elevated at 2 and 6 hours after the infusion was ceased, and subsequent intradermal skin testing supported the diagnosis of type I hypersensitivity reaction to ketamine.DiscussionThis case represents a likely immunoglobulin E‐mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction to ketamine, supported by elevated tryptase levels and positive intradermal skin testing. The interpretation of these results and likely mechanism of the hypersensitivity reaction are described. The patient and treating team were advised against subsequent use of ketamine, due to the risk of serious adverse systemic reaction with repeat exposure.
The superwoman1‐cleistogamy2 mutant is a novel resource for gene containment in rice
Authors: Lombardo Fabien , Kuroki Makoto , Yao Shan‐Guo , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Ikegaya Tomohito , Kimizu Mayumi , Ohmori Shinnosuke , Akiyama Takashi , Hayashi Takami , Yamaguchi Tomoya , Koike Setsuo , Yatou Osamu , Yoshida Hitoshi 
Published: June 2016

SummaryOutcrossing between cultivated plants and their related wild species may result in the loss of favourable agricultural traits in the progeny or escape of transgenes in the environment. Outcrossing can be physically prevented by using cleistogamous (i.e. closed‐flower) plants. In rice, flower opening is dependent on the mechanical action of fleshy organs called lodicules, which are generally regarded as the grass petal equivalents. Lodicule identity and development are specified by the action of protein complexes involving the SPW1 and OsMADS2 transcription factors. In the superwoman1‐cleistogamy1 (spw1‐cls1) mutant, SPW1 is impaired for heterodimerization with OsMADS2 and consequently spw1‐cls1 shows thin, ineffective lodicules. However, low temperatures help stabilise the mutated SPW1/OsMADS2 heterodimer and lodicule development is restored when spw1‐cls1 is grown in a cold environment, resulting in the loss of the cleistogamous phenotype. To identify a novel, temperature‐stable cleistogamous allele of SPW1, targeted and random mutations were introduced into the SPW1 sequence and their effects over SPW1/OsMADS2 dimer formation were assessed in yeast two‐hybrid experiments. In parallel, a novel cleistogamous allele of SPW1 called spw1‐cls2 was isolated from a forward genetic screen. In spw1‐cls2, a mutation leading to a change of an amino acid involved in DNA binding by the transcription factor was identified. Fertility of spw1‐cls2 is somewhat decreased under low temperatures but unlike for spw1‐cls1, the cleistogamous phenotype is maintained, making the line a safer and valuable genetic resource for gene containment.
A Geographical Analysis of Dutch Electoral Volatility 1994–2012
Authors: Van Laake Thomas 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn the past two decades, Dutch electoral volatility has been one of the highest in Europe. This study analyses this phenomenon from a geographic perspective. In contrast to the prevalent use of electoral volatility, as a method for comparison of national political systems, the differences within a single national context are examined. Electoral volatility in seven national elections (1994–2012) is calculated at the municipal level. The resulting geographical pattern is mapped, analysed, and explained through the use of (geo‐) statistical methods. Significant differences are identified within the country, with particular concentration of high volatility in the south of the country, and low volatility in the north. The results of the research demonstrate the relevance of geography in explaining political behaviour as well as improving the understanding of recent Dutch electoral volatility. Furthermore, the national‐scale focus of electoral volatility research is critiqued.