bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cigarette smoking in a Middle Eastern country and its association with hospitalisation use: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Authors: Sibai Abla Mehio , Iskandarani Mohamad , Darzi Andrea , Nakkash Rima , Saleh Shadi , Fares Souha , Hwalla Nahla 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesLittle is known about the distribution of cigarette smoking by place and persons at the national level or its burden on healthcare expenditure in countries of the Middle East. We examine in this study the pattern of cigarette smoking by age, gender and geography and assess its association with hospitalisation use in Lebanon, a small middle-income country in the Middle East.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study.SettingThe study draws on data collected as part of the nationwide multistage cluster sample Nutrition and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor survey conducted in Lebanon in 2009.ParticipantsA total of 2836 Lebanese adults 18 years and over.MeasuresHospitalisation, the outcome variable, was measured using one item and recoded as a dichotomous variable. Cigarette smoking, the main exposure variable, was assessed by examining smoking status and pack-years, capturing intensity, frequency and duration of exposure.ResultsThe overall prevalence rate of current smoking in this study was 34.7%, with significantly higher rates in males than females (42.9% and 27.5%, respectively). Close to two-thirds of the study population reported ever being hospitalised (62.8%). Compared to non-smokers, past and current smokers were significantly more likely to be hospitalised, after controlling for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics (OR=2.9, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.34, and OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.63, respectively). Hospitalisation use increased significantly in a dose–response manner with increasing pack-years.ConclusionsWhen compared to regional and international estimates, the prevalence rates of smoking in Lebanon are considerably high, with percentages among women being among the highest in the region. Our findings of increased odds of hospitalisation among ever smokers, net of the effect of comorbidity, underscore the additional burden of smoking on the healthcare bill cost. Continued monitoring of smoking rates and disease surveillance frameworks are warranted in developing countries for policy development and evaluation.
Changes in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Copy Number during Oral Carcinogenesis
Authors: Bates Timothy , Kennedy Matthew , Diajil Ameena , Goodson Michaela , Thomson Peter , Doran Emma , Farrimond Heather , Thavaraj Selvam , Sloan Philip , Kist Ralf , Robinson Max 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a global healthcare problem associated with poor clinical outcomes. Early detection is key to improving patient survival. OSCC may be preceded by clinically recognizable lesions, termed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). As histologic assessment of OPMD does not accurately predict their clinical behavior, biomarkers are required to detect cases at risk of malignant transformation. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene copy number (EGFR GCN) is a validated biomarker in lung non–small cell carcinoma. We examined EGFR GCN in OPMD and OSCC to determine its potential as a biomarker in oral carcinogenesis.
Methods: EGFR GCN was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) in biopsies from 78 patients with OPMD and 92 patients with early-stage (stages I and II) OSCC. EGFR ISH signals were scored by two pathologists and a category assigned by consensus. The data were correlated with patient demographics and clinical outcomes.
Results: OPMD with abnormal EGFR GCN were more likely to undergo malignant transformation than diploid cases. EGFR genomic gain was detected in a quarter of early-stage OSCC, but did not correlate with clinical outcomes.
Conclusion: These data suggest that abnormal EGFR GCN has clinical utility as a biomarker for the detection of OPMD destined to undergo malignant transformation. Prospective studies are required to verify this finding. It remains to be determined if EGFR GCN could be used to select patients for EGFR-targeted therapies.
Impact: Abnormal EGFR GCN is a potential biomarker for identifying OPMD that are at risk of malignant transformation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 927–35. ©2016 AACR.
Effects of a Structured Exercise Program on Physical Activity and Fitness in Colon Cancer Survivors: One Year Feasibility Results from the CHALLENGE Trial
Authors: Courneya Kerry S. , Vardy Janette L. , O'Callaghan Christopher J. , Friedenreich Christine M. , Campbell Kristin L. , Prapavessis Harry , Crawford Jennifer J. , O'Brien Patti , Dhillon Haryana M. , Jonker Derek J. , Chua Neil S. , Lupichuk Sasha , Sanatani Michael S. , Gill Sharlene , Meyer Ralph M. , Begbie Stephen , Bonaventura Tony , Burge Matthew E. , Turner Jane , Tu Dongsheng , Booth Christopher M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Background: There is strong interest in testing lifestyle interventions to improve cancer outcomes; however, the optimal methods for achieving behavior change in large-scale pragmatic trials are unknown. Here, we report the 1-year feasibility results for exercise behavior change in the Canadian Cancer Trials Group CO.21 (CHALLENGE) Trial.
Methods: Between 2009 and 2014, 273 high-risk stage II and III colon cancer survivors from 42 centers in Canada and Australia were randomized to a structured exercise program (SEP; n = 136) or health education materials (HEM; n = 137). The primary feasibility outcome in a prespecified interim analysis was a difference between randomized groups of ≥5 metabolic equivalent task (MET)-hours/week in self-reported recreational physical activity (PA) after at least 250 participants reached the 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes included health-related fitness.
Results: The SEP group reported an increase in recreational PA of 15.6 MET-hours/week compared with 5.1 MET-hours/week in the HEM group [mean difference = +10.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = +3.1–+17.9; P = 0.002]. The SEP group also improved relative to the HEM group in predicted VO2max (P = 0.068), 6-minute walk (P &lt; 0.001), 30-second chair stand (P &lt; 0.001), 8-foot up-and-go (P = 0.004), and sit-and-reach (P = 0.08).
Conclusions: The behavior change intervention in the CHALLENGE Trial produced a substantial increase in self-reported recreational PA that met the feasibility criterion for trial continuation, resulted in objective fitness improvements, and is consistent with the amount of PA associated with improved colon cancer outcomes in observational studies.
Impact: The CHALLENGE Trial is poised to determine the causal effects of PA on colon cancer outcomes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 969–77. ©2016 AACR.
Exosomes in Human Breast Milk Promote EMT
Authors: Qin Wenyi , Tsukasaki Yoshikazu , Dasgupta Santanu , Mukhopadhyay Nitai , Ikebe Mitsuo , Sauter Edward R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Pregnancy increases breast cancer risk for all women for at least 5 years after parturition. During weaning and involution, the breast microenvironment becomes tumor promotional. Exosomes provide cell–cell communication during physiologic processes such as lactation, but also in breast cancer. We determined whether molecules in milk exosomes from healthy lactating women modulate the development and progression of breast cancer.
Experimental Design: Thirteen nursing women provided three (transitional, mature, and wean) milk samples. Exosomes were extracted and MCF7 and MCF10A breast cells labeled. The expression of six proteins linked to breast cancer was measured. On the basis of the findings, TGFβ2 concentration in exosome samples was measured, breast cells incubated with the exosomes and effect (epithelial–mesenchymal transition, EMT) on EMT-related proteins [E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), filamentous (F)-actin and vimentin] measured.
Results: Human milk exosomes entered benign and malignant breast cells. The greatest change in wean milk protein was in TGFβ2 (P = 0.01). Exosomes with a high (but not low) level of TGFβ2 led to EMT in both cancer and benign cells, based on (i) change in cell morphology, actin cytoskeleton, and loss of cell–cell junction structure and (ii) increased α-SMA and vimentin and decreased E-cadherin.
Conclusions: TGFβ2 is significantly upregulated in breast milk exosomes during weaning/early involution. Breast milk exosomes containing high levels of TGFβ2 induce changes in both benign and malignant breast epithelial cells, consistent with the development and progression of breast cancer, suggesting a role for high TGFβ2-expressing breast milk exosomes in influencing breast cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4517–24. ©2016 AACR.
A Prospective Evaluation of Early Detection Biomarkers for Ovarian Cancer in the European EPIC Cohort
Authors: Terry Kathryn L. , Schock Helena , Fortner Renée T. , Hüsing Anika , Fichorova Raina N. , Yamamoto Hidemi S. , Vitonis Allison F. , Johnson Theron , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Mesrine Sylvie , Severi Gianluca , Dossus Laure , Rinaldi Sabina , Boeing Heiner , Benetou Vassiliki , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulou Antonia , Krogh Vittorio , Kuhn Elisabetta , Panico Salvatore , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Onland-Moret N. Charlotte , Peeters Petra H. , Gram Inger Torhild , Weiderpass Elisabete , Duell Eric J. , Sanchez Maria-Jose , Ardanaz Eva , Etxezarreta Nerea , Navarro Carmen , Idahl Annika , Lundin Eva , Jirström Karin , Manjer Jonas , Wareham Nicholas J. , Khaw Kay-Tee , Byrne Karl Smith , Travis Ruth C. , Gunter Marc J. , Merritt Melissa A. , Riboli Elio , Cramer Daniel W. , Kaaks Rudolf 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Purpose: About 60% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at late stage, when 5-year survival is less than 30% in contrast to 90% for local disease. This has prompted search for early detection biomarkers. For initial testing, specimens taken months or years before ovarian cancer diagnosis are the best source of information to evaluate early detection biomarkers. Here we evaluate the most promising ovarian cancer screening biomarkers in prospectively collected samples from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.
Experimental Design: We measured CA125, HE4, CA72.4, and CA15.3 in 810 invasive epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 1,939 controls. We calculated the sensitivity at 95% and 98% specificity as well as area under the receiver operator curve (C-statistic) for each marker individually and in combination. In addition, we evaluated marker performance by stage at diagnosis and time between blood draw and diagnosis.
Results: We observed the best discrimination between cases and controls within 6 months of diagnosis for CA125 (C-statistic = 0.92), then HE4 (0.84), CA72.4 (0.77), and CA15.3 (0.73). Marker performance declined with longer time between blood draw and diagnosis and for earlier staged disease. However, assessment of discriminatory ability at early stage was limited by small numbers. Combinations of markers performed modestly, but significantly better than any single marker.
Conclusions: CA125 remains the single best marker for the early detection of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, but can be slightly improved by combining with other markers. Identifying novel markers for ovarian cancer will require studies including larger numbers of early-stage cases. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4664–75. ©2016 AACR.
See related commentary by Skates, p. 4542
The frontiers of identity, and the identity of frontiers
Authors: Burszta Wojciech 
Published: April 2016

The frontiers of identity, and the identity of frontiersThe essay discusses the relationship between group identities (especially national) and the notion of territory and its symbolic significance in the creation of the idea of community. The author examines possible contexts that connect the frontiers of identity with the identities of national state borders, as well as ways in which these connections become symbolic, using the example of the recent plane crash tragedy in Smoleńsk. In the final part of the essay the author refers to Leszek Kołakowski’s notion of myth in order to justify the thesis that each nation (also in the first decades of the 21th century) is always a mythical community that is being constantly reactivated through current political and ideological actions. Granice tożsamości i tożsamość granicArtykuł omawia kwestie związków tożsamości zbiorowych, zwłaszcza narodowych, z pojęciem własnego terytorium i jego symbolicznego znaczenia dla budowania dla wyobrażeń wspólnotowych. Na przykładzie tragedii katastrofy samolotu pod Smoleńskiem autor artykułu pokazuje możliwe konteksty, w jakich tytułowe granice tożsamości wiążą się z tożsamością granic narodowego terytorium oraz w jaki sposób zaznacza się symbolicznie ten nierozerwalny związek. W końcowej partii artykułu autor odwołuje się do koncepcji mitu Leszka Kołakowskiego, aby uzasadnić tezę, że każdy naród, także w pierwszych dekadach XXI wieku, jest zawsze wspólnotą mityczną, która nieustannie się reaktywuje również w kontekście działań politycznych i ideologicznych.
Mother Mary in the Rising Sun: A “Ritual Drama” among the Csango Hungarians
Authors: Mateffy Attila 
Published: April 2016

Mother Mary in the Rising Sun: A “Ritual Drama” among the Csango HungariansThe paper deals with the origin and symbolism of the multirooted rite of “Looking into the Sun at Dawn,” performed yearly on Pentecost, as a part of the Csíksomlyó indulgence (Şumuleu Ciuc, Romania) organised by the Catholic Church. Predominantly female ethnic Csango Hungarians performed this rite until the 21st century, and in the course of their communal visions they often saw the shape of Virgin Mary in the rising sun. The local Franciscan church shelters a 16th century Mother Mary statue — to which miraculous powers are attributed, reflecting the iconography of Mulier Amicta Sole. The paper concludes that the form of Virgin Mary taking shape in the ritualized communal visions does not only incorporate the concept of the Virgin Mother of God but also the one of the pre-Christian ancestress. By methods of comparative mythology and ritual analysis, employing written sources this paper makes an attempt to present how in their deer chasing origin myth, the Huns and Hungarians worshiped the ancestress in the figure of the doe, which they identified with the sun. The conclusion of the study is that the primeaval connection of the sun with the ancestress was adopted into Christianity reapearing in the ritualized communal visions. Maryja Matka Boża w słońcu o świcie: „dramat obrzędowy” u Csango na WęgrzechArtykuł dotyczy określenia źródeł i symboli niejednorodnego obrzędu „Patrzenia w Słońce o świcie” wykonywanego co roku w trakcie Zielonych Świątek w ramach odpustu w Csíksomlyó (Şumuleu Ciuc w Rumunii), organizowanego przez Kościół katolicki. Obrzędu wykonywanego również dziś, głównie przez kobiety należące do grupy etnicznej Csango na Węgrzech, które w trakcie wspólnych wizji często dostrzegają postać Maryi Panny we wschodzącym Słońcu. W lokalnym kościele oo. franciszkanie przechowują XVI-wieczną figurę Matki Bożej odzwierciedlającą ikonografię Mulier Amicta Sole, której przypisuje się cudowną moc. Autor artykułu wskazuje się, że postać Maryi Panny nabierająca kształtu w zrytualizowanych wspólnych wizjach odnosi się nie tylko do koncepcji Bogarodzicy Dziewicy, ale do jednej z przedchrześcijańskich przodkiń. Dzięki metodom komparatystyki mitologicznej i analizie rytuałów zawartych w źródłach pisanych artykuł ten stanowi próbę omówienia, jak w micie o pogoni za jeleniem Hunowie i Węgrzy czcili tę przodkinię w postaci łani, którą utożsamiali ze Słońcem. Konkluzją artykułu jest to, że pierwotny związek Słońca z ową przodkinią został przejęty przez chrześcijaństwo i przywrócony w zrytualizowanych wspólnych wizjach.
Rozrachunek z polskością. Poszukiwanie tożsamości narodowej w twórczości Wojciecha Smarzowskiego
Authors: Radomski Marcin 
Published: April 2016

Struggle for national identity in Wojciech Smarzowski's cinemaThe essay discusses mental and political thoughts in Smarzowski’s cinema and presents an analysis on Polish mentality, class differentiation and deconstruction of traditional symbols. The author begins his study by outlining three theories tied with political ideology of national identity. Next, he traces the struggle for national mentality in Smarzowski’s movies and through an account of how characters of varying films unite in search of ethnic roots. The article concludes with a discussion on Smarzowski’s thinking about collective memory. Rozrachunek z polskością. Poszukiwanie tożsamości narodowej w twórczości Wojciecha SmarzowskiegoEsej analizuje myśl narodową zawartą w filmach Wojciecha Smarzowskiego. Autor na filmowych egzemplifikacjach interpretuje zagadnienia polskiej mentalności, zróżnicowania klasowego i dekonstrukcji tradycyjnych symboli. W eseju zaprezentowane zostają teorie związane z pojęciem tożsamości narodowej. Zastanawiając się nad komunikatem, jaki Smarzowski wysyła do widza, autor wyróżnia trzy kategorie: odbicia lustrzanego, narodowych gustów i pierwiastka etnicznego. Artykuł kończy się dyskusją na temat pamięci zbiorowej w twórczości Smarzowskiego.
‘Guru’ devotion in India: Socio-cultural perspectives and current trends
Authors: Gavankar Anusha 
Published: April 2016

‘Guru’ devotion in India: Socio-cultural perspectives and current trendsThough the academic study of religion is considered nascent in India, eminent scholars speak of Hindu restoration and the evolution of a guru. In a highly dynamic and pluralistic India, various sociological perspectives stand valid even today, for a better understanding into the spurt of the new movements – religious, spiritual and charismatic. These offer several insights into the evolution of the ‘guru phenomenon’ in the country. We have come a long way from the traditional guru to the contemporary godman (godwoman). The ‘Guru’ in India has today entered the realm of religion. Despite having access to a wide pantheon of divine entities, what makes a people of a nation in current civilized and better literate times, cut across all barriers of caste and religion (also class) and surrender one’s all to that one ultimate authority called a ‘guru’? What makes him ‘god’? This paper attempts to comprehend, appreciate and study the evolution and progression of the ‘guru’ tradition in India - with an understanding of some sociological perspectives, the need for a ‘Guru’, role in Indian society, related psychoanalysis, and finally current trends. As we do so, this would only be the beginning of a journey in discovering the numerous traditions and movements that come to be associated with this phenomenon, each enshrined with its own trends, plentiful stories and abundant miracles – taking it to a new level, altogether. Zjawisko guru w Indiach. Perspektywy społeczno-kulturowe i aktualne kierunkiChociaż akademickie studia nad religią nadal postrzegane są w Indiach jako nowość, to wybitni uczeni mówią o hinduskim odnowieniu i ewolucji „guru”. W dynamicznych i pluralistycznych Indiach wciąż pojawiają się różnorodne koncepcje socjologiczne mające pomóc w lepszym zrozumieniu wzrostu liczby nowych ruchów religijnych, duchowych i charyzmatycznych. Odnoszą się one do wielu spostrzeżeń dotyczących ewolucji „zjawiska guru” w Indiach. Albowiem przebyliśmy długą drogę od tradycyjnego pojmowania guru do współczesnego rozumienia „boga-mężczyzny” („boga-kobiety”). Obecnie „guru” w Indiach jest częścią religii. Co jednak sprawia, że pomimo dostępu do szerokiego panteonu boskich istot ludzie danego narodu w obecnych cywilizowanych i lepiej wykształconych czasach, we wszystkich kastach i religiach (także klasach) poddają się najwyższej władzy nazywanej „guru”? Co umożliwia stanie się „bogiem”? W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę – opierając się na wybranych koncepcjach socjologicznych, psychoanalizie, a także aktualnych trendach – zrozumienia, poznania i zbadania ewolucji i rozwoju tradycji „guru” w Indiach i jego roli w społeczeństwie indyjskim. Jednakże jest to dopiero początek podróży w odkrywaniu licznych tradycji i ruchów związanych z tym zjawiskiem, gdyż każde z nich zawiera własne nurty, bogactwo opowieści i obfitość cudów – wznoszą je na całkowicie nowy poziom.
Pojęcie narodu w koncepjach współczesnych środowisk nacjonalistycznych na Ukrainie
Authors: Strutyński Maciej 
Published: April 2016

The notion of nation in the thought of contemporary nationalistic groups in UkraineThe nation is a key notion for all nationalistic movements. It can be seen from an axiological perspective. Some nationalistic environments perceive the ethnical background as crucial, other stress the importance of spiritual community. The nationalistic groups in contemporary Ukraine represent various stages of work on their ideological system as crucial, Other stress the importance of spiritual community. Several of them find it essential to indicate the source of their philosophy, hence the presence of deep deliberations about the essence of nation and the relationship between an individual and national community. A number of other organizations underline the importance of current politics over ideological considerations and effectively find notions such as nation obvious and see no need to comment on them. The contemporary Ukrainian nationalism clearly emphasizes ethnical and cultural distinction of Ukrainians from other nations. It might be argued that the intent to reject the apparent Polish and Russian historical influences is one of important factors contributing to this attitude. The contemporary Ukrainian nationalism clearly emphasizes ethnical and cultural distinction of Ukrainians from other nations. It might be argued that the intent to reject the apparent Polish and Russian historical influences is one of important factors contributing to this attitude. Pojęcie narodu w koncepjach współczesnych środowisk nacjonalistycznych na UkrainiePojęcie narodu jest kluczowe dla wszystkich ruchów nacjonalistycznych. Z koncepcją narodu wiąże się także odwołanie do kwestii aksjologicznych. Niektóre środowiska nacjonalistyczne za najważniejszy czynnik uznają pochodzenie etniczne, inne większy nacisk kładą na wspólnotę ducha. Środowiska nacjonalistyczne na współczesnej Ukrainie prezentują różny poziom wypracowania zasad ideowych. Dla niektórych dokładne wskazanie źródeł przyjętego światopoglądu jest bardzo istotne. Stąd obecność głębszych rozważań na temat istoty narodu, relacji pomiędzy jednostką a wspólnotą narodową. Pozostałe organizacje polityczne przedkładają bieżącą politykę, w efekcie czego pewne pojęcia, takie jak naród, uważają za zrozumiałe same z siebie i niewymagające szerszego komentarza. Współczesny ukraiński nacjonalizm w dość wyraźny sposób akcentuje odrębność etniczną i kulturową od innych narodów. Wydaje się, że bardzo istotnym impulsem do takiej postawy jest chęć zerwania z widocznymi historycznymi wpływami polskimi i rosyjskimi.
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Authors: Baker Daniel C. , Perzin Karl H. , Conley John 
Published: April 2016

Olfactory neuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor arising from olfactory epithelium. Generally considered to be a tumor of slow growth, it varies in aggressiveness and may cause death by distant metastasis or local invasion. The pathologic diagnosis is difficult, and this tumor is often erroneously diagnosed.Nine previously unreported cases are presented, and a review of the various treatment modalities and course of the disease is given. Maximum therapeutic success is best achieved by radical excision followed by a full course of radiation. Because of the high incidence of local recurrence (46%) and slow growth, patients should be followed up closely for life.