bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycosyltransferases of the
GT
43 Family
Authors: Anders Nadine , Dupree Paul 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Members of the CAZy family GT43 are present in the plant and animal kingdoms. Two members of the Arabidopsis GT43 family, IRX9 and IRX14, are suggested to act as β‐1,4‐xylosyltransferases, transferring UDP‐Xyl to xylosyloligomers, a process required for glucoronoxylan (GX) synthesis. Absence of IRX9 or IRX14 leads to a decrease in xylan chain length and reduced xylose content of cell walls. The mutant plants exhibit collapsed xylem vessels and, in the case of
irx9
, dwarfed plant growth. However, the enzymatic activity of the purified proteins remains to be demonstrated, as does the function of most plant GT43 family members. Interestingly, all animal GT43 proteins studied so far catalyse a different enzymatic reaction. They act as β‐1,3‐glucuronosyltransferases transferring GlcA to a terminal Gal residue of diverse carbohydrate epitopes and are involved in the synthesis of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and/or glycolipids. Thus, GT43 proteins likely diversified in evolution in order to facilitate related, but not identical, biochemical reactions involved in different biological processes, adjusting the properties of the plant cell wall and the animal extracellular matrix to the specific requirements in the two kingdoms.
The Plant Glycosyltransferase FamilyGT64: In Search of a Function
Authors: Edvardsson Ellinor , Singh Sunil Kumar , Yun Min‐Soo , Mansfeld Agata , Hauser Marie‐Theres , Marchant Alan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe glycosyltransferase 64 (GT64) family includes members from a diverse range of species including human, Xenopus and Drosophila as well as plant species including Arabidopsis, the moss Physcomitrella and poplar. The majority of the animal GT64 proteins are bimodular, consisting of an N‐terminal GT47 domain linked to a GT64 domain. The animal GT64 domain has been found to have GlcNAc transferase activity and functions during heparan sulphate biosynthesis. However, the biochemical activity of the plant GT64 proteins has yet to be established. Arabidopsis has three GT64 members which have been named ECTOPICALLY PARTING CELLS1 (EPC1), EPC‐LIKE1 (EPC‐L1) and EPC‐LIKE2 (EPC‐L2). The EPC1 and EPC‐L1 proteins are comprised of a single GT64 domain whereas the EPC‐L2 protein has an additional N‐terminal domain which does not show homology to any other protein other than EPC‐L2 homologues from other plants. Mutation of the Arabidopsis GT64 EPC1 results in a plant with severely reduced stature, demonstrating the importance of its function for normal plant development. Neutral sugar analysis of theepc1cell wall shows a reduction in galactose but there is currently no enzymatic activity demonstrated to explain this alteration. In contrast to EPC1, EPC‐L2 is specifically expressed in reproductive tissues and mutations in the gene result in defects in pollen development, reduced seed formation and embryo abortions at the late globular stage.
Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plant Resistance to Insects
Authors: Kliebenstein Daniel J 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInsects can cause significant damage to plants, both in agricultural and natural settings that lead to significant losses in yield or fitness. This has led plants to develop a large number of different defence mechanisms and strategies, from chemical toxin production to the generation of defence structures such as trichomes. The vast majority of these structures and mechanisms show genetic variation both within and between plant species, because of the vast number of different insects that a plant must fend off, each with their own mode of attack against the plant. Recent work is beginning to identify the mechanistic basis of these variable defences and how they are shaped by a plant's environment and correspondingly shape the plant's evolution. In this review, a number of these loci and their associated inferences are presented.
Costs of Resistance in Plants: From Theory to Evidence
Authors: Cipollini Don , Walters Dale , Voelckel Claudia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPlants defend themselves against attack by herbivores with a variety of physical and chemical defences, some of which also work by recruiting partners from the third trophic level. Despite the known or potential benefits of possessing defence traits, the expression of defence traits varies among tissues within individual plants, within and among plant populations, and across biotic and abiotic environments. The central explanation for such variation is that the expression of defence traits is costly to fitness in the absence of benefits. Here, we review how cost‐benefit trade‐offs have been incorporated in several hypotheses about the ecology and evolution of plant defences. We then describe several approaches that have been used to examine costs, and the empirical evidence that has been attained through their use. After 30 years of study, a consensus has emerged through a variety of approaches that expression of defence traits is, indeed, costly, but that the magnitude and importance of costs are context‐dependent.
Revisiting Plant‐Herbivore Co‐Evolution in the Molecular Biology Era
Authors: Jander Georg 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Important theories that define the role of secondary metabolites in the co‐evolution of plants and insect herbivores were proposed in a series of publications in the 1950s and 1960s. Now, roughly 50 years later, it is possible to revisit these early theories and determine how well they hold up in the light of sequenced genomes, molecular phylogenies, completely elucidated biosynthetic pathways and evidence for specific biochemical detoxification mechanisms in insect herbivores. Two classes of plant secondary metabolites stand out as being particularly well‐studied: the glucosinolates, which are characteristic of cruciferous plants; and the benzoxazinoids, which are found in many grass species. Using these metabolic pathways as examples, it is possible to demonstrate at the molecular level how biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites evolved from primary metabolism, how the development of defensive chemicals can drive plant‐herbivore co‐evolution and how insects are able to respond to plant defences at the molecular level.
Evaluation of initial setup errors of two immobilization devices for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)
Authors: Ueda Yoshihiro , Teshima Teruki , Cárdenes Higinia , Das Indra J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and efficacy of two commonly used commercial immobilization systems for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in lung cancer. This retrospective study assessed the efficacy and setup accuracy of two immobilization systems: the Elekta Body Frame (EBF) and the Civco Body Pro‐Lok (CBP) in 80 patients evenly divided for each system. A cone beam CT (CBCT) was used before each treatment fraction for setup correction in both devices. Analyzed shifts were applied for setup correction and CBCT was repeated. If a large shift (>5 mm) occurred in any direction, an additional CBCT was employed for verification after localization. The efficacy of patient setup was analyzed for 105 sessions (48 with the EBF, 57 with the CBP). Result indicates that the CBCT was repeated at the 1st treatment session in 22.5% and 47.5% of the EBF and CBP cases, respectively. The systematic errors {left–right (LR), anterior–posterior (AP), cranio‐caudal (CC), and 3D vector shift: (LR2 + AP2 + CC2)1/2 (mm)}, were {0.5 ± 3.7, 2.3 ± 2.5, 0.7 ± 3.5, 7.1 ± 3.1} mm and {0.4 ± 3.6, 0.7 ± 4.0, 0.0 ± 5.5, 9.2 ± 4.2} mm, and the random setup errors were {5.1, 3.0, 3.5, 3.9} mm and {4.6, 4.8, 5.4, 5.3} mm for the EBF and the CBP, respectively. The 3D vector shift was significantly larger for the CBP (P < 0.01). The setup time was slightly longer for the EBF (EBF: 15.1 min, CBP: 13.7 min), but the difference was not statistically significant. It is concluded that adequate accuracy in SBRT can be achieved with either system if image guidance is used. However, patient comfort could dictate the use of CBP system with slightly reduced accuracy.
The ergodic side of the many‐body localization transition
Authors: Luitz David J. , Lev Yevgeny Bar 
Published: May 2017

Recent studies point towards nontriviality of the ergodic phase in systems exhibiting many‐body localization (MBL), which shows subexponential relaxation of local observables, subdiffusive transport and sublinear spreading of the entanglement entropy. Here we review the dynamical properties of this phase and the available numerically exact and approximate methods for its study. We discuss in which sense this phase could be considered ergodic and present possible phenomenological explanations of its dynamical properties. We close by analyzing to which extent the proposed explanations were verified by numerical studies and present the open questions in this field.image
Asymmetric Copper‐Catalyzed Carbomagnesiation of Cyclopropenes
Authors: Dian Longyang , Müller Daniel S. , Marek Ilan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective formation of polysubstituted cyclopropanes was easily achieved through the asymmetric copper‐catalyzed carbomagnesiation reaction of nonfunctionalized cyclopropene derivatives. The carbometalated species generated in situ readily undergo C−C and C−X bond‐forming reactions with various electrophiles with complete retention of configuration.
Eine einfache Methode der nachträglichen Modifizierung zur Kontrolle der Seitenketteninformation digitaler Polymere
Authors: König Niklas Felix , Al Ouahabi Abdelaziz , Poyer Salomé , Charles Laurence , Lutz Jean‐François 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFür das Design informationstragender Polyphosphodiester mit kontrollierbar einzuführenden Seitenketten wurde eine dreistufige polymeranaloge Syntheseroute entwickelt. Durch Phosphoramidit‐Synthese wurden dazu entweder manuell auf Polystyrolharz oder automatisiert auf einer CPG‐Festphase Sequenzen mit definierter Primärstruktur als Vorstufe erhalten. Verwendet wurden dabei zwei Monomere, die terminale Alkine oder analog die mit Triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) geschützten Alkine als Substituenten aufweisen. Derlei Polymere sind dann stufenweise der Huisgen‐Reaktion (CuAAC) zugänglich. So wurden zuerst die terminalen Alkine mit einem Azid umgesetzt und nach Abspaltung der TIPS‐Gruppen konnten die dabei gebildeten terminalen Alkine mit einem weiteren Azid reagieren. Diese einfache Strategie gestattet die quantitative Modifizierung der Monomerseitenketten. Dies wiederum eröffnet den Zugang zu einer Vielzahl verschiedener digitaler Polymere.
From Discrete Molecular Cages to a Network of Cages Exhibiting Enhanced CO2 Adsorption Capacity
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xiang Long , Hang Cheng , Liu Wenlong , Huang Wei , Pan Yichang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe have adopted the concept of “cage to frameworks” to successfully produce a Na–N connected coordination networked cage Na‐NC1 by using a [3+6] porous imine‐linked organic cage NC1 (Nanjing Cage 1) as the precursor. It is found that Na‐NC1 exhibits hierarchical porosity (inherent permanent voids and interconnected channel) and gas sorption measurements reveal a significantly enhanced CO2 uptake (1093 cm3 g−1 at 23 bar and 273 K) than that of NC1 (162 cm3 g−1 under the same conditions). In addition, Na‐NC1 exhibits very low CO2 adsorption enthalpy making it a good candidate for porous materials with both high CO2 storage and low adsorption enthalpy.
Plasmonic‐Based Electrochemical Impedance Imaging of Electrical Activities in Single Cells
Authors: Liu Xian‐Wei , Yang Yunze , Wang Wei , Wang Shaopeng , Gao Ming , Wu Jie , Tao Nongjian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractStudying electrical activities in cells, such as action potential and its propagation in neurons, requires a sensitive and non‐invasive analytical tool that can image local electrical signals with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Here we report a plasmonic‐based electrochemical impedance imaging technique to study transient electrical activities in single cells. The technique is based on the conversion of the electrical signal into a plasmonic signal, which is imaged optically without labels. We demonstrate imaging of the fast initiation and propagation of action potential within single neurons, and validate the imaging technique with the traditional patch clamp technique. We anticipate that the plasmonic imaging technique will contribute to the study of electrical activities in various cellular processes.
Planarchirale Aminosiloxide
Authors: Golz Christopher , Steffen Patricia , Strohmann Carsten 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDie Synthese, Struktur und exemplarische Reaktivität von Siloxiden mit planarchiralem N,N‐Dimethylaminomethylferrocen‐Rückgrat wird vorgestellt. Mehrere Zinkkomplexe ausgehend aus dem racemischen als auch dem enantiomerenreinen Silanol wurden in Gegenwart von Wasser synthetisiert, kristallographisch charakterisiert und auf ihr Verhalten in Lösung untersucht. Die in diesem System vorhandene chirale Sonde stellt sich als wertvolles Werkzeug zur Identifizierung der vorliegenden Struktur in Lösung heraus. Weiterhin zeigen die Zinksiloxide eine vergleichbare Reaktivität wie die entsprechenden Silanole. Daher bieten sich diese als “maskierte” Silanole an, vor allem dann, wenn die Silanole präparativ unzugänglich sind.
Lanthanide Metal–Organic Framework Microrods: Colored Optical Waveguides and Chiral Polarized Emission
Authors: Yang Xiaogang , Lin Xianqing , Zhao Yibing , Zhao Yong Sheng , Yan Dongpeng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLanthanide metal–organic frameworks (Ln‐MOFs) have received much attention owing to their structural tunability and widely photofunctional applications. However, successful examples of Ln‐MOFs with well‐defined photonic performances at micro‐/nanometer size are still quite limited. Herein, self‐assemblies of 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) and lanthanide ions afford isostructural crystalline Ln‐MOFs. Tb‐BTC, Eu@Tb‐BTC, and Eu‐BTC have 1D microrod morphologies, high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields, and different emission colors (green, orange, and red). Spatially PL resolved spectra confirm that Ln‐MOF microrods exhibit an optical waveguide effect with low waveguide loss coefficient (0.012≈0.033 dB μm−1) during propagation. Furthermore, these microrods feature both linear and chiral polarized photoemission with high anisotropy.
Destruction of chitosan capsules based on host–guest interaction and controllable release of encapsulated dyes
Authors: Shang Chunyang , Chen Yanjun , Zhang Chaocan , Deng Zongyi , Wu Zhihui 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThis article describes a new and simple method to control the release of payloads encapsulated in chitosan capsules. The capsules with the liquid core and rigid shell are performed by drop‐wisely adding chitosan solution into anionic surfactant solution. The capsules can be destroyed by β‐CD because β‐CD binds and sequesters surfactant from the shell through the host‐guest interaction. The destruction process is studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The capsules can swell in acid solution and shrink in alkaline solution. It is found that the destruction speed increases with increasing acidity or alkalinity of β‐CD solution. Rhodamine B encapsulated in the liquid‐core of chitosan capsules can be released from the capsules in β‐CD solution. The release rate can be adjusted by the pH value of β‐CD solution. The release speed of the capsule increases with the increase of acidity or alkalinity in β‐CD solution. The above concept can provide more versatility for controlled release of a variety of payloads such as drugs, cosmetics, and so on. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45229.
Polysiloxane/polyacrylate composite latexes with balanced mechanical property and breathability: Effect of core/shell mass ratio
Authors: Shen Jie , Sun Jian‐wu , Hu Yang , Kan Cheng‐you 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTPolysiloxane/polyacrylate (PSi/PA) core/shell latexes are fabricated, and the particle morphology, the film structure, as well as the properties of the latex films are investigated by comparing with blend latexes, and the relationship between structure and property is proposed. Results indicate that the structure and property of the latex films heavily depend on the particle morphology. The sea–island latex films with uniform distribution of PSi phases can be formed from the PSi/PA core/shell latexes, and with the mass ratio from 1:1 to 1:4, their tensile strength and elongation at break are close to the pure PA latex film, while the elastic recovery and water vapor permeability improve notably. It is found that the phase segregation occurs in the blend latex films, and although the blend latex films provide better water vapor breathability, their mechanical properties sacrifice obviously. Therefore, the various properties must be balanced for practical applications and the core/shell latexes are competitive for meeting the balanced requirements. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45258.
Pyrazolo[4,3‐h]quinoline Ligand‐Based Iridium(III) Complexes for Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Hsu Chien‐Wei , Longhi Elena , Sinn Stephan , Hawes Chris S. , Young David C. , Kruger Paul E. , Cola Luisa De 
Published: May 2017

AbstractElectrochemiluminescence (ECL) based on [Ru(bpy)3]2+ systems is widely utilized for immunoassays. In order to extend the promising potential of ECL‐based applications, IrIII complexes have recently attracted attention as probes because of their excellent luminescent properties and tunable emission wavelength. Here we describe a series of Ir complexes using a large π‐conjugated ligand and different ancillary chelates. The complexes synthesized have been chemically and spectroscopically characterized and used for ECL measurements with annihilation and co‐reactant methods. One of the IrIII complexes investigated exhibits the brightest, ever reported, ECL efficiency in acetonitrile employing the benzoyl peroxide (BPO) co‐reactant method.
Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Überarbeitung der Muster‐Industriebaurichtlinie
Authors: Kruse Dirk , Zobel Andre 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIm Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts sollen Grundlagen für eine stärkere Verwendung von Holzbauweisen bei Industriebauten geschaffen werden. Dazu wurden aus der Holzbranche die wesentlichen Hemmnisse identifiziert. Mittels einer Analyse von gebauten Beispielen wurde untersucht, in welchem Umfang eine (brennbare) Holzkonstruktion überhaupt einen Einfluss auf das zu erwartende Brandszenario hat. Die Hallen wurden dazu hinsichtlich ihrer Nutzungen und der vorhandenen Brandlasten im Detail untersucht. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Vorschläge zur Überarbeitung der Muster‐Holzbaurichtlinie abgeleitet werden.
Genetic vulnerabilities to prenatal alcohol exposure: Limb defects in sonic hedgehog and GLI2 heterozygous mice
Authors: Fish Eric W. , Murdaugh Laura B. , Sulik Kathleen K. , Williams Kevin P. , Parnell Scott E. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundGenetic factors influence the physical and neurobehavioral manifestations of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Animal models allow the investigation of specific genes that confer vulnerability to, or protection from, birth defects associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). The objective of the present experiments was to determine if genetic alterations in the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathways affect the vulnerability to PAE‐induced skeletal defects involving the forelimbs and/or hindlimbs.MethodWild‐type C57BL/6J female mice were bred with males in which one copy of the Shh or Gli2 genes had been knocked out, to produce litters with both wild‐type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/−) embryos. Alcohol doses (two injections of 2.9 g/kg, 4 hours apart) or vehicles were administered starting at gestational day (GD) 9.25, 9.5, or 9.75, a critical exposure time for inducing limb defects. Limb defects were examined at GD 17 using a dysmorphology scale based on abnormalities ranging from increased interdigital spacing to the deletion of multiple fingers and the ulna.ResultsAlcohol treatment caused a high incidence of forelimb defects, particularly on the right side, that was higher in Shh+/− and Gli2+/− fetuses compared to wild‐type fetuses. Dysmorphology scores were also significantly higher in the Shh+/− and Gli2+/− mice.ConclusionsThese results extend previous findings demonstrating enhanced sensitivity to PAE‐induced craniofacial dysmorphology and support the hypothesis that genetic alterations in the Shh signaling pathway influences the vulnerability to alcohol‐induced birth defects. Moreover, these results emphasize the importance of understanding the interactions between genes and prenatal exposure to alcohol or other teratogens. Birth Defects Research 109:860–865, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic and Ligand Properties of Skeletally Substituted Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes (CAACs) and Their Reactivity towards Small Molecule Activation: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Bharadwaz Priyam , Chetia Pubali , Phukan Ashwini K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractQuantum chemical calculations have been carried out to understand the ligand properties of skeletally modified cyclic alkyl amino carbenes. The stability of these carbenes has been assessed from an evaluation of their singlet–triplet and stabilization energy values. Ylide substituted carbenes are found to be more stable than non‐ylidic ones in their optimized singlet state. Nucleophilicity and electrophilicity indices values were evaluated in order to further investigate the reactivity of these carbenes. The calculated values of proton affinities and the degree of gallium pyramidalization in the carbene‐GaCl3 adducts correlate well with the σ‐basicity of these carbenes. The reactivity of non‐ylidic carbenes toward the activation of both H2 and NH3 are calculated to be more favourable compared to that of parent CAAC. On the other hand, ylide anchored carbenes are found to be unsuccessful toward the activation of both H2 and NH3.
Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol Catalyzed by Iron, Cobalt, and Manganese Cyclopentadienone Complexes: Mechanistic Insights and Computational Design
Authors: Ge Hongyu , Chen Xiangyang , Yang Xinzheng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Xinzhen Yang at Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The image depicts a series of computationally designed iron, cobalt, and manganese cyclopentadienone catalysts for hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201701200.
Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationship Analysis of Thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives with Anti‐inflammatory Activity in Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Chen Lingfeng , Jin Yiyi , Fu Weitao , Xiao Siyang , Feng Chen , Fang Bo , Gu Yugui , Li Chenglong , Zhao Yunjie , Liu Zhiguo , Liang Guang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAcute lung injury (ALI) has a high lethality rate, and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) contribute most to tissue deterioration in cases of ALI. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new series of thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives based on a previously identified lead compound, and we evaluated their anti‐inflammatory activities. Structure–activity relationship studies led to the discovery of two highly potent inhibitors. The two promising compounds were found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced IL‐6 and TNF‐α release in a dose‐dependent manner in mouse primary peritoneal macrophages (MPMs). Furthermore, administration of these compounds resulted in lung histopathological improvements and attenuated LPS‐induced ALI in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that these novel thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives could be developed as candidate drugs for the treatment of ALI.