bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The SPARC water vapour assessment II: comparison of annual, semi-annual and quasi-biennial variations in stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour observed from satellites
Authors: Lossow Stefan , Khosrawi Farahnaz , Nedoluha Gerald E. , Azam Faiza , Bramstedt Klaus , Burrows John. P. , Dinelli Bianca M. , Eriksson Patrick , Espy Patrick J. , García-Comas Maya , Gille John C. , Kiefer Michael , Noël Stefan , Raspollini Piera , Read William G. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Rozanov Alexei , Sioris Christopher E. , Stiller Gabriele P. , Walker Kaley A. , Weigel Katja 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In the framework of the second SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) water vapour assessment (WAVAS-II), the amplitudes and phases of the annual, semi-annual and quasi-biennial variation in stratospheric and lower mesospheric water were compared using 30 data sets from 13 different satellite instruments. These comparisons aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the typical uncertainties in the observational database which can be considered in subsequent observational and modelling studies. For the amplitudes, a good agreement of their latitude and altitude distribution was found. Quantitatively there were differences in particular at high latitudes, close to the tropopause and in the lower mesosphere. In these regions, the standard deviation over all data sets typically exceeded 0.2 ppmv for the annual variation and 0.1 ppmv for the semi-annual and quasi-biennial variation. For the phase, larger differences between the data sets were found in the lower mesosphere. Generally the smallest phase uncertainties can be observed in regions where the amplitude of the variability is large. The standard deviations of the phases for all data sets were typically smaller than a month for the annual and semi-annual variation and smaller than 5 months for the quasi-biennial variation. The amplitude and phase differences among the data sets are caused by a combination of factors. In general, differences in the temporal variation of systematic errors and in the observational sampling play a dominant role. In addition, differences in the vertical resolution of the data, the considered time periods and influences of clouds, aerosols as well as non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects cause differences between the individual data sets.
A joint global carbon inversion system using both CO2 and 13CO2 atmospheric concentration data
Authors: Chen Jing M. , Mo Gang , Deng Feng 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Observations of 13CO2 at 73 sites compiled in the GLOBALVIEW database are used for an additional constraint in a global atmospheric inversion of the surface CO2 flux using CO2 observations at 210 sites (62 collocated with 13CO2 sites) for the 2002–2004 period for 39 land regions and 11 ocean regions. This constraint is implemented using prior CO2 fluxes estimated with a terrestrial ecosystem model and an ocean model. These models simulate 13CO2 discrimination rates of terrestrial photosynthesis and ocean–atmosphere diffusion processes. In both models, the 13CO2 disequilibrium between fluxes to and from the atmosphere is considered due to the historical change in atmospheric 13CO2 concentration. This joint inversion system using both13CO2 and CO2 observations is effectively a double deconvolution system with consideration of the spatial variations of isotopic discrimination and disequilibrium. Compared to the CO2-only inversion, this 13CO2 constraint on the inversion considerably reduces the total land carbon sink from 3.40 ± 0.84 to 2.53 ± 0.93 Pg C year−1 but increases the total oceanic carbon sink from 1.48 ± 0.40 to 2.36 ± 0.49 Pg C year−1. This constraint also changes the spatial distribution of the carbon sink. The largest sink increase occurs in the Amazon, while the largest source increases are in southern Africa, and Asia, where CO2 data are sparse. Through a case study, in which the spatial distribution of the annual 13CO2 discrimination rate over land is ignored by treating it as a constant at the global average of −14. 1 ‰, the spatial distribution of the inverted CO2 flux over land was found to be significantly modified (up to 15 % for some regions). The uncertainties in our disequilibrium flux estimation are 8.0 and 12.7 Pg C year−1 ‰ for land and ocean, respectively. These uncertainties induced the unpredictability of 0.47 and 0.54 Pg C year−1 in the inverted CO2 fluxes for land and ocean, respectively. Our joint inversion system is therefore useful for improving the partitioning between ocean and land sinks and the spatial distribution of the inverted carbon flux.
ANÁLISE DO USO E OCUPAÇÃO DO SOLO NO ASSENTAMENTO SANTO ANTÔNIO NO MUNICÍPIO DE CAJAZEIRAS-PB
Authors: Freitas Janierk Pereira de , Silva NETO Manoel Ferreira da , FREITAS Francisco Eduardo de , LINHARES Erika Juliana , Silva Medeiros Monalisa Cristina 
Published: March 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o atual uso e ocupação do solo e as atividades agrícolas desenvolvida pelos agricultores do assentamento Santo Antonio no Município de Cajazeiras – PB. Verificando que meios esses agricultores vem utilizando para que esta terra seja produtiva ao longo dos anos e quais os plantios são mais adaptados ao solo do assentamento. O procedimento metodológico utilizou-se dos pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa.A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas,depoimento de agricultores e familiares tendo uma abordagem quantitativa na sistematização de parte dos dados, sendo compilados em gráficos. Aliado a estas, utilizou-se a metodologia denominada "bola de neve" na qual os primeiros entrevistados, indicam outros atores sociais, e assim sucessivamente. De acordo com as informações obtidas pelos participantes da pesquisa, os resultados mostraram que os agricultores vem se adaptando de novos mecanismo para uma nova lógica e concepção de trabalhar e construir um Semiárido com práticas agrícolas saudáveis voltadas para a preservação ou recuperação do solo degradado garantido assim à preservação dos recursos naturais e melhoria na qualidade de vida dos mesmos.
Evaluation of procedures for typing of group B Streptococcus: a retrospective study
Authors: Slotved Hans-Christian , Hoffmann Steen 
Published: March 2017

Background
This study evaluates two procedures for typing of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci; GBS) isolates, using retrospective typing data from the period 2010 to 2014 with a commercial latex agglutination test (latex test) and the Lancefield precipitation test (LP test). Furthermore, the genotype distribution of phenotypically non-typable (NT) GBS isolates is presented. We also raise the awareness, that the difference in typing results obtained by phenotypical methods and genotype based methods may have implications on vaccine surveillance in case a GBS vaccine is introduced.

Methods
A total of 616 clinical GBS isolates from 2010 to 2014 were tested with both a latex test and the LP test. Among these, 66 isolates were genotyped by PCR, including 41 isolates that were phenotypically NT.

Results
The latex test provided a serotype for 83.8% of the isolates (95% CI [80.7–86.6]) compared to 87.5% (95% CI [84.6–90.0]) obtained by the LP method. The two assays provided identical capsular identification for all sero-typeable isolates (excluding NT isolates). The PCR assay provided a genotype designation to the 41 isolates defined as phenotypically NT isolates.

Discussion
We found that the latex test showed a slightly lower identification percentage than the LP test. Our recommendation is to use the latex agglutination as the routine primary assay for GBS surveillance, and then use the more labour intensive precipitation test on the NT isolates to increase the serotyping rate. A genotype could be assigned to all the phenotypically NT isolates, however, as a consequence genotyping will overestimate the coverage from possible future capsular polysaccharide based GBS vaccines.
Reply to comment by B. E. Prokhorov and O. V. Zolotov on “An improved coupling model for the lithosphere‐atmosphere‐ionosphere system”
Authors: Kuo Cheng‐Ling , Lee Lou‐Chuang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe currents flowing between the Earth and ionosphere are numerically calculated. We solve the current continuity equation by two methods: the first method is to solve ϕ in ∇ ⋅ J = ∇ ⋅ (σ∇ϕ) = 0, where σ is atmospheric conductivity and ϕ is the electric potential, and the second method is to solve the current potential Ψ in ∇ ⋅ J = − ∇2Ψ = 0 by assuming J = − ∇Ψ, a curl‐free current density. Two solutions of ∇ ⋅ J = 0 for current flow in the atmosphere between Earth surface and ionosphere are compared in this reply. The differences of two results are <4%, which may be partly caused by the numerical errors in the presence of large variations in the σ profile. The current potential can provide a good approximation for upward currents that flow into the ionosphere. In addition, we compare two models for the current flow from lithosphere to atmosphere: (a) two charge layers embedded in the lithosphere and (b) a dynamo in the lithosphere. The presence of a dynamo in the lithosphere for Model (b) can lead to the presence of current and electric field in the atmosphere and hence in the ionosphere. In Model (a), the electrostatic charge layers in the lithosphere cannot lead to the presence of electric field in the atmosphere.
Buoyancy‐driven coastal current blocks ventilation of an anoxic fjord on the Pacific coast of Canada
Authors: Thomson Richard E. , Spear David J. , Krassovski Maxim V. , Hourston Roy A. S. , Juhász Tamás A. , Mihály Steven F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractShallow sills restrict the ventilation of deep coastal fjords. Dense oceanic water seaward of the sill and lower density water within the receiving basin are generally required for oxygenated water to cross the sill and descend deep into the fjord. Here we use concurrent 10 year time series from current meters in the fjord and on the continental shelf to examine ventilation of the 120 m deep, anoxic inner basin of Effingham Inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Whereas density currents traverse the 40 m deep sill and flow into the inner basin at mid‐depth at quasi‐fortnightly tidal intervals, only five current intrusions descended to the bottom of the basin over the decade‐long measurement period. The deep intrusions had a mean (±SD) return interval of 1.75 (±1.33) years and induced bottom‐water changes that persisted for 1–2 months. We show that, in addition to conditions within the inlet, deep ventilation of the inner basin is dependent on a coordinated sequence of external processes: (1) the onset of upwelling winds along the outer coast; (2) reversal of the buoyancy‐driven coastal current that normally flows poleward over the inner shelf off Vancouver Island; and (3) reversal of the estuarine circulation in the channel connecting the inlet to the ocean. As the observed ventilation intervals are short compared to the decadal intervals derived from the spacing of “homogenites” (sedimentation sequences disrupted by intruding bottom currents), the use of homogenites as proxies for past upwelling conditions in the northeast Pacific may need to be reexamined.
The quasi‐6 day wave and its interactions with solar tides
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey M. , Zhang Xiaoli 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (TIMED/SABER) temperature measurements between 20 and 110 km altitude and ±50° latitude during 2002–2015 are employed to reveal the climatological characteristics of the quasi‐6 day wave (Q6DW) and evidence for secondary waves (SW) resulting from its nonlinear interactions with solar tides. The mean period is 6.14d with a standard deviation (σ) of 0.26d. Multiyear‐mean maximum amplitudes (3–5 K, σ ∼ 4 K) occur within the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere (MLT) region between 75 and 100 km during day of year (DOY) 60–120 and 180–300 in the Northern Hemisphere and DOY 0–110 and 200–300 in the Southern Hemisphere. Amplitudes approach 10 K in some individual years. At midlatitudes downward phase progression exists from 100 to 35 km with a mean vertical wavelength of about 70 km. Signatures of SW due to Q6DW‐tide interactions appear at distinct space‐based zonal wave numbers (ks) in temperature spectra constructed in the reference frame of the TIMED orbit. However, SW produced by several different tides can collapse onto the same (ks) value, rendering their relative contributions indistinguishable. Nevertheless, by determining the space‐based wave amplitudes attached to these values of (ks), and demonstrating that they are a large fraction of the interacting wave amplitudes, we conclude that the aggregate contributions of the SW to the overall wave spectrum must be significant. Because the SW have periods, zonal wave numbers, and latitude‐height structures different from those of the primary waves, they contribute additionally to the complexity of the wave spectrum. This complexity is communicated to the ionosphere through collisions or through the dynamo electric fields generated by the total wave spectrum.
Formation of plasma around a small meteoroid: 1. Kinetic theory
Authors: Dimant Y. S. , Oppenheim M. M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEvery second, millions of submilligram meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere producing dense plasmas. Radars easily detect these plasmas, and researchers use this data to characterize both the meteoroids and the atmosphere. This paper develops a first‐principle kinetic theory describing the behavior of particles ablated from a small fast‐moving meteoroid and then colliding with atmospheric molecules. These collisions result in partial ionization of the ablated particles and formation of a dense plasma around the meteoroid. This theory produces analytic expressions describing the spatial structure and velocity distributions of ions and neutrals near the ablating meteoroid. The analytical model will serve as a basis for a more accurate quantitative interpretation of radar measurements and should help calculate meteoroid and atmosphere parameters from radar head‐echo observations.
Cardinal Manifestations of Cancer
Authors: Holland James F. , Hong Waun Ki , Kufe Donald W. , Bast Robert C. , Hait William N. , Pollock Raphael E. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. 
Published: March 2017

Overview
Cancer is asymptomatic at its initiation. Symptoms arise when a conduit is impaired, when cancer cells impinge on nerve fibers causing pain or dysfunction, when secretory products of the tumor cause systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, or fatigue, when ulceration and bleeding occur, or upon recognition of a mass. Indeed any symptom that lasts two weeks, even intermittently, could be a symptom of cancer, the great imitator. Cancer always belongs in the differential diagnosis.
Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Heymach John V. , Zurita‐Saavedra Amado , Kopetz Scott , Cascone Tina , Nilsson Monique 
Published: March 2017

OverviewAngiogenesis, the growth of new capillary blood vessels, is central to cancer growth and metastasis and is recognized to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Antiangiogenic agents have become part of the standard treatment armamentarium for many solid tumors, providing significant clinical benefits for some cancers (e.g., renal cell, colorectal) and modest or no benefit for others. This chapter is focused on principles of tumor angiogenesis that are intrinsic to the behavior of human cancer, and lessons that can be gleaned from the clinical testing and use of angiogenesis inhibitors to date.
Behavioral Approaches to Cancer Prevention
Authors: Philip Errol J. , Ostroff Jamie S. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewCertain health behaviors increase the risk of being diagnosed with cancer. It has been estimated that 35% of cancer deaths throughout the world could be avoided through adoption of health promoting behaviors. This chapter summarizes research on the effects of behavioral risk factors on cancer incidence and behavioral interventions for cancer prevention. Several behavioral risk factors—tobacco use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle and obesity, sun and UV exposure—have all been associated with cancer etiology, and clinical recommendations for health promoting behavior change interventions have been developed. Physician recommendations and delivery of health promotion counseling are essential for effective dissemination of cancer prevention efforts.
Diet and Nutrition in the Etiology and Prevention of Cancer
Authors: Clinton Steven K. , Grainger Elizabeth M. , Giovannucci Edward L. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewAssociations between nutrients, foods, dietary patterns, and cancer risk have been the source of substantial scientific inquiry as improved tools to assess dietary exposures and cancer outcomes have emerged for different populations around the globe. Research includes observational studies, epidemiologic cohort studies, and some human intervention trials that are supported by mechanistic laboratory investigations. These efforts strongly implicate dietary patterns as a major risk factor in the global cancer burden and have resulted in the formulation of dietary guidelines for prevention of cancer by several public health organizations. The dietary recommendations, which also include maintaining a healthy weight and participating in regular physical activity, are interrelated and are intended to guide the development of behavior patterns regarding diet orchestration and exercise that are consistent with reducing the risk of cancer. Those undergoing cancer treatment with diverse therapeutic interventions require personalized consultations with nutrition professionals, such as registered dietitians, in order to maintain optimal health while reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy of therapy. Increasingly, the role of diet and physical activity in cancer survivorship is being addressed, and the future will likely include more specific survivorship guidelines, personalized for individuals, that reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, lower the long‐term consequences of cancer therapy, and promote health and quality of life.
Monoclonal Serotherapy
Authors: Bast Robert C. , Zalutsky Michael R. , Frankel Arthur E. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewMonoclonal antibodies have impacted significantly the care of patients with cancer. Some 22 monoclonal antibodies, cytotoxic drug conjugates, radionuclide conjugates, and targeted toxins have been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of a dozen different malignancies, although three of these biologicals are no longer marketed. Useful monoclonal antibodies have targeted proteins on the cancer cell surface most frequently (CD20 by rituximab and HER2 by trastuzumab and pertuzumab), inhibiting growth, inducing apoptosis, and enhancing chemotherapy, but some have targeted cytokines (IL‐6 by siltuximab), growth factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by bevacizumab], and growth factor receptors (VEGFR2 by ramucirumab) that can affect endothelial cells in tumor vessels, or have altered the immune response by neutralizing checkpoint inhibitors (CTLA4 by ipilimumab and PD1 by nivolumab or pembrolizumab). In the case of trastuzumab and pertuzumab, binding of the two antibodies to different sites on HER2 cell surface receptors has produced greater antitumor activity than either alone. Enhanced cancer cell killing has also been achieved by conjugation of antibodies with cytotoxic drugs (emtansine to anti‐HER2 trastuzumab and vedotin to anti‐CD30 brentuximab) or radionuclide conjugates (90Y to anti‐CD20 ibritumomab tiuxetan) permitting effective treatment for patients who had failed therapy with unconjugated antibodies. There are several barriers to effective therapy with monoclonal antibodies including antigen specificity, antigenic modulation, heterogeneity of antigen expression, effective delivery of antibodies to cancer cells, potency of effector mechanisms, and response to foreign globulin. The latter problem has been circumvented with the use of chimeric constructs, humanization of murine antibodies, and developing genetically engineered mice with the ability to develop fully human antibodies. Use of unconjugated antibodies is likely to improve as our knowledge of tumor biology and immunology grows, identifying targets such as OX‐40 ligand. Use of smaller molecularly engineered binding constructs may improve pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of serotherapy. Combinations of antibodies may be required to compensate for antigenic heterogeneity. Development of antibody drug conjugates will require the identification of monoclonal reagents that target tumor initiating stem cells. Pretargeting and the use of α‐emitters are promising approaches to improving antibody‐radionuclide conjugates. Development of targeted toxins must be further explored.
Neoplasms of the Eye
Authors: Francis Jasmine H. , Schefler Amy C. , Abramson David H. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewCancers involving the eye are less common compared to lung, prostate and breast cancer. However, they pose a special challenge because they can influence both life and vision. The field of ophthalmic oncology focuses on these two elements: improving efficacy to treat the disease and save life, and limiting the consequence of treatment to maintain vision. The eye itself is composed of a variety of distinct tissues and ophthalmic malignancies can affect a number of these anatomical areas. This makes the topic of neoplasms of the eye heterogeneous in origin, pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment.
Urologic Complications
Authors: Sanford Rachel A. , Abudayyeh Ala , Logothetis Christopher J. , Tannir Nizar M. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewThe management of patients with cancer requires anticipation and timely intervention for urologic complications including urinary tract obstruction, cystitis, nephritis, and nephrotoxicity from chemotherapeutic agents. In patients with limited‐stage disease receiving therapy with curative intent, skilled management of urologic complications is crucial for delivering adequate doses of chemotherapy and avoiding dose reductions that may compromise the likelihood of cure. In the metastatic setting, skillful management of urologic complications including urinary obstruction can provide significant palliation of symptoms. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and management of urinary tract obstruction occurring at the level of the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. Mechanisms of chemotherapy‐ and radiation‐induced cystitis and nephritis and their management are reviewed. Finally, an overview of the most commonly used potentially nephrotoxic therapeutic agents is provided, with an emphasis on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. In addition to cytotoxic chemotherapy, the nephrotoxicity caused by targeted therapies is discussed, and emerging insights into immune‐related adverse events (irAE) that may affect the kidney are reviewed.