bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in Bacterial Community of Rearing Water and Gut of Common Dentex, Dentex dentex (Linnaeus 1758), Larvae Using Three Microalgae Management Approaches
Authors: Giménez Papiol Gemma , Roque Ana , Estévez Alicia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMicroorganisms present in the rearing water colonize the gut of first feeding larvae and represent the first barrier against opportunistic pathogens. The aim of the experiments presented herein was to standardize a protocol for the management of rearing water and microalgae suitable for the larval rearing of common dentex. In Experiment 1, bacteria–algae interactions were tested using a monospecific microalgal community, Tetraselmis chuii, suitable for nutritional experiments and with known antibacterial activity. In Experiment 2, the evolution of the bacterial community and larval performance (growth and survival) were monitored daily, in three conditions: (1) mature water: T. chuii was added 5 d before the rearing of common dentex larvae, (2) green water: T. chuii was added 1 d before, and (3) clear water: no T. chuii addition. The results show the influence of the presence of T. chuii on the evolution of the bacterial communities, both in terms of bacterial density and morphology, and indicate green water is the most suitable water treatment for management of larval rearing for common dentex.
The Stubenberg meteorite—An LL6 chondrite fragmental breccia recovered soon after precise prediction of the strewn field
Authors: Bischoff Addi , Barrat Jean‐Alix , Bauer Kerstin , Burkhardt Christoph , Busemann Henner , Ebert Samuel , Gonsior Michael , Hakenmüller Janina , Haloda Jakub , Harries Dennis , Heinlein Dieter , Hiesinger Harald , Hochleitner Rupert , Hoffmann Viktor , Kaliwoda Melanie , Laubenstein Matthias , Maden Colin , Meier Matthias M. M. , Morlok Andreas , Pack Andreas , Ruf Alexander , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe , Schönbächler Maria , Steele Robert C. J. , Spurný Pavel , Wimmer Karl 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOn March 6, 2016 at 21:36:51 UT, extended areas of Upper Austria, Bavaria (Germany) and the southwestern part of the Czech Republic were illuminated by a very bright bolide. This bolide was recorded by instruments in the Czech part of the European Fireball Network and it enabled complex and precise description of this event including prediction of the impact area. So far six meteorites totaling 1473 g have been found in the predicted area. The first pieces were recovered on March 12, 2016 on a field close to the village of Stubenberg (Bavaria). Stubenberg is a weakly shocked (S3) fragmental breccia consisting of abundant highly recrystallized rock fragments embedded in a clastic matrix. The texture, the large grain size of plagioclase, and the homogeneous compositions of olivine (Fa31.4) and pyroxene (Fs25.4) clearly indicate that Stubenberg is an LL6 chondrite breccia. This is consistent with the data on O, Ti, and Cr isotopes. Stubenberg does not contain solar wind‐implanted noble gases. Data on the bulk chemistry, IR spectroscopy, cosmogenic nuclides, and organic components also indicate similarities to other metamorphosed LL chondrites. Noble gas studies reveal that the meteorite has a cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age of 36 ± 3 Ma and that most of the cosmogenic gases were produced in a meteoroid with a radius of at least 35 cm. This is larger than the size of the meteoroid which entered the Earth's atmosphere, which is constrained to <20 cm from short‐lived radionuclide data. In combination, this might suggest a complex exposure history for Stubenberg.
To reproduce or work? Insect castes emerge from socially induced changes in nutrition‐related genes
Authors: Toth Amy L. 
Published: May 2017

In social species, there is a fundamental trade‐off between ‘me’ and ‘we’; that is, should I reproduce, or should I work to help others to reproduce? In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Okada et al. () delve into the evolution and genetic mechanisms of this core question, focusing on social caste formation in insects. The authors take advantage of a unique ant in the genus Diacamma, which has secondarily lost the classic, highly different queens and workers found in many other ants, bees and wasps. Instead, Diacamma ant castes are decided via aggressive dominance interactions among adult females, similar to dominance hierarchies seen in primitively social insects and many social vertebrates. But how does being dominated translate into reproductive shutdown and thus, the creation of a worker caste? The authors use transcriptomics to address this question, and discover that the key may lie in very rapid (within one day) changes in the regulation of nutrient signalling genes, and other genes related to nutrient storage and reproduction. In other words, being aggressed turns on or off genes that tell the ant's brain and physiology to go into ‘sterile mode’, whereas winning a fight stimulates other genes that ramp up reproductive traits. These results add weight to the idea that caste differences rely on a ‘toolkit’ of deeply conserved genes involved in core nutritional, reproductive and metabolic functions. In addition, these results emphasize the exquisite and rapid social environmental sensitivity of core toolkit genes during the production of distinct phenotypes.
Functional assignment of multiple ESCRT‐III homologs in cell division and budding in Sulfolobus islandicus
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Gao Renxia , Li Chengtao , Ni Jinfeng , Yang Zhaojie , Zhang Qi , Chen Haining , Shen Yulong 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe archaea Sulfolobus utilizes the ESCRT‐III‐based machinery for cell division. This machinery comprises three proteins: CdvA, Eukaryotic‐like ESCRT‐III and Vps4. In addition to ESCRT‐III, Sulfolobus cells also encode three other ESCRT‐III homologs termed ESCRT‐III‐1, −2 and −3. Herein, we show that ESCRT‐III‐1 and −2 in S. islandicus REY15A are localized at midcell between segregating chromosomes, indicating that both are involved in cell division. Genetic analysis reveals that escrt‐III‐2 is indispensable for cell viability and cells with reduced overall level of ESCRT‐III‐1 exhibit growth retardation and cytokinesis defect with chain‐like cell morphology. In contrast, escrt‐III‐3 is dispensable for cell division. We show that S. islandicus REY15A cells generate buds when infected with S. tengchongensis spindle shaped‐virus 2 (STSV2) or when ESCRT‐III‐3 is over‐expressed. Interestingly, Δescrt‐III‐3 cells infected with STSV2 do not produce buds. These results suggest that ESCRT‐III‐3 plays an important role in budding. In addition, cells over‐expressing the C‐terminal truncated mutants of ESCRT‐III, ESCRT‐III‐1 and ESCRT‐III‐2 are maintained predominantly at the early, late, and membrane abscission stages of cell division respectively, suggesting a crucial role of the ESCRTs at different stages of membrane ingression. Intriguingly, intercellular bridge and midbody‐like structures are observed in cells over‐expressing MIM2‐truncated mutant of ESCRT‐III‐2.
Cell wall peptidolipids of Mycobacterium avium: from genetic prediction to exact structure of a nonribosomal peptide
Authors: Bannantine John P. , Etienne Gilles , Laval Françoise , Stabel Judith R. , Lemassu Anne , Daffé Mamadou , Bayles Darrell O. , Ganneau Christelle , Bonhomme Frédéric , Branger Maxime , Cochard Thierry , Bay Sylvie , Biet Franck 
Published: May 2017

SummaryMycobacteria have a complex cell wall structure that includes many lipids; however, even within a single subspecies of Mycobacterium avium these lipids can differ. Total lipids from an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) ovine strain (S‐type) contained no identifiable glycopeptidolipids or lipopentapeptide (L5P), yet both lipids are present in other M. avium subspecies. We determined the genetic and phenotypic basis for this difference using sequence analysis as well as biochemical and physico‐chemical approaches. This strategy showed that a nonribosomal peptide synthase, encoded by mps1, contains three amino acid specifying modules in ovine strains, compared to five modules in bovine strains (C‐type). Sequence analysis predicted these modules would produce the tripeptide Phe‐N‐Methyl‐Val‐Ala with a lipid moiety, termed lipotripeptide (L3P). Comprehensive physico‐chemical analysis of Map S397 extracts confirmed the structural formula of the native L3P as D‐Phe‐N‐Methyl‐L‐Val‐L‐Ala‐OMe attached in N‐ter to a 20‐carbon fatty acid chain. These data demonstrate that S‐type strains, which are more adapted in sheep, produce a unique lipid. There is a dose‐dependent effect observed for L3P on upregulation of CD25+ CD8 T cells from infected cows, while L5P effects were static. In contrast, L5P demonstrated a significantly stronger induction of CD25+ B cells from infected animals compared to L3P.
The role of intrinsically disordered C‐terminal region of FliK in substrate specificity switching of the bacterial flagellar type III export apparatus
Authors: Kinoshita Miki , Aizawa Shin‐Ichi , Inoue Yumi , Namba Keiichi , Minamino Tohru 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe bacterial flagellar export switching machinery consists of a ruler protein, FliK, and an export switch protein, FlhB and switches substrate specificity of the flagellar type III export apparatus upon completion of hook assembly. An interaction between the C‐terminal domain of FliK (FliKC) and the C‐terminal cytoplasmic domain of FlhB (FlhBC) is postulated to be responsible for this switch. FliKC has a compactly folded domain termed FliKT3S4 (residues 268–352) and an intrinsically disordered region composed of the last 53 residues, FliKCT (residues 353–405). Residues 301–350 of FliKT3S4 and the last five residues of FliKCT are critical for the switching function of FliK. FliKCT is postulated to regulate the interaction of FliKT3S4 with FlhBC, but it remains unknown how. Here we report the role of FliKCT in the export switching mechanism. Systematic deletion analyses of FliKCT revealed that residues of 351–370 are responsible for efficient switching of substrate specificity of the export apparatus. Suppressor mutant analyses showed that FliKCT coordinates FliKT3S4 action with the switching. Site‐directed photo‐cross‐linking experiments showed that Val‐302 and Ile‐304 in the hydrophobic core of FliKT3S4 bind to FlhBC. We propose that FliKCT may induce conformational rearrangements of FliKT3S4 to bind to FlhBC.
Novel compounds targeting the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli type three secretion system reveal insights into mechanisms of secretion inhibition
Authors: Zambelloni Riccardo , Connolly James P.R. , Huerta Uribe Alejandro , Burgess Karl , Marquez Rodolfo , Roe Andrew J. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryAnti‐virulence (AV) compounds are a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics for fighting bacterial infections. The Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) is a well‐studied and attractive AV target, given that it is widespread in more than 25 species of Gram‐negative bacteria, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and as it is essential for host colonization by many pathogens. In this work, we designed, synthesized and tested a new series of compounds that block the functionality of the T3SS of EHEC. Affinity chromatography experiments identified the primary target of the compounds as the T3SS needle pore protein EspD, which is essential for effector protein translocation into host cells. These data were supported by mechanistic studies that determined the coiled‐coil domain 1 of EspD as a key compound‐binding site, thereby preventing correct assembly of the T3SS complex on the cell surface. However, binding of inhibitors to EspD or deletion of EspD itself did not result in transcriptional down‐regulation of effector proteins. Instead, we found the compounds to exhibit dual‐functionality by also down‐regulating transcription of the entire chromosomal locus encoding the T3SS, further demonstrating their desirability and effectiveness.
Unravelling the complexity and redundancy of carbon catabolic repression in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25
Authors: Liu Yunhao , Gokhale Chaitanya S. , Rainey Paul B. , Zhang Xue‐Xian 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe two‐component system CbrAB is the principal regulator for cellular metabolic balance in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and is necessary for growth on many substrates including xylose. To understand the regulatory linkage between CbrAB and genes for xylose utilization (xut), we performed transposon mutagenesis of ΔcbrB to select for Xut+ suppressors. This led to identification of crc and hfq. Subsequent genetic and biochemical analysis showed that Crc and Hfq are key mediators of succinate‐provoked carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Specifically, Crc/Hfq sequentially bind to mRNAs of both the transcriptional activator and structural genes involved in xylose catabolism. However, in the absence of succinate, repression is relieved through competitive binding by two ncRNAs, CrcY and CrcZ, whose expression is activated by CbrAB. These findings provoke a model for CCR in which it is assumed that crc and hfq are functionally complementary, whereas crcY and crcZ are genetically redundant. Inactivation of either crcY or crcZ produced no effects on bacterial fitness in laboratory media, however, results of mathematical modelling predict that the co‐existence of crcY and crcZ requires separate functional identity. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that CCR is advantageous in nutrient‐complex environments where preferred carbon sources are present at high concentrations but fluctuate in their availability.
The buffering capacity of stems: genetic architecture of nonstructural carbohydrates in cultivated Asian rice, Oryza sativa
Authors: Wang Diane R. , Han Rongkui , Wolfrum Edward J. , McCouch Susan R. 
Published: May 2017

Summary

Harnessing stem carbohydrate dynamics in grasses offers an opportunity to help meet future demands for plant‐based food, fiber and fuel production, but requires a greater understanding of the genetic controls that govern the synthesis, interconversion and transport of such energy reserves.

We map out a blueprint of the genetic architecture of rice (Oryza sativa) stem nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) at two critical developmental time‐points using a subpopulation‐specific genome‐wide association approach on two diverse germplasm panels followed by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in a biparental population.

Overall, 26 QTL are identified; three are detected in multiple panels and are associated with starch‐at‐maturity, sucrose‐at‐maturity and NSC‐at‐heading. They tag OsHXK6 (rice hexokinase), ISA2 (rice isoamylase) and a tandem array of sugar transporters.

This study provides the foundation for more in‐depth molecular investigation to validate candidate genes underlying rice stem NSC and informs future comparative studies in other agronomically vital grass species.
Testing plant use of mobile vs immobile soil water sources using stable isotope experiments
Authors: Vargas Ana I. , Schaffer Bruce , Yuhong Li , Sternberg Leonel da Silveira Lobo 
Published: May 2017

Summary

We tested for isotope exchange between bound (immobile) and mobile soil water, and whether there is isotope fractionation during plant water uptake. These are critical assumptions to the formulation of the ‘two water worlds’ hypothesis based on isotope profiles of soil water.

In two different soil types, soil‐bound water in two sets of 19‐l pots, each with a 2‐yr‐old avocado plant (Persea americana), were identically labeled with tap water. After which, one set received isotopically enriched water whereas the other set received tap water as the mobile phase water. After a dry down period, we analyzed plant stem water as a proxy for soil‐bound water as well as total soil water by cryogenic distillation.

Seventy‐five to 95% of the bound water isotopically exchanged with the mobile water phase. In addition, plants discriminated against 18O and 2H during water uptake, and this discrimination is a function of the soil water loss and soil type.

The present experiment shows that the assumptions for the ‘two water worlds’ hypothesis are not supported. We propose a novel explanation for the discrepancy between isotope ratios of the soil water profile and other water compartments in the hydrological cycle.
Extended calorie restriction suppresses overall and specific food cravings: a systematic review and a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kahathuduwa C. N. , Binks M. , Martin C. K. , Dawson J. A. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundMultiple studies have concluded that calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks is associated with reduced food cravings, while others have shown that calorie restriction may increase food cravings. We addressed this ambiguity in a systematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsWe searched for studies conducted on subjects with obesity, implemented calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks and measured food cravings pre‐intervention and post‐intervention. Our final eight studies mostly used the Food Craving Inventory. Other comparable methods were converted to a similar scale. We used the duration ≥12 weeks, but closest to 16 weeks for studies with multiple follow‐ups and performed DerSimonian–Laird random‐effects meta‐analyses using the ‘metafor’ package in r software.ResultsDespite heterogeneity across studies, we observed reductions in pooled effects for overall food cravings (−0.246 [−0.490, −0.001]) as well as cravings for sweet (−0.410 [−0.626, −0.194]), high‐fat (−0.190 [−0.343, −0.037]), starchy (−0.288 [−0.517, −0.058]) and fast food (−0.340 [−0.633, −0.048]) in the meta‐analysis. Baseline body weight, type of intervention, duration, sample size and percentage of female subjects explained the heterogeneity.ConclusionsCalorie restriction is associated with reduced food cravings supporting a de‐conditioning model of craving reductions. Our findings should ease the minds of clinicians concerned about increased cravings in patients undergoing calorie restriction interventions.
Correlation of Cup Inclination Angle with Liner Wear for Metal‐on‐polyethylene in Hip Primary Arthroplasty
Authors: Tian Jia‐liang , Sun Li , Hu Rui‐yin , Han Wei , Tian Xiao‐bin 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesThe relationship between cup inclination angle and liner wear is controversial. Most authors in the published literature agree that the ideal cup inclination is associated with lower inner wear; however, some disagree. All previous studies did not control for femoral head diameter and inclination, so it is difficult to assess the relative or synergistic effects of cup angle on outcomes.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 154 patients (171 hips) with primary total hip arthroplasties performed from 2001 to 2004. All surgeries had been performed by the same physician team. A posterior approach was applied in all patients. All prostheses were non‐cemented cups with a 28‐mm metal head. Inclusion criteria included that the radiographic material was not completed or lost for primary or last follow up. Patients were divided into four groups according to different cup inclination angle. There were 108 hips with inclination angles below 50°; 35 hips with angles between 50° and 55°; 17 hips with angles between 55° and 60°; and 11 hips with angles greater than 60°. An immediate postoperative radiograph was compared with a follow‐up radiograph. Clinical and radiographic data were collected on standardized hip evaluation forms preoperatively, 6 months after surgery and at yearly follow‐up visits. Radiographs were digitized and enlarged 100%. After the radiographs were digitized, polyethylene wear rates and acetabular cup abduction were measured on all patients with Cavas 15.0 software. The results were analyzed using Student's two‐tailed paired t‐test with SPSS 11.5.ResultsThe preoperative mean Harris hip score improved from 45.36 to 93.5 points 10 years after surgery. No acetabular component was revised for aseptic loosening. Three patients (three hips) had to undergo bone grafting and a lined arthroplasty for severe osteolysis around the acetabular component. The rate of implant survival at 10 years with respect to loosening was 100%. The mean liner wear rate was 0.135 mm/year in cups with inclination angles below 50°, 0.144 mm/year between 50° and 55°, 0.260 mm/year between 55° and 60°, and 0.403 mm/year when the angle was greater than 60°. Liner wear increased when the cup angle was larger than 55° (P < 0.05).ConclusionsFor metal‐on‐polyethylene prostheses, liner wear correlates with cup inclination angle larger than 55°. The ideal abduction angle for metal‐on‐polyethylene prostheses is less than 55°.
Incidence and predictors of massive bleeding in children undergoing liver transplantation: A single‐center retrospective analysis
Authors: Kloesel Benjamin , Kovatsis Pete G. , Faraoni David , Young Vanessa , Kim Heung Bae , Vakili Khashayar , Goobie Susan M. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundLiver transplantation represents a major surgery involving a highly vascular organ. Reports defining the scope of bleeding in pediatric liver transplants are few.AimsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of liver transplants performed at our pediatric tertiary care center to quantify blood loss, blood product utilization, and to determine predictors for massive intraoperative bleeding.MethodsPediatric patients who underwent isolated liver transplantation at Boston Children's Hospital between 2011 and 2016 were included. The amount of blood product transfused in the perioperative period and the incidence of postoperative complications were reported. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine predictors for massive bleeding, defined as estimated blood loss exceeding one circulating blood volume within 24 hours.ResultsSixty‐eight children underwent liver transplantation during the study period and were included in the analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the following independent predictors of massive bleeding: preoperative hemoglobin level <8.5 g/dL (OR 11.09, 95% CI 1.87‐65.76), INR >1.5 (OR 11.62, 95% CI 2.36‐57.26), platelet count <100 109/L (OR 7.92, 95% CI 1.46‐43.05), and surgery duration >600 minutes (OR 6.97, 95% CI 0.99‐48.92).ConclusionsPediatric liver transplantation is associated with substantial blood loss and a significant blood product transfusion burden. A 43% incidence of massive bleeding is reported. Further efforts are needed to improve bleeding management in this high‐risk population.
Epidermal bladder cells confer salinity stress tolerance in the halophyte quinoa and Atriplex species
Authors: Kiani‐Pouya Ali , Roessner Ute , Jayasinghe Nirupama S. , Lutz Adrian , Rupasinghe Thusitha , Bazihizina Nadia , Bohm Jennifer , Alharbi Sulaiman , Hedrich Rainer , Shabala Sergey 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEpidermal bladder cells (EBCs) have been postulated to assist halophytes in coping with saline environments. However, little direct supporting evidence is available. Here, Chenopodium quinoa plants were grown under saline conditions for 5 weeks. One day prior to salinity treatment, EBCs from all leaves and petioles were gently removed by using a soft cosmetic brush and physiological, ionic and metabolic changes in brushed and non‐brushed leaves were compared. Gentle removal of EBC neither initiated wound metabolism nor affected the physiology and biochemistry of control‐grown plants but did have a pronounced effect on salt‐grown plants, resulting in a salt‐sensitive phenotype. Of 91 detected metabolites, more than half were significantly affected by salinity. Removal of EBC dramatically modified these metabolic changes, with the biggest differences reported for gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), proline, sucrose and inositol, affecting ion transport across cellular membranes (as shown in electrophysiological experiments). This work provides the first direct evidence for a role of EBC in salt tolerance in halophytes and attributes this to (1) a key role of EBC as a salt dump for external sequestration of sodium; (2) improved K+ retention in leaf mesophyll and (3) EBC as a storage space for several metabolites known to modulate plant ionic relations.