bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engaging with risk (or not): shared responsibility for biosecurity surveillance and the role of community gardens
Authors: Curnock Matt , Farbotko Carol , Collins Kerry , Robinson Cathy J. , Maclean Kirsten 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGovernance of risks to native flora and fauna and agriculture from disease and pests increasingly emphasises the importance of a ‘shared responsibility’ for biosecurity. Few studies, however, have examined factors that influence stakeholders' engagement with such risks and responsibilities, particularly in community, rather than agricultural, settings. In this paper, we focus on a group of stakeholders in a context of heightened regional biosecurity activity, in northern Queensland, Australia. We explore the role that community garden actors may or may not play in biosecurity surveillance. Through interviews with 16 community garden group leaders and local government representatives, we unpack external social factors that contributed to stakeholders' engagement, unengagement, or disengagement with and from biosecurity risks. These factors included institutional characteristics such as land tenure and the presence or absence of management policies and guidelines. However, we found that less formal institutional characteristics such as social networks played a greater role in shaping stakeholder engagement. Unengaged stakeholders were typically unaware of risks posed by plant pests and diseases and had limited network connections to relevant government agencies but expressed an interest in learning and participating in biosecurity surveillance networks. Disengaged stakeholders were more knowledgeable of biosecurity risks and had established network connections but expressed a low interest in or willingness to report a potential biosecurity threat. This case study provides insights into important social dimensions of governing risk among stakeholders and offers recommendations to improve stakeholder engagement within biosecurity surveillance networks.
Direct Versus Video Laryngoscopy for Prehospital Intubation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Savino P. Brian , Reichelderfer Scott , Mercer Mary P. , Wang Ralph C. , Sporer Karl A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe use of video laryngoscopy (VL) for intubation has gained recent popularity. In the prehospital setting, it is unclear if VL increases intubation success rates compared to direct laryngoscopy (DL). We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies comparing VL to DL in the prehospital setting to determine whether the use of VL increases overall and first‐pass endotracheal intubation success rates compared to DL.MethodsA systematic search was performed of the PubMed, Embase, and SCOPUS databases through May 2016 to include studies comparing overall and first‐pass success for VL versus DL in patients requiring intubation in the prehospital setting. Data were abstracted by two reviewers. A meta‐analysis was performed using a random‐effects model.ResultsOf a potential 472 articles, eight eligible studies were included. Considerable heterogeneity (I2 > 90%) precluded reporting an overall pooled estimate across all studies. When stratified by provider type, the pooled estimates for overall intubation success using VL versus DL were a risk ratio (RR) of 0.05 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01–0.18) in studies of physicians and RR = 2.28 (95% CI = 1.00–5.20) in nonphysicians. For first‐pass intubation success the pooled RR estimates for using VL versus DL were 0.32 (95% CI = 0.23–0.44) and 1.83 (95% CI = 1.18–2.84) among studies using physicians and nonphysicians, respectively. There was moderate to significant heterogeneity between studies when stratified by provider.ConclusionsAmong physician intubators with significant DL experience, VL does not increase overall or first‐pass success rates and may lead to worsening performance. However, among nonphysician intubators with less experience with DL, VL may provide benefit in the prehospital setting.
A re‐examination of antidepressant treatment‐emergent mania in bipolar disorders: evidence of gender differences
Authors: Scott J. , Brichant‐Petitjean C. , Etain B. , Henry C. , Kahn J.‐P. , Azorin J.‐M. , Leboyer M. , Bellivier F. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo explore the prevalence and clinical profile of males and females who develop antidepressant treatment‐emergent mania (ATEM).MethodFrom an original sample of 754 patients with BD, we identified ATEM+ cases (n = 75) and ATEM‐ controls (n = 135) that met stringent criteria. We specifically examined the combinations of clinical factors that best classified males and females as ATEM+ cases.ResultsSeventy‐five individuals were classified as ATEM+; 87% of ATEM events occurred during antidepressant monotherapy. Regression analyses demonstrated that the presence of an alcohol and/or substance use disorder [Odds Ratio (OR) 6.37], a history of one or more suicide attempts (OR 4.19) and higher number of depressive episodes per year of illness (OR 1.71) correctly classified 73% of males. In contrast, 84% of females were correctly classified on the basis of a positive history of thyroid disorder (OR 3.23), a positive family history of BD I (OR 2.68) and depressive onset polarity (OR 2.01).ConclusionUsing stringent definitions of ATEM status to reduce the probability of inclusion of false‐positive cases and false‐negative controls, we identified for the first time that the risk profiles for the development of an ATEM differ significantly according to gender.
Effects of SMYD2‐mediated EML4‐ALK methylation on the signaling pathway and growth in non‐small‐cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Wang Rui , Deng Xiaolan , Yoshioka Yuichiro , Vougiouklakis Theodore , Park Jae‐Hyun , Suzuki Takehiro , Dohmae Naoshi , Ueda Koji , Hamamoto Ryuji , Nakamura Yusuke 
Published: April 2017

A specific subtype of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) characterized with an EML4‐ALK fusion gene, which drives constitutive oncogenic activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), shows a good clinical response to ALK inhibitors. We have reported multiple examples implying the biological significance of methylation on non‐histone proteins including oncogenic kinases in human carcinogenesis. Through the process to search substrates for various methyltransferases using an in vitro methyltransferase assay, we found that a lysine methyltransferase, SET and MYND domain‐containing 2 (SMYD2), could methylate lysine residues 1451, 1455, and 1610 in ALK protein. Knockdown of SMYD2 as well as treatment with a SMYD2 inhibitor in two NSCLC cell lines with an EML4‐ALK gene significantly attenuated the phosphorylation levels of the EML4‐ALK protein. Substitutions of each of these three lysine residues to an alanine partially or almost completely diminished in vitro methylation of ALK. In addition, we found that exogenous introduction of EML4‐ALK protein with the substitution of lysine 1610 to an alanine in these two cell lines reduced the phosphorylation levels of AKT, one of the downstream oncogenic molecules in the EML4‐ALK pathway, and suppressed the growth of the two cell lines. We further showed that the combination of a SMYD2 inhibitor and an ALK inhibitor additively suppressed the growth of these two NSCLC cells, compared with single‐agent treatment. Our results shed light on a novel mechanism that modulates the kinase activity of the ALK fused gene product and imply that SMYD2‐mediated ALK methylation might be a promising target for development of a novel class of treatment for tumors with the ALK fused gene.
In vivoactivation of invariant natural killer T cells induces systemic and local alterations in T-cell subsets prior to preterm birth
Authors: Gomez-Lopez N , Romero R , Arenas-Hernandez M , Schwenkel G , St Louis D , Hassan S S , Mial T N 
Published: April 2017

SummaryPreterm birth, the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, is frequently preceded by spontaneous preterm labour, a syndrome of multiple aetiologies. Pathological inflammation is causally linked to spontaneous preterm labour. Indeed, direct activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells via α-galactosylceramide induces preterm labour/birth largely by initiating systemic and local (i.e. decidua and myometrium) innate immune responses. Herein, we investigated whether iNKT-cell activation altered local and systemic T-cell subsets. Administration of α-galactosylceramide induced an expansion of activated CD1d-restricted iNKT cells in the decidua and a reduction in the number of: (1) total T cells (conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) through the down-regulation of the CD3ɛ molecule in the peripheral circulation, spleen, uterine-draining lymph nodes (ULNs), decidua and/or myometrium; (2) CD4+ regulatory T cells in the spleen, ULNs and decidua; (3) T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in the ULNs but an increase in the number of decidual Th17 cells; (4) CD8+ regulatory T cells in the spleen and ULNs; and (5) CD4+ and CD8+ forkhead box protein 3 negative (Foxp3–) responder T cells in the spleen and ULNs. As treatment with rosiglitazone prevents iNKT-cell activation-induced preterm labour/birth, we also explored whether the administration of this peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist would restore the number of T cells. Treating α-galactosylceramide-injected mice with rosiglitazone partially restored the number of T cells in the spleen but not in the decidua. In summary, iNKT-cell activation altered the systemic and local T-cell subsets prior to preterm labour/birth; however, treatment with rosiglitazone partially reversed such effects.
Exosomes carrying immunoinhibitory proteins and their role in cancer
Authors: Whiteside T L 
Published: April 2017

SummaryRecent emergence of exosomes as information carriers between cells has introduced us to a new previously unknown biological communication system. Multi-directional cross-talk mediated by exosomes carrying proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between normal cells, cells harbouring a pathogen or cancer and immune cells has been instrumental in determining outcomes of physiological as well as pathological conditions. Exosomes play a key role in the broad spectrum of human diseases. In cancer, tumour-derived exosomes carry multiple immunoinhibitory signals, disable anti-tumour immune effector cells and promote tumour escape from immune control. Exosomes delivering negative signals to immune cells in cancer, viral infections, autoimmune or other diseases may interfere with therapy and influence outcome. Exosomes can activate tissue cells to produce inhibitory factors and thus can suppress the host immune responses indirectly. Exosomes also promise to be non-invasive disease biomarkers with a dual capability to provide insights into immune dysfunction as well as disease progression and outcome.
Medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle‐tendon unit, fascicle, and tendon interaction during walking in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Barber Lee , Carty Chris , Modenese Luca , Walsh John , Boyd Roslyn , Lichtwark Glen 
Published: April 2017

AimThis study investigates the in vivo function of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle‐tendon units (MTU), fascicles, and tendons during walking in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and an equinus gait pattern.MethodFourteen children with CP (9 males, 5 females; mean age 10y 6mo, standard deviation [SD] 2y 11mo; GMFCS level I=8, II=6), and 10 typically developing (6 males, 4 females; mean age 10y, SD 2y 1mo) undertook full body 3D gait analysis and simultaneous B‐mode ultrasound images of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus fascicles during level walking. Fascicle lengths were analysed using a semi‐automated tracking algorithm and MTUs using OpenSim. Statistical parametric mapping (two‐sample t‐test) was used to compare differences between groups (p<0.05).ResultsIn the CP group medial gastrocnemius fascicles lengthened during mid‐stance gait and remained longer into late‐stance compared to the typically developing group (p<0.001). CP medial gastrocnemius fascicles shortened less during stance (1.16mm [SD 1.47mm]) compared to the typically developing group (4.48mm [SD 1.94mm], p<0.001). In the CP group the medial gastrocnemius and soleus MTU and tendon were longer during early‐ and mid‐stance (p<0.001). Ankle power during push‐off (p=0.015) and positive work (p<0.002) and net work (p<0.001) were significantly lower in the CP group.InterpretationEccentric action of the CP medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicles during mid‐stance walking is consistent with reduced volume and neuromuscular control of impaired muscle. Reduced ankle push‐off power and positive work in the children with CP may be attributed to reduced active medial gastrocnemius fascicle shortening. These findings suggest a reliance on passive force generation for forward propulsion during equinus gait.
Methane emission from global livestock sector during 1890–2014: Magnitude, trends and spatiotemporal patterns
Authors: Dangal Shree R. S. , Tian Hanqin , Zhang Bowen , Pan Shufen , Lu Chaoqun , Yang Jia 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHuman demand for livestock products has increased rapidly during the past few decades largely due to dietary transition and population growth, with significant impact on climate and the environment. The contribution of ruminant livestock to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been investigated extensively at various scales from regional to global, but the long‐term trend, regional variation and drivers of methane (CH4) emission remain unclear. In this study, we use Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier II guidelines to quantify the evolution of CH4 emissions from ruminant livestock during 1890–2014. We estimate that total CH4 emissions in 2014 was 97.1 million tonnes (MT) CH4 or 2.72 Gigatonnes (Gt) CO2‐eq (1 MT = 1012 g, 1 Gt = 1015 g) from ruminant livestock, which accounted for 47%–54% of all non‐CO2 GHG emissions from the agricultural sector. Our estimate shows that CH4 emissions from the ruminant livestock had increased by 332% (73.6 MT CH4 or 2.06 Gt CO2‐eq) since the 1890s. Our results further indicate that livestock sector in drylands had 36% higher emission intensity (CH4 emissions/km2) compared to that in nondrylands in 2014, due to the combined effect of higher rate of increase in livestock population and low feed quality. We also find that the contribution of developing regions (Africa, Asia and Latin America) to the total CH4 emissions had increased from 51.7% in the 1890s to 72.5% in the 2010s. These changes were driven by increases in livestock numbers (LU units) by up to 121% in developing regions, but decreases in livestock numbers and emission intensity (emission/km2) by up to 47% and 32%, respectively, in developed regions. Our results indicate that future increases in livestock production would likely contribute to higher CH4 emissions, unless effective strategies to mitigate GHG emissions in livestock system are implemented.
Topical treatment of psoriasis: questionnaire results on topical therapy accessibility and influence of body surface area on usage
Authors: Iversen L. , Lange M.M. , Bissonette R. , Carvalho A.V.E. , van de Kerkhof P.C. , Kirby B. , Kleyn C.E. , Lynde C.W. , van der Walt J.M. , Wu J.J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundTopical treatment of mild to moderate psoriasis is first‐line treatment and exhibits varying degrees of success across patient groups. Key factors influencing treatment success are physician topical treatment choice (high efficacy, low adverse events) and strict patient adherence. Currently, no formalized, international consensus guidelines exist to direct optimal topical treatment, although many countries have national guidelines.ObjectiveTo describe and analyse cross‐regional variations in the use and access of psoriasis topical therapies.MethodsThe study was conducted as an observational cross‐sectional study. A survey was distributed to dermatologists from the International Psoriasis Council (IPC) to assess topical therapy accessibility in 26 countries and to understand how body surface area (BSA) categories guide clinical decisions on topical use.ResultsVariation in the availability of tars, topical retinoids, dithranol and balneotherapy was reported. The vast majority of respondents (100% and 88.4%) used topical therapy as first‐line monotherapy in situations with BSA < 3% and BSA between 3% and 10%, respectively. However, with disease severity increasing to BSA > 10%, the number of respondents who prescribe topical therapy decreased considerably. In addition, combination therapy of a topical drug and a systemic drug was frequently reported when BSA measured >10%.ConclusionThis physician survey provides new evidence on topical access and the influence of disease severity on topical usage in an effort to improve treatment strategies on a global level.
Broader concepts of quality of life measurement, encompassing validation
Authors: Finlay A.Y. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDeveloping and managing measures of quality of life (QoL) require attention to a range of broader concepts, in addition to meeting validation requirements. The aim of this review is to describe development and experience in Cardiff of these concepts and to inform users of Cardiff quality of life tools of aspects of their origin, for the benefit of developers of novel QoL measures or other patient reported outcome measures. Publications from the Cardiff team over the last three decades are used to illustrate descriptions of concepts involved in developing and managing QoL measures. The concepts are grouped into three main themes: (A) Design of tools: measurement ability turns ideas into science, QoL measurement based on patient experience, the need for tools to be clinically practical and useful with meaningful scores, different ages need tailored tools. (B) Practical management of tools: enabling ease of access, maintenance of single version, translation validity, enabling access to postpublication experience and further validation. (C) Promoting wider understanding of QoL: examples include educate thinking with disease severity definition; heighten awareness of broader burden, family impact, the time dimension and the new word quimp. The development and management of QoL and other outcome measures involves attention to a wide range of other issues, in addition to meeting validation requirements.
A microRNA regulates the response of corals to thermal stress
Authors: Gajigan Andrian P. , Conaco Cecilia 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCoral reefs are diverse ecosystems of great ecological and economic importance. However, corals are vulnerable to a variety of stressors, including rising seawater temperatures, and yet little is known about the genetic mechanisms underlying their survival and adaptation to stress. Like other animals, corals possess genes for key members of the microRNA (miRNA) machinery. miRNAs are short RNAs that regulate diverse cellular processes, including organismal stress response, through post‐transcriptional repression of gene transcripts. Through small RNA sequencing, we identified 26 miRNAs in the coral, Acropora digitifera. Many of the identified miRNAs are novel, while eight are conserved with miRNAs previously identified in other cnidarians. One of the identified miRNAs is differentially expressed in coral tissues exposed to acute thermal stress. This thermally responsive miRNA putatively regulates multiple pathways of the organismal stress response, DNA/RNA expression regulation, repair mechanisms, tissue morphogenesis, and signalling. We propose a model by which miRNA regulation allows the coral to mount a robust stress response through sequestration of a pool of nontranslated transcripts encoding stress response proteins. Release of miRNA‐mediated repression under stress conditions may result in rapid and abundant translation of proteins that help the coral maintain cellular homoeostasis. These findings highlight the potential importance of miRNAs in the thermal resilience of corals.
The Past of the Past: Egypt as Reality and SymbolReligio Duplex: How the Enlightenment Reinvented Egyptian Religion, JanAssmann, Polity, 2014 (ISBN 978‐0‐7456‐6843‐7), x + 246 pp., pb £17.99Niebuhr in Egypt: European Science in a Biblical World, Robert H.GuichardJr., Lutterworth, 2014 (ISBN 978‐0‐7188‐9335‐4), xviii + 344 pp., pb £27.50
Authors: Hamilton Mark W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAncient Egypt and its environs drew European scholarly interest before the decipherment of hieroglyphics. Some of that interest revolved around alleged Egyptian insights into esoteric religions, while other concerns have survived better in scientific approaches to the past. However, as these books indicate, the boundaries between the esoteric and the scientific are much more fluid than often thought. The study of that early modern research on Egypt reveals both the continuities and discontinuities between different stages of scholarship and thus the historicity of historiography itself.
In vitro methods for evaluating skin hydration under diapers and incontinence products
Authors: Tate M. L. , Wright A. S. 
Published: April 2017

Background/purposeExcessive skin hydration from wearing wet undergarments, such as infant diapers and adult incontinence products, has been historically problematic. Skin damage occurs from wetness (urine) and limited product breathability. Evaporative water loss has been measured on adult arms (armband method) or infant torsos (on‐baby method), after wearing a saline‐insulted diaper product. The current study developed a reliable in vitro method of evaluating diaper and incontinence products for improvements in skin dryness.MethodsA simulated skin substrate was applied to a heated mechanical arm or baby torso. A disposable diaper or incontinence product was wrapped around the arm or baby torso, and loaded with saline. Hydration of the simulated skin was measured by evaporimetry and compared with clinical data from adult armband evaluations.ResultsThe heated mechanical arm and baby torso accurately distinguished products for skin dryness. Eight diaper products were evaluated and compared to human test results. The torso in vitro and mechanical arm evaluations demonstrated strong correlations to human epidermal water loss evaluations, with repeatable results. Additionally, the bench test has been used for adult incontinence products, and it proved to differentiate those products as well as infant products.ConclusionsA rapid and reliable means of evaluation has been developed, and it is predictive of human subject testing.