bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apathy following Stroke
Authors: Jorge Ricardo E , Starkstein Sergio E , Robinson Robert G 
Published: January 2017

Objective: We will review the available evidence on the frequency, clinical correlates, mechanism, and treatment of apathy following stroke. Methods: We have explored relevant databases (that is, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO) using the following keywords and their combinations: apathy, motivation, abulia, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, anterior cerebral infarction, and thalamus. Results: The frequency of apathy following stroke has been consistently estimated between 20% and 25%. It appears to be associated with the presence of cognitive impairment, a chronic course characterized by progressive functional decline, and with disruption of neural networks connecting the anterior cingulate gyrus, the dorsomedial frontal cortex, and the frontal pole with the ventral aspects of the caudate nucleus, the anterior and ventral globus pallidus, and the dorsomedian and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Published treatment studies have been mostly limited to anecdotal case reports, generally using dopamine agonists or stimulant medications. Cholinesterase inhibitors and nefiracetam may significantly reduce apathetic symptoms. However, their efficacy was examined in relatively small clinical trials that require replication. Conclusion: Apathy is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication of stroke that, although often associated with depression and cognitive impairment, may occur independently of both. Its presence has been consistently associated with greater functional decline. However, there is no conclusive evidence about which is the best treatment for this condition.
The Frequency, Clinical Correlates, and Mechanism of Anosognosia after Stroke
Authors: Starkstein Sergio E , Jorge Ricardo E , Robinson Robert G 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the frequency, clinical correlates, and mechanism of anosognosia after stroke. Methods: We searched the most recent relevant literature on anosognosia after stroke and carried out a critical analysis of the main findings. Results: Anosognosia is present in about 10% of acute stroke patients and its diagnosis is relatively simple. Nevertheless, a valid and reliable standardization of diagnostic instruments and criteria for research purposes is more difficult to achieve. This limitation may partially account for various instruments available to assess anosognosia and the different strategies used to diagnose this phenomenon. Anosognosia is a fleeting phenomenon and chronic cases are infrequent. There is a robust association between anosognosia and right-hemisphere lesions involving cortical (insular, temporal, and parietal lobes) and subcortical structures (thalamus and basal ganglia). The main clinical correlates of anosognosia are the presence of neglect, cognitive deficits, previous strokes, and older age. Anosognosia has a negative impact on the rehabilitation of stroke patients. The mechanism of anosognosia remains unknown but was explained as owing to psychological denial, disconnexion between left and right hemispheres, and dysfunction of a system that monitors the intention to move and actual movements. Conclusion: Anosognosia is a relatively frequent complication of acute stroke and may become an excellent model to understand the mechanism of human awareness.
The Relation between Maternal Schizophrenia and Low Birth Weight is Modified by Paternal Age
Authors: Lin Herng-Ching , Lee Hsin-Chien , Tang Chao-Hsiun , Chen Yi-Hua 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Paternal characteristics have never been considered in the relation between maternal schizophrenia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of our study was to consider different paternal ages while investigating the relation between maternal schizophrenia and low birth weight (LBW), using a nationwide population-based dataset. Method: Our study used data from the 2001 to 2003 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Dataset and birth certificate registry. A total of 543 394 singleton live births were included. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the relation between maternal schizophrenia and the risk of LBW, taking different paternal age groups into account (aged 29 years or younger, 30 to 39 years, and 40 years and older), and after adjusting for other characteristics of infant, mother, and father as well as the difference between the parent's ages. Results: Mothers with schizophrenia had a higher percentage of LBW infants than mothers who did not (11.8%, compared with 6.8%). For infants whose mothers had schizophrenia, the adjusted odds ratios of LBW were 1.47 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.27, P < 0.05) and 2.80 (95% CI 1.42 to 5.51, P < 0.01) times greater than for infants whose mothers did not have schizophrenia, for paternal age groups of 30 to 39 years and 40 years or older, respectively. However, maternal schizophrenia was not a significant predictor of LBW for infants whose fathers were aged 29 years and younger. Conclusions: The relation between LBW and maternal schizophrenia is modified by paternal age. More attention should be paid to the interaction of paternal characteristics and maternal psychiatric disorders in producing adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Utilisation des psychostimulants chez les patients en fin de vie atteints de delirium hypoactif et de troubles cognitifs: Revue de la littérature
Authors: Elie Dominique , Gagnon Pierre , Gagnon Bruno , Giguère Anik 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Recenser la littérature portant sur l'effet des psychostimulants sur les fonctions cognitives des patients en fin de vie atteints de delirium hypoactif ou de troubles cognitifs. Méthode: Une revue de la littérature anglophone et francophone a été réalisée au moyen de mots clés désignant le delirium-cognition, les psychostimulants et les soins palliatifs dans les bases de données MEDLINE (1966-mars 2008), Embase (1974-mars 2008), PsycINFO (1806-mars 2008), IPA (1970-mars 2008), CINAHL (1982-mars 2008), ISI Web of Science (1945-mars 2008), Current Contents (mars 2007-mars 2008), Access Medicine (2001-mars 2008) et ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (1980-mars 2008). Pour ětre retenue, une étude devait avoir été effectuée auprès d'adultes en soins palliatifs présentant des troubles cognitifs non reliés à une démence ou à un delirium hyperactif–mixte. Une évaluation objective des fonctions cognitives devait avoir été réalisée avant et après le début du traitement psychostimulant. Ce dernier devait avoir été instauré après l'apparition des troubles cognitifs. Résultats: Au total, 173 résumés d'étude ont été révisés. Cinq études sur le méthylphénidate et une sur la caféine ont été retenues, soit 2 rapports de cas, 2 études prospectives ouvertes et 2 essais croisés randomisés à double insu contrôlés par placebo. Trois études ont été réalisées auprès de patients atteints de delirium hypoactif. Conclusions: Les études recensées soutiennent l'utilisation du méthylphénidate pour améliorer les fonctions cognitives des patients en fin de vie, notamment chez les patients en delirium hypoactif. La caféine semble avoir un effet bénéfique sur l'activité psychomotrice chez cette population. Objective: To review the research about psychostimulant effects on cognitive functions in end-of-life patients diagnosed with hypoactive delirium or cognitive disorders.
Development and Psychometric Properties of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule
Authors: Evans-Lacko Sara , Little Kirsty , Meltzer Howard , Rose Diana , Rhydderch Danielle , Henderson Claire , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Stigma has been conceptualized as comprised of 3 constructs: knowledge (ignorance), attitudes (prejudice), and behaviour (discrimination). We are not aware of a psychometrically tested instrument to assess knowledge about mental health problems among the general public. Our paper presents the results of the development stage and the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), an instrument to assess stigma-related mental health knowledge among the general public. Methods: We describe the development of the MAKS in addition to 3 studies that were carried out to evaluate the psychometric properties of the MAKS. Adults aged 25 to 45 years in socioeconomic groups: B, C1, and C2 completed the instrument via face-to-face interview ( n = 92) and online ( n = 403). Results: Internal reliability and test-retest reliability is moderate to substantial. Validity is supported by extensive review by experts (including service users and international experts in stigma research). Conclusion: The lack of a valid outcome measure to assess knowledge is a shortcoming of evaluations of stigma interventions and programs. The MAKS was found to be a brief and feasible instrument for assessing and tracking stigma-related mental health knowledge. This instrument should be used in conjunction with other attitude- and behaviour-related measures.
Is Peacekeeping Peaceful? A Systematic Review
Authors: Sareen Jitender , Stein Murray B , Thoresen Siri , Belik Shay-Lee , Zamorski Mark , Asmundson Gordon JG 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To systematically review the literature on the association between deployment to a peacekeeping mission and distress, mental disorders, and suicide. Methods: Peer-reviewed English publications were found through key word searches in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Embase, and by contacting authors in the field. Sixty-eight articles were included in this review. Results: Some studies have found higher levels of postdeployment distress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Most studies have not shown an increased risk of suicide in former peacekeepers. Correlates of distress and PTSD symptoms included level of exposure to traumatic events during deployment, number of deployments, predeployment personality traits or disorder, and postdeployment stressors. Perceived meaningfulness of the mission, postdeployment social supports, and positive perception of homecoming were associated with lower likelihood of distress. Conclusions: Most peacekeepers do not develop high levels of distress or symptoms of PTSD. As postdeployment distress is consistently shown to be associated with high levels of exposure to combat during deployment, targeted interventions for peacekeepers who have been exposed to high levels of combat should be considered.
Assertive Community Treatment in the Netherlands: Outcome and Model Fidelity
Authors: van Vugt Maaike D , Kroon Hans , Delespaul Philippe A E G , Dreef Fred G , Nugter Annet , Roosenschoon Bert-Jan , van Weeghel Jaap , Zoeteman Jeroen B , Mulder Cornelis L 
Published: January 2017

Objective: The implementation of assertive community treatment (ACT) varies widely. To date, the association between model fidelity and effect has not been investigated in Europe. We investigated the association between model fidelity and outcome in the Dutch mental health system. Method: In a prospective longitudinal study, ACT model fidelity and patient outcomes were assessed in 20 outpatient treatment teams. Patients with severe mental illness ( n = 530) participated in the study. Outcomes were assessed 3 times using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS), the Camberwell Assessment of Need Short Assessment Schedule (CANSAS), and the number of hospital days and homeless days during a 2-year follow-up period. Data were analyzed using multilevel statistics. Results: High ACT model fidelity was associated with better outcomes on the HoNOS and less homeless days. Among all of the ACT ingredients, team structure was associated with better outcomes. No associations were found between ACT model fidelity, number of hospital days, and CANSAS scores. Conclusions: Our evidence supports the importance of model fidelity for improving patient outcomes.
Increased Risk of Avoidable Hospitalization among Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Lin Herng-Ching , Huang Chung-Chien , Chen Shu-Fen , Chen Yi-Hua 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Some studies suggest that hospitalizations for certain conditions, called ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs), are potentially avoidable. However, almost no study has addressed the risk of ACSC hospitalizations specifically for patients with severe mental illness. Our study examines the risk of ACSC hospitalizations among patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan, using a 5-year, nationwide, population-based database. Methods: Our study included 2503 patients with schizophrenia and 20 024 matched patients without schizophrenia. Poisson regression analysis was then performed in which the number of ACSC hospitalizations from 2002 to 2006 (including ruptured appendix, asthma, cellulitis, congestive heart failure, diabetes, gangrene, hypokalemia, immunizable conditions, malignant hypertension, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and perforated or bleeding ulcer) was regressed against the independent variable of whether or not a patient had a schizophrenia diagnosis in 2001. Results: Results show that 9.83% of patients with schizophrenia and 4.71% of patients in the comparison group experienced ACSC hospitalizations from 2002 to 2006. After adjusting for each patient's sex, age, level of urbanization, geographic location of residence within a community, and monthly income, patients with schizophrenia had a 3.26-fold higher (95% CI 3.00 to 3.54, P < 0.001) risk of experiencing ACSC hospitalizations than the comparison participants. After excluding the conditions of diabetes, hypertension, and asthma, patients with schizophrenia independently had a 2.46-fold higher risk of ACSC hospitalizations (95% CI 2.12 to 2.86, P < 0.001), compared with participants in the comparison group. Conclusions: We conclude that schizophrenia patients are at a higher risk for hospitalizations owing to ACSCs, despite a national health insurance system providing universal coverage to citizens.
Nutrient Intakes are Correlated with Overall Psychiatric Functioning in Adults with Mood Disorders
Authors: Davison Karen M , Kaplan Bonnie J 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate the relation between nutrient intake and psychiatric functioning in adults with confirmed mood disorders. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted of the intake of major (that is, carbohydrates, fat, and protein) and minor (that is, vitamins and minerals) nutrients (from 3-day food records and a Food Frequency Questionnaire), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores, and symptoms of depression and mania (the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Young Mania Rating Scale) in 97 community-based adults with mood disorders whose diagnoses were confirmed with structured interviews. Results: Significant correlations were found between GAF scores and energy (kilocalories), carbohydrates, fibre, total fat, linoleic acid, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron (all P values < 0.05), as well as magnesium ( r = 0.41, P < 0.001) and zinc ( r = 0.35, P < 0.001). Though modest in magnitude, the pattern of correlations was consistent, indicating higher levels of mental function associated with a higher intake of nutrients. Depression and mania scores, which were generally mild or moderate, did not individually show consistent patterns. When dietary supplement use was added to nutrient intakes from food, GAF scores remained positively correlated ( P < 0.05) with all dietary minerals. Conclusion: This detailed analysis in a clinically diagnosed sample was consistent with prior epidemiologic surveys, revealing an association between higher levels of nutrient intakes and better mental health. Nutrient intakes warrant further consideration in the treatment of people with mood disorders.
Prevalence of Prescribed Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medications and Diagnosis among Canadian Preschoolers and School-Age Children: 1994–2007
Authors: Brault Marie-Christine , Lacourse Éric 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To describe trends in the prevalence of prescribed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication by Canadian preschoolers and school-age children and to compare these with trends in the prevalence of the ADHD diagnosis between 1994 and 2007. Methods: Subjects participated in the National Longitudinal Survey on Children and Youth, a Canadian prospective survey collecting data biennially. Three cross-sectional samples of nonreferred children, aged 3 to 9 years and representative of Canadian children for 1994–1995 ( n = 12 595), 2000–2001 ( n = 13 904), and 2006–2007 ( n = 14 655), were selected for the analyses. Information on prescribed medications and ADHD diagnosis was reported by each child's parents. Prevalence was estimated at each cycle, taking the child's age and sex into account. Results: The estimated prevalence of prescribed medications and ADHD diagnosis in Canada was generally low (less than 3%), but higher for boys (less than 4%) and school-age children (less than 5%). Preschoolers' prevalence of both prescribed medications and ADHD diagnosis stayed stable between 1994 and 2007 (1% or less), while that of school-age children increased nearly 2-fold. Boys' prevalence was higher than that of girls, but girls show the steepest increase over time, up to 2.1-fold. The association between prescribed medications and ADHD diagnosis has strengthened during the 2000s: a greater number of medications were used for children with ADHD (from 43% in 2000 to 59% in 2007) while off-label use of prescribed medications decreased among school-age children. Conclusions: The upward trend in the prevalence of prescribed ADHD medications and ADHD diagnosis currently observed in contemporary societies is also occurring in Canada, except with preschoolers.
Factor Structure of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptomatology in Adolescents
Authors: Speranza Mario , Pham-Scottez Alexandra , Revah-Levy Anne , Barbe Remy P , Perez-Diaz Fernando , Birmaher Boris , Corcos Maurice 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the factor structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) in a sample of adolescents with a borderline symptomatology. Method: The latent structure of borderline criteria, assessed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality, was explored with a principal factor analysis in a sample of 107 adolescents with a borderline symptomatology drawn from a European research project on BPDs. Results: The principal component analysis revealed 2 homogeneous factors accounting for 66.8% of the variance. The first factor included internally oriented criteria, such as avoidance of abandonment, identity disturbance, chronic feeling of emptiness, and stress-related paranoid ideation. The second factor included externally oriented criteria, such as unstable relationships, impulsivity, suicidal or self-mutilating behaviours, and inappropriate anger. Affective instability was the only criterion loading on both factors. Conclusions: The results of our study suggests that an internal or external dichotomy may be an appropriate way to conceptualize the structure of borderline criteria in adolescents with a borderline symptomatology, with affective instability being a core feature of BPD at this age.
Risk Assessment Instruments in Clinical Practice
Authors: Côté Gilles , Crocker Anne G , Nicholls Tonia L , Seto Michael C 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine whether the items in one of the most widely validated instruments of violence risk assessment, the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 (HCR-20), are used in review board hearings to assess the risk of violence by people found Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD). Method: This study was conducted from October 2004 to August 2006 in Quebec's sole forensic psychiatric hospital and 2 large civil psychiatric hospitals designated for the care of people declared NCRMD in the Montreal metropolitan area. The risk assessments presented by clinicians at annual review board hearings and the boards' rationale for the release or detention of people found NCRMD were contrasted with the risk assessments conducted by the research team using the HCR-20. The final sample was comprised of 96 men. Results: Very few of the risk factors identified by prior research (HCR-20 items) were mentioned in the hearing process, whether in clinical reports, discussions during the hearing, or in the disposition justification. Conclusions: The findings confirm that there remains a significant gap between research evidence and risk assessment practice.
La consommation d'alcool et de drogue des étudiants suite à la fusillade de Dawson: Une analyse différenciée selon le sexe
Authors: Dugal Natasha , Guay Stéphane , Boyer Richard , Lesage Alain , Séguin Monique , Bleau Pierre 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Étudier l'incidence de la dépendance à l'alcool ou aux drogues chez les étudiants exposés à la fusillade du Collège Dawson dans les 18 mois suivant celle-ci, identifier les précurseurs du développement d'une dépendance à une substance psychoactive en tenant compte de la sévérité d'exposition à l'événement, et examiner si la consommation d'alcool 18 mois après les événements est en lien avec les différents groupes de symptômes d'état de stress post-traumatique (ESPT). Méthode: La population à l'étude est composée de l'ensemble des étudiants du Collège Dawson au moment de l'événement. Les analyses ont été faites auprès de 854 étudiants inscrits au Collège au moment de la fusillade. Résultats: Cinq pour cent des femmes et 7% des hommes présentent pour la première fois de leur vie un problème de dépendance à une substance suite à la fusillade. Pour les hommes, leur jeune âge, la présence de pensées suicidaires au cours de leur vie, ainsi que le fait d'avoir vu le tireur au moment de la fusillade sont les principaux précurseurs de cas incidents de dépendance. Aucun des précurseurs étudiés n'est significatif pour les femmes. Les hommes et les femmes se distinguent également quant aux symptômes d'ESPT qui prédisent la consommation d'alcool 18 mois après la fusillade. Conclusion: La principale retombée de l'étude est de souligner l'importance de considérer le sexe des individus pour étudier leur consommation de substances psychoactives suite à un traumatisme.