bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making and Unmaking Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Any body of law can be understood as the product of lobbying, advocacy, and other “influence investments” made by interested constituencies. In content and technology markets, an alliance has formed between scholars, advocates, and business sectors that share ideologically, intellectually, or economically motivated interests in relaxing (or, in some cases, abolishing) intellectual property protections. In content markets, this alliance has overcome the interests of media and other creative industries in maintaining robust copyright protections against mass infringement in digital environments. In technology markets, this alliance has countered the interests of certain technology sectors (including biopharmaceuticals and certain segments of the semiconductor and hardware industries) that rely on robust patent protection to secure returns on investments in research and development.
The Accidental Alliance
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The weakening of intellectual property rights in content and technology markets since approximately the mid-2000s by courts, legislators, and antitrust regulators reflects the influence of two key constituencies with overlapping interests in that same policy outcome: platform-based technology firms and substantial portions of the scholarly community. As illustrated by a case study of the Linux operating system project, this alliance relies on an “accidental” convergence of interests among thought leaders and advocates with ideological or intellectual commitments to weak intellectual property rights and platform-based firms with business interests in reducing the costs of acquiring and using content and technology assets. The activities of various members of this coalition are reflected by evidence on lobbying in the U.S. Congress and advocacy at the U.S. Supreme Court.
How Courts Rewrote the DMCA
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Enacted in 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was designed to balance the interests of the content industry in preserving meaningful copyright protections in digital environments and the interests of the tech industry in minimizing infringement litigation that may stifle the growth of digital markets. Courts have interpreted the DMCA in a one-sided manner that almost entirely shields platforms from infringement liability while largely precluding any meaningful enforcement of copyright to deter mass infringement by individual users. The result is a skewed property rights environment that advantages intermediaries that aggregate content over individuals and entities that produce it.
Free Stuff Gets Dangerous
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Skepticism toward intellectual property rights among the scholarly and advocacy communities often relies principally on theoretical assertions that relaxing or even abolishing intellectual property rights protections would have no adverse (or even a positive) impact on innovation. In the pharmaceutical industry, there is no persuasive evidence to support this assertion. Remarkably, policymakers have recently taken or proposed actions to relax significantly patent protections in this industry, which would almost certainly have adverse impacts on pharmaceutical innovation and consequently human health. This imprudent integration of reflexive IP-skepticism into policymaking in the biopharmaceutical sector is illustrated by the “IP waiver” concerning COVID-19 vaccines and recent efforts to curtail significantly the scope of the Bayh-Dole Act, which is the legal foundation for the academic technology transfer industry.
Free Stuff and the Decline of the Free Press
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Consistent with views widely expressed among the scholarly and policymaking communities, the news industry responded to the digital transition by widely adopting open-access, ad-supported business models. This has mostly been an economic failure, exacerbated by the difficulties in enforcing copyright protections against the use of news content by platforms and other digital aggregators. In response, the news industry has widely reverted to closed-access subscription models and has sought various forms of patronage through philanthropic or corporate sponsors. The erosion of copyright protections in digital content markets has challenged its economic viability and may have significant non-economic implications for the health of a liberal democracy.
Reinvigorating IP Rights and the Innovation Ecosystem
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Various steps can be taken to alleviate the erosion of intellectual property rights protections in content and technology markets. In copyright law, the current scope of the fair use doctrine should be narrowed so that it no longer threatens the integrity of the copyright protections that support investment in content production and the associated ecosystem of content licensing and distribution entities. Courts should apply the DMCA’s safe harbors from indirect infringement liability so that a meaningful portion of the enforcement burden shifts to digital platforms that are best positioned to deter mass infringement. In patent law, Congress should restore the historical presumption that a patent owner is entitled to injunctive relief against adjudicated infringers. Concerns over opportunistic patent litigation can be addressed through various tools that do not endanger the property-rights foundation behind well-functioning technology markets.
Demagoguery, Populism, and Political Culture in Cooper’s The American Democrat
Authors: Kapust Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the theme of demagoguery by engaging with the work of one of America’s first great novelists, James Fenimore Cooper. While demagoguery has been relatively neglected in recent political theory, it was a central concern in early American political thought. For Cooper, demagoguery was one of the chief problems of American political life. His The American Democrat, which analyzes the figure of a flattering demagogue, can be placed in a long tradition of anti-demagogic texts, ultimately traceable to Plutarch. Beyond the conventional Plutarchan moralistic and pejorative account of demagoguery, prevalent in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century America, Cooper develops also a discourse-centered account of it that avoids the structural limitations common to moralistic approaches. This account suggests ways in which demagogic appeals could find less purchase in political discourse, through a process of cultural transformation and the elite practice of rhetoric.
Rhetorical Resonance
Authors: Lambek Simon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
When political theorists consider rhetoric, they are often concerned with exceptional, rather than everyday speech—affectively charged speech that is strategically manipulative or, conversely, speech that triggers judgment and imaginative thinking. What is missing is a framework that captures the political effects of far more mundane and commonplace forms of rhetoric: speech acts that do not stand out as exceptional, but which nonetheless have significant consequences. This chapter proposes the concept of “rhetorical resonance” and makes a case for attending to the iterative, constitutive effects of everyday rhetorical encounters. Building from the hermeneutic theory of Hans-Georg Gadamer, the chapter argues that rhetoric that “resonates” with discursive horizons can nevertheless transform those horizons, ushering in new conditions of political possibility. To illustrate the power of resonant rhetoric, the chapter considers the lead-up to the 2021 storming of the U.S. Capitol and the effects of repeated claims of election fraud and mismanagement.
The Business of Bobbysoxers
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Using World War II Frank Sinatra fan communities in the United States as its primary case study, The Business of Bobbysoxers: Cultural Production in 1940s Frank Sinatra Fandom considers celebrity following, popular music culture, and fan productivity as windows on the lives of wartime female youth. Popular memory conjures up an image of typical American teen girls from the 1940s as “bobbysoxers”: largely white, hysterical devotees of Frank Sinatra, clad in bobby socks and saddle shoes, who—by pursuing a celebrity obsession in the midst of international crisis—drew scrutiny from much of American society. Examination of the previously unexplored practices of war-era popular music fan clubs and other teen social communities, however, reveals a different story. Fan clubs and organizations like Teen Canteens were used as spaces where American teenage girls could use their enjoyment of popular music and other media to cultivate relationships with each other, popular icons, and the entertainment industry. Operating on the periphery of the critical public eye, these communities offered girls a place to safely explore and discuss issues including civil rights, politics, the war, patriotism, internationalism, and professional development, providing flexibility to participate at various levels of anonymity. Additionally, in a time when female sexuality was met with censorship and contradictory public expectations, fan communities also provided teenage girls with peer groups in which they could creatively express their personal desires and consider their futures as American women together.
Teenage Girls in Wartime American Culture
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the scene of cultural forces that shaped American girl culture during the 1940s. Both women and girls were pressured to maintain particular beauty and hygiene standards, which were set by an ever-growing cosmetics industry. At the same time, the government and other areas of society complicated these expectations by distributing contradictory messages regarding female roles and sexuality. Women were encouraged to take on war work, but the expectation that they would return to domestic lives once the war ended ran alongside these recruitment efforts. Teens and young women were expected to maintain conventional beauty standards even as they took on roles as industrial workers and military personnel. Sexual promiscuity, however, was discouraged. The contradictions go on, and it is not difficult to see why younger teenage girls might have grappled with uncertainty about their roles and futures as American women within this climate.
Life beneath Our Feet
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The soil contains many organisms and important processes, but they are out of sight. Although some living organisms have been found at great depths (&gt;1.5 km underground), most are found in a relatively shallow layer. They form an amazing array of organisms. Our lives would not be the same or even possible without the processes that take place in the living world that lies right beneath our feet. Nitrogen is critical to life, but the nitrogen in the air we breathe is not available to us. Soil-dwelling bacteria and other organisms fix nitrogen in compounds that other organisms can use. Seeds germinate underground to provide food for animals and humans. Decomposition of dead organic matter is critical to provide nutrients for plants.
Frogs and Fingers
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Amazingly, the genomes of all cells studied so far include genetic death programs that, when triggered, cause the cells to commit suicide. These programs underlie diverse processes in plants and animals. Importantly, in humans, programmed cell death is used to cull antibody-producing cells that react with our own tissues and allow our fingers to develop. Leaves and ripe fruit fall because a layer of cells dies at the right time to release them. Even bacteria commit suicide when the colony has outstripped its resources in a process called quorum sensing. Programmed cell death allows living organisms to leverage death to ensure survival.
Laughing and Crying
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Crying at birth is a human’s first communication with the world, but physical, verbal, and chemical communications encompass much more than that. Communications is a complex topic. It occurs in cells, tissues, and organisms in humans and other species. Animals also have pheromones. The question of when vocalizations become a true language is still debated. Humans also have neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines and chemokines, and other factors. For example, the senses involve the communication of information across a membrane, and secondary messengers within the cell and nucleus that turn genes on and off. During development, tissues communicate to ensure that organs take on their correct size and shape.
Introduction
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In early 1768, sailors discovered a mysterious British shipwreck on the reefs of Hispaniola, reporting the findings to their superiors in Jamaica. News eventually reached the ship’s owners, Bristol merchants John Fowler and James Laroche. The ship’s intended destinations were Old Calabar and Antigua, but the crew mutinied before reaching Africa, killing their officers and sailing for Brazil. For the next eight years, the ship’s owners partnered with the British Crown to bring the mutineers to justice. This privatization of state power generated fabulous wealth for a select few slave traders, some of whom passed along their economic and political power to generations of their heirs.
The Black Prince
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The slave ship Black Prince launched from Bristol in December 1768. Several weeks into the voyage, the crew mutinied, elected new officers, changed the ship’s name to Liberty, and voted to sail for Brazil. After three tense weeks in the Atlantic crossing, the Liberty washed ashore on the northeast coast of Brazil. The Brazilians attempted to interrogate crew members, but communication was difficult. The only crew member who spoke Portuguese was an African named Phillip Thompson. Thompson negotiated for provisions. The next day, Native American laborers began loading water and firewood on the ship. Meanwhile, the crew disintegrated into a fractious mob. One group commandeered the ship, fired cannon shot on the city and fled into the Caribbean, leaving nine sailors behind in Brazil. For merchants and pirates alike, political freedom was easily reduced to individual ambition and greed. However, merchants controlled the mechanisms of the state.
Epilogue
Authors: Sweet James H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In June 2020, Bristol protestors toppled the statue of philanthropist and slaver Edward Colston and dumped it in the River Avon. A symbol of the convergence of Britain’s economic and political dependence on slave trading, Colston is a convenient scapegoat. However, slaving permeated eighteenth-century Bristol society. Merchants, ship captains, and Bristol’s Caribbean slaveholders had direct ties to slavery. Traders in iron, gunpowder, and textiles also earned profits derived from the African trade. So too did Bristol bankers and insurers whose capital investments underwrote the trade, as did the accountants and lawyers who represented slaving interests. This is to say nothing of the thousands of sailors who earned their paltry livelihoods working onboard slave ships. Thanks to slavery’s ubiquity, men like Fowler built their fortunes so silently we hardly know their names. Their legacies of financial exploitation and state capture persist in today’s liberal democracies.
Adversarial and Non-kinetic Uses: The Case of Artificial Intelligence for Cyber Deterrence
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on deterrence theory and its shortcomings when applied to cyberwarfare. It shows that deterrence theory faces significant limitations in cyberspace, stemming from fundamental mismatches between the theory and the characteristics of cyberwarfare and cyberspace. Using these limitations as lessons learned, it outlines a novel deterrence theory tailored to the nature of cyberspace and which bases deterrence strategy on the idea of prevailing rather than preventing cyber-attacks. It introduces a framework centred on AI capabilities and offers recommendations for regulating state conduct in this domain.
The Neuroscience behind Cognitive Aging
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an accessible yet rigorous introduction to relevant neuroscience research on cognitive aging. Decades of research persuasively demonstrates that the brain’s physical structures and efficiencies change over time, leading to marked and measurable cognitive declines. These declines emerge as early as one’s mid-20s and tend to progress in a steady manner throughout the aging process. The chapter discusses several different cognitive domains (e.g., memory, processing speed, and executive function), examines various parts of the brain (e.g., the frontal lobe), and summarizes how the brain changes with age. In particular, the chapter emphasizes how processing speed and executive functioning decline significantly as humans age.
Opinion Crafting and Cognitive Aging
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyzes the opinion-writing process and the content of judicial opinions. It examines how cognitive aging influences the bargaining and accommodation that take place privately as judges write their opinions and form coalitions. Using archival data collected from the private papers of Judge J. Skelly Wright on the Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, the empirical results show that as they age, judges require substantially more time to circulate opinion drafts. The results also show that older judges are more likely to rely on decision-making heuristics, such as their ideological preferences, when bargaining over the content of opinions.
Opinion Style
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. , Tahk Alexander M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines judges’ writing style variation over time. It focuses on the cognitive complexity, linguistic tone, and length of judges’ opinions. The chapter’s empirical analysis leverages the text of approximately 429,000 opinions written by courts of appeals judges from 1924 to 2019. The empirical results show that, as judges age, their opinions change in several ways. Declining abilities to reason result in opinions that are less cognitively complex and shorter in length. The readability of aged opinions is also reduced, as manifested in longer sentences. Consistent with theoretical expectations, older judges’ opinions are less emotional overall. Last, the results suggest older judges write opinions that are more inconsistent in their cognitive complexity than opinions authored by younger judges.
Cognitive Aging and Following Supreme Court Precedent
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 considers whether, as they age, judges rely more on ideological heuristics to apply U.S. Supreme Court precedent. This topic is important given the hierarchical nature of the federal judiciary, where a key expectation of circuit court judges is the faithful application of High Court precedent. Using data on how circuit judges treated a random sample of U.S. Supreme Court precedents from 1953 to 2000, the empirical results show that aging judges become significantly more likely to consider the ideological implications of Supreme Court precedent when they apply those precedents. Younger judges appear to apply High Court precedent more faithfully than older judges.
Desire
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Desire,” discusses how women’s sexual desire is used against them, particularly when they go against social norms that make premarital sex haram, forbidden, and shameful. As women navigate respectability politics of a particular kind, policed and enforced by social norms that are in turn policed and enforced by aunties, what becomes clear is the (un)natural connection between desire and beauty standards, commitment, marriage, and violence.
Coda
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Coda highlights the some of the interlinked feminist issues that emerged in the book and that are important for policy, practice, and research: the fraught location of middle-class; the thinning of women’s humanity through violence and gossip; the governance and regulation of women’s bodies through the aunty figure that represent society writ large; respectability politics; resilience; the challenges of forging new intimate relationships with trauma history as “the elephant in the room”; the complexities of love, sex, desire, sexual violence, and rape amid neoliberal isolation; capitalist-patriarchal social norms that are produced and reproduced in new ways; and the need for transforming the idea of justice to center affective not just legal redress.
Entering the Field of Music and Martial Arts
Authors: McGuire Colin P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The first chapter introduces the inspiration for the book, namely to conduct ethnography on the intersection of music and martial arts, and it introduces the theories and methods used in the research. The members of the Hong Luck Kung Fu Club were amenable to a researcher studying their percussion music, but they imposed two caveats. The first was that learning would be in the traditional manner, in a curriculum that proceeded through martial arts and lion dance before getting to percussion. The second was that they did not consider their beats to be music at all, which led to the development of the martial sound concept.
Experiencing Martial Sound in Performance
Authors: McGuire Colin P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The tightest focus comes in the sixth chapter, which provides first-person ethnographies of performance, using a phenomenological lens to interpret the experiences. Martial sound is useful here to differentiate between disciplined synchronization in lion dance with percussion accompaniment versus the purposefully asynchronous relationships of fighting movements against musical rhythms during kung fu demonstrations. The former evokes the choreomusical strictness of military drill and troops moving on the battlefield, while the latter is a reflection of organized chaos in the rhythm of combat. Extended ethnographic vignettes provide thick descriptions of peak moments and allow deeper interpretations to remain grounded in the horizons of experience.
Bringing the Past into the Future
Authors: McGuire Colin P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The final chapter is a conclusion and summary of the findings, as well as a consideration of the Hong Luck Kung Fu Club’s legacy. Fieldwork occurred during a liminal moment when the founding masters passed away and members of the club had extended discussion about the future. Hong Luck’s ethos is traditional and conservative, so consciously maintaining a continuity of change will be important; no one wants to lose the valuable treasures of embodied knowledge left behind by the master. This chapter also emphasizes the many ways that kung fu as a blurred genre empowers practitioners and audiences. More specifically, it discusses the potency for meaning creation when sound and movement intersect. Lastly, it discuss how the concept of martial could be applied more broadly.