bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Security Policy-Making and Cacophony of Voices in the Reagan Administration
Authors: Kamath P.M. 
Published: July 2017

In the post-World War II period “national security” has become the most important concept commanding respect among policy-makers and demanding crippling-silence on the part of the national community. It is not necessary here to examine the reasons1, for this commandeering position given to the concept of national security, but in an objective sense, foreign affairs of any nation in the ultimate analysis is conducted to secure national security. In this sense national security essentially denotes a nation's determination to preserve at any cost some of its interests. Foremost are : territorial integrity, political independence and fundamental governmental institutions.2 In the contemporary world it is also a well established fact that the military, diplomatic and economic aspects of a nation's foreign affairs are inseperably interlinked with one another. While foreign policy aims at serving national interest through peaceful diplomatic means, military policy aims at preparedness to protect national interest in case foreign policy fails. The foreign policy of a nation has also to take into consideration economic states involved in a particular policy consideration. This is particularly true for a super power like the United States. Hence, in a sense, it is appropriate to term the combination of foreign and military policies of a nation as national security policy. Who makes national security policy in the United States? What are the special features of national security policy-making process? It is proposed to answer these questions in this paper with special reference to the Reagan Administration.
Commonwealth and the Third World
Authors: Khan Rasheeduddin 
Published: July 2017

What is the Commonwealth? Is it the continuation of the British Empire by other means? Does it constitute a form of neo-colonialism? Is it a trap laid by the old colonialists to lure the newly freed countries into newer forms of dependence? The answer to questions like these used to be in the affirmative in 1948, by a wide variety of perceptive analysts of international politics. Thirty-five years later and wiser today in 1983, except the ignorant, the naive or the hardcore text-book dogmatist, indeed none with an understanding of the new and complex international situation and an awareness of the logic of an interdependent world, would be prone to give a straight-cut answer. The international context in which the Commonwealth took its shape and form in the fifties of this century was basicaliy different in terms of political power-equation; the situation of world finance, trade and commerce; the far-reaching effects of the revolution in technology, electronics, communication, aeronautics, defence technology and in the many critical fields with an impact on human life and group relations. Together with this the phenomenal proliferation of human population and explosion of democratic human consciousness and the surging passion for national identity, freedom and equality, had brought into being a global situation that was qualitatively different from any epoch in human history. It was a new world, a radically different world, but an amazing world of contrasts and of opportunities. On the collapse of the European imposed global order around 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged on the world scene (to borrow the current jargon) as Super-Powers. The global spread of the United States and the US dominated TNC's created a situation of new challenges even to the old world. The formation of the socialist commity of nations in eastern Europe and Asia, and the spread of socialist ideas and perceptions the world over, provided sustenance and support to the struggling people and established an alternative focus in the balance of power. The ferment in the colonies was such that with the breaking of the chains in India, one by one new states in Asia, Africa, Central America and Oceania appeared on the horizon of the expanding international community. Since the Commonwealth was not born in an age of imperialism but in the age of the winding-up of imperialism, its roots can be traced not in British constitutional practices and institutions — part of it as the starting point are undoubtedly there — but in their “distuption” mutation and transformation by the triumphant liberation movements which congregated in the commanwealth.
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Baker Dean C. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. , Brown Donald E. 
Published: July 2017

Adjustment of press and radio relations with the new administration was the subject of a great number of the articles in American magazines during 1953's first quarter. With the details gradually falling in place, it appeared that the relationships at most levels in Washington were starting out along the same lines of custom that prevailed during recent years. A tentative indication from the White House hinted that the previous administration's order on classification of governmental information, which drew heated criticism last year, would be continued. In New York several newspapers appealed the judge's ruling in the Jelke case barring newsmen from the courtroom during a large part of the trial. The appeal was lost in the highest New York appeal court. Also attracting great interest was the outcome of the New Orleans Times-Picayune advertising case still before the Supreme Court when the quarter ended. In preparation for trial was a Kansas City Star advertising suit. Both cases involved the right of newspapers to fix “forced combination” advertising regulations which the government contended restricted trade.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors:   Assisted, Alisky Marvin 
Published: July 2017

Among the events that attracted the attention of the European professional journals the most important are: The difficulties between the editor and the directors of the Gazette de Lausanne, ending with the editor retaining his independence. A similar case arose in Turin with the Gazette del Popolo. The pros and cons of commercial TV as discussed in Great Britain; the first session of the Press Council also led to many articles in the British journals. Unusual news also was the announcement of a new London daily to start in October—this time originating from a weekly. This quarter was characterized further by the richness of international congresses, both of journalists and scientists.
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Baker Dean C. , Brown Donald E. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. , Valleau John F. 
Published: July 2017

Suspension of publication of the major New York City dailies for a period of 11 days in early December because of an engravers strike resulted in controversy in several categories of journalism literature. Besides obvious interest in the results of the strike in the areas of labor relations and economics, debate developed over the action of related unions in making the strike mandatory by honoring the picket lines of the engravers union and the decision of the New York Herald Tribune in refraining from publishing although not a direct party to the strike action. Relations between the working press and the Eisenhower administration developed enough friction on at least two points to produce noteworthy articles of comment and criticism. Information “leaks” to favored correspondents were charged at a presidential press conference and defended as justified under some circumstances by the President. Even more partisan bickering developed as a result of Attorney-General Herbert Brownell's revelation about the handling of suspected security risks in the Truman administration. After a stormy presidential press conference at which some reporters failed to obtain all requested information on the affair, a New York Times poll of correspondents showed that a majority felt the administration, but not the President, was succumbing to “McCarthyism.” Direct radio transcriptions of some presidential conferences were sanctioned and an “unofficial transcription” for newsmen was instituted during this quarter.
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines: A Selected Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Baker Dean C. , Brown Donald E. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. 
Published: July 2017

Journalism ethics were debated sharply in relationship to several widely varying incidents which erupted at various points in the nation during April, May and June. General Motors Corporation withdrew advertising from the Wall Street Journal in apparent retribution for an article which revealed coming automobile styling on GM automobiles. This method of retaliation for an alleged breach of confidence was attacked by many editors. This incident followed alleged pressure by big automobile companies to induce newspapers to turn-down classified advertisements for new cars from all but company-authorized dealers. In New England, a score of news men were revealed to have accepted extra pay from race track corporations and from state governmental units. While at least two wire service employees were separated from their news jobs as a result, some newspapers defended the right of their employees to such outside remuneration. A New York appeals court reversed a lower court decision in the Jelke case because newspapermen were kept from the courtroom during a portion of the trial. A sensational libel suit brought by writer Quentin Reynolds against columnist Westbrook Pegler was notable because most newspapers ignored or played-down this seeming newspaper “natural.” In simple communication activity, the second quarter will be remembered for the McCarthy-Army hearings in Washington. Issues arising from this hearing may arise for years but the immediate effect in periodical articles was not especially noteworthy.
The Stillbirth Classification System for the Safe Passage Study
Authors: Boyd Theonia K , Wright Colleen A , Odendaal Hein J , Elliott Amy J , Sens Mary Ann , Folkerth Rebecca D , Roberts Drucilla J , Kinney Hannah C ,   for the PASS Network
Published: July 2017

Objective Describe the classification system for assigning the cause of stillbirth in the Safe Passage Study, an international, multi-institutional, prospective analysis conducted by the NIAAA/NICHD-funded Prenatal Alcohol in SIDS and Stillbirth (PASS) Research Network. The study mission is to determine the role of prenatal alcohol and/or cigarette smoke exposure in adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth, in a high-risk cohort of 12,000 maternal/fetal dyads. Methods The PASS Network classification system is based upon 5 “sites of origin” for cause of stillbirth, further subdivided into mechanism subcategories; both are employed to assign an ultimate cause of death. Each PASS stillbirth was assigned a cause of death and status of sporadic versus recurrent. Adjudication involved review of maternal and obstetrical records; fetal autopsy and placental findings; and required complete consensus in each case. Two published classification systems, ie, INCODE and ReCoDe, were used for comparison. Results Causes of stillbirth classified were fetal (26%), placental (53%), external (5%), and undetermined (16%). Nine cases (47%) had placental causes of death due to maternal disorders that carry recurrence risks. There was full agreement for cause of death across the 3 classification systems in 26% of cases and partial agreement among them in 42% of cases. Conclusions The proposed PASS schema employs a user-friendly classification that provides comparable information to previously published systems. Advantages include its simplicity, mechanistic formulations, tight clinicopathologic integration, provision for an undetermined category, and its wide applicability to perinatal mortality review boards with access to information routinely collected during clinicopathologic evaluations.
Negligent failure to prescribe prophylaxis against steroid-induced osteoporosis
Authors: Davies Andrew , Horne Michael 
Published: July 2017

General damages: £18,000; September 2005; Total Award: £38,000 Development of generalised osteoporosis and three wedge fractures of the spine (T8, 9 and 11) following negligent failure to prescribe prophylaxis against steroid-induced osteoporosis.
The need for cost-effectiveness studies in telemedicine
Authors: Hailey David 
Published: July 2017

summary Telemedicine has the potential substantially to improve the delivery of health care. However, cost-effectiveness studies are needed to help define the appropriate scope and application of telemedicine in different settings. Reports on the evaluation of telemedicine are dominated by technical and feasibility studies. Such studies may be very helpful for initial decision making. However, any cost information at this level tends to be very preliminary and often concerned with making a case to proceed further. Decision makers will wish for further information as the telemedicine application is introduced, to consider its effectiveness – its performance under routine conditions. Without information on the costs and effectiveness of telemedicine services, decision makers run the risk of supporting telemedicine systems that are not responsive to health-care needs or which do not provide cost-effective services. The most immediate needs seem to be improvements in the conduct and reporting of studies, and additional information on the performance of telemedicine in routine practice. Investigators need to provide transparent accounts of their studies, describing in detail the approaches taken, sources of data and assumptions made, and indicating the reliability of their results. Decisions may have to be made on the basis of limited studies, but sufficient detail must be made available to decision makers.
Delivery of rural and remote health care via a broadband Internet Protocol network – views of potential users
Authors: Jennett P , Yeo M , Scott R , Hebert M , Teo W 
Published: July 2017

summary We asked the views of potential users of a proposed Canadian broadband Internet Protocol (IP) network for health, the Alberta SuperNet. The three user groups were drawn from the public, provider and private sectors. In all, 35 health-sector participants were selected (17 government, nine health-care organizations, five providers/ practitioners and four private sector). The questionnaire was Web-based, semistructured and self-administered. It consisted of four major areas: value, readiness, effect on usual care and limitations. A total of 28 (80%) individuals responded to the questionnaire: 21 (81%) were from the public sector (three provincial, nine regional and nine organizational), three (60%) were from the provider sector and four (100%) were from the private sector. Overall, the items related to health services and health human resources were considered to be the most valuable to rural communities. Respondents identified the expansion of telehealth services as the most important, except those from the private sector, who ranked this a close second. The health system's move to the use of electronic health records was ranked second in importance by all respondents. The private-sector respondents viewed all user groups to be generally less ready (mean score 2.5 on a seven-point scale from 1 = not ready to 7 = ready), while the public-sector respondents were the most optimistic (mean score 4.0). Specific socioeconomic impact data were limited. The top-ranked disadvantage of the 10 suggested was that ‘Changes in health-service delivery practices and/or processes will be required’.
Surgical Treatment of Hepatic and Pulmonary Metastases from Non-Colorectal and Non-Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Authors: Büchler P. , Pfannschmidt J. , Rudek B. , Dienemann H. , Lehnert T. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Surgical resection is standard treatment for colorectal and neuroendocrine liver metases provided the tumor can be removed completely. The same is true for isolated pulmonary metastases. To date, only few reports have addressed the value of surgical resection of organ metastases from other solid tumors. Methods: The literature was searched by Medline, conference proceedings and cross-referencing of published articles for information pertaining to the long-term results of surgical treatment of non-colorectal and non-neuroendocrine (NCNN) liver or lung metastases. Results: Resection of hepatic and pulmonary metastases is increasingly performed in non-colorectal and non-neuroendocrine malignancies. Mortality and morbidity of hepatic and pulmonary resection are low and 5 year survival can be expected to reach some 20–30 percent, irrespective of the histological type of the primary tumor. Conclusion: Resection of hepatic or pulmonary metastasis should be considered in all patients with low operative risk provided that complete resection is possible.
T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients with AJCC Stage III Gastric Cancer during Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Cho M. Y. , Joh Y. G. , Kim N. R. , Jung S. I. , Bae J. W. , Kim Y. C. , Koo B.H. , Whang C. W. , Suh S. O. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: Advanced neoplastic diseases alter the immune response in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of T-lymphocyte subsets during postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, and the relationship between T-lymphocyte subsets and tumor recurrence in AJCC stage III gastric cancers. Material and Methods: Analysis of T-lymphocyte subsets was performed in 39 patients with stage III gastric adenocarcinoma who had undergone a curative gastric resection and postoperative chemotherapy. Circulating T-lymphocyte subsets were measured on venous blood by using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies on preoperative day 1, and postoperative months 1, 3, and 6. Results: The 5-year disease-free survival rates of patients with stage 3a and 3b gastric cancer were 57.1 % and 33.3 %, respectively (p = 0.06). Values of CD3+ and CD4+ T-cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratios were consistently lower in the recurrence group throughout the observation period. CD4+ T-cell counts were significantly lower in the recurrence group on preoperative day 1, and postoperative months 1 and 6. However, most values of the T-lymphocyte subsets showed no statistically significant difference when comparing the stage 3a and 3b disease patient groups. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that immunosuppression associated with CD3+ and CD4+ T-cell depression is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence in patients with stage III gastric cancer.
Bipolar Hemiartroplasty in the Treatment of Hip Fracture: Are Special Centres Necessary for the Optimal Outcome?
Authors: Sarvilinna R. , Pajamäki J. , Sovelius R. , Puolakka T. , Huhtala H. , Järvinen M. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: This study compares retrospectively clinical follow-up of 72 bipolar arthroplasties made either by specialist surgeons or residents. Material and Methods: 72 patients with a life-expectancy of more than three years were selected to have bipolar arthroplasty for the treatment of femoral collum fracture at Tampere University Hospital district during 1993–1995. The average age of the patients was 70 (47–92) years. All patients were followed at least 4 years for mortality as well as primary and late complications. A group of 49 (68 %) patients could be followed more carefully by clinical examination, by questionaire or by phone. Results: 20 (28 %) patients died during the first three years after surgery and four (6 %) patients were re-operated. The bare preoperative clinical estimation made by the senior consultant surgeon did not predict good enough the life expectancy of the patients. Four patients had been revised, all operated by a senior surgeon. There were no revisions among the patients operated by junior doctors. No statistical differences were found between the patients operated by junior or senior surgeons or between cemented and cementless prostheses in pain, walking distances, limping, getting in to a car, need of support or sitting in high or normal chair. Conclusions: The bipolar arthroplasty was found to give reproducible results also when residents take the responsibility of hip fracture treatment.
Composite Implant of Native Bovine Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Biocoral in the Treatment of Scaphoid Nonunions — A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kujala S. , Raatikainen T. , Ryhänen J. , Kaarela O. , Jalovaara P. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) has been shown to induce bone formation and union in long bone defects and nonunions. We report a preliminary study of a composite implant consisting of a biocoral frame, carrier collagen and bovine BMP in the treatment of scaphoid nonunions. Material and Methods: Two proximal and eight waist area scaphoid nonunions were treated using BMP/coral implant combined with either the Matti-Russe procedure (2 cases) or an interpositional bone graft fixed with screws or compression fixation pins (8 cases). In two cases only a one piece BMP/coral implant was used as an interpositional graft and in other cases interpositional autograft was used with granular BMP/coral implant placed between the fragments and the graft. Results and Conclusions: Only two wrists resulted in complete union. These preliminary results suggest that composite implant of BMP, as used in the present study, may not solve the problems encountered in the treatment of scaphoid nonunions. Poor vascular conditions in scaphoid may not provide enough mandatory osteogenic cells for BMP to function properly. In avascular conditions coral does not resorb edequately and implants may also work as a sequester between the bone graft and the scaphoid bone and therefore actually inhibit the healing process.