bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constituency Campaigning in the Age of Data
Authors: Belfry Munroe Kaija , Munroe H.D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper examines how Canadian constituency campaigns perceive and use data in elections. We apply a conceptual framework for data-driven campaigning, developed from existing literature, to participant observations and interview responses from the Conservative, Liberal and NDP campaigns in a single riding during the general election of 2015. The rhetoric of “big data” notwithstanding, we find significant variation in the extent and nature of the use of data at the constituency level, and that the increasing use of data in electioneering may have a centralizing effect on traditionally stratarchical political party organization.
ON-FARM TRIALS FOR DEVELOPMENT IMPACT? THE ORGANISATION OF RESEARCH AND THE SCALING OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: DE ROO NINA , ANDERSSON JENS A. , KRUPNIK TIMOTHY J. 
Published: November 2017

SUMMARYChanges in donor priorities have meant that agronomists working in the tropics find themselves in a fundamentally new operational space, one that demands rapid improvements in farmers' livelihoods resulting from the large-scale adoption of new technologies and crop management practices. As a result, on-farm trials in contemporary Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) are increasingly implemented both to collect data and to spur farmer adoption. We examine the different interpretations and organisational practices of AR4D organisations in this new operational space, and reflect on the usefulness of on-farm trials for agricultural technology scaling. Three case studies are presented to address these questions – two in sub-Saharan Africa and one in South Asia. Each study is considered in light of Science and Technology Studies theory and locates science as a politically situated practice, recognising the tension that scientists face between providing evidence and persuading selected audiences. The case studies show that this tension results in the introduction of several biases that limit the scalability of the technologies under investigation. These include biases at the level of the trial location, host-farmer selection, trial design, management and evaluation. We conclude by discussing how the contemporary political and institutional environment of AR4D produces project beneficiaries and research outcomes on selected farms, but not necessarily impacts at scale.
Effects of Chinese honeybee foraging on oilseed rape gene flow and honey ingredients
Authors: LIU F. X. , BU C. P. , TANG T. , CHEN G. M. , GU S. K. , WANG Y. N. , ZHAO X. X. 
Published: November 2017

SUMMARYHoneybee foraging can transfer exogenous genes from genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape (Brassica napusL.) to closely related plants, which not only induces potential ecological risks but also contaminates non-GM seeds or honey products with GM ingredients. These events may lead to international trade disputes. Chinese honeybees (Apis cerana ceranaFabricius) and a herbicide (glufosinate)-resistant GM strain ofB. napus(Z7B10) were studied to examine the effects of honeybee short-range foraging on oilseed rape gene flow and honey ingredients. Results showed variable frequencies of gene flow between GM and non-GM oilseed rape cultivars, with the highest frequency under nylon net isolation with artificially stocked honeybees, the lowest frequency under nylon net isolation alone, and an intermediate frequency under natural pollination, suggesting the important role of honeybee foraging in gene flow frequency. Additionally, GM pollen grains were found in honey collected from honeybees foraging on both GM and non-GM oilseed rape cultivars. The phosphinothricin acetyltransferase protein was also detected in both unbroken pollen-containing and pollen-free honey by protein testing strips, suggesting that honeybee foraging on GM oilseed rape could lead to contamination with GM ingredients. Overall, the results provide a direct scientific basis for the ecological risk assessment and safety management of GM oilseed rape.
Circadian rhythms of trematode parasites: applying mixed models to test underlying patterns
Authors: Hannon Emily R. , Calhoun Dana M. , Chadalawada Sindhu , Johnson Pieter T.J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCircadian rhythms of parasites and their hosts can influence processes such as transmission, pathology and life cycle evolution. For trematode parasites that depend on free-living infectious stages (i.e. cercariae) to move among host species, the timing of parasite release is hypothesized to increase the likelihood of contacting a host. Yet, a persistent challenge in studying such biorhythms involves selection of appropriate analytical techniques. Here, we extend a generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM) framework to cosinor analyses, thereby allowing flexibility in the statistical distribution of the response variable, incorporation of multiple covariates and inclusion of hierarchical grouping effects. By applying this approach to 93 snails infected with trematode parasites from freshwater pond ecosystems, we detected non-random rhythms in six of eight species, with variation in both the timing of peak cercariae release (between 5:10 and 21:46 h) and its magnitude (between 13 and 386). The use of GLMM yielded more accurate and precise estimates of the cosinor parameters compared with classical least-squares (LS) based on a simulation-based sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the amplitude and rhythm-adjusted mean values from the LS models diverged from the true values at some limits. We highlight the importance of novel analytical approaches for evaluating parasite circadian rhythms and investigating their underlying mechanisms.
Back to the future: The return of cognitive functionalism
Authors: Çağlar Leyla Roskan , Hanson Stephen José 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe claims that learning systems must build causal models and provide explanations of their inferences are not new, and advocate a cognitive functionalism for artificial intelligence. This view conflates the relationships between implicit and explicit knowledge representation. We present recent evidence that neural networks do engage in model building, which is implicit, and cannot be dissociated from the learning process.
Horses for courses: When acceptability judgments are more suitable than structural priming (and vice versa)
Authors: Ambridge Ben 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAlthough structural priming is often the most suitable paradigm, it sometimes misses effects that are detected by more sensitive acceptability-judgment tasks, thus yielding incorrect conclusions. For example, Branigan & Pickering's (B&P's) claim that “syntactic representations do not contain semantic information” (sect. 2.1, para. 2), while supported by structural-priming studies of the passive, is undermined by an acceptability-judgment study of this construction.
The logic of syntactic priming and acceptability judgments
Authors: Gaston Phoebe , Huang Nick , Phillips Colin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA critical flaw in Branigan & Pickering's (B&P's) advocacy of structural priming is the absence of a theory of priming. This undermines their claims about the value of priming as a methodology. In contrast, acceptability judgments enable clearer inferences about structure. It is important to engage thoroughly with the logic behind different structural diagnostics.
Syntactic levels, lexicalism, and ellipsis: The jury is still out
Authors: Hartsuiker Robert J. , Bernolet Sarah 
Published: November 2017

AbstractStructural priming data are sometimes compatible with several theoretical views, as shown here for three key theoretical claims. One reason is that prime sentences affect multiple representational levels driving syntactic choice. Additionally, priming is affected by further cognitive functions (e.g., memory). We therefore see priming as a useful tool for the investigation of linguistic representation but not the only tool.
Is low cognitive functioning a predictor or consequence of major depressive disorder? A test in two longitudinal birth cohorts
Authors: Schaefer Jonathan D. , Scult Matthew A. , Caspi Avshalom , Arseneault Louise , Belsky Daniel W. , Hariri Ahmad R. , Harrington Honalee , Houts Renate , Ramrakha Sandhya , Poulton Richie , Moffitt Terrie E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCognitive impairment has been identified as an important aspect of major depressive disorder (MDD). We tested two theories regarding the association between MDD and cognitive functioning using data from longitudinal cohort studies. One theory, thecognitive reserve hypothesis, suggests that higher cognitive ability in childhood decreases risk of later MDD. The second, thescarring hypothesis, instead suggests that MDD leads to persistent cognitive deficits following disorder onset. We tested both theories in the Dunedin Study, a population-representative cohort followed from birth to midlife and assessed repeatedly for both cognitive functioning and psychopathology. We also used data from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study to test whether childhood cognitive functioning predicts future MDD risk independent of family-wide and genetic risk using a discordant twin design. Contrary to both hypotheses, we found that childhood cognitive functioning did not predict future risk of MDD, nor did study members with a past history of MDD show evidence of greater cognitive declineunlessMDD was accompanied by other comorbid psychiatric conditions. Our results thus suggest that low cognitive functioning is related to comorbidity, but is neither an antecedent nor an enduring consequence of MDD. Future research may benefit from considering cognitive deficits that occur during depressive episodes from a transdiagnostic perspective.
Trophic niche overlap among scavengers in Patagonia supports the condor-vulture competition hypothesis
Authors: BALLEJO FERNANDO , LAMBERTUCCI SERGIO A. , TREJO ANA , DE SANTIS LUCIANO J. M. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryAnimals that share resources tend to use different foraging strategies in order to decrease potential competition. Scavenging birds using the same nutritional resources can segregate into different space and time scales. However, it has been suggested that when the species do not co-evolve to achieve such segregation competition may result. Our aim was to study the trophic niche overlap between three species of obligate scavengers, the Andean CondorVultur gryphus, Turkey VultureCathartes auraand American Black VultureCoragyps atratus, which are the main avian consumers of carcasses in north-western Patagonia. Black Vultures arrived in the area relatively recently, have expanded their distribution following human activities, and have been suggested to compete with the threatened condor. We collected pellets in communal roosts of the three species to determine their diet, and to estimate the diversity (Shannon Index) and diet similarity (Pianka overlap index). We found that the Turkey Vulture has greater niche breadth and, apart from domestic livestock, it incorporates smaller items such as fish, reptiles and a great number of birds, carnivores and mice. Although the Black Vulture diet includes arthropods, they feed primarily on introduced ungulates, overlapping more with condor diet when roosting far from urban centres. As these latter two species share the same food resource, human activities that positively affect the abundance of the Black Vulture could increase competition among them, with possible implications for the conservation of the Andean Condor.
Stroke and food groups: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Authors: Deng Cuiyu , Lu Qi , Gong Bingyan , Li Liya , Chang Lianxia , Fu Li , Zhao Yue 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveNumerous systematic reviews of prospective studies on the association of stroke risk with the consumption of various food groups have been published. A review of the evidence across the existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prospective studies was conducted to provide an overview of the range and validity of the reported associations of food groups with stroke risk.DesignThe PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles published up to September 2015 to identify systematic reviews of prospective studies.ResultsA total of eighteen studies published from 2008 to 2015 were eligible for analysis. Overall, thirteen specific foods were studied for an association with stroke outcome, including nuts, legumes, fruits and vegetables, refined grains, whole grains, dairy products, eggs, chocolate, red and/or processed meat, fish, tea, sugar-sweetened beverages and coffee. Whereas a high consumption of nuts, fruits, vegetables, dairy foods, fish and tea, and moderate consumption of coffee and chocolate demonstrated a protective effect, a high consumption of red and/or processed meat was associated with increased stroke risk. Refined grain, sugar-sweetened beverage, legume, egg and whole grain intake showed no effect on stroke outcome.ConclusionsThe current overview provided a high level of evidence to support the beneficial effect of specific foods on stroke outcome. Clinicians and policy makers could inform clinical practice and policy based on this overview.
Reading the Cold War from the Margins:Literatura de Cordel as a Historical Prism
Authors: Sarzynski Sarah 
Published: November 2017

In November 1960, theNew York Timesreported on the looming revolution in Northeastern Brazil, describing how Marxist social movement leaders were organizing peasants. Reporter Tad Szulc claimed that “singers andvioleiros—the traveling troubadors of the Northeast who act as human newspapers”—were spreading leader Francisco Julião's manifestos to the largely illiterate rural population and its “miserable, drought-plagued hamlets.” The human newspapers allegedly sung about agrarian reform as a form of liberation, comparing the process of revolution in Brazil with that of Cuba. Szulc wrote:[The] nomad singers who once sang of the loves and the hatreds of the proud people here, now sing of land reform and of political themes. There is this refrain: The sugar that we sell to capitalist America/ If it serves to sweeten the milk of a Franco Spain/ For sure it will serve for the wine of the Socialist world./ What harm is there in a ship/ Carrying our common Brazilian coffee/ And selling it to a China/ Where there is no Chiang Kai-shek?Although the poem suffers from a clumsy translation, it is most interesting that theNew York Timesquotedliteratura de cordel(chapbook poetry) to demonstrate the severity of the communist threat in Northeastern Brazil, suggesting that violeiros were Marxist agents indoctrinating the rural poor with their anti-American songs. Szulc's portrayal contrasts with commonly held assumptions aboutliteratura de cordelas “quaint” regional folklore, and violeiros as blind poets who performed silly stories in marginalized rural communities. In the late nineteenth century and much of the twentieth,literatura de cordelwas a source of both entertainment and news for the largely illiterate rural population in the Northeast. It is a textual genre often performed or improvised by singers (repentistas, cantadores, orvioleiros), which has led scholars to define it as folk-popular culture since it is both a written and oral expression of the people.
Zur Anwendung der Signalentdeckungstheorie bei der Auswertung von Aufgaben zur motorischen Verfolgung der eigenen Herzschläge
Authors: Richter Fabian , Zimmer Heinz 
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung. Aufgaben zur Entdeckung und Verfolgung der eigenen Herzschläge werden standardmäßig als ein Maß für eine umfassendere interozeptive Fähigkeit eingesetzt. Bei der Auswertung dieser Aufgaben wird aber nur selten ein echtes Maß für die Sensitivität der Wahrnehmung körpereigener Signale verwendet. Die vorliegende Studie hat sich deshalb dieser Fragestellung angenommen und die Daten einer sogenannten Herzschlagentdeckungsaufgabe (HBDT) mithilfe der Signalentdeckungstheorie (SDT) ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse (N = 44) zeigen entsprechend, dass der so gewonnene Sensitivitätsindex (d’) deutlich unabhängiger von der reinen Anzahl der in einer motorischen HBDT abgegebenen Reaktionen ist, als herkömmliche Maße der Herzschlagentdeckungsfähigkeit. Mit d’ kann somit eine vielfach kritisierte Konfundierung bei den herkömmlichen Maßen aufgelöst und dadurch die Validität der HBDT erhöht werden. Darüber hinaus konnte, wie schon wiederholt mit einem herkömmlichen Accuracy-Maß gezeigt, auch mit unserem SDT-Index d’ ein Trainingseffekt der interozeptiven Fähigkeit nachgewiesen werden. Ferner ist an dieser Studie innovativ, dass zur Feststellung der tatsächlichen Herztätigkeit erstmalig die Doppler-Sonographie eingesetzt wurde.
A transcribed enhancer dictates mesendoderm specification in pluripotency
Authors: Alexanian Michael , Maric Daniel , Jenkinson Stephen P. , Mina Marco , Friedman Clayton E. , Ting Ching-Chia , Micheletti Rudi , Plaisance Isabelle , Nemir Mohamed , Maison Damien , Kernen Jasmin , Pezzuto Iole , Villeneuve Dominic , Burdet Frédéric , Ibberson Mark , Leib Stephen L. , Palpant Nathan J. , Hernandez Nouria , Ounzain Samir , Pedrazzini Thierry 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEnhancers and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key determinants of lineage specification during development. Here, we evaluate remodeling of the enhancer landscape and modulation of the lncRNA transcriptome during mesendoderm specification. We sort mesendodermal progenitors from differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) according toEomesexpression, and find that enhancer usage is coordinated with mesendoderm-specific expression of key lineage-determining transcription factors. Many of these enhancers are associated with the expression of lncRNAs. Examination of ESC-specific enhancers interacting in three-dimensional space with mesendoderm-specifying transcription factor loci identifies MesEndoderm Transcriptional Enhancer Organizing Region (Meteor). Genetic and epigenetic manipulation of theMeteorenhancer reveal its indispensable role during mesendoderm specification and subsequent cardiogenic differentiation via transcription-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Interestingly,Meteor-deleted ESCs are epigenetically redirected towards neuroectodermal lineages. Loci, topologically associating a transcribed enhancer and its cognate protein coding gene, appear to represent therefore a class of genomic elements controlling developmental competence in pluripotency.
New Description of Evolution of Magnetic Phases in Artificial Honeycomb Lattice
Authors: Summers B. , Chen Y. , Dahal A. , Singh D. K. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractArtificial magnetic honeycomb lattice provides a two-dimensional archetypal system to explore novel phenomena of geometrically frustrated magnets. According to theoretical reports, an artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice is expected to exhibit several phase transitions to unique magnetic states as a function of reducing temperature. Experimental investigations of permalloy artificial honeycomb lattice of connected ultra-small elements, $${\boldsymbol{\simeq }}$$
≃
12 nm, reveal a more complicated behavior. First, upon cooling the sample to intermediate temperature, $${\bf{T}}{\boldsymbol{\simeq }}$$
T
≃
175 K, the system manifests a non-unique state where the long range order co-exists with short-range magnetic charge order and weak spin ice state. Second, at much lower temperature, $${\bf{T}}{\boldsymbol{\simeq }}$$
T
≃
6 K, the long-range spin solid state exhibits a re-entrant behavior. Both observations are in direct contrast to the present understanding of this system. New theoretical approaches are needed to develop a comprehensive formulation of this two dimensional magnet.
Sonografie in der Nephrologie
Authors: Dabers Thomas , Petsch Thomas , Maybauer Werner , Stracke Sylvia 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Sonografie ist das wichtigste bildgebende Verfahren in der nephrologischen Primärdiagnostik. Sie ist jederzeit verfügbar, die Patienten
müssen kaum auf die Untersuchung vorbereitet werden und im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Untersuchungsmethoden hat die Sonografie keine
schädlichen Nebenwirkungen für den Patienten und die untersuchten Organe. Die Sonografie der Nieren zeigt Organgröße und Beschaffenheit der
Nierenrinde (= Nierenparenchym) und gibt Aufschluss über akute und chronische Krankheiten. Es können bestimmte Erkrankungen ausgeschlossen
werden (z. B. Harnstau) und Hinweise auf andere Erkrankungen gesehen werden (z. B. Raumforderungen, Zysten, narbige Einziehungen,
Verschmälerungen oder Schwellungen des Nierenparenchyms). Die Sonografie der Armgefäße vor Shuntanlage, die Beurteilung des ausgereiften
Shunts (Flussvolumen, Stenosen) und auch die ultraschallgestützte Beurteilung der Füllung der Vena cava bei Dialysepatienten sind weitere
wichtige Anwendungen des Verfahrens. Die Sonografie wird zudem für Interventionen eingesetzt. Sie wird leitliniengerecht bei Punktionen der
Nieren oder der Anlage von zentralvenösen Kathetern verwendet. So hilft die Sonografie bei der Abklärung akuter und chronischer
Krankheitsverläufe, der Therapiesteuerung (Bestimmung des Volumenhaushaltes) und ist unverzichtbar zur Risikoreduktion bei
Interventionen.
A functional MRI Exploration of Hamstring Activation During the Supine Bridge Exercise
Authors: Bourne Matthew , Williams Morgan , Pizzari Tania , Shield Anthony 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe single leg supine bridge (SLB) is a commonly employed strengthening exercise and is used as a clinical test for hamstring function in sports, however, little is known about the patterns of muscle activation in this task. To explore these activation patterns, nine healthy, recreationally active males underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of their thighs at rest and immediately after 5 sets of 10 repetitions of the SLB exercise. Exercise-induced increases in the transverse (T2) relaxation time of the biceps femoris long and short heads, semitendinosus and semimembranosus, were determined via signal intensity changes in pre- and post-exercise images and used as an index of muscle activation. The Bonferroni adjusted alpha was set at p<0.008. The semitendinosus exhibited a greater T2 increase than the biceps femoris short head (p<0.001, d=2.0) and semimembranosus (p=0.001, d=1.2), but not biceps femoris long head (p=0.029, d=0.9). Furthermore, the percentage change in T2 for biceps femoris long head was greater than its short head (p=0.003, d=1.4). During the SLB exercise, the semitendinosus is most selectively targeted and the biceps femoris long head is preferentially activated over its short head. These findings may have implications for the use of the SLB in hamstring injury prevention and rehabilitation programs.