bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 43
Authors: Krisch Nico , de Wet Erika 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Art 43 of the UN Charter as one of the cornerstones of the new, centralized system of collective security. It discusses the members of the UN that must make armed forces available to the Security Council and to render assistance and accord relief for the maintenance of international peace and security. It also details the duty to render assistance in one or more agreements that contain specific provisions concerning the armed forces to be made available to the SC. The chapter reviews agreements that govern the numbers and types of forces, their degree of readiness and general location, and the nature of the facilities and assistance to be provided. It points out that agreements are concluded between the SC and the member States and are subject to ratification by the signatory States.
Article 45
Authors: Novak Gregor , Reinisch August 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Art 45 of the UN Charter that can only be understood against the background of the experiences of what was then a recent World War. It looks at the practice of the need for member States to contribute to or otherwise support the peacekeeping operations that have developed in parallel and can indirectly inform an interpretation of Art 45. It also explores the experience of the decisive role of air power in World War II that led to considerations in Dumbarton Oaks to put military force at the service of the system of collective security. The chapter discusses Western delegations that wanted the need for emergency air forces as envisaged by Art 45 to influence the content of the agreements to be concluded under Art 43. It reviews SC debates that concerned the need for member States to contribute or support peacekeeping operations.
Article 47
Authors: Novak Gregor , Reinisch August 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Art 47 of the UN Charter that creates the Military Staff Committee of the UN and regulates its composition and functions. It recounts how the Military Staff Committee ceased to play a meaningful role with the onset of the Cold War after some initial work on the implementation of the system. It also discusses the uncertain reactivation of the Military Staff Committee’s role in the broader context of the UN’s peacekeeping operations, which occurred in parallel with various discussions about the role of the Military Staff Committee and a proposal for its elimination. The chapter examines the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals that contained a provision on the Military Staff Committee that was fairly similar to Art 47. It looks at the discussion of regional representatives that led to the inclusion of Art 47 (4), enabling the Military Staff Committee to create regional sub-committees.
Article 48
Authors: Novak Gregor , Reinisch August 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at Art 48 of the UN Charter, which constitutes an affirmation of members’ obligations to accept and carry out binding decisions of the Security Council. It explains how the SC has regularly adopted resolutions and issued presidential statements that invoke the obligations found in Art 48. It also considers Art 48 as the legal basis for various types of specific obligations required of member States to carry out decisions adopted by the SC. The chapter notes Art 48 (1), which allows the SC to limit duties to selected members, while Art 48 (2) makes an attempt to co-opt other international organizations into the UN peacekeeping system. It reviews the text of Art 48 which is limited to member States and indirectly refers to international agencies.
Article 49
Authors: Novak Gregor , Reinisch August 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Art 49 of the UN Charter, which addresses the mutual assistance member States owe in carrying out decisions of the Security Council. It discusses Art 49 in UN practice that has acquired a meaning transcending Chapter VII. It also points out how the SC has frequently called on member States to cooperate with one another with respect to measures under Art 41 and requested mutual assistance from member States in respect of measures under Art 42. The chapter covers numerous SC decisions, resolutions, and discussions that can inform an interpretation of Art 49. It details how the SC has addressed its calls for mutual assistance to individual member States, all Member States, and member States acting through international, regional, and subregional organizations.
Article 51
Authors: Aust Helmut Philipp 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the prohibition of the use of force that is subject to two generally recognized exceptions: enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the Charter and the right to self-defence under Art 51 of the UN Charter. It analyses the requirements and conditions for the exercise of self-defence that are subject to significant debates among States and commentators. It also mentions international practice since 1945 that is contrary to the intentions of the drafters of the Charter and has continued to see a significant amount of the use of force by States. The chapter shows how, in principle, Art 51 allows individual States the threat or use of force only under certain stipulated conditions. It covers the right of self-defence laid down in Art 51 that has become the pivotal point on which disputes concerning the lawfulness of the use of force in interstate relations usually concentrate.
Article 60
Authors: Nesi Nicola , Waibel Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 60 of the UN Charter, which allocates the competence for discharging the UN’s functions in the field of international economic and social cooperation squarely on the General Assembly. It emphasizes that Art 60 provides that the Economic and Social Council’s (ECOSOC) powers for the purposes of Chapter IX are coextensive with the powers set out in Chapter X on ECOSOC. It also looks at the text of Art 60 that expressly subordinates ECOSOC, one of the principal organs of the UN, to the GA. The chapter recounts the formulation of Art 60, which goes back to the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals that conceived ECOSOC as subordinate to the GA, rather than as a principal organ of the UN. It refers to ECOSOC as a residual legatee that operates in areas where no agency exists to avoid duplication.
Article 67
Authors: Röben Volker 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 67 of the UN Charter, which specifies eligibility to vote in the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the object of voting, and the voting procedure. It discusses the fifty-four members of ECOSOC that are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term that will have one vote in accordance with Art 67 (1). It also explains the equal weight of each member’s vote as provided in Art 67, which excludes weighted voting rights. The chapter looks at Art 67 (2) that specifies the object of the right to vote as decisions and resembles Art 89 that deals with the Trusteeship Council. It details the application of Art 67 to decisions of ECOSOC and of its committees and sessional bodies.
Article 69
Authors: Chaitidou Eleni , Landwehr Oliver 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the mechanism enshrined in Art 69 of the UN Charter by which members of the UN may participate in the deliberations of this principal organ of the UN. It explains how Art 69 systematically distinguishes the participation of members of the UN in the deliberations of ECOSOC from participation with respect to the specialized agencies. It also notes the Rules of Procedure of ECOSOC that provide for the participation of non-members of the UN in its deliberations and for the participation of non-members of its subsidiary organs in the deliberations of such bodies. The chapter reviews the power of Art 69 that allows ECOSOC to invite any member of the UN to participate in its deliberations on any matter of particular concern to that member. It highlights the intention of Art 69 to protect the interests of the members of the UN in deliberations of ECOSOC.
Article 72
Authors: Iwata Tomoko , Okimoto Keiichiro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Art 72 of the Charter of the United Nations. According to Art 72 (1) of the Charter, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) shall adopt its own Rules of Procedure, including the method of selecting its President. The aforementioned Rules of Procedure are also supplemented by the practice of the Council concerning its working methods and other procedural matters. Meanwhile, the General Assembly has taken a series of decisions that have brought about major changes to the function of the Council, which started with resolution 68/1. The chapter also considers the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the proceedings of ECOSOC.
Article 73
Authors: Fastenrath Ulrich 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Chapter XI of the UN Charter. Chapter XI establishes the fundamental regulations for all territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government. Moreover, Art 73 of the Charter highlights the interests of a non-self-governing territory’s population. Although referred to as distinct peoples in Art 73 (b), the principle of equal rights and the right to self-determination in the form of independent statehood does not apply to inhabitants of these territories. The chapter then looks into the obligations of the administering powers, which includes the declaration regarding non-self-governing territories as a legally binding commitment.
Article 81
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 81 of the UN Charter. It outlines the content of the trust agreement in correlation with the designation of an authority and the terms of administration. As regards the administering authority, Art 81 regulates that a State, a group of States, and even the UN itself may serve as an administering authority. The chapter notes that the most heavily debated issue regarding trusteeship agreements was about the questions of administrative unions and provisions for the termination of trusteeship. It explains that trusteeship agreements left it to the discretion of the administering authority to apply those international conventions that it deemed appropriate to the trust territory in question.
Article 85
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Art 85 of the Charter of the UN. It explains that the General Assembly regulated decisions concerning the trust territories and, in particular, approved the terms of the trusteeship agreements for all areas not designated as strategic. The GA lacked the competence to terminate trusteeships unilaterally without the consent of the administering authority; however, the SC, acting under Chapter VII, would have had the necessary powers to do so. The administration of the trust territory itself was under the supervision of the Trusteeship Council, which discussed reports from the administering authorities as well as any submitted petitions.
Article 93
Authors: d‘Argent Pierre 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Art 93 of the UN Charter. It considers the parties to the ICJ Statute under Art 93 (1) and (2). The Statute is an integral part of the UN Charter as jurisdiction may be recognized according to the conditions determined therein. The ICJ is open to States which are not party to the Statute on conditions laid down by the Security Council, subject to the special provisions contained in treaties in force. The chapter explains that Art 93 of the UN Charter cannot be considered as having fallen in desuetude even if it only concerns conditions for acceding to the Statute.
Article 109
Authors: Vöneky Silja 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Art 109 of the Charter of the UN. It clarifies that Art 109, according to its express wording, governs formal reviews and alteration of the Charter. Article 109 provides an extraordinary procedure for amendments requiring particular measures. The chapter elaborates on how Art 109 (3) provided special measures to facilitate the convocation of a conference in the event that none had been held before the tenth annual session of the General Assembly. It considers the argument that Art 109(3) has historical importance but that there is no actual need to delete it due to the lack of any legal implications.
Article 110
Authors: Vedder Christoph 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Art 110 of the UN Charter. Article 110 establishes the three conditions under which the UN Charter becomes legally binding for the original members under international law: signature, ratification, and entry into force. Prescribing the procedures regulating the stages until the entry into force, the provision of Art 110 becomes legally binding upon signature of the Charter. The chapter highlights how Art 110(1) insists that the original UN Charter requires ratification. It discusses the continuation and termination of the original membership before looking into the impact of the EU’s observer status on the original membership of certain EU Member States.
Article 11
Authors: Schmahl Stefanie 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies Art 11 of the UN Charter, which defines in more detail the general authority of the General Assembly laid down in Art 10. Under Art 11 (1), ‘the General Assembly may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both’. Article 11 (2) deals with the powers of the GA in specific matters of maintenance of international peace and security and Art 11 (3) deals with the power of the GA to call the attention of the SC to situations likely to endanger international peace and security. Finally, Art 11 (4) attributes a general power of discussion and recommendation to the GA.
Direct and indirect effects of copepod grazers on community structure
Authors: Rigby Kristie , Berdalet Elisa , Berglund Carina , Roger Fabian , Steinke Michael , Saha Mahasweta , Grebner Wiebke , Brown Emily , John Uwe , Gamfeldt Lars , Fink Patrick , Berggren Fredrick , Selander Erik 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ecological theory and empirical research show that both direct lethal effects and indirect non-lethal effects can structure the composition of communities. While the direct effects of grazers on marine phytoplankton communities are well studied, their indirect effects are still poorly understood. Direct and indirect effects are inherently difficult to disentangle in plankton food webs. In this study we evaluate the indirect effects of copepod grazers on community function and structure using isolated chemical alarm signals, copepodamides. We expose intact summer and spring communities to direct grazing from copepods, or to chemical alarm cues without the presence of grazers in controlled experiments. The effects of direct grazing on ecosystem function were moderate in both experiments as indicated by levels of chlorophyll and primary production. Indirect and direct effects resulted in changes in the composition of both the eukaryote and prokaryote communities as shown by metabarcoding of 18S and 16S rRNA. Size structure analysis suggests that direct grazing and copepodamide exposure both favoured smaller organisms (&lt; 10–15 μm) corroborating the size-structuring effect of copepod grazers. We conclude that the well-established effect of copepods on phytoplankton communities results from a combination of direct and indirect effects. This is a first attempt to isolate indirect effects of copepods on community structure and the results suggest that a full mechanistic understanding of the structuring effect of copepods will require insights to both direct and indirect effects of consumers as demonstrated for other ecosystems components.
Field kinematics of intermittent swimming in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)—pelagic locomotion and littoral maneuverability
Authors: Coughlin David J , Morris Catherine , Postupaka Dasha , Gee Paige , Reynolds Zoë , Wood Bradley 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Locomotion is essential for the survival of animals. Fishes have evolved mechanisms to minimize the cost of transport. For example, Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) employ intermittent swimming, which involves swimming at relatively slow speeds with short propulsive bursts alternating with gliding episodes. This typically involves axial undulation powered by slow-twitch muscle, either with or without pectoral fin usage. The propulsive bursts are at higher tailbeat frequencies than observed for a given average speed with constant propulsion, and muscle physiology experiments show that the propulsive bursts produce relatively high power, while the glide reduces fatigue relative to continuous activity. However, Bluegill encounter complex 3D in-shore habitats, in which an intermittent swimming gait may enable successful capture of habitat-specific prey.

Methods
Field observations of Bluegill Sunfish were made via underwater videography in Lake Waban, Massachusetts.

Key Findings
In both pelagic and littoral habitats, Bluegill employed intermittent swimming. This provided the maneuverability and muscle activity needed to capture prey items suspended in the water column and enabled effective prey detection and maneuverability for feeding on sessile invertebrates in dense vegetation. Radio telemetry studies demonstrated that bluegill moved regularly between the pelagic and the littoral.

Conclusion
In both zones, intermittent swimming may provide both energetic and foraging advantages.
Short-term Outcomes in Infants after General Anesthesia with Low-dose Sevoflurane/Dexmedetomidine/Remifentanil versus Standard-dose Sevoflurane (the TREX Trial)
Authors: Saynhalath Rita , Disma Nicola , Taverner Fiona J. , von Ungern-Sternberg Britta S. , Andropoulos Dean , Ng Ann S. , Shields Benjamin B. , Izzo Francesca , Lee-Archer Paul , McCann Mary Ellen , Montagnini Luigi , Kuppers Beate , Lenares Elena , Sheppard Suzette , de Graaff Jurgen C. , Lee Katherine J. , Wang Xiaofang , Szmuk Peter , Davidson Andrew J. , Skowno Justin J. ,   on behalf of the TREX (Trial Remifentanil DEXmedetomidine) Consortium
Published: September 2024

Background:
The Trial Remifentanil DEXmedetomidine (TREX) trial aimed to determine whether, in children less than 2 yr old, low-dose sevoflurane/dexmedetomidine/remifentanil anesthesia is superior to standard-dose sevoflurane anesthesia in terms of global cognitive function at 3 yr of age. The aim of the current secondary analyses was to compare incidence of intraoperative hypotension and bradycardia, postoperative pain, time to recovery, need for treatment of intraoperative hypotension and bradycardia, incidence of light anesthesia and need for treatment, need for postoperative pain medications, and morbidity and mortality outcomes at 5 days between the two arms.

Methods:
This phase III randomized active controlled, parallel group, assessor blinded, multicenter, superiority trial was performed in 20 centers in Australia, Italy, and the United States. A total of 455 infants less than 2 yr of age expected to undergo general anesthesia for at least 2 h were enrolled. They were randomized between low-dose sevoflurane/dexmedetomidine/remifentanil anesthesia and standard-dose sevoflurane. The short-term perioperative outcomes noted above were compared between these two groups.

Results:
There was less hypotension (risk difference, −11.6%; 95% CI, −18.9 to −4.3%) and more bradycardia (risk difference, 18.2%; 95% CI, 8.8 to 27.7%) in the low-dose sevoflurane/dexmedetomidine/remifentanil anesthesia compared to the standard-dose sevoflurane arm. There were more patients with episodes of light anesthesia (89 vs. 4), and protocol abandonments (1 vs. 0) in the low-dose sevoflurane/dexmedetomidine/remifentanil anesthesia arm. Time from eye opening to postanesthesia care unit discharge was similar in both arms, as were morbidity and mortality. One patient in each arm suffered a life-threatening event, but neither suffered long-term sequelae.

Conclusions:
These early postoperative results suggest that in children less than 2 yr of age receiving greater than 2 h of general anesthesia, the low-dose sevoflurane/dexmedetomidine/remifentanil anesthesia technique and the standard sevoflurane anesthesia technique are broadly clinically similar, with no clear evidence to support choosing one technique over the other.
Efficacy of Virtual Visitation in ICU During COVID-19 Pandemic: The ICU Visits Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Woo Hye Young , Oh Seung-Young , Lim Leerang , Im Hyunjae , Lee Hannah , Ha Eun Jin , Ryu Ho Geol 
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES:
This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of virtual visits on the satisfaction of family members and the anxiety and depression of patients in the ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN:
A single-center, randomized controlled trial.

SETTING:
This study was conducted from July 2021 to May 2022, in the Seoul National University Hospital

PATIENTS:
A total of 40 patients eligible for virtual visitation whose Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale score was –2 or above were recruited and randomized into virtual visitation and usual care groups.

INTERVENTIONS:
Virtual visitation began on the first day after ICU admission and continued until ICU discharge, lasting for a maximum of 7 days.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was the satisfaction level of the family members with care and decision-making in the ICU, assessed using the Family Satisfaction-ICU (FS-ICU) 24-survey questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included patient anxiety and depression levels assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), at the study enrollment after ICU admission and at the end of the study. After two patients were excluded due to clinical deterioration, 38 patients were ultimately analyzed, including 18 patients in the virtual visitation group and 20 patients in the usual care group. The FS-ICU 24 survey score was significantly higher in the virtual visitation group (89.1 ± 13.0 vs. 75.1 ± 17.7; p = 0.030). The reduction in HADS-Anxiety (59.4% vs. 15.39; p < 0.001) and HADS-Depression (64.5% vs. 24.2%; p < 0.001) scores between the two time points, from study enrollment after ICU admission to the end of the study was significantly larger in the virtual visitation group.

CONCLUSIONS:
In the COVID-19 pandemic era, virtual visits to ICU patients helped reduce depression and anxiety levels of patients and increase the satisfaction of their family members. Enhancing access to virtual visits for family members and developing a consistent approach may improve the quality of care during another pandemic.